,,walt] ,,lippmann ,a ,,preface ,,to ,,morals ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,mcmxxix ,copyright1 #aibi4 ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,may1 #aibi4 ,fir/ pr9t+ ,all rights res]v$1 includ+ ! "r ( reproduction 9 :ole or 9 "p 9 any =m4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,j4 ,j4 ,,little ,,& ,,ives ,,company1 ,,new ,,york ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,ance/ral ,,ord] ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,! ,problem ( ,unbelief #c #a4 ,:irl is ,k+ #c #b4 ,false ,prophecies #e #c4 ,sorties & ,retreats #aj #d4 ,deep ,dissolution #ad ,,ii4 ,god 9 ! ,mod]n ,_w #ba #a4 ,imago ,dei #ba #b4 ,an ,indef9ite ,god #bc #c4 ,god 9 ,m ,s5ses ,?an ,"o #be #d4 ,! ,prote/ ( ! ,fundam5tali/s #cj #e4 ,9 ,man's ,image #ce ,,iii4 ,! ,loss ( ,c]ta9ty #cg #a4 ,ways ( ,read+ ! ,bible #cg #b4 ,mod]nism3 ,immortality z an ,example #dj #c4 ,:at ,mod]nism ,leaves ,out #dh ,,iv4 ,! ,acids ( ,mod]nity #ea #a4 ,! ,k+ly ,patt]n #ea #b4 ,l&m>ks #ef #c4 ,b>r5 ,gr\nd #fa #d4 ,sophi/icat$ ,viol5ce #fc #e4 ,rul]s #fe ,v4 ,! ,breakd[n ( ,au?ority #fh #a4 ,god's ,gov]nm5t #fh #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,keys #ga #c4 ,! ,logic ( ,tol]ation #gd #d4 ,a ,work+ ,compromise #gf #e4 ,! ,effect ( ,patriotism #gh #f4 ,! ,dissolution ( a ,sov]eignty #hb ,,vi4 ,lo/ ,prov9ces #hd #a4 ,bus9ess #hd #b4 ,! ,family #hh #c4 ,art #id a4 ,! ,disappe>ance ( ,religi\s ,pa9t+ #id b4 ,! ,loss ( a ,h]itage #if c4 ,! ,arti/ ,=m]ly #ih d4 ,! ,arti/ z a ,prophet #aja e4 ,art = ,art's ,sake #ajd f4 ,! ,burd5 ( ,orig9ality #ajf ,,vii4 ,! ,drama ( ,de/9y #aab #a4 ,! ,s\l 9 ! ,mod]n ,_w #aab #b4 ,! ,great ,sc5>io #aae #c4 ,e>m>ks ( ,tru? #aah #d4 ,on ,reconcil+ ,religion & ,sci5ce #aba #e4 ,gospels ( ,sci5ce #abe #f4 ,! ,deep] ,conflict #aca #g4 ,!ocracy & ,humanism #acc ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,humanism ,introduction #adc ,,viii4 ,gold5 ,memories #ade ,,ix4 ,! ,insight ( ,humanism #aeb #a4 ,! ,two ,approa*es to ,life #aeb #b4 ,fre$om & ,re/ra9t #aec #c4 ,! ,ascetic ,pr9ciple #aeh #d4 ,oscillation betwe5 ,two ,pr9ciples #afd #e4 ,! ,gold5 ,mean & ,its ,difficulties #aff #f4 ,! ,matrix ( ,humanism #aga #g4 ,! ,c>e] ( ! ,s\l #age #h4 ,! ,passage into ,maturity #ahc #i4 ,! ,function ( ,high ,religion #aia ,x4 ,high ,religion & ! ,mod]n ,_w #aid #a4 ,popul> ,religion & ! ,great ,tea*]s #aid #b4 ,! ,ari/ocratic ,pr9ciple #aig #c4 ,! ,peculi>ity ( ! ,mod]n ,situation #bjj #d4 ,! ,/one ,:i* ! ,build]s ,reject$ #bjc ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,mod]nity ,,xi4 ,! ,cure ( ,s\ls #bac #a4 ,! ,problem ( ,evil #bac #b4 ,sup]/ition & ,self-,consci\sness #bag #c4 ,virtue #bba #d4 ,f ,clue to ,practice #bbf ,,xii4 ,! ,bus9ess ( ! ,great ,society #bcb #a4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,inv5tion #bcb #b4 ,! ,creative ,pr9ciple 9 ,mod]nity #bce #c4 ,naive ,capitalism #bda #d4 ,! ,cr$o ( ,old-,/yle ,bus9ess #bdd #e4 ,old-,/yle ,re=m & ,revolution #bdg #f4 ,! ,diffusion ( ! ,acquisitive ,in/9ct #beb #g4 ,ideals #beg ,,xiii4 ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,great ,society #bfj #a4 ,loyalty #bfj #b4 ,! ,evolution ( ,loyalty #bfc #c4 ,pluralism #bfg #d4 ,live & ,let ,live #bfi #e4 ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,p #bgb #f4 ,politicians & ,/atesm5 #bgi ,,xiv4 ,love 9 ! ,great ,society #bhd #a4 ,! ,ext]nal ,control ( ,sexual ,conduct #bhd #b4 ,bir? ,control #bhh #c4 ,! ,logic ( ,bir? ,control #bic #d4 ,! ,use ( ,conv5tion #bii #e4 ,! ,new ,h$onism #cja #f4 ,m>riage & ,aff9ity #cjg #g4 ,! ,s*ool+ ( ,desire #caa ,,xv4 ,! ,morali/ 9 an ,unbeliev+ ,_w #cad #a4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,ideals #cad #b4 ,! ,*oice ( a ,way #cbj #c4 ,! ,religion ( ! ,_s #cbf ,app5dix3 ,ackn[l$gm5ts & ,notes #cca ,index #cci ,,"p ,i p#jja ,,! ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,ance/ral ,,ord] 8,:irl is ,k+1 hav+ driv5 out ,zeus40 ,ari/ophanes4 ,a ,,preface ,,to ,,morals p#jjc ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,unbelief #a4 ,:irl is ,k+ ,among ^? :o no long] believe 9 ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 "s are pr\dly defiant1 & _m are indiff]5t4 ,b !re are also a few1 p]haps an increas+ numb]1 :o feel t !re is a vacancy 9 _! lives4 ,?is inquiry deals ) _! problem4 ,x is n int5d$ to di/urb ! s]5ity ( ^? :o are un%ak5 9 ! fai? !y hold1 & x is n conc]n$ ) ^? :o are /ill exhil>at$ by _! escape f "s /ale or?odoxy4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ^? :o are p]plex$ by ! consequ5ces ( _! own irreligion4 ,x deals ) ! problem ( unbelief1 n z believ]s are accu/om$ to deal ) x1 9 ! _s ( m5 confid5tly call+ ! lo/ %eep back into ! fold1 b z unbeliev]s !mselves mu/1 ,i ?9k1 face ! problem if !y face x c&idly & )\t presumption4 ,:5 su* m5 put _! feel+s into words !y are likely to say t1 hav+ lo/ _! fai?1 !y h lo/ ! c]ta9ty t _! lives are significant1 & t x matt]s :at !y d ) _! lives4 ,if !y deal ) "y p !y are likely to say t !y "k ( no compell+ reason :i* c]tifies ! moral code !y adh]e to1 & t1 !re=e1 _! own pref]5ces1 :5 te/$ by ! ru?less curiosity ( _! *ildr51 seem to h no p#jjd sure f\ndation ( any k9d4 ,!y are likely to po9t to ! _w ab\t !m1 & to ask :e!r ! mod]n man possesses any crit]ion by :i* he c measure ! value ( 8 own desires1 :e!r !re is any /&>d he really believes 9 :i* p]mits him to put a t]m ^u t pursuit ( money1 ( p[]1 & ( excitem5t :i* has creat$ s mu* ( ! turmoil & ! squalor & ! explosiv5ess ( mod]n civilization4 ,^! are1 p]haps1 m]ely ! rationalizations ( ! mod]n man's discont5t4 ,at ! he>t ( x !re are likely to be mom5ts ( blank misgiv+ 9 :i* he f9ds t ! civilization ( :i* he is a "p leaves a du/y ta/e 9 8 m\?4 ,he may be v busy ) _m ?+s1 b he discov]s "o day t he is no long] sure !y are wor? do+4 ,he has be5 mu* preoccupi$2 b he is no long] sure he kn[s :y4 ,he has become involv$ 9 an elaborate r\t9e ( pleasures2 & !y d n seem to amuse him v mu*4 ,he f9ds x h>d to believe t do+ any "o ?+ is bett] ?an do+ any o!r ?+1 or1 9 fact1 t x is bett] ?an do+ no?+ at all4 ,x occurs to him t x is a great deal ( tr\ble to live1 & t ev5 9 ! be/ ( lives ! ?rills are few & f> betwe54 ,he beg9s m or less consci\sly to seek satisfactions1 because he is no long] satisfi$1 & all ! :ile he realizes t ! pursuit ( happ9ess 0 always a mo/ unhappy que/4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( 8 woe he n only loses 8 appetite1 b becomes excessively mis]able try+ to recov] x4 ,& !n1 survey+ ! flux ( ev5ts & ! gidd9ess ( 8 own s\l1 he comes to feel t ,ari/ophanes mu/ h be5 ?9k+ ( him :5 he decl>$ t 8,:irl is ,k+1 hav+ driv5 out ,zeus40 p#jje #b4 ,false ,prophecies ,! mod]n age has be5 ri* bo? 9 prophecies t m5 w\ld at la/ inh]it ! k+doms ( ?is _w1 & 9 compla9ts at ! k9d ( _w !y inh]it$4 ,?us ,petr>*1 :o 0 an e>ly victim ( mod]nity1 came to feel t he w\ld 8h pref]r$ to be born 9 any o!r p]iod0 ?an 8 own2 he tells u t he s\ght an escape by imag9+ t he liv$ 9 "s o!r age4 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :i* begat u1 0 =ev] bl[+ ! trumpets ( fre$om & provid+ asylums 9 :i* its mo/ s5sitive *ildr5 c\ld take refuge4 ,wordswor? fl$ f mank9d to rejoice 9 nature4 ,*ateaubri& fl$ f man to rejoice 9 savages4 ,byron fl$ to an imag9>y ,greece1 & ,william ,morris to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a few tri$ an imag9>y ,india4 ,a few an equally imag9>y ,*9a4 ,_m fl$ to ,bohemia1 to ,utopia1 to ! ,gold5 ,we/1 & to ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1 & "s1 l ,james ,?omson1 to hell :]e !y 7 gratifi$ to ga9 ,t positive et]nity ( pa9 ,in/ead ( ?is insuff]able inane4 ,!y _h all be5 disappo9t$ by ! failure ( a great prophecy4 ,! !me ( ?is prophecy _h be5 t man is a beautiful s\l :o 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory _h someh[ become enslav$ by ,scept]s1 ti>as1 swords1 & *a9s1 & tomes ,( reason$ wrong1 gloz$ on by ignorance1 & !y believ$ ) ,%elley t :5 8! loa?some mask has fall510 man1 exempt f awe1 wor%ip1 degree1 ! k+ ov] himself1 w\ld !n be 8free f guilt or p#jjf pa940 ,?is 0 ! or?odox lib]alism to :i* m5 turn$ :5 !y _h lo/ ! religion ( _! fa!rs4 ,b ! promises ( lib]alism h n be5 fulfill$4 ,we are liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( t va/ dissolution ( anci5t habits :i* ! emancipators believ$ w\ld re/ore our bir?right ( happ9ess4 ,we "k n[ t !y did n see v cle>ly beyond ! evils aga9/ :i* !y 7 rebell+4 ,x is evid5t to u t _! prophecies 7 pleasant fantasies :i* conceal$ ! great] difficulties t confront m51 :5 hav+ won ! fre$om to d :at !y wi%--t wi%1 z ,byron said3 :i* ages h n yet subdu$ ,9 man--to h no ma/] save 8 mood1 !y are full ( contr>y moods & d n "k :at !y wi% to d4 ,we h come to see t ,huxley 0 "r :5 he said t 8a man's wor/ difficulties beg9 :5 he is able to d z he likes40 ,! evid5ces ( ^! great] difficulties lie all ab\t u3 9 ! brave & brilliant a!i/s :o h defi$ ! ,me?odi/ ,god1 & h become v n]v\s2 9 ! wom5 :o h emancipat$ !mselves f ! tyranny ( fa!rs1 husb&s1 & homes1 & ) ! int]mitt5t b exp5sive help ( a psy*oanaly/1 are n[ endur+ lib]ty z int]ior decorators2 9 ! "y m5 & wom5 :o are _w-we>y at tw5ty-two2 9 ! multitudes :o drug !mselves ) pleasure2 9 ! cr[ds enfran*is$ by ! blood ( h]oes :o _c be p]suad$ to take an int]e/ 9 _! de/9y2 9 ! millions1 at la/ free to ?9k )\t fe> ( prie/ or policeman1 :o h made ! mov+ pictures & ! popul> newspap]s :at !y are4 p#jjg ,^! are ! prison]s :o h be5 releas$4 ,!y ought to be v happy4 ,!y ought to be s]5e & compos$4 ,!y are free to make _! own lives4 ,!re are no conv5tions1 no tabus1 no gods1 prie/s1 pr9ces1 fa!rs1 or revelations :i* !y mu/ accept4 ,yet ! result is n s good z !y ?\ght x w\ld be4 ,! prison door is wide op54 ,!y /agg] out into trackless space "u a bl9d+ sun4 ,!y f9d x n]ve-wrack+4 8,my s5sibility10 said ,flaub]t1 8is %>p] ?an a razor's edge2 ! creak+ ( a door1 ! face ( a b\rgeois1 an absurd /atem5t set my he>t to ?robb+ & completely upset me40 ,!y mu/ f9d _! own c\rage = battle & _! own consolation 9 defeat4 ,!y compla91 l ,r5an aft] he _h brok5 ) ! ,*ur*1 t ! en*ant$ circle :i* embrac$ ! :ole ( life is brok51 & t !y are left ) a feel+ ( empt9ess 8l t :i* foll[s an attack ( fev] or an unhappy love affair40 ,:]e is my home8 cri$ ,nietzs*e3 8,= x d ,i ask & seek1 & h s\ght1 b h n f\nd x4 ,o et]nal ev]y:]e1 ,o et]nal n[h]e1 ,o et]nal 9 va940 ,to m placid temp]am5ts ! pangs ( fre$om are no d\bt less acute4 ,x is possible = multitudes 9 "t ( peace & security to exi/ agreeably--some:at incoh]5tly1 p]haps1 b )\t convulsions--to dream a little & n unpleasantly1 to h only n[ & !n a nightm>e1 & only occasionally a rude awak5+4 ,x is possible to drift along n too discont5t$ly1 some:at n]v\sly1 some:at anxi\sly1 some:at confus$ly1 hop+ = ! be/1 & believ+ 9 no?+ v mu*4 ,x is possible to be a passable citiz54 ,b x is n possible to be :olly at peace4 ,= s]5ity ( s\l requires p#jjh "s bett] organization ( life ?an a man c atta9 by pursu+ 8 casual ambitions1 satisfy+ 8 hung]s1 & = ! re/ accept+ de/9y z an idiot's tale 9 :i* "o dumb s5sation succe$s ano!r to no kn[n end4 ,& x is n possible = him to be :olly alive4 ,= t dep5ds ^u 8 s5se ( be+ completely engag$ ) ! _w1 ) all 8 passions & all ! faculties 9 ri* h>monies ) "o o!r1 & 9 deep rhy?m ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,^! are ! gifts ( a vital religion :i* c br+ ! :ole ( a man into adju/m5t ) ! :ole ( 8 relevant exp]i5ce4 ,our =efa!rs _h su* a religion4 ,!y qu>rell$ a good deal ab\t ! details1 b !y _h no d\bt t !re 0 an ord] 9 ! univ]se :i* ju/ifi$ _! lives because !y 7 a "p ( x4 ,! acids ( mod]nity h dissolv$ t ord] = _m ( u1 & !re are "s 9 consequ5ce :o ?9k t ! ne$s :i* religion fulfill$ h also be5 dissolv$4 ,b h[ev] self-suffici5t ! eug5ic & p]fectly educat$ man ( ! di/ant future may be1 our pres5t exp]i5ce is t ! ne$s rema94 ,9 fail+ to meet !m1 x is pla9 t we h succe$$ only 9 sub/itut+ trivial illusions = maje/ic fai?s4 ,= :ile ! mod]n emancipat$ man may wond] h[ anyone ev] believ$ t 9 ?is univ]se ( />s & atoms & multitud9\s life1 !re is a drama 9 progress ( :i* ! pr9cipal ev5t 0 enact$ 9 ,pale/9e n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 x is n really a /rang] fable ?an _m :i* he s readily accepts4 ,he does n believe ! words ( ! ,gospel b he believes ! be/ adv]tis$ notion4 ,! old] fable may be incr$ible to-day1 b :5 x p#jji 0 cr$ible x b\nd toge!r ! :ole ( exp]i5ce ^u a /ately & dignifi$ !me4 ,! mod]n man has ceas$ to believe 9 x b he has n ceas$ to be cr$ul\s1 & ! ne$ to believe haunts him4 ,x is no wond] t 8 impulse is to turn back f 8 fre$om1 & to f9d someone :o says he kn[s ! tru? & c tell him :at to d1 to f9d ! %r9e ( "s new god1 ( any cult h[ev] newfangl$1 :]e he c kneel & be com=t$1 put on manacles to keep 8 h&s f trembl+1 ensconce himself 9 "s citadel :]e x is safe & w>m4 ,= ! mod]n man :o has ceas$ to believe1 )\t ceas+ to be cr$ul\s1 hangs1 z x 71 betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & is at re/ n[h]e4 ,!re is no !ory ( ! mean+ & value ( ev5ts :i* he is compell$ to accept1 b he is none ! less compell$ to accept ! ev5ts4 ,!re is no moral au?ority to :i* he mu/ turn n[1 b !re is co]cion 9 op9ions1 fa%ions & fads4 ,!re is = him no inevitable purpose 9 ! univ]se1 b !re are elaborate necessities1 physical1 political1 economic4 ,he does n feel himself to be an actor 9 a great & dramatic de/9y1 b he is subject to ! massive p[]s ( our civilization1 =c$ to adopt _! pace1 b\nd to _! r\t9e1 entangl$ 9 _! conflicts4 ,he c believe :at he *ooses ab\t ?is civilization4 ,he _c1 h[ev]1 escape ! compulsion ( mod]n ev5ts4 ,!y compel 8 body & 8 s5ses z ru?lessly z ev] did k+ or prie/4 ,!y d n compel 8 m9d4 ,!y h all ! =ce ( natural ev5ts1 b n _! maje/y1 all ! tyrannical p[] ( anci5t in/itutions1 b none ( _! moral c]ta9ty4 ,ev5ts are !re1 & !y ov]p[] p#jaj him4 ,b !y d n conv9ce him t !y h t dignity :i* inh]es 9 t :i* is necess>y & 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,9 ! old ord] ! compulsions 7 (t5 pa9ful1 b !re 0 s5se 9 ! pa9 t 0 inflict$ by ! w ( an all-kn[+ ,god4 ,9 ! new ord] ! compulsions are pa9ful &1 z x 71 accid5tal1 unnecess>y1 wanton1 & full ( mock]y4 ,! mod]n man does n make 8 peace ) !m4 ,= 9 effect he has replac$ natural piety ) a grudg+ endurance ( a s]ies ( unsanctifi$ compulsions4 ,:5 he believ$ t ! unfold+ ( ev5ts 0 a manife/ation ( ! w ( ,god1 he c\ld say3 ,?y w be done4444 ,9 ,8 w is our peace4 ,b :5 he believes t ev5ts are det]m9$ by ! votes ( a majority1 ! ord]s ( 8 bosses1 ! op9ions ( 8 neighbors1 ! laws ( supply & dem&1 & ! decisions ( q selfi% m51 he yields because he has to yield4 ,he is conqu]$ b unconv9c$4 #c4 ,sorties & ,retreats ,x might seem z if1 9 all ?is1 m5 7 m]ely go+ ?r\gh once aga9 :at !y h (t5 gone ?r\gh be=e4 ,?is is n ! fir/ age 9 :i* ! or?odox religion has be5 9 conflict ) ! sci5ce ( ! day4 ,plato 0 born into su* an age4 ,= two c5turies ! philosoph]s ( ,greece _h be5 critical ( ,hom] & ( ! popul> gods1 & :5 ,socrates fac$ 8 accus]s1 8 answ] to ! accusation ( h]esy mu/ c]ta9ly h s\nd$ unresponsive4 8,i d believe10 he said1 8t !re are gods1 & 9 a high] s5se ?an t 9 :i* p#jaa my accus]s believe 9 !m40 ,t is all v well4 ,b to believe 9 a 8high] s5se0 is also to believe 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 ! fact t m5 h ceas$ to believe 9 ! religion ( _! fa!rs4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity1 !re has always exi/$ a tradition1 ext5d+ f ! au?ors ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ?r\gh ,orig5 to ! neo-,platoni/s ( mod]n times1 :i* rejects ! popul> idea ( ,god z a p[] act+ ^u ev5ts1 & ( immortality z ev]la/+ life1 & translates ! popul> !ology into a symbolic /atem5t ( a purely spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,9 e civiliz$ age !re h be5 educat$ & disc]n+ m5 :o c\ld n accept lit]ally & simply ! traditions ( ! anci5t fai?4 ,we are told t dur+ ! ,p]iclean ,age 8among educat$ m5 ev]y?+ 0 9 dispute3 political sanctions1 lit]>y values1 moral /&>ds1 religi\s convictions1 ev5 ! possibility ( rea*+ any tru? ab\t any?+40 ,:5 ! educat$ classes ( ! ,roman _w accept$ ,*ri/ianity !y _h ceas$ to believe 9 ! pagan gods1 & 7 mu* too critical to accept ! primitive ,hebraic !ories ( ! creation1 ! r$emption1 & ! ,messianic ,k+dom :i* 7 s c5tral 9 ! popul> religion4 ,!y _h to d :at ,socrates _h done2 !y _h to take ! popul> !ology 9 a 8high]0 & !re=e 9 a diff]5t s5se be=e !y c\ld use x4 ,inde$1 x is s unusual to f9d an age ( active-m9d$ m5 9 :i* ! mo/ highly educat$ are g5u9ely or?odox 9 ! popul> s5se1 t ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 ! age ( ,dante & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :5 ?is ph5om5on is reput$ to h occurr$1 is reg>d$ p#jab z a unique & wond]ful p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x is n at all unlikely t !re nev] 0 su* an age 9 ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ m54 ,& yet1 ! position ( mod]n m5 :o h brok5 ) ! religion ( _! fa!rs is 9 c]ta9 pr(\nd ways diff]5t f t ( o!r m5 9 o!r ages4 ,?is is ! fir/ age1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d :5 ! circum/ances ( life h conspir$ ) ! intellectual habits ( ! "t to r5d] any fix$ & au?oritative belief incr$ible to l>ge masses ( m54 ,! dissolution ( ! old modes ( ?\ght has gone s f>1 & is s cumulative 9 its effect1 t ! mod]n man is n able to s9k back aft] a p]iod ( prophesy+ into a new b /able or?odoxy4 ,! irreligion ( ! mod]n _w is radical to a degree = :i* !re is1 ,i ?9k1 no c\nt]p>t4 ,= always 9 ! pa/ x has be5 possible = new conv5tions to cry/allize1 & = m5 to f9d re/ & surcease ( ef=t 9 accept+ !m4 ,we (t5 assume1 !re=e1 t a p]iod ( dissolution w necess>ily be foll[$ by "o ( con=mity1 t ! het]odoxy ( "o age w become ! or?odoxy ( ! next1 & t :5 ?is or?odoxy decays a new p]iod ( prophesy+ w beg94 ,?us we say t by ! "t ( ,hosea & ,isaiah ! religion ( ! ,jews _h become a sy/em ( rules = transact+ bus9ess ) ,jehovah4 ,! ,prophets !n revivifi$ x by ?und]+ aga9/ ! conv5tional belief t religion 0 m]e burnt (f]+ & sacrifice4 ,a few c5turies pass$ & ! religion bas$ on ! ,law & ! ,prophets _h 9 its turn become a set ( me*anical rites manipulat$ by ! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees4 ,z aga9/ ?is sy/em ,jesus & ,paul p#jac prea*$ a religion ( grace1 & aga9/ ! 8lett]0 ( ! synagogues ! 8_s0 ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! inn] light :i* c p]ceive ! _s is r>e1 & s %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,paul1 ! tea*+ gradually ceas$ to appeal to direct inspiration 9 ! m9ds ( ! believ]s & became a body ( dogma1 a 8sacr$ deposit0 ( ! fai? 8once = all deliv]$ to ! sa9ts40 ,9 ! succe$+ ages !re appe>$ aga9 _m prophets :o ?\ght !y _h )9 !m ! reveal+ _s4 ,?\gh "s ( ! prophets 7 burnt1 mu* ( ! prophesy+ 0 absorb$ into ! canon4 ,9 ,lu!r ?is s5se ( revelation appe>$ once m 9 a mo/ confid5t =m4 ,he reject$ ! au?ority n only ( ! ,pope & ! cl]gy1 b ev5 ( ! ,bible itself1 except :]e 9 8 op9ion ! ,bible confirm$ 8 fai?4 ,b 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,lu!ran ,*ur* ! old difficulty reappe>$3 ! inn] light :i* _h burn$ s fi]cely 9 ,lu!r did n burn brightly or /eadily 9 all ,lu!rans1 & s ! "r ( private judgm5t1 ev5 9 ,lu!r's re/rict$ use ( ! t]m1 l$ to all k9ds ( h]esies & abom9ations4 ,v soon !re came to be an au?oritative tea*+ back$ by ! p[] ( ! police4 ,& 9 ,calv9ism ! revolt ( ! ,re=mation became /abiliz$ to ! la/ degree4 8,ev]y?+10 said ,calv91 8p]ta9+ to ! p]fect rule ( a good life ! ,"l has s compreh5d$ 9 ,8 law t !re rema9s no?+ = man to add to t summ>y40 ,m5 fully z intellig5t z ! mo/ emancipat$ among u once believ$ t1 & ,i h no d\bt t ! successors ( ,mr4 ,d>r[ & ,mr4 ,m5ck5 w\ld come to believe some?+ v mu* l x if conditions p]mitt$ !m to obey ! in/9ct to retreat f ! *aos p#jad ( mod]nity into ord] & c]ta9ty4 ,x is all v well to talk ab\t be+ ! capta9 ( y\r s\l4 ,x is h>d1 & only a few h]oes1 sa9ts1 & g5iuses h be5 ! capta9s ( _! s\ls = any ext5d$ p]iod ( _! lives4 ,mo/ m51 aft] a little fre$om1 h pref]r$ au?ority ) ! consol+ assurances & ! economy ( ef=t :i* x br+s4 8,if1 outside ( ,*ri/1 y wi% by y\r own ?\ghts to "k y\r relation to ,god1 y w break y\r neck4 ,?und] /rikes him :o exam9es40 ,?us spoke ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 & !re is e reason to suppose t ! ,g]man p ?\ght he 0 talk+ ! pla9e/ commons5se4 8,he :o is gift$ ) ! heav5ly k ( fai?10 said ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 8is free f an inquisitive curiosity40 ,^! words are rasp+ to our mod]n e>s1 b !re is no occasion to d\bt t ! m5 :o utt]$ !m _h made a %rewd appraisal ( av]age human nature4 ,! record ( exp]i5ce is "o ( sorties & retreats4 ,! se>* = moral guidance :i* %all n dep5d ^u ext]nal au?ority has inv>iably end$ 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( "s new au?ority4 #d4 ,deep ,dissolution ,?is same t5d5cy manife/s itself 9 ! mid/ ( our mod]n uneas9ess4 ,we h _h a pr(usion ( new cults1 ( revivals1 & ( essays 9 recon/ruction4 ,b !re is reason = ?9k+ t a new cry/allization ( an endur+ & popul> religion is unlikely 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,= analogy drawn f ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ is mislead+4 ,:5 ,lu!r1 = example1 rebell$ aga9/ ! au?ority p#jae ( ! ,*ur*1 he did n suppose ! way ( life = ! ord9>y man w\ld be radically alt]$4 ,lu!r suppos$ t m5 w\ld cont9ue to behave mu* z !y _h le>n$ to behave "u ! ,ca?olic discipl9e4 ,! individual = :om he claim$ ! "r ( private judgm5t 0 "o ^: prejudgm5ts _h be5 well fix$ 9 a ,ca?olic society4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,pope 0 to be de/roy$ & c]ta9 evils aboli%$1 b !re 0 to rema9 t feel+ = objective moral c]ta9ties :i* ,ca?olicism _h nurtur$4 ,:5 ! ,anabapti/s c>ri$ ! practice ( 8 !ory beyond ?is po9t1 ,lu!r d5\nc$ !m viol5tly4 ,= :at he believ$ 9 0 ,prote/antism = good ,ca?olics4 ,! re=m]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury made a simil> assumption4 ,!y really believ$ 9 democracy = m5 :o _h an ari/ocratic tra9+4 ,jeff]son1 = example1 _h an in/9ctive fe> ( ! urban rabble1 t mo/ democratic "p ( ! population4 ,! society ( free m5 :i* he dream$ ab\t 0 compos$ ( ^? :o _h ! discipl9e1 ! /&>ds ( honor & ! ta/e1 )\t ! privileges or ! corruptions1 t are to be f\nd 9 a society ( well-br$ c\ntry g5tlem54 ,! m rec5t rebels frequ5tly betray a some:at simil> inability to imag9e ! consequ5ces ( _! own victories4 ,= ! sma%+ ( idols is 9 itself su* a preoccupation t x is almo/ impossible = ! iconocla/ to look cle>ly into a future :5 !re w n be _m idols left to sma%4 ,yet t future is beg9n+ to be our pres5t1 & x might be said t m5 are consci\s ( :at mod]nity means ins(> z !y realize t !y are confront$ n s mu* ) ! p#jaf necessity ( promot+ rebellion z ( deal+ ) ! consequ5ces ( x4 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 r\ghly speak+ ! "t betwe5 ,voltaire & ,m5ck51 0 an age ( t]rific indictm5ts & ( feeble solutions4 ,! ,m>xian indictm5t ( capitalism is a case 9 po9t4 ,! ,nietzs*ean transvaluation ( values is ano!r2 x is magnific5t1 b :o c say1 aft] he has %ot 8 arr[ ( long+ to ! o!r %ore1 :e!r he w f9d ,caes> ,borgia1 ,h5ry ,=d1 or ,isadora ,duncan8 ,:o kn[s1 hav+ read ,mr4 ,m5ck5 & ,mr4 ,s9clair ,lewis1 :at k9d ( _w w be left :5 all ! boobs & yokels h crawl$ back 9 _! holes & h di$ ( %ame8 ,! rebel1 :ile he is mak+ 8 attack1 is n likely to feel ! ne$ to answ] su* que/ions4 ,= he moves 9 an unreal environm5t1 "o might almo/ say a p>asitic environm5t4 ,he goes =? to de/roy ,caes>1 ,mammon1 ,george ,f4 ,babbitt1 & ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,z he wre/les ) ^! demons1 he leans ^u !m4 ,by inv]sion !y (f] him mu* ! same k9d ( support :i* ! con=m] enjoys4 ,!y provide him ) an objective :i* enables him to "k exactly :at he ?9ks he wants to d4 ,8 en]gies are focuss$ by 8 indignation4 ,he does n suff] f empt9ess1 d\bt1 & division ( s\l4 ,^! are ! maladies :i* come lat] :5 ! /ruggle is ov]4 ,:ile ! rebel is 9 conflict ) ! e/abli%$ nuisances he has an aim 9 life :i* absorbs all 8 passions4 ,he has 8 own s5se ( righte\sness & 8 own feel+ ( communion ) a gr& purpose4 ,= 9 attack+ idols !re is a k9d ( piety1 9 ov]?r[+ tyrants a k9d ( loyalty1 9 ridicul+ /upidities p#jag an imitation ( wisdom4 ,9 ! heat ( battle ! rebel is exalt$ by a :ole-he>t$ t5sion :i* is easily mi/ak5 = a ta/e ( ! fre$om t is to come4 ,he is "u ! spell ( an illusion4 ,= :at comes aft] ! /ruggle is n ! exaltation ( fre$om b a lett+ d[n ( ! t5sion t belongs solely to ! /ruggle itself4 ,! happ9ess ( ! rebel is z transi5t z ! iconoclasm :i* produc$ x4 ,:5 he has sla9 ! dragon & rescu$ ! beautiful maid51 !re is usually no?+ left = him to d b write 8 memoirs & dream ( a "t :5 ! _w 0 "y4 ,:at mo/ di/+ui%es ! g5]ation :o h approa*$ maturity s9ce ! debacle ( idealism at ! end ( ! ,w> is n _! rebellion aga9/ ! religion & ! moral code ( _! p>5ts1 b _! disillusionm5t ) _! own rebellion4 ,x is common = "y m5 & wom5 to rebel1 b t !y %\ld rebel sadly & )\t fai? 9 _! own rebellion1 t !y %\ld di/ru/ ! new fre$om no less ?an ! old c]ta9ties--t is some?+ ( a novelty4 ,z ,mr4 ,canby once said1 at ! age ( sev5 !y saw ?r\gh _! p>5ts & *>act]iz$ !m 9 a phrase4 ,at f\rte5 !y saw ?r\gh education & dodg$ x4 ,at eighte5 !y saw ?r\gh morality & /epp$ ov] x4 ,at tw5ty !y lo/ respect = _! home t[ns1 & at tw5ty-"o !y discov]$ t our social sy/em is ridicul\s4 ,at tw5ty-?ree ! autobiography ends because ! au?or has run ?r\gh society to date & does n "k :at to d next4 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,canby might h add$1 ! idea ( re=m+ t society makes no appeal to !m4 ,!y h se5 ?r\gh all t4 ,!y _c adopt any ( p#jah ! syn!tic religions ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,!y h se5 ?r\gh all ( !m4 ,!y h se5 ?r\gh ! religion ( nature to :i* ! e>ly romantics turn$ = consolation4 ,!y h he>d too mu* ab\t ! brutality ( natural selection to feel1 z ,wordswor? did1 t pleasant l&scapes are div9e4 ,!y h se5 ?r\gh ! religion ( beauty because1 = "o ?+1 !y are too mu* oppress$ by ! ugl9ess ( ,ma9 ,/reet4 ,!y _c take refuge 9 an ivory t[] because ! mod]n ap>tm5t h\se1 ) a radio l\dspeak] on ! floor above & on ! floor bel[ & j across ! c\rty>d1 w n p]mit x4 ,!y _c1 l ,mazz9i1 make a religion ( patriotism1 because !y h j be5 demobiliz$4 ,!y _c make a religion ( sci5ce l ! po/-,d>w9ians because !y d n und]/& mod]n sci5ce4 ,!y nev] le>n$ en\gh ma!matics & physics4 ,!y d n l ,b]n>d ,%aw's religion ( creative evolution because !y h read en\gh to "k t ,mr4 ,%aw's biology is lit]>y & evangelical4 ,z = ! religion ( progress1 t is pre-empt$ by ,george ,f4 ,babbitt & ! ,rot>y ,club1 & ! religion ( humanity is utt]ly unacceptable to ^? :o h to ride 9 ! subways dur+ ! ru% h\r4 ,yet ! curr5t attempts to mod]nize religi\s cre$s are inspir$ by ! hope t someh[ x w be possible to con/ruct a =m ( belief :i* w fit into ?is vacuum4 ,x is evid5t t life soon becomes di/ract$ & tiresome if x is n illum9at$ by communion ) :at ,william ,james call$ 8a wid] self ?r\gh :i* sav+ exp]i5ces come40 ,! eag] se>* = new religions1 p#jai ! ha/y adh]5ce to cults1 & ! urg5t appeals = a reconciliation betwe5 religion & sci5ce are confessions t to ! mod]n man 8 activity seems to h no place 9 any rational ord]4 ,8 life seems m]e re/lessness & compulsion1 r ?an conduct light$ by lum9\s beliefs4 ,he is possess$ by a great deal ( excitem5t amid/ :i*1 z ,mr4 ,santayana once rem>k$1 he r$\bles 8 ef=t :5 he has =gott5 8 aim4 ,= 9 ! mod]n age1 at fir/ imp]ceptibly ) ! rise ( ! t[ns1 & !n cata/rophically s9ce ! me*anical revolution1 !re h gone into dissolution n only ! curr5t or?odoxy1 b ! social ord] & ! ways ( liv+ :i* support$ x4 ,?us rebellion & emancipation h come to mean some?+ f> m dra/ic ?an !y h ev] meant be=e4 ,! e>li] rebels summon$ m5 f "o allegiance to ano!r1 b ! feel+ = c]ta9ty 9 religion & = decorum 9 society p]si/$4 ,9 ! mod]n _w x is ?is v feel+ ( c]ta9ty itself :i* is dissolv+4 ,x is dissolv+ n m]ely = an educat$ m9ority b = ev]yone :o comes )9 ! orbit ( mod]nity4 ,yet !re rema9 ! wants :i* or?odoxy ( "s sort satisfies4 ,! natural man1 :5 he is releas$ f re/ra9ts1 & has no sub/itute = !m1 is at sixes & sev5s ) himself & ! _w4 ,= 9 ! free play ( 8 un9hibit$ in/9cts he does n f9d any natural sub/itute = ^? accumulat$ convictions :i*1 h[ev] badly !y did x1 nev]!less organiz$ 8 s\l1 economiz$ 8 ef=t1 consol$ him1 & gave him dignity 9 8 own eyes because he 0 "p ( "s great] :ole4 ,! acids ( mod]nity are s p[]ful t !y d n p#jbj tol]ate a cry/allization ( ideas :i* w s]ve z a new or?odoxy into :i* m5 c retreat4 ,& s ! mod]n _w is haunt$ by a realization1 :i* x becomes con/antly less easy to ignore1 t x is impossible to recon/ruct an endur+ or?odoxy1 & impossible to live well )\t ! satisfactions :i* an or?odoxy w\ld provide4 ,,*apt] ,,ii p#jba ,,god ,,9 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,_w #a4 ,imago ,dei ,by ! dissolution ( _! ance/ral ways m5 h be5 depriv$ ( _! s5se ( c]ta9ty z to :y !y 7 born1 :y !y mu/ "w1 :om !y mu/ love1 :at !y mu/ honor1 :]e !y may turn 9 sorr[ & defeat4 ,!y h left to !m ! anci5t codes & ! mod]n criticism ( ^! codes1 guesses1 intuitions1 inconclusive exp]im5ts1 possibilities1 probabilities1 hypo!ses4 ,bel[ ! level ( reason1 !y may h unconsci\s prejudice1 !y may speak ) a l\d cocksur5ess1 !y may act ) fanaticism4 ,b !re is gone t ineffable c]ta9ty :i* once made ,god & ,8 ,plan seem z real z ! lamppo/4 ,i d n mean t mod]n m5 h ceas$ to believe 9 ,god4 ,i d mean t !y no long] believe 9 him simply & lit]ally4 ,i mean t !y h def9$ & ref9$ _! ideas ( him until !y c no long] hone/ly say t he exi/s1 z !y w\ld say t _! neighbor exi/s4 ,se>* ! writ+s ( lib]al *ur*m51 & :5 y come to ! crucial passages :i* are int5d$ to express _! belief 9 ,god1 y w f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t at j ?is po9t _! unc]ta9ty is mo/ evid5t4 ,! ,rev]5d ,h>ry ,em]son ,fosdick has writt5 an essay1 call$ 8,h[ ,%all ,we ,?9k ( ,god801 :i* illu/rates p#jbb ! difficulty4 ,he beg9s by say+ t 8believ+ 9 ,god )\t consid]+ h[ "o %all picture him is deplorably unsatisfactory40 ,yet ! old ways ( pictur+ him are no long] cr$ible4 ,we _c ?9k ( him z seat$ ^u a ?rone1 :ile ar\nd him are angels play+ on h>ps & s++ hymns4 8,god z a k+ on high--our fa!rs1 liv+ "u mon>*y1 rejoic$ 9 t image & f\nd x mean+ful4 ,8 ?rone1 8 cr[n1 8 scept]1 8 s]aphic ret9ue1 8 laws1 rew>ds1 & puni%m5ts--h[ dom9ant t picture 0 & h[ p]si/5t is ! cont9uance ( x 9 our hymns & pray]s6 ,x 0 always p>tly poetry1 b x _h a prose backgr\nd3 !re really _h be5 at fir/ a cele/ial l& above ! cl\ds :]e ,god reign$ & :]e 8 ?rone 0 9 ! heav5s40 ,hav+ said t ?is picture is antiquat$1 ,dr4 ,fosdick goes on to /ate t 8! religi\s man mu/ h imag9ations ( ,god1 if ,god is to be real to him40 ,he mu/ 8picture 8 deal+ ) ! ,div9e 9 t]ms ( p]sonal relation%ip40 ,b h[8 8,! place :]e man vitally f9ds ,god 444 is )9 8 own exp]i5ce ( goodness1 tru?1 & beauty1 & ! true/ images ( ,god are !re=e to be f\nd 9 man's spiritual life40 ,i %\ld be ! la/ to d5y t a man may1 if he *ooses1 ?9k ( ,god z ! s\rce ( all t seems to him wor?y 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,b c]ta9ly ?is is n ! ,god ( ! anci5t fai?4 ,?is is n ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! ,lawgiv]1 ! ,judge4 ,?is is a highly sophi/icat$ idea ( ,god1 employ$ by a mod]n man :o w\ld l to say1 b _c say ) c]ta9ty1 t !re exi/s a p]sonal ,god to :om m5 mu/ accommodate !mselves4 p#jbc #b4 ,an ,indef9ite ,god ,x may be t cle> & unambigu\s /atem5ts are n n[ possible 9 our intellectual climate4 ,b at lea/ we %\ld n =get t ! religions :i* h dom9at$ human hi/ory h be5 f\nd$ on :at ! fai?ful felt 7 und5iable facts4 ,^! facts 7 my/]i\s only 9 ! s5se t !y 7 uncommon1 l an eclipse ( ! sun1 b n 9 ! s5se t !y 7 beyond human exp]i5ce4 ,no d\bt !re are passages 9 ! ,scriptures writt5 by highly cultivat$ m5 9 :i* ! ,div9e nature is call$ my/]i\s & unkn[able4 ,b ^! passages are n ! rock ^u :i* ! popul> *ur*es are f\nd$4 ,no "o1 ,i ?9k1 has truly obs]v$ ! religi\s life ( simple p )\t und]/&+ h[ pla91 h[ lit]al1 h[ natural !y take _! sup]natural p]sonages to be4 ,! popul> gods are n indef9ite & unkn[able4 ,!y h a def9ite hi/ory & _! favorite haunts1 & !y h (t5 be5 se54 ,!y walk on e>?1 !y might appe> to anyone1 !y are ang]$1 !y are pleas$1 !y weep & !y rejoice1 !y eat & !y may fall 9 love4 ,! mod]n man uses ! ^w #8sup]natural' to describe some?+ t seems to him n q s cr$ible z ! ?+s he calls natural4 ,?is is n ! sup]naturalism ( ! dev\t4 ,!y d n di/+ui% two planes ( reality & two ord]s ( c]ta9ty4 ,= !m ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 born ( a ,virg9 & 0 rais$ f ! dead z lit]ally z ,napoleon 0 ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* & return$ f ,elba4 ,?is is ! k9d ( c]ta9ty "o no long] f9ds 9 ! p#jbd utt]ances ( mod]n m54 ,i might cite1 = example1 a typically mod]n ass]tion ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,br[nell1 a critic :o c\ld n be reproa*$ ) ins5sitiv5ess to ! value ( traditional beliefs4 ,he wrote t 8! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s1 exquisitely call$ ! ,com=t]1 is a matt] ( actual exp]i5ce1 z solid a reality z t ( electro-magnetism40 ,i d n suppose t ,mr4 ,br[nell meant to admit ! lea/ possible d\bt4 ,b he 0 a mod]n man1 & surreptiti\sly d\bt invad$ 8 c]ta9ty4 ,= electro-magnetism is n an absolutely solid reality to a layman's m9d4 ,x has a que/ionable reality4 ,i suspect t is :y ,mr4 ,br[nell *ose ?is metaphor2 x w\ld h seem$ a little too blunt to 8 mod]n intellig5ce to say t 8 fai? 0 f\nd$ n on electro-magnetism1 b z m5 once believ$1 on a rock4 ,! attempts to recon/ruct religi\s cre$s are beset by ! mod]n man's inability to conv9ce himself t ! con/itution ( ! univ]se includes facts :i* 9 our skeptical j>gon we call sup]natural4 ,yet z ,william ,james once said1 8religion1 9 h] fulle/ ex]cise ( function1 is n a m]e illum9ation ( facts already else:]e giv51 n a m]e passion1 l love1 :i* views ?+s 9 a rosi] light4444 ,x is some?+ m1 namely1 a po/ulator ( new facts z well40 ,james himself 0 /rongly dispos$ t[>d :at he s c&idly describ$ z 8ov]beliefs02 he _h sympa?y ) ! beliefs ( o!rs :i* 0 z l>ge & *>itable z any man's c be4 ,!re 0 no trace ( ! intellectual snob 9 ,william ,james2 he 0 9 ! o!r camp f ^? ?9 argum5tative rationali/s :o f9d s mu* satisfaction p#jbe 9 disprov+ :at o!r m5 hold sacr$4 ,james lov$ cranks & naifs & s\ght !m out = ! wisdom !y might h4 ,b )al he 0 a mod]n man :o liv$ t[>d ! climax ( ! revolution>y p]iod4 ,he _h ! ,w to ,believe1 he argu$ eloqu5tly = ! ,"r to ,believe4 ,b he did n :olly believe4 ,! utmo/ t he c\ld hone/ly believe 0 some?+ :i* he confess$ w\ld 8appe> a sorry und]belief0 to "s ( 8 read]s4 8,:o kn[s10 he said1 8:e!r ! fai?fulness ( individuals "h bel[ to _! own poor ov]beliefs may n actually help ,god 9 turn to be m effectively fai?ful to 8 own great] tasks80 ,:o kn[s8 ,& on t "q m>k he paus$ & c\ld say no m4 #c4 ,god 9 ,m ,s5ses ,?an ,"o ,b ev5 if !re 0 "s unc]ta9ty z to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,god :om ,william ,james describ$1 he 0 at lea/ ! k9d ( ,god ) :om human be+s c\ld commune4 ,if !y c\ld jump ! initial d\bt !y f\nd !mselves 9 an excit+ _w :]e !y might live = a ,god :o1 l !mselves1 _h "w to d4 ,james wrote ! passage ,i h quot$ 9 #aijb4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] ,alfr$ ,nor? ,:itehead came to ,h>v>d to deliv] ! ,l[ell ,lectures4 ,he und]took to def9e ,god = mod]n m54 ,mr4 ,:itehead1 l ,william ,james1 is a compassionate man & on ! side ( ! angels4 ,b 8 is a :olly mod]niz$ m9d 9 full comm& ( all ! conceptual in/rum5ts ( sci5tific logic4 ,by contra/ ) ! au/]ity ( ,mr4 ,:itehead's ?9k+1 ,james1 ) 8 p#jbf *ivalr\s (f] ( fealty to ,god1 seems l "o ( ! la/ ( ! great romantics4 ,!re is a ,god 9 ,mr4 ,:itehead's philosophy1 & a v necess>y ,god at t4 ,unhappily1 ,i am n en\gh ( a logician to say t ,i am q sure ,i und]/& :at x means to say t 8,god is n concrete1 b ,he is ! gr\nd = concrete actuality40 ,!re h be5 mom5ts :5 ,i imag9$ ,i _h caught ! mean+ ( ?is1 b !re h be5 m mom5ts :5 ,i knew t ,i _h n4 ,i h nev] d\bt$1 h[ev]1 t ! concept _h mean+1 & t ,i miss$ x because x 0 too deep = me4 ,:y !n1 x may be ask$1 d ,i presume to discuss x8 ,my answ] is t a conception ( ,god1 :i* is incompreh5sible to all :o are n highly tra9$ logicians1 is a possible ,god = logicians alone4 ,x is n presumptu\s to say ( ,mr4 ,:itehead's ,god :at he himself says ( ,ari/otle's ,god3 t x does 8n lead him v f> t[>d ! production ( a ,god available = religi\s purposes40 ,= :ile ?is ,god may satisfy a metaphysical ne$ 9 ! ?9k]1 he does n satisfy ! passions ( ! believ]4 ,?is ,god does n gov]n ! _w l a k+ nor wat* ov] 8 *ildr5 l a fa!r4 ,he (f]s !m no purposes to :i* !y c consecrate !mselves2 he exhibits no image ( hol9ess !y c imitate4 ,he does n *a/ise !m 9 s9 nor console !m 9 sorr[4 ,he is a pr9ciple ) :i* to expla9 ! facts1 if y c und]/& ! explanation4 ,he is n himself a p]sonality :o deals ) ! facts4 ,= ! purposes ( religion he is no ,god at all2 8 univ]se rema9s /onily unaw>e ( man4 ,no?+ has happ5$ by accept+ p#jbg ,mr4 ,:itehead's def9ition :i* *anges ! inexorable "* ( t de/9y :i* ,b]tr& ,russell depict$ :5 he wrote t we see1 surr\nd+ ! n>r[ raft illum9$ by ! flick]+ light ( human comrade%ip1 ! d>k ocean on ^: roll+ waves we toss = a brief h\r2 f ! great night )\t1 a *ill bla/ breaks 9 ^u our refuge2 all ! lonel9ess ( humanity amid ho/ile =ces is conc5trat$ ^u ! individual s\l1 :i* mu/ /ruggle alone1 ) :at ( c\rage x c comm&1 aga9/ ! :ole weight ( a univ]se t c>es no?+ = its hopes & fe>s4 ,x is a nice "q :e!r ! use ( ,god's "n is n mislead+ :5 x is appli$ by mod]ni/s to ideas s remote f ! ,god m5 h wor%ip$4 ,pla9ly ! mod]ni/ *ur*man does n believe 9 ! ,god ( ,g5esis :o walk$ 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+ & call$ to ,adam & 8 wife :o _h hidd5 !mselves beh9d a tree2 nor 9 ! ,god ( ,exodus :o appe>$ to ,moses & ,a>on & sev5ty ( ! ,eld]s ( ,israel1 /&+ ) 8 feet ^u a pav$ walk z if x 7 a sapphire /one2 nor ev5 9 ! ,god ( ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah :o 9 8 compassion = ! %eep :o h gone a/ray1 hav+ turn$ ev]yone to 8 own way1 laid on ! ,man ( ,sorr[s ! iniquity ( u all4 ,?is1 z ,kirsopp ,lake says1 is ! ,god ( mo/1 if n all1 ! writ+s 9 ! ,bible4 ,yet 8h[ev] mu* our inh]it$ s5tim5ts may %r9k f ! admission1 ! sci5ti/s are to-day almo/ unanim\s 9 say+ t ! univ]se z !y see x conta9s no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce p#jbh ( any an?ropomorphic ,god :atev]4 ,! exp]im5tali/ 7i4e41 mod]ni/7 :olly agrees t ?is is s4 ,nev]!less he refuses z a rule1 & ,i ?9k rightly--to ab&on ! use ( ! ^w #8,god4'0 ,9 ju/ification ( ?is refusal to ab&on ! ^w #8,god1' al?\gh he has ab&on$ ! accept$ mean+ ( ! ^w1 ,dr4 ,lake appeals to a tradition :i* rea*es back at lea/ to ,orig5 :o1 z a ,*ri/ian neo-platoni/1 us$ ! ^w #8,god' to mean1 n ! ,k+ & ,fa!r ( creation1 b ! sum ( all ideal values4 ,x 0 ?is r$ef9ition ( ! ^w #8,god1' he says1 :i* 8made ,*ri/ianity possible = ! educat$ man ( ! ?ird c5tury40 ,x is ?is same r$ef9ition :i* /ill makes ,*ri/ianity possible = educat$ *ur*m5 l ,dr4 ,lake & ,dean ,+e4 ,dr4 ,lake admits t al?\gh ?is attractive bypa? ( tradition 8is intellectually adorn$ by _m pr9ces ( ?\ght & lords ( language0 x is 8ecclesia/ically n free f reproa*40 ,he av[s ano!r reason = 8 use ( ! ^w #8,god' :i*1 if n m compell+1 is c]ta9ly m worldly4 8,a!i/0 has meant s9ce ,roman times an enemy ( society2 x gives a :olly false impression ( ! real /ate ( m9d ( ^? :o adh]e to ! platonic tradition4 ,!y h be5 :olly )\t ! defiance :i* 8a!ism0 connotes2 on ! contr>y !y h be5 a few individuals 9 ea* age :o liv$ peaceably )9 ! %elt] ( ! *ur*1 wor%ip+ a some:at diff]5t ,god inw>dly & 9 _! own way1 & (t5 help+ to refre% ! m mundane _s ( ! popul> *ur*4 ,! t]m 8agno/ic0 is almo/ z unavailable4 ,x 0 inv5t$ to describe a tol]ant unbelief 9 ! an?ropomorphic ,god4 ,9 popul> usage x has come p#jbi to mean ab\t ! same ?+ z a!i/1 = ! in/9ct ( ! common man is s\nd 9 ^! matt]s4 ,he feels t ^? :o claim to be op5-m9d$ ab\t ,god h = all practical purposes ceas$ to believe 9 him4 ,! agno/ic's reply t he w\ld gladly believe if ! evid5ce w\ld confirm x1 does n alt] ! fact t he does n n[ believe4 ,& s ,dr4 ,lake concludes t ! mod]ni/ mu/ use ! ^w #8,god' 9 8 own s5se1 8endeavor+ p>tly to pres]ve ,orig5's mean+ ( ! ^w1 & p>tly %r9k+ f any o!r policy z op5 to miscon/ruction40 ,i confess t ! notion ( adopt+ a policy ab\t ,god someh[ %ocks me z intrud+ a r worldly consid]ation :i* w\ld seem to be :olly out ( place4 ,b ?is feel+ is1 ,i am sure1 an inju/ice to ,dr4 ,lake :o is pla9ly & c]ta9ly n a worldl+4 ,he is mov$1 no d\bt1 by ! conviction t 9 lett+ #8,god' mean "o ?+ to ! mass ( ! dev\t & ano!r to ! educat$ m9ority1 ! loss ( intellectual precision is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! pres]vation ( a community ( feel+4 ,?is is n m]e exp$i5cy4 ,x may be ! "p ( wisdom1 :i* is pr(\nd] ?an m]e reason+1 to wi% t intellectual di/9ctions %all n divide m5 too %>ply4 ,b if x is wisdom1 x is an ari/ocratic wisdom4 ,& 9 ,dean ,+e's writ+s ?is is frankly av[$4 8,! /r5g? ( ,*ri/ianity10 he says1 8is 9 trans=m+ ! lives ( individuals--( a small m9ority1 c]ta9ly1 z ,*ri/ cle>ly pr$ict$1 b a l>ge numb] 9 ! aggregate4 ,to rescue a little flock1 "h & !re1 f mat]ialism1 selfi%ness1 & hatr$1 is ! task ( ! p#jcj ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 all ages alike1 & !re is no likelihood t x w ev] be o!rwise40 ,b 9 o!r ages1 "o ?+ 0 o!rwise4 ,& 9 ?is "o ?+ lies ! radical peculi>ity ( ! mod]n difficulty4 ,9 o!r ages !re 0 no ackn[l$g$ di/9ction betwe5 ! ultimate beliefs ( ! educat$ & ! un$ucat$4 ,!re 7 diff]5ces 9 le>n+1 9 religi\s g5ius1 9 ! clos5ess ( a *os5 few to ,god & 8 angels4 ,inw>dly !re 7 ev5 radical diff]5ces ( mean+4 ,b critical analysis _h n made !m ov]t & evid5t1 & ! common assumption 0 t !re 0 "o ,god = all1 = ! peasant :o saw him dimly & c\ld approa* him only ?r\gh 8 patron sa9t1 & = ! holy man :o _h se5 ,god & talk$ ) him face to face4 ,x has rema9$ = *ur*m5 ( our era to di/+ui% two or m diff]5t ,gods1 & op5ly to say t !y are diff]5t4 ,?is may be a triumph ( c&or & ( intellig5ce4 ,b ?is v consci\sness ( :at !y are do+1 ^! v hone/ admissions t ! ,god ( ,dean ,+e1 = example1 is only 9 "n ! ,god ( millions ( o!r prote/ants--t is an admission1 :5 !y und]/& x1 :i* makes fai? difficult = mod]n m54 #d4 ,! ,prote/ ( ! ,fundam5tali/s ,fundam5talism is a prote/ aga9/ all ^! def9itions & att5uations :i* ! mod]n man f9ds x necess>y to make4 ,x is av[$ly a reaction )9 ! ,prote/ant communions aga9/ :at ! ,presid5t ( ! ,_w's ,*ri/ian ,fundam5tali/ ,association r accurately describ$ z 8t weasel me?od ( suck+ ! mean+ p#jca out ( words1 & !n pres5t+ ! empty %ells 9 an attempt to palm !m (f z giv+ ! ,*ri/ian fai? a new & ano!r int]pretation40 ,9 actual practice ?is movem5t has become entangl$ ) all sorts ( biz>re & b>b>\s agitations1 ) ! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 ) fanatical prohibition1 ) ! 8anti-evolution laws10 & ) mu* p]secution & intol]ance4 ,?is 9 itself is significant4 ,= x %[s t ! c5tral tru?1 :i* ! fundam5tali/s h grasp$1 no long] appeals to ! be/ bra9s & ! good s5se ( a mod]n community1 & t ! movem5t is recruit$ l>gely f ! isolat$1 ! inexp]i5c$1 & ! un$ucat$4 ,into ! politics ( ! heat$ controv]sy betwe5 mod]ni/s & fundam5tali/s ,i d n propose "h to ent]4 ,t x is n m]ely a dispute 9 ! realm ( ! _s is made evid5t by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,fundam5tali/ ,association :5 he av]s t 8no?+0 holds mod]ni/s & fundam5tali/s toge!r except 8! billions ( doll>s inve/$4 ,n9e out ( t5 ( ^! doll>s1 if n n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ ( !m1 sp5t to con/ruct ! great d5om9ational univ]sities1 colleges1 s*ools ( second grade1 !ological sem9>ies1 great d5om9ational mission /ations1 ! multipli$ hospitals t be> d5om9ational names1 ! imm5se publication societies & ! exp5sive societies 7 giv5 by fundam5tali/s & fil*$ by mod]ni/s4 ,x took hundr$s ( ye>s to collect ?is money & con/ruct ^! in/itutions4 ,x has tak5 only a qu>t] ( a c5tury = ! lib]al b&its to capture !m44440 ,n all ! fundam5tali/ argum5t1 h[ev]1 is pit*$ at ?is level4 ,!re is also a reason$ case aga9/ p#jcb ! mod]ni/s4 ,=tunately ?is case has be5 /at$ 9 a little book call$ ,*ri/ianity & ,lib]alism by a man :o is bo? a s*ol> & a g5tleman4 ,! au?or is ,pr(essor ,j4 ,gre%am ,ma*5 ( ! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,x is an admirable book4 ,= its acum51 = its sali5cy1 & = its wit ?is cool & /r+5t def5se ( or?odox ,prote/antism is1 ,i ?9k1 ! be/ popul> argum5t produc$ by ei!r side 9 ! curr5t controv]sy4 ,we %all d well to li/5 to ,dr4 ,ma*54 ,mod]nism1 he says1 8is altoge!r 9 ! imp]ative mood10 :ile ! traditional religion 8beg9s ) a triumphant indicative40 ,i d n see h[ "o c d5y ! =ce ( ?is g5]alization4 8,f ! beg9n+ ,*ri/ianity 0 c]ta9ly a way ( life4 ,b h[ 0 ! life to be produc$8 ,n by appeal+ to ! human w1 b by tell+ a /ory2 n by exhortation1 b by ! n>ration ( an ev5t40 ,dr4 ,ma*5 insi/s1 rightly ,i ?9k1 t ! hi/oric influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ! mass ( m5 has dep5d$ ^u _! belief t an hi/oric drama 0 enact$ 9 ,pale/9e n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius4 ,! v]acity ( t /ory 0 fundam5tal to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,= :ile all ! ideal values may rema9 if y impugn ! hi/oric record set =? 9 ! ,gospels1 ^! ideal values are n c]tifi$ to ! common man z inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,once !y are depriv$ ( _! root 9 hi/oric fact1 _! poetry1 _! symbolism1 _! e?ical significance dep5d = _! sanction ^u ! temp]am5t & exp]i5ce ( ! individual believ]4 ,!re is gone t deep1 compulsive1 organic fai? 9 an ext]nal fact :i* is ! ess5ce ( religion = all b p#jcc t v small m9ority :o c live )9 !mselves 9 my/ical communion or by ! p[] ( _! und]/&+4 ,= ! great mass ( m51 if ! hi/ory ( religions is to be tru/$1 religi\s exp]i5ce dep5ds ^u a complete belief 9 ! concrete exi/5ce1 "o might almo/ say ! mat]ialization1 ( _! ,god4 ,! fundam5tali/ goes to ! v he>t ( ! matt]1 !re=e1 :5 he insi/s t y h de/roy$ ! popul> f\ndations ( religion if y make y\r gospel a symbolic record ( exp]i5ce1 & reject x z an actual record ( ev5ts4 ,! lib]als h yet to answ] ,dr4 ,ma*5 :5 he says t 8! ,*ri/ian movem5t at its inception 0 n j a way ( life 9 ! mod]n s5se1 b a way ( life f\nd$ ^u a message4 ,x 0 bas$1 n ^u m]e feel+1 n ^u a m]e program ( "w1 b on an acc\nt ( facts40 ,x 0 bas$ on ! /ory ( ! bir?1 ! life1 ! m9i/ry1 ! dea?1 & ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t /ory set =? ! facts :i* c]tify ! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,mod]nism1 :i* 9 v>y+ degree ca/s d\bt ^u ! tru? ( t /ory1 may !re=e be def9$ z an attempt to pres]ve select$ p>ts ( ! exp]i5ce aft] ! facts :i* inspir$ x h be5 reject$4 ,! or?odox believ] may be mi/ak5 z to ! facts 9 :i* he believes4 ,b he is n mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t y _c1 = ! mass ( m51 h a fai? ( :i* ! only f\ndation is _! ne$ & desire to believe4 ,! hi/oric *ur*es1 )\t any important exceptions1 ,i ?9k1 h f\nd$ fai? on cle> /atem5ts ab\t matt]s ( fact1 hi/oric ev5ts1 or physical manife/ations4 ,!y h nev] be5 cont5t p#jcd ) a symbolism :i* ! believ] knew 0 m]ely symbolic4 ,only ! sophi/icat$ 9 _! private m$itations & 9 esot]ic writ+ h f\nd satisfaction 9 symbolism z su*4 ,complete z 0 ,dr4 ,ma*5's victory ov] ! ,prote/ant lib]als1 he did n long rema9 9 possession ( ! field4 ,!re is a deep] fundam5talism ?an 81 & x is bas$ on a long] cont9u\s exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,f a prie/ ( t *ur*1 ,fa!r ,riggs1 has come ! mo/ se>*+ criticism ( ,dr4 ,ma*5's case4 ,writ+ 9 ! ,commonweal ,fa!r ,riggs po9ts out t 8! fundam5tali/s are well-nigh p[]less4 ,!y are e/opp$1 s to speak1 f /emm+ ! ravag+ wat]s ( agno/icism because !y _c1 :ile rema9+ loyal to ! 7,prote/ant7 re=m]s 444 set limits to de/ructive criticism ( ! ,bible )\t mak+ an un-,prote/ant appeal to tradition40 ,fa!r ,riggs1 9 o!r words1 is ask+ ! ,prote/ant fundam5tali/s1 l ,dr4 ,ma*51 h[ !y c be c]ta9 t !y "k ^! facts ^u :i* !y ass]t t ! ,*ri/ian religion is f\nd$4 ,!y mu/ reply t !y "k !m f read+ ! ,bible4 ,! reply is1 h[ev]1 unsatisfy+4 ,= obvi\sly !re are _m ways ( read+ ! ,bible1 & !re=e ! ,prote/ant :o dem&s ! "r ( private judgm5t c nev] "k ) absolute c]ta9ty t 8 read+ is ! correct "o4 ,8 position 9 a skeptical age is1 !re=e1 z ,fa!r ,riggs po9ts out1 a weak "o1 because a private judgm5t is1 aft] all1 only a private judgm5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,prote/antism %[s t ! ex]cise ( private judgm5t z to ! mean+ ( ,scripture p#jce leads n to univ]sal & und5iable dogma1 b to s*ism )9 s*ism & h]esy )9 h]esy4 ,f ! po9t ( view1 !n1 ( ! olde/ fundam5talism ( ! we/]n _w ! error ( ! mod]ni/s is t !y d5y ! facts on :i* religi\s fai? reposes2 ! error ( ! or?odox ,prote/ants is t al?\gh !y affirm ! facts1 !y reject all au?ority :i* c v]ify !m2 ! virtue ( ! ,ca?olic sy/em is t along ) a dogmatic affirmation ( ! c5tral facts1 x provides a liv+ au?ority 9 ! ,*ur* :i* c asc]ta9 & demon/rate & v]ify ^! facts4 #e4 ,9 ,man's ,image ,! long record ( cl]ical opposition to c]ta9 k9ds ( sci5tific inquiry has a t\* ( dignity :5 x is realiz$ t at ! core ( t opposition !re is a v pr(\nd und]/&+ ( ! religi\s ne$s ( ord9>y m54 ,= once y weak5 ! belief t ! c5tral facts taught by ! *ur*es are facts 9 ! mo/ lit]al & absolute s5se1 ! dis9tegration ( ! popul> religion beg9s4 ,we may confid5tly decl>e t ,mr4 ,santayana is speak+ n z a /ud5t ( human nature1 b z a cultivat$ unbeliev]1 :5 he writes t 8! idea t religion conta9s a lit]al1 n a symbolic1 repres5tation ( tru? & life is simply an impossible idea40 ,! idea is impossible1 no d\bt1 = ! *ildr5 ( ! great emancipation4 ,b because x is impossible1 religion itself1 9 ! traditional popul> mean+ ( ! t]m1 has become impossible = !m4 ,if x is true t man creates ,god 9 8 own image1 x is no less true t = religi\s devotion he mu/ rema9 p#jcf unconsci\s ( t fact4 ,once he kn[s t he has creat$ ! image ( ,god1 ! reality ( x vani%es l la/ night's dream4 ,x may be t to anyone :o is impregnat$ ) ! mod]n _s x is almo/ self-evid5t t ! tru?s ( religion are tru?s ( human exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is k does n tol]ate an abid+ & absorb+ fai?4 ,= :5 ! tru?s ( religion h lo/ _! connection ) a sup]human ord]1 ! cord ( _! life is cut4 ,:at rema9s is a some:at ar*aic1 a some:at que/ionable1 al?\gh a v t\*+1 qua9t m$ley ( poetry1 rhetoric1 fable1 exhortation1 & insight into human travail4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,santayana says t 8matt]s ( religion %\ld nev] be matt]s ( controv]sy0 because 8we nev] argue ) a lov] ab\t 8 ta/e1 nor condemn him1 if we are j1 = kn[+ s human a passion10 he expresses an ultimate unbelief4 ,= :at w\ld be ! plight ( a lov]1 if we told him t 8 passion 0 *>m+8--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re might be no su* lady z ! "o he lov$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii p#jcg ,,! ,,loss ,,( ,,c]ta9ty #a4 ,ways ( ,read+ ! ,bible ,x is important to an und]/&+ ( ?is matt] t we %\ld n confuse ! mod]n practice ( r$ef9+ ,god ) ! anci5t use ( allegory4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ! words ( ! ,bible h be5 embroid]$ ) luxuriant & (t5 fanta/ic mean+s4 ,9 ,leviticus x says1 = example1 t ! meal (f]+ may be bak$ 9 an ov51 fri$ 9 a pan1 or toa/$ on a plate4 ,?is passage1 says ,orig51 proves t ,scripture mu/ h ?ree mean+s4 ,x came to h any numb] ( mean+s4 ,?us ,/4 ,augu/9e expla9$ t ,ed5 meant ! life ( ! bless$1 & its f\r riv]s ! f\r virtues2 f>!r on 9 ! same *apt] he decl>es t ,ed5 is ! ,*ur*1 & t its f\r riv]s are ! f\r ,gospels4 ,9 ! same mann] ,wyclif 9 a lat] age prea*$ a s]mon expla9+ ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,! man :o w5t d[n f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o repres5ts ,adam & ,eve2 ! robb]s are ! fi5ds ( hell2 ! prie/ & ,levite :o w5t by on ! o!r side are ! patri>*s1 sa9ts1 & prophets :o fail$ to br+ salvation2 ! ,good ,sam>itan is ,jesus2 ! w9e :i* he p\rs into 8 w\nds is %>p words to prick m5 f s91 & ! oil is hope4444 ,savon>ola1 we are p#jch told1 prea*$ dur+ ! :ole ( ,l5t1 #adib1 tak+ z 8 text ,noah's ,ark & 8giv+ ea* day a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! t5 planks ( :i* ! ,ark 0 compos$40 ,by ?is me?od ( int]pretation ! dev\t adapt$ ! ,bible to _! own uses1 smoo?+ away its contradictions & expla9+ away passages1 l ! comm& 9 ,g5esis to kill uncircumcis$ *ildr51 :i*1 read lit]ally1 w\ld h seem$ to !m b>b>\s & immoral4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to misund]/& ?is me?od ( ?\ght4 ,:5 !y said t ! beautiful woman 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon 0 ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 n consci\s1 z we are1 t ?is is a figure ( spee*4 ,!re _h n ent]$ into _! habits ( ?\ght ! k9d ( analytical precision 9 :i* "o ?+ c mean only "o ?+4 ,x is no contradiction to say t ! allegory 0 tak5 lit]ally2 c]ta9ly !re 0 no s5se ( unreality ab\t x1 z !re is = u4 8,^! & simil> allegorical int]pretations may be suitably put 4440 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 speak+ "h to ! educat$ m9ority1 8)\t giv+ (f5se to anyone1 :ile yet we believe ! /rict tru? ( ! hi/ory confirm$ by its circum/antial n>rative ( facts40 ,b at la/ m5 became too analytical & too self-consci\s to accept ! naive use ( allegory4 ,!y realiz$ t allegory 0 a loose me?od ( int]pretation :i* l5t itself easily to ! cit+ ( scripture 9 ord] to ju/ify h]esy4 ,if ! t5 planks 9 ,noah's ,ark c\ld mean a diff]5t set ( tru?s on ea* day 9 ,l5t1 !re 0 no tell+ :at !y might come to mean 9 ! end4 ,x 0 cle>1 !re=e1 t allegory 0 dang]\s p#jci & might1 z ,lu!r said1 8deg5]ate into a m]e monkey game02 x 0 wanton1 l 8a sort ( beautiful h>lot :o proves h]self spiritually s$uctive to idle m540 ,?is dang] 0 a result ( ! g5]al loos5+ ( organic fai? :i* 0 already evid5t 9 ,lu!r's day4 ,to m5 :o _h ! unconsci\s c]ta9ties ab\t ,god & 8 univ]se1 allegory 0 a p]fectly safe me?od ( int]pret+ ! ,bible because all ! int]pretations1 h[ev] fanta/ic1 7 inspir$ by ! same pre-judgm5ts & t5d$ !re=e to confirm ! same convictions4 ,! allegories ( simple m5 are l _m-color$ fl[]s 9 "o g>d51 gr[+ f ! same soil1 wat]$ by ! same ra9s1 turn+ _! faces t[>d ! same sun4 ,b z m5 became emancipat$ f _! ance/ral way ( life1 _! convictions ab\t ,god & de/9y & human morality *ang$4 ,!n ! me?od ( allegory ceas$ to be ! m]ely exub]ant expression ( ! same anci5t tru?s1 & became a confus+ me?od ( rationaliz+ all k9ds ( new exp]im5ts4 ,x promot$ h]esy because m5 _h become h]etical1 :]e once1 :ile m5 7 dev\t1 x _h only embroid]$ _! devotions4 8,to allegorize is to juggle ) ,scripture10 said ,lu!r4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s c\ld n tol]ate t4 ,= !y liv$ 9 an age :5 fai? 0 already dis9tegrat+1 & !y _h !mselves de/roy$ ! au?ority ( an infallible s\rce ( religion4 8,we mu/10 wrote ,calv91 8entirely reject ! allegories ( ,orig51 & ( o!rs l him1 :i* ,satan1 ) ! deepe/ subtlety1 has endeavor$ to introduce into ! ,*ur*1 = ! p#jdj purpose ( r5d]+ ! doctr9e ( ,scripture ambigu\s & de/itute ( all c]ta9ty & firmness40 ,! insi/5ce ( ! ,re=m]s on a lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,bible _h1 z ,dr4 ,fosdick po9ts out1 two un=ese5 results4 ,x l$ to ! s-call$ ,high] ,criticism :i* 9 sub/ance is no?+ b a sci5tific attempt to f9d out :at ! ,bible did mean lit]ally to ^? :o wrote x4 ,& ?is 9 turn made x practically impossible = mod]n m5 to believe all t ! ,bible lit]ally says4 ,:5 !y read ! ,bible z allegory !y f\nd 9 x un5d+ confirmation ( :at !y already believ$4 ,b :5 !y read x lit]ally1 z hi/ory1 z a/ronomy1 & biology1 & z a code ( laws1 x contradict$ at _m crucial po9ts ! practical work+ convictions ( _! daily lives4 8,! consequ5ce is10 says ,dr4 ,fosdick1 8t we face ! ,biblical _w made hi/orically vivid ov] aga9/ ! mod]n _w pres5tly exp]i5c$1 & we _c use ! old me?od 7i4e4 allegory7 ( accommodat+ "o to ! o!r40 #b4 ,mod]nism3 ,immortality z an ,example ,?is pr$icam5t =c$ mod]n *ur*m5 to seek :at ,dr4 ,fosdick calls 8a new solution40 ,!y c\ld n believe t ! ,bible 0 tak5 d[n1 z ,john ,donne put x1 by 8! ,secret>ies ( ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,yet !y believ$1 z e sane man does1 t ! ,bible conta9s wisdom :i* be>s deeply ^u ! conduct ( human life4 ,_! problem 0 to f9d a way ( pick+ & *oos+ passages 9 ! ,scriptures1 & !n ( int]pret+ ^? :i* 7 *os5 9 su* a way z to make !m cr$ible to mod]n m54 ,!y _h to f9d "s p#jda way ( sett+ aside ! /ory t ,god made ,eve out ( ,adam's rib1 t ,god comm&$ ! massacre ( :ole populations1 & t he enjoy$ ! slaught] ( animals at ! sacrifice2 b !y _h at ! same "t to f9d a way ( pres]v+ = ! use ( mod]n m5 ! lessons ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus & ! promise ( life ev]la/+4 ,! me?od !y employ is bas$ on a !ory4 ,x is a !ory t ! ,bible conta9s 8abid+ messages0 plac$ 9 a 8transi5t sett+40 ,! ,bible1 = example1 is full ( /ories ab\t devils & angels4 ,n[1 mod]n m5 d n believe 9 devils & angels4 ,^! are 8categories0 :i* !y h outgr[n4 ,b :at ! devils & angels /ood = are evils & bless+s :i* mod]n m5 /ill enc\nt]4 ,we h1 !re=e1 only to 8decode0 ! ,bible1 & :]e x speaks ( devils to see temptations1 s91 disease1 pa91 & suff]+1 :i* h a psy*ic orig92 :]e x speaks ( angels to rememb] t s5se ( unse5 fri5dl9ess :i* may help u at a crisis 9 our lives4 ,! old w9e is /ill good1 b x ne$s to be put 9 new bottles4 8,! mod]n prea*]'s responsibility is ?us to decode ! abid+ mean+s ( ,scripture f outgr[n phraseology40 ,?is is n s difficult a ?+ to d = ! devils & ! angels4 ,b a little reflection w %[1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 deal+ ) ! major !mes ( religion1 ! solution is n s easy4 ,! real difficulty appe>s :5 ,dr4 ,fosdick attempts to decode ! biblical promise ( immortal life4 ,he beg9s by reject+ completely ! resurrection ( ! fle% & any k9d ( immortality :i* is imag9$ z ! survival ( ! physical p]son4 ,yet he believes p#jdb 9 8! p]si/5ce ( p]sonality ?r\gh dea?40 ,= he ma9ta9s t )\t ?is belief ! f9al victory ( dea? w\ld signify 8! triumphant irrationality ( exi/5ce02 n to believe 9 immortality is to submit to 8m5tal confusion40 ,speak+ q frankly1 h[ev]1 he _c easily imag9e 8a completely disembodi$ exi/5ce40 ,yet x is obvi\sly n easy to imag9e ! p]si/5ce ( p]sonality ?r\gh dea? once y h made up y\r m9d n to imag9e a concrete heav5 inhabit$ by well-def9$ p]sons4 ,mod]n *ur*m51 l ,dean ,+e = example1 :o h fac$ ! difficulty m boldly ?an ,dr4 ,fosdick does1 arrive at an intelligible explanation ( :at !y mean by immortality4 ,b !y mean some?+ :i* is n only v difficult to und]/&1 b extremely difficult = mo/ m5 to enjoy :5 !y h und]/ood x4 ,!y inject intelligible mean+ into ! ^w 8et]nal0 by employ+ x 9 a s5se :i* is :olly diff]5t f t :i* ! common man employs4 ,by immortality he means life t goes on age aft] age )\t /opp+4 ,b ! mod]n *ur*m5 :o h really cl>ifi$ _! m9ds are platoni/s4 ,!y apply ! ^w 8et]nal0 to t :i* is indep5d5t ( "t & exi/5ce4 ,betwe5 ! two conceptions !re is ! pr(\nde/ diff]5ce1 = 9 ! commons5se ( ! worldl+ exi/5ce is s preci\s t he wi%es x to cont9ue = ev] & ev]4 ,b to ! platoni/ exi/5ce1 or embodim5t1 is transi5t1 accid5tal1 irrational2 only t is p]man5t :i* is timeless4 ,commons5se dem&s t if we are immortal we %\ld meet our fri5d aga9 lat] & cont9ue our fri5d%ip2 ! platoni/ p#jdc loves ! memory ( 8 fri5d aft] dea? z he lov$ an ideal image ( him dur+ 8 life4 ,9 commun+ ) 8 memories & 8 ideals he kn[s himself to be 9 t\* ) et]nal ?+s4 ,= n ev5 ! gods1 says ,hom]1 c undo ! pa/2 no accid5t ( mortality c de/roy any?+ :i* c be repres5t$ 9 ! m9d4 ,h]oes die1 b t su* h]oic de$s 7 done is a *apt] =ev]1 z ,mr4 ,santayana says1 9 any complete hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,! ?9k] dies1 b 8 ?\ghts are beyond ! rea* ( de/ruction4 ,m5 are mortal2 b ideas are immortal4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i h kn[n h[ to /ate cle>ly :at is meant by ?is platonic view to :i*1 9 v>y+ degrees ( cl>ity1 all emancipat$ m9ds turn :5 !y talk ( immortality4 ,b1 at lea/1 x is cle> t x is a conception :i* calls = a radically diff]5t adju/m5t to life ?an t to :i* ! worldl+ is accu/om$4 ,he desires objects to love1 goods & successes t are p]i%able1 & he wi%es !m n to p]i%4 ,be=e he c ent] ! platonic _w1 be=e he c ev5 atta9 to a h9t ( its mean+1 he mu/ ab&on ! v desires ( :i* 8 hope ( immortality is ! expression4 ,he mu/ deta* himself f 8 wi% to acquire & possess objects t die2 he mu/ le>n :at x means to possess ?+s n by hold+ !m1 b by und]/&+ !m1 & to enjoy !m z objects ( reflection4 ,he mu/ n only cease to desire immortality z he conceives x1 b ! mat]ial embodim5t ( ?+s z well4 ,!n only1 :5 he has r5\nc$ 8 love ( exi/5ce1 c he beg9 to love ! =ms ( exi/5ce1 & to live among imp]i%able ideas4 p#jdd ,!n1 & 9 ?is s5se only1 does he ent] into et]nal life4 ,! ord9>y man1 :5 he he>s ?is doctr9e exp\nd$1 is almo/ c]ta9 to say ) ! ,indian sage3 8! wor%ip ( ! ,imp]sonal laid no hold ^u my he>t40 ,8 he>t is set on ! enjoym5t ( worldly goods1 & ! doctr9e1 = all b a few exceptional spirits1 requires a radical *ange ( he>t4 ,x is =bidd+ except to ! few 9 :om 8! intellect 7is7 passionate & ! passions cold40 ,= x dem&s a conv]sion ( _! natural desire to possess tangible ?+s into a passion to und]/& intangible & ab/ract ?+s4 ,?is philosophy is ascetic1 unworldly1 & pr(\ndly dis9t]e/$4 ,n[ x c be argu$ t ?is is precisely :at ! ,gospels tea* z to ! mean+ ( salvation4 ,excell5t au?ority c be cit$ f ! ,gospel ( ,john & ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul to ju/ify ?is =m ( ! ,*ri/ian tradition3 8,fle% & blood _c inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god0 444 8! ?