,illu/ration3 ,,hipp>*us ,,9 ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,( ,,alex&ria4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,/>s ,,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,/>ry ,,skies10 8,,! ,,_w',s ,,f\ndations10 8,,radiant ,,suns10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,) ,,copi\s ,,additions ,fully ,illu/rat$ ,,c9c9nati ,,national ,,book ,,company ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,jones4 ,,introduction4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,prit*>d1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d4 ,! pages ( ?is volume on a great subject 7 submitt$ to my criticism :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ) a reque/ f a fri5d t ,i w\ld make any sugge/ions :i* might occur to me = its improvem5t4 ,naturally1 su* a reque/ 0 ent]ta9$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) hesitation & misgiv+4 ,b aft] a rapid p]usal ( ! fir/ %eet1 ,i f\nd my int]e/ awak5$1 & !n gradually secur$2 = ! book seem$ to me to possess c]ta9 features ( no ord9>y "*1 &1 9 my judgm5t1 held out ! promise ( supply+ an und\bt$ want1 ?us enabl+ me to answ] a "q :i* ,i h be5 (t5 ask$1 & :i* _h z (t5 puzzl$ me1 to ! effect1 8,c y tell me ( any book on a/ronomy suit$ to beg9n]s80 ,i ?9k j su* a book is "h pres5t$ to ! read]2 = ! tale ( ! /ell> univ]se is !re9 told ) great simplicity1 & p]haps ) suffici5t complet5ess1 9 an e>ne/ & pleasant /yle1 equally free1 ,i ?9k1 f inaccuracy or unp>donable exagg]ation4 ,we h "h ! outl9es ( elem5t>y a/ronomy1 n m]ely detail$ )\t ma!matics1 b to a v great ext5t express$ 9 unte*nical language4 ,success 9 su* an attempt ,i reg>d z a consid]able feat1 & "o ( mu* practical utility4 ,= ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy is ess5tially a sci5ce ( great magnitude & great difficulty4 ,f ! "t ( ,hipp>*us1 "s c5tury & a half be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 ! cultivation ( a/ronomy has sev]ely tax$ ! m9ds ( a succession ( m5 end[$ ) ! r>e/ g5ius4 ,! facts & ! tru?s ( ! sci5ce ?us secur$ h be5 ( v sl[ accretion2 b l all o!r tru?s1 :5 once secur$ & ?or\ghly und]/ood1 !y are f\nd to admit ( v simple v]bal expression1 & to lie well )9 ! g5]al compreh5sion1 &1 ,i may safely add1 )9 ! sympa?ies ( all educat$ m5 & wom54 ,?us ! great a/ronom]s1 ! orig9al discov]]s ( ! la/ tw5ty c5turies1 h labor$1 ea* 9 8 sep>ate field ( ! va/ univ]se ( nature1 & o!r m51 end[$ ) o!r gifts1 h ent]$ on _! labors1 & by sy/ematiz+1 correlat+1 & simplify+ ! expression ( _! results1 h br\ght ! :ole )9 ! grasp ( cultivat$ m5 engag$ 9 o!r bran*es ( ! v>i$ pursuits ( our complicat$ life4 ,x is 9 ?is sort ( ord] t ! amelioration & civilization ( mank9d h proce$$1 & at ! pres5t mom5t are1 ,i hope & believe1 rapidly proce$+4 ,x 01 ,i suspect1 "u ?is po9t ( view1 ?\gh half unconsci\sly s1 t my att5tion 0 arre/$ by ! book n[ pres5t$ to ! read]2 = we h "h _m ( ! *ief results ( ! labori\s rese>*es ( su* m5 z ,ptolemy1 ,kepl]1 ,newton1 ,h]s*el1 ,fraunh(]1 ,janss51 ,locky]1 ,s*iap>elli1 & o!rs--no matt] :]e accumulat$ or by :om record$--filt]$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( a ?\ghtful & cultur$ lady1 & "h pres5t$ to o!r m9ds 9 ! v =ms :]e9 !y h be5 assimilat$ & pictur$ 9 h] own4 ,& ^! =ms & pictures are true4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! intellectual 8protoplasm0 ( ! human m9d is fo/]$ & practically dissem9at$4 ,&1 !n1 !re is /ill ano!r po9t ( view f :i* ?is g5]al dissem9ation ( great tru?s 9 a simple /yle assumes an aspect ( practical importance4 ,i allude to ! influ5ces ( ?is process on ! imag9ative or poetic side ( our complex nature4 ,wordswor?1 9 "o ( 8 prefaces1 has /at$ s cle>ly ! tru? on ?is subject t ,i c n d bett] ?an give 8 words4 8,if ! "t %\ld ev] come10 he says1 8:5 :at is n[ sci5ce becomes famili>iz$ to m51 !n ! remote/ discov]ies ( ! *emi/1 ! botani/1 ! m9]alogi/1 w be z prop] objects ( ! poet's art z any ^u :i* x c be employ$4 ,he w be ready to foll[ ! /eps ( ! man ( sci5ce2 he w be at 8 side1 c>ry+ s5sation into ! mid/ ( ! objects ( sci5ce itself4 ,! poet w l5d 8 div9e _s to aid ! transfiguration1 & w welcome ! be+ ?us produc$ z a de> & g5u9e inmate ( ! h\sehold ( man40 ,x is = reasons su* z "h /at$ t ,i he>tily comm5d ?is book to ! att5tion ( ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! advancem5t ( ! intellectual progress & culture ( society4 ,! /ory ( ! ,kosmos is told by ! au?oress 9 h] own language & aft] h] own me?od4 ,i believe1 z ,i h said1 ! /ory is correct4 ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,"o ,,( ,a ,,family1 #ac ,,ii4 ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,our ,,family1 #bd ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,b9ds ,,! ,,family ,,toge!r1 #cd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lead+ ,,memb]s ,,( ,,our ,,family4--,,fir/ ,,gr\p1 #df ,v4 ,,! ,,lead+ ,,memb]s ,,( ,,our ,,family4--,,second ,,gr\p1 #ee ,,vi4 ,,! ,,moon1 #fb ,,vii4 ,,visitors1 #gc ,,viii4 ,,little ,,s]vants1 #hc ,,ix4 ,,neighbor+ ,,families1 #ie ,x4 ,,our ,,neighbors' ,,movem5ts1 #ajf ,,xi4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em1 #abb ,,xii4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sun1 #acc ,,xiii4 ,,yet ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sun1 #adh ,,xiv4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,moon1 #aeg ,,xv4 ,,yet ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,moon1 #afd ,,xvi4 ,,m]cury1 ,,v5us1 ,,& ,,m>s1 #ahj ,,xvii4 ,,jupit]1 #aii ,,xviii4 ,,saturn1 #bad ,,xix4 ,,uranus ,,& ,,neptune1 #bbe ,,xx4 ,,comets ,,& ,,meteorites1 #bdj ,,xxi4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,comets ,,& ,,meteorites1 #bdf ,,xxii4 ,,_m ,,suns1 #bfg ,,xxiii4 ,,"s ,,p>ticul> ,,suns1 #bgh ,,xxiv4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,suns1 #bia ,,xxv4 ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,clu/]s ,,( ,,suns1 #cjd ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,sun ,,& ,,/> ,,di/ances1 #caj ,,xxvii4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,/> ,,di/ances1 #cbj ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,milky ,,way1 #cbi ,,xxix4 ,a ,,:irl+ ,,univ]se1 #ccg ,,xxx4 ,,read+ ,,! ,,light1 #cdd ,,xxxi4 ,,/ell> ,,photography1 #cee ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,a/ronomy1 #cfc ,,xxxiii4 ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy1 #cge ,,xxxiv4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton1 #chb ,,xxxv4 ,,lat] ,,a/ronomy1 #cic ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page4 ,hipp>*us 9 ! ,obs]vatory at ,alex&ria ,frontispiece4 ,! ,sol> ,sy/em #ae ,! ,pleiades #ai ,sun-spots #bi ,phases ( ,m]cury be=e ,inf]ior ,conjunction--,ev5+ ,/> #ej ,appe>ance ( ! ,full ,moon #fc ,"o ,=m ( ,lun> ,crat] #fi ,! ,e>? z ,se5 f ! ,moon #ga ,passage ( ! ,e>? & ! ,moon ?r\gh ! ,tail ( a ,comet #gf ,passage ( ! ,comet ( #ahdc ,close to ! ,sun #gi ,meteor ,em]g+ f ,beh9d a ,cl\d #hd ,! ,great ,%[] ( ,%oot+-/>s1 ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb #ij ,con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> #ajh ,! ,great ,be> #ej1jjj ,ye>s ,ago #aji ,! ,great ,be> #ej1jjj ,ye>s ,h5ce #aji ,con/ellation ( ,orion z x ,appe>s ,n[ #aaj ,con/ellation ( ,orion #ej1jjj ,ye>s ,h5ce #aaa ,position ( ,planets ,inf]ior to ,jupit]--,%[+ ! ,zone ( ! ,a/]oids #abc ,comp>ative ,size ( ! ,planet>y ,worlds #acj ,a ,typical ,sun-spot #ace ,a ,sol> ,eruption #ach ,sun-flames1 ,may #c1 #ahib #adc ,sol> ,corona & ,prom95ce #aeb ,comp>ative ,size ( ! ,e>? & ,sun #aee ,! ,moon--an ,expir$ ,planet #aei ,! ,lun> ,crat] ,cop]nicus #agj ,lun> ,eruption--,brisk ,action #agb ,lun> ,eruption--,feeble ,action #agc ,nicolaus ,cop]nicus #agf ,phases ( ,v5us #ahf ,m>s & ! ,pa? ( its ,satellites #aia ,g5]al ,aspect ( ,jupit]--,satellite & its ,%ad[ #bjj ,satellites ( ,jupit] ,comp>$ ) ! ,e>? & ,moon #bjf ,! ,sy/em ( ,jupit] #bjh ,orbits ( ,n9e ,comets ,captur$ by ,jupit] #bac ,saturn & ! ,e>?--,comp>ative ,size #bae ,ideal ,view ( ,saturn's ,r+s & ,satellites f ! ,planet #bbb ,great ,a/ronom]s ( ,e>li] ,times #bbg ,! ,great ,comet ( #ahaa #bdg ,donati's ,comet1 #aheh #bdi ,great ,comet ( #agdd #bed ,! ,fir/ ,comet ( #ahhh--;,june #d #bee ,great ,comet ( #afhj #bfj ,great ,comet ( #agfi #bfa ,b>on ,alex&] ,von ,humboldt #bfd ,a ,telescopic ,field 9 ! ,milky ,way #bgj ,cygnus1 ,con/ellation ( #bgi ,/>s ^: ,di/ances are ,be/ ,kn[n #bha ,lyra1 ,con/ellation ( #big ,con/ellations 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e #cjj ,a ,clu/] ( ,/>s 9 ,c5taurus #cje ,! ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 ,comp>$ ) ,size ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em #cjg ,a ,clu/] ( ,/>s 9 ,p]seus #ccb ,h]cules1 ,con/ellation ( #cch ,! ,great ,be>1 ,con/ellation ( #cda ,! ,prism & ,spectrum #cdd ,! ,spectroscope #cde ,spectra1 ,%[+ ! ,d>k ,l9es #cdg ,great ,a/ronom]s ( ,lat] ,times #cgg ,sir ,isaac ,newton #chf ,eye-piece ( ,lick ,telescope #djg ,lick ,obs]vatory #dji ,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d #daj ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,/>s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,"o ,,( ,a ,,family4 ,:at is ?is e>? ( ours8 ,some?+ v great--& yet some?+ v little4 ,some?+ v great1 comp>$ ) ! ?+s ^u ! e>?2 some?+ v little1 comp>$ ) ! ?+s outside ! e>?4 ,& z our j\rney+s toge!r are = a :ile to be away f e>?1 we %all f9d ourselves oblig$ to c\nt h] z some?+ q small 9 ! great univ]se1 :]e s _m l>g] & mighti] ?+s are to be f\nd1--if inde$ !y are mighti]4 ,n t we h to say good-bye altoge!r to our old home4 ,we mu/ l+] ab\t h] = a :ile be=e />t+1 & aft]w>ds x w be (t5 ne$ful to come back1 ) spe$ swift] ?an ! flight ( light1 t we may comp>e notes on ! sizes & conditions ( o!r places visit$ by u4 ,b fir/ ( all3 :at is ?is e>? ( ours8 ,x 0 r a pleasant notion :i* m5 held 9 old5 days1 t we--t great & important 8,we0 :i* loves to p]* itself ^u a height--/ood firm & fix$ at ! v c5t] ( ev]y?+4 ,! e>? 0 suppos$ to be a va/ flat pla91 rea*+ nobody c\ld tell h[ f>4 ,! sun rose & set = u alone2 & ! ?\s&s ( />s tw9kl$ 9 ! sky at night = nobody's good except ours2 & ! blue sky ov]head 0 a cry/al cov]+ = ! m5 ( our e>?1 & no?+ m4 ,9 fact1 p seem to h c\nt$ !mselves n m]ely to h _h a k9d ( k+%ip ov] ! l[] animals ( our e>?1 b to h be5 k+s ov] ! :ole univ]se4 ,sun1 />s1 & sky1 z well z e>?1 7 made = man1 & = man only4 ,?is 0 ! common belief1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^? old5 days !re 7 "s :o knew bett]4 ,b ! _w 9 g5]al kn[s bett] n[4 ,e>? ! c5t] ( ! univ]se6 ,:y1 %e is n t ( ev5 ! p>ticul> family 9 ! heav5s to :i* %e belongs4 ,= we d n /& alone4 ,! e>? is "o ( a family ( worlds1 & t family is call$ ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,& s f> is our e>? f be+ ! head ( ! family1 t %e is n ev5 "o ( ! m important memb]s4 ,%e is m]ely "o ( ! little si/]s1 z x 74 ,m5 n only believ$ ! e>?1 9 pa/ days1 to be at ! c5t] ( ! univ]se2 b also !y believ$ h] to rema9 !re )\t *ange4 ,sun1 moon1 />s1 planets1 sky1 might move2 b nev] ! e>?4 ,! solid gr\nd b5ea? _! feet1 t at lea/ 0 firm4 ,e day ! sun rose & set1 & e night ! />s1 9 l mann]1 rose & set4 ,b ?is 0 easily expla9$4 ,we on our great e>? /ood firm & /ill1 :ile sun1 moon1 />s1 w5t circl+ r\nd u once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 j = our sole & p>ticul> conv5i5ce4 ,:at an important p]sonage man mu/ h felt himself !n 9 ,god's great univ]se6 ,once aga91 we "k bett] n[6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,= x is ! e>? t moves1 & n ! sun2 x is ! e>? t moves1 & n ! />s4 ,! daily movem5ts ( sun & />s1 ris+ 9 ! ea/1 travel+ ov] ! sky1 & sett+ 9 ! we/1 are no m real movem5ts on _! "p ?an1 :5 we travel 9 a rail way-tra91 ! seem+ ru% ( h$ges1 telegraph po/s1 h\ses1 & fields is real4 ,!y are fix$ & we are mov+2 yet ! movem5t appe>s to u to be n ours b !irs4 ,/ill m /rongly w\ld ?is appe> to be ! case if !re 7 no noise1 no %ak+1 no j>r+ & trembl+1 to make u feel t we are n at re/4 ,sometimes :5 a tra9 beg9s to move g5tly out ( a /ation1 f among o!r tra9s1 x is at ! fir/ mom5t q impossible to say :e!r ! movem5t belongs to ! tra9 9 :i* we are seat$ or to a neighbor+ tra94 ,& 9 ! motions ( our e>? !re is no noise1 no %ak+1 no j>r+--all are rapid1 sil5t1 & ev54 ,if y 7 ris+ ?r\gh ! air 9 a balloon1 y w\ld at fir/ only "k y\r own movem5t by see+ ! e>? seem to drop away f b5ea? y4 ,& j s we c only "k ! e>?'s movem5ts by see+ h[ worlds ar\nd u seem to move 9 consequ5ce4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! ,univ]se1 ,i mean ! :ole ( ,god's mighty creation z f> z ! />s rea*4 ,sometimes ! ^w is us$ 9 ?is s5se1 & sometimes x is us$ only = a p>ticul> "p ( creation ne>] to u ?an o!r p>ts4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we w put aside all ?\ght ( ! second n>r[] mean+4 ,! wise/ a/ronom] liv+ c n tell u h[ f> ! />s rea*4 ,we "k n[ t !re is no firm cry/al cov]+ ov] our heads1 dott$ ) bright po9ts "h & !re2 b only ! wide op5 sky or heav51 conta9+ millions ( />s1 "s ne>]1 "s f>!r1 "s bright en\gh to be se5 by u all1 "s only visible ?r\gh a telescope4 ,p talk (t5 ( ! />s be+ 8set 9 space20 & ! mean+ ( 8space0 is simply 8room40 ,:]e y are mu/ be space1 or y c\ld n be !re4 ,b x is :5 we get away f e>?1 & travel 9 ?\ght ?r\gh ! wide fields ( space1 :]e ,god has plac$ 8 />s1 t we beg9 to feel h[ va/ x is1 & :at specks we are ourselves--nay1 :at a speck our v e>? is1 9 ?is great & b\ndless creation4 ,= !re is no gett+ to ! bord]s ( space4 ,z "o telescope aft] ano!r is made1 ea* "o /rong] 9 p[] & able to rea* f>!r ?an ! la/1 /ill m & m />s are se51 & yet m & m beh9d & beyond1 9 c\ntless millions4 ,x is ! same all r\nd ! e>?4 ,! old notion ab\t our _w be+ a flat pla9 has be5 long s9ce giv5 up4 ,we "k h] n[ to be a r\nd globe1 n fix$1 b float+ l ! />s 9 space4 ,:5 y look up into ! sky1 y are look+ exactly 9 ! opposite direction f :]e y w\ld be look+ up if y 7 9 ,au/ralia4 ,= ,au/ralia's 8up0 is our 8d[n10 & our 8d[n0 is ,au/ralia's 8up40 ,or1 to put x m truly1 8up0 is always 9 ! direction /raight away f ?is e>?1 on :atev] "p ( x y may be /&+2 & 8d[n0 is always t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,all r\nd ! globe1 9 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/1 :e!r y are 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 or ,am]ica1 ?\gh y w see diff]5t />s 9 c]ta9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 /ill ov]head y w f9d %9+ c\ntless po9ts ( light4 ,& n[1 :at are ^! />s8 ,?is is a matt] on :i* p are (t5 confus$1 & on :i* x is well to be q cle> be=e go+ "o /ep f>!r4 ,"s ( ! />s y h mo/ likely (t5 notic$4 ,! sev5 *ief />s ( ! ,great ,be> are kn[n to a l>ge numb] ( p2 & !re are few :o h n admir$ ! spl5did con/ellation ( ,orion4 ,p]haps y also "k ! ,w-%ape ( ,cassiopeia1 & ! brilliant %9+ ( ,sirius1 & ! s(t glimm] ( ! ,pleiades4 ,! diff]5t con/ellations or gr\ps ( pr9cipal />s h be5 wat*$ by m5 = long ages pa/4 ,!y are call$ ! fix$ />s1 = !y d n *ange4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago !y 7 fir/ arrang$ by m5 into ^! gr\ps1 & :o fir/ gave !m _! names1 we c n tell4 ,true1 night by night1 ?r\gh c5tury aft] c5tury1 !y rise1 & cross ! sky1 & set4 ,b ^? are only seem+ movem5ts4 ,precisely z ! turn+ r\nd ( ! e>? ^u h] axis1 once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 makes ! sun appe> to rise & cross ! sky & set1 9 ! day-"t2 s also ! same turn+ ( ! e>? makes ! />s appe> to d ! same 9 ! night-"t4 ,!re is ano!r seem+ movem5t among ! />s1 :i* is only 9 seem+4 ,"s come into view 9 summ] :i* c n be se5 9 w9t]2 & "s come into view 9 w9t] :i* c n be se5 9 summ]4 ,= ! sun1 mov+ on 8 pa?way ?r\gh ! sky1 hides ^? />s :i* %9e ) him 9 ! day-"t4 ,! zodiac is an imag9>y belt 9 ! heav5s1 sixte5 or eighte5 degrees wide1 conta9+ ! twelve con/ellations ?r\gh :i* ! sun passes4 ,& z he passes f po9t to po9t ( 8 pa?way1 he con/antly conceals f u fre% gr\ps ( />s by day1 & all[s fre% gr\ps to appe> by night4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! />s rema9 ! same ye> aft] ye>1 c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,! gr\ps may /ill be se5 z ( old1 fix$ & un*ang+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,:at are ^! />s8 ,/>s & planets h bo? be5 spok5 ab\t4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,p]haps if y 7 ask$ :e!r ! sun is mo/ l to a /> or a planet1 y w\ld be r at a loss2 & _m :o h admir$ ! brilliant ev5+ />1 ,v5us1 (t5 to be se5 aft] sunset1 w\ld be surpris$ to le>n t ! ev5+ /> is 9 reality no /> at all4 ,a /> is a sun4 ,our sun is no?+ m nor less ?an a />4 ,ea* "o ( ! s-call$ 8fix$ />s10 t y see %9+ at night 9 ! sky1 is a sun l our sun2 only "s ( ! />s are l>g] suns & "s are small] suns ?an ours4 ,! ma9 reason :y our sun looks s mu* l>g] & bright] ?an ! />s is1 t he is s v mu* ne>] to u4 ,! />s are "o & all at enorm\s di/ances f ! e>?4 ,by & by we w g m closely into ! matt] ( _! di/ance1 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( ! sun4 ,at pres5t x is en\gh to say t if _m ( ! />s 7 plac$ j z ne> to u z our sun is plac$1 !y w\ld look j z l>ge & bright2 :ile !re are "s t w\ld look a great deal l>g] & bright]4 ,& if our sun 7 to travel away f u1 to ! di/ance ( ! v ne>e/ ( ! little tw9kl+ />s1 he w\ld dw9dle d[n & d[n 9 size & brilliancy1 till at la/ we %\ld n be able to tell him ap>t f ! re/ ( ! />s4 ,i h told y t ! />s are call$ 8fix$0 because !y keep _! places1 & d n *ange f age to age4 ,?\gh ! movem5t ( ! e>? makes !m seem all to sweep pa/ e night 9 company1 yet !y d n travel 9 & out among "o ano!r1 or backw>ds & =w>ds1 or f side to side4 ,at all ev5ts1 if !re be su* *anges1 !y are s sl[ & s small z to be exce$+ly difficult to f9d out4 ,ea* gr\p ( />s keeps its own old %ape1 z = hundr$s ( ye>s back4 ,b among ^! fix$ />s !re are c]ta9 />s :i* d g to & fro1 & backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,n[ !y are to be se5 9 ! middle ( "o con/ellation1 & n[ 9 ! middle ( ano!r4 ,^! re/less />s 7 long a great p]plexity4 ,m5 nam$ !m ,planets or ,w&]]s4 ,we "k n[ t ! planets are 9 reality n />s at all1 & also t !y are n ne>ly s f> away f u z ! fix$ />s4 ,9 fact1 !y are simply memb]s ( our own family--! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,!y are worlds1 m or less l ! _w we live 92 & !y travel r\nd & r\nd ! sun z we d1 ea* m or less ne> to him2 & !y dep5d ^u him = heat & light1 9 m or less ! same mann] z ourselves4 ,!re=e1 j z our sun is a />1 & />s are suns1 s our e>? or _w is a planet1 & planets are worlds4 ,,e>? is ! "n we give to t p>ticul> _w or planet on :i* we live4 ,planets may g5]ally be kn[n f />s by ! fact t !y d n tw9kle4 ,b ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two lies 9 ! fact t a /> %9es by its own radiant1 burn+ light1 :]eas a planet %9es m]ely by light reflect$ or borr[$ f ! sun4 ,b h[ 7 ! e>? & ! o!r worlds made8 ,let u imag9e an imm5se gase\s mass plac$ 9 space4 ,attraction is a =ce inh]5t 9 e atom ( matt]4 ,! d5s] portion ( ?is mass w ins5sibly attract t[>ds x ! o!r p>ts1 & 9 ! sl[ fall ( ! m di/ant molecules t[>ds ?is m attractive region1 a g5]al motion is produc$1 incompletely direct$ t[>ds ?is c5t]1 & soon involv+ ! :ole mass 9 ! same motion ( rotation4 ,! simple/ =m ( all1 ev5 9 virtue ( ?is law ( attraction1 is ! sph]ical =m4 ,x is t :i* a drop ( wat] takes1 & a drop ( m]cury if left to itself4 ,! laws ( me*anics %[ t1 z ?is gase\s mass cond5ses & %r9ks1 ! motion ( rotation ( ! nebula is accel]at$4 ,9 turn+1 x becomes flatt5$ at ! poles1 & gradually takes ! =m ( an imm5se l5s-%ap$ mass ( gas4 ,x has begun to turn s quickly z to develop at its ext]ior circumf]5ce a c5trifugal =ce sup]ior to ! g5]al attraction ( ! mass1 z :5 we :irl a sl+4 ,! inevitable consequ5ce ( ?is excess is a rupture ( ! equilibrium1 :i* deta*es an ext]nal r+4 ,?is gase\s r+ w cont9ue to rotate 9 ! same "t & ) ! same velocity2 b ! nebul\s "m w be h5ce=? deta*$1 & w cont9ue to und]go progressive cond5sation & accel]ation ( motion4 ,! same feat w be reproduc$ z (t5 z ! velocity ( rotation surpasses t by :i* ! c5trifugal =ce rema9s inf]ior to ! attraction4 ,x may h happ5$ also t second>y c5t]s ( cond5sation w\ld be =m$ ev5 9 ! int]ior ( ! nebula4 ,9 our sy/em ! r+s ( ,saturn /ill subsi/4 ,! successive =mation ( ! planets1 _! situation ne> ! plane ( ! sol> equator1 & _! motions ( translation r\nd ! same c5t]1 are expla9$ by ! !ory :i* we are discuss+4 ,! mo/ di/ant kn[n planet1 ,neptune1 w\ld be deta*$ f ! nebula at ! epo* :5 ?is nebula ext5d$ z f> z ! planet1 out to ne>ly ?ree ?\s& millions ( miles1 & w\ld turn 9 a sl[ revolution requir+ a p]iod ( #afe ye>s = its accompli%m5t4 ,! orig9al r+ c\ld n rema9 9 ! /ate ( a r+ unless x 0 p]fectly homog5e\s & regul>2 b su* a condition is1 s to say1 unrealizable1 & x did n delay 9 cond5s+ itself into a sph]e4 ,successively1 ,uranus1 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ! army ( small planets1 ,m>s1 w\ld ?us be deta*$ or =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ?is same nebula4 ,aft]w>ds came ! e>?1 ( :i* ! bir? goes back to ! epo* :5 ! sun _h arriv$ at ! e>?'s pres5t position4 ,v5us & ,m]cury w\ld be born lat]4 ,w ! sun give bir? to a new _w8 ,?is is n probable4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,our ,,family4 ,p began v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w to pay close att5tion to ! sun4 ,& no wond]4 ,we owe s mu* to 8 heat & light t ! m>vel w\ld be if m5 _h n ?\ght mu* ab\t him4 ,0 ! sun really any l>g] ?an he look$1 & if s1 h[ mu* l>g] 0 he8 ,& :at 0 8 di/ance f ! e>?8 ,^! 7 two ( ! que/ions :i* puzzl$ our ance/ors ! longe/4 ,if once !y c\ld h settl$ exactly h[ f> (f ! sun really 01 !y c\ld easily h calculat$ 8 exact size2 b ?is 0 j :at !y c\ld n d4 ,s "o man suppos$ t ! sun mu/ be q ne>1 & v little l>g] ?an he look$4 ,ano!r ?\ght he might be sev5ty-five miles 9 diamet]4 ,a ?ird v5tur$ to believe t he 0 l>g] ?an ! c\ntry ( ,greece4 ,a f\r? 0 s bold z to imag9e t he might ev5 outweigh ! e>? h]self4 ,aft] a :ile _m attempts 7 made to measure ! di/ance ( ! sun2 & a great _m diff]5t answ]s to ?is difficult "q 7 giv5 by diff]5t m51 mo/ ( !m v wide ( ! m>k4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t ! matt] has be5 cle>ly settl$4 ,&1 inde$1 x 0 f\nd q lately t a mi/ake ( no less ?an ?ree millions ( miles _h be5 made1 not)/&+ all ! c>e & all ! att5tion giv54 ,b ?\gh ?ree millions ( miles s\nds a great deal1 yet x is really v little--only a t9y portion ( ! :ole4 ,= ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>? is no less ?an ab\t ,,n9ety-,,?ree ,,millions ,,( ,,miles4 ,n9ety-?ree millions ( miles6 ,c y picture t to y\rself8 ,try to ?9k :at is meant by a ?\s& miles4 ,our e>? is eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]4 ,9 o!r words1 if y 7 to ?ru/ a gigantic knitt+-ne$le ?r\gh h] body1 f ! ,nor? ,pole to ! ,s\? ,pole1 x w\ld h to be ab\t eight ?\s& miles long4 ,to rea* ! ?\ght ( "o million1 y mu/ picture "o ?\s& times "o ?\s&4 ,our e>? is ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& miles r\nd4 ,if y 7 to />t f ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,amazon1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & j\rney /raight r\nd ! :ole e>? on ! equator1 till y came back to ! same po9t1 y w\ld h travel$ ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& miles4 ,b t w\ld be a long way (f f a million miles4 ,y w\ld h gone only once r\nd ! e>?4 ,n[ a cord "o million miles 9 l5g? c\ld be wrapp$1 n once only1 b =ty times1 r\nd & r\nd ! e>?4 ,& :5 y h manag$ to rea* up to ! ?\ght ( "o million miles1 y h !n to rememb] t ! sun's di/ance is n9ety-?ree times z mu* aga94 ,s1 to picture cle>ly to ourselves ! actual mean+ ( 8n9ety-?ree millions ( miles0 is n s easy4 ,suppose x 7 possible to lay a railroad f "h to ! sun4 ,if y c\ld j\rney ?i!r 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e1 at ! rate ( ?irty miles an h\r1 nev] paus+ = "o s+le m9ute1 night or day1 y w\ld rea* ! sun 9 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & =ty-six ye>s4 ,?irty miles an h\r is a sl[ tra94 ,suppose we d\ble ! spe$1 & make x an express tra91 ru%+ along at ! pace ( sixty miles an h\r4 ,!n y might hope to rea* ! end ( y\r j\rney 9 "o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,if y _h quitt$ ?is e>? e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 nev] /opp+ on y\r way1 y w\ld be1 j ab\t n[1 ne> ! end ( ! n9ete5?1 arriv+ at ! sun4 ,s mu* = ! sun's di/ance f u4 ,n[ z to 8 size4 ,i h already m5tion$ t our e>?'s diamet]--t is1 h] ?r\gh measure1 z1 = in/ance1 ! l9e drawn /raight f ,engl& ?r\gh h] c5t] to ,new ,zeal&--is ab\t eight ?\s& miles4 ,?is s\nds a good deal4 ,b :at d y ?9k ( ! diamet] ( ! sun be+ no less ?an eight hundr$ & fifty-eight ?\s& miles8 ,! "o is eight ?\s& miles1 ! o!r ov] eight hundr$ ?\s&6 ,suppose y _h a long sl5d] pole :i* w\ld pass ?r\gh ! middle ( ! e>?1 "o end j %[+ at ! ,nor? ,pole & ! o!r at ! ,s\? ,pole4 ,y w\ld ne$ m ?an a hundr$ & eight ( su* poles1 all jo9$ toge!r1 to %[ ! diamet] ( ! sun4 ,! sun seems n to be made ( ne>ly su* heavy mat]ials z ! e>?4 ,he is :at a/ronom]s call less 8d5se10 less close & compact 9 8 make1 j z wood is less d5se & heavy ?an iron4 ,/ill1 8 size is s enorm\s1 t if y c\ld h a pair ( gigantic scales1 & put ! sun into "o scale & ! e>? ) e "o ( h] bro!r & si/] planets into ! o!r1 ! sun's side w\ld g d[n l lightn+4 ,he w\ld be f\nd to weigh sev5 hundr$ & fifty times z mu* z all ! re/ put toge!r4 ,&1 x w\ld take m ?an twelve hundr$ ?\s& little e>?s l ours1 roll$ into "o huge ball1 to make a globe z l>ge z ! sun4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a man nam$ ,fabricius 0 />tl$ by ! sight ( a c]ta9 black spot ^u ! face ( ! sun4 ,he wat*$ till too dazzl$ to look any long]1 suppos+ x to be a small cl\d1 yet anxi\s to le>n m4 ,next day ! spot 0 !re /ill1 b x seem$ to h mov$ on a little way4 ,morn+ aft] morn+ ?is movem5t 0 f\nd to cont9ue1 & soon a second spot1 & !n a ?ird spot1 7 obs]v$ creep+ 9 l mann] across ! sun4 ,aft] a :ile !y vani%$1 "o at a "t1 r\nd 8 edge1 z x 72 b aft] "s days ( pati5t wait+ on ! "p ( ! look]s-on1 !y appe>$ aga9 at ! opposite edge1 & once m began _! j\rney across4 ,fabricius seems to h be5 ! fir/1 b he 0 n ! la/1 to wat* sun-spots4 ,_m a/ronom]s h giv5 close att5tion to !m4 ,mod]n telescopes1 & ! mod]n plan ( look+ at ! sun ?r\gh d>k5$ glass1 h made ?is possible 9 a way t 0 n possible two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ important discov]y made ?r\gh ! spots on ! sun1 0 t ! sun turns r\nd ^u 8 axis1 j 9 ! same mann] t ! e>? turns r\nd ^u h]s4 ,in/ead ( do+ s once 9 ! c\rse ( ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 l ! e>?1 he turns once 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t tw5ty-five days4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! spots se5 n[ ^u ! sun are ! same spots t ,fabricius saw s long ago4 ,!re is p]petual *ange go+ on2 new spots =m+1 old spots vani%+2 "o spot break+ into two1 two spots jo9+ into "o1 & s on4 ,ev5 9 a s+le h\r great alt]ations are sometimes se5 to take place4 ,/ill1 _m ( ! spots d rema9 long en\gh & keep _! %apes closely en\gh to be wat*$ f day to day1 & to be kn[n aga9 z old fri5ds :5 !y reappe>1 aft] be+ ab\t twelve days hidd5 on ! o!r side ( ! sun4 ,s t ! turn+ ( ! sun ^u 8 axis has become1 aft] long & c>eful exam9ation1 a c]ta9 kn[n fact4 ,= m ?an ?irty ye>s "o a/ronom] kept close wat* ov] ! spots on e day t x 0 possible to see ! sun4 ,mu* has be5 le>n$ f 8 resolute p]sev]ance4 ,n[ :at are ^! spots8 ,"o ?+ seems pretty sure1 & t is t !y are caus$ by "s k9d ( trem5d\s /orms or cyclones tak+ place on ! surface ( t huge ball ( fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sun ,,spots4 ,! fir/ att5tive obs]v] ( ! sun1 ,s*e9]1 at fir/ reg>d$ ! spots z satellites--an indef5sible op9ion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 "s h attempt$ to revive4 ,galileo attribut$ !m to cl\ds or vapors float+ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e2 ?is 0 ! be/ conclusion :i* c\ld be drawn f ! obs]vations ( t epo*4 ,?is op9ion met = a long "t ) g5]al approval2 x has ev5 be5 r5ew$ 9 our day4 ,"s a/ronom]s1 & among !m ,lal&e1 believ$1 on ! contr>y1 t !y 7 m\nta9s1 ( :i* ! flanks1 m or less /eep1 might produce ! aspect ( ! p5umbra--an op9ion irreconcilable ) ! prop] motion :i* ! spots sometimes possess 9 a v m>k$ mann]4 ,x is n usual1 9 fact1 to see m\nta9s travel+4 ,d]ham attribut$ !m to ! smoke issu+ f ! volcanic crat]s ( ! sun1 an op9ion reviv$ & ma9ta9$ 9 rec5t times by ,*acornac4 ,sev]al savants1 reg>d+ ! sun z a liquid & inc&esc5t mass1 h also expla9$ ! spots by imm5se c9d]s float+ on ?is ocean ( fire4 ,b a c5tury _h sc>cely elaps$ aft] ! epo* :5 ! spots 7 obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t1 :5 an ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,wilson1 %[$ ) c]ta9ty t ! spots are holl[4 ,we d n "k ) any c]ta9ty :e!r ! sun is ?r\gh & ?r\gh "o mass ( gl[+ molt5 heat1 or :e!r he may h a solid & ev5 cool body )9 ! blaz+ cov]+4 ,"s h ?\ght ! "o1 & "s ! o!r4 ,we only "k t he is a mighty furnace ( heat & flame1 beyond any?+ t we c possibly imag9e on our quiet little e>?4 ,x seems v sure t no su* ?+ z 8quietness0 is to be f\nd on ! surface ( ! sun4 ,! wilde/ & fi]ce/ turmoil ( ru%+ w9d & ro>+ flame !re prevails4 ,! cyclones or hurricanes :i* take place are sometimes s rapid & s trem5d\s 9 ext5t1 te>+ op5 ! blaz+ envelope ( ! sun1 & %[+ glimpses ( fi]y ?\gh d>k] dep?s bel[1 t we1 on our f>-di/ant e>?1 c actually wat* _! progress4 ,a/ronom]s speak ( ! 