,,select ,,works ,,( ,,porphyry2 ,,conta9+ ,,8 ,,f\r ,,books ,,on ,,ab/95ce ,,f ,,animal ,,food2 ,,8 ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,cave ,,( ,,! ,,nymphs2 ,,& ,,8 ,,auxili>ies ,,to ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,intelligible ,,natures4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,by ,,?omas ,,taylor4 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix1 ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,allegory ,,( ,,! ,,w&]+s ,,( ,,ulysses4 ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 1 1 1 4--,,plot9i ,op4 p4 #gga4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,?omas ,,rodd1 #ag1 ,,great ,,newport ,,/reet4 #ahbc4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,,moyes1 ,,greville ,,/reet4 ,,to ,,! ,,rev4 ,,william ,,john ,,jolliffe1 ,,z ,a ,,te/imony ,,( ,,great ,,e/eem ,,= ,,8 ,,tal5ts ,,& ,,wor?1 ,,& ,a ,,tribute ,,( ,,! ,,w>me/ ,,gratitude ,,= ,,8 ,,patronage1 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,translator1 ,,?omas ,,taylor4 ,,introduction4 ,porphyry1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ! treatises translat$ 9 ?is volume1 0 dignifi$ by 8 contempor>ies1 & by succe$+ ,platoni/s1 ) ! appellation ( ! philosoph]1 on acc\nt ( 8 v extraord9>y philosophical atta9m5ts4 ,he is likewise call$ by ,simplicius1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! philosoph]s1 & is prais$ by ,proclus = 8 1 or conceptions adapt$ to sanctity2 ! tru? ( all :i* appellations is by ! foll[+ treatises mo/ abundantly & manife/ly confirm$4 ,a few biographical p>ticul>s only h be5 transmitt$ to u respect+ ?is great man1 & ^! are z foll[4 ,he 0 born at ,tyre1 9 ! twelf? ye> ( ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us1 & 9 ! two hundr$ & ?irty-?ird ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 & he di$ at ,rome1 :5 he 0 m ?an sev5ty ye>s old1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,emp]or ,dioclesian's reign4 ,he 0 also a disciple fir/ ( ,long9us1 & aft]w>ds ( ! great ,plot9us1 ) :om he became acqua9t$ 9 ! ?irtie? ye> ( 8 age2 & x is to ,porphyry we are indebt$ = ! publication ( ! ine/imable & uncommonly pr(\nd works ( t mo/ extraord9>y man4 ,=1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 my ,hi/ory ( ! ,re/oration ( ! ,platonic ,!ology1 x 0 a long "t be=e ,plot9us committ$ 8 ?\ghts to writ+1 & gave ! _w a copy ( 8 inimitable m9d4 ,t light :i* 0 de/9$ to illum9ate ! philosophical _w1 z yet %one ) solit>y spl5d\r1 or beam$ only on a belov$ few2 & x 0 ?r\gh ,porphyry alone t x at l5g? em]g$ f its sanctu>y1 & display$ its radiance 9 full p]fection1 & ) unb\nd$ diffusion4 ,= ,porphyry1 9 ! language ( ,eunapius1 8l a ,m]curial *a9 let d[n = ! b5efit ( mortals1 unfold$ e ?+ ) accuracy & cle>ness1 by ! assi/ance ( univ]sal erudition40 ,we are likewise in=m$1 by ! same ,eunapius1 t ,porphyry1 :5 he fir/ associat$ ) ,plot9us1 bade f>ewell to all 8 o!r preceptors1 & totally appli$ himself to ! fri5d%ip ( t wond]ful man4 ,"h he fill$ 8 m9d ) sci5ce1 z f a p]5nial & nev]-satiat+ f\nt4 ,b aft]w>ds1 be+ conqu]$1 z x 71 by ! magnitude ( 8 doctr9es1 he conceiv$ a hatr$ ( body1 & c\ld no long] endure ! fett]s ( mortality4--8,h5ce10 says he#a1 8,i =m$ an int5tion ( de/roy+ myself1 :i* ,plot9us wond]fully p]ceiv$2 & z ,i 0 walk+ home1 /ood be=e me1 & said1 ,y\r pres5t design1 ,o ,porphyry1 is n ! dictate ( a s\nd intellect1 b r ( a s\l rag+ ) an atrabil>i\s fury4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is he ord]$ me to dep>t f ,rome2 & accord+ly ,i w5t to ,sicily1 hav+ he>d t a c]ta9 wor?y & elegant man dwelt at t "t ab\t ,lilybum4 ,& ?us1 inde$1 ,i 0 lib]at$ f ?is p]turbation ( s\l2 b 01 9 ! meantime1 h9d]$ f be+ ) ,plot9us till 8 dea?40 ,porphyry also ma9ta9s a v di/+ui%$ rank among ^? great g5iuses :o contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! g5u9e dogmas ( ,plato1 aft] !y _h be5 lo/ = upw>ds ( five hundr$ ye>s2 z ,i h %[n 9 my above-m5tion$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,re/oration ( ! ,platonic ,!ology4 ,among ^! dogmas1 t :i* is transc5d5tly important is ?is1--t ! ineffable pr9ciple ( ?+s1 :i* is d5om9at$ by ,plato ! good & ! "o1 is some?+ sup]ior to intellect & be+ itself4 ,?is1 z we are in=m$ by ,proclus1 0 demon/rat$ by ,porphyry1 by _m p[]ful & beautiful argum5ts1 9 8 treatise ,conc]n+ ,pr9ciples1 :i* is un=tunately lo/4 ,& ?is dogma1 :i* 0 d]iv$ pr9cipally f ! #f? book ( ! ,republic1 & ! ,p>m5ides1 ( ,plato1 & 0 adopt$ by all succe$+ ,platoni/s1 is copi\sly unfold$1 & ! tru? ( x support$ by reason+ replete ) :at ,plato calls geometrical necessities1 by ^? two great philosophical lum9>ies ,proclus & ,damascius#b2 ! =m] ( :om 0 ! ,coryphu ( ! ,platoni/s1 & ! latt] possess$ a pr(\ndly inve/igat+ m9d4 ,( ! disciples ( ,porphyry ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ,iambli*us1 a man ( an uncommonly p5etrat+ g5ius1 & :o1 l 8 ma/] ,plato1 on acc\nt ( ! sublimity ( 8 conceptions1 & 8 admirable pr(ici5cy 9 !ological le>n+1 0 surnam$ ! div9e4 ,?is extraord9>y man1 ?\gh zeal\sly atta*$ to ! ,platonic philosophy1 yet explor$ ! wisdom ( o!r sects1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ,egyptians1 & ,*aldeans2 & =m$ "o beautiful sy/em ( recondite k1 f _! h>moni\s conjunction#c4 ,) respect to ! works ( ,porphyry :i* are translat$ 9 ?is volume1 ! fir/1 :i* is ,on ,ab/95ce f ,animal ,food1 is a treatise n only replete ) great erudition1 b is rem>kable = ! purity ( life :i* x inculcates1 & ! sanctity ( conception ) :i* x ab\nds4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$1 t x 0 writt5 solely1 z ,porphyry himself in=ms u1 ) a view to ! man :o wi%es 9 ! pres5t life to lib]ate himself z mu* z possible f ! fett]s ( ! corporeal nature1 9 ord] t he may elevate 8 intellectual eye to ! contemplation ( truly-exi/+ be+ 7 17 & may e/abli% himself 9 deity z 9 8 pat]nal port#d4 ,b su* a "o1 z he beautifully obs]ves1 mu/ dive/ himself ( e ?+ ( a mortal nature :i* he has assum$1 mu/ )draw himself f s5se & imag9ation1 & ! irrationality ) :i* !y are att5d$1 & f an adh]+ affection & passion t[>ds !m2 & mu/ ent] ! /adium nak$ & unclo!d1 /riv+ = ! mo/ glori\s ( all prizes1 ! ,olympia ( ! s\l#e4 ,h5ce1 says he1 8my disc\rse is n direct$ to ^? :o are occupi$ 9 sordid me*anical arts1 nor to ^? :o are engag$ 9 a?letic ex]cises2 nei!r to soldi]s nor sailors1 nor rhetoricians1 nor to ^? :o lead an active life#f2 b ,i write to ! man :o consid]s :at he is1 :5ce he came1 & :i!r he ought to t5d1 & :o1 9 :at p]ta9s to nutrim5t & o!r necess>y conc]ns1 is diff]5t f ^? :o propose to !mselves o!r k9ds ( life2 = to none b su* z ^! d ,i direct my disc\rse#g40 ,?is treatise1 also1 is highly valuable = ! hi/orical in=mation :i* x conta9s1 indep5d5tly ( ! philosophical beauties ) :i* x ab\nds4 ,! ,explanation ( ! ,hom]ic ,cave ( ! ,nymphs1 :i* foll[s next1 is n only rem>kable = ! great erudition :i* x displays1 b also = conta9+ "s pr(\nd arcana ( ! my?ology & symbolical !ology ( ! ,greeks4 ,& ! ?ird treatise1 :i* is d5om9at$ ,auxili>ies to ! ,p]ception ( ,intelligibles1 may be consid]$ z an excell5t introduction to ! works ( ,plot9us 9 g5]al1 f :i* a great "p ( x is extract$1 & 9 p>ticul>1 to ! foll[+ books ( t mo/ sublime g5ius1 viz4 ,on ! ,virtues#h2 ,on ! ,impassivity ( ,incorporeal ,natures#i2 & ,on ,truly-,exi/+ ,be+1 9 :i* x is demon/rat$ t su* be+ is e :]e "o & ! same :ole#aj4 ,?is ,porphyrian treatise1 also1 is admirably calculat$ to af=d assi/ance to ! /ud5t ( ! ,!ological ,elem5ts ( ,proclus1 a "w nev] to be suffici5tly prais$ = ! sci5tific accuracy1 pr(undity ( conception1 & lum9\s developm5t ( ! mo/ important dogmas1 :i* x displays4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ,porphyry1 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,cave ( ! ,nymphs1 hav+ in=m$ u1 t ,num5ius1 ! ,py?agorean1 consid]$ ! p]son ( ,ulysses1 9 ! ,odyssey1 z ! image ( a man :o passes 9 a regul> mann] ov] ! /ormy sea ( g5]ation1 or a s5sible life1 & ?us at l5g? arrives at a region :]e tempe/ & seas are unkn[n1 & f9ds a nation 8,:o ne'er knew salt1 or he>d ! bill[s ro>30 ,i h endeav\r$1 by ! assi/ance ( ?is intimation1 to unfold1 9 ! ,app5dix :i* concludes ! "w1 ! secret mean+ ( ! allegory2 &1 ,i tru/1 9 a way :i* w n be deem$ by ! intellig5t read] ei!r vision>y or va94 ,) respect to ! translation ( ! treatises1 ,i h endeav\r$ fai?fully to pres]ve bo? ! matt] & mann] ( ! au?or2 & h avail$ myself ( ! be/ editions ( !m1 &1 likewise1 ( all ! in=mation :i* appe>$ to me to be mo/ important1 & mo/ appropriate1 f ! rem>ks ( critics & philologi/s1 b especially f ! elucidations ( philosoph]s4 ,?is1 ,i tru/1 w be evid5t f a p]usal ( ! notes :i* accompany ! translation4 ,( all ! o!r writ+s ( ,porphyry1 besides ^? translat$ 9 ?is volume1 few un=tunately h be5 pres]v$ entire#aa1 ! great] "p ( :at rema9s ( !m be+ fragm5ts4 ,among ^! fragm5ts1 h[ev]1 !re is "o v important1 lately f\nd by ,angelus ,maius1 & publi%$ by him1 ,m$iol4 #ahaf1 #hvo4 ,x is ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,epi/le ( ,porphyry to 8 wife ,m>cella1 9 :i* ,i h discov]$ ! orig9al ( _m ( ! ,s5t5ces ( ! celebrat$ ,sextus ,py?agoricus#ab1 :i* h be5 hi!rto suppos$ to be alone extant 9 ! fraudul5t ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,presbyt] ,ruff9us4 ,& = an acc\nt ( ! o!r entire works & fragm5ts t are extant1 & also ( ! lo/ writ+s ( ,porphyry1 ,i ref] ! read] to ! ,biblio!ca ,grca ( ,fabricius1 & to my be=e-m5tion$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,re/oration ( ! ,platonic ,!ology2 9 :i* latt] "w1 9 speak+ ( ,porphyry's lo/ treatise on ! ,reasc5t ( ! ,s\l1 ,i h giv5 a long & mo/ int]e/+ extract relative to t treatise1 f ,synesius on ,dreams4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ,vit4 ,plot94 #b ,see ! #b;d book ( my translation ( ,proclus on ! ,!ology ( ,plato1 & ! ,introduction to my translation ( ,plato1 & notes on ! #c;d volume ( t translation4 #c ,see my translation ( 8 ,life ( ,py?agoras1 & also ( 8 treatise on ! ,my/]ies4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian says ( ,iambli*us1 8t he 0 po/]ior 9 "t1 b n 9 g5ius1 to ,plato himself40 #d ,su* a man z ?is1 is arrang$ by ,plot9us 9 ! class ( div9e m51 9 ! foll[+ extract f my translation ( 8 treatise on ,intellect1 ,ideas1 & ,real ,be+1 ,ennead ,v4 #i4 ,! extract1 :i* is uncommonly beautiful 9 ! orig9al1 =ms ! beg9n+ ( ! treatise4 8,s9ce all m51 f _! bir?1 employ s5se prior to intellect1 & are necess>ily fir/ conv]sant ) s5sibles1 "s1 proce$+ no f>!r1 pass ?r\gh life1 consid]+ ^! z ! fir/ & la/ ( ?+s1 & appreh5d+1 t :atev] is pa9ful among ^!1 is evil1 & :atev] is pleasant1 is good2 ?us1 ?9k+ x suffici5t to pursue ! "o & avoid ! o!r4 ,^?1 too1 among !m1 :o pret5d to a great] %>e ( reason ?an o!rs1 e/eem ?is to be wisdom2 be+ affect$ 9 a mann] simil> to m heavy birds1 :o1 collect+ _m ?+s f ! e>?1 & be+ oppress$ ) ! weight1 are unable to fly on high1 ?\gh !y h receiv$ w+s = ?is purpose f nature4 ,b o!rs are 9 a small degree elevat$ f ?+s subord9ate1 ! m excell5t "p ( ! s\l recall+ !m f pleasure to a m wor?y pursuit4 ,z !y are1 h[ev]1 unable to look on high1 & z n possess+ any ?+ else :i* c af=d !m re/1 !y betake !mselves1 toge!r ) ! "n ( virtue1 to actions & ! election ( ?+s inf]ior1 f :i* !y at fir/ endeav\r$ to raise !mselves1 ?\gh 9 va94 ,9 ! ?ird class is ! race ( div9e m51 :o ?r\gh a m excell5t p[]1 & ) pi]c+ eyes1 acutely p]ceive sup]nal light1 to ! vision ( :i* !y raise !mselves1 above ! cl\ds & d>kness1 z x 71 ( ?is l[] _w1 & !re abid+1 despise e ?+ 9 ^! regions ( s5se2 be+ no o!rwise delight$ ) ! place :i* is truly & prop]ly _! own1 ?an he :o1 aft] _m w&]+s1 is at l5g? re/or$ to 8 lawful c\ntry40 #e ,page #bc4 #f ,! translator ( ?is "w1 & ( ! o!r treatises conta9$ 9 ?is volume1 hav+ be5 s circum/anc$1 t he has be5 oblig$ to m+le ! active ) ! contemplative life 7 7 9 acquir+ = himself a k ( ! philosophy ( ,plato1 & dissem9at+ t philosophy = ! good ( o!rs1 has also f\nd x exp$i5t to make use ( a fle%y diet4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 b an imp]i\s necessity1 f causes :i* x w\ld be sup]flu\s to detail at pres5t1 c\ld h induc$ him to adopt animal1 in/ead ( vegetable nutrim5t4 ,b ?\gh he has be5 nurtur$ 9 ,eleatic & ,academic /udies1 yet x has n be5 9 ,academic b[]s4 #g ,page #ai4 #h ,ennead ,i4 #b4 #i ,ennead ,,iii4 #f4 #aj ,ennead ,,vi4 lib4 #d1 #e4 #aa ,= ev5 ) respect to ! treatise ,on ,ab/95ce f ,animal ,food1 !re is e reason to believe t some?+ is want+ at ! end ( x4 #ab ,see ! ,lat9 translation ( ^! ,s5t5ces by ,ruff9us1 9 ! ,opuscula ,my?ologica ( ,gale4 ,! ,s5t5ces :i* are to be f\nd 9 ?is ,epi/le ( ,porphyry1 7 publi%$ by me1 ) "s animadv]sions1 9 ! ,classical ,j\rnal1 ab\t two ye>s ago2 b on acc\nt ( ! great importance ( ^! ,s5t5ces1 & = ! sake ( ^? :o may n h ?is ,j\rnal 9 _! possession1 ,i %all "h repeat :at ,i h !re said on ?is subject4 ,aft] hav+ premis$ t great praise is due to ! editor = ! publication ( ?is ,epi/le1 b t1 z he has tak5 no notice ( ! s\rces :5ce mo/ ( ! beautiful moral s5t5ces ) :i* ?is ,epi/le ab\nds1 are d]iv$1 x becomes necess>y to unfold !m to ! read]1 p>ticul>ly z by ?is means sev]al ( ! ,s5t5ces ( ,sextus ,py?agoricus may be obta9$ 9 ! orig9al ,greek2--,i !n obs]ve3 ,previ\s1 h[ev]1 to ?is developm5t1 ,i %all pres5t ! read] ) ! em5dation ( ! foll[+ defective s5t5ce 9 p4 #ai3 444 4 ,! editor1 n be+ an adept 9 ! philosophy ( ,py?agoras & ,plato1 conceiv$ t 0 a g5u9e ^w2 = he rem>ks1 8,nota vocabulum 10 :]eas x is only a "p ( a ^w1 i4e4 x is a "p ( 4 ,h5ce1 if aft] 1 ! words are ins]t$1 ! s5t5ce ( ,porphyry w be p]fect bo? 9 its con/ruction & mean+1 & w be 9 ,engli%1 8,erudition does n consi/ 9 ! resumption ( polyma?y1 b is to be survey$ 9 a lib]ation f ! passions p]ta9+ to ! s\l40 ,! editor1 n p]ceiv+ ! necessity ( ?is em5dation1 has1 by ! foll[+ v]sion1 totally mi/ak5 ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce3 8,bonam autem in/itutionem nunquam /imem1 qu cum eruditionis copia1 animalium quoque passionum contam9atione sordescat40 ,! fir/ s5t5ce ( :i* ,i h discov]$ ! s\rce1 is f ,sextus1 & is ! foll[+1 9 p4 #bc3 3 i4e4 8,= ,god is n 9 want ( any ?+2 b ! wise man is alone 9 want ( ,god40 ,?is1 9 ! v]sion ( ,ruff9us1 is3 8,deus quidem nullius eget1 fidelis autem ,dei solius40 7,vid4 ,opusc4 ,my?olog4 #hvo4 #afhh1 p4 #fdf47 #b4 1 7p4 #bd73 i4e4 8,( e action1 & ( e de$ & ^w1 ,god is pres5t z ! scrutator & inspector40 ,?is is evid5tly d]iv$ f ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ,demophilus1 7,opusc4 ,my?ol4 p4 #fba73 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i4e4 8,if y always rememb]1 t :]ev] y\r s\l1 or y\r body1 p]=ms any de$1 ,god is pres5t z an inspector1 9 all y\r pray]s & actions1 y w rev]5ce ! nature ( an inspector1 f :om no?+ c be conceal$1 & w h ,god = a cohabitant40 ,:at imm$iately foll[s 9 ?is p>agraph is f ,sextus1 viz4 3 i4e4 8,( all ! good t we d1 we %\ld consid] ,god z ! cause40 ,& ,sextus says1 p4 #fdh4 8,deus 9 bonis actibus hom9ibus dux e/40 ,porphyry adds3 1 4 ,& ! latt] "p is evid5tly f ,sextus1 :o says1 p4 #fdh1 8,mali nullius autor e/ ,deus40 ,porphyry fur!r adds3 ' ' 1 3 i4e4 8,h5ce we %\ld ask ( ,god ?+s :i* are wor?y ( him1 & :i* we _c receive f any o!r4 ,! goods also1 ( :i* lab\rs are ! lead]s1 9 conjunction ) virtue1 we %\ld pray t we may obta9 aft] ! lab\rs are accompli%$40 ,all ?is is f ,sextus4 ,=1 9 p4 #fdh1 he says3 8,hc posce ,deo1 qu dignum e/ pr/>e ,deum4 ,ea pete ,deo1 qu accip]e ab hom9e non potes4 ,9 quibus prc$]e debet labor1 hc tibi opta ev5ire po/ laborem40 ,only1 9 ?is la/ s5t5ce1 ,ruff9us has omitt$ to add1 aft] labor1 ! words cum virtute4 ,:at ,porphyry says1 almo/ imm$iately aft] ?is1 is precisely ! fir/ ( ! ,s5t5ces ( ,demophilus1 7,opusc4 ,my?ol4 p4 #fbf71 viz4 1 3 i4e4 8,d n ask ( ,god t :i*1 :5 y h obta9$1 y _c pres]ve4 ,= e gift ( ,god is incapable ( be+ tak5 away2 s t he w n give t :i* y _c reta940 ,! s5t5ce imm$iately foll[+ ?is is ascrib$ to ,py?agoras1 & is to be f\nd 9 ! ,s5t5ces ( ,/obu1 7edit4 #afji1 p4 #fe73 viz4 1 1 4 ,9 ,/obu1 h[ev]1 !re is "s diff]5ce1 s z to r5d] ! s5t5ce m complete4 ,= imm$iately aft] 1 !re is 2 = !re is 2 = 1 2 = 1 2 = 1 2 & in/ead ( 1 4 ,?is1 !re=e1 translat$1 w be3 8,despise all ^? ?+s :i*1 :5 lib]at$ f ! body1 y w n want2 & ex]cis+ y\rself 9 ^? ?+s1 ( :i*1 :5 lib]at$ f ! body1 y w be 9 want1 invoke ! ,gods to become y\r help]s40 ,9 pp4 #bg & #bh1 ,porphyry says1 ' 1 3 i4e4 8,x %\ld be m eligible to y c>elessly to ?r[ away ri*es ?an reason2 & to be vanqui%$ :5 speak+ ! tru?1 ?an to vanqui% by deception40 ,& ! latt] "p ( ?is s5t5ce is to be f\nd 9 ,sextus3 = 9 p4 #fdi he says1 8,melius e/ v9ci v]a dic5tem1 quam v9c]e1 m5ti5tem40 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] ,porphyry adds1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,?is s5t5ce is ! la/ ( ! ,s5t5ces ( ,demophilus1 7,opusc4 ,my?ol4 p4 #fbe72 b 9 ,porphyry x is 9 "o "p defective1 & 9 ano!r is full] ?an 9 ,demophilus4 ,= 9 ! fir/ colon1 is want+3 9 ! second colon1 aft] 1 ! words are want+4 ,& 9 ,demophilus1 in/ead ( 1 1 !re is no?+ m ?an 1 1 4 ,9 ,demophilus also1 aft] ! words 1 are want+4 ,& 9 ,porphyry1 aft] 1 ! words 1 1 are want+4 ,?is s5t5ce !re=e1 ?us am5d$1 w be 9 ,engli%1 8,x is impossible = ! same p]son to be a lov] ( ,god1 a lov] ( pleasure1 a lov] ( body1 & a lov] ( ri*es4 ,= a lov] ( pleasure is also a lov] ( body2 b a lov] ( body is entirely a lov] ( ri*es2 & a lov] ( ri*es is necess>ily unju/4 ,b he :o is unju/ #as impi\s t[>ds ,god & 8 p>5ts1 & lawless t[>ds o!rs4 ,s t1 ?\gh he %\ld sacrifice hecatombs1 & adorn temples ) t5 ?\s& gifts1 he w be mu* m unholy1 impi\s1 a!i/ical1 & sacrilegi\s 9 8 delib]ate *oice4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to avoid e lov] ( body1 z "o :o is )\t ,god1 & is defil$40 #c4 ,! foll[+ passages 9 ! epi/le ( ,porphyry1 are f ,sextus3 1 1 7p4 #cj7 i4e4 8,! man :o is wor?y ( ,god1 w be himself a ,god40 ,& ,sextus says1 8,dignus ,deo homo1 deus e/ et 9 hom9ibus40 7p4 #fed47 ,porphyry says1 1 1 7p4 #cj17 i4e4 8,& y w hon\r ,god 9 ! be/ mann]1 :5 y assimilate y\r reason+ p[] to ,god40 ,?us also ,sextus1 8,optime honorat ,deum ille1 qui m5tem suam1 quantum fi]i pote/1 similem ,deo facit10 7p4 #fee47 ,aga91 ,porphyry says1 1 7p4 #ca73 i4e4 8,god corroborates man :5 he p]=ms beautiful de$s2 b an evil dmon is ! lead] ( bad actions40 ,& ,sextus says1 8,deus bonos actus hom9um confirmat4 ,malorum actuum1 malus dmon dux e/40 7p4 #fec74 ,porphyry adds1 1 1 1 7p4 #ca17 i4e4 8,! s\l ( ! wise man is adapt$ to ,god2 x always beholds ,god1 & is always pres5t ) ,god40 ,?us1 too1 ,sextus1 8,sapi5tis anima audit ,deum1 sapi5tis anima aptatur ,deo1 sapi5tis anima semp] e/ cum ,deo10 7p4 #fee74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al & ! ,lat9 v]sion1 :i* is mo/ probably ow+ to ! fraud ( ,ruff9us4 ,& 9 ! la/ place1 ,porphyry says1 1 7p4 #eh17 i4e4 8,philan?ropy %\ld be consid]$ by y z ! f\ndation ( piety40 ,& ,sextus says1 8,fundam5tum et initium e/ cults ,dei1 am>e ,dei hom9es40 7p4 #fed74 ,ruff9us1 h[ev]1 9 ?is v]sion1 fraudul5tly translates 1 am>e ,dei hom9es1 9 ord] t ?is s5t5ce1 z well z ! o!rs1 might appe> to be writt5 by ,sixtus ! bi%op6 #d4 ,! le>n$ read] w f9d ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,porphyry1 to be s5t5ces ( ,demophilus1 viz4 1 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #bi74 1 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #cb74 1 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #ce74 1 1 1 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #cf74 ,9 :i* passage1 h[ev]1 !re is a rem>kable diff]5ce1 z ! le>n$ read] w f9d1 betwe5 ! text ( ,porphyry & t ( ,demophilus4 1 1 7lege 17 1 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #cg74 1 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #ed74 444 usque ad 1 7p4 #ed47 4 ,& 1 1 7p4 #eg74 ,& la/ly1 ' 1 7p4 #eh74 ,9 all ^! passages1 x w be f\nd1 by comp>+ !m ) ,porphyry1 t !y occasionally diff] f ! text ( ,demophilus1 yet n s z to alt] ! s5se4 ,i only add1 t _m ( ! ,s5t5ces ( ,demophilus w be f\nd among ^? ( ,sextus4 ,nor is ?is at all wond]ful1 z x 0 usual ) ! ,py?agoreans1 f _! exalt$ notions ( fri5d%ip1 to consid] ! "w ( "o ( !m z ! production ( all4 ,,! ,,select ,,works ,,( ,,porphyry4 ,,on ,,ab/95ce ,,f ,,animal ,,food4 ,,book ,,! ,,fir/4 #a4 ,he>+ f "s ( our acqua9tance1 ,o ,firmus#ac1 t y1 hav+ reject$ a fle%less diet1 h aga9 return$ to animal food1 at fir/ ,i did n cr$it ! report1 :5 ,i consid]$ y\r temp]ance1 & ! rev]5ce :i* y h be5 taught to pay to ^? anci5t & pi\s m5 f :om we h receiv$ ! precepts ( philosophy4 ,b :5 o!rs :o came aft] ^! confirm$ ?is report1 x appe>$ to me t x w\ld be too ru/ic & remote f ! rational me?od ( p]suasion to repreh5d y1 :o nei!r1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 fly+ f evil h f\nd some?+ bett]1 nor accord+ to ,emp$ocles1 hav+ lam5t$ y\r =m] life1 h conv]t$ y\rself to "o t is m excell5t4 ,i h !re=e ?\ght x wor?y ( ! fri5d%ip :i* subsi/s betwe5 u1 & also adapt$ to ^? :o h arrang$ _! life con=mably to tru?1 to disclose y\r errors ?r\gh a confutation d]iv$ f an argum5tative discussion4 #b4 ,= :5 ,i consid]$ ) myself :at c\ld be ! cause ( ?is alt]ation 9 y\r diet1 ,i c\ld by no means suppose t x 0 = ! sake ( heal? & /r5g?1 z ! vulg> & idiots w\ld say2 s9ce1 on ! contr>y1 y y\rself1 :5 y 7 ) u1 confess$ t a fle%less diet contribut$ bo? to heal? & to ! prop] endurance ( philosophic lab\rs2 & exp]i5ce te/ifies1 t 9 say+ ?is y spoke ! tru?4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t y h return$ to y\r =m] illegitimate#ad conduct1 ei!r ?r\gh deception#ae1 because y ?9k x makes no diff]5ce ) respect to ! acquisition ( wisdom :e!r y use ?is or t diet2 or p]haps ?r\gh "s o!r cause ( :i* ,i am ignorant1 :i* excit$ 9 y a great] fe> ?an t :i* c\ld be produc$ by ! impiety ( transgression4 ,= ,i %\ld n say t y h despis$ ! philosophic laws :i* we d]iv$ f our ance/ors1 & :i* y h s mu* admir$1 ?r\gh intemp]ance1 or = ! sake ( voraci\s gluttony2 or t y are naturally inf]ior to "s ( ! vulg>1 :o1 :5 !y h ass5t$ to laws1 ?\gh contr>y to ^? "u :i* !y =m]ly liv$1 w suff] amputation r ?an violate !m1 & w ab/a9 f c]ta9 animals on :i* !y be=e f$1 m ?an !y w\ld f human fle%4 #c4 ,b :5 ,i 0 also in=m$ by c]ta9 p]sons t y ev5 employ$ argum5ts aga9/ ^? :o ab/a9$ f animal food1 ,i n only piti$1 b 0 indignant ) y1 t1 be+ p]suad$ by c]ta9 frigid & v corrupt sophisms1 y h deceiv$ y\rself1 & h endeav\r$ to subv]t a dogma :i* is bo? anci5t & de> to ! ,gods4 ,h5ce x appe>$ to me to be requisite n only to %[ y :at our own op9ion is on ?is subject1 b also to collect & dissolve ! argum5ts ( our oppon5ts1 :i* are mu* /rong] ?an ^? adduc$ by y 9 multitude & p[]1 & e o!r app>atus2 & ?us to demon/rate1 t tru? is n vanqui%$ ev5 by ^? argum5ts :i* seem to be weighty1 & mu* less by sup]ficial sophisms4 ,= y are p]haps ignorant1 t n a few philosoph]s are adv]se to ab/95ce f animal food1 b t ?is is ! case ) ^? ( ! ,p]ipatetic & ,/oic sects1 & ) mo/ ( ! ,epicureans2 ! la/ ( :om h writt5 9 opposition to ! philosophy ( ,py?agoras & ,emp$ocles1 ( :i* y once 7 /udi\sly emul\s4 ,to ?is ab/95ce1 likewise1 _m philologi/s are adv]se1 among :om ,clodius ! ,neapolitan wrote a treatise aga9/ ^? :o ab/a9 f fle%4 ,( ^! m5 ,i %all adduce ! disquisitions & common argum5ts aga9/ ?is dogma1 at ! same "t omitt+ ^? reasons :i* are peculi>ly employ$ by !m aga9/ ! demon/rations ( ,emp$ocles4 ,! ,argum5ts ( ! ,p]ipatetics & ,/oics1 f ,h]aclides ,ponticus#af4 #d4 ,our oppon5ts !re=e say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ju/ice w be conf\nd$1 & ?+s immoveable be mov$1 if we ext5d :at is j1 n only to ! rational1 b also to ! irrational nature2 conceiv+ t n only ,gods & m5 p]ta9 to u1 b t !re is likewise an alliance betwe5 u & brutes1 :o 9 reality h no conjunction ) u4 ,nor %all we employ "s ( !m 9 labori\s works1 & use o!rs = food1 f a conviction t ! association :i* is betwe5 u & !m1 9 ! same mann] z t ( "s =eign polity1 p]ta9s to a tribe diff]5t f ours1 & is di%on\rable4 ,= he :o uses ^! z if !y 7 m51 sp>+ & n injur+ !m1 ?us endeav\r+ to adapt to ju/ice t :i* x _c be>1 bo? de/roys its p[]1 & corrupts t :i* is appropriate1 by ! introduction ( :at is =eign4 ,= x necess>ily foll[s1 ei!r t we act unju/ly by sp>+ !m1 or if we sp>e & d n employ !m1 t x w be impossible = u to live4 ,we %all also1 aft] a mann]1 live ! life ( brutes1 if we reject ! use :i* !y are capable ( af=d+4 #e4 ,= ,i %all omit to m5tion ! innum]able multitude ( ,nomades & ,troglodyt1 :o "k ( no o!r nutrim5t ?an t ( fle%2 b to u :o appe> to live mildly & philan?ropically1 :at "w w\ld be left = u on ! e>? or 9 ! sea1 :at illu/ri\s art1 :at ornam5t ( our food w\ld rema91 if we conduct$ ourselves innoxi\sly & rev]5tially t[>ds brutes1 z if !y 7 ( a k9dr$ nature ) u8 ,= x w\ld be impossible to assign any "w1 any m$ic9e1 or any rem$y = ! want :i* is de/ructive ( life1 or t we c act ju/ly1 unless we pres]ve ! anci5t b\nd>y & law4 ,to fi%es1 savage bea/s1 & birds1 devoid ,( ju/ice1 ,jove to dev\r ea* o!r ,grant$2 b ju/ice to mank9d he gave#ag4 i4e4 t[>ds ea* o!r4 #f4 ,b x is n possible = u to act unju/ly t[>ds ^? to :om we are n oblig$ to act ju/ly4 ,h5ce1 = ^? :o reject ?is reason+1 no o!r road ( ju/ice is left1 ei!r broad or n>r[1 into :i* !y c ent]4 ,=1 z we h already obs]v$1 our nature1 n be+ suffici5t to itself1 b indig5t ( _m ?+s1 w\ld be entirely de/roy$1 & enclos$ 9 a life involv$ 9 difficulties1 unorganic1 & depriv$ ( necess>ies1 if exclud$ f ! assi/ance d]iv$ f animals4 ,x is likewise said1 t ^? fir/ m5 did n live prosp]\sly2 = ?is sup]/ition did n /op at animals1 b compell$ its vot>ies ev5 to sp>e plants4 ,=1 inde$1 :at great] injury does he d1 :o cuts ! ?roat ( an ox or a %eep1 ?an he :o cuts d[n a fir tree or an oak8 s9ce1 f ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 a s\l is also implant$ 9 ^!4 ,^! !re=e are ! pr9cipal argum5ts ( ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics4 ,! ,argum5ts ( ! ,epicureans1 f ,h]ma*us#ah4 #g4 ,! ,epicureans1 h[ev]1 n>rat+1 z x 71 a long g5ealogy1 say1 t ! anci5t legislators1 look+ to ! association ( life1 & ! mutual actions ( m51 proclaim$ t manslaught] 0 unholy1 & puni%$ x ) no casual disgrace4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 a c]ta9 natural alliance :i* exi/s 9 m5 t[>ds ea* o!r1 ?r\gh ! similitude ( =m & s\l1 is ! reason :y !y d n s readily de/roy an animal ( ?is k9d1 z "s ( ! o!r animals :i* are conc$$ to our use4 ,nev]!less1 ! greate/ cause :y manslaught] 0 consid]$ z a ?+ griev\s to be borne1 & impi\s1 0 ! op9ion t x did n contribute to ! :ole nature & condition ( human life4 ,=1 f a pr9ciple ( ?is k9d1 ^? :o are capable ( p]ceiv+ ! advantage aris+ f ?is decree1 require no o!r cause ( be+ re/ra9$ f a de$ s dire4 ,b ^? :o are n able to h a suffici5t p]ception ( ?is1 be+ t]rifi$ by ! magnitude ( ! puni%m5t1 w ab/a9 f readily de/roy+ ea* o!r4 ,= ^?1 inde$1 :o survey ! utility ( ! be=e-m5tion$ ord9ance1 w promptly obs]ve x2 b ^? :o are n able to p]ceive ! b5efit ) :i* x is att5d$1 w obey ! m&ate1 9 consequ5ce ( fe>+ ! ?reat5+s ( ! laws2 :i* ?reat5+s c]ta9 p]sons orda9$ = ! sake ( ^? :o c\ld n1 by a reason+ process1 inf] ! b5eficial t5d5cy ( ! decree1 at ! same "t t mo/ w\ld admit ?is to be evid5t4 #h4 ,= none ( ^? legal in/itutes :i* 7 e/abli%$ f ! fir/1 :e!r writt5 or unwritt51 & :i* /ill rema91 & are adapt$ to be transmitt$1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r became lawful ?r\gh viol5ce1 b ?r\gh ! cons5t ( ^? t us$ !m4 ,= ^? :o introduc$ ?+s ( ?is k9d to ! multitude1 excell$ 9 wisdom1 & n 9 /r5g? ( body1 & ! p[] :i* subjugates ! rabble4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh ?is1 "s 7 l$ to a rational consid]ation ( utility1 ( :i* be=e !y _h only an irrational s5sation1 & :i* !y _h frequ5tly =gott52 b o!rs 7 t]rifi$ by ! magnitude ( ! puni%m5ts4 ,= x 0 n possible to use any o!r rem$y = ! ignorance ( :at is b5eficial1 ?an ! dread ( ! puni%m5t orda9$ by law4 ,= ?is alone ev5 n[ keeps ! vulg> 9 awe1 & prev5ts !m f do+ any ?+1 ei!r publicly or privately1 :i* is n b5eficial to ! community4 ,b if all m5 7 simil>ly capable ( survey+ & recollect+ :at is advantage\s1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( laws1 b m5 w\ld spontane\sly avoid su* ?+s z are prohibit$1 & p]=m su* z !y 7 ord]$ to d4 ,= ! survey ( :at is useful & detrim5tal1 is a suffici5t inc5tive to ! avoidance ( ! "o & ! *oice ( ! o!r4 ,b ! infliction ( puni%m5t has a ref]5ce to ^? :o d n =esee :at is b5eficial4 ,= imp5d5t puni%m5t =cibly compels su* z ^! to subdue ^? impulses :i* lead !m to useless actions1 & to d t :i* is "r4 #i4 ,h5ce also1 legislators orda9$1 t ev5 involunt>y manslaught] %\ld n be entirely void ( puni%m5t2 9 ord] t !y might n only af=d no pretext = ! volunt>y imitation ( ^? de$s :i* 7 involunt>ily p]=m$1 b also t !y might prev5t _m ?+s ( ?is k9d f tak+ place1 :i* happ51 9 reality1 involunt>ily4 ,= nei!r is ?is advantage\s ?r\gh ! same causes by :i* m5 7 =bidd5 volunt>ily to de/roy ea* o!r4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ( involunt>y de$s1 "s proce$ f a cause :i* is un/able1 & :i* _c be gu>d$ aga9/ by human nature2 b o!rs are produc$ by our neglig5ce & inatt5tion to diff]5t circum/ances2 h5ce legislators1 wi%+ to re/ra9 t indol5ce :i* is injuri\s to our neighb\rs1 did n ev5 leave an involunt>y noxi\s de$ )\t puni%m5t1 b1 ?r\gh ! fe> ( p5alties1 prev5t$ ! commission ( num]\s (f5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,i also am ( op9ion1 t ! slaught]s :i* are all[$ by law1 & :i* receive _! accu/om$ expiations ?r\gh c]ta9 purifications1 7 introduc$ by ^? anci5t legislators1 :o fir/ v prop]ly in/itut$ ^! ?+s = no o!r reason ?an t !y wi%$ to prev5t m5 z mu* z possible f volunt>y slaught]4 ,= ! vulg> e :]e require some?+ :i* may imp$e !m f promptly p]=m+ :at is n advantage\s to ! community4 ,h5ce ^? :o fir/ p]ceiv$ ?is to be ! case1 n only orda9$ ! puni%m5t ( f9es1 b also excit$ a c]ta9 o!r irrational dread1 ?r\gh proclaim+ ^? n to be pure :o 9 any way :atev] _h sla9 a man1 unless !y us$ purifications aft] ! commission ( ! de$4 ,= t "p ( ! s\l :i* is void ( intellect1 be+ v>i\sly discipl9$1 acquir$ a becom+ mildness1 c]ta9 tam+ arts hav+ be5 f ! fir/ inv5t$ = ! purpose ( subdu+ ! irrational impulses ( desire1 by ^? :o gov]n$ ! p4 ,& "o ( ! precepts promulgat$ on ?is occasion 01 t m5 %\ld n de/roy ea* o!r )\t discrim9ation4 #aj4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o fir/ def9$ :at we ought to d1 & :at we ought n1 v prop]ly did n =bid u to kill o!r animals4 ,= ! advantage aris+ f ^! is effect$ by a contr>y practice1 s9ce x is n possible t m5 c\ld be pres]v$1 unless !y endeav\r$ to def5d ^? :o are nurtur$ ) !mselves f ! attacks ( o!r animals4 ,at t "t1 !re=e1 "s ( ^?1 ( ! mo/ elegant mann]s1 recollect+ t !y ab/a9$ f slaught] because x 0 useful to ! public safety1 !y also rem9d$ ! re/ ( ! p 9 _! mutual associations ( :at 0 ! consequ5ce ( ?is ab/95ce2 9 ord] t1 by refra9+ f ! slaught] ( _! k9dr$1 !y might pres]ve t communion :i* greatly contributes to ! peculi> safety ( ea* individual4 ,b x 0 n only f\nd to be useful = m5 n to sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & n to d any ?+ injuri\s to ^? :o 7 collect$ toge!r 9 ! same place1 = ! purpose ( repell+ ! attacks ( animals ( ano!r species2 b also = def5ce aga9/ m5 ^: design 0 to act nef>i\sly4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !re=e1 !y ab/a9$ f ! slaught] ( m51 = ^! reasons1 viz4 9 ord] t !re might be a communion among !m 9 ?+s t are necess>y1 & t a c]ta9 utility might be af=d$ 9 ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ incommodities4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! (fspr+ ( mank9d1 ?r\gh _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 became m widely ext5d$1 & animals ( a diff]5t species 7 expell$1 c]ta9 p]sons direct$ _! att5tion 9 a rational way to :at 0 useful to m5 9 _! mutual nutrim5t1 & did n alone recal ?is to _! memory 9 an irrational mann]4 #aa4 ,h5ce !y endeav\r$ /ill m firmly to re/ra9 ^? :o readily de/roy$ ea* o!r1 & :o1 ?r\gh an oblivion ( pa/ transactions1 prep>$ a m imbecile def5ce4 ,b 9 attempt+ to effect ?is1 !y introduc$ ^? legal in/itutes :i* /ill rema9 9 cities & nations2 ! multitude spontane\sly ass5t+ to !m1 9 consequ5ce ( n[ p]ceiv+1 9 a great] degree1 ! advantage aris+ f an association ) ea* o!r4 ,= ! de/ruction ( e ?+ noxi\s1 & ! pres]vation ( t :i* is subs]vi5t to its ext]m9ation1 simil>ly contribute to a fe>less life4 ,& h5ce x is reasonable to suppose1 t "o ( ! above-m5tion$ p>ticul>s 0 =bidd51 b t ! o!r 0 n prohibit$4 ,nor mu/ x be said1 t ! law all[s u to de/roy "s animals :i* are n corruptive ( human nature1 & :i* are n 9 any o!r way injuri\s to our life4 ,=1 z ,i may say1 no animal among ^? :i* ! law p]mits u to kill is ( ?is k9d2 s9ce1 if we suff]$ !m to increase excessively1 !y w\ld become injuri\s to u4 ,b ?r\gh ! numb] ( !m :i* is n[ pres]v$1 c]ta9 advantages are imp>t$ to human life4 ,= %eep & ox51 & e su* l animal1 :5 ! numb] ( !m is mod]ate1 are b5eficial to our necess>y wants2 b if !y become r$undant 9 ! extreme1 & f> exce$ ! numb] :i* is suffici5t1 !y !n become detrim5tal to our life2 ! latt] by employ+ _! /r5g?1 9 consequ5ce ( p>ticipat+ ( ?is ?r\gh an innate p[] ( nature1 & ! =m]1 by consum+ ! nutrim5t :i* spr+s up f ! e>? = our b5efit alone4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh ?is cause1 ! slaught] ( animals ( ?is k9d is n prohibit$1 9 ord] t z _m ( !m z are suffici5t = our use1 & :i* we may be able easily to subdue1 may be left4 ,= x is n ) horses1 ox51 & %eep1 & ) all tame animals1 z x is ) lions & wolves1 &1 9 %ort1 ) all su* z are call$ savage animals1 t1 :e!r ! numb] ( !m is small or great1 no multitude ( !m c be assum$1 :i*1 if left1 w\ld alleviate ! necessity ( our life4 ,& on ?is acc\nt1 inde$1 we utt]ly de/roy "s ( !m2 b ( o!rs1 we take away z _m z are f\nd to be m ?an comm5surate to our use4 #ab4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 f ! above-m5tion$ causes1 x is simil>ly requisite to ?9k1 t :at p]ta9s to ! eat+ ( animals1 0 orda9$ by ^? :o f ! fir/ e/abli%$ ! laws2 & t ! advantage\s & ! disadvantage\s 7 ! causes :y "s animals 7 p]mitt$ to be eat5 & o!rs n4 ,s t ^? :o ass]t1 t e ?+ beautiful & j subsi/s con=mably to ! peculi> op9ions ( m5 respect+ ^? :o e/abli%$ ! laws1 are full ( a c]ta9 mo/ pr(\nd /upidity4 ,= x is n possible t ?is ?+ c take place 9 any o!r way ?an t 9 :i* ! o!r utilities ( life subsi/1 su* z ^? t are salubri\s1 & an innum]able multitude ( o!rs4 ,errone\s op9ions1 h[ev]1 are ent]ta9$ 9 _m p>ticul>s1 bo? ( a public & private nature4 ,= c]ta9 p]sons d n p]ceive ^? legal in/itutes1 :i* are simil>ly adapt$ to all m52 b "s1 conceiv+ !m to rank among ?+s ( an indiff]5t nature1 omit !m2 :ile o!rs1 :o are ( a contr>y op9ion1 ?9k t su* ?+s z are n univ]sally pr(itable1 are e :]e advantage\s4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh ?is cause1 !y adh]e to ?+s :i* are unappropriate2 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s !y discov] :at is advantage\s to !mselves1 & :at contributes to g5]al utility4 ,& among ^! are to be enum]at$ ! eat+ ( animals1 & ! legally orda9$ de/ructions :i* are in/itut$ by mo/ nations on acc\nt ( ! peculi>ity ( ! region4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ^! in/itutes %\ld be pres]v$ by u1 because we d n dwell 9 ! same place z ^? did by :om !y 7 made4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 0 possible to make a c]ta9 compact ) o!r animals 9 ! same mann] z ) m51 t we %\ld n kill !m1 nor !y u1 & t !y %\ld n be indiscrim9ately de/roy$ by u1 x w\ld be well to ext5d ju/ice z f> z to ?is2 = ?is ext5t ( x w\ld be att5d$ ) security4 ,b s9ce x is among ?+s impossible1 t animals :i* are n recipi5ts ( reason %\ld p>ticipate ) u ( law1 on ?is acc\nt1 utility _c be 9 a great] degree procur$ by security f o!r animals1 ?an f inanimate natures4 ,b we c alone obta9 security f ! lib]ty :i* we n[ possess ( putt+ !m to dea?4 ,& su* are ! argum5ts ( ! ,epicureans4 ,! ,argum5ts ( ,claudius ! ,neapolitan1 :o publi%$ a ,treatise aga9/ ,ab/95ce f ,animal ,food4 #ac4 ,x n[ rema9s1 t we %\ld adduce :at plebeians & ! vulg> are accu/om$ to say on ?is subject4 ,= !y say1 t ! anci5ts ab/a9$ f animals1 n ?r\gh piety1 b because !y did n yet "k ! use ( fire2 b t z soon z !y became acqua9t$ ) its utility1 !y !n conceiv$ x to be mo/ hon\rable & sacr$4 ,!y likewise call$ x ,ve/a1 & f ?is ! appellation ( conve/als or companions 0 d]iv$2 & aft]w>ds !y began to use animals4 ,= x is natural to man to eat fle%1 b contr>y to 8 nature to eat x raw4 ,fire1 !re=e1 be+ discov]$1 !y embrac$ :at is natural1 & admitt$ ! eat+ ( boil$ & roa/$ fle%4 ,h5ce lynxes are said by ,hom]#ai to be crudivor\s1 or eat]s ( raw fle%2 & ( ,priam1 also1 he says1 z a disgraceful circum/ance1 ,raw fle% by y1 ,o ,priam1 is dev\r$#bj4 ,&1 ,raw fle%1 dilac]at+1 he dev\r$#ba4 ,& ?is is said1 z if ! eat+ ( raw fle% p]ta9$ to ! impi\s4 ,telema*us1 also1 :5 ,m9]va 0 8 gue/1 plac$ be=e h] n raw1 b roa/$ fle%4 ,at fir/1 !re=e1 m5 did n eat animals1 = man is n naturally a dev\r] ( raw fle%4 ,b :5 ! use ( fire 0 discov]$1 fire 0 employ$ n only = ! cook+ ( fle%1 b also = mo/ o!r eatables4 ,= t man is n naturally adapt$ to eat raw fle%1 is evid5t f c]ta9 nations t fe$ on fi%es4 ,= ^! !y roa/1 "s ^u /ones t are v mu* heat$ by ! sun2 b o!rs roa/ !m 9 ! s&4 ,t man1 h[ev]1 is adapt$ to fe$ on fle%1 is evid5t f ?is1 t no nation ab/a9s f animal food4 ,nor is ?is adopt$ by ! ,greeks ?r\gh depravity1 s9ce ! same cu/om is admitt$ by ! b>b>ians4 #ad4 ,b he :o =bids m5 to fe$ on animals1 & ?9ks x is unju/1 w also say t x is n j to kill !m1 & deprive !m ( life4 ,nev]!less1 an innate & j w> is implant$ 9 u aga9/ brutes4 ,= "s ( !m volunt>ily attack m51 z1 = in/ance1 wolves & lions2 o!rs n volunt>ily1 z s]p5ts1 s9ce !y bite n1 except !y are trampl$ on4 ,& "s1 inde$1 attack m52 b o!rs de/roy ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,f all ^! causes1 !re=e1 we d n sp>e ! life ( brutes2 b we de/roy ^? :o comm5ce ho/ilities aga9/ u1 z also ^? :o d n1 le/ we %\ld suff] any evil f !m4 ,= !re is no "o :o1 if he sees a s]p5t1 w n1 if he is able1 de/roy x1 9 ord] t nei!r x1 nor any o!r s]p5t1 may bite a man4 ,& ?is arises1 n only f our hatr$ ( ^? t are ! de/roy]s ( our race1 b likewise f t k9dness :i* subsi/s betwe5 "o man & ano!r4 ,b ?\gh ! w> aga9/ brutes is j1 yet we ab/a9 f _m :i* associate ) m54 ,h5ce1 ! ,greeks d n fe$ ei!r on dogs1 or horses1 or asses1 because ( ^!1 ^? t are tame are ( ! same species z ! wild4 ,nev]!less1 !y eat sw9e & birds4 ,= a hog is n useful = any ?+ b food4 ,! ,phnicians1 h[ev]1 & ,jews1 ab/a9 f x1 because1 9 %ort1 x is n produc$ 9 ^? places4 ,= x is said1 t ?is animal is n se5 9 ,e?iopia ev5 at pres5t4 ,z1 !re=e1 no ,greek sacrifices a camel or an elephant to ! ,gods1 because ,greece does n produce ^! animals1 s nei!r is a hog sacrific$ to ! ,gods 9 ,cyprus or ,phnicia1 because x is n indig5\s 9 ^? places4 ,&1 = ! same reason1 nei!r d ! ,egyptians sacrifice ?is animal to ! ,gods4 ,9 %ort1 t "s nations ab/a9 f a hog1 is simil> to our be+ unwill+ to eat ! fle% ( camels4 #ae4 ,b :y %\ld any "o ab/a9 f animals8 ,is x because fe$+ on !m makes ! s\l or ! body worse8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t1 t nei!r ( ^! is det]iorat$ by x4 ,= ^? animals t fe$ on fle% are m sagaci\s ?an o!rs1 z !y are v5atic1 & possess an art by :i* !y supply !mselves ) food1 & acquire p[] & /r5g?2 z is evid5t 9 lions & wolves4 ,s t ! eat+ ( fle% nei!r injures ! s\l nor ! body4 ,?is likewise is manife/1 bo? f ! a?lete1 ^: bodies become /rong] by fe$+ on fle%1 & f physicians1 :o re/ore bodies to heal? by ! use ( animal food4 ,= ?is is no small indication t ,py?agoras did n ?9k sanely1 t none ( ! wise m5 embrac$ 8 op9ion2 s9ce nei!r any "o ( ! sev5 wise m51 nor any ( ! physiologi/s :o liv$ aft] !m1 nor ev5 ! mo/ wise ,socrates1 or 8 foll[]s1 adopt$ x4 #af4 ,let x1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t all m5 are p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ?is dogma1 respect+ ab/95ce f animals4 ,b :at w be ! b\nd>y ( ! propagation ( animals8 ,= no "o is ignorant h[ num]\s ! prog5y is ( ! sw9e & ! h>e4 ,& to ^! add all o!r animals4 ,:5ce1 !re=e1 w !y be suppli$ ) pa/ure8 ,& :at w husb&m5 d8 ,= !y w n de/roy ^? :o de/roy ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,& ! e>? w n be able to be> ! multitude ( animals4 ,corruption also w be produc$ f ! putridity ( ^? t w die4 ,& ?us1 f pe/il5ce tak+ place1 no refuge w be left4 ,= ! sea1 & riv]s1 & m>%es1 w be fill$ ) fi%es1 & ! air ) birds1 b ! e>? w be full ( reptiles ( e k9d4 #ag4 ,h[ _m likewise w be prev5t$ f hav+ _! diseases cur$1 if animals are ab/a9$ f8 ,= we see t ^? :o are bl9d recov] _! sight by eat+ a vip]4 ,a s]vant ( ,crat]us1 ! physician1 happ5+ to be seiz$ ) a new k9d ( disease1 9 :i* ! fle% fell away f ! bones1 d]iv$ no b5efit f m$ic9es2 b by eat+ a vip] prep>$ aft] ! mann] ( a fi%1 ! fle% became conglut9at$ to ! bones1 & he 0 re/or$ to heal?4 ,_m o!r animals also1 & _! sev]al p>ts1 cure diseases :5 !y are prop]ly us$ = t purpose2 ( all :i* rem$ies he w be fru/rat$ :o rejects animal food4 #ah4 ,b if1 z !y say1 plants also h a s\l1 :at w become ( our life if we nei!r de/roy animals nor plants8 ,if1 h[ev]1 he is n impi\s :o cuts (f plants1 nei!r w he :o kills animals4 #ai4 ,b "s "o may1 p]haps1 say x is n prop] to de/roy t :i* belongs to ! same tribe ) ourselves2 if ! s\ls ( animals are ( ! same ess5ce ) ourselves4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be grant$ t s\ls are ins]t$ 9 bodies volunt>ily1 x mu/ be said t x is ?r\gh a love ( juv5ility3 = 9 ! season ( y\? !re is an enjoym5t ( all ?+s4 ,:y1 !re=e1 d !y n aga9 ent] into ! nature ( man8 ,b if !y ent] volunt>ily1 & = ! sake ( juv5ility1 & pass ?r\gh e species ( animals1 !y w be mu* gratifi$ by be+ de/roy$4 ,= ?us _! return to ! human =m w be m rapid4 ,! bodies also :i* are eat5 w n produce any pa9 9 ! s\ls ( ^? bodies1 9 consequ5ce ( ! s\ls be+ lib]at$ f !m2 & !y w love to be implant$ 9 ! nature ( man4 ,h5ce1 z mu* z !y are pa9$ on leav+ ! human =m1 s mu* w !y rejoice :5 !y leave o!r bodies4 ,= ?us !y w m swiftly become man aga91 :o pr$om9ates ov] all irrational animals1 9 ! same mann] z ,god does ov] m54 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a suffici5t cause = de/roy+ o!r animals1 viz4 _! act+ unju/ly 9 de/roy+ m54 ,b if ! s\ls ( m5 are immortal1 b ^? ( irrational animals mortal1 m5 w n act unju/ly by de/roy+ irrational animals4 ,& if ! s\ls ( brutes are immortal1 we %all b5efit !m by lib]at+ !m f _! bodies4 ,=1 by kill+ !m1 we %all cause !m to return to ! human nature4 #bj4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we only def5d ourselves 9 putt+ animals to dea?1 we d n act unju/ly1 b we take v5geance on ^? t injure u4 ,h5ce1 if ! s\ls ( brutes are inde$ immortal1 we b5efit !m by de/roy+ !m4 ,b if _! s\ls are mortal1 we d no?+ impi\s 9 putt+ !m to dea?4 ,& if we def5d ourselves aga9/ !m1 h[ is x possible t 9 s do+ we %\ld n act ju/ly4 ,= we de/roy1 inde$1 a s]p5t & a scorpion1 ?\gh !y d n attack u1 9 ord] t "s o!r p]son may n be injur$ by !m2 & 9 s do+ we def5d ! human race 9 g5]al4 ,b %all we n act ju/ly 9 putt+ ^? animals to dea?1 :i* ei!r attack m51 or ^? t associate ) m51 or injure ! fruits ( ! e>?8 #ba4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s "o %\ld1 nev]!less1 ?9k x is unju/ to de/roy brutes1 su* a "o %\ld nei!r use milk1 nor wool1 nor %eep1 nor honey4 ,=1 z y injure a man by tak+ f him 8 g>m5ts1 ?us1 also1 y injure a %eep by %e>+ x4 ,= ! wool :i* y take f x is its ve/m5t4 ,milk1 likewise1 0 n produc$ = y1 b = ! "y ( ! animal t has x4 ,! bee also collects honey z food = itself2 :i* y1 by tak+ away1 adm9i/] to y\r own pleasure4 ,i pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! op9ion ( ! ,egyptians1 t we act unju/ly by m$dl+ ) plants4 ,b if ^! ?+s 7 produc$ = our sake1 !n ! bee1 be+ m9i/rant to u1 elaborates honey1 & ! wool gr[s on ! back ( %eep1 t x may be an ornam5t to u1 & af=d u a bl& heat4 #bb4 ,co-op]at+ also ) ! ,gods !mselves 9 :at contributes to piety1 we sacrifice animals3 =1 ( ! ,gods1 ,apollo1 inde$1 is call$ 1 ! slay] ( wolves2 & ,diana1 1 ! de/roy] ( wild bea/s4 ,demi-gods likewise1 & all ! h]oes :o excel u bo? 9 orig9 & virtue1 h s mu* approv$ ( ! slaught] ( animals1 t !y h sacrific$ to ! ,gods ,dodecedes#bb & ,hecatombs4 ,b ,h]cules1 among o!r ?+s1 is celebrat$ = be+ an ox-dev\r]4 #bc4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /upid to say t ,py?agoras exhort$ m5 to ab/a9 f animals1 9 ord] t he might1 9 ! greate/ possible degree1 prev5t !m f eat+ ea* o!r4 ,=1 if all m5 at ! "t ( ,py?agoras 7 an?ropophagites1 he mu/ be deliri\s :o drew m5 away f o!r animals1 9 ord] t !y might ab/a9 f dev\r+ ea* o!r4 ,=1 on ?is acc\nt1 he ought r to h exhort$ !m to become an?ropophagites1 by %[+ !m t x 0 an equal crime to dev\r ea* o!r1 & to eat ! fle% ( ox5 & sw9e4 ,b if m5 at t "t did n eat ea* o!r1 :at occasion 0 !re = ?is dogma8 ,& if he e/abli%$ ?is law = himself & 8 associates1 ! supposition t he did s is disgraceful4 ,= x demon/rates t ^? :o liv$ ) ,py?agoras 7 an?ropophagites4 #bd4 ,= we say t ! v contr>y ( :at he conjectur$ w\ld happ54 ,=1 if we ab/a9$ f animals1 we %\ld n only be depriv$ ( pleasure & ri*es ( ?is k9d1 b we %\ld also lose our fields1 :i* w\ld be de/roy$ by wild bea/s2 s9ce ! :ole e>? w\ld be occupi$ by s]p5ts & birds1 s t x w\ld be difficult to pl\gh ! l&2 ! scatt]$ se$s w\ld imm$iately be ga!r$ by ! birds2 & all su* fruits z _h arriv$ at p]fection1 w\ld be consum$ by quadrup$s4 ,b m5 be+ oppress$ by su* a want ( food1 w\ld be compell$1 by bitt] necessity1 to attack ea* o!r4 #be4 ,moreov]1 ! ,gods !mselves1 = ! sake ( a rem$y1 h deliv]$ m&ates to _m p]sons ab\t sacrific+ animals4 ,= hi/ory is full ( in/ances ( ! ,gods hav+ ord]$ c]ta9 p]sons to sacrifice animals1 &1 :5 sacrific$1 to eat !m4 ,=1 9 ! return ( ! ,h]aclid1 ^? :o engag$ 9 w> aga9/ ,lac$mon1 9 conjunction ) ,eury/h5es & ,proscles1 ?r\gh a want ( necess>ies1 7 compell$ to eat s]p5ts1 :i* ! l& at t "t af=d$ = ! nutrim5t ( ! army4 ,9 ,libya1 also1 a cl\d ( locu/s fell = ! relief ( ano!r army t 0 oppress$ by hung]4 ,! same ?+ likewise happ5$ at ,gades4 ,bogus 0 a k+ ( ! ,mauritanians1 :o 0 sla9 by ,agrippa 9 ,mo?one4 ,he 9 t place attack$ ! temple ( ,h]cules1 :i* 0 mo/ ri*4 ,b x 0 ! cu/om ( ! prie/s daily to spr9kle ! alt> ) blood4 ,t ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n effect$ by ! decision ( m51 b by t ( div9ity1 ! occasion at t "t demon/rat$4 ,=1 ! siege be+ cont9u$ = a long "t1 victims 7 want+4 ,b ! prie/ be+ dubi\s h[ he %\ld act1 _h ! foll[+ vision 9 a dream4 ,he seem$ to himself to be /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! pill>s ( ! temple ( ,h]cules1 & aft]w>ds to see a bird sitt+ opposite to ! alt>1 & endeav\r+ to fly to x1 b :i* at l5g? flew into 8 h&s4 ,he also saw t ! alt> 0 spr9kl$ ) its blood4 ,see+ ?is1 he rose z soon z x 0 day1 & w5t to ! alt>1 & /&+ on ! turret1 z he ?\ght he did 9 8 dream1 he look$ r\nd1 & saw ! v bird :i* he _h se5 9 8 sleep4 ,hop+1 !re=e1 t 8 dream w\ld be fulfill$1 he /ood /ill1 saw ! bird fly to ! alt> & sit ^u x1 & deliv] itself into ! h&s ( ! high prie/4 ,?us ! bird 0 sacrific$1 & ! alt> spr9kl$ ) blood4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* happ5$ at ,cyzicus1 is /ill m celebrat$ ?an ?is ev5t4 ,= ,mi?ridates hav+ besieg$ ?is city1 ! fe/ival ( ,pros]p9e 0 !n celebrat$1 9 :i* x 0 requisite to sacrifice an ox4 ,b ! sacr$ h]ds1 f :i* x 0 necess>y ! victim %\ld be tak51 f$ opposite to ! city1 on ! cont95t#bc3 & "o ( !m 0 already m>k$ = ?is purpose4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! h\r dem&$ ! sacrifice1 ! ox l[$1 & swam ov] ! sea1 & ! gu>ds ( ! city op5$ ! gates to x4 ,!n ! ox directly ran into ! city1 & /ood at ! alt>1 & 0 sacrific$ to ! ,goddess4 ,n unreasonably1 !re=e1 0 x ?\ght to be mo/ pi\s to sacrifice _m animals1 s9ce x appe>$ t ! sacrifice ( !m 0 pleas+ to ! ,gods4 #bf4 ,b :at w\ld be ! condition ( a city1 if all ! citiz5s 7 ( ?is op9ion1 viz4 t !y %\ld ab/a9 f de/roy+ animals8 ,= h[ w\ld !y repel _! enemies1 :5 !y 7 attack$ by !m1 if !y 7 c>eful 9 ! extreme n to kill any "o ( !m8 ,9 ?is case1 inde$1 !y mu/ be imm$iately de/roy$4 ,& x w\ld be too prolix to n>rate o!r difficulties & inconv5i5ces1 :i* w\ld necess>ily take place4 ,t x is n1 h[ev]1 impi\s to slay & fe$ on animals1 is evid5t f ?is1 t ,py?agoras himself1 ?\gh ^? prior to him p]mitt$ ! a?let to dr9k milk1 & to eat *eese1 irrigat$ ) wat]2 b o!rs1 po/]ior to him1 reject+ ?is diet1 f$ !m ) dry figs2 yet he1 abrogat+ ! anci5t cu/om1 all[$ !m to fe$ on fle%1 & f\nd t su* a diet greatly increas$ _! /r5g?4 ,"s also relate1 t ! ,py?agoreans !mselves did n sp>e animals :5 !y sacrific$ to ! gods4 ,su*1 !re=e1 are ! argum5ts ( ,clodius1 ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 ,h]ma*us ! ,epicurean1 & ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics1 aga9/ ab/95ce f animal food3 among :i* also are compreh5d$ ! argum5ts :i* 7 s5t to u by y1 ,o ,ca/ricius4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i int5d to oppose ^! op9ions1 & ^? ( ! multitude1 ,i may reasonably premise :at foll[s4 #bg4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 x mu/ be kn[n t my disc\rse does n br+ ) x an exhortation to e description ( m54 ,= x is n direct$ to ^? :o are occupi$ 9 sordid me*anical arts1 nor to ^? :o are engag$ 9 a?letic ex]cises2 nei!r to soldi]s1 nor sailors1 nor rhetoricians1 nor to ^? :o lead an active life4 ,b ,i write to ! man :o consid]s :at he is1 :5ce he came1 & :i!r he ought to t5d1 & :o1 9 :at p]ta9s to nutrim5t1 & o!r necess>y conc]ns1 is diff]5t f ^? :o propose to !mselves o!r k9ds ( life2 = to none b su* z ^! d ,i direct my disc\rse4 ,=1 nei!r 9 ?is common life c !re be "o & ! same exhortation to ! sleep]1 :o endeav\rs to obta9 sleep ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 & :o1 = ?is purpose1 procures f all places ?+s ( a soporif]\s nature1 z !re is to him :o is anxi\s to repel sleep1 & to dispose e ?+ ab\t him to a vigilant condition4 ,b to ! =m] x is necess>y to recomm5d intoxication1 surfeit+1 & satiety1 & to exhort him to *oose a d>k h\se1 & ,a b$ luxuriant1 broad1 & s(t1-- z ! poets say2 & t he %\ld procure = himself all su* ?+s z are ( a soporif]\s nature1 & :i* are effective ( sluggi%ness & oblivion1 :e!r !y are od\rs1 or o9tm5ts1 or are liquid or solid m$ic9es4 ,& to ! latt] x is requisite to advise ! use ( a dr9k sob] & )\t w9e1 food ( an att5uat$ nature1 & almo/ approa*+ to fa/+2 a h\se lucid1 & p>ticipat+ ( a subtle air & w9d1 & to urge him to be /r5u\sly excit$ by solicitude & ?\ght1 & to prep>e = himself a small & h>d b$4 ,b1 :e!r we are naturally adapt$ to ?is1 ,i mean to a vigilant life1 s z to grant z little z possible to sleep1 s9ce we d n dwell among ^? :o are p]petually vigilant1 or :e!r we are design$ to be 9 a soporif]\s /ate ( exi/5ce1 is ! bus9ess ( ano!r discussion1 & is a subject :i* requires v ext5d$ demon/rations4 #bh4 ,to ! man1 h[ev]1 :o once suspects ! en*antm5ts att5d+ our j\rney ?r\gh ! pres5t life1 & belong+ to ! place 9 :i* we dwell2 :o also p]ceives himself to be naturally vigilant1 & consid]s ! somnif]\s nature ( ! region :i* he inhabits2--to ?is man address+ ourselves1 we prescribe food cons5tane\s to 8 suspicion & k ( ?is t]r5e abode1 & exhort him to suff] ! somnol5t to be /ret*$ on _! b$s1 dissolv$ 9 sleep4 ,= x is requisite to be cauti\s1 le/ z ^? :o look on ! ble>-ey$ contract an oph?almy1 & z we gape :5 pres5t ) ^? :o are gap+1 s we %\ld be fill$ ) dr[s9ess & sleep1 :5 ! region :i* we inhabit is cold1 & adapt$ to fill ! eyes ) rheum1 z be+ ( a m>%y nature1 & draw+ d[n all ^? t dwell 9 x to a somnif]\s & oblivi\s condition4 ,if1 !re=e1 legislators _h orda9$ laws = cities1 ) a view to a contemplative & intellectual life1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be requisite to be ob$i5t to ^? laws1 & to comply ) :at !y in/itut$ conc]n+ food4 ,b if !y e/abli%$ _! laws1 look+ to a life accord+ to nature1 & :i* is said to rank z a m$ium1 betwe5 ! irrational & ! intellectual life1 & to :at ! vulg> admit1 :o conceive ext]nals1 & ?+s :i* p]ta9 to ! body to be good or evil1 :y %\ld any "o1 adduc+ _! laws1 endeav\r to subv]t a life1 :i* is m excell5t ?an e law :i* is writt5 & orda9$ = ! multitude1 & :i* is especially con=mable to an unwritt5 & div9e law8 ,= su* is ! tru? ( ! case4 #bi4 ,! contemplation :i* procures = u felicity1 does n consi/1 z same "o may ?9k x does1 9 a multitude ( discussions & discipl9es2 nor does x receive any increase by a quantity ( words4 ,= if ?is 7 ! case1 no?+ w\ld prev5t ^? f be+ happy by :om all discipl9es are collect$ toge!r & compreh5d$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 e discipl9e by no means gives completion to ?is contemplation1 nor ev5 ! discipl9es :i* p]ta9 to truly exi/+ be+s1 unless !re is a con=mity to !m ( our nature#bd & life4 ,= s9ce !re are1 z x is said1 9 e purpose ?ree#be ends1 ! end ) u is to obta9 ! contemplation ( real be+1 ! atta9m5t ( x procur+1 z mu* z x is possible = u1 a conjunction ( ! contemplator ) ! object ( contemplation4 ,= ! reasc5t ( ! s\l is n to any ?+ else ?an true be+ itself1 nor is its conjunction ) any o!r ?+4 ,b intellect is truly-exi/+ be+2 s t ! end is to live accord+ to intellect4 ,h5ce su* discussions & exot]ic discipl9es z imp$e our purification1 d n give completion to our felicity4 ,if1 !re=e1 felicity consi/$ 9 lit]>y atta9m5ts1 ?is end might be obta9$ by ^? :o pay no att5tion to _! food & _! actions4 ,b s9ce = ?is purpose x is requisite to ex*ange ! life :i* ! multitude lead = ano!r1 & to become purifi$ bo? 9 words & de$s1 let u consid] :at reason+s & :at works w enable u to obta9 ?is end4 #cj4 ,%all we say1 !re=e1 t !y w be su* z sep>ate u f s5sibles1 & ! passions :i* p]ta9 to !m1 & :i* elevate u z mu* z possible to an intellectual1 unimag9ative1 & impassive life2 b t ! contr>ies to ^! are =eign1 & des]ve to be reject$8 ,& ?is by s mu* ! m1 z !y sep>ate u f a life accord+ to intellect4 ,b1 ,i ?9k1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t we %\ld foll[ ! object to :i* intellect attracts u4 ,= we resemble ^? :o ent] into1 or dep>t f a =eign region1 n only because we are bani%$ f our intimate associates1 b 9 consequ5ce ( dwell+ 9 a =eign l&1 we are fill$ ) b>b>ic passions1 & mann]s1 & legal in/itutes1 & to all ^! h a great prop5sity4 ,h5ce1 he :o wi%es to return to 8 prop] k9dr$ & associates1 %\ld n only ) alacrity beg9 ! j\rney1 b1 9 ord] t he may be prop]ly receiv$1 %\ld m$itate h[ he may dive/ himself ( e ?+ ( a =eign nature :i* he has assum$1 & %\ld recall to 8 memory su* ?+s z he has =gott51 & )\t :i* he _c be admitt$ by 8 k9dr$ & fri5ds4 ,aft] ! same mann]1 also1 x is necess>y1 if we int5d to return to ?+s :i* are truly our own1 t we %\ld dive/ ourselves ( e ?+ ( a mortal nature :i* we h assum$1 toge!r ) an adh]+ affection t[>ds x1 & :i* is ! cause ( our desc5t into ?is t]re/rial region2 & t we %\ld excite our recollection ( t bless$ & et]nal ess5ce1 & %\ld ha/5 our return to ! nature :i* is )\t col\r & )\t quality1 e>ne/ly endeav\r+ to accompli% two ?+s2 "o1 t we may ca/ aside e ?+ mat]ial & mortal2 b ! o!r1 t we may prop]ly return1 & be aga9 conv]sant ) our true k9dr$1 asc5d+ to !m 9 a way contr>y to t 9 :i* we desc5d$ hi!r4 ,= we 7 intellectual natures1 & we /ill are ess5ces purifi$ f all s5se & irrationality2 b we are complicat$ ) s5sibles1 ?r\gh our incapability ( et]nally associat+ ) ! intelligible1 & ?r\gh ! p[] ( be+ conv]sant ) t]re/rial conc]ns4 ,= all ! p[]s :i* en]gize 9 conjunction ) s5se & body1 are injur$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! s\l n abid+ 9 ! intelligible2 7j z ! e>?1 :5 9 a bad condition1 ?\gh x frequ5tly receives ! se$ ( :eat1 yet produces no?+ b t>es71 & ?is is ?r\gh a c]ta9 depravity ( ! s\l1 :i* does n inde$ de/roy its ess5ce f ! g5]ation ( irrationality1 b ?r\gh ?is is conjo9$ ) a mortal nature1 & is drawn d[n f its own prop] to a =eign condition ( be+4 #ca4 ,s t1 if we are desir\s ( return+ to ^? natures ) :i* we =m]ly associat$1 we mu/ endeav\r to ! utmo/ ( our p[] to )draw ourselves f s5se & imag9ation1 & ! irrationality ) :i* !y are att5d$1 & also f ! passions :i* subsi/ ab\t !m1 z f> z ! necessity ( our condition 9 ?is life w p]mit4 ,b su* ?+s z p]ta9 to intellect %\ld be di/9ctly arrang$1 procur+ = x peace & quiet f ! w> ) ! irrational "p2 t we may n only be auditors ( intellect & intelligibles1 b may z mu* z possible enjoy ! contemplation ( !m1 &1 be+ e/abli%$ 9 an incorporeal nature1 may truly live ?r\gh intellect2 & n falsely 9 conjunction ) ?+s alli$ to bodies4 ,we mu/ !re=e dive/ ourselves ( our manifold g>m5ts1 bo? ( ?is visible & fle%ly ve/m5t1 & ( ^? ) :i* we are int]nally clo!d1 & :i* are proximate to our cutane\s habilim5ts2 & we mu/ ent] ! /adium nak$ & unclo!d1 /riv+ = ! mo/ glori\s ( all prizes ! ,olympia ( ! s\l4 ,! fir/ ?+1 h[ev]1 & )\t :i* we _c cont5d1 is to dive/ ourselves ( our g>m5ts4 ,b s9ce ( ^! "s are ext]nal & o!rs int]nal1 ?us also ) respect to ! d5udation1 "o k9d is ?r\gh ?+s :i* are app>5t1 b ano!r ?r\gh su* z are m unapp>5t4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 n to eat1 or n to receive :at is (f]$ to u1 belongs to ?+s :i* are imm$iately obvi\s2 b n to desire is a ?+ m obscure2 s t1 toge!r ) de$s1 we mu/ also )draw ourselves f an adh]+ affection & passion t[>ds !m4 ,= :at b5efit %all we d]ive by ab/a9+ f de$s1 :5 at ! same "t we t5aci\sly adh]e to ! causes f :i* ! de$s proce$8 #cb4 ,b ?is dep>ture f s5se1 imag9ation1 & irrationality1 may be effect$ by viol5ce1 & also by p]suasion & by reason1 ?r\gh ! wa/+ away1 &1 z x may be said1 oblivion & dea? ( ! passions2 :i*1 inde$1 is ! be/ k9d ( dep>ture1 s9ce x is accompli%$ )\t oppress+ t f :i* we are divuls$4 ,=1 9 s5sibles1 a divulsion by =ce is n effect$ )\t ei!r a lac]ation ( a "p1 or a ve/ige ( avulsion4 ,b ?is sep>ation is introduc$ by a cont9ual neglig5ce ( ! passions4 ,& ?is neglig5ce is produc$ by an ab/95ce f ^? s5sible p]ceptions :i* excite ! passions1 & by a p]sev]+ att5tion to intelligibles4 ,& among ^! passions or p]turbations1 ^? :i* arise f food are to be enum]at$4 #cc4 ,we %\ld !re=e ab/a91 no less ?an f o!r ?+s1 f c]ta9 food1 viz4 su* z is naturally adapt$ to excite ! passive "p ( our s\l1 conc]n+ :i* x w be requisite to consid] z foll[s3 ,!re are two f\nta9s ^: /reams irrigate ! bond by :i* ! s\l is b\nd to ! body2 & f :i* ! s\l be+ fill$ z ) deadly potions1 becomes oblivi\s ( ! prop] objects ( h] contemplation4 ,^! f\nta9s are pleasure & pa92 ( :i* s5se inde$ is prep>ative1 & ! p]ception :i* is accord+ to s5se1 toge!r ) ! imag9ations1 op9ions1 & recollections :i* accompany ! s5ses4 ,b f ^!1 ! passions be+ excit$1 & ! :ole ( ! irrational nature becom+ fatt5$1 ! s\l is drawn d[nw>d1 & ab&ons its prop] love ( true be+4 ,z mu* z possible1 !re=e1 we mu/ sep>ate ourselves f ^!4 ,b ! sep>ation mu/ be effect$ by an avoidance ( ! passions :i* subsi/ ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! irrational "p4 ,b ! s5ses are employ$ ei!r on objects ( ! sight1 or ( ! he>+1 or ( ! ta/e1 or ! smell1 or ! t\*2 = s5se is z x 7 ! metropolis ( t =eign colony ( passions :i* we conta94 ,let u1 !re=e1 consid] h[ mu* fuel ( ! passions ent]s into u ?r\gh ea* ( ! s5ses4 ,= ?is is effect$ p>tly by ! view ( ! conte/s ( horses & ! a?lete1 or ^? ^: bodies are contort$ 9 danc+2 & p>tly f ! survey ( beautiful wom54 ,= ^!1 ensn>+ ! irrational nature1 attack & subjugate x by all-v>i\s deceptions4 #cd4 ,= ! s\l1 be+ agitat$ ) ,bac*ic fury ?r\gh all ^! by ! irrational "p1 is made to leap1 to exclaim & vocif]ate1 ! ext]nal tumult be+ inflam$ by ! int]nal1 & :i* 0 fir/ enk9dl$ by s5se4 ,b ! excitations ?r\gh ! e>s1 & :i* are ( a passive nature1 are produc$ by c]ta9 noises & s\nds1 by indec5t language & defamation1 s t _m ?r\gh ^! be+ exil$ f reason1 are furi\sly agitat$1 & "s1 becom+ effem9ate1 exhibit all-v>i\s convolutions ( ! body4 ,& :o is ignorant h[ mu* ! use ( fumigations1 & ! exhalations ( sweet od\rs1 ) :i* lov]s supply ! objects ( _! love1 fatt5 ! irrational "p ( ! s\l8 ,b :at occasion is !re to speak ( ! passions produc$ ?r\gh ! ta/e8 ,= "h1 especially1 !re is a complication ( a tw(old bond2 "o :i* is fatt5$ by ! passions excit$ by ! ta/e2 & ! o!r1 :i* we r5d] heavy & p[]ful1 by ! introduction ( =eign bodies i4e4 ( bodies diff]5t f our own4 ,=1 z a c]ta9 physician said1 ^? are n ! only poisons :i* are prep>$ by ! m$ical art2 b ^? likewise :i* we daily assume = food1 bo? 9 :at we eat1 & :at we dr9k1 & a ?