+s t are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s t are n se5 are et]nal0 444 8,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d40 ,x c h>dly be d5i$1 z ,dean ,+e says1 t 8we are able to c>ry back to ! f\nta9-head t ,*ri/ian tradition0 :i* may q accurately be describ$ z ! religion ( ! _s4 ,b mix$ ) x 9 ! ,scripture1 !re is ! o!r tradition1 ! popul> tradition :i* may be call$ ! religion ( commons5se4 ,out ( ?is latt] h gr[n ! in/itutions ( ! *ur* & ! fai? ( ! mass ( m54 ,! religion ( ! _s has be5 res]v$ = a few1 8a succession p#jde ( lives :i* h be5 %elt]$ r ?an inspir$ by ! ma*9]y & /atecraft ( a mighty in/itution10 & :ile ! few :o liv$ ! life ( ! _s h und\bt$ly done mu* to inspire ! popul> religion ) new insight1 !y h be51 on ! :ole1 a gr\p ap>t4 ,yet ^? :o belong$ to ^! two di/9ct traditions did use ! same *ur*es & ! same symbolism4 ,!re 0 an ev5 deep] bond ( unity betwe5 !m4 ,bo? believ$ t r5unciation & self-discipl9e are ! way ( salvation--9 ! religion ( ! _s z ! way to ent] n[ into love ( et]nal ?+s2 9 ! religion ( commons5se z a r heavy price paid to ,god 9 return = ev]la/+ happ9ess aft] dea?4 ,x may be argu$1 !re=e1 by *ur*m5 l ,dr4 ,fosdick1 t ! 8abid+ message0 ( ! ,bible ab\t immortality is t m5 mu/ r5\nce ! _w 9 ord] to w9 et]nity4 ,t "s m5 mean by et]nity a k9d ( p]petual motion & o!rs a k9d ( ab/raction is m]ely a diff]5ce 9 _! habits ( ?\ght1 & does n impair ! validity or ! importance ( ! c5tral exp]i5ce4 ,if !y w r5\nce _! worldly passions1 !y w f9d :at ! idea ( et]nity has to give1 no matt] :at !y imag9e x to mean4 ,b al?\gh ,dr4 ,fosdick implies t ?is solves ! difficulty1 x c be %[n1 ,i believe1 t x does n4 ,:at he has succe$$ 9 do+ is to dis5tangle f ! ,bible a mean+ = immortality :i* has a noble tradition beh9d x & is at ! same "t intellectually possible = a mod]n man4 ,b ! hi/ory ( religion ought to put u on gu>d aga9/ assum+ too easily p#jdf t a /atem5t ( ! pure/ tru? is 9 itself capable ( affect+ ! lives ( any consid]able numb] ( p4 ,dean ,+e1 :o is a v mu* m cle>-head$ *ur*man1 says q frankly t 8a religion succe$s1 n because x is true1 b because x suits ! wor%ipp]s40 ,m]ely to tell m51 h[ev] f]v5tly1 t !y may conqu] mortality by r5\nc+ ! fle%1 w n g f> t[>d p]suad+ _m ( !m to r5\nce ! fle%4 ,!re mu/ be1 z !re has be5 9 all ! hi/oric religions1 some?+ m ?an a /atem5t ( ! moral law4 ,!re mu/ be a psy*ological ma*9]y = en=c+ ! moral law4 ,= ^? :o are suit$ to ! religion ( ! _s no ma*9]y is ne$$4 ,b = ! mass ( m5 :o are n naturally suit$ to x1 a ma*9]y :i* compels ?is conv]sion is indisp5sable4 ,jesus 9 8 "t1 & ,gautama ,buddha be=e him1 taught a moral law :i* 0 address$ to ^? :o c\ld receive x4 ,!y 7 n _m4 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity became _w religions c5turies aft] ! dea? ( _! f\nd]s1 & only :5 !re _h be5 add$ to ! c5tral message a great organiz$ me?od ( tea*+ x4 ,! ess5ce ( su* an organization is ! title to say ) apo/olic c]ta9ty t ! message is true4 ,*ur*m51 l ,dr4 ,fosdick1 c make no su* claim ab\t _! message4 ,!y reject revelation4 ,!y reject ! au?ority ( any *ur* to speak directly = ,god4 ,!y reject ! lit]al inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,!y reject altoge!r _m p>ts ( ! ,bible z n only un9spir$1 b false & mislead+4 ,!y d n believe 9 ,god z a lawgiv]1 judge1 fa!r1 & spectator ( human life4 p#jdg ,:5 !y say t ?is or t message 9 ! ,bible is 8p]man5tly valid10 !y mean only t 9 _! judgm5t1 accord+ to _! read+ ( human exp]i5ce1 x is a well-te/$ tru?4 ,to say ?is is n m]ely to d5y t ! ,bible is au?oritative 9 a/ronomy & biology2 x is to d5y equally t x is au?oritative z to :at is good & bad = m54 ,! ,bible ?us becomes no m ?an a rev]$ collection ( hypo!ses :i* ea* man may reject or accept 9 ! light ( 8 own k4 ,! lessons may /ill be true4 ,b !y are robb$ ( _! c]ta9ty4 ,ea* man is ?r[n back ^u 8 own res\rces2 he is d5i$ ! support :i* all popul> religion (f]s him1 ! conviction t outside himself !re is a p[] on :i* he c & mu/ lean = guidance4 ,9 ! anci5t fai? a man said3 8,i believe ?is on ! au?ority ( an all-wise ,god40 ,9 ! new fai? he is 9 effect compell$ to say3 8,i h exam9$ ! alleg$ pron\ncem5ts ( an all-kn[+ ,god2 "s ( !m are obvi\sly untrue1 "s are r repulsive1 o!rs1 h[ev]1 if !y are prop]ly re/at$1 ,i f9d to be exce$+ly good40 ,some?+ q fundam5tal is left out ( ! mod]ni/ cre$s4 ,at lea/ some?+ :i* has hi!rto be5 q fundam5tal is left out4 ,t some?+ is ! mo/ abid+ ( all ! exp]i5ces ( religion1 namely1 ! conviction t ! religion comes f ,god4 ,suppose x 7 true1 :i* x pla9ly is n1 t ,dr4 ,fosdick by 8 process ( selection & decod+ has reta9$ 8precisely ! ?+ at :i* ! ,bible 0 driv+40 ,/ill he w\ld be )\t ! ?+ on :i* popul> religion p#jdh has be5 f\nd$4 ,= ! ,bible to our ance/ors 0 n simply1 z he implies1 a book ( wisdom4 ,x 0 a book ( wisdom back$ by ! p[] ( ,god himself4 ,t is n an inconsid]able diff]5ce4 ,x is all ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 a pi\s resolution & a moral law4 ,! ,bible1 z m5 =m]ly accept$ x1 conta9$ wisdom c]tifi$ by ! p[]s t gov]n ! univ]se4 ,x did n m]ely conta9 _m well-te/$ tru?s1 simil> 9 k9d to ^? :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,montaigne1 & ,b]n>d ,%aw4 ,x conta9$ tru?s :i* c\ld n be d\bt$ because !y _h be5 spok5 by ,god ?r\gh 8 prophets & 8 ,son4 ,!y c\ld n be wrong4 ,b once x is all[$ t ea* man may select f ! ,bible z he sees fit1 judg+ ea* passage by 8 own notions ( :at is 8abid+10 y h /ripp$ ! ,scriptures ( _! au?ority to comm& m5's confid5ce & to compel _! ob$i5ce4 ,! ,scriptures may /ill inspire respect4 ,b !y are dis>m$4 #c4 ,:at ,mod]nism ,leaves ,out ,_m reasons h be5 adduc$ to expla9 :y p d n g to *ur* z mu* z !y once did4 ,surely ! mo/ important reason is t !y are n s c]ta9 t !y are go+ to meet ,god :5 !y g to *ur*4 ,if !y _h t c]ta9ty !y w\ld g4 ,if !y really believ$ t !y 7 be+ wat*$ by a ,supreme ,be+ :o is m p[]ful ?an all ! k+s ( e>? put toge!r1 if !y really believ$ t n only _! actions b _! secret ?\ghts 7 kn[n & w\ld be rememb]$ by ! creator & ultimate judge ( ! p#jdi univ]se1 !re w\ld be no compla9t :atev] ab\t *ur* att5dance4 ,! mo/ worldly w\ld be 9 ! front pews1 & prea*]s w\ld n h to resort s (t5 to _! r desp]ate exp$i5ts to attract an audi5ce4 ,if ! conviction 7 !re t ! cre$ pr(ess$ 0 inv9cibly true1 ! mod]n congregation w\ld n come to *ur*1 z !y usually d to-day1 to he> ! prea*] & to li/5 to ! music4 ,!y w\ld come to wor%ip ,god4 ,religi\s pr(essions w n "w :5 !y re/ m]ely on a k9d ( passive ass5t2 or on intricate reason+1 or on fi]ce exhortation1 or on a good-natur$ conspiracy to be vague & highfl[n4 ,a man _c *eat ab\t fai?4 ,ei!r he has x 9 ! m>r[ ( 8 bones1 or 9 a crisis1 :5 he is di/ract$ & 9 sorr[1 !re is no conviction !re to support him4 ,)\t complete c]ta9ty religion does n (f] g5u9e consolation4 ,x is )\t ! /r5g? to comp5sate our weakness4 ,nor c x sanction ! rules ( morality4 ,e?ical codes _c lay claim to unhesitat+ ob$i5ce :5 !y are bas$ ^u ! op9ions ( a majority1 or on ! notions ( wise m51 or on e/imates ( :at is socially useful1 or on an appeal to patriotism4 ,= !y dep5d !n on ! =ce :i* happ5s to range itself beh9d !m at a p>ticul> "t2 or on _! conv5i5ce = a mom5t4 ,!y are felt to be ! outcome ( human1 & !re=e q fallible1 decisions4 ,!y are no necess>y "p ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,!y 7 n giv5 by ,god to ,moses on ,s9ai4 ,!y are n ! comm&m5ts ( ,god speak+ ?r\gh 8 ,infallible ,*ur*4 ,a human morality has no su* sanction z a div9e4 p#jej ,! sanction ( a div9e morality is ! c]ta9ty ( ! believ] t x orig9at$ ) ,god4 ,b if he has once come to ?9k t ! rule ( conduct has a purely human1 local1 & temporal orig91 its sanction is gone4 ,8 ob$i5ce is trans=m$1 z ours has be5 by k ( t sort1 f conviction to con=mity or calculat$ exp$i5cy4 ,)\t c]ta9ty !re c be no pr(\nd s5se t a man's own purpose has become "p ( ! purpose ( ! :ole creation4 ,x is necess>y to believe 9 a ,god :o is active 9 ! _w be=e a man c feel himself to be1 z ,/4 ,paul said1 8a fell[ labor]0 ) ,god4 ,yet ?is s5se ( p>tn]%ip ) a ,p]son :o transc5ds ! individual's own life1 8 own ego1 & 8 own capacities1 is fundam5tal 9 all popul> religion4 ,x und]lies all ! o!r elem5ts ( religion4 ,= 9 ! c]ta9ty t he is enli/$ ) ,god1 man f9ds n only com=t 9 defeat1 n only an ideal ( hol9ess :i* p]suades him to r5\nce 8 imm$iate desires1 b an ec/atic mobiliz+ ( all 8 scatt]$ en]gies 9 "o triumphant s5se ( 8 own inf9ite importance4 ,,*apt] ,,iv p#jea ,,! ,,acids ,,( ,,mod]nity #a4 ,! ,k+ly ,patt]n ,:at ,i h said ?us f> c be r$uc$ to ! /atem5t t x is difficult = mod]n m5 to conceive a ,god :om !y c wor%ip4 ,yet x w\ld be a crude misund]/&+ ( religi\s exp]i5ce to assume t x dep5ds ^u a cle> conception ( ,god4 ,9 truly religi\s m5 ! exp]i5ce ( ,god is mu* m int5sely conv9c+ ?an any def9ition ( 8 nature :i* !y c put into words4 ,!y d n insi/ on und]/&+ t :i* !y believe1 = _! belief gives !m a consci\sness ( div9ity :i* transc5ds any conviction !y c\ld rea* by ! und]/&+4 ,!y are n oppress$ by ! conflict betwe5 reason & fai? because ! te/imony ( fai? is irresi/ible4 ,x may become s irresi/ible t any attempt to und]/& is f9ally held1 z x 0 by ,john ,*ryso/om1 to be an imp]t95ce4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 :o is describ$ by ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia z ! mo/ prom95t doctor ( ! ,greek ,*ur* & ! greate/ prea*] ev] he>d 9 a ,*ri/ian pulpit1 is a /rik+ example ( h[ 9 o!r ages a man :o 0 bo? le>n$ & dev\t 0 able to surm\nt ! intellectual difficulties :i* to-day cause s mu* tr\ble = mod]ni/s & fundam5tali/s alike4 ,*ryso/om 0 born at ,antio* 9 ! middle ( ! ,f\r? ,c5tury & grew up 9 a "t :5 ! intellectual p#jeb f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity 7 int5sely disput$4 ,! ,ca?olic !ology _h n yet em]g$ victori\sly1 & ,antio* 0 ! !atre ( fi]ce /ruggles betwe5 ,pagans1 ,mani*ans1 ,gno/ics1 ,arians1 ,jews1 & o!rs4 ,^! /ruggles turn$ 9 consid]able measure ^u j su* attempts to def9e & compreh5d ,god z n[ confuse ! tea*+ ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,among ! sect>ians !re 7 "s :o claim$ t x 0 possible 8to "k ,god exactly0 & x 0 aga9/ !m t ,*ryso/om prea*$ t 8he insults ,god :o seeks to appreh5d ,8 ess5tial be+40 ,= 8! diff]5ce betwe5 ! be+ ( ,god & ! be+ ( man is ( su* a k9d t no ^w c express x & no ?\ght c appraise x4444 ,he dwells1 says ,/4 ,paul1 9 an unapproa*able light40 ,ev5 ! angels 9 heav5 are /upefi$ by ! glory & maje/y ( ,god3 8,tell me10 he says1 8:]e=e d !y cov] _! faces & hide !m ) _! w+s8 ,:y b t !y _c endure ! dazzl+ radiance & its rays t p\r f ! ,?rone80 ,"h 9 language s eloqu5t t ! au?or became kn[n z ,*ryso/om1 8! gold5-m\!d10 we h ! doctr9e t 8a compreh5d$ ,god is no ,god10 t 8,god is incompreh5sible because ,he is bless$ & bless$ because ,he is incompreh5sible40 ,b if we look m closely at :at ,*ryso/om actually says1 x is app>5t t he has a mu* cle>] idea ( ,god ?an he kn[s4 ,he conceives ( ,god z ! creator1 ! rul]1 & ! judge ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 he says t ,god is incompreh5sible he means t x is impossible = a human be+ to imag9e :at x w\ld be l to be ,god4 ,b p#jec t does n prev5t ,*ryso/om f kn[+ :at x is l to be ! creature ( ! incompreh5sible ,god4 ,he is v def9itely on 8 knees be=e ! ?rone ( a div9e k+ ^: radiance is s dazzl+ t he _c look 8 ,"l 9 ! face4 ,!re is ?us a v solid intellectual conception emb$d$ 9 ! fai? ( ?is great tea*] :o /ak$ ev]y?+ on ! ass]tion t x is impossible to conceive ,god4 ,! conception is !re b x has n be5 isolat$ & realiz$4 ,x is unconsci\sly assum$4 ,we f9d ! same ?+ 9 ,lu!r :5 he said3 8,i v5ture to put my tru/ 9 ! "o ,god alone1 ! invisible & incompreh5sible1 :o ha? creat$ ,heav5 & ,e>? & is alone above all creatures40 ,= 9 spite ( ! fact t ,lu!r calls ,god incompreh5sible1 he is able to make a numb] ( extremely important /atem5ts ab\t him4 ,he is able to say t ,god is ! only ,god1 t he creat$ ! e>?1 t !re is a heav51 t ,god creat$ heav51 & t ,god alone is above all 8 creatures4 ,to "k t mu* ab\t ,god is to compreh5d ! function ( ,god if n 8 nature4 ,n[ if we exam9e ! religi\s difficulty ( mod]n m51 we f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t !y d n lack ! s5se ( my/]y1 ( maje/y1 ( t]ror1 & ( wond] :i* ov]:elm ,*ryso/om & ,lu!r4 ,! emotional disposition is !re4 ,b x is someh[ inhibit$ f possess+ !m utt]ly4 ,! w to believe is *eck$ by some?+ 9 _! exp]i5ce :i* ,*ryso/om did n h4 ,t some?+ is ! s5se t ! te/imony ( fai? is n :olly cr$ible1 t ! feel+ ( sanctity is no assurance ( ! exi/5ce ( sacr$ p[]s1 t awe & p#jed wond] & t]ror 9 ! brea/ ( ! believ] are n gu>antees t !re exi/ real objects t are awful & wond]ful4 ,! mod]n man is n incapable ( fai?1 b he has )9 him a contr>y passion1 z in/9ctive & (t5 z int5se z fai?1 :i* makes incr$ible ! te/imony ( 8 fai?4 ,x is t contr>y passion1 & n ! ?9 argum5tation ( a!i/s & agno/ics1 :i* lies1 ,i ?9k1 at ! root ( :at *ur*m5 call mod]n irreligion4 ,x is t passion :i* !y mu/ und]/& if !y are ev] to und]/& ! mod]n religi\s difficulty4 ,= j z m5 c\ld surm\nt any intellectual difficulty :5 _! passion to believe 0 :ole-he>t$1 s to-day1 :5 ! passion to disbelieve is s /rong1 !y are unable to believe no matt] h[ p]fectly _! !ological dilemmas are resolv$4 ,we mu/ ask ourselves1 !n1 :at !re is 9 mod]n m5 :i* makes ! te/imony ( fai? seem m or less incr$ible to !m4 ,we h se5 9 ! citations f ,*ryso/om & ,lu!r t ! te/imony ( fai? really conta9s a l>ge numb] ( unconsci\s /atem5ts ( fact ab\t ! univ]se & h[ x is gov]n$4 ,x is ^! /atem5ts ( fact :i* we are no long] able to assume unconsci\sly1 & hav+ become consci\s ( !m !y are r incr$ible4 ,b :y are !y no long] unconsci\sly assum$ & :y are !y incr$ible8 ,! answ] is1 ,i ?9k1 t !y h ceas$ to be consi/5t ) our normal exp]i5ce 9 ord9>y affairs4 ,! fai? ( ,*ryso/om & ,lu!r is entangl$ )1 & support$ ^u1 ! assumption t ! univ]se p#jee 0 creat$ & is gov]n$ by a fa!r & k+4 ,!y _h project$ ^u ! univ]se an imag9>y picture :i* reflect$ _! own daily exp]i5ce ( gov]nm5t among m54 ,^! pictures ( h[ ! univ]se is gov]n$ *ange ) m5's political exp]i5ce4 ,?us x w\ld n h be5 easy = an ,asiatic p to imag9e ! div9e gov]nm5t 9 any o!r way b z a despotism1 & ,yahveh1 z he appe>s 9 _m fam\s portraits 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is v evid5tly an ,ori5tal mon>* incl9$ to be some:at moody & v va94 ,he gov]ns z he *ooses1 con/ra9$ by no law1 & (t5 )\t m]cy1 ju/ice1 or righte\sness4 ,! ,god ( m$ival ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 is m l a great feudal "l1 supreme & yet b\nd by cov5ants to treat 8 vassals on e>? accord+ to a well-e/abli%$ sy/em ( reciprocal rights & duties4 ,! ,god ( ! ,enlight5m5t 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury is a con/itutional mon>* :o reigns b does n gov]n4 ,& ! ,god ( ,mod]nism1 :o is v>i\sly pictur$ z ! lan vital )9 ! evolution>y process1 or z ! sum total ( ! laws ( nature1 is really a k9d ( con/itutionalism deifi$4 ,provid$ t ! picture is s consi/5t ) exp]i5ce t x is tak5 utt]ly = grant$1 x w s]ve z a backgr\nd = ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,b :5 daily exp]i5ce = "o reason or ano!r provides no cr$ible analogy by :i* m5 c imag9e t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by a sup]natural k+ & fa!r1 !n ! disposition to believe1 h[ev] /rong x may be at ! roots1 is l a v9e t rea*es out & c f9d no?+ solid ^u :i* to gr[4 ,x _c support p#jef itself4 ,if fai? is to fl\ri%1 !re mu/ be a conception ( h[ ! univ]se is gov]n$ to support x4 ,x is ^! support+ conceptions--! unconsci\s assumption t we are relat$ to ,god z creatures to creator1 z vassals to a k+1 z *ildr5 to a fa!r--t ! acids ( mod]nity h eat5 away4 ,! mod]n man's daily exp]i5ce ( mod]nity makes in/9ctively incr$ible to him ^! unconsci\s ideas :i* are at ! core ( ! great traditional & popul> religions4 ,he does n wantonly reject belief1 z s _m *ur*m5 ass]t4 ,8 pr$icam5t is mu* m s]i\s4 ,) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 he f9ds himself n q believ+4 ,9 ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s _m influ5ces h conspir$ to make incr$ible ! idea t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by a k+ly p]son4 ,an acc\nt ( all ( ^! influ5ces w\ld be a hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( mod]n civilization4 ,i am attempt+ no?+ s compreh5sive or s ambiti\s4 ,i %\ld l m]ely to note c]ta9 aspects ( t revolution>y *ange :i*1 z ,"l ,acton says1 came 8unh]ald$0 & 8f\nd$ a new ord] ( ?+s 444 sapp+ ! anci5t reign ( cont9uity40 ,= t new ord] ( ?+s has made x impossible = u to believe1 z pla9ly & lit]ally z our =efa!rs did1 t ! univ]se is a mon>*y adm9i/]$ on ?is planet ?r\gh div9ely commission$1 &1 !re=e1 unimpea*ably au?oritative m9i/]s4 #b4 ,l&m>ks ,9 a fam\s passage at ! beg9n+ ( ,h]etics1 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton says t 8no?+ m /rangely indicates ! enorm\s & sil5t evil ( mod]n society ?an p#jeg ! extraord9>y use :i* is made n[adays ( ! ^w #8or?odox4' ,9 =m] days ! h]etic 0 pr\d ( n be+ a h]etic4 ,x 0 ! k+dom ( ! _w & ! police & ! judges :o 7 h]etics4 ,he 0 or?odox4 ,all ! tortures born out ( =gott5 hells c\ld n make him admit t he 0 h]etical4 ,b a few mod]n phrases h made him boa/ ( x4 ,he says ) a consci\s laugh1 #8,i suppose ,i am v h]etical1' & looks ar\nd = applause4 ,! ^w #8h]esy' n only means no long] be+ wrong2 x practically means be+ cle>-head$ & c\rage\s40 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton goes on to expla9 t ?is *ange ( attitude has come ab\t because 8p c>e less = :e!r !y are philosophically "r ?an !y us$ to c>e40 ,x may be s4 ,b if !y c>$ z mu* or m1 x w\ld n help !m4 ,to be or?odox is to believe 9 ! "r doctr9es & to foll[ ! anci5t rules ( liv+ d$uc$ f a div9e revelation4 ,! mod]n man f9ds t ! doctr9es d n fit :at he believes to be true1 & t ! rules d n %[ him h[ to conduct 8 life4 ,= he is confront$ at e turn ) radical novelties ab\t :i* 8 inh]it$ dogma tea*es him some?+ :i* is pla9ly unworkable1 or1 z is ev5 m (t5 ! case1 tea*es him no?+ at all4 ,9 ! old _w !re 71 ( c\rse1 novelties1 too4 ,b ! pace ( *ange 0 s sl[ t x did n seem to cause radical *ange4 ,!re 0 ample "t to make subtle & necess>y revisions ( ! fundam5tal assumptions ( "r & wrong )\t seem+ to *all5ge ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,look+ back at x 9 long p]spective we c see n[ t !re 0 p#jeh a con/ant evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? f ! ,apo/les to ! lat] c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b 9 relation to ! life ( any individual ! *ange 0 s sl[ t m5 c\ld hone/ly believe t ! ,ca?olicism ( ,hildebr& 0 id5tical ) ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul4 ,m5 _h few means ( recon/ruct+ ! pa/1 & few ways ( kn[+ h[ great 0 ! v>iety ( belief at any "o "t )9 ! fronti]s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,)9 _! horizon1 *ange came too sl[ly to seem l *ange1 because only t seems to move :i* moves r fa/4 ,= t reason ! l>ge *anges :i* took place 7 n vividly realiz$4 ,! small1 quick *anges1 ( :i* m5 7 consci\s1 c\ld !re=e easily be made to seem1 especially s9ce m5 7 n too exact & obs]vant1 z inevitable d$uctions f un*ang+ premises4 ,ev5 9 ! great argum5ts ov] ! nature ( ,*ri/1 ! rights ( ,*ur* & ,empire1 ! mean+ ( grace & transub/antiation1 bo? sides appeal$ 9 !ory to ! same premises4 ,ea* side ass]t$ t x 0 foll[+ ! true revelation4 ,& s9ce ord9>y m5 = ! mo/ "p nev] he>d ! o!r side1 except f _! own prie/s & doctors1 !y _h no reason = d\bt+ t ! side on :i* !y happ5$ to f9d !mselves 0 absolutely "r4 ,!y did n h to *oose betwe5 compet+ cre$s2 !y _h m]ely to def5d _! cre$1 :i* 0 ! true "o1 aga9/ ! enemies ( ,god4 ,& s if !y 7 di/urb$ by ! qu>rel1 !y 7 n di/urb$ mu* by d\bt4 ,! gr& adju/m5ts 7 tak5 = grant$1 & )9 t framework m5 c\ld make ! m9or adju/m5ts pati5tly & elaborately1 lett+ !m become p#jei habitual & well-worn4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is ! secret ( ! *>m t an old civilization has = u to-day4 ,we feel t "h is a way ( life :i* m5 h _h "t to ref9e & to embelli%4 ,! mod]n man 9 a progressive community has nei!r ! "t nor ! en]gy = ?is delightful sup]ficiality4 ,he is too busy solv+ fundam5tal problems4 ,he is s free to "q 8 premises t he is no long] free to "w out 8 conclusions4 ,8 philosophy ( life is l ! skyscrap]2 x is n9e-t5?s /ructure4 ,s mu* ef=t has gone into con/ruct+ x1 & mak+ x fit to be> ! /ra9s1 x is s new & yet x w s soon be out ( date1 t nobody is mu* int]e/$ 9 ! "* ( x4 ,b a m$ival ca!dral1 l ! m$ival philosophy1 0 built sl[ly ov] g5]ations & 0 to la/ =ev]2 x is decorat$ inside & out1 :]e x c be se5 & :]e x _c be se51 f ! crypt to ! ro(4 ,! mod]n man is an emigrant :o lives 9 a revolution>y society & inh]its a prote/ant tradition4 ,he mu/ be guid$ by 8 consci5ce4 ,b :5 he se>*es 8 consci5ce1 he f9ds no fix$ po9t outside ( x by :i* he c take 8 be>+s4 ,he does n really believe t !re is su* a po9t1 because he himself has mov$ ab\t too fa/ to fix any po9t long en\gh 9 8 m9d4 ,= ! s5se ( au?ority is n e/abli%$ by argum5t4 ,x is acquir$ by deep famili>ity & indurat$ association4 ,! anci5t au?orities 7 bl5d$ ) ! anci5t l&m>ks1 ) fields & v9ey>ds & patri>*al trees1 ) anci5t h\ses & *e/s full ( heirlooms1 ) *ur*y>ds ne> at h& & _! ance/ral graves1 ) old m5 :o rememb]$ wise say+s !y p#jfj _h he>d f wise old m54 ,9 t k9d ( sett+ x is natural to believe t ! great tru?s are kn[n & ! big que/ions settl$1 & to feel t ! dead !mselves are /ill alive & are wat*+ ov] ! anci5t fai?4 ,b :5 cre$s h to be prov$ to ! d\bt+ !y are already blight$2 argum5ts are = ! unbeliev]s & ! wav]+1 = ^? :o h nev] _h1 & = ^? :o h lo/ ^! primordial atta*m5ts4 ,fai? is n a =mula :i* is agre$ to if ! weight ( evid5ce favors x4 ,x is a po/ure ( man's :ole be+ :i* pr$isposes him to assimilate1 n m]ely to believe1 8 cre$4 ,:5 ! po/ure is native to him1 9 tune ) ! rhy?m ( 8 surr\nd+s1 8 fai? is n dep5d5t ^u intellectual ass5t4 ,x is a s]5e & :ole-he>t$ absorption1 l t ( ! infant to its "m1 9 ! great p[]s outside :i* gov]n 8 _w4 ,:5 t union ( feel+ is no long] !re1 z x is n !re = a l>ge "p ( our talkative fundam5tali/ sects1 we may be sure t corrosive d\bt+ has begun4 ,! unlovely quality ( mu* mod]n religiosity is due to ^! d\bts4 ,s mu* ( its belief is syn!tic4 ,x is =c$1 made1 insi/$ ^u1 because x is no long] simple & inevitable4 ,! angry absurdities :i* ! fundam5tali/s prop\nd aga9/ 8evolution0 are n (t5 due to _! confid5ce 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,!y are due to lack ( confid5ce1 to d\bt resi/$ l an annoy+ tune :i* a man _c %ake out ( 8 head4 ,= if ! militant fundam5tali/s 7 utt]ly sure !y are "r1 !y w\ld exhibit "s ( t composure :i* ! truly dev\t display4 ,did !y p#jfa really tru/ _! ,god1 !y w\ld tru/ laws1 politicians1 & policem5 less4 ,b because _! :ole field ( consci\sness is trembl+ ) unc]ta9ties !y are 9 a /ate ( fret & fuss2 & _! prea*+ is fr\sy1 l ! s$uctions ( an old coquette4 #c4 ,b>r5 ,gr\nd ,! ,am]ican p1 m ?an any o!r p1 is compos$ ( individuals :o h lo/ association ) _! old l&m>ks4 ,!y h cross$ an ocean1 !y h spread !mselves across a new cont95t4 ,! ,am]ican :o /ill lives 9 8 gr&fa!r's h\se feels almo/ z if he 7 liv+ 9 a museum4 ,!re are few ,am]icans :o h n mov$ at lea/ once s9ce _! *ildhood1 & ev5 if !y h /aid :]e !y 7 born1 ! old l&m>ks !mselves h be5 c>t$ away to make room = progress4 ,t1 p]haps1 is "o reason :y we h s mu* m ,am]icanism ?an love ( ,am]ica4 ,x takes "t to le>n to love ! new gas /ation :i* /&s :]e ! wild honeysuckle grew4 ,moreov]1 ! great majority ( ,am]icans h ris5 9 ! _w4 ,!y h mov$ out ( _! class1 lift+ ! old folks along ) !m p]haps1 s t toge!r !y may sit by ! /eam pipes1 & li/5 to ! croon+ ( ! radio4 ,b m & m ( !m h mov$ n only out ( _! class1 b out ( _! culture2 & !n !y leave ! old folks beh9d1 & ! cont9uity ( life is brok54 ,= fai? gr[s well only z x is pass$ on f p>5ts to _! *ildr5 amid/ surr\nd+s t be> witness1 because no?+ *anges radically1 to a deep p]man5ce 9 ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,x is true1 p#jfb no d\bt1 t 9 ?is great physical & psy*ic migration "s ( ! old h\sehold gods are c>efully pack$ up & put ) ! re/ ( ! luggage1 & !n unpack$ & set up on new alt>s 9 new places4 ,b :at c be tak5 along is at be/ no m ?an ! tree :i* is above ! gr\nd4 ,! roots rema9 9 ! soil :]e fir/ !y grew4 ,! sidewalks ( a city w\ld 9 any case be a /ony soil 9 :i* to transplant religion4 ,?r\gh\t hi/ory1 z ,sp5gl] po9ts out1 ! l>ge city has br$ h]esies1 new cults1 & irreligion4 ,n[ :5 we speak ( mod]n civilization we mean a civilization dom9at$ by ! culture ( ! great metropolitan c5t]s4 ,our own civilization 9 ,am]ica is p]haps ! mo/ completely urbaniz$ ( all4 ,= ev5 ! ,am]ican f>m]s1 ?\gh !y live 9 ! c\ntry1 t5d to be suburban r ?an rural4 ,i am aw>e ( h[ dom9at+ a role ! population outside ! great cities plays 9 ,am]ican life4 ,yet x is 9 ! l>ge cities t ! tempo ( our civilization is det]m9$1 & ! t5d5cy ( me*anical inv5tions z well z economic policy is to create an irresi/ible suction ( ! c\ntry t[>ds ! city4 ,! deep & abid+ traditions ( religion belong to ! c\ntryside4 ,= x is !re t man e>ns 8 daily bread by submitt+ to sup]human =ces ^: behavior he c only p>tially control4 ,!re is n mu* he c d :5 he has pl\gh$ ! gr\nd & plant$ 8 se$ except to wait hopefully = sun & ra9 f ! sky4 ,he is obvi\sly "p ( a s*eme t is great] ?an himself1 subject to elem5ts t transc5d 8 p[]s & surpass 8 und]/&+4 ,! city is an acid t dissolves p#jfc ?is piety4 ,h[ diff]5t x is f an anci5t v9ey>d :]e m5 cultivate :at _! fa!rs h plant$4 ,9 a mod]n city x is n easy to ma9ta9 t 8rev]5t atta*m5t to ! s\rces ( 8 be+ & ! /eady+ ( 8 life by t atta*m5t40 ,x is n natural to =m rev]5t atta*m5ts to an ap>tm5t on a two-ye> lease1 & an imitation mahogany desk on ! ?irty-second floor ( an (fice build+4 ,9 su* an environm5t piety becomes absurd1 a butt = ! faceti\s1 & ! pi\s man looks l a picturesque yokel or a /uffy fool4 ,yet )\t piety1 )\t a patriotism ( family & place1 )\t an almo/ plant-l implication 9 un*angeable surr\nd+s1 !re c be no disposition to believe 9 an ext]nal ord] ( ?+s4 ,! omnipot5ce ( ,god means some?+ to m5 :o submit daily to ! cycles ( ! wea!r & ! my/]i\s p[] ( nature4 ,b ! city man puts 8 fai? 9 furnaces to keep out ! cold1 is pr\dly aw>e ( :at bad sewage 8 ance/ors endur$1 & ( h[ ignorantly !y believ$ t ,god1 :o made ,adam at #i ,a4,m4 on ,octob] #bc 9 ! ye> #djjd ,b4,c41 0 conc]n$ ) ! behavior ( ,adam's *ildr54 #d4 ,sophi/icat$ ,viol5ce ,mu* ef=t goes into f9d+ sub/itutes = ?is radical loss ( association4 ,!re is ! ,am]icanization movem5t1 = example1 :i* 9 "s ( its public manife/ations has z mu* resemblance to patriotism z ! rape ( ! ,sab9e wom5 _h to ! love ( ,dante = ,beatrice4 ,!re is ! vocif]\s nationalism ( ! p#jfd hundr$ p]c5t]s :i* is always mo/ eloqu5t :5 x is ab\t to be mo/ r[dy4 ,!re are ! anxi\s outcries ( ! sect>ians :o 9 _! ef=ts to revive ! religion ( _! fa!rs %[ ! utmo/ contempt = ! aspirations ( _! sons4 ,!re is ,mr4 ,h5ry ,=d ha/ily collect+ ,am]ican antiques be=e 8 c>s de/roy ! :ole culture :i* produc$ !m4 ,!re is ,mr4 ,lo?rop ,/odd>d look+ e man 9 ! eye to see :e!r x is ,nordic blue4 ,!re are a ?\s& & "o pat5tly artificial1 sometimes e>ne/1 (t5 fanta/ic fundam5tali/ agitations4 ,!y are all attempts to impose quickly by "o k9d ( sophi/icat$ viol5ce or ano!r a po/ure ( fai? :i* c be g5u9e only :5 x belongs to ! unque/ion$ memories ( ! s\l4 ,!y are a %rill insi/5ce t m5 ought to feel t :i* no man c feel :o does n already feel x 9 ! m>r[ ( 8 bones4 ,novelties cr[d ! consci\sness ( mod]n m54 ,! ma*9]y ( intellig5ce1 ! press1 ! radio1 ! mov+ picture1 h enorm\sly multipli$ ! numb] ( unse5 ev5ts & /range p & que] do+s ) :i* he has to be conc]n$4 ,!y compel him to pay att5tion to facts t are deta*$ f _! backgr\nds1 _! causes & _! consequ5ces1 & are only half kn[n because !y are n se5 or t\*$ or actually he>d4 ,^! exp]i5ces come to him hav+ no beg9n+1 no middle1 & no end1 m]e fla%es ( publicity play+ fitfully ^u a d>k tangle ( circum/ances4 ,i pick up a newspap] at ! />t ( ! day & ,i am depress$ & rejoic$ to le>n t3 an?racite m9]s h /ruck 9 ,p5nsylvania2 t a price boo/ p#jfe plot is *>g$2 t ,mr4 ,ziegfeld has import$ a blonde f ,engl& :o weighs #aab p\nds & has pretty legs2 t ! ,pope1 on ! o!r h&1 has refus$ to receive wom5 9 l[-neck$ dress & ) _! arms b>e2 t airplanes are fly+ to ,hawaii2 & t ! ,mayor says t ! w\ld-be ,mayor is a li>4444 ,n[ 9 an ord]$ univ]se !re ought to be place = all human exp]i5ces4 ,b x is n /range t ! mod]n newspap] read] f9ds x increas+ly difficult to believe t ?r\gh x all !re is ord]1 p]man5ce1 & connect+ pr9ciple4 ,su* exp]i5ce z comes to him f ! outside is a dissonance compos$ ( a ?\s& noises4 ,& amid/ ^! noises he has = inn] guidance only a consci5ce :i* consi/s1 z he half suspects1 ( ! confus$ e*oes ( e>li] tunes4 #e4 ,rul]s ,he _c look to 8 bett]s = guidance4 ,! ,am]ican social sy/em is migratory1 revolution>y1 & prote/ant4 ,x provides no recogniz$ lead]s & no cle> /&>ds ( conduct4 ,no "o is recogniz$ z ! int]pret] ( morals & ! arbit] ( ta/e4 ,!re is no social hi]>*y1 !re is no ackn[l$g$ rul+ class1 no well-kn[n sy/em ( rights & duties1 no code ( mann]s4 ,!re are sm>t sets1 fir/ families1 & successful p1 to :om a good deal ( def]5ce is paid & a c]ta9 tribute ( imitation4 ,b ^! lead]s h no real au?ority 9 morals or 9 matt]s ( ta/e because !y !mselves h few /&>ds t are n ! fa%ions ( a season4 ,!y ex]cise1 !re=e1 an almo/ autocratic p[] ov] deportm5t at ! c\ntry club4 p#jff ,b :at !y believe ab\t ,god1 salvation1 or ! de/9y ( ,am]ica nobody kn[s1 n ev5 !y !mselves4 ,!re h be5 p]haps ?ree rul+ classes 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,puritan m]*ants1 ! ,knick]bock] g5try1 & ! ,cavali] plant]s ( ! ,s\?4 ,ea* presid$ = a few g5]ations ov] an ord]$ civilization4 ,b ! ,new ,engl&]s uproot$ !mselves & w5t we/1 & ^? :o h be5 left beh9d are m>oon$ 9 a flood ( ali5s4 ,! ,knick]bock] squire>*y dissolv$ 9 ! comm]cial greatness ( ,new ,york1 & ! s\!rn ari/ocracy 0 ov]?r[n & ru9$ by a social revolution :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,!y h left no successors1 & unless & until ,am]ican society becomes /abiliz$ once m some:]e = a few g5]ations1 !y are n likely to h any successors4 ,our rul]s to-day consi/ ( r&om collections ( successful m5 & _! wives4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 ! inn] circles ( banks & corporations1 9 ! be/ clubs1 9 ! dom9ant cliques ( trade unions1 among ! political *ur*m51 ! high] manipulat+ bosses1 ! lead+ pr(essional ,ca?olics1 ,bapti/s1 ,me?odi/s1 ,iri%1 ,g]mans1 ,jews1 & ! gr& panj&rums ( ! secret societies4 ,!y give ord]s4 ,!y h to be consult$4 ,!y c m or less effectively speak =1 & lead "s "p (1 ! population4 ,b none ( !m is seat$ on a c]ta9 ?rone1 & all ( !m are =ev] conc]n$ z to h[ !y may keep f be+ toppl$ (f4 ,!y d n "k h[ !y happ5 to be :]e !y are1 al?\gh !y (t5 expla9 :at are ! secrets ( success4 ,!y h be5 educat$ to a*ieve success2 few ( !m h be5 educat$ to ex]cise p[]4 ,nor p#jfg d !y c\nt ) any confid5ce ^u reta9+ _! p[]1 nor ( h&+ x on to _! sons4 ,!y live1 !re=e1 f day to day1 & !y gov]n by e>4 ,_! impromptu /atem5ts ( policy may be obey$1 b nobody s]i\sly reg>ds !m z hav+ au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,v p#jfh ,,! ,,breakd[n ,,( ,,au?ority #a4 ,god's ,gov]nm5t ,! dissolution ( ! ance/ral ord] is /ill "u way1 & mu* ( our curr5t controv]sy is betwe5 ^? :o hope to /ay ! dissolution & ^? :o w\ld l to ha/5 x4 ,! prime fact ab\t mod]nity1 z x pres5ts itself to u1 is t x n m]ely d5ies ! c5tral ideas ( our =efa!rs b dissolves ! disposition to believe 9 !m4 ,! ance/ral tradition /ill lives 9 _m corn]s ( ! _w4 ,b x no long] repres5ts = u1 z x did = ,dante & = ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! triumphant wisdom ( ! age4 ,a *ild born 9 a mod]n city may /ill le>n to use ! images ( ! !ological drama1 b m or less consci\sly he is made to feel t 9 us+ !m he is n speak+ ( ?+s t are lit]ally & exactly true4 ,its dogma1 z ,mr4 ,santayana once said1 is ins5sibly und]/ood to be no?+ b my?1 its miracles no?+ b leg5d1 its sacram5ts m]e symbols1 its bible pure lit]ature1 its liturgy j poetry1 its hi]>*y an adm9i/rative conv5i5ce1 its e?ics an hi/orical accid5t1 & its :ole function simply to l5d a w>m my/ical aureole to human culture & ignorance4 ,! mod]n man does n take 8 religion z a real acc\nt ( ! con/itution1 ! gov]nm5t1 ! hi/ory1 & ! actual de/9y ( ! p#jfi univ]se4 ,) r>e exceptions 8 ance/ors did4 ,!y believ$ t all _! activities on ?is e>? _h a sequel 9 o!r activities h]eaft]1 & t !y !mselves 9 _! own p]sons w\ld be alive ?r\gh all ! /ret*es ( inf9ite "t to exp]i5ce ?is fulfilm5t4 ,! s5se ( actuality has gone out ( ?is trem5d\s conception ( life2 only ! e*oes ( x p]si/1 & 9 our memories !y create a _w ap>t f ! _w 9 :i* we d our "w1 a noble _w p]haps 9 :i* x is refre%+ to dwell n[ & !n1 & 9 anxiety to take refuge4 ,b ! spaces betwe5 ! />s are s great2 ! e>? is n[ s small a planet 9 ! skies2 man is s close1 z ,/4 ,francis said1 to 8 bro!r ! ass1 t 9 ! daylight he does n believe t a great cosmic /ory is be+ unfold$ ( :i* 8 e ?\ght & act is a significant "p4 ,! univ]se may h a consci\s purpose1 b he does n believe he kn[s j :at x is2 humanity may be act+ out a div9e drama1 b he is n c]ta9 t he kn[s ! plot4 ,!re has gone out ( mod]n life a work+ conviction t we are liv+ "u ! dom9ion ( "o supreme ideal1 ! atta9m5t ( et]nal happ9ess by ob$i5ce to ,god's w on e>?4 ,?is conviction f\nd its mo/ p]fect expression 9 ! p]iod :i* beg9s ) ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god & culm9ates 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y ( ,dante4 ,b ! und]ly+ intuitions are to be f\nd 9 ne>ly all popul> religion2 !y are ! creature's feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u 8 creator1 a s5se t 8 de/9y is fix$ by a be+ great] ?an himself4 ,at ! bottom ( x !re is a conviction t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by sup]human p]sons1 t ! daily visible p#jgj life ( ! _w is con/itutionally subject to ! laws & ! w ( an invisible gov]nm5t4 ,:at ! ?9k]s ( ! ,middle ,ages did 0 to "w out 9 elaborate detail & 9 gr&iose /yle ! con/itutional sy/em "u :i* sup]natural gov]nm5t op]ates4 ,x is n fanciful1 & ,i hope n irrev]5t1 to sugge/ t ! great debates ab\t ! nature ( ! ,tr9ity & ! ,godhead 7 attempts to "w out a !ory ( div9e sov]eignty2 t ! debates ab\t election & pr$e/9ation & grace are attempts to "w out a !ory ( citiz5%ip 9 a div9e society4 ,! ess5tial idea :i* dom9ates ! :ole speculation is man's relation to a heav5ly k+4 ,z ?is idea 0 f9ally work$ out by ! legi/s & canoni/s & s*ola/ics e ord]+ ( a human community mu/ appe> z a compon5t "p ( t ord]+ ( ! _w :i* exi/s because ,god exi/s1 & e e>?ly gr\p mu/ appe> z an organic memb] ( t ,civitas ,dei1 t ,god-,/ate1 :i* compreh5ds ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,!n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! et]nal & o!r-worldly aim & object ( e individual man mu/1 9 a direct] or an indirect] fa%ion1 det]m9e ! aim & object ( e gr\p into :i* he ent]s4 ,b z !re mu/1 ( necessity1 be connection betwe5 ! v>i\s gr\ps1 & z all ( !m mu/ be connect$ ) ! div9ely ord]$ ,univ]se1 we come by ! fur!r notion ( a div9ely in/itut$ ,h>mony :i* p]vades ! ,univ]sal ,:ole & e "p !re(4 ,to e ,be+ is assign$ its place 9 t :ole1 & to e l9k betwe5 ,be+s corresponds a div9e decree4444 ,!re is no ne$ to suppose t ev]yone 9 ! ,middle ,ages und]/ood ! !ory1 z ,gi]ke describes x "h1 p#jga 9 all its ar*itectural gr&eur4 ,nev]!less1 ! !ory is implicit 9 ! feel+ ( simple m54 ,x is ! logical elaboration ( ! fundam5tal belief t ! ,god :o gov]ns ! _w is no m]e ab/raction made up ( hazy n\ns & a vague adoration1 b t1 z ,h5ry ,adams says1 he is ! feudal seigneur to :om ,rol&1 :5 he 0 dy+1 c\ld pr(f] 88 "r-h& glove0 z a la/ act ( homage1 su* z he might h made to ,*>lemagne1 & c\ld pray3 ,o ,god ! ,fa!r :o has nev] li$1 ,:o rais$ up ,sa9t ,laz>us f dea?1 ,& ,daniel f ! lions sav$1 ,save my s\l f all ! p]ils ,= ! s9s t 9 my life ,i did6 #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,keys ,! !ory ( div9e gov]nm5t has always pres5t$ "s difficulties to human reason1 z we c see ev5 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o nev] cle>ly made up 8 m9d :e!r ! ,city ( ,god 0 ! actual *ur* presid$ ov] by ! ,bi%op ( ,rome or :e!r x 0 an ideal & invisible congregation ( ! sav$4 ,b we may be sure t to pla9] m9ds x 0 necess>y to believe t ,god gov]ns mank9d ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! visible *ur*4 ,! unsophi/icat$ man may n be reali/ic1 b he is lit]al2 he w\ld be q incapable1 we may be sure1 ( und]/&+ :at ,/4 ,?omas meant :5 he ask$ 8:y %\ld n ! same sacr$ lett] 444 conta9 sev]al s5ses f\nd$ on ! lit]al80 ,he w\ld accept all ! s5ses b he w\ld accept !m all lit]ally4 ,& tak+ !m lit]ally he w\ld h to believe t p#jgb if ,god gov]ns ! _w1 he gov]ns x1 n 9 "s obscure mean+ ( ! t]m1 b t he actually gov]ns x1 z a k+ :o is mighti] ?an ,*>lemagne1 b n ess5tially unlike ,*>lemagne4 ,! disposition to believe 9 ! rule ( ,god dep5d$1 !re=e1 ^u ! capacity to believe 9 a visible *ur* ^u e>? :i* holds its commission f ,god4 ,9 "s =m or ano!r all simple p look to a prie/ly ca/e :o make visible ! div9e p[]4 ,)\t "s su* actualization ! human imag9ation falt]s & becomes vagrant4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* by its spl5dor & its p[] & its univ]sality dur+ ! ,middle ,ages mu/ h made easily cr$ible ! conception ( ,god ! ,rul]4 ,x 0 a gov]nm5t ex]cis+ jurisdiction ov] ! kn[n _w1 p[]ful en\gh to depose pr9ces1 & at its head 0 ! ,pope :o c\ld prove by ! evid5ce ( scripture t he 0 ! successor to ,pet] & 0 ! ,vice-g]5t ( ,god4 ,to ask :e!r ?is gr&iose claim 0 9 fact true is1 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is argum5t1 to miss ! po9t4 ,x 0 believ$ to be true 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,because x 0 believ$1 ! ,*ur* fl\ri%$4 ,because ! ,*ur* fl\ri%$1 x 0 ev] s mu* easi] to be c]ta9 t ! claim 0 true4 ,:5 m5 said t ,god rul$ ! _w1 !y _h evid5ce z conv9c+ z we h :5 we say t ! ,presid5t is head ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t2 !y 7 conv9c$ because !y came into daily contact ) ,god's appo9tees adm9i/]+ ,god's laws4 ,x is ?is concrete s5se ( div9e gov]nm5t :i* mod]n m5 h lo/1 & x may well be t ?is is :]e ! ,re=mation has ex]cis$ its mo/ revolution>y p#jgc effect4 ,:at ,lu!r did 0 to de/roy ! pret5sions n only ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b ( any *ur* & ( any prie/ly class to adm9i/] ,god's gov]nm5t on e>?4 ,! ,prote/ant re=m]s may n h int5d$ to de/roy z deeply z !y did2 ! !ocracies e/abli%$ by ,calv9 & ,knox imply z mu*4 ,b1 nev]!less1 :5 ,lu!r succe$$ 9 defy+ ! ,holy ,see by reject+ its claim t x 0 ! exclusive ag5t ( ,god1 he made x impossible = any o!r *ur* to set up ! same claim & su/a9 x = any l5g? ( "t4 ,n[ ,*ri/ says t n alone 9 ! ,*ur* is !re =giv5ess ( s9s1 b t :]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,8 "n1 !y %all h ! "r & ! lib]ty to proclaim & promise to ea* o!r com=t & ! =giv5ess ( s9s4444 ,we are n only k+s & ! free/ ( all m51 b also prie/s =ev]1 a dignity f> high] ?an k+%ip1 because by t prie/hood we are wor?y to appe> be=e ,god1 to pray = o!rs1 & to tea* "o ano!r mutually ! ?+s :i* are ( ,god4 ,?is d5ial ( ! special function ( ! prie/hood did n1 ( c\rse1 orig9ate ) ,lu!r4 ,its hi/orical antec$5ts g back to ! primitive ,*ri/ians2 !re is quotable au?ority = x 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,x 0 anticipat$ by ,wyclif & ,huss & by _m ( ! my/ics ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b ,lu!r1 possibly because ! times 7 ripe = x1 translat$ ! d5ial ( ! au?ority ( ! prie/hood into a political revolution :i* divid$ ,*ri/5dom4 ,:5 ! ,re=mation 0 an accompli%$ fact1 m5 look$ out ^u ! _w & no long] saw a s+le ,ca?olic ,apo/olic ,*ur* z ! visible embodim5t ( ,god's gov]nm5t4 ,a l>ge "p ( p#jgd mank9d1 & t an economically & politically p[]ful "p1 no long] believ$ t ,*ri/ gave to ,simon ,pet] & 8 successors at ! ,roman ,see ! ,keys ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ) ! promise t 8:atsoev] ?\ %alt b9d on e>? %all be b\nd 9 heav53 & :atsoev] ?\ %alt loose on e>? %all be loos$ 9 heav540 #c4 ,! ,logic ( ,tol]ation ,z a result ( ! great religi\s w>s ! gov]n+ classes 7 =c$ to realize t unless !y cons5t$ to ! policy ( tol]ation !y w\ld be ru9$4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t except among a few ideali/s tol]ation has ev] be5 mu* admir$ z a pr9ciple4 ,x 0 orig9ally1 & 9 l>ge measure x /ill is1 no?+ b a practical necessity4 ,= 9 its int]ior life no *ur* c :olly admit t its rivals may provide an equally good vehicle ( salvation4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r c]ta9ly _h none ( ! mod]n notion t "o *ur* is ab\t z good z ! next4 ,to be sure he appeal$ to ! "r ( private judgm5t1 b he made x pla9 nev]!less t 9 8 op9ion 8pagans or ,turks or ,jews or fake ,*ri/ians0 w\ld 8rema9 "u et]nal wra? & an ev]la/+ damnation40 ,john ,calv9 let x be kn[n 9 no unc]ta9 tone t he did n wi% any new sects 9 ,g5eva4 ,milton1 writ+ 8 beautiful essay on lib]ty1 drew ! l9e at ,papi/s4 ,& 9 our own day ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia says 9 ! c\rse ( an eloqu5t argum5t = practical civic tol]ation t 8z ! true ,god c tol]ate no /range gods1 ! true ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ c tol]ate no /range *ur*es beside h]self1 p#jge or1 :at am\nts to ! same1 %e c recognize none z !oretically ju/ifi$40 ,?is is ! anci5t dogma t outside ! *ur* !re is no salvation--extra ecclesiam nulla salus4 ,l _m ano!r dogma ( ! ,roman *ur*1 x is n ev5 9 !ory absolutely unb5d+4 ,?us x appe>s f ! allocution ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 ,s+ul>i quadam 7#ahed71 t 8^? :o are ignorant ( ! true religion1 if _! ignorance is inv9cible 7:i* means1 if !y h nev] _h a *ance to "k ! true religion7 are n1 9 ?is matt]1 guilty ( any fault 9 ! sight ( ,god40 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! mod]n !ory ( religi\s fre$om ! *ur*es f9d !mselves 9 an anomal\s position4 ,inw>dly1 to _! communicants1 !y cont9ue to ass]t t !y possess ! only complete v]sion ( ! tru?4 ,b outw>dly1 9 _! civic relations ) o!r *ur*es & ) ! civil p[]1 !y prea* & practice tol]ation4 ,! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate involves m ?an a m]e logical difficulty = ! *ur*man4 ,x involves a deep psy*ological difficulty = ! memb]s ( ! congregation4 ,z communicants !y are expect$ to believe )\t res]vation t _! *ur* is ! only true means ( salvation2 o!rwise ! multitude ( sep>ate sects w\ld be mean+less4 ,b z citiz5s !y are expect$ to ma9ta9 a neutral indiff]5ce to ! claims ( all ! sects1 & to resi/ encroa*m5ts by any "o sect ^u ! religi\s practices ( ! o!rs4 ,?is is ! be/ compromise :i* human wisdom has z yet devis$1 b x has "o inevitable consequ5ce :i* ! sup]ficial advocates ( tol]ation (t5 ov]look4 ,x is difficult to rema9 w>mly conv9c$ t ! au?ority p#jgf ( any "o sect is div9e1 :5 z a matt] ( daily exp]i5ce all sects h to be treat$ alike4 ,! human s\l is n s divid$ 9 comp>tm5ts t a man c be indiff]5t 9 "o "p ( 8 s\l & firmly believ+ 9 ano!r4 ,! exi/5ce ( rival sects1 ! visible demon/ration t none has a monopoly1 ! habit ( neutrality1 _c b dispose m5 aga9/ an unque/ion+ acceptance ( ! au?ority ( "o sect4 ,s _m fai?s1 s _m loyalties1 are (f]$ to ! mod]n man t at la/ none seems to him :olly inevitable & fix$ 9 ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,! exi/5ce ( _m *ur*es 9 "o community weak5s ! f\ndation ( all ( !m4 ,& t is :y e *ur* 9 ! heyday ( its p[] proclaims itself to be ca?olic & intol]ant4 ,b :5 !re are _m *ur*es 9 ! same community1 none c make :olly good ! claim t x is ca?olic4 ,none has t p[] to discipl9e ! individual :i* a univ]sal *ur* ex]cises4 ,=1 z ,dr4 ,figgis puts x1 :5 _m *ur*es are tol]at$1 8excommunication has ceas$ to be tyrannical by becom+ futile40 #d4 ,a ,work+ ,compromise ,if ! rival *ur*es 7 n compell$ to tol]ate ea* o!r1 !y c\ld n1 consi/5tly ) _! own tea*+1 accept ! prevail+ !ory ( ! public s*ool4 ,"u t !ory ! s*ools are sil5t ab\t matt]s ( fai?1 & tea*]s are suppos$ to be neutral on ! issues ( hi/ory & sci5ce :i* be> ^u religion4 ,! *ur*es p]mit ?is because !y _c agree on ! dogma !y w\ld wi% to h taught4 ,! ,ca?olics w\ld r h no dogma 9 ! s*ools ?an p#jgg ,prote/ant dogma2 ! fundam5tali/s w\ld r h none ?an h mod]ni/4 ,?is situation is held to be a good "o4 ,b t is only because all ! alt]natives are s mu* worse4 ,no *ur* c s9c]ely subscribe to ! !ory t que/ions ( fai? d n ent] into ! education ( *ildr54 ,:]ev] *ur*es are ri* en\gh to e/abli% _! own s*ools1 or p[]ful en\gh to control ! public s*ool1 !y make %ort "w ( ! 8godless0 s*ool4 ,ei!r !y e/abli% religi\s s*ools ( _! own1 z ! ,ca?olics & ,lu!rans h done1 or !y impose _! views on ! public s*ools z ! fundam5tali/s h done :]ev] !y h ! necess>y vot+ /r5g?4 ,! la/ fight ( ,mr4 ,bryan's life 0 made on behalf ( ! !ory t if a majority ( vot]s 9 ,t5nessee 7 fundam5tali/s !n !y _h ! "r to make public education 9 ,t5nessee fundam5tali/ too4 ,"o ( ! /&+ grievances ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica is t ,ca?olics are tax$ to support s*ools to :i* !y _c consci5ti\sly s5d _! *ildr54 ,z a matt] ( fact non-sect>ianism is a useful political phrase r ?an an accurate description ( :at goes on 9 ! s*ools4 ,if !re is tea*+ ( sci5ce1 t tea*+ is by implication almo/ always agno/ic4 ,! fundam5tali/s po9t ?is out1 & !y are q "r4 ,! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 "u a s-call$ non-sect>ian policy1 is usually1 9 ?is c\ntry1 a r dilut$ ,prote/ant v]sion ( hi/ory4 ,! ,ca?olics are q "r :5 !y po9t ?is out4 ,occasionally1 x may be1 a tea*] ( sci5ce appe>s :o has manag$ to assimilate 8 sci5ce to 8 !ology2 n[ & !n a ,ca?olic hi/ory tea*] p#jgh w dep>t f ! /&>d textbooks to give ! ,ca?olic v]sion ( disput$ ev5ts dur+ ! la/ few hundr$ ye>s4 ,b ! *ief effect ( ! non-sect>ian policy is to weak5 sect>ian atta*m5t1 to wean ! *ild f ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs by mak+ him feel t patriotism someh[ dem&s t he %all n press 8 convictions too f>1 t commons5se & good fell[%ip mean t he mu/ n be too absolute4 ,! lead]s ( ! *ur*es are aw>e ( ?is p]il4 ,e once 9 a :ile !y make an ef=t to combat x4 ,committees compos$ ( p>sons1 prie/s1 & rabbis appe> be=e ! s*ool bo>ds & petition t a non-sect>ian ,god be wor%ipp$ & ! non-controv]sial passages ( ! ,bible be read4 ,!y always agree t ! pres5t godless sy/em ( education dim9i%es ! sanctions ( morality & ! att5dance at _! respective *ur*es4 ,b !y disagree :5 !y try to agree on ! nature ( a neutral ,god1 & !y h be5 kn[n to dispute fi]cely ab\t a non-controv]sial text ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,s1 if ! sects are ev5ly balanc$1 ! practical s5se ( ! community turns 9 ! end aga9/ ! re=m4 #e4 ,! ,effect ( ,patriotism ,mod]n gov]nm5ts are n m]ely neutral z betwe5 rival *ur*es4 ,!y draw to !mselves mu* ( ! loyalty :i* once 0 giv5 to ! *ur*es4 ,9 fact x has be5 said ) "s tru? t patriotism has _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( an au?oritative religion4 ,c]ta9ly x is true t dur+ ! la/ few hundr$ ye>s !re has be5 transf]r$ to gov]nm5t a consid]able p#jgi "p ( ! devotion :i* once su/a9$ ! *ur*es4 ,9 ! old] _w ! prie/ 0 a div9ely commission$ ag5t & ! pr9ce a div9ely tol]at$ p[]4 ,b by ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,melan*?on1 a fri5d ( ,lu!r's1 _h d5i$ t ! *ur* c\ld make laws b9d+ ! consci5ce4 ,only ! pr9ce1 he said1 c\ld d t4 ,out ( ?is view develop$ ! mu* misund]/ood b ess5tially mod]n doctr9e ( ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,9 its orig9al hi/oric sett+ ?is doctr9e 0 a way ( ass]t+ t ! civil au?ority1 embodi$ 9 ! k+1 d]iv$ its p[] n f ! ,pope1 z ,god's vic]oy on e>?1 b by direct appo9tm5t f ,god himself4 ,! div9e "r ( k+s 0 a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce z aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! *ur*4 ,?is h]esy 0 *all5g$ n only by ! ,pope1 b by ! ,presbyt]ians z well4 ,& x 0 to combat ! ,presbyt]ian prea*]s :o insi/$ on try+ to dictate to ! gov]nm5t t ,k+ ,james ,i wrote 8 ,true ,law ( ,free ,mon>*y1 ass]t+ ! :ole doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s4 ,9 ! ,religi\s ,peace ( ,augsburg an ev5 m de/ructive bl[ 0 /ruck at ! anci5t claim ( ! *ur* t x is a univ]sal p[]4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! citiz5 ( a /ate mu/ adopt ! religion ( 8 k+4 ,cuius regio ejus religio4 ,?is 0 n religi\s lib]ty z we und]/& x1 b x 0 a supreme ass]tion ( ! civil p[]4 ,:]e once ! *ur* _h adm9i/]$ religion = ! multitude1 & _h ex]cis$ ! "r to depose an h]etical k+1 x n[ became ! pr]ogative p#jhj ( ! k+ to det]m9e ! religi\s duties ( 8 subjects4 ,! way 0 op5 = ! mod]n absolute /ate1 a conception :i* w\ld h be5 entirely incompreh5sible to m5 :o liv$ 9 ! ages ( fai?4 ,we mu/ "h avoid us+ words ambigu\sly4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! absolute /ate1 ,i d n ref] to ! con/itutional arrangem5t ( p[]s )9 ! /ate4 ,x is ( no importance 9 ?is connection :e!r ! absolute p[] ( ! /ate is ex]cis$ by a k+1 a l&$ ari/ocracy1 bank]s & manufactur]s1 pr(essional politicians1 soldi]s1 or a r&om majority ( vot]s4 ,x does n matt] :e!r ! "r to gov]n is h]$it>y or obta9$ ) ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,a /ate is absolute 9 ! s5se :i* ,i h 9 m9d :5 x claims ! "r to a monopoly ( all ! =ce )9 ! community1 to make w>1 to make peace1 to conscript life1 to tax1 to e/abli% & dise/abli% prop]ty1 to def9e crime1 to puni% disob$i5ce1 to control education1 to sup]vise ! family1 to regulate p]sonal habits1 & to c5sor op9ions4 ,! mod]n /ate claims all ^! p[]s1 & 9 ! matt] ( !ory !re is no real diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! claim betwe5 communi/s1 fasci/s1 & democrats4 ,!re are l+]+ traces 9 ! ,am]ican con/itutional sy/em ( ! old] !ory t !re are inali5able rights :i* gov]nm5t may n absorb4 ,b ^! rights are really n inali5able because !y c be tak5 away by con/itutional am5dm5t4 ,!re is no !oretical limit ^u ! p[] ( ! ultimate majorities :i* create civil gov]nm5t4 ,!re are only practical limits4 ,!y are re/ra9$ by in]tia1 & by prud5ce1 ev5 by good w4 ,b ultimately p#jha & !oretically !y claim absolute au?ority z aga9/ all =eign /ates1 z aga9/ all *ur*es1 associations1 & p]sons )9 _! jurisdiction4 ,! victory ( ! civil p[] 0 n a*iev$ ev]y:]e at ! same "t4 ,spasmodically1 ) occasional setbacks1 b 9 ! long run irresi/ibly1 ! /ate has atta9$ supremacy4 ,9 ! feudal age ! mon>* 0 at no "t sov]eign4 ,! ,pope 0 ! univ]sal lawgiv]1 n only 9 :at we %\ld call matt]s ( fai?1 b 9 matt]s ( bus9ess & politics z well4 ,z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ,pope ,paul ,v insi/$ t ! ,doge ( ! ,v5etian ,republic _h no "r to arre/ a canon ( ! *ur* on ! *>ge ( flagrant immorality4 ,:51 nev]!less1 ! canon 0 arre/$1 ! ,pope laid ,v5ice "u an int]dict & excommunicat$ ! ,doge & ! ,s5ate4 ,b ! ,v5etian ,gov]nm5t answ]$ t x 0 f\nd$ on ,div9e ,"r2 its title to gov]n did n come f ! *ur*4 ,9 ! end ! ,pope gave way1 & 8! reign ( ! ,pope10 says ,dr4 ,figgis1 8z ,k+ ( ,k+s 0 ov]40 ,x 0 z a result ( ! loss ( its civil p[] t ! ,roman ,*ur* evolv$ ! mod]n doctr9e ( infallibility4 ,?is claim1 z ,dr4 ,figgis po9ts out1 is n ! culm9ation b ! 7implicit7 surr5d] ( ! notions embodi$ 9 ! fam\s papal bull1 ,unam ,sanctam4 ,! ,pope c\ld no long] claim ! political sov]eignty ( ! _w2 he !n ass]t$ supreme rights z ! religi\s tea*] ( ! ,ca?olic communion4 8,! ,pope1 f be+ ! ,"l ( ,lords1 has become ! ,doctor ( ,doctors4 ,f be+ ! "m ( /ates1 ! ,curia p#jhb has become ! au?oritative organ ( a tea*+ society40 #f4 ,! ,dissolution ( a ,sov]eignty ,?us !re has gradually be5 dissolv+ ! conception t ! gov]nm5t ( human affairs is a subord9ate "p ( a div9e gov]nm5t presid$ ov] by ,god ! ,k+4 ,9 place ( "o *ur* :i* is sov]eign ov] all m51 !re are n[ _m rival *ur*es1 rival /ates1 volunt>y associations1 & deta*$ individuals4 ,god is no long] believ$ to be a univ]sal k+ 9 ! full mean+ ( ! ^w k+1 & religi\s ob$i5ce is no long] ! c5tral loyalty f :i* all o!r obligations are d]iv$4 ,religion has become = mo/ mod]n m5 "o phase 9 a v>i$ exp]i5ce2 x no long] regulates _! civic duties1 _! economic activities1 _! family life1 & _! op9ions4 ,x has ceas$ to h univ]sal dom9ion1 & is n[ held to be supreme only )9 its own doma94 ,b !re is mu* unc]ta9ty z to :at t doma9 is4 ,9 actual affairs1 ! religi\s obligations ( mod]n m5 are (t5 weak] ?an _! social int]e/s & g5]ally weak] ?an ! fi]c] claims ( patriotism4 ,! conduct ( ! *ur*es & ( *ur*m5 dur+ ! ,w> demon/rat$ t fact ov]:elm+ly4 ,!y submitt$ will+ly or unwill+ly to ! ov]:elm+ =ce ( ! civil p[]4 ,aga9/ ?is =ce _m m5 claim ! "r ( revolution1 or at lea/ ! "r ( passive resi/ance & consci5ti\s objection4 ,sometimes !y base _! claims ^u a religi\s precept :i* !y hold sacr$4 ,b ev5 9 _! disob$i5ce to ,caes> !y are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t loyalty 9 ! mod]n _w is complex1 t x has become p#jhc divid$ & unc]ta91 & t ! age ( fai? :i* 0 absolute is gone = !m4 ,h[ev] rev]5t !y may be :5 !y are 9 _! *ur*es1 !y no long] feel :olly assur$ :5 !y li/5 to ! tea*+ t ^! are ! words ( ! m9i/]s ( a heav5ly k+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi p#jhd ,,lo/ ,,prov9ces #a4 ,bus9ess ,9 any s*eme ( ?+s :]e ! *ur*es1 z ag5ts ( ,god1 ass]t ! "r to speak ) au?ority ab\t ! conduct ( life !y %\ld be able to lay d[n rules ab\t ! way bus9ess %all be c>ri$ on4 ,! *ur*es once did j t4 ,9 "s degree !y /ill attempt to d x4 ,b ! attempts h gr[n feebl] & feebl]4 ,9 ! la/ six hundr$ ye>s ! *ur*es h f\ght a los+ battle aga9/ ! emancipation ( bus9ess f religi\s control4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s look$ ^u bus9ess z a p]il to ! s\l4 ,al?\gh ! *ur* 0 9 itself1 among o!r ?+s1 a l>ge bus9ess corporation1 !y did n c\nt5ance bus9ess ent]prise4 ,money-mak+ !y call$ av>ice & money-l5d+ usury1 j z !y spoke ( lu/ :5 !y meant sexual desire4 ,!y _h s\nd reasons ( _! own = ?is attitude4 ,!y knew f obs]vation1 p]haps ev5 f introspection1 t ! desire = ri*es is s /rong a passion t m5 possess$ by x w devote only _! odd mom5ts to ,god4 ,! objection to a bus9ess c>e] 0 l ! objection to =nication2 x div]t$ ! en]gies ( ! s\l4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 worldly reasons z well :i* acc\nt = ! long resi/ance ( ! m$ival ,*ur* p#jhe to :at we n[ reg>d z ! highe/ =m ( capitali/ic endeavor4 ,! ,*ur* belong$ to ! feudal sy/em4 ,! ,pope & 8 bi%ops 7 9 fact great feudal lords4 ,!y ?riv$ be/ 9 a social ord] :]e m5 liv$ ^u ! l&4 ,!y _h a premonition t ! rise ( capitalism1 ) its l>ge cities1 its f9anci]s1 m]*ants1 & prolet>ian work]s1 0 b\nd to weak5 ! secul> au?ority ( ! *ur* & to dissolve ! influ5ce ( religion 9 m5's lives4 ,!y fail$ 9 _! resi/ance1 b surely "o c h>dly say t _! vision 0 n prophetic4 ,! dra/ic legislation ( ! *ur* aga9/ bus9ess 0 enact$ 9 ! e>ly days ( capitalism2 x 0 inspir$1 l ! ,engli% corn laws & _m ano!r agr>ian measure1 by a det]m9ation to pres]ve a l&$ ord] ( society4 ,?us 9 discuss+ :e!r money might prop]ly be loan$ out at int]e/ ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv argu$ t if ?is 7 p]mitt$ 8m5 w\ld n give ?\ght to ! cultivation ( _! l&1 except :5 !y c\ld d naught else 444 ev5 if !y c\ld get l& to cultivate1 !y w\ld n be able to get ! bea/s & implem5ts = cultivat+ x1 s9ce ! poor !mselves w\ld n h !m1 & ! ri*1 bo? = ! sake ( pr(it & security1 w\ld put _! money into usury r ?an into small] & m risky inve/m5ts40 ,! argum5t is ! same z t :i* ! ,am]ican f>m] makes :5 he compla9s t ! bank]s 9 ,wall ,/reet pref] to l5d money to bus9ess m5 & to speculators r ?an to f>m]s4 ,b ! solid reasons :i* once inspir$ ! *ur*'s opposition to bus9ess d n conc]n u "h4 ,! opposition 0 unsuccessful1 ! reasons 7 =gott51 & p#jhf ! old pron\ncem5ts aga9/ usury 7 look$ ^u z qua9t & unworldly4 ,= ! new economic ord] :i* displac$ feudalism1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 at lea/1 _h no program4 ,x did n adapt itself readily to ! _s ( comm]cial ent]prise :i* captur$ ! active m9ds ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur*es did adapt !mselves & contriv$ to prea* a gospel :i* enc\rag$1 :]e ,roman ,ca?olicism _h disc\rag$1 ! ent]pris+ bus9ess man4 ,!y prea*$ ! div9e duty ( labor4 8,at ! day ( doom10 said ,john ,bunyan1 8m5 %all be judg$ accord+ to _! fruits4 ,x w n be said !n1 ,did y ,believe8 ,b1 7 y ,do]s1 or ,talk]s only80 ,z ?is prea*+ became m concrete1 to be a do] meant to d "w & make money4 ,baxt] 9 8 ,*ri/ian ,directory wrote t 8if ,god %[ y a way 9 :i* y may lawfully get m ?an 9 ano!r way 7)\t wrong to y\r s\l or to any o!r71 if y refuse ?is1 & *oose ! less ga9ful way1 y cross "o ( ! ends ( y\r call+1 & y refuse to be ,god's /ew>d40 ,ri*>d ,/eele 9 ,! ,tradesman's ,call+ po9t$ out t ! virtues enjo9$ on ,*ri/ians--dilig5ce1 mod]ation1 sobriety1 & ?rift--are ! v qualities :i* are mo/ ne$$ = comm]cial success4 ,= 8godly wisdom 444 comes 9 & puts due b\nds0 to 8 exp5ses1 8& tea*es ! tradesman to live r some:at bel[ ?an at all above 8 income40 ,h[ev] edify+ su* doctr9e may h be51 x 0 cle>ly an ab&onm5t ( ! "r1 once s eloqu5tly ass]t$ by ! *ur*1 t x _h ! au?ority to regulate bus9ess 9 ! int]e/ ( man's spiritual welf>e4 ,t "r is /ill sometimes ass]t$4 ,s]mons are /ill p#jhg prea*$ ab\t bus9ess e?ics2 !re are programs ( ,*ri/ian socialism & ,*ri/ian capitalism4 ,*ur*m5 /ill int]e/ !mselves1 (t5 v effectively1 to re=m "s flagrant indu/rial abuse l ! sweat+ ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,b ! mod]n ef=ts to moralize bus9ess & to subord9ate pr(it-seek+ to humane ends are radically diff]5t f ^? ( ! m$ival *ur*4 ,!y are admitt$ly exp]im5tal--t is to say1 debatable--s9ce !y d n d]ive _! au?ority f revelation4 ,& !y are pres5t$ z an appeal to reason1 to consci5ce1 to g5]osity1 n z ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,vi5na 9 #acab decl>$ t any rul] or magi/rate :o sanction$ usury & compell$ debtors to obs]ve usuri\s contracts w\ld be excommunicat$2 all laws :i* sanction$ money-l5d+ at int]e/ 7 to be repeal$ )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,! *ur*es d n speak 9 t tone ( voice to-day4 ,?us if an organization l ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil ( ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/ is di/ress$ by1 let u say1 ! labor policy ( a great corporation1 x inquires c\rte\sly ( ! presid5t's secret>y :e!r x w\ld n be possible = him to conf] ) a delegation ab\t ! matt]4 ,if ! *ur*m5 are grant$ an int]view1 :i* is nev] altoge!r c]ta91 !y h to argue ) ! bus9ess man on secul> gr\nds4 ,7 !y to say t ! eight-h\r day 0 ! w ( ,god1 he w\ld conclude !y 7 cranks1 he w\ld surreptiti\sly press ! buzz] "u 8 desk1 & 9 a few mom5ts 8 secret>y w\ld appe> summon+ him to an important bo>d meet+4 ,!y h to argue ) him1 if !y are to obta9 a he>+1 ab\t ! effect on heal?1 effici5cy1 turnov]1 p#jhh & o!r su* matt]s :i* are work$ up = !m by economi/s4 ,z *ur*m5 !y h k9dly impulses1 b !re is no long] a body ( doctr9e 9 ! *ur*es :i* enables !m to speak ) au?ority4 ,! emancipation ( bus9ess f religi\s control is p]haps ev5 m ?reat5+ to ! au?ority ( ! *ur*es ?an ! rivalry ( sects or ! rise ( ! civil p[]4 ,bus9ess is a daily occupation2 gov]nm5t meets ! eye ( ! ord9>y m5 only n[ & !n4 ,t ! ma9 int]e/ 9 ! wak+ life ( mo/ p %\ld be c>ri$ on :olly sep>at$ f ! fai? !y pr(ess means t ! *ur*es h lo/ "o ( ! great prov9ces ( ! human s\l4 ,! sponsors ( ! ,broadway ,temple 9 ,new ,york ,city put ! matt] 9 a ?or\ghly mod]n1 ev5 if x 0 a r co>se1 way :5 !y proclaim$ a campaign to sell bonds z 8a five p]c5t inve/m5t 9 y\r ,fell[ ,man's ,salvation--,broadway ,temple is to be a comb9ation ( ,*ur* & ,skyscrap]1 ,religion & ,rev5ue1 ,salvation & #e ,p]c5t--& ! #e p]c5t is bas$ on e?ical ,*ri/ian gr\nds40 ,! five p]c5t1 !y ha/5$ to add1 0 also bas$ on a gilt-edg$ real-e/ate mortgage2 ! salvation1 h[ev]1 01 we may suppose1 a speculative pr(it4 #b4 ,! ,family ,! family is ! inn] citadel ( religi\s au?ority & !re ! *ur*es h tak5 _! mo/ det]m9$ /&4 ,long aft] !y _h ab&on$ politics to ,caes> & bus9ess to ,mammon1 !y cont9u$ to insi/ ^u _! au?ority to fix ! ideal ( sexual relations4 ,b "h1 too1 ! dissolution ( _! au?ority has proce$$ p#jhi inexorably4 ,!y h lo/ _! exclusive "r to preside ov] m>riages4 ,!y h n be5 able to ma9ta9 ! dogma t m>riage is indissoluble4 ,!y are n able to prev5t ! rem>riage ( divorc$ p]sons4 ,al?\gh 9 _m jurisdictions =nication & adult]y are /ill crimes1 !re is no long] any s]i\s attempt to en=ce ! /atutes4 ,! *ur*es h fail$ 9 _! insi/5ce t sexual int]c\rse by m>ri$ p]sons is a s9 unless x is validat$ by ! will+ness to beget a *ild4 ,except to ! poore/ & mo/ ignorant ! means ( prev5t+ conception are available to all4 ,!re is no long] any compulsion to reg>d ! sexual life z )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! commission]s ( ! ,"l4 ,religi\s tea*]s knew long ago :at mod]n psy*ologi/s h some:at excit$ly r$iscov]$3 t !re is a v intimate connection betwe5 ! sexual life & ! religi\s life4 ,only m5 liv+ 9 a "t :5 religion has lo/ s mu* ( its inw>d vitality c\ld be %ock$ at ?is simple tru?1 = ! *ur*es1 :5 _! inspiration 0 fre%1 h always kn[n x4 ,t is :y !y h laid su* trem5d\s emphasis ^u ! religi\s control ( sexual exp]i5ce1 h extoll$ *a/ity1 h prea*$ cont95ce aft] m>riage except :]e p>5?ood 0 9 view1 h inveigh$ aga9/ =nication1 adult]y1 divorce1 & all unprocreative indulg5ce1 h insi/$ t m>riages be celebrat$ )9 ! communion1 h upheld ! p>5tal au?ority ov] *ildr54 ,!y 7 n prudi%4 ,t is a /ate ( m9d :i* m>ks ! decay ( vigor\s det]m9ation to control ! sexual life4 ,! e>ly tea*]s did n av]t _! eyes4 ,!y did n m9ce _! words4 ,= !y knew :at !y 7 do+4 p#jij ,m5 l ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,augu/9e knew 9 ! mo/ direct way :at sexual desire c d to di/ract ! religi\s life2 h[ if x is n /]nly regulat$1 & if x is all[$ to run wild1 x intoxicates ! :ole p]sonality to ! exclusion ( spiritual int]e/s4 ,!y knew1 too1 al?