8quiv]+ fr+e ( fire0 all ar\nd ! edge ( ! sun1 visible ?r\gh telescopes4 ,b ! sun is p]petually turn+ on 8 axis1 s t ea* h\r fre% portions ( 8 surface ?us pass ! edge1 %[+ ! same appe>ance4 ,:at conclusion c we come to b t ! :ole enorm\s surface ( ! sun is "o re/less1 bill[y sea ( fire & flame8 ,x s\nds to u bo? gr& & />tl+ to he> ( ! mighty outbreaks f ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 or to read ( gl[+ lava f a volcano 9 ,hawaii p\r+ 9 "o unbrok5 /ream = miles4 ,b :at %all be ?\ght ( rosy flames m\nt+ to a height ( fifty or a hundr$ ?\s& miles above ! edge ( ! sun8 ,:at %all be ?\ght ( a tongue ( fire long en\gh to fold ?ree or f\r times r\nd our solid e>?8 ,:at %all be ?\ght ( ! awful ru% ( burn+ gases1 sometimes se51 borne along at ! rate ( "o or two or ev5 ?ree hundr$ miles 9 a s+le second across ! sun's surface8 ,:at %all be ?\ght ( ! huge d>k r5ts 9 ?is rag+ fi]y ocean1 r5ts commonly f fifty to "o hundr$ ?\s& miles across1 & n seldom m8 ,fifty ?\s& miles6 ,a m]e speck1 sc>cely visible )\t a telescope2 yet l>ge en\gh to hold sev5 e>?s l ours flung 9 toge!r4 ,! l>ge/ spot measur$ 0 s enorm\s t eighte5 e>?s might h be5 arrang$ 9 a r[ across ! bread? ( x1 l huge b\ld]s ( rock 9 a m\nta9 cav]n2 & to h fill$ up ! entire hole ab\t "o hundr$ e>?s w\ld h be5 ne$$4 ,x is well to gr[ famili> ) c]ta9 names giv5 by a/ronom]s to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sun4 ,! r\nd %9+ disk or flat surface1 se5 by all ( u1 is call$ ! photosph]e1 or 8light-sph]e40 ,x has a tol]ably well-def9$ edge or 8limb10 & dazzles ! eye ) its int5se brightness4 ,across ! photosph]e ! spots move1 sometimes _m1 sometimes few1 9 numb]4 ,besides ! d>k spots1 !re are spots ( extreme brilliancy1 /&+ out on ev5 t dazzl+ surface1 :i* causes a piece ( :ite-hot iron to look black & cold by contra/4 ,^! extra-radiant spots :i* come & g1 & at times *ange ) great rapidity1 are nam$ facul--a ,lat9 ^w mean+ 8tor*es40 ,at ! edge ( ! photosph]e a/ronom]s see :at has be5 already m5tion$1 t :i* is sometimes call$ ! *romotosph]e1 :i* "o has nam$ 8! si]ra10 & :i* ano!r has describ$ z 8a quiv]+ fr+e ( fire40 ,! waves ( ! sea1 on a /ormy day1 se5 9 ! di/ance ris+ & break+ ! horizon-l9e1 may s]ve z an illu/ration2 only 9 ! sun ! waves are ( fire1 n wat]4 ,:at mu/ _! height be1 to be ?us visible at a di/ance ( n9ety-?ree millions ( miles8 ,outside ! si]ra are se51 at c]ta9 seasons1 bright1 8rose-color$ prom95ces0 or flames ( enorm\s height4 ,dur+ an eclipse1 :5 ! d>k body ( ! moon comes betwe5 ! sun & u1 exactly cov]+ ! photosph]e1 ^! r$ tips /& out di/9ctly beyond ! edge ( sun & moon4 ,_! *anges h be5 wat*$1 & _! height repeat$ly measur$4 ,"s are s l(ty t t5 little e>?s su* z ours might be heap$ up1 "o ^u ano!r1 )\t rea*+ to _! top4 ,:e!r !y are 9 "* at all l ! outbur/s f our own volcanoes x is h>d to say4 ,to comp>e ! two w\ld be r l comp>+ a small kit*5 fire ) a mighty iron-smelt+ furnace4 ,! facul1 ! si]ra1 & ! prom95ces are visible only ?r\gh a telescope4 ,outside ^! r$ flames or 8prom95ces0 is ! corona1 commonly divid$ into ! inn] & out] coronas4 ,_m diff]5t explanations h be5 (f]$ ( ?is beautiful cr[n ( light r\nd ! sun1 pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye dur+ an eclipse4 ,b "h aga9 we "k little1 & mu/ be cont5t to wat* & wait4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,b9ds ,,! ,,family ,,toge!r8 ,:at is x :i* b9ds toge!r all ! memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em8 ,ah1 :at8 ,:y %\ld n ! sun at any mom5t ru% away 9 "o direction1 ! e>? 9 a second1 ! planets 9 half a doz5 o!rs8 ,:at is !re to h9d] su* a cata/rophe8 ,no?+--except t !y are all held toge!r by a c]ta9 close family tie2 or1 m correctly1 by ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! head ( ! family4 ,?is my/]i\s p[] :i* ! sun has1 & :i* all ! planets h also 9 _! small] degrees1 is call$ ,attraction4 ,sometimes x is nam$ ,gravitation or ,gravity4 ,:5 we speak1 z we (t5 d1 ( ! law ( attraction or gravitation1 we mean simply ?is--t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 9 ?+s little & great1 is f\nd a c]ta9 wond]ful some?+1 9 con/ant action1 :i* we call a 8law40 ,:at ! 8some?+0 may be1 man c n tell2 = he kn[s x only by its effects4 ,b ^! effects are se5 ev]y:]e1 on all sides1 9 ! e>? & 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is well nam$ 9 be+ call$ a 8law20 = we are compell$ to obey x4 ,none b ! ,div9e ,lawgiv] :o made ?is law c = a s+le mom5t susp5d its work+4 ,:at causes an apple to fall to ! gr\nd :5 x drops f ! bran*8 ,:y %\ld x n1 in/ead1 rise upw>ds8 ,because1 ( c\rse1 x is heavy1 or has weight4 ,b :at is weight8 ,simply ?is--t ! e>? draws or drags ev]y?+ d[nw>ds t[>ds h]self by ! p[] ( attraction4 ,e sub/ance1 great or small1 light or heavy1 is made up ( t9y atoms4 ,ea* "o ( ^! atoms attracts or draws all ! o!r atoms t[>ds itself2 & ! clos] !y are toge!r1 ! m /rongly !y pull "o ano!r4 ,! atoms 9 a piece ( iron are mu* clos] ?an ! atoms 9 a piece ( wood2 !re=e ! iron is call$ ! 8m d5se0 ( ! two1 & its weight or 8mass0 is great]4 ,! m closely ! atoms are press$ toge!r1 ! great] ! numb] ( !m 9 a small space1 & ! m /rong ! draw+ t[>ds ! e>?2 = ! e>? draws ea* "o ( ^! atoms equally4 ,t is only ano!r way ( say+ t a ?+ is 8heavi]40 ,if y drop a /one f ! top ( a cliff1 w x rise upw>ds or float 9 ! air8 ,no1 inde$4 ,! pull ( ! e>?'s attraction1 dragg+ & /ill dragg+ d[nw>d1 makes x ru% ?r\gh ! air1 ) spe$ quick5+ ea* in/ant1 till x /rikes ! gr\nd4 ,e s+le atom 9 e s+le body pulls e o!r atom1 :e!r f> or ne>4 ,! ne>] x is1 ! /rong] always ! pull+4 ,we d n always feel ?is1 because ! v mu* great] attraction ( ! e>? hides--or smo!rs1 z we may say--! less] attraction ( ea* small ?+ = ano!r4 ,b ?\gh y & ,i might /& side by side ^u e>?1 & feel no mutual attraction1 yet if we c\ld m\nt up a few ?\s&s ( miles1 f> away f e>?1 & float 9 di/ant space1 !re we %\ld f9d ourselves drawn toge!r1 & unable to rema9 ap>t4 ,n[ precisely z an apple fall+ f a tree & a /one dropp+ f a cliff are dragg$ d[nw>d to ! e>?1 j s our e>? & all ! planets are dragg$ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! sun & t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,! law ( ! e>?'s attraction ( all objects on its surface to itself 0 indi/9ctly suspect$ a v long "t ago2 b x 0 ! great ,newton :o fir/ discov]$ t ?is same law 0 to be f\nd work+ among ! memb]s ( ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! sun attracts ! e>?1 & ! e>? attracts ! sun4 ,b ! enorm\s size ( ! sun comp>$ ) our e>?--l a great n9e-foot globe beside a t9y "o-in* ball--makes our p[] ( attraction to be q lo/ sight ( 9 81 :i* is s mu* great]4 ,! pr9ciple ( gravitation is ( f> wid] scope ?an we h yet indicat$4 ,we h spok5 m]ely ( ! attraction ( ! e>?1 & we h /at$ t its attraction ext5ds ?r\gh\t space4 ,b ! law ( gravitation is n s limit$4 ,n only does ! e>? attract e o!r body1 & e o!r body attract ! e>?1 b ea* ( ^! bodies attracts ea* o!r2 s t1 9 its m complete %ape1 ! law ( gravitation ann\nces t 8e body 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r body ) a =ce :i* v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance40 ,x is impossible = u to ov]e/imate ! importance ( ?is law4 ,x supplies ! clue by :i* we c unravel ! complicat$ movem5ts ( ! planets4 ,x has l$ to m>vel\s discov]ies1 9 :i* ! law ( gravitation has enabl$ u to anticipate ! telescope1 &1 inde$1 actually to feel ! exi/5ce ( bodies be=e ^? bodies h ev5 be5 se54 ,we come n[ to ano!r "q4 ,if ! sun is pull+ ) su* p[] at ! e>? & all h] si/] planets1 :y d !y n fall d[n ^u him8 ,:at is to prev5t _! roll+ "s day into "o ( ^? deep r5ts 9 8 fi]y envelope8 ,did y ev] tie a ball to a /r+1 & sw+ x rapidly r\nd & r\nd y\r head8 ,if y did1 y mu/ h notic$ ! /eady outw>d pull ( ! ball4 ,! heavi] ! ball1 & ! m rapid its :irl1 ! /rong] ! pull w be4 ,let ! /r+ slip1 & ! ru% ( ! ball ?r\gh ! air to ! side ( ! room w make ?is yet m pla94 ,did y ev] c>ry a glass ( wat] quickly along1 & !n1 on sudd5ly turn+ a corn]1 f9d t ! wat] has n turn$ ) y8 ,x has gone on 9 its =m] direction1 leav+ ! glass1 & spill+ itself on ! floor4 ,! cause 9 bo? cases is ! same4 ,"h is ano!r 8law ( nature10 s-call$4 ,?\gh we c nei!r expla9 nor und]/& :y & h[ x is s1 we see x to be "o ( ! fix$ rules ( ,god's work+ 9 e-day life ?r\gh\t 8 univ]se4 ,! law1 z we see x1 seems to be ?is3 ,ev]y?+ :i* is at re/ mu/ rema9 at re/1 until set mov+ by "s cause outside (1 or indep5d5t ( itself2 & ev]y?+ :i* is once set mov+1 mu/ cont9ue mov+ 9 a /raight l9e until *eck$4 ,accord+ to ?is a cannon-ball ly+ on ! gr\nd ought to rema9 !re until x is set 9 motion2 &1 once set 9 motion by be+ fir$ f a cannon1 x ought to g on =ev]4 ,exactly s--if no?+ /ops x4 ,b ! e>?'s attraction draws ! cannon-ball d[nw>d1 & e "t x /rikes ! gr\nd x is p>tly *eck$4 ,also ea* p>ticle ( air t t\*es x helps to br+ x to re/4 ,if !re 7 no e>? & no air 9 ! "q1 ! cannon-ball might ru% on 9 space = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,:y did ! wat] get spill$8 ,because x necess>ily cont9u$ mov+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,y\r sudd5 *ange ( direction compell$ ! solid glass to make ! same *ange1 b ! liquid wat] 0 free to g /raight on 9 its =m] c\rse2 s x obey$ ?is law1 & did g on4 ,:y did ! ball pull h>d at ! /r+ z y swung x r\nd8 ,because at ea* in/ant x 0 /riv+ to obey ?is same law1 & to ru% onw>d 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! pull ( ! /r+ 0 e mom5t fight+ aga9/ t incl9ation1 & =c+ ! ball to move 9 a circle4 ,j su* is ! e>?'s movem5t 9 h] ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun4 ,! /r+ hold+ 9 ! ball pictures ! sun's attraction hold+ 9 ! e>?4 ,! pull+ ( ! ball outw>d 9 ord] to cont9ue its c\rse 9 a /raight l9e1 pictures ! pull+ ( our e>? ea* mom5t to break loose f ! sun's attraction & to flee away into di/ant space4 ,= ! e>? is n at re/4 ,ea* tick ( ! clock %e has sp$ onw>d ov] m ?an eighte5 miles ( h] pa?way ?r\gh ! sky4 ,e in/ant ! sun is dragg+1 ) ! trem5d\s =ce ( 8 attraction1 to make h] fall ne>] to him4 ,e in/ant ! e>? is dragg+ ) ! trem5d\s =ce ( h] rapid ru%1 to get away f him4 ,^! two pull+s s f> balance ea* o!r1 or1 m /rictly1 s f> comb9e toge!r1 t betwe5 ! two %e j\rneys /eadily r\nd & r\nd 9 h] ne>ly circul> orbit4 ,if ! sun pull$ a little h>d] %e w\ld ne$ to travel a little fa/]1 or %e w\ld gradually g ne>] to him4 ,if ! e>? w5t fa/]1 & ! sun's attraction rema9$ ! same z x is n[1 %e w\ld gradually wid5 h] di/ance4 ,inde$1 x w\ld only be ne$ful = ! e>? to quick5 h] pace to ab\t five-&-tw5ty miles a second1 ! sun's p[] to draw h] be+ un*ang$1 & %e w\ld !n w&] away f him = ev]4 ,day by day we on our e>? %\ld travel f>!r & f>!r away1 leav+ beh9d u all light1 all heat1 all life1 & f9d+ ourselves sl[ly lo/ 9 d>kness1 cold1 & dea?4 ,= :at %\ld we d )\t ! sun8 ,all our light1 all our w>m?1 come f him4 ,)\t ! sun1 life c\ld n exi/ on ! e>?4 ,plants1 h]bage1 trees1 w\ld )]2 ! wat]s ( riv]s1 lakes1 oceans1 w\ld turn to masses ( ice2 animals & m5 w\ld die4 ,our e>? w\ld soon be "o va/1 cold1 =sak5 tomb ( d>kness & desolation4 ,we may n ?9k s1 b ev]y?+ :i* moves1 circulates1 & lives on our planet is ! *ild ( ! sun4 ,! mo/ nutriti\s foods come f ! sun4 ,! wood :i* w>ms u 9 w9t] is1 aga91 ! sun 9 fragm5ts4 ,e cubic in*1 e p\nd ( wood1 is =m$ by ! p[] ( ! sun4 ,! mill :i* turns "u ! impulse ( w9d or wat]1 revolves only by ! sun4 ,& 9 ! black night1 "u ! ra9 or sn[1 ! bl9d & noisy tra91 :i* d>ts l a fly+ s]p5t ?r\gh ! fields1 ru%es along above ! valleys1 is swall[$ up "u ! m\nta9s1 goes hiss+ pa/ ! /ations1 ( :i* ! pale eyes /rike sil5tly ?r\gh ! mi/1--9 ! mid/ ( night & cold1 ?is mod]n animal1 produc$ by human indu/ry1 is /ill a *ild ( ! sun4 ,! coal f ! e>? :i* fe$s its /oma* is sol> "w1 /or$ up dur+ millions ( ye>s 9 ! geological /rata ( ! globe4 ,z x is c]ta9 t ! =ce :i* sets ! wat* 9 motion is d]iv$ f ! h& :i* has w\nd x1 s x is c]ta9 t all t]re/rial p[] proce$s f ! sun4 ,x is its heat :i* ma9ta9s ! ?ree /ates ( bodies--solid1 liquid1 & gase\s4 ,! la/ two w\ld vani%1 !re w\ld be no?+ b solids2 wat] & air itself w\ld be 9 massive blocks1--if ! sol> heat did n ma9ta9 !m 9 ! fluid /ate4 ,x is ! sun :i* bl[s 9 ! air1 :i* fl[s 9 ! wat]1 :i* moans 9 ! tempe/1 :i* s+s 9 ! unwe>i$ ?roat ( ! night+ale4 ,x atta*es to ! sides ( ! m\nta9s ! s\rces ( ! riv]s & glaci]s1 & consequ5tly ! cat>acts & ! avalan*es are precipitat$ ) an en]gy :i* !y draw directly f him4 ,?und] & lightn+ are 9 _! turn a manife/ation ( 8 p[]4 ,e fire :i* burns & e flame :i* %9es has receiv$ its life f ! sun4 ,& :5 two armies are hurl$ toge!r ) a cra%1 ea* *>ge ( cavalry1 ea* %ock betwe5 two army corps1 is no?+ else b ! misuse ( me*anical =ce f ! same />4 ,! sun comes to u 9 ! =m ( heat1 he leaves u 9 ! =m ( heat2 b betwe5 8 arrival & 8 dep>ture1 he has giv5 bir? to ! v>i$ p[]s ( our globe4 ,i h spok5 be=e ab\t ! old-_w notion t our e>? 0 a fix$ pla91 ) ! sun circl+ r\nd h]4 ,:5 ! tru? dawn$ sl[ly ^u "s great m9ds1 anxi\s only to "k :at really 0 ! tru?1 o!rs made a h>d /ruggle = ! old] & pleasant] mode ( ?9k+4 ,x w5t ) _m sorely aga9/ ! gra9 to give up all idea ( ! e>? be+ ! *ief place 9 ! univ]se4 ,also !re 0 some?+ bewild]+ & dizzy+ 9 ! notion t our solid _w is nev] = "o mom5t /ill4 ,b tru? won ! victory at la/4 ,m5 cons5t$ sl[ly to give up ! pa/ dream1 & to le>n ! new lesson put be=e !m4 ,we /ill talk ( ! sun ris+ & sett+1 & ( ! />s do+ ! same4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 m]ely a common =m ( spee*1 :i* means j ! opposite4 ,= in/ead ( ! sun & />s mov+1 x is ! e>? :i* moves4 ,! e>? has two di/9ct movem5ts4 ,inde$1 ,i ought to say t %e has ?ree2 b we w leave all ?\ght ( ! ?ird = ! pres5t4 ,fir/1 %e turns r\nd ^u h] axis once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,secondly1 %e travels r\nd ! sun once 9 ab\t e ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days & a qu>t]4 ,no wond] our ance/ors 7 />tl$ to le>n t ! _w1 :i* !y _h c\nt$ s immovable1 0 p]petually sp9n+ l a humm+-top1 & ru%+ ?r\gh space l an arr[4 ,y may ga9 "s cle> notions z to ! daily ris+ & sett+ ( our sun1 ) ! help ( an orange4 ,pass a sl5d] knitt+-ne$le ?r\gh ! orange1 f end to end1 & hold x ab\t a y>d di/ant f a s+le c&le 9 a room o!rwise d>k5$4 ,let ! ne$le or axis slant some:at1 & turn ! orange sl[ly ^u x4 ,! c&le does n move2 b z ! orange turns1 ! c&le-light falls 9 succession ^u ea* portion ( ! yell[ r9d4 ,half ( ! orange is always 9 %ade1 & half is always 9 light2 :ile at ei!r side1 if a small fly 7 /&+ !re1 he w\ld be pass+ r\nd out ( %ade into c&le-light1 or out ( c&le-light into %ade4 ,ea* spot on our e>? moves r\nd 9 turn into half-light1 full-light1 half-light1 & d>kness2 or1 9 o!r words1 has morn+-dawn1 midday-light1 ev5+ twilight1 & night4 ,ea* spot on our e>? w\ld und]go regul>ly ^! *anges e tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 7 x n = ano!r arrangem5t :i* s f> affects ?is t ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles are1 by turns1 cut (f f ! light dur+ _m mon?s toge!r4 ,?us ! sun is 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 turn+ sl[ly on 8 axis2 & ! e>? & ! planets travel r\nd him1 ea* sp9n+ l a teetotum1 s z to make ! mo/ ( 8 bright w>m rays4 ,b = ?is sp9n+ movem5t ( ! e>?1 our day & night1 in/ead ( be+ ea* a few h\rs long1 w\ld ea* la/ six mon?s4 ,y may notice t1 z y turn ! orange /eadily r\nd1 ! outside surface ( ! sk9 has to move mu* m sl[ly 9 ^? p>ts close to ! knitt+-ne$le1 ?an 9 ^? p>ts :i* bulge out f>!/ f x4 ,ne> ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles ! surface ( our e>? travels sl[ly r\nd a v small circle 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b at ! equator e piece ( gr\nd has to travel ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& miles 9 ! same "t2 s t x ru%es along at ! rate ( m ?an "o ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,a man /&+ on ! e>? at ! equator is be+ c>ri$ along at ?is great spe$1 n ?r\gh ! air1 = ! :ole atmosph]e p>takes ( ! same rapid motion1 b ) ! air1 r\nd & r\nd ! e>?'s axis4 ,n[ ab\t ! o!r movem5t ( ! e>?--h] ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun4 ,:ile %e moves1 ! sun1 z se5 f ! e>?1 seems to *ange 8 place4 ,fir/ he is obs]v$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( "o gr\p ( />s1 !n aga9/ a second1 !n aga9/ a ?ird4 ,n t ! />s are visible 9 ! daytime :5 ! sun is %9+1 b _! places are well kn[n 9 ! heav5s2 & also !y c be not$ v soon aft] he sets1 or be=e he rises1 s t ! con/ellations ne>e/ to him may ea* day be easily f\nd out4 ,( c\rse1 9 old times ! sun 0 ?\ght to be really tak+ ?is j\rney among ! />s1 & m5 talk$ ( 8! sun's pa?0 9 ! heav5s4 ,?is pa? 0 nam$ 8! ,ecliptic10 & we use ! ^w /ill1 ?\gh we "k well t ! movem5ts are n really 81 b ours4 ,z ! e>?'s daily movem5t causes day & night1 s ! e>?'s ye>ly movem5t causes spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]4 ,a few pages back ,i m5tion$1 9 pass+1 "o slight yet important fact :i* lies at ! root ( ?is matt] ab\t ! seasons4 ,! e>?1 j\rney+ r\nd ! sun1 travels ) h] axis slant+4 ,put y\r c&le 9 ! middle ( ! table1 & /& at "o end1 hold+ y\r orange4 ,n[ let ! knitt+-ne$le1 ) ! orange ^u x1 s slant t "o end %all po9t /raight ov] ! c&le1 t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! wall at ! f>!r end ( ! room4 ,call ! upp] end s po9t+ ! ,nor? ,pole ( y\r orange4 ,y w see t ! c&le-light falls *iefly ^u ! upp] half ( ! orange2 & z y turn x sl[ly1 to picture day & night1 y w f9d t ! ,nor? ,pole has no night1 & ! ,s\? ,pole has no day4 ,t is summ] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & w9t] 9 ! s\!rn4 ,walk r\nd next to "o side ( ! table1 t[>ds ! "r h&1 tak+ c>e to let ! knitt+-ne$le po9t /eadily /ill 9 exactly ! same direction1 n t[>ds ! same spot1 = t w\ld alt] its direction z y move1 b t[>ds ! same wall4 ,/op1 & y w f9d ! c&le light+ up "o-half ( y\r orange1 f ! ,nor? to ! ,s\? ,poles4 ,turn x sl[ly1 nev] alt]+ ! slope ( ! axis1 & y w see t e "p ( ! orange comes by turns "u ! light4 ,?is is ! ,autumnal ,equ9ox1 :5 days & nights all ov] ! _w are equal 9 l5g?4 ,walk on to ! o!r end ( ! table1 /ill lett+ ! ne$le slope & po9t /eadily z be=e4 ,n[ ! c&le-light w %9e ^u ! l[] or ,s\? ,pole1 & ! ,nor? ,pole w be entirely 9 ! %ade4 ,?is is summ] 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & w9t] 9 ! nor!rn4 ,pass on to ! f\r? side ( ! table1 & once m y w f9d x1 z at ! second side1 equal light f ,nor? ,pole to ,s\? ,pole4 ,?is w be ! ,spr+ ,equ9ox4 ,x is an illu/ration t may be easily practic$4 ,b ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u keep+ ! slant ( ! ne$le or axis un*ang$ ?r\gh\t4 ,if x be all[$ to po9t fir/ to "r1 & !n to left1 fir/ t[>ds ! ceil+1 & !n t[>ds ! wall1 ! attempt w prove a failure4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,lead+ ,,memb]s ,,( ,,our ,,family--,,fir/ ,,gr\p4 ,! *ief di/9ction betwe5 />s & planets is1 z be=e said1 t ! />s %9e entirely by _! own light1 :ile ! planets %9e *iefly1 if n entirely1 by reflect$ light4 ,! />s are suns2 mighty globes ( gl[+ flame4 ,! planets simply receive ! light ( ! sun1 & %9e ) a brightness n _! own4 ,a lamp %9es by its own light2 b a look+-glass1 set 9 ! sun's rays & fla%+ beams 9 all directions1 %9es by reflect$ light4 ,9 a d>k room x w\ld be d>k4 ,if !re 7 no sun to %9e ^u ,m>s or ,v5us1 we %\ld see no brightness 9 !m4 ,! moon is l ! planets 9 ?is4 ,%e has only borr[$ light to give1 & none ( h] own4 ,any "o ( ! planets remov$ to ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ fix$ />1 w\ld be invisible to u4 ,reflect$ light w n %9e ne>ly s f> z ! direct light ( a burn+ body4 ,!re may be ?\s&s or millions ( planets circl+ r\nd ! />s--^? great & di/ant suns--j z our bro!r-planets circle r\nd our sun4 ,b x is impossible = u to see !m4 ,! planets :i* we c see are close neighbors1 comp>$ ) ! />s4 ,i d n mean t !y are ne> 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( ne>ness ^u e>?4 ,!y are only ne> 9 comp>ison ) :at is s v mu* f>!r away4 ,= a :ile we mu/ n[ leave alone all ?\ght ( ! di/ant />s1 & try to ga9 a cle> idea ( ! *ief memb]s ( our own ,family ,circle--t family circle ( :i* ! sun is ! head1 ! c5t]1 ! s\rce ( life & w>m? & light4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* a/ronom]s gr\p ! planets ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,"o way is to divide !m into ! ,inf]ior ,planets1 & ! ,sup]ior ,planets4 ,z ! e>? travels 9 h] pa?way r\nd ! sun1 two planets travel on _! pa?ways r\nd ! sun ne>] to him ?an ourselves4 ,if ! pa?way or orbit ( our e>? 7 pictur$ by a hoop laid ^u ! table1 ) a ball 9 ! c5t] = ! sun2 !n ^? two planets w\ld h two small] hoops ( diff]5t sizes )9 ours2 & ! re/ w\ld h l>g] hoops ( diff]5t sizes outside ours4 ,! two )9 are call$ inf]ior planets1 & ! re/ outside are call$ sup]ior planets4 ,a r\nd hoop w\ld n make a good picture ( an orbit4 ,= ! ye>ly pa?way ( our e>? is n 9 %ape p]fectly r\nd1 b slightly oval2 & ! sun is n exactly 9 ! c5t]1 b a little to "o side ( ! c5t]4 ,?is is m or less ! case ) ! orbits ( all ! planets4 ,b ! lay+ ( ! hoops ^u ! table w\ld give no bad idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! orbits really lie 9 ! heav5s4 ,! orbits ( all ! *ief planets d n slope & slant r\nd ! sun 9 all mann] ( directions4 ,!y are plac$ almo/ 9 ! same plane z x is call$--or1 z we might say1 9 ! same flat4 ,9 ^! orbits ! planets all travel r\nd 9 ! same direction4 ,"o may ov]take a second on a neighbor+ orbit1 & get ahead ( him1 b "o planet nev] goes back to meet ano!r4 ,9 speak+ ( ! orbits1 ,i d n mean t ! planets h visible m>k$ pa?ways ?r\gh ! heav5s1 any m ?an a swall[ has a visible pa?way ?r\gh ! sky1 or a %ip a m>k$ pa?way ?r\gh ! sea4 ,yet ea* planet has 8 own orbit1 & ea* planet s di/9ctly keeps to 8 own1 t a/ronom]s c tell u precisely :]eab\ts 9 ! heav5s any p>ticul> planet w be1 at any p>ticul> "t1 long ye>s be=eh&4 ,!re is also ano!r mode ( gr\p+ ! planets1 besides divid+ !m into sup]ior & inf]ior planets4 ,by ?is o!r mode we f9d two pr9cipal gr\ps or qu>tets ( planets1 sep>at$ by a zone or belt ( a great _m v small planets4 ,m]cury4 ,fir/ ,gr\p ,v5us4 ,e>?4 ,m>s4 ,! ,a/]oids or ,planetoids4 ,jupit]4 ,second ,gr\p ,saturn4 ,uranus4 ,neptune4 ,! fir/ f\r are small comp>$ ) ! la/ f\r1 ?\gh mu* l>g] ?an any 9 ! belt ( t9y ,a/]oids4 ,x 0 believ$ at "o "t t a planet _h be5 discov]$ ne>] to ! sun ?an ,m]cury1 & ! "n ,vulcan 0 giv5 to x4 ,b no m has be5 se5 ( ,vulcan1 & 8 exi/5ce is s d\btful t we mu/ n c\nt him z a memb] ( ! family )\t fur!r in=mation4 ,m]cury is v mu* small] ?an our ,e>?4 ,! diamet] ( ! e>? is eight ?\s& miles1 b ! diamet] ( ,m]cury is only ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles--n ev5 half t ( ! e>?4 ,be+ s mu* ne>] to ! sun ?an ourselves1 ! pull+ ( 8 attraction is mu* great]1 & ?is has to be balanc$ by great] spe$1 or ,m]cury w\ld soon fall d[n ^u ! sun4 ,our di/ance f ! sun is n9ety-?ree millions ( miles4 ,m]cury's di/ance is only ab\t "o-?ird ( ours2 & in/ead ( travel+1 l ! e>?1 at ! rate ( eighte5 miles ea* second1 ,m]cury da%es headlong ?r\gh space at ! mad pace ( tw5ty-n9e miles ea* second4 ,x is a good ?+ ! e>? does n foll[ 8 example1 or %e w\ld soon break loose f ! sun's control altoge!r4 ,! e>? takes m ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days1 or twelve mon?s1 to j\rney r\nd ! sun 9 h] orbit4 ,t is :at we call 8! l5g? ( our ye>40 ,b ,m]cury's ye> is only eighty-eight days1 or n q ?ree ( our mon?s4 ,no wond]6--:5 8 pa?way is s mu* %ort]1 & 8 spe$ s mu* great] ?an ours4 ,s ,m]cury has f\r ye>s to "o ye> on e>?2 & a p]son :o _h liv$ on ,m]cury z long z five e>?ly ye>s1 w\ld !n be tw5ty ye>s old4 ,! increas$ numb] ( bir?days w\ld sc>cely be welcome 9 l>ge families1 suppos+ we c\ld pay a long visit !re4 ,! sun1 z se5 f ,m]cury1 looks ab\t f\r & a half times z l>ge z f "h2 ! heat & gl>e be+ increas$ 9 proportion4 ,no moon has ev] be5 f\nd1 belong+ to ,m]cury4 ,! planet ,m]cury is1 l ! e>? & ! moon1 a globe ( d>k matt] :i* only %9es & is visible by ! illum9ation ( ! sol> light4 ,its motion r\nd ! c5tral />1 :i* br+s x sometimes betwe5 ! sun & u1 sometimes 9 an oblique direction1 sometimes at "r angles1 & %[s u a "p incessantly v>iable1 ( its illum9at$ hemisph]e1 produces 9 its aspect1 z se5 9 a telescope1 a succession ( phases simil> to ^? :i* ! moon pres5ts to u4 ,! cut repres5t ! app>5t v>iations ( size & ! succession ( phases1 visible 9 ! ev5+ aft] sunset2 :5 ! planet atta9s its mo/ sl5d] cresc5t1 x is 9 ! region ( its orbit ne>e/ to ! e>?1 & passes betwe5 ! sun & u2 !n1 "s weeks aft]w>ds1 x em]ges f ! sol> rays & passes aga9 ?r\gh ! same s]ies ( phases 9 inv]se ord]1 z we see !m by rev]s+ ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phases ,,( ,,m]cury ,,be=e ,,inf]ior ,,conjunction--,,ev5+ ,,/>4 ,v5us1 ! second inf]ior planet1 is ne>ly ! same size z our e>?4 ,se5 f ! e>?1 %e is "o ( ! mo/ brilliant & beautiful ( all ! planets4 ,h] spe$ is ?ree miles a second fa/] ?an ours1 & h] di/ance f ! sun is ab\t two-?irds t ( our own2 s t ! orbit ( ,v5us lies half-way betwe5 ! orbit ( ,m]cury & ! orbit ( ! e>?4 ,! day ( ,v5us is ab\t half an h\r %ort] ?an ours4 ,h] ye> is ne>ly two hundr$ & tw5ty-five days1 or sev5 & a half ( our mon?s4 ,"o or two a/ronom]s h fanci$ t !y caught glimpses ( a moon ne> ,v5us2 b ?is is /ill q d\btful1 & inde$ x is believ$ to h be5 a mi/ake4 ,v5us & ,m]cury are only visible z morn+ & ev5+ planets4 ,v5us1 be+ f>!r f ! sun1 does n g be=e & foll[ aft] him q s closely z ,m]cury1 & %e is !re=e ! long] )9 sight4 ,:5 ,v5us1 travel+ on h] orbit1 comes j betwe5 ! sun & u1 h] d>k side is turn$ t[>ds ! e>?1 & we c cat* no glimpse ( h]4 ,:5 %e rea*es t "p ( h] orbit :i* is f>!/ f u1 q on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 h] great di/ance f u makes h] light seem less4 ,b ab\t half-way r\nd on ei!r side1 %e %[s exce$+ brilliancy1 & t is ! be/ view we c get ( h]4 ,se5 ?r\gh a telescope1 ,v5us und]goes phases l ^? ( ,m]cury1 or ( our moon4 ,t is to say1 we really h 8new ,v5us10 8qu>t] ,v5us10 8half ,v5us10 8full ,v5us10 & s on4 ,( all ! lum9>ies 9 ! heav5s1 ! sun & moon except$1 ! planet ,v5us is ! mo/ conspicu\s & spl5did4 ,%e appe>s l a brilliant lamp amid ! less] orbs ( night1 & alt]nately anticipates ! morn+ dawn1 & u%]s 9 ! ev5+ twilight4 ,:5 %e is to ! we/w>d ( ! sun1 9 w9t]1 %e *e]s our morn+s ) h] vivid light1 & is a prelude to ! ne> approa* ( ! break ( day & ! ris+ sun4 ,:5 %e is ea/w>d ( t lum9>y1 h] light bur/s ^u u aft] sunset1 be=e any ( ! o!r radiant orbs ( heav5 make _! appe>ance2 & %e dis*>ges1 9 "s measure1 ! functions ( ! abs5t moon4 ,! brilliancy ( ?is planet has be5 notic$ 9 all ages1 & has be5 frequ5tly ! subject ( description & admiration bo? by %eph]ds & by poets4 ,! ,greek poets di/+ui%$ x by ! "n ( ,phosphor1 8light-br+]10 :5 x rose be=e ! sun1 & ,hesp]us1 8! we/10 :5 x appe>$ 9 ! ev5+ aft] ! sun retir$4 ,x is n[ g5]ally di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,/>4 ,next to ! orbit ( ,v5us comes ! orbit ( our own ,e>?1 ! ?ird planet ( ! fir/ gr\p4 ,m>s1 ! f\r? ( ! inn] qu>tet1 b ! fir/ ( ! sup]ior planets1 is a good deal small] ?an ,v5us or ! e>?4 ,! "n ,m>s1 f ! hea!n god ( w>1 0 giv5 on acc\nt ( 8 fi]y r$di% color4 ,m>s is bett] plac$ ?an ,v5us = be+ obs]v$ f e>?4 ,:5 he is at ! ne>e/ po9t ( 8 orbit to u1 we see him full 9 ! blaze ( sunlight2 :]eas ,v5us1 at h] ne>e/ po9t1 turns h] bright face away4 ,! l5g? ( ! day ( ,m>s--or1 9 o!r words1 ! "t he takes to turn ^u 8 axis--is only =ty m9utes long] ?an t ( e>?4 ,m>s' j\rney r\nd ! sun is complet$ 9 ! c\rse ( six hundr$ & eighty-sev5 days1 n mu* less ?an two ( our ye>s4 ,8 di/ance f ! sun is ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty millions ( miles1 & 8 spe$ is f\rte5 miles a second4 ,we %all f9d1 ) ! increas+ di/ance ( ea* planet1 t ! sl[] pace balances ! less5$ am\nt ( ! sun's attraction4 ,pass+ on f ,m>s1 ! la/ ( ! fir/ gr\p ( planets1 we rea* ! belt ( ,a/]oids1 sometimes call$ ,planetoids1 ,m9or ,planets1 or ,telescopic ,planets4 ,!y are s t9y t ,m]cury is a giant comp>$ ) ! l>ge/ among !m4 ,! zone ( space conta9+ all ^! little planets is m ?an a hundr$ millions ( miles broad4 ,_! orbits d n lie flat 9 almo/ ! same plane1 b slant ab\t v>i\sly 9 a v entangl$ fa%ion4 ,if a neat model 7 made ( ?is zone1 ) a sl5d] piece ( wire to repres5t ea* orbit1 x w\ld be f\nd impossible to lift up "o wire )\t pull+ up all ! re/ ) x4 ,^? a/]oids ly+ ne>e/ to ! sun take ab\t ?ree ( our ye>s to travel r\nd him1 & ^? ly+ f>!/ take ab\t six ( our ye>s4 ,new memb]s ( ! gr\p are v (t5 f\nd4 ,! numb] ( a/]oids n[ kn[n am\nts to ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,c]es is e/imat$ by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 ,*icago ,univ]sity1 to be six hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,ve/a is ab\t two hundr$ & fifty miles 9 diamet]4 ,meta1 on ! o!r h&1 is less ?an sev5ty-five miles4 ,!re are "s small] ones t d n measure tw5ty miles 9 diamet]1 & x is probable t !re are _m :i* are s small z to be absolutely invisible to ! be/ telescopes1 & :i* measure only a few hundr$ rods 9 diamet]4 ,tw5ty ?\s& ,ve/as w\ld be ne$$ to make "o globe equal to our e>? 