+ ( a mu* m deadly nature is imp>t$ to ! s\l ?r\gh ^!1 ?an f ! poisons :i* are comp\nd$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! body4 ,& z to ! t\*1 x does all b transmute ! s\l into ! body1 & produces 9 x c]ta9 in>ticulate s\nds1 su* z frequ5tly take place 9 inanimate bodies4 ,& f all ^!1 recollections1 imag9ations1 & op9ions be+ collect$ toge!r1 excite a sw>m ( passions1 viz4 ( fe>1 desire1 ang]1 love1 voluptu\sness#bf1 pa91 emulation1 solicitude1 & disease1 & cause ! s\l to be full ( simil> p]turbations4 #ce4 ,h5ce1 to be purifi$ f all ^! is mo/ difficult1 & requires a great conte/1 & we mu/ be/[ mu* lab\r bo? by night & by day to be lib]at$ f an att5tion to !m1 & ?is1 because we are necess>ily complicat$ ) s5se4 ,:5ce1 also1 z mu* z possible1 we %\ld )draw ourselves f ^? places 9 :i* we may1 ?\gh unwill+ly1 meet ) ?is ho/ile cr[d4 ,f exp]i5ce1 also1 we %\ld avoid a conte/ ) x1 & ev5 a victory ov] x1 & ! want ( ex]cise f inexp]i5ce4 #cf4 ,= we le>n1 t ?is conduct 0 adopt$ by "s ( ! celebrat$ anci5t ,py?agoreans & wise m52 "s ( :om dwelt 9 ! mo/ solit>y places2 b o!rs 9 temples & sacr$ groves1 f :i*1 ?\gh !y 7 9 cities1 all tumult & ! multitude 7 expell$4 ,b ,plato *ose to reside 9 ! ,academy1 a place n only solit>y & remote f ! city1 b :i* 0 also said to be insalubri\s4 ,o!rs h n sp>$ ev5 _! eyes1 ?r\gh a desire ( n be+ divuls$ f ! inw>d contemplation ( reality4 ,if "s "o1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t t he is conv]sant ) m51 & :ile he is fill+ 8 s5ses ) ! passions p]ta9+ to !m1 %\ld fancy t he c rema9 impassive1 he is ignorant t he bo? deceives himself & ^? :o are p]suad$ by him1 nor does he see t we are enslav$ to _m passions1 ?r\gh n ali5at+ ourselves f ! multitude4 ,= he did n speak va9ly1 & 9 su* a way z to falsify ! nature ( ! ,coryphan philosoph]s1 :o said ( !m1 8,^!1 !re=e1 f _! y\?1 nei!r "k ! way to ! =um1 nor :]e ! c\rt ( ju/ice or s5ate-h\se is situat$1 or any common place ( assembly belong+ to ! city40 ,!y likewise nei!r he> nor see laws1 or decrees1 :e!r orally promulgat$ or writt54 ,& z to ! ard5t endeav\rs ( _! companions to obta9 magi/racies1 ! associations ( ^!1 _! banquets & wanton fea/+s1 accompani$ by pip]s1 ^! !y d n ev5 dream ( accompli%+4 ,b :e!r any ?+ 9 ! city has happ5$ well or ill1 or :at evil has befall5 any "o f 8 prog5itors1 :e!r male or female1 ^! are m conceal$ f su* a "o1 ?an1 z x is said1 h[ _m measures call$ *oes ! sea conta9s4 ,& besides ?is1 he is ev5 ignorant t he is ignorant#bg ( all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,= he does n ab/a9 f !m = ! sake ( r5[n1 b1 9 reality1 8 body only dwells1 & is conv]sant 9 ! city2 b 8 reason+ p[] consid]+ all ^! z trifl+ & ( no value1 8he is borne away10 accord+ to ,p9d>1 8on all sides1 & does n apply himself to any ?+ :i* is ne>40 #cg4 ,9 :at is "h said1 ,plato ass]ts1 t ! ,coryphan philosoph]1 by n at all m+l+ himself ) ! above-m5tion$ p>ticul>s1 rema9s impassive to !m4 ,h5ce1 he nei!r kn[s ! way to ! c\rt ( ju/ice nor ! s5ate-h\se1 nor any ?+ else :i* has be5 be=e enum]at$4 ,he does n say1 inde$1 t he kn[s & is conv]sant ) ^! p>ticul>s1 & t1 be+ conv]sant1 & fill+ 8 s5ses ) !m1 yet does n "k any ?+ ab\t !m2 b1 on ! contr>y1 he says1 t ab/a9+ f !m1 he is ignorant t he is ignorant ( !m4 ,he also adds1 t ?is philosoph] does n ev5 dream ( betak+ himself to banquets4 ,mu* less1 !re=e1 w\ld he be indignant1 if depriv$ ( bro?1 or pieces ( fle%2 nor1 9 %ort1 w he admit ?+s ( ?is k9d4 ,& w he n r consid] ! ab/95ce f all ^! z trifl+1 & a ?+ ( no consequ5ce1 b ! assumption ( !m to be a ?+ ( great importance & noxi\s8 ,= s9ce !re are two p>adigms 9 ! ord] ( ?+s1 "o ( a div9e nature1 :i* is mo/ happy1 ! o!r ( t :i* is de/itute ( div9ity1 & :i* is mo/ mis]able#bh2 ! ,coryphan philosoph] w assimilate himself to ! "o1 b w r5d] himself dissimil> to ! o!r1 & w lead a life con=mable to ! p>adigm to :i* he is assimilat$1 viz4 a life satisfi$ ) sl5d] food1 & suffici5t to itself1 & 9 ! smalle/ degree replete ) mortal natures4 #ch4 ,h5ce1 z long z any "o is discordant ab\t food1 & cont5ds t ?is or t ?+ %\ld be eat51 b does n conceive t1 if x 7 possible1 we %\ld ab/a9 f all food1 ass5t+ by ?is cont5tion to 8 passions1 su* a "o =ms a va9 op9ion1 z if ! subjects ( 8 diss5sion 7 ?+s ( no consequ5ce4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o philosophizes1 w n sep>ate himself f 8 t]re/rial bonds by viol5ce2 = he :o is compell$ to d ?is1 nev]!less rema9s !re f :5ce he 0 =c$ to dep>t4 ,nor mu/ x be ?\ght1 t he :o /r5g!ns ^! bonds1 effects a ?+ ( small importance4 ,s t only grant+ to nature :at is necess>y1 & ?is ( a light quality1 & ?r\gh m sl5d] food1 he w reject :atev] exce$s ?is1 z only contribut+ to pleasure4 ,= he w be p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,plato says1 t s5se is a nail by :i* ! s\l is fa/5$ to bodies#bi1 ?r\gh ! agglut9ation ( ! passions1 & ! enjoym5t ( corporeal delight4 ,= if s5sible p]ceptions 7 no imp$im5t to ! pure en]gy ( ! s\l1 :y w\ld x be a ?+ ( a dire nature to be 9 body1 :ile at ! same "t ! s\l rema9$ impassive to ! motions ( ! body8 #ci4 ,h[ is x1 also1 t y h decid$ & said1 t y are n passive to ?+s :i* y suff]1 & t y are n pres5t ) ?+s by :i* y are passively affect$8 ,= intellect1 inde$1 is pres5t ) itself1 ?\gh we are n pres5t ) x4 ,b he :o dep>ts f intellect1 is 9 t place to :i* he dep>ts2 & :51 by discursive en]gies1 he applies himself upw>ds & d[nw>ds by 8 appreh5sion ( ?+s1 he is !re :]e 8 appreh5sion is4 ,b x is "o ?+ n to att5d to s5sibles1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ pres5t ) o!r ?+s1 & ano!r = a man to ?9k1 t ?\gh he att5ds to s5sibles yet he is n pres5t ) !m4 ,nor c any "o %[ t ,plato admits ?is1 )\t at ! same "t demon/rat+ himself to be deceiv$4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o submits to ! assumption ( e k9d ( food1 & volunt>ily betakes himself to allur+ spectacles1 to conv]sation ) ! multitude1 & laught]2 su* a "o1 by ?us act+1 is !re :]e ! passion is :i* he su/a9s4 ,b he :o ab/a9s f ^! 9 consequ5ce ( be+ pres5t ) o!r ?+s1 he x is :o1 ?r\gh 8 unskilfulness1 n only excites laught] 9 ,?racian maid-s]vants1 b 9 ! re/ ( ! vulg>1 & :5 he sits at a banquet1 falls into ! greate/ p]plexity1 n f any defect ( s5sation1 or f a sup]ior accuracy ( s5sible p]ception1 & en]giz+ ) ! irrational "p ( ! s\l alone2 = ,plato does n v5ture to ass]t ?is2 b because1 9 sl&]\s conv]sation1 he has no?+ reproa*ful to say ( any "o1 z n kn[+ any evil ( any "o1 because he has n made individuals ! subject ( 8 m$itation4 ,be+ 9 su* p]plexity1 !re=e1 he appe>s1 says ,plato1 to be ridicul\s2 & 9 ! praises & boa/+s ( o!rs1 z he is manife/ly se5 to laugh1 n dissembl+ly1 b1 9 reality1 he appe>s to be deliri\s4 #dj4 ,s t1 ?r\gh ignorance (1 & ab/a9+ f s5sible conc]ns1 he is unacqua9t$ ) !m4 ,b x is by no means to be admitt$1 t ?\gh he %\ld be famili> ) s5sibles1 & %\ld en]gize ?r\gh ! irrational "p1 yet x is possible = him at ! same "t g5u9ely to survey ! objects ( intellect4 ,= nei!r d !y :o ass]t t we h two s\ls1 admit t we c att5d at "o & ! same "t to two diff]5t ?+s4 ,= ?us !y w\ld make a conjunction ( two animals1 :i* be+ employ$ 9 diff]5t en]gies1 ! "o w\ld n be able to p]ceive ! op]ations ( ! o!r4 #da4 ,b :y w\ld x be requisite t ! passions %\ld wa/e away1 t we %\ld die ) respect to !m1 & t ?is %\ld be daily ! subject ( our m$itation1 if x 0 possible = u1 z "s ass]t1 to en]gize accord+ to intellect1 ?\gh we are at ! same "t intimately connect$ ) mortal conc]ns1 & ?is )\t ! intuition ( intellect8 ,= intellect sees1 & intellect he>s z ,epi*>mus says4 ,b if1 :ile eat+ luxuri\sly1 & dr9k+ ! sweete/ w9e1 x 7 possible to be pres5t ) immat]ial natures1 :y may n ?is be frequ5tly effect$ :ile y are pres5t )1 & are p]=m+ ?+s :i* x is n becom+ ev5 to m5tion8 ,= ^! passions e :]e proce$ f ! boy#cj :i* is 9 u4 ,& y c]ta9ly w admit t ! bas] ^! passions are1 ! m we are drawn d[n t[>ds !m4 ,= :at w be ! di/9ction :i* ought "h to be made1 if y admit t to "s ?+s x is n possible to be passive1 )\t be+ pres5t ) !m1 b t y may accompli% o!r ?+s1 at ! same "t t y are survey+ intelligibles8 ,= x is n because "s ?+s are appreh5d$ to be base by ! multitude1 b o!rs n4 ,= all ! above m5tion$ passions are base4 ,s t to ! atta9m5t ( a life accord+ to intellect1 x is requisite to ab/a9 f all ^!1 9 ! same mann] z f v5]eal conc]ns4 ,to nature !re=e1 b little food mu/ be grant$1 ?r\gh ! necessity ( g5]ation or ( our connexion ) a fl[+ condition ( be+4 ,=1 :]e s5se & s5sible appreh5sion are1 !re a dep>ture & sep>ation f ! intelligible take place2 & by h[ mu* /rong] ! excitation is ( ! irrational "p1 by s mu* ! great] is ! dep>ture f intellection4 ,= x is n possible = u to be borne along to ?is place & to t1 :ile we are "h1 & yet be !re1 i4e4 be pres5t ) an intelligible ess5ce4 ,= our att5tions to ?+s are n effect$ ) a "p1 b ) ! :ole ( ourselves4 #db4 ,b to fancy t he :o is passively affect$ accord+ to s5se1 may1 nev]!less1 en]gize ab\t intelligibles1 has precipitat$ _m ( ! ,b>b>ians to de/ruction2 :o arrogantly ass]t1 t ?\gh !y indulge 9 e k9d ( pleasure1 yet !y are able to conv]t !mselves to ?+s ( a diff]5t nature f s5sibles1 at ! same "t t !y are en]giz+ ) ! irrational "p4 ,= ,i h he>d "s p]sons patroniz+ _! infelicity aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 8,we are n10 say !y1 8defil$ by food1 z nei!r is ! sea by ! fil? ( riv]s4 ,= we h dom9ion ov] all eatables1 9 ! same mann] z ! sea ov] all humidity4 ,b if ! sea %\ld %ut up its m\?1 s z n to receive ! /reams t n[ fl[ into x1 x w\ld be inde$1 ) respect to itself1 great2 b1 ) respect to ! _w1 small1 z n be+ able to receive dirt & corruption4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 0 afraid ( be+ defil$1 x w\ld n receive ^! /reams2 b kn[+ its own magnitude1 x receives all ?+s1 & is n av]se to any ?+ :i* proce$s into x4 ,9 l mann]1 say !y1 we also1 if we 7 afraid ( food1 %\ld be enslav$ by ! conception ( fe>4 ,b x is requisite t all ?+s %\ld be ob$i5t to u4 ,=1 if we collect a little wat]1 inde$1 :i* has receiv$ any fil?1 x becomes imm$iately defil$ & oppress$ by ! fil?2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! pr(\nd sea4 ,?us1 also1 alim5ts vanqui% ! pusillanim\s2 b :]e !re is an imm5se lib]ty ) respect to food1 all ?+s are receiv$ = nutrim5t1 & no defilem5t is produc$40 ,^! m51 !re=e1 deceiv+ !mselves by argum5ts ( ?is k9d1 act 9 a mann] con=mable to _! deception4 ,b1 in/ead ( obta9+ lib]ty1 be+ precipitat$ into an abyss ( infelicity1 !y are suffocat$4 ,?is1 also1 induc$ "s ( ! ,cynics to be desir\s ( eat+ e k9d ( food1 9 consequ5ce ( _! p]t9aci\sly adh]+ to ! cause ( errors1 :i* we are accu/om$ to call a ?+ ( an indiff]5t nature4 #dc4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 :o is cauti\s1 & is suspici\s ( ! en*antm5ts ( nature1 :o has survey$ ! ess5tial prop]ties ( body1 & kn[s t x 0 adapt$ z an in/rum5t to ! p[]s ( ! s\l1 w also "k h[ readily passion is prep>$ to accord ) ! body1 :e!r we are will+ or n1 :5 any ?+ ext]nal /rikes x1 & ! pulsation at l5g? arrives at p]ception4 ,= p]ception is1 z x 71 an answ] to t :i* causes ! p]ception4 ,b ! s\l _c answ] unless %e :olly conv]ts h]self to ! s\nd1 & transf]s h] animadv]sive eye to ! pulsation4 ,9 %ort1 ! irrational "p n be+ able to judge to :at ext5t1 h[1 :5ce1 & :at ?+ ought to be ! object ( att5tion1 b ( itself be+ inconsid]ate1 l horses )\t a *>iote]#ca2 :i!r x v]ges d[nw>d1 ?i!r x is borne along1 )\t any p[] ( gov]n+ itself 9 ?+s ext]nal4 ,nor does x "k ! fit "t or ! measure ( ! food :i* %\ld be tak51 unless ! eye ( ! *>iote] is att5tive to x1 :i* regulates & gov]ns ! motions ( irrationality1 ?is "p ( ! s\l be+ ess5tially bl9d4 ,b he :o takes away f reason its dom9ion ov] ! irrational "p1 & p]mits x to be borne along1 con=mably to its prop] nature3 su* a "o1 yield+ to desire & ang]1 w suff] !m to proce$ to :atev] ext5t !y please4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! wor?y man w s act t 8 de$s may be con=mable to presid+ reason1 ev5 9 ! en]gies ( ! irrational "p4 #dd4 ,& 9 ?is ! wor?y appe>s to diff] f ! deprav$ man1 t ! =m] has e :]e reason pres5t1 gov]n+ & guid+1 l a *>iote]1 ! irrational "p2 b ! latt] p]=ms _m ?+s )\t reason = 8 guide4 ,h5ce ! latt] is said to be mo/ irrational1 & is borne along 9 a disord]ly mann] by irrationality2 b ! =m] is ob$i5t to reason1 & sup]ior to e irrational desire4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! cause :y ! multitude err 9 words & de$s1 9 desire & ang]1 & :y1 on ! contr>y1 good m5 act ) rectitude1 viz4 t ! =m] suff] ! boy )9 !m to d :atev] x pleases2 b ! latt] give !mselves up to ! guidance ( ! tutor ( ! boy1 i4e4 to reason & gov]n :at p]ta9s to !mselves 9 conjunction ) x4 ,h5ce 9 food1 & 9 o!r corporeal en]gies & enjoym5ts1 ! *>iote] be+ pres5t1 def9es :at is comm5surate & opportune4 ,b :5 ! *>iote] is abs5t1 &1 z "s say1 is occupi$ 9 8 own conc]ns1 !n1 if he also has ) him our att5tion1 he does n p]mit x to be di/urb$1 or at all to en]gize ) ! irrational p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he %\ld p]mit our att5tion to be direct$ to ! boy1 unaccompani$ by himself1 he w\ld de/roy ! man1 :o w\ld be precipitately borne along by ! folly ( ! irrational "p4 #de4 ,h5ce1 to wor?y m51 ab/95ce 9 food1 & 9 corporeal enjoym5ts & actions1 is m appropriate ?an ab/95ce 9 :at p]ta9s to ! t\*2 because ?\gh1 :ile we t\* bodies1 x is necess>y we %\ld desc5d f our prop] mann]s to ! in/ruction ( t :i* is mo/ irrational 9 u2 yet ?is is /ill m necess>y 9 ! assumption ( food4 ,= ! irrational nature is incapable ( consid]+ :at w be ! effect ( x1 because ?is "p ( ! s\l is ess5tially ignorant ( t :i* is abs5t4 ,b1 ) respect to food1 if x 7 possible to be lib]at$ f x1 9 ! same mann] z f visible objects1 :5 !y are remov$ f ! view2 = we c att5d to o!r ?+s :5 ! imag9ation is )drawn f !m2--if ?is 7 possible1 x w\ld be no great und]tak+ to be imm$iately emancipat$ f ! necessity ( ! mortal nature1 by yield+1 9 a small degree1 to x4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a prolongation ( "t 9 cook+ & dige/+ food1 & toge!r ) ?is ! co-op]ation ( sleep & re/1 are requisite1 &1 aft] ^!1 a c]ta9 temp]am5t f dige/ion1 & a sep>ation ( excrem5ts1 x is necess>y t ! tutor ( ! boy )9 u %\ld be pres5t1 :o1 select+ ?+s ( a light nature1 & :i* w be no imp$im5t to him1 may conc$e ^! to nature1 9 consequ5ce ( =esee+ ! future1 & ! imp$im5t :i* w be produc$ by 8 p]mitt+ ! desires to introduce to u a burd5 n easily to be borne1 ?r\gh ! trifl+ pleasure aris+ f ! deglutition ( food4 #df4 ,reason1 !re=e1 v prop]ly reject+ ! mu* & ! sup]flu\s1 w circumscribe :at is necess>y 9 n>r[ b\nd>ies1 9 ord] t x may n be mole/$ 9 procur+ :at ! wants ( ! body dem&1 ?r\gh _m ?+s be+ requisite2 nor be+ att5tive to elegance1 w x ne$ a multitude ( s]vants2 nor endeav\r to receive mu* pleasure 9 eat+1 nor1 ?r\gh satiety1 to be fill$ ) mu* indol5ce2 nor by r5d]+ its burd5 ! body m gross1 to become somnol5t2 nor ?r\gh ! body be+ replete ) ?+s ( a fatt5+ nature1 to r5d] ! bond m /rong1 b himself m sluggi% & imbecile 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 prop] works4 ,=1 let any man %[ u :o endeav\rs z mu* z possible to live accord+ to intellect1 & n to be attract$ by ! passions ( ! body1 t animal food is m easily procur$ ?an ! food f fruits & h]bs2 or t ! prep>ation ( ! =m] is m simple ?an t ( ! latt]1 &1 9 %ort1 t x does n require cooks1 b1 :5 comp>$ ) inanimate nutrim5t1 is unatt5d$ by pleasure1 is light] 9 concoction1 & is m rapidly dige/$1 excites 9 a less degree ! desires1 & contributes less to ! /r5g? ( ! body ?an a vegetable diet4 #dg4 ,if1 h[ev]1 nei!r any physician1 nor philosoph]1 nor wre/l]1 nor any "o ( ! vulg>1 has d>$ to ass]t ?is1 :y %\ld we n will+ly ab/a9 f ?is corporeal burd58 ,:y %\ld we n1 at ! same "t1 lib]ate ourselves f _m inconv5i5ces by ab&on+ a fle%ly diet8 ,= we %\ld n be lib]at$ f "o only1 b f myriads ( evils1 by accu/om+ ourselves to be satisfi$ ) ?+s ( ! smalle/ nature2 viz4 we %\ld be fre$ f a sup]abundance ( ri*es1 f num]\s s]vants1 a multitude ( ut5sils1 a somnol5t condition1 f _m & vehem5t diseases1 f m$ical assi/ance1 inc5tives to v5]y1 m gross exhalations1 an abundance ( excrem5ts1 ! crassitude ( ! corporeal bond1 f ! /r5g? :i* excites to base actions1 &1 9 %ort1 f an ,iliad ( evils4 ,b f all ^!1 inanimate & sl5d] food1 & :i* is easily obta9$1 w lib]ate u1 & w procure = u peace1 by imp>t+ salvation to our reason+ p[]4 ,=1 z ,diog5es says1 ?ieves & enemies are n f\nd among ^? t fe$ on maize#cb1 b sycophants & tyrants are produc$ f ^? :o fe$ on fle%4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 ( our be+ 9 want ( _m ?+s be+ tak5 away1 toge!r ) ! multitude ( nutrim5t introduc$ into ! body1 & also ! weight ( dige/ibles be+ light5$1 ! eye ( ! s\l w become free1 & w be e/abli%$ z 9 a port beyond ! smoke & ! waves ( ! corporeal nature4 #dh4 ,& ?is nei!r requires monition1 nor demon/ration1 on acc\nt ( ! evid5ce ) :i* x is imm$iately att5d$4 ,h5ce1 n only ^? :o endeav\r to live accord+ to intellect1 & :o e/abli% = !mselves an intellectual life1 z ! end ( _! pursuits1 h p]ceiv$ t ?is ab/95ce 0 necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( ?is end2 b1 z x appe>s to me1 ne>ly e philosoph]1 pref]r+ frugality to luxury1 has r embrac$ a life :i* is satisfi$ ) a little1 ?an "o t requires a multitude ( ?+s4 ,&1 :at w seem p>adoxical to _m1 we %all f9d t ?is is ass]t$ & prais$ by m5 :o ?\ght t pleasure is ! end ( ^? t philosophize4 ,= mo/ ( ! ,epicureans1 beg9n+ f ! ,corypheus ( _! sect1 appe> to h be5 satisfi$ ) maize & fruits1 & h fill$ _! writ+s ) %[+ h[ little nature requires1 & t its necessities may be suffici5tly rem$i$ by sl5d] & easily-procur$ food4 #di4 ,= ! weal?1 say !y1 ( nature is def9ite1 & easily obta9$2 b t :i* proce$s f va9 op9ions1 is indef9ite1 & procur$ ) difficulty4 ,= ?+s :i* may be readily obta9$1 remove 9 a beautiful & abundantly suffici5t mann] t :i*1 ?r\gh indig5ce1 is ! cause ( mole/ation to ! fle%2 & ^! are su* z h ! simple nature ( moi/ & dry alim5ts4 ,b e ?+ else1 say !y1 :i* t]m9ates 9 luxury1 is n att5d$ ) a necess>y appetition1 nor is x necess>ily produc$ f a c]ta9 some?+ :i* is 9 pa92 b p>tly arises f ! mole/ation & pung5cy solely proce$+ f some?+ n be+ pres5t2 p>tly f joy2 & p>tly f va9 & false dogmas1 :i* nei!r p]ta9 to any natural defect1 nor to ! dissolution ( ! human frame1 ^? n be+ pres5t4 ,= ?+s :i* may e :]e be obta9$1 are suffici5t = ^? purposes :i* nature necess>ily requires4 ,b ^!1 ?r\gh _! simplicity & paucity1 may be easily procur$4 ,& he1 inde$1 :o fe$s on fle%1 requires also inanimate natures2 b he :o is satisfi$ ) ?+s inanimate1 is easily suppli$ f ! half ( :at ! o!r wants1 & ne$s b a small exp5se = ! prep>ation ( 8 food4 #ej4 ,!y likewise say1 x is requisite t he :o prep>es ! necess>ies ( life1 %\ld n aft]w>ds make use ( philosophy z an accession2 b1 hav+ obta9$ x1 %\ld1 ) a confid5t m9d1 ?us g5u9ely endure#cc ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,= we %all commit :at p]ta9s to ourselves to a bad c\nsellor1 if we measure & procure :at is necess>y to nature1 )\t philosophy4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t ^? :o philosophize %\ld provide ?+s ( ?is k9d1 & /r5u\sly att5d to !m z mu* z possible4 ,b1 s f> z !re is a d]eliction f !nce1 i4e4 f philosophiz+1 :i* is n capable ( effect+ a p]fect purification#cd1 s f> we %\ld n endeav\r to procure ei!r ri*es or nutrim5t4 ,9 conjunction1 !re=e1 ) philosophy1 we %\ld engage 9 ?+s ( ?is k9d1 & be imm$iately p]suad$ t x is mu* bett] to pursue :at is ! lea/1 ! mo/ simple1 & light 9 nutrim5t4 ,= t :i* is lea/1 & is unatt5d$ ) mole/ation1 is d]iv$ f t :i* is lea/#ce4 #ea4 ,! prep>ation also ( ^! ?+s1 draws along ) x _m imp$im5ts1 ei!r f ! weight ( ! body1 :i* !y are adapt$ to increase1 or f ! difficulty ( procur+ !m1 or f _! prev5t+ ! cont9uity ( ! en]gy ( our mo/ pr9cipal reason+s#cf1 or f "s o!r cause4 ,= ?is en]gy !n becomes imm$iately useless1 & does n rema9 un*ang$ by ! concomitant p]turbations4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t a philosoph] %\ld hope t he may n be 9 want ( any ?+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( life4 ,b ?is hope w be suffici5tly pres]v$ by ?+s :i* are easily procur$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is hope is fru/rat$ by ?+s ( a sumptu\s nature4 ,! multitude1 !re=e1 on ?is acc\nt1 ?\gh _! possessions are abundant1 incessantly lab\r to obta9 m1 z if !y 7 9 want4 ,b ! recollection t ! greate/ possible weal? has no p[] wor? m5tion+ ( dissolv+ ! p]turbations ( ! s\l1 w cause u to be satisfi$ ) ?+s easily obta9$1 & ( ! mo/ simple nature4 ,?+s also1 :i* are v mod]ate & obvi\s1 & :i* may be procur$ ) ! greate/ facility1 remove ! tumult occasion$ by ! fle%4 ,b ! defici5cy ( ?+s ( a luxuri\s nature w n di/urb him :o m$itates on dea?4 ,f>!r /ill1 ! pa9 aris+ f indig5ce is mu* mild] ?an t :i* is produc$ by repletion1 & w be consid]$ to be s by him :o does n deceive himself ) va9 op9ions4 ,v>iety also ( food n only does n dissolve ! p]turbations ( ! s\l1 b does n ev5 increase ! pleasure :i* is felt by ! fle%4 ,= ?is is t]m9at$ z soon z pa9 is remov$#cg4 ,s t ! fe$+ on fle% does n remove any ?+ :i* is tr\blesome to nature1 nor effect any ?+ :i*1 unless x is accompli%$1 w end 9 pa94 ,b ! pleasantness ) :i* x is att5d$ is viol5t1 &1 p]haps1 m+l$ ) ! contr>y4 ,= x does n contribute to ! duration ( life1 b to ! v>iety ( pleasure2 & 9 ?is respect resembles v5]eal enjoym5ts1 & ! dr9k+ ( =eign w9es1 )\t :i* nature is able to rema94 ,= ^? ?+s1 )\t :i* nature _c la/1 are v few1 & may be procur$ easily1 & 9 conjunction ) ju/ice1 lib]ty1 quiet1 & abundant leisure4 #eb4 ,aga91 nei!r does animal food contribute1 b is r an imp$im5t to heal?4 ,= heal? is pres]v$ ?r\gh ^? ?+s by :i* x is recov]$4 ,b x is recov]$ ?r\gh a mo/ sl5d] & fle%less diet2 s t by ?is also x is pres]v$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 vegetable food does n contribute to ! /r5g? ( ,milo1 nor1 9 %ort1 to an increase ( /r5g?1 nei!r does a philosoph] require /r5g?1 or an increase ( x1 if he int5ds to give himself up to contemplation1 & n to an active & intemp]ate life4 ,b x is n at all wond]ful1 t ! vulg> %\ld fancy t animal food contributes to heal?2 = !y also ?9k t s5sual enjoym5ts & v5]y are pres]vative ( heal?1 none ( :i* b5efit any "o2 & ^? t engage 9 !m mu/ be ?ankful if !y are n injur$ by !m4 ,& if _m are n ( ?is op9ion1 x is no?+ to u4 ,= nei!r is any fidelity & con/ancy 9 fri5d%ip & b5evol5ce to be f\nd among ! vulg>2 nor are !y capable ( receiv+ ^!1 nor ( p>ticipat+ ( wisdom1 or any portion ( x :i* des]ves to be m5tion$4 ,nei!r d !y und]/& :at is privately or publicly advantage\s2 nor are !y capable ( =m+ a judgm5t ( deprav$ & elegant mann]s1 s z to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,&1 9 addition to ^! ?+s1 !y are full ( insol5ce & intemp]ance4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !re is no occasion to fe> t !re w n be ^? :o w fe$ on animals4 #ec4 ,= if all m5 conceiv$ rightly1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( f[l]s1 or hunt]s1 or fi%]m51 or sw9eh]ds4 ,b animals gov]n+ !mselves1 & hav+ no gu>dian & rul]1 w\ld quickly p]i%1 & be de/roy$ by o!rs1 :o w\ld attack !m & dim9i% _! multitude1 z is f\nd to be ! case ) myriads ( animals on :i* m5 d n fe$4 ,b all-v>i\s folly incessantly dwell+ ) mank9d1 !re w be an innum]able multitude ( ^? :o w voraci\sly fe$ on fle%4 ,x is necess>y h[ev] to pres]ve heal?2 n by ! fe> ( dea?1 b = ! sake ( n be+ imp$$ 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! good :i* is d]iv$ f contemplation4 ,b t :i* is especially pres]vative ( heal?1 is an undi/urb$ /ate ( ! s\l1 & a t5d5cy ( ! reason+ p[] t[>ds truly exi/+ be+4 ,= mu* b5efit is f h5ce d]iv$ to ! body1 z our associates h demon/rat$ f exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce "s :o h be5 afflict$ ) ! g\t 9 ! feet & h&s1 to su* a degree z to be infe/$ ) x = eight entire ye>s1 h expell$ x ?r\gh ab&on+ weal?1 & betak+ !mselves to ! contemplation ( div9ity#ch4 ,at ! same "t1 !re=e1 t !y h ab&on$ ri*es1 & a solicitude ab\t human conc]ns1 !y h also be5 lib]at$ f bodily disease4 ,s t a c]ta9 /ate ( ! s\l greatly contributes bo? to heal? & to ! good ( ! :ole body4 ,& to ?is also1 = ! mo/ "p1 a dim9ution ( nutrim5t contributes4 ,9 %ort1 z ,epicurus likewise has rightly said1 t food is to be avoid$1 ! enjoym5t ( :i* we desire & pursue1 b :i*1 aft] we h enjoy$1 we rank among ?+s ( an unacceptable nature4 ,b ( ?is k9d is e ?+ luxuriant & gross4 ,& 9 ?is mann] ^? are affect$1 :o are vehem5tly desir\s ( su* nutrim5t1 & ?r\gh x are involv$ ei!r 9 great exp5se1 or 9 disease1 or repletion1 or ! privation ( leisure#ci4 #ed4 ,h5ce also1 9 simple & sl5d] food1 repletion is to be avoid$1 & e :]e we %\ld consid] :at w be ! consequ5ce ( ! possession or enjoym5t ( x1 :at ! magnitude ( x is1 & :at mole/ation ( ! fle% or ( ! s\l x is capable ( dissolv+4 ,= we ought nev] to act indef9itely1 b 9 ?+s ( ?is k9d we %\ld employ a b\nd>y & measure2 & inf] by a reason+ process1 t he :o fe>s to ab/a9 f animal food1 if he suff]s himself to fe$ on fle% ?r\gh pleasure1 is afraid ( dea?4 ,= imm$iately1 toge!r ) a privation ( su* food1 he conceives t some?+ indef9itely dreadful w be pres5t1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be dea?4 ,b f ^! & simil> causes1 an insatiable desire is produc$ ( ri*es1 possessions1 & r5[n1 toge!r ) an op9ion t e good is increas$ ) ^! 9 a great] ext5t ( "t1 & ! dread ( dea? z ( an inf9ite evil4 ,! pleasure h[ev] :i* is produc$ ?r\gh luxury1 does n ev5 approa* to t :i* is exp]i5c$ by him :o lives ) frugality4 ,= su* a "o has great pleasure 9 ?9k+ h[ little he requires4 ,= luxury1 a/oni%m5t ab\t v5]eal occupations1 & ambition ab\t ext]nal conc]ns1 be+ tak5 away1 :at rema9+ use c !re be ( idle weal?1 :i* w be ( no advantage to u :atev]1 b w only become a burd51 no o!rwise ?an repletion8--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pleasure aris+ f frugality is g5u9e & pure4 ,x is also necess>y to accu/om ! body to become ali5at$1 z mu* z possible1 f ! pleasure ( ! satiety aris+ f luxuri\s food1 b n f ! fulness produc$ by a sl5d] diet1 9 ord] t mod]ation may proce$ ?r\gh all ?+s1 & t :at is necess>y1 or :at is mo/ excell5t1 may fix a b\nd>y to our diet4 ,= he :o ?us mortifies 8 body w receive e possible good1 ?r\gh be+ suffici5t to himself1 & an assimilation to div9ity4 ,& ?us also1 he w n desire a great] ext5t ( "t1 z if x w\ld br+ ) x an augm5tation ( good4 ,he w likewise ?us be truly ri*1 measur+ weal? by a natural b\nd1 & n by va9 op9ions4 ,?us too1 he w n dep5d on ! hope ( ! greate/ pleasure1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is incr$ible1 s9ce ?is w\ld be mo/ tr\blesome4 ,b he w rema9 satisfi$ ) 8 pres5t condition1 & w n be anxi\s to live = a long] p]iod ( "t4 #ee4 ,besides ?is also1 is x n absurd1 t he :o is 9 great affliction1 or is 9 "s griev\s ext]nal calamity1 or is b\nd ) *a9s1 does n ev5 ?9k ( food1 nor conc]n himself ab\t ! means ( obta9+ x2 b :5 x is plac$ be=e him1 refuses :at is necess>y to 8 subsi/5ce2 & t ! man :o is truly 9 bonds1 & is torm5t$ by inw>d calamities1 %\ld endeav\r to procure a v>iety ( eatables1 pay+ att5tion to ?+s ?r\gh :i* he w /r5g!n 8 bonds8 ,& h[ is x possible t ?is %\ld be ! conduct ( m5 :o "k :at !y suff]1 & n r ( ^? :o are delight$ ) _! calamities1 & :o are ignorant ( ! evils :i* !y endure8 ,= ^! are affect$ 9 a way contr>y to ^? :o are 9 *a9s1 & :o are consci\s ( _! mis]able condition2 s9ce ^!1 exp]i5c+ no gratification 9 ! pres5t life1 & be+ full ( imm5se p]turbation1 insatiably aspire aft] ano!r life4 ,= no "o :o c easily lib]ate himself f all p]turbations1 w desire to possess silv] tables & c\*es1 & to h o9tm5ts & cooks1 spl5did vessels & g>m5ts1 & supp]s rem>kable = _! sumptu\sness & v>iety2 b su* a desire arises f a p]fect uselessness to e purpose ( ! pres5t life1 f an indef9ite g5]ation ( good1 & f imm5se p]turbation4 ,h5ce "s d n rememb] ! pa/1 ! recollection ( x be+ expell$ by ! pres5t2 b o!rs d n inquire ab\t ! pres5t1 because !y are n gratifi$ ) exi/+ circum/ances4 #ef4 ,! contemplative philosoph]1 h[ev]1 w inv>iably adopt a sl5d] diet4 ,= he kn[s ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* 8 bond consi/s1 s t he is n capable ( desir+ luxuries4 ,h5ce1 be+ delight$ ) simple food1 he w n seek = animal nutrim5t1 z if he 0 n satisfi$ ) a vegetable diet4 ,b if ! nature ( ! body 9 a philosoph] 0 n su* z we h suppos$ x to be1 & 0 n s tractable1 & s adapt$ to h its wants satisfi$ ?r\gh ?+s easily procur$1 & x 0 requisite to endure "s pa9s & mole/ations = ! sake ( true salvation1 ought we n will+ly to endure !m8 ,= :5 x is requisite t we %\ld be lib]at$ f disease1 d we n volunt>ily su/a9 _m pa9s1 viz4 :ile we are cut1 cov]$ ) blood1 burnt1 dr9k bitt] m$ic9es1 & are purg$ ?r\gh ! belly1 ?r\gh emetics1 & ?r\gh ! no/rils1 & d we n also rew>d ^? :o cause u to suff] 9 ?is mann]8 ,& ?is be+ ! case1 ought we n to su/a9 e ?+1 ?\gh ( ! mo/ afflictive nature1 ) equanimity1 = ! sake ( be+ purifi$ f int]nal disease1 s9ce our conte/ is = immortality1 & an association ) div9ity1 f :i* we are prev5t$ ?r\gh an association ) ! body8 ,by no means1 !re=e1 ought we to foll[ ! laws ( ! body1 :i* are viol5t & adv]se to ! laws ( intellect1 & to ! pa?s :i* lead to salvation4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we d n n[ philosophize ab\t ! endurance ( pa91 b ab\t ! rejection ( pleasures :i* are n necess>y1 :at apology c rema9 = ^?1 :o impud5tly endeav\r to def5d _! own intemp]ance8 #eg4 ,= if x is requisite n to dissemble any ?+ ?r\gh fe>1 b to speak freely1 x is no o!rwise possible to obta9 ! end ( a contemplative life1 ?an by adh]+ to ,god1 z if fa/5$ by a nail1 be+ divuls$ f body1 & ^? pleasures ( ! s\l :i* subsi/ ?r\gh x2 s9ce our salvation is effect$ by de$s1 & n by a m]e att5tion to words4 ,b z x is n possible ) any k9d ( diet1 &1 9 %ort1 by fe$+ on fle%1 to become adapt$ to an union ) ev5 "s p>tial deity1 mu* less is ?is possible ) t ,god :o is beyond all ?+s1 & is above a nature simply incorporeal2 b aft] all-v>i\s purifications1 bo? ( s\l & body1 he :o is naturally ( an excell5t disposition1 & lives ) piety & purity1 w sc>cely be ?\ght wor?y to p]ceive him4 ,s t1 by h[ mu* m ! ,fa!r ( all ?+s excels 9 simplicity1 purity1 & suffici5cy to himself1 z be+ e/abli%$ f> beyond all mat]ial repres5tation1 by s mu* ! m is x requisite1 t he :o approa*es to him %\ld be 9 e respect pure & holy1 beg9n+ f 8 body1 & end+ int]nally1 & di/ribut+ to ea* ( ! p>ts1 & 9 %ort to e ?+ :i* is pres5t ) him1 a purity adapt$ to ! nature ( ea*4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ^! ?+s w n be contradict$ by any "o4 ,b x may be d\bt$1 :y we admit ab/95ce f animal food to p]ta9 to purity1 ?\gh 9 sacrifices we slay %eep & ox51 & conceive t ^! immolations are pure & acceptable to ! ,gods4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! solution ( ?is requires a long discussion1 ! consid]ation ( sacrifices mu/ be assum$ f ano!r pr9ciple4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,porphyry else:]e calls ?is ,firmus ,ca/ricius 8 fri5d & fell[ disciple4 ,see m conc]n+ him 9 ,porphyry's ,life ( ,plot9us4 #ad 4 ,porphyry calls ! conduct ( ,firmus illegitimate1 because ! fe$+ on fle% is = ! mo/ "p contr>y to ! laws ( g5u9e philosophy4 #ae ,! orig9al 9 ?is place is1 ' 1 1 4442 b1 = 1 ,i read 4 ,& ?is appe>s to h be5 ! read+ :i* ,felicianus f\nd 9 8 ,,ms42 = 8 v]sion ( ?is passage is1 8,vel igitur deceptione inductus1 quod sive hoc sive illo modo vesc>is1 c40 #af ,?is philosoph] 0 an auditor ( ,plato & ,speusippus4 #ag ,hesiod4 ,op4 et ,di4 lib4 ,i4 v4 #bge1 c4 #ah ,?is philosoph] 0 a ,mityl5an1 & is said to h be5 an auditor (1 & also ! successor (1 ,epicurus4 #ai ,iliad1 ,,xi4 v4 #dgi4 #bj ,iliad1 ,,iv4 v4 #ce4 #ba ,iliad1 ,,xxii4 v4 #cdg4 #bb i4e4 ,sacrifices f twelve animals4 #bc ,= ,cyzicus 0 situat$ 9 an isl&4 #bd ,9 ! orig9al ' 2 b x is obvi\sly necess>y = to read 4 #be viz4 ,z x appe>s to me1 a pleasurable1 a pr(itable1 & a virtu\s end1 :i* la/ is a truly beautiful & good end4 #bf ,= "h1 ,i read 4 #bg ,! multitude are ignorant t !y are ignorant ) respect to objects ( all o!rs ! mo/ spl5did & real2 b ! ,coryphan philosoph] is ignorant t he is ignorant ) respect to objects mo/ unsub/antial & obscure4 ,! =m] ignorance is ! consequ5ce ( a defect1 b ! latt] ( a transc5d5cy ( gno/ic en]gy4 ,:at ,porphyry "h says ( ! ,coryphan philosoph]1 is d]iv$ f ! ,!tetus ( ,plato4 #bh ,see p4 #eb ( my translation ( ! ,!tetus ( ,plato1 f :i* ,dialogue1 :at ,porphyry "h says1 z well z :at he a little be=e said1 is d]iv$4 #bi ,see ! ,phd ( ,plato1 :]e ?is is ass]t$4 #cj ,s5se1 & t :i* is beautiful 9 ! en]gies ( s5se1 are ?us d5om9at$ by ,plato4 #ca ,! rational "p ( ! s\l is assimilat$ by ,plato1 9 ! ,phdrus1 to a *>iote]1 & ! two irrational p>ts1 desire & ang]1 to two horses4 ,see my translation ( t ,dialogue4 #cb ,a k9d ( bread made ( milk & fl\r4 #cc ,9 ! orig9al1 ' 4 ,b ! editor ( ! qu>to edition ( ?is "w1 :o appe>s to h be5 no?+ m ?an a m]e v]bal critic1 says1 9 a note on ?is passage1 t ! ^w 1 signifies p]t9acissime illis inhr]e1 nihil ultra /ud]e2 :]eas x mu/ be obvi\s to any man :o und]/&s :at is "h said1 t 9 ?is place x signifies to endure4 #cd ,9 ! orig9al1 2 b = ,i read ) ,felicianus 4 #ce ,9 ! orig9al1 4 ,b x is obvi\sly necess>y = to read 1 & yet ?is 0 n p]ceiv$ by ! ,g]man editor ( ?is "w1 ,jacob ,rho]4 #cf i4e4 ,( our reason+s ab\t intelligible objects4 #cg ,con=mable to ?is1 x is beautifully obs]v$ by ,ari/otle1 9 8 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 t corporeal pleasures are ! rem$ies ( pa91 & t !y fill up ! indig5ce ( nature1 b d n p]fect any en]gy ( ! rational s\l4 #ch ,?is is said by ,porphyry1 9 8 ,life ( ,plot9us1 to h be5 ! case ) ! s5ator ,rogatianus4 #ci ,& leisure1 to ^? :o knew h[ rightly to employ x1 is1 z ,socrates said1 1 8! mo/ beautiful ( possessions40 ,,on ,,ab/95ce ,,f ,,animal ,,food4 ,,book ,,! ,,second4 #a4 ,pursu+ !re=e ! inquiries p]ta9+ to simplicity & purity ( diet1 we h n[ arriv$1 ,o ,ca/ricius1 at ! discussion ( sacrifices2 ! consid]ation ( :i* is difficult1 & at ! same "t requires mu* explanation1 if we int5d to decide conc]n+ x 9 su* a way z w be acceptable to ! ,gods4 ,h5ce1 z ?is is ! prop] place = su* a discussion1 we %all n[ unfold :at appe>s to u to be ! tru? on ?is subject1 & :at is capable ( be+ n>rat$1 correct+ :at 0 ov]look$ 9 ! hypo!sis propos$ f ! beg9n+4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re=e we say1 x does n foll[ because animals are sla9 t x is necess>y to eat !m4 ,nor does he :o admits ! "o1 ,i mean t !y %\ld be sla91 entirely prove t !y %\ld be eat54 ,= ! laws p]mit u to def5d ourselves aga9/ enemies :o attack u by kill+ !m2 b x did n seem prop] to ^! laws to grant t we %\ld eat !m1 z be+ a ?+ contr>y to ! nature ( man4 ,9 ! second place1 x does n foll[1 t because x is prop] to sacrifice c]ta9 animals to dmons1 or ,gods1 or c]ta9 p[]s1 ?r\gh causes ei!r kn[n or unkn[n to m51 x is !re=e necess>y to fe$ on animals4 ,= x may be %[n1 t m5 assum$ animals 9 sacrifices1 :i* no "o ev5 ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to fe$ on fle%1 w\ld endure to ta/e4 ,moreov]1 9 ! slay+ ( animals1 ! same error is ov]look$4 ,= x does n foll[1 t if x is requisite to kill "s1 x is !re=e necess>y to slay all animals1 z nei!r mu/ x be grant$1 t if irrational animals1 !re=e m5 also may be sla94 #c4 ,besides1 ab/95ce f animal food1 z we h said 9 ! fir/ book1 is n simply recomm5d$ to all m51 b to philosoph]s1 & to ^? especially1 :o susp5d _! felicity f ,god1 & ! imitation ( him4 ,= nei!r 9 ! political life d legislators orda9 t ! same ?+s %all be p]=m$ by private individuals & ! prie/s1 b conc$+ c]ta9 ?+s to ! multitude1 p]ta9+ to food & o!r necess>ies ( life1 !y =bid ! prie/s to use !m1 puni%+ ! transgression ( _! m&ates by dea?1 or "s great f9e4 #d4 ,= ^! ?+s n be+ confus$1 b di/+ui%$ 9 a prop] mann]1 mo/ ( ! oppos+ argum5ts w be f\nd to be va94 ,= ! great] "p ( !m endeav\r to %[1 ei!r t x is necess>y to slay animals1 on acc\nt ( ! injuries su/a9$ f !m1 & x is assum$ z a ?+ consequ5t1 t x is prop] to eat !m2 or because animals are sla9 9 sacrifices1 x is inf]r$ t !re=e !y may be eat5 by m54 ,& aga91 if x is requisite to de/roy c]ta9 animals1 on acc\nt ( _! f]ocity1 x is conceiv$1 t x mu/ foll[1 t tame animals likewise ought to be sla94 ,if1 also1 "s p]sons may be all[$ to eat !m1 su* z ^? :o engage 9 a?letic ex]cises1 soldi]s1 & ^? :o are employ$ 9 bodily lab\r1 !re=e ?is may likewise be p]mitt$ to philosoph]s2 & if to "s1 !re=e to all ( !m2 ?\gh all ^! inf]5ces are bad1 & are incapable ( exhibit+ any necessity = _! adoption4 ,&1 inde$1 t all ( !m are bad1 w be imm$iately evid5t to m5 t are n cont5ti\s4 ,b "s ( ^! inf]5ces we h already confut$1 & we %all %[ ! fallacy ( o!rs z we proce$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we %all discuss :at p]ta9s to ! consid]ation ( sacrifices1 unfold+ ! pr9ciples f :i* !y orig9at$1 :at ! fir/ sacrifices 71 & ( :at k9d !y 72 h[ !y came to be *ang$1 & :5ce ! *ange arose2 :e!r all ?+s ought to be sacrific$ by a philosoph]1 & f :at animals sacrifices are made4 ,9 %ort1 we %all unfold e ?+ p]ta9+ to ! propos$ subject1 discov]+ "s ?+s ourselves1 b receiv+ o!rs f ! anci5ts1 & z mu* z possible direct+ our att5tion to :at is comm5surate & adapt$ to ! hypo!sis1 or ?+ int5d$ to be inve/igat$4 #e4 ,x seems t ! p]iod is ( imm5se antiquity1 f :i* a nation1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( all o!rs#dj1 z ,!ophra/us says1 & :o inhabit ! mo/ sacr$ region made by ! ,nile1 began fir/1 f ! ve/al he>?1 to sacrifice to ! cele/ial ,gods1 n myrrh1 or cassia1 nor ! fir/-fruits ( ?+s m+l$ ) ! crocus ( frank9c5se2 = ^! 7 assum$ _m g5]ations aft]w>ds1 9 consequ5ce ( error gradually increas+1 :5 m51 want+ ! necess>ies ( life1 (f]$1 ) great lab\r & _m te>s1 "s drops ( ^!1 z fir/-fruits1 to ! ,gods4 ,h5ce1 !y did n at fir/ sacrifice ^!1 b grass1 :i*1 z a c]ta9 s(t wool ( prolific nature1 !y pluck$ ) _! h&s4 ,= ! e>? produc$ trees prior to animals2 & long be=e trees grass1 :i* g]m9ates annually4 ,h5ce1 ga!r+ ! blades & roots1 & all ! g]ms ( ?is h]b1 !y committ$ !m to ! flames1 z a sacrifice to ! visible cele/ial ,gods1 to :om !y paid immortal hon\r ?r\gh fire4 ,= to ^!1 also1 we pres]ve 9 temples an immortal fire1 because x is especially mo/ simil> to ^! div9ities4 ,b f ! exhalation or smoke ( ?+s produc$ 9 ! e>?1 !y call$ ! (f]+s 1 ?umiat]ia2 to sacrifice1 !y call$ 1 ?ue91 & ! sacrifices1 1 ?usiai2 all :i*1 z if unfold+ ! error :i* 0 aft]w>ds introduc$1 we d n rightly int]pret2 s9ce we call ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods ?r\gh ! immolation ( animals 1 ?usia4 ,b s c>eful 7 ! anci5ts n to transgress ?is cu/om1 t aga9/ ^? :o1 neglect+ ! pri/9e1 introduc$ novel modes ( sacrific+1 !y employ$ execrations#da1 & !re=e !y n[ d5om9ate ! sub/ances :i* are us$ = fumigations 1 aromata1 i4e4 aromatics1 or ?+s ( an execrable nature4 ,! antiquity1 h[ev]1 ( ! be=e-m5tion$ fumigations may be p]ceiv$ by him :o consid]s t _m n[ also sacrifice c]ta9 portions ( odorif]\s wood4 ,h5ce1 :5 aft] grass1 ! e>? produc$ trees1 & m5 at fir/ f$ on ! fruits ( ! oak1 !y (f]$ to ! ,gods b few ( ! fruits on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 b 9 sacrifices !y burnt _m ( its leaves4 ,aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 :5 human life proce$$ to a mild] nutrim5t1 & sacrifices f nuts 7 introduc$1 !y said en\gh ( ! oak4 #f4 ,b z b>ley fir/ appe>$ aft] legum9\s sub/ances1 ! race ( m5 us$ x 9 primitive sacrifices1 moi/5+ x = ?is purpose ) wat]4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h brok5 & bruis$ x1 s z to r5d] x eatable1 z ! in/rum5ts ( ?is op]ation af=d$ a div9e assi/ance to human life1 !y conceal$ !m 9 an arcane place1 & approa*$ !m z ?+s ( a sacr$ nature4 ,b e/eem+ ! food produc$ f x :5 bruis$ to be bless$1 :5 comp>$ ) _! =m] nutrim5t1 !y (f]$1 9 f9e1 ! fir/-fruits ( x to ! ,gods4 ,h5ce also n[1 at ! end ( ! sacrifices1 we use fruits t are bruis$ or gr\nd2 te/ify+ by ?is h[ mu* fumigations h dep>t$ f _! anci5t simplicity2 at ! same "t n p]ceiv+ on :at acc\nt we p]=m ea* ( ^!4 ,proce$+1 h[ev]1 f h5ce1 & be+ m abundantly suppli$1 bo? ) o!r fruits & :eat1 ! fir/-fruits ( cakes1 made ( ! f9e fl\r ( :eat1 & ( e ?+ else1 7 (f]$ 9 sacrifices to ! ,gods2 _m fl[]s be+ collect$ = ?is purpose1 & ) ^! all t 0 conceiv$ to be beautiful1 & adapt$1 by its od\r1 to a div9e s5se1 be+ m+l$4 ,f ^!1 also1 "s 7 us$ = g>l&s1 & o!rs 7 giv5 to ! fire4 ,b :5 !y _h discov]$ ! use ( ! div9e drops ( w9e1 & honey1 & likewise ( oil1 = ! purposes ( human life1 !n !y sacrific$ ^! to _! causes1 ! ,gods4 #g4 ,& ^! ?+s appe> to be te/ifi$ by ! spl5did procession 9 hon\r ( ! ,sun & ! ,h\rs1 :i* is ev5 n[ p]=m$ at ,a!ns1 & 9 :i* !re 7 o!r h]bs besides grass1 & also acorns1 ! fruit ( ! crab tree1 b>ley1 :eat1 a heap ( dri$ figs1 cakes made ( :eat5 & b>ley fl\r2 &1 9 ! la/ place1 an e>!n pot4 ,?is mode1 h[ev]1 ( (f]+ fir/-fruits 9 sacrifices1 hav+1 at l5g?1 proce$$ to great illegality1 ! assumption ( immolations1 mo/ dire & full ( cruelty1 0 introduc$2 s t x w\ld seem t ! execrations :i* 7 =m]ly utt]$ aga9/ u1 h n[ receiv$ _! consummation1 9 consequ5ce ( m5 slaught]+ animals1 & defil+ alt>s ) blood2 & ?is comm5c$ f t p]iod 9 :i* mank9d ta/$ ( blood1 ?r\gh hav+ exp]i5c$ ! evils ( fam9e & w>4 ,div9ity1 !re=e1 z ,!ophra/us says1 be+ indignant1 appe>s to h inflict$ a puni%m5t adapt$ to ! crime4 ,h5ce "s m5 became a!i/s2 b o!rs1 9 consequ5ce ( =m+ errone\s conceptions ( a div9e nature1 may be m ju/ly call$ 1 kakophrones1 ?an 1 kako!oi#db1 because !y ?9k t ! ,gods are deprav$1 & 9 no respect naturally m excell5t ?an we are4 ,?us1 !re=e1 "s 7 se5 to live )\t sacrific+ any ?+1 & )\t (f]+ ! fir/-fruits ( _! possessions to ! ,gods2 b o!rs sacrific$ improp]ly1 & made use ( illegal oblations4 #h4 ,h5ce ! ,?oes#dc1 :o dwell 9 ! conf9es ( ,?race1 z !y nei!r (f]$ any fir/-fruits1 nor sacrific$ to ! ,gods1 7 at t "t sudd5ly tak5 away f ! re/ ( mank9d2 s t nei!r ! inhabitants1 nor ! city1 nor ! f\ndations ( ! h\ses1 c\ld by any "o be f\nd4 8,m5 prone to ill1 d5i$ ! ,gods _! due1 ,& by _! follies made _! days b few4 ,! alt>s ( ! bless'd neglect$ /&1 ,)\t ! (f]+s :i* ! laws dem&2 ,b angry ,jove 9 du/ ?is p laid1 ,because no hon\rs to ! ,gods !y paid40 ,,hesiod4 ,op4 et ,di4 lib4 i4 v4 #acc4 ,nor did !y (f] fir/-fruits to ! ,gods1 z x 0 j t !y %\ld4 ,b ) respect to ! ,bass>ians1 :o =m]ly 7 n only emul\s ( sacrific+ bulls1 b also ate ! fle% ( slaught]$ m51 9 ! same mann] z we n[ d ) o!r animals2 = we (f] to ! ,gods "s p>ts ( !m z fir/-fruits1 & eat ! re/2--) respect to ^! m51 :o has n he>d1 t insanely ru%+ on & bit+ ea* o!r1 & 9 reality fe$+ on blood1 !y did n cease to act 9 ?is mann] till ! :ole race 0 de/roy$ ( ^? :o us$ sacrifices ( ?is k9d8 #i4 ,! sacrifice1 !re=e1 ?r\gh animals is po/]ior & mo/ rec5t1 & orig9at$ f a cause :i* is n ( a pleas+ nature1 l t ( ! sacrifice f fruits1 b receiv$ its comm5cem5t ei!r f fam9e1 or "s o!r un=tunate circum/ance4 ,! causes1 inde$1 ( ! peculi> mactations among ! ,a!nians1 _h _! beg9n+ ei!r 9 ignorance1 or ang]1 or fe>4 ,= ! slaught] ( sw9e is attribut$ to an involunt>y error ( ,clym5e1 :o1 by un9t5tionally /rik+1 slew ! animal4 ,h5ce h] husb&1 be+ t]rifi$ z if he _h p]petrat$ an illegal de$1 consult$ ! oracle ( ! ,py?ian ,god ab\t x4 ,b z ! ,god did n condemn :at _h happ5$1 ! slaught] ( animals 0 aft]w>ds consid]$ z a ?+ ( an indiff]5t nature4 ,! inspector1 h[ev]1 ( sacr$ rites1 :o 0 ! (fspr+ ( prophets1 wi%+ to make an (f]+ ( fir/-fruits f %eep1 0 p]mitt$ to d s1 x is said1 by an oracle1 b ) mu* caution & fe>4 ,= ! oracle 0 z foll[s3-- 8,(fspr+ ( prophets1 %eep by =ce to slay1 ,! ,gods p]mit n !e2 b ) wa%'d h&s ,= !e 'tis lawful any %eep to kill1 ,t dies a volunt>y dea?40 #aj4 ,b a goat 0 fir/ sla9 9 ,ic>us1 a m\nta9 ( ,attica1 because x _h cropp$ a v9e4 ,& ,diomus1 :o 0 a prie/ ( ,jupit] ,polieus1 0 ! fir/ t slew an ox2 because1 :5 ! fe/ival sacr$ to ,jupit]1 & call$ ,diipolia1 0 celebrat$1 & fruits 7 prep>$ aft] ! anci5t mann]1 an ox approa*+ ta/$ ! sacr$ cake4 ,b ! prie/1 be+ aid$ by o!rs :o 7 pres5t1 slew ! ox4 ,& ^! are ! causes1 inde$1 :i* are assign$ by ! ,a!nians = ?is de$2 b by o!rs1 o!r causes are n>rat$4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 are full ( explanations t are n holy4 ,b mo/ ( !m assign fam9e1 & ! inju/ice ) :i* x is att5d$1 z ! cause4 ,h5ce m5 hav+ ta/$ ( animals1 !y (f]$ !m 9 sacrifice1 z fir/-fruits1 to ! ,gods2 b prior to ?is1 !y 7 accu/om$ to ab/a9 f animal food4 ,:5ce1 s9ce ! sacrifice ( animals is n m anci5t ?an necess>y food1 x may be det]m9$ f ?is circum/ance :at ought to be ! nutrim5t ( m54 ,b x does n foll[1 because m5 h ta/$ ( & (f]$ animals 9 sacrifices z fir/-fruits1 t x mu/ necess>ily be admitt$ to be pi\s to eat t :i* 0 n pi\sly (f]$ to ! ,gods4 #aa4 ,b :at especially proves t e ?+ ( ?is k9d orig9at$ f inju/ice1 is ?is1 t ! same ?+s are nei!r sacrific$ nor eat5 9 e nation1 b t !y conjecture :at x is fit = !m to d f :at !y f9d to be useful to !mselves4 ,) ! ,egyptians1 !re=e1 & ,phnicians1 any "o w\ld soon] ta/e human fle% ?an ! fle% ( a c[4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 is1 t ?is animal be+ useful1 is also r>e among !m4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh !y eat bulls1 & (f] !m 9 sacrifice z fir/-fruits1 yet !y sp>e c[s = ! sake ( _! prog5y1 & orda9 t1 if any "o kill !m1 x %all be consid]$ z an expiation4 ,& ?us1 = ! sake ( utility 9 "o & ! same g5us ( animals1 !y di/+ui% :at is pi\s1 & :at is impi\s4 ,s t ^! p>ticul>s subsi/+ aft] ?is mann]1 ,!ophra/us reasonably =bids ^? to sacrifice animals :o wi% to be truly pi\s2 employ+ ^!1 & o!r simil> argum5ts1 su* z ! foll[+4 #ab4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 inde$1 because we sacrific$ animals ?r\gh ! occurr5ce1 z we h said1 ( a great] necessity4 ,= pe/il5ce & w> 7 ! causes t introduc$ ! necessity ( eat+ !m4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we are suppli$ ) fruits1 :at occasion is !re to use ! sacrifice ( necessity8 ,9 ! next place1 ! remun]ations (1 & ?anks = b5efits1 are to be giv5 diff]5tly to diff]5t p]sons1 accord+ to ! wor? ( ! b5efit conf]r$2 s t ! greate/ remun]ations1 & f ?+s ( ! mo/ hon\rable nature1 are to be giv5 to ^? :o h b5efit$ u 9 ! greate/ degree1 & especially if !y are ! causes ( ^! gifts4 ,b ! mo/ beautiful & hon\rable ( ^? ?+s1 by :i* ! ,gods b5efit u1 are ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,= ?r\gh ^! !y pres]ve u1 & enable u to live legitimately2 s t1 f ^! we ought to v5]ate !m4 ,besides1 x is requisite to sacrifice ^? ?+s by ! sacrifice ( :i* we %all n injure any "o4 ,= no?+ ought to be s innoxi\s to all ?+s z sacrifice4 ,b if "s "o %\ld say1 t ,god gave animals = our use1 no less ?an ! fruits ( ! e>?1 yet x does n foll[ t !y are1 !re=e1 to be sacrific$1 because 9 s do+ !y are injur$1 ?r\gh be+ depriv$ ( life4 ,= sacrifice is1 z ! "n implies1 some?+ holy#dd4 ,b no "o is holy :o requites a b5efit f ?+s :i* are ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 :e!r he takes fruits or plants f "o :o is unwill+ to be depriv$ ( !m4 ,= h[ c ?is be holy1 :5 ^? are injur$ f :om !y are tak58 ,if1 h[ev]1 he :o takes away fruits f o!rs does n sacrifice ) sanctity1 x _c be holy to sacrifice ?+s tak5 f o!rs1 :i* are 9 e respect m hon\rable ?an ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,= a m dire de$ is ?us p]petrat$4 ,b s\l is mu* m hon\rable ?an ! vegetable productions ( ! e>?1 :i* x is n fit1 by sacrific+ animals1 t we %\ld take away4 #ac4 ,"s "o1 h[ev]1 p]haps may say1 t we also take away some?+ f plants :5 we eat1 & sacrifice !m to ! ,gods4 ,b ! ablation is n simil>2 s9ce we d n take ?is away f ^? :o are unwill+ t we %\ld4 ,=1 if we omitt$ to ga!r !m1 !y w\ld spontane\sly drop _! fruits4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! fruits1 also1 is n att5d$ ) ! de/ruction ( ! plants1 z x is :5 animals lose _! animat+ pr9ciple4 ,&1 ) respect to ! fruit :i* we receive f bees1 s9ce ?is is obta9$ by our lab\r1 x is fit t we %\ld d]ive a common b5efit f x4 ,= bees collect _! honey f plants2 b we c>efully att5d to !m4 ,on :i* acc\nt x is requisite t su* a division %\ld be made ( our att5tion & _! lab\r t !y may suff] no injury4 ,b t :i* is useless to !m1 & b5eficial to u1 w be ! rew>d :i* we receive f !m ( our att5tion to _! conc]ns4 ,9 sacrifices1 !re=e1 we %\ld ab/a9 f animals4 ,=1 ?\gh all ?+s are 9 reality ! prop]ty ( ! ,gods1 yet plants appe> to be our prop]ty2 s9ce we s[ & cultivate !m1 & n\ri% !m by o!r att5tions :i* we pay to !m4 ,we ought to sacrifice1 !re=e1 f our own prop]ty1 & n f ! prop]ty ( o!rs2 s9ce t :i* may be procur$ at a small exp5se1 & :i* may easily be obta9$1 is m holy1 m acceptable to ! ,gods1 & bett] adapt$ to ! purposes ( sacrifice1 & to ! ex]cise ( cont9ual piety4 ,h5ce1 t :i* is nei!r holy1 nor to be obta9$ at a small exp5se1 is n to be (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be pres5t4 #ad4 ,b t animals d n rank among ?+s :i* may be procur$ easily1 & at a small exp5se1 may be se5 by direct+ our view to ! great] "p ( our race3 = we are n n[ to consid] t "s m5 ab\nd 9 %eep1 & o!rs 9 ox54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 !re are _m nations t d n possess any ( ^? animals :i* are (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 "s ignoble animals1 p]haps1 except$4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 mo/ ( ^? t dwell 9 cities !mselves1 possess ^! b r>ely4 ,b if "s "o %\ld say t ! inhabitants ( cities h n mild fruits 9 abundance2 yet1 ?\gh ?is %\ld be admitt$1 !y are n 9 want ( ! o!r vegetable productions ( ! e>?2 nor is x s difficult to procure fruits z x is to procure animals4 ,h5ce an abundance ( fruits1 & o!r vegetables1 is m easily obta9$ ?an t ( animals4 ,b t :i* is obta9$ ) facility1 & at a small exp5se1 contributes to incessant & univ]sal piety4 #ae4 ,exp]i5ce also te/ifies t ! ,gods rejoice 9 ?is m ?an 9 sumptu\s (f]+s4 ,= :5 t ,!ssalian sacrific$ to ! ,py?ian deity ox5 ) gilt horns1 & hecatombs1 ,apollo said1 t ! (f]+ ( ,h]mioneus 0 m gratify+ to him1 ?\gh he _h only sacrific$ z mu* meal z he c\ld take ) 8 ?ree f+]s out ( a sack4 ,b :5 ! ,!ssalian1 on he>+ ?is1 plac$ all ! re/ ( 8 (f]+s on ! alt>1 ! ,god aga9 said1 t by s do+ 8 pres5t 0 d\bly m unacceptable to him ?an 8 =m] (f]+4 ,h5ce ! sacrifice :i* is att5d$ ) a small exp5se is pleas+ to ! ,gods1 & div9ity looks m to ! disposition & mann]s ( ^? t sacrifice1 ?an to ! multitude ( ! ?+s :i* are sacrific$4 #af4 ,!opompus likewise n>rates ?+s simil> to ^!1 viz4 t a c]ta9 ,magnesian came f ,asia to ,delphi2 a man v ri*1 & ab\nd+ 9 cattle1 & t he 0 accu/om$ e ye> to make _m & magnific5t sacrifices to ! ,gods1 p>tly ?r\gh ! abundance ( 8 possessions1 & p>tly ?r\gh piety & wi%+ to please ! ,gods4 ,b be+ ?us dispos$1 he came to ! div9ity at ,delphi1 br++ ) him a hecatomb = ! ,god1 & magnific5tly hon\r+ ,apollo1 he consult$ 8 oracle4 ,conceiv+ also t he wor%ipp$ ! ,gods 9 a mann] m beautiful ?an t ( all o!r m51 he ask$ ! ,py?ian deity :o ! man 0 t1 ) ! greate/ promptitude1 & 9 ! be/ mann]1 v5]at$ div9ity1 & made ! mo/ acceptable sacrifices1 conceiv+ t on ?is occasion ! ,god w\ld deem him to be pre-em95t4 ,! ,py?ian deity h[ev] answ]$1 t ,cle>*us1 :o dwelt 9 ,me?ydrium1 a t[n ( ,arcadia1 wor%ipp$ ! ,gods 9 a way surpass+ t ( all o!r m54 ,b ! ,magnesian be+ a/oni%$1 0 desir\s ( see+ ,cle>*us1 & ( le>n+ f him ! mann] 9 :i* he p]=m$ 8 sacrifices4 ,swiftly1 !re=e1 betak+ himself to ,me?ydrium1 9 ! fir/ place1 inde$1 he despis$ ! smallness & vil5ess ( ! t[n1 conceiv+ t nei!r any private p]son1 nor ev5 ! :ole city1 c\ld hon\r ! ,gods m magnific5tly & m beautifully ?an he did4 ,meet+1 h[ev]1 ) ! man1 he ?\ght fit to ask him aft] :at mann] he rev]5c$ ! ,gods4 ,b ,cle>*us answ]$ him1 t he dilig5tly sacrific$ to !m at prop] times 9 e mon? at ! new moon1 cr[n+ & adorn+ ! /atues ( ,h]mes & ,hecate1 & ! o!r sacr$ images :i* 7 left to u by our ance/ors1 & t he also hon\r$ ! ,gods ) frank9c5se1 & sacr$ waf]s & cakes4 ,he likewise said1 t he p]=m$ public sacrifices annually1 omitt+ no fe/ive day2 & t 9 ^! fe/ivals he wor%ipp$ ! ,gods1 n by slay+ ox51 nor by cutt+ victims into fragm5ts1 b t he sacrific$ :atev] he might casually meet )1 s$ul\sly (f]+ ! fir/-fruits to ! ,gods ( all ! vegetable productions ( ! seasons1 & ( all ! fruits ) :i* he 0 suppli$4 ,he add$1 t "s ( ^! he plac$ be=e ! /atues ( ! ,gods#de1 b t he burnt o!rs on _! alt>s2 & t1 be+ /udi\s ( frugality1 he avoid$ ! sacrific+ ( ox54 #ag4 ,by "s writ]s1 also1 x is relat$1 t c]ta9 tyrants1 aft] ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 conqu]$1 hav+1 ) great /rife among !mselves1 plac$ hecatombs be=e ,apollo1 aft]w>ds inquir$ ( ! ,god ) :i* ( ! (f]+s he 0 mo/ delight$2 & t he answ]$1 contr>y to all _! expectation1 t he 0 mo/ pleas$ ) ! cakes ( ,docimus4 ,b ?is ,docimus 0 an inhabitant ( ,delphi1 & cultivat$ "s rugg$ & /ony l&4 ,docimus1 !re=e1 com+ on t day f ! place :i* he cultivat$1 took f a bag :i* 0 fa/5$ r\nd him a few h&fuls ( meal1 & sacrific$ !m to ! ,god1 :o 0 m delight$ ) 8 (f]+ ?an ) ! magnific5t sacrifices ( ! tyrants4 ,h5ce1 also1 a c]ta9 poet1 because ! affair 0 kn[n1 appe>s to h ass]t$ ?+s ( a simil> k9d1 z we are in=m$ by ,antiphanes 9 8 ,my/ics3 ,9 simple (f]+s mo/ ! ,gods delight3 ,= ?\gh be=e !m hecatombs are plac$1 ,yet frank9c5se is burnt ! la/ ( all4 ,an indication ?is t all ! re/1 ,prec$+1 0 a va9 exp5se1 be/[$ ,?r\gh o/5tation1 = ! sake ( m52 ,b a small (f]+ gratifies ! ,gods4 ,m5&] likewise1 9 ! com$y call$ ! ,morose1 says1 ,pi\s ?' oblation :i* ) frank9c5se ,& popanum#df is made2 = 9 ! fire ,bo? ^!1 :5 plac$1 div9ity accepts4 #ah4 ,on ?is acc\nt also1 e>!n1 wood51 & wick] vessels 7 =m]ly us$1 & especially 9 public sacrifices1 ! anci5ts be+ p]suad$ t div9ity is delight$ ) ?+s ( ?is k9d4 ,:5ce1 ev5 n[1 ! mo/ anci5t vessels1 & :i* are made ( wood1 are ?\ght to be m div9e1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! matt] & ! simplicity ( ! art by :i* !y 7 fa%ion$4 ,x is said1 !re=e1 t s*ylus1 on 8 bro!r's ask+ him to write a ,pan 9 hon\r ( ,apollo1 repli$1 t ! be/ ,pan 0 writt5 by ,tynni*us#dg2 & t if 8 composition 7 to be comp>$ ) t ( ,tynni*us1 ! same ?+ w\ld take place z if new 7 comp>$ ) anci5t /atues4 ,= ! latt]1 ?\gh !y are simple 9 _! =mation1 are conceiv$ to be div9e2 b ! =m]1 ?\gh !y are mo/ accurately elaborat$1 produce inde$ admiration1 b are n believ$ to possess s mu* ( a div9e nature4 ,h5ce ,hesiod1 prais+ ! law ( anci5t sacrifices1 v prop]ly says1 ,y\r c\ntry's rites 9 sacrifice obs]ve3 ,9 pi\s works ! anci5t law is be/#dh4 #ai4 ,b ^? :o h writt5 conc]n+ sacr$ op]ations & sacrifices1 admoni% u to be accurate 9 pres]v+ :at p]ta9s to ! popana1 because ^! are m acceptable to ! ,gods ?an ! sacrifice :i* is p]=m$ ?r\gh ! mactation ( animals4 ,sophocles also1 9 describ+ a sacrifice :i* is pleas+ to div9ity1 says 9 8 ,polyidus3 ,! sk9s ( %eep 9 sacrifice 7 us$1 ,libations too ( w9e1 grapes well pres]v$1 ,& fruits collect$ 9 a heap ( e k9d2 ,! olive's p+uid juice1 & wax5 "w ,mo/ v>iegat$1 ( ! yell[ bee4 ,=m]ly1 also1 !re 7 v5]able monum5ts 9 ,delos ( ^? :o came f ! ,hyp]boreans1 be>+ h&fuls ( fruits4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t1 be+ purifi$ 9 our mann]s1 we %\ld make oblations1 (f]+ to ! ,gods ^? sacrifices :i* are pleas+ to !m1 & n su* z are att5d$ ) great exp5se4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 if a man's body is n pure & inve/$ ) a spl5did g>m5t1 he does n ?9k x is qualifi$ = ! sanctity ( sacrifice4 ,b :5 he has r5d]$ 8 body spl5did1 toge!r ) 8 g>m5t1 ?\gh 8 s\l at ! same "t is n purifi$ f vice1 yet he betakes himself to sacrifice1 & ?9ks t x is a ?+ ( no consequ5ce2 z if div9ity did n especially rejoice 9 t :i* is mo/ div9e 9 our nature1 :5 x is 9 a pure condition1 z be+ alli$ to 8 ess5ce4 ,9 ,epidaurus1 !re=e1 !re 0 ! foll[+ inscription on ! doors ( ! temple3 ,into an odor\s temple1 he :o goes ,%\ld pure & holy be2 b to be wise ,9 :at to sanctity p]ta9s1 is to be pure4 #bj4 ,b t ,god is n delight$ ) ! amplitude ( sacrifices1 b ) any casual (f]+1 is evid5t f ?is1 t ( our daily food1 :atev] x may be t is plac$ be=e u1 we all ( u make an (f]+ to ! ,gods1 be=e we h ta/$ x ourselves2 ?is (f]+ be+ small inde$1 b ! greate/ te/imony ( hon\r to div9ity4 ,moreov]1 ,!ophra/us %[s1 by enum]at+ _m ( ! rites ( diff]5t c\ntries1 t ! sacrifices ( ! anci5ts 7 f fruits1 & he n>rates :at p]ta9s to libations 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,anci5t sacrifices 7 = ! mo/ "p p]=m$ ) sobriety4 ,b ^? sacrifices are sob] 9 :i* ! libations are made ) wat]4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 libations 7 made ) honey4 ,= we fir/ receive ?is liquid fruit prep>$ = u by ! bees4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 libations 7 made ) oil2 & 9 ! f\r? & la/ place ) w9e40 #ba4 ,^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 are te/ifi$ n only by ! pill>s :i* are pres]v$ 9 ,cyrbe#di1 & :i* conta91 z x 71 c]ta9 true descriptions ( ! ,cretan sacr$ rites ( ! ,corybantes2 b also by ,emp$ocles1 :o1 9 discuss+ :at p]ta9s to sacrifices & !ogony1 or ! g5]ation ( ! ,gods1 says3 ,) !m nor ,m>s nor tumult dire 0 f\nd1 ,nor ,saturn1 ,neptune1 or ! sov]eign ,jove1 ,b ,v5us beauty's que54 ,& ,v5us is fri5d%ip4 ,aft]w>ds he adds1 ,) pa9t$ animals1 & /atues once ,( sacr$ =m1 ) ungu5ts sweet ( smell1 ,! fume ( frank9c5se & g5u9e myrrh1 ,& ) libations p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd ,( yell[ honey1 ,v5us 0 propiti\s made4 ,:i* anci5t cu/om is /ill ev5 n[ pres]v$ by "s p]sons z a c]ta9 ve/ige ( ! tru?4 ,& 9 ! la/ place1 ,emp$ocles says1 ,nor !n 7 alt>s wet ) blood ( bulls ,irrationally sla94 #bb4 ,=1 z x appe>s to me1 :5 fri5d%ip & a prop] s5se ( ! duties p]ta9+ to k9dr$ natures1 0 possess$ by all m51 no "o slaught]$ any liv+ be+1 9 consequ5ce ( ?9k+ t o!r animals 7 alli$ to him4 ,b :5 /rife & tumult1 e k9d ( cont5tion1 & ! pr9ciple ( w>1 invad$ mank9d1 !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 no "o 9 reality sp>$ any "o ( 8 k9dr$ natures4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 likewise1 ought to be consid]$3 ,=1 z ?\gh !re is an aff9ity betwe5 u & noxi\s m51 :o1 z x 71 by a c]ta9 impetus ( _! own nature & depravity1 are incit$ to injure any "o !y may happ5 to meet1 yet we ?9k x requisite t all ( !m %\ld be puni%$ & de/roy$2 ?us also1 ) respect to ^? irrational animals t are naturally malefic & unju/1 & :o are impell$ to injure ^? t approa* !m1 x is p]haps fit t !y %\ld be de/roy$4 ,b ) respect to o!r animals :o d n at all act unju/ly1 & are n naturally impell$ to injure u1 x is c]ta9ly unju/ to de/roy & murd] !m1 no o!rwise ?an x w\ld be to slay m5 :o are n iniquit\s4 ,& ?is seems to ev9ce1 t ! ju/ice betwe5 u & o!r animals does n arise f "s ( !m be+ naturally noxi\s & malefic1 b o!rs n1 z is also ! case ) respect to m54 #bc4 ,are !re=e ^? animals to be sacrific$ to ! ,gods :i* are ?\ght to be des]v+ ( dea?8 ,b h[ c ?is be possible1 if !y are naturally deprav$8 ,= x is no m prop] to sacrifice su* z ^!1 ?an x w\ld be to sacrifice mutilat$ animals4 ,= ?us1 inde$1 we %all (f] ! fir/-fruits ( ?+s ( an evil nature1 b we %all n sacrifice = ! sake ( hon\r+ ! ,gods4 ,h5ce1 if animals are to be sacrific$ to ! ,gods1 we %\ld sacrifice ^? t are p]fectly innoxi\s4 ,x is h[ev] ackn[l$g$1 t ^? animals are n to be de/roy$ :o d n at all injure u1 s t nei!r are !y to be sacrific$ to ! ,gods4 ,if1 !re=e1 nei!r ^!1 nor ^? t are noxi\s1 are to be sacrific$1 is x n evid5t t we %\ld ab/a9 f !m m ?an f any ?+ else1 & t we %\ld n sacrifice any "o ( !m1 ?\gh x is fit t "s ( !m %\ld be de/roy$8 #bd4 ,to :i* may be add$1 t we %\ld sacrifice to ! ,gods = ! sake ( ?ree ?+s1 viz4 ei!r = ! sake ( hon\r+ !m1 or ( te/ify+ our gratitude1 or ?r\gh our want ( good4 ,=1 z we (f] fir/-fruits to good m51 ?us also we ?9k x is necess>y t we %\ld (f] !m to ! ,gods4 ,b we hon\r ! ,gods1 ei!r explor+ ! means ( av]t+ evils & obta9+ good1 or :5 we h be5 previ\sly b5efit$1 or 9 ord] t we may obta9 "s pres5t advantage & assi/ance1 or m]ely = ! purpose ( v5]at+ ! goodness ( _! nature4 ,s t if ! fir/-fruits ( animals are to be (f]$ to ! ,gods1 "s ( !m = ! sake ( ?is are to be sacrific$4 ,= :atev] we sacrifice1 we sacrifice = ! sake ( "s "o ( ! above-m5tion$ p>ticul>s4 ,is x !re=e to be ?