\gh p]haps n q s explicitly1 t ^! same passions1 if !y are repress$ & r$irect$1 may come =? z an ec/asy ( religi\s devotion4 ,!y 7 n re=m]s4 ,!y did n ?9k ( progress4 ,!y did n suppose t ! animal 9 man c\ld someh[ be ref9$ until x 0 no long] animal4 ,:5 ,paul spoke ( ! law ( 8 memb]s w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( 8 m9d1 & br++ him into captivity to ! law ( s91 he _h made a reali/ic obs]vation :i* any c&id p]son c v]ify out ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,!re 0 no vague f9ical nons5se ab\t ?is w> ( ! memb]s aga9/ ! inw>d man seek+ delight 9 ! law ( ,god4 ,if ! sexual impulse 7 n deeply relat$ to ! religi\s life1 ! preoccupation ( *ur*m5 ) x ?r\gh\t ! ages w\ld be absurd4 ,!y h n be5 preoccupi$ 9 any comp>able degree ) ! o!r physiological functions ( ! body4 ,!y h conc]n$ !mselves some:at ) eat+ & dr9k+1 = gluttony & drunk5ness c also di/ract m5 f religion4 ,b hung] & ?ir/ are m9or passions1 f> m easily satisfi$ ?an lu/1 & 9 no way s p]vasive & imp]i\s4 ,! _w1 ! fle%1 & ! devil may usually be tak5 to mean sexual desire4 ,ar\nd x1 !n1 ! *ur*es h built up a ritual1 to dom9ate x le/ !y be dom9at$ by x4 ,t5aci\sly & ) good reason !y h f\ght aga9/ surr5d]+ _! au?ority4 p#jia ,) equally great insight !y h kept ! close/ possible association ) family life especially dur+ ! *ildhood ( ! (fspr+4 ,"h aga9 !y anticipat$ by _m long ages ! discov]ies ( mod]n psy*ologi/s4 ,!y h always kn[n t x is 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s1 be=e pub]ty1 t tradition is transmitt$4 ,mu* is le>n$ aft] pub]ty1 b 9 *ildhood education is m ?an m]e le>n+4 ,!re education is ! gr[? ( ! disposition1 ! fix+ ( ! prejudices to :i* all lat] exp]i5ce is cumulative4 ,9 *ildhood m5 acquire ! =ms ( _! see+1 ! prototypes ( _! feel+1 ! /yle ( _! "*4 ,!re presumably ! v patt]n ( au?ority itself is implant$ by habit1 fitt$ to ! model pres5t$ by ! *ild's p>5ts4 ,!re ! assumption is fix$ t !re are wis] & /rong] be+s :om1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 "o mu/ obey4 ,!re ! ne$ to obey is fix$4 ,!re ! :ole drift ( exp]i5ce is su* z to make cr$ible ! idea t above ! *ild !re is ! fa!r1 above ! fa!r a k+ & ! wise m51 above !m all a heav5ly ,fa!r & ,k+4 ,x is pla9 t any *ange :i* di/urbs ! con/itution ( ! home w t5d pr(\ndly to alt] ! *ild's s5se ( :at he may expect ! con/itution ( ! univ]se to be4 ,!re are _m di/urb+ *anges ( :i* none is m important surely ?an ! emancipation ( wom54 ,! ,god ( popul> religion has usually be5 an eld]ly male4 ,!re h be5 "s female div9ities wor%ipp$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w z !re h be5 matri>*al societies4 ,b by & l>ge ! imag9ation ( m5 has conceiv$ ,god z a fa!r4 ,!y h magnifi$ to a cosmic scale :at !y p#jib _h se5 at home4 ,x 0 ! male :o creat$ ! *ild4 ,x 0 8 se$ t ! "m *]i%$ 9 h] womb4 ,x 0 ! male :o provid$ = ! ne$s ( ! family1 ev5 if ! woman did ! h>d "w4 ,x 0 ! male :o f5d$ (f enemies4 ,x 0 ! male :o laid d[n ! law4 ,x 0 ! "n ( ! male p>5t :i* 0 pres]v$ & pass$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,ev]y?+ conspir$ to fix ! belief t ! true ord] ( life 0 a hi]>*y ) a man at ! apex4 ,?is g5]al notion becomes less & less cr$ible z wom5 ass]t !mselves4 ,! *ild ( ! mod]n h\sehold is soon made to see t !re are at lea/ two p]sons :o c give him ord]s1 & t !y d n always give him ! same ones4 ,?is does n educate him to believe t !re is "o c]ta9 guide to conduct 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re are likely to be two guides to conduct 9 8 univ]se1 z wom5 insi/ t !y are indep5d5t p]sonalities ) m9ds ( _! own4 ,?is insi/5ce1 moreov]1 t5ds r to dis>range ! notion t ! fa!r is ! creator ( ! *ild4 ,an obs]vant y\ng/]1 especially 9 ^! days ( frank talk ab\t sex1 soon becomes aw>e ( ! fact t ! role ( ! male 9 procreation is a relatively m9or "o4 ,b mo/ di/urb+ ( all is ! v mod]n h\sehold 9 :i* ! woman e>ns h] own liv+4 ,= "h ! *ild is depriv$ ( ! opportunity1 :i* is s conducive to belief 9 au?ority1 ( see+ daily t ev5 8 "m is dep5d5t ^u a great] p]son = ! good ?+s 9 life4 ,al?\gh wom51 by & l>ge1 are by no means able to e>n z mu* money z m51 ! fact :i* c\nts is t !y c e>n en\gh to support !mselves4 ,!y p#jic may n actually support !mselves4 ,b ! k t !y c\ld1 z x becomes an accept$ idea 9 society1 has revolution>y consequ5ces4 ,9 =m] times ! woman 0 dep5d5t ^u h] husb& = b$1 bo>d1 %elt]1 & clo?+4 ,h] :ole exi/5ce 0 det]m9$ by h] mat+2 h] sexual exp]i5ce 0 an integral "p ( h] livelihood & h] social position4 ,b once x _h become e/abli%$ t a woman c\ld live )\t a husb&1 ! intimate connection betwe5 h] sex & h] c>e] began to dissolve4 ,! inv5tion ( dep5dable me?ods ( prev5t+ conception has c>ri$ ?is dissolution mu* fur!r4 ,bir? control has sep>at$ ! sexual act f ! :ole s]ies ( social consequ5ces :i* 7 once probable if n inevitable4 ,= ) ! discov]y t *ildr5 ne$ be born only :5 !y are want$1 ! sexual exp]i5ce has become increas+ly a p]sonal & private affair4 ,x 0 once an in/itutional affair--= ! woman4 ,= ! man1 f "t immemorial1 !re h be5 two sorts ( sexual exp]i5ce--"o :i* _h no public consequ5ces1 & "o :i* entail$ ! responsibilities ( a family4 ,! effect ( ! mod]n *anges1 p>ticul>ly ( woman's economic indep5d5ce & ( bir? control1 is to equalize ! fre$om & ! obligations ( m5 & wom54 ,t ! sexual life has become sep>at$ f p>5?ood & t !re=e x is no long] subject to ext]nal regulation1 is evid5t4 ,:ile ! desires ( m5 & wom5 = ea* o!r 7 l9ks 9 a *a9 :i* includ$ ! family & ! h\sehold & *ildr51 au?ority1 & by t tok5 religi\s au?ority1 c\ld hope to fix ! sexual p#jid ideal4 ,:5 ! *a9 broke1 & love _h no consequ5ces :i* 7 n too subtle = ! outsid] to measure1 ! ideal ( love 0 fix$ n by ! *ur* 9 ! "n ( ,god1 b by prud5ce1 conv5tion1 ! prevail+ rules ( hygi5e1 by ta/e1 circum/ances1 & p]sonal s5sibility4 #c4 ,art 7a7 ,! ,disappe>ance ( ,religi\s ,pa9t+ ,to walk ?r\gh a museum ( ,we/]n ,european art is to behold a peculi>ly vivid record ( h[ ! great !mes ( popul> religion h ceas$ to inspire ! imag9ation ( mod]n m54 ,"o c visualize !re ! :ole /ory ( ! dissolution ( ! ance/ral ord] & ( our pres5t bewild]m5t4 ,"o c see h[ t[>d ! close ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury ! great !mes illu/rat+ ! reign ( a heav5ly k+ & ( ! drama ( man's salvation _h ceas$ to be naively believ$2 h[ at ! close ( ! next c5tury :i* witness$ ! ,re=mation & ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 ! beg9n+s ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! gr[? ( cities1 & ! rise ( capitalism1 religi\s pa9t+ ceas$ to be ! conc]n ( ! be/ pa9t]s2 & f9ally h[ 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s pa9t]s h illu/rat$ by fev]i% exp]im5tation ! mod]n man's ef=t to f9d an adequate sub/itute = ! organiz+ pr9ciple ( ! religion :i* he has lo/4 ,x has be5 said by way ( explanation t pa9t]s mu/ sell _! "w1 & !y mu/1 !re=e1 pa9t :at ! ri* & p[]ful w buy4 ,?us x is po9t$ out t 9 ! ,middle ,ages !y work$ "u ! patronage ( ! ,*ur*2 9 ! ,r5aissance _! patrons 7 paganiz$ p#jie pr9ces & popes1 & arti/s made pictures :i*1 ev5 :5 ! !me 0 religi\s1 7 no long] ,*ri/ian 9 _s4 ,lat] 9 ! nor? ( ,europe ! b\rgeoisie acquir$ money & /ation1 & ! ,dut* pa9t]s did _! portraits1 & made fai?ful repres5tations ( _! kit*5s & _! p>lors4 ,a little lat] ,fr5* pa9t]s at ! ,c\rt ( ,v]sailles made pictures = c\rti]s1 & 9 our "t ,john ,s>g5t pa9t$ ! wives ( millionaires4 ,to say all ?is is to say t ! rul+ classes 9 ! mod]n _w are no long] int]e/$ 9 pictures :i* illu/rate or are inspir$ by ! religion !y pr(ess4 ,?is attempt at an explanation 9 t]ms ( supply & dem& may or may n be s\nd = ! ord9>y run ( pa9t]s4 ,x leaves out ( acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ^? v pa9t]s :o are ! mo/ significant & int]e/+4 ,x leaves out ( acc\nt ! pa9t]s :o1 by h]oic refusal to supply ! exi/+ m>ket1 des]ve univ]sal respect1 & 9 _m cases h won an ultimate public v9dication4 ,^! m5 d n fit into ! !ory ( supply & dem&1 = !y endur$ pov]ty & d]ision 9 ord] to pa9t :at !y mo/ want$ to pa9t4 ,!y are n ( ! tribe1 :i* ,mr4 ,walt] ,pa* calls ,ananias1 :o betray ! tru? t is 9 !m4 ,b = t tru? !y did n draw ^u ! !mes nor ! s5se ( life :i* almo/ all ( !m mu/ h be5 taught :5 !y 7 *ildr54 ,!y did n pa9t religi\s pictures4 ,!y pa9t$ l&scapes1 /reets1 int]iors1 /ill life1 heads1 p]sons1 nudes4 ,:atev] else !y p]ceiv$ & tri$ to express1 !y did n see _! objects 9 ! p]spective ( human de/9y & div9e gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no reason1 !n1 to say t religi\s pa9t+1 ev5 9 ! p#jif broade/ s5se ( ! t]m1 has disappe>$ because !re is no effective dem& = x4 ,obvi\sly x has disappe>$ because ! w to produce x has disappe>$4 7b7 ,! ,loss ( a ,h]itage ,9 sett+ ! religi\s tradition aside z some?+ ) :i* !y are n conc]n$ :5 !y are at "w1 arti/s are m]ely behav+ l mod]n m54 ,x is pla9 t ! religi\s tradition has become progressively less relevant to anyone :o z pa9t] or sculptor is engag$ 9 mak+ images4 ,?is is a direct result ( t increas+ sophi/ication ( religi\s ?\ght :i* 0 signaliz$ 9 ,europe by ! iconoclasm ( ! ,prote/ant re=m]s & ! puritanism ( ! ,ca?olic ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 ,be=e ! acids ( mod]nity _h begun to dissolve ! organic reality ( ! anci5t fai?1 !re 0 no difficulty ab\t pictur+ ,god ! ,fa!r z a patri>* & ! ,virg9 ,m>y z a "y blonde ,tuscan "m4 ,!re 0 no disposition to disbelieve1 & s ! imag9ation 0 at once n\ri%$ by a great h]itage ( ideas & yet free to elaborate x4 ,b :5 ! au?ority ( ! old beliefs 0 *all5g$1 a great lit]ature ( controv]sy & def9ition 0 let loose ^u ! _w4 ,& f ! po9t ( view ( ! arti/ ! *ief effect ( ?is ef=t to argue & to /ate exactly1 to def5d & to rebut1 0 to sub/itute concepts = pictorial ideas4 ,:5 ! nature ( ,god became a matt] ( def9ition1 x 0 obvi\sly crude & illit]ate to repres5t him z a b5ign old man4 ,?us ! m ! !ologians ref9$ ! dogmas ( _! religion ! m impossible !y made x = pa9t]s to express its significance4 ,no pa9t] :o ev] liv$ c\ld p#jig make a picture :i* express$ ! religion ( ! ,rev4 ,h>ry ,em]son ,fosdick4 ,!re is no?+ !re :i* ! visual imag9ation c use4 ,pa9t]s h1 !re=e1 a r bett] reason ?an mo/ m5 = hav+ turn$ _! backs ^u ! religi\s tradition4 ,!y c say ) a cle> consci5ce t ! contempor>y *ur*es h remov$ f t tradition ^? v qualities :i* once made x an inexhau/ible s\rce ( arti/ic inspiration4 ,!y ne$ only po9t to mod]n religi\s writ+ 9 _! own support3 at its be/ x has ! qualities ( an impassion$ argum5t & m (t5 x is intol]ably flat & vague because 9 our intellectual climate skepticism dissolves ! concret5ess ( ! imag]y & leaves beh9d sonor\s adjectives & opaque n\ns4 ,! full effects ( ?is sep>ation ( ! arti/ f ! anci5t traditions ( ,*ri/5dom h be5 felt only 9 ! la/ two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! mod]n disbelief _h its beg9n+s _m g5]ations ago1 p]haps 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 b ! mom5tum ( ! anci5t fai? 0 s great t x took a long "t1 ev5 aft] corrosive d\bt _h />t$1 be=e its influ5ce came to an end4 ,! arti/s ( ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies may n h be5 dev\t1 b !y liv$ 9 a society 9 :i* ! =ms ( ! old ord]1 ! hi]>*y ( classes1 ! s5se ( au?ority1 & ! g5]al fund ( ideas ab\t human de/9y1 /ill _h va/ pre/ige4 ,b 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury t old ord] 0 almo/ completely dissolv$ & ! pre/ige ( its ideas de/roy$4 ,! arti/ ( ! la/ two or ?ree g5]ations has confront$ ! _w )\t any accept$ und]/&+ p#jih ( human life4 ,he has _h to improvise 8 own und]/&+ ( life4 ,t is a new ?+ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( arti/s4 7c7 ,! ,arti/ ,=m]ly ,9 #ghg ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,nica laid d[n ! rule :i* = ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s 0 b9d+ ^u ! arti/s ( ,*ri/5dom3 ,! sub/ance ( religi\s sc5es is n left to ! initiative ( ! arti/s3 x d]ives f ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & religi\s tradition4444 ,8 art alone belongs to ! pa9t]1 its organization & arrangem5t belong to ! cl]gy4 ,?is 0 a reasonable rule1 s9ce ! ,*ur* & n ! individual 0 held to be ! gu>dian ( ^? sacr$ tru?s ^u :i* dep5d$ ! salvation ( s\ls & ! safety ( society4 ,! notion _h occurr$ to nobody t ! arti/ 0 div9ely inspir$ & knew m ?an ! doctors ( ! *ur*4 ,!re=e1 ! arti/ 0 giv5 c>eful specifications z to :at he 0 to repres5t4 ,?us :5 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,urban ( ,troyes decid$ to ord] a set ( tape/ries illu/rat+ ! /ory ( ,/4 ,val]ian & ( 8 wife1 ,/4 ,cecilia1 a le>n$ prie/ 0 deput$ to draw up ! contract = ! arti/4 ,9 x he wrote among o!r specifications t3 8!re %all be portray$ a place & a tab]nacle 9 ! mann] ( a beautiful room1 9 :i* !re %all be ,/4 ,cecilia1 humbly on h] knees ) h] h&s jo9$1 pray+ to ,god4 ,& beside h] %all be ,val]ian express+ great admiration & wat*+ an angel :i*1 be+ above _! heads1 %\ld be hold+ two cr[ns made ( lilies & ( roses1 p#jii :i* he w be plac+ ! "o on ! head ( ,/4 ,cecilia & ! o!r on ! head ( ,val]ian1 h] husb&44440 ,! re/1 "o might suppose1 0 left to ! arti/'s imag9ation4 ,b x 0 n4 ,hav+ be5 giv5 8 subject matt] & 8 !me1 he 0 b\nd fur!r by /rict conv5tions z to h[ sacr$ subjects 7 to be depict$4 ,jesus on ! ,cross _h to be %[n ) 8 "m on ! "r & ,/4 ,john on ! left4 ,! c5turion pi]c$ 8 left side4 ,8 nimbus conta9$ a cross1 z ! m>k ( div9ity1 :]eas ! sa9ts _h ! nimbus )\t a cross4 ,only ,god1 ! angels1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! ,apo/les c\ld be repres5t$ ) b>e feet2 x 0 h]etical to depict ! ,virg9 or ! ,sa9ts ) b>e feet4 ,! purpose ( ^! conv5tions 0 to help ! spectator id5tify ! figures 9 ! picture4 ,?us ,/4 ,pet] 0 giv5 a %ort be>d & a tonsure2 ,/4 ,paul 0 bald & _h a long be>d4 ,x is possible t ^! conv5tions1 :i* 7 imm5sely intricate1 7 actually codifi$ 9 manuals :i* 7 pass$ on f ma/] to appr5tice 9 ! work%ops4 ,z a g5]al rule ! ecclesia/ics :o drew up specifications did n inv5t ! !mes4 ,?us ! le>n$ prie/ :o draft$ ! contract = ! tape/ry ( ,/4 ,cecilia drew 8 mat]ial f ! encyclop$ia ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais4 ,?is 0 a comp5dium ( univ]sal k cov]+ ! :ole ( hi/ory f ,creation to ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,x 0 a s\rce book to :i* any man c\ld turn 9 ord] to f9d ! tru? he happ5$ to ne$4 ,x conta9$ all ( human k & ! answ] to all human problems4 ,by ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury !re 7 a numb] ( ^! encyclop$ias1 ( :i* ! greate/ 0 p#ajj ! ,summa ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,f ^! books *ur*m5 took ! !mes :i* !y employ$ _! arti/s to embelli%4 ,! arti/ himself _h no conc]n z to :at he w\ld pa9t1 nor ev5 z to h[ he w\ld pa9t x4 ,t 0 giv51 & 8 en]gies c\ld be employ$ )\t ! travail ( intellectual inv5tion1 ^u ! task ( express+ a cle> conception 9 well-e/abli%$ =ms4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t ei!r doctr9es1 lore1 or symbolism 7 uni=mly /&>diz$ & exactly en=c$4 ,9 an age ( fai?1 contradictions & discrepancies are n evid5t2 !y are m]ely v>iations on ! same !me4 ,?us1 :ile x may be true t en?usia/ic m$ivali/s l ,m4 ,mle h exagg]at$ ! ord] & symmetry ( ! m$ival tradition1 !y are "r1 surely1 on ! ma9 po9t1 :i* is t ! organic "* ( ! popul> religion provid$ a cons5sus ( feel+ ab\t human de/9y :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! res\rces ( ! popul> lore1 su/a9$ & organiz$ ! imag9ation ( m$ival arti/s4 ,because religi\s fai? 0 simple & g5u9e1 x c\ld absorb & ma/] almo/ any?+4 ,?us ! cl]gy rul$ ! arti/s ) a relatively light h&1 & !y 7 n di/urb$ if1 9 illum9at+ ! pages ( a ,book ( ,h\rs1 ! arti/ adorn$ ! m>g9s ) a picture ( ,bac*us or ! love ( ,pyramus & ,?isbe4 ,x 0 only :5 ! cl]gy _h be5 made self-consci\s by ! controv]sies :i* rag$ ar\nd ! ,re=mation t !y began 9 any /rict & lit]ally-m9d$ mod]n s5se to en=ce ! rule laid d[n at ,nica 9 #ghg4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 9 #aefc ! great lib]ty ( ! arti/ )9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition came to an end3 p#aja ,! ,holy ,c\ncil =bids ! plac+ 9 a *ur* ( any image :i* calls to m9d an errone\s dogma :i* might mislead ! simple-m9d$4 ,x desires t all impurity be avoid$1 t provocative qualities be n giv5 to images4 ,9 ord] to insure respect = its decisions1 ! ,holy ,c\ncil =bids anyone to place or to h plac$ any:]e1 & ev5 9 *ur*es :i* are n op5 to ! public1 any unusual image unless ! bi%op has approv$ x4 ,9 !ory ?is decree at ,tr5t is n f> remov$ f ! decree at ,nica ne>ly "o ?\s& ye>s e>li]4 ,b 9 fact x is a :ole _w remov$ f x4 ,= ! dogmas at ,nica re/$ ^u naive fai? & ! dogmas at ,tr5t re/$ ^u def9ition4 ,! outcome %[$ ! diff]5ce1 = )9 a g5]ation ,ca?olic s*ol>s made a critical survey ( ! lore :i* m$ival art _h employ$1 & on gr\nds ( ta/e1 doctr9e1 & ! l1 condemn$ ! great] "p ( x4 ,aft] t1 z ,m4 ,mle says1 !re might /ill be arti/s :o 7 ,*ri/ians b !re 0 no long] a ,*ri/ian art4 7d7 ,! ,arti/ z ,prophet ,:e!r ! necessity ( creat+ 8 own tradition is a good or a bad ?+ = ! arti/1 !re c be no d\bt t x is a novel ?+ & a burd5some "o4 ,arti/s h respond$ to x by proclaim+ "o ( two !ories3 !y h said t ! arti/1 be+ a g5ius1 0 a prophet2 :5 !y did n say t1 !y said t religion1 morality1 & philosophy 7 irrelevant1 & t art %\ld be practic$ = art's sake4 ,bo? !ories are obvi\sly attempts to f9d "s p]sonal sub/itute = ^? traditions ^u :i* arti/s 9 all o!r ages h be5 dep5d5t4 p#ajb ,! !ory ( ! arti/ z prophet has ?is s]i\s defect3 !re is practically no evid5ce to support x4 ,:y %\ld !re be8 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 ! capacity to make beautiful objects & ! capacity to discov] tru?8 ,surely exp]i5ce %[s t x is some?+ ( a m>vel :5 a great arti/ appe>s :o1 l ,leon>do or ,goe!1 is also an orig9al & important ?9k]4 ,inde$1 x is reasonable to ask :e!r ! analysis & ab/raction :i* ?9k+ involves are n radically diff]5t psy*ological processes f ! pa9t]'s passionate appreciation ( ! appe>ance ( ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly to ?9k z physici/s ?9k is to /rip objects ( all _! second>y *>act]s1 n alone ( _! emotional significance1 b ( _! color1 _! texture1 _! fragrance1 & ev5 ( _! sup]ficial =ms4 ,! _w z we "k x ?r\gh our s5ses has completely disappe>$ be=e ! physici/ beg9s to ?9k ab\t x4 ,& 9 its place !re is a collection ( concepts :i* h no pictorial value :atsoev]4 ,^! concepts are by def9ition incapable ( be+ visualiz$1 & :5 z a concession to human weakness1 8 own or 8 pupil's1 ! sci5ti/ con/ructs a me*anical model to illu/rate an idea1 ?is model is at be/ a crude analogy1 & 9 no real s5se ! portrait ( t idea4 ,?us :5 ,%elley made ,e>? say3 ,i sp9 b5ea? my pyramid ( night1 ,:i* po9ts into ! heav5s 444 he borr[$ an image f a/ronomy4 ,b ?is image1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 sup]b poetry1 radically alt]s ! orig9al sci5tific idea1 = x introduces into a realm ( purely p#ajc physical relations ! notion ( a gigantic spectator ) a va/ly magnifi$ human eye4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 _m o!r concepts 9 sci5ce :i*1 if poets knew m sci5ce1 w\ld l5d !mselves to translation into equally noble images4 ,b ^! images w\ld n /ate ! sci5tific tru?4 ,! curr5t belief t arti/s are prophets is an inh]itance f ! "t :5 sci5ce _h no critical me?od ( its own1 & poets1 be+ reflective p]sons1 _h at lea/ z good a *ance z anyone else ( /umbl+ ^u tru?s :i* 7 subsequ5tly v]ifi$4 ,x is due 9 "s measure also to ! human t5d5cy to rememb] ! happy guesses ( poets & to =get _! unhappy ones1 a t5d5cy :i* has gone f> to su/a9 ! reputations ( =tune-tell]s1 oracles1 & /ockbrok]s4 ,b above all1 ! reputation ( ! arti/ z "o :o mu/ h wisdom is su/a9$ by a r g5ial fallacy3 he f9ds expression = ! feel+s ( ! spectator1 & ! spectator r quickly assumes t ! arti/ has f\nd an explanation = ! _w4 ,yet unless ,i am greatly mi/ak5 ! mod]n pa9t] has ceas$ n only to depict any !ory ( de/9y b has ceas$ to express any important human mood 9 ! pres5ce ( de/9y4 ,"o goes to a museum & comes out feel+ t "o has beheld an odd assortm5t ( nude bodies1 copp] kettles1 oranges1 tomatoes1 & z9nias1 babies1 /reet corn]s1 apple trees1 ba?+ bea*es1 bank]s1 & fa%ionable ladies4 ,i d n say t ?is p]son or t may n f9d a picture imm5sely significant to him4 ,b ! g5]al impression = anyone1 ,i ?9k1 is ( a *aos ( anecdotes1 p]ceptions1 fantasies1 & little p#ajd comm5t>ies1 :i* may be all v well 9 _! way1 b are n su/a9+ & c\ld readily be disp5s$ )4 ,! conclusive answ] to ! romantic !ory ( ! arti/ z prophet is a visit to a collection ( mod]n pa9t+s4 7e7 ,art = ,art's ,sake ,?is br+s u to ! o!r !ory1 :i* is t art has no?+ to d ) prophecy1 wisdom1 & ! mean+ ( life1 b has to d only ) art4 ,?is !ory mu/ comm& an altoge!r diff]5t k9d ( respect ?an ! s5tim5tal !ory ( ! arti/ z prophet4 ,?is inde$ is ! !ory :i* mo/ arti/s n[ hold4 8,i am conv9c$10 says ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,wil5ski 9 8 book ,! ,mod]n ,movem5t 9 ,art1 8t all ! mo/ intellig5t arti/s ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 rec5t c5turies h be5 torm5t$ by ?is se>* = a ju/ification ( _! "w & a crit]ion ( its value2 & t almo/ all su* arti/s h attempt$ to solve ! problem by "s consci\sly-held idea ( art2 or 9 o!r words t 9 place ( art ju/ifi$ by s]vice to a religion !y h s\ght to evolve an art ju/ifi$ by s]vice to an idea ( art itself40 ,! in/9ct ( arti/s 9 ?is matt] is1 ,i ?9k1 mu* s\nd] ?an ! rationalizations :i* !y h con/ruct$4 ,z work+ arti/s !y d n ?9k ( !mselves z se]s1 philosoph]s1 or morali/s4 ,!y d n wi% to be judg$ z ?9k]s1 b z pa9t]s1 & !y are ju/ifiably impati5t ) ! ,phili/9es :o are int]e/$ prim>ily 9 ! subject matt] & its human significance4 ,! pa9t] kn[s q well t 9 ! p#aje broadly human s5se he has no special qualifications z /ory-tell] or wise man4 ,:at he is driv+ at1 !re=e1 9 8 expression ( contempt = ! subject matt] ( art is ! wi% t he might aga9 be 9 ! position ( ! m$ival arti/ :o did n h to conc]n himself z arti/ ) ! significance ( 8 !mes4 ,! intuition beh9d ! !ory ( art = art's sake is ! arti/'s wi% to be free ( a responsibility :i* he has nev] be=e _h put ^u him4 ,! peculi> circum/ances ( mod]nity h ?ru/ ^u him1 mu* aga9/ 8 w & reg>dless ( 8 aptitudes1 ! intol]ably heavy burd5 ( do+ = himself :at 9 o!r ages 0 done = him by tradition & au?ority4 ,! philosophy :i* he has inv5t$ is an attempt to prove t no philosophy is necess>y4 ,c>ri$ to its conclusion1 ?is !ory ev5tuates 9 ! belief t pa9t+ mu/ become an arrangem5t ( =ms & colors :i* h no human connotation :atsoev] = ! arti/ or ! spectator4 ,^! arrangem5ts repres5t no?+ 9 ! real _w4 ,!y signify no?+4 ,!y are an e/hetic artifice 9 ! same s5se t ! m esot]ic geometries are logical artifices4 ,?is mu* c at lea/ be said ( !m3 !y are a consi/5t ef=t to practice ! arts 9 a _w :]e !re is no human tradition ^u :i* ! repres5tative arts c draw4 ,?is absolute e/heticism is n1 h[ev]1 art )\t philosophy4 ,"s sort ( philosophy is impli$ 9 all human activity4 ,! arti/ :o says t x is delightful above all o!r ?+s to realize ! pure =m ( objects1 reg>dless ( :e!r ?is object is a sa9t1 a lovely woman1 or a di% ( fruit1 has made a v important p#ajf /atem5t ab\t life4 ,he has said t ! ord9>y mean+s :i* m5 atta* to objects are ( no consequ5ce1 t _! ord] ( moral values is ultimately a delusion1 t all facts are equally good & equally bad1 & t to contemplate any?+1 x does n matt] :at1 "u ! aspect ( its e/hetic =m1 is to realize all t ! arti/ c give4 ,?is1 too1 is a philosophy & a v radical philosophy at t4 ,x is 9 fact j ! philosophy :i* m5 7 b\nd to con/ruct = !mselves 9 an age :5 ! traditional !ory ( ! purpose ( life _h lo/ its mean+ = !m4 ,= !y are say+ t exp]i5ce has no mean+ beyond t :i* ea* man c f9d 9 ! int5se realization ( ea* pass+ mom5t4 ,he mu/ fail1 !y w\ld feel1 if he attempts to connect ^! pass+ mom5ts into a coh]5t /ory ( 8 :ole exp]i5ce1 let alone ! :ole exp]i5ce ( ! human race4 ,= exp]i5ce has no und]ly+ significance1 man himself has no /ation 9 ! univ]se1 & ! univ]se has no plan :i* is m ?an a drift ( circum/ances1 illum9at$ "h & !re by fla%es ( self-consci\sness4 7f7 ,! ,burd5 ( ,orig9ality ,z a matt] ( fact ?is doctr9e is m]ely ! e/hetic v]sion ( ! r crude me*ani/ic mat]ialism :i* our gr&fa!rs ?\ght 0 ! f9al conclusion ( sci5ce4 ,! connection is made evid5t 9 ! fam\s 8,conclusions0 to 8,! ,r5aissance0 :i* ,walt] ,pat] wrote 9 #ahfh1 & !n omitt$ f ! second edition because 8x might possibly mislead "s ( ^? "y m5 into ^: h&s x might fall40 ,9 ?is p#ajg essay !re 0 ! />tl+1 ?\gh x is n[ hackney$1 ass]tion t 8to burn always ) ?is h>d1 gem-l flame1 to ma9ta9 ?is ec/asy1 is success 9 life10 & t 8( ?is wisdom1 ! poetic passion1 ! desire ( beauty1 ! love ( art = art's sake1 has mo/2 = art comes to y pr(ess+ frankly to give no?+ b ! highe/ quality to y\r mom5ts z !y pass1 & simply = ^? mom5ts' sake40 ,:at is nev] quot$1 & is app>5tly =gott51 is ! reason+ by :i* ,pat] arriv$ at ! conclusion t mom5t>y ec/asy is ! end & aim ( life4 ,x is1 if we turn back a few pages1 t sci5tific analysis has r$uc$ ev]y?+ to a m]e sw>m ( :irl+ atoms1 ^u :i* consci\sness disc]ns impressions t are 8un/able1 flick]+1 inconsi/5t40 ,x 0 out ( ?is misund]/&+ ( ! nature ( sci5tific concepts t ,pat] develop$ 8 !ory ( art = ! mom5t's sake4 ,i dwell ^u ?is only 9 ord] to %[ t :at appe>$ to be an e/heticism divorc$ f all human conc]n 0 really a some:at casual by-product ( a fa%ionable misund]/&+ at ! "t ,pat] 0 writ+4 ,we %\ld f9d t to-day equally f>-rea*+ conclusions are arriv$ at by half-und]/ood popul>izations ( ,b]gson or ,freud4 ,i v5ture to believe t any !ory ( art is inevitably implicat$ 9 "s philosophy ( life1 & t ! only "q is :e!r ! arti/ is consci\s or unconsci\s ( ! !ory he is act+ ^u4 ,= unless ! arti/ deals ) purely logical ess5ces1 provid$ he obs]ves & p]ceives any?+ 9 ! out] _w1 no matt] h[ he repres5ts x or symbolizes x or comm5ts ^u x1 !re mu/ be implicit 9 x "s attitude p#ajh t[>d ! mean+ ( exi/5ce4 ,if 8 conclusion is t human exi/5ce has no mean+1 t1 too1 is an attitude t[>d ! mean+ ( exi/5ce4 ,! m$ival arti/ work$ on mu* less tangl$ premises4 ,he pa9t$ pictures :i* illu/rat$ ! great hopes & fe>s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,b he did n himself attempt to =mulate ^? hopes & fe>s4 ,he accept$ !m m or less ready made1 und]/&+ !m & believ+ 9 !m because1 z a *ild ( 8 age1 !y 7 8 hopes & fe>s4 ,b because !y exi/$ & 7 !re = him to "w ^u1 he c\ld put 8 :ole en]gy into realiz+ !m passionately4 ,! mod]n arti/ w\ld l to h ! same fre$om f preoccupation1 b he _c h x4 ,he has fir/ to decide :at x is t he %all passionately realize4 ,9 effect ! m$ival arti/ 0 reproduc+ a /ory t _h (t5 be5 told be=e4 ,b ! mod]n arti/ has to und]go a :ole prelim9>y labor ( inv5t+1 creat+1 =mulat+1 = :i* !re 0 almo/ no c\nt]p>t 9 ! life ( a m$ival arti/4 ,! mod]n arti/ has to be orig9al4 ,t is to say1 he has to seize exp]i5ce1 pick x ov]1 & drag f x 8 !me4 ,x is a v exhau/+ task1 z anyone c te/ify :o has tri$ x4 ,t surely is :y we he> s mu* ( ! /orm & /ress 9 ! s\l ( a mod]n arti/4 ,! craftsman does n g ?r\gh agonies ov] ! *oice ( words1 images1 & rhy?ms4 ,! agony ( ! mod]n arti/ lies 9 ! ef=t to give bir? to ! idea1 to br+ "s intuition ( ord] out ( ! *aos ( exp]i5ce1 to create ! idea ) :i* 8 art c deal4 ,we assume1 p#aji q falsely ,i ?9k1 t ?is act ( #8creation' is an inh]5t "p ( ! arti/'s task4 ,b if we refra9 f us+ words loosely1 & res]ve ! ^w creation to mean ! f9d+ ( ! orig9al intuition & idea1 !n creation is pla9ly n a necess>y "p ( ! arti/'s equipm5t4 ,creation is an obligation :i* ! arti/ has _h ?ru/ ^u him z a result ( ! dissolution ( ! great accept$ !mes4 ,he is compell$ to be creative because 8 _w is *aotic4 ,?is labor ( creation has no connection ) 8 gifts z a pa9t]4 ,!re is no m reason :y a pa9t] %\ld be able to extemporize a satisfactory int]pretation ( life ?an t he %\ld be able to gov]n a city or write a treatise on *emi/ry4 ,giotto surely 0 z pr(\ndly orig9al a pa9t] z ! _w is likely to see2 x has be5 said ( him by ,mr4 ,b]5son1 :o has full title to speak1 t he _h 8a ?or\ghgo+ s5se = ! significant 9 ! visible _w40 ,b ) all 8 g5ius1 :at w\ld h be5 ,giotto's plight if1 9 addition to ex]cis+ 8 s5se ( ! significant1 he _h _h to create = himself all 8 /&>ds ( significance8 ,= ,giotto ^? /&>ds exi/$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 & x 0 by ! measure ( ^! /&>ds1 )9 ! framework ( a great accept$ tradition1 t he foll[$ 8 own p]sonal s5se ( ! significant4 ,b ! mod]n arti/1 ?\gh he _h ,giotto's gifts1 w\ld n h ,giotto's fre$om to use !m4 ,a v l>ge "p ( 8 en]gies1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 w\ld h to be sp5t 9 devis+ "s sort ( sub/itute = ! traditional view ( life :i* ,giotto took = grant$4 ,= !re is no long] an accept$ view ( p#aaj life organiz$ 9 /ories :i* all m5 "k & und]/&4 ,!re is in/ead a pr(usion ( cre$s & philosophies1 fads & intellectual exp]im5ts among :i* ! mod]n pa9t]1 l e o!r mod]n man1 f9ds himself try+ to *oose a philosophy ( life4 ,ev]ybody is some:at di!r$ by ^! *oices3 ! bus9ess ( be+ a ,%avian "o ye>1 a ,nietzs*ean ! next1 a ,b]gsonian ! ?ird1 !n ( be+ a patriot = ! duration ( ! w>1 & aft] t a ,freudian1 is n conducive to ! s]5e ex]cise ( a pa9t]'s tal5ts4 ,= ^! v>i\s philosophies :i* ! arti/ picks up "h & !re1 or by :i* he is (t5] ?an n pick$ up & c>ri$ along1 are imm5sely 9 dispute4 ,!y are n cle>4 ,!y are r p]sonal & some:at accid5tal visions ( ! _w4 ,!y are ess5tially unpictorial because !y orig9ate 9 sci5ce & are incomplet$1 ab/ract$ tea*+s = ! mean+ ( ?+s4 ,z a result ! art 9 :i* !y are implicit is (t5 un9t]e/+1 & usually un9telligible1 to ^? :o d n happ5 to belong to ! same cult4 ,! pa9t] c h>dly expect to inv5t = himself a view ( life :i* w br+ ord] out ( ! *aos ( mod]nity4 ,yet he is compell$ to try1 = he is engag$ 9 sett+ d[n a vision ( ! _w1 & e vision ( ! _w implies "s sort ( philosophy4 ,! effects ( ! mod]n emancipation are m cle>ly evid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ?an 9 almo/ any o!r activity1 because 9 ! gall]ies hang 9 frames ! successive attempts ( m51 :o are deeply imm]s$ 9 ! mod]n sc5e1 to set d[n _! p#aaa /atem5ts ab\t life4 ,mr4 ,wil5ski1 :o is an a/ute & well-in=m$ critic1 has e/imat$ t dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 9 ,p>is a new movem5t 9 pa9t+ has be5 inaugurat$ e t5 ye>s4 ,t w\ld correspond fairly accurately to ! bir? & dea? ( new philosophies 9 ! advanc$ & mo/ emancipat$ circles4 ,:at 0 happ5+ to pa9t+ is precisely :at has happ5$ to all ! o!r sep>at$ activities ( m54 ,ea* activity has its own ideal1 inde$ a succession ( ideals1 = ) ! dissolution ( ! supreme ideal ( s]vice to ,god1 !re is no ideal :i* unites !m all1 & sets !m 9 ord]4 ,ea* ideal is supreme )9 a sph]e ( its own4 ,!re is no po9t ( ref]5ce outside :i* c det]m9e ! relative value ( compet+ ideals4 ,! mod]n man desires heal?1 he desires money1 he desires p[]1 beauty1 love1 tru?1 b :i* he %all desire ! mo/ s9ce he _c pursue !m all to _! logical conclusions1 he no long] has any means ( decid+4 ,8 impulses are no long] p>ts ( "o attitude t[>d life2 8 ideals are no long] 9 a hi]>*y "u "o lordly ideal4 ,!y h become diff]5tiat$4 ,!y are free & !y are incomm5surable4 ,! religi\s syn!sis has dissolv$4 ,! mod]n man no long] holds a belief ab\t ! univ]se :i* su/a9s a p]vasive emotion ab\t 8 de/9y2 he no long] believes g5u9ely 9 any idea :i* organizes 8 int]e/s )9 ! framework ( a cosmic ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii p#aab ,,! ,,drama ,,( ,,de/9y #a4 ,! ,s\l 9 ! ,mod]n ,_w ,! effect ( mod]nity1 !n1 is to specialize & ?us to int5sify our sep>at$ activities4 ,once all ?+s 7 phases ( a s+le de/9y3 ! *ur*1 ! /ate1 ! family1 ! s*ool 7 means to ! same end2 ! rights & duties ( ! individual 9 society1 ! rules ( morality1 ! !mes ( art1 & ! tea*+s ( sci5ce 7 all ( !m ways ( reveal+1 ( celebrat+1 ( apply+ ! laws laid d[n 9 ! div9e con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! mod]n _w in/itutions are m or less indep5d5t1 ea* s]v+ its own proximate purpose1 & our culture is really a collection ( sep>ate int]e/s ea* sov]eign )9 its own realm4 ,we d n put %r9es 9 our work%ops1 & we ?9k x unseemly to talk bus9ess 9 ! ve/ibule ( a *ur*4 ,we dislike politics 9 ! pulpit & prea*+ f politicians4 ,we d n look ^u our s*ol>s z prie/s or ^u our prie/s z le>n$ m54 ,we d n expect sci5ce to su/a9 !ology1 nor religion to dom9ate art4 ,on ! contr>y we insi/ ) mu* f]vor on ! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate1 ( religion & sci5ce1 ( politics & hi/orical rese>*1 ( morality & art1 ( bus9ess & love4 ,?is sep>ation ( activities has its c\nt]p>t 9 a sep>ation ( selves2 ! life ( a mod]n man is n s mu* ! p#aac hi/ory ( a s+le s\l2 x is r a play ( _m *>act]s )9 a s+le body4 ,t may be :y ! mod]n autobiographical novel usually runs to two volumes2 ! au?or requires m space to expla9 h[ 8 v>i\s p]sonalities came to be :at !y 7 at ea* little crisis ( adolesc5ce & ( middle age ?an ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,?omas ,kempis1 & ,/4 ,francis put toge!r ne$$ 9 ord] to describe _! :ole de/9y 9 ?is _w & ! next4 ,no d\bt we are r long-w9d$ & tiresome ab\t ! complexities ( our s\ls4 ,b f ! k t we are complex !re is no escape4 ,! mod]n man is unable any long] to ?9k ( himself z a s+le p]sonality approa*+ an ev]la/+ judgm5t4 ,he is "o man to-day & ano!r to-morr[1 "o p]son "h & ano!r !re4 ,he does n feel he kn[s himself4 ,he is sure t no "o else kn[s him at all4 ,8 motives are intricate1 & n :olly :at !y seem4 ,he is mov$ by impulses :i* he feels b _c describe4 ,!re are d>k dep?s 9 8 nature :i* no "o has ev] explor$4 ,!re are spl5dors :i* are unreleas$4 ,he has become greatly int]e/$ 9 8 moods4 ,! precise nuances ( 8 likes & dislikes h become v important4 ,!re is no tell+ j :at he is or :at he may become1 b !re is a c]ta9 brea?less int]e/ 9 hav+ "o ( 8 selves wat* & comm5t ^u ! mis*ief & ! fru/rations ( 8 o!r selves4 ,! problems ( 8 "* h become dissociat$ f any feel+ t !y involve 8 immortal de/9y4 ,!y h become dissociat$ f ! feel+ t !y deeply matt]4 ,f ! feel+ t p#aad !y are deeply 8 own4 ,f ! feel+ t !re is any p]sonality to own !m4 ,!re !y are3 8 inf]iority complex & m9e1 y\r sadi/ic impulse & ,tom ,jones's1 ,anna's fa!r fixation1 & little ,willie's pyromania4 ,! ?or\ghly mod]n man has really ceas$ to believe t !re is an immortal ess5ce presid+ l a k+ ov] 8 appetites4 ,! ^w #8s\l' has become a figure ( spee*1 :i* he uses loosely1 sometimes to mean 8 t5d]] aspirations1 sometimes to mean ! :ole collection ( 8 impulses1 sometimes1 :5 he is 9 a hurry1 to mean no?+ at all4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! fa%ion any long] to ?9k ( ! s\l z a little "l rul+ ! turbul5t rabble ( 8 c>nal passions2 ! con/itutional =m 9 popul> psy*ology to-day is republican4 ,ea* impulse may invoke ! ,bill ( ,rights1 & h its way if ! o!rs w let x4 ,z ,b]tr& ,russell has put x3 8,a s+le desire is no bett] & no worse1 consid]$ 9 isolation1 ?an any o!r2 b a gr\p ( desires is bett] ?an ano!r gr\p if all ( ! fir/ gr\p c be satisfi$1 :ile 9 ! second gr\p "s are inconsi/5t ) o!rs10 b s9ce1 unhappily z is usually ! case1 desires are extremely inconsi/5t1 ! utt]mo/ t ! mod]n man c say is t ! victory mu/ g to ! /ronge/ desires4 ,morality ?us becomes a traffic code design$ to keep z _m desires z possible mov+ toge!r )\t too _m viol5t collisions4 ,:5 m5 insi/ t morality is m ?an t1 !y are quickly d5\nc$1 9 g5]al correctly1 z ,m$dlesome ,matties1 z enemies ( human lib]ty1 or z s*em]s try+ to get ! bett] ( _! fell[ m54 ,morality1 conceiv$ z a discipl9e p#aae to fit m5 = heav51 is res5t$2 morality1 conceiv$ z a discipl9e = happ9ess1 is und]/ood by v few4 ,! objective moral c]titudes h dissolv$1 & 9 ! lib]al philosophy !re is no?+ to take _! place4 #b4 ,! ,great ,sc5>io ,! mod]n _w is l a /age on :i* a /up5d\s play has j be5 pres5t$4 ,_m :o 7 9 ! audi5ce are /ill spellb\nd1 & z !y pass out into ! /reet1 ! sc5>io ( ! drama /ill seems to !m ! v clue & plan ( life4 ,9 ! prologue ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,!n at ! comm& ( ,god ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 ! e>?1 its plants & its animals1 !n man1 & aft] him woman1 7 creat$4 ,& 9 ! epilogue ! bless$ 7 liv+ 9 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 a city ( pure gold l cle> glass1 ) walls laid on f\ndations ( preci\s /ones4 ,betwe5 ! d>kness t prec$$ creation & ! glory ( ?is heav5ly city :i* _h no ne$ ( ! sun1 a plot 0 unfold$ :i* con/itutes ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,9 ! beg9n+ man 0 p]fect4 ,b ! devil tempt$ him to eat ! =bidd5 fruit1 & z a puni%m5t ,god bani%$ him f p>adise1 & laid ^u him & 8 desc5dants ! curse ( labor & ( dea?4 ,b 9 met+ out ?is puni%m5t1 ,god 9 8 m]cy promis$ ultimately to r$eem ! *ildr5 ( ,adam4 ,f among !m he *ose "o tribe :o 7 to be ! cu/odians ( ?is promise4 ,& !n 9 due "t he s5t 8 ,son1 born ( a ,virg91 to tea* ! gospel ( salvation1 & to expiate ! s9 ( ,adam ^u a cross4 p#aaf ,^? :o believ$ 9 ?is gospel & foll[$ its comm&m5ts1 w\ld at ! f9al day ( reckon+ ent] into ! heav5ly ,j]usalem2 ! re/ w\ld be consign$ to ! devil & 8 ev]la/+ torm5ts4 ,into ?is m>vel\s /ory ! :ole ( human hi/ory & ( human k c\ld be fitt$1 & only 9 accordance ) x c\ld !y be und]/ood4 ,?is 0 ! key to exi/5ce1 ! answ] to d\bt1 ! solace = pa91 & ! gu>antee ( happ9ess4 ,b to _m :o 7 9 ! audi5ce x is n[ evid5t t !y h se5 a play1 a magnific5t play1 "o ( ! mo/ sublime ev] creat$ by ! human imag9ation1 b nev]!less a play1 & n a lit]al acc\nt ( human de/9y4 ,!y "k x 0 a play4 ,!y h l+]$ long en\gh to see ! sc5e %ift]s at "w4 ,! pa9t$ drop is half roll$ up2 "s ( ! turrets ( ! cele/ial city c /ill be se51 & "p ( ! *oir ( angels4 ,b beh9d !m1 pla9ly visible1 are ! /ruts & ge>s :i* held 9 place :at "u a g5tl] light look$ l ! b\nd>ies ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are only human fe>s & human hopes1 & bits ( antique sci5ce & half-=gott5 hi/ory1 & symbols "h & !re ( exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* "s 9 ea* g5]ation pass4 ,conceivably m5 might once aga9 imag9e ano!r drama :i* 0 z great z ! epic ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bible4 ,b l ,p>adise ,lo/ or ,fau/1 x w\ld rema9 a "w ( ! imag9ation4 ,:ile ! intellectual climate 9 :i* we live is :at x is1 :ile we cont9ue to be z consci\s z we are ( h[ our own m9ds "w1 we c\ld n aga9 accept naively su* a gorge\s fable ( our de/9y4 ,yet only five hundr$ ye>s ago ! :ole p#aag ( ,*ri/5dom believ$ t ?is /ory 0 lit]ally & objectively true4 ,god 0 n ano!r "n = ! evolution>y process1 or = ! sum total ( ! laws ( nature1 or = a comp5dium ( all noble ?+s1 z he is 9 mod]ni/ acc\nts ( him2 he 0 ! rul] ( ! univ]se1 an omnipot5t1 magical ,k+1 :o felt1 :o ?\ght1 :o rememb]$ & issu$ 8 comm&s4 ,& because !re 0 su* a ,god1 ^: plan 0 cle>ly reveal$ 9 all its ess5tials1 human life _h a def9ite mean+1 morality _h a c]ta9 f\ndation1 m5 felt !mselves to be liv+ )9 ! framework ( a univ]se :i* !y call$ div9e because x correspond$ ) _! deepe/ desires4 ,if we ask ourselves :y x is impossible = u to sum up ! mean+ ( exi/5ce 9 a great p]sonal drama1 we h to beg9 by rememb]+ t e great /ory ( ?is k9d mu/ assume t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by =ces :i* are ess5tially ( ! same ord] z ! prompt+s ( ! human he>t4 ,o!rwise x w\ld n greatly int]e/ u4 ,a /ory1 h[ev] plausible1 ab\t be+s :o _h no human qualities1 a plot :i* unfold$ itself z utt]ly indiff]5t to our own p]sonal fate1 w\ld n s]ve z a sub/itute = ! ,*ri/ian epic4 ,?is is ! tr\ble ) ! s-call$ religion ( creative evolution3 ev5 if x is true1 :i* is f> f c]ta91 x is s pr(\ndly indiff]5t to our individual fate1 t x leaves mo/ m5 cold4 ,= !re are v few :o are s my/ical z to be able to s9k !mselves :olly 9 ! hidd5 purposes ( an unconsci\s natural =ce4 ,?is1 too1 z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has always insi/$1 is ! tr\ble ) pan!i/ic religion1 = if ev]y?+ is p#aah div9e1 !n no?+ is peculi>ly div9e1 & all ! di/9ctions ( good & evil are mean+less4 ,! /ory mu/ n only assume t human ideals inspire ! :ole creation1 b x mu/ conta9 gu>antees t ?is is s4 ,!re mu/ be no d\bt ab\t x4 ,sci5ce mu/ confirm ! moral assumptions2 ! highe/ & mo/ c]ta9 available k mu/ cl9* ! conviction t ! /ory unfold$ is ! secret ( life4 #c4 ,e>m>ks ( ,tru? ,religi\s tea*]s :o 7 close to ! p h always und]/ood t !y mu/ p]=m wond]s if !y 7 to make _! ,god conv9c+ & _! own title to speak = him valid4 ,! writ] ( ,exodus1 = example1 0 q cle> 9 8 m9d ab\t ?is3 ,& ,moses answ]$ & said1 ,b1 behold1 !y w n believe me1 nor he>k5 unto my voice3 = !y w say1 ,! ,"l ha? n appe>$ unto !e4 ,& ! ,"l said unto him1 ,:at is t 9 ?9e h&8 ,& he said1 ,a rod4 ,& he said1 ,ca/ x on ! gr\nd4 ,& he ca/ x on ! gr\nd1 & x became a s]p5t2 & ,moses fl$ f be=e x4 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,moses1 ,put =? ?9e h&1 & take x by ! tail4 ,& he put =? 8 h&1 & caught x1 & x became a rod 9 8 h&3 ,t !y may believe t ! ,"l ,god ( _! fa!rs1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,god ( ,isaac1 & ! ,god ( ,jacob1 ha? appe>$ unto !e4 ,ev5 9 ! wilde/ flights ( 8 fancy ! common man is almo/ always prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! prosaic consequ5ces4 ,if he believes 9 fairies he is n likely p#aai to imag9e !m z spirits inhabit+ a _w ap>t1 b z little p :o d ?+s :i* affect 8 own affairs4 ,! common man is an unconsci\s pragmati/3 he believes because he is satisfi$ t 8 beliefs *ange ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,he w\ld n be inspir$ to wor%ip a god :o m]ely contemplates ! univ]se1 or a god :o creat$ x once1 & !n re/$1 :ile its de/9y unfolds itself inexorably4 ,to ! pla9 p religion is n dis9t]e/$ speculation b a v practical matt]4 ,x is conc]n$ ) _! well-be+ 9 ?is _w & 9 an equally concrete _w h]eaft]4 ,!y h want$ to "k ! w ( ,god because !y _h to "k x if !y 7 to put !mselves "r ) ! k+ ( creation4 ,^? :o pr(ess$ to "k ,god's w _h to demon/rate t !y knew x4 ,?is 0 ! function ( miracles4 ,!y 7 tangible evid5ce t ! religi\s tea*] _h a true commission4 8,!n ^? m51 :5 !y _h se5 ! miracle 7( ! loaves & ! fi%es7 t ,jesus did1 said1 ,?is is ( a tru? t prophet t %\ld come into ! _w40 ,:5 ,jesus rais$ ! dead man at ! gate ( ! city ( ,na91 8!re came a fe> on all3 & !y glorifi$ ,god1 say+1 ,t a great prophet is ris5 up among u2 &1 ,t ,god ha? visit$ 8 p40 ,! mo/ au?oritative ,ca?olic !ologians tea* t miracles 8are n wr\ght to %[ ! int]nal tru? ( ! doctr9es1 b only to give manife/ reasons :y we %\ld accept ! doctr9es40 ,!y are 8ess5tially an appeal to k10 demon/rations1 "o might almo/ say div9e exp]im5ts1 by :i* m5 are enabl$ to "k ! glory & ! provid5ce ( ,god4 p#abj ,! ,ca?olic apologi/s ma9ta9 t ,god c be kn[n by ! ex]cise ( reason1 b ! miracle helps1 z x 71 to cl9* ! conviction4 ,! p]si/5t atta*m5t ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to miracles is significant4 ,x has a long] unbrok5 exp]i5ce ) human nature ?an any o!r in/itution 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,x has adapt$ itself to _m circum/ances1 & "u ! pr(ession ( an unalt]able cre$ x has ab&on$ & !n add$ mu*4 ,b x has nev] ceas$ to insi/ ^u ! ne$ ( a physical manife/ation ( ! div9e p[]4 ,= ) an un]r+ in/9ct = realities1 ,ca?olic *ur*m5 h und]/ood t !re is a residuum ( prosaic1 matt]-(-factness1 ( a ne$ to t\* & to see1 :i* v]bal pro(s c nev] q satisfy4 ,!y h resolutely respond$ to t ne$4 ,!y h n prea*$ ,god m]ely by prais+ him2 !y h br\ght ,god ne> to m5 by reveal+ him to ! s5ses1 z "o :o is great en\gh & good en\gh & suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 !m to heal ! sick & to make ! floods rec$e4 ,b to-day sci5ti/s are ev] s mu* sup]ior to *ur*m5 at ?is k9d ( demon/ration4 ,! miracles :i* are rec\nt$ f ! pulpit 71 aft] all1 few & f> betwe54 ,!re are ev5 !ologians :o tea* t miracles ceas$ ) ! dea? ( ! ,apo/les4 ,b ! miracles ( sci5ce seem to be inexhau/ible4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t m5 ( sci5ce %\ld h acquir$ mu* ( ! intellectual au?ority :i* *ur*m5 once ex]cis$4 ,sci5ti/s d n1 ( c\rse1 speak ( _! discov]ies z miracles4 ,b to ! common man !y h mu* ! same "* z miracles4 ,!y are p#aba wond]ful1 !y are inexplicable1 !y are manife/ations ( a great p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,x _c be said1 ,i ?9k1 t ! p at l>ge1 ev5 ! mod]ately educat$ m9ority1 und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5tific me?od & revelation1 or t !y h decid$ ^u reflection to tru/ sci5ce4 ,!re is at lea/ z mu* my/]y 9 sci5ce = ! common man z !re ev] 0 9 religion2 9 a s5se !re is m my/]y1 = ! logic ( sci5ce is /ill altoge!r beyond 8 und]/&+1 :]eas ! logic ( revelation is ! logic ( 8 own feel+s4 ,b if m5 at l>ge d n und]/& ! me?od ( sci5ce1 !y c appreciate "s ( its m tangible results4 ,& ^! results are s impressive t sci5tific m5 are (t5 emb>rass$ by ! unb\nd$ popul> expectations :i* !y h s un9t5tionally ar\s$4 ,_! au?ority 9 ! realm ( k has become virtually irresi/ible4 ,& s :5 sci5ti/s tea* "o !ory & ! ,bible ano!r1 ! sci5ti/s inv>iably c>ry ! great] conviction4 #d4 ,on ,reconcil+ ,religion & ,sci5ce ,! conflicts betwe5 sci5ti/s & *ur*m5 are sometimes ascrib$ to a misund]/&+ on bo? sides4 ,b :5 we exam9e ! proposals = peace1 x is pla91 ,i ?9k1 t !y are 9 effect proposals = a truce4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! sugge/ion fir/ put out1 ,i believe1 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury t ,god made ! univ]se l a clock1 & t hav+ />t$ x runn+ he w let x alone till x runs d[n4 ,by ?is +5i\s metaphor1 :i* c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$1 p#abb x 0 possible to reconcile = a "t ! sci5tific notion ( natural law ) ! old] notion ( ,god z creator & z judge4 ,! religi\s conception 0 held to be true = ! beg9n+ ( ! _w & = ! end1 ! sci5tific conception 0 true 9 betwe54 ,lat]1 :5 ! !atre ( ! difficulty 0 transf]r$ f physics & a/ronomy to biology & hi/ory1 a v>iation 0 prop\nd$4 ,god1 x 0 said1 creat$ ! _w & gov]ns x2 ! way he creates & gov]ns is ! way describ$ by sci5ti/s z #8evolution4' ,attempts at reconciliations l ^! are bas$ on a !ory t x is feasible some:]e 9 ! field ( k to draw a l9e & say t on "o side ! me?ods ( sci5ce %all prevail1 on ! o!r ! me?ods ( traditional religion4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t :]e exp]im5t & obs]vation are possible1 ! field belongs to ! sci5ti/s2 b x is argu$ t !re is a va/ field ( great int]e/ to mank9d :i* is beyond ! rea* ( practical sci5tific inquiry1 & t "h1 t\*+ que/ions l ! ultimate de/9y ( man1 ! purpose ( life1 & immortality1 ! old] me?od ( revelation1 inspir$ & v]ifi$ by intuition1 is /ill reliable4 ,9 any truce ( ?is sort !re is b\nd to be aggression f bo? sides4 ,= x is a work+ policy r ?an an inw>dly accept$ conviction4 ,sci5ti/s _c really believe t !re are fields ( possible k :i* !y c nev] ent]4 ,!y are b\nd to ent] all fields & to explore ev]y?+4 ,& ev5 if !y fail1 !y _c believe t o!r sci5ti/s mu/ always fail4 ,_! essays1 moreov]1 create di/urbance & d\bt :i* or?odox *ur*m5 are =c$ to res5t4 ,= 9 p#abc any division ( au?ority1 !re mu/ be "s ultimate au?ority to settle que/ions ( jurisdiction4 ,%all sci5ti/s det]m9e :at belongs to sci5ce1 or %all *ur*m58 ,! "q is insoluble z long z bo? claim t !y h ! "r to exp\nd ! nature ( exi/5ce4 ,& s :ile ! policy ( tol]ation may be tempor>ily workable1 x is inh]5tly un/able4 ,!re=e1 among m5 :o are at once devot$ to ! me?od ( sci5ce & s5sitive to ! human ne$ ( religion1 ! hope has aris5 t some?+ bett] c be work$ out ?an a purely diplomatic division ( ! m9d into sph]es ( influ5ce4 ,mr4 ,:itehead1 = example1 9 8 book call$ ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w1 argues 8!re are wid] tru?s & f9] p]spectives )9 :i* a reconciliation ( a deep] religion & a m subtle sci5ce w be f\nd40 ,he illu/rates :at he means 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,galileo said ! e>? moves & ! sun is fix$2 ! ,inquisition said ! e>? is fix$ & ! sun moves2 ! ,newtonian a/ronom]s said t bo? ! sun & ! e>? move4 8,b n[ we say t any "o ( ^! ?ree /atem5ts is equally true1 provid$ y h fix$ y\r s5se ( #8re/' & #8motion' 9 ! way requir$ by ! /atem5t adopt$4 ,at ! date ( ,galileo's controv]sy ) ! ,inquisition1 ,galileo's way ( /at+ ! facts 0 beyond "q ! fruitful proc$ure = ! sake ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,b at t "t ! concepts ( relative motion 7 9 nobody's m9d2 s t ! /atem5ts 7 made 9 ignorance ( ! qualifications requir$ = ! m p]fect tru?4444 ,all sides _h got hold ( important tru?s4444 p#abd ,b ) ! k ( ^? times1 ! tru?s appe>$ to be inconsi/5t40 ,?is is reconciliation ?r\gh a high] syn!sis4 ,b ,i _c help feel+ t ! sci5ti/ has "h produc$ ! syn!sis1 & t ! *ur*m5 h m]ely provid$ "o ( ! ideas :i* are to be syn!siz$4 ,mr4 ,:itehead argues 9 effect t a subtl] sci5ce w\ld confirm _m ideas t 7 once tak5 on fai?4 ,b he holds unsw]v+ly to ! belief ( ! sci5ti/ t 8 me?od conta9s ! crit]ion ( tru?4 ,9 8 illu/ration ! reconciliation betwe5 ,galileo1 ! ,inquisition1 & ! ,newtonian physici/s is rea*$ if all ?ree p>ties accept 8! mod]n concept ( relative motion40 ,b ! mod]n concept ( relative motion 0 rea*$ by sci5tific ?\ght1 & n by apo/olic revelation4 ,to ,mr4 ,:itehead1 !re=e1 ! ultimate arbit] is sci5ce1 & :at he means by reconciliation is a sci5tific view ( ! univ]se suffici5tly wide & suffici5tly subtle to ju/ify _m ( ! important1 b hi!rto unv]ifi$1 claims ( traditional religion4 ,mr4 ,:itehead1 x happ5s1 is an ,engli%man z well z a great logician1 & x is difficult to resi/ ! suspicion t he conceives ! *ur* ( ! future z enjoy+ ! dignities ( an ,indian ,mah>ajah1 ) a resid5t sci5ti/ beh9d ! alt>4 ,a reconciliation ( ?is k9d may s(t5 ! conflict = a :ile4 ,b x _c = long disguise ! fact t x is bas$ on a d5ial ( ! premises ( fai?4 ,if ! me?od ( sci5ce has ! la/ ^w1 !n revelation is r$uc$ f a means ( arriv+ at absolute c]ta9ty to a fla% ( insight :i* c be tru/$ if & :5 x is v]ifi$ by sci5ce4 ,"u su* t]ms ( peace1 ! religi\s p#abe exp]i5ces ( mank9d become m]ely "o ( ! in/rum5ts ( k1 l ! microscope & ! b9omial !orem1 usable n[ & !n1 b subject to correction1 & provisional4 ,!y no long] yield complete1 ultimate1 inv9cible tru?s4 ,!y yield an hypo!sis4 ,b ! religi\s life ( mo/ m5 has n1 until ?is day at lea/1 be5 f\nd$ ^u hypo!ses :i*1 :5 accurately /at$1 includ$ a coeffici5t ( probable error4 #e4 ,gospels ( ,sci5ce ,because its pre/ige is s great1 sci5ce has be5 acclaim$ z a new revelation4 ,cults h atta*$ !mselves to sci5tific hypo!ses z =tune-tell]s to a circus4 ,a :ole s]ies ( pseudo-religions h be5 ha/ily con/ruct$ ^u su* dogmas z ! laws ( nature1 me*anism1 ,d>w9ian evolution1 ,lam>ckian evolution1 & psy*oanalysis4 ,ea* ( ^! cults has _h its own ,decalogue ( ,sci5ce f\nd$ at la/1 x 0 said1 ^u c]ta9 k4 ,^! cults are an attempt to fit ! work+ !ories ( sci5ce to ! ord9>y man's desire = p]sonal salvation4 ,!y d viol5ce to ! integrity ( sci5tific ?\ght & !y _c satisfy ! layman's ne$ to believe4 ,= ! ess5ce ( ! sci5tific me?od is a det]m9ation to inve/igate ph5om5a )\t conc$+ any?+ to naive human prejudices4 ,!re=e1 g5u9e m5 ( sci5ce %r9k f ! attempts ( poets1 prophets1 & popul> lectur]s to translate ! curr5t sci5tific !ory into ! broad & passionate dogmas ( popul> fai?4 ,z a matt] ( common hone/y !y "k t no !ory has ! k9d ( absolute v]ity :i* p#abf popul> fai? w\ld attribute to x4 ,z a matt] ( prud5ce !y fe> ^! popul> cults1 kn[+ q well t fre$om ( inquiry is endang]$ :5 m5 become passionately loyal to an idea1 & /ake _! p]sonal pride & hope ( happ9ess ^u its v9dication4 ,9 ! light ( human exp]i5ce1 m5 ( sci5ce h le>n$ :at happ5s :5 inve/igators are n free to disc>d any !ory )\t break+ "s de> old lady's he>t4 ,_! !ories are n ! k9d ( revelation :i* ! old lady is seek+1 & _! beliefs are relative & provisional to a degree :i* mu/ seem utt]ly ali5 & bewild]+ to h]4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! conclusion ( "s lectures by "o ( ! greate/ liv+ a/ronom]s4 ,i h italiciz$ ! words :i* ! de> old lady w\ld n be likely to he> 9 a s]mon3 ,i h dealt ma9ly ) two sali5t po9ts--! problem ( ! s\rce ( a />'s en]gy1 & ! *ange ( mass :i* mu/ occur if !re is any evolution ( fa9t />s f bright />s4 ,i h %[n h[ ^! appe> to meet 9 ! hypo!sis ( ! annihilation ( matt]4 ,i d n hold ?is z a secure conclusion4 ,i hesitate ev5 to advocate x z probable1 because !re are _m details :i* seem to me to ?r[ consid]able d\bt on x1 & ,i h =m$ a /rong impression t !re mu/ be "s ess5tial po9t :i* has n yet be5 grasp$4 ,i simply tell x y z ! clue :i* at ! mom5t we are try+ to foll[ up--n kn[+ :e!r x is false sc5t or true4 ,i %\ld h lik$ to h clos$ ^! lectures by lead+ up to "s great climax4 ,b p]haps x is m 9 accordance ) ! true conditions ( sci5tific progress t !y %\ld fizzle out ) a glimpse ( ! obscurity :i* m>ks ! fronti]s ( pres5t k4 ,i d n apologize = ! p#abg lam5ess ( ! conclusion1 = x is n a conclusion4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld feel confid5t t x is ev5 a beg9n+4 ,?is great climax1 to :i* ,dr4 ,edd+ton 0 unable to lead up1 is :at ! layman is look+ =4 ,we "k q well :at ! nature ( t great climax w\ld be3 x w\ld be a /atem5t ( fact :i* relat$ ! de/9y ( ea* individual to ! de/9y ( ! univ]se4 ,t is ! k9d ( tru? :i* is f\nd 9 revelation4 ,x is ! k9d ( tru? :i* m5 w\ld l to f9d 9 sci5ce4 ,b x is ! k9d ( tru? :i* sci5ce does n af=d4 ,! difficulty is deep] ?an ! provisional "* ( sci5tific hypo!sis2 x is n due m]ely to ! inability ( ! sci5ti/ to say t 8 conclusion is absolutely secure4 ,! layman 9 se>* ( a dogma ^u :i* to organize 8 de/9y might be will+ to grant t ! conclusions ( sci5ce to-day are z yet provisional4 ,:at he t5ds to misund]/& is t ev5 if ! conclusions 7 gu>ante$ by all inve/igators n[ & = all "t to come1 ^? conclusions w\ld /ill fail to provide him ) a conception ( ! _w ( :i* ! great climax 0 a prophecy ( ! fate ( creation 9 t]ms ( 8 hopes & fe>s4 ,! radical novelty ( mod]n sci5ce lies precisely 9 ! rejection ( ! belief1 :i* is at ! he>t ( all popul> religion1 t ! =ces :i* move ! />s & atoms are cont+5t ^u ! pref]5ces ( ! human he>t4 ,! sci5ce ( ,ari/otle & ( ! ,s*oolm51 on ! o!r h&1 0 a truly popul> sci5ce4 ,x 0 9 its inspiration ! in/9ctive sci5ce ( ! unsci5tific man4 8,!y read into ! cause & goal ( ! univ]se10 z ,dr4 ,r&all has said1 8t :i* alone p#abh ju/ifies x = man1 its s]vice ( ! good40 ,!y provid$ a conception ( ! univ]se :i* 0 available = ! religi\s ne$s ( ord9>y m51 & 9 ! ,div9e ,com$y we c see ! supreme example ( :at sci5ce mu/ be l if x is to satisfy ! human ne$ to believe4 ,! purpose ( ! :ole poem1 said ,dante himself1 8is to remove ^? :o are liv+ 9 ?is life f ! /ate ( wret*$ness1 & to lead !m to ! /ate ( bless$ness40 ,m$ival sci5ce1 :i* foll[s ! logic ( human desire1 0 su* t ,dante c\ld )\t viol5ce ei!r to its sub/ance or its _s say at ! summit ( ,p>adise3 ,to ! high fantasy "h p[] fail$2 b already my desire & w 7 roll$--ev5 z a :eel t move? equally--by ! ,love t moves ! sun & ! o!r />s4 ,?is is ! great climax :i* m5 in/9ctively expect3 ! ability to say ) p]fect assurance t :5 ! tru? is fully evid5t x w be se5 t _! desire & w are roll$ by ! love t moves ! sun & ! o!r />s4 ,!y hope n only to f9d ! w ( ,god 9 ! univ]se b to "k t 8 w is fundam5tally l _! own4 ,only if !y c\ld believe t on ! basis ( sci5tific inve/igation w\ld !y really feel t sci5ce _h #8expla9$' ! _w4 ,explanation1 9 ?is s5se1 _c come f mod]n sci5ce because x is n 9 ?is s5se t mod]n sci5ce attempts to expla9 ! univ]se4 ,x is :olly mislead+ to say1 = example1 t ! sci5tific picture ( ! _w is me*anical4 ,all t c prop]ly be said is t _m sci5ti/s h f\nd x satisfy+ to ?9k ab\t ! univ]se z if x 7 built on a me*anical model4 8,if ,i p#abi c make a me*anical model10 said ,"l ,kelv91 8,i c und]/& x4 ,z long z ,i _c make a me*anical model all ! way ?r\gh1 ,i _c und]/& x40 ,b :at does ! sci5ti/ mean by 8und]/&+ x08 ,he means1 says ,pr(essor ,bridgman1 t he has 8r$uc$ a situation to elem5ts ) :i* we are s famili> t we accept !m z a matt] ( c\rse1 s t our curiosity re/s40 ,mod]n m5 are famili> ) ma*9es4 ,!y c take !m ap>t & put !m toge!r1 s t ev5 ?\gh we %\ld all be a little flu/]$ if we _h to tell j :at we mean by a ma*9e1 our curiosity t5ds to be satisfi$ if we he> t ! ph5om5on1 say1 ( electricity or ( human behavior1 is l a ma*9e4 ,! place at :i* curiosity re/s is n a fix$ po9t call$ #8! tru?4' ,! unsci5tific man1 l ! ,s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 really means by ! tru? an explanation ( ! univ]se 9 t]ms ( human desire4 ,:at mod]n sci5ce means by ! tru? has be5 /at$ mo/ cle>ly p]haps by ! late ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce :5 he said t 8! op9ion :i* is fat$ to be ultimately agre$ to by all ^? :o inve/igate1 is :at we mean by ! tru?1 & ! object repres5t$ 9 ?is op9ion is ! real40 ,:5 we say t some?+ has be5 #8expla9$' by sci5ce1 we really mean only t our own curiosity is satisfi$4 ,ano!r man1 ^: m9d 0 m critical1 :o comm&$ a great] field ( exp]i5ce1 might n be satisfi$ at all4 ,?us 8! savage is satisfi$ by expla9+ ! ?und]/orm z ! caprici\s act ( an angry ,god4444 7,b7 ev5 if ! physici/ believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! angry god1 he w\ld n be satisfi$ ) ?is explanation ( ! ?und]/orm p#acj because he is n s well acqua9t$ ) angry gods z to be able to pr$ict :5 ang] is foll[$ by a /orm4 ,he w\ld h to "k :y ! god _h become angry1 & :y mak+ a ?und]/orm eas$ 8 ire40 ,b ev5 c>ry+ ! explanation to ?is po9t w\ld n be c>ry+ x to its limit4 ,= !re is no =mal limit4 ,! next sci5ti/ might wi% to "k :at a god 0 & :at ang] is4 ,& :5 he _h be5 told :at _! elem5ts are1 ! next man might be dissatisfi$ until he _h f\nd ! elem5ts ( ^! elem5ts4 ,! man :o says t ! _w is a ma*9e has really advanc$ no fur!r ?an to say t he is s well satisfi$ ) ?is analogy t he is ?r\gh ) se>*+ any fur!r4 ,t is 8 bus9ess1 z long z he does n insi/ t he has rea*$ a cle> & ultimate picture ( ! univ]se4 ,= obvi\sly he has n4 ,a ma*9e is some?+ 9 :i* ! p>ts pu% & pull ea* o!r4 ,b :y are !y pu%+ & pull+1 & h[ d !y "w8 ,d !y pu% & pull because ( ! action ( ! electrons 9 _! orbits )9 ! atoms8 ,if t is true1 !n h[ does an electron "w8 ,is x1 too1 a ma*9e8 ,or is x some?+ q diff]5t f a ma*9e8 ,%all we attempt to expla9 ma*9es electrically1 or %all we attempt to expla9 electricity me*anically8 ,x becomes pla91 !re=e1 t sci5tific explanation is altoge!r unlike ! explanations to :i* ! common man is accu/om$4 ,x does n yield a c]ta9 picture ( any?+ :i* c be tak5 naively z a repres5tation ( reality4 ,& !re=e ! philosophies :i* h gr[n up ab\t sci5ce1 l me*anism or p#aca creative evolution1 are 9 no way gu>ante$ by sci5ce z ! acc\nt ( creation 9 ,g5esis is gu>ante$ by ! au?ority ( ,scripture4 ,!y are no?+ b provisional dramatizations :i* are soon dissolv$ by ! progress ( sci5ce itself4 ,t is :y no?+ is s dead z ! sci5tific religion ( ye/]day4 ,x is f> m completely dead ?an any reveal$ religion1 because ! reveal$ religion1 :atev] may be ! defects ( its cosmology or its hi/ory1 has "s human exp]i5ce at its core :i* we c recognize & to :i* we may respond4 ,b a religion l sci5tific mat]ialism has no?+ 9 x1 except ! pret5sion t x is a true acc\nt ( ! _w4 ,once t pret5sion is explod$1 x is :olly valueless z a religion4 ,x has become a collection ( disc>d$ concepts4 #f4 ,! ,deep] ,conflict ,x foll[s f ! v nature ( sci5tific explanation1 !n1 t x _c give m5 su* a clue to a plan ( exi/5ce z !y f9d 9 popul> religion4 ,= t plan mu/ suppose t exi/5ce is expla9$ 9 t]ms ( human de/9y4 ,n[ conceivably exi/5ce might aga9 be expla9$1 z x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z ! drama ( human de/9y4 ,x does n seem probable to u2 yet we _c say t x is impossible4 ,b ev5 if sci5ce work$ out su* an explanation1 x w\ld /ill be radically diff]5t f ! explanations :i* popul> religion employs4 ,= if x 7 hone/ly /at$1 x w\ld be necess>y to say fir/1 t x is t5tative1 & subject to dispro( by fur!r exp]im5t2 second1 t x is relative1 9 t p#acb ! same facts se5 f "s o!r po9t & ) "s o!r purpose 9 m9d c\ld be expla9$ q diff]5tly2 ?ird1 t x is n a picture ( ! _w1 z ,god w\ld see x1 & z all m5 mu/ see x1 b t x is simply "o among _m possible creations ( ! m9d into :i* mo/ ( ! data ( exp]i5ce c be fitt$4 ,:5 ! sci5ti/ _h f9i%$ sett+ d[n 8 qualifications1 ! ess5ce ( ! matt] z a simple1 dev\t man sees x1 w\ld h evaporat$4 ,c]ta9ty1 z ! dev\t desire x1 w\ld be gone2 v]ity1 z !y und]/& x1 w\ld be gone2 objectivity1 z !y imag9e x1 w\ld be gone4 ,:at w\ld rema9 w\ld be a highly ab/ract$1 logical fiction1 suit$ to dis9t]e/$ inquiry1 b utt]ly unsuit$ to be ! vehicle ( 8 salvation4 ,! difficulty ( reconcil+ popul> religion ) sci5ce is f> deep] ?an t ( reconcil+ ,g5esis ) ,d>w91 or any /atem5t ( fact 9 ! ,bible ) any discov]y by sci5ti/s4 ,x is ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! human desire = a c]ta9 k9d ( univ]se ) a me?od ( expla9+ ! _w :i* is absolutely neutral 9 its int5tion4 ,"o c by twi/+ language suffici5tly 8reconcile0 ,g5esis ) 8evolution40 ,b :at no "o c d is to gu>antee t sci5ce w n de/roy ! doctr9e ( evolution ! day aft] x has be5 triumphantly prov$ t ,g5esis is compatible ) ! !ory ( evolution4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 j t has happ5$4 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory1 :i* !ologians are busily accept+1 is s greatly modifi$ already by sci5ce t "s ( x is almo/ z obsolete z ! ,babylonian my? 9 ,g5esis4 ,! reconciliation :i* !ologians are attempt+ is an impossible "o1 because "o ( ! p#acc factors :i* has to be reconcil$--namely1 ! sci5tific !ory1 *anges s rapidly t ! layman is nev] sure at any "o mom5t :at ! !ory is :i* he has to reconcile ) religi\s dogma4 ,yet ! purpose ( ^! attempts at reconciliation is evid5t en\gh4 ,x is to f9d a solid f\ndation = human ideals 9 ! facts ( exi/5ce4 ,au?ority bas$ on revelation once provid$ t f\ndation4 ,x gave an acc\nt ( h[ ! _w began1 ( h[ x is gov]n$1 & ( h[ x w end1 :i* made pa9 & joy1 hope & fe>1 desire & ! d5ial ( desire ! c5tral motives 9 ! cosmic drama4 ,?is acc\nt no long] satisfies our curiosity z to ! nature ( ?