9 size4 ,are !y worlds8 ,:y n8 ,is n a drop ( wat]1 %[n 9 ! microscope1 peopl$ ) a multitude ( v>i\s be+s8 ,does n a /one 9 a mead[ hide a _w ( sw>m+ insects8 ,is n ! leaf ( a plant a _w = ! species :i* inhabit & prey ^u x8 ,d\btless among ! multitude ( small planets !re are ^? :i* mu/ rema9 des]t & /]ile1 because ! conditions ( life 7( any k9d7 are n f\nd unit$4 ,b we c n d\bt t on ! majority ! ev]-active =ces ( nature h produc$1 z 9 our _w1 creations appropriate to ^! m9ute planets4 ,let u repeat1 moreov]1 t = nature !re is nei!r great nor little4 ,& !re is no necessity to flatt] ourselves ) a supreme disda9 = ^! little worlds2 = 9 reality ! inhabitants ( ,jupit] w\ld h m "r to despise u ?an we h to despise ,ve/a1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 or ,juno4 ,! disp>ity is great] betwe5 ,jupit] & ! e>? ?an betwe5 ! e>? & ^! planets4 ,a _w ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r hundr$ miles 9 diamet] is /ill a cont95t wor?y to satisfy ! ambition ( a ,x]xes or a ,tam]lane4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,lead+ ,,memb]s ,,( ,,our ,,family--,,second ,,gr\p4 ,leav+ beh9d u ! busy zone ( planetoids1 hurry+ r\nd & r\nd ! sun 9 company1 we cross a wide gap1 & come ^u a v diff]5t sight4 ,! di/ance f ! sun :i* we h n[ rea*$ is little less ?an f\r hundr$ & fifty millions ( miles1 or ab\t five times z mu* z ! e>?'s di/ance2 & ! sun 9 ! heav5s %[s a diamet] only "o-fif? ( t :i* we are accu/om$ to see4 ,sl[ly--yet n sl[ly--float+ onw>ds ?r\gh space1 9 8 f>-(f orbit1 we f9d ! magnific5t planet ,jupit]4 ,is eight miles ea* second sl[ progress8 ,comp>$ ) ! wild :irl ( little ,m]cury1 or ev5 comp>$ ) ! rate ( our own e>?'s advance1 we may c\nt x s2 b c]ta9ly n1 comp>$ ) our notions ( spe$ ^u e>?4 ,eight miles ea* second is five hundr$ times z fa/ z ! swifte/ express-tra9 ev] made by man4 ,no mean pace t = s enorm\s a body4 ,= ,jupit] is ! v l>ge/ ( all ! memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em except ! sun himself--q ! elde/ bro!r ( ! family4 ,8 diamet] is ab\t eighty-five ?\s& miles1 8 axis be+ ne>ly elev5 times z long z t ( e>?4 ,?\gh 9 proportion to 8 great bulk n ne>ly s heavy z our e>?1 yet 8 bulk is s va/ t m ?an twelve hundr$ e>?s w\ld be ne$$ to make "o ,jupit]4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( unc]ta9ty ab\t ^! measurem5ts ( ,jupit]4 ,he seems to be s cov]$ ) a d5se atmosph]e & heavy cl\ds t x is q impossible = u to le>n ! exact size ( ! solid body )94 ,jupit] does n travel alone4 ,borne onw>ds ) him1 & circl+ /eadily ar\nd him1 are five moons2 ! smalle/ ) a probable diamet] ( ab\t "o hundr$ miles2 "o ab\t ! same size z our own moon1 & ! o!rs all l>g]4 ,! ne>e/ ( ! five1 ?\gh di/ant f ! c5t] ( ! planet ov] "o hundr$ & twelve ?\s& miles1 revolves ab\t him 9 twelve h\rs2 ! second1 ?\gh f>!r f ,jupit] ?an our moon f ! e>?1 spe$s r\nd him 9 less ?an two ( our days4 ,! mo/ di/ant1 ?\gh ov] a million miles away1 takes sc>cely sev5te5 days to accompli% its long j\rney4 ,jupit] & 8 moons make a little sy/em by !mselves--a family circle )9 a family circle4 ,l ! small] planets1 ,jupit] sp9s ^u 8 axis2 & he does ?is s rapidly t1 not)/&+ 8 great size1 8 day la/s only t5 h\rs1 in/ead ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs l ours4 ,b if ,jupit]'s day is %ort1 8 ye> is n4 ,ne>ly twelve ( our ye>s pass by be=e ,jupit] has travel$ once completely r\nd ! sun4 ,s a native ( e>? :o _h j rea*$ 8 ?irty-sev5? ye>1 w\ld1 on ,jupit]1 be only ?ree ye>s old4 ,pass+ onw>d f ,jupit]1 ev] f>!r & f>!r f ! sun1 we leave beh9d u ano!r va/ & empty space--empty z we c\nt empt9ess1 ?\gh x may be t !re is 9 reality no su* ?+ z empt9ess ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! univ]se4 ,! wid? ( ! gap :i* divides ! pa?way ( ,jupit] f ! pa?way ( 8 giant bro!r-planet ,saturn is ne>ly five times z mu* z ! wid? ( ! gap sep>at+ ! e>? f ! sun4 ,! di/ance ( ,saturn f ! sun is n mu* less ?an d\ble ! di/ance ( ,jupit]4 ,) ?is great space 9 our re>1 we come ^u ano!r l>ge & radiant planet1 ! c5t]1 l ,jupit]1 ( ano!r little sy/em2 ?\gh x c only be call$ 8little0 9 comp>ison ) ! mu* great] ,sol> ,sy/em ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,saturn's diamet] is less ?an t ( ,jupit]1 b ! two come ne> en\gh to be naturally rank$ toge!r4 ,ne>ly sev5 hundr$ e>?s w\ld be ne$$ to make "o globe z l>ge z ,saturn4 ,b "h aga9 ! d5se & cl\dy envelope makes u v unc]ta9 ab\t ! planet's actual size4 ,saturn is l ,jupit] 9 be+ made ( light] mat]ials ?an our e>?2 & also 9 8 rapid :irl ^u 8 axis1 ! l5g? ( 8 8day0 be+ only t5 & a half ( our h\rs4 ,f ,jupit]'s spe$ ( eight miles ea* second1 we come d[n 9 ! case ( ,saturn to only five miles ea* second4 ,& ,jupit]'s long annual j\rney looks almo/ %ort1 se5 beside ,saturn's long j\rney ( ?irty e>?ly ye>s4 ,a man ag$ sixty1 accord+ to our fa%ion ( reckon+ "t1 w\ld on ,saturn h j kept 8 second bir?day4 ,! sy/em or family ( ,saturn is yet m wond]ful ?an t ( ,jupit]4 ,n five only b eight moons travel ceaselessly r\nd ,saturn1 ea* 9 its own orbit2 & 9 addition to ! eight moons1 he has revolv+ r\nd him ?ree magnific5t r+s4 ,^! r+s1 z well z ! moons1 %9e1 n by _! own brilliancy1 = !y h none1 b by borr[$ sunlight4 ,! f>!/ ( ! moons w&]s 9 8 lonely pa?way ab\t two millions ( miles away f ,saturn4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m is believ$ to be ab\t ! same size z ! planet ,m>s4 ,( ! ?ree r+s circl+ r\nd ,saturn1 almo/ exactly ov] 8 equator1 ! inside "o is dusky1 purpli%1 & transp>5t2 ! "o outside or ov] t is v brilliant2 & ! ?ird1 outside ! second1 is r grayi% 9 hue4 ,ano!r va/ gap--m enorm\s ?an ! la/4 ,x is a we>isome j\rney4 ,f ! orbit ( ,jupit] to ! orbit ( ,saturn at _! ne>e/ po9ts1 0 five times z mu* z f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,b f ! orbit ( ,saturn to ! orbit ( ,uranus1 ! next memb] ( ! sun's family1 we h d\ble ev5 t great space to cross4 ,/ill1 ob$i5t to ! pull+ ( ! sun's attractive p[]1 ,uranus w&]s onw>d 9 8 wide pa?way r\nd ! sun1 at ! rate ( f\r miles a second4 ,eighty-f\r ( our ye>s make "o ye> ( ,uranus4 ,?is planet has f\r moons1 & ?us =ms a ?ird small] sy/em )9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em2 b he may h o!r satellites also1 z yet undiscov]$4 ,9 size he is sev5ty-f\r times z l>ge z our e>?4 ,"o m mighty *asm ( n9e hundr$ millions ( miles1 = ! same di/ance :i* sep>ates ! pa?way ( ,saturn f ! pa?way ( ,uranus1 sep>ates also ! pa?way ( ,uranus f ! pa?way ( ,neptune4 ,cold1 & d>k1 & dre>y inde$ seems to u ! orbit on :i* ?is bani%$ memb] ( our family circle creeps r\nd ! sun1 9 ! c\rse ( "o hundr$ & sixty-five ye>s1 at ! sluggi% rate ( ?ree miles a second4 ,on ! planet ,saturn1 ! quantity ( light & heat receiv$ f ! sun is n mu* m ?an a hundr$? "p ( t :i* we are accu/om$ to receive on e>?4 ,b by ! "t we rea* ,neptune1 ! great sun has fad$ & %runk 9 ! di/ance until to our eyes he looks only l an exce$+ly brilliant & dazzl+ />4 ,we "k little ( ?is f>-(f bro!r1 ,neptune1 except t he is r l>g] ?an ,uranus1 be+ "o hundr$ & five times z big z ! e>?2 t he has at lea/ "o moon2 & also t1 l ,uranus1 he is made ( mat]ials light] ?an ^? ( e>?1 b heavi] ?an ^? ( ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,aft] all1 x is no easy matt] to ga9 cle> ideas z to sizes & di/ances f m]e /atem5ts ( 8s _m miles 9 diamet]10 & 8s _m millions ( miles away40 ,a 8million miles0 c>ries to ! m9d a v dim notion ( ! actual reality4 ,n[ if we c 9 imag9ation br+ d[n all ! memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em to a small size1 keep+ always ! same proportions1 we may f9d x a help4 8,keep+ ! same proportions0 means t all mu/ be less5$ alike1 all mu/ be alt]$ 9 ! same degree4 ,:atev] ! suppos$ size ( ! e>? may be1 ,v5us mu/ be /ill ab\t ! same size z ! e>?1 ,saturn sev5 hundr$ times z l>ge1 & s on4 ,also1 :atev] ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 9 miles1 or y>ds1 or in*es1 ,m]cury mu/ /ill be "o-?ird z f>1 ,jupit] /ill five times z f>1 & ?us ) ! re/4 ,fir/1 z to size alone4 ,suppose ! e>? is repres5t$ by a small globe1 exactly ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x w be a v small globe4 ,n only m5 & h\ses1 b m\nta9s1 valleys1 seas1 w all h to be r$uc$ to s m9ute a size1 z to be q invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,fairly to picture ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 9 due proportion1 y w h !m z foll[s3 ,m]cury & ,m>s w be balls small] ?an ! e>?1 & ,v5us ne>ly ! same size ( ! e>?4 ,uranus & ,neptune w be ea* some:]e ab\t a foot 9 diamet]4 ,saturn w be tw5ty-eight in*es & ,jupit] ?irty-two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! sun w be a huge dazzl+ globe1 tw5ty-six feet 9 diamet]4 ,no wond] he weighs sev5 hundr$ & fifty times z mu* z all 8 planets put toge!r4 ,next let u picture ! sy/em m exactly on ano!r & small] scale4 ,fir/1 ?9k ( ! sun z a brilliant globe1 ab\t n9e feet1 or ?ree y>ds1 9 diamet]1 float+ 9 space4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f ! sun travels a t9y ball1 n half an in* 9 diamet]1 pass+ sl[ly r\nd ! sun--sl[ly1 because z sizes & di/ances are less5$1 spe$ mu/ 9 due proportion be less5$ also4 ,?is is ,m]cury4 ,ab\t two hundr$ y>ds f ! sun travels ano!r t9y ball1 "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is ,v5us4 ,ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile f ! sun travels a ?ird t9y ball1 "o in* aga9 9 diamet]2 & at a di/ance ( two feet & a half f x a /ill small] ball1 "o qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 j\rneys r\nd x & ) x4 ,^! are ! e>? & ! moon4 ,ab\t half z f> aga9 z ! la/-nam$ ball1 travels ano!r1 ov] half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is ,m>s4 ,!n comes a wide blank space1 foll[$ by a l>ge numb] ( m9ute objects1 no bigg] ?an gra9s ( p[d]1 float+ r\nd ! sun 9 company4 ,^! are ! ,a/]oids4 ,ano!r wide blank space succe$s ! out]mo/ ( !m4 ,ab\t "o mile di/ant f ! sun j\rneys a globe1 t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,r\nd him1 z he j\rneys1 !re travel five small] balls1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is ab\t ! ?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,_! di/ances f ! bigg] globe v>y f "o & a ?ird to twelve & a half feet4 ,^! are ,jupit] & 8 moons4 ,ne>ly two miles di/ant f ! sun j\rneys ano!r globe1 ab\t eight & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,eight t9y balls & ?ree delicate r+s circle r\nd him z he moves4 ,^! are ,saturn & 8 belong+s4 ,ab\t f\r miles di/ant f ! sun j\rneys ano!r globe1 f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ) f\r t9y balls accompany+ him--,uranus & 8 moons4 ,la/ly1 at a di/ance ( six miles f ! sun1 "o m globe1 n mu* l>g] ?an ! la/1 ) "o t9y companion1 pursues 8 f>-(f pa?way4 ,^! proportions z to size & di/ance w s]ve to give a cle> idea ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,moon4 ,come1 & let u pay a visit to ! moon4 ,we seem to feel a p]sonal int]e/ 9 h]1 j because %e is1 9 s peculi> a s5se1 our own fri5d & close att5dant4 ,! sun %9es = u2 b1 !n1 he %9es = all ! memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,& ! />s--s _m z we c see ( !m--%9e = u too2 b no d\bt !y %9e f> m brilliantly = o!r & ne>] worlds4 ,! moon alone seems to belong especially to ourselves4 ,inde$1 we are q 9 ! habit ( speak+ ab\t h] z 8our moon40 ,r a cold & calm fri5d1 "s may ?9k h]1 sail+ always s]5ely pa/1 :atev] may be go+ on b5ea? h] beams2 yet %e has c]ta9ly prov$ h]self con/ant & fai?ful 9 h] atta*m5t4 ,we h n v f> to travel be=e rea*+ h]1--m]ely ab\t two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles4 ,t is no?+1 comp>$ ) ! we>y millions ( miles :i* we h _h to cross to visit "s memb]s ( our family4 ,a rope two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles long w\ld fold ne>ly t5 times r\nd ! e>? at ! equator4 ,y "k ! e>?'s diamet]--ab\t eight ?\s& miles4 ,if y _h ?irty poles1 ea* eight ?\s& miles long1 & c\ld fa/5 !m all toge!r1 end to end1 "o beyond ano!r1 y w\ld h a rod long en\gh to rea* f ! e>? to ! moon4 ,let u take a good look at h] be=e />t+4 ,%e is v beautiful4 ,t s(t silv]y light1 s unlike sunlight or gaslight1 or any o!r k9d ( light se5 ^u e>?1 has made h] ! d>l+ ( poets & ! delight ( all :o love nature4 ,little *ildr5 l to wat* h] curi\s m>k+s1 & to make out ! old man ) 8 bundle ( /icks1 or ! eyes1 nose1 & m\? ( ! moon--n dream+ :at ^? m>k+s really are4 ,& 9 moods ( sadness1 h[ ! pure calm moonlight seems to soo! ! feel+s6 ,:o w\ld suppose t ! moon's beauty is ! beauty r ( dea? ?an ( life8 ,illu/ration3 ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,! ,,full ,,moon4 ,! />s h n mu* *ance ( %9+ ?r\gh h] bright rays4 ,x is well = a/ronom]s t %e is n always at ! full4 ,b :5 %e is1 h[ l>ge %e looks--q z l>ge z ! sun1 ?\gh 9 reality h] size1 comp>$ ) 81 is only z a v small p9's head comp>$ ) a s*ool globe two feet 9 diamet]4 ,h] diamet] is little m ?an two ?\s& miles1 or "o qu>t] t ( our e>?2 & h] :ole surface1 spread out flat1 w\ld sc>cely equal ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 )\t any ( ! surr\nd+ isl&s4 ,! reason %e looks ! same size z ! sun1 is t %e is s v mu* ne>]4 ,! sun's di/ance f u is m ?an "o-?ird z _m millions ( miles z ! moon's di/ance is ?\s&s ( miles4 ,?is makes an enorm\s diff]5ce4 ,we call our fri5d a 8moon10 & say t %e j\rneys r\nd ! e>?1 :ile ! e>? j\rneys r\nd ! sun4 ,?is is true1 b x is only "p ( ! tru?4 ,j z c]ta9ly z ! e>? travels r\nd ! sun1 s ! moon also travels r\nd ! sun4 ,& j z surely z ! e>? is a planet1 s ! moon also is a planet4 ,x is a common mode ( expression to talk ab\t 8! e>? & h] satellite40 ,a no less correct1 if n m correct1 way w\ld be to talk ( ourselves z 8a pair ( planets10 j\rney+ r\nd ! same sun1 ea* pull$ /rongly t[>ds him1 & ea* pull+ ! o!r ) a great] or less attraction1 accord+ to h] size & weight4 ,= ! sun actually does draw ! moon ) m =ce ?an t ) :i* ! e>? draws h]4 ,only z he draws ! e>? ) ! same sort ( =ce1 & ne>ly 9 ! same degree1 he does n pull !m ap>t4 ,! moon1 l ! o!r planets1 turns ^u h] axis4 ,%e does ?is v sl[ly1 h[ev]2 & mo/ s+ul>ly %e takes exactly ! same "t to turn once ^u h] axis t %e does to travel once r\nd ! e>?4 ,! result ( ?is is1 t we only see "o face ( ! moon4 ,if %e turn$ ^u h] axis1 & j\rney$ r\nd ! e>? 9 two diff]5t l5g?s ( "t1 or if %e j\rney$ r\nd u & did n turn ^u h] axis at all1 we %\ld h views ( h] on all sides1 z ( o!r planets4 ,b z h] two movem5ts s curi\sly agree1 x happ5s t we always h "o side ( ! moon t[>ds u1 & nev] cat* a glimpse ( ! o!r side4 ,& n[ we are ready to />t on our j\rney ( two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles4 ,an express tra91 mov+ ceaselessly onw>d night & day1 at ! rate ( sixty miles an h\r1 w\ld take u !re 9 ab\t five mon?s & a half4 ,b no l9e ( rails has ev] yet be5 laid f ! e>? to ! moon1 & no 8,fly+ ,dut*man0 has ev] yet pli$ its way to & fro on t pa? ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,n on ! w+s ( /eam1 b on ! w+s ( imag9ation1 we mu/ rise al(t4 ,come--x w n take u long4 ,we %all pass no planets or />s on ! road1 = ! moon lies ne>] to u ?an any o!r ( ! l>g] heav5ly bodies4 ,f>1 f> beh9d u lies ! e>?1 & b5ea? our feet1 z we desc5d1 /ret* ! broad tracts ( moonl&4 ,= 8d[nw>d0 n[ means t[>ds ! moon1 & away f ! di/ant e>?4 ,:at a /range place we h rea*$6 ,! weird1 gha/ly /illness ( all ar\nd1 & ! gl>+1 dazzl+1 cl\dless heat1 /rike u fir/ & mo/ =cibly4 ,no?+ l ?is heat h we ev] felt on e>?4 ,= ! close ( ! moon's long day--on ?is side ( its globe--is approa*+1 & dur+ a :ole =tnight pa/ ! sun's fi]ce rays h be5 beat+ d[n on ^! %elt]less pla9s4 ,talk ( swelt]+ tropics on e>?6 ,:at d y call ?is heat8 ,look at ! !rmomet]3 h[ ! quicksilv] is ris+6 ,well1 t is n a common !rmomet] :i* we h br\ght ) u4 ,! m]cury has /opp$--?ree hundr$ degrees above boil+ wat]6 ,n a cl\d to be se5 ov]head2 only a sky ( inky blackness1 ) a blaz+ sun1 & ?\s&s ( brilliant />s1 & ! d>k body ( our own e>?1 l>ge & motionless1 & rimm$ ) light4 ,se5 f e>?1 sun & moon look mu* ! same size2 b se5 f ! moon1 ! e>? looks ?irte5 times z l>ge z our full moon4 ,n ev5 a little mi/9ess 9 ! air to s(t5 ?is fe>ful gl>e6 ,air6 :y1 !re is no air2 at lea/ n en\gh = any human be+ to brea! or feel4 ,if !re 7 air1 ! sky w\ld be blue1 n black1 & ! />s w\ld be invisible 9 ! daytime4 ,x looks /range to see !m n[ %9+ beside ! sun4 ,& !n1 ?is deadly /illness6 ,n a s\nd1 n a voice1 n a murmur ( breeze or wat]4 ,h[ c\ld !re be8 ,s\nd c n be c>ri$ )\t air1 & ( air !re is none4 ,z = breeze--w9d is mov+ air1 & :]e we h no air we c h no w9d4 ,z = wat]--if !re ev] 0 any wat] on ! moon1 x has entirely disappe>$4 ,we %all walk to & fro va9ly 9 se>* ( x n[4 ,no riv]s1 no rills1 no torr5ts 9 ^? /]n m\nta9 ramp>ts ris+ on e side4 ,all is craggy1 motionless1 desolate4 ,h[ v1 v sl[ly ! sun creeps ov] ! black sky6 ,& no m>vel1 s9ce a =tnight ( e>?-"t is "h b "o day1 answ]+ to twelve h\rs ^u e>?4 ,c n we f9d %elt] some:]e f ?is blaz+ heat8 ,yond] tall rock w d1 ca/+ a %>p %ad[ ( int5se blackness4 ,we nev] saw su* %ad[s ^u e>?4 ,!re ! atmosph]e s breaks & b5ds & scatt]s ab\t ! light1 t outl9es ( %ad[s are s(t & hazy1 ev5 ! cle>e/ & d>ke/ ( !m1 comp>$ ) ?is4 ,:5 w ! sun g d[n8 ,b he is well wor? look+ at mean:ile4 ,h[ magnific5t he appe>s1 ) 8 pure radiant photosph]e1 fr+$ by a si]ra ( dazzl+ p9k & :ite1 orange & gold1 purple & blue4 ,= "h no atmosph]e lies betwe5 to bl5d all into yell[-:ite brightness4 ,& h[ pla9ly /& out ^? prom95ces or tongues ( t9t$ flame1 n m]ely rose-color$1 z se5 f e>?1 b mat*+ ! si]ra 9 v>y+ hues2 :ile beyond spreads a gorge\s belt ( p9k & gre51 b\nd$ by l9es & /reams ( delicate :ite light1 rea*+ f> & dy+ sl[ly out aga9/ ! jet backgr\nd4 ,! black spots on ! face ( ! sun are v di/9ct1 & s also are ! brilliant facul4 ,we mu/ take a look ar\nd u n[ at moonl&1 & n only sit gaz+ at ! sun1 ?\gh su* a sky may well en*a9 att5tion4 ,h[ unlike our e>?ly l&scapes6 ,no sea1 no riv]s1 no lakes1 no /reams1 no brooks1 no trees1 bu%es1 plants1 grass1 or fl[]s2 no w9d or breeze2 no cl\d or mi/ or ?\ght ( possible ra92 no s\nd ( bird or insect1 ( ru/l+ leaves or trickl+ wat]4 ,no?+ b burn+1 /eadfa/1 *angeless gl>e1 contra/+ ) inky %ad[s2 sun & e>? & />s 9 a black heav5 above2 sil5t1 desolate m\nta9s & pla9s bel[4 ,= ?\gh we /& "h ^u a r\gh pla91 ?is moon is a m\nta9\s _w4 ,ranges ( rugg$ hills /ret* away 9 ! di/ance1 ) valleys ly+ betwe5--n s(t1 gre51 slop+1 e>?ly valleys1 b /eep gorges & precipit\s holl[s1 all :ite dazzle & deep %ade4 ,b ! m\nta9s d n commonly lie 9 long ranges1 z on e>?4 ,! surface ( ! moon seems to be d5t$ ) /range r\nd pits1 or crat]s1 ( e imag9able size4 ,we _h a bird's-eye view ( !m z we desc5d$ at ! end ( our long j\rney moonw>d4 ,9 _m p>ts ! gr\nd appe>s to be q honeycomb$ ) !m4 ,"h are small ones ne> at h&1 & l>g] ones 9 ! di/ance4 ,! small] crat]s are surr\nd$ by /eep ramp>ts ( rock1 ! l>g] ones by circul> m\nta9-ranges4 ,we h no?+ q l !m on e>?4 ,are !y volcanoes8 ,s x w\ld seem2 only no life1 no fire1 no action1 rema9 n[4 ,all is dead1 motionless1 /ill4 ,is ?is v]ily a bla/$ _w8 ,has x fall5 "u ! brea? ( ,almighty wra?1 com+ out scor*$ & se>$8 ,is x simply pass+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 burnt-out1 *ill$ phase ( exi/5ce1 ?r\gh :i* o!r planets also pass1 or w pass1 at "s /age ( _! c>e]8 ,:o c tell8 ,we w move onw>d1 & look m closely at t t[]+ mass ( rugg$ rocks1 beyond :i* ! sun w by & by g d[n4 ,long jetty %ad[s lie f !m 9 ?is direction4 ,no wond] a/ronom]s on e>? c ?r\gh _! telescopes pla9ly see ^! black %ad[s contra/+ ) ! gl>+ brightness on ! o!r side4 ,a 8mass ( rocks0 ,i h said2 b z1 ) our p[]s ( rapid movem5t1 we draw ne>1 we f9d a range ( craggy m\nta9s sweep+ r\nd 9 a va/ circle4 ,su* a height 9 ,switz]l& w\ld dem& _m h\rs ( h>d climb+4 ,b on ?is small globe attraction is a v diff]5t matt] f :at x is on e>?2 our weight is s less5$ t we c leap ! height ( a tall h\se )\t ! smalle/ difficulty4 ,no *amois ev] sprang f peak to peak 9 8 native ,switz]l& ) su* amaz+ lightness z t ) :i* we n[ asc5d ^! mighty rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,=m ,,( ,,lun> ,,crat]4 ,ha6 :at a dep? on ! o!r side6 ,we /& look+ d[n into "o ( ! mon/] crat]s ( ! moon4 ,a %e] desc5t ( at lea/ elev5 ?\s& feet w\ld l& u at ! bottom4 ,:y1 ,mont ,blanc itself is only ab\t fifte5 ?\s& feet 9 height4 ,& :at a crat]6 ,fifty-six miles across 9 a /raight l9e1 f "h to ! o!r side1 ) ^! l(ty rugg$ battlem5ts circl+ r\nd1 :ile f ! c5t] ( ! r\gh pla9 bel[ a %>p1 cone-%ap$ m\nta9 rises to ab\t a qu>t] ( ! height ( ! surr\nd+ range4 ,x is a gr& sight2 peak pil$ ^u peak1 crag ^u crag1 %>p rifts or valleys break+ "h & !re ! l9e ( ! n>r[1 uplift$ l$ge2 all wrapp$ 9 sil5t & desolate calm4 ,!re are _m su* crat]s z ?is on ! moon1 & "s mu* l>g]4 ,! sun sl[ly ne>s 8 sett+1 & s9ks beh9d ! opposite range4 ,h[ we %iv]6 ,! la/ ray ( sunlight has gone & already ! gr\nd is p\r+ out its heat into space1 un*eck$ by ! pres5ce ( air or cl\ds4 ,! *ange takes place ) m>vel\s quickness4 ,a deadly *ill creeps ov] all ar\nd4 ,a :ole =tnight ( e>?-"t mu/ pass be=e ! sun's rays w aga9 t\* ?is spot4 ,v]ily ! contra/s ( climate 9 ! moon1 dur+ ! twelve long days & nights :i* make up h] ye>1 are />tl+ to human notions4 ,b ?\gh ! sun is gone we are n 9 d>kness4 ,! />s %9e ) dazzl+ brightness1 & ! huge body ( ! e>?1 always seem+ to hang motionless at "o fix$ po9t 9 ! sky1 gives brilliant light1 ?\gh at pres5t only half h] face is lit up & half is 9 %ad[4 ,/ill h] %ape is pla9ly to be se51 = %e has ev] r\nd h] a r+ ( light1 caus$ by ! ga!r$ %9+ ( />s z !y pass beh9d h] ?ick atmosph]e4 ,%e cov]s a space on ! sky m ?an a doz5 times z l>ge z t cov]$ by ! full moon 9 our sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,moon4 ,x w\ld be wor? :ile to /ay "h & wat* ! half-e>? gr[ into magnific5t full-e>?4 ,b ! cold is becom+ fe>ful--too int5se = ev5 ! imag9ation to endure long]4 ,:at mu/ be ! /ate ( ?+s on ! o!r side ( ! moon1 :]e !re is no bright e>?-light to take ! place ( ! sun's %9+1 dur+ ! long two weeks' night ( awful *ill & d>kness8 ,x seems probable t a build+ on ! moon w\ld rema9 = c5tury aft] c5tury j z x 0 left by ! build]s4 ,!re ne$ be no glass 9 ! w9d[s1 = !re is no w9d & no ra9 to keep out4 ,!re ne$ n be fireplaces 9 ! rooms1 = fuel c n burn )\t air4 ,dwell]s 9 a city 9 ! moon w\ld f9d t no du/ c rise1 no odors be p]ceiv$1 no s\nds be he>d4 ,man is a creature adapt$ = life 9 circum/ances :i* are v n>r[ly limit$4 ,a few degrees ( temp]ature1 m or less2 a slight v>iation 9 ! composition ( air1 ! precise suitability ( food1 make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 heal? & sickness1 betwe5 life & dea?4 ,look+ beyond ! moon1 into ! l5g? & bread? ( ! univ]se1 we f9d c\ntless cele/ial globes1 ) e conceivable v>iety ( temp]ature & ( con/itution4 ,amid ?is va/ numb] ( worlds ) :i* space teems1 are !re any inhabit$ by liv+ be+s8 ,to ?is great "q sci5ce c make no response save ?is3 ,we c n tell4 ,"t = u to w5d our way homew>ds f ?is desolate hundr$-fold arctic sc5e4 ,we h m to le>n by & by ab\t our fri5d & companion4 ,= ! pres5t--en\gh4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,visitors4 ,we come next to ! v l>ge/ memb]s ( our ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,f "t to "t 9 pa/ days--& days n v long pa/ ei!r--p 7 />tl$ by ! sight ( a long-tail$ />1 mov+ quickly across ! sky1 call$ a comet4 ,we see su* long-tail$ />s /ill1 n[ & !n2 b _! appe>ance no long] />tles u4 ,x is h>dly surpris+1 h[ev]1 t fe>s 7 once felt4 ,! great size & brilliancy ( "s ( ^! comets naturally caus$ l>ge ideas to be held z to _! weight1 & ! g5]al unc]ta9ty ab\t _! movem5ts naturally add$ to ! my/]i\s notions afloat ) respect to _! p[] ( do+ h>m4 ,a collision betwe5 ! e>? & a comet seem$ no unlikely ev5t2 & if x happ5$--:at !n8 ,:y1 !n1 ( c\rse1 ! e>? w\ld be ov]p[]$1 cru%$1 burnt up1 de/roy$4 ,s conv9c$ 7 _m on ?is po9t t ! sight ( a comet & ! dread ( ! com+ 8end ( ! _w0 7 fa/ b\nd toge!r 9 _! m9ds4 ,ev5 :5 a/ronom]s began to und]/& ! pa?s ( "s ( ! comets1 & to =etell _! return at c]ta9 dates1 ! old fe> 0 n quickly laid to re/4 ,s late z ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a/ronom]s hav+ told ( an approa*+ comet1 o!r p add$ ! tid+s ( an approa*+ collision4 8,if a collision1 !n ! end ( ! _w10 0 ! cry2 & "o wor?y family1 liv+ & keep+ a %op 9 a well-kn[n t[n on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&1 pack$ up & fl$ to ,am]ica--d\btless "u full belief t ! de/ruction ( ! ,old ,_w w\ld n include ! de/ruction ( ! ,new4 ,! nature ( ^! s+ul> bodies is some:at bett] kn[n 9 ! pres5t day2 yet ev5 n[1 among all ! memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 !y are p]haps ! ones ab\t :i* we h mo/ to le>n4 ,! nucleus1 or bright & />-l spot1 :i*1 ) ! surr\nd+ coma or 8hair10 we sometimes call ! 8head0 ( ! comet1 is ! d5se/ & heavie/ "p ( ! :ole4 ,! comets are ( imm5se size1 sometimes actually fill+ m space ?an ! sun himself1 & _! tails /ream (t5 = millions ( miles beh9d !m2 nev]!less1 !y appe> to be among ! lighte/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,?is excessive lightness greatly less5s ! comet's p[] ( h>m-do+4 ,9 ! reb\nd f all ! old exagg]at$ fe>s1 m5 laugh$ at ! notion ( s light & delicate a sub/ance work+ any injury :atev]1 & ev5 decl>$ t a collision might take place )\t p on e>? be+ aw>e ( ! fact4 ,x is n[ felt t we really "k too little ab\t ! nature ( ! said sub/ance to be able to say :at might or might n be ! result ( a collision4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( injury to ! surface ( ! e>? might possibly take place4 ,b ( ! 8end ( ! _w10 z likely to be br\ght ab\t by any comet 9 exi/5ce1 we may safely bani% all idea4 ,! ^w 8comet0 means 8a hairy body10 ! "n hav+ be5 giv5 f ! hairy appe>ance ( ! light ar\nd ! nucleus4 ,ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ diff]5t comets h be5 se5 at diff]5t times by m5--"s l>ge1 "s small2 "s visible to ! nak$ eye1 b mo/ ( !m only visible ?r\gh telescopes4 ,^! hundr$s are1 !re is no d\bt1 b a v small numb] out ( ! myriads rang+ ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,if y 7 seat$ 9 a little boat 9 mid-ocean1 c\nt+ ! numb] ( fi%es :i* 9 "o h\r pass$ ne> en\gh 9 ! cle> wat] = y\r sight to rea* !m1 y might fairly conclude1 ev5 if y did n "k ! fact1 t = e s+le fi% :i* y c\ld see1 !re 7 t5s ( ?\s&s :i* y c\ld n see4 ,reason+ ?us ab\t ! comets1 z we wat* !m f our e>?-boat 9 ! ocean ( space1 we feel little d\bt t = ea* "o :i* we c see1 millions pass to & fro beyond rea* ( our vision4 ,inde$1 s long ago z ! days ( ,kepl]1 t great a/ronom] gave x z 8 belief t ! comets 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 l>ge & small1 7 z pl5tiful z ! fi%es 9 ! sea4 ,& all t mod]n a/ronom]s c discov] only t5ds to /r5g!n ?is view4 ,:y %\ld ! comets be call$ 8visitors80 ,i call !m s simply because _m ( !m are visitors4 ,"s1 x is true1 belong to ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,b ev5 9 _! case1 /rong d\bts are felt :e!r !y 7 n once visitors f a di/ance1 caught 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! attraction ( "o ( ! l>g] planets1 & reta9$ !nce=w>d1 = a "t at lea/1 by ! /rong attraction ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,! ,,moon ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,tail ,,( ,a ,,comet4 ,e comet1 l e planet1 has 8 own orbit or pa?way 9 ! heav5s1 ?\gh ! k9d ( orbit v>ies ) diff]5t comets4 ,!re are1 fir/1 ^? comets :i* travel r\nd & r\nd ! sun 9 8clos$ orbits0--t is1 9 a r+ ) jo9$ ends4 ,only ! r+ is always oval1 n r\nd4 ,!re are1 secondly1 ^? :i* travel 9 an orbit :i* may be clos$2 b if s1 ! oval is s long & n>r[1 & ! f>!r clos$ end is at s great a di/ance1 t we c n speak c]ta9ly4 ,!re are1 ?irdly1 ^? :i* decid$ly are m]e visitors4 ,!y come f ! f>-(f />-dep?s1 fla% once ) _! brilliant tra9s ( light ?r\gh our busy ,sol> ,sy/em1 caus+ "s little excitem5t by ! way1 & g (f 9 ano!r direction1 nev] to return4 ,only a small "p ( ! orbits ( ^! comets c be se5 f e>?2 b by c>eful att5tion a/ronom]s le>n some?+ ( ! %ape ( ! curve 9 :i* !y travel4 ,x is 9 t way possible to calculate1 sometimes c]ta9ly1 & sometimes unc]ta9ly1 :e!r a comet may be expect$ to return1 or :e!r we h se5 him = ! fir/ & ! la/ "t4 ,by look+ at "p ( a curve1 ! re/ ( :i* is hidd5 f u1 we are able to judge :e!r t "p belongs to a circle or an oval1 or :e!r ! two ends pass away 9 diff]5t directions1 & d n jo94 ,! comets1 :e!r memb]s ( our family circle or visitors f a di/ance1 are altoge!r v p]plex+4 ,!y are (t5 extremely l>ge1 yet !y are always extremely light4 ,!y reflect ! sun's brightness l a planet1 yet 9 "s measure !y seem to %9e by _! own light1 l a />4 ,!y obey ! attraction ( ! sun1 yet he appe>s to h a s+ul> p[] ( driv+ ! comets' tails away f himself4 ,=1 h[ev] rapidly ! comet may be ru%+ r\nd ! sun1 & h[ev] long ! tail may be1 x is almo/ always f\nd to /ream 9 an opposite direction f ! sun4 ,an exception to ?is rule 0 se5 9 ! case ( a c]ta9 comet ) two tails1 "o ( :i* did actually po9t t[>ds ! sun2 b ! inn] tail may h be5 only a 8jet0 ( unusual l5g?1 l 9 k9d to ! small] jets (t5 ?us p\r$ out f ! nucleus4 ,v curi\s *anges take place 9 comets z !y j\rney1 especially z !y come ne> ! sun4 ,"o 0 se5 9 ! c\rse ( a few days to lose all 8 hair1 & also 8 tail4 ,ano!r 0 se5 to break into two pieces1 bo? ( :i* pieces at la/ disappe>$4 ,sometimes ! "o tail divides into two tails4 ,travel+1 z ! comets d1 f int5se cold into burn+ heat1 !y are v mu* affect$ by ! viol5t *ange ( climate4 ,= ! pa?s ( ! comets are su* long ovals1 or ellipses1 t1 :ile !y approa* ! sun v closely 9 "o "p ( _! 