\ght t ,god is hon\r$ by u1 :5 we are directly se5 to act unju/ly ?r\gh ! fir/-fruits :i* we (f] to him8 ,or w he n r ?9k t he is di%on\r$ by su* a sacrifice1 9 :i*1 by immolat+ animals t h n at all injur$ u1 we ackn[l$ge t we h act$ unju/ly4 ,s t no "o ( o!r animals is to be sacrific$ = ! sake ( hon\r+ div9ity4 ,nor yet are !y to be sacrific$ = ! purpose ( te/ify+ our gratitude to ! ,gods4 ,= he :o makes a j retribution = ! b5efits he has receiv$1 ought n to make x by do+ an injury to c]ta9 o!r animals4 ,= he w no m appe> to make a retribution ?an he :o1 plund]+ 8 neighb\r ( 8 prop]ty1 %\ld be/[ x on ano!r p]son = ! sake ( hon\r4 ,nei!r are animals to be sacrific$ = ! sake ( obta9+ a c]ta9 good ( :i* we are 9 want4 ,= he :o endeav\rs to be b5efit$ by act+ unju/ly1 is to be suspect$ z "o :o w\ld n be grateful ev5 :5 he is b5efit$4 ,s t animals are n to be sacrific$ to ! ,gods ?r\gh ! expectation ( d]iv+ advantage f ! sacrifice4 ,= he :o does ?is1 may p]haps elude m51 b x is impossible t he c elude div9ity4 ,if1 !re=e1 we ought to sacrifice = ! sake ( a c]ta9 ?+1 b ?is is n to be done = ! sake ( any ( ! be=e m5tion$ p>ticul>s1 x is evid5t t animals ought n to be sacrific$4 #be4 ,=1 by endeav\r+ to oblit]ate ! tru? ( ^! ?+s ?r\gh ! pleasures :i* we d]ive f sacrifices1 we deceive ourselves1 b _c deceive div9ity4 ,( ^? animals1 !re=e1 :i* are ( an ignoble nature1 :i* d n imp>t to our life any sup]ior utility1 & :i* d n af=d u any pleasure1 we d n sacrifice any "o to ! ,gods4 ,= :o ev] sacrific$ s]p5ts1 scorpions1 & apes1 or any "o ( su* l animals8 ,b we d n ab/a9 f any "o ( ^? animals :i* af=d a c]ta9 utility to our life1 or :i* h some?+ 9 !m t contributes to our enjoym5ts2 s9ce we1 9 reality1 cut _! ?roats1 & excoriate !m1 "u ! patronage ( div9ity#ej4 ,= we sacrifice to ! ,gods ox5 & %eep1 & besides ^!1 /ags & birds1 & fat hogs1 ?\gh !y d n at all p>ticipate ( purity1 b af=d u delight4 ,& ( ^! animals1 inde$1 "s1 by co-op]at+ ) our lab\rs1 af=d assi/ance to our life1 b o!rs supply u ) food1 or adm9i/] to our o!r wants4 ,b ^? :i* effect nei!r ( ^!1 yet1 ?r\gh ! enjoym5t :i* is d]iv$ f !m1 are sla9 by m5 9 sacrifices simil>ly ) ^? :o af=d u utility4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 sacrifice asses or elephants1 or any o!r ( ^? animals t co-op]ate ) u 9 our lab\rs1 b are n subs]vi5t to our pleasure2 ?\gh1 sacrific+ be+ except$1 we d n ab/a9 f su* l animals1 b we cut _! ?roats on acc\nt ( ! delight ) :i* ! deglutition ( !m is att5d$2 & ( ^? :i* are fit to be sacrific$1 we d n sacrifice su* z are acceptable to ! ,gods1 b su* z 9 a great] degree gratify ! desires ( m52 ?us te/ify+ aga9/ ourselves1 t we p]si/ 9 sacrific+ to ! ,gods1 = ! sake ( our own pleasure1 & n = ! sake ( gratify+ ! ,gods4 #bf4 ,b ( ! ,syrians1 ! ,jews inde$1 ?r\gh ! sacrifice :i* !y fir/ made1 ev5 n[1 says ,!ophra/us1 sacrifice animals1 & if we 7 p]suad$ by !m to sacrifice 9 ! same way t !y d1 we %\ld ab/a9 f ! de$4 ,= !y d n fea/ on ! fle% ( ! sacrific$ animals1 b hav+ ?r[n ! :ole ( ! victims into ! fire1 & p\r$ mu* honey & w9e on !m dur+ ! night1 !y swiftly consume ! sacrifice1 9 ord] t ! all-see+ sun may n become a spectator ( x4 ,& !y d ?is1 fa/+ dur+ all ! int]m$iate days1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is "t1 z belong+ to ! class ( philosoph]s1 & also disc\rse ) ea* o!r ab\t ! div9ity#ea4 ,b 9 ! night1 !y apply !mselves to ! !ory ( ! />s1 survey+ !m1 & ?r\gh pray]s invok+ ,god4 ,= ^! make (f]+s bo? ( o!r animals & !mselves1 do+ ?is f necessity1 & n f _! own w4 ,! tru? ( ?is1 h[ev]1 may be le>nt by any "o :o directs 8 att5tion to ! ,egyptians1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( all m52 :o are s f> f slay+ o!r animals1 t !y make ! images ( ^! to be imitations ( ! ,gods2 s adapt$ & alli$ d !y conceive ^! to be bo? to ,gods & m54 #bg4 ,= at fir/1 inde$1 sacrifices ( fruits 7 made to ! ,gods2 b1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 m5 becom+ neglig5t ( sanctity1 9 consequ5ce ( fruits be+ sc>ce1 &1 ?r\gh ! want ( legitimate nutrim5t1 be+ impell$ to eat ea* o!r2 !n supplicat+ div9ity ) _m pray]s1 !y fir/ began to make oblations ( !mselves to ! ,gods1 n only consecrat+ to ! div9ities :atev] among _! possessions 0 mo/ beautiful1 b1 proce$+ beyond ?is1 !y sacrific$ ^? ( _! own species4 ,h5ce1 ev5 to ! pres5t "t1 n only 9 ,arcadia1 9 ! ,lup]cal fe/ivals1 & 9 ,c>?age1 m5 are sacrific$ 9 common to ,saturn1 b p]iodically1 also1 = ! sake ( rememb]+ ! legal in/itute1 !y spr9kle ! alt>s ( ^? ( ! same tribe ) blood1 al?\gh ! rites ( _! sacrifices exclude1 by ! voice ( ! cri]1 him f engag+ 9 !m :o is accus$ ( human slaught]4 ,proce$+ !re=e f h5ce1 !y made ! bodies ( o!r animals supply ! place ( _! own 9 sacrifices1 & aga91 ?r\gh a satiety ( legitimate nutrim5t1 becom+ oblivi\s ( piety1 !y 7 induc$ by voracity to leave no?+ unta/$1 no?+ undev\r$4 ,& ?is is :at n[ happ5s to all m5 ) respect to ! alim5t f fruits4 ,= :51 by ! assumption ( !m1 !y h alleviat$ _! necess>y indig5ce1 !n se>*+ = a sup]fluity ( satiety1 !y lab\r to procure _m ?+s = food :i* are plac$ beyond ! limits ( temp]ance4 ,h5ce1 z if !y _h made no ignoble sacrifices to ! ,gods1 !y proce$$ also to ta/e ! animals :i* !y immolat$2 & f ?is1 z a pr9ciple ( ! de$1 ! eat+ ( animals became an addition to m5 to ! nutrim5t d]iv$ f fruits4 ,z1 !re=e1 antiquity (f]$ ! fir/ produce ( fruits to ! ,gods1 & gladly1 aft] _! pi\s sacrifice1 ta/$ :at !y (f]$1 ?us also1 :5 !y sacrific$ ! fir/l+s ( animals to ! div9ities1 !y ?\ght t ! same ?+ ought to be done by !m1 ?\gh anci5t piety did n orda9 ^! p>ticul>s aft] ?is mann]1 b v5]at$ ea* ( ! ,gods f fruits4 ,= ) su* oblations1 bo? nature1 & e s5se ( ! human s\l1 are delight$4 ,no alt> !n 0 wet ) blood ( bulls ,irrationally sla92 b ?is 0 ?\ght ,to be ( e impi\s de$ ! wor/1 ,limbs to dev\r ( brutes depriv$ ( life4 #bh4 ,! tru? ( ?is may also be p]ceiv$ f ! alt> :i* is ev5 n[ pres]v$ ab\t ,delos1 :i*1 because no animal is br\ght to1 or is sacrific$ ^u x1 is call$ ! alt> ( ! pi\s4 ,s t ! inhabitants n only ab/a9 f sacrific+ animals1 b !y likewise conceive1 t ^? :o e/abli%$1 are simil>ly pi\s ) ^? :o use ! alt>4 ,h5ce1 ! ,py?agoreans hav+ adopt$ ?is mode ( sacrifice1 ab/a9$ f animal food ?r\gh ! :ole ( life4 ,b :5 !y di/ribut$ to ! ,gods a c]ta9 animal in/ead ( !mselves1 !y m]ely ta/$ ( x1 liv+ 9 reality )\t t\*+ o!r animals4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d n act aft] ?is mann]2 b be+ fill$ ) animal diet1 we h arriv$ at ?is manifold illegality 9 our life by slaught]+ animals1 & us+ !m = food4 ,= nei!r is x prop] t ! alt>s ( ! ,gods %\ld be defil$ ) murd]1 nor t food ( ?is k9d %\ld be t\*$ by m51 z nei!r is x fit t m5 %\ld eat "o ano!r2 b ! precept :i* is /ill pres]v$ at ,a!ns1 %\ld be obey$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( life4 #bi4 ,= =m]ly1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 :5 m5 sacrific$ to ! ,gods fruits & n animals1 & did n assume ! latt] = food1 x is said1 t a common sacrifice be+ celebrat$ at ,a!ns1 "o ,diomus1 or ,sopat]1 :o 0 n a native1 b cultivat$ "s l& 9 ,attica1 seiz+ a %>p axe :i* 0 ne> to him1 & be+ excessively indignant1 /ruck ) x an ox1 :o1 com+ f 8 lab\r1 approa*$ to a table1 on :i* 7 op5ly plac$ cakes & o!r (f]+s :i* 7 to be burnt z a sacrifice to ! ,gods1 & ate "s1 b trampl$ on ! re/ ( ! (f]+s4 ,! ox1 !re=e1 be+ kill$1 ,diomus1 ^: ang] 0 n[ appeas$1 at ! same "t p]ceiv$ :at k9d ( de$ he _h p]petrat$4 ,& ! ox1 inde$1 he buri$4 ,b embrac+ a volunt>y bani%m5t1 z if he _h be5 accus$ ( impiety1 he fl$ to ,crete4 ,a great dryness1 h[ev]1 tak+ place 9 ! ,attic l& f vehem5t heat1 & a dreadful /]ility ( fruit1 & ! ,py?ian deity be+ 9 consequ5ce ( x consult$ by ! g5]al cons5t1 ! ,god answ]$1 t ! ,cretan exile mu/ expiate ! crime2 & t1 if ! murd]] 0 puni%$1 & ! /atue ( ! sla9 ox 0 erect$ 9 ! place 9 :i* x fell1 ?is w\ld be b5eficial bo? to ^? :o _h & ^? :o _h n ta/$ its fle%4 ,an inquiry !re=e be+ made into ! affair1 & ,sopat]1 toge!r ) ! de$1 hav+ be5 discov]$1 he1 ?9k+ t he %\ld be lib]at$ f ! difficulty 9 :i* he 0 n[ involv$1 ?r\gh ! accusation ( impiety1 if ! same ?+ 0 done by all m5 9 common1 said to ^? :o came to him1 t x 0 necess>y an ox %\ld be sla9 by ! city4 ,b1 on _! be+ dubi\s :o %\ld /rike ! ox1 he said t he w\ld und]take to d x1 if !y w\ld make him a citiz51 & w\ld be p>tak]s ) him ( ! slaught]4 ,?is1 !re=e1 be+ grant$1 !y return$ to ! city1 & ord]$ ! de$ to be accompli%$ 9 su* a way z x is p]=m$ by !m at pres5t1 & :i* 0 z foll[s3 #cj4 ,!y select$ virg9s :o 7 draw]s ( wat]2 b ^! br\ght wat] = ! purpose ( %>p5+ an axe & a knife4 ,& ^! be+ %>p5$1 "o p]son gave ! axe1 ano!r /ruck ) x ! ox1 & a ?ird p]son cut ! ?roat ( ! ox4 ,b aft] ?is1 hav+ excoriat$ ! animal1 all t 7 pres5t ate ( its fle%4 ,^! ?+s !re=e be+ p]=m$1 !y sew$ up ! hide ( ! ox1 & hav+ /uff$ x ) /raw1 rais$ x upright 9 ! same =m :i* x _h :5 alive1 & yok$ x to a pl\gh1 z if x 0 ab\t to "w ) x4 ,in/itut+ also a judicial process1 respect+ ! slaught] ( ! ox1 !y cit$ all ^? :o 7 p>tak]s ( ! de$1 to def5d _! conduct4 ,b z ! draw]s ( wat] accus$ ^? :o %>p5$ ! axe & ! knife1 z m culpable ?an !mselves1 & ^? :o %>p5$ ^! in/rum5ts accus$ him :o gave ! axe1 & he accus$ him :o cut ! ?roat ( ! ox1 & ?is la/ p]son accus$ ! knife1--h5ce1 z ! knife c\ld n speak1 !y condemn$ x z ! cause ( ! slaught]4 ,f t "t also1 ev5 till n[1 dur+ ! fe/ival sacr$ to ,jupit]1 9 ! ,acropolis1 at ,a!ns1 ! sacrifice ( an ox is p]=m$ aft] ! same mann]4 ,=1 plac+ cakes on a braz5 table1 !y drive ox5 r\nd x1 & ! ox t ta/es ( ! cakes t are di/ribut$ on ! table1 is sla94 ,! race likewise ( ^? :o p]=m ?is1 /ill rema9s4 ,& all ^?1 inde$1 :o d]ive _! orig9 f ,sopat] are call$ b\tupoi i4e4 slay]s ( ox52 b ^? :o are desc5d$ f him t drove ! ox r\nd ! table1 are call$ k5triadai1 or /imulators4 ,& ^? :o orig9ate f him t cut ! ?roat ( ! ox1 are d5om9at$ daitroi1 or divid]s1 on acc\nt ( ! banquet :i* takes place f ! di/ribution ( fle%4 ,b :5 !y h fill$ ! hide1 & ! judicial process is end$1 !y ?r[ ! knife into ! sea4 #ca4 ,h5ce1 nei!r did ! anci5ts conceive x to be holy to slay animals t co-op]at$ ) u 9 works b5eficial to our life1 & we %\ld avoid do+ ?is ev5 n[4 ,& z =m]ly x 0 n pi\s = m5 to injure ^! animals1 s n[ x %\ld be consid]$ z unholy to slay !m = ! sake ( food4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is to be done f motives ( religi\s rev]5ce ( ! ,gods1 yet e passion or affection :i* is ess5tially produc$ f bodies is to be reject$1 9 ord] t we may n procure food f improp] sub/ances1 & ?us h an inc5tive to viol5ce z ! intimate associate ( our life4 ,= by su* a rejection we %all1 at lea/1 all ( u d]ive great b5efit 9 :at p]ta9s to our mutual security1 if we d n 9 any ?+ else4 ,= ^? ^: s5se is av]se to ! de/ruction ( animals ( a species diff]5t f _! own1 w evid5tly ab/a9 f injur+ ^? ( _! own k9d4 ,h5ce x w\ld p]haps h be5 be/1 if m5 9 aft]-times _h imm$iately ab/a9$ f slaught]+ ^! animals2 b s9ce no "o is free f error1 x rema9s = po/]ity to take away by purifications ! crime ( _! ance/ors1 respect+ nutrim5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be effect$1 if1 plac+ be=e our eyes ! dire nature ( su* conduct1 we exclaim ) ,emp$ocles3 ,ah me1 :ile yet exempt f su* a crime1 ,:y 0 ,i n de/roy$ by cruel ,"t1 ,be=e ^! lips began ! guilty de$1 ,on ! dire nutrim5t ( fle% to fe$8 ,= 9 ^? only ! appropriate s5se sympa!tically grieves = errors t h be5 committ$1 :o endeav\r to f9d a rem$y = ! evils ) :i* !y are afflict$2 s t e "o1 by (f]+ pure & holy sacrifices to div9ity1 may ?r\gh sanctity obta9 ! greate/ b5efits f ! ,gods4 #cb4 ,b ! b5efit d]iv$ f fruits is ! fir/ & ! greate/ ( all o!rs1 & :i*1 z soon z !y are matur$1 %\ld alone be (f]$ to ! ,gods1 & to ,e>?1 by :om !y are produc$4 ,= %e is ! common ,ve/a ( ,gods & m52 & x is requisite t all ( u1 recl9+ on h] surface1 z on ! bosom ( our "m & nurse1 %\ld celebrate h] div9ity1 & love h] ) a p>5tal affection1 z ! s\rce ( our exi/5ce4 ,= ?us1 :5 we ex*ange ?is life = ano!r1 we %all aga9 be ?\ght wor?y ( a resid5ce 9 ! heav5s1 & ( associat+ ) all ! cele/ial ,gods1 :om1 n[ behold+#eb1 we ought to v5]ate ) ^? fruits ( :i* !y are ! causes1 sacrific+ inde$ to !m f all ^!1 :5 !y h arriv$ at maturity1 b n conceiv+ all ( u to be suffici5tly wor?y to sacrifice to ! ,gods4 ,= z all ?+s are n to be sacrific$ to ! ,gods1 s nei!r p]haps are ! ,gods gratifi$ by ! sacrifice ( e "o4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ! sub/ance ( ! argum5ts adduc$ by ,!ophra/us1 to %[ t animals ought n to be sacrific$2 exclusive ( ! int]sp]s$ fabul\s n>rations1 & a few ?+s :i* we h add$ to :at he has said4 #cc4 ,i1 h[ev]1 %all n attempt to dissolve ! legal in/itutes :i* ! sev]al nations h e/abli%$4 ,= x is n my design at pres5t to speak ab\t a polity4 ,b z ! laws by :i* we are gov]n$ p]mit u to v5]ate div9ity by ?+s ( ! mo/ simple1 & ( an inanimate nature1 h5ce1 select+ t :i* is ! lea/ co/ly1 let u sacrifice accord+ to ! law ( ! city1 & endeav\r to (f] an appropriate sacrifice1 approa*+ ) consummate purity to ! ,gods4 ,9 %ort1 if ! oblation ( fir/-fruits is ( any value1 & is an ackn[l$gm5t ( ?anks = ! b5efits :i* we receive1 x w be mo/ irrational to ab/a9 ourselves f animals1 & yet (f] ! fir/-fruits ( ^! to ! ,gods4 ,= nei!r are ! ,gods worse ?an we are1 s z to be 9 want ( ^? ?+s ( :i* we are n indig5t1 nor is x holy to (f] ! fir/-fruits ( t nutrim5t f :i* we ourselves ab/a94 ,= we f9d x is usual ) m51 t1 :5 !y refra9 f animal food1 !y d n make oblations ( animals2 b t !y (f] to ! ,gods ! fir/-fruits ( :at !y !mselves eat4 ,h5ce also x is n[ fit1 t he :o ab/a9s f animals %\ld (f] ! fir/-fruits ( ?+s :i* he t\*es = ! purpose ( food4 #cd4 ,let u !re=e also sacrifice1 b let u sacrifice 9 su* a mann] z is fit1 (f]+ diff]5t sacrifices to diff]5t p[]s#ec2 to ! ,god inde$ :o is above all ?+s1 z a c]ta9 wise man said1 nei!r sacrific+ ) inc5se1 nor consecrat+ any ?+ s5sible4 ,= !re is no?+ mat]ial1 :i* is n imm$iately impure to an immat]ial nature4 ,h5ce1 nei!r is vocal language1 nor int]nal spee*1 adapt$ to ! highe/ ,god1 :5 x is defil$ by any passion ( ! s\l2 b we %\ld v5]ate him 9 pr(\nd sil5ce ) a pure s\l1 & ) pure conceptions ab\t him4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t be+ conjo9$ ) & assimilat$ to him1 we %\ld (f] to him1 z a sacr$ sacrifice1 ! elevation ( our intellect1 :i* (f]+ w be bo? a hymn & our salvation4 ,9 an impassive contemplation1 !re=e1 ( ?is div9ity by ! s\l1 ! sacrifice to him is effect$ 9 p]fection2 b to 8 prog5y1 ! intelligible ,gods1 hymns1 orally enunciat$1 are to be (f]$4 ,= to ea* ( ! div9ities1 a sacrifice is to be made ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! ?+s :i* he be/[s1 & ?r\gh :i* he n\ri%es & pres]ves u4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! husb&man (f]s h&fuls ( ! fruits & b]ries :i* ! season fir/ produces2 ?us also we %\ld (f] to ! div9ities ! fir/-fruits ( our conceptions ( _! transc5d5t excell5ce1 giv+ !m ?anks = ! contemplation :i* !y imp>t to u1 & = truly n\ri%+ u ?r\gh ! vision ( !mselves1 :i* !y af=d u1 associat+ )1 appe>+ to1 & %9+ ^u u1 = our salvation4 #ce4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 _m ( ^? :o apply !mselves to philosophy are unwill+ to d ?is2 &1 pursu+ r5[n r ?an hon\r+ div9ity1 !y are busily employ$ ab\t /atues1 nei!r consid]+ :e!r !y are to be rev]5c$ or n1 nor endeav\r+ to le>n f ^? :o are div9ely wise1 to :at ext5t1 & to :at degree1 x is requisite to proce$ 9 ?is affair4 ,we1 h[ev]1 %all by no means cont5d ) ^!1 nor are we v desir\s ( be+ well in/ruct$ 9 a ?+ ( ?is k9d2 b imitat+ holy & anci5t m51 we (f] to ! ,gods1 m ?an any ?+ else1 ! fir/-fruits ( contemplation1 :i* !y h imp>t$ to u1 & by ! use ( :i* we become p>tak]s ( true salvation4 #cf4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 !re=e1 dilig5tly apply+ !mselves to ! /udy ( numb]s & l9es1 sacrific$ = ! mo/ "p f ^! to ! ,gods1 d5om9at+1 inde$1 a c]ta9 numb] ,m9]va1 b ano!r ,diana1 & ano!r ,apollo3 & aga91 !y call$ "o numb] ju/ice1 b ano!r temp]ance#ed4 ,9 diagrams also !y adopt$ a simil> mode4 ,& ?us1 by (f]+s ( ?is k9d1 !y r5d]$ ! ,gods propiti\s to !m1 s z to obta9 ( !m ! object ( _! wi%es1 by ! ?+s :i* !y d$icat$ to1 & ! names by :i* !y invok$ !m4 ,!y likewise frequ5tly employ$ _! aid 9 div9ation1 & if !y 7 9 want ( a c]ta9 ?+ = ! purpose ( "s inve/igation4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to effect ?is1 !y made use ( ! ,gods )9 ! heav5s1 bo? ! erratic & non-erratic1 ( all ( :om x is requisite to consid] ! sun z ! lead]2 b to rank ! moon 9 ! second place2 & we %\ld conjo9 ) ^! fire1 9 ! ?ird place1 f its alliance to !m1 z ! !ologi/#ee says4 ,he also says t no animal is to be sacrific$2 b t fir/-fruits are to be (f]$ f meal & honey1 & ! vegetable productions ( ! e>?4 ,he adds1 t fire is n to be enk9dl$ on a he>? defil$ ) gore2 & ass]ts o!r ?+s ( ! l k9d4 ,= :at occasion is !re to transcribe all t he says8 = he :o is /udi\s ( piety kn[s1 inde$1 t to ! ,gods no animal is to be sacrific$1 b t a sacrifice ( ?is k9d p]ta9s to dmons1 & o!r p[]s1 :e!r !y are b5efic5t1 or deprav$#ef4 ,he likewise kn[s :o ^? are t ought to sacrifice to ^!1 & to :at ext5t !y ought to proce$ 9 ! sacrifices :i* !y make4 ,o!r ?+s1 h[ev]1 w be pass$ ov] by me 9 sil5ce4 ,b :at "s ,platoni/s h divulg$1 ,i %all lay be=e ! read]1 9 ord] t ! ?+s propos$ to be discuss$1 may become manife/ to ! intellig5t4 ,:at !y h unfold$1 !re=e1 is z foll[s3 #cg4 ,! fir/ ,god be+ incorporeal1 immoveable1 & imp>tible1 & nei!r subsi/+ 9 any ?+1 nor re/ra9$ 9 8 en]gies1 is n1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 9 want ( any ?+ ext]nal to himself1 z nei!r is ! s\l ( ! _w2 b ?is latt]1 conta9+ 9 itself ! pr9ciple ( t :i* is triply divisible1 & be+ naturally self-motive1 is adapt$ to be mov$ 9 a beautiful & ord]ly mann]1 & also to move ! body ( ! _w accord+ to ! mo/ excell5t reasons i4e4 productive pr9ciples or p[]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) & compreh5ds body1 ?\gh x is itself incorporeal1 & lib]at$ f ! p>ticipation ( any passion4 ,to ! rema9+ ,gods1 !re=e1 to ! _w1 to ! in]ratic & erratic />s1 :o are visible ,gods1 consi/+ ( s\l & body1 ?anks are to be return$ aft] ! above-m5tion$ mann]1 ?r\gh sacrifices f inanimate natures4 ,! multitude1 !re=e1 ( ^? invisible be+s rema9s = u1 :om ,plato indiscrim9ately calls dmons#eg2 b ( ^!1 "s be+ d5om9at$ by m51 obta9 f !m hon\rs1 & o!r religi\s obs]vances1 simil> to ^? :i* are paid to ! ,gods2 b o!rs1 :o = ! mo/ "p are n explicitly d5om9at$1 receive an occult religi\s rev]5ce & appellation f c]ta9 p]sons 9 villages & c]ta9 cities2 & ! rema9+ multitude is call$ 9 common by ! "n ( dmons4 ,! g5]al p]suasion1 h[ev]1 respect+ all ^! invisible be+s1 is ?is1 t if !y become angry ?r\gh be+ neglect$1 & depriv$ ( ! religi\s rev]5ce :i* is due to !m1 !y are noxi\s to ^? by :om !y are ?us neglect$1 & t !y aga9 become b5efic5t1 if !y are appeas$ by pray]s1 supplications1 & sacrifices1 & o!r simil> rites4 #ch4 ,b ! confus$ notion :i* is =m$ ( ^! be+s1 & :i* has proce$$ to great crim9ation1 necess>ily requires t ! nature ( !m %\ld be di/+ui%$ accord+ to reason4 ,= p]haps x w be said1 t x is requisite to %[ :5ce ! error conc]n+ !m orig9at$ among m54 ,! di/9ction1 !re=e1 mu/ be made aft] ! foll[+ mann]4 ,su* s\ls z are ! prog5y ( ! :ole s\l ( ! univ]se1 & :o gov]n ! great p>ts ( ! region "u ! moon1 ^!1 be+ incumb5t on a pneumatic sub/ance or _s1 & rul+ ov] x con=mably to reason1 are to be consid]$ z good dmons1 :o are dilig5tly employ$ 9 caus+ e ?+ to be b5eficial to ! subjects ( _! gov]nm5t1 :e!r !y preside ov] c]ta9 animals1 or fruits1 :i* are arrang$ "u _! inspective c>e1 or ov] ?+s :i* subsi/ = ! sake ( ^!1 su* z %[]s ( ra91 mod]ate w9ds1 s]5e wea!r1 & o!r ?+s :i* coop]ate ) ^!1 su* z ! good temp]am5t ( ! seasons ( ! ye>4 ,!y are also our lead]s 9 ! atta9m5t ( music1 & ! :ole ( erudition1 & likewise ( m$ic9e & gymna/ic1 & ( e ?+ else simil> to ^!4 ,= x is impossible t ^! dmons %\ld imp>t utility1 & yet become1 9 ! v same ?+s1 ! causes ( :at is detrim5tal4 ,among ^! two1 ^? transport]s1 z ,plato calls !m1 9 8 ,banquet are to be enum]at$1 :o ann\nce ! affairs ( m5 to ! ,gods1 & ! w ( ! ,gods to m52 c>ry+ our pray]s1 inde$1 to ! ,gods z judges1 b oracul>ly unfold+ to u ! exhortations & admonitions ( ! ,gods4 ,b su* s\ls z d n rule ov] ! pneumatic sub/ance ) :i* !y are connect$1 b = ! mo/ "p are vanqui%$ by x2 ^! are vehem5tly agitat$ & borne along 9 a disord]ly mann]1 :5 ! irascible motions & ! desires ( ! pneumatic sub/ance1 receive an impetus4 ,^! s\ls1 !re=e1 are inde$ dmons1 b are des]v$ly call$ malefic dmons4 #ci4 ,all ^! be+s1 likewise1 & ^? :o possess a contr>y p[]1 are invisible1 & p]fectly imp]ceptible by human s5ses2 = !y are n surr\nd$ ) a solid body1 nor are all ( !m ( "o =m1 b !y are fa%ion$ 9 num]\s figures4 ,! =ms1 h[ev]1 :i* *>act]ize _! pneumatic sub/ance1 at "o "t become app>5t1 b at ano!r are invisible4 ,sometimes also ^? t are malefic1 *ange _! =ms2 b ! pneumatic sub/ance1 s f> z x is corporeal1 is passive & corruptible3 & ?\gh1 because x is ?us b\nd by ! s\ls t are incumb5t on x1 ! =m ( x rema9s = a long "t1 yet x is n et]nal4 ,= x is probable t some?+ cont9ually fl[s f x1 & also t x is n\ri%$4 ,! pneumatic sub/ance1 !re=e1 ( good dmons1 possesses symmetry1 9 ! same mann] z ! bodies ( ! visible ,gods2 b ! _s ( malefic dmons is depriv$ ( symmetry1 & 9 consequ5ce ( its ab\nd+ 9 passivity1 !y are di/ribut$ ab\t ! t]re/rial region4 ,h5ce1 !re is no evil :i* !y d n attempt to effect2 =1 9 %ort1 be+ viol5t & fraudul5t 9 _! mann]s1 & be+ also depriv$ ( ! gu>dian c>e ( m excell5t dmons1 !y make1 = ! mo/ "p1 vehem5t & sudd5 attacks2 sometimes endeav\r+ to conceal _! incursions1 b at o!r times assault+ op5ly4 ,h5ce ! mole/ations :i* are produc$ by !m are rapid2 b ! rem$ies & corrections :i* proce$ f m excell5t dmons1 appe> to be m sl[ly effect$3 = e ?+ :i* is good be+ tractable & equable1 proce$s 9 an ord]ly mann]1 & does n pass beyond :at is fit4 ,by =m+ ?is op9ion1 !re=e1 y w nev] fall into t mo/ absurd notion1 t evil may be expect$ f ! good1 or good f ! evil4 ,= ?is notion is n only att5d$ ) absurdity1 b ! multitude1 receiv+ ?r\gh x ! mo/ errone\s conceptions ( ! ,gods1 dissem9ate !m among ! re/ ( mank9d4 #dj4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! greate/ injuries occasion$ by malefic dmons is ?is1 t ?\gh !y are ! causes ( ! calamities :i* take place ab\t ! e>?1 su* z pe/il5ce1 /]ility1 e>?quakes1 excessive dryness1 & ! l1 yet !y endeav\r to p]suade u1 t !y are ! causes ( ?+s ! mo/ contr>y to ^!1 viz4 ( f]tility1 salubrity1 & elem5t>y peace4 ,h5ce1 !y exon]ate !mselves f blame1 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 endeav\r to avoid be+ detect$ z ! s\rces ( injury2 &1 9 ! next place1 !y conv]t u to supplications & sacrifices to ! b5efic5t ,gods1 z if !y 7 angry4 ,b !y effect ^!1 & ?+s ( a simil> nature1 9 consequ5ce ( wi%+ to turn u f "r conceptions ( ! ,gods1 & conv]t u to !mselves2 = !y are delight$ ) all su* z act ?us incongru\sly & discordantly1 &1 z x 71 assum+ ! p]sons ( o!r ,gods1 !y enjoy ! effects ( our imprud5ce & folly2 conciliat+ to !mselves ! good op9ion ( ! vulg>1 by inflam+ ! m9ds ( m5 ) ! love ( ri*es1 p[]1 & pleasure1 & fill+ !m ) ! desire ( va9 glory1 f :i* s$ition1 & w>1 & o!r ?+s alli$ to ^!1 are produc$4 ,b t :i* is ! mo/ dire ( all ?+s1 !y proce$ /ill f>!r1 & p]suade m5 t simil> ?+s are effect$ by ! greate/ ,gods1 & d n /op till !y ev5 subject ! mo/ excell5t ( ! div9ities to ^! calumnies1 ?r\gh :om !y say e ?+ is 9 p]fect confusion4 ,& n only ! vulg> are affect$ 9 ?is mann]1 b n a few also ( ^? :o are conv]sant ) philosophy4 ,! cause ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ext5ds equally to philosoph]s1 & ! vulg>2 = ( philosoph]s1 ^? :o d n dep>t f ! prevail+ notions1 fall into ! same error ) ! multitude2 & aga91 ! multitude1 on he>+ ass]tions f celebrat$ m5 con=mable to _! own op9ions1 are 9 a great] degree corroborat$ 9 conceiv+ ?+s ( ?is k9d ( ! ,gods4 #da4 ,= poetry also inflames ! op9ions ( m51 by employ+ a diction adapt$ to produce a/oni%m5t & en*antm5t1 & n only allures ! e>s1 b is also capable ( procur+ belief 9 ?+s t are mo/ impossible4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x is requisite to be firmly p]suad$1 t :at is good c nev] injure1 nor :at is evil c ev] be b5eficial2 =1 z ,plato says1 x is n ! prov9ce ( heat to refrig]ate1 b ( t :i* is contr>y to heat2 &1 9 l mann]1 nei!r is x ! prov9ce ( t :i* is j to injure4 ,b div9ity is naturally ! mo/ j ( all ?+s2 s9ce o!rwise he w\ld n be div9ity4 ,h5ce ?is p[] & portion ( good is n to be absc9d$ f b5efic5t dmons2 = ! p[] :i* is naturally adapt$1 & wi%es to injure1 is contr>y to ! p[] :i* is b5efic5t3 b contr>ies c nev] subsi/ ab\t ! same ?+4 ,z malefic dmons1 !re=e1 injure ! mortal race 9 _m respects1 & sometimes 9 ?+s ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 good dmons n only nev] cease to act con=mably to _! (fice1 b also1 z mu* z possible1 presignify to u ! dang]s :i* are imp5d5t f malefic dmons1 unfold+ ^! ?r\gh dreams1 ?r\gh a div9ely inspir$ s\l1 & ?r\gh _m o!r ?+s2 s t he :o is capable ( expla9+ :at is signifi$1 may "k & avoid all ! p]ils ) :i* he is ?reat5$4 ,= !y indicate future ev5ts to all m51 b e "o _c und]/& :at !y indicate1 nor is e "o able to read :at is writt5 by !m2 b he alone is able to d ?is1 :o has le>nt _! lett]s4 ,all en*antm5t1 h[ev]1 or wit*craft1 is effect$ ?r\gh dmons ( a contr>y nature2 = ^? :o p]petrate evil ?r\gh en*antm5ts1 especially v5]ate ^! malefic be+s1 & ! p[] t presides ov] !m4 #db4 ,= !y are full ( e k9d ( imag9ation1 & are suffici5tly qualifi$ to deceive1 ?r\gh effects ( a prodigi\s nature2 & ?r\gh ^!1 unhappy m5 procure philtres1 & amatory allurem5ts4 ,= all intemp]ance1 & hope ( possess+ weal? & r5[n1 & especially deception1 exi/ ?r\gh ^!1 s9ce falsehood is alli$ to ^! malevol5t be+s2 = !y wi% to be consid]$ z ,gods1 & ! p[] :i* presides ov] !m is ambiti\s to appe> to be ! greate/ ,god4 ,^! are !y t rejoice 9 libations1 & ! sav\r ( sacrifices1 ?r\gh :i* _! pneumatic vehicle is fatt5$2 = ?is vehicle lives ?r\gh vap\rs & exhalations1 & ! life ( x is v>i\s ?r\gh v>i\s exhalations4 ,x is likewise corroborat$ by ! sav\r ( blood & fle%4 #dc4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 a wise & temp]ate man w be religi\sly afraid to use sacrifices ( ?is k9d1 ?r\gh :i* he w attract to himself su*-l dmons2 b he w endeav\r 9 all possible ways to purify 8 s\l4 ,= ^! malefic be+s d n attack a pure s\l1 because x is dissimil> to !m2 b if x is necess>y to cities to r5d] !m propiti\s1 ?is is no?+ to u4 ,= by ^! ri*es1 & ?+s ext]nal & corporeal1 are ?\ght to be good1 & _! contr>ies evil2 b ! smalle/ att5tion is paid by !m to ! good ( ! s\l4 ,we h[ev]1 to ! utmo/ ( our ability1 endeav\r n to be 9 want ( ^? ?+s :i* !y imp>t2 b all our endeav\r is to become simil> to ,god1 & to ! div9e p[]s ) :i* he is surr\nd$ bo? f :at p]ta9s to ! s\l1 & f ext]nals2 & ?is is effect$ ?r\gh an entire lib]ation f ! dom9ion ( ! passions1 an evolv$ p]ception ( truly exi/+ be+s1 & a vital t5d5cy t[>ds !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we /rive to become dissimil> to deprav$ m5 & evil dmons1 &1 9 %ort1 to e be+ t rejoices 9 a mortal & mat]ial nature4 ,s t1 con=mably to :at is said by ,!ophra/us1 we also %all sacrifice f ^? ?+s :i* !ologi/s p]mit u to use = ?is purpose2 z well kn[+1 t by h[ mu* ! m we neglect to exempt ourselves f ! passions ( ! s\l1 by s mu* ! m we connect ourselves ) a deprav$ p[]1 & r5d] x necess>y t he %\ld become propiti\s to u4 ,=1 z !ologi/s say1 x is necess>y t ^? :o are b\nd#eh to ?+s ext]nal1 & h n yet vanqui%$ _! passions1 %\ld av]t ! ang] ( ?is malefic p[]2 s9ce1 if !y d n1 !re w be no end to _! lab\rs4 #dd4 ,?us f> :at p]ta9s to sacrifices has be5 elucidat$4 ,z we said1 h[ev]1 at fir/1 z x is n entirely necess>y1 if animals are to be sacrific$1 t !y are also to be eat51 we %all n[ %[ t x is necess>y we %\ld n eat !m1 ?\gh x may be sometimes necess>y t !y %\ld be sacrific$4 ,= all !ologi/s agree 9 ?is1 t 9 sacrifices1 :i* are made = ! purpose ( av]t+ "s evil1 ! immolat$ animals are n to be ta/$1 b are to be us$ z expiations4 ,=1 say !y1 no "o %\ld g into ! city1 nor into 8 own h\se1 till he has fir/ purifi$ 8 g>m5ts1 & 8 body1 9 riv]s1 or "s f\nta94 ,s t !y ord] ^? :om !y p]mit to sacrifice1 to ab/a9 f ! victims1 & to purify !mselves be=e !y sacrifice by fa/+1 & especially by ab/a9+ f animals4 ,!y add1 t purity is ! gu>dian ( piety2 & is1 z x 71 a symbol or div9e seal1 :i* secures its possessor f ! attacks & allurem5ts ( evil dmons4 ,= su* a "o1 be+ contr>ily dispos$ to1 & m div9e 9 8 op]ations ?an ^? by :om he is attack$1 because he is m pure bo? 9 8 body & 9 ! passions ( 8 s\l1 rema9s un9jur$1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ surr\nd$ ) purity z ) a bulw>k4 #de4 ,h5ce a def5ce ( ?is k9d has appe>$ to be necess>y ev5 to en*ant]s2 ?\gh x is n efficaci\s ) !m on all occasions4 ,= !y invoke evil dmons = lascivi\s purposes4 ,s t purity does n belong to en*ant]s1 b to div9e m51 & su* z are div9ely wise2 s9ce x e :]e becomes a gu>d to ^? t use x1 & conciliates !m ) a div9e nature4 ,i wi%1 !re=e1 t en*ant]s w\ld make use ( purity cont9ually1 = !n !y w\ld n employ !mselves 9 incantations1 because1 ?r\gh ?is1 !y w\ld be depriv$ ( ! enjoym5t ( ^? ?+s1 = ! sake ( :i* !y act impi\sly4 ,:5ce becom+ full ( passions1 & ab/a9+ = a %ort "t f impure food1 !y are not)/&+ replete ) impurity1 & suff] ! puni%m5t ( _! illegal conduct t[>ds ! :ole ( ?+s1 p>tly f ^? :om !y irritate1 & p>tly f ,ju/ice1 :o p]ceives all mortal de$s & conceptions4 ,bo? inw>d1 !re=e1 & ext]nal purity p]ta9 to a div9e man1 :o e>ne/ly endeav\rs to be lib]at$ f ! passions ( ! s\l1 & :o ab/a9s f su* food z excites ! passions1 & is f$ ) div9e wisdom2 & by "r conceptions (1 is assimilat$ to div9ity himself4 ,= su* a man1 be+ consecrat$ by an intellectual sacrifice1 approa*es to ,god 9 a :ite g>m5t1 & ) a truly pure impassivity ( s\l1 & levity ( body1 & is n burd5$ ) =eign & ext]nal juices1 & ! passions ( ! s\l4 #df4 ,=1 inde$1 x mu/ n be admitt$ z necess>y 9 temples1 :i* are consecrat$ by m5 to ! ,gods1 t ^? :o ent] into !m %\ld h _! feet pure1 & _! %oes free f e /a91 b t 9 ! temple ( ! fa!r ( all1 :i* is ?is _w1 x is n prop] to pres]ve our ultimate & cutane\s ve/m5t pure1 & to dwell 9 ?is temple ) an undefil$ g>m5t4 ,= if ! dang] consi/$ only 9 ! defilem5t ( ! body1 x might1 p]haps1 be lawful to neglect x4 ,b n[1 s9ce e s5sible body is att5d$ ) an efflux ( mat]ial dmons1 h5ce1 toge!r ) ! impurity produc$ f fle% & blood1 ! p[] :i* is fri5dly to1 & famili> )1 ?is impurity1 is at ! same "t pres5t ?r\gh similitude & alliance4 #dg4 ,h5ce !ologi/s h rightly paid att5tion to ab/95ce4 ,& ^! ?+s 7 indicat$ to u by a c]ta9 ,egyptian#ei1 :o also assign$ a mo/ natural cause ( !m1 :i* 0 v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,=1 s9ce a deprav$ & irrational s\l1 :5 x leaves ! body1 is /ill compell$ to adh]e to x1 s9ce ! s\ls also ( ^? m5 :o die by viol5ce1 are deta9$ ab\t ! body2 ?is circum/ance %\ld prev5t a man f =cibly expell+ 8 s\l f ! body4 ,! viol5t slaught]1 !re=e1 ( animals1 compels s\ls to be delight$ ) ! bodies :i* !y h left1 b ! s\l is by no means prev5t$ f be+ !re1 :]e x is attract$ by a k9dr$ nature2 :5ce _m s\ls are se5 to lam5t1 & "s rema9 ab\t ! bodies t are unburi$2 :i* s\ls are improp]ly us$ by en*ant]s1 z subs]vi5t to _! designs1 be+ compell$ by !m to occupy ! body1 or a "p ( ! body1 :i* !y h left4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^! ?+s 7 well kn[n to !ologi/s1 & !y also p]ceiv$ ! nature ( a deprav$ s\l1 & its alliance to ! bodies f :i* x 0 divuls$1 & ! pleasure :i* x receiv$ f a union ) !m1 !y v prop]ly avoid$ animal food1 9 ord] t !y might n be di/urb$ by ali5 s\ls1 viol5tly sep>at$ f ! body & impure1 & :i* are attract$ to ?+s ( a k9dr$ nature1 & likewise t !y might n be imp$$ by ! pres5ce ( evil dmons1 9 approa*+ alone or )\t be+ burd5$ ) ?+s ( a =eign nature to ! highe/ ,god#fj4 #dh4 ,= t ! nature ( a k9dr$ body is attractive ( s\l1 exp]i5ce abundantly taught ^! !ologi/s4 ,h5ce ^? :o wi% to receive into !mselves ! s\ls ( prophetic animals1 swall[ ! mo/ pr9cipal p>ts ( !m1 su* z ! he>ts ( cr[s1 or ( moles1 or ( hawks4 ,= ?us !y h s\l pres5t )1 & pr$ict+ to !m l a ,god1 & ent]+ into !m toge!r ) ! intromission ( ! body4 #di4 ,v prop]ly1 !re=e1 w ! philosoph]1 & :o is also ! prie/ ( ! ,god t is above all ?+s1 ab/a9 f all animal food1 9 consequ5ce ( e>ne/ly endeav\r+ to approa* ?r\gh himself alone to ! alone#fa ,god1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by any att5dants4 ,su* a "o likewise is cauti\s1 z be+ well acqua9t$ ) ! necessities ( nature4 ,= he :o is truly a philosoph]1 is skill$ 91 & an obs]v] ( _m ?+s1 und]/&s ! works ( nature1 is sagaci\s1 temp]ate & mode/1 & is 9 e respect ! savi\r ( himself4 ,& z he :o is ! prie/ ( a c]ta9 p>ticul> ,god1 is skill$ 9 plac+ ! /atues ( t div9ity1 & 9 8 orgies1 my/]ies1 & ! l1 ?us also he :o is ! prie/ ( ! highe/ ,god1 is skill$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* 8 /atue ought to be fa%ion$1 & 9 purifications1 & o!r ?+s ?r\gh :i* he is conjo9$ to ?is div9ity4 #ej4 ,b if 9 ! sacr$ rites :i* are "h1 ^? t are prie/s & div9]s ord] bo? !mselves & o!rs to ab/a9 f sepul*res1 f impi\s m51 f m5/rual purgations1 & f v5]eal congress1 & likewise f base & m\rnful spectacles1 & f ^? auditions :i* excite ! passions1 7because frequ5tly1 ?r\gh ^? t are pres5t be+ impure1 some?+ appe>s :i* di/urbs ! div9]2 on :i* acc\nt x is said1 t to sacrifice inopportunely1 is att5d$ ) great] detrim5t ?an ga972--if ?is1 !re=e1 is ! case1 w he1 :o is ! prie/ ( ! fa!r ( all ?+s1 suff] himself to become ! sepul*re ( dead bodies8 ,& w su* a "o1 be+ full ( defilem5t1 endeav\r to associate ) ! transc5d5t ,god8 ,x is suffici5t1 inde$1 t 9 fruits we assume p>ts ( dea?1 = ! support ( our pres5t life4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n yet ! place = su* a discussion4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 /ill f>!r inve/igate :at p]ta9s to sacrifices4 #ea4 ,= "s "o may say t we %all subv]t a great "p ( div9ation1 viz4 t :i* is effect$ ?r\gh an inspection ( ! visc]a1 if we ab/a9 f de/roy+ animals4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o makes ?is objection1 %\ld also de/roy m53 = x is said t future ev5ts are m app>5t 9 ! visc]a ( m5 ?an 9 ^? ( brutes2 & _m ( ! ,b>b>ians ex]cise ! art ( div9ation ?r\gh ! entrails ( m54 ,z1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be an indication ( great inju/ice1 & inexhau/ible avidity1 to de/roy ^? ( our own species = ! sake ( div9ation1 ?us also x is unju/ = ! sake ( ?is to slay an irrational animal4 ,b x does n belong to ! pres5t discussion to inve/igate :e!r ,gods1 or dmons1 or s\l lib]at$ f ! animal ) :i* x _h be5 connect$1 exhibit signs ( future ev5ts to ^? :o explore su* signs1 ?r\gh ! indications :i* ! visc]a af=d4 #eb4 ,nev]!less1 we p]mit ^? ^: life is roll$ ab\t ext]nals1 hav+ once act$ impi\sly t[>ds !mselves1 to be borne along to t to :i* !y t5d2 b we rightly say1 t ! man :om we designate z a philosoph]1 & :o is sep>at$ f ext]nals1 w n be di/urb$ by dmons1 nor be 9 want ( div9]s1 nor ( ! visc]a ( animals4 ,= he e>ne/ly endeav\rs to be sep>at$ f ^? ?+s = ! sake ( :i* div9ations are effect$4 ,= he does n betake himself to nuptials1 9 ord] t he may mole/ ! div9] ab\t w$lock1 or m]*&ise1 or inquiries ab\t a s]vant1 or an increase ( prop]ty1 or any o!r object ( vulg> pursuit4 ,= ! subjects ( 8 inve/igation are n cle>ly indicat$ by any div9] or visc]a ( animals4 ,b he1 z we h said1 approa*+ ?r\gh himself to ! supreme ,god1 :o is e/abli%$ 9 ! true inw>d p>ts ( himself1 receives f !nce ! precepts ( et]nal life1 t5d+ ?i!r by a conflux ( ! :ole ( himself1 & in/ead ( a div9] pray+ t he may become a confabulator ( ! mighty ,jupit]4 #ec4 ,= if su* a "o is impell$ by "s necess>y circum/ance1 !re are good dmons1 :o1 to ! man liv+ aft] ?is mann]1 & :o is a dome/ic ( div9ity1 w indicate & prev5t1 ?r\gh dreams & symbols1 & om5s1 :at may come to pass1 & :at is necess>ily to be avoid$4 ,= x is only requisite to dep>t f evil1 & to "k :at is mo/ hon\rable 9 ! :ole ( ?+s1 & e ?+ :i* 9 ! univ]se is good1 fri5dly1 & famili>4 ,b vice1 & an ignorance ( div9e conc]ns1 are dire1 ?r\gh :i* a man is l$ to despise & defame ?+s ( :i* he has no k2 s9ce nature does n proclaim ^! p>ticul>s ) a voice :i* c be he>d by ! e>s1 b be+ h]self intellectual#fb1 %e initiates ?r\gh intellect ^? :o v5]ate h]4 ,& ev5 ?\gh "s "o %\ld admit ! art ( div9ation = ! sake ( pr$ict+ :at is future1 yet x does n f !nce necess>ily foll[ t ! fle% ( animals is to be eat52 z nei!r does x foll[1 t because x is prop] to sacrifice to ,gods or dmons1 food f animals is !re=e to be introduc$4 ,=1 n only ! hi/ory :i* is relat$ by ,!ophra/us1 b also _m o!r n>rations in=m u1 t 9 anci5t times m5 7 sacrific$1 yet x mu/ n be inf]r$ t on ?is acc\nt m5 are to be eat54 #ed4 ,& t we d n c>elessly ass]t ^! ?+s1 b t :at we h said is abundantly confirm$ by hi/ory1 ! foll[+ n>rations suffici5tly te/ify4 ,= 9 ,rhodes1 on ! six? day ( ,june1 a man 0 sacrific$ to ,saturn2 :i* cu/om hav+ prevail$ = a long "t1 0 aft]w>ds *ang$ into a m human mode ( sacrific+4 ,= "o ( ^? m5 :o1 by ! public decision1 _h be5 s5t5c$ to dea?1 0 kept 9 prison till ! ,saturnalia comm5c$2 b z soon z ?is fe/ival began1 !y br\ght ! man out ( ! gates ( ! city1 opposite to ! temple ( ,ari/obulus1 & giv+ him w9e to dr9k1 !y cut 8 ?roat4 ,b 9 ! isl& :i* is n[ call$ ,salamis1 b 0 =m]ly d5om9at$ ,coronis1 9 ! mon? accord+ to ! ,cyprians ,aphrodisius1 a man 0 sacrific$ to ,agraule1 ! daught] ( ,cecrops1 & ! nymph ,agraulis4 ,& ?is cu/om cont9u$ till ! "t ( ,diom$4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 *ang$1 s t a man 0 sacrific$ to ,diom$4 ,b ! temples ( ,m9]va1 ( ,agraule1 & ,diom$1 7 conta9$ 9 "o & ! same enclosure4 ,! man also :o 0 ab\t to be sla91 0 fir/ l$ by "y m5 ?rice r\nd ! alt>1 aft]w>ds ! prie/ pi]c$ him ) a lance 9 ! /oma*1 & ?us be+ ?r[n on ! pyre1 he 0 entirely consum$4 #ee4 ,?is sacr$ in/itute 01 h[ev]1 aboli%$ by ,diphilus1 ! k+ ( ,cyprus1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ,seleucus1 ! !ologi/4 ,b ,dmon sub/itut$ an ox = a man2 ?us caus+ ! latt] sacrifice to be ( equal wor? ) ! =m]4 ,amosis also aboli%$ ! law ( sacrific+ m5 9 ! ,egyptian city ,heliopolis2 ! tru? ( :i* is te/ifi$ by ,mane?o 9 8 treatise on ,antiquity & ,piety4 ,b ! sacrifice 0 made to ,juno1 & an inve/igation took place1 z if !y 7 endeav\r+ to f9d pure calves1 & su* z 7 m>k$ by ! impression ( a seal4 ,?ree m5 also 7 sacrific$ on ! day appo9t$ = ?is purpose1 9 ! place ( :om ,amosis ord]$ !m to sub/itute ?ree wax5 images4 ,9 ,*ios likewise1 !y sacrific$ a man to ,omadius ,bac*us#fc1 ! man be+ = ?is purpose torn 9 pieces2 & ! same cu/om1 z ,euelpis ,c>y/ius says1 0 adopt$ 9 ,t5$os4 ,to :i* may be add$1 t ! ,lac$monians1 z ,apollodorus says1 sacrific$ a man to ,m>s4 #ef4 ,moreov] ! ,phnicians1 9 great calamities1 ei!r ( w>1 or excessive dryness1 or pe/il5ce1 sacrific$ "s "o ( _! de>e/ fri5ds1 :o 0 select$ by votes = ?is purpose4 ,! ,phnician hi/ory also is replete ) in/ances ( m5 be+ sacrific$1 :i* hi/ory 0 writt5 by ,san*onia?o 9 ! ,phnician tongue1 & 0 int]pret$ into ,greek 9 eight books1 by ,philo ,byblius4 ,b ,i/]1 9 8 collection ( ! ,cretan sacrifices1 says t ! ,curetes =m]ly sacrific$ *ildr5 to ,saturn4 ,& ,pallas1 :o is ! be/ ( ^? t h collect$ :at p]ta9s to ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 says1 t "u ! ,emp]or ,adrian ! sacrific+ ( m5 0 ne>ly totally aboli%$4 ,=1 prior to 8 "t1 9 ,laodicea1 :i* is 9 ,syria1 !y anci5tly sacrific$ a virg9 to ,m9]va1 b n[ !y sacrifice a /ag4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians too1 :o dwell 9 ,libya1 =m]ly sacrific$ m52 b ?is cu/om 0 aboli%$ by ,iphicrates4 ,& ! ,dumatii1 a p ( ,arabia1 annually sacrific$ a boy1 :om !y buri$ "u ! alt>1 :i* 0 us$ by !m z a /atue4 ,b ,phyl>*us n>rates1 t x 0 ! g5]al cu/om ( all ! ,greeks1 be=e !y w5t to w>1 to immolate m54 ,i omit to m5tion ! ,?racians & ,scy?ians1 & also ! ,a!nians1 :o slew ! daught] ( ,ere*!us & ,praxi!a4 ,& ev5 at pres5t1 :o is ignorant t 9 ! great city ( ,rome1 9 ! fe/ival ( ,jupit] ,latialis1 !y cut ! ?roat ( a man8 ,human fle%1 h[ev]1 is n on ?is acc\nt to be eat52 ?\gh1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 necessity1 a man %\ld be sacrific$4 ,=1 :5 a fam9e takes place dur+ a siege1 "s ( ! besieg$ fe$ on ea* o!r1 yet at ! same "t ^? :o d s are deem$ execrable1 & ! de$ is ?\ght to be impi\s4 #eg4 ,aft] ! fir/ w>1 likewise1 wag$ by ! ,romans aga9/ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 9 ord] to obta9 ,sicily1 :5 ! m]c5>y soldi]s ( ! ,phnicians revolt$1 &1 toge!r ) !m1 ^? ( ,africa des]t$1 ,amilc>1 :o 0 surnam$ ,b>kas1 9 attack+ ! ,romans1 0 r$uc$ to su* a sc>city ( food1 t at fir/ 8 m5 ate ^? t fell 9 battle2 b aft]w>ds1 ^! fail+1 !y ate _! captives2 9 ! ?ird place1 _! s]vants2 & 9 ! la/ place1 !y attack$ ea* o!r1 & dev\r$ _! fell[-soldi]s1 :o 7 l$ to be slaught]$ = ?is purpose by lot4 ,b ,amilc>1 tak+ ^? m5 t 7 9 8 p[]1 caus$ 8 elephants to trample on su* ( ! soldi]s z _h act$ 9 ?is mann]1 conceiv+ t x 0 n holy to suff] !m to be any long] m+l$ ) o!r m52 & nei!r did he admit t m5 %\ld be eat5 because c]ta9 p]sons _h d>$ to d ?is2 nor 8 son ,hannibal1 :o1 :5 he 0 lead+ 8 army into ,italy1 0 advis$ by a c]ta9 p]son to accu/om 8 troops to fe$ on human fle%1 9 ord] t !y might nev] be 9 want ( food4 ,x does n foll[1 !re=e1 t because fam9e & w> h be5 ! causes ( eat+ o!r animals1 x is also requisite to fe$ on !m = ! sake ( pleasure2 z nei!r mu/ we admit1 t on ?is acc\nt m5 are to be eat54 ,nor does x foll[1 t because animals are sacrific$ to c]ta9 p[]s1 x is also requisite to eat !m4 ,= nei!r d ^? :o sacrifice m51 on ?is acc\nt1 fe$ on human fle%4 ,?r\gh :at has be5 said1 !re=e1 x is demon/rat$1 t x does n entirely foll[ t animals are to be eat5 because !y are sacrific$4 #eh4 ,b t ^? :o _h le>nt :at ! nature is ( ! p[]s 9 ! univ]se1 (f]$ sacrifices ?r\gh blood1 n to ,gods1 b to dmons1 is confirm$ by !ologi/s !mselves4 ,= !y also ass]t1 t ( dmons1 "s are malefic1 b o!rs b5efic5t1 :o w n mole/ u1 if we (f] to !m ! fir/-fruits ( ^? ?+s alone :i* we eat1 & by :i* we n\ri% ei!r ! s\l or ! body4 ,aft]1 !re=e1 we h add$ a few obs]vations m1 9 ord] to %[ t ! unp]v]t$ conceptions ( ! multitude accord ) a "r op9ion respect+ ! ,gods1 we %all conclude ?is book4 ,^? poets1 !re=e1 :o are wise1 ?\gh b 9 a small degree1 say1 ,:at man s cr$ul\s & void ( m9d1 ,:at man s ignorant1 z to ?9k ! ,gods ,9 fi]y bile & fle%less bones rejoice1 ,= hungry dogs a nutrim5t n fit2 ,or t su* (f]]s !y w e'er rew>d8 ,b ano!r poet says1 ,my (f]+s to ! ,gods f cakes alone ,& frank9c5se %all be2 = n to fri5ds ,b deities my sacrifice ,i make4 #ei4 ,apollo also1 :5 he ord]s m5 to sacrifice accord+ to pat]nal in/itutes1 appe>s to ref] e ?+ to anci5t cu/om4 ,b ! anci5t cu/om ( sacrific+ 01 z we h be=e %[n1 ) cakes & fruits4 ,h5ce also1 sacrifices 7 call$ 1 ?usiai1 & 1 ?uelai1 & 1 ?umelai1 & 1 auto to ?ue91 i4e4 ! act ( sacrific+1 signifi$ ! same ?+ z 1 t\ ?umian1 i4e4 to (f] inc5se1 & :i* is n[ call$ by u1 1 epi?ue91 i4e4 to sacrifice some?+ m4 ,= :at we n[ call 1 ?ue91 i4e4 to sacrifice1 ! anci5ts d5om9at$ 1 erde91 i4e4 to p]=m or make4 ,!y p]fect hecatombs ( bulls1 or goats1 ,made to ,apollo4 #fj4 ,b ^? :o introduc$ co/l9ess into sacrifices1 7 ignorant t1 9 conjunction ) ?is1 !y also introduc$ a sw>m ( evils1 viz4 sup]/ition1 luxury1 an op9ion t a div9e nature may be corrupt$ by gifts1 & t a comp5sation may be made by sacrifices = inju/ice4 ,or :5ce d "s make an oblation ( ?ree animals ) gild$ horns1 b o!rs ( hecatombs8 ,& :5ce did ,olympias1 ! "m ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 sacrifice a ?\s& ( ea* species ( animals1 unless sumptu\sness _h at l5g? proce$$ to sup]/ition8 ,b :5 ! "y man 0 in=m$ t ! ,gods rejoic$ 9 magnific5t sacrifices1 &1 z !y say1 9 solemn banquets ( ox5 & o!r animals1 h[1 ?\gh he 0 will+ to act wisely1 0 x possible t he c\ld8 ,h[ also1 :5 he conceiv$ t ^! sacrifices 7 acceptable to ! ,gods1 0 x possible he %\ld n fancy t he 0 p]mitt$ to act unju/ly1 :5 he might exon]ate himself f errone\s conduct ?r\gh sacrifices8 ,b if he _h be5 p]suad$ t ! ,gods h no ne$ ( ^! ?+s1 & t !y look to ! mann]s ( ^? :o approa* to !m1 & conceive t a "r op9ion ( !m1 & ( ?+s !mselves1 is ! greate/ sacrifice1 h[ is x possible t he %\ld n h be5 temp]ate1 holy1 & j8 #fa4 ,to ! ,gods1 inde$1 ! mo/ excell5t (f]+ is a pure intellect & an impassive s\l1 & also a mod]ate oblation ( our own prop]ty & ( o!r ?+s1 & ?is n neglig5tly1 b ) ! greate/ alacrity4 ,= ! hon\rs :i* we pay to ! ,gods %\ld be accompani$ by ! same promptitude z t ) :i* we give ! fir/ seat to wor?y m51 & ) :i* we rise to1 & salute !m1 & n by ! promptitude ) :i* we pay a tribute4 ,= man mu/ n use su* language z ! foll[+ to ,god3 ,if1 ,o ,phil9us1 y recal to m9d1 ,& love me =1 ! b5efits :i* ,i ,on y conf]r'd1 'tis well1 s9ce = ! sake ,( ^! alone my b\nty 0 be/['d4 ,= div9ity is n satisfi$ ) su* ass]tions z ^!4 ,& h5ce ,plato says 9 8 ,laws1 t x p]ta9s to a good man to sacrifice1 & to be always conv]sant ) ! ,gods by pray]s1 votive (f]+s1 sacrifices1 & e k9d ( religi\s wor%ip2 b t to ! bad man1 mu* lab\r ab\t ! ,gods is inefficaci\s & va94 ,= ! good man kn[s :at ought to be sacrific$1 & f :at x is requisite to ab/a92 :at ?+s are to be (f]$ to div9ity1 & ( :at ! fir/-fruits are to be sacrific$2 b ! bad man exhibit+ hon\rs to ! ,gods f 8 own disposition & 8 own pursuits1 acts 9 s do+ m impi\sly ?an pi\sly4 ,h5ce ,plato ?\ght1 t a philosoph] ought n to be conv]sant ) m5 ( deprav$ habits2 = ?is is nei!r pleas+ to ! ,gods1 nor useful to m52 b ! philosoph] %\ld endeav\r to *ange su* m5 to a bett] condition1 & if he _c effect ?is1 he %\ld be c>eful t he does n himself become *ang$ into _! depravity4 ,he adds1 t hav+ ent]$ into ! "r pa?1 he %\ld proce$ 9 x1 nei!r fe>+ dang] f ! multitude1 nor any o!r blasphemy :i* may happ5 to take place4 ,= x w\ld be a ?+ ( a dire nature1 t ! ,syrians inde$ w n ta/e fi%1 nor ! ,hebrews sw9e1 nor mo/ ( ! ,phnicians & ,egyptians c[s2 & ?\gh _m k+s h endeav\r$ to *ange ^! cu/oms1 yet ^? t adopt !m w\ld r suff] dea?1 ?an a transgression ( ! law :i* =bids !m to eat ^! animals2 & yet t we %\ld *oose to transgress ! laws ( nature & div9e precepts ?r\gh ! fe> ( m51 or ( a c]ta9 d5unciation ( evil f !m4 ,= ! div9e *oir ( ,gods1 & div9e m51 may ju/ly be greatly indignant ) u1 if x p]ceives u direct+ our att5tion to ! op9ions ( deprav$ m51 & idly look+ to ! t]ror ) :i* !y are att5d$1 ?\gh we daily m$itate h[ we may become philosophically dead to o!r ?+s 9 ! pres5t life4 ,,footnotes3 #dj i4e4 ,! ,egyptians4 #da ,9 ! orig9al 1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! v]b 1 imprecor1 mal$ico2 & f h5ce1 accord+ to ,porphyry1 came ! ^w 4 #db i4e4 ,may be r call$ malevol5t ?an unhappy4 #dc ,fabricius is ( op9ion t ^! ,?oes are ! same ) ! ,acro?oit1 m5tion$ by ,simplicius 9 8 ,comm5t4 9 ,epictet4 f ,!ophra/us4 #dd ,9 ! orig9al1 1 4 #de ,9 ! orig9al1 1 :i* ,felicianus v errone\sly r5d]s1 8alius siquidem mihi ad vesc5dem sumo20 b ,val5t9us rightly1 8et horum aliqua coram illis appon]e40 #df ,a r\nd1 broad1 & ?9 cake1 :i* 0 (f]$ 9 sacrifice to ! ,gods4 #dg ,tynni*us1 ! ,*alcid5sian1 is m5tion$ by ,plato 9 8 ,io4 #dh ,vid4 ,hesiod1 ,fragm4 v4 #afi4 #di ,a city ( ,crete4 #ej i4e4 ,"u ! pretext ( be+ patroniz$ by div9ity 9 s do+4 #ea ,porphyry1 9 :at he "h says ( ! ,jews1 alludes to t sect ( !m call$ ,essans2 conc]n+ :om1 see ! #d? book ( ?is "w4 #eb ,9 ! orig9al1 1 4441 in/ead ( :i*1 ,reisk proposes to read1 vel 1 444 ,b ! ins]tion ( is mo/ absurd3 = ! cele/ial are call$ ! visible ,gods4 ,?us ,plato1 9 ! ,timu1 9 ! spee* ( ! ,demiurgus to ! junior or mundane ,gods1 :o consi/ ( ! cele/ial & sublun>y deities1 calls ! cele/ial ,gods ^? t visibly revolve1 & ! sublun>y1 ^? t become app>5t :5 !y please3 1 ' 1 1 444 ,con=mably1 !re=e1 to ! above translation1 ,i read1 1 444 ,to :i* may be add$1 t our au?or1 9 p>agraph #cg1 expressly calls ! />s visible ,gods4 #ec ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 1 4 ,?is ,val5t9us errone\sly translates z foll[s3 8,sacrificabimus igitur etiam et nos1 s$ pr\t decet1 victimas scilicet eximias pote/atibus eximiis adduc5tes40 ,= & 1 9 ?is passage1 evid5tly mean diff]5t1 & n excell5t4 #ed ,conc]n+ ! appellations :i* ! ,py?agoreans gave to numb]s1 see my ,!oretic ,ari?metic1 9 :i* also ! occult mean+ ( ^! appellations is unfold$4 #ee 8,plot9us ni fallor1 aut ,plato1 s$ ille potius10 says ,reisk2 b e "o :o is at all conv]sant ) ,platonic writ]s1 w imm$iately see t by ! !ologi/1 ,porphyry means ,orpheus4 #ef ,?\gh ,porphyry excell$ 9 all philosophical k1 :5ce also he 0 call$ ' 1 ! philosoph]1 yet he 0 inf]ior to 8 auditor ,iambli*us1 9 !ological in=mation4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,iambli*us 0 call$ by all ! ,platoni/s po/]ior to him1 ! div9e1 & ! great prie/4 ,i %all pres5t ! read]1 !re=e1 ) an extract f my translation ( 8 treatise on ! ,my/]ies1 :i* appe>s to me to be an admirable supplem5t to :at ,porphyry has said 9 ?is book1 ab\t sacrific+ animals1 & a satisfactory answ] to ! "q :e!r !y are to be sacrific$ or n4 ,9 ,*ap4 #ad1 !re=e1 ( ,sect4 #e1 he obs]ves z foll[s3 8,we %all beg9 ! elucidation ( ?is subject 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 if we demon/rate t ! sacr$ law ( sacrifices is connect$ ) ! ord] ( ! ,gods4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 we say1 t ( ! ,gods "s are mat]ial1 b o!rs immat]ial4 ,& ! mat]ial1 inde$1 are ^? t compreh5d matt] 9 !mselves1 & adorn x2 b ! immat]ial are ^? t are p]fectly exempt f1 & transc5d matt]3 b1 accord+ to ! sacrific art1 x is requisite to beg9 sacr$ op]ations f ! mat]ial ,gods2 = ! asc5t to ! immat]ial ,gods w n o!rwise be effect$4 ,! mat]ial ,gods1 !re=e1 h a c]ta9 communication ) matt]1 s f> z !y preside ov] x4 ,h5ce !y h dom9ion ov] ?+s :i* happ5 ab\t matt]1 su* z ! division1 p]cussion1 rep]cussion1 mutation1 g5]ation1 & corruption ( all mat]ial bodies4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o wi%es to wor%ip ^! !urgically1 9 a mann] adapt$ to !m1 & to ! dom9ion :i* !y are allott$1 %\ld1 z !y are mat]ial1 employ a mat]ial mode ( wor%ip4 ,= ?us we %all be :olly l$ to a famili>ity ) !m1 & wor%ip !m 9 an alli$ & appropriate mann]4 ,dead bodies1 !re=e1 & ?+s depriv$ ( life1 ! slay+ ( animals1 & ! consumption ( victims1 &1 9 %ort1 ! mutation ( ! matt] :i* is (f]$1 p]ta9 to ^! ,gods1 n by !mselves1 b on acc\nt ( ! matt] ov] :i* !y preside4 ,= ?\gh !y are1 9 ! mo/ em95t degree1 sep>ate f x1 yet1 at ! same "t1 !y are pres5t ) x2 &1 ?\gh !y compreh5d matt] 9 an immat]ial p[]1 yet !y are co-exi/5t ) x4 ,?+s also t are gov]n$1 are n =eign f _! gov]nors2 & ?+s :i* are subs]vi5t z in/rum5ts1 are n unadapt$ to ^? t use !m4 ,h5ce x is =eign to ! immat]ial ,gods1 to (f] matt] to !m ?r\gh sacrifices1 b ?is is mo/ adapt$ to all ! mat]ial ,gods40 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ,iambli*us obs]ves1 8t z !re is a "t :5 we become :olly s\l1 are out ( ! body1 & sublimely revolve on high1 9 conjunction ) all ! immat]ial ,gods2 s1 likewise1 !re is a two-fold mode ( wor%ip1 "o ( :i* is simple1 incorporeal1 & pure f all g5]ation2 & ?is mode p]ta9s to undefil$ s\ls2 b ! o!r is replete ) e ?+ ( a mat]ial nature1 & is adapt$ to s\ls :i* are nei!r pure1 nor lib]at$ f all g5]ation40 ,he adds1 8we mu/ admit1 !re=e1 t !re are two-fold species ( sacrifices2 "o k9d1 inde$1 p]ta9+ to m5 :o are n entirely purifi$1 :i*1 z ,h]aclitus says1 r>ely happ5s to "o man1 or to a c]ta9 easily-to-be-numb]$ few ( mank9d2 b ! o!r k9d be+ mat]ial1 & consi/+ 9 mutation1 is adapt$ to s\ls t are /ill deta9$ by ! body4 ,h5ce1 to cities & p n yet lib]at$ f sublun>y fate1 & ! imp5d+ communion ( bodies1 if su* a mode ( sacrifice z ?is latt] is n p]mitt$1 !y w w&] bo? f immat]ial & mat]ial good4 ,= !y w n be able to receive ! =m]1 & to ! latt] !y w n (f] :at is appropriate40 ,he f>!r in=ms u1 9 ,*ap4 #bb1 t ?\gh ! summit ( ! sacrific art recurs to ! mo/ pr9cipal "o ( ! :ole multitude ( ,gods i4e4 to ! ineffable cause ( all1 & at "o & ! same "t wor%ips ! _m ess5ces & pr9ciples t are root$ & conc5tr$ 9 x2 yet ?is happ5s at ! late/ p]iod1 & to a v few1 & t we mu/ be satisfi$1 if x takes place1 :5 ! sun ( life is sett+4 8,b10 says he1 8our pres5t discussion does n orda9 laws = a man ( ?is k9d2 = he is sup]ior to all law2 b x promulgates a law su* z t ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 to ^? :o are 9 want ( a c]ta9 div9e legislation40 ,9 ! above passage1 by 8a man ( ?is k9d10 ,iambli*us mo/ probably alludes to ,plot9us1 z bo? 8 works1 & ! life ( him1 writt5 by ,porphyry1 %[ t he 0 a man capable ( recurr+ to1 & becom+ unit$ ) ! highe/ ,god1 & ?us at ! same "t wor%ipp+ all ! div9e p[]s t are root$ 9 him4 ,to :at ,iambli*us has ?us excell5tly obs]v$1 may be add$ :at ! philosoph] ,sallu/ says 9 8 gold5 treatise ,on ! ,gods & ! ,_w1 viz4 8t s9ce life prim>ily subsi/s 9 ! ,gods1 & !re is also a c]ta9 human life1 b ! latt] desires to be unit$ to ! =m]1 a m$ium is requir$2 = natures mu* di/ant f ea* o!r _c be conjo9$ )\t a m$ium2 & x is necess>y t ! m$ium %\ld be simil> to ! connect$ natures4 ,life1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily be ! m$ium ( life4 ,h5ce1 m5 ( ! pres5t day t are happy1 & all ! anci5ts1 h sacrific$ animals2 & ?is1 inde$1 n ra%ly1 b 9 a way accommodat$ to e ,god1 ) _m o!r c]emonies respect+ ! cultivation ( div9ity40 ,let ! truly intellectual & pi\s man1 h[ev]1 nev] =get t pray]1 z ,proclus div9ely obs]ves1 possesses ( itself a sup]natural p]fection & p[]4 #eg ,= a m !ological acc\nt ( dmons1 ,i ref] ! read] to my translation ( ! be=e-m5tion$ admirable treatise ( ,iambli*us on ! ,my/]ies4 #eh ,9 ! orig9al1 1 444 ,b = 1 x is necess>y to read 2 & x is evid5t t bo? ! ,lat9 translators ( ?is "w f\nd 9 _! manuscripts4 ,= ,felicianus has 8qui dev9cti ext]nis rebus sunt10 & ,val5t9us1 8qui rebus ext]nis illigantur40 ,reisk1 h[ev]1 has tak5 no notice ( ?is error 9 ! pr9t$ text4 #ei ,reisk1 ) 8 usual /upidity1 :]e m]ely v]bal em5dations are n conc]n$1 says t ?is ,egyptian is ,plot9us1 ^: c\ntry 0 ,lycopolis1 9 ,egypt4 ,b :at in/ance c be adduc$1 9 all antiquity1 ( ! disciple ( a philosoph] speak+ ( 8 preceptor 9 ?is indef9ite mann]8 ,is x n mu* m probable t ?is ,egyptian is ! prie/ m5tion$ by ,porphyry 9 8 ,life ( ,plot9us1 :o1 at ! reque/ ( a c]ta9 fri5d ( ,plot9us1 7:i* fri5d 01 p]haps1 ,porphyry himself17 exhibit$ to ,plot9us1 9 ! temple ( ,isis1 at ,rome1 ! famili> dmon1 or1 9 mod]n language1 ! gu>dian angel ( t philosoph]8 #fj ,con=mably to ?is1 ! ,py?agorean ,demophilus beautifully obs]ves1 1 4 i4e4 8,! wise man be+ s5t hi!r nak$1 %\ld nak$ invoke him by :om he 0 s5t4 ,= he alone is he>d by div9ity1 :o is n burd5$ ) ?+s ( a =eign nature40 #fa ,?is expression ( 8approa*+ alone to ! alone ,god10 ,porphyry d]iv$ f 8 ma/]1 ! great ,plot9us1 :o div9ely concludes 8 ,enneads z foll[s3-- 1 1 1 --i4e4 8,?is1 !re=e1 is ! life ( ! ,gods1 & ( div9e & happy m51 a lib]ation f all t]r5e conc]ns1 a life unaccompani$ by human pleasures1 & a flight ( ! alone to ! alone40 #fb ,nature1 consid]$ z ! la/ ( ! causes :i* fabricate ?is corporeal & s5sible _w1 8b\nds 7says ,proclus 9 ,tim47 ! progressions ( incorporeal ess5ces1 & is full ( =ms & p[]s1 ?r\gh :i* %e gov]ns mundane affairs4 ,& %e is a ,goddess1 inde$1 consid]$ z deifi$2 b n accord+ to ! prim>y signification ( ! ^w4 ,by h] summit likewise %e compreh5ds ! heav5s1 b ?r\gh ^! rules ov] ! fluctuat+ empire ( g5]ation2 & %e e :]e weaves toge!r p>tial natures 9 admirable conjunction ) :oles40 ,see m on ?is subject 9 my translation ( t "w4 #fc ,?is epi!t is us$ 9 two ( ! ,orphic hymns1 viz4 9 ,hymn ,,li4 #g41 & ,hymn ,,xxix4 #e4 ,b ! foll[+ appe>s to be ! reason :y ,bac*us is s call$4 ,bac*us is ! intellect1 & ,ippa ! s\l ( ! _w1 accord+ to ! ,orphic ,!ology2 & ! =m] is said by ,orpheus to be c>ri$ on ! head ( ! latt]4 ,= s we are in=m$ by ,proclus1 9 ,tim4 p4 #abd4 ,jacob de ,rho]1 !re=e1 ! editor ( ?is "w1 0 grossly mi/ak5 9 say+1 8,non dubito1 qu9 1 idem sit qui 1 crudivorus40 ,scalig]1 9 8 v]sion ( ! ,hymns1 v improp]ly translates bajulus1 a port]4 ,= ,bac*us is c>ri$ on1 b does n c>ry ,ippa4 ,,on ,,ab/95ce ,,f ,,animal ,,food4 ,,book ,,! ,,?ird4 #a4 ,9 ! two prec$+ books1 ,o ,firmus ,ca/ricius1 we h demon/rat$1 t animal food does n contribute ei!r to temp]ance & frugality1 or to ! piety :i* especially gives completion to ! !oretic life1 b is r ho/ile to x4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ beautiful "p ( ju/ice consi/s 9 piety to ! ,gods1 & ?is is pr9cipally acquir$ ?r\gh ab/95ce1 !re is no occasion to fe> t we %all violate ju/ice t[>ds m51 :ile we pres]ve piety t[>ds ! ,gods4 ,socrates !re=e says1 9 opposition to ^? :o cont5d t pleasure is ! supreme good1 t ?\gh all sw9e & goats %\ld accord 9 ?is op9ion1 yet he %\ld nev] be p]suad$ t our felicity 0 plac$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( corporeal delight1 z long z intellect has dom9ion ov] all ?+s4 ,& we also say1 t ?\gh all wolves & vultures %\ld praise ! eat+ ( fle%1 we %\ld n admit t !y spoke ju/ly1 z long z man is by nature innoxi\s1 & ought to ab/a9 f procur+ pleasure = himself by injur+ o!rs4 ,we %all pass on1 !re=e1 to ! discussion ( ju/ice2 & s9ce our oppon5ts say t ?is ought only to be ext5d$ to ^? ( a simil> species1 & on ?is acc\nt d5y t irrational animals c be injur$ by m51 let u exhibit ! true1 & at ! same "t ,py?agoric op9ion1 & demon/rate t e s\l :i* p>ticipates ( s5se & memory is rational4 ,= ?is be+ demon/rat$1 we may ext5d1 z our oppon5ts w also admit1 ju/ice to e animal4 ,b we %all epitomize :at has be5 said by ! anci5ts on ?is subject4 #b4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ) respect to reason1 "o k9d1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics1 is int]nal1 b ! o!r ext]nal#fd2 & aga91 "o k9d be+ "r1 b ! o!r errone\s1 x is requisite to expla9 ( :i* ( ^! two1 animals1 accord+ to !m1 are depriv$4 ,are !y !re=e depriv$ ( "r reason alone8 or are !y entirely de/itute bo? ( int]nal & ext]nally proce$+ reason8 ,!y appe>1 inde$1 to ascribe to brutes an entire privation ( reason1 & n a privation ( "r reason alone4 ,= if !y m]ely d5i$ t brutes possess "r reason1 animals w\ld n be irrational1 b rational be+s1 9 ! same mann] z ne>ly all m5 are accord+ to !m4 ,=1 accord+ to _! op9ion1 "o or two wise m5 may be f\nd 9 :om alone "r reason prevails1 b all ! re/ ( mank9d are deprav$2 ?\gh "s ( ^! make a c]ta9 pr(ici5cy1 b o!rs are pr(\ndly deprav$1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 all ( !m are simil>ly rational4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce1 !re=e1 ( self-love1 !y say1 t all o!r animals are irrational2 wi%+ to indicate by irrationality1 an entire privation ( reason4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be requisite to speak ! tru?1 n only reason may pla9ly be p]ceiv$ 9 all animals1 b 9 _m ( !m x is s great z to approximate to p]fection4 #c4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 reason is two-fold1 "o k9d consi/+ 9 ext]nal spee*1 b ! o!r 9 ! disposition ( ! s\l1 we %all beg9 f t :i* is ext]nal1 & :i* is arrang$ accord+ to ! voice4 ,b if ext]nal reason is voice1 :i* ?r\gh ! tongue is significant ( ! int]nal passions ( ! s\l 7= ?is is ! mo/ common def9ition ( x1 & is n adopt$ by "o sect ( philosoph]s only1 & if x is alone indicative ( ! conception ( int]nal reason7--if ?is be ! case1 9 :at p]ta9+ to ?is are su* animals z h a voice defici5t8 ,d !y n discursively p]ceive ! mann] 9 :i* !y are inw>dly affect$1 be=e x is vocally enunciat$ by !m8 ,by a discursive p]ception1 h[ev]1 ,i mean ! p]ception produc$ by ! sil5t disc\rse :i* takes place 9 ! s\l4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 t :i* is vocally express$ by ! tongue is reason1 9 :atev] mann] x may be express$1 :e!r 9 a b>b>\s or a ,grecian1 a can9e or a bov9e mode1 o!r animals also p>ticipate ( x t are vocal2 m51 inde$1 speak+ con=mably to ! human laws ( spee*1 b o!r animals con=mably to ! laws :i* !y receiv$ f ! ,gods & nature4 ,b if we d n und]/& :at !y say1 :at is ?is to ! purpose8 ,= ! ,greeks d n und]/& :at is said by ! ,indians1 nor ^? :o are educat$ 9 ,attica ! language ( ! ,scy?ians1 or ,?racians1 or ,syrians2 b ! s\nd ( ! "o falls on ! e>s ( ! o!r l ! clangor ( cranes1 ?