+s2 ! au?ority :i* c]tifies x no long] comm&s our complete allegiance4 ,! pre/ige1 :i* once adh]$ to ^? :o spoke by revelation1 has pass$ to sci5ti/s4 ,b sci5ce1 ?\gh x is ! mo/ reliable me?od ( k we n[ possess1 does n provide an acc\nt ( ! _w 9 :i* human de/9y is ! c5tral !me4 ,!re=e1 sci5ce1 ?\gh x has displac$ revelation1 is n a sub/itute = x4 ,x yields a radically diff]5t k9d ( k4 ,x expla9s ! facts4 ,b x does n pret5d to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,x enables u to realize "s ( our hopes4 ,b x (f]s no gu>antees t !y c be fulfill$4 #g4 ,!ocracy & ,humanism ,!re is a revolution "h 9 ! realm ( ! _s4 ,we may describe x briefly by say+ t :]eas m5 once felt !y 7 liv+ "u ! eye ( an all-p[]ful spectator1 to-day !y are wat*$ only by _! neighbors p#acd & _! own consci5ces4 ,a few1 p]haps1 act z if po/]ity 7 aw>e ( !m2 ! great numb] feel !mselves acc\ntable only to _! own consci5ces or to ! op9ion ( ! society 9 :i* !y live4 ,once m5 believ$ t !y w\ld be judg$ at ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,!y believ$ t he saw n only _! de$s b _! motives2 !re 0 no hole deep en\gh into :i* a man c\ld crawl to hide himself f ! sight ( ,god2 !re 0 no mood1 h[ev] fleet+1 :i* escap$ 8 notice4 ,! moral problem = ea* man1 !re=e1 0 to make 8 w con=m to ! w ( ,god4 ,!re 7 diff]5ces ( op9ion z to h[ ?is c\ld be done4 ,!re 7 diff]+ conceptions ( ! nature ( ,god1 & ( :at he mo/ desir$4 ,b !re 0 no diff]5ce ( op9ion on ! ma9 po9t t x 0 imp]ative to obey him4 ,:e!r !y ?\ght !y c\ld s]ve ,god be/ by burnt (f]+s or a contrite he>t1 by slay+ ! infidel or by lov+ _! neighbors1 by v[s ( pov]ty or by ! magnific5ce ( _! alt>s1 !y nev] d\bt$ t ! *ief duty ( man1 & 8 ultimate *ance ( happ9ess1 0 to discov] & !n to cultivate a "r relation%ip to a supreme be+4 ,?is 0 ! major premise ^u :i* all human *oices h+$4 ,!re foll[$ f x c]ta9 necess>y conclusions4 ,9 det]m9+ :at 0 a "r relation%ip to ,god1 ! te/ ( rightness lay 9 a revelation ( ! putative exp]i5ce ( ,god & n 9 ! actual exp]i5ce ( ,8 creatures4 ,x 0 ,god alone1 !re=e1 :o really und]/ood ! reasons = righte\sness & its nature4 8,! proc$ure ( ,div9e ,ju/ice10 said p#ace ,calv91 8is too high to be scann$ by human measure or compreh5d$ by ! feebl5ess ( human intellect40 ,t 0 good :i* man und]/ood 0 good 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 reg>dless ( h[ x seem$ to m54 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 includ+ n only all rules ( p]sonal conduct b ! :ole arrangem5t ( rights & duties 9 society1 7 laws e/abli%$ n by ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$1 b by a k+ 9 heav54 ,!y 7 8 comm&m5ts4 ,by ob$i5ce m5 c\ld obta9 happ9ess4 ,b !y obta9$ x n because virtue is ! cause ( happ9ess b because ,god rew>d$ ) happ9ess ^? :o obey$ 8 comm&m5ts4 ,m5 did n really "k :y ,god pref]r$ c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct2 !y m]ely pr(ess$ to "k :at k9d ( conduct he pref]r$4 ,!y c\ld n really ask !mselves :at ! diff]5ce 0 betwe5 good & evil4 ,t 0 a secret lock$ 9 ! nature ( a be+ ^: *oices 7 ultimately inscrutable4 ,! only "q 0 :at he will$4 ,ev5 ,job _h to be cont5t )\t fa?om+ 8 reasons4 ,! moral comm&m5ts bas$ ^u div9e au?ority 71 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 r broad g5]alizations4 ,obvi\sly !re c\ld n be special revelation z to ! unique aspects ( ea* human difficulty4 ,! div9e law1 l our ord9>y human law1 0 address$ to typical r ?an to individual cases4 ,nev]!less1 = mu* ! great] "p ( record$ hi/ory m5 h accept$ su* law )\t que/ion+ its validity4 ,!y c\ld n h done s if ! rules ( morality _h n1 at lea/ 9 "s r\gh way1 work$4 ,x is n difficult to see :y !y work$4 ,!y 7 broad rules ( conduct impos$ p#acf ^u p liv+ close to ! soil1 ^u p1 !re=e1 ^: ways ( liv+ *ang$ little 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations4 ,! same situations 7 s ne>ly & s (t5 repeat$ t a typical solution w\ld on ! :ole be satisfactory4 ,^! typical solutions1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,mosaic law or ! code ( ,hammurabi1 7 no d\bt ! deposits ( cu/om4 ,!y _h1 !re=e1 become p]fect$ 9 practice1 & 7 solidly bas$ ^u human exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! society 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 !re 0 no?+ arbitr>y or ali5 ab\t !m4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! lawgiv] c>ri$ ^! immemorial usages up ) him on to ,s9ai1 & br\ght !m d[n aga9 grav5 on tablets ( /one1 ! rationality ( ! revelation 0 self-evid5t4 ,x appe>$ to be arbitr>y only :5 a radical *ange 9 ! way ( life dissolv$ ! premises & ! usages ^u :i* ! au?oritative code 0 e/abli%$4 ,t dissolution has proce$$ to great l5g?s )9 ! c5turies :i* we call mod]n4 ,! crisis 0 rea*$1 x seems1 dur+ ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 & 9 ! tea*+ ( ,immanuel ,kant x 0 made manife/ to ! educat$ classes ( ! we/]n _w4 ,kant argu$ 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason t ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be demon/rat$4 ,he !n insi/$ t )\t belief 9 ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 !re 0 no valid & true morality4 ,s he insi/$ t ,god mu/ exi/ to ju/ify morality4 ,?is highly sophi/icat$ doctr9e m>ks ! end ( simple !ism 9 mod]n ?\ght4 ,= ,kant's pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god 0 no?+ b a plea t ,god ought to exi/1 & ! :ole temp] p#acg ( ! mod]n intellect is to d5y t :at ought to be true necess>ily is true4 ,ins(> z m5 h n[ lo/ _! belief 9 a heav5ly k+1 !y h to f9d "s o!r gr\nd = _! moral *oices ?an ! revelation ( 8 w4 ,x foll[s necess>ily t !y mu/ f9d ! te/s ( righte\sness :olly )9 human exp]i5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil mu/ be a diff]5ce :i* m5 !mselves recognize & und]/&4 ,happ9ess _c be ! rew>d ( virtue2 x mu/ be ! intelligible consequ5ce ( x4 ,x foll[s1 too1 t virtue _c be comm&$2 x mu/ be will$ out ( p]sonal conviction & desire4 ,su* a morality may prop]ly be call$ humanism1 = x is c5t]$ n 9 sup]human b 9 human nature4 ,:5 m5 c no long] be !i/s1 !y mu/1 if !y are civiliz$1 become humani/s4 ,!y mu/ live by ! premise t :atev] is righte\s is inh]5tly desirable because exp]i5ce w demon/rate its desirability4 ,!y mu/ live1 !re=e1 9 ! belief t ! duty ( man is n to make 8 w con=m to ! w ( ,god b to ! sure/ k ( ! conditions ( human happ9ess4 ,x is evid5t t a morality ( humanism pres5ts f> great] difficulties ?an a morality premis$ on !ism4 ,= "o ?+1 x is put imm$iately to a mu* sev]] te/4 ,:5 ,kant1 = example1 argu$ t !ism 0 necess>y to morality1 8 *ief reason 0 t s9ce ! good man is (t5 defeat$ on e>?1 he mu/ be p]mitt$ to believe 9 a sup]human p[] :i* is 8able to connect happ9ess & morality 9 exact h>mony ) ea* o!r40 ,humanism is n provid$ ) su* p#ach res]ves ( moral cr$it2 x _c claim all et]nity 9 :i* its promises may be fulfill$4 ,unless its wisdom 9 any sph]e ( life is demon/rat$ )9 a reasonable "t 9 actual exp]i5ce1 !re is no?+ to comm5d x4 ,a morality ( humanism labors "u ev5 great] difficulties4 ,x appe>s 9 a complex & *ang+ society2 x is an attitude t[>d life to :i* rational m5 necess>ily turn :5ev] _! circum/ances h r5d]$ a !i/ic view incr$ible4 ,x is j because ! simpl] rules no long] "w t ! subtl] *oices ( humanism pres5t !mselves4 ,^! *oices h to be made "u conditions1 l ^? :i* prevail 9 mod]n urban societies1 :]e ! extreme complexity ( rapidly *ang+ human relations makes x v difficult to =esee all ! consequ5ces ( any moral decision4 ,! m5 :o mu/ make _! decisions are skeptical by habit & unsettl$ amid/ ! novelties ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,! tea*]s ( a !i/ic morality1 :5 ! audi5ce is dev\t1 h only to =tify ! impression t ! rules ( conduct are c]tifi$ by ,god ! invisible ,k+4 ,! e?ical problem = ! common man is to recognize ! well-kn[n cr$5tials ( 8 tea*]s4 ,9 practice he has m]ely to decide :e!r ! prie/1 ! pr9ce1 & ! eld]s1 are :at !y claim to be4 ,:5 he has done t1 !re are no radical que/ions to be ask$4 ,b ! tea*]s ( humanism h no cr$5tials4 ,_! tea*+ is n c]tifi$4 ,!y h to prove _! case by ! te/ ( mundane exp]i5ce4 ,!y speak ) no au?ority1 :i* c be scrut9iz$ once & = all1 & !n =ev] accept$4 ,!y c proclaim no rule ( conduct ) c]ta9ty1 = !y h no inh]5t p]sonal p#aci au?ority & !y _c be altoge!r sure !y are "r4 ,!y _c comm&4 ,!y _c truly exhort4 ,!y c only inquire1 inf]1 & p]suade4 ,!y h only human insight to guide !m & ^? to :om !y speak mu/ 9 ! end !mselves accept ! full responsibility = ! consequ5ces ( any advice !y *oose to accept4 ,yet ) all its difficulties1 x is to a morality ( humanism t m5 mu/ turn :5 ! anci5t ord] ( ?+s dissolves4 ,:5 !y f9d t !y no long] believe s]i\sly & deeply t !y are gov]n$ f heav51 !re is an>*y 9 _! s\ls until by consci\s ef=t !y f9d ways ( gov]n+ !mselves4 ,,"p ,,ii p#ada ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,humanism ,! /one :i* ! build]s reject$1 ,! same is become ! head ( ! corn]8 ,luke ,,xx1 #ag4 ,,introduction p#adc ,! up%ot ( ! discussion to ?is po9t is t mod]nity de/roys ! disposition to believe t beh9d ! visible _w ( physical objects & human in/itutions !re is a sup]natural k+dom f :i* ultimately all laws1 all judgm5ts1 all rew>ds1 all puni%m5ts1 & all comp5sations are d]iv$4 ,to ^? :o believe t ?is k+dom exi/s ! mod]n _s is no?+ less ?an treason to ,god4 ,! popul> religion re/s on ! belief t ! k+dom is an objective fact1 z c]ta91 z def9ite1 & z real1 9 spite ( its invisibility1 z ! ,briti% ,empire2 x holds t ?is fai? is ju/ifi$ by ov]:elm+ evid5ce suppli$ by revelation1 unimpea*able te/imony1 & incontrov]tible signs4 ,to ! mod]n _s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! belief 9 ?is k+dom mu/ necess>ily seem a gr&iose fiction project$ by human ne$s & desires4 ,! humani/ic view is t ! popul> fai? does n prove ! exi/5ce ( its objects1 b only ! pres5ce ( a desire t su* objects %\ld exi/4 ,! popul> religion1 9 %ort1 re/s on a !ory :i*1 if true1 is an ext5sion ( physics & ( hi/ory2 ! humani/ic view re/s on human psy*ology & an int]pretation ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t 9 explor+ ! mod]n problem x is necess>y consci\sly & cle>ly to make a *oice betwe5 ^! diametrically opposite po9ts ( view4 ,! p#add *oice is fundam5tal & exclusive1 & x det]m9es all ! conclusions :i* foll[4 ,= obvi\sly to "o :o believes t ! _w is a !ocracy1 ! problem is h[ to br+ ! /ray$ & rebelli\s masses ( mank9d back to _! ob$i5ce1 h[ to re/ore ! lo/ prov9ces ( ,god ! invisible ,k+4 ,b to "o :o takes ! humani/ic view ! problem is h[ mank9d1 depriv$ ( ! great fictions1 is to come to t]ms ) ! ne$s :i* creat$ ^? fictions4 ,9 ?is book ,i take ! humani/ic view because1 9 ! k9d ( _w ,i happ5 to live 91 ,i c d no o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,viii p#ade ,,gold5 ,,memories ,x w be grant$1 ,i suppose1 t !re w\ld be no ne$ = c]ta9ty ab\t ! plan & gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se if1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 all our desires 7 regul>ly fulfill$4 ,9 a _w :]e no man desir$ :at he c\ld n h1 !re w\ld be no ne$ to regulate human conduct & !re=e no ne$ = morality4 ,9 a _w :]e ea* man c\ld h :at he desir$1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = consolation & = reassur+ gu>antees t ju/ice1 m]cy1 & love w ultimately prevail4 ,9 a _w :]e !re 0 p]fect adju/m5t betwe5 human desires & _! environm5t1 !re w\ld be no problem ( evil3 we %\ld n "k ! mean+ ( s91 sorr[1 crime1 fe>1 fru/ration1 pa91 & empt9ess4 ,we d n live 9 su* a well-ord]$ _w4 ,b we c imag9e x by mak+ ei!r ( two assumptions3 t we h ceas$ to desire any?+ :i* causes evil1 or t omnipot5ce fulfills all our desires4 ,! fir/ ( ^! assumptions leads to ! ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/s1 :]e all crav+ has ceas$ & !re is p]fect peace4 ,! second leads to ! heav5 ( all popul> religions1 to "s p>adise l t ( ,mohamm$ p]haps :]e1 z ,mr4 ,santayana says1 m5 may 8sit 9 well-wat]$ g>d5s1 clad 9 gre5 silks1 dr9k+ delici\s %]bets1 & transfix$ by ! gazelle-l glance ( "s "y girl1 all innoc5ce & fire40 p#adf ,among educat$ m5 x has always be5 difficult to imag9e a heav5 ( fulfill$ desires4 ,= s9ce no two p]sons h exactly ! same desires1 "o man's imag9ation ( heav5 may n suit ano!r man's4 ,9 g5]al1 ! attempts :i* h be5 made to picture ! ,*ri/ian heav5 reflect ! temp]am5ts ( highly contemplative spirits1 & x is cu/om>y n[adays to say t ?is heav5 w\ld be a mo/ un9t]e/+ place4 ,no d\bt x w\ld be to ^? :o are n contemplative4 ,b ! objectors h miss$ ! ma9 po9t1 :i* is t no "o is suppos$ to pass ?r\gh ! pe>ly gates :o is n suit$ to dwell 9 ,p>adise4 ,t is :at ,/4 ,pet] is !re =1 to see t ! unfit d n ent]2 ! o!r places1 ,purgatory & ! ,inf]no1 are available to ^? spirits :o c\ld n be happy 9 ,heav54 ,!re are1 by def9ition1 no uncong5ial spirits 9 ,heav54 ,!re 7 once1 b ,satan & 8 foll[]s 7 ?r[n out headlong1 & !y n[ live 9 places :i* are suit$ to _! temp]am5ts4 ,a dev\t man may q prop]ly1 !re=e1 advise ^? :o d n ?9k !y w\ld enjoy ,heav5 to g to ,hell4 ,! attempt to imag9e a heav5 is an attempt to conceive a _w 9 :i* ! disord]s ( human desire no long] exi/4 ,n[ x is 9 _! pray]s t m5 h s\ght to come to t]ms ) _! disord]s1 & _! pray]s reveal mo/ concretely h[ mu* ! hung] = c]ta9ty & = help is a hung] = ! fulfillm5t ( desire4 ,= pray]1 says ,fa!r ,wynne1 is 8! expression ( our desires to ,god :e!r = ourselves or = o!rs40 ,9 ! high] rea*es ( religion 8! expression is n int5d$ to in/ruct or direct ,god :at to d1 b to p#adg appeal to ,8 goodness = ! ?+s we ne$2 & ! appeal is necess>y1 n because ,he is ignorant ( our ne$s or s5tim5ts1 b to give def9ite =m to our desires1 to conc5trate our :ole att5tion on :at we h to recomm5d to ,him1 to help u appreciate our close p]sonal relation ) ,him40 ,b 9 ord] to "k :at to pray =1 we ne$ grace1 t is to say1 ,god ,himself mu/ tea* u :at to ask ,him =4 ,we c be sure t we %\ld pray = salvation1 b 9 p>ticul> we ne$ guidance f ,god 8to "k ! special means t w mo/ help u 9 any p>ticul> ne$40 ,b besides ! spiritual objects ( pray] 8we are to ask also = temporal ?+s1 our daily bread & all t x implies1 heal?1 /r5g?1 & o!r worldly or temporal goods 44402 we are to pray also = escape f evils1 8! p5alty ( our s9s1 ! dang]s ( temptation1 & e mann] ( physical or spiritual affliction40 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 always be5 a logical difficulty ab\t (f]+ petitions to an all-wise & all-p[]ful ,provid5ce4 ,?us 9 ! ,dialogue ( ,dives & ,paup]1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #adic1 ! "q is put3 8,:y pray we to ,god ) oure m\? si! he kn[y? alle oure ?\ghte1 all our desire1 al our wyl & :at u n$e?80 ,to ?is "q ! only answ] :i* 0 n evasive came f ! my/ics :o l$ a life ( contemplation4 ,pray]1 !y said1 is n m]e petition2 x is communion ) ,god4 ,x is n because pray] gives a man :at he wants1 b because x 8ones ! s\l to ,god10 t x is rational & necess>y4 ,?is1 too1 is ! conception ( pray] held by a lib]al pa/or l ,dr4 ,fosdick :o looks ) scorn ^u 8clamor\s petition to an p#adh an?ropomorphic ,god0 & says t 8true pray] 444 is to assimilate 444 7!7 _s :i* is ,god 7t7 444 surr\nds our lives40 ,! same idea1 /at$ 9 some:at m precise language1 is set d[n by ,mr4 ,santayana :5 he says t 89 rational pray] ! s\l may be said to accompli% ?ree ?+s important to its welf>e3 x )draws )9 itself & def9es its good1 x accommodates itself to de/9y1 & x gr[s l ! ideal :i* x conceives40 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ?is is n ! way ! common man ?r\gh ! ages has conceiv$ pray]4 ,9 fact he mu/ h pray$ be=e he _h any cle> conception ( :at a pray] is or ( :om x is address$ to4 ,?us we are told t 9 ,arcadia ! girls invok$ ,h]a by ! title ( 8,h]a ! ,girl10 ! m>ri$ wom5 pray$ to 8,h]a ! ,m>ri$ ,"o10 & ! wid[s pray$ to 8,h]a ! ,wid[40 ,sometimes ! pray] is a spontane\s expression ( sorr[ or ( delight1 a lyrical cry :i* has no ult]ior purpose & is address$ to no "o4 ,sometimes pray] is a magical =mula :i* compels ! deity to li/5 & to obey4 ,! subject is bo? complicat$ & obscure4 ,b ?is mu* at lea/ is cle>3 along ) elem5ts :i* c be describ$ only z spontane\s & lyrical1 ) traces ( magic1 & at times ) a purely dis9t]e/$ desire to commune ) ,god1 simple p h look$ ^u pray] z 8an in/rum5t = apply+ ,god's illimitable p[] to daily life40 ,popul> discussion ( pray] has (t5 be5 extremely practical3 8,h[ c pray] be made mo/ effici5t8 ,is x by ord9>y ,masses or by o!r (fices8 ,is x by ! elaboration or ! multiplication ( s]vices80 ,lady ,alice p#adi ,we/ :o di$ 9 #acie ord]$ #ddjj ,masses 89 ! mo/ ha/e t x may be d1 )ynne xiiii nyght next aft] my deces40 ,?omas ,walwayn :o di$ 9 #adae left ord]s = #aj1jjj ,masses 8) oute pompe :y*e may n pr(yt myn s\le40 ,john ,plot1 h[ev]1 wi%$ 8 ,masses said 8) solempne s]uise t ys = to sayn wy? ,belle ,ryngyng40 ,!re 0 debate z to :e!r pray]s 7 mo/ effective if said 9 ,rome or 9 ! ,holy ,l& 444 by c]ta9 prie/s r ?an by o!rs 444 by ! fri>s r ?an by ! prie/s 444 :e!r !re 7 m pot5t pray]s ?an ! ,pat] 444 :e!r pray]s %\ld be address$ to ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 or to ,/4 ,m>y 444 :e!r ,/4 ,m>y c\ld be approa*$ be/ ?r\gh h] "m1 ,/4 ,anne4444 ,x is n necess>y to dogmatize by say+ t pray] is magic1 or soliloquy1 or communion1 or petition = ?is & t1 9 ord] to see t x is ! expression ( a human ne$4 ,! quality ( ! ne$ v>ies4 ,x may be any?+ f a desire = ra9 to a desire = fri5d%ip ) unse5 spirits1 b always x illu/rates ! say+ t 8all m5 /& 9 ne$ ( ,god40 ,if we ask ourselves :at we mean by #8ne$1' we mu/ answ]1 ,i suppose1 t ! res\rces ( our own natures & ! p[] we are able to ex]cise ov] ev5ts are insuffici5t to satisfy ! crav+s ( our natures4 ,we mu/ eat1 b we _c be sure t dr\ght w n de/roy ! crops4 ,we are beset by enemies1 & we are n sure we c conqu] !m4 ,we are ?reat5$ by e>?quake1 /orm1 & disease aga9/ :i* we _c :olly protect ourselves4 ,we become deeply atta*$ to o!r p]sons4 ,b !y mu/ die & we mu/ die1 & we _c /ay p#aej ! doom4 ,9 brief1 we f9d ourselves 9 a _w 9 :i* our hopes are defeat$4 ,someh[ we are s con/itut$ t we dem& ! impossible4 ,!re is 9 u some:]e an intimation t we ought n to be defeat$4 ,b :]e did ?is intimation come f8 ,h[ is x t we are n born satisfi$ ) our mortality1 cont5t ) our fate8 ,:y is x t ! normal fate ( man seems to u abnormal8 ,:at is !re 9 ! back ( our heads :i* keeps tell+ u t life z we f9d x is n :at x ought to be8 ,! biologi/ might answ]1 ,i suppose1 t ?is crav+ = a diff]5t k9d ( _w is simply our own consci\sness ( t bl9d pu% ( natural =ces :i* create ! v>iations on :i* natural selection works to produce ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,nature1 he might say1 is :olly indiff]5t to ! outcries ( ! individual2 ?is va/ process ( :i* ea* ( u is s insignificant a "p1 keeps go+ because !re is 9 all ! p>ts a sup]abundant urg+ to g on4 ,!re is no human economy 9 x & no human ord]4 ,man1 = example1 has f> m sexual desire ?an is ne$$ = ! rational propagation ( ! species4 ,b !re is no rational plan 9 nature4 ,x works "h1 & ev]y:]e1 on ! pr9ciple t by hav+ too mu* !re w surely be en\gh2 ! se$s :i* d n g]m9ate1 ! se$l+s :i* p]i%1 ! desires :i* are left ov]1 are no conc]n ( nature's4 ,= nature has no conc]n4 ,!re is no conc]n except t :i* we ourselves feel1 & t is a m]e flick] on ! /ream ( "t1 & w soon g out4 ,:ile !re is no way ( ga9say+ t ?is explanation is true1 x is true only if we look at life f ! p>ticul> po9t ( view :i* ! biologi/ adopts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 p#aea we look inw>dly ^u ourselves1 in/ead ( survey+ our species f ! outside1 we f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is s5se t ! _w ought n to be :at x is seems to orig9ate 9 a k9d ( dim memory t x once 0 :at we feel x ought to be4 ,inde$1 s vivid is ?is memory t = ages m5 took x to be an acc\nt ( hi/orical ev5ts2 9 absolute good fai? !y con/itut$ = !mselves ! picture ( a ,gold5 ,age :i* exi/$ be=e evil came into ! _w4 ,hope 01 !re=e1 a k9d ( memory2 ! ideal 0 to a*ieve some?+ :i* _h be5 lo/4 ,! memory ( an age ( innoc5ce has haunt$ ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,x has be5 a light beh9d _! pres5t exp]i5ce :i* ca/ %ad[s ^u x1 & made x seem insub/antial & n inevitable4 ,be=e ?is life1 !re _h be5 ano!r :i* 0 happi]4 ,& s !y reason$ t :at once 0 possible mu/ someh[ be possible aga94 ,hav+ once kn[n ! good1 x 0 unbelievable t evil %\ld be f9al4 ,ev5 aft] criticism has dissolv$ ! beautiful leg5ds 9 :i* x 0 embodi$1 ?is memory ( a ,gold5 ,age p]si/s4 ,x p]si/s z an intimation ( our own inw>d exp]i5ce1 & l an uneasy _s x intrudes itself ^u our mo/ reali/ic ef=ts to accept ! _w z we f9d x4 ,= x takes _m %apes1 :i* sometimes deceive u1 appe>+ !n n z ! memory ( a happ9ess we h lo/1 b z ! anticipation ( utopia to come4 ,x is an intimation t man is entitl$ to live 9 ! l& ( he>t's desire4 ,x is a deep conviction t happ9ess is possible1 & all inquiry into ! f\ndations ( morals turns ultimately ^u :e!r man c a*ieve ?is happ9ess by pursu+ 8 desires1 or :e!r he mu/ fir/ le>n to desire ! k9d ( happ9ess :i* is possible4 ,,*apt] ,,ix p#aeb ,,! ,,insight ,,( ,,humanism #a4 ,! ,two ,approa*es to ,life ,! l& ( he>t's desire is a place 9 :i* no man desires :at he _c h & ea* man c h :at he desires4 ,!re h be5 great diff]5ces ( op9ion among m5 z to h[ !y c\ld be/ ent] ?is happy l&4 ,if !y ?\ght _! natural impulses 7 by way ( be+ le*]\s1 gre$y1 & cruel1 !y h accept$ "s =m ( ! classical & ,*ri/ian doctr9e t man mu/ subdue 8 naive impulses1 & by reason1 grace1 or r5unciation1 trans=m 8 w4 ,if !y ?\ght t man 0 naturally innoc5t & good1 !y h accept$ "s "o ( ! _m v>iants ( lib]alism1 & conc]n$ !mselves n ) ! re=m ( desire b ) ! provision ( opportunities = its fulfilm5t4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( emphasis among lib]als1 b !y all accept ! same premise1 :i* is t if only ext]nal circum/ances are favorable ! int]nal life ( man w adju/ itself successfully4 ,s completely does ?is !ory ( human nature dom9ate ! field ( contempor>y ?\ght t mod]n m5 are r>ely rem9d$1 & !n only by ^? :om x is ! fa%ion to ignore1 t !y are *all5g+ ! te/imony n m]ely ( _! maid5 aunts1 b ( all ! greate/ tea*]s ( wisdom4 p#aec ,yet if ! mod]n man is an optimi/ on ! subject ( 8 impulses1 ! reason is to be f\nd less 9 8 own self-confid5ce ?an 9 8 di/ru/ ( m5 & 9 8 intoxication ov] ?+s4 ,ow+ to ! dissolution ( ! ance/ral ord] he has le>n$ to di/ru/ ^? :o ex]cise au?ority4 ,ow+ to ! progress ( sci5ce he has acquir$ an unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 8 capacity to create desirable objects4 ,he is s rebelli\s & s con/ructive t he has /ill to ask himself :e!r ! free & naive pursuit ( desirable objects c really produce a desirable _w4 ,yet 9 all ! books ( wisdom t is ! "q :i* confronts him4 ,!re x is writt5 9 _m languages & 9 ! idiom ( _m diff]5t cultures t if man is to f9d happ9ess1 he mu/ recon/ruct n m]ely 8 _w1 b1 fir/ ( all1 himself4 ,is ?is wisdom dead & done )1 or has x a be>+ ^u ! deep uneas9ess ( ! mod]n man8 ,! answ] dep5ds ^u :at we mu/ conceive to be ! nature ( man4 #b4 ,fre$om & ,re/ra9t ,x is significant t fa%ions 9 human nature are cont9ually *ang+4 ,!re are1 z x 71 two extremes3 at ! "o is ! belief t our naive passions are evil1 at ! o!r t !y are good1 & betwe5 ^! two poles1 ! prevail+ op9ion oscillates4 ,"o might suppose t some:]e1 p]haps ne> ! c5t]1 !re w\ld be a po9t :i* 0 ! tru?1 & t on t po9t m5 w\ld rea* an agreem5t4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t !re is no agreem5t1 & t !re is no kn[n po9t p#aed :]e ! two views are p]fectly balanc$4 ,! fact is t ! prevail+ view is inv>iably a reb\nd f ! excesses ( ! o!r1 & "o c und]/& x only by kn[+ :at x is a reaction f4 ,x is impossible1 = example1 to d ju/ice to ,r\sseau & ! romantics )\t und]/&+ ! dead classicism1 ! conv5tionalities1 & ! tyrannies ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,x is equally impossible to d ju/ice to ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury )\t und]/&+ ! lic5ti\sness ( ! ,high ,r5aissance & ! political disord]s result+ f ! ,re=mation4 ,^! 9 _! turn become intelligible only :5 we h und]/ood ! lat] consequ5ces ( ! m$ival view ( life4 ,no p>ticul> view endures4 ,:5 human nature is :olly di/ru/$ & sev]ely repress$1 soon] or lat] x ass]ts itself & bur/s its bonds2 & :5 x is naively tru/$1 x produces s mu* disord] & corruption t m5 once aga9 idealize ord] & re/ra9t4 ,we happ5 to be liv+ 9 an age :5 !re is a sev]e reaction aga9/ ! di/ru/ & repression practic$ by ^? :om x is cu/om>y to describe z ,puritans4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a reaction aga9/ a deg5]ate =m ( ,puritanism :i* manife/$ itself z a disposition to be prim1 prudi%1 & p$antic4 ,= latt]-day ,puritanism _h become a r second-rate notion t less obvi\s ?+s are m noble ?an gross] ones & t spirituality is ! pursuit ( r>efi$ s5sations4 ,x _h embrac$ ! idea t a man _h advanc$ 9 ! realm ( ! _s 9 proportion to 8 conc]n ) ab/ractions1 & cults ( grimly spiritual p]sons devot$ !mselves to ! wor%ip ( sonor\s g5]alities4 ,all ?is associat$ itself p#aee ) a r prepo/]\s idealism :i* insi/$ t maid5s %\ld be wan & easily fright5$1 t drap]ies & decorations %\ld conceal ! ess5tial =ms ( objects1 & t ! good life _h some?+ to d ) expurgat$ spee*1 ) pale colors1 & %ad[s & silh\ettes1 ) ! ?9 music ( h>ps & soprano voices1 ) fig leaves & a g5]al conspiracy to tell lies to *ildr51 ) philosophies t d5i$ ! reality ( evil1 & ) all mann] ( affectation & self-deception4 ,yet 9 ^! _m attempts to gr[ w+s & take (f f ! ?+s t are ( ! e>? e>?y1 x is impossible n to recognize a resemblance1 some:at 9 ! nature ( a c>icature1 to ! tea*+ ( ! sages4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 "o =m or ano!r1 ,socrates & ,buddha1 ,jesus & ,/4 ,paul1 ,plot9us & ,sp9oza1 taught t ! good life is impossible )\t asceticism1 t )\t r5unciation ( _m ( ! ord9>y appetites1 no man c really live well4 ,prejudice aga9/ ! human body & a t5d5cy to be disgu/$ ) its habits1 a contempt = ! ord9>y conc]ns ( daily exp]i5ce is to be f\nd 9 all ( !m1 & x is n surpris+ t m51 liv+ 9 an age ( moral confusion l t associat$ ) ! "n ( ! good ,que5 ,victoria1 %\ld h come to believe t if only !y cov]$ up _! passions !y _h conqu]$ !m4 ,x 0 a r ludicr\s mi/ake z ! satiri/s ( ! anti-,victorian era h s copi\sly po9t$ out4 ,b at lea/ !re 0 a dim recognition 9 ?is cult ( ! g5teel t ! good life does involve "s k9d ( conque/ ( ! c>nal passions4 ,t conception ( ! good life has become s repulsive p#aef to ! pres5t g5]ation t x is almo/ incapable ( und]/&+ & appreciat+ ! orig9al insight ( :i* ! works ( ,dr4 ,b[dl] & ,mrs4 ,grundy are a c>icature4 ,yet x is a fact1 & a mo/ arre/+ "o1 t 9 all ! great religions1 & 9 all ! great moral philosophies f ,ari/otle to ,b]n>d ,%aw1 x is taught t "o ( ! conditions ( happ9ess is to r5\nce "s ( ! satisfactions :i* m5 normally crave4 ,?is tradition z to :at con/itutes ! wisdom ( life is support$ by te/imony f s _m indep5d5t s\rces t x _c be dismiss$ lightly4 ,) m9or v>iations x is a common !me 9 ! tea*+ ( an ,a!nian ari/ocrat l ,plato1 an ,indian nobleman l ,buddha1 & a humble ,jew l ,sp9oza2 9 fact1 :]ev] m5 h ?\ght at all c>efully ab\t ! problem ( evil & ( :at con/itutes a good life1 !y h conclud$ t an ess5tial elem5t 9 any human philosophy is r5unciation4 ,!y _c all h be5 s fooli% z ,an?ony ,com/ock4 ,!y mu/ h _h "s insight into exp]i5ce :i* l$ !m to t conclusion4 ,if asceticism 9 all its =ms 7 z /upid & cruel z x is n[ ! fa%ion to ?9k x is1 !n ! traditions ( sa9tl9ess & ( h]oism are mon/r\sly mislead+4 ,= 9 ! leg5ds ( h]oes1 ( sages1 ( explor]s1 inv5tors & discov]]s1 ( pione]s & patriots1 !re is almo/ inv>iably ?is same und]ly+ !me ( sacrifice & unworldl9ess4 ,!y are poor4 ,!y live dang]\sly4 ,by ord9>y /&>ds !y are extremely uncom=table4 ,!y give up ease1 prop]ty1 pleasure1 pride1 place1 & p[] to atta9 ?+s :i* are transc5d5t & r>e4 ,!y live = ends :i* seem to yield !m p#aeg no pr(it1 & !y are ready to die1 if ne$ be1 = t :i* ! dead c no long] enjoy4 ,& yet1 ?\gh !re is no?+ 9 our curr5t morality to ju/ify _! unworldl9ess1 we cont9ue to admire !m greatly4 ,9 say+ all ?is ,i am n try+ to cl9* an argum5t by appeal+ to great names4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! tea*+ ( all ! spiritual lead]s ( ! pa/ :i* is :olly obsolete to-day1 & !re is no compulsive au?ority 9 any "p ( _! tea*+4 ,!y may h be5 z mi/ak5 9 _! insight into ! human s\l z !y usually 7 9 _! notions ( physics & hi/ory4 ,to say1 !n1 t !re is an ascetic elem5t 9 all ! great philosophies ( ! pa/ is n pro( t !re mu/ be "o 9 mod]n philosophy4 ,b x creates a presumption1 ,i ?9k1 :i* _c be ignor$1 = we mu/ rememb] t ! lea/ p]i%able "p ( ! lit]ature & ?\ght ( ! pa/ is t :i* deals ) human nature4 ,sci5tific me?od & hi/orical s*ol>%ip h enorm\sly increas$ our compet5ce 9 ! :ole field ( physics & hi/ory4 ,b = an und]/&+ ( human nature we are /ill v l>gely dep5d5t1 z !y 71 ^u introspection1 g5]al obs]vation1 & intuition4 ,!re has be5 no revolution>y advance "h s9ce ! hell5ic philosoph]s4 ,t is :y ,ari/otle's e?ics is /ill z fre% = anyone :o accu/oms himself to ! idiom z ,nietzs*e1 or ,freud1 or ,b]tr& ,russell1 :]eas ,ari/otle's physics1 8 biology1 or 8 zoology is ( int]e/ only to antiqu>ians4 ,x is1 !n1 z an insight into human nature1 & n z a rule au?oritatively impos$ or highly sanction$ by ! pre/ige ( great m51 t ,i propose n[ to inquire :at mean+ !re is = u 9 ! fact t m5 9 ! p#aeh pa/ h s p]si/5tly associat$ ! good life ) "s =m ( ascetic discipl9e & r5unciation4 ,! mod]n _w1 z x has emancipat$ itself f its ance/ral regime1 has assum$ almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! human passions1 if ?or\ghly lib]at$ f all tyrannies & di/ortions1 w\ld by _! fulfilm5t a*ieve happ9ess4 ,all ^? :o tea* asceticism1 d5y ?is major premise ( mod]nity1 & ! result is t ! prevail+ philosophy is at odds on ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all issues ) ! wisdom ( ! pa/4 #c4 ,! ,ascetic ,pr9ciple ,! av]age man to-day1 :5 he he>s ! ^w asceticism1 is likely to ?9k ( ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites :o sat on top ( a pill>1 ( h]mits liv+ 9 caves1 ( hair-%irts1 ( long fa/s1 *a/ity1 /range vigils1 & ev5 ( tattoo+1 self-mutilation1 & flagellation4 ,or if he does n ?9k ( su* examples1 :i* ! mod]n man reg>ds z pa?ological & = ! psy*iatri/ to expla91 ! ^w asceticism may connote "s su* attitude ( m9d z ,h]b]t ,asbury has record$ 9 ! biography ( 8 k9sman1 ,bi%op ,asbury1 ! f\nd] ( ,am]ican ,me?odism1 ( :om a fri5d1 :o knew him well1 wrote3 8,i nev] saw him indulge 9 ev5 innoc5t pleasantry4 ,8 0 ! solemnity ( an apo/le2 x 0 s int]wov5 ) 8 conduct t he c\ld n put (f ! gravity ( ! bi%op ei!r 9 ! p>l\r or ! d9+-room4 ,he 0 a rigid enemy to ease2 h5ce ! pleasures ( /udy & ! *>ms ( recreation he alike sacrific$ to ! m sublime "w ( sav+ s\ls4444 ,he knew no?+ ab\t pleas+ ! fle% at ! exp5se ( duty2 fle% p#aei & blood 7 enemies ) :om he nev] took c\nsel40 ,if asceticism meant only ?is sort ( ?+1 x might be int]e/+ only z a curiosity4 ,b ap>t f ! asceticism ( primitive peoples & ( ! pa?ological1 !re is a sane & civiliz$ asceticism :i* pres5ts a q diff]5t face4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! argum5t ( ,socrates 9 ! ,phd t ! body is a nuisance to a philosoph] 9 se>* ( tru?4 ,x is1 he says1 8a s\rce ( endless tr\ble to u by reason ( ! m]e requirem5t ( food2 & is liable also to diseases :i* ov]take & imp$e u 9 ! se>* aft] true be+3 x fills u full ( loves1 & lu/s1 & fe>s1 & fancies ( all k9ds1 & endless fool]y1 & 9 fact1 z m5 say1 takes away f u ! p[] ( ?9k+ at all4 ,:5ce come w>s1 & fight+s1 & factions8 ,:5ce b f ! body & ! lu/s ( ! body8 ,w>s are occasion$ by ! love ( money1 & money has to be acquir$ = ! sake & 9 ! s]vice ( ! body2 & by reason ( all ^! imp$im5ts we h no "t to give to philosophy2 &1 la/ & wor/ ( all1 ev5 if we are at leisure & betake ourselves to "s speculation1 ! body is always break+ 9 ^u u1 caus+ u turmoil & confusion 9 our inquiries1 & s amaz+ u t we are prev5t$ f see+ ! tru?40 ,plato1 9 pursu+ ! argum5t 9 ?is p>ticul> dialogue1 concludes t because ! body is su* a nuisance ! only pure philosoph] is a dead "o4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a logical conclusion4 ,b 9 o!r places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,republic1 ,plato describ$ a sy/em ( education :i* he ?\ght w\ld produce philosoph]s3 ! neophytes p#afj 7 put ?r\gh a /]n discipl9e ( h>d liv+ & gymna/ics & le>n+1 7 compell$ to live 9 t5ts1 to own no?+ :i* !y c\ld call _! own1 & to cut !mselves (f f all family ties4 ,:5 ! description ( ?is regime provokes ,adeimantus to rem>k t 8y are n mak+ ! m5 ( ?is class p>ticul>ly happy10 ,socrates is made to reply t :ile x is n 8 object to make any class p>ticul>ly happy1 yet x w\ld n surprise him if 9 ! giv5 circum/ances ev5 ?is class 7 v happy4 ,:5 we look fur!r = 8 mean+1 we f9d x to be t ! gu>dians are tra9$ by _! ascetic discipl9e to ab&on all private aims & to f9d _! happ9ess 9 an appreciation ( a p]fectly ord]$ commonweal?4 ,if we und]/& ?is we %all1 ,i believe1 und]/& :at civiliz$ asceticism means4 ,we %all h come back to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w itself1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,greek 1 8,i practice10 & 8embodies a metaphor tak5 f ! anci5t wre/l+ place or pal/ra1 :]e victory rew>d$ ^? :o _h be/ tra9$ _! bodies40 ,an ascetic 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! t]m is an a?lete2 & x 0 9 ?is _s t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians tra9$ !mselves delib]ately z 8a?letes ( ,*ri/0 to be> )\t fl9*+ ! tortures ( _! m>tyrdom4 ,:5 asceticism is irrational1 x is a =m ( totemism or feti* wor%ip & d]ives f a belief t c]ta9 ?+s are tabu or t evil spirits c be placat$ by human suff]+4 ,or )\t any coh]5t belief :atsoev] asceticism may be m]ely a p]v]sion aris+ out ( t ambival5ce ( ! human passions :i* (t5 makes pa91 inflict$ on o!rs or self-inflict$1 an exquisite p#afa pleasure4 ,b :5 asceticism is rational1 x is a discipl9e ( ! m9d & body to fit m5 = ! s]vice ( an ideal4 ,its purpose is to h>d5 & to purify1 to suppress contr>y passions1 & ?us to int5sify ! passion = ! ideal4 8,i *a/ise my body10 said ,/4 ,paul1 8& br+ x into subjection40 ,! ,*ur*1 especially 9 ! e>li] c5turies1 0 compell$ to fight cont9ually aga9/ irrational asceticism1 & z late z ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,inquisition pursu$ sects :i* reg>d$ m>riage z ! 8great] adult]y0 & practic$ self-emasculation4 ,! rational view 0 ! view ( ,/4 ,j]ome3 8,be on y\r gu>d :5 y beg9 to mortify y\r body by ab/95ce & fa/+1 le/ y imag9e y\rself to be p]fect & a sa9t2 = p]fection does n consi/ 9 ?is virtue4 ,x is only a help2 a disposition2 a means1 ?\gh a fitt+ "o1 = ! atta9m5t ( true p]fection40 ,n[ :5 ,/4 ,paul said t he _h to br+ 8 body into subjection1 :5 ,ari/otle def9$ ! b>b>ians' ideal z 8! liv+ z "o likes10 :5 ,plato made ,socrates say t ! s\l is infect$ by ! body1 :5 ,buddha prea*$ ! ext9ction ( all crav+1 :5 ,sp9oza wrote t because we rejoice 9 virtue we are able to control our lu/s1 !y accept$ a view ( human nature :i* is q diametrically oppos$ to "o :i* has _h wide curr5cy 9 our civilization s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,?is contr>y view 0 und\bt$ly provok$ by ! evils :i* came f ! attempt to put ! ascetic pr9ciple ext5sively into practice4 ,rabelais is by all odds ! mo/ conv9c+ ( ! mod]ns :o revolt$1 = p#afb ,rabelais n only talk$ ab\t ! natural man b actually knew him & delight$ 9 him4 ,?us :5 ,vill]s writes to ,madame de ,/al t 9 h] "w 8primitive1 incorruptible1 naive1 passionate nature0 is 89 conflict ) ! b>ri]s & %ackles ( conv5tional life10 we feel1 ,i ?9k1 t nei!r ,vill]s nor ! lady w\ld really h c>$ v mu* = primitive nature 9 all its naivete4 ,! natural man t !y 7 talk+ ab\t liv$ 9 ,arcady & 8 passions 7 z viol5t z ^? ( a lapdog2 ?r\gh\t ! romantic movem5t1 ) r>e exceptions1 ! talk ab\t passion & impulse & in/9ct has ?is air ( unreality & ( neurotic confusion4 ,!re is n 9 x1 z !re is 9 ,rabelais1 = example1 an hone/ gu/o = ! passions t are to be lib]at$ f ! re/ra9ts impos$ by t 8rabble ( squ9t-m9d$ fell[s1 dissembl+ & c\nt]feit sa9ts1 demure look]s1 hypocrites1 pret5d$ zealots1 t\gh fri>s1 busk9-monks1 & o!r su* sects ( m51 :o disguise !mselves l masqu]s to deceive ! _w40 ,rabelais advis$ 8 read]s t if !y desir$ to become good ,pantagrueli/s1 8t is to say1 to live 9 peace1 joy1 heal?1 mak+ y\rself always m]ry--nev] tru/ ^? m5 t always peep out ?r\gh a little hole40 ,& 9 e/abli%+ ! ,abbey ( ,!leme1 ,g>gantua furni%$ x magnific5tly & b>r$ ! gates aga9/ bigots1 hypocrites1 dissembl]s1 attorneys1 b>ri/]s1 usur]s1 drunk>ds1 & cannibals2 he invit$ 9 all noble blades & brisk & h&some p1 fai?ful exp\nd]s ( ! ,scripture1 & lovely ladies1 prop]1 fair1 & mir?ful4 8,_! life10 he says1 80 sp5t n 9 laws1 /atutes1 or rules1 b at _! own free w & pleasure4 p#afc ,!y rose f b$ :5 !y ?\ght good1 drank1 ate1 work$1 slept1 :5 ! desire came to !m4 ,none did awak5 !m1 none con/ra9$ !m ei!r to dr9k or eat1 nor to d any o!r ?+3 = s _h ,g>gantua e/abli%$ x4 ,! ,rule ( _! ord] _h b "o clause3 ,d ,:at ,?\ ,wilt40 ,b !re 0 a cat* 9 ?is rule4 ,n only _h drunk>ds & cannibals be5 exclud$ 9 ! fir/ place1 b ,rabelais assures u t ^? :o 7 admitt$1 because !y 7 8free1 well born1 well educat$1 & accu/om$ to good company1 h by nature an in/9ct & spur :i* prompts !m to virtu\s acts & )draws !m f vice4 ,?is !y call honor40 ,& 9 ano!r passage ,rabelais limits ! prop5sities ( ! natural man ev5 m radically :5 he speaks ( 8a c]ta9 gaiety ( _s cur$ 9 contempt ( *ance & =tune40 ,!re is always a cat* 9 any doctr9e ( ! natural goodness ( man4 ,= m]e passive ob$i5ce to impulse z x comes & goes1 )\t ef=t to *eck x or direct x1 ends 9 some?+ l ,alfr$ de ,musset's ,rolla1 ( :om x 0 said3 ,x 0 n ,rolla :o rul$ 8 life1 ,x 0 8 passions2 he let !m g ,z a dr[sy %eph]d wat*es ! wat] fl[4 ,s ev5 ,dora ,russell at ! crisis ( h] assault ^u ! ,*ri/ian tradition advises u to 8live by in/9ct & intellig5ce10 :i* mu/ mean1 if x means any?+1 t intellig5ce is to be 9 "s respects ! ma/] z well z ! s]vant ( in/9ct4 ,t ?is is :at ,mrs4 ,russell means is abundantly pla9 by h] fury at capitali/s1 imp]iali/s1 p#afd cons]vatives1 & *ur*m51 ^: in/9cts lead !m to d ?+s ( :i* %e does n approve4 ,= l h] di/+ui%$ husb& %e tru/s ^? impulses :i* are creative & b5efic5t1 & di/ru/s ^? :i* are possessive & de/ructive4 ,t is to say1 l e o!r morali/1 %e tru/s ^? p>ts ( human nature :i* %e tru/s4 #d4 ,oscillation betwe5 ,two ,pr9ciples ,^! cycles ( action & reaction are disa/r\s to ! e/abli%m5t ( a /able humanism4 ,a !ocratic culture dep5ds ^u an assur$ view ( ! way 9 :i* ,god gov]ns ! univ]se1 & z long z t view suits ! typical ne$s ( a society made /able by cu/om1 ! !ocratic culture is /able4 ,b humanism arises 9 complex & *ang+ societies1 & if x is to h any p[] to make life coh]5t & ord]ly1 x mu/ hold an assur$ view ( h[ man c gov]n himself4 ,if he oscillates aimlessly betwe5 ! belief t he mu/ di/ru/ 8 impulses & ! belief t he may naively obey !m1 x is impossible = him to fix any po9t ( ref]5ce = ! developm5t ( 8 moral code1 8 educational plans1 8 human relation%ips1 8 politics1 & 8 p]sonal ideals4 ,x is n h>d to see1 ,i ?9k1 :y he oscillates 9 ?is fa%ion betwe5 tru/ & di/ru/4 ,he _c obey e impulse1 = he has conflict+ impulses )9 himself4 ,!re are also 8 neighbors ) _! impulses4 ,!y _c all be satisfi$1 = ! v simple reason t ! sum ( _! dem&s f> outruns ! available supply ( satisfactions4 ,!re is n room en\gh1 !re are n objects p#afe en\gh 9 ! _w to fulfill all human desires4 ,desires are1 = all practical purposes1 unlimit$ & insatiable1 & !re=e any e?ics :i* does n recognize ! necessity ( putt+ re/ra9t ^u naive desire is inh]5tly absurd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is impossible to di/ru/ e impulse1 = ! only conclusion !n is to commit suicide4 ,buddha did1 to be sure1 tea* t crav+ 0 ! s\rce ( all mis]y1 & t x mu/ be :olly ext+ui%$4 ,b x is evid5t f an exam9ation ( :at he actually advis$ 8 disciples to r5\nce1 t :ile !y 7 to be poor1 *a/e1 unworldly1 & incuri\s ab\t ! nature ( ?+s1 !y 7 to be rew>d$ ) ! highe/ ( all satisfactions1 & 7 to be 8l ! broad e>?1 unvex$2 l ! pill> ( ! city gate1 unmov$2 l a pellucid lake1 unruffl$40 ,= ,nirvana meant1 z ,rhys ,davids says1 ! ext9ction ( a s9ful1 grasp+ condition ( m9d4 ,confront$ by two oppos$ views ( human nature1 nei!r ( :i* c be tak5 unres]v$ly1 morali/s h _h to pick & *oose1 decid+ h[ mu* or h[ little !y w\ld tru/ ! diff]5t impulses4 ,b !re is no measure by :i* !y c\ld decide h[ mu* ( an impulse is virtu\s1 h[ mu* m is intemp]ate1 & h[ mu* m ?an t is utt]ly s9ful4 ,! attempts to regulate ! sexual impulse illu/rate ! difficulty4 ,%all ! morali/ call ! complete abs5ce ( all consci\s sexual desire virtue8 ,!n he disobeys ! comm&m5t to be fruitful & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,%all he !n limit virtu\s desire to t :i* is felt = a lawful mate8 ,t implies t man & woman mu/ mate ) ! fir/ p]son = :om !y feel any sexual desire4 p#aff ,b ?is _c always be arrang$4 ,! fir/ p]son may be o!rwise engag$4 ,x becomes necess>y !n to p]mit a c]ta9 am\nt ( promiscu\s1 ?\gh unfulfill$1 sexual desire 9 ! process ( sexual selection4 ,& !n hav+ someh[ gott5 pa/ t difficulty1 & ) two p]sons safely mat$1 a :ole new s]ies ( problems arise out ( ! "q ( h[ f> sexual satisfaction dep5ds = its virtue ^u its be+ ! successful means to1 or m subtly /ill1 ! int5d$ means to1 procreation4 ,i %all n pursue ! matt] fur!r4 ,! attempt to measure ! degree 9 :i* impulse is to be p]mitt$ to express itself is obvi\sly full ( difficulties4 ,! moral problem rema9s utt]ly insoluble z long z m5 reg>d x z an attempt to sep>ate _! good impulses f _! bad ones1 & to decide h[ mu* _! good impulses are to be enc\rag$4 ,morality1 if x is n fix$ by cu/om & au?ority1 becomes a m]e matt] ( ta/e det]m9$ by ! idiosyncrasies ( ! morali/4 #e4 ,! ,gold5 ,mean & ,its ,difficulties ,ari/otle fac$ ?is fundam5tal difficulty ( humanism 9 ! ,e?ics4 ,he _h exp\nd$ ! !ory t happ9ess is due to virtue1 & t virtue is a mean betwe5 two extremes4 ,!re mu/1 he said1 be nei!r defect nor excess ( any quality4 ,we mu/1 9 brief1 g s f> b no fur!r 9 ob$i5ce to our impulses4 ,?us betwe5 ra%ness & c[>dice ! mean is c\rage2 betwe5 prodigality & nigg>dl9ess x is lib]ality2 betwe5 incont95ce & total ab/95ce x is temp]at5ess2 betwe5 o/5tation & meanness x is magnific5ce2 betwe5 empty boa/+ & little-m9d$ness x is magnanimity2 betwe5 p#afg flatt]y & moros5ess x is fri5dl9ess2 betwe5 ba%fulness & impud5ce x is mode/y2 betwe5 arrogance & false mode/y1 x is tru?fulness4 ,s runs ! ,ari/otelian catalogue1 & probably no code ev] describ$ s well ! ideal ( a g5tleman4 ,b hav+ laid d[n 8 g5]al precepts1 ,ari/otle1 unlike mo/ morali/s1 fac$ ! difficulty ( apply+ !m4 ,he recogniz$ t x is "o ?+ to accept ! !ory ( a gold5 mean1 & q ano!r to "k :]e t mean lies4 8,= 9 ea* case x is difficult to f9d ! mean 444 ?us x is easy1 & 9 e man's p[] to be angry1 & to give & sp5d money2 b to det]m9e ! p]son to :om1 & ! quantity1 & ! "t1 & ! motive1 & ! mann]1 is no long] 9 e man's p[]1 nor is x easy2 !re=e excell5ce is r>e1 & praisewor?y & honorable40 ,= :ile ! mean betwe5 excess & defect is excell5t1 8x is easy to miss a m>k1 b difficult to hit x40 ,if we look at ! matt] m closely 9 ord] to f9d out :y moral codes are1 z ,ari/otle says1 s hit & miss1 we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 come to ! conclusion t !re is an undetect$ fallacy 9 mo/ moral ?9k+ :i* r5d]s moral insight abortive4 ,x is t fallacy :i* ,i n[ propose to exam9e4 ,a moral code l ,ari/otle's1 :i* we may fairly reg>d z ! rational prototype ( all humani/ic codes1 consi/s ( an inv5tory ( good & bad appetites & ( good & bad satisfactions4 ,all conv5tional moraliz+1 :i* does n re/ on ! %e] fiat ( public op9ion1 cu/om1 or ,god1 assumes ! exi/5ce ( "s su* inv5tory ( p]missible desires & p]missible fulfilm5ts4 ,b :at p#afh does ! mak+ ( su* inv5tories mean8 ,x means t good & evil are believ$ to be objective qualities ( ! natural _w l weight1 dim5sion1 & motion1 t c]ta9 desires are inh]5tly good1 c]ta9 o!rs are inh]5tly bad1 & t ! same is true ( ! diff]5t objects ( desire4 ,b ?is is no?+ b :at is kn[n z ! pa!tic fallacy4 ,= surely ea* desire & ea* object z su*1 tak5 sep>ately )\t relation to any?+ else1 is z innoc5t & z neutral z ! =ces t move ! planets4 ,! categories ( good & evil w\ld n apply if !re 7 no s5ti5t be+ to exp]i5ce good & evil4 ,9 su* a _w no object w\ld be any bett] or any worse ?an any o!r object2 nobody talks ab\t good & bad electrons4 ,all electrons are morally alike because no s5ti5t be+ c tell !m ap>t4 ,nor w\ld ! categories ( good & evil apply to a _w 9 :i* ea* impulse 0 9 a vacuum ( its own4 ,9 su* a _w all our impulses w\ld be l our dige/ive tracts on a day :5 we d n "k we h a /oma*4 ,if our impulses did n imp+e ^u ea* o!r & ^u objects !re w\ld be no problem ( good & evil4 ,!re=e ! quality ( good & evil lies n 9 impulses z su*1 nor 9 objects z su*1 b 9 ! relation%ip betwe5 impulses & objects4 ,!re=e ! mak+ ( inv5tories is fundam5tally mislead+4 ,!re is ano!r fallacy :i* is closely associat$ ) ?is "o4 ,we make li/s ( our impulses4 ,a /&>d li/ :i* is mu* us$ comprises ! foll[+3 flight1 repulsion1 curiosity1 pugnacity1 self-abasem5t1 self-ass]tion1 p>5tal1 reproductive1 greg>i\s1 acquisitive1 con/ructive4 p#afi ,:e!r ?is is a good li/ or n is nei!r "h nor !re4 ,?r\gh ! ages m5 h be5 mak+ su* li/s 9 ! fond belief t !y 7 analyz+ ! human "*4 ,no d\bt ^! t]ms describe some?+2 we all recognize t ^! words are ! names ( impulses t move u4 ,b if we consid] !m fur!r1 we mu/ also recognize t ^! impulses d n move all p]sons ! same way1 nor any "o p]son ! same way at all times 9 8 life & "u all circum/ances4 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 ,i am sure1 to labor ! po9t v mu*4 ,!re is ! in/9ct to be curi\s3 x disposes "o man to measure ! diamet] ( ,betelgeuse :5 he is =ty ye>s old2 :5 he 0 a *ild x dispos$ him to f9d out :e!r he c\ld hang up a cat by its tail2 t curi\s *ild's companion 9 ! exp]im5t on ! cat 0 dispos$1 :5 he grew up1 to take mu* tr\ble 9 f9d+ out h[ mu* income tax 8 neighbor paid & :e!r 8 employ] 0 fai?ful to 8 wife4 ,! p>5tal in/9ct ( "o man is to laun* 8 *ild on ! _w z an indep5d5t human be+2 9 ano!r man ! in/9ct manife/s itself z a det]m9ation to h *ildr5 :o w dep5d ^u him & cat] to him all 8 days long4 ,s :5 we make li/s ( our impulses we really d n "k en\gh ab\t !m to pass judgm5t4 ,= desires are complex1 & _! greate/ complexity lies 9 ! fact t !y *ange4 ,! objects ( desire are no less complex4 ,take1 = example1 a jade goddess4 ,to a ,*9ese coolie x is an object ) my/]i\s p[]s1 a "p ( ! me*anism :i* gov]ns ! univ]se4 ,b ! jade goddess is n[ 9 a ,fif? ,av5ue %op w9d[1 & a policeman on 8 beat p#agj sees x4 ,x is a gre5 /one figure to him4 ,! deal] inside kn[s t x is r>e & is wor? a ?\s& doll>s4 ,! collector c\ld enjoy x imm5sely if he possess$ x4 ,! connoisseur f9ds intricate pleasure 9 x z a "w ( art & an elaborate int]e/ 9 x z a mem5to ( a :ole culture4 ,! objects ( desire1 !n1 are n simple ?+s4 ,we help to create !m4 ,we say t ?is man desires t woman4 ,b :at1 9 fact1 does he desire8 ,a few mom5ts ( ec/asy f h] body1 some?+ :i* a ?\s& wom5 c\ld give him equally well1 or an intimate union ) s mu* ( h] :ole be+ t = t v reason %e is unique to him8 ,! quality ( 8 passion & ! "* ( 8 mi/ress w dep5d 9 a v l>ge degree on h[ mu* ( h] be+ he takes into acc\nt4 ,x dep5ds also1 ,i ha/5 to add1 on h[ mu* !re is to take into acc\nt4 ,at any mom5t 9 our lives we desire only ^? objects :i* we are !n capable ( desir+ & 9 ! way we are !n capable ( desir+ !m4 ,b our desires d n rema9 fix$ f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,!y *ange4 ,& z !y *ange ! desirability ( objects ab\t u *anges too4 ,x is impossible1 !n1 to make li/s ( good & evil desires & ( good & evil objects4 ,= good & evil are qualities 9 ! relation%ip betwe5 v>iable desires & v>iable objects ( desire4 ,! attempt to con/ruct moral codes on ! basis ( an inv5tory is an attempt to und]/& some?+ :i* is always 9 process ( *ange by treat+ x z a /ill life & tak+ snap%ots ( x4 ,t is :at morali/s h almo/ always attempt$ to d4 ,!y h tri$ to capture ! ess5ce ( a *ang+ ?+ 9 a collection p#aga ( fix$ concepts4 ,x _c be done4 ,! reality ( human nature is b\nd to elude u if we look only at a mom5t>y cross-section ( x4 ,to und]/& x1 !re=e1 = ! purposes ( moraliz+1 we h to revise our intellectual app>atus1 & le>n to look ^u ea* mom5t ( behavior n z ! manife/ation ( c]ta9 fix$ elem5ts 9 human nature1 b z a /age 9 ! evolution ( human nature4 ,we gr[ up1 mature1 & decl9e2 be+ end[$ ) memory & ! capacity to =m habits1 our conduct is cumulative4 ,we drag our pa/ along ) u & x pu%es u on4 ,we d n make a new approa* to ea* new exp]i5ce4 ,we approa* new exp]i5ces ) ! expectations & habits develop$ by previ\s exp]i5ce1 & "u ! impact ( novelty ^! expectations & habits become modifi$4 #f4 ,! ,matrix ( ,humanism ,! conception ( human nature z develop+ behavior is1 ( c\rse1 accept$ by all mod]n psy*ologi/s4 ,if !y /udy ! *ild !y are b\nd to consid] him z pot5tially an adult4 ,if !y /udy ! adult !y are b\nd to reg>d him z orig9ally a *ild4 ,abnormal psy*ology makes s5se only ins(> z x c be und]/ood z an abnormal developm5t ( ! p]sonality1 reg>dless ( :e!r t abnormality is traceable to pre-natal v>iations1 to organic disease1 or to functional di/urbance4 ,folk psy*ology1 :e!r or n "o accepts ! int]e/+ b speculative hypo!sis t !re is a p>allel betwe5 ! developm5t ( ! individual & ! developm5t ( ! race1 is ano!r mode ( inve/igat+ ! evolution ( behavior4 ,! concept ( developm5t p#agb is ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 psy*ology z ! major clue to ! und]/&+ ( human nature4 ,! morali/1 s9ce he is conc]n$ ) human nature1 is compell$ to employ ?is concept4 ,b he employs x some:at diff]5tly ?an ! sci5ti/4 ,be+ a morali/1 he is int]e/$ 9 und]/&+ ! pr9ciples ( behavior 9 ord] t he may und]/& ! pr9ciples ( "r behavior4 ,! psy*ologi/1 z su*1 is int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( behavior1 reg>dless ( :e!r t developm5t leads to mis]y or to happ9ess4 ,he /udies ! v>i\s processes no matt] :]e !y lead4 ,= 9 sci5ce ! concept ( developm5t implies no judgm5t z to :e!r !re is a good or a bad developm5t4 ,! developm5t ( an idiot & ( a g5ius are on ! same foot+1 & are !oretically ( equal int]e/4 ,b to ! morali/ ! /udy ( developm5t is focuss$ on ! ef=t to discov] ^? processes ( developm5t :i* c be made to produce "r relation%ips betwe5 ! individual & 8 environm5t1 & by a "r relation%ip he is b\nd to mean "o 9 :i* !re is an h>moni\s adju/m5t betwe5 desires & ! objects ( desire4 ,h[ (t51 & h[ ne>ly1 x is possible = human be+s to approximate su* p]fection is an unansw]able "q4 ,! pro( ( t pudd+ lies 9 ! eat+ ( x1 & x is n ! function ( ! morali/ "u humanism to gu>antee ! outcome4 ,8 function is to po9t out z cle>ly z x is possible to d s ! pa? :i* presumably leads t[>d ! good life4 ,9 describ+ t pa? he is b\nd to dep5d ^u ! be/ available insight into ! processes by :i* good & bad adju/m5ts are made4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( p#agc our k ?is means t he mu/ rely to a v l>ge degree ^u 8 own intuitions1 commons5se1 & s5se ( life4 ,great progress has be5 made 9 sci5tific psy*ology )9 ! la/ g5]ation1 en\gh progress1 ,i ?9k1 to supplem5t 9 important ways our own unanalyz$ & intuitive wisdom ab\t life4 ,b x w\ld be idle to suppose t ! sci5ce ( psy*ology is 9 a /age :]e x c be us$ z a sub/itute = exp]i5c$ & p5etrat+ imag9ative insight4 ,we c be confid5t t on ! :ole a good meteorologi/ c tell u m ab\t ! wea!r ?an ev5 ! mo/ wea!r-wise old sea capta94 ,b we _c h t k9d ( confid5ce 9 ev5 ! be/ ( psy*ologi/s4 ,inde$1 an acqua9tance ) psy*ologi/s w1 ,i ?9k1 compel anyone to admit t1 if !y are good psy*ologi/s1 !y are almo/ c]ta9 to possess a gift ( insight :i* is unacc\nt$ = by _! te*nical app>atus4 ,d\btless x is true t 9 all ! sci5ces ! diff]5ce betwe5 a good sci5ti/ & a poor "o comes d[n at la/1 aft] all ! te*nical & !oretical proc$ure has be5 le>n$1 to "s sort ( residual flair = ! realities ( t subject4 ,b 9 ! /udy ( human nature t residual flair1 :i* seems to be compos$ ( intuition1 commons5se1 & unconsci\sly deposit$ exp]i5ce1 plays a mu* great] role ?an x does 9 ! m advanc$ sci5ces4 ,! uses ( psy*ology to ! morali/ are1 !re=e1 9 confirm+ & correct+1 9 broad5+ & organiz+1 8 insight into human nature4 ,he is confront$1 ( c\rse1 ) a great deal ( confusion4 ,!re is1 to beg9 )1 no agre$ t]m9ology1 & !re=e x is (t5 almo/ impossible to "k :e!r two psy*ologi/s p#agd us+ ! same ^w mean ! same ?+4 ,anyone :o has /umbl$ ab\t amid/ words l in/9ct1 impulse1 consci\sness1 ! unconsci\s1 w "k h[ confus+ x all is4 ,psy*ologi/s are /ill us+ a lit]>y language 9 :i* ! connotations ( words t5d to ov]:elm _! precise signification4 ,to make ! confusion great] !re is ! elaborate sy/em-mak+1 ! head/rong g5]aliz+1 & ! fi]ce dogmatism :i* h produc$ ! psy*ological sects4 ,b all ( ?is is *>act]i/ic ( a "y sci5ce1 & if t is borne 9 m9d1 !re is no?+ disconc]t+ ab\t x4 ,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 9 deal+ ) ! ,newtonian physics1 & ! ,n9ete5? 9 deal+ ) ! ,d>w9ian biology1 w5t ?r\gh a hullabaloo simil> to t :i* we are n[ go+ ?r\gh 9 connection ) behaviorism1 psy*oanalysis1 & ! s-call$ ge/alt-!orie4 ,our only conc]n "h is to ask :e!r und]nea? all ! controv]sy !re is n "s tru/wor?y common gr\nd on :i* ! morali/ c /&4 ,i h already said t !re 0 common gr\nd 9 ! concept ( developm5t4 ,we c g fur!r ?an t1 h[ev]1 & say1 ,i ?9k1 t ) ! help ( psy*ology we are 9 position n[ to con/ruct reliable & useful pictures1 :i* confirm & correct our own intuitive und]/&+1 ( ! infantile & ( ! mature approa* to exp]i5ce4 ,we c1 z x 71 fix ^! two poles & reg>d ! hi/ory ( ea* s\l z ! hi/ory ( its progress f infantilism to maturity4 ,we are by no means able z yet to describe all ! phases ( developm5t betwe5 ^! two poles2 we "k t progress is (t5 tempor>ily int]rupt$1 (t5 completely p#age arre/$1 & sometimes turn$ into a r\t4 ,b ins(> z we are able to realize cle>ly :at a fully matur$ "* is l1 ! ^w progress has a mean+ because we "k :at we mean by ! goal ( moral ef=t4 ,t goal is maturity4 ,if we knew all ! /ages 9 ! developm5t to maturity1 & h[ to control !m1 we %\ld h an adequate sci5ce ( education1 we c\ld deal successfully ) functional disord]s1 we %\ld h a v great ma/]y ( ! art ( life4 ,= ! problems ( education are at bottom problems 9 h[ to lead ! *ild f "o /age ( developm5t to ano!r until at la/ he becomes an h>moni\s & autonom\s p]sonality2 ! functional disord]s ( ! "* are problems 9 ! fixations & repressions on ! pa? to maturity2 ! art ( liv+ is to pass gracefully f y\? to old age1 &1 at la/1 z ,montaigne said1 to le>n to die4 ,x is ?is progress :i* we h to und]/& & imag9atively to conceive4 ,= 9 conceiv+ x we conceive ! matrix ( humanism4 ,9 ?is conception is to be f\nd1 ,i believe1 ! sub/itute = t conception ( div9e gov]nm5t :i* gives %ape & =m to ! !ocratic culture4 ,to replace ! conception ( man z ! subject ( a heav5ly k+1 :i* dom9ates ! :ole ance/ral ord] ( life1 humanism takes z its dom9ant patt]n ! progress ( ! individual f helpless infancy to self-gov]n+ maturity4 #g4 ,! ,c>e] ( ! ,s\l ,if our sci5tific k ( human nature 7 adequate1 we c\ld a*ieve 9 ! humani/ic culture t :i* all !ologies h tri$ to a*ieve3 we c\ld f\nd p#agf our morality on te/$ tru?s4 ,!y w\ld be tru?s ab\t ! developm5t ( human nature1 & n1 z 9 ! popul> religions1 tru? ( physics & ( hi/ory4 ,b our k ( human nature is inadequate1 & !re=e1 l ! tea*]s ( popul> religion1 we h 9 place ( exact k to inv5t imag9ative fictions 9 ! hope t ! progress ( sci5ce w confirm & correct1 b w n utt]ly contradict1 our hypo!ses4 ,we c claim no m ?an ?is3 = our und]/&+ ( human nature we are compell$ to use our insight & ! be/ available psy*ological sci5ce ( our age1 exactly z ,dante1 = 8 und]/&+ ( ! div9e con/itution ( ! univ]se1 _h to use ! accept$ a/ronomy ( 8 day4 ,if our psy*ology turns out to be wrong1 ! only diff]5ce w be t we %all h to disc>d an hypo!sis :]eas our =efa!rs _h to disc>d a reveal$ dogma4 ,! sket* :i* ,i am ab\t to make ( ! progress f infancy to maturity is to be tak51 !n1 n z te/$ sci5tific tru?1 b z an imag9ative con/ruction4 ,x w be1 if y l1 a mod]n fable :i* symbolizes r ?an describes1 z ! primitive leg5ds ( ! sun god symboliz$1 r ?an describ$1 ! obs]v$ facts4 ,because x is an imag9ative con/ruction1 ! same mean+ might be express$ 9 o!r ways & ) _m v>iations ( detail4 ,b ?\gh ! fiction itself is ( no consequ5ce1 ! mean+ x conveys is ( ! highe/ consequ5ce1 & x is confirm$1 z ,i %all attempt to %[1 n only by ord9>y insight b by ! deepe/ wisdom ( ! greate/ tea*]s4 ,freud1 9 a fam\s pap]1 has describ$ ! passage p#agg f infancy to maturity z a transition f ! dom9ion ( mom5t>y pleasure & pa9 to ! dom9ion ( reality4 ,?is !ory is n peculi> to psy*oanalysis 9 any ( its sev]al s*ools1 & x does n dep5d ^u ! controv]t$ po9ts ( doctr9e4 ,x is1 9 fact1 m or less ( a commonplace 9 psy*ological ?\ght4 ,i am employ+ x "h because a di/+ui%$ colleague ( ,freud's1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,f]5czi ( ,budape/1 has made an attempt to indicate ! *ief /ages 9 ! developm5t betwe5 ^! two poles ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is a mo/ useful bit ( speculation1 & :ile ,i believe x c\ld be duplicat$ 9 t]ms ei!r ( behaviorism or ( ! ge/alt-!orie1 ,i d n happ5 to h come across any portrait ( ! idea :i* is z vivid z ,dr4 ,f]5czi's4 ,! fir/ /age ( human developm5t1 says ,f]5czi1 takes place 9 ! womb :]e ! embryo lives z a p>asite ( ! "m's body4 ,an out] _w exi/s = x only 9 a v re/rict$ degree2 all x ne$s = protection1 w>m?1 & n\ri%m5t is assur$ by ! "m4 ,because ev]y?+ is !re :i* is necess>y = ! satisfaction ( ! in/9cts1 ,f]5czi calls ?is ! ,p]iod ( ,unconditional ,omnipot5ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 r disagreeable & p]haps t]rify+ to be born1 = ) ! deta*m5t f ! "m & ! 8rude di/urbance ( ! wi%-less tranquillity he _h enjoy$ 9 ! womb10 ! tr\ble ( liv+ beg9s1 & evokes feel+s :i* might p]haps be describ$ z a long+ to recov] ! p]fect pre-natal adju/m5t4 ,nurses in/9ctively recognize ?is long+1 says ,f]5czi1 & z soon z ! infant expresses 8 discom=t by /ruggl+ & cry+1 !y delib]ately create a situation p#agh :i* resembles z closely z possible ! "o he has j left4 ,!y lay him d[n by ! w>m body ( ! "m1 or wrap him up 9 s(t1 w>m cov]+s1 %ield 8 eyes f ! light & 8 e>s f noise4 ,! illusion is m or less complete1 =1 ( c\rse1 ! infant is unaw>e ( ! activities ( ! nurse4 ,= all he kn[s 88 wi%es are realiz$ simply by imag9+ ! satisfaction ( !m40 ,f]5czi calls ?is ! ,p]iod ( ,magical-,halluc9atory ,omnipot5ce4 ,b ?is p]iod does n la/ v long1 s9ce ! nurse is unable to anticipate e desire t ! gr[+ infant feels4 8,! halluc9atory repres5tation ( ! wi%-fulfilm5t soon proves inadequate to br+ ab\t any long] a real wi%-fulfilm5t40 ,s ! infant has to give signals1 & ! m complicat$ 8 wi%es become ! m signals he has to give4 ,he beg9s to use a ge/ure-language1 & if !re is a will+ nurse always at h& )\t too _m new-fangl$ notions1 ! *ild gets :at he wants = ! m]e tr\ble ( express+ 8 wants4 ,f]5czi calls ?is ! ,p]iod ( ,omnipot5ce by ! ,help ( ,magic ,ge/ures4 ,b z "t goes on & z ! numb] ( 8 wants increase ^! ge/ures lose "s ( _! magic4 ,! numb] ( ! conditions increase to :i* he has to submit4 8,! out/ret*$ h& mu/ (t5 be drawn back empty4444 ,inde$1 an inv9cible ho/ile p[] may =cibly oppose itself to ?is ge/ure & compel ! h& to resume its =m] position40 ,at ?is po9t 8 s5se ( reality beg9s2 ! s5se1 t is to say1 ( some?+ outside himself :i* does n submit to 8 wi%es4 8,till n[ ! #8all-p[]ful' be+ has be5 able p#agi to feel himself "o ) ! _w t oblig$ him & foll[$ 8 e nod1 b gradually !re appe>s a pa9ful discordance 9 8 exp]i5ces40 ,because all exp]i5ces are no long] incorporat$ 9 ! ego1 ,f]5czi calls ?is ! ,projection ,phase4 ,b ?\gh ! *ild has n[ begun to disc]n ! exi/5ce ( reality1 8 s5se ( t reality is /ill q imp]fect4 ,at fir/1 p]haps1 he reg>ds ?is out] _w1 ?\gh x opposes 8 wi%es1 z hav+ qualities l 8 own4 ,f]5czi calls ?is ! ,animi/ic ,p]iod4 ,! *ild !n beg9s to talk & to sub/itute = ge/ures actual /atem5ts ( :at he desires4 ,provid$ he lives 9 a h\sehold b5t on fulfill+ 8 wants z soon z possible1 he reta9s to a v great degree ! illusion t 8 wi%es are sov]eign4 ,f]5czi calls ?is ! ,p]iod ( ,magic ,?