8ye>10 !y travel to enorm\s di/ances 9 ! o!r "p4 8,halley's ,comet10 :i* takes sev5ty-six ( our ye>s to j\rney r\nd ! sun1 comes ne>] to him ?an ,v5us1 & goes f>!r away f him ?an ,neptune4 ,z ?is comet draws gradually clos]1 he has to make up = ! add$ pull ( ! sun's increas+ attraction by ru%+ onw>d ) great] & great] rapidity1 till he :irls madly pa/ ! sun1 & !n1 ) sl[ly slack5+ spe$1 j\rneys f>!r & f>!r away1 creeps at l5g? lazily r\nd ! f>!r end ( 8 orbit 9 ! *ill1 d>k1 neighborhood ( ,neptune1 & once m travels t[>ds ! sun ) gr[+ ha/e4 8,encke's ,comet0 has a ye> ( only ?ree & a half ( our ye>s1 s he may be said to live q 9 our mid/4 ,b _m comets travel mu* f>!r away ?an ! "o nam$ aft] ,halley4 ,x is calculat$ ( "s t1 if !y ev] return at all1 x c n be = _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,passage ,,( ,,! ,,comet ,,( #ahdc ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,sun 7,,febru>y #bg,,?1 #aj ,,h\rs1 #bi ,,m9utes47 8,newton's ,comet10 se5 ab\t two c5turies ago1 has a j\rney to p]=m ( su* l5g? t he is n expect$ aga9 to appe> = sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,yet1 at ! ne>e/ po9t 9 8 orbit1 he approa*$ ! sun s closely1 t ! heat :i* he endur$ 0 ab\t two ?\s& times t ( r$-hot iron4 ,*anges 7 se5 to be tak+ place 9 8 %ape1 z he drew ne> to ! sun1 & disappe>$4 ,f\r days he 0 hidd5 9 ! sun's rays4 ,he vani%$1 ) a tail /ream+ millions ( miles beh9d him4 ,he made 8 appe>ance aga9 ) a tail /ream+ millions ( miles 9 front ( him4 ,b h[ ?is wond]ful movem5t took place is beyond man's p[] to expla94 ,! comet ( #ahdc 0 "o ( ! mo/ attractive se5 dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,m>*1 & x appe>$ ) a sudd5ness :i* _h q a />tl+ effect4 ,x 0 an impos+ object 9 ! s\!rn regions4 ,! comet 0 se5 9 ,italy on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y2 at ,wa%+ton1 on ! #f? ( ,m>*2 at ,oporto1 on ! #ad?2 b ow+ to unfavorable wea!r1 x 0 n visible 9 ,engl&1 or any ( ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe1 previ\s to ! #ag?4 ,a little aft] sunset on t day ! tail 0 obs]v$ 9 ! we/]n sky1 b ! head _h already sunk bel[ ! horizon4 ,! :ole ( ! comet appe>$ on ! foll[+ ev5+s = a %ort "t1 = x 0 travel+ away f ! sun ) great velocity1 hav+ d\bl$ ! sol> orb be=e x became visible2 & ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,april x f9ally disappe>$4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is />tl+ /rang]1 z obs]v$ at ,wa%+ton1 is ?us describ$ by ,lieut5ant ,maury1 ( ! ,hydrographical ,(fice 9 t city3 8,on ,monday morn+1 ,m>* #f?1 our att5tion 0 call$ to a p>agraph 9 ! newspap]s1 /at+ t a comet 0 visible ne> ! sun at midday ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! sky 0 cle>2 b n be+ able to discov] any ?+ ) ! unassi/$ eye1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! telescope1 b ) no bett] success4 ,ab\t sunset 9 ! ev5+1 ! exam9ation 0 r5ew$ ) great dilig5ce1 b to no purpose4 ,! la/ fa9t /reak ( day gild$ ! we/2 beautiful & delicate fleeces ( cl\d curta9$ ! b$ ( ! sun2 ! upp] sky 0 /udd$ ) />s1 & all hopes ( see+ ! comet t ev5+ _h vani%$4 ,soon aft] we _h retir$1 ! (fic] ( ! wat* ann\nc$ its appe>ance 9 ! we/4 ,! ph5om5on 0 sublime & beautiful4 ,! ne$le 0 greatly agitat$1 & a /rongly m>k$ p5cil ( light 0 /ream+ up f ! pa? ( ! sun 9 an oblique direction to ! s\?w>d & ea/w>d2 its edges 7 p>allel4 ,x 0 #cj long4 ,/>s c\ld be se5 tw9kl+ ?r\gh x1 & no d\bt 0 at fir/ ent]ta9$ t ?is 0 ! tail ( ! comet40 ,! tail1 z se5 9 nor!rly c\ntries1 spread ov] an arc ( ! heav5s ( ab\t #dj2 b 9 s\!rn latitudes x ext5d$ to f #fj to #gj4 ,x _h an absolute l5g? ( two hundr$ millions ( miles2 s t1 _h x be5 coil$ ar\nd ! e>? l a s]p5t1 x w\ld h girdl$ x eight ?\s& times at ! equator4 ,?is comet approa*$ /ill ne>] ! sun ?an t ( ,newton1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 expos$ to a heat ( great] int5sity4 ,its c5t] is comput$ to h be5 )9 a hundr$ ?\s& miles ( ! sol> surface2 & accord+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's calculations1 x 0 !n expos$ to a heat equal to t :i* w\ld be receiv$ by an equal portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 if x 7 subject to ! influ5ce ( =ty-sev5 ?\s& suns1 plac$ at ! common di/ance ( ! actual sun4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ a flimsy sub/ance 9 su* circum/ances c\ld escape be+ entirely dissipat$4 ,b su* 0 its velocity t x :eel$ r\nd ! sun 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,! g5]al "q ( ! probability & ! consequ5ces ( a collision ) a comet may be legitimately ent]ta9$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/ po9t1 x c n be d5i$ t collision is possible2 b1 at ! same "t1 x is s extremely improbable t x may be safely dismiss$ f appreh5sion4 ,! fact ( su* an ev5t n hav+ be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! kn[n c\rse ( t]re/rial hi/ory is surely "s gu>antee aga9/ its occurr5ce4 ,ano!r may be f\nd 9 ! small volume ( ! e>? & ( comets :5 comp>$ ) ! imm5sity ( space 9 :i* !y move4 ,accord+ to ! well-und]/ood pr9ciples ( probabilities1 ,arago has calculat$ t1 ^u ! appe>ance ( a new comet1 ! odds are z #bha1jjj1jjj to #a1 t x w n /rike aga9/ our globe4 ,b ev5 suppos+ collision to occur1 all t we "k ( ! con/itution ( comets ju/ifies ! conclusion t ! enc\nt] w\ld involve no t]re/rial convulsion1 nor any result incompatible ) full security to life & happ9ess4 ,s mu* = ! l>ge/ memb]s ( our circle--l>ge/1 ?\gh lighte/2 memb]s "s1 visitors o!rs4 ,n[ we turn to ! smalle/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,little ,,s]vants4 ,if y walk out any night aft] d>k1 & wat* ! bright />s %9+ 9 a cle> sky--%9+ z !y h done = ages pa/--y w probably see1 n[ & !n1 a bright po9t ( light sudd5ly appe>1 d>t along a little di/ance1 & z sudd5ly vani%4 ,t :i* y h se5 0 n ! beg9n+ ( a /ory1 b 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ x 0 ! end ( a /ory4 ,! little %oot+-/> 0 9 exi/5ce long be=e y saw him1 :irl+ ?r\gh space ) millions ( little companions4 ,b he has left !m all1 & dropp$ to e>?4 ,he is a %oot+-/> no long]4 ,if su* a j\rney to ! moon z ! "o describ$ two *apt]s back 7 inde$ possible1 ! voyage al(t w\ld h>dly be s easily & safely p]=m$ z is !re tak5 = grant$4 ,putt+ aside ! ?\ght ( o!r difficulties1 su* z lack ( conveyance & lack ( air1 !re w\ld be ! dang] ( pass+ ?r\gh a v consid]able /orm ( missiles--a k9d ( 8cele/ial cannonade0--:i*1 to say ! lea/1 w\ld prove v f> f agreeable4 ,^! 8/>lets0 & 8meteor planets10 z !y h be5 call$1 are n visible 9 a normal condition1 because ( _! m9ut5ess4 ,b on ent]+ our atmosph]e !y are r5d]$ lum9\s1 ow+ to ! heat evolv$ by ! sudd5 & viol5t compression ( ! air 9 front ( ! mov+ body4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 %oot+-/>s1 :i* simply d>t across ! heav5s1 may be reg>d$ z com+ )9 ! limits ( ! atmosph]e1 & c>ri$ out ( x aga91 by _! imm5se velocity1 pass+ on 9 space4 ,meteoric %[]s may result f an enc\nt] ) a gr\p ( ^! bodies1 :ile arolites are ^? :i* come s f> )9 ! sph]e ( ! e>?'s attraction z to fall to its surface4 ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago ! ,greeks v5]at$ a fam\s /one :i* fell f ! heav5s on ! riv] gos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meteor ,,em]g+ ,,f ,,beh9d ,a ,,cl\d 7,,nov4 #bc1 #ahgg74 ,x w sc>cely be believ$ :at numb]s ( ^! %oot+-/>s or meteorites con/antly fall to ! e>?4 ,z %e travels on h] orbit1 hurry+ along at ! rate ( n9ete5 miles ea* second1 %e meets !m by t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,!y too1 l ! e>?1 are j\rney+ r\nd ! great c5t] ( our family4 ,b !y are s t9y1 & ! e>? by comp>ison is s imm5se1 t h] /rong attraction ov]p[]s "o aft] ano!r1 drags x f its pa?way1 & draws x to h]self4 ,& !n x falls1 fla%+ l a bright /> across ! sky1 & ! little meteorite has come to 8 end4 ,8 myriads ( companions1 ha/5+ /ill along _! heav5ly track--= ! meteorites seem to travel commonly 9 va/ flocks or companies--might1 _h !y s5se1 m\rn 9 va9 = ! lo/ memb]s ( _! family4 ,any "o tak+ ! tr\ble to wat* c>efully "s portion ( ! sky aft] d>k1 may expect to see ea* h\r ab\t f\r to eight ( ^! %oot+-/>s--except 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 :5 ! numb] is mu* l>g]4 ,ab\t six 9 an h\r does n s\nd a great deal4 ,b t m]ely means t !re h be5 six 9 "o direction1 & ne> en\gh = y to see4 ,somebody else1 wat*+1 may h se5 six 9 ano!r direction2 & somebody else1 a few miles away1 may h se5 six m4 ,x is calculat$ t1 9 ! c\rse ( e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ab\t f\r hundr$ millions ( meteorites fall to e>?1 includ+ ^? visible only ?r\gh telescopes4 ,?is is r />tl+4 ,:at if y or ,i %\ld "s day be /ruck by "o ( ^! solid1 h>d little bodies1 d>t+ z !y d t[>ds e>? ) spe$ swift] ?an t ( a cannon-ball8 ,true1 !y are n really />s1 nei!r are !y really planets4 ,b !y are1 to say ! lea/1 (t5 mu* l>g] ?an a cannon-ball1 & a cannon-ball c de/roy life4 ,f\r hundr$ millions e tw5ty-f\r h\rs6 ,does x n seem s+ul> t we d n see !m con/antly dropp+ to ! gr\nd8 ,! tru? is1 we %\ld see !m1 & feel !m too1 & dire w\ld be ! dang] to human life1 b = a c]ta9 protect+ some?+ fold$ r\nd ?is e>? ( ours to w>d (f ! p]il4 ,t 8some?+0 is ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,b = ! ?ick1 s(t1 /rong1 ela/ic air ?r\gh :i* ! meteorites h to pass1 !y w\ld fall ) fe>ful viol5ce1 (t5 do+ t]rible mis*ief4 ,z x is1 we are gu>d$4 ,! %oot+-/>1 drawn by ! e>?'s attraction1 drops into h] atmosph]e1 d>t+ ) trem5d\s spe$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is spe$ & ! resi/ance ( ! air1 x cat*es fire4 ,t is :5 we fir/ see x4 ,! meteorites are believ$ to appe> at a height ( ab\t sev5ty miles1 & to disappe> at a height ( ab\t fifty miles4 ,s t1 9 "o in/ant's fla%1 ! %oot+-/> has travel$ "s tw5ty miles t[>d u4 ,!n ! light goes out4 ,! little meteorite is burnt4 ,x falls to e>? /ill2 b only z f9e du/1 s9k+ h>mlessly d[nw>d4 ,! meteorites d n always vani% s quickly4 ,n[ & !n a l>g] "o--too l>ge to be rapidly burnt--does actually rea* ! gr\nd4 ,if any man 7 /ruck by su* a /one he w\ld und\bt$ly be kill$4 ,:5 meteorites ?us fall to e>? !y are usually call$ arolites4 ,"s are f\nd no bigg] ?an a man's fi/1 :ile o!rs mu* exce$ ?is size4 ,!re is "o1 kept c>efully 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* weighs ?ree tons & a half2 & we he> ( ano!r1 ly+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 sev5 & eight feet 9 l5g?4 ,su* a sky-visitant w\ld be v unwelcome 9 any ( our t[ns4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 :atev] size an arolite may be :5 x rea*es ! e>?1 x mu/ h be5 f> great] :5 j\rney+ r\nd ! sun1 s9ce a good "p ( x has be5 burnt away dur+ its ru% d[nw>d ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,meteors1 or bolides1 or fireballs1 are ( mu* ! same nature z meteorites2 b !y are l>g]1 long] to be se51 & sl[] 9 movem5t4 ,also1 x is n uncommon = !m to bur/ ) a l\d explosion4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury su* a meteor visit$ ,norm&y4 ,x explod$ ) a noise l ! roll ( musketry1 scatt]+ ?\s&s ( hot /ones ov] a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,a great numb] ( !m 7 collect$1 /ill smok+4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! /ones weigh$ no less ?an tw5ty p\nds4 ,happily no "o seems to h be5 injur$4 ,o!r su* falls h tak5 place f "t to "t4 ,sometimes bright1 sl[ly-mov+ meteors h be5 se51 look+ z l>ge z ! moon4 ,a rem>kable fireball appe>$ 9 ,engl& on ,novemb] #f1 #ahfi4 ,?is fireball 0 ext5sively se5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&1 & by comb9+ & comp>+ ^! obs]vations1 we obta9 accurate in=mation z to ! height ( ! object & ! velocity ) :i* x travel$4 ,x appe>s t ?is meteor comm5c$ to be visible at a po9t n9ety miles above ,frome1 9 ,som]set%ire1 & t x disappe>$ at a po9t tw5ty-sev5 miles ov] ! sea1 ne> ,/4 ,ives1 9 ,cornwall4 ,! :ole l5g? ( its c\rse 0 ab\t #agj miles1 :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 a p]iod ( five seconds1 ?us giv+ an av]age velocity ( ?irty-f\r miles a second4 ,a rem>kable feature 9 ! appe>ance :i* ?is fireball pres5t$ 0 ! long1 p]si/5t /reak ( lum9\s cl\d1 ab\t fifty miles long & f\r miles wide1 :i* rema9$ 9 sight = fully fifty m9utes4 ,we h 9 ?is example an illu/ration ( ! *ief features ( ! ph5om5a ( a %oot+-/> pres5t$ on a v gr& scale4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ t ! p]si/5t lum9\s /reak is n a univ]sal1 nor1 inde$1 a v common *>act]i/ic ( a %oot+-/>4 ,if we may lik5 comets to ! fi%es ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--& 9 _! numb]1 _! spe$1 _! v>y+ sizes1 _! div]se motions1 !y may be fairly s lik5$--we may p]haps speak ( ! meteorites z ! animalcula ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,=1 9 comp>ison ) ! planets1 !y are1 9 ! matt] ( size1 z ! animalcula ( our ponds 9 comp>ison ) human be+s4 ,9 po9t ( numb]s !y are c\ntless4 ,take a s+le drop ( wat] f "s long-/agnant pond1 & place x "u a p[]ful microscope4 ,y w f9d x to be full ( life1 teem+ ) t9y animals1 d>t+ briskly to & fro4 ,! drop ( wat] is 9 itself a _w ( liv+ creatures1 ?\gh ! nak$ eye ( man c\ld nev] discov] _! exi/5ce4 ,s ) ! meteorites4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! ,sol> ,sy/em fairly teems ) !m4 ,we talk ( 8wide gaps ( empty space10 betwe5 ! planets2 b h[ d we "k t !re is any su* ?+ z empty space to be f\nd ?r\gh\t all ! sun's doma98 ,n only are ! meteorites !mselves c\ntless1 a matt] easily realiz$1 b ! families or sy/ems ( meteorites appe> to be c\ntless also4 ,!y1 l ! sy/ems ( ,jupit] & ,saturn1 are ea* a family )9 a family--a "p ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & yet a complete sy/em by !mselves4 ,ea* circles r\nd ! sun1 & ea* consi/s ( millions ( t9y meteorites4 ,:5 ,i say 8t9y10 ,i mean x ( c\rse only by comp>ison ) o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,_m among !m may possibly be hundr$s ( feet & ev5 m 9 diamet]1 b ! great] proportion appe> to be mu* small]4 ,x is n impossible t multitudes beyond imag9ation exi/1 s small 9 size t x is impossible we %\ld ev] see !m1 s9ce _! dy+ fla% 9 ! upp] regions ( our atmosph]e w\ld be too fa9t to rea* our sight4 ,! e>?1 travel+ on h] n>r[ orbit r\nd ! sun1 crosses ! track ( ab\t "o hundr$ ( ^! sy/ems1 or r+s4 ,sometimes %e m]ely t\*es ! edge ( a r+1 & sometimes %e goes into ! v ?ick ( a d5se %[] ( meteorites4 ,twice e ye>1 = in/ance1 on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ & ! #aa? ( ,novemb]1 ! e>? passes ?r\gh su* a r+1 & v _m fall+ />s may be se5 on ^? nights4 ,numb]s ( little meteorites1 dragg$ f _! orbits & entangl$ 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 l a fly caught 9 a spid]'s web1 give _! dy+ fla%1 & vani%4 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t ! ,augu/ & ,novemb] meteorites belong$ to "o s+le sy/em2 b n[ !y are believ$ to be two entirely di/9ct sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,%[] ,,( ,,%oot+-,,/>s1 ,,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb4 ,! comet discov]$ on ,febru>y #bg1 #ahbg1 by ,biela1 & t5 days lat] at ,m>seilles by ,gamb>t1 :o recogniz$ t x 0 ! same z t ( #aggb & #ahje1 return$ six & a half ye>s lat]1 9 #ahcb4 ,9 fact x cross$1 z we h se51 ! plane ( ! t]re/rial orbit at ! respectable di/ance ( fifty millions ( miles f ! e>?2 b if !re 0 any dang] 9 ?is meet+1 x 0 r = x ?an = u2 = x 0 c]ta9ly /rongly di/urb$ 9 its c\rse4 ,x return$ 9 #ahci1 b "u conditions too unfavorable to enable x to be obs]v$--9 ! mon? ( ,july1 9 ! long days1 & too ne> ! sun4 ,x 0 se5 aga9 9 #ahde1 on ,novemb] #be?1 ne> ! place assign$ to x by calculation1 & its c\rse 0 duly foll[$4 ,ev]y?+ w5t on to ! g5]al satisfaction1 :5--unexpect$ spectacle6--on ,janu>y #ac1 #ahdf1 ! comet split into two6 ,:at _h pass$ 9 its bosom8 ,:y ?is sep>ation8 ,:at 0 ! cause ( su* a cele/ial cataclysm8 ,we d n "k2 b ! fact is1 t in/ead ( "o comet1 two 7 h5ce=? se51 :i* cont9u$ to move 9 space l two tw9-si/]s--two v]itable comets1 ea* hav+ its nucleus1 its head1 its coma1 & its tail1 sl[ly sep>at+ f ea* o!r4 ,on ,febru>y #aj? !re 0 already a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& miles ( space betwe5 ! two4 ,!y w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 to h p>t$ ) regret1 & dur+ sev]al days a sort ( bridge 0 se5 ?r[n f "o to ! o!r4 ,! comet>y c\ple1 dep>t+ f ! e>?1 soon disappe>$ 9 ! inf9ite night4 ,!y return$ )9 view ( ! e>? 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #aheb4 ,on ! #bf? ( ?is mon? ! tw9s reappe>$1 b mu* f>!r ap>t1 sep>at$ by an int]val ( twelve hundr$ & fifty ?\s& miles4 ,b ?is is n ! /range/ peculi>ity :i* ?is curi\s body pres5t$ to ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s4 ,! cata/rophe :i* 0 obs]v$ 9 #ahdf 0 only a presage ( ! fate :i* await$ x2 = n[ its exi/5ce is m]ely imag9$1 ! tru? be+ t ?is comet is lo/4 ,s9ce #aheb all attempts to f9d x aga9 h be5 unavail+4 ,to be lo/ is int]e/+1 especially = a comet4 ,b ?is1 d\btless1 0 n en\gh2 = x res]v$ = u a /ill m complete surprise4 ,its orbit int]sects ! t]re/rial orbit at a po9t :i* ! e>? passes on ,novemb] #bg?4 ,well1 no?+ m 0 ?\ght ab\t x--x 0 giv5 up z hopeless1 :51 on ! ev5+ ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb1 !re fell f ! sky a v]itable ra9 ( %oot+ />s4 ,! expression is n exagg]at$4 ,!y fell 9 great flakes4 ,l9es ( fire glid$ almo/ v]tically 9 sw>ms & %[]s--"h1 ) dazzl+ globes ( light2 !re1 ) sil5t explosions1 recall+ to m9d ^? ( rockets2 & ?is ra9 la/$ f sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ till "o o'clock next morn+1 ! maximum be+ atta9$ ab\t n9e o'clock4 ,at ! obs]vatory ( ! ,roman ,college1 #ac1hib 7 c\nt$2 at ,montcali]i1 #cc1djj2 9 ,engl& a s+le obs]v] c\nt$ #aj1egi1 etc4 ,! total numb] se5 0 e/imat$ at a hundr$ & sixty ?\s&4 ,!y all came f ! same po9t ( ! sky1 situat$ ne> ! beautiful /> ,gamma ( ,&rom$a4 ,on t ev5+ ,i happ5$ to be at ,rome1 9 ! qu>t] ( ! ,villa ,m$icis1 & 0 favor$ ) a balcony look+ t[>ds ! s\?4 ,?is wond]ful ra9 ( />s fell almo/ be=e my eyes1 s to say1 & ,i %all nev] cease regrett+ n hav+ se5 x4 ,convalesc5t f a fev] caught 9 ! ,pont9e ,m>%es1 ,i 0 oblig$ to g into ! h\se imm$iately aft] ! sett+ ( ! sun1 :i* on t ev5+ appe>$ f ! top ( ! ,coliseum to sleep 9 a b$ ( purple & gold4 ,my read]s w und]/& :at disappo9tm5t ,i felt next morn+ :51 on go+ to ! obs]vatory1 ,fa!r ,sec*i in=m$ me ( t ev5t6 ,h[ _h he obs]v$ x himself8 ,by ! mo/ =tunate *ance3 ,a fri5d ( 81 see+ ! />s fall1 w5t to him to ask an explanation ( su* a ph5om5on4 ,x 0 !n half-pa/ sev54 ,! spectacle _h comm5c$2 b x 0 f> f be+ f9i%$1 & ! illu/ri\s a/ronom] 0 enabl$ to view ! m>vel\s %[] ( ne>ly f\rte5 ?\s& meteors4 ,?is ev5t made a consid]able /ir 9 ,rome1 & ! pope himself did n rema9 indiff]5t2 =1 "s days aft]w>ds1 hav+ _h ! honor ( be+ receiv$ at ! ,vatican1 ! fir/ words t ,pius ,,ix address$ to me 7 ^!3 8,h y se5 ! %[] ( ,dana80 ,i _h admir$1 "s days be=e 9 ,rome1 "s admirable 8,danas10 pa9t$ by ! great ma/]s ( ! ,italian s*ool 9 a mann] :i* left no?+ to be desir$2 b ,i _h n _h ! privilege ( f9d+ myself "u ! cupola ( ! sky dur+ ?is new cele/ial %[]1 m beautiful ev5 ?an t ( ,jupit]4 ,:at 0 ?is %[] ( />s8 ,evid5tly--& ?is is n d\btful--! enc\nt] ) ! e>? ( myriads ( small p>ticles ( matt] mov+ 9 space along ! orbit ( ,biela's comet4 ,! comet itself1 if x /ill exi/$1 w\ld h pass$ twelve weeks be=e4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 to speak correctly1 ! comet itself :i* we enc\nt]$1 b p]haps a fraction ( its decompos$ p>ts1 :i*1 s9ce ! break+-up ( ! comet 9 #ahdf1 w\ld be disp]s$ along its orbit beh9d ! head ( ! comet4#a #a ,no d\bt c rema9 ( ! id5tity ( ?is sw>m ( %oot+-/>s ) ! comet ( ,biela4 ,on ,novemb] #bg1 #ahhe1 ! same enc\nt] occurr$4 ,a magnific5t %[] ( />s 0 obs]v$ all ov] ,europe j at ! mom5t :5 ! e>? cross$ ! comet's orbit4 ,once 9 e ?irty-?ree ye>s we h a gr& display ( meteorites 9 ,novemb]2 t5s ( ?\s&s be+ visible 9 "o s+le night4 ,! meteorites 9 t r+ h _! 8ye>0 ( ?irty-?ree e>?ly ye>s1 & once 9 ! c\rse ( t long ye> our e>?'s orbit c>ries h] deep into _! mid/4 ,9 ?is s+le ,novemb] r+ !re are myriads ^u myriads ( meteorites1 spread+ ?r\gh millions ( miles ( space4 ,yet ?is sy/em is b "o among _m4 ,!re is no reason :atev] to suppose t ! /reams ( meteorites clu/] m ?ickly ab\t ! orbit ( ! e>?1 ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,no d\bt ! re/ ( ! planets come across q z _m4 ,inde$1 ! wond]ful r+s ( ,saturn are probably =m$ entirely ( meteorites--millions ^u millions ( !m :irl+ r\nd ! planet 9 a regul> orbit-belt1 lit up by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,also x is believ$ t ! meteorite families clu/] m & m closely 9 ! ne> neighborhood ( ! sun1 ru%+ wildly r\nd him1 & fall+ by millions into ! ocean ( flame ^u 8 surface4 ,x has ev5 be5 guess$ t !y may s]ve 9 "p z fuel to keep up 8 mighty furnace heat4 ,!re is a curi\s cone-%ap$ light se5 sometimes 9 ! we/ aft] sunset4 ,x is call$ ! 8,zodiacal ,light10 & m5 h (t5 be5 mu* puzzl$ to acc\nt = x4 ,! %9+ is s(t & dim1 only to be se5 :5 ! sky is cle>1 & only to be se5 9 ! neighborhood ( ! sun4 ,?is1 too1 may be caus$ by reflect$ light f c\ntless myriads ( meteorites ga!r+ ?ickly r\nd ! sun4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,neighbor+ ,,families4 ,we h n[ to take flight 9 ?\ght f>1 f> beyond ! outskirts ( our little ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,yes1 our great ,sol> ,sy/em1 ) its mighty sun1 its planets1 its moons1 its comets & meteorites1 its ceaseless motions1 its va/ di/ances1--ev5 all ?is s9ks to littl5ess beside ! wid] rea*es ( space :i* n[ h to be pictur$ to our m9ds4 ,= our sun1 9 all 8 greatness1 is only a s+le />--only "o /> among o!r />s--& n by any means "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! />s4 ,h[ _m />s are !re 9 ! sky8 ,look ov]head "s cl\dless night1 & try to c\nt ! brilliant po9ts ( light4 8,millions10 y w\ld mo/ likely give z y\r idea ( _! numb]4 ,yet y w\ld be wrong2 = y d n really p]ceive s _m4 ,! />s visible to man's nak$ eye h be5 mapp$ & numb]$4 ,x is f\nd t f two to ?ree ?\s& are1 z a rule1 ! utmo/ ev] se5 at once1 ev5 on a favorable night1 & ) p>ticul>ly good sight4 ,b :at is actually ! full numb] ( ! />s8 ,two or ?ree ?\s& ov]head4 ,five or six ?\s& r\nd ! :ole _w4 ,s mu* visible to man's unaid$ eyes4 ,ah1 b take a telescope1 & see ?r\gh x ! op5+ fields ( />s beyond />s4 ,take a /rong] telescope1 & note h[1 z y pi]ce deep] into space1 fre% />s beyond fre% />s %9e fa9tly 9 ! measureless di/ance4 ,take ! mo/ p[]ful telescope ev] made1 & aga9 x w be ! same /ory4 ,!re has be5 a *>t or map drawn ( kn[n />s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e--includ+ ^? visible 9 telescopes d[n to a c]ta9 magnitude--conta9+ ov] ?ree hundr$ ?\s&4 ,b t is only a "p ( ev5 :at man c see4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el calculat$ r\ghly t ! numb] ( />s )9 rea* ( 8 p[]ful telescope1 r\nd ! :ole e>?1 am\nt$ probably to some?+ l tw5ty millions4 ,tw5ty millions ( suns6 ,= t is :at x really means4 ,tw5ty millions ( radiant1 burn+1 heav5ly bodies--"s ! same size z our sun2 "s l>g]1 p]haps v mu* l>g]2 "s small]1 p]haps v mu* small]2 b all ,,suns4 ,& any numb] ( ^! suns may h1 j l our own1 families ( planets travel+ r\nd !m1 enjoy+ _! light & _! heat4 ,we talk ab\t />s ( ! fir/1 second1 & o!r magnitudes4 ,/>s c be se5 )\t a telescope z l[ d[n z ! six? magnitude2 aft] t !y become invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,?is ^w 8magnitude0 is r mislead+4 8,magnitude0 means size1 & :atev] ! real size ( ! />s may be1 !y h to our sight no seem+ size at all4 ,s :5 we speak ( diff]5t magnitudes1 we really mean diff]5t brightnesses4 ,! brighte/ />s are ^? ( ! fir/ magnitude1 ! next brighte/ ^? ( ! second magnitude1 & s on4 ,no d\bt _m a /> ( ! ?ird or f\r? magnitude is really mu* l>g] ?an _m a /> ( ! fir/ or second magnitude1 only be+ f>!r away x %9es m dimly1 or ! high]-magnitude /> may 9 itself possess great] natural brilliancy4 ,( fir/-magnitude />s !re are altoge!r ab\t tw5ty2 ( second-magnitude />s ab\t sixty-five2 ( ?ird-magnitude />s ab\t two hundr$2 & s ! numb]s increase till ( ! six?-magnitude />s we f9d m ?an ?ree ?\s&4 ,^! are all t c be commonly se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 am\nt+ to five or six ?\s&4 ,) telescopes ! numb]s rise rapidly to t5s ( ?\s&s1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 & ev5 millions4 ,= a long :ile x 0 f\nd q impossible to measure ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,to ?is day ! di/ances ( n ov] two doz51 among all ^? t5s ( ?\s&s1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ out ! di/ance ( ! sun 0 z no?+ comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( f9d+ out ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,no base-l9e suffici5t = ! purpose c\ld = ye>s be obta9$4 ,i mu/ expla9 slightly :at is meant by a 8base-l9e40 ,suppose y 7 on ! br9k ( a wide riv]1 :i* y _h no means ( cross+1 ?\gh y wi%$ to discov] its bread?4 ,suppose !re 7 on ! opposite br9k a small tree1 /&+ alone4 ,z y /ood1 y w\ld see ! tree seem+ to lie aga9/ a c]ta9 "p ( ! c\ntry beyond4 ,!n1 if y mov$ along y\r bank "s fifty paces1 ! tree w\ld seem to lie aga9/ q a diff]5t "p ( ! c\ntry beyond4 ,n[ if y _h a long piece ( /r+ to lay d[n along ! fifty paces y walk$1 & if two m pieces ( /r+ 7 ti$1 "o f ea* end ( ! fifty paces1 bo? meet+ at ! tree1 !n ! ?ree pieces ( /r+ w\ld make "o l>ge triangle1 & ! 8fifty paces0 w\ld be ! 8base0 ( y\r triangle4 ,if y c\ld n cross ! riv]1 y c\ld n ( c\rse tie /r+s to ! tree4 ,b hav+ f\nd y\r base-l9e1 & measur$ its exact l5g?1 & hav+ also f\nd ! %ape ( ! two angles at its two ends1 by not+ ! seem+ *ange ( ! tree's position1 x w\ld !n be q easy to f9d out ! di/ance ( ! tree4 ,! exact mann] 9 :i* ?is calculation is made c h>dly be und]/ood )\t "s slight k ( a sci5ce call$ trigonometry4 ,! tree's di/ance be+ f\nd1 ! bread? ( ! riv] w\ld be kn[n4 ,?is mode ( measur+ di/ance 0 f\nd comp>atively easy 9 ! case ( ! moon4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! sun !re 0 m difficulty1 on acc\nt ( ! sun's great] di/ance4 ,no base-l9e ( ord9>y l5g? w\ld make ! sun seem to *ange 8 position 9 ! sky 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,nor till ! v longe/ base-l9e on ! e>? 0 tri$ c\ld ! difficulty be ov]come4 ,t base-l9e is no less ?an eight ?\s& miles long4 ,"o man /&+ 9 ,engl& look+ at ! sun1 & ano!r man /&+ 9 ,au/ralia look+ at ! sun1 h su* a base-l9e ly+ betwe5 !m1 /raight ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! case ( ! />s ?is plan 0 f\nd useless4 ,s closely has ! sky be5 mapp$ out1 & s exactly is ! place ( ea* /> kn[n1 t ! t9ie/ *ange w\ld h be5 at once notic$4 ,n a /> %[$ ! smalle/ movem5t4 ,! eight ?\s& miles ( ! e>?'s diamet] 0 a m]e po9t ) reg>d to !m4 ,a bright idea came up4 ,"h 0 our e>? travel+ r\nd ! sun1 9 an orbit s wide t 9 ! middle ( summ] %e is ov] "o hundr$ & eighty millions ( miles away f :]e %e is 9 ! middle ( w9t]4 ,w\ld n t make a magnific5t base-l9e8 ,:y n obs]ve a /> 9 summ] & obs]ve ! same /> aga9 9 w9t]1 & !n calculate its di/ance4 ,?is1 too1 0 done4 ,= a long :ile 9 va96 ,! />s %[$ no signs ( *ange1 beyond ^? due to causes already kn[n4 ,a/ronom]s p]sev]$1 h[ev]1 & ) close & e>ne/ c>e & improv$ in/rum5ts1 success at la/ rew>d$ _! ef=ts4 ,a few--only a few1 b /ill a few--( ^? di/ant suns h submitt$ to ! little measur+-l9e ( e>?1 & _! di/ance has be5 r\ghly calculat$4 ,n[1 :at is _! di/ance8 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ! second /> :i* 0 attempt$ ) success1 is ! ne>e/ ( all ^: di/ance we "k4 ,y h he>d h[ f> ! sun is f ! e>?4 ,! di/ance ( ,alpha ,c5tauri is two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& times z mu*4 ,c y picture to y\rself t va/ rea* ( space--a l9e n9ety-?ree millions ( miles long1 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& times8 ,b ,alpha ,c5tauri is "o ( ! v ne>e/4 ,! brilliant ,sirius is at lea/ twice z f> away4 ,o!rs utt]ly refuse to %[ ! smalle/ *ange ( position4 ,x is ) !m1 z _h be5 said1 mu* ! same z if a man 7 to look at a *ur*-/eeple1 tw5ty miles di/ant1 out ( "o pane 9 a w9d[1 & !n 7 to look at x out ( ! next pane4 ,) ! utmo/ att5tion he w\ld f9d no *ange ( position 9 ! /eeple4 ,& l ! base-l9e ( two glass panes to t /eeple1 s is ! base-l9e =m$ by our :ole ye>ly j\rney to ?\s&s ( di/ant />s4 ,we might measure h[ f> away !y are1 only ! longe/ base-l9e )9 our rea* is too %ort = our purpose4 ,! planet ,neptune has a wid] orbit ?an ours4 ,b ev5 8 orbit1 se5 f ! great] numb] ( ! />s1 w\ld %r9k to a s+le po9t4 ,aft] all1 h[ useless to talk ( two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& times n9ety-?ree millions ( miles6 ,:at does x mean8 ,we c n grasp ! ?\ght4 ,let u look at ! matt] f ano!r view4 ,d y "k h[ fa/ light travels--?is bright light %9+ r\nd u all day long8 ,light1 s f> z we "k1 does n exi/ ev]y:]e4 ,x travels to & fro1 f ! sun to 8 planets1 f ! planets to "o ano!r2 f ! sun to ! moon1 f ! moon to ! e>?1 & f ! e>? to ! moon aga94 ,light takes "t to travel4 ,?is s\nds s+ul>1 b x is true4 ,light c n pass f place to place 9 no "t4 ,light1 j\rney+ ?r\gh space1 is invisible4 ,only :5 x /rikes ^u some?+1 :e!r a solid body or wat] or air1 does x become visible to our eyes4 ,! %9+ all r\nd u 9 ! day-"t is caus$ by ! sunlight be+ reflect$1 n only f ! gr\nd1 b f ea* sep>ate p>ticle ( air4 ,if we _h no atmosph]e1 we %\ld see /ill ! bright rays fall+ on ! gr\nd1 b ! sky above w\ld be black4 ,yet t black sky w\ld be full ( millions ( light-rays1 j\rney+ hi!r & ?i!r f sun & />s1 invisible except :]e !y alight ^u some?