\gh by o!rs _! vocal s\nds c be writt5 & articulat$1 9 ! same mann] z ours c by u4 ,nev]!less1 ! vocal s\nds ( ! ,syrians1 = in/ance1 or ! ,p]sians1 are to u in>ticulate1 & _c be express$ by writ+1 j z ! spee* ( animals is un9telligible to all m54 ,= z we1 :5 we he> ! ,scy?ians speak1 appreh5d1 by ! auditory s5se1 a noise only & a s\nd1 b are ignorant ( ! mean+ ( :at !y say1 because _! language appe>s to u to be no?+ b a clangor1 to h no articulation1 & to employ only "o s\nd ei!r long] or %ort]1 ! v>iety ( :i* is n at all significant to u1 b to !m ! vocal s\nds are intelligible1 & h a great diff]5ce1 9 ! same mann] z our language has to u2 ! l also takes place 9 ! vocal s\nds ( o!r animals4 ,= ! sev]al species ( ^! und]/& ! language :i* is adapt$ to !m1 b we only he> a s\nd1 ( ! signification ( :i* we are ignorant1 because no "o :o has le>nt our language1 is able to tea* u ?r\gh ours ! mean+ ( :at is said by brutes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is requisite to believe 9 ! anci5ts1 & also 9 ^? :o h liv$ 9 our times1 & ! times ( our fa!rs1 !re are "s among ^! :o are said to h he>d & to h und]/ood ! spee* ( animals4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ?is is n>rat$ ( ,melampus & ,tiresias1 & o!rs ( ! l k9d2 & ! same ?+1 n mu* prior to our "t1 is relat$ ( ,apollonius ,tyanu4 ,= x is n>rat$ ( him1 t once1 :5 he 0 ) 8 associates1 a swall[ happ5+ to be pres5t1 & twitt]+1 he said1 t ! swall[ indicat$ to o!r birds1 t an ass lad5 ) corn _h fall5 d[n be=e ! city1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ! fall ( ! ass1 ! corn 0 spread on ! gr\nd#fe4 ,an associate1 also1 ( m9e in=m$ me1 t he once _h a boy = a s]vant1 :o und]/ood ! mean+ ( all ! s\nds ( birds1 & :o said1 t all ( !m 7 prophetic1 & decl>ative ( :at w\ld %ortly happ54 ,he add$1 t he 0 depriv$ ( ?is k ?r\gh 8 "m1 :o1 fe>+ t he w\ld be s5t to ! ,emp]or z a gift1 p\r$ ur9e into 8 e> :5 he 0 asleep4 #d4 ,omitt+1 h[ev]1 ^! ?+s1 ?r\gh ! passion ( incr$ulity1 :i* is connasc5t ) u1 ,i ?9k !re is no "o :o is ignorant1 t !re are "s nations ev5 n[ :o und]/& ! s\nds ( c]ta9 animals1 ?r\gh an alliance to ^? animals4 ,?us1 ! ,arabians und]/& ! language ( cr[s1 & ! ,tyrrh5ians ( eagles4 ,&1 p]haps1 all m5 w\ld und]/& ! language ( all animals1 if a dragon 7 to lick _! e>s4 ,inde$1 ! v>iety & diff]5ce 9 ! vocal s\nds ( animals1 indicate t !y are significant4 ,h5ce1 we he> "o s\nd :5 !y are t]rifi$1 b ano!r1 ( a diff]5t k9d1 :5 !y call _! associates1 ano!r :5 !y summon _! "y to food1 ano!r :5 !y lov+ly embrace ea* o!r1 & ano!r :5 !y incite to battle4 ,& s great is ! diff]5ce 9 _! vocal s\nds1 t1 ev5 by ^? :o h sp5t _! :ole life 9 ! obs]vation ( !m1 x is f\nd to be extremely difficult to asc]ta9 _! mean+1 on acc\nt ( _! multitude4 ,div9]s1 !re=e1 :o pr$ict f rav5s & cr[s1 :5 !y h not$ ! diff]5ce ( ! s\nds1 z f> z to a c]ta9 multitude1 omit ! re/1 z n easily to be appreh5d$ by man4 ,b :5 animals speak to ea* o!r1 ^! s\nds are manife/ & significant to !m1 ?\gh !y are n kn[n to all ( u4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t !y imitate u1 t !y le>n ! ,greek tongue1 & und]/& _! keep]s1 :at man is s impud5t z n to grant t !y are rational1 because he does n und]/& :at !y say8 ,cr[s1 !re=e1 & magpies1 ! rob9 r$brea/1 & ! p>rot1 imitate m51 recollect :at !y h he>d1 are ob$i5t to _! preceptor :ile he is tea*+ !m2 & _m ( !m1 ?r\gh :at !y h le>nt1 po9t out ^? t h act$ wrong 9 ! h\se4 ,b ! ,indian hyna1 :i* ! natives call crocotta1 speaks 9 a mann] s human1 & ?is )\t a tea*]1 z to g to h\ses1 & call t p]son :om he kn[s he c easily vanqui%4 ,he also imitates ! voice ( him :o is mo/ de>1 & w\ld mo/ readily att5d to ! p]son :om he calls2 s t1 ?\gh ! ,indians "k ?is1 yet be+ deceiv$ ?r\gh ! similitude1 & obey+ ! call1 !y come =?1 & are de/roy$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 all animals d n imitate1 & all ( !m are n adapt$ to le>n our language1 :at is ?is to ! purpose8 ,= nei!r is e man docile or imitative1 ,i w n say ( ! vocal s\nds ( animals1 b ( ! five dialects ( ! ,greek tongue4 ,to :i* may be add$1 t "s animals1 p]haps1 d n speak1 because !y h n be5 taught1 or because !y are imp$$ by ! ill con=mation ( ! in/rum5ts ( spee*4 ,we1 !re=e1 :5 we 7 at ,c>?age1 nurtur$ a tame p>tridge1 :i* we caught fly+1 & :i*1 9 process ( "t1 & by associat+ ) u1 became s exce$+ly mild1 t x 0 n only s$ul\sly att5tive to u1 c>ess$ & sport$ ) u1 b utt]$ a s\nd correspond+ to ! s\nd ( our voice1 &1 z f> z x 0 capable1 answ]$ u2 & ?is 9 a mann] diff]5t f t by :i* p>tridges are accu/om$ to call ea* o!r4 ,= x did n utt] a correspond+ s\nd :5 we 7 sil5t1 b :5 we spoke to x4 #e4 ,x is also n>rat$1 t "s dumb animals obey _! ma/]s ) m read9ess ?an any dome/ic s]vants4 ,h5ce1 a lamprey 0 s accu/om$ to ! ,roman ,crassus1 z to come to him :5 he call$ x by its "n2 on :i* acc\nt ,crassus 0 s affectionately dispos$ t[>ds x1 t he exce$+ly lam5t$ its dea?1 ?\gh1 prior to ?is1 he _h borne ! loss ( ?ree ( 8 *ildr5 ) mod]ation4 ,_m likewise relate t ! eels 9 ,are?usa1 & ! %ell-fi% d5om9at$ sap]d1 ab\t ,m&]1 are ob$i5t to ^? t call !m4 ,is n ! imag9ation1 !re=e1 ( an animal t speaks1 ! same1 :e!r x proce$s z f> z to ! tongue1 or does n8 ,& if ?is be ! case1 is x n absurd to call ! voice ( man alone ext]nal reason1 b refuse ?us to d5om9ate ! voice ( o!r animals8 ,= ?is is j z if cr[s %\ld ?9k t _! voice alone is ext]nal reason1 b t we are irrational animals1 because ! mean+ ( ! s\nds :i* we utt] is n obvi\s to !m2 or z if ! inhabitants ( ,attica %\ld ?us d5om9ate _! spee* alone1 & %\ld ?9k t ^? are irrational :o are ignorant ( ! ,attic tongue1 ?\gh ! inhabitants ( ,attica w\ld soon] und]/& ! croak+ ( a cr[1 ?an ! language ( a ,syrian or a ,p]sian4 ,b is x n absurd to judge ( rationality & irrationality f appreh5d+ or n appreh5d+ ! mean+ ( vocal s\nds1 or f sil5ce & spee*8 ,= ?us "s "o might say1 t ! ,god :o is above all ?+s1 & likewise ! o!r ,gods1 are n rational1 because !y d n speak4 ,! ,gods1 h[ev]1 sil5tly indicate _! w1 & birds appreh5d _! w m rapidly ?an m51 & :5 !y h appreh5d$ x1 !y n>rate x to m5 z mu* z !y are able1 & diff]5t birds are ! mess5g]s to m5 ( diff]5t ,gods4 ,?us1 ! eagle is ! mess5g] ( ,jupit]1 ! hawk & ! cr[ ( ,apollo1 ! /ork ( ,juno1 ! crex & ! bird ( night ( ,m9]va1 ! crane ( ,c]es1 & "s o!r bird is ! mess5g] ( "s o!r deity4 ,moreov]1 ^? among u t obs]ve animals1 & are nurtur$ toge!r ) !m1 "k ! mean+ ( _! vocal s\nds4 ,! hunt]1 !re=e1 f ! b>k+ ( 8 dog1 p]ceives at "o "t1 inde$1 t ! dog explores a h>e1 b at ano!r1 t ! dog has f\nd x2 at "o "t1 t he pursues ! game1 at ano!r t he has caught x1 & at ano!r t he is 9 ! wrong track1 ?r\gh hav+ lo/ ! sc5t ( x4 ,?us1 too1 ! c[h]d kn[s1 at "o "t1 inde$1 t a c[ is hungry1 or ?ir/y1 or we>y1 & at ano!r1 t %e is incit$ to v5]y1 or seeks h] calf1 f h] diff]5t l[+s#ff4 ,a lion also manife/s by 8 ro>+ t he ?reat5s1 a wolf by 8 h[l+ t he is 9 a bad condition1 & %eph]ds1 f ! bleat+ ( %eep1 "k :at ! %eep want4 #f4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 are animals ignorant ( ! mean+ ( ! voice ( m51 :5 !y are angry1 or speak k9dly to1 or call !m1 or pursue !m1 or ask !m to d some?+1 or give some?+ to !m2 nor1 9 %ort1 are !y ignorant ( any ?+ t is usually said to !m1 b are aptly ob$i5t to x2 :i* x w\ld be impossible = !m to d1 unless t :i* is simil> to intellection en]giz$1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ excit$ by its simil>4 ,! immod]ation ( _! passions1 also1 is suppress$ by c]ta9 modulations1 & /ags1 bulls1 & o!r animals1 f be+ wild become tame4 ,^?1 too1 :o are decid$ly ( op9ion t brutes are depriv$ ( reason1 yet admit t dogs h a k ( dialectic1 & make use ( ! syllogism :i* consi/s ( _m disjunctive propositions1 :51 9 se>*+ = _! game1 !y happ5 to come to a place :]e !re are ?ree roads4 ,= !y ?us reason1 ! bea/ has ei!r fl$ ?r\gh ?is road1 or ?r\gh t1 or ?r\gh ! rema9+ road2 b x has n fl$ ei!r ?r\gh ?is1 or ?r\gh t1 & !re=e x mu/ h fl$ ?r\gh ! rema9+ ?ird ( ^! roads#fg4 ,aft] :i* syllogi/ic process1 !y resume _! pursuit 9 t road4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be readily said1 t animals d ^! ?+s naturally1 because !y 7 n taught by any "o to d !m2 z if we also 7 n allott$ reason by nature1 ?\gh we likewise give names to ?+s1 because we are naturally adapt$ to d s4 ,besides1 if x be requisite to believe 9 ,ari/otle1 animals are se5 to tea* _! (fspr+1 n only some?+ p]ta9+ to o!r ?+s1 b also to utt] vocal s\nds2 z ! night+ale1 = in/ance1 tea*es h] "y to s+4 ,& z he likewise says1 animals le>n _m ?+s f ea* o!r1 & _m f m52 & ! tru? ( :at he ass]ts is te/ifi$ by all ! tam]s ( colts1 by e jockey1 horseman1 & *>iote]1 & by all hunt]s1 h]dsm51 keep]s ( elephants1 & ma/]s ( wild bea/s & birds4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o e/imates ?+s rightly1 w be l$1 f ^! in/ances1 to ascribe intellig5ce to brutes2 b he :o is inconsid]ate1 & is ignorant ( ^! ?+s1 w be induc$ to act ra%ly1 ?r\gh 8 inexhau/ible avidity co-op]at+ ) him aga9/ !m4 ,= h[ is x possible t he %\ld n defame & calumniate animals1 :o has det]m9$ to cut !m 9 pieces1 z if !y 7 /ones8 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 ,plato1 ,emp$ocles1 ,py?agoras1 ,democritus1 & all su* z endeav\r$ to discov] ! tru? conc]n+ animals1 h ackn[l$g$ t !y p>ticipate ( reason4 #g4 ,b x is n[ requisite to %[ t brutes h int]nal reason4 ,! diff]5ce1 inde$1 betwe5 our reason & !irs1 appe>s to consi/1 z ,ari/otle some:]e says1 n 9 ess5ce1 b 9 ! m & ! less2 j z _m are ( op9ion1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,gods & u is n ess5tial1 b consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 !m !re is a great]1 & 9 u a less accuracy1 ( ! reason+ p[]#fh4 ,&1 inde$1 s f> z p]ta9s to s5se & ! rema9+ organization1 accord+ to ! s5soria & ! fle%1 e "o ne>ly w grant t ^! are simil>ly dispos$ 9 u1 z !y are 9 brutes4 ,= !y n only simil>ly p>ticipate ) u ( natural passions1 & ! motions produc$ ?r\gh ^!1 b we may also survey 9 !m su* affections z are pret]natural & morbid4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 ( a s\nd m9d1 w say t brutes are unreceptive ( ! reason+ p[]1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! habit ( body & ours1 :5 he sees t !re is a great v>iety ( habit 9 m51 accord+ to _! race1 & ! nations to :i* !y belong1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 x is grant$ t all ( !m are rational4 ,an ass1 !re=e1 is afflict$ ) a cat>rh1 & if ! disease fl[s to 8 lungs1 he dies 9 ! same mann] z a man4 ,a horse1 too1 is subject to purul5ce1 & wa/es away ?r\gh x1 l a man4 ,he is likewise attack$ ) rig\r1 ! g\t1 fev]1 & fury1 9 :i* case he is also said to h a depress$ c\nt5ance4 ,a m>e1 :5 pregnant1 if %e happ5s to smell a lamp :5 x is j ext+ui%$1 becomes abortive1 9 ! same mann] z a woman4 ,an ox1 & likewise a camel1 are subject to fev] & insanity2 a rav5 becomes scabby1 & has ! leprosy2 & also a dog1 :o1 besides ?is1 is afflict$ ) ! g\t1 & madness3 b a hog is subject to ho>s5ess1 & 9 a /ill great] degree a dog2 :5ce ?is disease 9 a man is d5om9at$ f ! dog1 cynan*e4 ,& ^! ?+s are kn[n to u1 because we are famili> ) ^! animals2 b ( ! diseases ( o!r animals we are ignorant1 because we d n associate ) !m4 ,ca/rat$ animals also become m effem9ate4 ,h5ce cocks1 :5 !y are ca/rat$1 no long] cr[2 b _! voice becomes effem9ate1 l t ( m5 :o lose _! te/icles4 ,x is n possible1 likewise1 to di/+ui% ! bell[+ & horns ( a bull1 :5 he is ca/rat$1 f ^? ( a c[4 ,b /ags1 :5 !y are ca/rat$1 no long] ca/ (f _! horns1 b reta9 !m 9 ! same mann] z eunu*s d _! hairs2 & if1 :5 !y are ca/rat$1 !y are )\t horns1 !y d n aft]w>ds produce !m1 j z x happ5s to ^? :o1 be=e !y h a be>d1 are made eunu*s4 ,s t ne>ly ! bodies ( all animals are simil>ly affect$ ) ours1 ) respect to ! bodily calamities to :i* !y are subject4 #h4 ,see1 h[ev]1 :e!r all ! passions ( ! s\l 9 brutes1 are n simil> to ours2 = x is n ! prov9ce ( man alone to appreh5d juices by ! ta/e1 col\rs by ! sight1 od\rs by ! smell1 s\nds by ! he>+1 cold or heat1 or o!r tangible objects1 by ! t\*2 b ! s5ses ( brutes are capable ( ! same p]ceptions4 ,nor are brutes depriv$ ( s5se because !y are n m51 z nei!r are we to be depriv$ ( reason1 because ! ,gods1 if !y possess x1 are rational be+s4 ,) respect to ! s5ses1 h[ev]1 o!r animals appe> greatly to surpass u2 = :at man c see s acutely z a dragon8 7= ?is is n ! fabul\s ,lynceus74 ,& h5ce ! poets d5om9ate to see 1 drake93 b an eagle1 f a great height1 sees a h>e4 ,:at man he>s m acutely ?an cranes1 :o are able to he> f an int]val s great1 z to be beyond ! rea* ( human sight8 ,& z to smell1 almo/ all animals s mu* surpass u 9 ?is s5se1 t ?+s :i* fall on x1 & are obvi\s to !m1 are conceal$ f u2 s t !y "k & smell ! sev]al k9ds ( animals by _! foot/eps4 ,h5ce1 m5 employ dogs z _! lead]s1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! retreat ( a bo>1 or a /ag4 ,& we1 inde$1 are sl[ly s5sible ( ! con/itution ( ! air2 b ?is is imm$iately p]ceiv$ by o!r animals1 s t f !m we d]ive indications ( ! future /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,) respect to juices also1 !y s accurately "k ! di/9ction betwe5 !m1 t _! k ( :at are morbific1 salubri\s1 & delet]i\s among ^!1 surpasses t ( physicians4 ,b ,ari/otle says1 t animals ^: s5sitive p[]s are m exquisite1 are m prud5t4 ,& ! div]sities1 inde$1 ( bodies are capable ( produc+ a facility or difficulty ( be+ passively affect$1 & ( hav+ reason1 m or less prompt 9 its en]gies2 b !y are n capable ( *ang+ ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 s9ce nei!r are !y able to *ange ! s5ses1 nor to alt] ! passions1 nor to make !m entirely ab&on _! prop] nature4 ,x mu/ be grant$1 !re=e1 t animals p>ticipate m or less ( reason1 b n t !y are p]fectly depriv$ ( x2 z nei!r mu/ x be admitt$ t "o animal has reason1 b ano!r n4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 "o & ! same species ( animals1 "o body is m1 b ano!r less heal?y2 &1 9 a simil> mann]1 9 diseases1 9 a naturally good1 & a naturally bad1 disposition1 !re is a great diff]5ce2 ?us also 9 s\ls1 "o is naturally good1 b ano!r deprav$3 & ( s\ls t are deprav$1 "o has m1 b ano!r less1 ( depravity4 ,9 good m51 likewise1 !re is n ! same equality2 = ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 & ,plato1 are n simil>ly good4 ,nor is !re sam5ess 9 a concordance ( op9ions4 ,h5ce x does n foll[1 if we h m intellig5ce ?an o!r animals1 t on ?is acc\nt !y are to be depriv$ ( intellig5ce2 z nei!r mu/ x be said1 t p>tridges d n fly1 because hawks fly high]2 nor t o!r hawks d n fly1 because ! bird call$ phassophonos#fi flies high] ?an ^!1 & ?an all o!r birds4 ,"s "o1 !re=e1 may admit t ! s\l is co-passive ) ! body1 & t ! =m] suff]s some?+ f ! latt]1 :5 ! latt] is well or ill affect$2 b 9 ?is case x by no means *anges its nature3 b if ! s\l is only co-passive to1 & uses ! body z an in/rum5t1 %e may be able to effect _m ?+s ?r\gh x1 :i* we _c1 ev5 :5 x is organiz$ diff]5tly f ours1 & :5 x is affect$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 may sympa?ize ) x1 & yet may n *ange its prop] nature4 #i4 ,x mu/ be demon/rat$1 !re=e1 t !re is a rational p[] 9 animals1 & t !y are n depriv$ ( prud5ce4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 inde$1 ea* ( !m kn[s :e!r x is imbecile or /rong1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 x def5ds "s p>ts ( itself1 b attacks ) o!rs4 ,?us ! pan!r uses its tee?1 ! lion its nails & tee?1 ! horse its ho(s1 ! ox its horns1 ! cock its spurs1 & ! scorpion its /+2 b ! s]p5ts 9 ,egypt use _! spittle1 7:5ce also !y are call$ 1 ptuades1 i4e4 spitt]s17 & ) ?is !y bl9d ! eyes ( ^? t approa* !m3 & ?us a diff]5t animal uses a diff]5t "p ( itself = attack1 9 ord] to save itself4 ,aga91 "s animals1 viz4 su* z are robu/1 fe$ & live remote f m52 b o!rs1 :o are ( an ignoble nature1 live remote f /rong] animals1 &1 on ! contr>y1 dwell ne>] m54 ,& ( ^!1 "s dwell at a great] di/ance f m robu/ animals1 z sp>r[s & swall[s1 :o build _! ne/s 9 ! ro(s ( h\ses2 b o!rs associate ) m51 z1 = in/ance1 dogs4 ,!y likewise *ange _! places ( abode at c]ta9 times1 & "k e ?+ :i* contributes to _! advantage4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 9 fi%es & 9 birds1 a reason+ en]gy ( ?is k9d may be p]ceiv$2 all :i* p>ticul>s are abundantly collect$ by ! anci5ts1 9 _! writ+s conc]n+ ! prud5ce ( animals2 & !y are copi\sly discuss$ by ,ari/otle1 :o says1 t by all animals an habitation subs]vi5t to _! subsi/5ce & _! safety1 is mo/ exquisitely contriv$4 #aj4 ,b he :o says t ^! ?+s are naturally pres5t ) animals1 is ignorant 9 ass]t+ ?is1 t !y are by nature rational2 or if ?is is n admitt$1 nei!r does reason subsi/ 9 u naturally1 nor ) ! p]fection ( x receive an increase1 s f> z we are naturally adapt$ to receive x4 ,a div9e nature1 inde$1 does n become rational#gj ?r\gh le>n+1 = !re nev] 0 a "t 9 :i* he 0 irrational2 b rationality is consubsi/5t ) 8 exi/5ce1 & he is n prev5t$ f be+ rational1 because he did n receive reason ?r\gh discipl9e3 ?\gh1 ) respect to o!r animals1 9 ! same mann] z ) respect to m51 _m ?+s are taught !m by nature1 & "s ?+s are imp>t$ by discipl9e4 ,brutes1 h[ev]1 le>n "s ?+s f ea* o!r1 b are taught o!rs1 z we h said1 by m54 ,!y also h memory1 :i* is a mo/ pr9cipal ?+ 9 ! resumption ( reason+ & prud5ce4 ,!y likewise h vices1 & are envi\s2 ?\gh _! bad qualities are n s widely ext5d$ z 9 m53 = _! vices are ( a light] nature ?an ^? ( m54 ,?is1 inde$1 is evid5t2 = ! build] ( a h\se w nev] be able to lay ! f\ndation ( x1 unless he is sob]2 nor c a %ipwright prop]ly place ! keel ( a %ip1 unless he is 9 heal?2 nor a husb&man plant a v9e1 unless he applies 8 m9d to x2 yet ne>ly all m51 :5 !y are intoxicat$1 c beget *ildr54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) o!r animals2 = !y propagate = ! sake ( (fspr+1 & = ! mo/ "p1 :5 ! males h made ! female pregnant1 !y no long] attempt to be connect$ ) h]2 nor1 if !y %\ld attempt x1 w\ld ! female p]mit !m4 ,b ! magnitude ( ! lascivi\s insol5ce & intemp]ance ( m5 9 ^! ?+s1 is evid5t4 ,9 o!r animals1 h[ev]1 ! male is consci\s ( ! p>turi5t ?roes ( ! female1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 p>takes ( ! same pa9s2 z is evid5t 9 cocks4 ,b o!rs incubate toge!r ) ! females2 z ! males ( doves4 ,!y likewise provide a prop] place = ! deliv]y ( _! (fspr+2 & aft] !y h br\ght =? _! (fspr+1 !y bo? purify !m & !mselves4 ,& he :o prop]ly obs]ves1 w see t e ?+ proce$s ) !m 9 an ord]ly mann]2 t !y fawn on him :o n\ri%es !m1 & t !y "k _! ma/]1 & give indications ( him :o acts insidi\sly4 #aa4 ,:o likewise is ignorant h[ mu* greg>i\s animals pres]ve ju/ice t[>ds ea* o!r8 = ?is is pres]v$ by ants1 by bees1 & by o!r animals ( ! l k9d4 ,& :o is ignorant ( ! *a/ity ( female r+-doves t[>ds ! males ) :om !y associate8 = !y de/roy ^? :o are f\nd by !m to h committ$ adult]y4 ,or :o has n he>d ( ! ju/ice ( /orks t[>ds _! p>5ts8 ,= 9 ! sev]al species ( animals1 a peculi> virtue is em95t1 to :i* ea* species is naturally adapt$2 nor because ?is virtue is natural & /able1 is x fit to d5y t !y are rational8 ,= x might be requisite to deprive !m ( rationality1 if _! works 7 n ! prop] effects ( virtue & rational sagacity2 b if we d n und]/& h[ ^! works are effect$1 because we are unable to p5etrate into ! reason+ :i* !y use1 we are n on ?is acc\nt to accuse !m ( irrationality2 = nei!r is any "o able to p5etrate into ! intellect ( t div9ity ! sun1 b f 8 works we ass5t to ^? :o demon/rate him to be an intellectual & rational ess5ce4 #ab4 ,b "s "o may v prop]ly wond] at ^? :o admit t ju/ice d]ives its subsi/5ce f ! rational "p1 & :o call ^? animals t h no association ) m51 savage & unju/1 & yet d n ext5d ju/ice z f> z to ^? t d associate ) u2 & :i*1 9 ! same mann] z m51 w\ld be depriv$ ( life1 if !y 7 depriv$ ( human society4 ,birds1 !re=e1 & dogs1 & _m quadrup$s1 su* z goats1 horses1 %eep1 asses1 & mules1 w\ld p]i%1 if depriv$ ( an association ) mank9d4 ,nature also1 ! fabricator ( _! frame1 con/itut$ !m s z to be 9 want ( m51 & fa%ion$ m5 s z to require _! assi/ance2 ?us produc+ an innate ju/ice 9 !m t[>ds u1 & 9 u t[>ds !m4 ,b x is n at all wond]ful1 if "s ( !m are savage t[>ds m52 = :at ,ari/otle says is true1 t if all animals _h an abundance ( nutrim5t1 !y w\ld n act f]oci\sly1 ei!r t[>ds ea* o!r1 or t[>ds m54 ,= on acc\nt ( food1 ?\gh necess>y & sl5d]1 enmities & fri5d%ips are produc$ among animals1 & also on acc\nt ( ! places :i* !y occupy2 b if m5 7 r$uc$ to su* /raits z brutes are ) respect to food1 h[ mu* m savage w\ld !y become ?an ^? animals t appe> to be wild8 ,w> & fam9e are indications ( ! tru? ( ?is2 = !n m5 d n ab/a9 f eat+ ea* o!r2 & ev5 )\t w> & fam9e1 !y eat animals t are nurtur$ ) !m1 & are p]fectly tame4 #ac4 ,"s "o1 h[ev]1 may say1 t brutes are inde$ rational animals1 b h n a c]ta9 habitude1 proximity1 or alliance to u2 b he :o ass]ts ?is w1 9 ! fir/ place1 make !m to be irrational animals1 9 consequ5ce ( depriv+ !m ( an alliance to our nature4 ,&1 9 ! next place1 he w make _! association ) u to dep5d on ! utility :i* we d]ive f !m1 & n on ! p>ticipation ( reason4 ,! ?+ propos$ by u1 h[ev]1 is to %[ t brutes are rational animals1 & n to inquire :e!r !re is any compact betwe5 !m & u4 ,=1 ) respect to m51 all ( !m d n league ) u1 & yet no "o w\ld say1 t he :o does n ent] into a league ) u is irrational4 ,b _m brutes are slaves to m51 &1 z "s "o rightly says1 ?\gh !y are 9 a /ate ( s]vitude !mselves1 ?r\gh ! improbity ( m51 yet1 at ! same "t1 by wisdom & ju/ice1 !y cause _! ma/]s to be _! s]vants & curators4 ,moreov]1 ! vices ( brutes are manife/1 f :i* especially _! rationality is demon/rat$4 ,= !y are envi\s1 & ! males are rivals ( ea* o!r ) respect to ! fav\r ( ! females1 & ! females ) respect to ! reg>d ( ! males4 ,!re is "o vice1 h[ev]1 :i* is n inh]5t 9 !m1 viz4 act+ insidi\sly t[>ds _! b5efactors1 b !y are p]fectly b5evol5t to ^? :o are k9d to !m1 & place s mu* confid5ce 9 !m1 z to foll[ :]ev] !y may lead !m1 ?\gh x %\ld ev5 be to slaught] & manife/ dang]4 ,& ?\gh "s "o %\ld n\ri% !m1 n = _! sake1 b = 8 own1 yet !y w be b5evol5tly dispos$ t[>ds _! possessor4 ,b m5 on ! contr>y d n act ) su* ho/ility t[>ds any "o1 z t[>ds him :o has n\ri%$ !m2 nor d !y s mu* pray = ! dea? ( any "o1 z = 8 dea?4 #ad4 ,inde$1 ! op]ations ( brutes are att5d$ ) s mu* consid]ation#ga1 t !y frequ5tly p]ceive1 t ! food :i* is plac$ = !m is no?+ else ?an a sn>e1 ?\gh1 ei!r ?r\gh intemp]ance or hung]1 !y approa* to x4 ,& "s ( !m1 inde$1 d n approa* to x imm$iately1 b o!rs sl[ly acc$e to x4 ,!y also try :e!r x is possible to take ! food )\t fall+ into dang]1 & frequ5tly 9 consequ5ce ( rationality vanqui%+ passion1 !y dep>t )\t be+ injur$4 ,"s ( !m too revile at1 & dis*>ge _! ur9e on ! /ratagem ( m52 b o!rs1 ?r\gh voracity1 ?\gh !y "k t !y %all be captur$1 yet no less ?an ! associates ( ,ulysses1 suff] !mselves to die r ?an n eat4 ,"s p]sons1 likewise1 h n badly endeav\r$ to %[ f ! places :i* animals are allott$1 t !y are f> m prud5t ?an we are4 ,= z ^? be+s t dwell 9 !r are rational1 s also1 say !y1 are ! animals :i* occupy ! region proximate to !r1 viz4 ! air2 aft]w>ds aquatic animals diff] f ^!1 & 9 ! la/ place1 ! t]re/rial diff] f ! aquatic 9 degrees ( rationality4 ,& we belong to ! class ( t]r5e animals dwell+ 9 ! s$im5t ( ! univ]se4 ,= 9 ! ,gods1 we mu/ n inf] t !y possess a great] degree ( excell5ce f ! places :i* !y illum9ate1 ?\gh 9 mortal natures ?is may be admitt$4 #ae4 ,s9ce1 also1 brutes acquire a k ( ! arts1 & ^! su* z are human1 & le>n to dance1 to drive a *>iot1 to fight a duel1 to walk on ropes1 to write & read1 to play on ! pipe & ! h>p1 to dis*>ge arr[s1 & to ride1--?is be+ ! case1 c y any long] d\bt :e!r !y possess t p[] :i* is receptive ( art1 s9ce ! recipi5t ( ^! arts may be se5 to exi/ 9 !m8 ,= :]e w !y receive !m1 unless reason is inh]5t 9 !m 9 :i* ! arts subsi/8 ,= !y d n he> our voice z if x 0 a m]e s\nd only1 b !y also p]ceive ! diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ ( ! words1 :i* is ! effect ( rational intellig5ce4 ,b our oppon5ts say1 t animals p]=m badly :at is done by m54 ,to ?is we reply1 t nei!r d m5 p]=m all ?+s well4 ,= if ?is be n admitt$1 "s m5 w\ld be 9 va9 victors 9 a conte/1 & o!rs vanqui%$4 ,!y add1 t brutes d n consult1 nor =m assemblies1 nor act 9 a judicial capacity4 ,b tell me :e!r all m5 d ?is8 ,d n actions 9 ! multitude prec$e consultation8 ,& :5ce c any "o demon/rate t brutes d n consult8 ,= no "o c adduce an argum5t suffici5t to prove t !y d n4 ,b ^? %[ ! contr>y to ?is1 :o h writt5 m9utely ab\t animals4 ,z to o!r objections1 :i* are adduc$ by our adv]s>ies 9 a declamatory way1 !y are p]fectly frivol\s2 su*1 = in/ance2 z t brutes h no cities ( _! own4 ,= nei!r h ! ,scy?ians1 :o live 9 c>ts1 nor ! ,gods4 ,our oppon5ts add1 t nei!r h brutes any writt5 laws4 ,to ?is we reply1 t nei!r _h m5 :ile !y 7 happy4 ,= ,apis is said to h be5 ! fir/ t promulgat$ laws = ! ,greeks1 :5 !y 7 9 want ( !m4 #af4 ,to m51 !re=e1 on acc\nt ( _! voracity1 brutes d n appe> to possess reason2 b by ! ,gods & div9e m51 !y are hon\r$ equally ) sacr$ suppliants4 ,h5ce1 ! ,god#gb said to ,ari/odicus1 ! ,cumean1 t sp>r[s 7 8 suppliants4 ,socrates also1 & prior to him1 ,rhadaman?us1 swore by animals4 ,b ! ,egyptians conceive !m to be ,gods1 :e!r !y1 9 reality1 ?\ght !m to be s1 or :e!r !y int5tionally repres5t$ ! ,gods 9 ! =ms ( ox51 birds1 & o!r animals1 9 ord] t ^! animals might be no less ab/a9$ f ?an f m51 or :e!r !y did ?is ?r\gh o!r m my/ical causes#gc4 ,?us also ! ,greeks unit$ a ram to ! /atue ( ,jupit]1 b ! horns ( a bull to t ( ,bac*us4 ,!y likewise fa%ion$ ! /atue ( ,pan f ! =m ( a man & a goat2 b !y repres5t$ ! ,muses & ! ,sir5s w+$1 & also ,victory1 ,iris1 ,love1 & ,h]mes4 ,p9d> too1 9 8 hymns1 repres5ts ! ,gods1 :5 !y 7 expell$ by ,typhon1 n resembl+ m51 b o!r animals4 ,& ,jupit]1 :5 9 love ) ,pasiphae1 is said to h become a bull2 b at ano!r "t1 he is said to h be5 *ang$ into an eagle & a swan2 ?r\gh all :i* ! anci5ts indicat$ ! hon\r :i* !y paid to animals1 & ?is 9 a /ill great] degree :5 !y ass]t t ,jupit] 0 nurs$ by a goat4 ,! ,cretans1 f a law e/abli%$ by ,rhadaman?us1 swore by all animals4 ,nor 0 ,socrates 9 je/ :5 he swore by ! dog & ! goose2 b 9 s do+1 he swore con=mably to ! j son ( ,jupit] ,rhadaman?us2 nor did he sportfully say t swans 7 8 fell[-s]vants4 ,b fables obscurely signify1 t animals h s\ls simil> to ours1 :5 !y say t ! ,gods 9 _! ang] *ang$ m5 into brutes1 & t1 :5 !y 7 s *ang$1 !y aft]w>ds piti$ & lov$ !m4 ,= ?+s ( ?is k9d are ass]t$ ( dolph9s & halcyons1 ( night+ales & swall[s4 #ag4 ,ea* ( ! anci5ts1 likewise1 :o _h be5 prosp]\sly nurs$ by animals1 boa/$ m ( ?is ?an ( _! p>5ts & educators4 ,?us1 "o boa/$ ( hav+ be5 nurs$ by a %e-wolf1 ano!r by a h9d1 ano!r by a %e-goat1 & ano!r by a bee4 ,b ,semiramis glori$ 9 hav+ be5 br\ght up by doves1 ,cyrus 9 be+ nurs$ by a dog1 & a ,?racian 9 hav+ a swan = 8 nurse1 :o likewise bore ! "n ( 8 nurse4 ,h5ce also1 ! ,gods obta9$ _! surnames1 z ,bac*us t ( ,h9nuleus1 ,apollo t ( ,lyceus1 &1 likewise ,delph9ius1 ,neptune & ,m9]va t ( ,eque/ris4 ,b ,hecate1 :5 invok$ by ! names ( a bull1 a dog1 & a lioness1 is m propiti\s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o sacrifice animals & eat !m1 ass]t t !y are irrational1 9 ord] t !y may mitigate ! crime ( s do+1 ! ,scy?ians also1 :o eat _! p>5ts1 may 9 l mann] say t _! p>5ts are de/itute ( reason4 #ah4 ,?r\gh ^! argum5ts1 !re=e1 & o!rs :i* we %all aft]w>ds m5tion1 9 n>rat+ ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts1 x is demon/rat$ t brutes are rational animals1 reason 9 mo/ ( !m be+ inde$ imp]fect1 ( :i*1 nev]!less1 !y are n entirely depriv$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ju/ice p]ta9s to rational be+s1 z our oppon5ts say1 h[ is x possible n to admit1 t we %\ld also act ju/ly t[>ds brutes8 ,= we d n ext5d ju/ice to plants1 because !re appe>s to be mu* 9 !m :i* is unconnect$ ) reason2 ?\gh ( ^!1 we are accu/om$ to use ! fruits1 b n toge!r ) ! fruits to cut (f ! trunks4 ,we collect1 h[ev]1 corn & legum9\s sub/ances1 :51 be+ effloresc5t1 !y h fall5 on ! e>?1 & are dead4 ,b no "o uses = food ! fle% ( dead animals1 t ( fi% be+ except$1 unless !y h be5 de/roy$ by viol5ce4 ,s t 9 ^! ?+s !re is mu* inju/ice4 ,z ,plut>* also says#gd1 x does n foll[ t1 because our nature is indig5t ( c]ta9 ?+s1 & we use ^!1 we %\ld !re=e act unju/ly t[>ds all ?+s4 ,= we are all[$ to injure o!r ?+s to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ord] to procure ! necess>y means ( subsi/5ce 7if to take any ?+ f plants1 ev5 :ile !y are liv+1 is an injury to !m72 b to de/roy o!r ?+s ?r\gh luxury1 & = ! enjoym5t ( pleasure1 is p]fectly savage & unju/4 ,& ! ab/95ce f ^! nei!r dim9i%es our life nor our liv+ happily4 ,= if1 inde$1 ! de/ruction ( animals & ! eat+ ( fle% 7 z requisite z air & wat]1 plants & fruits1 )\t :i* x is impossible to live1 ?is inju/ice w\ld be necess>ily connect$ ) our nature4 ,b if _m prie/s ( ! ,gods1 & _m k+s ( ! b>b>ians1 be+ att5tive to purity1 & if1 likewise1 inf9ite species ( animals nev] ta/e food ( ?is k9d1 yet live1 & obta9 _! prop] end accord+ to nature1 is n he absurd :o ord]s u1 because we are compell$ to wage w> ) c]ta9 animals1 n to live peaceably ) ^? ) :om x is possible to d s1 b ?9ks1 ei!r t we ought to live )\t ex]cis+ ju/ice t[>ds any ?+1 or t1 by ex]cis+ x t[>ds all ?+s1 we %\ld n cont9ue 9 exi/5ce8 ,z1 !re=e1 among m51 he :o1 = ! sake ( 8 own safety1 or t ( 8 *ildr5 or c\ntry1 ei!r seizes ! weal? ( c]ta9 p]sons1 or oppresses "s region or city1 has necessity = ! pretext ( 8 inju/ice2 b he :o acts 9 ?is mann] ?r\gh ! acquisition ( weal?1 or ?r\gh satiety or luxuri\s pleasure1 & = ! purpose ( satisfy+ desires :i* are n necess>y1 appe>s to be inhospitable1 intemp]ate1 & deprav$2--?us too1 div9ity p>dons ! injuries :i* are done to plants1 ! consumption ( fire & wat]1 ! %e>+ ( %eep1 ! milk+ ( c[s1 & ! tam+ ( ox51 & subjugat+ !m to ! yoke1 = ! safety & cont9uance 9 life ( ^? t use !m4 ,b to deliv] animals to be slaught]$ & cook$1 & ?us be fill$ ) murd]1 n = ! sake ( nutrim5t & satisfy+ ! wants ( nature1 b mak+ pleasure & gluttony ! end ( su* conduct1 is transc5d5tly iniquit\s & dire4 ,= x is suffici5t t we use1 = labori\s purposes1 ?\gh !y h no occasion to lab\r !mselves1 ! prog5y ( horses1 & asses1 & bulls1 z s*ylus says1 z our sub/itutes1 :o1 by be+ tam$ & subjugat$ to ! yoke1 alleviate our toil4 #ai4 ,b ) respect to him :o ?9ks t we %\ld n use an ox = food1 nor de/roy+ & corrupt+ _s & life1 place ?+s on ! table :i* are only ! allurem5ts & elegancies ( satiety1 ( :at does he deprive our life1 :i* is ei!r necess>y to our safety1 or subs]vi5t to virtue8 ,to comp>e plants1 h[ev]1 ) animals1 is do+ viol5ce to ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,= ! latt] are naturally s5sitive1 & adapt$ to feel pa91 to be t]rifi$ & hurt2 on :i* acc\nt also !y may be injur$4 ,b ! =m] are entirely de/itute ( s5sation1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 no?+ =eign1 or evil1 or hurtful1 or injuri\s1 c befall !m4 ,= s5sation is ! pr9ciple ( all alliance1 & ( e ?+ ( a =eign nature4 ,b ,z5o & 8 foll[]s ass]t1 t alliance is ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice4 ,& is x n absurd1 s9ce we see t _m ( our own species live f s5se alone1 b d n possess intellect & reason1 & s9ce we also see1 t _m ( !m surpass ! mo/ t]rible ( wild bea/s 9 cruelty1 ang]1 & rap9e1 be+ murd]\s ( _! *ildr5 & _! p>5ts1 & also be+ tyrants1 & ! tools ( k+s is x n1 ,i say1 absurd1 to fancy t we ought to act ju/ly t[>ds ^!1 b t no ju/ice is due f u to ! ox t pl\ghs1 ! dog t is f$ ) u1 & ! animals t n\ri% u ) _! milk1 & adorn our bodies ) _! wool8 ,is n su* an op9ion mo/ irrational & absurd8 #bj4 ,b1 by ,jupit]1 ! ass]tion ( ,*rysippus is consid]$ by our oppon5ts to be v probable1 t ! ,gods made u = ! sake ( !mselves1 & = ! sake ( ea* o!r1 & t !y made animals = ! sake ( u2 horses1 inde$1 9 ord] t !y might assi/ u 9 battle1 dogs1 t !y might hunt ) u1 & leop>ds1 be>s1 & lions1 = ! sake ( ex]cis+ our =titude4 ,b ! hog 7= "h ! pleasantry ( ,*rysippus is mo/ delightful7 0 n made = any o!r purpose ?an to be sacrific$2 & ,god m+l$ s\l1 z if x 7 salt1 ) ! fle% ( ?is animal1 t he might procure = u excell5t food4 ,9 ord]1 likewise1 t we might h an abundance ( bro?1 & luxuri\s supp]s1 div9ity provid$ = u all-v>i\s k9ds ( %ell-fi%1 ! fi%es call$ purples1 sea-nettles1 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( w+$ animals2 & ?is n f a c]ta9 o!r cause1 b only t he might supply man ) an exub]ance ( pleasure2 9 s do+1 surpass+ all nurses 9 k9dness1 & ?ickly fill+ ) pleasures & enjoym5ts ! t]re/rial place4 ,let him1 h[ev]1 to :om ^! ass]tions appe> to possess a c]ta9 probability1 & to p>ticipate ( some?+ wor?y ( deity1 consid] :at he w reply to ! say+ ( ,c>neades1 t e ?+ :i* is produc$ by nature1 is b5efit$ :5 x obta9s ! end to :i* x is adapt$1 & = :i* x 0 g5]at$4 ,b b5efit is to be und]/ood 9 a m g5]al way1 z signify+ :at ! ,/oics call useful4 ,! hog1 h[ev]1 says he 0 produc$ by nature = ! purpose ( be+ slaught]$ & us$ = food2 & :5 x suff]s ?is1 x obta9s ! end = :i* x is adapt$1 & is b5efit$4 ,b if ,god fa%ion$ animals = ! use ( m51 9 :at d we use flies1 lice1 bats1 beetles1 scorpions1 & vip]s8 ( :i* "s are odi\s to ! sight1 defile ! t\*1 are intol]able to ! smell1 & 9 _! voice dire & unpleasant2 & o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are de/ructive to ^? t meet ) !m4 ,& ) respect to ! baln1 pi/rices1 & o!r species ( :ales1 an inf9ite numb] ( :i*1 z ,hom] says#ge1 ! l\d-s\nd+ ,amphitrite n\ri%es1 does n ! ,demiurgus tea* u1 t !y 7 g5]at$ = ! utility ( ! nature ( ?+s#gf8 ,& if our oppon5ts %\ld admit t all ?+s 7 n g5]at$ = u1 & ) a view to our advantage1 9 addition to ! di/9ction :i* !y make be+ v confus$ & obscure1 we %all n avoid act+ unju/ly1 9 attack+ & noxi\sly us+ ^? animals :i* 7 n produc$ = our sake1 b accord+ to nature i4e4 = ! sake ( ! univ]se1 z we 74 ,i omit to m5tion1 t if we def9e1 by utility1 ?+s :i* p]ta9 to u1 we %all n be prev5t$ f admitt+1 t we 7 g5]at$ = ! sake ( ! mo/ de/ructive animals1 su* z crocodiles1 baln1 & dragons4 ,= we are n 9 ! lea/ b5efit$ by !m2 b !y seize & de/roy m5 t fall 9 _! way1 & use !m = food2 9 s do+ act+ n at all m cruelly ?an we d1 except+ t !y commit ?is inju/ice ?r\gh want & hung]1 b we ?r\gh insol5t wantonness1 & = ! sake ( luxury1 frequ5tly sport+ 9 !atres1 & 9 hunt+ slaught] ! great] "p ( animals4 ,& by ?us act+1 inde$1 a murd]\s disposition & a brutal nature become /r5g!n$ 9 u1 & r5d] u ins5sible to pity3 to :i* we may add1 t ^? :o fir/ d>$ to d ?is1 blunt$ ! greate/ "p ( l5ity1 & r5d]$ x inefficaci\s4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 h[ev]1 made l5ity t[>ds bea/s to be an ex]cise ( philan?ropy & commis]ation4 ,s t1 h[ is x possible !y %\ld n 9 a great] degree excite u to ju/ice1 ?an ^? :o ass]t t1 by n slaught]+ animals1 ! ju/ice :i* is usually ex]cis$ t[>ds m5 w be corrupt$8 ,= cu/om is mo/ p[]ful 9 increas+ ^? passions 9 man :i* 7 gradually introduc$ into 8 nature4 #ba4 ,x is s1 say our antagoni/s2 b z ! immortal is oppos$ to ! mortal1 ! incorruptible to ! corruptible1 & ! incorporeal to ! corporeal1 s to ! rational ess5ce :i* has an exi/5ce 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! irrational ess5ce mu/ be oppos$1 :i* has a subsi/5ce contr>y to x2 nor 9 s _m conjugations ( ?+s1 is ?is alone to be left imp]fect & mutilat$4 ,our oppon5ts1 h[ev]1 ?us speak1 z if we did n grant ?is1 or z if we _h n %[n t !re is mu* ( ! irrational among be+s4 ,= !re is an abundance ( x 9 all ! natures t are de/itute ( s\l1 nor d we require any o!r opposition to t :i* is rational2 b imm$iately e ?+ :i* is depriv$ ( s\l1 be+ irrational & )\t intellect1 is oppos$ to t :i* possesses reason & dianoia#gg4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s "o %\ld ?9k fit to ass]t t n nature 9 common1 b ! animat$ nature1 is divid$ into t :i* possesses & t :i* is )\t imag9ation1 & into t :i* is s5sitive1 & t :i* is depriv$ ( s5sation1 9 ord] t ^! oppositions ( habits & privations may subsi/ ab\t ! same g5us1 z be+ equipond]ant2--he :o says ?is speaks absurdly4 ,= x w\ld be absurd to inve/igate 9 ! animat$ nature t :i* is s5sitive1 & t :i* is )\t s5sation1 t :i* employs1 & t :i* is )\t imag9ation1 because e ?+ animat$ is imm$iately adapt$ to be s5sitive & imag9ative4 ,s t nei!r ?us w he ju/ly require1 t "o "p ( ! animat$ nature %\ld be rational1 b ano!r irrational1 :5 he is speak+ to m51 :o ?9k t no?+ p>ticipates ( s5se :i* does n also p>ticipate ( intellig5ce1 & t no?+ is an animal 9 :i* op9ion & reason+ are n inh]5t1 9 ! same mann] z ) animals e s5se & impulse are naturally pres5t4 ,= nature1 :i* !y rightly ass]t produc$ all ?+s = ! sake ( a c]ta9 ?+1 & ) ref]5ce to a c]ta9 end1 did n make an animal s5sitive m]ely t x might be passively affect$1 & possess s5sible p]ception2 b z !re are _m ?+s :i* are alli$ & appropriate1 & _m :i* are =eign to x1 x w\ld n be able to exi/ = ! %orte/ space ( "t1 unless x le>nt h[ to avoid "s ?+s1 & to pursue o!rs4 ,! k1 !re=e1 ( bo? ^!1 s5se simil>ly imp>ts to e animal2 b ! appreh5sion & pursuit ( :at is useful1 & ! depulsion & avoidance ( :at is de/ructive & pa9ful1 c by no possible contrivance be pres5t ) ^? animals t are incapable ( reason+1 judg+1 & rememb]+1 & t d n naturally possess an animadv]sive p[]4 ,= to ^? animals f :om y entirely take away expectation1 memory1 design1 prep>ation1 hope1 fe>1 desire1 & indignation1 nei!r ! eyes :5 pres5t1 nor ! e>s1 nor s5se1 nor phantasy1 w be b5eficial1 s9ce !y w be ( no use2 & x w be bett] to be depriv$ ( !m ?an to lab\r1 be 9 pa91 & be afflict$1 )\t possess+ ! p[] ( repell+ ^! mole/ations4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a treatise ( ,/rato1 ! physiologi/1 9 :i* x is demon/rat$1 t x is n possible to h a s5sible p]ception ( any ?+ )\t ! en]gy ( intellection4 ,= frequ5tly ! lett]s ( a book1 :i* we cursorily consid] by ! sight1 & words :i* fall on ! auditory s5se1 are conceal$ f & escape u1 :5 our intellect is att5tive to o!r ?+s2 b aft]w>ds1 :5 x returns to ! ?+ to :i* x 0 be=e inatt5tive1 !n1 by recollection1 x runs ?r\gh & pursues ea* ( ! be=e-m5tion$ p>ticul>s4 ,h5ce also x is said by ,epi*>mus1-- ',tis m9d alone t sees & he>s1 ,& all besides is deaf & bl9d4 ,= ! objects :i* fall on ! eyes & ! e>s d n produce a s5sible p]ception ( !mselves1 unless t :i* is intellective is pres5t4 ,on :i* acc\nt1 also1 k+ ,cleom5es1 :5 some?+ t 0 recit$ 0 applaud$1 be+ ask$1 if x did n also appe> to him to be excell5t1 left ?is to ! decision ( ^? t ask$ him ! "q2 = he said1 t 8 intellect 0 at ! "t 9 ,peloponnesus4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t intellect %\ld be pres5t ) all ^? ) :om s5sible p]ception is pres5t4 #bb4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 admit t s5se does n require intellect = ! accompli%m5t ( its prop] "w1 yet1 :5 en]giz+ ab\t :at is appropriate & :at is =eign1 x disc]ns ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 x mu/ !n ex]cise ! p[] ( memory1 & mu/ dread t :i* w produce pa91 desire t :i* w be b5eficial1 & contrive1 if x is abs5t1 h[ x may be pres5t1 & w procure me?ods ( pursu+ & inve/igat+ :at is advantage\s1 & ( avoid+ & fly+ f ho/ile occurr5ces4 ,inde$1 our oppon5ts1 9 _! ,introductions1 z !y call !m1 e :]e inculcate ^! ?+s ) a t$i\s prolixity1 def9+ design to be an indication ( p]fection2 ! t5d5cy ( intellect to ! object ( its p]ception1 an impulse prior to impulse2 prep>ation1 an action prior to action2 & memory1 ! compreh5sion ( "s pa/ ?+#gh1 ! p]ception ( :i*1 :5 pres5t1 0 obta9$ ?r\gh s5se4 ,= !re is n any "o ( ^! :i* is n rational1 & all ( !m are pres5t ) all animals4 ,?us1 too1 ) respect to intellections1 ^? :i* are reposit$ 9 ! m9d1 are call$ by !m 1 notions2 b :5 !y are 9 motion ?r\gh a discursive en]gy !y d5om9ate !m 1 or p]ceptions obta9$ by a reason+ process4 ,b ) respect to all ! passions1 z !y are 9 common ackn[l$g$ to be deprav$ natures & op9ions1 x is wond]ful t our oppon5ts %\ld ov]look ! op]ations & motions ( brutes1 _m ( :i* are ! effects ( ang]1 _m ( fe>1 &1 by ,jupit]1 ( envy also & emulation4 ,our oppon5ts1 too1 !mselves puni% dogs & horses :5 !y d wrong2 & ?is n 9 va91 b 9 ord] to make !m bett]1 produc+ 9 !m1 ?r\gh ! pa91 a sorr[ :i* we d5om9ate rep5tance4 ,b ! "n ( ! pleasure :i* is receiv$ ?r\gh ! e>s is 1 i4e4 an e>-allur+ sweetness2 & ! delight :i* is receiv$ ?r\gh ! eyes is d5om9at$ 1 i4e4 en*antm5t4 ,ea* ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is us$ t[>ds brutes4 ,h5ce /ags & horses are allur$ by ! h>mony produc$ f re$s & flutes2 & ! crabs1 call$ 1 paguri1 are evocat$ f _! cav]ns by ! melody ( re$s4 ,! fi% ?rissa1 likewise1 is said ?r\gh h>mony to come =? f its retreats4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o speak /upidly ab\t ^! ?+s1 ass]t t animals are nei!r delight$1 nor enrag$1 nor t]rifi$1 nor make any provision = :at is necess>y1 nor rememb]2 b !y say t ! bee z x 7 rememb]s1 t ! swall[ z x 7 provides :at is requisite1 t ! lion is z x 7 angry1 & t ! /ag is z x 7 afraid4 ,& ,i "k n :at answ] to give to ^? :o say t animals nei!r see nor he>1 b see z x 71 & z x 7 he>2 t !y d n utt] vocal s\nds1 b z x 7 utt] !m2 & t1 9 %ort1 !y d n live1 b z x 7 live4 ,= he :o is truly intellig5t1 w readily admit t ^! ass]tions are no m sane ?an ! =m]1 & are simil>ly de/itute ( evid5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 on comp>+ ) human mann]s & lives1 actions1 & modes ( liv+1 ^? ( animals1 ,i see mu* depravity 9 ! latt]1 & no manife/ t5d5cy to virtue z to ! pr9cipal end1 nor any pr(ici5cy1 or appetition ( pr(ici5cy1 ,i am dubi\s :y nature gave ! beg9n+ ( p]fection to ^? t are nev] able to arrive at ! end ( x#gi4 ,b ?is to our oppon5ts does n appe> to be at all absurd4 ,= z !y admit t ! love ( p>5ts t[>ds _! (fspr+ is ! pr9ciple 9 u ( association & ju/ice2 yet1 ?\gh !y p]ceive t ?is affection is abundant & /rong 9 animals1 !y nev]!less d5y t !y p>ticipate ( ju/ice2 :i* ass]tion is simil>ly defective ) ! nature ( mules1 :o1 ?\gh !y are n 9 want ( any g5]ative memb]1 s9ce !y h a p5is & vulva1 & receive pleasure f employ+ ^! p>ts1 yet !y are n able to accompli% ! end ( g5]ation4 ,consid] ! ?+1 too1 9 ano!r way3 ,is x n ridicul\s to say t su* m5 z ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,z5o1 7 n less vici\s ?an any slave1 b resembl$ slaves 9 /upidity1 intemp]ance1 & inju/ice1 & aft]w>ds blame ! nature ( brutes1 z nei!r pure1 nor =m$ ) suffici5t accuracy = ! atta9m5t ( virtue2 ?us attribut+ to !m a privation1 & n a depravity & imbecility ( reason8 ,especially s9ce !y ackn[l$ge t !re is a vice ( ! rational "p ( ! s\l1 ) :i* e brute is replete4 ,= we may p]ceive t timidity1 intemp]ance1 inju/ice1 & malevol5ce1 are inh]5t 9 _m brutes4 #bc4 ,b he :o ?9ks t ! nature :i* is n adapt$ to receive rectitude ( reason1 does n at all receive reason1 he1 9 ! fir/ place1 does n diff] f "o :o fancies t an ape does n naturally p>ticipate ( de=mity1 nor a tortoise ( t>dity2 because ! =m] is n receptive ( beauty1 nor ! latt] ( cel]ity4 ,&1 9 ! next place1 ?is is ! op9ion ( "o :o does n p]ceive ! obvi\s diff]5ce ( ?+s4 ,= reason1 inde$1 is +5]at$ by nature2 b "r & p]fect reason is acquir$ by /udy & discipl9e4 ,h5ce all animat$ be+s p>ticipate ( reason1 b our oppon5ts _c m5tion any man :o possesses rectitude ( reason & wisdom naturally1 ?\gh ! multitude ( m5 is innum]able4 ,b z ! sight ( "o animal diff]s f t ( ano!r1 & ! fly+ ( "o bird f t ( ano!r1 7= hawks & gras%opp]s d n simil>ly see1 nor eagles & p>tridges72 ?us1 also1 nei!r does e ?+ :i* p>ticipates ( reason possess g5ius & acut5ess 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,inde$ !re are _m indications 9 brutes ( association1 =titude1 & craft1 9 procur+ :at is necess>y1 & 9 economical conduct2 z1 on ! contr>y1 !re are also indications 9 !m ( inju/ice1 timidity1 & fatuity4 ,h5ce x is a "q ) "s1 :i* are ! m excell5t1 t]re/rial or aquatic animals#hj8 ,& t !re are ^! indications1 is evid5t f comp>+ /orks ) riv] horses3 = ! =m] n\ri%1 b ! latt] de/roy _! fa!rs1 9 ord] t !y may h connexion ) _! mo!rs4 ,?is is likewise se5 on comp>+ doves ) p>tridges3 = ! latt] conceal & de/roy _! eggs1 if ! female1 dur+ h] incubation1 refuses to be connect$ ) ! male4 ,b doves successively relieve ea* o!r 9 incubation1 alt]nately *]i%+ ! eggs2 & fir/1 inde$1 !y fe$ ! "y1 & aft]w>ds ! male /rikes ! female ) 8 beak1 & drives h] to ! eggs & h] "y1 if %e has = a long "t w&]$ f !m4 ,antipat]1 h[ev]1 :5 he blames asses & %eep = ! neglect ( purity1 ov]looks1 ,i "k n h[1 lynxes & swall[s2 ( :i*1 ! =m] remove & entirely conceal & bury _! excrem5t1 b ! latt] tea* _! "y to ?r[ x out ( _! ne/4 ,moreov]1 we d n say t "o tree is m ignorant ?an ano!r1 z we say t a %eep is m /upid ?an a dog4 ,nor d we say t "o h]b is m timid ?an ano!r1 z we d t a /ag is m timid ?an a lion4 ,=1 z 9 ?+s :i* are immoveable1 "o is n sl[] ?an ano!r1 & 9 ?+s :i* are n vocal1 "o is n less vocal ?an ano!r3 ?us1 too1 9 all ?+s 9 :i* ! p[] ( intellection is want+1 "o ?+ _c be said to be m timid1 m dull1 or m intemp]ate ?an ano!r4 ,=1 z ^! qualities are pres5t diff]5tly 9 _! diff]5t p>ticipants1 !y produce 9 animals ! div]sities :i* we p]ceive4 ,nor is x wond]ful t man %\ld s mu* excel o!r animals 9 docility1 sagacity1 ju/ice1 & association4 ,= _m brutes surpass all m5 9 magnitude ( body1 & cel]ity ( foot1 & likewise 9 /r5g? ( sight1 & accuracy ( he>+2 yet man is n on ?is acc\nt ei!r deaf1 or bl9d1 or p[]less4 ,b we run1 ?\gh sl[] ?an /ags1 & we see1 ?\gh n s accurately z hawks2 & nature has n depriv$ u ( /r5g? & magnitude1 ?\gh our possession ( ^! is no?+1 :5 comp>$ ) ! /r5g? & bulk ( ! elephant & ! camel4 ,h5ce1 9 a simil> mann]1 we mu/ n say t brutes1 because _! intellection is m dull ?an ours1 & because !y reason worse ?an we d1 nei!r en]gize discursively1 nor1 9 %ort1 possess intellection & reason2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t !y possess ^!1 ?\gh 9 an imbecile & turbid mann]1 j z a dull & disord]$ eye p>ticipates ( sight4 #bd4 ,innum]able in/ances1 h[ev]1 might be adduc$ 9 pro( ( ! natural sagacity ( animals1 if _m ?+s ( ?is k9d _h n by _m p]sons be5 collect$ & n>rat$4 ,b ?is subject mu/ be /ill fur!r consid]$4 ,= x appe>s t x belongs to ! same ?+1 :e!r x be a "p or a p[]1 :i* is naturally adapt$ to receive a c]ta9 ?+1 to be also dispos$ to fall into a pret]natural mode ( subsi/5ce1 :5 x becomes mutilat$ or diseas$4 ,?us1 ! eye is adapt$ to fall into bl9dness1 ! leg into lam5ess1 & ! tongue into /amm]+2 b no?+ else is subject to su* defects4 ,= bl9dness does n befall t :i* is n naturally adapt$ to see1 nor lam5ess t :i* is n adapt$ to walk2 nor is t :i* is depriv$ ( a tongue fitt$ to /amm]1 or lisp1 or be dumb4 ,h5ce1 nei!r c t animal be deliri\s1 or /upid1 or insane1 9 :i* intellection1 & ! discursive en]gy ( reason1 are n naturally inh]5t4 ,= x is n possible = any ?+ to be passively affect$ :i* does n possess a p[]1 ! passion ( :i* is ei!r privation1 or mutilation1 or "s o!r deprivation4 ,moreov]1 ,i h met ) mad dogs1 & also rabid horses2 & "s p]sons ass]t t ox5 & foxes become mad4 ,! example ( dogs1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t = our purpose3 = x is a ?+ indubitable1 & te/ifies t ! animal possesses no despicable portion ( reason & discursive en]gy1 ! passion ( :i*1 :5 di/urb$ & conf\nd$1 is fury & madness4 ,=1 :5 !y are ?us affect$1 we d n see t !re is any *ange 9 ! quality ( _! sight or he>+4 ,b z he is absurd :o d5ies t a man is beside himself1 & t 8 intellectual1 reason+1 & recollective p[]s1 are corrupt$1 :5 he is afflict$ ) melan*oly or delirium1 7= x is usually said ( ^? t are insane1 t !y are n !mselves1 b h fall5 (f f reason73 ?us1 also1 he :o ?9ks t mad dogs suff] any ?+ else ?an t ( hav+ ! p[]1 :i* is naturally intellective1 & is adapt$ to reason & recollect1 full ( tumult & di/ortion1 s z to cause !m to be ignorant ( p]sons mo/ de> to !m1 & ab&on _! accu/om$ mode ( liv+2--he :o ?us ?9ks1 appe>s ei!r to ov]look :at is obvi\s2 or1 if he really p]ceives :at takes place1 volunt>ily cont5ds aga9/ ! tru?4 ,& su* are ! argum5ts adduc$ by ,plut>* 9 _m ( 8 treatises aga9/ ! ,/oics & ,p]ipatetics4 #be4 ,b ,!ophra/us employs ! foll[+ reason+3--,^? t are g5]at$ f ! same s\rces1 ,i mean f ! same fa!r & "m1 are said by u to be naturally alli$ to ea* o!r4 ,& moreov]1 we likewise conceive t ^? :o d]ive _! orig9 f ! same ance/ors t we d1 are alli$ to u1 & also t ?is is ! case ) our fell[-citiz5s1 because !y p>ticipate ) u ( ! same l&1 & are unit$ to u by ! bonds ( association4 ,= we d n ?9k t ! latt] are alli$ to ea* o!r1 & to u1 ?r\gh d]iv+ _! orig9 f ! same ance/ors1 unless x %\ld s happ5 t ! fir/ prog5itors ( ^! 7 ! s\rces ( our race1 or 7 d]iv$ f ! same ance/ors4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k we %\ld say1 t ,greek is alli$ & has an aff9ity to ,greek1 & ,b>b>ian to ,b>b>ian1 & all m5 to ea* o!r2 = "o ( ^! two reasons1 ei!r because !y orig9ate f ! same ance/ors1 or because !y p>ticipate ( ! same food1 mann]s1 & g5us4 ,?us also we mu/ admit t all m5 h an aff9ity1 & are alli$ to ea* o!r4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! pr9ciples ( ! bodies ( all animals are naturally ! same4 ,i d n say ?is ) ref]5ce to ! fir/ elem5ts ( _! bodies2 = plants also consi/ ( ^!2 b ,i mean ! se$1 ! fle%1 & ! connasc5t g5us ( hum\rs :i* is inh]5t 9 animals4 ,b animals are mu* m alli$ to ea* o!r1 ?r\gh naturally possess+ s\ls1 :i* are n diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ,i mean 9 desire & ang]2 & besides ^!1 9 ! reason+ faculty1 &1 above all1 9 ! s5ses4 ,b z ) respect to bodies1 s likewise ) respect to s\ls1 "s animals h !m m1 b o!rs less p]fect1 yet all ( !m h naturally ! same pr9ciples4 ,& ?is is evid5t f ! aff9ity ( _! passions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 :at we h said is true1 viz4 t su* is ! g5]ation ( ! mann]s ( animals1 all ! tribes ( !m are inde$ intellective1 b !y diff] 9 _! modes ( liv+1 & 9 ! temp]ature ( ! fir/ elem5ts ( :i* !y consi/4 ,& if ?is be admitt$1 ! g5us ( o!r animals has an aff9ity1 & is alli$ to u4 ,=1 z ,euripides says1 !y h all ( !m ! same food & ! same _s1 ! same purple /reams2 & !y likewise demon/rate t ! common p>5ts ( all ( !m are ,heav5 & ,e>?4 #bf4 ,h5ce1 s9ce animals are alli$ to u1 if x %\ld appe>1 accord+ to ,py?agoras1 t !y are allott$ ! same s\l t we are1 he may ju/ly be consid]$ z impi\s :o does n ab/a9 f act+ unju/ly t[>ds 8 k9dr$4 ,nor because "s animals are savage1 is _! alliance to u to be on ?is acc\nt absc9d$4 ,= "s m5 may be f\nd :o are no less1 & ev5 m malefic ?an savage animals to _! neighb\rs1 & :o are impell$ to injure any "o !y may meet )1 z if !y 7 driv5 by a c]ta9 bla/ ( _! own nature & depravity4 ,h5ce also1 we de/roy su* m52 yet we d n cut !m (f f an alliance to animals ( a mild nature4 ,?us1 !re=e1 if likewise "s animals are savage1 ^!1 z su*1 are to be de/roy$1 9 ! same mann] z m5 t are savage2 b our habitude or alliance to o!r & wild] animals is n on ?is acc\nt to be ab&on$4 ,b nei!r tame nor savage animals are to be eat52 z nei!r are unju/ m54 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we act mo/ unju/ly1 de/roy+1 inde$1 tame animals1 because "s brutes are savage & unju/1 & fe$+ on su* z are tame4 ,) respect to tame animals1 h[ev]1 we act ) a tw(old inju/ice1 because1 ?\gh !y are tame1 we slay !m1 & also1 because we eat !m4 ,&1 9 %ort1 ! dea? ( ^! has a ref]5ce to ! assumption ( !m = food4 ,to ^!1 also1 su* argum5ts z ! foll[+ may be add$4 ,= he :o says t ! man :o ext5ds ! j z f> z to brutes1 corrupts ! j1 is ignorant t he does n himself pres]ve ju/ice1 b increases pleasure1 :i* is ho/ile to ju/ice4 ,by admitt+1 !re=e1 t pleasure is ! end ( our actions1 ju/ice is evid5tly de/roy$4 ,= to :om is x n manife/ t ju/ice is increas$ ?r\gh ab/95ce8 ,= he :o ab/a9s f e ?+ animat$1 ?\gh he may ab/a9 f su* animals z d n contribute to ! b5efit ( society1 w be mu* m c>eful n to injure ^? ( 8 own species4 ,= he :o loves ! g5us1 w n hate any species ( animals2 & by h[ mu* ! great] 8 love ( ! g5us is#ha1 by s mu* ! m w he pres]ve ju/ice t[>ds a "p ( ! g5us1 & t to :i* he is alli$4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o admits t he is alli$ to all animals1 w n injure any animal4 ,b he :o conf9es ju/ice to man alone1 is prep>$1 l "o enclos$ 9 a n>r[ space1 to hurl f him ! prohibition ( inju/ice4 ,s t ! ,py?agorean is m pleas+ ?an ! ,socratic banquet4 ,= ,socrates said1 t hung] is ! sauce ( food2 b ,py?agoras said1 t to injure no "o1 & to be exhil>at$ ) ju/ice1 is ! sweete/ sauce2 z ! avoidance ( animal food1 w also be ! avoidance ( unju/ conduct ) respect to food4 ,= ,god has n s con/itut$ ?+s1 t we _c pres]ve ourselves )\t injur+ o!rs2 s9ce1 if ?is 7 ! case1 he w\ld h connect$ u ) a nature :i* is ! pr9ciple ( inju/ice4 ,d n !y1 h[ev]1 appe> to be ignorant ( ! peculi>ity ( ju/ice1 :o ?9k t x 0 introduc$ f ! alliance ( m5 to ea* o!r8 ,= ?is w be no?+ m ?an a c]ta9 philan?ropy2 b ju/ice consi/s 9 ab/a9+ f injur+ any ?+ :i* is n noxi\s4 ,& our conception ( ! j man mu/ be =m$ accord+ to ! latt]1 & n accord+ to ! =m] mode4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 s9ce ju/ice consi/s 9 n injur+ any ?+1 x mu/ be ext5d$ z f> z to e animat$ nature4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 ! ess5ce ( ju/ice consi/s 9 ! rational rul+ ov] ! irrational1 & 9 ! irrational be+ ob$i5t to ! rational "p4 ,= :5 reason gov]ns1 & ! irrational "p is ob$i5t to its m&ates1 x foll[s1 by ! greate/ necessity1 t man w be innoxi\s t[>ds e ?+4 ,= ! passions be+ re/ra9$1 & desire & ang] wa/+ away1 b reason possess+ its prop] empire1 a similitude to a m excell5t nature & to deity imm$iately foll[s4 ,b ! m excell5t nature 9 ! univ]se is entirely innoxi\s1 &1 ?r\gh possess+ a p[] :i* pres]ves & b5efits all ?+s1 is itself n 9 want ( any ?+4 ,we1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ju/ice :5 we ex]cise x1 are innoxi\s t[>ds all ?+s1 b1 ?r\gh be+ connect$ ) mortality1 are indig5t ( ?+s ( a necess>y nature4 ,b ! assumption ( :at is necess>y1 does n injure ev5 plants1 :5 we take :at !y ca/ (f2 nor fruits1 :5 we use su* ( !m z are dead2 nor %eep1 :5 ?r\gh %e>+ we r b5efit ?an injure !m1 & by p>tak+ ( _! milk1 we 9 return af=d !m e prop] att5tion4 ,h5ce1 ! j man appe>s to be "o :o deprives himself ( ?+s p]ta9+ to ! body2 yet he does n 9 reality injure himself4 ,=1 by ?is managem5t ( 8 body1 & cont95ce1 he increases 8 inw>d good1 i4e4 8 similitude to ,god4 #bg4 ,by mak+ pleasure1 !re=e1 ! end ( life1 t :i* is truly ju/ice _c be pres]v$2 s9ce nei!r su* ?+s z are prim>ily useful accord+ to nature1 nor all su* z are easily atta9able1 give completion to felicity4 ,= 9 _m in/ances1 ! motions ( ! irrational nature1 & utility & indig5ce1 h be51 & /ill are ! s\rces ( inju/ice4 ,= m5 became indig5t z !y pret5d$ ( animal food1 9 ord] t !y might pres]ve1 z !y said1 ! corporeal frame free f mole/ation1 & )\t be+ 9 want ( ^? ?+s aft] :i* ! animal nature aspires4 ,b if an assimilation to div9ity is ! end ( life1 an innoxi\s conduct t[>ds all ?+s w be 9 ! mo/ em95t degree pres]v$4 ,z1 !re=e1 he :o is l$ by 8 passions is innoxi\s only t[>ds 8 *ildr5 & 8 wife1 b despises & acts fraudul5tly t[>ds o!r p]sons1 s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! irrational "p pr$om9at+ 9 him1 he is excit$ to1 & a/oni%$ ab\t mortal conc]ns2 b he :o is l$ by reason1 pres]ves an innoxi\s conduct t[>ds 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & /ill m s t[>ds /rang]s1 & t[>ds all m51 ?r\gh hav+ ! irrational "p 9 subjection1 & is !re=e m rational & div9e ?an ! =m] "*2--?us also1 he :o does n conf9e h>mless conduct to m5 alone1 b ext5ds x to o!r animals1 is m simil> to div9ity2 & if x 0 possible to ext5d x ev5 to plants1 he w\ld pres]ve ?is image 9 a /ill great] degree4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is is n possible1 we may 9 ?is respect lam5t1 ) ! anci5ts#hb1 ! defect ( our nature1 t we consi/ ( su* adv]se & discordant pr9ciples1 s t we are unable to pres]ve our div9e "p incorruptible1 & 9 all respects innoxi\s4 ,= we are n un9dig5t 9 all ?+s2 ! cause ( :i* is g5]ation1 & our becom+ ne$y ?r\gh ! abundant corporeal efflux :i* we su/a94 ,b want procures safety & ornam5t f ?+s ( a =eign nature1 :i* are necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( our mortal "p4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o is indig5t ( a great] numb] ( ext]nals1 is 9 a great] degree agglut9at$ to p5ury2 & by h[ mu* 8 wants increase1 by s mu* is he de/itute ( div9ity1 & an associate ( p5ury4 ,= t :i* is simil> to deity1 ?r\gh ?is assimilation imm$iately possesses true weal?4 ,b no "o :o is truly ri* & p]fectly un9dig5t injures any ?+4 ,= z long z any "o injures ano!r1 ?\gh he %\ld possess ! greate/ weal?1 & all ! acres ( l& :i* ! e>? conta9s1 he is /ill poor1 & has want = 8 intimate associate4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 he is unju/1 )\t ,god1 & impi\s1 & enslav$ to e k9d ( depravity1 :i* is produc$ by ! lapse ( ! s\l into matt]1 ?r\gh ! privation ( good4 ,e ?+1 !re=e1 is nugatory to any "o1 z long z he w&]s f ! pr9ciple ( ! univ]se2 & he is indig5t ( all ?+s1 :ile he does n direct 8 att5tion to ,porus or ! s\rce ( true abundance4 ,he likewise yields to ! mortal "p ( 8 nature1 :ile he rema9s ignorant ( 8 real self4 ,b ,inju/ice is p[]ful 9 p]suad+ & corrupt+ ^? t belong to h] empire1 because %e associates ) h] vot>ies 9 conjunction ) ,pleasure4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ! *oice ( lives1 he is ! m accurate judge :o has obta9$ an exp]i5ce ( bo? ! bett] & ! worse k9d ( life1 ?an he is :o has only exp]i5c$ "o ( !m2 ?us also1 9 ! *oice & avoidance ( :at is prop]1 he is a saf] judge :o1 f t :i* is m1 judges ( t :i* is less excell5t1 ?an he :o f ! less1 judges ( ! m excell5t4 ,h5ce1 he :o lives accord+ to intellect1 w m accurately def9e :at is eligible & :at is n1 ?an he :o lives "u ! dom9ion ( irrationality4 ,= ! =m] has pass$ ?r\gh ! irrational life1 z hav+ f ! fir/ associat$ ) x2 b ! latt]1 hav+ _h no exp]i5ce ( an intellectual life1 p]suades ^? t resemble himself1 & acts ) nugacity1 l a *ild among *ildr54 ,if1 h[ev]1 say our oppon5ts1 all m5 7 p]suad$ by ^! argum5ts1 :at w\ld become ( u8 ,is x n evid5t t we %\ld be happy1 inju/ice1 inde$1 be+ ext]m9at$ f m51 & ju/ice be+ conv]sant ) u1 9 ! same mann] z x is 9 ! heav5s8 ,b n[ ?is "q is j ! same z if m5 %\ld be dubi\s :at ! life ( ! ,danaids w\ld be1 if !y 7 lib]at$ f ! employm5t ( draw+ wat] 9 a sieve1 & attempt+ to fill a p]=at$ vessel4 ,= !y are dubi\s :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce if we %\ld cease to repl5i% our passions & desires1 ! :ole ( :i* repl5i%+ cont9ually fl[s away ?r\gh ! want ( real good2 s9ce ?is fills up ! ru9\s clefts ( ! s\l m ?an ! greate/ ( ext]nal necess>ies4 ,d y !re=e ask1 ,o man1 :at we %\ld d8 ,we %\ld imitate ^? t liv$ 9 ! gold5 age1 we %\ld imitate ^? ( t p]iod :o 7 truly free4 ,= ) !m mode/y1 ,nemesis1 & ,ju/ice associat$1 because !y 7 satisfi$ ) ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,! f]tile e>? = !m spontane\s yields ,abundantly h] fruits#hc4 ,b ^? :o are lib]at$ f slav]y1 obta9 = !mselves :at !y be=e procur$ = _! ma/]s4 ,9 l mann]1 also1 d y1 :5 lib]at$ f ! s]vitude ( ! body1 & a slavi% att5tion to ! passions produc$ ?r\gh ! body1 z1 prior to ?is1 y n\ri%$ !m 9 an all-v>i\s mann] ) ext]nals1 s n[ n\ri% y\rself all-v>i\sly ) int]nal good1 ju/ly assum+ ?+s :i* are prop]ly y\r own1 & no long] by viol5ce tak+ away ?+s :i* are =eign to y\r true nature & real good4 ,,footnotes3 #fd ,?is ext]nal reason 7 7 is spee*4 #fe ,philo/ratus relates ?is ( ,apollonius1 9 8 ,life ( him4 #ff ,! words )9 ! brackets are add$ f ! v]sion ( ,felicianus4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! words are want+ 9 ! orig9al1 aft] ! ^w 4 ,b ?is defect is n notic$ by any ( ! editors4 #fg ,porphyry d]iv$ ?is f ! treatise ( ,plut>*1 9 :i* x is inve/igat$ :e!r l& are m sagaci\s ?an aquatic animals4 #fh ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,/oics2 b is mo/ errone\s4 ,= ! supreme div9ity1 be+ sup]ess5tial1 transc5ds ev5 intellect itself1 & mu* m reason1 :i* is an evolv$ p]ception ( ?+s2 & ?is is also ! case ) e o!r deity1 accord+ to ! ,platonic !ology1 :5 consid]$ accord+ to 8 hyp>xis1 or summit4 ,see my translation ( ,proclus on ! ,!ology ( ,plato4 #fi ,a musket1 or male hawk ( a small k9d4 ,?is bird is m5tion$ by ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ,,xiv4 v4 #bch4 #gj ,reason 9 a div9e intellect subsi/s causally1 or 9 a way bett] ?an reason1 & !re=e is n a discursive en]gy 7 71 b an evolv$ cause ( ?+s4 ,& ?