\ghts & ,magic ,words4 ,f9ally1 if he matures successfully1 he passes into ! la/ p]iod :]e he is no long] "u ! dom9ation ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple3 ! feel+ ( omnipot5ce gives way to ! full appreciation ( ! =ce ( circum/ances4 ,n[ un=tunately nei!r ,freud nor ,f]5czi1 nor1 s f> z ,i "k1 any o!r psy*oanaly/1 devotes mu* att5tion to ?is la/ phase ( maturity 9 :i* ! s5se ( reality has become p]fect$4 ,!y are preoccupi$ ) pa?ology2 t is to say1 ) ! problems :i* arise out ( a failure to atta9 ?is la/ /age 9 :i* ! adult makes a complete adju/m5t ) 8 _w because 8 wi%es are matur$ to accept ! conditions :i* reality imposes4 ,yet x is ?is la/ /age :i* pla9ly con/itutes ! goal ( moral effect1 = "h alone ! adult once aga9 p#ahj recov]s t h>mony betwe5 himself & 8 environm5t :i* he lo/ 9 t p]iod ( infancy :5 he fir/ discov]$ t 8 wi%es 7 no long] sov]eign4 ,x is ! memory ( t e>lie/ h>mony :i* he c>ries ) him all 8 days4 ,?is is 8 memory ( a gold5 age1 8 intimation1 z ,wordswor? says1 ( immortality4 ,b ins(> z he expects by an infantile philosophy to recov] t heav5 :i* lay ab\t him 9 8 infancy1 he is doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,9 ! womb1 & = a few ye>s ( 8 *ildhood1 happ9ess 0 ! gratification ( 8 naive desires4 ,8 family arrang$ ! _w to suit 8 wi%es4 ,b z he gr[s up1 & beg9s to be an indep5d5t p]sonality1 ?is provid5ce m9i/]+ to 8 wi%es disappe>s4 ,he c !n no long] hope t ! _w w be adju/$ to 8 wi%es1 & he is compell$ by a long & difficult process ( le>n+ & tra9+ to adju/ 8 wi%es to ! _w4 ,if he succe$s he is mature4 ,if he is mature1 he is once aga9 h>moni\s ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,he has virtue4 ,& he is happy4 ,! process ( matur+ consi/s !n ( a revision ( 8 desires 9 ! light ( an und]/&+ ( reality4 ,:5 he is completely infantile !re is no?+ 9 ! _w b 8 wi%es4 ,!re=e1 he does n ne$ & does n h an und]/&+ ( ! out] _w4 ,x exi/s = him m]ely z gratification or d5ial4 ,b z he beg9s to le>n t ! univ]se is n compos$ ( 8 wi%es1 he beg9s to see 8 wi%es 9 a context & 9 p]spective4 ,he beg9s to acquire a s5se ( space & to le>n h[ mu* !re is beyond 8 rea*1 until at la/ he realizes h[ small a figure he is on ?is e>?1 & h[ small a "p ( ! univ]se is ! sol> sy/em ( :i* p#aha ours is "o ( ! small] planets4 ,he has le>n$ a lot f ! days :5 he put out 8 h& & rea*$ = ! moon4 ,he beg9s1 also1 to acquire a s5se ( "t & to realize t ! mom5t 9 :i* he feels ! int5se desire to seize some?+ is an in/ant 9 a lifetime1 an inf9itesimal po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,he acquires a s5se ( bir? & decay & dea?1 a k t t :i* he craves1 8 crav+ itself1 & he himself :o feels t crav+1 did n h ?is crav+ ye/]day & w no long] h x to-morr[4 ,he acquires a s5se ( cause & effect1 a k1 t is to say1 t ! sequ5ces ( ev5ts are n to be int]rupt$ by 8 pref]5ces4 ,he beg9s to disc]n ! exi/5ce ( o!r be+s beside himself1 & to und]/& t !y too h _! pref]5ces & _! wi%es1 t ^! wi%es are (t5 contr>y to 8 own1 & t !re is n room en\gh 9 ! _w1 nor are !re ?+s en\gh1 to gratify all ! wi%es ( ev]ybody4 ,?us to le>n ! lessons ( exp]i5ce is to und]go a transvaluation ( ! values we br+ ) u f ! womb & to transmute our naive impulses4 ,! breakd[n ( ! infantile adju/m5t 9 :i* provid5tial p[]s m9i/]$ to e wi% compels u ei!r to flee f reality or to und]/& x4 ,& by und]/&+ x we create new objects ( desire4 ,= :5 we "k a good deal ab\t a ?+1 "k h[ x orig9at$1 h[ x is likely to behave1 :at x is made (1 & :at is its place amid/ o!r ?+s1 we are deal+ ) some?+ q diff]5t f ! simple object naively appreh5d$4 ,! und]/&+ creates a new environm5t4 ,! m subtle & discrim9at+1 ! m in=m$ & p#ahb sympa!tic ! und]/&+ is1 ! m complex & yet ord]$ d ! ?+s ab\t u become4 ,to mo/ ( u1 z ,mr4 ,santayana once said1 music is a pleasant noise :i* produces a dr[sy rev]y reliev$ by n]v\s ?rills4 ,b ! tra9$ musician he>s :at we d n he> at all2 he he>s ! =m1 ! /ructure1 ! patt]n1 & ! significance ( an ideal _w4 ,a naturali/ out ( doors p]ceives a :ole univ]se ( relat$ life :i* ! re/ ( u d n ev5 see4 ,a _w :i* is ord9>ily unse5 has become visible ?r\gh ! und]/&+4 ,:5 ! m9d has fet*$ x out ( ! flux ( dumb s5sations1 def9$ x & fix$ x1 ?is unse5 _w becomes m real ?an ! dumb s5sations x supplants4 ,:5 ! und]/&+ is at "w1 x is z if circum/ance _h ceas$ to mutt] /range s\nds & _h begun to speak our language4 ,:5 exp]i5ce is und]/ood1 x is no long] :at x is :olly to ! infant1 v l>gely to y\?1 & 9 great measure to mo/ m51 a succession ( desirable objects at :i* !y in/9ctively grasp1 int]sp]s$ ) undesirable ones f :i* !y in/9ctively %r9k4 ,if objects are se5 9 _! context1 9 ! light ( _! orig9 & de/9y1 ) sympa?y = _! own logic & _! own purposes1 !y become int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 & are no long] bl9d /imuli to pleasant & unpleasant s5sations4 ,= :5 our desires come into contact ) ! _w creat$ by ! und]/&+1 _! "* is alt]$4 ,!y are confront$ by a mu* m complex /imulus :i* evokes a mu* m complex response4 ,in/ead ( ! naive & imp]i\s lu/ ( our infantile natures :i* is to seize1 to h & to hold1 our lu/s are (fset p#ahc by o!r lu/s & a balance betwe5 !m is set up4 ,t is to say1 !y are made rational by ! ord]$ v>iety ) :i* ! und]/&+ confronts !m4 ,we le>n t !re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an we dream$ ( 9 our immature philosophy1 t !re are _m *oices & t none is absolute1 t beyond ! m\nta9s1 z ! ,*9ese say1 !re are p also4 ,! obvi\sly pleasant or unpleasant ?us becomes less obvi\sly :at we felt x 0 be=e our k ( x became complicat$ by anticipation & memory4 ,! imm$iately desirable seems n q s desirable & ! undesirable less intol]able4 ,delight is p]haps n s int5se nor pa9 s poignant z y\? & ! romantics w\ld h !m4 ,!y are absorb$ into a l>g] exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! rew>ds are a su/a9$ & m ev5 enjoym5t1 & s]5ity 9 ! pres5ce ( inescapable evil4 ,9 place ( a _w1 :]e l *ildr5 we are m9i/]$ to by a solicit\s "m1 ! und]/&+ introduces u into a _w :]e delight is res]v$ = ^? :o c appreciate ! mean+ & purpose ( ?+s outside ourselves1 & c make ^! mean+s & purposes _! own4 #h4 ,! ,passage into ,maturity ,! critical phase ( human exp]i5ce1 !n1 is ! passage f *ildhood to maturity2 ! critical "q is :e!r *ildi% habits & expectations are to p]si/ or to be trans=m$4 ,we gr[ old]4 ,b x is by no means c]ta9 t we %all gr[ up4 ,! human "* is a complicat$ ?+1 & its elem5ts d n necess>ily m>* 9 /ep4 ,x is possible to be a sage 9 "s p#ahd ?+s & a *ild 9 o!rs1 to be at once precoci\s & ret>d$1 to be %rewd & fooli%1 s]5e & irritable4 ,= "s p>ts ( our p]sonalities may well be m mature ?an o!rs2 n infrequ5tly we p>ticipate 9 ! ent]prises ( an adult ) ! mood & mann]s ( a *ild4 ,! successful passage into maturity dep5ds1 !re=e1 on a break+ up & recon/ruction ( ^? habits :i* 7 appropriate only to our e>lie/ exp]i5ce4 ,9 a c]ta9 l>g] s5se ?is is ! ess5ce ( education4 ,= unless a man has acquir$ ! "* ( an adult1 he is a lo/ s\l no matt] h[ good 8 te*nical equipm5t4 ,! _w unhappily conta9s _m su* lo/ s\ls4 ,!y are (t5 9 high places1 m5 tra9$ to manipulate ! ma*9]y ( civilization1 b utt]ly incapable ( h&l+ _! own purposes 9 any civiliz$ fa%ion4 ,= _! purposes are m]ely ! relics ( an infancy :5 _! wi%es 7 law1 & !y knew nei!r necessity nor *ange4 ,:5 a *ildi% disposition is c>ri$ ov] into an adult environm5t ! result is a radically false valuation ( t environm5t4 ,! symptoms are fairly evid5t4 ,!y may appe> z a disposition to feel t ev]y?+ :i* happ5s to a man has an int5tional relation to himself2 life becomes a k9d ( conspiracy to make him happy or to make him mis]able4 ,9 ei!r case x is ?\ght to be deeply conc]n$ ) 8 de/9y4 ,! *ildi% patt]n appe>s also z a deep s5se t life owes him some?+1 t someh[ x is ! duty ( ! univ]se to look aft] him1 & to li/5 %>ply :5 he speaks to x4 ,! notion t ! univ]se is full ( p#ahe purposes utt]ly unkn[n to him1 utt]ly indiff]5t to him1 is z outrage\s to "o :o is imp]fectly matur$ z w\ld be ! conduct ( a "m :o =got to give a hungry *ild its lun*4 ,! *ildi% patt]n appe>s also z a disposition to believe t he may rea* out = any?+ 9 sight & take x1 & t hav+ gott5 x nobody mu/ ev] "u any circum/ances take x away4 ,dea? & decay are1 !re=e1 almo/ an insult1 a k9d ( mis*ief 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 :i* ought n to be !re1 & w\ld n be !re1 if ev]y?+ only behav$ z good little boys believe x %\ld4 ,!re is inde$ au?ority = ! belief t we are all be+ puni%$ = ! naught9ess ( our fir/ gr&mo!r2 t "w & tr\ble & dea? w\ld n really be !re to plague u b = h] unhappy transgression2 t by rights we ought to live 9 p>adise & h ev]y?+ we want = ev] & ev]4 ,"h1 too1 is ! s\rce ( t common compla9t ( ! _w-we>y t !y are tir$ ( _! pleasures4 ,!y h :at !y ye>n$ =2 yet hav+ x !y are depress$ at f9d+ t !y d n c>e4 ,_! inability to enjoy :at !y c h is ! obv]se ( ! desire to possess ! unatta9able3 bo? are due to c>ry+ ov] ! expectations ( y\? into adult life4 ,!y f9d !mselves 9 a _w unlike ! _w ( _! y\?2 !y !mselves are no long] y\?s4 ,b !y reta9 ! crit]ia ( y\?1 & ) !m measure ! _w & _! own des]ts4 ,"h1 too1 is ! orig9 ( ! app>5t p>adox t z m5 gr[ old] !y gr[ wis] b sadd]4 ,x is n a p>adox at all if we rememb] t ?is wisdom :i* p#ahf makes !m sadd] is1 aft] all1 an incomplet$ wisdom4 ,!y h gr[n wis] z to ! "* ( ! _w1 wis] too ab\t _! own p[]s1 b !y rema9 naive z to :at !y may expect ( ! _w & !mselves4 ,! expectations :i* !y =m$ 9 _! y\? p]si/ z deeply +ra9$ habits to worry !m 9 _! maturity4 ,!y are only p>tially matur$2 !y h become only p>tially wise4 ,!y h acquir$ skill & in=mation1 b ! p>ts ( !m :i* are adult are emb$d$ 9 o!r p>ts ( _! natures :i* are *ildi%4 ,= m5 d n necess>ily mature altoge!r & 9 unison2 !y le>n to d ?is & t m easily ?an !y le>n :at to l & :at to reject4 ,intellig5ce is (t5 m completely educat$ ?an desire2 our outw>d behavior has an appe>ance ( be+ gr[n up :i* our inn] vanities & hopes1 our dim b p[]ful crav+s1 (t5 belie4 ,9 a ^w1 we le>n ! arts & ! sci5ces long be=e we le>n philosophy4 ,if we ask ourselves :at is ?is wisdom :i* exp]i5ce =ces ^u u1 ! answ] mu/ be t we discov] ! _w is diff]5tly con/itut$ ?an we _h suppos$ x to be4 ,x is n t we le>n m ab\t its physical elem5ts1 or its geography1 or ! v>iety ( its inhabitants1 or ! ways 9 :i* human society is gov]n$4 ,k ( ?is sort c be taught to a *ild )\t 9 any fundam5tal way di/urb+ 8 *ildi%ness4 ,9 fact1 all ( u are aw>e t we once knew a great _m ?+s :i* we h s9ce =gott54 ,! ess5tial discov]y ( maturity has little if any?+ to d ) in=mation ab\t ! names1 ! locations1 & ! sequ5ces ( facts2 x is ! acquir+ ( a diff]5t s5se p#ahg ( life1 a diff]5t k9d ( intuition ab\t ! nature ( ?+s4 ,a boy c take y into ! op5 at night & %[ y ! />s2 he might tell y no end ( ?+s ab\t !m1 conceivably all t an a/ronom] c\ld tea*4 ,b until & unless he feels ! va/ indiff]5ce ( ! univ]se to 8 own fate1 & has plac$ himself 9 ! p]spective ( cold & illimitable space1 he has n look$ maturely at ! heav5s4 ,until he has felt ?is1 & unless he c endure ?is1 he rema9s a *ild1 & 9 8 *ildi%ness he w res5t ! heav5s :5 !y are n accommodat+4 ,he w dem& sun%9e :5 he wi%es to play1 & ra9 :5 ! gr\nd is dry1 & he w look ^u /orms z ang] direct$ at him1 & ! ?und] z a p]sonal ?reat4 ,! discov]y t our wi%es h little or no au?ority 9 ! _w br+s ) x exp]i5ce ( ! necessity t is 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! lesson ( ?is exp]i5ce is "o f :i* we %r9k & to :i* few ev] :olly accommodate !mselves4 ,! _w ( ! *ild is a k9d ( en*ant$ isl&4 ,! labor t w5t into procur+ 8 food1 8 clo!s1 8 toys1 is :olly invisible at fir/4 ,8 e>lie/ expectations are1 !re=e1 t someh[ ! ,"l w provide4 ,only gradually does ! tru? come home to him h[ mu* ef=t x co/s to satisfy 8 wants4 ,x takes ev5 long] = him to und]/& t n only does he n get :at he wants by ask+ = x b he _c be sure to get :at he wants by work+ = x4 ,x is n easy to accept ! k t desire1 t pray]1 t ef=t c be & (t5 are fru/rat$1 t 9 ! nature ( ?+s p#ahh !re is mu* fumbl+1 trial & error1 deadlock & defeat4 ,! s5se ( evil is acquir$ late2 by _m p]sons x is nev] acquir$ at all4 ,*ildr5 suff]1 & *ildhood is by no means s unres]v$ly happy z "s make x out to be4 ,b *ildi% suff]+ is n inh]5tly tragic4 ,x is n /amp$ ) ! irrevocability :i* ! adult feels to be "p ( ! ess5ce ( evil4 ,evil = ! *ild is some?+ :i* c be expla9$ away1 made up =1 done away )4 ,pret5ti\s philosophies h be5 built on ?is fancy purport+ someh[ to absorb ! evil ( ! _w 9 an all-embrac+ goodness1 z a *ild's te>s are dri$ by its "m's kisses4 ,! discov]y t !re is evil :i* is z g5u9e z goodness1 t !re is ugl9ess & viol5ce :i* are no less real ?an joy & love1 is "o ( ^? discov]ies t ! adult is =c$ someh[ to accept 9 8 valuation ( exp]i5ce4 ,& !n !re is ! k1 :i* only exp]i5ce c give1 t ev]y?+ *anges & t ev]y?+ comes to an end4 ,x is possible to tell a *ild ab\t mortality1 b to realize x he mu/ live long en\gh to exp]i5ce x4 ,?is k does n come f words2 x comes 9 feel+1 9 ! feel+ t he himself is old]1 9 ! dea? ( k9 & fri5ds1 9 see+ well-kn[n objects we> out1 9 disc>d+ old ?+s1 9 awak5+ to ! s5se t !re is a :ole new g5]ation 9 ! _w :i* looks ^u him z old4 ,!re is an intimation ( immortality 9 our y\? because we h n yet _h exp]i5ce ( mortality4 ,! p]sons & ! ?+s :i* surr\nd u seem et]nal because p#ahi we h kn[n !m too briefly to realize t !y *ange4 ,we h se5 nei!r _! beg9n+ nor _! end4 ,9 ! la/ analysis we h no "r to say t ! _w ( y\? is an illusion4 ,= ! *ild x is a true picture ( ! _w 9 t x corresponds to1 & is ju/ifi$ 91 8 exp]i5ce4 ,if he did n h to gr[ old]1 x w\ld be q suffici5t because no?+ 9 8 exp]i5ce w\ld contradict x4 ,our s5se ( life z we mature is q diff]5t1 b !re is no reason to ?9k t x has any absolute f9ality4 ,p]haps if we liv$ sev]al hundr$ ye>s we %\ld acquire a :olly diff]5t s5se ( life1 comp>$ ) :i* all our adult philosophy w\ld seem q call[4 ,! *ild's s5se ( life c be call$ an illusion only if x is c>ri$ ov] into manhood1 = !n x ceases to fit 8 exp]i5ce & to be ju/ifi$ by ev5ts4 ,! habits =m$ 9 a *ildi% environm5t become progressively unworkable & contradictory z ! y\? is ?ru/ out f ! protection ( 8 family into an adult environm5t4 ,!n ! infantile conviction t 8 wants w someh[ be met collides ) ! fact t he mu/ provide = himself4 ,! _w beg9s to seem out ( jo9t4 ,! *ild's notion t ?+s are to be _h = ! ask+ becomes a va/ confusion 9 :i* words are treat$ z laws1 & rhetoric z action4 ,! *ildi% belief t ea* ( u is ! c5t] ( an ador+ & solicit\s univ]se becomes ! s\rce ( endless disappo9tm5ts because we _c reconcile :at we feel is due u ) :at we mu/ resign ourselves to4 ,! s5se ( ! unreality ( evil1 :i* our e>lie/ exp]i5ce seem$ to ju/ify1 p#aij becomes a deep pref]5ce = n kn[+ ! tru?1 an habitual desire to ?9k ( ! _w z we %\ld pref] x to be2 out ( ?is rebellion aga9/ tru?1 out ( ?is det]m9ation t ! facts %all con=m to our wi%es1 are born all mann] ( bigotry & un*>itabl5ess4 ,! *ild's s5se t ?+s d n end1 t !y are !re =ev]1 becomes1 once x is c>ri$ ov] into maturity1 a va9 & anxi\s ef=t to possess ?+s =ev]4 ,! incapacity to realize t ! objects ( desire w la/ only a little :ile makes u put an extravagant value ^u !m1 & to c>e = !m1 n z !y are & = :at !y c actually give u1 b = :at we fooli%ly insi/ !y ought to be & ought always to give u4 ,! *ild's philosophy re/s ^u ! assumption t ! _w outside is 9 ge> ) 8 own appetites4 ,= ?is reason an adult ) a *ildi% "* w ascribe an au?ority to 8 appetites :i* may easily l& him 9 fanaticism or fru/ration1 9 a crazy indulg5ce or a mis]able />vation4 ,& to ! environm5t he w ascribe a will+ness to con=m to him1 a capacity to be own$ by him1 :i* l& him 9 all sorts ( delusions ( gr&eur4 ,only ! extreme cases are 9 ! asylums4 ,! _w is full ( semi-adult p]sons :o secretly nurse ! notion t !y are1 or t by rights !y ought to be1 ,don ,juan1 ,crsus1 ,napoleon1 or ! ,messiah4 ,!y h br\ght ) !m ! notion t !y are /ill z intimately atta*$ to nature & to society z ! *ild is to its h\sehold4 ,! adult has to break ?is atta*m5t to p]sons & ?+s4 ,8 _w does n p]mit him to rema9 fus$ ) x1 b compels him to /& away f ?+s4 ,= ?+s no long] obey p#aia 8 wi%es4 ,& !re=e he _c let 8 wi%es become too deeply involv$ 9 ?+s4 ,he c no long] c\nt on possess+ :atev] he may happ5 to want4 ,& !re=e he mu/ le>n to want :at he c possess4 ,he c no long] hold =ev] ! ?+s at :i* he grasps2 = !y *ange1 & slip away4 ,& !re=e he mu/ le>n to hold on to ?+s :i* d n slip away & *ange1 to hold on to ?+s n by grasp+ !m1 b by und]/&+ !m & by rememb]+ !m4 ,!n he is :olly an adult4 ,!n he has conqu]$ mortality 9 ! only way mortal m5 c conqu] x4 ,= he has ceas$ to expect any?+ ( ! _w :i* x _c give1 & he has le>n$ to love x "u ! only aspect 9 :i* x is et]nal4 #i4 ,! ,function ( ,high ,religion ,9 ! light ( ?is conception ( maturity z ! ultimate phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! human p]sonality1 we are1 ,i ?9k1 9 a position to und]/& ! riddle :i* we set ourselves at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,i ask$ :at significance !re 0 = u 9 ! fact t m5 h s p]si/5tly associat$ ! good life ) "s =m ( ascetic discipl9e & r5unciation4 ,! answ] is t asceticism is an ef=t to ov]come immaturity4 ,:5 m5 d n outgr[ _! *ildi% desires1 !y seek to repress !m4 ,! ascetic discipl9e1 if x is successful1 is a =m ( education2 if x is unsuccessful1 x is an agoniz$ conflict due to an imp]fect education or an incapacity to gr[ up4 ,by ! same tok51 moral regulations impos$ on o!rs1 ins(> z !y are at all rational1 & n me?ods ( exploitation or expressions ( jeal\sy1 are attempts to curb ! social disord]s p#aib :i* result f ! activities ( gr[n-up *ildr54 ,x foll[s t asceticisms & moralities are at be/ means to an end2 !y are m or less inadequate sub/itutes = ! educational process & ! natural gr[? ( wisdom4 ,!y are (t5 confus$ ) virtue1 b !y are n virtue4 ,= virtue is ! quality ( mature desire1 & :5 desire is mature ! tortures ( r5unciations & ( prohibitions h ceas$ to be necess>y4 8,bless$ness10 says ,sp9oza1 8is n ! rew>d ( virtue1 b virtue itself2 nor %\ld we rejoice 9 x = t we re/ra9 our lu/s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 because we rejoice !re9 we c re/ra9 our lu/s40 ,! mature "* may be atta9$ by gr[? & exp]i5ce & insight1 or by ascetic discipl9e1 or by t process ( be+ reborn :i* is call$ conv]sion2 :5 x is atta9$1 ! moral problem ( :e!r to yield to impulse or to *eck x1 & h[ mu* to *eck x & h[ mu* to yield1 has disappe>$4 ,a mature desire is innoc5t4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! f9al tea*+ ( ! great sages4 8,to him :o has f9i%$ ! ,pa?1 & pass$ beyond sorr[1 :o has fre$ himself on all sides1 & ?r[n away e fett]1 !re is no m fev] ( grief10 says a ,buddhi/ writ]4 ,! ,ma/] said1 8,at fifte5 ,i _h my m9d b5t on le>n+4 8,at ?irty1 ,i /ood firm4 8,at =ty1 ,i _h no d\bts4 8,at fifty1 ,i knew ! decrees ( ,heav54 8,at sixty1 my e> 0 an ob$i5t organ = ! reception ( tru?4 8,at sev5ty1 ,i c\ld foll[ :at my he>t desir$1 )\t transgress+ :at 0 "r40 p#aic ,to be able1 z ,confucius indicates1 to foll[ :at ! he>t desires )\t com+ into collision ) ! /ubborn facts ( life is ! privilege ( ! utt]ly innoc5t & ( ! utt]ly wise4 ,x is ! privilege ( ! infant & ( ! sage :o /& at ! two poles ( exp]i5ce2 ( ! infant because ! _w m9i/]s to 8 he>t's desire & ( ! sage because he has le>n$ :at to desire4 ,p]haps ?is is :at ,jesus meant :5 he told 8 foll[]s t !y mu/ become l little *ildr54 ,if ?is is :at he meant1 & if ?is is :at ,buddha1 ,confucius1 & ,sp9oza meant1 !n we h "h ! clue to ! function ( high religion 9 human affairs4 ,i v5ture1 at lea/1 to sugge/ t ! function ( high religion is to reveal to m5 ! quality ( mature exp]i5ce1 t high religion is a prophecy & an anticipation ( :at life is l :5 desire is 9 p]fect h>mony ) reality4 ,x ann\nces ! discov]y t m5 c ent] into ! realm ( ! _s :5 !y h outgr[n all *ildi%ness4 ,,*apt] ,x p#aid ,,high ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,mod]n ,,_w #a4 ,popul> ,religion & ! ,great ,tea*]s ,9 popul> ?\ght x is tak5 = grant$ t to be religi\s is to accept 9 "s =m or o!r ! !ocratic view t ,god gov]ns ! univ]se4 ,if t assumption is correct !n ! or?odox :o inveigh aga9/ ! godlessness ( contempor>y ?\ght & ! militant a!i/s :o rejoice 9 ?is godlessness are bo? "r :5 !y insi/ t religion is disappe>+4 ,ins(> z religion is id5tical ) a belief 9 !ocracy1 x has inde$ lo/ mu* ( its reality = mod]n m54 ,!re is little d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t popul> religion has be5 always & ev]y:]e !ocratic 9 pr9ciple4 ,if1 !n1 we are to def9e z religion t :i* ! ov]:elm+ majority ( mank9d h *]i%$1 x w\ld be necess>y to conc$e at once t ! dissolution ( ! belief 9 a sup]natural gov]nm5t ( human affairs is a dissolution ( religion itself4 ,b if t is conc$$1 !n x is necess>y to conc$e also t _m :om ! _w recognizes z its greate/ religi\s tea*]s 7 n !mselves religi\s m54 ,= x c\ld be demon/rat$1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 ! c5tral intuition ( ,ari/otle1 ( ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ( ,buddha1 ( ,sp9oza1 to "n only orig9at+ m9ds1 ! !ocratic pr9ciple is irrelevant4 ,no "o ( ^! tea*]s held ! belief1 p#aie :i* is at ! he>t ( !ocratic religion1 t ! relation%ip betwe5 ,god & man is someh[ analog\s ) t ( a k+ to 8 subjects1 t ! relation%ip is 9 any s5se a transaction betwe5 p]sonalities involv+1 h[ev] subtly1 a quid pro quo1 t ,god's w & ! human w are int]act+ =ces4 ,9 place ( ! popul> conception ( religion z a matt] ( comm&m5ts & ob$i5ce1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 9 a ^w1 z a =m ( gov]nm5t1 ^! great tea*]s plac$ _! emphasis ^u ! conv]sion1 ! education1 & ! discipl9e ( ! human w4 ,su* beliefs z !y _h ab\t ,god 7 n 9 ! nature ( oa?s ( allegiance to a sup]ior2 _! conc]n 0 n to placate ! w ( ,god b to alt] ! w ( man4 ,?is alt]ation ( ! human w !y conceiv$ z good n because ,god comm&s x1 b because x is intr9sically good = man1 because by ! te/ ( exp]i5ce x yields happ9ess1 s]5ity1 :ole-he>t$ness4 ,belief is n1 z x is 9 popul> religion1 an act :i* by creat+ a claim ^u div9ity insures man's salvation2 ! =ce ( belief1 z ,mr4 ,:itehead has put x1 is 9 8cleans+ ! inw>d p>ts40 ,?us religion becomes 8! art & ! !ory ( ! int]nal life ( man1 s f> z x dep5ds on ! man himself & on :at is p]man5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 religion conceiv$ z ! art & !ory ( ! int]nal life ( man & religion conceiv$ z cosmic gov]nm5t is ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! religion ( ^! great sages & ! religion ( ! multitude4 ,?\gh 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d ! di/9ction is n always absolutely cle> 9 e case1 p#aif on ! :ole x _c be disput$1 ,i believe1 t ! diff]5ce is real & ( fundam5tal importance4 ,if we obs]ve popul> religions z !y are adm9i/]$ by ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts1 x is ov]:elm+ly pla9 t _! ma9 appeal re/s ^u ! belief t ?r\gh _! (fices ! dev\t are able to obta9 et]nal salvation1 & ev5 e>?ly favors1 f an invisible k+4 ,b if we obs]ve truly1 ,i ?9k1 we %all see also t side by side ) ! popul> religion1 sometimes 9 op5 conflict ) x1 sometimes 9 outw>d con=mity ) x1 !re is g5]ally to be f\nd 9 cultivat$ communities a m9ority to :om religion is prim>ily a recondition+ ( _! own s\ls4 ,!y may be my/ics l ,eckh>t1 !y may be platoni/s l ,orig5 or ,dean ,+e1 !y may be prote/ants l ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,lu!r 9 c]ta9 phases ( _! ?\ght1 !y may be humani/s l ,erasmus & ,montaigne2 z ( ,confucius1 x may be said ( !m t 8! subjects on :i* ! ,ma/] did n talk 73 extraord9>y ?+s1 feats ( /r5g?1 disord]1 & spiritual be+s40 ,!y may be inside ! *ur*es or outside !m1 b 9 int5tion1 9 ! inn] mean+ ( _! religion1 !y are :olly at v>iance ) ! popul> cre$s4 ,= 9 "o =m or ano!r !y reject ! idea ( atta9+ salvation by placat+ ,god2 9 "o =m or ano!r !y reg>d salvation z a condition ( ! s\l :i* is rea*$ only by "s k9d ( self-discipl9e4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t religion1 conceiv$ 9 ?is way1 8z ! art & !ory ( ! int]nal life ( man10 is n dissolv$ by :at ,i h be5 call+ ! acids ( mod]nity4 ,x is ! popul> religion :i* is dissolv$4 p#aig ,b j because ?is va/ dissolution is de/roy+ ! disposition to believe 9 a !ocratic gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 j because m5 no long] f9d x :olly cr$ible t _! affairs are subject to ! ord9ances ( a heav5ly k+1 j because !y no long] vividly believe 9 an invisible p[] :i* regulates _! lives1 judges !m1 & su/a9s !m1 _! only hope ( salvation lies 9 a religion :i* provides an int]nal discipl9e4 ,! real effect ( mod]nity ^u religion1 !re=e1 is to make ! religion :i* 0 once ! possession ( an ari/ocracy ( ! _s ! only possible k9d ( religion = all mod]n m54 #b4 ,! ,ari/ocratic ,pr9ciple ,to ^? :o want salvation *eap1 & mo/ m5 d1 !re is v little com=t to be _h out ( ! great tea*]s4 ,sp9oza might h be5 speak+ = all ( !m :5 he said3 ,if ! way :i* ,i h po9t$ out 444 seems exce$+ly h>d1 x may nev]!less be discov]$4 ,ne$s mu/ x be h>d1 s9ce x is s seldom f\nd4 ,h[ w\ld x be possible1 if salvation 7 ready to our h&1 & c\ld )\t great labor be f\nd1 t x %\ld be by almo/ all m5 neglect$8 ,b all ?+s excell5t are z difficult z !y are r>e4 ,b :y1 we may ask1 is salvation by almo/ all m5 neglect$8 ,! answ] is t !y d n desire t :i* !y h nev] le>n$ to desire4 8,"o _c10 z ,voltaire said1 8desire t :i* "o does n "k40 ,c a man love good w9e :5 he has drunk no?+ b g+] be]8 ,did we h naturally & in/9ctively p#aih a ta/e = t :i* con/itutes ! happ9ess ( ! sav$1 we %\ld already be sav$1 & _! happ9ess w\ld be ours4 ,we lack ! ta/e1 :i* is1 ,i suppose1 ano!r way ( say+ :at ! !ologians meant :5 !y spoke ( orig9al s94 ,to be sav$1 9 ! s5se :i* ! sages _h 9 m9d1 is by conv]sion1 education1 & self-discipl9e to h a*iev$ a c]ta9 quality & h>mony ( ! passions4 ,!n ! good life is possible4 ,b al?\gh m5 h (t5 he>d ?is said1 & h read ab\t x1 unless 9 "s measure !y already desire x1 ! :ole tea*+ rema9s m]e words & ab/ractions :i* are high1 cold1 & remote4 ,z long z !y feel t ! way to happ9ess is ?r\gh a w o!r ?an _! own1 & t someh[ ev5ts c 9 ?is fa%ion be made to yield to _! unreg5]ate wi%es1 9 ?is _w or ano!r1 ! wisdom ( ! sages w n t\* _! he>ts1 & ! way :i* is po9t$ out w be neglect$4 ,wisdom w seem inhuman4 ,9 a s5se x is inhuman1 = x is s uncommon4 ,^? :o h x speak a /range language1 ( :i* ! words p]haps h a famili> s\nd1 b ! mean+ is too high & ab/ract2 _! delights are /range delights1 & unfa?omable1 l a passion :i* we h nev] kn[n4 ,& if we enc\nt] !m 9 _! lives or 9 _! writ+s1 !y seem to u a mixture ( gr&eur & que]ness4 ,= !y are at once m deeply at home 9 ! _w ?an ! transi5ts :o make up mo/ ( mank9d2 yet1 because ( ! quality ( _! passions1 !y are n :olly ( ! _w z ! worldl+ und]/&s x4 ,b unless ! worldl+ is entirely )\t ! capacity to transc5d himself1 he is p#aii b\nd 9 su* an enc\nt] to cat* a glimpse n[ & !n ( an exp]i5ce :]e !re is a s]5ity he himself has nev] kn[n1 a peace t passes 8 und]/&+1 an ec/asy exquisite & )\t regret1 & happ9ess s cl>ifi$ t x seems l brilliant & k9dly light4 ,yet no tea*] has ev] appe>$ 9 ! _w :o 0 wise en\gh to "k h[ to tea* 8 wisdom to all mank9d4 ,9 fact1 ! great tea*]s h attempt$ no?+ s utopian4 ,!y 7 q well aw>e h[ difficult = mo/ m5 is wisdom1 & !y h confess$ frankly t ! p]fect life 0 = a select few4 ,x is arguable1 9 fact1 t ! v idea ( tea*+ ! highe/ wisdom to all m5 is ! rec5t notion ( a humanit>ian & romantically democratic age1 & t x is q =eign to ! ?\ght ( ! greate/ tea*]s4 ,gautama ,buddha1 = example1 aboli%$ ca/e )9 ! religi\s ord] :i* he f\nd$1 & decl>$ t ! pa? to ,nirvana 0 op5 to ! l[e/ outca/ z well z to ! pr\de/ ,brahman4 ,b x 0 necess>y to ent] ! ord] & submit to its /r+5t discipl9e4 ,x is obvi\s t ,buddha nev] believ$ t v _m c\ld or w\ld d t4 ,jesus1 :om we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( z :olly ca?olic 9 8 sympa?ies1 spoke ! bitt] words3 8,give n :at is holy to ! dogs & ca/ n y\r pe>ls be=e sw9e40 ,9 ,mohamm$anism t :i* is my/ical is esot]ic3 8all ^? emotions are meant only = a small numb] ( *os5 ones 444 ev5 "s ( ! noble/ m9ds 9 ,islam re/rict true religi\s life to an ari/ocracy1 & accept ! ignorance ( ! multitude z an irrem$iable evil40 ,!re is an ari/ocratic pr9ciple 9 all ! religions p#bjj :i* h atta9$ wide acceptance4 ,x is significant t ,jesus 0 cont5t to leave ! gov]nance ( ! mass ( m5 to ,caes>1 & t he creat$ no organization dur+ 8 lifetime beyond ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x is significant1 because x %[s h[ mu* m he 0 conc]n$ ) ! few :o c\ld be sav$ ?an ) arrang+ ! affairs ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,plato1 :o 0 a m sy/ematic tea*] ?an ei!r ,jesus or ,buddha1 did "w out an elaborate social ord] :i* took acc\nt n only ( ! philosoph]s1 b ( all ! citiz5s ( ! /ate4 ,b 9 t v attempt he re/$ ^u ! premise t mo/ m5 w n atta9 ! good life1 & t = !m x is necess>y to in/itute ! laws4 8,! wor?y disciples ( philosophy w be b a small remnant10 he said1 8444 ! gu>dian 444 mu/ be requir$ to take ! long] circuit1 & toil at le>n+ z well z at gymna/ics1 or he w nev] rea* ! highe/ k ( all :i* is 8 prop] call+40 ,p]haps because !y look$ ^u ! attempts z hopeless1 p]haps because !y did n "k h[ to g ab\t x1 p]haps because !y 7 s wise1 ! greate/ tea*]s h nev] (f]$ _! full wisdom to ! multitude4 ,l ,mr4 ,valiant-=-tru? 9 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress !y said3 8,my sword ,i give to him t %all succe$ me 9 my pilgrimage1 & my c\rage & skill to him t c get x40 #c4 ,! ,peculi>ity ( ! ,mod]n ,situation ,b because ! tea*+ ( ! sages 0 incompreh5sible1 ! multitude1 impress$ b also bewild]$1 ignor$ !m z tea*]s & wor%ipp$ !m z gods4 p#bja ,9 _! wisdom ! p 7 n int]e/$1 b 9 ! leg5ds ( _! p[]1 :i* rumor creat$1 !re 0 some?+ und]/&able4 ,& ?us1 ! religions :i* h be5 organiz$ ar\nd ! names ( great spiritual tea*]s h be5 popul> 9 proportion1 "o might almo/ say1 to ! degree 9 :i* ! orig9al insight into ! necessity = conv]sion & self-discipl9e has be5 r$uc$ to a sy/em ( comm&s & promises :i* ! common man c und]/&4 ,= popul> religion is suit$ to ! capacities ( ! unconv]t$4 ,! adh]5ts ( a popul> religion necess>ily include an enorm\s numb] ( p :o are too "y1 or too feeble1 too dull or too viol5t1 too un/able or too incuri\s1 to h any compreh5sion :atsoev] ( any?+ b ! simple/ s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,an organiz$ religion _c neglect !m if x has any pret5sions to be+ univ]sal4 ,! great ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts h (t5 %elt]$ spiritual lives1 & drawn new vitality f !m4 ,b fundam5tally ! great *ur*es are secul> in/itutions2 !y are gov]nm5ts preoccupi$ inevitably ) ! regulation ( ! unreg5]ate appetites ( mank9d4 ,9 _! scriptures !re is to be f\nd ! tea*+ t true salvation dep5ds ^u int]nal re=m ( desire4 ,b s9ce ?is re=m is s v difficult1 9 practice ! *ur*es h devot$ !mselves n s mu* to mak+ real conv]sions1 z to gov]n+ ! dispositions ( ! unconv]t$ multitude4 ,!y are imm5sely engag$ by ! task ( adm9i/]+ _! moral codes1 p]suad+ _! congregations ) promises1 & ?reat5+ !m ) puni%m5ts p#bjb if !y d n keep _! *ildi% lu/s )9 b\nds4 ,! fact t !y use rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & appeal ev5 to ,caes>1 is evid5ce en\gh t !y are deal+ ) ! unconv]t$4 ,! fact t !y invoke au?ority is 9 itself evid5ce t !y are speak+ to ! naive4 ,! fact t !y pret5d to h c]ta9 k ab\t ! con/itution ( ! univ]se is evid5ce t !y are int]e/$ 9 ^? :o are n wise en\gh to und]/& ! limitations ( k4 ,= to ! few :o are conv]t$1 goodness is pleasant1 & ne$s no sanctions4 ,x ne$s no au?ority1 = x has be5 v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b :5 m5 h to be co]c$ into goodness1 x is pla9 t !y d n c>e = x4 ,n[ al?\gh ! great tea*]s saw cle>ly en\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! popul> religion & _! own insight1 !y 7 "u no great compulsion to try & ov]come x4 ,!y accept$ ! fact t ! true religion 0 esot]ic & = ! few4 ,!y saw t x dem&$ ! re-education ( desire1 b !y _h no sy/ematic & te/$ k ( h[ new habits c be =m$4 ,inv9cible z 0 _! insight into ! pr9ciple ( happ9ess1 !y 7 compell$ to dep5d ^u introspection1 & to g5]alize f a limit$ obs]vation4 ,!y und]/ood t ! good life 0 9 "s degree an acquir$ disposition2 !y 7 aw>e t x is n easily or naively acquir$4 ,= ^? :o someh[ _h ! disposition1 ! tea*]s in/itut$ /]n discipl9es :i* 7 really primitive exp]im5ts 9 ! re-education ( desire4 ,b !re 0 no v urg5t practical ne$ :i* impell$ !m to se>* = ways ( mak+ discipl9es m p#bjc widely available4 ,^? :o submitt$ to !m 7 9 g5]al individuals :o 7 already out ( ! ord9>y4 ,! mass ( mank9d liv$ solidly )9 ! framework ( cu/om & ! psy*ological compulsions ( !ocracy4 ,!re 0 no press+ reason1 z !re is to-day1 n[ t ?is ance/ral ord] is dissolv$1 :y anyone %\ld seek to =mulate a mode ( life by :i* ord9>y m51 ?r[n ^u _! own res\rces1 c f9d _! way )\t sup]natural rules1 comm&s1 puni%m5ts1 & comp5sations4 ,9 ! pa/ !re 7 a few m5 "h & !re :o _h someh[1 = reasons :i* we d n und]/&1 outgr[n ! ance/ral society 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,b ! society itself rema9$4 ,x %elt]$ !m4 ,& x rul$ ! _m4 ,! peculi>ity ( our mod]n situation is t multitudes1 in/ead ( a few1 are compell$ to make radical & orig9al adju/m5ts4 ,^! multitudes1 ?\gh !y h lo/ ! anci5t c]ta9ties1 h n outgr[n ! ne$s to :i* !y m9i/]$4 ,!y ne$ to believe1 b !y _c4 ,!y ne$ to be comm&$1 b !y _c f9d a comm&]4 ,!y ne$ support1 & !re is none4 ,_! situation is adult1 b _! dispositions are n4 ,! religion ( ! _s w\ld suit _! ne$s1 b x w\ld seem to be beyond _! p[]s4 #d4 ,! ,/one ,:i* ! ,build]s ,reject$ ,! way ( life :i* ,i h call$ high religion has 9 all ages seem$ s unapproa*ably high t x has be5 res]v$ = a volunt>y ari/ocracy ( ! _s4 ,x has1 9 fact1 be5 look$ ^u n only z a k9d ( spl5did idiosyncrasy ( a few m5 "h & !re1 b p#bjd z incompatible1 9 ess5ce1 ) ! practical conditions "u :i* life is liv$4 ,x is = ^! reasons1 no d\bt1 t ! practice ( high religion has almo/ inv>iably be5 associat$ ei!r ) a solit>y asceticism or ) a specially organiz$ life 9 mona/ic e/abli%m5ts4 ,high religion has be5 reg>d$ z some?+ sep>ate f ! ma9 conc]ns ( mank9d4 ,x is n difficult to see :y ?is 0 s if we realize t ! insight into ! value ( dis9t]e/$ness1 :i* is ! core ( high religion1 0 n a sudd5 discov]y nor a complete "o1 any:]e or any "t4 ,l all o!r ?+s associat$ ) evolution>y man1 ?is insight mu/ h _h v crude beg9n+s2 x w\ld be possible to %[1 ,i ?9k1 t !re h be5 _m t5tative & p>tial p]ceptions ( x :i*1 "u ! cl>ify+ p[] ( m5 ( g5ius1 h at times become coh]5t4 ,:5 we rememb] t we are deal+ ) an insight into ! qualities ( a matur$ p]sonality1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! full significance ( ?is insight has ev] be5 completely exhau/$4 ,x seems f> m likely t ! sages demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! realm ( ! _s1 b t x /ill rema9s to be ?or\ghly explor$4 ,if t is true !n ! attempt to live by ^! p>tial insights mu/ necess>ily h pres5t$ inord9ate practical difficulties4 ,py?agoras1 = example1 seems to h grasp$ ! idea t ! dis9t]e/$ /udy ( ma!matics & music 0 cleans+ to ! passions & also t 9 ord] to be dis9t]e/$ x 0 necess>y to h purity ( m9d4 ,s :5 he e/abli%$ 8 society 9 ,s\!rn ,italy he evid5tly attempt$ to comb9e ! p#bje s]i\s pursuit ( sci5ce ) an ascetic discipl9e4 ,b ! pursuit ( sci5ce 0 too mu* = ! mass ( ! fai?ful :o assum$ t 8to foll[ ,py?agoras meant to g b>efoot & to ab/a9 f animal fle% & beans40 ,& ?is 9 turn 0 too mu* = ! dignity ( ! le>n$ :o proce$$ to dissociate !mselves f ! discipl9>y aspect ( ! ,py?agorean tea*+4 ,x is a fair conclusion1 ,i ?9k1 t ! breakd[n ( ?is e>ly exp]im5t mu/ h be5 due fundam5tally to ! fact t ,py?agoras c\ld n h kn[n any te/$ me?od ei!r ( equipp+ 8 foll[]s to appreciate sci5ce or any?+ beside a crude asceticism z a means ( moral discipl9e4 ,if ?is is true1 !n ! reason = ! failure lay 9 ! fact t ?\gh ! orig9al insight 0 m>vel\sly good1 x 0 n implem5t$ ) ! necess>y te*nical k = apply+ x4 ,only a few1 we may suppose1 :o 7 already by ! accid5ts ( nature & nurture suit$ to ! ,py?agorean ideal1 c ev] h successfully appli$ x4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian pursuit ( ! high] religi\s life ! practical difficulties pres5t$ !mselves 9 a diff]5t way4 ,9 its beg9n+ ,*ri/ianity 0 a sect ( obscure m5 & wom5 :o 7 out ( t\* ) ! intellectual int]e/s ( ! ,roman _w4 ,!y 7 p]secut$ ali5s bo? 9 ,pale/9e & else:]e1 & !y came to ! conclusion t ! ,roman ,empire & all its conc]ns 0 ! ,k+dom ( ,satan4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! widespread belief 9 ! ,second ,com+ ( ,*ri/1 dissociat$ ! ,*ri/ian life at ! outset f ! life ( ! _w4 ,lat] on1 :5 ,*ri/ianity became ! (ficial religion ( ! ,empire1 & ! ,*ur* a great p#bjf secul> in/itution :i* conc]n$ itself ) gov]nm5t & prop]ty & diplomacy & w>1 ^? :o wi%$ to live z ne>ly z possible accord+ to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,gospels 7 q evid5tly compell$ to )draw & live a sep>at$ life4 8,if any man love ! _w1 ! love ( ! ,fa!r is n 9 him4 ,= all t is 9 ! _w1 ! lu/ ( ! fle%1 & ! lu/ ( ! eyes1 & ! pride ( life1 is n ( ! ,fa!r1 b is ( ! _w4 ,& ! _w passe? away1 & ! lu/ !re(3 b he t doe? ! w ( ,god abide? =ev]40 ,al?\gh = "s c5turies ! mona/]ies 7 ! c5t]s ( :at le>n+ !re 01 ! impressions left by mona/icism on mank9d seems to h be5 t ! highe/ type ( religi\s life is n dis9t]e/$ 9 human affairs1 b un9t]e/$2 t x requires n m]ely ! r5unciation ( worldly desires1 b ( ! _w itself4 ,! insight 0 imp]fect1 & !re=e z an example to mank9d ! practice 0 abortive & confus+4 ,yet only an uncompreh5d+ p]son c fail to see t ! v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce proce$$ f a pr(\nd1 if p>tial1 und]/&+ ( human nature & its mo/ p]fect h>mony4 ,pla9ly all mann] ( disord] bo? 9 society & 9 ! individual result f gre$1 uncontrollable sexual desire1 arrogance1 & imp]i\sness4 ,t 0 s pla9 to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & on ! o!r h& x 0 s little pla9 h[ ^? p[]ful passions c\ld be civiliz$1 t ! mona/ics 9 effect gave up & attempt$ to excise !m entirely f _! natures4 ,9 ?is !y did n succe$4 ,_h !y kn[n any way ( cur+ ! fev] ( human p#bjg passion except by attempt+ to excise x1 ! insight ( high religion w\ld h _h "s practicable mean+ = ^? :o did n )draw f ! _w4 ,b no way 0 kn[n1 & !re=e ! practice ( high religion _h to mean sep>ation f human society & viol5ce to human nature4 ,b :y 0 !re no o!r way kn[n ( ov]com+ ! *aos ( ! passions8 ,0 x because !re is no o!r way8 ,if t 7 s !n ! _w is z hopeless z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ?\ght x 02 inde$ x is m hopeless because x does n %[ any signs1 z !y believ$1 ( com+ to an end4 ,0 x because ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 7 n wise en\gh to discov] a way8 ,x is always a good rule1 ,i ?9k1 to disc>d any idea bas$ on ! premise t ! be/ m9ds ( ano!r age 7 cong5itally inf]ior to our own4 ,my conviction is t necessity is ! "m ( discov]y & inv5tion1 & t ! reason :y ! insight ( high religion & ! me?ods ( practic+ x 7 s imp]fectly develop$1 is t !re 0 no practical necessity = develop+ !m4 ,! mass ( m5 liv$ 9 an ance/ral ord] :i* 0 regulat$ by cu/om & au?ority1 & made endurable by usage & comp5satory consolations4 ,! organic quality ( t society into :i* !y fitt$ took c>e ( _! passions2 ^? :o _h outgr[n su* a society1 or 7 s con/itut$ t !y did n fit x1 7 ! exceptions4 ,f !m came ! insight ( high religion2 = !m a sep>at$ life 0 a possible solution ( _! p]sonal problems4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s to compel m5 to "w out a way ( life1 ,i won't say = all m51 b at lea/ = _m m51 by :i* p#bjh !y c\ld gov]n _! own natures4 ,beh9d any su* ef=t !re w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h to be an urg5t ne$4 ,= ! in]tia ( ! human race is imm5se4 ,x is my !sis t because ! acids ( mod]nity h dissolv$ ! adju/m5ts ( ! ance/ral ord]1 !re exi/s to-day on a scale nev] be=e exp]i5c$ by mank9d & ( an urg5cy )\t a p>allel1 ! ne$ = t philosophy ( life ( :i* ! insight ( high religion is a prophecy4 ,= x is immature & unreg5]ate desire :i* creates ! disord]s & ! fru/rations t conf\nd u4 ,! preoccupation ( ! popul> religion has be5 to f9d a way ( gov]n+ ^! disord]s & ( comp5sat+ = _! fru/rations4 ,! preoccupation ( high religion is ) ! reg5]ation ( ! passions t create ! disord]s & ! fru/rations4 ,ins(> z mod]nity has dissolv$ ! p[] ( ! popul> religion to gov]n & to comp5sate1 ! ne$ = a high religion :i* reg5]ates becomes imp]ative1 & :at 0 once a k9d ( spiritual luxury ( ! few has1 "u mod]n conditions1 become an urg5t necessity ( ! _m4 ,! insight ( high religion :i* has hi!rto indicat$ a k9d ( bypa? into r>e exp]i5ces is n[ a trail :i* ! lead]s ( mank9d are compell$ to take4 ,!re is impli$ 9 ?is a radical displacem5t 9 ! field ( morals4 ,! ma9 int]e/ ( ! practical morali/ 9 ! pa/ has be5 to int]pret1 adm9i/]1 & en=ce a moral code4 ,he knew :at 0 "r4 ,! populace ackn[l$g$ t he knew :at 0 "r4 ,8 task 0 to p]suade & compel !m to d :at 0 "r4 ,!re 0 a tacit assumption1 :i* 0 p#bji q correct1 t v (t5 ! populace & ev5 ! morali/ himself w\ld mu* r h done :at 0 wrong4 ,v (t5 !y did x4 ,!n !y 7 puni%$ 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next4 ,b to-day ! morali/ f9ds himself 9 a diff]5t position4 ,he is no long] absolutely sure t he kn[s :at is "r4 ,! populace1 ev5 if x respects him1 is dis9cl9$ to believe t a ?+ is "r simply because he says x is4 ,! populace cont9ues v frequ5tly to pref] :at 0 once reg>d$ z wrong4 ,x no long] kn[s :e!r x is "r or wrong1 & ( c\rse x gives itself ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,! result is t !re no long] exi/s a moral code :i* ! morali/ c int]pret1 adm9i/]1 & en=ce4 ,! effect ( t is moral an>*y )9 & )\t4 ,s9ce !re is no pr9ciple "u mod]n conditions :i* au?orizes ! re-e/abli%m5t ( a moral code1 ! morali/1 unless he revises 8 premises1 becomes entirely ineffectual4 ,to revise 8 premises c1 "u ! circum/ances1 mean only "o ?+3 t he occupies himself ) ! problem ( h[ to enc\rage t gr[? into maturity1 t outgr[+ ( naive desire1 t cultivation ( dis9t]e/$ness1 :i* r5d] passion innoc5t & an au?oritative morality unnecess>y4 ,! novelty ( all ?is lies 9 ! fact t ! gu>dians ( morality among ! p are compell$ at la/ to take s]i\sly :at ! tea*]s ( wisdom h taught4 ,! insight ( high religion may be said1 !n1 to be a discov]y 9 ! field ( human exp]i5ce comp>able ) ^? prophetic conceptions 9 ! natural sci5ces :i*1 aft] be+ look$ ^u = long p]iods z a p#baj curiosity1 are at la/1 because circum/ances are ripe1 se5 to be ! clue to o!rwise insoluble p]plexities4 ,! concept ( evolution 0 discov]$ by %e] insight innum]able times be=e ! "t ( ,d>w94 ,n mu* came ( x until ! rapid evolution ( human affairs aft] ! indu/rial revolution _h someh[ br\ght ?is neglect$ insight into focus ) m5's int]e/s4 ,!re are _m conceptions 9 ! sci5ce ( ! ,greeks :i* are true intimations ( :at mod]n physici/s h f\nd4 ,b an insight ( ?is sort comes into its own only :5 circum/ances conspire to make x inevitably appropriate4 ,x is my cont5tion t 9 ! field ( morals circum/ances are produc+ a some:at analog\s condition3 t ! insight ( ! sages into ! value ( dis9t]e/$ness has become ! clue to o!rwise insoluble p]plexities4 ,,"p ,,iii p#baa ,,! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,mod]nity ,:]e is ! way :]e light dwelle?8 ,job #ch3ai4 ,,*apt] ,,xi p#bac ,,! ,,cure ,,( ,,s\ls #a4 ,! ,problem ( ,evil ,! greate/ ( all p]plexities 9 !ology has be5 to reconcile ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god ) 8 omnipot5ce4 ,no?+ puts a great] /ra9 ^u ! fai? ( ! common man ?an ! exi/5ce ( utt]ly irrational suff]+ 9 ! univ]se1 & ! problem :i* torm5t$ ,job /ill tr\bles e dev\t & ?\ghtful man :o beholds ! mon/r\s inju/ices ( nature4 ,if !re 7 no pa9 9 ! _w except t :i* 0 felt by responsible be+s :o _h kn[+ly transgress$ "s law ( conduct1 !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be no problem ( evil4 ,pa9 w\ld be no?+ b a rational puni%m5t4 ,b ! pa9 :i* is suff]$ by ^? :o accord+ to all human /&>ds are innoc5t1 by *ildr5 & by animals1 = example1 _c be fitt$ into any rational !ory ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,x nev] has be54 ,! classic attempts to solve ! problem ( evil inv>iably falsify ! premises4 ,?is falsification may = a "t satisfy ! inquir]1 b x does n settle ! problem4 ,t is :y ! problem is =ev] pres5t+ itself aga94 ,! solutions :i* h be5 propos$ neglect "o or ! o!r ( ! attributes ( ,god3 tacitly or o!rwise ei!r 8 inf9ite p[] or 8 inf9ite love is d5i$4 p#bad ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 at lea/ 9 ! old] p>ts ( x1 ! p[] ( ,god is exalt$ at ! exp5se ( 8 goodness4 ,= x is simply impossible by any human /&>d & )9 any intelligible mean+ ( ! words to reg>d ,yahveh z :olly good4 ,8 cruelty is notori\s & 8 caprici\sness is t ( an ,ori5tal despot4 ,x is admitt$1 ,i believe1 by all b ! mo/ lit]ally-m9d$ ( ! fundam5tali/s t !re are innum]able incid5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* h to be expurgat$ if ! ,bible is to be us$ z a s\rce book ( conduct = impressionable *ildr54 ,n[ = ! anci5t ,hebrews :o conceiv$ ,god 9 _! fa%ion1 ! problem ( evil did n exi/ because x _h n occurr$ to !m t a rul] %\ld be j & good z well z great & p[]ful4 ,z m5 came to believe t ,god mu/ be j1 b5efic5t1 & lov+1 ! problem soon pres5t$ itself4 ,& 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 :i* is suppos$ to date f ! ,fif? or ,f\r? ,c5tury ,b4,c41 we h a poignant ef=t to solve x4 ,job's conclusion is t ! goodness ( ,jehovah is among ! 8?+s too wond]ful = me40 ,he accepts ! judgm5ts ( ,god1 & ackn[l$ges _! goodness by attribut+ to ,god a k9d ( goodness :i* is unlike ! human conception ( goodness4 ,he holds fa/ to ! premise t ,god is omnipot5t--8,i "k t ?\ can/ d all ?+s0--& ! o!r premise t ,god is b5efic5t he r$ef9es4 ,job's m9d 0 satisfi$1 & x is report$ t he prosp]$ greatly !reaft]4 ,:at _h really happ5$ 0 t ,job gave up ! attempt to prove t ,god 0 l ,job1 t ! _w 0 z ,job wi%$ x to be1 & s pi\sly & ) 8 m9d at p#bae re/ he made ! be/ ( ?+s1 & w5t ab\t 8 affairs4 ,9 ,job ! solution is rea*$ by claim+ t :at seems evil to u w\ld really be recogniz$ z goodness if our m9ds 7 n s limit$4 ,to ! naive ?is is no solution at all1 = x dep5ds ^u us+ ! ^w #8good' 9 two s5ses2 actually x 0 a p]fect solution1 = ,job _h resign$ himself to ! fact t ,god & ! univ]se 9 :i* he 0 manife/ are n controll$ by human desires4 ,^? :o refus$ to accept ?is solution involv$ !mselves 9 intricate !oriz+4 ,"s ( !m argu$ t evil is an illusion4 ,?is !ory has be5 widely held1 ?\gh x is r difficult to see h[1 if evil is an illusion1 good is n also an illusion4 ,! "o seems z vividly real z ! o!r4 ,x has also be5 argu$ by "s t evil is n important4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n solve ! !oretical problem4 ,9 fact x ignores ! problem & is really a piece ( advice z to h[ m5 ought to conduct !mselves 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,_m h argu$1 also1 t evil exi/s 9 ! _w to te/ human "*1 t by be>+ x & conqu]+ x m5 prove _! wor?4 ,!re is a core ( tru? 9 ?is obs]vation z !re is 9 ! !ory t _m ?+s are n s bad z !y seem4 ,b x does n expla9 :y a good & all p[]ful ,deity *ose to make m5 g ?r\gh a s*ool ( suff]+ to a*ieve goodness1 :5 he might h creat$ !m good 9 ! fir/ place4 ,^! !oretical difficulties h furni%$ ! mat]ial = endless debate4 ,i %all n pursue ! matt] 9 all its intricacies1 b ,i v5ture to po9t out t :at is attempt$ 9 all ^! solutions is ultimately to make pla9 p#baf :y ! rul] ( ! univ]se does n ord] ?+s z we %\ld ord] !m if we _h 8 p[]4 ,once we confess1 z ,job f9ally did1 t ! plan ( ! univ]se is n :at we naively wi% x w\ld be1 !re is no problem ( evil4 ,= ! :ole difficulty arises because ( our desire to impute to ! univ]se itself1 or to ! god :o rules x1 purposes l our own2 fail+ to f9d !m1 we are disappo9t$1 & are plung$ into elaborate & int]m9able debate4 ,! f9al insight ( ,job1 ?\gh x seems to be consi/5t ) ! or?odox popul> religion1 is really :olly inconsi/5t ) ! inw>dness ( popul> religion4 ,! ,god ( ! ,book ( ,job does n m9i/] to human desires1 & ! /ory ( ,job is really ! /ory ( a man's r5unciation ( ! belief 9 su* a ,god4 ,x is ! /ory ( h[ a man le>n$ to accept life maturely4 ,! ,god ^: ways ,job f9ally ackn[l$ges is no long] a projection ( ,job's desires4 ,he is l ! ,god ( ,sp9oza :o _c be cajol$ into return+ ! love ( 8 wor%ipp]4 ,he is1 9 %ort1 ! ,god ( an imp]sonal reality4 ,:e!r ,god is conceiv$ z a creator ( t reality1 :o adm9i/]s x inexorably1 or :e!r he is id5tifi$ ) reality & is conceiv$ z ! sum total ( its laws1 or :e!r1 z 9 ! language ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! "n ( ,god is n employ$ at all1 is a matt] ( metaphysical ta/e4 ,! great divide lies betwe5 ^? :o ?9k _! wi%es are ( m ?an human significance & ^? :o d n4 ,= ^! latt] ! problem ( evil does n arise out ( ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! exi/5ce ( evil ) _! assumptions4 ,!y d n assume t reality mu/ con=m to human desire4 ,! p#bag problem = !m is :olly practical4 ,x is ! problem ( h[ to remove evil & ( h[ to be> ! evil :i* _c be remov$4 ,?us f ! attempt to expla9 ! ways ( ,god 9 ! _w z x n[ is1 nature & human nature be+ :at !y are1 ! c5t] ( int]e/ is %ift$ to an attempt to discov] ways ( equipp+ man to conqu] evil4 ,?is displacem5t has 9 fact tak5 place 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,9 _! actual practice m5 d n try to acc\nt = evil 9 ord] t !y may accept x2 !y d n d5y evil 9 ord] t !y may n h to acc\nt = x2 !y expla9 x 9 ord] t !y may deal ) x4 #b4 ,sup]/ition & ,self-,consci\sness ,?is *ange ( attitude t[>d evil is n1 z at fir/ p]haps x may seem1 m]ely a new way ( talk+ ab\t ! same ?+4 ,x alt]s radically ! nature ( evil itself4 ,= evil is n a quality ( ?+s z su*4 ,x is a quality ( our relation to !m4 ,a dissonance 9 music is unpleasant only to a musical e>4 ,pa9 is an evil only if someone suff]s1 & !re are ^? to :om pa9 is pleasure & mo/ m5's evil _! good4 ,= ?+s are neutral & evil is a c]ta9 way ( exp]i5c+ !m4 ,to realize ?is is to de/roy ! awfulness ( evil4 ,i use ! ^w #8awful' 9 its exact s5se1 & ,i mean t 9 ab&on+ ! notion t evil has to be reconcil$ ) a !ory ( h[ ! _w is gov]n$1 we rob x ( univ]sal significance4 ,we deflate x4 ,! psy*ological consequ5ces are enorm\s1 = a v great "p ( all human suff]+ lies n 9 ! pa9 itself1 b 9 ! p#bah anxiety contribut$ by ! mean+ :i* we atta* to x4 ,lucretius und]/ood ?is q well1 & 9 8 sup]b argum5t aga9/ ! fe> ( dea? he reason$ t dea? has no t]ror because no?+ c be t]rible to ^? :o no long] exi/4 ,be=e we 7 born1 he says1 8we felt no di/ress :5 ! ,po5i f all sides came toge!r to d battle4444 ,= he :om evil is to befall1 mu/ 9 8 own p]son exi/ at ! v "t x comes1 if ! mis]y & suff]+ are haply to h any place at all40 ,/4 ,?omas def9es sup]/ition z ! vice ( excess 9 religion1 & 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w x may be said t ! effect ( ! mod]n approa* is to take evils out ( ! context ( sup]/ition4 ,!y cease to be signs & port5ts symboliz+ ! :ole ( human de/9y & become specific & di/+ui%able situations :i* h to be dealt )4 ,! effect ( ?is is n only to limit dra/ically ! mean+1 & !re=e ! dreadfulness1 ( any evil1 b to sub/itute = a g5]al s5se ( evil an analytical e/imate ( p>ticul> evils4 ,!y are !n se5 to be ( long duration & ( %ort1 prev5table1 curable1 or inevitable4 ,z long z all evils are believ$ someh[ to fit into a div9e1 if my/]i\s1 plan1 ! ef=t to eradicate !m mu/ seem on ! :ole futile1 & ev5 impi\s4 ,! hi/ory ( m$ical progress (f]s innum]able in/ances ( h[ m5 h resi/$ ! introduction ( sanit>y measures because !y dread$ to int]f]e ) ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,x is /ill felt1 ,i believe1 9 _m qu>t]s1 ev5 9 m$ical circles1 t to mitigate ! labor pa9s 9 *ildbir? is to blaspheme aga9/ ! comm&m5t t 9 pa9 *ildr5 %all be br\ght =?4 ,an aura ( dread p#bai surr\nds evil z long z evil situations rema9 entangl$ ) a !ory ( div9e gov]nm5t4 ,! realization t evil exi/s only because we feel x to be pa9ful helps u n only to dissociate x f ?is aura ( dread b to dissociate ourselves f our own feel+s ab\t x4 ,?is is a mom5t\s a*ievem5t 9 ! inn] life ( man4 ,to be able to obs]ve our own feel+s z if !y 7 objective facts1 to deta* ourselves f our own fe>s1 hates1 & lu/s1 to exam9e !m1 "n !m1 id5tify !m1 und]/& _! orig91 & f9ally to judge !m1 is someh[ to rob !m ( _! imp]i\sness4 ,!y are no long] ! same feel+s4 ,!y no long] dom9ate ! :ole field ( consci\sness4 ,!y seem no long] to comm& ! :ole en]gy ( our be+4 ,by becom+ consci\s ( !m we 9 "s fa%ion or o!r de/roy _! conc5tration & diffuse _! en]gy into o!r *annels4 ,we cease to be possess$ by "o passion2 contr>y passions reta9 _! vitality1 & an equilibrium t5ds to e/abli% itself4 ,j :at ! psy*ological me*anism ( all ?is is ,i d n pret5d to say4 ,x is some?+ to :i* psy*ologi/s are giv+ increas+ att5tion4 ,b s9ce ,hell5ic times ! ph5om5on :i* ,i h be5 describ+ has be5 well kn[n4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly :at ! ,sophi/s meant by ! injunction3 "k ?yself4 ,x 0 9 l>ge measure to a*ieve control ?r\gh deta*m5t t ,socrates elaborat$ 8 dialectic1 = ! ,socratic dialectic is an in/rum5t = mak+ m5 self-consci\s1 & !re=e ! ma/]s ( _! motives4 ,sp9oza grasp$ ?is pr9ciple ) great cl>ity4 8,an emotion10 he says1 8:i* is a passion ceases to be a passion z soon z we p#bbj =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( x40 ,he goes on to say t 8ins(> z ! m9d und]/&s all ?+s z necess>y1 x has m p[] ov] ! emotions1 or is less passive to !m40 ,! m rec5t discov]ies 9 ! field ( psy*oanalysis are an elaboration ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y are bas$ on ! discov]y ( ,freud & ,breu] at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury t a ca?>sis ( emotion is (t5 obta9$ if ! pati5t c be made to recall1 & ?us to relive by describ+ x1 ! emotional situation :i* tr\bles him4 ,! release ( ! psy*ic poison is kn[n te*nically z an abreaction4 ,:]e ! new psy*ology supplem5ts ! insights ( ! ,sophi/s1 ( ,socrates1 & ,sp9oza1 is 9 ! demon/ration t !re are p[]ful passions affect+ our lives ( :i* x is impossible by ord9>y ef=t ( memory 8to =m a cle> & di/9ct idea40 ,!y are said to be unconsci\s1 or m accurately1 ,i suppose1 !y are out ( ! rea* ( ! normal consci\sness4 ,freud & 8 s*ool h inv5t$ an elaborate te*nic by :i* ! analy/ is able frequ5tly to help ! pati5t ?read 8 way back ?r\gh a *a9 ( associations to ! buri$ passion & fet* x into consci\sness4 ,! special te*nic ( psy*oanalysis c be te/$ only by sci5tific exp]i5ce4 ,! !rapeutic claims made by psy*oanaly/s1 & _! !ories ( ! functional disord]s1 lie outside ! realm ( ?is discussion4 ,b ! ess5tial pr9ciple is n a te*nical matt]4 ,anyone c confirm x out ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 discov]$ & r$iscov]$ by %rewd obs]v]s ( human nature = at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,to become deta*$ f "o's passions & to und]/& !m consci\sly p#bba is to r5d] !m dis9t]e/$4 ,a dis9t]e/$ m9d is h>moni\s ) itself & ) reality4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple by :i* a humani/ic culture becomes be>able4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( a !ocratic culture is dep5d5ce1 ob$i5ce1 con=mity 9 ! pres5ce ( a sup]human p[] :i* adm9i/]s reality1 ! pr9ciple ( humanism is deta*m5t1 und]/&+1 & dis9t]e/$ness 9 ! pres5ce ( reality itself4 #c4 ,virtue ,x c be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 t ^? qualities :i* civiliz$ m51 reg>dless ( _! !ologies & _! allegiances1 h agre$ to call virtues1 h dis9t]e/$ness z _! inn] pr9ciple4 ,i am n talk+ n[ ab\t ! ecc5tric virtues :i* at "s "t or o!r h be5 held 9 great e/eem4 ,i am n talk+ ab\t ! virtue ( n play+ c>ds1 or ( n dr9k+ w9e1 or ( n eat+ beef1 or ( n eat+ pork1 or ( n admitt+ t wom5 h legs4 ,^! little virtues are hi/orical accid5ts :i* may or may n once h _h a rational orig94 ,i am talk+ ab\t ! c5tral virtues :i* are e/eem$ by e civiliz$ p4 ,i am talk+ ab\t su* virtues z c\rage1 honor1 fai?fulness1 v]acity1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 magnanimity1 & love4 ,!y w\ld n be call$ virtues & held 9 high e/eem if !re 7 no difficulty ab\t !m4 ,!re are innum]able dispositions :i* are ess5tial to liv+ t no "o takes ! tr\ble to praise4 ,?us x is n acc\nt$ a virtue if a man eats :5 he is hungry or goes to b$ :5 he is ill4 ,he c be dep5d$ ^u to take c>e ( 8 imm$iate wants4 ,x is only ^? actions :i* p#bbb he _c be dep5d$ ^u to d1 & yet are highly desirable1 t m5 call virtu\s4 ,!y recognize t a premium has to be put ^u c]ta9 qualities if m5 are to make ! ef=t :i* is requir$ to transc5d _! ord9>y impulses4 ,! premium consi/s 9 describ+ ^! desirable & r>] qualities z virtues4 ,= virtue is t k9d ( conduct :i* is e/eem$ by ,god1 or public op9ion1 or t less imm$iate "p ( a man's p]sonality :i* he calls 8 consci5ce4 ,to transc5d ! ord9>y impulses is1 !re=e1 ! common elem5t 9 all virtue4 ,c\rage1 = example1 is ! will+ness to face situations f :i* x w\ld be m or less natural to run away4 ,no "o ?9ks x is c\rage\s to run risks unwitt+ly4 ,! drunk5 driv] ( an automobile1 ! boy play+ ) a /ick ( dynamite1 ! man dr9k+ wat] :i* he does n "k is pollut$1 all take risks z great z ^? ( ! mo/ r5[n$ h]oes4 ,b ! fact t !y d n "k ! risks1 & d n1 !re=e1 h to conqu] ! fe> !y w\ld feel if !y did "k !m1 robs _! conduct ( all c\rage4 ,! te/ is n ! uselessness or ev5 ! undesirability ( _! acts4 ,x is useless to g ov] ,niag>a ,falls 9 a b>rel4 ,b x is brave1 assum+ ! p]=m] to be 9 8 "r m9d4 ,x is a wick$ ?+ to assass9ate a k+4 ,b if x is n done f ambu%1 x is brave1 h[ev] wick$ & h[ev] useless4 ,because c\rage consi/s 9 transc5d+ normal fe>s1 ! highe/ k9d ( c\rage is cold c\rage2 t is to say1 c\rage 9 :i* ! dang] has be5 fully realiz$ & !re is no emotional excitem5t to conceal ! dang]4 ,! _w in/antly recogniz$ ?is 9 ,colonel ,l9db]gh's p#bbc flight to ,p>is4 ,he flew alone2 he 0 n an impetu\s fool1 b a man ( ! utmo/ sobriety ( judgm5t4 ,he _h no companion to keep 8 c\rage screw$ up2 he knew exactly :at he 0 do+1 yet app>5tly he did n realize ! rew>ds :i* 7 9 /ore = him4 ,! _w und]/ood t "h 0 somebody :o 0 altoge!r brav] ?an ! av]age s5sual man4 ,= ,colonel ,l9db]gh did n m]ely conqu] ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 he conqu]$ ^? ?+s 9 himself :i* ! re/ ( u w\ld h f\nd unconqu]able4 ,! cold c\rage ( a man l ,nogu*i :o1 ?\gh 9 fail+ heal?1 w5t into "o ( ! unheal?ie/ p>ts ( ,africa to /udy a deadly disease1 c\ld come only f a nature :i* 0 ov]:elm+ly int]e/$ 9 objects outside itself4 ,nogu*i mu/ h kn[n exactly h[ dang]\s x 0 = him to g to ,africa1 & exactly h[ horrible 0 ! disease to :i* he expos$ himself4 ,to h gone anyway is really to h c>$ = sci5ce 9 a way :i* v few c>e = any?+ s remote & imp]sonal4 ,b ev5 c\rage l ,l9db]gh's & ,nogu*i's is m compreh5sible ?an ! k9d ( c\rage :i* anonym\s m5 h display$4 ,i am ?9k+ ( ! f\r soldi]s at ! ,walt] ,re$ ,hospital :o let !mselves be us$ = ! /udy ( typhoid fev]4 ,!y did n ev5 h ,l9db]gh's int]e/ 9 p]=m+ a great feat or ,nogu*i's int]e/ 9 sci5ce to buoy !m up & c>ry !m pa/ ! po9t :]e !y might h falt]$4 ,_! c\rage 0 z ne> to absolute c\rage z x is possible to imag9e1 & ,i :o ?9k ?is _c ev5 recall _! names4 ,to und]/& ! inw>dness ( c\rage w\ld be1 ,i p#bbd ?9k1 to h und]/ood almo/ all ! o!r important virtues4 ,x is 8n only ! *iefe/ virtue & mo/ dignifies ! hav]10 b x embodies ! pr9ciple ( all virtue1 :i* is to transc5d ! imm$iacy ( desire & to live = ends :i* are transp]sonal4 ,virtu\s action is conduct :i* responds to situations t are m ext5sive1 m complicat$1 & take long] to rea* _! fulfillm5t1 ?an ! situations to :i* we in/9ctively respond4 ,an infant kn[s nei!r vice nor virtue because x c respond only to :at t\*es x imm$iately4 ,a man has virtue ins(> z he c respond to a l>g] situation4 ,he has honor if he holds himself to an ideal ( conduct ?\gh x is inconv5i5t1 unpr(itable1 or dang]\s to d s4 ,he has v]acity if he says & believes :at he ?9ks is true ?\gh x w\ld be easi] to deceive o!rs or himself4 ,he is j if he ackn[l$ges ! int]e/s ( all conc]n$ 9 a transaction & n m]ely 8 own app>5t int]e/4 ,he is temp]ate if1 9 ! pres5ce ( temptation1 he c /ill pref] ,philip sob] to ,philip drunk4 ,he is magnanim\s if1 z ,ari/otle says1 he c>es 8m = tru? ?an = op9ion10 speaks & acts op5ly1 w n live at ! w ( ano!r1 except x be a fri5d1 does n recollect injuries1 does n c>e t he %\ld be prais$ or t o!rs %\ld be blam$1 does n compla9 or ask = help 9 unavoidable or trifl+ calamities4 ,= su* a man1 z ! ^w #8magnanim\s' itself implies1 is 8conv]sant ) great matt]s40 ,a man :o has ^! virtues has someh[ ov]come ! in]tia ( 8 impulses4 ,_! disposition is to respond to ! imm$iate situation1 & n m]ely to ! situation p#bbe at ! mom5t1 b to ! mo/ obvi\s fragm5t ( x1 & n only to ! mo/ obvi\s fragm5t1 b to t aspect :i* promises in/ant pleasure or pa94 ,to h virtue is to respond to l>g] situations & to long] /ret*es ( "t & )\t mu* int]e/ 9 _! imm$iate result 9 conv5i5ce & pleasure4 ,x is to ov]come ! impulses ( immaturity1 to deta* "o's self f ! objects t preoccupy x & f "o's own preoccupations4 ,!re are _m virtues 9 ! catalogues ( ! morali/s1 & !y h _m diff]5t names4 ,b !y h a common pr9ciple1 :i* is deta*m5t f t :i* is app>5tly pleasant or unpleasant1 & !y h a common quality1 :i* is dis9t]e/$ness1 & !y spr+ f a common s\rce1 :i* is maturity ( "*4 ,few m51 if any1 possess virtue 9 all its v>ieties because few m5 are :olly matur$ to ! core ( _! be+4 ,we are = ! mo/ "p l fruit :i* is p>tly rip5$3 !re is s\rness & sweetness 9 our natures4 ,?is may be due to ! casualness ( our upbr++2 x may be due to unkn[n cong5ital causes2 x may be due to functional & organic disease1 to p>tial inf]iorities ( m9d & body4 ,b x is due also to ! fact t we c give our full att5tion only to a few phases ( our exp]i5ce4 ,) ! equipm5t at our disposal we are =c$ to specialize & to neglect v mu*4 ,h5ce ! mature sci5ti/ ) petty ambitions & ignoble timidities4 ,h5ce ! reali/ic /atesman :o is a peevi% husb&4 ,h5ce ! man :o manages 8 affairs 9 ma/]ly fa%ion & bungles e p]sonal relation%ip :5 he is away f 8 (fice4 ,h5ce ! loyal fri5d :o is a p#bbf crook$ politician1 ! k9d fa!r :o is a m]ciless employ]1 ! *ampion ( mank9d :o is an intol]able companion4 ,if any ( ^! c\ld c>ry ov] into all _! relation%ips ! qualities :i* h made !m di/+ui%$ 9 "s1 !y w\ld be :olly adult & :olly good4 ,x w\ld n be necess>y to imag9e ! ideal "*1 = he w\ld already exi/4 ,x is out ( ^! practical virtues t our conception ( virtue has be5 =m$4 ,we may be sure t no quality is likely to h become e/eem$ z a virtue :i* did n some:]e & sometime produce at lea/ ! appe>ance ( happ9ess4 ,! virtues are gr\nd$ 9 exp]i5ce2 !y are n idle sugge/ions inadv]t5tly adopt$ because somebody took x into 8 head "o f9e day to proclaim a new ideal4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 c]ta9 residual & obsolete virtues :i* no long] correspond to any?