+4 ,! spe$ ( light is f> beyond t ( an express tra91 f> beyond t ( ! swifte/ planet4 ,9 "o tick ( ! clock1 ,m]cury has ru%$ onw>d tw5ty-n9e miles4 ,9 "o tick ( ! clock1 /orm-flames ^u ! surface ( ! sun w sweep ov] two or ?ree hundr$ miles4 ,b 9 "o tick ( ! clock a ray ( light fla%es ?r\gh "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 miles4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles6 ,t is ! same z to say t1 dur+ "o s+le in/ant1 a ray ( light c j\rney a di/ance equal to ab\t eight times r\nd & r\nd our :ole e>? at ! ,equator4 ,by us+ ?is wond]ful light-spe$ z a measurem5t1 we ga9 cle>] ideas ab\t ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,a ray ( light takes m ?an eight m9utes to pass f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,look at y\r wat*1 & note ! exact "t4 ,see ! h& mov+ sl[ly ?r\gh ! m9utes1 & imag9e "o s+le ray ( light1 :i* has left ! sun :5 fir/ y look$1 fla%+ onw>d & onw>d ?r\gh space1 "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles ea* second4 ,eight m9utes & a half are ov]4 ,! ray falls ^u y\r h&4 ,9 ^? few m9utes x has j\rney$ n9ety-?ree millions ( miles4 ,s mu* = ! sun's di/ance4 ,h[ ab\t ! />s8 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 a bright /> se5 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 is "o ( our ne>e/ neighbors4 ,yet ea* light-gleam :i* rea*es ! eye ( man f t />1 left ,alpha ,c5tauri f\r ye>s & a ?ird be=e4 ,dur+ f\r ye>s & a ?ird1 f ! mom5t :5 fir/ x quitt$ ! surface ( ! blaz+ sun1 x has fla%$ ceaselessly onw>d1 "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles ea* second1 dw9dl+ d[n ) its bright companion-rays f a gl>e ( brilliancy to a sl5d] glimm] ( light till x rea*es ! eye ( man4 ,f\r ye>s & a ?ird s\nds mu*1 side by side ) ! eight m9utes' j\rney f ! sun4 ,s\nd w\ld take m ?an ?ree millions ( ye>s to cross ! same abyss4 ,at ! con/ant velocity ( ?irty-sev5 miles an h\r1 an express-tra9 />t+ f ! sun ,alpha ,c5tauri w\ld n rea* ! e>? until aft] an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( ne>ly sev5ty-five millions ( ye>s4 ,?is is our neighbor />4 ,! second1 ! ne>e/ aft] x1 is ne>ly d\ble z f>1 & is f\nd 9 q ano!r region ( space1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cygnus1 ! ,swan1 always visible 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,if we wi% to und]/& ! relative situation ( our sun & ! ne>e/ two1 let u take a cele/ial globe1 & draw a plane ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! globe & ?r\gh ,alpha ,c5tauri & #fa ,cygni4 ,we %all ?us h be=e u ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 our position 9 inf9itude & ^? ( ^! two suns4 ,! angul> di/ance :i* sep>ates !m on ! cele/ial sph]e is #abe4 ,let u make ?is draw+1 & we %all discov] c]ta9 r curi\s p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! two ne>e/ />s are 9 ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way1 s t we c also repres5t ! ,milky ,way on our draw+2 aga91 ?is cele/ial riv] is divid$ into two bran*es1 precisely 9 ! positions occupi$ by ^! two ne>e/ />s1 ! division rema9+ m>k$ along ! :ole int]val :i* sep>ates !m4 ,?is draw+ %[s u1 fur!r1 t if we wi% to trace ! curve ( ! ,milky ,way ) ref]5ce to ! di/ance ( our two />s1 x w be ne>] to u 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur ?an 9 t ( ! ,swan2 &1 9 fact1 x is probable t ! />s ( t region ( ! sky are ne>] ?an ^? ( ! opposite region4 ,ano!r v curi\s fact is1 t bo? ! ne>e/ />s are d\ble4 ,b look at ,sirius1 t beautiful /> s famili> to u all4 ,! light :i* rea*es y to-night1 left 8 surface f n9e to t5 ye>s ago4 ,look at ! ,little ,be>1 ) ! ,pole-/> %9+ at ! end ( 8 tail4 ,t ray ( s(t light quitt$ ! ,pole-/> "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,almo/ half a c5tury x has be5 spe$+ onw>d & ev] onw>d1 ) ceaseless rapidity1 till its va/ j\rney is s f> accompli%$ t x has rea*$ ! e>?4 ,look at ,capella1 ano!r fair /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! light :i* rea*es y f h] has tak5 ov] ?irty ye>s to p]=m its voyage4 ,t51 ?irty1 =ty ye>s--at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second6 ,^! />s are among ! few ^: di/ance c be r\ghly measur$4 ,o!rs lie at incalculable di/ances beyond4 ,!re are />s ^: light mu/1 x is believ$1 h />t$ hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! s(t1 fa9t ray at l5g? rea*es ! a/ronom]'s upturn$ eye ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,look at ,capella1 h[ g5tly & /eadily %e %9es6 ,y see ,capella1 n z %e is n[1 b z %e 0 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,capella may h ceas$ to exi/ meantime4 ,! fires ( t mighty sun may h gone out4 ,if s1 we %all by & by le>n ! fact--m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] x happ5$4 ,look at ! ,pole-/>4 ,is !re any ,pole-/> n[8 ,i c n tell y4 ,i only "k !re 0 "o1 =ty ye>s ago1 :5 t ray ( light />t$ on its long j\rney4 ,/>s h ceas$ to %9e be=e n[4 ,:at may h happ5$ 9 ^? =ty ye>s1 :o c say8 ,look at t dim />1 %9+ ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope ) fa9t & glimm]+ light4 ,we are told t 9 all probability ! t9y ray left its home long be=e ! "t ( ,adam4 ,!re is a /range solemnity 9 ! ?\ght4 ,hundr$s ( ye>s ago--?\s&s ( ye>s ago--"s say1 ev5 t5s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago6 ,x c>ries u out ( ! little pres5t into ! unkn[n ages ( a pa/ et]nity4 ,if ! neighbor+ />s are plac$ at t5s & hundr$s ( trillions ( miles f u1 x is at quadrillions1 at qu9tillions ( miles t mo/ ( ! />s lie :i* are visible 9 ! sky 9 telescopic fields4 ,:at suns6 :at spl5dors6 ,_! light comes f su* di/ances6 ,& x is ^! di/ant suns :i* human pride w\ld l to make revolve r\nd our atom2 & x 0 = our eyes t anci5t !ology decl>$ ^! lights1 invisible )\t a telescope1 7 creat$6 ,no contemplation exp&s ! ?\ght1 elevates ! m9d1 & spreads ! w+s ( ! s\l l t ( ! sid]eal imm5sities illum9at$ by ! suns ( inf9itude4 ,we are already le>n+ t !re is 9 ! /ell> _w a div]sity no less great ?an t :i* we notic$ 9 ! planet>y _w4 ,z 9 our own ,sol> ,sy/em ! globes already /udi$ range f #f miles 9 diamet] 7satellites ( ,m>s7 up to #hh1jjj miles 7,jupit]7--t is to say1 9 ! proportion ( #a to #ad1jjj--s 9 ! sid]eal sy/em ! suns pres5t ! mo/ enorm\s diff]5ces ( volume & brightness3 #fa ,cygni1 ! />s numb]$ #b1cih 9 ! catalogue ( ,lal&e1 & #i1ceb 9 ! catalogue ( ,lacaille1 & o!rs ( ! eigh? or n9? magnitude1 are incomp>ably small] or less lum9\s ?an ,sirius1 ,arcturus1 ,capella1 ,canopus1 ,rigel1 & ! o!r brilliants ( ! firmam5t4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,our ,,neighbors' ,,movem5ts4 ,h[ high6 h[ di/ant6 h[ mighty6 ,h[ little we "k ab\t !m1 yet h[ ov]:elm+ ! little we "k1 & h[ wond]ful t we d "k x6 ,we h n[ to consid] ! movem5ts ( ^! di/ant neighbors--fir/1 _! seem+ movem5ts2 secondly1 _! real movem5ts4 ,i h already spok5 ab\t ! seem+ motions ( ! />s z a :ole1 once believ$ to be real1 & n[ kn[n to be only caus$ by ! motions ( our e>?4 ,= j z ! turn+ ( ! e>? ^u h] axis makes ! sun seem to rise e morn+ 9 ! ea/1 & to set e ev5+ 9 ! we/1 s t same cont9u$ turn+ makes ! />s seem to rise e ev5+ 9 ! ea/ & to set e morn+ 9 ! we/4 ,:5 we speak ( ! />s z ris+ 9 ! ea/1 we d n mean t !y all rise at "o po9t 9 ! ea/1 b t all rise1 m or less1 9 an ea/]ly direction--nor!a/1 ea/1 & s\!a/4 ,s also ) respect to ! we/4 ,x is to ! ea/ & we/ ( ! e>? z a :ole t !y rise & set--n m]ely to ! ea/ & we/ ( t p>ticul> spot on e>? :]e "o man may be /&+4 ,all night long fre% />s are ris+1 & o!rs are sett+1 & if x 7 n = ! veil ( light made by ! sun%9e 9 our atmosph]e1 we %\ld see ! same go+ on all day long z well4 ,!re are "s con/ellations1 or gr\ps ( />s1 always visible at night 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e2 & !re are "s con/ellations nev] visible to u1 b only se5 by p liv+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e--9 ,au/ralia1 = in/ance4 ,!re are o!r con/ellations :i* appe> 9 summ] & disappe> 9 w9t]1 or :i* appe> 9 w9t] & disappe> 9 summ]4 ,?is *ange is caus$ by our e>?'s j\rney r\nd ! sun4 ,x is n t ! con/ellations h alt]$ _! place 9 ! heav5s ) respect to ! o!r con/ellations1 x is m]ely t ! e>? has s alt]$ its position 9 ! heav5s t ! gr\ps ( />s :i* a %ort "t ago 7 above ! horizon ) ! sun by day are n[ above ! horizon )\t him by night4 ,m5tion has be5 a good _m times made ( ! axis ( ! e>? end+ 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles4 ,if ?is axis 7 c>ri$ /raight onw>d ?r\gh space1 a long1 sl5d] pole pass+ upw>ds into ! sky )\t any b5d1 f ! ,nor? ,pole 9 "o direction & f ! ,s\? ,pole 9 ! o!r1--?is w\ld be ! pole ( ! heav5s4 ,! places ( ! />s 9 ! sky are c\nt$ z 8s _m degrees0 f ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,cele/ial ,poles1 j z ! places ( t[ns on e>? are c\nt$ z 8s _m degrees0 f ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles ( e>?4 ,!re are atlases ( ! sky made z well z atlases ( ! e>?4 ,! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> is kn[n to all :o h ev] us$ _! eyes at all to wat* ! heav5s4 ,almo/ equally well kn[n are ! two bright />s 9 ?is con/ellation nam$ ! ,po9t]s1 because1 tak5 toge!r1 !y po9t 9 ne>ly a /raight l9e to a c]ta9 important /> 9 ! end ( ! ,little ,be>'s tail1 n v di/ant4 ,?is />1 important less f its brightness ?an f its position1 lies close to t v spot 9 ! heav5s :]e ! cele/ial ,nor? ,pole passes4 ,x is call$ ! ,pole-/>4 ,night aft] night1 ?r\gh ! ye>1 x !re rema9s1 all b motionless1 nev] go+ bel[ ! horizon = u 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 or nor!rn half ( ! e>?2 nev] ris+ above ! horizon = ^? 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x %9es ev] s(tly & /eadily 9 its fix$ position4 ,if y travel fur!r s\?1 ! ,pole-/> s9ks d[nw>d t[>ds ! horizon4 ,if y travel fur!r nor?1 ! ,pole-/> rises high] above ! horizon4 ,if y 7 at ! ,nor? ,pole1 y w\ld see ! ,pole-/> exactly ov]head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,be>4 ,v ne> ! ,pole-/> is ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>1 ) ,cassiopeia ne>ly opposite on ! o!r side ( ! ,little ,be>1 & o!r gr\ps betwe5 ! two1 complet+ ! circle4 ,^! con/ellations d n1 to u :o live 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 rise or set2 = !y simply move 9 a circle r\nd & r\nd ! ,pole-/>1 nev] go+ bel[ ! horizon4 ,all day & all night long ?is circl+ movem5t cont9ues1 ?\gh only visible at night4 ,x is caus$ entirely by ! e>?'s own motion on h] axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,be> #ej1jjj ,,ye>s ,,ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,be> #ej1jjj ,,ye>s ,,h5ce4 ,l[] d[n1 or r fur!r (f f ! ,pole-/>1 comes ano!r r+ ( con/ellations4 ,^! 9 j ! same mann] appe> to travel r\nd & r\nd ! ,pole-/>4 ,b be+ fur!r away1 ea* dips 9 turn bel[ ! horizon--or1 z we call x1 ea* sets & rises aga94 ,& by ! "t we come to yet ano!r circle ( lead+ con/ellations1 we rea* ^? :i* are s f> affect$ by ! e>?'s ye>ly j\rney z to be only visible ?r\gh c]ta9 mon?s1 & to be hidd5 dur+ o!r mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,orion1 ,,z ,,x ,,appe>s ,,n[4 ,if we c\ld /& exactly at ! ,nor? ,pole1 dur+ "p ( its six mon?s' night1 we %\ld see ! ,pole-/> j ov]head1 & all ! con/ellations circl+ r\nd x once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^? ne>e/ w\ld move sl[ly1 9 a small r+4 ,^? fur!/1 & l[e/ d[n1 w\ld 9 ! same l5g? ( "t sweep r\nd ! :ole horizon4 ,b ! />s w\ld n !re seem to rise or set4 ,if we 7 /&+ at ! ,s\? ,pole1 we %\ld see exactly ! same k9d ( seem+ movem5t1 only ) altoge!r a diff]5t set ( />s4 ,if we 7 /&+ on ! ,equator at night1 we %\ld see ! ris+ & sett+ v pla9ly4 ,! :ole mass ( />s w\ld appe> to rise regul>ly & ev5ly 9 an ea/]ly direction1 to pass /eadily across ! sky1 ea* tak+ its own /raight=w>d pa?1 & to set 9 a we/]ly direction4 ,we :o are plac$ midway betwe5 ! ,pole & ! ,equator1 see a mixture ( ^! two motions4 ,"s />s seem to circle r\nd & r\nd1 z all w\ld d if we /ood at ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,"s />s seem to rise & set1 z all w\ld d if we /ood at ! ,equator4 ,s mu* = ! seem+ movem5ts ( ! />s4 ,b n[1 ab\t _! real movem5ts4 ,are ! />s fix$1 or are !y n8 ,^! seem+ daily & ye>ly motions d n affect ! "q1 be+ m]ely caus$ by our own motions4 ,trees & h$ges may appe> to move z we ru% pa/ !m 9 a tra91 yet !y are really fix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,orion #ej1jjj ,,ye>s ,,f ,,n[4 ,dur+ a long :ile1 aft] x 0 f\nd out t ! quick1 daily movem5ts ( all ! />s 9 company 7 m]ely app>5t1 m5 believ$ t !y really _h no 8prop] motions0--t is1 no movem5ts ( _! own4 ,= c5tury aft] c5tury ! con/ellations rema9 ! same4 ,hundr$s ( ye>s ago ! sev5 *ief />s ( ! ,great ,be> %one 9 company z !y %9e n[4 ,:o c\ld suppose t ea* "o ( ^? sev5 />s is hurry+ on its pa? ?r\gh space ) a spe$ exce$+ f> t ( ! swifte/ express-tra98 ,yet s x is4 ,hundr$s ( ye>s ago ! gr& gr\p ( ,orion1 ) belt & sword1 gleam$ brilliantly night by night z x gleams 9 ^! days2 & ,cassiopeia _h h] ,w =m1 & ,h]cules & ,draco & ,&rom$a 7 %ap$ z !y are %ap$ /ill4 ,:o w\ld imag9e t ?r\gh ^? hundr$s ( ye>s ea* /> ( ^! diff]5t con/ellations 0 ha/5+ ) m or less ( spe$ along its heav5ly road8 ,yet s x is4 ,cases h be5 decisively asc]ta9$ ( />s *ang+ _! places among ! o!r />s by a sl[ & gradual motion4 ,?ree ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( !m--,sirius1 ,arcturus1 & ,aldeb>an--h be5 prov$1 by ! comp>ison ( mod]n ) "s anci5t obs]vations1 to h exp]i5c$ a *ange ( place to ! s\?w>d1 to ! ext5t ( m ?an ! bread? ( ! moon 9 all ! ?ree4 ,& dur+ ! p]iod ( accurate mod]n measurem5t1 o!r in/ances h be5 asc]ta9$ ( /eady *ange ( place by ! effect ( prop] motion4 ,b if ! />s are ?us rapidly mov+ 9 all directions1 h[ is x t we d n see !m move8 ,h[ is x t1 night aft] night1 ye> aft] ye>1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 ev5 ?\s& ye>s aft] ?\s& ye>s1 ! %apes ( ! con/ellations rema9 unalt]$8 ,suppose y & ,i 7 /&+ on ! sea%ore toge!r1 wat*+ ! movem5ts ( scores ( sea-craft1 little boats & l>ge boats1 /eam]s1 ya*ts1 & %ips4 ,suppose we /ood ?r\gh a full qu>t] ( an h\r look+ on4 ,"s might move1 x is true1 v sl[ly2 yet _! movem5ts 9 e case w\ld pla9ly be se54 ,!re c\ld be no possibility ( mi/ak+ ! fact1 or ( suppos+ !m to be 8fix$40 ,j s we see ! ne>] planets move4 ,little dang] ( our suppos+ !m to be 8fix$ />s40 ,9 ! matt] ( ! />s !mselves1 we mu/ c>ry our illu/ration fur!r4 ,come ) me up to ! top ( t l(ty hill on ! bord] ( ! sea1 & let u look f ! cliff4 ,we see /ill ! movem5ts among boats & smacks1 ya*ts & /eam]s1 only ! increas$ di/ance makes ! movem5ts seem sl[]4 ,b our view is wid5$4 ,look on ! f> horizon & see ?ree di/ant dots1 :i* we "k to be %ips--"o & two close toge!r1 & a ?ird a little way (f1 mak+ a small con/ellation ( vessels4 ,wat* !m /eadily = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,y w detect no movem5t1 no increas$ di/ance or ne>ness betwe5 any two ( ! ?ree4 ,! gr\p rema9s un*ang$4 ,are !y really mov+8 ,( c\rse !y are1 m or less rapidly1 probably ) diff]+ spe$ & 9 diff]5t directions4 ,b at s great a di/ance1 "o qu>t] ( an h\r is n long en\gh = _! motions to become visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,if we c\ld wat* long]--say1 = two or ?ree h\rs--ah1 t w\ld make all ! diff]5ce6 ,if only we c\ld wat* long]6 ,b ! hundr$s1 & ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s dur+ :i* m5 h wat*$ ! />s1 s9k1 at our va/ di/ance1 into no m ?an "o qu>t] ( an h\r sp5t 9 wat*+ ! f>-(f %ips f ! high hilltop4 ,! motions c n be detect$4 ,9 t5 ?\s& ye>s y might see some?+4 ,9 fifty ?\s& ye>s y might see mu*4 ,b f\r or five ?\s& ye>s are n suffici5t4 ,"o o!r mode !re is1 by means ( :i* ! movem5ts ( ! %ips on ! horizon might be made pla94 ,suppose y _h no m ?an ! qu>t] ( an h\r to sp>e1 b suppose y _h at y\r comm& a p[]ful telescope4 ,!n y may practically br+ ! %ips ne>]1 & by magnify+ ! small1 sl[1 di/ant motions1 y may make !m1 z x 71 l>g]1 quick]1 m easy to see4 ,telescopes w d ?is = u1 likewise1 9 ! matt] ( ! />s4 ,by means ( telescopes1 ) ! assi/ance ( c>eful wat*+ & ( close calculation x has be5 f\nd t ! />s are really mov+ quickly1 ea* "o 9 8 own pa?way4 ,! v spe$ ( "s ( !m has be5 measur$4 ,arcturus is "o ( ^? />s1 ! motions ( :i* are mo/ pla9ly to be se54 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s he *anges visibly 8 place 9 ! sky by a space equal to ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon4 ,! seem+ movem5t ( ,arcturus 9 "o ?\s& ye>s is ! same z ! seem+ wid? ( ! r\nd moon t we see4 ,b ! actual spe$ ) :i* ,arcturus ru%es ?r\gh space is said to be no less ?an fifty-f\r miles ea* second1 or n f> f two hundr$ ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,t is ne>ly ?ree times z fa/ z our own e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun4 ,h[ enorm\s ! di/ance mu/ be :i* c %r9k su* spe$ to su* seem+ sl[ness6 ,ano!r beautiful />1 ,capella1 is believ$ to travel at ! rate ( ?irty miles ea* second4 ,! spe$ ( ,sirius is sl[]1 be+ only f\rte5 miles a second4 ,! ,pole-/> creeps along at ! rate ( only "o mile & a half ea* second4 ,s also ) ! re/ ( ! />s4 ,!re seems good reason to believe t e /> we see %9+ 9 ! heav5s1 e /> visible 9 p[]ful telescopes1 is p]petually ha/5+ onw>d4 ,b ha/5+ :i!r8 ,god kn[s6 ,we d n4 ,9 all probability n "o ( ! t5s ( millions ( />s :i* may be se5 ?r\gh telescopes is 9 repose4 ,?is is a matt] ( conjecture1 ( reason+ f analogy1 & ( reason+ also f ! work+ ( kn[n laws4 ,we "k1 z a consequ5ce ( direct obs]vation1 ap>t f ! new spectroscopic me?od1 t at lea/ hundr$s are ^u ! w+4 ,we assume1 z a matt] ( ! greate/ possible likelihood1 t all ! millions besides1 :i* c n be actually se5 to /ir1 are equally on ! move4 ,kn[+ :at we d "k ( ! laws by :i* ! univ]se ( />s is gov]n$1 x seems to u an absolute impossibility t any s+le />1 amid ! :ole va/ ho/1 c be or c\ld be p]man5tly at re/4 ,if by any means a /> 7 br\ght to repose--:at !n w\ld happ58 ,x w\ld inevitably />t (f aga91 drawn by ! attraction ( o!r />s4 ,f :atev] direction ! /ronge/ pull came1 ! impulse w\ld be giv54 ,l5g!n$ repose w\ld be out ( ! "q4 ,& ?is1 x seems to u1 mu/ be true1 n ( "o /> only1 "h or !re1 b ( e /> 9 ! enorm\s ho/ ( radiant suns :i* make up ! mighty ,/ell> ,sy/em4 ,our =efa!rs1 "o ?\s& ye>s ago1 c\ld n measure ! precise positions ( individual />s1 z a/ronom]s n[ are able to d4 ,!y _h no mod]n obs]vatories1 no telescopes1 no spectroscopes1 no photographic appliances4 ,^! me?ods ( obs]vation we %all expla9 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,_! measurem5ts at be/ 7 r\gh1 _! sci5tific k 0 crude4 ,_h we any su* accurate obs]vations h&$ d[n f "o ?\s& ye>s ago z are made 9 ^! days1 we %\ld no d\bt see cle>ly _m slight diff]5ces 9 ! positions ( _m />s :i* are n n[ app>5t4 ,b ev5 !n we %\ld see no *anges suffici5t 9 am\nt to affect ! g5]al outl9es ( ! lead+ con/ellations4 ,a />1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury makes visible advance ov] a space 9 ! sky equal to only a small portion ( ! bread? ( ! full moon1 is look$ ^u z a fa/ voyag]4 ,"o hundr$ times ?is degree ( movem5t1 if x took place 9 a consid]able numb] ( />s 9 our sky1 w\ld n 9 c5turies v mat]ially *ange ! face ( our midnight heav5s4 ,& all motions :i* w\ld 9 ! remote/ degree affect ! %apes ( con/ellations1 mu/ be sideway motions4 ,^? l9e-(-sight motions1 ( :i* ! spectroscope alone tells u1 c\ld nev] h be5 discov]$ by simple obs]vation ( ! sky4 ,until ! new me?od came to light we _h no means :atev] ( p]ceiv+ su* movem5ts among ! />s4 ,suppose y are look+ at two m5 9 ! di/ance1 ^u a wide1 flat pla94 ,"o ( ! two is walk+ v sl[ly across y\r l9e ( vision4 ,! second man is mov+ v sl[ly /raight t[>ds y4 ,if y wat* ) c>e y may f9d out bo? ! movem5ts4 ,! sideway walk+ w be app>5t fir/ & mo/ easily1 because1 z ! man moves1 he has con/antly a fre% "p ( ! horizon beh9d him4 ,b 9 "t ! advance ( ! second man t[>ds y w also become app>5t2 = al?\gh he is se5 /ill aga9/ precisely ! same spot on ! horizon1 he sl[ly occupies a l>g] spot on ! ret9a ( y\r eye1--9 o!r words1 he seems to gr[ bigg]4 ,& t1 z y "k f long exp]i5ce1 c only mean increas+ ne>ness4 ,if a /> seem$ to gr[ l>g] z x drew ne>]1 we %\ld !n be able to p]ceive t movem5t also4 ,b no /> 9 ! sky ev] does seem to gr[ any l>g]4 ,e /> is to u b "o po9t ( light4 ,x may be ru%+ t[>ds u at an enorm\s rate ( spe$1 yet /ill z a s+le po9t x rema9s1 always at ! same po9t 9 our sky4 ,!re=e we h no *ance ( p]ceiv+ its movem5t2 or r1 we _h no *ance until ! discov]y ( ?is new me?od4 ,9 fact1 ! v ne>e/ kn[n /> is at s enorm\s a di/ance t1 suppos+ x to be com+ t[>ds u at ! rate ( "o hundr$ miles ea* second1 x w\ld /ill ga91 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 only "o-=tie? "p m ( brightness ?an x has n[4 ,x w\ld n increase at all 9 app>5t size4 ,:5 we leave beh9d u ! ?\ght ( />ry motions1 z we fa9tly detect !m at ?is great di/ance1 & picture to ourselves ! actual f>-(f :irl ( all ^? glori\s suns1 ! effect ^u ! m9d is ov]:elm+4 ,/>s are f\nd to be ru%+ hi!r & ?i!r1 at e degree ( spe$1 9 e imag9able direction3 />s to "r1 & />s to left2 />s t[>ds u1 & />s away f u2 />s alone1 & />s 9 company1--all ?is1 & m1 deciph]$ out ( ! t9y gleam ( quiv]+ light1 :i* /reams ?r\gh ! va/ abyss ( space f ea* di/ant orb to e>?4 ,s real />-motions 7 kn[n--fir/1 ?r\gh telescopic obs]vation2 secondly1 ?r\gh spectroscopic obs]vation2 & n[1 la/ly1 photography has /epp$ 91 br++ ) x mu* increase ( exactitude4 ,b if all ! />s are mov+1 :at ( our sun8 ,our sun is a />4 ,& our sun also is mov+4 ,he is press+ onw>d1 9 a wide sweep ?r\gh space1 be>+ along ) him 8 :ole va/ family--planets1 satellites1 comets1 meteorites--r\nd or t[>ds "s f> di/ant c5t]4 ,= aught we "k1 e /> 9 ! heav5s may h a l family travel+ ) him4 ,9 inf9ite space ! />s are /rewn 9 imm5se clu/]s1 l ar*ipelagoes ( isl&s 9 ! ocean ( ! heav5s4 ,to g f "o /> to ano!r 9 ! same ar*ipelago light takes ye>s2 to pass f "o ar*ipelago to ano!r x takes ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,ea* ( ^! />s is a sun simil> to ours1 surr\nd$1 d\btless1 at lea/ = ! mo/ "p1 by worlds gravitat+ 9 its light2 ea* ( ^! planets possesses1 soon] or lat]1 a natural hi/ory adapt$ to its con/itution1 & s]ves = _m ages z ! abode ( a multitude ( liv+ be+s ( diff]5t species4 ,attempt to c\nt ! numb] ( />s :i* p ! univ]se1 ! numb] ( liv+ be+s :o are born & die 9 all ^! worlds1 ! pleasures & pa9s1 ! smiles & te>s1 ! virtues & vices6 ,imag9ation1 /op ?y flight6 ,! sun is n "o ( ! mo/ quickly-mov+ />s4 ,8 rate ( spe$ has n be5 f\nd out ) any c]ta9ty1 b x is believ$ to be ab\t f\r or five miles a second4 ,& :]e are we go+8 ,?is has be5 9 "p discov]$4 ,if y & ,i 7 driv+ ?r\gh a =e/ ( trees1 we %\ld see ! trees on ea* side ( u seem+ to move backw>d1 :ile beh9d !y w\ld close toge!r1 & 9 front !y w\ld op5 out4 ,a/ronom]s--& fir/ among !m1 ,william ,h]s*el--reason$ t if our ,sol> ,sy/em 7 really 9 motion1 we ought to be able to see ^! *anges among ! />s4 ,& "s su* *anges h become visible ?r\gh c>eful wat*+--n s mu* ^? ahead & beh9d z ^? at ! sides4 ,x is n actually s simple a matt] z look+ at ! trees 9 a =e/1 because ! trees w\ld be at re/1 :]eas ea* /> has 8 own p>ticul> real motion1 z well z 8 seem+ *ange ( place caus$ by our sun's motion4 ,x is m l mov+ 9 a small /eam] at sea1 among hundr$s ( o!r craft1 ea* ( :i* is go+ on its own way1 at ! same "t t all on ei!r side seem to move backw>d because we are mov+ =w>d4 ,s ea* movem5t _h to be not$1 & ! real motions _h to be sep>at$ f ! seem+ backw>d drift ( />s to ! "r & left ( ! sun's pa?way4 ,! result ( all ?is is t ! sun1 ) 8 planets1 is f\nd to be ha/5+ t[>ds a c]ta9 f>-(f con/ellation nam$ ,h]cules4 ,x is a /range & unexpect$ fact1 b absolutely true1 t ea* sun ( space is c>ri$ along ) a velocity s rapid t a cannon-ball repres5ts re/ 9 comp>ison2 x is at nei!r a hundr$1 nor ?ree hundr$1 nor five hundr$ y>ds p] second t ! e>?1 ! sun1 ,sirius1 ,vega1 ,arcturus1 & all ! sy/ems ( inf9itude travel3 x is at t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 a hundr$ ?\s& y>ds a second2 all run1 fly1 fall1 roll1 ru% ?r\gh ! void--& /ill1 se5 z a :ole1 all seems 9 repose4 ,! imm5se di/ance :i* isolates u f all ! />s r$uces !m to ! /ate ( motionless lights app>5tly fix$ on ! vault ( ! firmam5t4 ,all human eyes1 s9ce humanity fre$ its w+s f ! animal *rysalis1 all m9ds s9ce m9ds h be51 h contemplat$ ^! di/ant />s lo/ 9 ! e!real dep?s2 our ance/ors ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ! ,*aldeans ( ,babylon1 ! ,egyptians ( ! ,pyramids1 ! ,argonauts ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 ! ,hebrews sung by ,job1 ! ,greeks sung by ,hom]1 ! ,romans sung by ,virgil1--all ^! e>?ly eyes1 = s long dull & clos$1 h be5 fix$1 f age to age1 on ^! eyes ( ! sky1 always op51 animat$1 & liv+4 ,t]re/rial g5]ations1 nations & _! glories1 ?rones & alt>s h vani%$3 ! sky ( ,hom] is always !re4 ,is x a/oni%+ t ! heav5s 7 contemplat$1 lov$1 v5]at$1 que/ion$1 & admir$1 ev5 be=e any?+ 0 kn[n ( _! true beauties & _! unfa?omable gr&eur8 ,bett] ?an ! spectacle ( ! sea1 calm or agitat$1 gr&] ?an ! spectacle ( m\nta9s adorn$ ) =e/s or cr[n$ ) p]petual sn[1 ! spectacle ( ! sky attracts u1 envelops u1 speaks to u ( ! ,inf9ite4 8,i h asc5d$ into ! heav5s1 :i* receive mo/ ( ,8 light1 & ,i h se5 ?+s :i* he :o desc5ds f on high kn[s n1 nei!r c repeat10 wrote ,dante 9 ! fir/ canto ( 8 poem on 8,p>adise40 ,let u1 l him1 rise t[>ds ! cele/ial heights1 no long] on ! trembl+ w+s ( fai?1 b on ! /rong] w+s ( sci5ce4 ,:at ! />s w\ld tea* u is incomp>ably m beautiful1 m m>vel\s1 & m spl5did ?an any?+ we c dream (4 ,h[ d su* contemplations enl>ge & transfigure ! vulg> idea :i* is g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( ! _w6 ,%\ld n ! k ( ^! tru?s =m ! fir/ basis ( all in/ruction :i* aims at be+ s]i\s8 ,is x n /range to see ! imm5se majority ( human be+s liv+ & dy+ )\t suspect+ ^! gr&eurs1 )\t ?9k+ ( le>n+ some?+ ( ! magnific5t reality :i* surr\nds !m8 ,:]e ! sun & 8 planets w j\rney 9 future ages no liv+ man c say4 ,inde$1 ?\gh x is a "q :i* does n lack int]e/ to a ?\ghtful m9d1 yet !re are numb]less o!r que/ions ab\t c5turies ne> at h& :i* conc]n man f> m ne>ly4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]se1 & ! hi/ory ( ?is ,e>? ( ours1 mu/ h advanc$ _m broad /ages be=e our sun & 8 att5dant planets c h travel$ s f> t any *ange w be app>5t 9 ! %ape ( ! />-con/ellations :i* spangle our sky4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e x ought n to be difficult = u to picture to ourselves1 ) some?+ ( vividness1 ! g5]al outl9es ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,a:ile ago ?is ,sol> ,sy/em 0 a v simple matt] 9 ! eyes ( a/ronom]s4 ,!re 0 ! great sun fix$ 9 ! c5t]1 ) sev5 planets circl+ r\nd him--sev5 ( c\rse1 x 0 said1 s9ce sev5 0 ! p]fect numb]--& a few moons keep+ pace ) "s ( ! planets1 & an occasional comet1 & a va/ am\nt ( black1 empty space4 ,b a/ronom]s n[ beg9 to und]/& bett] ! wond]ful ri*ness ( ! sy/em z a :ole2 ! imm5se v>iety ( ! bodies conta9$ 9 x2 ! p]petual ru% & /ir & :irl ( life 9 e "p4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no su* ?+ z dull /agnation ?r\gh\t ! family4 ,fir/1 we h ! great1 blaz+1 c5tral sun2 n a sun at re/1 z reg>ds ! />s1 b practically at re/ z reg>ds 8 own sy/em1 ( :i* he is always head & c5t]4 ,!n come ! f\r small] planets1 rapidly :irl+ r\nd him1 all j\rney+ 9 ! same direction1 & all hav+ _! oval pa?ways ly+ on ne>ly ! same flat plane 9 space4 ,!n ! broad belt ( busy little planetoids4 ,!n ! f\r giant planets1--,jupit] ne>ly five times z f> z our e>? f ! sun2 ,saturn ne>ly twice z f> z ,jupit]2 ,uranus ne>ly twice z f> z ,saturn2 ,neptune z f> f ,uranus z ,uranus f ,saturn1--all keep+ on v ne>ly ! same level z ! f\r inn] planets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,( ,,planets ,,inf]ior ,,to ,,jupit]--,,%[+ ,,! ,,zone ,,( ,,! ,,a/]oids4 ,& betwe5 & ab\t ^! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! sy/em1 ) _! accompany+ moons1 we h ?\s&s ( comets fla%+ hi!r & ?i!r1 ) long1 radiant tra9s2 & myriads ( meteorites1 ga!r$ (t5 into d5se1 va/ h]ds or families1 b also scatt]$ ?ickly ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! sy/em1 ea* t9y ball reflect+ ! sun's rays ) its little glimm] ( light4 ,broad rea*es ( black & empty space6 ,:]e are !y8 ,p]haps n[h]e4 ,we are v apt1 9 our ignorance1 to imag9e t :]e we see no?+1 !re mu/ ( necessity be no?+4 ,b1 = aught we "k1 ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em1 n to speak ( sky-dep?s ly+ beyond1 may be bright ) reflect+ bodies great & small1 f ! mighty ,jupit] d[n to ! f9e diamond-du/ ( c\ntless meteorites4 ,9 ?is e>? ( ours we f9d no empt9ess4 ,clos] & clos] exam9ation ) ! microscope only %[s t9i] & yet t9i] wond]s ( =m & life1 ea* p]fect 9 f9i%4 ,n ( =m only1 b ( life4 ,h[ ab\t t matt] z reg>ds ! ,sol> ,sy/em8 ,is our little _w ! "o only spot 9 ,god's great univ]se :i* teems ) life8 ,are all o!r worlds m]e b>r51 empty wa/es8 ,surely n4 ,we may safely conclude t life ( "o k9d or ano!r has be51 is1 or w be1 ^u our bro!r & si/] worlds4 ,! same reason+ may be us$ = ! di/ant />s--^? millions ( suns ly+ beyond rea* ( man's unassi/$ eyes4 ,are !y =m$ 9 va98 ,d _! beams p\r uselessly into space1 c>ry+ light1 w>m?1 & life-giv+ p[] to no?+8 ,surely ar\nd _m ( !m1 z ar\nd our sun1 mu/ j\rney worlds2 & n only worlds1 b worlds conta9+ life4 ,we %all h to speak ( ?is matt] aga9 z we g on4 ,:e!r m5 & wom5 l ourselves c\ld live on ! o!r planets is ano!r "q4 ,9 "s cases x looks d\btful1 9 "s x w\ld seem to be impossible4 ,b ! endless v>iety ( life on ?is e>?