\gh1 9 a div9e s\l1 x is discursive1 or transitive1 yet x diff]s f our reason 9 ?is1 t x p]ceives ! :ole ( "o =m at once1 & n by degrees1 z we d :5 we reason4 #ga ,9 ! orig9al1 ' 1 444 ,b = 1 ,lipsius proposes to read1 1 & ,me]man 4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no occasion :atev] to sub/itute any o!r ^w = 1 z1 ) ,platonic writ]s1 is equival5t to 4 #gb ,see ! fir/ book ( ,h]odotus1 *ap4 #aei4 #gc ,! m my/ical cause :y ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ animals1 appe>s to me to be ?is1 t !y conceiv$ a liv+ to be pref]able to an inanimate image ( div9ity4 ,h5ce1 !y rev]5c$ animals z visible & liv+ resemblances ( c]ta9 invisible p[]s ( ! ,gods4--,see ,plut>*'s ,treatise on ,isis & ,osiris4 #gd ,see ! ,symposiacs ( ,plut>*1 lib4 ix4 #h4 #ge ,odyss4 ,,xii4 v4 #if4 #gf ,! latt] "p ( ?is s5t5ce1 :i* 9 ! orig9al is 2 ,val5t9ius mo/ errone\sly translates1 8qu>e nos r]um opifex non edocuit1 quomodo natura 9 no/ros usus facta fu]9t80 #gg i4e4 ,! discursive en]gy ( reason4 #gh ,9 ! orig9al1 1 2 b = 1 ,i read 4 ,felicianus also appe>s to h f\nd ?is read+ 9 8 manuscript copy ( ?is "w2 = 8 v]sion ( ! passage is1 8vel memoriam rei prt]it compreh5sionem1 quam prs5tem s5sus p]cip]at40 #gi ,?is d\bt may1 p]haps1 be solv$1 by admitt+ t brutes h an imp]fect rationality1 or ! v dregs ( ! rational faculty1 by :i* !y =m a l9k betwe5 m5 & zoophytes1 j z zoophytes are a l9k betwe5 brutes & m]ely vegetable sub/ances4 ,brutes1 !re=e1 hav+ an imp]fect reason1 possess only ! beg9n+ ( p]fection4 #hj ,plut>* has writt5 a mo/ +5i\s treatise on ?is subject4 #ha ,9 ! orig9al1 1 4 ,on ?is passage1 ,reisk obs]ves1 8,=te 1 7scilicet 7 1 4440 ,b1 in/ead ( 1 x appe>s to me t %\ld be sub/itut$4 #hb ,porphyry "h p>ticul>ly alludes to ,emp$ocles4 #hc ,hesiod4 ,op]4 v4 #aag4 ,,on ,,ab/95ce ,,f ,,animal ,,food4 ,,book ,,! ,,f\r?4 #a4 ,9 ! prec$+ books1 ,o ,ca/ricius1 we h ne>ly answ]$ all ! argum5ts :i* 9 reality def5d ! fe$+ on fle%1 = ! sake ( incont95ce & intemp]ance1 & :i* adduce impud5t apologies = s do+ by ascrib+ a great] indig5ce to our nature ?an is fit4 ,two p>ticul> inquiries1 h[ev]1 /ill rema92 9 "o ( :i* ! promise ( advantage especially deceives ^? :o are corrupt$ by pleasure4 ,&1 moreov]1 we %all confute ! ass]tion ( our oppon5ts1 t no wise man1 nor any nation1 has reject$ animal food1 z x leads ^? t he> x to great inju/ice1 ?r\gh ! ignorance ( true hi/ory2 & we %all also endeav\r to give ! solutions ( ! "q conc]n+ advantage1 & to reply to o!r inquiries4 #b4 ,b we %all beg9 f ! ab/95ce ( c]ta9 nations1 9 ! n>ration ( :i*1 :at is ass]t$ ( ! ,greeks w fir/ claim our att5tion1 z be+ ! mo/ alli$ to u1 & ! mo/ appropriate ( all ! witnesses t c be adduc$4 ,among ^?1 !re=e1 t h concisely1 & at ! same "t accurately collect$ an acc\nt ( ! affairs ( ! ,greeks1 is ! ,p]ipatetic ,dicar*us#hd1 :o1 9 n>rat+ ! pri/9e life ( ! ,greeks1 says1 ! anci5ts1 be+ g5]at$ ) an alliance to ! ,gods1 7 naturally mo/ excell5t1 & l$ ! be/ life2 s t1 :5 comp>$ to u ( ! pres5t day1 :o consi/ ( an adult]at$ & mo/ vile matt]1 !y 7 ?\ght to be a gold5 race2 & !y slew no animal :atev]4 ,! tru? ( ?is1 he also says1 is te/ifi$ by ! poets1 :o d5om9ate ^! anci5ts ! gold5 race1 & ass]t t e good 0 pres5t ) !m4 ,! f]tile e>? = !m spontane\s bore ,( fruits a copi\s & un5vy'd /ore2 ,9 blissful quiet !n1 unkn[n to /rife1 ,! wor?y ) ! wor?y pass$ _! life#he4 ,:i* ass]tions1 inde$1 ,dicar*us expla9+1 says1 t a life ( ?is k9d 0 "u ,saturn2 if x is prop] to consid] x z a ?+ t once exi/$1 & t x is a life :i* has n be5 celebrat$ 9 va91 & if1 lay+ aside :at is extremely fabul\s1 we may ref] x to a physical n>ration4 ,all ?+s1 !re=e1 are v prop]ly said to h be5 !n spontane\sly produc$2 = m5 did n procure any ?+ by lab\r1 because !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! agricultural art1 &1 9 %ort1 _h no k ( any o!r art4 ,?is v ?+1 likewise1 0 ! cause ( _! lead+ a life ( leisure1 free f lab\rs & c>e2 & if x is prop] to ass5t to ! decision ( ! mo/ skilful & elegant ( physicians1 x 0 also ! cause ( _! be+ lib]at$ f disease4 ,= !re is n any precept ( physicians :i* m contributes to heal?1 ?an t :i* exhorts u n to make an abundance ( excrem5t1 f :i* ^? pri/9e ,greeks always pres]v$ _! bodies pure4 ,= !y nei!r assum$ su* food z 0 /rong] ?an ! nature ( ! body c\ld be>1 b su* z c\ld be vanqui%$ by ! corporeal nature1 nor m ?an 0 mod]ate1 on acc\nt ( ! facility ( procur+ x1 b = ! mo/ "p less ?an 0 suffici5t1 on acc\nt ( its paucity4 ,moreov]1 !re 7 nei!r any w>s among !m1 nor s$itions ) ea* o!r4 ,= no rew>d ( cont5tion wor? m5tion+ 0 propos$ z an inc5tive1 = ! sake ( :i* "s "o might be induc$ to engage 9 su* diss5sions4 ,s t ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 t life 0 leisure & re/ f necess>y occupations1 toge!r ) heal?1 peace1 & fri5d%ip4 ,b to ^? 9 aft] times1 :o1 ?r\gh aspir+ aft] ?+s :i* greatly exce$$ m$iocrity1 fell into _m evils1 ?is pri/9e life became1 z x 0 reasonable to suppose x w\ld1 desirable4 ,! sl5d] & extemporane\s food1 h[ev]1 ( ^! fir/ m51 is manife/$ by ! say+ :i* 0 aft]w>ds prov]bially us$1 en\gh ( ! oak2 ?is adage be+ probably introduc$ by him :o fir/ *ang$ ! anci5t mode ( liv+4 ,a pa/oral life succe$$ to ?is1 9 :i* m5 procur$ = !mselves sup]flu\s possessions1 & m$dl$ ) animals4 ,=1 p]ceiv+ t "s ( !m 7 innoxi\s1 b o!rs malefic & savage1 !y tam$ ! =m]1 b attack$ ! latt]4 ,at ! same "t1 toge!r ) ?is life1 w> 0 introduc$4 ,& ^! ?+s1 says ,dicar*us1 are n ass]t$ by u1 b by ^? :o h hi/orically discuss$ a multitude ( p>ticul>s4 ,=1 z possessions 7 n[ ( su* a magnitude z to m]it att5tion1 "s ambiti\sly endeav\r$ to obta9 !m1 by collect+ !m = _! own use1 & call+ on o!rs to d ! same1 b o!rs direct$ _! att5tion to ! pres]vation ( !m :5 collect$4 ,"t1 !re=e1 ?us gradually proce$+1 & m5 always direct+ _! att5tion to :at appe>$ to be useful1 !y at l5g? became conv]sant ) ! ?ird1 & agricultural =m ( life4 ,& ?is is :at is said by ,dicar*us1 9 8 n>ration ( ! mann]s ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 & ! bless$ life :i* !y !n l$1 to :i* ab/95ce f animal food contribut$1 no less ?an o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce1 at t p]iod !re 0 no w>1 because inju/ice 0 ext]m9at$4 ,b aft]w>ds1 toge!r ) inju/ice t[>ds animals1 w> 0 introduc$ among m51 & ! endeav\r to surpass ea* o!r 9 amplitude ( possessions4 ,on :i* acc\nt also1 ! audacity ( ^? is wond]ful1 :o say t ab/95ce f animals is ! "m ( inju/ice1 s9ce bo? hi/ory & exp]i5ce te/ify1 t toge!r ) ! slaught] ( animals1 w> & inju/ice 7 introduc$4 #c4 ,h5ce1 ?is be+ aft]w>ds p]ceiv$ by ! ,lac$monian ,lycurgus1 ?\gh ! eat+ ( animals !n prevail$1 yet he s arrang$ 8 polity1 z to r5d] food ( ?is k9d requisite 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,= ! allott$ prop]ty ( ea* individual did n consi/ 9 h]ds ( ox51 flocks ( %eep1 or an abundance ( goats1 horses1 & money1 b 9 ! possession ( l&1 :i* might produce = a man sev5ty m$imni#hf ( b>ley1 & = a woman twelve1 & ! quantity ( liquid fruits 9 ! same proportion4 ,= he ?\ght t ?is quantity ( nutrim5t 0 suffici5t to procure a good habit ( body & heal?1 no?+ else to obta9 ^! be+ requisite4 ,:5ce also x is said1 t on return+ to 8 c\ntry1 aft] he _h be5 = "s "t abs5t f x1 & p]ceiv+1 z he pass$ ?r\gh ! fields1 t ! corn _h j be5 reap$1 & t ! ?re%+-floors & ! heaps 7 p>allel & equable1 he laugh$1 & said to ^? t 7 pres5t1 t all ,laconia seem$ to belong to _m bro!rs1 :o _h j divid$ ! l& among !mselves4 ,he add$1 t z he _h !re=e expell$ luxury f ,sp>ta1 x w\ld be requisite also to annul ! use ( money1 bo? gold5 & silv]1 & to introduce iron alone1 z its sub/itute1 & ?is ( a great bulk & weight1 & ( little value2 s t z mu* ( x z %\ld be wor? t5 m91 %\ld require a l>ge receptacle to hold x1 & a c>t drawn by two ox5 to c>ry x4 ,b ?is be+ orda9$1 _m species ( inju/ice 7 ext]m9at$ f ,lac$mon4 ,= :o w\ld attempt to ?ieve1 or suff] himself to be corrupt$ by gifts1 or defraud or plund] ano!r1 :5 x 0 n possible = him to conceal :at he _h tak51 nor possess x s z to be envi$ by o!rs1 nor d]ive any advantage f co9+ x8 ,toge!r ) money also1 ! useless arts 7 expell$1 ! works ( ! ,lac$monians n be+ saleable4 ,= iron money c\ld n be export$ to ! o!r ,greeks1 nor 0 x e/eem$ by !m1 b ridicul$4 ,h5ce1 nei!r 0 x lawful to buy any ?+ =eign1 & :i* 0 intr9sically ( no wor?1 nor did %ips lad5 ) m]*&ise sail into _! ports1 nor 0 any v]bal sophi/1 or futile div9]1 or bawd1 or artific] ( gold5 & silv] ornam5ts1 p]mitt$ to come to ,laconia1 because !re money 0 ( no use4 ,& ?us luxury1 be+ gradually depriv$ ( its incitem5ts & n\ri%m5t1 wa/$ away ( itself4 ,^? likewise :o possess$ mu* d]iv$ no great] advantage f x1 ?an ^? :o did n1 z no egress 0 af=d$ to abundance1 s9ce x 0 s ob/ruct$ by imp$im5ts1 t x 0 =c$ to rema9 9 indol5t re/4 ,h5ce su* h\sehold furniture z 0 9 con/ant use1 & 0 necess>y1 su* z b$s1 *airs1 & tables1 ^! 7 made by !m 9 ! be/ mann]2 & ! ,laconic cup1 :i* 0 call$ co?on1 01 z ,critias says1 especially celebrat$ 9 milit>y exp$itions4 ,= 9 ^! exp$itions1 ! wat] :i* !y drank1 & :i* 0 unpleasant to ! sight1 0 conceal$ by ! col\r ( ! cup2 & ! turbid "p ( ! wat] fall+ aga9/ ! lips1 ?r\gh _! prom95cy1 t "p ( x :i* 0 drank1 0 receiv$ 9 a pur] condition by ! m\?4 ,z we are in=m$1 h[ev]1 by ,plut>*1 ! legislator 0 ! cause ( ^! ?+s4 ,= ! artific]s be+ lib]at$ f useless works1 exhibit$ ! beauty ( art 9 ?+s ( a necess>y nature4 #d4 ,t he might also 9 a /ill great] degree oppose luxury1 & take away ! ard5t endeav\r to obta9 weal?1 he introduc$ a ?ird1 & mo/ beautiful political in/itution1 viz4 t ( ! citiz5s eat+ & dr9k+ toge!r publicly2 s t !y might p>take ( ! same prescrib$ food 9 common1 & might n be f$ at home1 recl9+ on sumptu\s c\*es1 & plac$ be=e elegant tables1 ?r\gh ! h&s ( artific]s & cooks1 be+ fatt5$ 9 d>kness1 l voraci\s animals1 & corrupt+ _! bodies1 toge!r ) _! morals1 by fall+ into e k9d ( luxury & repletion2 z su* a mode ( liv+ w\ld require mu* sleep1 hot ba?s1 & abundant quiet1 & su* att5tions z are paid to ! diseas$4 ,?is inde$ 0 a great ?+2 b /ill great] ?an ?is1 t1 z ,!ophra/us says1 he caus$ weal? to be neglect$1 & to be ( no value1 ?r\gh ! citiz5s eat+ at common tables1 & ! frugality ( _! food4 ,= !re 0 no use1 nor enjoym5t ( ri*es2 nor1 9 %ort1 0 !re any ?+ to gratify ! sight1 or any o/5tati\s display 9 ! :ole app>atus1 because bo? ! poor & ! ri* sat at ! same table4 ,h5ce x 0 univ]sally said1 t 9 ,sp>ta alone1 ,plutus 0 se5 to be bl9d1 & ly+ l an inanimate & immoveable picture4 ,= x 0 n possible = ! citiz5s1 hav+ previ\sly fea/$ at home1 to g to ! common tables ) appetites already satiat$ ) food4 ,= ! re/ c>efully obs]v$ him :o did n eat & dr9k ) !m1 & revil$ him1 z an intemp]ate p]son1 & z "o :o conduct$ himself effem9ately ) respect to ! common food4 ,h5ce ^! common tables 7 call$ phiditia2 ei!r z be+ ! causes ( fri5d%ip & b5evol5ce1 z if !y 7 philitia1 assum+ = 2 or z accu/om+ m5 to frugality1 & a sl5d] diet4 ,b ! numb] ( ^? t assembl$ at ! common table 0 fifte51 m or less4 ,& ea* p]son br\ght e mon?1 = ! purpose ( furni%+ ! table1 a m$imnus ( fl\r1 eight *oas#hg ( w9e1 five p\nds ( *eese1 two p\nds & a half ( figs1 &1 besides all ^!1 a v little quantity ( money4 #e4 ,h5ce ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o ate ?us sp>+ly & temp]ately1 came to ^! common tables1 z to s*ools ( temp]ance1 :]e !y also he>d political disc\rses1 & 7 spectators ( lib]al sports4 ,"h1 likewise1 !y le>nt to je/ acrimoni\sly1 )\t scurrility1 & to receive1 )\t be+ indignant1 ! bit+ je/s ( o!rs4 ,= ?is appe>$ to be extremely ,laconic1 to be able to endure acrimoni\s je/s2 ?\gh he :o c\ld n endure 0 p]mitt$ to refuse he>+ !m1 & ! sc(f] 0 imm$iately sil5t4 ,su*1 !re=e1 0 ! frugality ( ! ,lac$monians1 ) respect to diet1 ?\gh x 0 legally in/itut$ = ! sake ( ! multitude4 ,h5ce ^? :o came f ?is polity are said to h be5 m brave & temp]ate1 & paid m att5tion to rectitude1 ?an ^? :o came f o!r communities1 :i* are corrupt$ bo? 9 s\ls & bodies4 ,& x is evid5t t p]fect ab/95ce is adapt$ to su* a polity z ?is1 b to corrupt communities luxuri\s food#hh4 ,if1 likewise1 we direct our att5tion to su* o!r nations z reg>d$ equity1 mildness1 & piety to ! ,gods1 x w be evid5t t ab/95ce 0 orda9$ by !m1 ) a view to ! safety & advantage1 if n ( all1 yet at lea/ ( "s ( ! citiz5s1 :o1 sacrific+ to1 & wor%ipp+ ! ,gods1 on acc\nt ( ! city1 might expiate ! s9s ( ! multitude4 ,=1 9 ! my/]ies1 :at ! boy :o att5ds ! alt> accompli%es1 by p]=m+ accurately :at he is comm&$ to d1 9 ord] to r5d] ! ,gods propiti\s to all ^? :o h be5 initiat$1 z f> z to muesis#hi 1 t1 9 nations & cities1 prie/s are able to effect1 by sacrific+ = all ! p1 & ?r\gh piety induc+ ! ,gods to be att5tive to ! welf>e ( ^? t belong to !m4 ,) respect to prie/s1 !re=e1 ! eat+ ( all animals is prohibit$ to "s1 b ( c]ta9 animals to o!rs1 :e!r y consid] ! cu/oms ( ! ,greeks or ( ! b>b>ians1 :i* are diff]5t 9 diff]5t nations4 ,s t all ( !m1 collectively consid]$1 or exi/+ z "o1 be+ assum$1 x w be f\nd t !y ab/a9 f all animals4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^? :o preside ov] ! safety ( cities1 & to ^: c>e piety to ! ,gods is committ$1 ab/a9 f animals1 h[ c any "o d>e to accuse ?is ab/95ce z disadvantage\s to cities8 #f4 ,*remon ! ,/oic1 !re=e1 9 8 n>ration ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 :o1 he says1 7 consid]$ by ! ,egyptians z philosoph]s1 in=ms u1 t !y *ose temples1 z ! places 9 :i* !y might philosophize4 ,= to dwell ) ! /atues ( ! ,gods is a ?+ alli$ to ! :ole desire1 by :i* ! s\l t5ds to ! contemplation ( _! div9ities4 ,& f ! div9e v5]ation inde$1 :i* 0 paid to !m ?r\gh dwell+ 9 temples1 !y obta9$ security1 all m5 hon\r+ ^! philosoph]s1 z if !y 7 c]ta9 sacr$ animals4 ,!y also l$ a solit>y life1 z !y only m+l$ ) o!r m5 9 solemn sacrifices & fe/ivals4 ,b at o!r times ! prie/s 7 almo/ inaccessible to any "o :o wi%$ to conv]se ) !m4 ,= x 0 requisite t he :o approa*$ to !m %\ld be fir/ purifi$1 & ab/a9 f _m ?+s2 & ?is is z x 7 a common sacr$ law respect+ ! ,egyptian prie/s4 ,b ^! philosophic prie/s1 hav+ rel9qui%$ e o!r employm5t1 & human lab\rs#ij1 gave up ! :ole ( _! life to ! contemplation & wor%ip ( div9e natures & to div9e inspiration2 ?r\gh ! latt]1 inde$1 procur+ = !mselves hon\r1 security1 & piety2 b ?r\gh contemplation sci5ce2 & ?r\gh bo?1 a c]ta9 occult ex]cise ( mann]s1 wor?y ( antiquity#ia4 ,= to be always conv]sant ) div9e k & inspiration1 removes ^? :o are s f all av>ice1 suppresses ! passions1 & excites to an intellectual life4 ,b !y 7 /udi\s ( frugality 9 _! diet & app>el1 & also ( cont95ce & endurance1 & 9 all ?+s 7 att5tive to ju/ice & equity4 ,!y likewise 7 r5d]$ v5]able1 ?r\gh r>ely m+l+ ) o!r m54 ,= dur+ ! "t ( :at are call$ purifications1 !y sc>cely m+l$ ) _! ne>e/ k9dr$1 & ^? ( _! own ord]1 nor 7 !y to be se5 by any "o1 unless x 0 requisite = ! necess>y purposes ( purification4 ,= ! sanctu>y 0 inaccessible to ^? :o 7 n purifi$1 & !y dwelt 9 holy places = ! purpose ( p]=m+ div9e works2 b at all o!r times !y associat$ m freely ) ^? :o liv$ l !mselves4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 associate ) any "o :o 0 n a religi\s "*4 ,b !y 7 always se5 ne> to ! ,gods1 or to ! /atues ( ! ,gods1 ! latt] ( :i* !y 7 beheld ei!r c>ry+1 or prec$+ 9 a sacr$ procession1 or dispos+ 9 an ord]ly mann]1 ) mode/y & gravity2 ea* ( :i* op]ations 0 n ! effect ( pride1 b an indication ( "s physical reason4 ,_! v5]able gravity also 0 app>5t f _! mann]s4 ,= _! walk+ 0 ord]ly1 & _! aspect s$ate2 & !y 7 s /udi\s ( pres]v+ ?is gravity ( c\nt5ance1 t !y did n ev5 w9k1 :5 at any "t !y 7 unwill+ to d s2 & !y seldom laugh$1 & :5 !y did1 _! laught] proce$$ no f>!r ?an to a smile4 ,b !y always kept _! h&s )9 _! g>m5ts4 ,ea* likewise bore ab\t him a symbol1 indicative ( ! ord] :i* he 0 allott$ 9 sacr$ conc]ns2 = !re 7 _m ord]s ( prie/s4 ,_! diet also 0 sl5d] & simple4 ,=1 ) respect to w9e1 "s ( !m did n at all dr9k x1 b o!rs drank v little ( x1 on acc\nt ( its be+ injuri\s to ! n]ves1 oppressive to ! head1 an imp$im5t to inv5tion1 & an inc5tive to v5]eal desires4 ,9 _m o!r ?+s also !y conduct$ !mselves ) caution2 nei!r us+ bread at all 9 purifications1 & at ^? times 9 :i* !y 7 n employ$ 9 purify+ !mselves1 !y 7 accu/om$ to eat bread ) hyssop1 cut into small pieces4 ,= x is said1 t hyssop v mu* purifies ! p[] ( bread4 ,b !y1 = ! mo/ "p1 ab/a9$ f oil1 ! great] numb] ( !m entirely2 & if at any "t !y us$ x ) pot-h]bs1 !y took v little ( x1 & only z mu* z 0 suffici5t to mitigate ! ta/e ( ! h]bs4 #g4 ,x 0 n lawful = !m !re=e to m$dle ) ! escul5t & potable sub/ances1 :i* 7 produc$ out ( ,egypt1 & ?is contribut$ mu* to ! exclusion ( luxury f ^! prie/s4 ,b !y ab/a9$ f all ! fi% t 0 caught 9 ,egypt1 & f su* quadrup$s z _h solid1 or _m-fissur$ ho(s1 & f su* z 7 n horn$2 & likewise f all su* birds z 7 c>nivor\s4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 entirely ab/a9$ f all animals2 & 9 purifications ?is ab/95ce 0 adopt$ by all ( !m1 = !n !y did n ev5 eat an egg4 ,moreov]1 !y also reject$ o!r ?+s1 )\t be+ calumniat$ = s do+4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ( ox51 !y reject$ ! females1 & also su* ( ! males z 7 tw9s1 or 7 speckl$1 or ( a diff]5t col\r1 or alt]nately v>i$ 9 _! =m1 or :i* 7 n[ tam$1 z hav+ be5 already consecrat$ to lab\rs1 & resembl$ animals t are hon\r$1 or :i* 7 ! images ( any ?+ t is div9e1 or ^? t _h b "o eye1 or ^? t v]g$ to a similitude ( ! human =m4 ,!re are also innum]able o!r obs]vations p]ta9+ to ! art ( ^? :o are call$ 1 or :o /amp calves ) a seal1 & ( :i* books h be5 compos$4 ,b ^! obs]vations are /ill m curi\s respect+ birds2 z1 = in/ance1 t a turtle %\ld n be eat52 = x is said t a hawk frequ5tly dismisses ?is bird aft] he has seiz$ x1 & pres]ves its life1 z a rew>d = hav+ _h connexion ) x4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s1 !re=e1 t !y might n ignorantly m$dle ) a turtle ( ?is k9d1 avoid$ ! :ole species ( ^? birds4 ,& ^! inde$ 7 c]ta9 common religi\s c]emonies2 b !re 7 diff]5t c]emonies1 :i* v>i$ accord+ to ! class ( ! prie/s t us$ !m1 & 7 adapt$ to ! sev]al div9ities4 ,b *a/ity & purifications 7 common to all ! prie/s4 ,:5 also ! "t arriv$ 9 :i* !y 7 to p]=m some?+ p]ta9+ to ! sacr$ rites ( religion1 !y sp5t "s days 9 prep>atory c]emonies1 "s inde$ =ty-two1 b o!rs a great]1 & o!rs a less numb] ( days2 yet nev] less ?an sev5 days2 & dur+ ?is "t !y ab/a9$ f all animals1 & likewise f all pot-h]bs & legum9\s sub/ances1 &1 above all1 f a v5]eal connexion ) wom52 = !y nev] at any "t _h connexion ) males4 ,!y likewise wa%$ !mselves ) cold wat] ?rice e day2 viz4 :5 !y rose f _! b$1 be=e d9n]1 & :5 !y betook !mselves to sleep4 ,b if !y happ5$ to be pollut$ 9 _! sleep by ! emission ( ! se$1 !y imm$iately purifi$ _! body 9 a ba?4 ,!y also us$ cold ba?+ at o!r times1 b n s frequ5tly z on ! above occasion4 ,_! b$ 0 wov5 f ! bran*es ( ! palm tree1 :i* !y call bais2 & _! bol/] 0 a smoo? semi-cyl9dric piece ( wood4 ,b !y ex]cis$ !mselves 9 ! endurance ( hung] & ?ir/1 & 7 accu/om$ to paucity ( food ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! life4 #h4 ,?is also is a te/imony ( _! cont95ce1 t1 ?\gh !y nei!r ex]cis$ !mselves 9 walk+ or rid+1 yet !y liv$ free f disease1 & 7 suffici5tly /rong = ! endurance ( mod]ate lab\rs4 ,!y bore !re=e _m burd5s 9 ! p]=mance ( sacr$ op]ations1 & accompli%$ _m m9i/rant works1 :i* requir$ m ?an common /r5g?4 ,b !y divid$ ! night into ! obs]vation ( ! cele/ial bodies1 & sometimes devot$ a "p ( x to (fices ( purification2 & !y di/ribut$ ! day into ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods1 accord+ to :i* !y celebrat$ !m ) hymns ?rice or f\r times1 viz4 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 :5 ! sun is at 8 m]idian altitude1 & :5 he is decl9+ to ! we/4 ,! re/ ( _! "t !y devot$ to ari?metical & geometrical speculations1 always lab\r+ to effect some?+1 & to make "s new discov]y1 &1 9 %ort1 cont9ually ex]cis+ _! skill4 ,9 w9t] nights also !y 7 occupi$ 9 ! same employm5ts1 be+ vigilantly engag$ 9 lit]>y pursuits1 z pay+ no att5tion to ! acquisition ( ext]nals1 & be+ lib]at$ f ! s]vitude ( t bad ma/]1 excessive exp5se4 ,h5ce _! unwe>i$ & incessant lab\r te/ifies _! endurance1 b _! cont95ce is manife/$ by _! lib]ation f ! desire ( ext]nal good4 ,to sail f ,egypt likewise1 i4e4 to quit ,egypt1 0 consid]$ by !m to be "o ( ! mo/ unholy ?+s1 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ c>eful to avoid =eign luxury & pursuits2 = ?is appe>$ to !m to be alone lawful to ^? :o 7 compell$ to d s by regal necessities4 ,inde$1 !y 7 v anxi\s to cont9ue 9 ! obs]vance ( ! in/itutes ( _! c\ntry1 & ^? :o 7 f\nd to h violat$ !m1 ?\gh b 9 a small degree1 7 expell$ f ! college ( ! prie/s4 ,! true me?od ( philosophiz+1 likewise1 0 pres]v$ by ! prophets1 by ! hi]o/oli/#ib1 & ! sacr$ scribes1 & also by ! horologi1 or calculators ( nativities4 ,b ! re/ ( ! prie/s1 & ( ! pa/ophori#ic1 curators ( temples1 & m9i/]s ( ! ,gods1 7 simil>ly /udi\s ( purity1 yet n s accurately1 & ) su* great cont95ce1 z ! prie/s ( :om we h be5 speak+4 ,& su* are ! p>ticul>s :i* are n>rat$ ( ! ,egyptians1 by a man :o 0 a lov] ( tru?1 & an accurate writ]1 & :o among ! ,/oics /r5u\sly & solidly philosophiz$4 #i4 ,b ! ,egyptian prie/s1 ?r\gh ! pr(ici5cy :i* !y made by ?is ex]cise1 & similitude to div9ity1 knew t div9ity does n p]vade ?r\gh man alone1 & t s\l is n en%r9$ 9 man alone on ! e>?1 b t x ne>ly passes ?r\gh all animals4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 9 fa%ion+ ! images ( ! ,gods1 !y assum$ e animal1 & = ?is purpose mix$ toge!r ! human =m & ! =ms ( wild bea/s1 & aga9 ! bodies ( birds ) ! body ( a man4 ,= a c]ta9 deity 0 repres5t$ by !m 9 a human %ape z f> z to ! neck1 b ! face 0 t ( a bird1 or a lion1 or ( "s o!r animal4 ,& aga91 ano!r div9e resemblance _h a human head1 b ! o!r p>ts 7 ^? ( c]ta9 o!r animals1 "s ( :i* _h an inf]ior1 b o!rs a sup]ior position2 ?r\gh :i* !y manife/$1 t ^! i4e4 brutes & m51 ?r\gh ! decision ( ! ,gods1 communicat$ ) ea* o!r1 & t tame & savage animals are nurtur$ toge!r ) u1 n )\t ! concurr5ce ( a c]ta9 div9e w4 ,h5ce also1 a lion is wor%ipp$ z a ,god1 & a c]ta9 "p ( ,egypt1 :i* is call$ ,nomos1 has ! surname ( ,leontopolis or ! city ( ! lion1 & ano!r is d5om9at$ ,busiris f an ox1 & ano!r ,lycopolis or ! city ( ! wolf4 ,= !y v5]at$ ! p[] ( ,god :i* ext5ds to all ?+s ?r\gh animals :i* are nurtur$ toge!r1 & :i* ea* ( ! ,gods imp>ts4 ,!y also rev]5c$ wat] & fire ! mo/ ( all ! elem5ts1 z be+ ! pr9cipal causes ( our safety4 ,& ^! ?+s are exhibit$ by !m 9 temples2 = ev5 n[1 on op5+ ! sanctu>y ( ,s]apis1 ! wor%ip is p]=m$ ?r\gh fire & wat]2 he :o s+s ! hymns mak+ a libation ) wat]1 & exhibit+ fire1 :51 /&+ on ! ?re%old ( ! temple1 he invokes ! ,god 9 ! language ( ! ,egyptians4 ,v5]at+1 !re=e1 ^! elem5ts1 !y especially rev]5ce ^? ?+s :i* l>gely p>ticipate ( !m1 z p>tak+ m abundantly ( :at is sacr$4 ,b aft] ^!1 !y v5]ate all animals1 & 9 ! village ,anubis !y wor%ip a man1 9 :i* place also !y sacrifice to him1 & victims are !re burnt 9 hon\r ( him on an alt>2 b he %ortly aft] only eats t :i* 0 procur$ = him z a man4 ,h5ce1 z x is requisite to ab/a9 f man1 s1 likewise1 f o!r animals4 ,& f>!r /ill1 ! ,egyptian prie/s1 f _! transc5d5t wisdom & association ) div9ity1 discov]$ :at animals are m acceptable to ! ,gods :5 d$icat$ to !m ?an man4 ,?us !y f\nd t a hawk is de> to ! sun1 s9ce ! :ole ( its nature consi/s ( blood & _s4 ,x also commis]ates man1 & lam5ts ov] 8 dead body1 & scatt]s e>? on 8 eyes1 9 :i* ^! prie/s believe a sol> light is resid5t4 ,!y likewise discov]$ t a hawk lives _m ye>s1 & t1 aft] x leaves ! pres5t life1 x possesses a div9+ p[]1 is mo/ rational & presci5t :5 lib]at$ f ! body1 & gives p]fection to /atues1 & moves temples4 ,a beetle w be dete/$ by "o :o is ignorant ( & unskill$ 9 div9e conc]ns1 b ! ,egyptians v5]ate x1 z an animat$ image ( ! sun4 ,= e beetle is a male1 & emitt+ its g5ital se$ 9 a muddy place1 & hav+ made x sph]ical1 x turns r\nd ! sem9al sph]e 9 a way simil> to t ( ! sun 9 ! heav5s4 ,x likewise receives a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight days1 :i* is a lun> p]iod4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ,egyptians philosophize ab\t ! ram1 ! crocodile1 ! vulture1 & ! ibis1 &1 9 %ort1 ab\t e animal2 s t1 f _! wisdom & transc5d5t k ( div9e conc]ns1 !y came at l5g? to v5]ate all animals#id4 ,an unle>n$ man1 h[ev]1 does n ev5 suspect t !y1 n be+ borne along ) ! /ream ( ! vulg> :o "k no?+1 & n walk+ 9 ! pa? ( ignorance1 b pass+ beyond ! illit]ate multitude1 & t want ( k :i* befals e "o at fir/1 7 l$ to rev]5ce ?+s :i* are ?\ght by ! vulg> to be ( no wor?4 #aj4 ,?is also1 no less ?an ! above-m5tion$ p>ticul>s1 induc$ !m to believe1 t animals %\ld be rev]5c$ z images ( ! ,gods1 viz4 t ! s\l ( e animal1 :5 lib]at$ f ! body1 0 discov]$ by !m to be rational1 to be presci5t ( futurity1 to possess an oracul> p[]1 & to be effective ( e ?+ :i* man is capable ( accompli%+ :5 sep>at$ f ! body4 ,h5ce !y v prop]ly hon\r$ !m1 & ab/a9$ f !m z mu* z possible4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! cause ?r\gh :i* ! ,egyptians v5]at$ ! ,gods ?r\gh animals requires a copi\s discussion1 & :i* w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ! pres5t treatise1 :at has be5 unfold$ respect+ ?is p>ticul> is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is n to be omitt$1 t ! ,egyptians1 :5 !y buri$ ^? t 7 ( noble bir?1 privately took away ! belly & plac$ x 9 a *e/1 & toge!r ) o!r ?+s :i* !y p]=m$ = ! sake ( ! dead body1 !y elevat$ ! *e/ t[>ds ! sun1 :om !y invok$ z a witness2 an oration = ! deceas$ be+ at ! same "t made by "o ( ^? to ^: c>e ! fun]al 0 committ$4 ,b ! oration :i* ,euphantus#ie has int]pret$ f ! ,egyptian tongue 0 z foll[s3 8,o sov]eign ,sun1 & all ye ,gods :o imp>t life to m51 receive me1 & deliv] me to ! et]nal ,gods z a cohabitant4 ,= ,i h always pi\sly wor%ipp$ ^? div9ities :i* 7 po9t$ out to me by my p>5ts z long z ,i liv$ 9 ?is age1 & h likewise always hon\r$ ^? :o procreat$ my body4 ,&1 ) respect to o!r m51 ,i h nev] sla9 any "o1 nor defraud$ any "o ( :at he deposit$ ) me1 nor h ,i committ$ any o!r atroci\s de$4 ,if1 !re=e1 dur+ my life ,i h act$ errone\sly1 by eat+ or dr9k+ ?+s :i* x is unlawful to eat or dr9k1 ,i h n err$ ?r\gh myself1 b ?r\gh ^!10 po9t+ to ! *e/ 9 :i* ! belly 0 conta9$4 ,& hav+ ?us spok51 he ?rew ! *e/ into ! riv] ,nile2 b buri$ ! re/ ( ! body z be+ pure4 ,aft] ?is mann]1 !y ?\ght an apology ought to be made to div9ity = :at !y _h eat5 & drank1 & = ! insol5t conduct :i* !y _h be5 l$ to ?r\gh ! belly4 #aa4 ,b among ^? :o are kn[n by u1 ! ,jews1 be=e !y fir/ suff]$ ! subv]sion ( _! legal in/itutes "u ,antio*us1 & aft]w>ds "u ! ,romans1 :5 also ! temple 9 ,j]usalem 0 captur$1 & became accessible to all m5 to :om1 prior to ?is ev5t1 x 0 inaccessible1 & ! city itself 0 de/roy$2--be=e ?is took place1 ! ,jews always ab/a9$ f _m animals1 b peculi>ly1 :i* !y ev5 n[ d1 f sw9e4 ,at t p]iod1 !re=e1 !re 7 ?ree k9ds ( philosoph]s among !m4 ,& ( "o k9d1 inde$1 ! ,ph>isees 7 ! lead]s1 b ( ano!r1 ! ,sadducees1 & ( ! ?ird1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! mo/ v5]able1 ! ,essans4 ,! mode ( life1 !re=e1 ( ^! ?ird 0 z foll[s1 z ,josephus frequ5tly te/ifies 9 _m ( 8 writ+s4 ,= 9 ! second book ( 8 ,judaic ,hi/ory1 :i* he has complet$ 9 sev5 books1 & 9 ! eighte5? ( 8 ,antiquities1 :i* consi/s ( tw5ty books1 & likewise 9 ! second ( ! two books :i* he wrote aga9/ ! ,greeks1 he speaks ( ^! ,essans1 & says1 t !y are ( ! race ( ! ,jews1 & are 9 a great] degree ?an o!rs fri5dly to "o ano!r4 ,!y are av]se to pleasures1 conceiv+ !m to be vici\s1 b !y are ( op9ion t cont95ce1 & ! n yield+ to ! passions1 con/itute virtue4 ,& !y despise1 inde$1 w$lock1 b receiv+ ! *ildr5 ( o!r p]sons1 & in/ruct+ !m 9 discipl9es :ile !y are yet ( a t5d] age1 !y consid] !m z _! k9dr$1 & =m !m to _! own mann]s4 ,& !y act 9 ?is mann]1 n = ! purpose ( subv]t+ m>riage1 & ! succession aris+ f x1 b 9 ord] to avoid ! lascivi\sness ( wom54 ,!y are1 likewise1 despis]s ( weal?1 & ! p>ticipation ( ext]nal possessions among !m 9 common is wond]ful2 nor is any "o to be f\nd among !m :o is ri*] ?an ! re/4 ,= x is a law ) !m1 t ^? :o wi% to belong to _! sect1 mu/ give up _! prop]ty to x 9 common2 s t among all ( !m1 !re is n to be se5 ei!r ! abjectness ( pov]ty1 or ! insol5ce ( weal?2 b ! possessions ( ea* be+ m+l$ ) ^? ( ! re/1 !re 0 "o prop]ty ) all ( !m1 z if !y _h be5 bro!rs4 ,!y likewise conceiv$ oil to be a /a9 to ! body1 & t if any "o1 ?\gh unwill+ly1 0 ano9t$1 he %\ld imm$iately wipe 8 body4 ,= x 0 consid]$ by !m z beautiful to be squalid#if1 & to be always clo!d 9 :ite g>m5ts4 ,b curators ( ! common prop]ty 7 elect$ by votes1 indi/9ctly = ! use ( all4 ,!y h n1 h[ev]1 "o city1 b 9 ea* city _m ( !m dwell toge!r1 & ^? :o come among !m f o!r places1 if !y are ( _! sect1 equally p>take ) !m ( _! possessions1 z if !y 7 _! own4 ,^?1 likewise1 :o fir/ p]ceive ^! /rang]s1 behave to !m z if !y 7 _! intimate acqua9tance4 ,h5ce1 :5 !y travel1 !y take no?+ ) !m = ! sake ( exp5diture4 ,b !y nei!r *ange _! g>m5ts nor _! %oes1 till !y are entirely torn1 or de/roy$ by "t4 ,!y nei!r buy nor sell any ?+1 b ea* ( !m giv+ :at he possesses to him t is 9 want1 receives 9 return = x :at w be useful to him4 ,nev]!less1 ea* ( !m freely imp>ts to o!rs ( _! sect :at !y may be 9 want (1 )\t any remun]ation4 #ab4 ,moreov]1 !y are peculi>ly pi\s to div9ity4 ,= be=e ! sun rises !y speak no?+ pr(ane1 b !y p\r =? c]ta9 pray]s to him :i* !y _h receiv$ f _! ance/ors1 z if besee*+ him to rise4 ,aft]w>ds1 !y are s5t by _! curators to ! ex]cise ( ! sev]al arts 9 :i* !y are skill$1 & hav+ till ! fif? h\r /r5u\sly lab\r$ 9 ^! arts1 !y are aft]w>ds collect$ toge!r 9 "o place2 & !re1 be+ begirt ) l95 tegum5ts1 !y wa% _! bodies ) cold wat]4 ,aft] ?is purification1 !y ent] into _! own prop] habitation1 into :i* no het]odox p]son is p]mitt$ to ent]4 ,b !y be+ pure1 betake !mselves to ! d9+ room1 z into a c]ta9 sacr$ fane4 ,9 ?is place1 :5 all ( !m are seat$ 9 sil5ce1 ! bak] places ! bread 9 ord]1 & ! cook di/ributes to ea* ( !m "o vessel conta9+ "o k9d ( eatables4 ,prior1 h[ev]1 to _! tak+ ! food :i* is pure & sacr$1 a prie/ prays1 & x is unlawful = any "o prior to ! pray] to ta/e ( ! food4 ,aft] d9n]1 likewise1 ! prie/ aga9 prays2 s t bo? :5 !y beg91 & :5 !y cease to eat1 !y v5]ate div9ity4 ,aft]w>ds1 dive/+ !mselves ( ^! g>m5ts z sacr$1 !y aga9 betake !mselves to _! "w till ! ev5+2 &1 return+ f !nce1 !y eat & dr9k 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 /rang]s sitt+ ) !m1 if !y %\ld happ5 at t "t to be pres5t4 ,no clam\r or tumult ev] defiles ! h\se 9 :i* !y dwell2 b _! conv]sation ) ea* o!r is p]=m$ 9 an ord]ly mann]2 & to ^? t are out ( ! h\se1 ! sil5ce ( ^? )9 x appe>s z if x 0 "s t]rific my/]y4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 ( ?is quietness is _! con/ant sobriety1 & t ) !m _! meat & dr9k is measur$ by :at is suffici5t to ! wants ( nature4 ,b ^? :o are v desir\s ( belong+ to _! sect1 are n imm$iately admitt$ into x1 b !y mu/ rema9 out ( x = a ye>1 adopt+ ! same diet1 ! ,essans giv+ !m a rake1 a girdle1 & a :ite g>m5t4 ,& if1 dur+ t "t1 !y h giv5 a suffici5t pro( ( _! cont95ce1 !y proce$ to a /ill great] con=mity to ! in/itutes ( ! sect1 & use pur] wat] = ! purposes ( sanctity2 ?\gh !y are n yet p]mitt$ to live ) ! ,essans4 ,= aft] ?is exhibition ( endurance1 _! mann]s are tri$ = two ye>s m1 & he :o aft] ?is p]iod appe>s to des]ve to associate ) !m1 is admitt$ into _! society4 #ac4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 he :o is admitt$ t\*es 8 common food1 he takes a t]rible oa?1 9 ! fir/ place1 t he w pi\sly wor%ip div9ity2 9 ! next place1 t he w pres]ve ju/ice t[>ds m51 & t he w nei!r design$ly1 nor :5 comm&$1 injure any "o2 9 ! ?ird place1 t he w always hate ! unju/1 b /r5u\sly assi/ ! j2 & 9 ! f\r? place1 t he w act fai?fully t[>ds all m51 b especially t[>ds ! rul]s ( ! l&1 s9ce no "o becomes a rul] )\t ! p]mission ( ,god2 9 ! fif? place1 t if he %\ld be a rul]1 he w nev] employ 8 p[] to insol5tly iniquit\s purposes1 nor w surpass ^? t are 9 subjection to him 9 8 dress1 or any o!r m spl5did ornam5t2 9 ! six? place1 t he w always love ! tru?1 & be ho/ile to li>s2 9 ! sev5? place1 t he w pres]ve 8 h&s f !ft1 & 8 s\l pure f unholy ga9#ig2 &1 9 ! eigh? place1 t he w conceal no?+ f ^? ( 8 sect1 nor divulge any ?+ to o!rs p]ta9+ to ! sect1 ?\gh "s "o1 9 ord] to compel him1 %\ld ?reat5 him ) dea?4 ,9 addition to ^! ?+s1 also1 !y swe>1 t !y w n imp>t ! dogmas ( ! sect to any "o 9 any o!r way ?an t 9 :i* !y receiv$ !m2 t !y w likewise ab/a9 f robb]y#ih1 & pres]ve ! books ( _! sect ) ! same c>e z ! names ( ! angels4 ,su*1 !re=e1 are _! oa?s4 ,b ^? among !m t act crim9ally1 & are eject$1 p]i% by an evil de/9y4 ,=1 be+ b\nd by _! oa?s & _! cu/oms1 !y are n capable ( receiv+ food f o!rs2 b fe$+ on h]bs1 & hav+ _! body emaciat$ by hung]1 !y p]i%4 ,h5ce ! ,essans1 commis]at+ _m ( ^! un=tunate m51 receive !m 9 _! la/ extremities into _! society1 ?9k+ t !y h suff]$ suffici5tly = _! (f5ces 9 hav+ be5 puni%$ = !m till !y 7 on ! br9k ( ! grave4 ,b !y give a rake to ^? :o int5d to belong to _! sect1 9 ord] t1 :5 !y sit = ! purpose ( exon]at+ ! belly1 !y may make a tr5* a foot 9 dep?1 & completely cov] !mselves by _! g>m5t1 9 ord] t !y may n act contumeli\sly t[>ds ! sun by pollut+ ! rays ( ! ,god4 ,& s great1 inde$1 is _! simplicity & frugality ) respect to diet1 t !y d n require evacuation till ! sev5? day aft] ! assumption ( food1 :i* day !y sp5d 9 s++ hymns to ,god1 & 9 re/+ f lab\r4 ,b f ?is ex]cise !y acquire ! p[] ( su* great endurance1 t ev5 :5 tortur$ & burnt1 & suff]+ e k9d ( excruciat+ pa91 !y _c be induc$ ei!r to blaspheme _! legislator1 or to eat :at !y h n be5 accu/om$ to4 ,& ! tru? ( ?is 0 demon/rat$ 9 _! w> ) ! ,romans4 ,= !n !y nei!r flatt]$ _! torm5tors1 nor %$ any te>s1 b smil$ 9 ! mid/ ( _! torm5ts1 & d]id$ ^? t inflict$ !m1 & *e]fully emitt$ _! s\ls1 z kn[+ t !y %\ld possess !m aga94 ,= ?is op9ion 0 firmly e/abli%$ among !m1 t _! bodies 7 inde$ corruptible1 & t ! matt] ( :i* !y consi/$ 0 n /able1 b t _! s\ls 7 immortal1 & w\ld endure = ev]1 & t1 proce$+ f ! mo/ subtle e!r1 !y 7 drawn d[n by a natural flux1 & complicat$ ) bodies2 b t1 :5 !y are no long] deta9$ by ! bonds ( ! fle%1 !n1 z if lib]at$ f a long slav]y1 !y w rejoice1 & asc5d to ! cele/ial regions4 ,b f ?is mode ( liv+1 & f be+ ?us ex]cis$ 9 tru? & piety1 !re 7 _m among !m1 z x is reasonable to suppose !re w\ld be1 :o _h a =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts1 z be+ conv]sant f _! y\? ) sacr$ books1 diff]5t purifications1 & ! decl>ations ( ! prophets4 ,& su* is ! ord] or sect ( ! ,essans among ! ,jews4 #ad4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 7 =bidd5 to eat ! fle% ( sw9e1 or fi% )\t scales1 :i* ! ,greeks call 1 i4e4 c>tilag9\s2 or to eat any animal t has solid ho(s4 ,!y 7 likewise =bidd5 n only to refra9 f eat+1 b also f kill+ animals t fl$ to _! h\ses z supplicants4 ,nor did ! legislator p]mit !m to slay su* animals z 7 p>5ts toge!r ) _! "y2 b ord]$ !m to sp>e1 ev5 9 a ho/ile l&1 & n put to dea? brutes t assi/ u 9 our lab\rs4 ,nor 0 ! legislator afraid t ! race ( animals :i* are n sacrific$1 w\ld1 ?r\gh be+ sp>$ f slaught]1 be s increas$ 9 multitude z to produce fam9e among m52 = he knew1 9 ! fir/ place1 t multip>\s animals live b = a %ort "t2 & 9 ! next place1 t _m ( !m p]i%1 unless att5tion is paid to !m by m54 ,moreov]1 he likewise knew t o!r animals w\ld attack ^? t increas$ excessively2 ( :i* ?is is an indication1 t we ab/a9 f _m animals1 su* z liz>ds1 worms1 flies1 s]p5ts1 & dogs1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 we are n afraid ( p]i%+ ?r\gh hung] by ab/a9+ f !m1 ?\gh _! increase is abundant4 ,& 9 ! next place1 x is n ! same ?+ to eat & to slay an animal4 ,= we de/roy _m ( ! above-m5tion$ animals1 b we d n eat any ( !m4 #ae4 ,f>!r /ill1 x is likewise relat$ t ! ,syrians =m]ly ab/a9$ f animals1 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 did n sacrifice !m to ! ,gods2 b t aft]w>ds !y sacrific$ !m1 = ! purpose ( av]t+ c]ta9 evils2 yet !y did n at all admit ( a fle%ly diet4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 z ,nean!s ! ,cyzic5ean & ,asclepiades ! ,cyprian say1 ab\t ! era ( ,pygmalion1 :o 0 by bir? a ,phnician1 b reign$ ov] ! ,cyprians1 ! eat+ ( fle% 0 admitt$1 f an illegality ( ! foll[+ k9d1 :i* ,asclepiades1 9 8 treatise conc]n+ ,cyprus & ,phnicia1 relates z foll[s3--,9 ! fir/ place1 !y did n sacrifice any ?+ animat$ to ! ,gods2 b nei!r 0 !re any law p]ta9+ to a ?+ ( ?is k9d1 because x 0 prohibit$ by natural law4 ,!y are said1 h[ev]1 on a c]ta9 occasion1 9 :i* "o s\l 0 requir$ = ano!r1 to h1 = ! fir/ "t1 sacrific$ a victim2 & ?is tak+ place1 ! :ole ( ! victim 0 !n consum$ by fire4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 ! victim 0 burnt1 a portion ( ! fle% fell on ! e>?1 :i* 0 tak5 by ! prie/1 :o1 9 s do+1 hav+ burnt 8 f+]s1 involunt>ily mov$ !m to 8 m\?1 z a rem$y = ! pa9 :i* ! burn+ produc$4 ,hav+1 !re=e1 ?us ta/$ ( ! roa/$ fle%1 he also desir$ to eat abundantly ( x1 & c\ld n refra9 f giv+ "s ( x to 8 wife4 ,pygmalion1 h[ev]1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ?is circum/ance1 ord]$ bo? ! prie/ & 8 wife to be hurl$ headlong f a /eep rock1 & gave ! prie/hood to ano!r p]son1 :o n long aft] p]=m+ ! same sacrifice1 & eat+ ! fle% ( ! victim1 fell into ! same calamities z 8 pr$ecessor4 ,! ?+1 h[ev]1 proce$+ /ill f>!r1 & m5 us+ ! same k9d ( sacrifice1 & ?r\gh yield+ to desire1 n ab/a9+ f1 b fe$+ on fle%1 ! de$ 0 no long] puni%$4 ,nev]!less ab/95ce f fi% cont9u$ among ! ,syrians till ! "t ( ,m5&]3 = he says1 ,! ,syrians = example take1 s9ce ^! ,:5 by intemp]ance l$ ( fi% !y eat1 ,swoln 9 _! belly & _! feet become4 ,) sack !n cov]'d1 9 ! public way ,!y on a dunghill sit1 t by _! l[ly /ate1 ,! ,goddess may1 appeas'd1 ! crime =give4 #af4 ,among ! ,p]sians1 inde$1 ^? :o are wise 9 div9e conc]ns1 & wor%ip div9ity1 are call$ ,magi2 = ?is is ! signification ( ,magus1 9 ! ,p]sian tongue4 ,b s great & s v5]able are ^! m5 ?\ght to be by ! ,p]sians1 t ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 _h among o!r ?+s ?is engrav$ on 8 tomb1 t he _h be5 ! ma/] ( ! ,magi4 ,!y are likewise divid$ into ?ree g5]a1 z we are in=m$ by ,eubulus1 :o wrote ! hi/ory ( ,mi?ra1 9 a treatise consi/+ ( _m books4 ,9 ?is "w he says1 t ! fir/ & mo/ le>n$ class ( ! ,magi nei!r eat nor slay any ?+ animat$1 b adh]e to ! anci5t ab/95ce f animals4 ,! second class use "s animals inde$ = food1 b d n slay any t are tame4 ,nor d ^? ( ! ?ird class1 simil>ly ) o!r m51 lay _! h&s on all animals4 ,= ! dogma ) all ( !m :i* ranks z ! fir/ is ?is1 t !re is a transmigration ( s\ls2 & ?is !y also appe> to indicate 9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ra4 ,= 9 ^! my/]ies1 obscurely signify+ our hav+ some?+ 9 common ) brutes1 !y are accu/om$ to call u by ! names ( diff]5t animals4 ,?us !y d5om9ate ! males :o p>ticipate 9 ! same my/]ies lions1 b ! females lionesses1 & ^? :o are m9i/rant to ^! rites cr[s4 ,) respect to _! fa!rs also1 !y adopt ! same mode4 ,= ^! are d5om9at$ by !m eagles & hawks4 ,& he :o is initiat$ 9 ! ,leontic my/]ies1 is inve/$ ) all-v>i\s =ms ( animals#ii2 ( :i* p>ticul>s1 ,pallas1 9 8 treatise conc]n+ ,mi?ra1 assign+ ! cause1 says1 t x is ! common op9ion t ^! ?+s are to be ref]r$ to ! circle ( ! zodiac1 b t truly & accurately speak+1 !y obscurely signify some?+ p]ta9+ to human s\ls1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,p]sians1 are inve/$ ) bodies ( all-v>i\s =ms4 ,= ! ,lat9s also1 says ,eubulus1 call "s m51 9 _! tongue1 bo>s & scorpions1 liz>ds1 & blackbirds4 ,aft] ! same mann] likewise ! ,p]sians d5om9ate ! ,gods ! demiurgic causes ( ^!3 = !y call ,diana a %e-wolf2 b ! sun1 a bull1 a lion1 a dragon1 & a hawk2 & ,hecate1 a horse1 a bull1 a lioness1 & a dog4 ,b mo/ !ologi/s say t ! "n ( ,pros]p9e is d]iv$ f n\ri%+ a r+dove1 3 = ! r+dove is sacr$ to ?is ,goddess#ajj4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! prie/s ( ,maia d$icate to h] a r+dove4 ,& ,maia is ! same ) ,pros]p9e1 z be+ ob/etric1 & a nurse#aja4 ,= ?is ,goddess is t]re/rial1 & s likewise is ,c]es4 ,to ?is ,goddess1 also1 a cock is consecrat$2 & on ?is acc\nt ^? t are initiat$ 9 h] my/]ies ab/a9 f dome/ic birds4 ,9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 likewise1 ! initiat$ are ord]$ to ab/a9 f dome/ic birds1 f fi%es & beans1 pomegranates & apples2 :i* fruits are z equally defil+ to ! t\*1 z a woman rec5tly deliv]$1 & a dead body4 ,b :oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( div9ely-lum9\s appe>ances 1 kn[s also on :at acc\nt x is requisite to ab/a9 f all birds1 & especially = him :o ha/5s to be lib]at$ f t]re/rial conc]ns1 & to be e/abli%$ ) ! cele/ial ,gods4 ,vice1 h[ev]1 z we h frequ5tly said1 is suffici5tly able to patronize itself1 & especially :5 x pleads its cause among ! ignorant4 ,h5ce1 among ^? t are mod]ately vici\s1 "s ?9k t a dehortation ( ?is k9d is va9 babbl+1 &1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 ! nugacity ( old wom52 & o!rs are ( op9ion t x is sup]/ition4 ,b ^? :o h made great] advances 9 improbity1 are prep>$1 n only to blaspheme ^? :o exhort to1 & demon/rate ! propriety ( ?is ab/95ce1 b calumniate purity itself z en*antm5t & pride4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 suff]+ ! puni%m5t ( _! s9s1 bo? f ,gods & m51 are1 9 ! fir/ place1 suffici5tly puni%$ by a disposition i4e4 by a depravity ( ?is k9d4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 /ill f>!r make m5tion ( ano!r =eign nation1 r5[n$ & j1 & believ$ to be pi\s 9 div9e conc]ns1 & !n pass on to o!r p>ticul>s4 #ag4 ,= ! polity ( ! ,indians be+ di/ribut$ into _m p>ts1 !re is "o tribe among !m ( m5 div9ely wise1 :om ! ,greeks are accu/om$ to call ,gymnosophi/s#ajb4 ,b ( ^! !re are two sects1 ov] "o ( :i* ! ,bram9s preside1 b ov] ! o!r ! ,samanans4 ,! race ( ! ,bram9s1 h[ev]1 receive div9e wisdom ( ?is k9d by succession1 9 ! same mann] z ! prie/hood4 ,b ! ,samanans are elect$1 & consi/ ( ^? :o wi% to possess div9e k4 ,& ! p>ticul>s respect+ !m are ! foll[+1 z ! ,babylonian ,b>desanes#ajc n>rates1 :o liv$ 9 ! times ( our fa!rs1 & 0 famili> ) ^? ,indians :o1 toge!r ) ,damadamis1 7 s5t to ,cs>4 ,all ! ,bram9s orig9ate f "o /ock2 = all ( !m are d]iv$ f "o fa!r & "o "m4 ,b ! ,samanans are n ! (fspr+ ( "o family1 be+1 z we h said1 collect$ f e nation ( ,indians4 ,a ,bram91 h[ev]1 is n a subject ( any gov]nm5t1 nor does he contribute any ?+ toge!r ) o!rs to gov]nm5t4 ,& ) respect to ^? t are philosoph]s1 among ^! "s dwell on m\nta9s1 & o!rs ab\t ! riv] ,ganges4 ,& ^? t live on m\nta9s fe$ on autumnal fruits1 & on c[s' milk coagulat$ ) h]bs4 ,b ^? t reside ne> ! ,ganges1 live also on autumnal fruits1 :i* are produc$ 9 abundance ab\t t riv]4 ,! l& likewise ne>ly always be>s new fruit1 toge!r ) mu* rice1 :i* gr[s spontane\sly1 & :i* !y use :5 !re is a defici5cy ( autumnal fruits4 ,b to ta/e ( any o!r nutrim5t1 or1 9 %ort1 to t\* animal food1 is consid]$ by !m z equival5t to extreme impurity & impiety4 ,& ?is is "o ( _! dogmas4 ,!y also wor%ip div9ity ) piety & purity4 ,!y sp5d ! day1 & ! great] "p ( ! night1 9 hymns & pray]s to ! ,gods2 ea* ( !m hav+ a cottage to himself1 & liv+1 z mu* z possible1 alone4 ,= ! ,bram9s _c endure to rema9 ) o!rs1 nor to speak mu*2 b :5 ?is happ5s to take place1 !y aft]w>ds )draw !mselves1 & d n speak = _m days4 ,!y likewise frequ5tly fa/4 ,b ! ,samanans are1 z we h said1 elect$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 any "o is desir\s ( be+ enroll$ 9 _! ord]1 he proce$s to ! rul]s ( ! city2 b ab&ons ! city or village t he inhabit$1 & ! weal? & all ! o!r prop]ty t he possess$4 ,hav+ likewise ! sup]fluities ( 8 body cut (f1 he receives a g>m5t1 & dep>ts to ! ,samanans1 b does n return ei!r to 8 wife or *ildr51 if he happ5s to h any1 nor does he pay any att5tion to !m1 or ?9k t !y at all p]ta9 to him4 ,&1 ) respect to 8 *ildr5 inde$1 ! k+ provides :at is necess>y = !m1 & ! relatives provide = ! wife4 ,& su* is ! life ( ! ,samanans4 ,b !y live out ( ! city1 & sp5d ! :ole day 9 conv]sation p]ta9+ to div9ity4 ,!y h also h\ses & temples1 built by ! k+1 9 :i* !re are /ew>ds1 :o receive a c]ta9 emolum5t f ! k+1 = ! purpose ( supply+ ^? t dwell 9 !m ) nutrim5t4 ,b _! food consi/s ( rice1 bread1 autumnal fruits1 & pot-h]bs4 ,& :5 !y ent] into _! h\se1 ! s\nd ( a bell be+ ! signal ( _! entrance1 ^? t are n ,samanans dep>t f x1 & ! ,samanans beg9 imm$iately to pray4 ,b hav+ pray$1 aga91 on ! bell s\nd+ z a signal1 ! s]vants give to ea* ,samanan a platt]1 7= two ( !m d n eat out ( ! same di%17 & fe$ !m ) rice4 ,& to him :o is 9 want ( a v>iety ( food1 a pot-h]b is add$1 or "s autumnal fruit4 ,b hav+ eat5 z mu* z is requisite1 )\t any delay !y proce$ to _! accu/om$ employm5ts4 ,all ( !m likewise are unm>ri$1 & h no possessions3 & s mu* are bo? ^! & ! ,bram9s v5]at$ by ! o!r ,indians1 t ! k+ also visits !m1 & reque/s !m to pray to & supplicate ! ,gods1 :5 any calamity befals ! c\ntry1 or to advise him h[ to act4 #ah4 ,b !y are s dispos$ ) respect to dea?1 t !y unwill+ly endure ! :ole "t ( ! pres5t life1 z a c]ta9 s]vitude to nature1 & !re=e !y ha/5 to lib]ate _! s\ls f ! bodies ) :i* !y are connect$4 ,h5ce frequ5tly1 :5 !y are se5 to be well1 & are nei!r oppress$1 nor driv5 to desp]ation by any evil1 !y dep>t f life4 ,& ?\gh !y previ\sly ann\nce to o!rs t x is _! int5tion to commit suicide1 yet no "o imp$es !m2 b1 proclaim+ all ^? to be happy :o ?us quit ! pres5t life1 !y enjo9 c]ta9 ?+s to ! dome/ics & k9dr$ ( ! dead3 s /able & true d !y1 & also ! multitude1 believe ! ass]tion to be1 t s\ls 9 ano!r life associate ) ea* o!r4 ,b z soon z ^? to :om !y h proclaim$ t ?is is _! int5tion1 h he>d ! m&ates giv5 to !m1 !y deliv] ! body to fire1 9 ord] t !y may sep>ate ! s\l f ! body 9 ! pure/ mann]1 & ?us !y die celebrat$ by all ! ,samanans4 ,= ^! m5 dismiss _! de>e/ fri5ds to dea? m easily ?an o!rs "p ) _! fell[-citiz5s :5 go+ ! longe/ j\rneys4 ,& !y lam5t !mselves1 inde$1 z /ill cont9u+ 9 life2 b !y proclaim ^? t are dead to be bless$1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ n[ obta9$ an immortal allotm5t4 ,nor is !re any sophi/1 su* z !re is n[ among/ ! ,greeks1 ei!r among ^! ,samanans1 or ! above-m5tion$ ,bram9s1 :o w\ld be se5 to d\bt & to say1 if all m5 %\ld imitate y i4e4 %\ld imitate ^? ,samanans :o commit suicide1 :at w\ld become ( u8 ,nor ?r\gh ^! are human affairs confus$4 ,= nei!r d all m5 imitate !m1 & ^? :o h1 may be said to h be5 r ! causes ( equitable legislation1 ?an ( confusion to ! diff]5t nations ( m54 ,moreov]1 ! law did n compel ! ,samanans & ,bram9s to eat animal food1 b1 p]mitt+ o!rs to fe$ on fle%1 x suff]$ ^! to be a law to !mselves1 & v5]at$ !m z be+ sup]ior to law4 ,nor did ! law subject ^! m5 to ! puni%m5t :i* x inflicts1 z if !y 7 ! prim>y p]petrators ( inju/ice1 b x res]v$ ?is = o!rs4 ,h5ce1 to ^? :o ask1 :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce if all m5 imitat$ su* *>act]s z ^!1 ! say+ ( ,py?agoras mu/ be ! answ]2 t if all m5 7 k+s1 ! passage ?r\gh life w\ld be difficult1 yet regal gov]nm5t is n on ?is acc\nt to be avoid$4 ,& we likewise say t if all m5 7 wor?y1 no adm9i/ration ( a polity w\ld be f\nd 9 :i* ! dignity t probity m]its w\ld be pres]v$4 ,nev]!less1 no "o w\ld be s insane z n to ?9k t all m5 %\ld e>ne/ly endeav\r to become wor?y *>act]s4 ,inde$1 ! law grants to ! vulg> _m o!r ?+s besides a fle%ly diet1 :i*1 nev]!less1 x does n grant to a philosoph]1 nor ev5 to "o :o conducts ! affairs ( gov]nm5t 9 a prop] mann]4 ,= x does n receive e arti/ into ! adm9i/ration1 ?\gh x does n =bid ! ex]cise ( any art1 nor yet m5 ( e pursuit4 ,b x excludes ^? :o are occupi$ 9 vile & illib]al arts#ajd1 &1 9 %ort1 all ^? :o are de/itute ( ju/ice & ! o!r virtues1 f hav+ any ?+ to d ) ! managem5t ( public affairs4 ,?us1 likewise1 ! law does n =bid ! vulg> f associat+ ) h>lots1 on :om at ! same "t x imposes a f9e2 b ?9ks t x is disgraceful & base = m5 t are mod]ately good to h any connexion ) !m4 ,moreov]1 ! law does n prohibit a man f sp5d+ ! :ole ( 8 life 9 a tav]n1 yet at ! same "t ?is is mo/ disgraceful ev5 to a man ( mod]ate wor?4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! same ?+ mu/ also be said ) respect to diet4 ,= t :i* is p]mitt$ to ! multitude1 mu/ n likewise be grant$ to ! be/ ( m54 ,= ! man :o is a philosoph]1 %\ld especially orda9 = himself ^? sacr$ laws :i* ! ,gods1 & m5 :o are foll[]s ( ! ,gods1 h in/itut$4 ,b ! sacr$ laws ( nations & cities appe> to h orda9$ = sacr$ m5 purity1 & to h int]dict$ !m animal food4 ,!y h also =bidd5 ! multitude to eat c]ta9 animals1 ei!r f motives ( piety1 or on acc\nt ( "s injury :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! food4 ,s t x is requisite ei!r to imitate prie/s1 or to be ob$i5t to ! m&ates ( all legislators2 b1 9 ei!r way1 he :o is p]fectly legal & pi\s ought to ab/a9 f all animals4 ,= if "s :o are only p>tially pi\s ab/a9 f c]ta9 animals1 he :o is 9 e respect pi\s w ab/a9 f all animals4 #ai4 ,i _h almo/1 h[ev]1 =gott5 to adduce :at is said by ,euripides1 :o ass]ts1 t ! prophets ( ,jupit] 9 ,crete ab/a9$ f animals4 ,b :at is said by ! *orus to ,m9os on ?is subject1 is z foll[s3 ,sprung f ,phnicia's royal l9e1 ,son ( ,europa1 nymph div9e1 ,& mighty ,jove1 ?y envy'd reign ,o'er ,crete ext5d+1 ^: doma9 ,is ) a hundr$ cities cr[n'd-- ,i leave yon consecrat$ gr\nd1 ,yon fane1 ^: beams ! arti/'s toil ,) cypress1 root$ f ! soil1 ,ha? fa%ion'd4 ,9 ! my/ic rites ,initiat$1 life's be/ delights ,i place 9 *a/ity alone1 ,mid/ ,night's dread orgies wont to rove1 ,! prie/ ( ,zagreus#aje & ( ,jove2 ,fea/s ( crude fle% ,i n[ decl9e1 ,& wave alo( ! blaz+ p9e ,to ,cybele1 nor fe> to claim ,h] own ,curete's hall['d "n2 ,clad 9 a sn[y ve/ ,i fly ,f> f ! ?roes ( pregnancy1 ,nev] amid/ ! tombs intrude1 ,& slay no animal = food4 #bj4 ,= holy m5 7 ( op9ion t purity consi/$ 9 a ?+ n be+ m+l$ ) its contr>y1 & t mixture is defilem5t4 ,h5ce1 !y ?\ght t nutrim5t %\ld be assum$ f fruits1 & n f dead bodies1 & t we %\ld n1 by introduc+ t :i* is animat$ to our nature1 defile :at is adm9i/]$ by nature4 ,b !y conceiv$1 t ! slaught] ( animals1 z !y are s5sitive1 & ! depriv+ !m ( _! s\ls1 is a defilem5t to ! liv+2 & t ! pollution is mu* great]1 to m+le a body :i* 0 once s5sitive1 b is n[ depriv$ ( s5se1 ) a s5sitive & liv+ be+4 ,h5ce univ]sally1 ! purity p]ta9+ to piety consi/s 9 reject+ & ab/a9+ f _m ?+s1 & 9 an ab&onm5t ( su* z are ( a contr>y nature1 & ! assumption ( su* z are appropriate & concordant4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 v5]eal connexions are att5d$ ) defilem5t4 ,= 9 ^!1 a conjunction takes place ( ! female ) ! male2 & ! se$1 :5 reta9$ by ! woman1 & caus+ h] to be pregnant1 defiles ! s\l1 ?r\gh its association ) ! body2 b :5 x does n produce conception1 x pollutes1 9 consequ5ce ( becom+ a lifeless mass4 ,! connexion also ( males ) males defiles1 because x is an emission ( se$ z x 7 into a dead body1 & because x is contr>y to nature4 ,&1 9 %ort1 all v5]y1 & emissions ( ! se$ 9 sleep1 pollute1 because ! s\l becomes m+l$ ) ! body1 & is drawn d[n to pleasure4 ,! passions ( ! s\l likewise defile1 ?r\gh ! complication ( ! irrational & effem9ate "p ) reason1 ! int]nal mascul9e "p4 ,=1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 defilem5t & pollution manife/ ! mixture ( ?+s ( an het]og5e\s nature1 & especially :5 ! ab/]sion ( ?is mixture is att5d$ ) difficulty4 ,:5ce1 also1 9 t9ctures :i* are produc$ ?r\gh mixture1 "o species be+ complicat$ ) ano!r1 ?is mixture is d5om9at$ a defilem5t4 ,z :5 "s woman ) a lively r$ ,/a9s ! pure iv'ry---- says ,hom]#ajf4 ,& aga91 pa9t]s call ! mixtures ( col\rs1 corruptions4 ,x is usual1 likewise1 to d5om9ate t :i* is unm+l$ & pure1 incorruptible1 & to call t :i* is g5u9e1 unpollut$4 ,= wat]1 :5 m+l$ ) e>?1 is corrupt$1 & is n g5u9e4 ,b wat] :i* is difflu5t1 & runs ) tumultu\s rapidity1 leaves beh9d 9 its c\rse ! e>? :i* x c>ries 9 its /ream4 ,:5 f a limpid & p]5nial f\nt ,x deflu\s runs---- z ,hesiod says#ajg4 ,= su* wat] is salubri\s1 because x is uncorrupt$ & unmix$4 ,! female1 likewise1 t does n receive into h]self ! exhalation ( se$1 is said to be uncorrupt$4 ,s t ! mixture ( contr>ies is corruption & defilem5t4 ,= ! mixture ( dead ) liv+ bodies1 & ! ins]tion ( be+s t 7 once liv+ & s5ti5t into animals1 & ( dead into liv+ fle%1 may be reasonably suppos$ to introduce defilem5t & /a9s to our nature2 j1 aga91 z ! s\l is pollut$ :5 x is inve/$ ) ! body4 ,h5ce1 he :o is born1 is pollut$ by ! mixture ( 8 s\l ) body2 & he :o dies1 defiles 8 body1 ?r\gh leav+ x a corpse1 diff]5t & =eign f t :i* possesses life4 ,! s\l1 likewise1 is pollut$ by ang] & desire1 & ! multitude ( passions ( :i* 9 a c]ta9 respect diet is a co-op]at+ cause4 ,b z wat] :i* fl[s ?r\gh a rock is m uncorrupt$ ?an t :i* runs ?r\gh m>%es1 because x does n br+ ) x mu* mud2 ?us1 also1 ! s\l :i* adm9i/]s its own affairs 9 a body t is dry1 & is n moi/5$ by ! juices ( =eign fle%1 is 9 a m excell5t condition1 is m uncorrupt$1 & is m prompt = intellectual en]gy4 ,?us too1 x is said1 t ! ?yme :i* is ! drie/ & ! %>pe/ to ! ta/e1 af=ds ! be/ honey to bees4 ,! dianotic1 !re=e1 or discursive p[] ( ! s\l1 is pollut$2 or r1 he :o en]gizes dianotically1 :5 ?is en]gy is m+l$ ) ! en]gies ( ei!r ! imag9ative or doxa/ic p[]4 ,b purification consi/s 9 a sep>ation f all ^!1 & ! wisdom :i* is adapt$ to div9e conc]ns1 is a des]tion ( e ?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,! prop] nutrim5t1 likewise1 ( ea* ?+1 is t :i* ess5tially pres]ves x4 ,?us y may say1 t ! nutrim5t ( a /one is ! cause ( its cont9u+ to be a /one1 & ( firmly rema9+ 9 a lapide\s =m2 b ! nutrim5t ( a plant is t :i* pres]ves x 9 increase & fructification2 & ( an animat$ body1 t :i* pres]ves its composition4 ,x is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 to n\ri%1 & ano!r to fatt52 & "o ?+ to imp>t :at is necess>y1 & ano!r to procure :at is luxuri\s4 ,v>i\s1 !re=e1 are ! k9ds ( nutrim5t1 & v>i\s also is ! nature ( ! ?+s t are n\ri%$4 ,& x is necess>y1 inde$1 t all ?+s %\ld be n\ri%$1 b we %\ld e>ne/ly endeav\r to fatt5 our mo/ pr9cipal p>ts4 ,h5ce1 ! nutrim5t ( ! rational s\l is t :i* pres]ves x 9 a rational /ate4 ,b ?is is intellect2 s t x is to be n\ri%$ by intellect2 & we %\ld e>ne/ly endeav\r t x may be fatt5$ ?r\gh ?is1 r ?an t ! fle% may become p+uid ?r\gh escul5t sub/ances4 ,= intellect pres]ves = u et]nal life1 b ! body :5 fatt5$ causes ! s\l to be fami%$1 ?r\gh its hung] aft] a bless$ life n be+ satisfi$1 increases our mortal "p1 s9ce x is ( itself insane1 & imp$es our atta9m5t ( an immortal condition ( be+4 ,x likewise defiles by corporify+ ! s\l1 & draw+ h] d[n to t :i* is =eign to h] nature4 ,& ! magnet1 inde$1 imp>ts1 z x 71 a s\l to ! iron :i* is plac$ ne> x2 & ! iron1 ?\gh mo/ heavy1 is elevat$1 & runs to ! _s ( ! /one4 ,%\ld he1 !re=e1 :o is susp5d$ f incorporeal & intellectual deity1 be anxi\sly busi$ 9 procur+ food :i* fatt5s ! body1 t is an imp$im5t to intellectual p]ception8 ,ought he n r1 by contract+ :at is necess>y to ! fle% into t :i* is little & easily procur$1 be himself n\ri%$1 by adh]+ to ,god m closely ?an ! iron to ! magnet8 ,i wi%1 inde$1 t our nature 0 n s corruptible1 & t x 7 possible we c\ld live free f mole/ation1 ev5 )\t ! nutrim5t d]iv$ f fruits4 ,o t1 z ,hom]#ajh says1 we 7 n 9 want ei!r ( meat or dr9k1 t we might be truly immortal6--! poet 9 ?us speak+ beautifully signify+1 t food is ! auxili>y n only ( life1 b also ( dea?4 ,if1 !re=e1 we 7 n 9 want ev5 ( vegetable alim5t1 we %\ld be by s mu* ! m bless$1 9 proportion z we %\ld be m immortal4 ,b n[1 be+ 9 a mortal condition1 we r5d] ourselves1 if x be prop] s to speak1 /ill m mortal1 ?r\gh becom+ ignorant t1 by ! addition ( ?is mortality1 ! s\l1 z ,!ophra/us says1 does n only conf] a great b5efit on ! body by be+ its inhabitant1 b gives h]self :olly to x#aji4 ,h5ce1 x is mu* to be wi%$ t we c\ld easily obta9 ! life celebrat$ 9 fables1 9 :i* hung] & ?ir/ are unkn[n2 s t1 by /opp+ ! e-way-fl[+ riv] ( ! body1 we might 9 a v little "t be pres5t ) ! mo/ excell5t natures1 to :i* he :o acc$es1 s9ce deity is !re1 is himself a ,god4 ,b h[ is x possible n to lam5t ! condition ( ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :o are s involv$ 9 d>kness z to *]i% _! own evil1 & :o1 9 ! fir/ place1 hate !mselves1 & him :o truly begot !m1 & aft]w>ds1 ^? :o admoni% !m1 & call on !m to return f ebriety to a sob] condition ( be+8 ,h5ce1 dismiss+ ?+s ( ?is k9d1 w x n be requisite to pass on to :at rema9s to be discuss$8 #ba4 ,^? !n :o oppose ! ,nomades1 or ,troglodyt#aaj1 or ,i*?yophagi1 to ! legal in/itutes ( ! nations :i* we h adduc$1 are ignorant t ^! p 7 br\ght to ! necessity ( eat+ animals ?r\gh ! infecundity ( ! region !y inhabit1 :i* is s b>r51 t x does n ev5 produce h]bs1 b only %ores & s&s4 ,& ?is necessity is indicat$ by _! n be+ able to make use ( fire1 ?r\gh ! want ( combu/ible mat]ials2 b !y dry _! fi% on rocks1 or on ! %ore4 ,& ^! inde$ live aft] ?is mann] f necessity4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 nations ^: mann]s are ru/ic1 & :o are naturally savage2 b x is n fit t ^? :o are equitable judges %\ld1 f su* in/ances z ^!1 calumniate human nature4 ,= ?us we %\ld n only be dubi\s :e!r x is prop] to eat animals1 b also1 :e!r we may n eat m51 & adopt all o!r savage mann]s4 ,x is relat$1 !re=e1 t ! ,massaget & ! ,d]bices consid] ^? ( _! k9dr$ to be mo/ mis]able :o die spontane\sly4 ,h5ce1 prev5t+ _! de>e/ fri5ds f dy+ naturally1 !y slay !m :5 !y are old1 & eat !m4 ,! ,tib>5i hurl f rocks _! ne>e/ relatives1 ev5 :ile liv+1 :5 !y are old4 ,& ) respect to ! ,hyrcani & ,caspii1 ! "o expos$ ! liv+1 b ! o!r ! dead1 to be dev\r$ by birds & dogs4 ,b ! ,scy?ians bury ! liv+ ) ! dead1 & cut _! ?roats on ! pyres ( ! dead by :om !y 7 especially belov$4 ,! ,bactrii likewise ca/ ^? among !m t are old1 ev5 :ile liv+1 to ! dogs4 ,& ,/asanor1 :o 0 "o ( ,alex&]'s prefects1 ne>ly lo/ 8 gov]nm5t ?r\gh endeav\r+ to de/roy ?is cu/om4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we d n on acc\nt ( ^! examples subv]t mildness ( conduct t[>ds m51 s nei!r %\ld we imitate ^? nations t fe$ on fle% ?r\gh necessity1 b we %\ld r imitate ! pi\s1 & ^? :o consecrate !mselves to ! ,gods4 ,= ,democrates#aaa says1 t to live badly1 & n prud5tly1 temp]ately1 & pi\sly1 is n to live 9 reality#aab1 b to die = a long "t4 #bb4 ,x n[ rema9s t we %\ld adduce a few examples ( c]ta9 individuals1 z te/imonies 9 fav\r ( ab/95ce f animal food4 ,= ! want ( ^! 0 "o ( ! accusations :i* 7 urg$ aga9/ u4 ,we le>n1 !re=e1 t ,triptolemus 0 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,a!nian legislators2 ( :om ,h]mippus#aac1 9 ! second book ( 8 treatise on ,legislators1 writes z foll[s3 8,x is said1 t ,triptolemus e/abli%$ laws = ! ,a!nians4 ,& ! philosoph] ,x5ocrates ass]ts1 t ?ree ( 8 laws /ill rema9 9 ,eleusis1 :i* are ^!1 ,hon\r y\r p>5ts2 ,sacrifice to ! ,gods f ! fruits ( ! e>?2 ,injure n animals40 ,two ( ^!1 !re=e1 he says1 are prop]ly in/itut$4 ,= x is necess>y t we %\ld z mu* z possible recomp5se our p>5ts = ! b5efits :i* !y h conf]r$ on u2 & t we %\ld (f] to ! ,gods ! fir/-fruits ( ! ?+s useful to our life1 :i* !y h imp>t$ to u4 ,b ) respect to ! ?ird law1 he is dubi\s z to ! int5tion ( ,triptolemus1 9 ord]+ ! ,a!nians to ab/a9 f animals4 ,0 x1 says he1 because he ?\ght x 0 a dire ?+ to slay k9dr$ natures1 or because he p]ceiv$ x w\ld happ51 t ! mo/ useful animals w\ld be de/roy$ by m5 = food8 ,wi%+1 !re=e1 to make our life z mild z possible1 he endeav\r$ to pres]ve ^? animals t associate ) m51 & :i* are especially tame4 ,unless1 inde$1 because hav+ orda9$ t m5 %\ld hon\r ! ,gods by (f]+ to !m fir/-fruits1 he !re=e add$ ?is ?ird law1 conceiv+ t ?is mode ( wor%ip w\ld cont9ue = a long] "t1 if sacrifices ?r\gh animals 7 n made to ! ,gods4 ,b z _m o!r causes1 ?