+ 9 our own exp]i5ce & n[ seem utt]ly arbitr>y & caprici\s4 ,b ! c>d9al virtues correspond to an exp]i5ce s long & s ne>ly univ]sal among m5 ( our civilization1 t :5 !y are und]/ood !y are se5 to conta9 a deposit$ wisdom ( ! race4 #d4 ,f ,clue to ,practice ,! wisdom deposit$ 9 our moral ideals is heavily obscur$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,we cont9ue to use ! language ( morality1 hav+ no o!r :i* we c use4 ,b ! words are s hackney$ t _! mean+s are conceal$1 & x is v h>d1 especially = "y p1 to realize t virtue is really good & really relevant4 p#bbg ,morality has become s /]eotyp$1 s ?9 & v]bal1 s encru/$ ) pi\s fraud1 x has be5 s mu* monopoliz$ by ! t5d]-m9d$ & ! s5tim5tal1 & made s odi\s by ! outcries ( fooli% m5 & s\r old wom51 t our g5]ation has almo/ =gott5 t virtue 0 n inv5t$ 9 ,sunday s*ools b d]ives orig9ally f a pr(\nd realization ( ! "* ( human life4 ,?is s5se ( unreality is1 ,i believe1 due directly to ! widespread loss ( g5u9e belief 9 ! premises ( popul> religion4 ,virtue is a product ( human exp]i5ce3 m5 acquir$ _! k ( ! value ( c\rage1 honor1 temp]ance1 v]acity1 fai?fulness1 & love1 because ^! qualities 7 necess>y to _! survival & to ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess4 ,b ?is human ju/ification ( virtue does n c>ry conviction to ! immature1 & w\ld n ( itself break up ! in]tia ( _! naive impulses4 ,!re=e1 virtue :i* d]ives f human insight has to be impos$ on ! immature by au?ority2 :at 0 obta9$ on ,s9ai 0 n ! revelation ( ! moral law b div9e au?ority to tea* x4 ,n[ ! v ?+ :i* made moral wisdom conv9c+ to our ance/ors makes x unconv9c+ to mod]n m54 ,we d n live 9 a patri>*al society4 ,we d n live 9 a _w :i* disposes u to a belief 9 !ocratic gov]nm5t4 ,& !re=e ins(> z moral wisdom is entangl$ ) ! premises ( !ocracy x is unreal to u4 ,! v ?+ :i* gave au?ority to moral insight = our =efa!rs obscures moral insight = u4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! k9d ( _w :i* dispos$ !m to practice p#bbh virtue if x came to !m z a div9e comm&m5t4 ,a ?or\ghly mod]niz$ "y man to-day di/ru/s moral wisdom precisely because x is comm&$4 ,x is (t5 said t ?is di/ru/ is m]ely an aspect ( ! normal rebellion ( y\?4 ,i d n believe x4 ,?is di/ru/ is due to a mu* m fundam5tal cause4 ,x is due n to a rebellion aga9/ au?ority b to an unbelief 9 x4 ,?is unbelief is ! result ( t dissolution ( ! anci5t ord] out ( :i* mod]n civilization is em]g+1 & unless we und]/& ! radical "* ( ?is unbelief we %all nev] und]/& ! moral confusion ( ?is age4 ,we %all fail to see t morals taught ) au?ority are p]vad$ ) a s5se ( unreality because ! s5se ( au?ority is no long] real4 ,m5 w n feel t wisdom is au!ntic if !y are ask$ to believe t x d]ives f some?+ :i* does n seem au!ntic4 ,we may be q c]ta91 !re=e1 t we %all n succe$ 9 mak+ ! traditional morality conv9c+ly au!ntic to mod]n m54 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ! age is to make x seem less & less au!ntic4 ,! ef=t to impose x1 nev]!less1 m]ely deep5s ! confusion by conv]t+ ! discussion ( morals f an exam9ation ( exp]i5ce into a dispute ov] its metaphysical sanctions4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is dispute is to drive m51 especially ! mo/ s5sitive & c\rage\s1 fur!r away f insight into virtue & deep] & deep] into m]e negation & rebellion4 ,:at !y are actually rebell+ aga9/ is ! !ocratic sy/em 9 :i* !y d n believe4 ,b because t sy/em appe>s to !m to claim a ve/$ int]e/ 9 morality !y empty out ! baby ) ! p#bbi ba?1 & lose all s5se ( ! inw>dness ( deposit$ wisdom4 ,= t reason ! recov]y ( moral insight dep5ds ^u dis5tangl+ virtue f its traditional sanctions & ! metaphysical framework :i* has hi!rto support$ x4 ,x w be said1 ,i "k1 t ?is w\ld rob virtue ( its popul> pre/ige4 ,my answ] is t 9 ^? communities :i* are deeply "u mod]n influ5ces ! loss ( belief 9 ^! v traditional sanctions & ?is v metaphysical framework has robb$ virtue ( its relevance4 ,i %\ld readily grant t = communities & = individuals :i* are outside ! orbit ( mod]nity1 x is nei!r necess>y nor desirable to dis5tangle morality f its anci5t associations4 ,x is also impossible to d s1 = :5 ! ance/ral ord] is g5u9ely alive1 !re is no problem ( unbelief4 ,b :]e ! problem exi/s1 :5 ! anci5t premises ( morality h fad$ into m]e v]bal ackn[l$gm5ts1 !n ^! anci5t premises obscure vision4 ,!y h ceas$ to be ! sanctions ( virtue & h become ob/ructions to moral insight4 ,only by delib]ately ?9k+ _! way pa/ ^! ob/ructions c mod]n m5 recov] t innoc5ce ( ! eye1 t fre%1 au!ntic s5se ( ! good 9 human relations on :i* a liv+ morality dep5ds4 ,i h tri$ 9 ^! pages to d t = myself4 ,i am "u no illusion z to ! pres5t value ( ! conceptions arriv$ at4 ,i reg>d !m simply z a probable clue to ! und]/&+ ( mod]nity4 ,if ! clue is ! correct "o1 ! m we explore ! mod]n _w ! m coh]5ce x w give to our und]/&+ ( x4 ,a true insight is fruitful2 x multiplies insight1 until at la/ x n p#bcj only illum9ates a situation b provides a practical guide to conduct4 ,i believe ! insight ( high religion into ! value ( dis9t]e/$ness w1 if pursu$ resolutely1 untangle ! moral confusion ( ! age & make pla91 z x is n n[ pla91 :at we are really driv+ at 9 our manifold activity1 :at we are compell$ to want1 :at1 r dimly n[1 we d want1 & h[ to proce$ ab\t a*iev+ x4 ,to say t is to say t ,i believe 9 ! hypo!sis4 ,i d believe 9 x4 ,i believe t ?is valuation ( human life1 :i* 0 once ! possession ( an lite1 n[ con=ms to ! premises ( a :ole civilization4 ,! pro( ( t mu/ lie 9 a detail$ & se>*+ exam9ation ( ! facts all ab\t u4 ,if ! ideal ( human "* :i* is prophesi$ 9 high religion is really suitable & necess>y 9 mod]n civilization1 !n an exam9ation ought to %[ t ev5ts !mselves are pregnant ) x4 ,if !y are n1 !n all ?is is moon%9e & cobwebs & ca/les 9 ! air4 ,unless circum/ance & necessity are beh9d x1 ! insight ( high religion is /ill1 z x has always be5 hi!rto1 a noble ecc5tricity ( ! s\l4 ,= m5 w n take x s]i\sly1 !y w n devote !mselves to ! discov]y & inv5tion ( ways ( cultivat+ maturity1 deta*m5t1 & dis9t]e/$ness unless ev5ts conspire to drive !m to x4 ,! realization ( ?is ideal is pla9ly a process ( education 9 ! mo/ inclusive s5se ( t t]m4 ,b x w n d mu* good to tell mo!rs t !y %\ld lead _! *ildr5 away f _! *ildi%ness2 an actual "m1 ev5 if %e und]/ood s ab/ruse a bit ( advice1 & did n reject x out ( h& z a reflection ^u ! p#bca glory ( *ildhood1 w\ld insi/ ^u be+ told v concretely :at ?is good advice means & h[ ) a bawl+ infant 9 ! cradle y g ab\t cultivat+ 8 capacity to be dis9t]e/$4 ,x is n mu* bett] to (f] ! advice to s*ool tea*]s2 !y w wi% to "k :at !y mu/ n d t !y n[ d1 & :at !y mu/ d t !y leave undone4 ,b ! answ]s to ^! que/ions are no m to be _h f ! orig9al concept ?an are rules = bre$+ f9e cattle to be _h f ! !ory ( evolution & ,m5del's law4 ,by ! use ( ! concept1 psy*ologi/s & educators may1 if ! concept is correct & if !y are prop]ly enc\rag$1 ?read _! way by dialectic & by exp]im5t to practical k :i* is actually usable z a me?od ( education & z a p]sonal discipl9e4 ,if !y are to d t !y w h to see q cle>ly j h[ & 9 :at s5se ! ideal ( dis9t]e/$ness is inh]5t & inevitable 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,! rema9+ *apt]s ( ?is book are an attempt to d t by demon/rat+ t 9 ?ree great phases ( human int]e/1 9 bus9ess1 9 gov]nm5t1 & 9 sexual relations1 ! ideal is n[ implicit & necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xii p#bcb ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,society #a4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,inv5tion ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! age we live 9 is t we are =ev] try+ to expla9 x4 ,we feel t if we und]/ood x bett] we %\ld "k bett] h[ to live 9 x1 & %\ld cease to be ali5s :o d n "k ! l&m>ks ( a /range c\ntry4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a s*ool ( philosophic hi/orians :o argue t ?is s5se ( novelty 9 ! mod]n _w is an illusion1 & t z a matt] ( fact mank9d has pass$ be=e ?r\gh ! same phase ( ! same inexorable cycle4 ,! bolde/ ( !m1 l ,oswald ,sp5gl]1 cite *apt] & v]se to %[ t !re h be5 sev]al ( ^! great cycles ( developm5t f incubation ?r\gh maturity to decay1 & t our we/]n civilization :i* began ab\t #ijj ,a4,d4 is n[ 9 ! phase :i* corresponds ) ! c5tury aft] ,p]icles 9 ! classical _w4 ,t ! analogy is /rik+ no read] ( ,sp5gl] w d5y :o c endure ,sp5gl]'s procru/ean det]m9ation to make ! evid5ce fit ! !ory4 ,we c see ! gr[? ( t[ns at ! exp5se ( ! f>ms1 ! rise ( capitalism1 ! gr[? ( int]national trade & f9ance1 a developm5t ( nationalism1 ( democracy1 attempts at ! abolition ( w> ?r\gh int]national organization1 & ) x all a dissolution ( ! popul> religion1 ( p#bcc ! traditional morality1 & va/ & se>*+ inquiry into ! mean+ ( life4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! speculation ( ! ,greek philosoph]s seems extraord9>ily fre% to u1 because !y 7 confront$ ) a situation 9 _m respects rem>kably l our own4 ,b h[ev] nicely su* analogies are work$ out !y are sup]ficial & mislead+4 ,!re is some?+ radically new 9 ! mod]n _w1 some?+ = :i* !re is no p>allel 9 any o!r civilization4 ,?is new ?+ is usually describ$ z p[]-driv5 ma*9]y4 ,?us ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,be>d says t 8:at is call$ ,we/]n or mod]n civilization by way ( contra/ ) ! civilization ( ! ,ori5t or ,m$ival times is at bottom a civilization t re/s ^u ma*9]y & sci5ce z di/+ui%$ f "o f\nd$ on agriculture or h&icraft comm]ce4 ,x is 9 reality a te*nological civilization 444 & 444 x ?reat5s to ov]come & trans=m ! :ole globe40 ,by way ( illu/rat+ h[ deeply ma*9]y affects human life1 ,mr4 ,be>d says t because !y are unt\*$ by ?is ma*9e civilization 8!re are m fundam5tal resemblances betwe5 ! culture ( a peasant 9 a remote village 9 ,spa9 & t ( a peasant 9 a remote village 9 ,japan ?an betwe5 ! culture ( a ,*ri/ian prie/ ( ! upp] ,pyr5ees & t ( a ,bapti/ cl]gyman 9 a ?riv+ manufactur+ t[n 9 ,ill9ois40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells uses mu* ! same argum5t to %[ t 9 spite ( ! app>5t simil>ities !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 our civilization & ! lat] phases ( ! classical4 8,! ess5tial diff]5ce10 he says1 8betwe5 ! amass+ ( ri*es1 ! ext9ction ( small f>m]s & small bus9ess m51 & ! phase ( p#bcd big f9ance 9 ! latt] c5turies ( ! ,roman republic on ! "o h&1 & ! v simil> conc5tration ( capital 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies on ! o!r1 lies 9 ! pr(\nd diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( labor t ! me*anical revolution 0 br++ ab\t4 ,! p[] ( ! old _w 0 human p[]2 ev]y?+ dep5d$ ultimately ^u ! driv+ p[] ( human muscle1 ! muscle ( ignorant & subjugat$ m54 ,a little animal muscle1 suppli$ by draft ox51 horse traction1 & ! l contribut$4 ,:]e a weight _h to be lift$1 m5 lift$ x2 :]e a rock _h to be qu>ri$1 m5 *ipp$ x out2 :]e a field _h to be pl\gh$1 m5 & ox5 pl\gh$ x2 ! ,roman equival5t ( ! /eam%ip 0 ! galley ) its banks ( sweat+ r[]s4444 ,! ,roman civilization 0 built ^u *eap & degrad$ human be+s2 mod]n civilization is be+ rebuilt ^u *eap me*anical p[]40 ,^! diff]5ces are g5u9e en\gh1 & yet x is d\btful :e!r ,mr4 ,wells has describ$ ! really 8new ?+ 9 human exp]i5ce40 ,aft] all a great deal ( *eap man p[] is /ill us$ 9 conjunction ) *eap me*anical p[]2 x is some:at ( an idealization to talk z if ! ma*9e _h supplant$ ! drudge4 ,:at ,mr4 ,wells has 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 is t 9 ! ,roman _w a va/ proportion ( mank9d 7 doom$ to 8purely me*anical drudg]y0 :]eas 9 ! mod]n _w !re is tangible hope t !y w be releas$ f x4 ,!y are n yet releas$ f x1 h[ev]1 & _! hope ( release re/s ^u ! really new elem5t 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,! v>i\s me*anical inv5tions f ,james ,watt's p#bce /eam eng9e to ! electric di%wa%] & vacuum clean] are n ?is new elem5t4 ,all ^! inv5tions1 s+ly or collectively1 ?\gh !y h revolutioniz$ ! mann] ( human life1 are n ! ultimate reason :y m5 put su* hope 9 ma*9es4 ,_! hope is n bas$ on ! ma*9es we possess4 ,!y are obvi\sly a mix$ bless+4 ,_! hope is bas$ on ! ma*9es t are yet to be made1 & !y h reason to hope because a really new ?+ has come into ! _w4 ,t ?+ is ! inv5tion ( inv5tion4 ,m5 h n m]ely inv5t$ ! mod]n ma*9es4 ,!re h be5 ma*9es inv5t$ s9ce ! e>lie/ days1 incalculably important1 l ! :eel1 l sail+ %ips1 l ! w9dmill & ! wat]mill4 ,b 9 mod]n times m5 h inv5t$ a me?od ( inv5t+1 !y h discov]$ a me?od ( discov]y4 ,me*anical progress has ceas$ to be casual & accid5tal & has become sy/ematic & cumulative4 ,we "k1 z no o!r p ev] knew be=e1 t we %all make m & m p]fect ma*9es4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,be>d says t 8! ma*9e civilization diff]s f all o!rs 9 t x is highly dynamic1 conta9+ )9 itself ! se$s ( con/ant recon/ruction10 he is1 ,i take x1 ref]r+ to ?is supreme discov]y :i* is ! art ( discov]y itself4 #b4 ,! ,creative ,pr9ciple 9 ,mod]nity ,al?\gh ! disposition to sci5tific ?\ght may be said to h orig9at$ 9 remote antiquity1 x 0 n until ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ( our era t x ceas$ to appe> spasmodically & z if by *ance4 ,! ,greeks _h _! s*ools on ! %ores ( ! gean1 9 ,sicily1 p#bcf & 9 ,alex&ria1 & 9 !m "s ( ! conclusions & mu* ( ! _s ( sci5tific inquiry 0 imag9atively anticipat$4 ,b ! consci\s organiz$ ef=t to relate 8g5]al pr9ciples to irr$ucible & /ubborn facts10 z ,mr4 ,:itehead puts x1 began ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ society *iefly devot$ to sci5ce seems to h be5 f\nd$ by della ,porta at ,naples 9 #aefj1 b x 0 clos$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,=ty ye>s lat] ! ,accademia dei ,l9cei 0 f\nd$ at ,rome ) ,galileo among its e>ly memb]s4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,london 0 *>t]$ 9 #affb4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces began its meet+s 9 #afff1 ! ,b]l9 ,academy 9 #agjj1 ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association 0 propos$ by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 9 #agdc & organiz$ 9 #agfi4 ,! active pursuit ( sci5ce is a matt]1 !n1 ( only a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,! practical consequ5ces 9 ! =m ( useful inv5tions are /ill m rec5t4 ,newcom5's air-&-/eam eng9e dates f #agje1 b x 0 n until #agfd t ,james ,watt produc$ a practicable /eam eng9e4 ,x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury t inv5tion really got "u way & began to trans=m ! /ructure ( civilization4 ,x 0 n until ab\t #ahej t ! importance ( inv5tion _h impress$ itself ^u ! ,engli% p1 yet !y 7 ! fir/ to exp]i5ce ! effects ( ! me*anical revolution4 ,!y _h se5 ! fir/ railway1 ! fir/ /eamboat1 ! illum9ation ( t[ns by gas1 & ! application ( p[]-driv5 ma*9]y to manufacture4 ,pr(essor ,bury fixes ! ,exhibition ( ,london 9 #ahea z ! ev5t :i* m>ks ! public recognition ( ! role ( sci5ce p#bcg 9 mod]n civilization4 ,! ,pr9ce ,consort :o orig9at$ ! ,exhibition said 9 8 op5+ spee* t x 0 design$ 8to give u a true te/ & a liv+ picture ( ! po9t ( developm5t at :i* ! :ole ( mank9d has arriv$ 9 ?is great task1 & a new />t+-po9t f :i* ! nations w be able to direct _! fur!r ex]tions40 ,b ?is public recognition 0 at fir/ r s5tim5tal & gap+4 ,! full realization ( ! place ( sci5ce 9 mod]n life came sl[ly1 & only 9 our g5]ation c x be said t political rul]s1 capta9s ( indu/ry1 & lead]s ( ?\ght h actually begun to appreciate h[ c5tral is sci5ce 9 our civilization1 & to act ^u t realization4 ,9 our "t gov]nm5ts h begun to take sci5ce s]i\sly & to promote rese>* & inv5tion n only 9 ! art ( w>1 b 9 ! int]e/ ( trade1 agriculture1 & public hygi5e4 ,great corporations h e/abli%$ laboratories ( _! own1 n m]ely = ! p]fect+ ( _! own processes1 b = ! promotion ( pure rese>*4 ,money has become available 9 great quantities = sci5tific "w 9 ! univ]sities1 & ! educational curriculum d[n to ! l[e/ grades has begun to be reorganiz$ n only 9 ord] to tra9 a m9ority ( ! population = rese>* & inv5tion1 b to tra9 ! great majority to und]/& & use ! ma*9es & ! processes :i* are available4 ,! motives & ! habits ( m9d :i* are ?us br\ght into play at ! v he>t ( mod]n civilization are mature & dis9t]e/$4 ,t may n be ! prim>y int5tion1 b x is ! inevitable result4 ,no d\bt p#bch gov]nm5ts enc\rage rese>* 9 ord] to h p[]ful weapons ) :i* to ov]awe _! neighbors2 no d\bt indu/ries enc\rage rese>* because x pays2 no d\bt sci5ti/s & inv5tors are 9 "s measure mov$ by ! desire = weal? & fame2 no d\bt ! g5]al public approves ( sci5ce because ( ! pleasures & conv5i5ces x provides2 no d\bt !re is an intuitive s5se 9 mod]n communities t ! prospects ( survival bo? = nations & = individuals are someh[ relat$ to _! comm& ( sci5tific k4 ,b nev]!less1 :atev] ! motives :i* cause m5 to end[ laboratories1 to "w pati5tly 9 laboratories or to buy ! products1 ! fact rema9s t inside ! laboratory1 at ! he>t ( ?is :ole bus9ess1 ! habit ( dis9t]e/$ realism 9 deal+ ) ! data is ! indisp5sable habit ( m9d4 ,unless ?is habit ( m9d exi/s 9 ! actual rese>*1 all ! end[m5ts & honor>y degrees & prize aw>ds w n produce ! results desir$4 ,?is is an orig9al & trem5d\s fact 9 human exp]i5ce3 t a :ole civilization %\ld be dep5d5t ^u te*nology1 t ?is te*nology %\ld be dep5d5t ^u pure sci5ce1 & t ?is pure sci5ce %\ld be dep5d5t ^u a race ( m5 :o consci\sly refuse1 z ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell has said1 to reg>d _! 8own desires1 ta/es1 & int]e/s z af=d+ a key to ! und]/&+ ( ! _w40 ,:5 ,i say t ! refusal is consci\s ,i d n mean m]ely t sci5ti/s tell !mselves t !y mu/ ignore _! prejudices4 ,!y h develop$ an elaborate me?od = detect+ & disc\nt+ _! prejudices4 ,x consi/s ( in/rum5ts ( precision1 an accurate vocabul>y1 p#bci controll$ exp]im5t1 & ! submission n only ( _! results b ( _! processes to ! judgm5t ( _! pe]s4 ,?is me?od provides a body 9 :i* ! _s ( dis9t]e/$ness c live1 & x might be said t mod]n sci5ce1 n 9 its crude consequ5ces b 9 its inw>d pr9ciple1 n1 t is to say1 z manife/$ 9 automobiles1 electric refrig]ators1 & rayon silk1 b 9 ! behavior ( ! m5 :o inv5t & p]fect ^! ?+s1 is ! actual realization 9 a practicable mode ( conduct :i* c be le>n$ & practic$1 ( ! insight ( high religion4 ,! sci5tific discipl9e is "o way 9 :i* ?is insight1 hi!rto lyrical & p]sonal & ap>t1 is br\ght d[n to e>? & into direct & decisive contact ) ! conc]ns ( mank9d4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t pure sci5ce is high religion inc>nate4 ,no d\bt ! sci5ce we h is n ! :ole inc>nation1 b z f> z x goes x translates into a usable proc$ure :at 9 ! tea*+ ( ! sages has be5 an esot]ic insight4 ,sci5tific me?od c be le>n$4 ,! le>n+ ( x matures ! human "*4 ,its value c be demon/rat$ 9 concrete results4 ,its importance 9 human life is indisputable4 ,b ! insight ( high religion z su* c\ld be appreciat$ only by ^? :o 7 already mature2 x correspond$ to no?+ 9 ! exp]i5ce & ! necessities ( ! ord9>y man4 ,x c\ld be talk$ ab\t b n taught2 x c\ld inspire only ! few :o 7 someh[ already inspir$4 ,) ! discov]y ( sci5tific me?od ! insight has ceas$ to be an intangible & some:at =mless idea & has become an organiz$ ef=t :i* moves mank9d m pr(\ndly ?an any?+ else 9 human affairs4 ,!re=e1 p#bdj :at 0 once a p]sonal attitude on ! "p ( a few :o 7 some:at )drawn & disreg>d$ has become ! c5tral pr9ciple 9 ! c>e]s ( innum]able1 imm5sely influ5tial1 m54 ,because ! sci5tific discipl9e is1 9 fact1 ! creative elem5t 9 t :i* is di/9ctively mod]n1 circum/ances conspire to enhance its pre/ige & to ext5d its acceptance4 ,x is ! ultimate s\rce ( pr(it & ( p[]1 & !re=e x is assur$ ( protection & enc\ragem5t by ^? :o rule ! mod]n /ate4 ,!y _c af=d n to cultivate ! sci5tific _s3 ! nation :i* does n cultivate x _c hold its place among ! nations1 ! corporation :i* ignores x w be de/roy$ by its competitors4 ,! tra9+ ( an ev] increas+ numb] ( pure sci5ti/s1 ( inv5tors1 & ( m5 :o c op]ate & repair ma*9]y is1 !re=e1 a %e] practical necessity4 ,! sci5tific discipl9e has become1 z ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas w\ld say1 an ess5tial "p ( our social h]itage4 ,= ! ma*9e te*nology requires a population :i* 9 "s measure p>takes ( ! _s :i* creat$ x4 ,naturally en\gh1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ! sci5tific _s becomes m & m dilut$ ! fur!r "o goes f ! "w ( ! m5 :o actually conceive1 discov]1 inv5t1 & p]fect ! mod]n ma*9es4 ,f ,f>aday1 ,maxwell1 & ,h]tz :o did ! *ief "w :i* made possible ! wireless x is a long way to ! brok] :o sells radio /ock or ! h\sehold] ) 8 six-tube set4 ,i h n be5 suppos+ t ^! latt] p>take 9 any way ( ! orig9al _s :i* made ! radio possible4 ,b x is a fact ( enorm\s consequ5ces1 p#bda cumulative 9 its effect ^u ! education ( succe$+ g5]ations1 t ! radio1 & all ! o!r contrivances ar\nd :i* mod]n civilization is con/ruct$1 %\ld be possible only by ! increas+ use ( a sci5tific discipl9e4 #c4 ,naive ,capitalism ,! application ( sci5ce to ! daily affairs ( m5 0 acclaim$ at fir/ ) m en?usiasm ?an und]/&+4 8,t e>ly p10 said ,buffon1 speak+ ( ! ,babylonians1 80 v happy1 because x 0 v sci5tific40 ,entranc$ ) ! success ( ! ,newtonian physics & by ! dazzl+ effect ( inv5tions1 ! intellectuals ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury p]suad$ !mselves t sci5ce 0 a messianic =ce :i* w\ld lib]ate mank9d f pa91 drudg]y1 & error4 ,x 0 believ$ t sci5ce w\ld some:at my/]i\sly end[ mank9d ) inv9cible p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature1 & t m51 if !y 7 releas$ f ! bondage ( religi\s cu/om & belief1 c\ld employ ! p[] ( sci5ce to _! own consummate happ9ess4 ,! me*anical revolution1 9 %ort1 0 inaugurat$ on ! !ory t ! natural man mu/ be lib]at$ f moral conv5tions & t nature mu/ be subjugat$ by me*anical in/rum5ts4 ,!re are intelligible hi/orical reasons :y our great gr&fa!rs adopt$ ?is view4 ,!y f\nd !mselves 9 a _w regulat$ by ! cu/oms & beliefs ( a l&$ society4 ,!y c\ld n op]ate _! factories successfully 9 su* a society1 & !y rebell$ fi]cely aga9/ ! cu/oms :i* re/rict$ !m4 ,t rebellion p#bdb 0 rationaliz$ 9 ! philosophy ( laissez-faire :i* meant 9 ess5ce t ma*9e indu/ry mu/ n be int]f]$ ) by l&lords & peasants :o _h feudal rights1 nor by gov]nm5ts :i* protect$ ^? rights4 ,on ! positive side ?is rebellion express$ itself 9 decl>ations ( ! rights ( man4 ,^! decl>ations 7 a d5ial ( ! ve/$ rights ( m5 "u ! old l&$ ord] & an ass]tion ( ! rights ( m51 p>ticul>ly ! new middle-class m51 :o propos$ to make ! mo/ ( ! new indu/rial & me*anical ord]4 ,by ! rights ( m5 !y meant prim>ily fre$om ( contract1 fre$om ( trade1 fre$om ( occupation--^? fre$oms1 t is to say1 :i* made x possible = ! new employ] to buy & sell1 to hire & fire )\t be+ acc\ntable to anyone4 ,! prophet ( ?is new disp5sation 0 ,adam ,smi?4 ,9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations he wrote t ,all sy/ems ei!r ( pref]5ce or ( re/ra9t 444 be+ ?us completely tak5 away1 ! obvi\s & simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty e/abli%es itself ( its own accord4 ,e man1 z long z he does n violate ! laws ( ju/ice1 is left p]fectly free to pursue 8 own int]e/ 8 own way1 & to br+ bo? 8 indu/ry & capital into competition ) ^? ( any o!r man1 or ord] ( m54 ,! employ+ class 9 ! e>ly days ( capitalism hone/ly believ$1 & inde$ its less enlight5$ memb]s /ill believe to ?is v day1 t someh[ ! g5]al welf>e w be s]v$ by tru/+ naively to ! acquisitive in/9cts ( ! employ+ capitali/4 ,?us at ! outset ! ma*9e te*nology 0 appli$ "u ! direction ( m5 :o scorn$ z s5tim5tal1 :5 !y p#bdc did n reg>d z subv]sive1 t dis9t]e/$ness :i* alone makes possible ! ma*9e te*nology itself4 ,!y did n und]/& sci5ce4 ,!y m]ely exploit$ c]ta9 ( ! inv5tions :i* sci5ti/s produc$4 ,:at !y believ$1 ins(> z !y _h any philosophy1 0 t !re exi/s a pree/abli%$ h>mony 9 ! univ]se--an 8obvi\s & simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty10 9 ,adam ,smi?'s language1 8:i* e/abli%es itself ( its own accord0--by :i* if ea* man naively pursu$ 8 primitive impulse to h & to hold 9 competition ) o!r m51 peace1 prosp]ity1 & happ9ess w\ld ensue4 ,!y did n ensue4 ,& ! social hi/ory ( ! la/ sev5ty-five ye>s has 9 l>ge measure be5 conc]n$ ) ! bir? pa9s ( an indu/rial philosophy t w really suit ! ma*9e te*nology & ! nature ( man4 ,= ! notion t an intricate & delicately pois$ indu/rial me*anism c\ld be op]at$ by un$ucat$ m5 snat*+ competitively at pr(its 0 soon expos$ z a simple-m9d$ delusion4 ,x 0 discov]$ t if ea* bank] 0 p]mitt$ to d :at seem$ to him imm$iately mo/ pr(itable1 ! result 0 a succession ( disa/r\s inflations & deflations ( cr$it2 t if natural res\rces 9 oil1 coal1 lumb]1 & ! l 7 subject$ to ! competitive pr9ciple1 ! result 0 a %ock+ wa/e ( irreplaceable weal?2 t if ! hir+ & fir+ ( labor 7 c>ri$ on "u absolute fre$om ( contract1 a :ole *a9 ( social evils 9 ! =m ( *ild labor1 unsuitable labor = wom51 sweat+1 unemploym5t1 & ! importation ( *eap & unassimilable labor result$2 t if bus9ess m5 7 left to _! own devices ! consum] ( necess>y p#bdd goods 0 helpless :5 he 0 confront$ ) indu/ries 9 :i* !re 0 an elem5t ( monopoly4 ,!re is no ne$ "h to rec\nt ! well-kn[n /ory ( h[ 9 e mod]n community ! !ory ( free competition has 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ g5]ation be5 modifi$ by legislation1 by organiz$ labor1 by organiz$ bus9ess itself4 ,s little has laissez-faire work$ "u actual exp]i5ce t all ! p[]s ( ! gov]nm5t h actually _h to be invok$ to pres]ve a c]ta9 am\nt ( compulsory 8free competition40 ,= ! indu/rial ma*9e1 z soon z x passes out ( ! e>ly phase ( r\gh exploitation 9 virg9 t]ritory1 becomes unmanageable by naively competitive & acquisitive m54 #d4 ,! ,cr$o ( ,old-,/yle ,bus9ess ,x 0 frequ5tly po9t$ out by morali/s l ,rusk9 & ,william ,morris1 & by *ur*m5 z well1 t ?is 8obvi\s & simple sy/em ( natural lib]ty0 by :i* 8e man 0 left p]fectly free to pursue 8 own int]e/ 8 own way10 0 n only contr>y to ! dogmas ( ! popul> religion b irreconcilable ) moral wisdom4 ,! cr$o ( ! unreg5]ate bus9ess man 0 utt]ly a!i/ical 9 its premises1 = x displac$ ! notion t !re is any high] w ?an 8 own to :i* ! employ] is acc\ntable4 ,x 0 m ?an a!i/ical1 h[ev]2 x 01 9 ,ari/otle's s5se ( ! ^w1 b>b>\s 9 t x impli$ 8! liv+ z "o likes0 ) virtually complete acquiesc5ce 9 ! supremacy ( ! acquisitive in/9ct4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t su* !oretical comm5ts on ! cr$o ( naive capitalism did m ?an p#bde rub (f a little ( its unction4 ,capitalism may be1 z ,mr4 ,mayn>d ,keynes has said1 8absolutely irreligi\s 444 (t51 ?\gh n always1 a m]e cong]ies ( possessors & pursu]s40 ,7 ! cr$o workable 9 practice1 "s way w\ld h be5 f\nd ( ano9t+ x ) attractive phrases4 ,! real reason = ! gradual ab&onm5t ( ! cr$o1 proclaim$ by ,adam ,smi? & repeat$ s /eadily s9ce 8 day1 is t ! cr$o ( naive capitalism is deeply at v>iance ) ! real "* ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,x re/s ^u false premises1 is !re=e contradict$ by exp]i5ce1 & has prov$ to be unworkable4 ,! sy/em ( natural lib]ty assumes t if ea* man pursues 8 own int]e/ 8 own way1 ea* man w promote 8 int]e/4 ,!re is an unanalyz$ fallacy 9 ?is !ory :i* makes x utt]ly mean+less4 ,x is assum$ t ea* man kn[s 8 own int]e/ & c !re=e pursue x4 ,b t is precisely :at no man is c]ta9 to "k1 & :at few m5 c possibly "k if !y consult only _! own impulses4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! natural equipm5t ( man :i* enables him to "k intuitively :e!r x w be pr(itable to increase 8 output or r$uce x1 to ent] a new l9e ( bus9ess1 to buy or to sell1 or to make any ( ! o!r ?\s& & "o decisions on :i* ! conduct ( bus9ess dep5ds4 ,s9ce he is n born ) ?is wisdom1 s9ce he does n automatically absorb x f ! air1 to pursue 8 own int]e/ 8 own way is a fairly c]ta9 way to disa/]4 ,! fallacy ( ! !ory ( natural lib]ty is undetect$ 9 a bonanza p]iod ( indu/rial developm5t4 ,:]e ! bus9ess man has unexhau/$ natural res\rces to p#bdf draw ^u1 :]e !re is a surplus ( cu/om]s compet+ = 8 goods1 he c ) naive & furi\s en]gy pursue 8 own int]e/s 8 own way & reap enorm\s pr(its4 ,!re is no real resi/ance f ! outside2 !re are no /ubborn & irr$ucible facts to :i* he mu/ adju/ himself4 ,he c proce$ ) an infantile philosophy to a*ieve success4 ,b ?is bonanza p]iod :5 ! omnipot5ce ( ! capitali/ is un?w>t$1 & 8 omnisci5ce !re=e assum$1 soon comes to an end4 ,9 advanc$ communities ! m]e multiplication ( indu/ries produces su* a complicat$ environm5t t ! bus9ess man is compell$ to sub/itute consid]$ policies = 8 intuitions1 objective surveys = 8 guesses1 & conf]5ces _w )\t end = 8 natural lib]ties4 ,:at has upset ! idea ( ! old-/yle bus9ess man t he kn[s :at's :at is t ! relevant facts are no long] visible4 ,! own] ( a primitive factory might h kn[n all 8 work+ m5 & all 8 cu/om]s2 ! keep] ( a little neighborhood %op may /ill1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "k p]sonally 8 :ole bus9ess4 ,b = mo/ m5 to-day ! facts :i* matt] vitally to !m are out ( sight1 beyond _! p]sonal control1 intricate1 subject to m or less unpr$ictable *anges1 & ev5 ) highly te*nical report+ & analysis almo/ un9telligible to ! av]age man4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! ma*9e process itself :i* has creat$ ^! complications4 ,m5 are =c$ to buy & sell 9 m>kets t = _m commodities are _w-wide3 !y d n buy & sell 9 "o m>ket b 9 _m m>kets1 9 m>kets = raw mat]ials1 9 m>kets = semi-f9i%$ goods1 9 :olesale & retail m>kets1 9 labor p#bdg m>kets1 9 ! money m>ket4 ,!y employ & are employ$ 9 corporate organizations :i* are own$ "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e4 ,!y compete n only ) _! obvi\s competitors 9 ! same l9e ( bus9ess1 b ) competitors 9 :olly diff]5t l9es ( bus9ess1 automobiles ) railroads1 railroads ) %ips1 cotton goods ) silk & silk ) artificial silk1 pianos ) furs & cig>ettes ) *ew+ gum4 ,! mod]n environm5t is invisible1 complex1 )\t settl$ plan1 subtly & swiftly *ang+1 (f]+ innum]able *oices1 dem&+ great k & imag9ative ef=t to compreh5d x4 ,x is n a social ord] at all z ! ,greek city /ate or ! feudal society 0 a social ord]4 ,x is r a field = c>e]s1 an ar5a ( tal5ts1 an ordeal by trial & error1 & a risky speculation4 ,no man has an e/abli%$ position 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,!re is no sy/em ( rights & duties to :i* he is cle>ly subject4 ,he moves among ^! complexities :i* are %r\d$ 9 obscurity1 mak+ ! be/ he c out ( :at little x is possible = him to "k4 #e4 ,old-,/yle ,re=m & ,revolution ,naive capitalism--t is to say1 ! !ory ( ea* = himself accord+ to su* light z he might happ5 to possess--produc$ su* mon/r\s evils ! _w ov] t an anti-capitali/ reaction 0 ! inevitable result4 ,:at _h happ5$ 0 t ! mo/ intricate & consequ5tial te*nology :i* man has ev] employ$ on ?is planet 0 giv5 ov] to ! direction ( a class ( ent]pris+1 acquisitive1 un$ucat$1 & undiscipl9$ p#bdh m54 ,no d\bt x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,! only discipl9e t 0 kn[n 0 ! discipl9e ( cu/om 9 a society ( f>m]s1 h&-work]s1 & trad]s4 ,! only education available 0 "o bas$ on ! premises ( ! pa/4 ,! revolution 9 human affairs produc$ by ! ma*9e began sl[ly1 & no "o c\ld h anticipat$ its c\rse4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 !re=e1 to compla9 9 retrospect ov] ! fact t no "o 0 prep>$ = ! indu/rial *anges :i* took place4 ,! only absurdity1 & x is /ill a preval5t "o1 is to g on suppos+ t ! political philosophy & ! 8economic laws0 :i* 7 extemporiz$ to ju/ify ! behavior ( ! fir/ bewild]$ capitali/s h any real be>+ ^u mod]n indu/ry4 ,b x is almo/ equally absurd to take too s]i\sly ! 8re=ms0 & 8solutions0 :i* 7 devis$ by k9dhe>t$ m5 to alleviate ! pa9s suff]$ by ^? :o 7 hurt by ! results ( ?is e>ly capitali/ control ( ! ma*9e4 ,^! proposals1 :5 !y are exam9$1 turn out almo/ inv>iably to h be5 proposals = co]c+ or = aboli%+ ! !n ma/]s ( indu/ry4 ,i d n mean to d5y ! utility ( ! long s]ies ( legislative enactm5ts :i* began ab\t ! middle ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & are /ill be+ elaborat$4 ,! factory acts1 ! regulatory laws1 ! measures design$ to protect ! consum]s aga9/ fraud 71 look$ at s+ly1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,z a :ole !y 7 a necess>y attempt to police ^? :o _h be5 left free to pursue _! own int]e/ _! own way4 ,b :5 x has be5 said t !y 7 necess>y1 & t !y are /ill necess>y1 x is important to realize j :at !y p#bdi imply4 ,!y imply t ! ma/]s ( indu/ry are unreg5]ate & w rema9 unreg5]ate4 ,! :ole ef=t to police capitalism assumes t ! capitali/ c be civiliz$ only by means ( ! police4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is !ory is t !re is no way to make sure t ! policem5 w !mselves be civiliz$4 ,x presupposes t someh[ politicians & (fice-hold]s w be wise en\gh & dis9t]e/$ en\gh to make bus9ess m5 d :at !y w\ld n o!rwise d4 ,! fundam5tal problem1 :i* is to f9d a way ( direct+ indu/ry wisely1 is n solv$4 ,x is m]ely deposit$ on ! door/eps ( ! politician4 ,! revolution>y programs sponsor$ by ! sociali/s 9 ! half c5tury be=e ! ,great ,w> 7 bas$ on ! notion t x is impossible to police ! capitali/-employ]s & t1 !re=e1 !y %\ld be aboli%$4 ,9 _! place function>ies 7 to be in/all$4 ,! !ory 0 t ^! function>ies1 be+ hir$ by ! /ate & be+ depriv$ ( all inc5tive = p]sonal pr(it1 w\ld adm9i/] ! indu/rial ma*9e dis9t]e/$ly4 ,! tr\ble ) ?is !ory is 9 its assumption t ! removal ( "o k9d ( temptation1 namely1 ! possibility ( direct p]sonal pecuni>y pr(it--w make ! function>ies mature & dis9t]e/$ m54 ,?is is no?+ b a new v>iant ( ! ascetic pr9ciple t x is possible to %ut (f an undesirable impulse by ?w>t+ x4 ,human nature does n "w t way4 ,! m]e fru/ration ( an impulse l acquisitiv5ess produces ei!r "s new expression ( t impulse or disord]s due to its fru/ration4 ,x produces1 t is to say1 ei!r corruption or ! le?>gy1 ! p$antry1 & ! p#bej (fici\sness :i* are ! diseases ( bureaucracy ! _w ov]4 ,! sociali/s are "r1 z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 "r1 9 _! pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ! acquisitive in/9ct z ! dom9ant motive 9 society4 ,b !y are wrong 9 suppos+ t by transf]r+ ! comm& ( indu/ry f bus9ess m5 to sociali/ (ficials !y c 9 any fundam5tal s5se alt] ! acquisitive in/9ct4 ,t c be done only by ref9+ ! human "* ?r\gh a bett] und]/&+ ( ! environm5t4 ,i d n mean to say t a revolution l ! ,russian does n sweep away a va/ am\nt ( accumulat$ rubbi%4 ,i am talk+ n ab\t ! salut>y de/ruction :i* may accompany a revolution1 b ( ! problem :i* confronts ! successful revolutioni/s :5 !y h to c>ry on ! necess>y affairs ( m54 ,:5 t "t comes !y are b\nd to f9d t ! adm9i/ration ( indu/ry "u socialism no less ?an "u capitalism dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! adm9i/rators4 ,corrupt1 /upid1 grasp+ function>ies w make at lea/ z big a muddle ( socialism z /upid1 selfi%1 & acquisitive employ]s c make ( capitalism4 ,!re is no escape f ?is elem5t>y tru?1 & all social policies :i* attempt to ignore x mu/ come to grief4 ,!y are ess5tially utopian4 ,! e>ly doctr9e ( laissez-faire 0 utopian because x assum$ t unreg5]ate m5 7 de/9$ someh[ to muddle _! way to a h>moni\s result4 ,! e>ly socialism 0 utopian because x assum$ t ^! same unreg5]ate m51 once ! laws ( prop]ty _h be5 alt]$1 w\ld someh[ muddle _! way to a h>moni\s result4 ,bo? ignor$ ! *ief lesson ( human exp]i5ce1 :i* is p#bea ! insight ( high religion1 t unreg5]ate m5 c only muddle into muddle4 ,a dim recognition ( ?is tru? has help$ to inspire ! proc$ure ( ! two mo/ rec5t manife/ations ( ! revolution>y _s4 ,i ref] to bol%evism & to fascism4 ,x is prop]1 ,i believe1 to talk ( !m z "o ph5om5on = _! fundam5tal simil>ities1 z mo/ ev]yone b ! bol%evi/s & ! fasci/s !mselves has not$1 are mu* great] ?an _! sup]ficial diff]5ces4 ,!y 7 attempts to cure ! evils result+ f ! breakd[n ( a some:at primitive =m ( capitalism4 ,9 nei!r ,russia nor ,italy _h mod]n indu/rialism pass$ beyond its adolesc5t phase4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! prevail+ social ord] = ! great mass ( p 0 /ill pre-ma*9e & pre-indu/rial4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! acids ( mod]nity _h n yet eat5 deeply into ! religi\s disposition ( ! p4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ! natural patt]n ( all gov]nm5t 0 /ill ! primitive patt]n ( ! hi]>*y ) an absolute sov]eign at ! top4 ,! bol%evik dictator%ip & ! fasci/ dictator%ip1 und]nea? all _! mod]ni/ labels & !ories1 are feudal milit>y organizations attempt+ to subdue & adm9i/] ! ma*9e te*nology4 ,! !ori/s ( ! two dictator%ips are1 h[ev]1 m5 educat$ "u mod]n influ5ces1 & ! result is t _! !ories are an attempt to expla9 ! primitive behavior ( ! two dictator%ips 9 t]ms :i* are consi/5t ) mod]n ideas4 ,! =mula rea*$ 9 bo? in/ances is ! same "o4 ,! dictator%ips are said to be tempor>y4 ,_! purpose1 we are told1 is to put ! p#beb new social ord] into effect1 & to keep x go+ long en\gh by dictation f on top to give "t = a new g5]ation to gr[ up :i* w be purg$ ( ^? vices :i* w\ld make ! new ord] unworkable4 ,! bol%evi/s & fasci/s reg>d !mselves z ev] s mu* m reali/ic ?an ! old democratic sociali/s & ! laissez-faire lib]als :om !y h execut$1 exil$1 or dos$ ) ca/or oil4 ,9 an important s5se !y are m reali/ic4 ,!y h recogniz$ t a sub/itute = primitive capitalism _c be inaugurat$ or adm9i/]$ by a g5]ation :i* has be5 s*ool$ 9 ! ways ( primitive capitalism4 ,& !re=e ! olig>*y ( dictators1 z a consci\s1 enlight5$1 sup]ior1 & heavily arm$ m9ority1 propose to adm9i/] ! indu/rial ma*9e z tru/ees until !re is a g5]ation ready to accept ! responsibilities4 ,x w\ld be idle to pr$ict t !y w n succe$4 ,b x is reasonable1 ,i believe1 to pr$ict t if !y succe$ x w be because !y are adm9i/]+ relatively simple indu/rial arrangem5ts4 ,x is precisely because ! economic sy/em ( ,russia is /ill fundam5tally pre-capitali/ & pre-me*anical t ! feudal organization ( ! bol%evi/s is mo/ likely to survive4 ,because ! economic sy/em ( ,italy is m mod]n ?an ,russia's1 ! future ( ! fasci/ dictator%ip is mu* less assur$4 ,= ins(> z ! ma*9e te*nology is advanc$1 x becomes complex1 delicate1 & difficult to manage by comm&s f ! top4 #f4 ,! ,diffusion ( ! ,acquisitive ,in/9ct ,:ile bo? ! bol%evi/s & ! fasci/s look ^u p#bec !mselves z pa?f9d]s ( progress1 x is fairly cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t !y are1 9 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! t]m1 reaction>y4 ,!y h won _! victories among ! p to :om mod]n l>ge scale indu/rial organization is /ill an unnatural & ali5 ?+4 ,x is no accid5t t fascism or bol%evism took root 9 ,italy & ,spa91 b n 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 9 ,hung>y b n 9 ,au/ria1 9 ,pol& b n 9 ,cze*oslovakia1 9 ,russia b n 9 ,sc&9avia1 9 ,*9a b n 9 ,japan1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica b n 9 ,canada or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dictator%ip1 bas$ on a milit>y hi]>*y1 adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( ! community on behalf ( ! 8nation0 or ( ! 8prolet>iat10 is no?+ b a return to ! natural organization ( society 9 ! pre-ma*9e age4 ,"s c\ntries1 l ,russia1 ,mexico1 & ,*9a1 = example1 are /ill liv+ 9 ! pre-ma*9e age4 ,o!rs1 l ,italy1 _h become only p>tially indu/rializ$ :5 !y 7 subject$ to su* /ra9s by ! ,w> t !y rev]t$ to ! feudal patt]n ( behavior4 ,unable to ma/] ! indu/rial process by me?ods :i* are appropriate to x1 ! fasci/s & ! bol%evi/s are attempt+ to ma/] x by me?ods :i* ant$ate x4 ,t is :y milit>y dictator%ip 9 a c\ntry l ,mexico may be look$ ^u z ! normal type ( social control1 :]eas 9 ,italy x is regressive & neurotic4 ,feudal habits are appropriate to a feudal society2 9 a semi-indu/rializ$ nation !y are a social disease4 ,x is ! disease ( fright5$ & despair+ m5 :o1 hav+ fail$ to adju/ !mselves to ! reality ( ! indu/rial process1 try1 by ma9 =ce & awkw>dness1 to adju/ ! ma*9e process to a pre-ma*9e m5tality4 p#bed ,! m primitive ! ma*9e process is--t is1 ! m ne>ly x resembles ! petty h&icrafts ( e>li] days--! bett] are ! *ances = survival ( a bol%evi/ or fasci/ dictator%ip4 ,:]e ! ma*9e te*nology is really e/abli%$ & advanc$ x is simply unmanageable by milit>iz$ function>ies4 ,= :5 ! process has become inf9itely complicat$1 ! subdivision ( function is c>ri$ s f>1 ! int]nal adju/m5ts are s num]\s & s v>i$ t no collection ( olig>*s 9 a capital city1 h[ev] mu* !y may look l sup]m51 c possibly direct ! indu/rial sy/em4 ,9 its advanc$ /ages1 z x n[ exi/s 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nobody compreh5ds ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,"o has only to glance ov] ! f9ancial pages ( an ,am]ican newspap]1 to look at ! li/ ( corporations do+ bus9ess1 to try & imag9e ! myriad daily decisions at a ?\s& po9ts :i* _! bus9ess involves1 9 ord] to realize ! bewild]+ complexity ( mod]n indu/rial society4 ,to suppose t all t c be adm9i/]$1 or ev5 direct$1 f any c5tral po9t by any human bra91 by any cab9et ( (ficehold]s or cabal ( revolutioni/s1 is simply to h fail$ to take x 94 ,"h is ! ess5tial reason :y bol%evism & fascism are1 z we say1 un-,am]ican4 ,!y are no less un-,belgian1 un-,g]man1 un-,engli%4 ,= !y are un9du/rial4 ,! same reasons :i* make dictator%ip unworkable are rapidly r5d]+ obsolete ! attempts to re=m indu/ry by polic+ x4 ,e ye> z ! ma*9e te*nology becomes m elaborat$1 ! legislative control = :i* ! pre-w> progressives f\ght becomes less p#bee effective4 ,x becomes m & m difficult = legislatures to make laws to protect ! work]s :i* really fit ! rapidly *ang+ conditions ( "w4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy to put ! real law-mak+ p[] 9 ! h&s ( adm9i/rative (ficials & judges :o c adju/ ! g5]al purpose ( ! law to ! unclassifiable facts ( indu/ry4 ,! :ole attempt to regulate public utilities 9 ! int]e/ ( ! consum] is *aotic1 = ^! organizations1 by _! intricacies1 _! scale1 & _! con/ant revolutions 9 te*nology1 t5d to escape ! jurisdiction ( (ficials ex]cis+ a local jurisdiction4 ,! curr5t outcry aga9/ ! multiplication ( laws & ! m$dl+ ( legislatures is 9 "p1 b n :olly1 ! outcry ( old-fa%ion$ bus9ess m5 dem&+ _! old natural lib]ty to pursue _! own int]e/ _! own way4 ,! outcry is due no less to a recognition t ! indu/rial process is becom+ too subtly organiz$ to be polic$ successfully by ! :olesale1 un9=m$ enactm5ts ( legislatures4 ,yet ! v ?+ :i* makes an advanc$ indu/rial organization too complex to be direct$ by a dictator%ip1 or to be polic$ by democratic politicians1 is =c+ ! lead]s ( indu/ry to evolve =ms ( self-control4 ,:5 ,i say t !y are be+ =c$ to d ?is ,i am n ref]r+ to ^? o/5tati\sly b5evol5t ?+s :i* are done n[ & !n z sops to ,c]b]us4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( re=m und]tak5 volunt>ily by m5 :o pr(ess to fe> #8bol%evism1' & if n bol%evism1 !n ,congress4 ,t is relatively unimportant4 ,s also is ! discov]y t x pays to cultivate ! good w ( ! public4 ,:at ,i am ref]r+ to is ! fact t ! p#bef %e] complexity ( ! indu/rial sy/em w\ld make x unmanageable to bus9ess m51 no less ?an to politicians or dictators1 if bus9ess m5 7 n le>n+ to organize its control4 ,x is ! necessity ( /abiliz+ _! own bus9ess1 ( direct+ te*nical processes :i* are beyond ! und]/&+ ( /ockhold]s1 ( adju/+ ! supply & dem& ( ! multitud9\s elem5ts !y deal 91 :i* is ! compell+ =ce beh9d t divorce betwe5 managem5t & own]%ip1 t gr[+ use ( exp]ts & ( /ati/ical measurem5ts1 & t developm5t ( trade associations1 ( conf]5ces1 committees1 & c\ncils1 ) :i* mod]n indu/ry is honeycomb$4 ,! capta9 ( indu/ry 9 ! romantic s5se t5ds to disappe> 9 highly evolv$ indu/rial organizations4 ,8 ?und]+ comm&s are replac$ by ! decisions ( executives :o consult ) repres5tatives ( ! int]e/s involv$ & *eck _! op9ions by ! f9d+s ( exp]ts4 ,! great] ! corporation ! m ! %>ehold]s & ! directors lose ! actual direction ( ! in/itution4 ,!y _c direct ! corporation because !y d n really "k :at x is & :at x is do+4 ,t k is subdivid$ among ! executives & bureau *iefs & consultants1 all ( !m on sal>y2 ea* ( !m is s relatively small a factor 9 ! :ole t 8 p]sonal success is 9 v l>ge degree b\nd up ) ! success ( ! in/itution4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( jeal\sy1 intrigue1 & de/ructive pu%+1 ( (fice politics1 9 %ort1 naturally prevails1 m5 be+ :at !y are4 ,b z comp>$ ) ! old-/yle bus9ess man1 ! ord9>y executive 9 a great corporation is some?+ q /range4 ,he is p#beg s little ! mon>* ( all he surveys1 8 exp]i5ce is s cont9ually ) /ubborn & irr$ucible facts1 he is s mu* compell$ to adju/ 8 own pref]5ces to ! pref]5ces ( o!rs1 t he becomes a relatively dis9t]e/$ p]son4 ,! m cle>ly he realizes ! nature ( 8 position 9 indu/ry1 ! m he t5ds to submit 8 desires to ! discipl9e ( objective in=mation4 ,& ! m he does ?is ! less dom9at$ he is by ! acquisitiv5ess ( immaturity4 ,he may on ! side gamble acquisitively 9 ! /ock m>ket or at ! race track1 b 9 relation to 8 bus9ess 8 acquisitive in/9ct t5ds to become diffus$ & to be absorb$ 9 ! job itself4 #g4 ,ideals ,x is my impression t :5 ma*9e indu/ry rea*es a c]ta9 scale ( complexity x ex]ts su* pressure ^u ! m5 :o run x t !y _c help socializ+ x4 ,!y are subject to a k9d ( economic selection "u :i* only ^? m5 survive :o are capable ( tak+ a some:at dis9t]e/$ view ( _! "w4 ,a mature indu/ry1 because x is too subtly organiz$ to be run by naively passionate m51 puts a premium ^u m5 ^: *>act]s are suffici5tly matur$ to make !m respect reality & to disc\nt _! own prejudices4 ,:5 ! ma*9e te*nology is really advanc$1 t is to say :5 x has drawn great masses ( m5 )9 ! orbit ( its influ5ce1 :5 a corporation has become really great1 ! old di/9ction betwe5 public & private int]e/ becomes v dim4 ,i ?9k x is de/9$ l>gely to disappe>4 ,x is difficult ev5 to-day to say p#beh :e!r ! great railways1 ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,/eel ,corporation1 ! bigg] insurance companies & banks are public or private in/itutions4 ,:5 in/itutions rea* a po9t :]e ! legal own]s are virtually disfran*is$1 :5 ! direction is 9 ! h&s ( sal>i$ executives1 te*nicians1 & exp]ts :o hold !mselves m or less acc\ntable 9 /&>ds ( conduct to _! fell[ pr(essionals1 :5 ! ultimate control is look$ ^u by ! directors n z 8bus9ess0 b z a tru/1 x is n fanciful to say1 z ,mr4 ,keynes has said1 t 8! battle ( socialism aga9/ unlimit$ private pr(it is be+ won 9 detail h\r by h\r40 ,ins(> z indu/ry itself evolves its own control1 x w rega9 its lib]ty f ext]nal int]f]5ce4 ,to say t is to say simply t ! 8natural lib]ty0 ( ! e>ly bus9ess man 0 unworkable because ! e>ly bus9ess man 0 unreg5]ate3 he 0 immature1 & he 0 !re=e acquisitive4 ,! only k9d ( lib]ty :i* is workable 9 ! real _w is ! lib]ty ( ! dis9t]e/$ man1 ( ! man :o has trans=m$ 8 passions by an und]/&+ ( necessity4 ,he c1 z ,confucius said1 foll[ :at 8 he>t desires )\t transgress+ :at is "r4 ,= he has le>n$ to desire :at is "r4 ,! m p]fectly we und]/& ! implications ( ! ma*9e te*nology ^u :i* our civilization is bas$1 ! easi] x w be = u to live ) x4 ,we %all disc]n ! ideals ( our indu/ry 9 ! necessities ( indu/ry itself4 ,!y are ! direction 9 :i* x mu/ evolve if x is to fulfill itself4 ,t is :at ideals are4 ,!y are n halluc9ations4 ,!y are n a collection p#bei ( pretty & casual pref]5ces4 ,ideals are an imag9ative und]/&+ ( t :i* is desirable 9 t :i* is possible4 ,z we disc]n ! ideals ( ! ma*9e te*nology we c consci\sly pursue !m1 kn[+ t we are n va9ly try+ to impose our casual prejudices1 b t we are 9 h>mony ) ! age we live 94 ,,*apt] ,,xiii p#bfj ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,society #a4 ,loyalty ,! difficulty ( discov]+ an indu/rial philosophy :i* fits ma*9e indu/ry on a l>ge scale has prov$ less try+ ?an ! discov]y ( a political philosophy :i* fits ! mod]n /ate4 ,i d n "k :y ?is %\ld be s unless x be t1 z comp>$ ) politicians1 bus9ess m5 h _h a clos] opportunity to obs]ve & m press+ reasons = try+ to und]/& ! trans=mation wr\ght by ma*9]y & sci5tific inv5tion4 ,c]ta9ly ev5 ! be/ political ?9k+ is notably inf]ior 9 realism & 9 p]t95ce to ! economic ?9k+ :i* n[ plays s important a "p 9 ! direction ( indu/ry4 ,to a v consid]able degree ! writ] on politics to-day is ab\t :]e ! economi/ 0 :5 all economic !ory began & = all practical purposes seem$ to end ) ,rob9son ,crusoe & 8 man ,friday4 ,nobody takes political sci5ce v s]i\sly1 = nobody is conv9c$ t x is a sci5ce or t x has any important be>+ on politics4 ,9 v consid]able measure political !ory 9 ! mod]n _w is /]iliz$ by its own ideas4 ,!re h be5 pass$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation a collection ( concepts :i* are s hall[$ & s d5se t _! only use is to excite emotions & to obscure insight4 p#bfa ,h[ _m ( u really "k :at we are talk+ ab\t :5 we use words l ! /ate1 sov]eignty1 indep5d5ce1 democracy1 repres5tative gov]nm5t1 national honor1 lib]ty1 & loyalty8 ,v few ( u1 ,i ?9k1 c\ld def9e any ( ^! t]ms "u cross-exam9ation1 ?\gh we are prep>$ to %$ blood1 or at lea/ ink1 9 _! behalf4 ,^! t]ms h ceas$ to be intellectual in/rum5ts = appreh5d+ ! facts we h to deal ) & h become pu% buttons :i* t\* (f emotional reflexes4 ,z good a way z any to raise ! temp]ature ( political debate is to talk ab\t loyalty4 ,ev]ybody reg>ds himself z loyal & res5ts any imputation ^u 8 loyalty1 yet ev5 a cursory inspection ( ?is t]m w %[1 ,i ?9k1 t x may mean any numb] ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,x is cle>e/ :5 us$ 9 a milit>y s5se4 ,a loyal soldi] is "o :o obeys 8 sup]ior (fic]4 ,a loyal (fic] is "o :o obeys 8 comm&]-9-*ief4 ,b j exactly :at is a loyal comm&]-9-*ief _c be told s easily4 ,he is loyal to ! nation4 ,he is loyal to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! nation4 ,b :at ^? be/ int]e/s may be1 :e!r !y mean mak+ peace or c>ry+ ! w> into ! enemy's c\ntry1 is an exce$+ly debatable "q4 ,:5 ! citiz5's loyalty is 9 "q ! :ole matt] becomes imm5sely subtle4 ,mu/ he be loyal to e law & e comm& issu$ by ! e/abli%$ au?orities1 k+s1 legislators1 & ald]m58 ,!re are _m :o w\ld say t ?is is ! def9ition ( civic loyalty1 to obey ! law )\t qualifications :ile x is a law4 ,b su* def9ition puts ! ta9t ( disloyalty on almo/ all citiz5s p#bfb ( ! mod]n /ate4 ,= ! fact is t all ! laws on ! books are n ev5 kn[n1 & t a consid]able portion are entirely disreg>d$1 & _m x is impossible to obey4 ,! def9ition1 moreov]1 places outside ! pale _m :o rank z great patriots1 m5 :o defi$ ! law out ( loyalty to "s pr9ciple :i* ! lawmak]s h reject$4 ,b :at makes matt]s ev5 m complicat$ is ! fact t 9 mod]n communities ! pr9ciple is accept$ t ! comm&s ( ! e/abli%$ au?orities n only may be criticiz$ b t !y ought to be4 ,at ?is /age ( political developm5t ! milit>y elem5t 9 loyalty has virtually disappe>$4 ,! idea ( tol]ation1 ( fre$om ( spee*1 & above all ! idea ( organiz$ opposition1 alt]s radically ! attributes ( ! sov]eign4 ,= a sov]eign :o has to be obey$ b n believ$ 91 ^: decisions are legitimate matt]s ( dispute1 :o may be displac$ by 8 bitt]e/ oppon5ts1 has lo/ all semblance ( omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce4 8,he has sov]eignty10 wrote ,jean ,bod91 8:o1 aft] ,god1 ackn[l$ges no "o great] ?an himself40 ,our gov]nors comm& only = ! "t be+--& )9 /rict limits4 ,_! au?ority is only su* z !y c w9 & hold4 ,political loyalty "u ^! conditions1 :atev] else x may be1 is c]ta9ly n unqualifi$ allegiance to ^? :o hold (fice1 to ! policies !y pursue1 or ev5 to ! laws !y enact4 ,nei!r ! gov]nm5t z x exi/s1 nor its conduct1 nor ev5 ! con/itution by :i* x op]ates1 ex]cises any ultimate claim ^u ! loyalty ( ! citiz54 ,! mo/ "o c say1 ,i ?9k1 is t ! loyal citiz5 is "o :o loves 8 c\ntry & reg>ds ! /atus quo z an arrangem5t :i* he p#bfc is at lib]ty to modify only by argum5t1 accord+ to well-und]/ood rules1 )\t viol5ce1 & ) due reg>d = ! int]e/s & op9ions ( 8 fell[ m54 ,if he is loyal to ?is ideal ( political conduct he is z loyal z ! mod]n /ate c =ce him to be1 or z x is desirable t he %\ld be4 #b4 ,! ,evolution ( ,loyalty ,broadly speak+1 ! evolution ( political loyalty passes ?r\gh ?ree phases4 ,9 ! e>lie/1 ! mo/ primitive1 & = almo/ all m5 ! mo/ natural1 loyalty is allegiance to a *iefta92 9 ! middle phase x t5ds to become allegiance to an in/itution--t is to say1 to a corporate1 r ?an to a human1 p]sonality2 & 9 ! la/ phase x becomes allegiance to a patt]n ( conduct4 ,! k9d ( gov]nm5t :i* any community is capable ( op]at+ is v l>gely det]m9$ by ! k9d ( loyalty ( :i* its memb]s are capable4 ,x is pla91 = example1 t among a p :o are capable only ( loyalty to ano!r human be+ ! political sy/em is b\nd to take ! %ape ( a hi]>*y1 9 :i* ea* man is loyal to 8 sup]ior1 & ! man at ! top is loyal to ,god alone4 ,su* a society w be feudal1 milit>y1 !ocratic4 ,if x is successfully organiz$ x w be an ord]$ despotism1 culm9at+1 z ! feudal sy/em did1 9 ,god's ,vice-g]5t on e>?4 ,if x is unsuccessfully organiz$1 z = example1 9 ! m backw>d c\ntries ( ,c5tral ,am]ica to-day1 ! sy/em ( p]sonal allegiances w produce little factions ea* ) its *ief1 all ( !m cont5d+ =1 )\t q a*iev+1 absolute p[]4 ,?is type ( organization is s fundam5tally p#bfd human t x prevails ev5 9 communities :i* ?9k !y h outgr[n x4 ,?us x appe>s 9 :at ,am]icans call a political ma*9e1 :i* is no?+ b a hi]>*y ( pr(essional politicians held toge!r by pr(itable p]sonal loyalties4 ,! political boss is a demilit>iz$ *iefta9 9 ! direct l9e ( desc5t f 8 prototypes4 ,! mod]n _w has come to reg>d organization on ! basis ( human allegiances z ali5 & dang]\s4 ,yet ! political ma*9e exi/s ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ communities4 ,! reason = t is obvi\s4 ,) ! enfran*isem5t ( virtually ! :ole adult population1 political p[] has pass$ into ! h&s ( a great mass ( p mo/ ( :om are altoge!r incapable ( loyalty to in/itutions1 mu* less to ideas4 ,!y d n und]/& !m4 ,= ^! vot]s ! only k9d ( political behavior is ?r\gh allegiance to a human sup]ior1 & mod]n democracies are consid]$ =tunate if ! political lead]s & bosses on :om ^! human allegiances conv]ge are relatively loyal to ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is1 = example1 is ! mean+ ( ! dramatic spee* 9 :i* ,presid5t ,calles on ,septemb] #a1 #aibh1 volunt>ily r5\nc$ ! cont9uation ( 8 own dictator%ip4 8,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,mexican hi/ory10 he said1 8! ,republic faces a situation 7ow+ to ! assass9ation ( ,g5]al ,obregon7 ^: dom9ant note is ! lack ( a milit>y lead]1 :i* is go+ to make x f9ally possible = u to direct ! policy ( ! c\ntry into truly in/itutional *annels1 /riv+ to pass once = all f our hi/orical condition ( "o-man rule to ! high]1 m dignifi$1 m useful1 & m civiliz$ condition ( a nation ( laws & in/itutions40 ,x is p#bfe h>dly to be suppos$ t ,presid5t ,calles ?\ght t ! ,mexican p z a :ole c\ld pass once = all f _! hi/orical condition ( "o-man rule4 ,:at he meant 0 t ! political *iefta9s to :om ! p 7 loyal ought !reaft] to arrange ! succession & to ex]cise p[] n z seem$ desirable to !m1 or z !y might imag9e t ,god _h privately comm&$ !m1 b 9 accordance ) objective rules ( political conduct4 ,! conceptions ( sov]eignty :i* we inh]it are d]iv$ f ! primitive sy/em ( p]sonal allegiances4 ,t is :y ! conception ( sov]eignty has become increas+ly confus$ z mod]n civilization has become m complex4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! !ory rea*$ its symmetrical p]fection4 ,mank9d 0 conceiv$ z a great organism 9 :i* ! spiritual & temporal hi]>*ies 7 unit$ z ! s\l is unit$ ) ! body 9 8an insev]able connection & an unbrok5 int]action :i* mu/ display itself 9 e "p & also ?r\gh\t ! :ole40 ,b ( c\rse ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! symmetry ( ?is conception 0 m>r$ by ! fi]ce disputes betwe5 ! ,emp]ors & ! ,popes4 ,aft] ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ! :ole conception began to dis9tegrate4 ,!re appe>$ a cong]ies ( mon>*s ea* claim+ to rule 9 8 t]ritory by div9e "r4 ,b obvi\sly :5 !re are _m ag5ts ( ! ,"l rul+ m51 & :5 !y d n agree1 ! !ory ( sov]eignty 9 its moral aspects is 9 grave difficulties4 ,z "t w5t on1 limitations ( all k9ds began to be impos$ ^u sov]eigns4 ,! exi/5ce at ! same "t ( _m sov]eigns produc$ ! ne$ ( int]national law1 = obvi\sly !re c\ld h be5 no int]national p#bff law 9 a _w :]e all ( mank9d1 b>r+ infidels :o did n h to be consid]$1 7 "u "o sov]eign p[]4 ,! limitations impos$ by int]national law f )\t 7 accompani$ by limitations impos$ f )94 ,^! limitations f )9 7 bas$ on q practical consid]ations4 ,!re grew up sl[ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! idea t ! ,/ate orig9at$ 89 a contract ( ,subjection made betwe5 ,p & ,rul]40 ,! fir/ mod]n writ] to argue effectively t gov]nm5t 0 bas$ n on a w>rant f ! ,"l1 b on a 8social compact0 is said to h be5 ,ri*>d ,hook]1 a cl]gyman ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 :o held1 9 #aeid1 t ! royal au?ority 0 d]iv$ f a contract betwe5 ! k+ & ! p4 ,?is idea soon became popul>1 = x suit$ ! ne$s ( all ^? :o did n p>ticipate 9 ! privileges ( ! absolute mon>*y4 ,x suit$ n only ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :5 z 9 ,hook]'s "t x 0 assail$1 b also ! diss5t+ *ur*es1 & !n ! ris+ middle class ^: ambitions 7 fru/rat$ by ! l&$ nobles ) ! k+ at _! head4 ,! doctr9e ( ! social compact 0 exp\nd$ 9 _m diff]5t =ms 9 ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies by m5 l ,milton1 ,sp9oza1 ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,r\sseau4 ,z an hi/orical !ory to expla9 ! orig9 ( human society x is ( c\rse demon/rably false1 b z a weapon = break+ up ! conc5tration ( sov]eign p[] & di/ribut+ x1 ! idea has play$ a mighty role 9 hi/ory4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 to appe> :]ev] !re is an absolutism :i* m5 feel ! ne$ ( *eck+4 ,b ! p#bfg !ory ( ! social compact disappe>s :5 p[] has become s widely diffus$ t no "o c any long] locate ! sov]eign4 ,t is :at is happ5+ 9 ! advanc$ mod]n communities4 ,! sov]eign1 :om x 0 once desirable to put "u contract1 has become s anonym\s & diffuse t 8 v exi/5ce to-day is a legal fiction r ?an a political fact4 ,& loyalty by ! same tok5 is no long] provid$ ) a p]sonal sup]ior ( indubitable pre/ige to :i* x c be atta*$4 #c4 ,pluralism ,! relation%ip betwe5 "l & vassals 9 :i* ea* man atta*es himself = bett] or worse to "s sup]ior p]son t5ds gradually to disappe> 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,its pass+ 0 some:at prematurely ann\nc$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man2 x did n :olly disappe> by ! dissolution ( ! bonds :i* b\nd "o man to ano!r1 = ! psy*ological bonds are /rong] ?an ! legal4 ,nev]!less ! effect ( mod]n civilization is to dissolve ^! psy*ological bonds1 to break up clanni%ness & p]sonal dep5d5ce4 ,m5 & wom5 alike t5d to become m or less indep5d5t p]sons r ?an to rema9 memb]s ( a social organism4 ,! reason = ?is lies 9 ! div]sification ( _! int]e/s4 ,life 9 ! ance/ral ord] 0 n only simpl] & conta9$ )9 n>r[] limits ?an x is to-day1 b !re 0 a f> great] unity 9 ! activity ( ea* individual4 ,work+ ! l&1 fight+1 rais+ a family1 wor%ipp+1 7 s closely relat$ t !y c\ld be gov]n$ by a v simple allegiance to ! *ief ( ! tribe p#bfh or ! "l ( ! manor4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ?is syn!sis has dis9tegrat$ & ! activities ( a man _c be direct$ by a simple allegiance4 ,ea* man f9ds himself ! c5t] ( a complex ( loyalties4 ,he is loyal to 8 gov]nm5t1 he is loyal to 8 /ate1 he is loyal to 8 village1 he is loyal to 8 neighborhood4 ,he has 8 own family4 ,he has 8 wife's family4 ,8 wife has h] family4 ,he has 8 *ur*4 ,8 wife may h a diff]5t *ur*4 ,he may be an employ] ( ?