--life on l&1 life 9 ! air1 life 9 wat]1 life und]gr\nd1 life 9 tropical heat1 life 9 arctic cold--=bids u 9 anywise to be positive z to :at may or may n be4 ,if no animals t we "k c\ld exi/ !re1 animals t we d n "k might be f\nd in/ead4 ,any "o ( ! planets may1 & v likely does1 ab\nd ) life4 ,nay1 ! v meteorites !mselves1 be=e !y cat* fire & burn 9 our air1 may be ! homes ( t9y animalcula1 altoge!r diff]5t f any?+ we see on e>?4 ,we c n fancy life )\t air1 b nei!r c\ld we fancy life 9 wat]1 if we _h n se5 & kn[n x to be possible4 ,i h spok5 ( ! probable brightness ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em z a :ole4 ,we are s apt to ?9k ( ?+s m]ely z we see !m ) our %ort sight1 t x is well sometimes to try to realize !m z !y actually are4 ,picture to y\rself ! great c5tral sun p\r+ out 9 e direction 8 burn+ rays ( light4 ,a goodly abundance ( !m fall on our e>?1 yet ! :ole am\nt ( light & heat receiv$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ?is _w is only ! two-?\s&-million? "p ( ! enorm\s am\nt :i* he lavi%ly p\rs into space4 ,h[ mu* ( t :ole is wa/$8 ,none1 ?\gh ,god gives 8 gifts ) a k+ly pr(usion :i* kn[s no b\nds4 ,ea* ray has its own "w to d4 ,millions ( rays are ne$$ = ! light+ & n\ri%+ & w>m+ ( our companion-planets1 :ile o!rs are caught up by pass+ comets1 & myriads fla% ^u swift1 t9y meteorites4 ,( ! rays n s us$1 _m pass onw>ds into ! va/ dep?s beyond our sy/em1 & dw9dle d[n into dim1 />like %9+ till !y rea* ! f>-(f bro!r-/>s ( our sun4 ,h !y "w to d !re8 ,we c n tell4 ,we d n "k h[ f> ! sun's influ5ce rea*es4 ,z head & c5t]1 he reigns only 9 8 own sy/em4 ,z a /> among />s1 a pe] among 8 equals1 he may1 = aught we c tell1 h o!r "w to d4 ,9 an e>ly *apt]1 m5tion 0 made ( ! e>?'s ?ree motions1 two only be+ expla9$4 ,fir/1 %e sp9s ceaselessly ^u h] axis4 ,s does ! sun1 & s d ! planets4 ,secondly1 %e travels ceaselessly r\nd & r\nd ! sun 9 h] fix$ orbit4 ,s does ea* "o ( ! planets4 ,?irdly1 %e j\rneys ceaselessly onw>d ?r\gh space ) ! sun4 ,s also d ! re/ ( ! planets4 ,^! la/ two movem5ts1 ?\ght ( toge!r1 make ! e>?'s pa?way r p]plex+ at fir/ sight4 ,we talk ( h] orbit be+ an ellipse or oval2 b h[ c x be an ellipse1 if %e is always advanc+ 9 "o direction8 ,! tru? is1 ! e>?'s orbit is & is n an ellipse4 ,z reg>ds h] ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun1 r\ghly speak+1 we may call x an ellipse4 ,z reg>ds h] movem5t 9 space1 x c]ta9ly is n an ellipse4 ,?9k ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 ) ! orbits ( all ! planets1 z ly+ ne>ly flat--9 ! mann] t hoops might be laid ^u a table1 "o )9 ano!r4 ,! a/]oids1 comets1 & meteorites d n keep to ! same level2 b _! light weight makes ! matt] ( small importance4 ,hav+ imag9$ ! sun ?us 9 ! c5t] ( a l>ge table--a small ball1 ) sev]al t9y balls travel+ r\nd him on ! table at diff]5t di/ances--suppose ! sun to rise sl[ly upw>ds1 n directly up1 b 9 a %>p slant1 ! :ole body ( planets cont9u+ to travel r\nd1 & at ! same "t ris+ /eadily ) him4 ,by c>efully consid]+ ?is d\ble movem5t1 y w see t ! real motion ( ! e>?--z also ( ea* ( ! planets--is n a go+ r\nd on a flat surface to ! same po9t f :i* %e />t$1 b is a corkscrew-l w9d+ r\nd & r\nd upw>ds ?r\gh space4 ,yet z reg>ds ! c5tral sun1 ! %ape ( ! orbit comes v ne> be+ an ellipse1 if calculat$ simply by ! e>?'s di/ance f him at ea* po9t 9 turn ( h] pa?way ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,an illu/ration may help to expla9 ?is4 ,on ! deck ( a mov+ vessel1 y see a little boy walk+ /eadily r\nd & r\nd ! ma/4 ,n[ is t *ild mov+ 9 a circle1 or is he n8 ,yes1 he is4 ,no1 he is n4 ,he walks 9 a circle z reg>ds ! position ( ! ma/1 :i* rema9s always ! c5t] ( 8 pa?way4 ,b 8 movem5t 9 space is nev] a circle1 s9ce he con/antly advances1 & does n once return to 8 />t+-po9t4 ,y see h[ ! two facts are possible side by side4 ,be+ c>ri$ =w>d by ! %ip1 ) no ef=t ( 8 own1 ! =w>d motion does n int]f]e ) ! circl+ motion4 ,ea* is p]=m$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,x is ! same ) ! e>? & ! planets4 ,! sun1 by =ce ( 8 mighty attraction1 be>s !m along :]ev] he goes--no ex]tion on _! "p1 s to speak1 be+ ne$$4 ,t motion does n 9 ! lea/ int]f]e ) _! /eady circl+ r\nd ! sun4 ,j z--to use ano!r illu/ration--! e>?1 turn+ on h] axis1 be>s ?r\gh space a man /&+ on ! ,equator at ! rate ( "o ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,b ?is uni=m movem5t1 unfelt by himself1 does n prev5t 8 walk+ backw>ds1 or =w>ds1 or 9 circles1 z mu* z he w4 ,s1 also1 a bird 9 ! air is unconsci\sly borne along ) ! atmosph]e1 yet 8 fre$om to :eel 9 circles = any l5g? ( "t is unt\*$4 ,a few words ab\t ! orbits ( ! planets4 ,i h m ?an once rem>k$ t ^! pa?ways are1 9 %ape1 n circles1 b ellipses4 ,a circle is a l9e drawn 9 ! %ape ( a r+1 e "p ( :i* is at exactly ! same di/ance f ! c5t]-po9t or focus4 ,b an ellipse1 in/ead ( be+1 l a circle1 p]fectly r\nd1 is oval 9 %ape2 & in/ead ( hav+ only "o focus1 x has two foci1 nei!r be+ exactly 9 ! c5t]4 ,foci is ! plural ^w = focus4 ,if an ellipse is only slightly oval--or slightly elliptical--! two foci are ne> toge!r4 ,! m oval or ecc5tric ! ellipse1 ! f>!r ap>t are ! two foci4 ,y may draw a circle 9 ?is mann]4 ,lay a %eet ( :ite pap] on a bo>d1 & fix a nail ?r\gh ! pap] into ! bo>d4 ,!n pass a loop ( ?read--say an in* or an in* & a half 9 l5g?--r\nd ! nail1 & also r\nd a p5cil1 :i* y hold4 ,trace a l9e ) ! p5cil1 keep+ ! loop tight1 s t ! di/ance ( y\r l9e f ! nail w be always equal1 & :5 x jo9s y h a circle4 ,! nail 9 ! c5t] is ! focus ( ! circle4 ,to draw an ellipse1 y mu/ fix two nails4 ,let !m be ab\t half an in* ap>t2 pass a loop ov] bo? ( !m1 & aga9 plac+ a p5cil po9t )9 ! loop1 aga9 trace a l9e c>efully all r\nd1 keep+ ! ?read drawn tight4 ,?is "t an oval in/ead ( a circle w appe>4 ,by putt+ ! nails ne>] toge!r or f>!r ap>t1 y may v>y z y w ! %ape ( ! ellipse4 ,9 ! orbits ( ! e>? & ! planets1 all ( :i* are ellipses 9 %ape1 ! sun is n plac$ 9 ! exact c5t]1 b 9 "o ( ! two foci1 ! second be+ empty4 ,s at "o "t ( ! ye> ! planet is ne>] to ! sun ?an at ano!r "t4 ,our e>? is no less ?an ?ree millions ( miles ne>] 9 w9t] ?an %e is 9 summ]--speak+ ( ! w9t] & summ] ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,?ree millions ( miles is s t9y a piece out ( n9ety-?ree millions ( miles1 t x makes little or no diff]5ce 9 our feel+s ( heat or cold4 ,! orbits ( ! comets are ellipses also1 b ellipses (t5 s enorm\sly l5g!n$ out1 t ! two foci are almo/--if "o may s speak--at ! two ends ( ! oval4 ,to draw a good comet orbit1 y mu/ fix ! two nails on y\r pap] "s five or six in*es ap>t1 ) a loop ( ?read j l>ge en\gh to slip ov] !m bo?1 & to all[ ! p5cil to pass r\nd !m4 ,:5 y\r ellipse is drawn1 y mu/ picture ! sun 9 ! place ( "o ( ! two nails1 & y w see h[1 9 _! pa?ways1 ! comets at "o "t pass v ne> ! sun1 & at ano!r "t travel v f> away f him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comp>ative ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,planet>y ,,worlds4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd 9 families1 n only t ! p>5t or head ( ! family has great influ5ce ov] all ! memb]s1 b t ea* memb] has influ5ce ov] ea* o!r memb]4 ,bro!r influ5ces bro!r1 & si/] influ5ces si/]4 ,?is1 too1 we f9d 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,n only does ! sun1 by 8 p[]ful attraction1 b9d ! :ole family toge!r1 b ea* memb] ( ! family attracts ea* o!r memb]4 ,true1 ! =ce ( ! sun's attraction is ov]p[]+ 9 am\nt comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,! sun attracts ! planets1 & ! planets attract ! sun2 b _! feeble pull+ is q lo/ 9 ! display ( 8 trem5d\s /r5g?4 ,among !mselves we see ! p[] m pla9ly4 ,! e>? attracts ! moon1 keep+ h] 9 con/ant close att5dance2 & ! moon attracts ! e>?1 caus+ a slight movem5t on h] "p1 & also caus+ ! tides ( ! sea4 ,ea* planet has m or less p[] to h9d] or help =w>d 8 ne>e/ bro!r-planet4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,jupit] on 8 orbit draws ne> ! sl[] ,saturn on 8 orbit1 ,saturn's attraction pulls him on1 & makes him move fa/] ?an usual2 b z soon z he gets ahead ( ,saturn !n ! same attraction pulls him back1 & makes him g m sl[ly ?an usual4 ,jupit] has ! same influ5ce ov] ,saturn2 & s also h ,saturn & ,uranus ov] "o ano!r1 or ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,9 e>ly days a/ronom]s 7 (t5 greatly puzzl$ by ^! quick5$ & slack5$ movem5ts1 :i* c\ld n be expla9$4 ,n[ ! 8p]turbations0 ( ! planets1 z !y are call$1 are und]/ood & all[$ = 9 all calculations4 ,inde$1 x is by means ( ?is v attraction t ,neptune 0 discov]$1 & ! planets h actually be5 weigh$4 ,:at a wond]ful diff]5ce we f9d 9 ?is picture ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 z we n[ "k x to be1 f ! old-_w notion ( our e>? z ! c5t] ( ! univ]se6 ,:5 we ?9k ( all ! planets1 & ( ! magnific5t sun2 :5 we pass onw>d 9 imag9ation ?r\gh space1 & f9d our sun himself m]ely "o tw9kl+ /> amid ! myriads ( tw9kl+ />s scatt]$ broadca/ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 :ile planets & comets h sunk to no?+ 9 ! f> di/ance1--!n inde$ we beg9 to realize ! unutt]able might ( ,god's p[]6 ,:y1 our e>? & all t x conta9s may be reg>d$ z b "o gra9 ( du/ 9 ! wide univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sun4 ,n among ! lea/ ( ! wondr\s ?+s ( creation are ! trem5d\s di/urbances tak+ place ^u ! surface ( ! sun--t rag+1 ro>+ sea ( flame4 ,a good _m explanations h be5 f "t to "t (f]$ z to ! d>k spots se5 to move across ! face ( ! sun4 ,"s "o or m ( ^! explanations may be true2 b we "k little ab\t ! matt]4 ,a sun-spot does n commonly consi/ ( m]ely "o black pat*4 ,!re is ! d>k c5t]1 call$ ! umbra--plural1 umbr4 ,!re is ! grayi% "p surr\nd+ ! umbra1 call$ ! p5umbra4 ,also1 9 ! c5t] ( ! umbra !re is sometimes obs]vable an int5sely black spot1 call$ ! nucleus4 ,sometimes a spot is made up ( nucleus & umbra alone1 )\t any p5umbra4 ,sometimes x is made ( p5umbra alone1 )\t any umbra4 ,sometimes 9 "o spot !re are sev]al umbr1 ) ! gray p5umbra r\nd ! :ole1 & gray bridges divid+ ! umbr4 ,! enorm\s size ( ^! spots has be5 already describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,fifty ?\s& to "o hundr$ ?\s& miles across is no?+ unusual4 ,9 ! ye> #ahci a spot 0 se5 :i* measur$ no less ?an "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles 9 diamet]4 ,"o explanation propos$ 01 t ! sun might be a cool body1 cov]$ ov] ) diff]5t envelopes or d5se lay]s ( cl\dy =m1 "o above ano!r4 ,! inside envelope--or1 z "s say1 ! inside atmosph]e--w\ld !n be ?ick & dull-color$1 protect+ ! solid globe )9 & reflect+ light1 b hav+ none ( its own4 ,! next envelope w\ld be "o mass ( rag+1 burn+ gases--! photosph]e1 9 fact4 ,! out] envelope w\ld be a transp>5t1 surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 light$ up by ! sea ( fire )94 ,a sun-spot w\ld !n consi/ ( ! te>+ op5 ( "o or m ( ^! envelopes1 s z to give glimpses ( ! gray1 inn] atmosph]e1 or ev5 ( ! d>k1 cool globe at ! c5t]4 ,!re may be "s tru? 9 ?is explanation2 b ! notion ( a cool & d>k body )9 is n[ pretty well giv5 up4 ,! app>5t blackness ( a spot-nucleus does n prove actual blackness or abs5ce ( heat4 ,a piece ( :ite-hot iron1 held up aga9/ ! sun1 looks black2 & x may be m]ely ! contra/ ( ! gl[+ photosph]e :i* makes ! nucleus seem s d>k4 ,x is ev5 believ$ t ! blacke/ p>ts may be ! mo/ int5sely hot ( all4 ,ano!r propos$ explanation 0 ( d>k cl\ds float+ 9 ! sun's atmosph]e4 ,!re1 aga91 are f\nd difficulties1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! fact t1 z ! spots move across ! sun1 ! *anges :i* regul>ly take place 9 _! appe>ance make x pretty cle> t _! %ape is n flat1 b holl[ & cave-l4 ,! *anges "h spok5 ( are seem+ *anges ( %ape1 caus$ by *ange ( position4 ,!re are also real *anges con/antly tak+ place4 ,al?\gh ! spots (t5 keep _! g5]al outl9es long en\gh to be wat*$ across ! face ( ! sun1 & ev5 to be kn[n aga9 aft] sp5d+ ne>ly a =tnight hidd5 on ! o!r side1 /ill !y are f> f be+ fix$ 9 =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,sun-,,spot4 ,! alt]ations are at times n only v great1 b v rapid4 ,sometimes 9 a s+le h\r ( wat*+1 an a/ronom] c see m>k$ movem5t go+ on--z y or ,i might 9 an h\r obs]ve movem5ts sl[ly tak+ place 9 a high lay] ( cl\ds4 ,= movem5t to %[ at all 9 "o h\r1 at s imm5se a di/ance1 proves t ! actual rate ( motion mu/ be v great4 ,! fir/ great fact :i* 0 got f ! /udy ( ^! spots 0 ?is1 t ?is great sun is v mu* l our own e>?1 9 s f> z x rotates on an axis 9 exactly ! same way t our e>? does4 ,n only d ! spots *ange _! position on ! face ( ! sun1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sun's rotation on its axis1 b !y *ange v mu* f day to day1 & ev5 f h\r to h\r2 s t we h evid5ce n only t ! sun is rotat+ l our e>?1 b t ! atmosph]e ( ! sun is subject$ to mo/ trem5d\s /orms--/orms s trem5d\s1 9 fact1 t ! fi]ce/ cyclones on our own e>? are n = "o mom5t to be comp>$ ) !m4 ,! fact t ! spots d really move ) ! sun1 & are really ind5tations1 sauc]-l holl[s1 9 ! photosph]e1 is %[n by ! appe>ance1 :i* is always pres5t$ by a spot :5 x is ne> ! edge ( ! sun4 ,y "k if y take a d9n]-plate1 & look x full 9 ! face1 x is r\nd2 b if y look at x edgeways1 x is n r\nd4 ,take two diff]5t views ( ! same spot3 ,9 "o1 y look ! sun-spot /raight 9 ! face1 & y see into x & c le>n all ab\t x2 b 9 ! o!r1 :5 x has ne>ly gone r\nd ! corn]1 & is disappe>+ on ! sun's edge1 y see x 9 ! same way t y w\ld see a plate look$ at edgeways4 ,^! sun-cyclones mu/ inde$ be ( t]rific =ce & ext5t1 comp>$ ) any?+ we see on e>?4 ,x 0 calculat$ t ! spe$ ( movem5t p]ceiv$ 9 "o spot 0 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sixty-?ree miles ea* second4 ,& /ill all ?is is no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 9 comp>ison ) ! real p[] ( ! sun6 ,! liquid /ate ( ! ocean2 ! gase\s /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 ! curr5ts ( ! sea2 ! rais+ ( ! cl\ds1 ! ra9s1 /orms1 /reams1 riv]s2 ! calorific value ( all ! =e/s ( ! globe & all ! coal-m9es ( ! e>?2 ! motion ( all liv+ be+s2 ! heat ( all humanity2 ! /or$-up p[] 9 all human muscles1 9 all ! manufactories1 9 all ! guns1--all t is almo/ no?+ comp>$ ) t ( :i* ! sun is capable4 ,d we ?9k t we h measur$ ! sol> p[] by enum]at+ ! effects :i* x produces on ! e>?8 ,error6 pr(\nd1 trem5d\s1 fooli% error6 ,?is w\ld be to believe /ill t ?is /> has be5 creat$ on purpose to illum9ate t]re/rial humanity4 ,9 reality1 :at an inf9itesimal fraction ( ! sun's total radiation ! e>? receives & utilizes6 ,9 ord] to appreciate x1 let u consid] ! di/ance ( n9ety-?ree millions ( miles :i* sep>ates u f ! c5tral />1 & at ?is di/ance let u see :at effect our little globe produces1 :at heat x int]cepts4 ,let u imag9e an imm5se sph]e trac$ at ?is di/ance f ! sun1 & entirely surr\nd+ x4 ,well1 on ?is gigantic sph]e1 ! spot int]cept$ by our little e>? is only equival5t to ! fraction #a_/b1ach1jjj1jjj2 t is to say1 t ! dazzl+ sol> he>? radiates all r\nd x ?r\gh imm5sity a quantity ( light & heat two ?\s& "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight million times m ?an t :i* we receive1 & ( :i* we h j n[ e/imat$ ! /up5d\s effects4 ,! e>? only /ops 9 its passage ! two ?\s& million? "p ( ! total radiation4 ,sometimes ! /orms or outbur/s come 9 ! %ape ( a bright spot in/ead ( a d>k "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sol> ,,eruption4 ,two a/ronom]s 7 "o day wat*+ ! sun f two diff]5t obs]vatories1 :5 !y saw su* an ev5t take place4 ,an int5se & dazzl+ spot ( light bur/ out ^u ! surface ( ! sun--s int5se1 s dazzl+1 z to /& q ap>t f ! radiant photosph]e4 ,to "o a/ronom] x look$ l a s+le spot1 :ile ! o!r saw two spots close toge!r4 ,9 ab\t a m9ute ! light grew m dim1 & 9 five m9utes all 0 ov]4 ,b 9 ^? five m9utes ! spot or spots _h travel$ a di/ance ( ?irty-five ?\s& miles4 ,x 0 a v rem>kable ?+ t ! magnets on e>?--^? delicate little ne$les :i* po9t s /eadily yet p]sev]+ly t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole--seem$ to be /rongly agitat$ by ! di/ant sol> outbur/4 ,?is br+s u to ano!r int]e/+ fact4 ,! spots on ! sun are n always ! same 9 numb]4 ,sometimes !y are _m1 sometimes !y are few4 ,long & close wat*+ has made x cle> t !y pass ?r\gh a regul> ord] ( *anges3 "s ye>s ( _m spots be+ foll[$ by o!r ye>s ( less & less spots2 !n "s ye>s ( v few spots be+ foll[$ by o!r ye>s ( m & m spots1--decrease & increase be+ seem+ly regul> & alt]nate4 ,?is turn or cycle ( *anges--f m to less1 & !n f less to m aga9--is f\nd to run its c\rse ab\t once 9 e elev5 ye>s1 ) "s v>iations4 ,n[1 x has long be5 kn[n t ! magnetic-ne$le goes ?r\gh curi\s v>iations4 ,?\gh we speak ( x z po9t+ always nor?1 yet x does n always s po9t exactly4 ,e day ! ne$le is f\nd to make c]ta9 t9y1 delicate motions1 z if fa9tly /ruggl+ to foll[ ! daily movem5ts ( ! sun--j a little t[>ds ! ea/1 or j a little t[>ds ! we/4 ,^! t9y motions1 hav+ be5 long wat*$ & measur$1 7 f\nd to g ?r\gh a regul> c\rse ( *anges--"s ye>s m1 & "s ye>s less1 wax+ & wan+ by turns4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! c\rse ( *anges f m to less1 & f less to m aga91 took place 9 ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,^! two ?+s1 y see1 7 q indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,^? :o wat*$ ! sun-spots 7 n ?9k+ ( ! magnets1 & ^? :o wat*$ ! magnets 7 n ?9k+ ( ! sun-spots4 ,b somebody did at la/ happ5 to ?9k ( bo? toge!r4 ,he 0 laugh$ at1 yet he took ! tr\ble c>efully to comp>e ! two4 ,&1 /range to say1 he f\nd t ^! two p]iods 9 ! ma9 agre$--! elev5 ye>s ( alt]nate *anges 9 ! numb] ( sun-spots1 & ! elev5 ye>s ( alt]nate *anges 9 ! movem5ts ( ! magnetic-ne$le4 ,:5 ! spots are mo/1 ! ne$le moves mo/4 ,:5 ! spots are lea/1 ! ne$le moves lea/4 ,s mu* we "k4 ,b to expla9 ! :y & ! :]e=e is beyond our p[]4 ,?is /udy ( ! magnetism ( our w&]+ planet is v int]e/+1 & "o :i* is /ill v little kn[n4 ,"h is a weak ne$le1 a slip ( magnetic iron1 :i*1 ) its re/less & agitat$ f+]1 incessantly seeks a region ne> ! nor?4 ,c>ry ?is ne$le 9 a balloon up to ! high] a]ial regions1 :]e human life beg9s to be ext+ui%$2 %ut x up 9 a tomb closely sep>at$ f ! light ( day2 take x d[n into ! pit ( a m9e1 to m ?an a ?\s& y>ds 9 dep?1--& incessantly1 day & night1 )\t fatigue & )\t re/1 x wat*es1 trembles1 ?robs1 seeks ! po9t :i* attracts x across ! sky1 ?r\gh ! e>?1 & ?r\gh ! night4 ,n[--& "h is a co9cid5ce truly fill$ ) notes ( int]rogation--! ye>s :5 ! oscillation ( ?is innoc5t little /eel wire is /ronge/ are ! ye>s :5 !re are m spots1 m eruptions1 m tempe/s 9 ! sun2 & ! ye>s :5 its daily fluctuations are weake/ are ^? :5 we see 9 ! day-/> nei!r spots1 eruptions1 nor /orms4 ,does !re exi/1 !n1 a magnetic bond betwe5 ! imm5se sol> globe & our w&]+ abode8 ,is ! sun magnetic8 ,b ! magnetic curr5ts disappe> at ! temp]ature ( r$-hot iron1 & ! inc&esc5t focus ( light is at a temp]ature incomp>ably high] /ill4 ,is x an electrical influx :i* is transmitt$ f ! sun to ! e>? across a space ( n9ety-?ree millions ( miles8 ,on ,septemb] #a1 #ahei1 two a/ronom]s--,c>r+ton & ,hodgson--7 obs]v+ ! sun1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 ! fir/ on a scre5 :i* receiv$ ! image2 ! second directly ?r\gh a telescope1--:51 9 a mom5t1 a dazzl+ fla% blaz$ out 9 ! mid/ ( a gr\p ( spots4 ,?is light sp>kl$ = five m9utes above ! spots )\t modify+ _! =m1 z if x 7 completely indep5d5t1 & yet x mu/ h be5 ! effect ( a t]rible conflagration occurr+ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e4 ,ea* obs]v] asc]ta9$ ! fact sep>ately1 & 0 = an in/ant dazzl$4 ,n[1 "h is a surpris+ co9cid5ce3 at ! v mom5t :5 ! sun appe>$ inflam$ 9 ?is region ! magnetic in/rum5ts ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,london1 :]e !y 7 obs]v+1 manife/$ a /range agitation2 ! magnetic ne$le jump$ = m ?an an h\r z if infatuat$4 ,moreov]1 a "p ( ! _w 0 on t day & ! foll[+ "o envelop$ 9 ! fires ( an aurora borealis1 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,x 0 se5 almo/ ev]y:]e1--at ,rome1 at ,calcutta1 9 ,cuba1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,viol5t magnetic p]turbations 7 manife/$1 & at sev]al po9ts ! telegraph-l9es ceas$ to act4 ,:y %\ld ^! two curi\s ev5ts n be associat$ ) ea* o!r8 ,a simil> co9cid5ce 0 obs]v$ on ,augu/ #c1 #ahgb1 by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,a4 ,"y1 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j43 a p>oxysm 9 ! sol> *romosph]e1 magnetic di/urbances ev]y:]e4 ,!re is a v s+ul> appe>ance se5 ^u ! sun :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov] )\t m5tion4 ,"s a/ronom]s speak ( ! :ole surface z be+ mottl$ all ov] ) a curi\s r\gh look :5 exam9$ ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope4 ,?is 8mottl+0 is describ$ by v>i\s obs]v]s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"o speaks ( 8lum9\s spots %ap$ l rice-gra9s40 ,ano!r1 ( 8lum9\s spots resembl+ /rokes made ) a camel's-hair p5cil40 ,ano!r1 ( 8lum9\s objects or granules40 ,o!rs1 ( 8multitudes ( leaves10 8nodules10 8cry/all9e %apes10 8leaves or scales1 cross+ "o ano!r 9 all directions1 l :at are call$ spills 9 ! game ( spillik5s40 ,!y h also be5 pictur$ z 8c]ta9 lum9\s objects ( an exce$+ly def9ite %ape & g5]al uni=mity ( size1 ^: =m is t ( ! oblong leaves ( a will[-tree40 ,^! cov] ! :ole disk ( ! sun1 except+ ! space occupi$ by ! spots1 9 c\ntless millions1 & lie cross+ ea* o!r 9 e imag9able direction4 ,9 size !y are said to be ab\t "o ?\s& miles long1 by two or ?ree hundr$ broad1 b !y v>y a good deal4 ,:]e !re is a spot1 ! will[-leaves at its edge are said to po9t pretty regul>ly t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,:e!r !y are1 z !y seem to be1 solid 9 =m2 :e!r !y are1 z "s suppose1 ! *ief s\rce ( ! sun's light & heat2 :e!r !y lie on 8 surface or float 9 8 atmosph]e2 :at is _! real nature1 & :at is _! real use1--ab\t ^! que/ions we are at pres5t q 9 ! d>k4 ,we h next to ?9k a little m ab\t ! edge or limb ( ! sun1 & ! /ormy flames & outbur/ !re se54 ,until q lately ! only "t = obs]v+ su* appe>ances 0 dur+ a total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,lately1 by means ( ! new in/rum5t call$ ! 8spectroscope10 x has be5 f\nd possible to take obs]vations :5 no eclipse is go+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sun-,,flames1 ,,may #c1 #ahib4 ,a few words ( explanation z to eclipses ( ! sun seem ne$ful1 be=e go+ fur!r4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun is caus$ simply by ! r\nd body ( ! moon pass+ exactly betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 s z to hide ! sun f u4 ,let !re be a c&le on ! table1 :ile y /& ne>4 ,! rays ( light f ! c&le fall ^u y\r face4 ,n[ move sl[ly1 to & fro1 a r\nd ball betwe5 y & ! c&le4 ,s long z x is n precisely 9 ! l9e betwe5--s long z x is a little high]1 or a little l[]1 or a little to "o side--!n y c /ill see ! flame4 ,once y let ! ball come j betwe5 ! light & y\r eyes1 & y see x no m4 ,9 o!r words ! c&le-flame is eclips$--hidd51 veil$1 cut (f--by ! ball4 ,x may seem curi\s at fir/ sight t ! moon1 :i* is v small comp>$ ) ! sun1 %\ld h p[] to cov] ! sun4 ,b rememb] ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ance4 ,! sun is v f>1 & ! moon is v ne>4 ,any small object v ne> w easily hide f y\r sight a l>ge object at a consid]able di/ance4 ,y may hold up a %ill+-piece at arm's l5g?1 & make x cov] f sight a man1 or ev5 a h\se1 if ! latt] be f> en\gh away4 ,! sun at a di/ance ( n9ety-?ree millions ( miles1 & ! moon at a di/ance ( two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles1 h to our vision ! same seem+ size4 ,s1 :5 ! moon glides betwe51 h] r\nd face j ab\t cov]s ! sun's r\nd face4 ,if ! moon 7 travel+ exactly 9 ! same plane z ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 an eclipse w\ld be a v common affair inde$4 ,b ! plane ( ! moon's orbit be+ n q ! same z ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 %e passes sometimes a little above1 & sometimes a little bel[1 ! exact spot :]e %e w\ld hide ! sun's rays f u4 ,n[ & !n1 at c]ta9 int]vals1 %e goes j betwe54 ,& s well is ! moon's pa? 9 ! heav5s und]/ood t a/ronom]s c tell u1 long ye>s be=eh&1 ! day & ! h\r an eclipse w take place4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun is sometimes p>tial1 sometimes total1 sometimes annul>4 ,9 a p>tial eclipse1 ! moon does inde$ pass betwe51 b only s z to hide f u "p ( ! sun4 ,%e is a little too l[1 or a little too high1 to cov] 8 face4 ,9 a total eclipse1 ! moon cov]s ! sun completely1 s t = a few m9utes ! bright photosph]e seems blott$ out f ! heav5s1 a black r\nd body1 surr\nd$ by light1 tak+ its place4 ,9 an annul> eclipse1 ! moon 9 l mann] crosses ! sun1 b does n succe$ 9 cov]+ him entirely1 a rim ( bright photosph]e %[+ r\nd ! black moon4 ,= 9 an annul> eclipse1 ! moon1 be+ a little f>!r away f ! e>? ?an at ! "t ( a total eclipse1 has too small a disk q to hide ! sun's disk4 ,! blackness ( ! moon dur+ an eclipse is caus$ by ! fact t h] bright side is turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 & h] d>k side t[>d u4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun c take place only at new moon1 nev] at full moon4 ,at h] full1 ! moon is outside ! e>?'s orbit1 away f ! sun1 & c n by any possibility pass betwe54 ,eclipses1 l comets1 h always be5 int]pret$ z ! indication ( inevitable calamities4 ,human vanity sees ! f+] ( ,god mak+ signs to u on ! lea/ pretext1 z if we 7 ! end & aim ( univ]sal creation4 ,let u m5tion1 = example1 :at pass$ ev5 9 ,france1 ) ref]5ce to ! ann\ncem5t ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 on ,augu/ #ba1 #aefj4 ,= "o1 x presag$ a great ov]?r[ ( ,/ates & ! ru9 ( ,rome2 = ano!r1 x impli$ ano!r univ]sal deluge2 = a ?ird1 no?+ less w\ld result ?an a conflagration ( ! globe2 f9ally1 = ! less excit$1 x w\ld infect ! air4 ,! belief 9 ^! t]rible effects 0 s g5]al t1 by ! express ord] ( ! doctors1 a multitude ( fright5$ p %ut !mselves up 9 v close cell>s1 well heat$ & p]fum$1 9 ord] to %elt] !mselves f ^! evil influ5ces4 ,petit relates t ! decisive mom5t approa*$1 t ! con/]nation 0 at its height1 & t a p>i% prie/ ( ! c\ntry1 be+ no long] able to confess 8 p>i%ion]s1 :o believ$ _! la/ h\r _h come1 0 oblig$ to tell !m 9 a s]mon 8n to be s mu* hurri$1 see+ t1 on acc\nt ( ! weal? ( ! p5it5ts1 ! eclipse _h be5 po/pon$ = a =tnight40 ,^! good p>i%ion]s f\nd no m difficulty 9 believ+ 9 ! po/ponem5t ( ! eclipse ?an !y _h 9 believ+ 9 its unlucky influ5ce4 ,hi/ory relates a cr[d ( memorable acts on :i* eclipses h _h ! greate/ influ5ce4 ,alex&]1 be=e ! battle ( ,arbela1 expect$ to see 8 army r\t$ by ! appe>ance ( a ph5om5on ( ?is k9d4 ,! dea? ( ! ,a!nian g5]al ,nicias & ! ru9 ( 8 army 9 ,sicily1 ) :i* ! decl9e ( ! ,a!nians comm5c$1 _h = _! cause an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,we "k h[ ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ) 8 little army1 ?reat5$ ) dea? by fam9e at ,jamaica1 f\nd means ( procur+ provisions f ! natives by depriv+ !m 9 ! ev5+ ( ! light ( ! moon4 ,! eclipse _h sc>cely comm5c$ :5 !y suppli$ him ) food4 ,?is 0 ! eclipse ( ,m>* #a1 #aejd4 ,we ne$ n relate o!r facts ( ?is nature1 9 :i* hi/ory ab\nds1 & :i* are kn[n to e "o4 ,eclipses no long] cause t]ror to any "o1 s9ce we "k t !y are a natural & inevitable consequ5ce ( ! comb9$ motions ( ! ?ree great cele/ial bodies--! sun1 ! e>?1 & ! moon2 especially s9ce we "k t ^! motions are regul> & p]man5t1 & t we c pr$ict1 by means ( calculation1 ! eclipses :i* w be produc$ 9 ! future z well z recognize ^? :i* h occurr$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! total eclipse ( #ahfj w be f\nd int]e/+4 ,mr4 ,l[e1 :o obs]v$ x at ,sant&]1 ,spa91 ?us writes3 8,be=e totality comm5c$1 ! colors 9 ! sky & on ! hills 7 magnific5t beyond all description4 ,! cle> sky 9 ! nor? assum$ a deep indigo color1 :ile 9 ! we/ ! horizon 0 fir/ black l night4 ,9 ! ea/ ! cle> sky 0 v pale blue1 ) orange & r$1 l sunrise4 ,on ! %ad[ creep+ across1 ! deep blue 9 ! nor? *ang$1 l magic1 to pale1 sunrise t9ts ( orange & r$1 :ile ! sunrise appe>ance 9 ! ea/ _h *ang$ to indigo4 ,! d>kness 0 great2 ! c\nt5ances ( m5 7 ( a livid p9k4 ,! ,spani>ds lay d[n1 & _! *ildr5 scream$ ) fe>2 f[ls ha/5$ to roo/1 ducks clu/]$ toge!r1 pigeons da%$ aga9/ ! h\ses2 fl[]s clos$2 _m butt]flies flew z if drunk1 & at la/ disappe>$4 ,! air became v humid1 s mu* s t ! grass felt to "o ( ! obs]v]s z if rec5tly ra9$ ^u40 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,yet ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sun4 ,hav+ se5 some?+ ( /orms tak+ place on ! sun's photosph]e1 we mu/ next give our att5tion to /orms tak+ place at 8 edge4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! said edge1 f> f be+ a m]e rim to a flat surface1 is a k9d ( horizon-l9e--is1 9 fact1 j t "p ( ! photosph]e :i* is pass+ out ( or com+ "u our sight4 ,! surface !re is1 9 k9d1 ! same z ! surface ( ! broad disk fac+ u4 ,9 wat*+ outbur/s at ! edge ( ! sun1 we h a side view in/ead ( a bird's-eye view4 ,9 ! ye> #ahga1 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,a4 ,"y1 ( ,pr9ceton1 0 look+ at a l>ge hydrog5 cl\d on ! edge ( ! sun4 ,:5 ,i speak ( a 8cl\d10 x mu/ n be suppos$ t any?+ l a damp1 foggy1 e>?ly cl\d is meant4 ,?is sol> cl\d 0 a huge mass ( r$-hot gas1 ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& miles long1 ris+ to a height ( fifty ?\s& miles f ! sun's surface1 & appe>+ to re/ on gl[+ pill>s ( fire4 ,! pr(essor1 :ile wat*+1 0 call$ away = half an h\r4 ,he came back1 expect+ to f9d ?+s mu* z he _h left !m4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 a />tl+ *ange _h tak5 place4 ,! :ole mass ( gl[+ fire seem$ to h be5 actually 8bl[n to %r$s0 by "s trem5d\s outbur/ f bel[4 ,9 place ( ! motionless cl\d 7 masses ( scatt]$ fire1 ea* f ab\t f\r ?