\gh n v accurate1 ( ! promulgation ( ^! laws1 are assign$ by ,x5ocrates1 ?us mu* f :at has be5 said is suffici5t = our purpose1 t ab/95ce f animals 0 "o ( ! legal in/itutes ( ,triptolemus4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o aft]w>ds violat$ ?is law1 be+ compell$ by great necessity1 & involunt>y errors1 fell1 z we h %[n1 into ?is cu/om ( slaught]+ & eat+ animals4 ,! foll[+1 also1 is m5tion$ z a law ( ,draco3 8,let ?is be an et]nal sacr$ law#aad to ! inhabitants ( ,attica1 & let its au?ority be pr$om9ant = ev]2 viz4 t ! ,gods1 & indig5\s ,h]oes1 be wor%ipp$ publicly1 con=mably to ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 deliv]$ by our ance/ors2 & also1 t !y be wor%ipp$ privately1 accord+ to ! ability ( ea* individual1 9 conjunction ) auspici\s words1 ! fir/l+s ( fruits1 & annual cakes4 ,s t ?is law orda9s1 t div9ity %\ld be v5]at$ by ! fir/ (f]+s ( fruits :i* are us$ by m51 & cakes made ( ! f9e fl\r ( :eat40#aae ,,footnotes3 #hd ,!re 7 _m celebrat$ m5 ( ?is "n among ! anci5ts1 conc]n+ :i* vid4 ,fabric4 ,biblio?4 ,grc4 ,l4 ,,iii4 c4 #aa4 #he ,^! l9es are f ,hesiod4 ,op]4 #aaf4 ,! diff]5t ages1 h[ev]1 ( mank9d1 :i* are celebrat$ by ,hesiod 9 8 ,works & ,days1 signify ! diff]5t lives :i* ! individuals ( ! human species pass ?r\gh2 & z ,proclus on ,hesiod beautifully obs]ves1 !y may be compreh5d$ 9 ?is triad1 ! gold51 ! silv]1 & ! braz5 age4 ,b by ! gold5 age an intellectual life is impli$4 ,= su* a life is pure1 impassive1 & free f sorr[2 & ( ?is impassivity & purity1 gold is an image1 ?r\gh nev] be+ subject to ru/ or putrefaction4 ,su* a life1 too1 is v prop]ly said to be "u ,saturn1 because ,saturn is an intellectual ,god1 or a ,god *>act]is$ by intellect4 ,by ! silv] age1 a ru/ic & natural life is impli$1 9 :i* ! att5tion ( ! rational s\l is entirely direct$ to ! c>e ( ! body1 b )\t proce$+ to extreme depravity4 ,& by ! braz5 age1 a dire1 tyrannic1 & cruel life is impli$1 :i* is entirely passive1 & proce$s to ! v extremity ( vice4 ,! ord]1 also1 ( ^! metals1 h>monizes1 z ,proclus obs]ves1 ) t ( ! lives4 8,=10 says he1 8gold is sol>-=m1 because ! sun is solely immat]ial light4 ,b silv] is lun>-=m1 because ! moon p>takes ( %ad[1 j z silv] p>takes ( ru/4 ,& brass is e>?ly1 s f> z n hav+ a nature simil> to a lucid body2 x is replete ) abundance ( corruption40 #hf ,! m$imnus 0 a measure conta9+ six bu%els4 #hg ,an ,attic measure1 conta9+ six ,attic p9ts4 #hh ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 1 4 ,b ! latt] "p ( ?is s5t5ce is evid5tly defective1 ?\gh ! defect is n notic$ ei!r by ,val5t9us1 or ,reiske1 or ,rho]4 ,x appe>s !re=e to me1 t is want+2 s t = 1 we %\ld read 4 ,& my conjecture is ju/ifi$ by ! v]sion ( ,felicianus1 :i* is1 8,huic autem ab/95tiam1 ct]is luxuriam victus fuisse peculi>em p]spicuum e/40 #hi ,^? :o1 9 be+ initiat$1 clos$ ! eyes1 :i* muesis signifies1 no long] 7says ,h]mias 9 ,phdrum7 receiv$ by s5se ^? div9e my/]ies1 b ) ! pure s\l itself4 ,see my ,diss]tation on ! ,eleus9ian & ,bac*ic ,my/]ies4 #ij ,9 ! orig9al1 2 b = ,i read 1 & ,felicianus appe>s to h f\nd ! same read+ 9 8 ,,ms42 = 8 v]sion is1 8laboribusque humanis40 ,nei!r ,reisk1 h[ev]1 nor ,rho]1 h at all notic$ ! ^w z improp] 9 ?is place4 #ia ,mu* is relat$ ab\t ! ,egyptian prie/s by ,h]odotus1 lib4 ii4 #cg4 ,) respect to ,*remon1 ! decisions ( ! anci5ts conc]n+ him are v discordant4 #ib i4e4 ,^? to ^: c>e ! sacr$ ve/m5ts 7 committ$4 #ic ,^! 7 s d5om9at$ f c>ry+ ! little receptacles 9 :i* ! images ( ! ,gods 7 conta9$4 #id ,see on ?is subject ,plut>*'s excell5t treatise ( ,isis & ,osiris4 #ie ,fabricius is ( op9ion1 t ?is ,euphantus is ! same ) ! ,ecphantus m5tion$ by ,iambli*us 79 ,vit4 ,py?47 z "o ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,vid4 ,fabric4 ,bibl4 ,grc4 lib4 ii4 c4 #ac4 #if ,?is is n wond]ful2 = ! ,jews appe> to h be5 always neglig5t ( cleanl9ess4 ,! intellig5t read] w easily p]ceive t !re is "s similitude betwe5 ^! ,essans & ! anci5t ,py?agoreans1 b t ! latt] 7 inf9itely sup]ior to ! =m]4 ,see my translation ( ,iambli*us' ,life ( ,py?agoras4 #ig ,?is 0 a v necess>y oa? = ^! ,essans to take2 z ! ,jews 9 g5]al1 if we may believe ,tacitus & o!r anci5t hi/orians1 7 always a p immod]ately addict$ to ga94 #ih ,z ! ,essans appe> to h be5 an exception to ! re/ ( ! ,jews1 ! reason is obvi\s :y !y took ?is oa?4 #ii ,simil> to ?is 0 ! g>m5t ) :i* ,apuleius 0 inve/$ aft] 8 initiation into ! my/]ies ( ,isis1 & :i* he describes z foll[s3--8,!re i4e4 on a wood5 ?rone ,i sat conspicu\s1 9 a g>m5t :i* 0 inde$ l951 b 0 elegantly pa9t$4 ,a preci\s cloak also dep5d$ f my %\ld]s beh9d my back1 z f> z to my heels4 ,nev]!less1 to :atev] "p ( me y direct$ y\r view1 y might see t ,i 0 rem>kable by ! animals :i* 7 pa9t$ r\nd my ve/m5t1 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,"h 7 ,indian dragons1 !re ,hyp]borean griff9s1 :i* ! o!r hemisph]e g5]ates 9 ! =m ( a w+$ animal4 ,m5 devot$ to ! s]vice ( div9ity1 call ?is cloak ! ,olympic g>m5t40--,see ,book ,,ii4 ( my translation ( ! ,metamorphosis ( ,apuleius4 #ajj ,proclus1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,s*olia on ! ,cratylus ( ,plato1 gives a mu* m !ological acc\nt ( ! d]ivation ( ! "n ( ,pros]p9e1 z foll[s3--8,socrates n[ deliv]s ^! ?ree vivific monads 9 a consequ5t ord]1 viz4 ,c]es1 ,juno1 ,pros]p9e2 call+ ! fir/ ! "m1 ! second ! si/]1 & ! ?ird ! daught] ( ! ,demiurgus ,jupit]4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 are p>tak]s ( ! :ole ( fabrication2 ! fir/ 9 an exempt mann]1 & intellectually2 ! second 9 a fontal mann]1 &1 at ! same "t1 9 a way adapt$ to a pr9ciple 2 & ! ?ird 9 a mann] adapt$ to a pr9ciple & a lead] 4 8,( ^! ,goddesses ! la/ is allott$ triple p[]s1 & imp>tibly & uni=mly compreh5ds ?ree monads ( ,gods4 ,b %e is call$ ,core ?r\gh ! purity ( h] ess5ce1 & h] undefil$ transc5d5cy 9 h] g5]ations4 ,%e also possesses a fir/1 middle1 & la/ empire2 & accord+ to h] summit1 inde$1 %e is call$ ,diana by ,orpheus2 b1 accord+ to h] middle1 ,pros]p9e2 & accord+ to ! extremity ( ! ord]1 ,m9]va4 ,likewise1 accord+ to an ess5ce transc5d+ ! o!r p[]s ( ?is triple vivific ord]1 ! dom9ion ( ,hecate is e/abli%$2 b accord+ to a middle p[]1 & :i* is g5]ative ( :oles1 t ( s\l2 &1 accord+ to intellectual conv]sion1 t ( ,virtue,a4 ,c]es1 !re=e1 subsi/+ on high1 & among ! sup]mundane ,gods1 uni=mly ext5ds ?is triple ord] ( div9ities2 &1 toge!r ) ,jupit]1 g5]ates ,bac*us1 :o imp>tibly presides ov] p>tible fabrication4 ,b b5ea?1 9 conjunction ) ,pluto1 %e is p>ticul>ly beheld accord+ to ! middle *>act]i/ic3 = x is ?is :i*1 proce$+ e :]e1 imp>ts vivification to ! la/ ( ?+s4 ,h5ce %e is call$ ,pros]p9e1 because %e especially associates ) ,pluto1 &1 toge!r ) him1 di/ributes 9 an ord]ly mann] ! extremities ( ! univ]se4 ,&1 accord+ to h] extremities1 inde$1 %e is said to be a virg91 & to rema9 undefil$2 b1 accord+ to h] middle1 to be conjo9$ ) ,hades1 & to beget ! ,furies 9 ! subt]ranean regions4 ,%e1 !re=e1 is also call$ ,c]es1 b aft] ano!r mann] ?an ! sup]mundane & rul+ ,c]es4 ,= ! "o is ! connective unity ( ! ?ree vivific pr9ciples2 b ! o!r is ! middle ( !m1 9 h]self possess+ ! peculi>ities ( ! extremes4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,pros]p9e conjo9$ ) ,pluto1 y w f9d ! peculi>ities ( ,hecate & ,m9]va2 b ^! extremes subsi/ 9 h] occultly1 :ile ! peculi>ity ( ! middle %9es =?1 & t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( rul+ s\l1 :i* 9 ! sup]mundane ,c]es 0 ( a rul+,b nature1 b "h subsi/s accord+ to a mundane peculi>ity40 ,proclus f>!r obs]ves1 8t ,pros]p9e is d5om9at$ ei!r ?r\gh judg+ ( =ms1 & sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r1 ?us obscurely signify+ ! subv]sion ( slaught],c1 7 1 17 or ?r\gh sep>at+ s\ls p]fectly f bodies1 ?r\gh a conv]sion to ?+s on high1 :i* is ! mo/ =tunate slaught] & dea? to su* z are wor?y ( x4 7 1 47 ,b ! "n 1 ,ph]ephatta1 is adapt$ to ,pros]p9e1 accord+ to a contact ) g5]ation2 b accord+ to wisdom & c\nsel1 to ,m9]va4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 all ! appellations by :i* %e is di/+ui%$1 are adapt$ to ! p]fection ( s\l4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 %e is call$ ,pros]p9e1 & n by ! names ( ! extremes2 s9ce t :i* 0 ravi%$ by ,pluto1 is ?is middle deity2 ! extremes at ! same "t be+ firmly e/abli%$ 9 !mselves2 accord+ to :i* ,c]es is said to rema9 a virg940 ,a ,proclus says ?is con=mably to ! !ology ( ! ,*aldeans2 =1 accord+ to t !ology1 ! fir/ monad ( ! vivific triad is ,hecate1 ! second ,s\l1 & ! ?ird ,virtue4 ,b ,t is1 ( a sup]mundane nature2 = ! rul+ are ! sup]mundane ,gods4 ,c ,proclus "h alludes to ! w> :i* subsi/s among =ms ?r\gh _! union ) matt]1 & :i* ,pros]p9e subv]ts by sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r4 #aja ,! fir/ subsi/5ce ( ,maia1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,orphic !ology1 is ! same ) ! ,goddess ,night1 is at ! summit ( ! intelligible1 & at ! same "t intellectual ord]1 & is :olly absorb$ 9 ! intelligible4 ,z we are also in=m$ by ,proclus 79 ,cratylum71 8,%e is ! p>adigm ( ,c]es4 ,= immortal ,night is ! nurse ( ! ,gods accord+ to ,orpheus4 ,night1 h[ev]1 is ! cause ( alim5t intelligibly3 = ! intelligible is1 z ! ,*aldean ,oracle says1 ! alim5t ( ! intellectual ord]s ( ,gods4 ,b ,c]es1 fir/ ( all1 sep>ates ! two k9ds ( alim5t nect> & ambrosia 9 ! ,gods40 ,he adds1 8,h5ce our sov]eign mi/ress 1 ,c]es1 n only g5]ates life1 b t :i* gives p]fection to life2 & ?is f sup]nal natures1 to su* z are la/4 ,= virtue is ! p]fection ( s\ls40 #ajb ,conc]n+ ! ,indian philosoph]s1 see ! second book ( ,diodorus ,siculus4 #ajc ,?is is ! ,b>desanes :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,m>cus ,anton9us1 & :o wrote a treatise on ! ,lake ( ,probation 9 ,india1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,porphyry 9 8 fragm5t ,de ,/yge1 pres]v$ by ,/obu4 #ajd 1 i4e4 dirty me*anics & bell[s-bl[]s1 an appellation by :i* ,plato 9 8 ,rivals designates ! exp]im5tali/s4 #aje ,zagreus is an epi!t ( ,bac*us4 ,wodhull1 h[ev]1 f ^: translation ( ,euripides ! above l9es are tak51 is greatly mi/ak5 9 say+1 t 8x is evid5t f ! hymns ( ,orpheus t ,zagreus 0 a "n giv5 to ,bac*us at 8 sacr$ rites40 ,= ! ^w 7,zagreus7 is n to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! hymns ( ,orpheus1 or 9 any o!r ( ! ,orphic writ+s t are extant4 #ajf ,iliad1 ,,iv4 v4 #ada4 #ajg ,op]4 et ,dies1 #eie4 #ajh ,iliad1 ,v4 v4 #cda4 #aji ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 1 444 ,b = 1 x appe>s to me to be necess>y to read1 1 444 #aaj ,vid4 ,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 iii4 #cb4 #aaa ,reisk says1 t he does n "k :o ?is ,democrates is2 b !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be no d\bt ( its be+ ! ,py?agorean ( t "n1 ^: ,gold5 ,s5t5ces are extant 9 ! ,opuscula ,my?ologica ( ,gale1 ( :i* see ,mr4 ,bridgman's translation4 #aab ,9 ! orig9al1 4 ,b = 1 ,i read1 4 ,= )\t ?is em5dation1 ,democrates w contradict himself4 #aac ,?is ,h]mippus is also cit$ by ,diog5es ,la]tius 9 ,py?4 #aad ,9 ! orig9al1 1 :i*1 z we are in=m$ by ,proclus1 signifies div9e ord]1 & a uni=m b\nd>y4 #aae ,?is book is evid5tly imp]fect1 because !re are want+ at ! end examples ( illu/ri\s ,greeks & ,romans1 :o1 f ! mo/ remote antiquity1 ab/a9$ f animal food4 ,& ?is 0 also obvi\s to ,reisk4 ,,on ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,! ,,nymphs1 ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,odyssey4 #a4 ,:at does ,hom] obscurely signify by ! cave 9 ,i?aca1 :i* he describes 9 ! foll[+ v]ses8 8,high at ! head a bran*+ olive gr[s1 ,& cr[ns ! po9t$ cliffs ) %ady b\ghs4 ,a cav]n pleasant1 ?\gh involv'd 9 night1 ,b5ea? x lies1 ! ,naiades' delight3 ,:]e b[ls & urns ( workman%ip div9e ,& massy beams 9 native m>ble %9e2 ,on :i* ! ,nymphs amaz+ webs display1 ,( purple hue1 & exquisite array4 ,! busy bees )9 ! urns secure ,honey delici\s1 & l nect> pure4 ,p]petual wat]s ?r\gh ! grotto glide1 ,a l(ty gate unfolds on ei!r side2 ,t to ! nor? is p]vi\s to mank9d2 ,! sacr$ s\? t' immortals is consign'd40 ,t ! poet1 inde$1 does n n>rate ^! p>ticul>s f hi/orical in=mation1 is evid5t f ?is1 t ^? :o h giv5 u a description ( ! isl&1 h1 z ,cronius#aaf says1 made no m5tion ( su* a cave be+ f\nd 9 x4 ,?is likewise1 says he1 is manife/1 t x w\ld be absurd = ,hom] to expect1 t 9 describ+ a cave fabricat$ m]ely by poetical lic5se1 & ?us artificially op5+ a pa? to ,gods & m5 9 ! region ( ,i?aca1 he %\ld ga9 ! belief ( mank9d4 ,& x is equally absurd to suppose1 t nature h]self %\ld po9t out1 9 ?is place1 "o pa? = ! desc5t ( all mank9d1 & aga9 ano!r pa? = all ! ,gods4 ,=1 inde$1 ! :ole _w is full ( ,gods & m53 b x is impossible to be p]suad$1 t 9 ! ,i?ac5sian cave m5 desc5d1 & ,gods asc5d4 ,cronius1 !re=e1 hav+ premis$ ?us mu*1 says1 t x is evid5t1 n only to ! wise b also to ! vulg>1 t ! poet1 "u ! veil ( allegory1 conceals "s my/]i\s signification2 ?us compell+ o!rs to explore :at ! gate ( m5 is1 & also :at is ! gate ( ! ,gods3 :at he means by ass]t+ t ?is cave ( ! ,nymphs has two gates2 & :y x is bo? pleasant & obscure1 s9ce d>kness is by no means delightful1 b is r productive ( av]sion & horror4 ,likewise1 :at is ! reason :y x is n simply said to be ! cave ( ! ,nymphs1 b x is accurately add$1 ( ! ,nymphs :i* are call$ ,naiades8 ,:y1 also1 is ! cave repres5t$ z conta9+ b[ls & amphor1 :5 no m5tion is made ( _! receiv+ any liquor1 b bees are said to deposit _! honey 9 ^! vessels z 9 hives8 ,!n1 aga91 :y are oblong beams adapt$ to weav+ plac$ "h = ! ,nymphs2 & ^! n =m$ f wood1 or any o!r pliable matt]1 b f /one1 z well z ! amphor & b[ls8 ,:i* la/ circum/ance is1 inde$1 less obscure2 b t1 on ^! /ony beams1 ! ,nymphs %\ld weave purple g>m5ts1 is n only wond]ful to ! sight1 b also to ! auditory s5se4 ,= :o w\ld believe t ,goddesses weave g>m5ts 9 a cave involv$ 9 d>kness1 & on /ony beams2 especially :ile he he>s ! poet ass]t+1 t ! purple webs ( ! ,goddesses 7 visible4 ,9 addition to ^! ?+s likewise1 ?is is admirable1 t ! cave %\ld h a tw(old entrance2 "o made = ! desc5t ( m51 b ! o!r = ! asc5t ( ,gods4 ,& aga91 t ! gate1 :i* is p]vi\s by m51 %\ld be said to be turn$ t[>ds ! nor? w9d1 b ! portal ( ! ,gods to ! s\?2 & :y ! poet did n r make use ( ! we/ & ! ea/ = ?is purpose2 s9ce ne>ly all temples h _! /atues & entrances turn$ t[>ds ! ea/2 b ^? :o ent] !m look t[>ds ! we/1 :5 /&+ ) _! faces turn$ t[>ds ! /atues1 !y hon\r & wor%ip ! ,gods4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ?is n>ration is full ( su* obscurities1 x c nei!r be a fiction casually devis$ = ! purpose ( procur+ delight1 nor an exposition ( a topical hi/ory2 b some?+ allegorical mu/ be indicat$ 9 x by ! poet1 :o likewise my/ically places an olive ne> ! cave4 ,all :i* p>ticul>s ! anci5ts ?\ght v labori\s to inve/igate & unfold2 & we1 ) _! assi/ance1 %all n[ endeav\r to develope ! secret mean+ ( ! allegory4 ,^? p]sons1 !re=e1 appe> to h writt5 v neglig5tly ab\t ! situation ( ! place1 :o ?9k t ! cave1 & :at is n>rat$ conc]n+ x1 are no?+ m ?an a fiction ( ! poet4 ,b ! be/ & mo/ accurate writ]s ( geography1 & among ^! ,artemidorus ! ,ephesian1 9 ! fif? book ( 8 "w1 :i* consi/s ( elev5 books1 ?us writes3 8,! isl& ( ,i?aca1 conta9+ an ext5t ( eighty-five /adia#aag1 is di/ant f ,panormus1 a port ( ,cephal5ia1 ab\t twelve /adia4 ,x has a port nam$ ,phorcys1 9 :i* !re is a %ore1 & on t %ore a cave1 9 :i* ! ,phacians are report$ to h plac$ ,ulysses40 ,?is cave1 !re=e1 w n be entirely an ,hom]ic fiction4 ,b :e!r ! poet describes x z x really is1 or :e!r he has add$ some?+ to x ( 8 own inv5tion1 nev]!less ! same inquiries rema92 :e!r ! int5tion ( ! poet is inve/igat$1 or ( ^? :o f\nd$ ! cave4 ,=1 nei!r did ! anci5ts e/abli% temples )\t fabul\s symbols1 nor does ,hom] ra%ly n>rate ! p>ticul>s p]ta9+ to ?+s ( ?is k9d4 ,b h[ mu* ! m any "o endeav\rs to %[ t ?is description ( ! cave is n an ,hom]ic fiction1 b prior to ,hom] 0 consecrat$ to ! ,gods1 by s mu* ! m w ?is consecrat$ cave be f\nd to be full ( anci5t wisdom4 ,& on ?is acc\nt x des]ves to be inve/igat$1 & x is requisite t its symbolical consecration %\ld be amply unfold$ into light4 #b4 ,! anci5ts1 inde$1 v prop]ly consecrat$ a cave to ! _w1 :e!r assum$ collectively1 accord+ to ! :ole ( itself1 or sep>ately1 accord+ to its p>ts4 ,h5ce !y consid]$ e>? z a symbol ( t matt] ( :i* ! _w consi/s2 on :i* acc\nt "s ?\ght t matt] & e>? are ! same2 ?r\gh ! cave indicat+ ! _w1 :i* 0 g5]at$ f matt]4 ,= caves are1 = ! mo/ "p1 spontane\s productions1 & connasc5t ) ! e>?1 be+ compreh5d$ by "o uni=m mass ( /one2 ! int]ior p>ts ( :i* are concave1 b ! ext]ior p>ts are ext5d$ ov] an indef9ite portion ( l&4 ,& ! _w be+ spontane\sly produc$1 i4e4 be+ produc$ by no ext]nal1 b f an int]nal cause1 & be+ also self-adh]5t1 is alli$ to matt]2 :i*1 accord+ to a secret signification1 is d5om9at$ a /one & a rock1 on acc\nt ( its sluggi% & rep]cussive nature ) respect to =m3 ! anci5ts1 at ! same "t1 ass]t+ t matt] is inf9ite ?r\gh its privation ( =m4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is cont9ually fl[+1 & is ( itself de/itute ( ! sup]v5+ inve/m5ts ( =m1 ?r\gh :i* x p>ticipates ( morphe#aah1 & becomes visible1 ! fl[+ wat]s1 d>kness1 or1 z ! poet says1 obscurity ( ! cav]n1 7 consid]$ by ! anci5ts z apt symbols ( :at ! _w conta9s1 on acc\nt ( ! matt] ) :i* x is connect$4 ,?r\gh matt]1 !re=e1 ! _w is obscure & d>k2 b ?r\gh ! connect+ p[]1 & ord]ly di/ribution ( =m1 f :i* also x is call$ _w1 x is beautiful & delightful4 ,h5ce x may v prop]ly be d5om9at$ a cave2 z be+ lovely1 inde$1 to him :o fir/ ent]s into x1 ?r\gh its p>ticipation ( =ms1 b obscure to him :o surveys its f\ndation1 & exam9es x ) an intellectual eye4 ,s t its ext]ior & sup]ficial p>ts1 inde$1 are pleasant1 b its int]ior & pr(\nd p>ts are obscure1 & its v bottom is d>kness itself4 ,?us also ! ,p]sians1 my/ically signify+ ! desc5t ( ! s\l into ! sublun>y regions1 & its regression f x1 initiate ! my/ic or him :o is admitt$ to ! arcane sacr$ rites 9 a place :i* !y d5om9ate a cav]n4 ,=1 z ,eubulus says1 ,zoroa/] 0 ! fir/ :o consecrat$1 9 ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,p]sia1 a spontane\sly produc$ cave1 florid1 & hav+ f\nta9s1 9 hon\r ( ,mi?ra1 ! mak] & fa!r ( all ?+s2 a cave1 accord+ to ,zoroa/]1 be>+ a resemblance ( ! _w1 :i* 0 fabricat$ by ,mi?ra4 ,b ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! cav]n be+ arrang$ accord+ to comm5surate int]vals1 7 symbols ( ! mundane elem5ts & climates4 #c4 ,aft] ?is ,zoroa/] likewise1 x 0 usual ) o!rs to p]=m ! rites p]ta9+ to ! my/]ies 9 cav]ns & d5s1 :e!r spontane\sly produc$1 or made by ! h&s4 ,=1 z !y e/abli%$ temples1 groves1 & alt>s1 to ! cele/ial ,gods1 b to ! t]re/rial ,gods1 & to h]oes1 alt>s alone1 & to ! subt]ranean div9ities pits & cells2 s to ! _w !y d$icat$ caves & d5s2 z likewise to ,nymphs#aai1 on acc\nt ( ! wat] :i* trickles1 or is diffus$ 9 cav]ns1 ov] :i* ! ,naiades1 z we %all %ortly obs]ve1 preside4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 did ! anci5ts make a cav]n1 z we h said1 to be a symbol ( ! _w1 or ( a g5]at$ & s5sible nature2 b !y also assum$ x z a symbol ( all invisible p[]s2 because1 z cav]ns are obscure & d>k1 s ! ess5ce ( ^! p[]s is occult4 ,h5ce ,saturn fabricat$ a cav]n 9 ! ocean itself1 & conceal$ 9 x 8 *ildr54 ,?us1 too1 ,c]es educat$ ,pros]p9e1 ) h] ,nymphs1 9 a cave2 & _m o!r p>ticul>s ( ?is k9d may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( !ologi/s4 ,b t ! anci5ts d$icat$ cav]ns to ,nymphs1 & especially to ! ,naiades1 :o dwell ne> f\nta9s1 & :o are call$ ,naiades f ! /reams ov] :i* !y preside1 is manife/ f ! hymn to ,apollo1 9 :i* x is said3 8,! ,nymphs resid+ 9 caves %all d$uce f\nta9s ( intellectual wat]s to !e1 7accord+ to ! div9e voice ( ! ,muses17 :i* are ! prog5y ( a t]r5e _s4 ,h5ce wat]s1 bur/+ ?r\gh e riv]1 %all exhibit to mank9d p]petual effusions ( sweet /reams#abj40 ,f h5ce1 z x appe>s to me1 ! ,py?agoreans1 & aft] !m ,plato1 %[$ t ! _w is a cav]n & a d54 ,= ! p[]s :i* are ! lead]s ( s\ls1 ?us speak 9 a v]se ( ,emp$ocles3 ,n[ at ?is secret cav]n we're arriv$4 ,& by ,plato1 9 ! #g? book ( 8 ,republic1 x is said1 8,behold m5 z if dwell+ 9 a subt]rane\s cav]n1 & 9 a d5-l habitation1 ^: entrance is widely exp&$ to ! admission ( ! light ?r\gh ! :ole cave40 ,b :5 ! o!r p]son 9 ! ,dialogue says1 8,y adduce an unusual & wond]ful similitude10 he replies1 8,! :ole ( ?is image1 fri5d ,glauco1 mu/ be adapt$ to :at has be5 be=e said1 assimilat+ ?is receptacle1 :i* is visible ?r\gh ! sight1 to ! habitation ( a prison2 b ! light ( ! fire :i* is 9 x to ! p[] ( ! sun40 #d4 ,t !ologi/s !re=e consid]$ cav]ns z symbols ( ! _w1 & ( mundane p[]s1 is1 ?r\gh ?is1 manife/4 ,& x has be5 already obs]v$ by u1 t !y also consid]$ a cave z a symbol ( ! intelligible ess5ce2 be+ impell$ to d s by diff]5t & n ! same conceptions4 ,= !y 7 ( op9ion1 t a cave is a symbol ( ! s5sible _w1 because cav]ns are d>k1 /ony1 & humid2 & !y ass]t$1 t ! _w is a ?+ ( ?is k9d1 ?r\gh ! matt] ( :i* x consi/s1 & ?r\gh its rep]cussive & fl[+ nature4 ,b !y ?\ght x to be a symbol ( ! intelligible _w1 because t _w is invisible to s5sible p]ception1 & possesses a firm & /able ess5ce4 ,?us1 also1 p>tial p[]s are unapp>5t1 & especially ^? :i* are inh]5t 9 matt]4 ,= !y =m$ ^! symbols1 f survey+ ! spontane\s production ( caves1 & _! nocturnal1 d>k1 & /ony nature2 & n entirely1 z "s suspect1 f direct+ _! att5tion to ! figure ( a cav]n4 ,= e cave is n sph]ical1 z is evid5t f ?is ,hom]ic cave ) a tw(old entrance4 ,b s9ce a cav]n has a tw(old similitude1 ! pres5t cave mu/ n be assum$ z an image ( ! intelligible1 b ( ! s5sible ess5ce4 ,= 9 consequ5ce ( conta9+ p]petually-fl[+ /reams ( wat]1 x w n be a symbol ( an intelligible hypo/asis1 b ( a mat]ial ess5ce4 ,on ?is acc\nt also1 x is sacr$ to ,nymphs1 n ! m\nta91 or rural#aba ,nymphs1 or o!rs ( ! l k9d1 b to ! ,naiades1 :o are ?us d5om9at$ f /reams ( wat]4 ,= we peculi>ly call ! ,naiades1 & ! p[]s t preside ov] wat]s1 ,nymphs2 & ?is t]m1 also1 is commonly appli$ to all s\ls desc5d+ into g5]ation4 ,= ! anci5ts ?\ght t ^! s\ls are incumb5t on wat] :i* is inspir$ by div9ity1 z ,num5ius says1 :o adds1 t on ?is acc\nt1 a prophet ass]ts1 t ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ on ! wat]s4 ,! ,egyptians likewise1 on ?is acc\nt1 repres5t all dmons1 & also ! sun1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! planets#abb1 n /&+ on any ?+ solid1 b on a sail+ vessel2 = s\ls desc5d+ into g5]ation fly to moi/ure4 ,h5ce1 also1 ,h]aclitus says1 8t moi/ure appe>s delightful & n deadly to s\ls20 b ! lapse into g5]ation is delightful to !m4 ,& 9 ano!r place speak+ ( unembodi$ s\ls1 he says1 8,we live _! dea?1 & we die _! life40 ,h5ce ! poet calls ^? t are 9 g5]ation humid1 because !y h s\ls :i* are pr(\ndly /eep$ 9 moi/ure4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 su* s\ls delight 9 blood & humid se$2 b wat] is ! nutrim5t ( ! s\ls ( plants4 ,"s likewise are ( op9ion1 t ! bodies 9 ! air1 & 9 ! heav5s1 are n\ri%$ by vap\rs f f\nta9s & riv]s1 & o!r exhalations4 ,b ! ,/oics ass]t1 t ! sun is n\ri%$ by ! exhalation f ! sea2 ! moon f ! vap\rs ( f\nta9s & riv]s2 & ! />s f ! exhalation ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to !m1 ! sun is an intellectual composition =m$ f ! sea2 ! moon f riv] wat]s2 & ! />s f t]r5e exhalations4 #e4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t s\ls1 :e!r !y are corporeal or incorporeal1 :ile !y attract to !mselves body1 & especially su* z are ab\t to be b\nd to blood & moi/ bodies1 %\ld v]ge to humidity1 & be corporaliz$1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ dr5*$ 9 moi/ure4 ,h5ce ! s\ls ( ! dead are evocat$ by ! effusion ( bile & blood2 & s\ls t are lov]s ( body1 by attract+ a moi/ _s1 cond5se ?is humid vehicle l a cl\d4 ,= moi/ure cond5s$ 9 ! air con/itutes a cl\d4 ,b ! pneumatic vehicle be+ cond5s$ 9 ^! s\ls1 becomes visible ?r\gh an excess ( moi/ure4 ,& among ! numb] ( ^! we mu/ reckon ^? app>itions ( images1 :i*1 f a _s col\r$ by ! influ5ce ( imag9ation1 pres5t !mselves to mank9d4 ,b pure s\ls are av]se f g5]ation2 s t1 z ,h]aclitus says1 8a dry s\l is ! wise/40 ,h5ce1 "h also1 ! _s becomes moi/ & m aque\s ?r\gh ! desire ( coition1 ! s\l ?us attract+ a humid vap\r f v]g+ to g5]ation4 ,s\ls1 !re=e1 proce$+ into g5]ation1 are ! ,nymphs call$ ,naiades4 ,h5ce x is usual to call ^? t are m>ri$ ,nymphs1 z be+ conjo9$ to g5]ation1 & to p\r wat] into ba?s f f\nta9s1 or riv]s1 or p]petual rills4 #f4 ,?is _w1 !n1 is sacr$ & pleasant to s\ls :o h n[ proce$$ into nature1 & to natal dmons1 ?\gh x is ess5tially d>k & obscure2 1 f :i* "s h suspect$ t s\ls also are ( an obscure nature1 1 & ess5tially consi/ ( air4 ,h5ce a cav]n1 :i* is bo? pleasant & d>k1 w be appropriately consecrat$ to s\ls on ! e>?1 con=mably to its similitude to ! _w2 9 :i*1 z 9 ! greate/ ( all temples1 s\ls reside4 ,to ! ,nymphs likewise1 :o preside ov] wat]s1 a cav]n1 9 :i* !re are p]petually fl[+ /reams1 is adapt$4 ,let1 !re=e1 ?is pres5t cav]n be consecrat$ to s\ls1 &1 among ! m p>tial p[]s1 to nymphs1 t preside ov] /reams & f\nta9s1 & :o1 on ?is acc\nt1 are call$ fontal & ,naiades4 ,:at1 !re=e1 are ! diff]5t symbols1 "s ( :i* are adapt$ to s\ls1 b o!rs to ! aquatic p[]s1 9 ord] t we may appreh5d t ?is cav]n is consecrat$ 9 common to bo?8 ,let ! /ony b[ls1 !n1 & ! amphor1 be symbols ( ! aquatic ,nymphs4 ,= ^! are1 inde$1 ! symbols ( ,bac*us1 b _! composition is fictile1 i4e4 consi/s ( bak$ e>?2 & ^! are fri5dly to ! v9e1 ! gift ( ! ,god2 s9ce ! fruit ( ! v9e is br\ght to a prop] maturity by ! cele/ial fire ( ! sun4 ,b ! /ony b[ls & amphor1 are 9 ! mo/ em95t degree adapt$ to ! ,nymphs :o preside ov] ! wat] t fl[s f rocks4 ,& to s\ls t desc5d into g5]ation1 & are occupi$ 9 corporeal en]gies1 :at symbol c be m appropriate ?an ^? in/rum5ts p]ta9+ to weav+8 ,h5ce1 also1 ! poet v5tures to say1 8t on ^! ! ,nymphs weave purple webs1 admirable to ! view40 ,= ! =mation ( ! fle% is on & ab\t ! bones1 :i* 9 ! bodies ( animals resemble /ones4 ,h5ce ^! in/rum5ts ( weav+ consi/ ( /one1 & n ( any o!r matt]4 ,b ! purple webs w evid5tly be ! fle% :i* is wov5 f ! blood4 ,= purple wooll5 g>m5ts are t+$ f blood2 & wool is dy$ f animal juice4 ,! g5]ation ( fle%1 also1 is ?r\gh & f blood4 ,add1 too1 t ! body is a g>m5t ) :i* ! s\l is inve/$1 a ?+ wond]ful to ! sight1 :e!r ?is ref]s to ! composition ( ! s\l1 or contributes to ! colligation ( ! s\l to ! :ole ( a visible ess5ce4 ,?us1 also1 ,pros]p9e1 :o is ! inspective gu>dian ( e ?+ produc$ f se$1 is repres5t$ by ,orpheus z weav+ a web#abc2 & ! heav5s are call$ by ! anci5ts a veil1 9 consequ5ce ( be+1 z x 71 ! ve/m5t ( ! cele/ial ,gods4 #g4 ,:y1 !re=e1 are ! amphor said n to be fill$ ) wat]1 b ) honey-combs8 ,= 9 ^! ,hom] says ! bees deposit _! honey4 ,b ?is is evid5t f ! ^w 1 :i* signifies 2 i4e4 to deposit alim5t4 ,& honey is ! nutrim5t ( bees4 ,!ologi/s1 also1 h made honey subs]vi5t to _m & diff]5t symbols1 because x consi/s ( _m p[]s2 s9ce x is bo? ca?>tic & pres]vative4 ,h5ce1 ?r\gh honey1 bodies are pres]v$ f putrefaction1 & invet]ate ulc]s are purifi$4 ,f>!r /ill1 x is also sweet to ! ta/e1 & is collect$ by bees1 :o are ox-begott51 f fl[]s4 ,:51 !re=e1 ^? :o are initiat$ 9 ! ,leontic sacr$ rites1 p\r honey in/ead ( wat] on _! h&s2 !y are ord]$ by ! initiator to h _! h&s pure f e ?+ productive ( mole/ation1 & f e ?+ noxi\s & dete/able4 ,o!r initiators into ! same my/]ies employ fire1 :i* is ( a ca?>tic nature1 z an appropriate purification4 ,& !y likewise purify ! tongue f all ! defilem5t ( evil ) honey4 ,b ! ,p]sians1 :5 !y (f] honey to ! gu>dian ( fruits1 consid] x z ! symbol ( a pres]v+ & def5d+ p[]4 ,h5ce "s p]sons h ?\ght t ! nect> & ambrosia#abd1 :i* ! poet p\rs into ! no/rils ( ! dead1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ putrefaction1 is honey2 s9ce honey is ! food ( ! ,gods4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 ! same poet some:]e calls nect> 2 = su* is ! col\r ( honey1 viz4 x is a deep yell[4 ,b :e!r or n honey is to be tak5 = nect>1 we %all else:]e m accurately exam9e4 ,9 ,orpheus1 likewise1 ,saturn is ensn>$ by ,jupit] ?r\gh honey4 ,= ,saturn1 be+ fill$ ) honey1 is intoxicat$1 8 s5ses are d>k5$1 z if f ! effects ( w9e1 & he sleeps2 j z ,porus1 9 ! ,banquet ( ,plato1 is fill$ ) nect>2 = w9e 0 n 7says he7 yet kn[n4 ,! ,goddess ,night1 too1 9 ,orpheus1 advises ,jupit] to make use ( honey z an artifice4 ,= %e says to him-- ,:5 /ret*'d b5ea? ! l(ty oaks y view ,saturn1 ) honey by ! bees produc'd1 ,sunk 9 ebriety#abe1 fa/ b9d ! ,god4 ,?is1 !re=e1 takes place1 & ,saturn be+ b\nd1 is ca/rat$ 9 ! same mann] z ,heav52 ! !ologi/ obscurely signify+ by ?is1 t div9e natures become ?r\gh pleasure b\nd1 & drawn d[n into ! realms ( g5]ation2 & also t1 :5 dissolv$ 9 pleasure1 !y emit c]ta9 sem9al p[]s4 ,h5ce ,saturn ca/rates ,heav51 :5 desc5d+ to e>?1 ?r\gh a desire ( coition#abf4 ,b ! sweetness ( honey signifies1 ) !ologi/s1 ! same ?+ z ! pleasure aris+ f copulation1 by :i* ,saturn1 be+ ensn>$1 0 ca/rat$4 ,= ,saturn1 & 8 sph]e1 are ! fir/ ( ! orbs t move contr>y to ! c\rse ( ,clum1 or ! heav5s4 ,c]ta9 p[]s1 h[ev]1 desc5d bo? f ,heav5 or ! in]ratic sph]e & ! planets4 ,b ,saturn receives ! p[]s ( ,heav51 & ,jupit] ! p[]s ( ,saturn4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 honey is assum$ 9 purgations1 & z an antidote to putrefaction1 & is indicative ( ! pleasure :i* draws s\ls d[nw>d to g5]ation2 x is a symbol well adapt$ to aquatic ,nymphs1 on acc\nt ( ! unputresc5t nature ( ! wat]s ov] :i* !y preside1 _! purify+ p[]1 & _! co-op]ation ) g5]ation4 ,= wat] co-op]ates 9 ! "w ( g5]ation4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! bees are said1 by ! poet1 to deposit _! honey 9 b[ls & amphor2 ! b[ls be+ a symbol ( f\nta9s1 & !re=e a b[l is plac$ ne> to ,mi?ra1 in/ead ( a f\nta92 b ! amphor are symbols ( ! vessels ) :i* we draw wat] f f\nta9s4 ,& f\nta9s & /reams are adapt$ to aquatic ,nymphs1 & /ill m s to ! ,nymphs t are s\ls1 :i* ! anci5ts peculi>ly call$ bees1 z ! effici5t causes ( sweetness4 ,h5ce ,sophocles does n speak unappropriately :5 he says ( s\ls-- ,9 sw>ms :ile w&]+1 f ! dead1 ,a humm+ s\nd is he>d4 #h4 ,! prie/esses ( ,c]es1 also1 z be+ initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! t]r5e ,goddess1 7 call$ by ! anci5ts bees2 & ,pros]p9e h]self 0 d5om9at$ by !m honi$4 ,! moon1 likewise1 :o presides ov] g5]ation1 0 call$ by !m a bee1 & also a bull4 ,& ,taurus is ! exaltation ( ! moon4 ,b bees are ox-begott54 ,& ?is appellation is also giv5 to s\ls proce$+ into g5]ation4 ,! ,god1 likewise1 :o is occultly connect$ ) g5]ation1 is a /eal] ( ox54 ,to :i* may be add$1 t honey is consid]$ z a symbol ( dea?1 & on ?is acc\nt1 x is usual to (f] libations ( honey to ! t]re/rial ,gods2 b gall is consid]$ z a symbol ( life2 :e!r x is obscurely signifi$ by ?is1 t ! life ( ! s\l dies ?r\gh pleasure1 b ?r\gh bitt]ness ! s\l resumes its life1 :5ce1 also1 bile is sacrific$ to ! ,gods2 or :e!r x is1 because dea? lib]ates f mole/ation1 b ! pres5t life is labori\s & bitt]4 ,all s\ls1 h[ev]1 proce$+ into g5]ation1 are n simply call$ bees1 b ^? :o w live 9 x ju/ly1 & :o1 aft] hav+ p]=m$ su* ?+s z are acceptable to ! ,gods1 w aga9 return to _! k9dr$ />s4 ,= ?is insect loves to return to ! place f :5ce x fir/ came1 & is em95tly j & sob]4 ,:5ce1 also1 ! libations :i* are made ) honey are call$ sob]4 ,bees1 likewise1 d n sit on beans1 :i* 7 consid]$ by ! anci5ts z a symbol ( g5]ation proce$+ 9 a "r l9e1 & )\t flexure2 because ?is legum9\s vegetable is almo/ ! only se$-be>+ plant1 ^: /alk is p]=at$ ?r\gh\t )\t any int]v5+ knots#abg4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit1 t honey-combs & bees are appropriate & common symbols ( ! aquatic ,nymphs1 & ( s\ls t are m>ri$ z x 7 to ! humid & fluctuat+ nature ( g5]ation4 #i4 ,caves1 !re=e1 9 ! mo/ remote p]iods ( antiquity1 7 consecrat$ to ! ,gods1 be=e temples 7 erect$ to !m4 ,h5ce1 ! ,curetes 9 ,crete d$icat$ a cav]n to ,jupit]2 9 ,arcadia1 a cave 0 sacr$ to ! ,moon1 & to ,lycean ,pan2 & 9 ,naxus1 to ,bac*us4 ,b :]ev] ,mi?ra 0 kn[n1 !y propitiat$ ! ,god 9 a cav]n4 ,) respect1 h[ev]1 to ?is ,i?ac5sian cave1 ,hom] 0 n satisfi$ ) say+ t x _h two gates1 b adds1 t "o ( ! gates 0 turn$ t[>ds ! nor?1 b ! o!r1 :i* 0 m div9e1 to ! s\?4 ,he also says1 t ! nor!rn gate 0 p]vi\s to desc5t1 b does n indicate :e!r ?is 0 also ! case ) ! s\!rn gate4 ,= ( ?is1 he only says1 8,x is inaccessible to m51 b x is ! pa? ( ! immortals40 #aj4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to inve/igate :at is indicat$ by ?is n>ration1 :e!r ! poet describes a cav]n :i* 0 9 reality consecrat$ by o!rs1 or :e!r x is an enigma ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a cav]n is an image & symbol ( ! _w1 z ,num5ius & 8 famili> ,cronius ass]t1 !re are two extremities 9 ! heav5s1 viz4 ! w9t] tropic1 ?an :i* no?+ is m s\!rn1 & ! summ] tropic1 ?an :i* no?+ is m nor!rn4 ,b ! summ] tropic is 9 ,canc]1 & ! w9t] tropic 9 ,capricorn4 ,& s9ce ,canc] is ne>e/ to u1 x is v prop]ly attribut$ to ! ,moon1 :i* is ! ne>e/ ( all ! heav5ly bodies to ! e>?4 ,b z ! s\!rn pole1 by its great di/ance1 is invisible to u1 h5ce ,capricorn is attribut$ to ,saturn1 ! highe/ & mo/ remote ( all ! planets4 ,aga91 ! signs f ,canc] to ,capricorn1 are situat$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 & ! fir/ ( ^! is ,leo1 :i* is ! h\se ( ! ,sun2 aft]w>ds ,virgo1 :i* is ! h\se ( ,m]cury2 ,libra1 ! h\se ( ,v5us2 ,scorpius1 ( ,m>s2 ,sagitt>ius1 ( ,jupit]2 & ,capricornus1 ( ,saturn4 ,b f ,capricorn 9 an inv]se ord]1 ,aqu>ius is attribut$ to ,saturn2 ,pisces1 to ,jupit]2 ,aries1 to ,m>s2 ,taurus1 to ,v5us2 ,gem9i1 to ,m]cury2 &1 9 ! la/ place1 ,canc] to ! ,moon4 #aa4 ,!ologi/s !re=e ass]t1 t ^! two gates are ,canc] & ,capricorn2 b ,plato calls !m entrances4 ,& ( ^!1 !ologi/s say1 t ,canc] is ! gate ?r\gh :i* s\ls desc5d2 b ,capricorn t ?r\gh :i* !y asc5d4 ,canc] is inde$ nor!rn1 & adapt$ to desc5t2 b ,capricorn is s\!rn1 & adapt$ to asc5t#abh4 ,! nor!rn p>ts1 likewise1 p]ta9 to s\ls desc5d+ into g5]ation4 ,& ! gates ( ! cav]n :i* are turn$ to ! nor?1 are rightly said to be p]vi\s to ! desc5t ( m52 b ! s\!rn gates are n ! av5ues ( ! ,gods1 b ( s\ls asc5d+ to ! ,gods4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! poet does n say t !y are ! av5ues ( ! ,gods1 b ( immortals2 ?is appellation be+ also common to our s\ls1 :i* are p] se1 or ess5tially1 immortal4 ,x is said1 t ,p>m5ides m5tions ^! two gates 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s2 z likewise1 t !y are n unkn[n to ! ,romans & ,egyptians4 ,= ! ,romans celebrate _! ,saturnalia :5 ! ,sun is 9 ,capricorn2 & dur+ ?is fe/ivity1 slaves we> ! %oes ( ^? t are free1 & all ?+s are di/ribut$ among !m 9 common2 ! legislator obscurely signify+ by ?is c]emony1 t ?r\gh ?is gate ( ! heav5s1 ^? :o are n[ born slaves w be lib]at$ ?r\gh ! ,saturnian fe/ival1 & ! h\se attribut$ to ,saturn1 i4e4 ,capricorn1 :5 !y live aga91 & return to ! f\nta9 ( life4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! pa? f ,capricorn is adapt$ to asc5t#abi1 h5ce ! ,romans d5om9ate t mon? 9 :i* ! ,sun1 turn+ f ,capricorn to ! ea/1 directs 8 c\rse to ! nor?1 ,janu>ius1 or ,janu>y1 f janua1 a gate4 ,b ) ! ,egyptians1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> is n ,aqu>ius1 z ) ! ,romans1 b ,canc]4 ,= ! /> ,so?is1 :i* ! ,greeks call ! ,dog1 is ne> to ,canc]4 ,& ! ris+ ( ,so?is is ! new moon ) !m1 ?is be+ ! pr9ciple ( g5]ation to ! _w4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! gates ( ! ,hom]ic cav]n are n d$icat$ to ! ea/ & we/1 nor to ! equ9octial signs1 ,aries & ,libra1 b to ! nor? & s\?1 & to ^? cele/ial signs :i*1 t[>ds ! s\?1 are mo/ s\!rly1 &1 t[>ds ! nor?1 are mo/ nor!rly2 because ?is cave 0 sacr$ to s\ls & aquatic ,nymphs4 ,b ^! places are adapt$ to s\ls desc5d+ into g5]ation1 & aft]w>ds sep>at+ !mselves f x4 ,h5ce1 a place ne> to ! equ9octial circle 0 assign$ to ,mi?ra z an appropriate seat4 ,& on ?is acc\nt he be>s ! sword ( ,aries1 :i* is a m>tial sign4 ,he is likewise c>ri$ 9 ! ,bull1 :i* is ! sign ( ,v5us4 ,= ,mi?ra1 z well z ! ,bull1 is ! demiurgus & "l ( g5]ation#acj4 ,b he is plac$ ne> ! equ9octial circle1 hav+ ! nor!rn p>ts on 8 "r h&1 & ! s\!rn on 8 left4 ,!y likewise arrang$ t[>ds ! s\? ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 because x is hot2 b ! nor!rn hemisph]e t[>ds ! nor?1 ?r\gh ! coldness ( ! nor? w9d4 #ab4 ,! anci5ts1 likewise1 v reasonably connect$ w9ds ) s\ls proce$+ into g5]ation1 & aga9 sep>at+ !mselves f x1 because1 z "s ?9k1 s\ls attract a _s1 & h a pneumatic ess5ce4 ,b ! nor? w9d is adapt$ to s\ls fall+ into g5]ation2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! nor!rn bla/s refre% ^? :o are dy+1 & :5 !y c sc>cely draw _! brea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s\!rn gales dissolve life4 ,= ! nor? w9d1 inde$1 f its sup]ior coldness1 congeals z x 71 ! animal life1 & deta9s x 9 ! frigidity ( t]r5e g5]ation4 ,b ! s\? w9d be+ hot1 dissolves ?is life1 & s5ds x upw>d to ! heat ( a div9e nature4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 our t]r5e habitation is m nor!rn1 x is prop] t s\ls :i* are born 9 x %\ld be famili> ) ! nor? w9d2 b ^? t ex*ange ?is life = a bett]1 ) ! s\? w9d4 ,?is also is ! cause :y ! nor? w9d is at its comm5cem5t great2 b ! s\? w9d1 at its t]m9ation4 ,= ! =m] is situat$ directly ov] ! inhabitants ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! globe2 b ! latt] is at a great di/ance f !m2 & ! bla/ f places v remote1 is m t>dy ?an f su* z are ne>4 ,b :5 x is coac]vat$1 !n x bl[s abundantly1 & ) vig\r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 s\ls proce$ into g5]ation ?r\gh ! nor!rn gate1 h5ce ?is w9d is said to be amatory4 ,=1 z ! poet says1 ,boreas1 enam\r'd ( ! sprightly tra91 ,conceal'd 8 godhead 9 a fl[+ mane4 ,) voice dissembl$1 to 8 loves he neigh'd1 ,& c\rs$ ! dappl$ beauties o'er ! mead3 ,h5ce sprung twelve o!rs ( unrivall'd k9d1 ,swift z _! "m m>es1 & fa!r w9d#aca4 ,x is also said1 t ,boreas ravi%$ ,ori?ya#acb1 f :om he begot ,zetis & ,calais4 ,b z ! s\? is attribut$ to ! ,gods1 h5ce1 :5 ! ,sun is at 8 m]idian1 ! curta9s 9 temples are drawn be=e ! /atues ( ! ,gods2 9 consequ5ce ( obs]v+ ! ,hom]ic precept1 8t x is n lawful = m5 to ent] temples :5 ! ,sun is incl9$ to ! s\?20 = ?is is ! pa? ( ! immortals4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ,god is at 8 m]idian altitude1 ! anci5ts plac$ a symbol ( mid-day & ( ! s\? 9 ! gates ( temples#acc2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 9 o!r gates also1 x 0 n lawful to speak at all times1 because gates 7 consid]$ z sacr$4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! ,py?agoreans1 & ! wise m5 among ! ,egyptians1 =bade speak+ :ile pass+ ?r\gh doors or gates2 = !n !y v5]at$ 9 sil5ce t ,god :o is ! pr9ciple ( :oles &1 !re=e ( all ?+s4 #ac4 ,hom] likewise knew t gates are sacr$1 z is evid5t f 8 repres5t+ ,o5eus1 :5 supplicat+1 %ak+ ! gate3 ,! gates he %akes1 & supplicates ! son#acd4 ,he also knew ! gates ( ! heav5s :i* are committ$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( ! ,h\rs2 :i* gates orig9ate 9 cl\dy places1 & are op5$ & %ut by ! cl\ds4 ,= he says4 ,:e!r d5se cl\ds !y close1 or wide unfold#ace4 ,& on ?is acc\nt1 ^! gates emit a bell[+ s\nd1 because ?und]s ro> ?r\gh ! cl\ds3 ,heav5's gates spontane\s op5 to ! p[]s2 ,heav5's bell[+ portals1 gu>d$ by ! ,h\rs#acf4 ,he likewise else:]e speaks ( ! gates ( ! ,sun1 signify+ by ^! ,canc] & ,capricorn2 = ! ,sun proce$s z f> z to ^! signs1 :5 he desc5ds f ! nor? to ! s\?1 & f !nce asc5ds aga9 to ! nor!rn p>ts4 ,b ,capricorn & ,canc] are situat$ ab\t ! galaxy1 be+ allott$ ! extremities ( ?is circle2 ,canc]1 inde$1 ! nor!rn1 b ,capricorn ! s\!rn extremity ( x4 ,accord+ to ,py?agoras1 also1 ! p ( dreams#acg1 are ! s\ls :i* are said to be collect$ 9 ! galaxy1 ?is circle be+ s call$ f ! milk ) :i* s\ls are n\ri%$ :5 !y fall into g5]ation4 ,h5ce1 ^? :o evocate dep>t$ s\ls1 sacrifice to !m by a libation ( milk m+l$ ) honey2 because1 ?r\gh ! allurem5ts ( sweetness1 !y w proce$ into g5]ation2 ) ! bir? ( man1 milk be+ naturally produc$4 ,f>!r /ill1 ! s\!rn regions produce small bodies2 = x is usual ) heat to att5uate !m 9 ! greate/ degree4 ,b all bodies g5]at$ 9 ! nor? are l>ge1 z is evid5t 9 ! ,celt1 ! ,?racians1 & ! ,scy?ians2 & ^! regions are humid1 & ab\nd ) pa/ures4 ,= ! ^w ,boreas is d]iv$ f 1 :i* signifies nutrim5t4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! w9d :i* bl[s f a l& ab\nd+ 9 nutrim5t1 is call$ 1 z be+ ( a nutritive nature4 ,f ^! causes1 !re=e1 ! nor!rn p>ts are adapt$ to ! mortal tribe1 & to s\ls t fall into ! realms ( g5]ation4 ,b ! s\!rn p>ts are adapt$ to t :i* is immortal#ach1 j z ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! _w are attribut$ to ! ,gods1 b ! we/]n to dmons4 ,=1 9 consequ5ce ( nature orig9at+ f div]sity1 ! anci5ts e :]e made t :i* has a tw(old entrance to be a symbol ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,= ! progression is ei!r ?r\gh t :i* is intelligible1 or ?r\gh t :i* is s5sible4 ,& if ?r\gh t :i* is s5sible1 x is ei!r ?r\gh ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 or ?r\gh ! sph]e ( ! planets4 ,& aga91 x is ei!r ?r\gh an immortal1 or ?r\gh a mortal progression4 ,"o c5tre1 likewise1 is above1 b ! o!r b5ea? ! e>?2 & ! "o is ea/]n1 b ! o!r we/]n4 ,?us1 too1 "s p>ts ( ! _w are situat$ on ! left1 b o!rs on ! "r h&3 & night is oppos$ to day4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 h>mony consi/s (1 & proce$s#aci ?r\gh contr>ies4 ,plato also says1 t !re are two op5+s#adj1 "o ( :i* af=ds a passage to s\ls asc5d+ to ! heav5s1 b ! o!r to s\ls desc5d+ to ! e>?4 ,&1 accord+ to !ologi/s1 ! ,sun & ,moon are ! gates ( s\ls1 :i* asc5d ?r\gh ! ,sun1 & desc5d ?r\gh ! ,moon4 ,) ,hom]1 likewise1 !re are two tubs1 ,f :i* ! lot ( e "o he fills1 ,bless+s to ^!1 to ^? di/ributes ills#ada4 ,b ,plato1 9 ! ,gorgias1 by tubs int5ds to signify s\ls1 "s ( :i* are malefic1 b o!rs b5efic5t1 & "s ( :i* are rational1 b o!rs irrational#adb4 ,s\ls1 h[ev]1 are analog\s to tubs1 because !y conta9 9 !mselves en]gies & habits1 z 9 a vessel4 ,9 ,hesiod too1 we f9d "o tub clos$1 b ! o!r op5$ by ,pleasure1 :o scatt]s its cont5ts e :]e1 ,hope alone rema9+ beh9d4 ,= 9 ^? ?+s 9 :i* a deprav$ s\l1 be+ disp]s$ ab\t matt]1 des]ts ! prop] ord] ( its ess5ce2 9 all ^!1 x is accu/om$ to fe$ itself ) ! pleas+ prospects ( auspici\s hope4 #ad4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 e tw(old entrance is a symbol ( nature1 ?is ,hom]ic cav]n has1 v prop]ly1 n "o portal only1 b two gates1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r con=mably to ?+s !mselves2 ( :i* "o p]ta9s to ,gods & good dmons#adc1 b ! o!r to mortals1 & deprav$ natures4 ,h5ce1 ,plato took occasion to speak ( b[ls1 & assumes tubs in/ead ( amphor1 & two op5+s1 z we h already obs]v$1 in/ead ( two gates4 ,ph]ecydes ,syrus also m5tions recesses & tr5*es1 cav]ns1 doors1 & gates2 & ?r\gh ^! obscurely indicates ! g5]ations ( s\ls1 & _! sep>ation f ^! mat]ial realms4 ,& ?us mu* = an explanation ( ! ,hom]ic cave1 :i* we ?9k we h suffici5tly unfold$ )\t adduc+ any f>!r te/imonies f anci5t philosoph]s & !ologi/s1 :i* w\ld give a ne$less ext5t to our disc\rse4 #ae4 ,"o p>ticul>1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be expla9$1 & t is ! symbol ( ! olive plant$ at ! top ( ! cav]n2 s9ce ,hom] appe>s to indicate some?+ v admirable by giv+ x su* a position4 ,= he does n m]ely say t an olive gr[s 9 ?is place1 b t x fl\ri%es on ! summit ( ! cav]n4 8,high at ! head a bran*+ olive gr[s1 ,b5ea?1 a gloomy grotto's cool recess40 ,b ! gr[? ( ! olive 9 su* a situation1 is n =tuit\s1 z "s "o may suspect1 b conta9s ! enigma ( ! cav]n4 ,= s9ce ! _w 0 n produc$ ra%ly & casually1 b is ! "w ( div9e wisdom & an intellectual nature1 h5ce an olive1 ! symbol ( ?is wisdom1 fl\ri%es ne> ! pres5t cav]n1 :i* is an image ( ! _w4 ,= ! olive is ! plant ( ,m9]va2 & ,m9]va is wisdom4 ,b ?is ,goddess be+ produc$ f ! head ( ,jupit]1 ! !ologi/ has discov]$ an appropriate place = ! olive1 by consecrat+ x at ! summit ( ! port2 signify+ by ?is1 t ! univ]se is n ! effect ( a casual ev5t1 & ! "w ( irrational =tune1 b t x is ! (fspr+ ( an intellectual nature & div9e wisdom1 :i* is sep>at$1 inde$1 f x by a diff]5ce ( ess5ce1 b yet is ne> to x1 ?r\gh be+ e/abli%$ on ! summit ( ! :ole port2 i4e4 f ! dignity & excell5ce ( its nature gov]n+ ! :ole ) consummate wisdom4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 an olive is ev]-fl\ri%+1 x possesses a c]ta9 peculi>ity 9 ! highe/ degree adapt$ to ! revolutions ( s\ls 9 ! _w2 = to su* s\ls ?is cave z we h said is sacr$4 ,= 9 summ]1 ! :ite leaves ( ! olive t5d upw>d1 b 9 w9t]1 ! :it] leaves are b5t d[nw>d4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 9 pray]s & supplications1 m5 ext5d ! bran*es ( an olive1 om9at+ f ?is1 t !y %all ex*ange ! sorr[ful d>kness ( dang] = ! fair light ( security & peace4 ,! olive1 !re=e1 be+ naturally ev]-fl\ri%+1 be>s fruit :i* is ! auxili>y ( lab\r by be+ its rew>d2 x is also sacr$ to ,m9]va2 supplies ! victors 9 a?letic lab\rs ) cr[ns2 & af=ds a fri5dly bran* to ! suppliant petition]4 ,?us1 too1 ! _w is gov]n$ by an intellectual nature1 & is conduct$ by a wisdom et]nal & ev]-fl\ri%+2 by :i* ! rew>ds ( victory are conf]r$ on ! conqu]ors 9 ! a?letic race ( life1 z ! rew>d ( sev]e toil & pati5t p]sev]ance4 ,& ! ,demiurgus1 :o connects & conta9s ! _w 9 ineffable compreh5sions1 invigorates mis]able & suppliant s\ls4 #af4 ,9 ?is cave1 !re=e1 says ,hom]1 all ext]nal possessions mu/ be deposit$4 ,"h1 nak$1 & assum+ a suppliant habit1 afflict$ 9 body1 ca/+ aside e ?+ sup]flu\s1 & be+ av]se to ! en]gies ( s5se1 x is requisite to sit at ! foot ( ! olive1 & consult ) ,m9]va by :at means we may mo/ effectually de/roy t ho/ile r\t ( passions :i* insidi\sly lurk 9 ! secret recesses ( ! s\l4 ,inde$1 z x appe>s to me1 x 0 n )\t reason t ,num5ius & 8 foll[]s ?\ght ! p]son ( ,ulysses 9 ! ,odyssey repres5t$ to u a man1 :o passes 9 a regul> mann] ov] ! d>k & /ormy sea ( g5]ation1 & ?us at l5g? arrives at t region :]e tempe/s & seas are unkn[n1 & f9ds a nation 8,:o ne'er knew salt1 or he>d ! bill[s ro>40 #ag4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,plato1 ! deep1 ! sea1 & a tempe/1 are images ( a mat]ial nature4 ,& on ?is acc\nt1 ,i ?9k1 ! poet call$ ! port by ! "n ( ,phorcys4 ,= he says1 8,x is ! port ( ! anci5t m>9e ,phorcys#add40 ,! daught]1 likewise1 ( ?is ,god is m5tion$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,odyssey4 ,b f ,?oosa ! ,cyclops 0 born1 :om ,ulysses depriv$ ( sight4 ,& ?is de$ ( ,ulysses became ! occasion ( rem9d+ him ( 8 errors1 till he 0 safely l&$ 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 too1 a seat "u ! olive is prop] to ,ulysses1 z to "o :o implores div9ity1 & w\ld appease 8 natal dmon ) a suppliant bran*4 ,= x w n be simply1 & 9 a concise way1 possible = any "o to be lib]at$ f ?is s5sible life1 :o bl9ds ?is dmon1 & r5d]s 8 en]gies inefficaci\s2 b he :o d>es to d ?is1 w be pursu$ by ! ang]#ade ( ! m>9e & mat]ial ,gods1 :om x is fir/ requisite to appease by sacrifices1 lab\rs1 & pati5t endurance2 at "o "t1 inde$1 cont5d+ ) ! passions1 & at ano!r employ+ en*antm5ts & deceptions1 & by ^!1 trans=m+ himself 9 an all-v>i\s mann]2 9 ord] t1 be+ at l5g? dive/$ ( ! torn g>m5ts by :i* 8 true p]son 0 conceal$1 he may recov] ! ru9$ empire ( 8 s\l4 ,nor w he ev5 !n be lib]at$ f lab\rs2 b ?is w be effect$ :5 he has entirely pass$ ov] ! rag+ sea1 &1 ?\gh /ill liv+1 becomes s ignorant ( m>9e & mat]ial works ?r\gh deep att5tion to intelligible conc]ns1 z to mi/ake an o> = a corn-van4 #ah4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght1 t int]pretations ( ?is k9d are =c$1 & no?+ m ?an ! conjectures ( +5i\s m52 b :5 we consid] ! great wisdom ( antiquity1 & h[ mu* ,hom] excell$ 9 intellectual prud5ce1 & 9 an accurate k ( e virtue1 x mu/ n be d5i$ t he has obscurely indicat$ ! images ( ?+s ( a m div9e nature 9 ! fiction ( a fable4 ,= x w\ld n h be5 possible to devise ! :ole ( ?is hypo!sis1 unless ! figm5t _h be5 transf]r$ to an appropriate mean+ f c]ta9 e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,b res]v+ ! discussion ( ?is = ano!r treatise1 we %all "h f9i% our explanation ( ! pres5t ,cave ( ! ,nymphs4 ,,footnotes3 #aaf ,?is ,cronius1 ! ,py?agorean1 is also m5tion$ by ,porphyry1 9 8 ,life ( ,plot9us4 #aag i4e4 ,r m ?an t5 ,italian miles & a half1 eight /adia mak+ an ,italian mile4 #aah ,9 ! orig9al1 4 ,b morphe1 z we are in=m$ by ,simplicius1 p]ta9s to ! col\r1 figure1 & magnitude ( sup]ficies4 #aai 8,nymphs10 says ,h]mias1 9 8 ,s*olia on ! ,phdrus ( ,plato1 8are ,goddesses :o preside ov] reg5]ation1 & are m9i/rant to ,bac*us1 ! (fspr+ ( ,semele4 ,h5ce !y dwell ne> wat]1 t is1 !y are conv]sant ) g5]ation4 ,b ?is ,bac*us supplies ! reg5]ation ( ! :ole s5sible _w40 #abj ,^! l9es are n to be f\nd 9 any ( ! hymns n[ extant1 ascrib$ to ,hom]4 #aba ,9 ! orig9al1 2 b = 1 ,i read1 4 #abb ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,b aft] ! words 1 x appe>s to me to be requisite to ins]t 4 ,= ,m>tianus ,capella1 9 lib4 ii4 ,de ,nuptiis ,philologi1 speak+ ( ! sun1 says3 8,ibi qu&am navim1 totius natur cursibus div]sa cupiditate mod]antem1 cunctaque flamm>um conge/ione pl5issimam1 beatis circumactam m]cibus conspicatur4 ,cui naut septem g]mani1 tam5 suique consimiles prsidebant10 c4 ,= 9 ?is passage ! sev5 sailors are evid5tly ! sev5 planets4 #abc ,! !ological mean+ ( ?is ,orphic fiction is beautifully unfold$ by ,proclus1 z foll[s3--8,orpheus says t ! vivific cause ( p>tible natures i4e4 ,pros]p9e1 :ile %e rema9$ on high1 weav+ ! ord] ( cele/ials1 0 a nymph1 z be+ undefil$2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is connect$ ) ,jupit]1 & abid+ 9 h] appropriate mann]s2 b t1 proce$+ f h] prop] habitation1 %e left h] webs unf9i%$1 0 ravi%$2 hav+ be5 ravi%$1 0 m>ri$2 & t be+ m>ri$ %e g5]at$1 9 ord] t %e might animate ?+s :i* h an adv5titi\s life4 ,= ! unf9i%$ /ate ( h] webs indicates1 ,i ?9k1 t ! univ]se is imp]fect or unf9i%$1 z f> z to p]petual animals i4e4 ,! univ]se w\ld be imp]fect if no?+ inf]ior to ! cele/ial ,gods 0 produc$4 ,h5ce ,plato says1 t ! "o ,demiurgus calls on ! _m ,demiurgi to weave toge!r ! mortal & immortal natures2 aft] a mann] rem9d+ u1 t ! addition ( ! mortal g5]a is ! p]fection ( ! textorial life ( ! univ]se1 & also excit+ our recollection ( ! div9e ,orphic fable1 & af=d+ u int]pretative causes ( ! unf9i%$ webs ( ,pros]p9e40--,see vol4 ii4 p4 #cef1 ( my translation ( ,proclus on ! ,timu4 ,! unf9i%$ webs ( ,pros]p9e are also allud$ to by ,claudian1 9 8 poem ,de ,raptu ,pros]p91 9 ! foll[+ v]se3 ,s5sit adesse ,deas1 imp]fectumque laborem ,des]it4 ,i only add1 t1 by anci5t !ologi/s1 ! %uttle 0 consid]$ z a signature ( sep>at+1 a cup ( vivific1 a sceptre ( rul+1 & a key ( gu>dian p[]4 #abd ,! !ological mean+ ( nect> & ambrosia1 is beautifully unfold$ by ,h]mias1 9 8 ,s*olia on ! ,phdrus ( ,plato1 publi%$ by ,a/1 ,lips4 #ahaj1 p4 #ade1 :]e he in=ms u1 t ambrosia is analog\s to dry nutrim5t1 & t1 on ?is acc\nt1 x signifies an e/abli%m5t 9 causes2 b t nect> is analog\s to moi/ food1 & t x signifies ! provid5tial att5tion ( ! ,gods to second>y natures2 ! =m] be+ d5om9at$1 accord+ to a privation ( ! mortal & corruptible 2 b ! latt]1 accord+ to a privation ( ! fun]al & sepul*ral 4 ,& :5 ! ,gods are repres5t$ z en]giz+ provid5tially1 !y are said to dr9k nect>4 ,?us ,hom]1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #d? book ( ! ,iliad3 1 ' 1 4 ,n[ ) ea* o!r1 on ! gold5 floor ,seat$ ne> ,jove1 ! ,gods conv]se2 to :om ,! v5]able ,hebe nect> be>s1 ,9 gold5 goblets2 & z ^! fl[ r\nd1 ,?' immortals turn _! c>eful eyes on ,troy4 ,= !n !y provid5tially att5d to ! ,trojans4 ,! possession1 !re=e1 ( immutable provid5ce by ! ,gods is signifi$ by _! dr9k+ nect>2 ! ex]tion ( ?is provid5ce1 by _! behold+ ,troy2 & _! communicat+ ) ea* o!r 9 provid5tial en]gies1 by receiv+ ! goblets f ea* o!r4 #abe ,ebriety1 :5 ascrib$ to div9e natures by anci5t !ologi/s1 signifies a deific sup]ess5tial en]gy1 or an en]gy sup]ior to intellect4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,saturn is said by ,orpheus to h be5 intoxicat$ ) honey or nect>1 ! mean+ is1 t he !n en]giz$ provid5tially1 9 a deific & sup]-intellectual mann]4 #abf ,porphyry1 ?\gh he excell$ 9 philosophical1 0 defici5t 9 !ological k2 ( :i* :at he n[ says ( ! ca/rations ( ,saturn & ,heav51 is a rem>kable in/ance4 ,= anci5t !ologi/s1 by ?+s pret]natural1 adumbrat$ ! transc5d5t nature ( ! ,gods2 by su* z are irrational1 a p[] m div9e ?an all reason2 & by ?+s app>5tly base1 incorporeal beauty4 ,h5ce1 9 ! fabul\s n>rations to :i* ,porphyry n[ alludes1 ! g5ital p>ts mu/ be consid]$ z symbols ( prolific p[]2 & ! ca/ration ( ^! p>ts z signify+ ! progression ( ?is p[] into a subject ord]4 ,s t ! fable means t ! prolific p[]s ( ,saturn are call$ =? into progression by ,jupit]1 & ^? ( ,heav5 by ,saturn2 ,jupit] be+ inf]ior to ,saturn1 & ,saturn to ,heav54--,see ! ,apology = ! ,fables ( ,hom]1 9 vol4 i4 ( my translation ( ,plato4 #abg ,h5ce1 :5 ,py?agoras exhort$ 8 disciples to ab/a9 f beans1 he int5d$ to signify1 t !y %\ld bew>e ( a cont9u$ & p]petual desc5t into ! realms ( g5]ation4 #abh ,macrobius1 9 ! #ab? *apt] ( 8 ,comm5t>y on ,scipio's ,dream1 has d]iv$ "s ( ! anci5t arcana :i* x conta9s f :at is "h said by ,porphyry4 ,a "p ( :at he has f>!r add$1 ,i %all translate1 on acc\nt ( its excell5ce & connexion ) ! above passage4 8,py?agoras ?\ght t ! empire ( ,pluto began d[nw>ds f ! milky way1 because s\ls fall+ f !nce appe> to h already rec$$ f ! ,gods4 ,h5ce he ass]ts1 t ! nutrim5t ( milk is fir/ (f]$ to infants1 because _! fir/ motion comm5ces f ! galaxy1 :5 !y beg9 to fall into t]r5e bodies4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 s9ce ^? :o are ab\t to desc5d are yet 9 ,canc]1 & h n left ! milky way1 !y rank 9 ! ord] ( ! ,gods4 ,b :51 by fall+1 !y arrive at ! ,lion1 9 ?is con/ellation !y ent] on ! exordium ( _! future condition4 ,& because1 9 ! ,lion1 ! rudim5ts ( bir?1 & c]ta9 prim>y ex]cises ( human nature1 comm5ce2 b ,aqu>ius is opposite to ! ,lion1 & pres5tly sets aft] ! ,lion rises2 h5ce1 :5 ! sun is 9 ,aqu>ius1 fun]al rites are p]=m$ to dep>t$ s\ls1 because he is !n c>ri$ 9 a sign :i* is contr>y or adv]se to human life4 ,f ! conf9e1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! zodiac & galaxy t\* ea* o!r1 ! s\l1 desc5d+ f a r\nd figure1 :i* is ! only div9e =m1 is produc$ into a cone by its defluxion4 ,& z a l9e is g5]at$ f a po9t1 & proce$s into l5g? f an indivisible1 s ! s\l1 f its own po9t1 :i* is a monad1 passes into ! duad1 :i* is ! fir/ ext5sion4 ,& ?is is ! ess5ce :i* ,plato1 9 ! ,timu1 calls imp>tible1 & at ! same "t p>tible1 :5 he speaks ( ! nature ( ! mundane s\l4 ,= z ! s\l ( ! _w1 s likewise t ( man1 w be f\nd to be 9 "o respect )\t division1 if ! simplicity ( a div9e nature is consid]$2 & 9 ano!r respect p>tible1 if we reg>d ! diffusion ( ! =m] ?r\gh ! _w1 & ( ! latt] ?r\gh ! memb]s ( ! body4 8,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! s\l gravitates t[>ds body 9 ?is fir/ production ( h]self1 %e beg9s to exp]i5ce a mat]ial tumult1 t is1 matt] fl[+ into h] ess5ce4 ,& ?is is :at ,plato rem>ks 9 ! ,phd1 t ! s\l is drawn into body /agg]+ ) rec5t intoxication2 signify+ by ?is1 ! new dr9k ( matt]'s impetu\s flood1 ?r\gh :i* ! s\l1 becom+ defil$ & heavy1 is drawn into a t]r5e situation4 ,b ! />ry cup plac$ betwe5 ,canc] & ! ,lion1 is a symbol ( ?is my/ic tru?1 signify+ t desc5d+ s\ls fir/ exp]i5ce intoxication 9 t "p ( ! heav5s ?r\gh ! influx ( matt]4 ,h5ce oblivion1 ! companion ( intoxication1 !re beg9s sil5tly to creep into ! recesses ( ! s\l4 ,= if s\ls reta9$ 9 _! desc5t to bodies ! memory ( div9e conc]ns1 ( :i* !y 7 consci\s 9 ! heav5s1 !re w\ld be no diss5sion among m5 ab\t div9ity4 ,b all1 inde$1 9 desc5d+1 dr9k ( oblivion2 ?\gh "s m1 & o!rs less4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ?\gh tru? is n app>5t to all m5 on ! e>?1 yet all ex]cise _! op9ions ab\t x2 because a defect ( memory is ! orig9 ( op9ion4 ,b ^? discov] mo/ :o h drank lea/ ( oblivion1 because !y easily rememb] :at !y _h kn[n be=e 9 ! heav5s4 8,! s\l1 !re=e1 fall+ ) ?is fir/ weight f ! zodiac & milky way into ea* ( ! subject sph]es1 is n only clo!d ) ! accession ( a lum9\s body1 b produces ! p>ticul> motions :i* x is to ex]cise 9 ! respective orbs4 ,?us 9 ,saturn1 x en]gizes accord+ to a ratioc9ative & intellective p[]2 9 ! sph]e ( ,jove1 accord+ to a practic p[]2 9 ! orb ( ! ,sun1 accord+ to a s5sitive & imag9ative nature2 b accord+ to ! motion ( desire 9 ! planet ,v5us2 ( pron\nc+ & int]pret+ :at x p]ceives 9 ! orb ( ,m]cury2 & accord+ to a plantal or vegetable nature1 & a p[] ( act+ on body1 :5 x ent]s into ! lun> globe4 ,& ?is sph]e1 z x is ! la/ among ! div9e ord]s1 s x is ! fir/ 9 our t]r5e situation4 ,= ?is body1 z x is ! dregs ( div9e natures1 s x is ! fir/ animal sub/ance4 ,& ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 t]r5e & sup]nal bodies 7"u ! latt] ( :i* ,i compreh5d ! heav5s1 ! />s1 & ! m elevat$ elem5ts17 t ! latt] are call$ upw>ds to be ! seat ( ! s\l1 & m]it immortality f ! v nature ( ! region1 & an imitation ( sublimity2 b ! s\l is drawn d[n to ^! t]r5e bodies1 & is on ?is acc\nt said to die :5 x is enclos$ 9 ?is fall5 region1 & ! seat ( mortality4 ,nor ought x to cause any di/urbance t we h s (t5 m5tion$ ! dea? ( ! s\l1 :i* we h pron\nc$ to be immortal4 ,= ! s\l is n ext+ui%$ by its own prop] dea?1 b is only ov]:elm$ = a "t4 ,nor does x lose ! b5efit ( p]petuity by its temporal dem]sion4 ,s9ce1 :5 x des]ves to be purifi$ f ! contagion ( vice1 ?r\gh its entire ref9em5t f body1 x w be re/or$ to ! light ( p]5nial life1 & w return to its pri/9e integrity & p]fection40 8,! p[]s1 h[ev]1 ( ! planets1 :i* are ! causes ( ! en]gies ( ! s\l 9 ! sev]al planet>y sph]es1 are m accurately describ$ by ,proclus1 9 p4 #bfj ( 8 admirable ,comm5t>y on ! ,timu1 z foll[s3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i4e4 8,if y are will+1 also1 y may say1 t ( ! b5efic5t planets1 ! ,moon is ! cause to mortals ( nature1 be+ h]self ! visible /atue ( fontal nature4 ,b ! ,sun is ! ,demiurgus ( e ?+ s5sible1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ ! cause ( sight & visibility4 ,m]cury is ! cause ( ! motions ( ! phantasy2 = ( ! imag9ative ess5ce itself1 s f> z s5se & phantasy are "o1 ! ,sun is ! produc+ cause4 ,b ,v5us is ! cause ( epi?ymetic appetites or ( ! appetites p]ta9+ to desire2 & ,m>s1 ( ! irascible motions :i* are con=mable to nature4 ,( all vital p[]s1 h[ev]1 ,jupit] is ! common cause2 b ( all gno/ic p[]s1 ,saturn4 ,= all ! irrational =ms are divid$ into ^!40 #abi ,= 1 9 ?is place1 x appe>s to me to be obvi\sly necess>y to read 4 ,= ,porphyry has above in=m$ u1 t ,capricorn is ! gate ?r\gh :i* s\ls asc5d4 #acj ,h5ce ,phanes1 or ,protogonus1 :o is ! p>adigm ( ! univ]se1 & :o 0 absorb$ by ,jupit]1 ! ,demiurgus1 is repres5t$ by ,orpheus z hav+ ! head ( a bull among o!r heads ) :i* he is adorn$4 ,& 9 ! ,orphic hymn to him1 he is call$ bull-ro>]4 #aca ,iliad1 lib4 xx4 v4 #bbc1 c4 #acb ,?is fable is m5tion$ by ,plato 9 ! ,phdrus1 & is beautifully unfold$ z foll[s1 by ,h]mias1 9 8 ,s*olia on t ,dialogue3 8,a tw(old solution may be giv5 ( ?is fable2 "o f hi/ory1 m e?ical2 b ! o!r1 transf]r+ u f p>ts to :oles4 ,& ! =m] ( ^! is z foll[s3 ,ori?ya 0 ! daught] ( ,erec!us1 & ! prie/ess ( ,boreas2 = ea* ( ! w9ds has a presid+ deity1 :i* ! tele/ic art1 or ! art p]ta9+ to sacr$ my/]ies1 religi\sly cultivates4 ,to ?is ,ori?ya1 !n1 ! ,god 0 s v propiti\s1 t he s5t ! nor? w9d = ! safety ( ! c\ntry2 & besides ?is1 he is said to h assi/$ ! ,a!nians 9 _! naval battles4 ,ori?ya1 !re=e1 becom+ en?usia/ic1 be+ possess$ by h] prop] ,god ,boreas1 & no long] en]giz+ z a human be+ 7= animals cease to en]gize accord+ to _! own peculi>ities1 :5 possess$ by sup]ior causes71 di$ "u ! inspir+ influ5ce1 & ?us 0 said to h be5 ravi%$ by ,boreas4 ,& ?is is ! m e?ical explanation ( ! fable4 8,b ! second1 :i* transf]s ! n>ration to :oles1 & does n entirely subv]t ! =m]1 is ! foll[+3 = div9e fables (t5 employ transactions & hi/ories1 9 subs]vi5cy1 to ! discipl9e ( :oles4 ,x is said !n1 t ,erec!us is ! ,god t rules ov] ! ?ree elem5ts1 air1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he is consid]$ z alone ! rul] ( ! e>?1 & sometimes z ! presid+ deity ( ,attica alone4 ,( ?is deity ,ori?ya is ! daught]2 & %e is ! prolific p[] ( ! ,e>?1 :i* is inde$ coext5d$ ) ! ^w ,erec!us1 z ! unfold+ ( ! "n signifies4 ,= x is ! prolific p[] ( ! ,e>?1 fl\ri%+ & re/or$1 accord+ to ! seasons4 ,b ,boreas is ! provid5ce ( ! ,gods1 sup]nally illum9at+ second>y natures4 ,= ! provid5ce ( ! ,gods 9 ! _w is signifi$ by ,boreas1 because ?is div9ity bl[s f l(ty places4 ,& ! elevat+ p[] ( ! ,gods is signifi$ by ! s\? w9d1 because ?is w9d bl[s f l[ to l(ty places2 & besides ?is1 ?+s situat$ t[>ds ! s\? are m div9e4 ,! provid5ce ( ! ,gods1 !re=e1 causes ! prolific p[] ( ! ,e>?1 or ( ! ,attic l&1 to asc5d1 & become visible4 8,ori?ya also may be said to be a s\l aspir+ aft] ?+s above1 f & 1 accord+ to ! ,attic cu/om ( add+ a lett] at ! end ( a ^w1 :i* lett] is "h an 840 ,su* a s\l1 !re=e1 is ravi%$ by ,boreas sup]nally bl[+4 ,b if ,ori?ya 0 hurl$ f a precipice1 ?is also is appropriate1 = su* a s\l dies a philosophic1 n receiv+ a physical dea?1 & ab&ons a life p]ta9+ to h] own delib]ate *oice1 at ! same "t t %e lives a physical life4 ,& philosophy1 accord+ to ,socrates 9 ! ,phd1 is no?