\s&s ( m54 ,he may be an employee4 ,he mu/ be loyal to 8 corporation1 to 8 trade union1 or 8 pr(essional society4 ,he is a buy] 9 _m diff]5t m>kets4 ,he is a sell] 9 _m diff]5t m>kets4 ,he is a cr$itor & a debtor4 ,he owns %>es 9 sev]al indu/ries4 ,he belongs to a political p>ty1 to clubs1 to a social set4 ,! multiplicity ( 8 int]e/s makes x impossible = him to give 8 :ole allegiance to any p]son or to any in/itution4 ,x may be1 9 fact = mo/ m5 x mu/ be1 t 9 ea* ( ^! associations he foll[s a lead]4 ,9 any consid]able numb] ( p x is c]ta9 t !y w gr\p !mselves 9 hi]>*ical =m4 ,9 e club1 9 e social circle1 9 e trade union1 9 e /ockhold]s' meet+ !re are lead]s & _! lieut5ants & ! l$4 ,b ^! allegiances are p>tial4 ,because a man has s _m loyalties ea* loyalty comm&s only a segm5t ( himself4 ,!y are n1 !re=e1 :ole-he>t$ loyalties l t ( a good soldi] to 8 capta94 ,!y are qualifi$1 calculat$1 debatable1 & !y are sanction$ n by inh]5t au?ority b by exp$i5cy or in]tia4 p#bfi ,! outw>d manife/ation ( ^! complex loyalties ( ! mod]n man is ! multitude ( in/itutions ?r\gh :i* ! affairs ( mank9d are direct$4 ,n[ s9ce ea* ( ^! corporate entities repres5ts only a "p ( any man's int]e/1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( ! paid executive secret>y1 none ( ^! in/itutions c c\nt to ! bitt] end ^u ! undivid$ loyalty ( all its memb]s4 ,! conflicts betwe5 in/itutions are 9 consid]able measure conflicts ( int]e/ )9 ! same individuals4 ,!re is a po9t :]e ! activity ( a man's trade union may s s]i\sly affect ! value ( ! securities he owns t he does n "k :i* way 8 int]e/ lies4 ,! criss-cross+ ( loyalties is s great 9 an advanc$ community t no gr\p+ is self-conta9$4 ,no gr\p+1 !re=e1 c ma9ta9 a milit>y discipl9e or a milit>y "*4 ,= :5 m5 /rive too fi]cely z memb]s ( any "o gr\p !y soon f9d t !y are at w> ) !mselves z memb]s ( ano!r gr\p4 ,! /atem5t t mod]n society is plurali/ic _c1 !n1 be dismiss$ z a newfangl$ notion inv5t$ by !ori/s4 ,x is a sob] description ( ! actual facts4 ,ea* man has c\ntless int]e/s ?r\gh :i* he is atta*$ to a v complex social situation4 ,! complexity ( 8 allegiance _c fail to be reflect$ 9 8 political conduct4 #d4 ,live & ,let ,live ,"o ( ! inevitable effects ( be+ atta*$ to _m diff]5t1 some:at conflict+1 int]dep5d5t gr\p+s is to blunt ! edges ( p>tisan%ip4 ,x is possible to p#bgj be fi]cely p>tisan only z aga9/ ^? :o are :olly ali54 ,x is a fair g5]alization to say t ! fi]ce/ ,democrats are to be f\nd :]e !re are ! fewe/ ,republicans1 ! mo/ blood?ir/y patriots 9 ! safe/ swivel *airs4 ,:]e m5 are p]sonally entangl$ ) ! gr\ps t are 9 pot5tial conflict1 :]e ,democrats & ,republicans belong to ! same c\ntry club & :]e ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics m>ry ea* o!r1 x is psy*ologically impossible to be %>ply intol]ant4 ,t is :y a/ute directors ( corporations adopt ! policy ( di/ribut+ _! securities z widely z !y c2 !y "k q well t ev5 ! mo/ mode/ %>ehold] is 9 "s measure insulat$ aga9/ anti-corporate agitation4 ,x is inh]5t 9 ! complex pluralism ( ! mod]n _w t m5 %\ld behave mod]ately1 & exp]i5ce amply confirms ?is conclusion4 ,!re is little d\bt t 9 ! great metropolitan c5t]s !re exi/s a disposition to live & let live1 to give & take1 to agree & to agree to diff]1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 simple homog5e\s communities4 ,9 complex communities life quickly becomes intol]able if m5 are intol]ant4 ,= !y are 9 daily contact ) almo/ ev]ybody & ev]y?+ !y c\ld conceivably wi% to p]secute4 ,_! victims w\ld be _! cu/om]s1 _! employees1 _! l&lords1 _! t5ants & p]haps _! wives' relations4 ,b 9 a simple community a k9d ( pa/oral intol]ance = ev]y?+ ali5 adds a qua9t flavor to liv+4 ,= ! mo/ "p x v5ts itself 9 ! op5 air4 ,! t]rible indictm5ts drawn up 9 a ,mississippi village aga9/ ! ,pope 9 ,rome1 ! ,russian nation1 ! vices ( ,p>is1 & ! p#bga enormities ( ,new ,york are 9 ! ma9 q lyrical4 ,! ,pope may nev] ev5 "k :at ! ,mississippi prea*] ?9ks ( him & ,new ,york cont9ues to g to1 b nev] app>5tly to rea*1 hell4 ,:5 an agitator wi%es to />t a crusade1 a religi\s revival1 an inquisition1 or "s sort ( j+o excitem5t1 ! fur!r he goes f ! c5t]s ( mod]n civilization ! m foll[+ he c attract4 ,x is 9 ! backwoods & 9 ! hill c\ntry1 9 kit*5s & 9 old m5's clubs1 t fanaticism c be k9dl$4 ,! urban cr[d1 if x has be5 urban = any l5g? ( "t & has become us$ to its environm5t1 may be fickle1 faddi%1 n]v\s1 un/able1 b x lacks ! conc5tration ( en]gy to become fi]cely excit$ = any l5g? ( "t ab\t any?+4 ,at its wor/ x is a rag+ mob1 b x is n p]si/5tly fanatical4 ,!re are too _m ?+s to attract its att5tion = x to rema9 preoccupi$ = long ) any "o ?+4 ,to responsible m5 ( affairs ! complexity ( mod]n civilization is a daily lesson 9 ! necessity ( n press+ any claim too f>1 ( und]/&+ oppos+ po9ts ( view1 ( seek+ to reconcile !m1 ( conduct+ matt]s s t !re is "s k9d ( h>mony 9 a plural society4 ,?is acc\nts1 ,i ?9k1 = ! increas+ use ( political devices :i* are :olly unkn[n 9 simpl] societies4 ,!re is1 = example1 ! ideal ( a civil s]vice4 ,x is :olly mod]n & x is q revolution>y4 ,= x assumes t a great deal ( ! bus9ess ( ! /ate c & mu/ be c>ri$ on by a class ( m5 :o h no p]sonal & no p>ty allegiance1 :o are 9 fact neutral 9 politics & conc]n$ only ) ! execution p#bgb ( a task4 ,i "k h[ imp]fectly ! civil s]vice works1 b t x %\ld exi/ at all1 & t ! ideal x embodies %\ld be g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 is pr(\nd te/imony z to h[ inh]5t 9 ! mod]n situation is ! concept ( dis9t]e/$ness4 ,! !ory ( an indep5d5t judici>y arises out ( ! same ne$ = dis9t]e/$ judgm5t4 ,ev5 m significant1 p]haps1 is ! use 9 all political debates ( ! evid5ce ( te*nicians1 exp]ts1 & neutral inve/igators4 ,! /atesman :o imag9$ he _h ?\ght up a solution = a social problem :ile he 0 9 8 ba? w\ld be a good deal ( a joke2 ev5 if he _h /umbl$ on a good idea1 he w\ld n d>e to commit himself to x )\t elaborate prelim9>y surveys1 inve/igations1 he>+s1 conf]5ces1 & ! l4 ,m5 occupy+ responsible po/s 9 ! ,great ,society h become aw>e1 9 %ort1 t _! guesses & _! prejudices are untru/wor?y1 & t successful decisions c be made only 9 a neutral _s by comp>+ _! hypo!ses ) _! und]/&+ ( reality4 #e4 ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,p ,x has be5 ! cause ( consid]able wond] to _m p]sons t ! mo/ complex mod]n communities1 :]e ! old loyalties are mo/ completely dissolv$1 :]e au?ority has s little pre/ige1 :]e moral codes are held 9 su* small e/eem1 %\ld nev]!less h prov$ to be f> m imp]vi\s to ! /ra9 ( w> & revolution ?an ! old] & simpl] types ( civilization4 ,x has be5 ,russia1 ,*9a1 ,pol&1 ,italy1 ,spa91 r ?an ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h be5 mo/ disord]ly 9 ! po/-w> p#bgc p]iod4 ,! contr>y might h be5 expect$4 ,x might well h be5 anticipat$ t ! highly organiz$1 delicately pois$ social me*anisms w\ld dis9tegrate ! mo/ easily4 ,yet x is n[ evid5t :y mod]n civilization is s durable4 ,its /r5g? lies 9 its s5sitiv5ess4 ,! effect ( bad decisions is s quickly felt1 ! consequ5ces are s inescapably s]i\s1 t corrective action is almo/ imm$iately set 9 motion4 ,a simple society l ,russia c let its railroads g gradually to wrack & ru91 b a complex society l ,london or ,new ,york is in/antly disorganiz$ if ! railroads d n run on s*$ule4 ,s _m p]sons are at once affect$ 9 s _m vitally important ways t rem$ies h to be f\nd imm$iately4 ,?is does n mean t mod]n /ates are gov]n$ z wisely z !y %\ld be1 or t !y d n neglect mu* t !y _c really af=d to neglect4 ,!y blund] along badly en\gh 9 all consci5ce4 ,!re is nev]!less a m9imum ( ord] & ( necess>y s]vices :i* !y h to provide = !mselves4 ,!y h to keep go+4 ,!y _c af=d ! luxury ( prolong$ disord] or ( a g5]al p>alysis4 ,_! own necessities are dep5d5t on su* fragile /ructures1 & ev]yone is s mu* affect$1 t :5 a mod]n /ate is 9 tr\ble x c draw ^u incomp>able res]ves ( public _s4 8,i made n9ety-"o local committees 9 n9ety-"o local communities to look aft] ! ,mississippi flood10 ,mr4 ,hoov] once expla9$1 8t's :at ,i pr9cipally did4444 ,y say3 #8a c\ple ( ?\s& refugees are com+4 ,!y've got to h accommodations4 ,huts4 p#bgd ,wat]-ma9s4 ,sew]s4 ,/reets4 ,d9+-halls4 ,meals4 ,doctors4 ,ev]y?+4'444 ,s y g away & !y g ahead & j simply d x4 ,( all ^? n9ety-"o committees !re 0 j "o t fell d[n40 ,mr4 ,h>d1 :o reports ^! rem>ks1 goes on to make ,mr4 ,hoov] say t3 8,no o!r ,ma9 ,/reet 9 ! _w c\ld h done :at ! ,am]ican ,ma9 ,/reet did 9 ! ,mississippi flood2 & ,europe may je] z x pleases at our mass production & our mass organization & our mass education4 ,! safety ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is its multitud9\s mass lead]%ip40 ,all[+ = ! fact t ^! rem>ks appe>$ 9 a campaign biography at a "t :5 ,mr4 ,hoov]'s fri5ds 7 r conc]n$ ab\t demon/rat+ ! int5sity ( 8 patriotism1 !re is nev]!less sub/antial tru? 9 !m4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t 8multitud9\s mass lead]%ip0 w be f\nd :]ev] indu/rial society is firmly e/abli%$1 t is to say1 :]ev] a p has liv$ ) ! ma*9e process long en\gh to acquire ! aptitudes t x calls =4 ,?is capacity to organize1 to adm9i/] affairs1 to deal reali/ically ) necessity1 c h>dly be due to "s cong5ital sup]iority 9 ! ,am]ican p4 ,!y are1 aft] all only transplant$ ,europeans4 ,t _! aptitudes may be some:at m highly develop$ is n1 h[ev]1 inconceivable3 ! new civilization may h develop$ m freely 9 a l& :]e x did n h to cont5d ) ! in/itutions ( a milit>y1 feudal1 & cl]ical society4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t z ! ma*9e te*nology makes social relations complex1 x dissolves ! habits ( ob$i5ce & dep5d5ce2 x dis9tegrates ! c5tralization p#bge ( p[] & ( lead]%ip2 x diffuses ! exp]i5ce ( responsible decision ?r\gh\t ! population1 compell+ ea* man to acquire ! habit ( mak+ judgm5ts in/ead ( look+ = ord]s1 ( adju/+ 8 w to ! wills ( o!rs in/ead ( tru/+ to cu/om & organic loyalties4 ,! real law "u :i* mod]n society is adm9i/]$ is nei!r ! accumulat$ prec$5ts ( tradition nor a set ( comm&s orig9at+ on high :i* are impos$ l ord]s 9 an army ^u ! rank & file bel[4 ,! real law 9 ! mod]n /ate is ! multitude ( little decisions made daily by millions ( m54 ,because ?is is s1 ! "* ( gov]nm5t is *ang+ radically4 ,?is *ange is obscur$ = u 9 our !oriz+ by ! fact t our political ideas d]ive f a diff]5t k9d ( social exp]i5ce4 ,we ?9k ( gov]n+ z ! act ( a p]son2 = ! actual k+ we h tri$ to sub/itute a corporate k+1 :i* we call ! nation1 ! p1 ! majority1 public op9ion1 or ! g5]al w4 ,b none ( ^! entities has ! attributes ( a k+1 & ! failure ( political ?9k+ to lay ! gho/s ( mon>*y leads to endless misund]/&+4 ,! crucial diff]5ce betwe5 mod]n politics & t to :i* mank9d has be5 accu/om$ is t ! p[] to act & to compel ob$i5ce is almo/ nev] suffici5tly c5traliz$ n[adays to be ex]cis$ by "o w4 ,! p[] is di/ribut$ & qualifi$ s t p[] is ex]t$ n by comm& b by int]action4 ,! prime bus9ess ( gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 is n to direct ! affairs ( ! community1 b to h>monize ! direction :i* ! community gives to its affairs4 p#bgf ,! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 does n consult ! consci5ce & its ,god & !n decree a t>iff law4 ,x enacts ! k9d ( t>iff :i* at ! mom5t repres5ts ! mo/ /able compromise among ! int]e/s :i* h made !mselves he>d4 ,! law may be outrage\sly unfair4 ,b if x is1 t is because ^? ^: int]e/s are neglect$ did n at t "t h ! p[] to make !mselves felt4 ,if ! law favors manufactur]s r ?an f>m]s1 x is because ! manufactur]s at t "t h great] weight 9 ! social equilibrium ?an ! f>m]s4 ,t may s\nd h>d4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r a mod]n legislature c make laws effective if ^? laws are n ! =mal expression ( :at ! p]sons actually affect$ c & wi% to d4 ,! am\nt ( law is relatively small :i* a mod]n legislature c successfully impose4 ,! reason = ?is is t unless ! en=cem5t ( ! law is tak5 9 h& by ! citiz5ry1 ! (ficials z su* are q helpless4 ,x is possible to en=ce ! law ( contracts1 because ! injur$ p>ty w sue2 x is possible to en=ce ! law aga9/ burgl>y1 because almo/ ev]ybody w report a burgl>y to ! police4 ,b x is n possible to en=ce ! old-fa%ion$ spe$ laws on ! highways because ! police are too few & f> betwe51 ! p$e/rians are un9t]e/$1 & motori/s l to spe$4 ,!re is "h a v fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mod]n lawmak+3 ins(> z a law dep5ds ^u ! initiative ( (ficials 9 detect+ violations & 9 prosecut+1 t law w almo/ c]ta9ly be difficult to en=ce4 ,if a consid]able "p ( ! population is ho/ile to ! law1 & if ! p#bgg majority has only a platonic belief 9 x1 ! law w surely break d[n4 ,= :at gives law reality is n t x is comm&$ by ! sov]eign b t x br+s ! organiz$ =ce ( ! /ate to ! aid ( ^? citiz5s :o believe 9 ! law4 ,:at ! gov]nm5t really does is n to rule m51 b to add ov]:elm+ =ce to m5 :5 !y rule _! affairs4 ,! passage ( a law is 9 effect a promise t ! police1 ! c\rts1 & ! (ficials w def5d & en=ce c]ta9 rights :5 citiz5s *oose to ex]cise !m4 ,= all practical purposes ?is is j z true :5 :at 0 once a private wrong to be r$ress$ by private action 9 law c\rts on pro( ( specific injury has be5 made by /atute a public wrong :i* is prev5table & puni%able by adm9i/rative action4 ,:5 ! citiz5s are no long] int]e/$ 9 prev5t+ or puni%+ specific in/ances ( :at ! /atute decl>es is a public wrong1 ! /atute becomes a dead lett]4 ,! pr9ciple is mo/ obvi\sly true 9 ! case ( a sumptu>y law l prohibition4 ,! reason prohibition is un5=ceable 9 ! great cities is t ! citiz5s w n report ! names & addresses ( _! bootlegg]s to ! prohibition (ficials4 ,b ! pr9ciple is no less true 9 less obvi\s cases1 z1 = example1 9 t>iffs or laws to regulate railroads4 ,?us x is difficult to en=ce ! t>iff law on jewels1 = !y are easily smuggl$4 ,ins(> z ! law is en=c$ x is because jewel]s f9d x pr(itable to ma9ta9 an organization :i* detects smuggl+4 ,because !y "k ! ins & outs ( ! trade1 & h m5 9 all ! jewelry m>kets ( ! _w :o h an int]e/ 9 cat*+ smuggl]s1 x is possible = ! ,unit$ p#bgh ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to make a fair %[+ 9 adm9i/]+ ! law4 ,! gov]nm5t _c f h\r to h\r inspect all ! transactions ( its p1 & any law :i* re/s on ! premise t gov]nm5t c d ?is is a fooli% law4 ,! railroad laws are en=c$ because %ipp]s are vigilant4 ,! crim9al laws dep5d ^u h[ e>ne/ly citiz5s object to c]ta9 k9ds ( crime4 ,9 fact x may be said t laws :i* make c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct illicit are effective ins(> z ! brea* ( ^! laws ar\ses ! citiz5ry to call 9 ! police & to take ! tr\ble to help ! police4 ,x is n en\gh t ! mass ( ! population %\ld be law-abid+4 ,a m9ority c /ultify ! law if ! population z a :ole is n also law-en=c+4 ,?is is ! real s5se 9 :i* x c be said t p[] 9 ! mod]n /ate resides n 9 ! gov]nm5t b 9 ! p4 ,z t phrase is usually employ$ x alleges t #8! p1' z articulat$ by elect$ (ficials1 c gov]n by comm& z ! mon>* or tribal *iefta9 once gov]n$4 ,9 ?is s5se gov]nm5t by ! p is a delusion4 ,:at we h among advanc$ communities is some?+ t might p]haps be describ$ z gov]nm5t 9 ! p4 ,! naively democratic !ory 0 t out ( ! mass ( ! vot]s !re arose a cl\d ( wills :i* asc5d$ to heav51 cond5s$ into a ?und]bolt1 & !n smote ! p4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! op9ion ( masses ( p]sons someh[ became ! op9ion ( a corporate p]son call$ ,! ,p1 & t ?is corporate p]son !n direct$ human affairs l a mon>*4 ,b t is n :at happ5s4 ,gov]nm5t is 9 ! p & /ays !re4 ,gov]nm5t is p#bgi _! multitud9\s decisions 9 concrete situations1 & :at (ficials d is to assi/ & facilitate ?is process ( gov]n+4 ,effective laws may be said to regi/] an und]/&+ among ^? conc]n$ by :i* ! law-abid+ "k :at to expect & :at is expect$ ( !m2 !y are insur$ ) all ! =ce t ! /ate comm&s aga9/ ! disruption ( ?is und]/&+ by ! recalcitrant m9ority4 ,9 ! mod]n /ate a law :i* does n regi/] ! inw>d ass5t ( mo/ ( ^? :o are affect$ w h v little =ce z aga9/ ! break]s ( t law4 ,= x is only by t inw>d ass5t t p[] becomes mobiliz$ to en=ce ! law4 ,! gov]nm5t 9 ! p]son ( its (ficials1 its paltry inspectors & policem51 has relatively little p[] ( its own4 ,x d]ives its p[] f ! p 9 am\nts :i* v>y ) ! circum/ances ( ea* law4 ,t is :y ! same gov]nm5t may act ) inv9cible maje/y 9 "o place & ) ludicr\s futility 9 ano!r4 #f4 ,politicians & ,/atesm5 ,! role ( ! lead] w\ld be easi] to def9e if x 7 agre$ to give sep>ate mean+s to two v common words4 ,i mean ! words 8politician0 & 8/atesman40 ,9 popul> usage a vague di/9ction is recogniz$3 to call a man a /atesman is eulogy1 to call him a politician is to be1 h[ev] fa9tly1 disp>ag+4 ,! diction>y1 9 fact1 def9es a politician z "o :o seeks to subs]ve ! int]e/s ( a political p>ty m]ely2 z an aft]?\ght x def9es him z "o skill$ 9 political sci5ce3 a /atesman4 ,& 9 def9+ a /atesman ! p#bhj diction>y says t he is a political lead] ( di/+ui%$ ability4 ,^! def9itions c1 ,i ?9k1 be improv$ ^u by cl>ify+ ! mean+s :i* are vaguely int5d$ 9 popul> usage4 ,:5 we ?9k (fh& ( a politician we ?9k ( a man :o works = a p>tial int]e/4 ,at ! wor/ x is 8 own pocket4 ,at ! be/ x may be 8 p>ty1 8 class1 or an in/itution ) :i* he is id5tifi$4 ,we nev] feel t he c or w take into acc\nt all ! int]e/s conc]n$1 & because bias & p>tisan%ip are ! qualities ( 8 conduct1 we feel1 unless we are naively afflict$ ) ! same bias1 t he is n to be tru/$ too f>4 ,n[ ! ^w #8/atesman1' :5 x is n m]e pomposity1 connotes a man ^: m9d is elevat$ suffici5tly above ! conflict ( cont5d+ p>ties to enable him to adopt a c\rse ( action :i* takes into acc\nt a great] numb] ( int]e/s 9 ! p]spective ( a long] p]iod ( "t4 ,x is "s su* conception z ?is t ,edmund ,burke _h 9 m9d :5 he wrote t ! /ate 8ought n to be consid]$ z no?+ bett] ?an a p>tn]%ip 9 a trade ( pepp] & c(fee1 calico or tobacco1 or "s o!r su* l[ conc]n1 to be tak5 up = a little tempor>y int]e/ & to be dissolv$ by ! fancy ( ! p>ties4444 ,x is a p>tn]%ip 9 a high] & m p]man5t s5se--a p>tn]%ip 9 all sci5ce2 a p>tn]%ip 9 all art2 a p>tn]%ip 9 e virtue & 9 all p]fection4 ,z ! ends ( su* a p>tn]%ip _c be obta9$ 9 _m g5]ations x becomes a p>tn]%ip n only betwe5 ^? :o are liv+1 b betwe5 ^? :o are dead & ^? :o are to be born40 p#bha ,! politician1 !n1 is a man :o seeks to atta9 ! special objects ( p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,if he is ! lead] ( a political p>ty he w try ei!r to pur*ase ! support ( p>ticul> int]e/s by specific pl$ges1 or if t is impracticable1 he w employ "s =m ( deception4 ,i include "u ! t]m #8deception' ! :ole art ( propag&a1 :e!r x consi/s ( half-tru?s1 lies1 ambiguities1 evasions1 calculat$ sil5ce1 r$ h]r+s1 unresponsiv5ess1 slogans1 cat*words1 %[man%ip1 ba?os1 hokum1 & buncombe4 ,!y are1 "o & all1 me?ods ( prev5t+ a dis9t]e/$ inquiry into ! situation4 ,i d n say t any "o c be elect$ to (fice )\t employ+ deception1 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !re is a new s*ool ( political report]s 9 ! l& :o ) a k9d ( beautiful cruelty are mak+ x r emb>rass+ = politicians to employ _! old tricks4 ,a man may h to be a politician to be elect$ :5 !re is adult suffrage1 & x may be t /atesman%ip1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i am us+ ! t]m1 _c occupy ! :ole att5tion ( any public man4 ,x is true at lea/ t x nev] does4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ord] to hold (fice a man mu/ array 9 8 support a v>i$ assortm5t ( p]sons ) all sorts ( confus$ & conflict+ purposes4 ,:5 !n1 x may be ask$1 does he beg9 to be a /atesman8 ,he beg9s :5ev] he /ops try+ m]ely to satisfy or to obfuscate ! mom5t>y wi%es ( 8 con/itu5ts1 & sets out to make !m realize & ass5t to ^? hidd5 int]e/s ( !irs :i* are p]man5t because !y fit ! facts & c be h>moniz$ ) ! int]e/s ( _! neighbors4 ,! politician says3 8,i p#bhb w give y :at y want40 ,! /atesman says3 8,:at y ?9k y want is ?is4 ,:at x is possible = y to get is t4 ,:at y really want1 !re=e1 is ! foll[+40 ,! politician /irs up a foll[+2 ! /atesman leads x4 ,! politician1 9 brief1 accepts unreg5]ate desire at its face value & ei!r fulfills x or p]petrates a fraud2 ! /atesman re-educates desire by confront+ x ) ! reality1 & s makes possible an endur+ adju/m5t ( int]e/s )9 ! community4 ,! *ief elem5t 9 ! art ( /atesman%ip "u mod]n conditions is ! ability to elucidate ! confus$ & clamor\s int]e/s :i* conv]ge ^u ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is an ability to p5etrate f ! naive self-int]e/ ( ea* gr\p to its p]man5t & real int]e/4 ,x is a difficult art :i* requires great c\rage1 deep sympa?y1 & a va/ am\nt ( in=mation4 ,t is :y x is s r>e4 ,b :5 a /atesman is successful 9 conv]t+ 8 con/itu5ts f a *ildlike pursuit ( :at seems int]e/+ to a reali/ic view ( _! int]e/s1 he receives a k9d ( support :i* ! ord9>y glib politician c nev] hope =4 ,c&or is a bitt] pill :5 fir/ x is ta/$ b x is full ( heal?1 & once a man becomes e/abli%$ 9 ! public m9d z a p]son :o deals habitually & successfully ) real ?+s1 he acquires an em95ce ( a :olly diff]5t quality f t ( ev5 ! mo/ celebrat$ cat]] to ! popul> favor4 ,8 hold on ! p is endur+ because he promises no?+ :i* he _c a*ieve2 he proposes no?+ :i* turns out to be a fake4 ,soon] or lat] ! politician1 because he deals 9 unrealities1 is f\nd out4 ,!n he ei!r goes to jail1 or he is tol]at$ p#bhc cynically z a picturesque & amiable sc\ndrel2 or he retires & ceases to m$dle ) ! de/9ies ( m54 ,! words ( a /atesman prove to h value because !y express n ! desires ( ! mom5t b ! conditions "u :i* desires c actually be adju/$ to reality4 ,8 projects are policies :i* lay d[n an ord]$ plan ( action 9 :i* all ! elem5ts affect$ w1 aft] !y h _h "s exp]i5ce ( x1 f9d x pr(itable to co-op]ate4 ,8 laws regi/] :at ! p really desire :5 !y h cl>ifi$ _! wants4 ,8 laws h =ce because !y mobilize ! en]gies :i* alone c make laws effective4 ,x is n necess>y1 nor is x probable1 t a /atesmanlike policy w w9 su* ass5t :5 x is fir/ propos$4 ,nor is x necess>y = ! /atesman to wait until he has won complete ass5t4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* p _c und]/& until !y h liv$ ) !m = a :ile4 ,(t51 !re=e1 ! great /atesman is b\nd to act boldly 9 advance ( 8 con/itu5ts4 ,:5 he does ?is he /akes 8 judgm5t z to :at ! p w 9 ! end f9d to be good aga9/ :at ! p happ5 ard5tly to desire4 ,?is capacity to act ^u ! hidd5 realities ( a situation 9 spite ( appe>ances is ! ess5ce ( /atesman%ip4 ,x consi/s 9 giv+ ! p n :at !y want b :at !y w le>n to want4 ,x requires ! c\rage :i* is possible only 9 a m9d t is deta*$ f ! agitations ( ! mom5t4 ,x requires ! insight :i* comes only f an objective & disc]n+ k ( ! facts1 & a high & imp]turbable dis9t]e/$ness4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv p#bhd ,,love ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,society #a4 ,! ,ext]nal ,control ( ,sexual ,conduct ,:ile ! *anges :i* mod]nity implies affect ! premises ( all human conduct1 ! problem z a :ole engages ! att5tion ( relatively few p]sons4 ,! l>g] numb] ( m5 & wom5 liv+ )9 ! orbit ( ! ,great ,society are no d\bt aw>e t _! inh]it$ beliefs ab\t religion1 politics1 bus9ess1 & sex d n squ>e entirely ) ! actual beliefs ^u :i* !y feel compell$ to act4 ,b ! fundam5tal alt]ations 9 political & economic ideals :i* ! ma*9e te*nology is induc+ come home to ea* man only indirectly & p>tially4 ,! consequ5ces are subtle1 delay$1 & :at is ev5 m important1 !y are outside ! scope ( ! ord9>y man's p]sonal decision4 ,!re is little t is urg5t1 imm$iate1 or decisive :i* he c d1 ev5 if he und]/&s !m1 ab\t ! *anges 9 ! /ructure & purpose ( indu/ry & ! /ate4 ,mo/ m5 c manage1 !re=e1 to live )\t ev] attempt+ to decide = !mselves any fundam5tal "q ab\t bus9ess or politics4 ,b !y c nei!r ignore *anges 9 sexual relations nor d !y wi% to4 ,x is possible = a man to be a sociali/ or an individuali/ )\t ev] hav+ to make "o responsible decision 9 :i* 8 !ories play any "p4 ,b :at he ?9ks p#bhe ab\t divorce & contraception1 cont95ce & lic5se1 monogamy1 pro/itution1 & sexual exp]i5ce outside ( m>riage1 are matt]s t are b\nd at "s po9t 9 8 life to affect 8 own happ9ess imm$iately & directly4 ,x is possible to be hypocritical ab\t sex4 ,b x is n possible = any adult :o is n an/hetic to be indiff]5t4 ,! affairs ( /ate may be regulat$ by lead]s4 ,b ! affairs ( a man & a woman are inescapably _! own4 ,t obvi\sly is ! reason :y 9 ! popul> m9d x is imm$iately assum$ t :5 morals are discuss$ x is sexual morals t are meant4 ,! morals ( ! politician & ! vot]1 ( ! %>ehold] & executive & employee1 are only mod]ately int]e/+ to ! g5]al public3 ?us !y almo/ nev] supply ! ma9 !me ( popul> fiction4 ,b ! relation betwe5 boy & girl1 man & woman1 husb& & wife1 mi/ress & lov]1 p>5ts & *ildr51 are !mes :i* no am\nt ( repetition makes /ale4 ,! explanation is obvi\s4 ,! mod]n audi5ce is compos$ ( p]sons among :om only a comp>atively negligible few are s]5ely happy 9 _! p]sonal lives4 ,popul> fiction responds to _! long+s3 to ! unappeas$ x (f]s "s measure ( vic>i\s satisfaction1 to ! pruri5t an indulg5ce1 to ! worri$1 if n a way out1 !n at lea/ ! com=t ( kn[+ t _! secret despair is a common1 & n a unique1 exp]i5ce4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is imm5se preoccupation ) sex x is extraord9>ily difficult to arrive at any reliable k ( :at actual *ange 9 human behavior x reflects4 ,?is is n surpris+4 ,9 fact ?is is ! v p#bhf ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,! reason x is difficult to "k ! actual facts ab\t sexual behavior 9 mod]n society is t sexual behavior eludes obs]vation & control4 ,we "k t ! old conv5tions h lo/ mo/ ( _! au?ority because we _c "k ab\t1 & !re=e c no long] regulate1 ! sexual behavior ( o!rs4 ,x may be t !re is1 z "s optimi/s believe1 a f9e b c&id re/ra9t practic$ among mod]n m5 & wom54 ,x may be t incr$ible lic5ti\sness exi/s all ab\t u1 z ! gloomi] prophets insi/4 ,x may be t !re is j ab\t z mu* unconv5tional conduct & no m ?an !re has always be54 ,nobody1 ,i ?9k1 really kn[s4 ,nobody kn[s :e!r ! conv]sation ab\t sex reflects m promiscuity or less hypocrisy4 ,b :at ev]ybody mu/ "k is t sexual conduct1 :atev] x may be1 is regulat$ p]sonally & n publicly 9 mod]n society4 ,if !re is re/ra9t x is1 9 ! la/ analysis1 volunt>y2 if !re is promiscuity1 x c be q secret4 ,! circum/ances :i* h wr\ght ?is *ange are inh]5t 9 mod]n ways ( liv+4 ,until q rec5tly ! ma9 conv5tions ( sex 7 en=c$ fir/ by ! p>5ts & !n by ! husb& ?r\gh _! control ov] ! life ( ! woman4 ,! ma9 conv5tions 73 fir/1 t %e mu/ n enc\rage or display any amor\s incl9ations except :]e !re 0 practical c]ta9ty t ! "y man's int5tions 7 s]i\s2 second1 t :5 %e 0 m>ri$ to ! "y man %e submitt$ to 8 embraces only because ! ,"l someh[ fail$ to contrive a less vile me?od ( p]petuat+ ! species4 ,all ! m9or conv5tions 7 p#bhg subsidi>y to ^!2 ! :ole sy/em 0 organiz$ on ! premise t procreation 0 ! woman's only sanction = sexual int]c\rse4 ,su* control z 0 ex]cis$ ov] ! conduct ( m5 0 subord9ate to ?is control ov] ! conduct ( wom54 ,! *a/ity ( wom5 be=e m>riage 0 gu>d$2 t meant t s$uction 0 a crime1 b t relations ) 8lo/0 or un*a/e wom5 7 tol]at$4 ,! virtu\s man1 by popul> /&>ds1 0 "o :o be=e 8 m>riage did n h sexual relations ) a virtu\s woman4 ,!re is ample te/imony 9 ! outcries ( morali/s t ev5 9 ! old5 days ^! conv5tions 7 n p]fectly adm9i/]$4 ,b !y 7 suffici5tly well adm9i/]$ to rema9 ! accept$ conv5tions1 honor$ ev5 9 ! brea*4 ,x 0 possible1 because ( ! way p liv$1 to adm9i/] !m4 ,! woman liv$ a %elt]$ life4 ,t is ano!r way ( say+ t %e liv$ "u ! con/ant inspection ( h] family4 ,%e liv$ at home4 ,%e work$ at home4 ,%e met "y m5 "u ! zeal\s *ap]onage ( practically ! :ole community4 ,no d\bt1 c\ples slipp$ away occasionally & m w5t on ?an 0 kn[n or ackn[l$g$4 ,b ev5 !n !re 0 a v p[]ful det]r5t aga9/ an illicit relation%ip4 ,?is det]r5t 0 ! fe> ( pregnancy4 ,t 9 ! end made x almo/ c]ta9 t if a secret affair 7 consummat$ x c\ld n be kept secret & t t]rible p5alties w\ld be exact$4 ,9 ! mod]n _w effective *ap]onage has become impracticable & ! fe> ( pregnancy has be5 virtually elim9at$ by ! v g5]al k ( contraceptive me?ods4 p#bhh ,! :ole revolution 9 ! field ( sexual morals turns ^u ! fact t ext]nal control ( ! *a/ity ( wom5 is becom+ impossible4 #b4 ,bir? ,control ,! ,biblical acc\nt ( h[ ,jehovah slew ,onan = disobey+ 8 fa!r's comm&m5t to g to 8 bro!r's wid[1 ,tam>1 & 8p]=m ! duty ( an husb&'s bro!r10 %[s t ! delib]ate prev5tion ( conception is n a new discov]y4 ,mr4 ,h>old ,cox mu/ be "r :5 he says 8x is fairly c]ta9 t 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries m5 & wom5 h practic$ v>i\s devices to prev5t conception :ile cont9u+ to indulge 9 sexual int]c\rse40 ,= :ile ,i "k ( no positive evid5ce to support ?is1 x appe>s to be self-evid5t t ! human race )9 hi/orical times has n multipli$ up to ! limits ( human fecundity4 ,s9ce x is h>dly probable t ?is has be5 due to ! cont95ce ( husb&s1 nor :olly to infanticide1 abortion1 infant mortality1 & po/ponem5t ( m>riage1 x is safe to conclude t bir? control is an anci5t practice4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 n until ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury t ! practice ( contraception began to be publicly advocat$ on gr\nds ( public policy4 ,until ! indu/rial age ! weight ( op9ion 0 ov]:elm+ly 9 favor ( v l>ge families4 ,k+s & nobles ne$$ soldi]s & reta9]s3 8,z arr[s 9 ! h& ( a mighty man1 s are ! *ildr5 ( y\?4 ,happy is ! man t ha? 8 quiv] full ( !m4 ,!y %all n be a%am$1 b !y %all speak ) ! enemies 9 ! p#bhi gate40 ,fa!rs ( families desir$ _m sons4 ,! e>ly factory own]s c\ld use abundant *eap labor4 ,!re _h be5 m5 f ,plato's "t :o _h _! d\bts ab\t ! value ( an indef9itely gr[+ population4 ,b ! sub/antial op9ion d[n to ! end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 0 ,adam ,smi?'s t3 8! mo/ decisive m>k ( ! prosp]ity ( any c\ntry is ! increase ( ! numb] ( its inhabitants40 ,app>5tly x 0 ! s9i/] "* ( ! e>ly factory sy/em1 & ! om9\s unre/ :i* p]vad$ ,europe aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* r sudd5ly *ang$ into pessimism ?is bl& optimism ab\t an ev] gr[+ population4 ,mal?us publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,essay on ,population 9 #agih4 ,?is book is und\bt$ly "o ( ! great l&m>ks ( human culture1 = x focuss$ ! att5tion ( ,europe on ! necessity ( regulat+ ! gr[? ( population4 ,mal?us himself1 x seems1 hop$ t ?is regulation c\ld be a*iev$ by ! po/ponem5t ( m>riage & by cont95ce4 ,x is n cle> :e!r he disapprov$ ( :at is n[ call$ neo-,mal?usianism1 or :e!r he did n reg>d x z practicable4 ,nev]!less1 )9 less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ,james ,mill 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica _h 9 gu>d$ fa%ion put =w>d ! neo-,mal?usian pr9ciple1 & %ortly !reaft]1 t is 9 #ahbc1 an active public propag&a 0 set on foot1 mo/ probably by ,francis ,place1 by means ( :at 7 kn[n z ! 8diabolical h&bills40 ,^! leaflets 7 address$ to ! work+ classes & conta9$ descriptions ( me?ods = prev5t+ conception4 ,"s ( !m 7 s5t to a good lady nam$ ,mrs4 ,fildes1 :o p#bij indignantly1 b mi/ak5ly f h] po9t ( view1 assi/$ ! nef>i\s propag&a by expos+ x 9 ! public pr9ts4 ,fifty ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,bradlaugh & ,mrs4 ,besant _h !mselves indict$ & tri$ = sell+ an illu/rat$ edition ( ,kn[lton's ,fruits ( ,philosophy4 ,aft] t adv]tisem5t1 neo-,mal?usian pr9ciples & practices 7 kn[n & 71 !re=e1 available to all b ! poore/ & mo/ illit]ate4 ,no propag&a s ?reat5+ to ! e/abli%$ moral ord] ev] enc\nt]$ su* an ineffective opposition4 ,i d n "k h[ mu* money has be5 sp5t on ! propag&a nor h[ _m m>tyrs h _h to co]ce reluctant judges to try !m4 ,b x is evid5t t once x 0 kn[n t fairly dep5dable me?ods ( contraception exi/1 ! p took ! matt] into _! own h&s4 ,= ! public reasons by :i* neo-,mal?usianism 0 ju/ifi$ 7 also private reasons4 ,! social philosoph] said t population mu/ be adju/$ to ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,man & wife said t !y mu/ h only z _m *ildr5 z !y c\ld af=d to re>4 ,! eug5i/ said t c]ta9 /ocks ought n to multiply4 ,individual wom5 decid$ t too _m *ildr51 or ev5 any *ildr51 7 bad = _! heal?4 ,b ^! 7 n ! only reasons :i* expla9 ! dem& = neo-,mal?usian k4 ,!re 0 also ! v pla9 dem& due to a desire to enjoy sexual int]c\rse )\t social consequ5ces4 ,on ?is aspect ( bir? control ! lib]al re=m]s h1 ,i ?9k1 be5 until rec5tly m ?an a little dis+5u\s4 ,!y h be5 argu+ = ! removal ( ! prohibitory laws1 & !y h built _! case on two p#bia ma9 !ses4 ,!y h argu$1 fir/1 t ! limitation ( bir?s 0 s\nd public policy = economic & eug5ic reasons2 & second1 t x 0 necess>y to ! happ9ess ( families1 ! heal? ( mo!rs1 & ! welf>e ( *ildr54 ,all ^! reasons may be unimpea*able4 ,i ?9k !y are4 ,b x 0 idle to pret5d t ! dissem9ation ( ?is k1 ev5 if legally conf9$ to ! in/ruction ( m>ri$ wom5 by lic5s$ physicians1 c\ld be kept f ! re/ ( ! adult population4 ,obvi\sly t :i* all m>ri$ c\ples are p]mitt$ to "k e "o is b\nd to "k4 ,human curiosity w make t c]ta94 ,n[ ?is is :at ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 especially ! ,roman ,ca?olic1 :i* oppose contraception on pr9ciple1 in/antly recogniz$4 ,!y 7 q "r4 ,!y 7 q "r1 too1 9 recogniz+ t :e!r or n bir? control is eug5ic1 hygi5ic1 & economic1 x is ! mo/ revolution>y practice 9 ! hi/ory ( sexual morals4 ,= :5 conception c\ld be prev5t$1 !re 0 an end to ! !ory t woman submits to ! embrace ( ! male only = purposes ( procreation4 ,%e _h to be p]suad$ to co-op]ate1 & no possible reason c\ld be advanc$ except t ! pleasure 0 reciprocal4 ,%e _h to und]/& & inw>dly ass5t to ! pr9ciple t x is prop] to h sexual int]c\rse ) h] husb& & to prev5t conception4 ,%e _h1 !re=e1 to give up ! :ole traditional !ory :i* %e may h only half-believ$ anyway1 t sexual int]c\rse 0 an impure means to a noble end4 ,%e c\ld no long] believe t procreation alone mitigat$ ! vil5ess ( cohabit+ ) a man1 & s %e _h to *ange h] valuation p#bib & accept x z inh]5tly delightful4 ,?us by an inevitable process ! practice ( contraception l$ husb&s & wives to ! conviction t !y ne$ n be 9 ! lea/ a%am$ ( _! desires = ea* o!r4 ,b ?is transvaluation ( values )9 ! sanctity ( ! m>ital *amb] c\ld h>dly be kept a secret4 ,:at _h happ5$ 0 t m>ri$ c\ples 7 indulg+ 9 ! pleasures ( sex because !y _h le>n$ h[ to isolate !m f ! responsibilities ( p>5?ood4 ,:5 we talk ab\t ! unconv5tional !ories ( ! y\ng] g5]ation we might 9 all hone/y take ?is fact into acc\nt4 ,!y h _h x demon/rat$ to !m by _! own p>5ts1 by ^? 9 :om ! adm9i/]+ ( ! conv5tions is ve/$1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances x is legitimate & prop] to gratify sexual desire ap>t f any obligation to ! family or to ! race4 ,!y h be5 taught t x is possible to d ?is1 & t x may be prop]4 ,!re=e1 ! old] g5]ation c\ld no long] argue t sexual int]c\rse z su* 0 evil4 ,x c\ld no long] argue t x 0 obvi\sly dang]\s4 ,x c\ld only ma9ta9 t ! psy*ological consequ5ces are s]i\s if sexual gratification is n made incid5tal to ! endur+ p>tn]%ip ( m>riage & a home4 ,t may be1 9 fact1 ,i ?9k x c be %[n to be1 ! real wisdom ( ! matt]4 ,yet if x is ! wisdom ( ! matt]1 x is a k9d ( wisdom :i* m5 & wom5 c acquire by exp]i5ce alone4 ,!y d n h x in/9ctively4 ,!y _c be compell$ to adopt x4 ,!y c only le>n to believe x4 ,t is a v diff]5t ?+ f submitt+ to a conv5tion upheld by all human & div9e au?ority4 p#bic #c4 ,! ,logic ( ,bir? ,control ,) contraception e/abli%$ z a m or less legitimate idea 9 mod]n society1 a va/ discussion has ensu$ z to h[ ! practice ( x c be rationaliz$4 ,9 ?is discussion ! pace is set by ^? :o accept ! app>5t logic ( contraception & are prep>$ boldly to revise ! sexual conv5tions accord+ly4 ,!y take z _! major premise ! obvi\s fact t by contraception x is possible to dissociate procreation f gratification1 & !re=e to pursue indep5d5tly :at ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis calls ! prim>y & second>y objects ( ! sexual impulse4 ,!y propose1 !re=e1 to sanction two di/9ct sets ( conv5tions3 "o design$ to protect ! int]e/s ( ! (fspr+ by promot+ intellig5t1 secure1 & *e]ful p>5?ood2 ! o!r design$ to p]mit ! free/ & fulle/ expression ( ! erotic p]sonality4 ,!y propose1 9 o!r words1 to di/+ui% betwe5 p>5?ood z a vocation involv+ public responsibility1 & love z an art1 pursu$ privately = ! sake ( happ9ess4 ,z a prep>ation = ! vocation ( p>5?ood x is propos$ to educate bo? m5 & wom5 9 ! c>e1 bo? physical & psy*ological1 ( *ildr54 ,x is propos$ fur!r t mat+ = p>5?ood %all become an altoge!r delib]ate & volunt>y *oice3 ! argum5t "h is t ! duties ( p>5?ood _c be successfully fulfill$ except :]e bo? p>5ts *e]fully & kn[+ly assume !m4 ,!re=e1 x is propos$1 9 ord] to av]t ! dang]s ( love at fir/ sight & ( mat+ "u ! bl9d compulsion ( in/9ct1 t a p]iod ( free exp]im5tation p#bid be all[$ to prec$e ! solemn engagem5t to produce & re> *ildr54 ,?is engagem5t is reg>d$ z s mu* a public responsibility t x is ev5 propos$1 & to "s ext5t has be5 embodi$ 9 ! law ( c]ta9 jurisdictions1 t m>riages = p>5?ood mu/ be sanction$ by m$ical au?ority4 ,9 ord]1 too1 t no compulsive consid]ations may det]m9e :at ought to be a free & intellig5t *oice1 x is argu$ t wom5 %\ld be economically indep5d5t be=e & dur+ m>riage4 ,z ?is may n be possible = wom5 )\t prop]ty ( _! own dur+ ! ye>s :5 !y are be>+ & re>+ *ildr51 x is propos$ 9 "s =m or o!r to end[ mo!rhood4 ,?is end[m5t may take ! =m ( a legal claim ^u ! e>n+s ( ! fa!r1 or x may mean a subsidy f ! /ate ?r\gh mo!rs' p5sions1 free m$ical att5tion1 day nurs]ies1 & k9d]g>t5s4 ,! pr9ciple t successful p>5?ood mu/ be volunt>y is ma9ta9$ z consi/5tly z possible4 ,!re=e1 among ^? :o foll[ ! logic ( _! idea1 x is propos$ t ev5 m>riages delib]ately ent]$ into = procreation %all be dissoluble at ! w ( ei!r p>ty1 ! /ate int]v5+ only to insure ! economic security ( ! (fspr+4 ,x is propos$1 fur!rmore1 t :]e wom5 f9d ! vocation ( mo!rhood impracticable = "o reason or ano!r1 !y may be reliev$ ( ! duty ( re>+ _! *ildr54 ,n all ( ! advanc$ re=m]s adopt ! :ole ( ?is program1 b ! :ole ( ?is program is logically inh]5t 9 ! conception ( p>5?ood z a vocation delib]ately und]tak51 publicly pursu$1 & motivat$ solely by ! p>5tal in/9cts4 p#bie ,! sep>ate set ( conv5tions :i* x is propos$ to adopt = ! developm5t ( love z an art h a logic ( _! own4 ,_! function is n to protect ! welf>e ( ! *ild b ! happ9ess ( lov]s4 ,x is v easy to misund]/& ?is conception4 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis1 9 fact1 describes x z a 8div9e & elusive my/]y10 a description :i* ?reat5s to provide a r elusive /&>d by :i* to fix a new set ( sexual conv5tions4 ,b baffl+ z ?is s\nds1 x is n :olly inscrutable1 & a suffici5t und]/&+ ( :at is meant c be atta9$ by cle>+ up ! dang]\s ambiguity 9 ! phrase 8love z an art40 ,!re are two arts ( love & x makes a consid]able diff]5ce :i* "o is meant4 ,!re is ! art ( love z ,casanova1 = example1 practic$ x4 ,x is ! art ( s$uction1 c\rt%ip1 & sexual gratification3 x is an art :i* culm9ates 9 ! sexual act4 ,x c be repeat$ ) ! same lov] & ) o!r lov]s1 b x exhau/s itself 9 ! mom5t ( ec/asy4 ,:5 t mom5t is rea*$1 ! "w ( art is done1 & ! lov] z arti/ 8aft] an int]val1 p]haps ( /upor & vital recup]ation0 mu/ />t all ov] aga91 until at la/ ! rhy?m is s /ale x is a we>9ess to />t at all2 or ! lov] mu/ f9d new lov]s & new resi/ances to conqu]4 ,! aft]ma? ( romantic love--t is1 ( love t is consummat$ 9 sexual ec/asy--is ei!r t$ium 9 middle age or ! compulsive adv5tur\sness ( ! lib]t9e4 ,n[ ?is is n :at ,mr4 ,ellis means :5 he talks ab\t love z an art4 8,! act ( int]c\rse10 he says1 8is only an incid5t1 & n an ess5tial 9 love40 ,incid5t to :at8 ,8 answ] is t x is an incid5t to an p#bif 8exquisitely & v>i\sly & h>moni\sly bl5d$0 activity ( 8all ! f9] activities ( ! organism1 physical & psy*ic40 ,i take ?is to mean t :5 a man & woman are successfully 9 love1 _! :ole activity is en]giz$ & victori\s4 ,!y walk bett]1 _! dige/ion improves1 !y ?9k m cle>ly1 _! secret worries drop away1 ! _w is fre% & int]e/+1 & !y c d m ?an !y dream$ t !y c\ld d4 ,9 love ( ?is k9d sexual intimacy is n ! dead end ( desire z x is 9 romantic or promiscu\s love1 b p]iodic affirmation ( ! inw>d delight ( desire p]vad+ an active life4 ,love ( ?is sort c gr[3 x is n1 l y\? itself1 a mom5t t comes & is gone & rema9s only a memory ( some?+ :i* _c be recov]$4 ,x c gr[ because x has some?+ to gr[ ^u & to gr[ )2 x is n contract$ & /ale because x has = its object1 n ! m]e relief ( physical t5sion1 b all ! objects ) :i* ! two lov]s are conc]n$4 ,!y desire _! worlds 9 ea* o!r1 & !re=e _! love is z int]e/+ z _! worlds & _! worlds are z int]e/+ z _! love4 ,x is to promote unions ( ?is sort t ! old] lib]als are propos+ a new set ( sexual conv5tions4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 re=m]s 9 ! field :o take a mu* less exalt$ view ( ! sexual act1 :o reg>d x1 inde$1 n only z )\t biological or social significance1 b also z )\t any v impressive psy*ological significance4 8,! practice ( bir? control10 says ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,joad1 = example1 8w pr(\ndly modify our sexual habits4 ,x w enable ! pleasures ( sex to be ta/$ )\t its p5alties1 & x w remove ! mo/ p#big =midable det]r5t to irregul> int]c\rse40 ,= bir? control 8(f]s to ! "y 444 ! prospect ( %ameless1 h>mless1 & unlimit$ pleasure40 ,b :e!r ! re=m]s agree ) ,mr4 ,ellis t sexual intimacy is1 z he says1 a sacram5t signify+ "s great spiritual reality1 or ) ,mr4 ,joad t x is a h>mless pleasure1 !y are agre$ t ! sexual conv5tions %\ld be revis$ to p]mit su* unions )\t p5alties & )\t any s5se ( %ame4 ,!y ask public op9ion to sanction :at contraception has made feasible4 ,!y po9t out t 8a l>ge numb] ( ! m5 & wom5 ( to-day =m sexual relation%ips outside m>riage--:e!r or n !y ultimately lead to m>riage--:i* !y conceal or seek to conceal f ! _w40 ,^! relation%ips1 says ,mr4 ,ellis1 diff] f ! extra-m>ital manife/ations ( ! sexual life ( ! pa/ 9 t !y d n d]ive f pro/itution or s$uction4 ,bo? ( ^! anci5t practices1 he adds1 are dim9i%+1 = pro/itution is becom+ less attractive &1 ) ! education ( wom51 s$uction is becom+ less possible4 ,! novelty ( ^! new relations1 ! preval5ce ( :i* is conc$$ ?\gh x _c be measur$1 lies 9 ! fact t !y are ent]$ into volunt>ily1 h no obvi\s social consequ5ces1 & are altoge!r beyond ! p[] ( law or op9ion to control4 ,! argum5t1 !re=e1 is t !y %\ld be approv$1 ! *ief po9t made be+ t by remov+ all /igma f su* unions1 !y w become c&id1 :olesome1 & delightful4 ,! objection ( ! re=m]s to ! exi/+ conv5tions is t ! s5se ( s9 poisons ! spontane\s goodness ( su* relation%ips4 p#bih ,! actual proposals g by a great v>iety ( fancy names su* z free love1 trial m>riage1 companionate m>riage4 ,:5 ^! proposals are exam9$ x is evid5t !y all take bir? control z _! major premise1 & !n d$uce f x "s "p or all ( ! logical consequ5ces4 ,companionate m>riage1 = example1 is f ! po9t ( view ( ! law1 :atev] x may be subjectively1 no?+ b a some:at r\ndab\t way ( say+ t *ildless c\ples may be divorc$ by mutual cons5t4 ,x is a proposal1 if n to control1 !n at lea/ to regi/]1 publicly all sexual unions1 ! !ory be+ t ?is public regi/ration w aboli% %ame & furtiv5ess & give !m a c]ta9 p]man5ce4 ,companionate m>riage is frankly an attempt at a compromise betwe5 m>riages t are difficult to dissolve & cl&e/9e relation%ips :i* h no sanction :atev]4 ,! uncompromis+ logic ( bir? control has be5 /at$ m cle>ly1 ,i ?9k1 by ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell ?an by anyone else4 ,writ+ to ,judge ,l9dsey dur+ ! upro> ab\t companionate m>riage1 ,mr4 ,russell said3 ,i g fur!r ?an y d3 ! ?+s :i* y\r enemies say ab\t y w\ld be l>gely true ( me4 ,my own view is t ! /ate & ! law %\ld take no notice ( sexual relations ap>t f *ildr51 & t no m>riage c]emony %\ld be valid unless accompani$ by a m$ical c]tificate ( ! woman's pregnancy4 ,b :5 once !re are *ildr51 ,i ?9k t divorce %\ld be avoid$ except = v grave cause4 ,i %\ld n reg>d physical infidelity z a v grave cause & %\ld tea* p t x is to be expect$ & tol]at$1 b %\ld n involve ! begett+ ( illegitimate *ildr5--n because illegitimacy is bad 9 p#bii itself1 b because a home ) two p>5ts is be/ = *ildr54 ,i d n feel t ! ma9 ?+ 9 m>riage is ! feel+ ( ! p>5ts = ea* o!r2 ! ma9 ?+ is coop]ation 9 be>+ *ildr54 ,9 ?is admirably cle> /atem5t !re is set =? a plan = t complete sep>ation betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y function ( sexual int]c\rse :i* contraception makes possible4 #d4 ,! ,use ( ,conv5tion ,x is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 to recognize ! full logic ( bir? control & q ano!r ?+ to say t conv5tion ought to be det]m9$ by t logic4 ,"o might z well argue t because automobiles c be driv5 at a hundr$ miles an h\r ! laws %\ld sanction driv+ at ! rate ( a hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,bir? control is a device l ! automobile1 & its inh]5t possibilities d n fix ! be/ uses to be made ( x4 ,:at an und]/&+ ( ! logic ( bir? control does is to set be=e u ! limits ( co]cive control ( sexual relations4 ,! law c1 = example1 make divorce v difficult :]e !re are *ildr54 ,x c\ld1 z ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell sugge/s1 refuse divorce on ! gr\nd ( infidelity4 ,on ! o!r h& ! law _c effectively prohibit infidelity1 & z a matt] ( fact does n d s to-day4 ,x _c effectively prohibit =nication ?\gh !re are /atutes aga9/ x4 ,!re=e1 :at ,mr4 ,russell has done is to describe accurately en\gh ! actual limits ( effective legal control4 ,b sexual conv5tions are n /atutes1 & x is important to def9e q cle>ly j :at !y are4 ,9 ! p#cjj old] _w !y 7 rules ( conduct en=ceable by ! family & ! community ?r\gh habit1 co]cion1 & au?ority4 ,9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 conv5tion t5ds to lose =ce & effect 9 mod]n civilization4 ,yet a conv5tion is ess5tially a !ory ( conduct & all human conduct implies "s !ory ( conduct4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x may be t no conv5tion is any long] co]cive1 conv5tions rema91 are adopt$1 revis$1 & debat$4 ,!y embody ! consid]$ results ( exp]i5ce3 p]haps ! exp]i5ce ( a lonely pione] or p]haps ! collective exp]i5ce ( ! dom9ant memb]s ( a community4 ,9 any ev5t !y are z necess>y to a society :i* recognizes no au?ority z to "o :i* does4 ,= ! inexp]i5c$ mu/ be (f]$ "s k9d ( hypo!sis :5 !y are confront$ ) ! necessity ( mak+ *oices3 !y _c be s utt]ly op5-m9d$ t !y /& in]t until some?+ collides ) !m4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 !re=e1 ! function ( conv5tions is to decl>e ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,a good conv5tion is "o :i* w mo/ probably %[ ! inexp]i5c$ ! way to happy exp]i5ce4 ,j because ! rule ( sexual conduct by au?ority is dissolv+1 ! ne$ ( conv5tions :i* w guide conduct is increas+4 ,t1 9 fact1 is ! reason = ! imm5se & urg5t discussion ( sex ?r\gh\t ! mod]n _w4 ,x is an attempt to atta9 an und]/&+ ( ! bewild]+ly new exp]i5ces to :i* few m5 or wom5 "k h[ to adju/ !mselves4 ,! true bus9ess ( ! morali/ 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is is n to d5\nce ?is & to advocate t1 b to see z cle>ly z he c into ! mean+ ( x1 s t out ( ! *aos ( p#cja pa9 & happ9ess & worry he may help to deliv] a usable insight4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 to ! sep>ation ( p>5?ood z a vocation f love z an end 9 itself t ! morali/ mu/ address himself4 ,= ?is is ! he>t ( ! problem3 to det]m9e :e!r ?is sep>ation1 :i* bir? control has made feasible & :i* law c no long] prev5t1 is 9 h>mony ) ! conditions ( human happ9ess4 #e4 ,! ,new ,h$onism ,among ^? :o hold t ! sep>ation ( ! prim>y & second>y functions ( ! sexual impulse is good & %\ld con/itute ! major premise ( mod]n sexual conv5tions1 !re are1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 two s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,!re are ! transc5d5tali/s :o believe ) ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis t 8sexual pleasure1 wisely us$ & n abus$1 may prove ! /imulus & lib]ator ( our f9e/ & mo/ exalt$ activities10 & !re are ! unpret5ti\s h$oni/s :o believe t sexual pleasure is pleasure & n ! /imulus or lib]ator ( any?+ important4 ,bo? are1 z we say1 emancipat$3 nei!r recognizes ! legitimacy ( objective control unless a *ild is born1 & bo? reject z an evil ! traditional subjective control ex]cis$ by ! s5se ( s94 ,:]e !y diff] is 9 _! valuation ( love4 ,h$onism z an attitude t[>d life is1 ( c\rse1 n a new ?+ 9 ! _w1 b x has nev] be=e be5 te/$ out "u su* favorable conditions4 ,to be a successful h$oni/ a man mu/ h ! opportunity to seek 8 pleasures )\t fe> ( any k9d4 ,!odorus ( ,cyr5e1 p#cjb :o taught ab\t #caj ,b4,c41 saw t cle>ly1 & !re=e to release m5 f fe> op5ly d5i$ ! ,olympian gods4 ,b ! newe/ h$onism has _h an ev5 bett] prospect ?an ! classical3 x f9ds m5 emancipat$ n only ( all fe> ( div9e au?ority & human cu/om b ( physical & social consequ5ces z well4 ,if ! pursuit ( pleasure by c>efree m5 7 ! way to happ9ess1 h$onism ought1 !n1 to be prov+ itself triumphantly 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,possibly x is too e>ly to judge1 b ! fact is nev]!less highly significant1 ,i ?9k1 t ! new h$oni/s %\ld already h arriv$ at ! same conclusion z ! lat] h$oni/s 9 ! classical _w4 ,hegesias1 = example1 wrote :5 h$onism _h already _h a great vogue3 he 0 call$1 r significantly1 ! 8p]suad] to die40 ,= hav+ />t$ f ! premise t pleasure is ! end ( life1 he conclud$ t1 s9ce life af=ds at lea/ z mu* pa9 z pleasure1 ! end ( life _c be realiz$4 ,!re is n[ a g5]ation 9 ! _w :i* is approa*+ middle age4 ,!y h ex]cis$ ! privileges :i* 7 won by ! iconocla/s :o attack$ :at 0 usually call$ ! ,puritan or ,victorian tradition4 ,!y h ex]cis$ ! privileges )\t ext]nal re/ra9t & )\t inhibition4 ,_! conclusions are report$ 9 ! late/ works ( fiction4 ,d !y report t !y h f\nd happ9ess 9 _! fre$om8 ,well1 h>dly4 ,in/ead ( ! gladness :i* !y 7 promis$1 !y seem1 l ,hegesias1 to h f\nd ! wa/el&4 8,if love has come to be less (t5 a s910 says t v disc]n+ critic ( life & lett]s1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,wood ,krut*1 8x has come also to be less (t5 a supreme privilege4 p#cjc ,if "o turns to ! sm>t] ( ^? noveli/s :o describe ! do+s ( ! m advanc$ set ( ^? :o are exp]im5t+ ) life--to1 = example1 ,mr4 ,ald\s ,huxley or ,mr4 ,erne/ ,hem+way1--"o w discov] 9 _! tragic f>ces ! picture ( a society :i* is at bottom 9 despair because1 ?\gh x is m completely absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( love ?an 9 any?+ else1 x has lo/ ! s5se ( any ultimate importance inh]5t 9 ! exp]i5ce :i* preoccupies x2 & if "o turns to ! grav] ( ! intellectual writ]s1--to1 = example1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,h4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,eliot1 or ,mr4 ,james ,joyce1--"o w f9d bo? explicitly & implicitly a simil> s5se t ! transc5d5tal value ( love has become someh[ att5uat$1 & t1 to take a p]fectly concrete example1 a conclusion :i* does no m ?an br+ a man & woman into complete possession ( "o ano!r is a m]e ba?os :i* does no?+ except legitimately provoke ! comm5t1 #8,well1 :at ( x8' ,"o c h>dly imag9e !m conc]n$ ) :at us$ to be call$1 9 a phrase :i* !y h help$ to make fa9tly ridicul\s1 #8! "r to love4' ,individual fre$om !y h inh]it$ & assum$ z a "r1 b !y are conc]n$ ) some?+ :i* _! m re/rict$ =efa!rs assum$--)1 t is to say1 ! value ( love itself4 ,no inhibitions ei!r )9 or )\t re/ra9 !m1 b !y are ask+ !mselves1 #8,:at is x wor?8' & !y are c]ta9ly no long] feel+ t x is obvi\sly & 9 itself some?+ :i* makes life wor? ! liv+4 8,to ,huxley & ,hem+way--,i take !m z ! mo/ conspicu\s exempl>s ( a :ole s*ool--love is at times only a sort ( obsc5e joke4 ,! =m] 9 p>ticul> has p#cjd delight$ to mock s5tim5t ) physiology1 to place ! emotions ( ! lov] 9 comic juxtaposition ) qua9t biological lore1 & to picture a romantic pair #8quietly sweat+ palm to palm4' ,b ! joke is "o :i* turns quickly bitt] ^u ! tongue1 = a great & gratify+ illusion has pass$ away1 leav+ ! ne$ = x /ill !re4 ,8 *>act]s /ill feel ! psy*ological urge1 &1 s9ce !y h no s5se ( s9 9 connection ) x1 !y yield easily & cont9ually to t urge2 b !y h also ! human ne$ to respect _! *ief preoccupation1 & x is ! capacity to d ?is t !y h lo/4 ,absorb$ 9 ! pursuit ( sexual satisfaction1 !y nev] f9d love & !y are sc>cely aw>e t !y are seek+ x1 b !y are f> f cont5t ) !mselves4 ,9 a g5]ally devaluat$ _w !y are eag]ly endeavor+ to get :at !y c 9 ! pursuit ( satisfactions :i* are suffici5tly in/9ctive to reta9 inevitably a modicum ( animal pleasure1 b !y _c transmute t simple animal pleasure into any?+ else4 ,!y !mselves n infrequ5tly %>e ! contempt ) :i* _! creator reg>ds !m1 & no?+ c\ld be less s$uctive1 because no?+ c\ld be less glamor\s1 ?an ! description ( ! debau*]ies born ( no?+ except a s5se ( ! empt9ess ( life40 ,?is 8g5]ally devaluat$ _w10 ( :i* ,mr4 ,krut* speaks1 :at is x aft] all1 b a _w 9 :i* no?+ connects itself v mu* ) any?+ else8 ,if y />t ) ! belief t love is ! pleasure ( a mom5t1 is x really surpris+ t x yields only a mom5t>y pleasure8 ,= x is ! mo/ ironical ( all illusions to suppose t "o is free ( illusions 9 contract+ any p#cje human desire to its prim>y physiological satisfaction4 ,does a man d9e well because he +e/s ! requisite numb] ( calories8 ,is he fre] f illusions ab\t 8 appetite ?an ! man :o creates an int]e/+ d9n] p>ty out ( ! und]ly+ fact t 8 gue/s & he h ! ne$ to fill _! /oma*s8 ,w\ld x really be a m>k ( enlight5m5t if ea* ( !m fill$ 8 /oma* 9 ! solit>y & solemn conviction t good conv]sation & pleasant companion%ip are "o ?+ & nutrition is ano!r8 ,?is mu* ! transc5d5tali/s und]/& well en\gh4 ,!y d n wi% to isolate ! satisfaction ( desire f our 8f9e/ & mo/ exalt$ activities40 ,!y w\ld make x 8! /imulus & ! lib]ator0 ( ^! activities4 ,!y w\ld use x to ar\se to 8:olesome activity all ! complex & int]relat$ sy/ems ( ! organism40 ,b :at are ^! f9e/ & mo/ exalt$ activities :i* are to be /imulat$ & lib]at$8 ,! discov]y ( tru?1 ! mak+ ( works ( art1 m$itation & insight8 ,mr4 ,ellis does n specify4 ,if ^! are ! activities t are meant1 !n ! discussion applies to a v few ( ! m5 & wom5 on e>?4 ,= ! activities ( mo/ ( !m are necess>ily conc]n$ ) e>n+ a liv+ & manag+ a h\sehold & re>+ *ildr5 & f9d+ recreation4 ,if ! art ( love is to /imulate & lib]ate activities1 x is ^! prosaic activities :i* x mu/ /imulate & lib]ate4 ,b if y idealize ! logic ( bir? control1 make p>5?ood a sep>ate vocation1 isolate love f "w & ! h>d realities ( liv+1 & say t x mu/ be spontane\s & c>efree1 :at h y done8 ,y h sep>at$ p#cjf x f all ! important activities :i* x might /imulate & lib]ate4 ,y h made love spontane\s b empty1 & y h made home-build+ & p>5?ood effici5t1 responsible1 & dull4 ,:at has happ5$1 ,i believe1 is :at s (t5 happ5s 9 ! fir/ en?usiasm = a revolution>y inv5tion4 ,its possibilities are s dazzl+ t m5 =get t inv5tions belong to man & n man to 8 inv5tions4 ,9 ! discussion :i* has ensu$ s9ce bir? control became g5]ally feasible1 ! c5tral confusion has be5 t ! re=m]s h tri$ to fix _! sexual ideals 9 accordance ) ! logic ( bir? control in/ead ( ! logic ( human nature4 ,bir? control does make feasible ?is dissociation ( int]e/s :i* 7 once organically unit$4 ,!re are und\bt$ly ! be/ ( reasons = dissociat+ !m up to a po9t4 ,b h[ completely x is wise to dissociate !m is a matt] to be det]m9$ n by say+ h[ completely x is possible to dissociate !m1 b h[ mu* x is desirable to dissociate !m4 ,all ! v>ieties ( ! mod]n doctr9e t man is a collection ( sep>ate impulses1 ea* ( :i* c atta9 its private satisfaction1 are 9 fundam5tal contradiction n only ) ! traditional body ( human wisdom b ) ! mod]n conception ( ! human "*4 ,?us 9 "o brea? x is said 9 advanc$ circles t love is a s]ies ( casual episodes1 & 9 ! next x transpires t ! speak] is 9 process ( hav+ himself elaborately psy*oanalyz$ 9 ord] to dis5gage 8 s\l f ! effects ( app>5tly trivial episodes 9 8 *ildhood4 ,on ! "o h& x is ass]t$ t sex p]vades ev]y?+ & on ! o!r t sexual behavior is inconsequ5tial4 p#cjg ,x is taught t exp]i5ce is cumulative1 t we are :at our pa/ has made u & %all be :at we are mak+ ( ourselves n[1 & !n ) bl& indiff]5ce to ! significance ( ?is we are told t all exp]i5ces are free1 equal1 & indep5d5t4 #f4 ,m>riage & ,aff9ity ,x is n h>d to see :y ^? :o are conc]n$ 9 revis+ sexual conv5tions %\ld h tak5 ! logic ( bir? control r ?an k ( human nature z _! major premise4 ,bir? control is an imm5sely b5efic5t inv5tion :i* c & does relieve m5 & wom5 ( "s ( ! mo/ tragic sorr[s :i* afflict !m3 ! trag$ies ( ! unwant$ *ild1 ! trag$ies ( insupportable economic burd5s1 ! trag$ies ( excessive *ild be>+ & ! de/ruction ( y\? & ! necessity ( liv+ 9 an unrel5t+ s]ies ( pregnancies4 ,x (f]s !m fre$om f intol]able mismat+1 f /]ile virtue1 f )]+ d5ials ( happ9ess4 ,^! are ! facts :i* ! re=m]s saw1 & 9 bir? control !y saw ! in/rum5t by :i* su* fre$om c\ld be obta9$4 ,! sexual conv5tions :i* !y h propos$ are really design$ to cure notori\s evils4 ,!y d n def9e ! good life 9 sex2 !y po9t out ways ( escape f ! bad life4 ,?us companionate m>riage is propos$ by ,judge ,l9dsey n z a type ( union :i* is inh]5tly desirable1 b z an av5ue ( escape f corrupt m>riages on ! "o h& & furtive promiscuity on ! o!r4 ,! movem5t = free divorce comes d[n to ?is3 x is necess>y because s _m m>riages p#cjh are a failure4 ,! :ole !ory t love is sep>ate f p>5?ood & home-build+ is support$ by ! evid5ce 9 ^? cases :]e m>ri$ c\ples are n lov]s4 ,x is ! pa?ology ( sexual relations :i* inspires ! re=m]s ( sexual conv5tions4 ,!re is no ne$ to qu>rel ) !m because !y insi/ ^u rem$ies = manife/ evils4 ,deep confusion results :5 !y =get t ^! rem$ies are only rem$ies1 & g on to in/itute !m z ideals4 ,x is bett]1 )\t any d\bt1 t incompatible c\ples %\ld be divorc$ & t ea* %\ld !n be free to f9d a mate :o is compatible4 ,b ! frequ5cy ) :i* m5 & wom5 h to resort to divorce because !y are incompatible w be greatly influ5c$ by ! notions !y h be=e & dur+ m>riage ( :at compatibility is1 & :at x involves4 ,! rem$ies = failure are important4 ,b :at is c5tral is ! conception ( sexual relations by :i* !y expect to live successfully4 ,!y _c--,i am1 ( c\rse1 speak+ broadly--expect to live successfully by ! conception t ! prim>y & second>y functions ( sex are 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts ( ! s\l4 ,i h indicat$ :y ?is conception is self-defeat+ & :y1 s9ce human nature is organic & exp]i5ce cumulative1 our activities mu/1 s to speak1 engage & imply ea* o!r4 ,mates :o are n lov]s w n really coop]ate1 z ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell ?9ks !y %\ld1 9 be>+ *ildr52 !y w be di/ract$1 insuffici5t1 & wor/ ( all !y w be m]ely dutiful4 ,lov]s :o h no?+ to d b love ea* o!r are n really to be envi$2 love & no?+ else v soon is no?+ else4 ,! emotion ( love1 9 spite p#cji ( ! romantics1 is n self-su/a9+2 x endures only :5 ! lov]s love _m ?+s toge!r1 & n m]ely ea* o!r4 ,x is ?is und]/&+ t love _c successfully be isolat$ f ! bus9ess ( liv+ :i* is ! endur+ wisdom ( ! in/itution ( m>riage4 ,let ! law be :at x may be z to :at con/itutes a m>riage contract & h[ & :5 x may be dissolv$4 ,let public op9ion be z tol]ant z x c be t[>d any & e k9d ( irregul> & exp]im5tal relation%ip4 ,:5 all ! criticisms h be5 made1 :5 all sup]natural sanctions h be5 disc>d$1 all subjective inhibitions eras$1 all compulsions aboli%$1 ! conv5tion ( m>riage /ill rema9s to be consid]$ z an int]pretation ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x is by ! te/ ( h[ g5u9ely x int]prets human exp]i5ce t ! conv5tion ( m>riage w ultimately be judg$4 ,! wisdom ( m>riage re/s ^u an extremely uns5tim5tal view ( lov]s & _! passions4 ,its assumptions1 :5 !y are frankly expos$1 are horrify+ to ^? :o h be5 br\ght up 9 ! popul> romantic tradition ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,^! assumptions are t1 giv5 an initial attraction1 a common social backgr\nd1 common responsibilities1 & ! conviction t ! relation%ip is p]man5t1 compatibility 9 m>riage c normally be a*iev$4 ,x is precisely ?is t ! prevail+ s5tim5tality ab\t love d5ies4 ,x assumes t m>riages are made 9 heav51 t compatibility is in/9ctive1 a m]e co9cid5ce1 t happy unions are1 9 ! la/ analysis1 lucky accid5ts 9 :i* two p :o happ5 to suit ea* o!r happ5 to h met4 ,! conv5tion ( m>riage re/s on an int]pretation ( p#caj human nature :i* does n confuse ! subjective feel+ ( ! lov]s t _! passion is unique1 ) ! brutal b objective fact t1 _h !y nev] met1 ea* ( !m w\ld 9 all probability h f\nd a lov] :o 0 j z unique4 8,love10 says ,mr4 ,santayana1 8is inde$ mu* less exact+ ?an x ?9ks itself4 ,n9e-t5?s ( its cause are 9 ! lov]1 = "o-t5? t may be 9 ! object4 ,7 ! latt] n accid5tally at h&1 an almo/ id5tical passion w\ld probably h be5 felt = "s "o else2 =1 al?\gh ) acqua9tance ! quality ( an atta*m5t naturally adapts itself to ! p]son lov$1 & makes t p]son its /&>d & ideal1 ! fir/ assault & my/]i\s gl[ ( ! passion is mu* ! same = e object40 ,?is is ! reason :y ! popul> conception ( romantic love z ! meet+ ( two aff9ities produces s mu* unhapp9ess4 ,! my/]i\s gl[ ( passion is accept$ z a sign t ! great co9cid5ce has occurr$2 !re is a w$d+ & soon1 z ! gl[ ( passion cools1 x is discov]$ t no in/9ctive & preorda9$ aff9ity is pres5t4 ,at ?is po9t ! wisdom ( popul> romantic m>riage is exhau/$4 ,= x proce$s on ! assumption t love is a my/]i\s visitation4 ,!re is no?+ left1 !n1 b to gr9 & be> a mis]ably dull & nagg+ fate1 or to break (f & try aga94 ,! deep fallacy ( ! conception is 9 ! failure to realize t compatibility is a process & n an accid5t1 t x dep5ds ^u ! matur+ ( in/9ctive desire by adaptation to ! :ole nature ( ! o!r p]son & to ! common conc]ns ( ! pair ( lov]s4 ,! romantic !ory ( aff9ities re/s ^u an immature p#caa !ory ( desire4 ,x spr+s f an infantile belief t ! success ( love is 9 ! satisfactions :i* ! o!r p]son provides4 ,:at ?is really means is t 9 *ildlike fa%ion ! lov] expects 8 mi/ress to supply him ) happ9ess4 ,b 9 ! adult _w t expectation is false4 ,because n9e-t5?s ( ! cause1 z ,mr4 ,santayana says1 are 9 ! lov] = "o-t5? t may be 9 ! object1 x is :at ! lov] does ab\t t n9e-t5?s :i* is decisive = 8 happ9ess4 ,x is ! claim1 !re=e1 ( ^? :o uphold ! ideal ( m>riage z a full p>tn]%ip1 & reject ! ideal :i* w\ld sep>ate love z an art f p>5?ood z a vocation1 t 9 ! home made by a c\ple :o propose to see x ?r\gh1 !re are provid$ ! ess5tial conditions "u :i* ! passions ( m5 & wom5 are mo/ likely to become mature1 & !re=e h>moni\s & dis9t]e/$4 #g4 ,! ,s*ool+ ( ,desire ,!y ne$ n d5y1 inde$ x w\ld be fooli% z well z cruel = !m to und]e/imate1 ! enorm\s difficulty ( a*iev+ successful m>riages "u mod]n conditions4 ,= ) ! dissolution ( au?ority & compulsion1 a successful m>riage dep5ds :olly ^u ! capacity ( ! man & ! woman to make x successful4 ,!y h to accompli% :olly by und]/&+ & sympa?y & dis9t]e/$ness ( purpose :at 0 once 9 a v l>ge measure a*iev$ by habit1 necessity1 & ! abs5ce ( any practicable alt]native4 ,x takes two p]sons to make a successful m>riage 9 ! mod]n _w1 & t fact m ?an d\bles its difficulty4 ,= ^! reasons alone ! mod]n /ate ought to d :at x p#cab w\ld none ! less be compell$ to d3 x ought to provide dec5t ways ( retreat 9 case ( failure4 ,b if x is ! tru? t ! conv5tion ( m>riage correctly int]prets human exp]i5ce1 :]eas ! sep>ati/ conv5tions are self-defeat+1 !n ! conv5tion ( m>riage w prove to be ! conclusion :i* em]ges out ( all ?is imm5se exp]im5t+4 ,x w survive n z a rule ( law impos$ by =ce1 = t is n[1 ,i ?9k1 become impossible4 ,x w n survive z a moral comm&m5t ) :i* ! eld]ly c ?reat5 ! "y4 ,!y w n li/54 ,x w survive z ! dom9ant insight into ! reality ( love & happ9ess1 or x w n survive at all4 ,t does n mean t all p]sons w live "u ! conv5tion ( m>riage4 ,z a matt] ( fact 9 civiliz$ ages all p]sons nev] h4 ,x means t ! conv5tion ( m>riage1 :5 x is cl>ifi$ by insight into reality1 is likely to be ! hypo!sis ^u :i* m5 & wom5 w ord9>ily proce$4 ,!re w be no compulsion beh9d x except ! compulsion 9 ea* man & woman to rea* a true adju/m5t ( 8 life4 ,x is 9 ?is necessity ( cl>ify+ _! love = ^? :o are close/ to !m t ! moral problems ( ! new age come to a p]sonal issue4 ,x is 9 ! realm ( sexual relations t mank9d is be+ s*ool$ amid/ pa9 & worry = ! novel conditions :i* mod]nity imposes4 ,x is !re1 r ?an 9 politics1 bus9ess1 or ev5 9 religion1 t ! issues are urg5t1 vivid1 & inescapable4 ,x is !re t !y t\* mo/ poignantly & mo/ radically ! organic roots ( human p]sonality4 ,& x is !re1 9 ! ord]+ ( _! p]sonal atta*m5ts1 p#cac t = mo/ m5 ! process ( salvation mu/ necess>ily beg94 ,= dis9t]e/$ness 9 all ?