+ else ?an a m$itation ( dea?40 #acc ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 1 :i* ,hol/5ius translates mo/ errone\sly z foll[s3 8,au/rum igitur m]idiei symbolum /atuunt2 cum deus m]idiano tempore o/io imm9eat40 #acd ,iliad1 lib4 xi4 v4 #egi4 #ace ,iliad1 lib4 viii4 v4 #cie4 #acf ,iliad1 lib4 viii4 v4 #cic4 #acg ,! s\ls ( ! suitors are said by ,hom]1 9 ! #bd? book ( ! ,odyssey 7v4 #aa71 to h pass$1 9 _! desc5t to ! region ( spirits1 beyond ! p ( dreams4 #ach ,h5ce1 ! s\!rn h always be5 m fav\rable to g5ius1 ?an ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! e>?4 #aci ,9 ! orig9al1 2 b in/ead ( x1 ,i read 4 #adj ,see my translation ( ! #aj? book ( 8 ,republic4 #ada ,iliad1 xxiv4 v4 #ebh4 #adb ,! passage 9 ! ,gorgias ( ,plato1 to :i* ,porphyry "h alludes1 is z foll[s3--8,soc4 ,b1 inde$1 z y also say1 life is a griev\s ?+4 ,= ,i %\ld n wond] if ,euripides spoke ! tru? :5 he says3 #8,:o kn[s :e!r to live is n to die1 & to die is n to live8' ,& we1 p]haps1 are 9 reality dead4 ,= ,i h he>d f "o ( ! wise1 t we are n[ dead2 & t ! body is our sepul*re2 b t ! "p ( ! s\l 9 :i* ! desires are conta9$1 is ( su* a nature t x c be p]suad$1 & hurl$ upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 elegant man1 p]haps a ,sicilian1 or an ,italian1 d5om9at$1 my?ologiz+1 ?is "p ( ! s\l a tub1 by a d]ivation f ! probable & ! p]suasive2 &1 likewise1 he call$ ^? t are /upid1 or depriv$ ( intellect1 un9itiat$4 ,he f>!r said1 t ! intemp]ate & uncov]$ nature ( t "p ( ! s\l 9 :i* ! desires are conta9$1 0 l a pi]c$ tub1 ?r\gh its insatiable gre$9ess40 ,:at is "h said by ,plato is beautifully unfold$ by ,olymipiodorus1 9 8 ,,ms4 ,comm5t>y on ! ,gorgias1 z foll[s3--8,euripides 79 ,phryxo7 says1 t to live is to die1 & to die to live4 ,= ! s\l com+ hi!r1 z %e imp>ts life to ! body1 s %e p>takes ?r\gh ?is ( a c]ta9 privation ( life2 b ?is is an evil4 ,:5 sep>at$1 !re=e1 f ! body1 %e lives 9 reality3 = %e dies "h1 ?r\gh p>ticipat+ a privation ( life1 because ! body becomes ! s\rce ( evils4 ,& h5ce x is necess>y to subdue ! body4 8,b ! mean+ ( ! ,py?agoric fable1 :i* is "h introduc$ by ,plato1 is ?is3 ,we are said to be dead1 because1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 we p>take ( a privation ( life4 ,! sepul*re :i* we c>ry ab\t ) u is1 z ,plato himself expla9s x1 ! body4 ,b ,hades is ! unapp>5t1 because we are situat$ 9 obscurity1 ! s\l be+ 9 a /ate ( s]vitude to ! body4 ,! tubs are ! desires2 :e!r !y are s call$ f our ha/5+ to fill !m1 z if !y 7 tubs1 or f desire p]suad+ u t x is beautiful4 ,! initiat$1 !re=e1 i4e4 ^? t h a p]fect k1 p\r into ! entire tub3 = ^! h _! tub full2 or1 9 o!r words1 h p]fect virtue4 ,b ! un9itiat$1 viz4 ^? t possess no?+ p]fect1 h p]=at$ tubs4 ,= ^? t are 9 a /ate ( s]vitude to desire always wi% to fill x1 & are m inflam$2 & on ?is acc\nt !y h p]=at$ tubs1 z be+ nev] full4 ,b ! sieve is ! rational s\l m+l$ ) ! irrational4 ,= ! rational s\l is call$ a circle1 because x seeks itself1 & is itself s\ght2 f9ds itself1 & is itself f\nd4 ,b ! irrational s\l imitates a "r l9e1 s9ce x does n rev]t to itself l a circle4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! sieve is circul>1 x is an image ( ! rational s\l2 b1 z x is plac$ "u ! "r l9es =m$ f ! holes1 x is assum$ = ! irrational s\l4 ,"r l9es1 !re=e1 are 9 ! middle ( ! cavities4 ,h5ce1 by ! sieve1 ,plato signifies ! rational 9 subjection to ! irrational s\l4 ,b ! wat] is ! flux ( nature3 =1 z ,h]aclitus says1 moi/ure is ! dea? ( ! s\l40 ,9 ?is extract ! intellig5t read] w easily p]ceive t ! occult signification ( ! tubs is m sci5tifically unfold$ by ,olympiodorus ?an by ,porphyry4 #adc ,9 ! orig9al1 1 4 ,b aft] 1 ,i h no d\bt we %\ld ins]t 4 #add ,phorcys is "o among ! ennead ( ,gods :o1 accord+ to ,plato 9 ! ,timu1 fabricate g5]ation4 ,( ?is deity1 ,proclus obs]ves1 8t z ! ,jupit] 9 ?is ennead causes ! unapp>5t divisions & sep>ation ( =ms made by ,saturn to become app>5t1 & z ,rhea calls !m =? into motion & g5]ation2 s ,phorcys ins]ts !m 9 matt]1 produces s5sible natures1 & adorns ! visible ess5ce1 9 ord] t !re may n only be divisions ( productive pr9ciples or =ms 9 natures & 9 s\ls1 & 9 intellectual ess5ces prior to ^!2 b likewise 9 s5sibles4 ,= ?is is ! peculi>ity ( fabrication40 #ade 8,! ang] ( ! ,gods10 says ,proclus1 8is n an indication ( any passion 9 !m1 b demon/rates our inaptitude to p>ticipate ( _! illum9ations40 ,,auxili>ies ,,to ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,intelligible ,,natures4 ,,section ,i4 #a4 ,e body is 9 place2 b no?+ ess5tially incorporeal1 or any ?+ ( ?is k9d1 has any locality4 #b4 ,?+s ess5tially incorporeal1 because !y are m excell5t ?an all body & place1 are e :]e1 n ) int]val1 b imp>tibly4 #c4 ,?+s ess5tially incorporeal1 are n locally pres5t ) bodies1 b are pres5t ) !m :5 !y please2 by v]g+ t[>ds !m s f> z !y are naturally adapt$ s to v]ge4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 pres5t ) !m locally1 b ?r\gh habitude1 proximity1 & alliance4 #d4 ,?+s ess5tially incorporeal1 are n pres5t ) bodies1 by hypo/asis & ess5ce2 = !y are n m+l$ ) bodies4 ,b !y imp>t a c]ta9 p[] :i* is proximate to bodies1 ?r\gh v]g+ t[>ds !m4 ,= t5d5cy con/itutes a c]ta9 second>y p[] proximate to bodies4 #e4 ,s\l1 inde$1 is a c]ta9 m$ium betwe5 an imp>tible ess5ce1 & an ess5ce :i* is divisible ab\t bodies4 ,b intellect is an imp>tible ess5ce alone4 ,& qualities & mat]ial =ms are divisible ab\t bodies4 #f4 ,n e ?+#adf :i* acts on ano!r1 effects t :i* x does effect by approximation & contact2 b ^? natures :i* effect any ?+ by approximation & contact1 use approximation accid5tally4 #g4 ,! s\l is b\nd to ! body by a conv]sion to ! corporeal passions2 & is aga9 lib]at$ by becom+ impassive to ! body4 #h4 ,t :i* nature b9ds1 nature also dissolves3 & t :i* ! s\l b9ds1 ! s\l likewise dissolves4 ,nature1 inde$1 b\nd ! body to ! s\l2 b ! s\l b9ds h]self to ! body4 ,nature1 !re=e1 lib]ates ! body f ! s\l2 b ! s\l lib]ates h]self f ! body4 #i4 ,h5ce !re is a tw(old dea?2 ! "o1 inde$1 univ]sally kn[n1 9 :i* ! body is lib]at$ f ! s\l2 b ! o!r peculi> to philosoph]s1 9 :i* ! s\l is lib]at$ f ! body4 ,nor does ! "o#adg entirely foll[ ! o!r4 #aj4 ,we d n und]/& simil>ly 9 all ?+s1 b 9 a mann] adapt$ to ! ess5ce ( ea*4 ,= intellectual objects we und]/& intellectually2 b ^? t p]ta9 to s\l rationally4 ,we appreh5d plants sp]matically2 b bodies idolically i4e4 z images2 & t :i* is above all ^!1 sup]-intellectually & sup]-ess5tially#adh4 #aa4 ,incorporeal hypo/ases1 9 desc5d+1 are di/ribut$ into p>ts1 & multipli$ ab\t individuals ) a dim9ution ( p[]2 b :5 !y asc5d by _! en]gies beyond bodies1 !y become unit$1 & proce$ into a simultane\s subsi/5ce1 ?r\gh exub]ance ( p[]4 #ab4 ,! homonym\s is n 9 bodies only1 b life also is among ! numb] ( ?+s :i* h a multif>i\s subsi/5ce4 ,= ! life ( a plant is diff]5t f t ( an animat$ be+2 ! life ( an intellectual ess5ce diff]s f t ( ! nature :i* is beyond intellect2 & ! psy*ical diff]s f ! intellectual life4 ,= ^! natures live1 ?\gh no?+ :i* proce$s f1 possesses a life simil> to !m4 #ac4 ,e ?+ :i* g5]ates by its v ess5ce1 g5]ates t :i* is inf]ior to itself#adi2 & e ?+ g5]at$1 is naturally conv]t$ to its g5]ator4 ,( g5]at+ natures1 h[ev]1 "s are n at all conv]t$ to ! be+s :i* !y g5]ate2 b o!rs are p>tly conv]t$ to !m1 & p>tly n2 & o!rs are only conv]t$ to _! prog5y1 b are n conv]t$ to !mselves4 #ad4 ,e ?+ g5]at$1 possesses f t :i* is diff]5t f itself ! cause ( its g5]ation1 s9ce no?+ is produc$ )\t a cause4 ,su* g5]at$ natures1 h[ev]1 z h _! exi/5ce ?r\gh composition1 ^! are on ?is acc\nt corruptible4 ,b su* z1 be+ simple & incomposite1 possess _! exi/5ce 9 a simplicity ( hypo/asis1 ^! be+ indissoluble1 are1 inde$1 incorruptible2 yet !y are said to be g5]at$1 n z if !y 7 composites1 b z be+ susp5d$ f a c]ta9 cause4 ,bodies1 !re=e1 are 9 a tw(old respect g5]at$2 z be+ susp5d$ f a c]ta9 produc+ cause2 & z be+ composites4 ,b s\l & intellect are only g5]at$ z be+ susp5d$ f a cause1 & n z composites4 ,h5ce bodies are g5]at$1 dissoluble & corruptible2 b s\l & intellect are unbegott51 z be+ )\t composition1 & on ?is acc\nt indissoluble & incorruptible2 yet !y are g5]at$ s f> z !y are susp5d$ f a cause4 #ae4 ,intellect is n ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s2 = intellect is _m ?+s2 b1 prior to ! _m1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be ! "o4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t intellect is _m ?+s4 ,= x always und]/&s its conceptions1 :i* are n "o1 b _m2 & :i* are n any ?+ else ?an itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is ! same ) its conceptions1 b !y are _m1 intellect also w be _m ?+s4 ,b t x is ! same ) intelligibles or ! objects ( its intellection1 may be ?us demon/rat$4 ,=1 if !re is any ?+ :i* intellect surveys1 x w ei!r survey ?is ?+ z conta9$ 9 itself1 or z plac$ 9 some?+ else4 ,& t intellect1 inde$1 contemplates or surveys1 is evid5t4 ,=1 9 conjunction ) intellection1 or intellectual p]ception1 x w be intellect2 b if y deprive x ( intellection1 y w de/roy its ess5ce4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t1 direct+ our att5tion to ! prop]ties ( k1 we %\ld inve/igate ! p]ception ( intellect4 ,all ! gno/ic p[]s1 !n1 :i* we conta91 are univ]sally s5se1 imag9ation1 & intellect#aej4 ,! p[]1 h[ev]1 :i* employs s5se1 surveys by project+ itself to ext]nals1 n be+ unit$ to ! objects :i* x surveys1 b only receiv+ an impression (1 by ex]t+ its en]gies ^u !m4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! eye sees a visible object1 x is impossible t x %\ld become ! same ) t :i* x p]ceives3 = x w\ld n see if !re 0 n an int]val betwe5 x & ! object ( its p]ception4 ,&1 aft] ! same mann]1 t :i* is t\*$1 if x 0 ! same ) t by :i* x is t\*$1 w\ld p]i%4 ,f :i* x is evid5t t s5se1 & t :i* employs s5se1 mu/ always t5d to an ext]nal object1 9 ord] to appreh5d some?+ s5sible4 ,9 l mann] also1 ! phantasy1 or imag9ation1 always t5ds to some?+ ext]nal1 & by ?is ext5sion ( itself1 gives subsi/5ce to1 or prep>es an image2 its ext5sion to :at is ext]nal1 indicat+ t ! object ( its p]ception is a resemblance ( some?+ ext]nal4 ,& su*1 inde$1 is ! appreh5sion ( ^! two p[]s2 nei!r ( :i* v]g+ to1 & be+ collect$ into itself1 p]ceives ei!r a s5sible or ins5sible =m4 ,9 intellect1 h[ev]1 ! appreh5sion ( its objects does n subsi/ aft] ?is mann]1 b is effect$ by conv]g+ to1 & survey+ itself4 ,= by dep>t+ f itself1 9 ord] to survey its own en]gies1 & become ! eye ( !m1 & ! sight ( ess5ces1 x w n und]/& any ?+4 ,h5ce1 z s5se is to t :i* is s5sible1 s is intellect to t :i* is intelligible4 ,s5se1 h[ev]1 by1 ext5d+ itself to ext]nals1 f9ds t :i* is s5sible situat$ 9 matt]2 b intellect surveys ! intelligible1 by be+ collect$ into itself1 & n ext5d$ outw>dly#aea4 ,on ?is acc\nt "s are ( op9ion1 t ! hypo/asis ( intellect diff]s f t ( ! phantasy only 9 "n4 ,= ! phantasy1 9 ! rational animal1 appe>$ to !m to be intellig5ce4 ,z ^! m51 h[ev]1 susp5d$ all ?+s f matt] & a corporeal nature1 x foll[s t !y %\ld also susp5d f ^! intellect4 ,b our intellect surveys bo? bodies & o!r ess5ces4 ,h5ce x appreh5ds !m situat$ some:]e4 ,b z ! prop] objects ( intellect h a subsi/5ce out ( matt]1 !y w be no :]e#aeb locally4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t intellectual natures are to be conjo9$ ) intellig5ce4 ,b if intellectual natures are 9 intellect1 x foll[s t intellect1 :5 x und]/&s intelligibles1 surveys bo? ! intelligible & itself2 & t proce$+ into itself1 x p]ceives intellectually1 because x proce$s into intelligibles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 intellect und]/&s _m ?+s1 & n "o ?+ only1 intellect also w necess>ily be _m4 ,b ! "o subsi/s prior to ! _m2 s t x is necess>y t ! "o %\ld be prior to intellect4 #af4 ,memory is n ! cons]vation ( imag9ations1 b ! p[] ( call+ =? de novo ^? conceptions :i* _h previ\sly occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! m9d#aec4 #ag4 ,s\l1 inde$1 conta9s ! reasons or =ms ( all ?+s1 b en]gizes accord+ to !m1 ei!r be+ call$ =? to ?is en]gy by some?+ else1 or conv]t+ itself to !m inw>dly4 ,& :5 call$ =? by some?+ else1 x introduces1 z x 71 ! s5ses to ext]nals1 b :5 x ent]s into itself1 x becomes occupi$ ) intellectual conceptions4 ,h5ce "s "o may say1 t nei!r ! s5ses1 nor intellectual p]ceptions1 are )\t ! phantasy2 s t1 z 9 ! animal1 ! s5ses are n )\t ! passive affection ( ! s5sitive organs1 9 l mann] intellections are n )\t ! phantasy4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x may be said1 9 answ] to ?is1 t1 z an impression 9 ! s5sitive organ is ! concomitant ( ! s5sitive animal1 s analog\sly a phantasm is ! concomitant ( ! intellection ( ! s\l 9 man1 consid]$ z an animal#aed4 #ah4 ,s\l is an ess5ce )\t magnitude1 immat]ial1 incorruptible1 possess+ its exi/5ce 9 life1 & hav+ life f itself4 #ai4 ,! passivity ( bodies is diff]5t f t ( incorporeal natures4 ,= ! passivity ( bodies is att5d$ ) mutation2 b ! adaptations & passions ( ! s\l are en]gies2 yet !y are by no means simil> to ! calefactions & frigefactions ( bodies4 ,h5ce1 if ! passivity ( bodies is accompani$ by mutation1 x mu/ be said t all incorporeal natures are impassive4 ,= ! ess5ces :i* are sep>at$ f matt] & bodies1 are :at !y are 9 en]gy4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* approximate to matt] & bodies1 are !mselves1 inde$1 impassive2 b ! natures 9 :i* !y are survey$ are passive4 ,= :5 ! animal p]ceives s5sibly1 ! s\l i4e4 ! rational s\l appe>s to be simil> to sep>ate h>mony#aee1 ( itself mov+ ! *ords adapt$ to h>mony2 b ! body is simil> to ! insep>able h>mony 9 ! *ords1 i4e4 to ! h>mony :i* _c exi/ sep>ate f ! *ords4 ,b ! animal is ! cause ( ! motion1 because x is an animat$ be+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 analog\s to a musician1 because x is h>monic2 b ! bodies :i* are /ruck ?r\gh s5sitive passion1 are analog\s to ! h>moniz$ *ords ( a musical in/rum5t4 ,= 9 ?is in/ance1 also1 sep>ate h>mony is n passively affect$1 b ! *ords4 ,& ! musician1 inde$1 moves accord+ to ! h>mony :i* is 9 him2 yet ! *ords w\ld n be musically mov$1 ev5 ?\gh ! musician wi%$ t !y %\ld1 unless h>mony ord]$ ?is to take place4 #bj4 ,incorporeal natures are n d5om9at$ l bodies1 accord+ to a p>ticipation 9 common ( "o & ! same g5us2 b !y d]ive _! appellation f a m]e privation ) respect to bodies4 ,h5ce1 no?+ h9d]s "s ( !m f hav+ a subsi/5ce z be+s1 b o!rs z non-be+s2 "s ( !m1 f be+ prior to1 & o!rs po/]ior to bodies2 "s1 f be+ sep>ate1 & o!rs insep>able f bodies2 "s1 f hav+ a subsi/5ce by !mselves1 b o!rs f be+ indig5t ( ?+s diff]5t f !mselves1 to _! exi/5ce2 "s1 f be+ ! same ?r\gh en]gies & self-motive lives1 b o!rs f subsi/+ toge!r ) lives1 & en]gies ( a c]ta9 quality4 ,= !y subsi/ accord+ to a negation ( ! ?+s :i* !y are n1 & n accord+ to ! affirmation ( ! ?+s :i* !y are4 #ba4 ,! prop]ties ( matt]1 accord+ to ! anci5ts1 are ! foll[+3 ,x is incorporeal2 = x is diff]5t f bodies4 ,x is )\t life2 = x is nei!r intellect nor s\l1 nor vital f itself i4e4 ess5tially4 ,x is also =mless1 v>iable1 inf9ite1 & p[]less4 ,h5ce1 x is nei!r be+1 nor yet non-be+4 ,n t x is non-be+ l motion1 b x is true non-be+1 ! image & phantasm ( bulk1 because x is t :i* bulk prim>ily conta9s4 ,x is likewise p[]less1 & ! desire ( subsi/5ce1 has /ability1 b n 9 p]man5cy1 & always appe>s 9 itself to be contr>y4 ,h5ce1 x is bo? small & great1 m & less1 defici5t & exce$+4 ,x is always becom+ to be1 or ris+ into exi/5ce2 abides n1 & yet is unable to fly away2 & is ! defect ( all be+4 ,h5ce1 9 :atev] x ann\nces itself to be1 x deceives2 & ?\gh x %\ld appe> to be great1 x is nev]!less small4 ,= x resembles a fly+ mock]y1 elud+ all pursuit1 & vani%+ into non-entity4 ,= its flight is n 9 place1 b is effect$ by its des]tion ( real be+4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! images :i* are 9 x1 are 9 an image m unreal ?an !mselves2 j z 9 a mirror1 :]e ! ?+ repres5t$ is 9 "o place1 & ! repres5tation ( x 9 ano!r4 ,x likewise appe>s to be full1 yet conta9s no?+1 ?\gh x seems to possess all ?+s#aef4 #bb4 ,all passions subsi/ ab\t ! same ?+ z t ab\t :i* corruption subsi/s2 = ! reception ( passion is ! pa? to corruption4 ,& ! ?+ t is ! subject ( passivity1 is also ! subject ( corruption4 ,no?+ incorporeal1 h[ev]1 is corrupt$4 ,b "s ( !m ei!r exi/1 or d n exi/2 s t !y are n at all passive4 ,= t :i* is passive1 ought n to be a ?+ ( ?is k9d1 b su* z may be *ang$ 9 quality1 & corrupt$ by ! prop]ties ( ! ?+s t ent] into x1 & cause x to be passive4 ,= ! *ange 9 quality ( t :i* is inh]5t1 is n casually effect$4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 does matt] suff]2 = x is ( itself )\t quality4 ,nor d ! =ms :i* ent] into1 & dep>t f x1 suff]2 b ! passion subsi/s ab\t ! composite f matt] & =m1 ! v be+ ( :i* consi/s 9 ! union ( ! two4 ,= ?is1 9 ! contr>y p[]s & qualities ( ! ?+s :i* ent] & produce passion1 is se5 to be ! subject ( !m4 ,on :i* acc\nt1 also1 ^? ?+s1 ! life ( :i* is ext]nally d]iv$1 & does n subsi/ f !mselves1 are capable ( suff]+ bo? ! p>ticipation & ! privation ( life4 ,b ^? be+s ^: exi/5ce consi/s 9 an impassive life1 mu/ necess>ily possess a p]man5t life2 j z a privation ( life1 s f> z x is a privation ( x1 is att5d$ ) impassivity4 ,z1 !re=e1 to be *ang$ & to suff] p]ta9 to ! composite f matt] & =m1 & ?is is body1 b matt] is exempt f ?is2 ?us also1 to live & to die1 & to suff] ?r\gh ! p>ticipation ( life & dea?1 is beheld 9 ! composite f s\l & body4 ,nev]!less1 ?is does n happ5 to ! s\l2 because x is n a ?+ :i* consi/s ( life & ! privation ( life1 b consi/s ( life alone4 ,& x possesses ?is1 because its ess5ce is simple1 & ! reason or =m ( ! s\l is self-motive#aeg4 #bc4 ,an intellectual ess5ce is s simil> 9 its p>ts1 t ! same#aeh ?+s exi/ bo? 9 a p>tial & an all-p]fect intellect4 ,9 an univ]sal intellect1 h[ev]1 p>tial natures subsi/ univ]sally2 b 9 a p>tial intellect1 bo? univ]sals & p>ticul>s subsi/ p>tially4 #bd4 ,( t ess5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is 9 life1 & ! passions ( :i* are lives1 ! dea? also consi/s 9 a c]ta9 life1 & n 9 a total privation ( life2 because1 nei!r is ! deprivation ( life 9 ?is ess5ce a passion1 or a pa? :i* entirely leads to a non-vital subsi/5ce4 #be4 ,9 incorporeal lives1 ! progressions are effect$ :ile ! lives !mselves rema9 firm & /able1 no?+ p]ta9+ to !m be+ corrupt$1 or *ang$ into ! hypo/asis ( ?+s subord9ate to !m4 ,h5ce1 nei!r are ! ?+s to :i* !y give subsi/5ce produc$ ) a c]ta9 corruption or mutation4 ,nor d ^! incorporeal lives subsi/ l g5]ation1 :i* p>ticipates ( corruption & mutation4 ,h5ce1 !y are unbegott5 & incorruptible1 & on ?is acc\nt are unfold$ into light )\t g5]ation & incorruptibly4 #bf4 ,( t nature :i* is beyond intellect1 _m ?+s are ass]t$ ?r\gh intellection1 b x is survey$ by a cessation ( intellectual en]gy bett] ?an ) x#aei2 j z ) respect to "o :o is asleep1 _m ?+s are ass]t$ ( him :ile he is 9 t /ate by ^? :o are awake2 b ! prop] k & appreh5sion ( 8 dormant condition1 is only to be obta9$ ?r\gh sleep4 ,= ! simil> is kn[n by ! simil>2 because all k is an assimilation to ! object ( k4 #bg4 ,) respect to t :i* is non-be+1 we ei!r produce x1 be+ ourselves sep>at$ f real be+1 or we h a preconception ( x1 z adh]+ to be+4 ,h5ce1 if we are sep>at$ f be+1 we h n an antec$5t conception ( ! non-be+ :i* is above be+1 b our k 9 ?is case is only t ( a false passion1 su* z t :i* happ5s to a man :5 he dep>ts f himself4 ,= z a man may himself1 & ?r\gh himself1 be truly elevat$ to ! non-be+ :i* is above be+1 s1 by dep>t+ f be+1 he is l$ to ! non-be+ :i* is a fall+ (f f be+4 #bh4 ,! hypo/asis ( body is no imp$im5t :atev] to t :i* is ess5tially incorporeal1 s z to prev5t x f be+ :]e1 & 9 su* a way1 z x wi%es to be4 ,= z t :i* is )\t bulk is incompreh5sible by body1 & does n at all p]ta9 to x1 s t :i* has bulk _c imp$e or obscure an incorporeal nature1 b lies be=e x l a non-entity4 ,nor does t :i* is incorporeal p]vade locally1 :5 x wi%es to pass f "o ?+ to ano!r2 = place is consubsi/5t ) bulk4 ,nor is x compress$ by bodies4 ,= t :i* 9 any way :atev] is connect$ ) bulk1 may be compress$1 & effect a transition locally2 b t :i* is entirely )\t bulk & )\t magnitude1 _c be re/ra9$ by t :i* has bulk1 & does n p>ticipate ( local motion4 ,h5ce1 by a c]ta9 disposition1 x is f\nd to be !re1 :]e x is incl9$ to be1 be+ ) respect to place e :]e & yet no :]e#afj4 ,by a c]ta9 disposition1 !re=e1 x is ei!r above ! heav5s1 or is conta9$ 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! _w4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is conta9$ 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! _w1 x is n visible to ! eyes1 b ! pres5ce ( x becomes manife/ f its works4 #bi4 ,x is necess>y t an incorporeal nature1 if x is conta9$ 9 body1 %\ld n be enclos$ 9 x l a wild bea/ 9 a d52 7= no body is able ?us to enclose & compreh5d x71 nor is x conta9$ 9 body 9 ! same way z a bladd] conta9s some?+ liquid1 or w9d2 b x is requisite t x %\ld give subsi/5ce to c]ta9 p[]s :i* v]ge to :at is ext]nal1 ?r\gh its union ) body2 by :i* p[]s1 :5 x desc5ds1 x becomes complicat$ ) body4 ,its conjunction1 !re=e1 ) body1 is effect$ ?r\gh an ineffable ext5sion4 ,h5ce1 no?+ else b9ds x1 b itself b9ds itself to body4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 is x lib]at$ f ! body1 :5 ! body is mortally w\nd$ & corrupt$1 b x lib]ates itself1 by turn+ itself f an adh]+ affection to ! body4 #cj4 ,none ( ! hypo/ases :i* rank z :oles1 & are p]fect1 is conv]t$ to its own prog5y2 b all p]fect hypo/ases are elevat$ to _! g5]ators z f> z to ! mundane body or ! body ( ! _w4 ,= ?is body1 be+ p]fect1 is elevat$ to its s\l1 :i* is intellectual3 & on ?is acc\nt x is mov$ 9 a circle4 ,b ! s\l ( ?is body is elevat$ to intellect2 & intellect1 to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all ?+s4 ,all be+s1 !re=e1 proce$ to ?is pr9ciple z mu* z possible1 beg9n+ f ! la/ ( ?+s4 ,! elevation1 h[ev]1 to t :i* is fir/1 is ei!r proximate or remote4 ,h5ce1 ^! natures may n only be said to aspire aft] ! highe/ ,god1 b also to enjoy him to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]4 ,b 9 p>tial#afa hypo/ases1 & :i* are able to v]ge to _m ?+s1 !re is also a desire ( be+ conv]t$ to _! prog5y4 ,h5ce1 likewise1 9 ^! !re is error1 9 ^! !re is repreh5sible incr$ulity4 ,^!1 !re=e1 matt] injures1 because !y are capable ( be+ conv]t$ to x1 be+ at ! same "t able to be conv]t$ to div9ity4 ,h5ce1 p]fection gives subsi/5ce to second>y f prim>y natures1 pres]v+ !m conv]t$ to ! fir/ ( ?+s2 b imp]fection conv]ts prim>y#afb to po/]ior natures1 & causes !m to love ! be+s :i* h dep>t$ f div9ity prior to !mselves4 #ca4 ,god is e :]e because he is no :]e3 & ?is is also true ( intellect & s\l3 = ea* ( ^! is e :]e1 because ea* is no :]e4 ,b ,god inde$ is e :]e1 & no :]e1 ) respect to all ?+s :i* are po/]ior to him2 & he#afc alone is su* z he is1 & su* z he wills himself to be4 ,intellect is 9 ,god1 b is e :]e1 & no :]e1 ) respect to ! natures po/]ior to x4 ,& s\l is 9 ,god & intellect1 & is e :]e & no :]e1 9 or ) respect to body#afd4 ,b body is 9 s\l1 & 9 intellect#afe1 & 9 ,god4 ,& z all be+s & non-be+s are f & 9 ,god1 h5ce1 he is nei!r be+s nor non-be+s1 nor subsi/s 9 !m4 ,= if1 inde$1 he 0 alone e :]e1 he w\ld be all ?+s & 9 all1 b s9ce he is also no :]e1 all ?+s are produc$ ?r\gh him1 & are conta9$ 9 him1 because he is e :]e4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t f him1 because he is no :]e4 ,?us1 likewise1 intellect be+ e :]e & no :]e1 is ! cause ( s\ls1 & ( ! natures po/]ior to s\ls2 yet intellect is n s\l1 nor ! natures po/]ior to s\l1 nor subsi/s 9 !m2 because x is n only e :]e1 b is also no :]e1 ) respect to ! natures po/]ior to x4 ,& s\l is nei!r body1 nor 9 body1 b is ! cause ( body2 because be+ e :]e1 x is also no :]e1 ) respect to body4 ,& ?is progression ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se ext5ds z f> z to t :i* is nei!r able to be at once e :]e1 nor at once no :]e1 b p>tially p>ticipates ( ea* ( ^!#aff4 #cb4 ,! s\l does n exi/ on ! e>? :5 x is conv]sant ) t]r5e natures1 9 ! same mann] z bodies acc$e to ! e>?2 b a subsi/5ce ( ! s\l on ! e>?1 signifies its presid+ ov] t]r5e bodies4 ,?us1 also1 ! s\l is said to be 9 ,hades1 :5 x presides ov] its image#afg1 :i* is naturally adapt$ to be 9 place1 b possesses its hypo/asis 9 d>kness4 ,s t if ,hades is a subt]ranean d>k place1 ! s\l1 ?\gh n divuls$ f be+1 w exi/ 9 ,hades1 by attract+ to itself its image4 ,= :5 ! s\l dep>ts f ! solid body1 ! _s accompanies x :i* x _h collect$ f ! />ry sph]es4 ,b z f its adh]+ affection to ! body1 x ex]ts a p>tial reason1 ?r\gh :i* x possesses an habitude to a body ( a c]ta9 quality1 9 p]=m+ ! en]gies ( life2--h5ce1 f ?is adhesion to body1 ! =m ( ! phantasy is impress$ 9 ! _s1 & ?us ! image is attract$ by ! s\l4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 is said to be 9 ,hades1 because ! _s obta9s a =mless & obscure nature4 ,& z a heavy & moi/ _s p]vades z f> z to subt]ranean places1 h5ce ! s\l is said to proce$ "u ! e>?4 ,n t ?is ess5ce ( ! s\l *anges "o place = ano!r1 & subsi/s 9 place1 b x receives ! habitudes ( bodies :i* are naturally adapt$ to *ange _! places1 & to be allott$ a subsi/5ce 9 place2 su*-l bodies receiv+ x accord+ to aptitudes1 f be+ dispos$ aft] a c]ta9 mann] t[>ds x4 ,= ! s\l1 con=mably to ! mann] 9 :i* x is dispos$1 f9ds an appropriate body4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is dispos$ 9 a pur] mann]1 x has a connasc5t body :i* approximates to an e!real nature1 & ?is is an e!real body4 ,b :5 x proce$s f reason to ! en]gies ( ! phantasy1 !n its connasc5t body is ( a sol>-=m nature4 ,& :5 x becomes effem9ate & vehem5tly excit$ by corporeal =m1 !n x is connect$ ) a lun>-=m body4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x falls into bodies :i* consi/ ( humid vap\rs1 !n a p]fect ignorance ( real be+ foll[s1 toge!r ) d>kness & infancy4 ,moreov]1 9 its egress f ! body1 if x /ill possesses a _s turbid f humid exhalations1 x !n attracts to itself a %ad[1 & becomes heavy2 a _s ( ?is k9d naturally /riv+ to p5etrate into ! recesses ( ! e>?1 unless a c]ta9 o!r cause draws x 9 a contr>y direction4 ,z !re=e ! s\l1 :5 surr\nd$ ) ?is te/ace\s & t]r5e ve/m5t1 necess>ily lives on ! e>?2 s likewise :5 x attracts a moi/ _s1 x is necess>ily surr\nd$ ) ! image4 ,b x attracts moi/ure :5 x cont9ually endeav\rs to associate ) nature1 ^: op]ations are effect$ 9 moi/ure1 & :i* are r "u ?an ^u ! e>?4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! s\l e>ne/ly endeav\rs to dep>t f nature1 !n %e becomes a dry spl5d\r1 )\t a %ad[1 & )\t a cl\d1 or mi/4 ,= moi/ure gives subsi/5ce to a mi/ 9 ! air2 b dryness con/itutes a dry spl5d\r f exhalation4 #cc4 ,! ?+s :i* are truly pr$icat$ ( a s5sible & mat]ial nature1 are ^!3 t x has1 9 e respect1 a diffus$ & disp]s$ subsi/5ce2 t x is mutable2 t x has its exi/5ce 9 diff]5ce2 t x is a composite2 t x subsi/s by itself1 z ! subject or recipi5t ( o!r ?+s2 t x is beheld 9 place1 & 9 bulk3 & o!r prop]ties simil> to ^! are ass]t$ ( x4 ,b ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are pr$icat$ ( truly exi/+ be+1 & :i* itself subsi/s f itself2 viz4 t x is always e/abli%$ 9 itself2 t x has an exi/5ce p]petually simil> & ! same2 t x is ess5tializ$ 9 sam5ess2 t x is immutable accord+ to ess5ce1 is uncomp\nd$1 is nei!r dissoluble1 nor 9 place1 nor is disp]s$ into bulk2 & is nei!r g5]at$1 nor capable ( be+ de/roy$3 & o!r prop]ties are ass]t$ ( x simil> to ^!4 ,to :i* pr$ications adh]+1 we %\ld nei!r ourselves ass]t any ?+ repugnant to !m1 conc]n+ ! diff]5t nature ( s5sible & truly-exi/+ be+s1 nor ass5t to ^? :o d4 ,,section ,,ii4 #cd4 ,!re is "o k9d ( virtues p]ta9+ to ! political "*1 & ano!r to ! man :o t5ds to contemplation1 & :o1 on ?is acc\nt1 is call$ !oretic1 & is n[ a behold] ( intellectual & intelligible natures4 ,& !re are also o!r virtues p]ta9+ to intellect1 s f> z x is intellect1 & sep>ate f s\l4 ,! virtues inde$ ( ! political "*1 & :i* consi/ 9 ! mod]ation ( ! passions1 are *>act]iz$ by foll[+ & be+ ob$i5t to ! reason+ ab\t t :i* is becom+ 9 actions4 ,h5ce1 look+ to an innoxi\s conv]se ) neighb\rs1 ^! virtues are d5om9at$1 f ! aggregation ( fell[%ip1 political4 ,& "h prud5ce inde$ subsi/s ab\t ! reason+ "p2 =titude ab\t ! irascible "p2 temp]ance 9 ! cons5t & symphony ( ! epi?ymetic#afh ) ! reason+ "p2 & ju/ice1 9 ea* ( ^! p]=m+ its prop] employm5t ) respect to gov]n+ & be+ gov]n$4 ,b ! virtues ( him :o proce$s to ! contemplative life1 consi/ 9 a dep>ture f t]re/rial conc]ns4 ,h5ce1 also1 !y are call$ purifications1 be+ survey$ 9 ! refra9+ f corporeal actions1 & avoid+ sympa?ies ) ! body4 ,= ^! are ! virtues ( ! s\l elevat+ itself to true be+4 ,! political virtues !re=e adorn ! mortal man1 & are ! =]unn]s ( purifications4 ,= x is necess>y t he :o is adorn$ by ! ca?>tic virtues1 %\ld ab/a9 f do+ any ?+ prec$ane\sly 9 conjunction ) body4 ,h5ce1 9 ^! purifications1 n to op9e ) body1 b to en]gize alone1 gives subsi/5ce to prud5ce2 :i* d]ives its p]fection ?r\gh en]giz+ intellectually ) purity4 ,b n to be simil>ly passive ) ! body1 con/itutes temp]ance4 ,n to fe> a dep>ture f body1 z into some?+ void1 & non-entity1 gives subsi/5ce to =titude4 ,b :5 reason & intellect are ! lead]s1 & !re is no resi/ance f ! irrational "p1 ju/ice is produc$4 ,! disposition !re=e1 accord+ to ! political virtues1 is survey$ 9 ! mod]ation ( ! passions2 hav+ = its end to live z man con=mable to nature4 ,b ! disposition1 accord+ to ! !oretic virtues1 is beheld 9 apa?y#afi1 ! end ( :i* is a similitude to ,god4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ( purification1 "o k9d consi/s 9 purify+1 b ano!r p]ta9s to ^? t are purifi$1 ! ca?>tic virtues are survey$ accord+ to bo? ^! significations ( purification4 ,= ! end ( purification is to become pure4 ,b s9ce purification1 & ! be+ purifi$1 are an ablation ( e ?+ =eign1 ! good result+ f !m w be diff]5t f t :i* purifies2 s1 t if t :i* is purifi$ 0 good prior to ! impurity ) :i* x is defil$1 purification is suffici5t4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* rema9s aft] purification1 is good1 & n purification4 ,! nature ( ! s\l also 0 n good prior to purification1 b is t :i* is able to p>take ( good1 & is boni=m4 ,= if ?is 7 n ! case1 x w\ld n h become situat$ 9 evil4 ,! good !re=e ( ! s\l consi/s 9 be+ unit$ to its g5]ator1 b its evil 9 an association ) ?+s subord9ate to itself4 ,its evil also is tw(old2 ! "o aris+ f an association ) t]re/rial natures1 b ! o!r f do+ ?is ) an excess ( ! passions4 ,h5ce1 all ! political virtues :i* lib]ate ! s\l f "o evil1 may be d5om9at$ virtues1 & are hon\rable4 ,b ! ca?>tic are m hon\rable1 & lib]ate x f evil1 s f> z x is s\l4 ,x is necess>y !re=e1 t ! s\l1 :5 purifi$1 %\ld associate ) its g5]ator4 ,h5ce1 ! virtue ( x1 aft] its conv]sion1 consi/s 9 a sci5tific k ( true be+2 b ?is w n be ! case1 unless conv]sion prec$es4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ano!r g5us ( virtues aft] ! ca?>tic & political1 & :i* are ! virtues ( ! s\l en]giz+ intellectually4 ,& "h1 inde$1 wisdom & prud5ce consi/ 9 ! contemplation ( ^? ?+s :i* intellect possesses4 ,b ju/ice consi/s 9 p]=m+ :at is appropriate 9 con=mity to1 & en]giz+ accord+ to intellect4 ,temp]ance is an inw>d conv]sion ( ! s\l to intellect4 ,& =titude is apa?y1 accord+ to a similitude ( t to :i* ! s\l looks1 & :i* is naturally impassive4 ,^! virtues also1 9 ! same mann] z ! o!rs1 alt]nately foll[ ea* o!r4 ,! f\r? species ( ! virtues1 is t ( ! p>adigms subsi/+ 9 intellect3 :i* are m excell5t ?an ! psy*ical virtues1 & exi/ z ! p>adigms ( ^!2 ! virtues ( ! s\l be+ ! similitudes ( !m4 ,& intellect inde$ is t 9 :i* all ?+s subsi/ at once z p>adigms4 ,"h1 !re=e1 prud5ce is sci5ce2 b intellect t kn[s all ?+s is wisdom4 ,temp]ance is t :i* is conv]t$ to itself4 ,! prop] "w ( intellect1 is ! p]=mance ( its appropriate duty1 & ?is is ju/ice#agj4 ,b =titude is sam5ess1 & ! abid+ ) purity 9 itself1 ?r\gh an abundance ( p[]4 ,!re are !re=e f\r g5]a ( virtues2 ( :i*1 inde$1 "s p]ta9 to intellect1 concur ) ! ess5ce ( x1 & are p>adigmatic4 ,o!rs p]ta9 to s\l n[ look+ to intellect1 & be+ fill$ f x4 ,o!rs belong to ! s\l ( man1 purify+ itself1 & becom+ purifi$ f ! body1 & ! irrational passions4 ,& o!rs are ! virtues ( ! s\l ( man1 adorn+ ! man1 ?r\gh giv+ measure & b\nd to ! irrational nature1 & produc+ mod]ation 9 ! passions4 ,& he inde$1 :o has ! great] virtues1 has also necess>ily ! less2 b ! contr>y is n true1 t he :o has ! less1 has also ! great] virtues4 ,nor w he :o possesses ! great]1 en]gize prec$ane\sly accord+ to ! less1 b only s f> z ! necessities ( ! mortal nature require4 ,! scope also ( ! virtues1 is1 z we h said1 g5]ically diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t virtues4 ,= ! scope ( ! political virtues1 is to give measure to ! passions 9 _! practical en]gies accord+ to nature4 ,b ! scope ( ! ca?>tic virtues1 is entirely to oblit]ate ! remembrance ( ! passions2 & ! scope ( ! re/ subsi/s analog\sly to :at has be5 be=e said4 ,h5ce1 he :o en]gizes accord+ to ! practical virtues1 is a wor?y man2 b he :o en]gizes accord+ to ! ca?>tic virtues1 is an angelic man1 or is also a good dmon4 ,he :o en]gizes accord+ to ! intellectual virtues alone is a ,god2 b he :o en]gizes accord+ to ! p>adigmatic virtues1 is ! fa!r ( ! ,gods4 ,we1 !re=e1 ought especially to pay att5tion to ! ca?>tic virtues1 s9ce we may obta9 ^! 9 ! pres5t life4 ,b ?r\gh ^!1 ! asc5t is to ! m hon\rable virtues4 ,h5ce1 x is requisite to survey to :at degree purification may be ext5d$3 = x is a sep>ation f body1 & f ! passive motion ( ! irrational "p4 ,b h[ ?is may be effect$1 & to :at ext5t1 mu/ n[ be unfold$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 inde$1 x is necess>y t he :o int5ds to acquire ?is purification1 %\ld1 z ! f\ndation & basis ( x1 "k himself to be a s\l b\nd 9 a =eign ?+1 & 9 a diff]5t ess5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 z t :i* is rais$ f ?is f\ndation1 he %\ld collect himself f ! body1 & z x 7 f diff]5t places1 s z to be dispos$ 9 a mann] p]fectly impassive ) respect to ! body4 ,= he :o en]gizes un9t]rupt$ly accord+ to s5se1 ?\gh he may n d ?is ) an adh]+ affection1 & ! enjoym5t result+ f pleasure1 yet1 at ! same "t1 8 att5tion is dissipat$ ab\t ! body1 9 consequ5ce ( becom+ ?r\gh s5se#aga 9 contact ) x4 ,b we are addict$ to ! pleasures or pa9s ( s5sibles2 9 conjunction ) a promptitude1 & conv]g+ sympa?y2 f :i* disposition x is requisite to be purifi$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w be effect$ by admitt+ necess>y pleasures1 & ! s5sations ( !m1 m]ely z rem$ies1 or z a lib]ation f pa9#agb1 9 ord] t ! rational "p may n be imp$$ 9 its en]gies4 ,pa9 also mu/ be tak5 away4 ,b if ?is is n possible1 x mu/ be mildly dim9i%$4 ,& x w be dim9i%$1 if ! s\l is n copassive ) x4 ,ang]1 likewise1 mu/ z mu* z possible be tak5 away2 & mu/ by no means be prem$itat$4 ,b if x _c be entirely remov$1 delib]ate *oice mu/ n be m+l$ ) x1 b ! unprem$itat$ motion mu/ be ! impulse ( ! irrational "p4 ,t h[ev] :i* is unprem$itat$1 is imbecile & small4 ,all fe> likewise mu/ be expell$4 ,= he :o is adapt$ to ?is purification1 w fe> no?+4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 if x %\ld take place1 x w be unprem$itat$4 ,ang] !re=e & fe> mu/ be us$ = ! purpose ( admonition4 ,b ! desire ( e ?+ base mu/ be ext]m9at$4 ,su* a "o also1 s f> z he is a ca?>tic philosoph]1 w n desire meats & dr9ks except s f> z !y are necess>y4 ,nei!r mu/ !re be ! unprem$itat$ 9 natural v5]eal connexions2 b if ?is %\ld take place1 x mu/ only be z f> z to t precipitate imag9ation :i* en]gizes 9 sleep4 ,9 %ort1 ! intellectual s\l itself ( ! purifi$ man mu/ be lib]at$ f all ^! corporeal prop5sities4 ,he mu/ likewise endeav\r1 t :at is mov$ to ! irrational nature ( corporeal passions1 may be mov$ )\t sympa?y1 & )\t animadv]sion2 s t ! motions !mselves may be imm$iately dissolv$1 ?r\gh _! vic9ity to ! reason+ p[]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n take place :ile ! purification is proce$+ to its p]fection2 b w happ5 to ^? 9 :om reason rules )\t opposition4 ,h5ce1 9 ^!1 ! inf]ior "p w s v5]ate reason1 t x w be indignant if x is at all mov$1 9 consequ5ce ( n be+ quiet :5 its ma/] is pres5t1 & w reprove itself = its imbecility4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are yet only mod]ations ( ! passions1 b at l5g? t]m9ate 9 apa?y4 ,= :5 copassivity is entirely ext]m9at$1 !n apa?y is pres5t ) him :o is purifi$ f ?is passivity4 ,= passion becomes mov$ :5 reason imp>ts excitation1 ?r\gh v]g+ to ! irrational nature4 #ce4 ,e ?+ :i* is situat$ some:]e1 is !re situat$ accord+ to its own nature1 & n pret]naturally4 ,= body1 !re=e1 :i* subsi/s 9 matt] & bulk1 to be some:]e1 is to be 9 place4 ,h5ce1 = ! body ( ! _w1 :i* is mat]ial & has bulk1 to be e :]e1 is to be ext5d$ ) int]val1 & to subsi/ 9 ! place ( int]val4 ,b a subsi/5ce 9 place1 is n at all pres5t ) ! intelligible _w1 nor1 9 %ort1 ) t :i* is immat]ial1 & ess5tially incorporeal1 because x is )\t bulk1 & )\t int]val2 s t ! ubiquity ( an incorporeal nature is n local4 ,h5ce1 nei!r w "o "p ( x be "h1 b ano!r !re2 = if ?is 7 ! case1 x w\ld n be out ( place1 nor )\t int]val2 b :]ev] x is1 ! :ole ( x is !re4 ,nor is x inde$ 9 ?is1 b n 9 ano!r place2 = ?us x w\ld be compreh5d$ by "o place1 b sep>at$ f ano!r4 ,nor is x remote f ?is ?+1 b ne> to t2 9 ! same mann] z remot5ess & ne>ness are ass]t$ ( ?+s :i* are adapt$ to be 9 place1 accord+ to ! measures ( int]vals4 ,h5ce1 ! s5sible is pres5t1 inde$1 ) ! intelligible _w1 accord+ to int]val1 b a truly incorporeal nature is pres5t ) ! _w imp>tibly1 & unaccompani$ by int]val4 ,! imp>tible1 likewise1 :5 x is 9 t :i* has int]val1 is :olly 9 e "p ( x1 be+ "o & ! same 9 numb] 9 e "p ( x4 ,t :i* is imp>tible1 !re=e1 & )\t multitude1 becomes ext5d$ into magnitude1 & multipli$1 :5 intimately connect$ ) t :i* is naturally multitud9\s1 & endu$ ) magnitude2 & ?us ! latt] receives ! =m] 9 su* a way z x is adapt$ to receive x1 & n su* z ! =m] truly is4 ,b t :i* is p>tible & multitud9\s1 is receiv$ by t :i* is naturally imp>tible & )\t multitude1 imp>tibly & non-multitud9\sly1 & aft] ?is mann] is pres5t ) x2 i4e4 ! imp>tible is pres5t imp>tibly1 )\t plurality1 & )\t a subsi/5ce 9 place1 con=mably to its own nature1 ) t :i* is p>tible1 & :i* is naturally multitud9\s1 & exi/s 9 place4 ,b t :i* is p>tible1 multipli$1 & 9 place1 is pres5t ) ! imp>tible ess5ce1 p>tibly1 multitud9\sly1 & locally4 ,h5ce1 x is necess>y1 9 ! survey ( ^! natures1 to pres]ve & n conf\nd ! peculi>ities ( ea*2 or r1 we %\ld n imag9e or op9e ( t :i* is incorporeal1 su* prop]ties z p]ta9 to bodies1 or any ?+ ( ! l k9d4 ,= no "o w\ld ascribe to bodies ! peculi>ities ( a g5u9ely incorporeal ess5ce4 ,= all ( u are famili> ) bodies2 b ! k ( incorporeal natures is atta9able by u ) great difficulty2 because1 ?r\gh n be+ able to behold !m intuitively1 we are involv$ 9 d\bt ab\t _! nature2 & ?is takes place z long z we are "u ! dom9ion ( imag9ation4 ,?us1 !re=e1 y %\ld say1 ,if t :i* is 9 place1 is out (1 or has dep>t$ f itself1 ?r\gh hav+ proce$$ into bulk1 t :i* is intelligible is n 9 place1 & is 9 itself1 because x has n proce$$ into corporeal ext5sion4 ,h5ce1 if ! =m] is an image1 ! latt] is an ar*etype4 ,& ! =m]1 inde$1 d]ives its be+ ?r\gh ! intelligible2 b ! latt] subsi/s 9 & ?r\gh itself4 ,= e physical image is ! image ( intellect4 ,x is also requisite t1 call+ to m9d ! peculi>ities ( bo? ^!1 we %\ld n wond] at ! discrepance :i* takes place 9 _! congress ) ea* o!r2 if1 9 %ort1 x is prop] on ?is occasion to use ! ^w congress4 ,= we are n n[ survey+ ! congress ( bodies1 b ( ?+s :i* are entirely di/9ct f ea* o!r1 accord+ to peculi>ity ( hypo/asis4 ,h5ce1 also1 ?is congress is diff]5t f e ?+ :i* is usually survey$ 9 ?+s ess5tially ! same4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 is x temp]am5t1 or mixture1 or conjunction1 or apposition1 b subsi/s 9 a way diff]5t f all ^!2 appe>+1 inde$1 9 all ! mutual p>ticipations ( consub/antial natures1 9 :atev] way ?is may be effect$2 b transc5d+ e ?+ t falls "u ! appreh5sion ( s5se4 ,h5ce1 an intelligible ess5ce is :olly pres5t )\t int]val1 ) all ! p>ts ( t :i* has int]val1 ?\gh !y %\ld happ5 to be inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,nor is x pres5t di/ribut$ into p>ts1 giv+ a "p to a "p2 nor be+ multipli$1 does x multitud9\sly imp>t itself to multitude2 b x is :olly pres5t ) ! p>ts ( t :i* is ext5d$ into bulk1 & ) ea* individual ( ! multitude1 & all ! bulk imp>tibly1 & )\t plurality1 & z num]ically "o4 ,b x p]ta9s to ^? natures to enjoy x p>tibly1 & 9 a di/ribut$ mann]1 ^: p[] is dissipat$ into diff]5t p>ts4 ,& to ^! x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ?r\gh a defect ( _! own nature1 !y c\nt]feit an intelligible ess5ce2 s t d\bts arise respect+ t ess5ce1 :i* appe>s to h pass$ f its own nature into !irs4 #cf4 ,truly-exi/+ be+ is nei!r great nor small1 = magnitude & p>vitude are prop]ly ! peculi>ities ( bulk4 ,b true be+ transc5ds bo? magnitude & p>vitude2 & is above ! greate/1 & above ! lea/2 & is num]ically "o & ! same1 ?\gh x is f\nd to be simultane\sly p>ticipat$ by e ?+ t is greate/1 & e ?+ t is lea/4 ,y mu/ n1 !re=e1 conceive ( x z some?+ :i* is greate/2 z y w !n be dubi\s h[1 be+ t :i* is greate/1 x is pres5t ) ! smalle/ masses1 )\t be+ dim9i%$ or contract$4 ,nor mu/ y conceive ( x z some?+ :i* is lea/2 s9ce y w ?us aga9 be dubi\s h[1 be+ t :i* is lea/1 x is pres5t ) ! greate/ masses1 )\t be+ multipli$ or increas$1 or )\t receiv+ addition4 ,b at "o & ! same "t receiv+ into ! greate/ magnitude t :i* transc5ds ! greate/ bulk1 & into ! lea/ magnitude t :i* transc5ds ! lea/#agc1 y w be able to conceive h[ ! same ?+1 abid+ 9 itself1 may be simultane\sly se5 9 any casual magnitude1 & 9 inf9ite multitudes & corporeal masses4 ,= accord+ to its own peculi>ity1 x is pres5t ) ! magnitude ( ! _w imp>tibly & )\t magnitude4 ,x also antec$es ! bulk ( ! _w1 & compreh5ds e "p ( x1 9 its own imp>tibility2 j z1 vice v]sa1 ! _w1 by its multitude ( p>ts1 is multif>i\sly pres5t1 z f> z x is able1 ) truly-exi/+ be+1 yet _c compreh5d x1 nei!r ) ! :ole ( its bulk1 nor ! :ole ( its p[]2 b meets ) x 9 all its p>ts z t :i* is inf9ite1 & _c be pass$ beyond2 & ?is bo? 9 o!r respects1 & because truly-exi/+ be+ is entirely free f all corporeal ext5sion4 #cg4 ,t :i* is great] 9 bulk1 is less 9 p[]1 :5 comp>$1 n ) ?+s ( a simil> k9d1 b ) ^? t are ( a diff]5t species1 or ( a diff]5t ess5ce4 ,= bulk is1 z x 71 ! dep>ture ( a ?+ f itself1 & a division ( p[] into ! smalle/ p>ts4 ,h5ce1 t :i* transc5ds 9 p[]1 is =eign f all bulk4 ,= p[] proce$+ into itself1 is fill$ ) itself1 &1 by corroborat+ itself1 obta9s its prop] /r5g?2 on :i* acc\nt1 body proce$+ into bulk ?r\gh a dim9ution ( p[]1 is z mu* remote f truly-incorporeal be+1 z t :i* truly exi/s is f be+ exhau/$ by bulk2 = ! latt] abides 9 ! magnitude ( ! same p[]1 ?r\gh an exemption f bulk4 ,z1 !re=e1 truly-exi/+ be+ is1 ) ref]5ce to a corporeal mass1 )\t magnitude & )\t bulk2 ?us also1 t :i* is corporeal is1 ) ref]5ce to truly-exi/+ be+1 imbecile & p[]less4 ,= t :i* is greate/ by magnitude ( p[]1 is exempt f all bulk2 s t ! _w exi/+ e :]e1 &1 z x is said1 meet+ ) real be+ :i* is truly e :]e1 is n able to compreh5d ! magnitude ( its p[]4 ,x meets1 h[ev]1 ) true be+1 :i* is n p>tibly pres5t ) x1 b is pres5t )\t magnitude1 & )\t any def9ite limitation4 ,! pres5ce1 !re=e1 ( truly-exi/+ be+ ) ! _w1 is n local1 b assimilative1 s f> z x is possible = body to be assimilat$ to t :i* is incorporeal1 & = t :i* is incorporeal to be survey$ 9 a body assimilat$ to x4 ,h5ce1 an incorporeal nature is n pres5t ) body1 s f> z x is n possible = t :i* is mat]ial to be assimilat$ to a p]fectly immat]ial nature2 & x is pres5t1 s f> z a corporeal c be assimilat$ to an incorporeal ess5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is n effect$ ?r\gh reception2 s9ce1 if x 71 ea* w\ld be corrupt$4 ,= ! mat]ial1 inde$1 9 receiv+ ! immat]ial nature1 w\ld be corrupt$1 ?r\gh be+ *ang$ into x2 & ! immat]ial ess5ce w\ld become mat]ial4 ,assimilations1 !re=e1 & p>ticipations ( p[]s1 & ! defici5cy ( p[]1 proce$ into ?+s :i* are ?us diff]5t 9 ess5ce f ea* o!r1 into ea* o!r4 ,! _w1 !re=e1 is v f> f possess+ ! p[] ( real be+2 & real be+ is v remote f ! imbecility ( a mat]ial nature4 ,b t :i* subsi/s betwe5 ^!1 assimilat+ & be+ assimilat$1 & conjo9+ ! extremes to ea* o!r1 becomes ! cause ( deception ab\t ! extremes1 9 consequ5ce ( apply+1 ?r\gh ! assimilation1 ! "o to ! o!r4 #ch4 ,truly-exi/+ be+ is said to be _m ?+s1 n by a subsi/5ce 9 diff]5t places1 nor 9 ! measures ( bulk1 nor by coac]vation1 nor by ! circumscriptions or compreh5sions#agd ( divisible p>ts1 b by a diff]5ce :i* is immat]ial1 )\t bulk1 & )\t plurality1 & :i* is divid$ accord+ to multitude4 ,h5ce1 also1 x is "o2 n z "o body1 nor z 9 "o place2 nor z "o bulk2 nor z "o :i* is _m ?+s2 because x is diff]5t s f> z x is "o1 & its diff]5ce is bo? divid$ & unit$4 ,= its diff]5ce is n ext]nally acquir$1 nor adscititi\s1 nor obta9$ ?r\gh ! p>ticipation ( some?+ else1 b x is _m ?+s f itself4 ,=1 rema9+ "o1 x en]gizes ) all en]gies1 because1 ?r\gh sam5ess1 x con/itutes all diff]5ce2 n be+ survey$ 9 ! diff]5ce ( "o ?+ ) respect to ano!r1 z is ! case 9 bodies4 ,=1 on ! contr>y1 9 ^!1 unity subsi/s 9 diff]5ce2 because div]sity has 9 !m a prec$ane\s exi/5ce2 b ! unity :i* !y conta9 is ext]nally & adscititi\sly d]iv$4 ,= 9 truly exi/+ be+1 inde$1 unity & sam5ess prec$e2 b diff]5ce is g5]at$1 f ?is unity be+ en]getic4 ,h5ce1 true be+ is multipli$ 9 imp>tibility2 b body is unit$ 9 multitude & bulk4 ,! =m] also is e/abli%$ 9 itself1 subsi/+ 9 itself accord+ to unity2 b ! latt] is nev] 9 itself1 because x receives its hypo/asis 9 an ext5sion ( exi/5ce4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 is an all-en]getic "o2 b ! latt] is an unit$ multitude4 ,h5ce1 x is requisite to explore h[ ! =m] is "o & diff]5t2 & aga91 h[ ! latt] is multitude & "o4 ,nor mu/ we transf] ! peculi>ities ( ! "o to ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! o!r4 #ci4 ,x is n prop] to ?9k t ! multitude ( s\ls 0 g5]at$ on acc\nt ( ! multitude ( bodies2 b x is necess>y to admit t1 prior to bodies1 !re 7 _m s\ls1 & "o s\l ! cause ( ! _m4 ,nor does ! "o & :ole s\l prev5t ! subsi/5ce 9 x ( _m s\ls2 nor d ! multitude ( s\ls di/ribute by division ! "o s\l into !mselves4 ,= !y are di/9ct f1 b are n absc9d$ f ! s\l1 :i* ranks z a :ole2 nor d !y di/ribute into m9ute p>ts ?is :ole s\l into !mselves4 ,!y are also pres5t ) ea* o!r )\t confusion2 nor d !y produce ! :ole s\l by coac]vation4 ,= !y are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r by any b\nd>ies2 nor1 aga91 are !y confus$ ) ea* o!r2 j z nei!r are _m sci5ces confus$ 9 "o s\l by :i* !y are possess$4 ,= ^! sci5ces d n subsi/ 9 ! s\l l bodies1 z ?+s ( a diff]5t ess5ce f x2 b !y are c]ta9 en]gies ( ! s\l4 ,= ! nature ( s\l possesses an inf9ite p[]4 ,e ?+ also t occurs 9 x is s\l2 & all s\ls are 9 a c]ta9 respect "o2 & aga91 ! s\l :i* ranks z a :ole1 is diff]5t f all ! re/4 ,= z bodies1 ?\gh divid$ to inf9ity1 d n end 9 t :i* is incorporeal1 b alone receive a diff]5ce ( segm5ts accord+ to bulk2 ?us also s\l1 be+ a vital =m1 may be conceiv$ to consi/ ( =ms ad inf9itum4 ,= x possesses specific diff]5ces1 & ! :ole ( x subsi/s toge!r )1 or )\t ^!4 ,=1 if !re is 9 ! s\l t :i* is z x 7 a "p divid$ f ! re/ ( ! p>ts1 yet1 at ! same "t t !re is diff]5ce1 ! sam5ess rema9s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 bodies1 9 :i* diff]5ce pr$om9ates ov] sam5ess1 no?+ incorporeal :5 x acc$es cuts (f ! union1 b all ! p>ts rema9 ess5tially unit$1 & are divid$ by qualities & o!r =ms2 :at ought we to ass]t & conceive ( a specific incorporeal life1 9 :i* sam5ess is m preval5t ?an diff]5ce2 to :i* no?+ =eign to =m is subject$1 & f :i* ! union ( bodies is d]iv$8 ,nor does body1 :5 x becomes connect$ ) s\l1 cut (f its union1 ?\gh x is an imp$im5t to its en]gies 9 _m respects4 ,b ! sam5ess ( s\l produces & discov]s all ?+s ?r\gh itself1 ?r\gh its specific en]gy1 :i* proce$s to inf9ity2 s9ce any "p ( x :atev] is capable ( effect+ all ?+s1 :5 x is lib]at$ & purifi$ f a conjunction ) bodies2 j z any "p ( se$ possesses ! p[] ( ! :ole se$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 se$1 :5 x is unit$ ) matt]1 pr$om9ates ov] x1 accord+ to ea* ( ! productive pr9ciples :i* ! se$s conta92 & all ! se$1 its p[] be+ collect$ into "o1 possesses ! :ole ( its p[] 9 ea* ( ! p>ts2 ?us also1 9 ! immat]ial s\l1 t :i* may be conceiv$ z a "p1 has ! p[] ( ! :ole s\l4 ,b t "p ( x :i* v]ges to matt]1 is vanqui%$1 inde$1 by ! =m to :i* x v]ges1 & yet is adapt$ to associate ) immat]ial =m1 ?\gh x is connect$ ) matt]1 :5 )draw+ itself f a mat]ial nature1 x is conv]t$ to itself4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh v]g+ to matt]1 x becomes 9 want ( all ?+s1 & suff]s an empt9ess ( its prop] p[]2 b :5 x is elevat$ to intellect1 is f\nd to possess a pl5itude ( all its p[]s2 h5ce ^? :o fir/ obta9$ a k ( ?is pl5itude ( ! s\l1 v prop]ly indicat$ its empt9ess by call+ x pov]ty1 & its fulness by d5om9at+ x satiety4 ,,section ,,iii4 #dj4 ,! anci5ts1 wi%+ to exhibit to u ! peculi>ity ( incorporeal be+1 s f> z ?is c be effect$ by words1 :5 !y ass]t t x is "o1 imm$iately add1 t x is likewise all ?+s2 by :i* !y signifi$ t x is n "s "o#age ( ! ?+s :i* are kn[n by ! s5ses4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we suspect t ?is incorporeal "o is diff]5t f s5sibles1 9 consequ5ce ( n p]ceiv+ ?is total "o1 :i* is all ?+s accord+ to "o1 9 a s5sible nature1 & :i* is s because ?is "o is all ?+s3--h5ce ! anci5ts add$1 t x is "o s f> z "o2 9 ord] t we might und]/& t :at is all ?+s 9 truly exi/+ be+1 is some?+ uncomp\nd$1 & t we might )draw ourselves f ! conception ( a coac]vation4 ,:5 likewise !y say t x is e :]e1 !y add t x is no :]e4 ,:5 also !y ass]t t x is 9 all ?+s1 !y add1 t x is no :]e 9 e ?+4 ,?us1 too1 :5 !y say1 t x is 9 all ?+s1 & 9 e divisible nature :i* is adapt$ to receive x1 !y add1 t x is a :ole 9 a :ole4 ,&1 9 %ort1 !y r5d] x manife/ to u1 ?r\gh contr>y peculi>ities2 at "o & ! same "t assum+ ^!1 9 ord] t we may ext]m9ate1 f ! appreh5sion ( x1 ! fictiti\s conceptions :i* are d]iv$ f bodies1 & :i* obscure ! cognoscible peculi>ities ( real be+4 #da4 ,:5 y h assum$ an et]nal ess5ce1 inf9ite 9 itself accord+ to p[]1 & beg9 to p]ceive intellectually an hypo/asis unwe>i$1 untam$1 & nev]-fail+1 b transc5d+ 9 ! mo/ pure & g5u9e life1 & full f itself2 & :i* is likewise e/abli%$ 9 itself1 satisfi$ )1 & seek+ no?+ b itself3--to ?is ess5ce1 if y add a subsi/5ce 9 place1 or a relation to a c]ta9 ?+1 at ! same "t t y appe> to dim9i% x1 by ascrib+ to x an indig5ce ( place1 or a relative condition ( be+1 y d n 9 reality dim9i% ?is ess5ce1 b y sep>ate y\rself f ! p]ception ( x1 by receiv+ z a veil ! phantasy :i* runs "u y\r conjectural appreh5sion ( x4 ,= y _c pass beyond1 or /op1 or r5d] m p]fect1 or effect ! lea/ *ange 9 a ?+ ( ?is k9d1 because x is impossible = x to be 9 ! smalle/ degree defici5t4 ,= x is mu* m nev]-fail+ ?an any p]petually fl[+ f\nta9 c be conceiv$ to be4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are unable to keep pace ) x1 & to become assimilat$ to ! intelligible all1 y %\ld n inve/igate any ?+ p]ta9+ to real be+2 or1 if y d1 y w deviate f ! pa? t leads to x1 & w look to some?+ else4 ,b if y inve/igate no?+ else1 be+ e/abli%$ 9 y\rself & y\r own ess5ce1 y w be assimilat$ to ! intelligible univ]se1 & w n adh]e to any ?+ po/]ior to x4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 %\ld y say1 ,i am ( a great magnitude4 ,=1 omitt+ ?is greatness1 y w become univ]sal2 ?\gh y 7 univ]sal prior to ?is4 ,b1 toge!r ) ! univ]sal1 some?+ else 0 pres5t ) y1 & y became less by ! addition2 because ! addition 0 n f truly-exi/+ be+4 ,= to t y _c add any ?+4 ,:51 !re=e1 any ?+ is add$ f non-be+1 a place is af=d$ to ,pov]ty z an associate1 accompani$ by an indig5ce ( all ?+s4 ,h5ce1 dismiss+ non-be+1 y w !n become suffici5t to y\rself#agf4 ,= he w n return prop]ly to himself :o does n dismiss ?+s ( a m vile & abject nature1 & :o op9es himself to be some?+ naturally small1 & n to be su* z he truly is4 ,= ?us he1 at "o & ! same "t1 dep>ts bo? f himself1 & f truly-exi/+ be+4 ,:51 also1 any "o is pres5t ) t :i* is pres5t 9 himself1 !n he is pres5t ) true be+1 :i* is e :]e4 ,b :5 y )draw f y\rself1 !n1 likewise1 y rec$e f real be+2--( su* great consequ5ce is x1 = a man to be pres5t ) t :i* is pres5t ) himself1 i4e4 ) 8 rational "p1 & to be abs5t f t :i* is ext]nal to him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 true be+ is pres5t ) u1 b non-be+ is abs5t1 & real be+ is n pres5t ) u 9 conjunction ) o!r ?+s ( a nature =eign to x2 x does n acc$e 9 ord] t x may be pres5t1 b we dep>t f x1 :5 x is n pres5t ) ?+s ( a diff]5t nature4 ,& :y %\ld ?is be consid]$ z wond]ful8 ,= y :5 pres5t are n abs5t f y\rself2 & yet y are n pres5t ) y\rself1 ?\gh pres5t4 ,& y are bo? pres5t ) & abs5t f y\rself :5 y survey o!r ?+s1 & omit to behold y\rself4 ,if1 !re=e1 y are ?us pres5t1 & yet n 9 reality pres5t ) y\rself1 & on ?is acc\nt are ignorant ( y\rself1 & 9 a great] degree discov] all ?+s1 ?\gh remote f y\r ess5ce1 ?an y\rself1 ) :i* y are naturally pres5t1 :y %\ld y wond] if t :i* is n pres5t is remote f y :o are remote f x1 because y h become remote f y\rself8 ,=1 by h[ mu* ! m y are truly pres5t ) y\rself1 ?\gh x is pres5t1 & insep>ably conjo9$ ) y1 by s mu* ! m w y be pres5t ) real be+1 :i* is s ess5tially unit$ to y1 t x is z impossible = x to be divuls$ f y1 z = y to be sep>at$ f y\rself4 ,s t x is univ]sally possible to "k :at is pres5t ) real be+1 & :at is abs5t f x1 ?\gh x is e :]e pres5t1 & aga9 is also no :]e4 ,= ^? :o are able to proce$ into _! own ess5ce intellectually1 & to obta9 a k ( x1 w1 9 ! k itself1 & ! sci5ce accompany+ ?is k1 be able to recov] or rega9 !mselves1 ?r\gh ! union ( t :i* kn[s ) t :i* is kn[n4 ,& ) ^?1 :o are pres5t ) !mselves1 truly-exi/+ be+ w also be pres5t4 ,b f su* z ab&on ! prop] be+ ( !mselves to o!r ?+s1--f ^!1 z !y are abs5t f !mselves1 true be+ w also be abs5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are naturally adapt$ to be e/abli%$ 9 ! same ess5ce1 to be ri* f ourselves1 & n to desc5d to t :i* we are n2 9 s do+ becom+ 9 want ( ourselves1 & ?us aga9 associat+ ) ,pov]ty1 ?\gh ,porus#agg or ,pl5ty is pres5t2--& if we are cut (f f real be+1 f :i* we are n sep>at$ ei!r by place1 or ess5ce1 nor by any ?+ else1 ?r\gh our conv]sion to non-be+1 we suff] z a j puni%m5t ( our ab&onm5t ( true be+1 a dep>ture f1 & ignorance ( ourselves4 ,& aga91 by a prop] att5tion to1 we recov] ourselves1 & become unit$ to div9ity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 rightly said1 t ! s\l is conf9$ 9 body z 9 a prison1 & is !re deta9$ 9 *a9s l a fugitive slave#agh4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 e>ne/ly endeav\r to be lib]at$ f our bonds4 ,=1 ?r\gh be+ conv]t$ to ^! s5sible objects1 we des]t ourselves1 ?\gh we are ( a div9e orig91 & are1 z ,emp$ocles says1 ,heav5's exiles1 /ray+ f ! orb ( light4 ,s t e deprav$ life is full ( s]vitude2 & on ?is acc\nt is )\t ,god & unju/1 ! _s 9 x be+ full ( impiety1 & consequ5tly ( inju/ice4 ,& ?us1 aga91 x is rightly said1 t ju/ice is to be f\nd 9 ! p]=mance ( t :i* is ! prov9ce ( him :o p]=ms x4 ,! image also ( true ju/ice consi/s 9 di/ribut+ to ea* ( ^? ) :om we live1 t :i* is due to ! des]t ( ea*4 #db4 ,t :i* possesses its exi/5ce 9 ano!r i4e4 9 some?+ diff]5t f itself1 & is n ess5tializ$ 9 itself1 sep>ably f ano!r1 if x %\ld be conv]t$ to itself1 9 ord] to "k itself1 )\t t 9 :i* x is ess5tializ$1 )draw+ itself f x2 w\ld be corrupt$ by ?is k1 9 consequ5ce ( sep>at+ itself f its ess5ce4 ,b t :i* is able to "k itself )\t ! subject 9 :i* x exi/s1 & is able to )draw itself f ?is subject1 )\t ! de/ruction ( itself1 _c be ess5tializ$ 9 t1 f :i* x is capable ( conv]t+ itself to itself1 )\t be+ corrupt$1 & ( kn[+ itself by its own en]gies4 ,h5ce1 if sight1 & e s5sitive p[]1 nei!r p]ceives itself1 nor appreh5ds or pres]ves itself by sep>at+ itself f body2 b intellect1 :5 x sep>ates itself f body1 !n especially p]ceives intellectually1 is conv]t$ to itself1 & is n corrupt$2--x is evid5t t ! s5sitive p[]s obta9 ! p[] ( en]giz+ ?r\gh ! body2 b t intellect possesses its en]gies & its ess5ce n 9 body1 b 9 itself4 #dc4 ,incorporeal natures are prop]ly d5om9at$1 & conceiv$ to be :at !y are1 accord+ to a privation ( body2 j z1 accord+ to ! anci5ts1 matt]1 & ! =m :i* is 9 matt]1 & also natures & physical p[]s1 are appreh5d$ by an ab/raction f matt]4 ,& aft] ! same mann] place1 "t1 & ! b\nd>ies ( ?+s1 are appreh5d$4 ,= all su* ?+s are d5om9at$ accord+ to a privation ( body4 ,!re are likewise o!r ?+s :i* are said to be incorporeal improp]ly1 n accord+ to a privation ( body1 b1 9 %ort1 because !y are n naturally adapt$ to g5]ate body#agi4 ,h5ce ^? ( ! =m] signification subsi/ 9 bodies2 b ^? ( ! second are p]fectly sep>at$ f bodies1 & f ^? incorporeal natures :i* subsi/ ab\t bodies4 ,= bodies1 inde$1 are 9 place1 & b\nd>ies are 9 body4 ,b intellect1 & intellectual reason1 nei!r subsi/ 9 place nor 9 body2 nor proximately give exi/5ce to bodies1 nor subsi/ toge!r ) bodies1 or ) ^? incorporeal natures :i* are d5om9at$ accord+ to a privation ( bodies4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 if a c]ta9 incorporeal vacuum %\ld be conceiv$ to exi/1 w\ld x be possible = intellect to be 9 a vacuum4 ,= a vacuum may be ! recipi5t ( body2 b x is impossible t x %\ld be ! recipi5t ( intellect1 & af=d a place = its en]gy4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! g5us ( an incorporeal nature appe>s to be tw(old1 "o ( ^! ! foll[]s ( ,z5o d n at all admit1 b !y adopt ! o!r2 & p]ceiv+ t ! =m] is n su* z ! latt]1 !y entirely subv]t x1 ?\gh !y ought r to conceive t x is ( ano!r g5us1 & n to fancy t1 because x is n ! latt]1 x has no exi/5ce4 #dd4 ,intellect & ! intelligible are "o ?+1 & s5se & t :i* is s5sible ano!r4 ,& ! intelligible1 inde$1 is conjo9$ ) intellect1 b t :i* is s5sible ) s5se4 ,nei!r1 h[ev]1 c s5se by itself appreh5d itself4444 ,b ! intelligible1 :i* is conjo9$ ) intellect1 & intellect1 :i* is conjo9$ ) ! intelligible1 by no means fall "u ! p]ception ( s5se4 ,intellect1 h[ev]1 is intelligible to intellect4 ,b if intellect is ! intelligible object ( intellect1 intellect w be its own intelligible object4 ,if1 !re=e1 intellect is an intellectual & n a s5sible object1 x w be intelligible4 ,b if x is intelligible to intellect1 & n to s5se1 x w also be intellig5t4 ,! same ?+1 !re=e1 w be t :i* is intellig5t1 or intellectually p]ceives1 & :i* is intellectually p]ceiv$1 or is intelligible2 & ?is w be true ( ! :ole ) respect to ! :ole2 b n z he :o rubs1 & he :o is rubb$4 ,intellect1 !re=e1 does n intellectually p]ceive by "o "p1 & is intellectually p]ceiv$ by ano!r3 = x is imp>tible1 & ! :ole is an intelligible object ( ! :ole4 ,x is likewise :olly intellect1 hav+ no?+ 9 itself :i* c be conceiv$ to be depriv$ ( intellig5ce4 ,h5ce "o "p ( x does n intellectually p]ceive1 b n ano!r "p ( x#ahj4 ,=1 s f> z x does n intellectually p]ceive1 x w be un9tellig5t4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 dep>t+ f ?is ?+1 does x pass on to t4 ,= ( t f :i* x dep>ts1 x has no intellectual p]ception4 ,b if !re is no transition 9 its intellections1 x intellectually p]ceives all ?+s at once4 ,if1 !re=e1 x und]/&s all ?+s at once1 & n ?is ?+ n[1 b ano!r aft]w>ds1 x und]/&s all ?+s in/antane\sly & always4444#aha ,h5ce1 if all ?+s are in/antane\sly p]ceiv$ by x1 its p]ceptions h no?+ to d ) ! pa/ & ! future1 b subsi/ 9 an indivisible untemporal n[2 s t ! simultane\s1 bo? accord+ to multitude1 & accord+ to temporal int]val1 are pres5t ) intellect4 ,h5ce1 too1 all ?+s subsi/ 9 x accord+ to "o1 & 9 "o1 )\t int]val1 & )\t "t4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 !re is no?+ discursive or transitive 9 its intellections1 & consequ5tly !y are )\t motion4 ,h5ce1 !y are en]gies accord+ to "o1 subsi/+ 9 "o1 & )\t increase or mutation1 or any transition4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! multitude subsi/s accord+ to "o1 & ! en]gy is collect$ toge!r at once1 & )\t "t1 an ess5ce ( ?is k9d mu/ necess>ily always subsi/ 9 an intelligible "o4 ,b ?is is et]nity4 ,h5ce1 et]nity is pres5t ) intellect4 ,t nature1 h[ev]1 :i* does n p]ceive intellectually accord+ to "o1 & 9 "o1 b transitively1 & ) motion1 s t 9 und]/&+ x leaves "o ?