+s1 z ,dean ,+e says1 is a m\nta9 track :i* ! _m are likely 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ to f9d cold1 bleak1 & b>e3 t is :y 8! road ( asc5t is by p]sonal affection = man40 ,by ! happy ord]+ ( _! p]sonal affections !y may e/abli% ! type & ! quality & ! direction ( _! desires = all ?+s4 ,x is 9 ! hidd5 issues betwe5 lov]s1 m ?an any:]e else1 t mod]n m5 & wom5 are compell$1 by p]sonal angui% r ?an by laws & prea*m5ts or ev5 by ! p]suasions ( ab/ract philosophy1 to transc5d naive desire & to rea* out t[>ds a mature & dis9t]e/$ p>tn]%ip ) _! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xv p#cad ,,! ,,morali/ ,,9 ,,an ,,unbeliev+ ,,_w #a4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,ideals ,( all ! bewild]m5ts ( ! pres5t age none is great] ?an t ( ! consci5ti\s & c&id morali/ himself4 ,! v "n ( morali/ seems to h become a t]m ( disp>agem5t & to sugge/ a some:at pret5ti\s & a some:at /upid1 p]haps ev5 a some:at hypocritical1 m$dl] 9 o!r m5's lives4 ,9 ! m9ds ( v _m 9 ! mod]n g5]ation morali/s are set d[n z p]sons :o1 9 ! words ( ,dean ,+e1 fancy !mselves attract$ by ,god :5 !y are really only repell$ by man4 ,! dise/eem into :i* morali/s h fall5 is an hi/orical accid5t4 ,x s happ5s t ^? :o adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*es h1 by & l>ge1 fail$ utt]ly to compreh5d h[ deep & h[ inexorable 0 ! dissolution ( ! ance/ral ord]4 ,!y imag9$ ei!r t ?is *ange 9 human affairs 0 a k9d ( tempor>y corruption1 or t1 l ! eighty propositions li/$ 9 ! ,syllabus ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 x c\ld be reg>d$ z due to 8errors0 ( ! human m9d4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 *ur*m5 :o knew bett]1 b on ! :ole ^? :o prevail$ 9 ! great ecclesia/ical p#cae e/abli%m5ts c\ld n believe t ! skepticism ( m9d & ! fre$om ( action :i* mod]n m5 ex]cise 7 due to inexorable hi/oric causes4 ,!y decl9$ to ackn[l$ge t mod]n fre$om 0 n m]ely a wilful iconoclasm1 b ! liquidation ( an old] ord] ( human life4 ,because !y c\ld n compreh5d ! magnitude ( ! revolution 9 :i* !y 7 involv$1 !y set !mselves ! task ( imp$+ its progress by *a/is+ ! rebels & refut+ _! rationalizations4 ,?is 0 describ$ z a v9dication ( morals4 ,! effect 0 to associate morality ) ! v9dication ( ! habits & dispositions ( ^? :o 7 mo/ ?or\ghly out ( sympa?y ) ! g5u9e ne$s ( mod]n m54 ,! difficulties ( ! new age 7 mu* m urg5t ?an ^? :i* ! or?odox morali/s 7 conc]n$ )4 ,! morali/s insi/$ t conduct mu/ con=m to ! e/abli%$ code2 :at really worri$ m5 0 h[ to adju/ _! conduct to ! novel circum/ances :i* confront$ !m4 ,:5 !y discov]$ t ^? :o pr(ess$ to be morali/s 7 cont9u+ to d5y t ! novelty ( mod]n ?+s _h any be>+ ^u human conduct1 & t morality 0 a ^w signify+ a return to usages :i* x 0 impossible to foll[1 ev5 if x 7 desirable1 !re 0 a k9d ( tacit agreem5t to let ! morali/s be moral & to f9d o!r language 9 :i* to describe ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad1 "r & wrong4 ,mr4 ,joad is n unrepres5tative ( ?is reaction into contempt :5 he speaks ( 8! d[ag]s1 ! aunts1 ! old maids1 ! p>sons1 ! t[n c\ncillors1 ! cl]ks1 ! memb]s ( vigilance committees & purity p#caf leagues1 all ^? :o are !mselves too old to enjoy sex1 too unattractive to obta9 :at !y w\ld wi% to enjoy1 or too respectable to pref] enjoym5t to respectability40 ,?us = _m ! "n ( morali/ came to be v ne>ly synonym\s ) antipa?y to ! g5ius & ! vitality ( ! mod]n age4 ,b x is idle = morali/s to ascribe ! decl9e ( _! influ5ce to ! p]v]sity ( _! fell[ creatures4 ,! ph5om5on is _w-wide4 ,moreov]1 x is mo/ int5sely pres5t at precisely ^? po9ts :]e ! effect ( sci5ce & ! ma*9e te*nology h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly manife/$4 ,! morali/s are n confront$ ) a sc&al b ) hi/ory4 ,!y h to come to t]ms ) a process 9 ! life ( mank9d :i* is work+ ^u ! inn] spr+s ( be+ & alt]+ inevitably ! premises ( conduct4 ,!y ne$ n suppose t _! pews are empty & t _! exhortations are ignor$ because mod]n m5 are really z wilful z ! mann]s ( ! y\ng] g5]ation lead !m to conclude4 ,mu* ( :at appe>s to be a t\gh self-suffici5cy is protective3 x is a brittle cru/ cov]+ dep?s ( unc]ta9ty4 ,if ! advice ( morali/s is ignor$1 x is n because ?is g5]ation is too pr\d to li/51 or unaw>e t x has any?+ to le>n4 ,on ! contr>y !re is su* curiosity & que/ion+ z nev] be=e engag$ s l>ge a numb] ( m54 ,! audi5ce to :i* a g5u9e morali/ might speak is !re4 ,if x is inatt5tive :5 ! or?odox morali/ speaks1 x is because he seems to speak irrelevantly4 ,! tr\ble ) ! morali/s is 9 ! morali/s !mselves3 !y h fail$ to und]/& _! times4 ,!y p#cag ?9k !y are deal+ ) a g5]ation t refuses to believe 9 anci5t au?ority4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 deal+ ) a g5]ation t _c believe 9 x4 ,!y ?9k !y are confront$ ) m5 :o h an irrational pref]5ce = immorality1 :]eas ! m5 & wom5 ab\t !m are ridd5 by d\bts because !y d n "k :at !y pref]1 nor :y4 ,! morali/s fancy t !y are /&+ ^u ! rock ( et]nal tru?1 survey+ ! *aos ab\t !m4 ,!y are greatly mi/ak54 ,no?+ 9 ! mod]n _w is m *aotic--n its politics1 its bus9ess1 or its sexual relations--?an ! m9ds ( or?odox morali/s :o suppose t ! problem ( morals is someh[ to f9d a way ( re9=c+ ! sanctions :i* are dissolv+4 ,h[ c we1 !y say 9 effect1 f9d =mulas & rhetoric pot5t en\gh to make m5 behave8 ,h[ c we revive 9 !m t love & fe> ( ,god1 t s5se ( ! creature's dep5d5ce ^u 8 creator1 t ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( a heav5ly k+1 :i* once gave =ce & effect to ! moral code8 ,!y h misconceiv$ ! moral problem1 & !re=e !y misconceive ! function ( ! morali/4 ,an au?oritative code ( morals has =ce & effect :5 x expresses ! settl$ cu/oms ( a /able society3 ! ph>isee c impose ^u ! m9ority only su* conv5tions z ! majority f9d appropriate & necess>y4 ,b :5 cu/oms are unsettl$1 z !y are 9 ! mod]n _w1 by cont9ual *ange 9 ! circum/ances ( life1 ! ph>isee is helpless4 ,he _c comm& ) au?ority because 8 comm&s no long] imply ! usages ( ! community3 !y express ! prejudices ( ! morali/ r ?an ! practices ( m54 ,:5 t p#cah happ5s1 x is presumptu\s to issue moral comm&m5ts1 = 9 fact nobody has au?ority to comm&4 ,x is useless to comm& :5 nobody has ! disposition to obey4 ,x is futile :5 nobody really kn[s exactly :at to comm&4 ,9 su* societies1 :]ev] !y h appe>$ among civiliz$ m51 ! morali/ has ceas$ to be an adm9i/rator ( usages & has _h to become an int]pret] ( human ne$s4 ,= ages :5 cu/om is unsettl$ are necess>ily ages ( prophecy4 ,! morali/ _c tea* :at is reveal$2 he mu/ reveal :at c be taught4 ,he has to seek insight r ?an to prea*4 ,! dise/eem into :i* morali/s h fall5 is due at bottom to _! failure to see t 9 an age l ?is "o ! function ( ! morali/ is n to exhort m5 to be good b to elucidate :at ! good is4 ,! problem ( sanctions is second>y4 ,= sanctions _c be artificially con/ruct$3 !y are a product ( agreem5t & usage4 ,:]e no agreem5t exi/s1 :]e no usages are e/abli%$1 :]e ideals are n cl>ifi$ & :]e conv5tions are n foll[$ com=tably by ! mass ( m51 !re are n1 & _c be1 sanctions4 ,x is possible to comm& :]e mo/ m5 are already ob$i5t4 ,b ev5 ! greate/ g5]al _c discipl9e a :ole army at once4 ,x is only :5 ! great] "p ( 8 army is ) him t he c quell ! mut9y ( a faction4 ,! acids ( mod]nity are dissolv+ ! usages & ! sanctions to :i* m5 once habitually con=m$4 ,x is !re=e impossible = ! morali/ to comm&4 ,he c only p]suade4 ,to p]suade he mu/ %[ t ! c\rse ( conduct he advocates is n an arbitr>y patt]n p#cai to :i* vitality mu/ submit1 b t :i* vitality itself w\ld *oose if x 7 cle>ly und]/ood4 ,he mu/ be able to %[ t goodness is victori\s vitality & badness defeat$ vitality2 t s9 is ! d5ial & virtue ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise inh]5t 9 ! purposes ( m54 ,! good1 said ! ,greek morali/1 is 8t :i* all ?+s aim at02 we may p]haps take ?is to mean t ! good is t :i* m5 w\ld wi% to d if !y knew :at !y 7 do+4 ,if ! morality ( ! naive h$oni/ :o bl9dly seeks ! gratification ( 8 in/9cts is irrational 9 t he tru/s immature desire1 disreg>ds intellig5ce & damns ! consequ5ces1 ! morality ( ! ph>isee is no less irrational4 ,x r$uces itself to ! :olly arbitr>y proposition t ! be/ life = man w\ld be "s o!r k9d ( life ?an t :i* satisfies 8 nature4 ,! true function ( ! morali/ 9 an age :5 usage is unsettl$ is :at ,ari/otle :o liv$ 9 su* an age describ$ x to be3 to promote good conduct by discov]+ & expla9+ ! m>k at :i* ?+s aim4 ,! morali/ is irrelevant1 if n m$dlesome & dang]\s1 unless 9 8 tea*+ he /rives to give a true acc\nt1 imag9atively conceiv$1 ( t :i* exp]i5ce w\ld %[ is desirable among ! *oices t are possible & necess>y4 ,if he is to be li/5$ to1 & if he is to des]ve a he>+ among 8 fell[s1 he mu/ set himself ?is task :i* is s mu* humbl] ?an to comm& & s mu* m difficult ?an to exhort3 he mu/ seek to anticipate & to supplem5t ! insight ( 8 fell[ m5 into ! problems ( _! adju/m5t to reality4 ,he mu/ f9d ways to make cle> & ord]$ & expressive ^? conc]ns p#cbj :i* are lat5t b ov]laid & confus$ by _! preoccupations & misund]/&+s4 ,c\ld he d t ) p]fect lucidity he w\ld n ne$ to summon ! police nor evoke ! fe> ( hell3 hell w\ld be :at x really is1 & :at 9 all inspir$ moralities x has always be5 und]/ood to be1 ! v quality ( evil itself4 ,nor w\ld he f9d himself 9 ! absurd pr$icam5t ( seem+ to argue t virtue is highly desirable b int5sely unpleasant4 ,x w\ld n be necess>y to praise goodness1 = x w\ld be t :i* m5 mo/ ard5tly desir$4 ,7 ! nature ( good & evil really made pla9 by morali/s1 _! tea*+s w\ld appe> to ! mod]n li/5] n l exhortations f )\t1 b z ,keats said ( poetry3 8a word+ ( 8 own highe/ ?\ghts & 444 almo/ a remembrance40 #b4 ,! ,*oice ( a ,way ,:at mod]nity requires ( ! morali/ is t he %\ld see ) an innoc5t eye h[ m5 mu/ re=m _! wants 9 a _w :i* is n conc]n$ to make !m happy4 ,! problem1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 is n a new "o4 ,x has be5 fac$ & solv$ by ! ma/]s ( wisdom4 ,:at is new is ! scale on :i* ! problem is pres5t$--9 t s _m mu/ face x n[--& its radical "* 9 t ! organic bonds ( cu/om & belief are dissolv+4 ,!re ensues a cont9ual necessity ( adju/+ _! lives to complex novelty4 ,9 su* a _w simple cu/oms are unsuitable & au?oritative comm&m5ts incr$ible4 ,no prescription c n[ be writt5 :i* m5 c naively & ob$i5tly foll[4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 to re$ucate _! p#cba wants by an und]/&+ ( _! own relation to a _w :i* is unconc]n$ ) _! hopes & fe>s4 ,f ! morali/s !y c get only hypo!ses--di/illations ( exp]i5ce c>efully exam9$--probabilities1 t is to say1 ^u :i* !y may beg9 to act1 b :i* !y !mselves mu/ con/antly correct by _! own insight4 ,x is difficult = ! or?odox morali/s to believe t amid/ ! ru9s ( au?ority m5 w ev] le>n to d ?is4 ,!y c po9t to ! urban cr[ds & ask :e!r anyone supposes t su* p]sons are capable ( ord]+ _! lives by s subtle an in/rum5t z ! human und]/&+4 ,!y c insi/ ) unansw]able =ce t ?is is absurd3 t ! great mass ( m5 mu/ be guid$ by rules & mov$ by ! symbols ( hope & fe>4 ,& !y c ask :at !re is 9 ! conception ( ! morali/ z ,i h outl9$ x :i* takes ! "* ( ! populace into acc\nt4 ,:at ,i take into acc\nt fir/ ( all is ! fact1 :i* x seems to me is indisputable1 t = ! mod]n populace ! old rules are becom+ progressively unsuitable & ! old symbols ( hope & fe> progressively unreal4 ,i ascribe t to ! inh]5t "* ( ! mod]n ways ( liv+4 ,i conclude f ?is t if ! populace mu/ be l$1 if x mu/ h easily compreh5d$ rules1 if x mu/ h common symbols ( hope & fe>1 ! "q is h[ are its lead]s to be develop$1 rules to be work$ out1 symbols creat$4 ,! ultimate "q is n h[ ! populace is to be rul$1 b :at ! tea*]s are to ?9k4 ,t is ! "q t has to be settl$ fir/3 x is ! preface to ev]y?+ else4 ,= :ile morali/s are at sixes & sev5s 9 _! own p#cbb s\ls1 n mu* c be done ab\t morality1 h[ev] high or l[ may be our e/imates ( ! popul> intellig5ce & "*4 ,if x 7 necess>y to assume t ideals are relevant only if !y are univ]sally atta9able1 x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to discuss !m4 ,= x is evid5t en\gh t _m1 if n mo/ m51 mu/ fail to compreh5d :at mod]n morality implies4 ,b to recognize ?is is n to prophesy t ! _w is doom$ unless m5 p]=m ! miracle ( rev]t+ to _! ance/ral tradition4 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d :5 a revolution 9 ! affairs ( m5 has produc$ *aos 9 ! human _s4 ,! _w c endure a good deal ( *aos4 ,x always has4 ,! ideal inh]5t 9 any age is nev] realiz$ completely3 ,greece1 :i* we l to idealize z an oasis ( rationality1 0 only 9 "s respects ,hell5ic2 ! ,ages ( ,fai? 7 only some:at ,*ri/ian4 ,! processes ( nature & ( society g on someh[ none ! less4 ,m5 are born & !y live & die ) "s happ9ess & "s sorr[ ?\gh !y nei!r envisage :olly nor ne>ly approximate ! ideals !y pursue4 ,b if civilization is to be coh]5t & confid5t x mu/ be kn[n 9 t civilization :at its ideals are4 ,!re mu/ exi/ 9 ! =m ( cle>ly available ideas an und]/&+ ( :at ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise ( t civilization might mean1 an imag9ative conception ( ! good at :i* x might1 &1 if x is to fl\ri%1 at :i* x mu/ aim4 ,t k1 ?\gh no "o has x p]fectly1 & ?\gh relatively few h x at all1 is ! pr9ciple ( all ord] & c]ta9ty 9 ! life ( t p4 ,by x !y c cl>ify ! practical conduct p#cbc ( life 9 "s measure1 & add immeasurably to its dignity4 ,to elucidate ! ideals ) :i* ! mod]n _w is pregnant is ! orig9al bus9ess ( ! morali/4 ,ins(> z he succe$s 9 dis5tangl+ t :i* m5 ?9k !y believe f t :i* x is appropriate = !m to believe1 he is op5+ 8 m9d to a true vision ( ! good life4 ,! vision itself we c disc]n1 only fa9tly1 = we h z yet only ! occasional & fragm5t>y te/imony ( sages & sa9ts & h]oes1 dim anticipations "h & !re1 a mo/ imp]fect sci5ce ( human behavior1 & our own obscure endeavor to make explicit & rational ! /resses ( ! mod]n _w )9 our own s\ls4 ,b we c beg9 to see1 ,i ?9k1 t ! evid5ce conv]ges ^u ! !ory t :at ! sages h prophesi$ z high religion1 :at psy*ologi/s del9eate z matur$ p]sonality1 & ! dis9t]e/$ness :i* ! ,great ,society requires = its practical fulfilm5t1 are all ( a piece1 & are ! basic elem5ts ( a mod]n morality4 ,i ?9k ! tru? lies 9 ?is !ory4 ,if x does1 exp]i5ce w enri* & ref9e x1 & :at is n[ an ab/ract pr9ciple arriv$ at by intuition & dialectic w eng5d] ideas t m>%al1 illum9ate1 & anticipate ! subtle & intricate detail ( our actual exp]i5ce4 ,t at lea/ c be our belief4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! mod]n morali/ _c expect soon to con/ruct a sy/ematic & h>moni\s moral edifice l t :i* ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,dante con/ruct$ to h\se ! aspirations ( ! m$ival _w4 ,he is 9 a mu* e>li] phase 9 ! evolution ( 8 _w1 9 ! phase ( inquiry & prophecy r ?an ( ord]+ & h>moniz+1 p#cbd & he is "u ! necessity ( rema9+ close to ! elem5ts ( exp]i5ce 9 ord] to appreh5d !m fre%ly4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 p]mit ! old symbols ( fai? & ! old =mulations ( "r & wrong to prejudice 8 insight4 ,ins(> z !y conta9 wisdom = him or c become its vehicles1 he w return to !m4 ,b he _c return to !m ) honor or ) s9c]ity until he has himself gone & drunk deeply at ! s\rces ( exp]i5ce f :i* !y orig9at$4 ,only :5 he has done t c he aga9 9 any hone/ s5se take possession ( ! wisdom :i* he inh]its4 ,x requires wisdom to und]/& wisdom2 ! music is no?+ if ! audi5ce is deaf4 ,9 ! great moral sy/ems & ! great religions ( mank9d are emb$d$ ! record ( h[ m5 h dealt ) de/9y1 & only ! ?\ghtless w argue t t record is obsolete & insignificant4 ,b x is ov]laid ) mu* t is obsolete & = t reason x is undeciph]$ & inexpressive4 ,! wisdom x conta9s has to be discov]$ anew be=e ! old symbols w yield up _! mean+4 ,t is ! only way 9 :i* ,bacon's aphorism c be fulfill$1 t 8a little philosophy incl9e? man's m9d to a!ism1 b dep? 9 philosophy br+e? m5's m9ds ab\t to religion40 ,! dep? 9 philosophy :i* c br+ !m ab\t is a mu* deep] & m poignant exp]i5ce ?an complac5t *ur*m5 suppose4 ,x c be no m]e settl+ back into t f :i* m5 9 ! ardor ( _! y\? escap$4 ,?is man & t may settle back1 to be sure2 he may cease to inquire ?\gh 8 que/ions are unansw]$4 ,b su* con=mity is /]ile1 & due to m]e we>9ess ( m9d & p#cbe body4 ,! inquiry goes on because x has to g on1 & :ile ! vitality ( our race is unimpair$1 !re w be m5 :o feel ) ,mr4 ,:itehead t 8to acquiesce 9 discrepancy is de/ructive ( c&or & ( moral cleanl9ess10 & t 8x belongs to ! self-respect ( intellect to pursue e tangle ( ?\ght to its f9al unravelm5t40 ,! crisis 9 ! religi\s loyalties ( mank9d _c be resolv$ by we>9ess & good nature1 or by ! inv5tion ( little intellectual devices = /raight5+ out ! dilemmas ( biology & ,g5esis1 hi/ory & ! ,gospels ) :i* s _m *ur*m5 busy !mselves4 ,b5ea? ^! little conflicts !re is a real dilemma :i* mod]n m5 _c successfully evade4 8,:]e is ! way :]e light dwelle?80 ,!y are compell$ to *oose consci\sly1 cle>ly1 & ) full realization ( :at ! *oice implies1 betwe5 religion z a sy/em ( cosmic gov]nm5t & religion z insight into a cleans$ & matur$ p]sonality3 betwe5 ,god conceiv$ z ! ma/] ( t fate1 creator1 provid5ce1 & k+1 & ,god conceiv$ z ! highe/ good at :i* !y might aim4 ,= ,god is ! supreme symbol 9 :i* man expresses 8 de/9y1 & if t symbol is confus$1 8 life is confus$4 ,m5 h n1 hi!rto1 _h to make t *oice1 = ! hi/oric *ur*es h %elt]$ bo? k9ds ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 & ! same my/]ies h be5 ! symbols ( bo?4 ,t confusion is no long] b5ign because m5 are no long] unconsci\s ( x4 ,!y are aw>e t x is a confusion1 & !y are /ultifi$ by x4 ,because ! popul> religion ( sup]natural gov]nm5ts is und]m9$1 ! symbols ( religion d n provide cle> *annels p#cbf = religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,!y are *ok$ ) ! debris ( dead notions 9 :i* m5 are unable to believe & unwill+ to disbelieve4 ,! result is a fru/ration 9 ! inn] life :i* w p]si/ z long z ! lead]s ( ?\ght speak ( ,god 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 & ?us r5d] all fai? invalid1 ins9c]e1 & falt]+4 #c4 ,! ,religion ( ! ,_s ,! *oice is at la/ a p]sonal "o4 ,! decision is r5d]$ n by argum5t b by feel+4 ,^? :o believe t _! salvation lies 9 ob$i5ce to1 & communion )1 ! ,k+ ( ,creation c "k h[ :ole-he>t$ _! fai? is by ! confid5ce ( _! own he>ts4 ,if !y are at peace1 !y ne$ inquire no fur!r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ^? :o d n f9d a pr9ciple ( ord] 9 ! belief t !y are relat$ to a sup]natural p[]4 ,!y _c be argu$ into ! anci5t belief1 = x has be5 dissolv$ by ! circum/ances ( _! lives4 ,!y are deeply p]plex$4 ,!y h le>n$ t ! abs5ce ( belief is vacancy2 !y "k1 f disillusionm5t & anxiety1 t !re is no fre$om 9 m]e fre$om4 ,!y mu/ f9d1 !n1 "s o!r pr9ciple :i* w give coh]5ce & direction to _! lives4 ,if ! argum5t 9 ^! pages is s\nd1 !y ne$ n look = &1 9 fact1 _c hope =1 "s new & unexpect$ revelation4 ,s9ce !y are unable to f9d a pr9ciple ( ord] 9 ! au?ority ( a w outside !mselves1 !re is no place !y c f9d x except 9 an ideal ( ! human p]sonality4 ,b !y d n h to inv5t su* an ideal out ( h&4 ,! ideal way ( life = m5 :o mu/ make _! own t]ms ) exp]i5ce & f9d p#cbg _! own happ9ess has be5 /at$ aga9 & aga94 ,x is t only ! reg5]ate1 ! dis9t]e/$1 ! mature1 c make use ( fre$om4 ,?is is ! c5tral insight ( ! tea*]s ( wisdom4 ,we c see n[1 ,i ?9k1 t x is also ! m>k at :i* ! mod]n /udy ( human nature po9ts4 ,we c see1 too1 t x is ! patt]n ( successful conduct 9 ! mo/ advanc$ phases ( ! developm5t ( mod]n civilization4 ,! ideal1 !n1 is an old "o1 b its confirmation & its practical p]t95ce are new4 ,! _w is able at la/ to take s]i\sly :at its greate/ tea*]s h said4 ,& s9ce all ?+s ne$ a "n1 if !y are to be talk$ ab\t1 devotion to ?is ideal may prop]ly be call$ by ! "n :i* ^! greate/ tea*]s gave x2 x may be call$ ! religion ( ! _s4 ,at ! he>t ( x is ! k t ! goal ( human ef=t is to be able1 9 ! words ,i h s (t5 quot$ f ,confucius1 to foll[ :at ! he>t desires )\t transgress+ :at is "r4 ,9 an age :5 cu/om is dissolv$ & au?ority is brok51 ! religion ( ! _s is n m]ely a possible way ( life4 ,9 pr9ciple x is ! only way :i* transc5ds ! difficulties4 ,x alone is p]fectly neutral ab\t ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 9 t x has no expectation t ! univ]se w ju/ify naive desire4 ,!re=e1 ! progress ( sci5ce _c upset x4 ,its indiff]5ce to :at ! facts may be is inde$ ! v _s ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,a religion :i* re/s ^u p>ticul> conclusions 9 a/ronomy1 biology1 & hi/ory may be fatally injur$ by ! discov]y ( new tru?s4 ,b ! religion ( ! _s does n dep5d ^u cre$s & cosmologies2 x has no ve/$ int]e/ 9 any p>ticul> tru?4 ,x is p#cbh conc]n$ n ) ! organization ( matt]1 b ) ! quality ( human desire4 ,x alone c endure ! v>iety & complexity ( ?+s1 = ! religion ( ! _s has no !sis to def5d4 ,x seeks excell5ce :]ev] x may appe>1 & f9ds x 9 any?+ :i* is inw>dly und]/ood2 its motive is n acquisition b sympa?y4 ,:atev] is completely und]/ood ) sympa?y = its own logic & purposes ceases to be ext]nal & /ubborn & is :olly tam$4 ,to und]/& is n only to p>don1 b 9 ! end to love4 ,!re is no it* 9 ! religion ( ! _s to make m5 good by be>+ d[n ^u !m ) righte\sness & mak+ !m con=m to a patt]n4 ,its social pr9ciple is to live & let live4 ,x has ! only tol]able code ( mann]s = a society 9 :i* m5 & wom5 h become freely-mov+ individuals1 no long] held 9 ! grooves ( cu/om by _! ance/ral ways4 ,x is ! only disposition ( ! s\l :i* meets ! moral difficulties ( an an>*ical age1 = its pr9ciple is to civilize ! passions1 n by regulat+ !m imp]i\sly1 b by trans=m+ !m ) a mature und]/&+ ( _! place 9 an adult environm5t4 ,x is ! only possible hygi5e ( ! s\l = m5 ^: selves h become disjo9t$ by ! loss ( _! c5tral c]ta9ties1 because x c\nsels !m to draw ! /+ ( possessiv5ess out ( _! passions1 & ?us by remov+ anxiety to r5d] !m h>moni\s & s]5e4 ,! philosophy ( ! _s is an almo/ exact rev]sal ( ! worldl+'s philosophy4 ,! ord9>y man believes t he w be bless$ if he is virtu\s1 & !re=e virtue seems to him a price he pays n[ = a bless$ness he p#cbi w "s day enjoy4 ,:ile he is wait+ = 8 rew>d1 !re=e1 virtue seems to him drab1 arbitr>y1 & mean+less4 ,= ! rew>d is def]r$1 & !re is really no in/ant pro( t virtue really leads to ! happ9ess he has be5 promis$4 ,because ! rew>d is def]r$1 x too becomes vague & dubi\s1 = t :i* we nev] exp]i5ce1 we _c truly und]/&4 ,9 ! realm ( ! _s1 bless$ness is n def]r$3 !re is no future :i* is m auspici\s ?an ! pres5t2 !re are no comp5sations lat] = evils n[4 ,evil is to be ov]come n[ & happ9ess is to be a*iev$ n[1 = ! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4 ,! life ( ! _s is n a comm]cial transaction 9 :i* ! pr(it has to be anticipat$2 x is a k9d ( exp]i5ce :i* is inh]5tly pr(itable4 ,& s ! mature man w\ld take ! _w z x comes1 & )9 himself rema9 q unp]turb$4 ,:5 he act$1 he w\ld "k t he 0 only te/+ an hypo!sis1 & if he fail$1 he w\ld "k t he _h made a mi/ake4 ,he w\ld be q prep>$ = ! discov]y t he might make mi/akes1 = 8 intellig5ce w\ld be dis5tangl$ f 8 hopes4 ,! failure ( 8 exp]im5t c\ld n1 !re=e1 involve ! failure ( 8 life4 ,= ! aspect ( life :i* implicat$ 8 s\l w\ld be 8 und]/&+ ( life1 &1 to ! und]/&+1 defeat is no less int]e/+ ?an victory4 ,x w\ld be no ef=t1 !re=e1 = him to be tol]ant1 & no annoyance to be skeptical4 ,he w\ld face pa9 ) =titude1 = he w\ld h put x away f ! inn] *amb]s ( 8 s\l4 ,fe> w\ld n haunt him1 = he w\ld be )\t compulsion to seize any?+ & )\t anxiety p#ccj z to its fate4 ,he w\ld be /rong1 n ) ! /r5g? ( h>d resolves1 b because he 0 free ( t t5sion :i* va9 expectations beget4 ,w\ld 8 life be un9t]e/+ because he 0 dis9t]e/$8 ,he w\ld h ! :ole univ]se1 r ?an ! prison ( 8 own hopes & fe>s1 = 8 habitation1 & 9 imag9ation all possible =ms ( be+4 ,h[ c\ld t be dull unless he br\ght ! dullness ) him8 ,he might dwell ) all beauty & all k1 & !y are inexhau/ible4 ,w\ld he1 !n1 dream idle dreams8 ,only if he *ose to4 ,= he might g q simply ab\t ! bus9ess ( ! _w1 a good deal m effectively p]haps ?an ! worldl+1 9 t he did n place an absolute value ^u x1 & deceive himself4 ,w\ld he be hopeful8 ,n if to be hopeful 0 to expect ! _w to submit r soon to 8 vanity4 ,w\ld he be hopeless8 ,hope is an expectation ( favors to come1 & he w\ld take 8 delights "h & n[4 ,s9ce no?+ gnaw$ at 8 vitals1 nei!r d\bt nor ambition1 nor fru/ration1 nor fe>1 he w\ld move easily ?r\gh life4 ,& s :e!r he saw ! ?+ z com$y1 or high trag$y1 or pla9 f>ce1 he w\ld affirm t x is :at x is1 & t ! wise man c enjoy x4 ,,app5dix p#cca ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! publi%]s1 ! ref]5ces :i* foll[ h be5 segregat$ 9 an app5dix in/ead ( be+ scatt]$ z footnotes ?r\gh ! text4 ,!y felt1 rightly en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 t 9 a book ( ?is "* ! purpose ( ! notes 0 to ackn[l$ge indebt$ness = ! mat]ial cit$ r ?an to support ! argum5t1 & t ! read] w\ld pref] n to h ! text encumb]$ by ! app>atus ( a k9d ( s*ol>%ip to :i* ! au?or makes no pret5sions4 ,:ile ^! notes1 except 9 a few in/ances1 ref] only to matt] actually us$ 9 ! text1 !y are also an approximate bibliography ( ! works :i* ,i h consult$4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld adequately ackn[l$ge ! obligation ,i owe to my tea*]s1 ,william ,james1 ,george ,santayana1 & ,graham ,wallas1 ?\gh t p]haps is self-evid5t4 ,i %\ld l to ?ank ,miss ,jane ,ma!r & ,miss ,orrie ,la%9 = help 9 ! prep>ation ( ! manuscript4 ,i am "u special obligation to my wife1 ,faye ,lippmann1 )\t ^: assi/ance ,i c\ld n h complet$ ! book4 ,w4 ,l4 ,new ,york ,city1 ,janu>y1 #aibi4 ,,notes p#ccb ,transcrib]'s note3 a /&>d page ( ?is book _h #ca or #cb l9es4 ,,page ,,l9e #d #cb ,quot$ 9 ,irv+ ,babbitt1 ,r\sseau & ,romanticism1 p4 #aha4 #e #d ,john ,h]man ,r&all ,jr41 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,mod]n ,m9d1 p4 #aah4 #e #ba ,f ,! ,city ( ,dreadful ,night1 cit$1 ,babbitt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ccb4 #e #bd ,= discussion ( ?is !me1 cf4 ,babbitt1 op4 cit4 passim4 #e #bi ,%elley1 ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc5e ,,iv4 #f #ab ,f ,byron1 ,! ,isl&1 cit$1 ,babbitt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahf4 #f #af ,f ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,address on ,univ]sity ,education1 deliv]$1 #ahgf1 at ! =mal op5+ ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hazlitt = ! quotation4 #g #aa ,cit$1 ,babbitt1 op4 cit41 p4 #cda4 #g #bj ,nietzs*e1 ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra1 ,,lxix1 cit$1 ,babbitt1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfa4 #aa #ab ,cf4 ,w4 ,r4 ,+e1 ,! ,platonic ,tradition 9 ,engli% ,religi\s ,?\ght4 #aa #ai ,w4 ,c4 ,gre5e1 ,introduction to ,selection f ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 p4 xxiv4 #ac #bg ,calv91 ,in/itutes1 ,book ,,iv1 ,*apt] ,x1 ,p>agraph #g1 cit$ ,a4 ,c4 ,m',giff]t1 ,prote/ant ,?\ght ,be=e ,kant1 p4 #ij4 #ba #cb ,h>ry ,em]son ,fosdick1 ,adv5tur\s ,religion1 p4 #ei4 #bd #h ,w4 ,c4 ,br[nell1 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,xxx1 p4 #aab1 cit$ 9 footnote1 ,william ,james1 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #aae4 #bd #be ,william ,james1 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #eah4 #be #ab ,james1 op4 cit41 p4 #eai4 #bf #g ,alfr$ ,nor? ,:itehead1 ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w1 pp4 #bdi-bej4 #bg #ab ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,a ,free ,man's ,wor%ip1 9 ,my/icism & ,logic1 p4 #ed4 #bg #bg ,kirsopp ,lake1 ,! ,religion ( ,ye/]day & ,tomorr[4 #cj #b ,w4 ,r4 ,+e1 ,sci5ce1 ,religion & ,reality1 p4 #chh4 p#ccc #ca #c ,cf4 ,w4 ,b4 ,riley1 ,! ,fai? ( ! ,fundam5tali/s1 ,times ,curr5t ,hi/ory1 ,june1 #aibg4 #cd #ah ,fundam5talism & ! ,fai?1 ,commonweal1 ,aug4 #ai1 #aibe4 #ce #be ,george ,santayana1 ,reason 9 ,religion1 p4 #ig4 #cg #bb ,! mat]ial 9 ?is section is tak5 f ,h>ry ,em]son ,fosdick1 ,! ,mod]n ,use ( ! ,bible4 #dj #b ,fosdick1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc4 #db #e ,fosdick1 ,! ,desire = ,immortality1 9 ,adv5tur\s ,religion4 #dd #aj ,w4 ,r4 ,+e1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,plot9us1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aff4 #dd #bc ,w4 ,r4 ,+e1 ,! ,platonic ,tradition 9 ,engli% ,religi\s ,?\ght4 #dg #cj ,fosdick1 ,! ,mod]n ,use ( ! ,bible4 #ea #bb ,cf4 ,rudolf ,otto1 ,*ryso/om on ! ,inconceivable 9 ,god1 9 ,! ,idea ( ! ,holy4 ,app5dix ,i2 cf4 also ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #deb2 cf4 also ,william ,james1 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 ,lecture ,,iii4 #ef #ba ,"l ,acton1 inaugural ,lecture on ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 9 ,lectures on ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 #gj #bi ,otto ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,ages-- ,translat$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,maitl&1 p4 #g4 #ga #ad ,f ! ,song ( ,rol&1 cit$1 ,h5ry ,adams1 ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el & ,*>tres1 p4 #bi4 #gb #ah ,= an analysis ( ! texts on :i* ?is claim 0 bas$1 cf4 ,james ,t4 ,%otwell & ,l\ise ,ropes ,loomis1 ,! ,see ( ,pet]4 #gc #ah ,cit$ 9 ,a4 ,c4 ,m',giff]t1 ,prote/ant ,?\ght ,be=e ,kant1 p4 #dd4 #gd #g ,= a compreh5sive condemnation by ! ,holy ,see ( mod]n op9ions :i* und]m9e ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 see ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix 7#ahfd7 & ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,x 7#aijg74 ,! ,syllabus ( #ahfd li/s & condemns eighty pr9cipal errors ( our "t1 & is describ$ by ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia 7,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #cfi7 z opposition 8to ! high tide ( t intellectual movem5t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury :i* /rove to sweep away ! f\ndations ( all human & ,div9e ord]40 ,! ,syllabus ( #aijg condemns sixty-five propositions ( ! ,mod]ni/s :i* w\ld 8de/roy ! f\ndations ( all natural & sup]natural k40 7,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p#ccd p4 #cgj47 ,x %\ld be not$ t !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion among ,ca?olic s*ol>s z to ! b9d+ p[] ( ^! two pron\ncem5ts1 & also t _! mean+ is op5 to elaborate int]pretation4 #ge #b ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #gff4 #gf #bj ,j4 ,n4 ,figgis1 ,political ,?\ght 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gdc4 #gi #d ,cf4 ,j4 ,n4 ,figgis1 op4 cit41 p4 #gdb4 #hj #bj ,= an able rec5t exposition by an ,am]ican ( ?is !ory ( absolutism1 cf4 ,*>les ,c4 ,m>%all1 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate4 #he #bd ,cit$ ,r4 ,h4 ,tawney1 ,religion & ! ,rise ( ,capitalism1 p4 #dd4 #hf #ac ,cit$ ,tawney1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdc4 #ih #f ,! facts cit$ 9 ?is section are f3 ,e4 ,mle1 ,l',art ,religieux du ,x,i,i,ieme ,sicle en ,france1 & ,l',art ,religieux de la ,f9 du ,moy5-,age en ,france4 ,b cf4 ,g4 ,g4 ,c\lton1 ,art & ! ,re=mation4 #ajb #bh ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 cit$ ,a4 ,n4 ,:itehead1 ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w1 p4 #aai4 #ajd #bc ,r4 ,h4 ,wil5ski1 ,! ,mod]n ,movem5t 9 ,art1 p4 #e4 #aji #aj ,cf4 ,diego ,riv]a1 ,! ,revolution 9 ,pa9t+1 9 ,creative ,art1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #a4 8,& !re is absolutely no reason to be fright5$ because ! subject is s ess5tial4 ,on ! contr>y1 precisely because ! subject is admitt$ z a prime necessity1 ! arti/ is absolutely free to create a ?or\ghly pla/ic =m ( art4 ,! subject is to ! pa9t] :at ! rails are to a locomotive4 ,he _c d )\t x4 ,9 fact1 :5 he refuses to seek or accept a subject1 8 own pla/ic me?ods & 8 own e/hetic !ories become 8 subject in/ead4 ,& ev5 if he escapes !m1 he himself becomes ! subject ( 8 "w4 ,he becomes no?+ b an illu/rator ( 8 own /ate ( m9d1 & 9 try+ to lib]ate himself he falls into ! wor/ =m ( slav]y4 ,t is ! cause ( all ! bor$om :i* emanates f s _m ( ! l>ge expositions ( mod]n art1 a fact te/ifi$ to aga9 & aga9 by ! mo/ diff]5t temp]am5ts40 #aji #ah ,b]n>d ,b]5son1 ,! ,flor5t9e ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 p4 #ai4 #aaa #d ,cf4 ,r4 ,h4 ,wil5ski1 ,! ,mod]n ,movem5t 9 ,art1 p4 #aai4 #aaf #d ,cf4 ,george ,santayana1 ,reason 9 ,religion1 pp4 #ib et seq4 p#cce #aai #bh ,cf4 ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #cdb4 #abc #ag ,:itehead1 ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w1 p4 #beg4 #abg #b ,a4 ,s4 ,edd+ton1 ,/>s & ,atoms1 p4 #aba4 #abh #a ,john ,h]man ,r&all ,jr41 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,mod]n ,m9d1 p4 #ajj4 #abh #i ,epi/4 ad ,c ,gr&1 cit$ 9 footnote to ,p>adiso 9 ! ,temple ,classics4 #abi #c ,cf4 ,p4 ,w4 ,bridgman1 ,! ,logic ( ,mod]n ,physics1 p4 #de4 #abi #bc ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 ,h[ to ,make ,our ,ideas ,cle> 9 ,*ance1 ,love & ,logic1 edit$ by ,morris ,r4 ,coh54 #acj #d ,bridgman1 op4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #ace #b ,cit$ ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,attributes ( ,god1 p4 #bge4 #acg #ca ,cf4 ,m4 ,c4 ,otto1 ,natural ,laws & ,human ,hopes1 pp4 #cb et seq4 #adf #bi ,! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #cde4 #adg #bi ,cf4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mann+1 ,! ,p's ,fai? 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( a ,value1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #aibh4 #caj #ad ,reason 9 ,society1 p4 #bb4 #cac #f ,w4 ,r4 ,+e1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,plot9us1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afa4 #cbj #ae ,john ,keats1 ,lett]s to ,john ,taylor1 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahah--;9 ,ox=d ,book ( ,engli% ,prose1 ,no4 #cgi4 ,,index p#cci ,absolute /ate1 #hj ,absolutism1 #bff ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 #bcf 8,acids ( mod]nity40 ,see ,mod]nity4 ,acquisitive in/9ct1 #bej ,acton1 ,"l1 #ef ,adams1 ,h5ry1 #ga ,adeimantus1 #afj ,adult]y1 #hi 8,agno/ic10 #bh1 #gg ,agno/ics1 #bi1 #ed ,agno/icism1 #cd ,allegiance1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bfh-bfi ,allegory1 #cg1 #ch-dj ,am]ican f>m]1 #he1 #bgf ,am]icanism1 #fa1 #fc1 #bgd ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association1 #bcf ,anabapti/s1 #ae ,analysis1 sci5tific1 #ajg ,ananias1 #ie ,an>*y1 moral1 #bji ,anne1 ,/41 #adi ,an?ropomorphism1 #bh1 #adh ,anti-evolution laws1 #ca ,antio*1 #ea1 #eb ,apo/les1 #eh1 #ii1 #abj1 #bjj ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #aa1 #fh1 #ga1 #ajj1 #bah1 #cbc ,arcadia1 #adh1 #afb ,arians1 #eb ,ari/ocracy1 #ae ,ari/ophanes1 #d ,ari/otle1 #bf1 #dh1 #abg1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afa1 #aff-afg1 #aid1 #bbd1 #bdd1 #cai ,art1 #aab2 ,*ri/ian1 #aja2 = art's sake1 #aja1 #ajd-aje1 #ajg ,arti/1 mod]n1 #ajh-aji ,arti/s & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #ih-aja1 #ajd ,asbury1 ,bi%op1 #aeh ,asbury1 ,h]b]t1 #aeh ,asceticism1 #aee1 #aef-afa1 #aia1 #aib1 #bjd1 #bje ,a/ronom]s1 ,newtonian1 #abc ,a!ism1 #bh1 #cbd 8,a!i/10 #bh1 #bi ,a!i/s1 #f1 #ed1 #aid ,augsburg1 ,peace (1 #gi ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #cg1 #ch1 #fi1 #ga1 #gc1 #aac1 #aif ,au?ority1 #ac1 #ad1 #aff1 #bjb1 #bfb1 #bgb1 #cag1 #cbf2 div9e1 #ace2 ecclesia/ical1 #ad-ae1 #ce1 #gf1 #ic1 #acc1 #bcf2 moral1 #i ,bacon1 #cbd ,baxt]1 #hf ,be>d1 ,*>les ,a41 #bcc1 #bce ,beauty1 religion (1 #ah ,beauvais1 ,v9c5t de1 #ii ,behavior1 #aga-agb1 #ahf ,behaviorism1 #agd1 #agg ,belief1 *ildi%1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #aij ,b]5son1 #aji ,b]gson1 #ajg ,b]l9 ,academy1 #bcf ,besant1 ,mrs41 #bij ,betelguese1 #afi ,bible1 #ac1 #bc1 #bg1 #cd-ce1 #cg1 #ch-ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg-dh1 #fj1 #gh1 #aba1 #aca1 #acb1 #afb1 #bad1 #bhh2 epic (1 #aaf1 #aag ,biblical _w1 #dj ,bigotry1 #aij ,bill ( ,rights1 #aad ,biologi/s1 #aej-aea1 #cbe ,bir? control1 #ic1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bhi-bia1 #bib-bic1 #bif-big1 #bih-bii1 #cja1 #cje-cjf1 #cjg ,bi%op ( ,rome1 #ga ,bod91 ,jean1 #bfb ,bol%evism1 #bea-bec1 #bed-bee p#cdj ,bradlaugh1 #bij ,breu]1 #bbj ,bridgman1 ,pr(41 #abi ,broadway ,temple1 #hh ,br[nell1 ,w4 ,c41 #bd ,bryan1 #gg ,buddha1 #df1 #aee1 #aef1 #afa1 #afe1 #aic1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjj ,buffon1 #bda ,bunyan1 ,john1 #hf ,bureaucracy1 #bdi-bej ,burke1 ,edmund1 #bhj ,bury1 ,pr(4 ,john ,b41 #bcf ,bus9ess1 #bca1 #bhd2 & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #hd-hh2 organiz$1 #bdd2 /abilization (1 #bef ,byron1 #e1 #f ,calles1 #bfd1 #bfe ,calv91 #ac1 #ci1 #gc1 #gd1 #ace ,calv9ism1 #ac ,canby1 ,h5ry ,seidel1 #ag ,capitalism1 #af1 #he1 #bde1 #bdg-bdh1 #bej-bea2 primitive1 #bea-beb2 rise (1 #bcb1 #bde-bdf ,capitali/s1 #bdb2 abolition (1 #bdi-bej2 co]cion (1 #bdh-bdi ,capitali/ic cr$o1 #bdd-bde ,ca/e1 #aii ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #g1 #ae1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #di1 #eh1 #gb1 #gc1 #gg1 #ha1 #hd-he1 #hf1 #id1 #ih1 #aag1 #abj1 #afa1 #bje-bjf1 #bia ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 #ea1 #gd ,ca?olicism1 #aa1 #ae1 #ce1 #eh1 #gh1 #ha1 #hf1 #aji ,ca?olics1 #gd1 #gf-gg ,cause & effect1 #aha ,cecilia1 ,/41 #ih-ii ,c]ta9ty1 feel+ (1 #ai1 #ba1 #cbb ,c]ta9ty1 moral4 ,see ,moral c]ta9ty4 ,*ateaubri&1 #e ,*e/]ton1 ,g4 ,k41 #ef-eg ,*ildr5 & ! *ur*es1 #ia1 #ic ,*ri/1 #ac1 #ad1 #bc1 #bi-cj1 #cc1 #eh1 #gd1 #ii1 #bje2 ,see also ,jesus4 8,*ri/1 a?letes (10 #afj ,*ri/ian capitalism1 #hg ,*ri/ian ,directory1 #hf ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 #aeb1 #afc ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 #bjg ,*ri/ianity1 #h-i1 #aa1 #bi-cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ee1 #eh1 #bje-bjf1 #bej2 f\ndations (1 #ea ,*ri/ianity & ,lib]alism1 #cb ,*ri/ian socialism1 #hg ,*ryso/om1 ,/41 #ea-ed ,*ur* & /ate1 #ge1 #gi-hj1 #aab ,*ur* att5dance1 #dh ,*ur* c\ncils1 #eh ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 #bff ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,urban1 #ih ,city ( ,god1 #fi1 #ga2 ,see also 8,civitas ,dei40 ,civilization1 cycle (1 #bcb2 mod]n1 #d1 #i1 #fb1 #bcj1 #bcc-bcd1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bgc1 #cjj1 #cbg2 ,roman1 #bcc-bcd2 te*nological1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bdj ,civil s]vice1 #bga-bgb ,civil ,w>1 #ff ,civitas ,dei1 #gj2 ,see also 8,city ( ,god40 ,comm]cial ent]prise1 #hf ,commons5se1 religion (1 #dd1 #de ,commonweal1 #cd ,communities1 homog5e\s1 #bgj-bga ,competition1 #bdg2 free1 #bdd ,compulsions1 old & new1 #i-aj ,com/ock1 ,an?ony1 #aef ,conceptions ( ,god1 #ea2 ,eighte5?-,c5tury1 #ee2 ,lu!r's1 #ec2 m$ival1 #ee1 #ga-gb2 ,mod]ni/1 #ee2 ,ori5tal1 #ee2 ,/4 ,*ryso/om's1 #eb-ec ,concepts1 fix$1 #aga ,conclusions to ,! ,r5aissance1 #ajf ,conduct1 human1 #ade1 #bcj1 #bhd1 #cbc ,con=mity1 #ab1 #cbd-cbe1 #cbh ,confucius1 #aic1 #aif1 #beh1 #cbg ,conv5tions1 new1 #ab ,conv]sion1 #aib1 #aih ,c\ncil ( ,vi5na1 #hg ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 #id1 #if ,c\rage1 #bbb-bbc ,cox1 ,h>old1 #bhh p#cda ,creation1 #ii2 !ory (1 #aa ,creative evolution1 #ah1 #aag1 #aca ,creator1 dep5d5ce on1 #fi ,cr$ulity1 mod]n1 #h-i ,cre$s1 pr(usion (1 #aaj ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #acf ,cults1 mod]n1 #i1 #ad1 #abe-abf ,culture1 !ocratic1 #afd1 #age1 #bba ,curia1 #ha ,curiosity1 #abi-acj ,cu/om1 #aff1 #afg1 #bda1 #cbg ,dante1 #aa1 #fh1 #fi1 #abh1 #cbc ,d>w91 #baj ,d>w9ism1 #abe1 #acb1 #agd ,d>r[1 ,cl>5ce1 #ac ,davids1 ,rhys1 #afe ,decod+ ! ,bible1 #da1 #dg ,della ,porta1 #bcf ,democracy1 #ae1 #bfd1 #bgh ,desire1 re=m (1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bhb1 #cbj-cba ,desires1 human1 #ade1 #adf1 #afe1 #afg-agj1 #agb1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aic1 #bjf1 #baf1 #caj-caa1 #cai ,de/9y1 human1 #acc1 #ahd1 #bah1 #cbd ,developm5t1 concept (1 #aga-agb1 #agd1 #aia2 indu/rial1 #bde-bdf1 #beb1 #bec-bed1 #bee1 #beg1 #beh ,dialogue ( ,dives & ,paup]1 #adg ,dictator%ip1 milit>y1 #bec1 #bfd ,discipl9es1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bje ,disillusionm5t1 #ag1 #cbf ,dis9t]e/$ness1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bcj-bca1 #bcg1 #bch-bci1 #bdc1 #beh1 #bgb1 #bha1 #bhc1 #caa1 #cac1 #cbc1 #cbg1 #ccj ,disord]s1 social1 #aia-aib1 #bjf ,disposition to believe1 #adc ,div9e ,com$y1 #fi1 #abh ,div9e gov]nm5t1 s5se (1 #gb1 #ie1 #aid2 !ory (1 #ga-gb1 #hb1 #age ,div9e "r ( k+s1 #gi1 #bfe ,divorce1 #bii1 #cjh ,doge1 #ha ,dogma1 #ac1 #if1 #abe1 #acc1 #agf1 #bdd ,doma9 ( religion1 #hb ,donne1 ,john1 #dj ,d\bt1 fre$om f1 #af ,ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts1 #aif1 #bja1 #cad-cae ,eckh>t1 #aif ,economic ord]1 new1 #hf1 #bdf-bdh ,edd+ton1 ,dr41 #abg ,ed51 #cg ,education1 #age1 #ahd1 #aia1 #aib1 #aih1 #bcj ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 #aed1 #agd1 #bff1 #bhi lan vital1 #ee ,eliot1 ,t4 ,s41 #cjc ,ellis1 ,havelock1 #bic1 #bie-bif1 #big1 #cja1 #cje ,emancipation1 #ai2 ( wom51 #ia-ib ,emotions1 #bbj ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 #bhi ,engl&1 #bec-bed1 #bgb1 #bgc ,environm5t1 #ade1 #agb1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bdg1 #bej ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #dd ,erasmus1 #aif ,essay on ,population1 #bhi ,e/heticism1 #aje1 #ajg ,e?ical codes1 #di1 #afe ,e?ics1 #aff ,evil1 problem (1 #ade1 #aef1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf-bag1 #bah1 #cbi2 s5se (1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bah-bai ,evils1 social1 #bdc ,evolution1 #fj1 #aag1 #abb1 #abe1 #acb1 #aga1 #baj1 #bca2 ,see also ,creative evolution4 ,excommunication1 #gf ,executives1 mod]n bus9ess1 #bef-beg ,exhibition ( ,london1 #bcf-bcg ,exi/5ce1 #ajh1 #aag1 #abc ,exodus1 #bg1 #aah ,exp]i5ce1 ,*ri/ian1 #cc2 e/hetic1 #ajf2 lessons (1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aie1 #bbg2 sci5tific1 #bbj ,fai?1 age (1 #hc1 #cbb2 que/ions (1 #gg p#cdb ,fallacy1 #afg1 #afh ,family1 #hh1 #ia-ib1 #ic ,fanaticism1 #bga ,f>aday1 #bdj ,fascism1 #bea-bec1 #bed ,fau/1 #aaf ,f$]al ,c\ncil ( ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/1 #hg ,f]5czi1 ,dr4 ,s41 #agg-agi ,feti* wor%ip1 #afj ,feudal sy/em1 #he-hf1 #bdb1 #beb1 #bec1 #bfc1 #bff-bfg ,figgis1 ,dr41 #gf1 #ha ,fildes1 ,mrs41 #bhi-bij ,flaub]t1 #g ,=d1 ,h5ry1 #fd ,=nication1 #hi ,fosdick1 ,rev4 ,h>ry ,em]son1 #ba-bb1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #de-df1 #dg1 #ig1 #adg-adh ,f\r? ,gospel1 #aa1 #dd1 #aid ,francis1 ,/41 #fi1 #aac ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #bcf ,fre$om1 #ag1 #acf1 #bdb1 #bfb1 #cae1 #cbf1 #cbg2 religi\s1 #ge ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #bcf ,freud1 #ajg1 #aeg1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi1 #bbj ,fruits ( ,philosophy1 #bij ,fundam5talism1 #cj-ca1 #cd-ce1 #fd ,fundam5tali/s1 #ca1 #cc-cd1 #ea1 #fj1 #gg ,galileo1 #abc-abd1 #bcf ,g>gantua1 #afb-afc ,g5esis1 #bg1 #ch1 #aca1 #acb1 #cbe ,g5eva1 #gd ,g5teel1 cult (1 #aee ,g5tleman1 ideal (1 #afg ,g]many1 #bed1 #bgb ,ge/alt-!orie1 #agd1 #agg ,gi]ke1 #gj ,giotto1 #aji ,gno/ics1 #eb ,god1 attributes (1 #bac-bad1 #bae-baf ,gods1 ,greek1 #aj1 #cjb ,godlessness1 #aid ,gods1 popul>4 ,see ,!ology1 popul>4 ,gold5 ,age1 #aea ,gold5 mean1 #aff-afg1 #ahj ,good & evil1 #ace1 #acg1 #aec1 #afh1 #agj1 #agb1 #bad-bae1 #cbj 8,good life10 #aef1 #agb1 #aia1 #bjb1 #cai1 #cbc ,good ,sam>itan1 #cg ,gospels1 #cg1 #dd1 #bjf1 #cbe ,gov]nm5t1 #bca1 #bge-bgf1 #bgh-bgi ,grace1 mean+ (1 #eh2 religion (1 #ab ,greek ,*ur*1 #ea ,hammurabi1 code (1 #acf ,happ9ess1 pursuit (1 #d1 #aec1 #aff1 #aih1 #cbh-cbi ,heav51 ,*ri/ian1 #adf ,h$onism1 #cja-cjb1 #cjd1 #cai ,hegesias1 #cjb ,hell5ism1 #cbb ,hem+way1 ,erne/1 #cjc ,h]a1 #adh ,h]etics1 #ef ,h]oism1 #aef ,h]tz1 #bdj ,het]odoxy1 #ab1 #fb ,hi]>*ies1 #ib1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bfh ,high] ,criticism1 #dj 8,high] s5se10 #aa ,high religion1 #aic1 #bjc-bjd1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bcj1 #bci2 function (1 #aic2 insight (1 #bjg-bjh1 #bji1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bea ,hildebr&1 #eh ,hi/orians1 philosophic1 #bcb ,hi/orical s*ol>%ip1 #aeg ,hi/ory1 #adc1 #aeg ,hobbes1 #bff ,holy ,l&1 #adi ,holy ,see1 #gc1 #gd ,hom]1 #aj1 #dc ,hook]1 ,ri*>d1 #bff ,hoov]1 #bgc-bgd ,hope & fe>1 #cba1 #ccj ,hosea1 #ab ,human developm5t1 #agg1 #bcd ,humanism1 #acg-aci1 #adc-add1 #afd1 #aff1 #afg1 #agb1 #age1 #aif1 #bba ,humanity1 religion (1 #ah p#cdc ,human nature1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe1 #afi1 #aga-agb1 #agc1 #age-agf1 #ahc-ahd1 #bjg1 #bbg1 #cjf1 #cbg ,huss1 #gc ,huxley1 ,ald\s1 #cjc ,huxley1 ,?omas ,h5ry1 #f ,iconoclasm1 #ag1 #if1 #cae ,iconocla/s1 #ae1 #cjb ,idealism1 debacle (1 #ag ,ideals1 f\ndation (1 #acc1 #bbd1 #cbc2 succession (1 #aaa ,ideas1 cry/allization (1 #bj ,idols1 sma%+ (1 #ae1 #af ,illusions1 #h1 #ahi1 #bcb ,immortality1 #aa1 #da-dc1 #de1 #abb1 #ahj1 #ahh ,imp]sonal1 wor%ip ( !1 #dd ,impulses1 #afe-aff1 #afh1 #afi1 #aib1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #cjf ,indu/ry1 ideals (1 #beh-bei2 mod]n1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bee-bef1 #bfj1 #bgc-bgd1 #bhh ,in]tia1 human1 #bjh1 #bbg ,infallibility1 #ha ,infantilism1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahi-aij1 #aia ,inf]no1 #adf ,+e1 ,dean1 #bh1 #bi-cj1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #aif1 #cac1 #cad ,inquiry1 dis9t]e/$1 #acb2 fre$om (1 #abf ,inquisition1 #abc-abd1 #afa ,inspiration1 #ac1 #df ,intellig5ce1 #ahf2 ma*9]y (1 #fd ,int]e/s1 div]sification (1 #bfg-bfh1 #bfi-bgj1 #bgd1 #cbh ,int]nal life1 #aeb1 #aie1 #aif ,inv5tion ( inv5tion1 #bce ,inv5tions1 me*anical1 #bcd-bce ,irreligion1 mod]n1 #ab1 #ec-ed ,isaiah1 #ab ,italy1 #bea-bec1 #bgb ,james ,i1 #gi ,james1 ,william1 #ah1 #bd-bf ,jeff]son1 #ae ,jehovah1 #ab1 #bad1 #bhh2 ,see also ,yahveh4 ,j]ome1 ,/41 #afa ,jesus1 #ab1 #df1 #ii1 #aai1 #aee1 #aic1 #aii1 #bjj2 ,see also ,*ri/4 ,jews1 #eb ,joad1 ,c4 ,e4 ,m41 #bif1 #big1 #cae-caf ,job1 #bac-baf ,job1 ,book (1 #bad1 #baf ,john1 ,gospel (4 ,see ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,john1 ,/41 #ii ,joyce1 ,james1 #cjc ,judaism1 #ab ,judgm5t1 private1 #ae1 #cd ,kant1 ,immanuel1 #acf-acg ,keats1 #cbj ,kelv91 ,"l1 #abi ,keynes1 ,mayn>d1 #bde1 #beh ,k1 limitations (1 #bjb ,kn[lton1 #bij ,knox1 #gc ,krut*1 ,joseph ,wood1 #cjb-cjc1 #cjd ,ku ,klux ,klan1 #ca ,labor1 organiz$1 #bdd ,laissez-faire1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bej1 #beb ,lake1 ,kirsopp1 #bg-bi ,lam>ckism1 #abe 8,l& ( he>t's desire10 #aea-aeb ,la/ ,judgm5t1 #ii ,law en=cem5t1 #bgg-bgh ,law1 int]national1 #bfe-bff ,lawr5ce1 ,d4 ,h41 #cjc ,lead]%ip1 mass1 #bgd-bge ,legislation1 mod]n1 #bge-bgf1 #bgi ,l5t1 #adib1 #ch ,leviticus1 #cg ,lewis1 ,s9clair1 #af ,lib]alism1 #f1 #aeb ,lib]als1 ,prote/ant1 #cd2 religi\s1 #ba1 #cc ,lib]ty1 natural1 #bdc1 #bdd-bdf1 #beh ,life1 art (1 #age1 #cbf-cbg2 m$ival view (1 #aed1 #cbc2 wisdom (1 #aef1 #ccj ,l9db]gh1 ,col4 ,*>les ,a41 #bbb-bbc p#cdd ,l9dsey1 ,judge1 #bih1 #cjg ,locke1 #bff ,love1 art (1 #bic1 #bie1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjh-cji2 value (1 #cjb-cjd1 #cjf1 #caj ,l[ell ,lectures1 #be ,loyalty1 #bfa-bfc1 #bfh-bfi1 #bgb1 #cbe ,lucretius1 #bah ,lu!r1 #ac1 #ad-ae1 #ci1 #ec-ed1 #gc-gd1 #gi1 #aif ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 #ac ,lu!rans1 #gg ,ma*51 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,gre%am1 #cb1 #cc-cd ,ma*9e process1 #bdf1 #bec-bed1 #bgd ,ma*9e te*nology1 #bdb-bdc1 #bdg1 #bea1 #beb1 #bed1 #beg1 #beh-bei1 #bgd1 #bhd1 #caf ,mle1 #ajj1 #aja ,mal?us1 #bhi ,mani*ans1 #eb ,man1 nature (1 #aeb1 #bdc ,mann] ( life1 #bce ,m>kets1 #bdf-bdg ,m>riage1 #hi1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bia1 #cji1 #caj-caa1 #cab2 companionate1 #bih1 #cjg ,m>xianism1 #af ,m>y1 ,/4 ,see ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,masses1 #adh-adi1 #bgh ,matri>*al societies1 #ia ,maturity1 #agd-age1 #agf-agg1 #agi-ahj1 #ahc-ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia-aib1 #bjd1 #bji1 #bbe1 #bcj1 #bcg1 #bci1 #cac1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cbh-cbi ,maxwell1 #bdj ,mazz9i1 #ah ,mean+ ( ?+s1 #ahc ,me*anism1 #abe1 #abh1 #acj-aca ,m$ical progress1 #bah ,melan*?on1 #gi ,m5ck51 ,h4 ,l41 #ac1 #af ,m5del's law1 #bca ,messianic ,k+dom1 #aa ,me?odism1 #f2 ,am]ican1 #aeh ,mexico1 #bec1 #bfe ,middle ,ages1 #gj-gb1 #gc1 #id1 #abi1 #aca1 #afa1 #bfe1 #bff ,mill1 ,james1 #bhi ,milton1 #gd1 #bff ,m9ority1 recalcitrant1 #bgi ,miracles1 #aah1 #aai-abj ,mississippi flood1 #bgc-bgd ,mod]nism1 #ah1 #cb1 #cc1 #ei1 #gg1 #aag1 #bag ,mod]ni/s1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb1 #ce1 #db1 #ea ,mod]nity1 #e1 #h1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai1 #ef1 #fh1 #if1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aab1 #adc1 #aeh1 #aif-aig1 #bjh1 #bbi1 #bea1 #bhd1 #caf1 #cah1 #cbj1 #cba ,mod]n man1 #d1 #h-aj1 #ab1 #ai1 #ba1 #bd1 #dj1 #da1 #ea1 #ed1 #eg1 #ei1 #id1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afa1 #aid1 #bjc1 #bbg-bbh1 #cae1 #caf ,mod]n m54 ,see ,mod]n man4 ,mod]n ,movem5t 9 ,art1 ,!1 #ajd ,mod]n _s1 #cf1 #aaj1 #adc ,mod]n /ate1 #bfj1 #bfb-bfc1 #bfg1 #bgb-bgc1 #bge1 #bgi1 #caa ,mod]n _w1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #bfh-bfi1 #bgj1 #cjj1 #caa1 #cbb-cbd ,mohamm$1 #ade ,mohamm$anism1 #aii ,mona/icism1 #bjd-bjf ,montaigne1 #dh1 #age1 #aif ,moral c]ta9ty1 #i-aj1 #ae1 #aae ,moral codes1 #c1 #di1 #ace1 #afg1 #agj1 #aga1 #bja1 #bjh-bji1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bgb1 #cag1 #cai ,moral confusion1 #aee1 #bbh1 #bcj ,moral effect1 #agi-ahj ,moral ef=t1 #age ,moral guidance1 #ad1 #bje ,moral insight1 #bbg-bbh1 #bbi ,morali/s1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agj1 #agb1 #agc1 #bjh-bji1 #bbe1 #bdd1 #cjj1 #cad-cae1 #caf-cai1 #cbj-cba1 #cbc ,morality1 #aad-aae1 #aag1 #acf1 #acg-aci1 #ade2 div9e1 #di-ej2 sanctions (1 #gh1 #aff1 #agf1 #bbh2 !i/ic1 #ach2 ,see also ,morals4 ,moral law1 #df1 #dh1 #aia1 #bcc p#cde ,moral philosophies1 #aef ,moral problem1 #acd1 #aff1 #afh1 #aib1 #bbi1 #cab1 #cag ,morals1 #ag1 #aab1 #aea1 #aeg1 #aib1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bbg-bbh1 #bbi1 #bda1 #cbb2 ,see also ,morality4 ,moral values1 #ajf ,morris1 ,william1 #e1 #bdd ,mortality1 #ahh1 #aia ,mosaic law1 #acf ,moses1 #di ,mov+ pictures1 #f ,music1 #ahb ,musset1 ,alfr$ de1 #afc ,my/ics1 #adg1 #aif ,na91 #aai ,naples1 #bcf ,nationalism1 #fc-fd1 #bcb ,natural goodness1 #afc ,natural man1 #ai1 #afb1 #afc1 #bda ,natural selection1 #ah1 #aej ,nature & sci5ce1 #bda ,nature1 laws (1 #aag1 #abb1 #abe1 #aej1 #afe1 #aie2 religion (1 #ah ,necessity1 exp]i5ce (1 #ahg ,ne$ to believe1 #abe1 #bjc ,neo-,mal?usianism1 #bhi-bij ,neo-,platonism1 ,*ri/ian1 #bh ,neo-,platoni/s1 mod]n1 #aa ,new ,j]usalem1 #aae1 #aaf ,newspap]s1 popul>1 #f1 #fd-fe ,new ,york1 #ff1 #bga1 #bgc ,nica1 ,second ,c\ncil (1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja ,nietzs*e1 #g1 #aeg ,nietzs*eanism1 #af ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #e1 #af1 #ah1 #agd1 #bhh1 #cji ,nirvana1 #ade1 #afe1 #aii ,noah's ,ark1 #ch ,nogu*i1 #bbc ,non-sect>ianism1 #gg-gh ,novels1 autobiographical1 #aac ,objectivity1 #acb ,obregon1 ,g541 #bfd ,old ,te/am5t1 #ee1 #bad ,onan1 #bhh ,ord]1 ance/ral1 #fh1 #aec1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bbh1 #bfg1 #cad1 #cbb2 cosmic1 #h1 #aie1 #bjb1 #baf2 indu/rial1 #bdb ,orig51 #aa1 #bh1 #bi1 #cg1 #ci1 #aif ,orig9al s91 #aih 8,or?odox10 #eg1 #abb ,or?odoxy1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ai-bj1 #cb1 #ce1 #aid1 #baf 8,ov]beliefs10 #bd ,pa*1 ,walt]1 #ie ,pagans1 #eb ,pa9t+1 religi\s1 #id-if1 #ig-ih ,pantagrueli/s1 #afb ,pan!ism1 #aag-aah ,p>adise1 #abh1 #ade1 #adf ,p>adise ,lo/1 #aaf ,p>5?ood1 #bib-bid1 #cja1 #cje ,p>is1 #aaa1 #bbc ,passions1 h>mony (1 #aih1 #bjf1 #bjh ,pat]1 #adi ,pat]1 ,walt]1 #ajf-ajg ,patriotism1 #ah1 #gh1 #hb ,paul1 ,/41 #ab-ac1 #ej1 #eb1 #eh1 #ij1 #ii1 #aee1 #afa ,peace ( m9d1 #g-h ,peirce1 ,*>les ,s41 #abi ,p]iclean ,age1 #aa1 #bcb ,p]sonality1 p]si/5ce (1 #db ,pet]1 ,/41 #gb1 #gd1 #ii1 #adf ,petr>*1 #e ,phd1 #aei ,ph>isees1 #ab1 #cag1 #cai ,phili/9es1 #ajd ,philosoph]s1 ,greek1 #aj1 #aei1 #bcc1 #bce-bcf ,philosophy1 #cbd2 indu/rial1 #bdc1 #bfj2 mod]n1 #aeg1 #aeh2 political1 #bfj ,physici/s1 #ajb1 #abd1 #abi ,physics1 #adc1 #aeg1 #agd1 #bda ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,!1 #bjj ,place1 ,francis1 #bhi ,plato1 #aj1 #dh1 #aef1 #aei1 #afa1 #bjj1 #bhi ,platonic tradition1 #bh ,platonism1 #dc ,platoni/s1 #db-dc1 #aif ,pleasure & pa91 #agg1 #agi1 #cjb p#cdf ,plot1 ,john1 #adi ,plot9us1 #aee ,political conduct1 #bfd-bfe1 #bhd ,political ma*9e1 #bfd ,politician1 !1 #bgi-bhb ,pope1 !1 #ac1 #ae1 #gb1 #gi1 #ha1 #he1 #bfe1 #bgj-bga ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv1 #he ,pope ,paul ,v1 #ha ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 #ge ,population1 gr[? (1 #bhi-bia ,po/-,d>w9ians1 #ah ,pragmatism1 #aai ,pray]1 #adf-adi ,pre-ma*9e age1 #bec ,presbyt]ians1 #gi ,prie/hood1 #gc ,primitive peoples1 #aei ,procreation1 #aff ,progress1 religion (1 #ah ,prohibition1 #ca1 #bgg ,propag&a1 #bha ,prophet1 arti/ z1 #aja-ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd ,prophets1 #ab ,prote/antism1 #ae1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #eb1 #gg1 #hf ,prote/ants1 #cd-ce ,pseudo-religions1 #abe ,psy*iatry1 #aeh1 #aei ,psy*oanalysis1 #f1 #abe1 #agd1 #agg1 #agi1 #bbj ,psy*ology1 #adc1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #bbj2 abnormal1 #aga2 folk1 #aga2 popul>1 #aad2 sci5tific1 #agc1 #agf ,public int]e/1 #beg-beh ,public op9ion1 #afg ,public s*ools1 #gf-gg ,public utilities1 regulation (1 #bed-bee ,purgatory1 #adf ,puritanism1 #aed1 #cjb ,purpose1 cosmic1 #i ,py?agoras1 #bjd-bje ,rabelais1 #afa1 #afb-afc ,r&all1 ,dr41 #abg-abh ,rationali/s1 #bd-be ,rationalization1 #ci ,reality1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aic1 #baf1 #bgb1 #cab1 #cai ,reason & fai?1 #ea1 #aba ,rebellion1 #af-ag1 #ai1 #aij ,rebels1 #ae-ah1 #ai ,recon/ruction1 essays 91 #ad ,r$emption1 #aa1 #aae ,re=mation1 #ac1 #gb-gc1 #id1 #aed ,re=m]s1 ,eighte5?-,c5tury1 #ae2 ,prote/ant1 #cd1 #ci1 #dj1 #gc1 #if ,relative motion1 #abd ,religion1 #h1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah-ai1 #bc1 #aab1 #abc1 #aca1 #bhd1 #cbd2 ari/ocracy 91 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjc2 ne$ (1 #abc2 ( ! _s1 #dd1 #df1 #aif-aig1 #bjc1 #bje-bjf1 #cbg-cbh2 popul>1 #ad1 #cb-cc1 #dg1 #ej1 #fi1 #ia1 #id1 #abg1 #aca-acb1 #adc1 #ade1 #agf1 #aid1 #aie-aif1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bdd1 #cbe 7,see also ,!ology1 popul>72 traditional1 #abb1 #abd1 #bjc ,religi\s exp]i5ce1 #cc1 #ij-ia1 #abe1 #cbe-cbf ,religi\s syn!sis1 #aaa1 #abd ,religi\s ?\ght1 #if ,religi\s w>s1 #gd ,religi\s writ+1 #ig ,r5aissance1 #id-ie1 #afa2 ,high1 #aed ,r5an1 #g ,r5unciation1 #de1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aia1 #aib1 #bjf ,republic1 #aei-afj ,revelation1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adc1 #cah1 #cbf2 logic (1 #aba2 s5se (1 #ac ,revivals1 #ad ,revolution1 ,fr5*1 #bhi2 indu/rial1 #baj1 #bdh2 me*anical1 #ai1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bhi2 ,russian1 #bej-bea2 spiritual1 #acc-acd ,rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bac ,riggs1 ,fa!r1 #cd ,righte\sness1 s5se (1 #af ,"r ( revolution1 #hb ,"r to believe1 #be ,rights ( m51 #bdb1 #bfg ,rol&1 #ga p#cdg ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,see ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,roman ,empire1 #eh1 #bje ,romantics1 #ah1 #bf1 #aed ,rome1 #adi1 #bcf ,r\sseau1 #aed1 #bff ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #bcf ,rusk91 #bdd ,russell1 ,b]tr&1 #bg1 #aad1 #aeg1 #bch1 #bih-bii1 #cjh ,russell1 ,dora1 #afc ,russia1 #bej-bec1 #bgb1 #bgc ,sages1 tea*+ (1 #aih1 #bjj1 #baj1 #bci ,sa9tl9ess1 #aef ,salvation1 #ge1 #hh1 #adg1 #aie-aig1 #aih1 #bja1 #cac ,santayana1 ,george1 #ai1 #ce1 #cf1 #dc1 #fh1 #ade1 #adh1 #ahb1 #caj1 #caa ,s>g5t1 ,john1 #ie ,savon>ola1 #cg ,s*oolm51 #abg1 #abi ,sci5ce1 #aj1 #ah1 #ai1 #aab1 #abj1 #abc1 #aec1 #agf1 #bje2 & religion1 #abc-abd1 #acb-acc2 concepts 91 #ajb-ajc1 #ajg1 #abb2 ,greek1 #baj2 logic (1 #aba2 m$ival1 #abh2 me?od (1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #aeg1 #bci2 mod]n1 #abg1 #abh1 #bcf-bcg1 #bci1 #caf2 popul>1 #abg2 pure1 #bcg-bch1 #bci ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w1 #abc ,sci5tific discipl9e1 #bci-bdj1 #bda ,sci5tific explanation1 #acj1 #aca ,sci5tific hypo!ses1 #abe1 #abf-abg ,sci5tific inquiry1 #ce1 #abc1 #bcf ,sci5tific mat]ialism1 #aca ,sci5tific me?od4 ,see ,sci5ce1 me?od (4 ,sci5tific rese>*1 #bcf-bcg1 #bch ,sci5tific _s1 #bdj1 #cbg ,sci5tific !ory1 #acc1 #bji ,scribes1 #ab ,scriptures4 ,see ,bible4 ,self-discipl9e1 #de1 #aif-aig1 #aih ,s]5ity1 #g-h ,sex1 #bhd-bhe1 #bhh1 #bii-cjj1 #cjf1 #cjh2 & religion1 #hi-ij ,sexual conv5tions1 #bii-cjj1 #cja1 #cjg-cjh ,sexual ideal1 #ic-id1 #bic1 #cja1 #cje-cjf1 #cjg ,sexuality1 #aej1 #afe-aff1 #cjc-cjd ,sexual relations1 #bca1 #bhd-bhg1 #bhh-bhi1 #bia-bib1 #bie-bif1 #big1 #bii1 #cjh1 #cab ,%aw1 ,george ,b]n>d1 #ah1 #dh1 #aef ,%elley1 #e-f1 #ajb ,simeon ,/ylites1 ,/41 #aeh ,s9ai1 #acf1 #bbg ,smi?1 ,adam1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bde 8,social compact10 #bff-bfg ,socialism1 #bdi-bej1 #beh ,sociali/s1 #bdi1 #bej1 #beb ,social sy/em1 ,am]ican1 #fe-fg1 #bgc-bgd ,society1 #ai1 #aij1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bda1 #bej1 #bff1 #bgf1 #bhd1 #cbb2 op9ion (1 #acd ,socrates1 #aj1 #aa1 #aee1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #bai1 #bbj ,song ( ,solomon1 #ch ,sophi/s1 #bai1 #bbj ,sophi/icat$ viol5ce1 #fd ,s\l1 #aad1 #aif ,sov]eignty1 conception (1 #bfe1 #bfg ,space1 s5se (1 #ahj ,species1 propagation (1 #aej ,speculation1 philosophic1 #bcc ,sp5gl]1 #fb1 #bcb ,sp9oza1 #aee1 #aef1 #afa1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #aig1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bff ,spirituality1 #aed1 #aig1 #bjd1 #cbi-ccj ,/al1 ,madame de1 #afb ,/atesman1 !1 #bgi-bhc ,/eele1 ,ri*>d1 #hf ,/imuli1 #ahb ,/odd>d1 ,lo?rop1 #fd ,suff]+1 irrational1 #bac ,summa1 #ajj ,sup]natural k+dom1 #adc1 #cbe-cbf ,sup]/ition1 #bah ,survival ( ! fitte/1 #aej ,syllabus ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 #cad ,symbolism1 #cd1 #de1 #fh1 #ajj1 #cbe p#cdh ,tabu1 #afj ,tam>1 #bhh ,t>iff1 #bgf-bgg ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 #gh ,t5nessee1 #gg ,!ism1 #acf1 #acg ,!ocracy1 #aid1 #aie1 #aig1 #bjc1 #bbg1 #bbh ,!odorus ( ,cyr5e1 #cja-cjb ,!ology1 ,ca?olic1 #ea1 #aai2 popul>1 #aj-aa1 #bc 7see also ,religion1 popul>7 ,?irte5? ,c5tury1 #aa ,?omas ,kempis1 #aac ,?omson1 ,james1 #e ,?\ght1 contempor>y1 #aid2 sci5tific1 #abe1 #bce ,"t1 s5se (1 #aha ,tol]ation1 #gd-gg1 #abc ,totemism1 #afj ,t[ns1 rise (1 #ai1 #bcb ,tradesman's ,call+1 ,!1 #hf ,traditions1 religi\s1 #fa-fb1 #if1 #ig ,transub/antiation1 #eh ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 #ad1 #ajj-aja ,tr9ity1 #gj ,true ,law ( ,free ,mon>*y1 #gi 8,tru?1 !10 #abi ,unam sanctam1 #ha ,unbelief1 #c-bj1 #bh1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #cbf ,und]/&+1 #aha-ahc1 #aia1 #bjf1 #cba1 #cbi ,uneas9ess1 mod]n1 #ad ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bec-bed1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgg-bgh ,univ]se1 #h1 #abh1 #abi1 #ade ,usury1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg ,utopia1 #aea ,val]ian1 #ih-ii ,values1 transvaluation (1 #af1 #aha ,v]sailles1 ,c\rt (1 #ie ,viceg]5t ( ,god1 #gb ,victoria1 ,que51 #aee1 #cjb ,view ( life1 traditional1 #aji ,vill]s1 #afb ,virg9 ,m>y1 #if1 #ii1 #aae1 #adi ,virtue1 #aff1 #aib1 #bba-bbe1 #bbf-bbg1 #bbh-bbi1 #cbj1 #cbi2 conception (1 #bbf1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbd ,voltaire1 #af1 #aig ,wallas1 ,graham1 #bdj ,walt] ,re$ ,hospital1 #bbc ,walwayn1 ,?omas1 #adi ,w>1 abolition (1 #bcb ,watt1 ,james1 #bcd1 #bcf ,weal? ( ,nations1 #bdb ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #bcc-bcd ,we/1 ,lady ,alice1 #adh-adi ,:itehead1 ,alfr$ ,nor?1 #be-bg1 #abc-abd1 #aie1 #bcf1 #cbe ,wil5ski1 ,r4 ,h41 #ajd1 #aaa ,w1 human1 #aie ,w ( ,god1 #aj1 #aie ,w to believe1 #be1 #ec ,wisdom1 #ahe-ahf1 #aih-aii1 #bja1 #bbf-bbh1 #bbi1 #bdd1 #cbj1 #cbd ,woman1 economic indep5d5ce (1 #ic ,wom51 *a/ity (1 #bhf-bhh1 #bia ,wordswor?1 #e1 #ah1 #ahj ,_w1 "* (1 #ahf ,_w's ,*ri/ian ,fundam5tali/ ,association1 #cj1 #ca ,_w ,w>1 #ag1 #bec1 #bgb-bgc ,wyclif1 #cg1 #gc ,wynne1 ,fa!r1 #adf ,yahveh1 #ee1 #bad4 ,see also ,jehovah4