+ & appreh5ds ano!r1 divides & proce$s discursively1--?is nature :i* is s\l subsi/s 9 conjunction ) "t4 ,= ) a motion ( ?is k9d1 ! future & ! pa/ are consubsi/5t4 ,b s\l1 *ang+ its conceptions1 passes f "o ?+ to ano!r2 n t ! prior conceptions dep>t1 & ! po/]ior acc$e 9 _! place1 b !re is1 z x 71 a transition ( ! =m]1 ?\gh !y rema9 9 ! s\l1 & ! latt] acc$e1 z if f "s o!r place4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 acc$e 9 reality f ano!r place2 b !y appe> to d s 9 consequ5ce ( ! self-motion ( ! s\l1 & ?r\gh h] eye be+ direct$ to a survey ( ! diff]5t =ms :i* %e conta9s1 & :i* h ! relation ( p>ts to h] :ole ess5ce4 ,= %e resembles a f\nta9 n fl[+ outw>dly1 b circul>ly scatt]+ its /reams into itself4 ,) ! motion1 !re=e1 ( s\l1 "t is consubsi/5t2 b et]nity is consubsi/5t ) ! p]man5cy ( intellect 9 itself#ahb4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 divid$ f intellect 9 ! same mann] z "t is f s\l2 because 9 intellect ! consubsi/5t ess5ces are unit$4 ,b t :i* is p]petually mov$1 is ! s\rce ( a false op9ion ( et]nity1 ?r\gh ! immeasurable ext5t ( its motion produc+ a conception ( et]nity4 ,& t :i* abides 9 "o1 is falsely conceiv$ to be ! same ) t :i* is p]petually mov$4 ,= t :i* is p]petually mov$1 evolves ! "t ( itself 9 ! same mann] z ! n[ ( itself1 & multiplies x1 accord+ to a temporal progression4 ,h5ce1 "s h appreh5d$ t "t is to be survey$ 9 p]man5cy no less ?an 9 motion2 & t et]nity1 z we h said1 is inf9ite "t2 j z if ea* ( ^! imp>t$ its own prop]ties to ! o!r2 "t1 :i* is always mov$1 adumbrat+ et]nity by ! p]petuity ( itself1 & ! sam5ess ( its motion2 & et]nity1 ?r\gh be+ e/abli%$ 9 sam5ess ( en]gy1 becom+ simil> to "t1 by ! p]man5cy ( itself aris+ f en]gy4 ,9 s5sibles1 h[ev]1 ! "t ( "o ?+ is di/9ct f t ( ano!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !re is "o "t ( ! sun1 & ano!r ( ! moon1 "o "t ( ! morn+-/>1 & ano!r ( ea* ( ! planets4 ,h5ce1 also1 !re is a diff]5t ye> ( diff]5t planets4 ,! ye>1 likewise1 :i* compreh5ds ^! times1 t]m9ates z 9 a summit 9 ! motion ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! imitation ( :i* ! cele/ial orbs are mov$4 ,! motion ( ?is s\l1 h[ev]1 be+ ( a diff]5t nature f t ( ! planets1 ! "t ( ! =m] also is diff]5t f t ( ! latt]4 ,= ! latt] subsi/s ) int]val1 & is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by local motions & transitions4 ,,footnotes3 #adf ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 444 ,b x is evid5t1 f ! s5se ( ! :ole passage1 t1 = 1 we %\ld read1 1 444 #adg ,! article is want+ "h 9 ! orig9al be=e 4 #adh ,k subsi/s con=mably to ! nature by :i* x is possess$1 & n con=mably to ! ?+ kn[n4 ,h5ce x is ei!r bett] ?an1 or co-ord9ate )1 or inf]ior to ! object ( k4 ,?us ! rational s\l has a k ( s5sibles1 :i* is sup]ior to s5sibles2 b x kn[s itself ) a co-ord9ate k2 & its k ( div9ity is inf]ior to ! object ( k4 ,porphyry1 !re=e1 is n correct 9 :at he "h says4 ,?is dogma respect+ ! con=mity ( k to t :i* kn[s1 r ?an to ! ?+ kn[n1 orig9at$ f ! div9e ,iambli*us1 z we are in=m$ by ,ammonius 9 8 comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's treatise ,de ,int]pretatione1 & is adopt$ by ,proclus 79 ,p>m5id474 ,boetius likewise employs x 9 8 reason+ 9 lib4 v4 ab\t ! presci5ce ( div9ity4 ,none ( 8 comm5tators1 h[ev]1 h notic$ ! s\rce f :5ce x 0 d]iv$4 #adi ,because "h ! g5]ator is t prim>ily :i* ! ?+ g5]at$ is second>ily4 ,see my translation ( ,proclus's ,!ological ,elem5ts4 #aej ,porphyry "h summ>ily compreh5ds ! rational gno/ic p[]s ( ! s\l 9 intellect1 because1 be+ rational1 !y are expansions ( intellect prop]ly s call$4 ,b ^! p[]s1 beg9n+ f ! l[e/1 are op9ion1 dianoia1 & ! summit ( dianoia1 :i* summit is ! intellect ( ! human s\l1 & is t p[]1 by ! light ( :i* we p]ceive ! tru? ( axioms1 x be+ intuitive p]ception4 ,dianoia is ! discursive en]gy ( reason2 or x is t p[] :i* reasons sci5tifically1 d]iv+ ! pr9ciples ( its reason+ f intellect4 ,& op9ion is t p[] :i* kn[s t a ?+ is1 b is ignorant ( ! cause ( x1 or :y x is4 #aea ,9 ! orig9al1 2 b = 1 x appe>s to me to be obvi\sly necess>y to read 4 #aeb ,9 ! orig9al1 1 2 :i* ,hol/5ius1 :olly mi/ak+ ! mean+1 mo/ errone\sly translates1 8,at si extra mat]iam s9t1 neutiquam id fi]i pot]it40 ,f>!r on1 ,porphyry ass]ts1 t ,god1 intellect1 & s\l1 are no :]e1 accord+ to corporeal locality4 #aec ,9 ! orig9al1 1 4 ,b = 1 ,i read 4 ,?is p[]1 by :i* ,porphyry *>act]izes memory1 is ( a /able nature4 ,& h5ce memory is /ability ( k1 9 ! same mann] z immortality is /ability ( life1 & et]nity /ability ( be+4 #aed ,see ! notes on ! #c;d book ( my translation ( ,ari/otle's treatise on ! ,s\l1 & also my translation ( ,plot9us on ,felicity4 8,! phantasy10 says ,olympiodorus 79 ,platonis ,phd47 8is an imp$im5t to our intellectual conceptions2 & h5ce1 :5 we are agitat$ by ! inspir+ influ5ce ( ,div9ity1 if ! phantasy int]v5es1 ! en?usia/ic en]gy ceases3 = en?usiasm & ! phantasy are contr>y to ea* o!r4 ,%\ld x be ask$1 :e!r ! s\l is able to en]gize )\t ! phantasy8 we reply1 t its p]ception ( univ]sals proves t x is able4 ,x has p]ceptions1 !re=e1 indep5d5t ( ! phantasy2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! phantasy att5ds x 9 its en]gies1 j z a /orm pursues him :o sails on ! sea40 #aee ,! analogy ( ! s\l to h>mony1 is m accurately unfold$ z foll[s1 by ,olympiodorus1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,phd ( ,plato1 ?an x is 9 ?is place by ,porphyry3 8,h>mony has a triple subsi/5ce4 ,= x is ei!r h>mony itself1 or x is t :i* is fir/ h>moniz$1 & :i* is su* accord+ to ! :ole ( itself2 or x is t :i* is second>ily h>moniz$1 & :i* p>tially p>ticipates ( h>mony4 ,! fir/ ( ^! mu/ be assign$ to intellect1 ! second to s\l1 & ! ?ird to body4 ,?is la/1 too1 is corruptible1 because x subsi/s 9 a subject2 b ! o!r two are incorruptible1 because !y are nei!r composites1 nor dep5d5t on a subject4 ,h5ce1 ! rational s\l is analog\s to a musician1 b ! animat$ body to h>moniz$ *ords2 = ! =m] has a subsi/5ce sep>ate1 b ! latt] insep>able f ! musical in/rum5t40 #aef ,:at ,porphyry "h says ab\t matt]1 is d]iv$ f ! treatise ( ,plot9us1 ,on ! ,impassivity ( ,incorporeal ,natures1 to my translation ( :i* ,i ref] ! read]4 #aeg ,see my translation ( ! be=e-m5tion$ treatise ( ,plot9us4 #aeh ,= "h1 ,i read 4 #aei ,h5ce1 x is beautifully said 9 ! ,clavis ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 8t ! k ( ! good or ! supreme pr9ciple ( ?+s1 is a div9e sil5ce1 & ! quiesc5ce ( all ! s5ses40 ,see1 also1 on ?is subject1 a mo/ admirable extract f ,damascius1 1 at ! end ( ! #c;d volume ( my ,plato4 #afj ,= t :i* is truly incorporeal1 is e :]e virtually1 i4e4 9 p[] & efficacy1 b is no :]e locally4 #afa ,= "h1 ,i read1 4 ,= ,porphyry is "h speak+ ( ess5ces :i* are oppos$ to su* z rank z :oles1 z is evid5t f ! :ole ( ?is p>agraph4 #afb ,! prim>y natures ( :i* ,porphyry is n[ speak+1 are rational p>tial s\ls1 su* z ours2 = ! natures sup]ior to ^!1 are nev] conv]t$ to be+s po/]ior to !mselves4 #afc ,= 1 i/hic1 ,i read1 4 #afd ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 b x appe>s to me to be necess>y to read1 1 4 #afe 1 is omitt$ 9 ! orig9al1 b ought to be ins]t$1 z is evid5t f ! v]sion ( ,hol/5ius4 #aff ,! irrational life is a ?+ ( ?is k9d1 :i* is p>tly sep>able & p>tly insep>able f body4 ,h5ce1 s f> z x is insep>able f body1 x p>takes ( ! e :]e2 b1 s f> z x is sep>able1 ( ! no :]e4 #afg i4e4 ,! animal _s1 or pneumatic s\l1 9 :i* ! rational s\l suff]s h] puni%m5ts 9 ,hades4 #afh i4e4 ,t "p ( ! s\l :i* is ! s\rce ( all-v>i\s desires4 #afi ,?is philosophic apa?y is n1 z is /upidly suppos$ by mo/ ( ! pres5t day1 ins5sibility1 b a p]fect subjugation ( ! passions to reason4 #agj ,! words 1 are omitt$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,b x is evid5t f ! treatise ( ,plot9us 8,on ! ,virtues10 t !y ought to be ins]t$4 ,= :at ,porphyry says 9 ?is ,section ab\t ! virtues1 is d]iv$ f t treatise4 #aga ,in/ead ( ' 1 "h x is necess>y to read1 ' 4 #agb ,con=mably to ?is1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 ,ari/otle says 9 ! #g? ,book ( 8 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 8t corporeal pleasures are rem$ies aga9/ pa91 & t !y fill up ! indig5ce ( nature1 b p]fect no en]gy ( ! rational s\l40 #agc ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 1 1 444 ,?is ,hol/5ius mo/ errone\sly translates1 8,v]um id quod maximam molem int]vallo maximo1 et m9imam m9imo exc$it simul sum5s1 c40 ,= a truly incorporeal nature1 su* z t ( :i* ,porphyry is n[ speak+1 has no?+ to d ) int]val1 &1 !re=e1 does n by int]val surpass ei!r ! greate/ or ! lea/ corporeal mass2 b is receiv$ transc5d5tly by ! greate/ & ! lea/ magnitude4 #agd ,= 1 "h1 ,i read 1 & ,hol/5ius also has 9 ?is place compreh5sionibus4 #age ,9 ! orig9al1 ' 2 b x appe>s to me to be necess>y1 aft] 1 to ins]t ! words 4 ,= incorporeal be+ is n l "s "o ( ! ?+s :i* are kn[n by ! s5ses1 because no "o ( ^! is "o1 &1 at ! same "t1 all ?+s4 ,hol/5ius did n p]ceive ! necessity ( ?is em5dation1 z is evid5t f 8 v]sion ( ! passage4 #agf ,imm$iately aft] ?is some?+ is want+ 9 ! orig9al1 7z is evid5t f ! a/]isks17 :i*1 z x appe>s to me1 no conjecture c appropriately supply4 #agg ,9 ! orig9al1 1 2 b = 1 ,i read 2 z x appe>s to me t ,porphyry is "h allud+ to :at is said by ,diotima1 9 ! ,banquet ( ,plato1 conc]n+ ! p>5ts ( ,love1 viz4 t !y are ,pov]ty & ,porus1 or ,pl5ty4 #agh ,see ! ,phd ( ,plato4 ,b some?+ is "h want+ 9 ! orig9al1 z is evid5t n only f ! a/]isks1 b f ! want ( connexion 9 ! words !mselves4 #agi i4e4 ,!y are n adapt$ to be ! imm$iate causes ( body1 because !y are p]fectly sep>at$ f x4 ,! orig9al is1 1 1 4 ,hol/5ius1 n und]/&+ :at is "h said by ,porphyry1 translates ! words 1 8s$ quod nullum omn9o corpus g5]>e possunt40 ,= ,porphyry1 z is evid5t f :at imm$iately foll[s1 is "h speak+ ( natures :i* are p]fectly sep>at$ f bodies1 & :i* are1 !re=e1 n naturally adapt$ to be ! imm$iate g5]ators ( !m1 n ?r\gh any defici5cy1 b ?r\gh transc5d5cy ( p[]4 #ahj ,9 ! orig9al1 1 1 :i* ,hol/5ius errone\sly translates1 8,ideoque non quidem unam sui p>tem intelligit1 alt]am v]o non intelligit40 ,= ,porphyry is n "h speak+ ( intellect survey+ its p>ts1 b ( its be+ :olly intellective4 ,?is is evid5t f :at imm$iately foll[s4 #aha ,! a/]isks 9 ! orig9al d5ote some?+ is want+4 ,nev]!less1 :at imm$iately foll[s !m1 is evid5tly connect$ ) :at imm$iately prec$es4 #ahb ,see ! f\r? book ( my translation ( ,proclus1 on ! ,timu ( ,plato1 9 :i* ! nature ( "t & et]nity is mo/ admirably unfold$4 ,see1 also1 my translation ( ,plot9us1 on ,et]nity & ,"t4 ,9 ^! works1 :at bo? ^! div9e m5 h said ( et]nity1 & :at ! =m] has said ( "t1 conta9s1 z x appe>s to me1 ! ne plus ultra ( philosophical inve/igation on ^! mo/ ab/ruse subjects4 ,,app5dix4 ,,app5dix4 ,,on ,,! ,,w&]+s ,,( ,,ulysses4 ,9 my ,hi/ory ( ! ,re/oration ( ! ,platonic ,!ology see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( my ,proclus on ,euclid1 & 9 a note accompany+ my translation ( ! treatise ( ,porphyry1 on ! ,cave ( ! ,nymphs1 9 t "w1 ,i attempt$1 f ! h9ts af=d$ by ,porphyry1 & ! "w ( an anonym\s ,greek writ]1 ,de ,ulyxis ,erroribus1 to unfold ! lat5t mean+ ( ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses1 z n>rat$ by ,hom]4 ,b z1 f my cont9u$ application to ! philosophy ( ,plato = upw>ds ( =ty ye>s1 ,i n[ "k mu* m ( t philosophy ?an ,i !n did1 a p]iod ( ?irty-five ye>s hav+ elaps$ f t to ! pres5t "t1 ,i %all aga9 attempt to expla9 ^? w&]+s1 reject+ "s ?+s1 & reta9+ o!rs :i* ,i _h adopt$ be=e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t ,ulysses does n rank among ! fir/ h]oic *>act]s1 or 9 o!r words1 he 0 n "o ( ^? h]oes :o desc5d into ! regions ( mortality at c]ta9 p]iods1 n only 9 compliance ) t necessity ?r\gh :i* all p>tial s\ls su* z ours desc5d p]iodically1 b also = ! purpose ( b5efit+ o!rs1 & lead+ !m back to _! pri/9e /ate ( p]fection4 ,h5ce1 he 0 by no means su* an exalt$ h]o z ,h]cules1 or ,py?agoras1 or ,socrates1 or ,plato2 = !y l>gely b5efit$ o!rs2 b he only b5efit$ himself4 ,= all 8 companions p]i%$ prior to 8 arrival at ,i?aca4 ,s t he 0 able to save himself1 b n o!rs4 8,h5ce10 says ,olympiodorus1 9 8 ,,ms4 ,s*olia on ! ,gorgias ( ,plato1 8x is said1 t ,ulysses w&]$ on ! sea by ! w ( ,neptune4 ,= by ?is x is signifi$ t ! ,odyssean life 0 nei!r t]re/rial1 nor yet cele/ial1 b betwe5 ^!4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ,neptune is ! "l ( ! middle natures1 on ?is acc\nt x is said1 t ,ulysses w&]$ ?r\gh ! w ( ,neptune1 because he _h a ,neptunian allotm5t4 ,?us1 also1 !ologi/s speak ( ! sons ( ,jupit]1 ,neptune1 & ,pluto1 reg>d+ ! allotm5t ( ea*4 ,= we say1 t he :o has a div9e & cele/ial polity1 is ! son ( ,jupit]2 t he :o has a t]re/rial polity1 is ! son ( ,pluto2 & he is ! son ( ,neptune1 ^: polity or allotm5t is betwe5 ^!#ahc40 ,h5ce ,ulysses1 f 8 ,neptunian allotm5t1 0 a man :o rank$ among ! middle class ( *>act]s t transc5d ! majority ( mank9d4 ,9 ! next place1 9 ord] to und]/& accurately ! recondite mean+ ( ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses1 x is requisite to "k :at ! mo/ div9e & !ological poet ,hom] indicates by ! ,trojan w> 9 ! ,iliad4 ,= ,hom]1 by comb9+ fiction ) hi/orical facts1 has deliv]$ to u "s v occult1 my/ic1 & valuable in=mation1 9 ^? two admirable poems1 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,h5ce1 by ^? :o direct$ _! att5tion to ?is recondite in=mation1 he 0 said1 con=mably to ! tragical mode ( speak+1 :i* 0 usual ) ! mo/ anci5t writ]s1 to h be5 bl9d1 because1 z ,proclus obs]ves#ahd1 he sep>at$ himself f s5sible beauty1 & ext5d$ ! intellect ( 8 s\l to invisible & true h>mony4 ,he 0 said1 !re=e1 to be bl9d1 because t intellectual beauty to :i* he rais$ himself _c be p]ceiv$ by corporeal eyes4 ,?us1 too1 ,orpheus is tragically said to h be5 lac]at$ 9 an all-v>i\s mann]1 because m5 ( t age p>tially p>ticipat$ ( 8 my/ic doctr9e4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( x1 h[ev]1 0 receiv$ by ! ,lesbians2 & on ?is acc\nt1 8 head1 :5 sep>at$ f 8 body1 is said to h be5 c>ri$ to ,lesbos4 ,h5ce1 ! ,platonic ,h]meas1 con=mably to ?is op9ion ( ! occult mean+ ( ! ,iliad1 beautifully expla9s z foll[s ! ,trojan w>1 9 8 ,s*olia on ! ,phdrus ( ,plato3 8,by ,ilion1 we mu/ und]/& ! g5]at$ & mat]ial place1 :i* is s d5om9at$ f mud & matt] 7 17 & 9 :i* !re are w> & s$ition4 ,b ! ,trojans are mat]ial =ms1 & all ! lives :i* subsi/ ab\t bodies4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! ,trojans are call$ g5u9e 774 ,= all ! lives :i* subsi/ ab\t bodies1 & irrational#ahe s\ls1 are fav\rable & att5tive to _! prop] matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,greeks are rational s\ls1 com+ f ,greece1 i4e4 f ! intelligible into matt]4 ,h5ce1 ! ,greeks are call$ =eign]s 717 & vanqui% ! ,trojans1 z be+ ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,b !y fight ) ea* o!r ab\t ! image ( ,hel51 z ! poet says ab\t ! image ( ,eneas4 ,ar\nd ! phantom ,greeks & ,trojans fight#ahf4 ,hel5 signify+ intelligible beauty1 be+ a c]ta9 vessel 7 17 attract+ to itself intellect4 ,an efflux1 !re=e1 ( ?is intelligible beauty is imp>t$ to matt] ?r\gh ,v5us2 & ab\t ?is efflux ( beauty ! ,greeks fight ) ! ,trojans i4e4 rational ) irrational lives#ahg4 ,& ^?1 inde$1 t oppose & vanqui% matt]1 return to ! intelligible _w1 :i* is _! true c\ntry2 b ^? :o d n1 z is ! case ) ! multitude1 are b\nd to matt]4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! prophet1 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,republic1 previ\sly to ! desc5t ( s\ls1 ann\nces to !m h[ !y may return to _! pri/9e felicity1 accord+ to p]iods ( a ?\s& & t5 ?\s& ye>s2 ?us1 also1 ,cal*as pr$icts to ! ,greeks _! return 9 t5 ye>s1 ! numb] t5 be+ ! symbol ( a p]fect p]iod4 ,& z1 9 ! lives ( s\ls1 "s are elevat$ ?r\gh philosophy1 o!rs ?r\gh ! amatory art1 & o!rs ?r\gh ! royal & w>like discipl9es2 s ) respect to ! ,greeks1 "s act ) rectitude ?r\gh prud5ce1 b o!rs ?r\gh w> or love1 & _! return is diff]5t accord+ to _! diff]5t pursuits40 ,! fir/ obvi\sly fabul\s adv5ture1 !n1 ( ,ulysses1 is t ( ! ,lotophagi1 :i* ,hom] beautifully n>rates1 & ^: n>ration ,pope v elegantly translates z foll[s3 ,! trees ar\nd !m all _! fruit produce1 ,lotos ! "n1 & dulcet is ! juice#ahh6 7,!nce call'd ,lotophagi7 :i*1 :oso ta/es1 ,insatiate riots 9 ! sweet repa/s1 ,nor o!r home1 nor o!r c>e int5ds1 ,b quits 8 h\se1 8 c\ntry1 & 8 fri5ds4 ,! ?ree we s5t f (f ?' en*ant+ gr\nd ,we dragg'd reluctant1 & by =ce we b\nd3 ,! re/ 9 ha/e =sook ! pleas+ %ore1 ,or1 ! *>m ta/$1 _h return'd no m#ahi4 ,plato1 9 ! #h? book ( 8 ,republic1 has admirably unfold$ to u :at ! lotos occultly indicates1 viz4 t x signifies 8false & arrogant reason+s & op9ions30 = daily exp]i5ce %[s t no?+ is m en*ant+ & delici\s ?an ^! to su* z h made no solid pr(ici5cy 9 virtue1 & :o1 l "s ( ! companions ( ,ulysses1 be+ fasc9at$ by errone\s conceptions1 consign _! true c\ntry & true k9dr$ to oblivion1 & desire to live = ev] lo/ 9 ! intoxication ( fallaci\s delight4 ,! next adv5ture ( ,ulysses is t ( ! ,cyclops1 :om he depriv$ ( sight1 & irritat$ by reproa*es4 ,b accord+ to ,porphyry1 9 ! above-m5tion$ excell5t treatise1 ?is is no o!r ?an ! natal dmon ( ,ulysses1 or ! dmon to ^: protect+ p[] he became subject1 z soon z he 0 born#aij4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to und]/& p]fectly ! arcane mean+ ( ?is fable1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t accord+ to ! anci5t !ology1 ^? s\ls t 9 ! pres5t life w spe$ily return to _! pri/9e felicity 9 ! intelligible _w1 h n ! ess5tial dmon1 or ! dmon :i* is insep>able f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 diff]5t f ! dmon t presides ov] ! bir?2 = !y are "o & ! same4 ,b ! case is o!rwise ) m imp]fect s\ls2 z ! natal is 9 ^! diff]5t f ! ess5tial dmon#aia4 ,z ,ulysses1 !re=e1 does n rank among ! m p]fect h]oic *>act]s1 & 0 n "o :o 9 ! pres5t life is imm$iately asc5d+ to 8 k9dr$ />1 or1 9 ,platonic language1 to ! pat]nal port1 ! s\l's true p>adise ( re/2 b 0 a man :o1 prior to ?is1 _h _m labori\s w&]+s to accompli%1 & _m difficulties & dang]s ( no common magnitude to su/a91 8 natal 0 n ! same ) 8 ess5tial dmon4 ,z he is1 h[ev]1 dep>t+ f a s5sible to an intellectual life1 ?\gh circuit\sly & sl[ly1 he is repres5t$ 9 s do+ z bl9d+ & irritat+ 8 natal dmon4 ,= he :o bl9ds ! eye ( s5se1 & ext+ui%es its light1 aft] 8 w has pr(\ndly ass5t$ to its use1 mu/ expect puni%m5t = ! de$2 z necess>y ultimately to 8 own peculi> good1 & ! g5]al ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,inde$1 tr\bles & mis=tunes result+ f su* und]tak+s1 n only contribute to appease ! ang] ( _! au?ors1 b likewise purify & b5efit ! subjects ( _! rev5ge4 ,accord+ to ! ,greek !ology1 !re=e1 he :o1 9 ! pres5t life1 :ile he is 9 ! road ( virtue1 & is eag]ly se>*+ = wisdom1 p]ceives t !re is a great resemblance betwe5 8 de/9y & t ( ,ulysses1 may safely conclude1 t ei!r "h1 or 9 a prior /ate ( exi/5ce1 he has volunt>ily submitt$ to ! p[] ( 8 natal dmon1 & has n[ depriv$ him ( sight2 or 9 o!r words1 has ab&on$ a life ( s5se2 & t he has be5 pr(\ndly delight$ ) ! nature ( matt]1 & is n[ abrogat+ ! confessions :i* he made4 ,?is1 too1 is ins9uat$ 9 ! beautiful /ory ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 by ,apuleius1 :5 ! t]re/rial ,v5us s5ds ,m]cury ) a book 9 :i* h] "n is inscrib$1 to appreh5d ,psy*e z a fugitive f h] mi/ress4 ,= ?is :ole /ory relates to ! desc5t ( ! s\l into ?is t]r5e body1 & its w&]+s & puni%m5ts1 till x returns to its true c\ntry & pri/9e felicity#aib4 ,9 ! next fable1 :i* is t ( olus1 ! poet appe>s to me to signify t provid5ce ( div9ity :i* is ( an elevat+ & gu>dian nature1 ! influ5ce ( :i*1 :5 prop]ly receiv$ by ! subjects ( x1 enables !m to pass ) security ov] ! /ormy sea ( life to _! native l&2 b :5 ?is influ5ce is neglect$ ?r\gh ! sleep ( reason1 ! neglig5ce is foll[$ by a tempor>y de/ruction ( hope4 ,?is provid5ce also ( ! ,gods is n only "o1 b all-v>i\s1 :i* ,hom] appe>s to indicate by olus2 ! ^w signify+ v>i\s & manifold4 ,z ! advancem5t1 !re=e1 ( ,ulysses 9 ! virtues is z yet imp]fect1 ext5d+ no f>!r ?an to ! e?ical & political1 :i* are b adumbrations ( ! true virtues1 ! ca?>tic & !oretic#aic1 he is said to h fall5 asleep1 & to h be5 !reby disappo9t$ ( 8 wi%es1 8 s\l n be+ at t "t 9 a truly vigilant /ate1 z n hav+ yet elevat$ its eye to real be+ f objects ( s5se :i* resemble ! delusions ( dreams4 ,by ! adv5ture ( ! ,le/rigons1 :i* foll[s 9 ! next place1 ,hom] repres5ts to u ,ulysses fly+ f voracity1 & fi]ce & savage mann]s2 a flight indisp5sably necess>y1 z prep>atory to 8 atta9m5t ( ! high] virtues4 ,9 ! next adv5ture1 :i* conta9s ! beautiful allegory ( ,circe1 we %all f9d "s deep arcana ( philosophy conta9$1 exclusive ( its connexion ) ,ulysses4 ,by ! ean isle1 !n1 9 :i* ! palace ( ,circe 0 situat$1 ! region ( sorr[ & lam5tation is signifi$1 z is evid5t f ! "n ( ! isl& itself4 ,&1 by ,circe1 we mu/ und]/& ! ,goddess ( s5se4 ,= ?us ,porphyry1 9 ,/obu1 p4 #ada3 8,hom] calls ! p]iod & revolution ( reg5]ation 9 a circle1 ,circe1 ! daught] ( ! ,sun1 :o p]petually connects & comb9es all corruption ) g5]ation1 & g5]ation aga9 ) corruption40 ,& ?is is ass]t$ /ill m explicitly by ,proclus1 9 8 ,s*olia on ! ,cratylus ( ,plato4 ,= he says1 8,circe is t div9e p[] :i* weaves all ! life conta9$ 9 ! f\r elem5ts1 &1 at ! same "t1 by h] song h>monizes ! :ole sublun>y _w4 ,b ! %uttle ) :i* %e weaves1 is repres5t$ by !ologi/s z gold51 because h] ess5ce is intellectual1 pure1 immat]ial1 & unm+l$ ) g5]ation2 all :i* is signifi$ by ! %uttle be+ gold54 ,& h] employm5t consi/s 9 sep>at+#aid /able ?+s f su* z are 9 motion1 accord+ to div9e div]sity40 ,& he also in=ms u1 8t ,circe ranks among ! div9ities :o preside ov] g5]ation1 or ! regions ( s5se40 ,hom]1 too1 ) great propriety1 repres5ts ,circe1 :o rules ov] ! realms ( g5]ation1 z wait$ on by ,nymphs sprung f f\nta9s2 = ,nymphs1 says ,h]mias 79 ,plat4 ,phdrum17 are ,goddesses :o preside ov] reg5]ation1 & are ! att5dants ( ,bac*us1 ! son ( ,semele4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !y are pres5t ) wat]2 t is1 !y asc5d1 z x 71 into1 & rule ov] g5]ation4 ,b ?is ,dionysius1 or ,bac*us1 supplies ! reg5]ation ( e s5sible nature4 ,h5ce we may obs]ve1 t ! ean isle1 or ?is region ( s5se1 is1 ) great propriety1 call$ ! abode ( tr\ble & lam5tation4 ,9 ?is region1 !n1 ! companions ( ,ulysses1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ v imp]fect *>act]s1 are *ang$1 ?r\gh ! incantations ( ! ,goddess1 into brutes1 i4e4 into unwor?y & irrational habits & mann]s4 ,ulysses1 h[ev]1 z "o :o is return+1 ?\gh sl[ly1 to ! prop] p]fection ( 8 nature1 is1 by ! assi/ance ( ,m]cury1 or reason1 prev5t$ f de/ruction4 ,h5ce intellect1 r\s$ by its impassive p[]1 & at ! same "t arm$ ) prud5t ang]1 & ! plant moly1 or temp]ance1 :i* is able to repel ! allurem5ts ( pleasure1 w>s on s5sible delight1 & prev5ts ! effects ( its trans=m+ p[]4 ,ulysses1 also1 ?\gh he 0 n able to lead 8 companions back to _! native l&1 ! pat]nal port ( ! s\l1 yet saves !m f be+ trans=m$1 ?r\gh ! en*antm5ts ( s5se1 into an irrational life4 ,aft] ?is foll[s ! allegory respect+ ! desc5t ( ,ulysses into ,hades1 :i* occultly signifies1 t he /ill liv$ a life accord+ to s5se1 & n accord+ to intellect1 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( n hav+ yet vanqui%$ a t]re/rial life1 he 0 involv$ 9 obscurity4 ,= anci5t wise m5 univ]sally consid]$ ,hades z comm5c+ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( exi/5ce1 & t s5se is no?+ m ?an ! en]gy ( ! dormant s\l1 & a p]ception1 z x 71 ( ! delusions ( dreams1 z ,i h abundantly prov$ 9 my treatise on ! ,my/]ies4 ,! secret mean+1 also1 ( :at ,ulysses saw 9 ,hades1 is no less beautiful ?an pr(\nd1 z ! foll[+ extract f ! manuscript ,comm5t>y ( ,olympiodorus1 on ! ,gorgias ( ,plato1 abundantly ev9ces3 8,ulysses10 says he1 8desc5d+ into ,hades1 saw1 among o!rs1 ,sysiphus1 & ,tityus1 & ,tantalus4 ,& ,tityus he saw ly+ on ! e>?1 & a vulture dev\r+ 8 liv]2 ! liv] signify+ t he liv$ solely accord+ to ! epi?ymetic "p ( 8 nature or t "p ( ! s\l :i* is ! s\rce ( desires1 & t ?r\gh ?is1 inde$1 he 01 inde$1 int]nally prud5t2 b e>? signify+ ! t]re/rial condition ( 8 prud5ce4 ,b ,sysiphus1 liv+ "u ! dom9ion ( ambition & ang]1 0 employ$ 9 cont9ually roll+ a /one up an em95ce1 because x p]petually desc5d$ aga92 its desc5t imply+ ! vici\s gov]nm5t ( himself2 & 8 roll+ ! /one1 ! h>d1 refractory1 &1 z x 71 reb\nd+ condition ( 8 life4 ,&1 la/ly1 he saw ,tantalus ext5d$ by ! side ( a lake1 & t !re 0 a tree be=e him1 ) abundance ( fruit on its bran*es1 :i* he desir$ to ga!r1 b x vani%$ f 8 view4 ,& ?is inde$ indicates1 t he liv$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! phantasy2 b 8 hang+ ov] ! lake1 & 9 va9 attempt+ to dr9k1 d5otes ! elusive1 humid1 & rapidly-glid+ condition ( su* a life40 ,we mu/ n[1 h[ev]1 view ,ulysses pass+ f s5se to imag9ation2 9 ! c\rse ( :i* voyage he is assail$ by v>i\s temptations ( great p[]1 & de/ructive effect4 ,we %all p]ceive him victori\s 9 "s ( ^!1 & s9k+ "u o!rs2 b /ruggl+ aga9/ ! incursions ( all4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! is ! en*ant+ melody ( ! ,sir5s1 ,^: song is dea?1 & makes de/ruction please4 ,b :at is occultly signifi$ by ! ,sir5s1 is beautifully unfold$ by ,proclus1 on ! ,cratylus ( ,plato1 z foll[s3 8,! div9e ,plato knew t !re are ?ree k9ds ( ,sir5s2 ! cele/ial1 :i* is "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,jupit]2 t :i* is effective ( g5]ation1 & is "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,neptune2 & t :i* is ca?>tic1 & is "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,pluto4 ,x is common to all ^!1 to incl9e all ?+s ?r\gh an h>monic motion to _! rul+ ,gods4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! s\l is 9 ! heav5s1 !y are desir\s ( unit+ x to ! div9e life :i* fl\ri%es !re4 ,b x is prop] t s\ls liv+ 9 g5]ation %\ld sail beyond !m1 l ! ,hom]ic ,ulysses1 t !y may n be allur$ by g5]ation1 ( :i* ! sea is an image4 ,& :5 s\ls are 9 ,hades1 ! ,sir5s are desir\s ( unit+ !m ?r\gh intellectual conceptions to ,pluto4 ,s t ,plato knew t 9 ! k+dom ( ,hades !re are ,gods1 dmons1 & s\ls1 :o dance1 z x 71 r\nd ,pluto1 allur$ by ! ,sir5s t dwell !re40 ,ulysses1 !re=e1 z n[ proce$+ to a life :i* is "u ! dom9ion ( imag9ation1 b :i* is sup]ior to a life consi/+ :olly 9 s5sitive en]gies1 ab&ons ^? allur+ & fraudul5t pleasures ( s5se1 :i* *>m ! s\l ) flatt]+ & melliflu\s incantations4 ,h5ce he closes ) div9e reasons & en]gies1 z ) wax1 ! impulses ( desire & ! organs ( s5se2 s t e passage be+ b>r$ f access1 !y may 9 va9 w>ble ! song ( ec/asy1 & expect to ru9 ! s\l by ! en*ant+ /ra94 ,he also re/ra9s ! corporeal assaults by ! b&s ( morality1 & ?us employs ! s5ses )\t yield+ to _! impetu\s invasions2 & exp]i5ces delight )\t resign+ ! empire ( reason to its fasc9at+ control4 ,ulysses1 hav+ escap$ ! dang]s ( ! ,sir5s1 passes on to ! rocks ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 ( t]rific appe>ance & irresi/ible =ce4 ,by ^! two rocks ! poet seems to signify ! passions ( ang] & desire1 & _! concomitants1 t compress human life on bo? sides2 & :i* e "o mu/ exp]i5ce :o proce$s1 l ,ulysses1 9 a regul> mann] to an intellectual /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,"s ( ^! are1 l ,scylla1 ( a l(ty malignity2 fraudul5t1 yet lat5t & obscure1 z be+ conceal$ 9 ! p5etration ( ! s\l4 ,& su* is rev5ge1 & o!r passions ( a simil> k9d4 ,9 ^! recesses a dmon1 ! pr9ce ( su* passions1 resides4 ,= ! ,*aldean oracles ass]t t t]re/rial dmons dwell 9 ! s\l1 :i* is replete ) irrational affections#aie4 ,?is dmon also may ju/ly be d5om9at$ a dire & enrag$ dog1 :o p>tly exposes 8 own malice1 & p>tly hides x 9 imp5etrable obscurity4 ,h5ce he is capable ( produc+ mis*ief 9 a tw(old respect4 ,= he privately hurts by malignant /ratagems1 op5ly ravi%es ! s\l on ! l(ty rock ( fury1 & r5ds x ) ! triple evil ( deadly tee?1 viz4 d]eliction ( duty1 hatr$ ( humanity1 & self-conceit4 ,inde$1 a dmon ( ?is k9d w be p]petually vigilant 9 endeav\r+ to de/roy1 at "o "t ! :ole1 & at ano!r "t a "p ( ! s\l ( "o1 /ruggl+1 l ,ulysses1 aga9/ passion1 & yield+ reluctantly to its invasions4 ,b ! o!r affections :i* p]ta9 to desire are ( a m corporeal nature1 & are m conspicu\sly deprav$4 ,a wild fig-tree1 i4e4 ! w1 is produc$ on ! top ( ?is rock2 wild1 inde$1 on acc\nt ( its free nature1 b sweet 9 fruition2 & "u :i*1 (t5 ?r\gh ! day1 ! impetuosities ( ! boil+ body are accu/om$ to absorb & de/roy ! man1 agitat+ upw>ds & d[nw>ds inflam$ desire2 s t mighty de/ruction1 bo? to s\l & body1 is produc$ by _! mutual cons5t4 ,b x is highly prop] t a rock ( ?is la/ k9d %\ld be anxi\sly avoid$ by "o1 :o1 l ,ulysses1 is lab\r+ to return to 8 true c\ntry & fri5ds4 ,h5ce1 if necessity requires1 he w r expose himself to ! o!r3 = !re ! en]gy ( ?\ght1 & ( ! s\l's simple motions1 is alone necess>y to be ex]t$1 & x is easy to recov] ! pri/9e habit ( ! s\l4 ,9 %ort1 ! poet seems to repres5t1 by ?is allegory ( ! two rocks1 z well ! dang]s :i* spontane\sly arise f ! irascible "p ( ! s\l1 z ^? :i* are ! effect ( delib]ation1 & are ( a corporeal nature2 bo? ( :i* mu/ be su/a9$1 or "o at lea/1 by a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,= x is impossible t nei!r ( !m %\ld be exp]i5c$ by "o :o is pass+ ov] ! /ormy ocean ( a s5sible life4 ,aft] ?is succe$s ! allegory ( ! ,tr9acrian isle1 conta9+ ! h]ds sacr$ to ! ,god ( day1 :i* 7 violat$ by ! companions ( ,ulysses2 b n )\t ! de/ruction ( ! au?ors ( ?is impiety1 & ! mo/ dreadful dang] to ,ulysses4 ,by ! result ( ?is fable1 ! poet evid5tly %[s t puni%m5t att5ds ! sacrilegi\s & ! p]jur$2 & tea*es u t we %\ld p]petually rev]5ce div9ity1 ) ! greate/ sanctity ( m9d1 & be cauti\s h[ we commit any ?+ 9 div9e conc]ns contr>y to piety ( mann]s & purity ( ?\ght4 ,b ,hom]1 by attribut+ s5se to ! fle% & hides ( ! sla9 h]ds1 manife/ly ev9ces t e base de$ univ]sally proclaims ! iniquity ( its au?or2 b t p]jury & sacrilege are att5d$ ) ! mo/ gl>+ indications ( guilt1 & ! mo/ horrid signatures ( approa*+ v5geance & inevitable ru94 ,we may "h1 too1 obs]ve1 t ! w ( ,ulysses 0 f> f cons5t+ to ?is impi\s de$2 & t1 ?\gh 8 passions prevail$ at l5g? ov] 8 reason1 x 0 n till aft] frequ5t admonition _h be5 employ$1 & great dilig5ce ex]t$1 to prev5t its execution4 ,?is1 inde$1 is s em95tly true1 t 8 guilt 0 ! consequ5ce ( surprise1 & n ( prem$itat$ design2 :i* ,hom] appe>s to ins9uate by relat+ t ,ulysses 0 asleep :5 8 associates committ$ ! (f5ce4 ,9 ! next fable we f9d ,ulysses1 impell$ by ! s\!rn w9d t[>ds ! rocks ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis2 9 ! latt] ( :i* he f\nd safety1 by cl++ to ! fig-tree :i* grew on its summit1 till %e refund$ ! ma/1 on :i* he rode aft] ! tempe/4 ,b ! secret mean+ ( ! allegory appe>s to me to be z foll[s3--,ulysses1 :o has n yet tak5 leave ( a life accord+ to s5se1 is driv5 by ! w>m? ( passion1 repres5t$ by ! s\!rn gales1 into ! dire vortex ( insane desires1 :i* frequ5tly boil+ ov]1 & toss+ on high ! /orms ( deprav$ affections1 plunges into ru9 ! s\l obnoxi\s to its waves4 ,h[ev]1 p]ceiv+ ! dang] to :i* he is expos$1 :5 ! base /orms beg9 to swell1 & ! :irlpools ( depravity ro>1 he seizes ! helm ( temp]ance1 & b9ds himself fa/ to ! solid texture ( 8 rema9+ virtue4 ,! waves ( desire are1 inde$1 tempe/u\s 9 ! extreme2 b be=e he is =cibly m]g$1 by ! rage ( ! passions1 into ! dep?s ( depravity1 he t5aci\sly adh]es to 8 uncons5t+ w1 seat$1 z x 71 on ! l(ty summit ( t]r5e desire4 ,= ?is1 l ! wild fig-tree1 af=ds ! be/ refuge to ! s\l /ruggl+ ) ! bill[s ( base p]turbations4 ,h5ce he ?us recov]s ! integrity :i* he _h lo/1 & aft]w>ds swims )\t dang] ov] ! waves ( temptation2 ev] wat*ful & assidu\s1 :ile he sails ?r\gh ?is impetu\s riv] ( ! fle%1 & is expos$ to ! /ormy bla/s ( heat$ passion & de/ructive vice4 ,h5ce1 too1 :ile he is ?us affect$1 & anxi\s le/ ! loss f unwor?y affections %\ld return ^u himself1 he w escape be+ lac]at$ by ! tee? ( ,ang]1 ?\gh %e %\ld t]ribly & fi]cely b>k 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,desire1 & endeav\r1 l ,scylla1 to snat* him on h] l(ty rock4 ,= ^? :o are involunt>ily di/urb$1 l ,ulysses1 by ! bill[s ( ,desire1 suff] no inconv5i5ce f ! deprav$ rock ( ,wra?2 b consid]+ ! dang] ( _! pres5t situation1 !y rel9qui% ! false confid5ce produc$ by rage = mode/ diffid5ce & anxi\s hope4 ,hi!rto we h foll[$ ,ulysses 9 8 voyage ov] ! turbul5t & dang]\s ocean ( s5se2 9 :i* we h se5 him /ruggl+ aga9/ ! /orms ( temptation1 & 9 dang] ( p]i%+ ?r\gh ! tempe/u\s bill[s ( vice4 ,we mu/ n[ att5d him 9 ! region ( imag9ation1 & m>k 8 progress f ! en*ant$ isl&1 till he rega9s ! long-lo/ empire ( 8 s\l4 ,t ! poet !n1 by ,calypso1 occultly signifies ! phantasy or imag9ation1 is1 ,i ?9k1 evid5t f 8 description ( h] abode4 ,= %e is repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 a cav]n1 illum9at$ by a great fire2 & ?is cave is surr\nd$ ) a ?ick wood1 is wat]$ by f\r f\nta9s1 & is situat$ 9 an isl&1 remote f any habitable place1 & environ$ by ! mighty ocean4 ,all :i* p>ticul>s correspond ) ! phantasy1 z ,i presume ! foll[+ obs]vations w ev9ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! prim>y & prop] vehicle ( ! phantasy1 or1 z x is call$ by ! ,platonic philosoph]s1 ! imag9ative _s1 is att5uat$ & e!real1 & is !re=e naturally lum9\s4 ,9 ! next place1 ! isl& is said to be surr\nd$ ) a ?ick wood1 :i* evid5tly corresponds to a mat]ial nature1 or ?is body1 ) :i* ! phantasy is inve/$4 ,= 1 or matt]1 also signifies a wood4 ,b ! f\r f\nta9s1 by :i* ! cave is wat]$1 occultly signify ! f\r gno/ic p[]s ( ! s\l1 intellect1 ! discursive en]gy ( reason1 op9ion1 & s5se2 ) all :i* ! phantasy1 be+ also a gno/ic p[]1 communicates2 s t x receives images1 l a mirror1 f all ( !m1 & reta9s ^? :i* x receives f ! s5ses1 :5 ! objects by :i* !y 7 produc$ are no long] pres5t4 ,h5ce ! imag9ation1 or ! phantasy1 1 is d5om9at$ f be+ 1 ! p]man5cy ( appe>ances4 ,&1 9 ! la/ place1 ! isl& is said to be environ$ by ! ocean2 :i* admirably accords ) a corporeal nature1 = ev] fl[+1 )\t admitt+ any p]iods ( repose4 ,& ?us mu* = ! secret agreem5t ( ! cav]n & isl& ) ! region ( imag9ation4 ,b ! poet1 by d5om9at+ ! ,goddess ,calypso1 & ! isl& ,ogygia1 appe>s to me v evid5tly to confirm ! prec$+ exposition4 ,= ,calypso is d]iv$ f 1 :i* signifies to cov] z ) a veil2 & ,ogygia is f 1 anci5t4 ,& z ! imag9ative _s is ! prim>y vehicle ( ! rational s\l1 :i* x d]iv$ f ! planet>y sph]es1 & 9 :i* x desc5d$ to ! sublun>y regions1 x may ) great propriety be said to cov] ! s\l z ) a f9e g>m5t or veil2 & x is no less prop]ly d5om9at$ anci5t1 :5 consid]$ z ! fir/ vehicle ( ! s\l4 ,9 ?is region ( ! phantasy1 !n1 ,ulysses is repres5t$ z an involunt>y captive1 cont9ually employ$ 9 bewail+ 8 abs5ce f 8 true c\ntry1 & ard5tly long+ to dep>t f ! fasc9at+ embraces ( ! ,goddess4 ,= ?us 8 situation is beautifully describ$ by ! poet3 ,b sad ,ulysses1 by himself ap>t1 ,p\r'd ! big sorr[s ( 8 swell+ he>t2 ,all on ! lonely %ore he sat to weep1 ,& roll'd 8 eyes ar\nd ! re/less deep2 ,t['rd 8 lov'd coa/ he roll'd 8 eyes 9 va91 ,till dimm'd ) ris+ grief !y /ream'd aga9#aif4 ,8 return1 h[ev]1 is at l5g? effect$ ?r\gh ,m]cury1 or reason1 :o prevails on ! ,goddess to yield to 8 dismission4 ,h5ce1 aft] h] cons5t1 ,ulysses is1 ) great propriety1 said to h plac$ himself on ! ?rone on :i* ,m]cury _h sate3 = reason !n resumes h] prop] seat :5 ! reason+ p[] is ab\t to ab&on ! delusive & deta9+ *>ms ( imag9ation4 ,b ,hom] appe>s to me to ins9uate some?+ admirable :5 he repres5ts ,ulysses1 on 8 dep>ture f ,calypso1 sail+ by night1 & contemplat+ ! ord] & light ( ! />s1 9 ! foll[+ beautiful l9es3 ,& n[1 rejoic+ 9 ! prosp]\s gales1 ,) beat+ he>t ,ulysses spread 8 sails2 ,plac'd at ! helm he sate1 & m>k'd ! skies1 ,nor clos'd 9 sleep 8 ev] wat*ful eyes4 ,!re view$ ! ,pleiads1 & ! nor!rn team1 ,& great ,orion's m refulg5t beam2 ,to :i* ar\nd ! axle ( ! sky ,! ,be>1 revolv+1 po9ts 8 gold5 eye2 ,:o %9es exalt$ on ! e!real pla91 ,nor ba!s 8 blaz+ =ehead 9 ! ma9#aig4 ,= :at he "h says ( ,ulysses1 is p]fectly con=mable to :at is said by ,plato 9 ! #g? book ( 8 ,republic1 respect+ ! man :o is to be l$ f ! cave1 :i* he !re describes1 to ! light ( day1 i4e4 f a s5sible to an intellectual life1 viz4 8t he w m easily see :at ! heav5s conta91 & ! heav5s !mselves1 by look+ 9 ! night to ! light ( ! />s & ! moon1 ?an by day look+ on ! sun1 & ! light ( ! sun40 ,= by ?is1 z ,proclus well obs]ves1 8,plato signifies ! contemplation ( intelligibles1 ( :i* ! />s & _! light are imitations1 s f> z all ( !m p>take ( ! =m ( ! sun1 9 ! same mann] z intelligibles are *>act]iz$ by ! nature ( ! good4 ,^!1 !n1 su* a "o mu/ contemplate1 t he may und]/& _! ess5ce1 & ^? summits ( _! nature1 by :i* !y are dei=m processions f ! ineffable pr9ciple ( ?+s40 ,ulysses1 !re=e1 :o is ha/5+ to an intellectual life1 contemplates ^! lucid objects ) vigilant eyes1 rejoic+ 9 ! illum9ations & assi/ance !y af=d him :ile sail+ ov] ! d>k ocean ( a s5sible life4 ,b z he is n[ e>ne/ly engag$ 9 dep>t+ f s5se1 he mu/ unavoidably be pursu$ by ! ang] ( ,neptune1 ! "l ( g5]ation & a s5sible life1 ^: s]vice he has =sak51 & ^: (fspr+ he has bl9d$ by /ratagem1 & irritat$ by reproa*4 ,h5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! delightful contemplations1 he is almo/ ov]:elm$ by ! waves ( mis=tune1 r\s$ by ! wra? ( 8 implacable foe4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh div9e assi/ance1 or ,leuco!a1 enabl$ to su/a9 ! dreadful /orm4 ,=1 receiv+ f div9ity ! immortal fillet ( true =titude1 & b9d+ x "u 8 brea/1 7! prop] seat ( c\rage17 he enc\nt]s ! bill[s ( adv]sity1 & bravely %oots along ! boi/]\s ocean ( life4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>efully obs]v$1 t ! poet is f> f ascrib+ a c]ta9 passion to a div9e nature1 :5 he speaks ( ! ang] ( ,neptune3 =1 9 ?us speak+1 he1 z well z o!r !ologi/s1 int5d$ only to signify our inaptitude to ! p>ticipation ( its b5efic5t influ5ce4 ,ulysses !re=e1 hav+ ) mu* difficulty escap$ ! dang]s aris+ f ! wra? ( ,neptune1 l&s at l5g? on ! isl& ( ,phacia1 :]e he is hospitably receiv$1 & hon\rably dismiss$4 ,n[1 z x is prop] t he :o1 l ,ulysses1 dep>ts f ! delusions ( imag9ation1 %\ld imm$iately betake himself to ! m intellectual light ( ! rational en]gy ( ! s\l1 ! l& ( ,phacia ought to correspond to our intellectual "p1 & p>ticul>ly to t portion ( x :i* is d5om9at$ 9 ,greek dianoia1 & :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! p[] ( reason+ sci5tifically1 d]iv+ ! pr9ciples ( its discursive en]gy f intellect4 ,& t x has ?is correspond5ce1 ! foll[+ obs]vations w1 ,i p]suade myself1 abundantly ev9ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ?is isl& is repres5t$ by ! poet z enjoy+ a p]petual spr+1 :i* pla9ly indicates t x is n any t]re/rial situation4 ,inde$1 ! critical comm5tators h be5 s fully conv9c$ ( ?is1 t !y ackn[l$ge ,hom] describes ,phacia z "o ( ! ,=tunate ,isl&s2 b !y h n attempt$ to p5etrate 8 design1 9 su* a description4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! p]fect lib]ty1 unfad+ v>iety1 & endless delight1 :i* our intellectual "p af=ds1 we %all f9d t x is truly ! ,=tunate ,isl& ( ! s\l1 9 :i*1 by ! ex]cise ( ! !oretic virtues1 x is possible = a man1 ev5 9 ! pres5t life1 to obta9 g5u9e felicity1 ?\gh n 9 t p]fection z :5 he is lib]at$ f ! body4 ,) respect to ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 _! occult mean+ is ?us beautifully unfold$ by ,olympiodorus1 9 8 ,,ms4 comm5t>y on ! ,gorgias ( ,plato3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 i4e4 8,x is necess>y to "k t isl&s are rais$ above1 be+ high] ?an ! sea4 ,a condition ( be+1 !re=e1 :i* transc5ds ?is corporeal life & g5]ation1 is d5om9at$ ! isl&s ( ! bless$2 b ^! are ! same ) ! ,elysian fields4 ,& on ?is acc\nt1 ,h]cules is report$ to h accompli%$ 8 la/ lab\r 9 ! ,hesp]ian regions2 signify+ by ?is1 t hav+ vanqui%$ an obscure & t]re/rial life1 he aft]w>ds liv$ 9 op5 day1 t is1 9 tru? & respl5d5t light40 ,9 ! next place1 ! poet1 by 8 description ( ! palace ( ,alc9\s1 ! k+ ( ?is isl&1 admirably indicates ! pure & spl5did light ( ! en]gy ( reason4 ,= he says ( x3 ,! front appe>'d ) radiant spl5d\rs gay1 ,bright z ! lamp ( night1 or orb ( day4 ,! walls 7 massy brass3 ! cornice high ,blue metals cr[n'd 9 col\rs ( ! sky4 ,ri* plates ( gold ! fold+ doors incase2 ,! pill>s silv] on a braz5 base4 ,silv] ! l9tels deep project+ o'er1 ,& gold ! r+lets t comm& ! door4 ,two r[s ( /ately dogs on ei!r h&1 ,9 sculptur'd gold1 & lab\r'd silv]1 /&4 ,^! ,vulcan =m'd intellig5t to wait ,immortal gu>dians at ,alc9\s' gate#aih4 ,& he repres5ts x z no less int]nally lum9\s by night4 ,refulg5t p$e/als ! walls surr\nd1 ,:i* boys ( gold ) flam+ tor*es cr[n'd2 ,! poli%'d ore1 reflect+ ev'ry ray1 ,blaz'd on ! banquets ) a d\ble day4 ,inde$ ,hom]1 by 8 description ( ! outside ( ?is palace1 suffici5tly indicates its agreem5t ) ! planet ,m]cury1 ! deity ( :i* presides ov] ! rational en]gy4 ,= ?is ,god1 9 ! language ( ,proclus#aii1 8unfolds into light intellectual gifts1 fills all ?+s ) div9e reasons i4e4 =ms1 & productive pr9ciples1 elevates s\ls to intellect1 wak5s !m z f a pr(\nd sleep1 conv]ts !m ?r\gh inve/igation to !mselves1 & by a c]ta9 ob/etric art & inv5tion ( pure intellect1 br+s !m to a bless$ life40 ,accord+ to a/ronom]s1 likewise1 ! planet ,m]cury is respl5d5t ) ! col\rs ( all ! o!r planets4 ,?us ,bapti/a ,porta 9 ,cle/4 ,physiog4 p4 #hh4 8,videbis 9 eo ,saturni luridum1 ,m>tis ignem1 ,jovis c&idum1 ,v5]is flavum1 necnon utriusque nitor1 hil>itasque1 et ob id non peculi>is =m1 s$ eorum =mam capit1 cum quibus associatur1 ob id 9 describ5do ejus colore a/rologi diff]unt40 i4e4 8,y may p]ceive 9 ?is planet ! pale col\r ( ,saturn1 ! fire ( ,m>s1 ! :it5ess ( ,jupit]1 & ! yell[ ( ,v5us2 & likewise ! brilliancy & hil>ity ( ea*4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is n ( a peculi> =m1 b receives ! =m ( its associates1 & ?us causes a/rolog]s to diff] 9 describ+ its col\r40 ,b t ! isl& ( ,phacia is ! dom9ion ( reason1 is1 ,i ?9k1 indisputably confirm$ by ,hom]'s acc\nt ( ! %ips fabricat$ by its inhabitants4 ,= ( ^!1 he says3 ,s %alt ?\ in/ant rea* ! realm assign'd1 ,9 wond'r\s %ips self-mov'd1 in/9ct ) m9d4 ,no helm secures _! c\rse1 no pilot guides1 ,l man intellig5t !y pl\gh ! tides1 ,consci\s ( ev'ry coa/ & ev'ry bay1 ,t lies b5ea? ! sun's all-see+ ray2 ,& veil'd 9 cl\ds imp]vi\s to ! eye1 ,fe>less & rapid ?r\gh ! deep !y fly#bjj4 ,= x is absurd to suppose t ,hom] w\ld employ su* an hyp]bole1 9 m]ely describ+ ! excell5cy ( ! ,phacian %ips4 ,h5ce1 z x s greatly surpasses ! b\nds ( probability1 & is s contr>y to ! admirable prud5ce :i* ,hom] cont9ually displays1 x c only be admitt$ z an allegory1 pregnant ) lat5t mean+1 & ! recondite wisdom ( antiquity4 ,! poet likewise adds respect+ ! ,phacians3 ,^! did ! rul] ( ! deep orda9 ,to build pr\d navies1 & comm& ! ma92 ,on canvas w+s to cut ! wat'ry way1 ,no bird m light1 no ?\ght m swift ?an !y4 ,! la/ ( :i* l9es s rem>kably agrees ) ! prec$+ explanation1 t ,i presume no /rong] confirmation c be desir$4 ,nor is ! orig9al less satisfactory3 #bja1 i4e4 8,! %ips ( ^! m5 are swift z a w+1 or z a conception ( ! m9d40 ,b ! inhabitants ( ! palace are repres5t$ z sp5d+ _! days 9 cont9ual fe/ivity1 & unceas+ mir?2 9 li/5+ to ! h>mony ( ! lyre1 or 9 =m+ ! tuneful mazes ( ! joyful dance4 ,= to ! man :o lives "u ! guidance ( reason1 or to ! good man1 e day1 z ,diog5es said1 is a fe/ival4 ,h5ce1 su* a "o is con/antly employ$ 9 tun+ ! lyre ( recollection1 9 h>moni\s revolutions ab\t an intelligible ess5ce1 & ! nev]-satiat+ & deify+ banquet ( intellect4 ,& "h we may obs]ve h[ mu* ! behavi\r ( ,ulysses1 at ! palace ( ,alc9\s1 confirms ! prec$+ exposition1 & accords ) 8 "*1 z a man pass+ 9 a regul> mann] f ! delusions ( s5se1 to ! realities ( intellectual enjoym5t4 ,= z he is n[ conv]t$ to himself1 & is seat$ 9 ! palace ( reason1 x is highly prop] t he %\ld call to m9d 8 pa/ conduct1 & be afflict$ ) ! survey2 & t he %\ld be wak5$ to sorr[ by ! lyre ( rem9isc5ce1 & weep ov] ! follies ( 8 pa/ active life4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! div9e b>d ,demodocus1 inspir$ by ! fury ( ! ,muses1 s+s ! cont5tion betwe5 ,ulysses & ,a*illes1 on 8 gold5 lyre1 ,ulysses is vehem5tly affect$ ) ! relation4 ,& :5 ! inhabitants ( ! palace1 i4e4 ! p[]s & en]gies ( ! rational s\l1 transport$ ) ! song1 dem&$ its repetition4 ,aga9 ,ulysses veil'd 8 p5sive head1 ,aga91 unmann'd1 a %[] ( sorr[ %$4 ,= to ! man :o is mak+ a pr(ici5cy 9 virtue1 ! recollection ( 8 =m] conduct is bo? pleas+ & pa9ful2 pleas+1 s f> z 9 "s in/ances x 0 att5d$ ) rectitude1 b pa9ful s f> z 9 o!rs x 0 errone\s4 ,ulysses1 also1 is ) ! greate/ propriety repres5t$ z relat+ 8 pa/ adv5tures 9 ! palace ( ,alc9\s4 ,= z he n[ betakes himself to ! intellectual light ( ! reason+ p[]1 x is highly necess>y t he %\ld review 8 pa/ conduct1 fai?fully enum]ate ! errors ( 8 life1 & anxi\sly solicit a return to true mann]s1 & p]fect rectitude ( m9d4 ,z likewise he is n[ on 8 passage1 by ! pure en]gy ( reason to rega9 ! lo/ empire ( 8 s\l1 he is repres5t$ z fall+ into s pr(\nd a sleep 9 8 voyage1 z to be ins5sible = "s "t ( its happy consummation2 by :i* ! poet indicates 8 be+ sep>at$ f s5sible conc]ns1 & :olly conv]t$ to ! en]gies ( ! rational s\l4 ,nor is x )\t reason t ! poet repres5ts ,i?aca1 z pres5t+ itself to ! m>9]s' view1 :5 ! bright morn+ /> em]ges f ! d>kness ( night4 ,= ?us he s+s3 ,b :5 ! morn+ />1 ) e>ly ray1 ,flam'd 9 ! front ( heav'n & promis'd day2 ,l di/ant cl\ds1 ! m>9] descries ,fair ,i?aca's em]g+ hills arise#bjb4 ,s9ce x is only by ! dawn+ beams ( intellect1 t ! discursive en]gy ( reason c ga9 a glimpse ( ! native c\ntry & prop] seat ( empire ( ! s\l4 ,ulysses !re=e1 be+ n[ conv]t$ to ! en]gies ( ! rational s\l1 & anxi\s to comm5ce ! ca?>tic virtues1 recognizes1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ,m9]va1 or wisdom1 8 native l&3 & imm$iately ent]s into a consultation ) ! ,goddess1 h[ he may effectually bani% ! v>i\s p]turbations & inord9ate desires1 :i* yet lurk 9 ! p5etralia ( 8 s\l4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is requisite t he %\ld rel9qui% all ext]nal possessions1 mortify e s5se1 & employ e /ratagem1 :i* may f9ally de/roy ^! malevol5t foes4 ,h5ce1 ! g>b ( pov]ty1 ! wr9kles ( age1 & ! want ( ! necess>ies ( life1 are symbols ( mortifi$ habits1 des]tion ( s5sible pursuits1 & an intimate conv]sion to intellectual good4 ,= ! s5sitive eye mu/ n[ give place to ! pur] sight ( ! rational s\l2 & ! /r5g? & en]gies ( ! corporeal nature mu/ yield to ! sup]ior vig\r ( intellectual ex]tion1 & ! sev]e ex]cise ( ca?>tic virtue4 ,& ?is1 ,hom] appe>s mo/ evid5tly to indicate 9 ! foll[+ beautiful l9es3 ,n[ seat$ 9 ! olive's sacr$ %ade1 ,conf] ! h]o & ! m>tial maid4 ,! ,goddess ( ! azure eyes began3 ,son ( ,la]tes6 mu* exp]i5c'd man6 ,! suitor tra9 ?y e>lie/ c>e dem&1 ,( t luxuri\s race to rid ! l&4 ,?ree ye>s ?y h\se _! lawless rule has se51 ,& pr\d addresses to ! mat*less que5#bjc2 ,b %e ?y abs5ce m\rns f day to day1 ,& inly ble$s1 & sil5t wa/es away2 ,elusive ( ! bridal h\r1 %e gives ,fond hopes to all1 & all ) hopes deceives#bjd4 ,h5ce3 ,x fits !e n[ to we> a d>k disguise1 ,& secret walk unkn[n to mortal eyes2 ,= ?is my h& %all )] ev'ry grace1 ,& ev'ry elegance ( =m & face1 ,o'er ?y smoo? sk9 a b>k ( wr9kles spread1 ,turn ho> ! auburn hon\rs ( ?y head1 ,disfigure e limb ) co>se attire1 ,& 9 ?9e eyes ext+ui% all ! fire2 ,add all ! wants & ! decays ( life1 ,e/range !e f ?y own2 ?y son1 ?y wife2 ,f ! loa?'d object ev'ry sight %all turn1 ,& ! bl9d suitors _! de/ruction scorn#bje4 ,aft] ?is foll[s ! discov]y ( ,ulysses to ,telema*us1 :i* is no less philosophically sublime ?an poetically beautiful4 ,=1 by ,telema*us1 we mu/ und]/& a true sci5tific conception ( ?+s2 s9ce ?is is ! legitimate (fspr+ ( ! en]gy ( ! rational s\l1 9 conjunction ) philosophy4 ,h5ce ,ulysses1 :ile employ$ 9 ! great "w ( mortification1 recognizes 8 g5u9e (fspr+1 & secretly plans ) him ! de/ruction ( 8 insidi\s foes4 ,& h5ce we may see ! propriety ( ,telema*us be+ repres5t$ z explor+ 8 abs5t fa!r1 & impati5t = 8 return4 ,= ! rational s\l !n alone associates ) a true conception ( ?+s1 :5 x )draws itself f s5sible delights1 & m$itates a re/oration ( its fall5 dignity & orig9al sway4 ,& n[ ,ulysses pres5ts himself to our view 9 ! habits ( mortification1 ha/5+ to 8 long des]t$ palace1 or ! occult recesses ( 8 s\l1 t he may m>k ! conduct & plan ! de/ruction ( ^? baneful passions :i* are secretly attempt+ to subv]t ! empire ( 8 m9d4 ,h5ce1 ! poet v prop]ly & pa!tically exclaims3 ,& n[ 8 city /rikes ! mon>*'s eyes1 ,alas6 h[ *ang'd6 a man ( mis]ies2 ,propt on a /aff1 a begg>1 old & b>e1 ,9 tatt]'d g>m5ts1 flutt'r+ ) ! air#bjf4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is disguise 0 solely assum$ = ! purpose ( procur+ anci5t purity & lawful rule1 he dive/s himself ( ! torn g>m5ts ( mortification1 z soon z he beg9s ! de/ruction ( occult desires2 & resumes ! prop] dignity & /r5g? ( 8 g5u9e =m4 ,b x is n )\t reason t ,p5elope1 :o is ! image ( philosophy1 furni%es ! in/rum5t by :i* ! ho/ile r\t ( passions are de/roy$4 ,= :at besides ! arr[s ( philosophy c extirpate ! lead+ b&s ( impurity & vice8 ,h5ce1 z soon z he is furni%$ ) ?is irresi/ible weapon1 he no long] def]s ! ru9 ( 8 insidi\s foes1 b ,!n fi]ce ! h]o o'er ! ?re%old /rode2 ,/ript ( 8 rags1 he blaz'd out l a ,god4 ,full 9 _! face ! lift$ b[ he bore1 ,& quiv]'d dea?s a =midable /ore2 ,be=e 8 feet ! rattl+ %['r he ?rew1 ,& ?us t]rific to ! suitor crew#bjg4 ,b ,hom] repres5ts ,p5elope z rema9+ ignorant ( ,ulysses1 ev5 aft] ! suitors are de/roy$1 & he is seat$ on ! ?rone ( maje/y1 anxi\s to be kn[n1 & impati5t to return h] *a/e & affectionate embrace4 ,= ?us he describes h]3 ,!n glid+ ?r\gh ! m>ble valves 9 /ate1 ,oppos'd be=e ! %9+ fire %e sate4 ,! mon>*1 by a column high en?ron'd4 ,8 eye )drew1 & fix$ x on ! gr\nd1 ,anxi\s to he> 8 que5 ! sil5ce break3 ,amaz'd %e sate1 & impot5t to speak2 ,o'er all ! man h] eyes %e rolls 9 va91 ,n[ hopes1 n[ fe>s1 n[ kn[s1 !n d\bts aga9#bjh4 ,by :i* ,hom] indicates1 t ,philosophy1 ?r\gh h] long abs5ce f ! s\l1 & ! =eign mann]s & habits :i* ! s\l _h assum$1 is a /rang] to x1 s t x is difficult = h] to recognize ! union & legitimate association :i* once subsi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to facilitate ?is discov]y1 ,ulysses r5d]s all pure & h>moni\s )9 ! recesses ( 8 s\l2 &1 by ! assi/ance ( ,m9]va1 or wisdom1 resumes ! g>b & dignity :i* he _h =m]ly display$4 ,!n in/ant to ! ba? 7! mon>* cries17 ,bid ! gay y\? & sprightly virg9s rise1 ,!nce all desc5d 9 pomp & pr\d array1 ,& bid ! dome res\nd ! mir?ful lay2 ,:ile ! sweet lyri/ airs ( raptures s+s1 ,& =ms ! dance responsive to ! /r+s#bji4 ,& aft]w>ds1 ,ulysses is describ$ z appe>+1 ?r\gh ! int]position ( ,m9]va1 l "o ( ! immortals4 ,s ,pallas 8 h]oic =m improves1 ,) bloom div9e1 & l a ,god he moves#baj4 ,=1 inde$1 he :o1 l ,ulysses1 has completely de/roy$ ! dom9ation ( 8 passions1 & purifi$ himself1 ?r\gh ! ca?>tic virtues1 f _! defil+ nature1 no long] ranks 9 ! ord] ( mortals1 b is assimilat$ to div9ity4 ,& n[1 9 ord] t he may become entirely kn[n to ,philosophy1 t *a/e ,p5elope ( ! s\l1 x is only requisite = him to relate ! secrets ( _! my/ic union1 & recognize ! b[] ( intellectual love4 ,= !n p]fect recollection w ensue2 & ! anxiety ( diffid5ce w be *ang$ into transports ( assurance1 & te>s ( raptur\s delight4 ,& ?us we h att5d$ ,ulysses 9 8 v>i\s w&]+s & woes1 till1 ?r\gh ! ca?>tic virtues1 he recov]s ! ru9$ empire ( 8 s\l4 ,b1 z x is requisite t he %\ld1 9 ! next place1 possess & en]gize accord+ to ! !oretic or contemplative virtues1 ! end ( :i* is a union ) deity1 z f> z ?is c be effect$ by man 9 ! pres5t life1 ,hom] only indicates to u 8 atta9m5t ( ?is end1 )\t giv+ a detail ( ! gradual advances by :i* he arriv$ at ?is consummate felicity4 ,?is union is occultly signifi$ by ,ulysses fir/ behold+1 & aft]w>ds ard5tly embrac+ 8 fa!r ) ec/atic delight4 ,) mo/ admirable propriety1 also1 is ,ulysses repres5t$ z proce$+1 9 ord] to effect ?is union1 by himself alone1 to 8 fa!r :o is also alone4 ,alone & unatt5d$1 let me try ,if yet ,i %>e ! old man's memory#baa1 says ,ulysses4 ,& aft]w>ds x is said1 ,b all alone ! ho>y k+ he f\nd#bab4 ,= a union ) ! ineffable "o ( ! ,demiurgus1 ! true fa!r ( ! s\l1 c only be accompli%$ by ! s\l recurr+ to its own unity2 & hav+ = ?is purpose previ\sly dismiss$ & ab&on$ e ?+ =eign to x4 ,?is occurr5ce1 inde$1 ( ! s\l ) deity1 is1 z ,plot9us div9ely says1 #bac1 a flight ( ! alone to ! alone1 9 :i* mo/ beautiful expression ,i h no d\bt he alludes to ?is my/ic t]m9ation ( ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses1 9 ! embraces ( 8 fa!r4 ,proclus also1 9 a no less admirable mann]1 alludes to ?is union 9 8 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,timu ( ,plato#bad4 ,! allusion is 9 8 comm5t on ! words1 8,x is difficult1 !re=e1 to discov] ! mak] & fa!r ( ?is univ]se2 &1 :5 f\nd1 x is impossible to speak ( him to all m540 ,on ?is passage ,proclus obs]ves3 8,x is necess>y t ! s\l1 becom+ an intellectual _w1 & be+ z mu* z possible assimilat$ to ! :ole intelligible _w1 %\ld introduce h]self to ! mak] ( ! univ]se2 & f ?is introduction1 %\ld1 9 a c]ta9 respect1 become famili> ) him ?r\gh a cont9u$ intellectual en]gy4 ,= un9t]rupt$ en]gy ab\t any ?+ calls =? & resuscitates our dormant ideas4 ,b ?r\gh ?is famili>ity1 becom+ /ation$ at ! door ( ! fa!r1 x is necess>y t we %\ld be unit$ to him4 ,= discov]y is ?is1 to meet ) him1 to be unit$ to him1 to associate alone ) ! alone1 & to see him himself1 ! s\l ha/ily )draw+ h]self f e o!r en]gy to him4 ,=1 be+ pres5t ) h] fa!r1 %e !n consid]s sci5tific discussions to be b words#bae1 banquets toge!r ) him on ! tru? ( real be+1 & 9 pure spl5d\r is purely initiat$ 9 entire & /able visions4 ,su*1 !re=e1 is ! discov]y ( ! fa!r1 n t :i* is doxa/ic or p]ta9+ to op9ion2 = ?is is dubi\s1 & n v remote f ! irrational life4 ,nei!r is x sci5tific2 = ?is is syllogi/ic & composite1 & does n come into contact ) ! intellectual ess5ce ( ! intellectual ,demiurgus4 ,b x is t :i* subsi/s accord+ to intellectual vision itself1 a contact ) ! intelligible1 & a union ) ! demiurgic intellect4 ,= ?is may prop]ly be d5om9at$ difficult1 ei!r z h>d to obta91 pres5t+ itself to s\ls aft] e evolution ( life1 or z ! true lab\r ( s\ls4 ,=1 aft] ! w&]+ ab\t g5]ation1 aft] purification1 & ! light ( sci5ce1 intellectual en]gy & ! intellect :i* is 9 u %9e =?1 plac+ ! s\l 9 ! fa!r z 9 a port1 purely e/abli%+ h] 9 demiurgic intellections1 & conjo9+ light ) light2 n su* z t ( sci5ce1 b m beautiful1 m intellectual1 & p>tak+ m ( ! nature ( ! "o ?an ?is4 ,= ?is is ! pat]nal port1 & ! discov]y ( ! fa!r1 viz4 an undefil$ union ) him40 ,) great beauty also1 & 9 p]fect con=mity to ! mo/ recondite !ology1 is ! fa!r ( ,ulysses repres5t$ z co>sely clo!d1 & occupi$ 9 botanical lab\rs3 ,b all alone ! ho>y k+ he f\nd2 ,8 habit co>se1 b w>mly wrapt ar\nd2 ,8 head1 t b['d ) _m a p5sive c>e1 ,f5c'd ) a d\ble cap ( goatsk9 hair2 ,8 busk9s old1 9 =m] s]vice torn1 ,b well repair'd2 & gloves aga9/ ! ?orn4 ,9 ?is array ! k+ly g>d'n] /ood1 ,& cle>'d a plant1 encumb]'d ) its wood#baf4 ,= ?is simplicity1 & co>s5ess ( ! g>b ( ,la]tes1 consid]$ z an image ( ! true fa!r ( ,ulysses1 is1 9 e respect1 con=mable to ! me?od adopt$ by anci5t my?ologi/s 9 _! adumbrations ( deity4 ,= !y imitat$ ! transc5d5cy ( div9e natures by ?+s pret]natural2 a p[] m div9e ?an all reason by ?+s irrational2 &1 by app>5t de=mity1 a beauty :i* surpasses e ?+ corporeal4 ,?is array1 !re=e1 ( ! fa!r ( ,ulysses1 is1 9 ! language ( ,proclus1 indicative 8( an ess5ce e/abli%$ 9 ! simplicity ( ! "o1 & vehem5tly rejoic+1 z "s "o ( ! pi\sly wise says1 9 an unadorn$ privation ( =m1 & ext5d+ x to ^? :o are able to survey x#bag40 ,& ! botanical lab\rs ( ,la]tes are an image ( ! provid5tial att5tion ( ! ,demiurgus to ! imm$iate ramifications & blossoms ( 8 own div9e ess5ce1 9 :i* !y are ineffably root$1 & f :i* !y et]nally g]m9ate4 ,?\gh ,ulysses1 h[ev]1 is plac$ ?r\gh ! !oretic virtues 9 ! pat]nal port1 z f> z ?is is possible to be effect$ 9 ! pres5t life1 yet we mu/ rememb]1 accord+ to ! beautiful obs]vation ( ,porphyry1 t he is n fre$ f mole/ation1 till he has pass$ ov] ! rag+ sea ( a mat]ial nature2 i4e4 has become impassive#bah to ! excitations ( ! irrational life1 & is entirely ab/ract$ f ext]nal conc]ns4 ,=1 ,!n heav'n decrees 9 peace to end 8 days1 ,& /eal himself f life by sl[ decays2 ,unkn[n to pa91 9 age resign 8 brea?4 ,:5 late /]n ,neptune po9ts ! %aft ( dea?2 ,to ! d>k grave retir+ z to re/2 ,8 p bless+1 by 8 p ble/#bai4 ,i %all only obs]ve f>!r1 t ,plot9us also consid]$ ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses z a fabul\s n>ration conta9+ a lat5t mean+1 su* z t :i* we h above unfold$4 ,?is is evid5t f ! foll[+ extract f 8 admirable treatise on ! ,beautiful3 8,x is "h1 !n1 9 ord] to survey ! beautiful itself t we may m truly exclaim4 ,ha/e1 let u fly & all our sails exp&1 ,to ga9 our de>1 our long-lo/ native l&#bbj4 ,b by :at lead+ />s %all we direct our flight1 & by :at means avoid ! magic p[] ( ,circe1 & ! deta9+ *>ms ( ,calypso8 ,= ?us ! fable ( ,ulysses obscurely signifies1 :i* feigns him abid+ an unwill+ exile1 ?\gh pleasant spectacles 7 cont9ually pres5t$ to 8 sight2 & e ?+ 0 pr(f]$ to invite 8 /ay1 :i* c delight ! s5ses & captivate ! he>t4 ,b our true c\ntry1 l t ( ,ulysses1 is f :5ce we came1 & :]e our fa!r lives#bba40 ,,footnotes3 #ahc 1 1 1 ' 1 1 supple 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 #ahd ,9 ,plat4 ,polit4 p4 #cih4 #ahe ,in/ead ( 1 9 ?is place1 x is necess>y to read 4 #ahf ,iliad1 ,v4 v4 #dea4 #ahg ,con=mably to ?is1 ,proclus1 9 ,plat4 ,polit4 p4 #cih1 says1 8t all ! beauty subsi/+ ab\t g5]ation or ! regions ( s5se1 f ! fabrication ( ?+s1 is signifi$ by ,hel52 ab\t :i* !re is a p]petual battle ( s\ls1 till ! m intellectual hav+ vanqui%$ ! m irrational =ms ( life1 return to ! place f :5ce !y orig9ally came40 ,= ! beauty :i* is 9 ! realms ( g5]ation1 is an efflux ( intelligible beauty4 #ahh ,?is second l9e is1 9 ,pope's v]sion1 8,lotos ! "n1 div9e1 nect>i\s juice60 :i* ,i h alt]$ z above1 z be+ m con=mable to ! orig9al4 #ahi ,lib4 ix4 l4 #id1 c4 #aij ,vid4 ,c5soris1 ,de ,die ,natali1 cap4 iii4 #aia ,?is is evid5t f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! ,comm5t>y ( ,proclus1 on ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades ( ,plato3 ' 1 4 p4 #cg1 ,edit4 ,creuz4 ,b = a copi\s acc\nt ( ! ess5tial dmon1 & ( ! diff]5t ord]s & (fices ( dmon1 see ! notes accompany+ my translation ( ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 ,phd1 & ,gorgias ( ,plato4 #aib ,see ! note 7p4 #ij7 accompany+ my translation ( ! ,metamorphosis ( ,apuleius4 #aic ,= an accurate acc\nt ( ! gradation ( ! virtues1 see ,porphyry's ,auxili>ies to ,intelligibles1 p4 #bag4 #aid ,= ! %uttle is a symbol ( sep>at+ p[]4 #aie ,& ?is is ! mean+ ( ! ,*aldaic oracle1-- 4 i4e4 8,! wild bea/s ( ! e>? %all inhabit ?y vessel40 ,=1 z ,psellus well obs]ves1 by ! vessel1 ! composite temp]ature ( ! s\l is signifi$1 & by ! wild bea/s ( ! e>?1 t]re/rial dmons4 #aif ,odyss4 lib4 v4 #hb1 c4 ,! translation by ,pope4 #aig ,ibid4 lib4 v4 #bfi1 c4 #aih ,odyss4 lib4 vii4 #hd1 c4 ,! translation by ,pope4 #aii ,9 ,euclid4 ,elem5t4 lib4 i4 p4 #ad4 #bjj ,odyss4 lib4 viii4 #eef1 c4 #bja ,odyss4 lib4 vii4 #cc4 #bjb ,odyss4 lib4 xiii4 #ic1 c4 #bjc i4e4 ,philosophy2 = ( ?is ,p5elope is an image4 #bjd ,odyss4 lib4 xiii4 #cgc1 c4 #bje ,odyss4 lib4 xiii4 #cig1 c4 ,! translation ( ! above1 & likewise ( all ! foll[+ passages f ! ,odyssey1 is by ,pope4 #bjf ,odyss4 lib4 xvii4 #bja1 c4 #bjg ,odyss4 lib4 xxii4 #a1 c4 #bjh ,odyss4 lib4 xxiii4 #hh1 c4 #bji ,odyss4 lib4 xxiii4 #aca1 c4 #baj ,odyss4 lib4 xxiii4 #afc1 c4 #baa ,odyss4 lib4 xxiv4 #bae1 c4 #bab ,ibid4 lib4 xxiv4 #bbe4 #bac ,^! are ! conclud+ words ( ! la/ book ( 8 la/ ,ennead4 #bad ,see vol4 i4 p4 #bed1 ( my translation ( t "w4 #bae ,?is is 9 consequ5ce ( a union ) ! ,demiurgus be+ s mu* sup]ior to sci5tific p]ception4 #baf ,odyss4 lib4 xxiv4 #bbe1 c4 #bag 7lege 7 1 1 4--,procl4 9 ,p>m5id4 lib4 i4 p4 #ch4 #hvo4 ,p>isiis1 #ahba4 #bah ,?is impassivity1 or p]fect subjugation ( ! passions to reason1 :i* is ! true apa?y ( ! ,/oics & ,platoni/s1 is indicat$ by ,ulysses f9d+ a nation 8,:o ne'er knew salt or he>d ! bill[s ro>40 #bai ,odyss4 lib4 xxiii4 #bha1 c4 ,by ! p1 9 ^! l9es1 ! inf]ior p>ts or p[]s ( ! s\l are indicat$4 #bbj ,iliad1 lib4 ii4 #adj1 & lib4 ix4 #bg4 #bba ,see my p>aphras$ translation ( ?is treatise1 p4 #cg1 c4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,,moyes1 ,,greville ,,/reet4