\s& to f\rte5 ?\s& miles long1 & a ?\s& miles wide4 ,z ! pr(essor gaz$1 ^! 8bits0 ( brok5 cl\d rose rapidly upw>ds1 away f ! surface ( ! sun4 ,:5 ,i say 8rapidly10 ,i mean t ! real movem5t1 :i* ! pr(essor c\ld calculate1 0 rapid4 ,! seem+ movem5ts 7 ( c\rse sl[1 & ov] a small space4 ,! actual motions 7 n t>dy1 = 9 t5 m9utes ^! huge1 fi]y cl\d-pieces ru%$ upw>ds to a height ( two hundr$ ?\s& miles f ! edge ( ! sun1 mov+ at a rate ( at lea/ "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 miles ea* second4 ,gradually !y fad$ away4 ,b :at caus$ ?is sudd5 *ange8 ,j be=e ! pr(essor 0 int]rupt$1 he _h notic$ a curi\s little brilliant lump--a sort ( suspici\s ?und]-cl\d appe>ance--bel[ ! quiet1 bright cl\d4 ,& aft] ?is trem5d\s %att]+1 ! little bright lump rose upw>ds into a huge mass ( roll+ flame1 rea*+ l a pyramid to a height ( fifty ?\s& miles4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes ^! enorm\s flames c\ld be se5 to move & b5d1 & to curl ov] _! gigantic tips4 ,b !y did n la/ long4 ,at half-pa/ twelve ! pr(essor _h be5 call$ away2 by half-pa/ two ! roll+ flames completely vani%$4 ,n[1 :atev] may be ! full explanation ( ?is sight1 !re is no d\bt t on t day 0 obs]v$ f e>? a trem5d\s outbur/1 comp>$ ) :i* our mightie/ volcanoes are l ! sputt]+ ( a f>?+ dip beside a ro>+ furnace4 ,! awful =ce & greatness ( su* a sol> eruption are m ?an we c possibly picture to ourselves4 ,at our di/ance we may cat* a fa9t glimpse ( :at is go+ on1 & calculate spe$ ( movem5t4 ,b vividly to realize ! actual t]rific gr&eur ( :at took place is pa/ our p[]4 ,possibly ?is 0 mu* ! same k9d ( outbur/ z t se5 by ! two ,engli% a/ronom]s2 only !irs 0 a bird's-eye view1 z x 71 look+ d[n on ! top ( ! sight1 :ile ! pr(essor _h a side-view1 c]ta9ly mu* ! be/ = obs]vation4 ,x does n foll[ f :at he saw t ! eruption mu/ h tak5 place exactly at ! 8edge0 ( ! sun4 ,probably x happ5$ ne> ! edge4 ,all he c\ld say1 0 t ! flames rose fifty ?\s& miles1 & ! pieces ( cl\d 7 c>ri$ two hundr$ ?\s& miles1 away f ! edge4 ,! eruption may h begun on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 at any di/ance f ! horizon-edge :]e x fir/ became visible to e>?ly eyes4 ,also1 :ile ! pr(essor f\nd t ! %att]$ cl\dlets mov$ at a rate ( ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 miles ea* second1 x is calculat$ t ! fir/ fe>ful outbur/ mu/ h caus$ movem5t1 ne> ! surface ( ! sun1 at a rate ( at lea/ ?ree hundr$ miles ea* second4 ,probably ! hydrog5 cl\d 0 borne upw>ds along ) a va/ mass ( fragm5ts flung out f ! sun4 ,we are "h ^u d\btful gr\nd2 b ?is trem5d\s p[] ( eruption 9 ! sun1 & ( driv+ matt] out ( & away f 8 surface1 %\ld n be =gott54 ,?\gh su* a sun-/orm z t j describ$ is n (t5 to be se51 yet !re are at all times c]ta9 /range r$ prom95ces1 or gl[+ flames1 ris+ up "h & !re f ! sun's 8limb40 ,d\btless !y rise also f o!r p>ts ( ! photosph]e1 ?\gh !y are only visible to u :5 ne> en\gh to ! edge to /& out beyond x4 ,se5 dur+ an eclipse1 ^! prom95ces h cle>1 %>p outl9es1 & are usually bright rose-r$ 9 color4 ,!y are describ$ z sometimes wide & l[1 sometimes tall & sl5d]2 sometimes jagg$1 sometimes regul>2 sometimes keep+ long ! same %ape1 sometimes *ang+ quickly 9 a few m9utes4 ,!y are said to be l flames1 l m\nta9s1 l ! tee? ( a saw1 l iceb]gs1 l float+ cl\dlets4 ,z to _! height1 f fifty to eighty ?\s& miles is no?+ unusual4 ,we mu/ n speak ( ,mont ,blanc or ,m\nt ,ev]e/ "h4 ,jupit] plac$ bodily on ! surface ( ! sun1 beside su* a fire-m\nta91 w\ld n f> ov]top x4 ,! e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,m]cury1 w\ld lie l little toy-balls at its foot4 ,& ^! are common-siz$ sun-flames4 ,"o 0 measur$ :i* rea*$ to ! enorm\s height ( two hundr$ ?\s& miles4 ,! spectroscope %[s ^! sol> prom95ces or jets to be made--at lea/ 9 "p--( burn+ hydrog5 gas4 ,beyond ! si]ra or *romatosph]e--t bord] ( rippl+1 crimson flame-bill[s r\nd ! edge ( ! sun1 ) r$ flame-m\nta9s ris+ out ( x "h & !re--beyond ^!1 /ret*es ! corona4 ,! corona1 z se5 f e>?1 is a bright1 f>-rea*+ glory ( light1 %9+ r\nd ! sun 9 a total eclipse4 ,! moon !n comes betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 h] d>k1 r\nd body creep+ ov] ! face ( ! sun till ! bright photosph]e is completely cov]$4 ,b ! si]ra & ! tall1 r$ flames /& out f beh9d ! black moon1 & ! beautiful1 s(t corona-light /ret*es f> beyond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sol> ,,corona ,,& ,,prom95ce4 ,x 0 long d\bt$ :e!r ! corona really belong$ to ! sun or to ! moon4 ,!re seems n[ no d\bt t x is a "p ( ! sun4 ,v>i\s descriptions ( ! corona h be5 giv5 at diff]5t times1 z obs]v$ dur+ diff]5t eclipses4 ,x has be5 se5 z a /eady1 beamy1 :ite cl\d beh9d ! moon1 %[+ no flick]+4 ,x has be5 se5 m>k$ ) bright l9es ( light1 & seem+ to move rapidly r\nd & r\nd4 ,x has be5 se5 silv]y :ite1 s5d+ (f long /reams ( brightness4 ,x has be5 se5 9 ! =m ( :ite light1 ) blui% rays runn+ ov] x4 ,x has be5 se5 ) entangl$ jets ( light1 l 8a hank ( ?read 9 disord]40 ,x has be5 se5 silv]y-:ite aga91 ) a fa9t t+e ( gre5i%-violet ab\t ! out] edge4 ,x has be5 se5 f a high m\nta9-top z a mass ( s(t1 bright light1 8?r\gh :i* %ot out1 z if f ! circumf]5ce ( ! moon1 /raight1 massive1 silv]y rays1 seem+ di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r1 to a di/ance ( two or ?ree diamet]s ( ! lun> disk1 ! :ole spectacle %[+ z ^u a backgr\nd ( diffus$1 rose-color$ light40 ,maje/ic1 inde$1 are ! proportions ( "s ( ^? mighty flames :i* leap f ! surface ( ! sun1 yet ^! flames flick]1 z d our t]re/rial flames1 :5 we all[ !m "t comp>able to _! gigantic dim5sions4 ,draw+s ( ! same prom95ce (t5 %[ great *anges 9 a few h\rs1 or ev5 less4 ,! magnitude ( ! *anges c\ld n be less ?an _m ?\s&s ( miles1 & ! actual velocity ) :i* su* masses move is (t5 n less ?an "o hundr$ miles a second4 ,/ill m viol5t are ! sol> convulsions1 :i* "s obs]v]s h be5 s =tunate z to behold1 :5 f ! sun's surface1 z f a mighty furnace1 va/ inc&esc5t masses are project$ upw>ds4 ,all indications po9t to ! surface ( ! sun z ! seat ( ! mo/ frightful /orms & tempe/s1 9 :i* ! w9ds sweep along inc&esc5t vapors4 ,! corona consi/s ( two p>ts--! inn] & bright] corona1 ! out] & fa9t] corona4 ,! %ape ( ! :ole seems to *ange mu* at diff]5t times4 ,! out] edge is usually blurr$ & indi/9ct1 fad+ g5tly away4 ,_m explanations h be5 sugge/$4 ,at "o "t ! corona 0 suppos$ to be a sol> atmosph]e1 reflect+ light l our own atmosph]e4 ,"s h ?\ght ! light might be caus$ by c\ntless myriads ( meteorite sy/ems1 revolv+ 9 ! close neighborhood ( ! sun4 ,"s suppose x may be ow+1 9 "p at lea/1 to sol> eruptions1 & ! p\r+ outw>d ( burn+ gas & matt]4 ,b our k ( ! true nature ( ! corona is yet 9 its infancy4 ,a few clos+ words z to ! size & weight ( ! sun4 ,9 diamet]1 eight hundr$ & fifty-eight ?\s& miles1 & 9 bulk equal to "o million two hundr$ & eighty ?\s& e>?s1 8 weight is 9 proportion less4 ,our e>? is ab\t f\r times z d5se z ! sun4 ,if h] size 7 increas$ to ! sun's size1 h] d5sity be+ ! same z n[1 %e w\ld be v mu* heavi] ?an ! sun1 & w\ld attract mu* m /rongly4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! sun is ( light] mat]ials ?an ! e>?1 8 imm5se size gives him weight equal to sev5 hundr$ & fifty times z mu* z all ! planets put toge!r4 ,! attraction on ! surface ( ! sun is also v great--s great t we c h>dly picture x to ourselves4 ,if life exi/s !re at all--suppos+ x possible t any k9d ( life c be 9 su* a fi]y atmosph]e--x mu/ be life v diff]5t f any kn[n 9 ?is _w4 ,a man :o on e>? weighs "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds1 & walks lightly erect1 w\ld1 on ! sun1 lie helplessly b\nd to ! gr\nd1 cru%$ by 8 own ov]p[]+ weight4 ,x is said t a cannon-ball1 repos+ on ! sun1 if lift$ "o in* & all[$ to fall1 w\ld da% aga9/ ! gr\nd ) a spe$ ?ree times great] ?an t ( our fa/e/ express-tra9s4 ,= weight on e>? is m]ely caus$ by ! am\nt ( =ce ) :i* ! e>? draws d[nw>d a body t[>ds h]self--a =ce great] or less accord+ to ! d5sity ( t body4 ,s weight on ! sun w\ld be imm5sely increas$ by 8 imm5sely great] p[] ( attraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comp>ative ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,sun4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q h[ f> ! sun's attractive influ5ce rea*es effectually ?r\gh space4 ,! ne>] a body is to ! sun1 ! great] ! attraction :i* he ex]cises ov] x4 ,at ! di/ance ( ! planet ,m]cury1 a spe$ ( tw5ty-n9e miles ea* second is ne$ful to ov]come or balance x suffici5tly = ! planet to rema9 9 8 orbit4 ,at ! di/ance ( ! planet ,neptune1 ab\t ?ree miles ea* second is en\gh4 ,if a planet 7 j\rney+ at f\r times ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 ! spe$ w\ld ne$ to be n ov] two miles ea* second1 le/ ! planet %\ld break loose & w&] away4 ,b ev5 two miles a second is no mean spe$--m ?an sev5 ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,if we come to speak ( t :i* we on e>? call rapid motion1 we %all ga9 a cle>] idea z to ! ext5t ( ! sun's p[]4 ,suppose a planet 7 travel+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( "o ( our fa/e/ express-tra9s--sixty miles an h\r4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t1 unless ! sun's attraction 7 int]f]$ ) & ov]p[]$ by "s ne>] sun1 ! said planet1 ?\gh plac$ at a di/ance t5 or twelve times z great z t ( ! f>-(f /> ,alpha ,c5tauri1 w\ld /ill be =c$ by ! sun's attraction to j\rney r\nd him 9 a clos$ orbit4 ,at su* a spe$ x w\ld n be free to w&] (f into ! dep?s ( space4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,moon4 ,f a globe all fire1 all en]gy1 all action1 we come to a globe sil5t1 voiceless1 *angeless1 lifeless4 ,s1 at lea/1 ! moon seems to u4 ,b x w n d to speak too confid5tly4 ,true1 we c f9d no trace ( an atmosph]e 9 ! moon4 ,if !re is any atmosph]e at all1 x mu/ be s ?9 z to be less ?an t :i* we on e>? c\nt z actually none4 ,we pump away ! air f a glass inclosure 9 an air-pump1 & say ! glass is empty4 ,only x is n q empty4 ,!re is always j a v little air rema9+1 ?\gh s little t fire w\ld n burn & animals c\ld n live 9 x4 ,"s believe t air1 up to t am\nt1 may be f\nd 9 ! moon4 ,b ?is is mu* ! same z to say !re is none at all4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 ) ei!r no air or s v little air1 life c n possibly exi/ on ! moon4 ,we c n imag9e su* a ?+ = a mom5t4 ,t is j h[ ! matt] /&s4 ,we 8c n imag9e10 & !re=e we conclude x to be an impossibility4 ,z if we knew a hundr$? "p ( ! possibilities 9 any "o corn] ( ,god's great univ]se6 ,z if our be+ unable to picture a ?+ proves t ?+ n to exi/6 ,suppose we _h always liv$ 9 tropical heat1 & _h nev] se51 kn[n1 or he>d ( su* a fact z life 9 ,arctic sn[s4 ,%\ld we consid] x a ?+ possible8 ,suppose we _h always liv$ on dry l&1 ) nev] a sight ( sea or riv] or pond1 & nev] a pro( t animal life c\ld exi/ "u wat]--aye1 & t "s liv+ animals may be suffocat$ by air1 j z o!r liv+ animals are suffocat$ by wat]4 ,%\ld we n1 9 our wisdom1 reason out su* a /ate ( affairs to be utt]ly impossible8 ,!re may be no life on ! moon4 ,x may be t %e is n[ pass+ ?r\gh a dead1 cold1 bla/$ /age1 ei!r at ! close ( "s pa/ hi/ory1 or 9 prep>ation = "s future hi/ory--or bo?4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be t ! moon is no less full ( life ?an ! e>?2 only ! life mu/ be diff]5t 9 k9d1 mu/ be some?+ :i* we d n "k any ?+ at all ab\t4 ,! moon is v mu* small] ?an ! e>?4 ,h] diamet] is ab\t two-sev5?s ( ! e>?'s diamet]2 h] entire surface is ab\t two tw5ty-sev5?s ( ! e>?'s surface2 h] size is ab\t two n9ety-n9?s ( ! e>?'s size2 & h] :ole weight is ab\t "o-eightie? ( ! e>?'s weight4 ,attraction or gravitation on ! surface ( ! moon is v diff]5t f :at x is on ! e>?4 ,h] mu* small] bulk greatly less5s h] p[] ( attraction4 ,:ile a man f e>? w\ld1 on ! surface ( ! sun--suppos+ he c\ld exi/ !re at all--lie helpless1 motionless1 & cru%$ by 8 own weight1 he w\ld on ! moon f9d himself a/oni%+ly light & active4 ,a leap ov] a tall h\se w\ld be no?+ to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moon--,,an ,,expir$ ,,planet4 ,! moon1 unlike ! sun1 has no light or heat ( h] own to give out4 ,%e %9es m]ely by reflect$ light4 ,rays ( sunlight fall+ ^u h]1 reb\nd !nce1 & f9d _! way e>?w>d4 ,?is giv+ ( reflect$ light is n a matt] all on "o side4 ,we yield to ! moon a great deal m ?an %e yields to u4 ,full e>?1 se5 f ! moon1 cov]s a space ?irte5 times z l>ge z full moon se5 f e>?4 ,p]haps y may h notic$1 soon aft] new moon1 :5 a delicate cresc5t ( silv] light %[s 9 ! sky1 t )9 ! said cresc5t seems to lie ! body ( a r\nd1 d>k moon1 only n p]fectly d>k4 ,x %[s a fa9t glimm]4 ,t glimm] is call$ e>?-%9e4 ,! bright cresc5t %9es ) reflect$ sunlight4 ,! dim portion %9es ) reflect$ e>?-light4 ,:at a j\rney ^? rays h _h6 ,fir/1 leav+ ! sun1 fla%+ ?r\gh n9ety-?ree millions ( miles to e>?1 reb\nd+ f e>? & fla%+ ov] two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles to ! d>k %ad$ "p ( ! moon1 !n once m reb\nd+ & com+ back1 mu* wa/$ & enfeebl$1 across ! same two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles1 to %9e dimly 9 y\r eyes & m9e4 ,! popul> description ( ?is p>ticul> view ( ! moon is 8! old moon 9 ! arms ( ! new40 ,n[ ab\t ! phases ( ! moon2 t is1 h] *anges f 8new0 to 8full10 & back aga9 to 8new40 ,if ! moon 7 a />like body1 %9+ by h] own light1 %e w\ld always appe> to be r\nd4 ,b z %e %9es by reflect$ sunlight1 & z "p ( h] bright side is (t5 turn$ away f u1 ! size & %ape ( ! bright "p seem to v>y4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 only t half ( ! moon :i* is turn$ directly t[>ds ! sun is bright4 ,! o!r half turn$ away is d>k1 & c give out no light at all1 unless x has a little e>?-%9e to reflect4 ,z ! moon travels r\nd ! e>?1 %e *anges gradually f new to full moon1 & !n back to new aga94 8,new moon0 is :5 ! moon1 9 h] orbit1 comes betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,! half ( h] ^u :i* ! sun %9es is turn$ away f u1 & only h] d>k side is t[>ds u4 ,s at new moon %e is q invisible4 ,x is at new moon t an eclipse ( ! sun takes place1 :5 ! moon's orbit c>ries h] 9 a l9e precisely betwe5 sun & e>?4 ,pass+ onw>ds r\nd ! e>?1 ! moon1 z we get a little glimpse ( h] %9+ side1 fir/ %[s a sl5d] sickle ( light1 :i* wid5s m & m till %e rea*es h] fir/ qu>t]4 ,%e is !n nei!r betwe5 e>? & sun1 nor outside ! e>? away f ! sun1 b j at "o side ( u1 pass+ ov] ! e>?'s own orbit4 ,/ill1 z be=e1 half h] body is light$ up by ! sun4 ,by ?is "t half ! bright "p & half ! d>k "p are turn$ t[>ds u2 s t1 see+ ! bright qu>t]1 we "n x ! 8fir/ qu>t]40 ,on & on r\nd u moves ! moon1 %[+ m light at e /ep4 ,n[ %e passes q outside ! e>?'s orbit1 away f ! sun4 ,n ! slighte/ *ance "h ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 ?\gh an eclipse ( ! moon h]self is q possible4 ,b m ( t pres5tly4 ,z %e rea*es a po9t 9 a l9e ) e>? & sun--only g5]ally a little high] or l[] ?an ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit--h] r\nd1 bright face1 %9+ 9 ! sun's rays1 is turn$ exactly t[>ds u4 ,!n we h 8full moon40 ,/ill %e goes on4 ,once m h] light n>r[s & wanes1 z "p ( h] bright half turns away4 ,aga9 at ! 8la/ qu>t]10 z at ! fir/1 %e occupies a 8sideways0 position1 turn+ t[>ds u half h] bright side & half h] d>k side4 ,!n %e j\rneys on1 ) less5+ rim ( light1 till x vani%es1 & once m we h ! d>k1 invisible 8new moon40 ,x 0 ^! phases & aspects ( ! moon :i* =m]ly gave bir? to ! cu/om ( measur+ "t by mon?s1 & by weeks ( sev5 days1 on acc\nt ( ! return ( ! moon's phases 9 a mon?1 & because ! moon appe>s ab\t e sev5 days1 s to say1 "u a new =m4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ measure ( "t2 !re 0 n 9 ! sky any signal ( :i* ! diff]5ces1 ! alt]nations1 & ! epo*s 7 m rem>kable4 ,families met toge!r at a "t fix$ by "s lun> phase4 ,! new moons s]v$ to regulate assemblies1 sacrifices1 & public functions4 ,! anci5ts c\nt$ ! moon f ! day !y fir/ p]ceiv$ x4 ,9 ord] to discov] x easily1 !y assembl$ at ev5+ ^u ! heights4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! lun> cresc5t 0 wat*$ ) c>e1 report$ by ! high prie/1 & ann\nc$ to ! p by ! s\nd ( trumpets4 ,! new moons :i* correspond ) ! r5ewal ( ! f\r seasons 7 ! mo/ solemn2 we f9d "h ! orig9 ( ! 8emb] weeks0 ( ! ,*ur*1 z we f9d t ( mo/ ( our fe/ivals 9 ! c]emonies ( ! anci5ts4 ,! ,ori5tals1 ! ,*aldeans1 ,egyptians1 & ,jews religi\sly obs]v$ ?is cu/om4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun has already be5 describ$4 ,an eclipse ( ! moon is an equally simple matt]4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun is caus$ by ! d>k1 solid body ( ! moon pass+ j betwe5 e>? & sun1 hid+ ! sun f u1 & ca/+ its %ad[ ^u ! e>?4 ,an eclipse ( ! moon is also caus$ by a %ad[--! %ad[ ( our own e>?--fall+ ^u ! moon4 ,"h aga91 if ! plane ( ! moon's orbit 7 ! same z ours1 eclipses ( ! moon w\ld be v common4 ,z x is1 h] orbit c>ries h] (t5 j a little too high or too l[ to be eclips$1 & x is only n[ & !n1 at regul> int]vals1 t %e passes ?r\gh ! %ad[ ( ! e>?4 ,if a l>ge1 solid ball is hung up 9 ! air1 ) bright sunlight %9+ on x1 ! sunlight w ca/ a cone ( %ad[ beh9d ! ball4 ,x w ?r[1 9 a direction j away f ! sun1 a long1 r\nd %ad[1 ! same z ! ball at fir/1 b tap]+ gradually (f to a po9t4 ,if ! ball is ne> ! gr\nd1 a r\nd %ad[ w re/ !re1 almo/ z l>ge z ! ball4 ,! high] ! ball is plac$1 ! small] w be ! r\nd %ad[1 till at l5g?1 if ! ball be tak5 f> en\gh upw>ds1 ! %ad[ w n rea* ! gr\nd at all4 ,our e>? & all ! planets ca/ j su* tap]+ cones ( d>k %ad[ beh9d !m into space4 ,! cone always lies 9 a direction away f ! sun4 ,x is :5 ! moon comes into ?is %ad[ t an 8eclipse ( ! moon0 takes place4 ,sometimes %e only dips half-way into x1 or j grazes along ! edge ( x1 & t is call$ a 8p>tial eclipse40 ,sometimes %e goes 9 altoge!r1 /raight ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! %ad[1 s t ! :ole ( h] bright face = a %ort "t gr[s q d>k4 ,!n we h a 8total lun> eclipse40 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,yet ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,moon4 ,!re are two ways ( ?9k+ ab\t ! moon4 ,"o way is to consid] h] z m]ely ! e>?'s att5dant satellite4 ,! o!r way is to consid] h] z our si/]-planet1 travel+ ) u r\nd ! c5tral sun4 ,! fir/ is ! m common view2 b ! second is j z true z ! fir/4 ,= ! sun does actually pull ! moon t[>ds himself1 ) a v mu* /rong] pull+ ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,! attraction ( ! sun = ! moon is m ?an d\ble ! attraction ( ! e>? = ! moon4 ,if x 7 n t he pulls ! e>? q z h>d z he pulls ! moon1 he w\ld soon ov]p[] ! e>?'s attraction1 & drag ! moon away f u altoge!r4 ,p are (t5 puzzl$ ab\t ! orbit or pa?way ( ! moon ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,= 9 "o s5se !y h to ?9k ( h] z travel+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a fix$ orbit1 ) ! e>? 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ano!r s5se !y h to ?9k ( h] z always j\rney+ onw>ds ) ! e>? 9 h] j\rney r\nd ! sun1 & ?us nev] return+ to ! same po9t4 ,!re are two ways ( meet+ ?is difficulty4 ,fir/ ( all1 rememb] t ! "o movem5t does n int]f]e ) ! o!r4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! e>? travel+ r\nd ! sun1 & also travel+ onw>d ) him ?r\gh space2 j z 9 ! case ( a boy walk+ r\nd & r\nd a ma/1 & also be+ borne onw>ds by ! mov+ vessel1--s x is "h4 ,! two movem5ts are q sep>ate & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,z reg>ds ! e>? alone1 ! moon j\rneys r\nd & r\nd p]petually1 n 9 a circle1 b 9 a pa?way :i* comes ne> be+ an ellipse4 ,z reg>ds ! actual l9e :i* ! moon's movem5ts may be suppos$ to draw 9 space1 x has no?+ elliptical ab\t x1 s9ce no "o po9t ( x is ev] rea*$ a second "t by ! moon4 ,b accord+ to ?is la/ view ( ! "q1 nobody ev] c or w walk 9 a circle or an oval4 ,take a walk r\nd y\r grass-plot1 measur+ y\r di/ance c>efully at all po9ts f ! c5t]4 ,is t a circle8 ,all ! :ile y mov$1 ! surface ( ! e>? 0 ru%+ along & be>+ y ) x1 & ! :ole e>? 0 hurry+ r\nd ! sun1 & 0 be+ also c>ri$ by him 9 a ?ird direction4 ,:atev] po9t 9 space y occupi$ :5 y />t$1 y c nev] fill t p>ticul> "p ( space aga94 ,! two ends ( y\r s-call$ circle c nev] be jo9$4 ,b !n y may come back to ! same po9t on ! grass1 z t f :i* y />t$4 ,& ?is is all t really signifies4 ,practically y h walk$ 9 a circle4 ,?\gh n a circle z reg>ds space g5]ally1 x is a circle z reg>ds ! e>?4 ,s also ! moon comes back to ! same po9t 9 h] orbit r\nd ! e>?4 ,lett+ alone ! "q ( space1 & consid]+ only ! e>?1 ! moon has--r\ghly speak+--j\rney$ 9 an ellipse4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 look at ?is matt] 9 q ano!r light4 ,=get ab\t ! moon be+ ! e>?'s satellite1 & ?9k ( e>? & moon z two si/]-planets go+ r\nd ! sun 9 company4 ,! e>?1 x is true1 attracts ! moon4 ,s1 also1 ! moon attracts ! e>?2 ?\gh ! f> great] weight ( ! e>? makes h] attraction to be f> great]4 ,if e>? & moon 7 ( ! same size1 !y w\ld pull ea* o!r ) equal =ce4 ,b ?\gh ! pull ( ! e>? ^u ! moon is /rong1 ! pull ( ! sun ^u ! moon is m ?an twice z /rong4 ,& greatly z ! e>? influ5ces ! moon1 yet ! actual c5t] ( ! moon's orbit is ! sun1 & n ! e>?4 ,j z ! e>? travels r\nd ! sun1 s also ! moon travels r\nd ! sun4 ,! e>? travels /eadily 9 h] pa?1 be+ only a little sway$ & di/urb$ by ! attraction ( ! moon4 ,! moon on ! contr>y1 :ile travel+ 9 h] orbit1 is v mu* sway$ & di/urb$ inde$ by ! e>?'s attraction4 ,9 fact1 in/ead ( be+ able to j\rney /raight onw>ds l ! e>?1 h] orbit is made up ( a succession ( delicate curves or scallops1 pass+ alt]nately backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! orbit ( ! e>?4 ,n[ %e is beh9d ! e>?2 n[ 9 front ( ! e>?2 n[ betwe5 e>? & sun2 n[ outside ! e>? away f ! sun4 ,! ord] ( positions is n z "h giv51 b ea* is occupi$ by h] 9 turn4 ,sometimes %e moves quickly1 sometimes %e moves sl[ly1 j accord+ to :e!r ! e>? is pull+ h] on or hold+ h] back4 ,two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& miles s\nds a good deal4 ,t is ! di/ance betwe5 e>? & moon4 ,b x is1 aft] all1 a m]e no?+1 comp>$ ) ! n9ety-?ree millions ( miles :i* sep>ate ! sun f ! e>? & moon4 ,if we made a small model1 ) ! sun 9 ! c5t]1 & ! e>? & moon travel+ a few in*es (f1 only "o sl5d] piece ( wire w\ld be ne$$ to repres5t ! pa? ( e>? & moon toge!r4 ,= n only w\ld ! e>? & ! moon be s small z to be q invisible1 b ! :ole ( ! moon's orbit w\ld h disappe>$ into ! ?ickness ( ! s+le wire4 ,?is "q ( ! moon's motions is 9 its nature intricate1 & 9 its details q beyond ! grasp ( any beg9n] 9 a/ronomy4 ,b s mu* at lea/ may be und]/ood1 t ?\gh ! e>?'s attraction p[]fully affects ! moon1 & causes 9 h] motions p]turbations1 su* z h be5 already spok5 ab\t z tak+ place among ! planets1 yet t 9 reality ! great controll+ p[] ov] ! moon is ! attraction ( ! sun4 ,! tides ( ! ocean are *iefly br\ght ab\t by ! moon's attraction4 ,! sun has some?+ to d ) ! matt]1 b ! moon is ! *ief ag5t4 ,?is action ( ! moon c be/ be se5 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e !re is less l&4 ,z ! moon travels sl[ly r\nd ! e>?1 h] attraction draws up ! yield+ wat]s ( ! ocean 9 a va/ wave :i* travels sl[ly along ) h]4 ,! same pull+ :i* ?us lifts a wave on ! side ( ! e>? t[>ds ! moon1 also pulls ! e>? g5tly away f ! wat] on ! opposite side1 & causes a second wave !re4 ,! p>ts ( ! ocean betwe5 ^! two huge waves are depress$1 or l[] 9 level4 ,^! two waves on ! opposite sides ( ! e>? sweep /eadily onw>ds1 foll[+ ! moon's movem5ts1--n real1 b seem+ movem5ts1 caus$ by ! turn+ ( ! e>? ^u h] axis4 ,once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs ^! wide waves sweep r\nd ! :ole e>? 9 ! s\!rn ocean4 ,!y c n d ! same 9 ! nor?1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge cont95ts1 b (f%oots f ! s\? waves travel nor?w>ds1 br++ high-tide into e sea & ocean inlet4 ,if !re 7 only "o wave1 !re w\ld be only "o tide 9 ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z !re are two waves1 !re are two tides1 "o twelve h\rs aft] ! o!r4 ,9 ! space betwe5 ^! two high-tides we h l[-tide4 ,twice e mon? we h v high & v l[ tides4 ,twice e mon? we h tides n s high or s l[4 ,! highe/ are call$ 8spr+-tides10 & ! l[e/ 8neap-tides40 ,:5 ! moon is betwe5 u & ! sun1 or :5 %e is 8new moon10 !re are spr+-tides2 = ! pull or attraction ( sun & moon ^u ! ocean act exactly toge!r4 ,x is ! same at full moon1 :5 once m ! moon is 9 a /raight l9e ) e>? & sun4 ,b at ! fir/ & la/ qu>t]s1 :5 ! moon has h] sideways position1 & :5 ! sun pulls 9 "o direction & ! moon pulls 9 ano!r1 ea* undoes a little ( ! o!r's "w4 ,!n we only h neap-tides2 = ! wave rais$ is small]1 & ! wat] does n fl[ s high ^u our %ores4 ,9 speak+ ( ! surface ( ! moon1 we are able only to speak ab\t "o side4 ,! o!r is entirely hidd5 f u4 ,?is is caus$ by ! curi\s fact t ! moon turns on h] axis & travels r\nd ! e>? 9 exactly ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,"o-half ( ! moon is ?us always turn$ t[>ds u1 ?\gh ( t half we c only see s mu* z is receiv+ ! light ( ! sun4 ,b ! half turn$ 9 our direction is always ! same half4 ,"o "p ( ! moon--n q s mu* z half1 ?\gh always ! same portion--is turn$ away f u4 ,a small bord] on ea* side ( t "p becomes n[ & !n visible to u1 ow+ to c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! e>? & ! moon4 ,:at sort ( a l&scape may lie 9 ! unkn[n di/rict1 x is idle to imag9e4 ,_m guesses h be5 made4 ,"s h suppos$ x possible t air might be f\nd !re2 t wat] might exi/ !re2 t some?+ l e>?ly animals might live !re4 ,x is difficult to say :at may n be1 9 a place ab\t :i* we "k no?+ :atev]4 ,b judg+ f our e>?ly exp]i5ce1 no?+ seems m unlikely ?an t air1 wat]1 cl\ds1 %\ld be entirely bani%$ f ov] "o-half ( a globe1 & collect$ toge!r 9 ! space rema9+4 ,we are on saf] gr\nd :5 we speak ab\t t "p ( ! moon :i* is turn$ t[>ds u4 ,= we c say ) confid5ce t if any atmosph]e exi/ !re1 x mu/ be 9 ?ickness less ?an ! two-?\s&? "p ( our e>?ly atmosph]e4 ,x seems equally cle> t wat] also mu/ be entirely want+4 ,! trem5d\s heat ( ! long lun> day w\ld raise cl\ds ( vapor1 :i* c\ld n fail to be visible4 ,b no su* mi/9ess ev] di/urbs ! %>ply-def9$ outl9e ( ! moon1 & no signs ( wat] action are se5 9 ! craggy m\nta9s & deep crat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lun> ,,crat] ,,cop]nicus4 ,! crat]s :i* honeycomb ! surface ( ! moon are v>i\s 9 size4 ,_m ( ! l>g] ones are f fifty to a hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,^! huge crat]s--or1 z we may call !m1 deep circul> pla9s--are surr\nd$ by mighty m\nta9 ramp>ts1 ris+ to ! height ( ?\s&s ( feet4 ,usually !y h 9 _! c5t] a sug>-loaf or cone-%ape m\nta91 or ev5 two or m su* m\nta9s1 some:at l[] 9 height ?an ! surr\nd+ range4 ,! sunset-lights ^u c]ta9 ( ^! di/ant m\nta9-peaks 7 fir/ wat*$ by ,galileo ?r\gh 8 telescope1 & h s9ce be5 se5 by _m an obs]v]--int5se brightness contra/+ ) int5se blackness ( %ad[4 ,9 addition to h] great crat]s1 ! moon seems to be ?ickly cov]$ ) little ones1 _m ( !m be+ z small z c be se5 at all ?r\gh a telescope4 ,:e!r ^! are all volcano-crat]s rema9s to be discov]$4 ,x is n suppos$ t any ( !m are n[ active4 ,f "t to "t1 signs ( fa9t *anges on ! moon's surface h be5 notic$1 :i* x 0 ?\ght might be ow+ to volcanic outbur/s4 ,su* an outbur/ z ! wor/ eruptions ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius w\ld be invisible at ?is di/ance4 ,b ! said *anges may be q z well acc\nt$ = by ! />tl+ =tnightly v>iations ( climate :i* ! moon has to endure4 ,! g5]al belief n[ incl9es to ! idea t ! moon-volcanoes are ext9ct1 ?\gh no d\bt !re 0 9 ! pa/ great volcanic activity !re4 ,a description has be5 giv5 e>li] ( ! ra9 ( meteorites con/antly fall+ to our e>?1 & only prev5t$ by ! atmosph]e f becom+ s]i\s4 ,b ! moon has no su* protect+ atmosph]e1 & ! am\nt ( cannonad+ :i* %e has to endure mu/ be by no means small4 ,p]haps 9 pa/ times1 :5 h] sl[ly-cool+ cru/ 0 yet s(t1 ^! cele/ial missiles %[]+ ^u h] may h occasionally made deep r\nd holes 9 h] surface4 ,?is is ano!r guess1 :i* "t may prove to be true4 ,guesses at possible explanations ( my/]ies d no h>m1 s long z we d n accept !m = tru? )\t ample reason4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lun> ,,eruption--,,brisk ,,action4 ,! orig9 ( ! lun> crat]s mu/ be ref]r$ to "s anci5t epo* 9 ! moon's hi/ory4 ,h[ anci5t t epo* is we h no means ( kn[+2 b 9 all probability ! antiquity ( ! lun> crat]s is enorm\sly great4 ,at ! "t :5 ! moon 0 suffici5tly heat$ to h ^! va/ volcanic eruptions1 ( :i* ! mighty crat]s are ! survivals1 ! e>? mu/ h be5 v mu* hott] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,x is n1 inde$1 at all unreasonable to believe t :5 ! moon 0 hot en\gh = its volcanoes to be active1 ! e>? 0 s hot t life 0 impossible on its surface4 ,?is supposition w\ld po9t to an antiquity = ! moon's crat]s f> too great to be e/imat$ by ! c5turies & ! ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* are adequate = ! lapse ( "t z recogniz$ by ! hi/ory ( human ev5ts4 ,x seems n unlikely t millions ( ye>s may h elaps$ s9ce ! mighty crat]s ( ,plato or ( ,cop]nicus consolidat$ into _! pres5t =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lun> ,,eruption--,,feeble ,,action4 ,x w n[ be possible = u to attempt to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! lun> crat]s4 ,! mo/ probable views on ! subject are c]ta9ly ^? adopt$ by ,mr4 ,nasmy?1 z repres5t$ 9 ! cuts1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are by no means free f difficulty4 ,we c expla9 ! way 9 :i* ! ramp>t ar\nd ! lun> crat] is =m$1 & ! great m\nta9 :i* s (t5 adorns ! c5t] ( ! pla94 ,! fir/ ( ^! cuts conta9s an imag9>y sket* ( a volcanic v5t on ! moon 9 ! days :5 ! crat]s 7 active4 ,! eruption is "h 9 ! full flu% ( its en]gy1 :5 ! int]nal =ces are hurl+ =? a f\nta9 ( a%es or /ones1 :i* fall at a consid]able di/ance f ! v5t2 & ^! accumulations con/itute ! ramp>t surr\nd+ ! crat]4 ,! second cut depicts ! crat] 9 a lat] /age ( its hi/ory4 ,! prodigi\s explosive p[] has n[ be5 exhau/$1 & p]haps has be5 int]mitt$ = "s "t4 ,a feeble jet issues f ! v5t1 & deposits ! mat]ials close ar\nd ! orifice1 & ?us gradually raises a m\nta9 9 ! c5t]4 ,besides ! crat]s & _! surr\nd+ b>ri]s1 !re are ranges ( m\nta9s on ! moon1 & flat pla9s :i* 7 once nam$ 8seas10 be=e x 0 f\nd t wat] did n exi/ !re4 ,a/ronom]s also see bright ridges1 or l9es1 or cracks ( light1 h>d to expla94 ,"o ( ! *ief crat]s is call$ 8,ptolemy10 & 9 size x is r\ghly calculat$ to be no less ?an "o hundr$ & f\rte5 miles across4 ,ano!r1 8,cop]nicus10 is ab\t fifty-six miles2 & ano!r1 8,ty*o10 ab\t fifty-f\r miles4 ,! c5tral cone-m\nta9 ( ,ty*o is five ?\s& feet high4 ,! crat] ( 8,s*ick>d0 is suppos$ to be z mu* z "o hundr$ & ?irty-?ree miles 9 diamet]4 ,a/ronom]s h agre$ to "n ^! crat]s aft] ! great discov]]s :o enl>g$ our k ( ! sol> & sid]eal sy/ems4 ,x is fitt+ t ^! great names are sugge/$ e "t ! moon is se5 ?r\gh a telescope4 ,to ,ptolemy we are indebt$ = :at is kn[n z 8,! ,ptolemaic ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se10 :i* makes ! e>? ! c5t] ar\nd :i* ! sun1 moon1 planets1 & />s all revolve1 & expla9s ! app>5tly erratic movem5ts ( ! planets by suppos+ _! orbits to be epicycles2 t is1 curves return+ ^u !mselves & =m+ loops4 ,ty*o ,brahe 0 will+ to all[1 ) ,cop]nicus1 t ! planets all revolv$ ar\nd ! sun2 b he taught t bo? sun & planets turn$ ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! sy/em kn[n z 8,! ,cop]nican0 is n[ kn[n to be ! only true "o1 & x is univ]sally accept$4 ,x is s call$ aft] ,nicolaus ,cop]nicus1 :o 0 born 9 ,?orn1 ,prussia1 ,febru>y #ai1 #adgc4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 & /udi$ m$ic9e1 b devot$ himself especially to a/ronomy4 ,)\t be+ precisely a great g5ius1 ?is quiet & ?\ghtful monk seems to h be5 wise f> beyond ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & rem>kable = 8 indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,he _h a 8pr(\nd sagacity10 & a wide g5]al grasp ( sci5tific subjects4 ,! extremely complicat$ & cumbr\s nature ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em appe>$ to 8 judgm5t h>dly compatible ) ! h>mony & simplicity else:]e *>act]i/ic ( nature4 ,moreov]1 he 0 impress$ & p]plex$ by ! v m>k$ *anges 9 ! brilliancy ( ! planets at diff]5t seasons4 ,^! *anges n[ are no difficulty at all4 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 :5 on ! same side ( ! sun z ourselves1 are comp>atively ne> to u1 & naturally look mu* m bright 9 consequ5ce ( t ne>ness ?an :5 !y are on ! opposite side ( ! sun f ourselves4 ,b "u ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 ea* planet 0 suppos$ to revolve r\nd our e>?1 & to be always at ab\t ! same di/ance f u2 !re=e1 :y su* v>iations 9 _! brilliancy8 ,illu/ration3 ,,nicolaus ,,cop]nicus4 ,dur+ ?irty-six long ye>s he pati5tly work$ out ?is !ory1 & dur+ "p ( ^? ?irty-six ye>s he wrote ! "o great book ( 8 lifetime1 expla9+ ! new] view ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em :i* _h tak5 hold ( 8 reason & imag9ation4 ,?is book1 nam$ ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,cle/ium1 or1 8,conc]n+ ! ,revolutions ( ! ,cele/ial ,sph]es10 :i* came out only a few h\rs be=e 8 dea?1 0 d$icat$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,rome--a little t\* ( worldly wisdom :i* d\btless /av$ (f = a :ile ! opposition ( ! ,vatican4 ,cop]nicus 0 n ! fir/ :o ?\ght ( int]pret+ ! cele/ial motions by ! !ory ( ! e>?'s motion4 ,t immortal a/ronom] has tak5 c>e to give1 ) r>e s9c]ity1 ! passages 9 ! anci5t writ]s f :i* he d]iv$ ! fir/ idea ( ! probability ( ?is motion--especially ,cic]o1 :o attribut$ ?is op9ion to ,nicetas ( ,syracuse2 ,plut>*1 :o puts =w>d ! names ( ,philolaus1 ,h]aclides ( ,pontus1 & ,ecphantus ! ,py?agorean2 ,m>tianus ,capella1 :o adopt$1 ) ! ,egyptians1 ! motion ( ,m]cury & ,v5us ar\nd ! sun1 etc4 ,ev5 a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 ,c>d9al ,nicolas ( ,cusa1 9 #addd1 9 8 great !ological & sci5tific encyclop$ia1 _h also spok5 9 favor ( ! idea ( ! e>?'s motion & ! plurality ( worlds4 ,f anci5t times to ! age ( ,cop]nicus1 ! sy/em ( ! e>?'s immobility _h be5 d\bt$ by cle>-sight$ m9ds1 & t ( ! e>?'s motion 0 propos$ "u diff]5t =ms4 ,b all ^! attempts /ill leave to ,cop]nicus ! glory ( e/abli%+ x def9itely4 ,n cont5t ) m]ely admitt+ ! idea ( ! e>?'s motion z a simple arbitr>y hypo!sis1 :i* sev]al a/ronom]s _h done be=e him1 he wi%$--& ?is is 8 glory--to demon/rate x to himself by acquir+ ! conviction by /udy1 & wrote 8 book to prove x4 ,! true prophet ( a cre$1 ! apo/le ( a doctr9e1 ! au?or ( a !ory1 is ! man :o1 by 8 works1 demon/rates ! !ory1 makes ! cre$ believ$ 91 & spreads ! doctr9e4 ,he is n ! creator4 8,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun10 says an anci5t prov]b4 ,we may r say1 ,no?+ :i* succe$s is entirely new4 ,! newborn is un=m$ & incapable4 ,! greate/ ?+s are born f a /ate ( g]m1 s to say1 & increase unp]ceiv$4 ,ideas f]tilize ea* o!r4 ,! sci5ces help ea* o!r2 progress m>*es4 ,m5 (t5 feel a tru?1 sympa?ize ) an op9ion1 t\* a discov]y1 )\t kn[+ x4 ,! day arrives :5 a syn!tical m9d feels 9 "s way an idea1 almo/ ripe1 becom+ inc>nate 9 8 bra94 ,he becomes enamor$ ( x1 he fondles x1 he contemplates x4 ,x gr[s z he reg>ds x4 ,he sees1 gr\p+ r\nd x1 a multitude ( elem5ts :i* help to support x4 ,to him ! idea becomes a doctr9e4 ,!n1 l ! apo/les ( good tid+s1 he becomes an evangeli/1 ann\nces ! tru?1 proves x by 8 works1 & all recognize 9 him ! au?or ( ! new contemplation ( nature1 al?\gh all "k p]fectly well t he has n inv5t$ ! idea1 & t _m o!rs be=e him h =ese5 its gr&eur4 ,su* is ! position ( ,cop]nicus 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! e>?'s motion _h be5 sugge/$ long be=e 8 bir? on ?is planet4 ,?is !ory c\nt$ p>tisans 9 8 "t4 ,b he--he did 8 "w4 ,he exam9$ x ) ! pati5ce ( an a/ronom]1 ! rigor ( a ma!matician1 ! s9c]ity ( a sage1 & ! m9d ( a philosoph]4 ,he demon/rat$ x 9 8 works4 ,!n he di$ )\t see+ x und]/ood1 & x 0 n till a c5tury aft] 8 dea? t a/ronomy adopt$ x1 & popul>iz$ x by tea*+ x4 ,h[ev]1 ,cop]nicus is really ! au?or ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w1 & 8 "n w rema9 respect$ to ! end ( "t4 ,! s-call$ 8seas0 on ! moon are ^? l>ge d>k spots to be se5 on its surface1 9 ! %ape ( 8eyes1 nose1 & m\?10 or ( ! fam\s old man ) 8 bundle ( /icks4 ,! bright] p>ts are ! m m\nta9\s p>ts4 ,! *ief ranges ( lun> m\nta9s h be5 nam$ by a/ronom]s aft] m\nta9s on e>?1 su* z ! ,ap5n9es1 ! ,alps1 ! ,caucasian range1 ! ,c>pa?ian & ! ,altai ,m\nta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,m]cury1 ,,v5us1 ,,& ,,m>s4 ,once aga9 we h to j\rney ?r\gh ! high-roads ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 pay+ a brief visit to ea* 9 turn ( our sev5 *ief bro!r-&-si/] planets1 & le>n+ a few m lead+ facts ab\t !m4 ,hav+ gone ! same way be=e1 x w n n[ seem q s f>4 ,busy1 hurry+ ,m]cury6 we mu/ meet him fir/ 9 8 wild ru% ?r\gh space4 ,if he 7 to slack5 spe$ = a s+le in/ant1 he w\ld beg9 to fall ) fe>ful rapidity t[>ds ! sun4 ,& if ,m]cury 7 to drop into "o ( ^? huge black *asms ( r5t furnace-flame on ! sun's surface1 !re w\ld be a spe$y end to 8 life z a planet4 ,m]cury's day is ab\t ! same l5g? z our day1 & 8 ye> is ab\t "o qu>t] ! l5g? ( our ye>4 ,if ,m]cury has spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]1 ea* season mu/ be extremely %ort2 b ?is dep5ds ^u :e!r ,m]cury's axis slopes l ! e>?'s axis--a matt] difficult to f9d out4 ,m]cury is always s ne> to ! sun1 t x is by no means easy to obs]ve him well4 ,we "k m ab\t 8 orbit ?an 8 axis4 ,! e>?'s orbit1 z be=e expla9$1 is n a circle1 b an ellipse or oval4 ,m]cury's orbit is an ellipse also1 & a mu* long]--or1 z x is call$1 a m ecc5tric--ellipse4 ,! e>? is ?ree millions ( miles ne>] to ! sun at "o "t ( ! ye>1 ?an six mon?s be=e or aft]4 ,m]cury is no less ?an fifte5 millions ( miles ne>] at "o "t ?an ano!r1 :i* mu/ make a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( heat receiv$4 ,ev5 :5 ! di/ance is greate/1 ! sun z se5 f ,m]cury looks f\r & a half times z l>ge z ! sun we see4 ,:at a blaz+ spl5dor ( light6 ,x is n easy to imag9e human be+s liv+ !re1 9 su* heat & gl>e1 & ) ei!r no *anges ( season at all1 or su* v %ort seasons rapidly foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,m]cury may1 & v likely does1 ab\nd ) liv+ creatures1 z mu* z ! e>? ab\nds ) !m2 only "o fancies !y mu/ be altoge!r a diff]5t k9d ( liv+ creatures f any ev] se5 on e>?4 ,& yet we d n "k4 ,man c s wond]fully adapt himself or be adapt$ to diff]5t climates on e>?1 f extreme heat to extreme cold1 t we c n tell h[ f> ?is adapt+ p[] may rea*4 ,bo? ,m]cury & ,v5us seem to be enfold$ 9 d5se1 cl\d-lad5 atmosph]es1 r>ely p>t+ s z to all[ u to get ev5 a glimpse ( ! real planets )9 ! ?ick1 light-reflect+ cov]+4 ,"s h ?\ght t a heavy1 moi/1 protect+ atmosph]e may help to w>d (f ! int5se heat1 & to make ,m]cury a m habitable place4 ,our e>?ly atmosph]e is r ( a k9d to /ore up heat1 & to make u w>m] ?an we %\ld be )\t x2 b !re might be vapors diff]5tly con/itut$ :i* might act 9 "s o!r way4 ,at all ev5ts1 we "k h[ easily ,god c h adapt$ ei!r ! planet to ! creatures he meant to place !re1 or ! creatures to ! climate4 8,all ?+s are possible0 to him4 ,! h[ & ! :at are int]e/+ que/ions = u1 b we mu/ (t5 be cont5t to wait = an answ]4 ,a ?ick1 gray r+ or belt has be5 notic$ r\nd ! small1 black disk ( ,m]cury1 :ile x has pass$ betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,! edge ( ,m]cury1 se5 aga9/ ! bright photosph]e beyond1 w\ld1 if !re 7 no atmosph]e1 be %>p & cle> z ! edge ( ! airless moon4 ,?is surr\nd+ haze seems to %[ t ,m]cury has an atmosph]e4 ,! sunlight reflect$ f ,m]cury's envelope ( cl\ds %9es at lea/ z brightly z if x 7 reflect$ f 8 solid body4 ,! small size ( ,m]cury makes attraction on 8 surface mu* less ?an on e>?4 ,a lump ( iron weigh+ on e>? "o p\nd1 w\ld weigh on ,m]cury only ab\t sev5 ounces1 or less ?an half z mu*4 ,s a man w\ld be a v light leap] inde$ !re1 & an elephant might be q a frolicsome animal4 ,if !re are />-gaz]s 9 ,m]cury1 & if ! cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e all[s _m cle> views ( ! sky1 ! e>? & ,v5us mu/ bo? be beautiful to look ^u4 ,ea* ( ! two w\ld %9e f> m brightly ?an ,jupit]1 z se5 at 8 be/ f e>?4 ,l ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! next planet1 has an orbit ly+ inside our orbit4 ,m]cury & ,v5us are always ne>] to ! sun ?an we are2 & if ,m]cury & ,v5us travel$ r\nd ! sun 9 orbits1 ! planes ( :i* 7 exactly ! same z ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit1 we %\ld v (t5 see !m creep+ ov] ! surface ( ! sun4 ,n t !y really 8creep ov]0 x2 only1 z !y j\rney betwe5 ! sun & u1 we c see !m pass l little black dots across ! sun's disk4 ,?is is ! same ?+ z :5 ! moon passes across ! sun's disk & eclipses x4 ,b ,m]cury & ,v5us are too f> away f u to cause any eclipse ( ! sun's light4 ,m]cury has giv5 m tr\ble to a/ronom]s ?an any o!r memb] ( ! sy/em2 =1 ow+ to 8 proximity to ! sun1 he is usually lo/ 9 ! sol> glory1 & is nev] se5 9 a d>k "p ( ! heav5s1 ev5 at ! "t ( 8 greate/ di/ance4 ,?is circum/ance1 toge!r ) a small mass & an imm5se velocity1 r5d]s x difficult to cat* & wat* him4 ,9 high latitudes1 :]e ! twilight is /rong & l5g!n$1 :ile mi/s (t5 ov]hang ! horizon1 ! planet c seldom be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,h5ce an old a/ro-meteorologi/ contemptu\sly describes him z 8a squirt+ lacquey ( ! sun1 :o seldom %[s 8 head 9 ^! p>ts1 z if he 0 9 debt40 ,cop]nicus lam5t$ t he _h nev] be5 able to obta9 a sight ( ,m]cury2 & ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,delambre saw him n m ?an twice ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! mo/ favorable times = mak+ obs]vations are ab\t an h\r & ?ree-qu>t]s be=e sunrise 9 autumn1 & aft] sunset 9 spr+2 b v cle> wea!r & a good eye are requir$4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods1 :5 betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 on a l9e jo9+ ! c5t]s ( ! two bodies1 ,m]cury appe>s project$ on ! sol> disk z a small1 r\nd1 d>k spot4 ,?is is call$ a transit1 & w\ld occur dur+ e revolution if ! plane ( 8 orbit co9cid$ ) t ( ! orbit ( ! e>?4 ,b z "o-half ( 8 orbit is a little above t ( ! e>?1 & ! o!r half a little bel[ x1 he passes above or bel[ ! sun to ! t]re/rial spectator1 except at ^? int]vals1 :51 be+ betwe5 u & ! sun1 he is also at "o ( ! two opposite po9ts :]e ! planes ( ! respective orbits int]sect ea* o!r4 ,!n1 /ripp$ ( all lu/]1 ! planet passes ov] ! face ( ! great lum9>y z a black circul> speck1 af=d+ evid5ce ( 8 %9+ by reflect$ light1 & ( 8 sph]ical =m4 ,! fir/ transit ( ,m]cury record$ 9 hi/ory 0 pr$ict$ by ,kepl]1 & witness$ by ,gass5di1 at ,p>is1 on ! morn+ ( a cl\dy day1 ! #g? ( ,novemb]1 #afca4 ,x 0 t[>d n9e o'clock :5 he saw ! planet2 b ow+ to its extreme smallness1 he 0 at fir/ incl9$ to ?9k x 0 a m9ute sol> spot4 ,x 0 !n go+ (f ! sun2 & made its f9al egress t[>d half-pa/ t54 ,! obs]v$ "t ( ! transit 0 ne>ly five h\rs 9 advance ( ! comput$ "t4 ,?is 0 a v satisfactory accordance = t age betwe5 !ory & obs]vation2 b x 0 ! effect ( a =tuit\s comb9ation ( circum/ances1 r ?an ( computations f\nd$ ^u well-e/abli%$ data4 8,! crafty god10 wrote ,gass5di1 9 ! peculi> /yle ( 8 day1 8_h s\ght to deceive a/ronom]s by pass+ ov] ! sun a little e>li] ?an 0 expect$1 & _h drawn a veil ( d>k cl\ds ov] ! e>? 9 ord] to make 8 escape m effectual4 ,b ,apollo1 kn[+ 8 knavi% tricks f 8 infancy1 w\ld n all[ him to pass altoge!r unnotic$4 ,to be brief1 ,i h be5 m =tunate ?an ^? hunt]s aft] ,m]cury :o h s\ght ! cunn+ god 9 ! sun4 ,i f\nd him out1 & saw him :]e no "o else _h hi!rto se5 him40 ,s9ce ,gass5di's "t a numb] ( transits h be5 obs]v$4 ,^! cross+s ( ! sun's face1 or 8transits10 z !y are call$1 h be5 important matt]s4 ,! transit ( ,v5us especially 0 once eag]ly look$ = by a/ronom]s1 s9ce1 by close obs]vations ( ,v5us's movem5ts & positions1 ! di/ance ( ! sun c\ld at t "t be bett] calculat$ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,o!r me?ods are n[ com+ into vogue4 ,! transits ( ,v5us are r>e4 ,two come ne> toge!r1 sep>at$ by only eight ye>s1 & !n = m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ! little d>k body ( ,v5us is nev] se5 f e>? to glide ov] ! sun's photosph]e4 ,!re 0 a transit ( ,v5us 9 ! ye> #agfa1 & ano!r 9 ! ye> #agfi4 ,!re 0 a transit ( ,v5us 9 #ahgd1 & ano!r 9 #ahhb4 ,at ! la/ transits x 0 f\nd t ! sun1 in/ead ( be+ n9ety-five millions ( miles away1 z a/ronom]s ?\ght1 0 only n9ety-?ree millions ( miles away4 ,! reason :y ^! transits happ5 s seldom1 is t ! orbits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us lie 9 r a diff]5t plane or level f ! e>?'s orbit4 ,s1 l ! moon1 ?\gh (t5 pass+ betwe5 u & ! sun1 !y g5]ally g j a little high] or j a little l[] ?an 8 bright face4 ,m]cury & ,v5us %[ phases l ! moon1 al?\gh !y d n circle r\nd ! e>? z ! moon does4 ,^! 8phases10 or *anges ( %ape1 are probably nev] visible except ?r\gh a telescope4 ,x w be easi] to ?9k ab\t ! phases ( ,v5us alone1 ?an to consid] bo? toge!r4 ,h] orbit lies )9 ! e>?'s orbit1 & ! e>? & ,v5us travel r\nd ! sun--z d all ! planets--9 ! same direction4 ,b z ,v5us's pa?way is %ort] ?an ours1 & z h] spe$ is great]1 %e is mu* ! quicke/ ab\t h] ye>ly j\rney1 & %e ov]takes u aga9 & aga9 at diff]5t po9ts ( our orbit 9 turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phases ,,( ,,v5us4 ,at "o "t %e comes betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,t is h] ne>e/ position to u1 & %e is !n only ab\t tw5ty-five millions ( miles di/ant4 ,a beautiful sight %e w\ld be1 b un=tunately h] bright side is entirely turn$ away1 & only h] d>k side is turn$ t[>ds u4 ,s !n %e is 8new ,v5us10 & is invisible4 ,at ano!r "t %e is completely beyond ! sun1 & at h] f>!/ position away f u4 ,h] %9+ is q lo/ 9 ! sun's rays com+ betwe54 ,& ?\gh we get a good view ( h] z 8full ,v5us10 at a little to "o side or ! o!r1 yet s great is h] di/ance--z mu* z "o hundr$ & fifty-sev5 millions ( miles--t h] size & brightness are v mu* less5$4 ,betwe5 ^! two ne>e/ & f>!/ po9ts1 %e occupies two middle di/ances1 "o on ea* side ( ! sun4 ,!n1 l ! moon at h] 8qu>t]s10 %e turns to u only half ( h] bright side4 ,b ?is is ! be/ view ( ,v5us t we h1 z a brilliant1 untw9kl+1 />like =m1--! ,ev5+ ,/> ( anci5ts & ( poets4 ,betwe5 ^! f\r lead+ positions ,v5us is always travel+ gradually f "o to ano!r--always ei!r wax+ or wan+ 9 size & 9 brightness4 ,m]cury passes ?r\gh ! same seem+ *anges4 ,inhabitants ( ,v5us mu/ h a glori\s view ( ! e>?1 ) h] att5dant moon4 ,= j at ! "t :5 ! two planets are ne>e/ toge!r1 & :5 %e is only 8new ,v5us0 to u1 a d>k & invisible body1 ! e>? is 8full e>?0 to ,v5us4 ,! v be/ sight we ev] h ( ,v5us c n come ne> t sight4 ,b if ,m]cury & ,v5us really are s (t5 cov]$ ) heavy cl\ds z a/ronom]s believe1 ?is mu/ greatly int]f]e ) any habits ( />-gaz+4 ,v5us & ! e>? h (t5 be5 call$ tw9-si/] planets4 ,!re are _m po9ts ( lik5ess betwe5 !m4 ,9 size !y diff] little1 & 9 l5g? ( day !y are )9 an h\r ( be+ ! same4 ,e>? c]ta9ly has a companion-moon1 & ,v5us1 x is believ$1 has n4 ,at "o "t sev]al a/ronom]s 7 pretty c]ta9 t !y _h caught glimpses ( a moon2 b ! suppos$ moon has ( late q vani%$1 & nobody c say :e!r x ev] really exi/$4 ,v5us travels 9 an ellipse :i* comes ne>] to be+ a circle ?an ! orbit ( any o!r planet4 ,m\nta9-%ad[s h be5 wat*$ ?r\gh ! telescope1 9 ,v5us1 z 9 ! moon4 ,"s a/ronom]s h believ$ t !y saw signs ( v l(ty m\nta9s--z mu* z tw5ty-eight miles1 or f\r times ! height ( our highe/ e>?ly m\nta9s1 b ?is requires confirmation4 ,!re is a good deal ( unc]ta9ty ab\t ! climate ( ,v5us4 ,! heat !re mu/ greatly surpass heat ev] felt on e>?--! sun be+ ab\t d\ble ! app>5t size ( our sun1 & p\r+ out ne>ly d\ble ! am\nt ( light & heat t we receive4 ,?is diff]5ce may be met1 z already /at$1 by a %elt]+1 cl\dy atmosph]e1 or ! inhabitants may h frames & eyesight suit$ to ! increas$ gl>e & w>m?4 ,an atmosph]e & wat] exi/ !re z "h4 ,f :at we h se5 above ( ! rapid & viol5t seasons ( ?is planet1 we might ?9k t ! agitations ( ! w9ds1 ! ra9s1 & ! /orms w\ld surpass ev]y?+ :i* we see & exp]i5ce "h1 & t its atmosph]e & its seas w\ld be subject to a cont9ual evaporation & precipitation 9 torr5tial ra9s--an hypo!sis confirm$ by its light1 due1 d\btless1 to reflection f its upp] cl\ds1 & to ! multiplicity ( ! cl\ds !mselves4 ,to judge by our own impressions1 we %\ld be mu* less pleas$ ) ?is c\ntry ?an ) our own1 & x is ev5 v probable t our physical organization1 accommodat+ & complaisant z x is1 c\ld n become acclimatiz$ to su* v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,b x is n necess>y to conclude f ?is t ,v5us is un9habitable & un9habit$4 ,we may ev5 suppose1 )\t exagg]ation1 t its inhabitants1 organiz$ to live 9 ! mid/ ( ^! conditions1 f9d !mselves at _! ease1 l a fi% 9 wat]1 & ?9k t our e>? is too monoton\s & too cold to s]ve z an abode = active & intellig5t be+s4 ,( :at nature are ! inhabitants ( ,v5us8 ,d !y resemble u 9 physical =m8 ,are !y end[$ ) an intellig5ce analog\s to ours8 ,d !y pass _! life 9 pleasure1 z ,b]n>d9 de ,/4 ,pi]re said2 or1 r1 are !y s torm5t$ by ! inclem5cy ( _! seasons t !y h no delicate p]ception1 & are incapable ( any sci5tific or arti/ic att5tion8 ,^! are int]e/+ que/ions1 to :i* we h no reply4 ,all t we c say is1 t organiz$ life on ,v5us mu/ be little diff]5t f t]re/rial life1 & t ?is _w is "o ( ^? :i* resemble ours mo/4 ,x %\ld1 !n1 be inhabit$ by vegetable1 animal1 & human races b little diff]5t f ^? :i* p our planet4 ,z to imag9+ x des]t or /]ile--?is is an hypo!sis :i* c\ld n arise 9 ! bra9 ( any naturali/4 ,! action ( ! div9e sun mu/ be !re1 z 9 ,m]cury1 /ill m f]tile ?an 8 t]re/rial "w1 already s wond]ful4 ,we may add t ,v5us & ,m]cury1 hav+ be5 =m$ aft] ! e>?1 are relatively y\ng] ?an our planet4 ,x is believ$ also t ! axis ( ,v5us1 in/ead ( be+ slant$ only z mu* z ! e>?'s axis1 is tilt$ mu* m4 ,ev5 if ! tilt+ is less ?an "s h suppos$1 x is probably v consid]able4 ,if ,v5us really does 8lie ov]0 9 su* a mann]1 c]ta9 />tl+ *anges ( climate on its surface--unpleasant *anges1 accord+ to our ideas--w\ld take place4 ,l e>?1 ,v5us w\ld h h] two arctic regions1 :]e a burn+ summ]'s day w\ld succe$ a bitt] w9t]'s night1 ea* half a ye> 9 l5g?4 ,%e w\ld h also h] tropical region--only 9 t region int5se cold w\ld alt]nate ) int5se heat1 brief seasons ( ea* 9 turn4 ,& betwe5 ! tropics & ! arctic regions w\ld lie wide belts1 by turns entirely tropical & entirely arctic4 ,! rapidity & sev]ity ( ^! *anges1 foll[+ "o ano!r 9 a ye> ab\t z long z eight ( our mon?s1 w\ld seem to be too mu* = any human frame to endure4 ,b x all re/s ^u an if4 ,& we may be q sure t if !re are any mann] ( human be+s 9 ,v5us1 _! frames are well suit$ to ! climate ( _! _w4 ,?\gh ,m>s is "o ( ! inn] gr\p ( f\r small planets1 divid$ by ! zone ( a/]oids f ! out] gr\p ( f\r great planets1 yet he belongs to ! outside set ( ,sup]ior ,planets4 ,8 orbit surr\nds ours1 be+ at all po9ts f>!r (f f ! sun4 ,v slight 8phases0 h be5 se5 9 ,m>s4 ,he turns to u1 f "t to "t1 j en\gh ( 8 d>k side to prove t he has a d>k side1 & t he does n %9e l a /> by 8 own light4 ,b ! phases on t planet are by no means m>k$ z !y are ) ,v5us4 ,until lately x 0 believ$ t ,m>s possess$ no moons4 ,two v small ones h1 h[ev]1 be5 lately f\nd circl+ r\nd him4#b ,!y h be5 nam$ ,deimos & ,phobos1 aft] ! 8sons ( ,m>s0 9 ,greek my?ology4 ,deimos travels r\nd ,m>s 9 ?irty-n9e h\rs1 :ile ,phobos p]=ms ! same j\rney 9 ! a/oni%+ly %ort p]iod ( sev5 h\rs & a half6 #b ,! discov]y ( ! two moons is due to ! ag5cy ( a woman4 ,pr(essor ,asaph ,hall1 ( ,wa%+ton ,city1 0 se>*+ by ! aid ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope :i* _h yet be5 direct$ to ,m>s1 & at ! v mom5t :5 ! planet 0 9 ! mo/ favorable condition = obs]vation4 ,hav+ se>*$ 9 va9 dur+ sev]al ev5+s 9 ,augu/1 #ahgg1 he 0 ab\t to give up1 :5 ,mrs4 ,hall begg$ him to se>* a little m4 ,he did s1 & on ! night ( ! #aa? he discov]$ ! fir/ ( ! satellites1 & !n on ! #ag? ! second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>s ,,& ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,its ,,satellites4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a sy/em v diff]5t f t ( ! e>? & moon4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s po9t is ! rapidity ) :i* ! inn] satellite ( ,m>s revolves r\nd its planet4 ,?is revolution is p]=m$ 9 sev5 h\rs1 ?irty-n9e m9utes1 fifte5 seconds1 al?\gh ! _w ( ,m>s rotates on itself 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?irty-sev5 m9utes--t is to say1 ?is moon turns mu* m quickly ?an ! planet itself4 ,?is fact is inconsi/5t ) all ! ideas we h _h up to ! pres5t on ! law ( =mation ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,?us1 :ile ! sun appe>s to revolve 9 ! ,m>tian sky 9 a sl[ j\rney ( m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! inn] moon p]=ms its entire revolution 9 a ?ird ( a day4 ,x foll[s t x rises 9 ! we/ & x sets 9 ! ea/6 ,x passes ! second moon1 eclipses x f "t to "t1 & goes ?r\gh all its phases 9 elev5 h\rs1 ea* qu>t] n la/+ ev5 ?ree h\rs4 ,:at a s+ul> _w6 ,^! satellites are q small--!y are ! smalle/ cele/ial bodies we "k4 ,! brightness ( ! planet prev5ts u f measur+ !m exactly4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! ne>] is ! l>g]1 & %[s ! brightness ( a /> ( ! t5? magnitude1 & t ! second %9es z a /> ( ! twelf? magnitude4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ tru/wor?y photometric measures1 ! fir/ satellite may h a diamet] ( #g4de miles1 & ! second a diamet] ( #f4b miles4 ,! l>g] ( ^! two worlds is sc>cely l>g] ?an ,p>is4 ,%\ld we honor !m ) ! title ( worlds8 ,!y are n ev5 t]re/rial cont95ts1 nor empires1 nor k+doms1 nor prov9ces1 nor dep>tm5ts4 ,alex&]1 ,cs>1 ,*>lemagne1 or ,napoleon1 might c>e b little to receive ! scept] ( su* worlds4 ,gulliv] might juggle ) !m4 ,:o kn[s1 h[ev]8 ,! vanity ( m5 be+ g5]ally 9 ! direct ratio ( _! m$iocrity1 ! microscopical reason+ mites :i* d\btless sw>m on _! surface h also1 p]haps1 p]man5t armies1 :i* mutilate ea* o!r = ! possession ( a gra9 ( s&4 ,^! two little moons receiv$ f _! discov]] ! names ( ,deimos 7,t]ror7 & ,phobos 7,flight71 sugge/$ by ! two v]ses ( ,hom]'s 8,iliad0 :i* repres5t ,m>s desc5d+ on ! e>? to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 son ,ascalaphus3 8,he ord]$ ,t]ror & ,flight to yoke 8 /e$s1 ,& he himself put on 8 glitt]+ arms40 ,phobos is ! "n ( ! ne>] satellite2 ,deimos1 t ( ! m di/ant4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! little globes _h already be5 suspect$ f analogy1 & ?9k]s _h frequ5tly sugge/$ t1 s9ce ! e>? has "o satellite1 ,m>s %\ld h two1 ,jupit] f\r1 ,saturn eight2 & ?is is inde$ ! fact--?\gh z ,jupit] is n[ f\nd to h five satellites1 ?is ari?metical progression is upset4 ,b z we exp]i5ce too (t5 9 practice ! insuffici5cy ( ^! reason+s ( purely human logic1 we c n give !m m value ?an !y really possess4 ,we might suppose 9 ! same way n[ t ,uranus has sixte5 satellites1 & ,neptune ?irty-two4 ,?is is possible2 b we "k no?+ ( !m1 & h n ev5 ! "r to consid] ?is proportion z probable4 ,x is n ! less curi\s to read ! foll[+ passage1 writt5 by ,voltaire 9 #agej 9 8 ma/]piece1 ! 8,micromgas30 8,on leav+ ,jupit]1 our travel]s cross$ a space ( ab\t a hundr$ millions ( leagues1 & rea*$ ! planet ,m>s4 ,!y saw two moons1 :i* wait on ?is planet1 & :i* h escap$ ! gaze ( a/ronom]s4 ,i "k well t ,fa!r ,ca/el wrote aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ^! two moons2 b ,i agree ) ^? :o reason f analogy4 ,^! good philosoph]s "k h[ difficult x w\ld be = ,m>s1 :i* is s f> f ! sun1 to get on ) less ?an two moons4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 our p f\nd x s small t !y fe>$ !y might n f9d any?+ to lie ^u1 & w5t on _! way40 ,"h we h unque/ionably a v cle> prophecy1 a r>e quality 9 ?is k9d ( writ+4 ,! a/ronomico-philosophical romance ( 8,micromgas0 has be5 consid]$ z an imitation ( ,gulliv]4 ,let u op5 ! ma/]piece ( ,swift himself1 compos$ ab\t #agbj1 & we read1 ^w = ^w1 9 ,*apt] ,,iii ( ! 8,voyage to ,laputa30 8,c]ta9 a/ronom]s 444 sp5d ! greate/ "p ( _! lives 9 obs]v+ ! cele/ial bodies1 :i* !y d by ! assi/ance ( glasses f> excell+ ours 9 goodness4 ,= ?is advantage ha? enabl$ !m to ext5d ! discov]ies mu* f>!r ?an our a/ronom]s 9 ,europe2 = !y h made a catalogue ( t5 ?\s& fix$ />s1 :]eas ! l>ge/ ( ours d n conta9 above "o-?ird "p ( t numb]4 ,!y h likewise discov]$ two less] />s1 or satellites1 :i* revolve ab\t ,m>s1 :]e( ! inn]mo/ is di/ant f ! c5t] ( ! prim>y planet exactly ?ree ( 8 diamet]s1 & ! out]mo/ five4 ,! =m] revolves 9 ! space ( t5 h\rs1 & ! latt] 9 tw5ty-"o & a half2 s t ! squ>es ( _! p]iodical times are v ne> 9 ! same proportion ) ! cubes ( _! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ,m>s1 :i* evid5tly %[s !m to be gov]n$ by ! same law ( gravitation t influ5ces ! o!r heav5ly bodies40 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ?is d\ble pr$iction ( ! two satellites ( ,m>s8 ,inde$1 ! prophecies :i* h be5 made s mu* ( 9 c]ta9 doctr9al argum5ts h n always be5 z cle>1 nor ! co9cid5ces s /rik+4 ,h[ev]1 x is evid5t t no "o _h ev] se5 ^! satellites be=e #ahgg1 & t !re 0 9 ?is hit m]ely ! caprici\s "w ( *ance4 ,we may ev5 rem>k t bo? ! ,engli% & ,fr5* au?ors h only spok5 ironically aga9/ ! ma!maticians1 & t 9 #afaj1 ,kepl]1 on receiv+ ! news ( ! discov]y ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 wrote to 8 fri5d ,wa*5fals t 8n only ! exi/5ce ( ^! satellites appe>$ to him probable1 b t d\btless !re might yet be f\nd two to ,m>s1 six or eight to ,saturn1 & p]haps "o to ,v5us & ,m]cury40 ,we c n1 assur$ly1 help notic+ t reason+ f analogy is "h f\nd on ! "r road4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ?is discov]y truly con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts ( contempor>y a/ronomy4 ,m>s is n only mu* small] ?an ! e>?1 b a good deal less d5se 9 8 8make40 ,8 mat]ial is only ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s z heavy z an equal am\nt ( ! e>?'s mat]ial4 ,a v heavy man on e>? w\ld be a mo/ light & active individual on ,m>s4 ,gold tak5 f e>? to ,m>s w\ld weigh !re no m ?an t9 weighs ^u e>?4 ,m>s has1 x seems1 an atmosph]e1 ev5 z e>? has4 ,( all ! planets ,m>s1 is ! only "o ^: actual surface is disc]nible 9 ! telescope4 ,m]cury & ,v5us are s hidd5 by d5se envelopes ( cl\ds t ! real planets )9 are only n[ & !n to be dimly caught sight (4 ,jupit] & ,saturn are s completely enwrapp$ 9 mighty masses ( vapor1 t we c n ev5 be c]ta9 :e!r !re are any solid bodies at all inside4 ,b ,m>s c be /udi$4 ,"h & !re1 x is true1 cl\ds sweep ov] ! l&scape1 hid+ f view = a little :ile "o cont95t or ano!r1 "o sea or ano!r1 gr[+1 *ang+1 melt+ away1 z d ! cl\ds ( e>?4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ^! cl\ds come & g1 !re are o!r m>k+s on ! surface ( ,m>s :i* d n *ange4 ,or1 r1 !y only *ange s mu* z ! cont95ts & oceans ( e>? w\ld seem to v>y1 if wat*$ f ano!r planet1 z ! daily movem5t ( e>? c>ri$ !m f we/ to ea/1 or z !y might be hidd5 = a :ile by cl\d-lay]s com+ betwe54 ,x has be5 curi\sly not$ t ^! cl\ds ov] ,m>s =m (t5 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 & are aft]w>ds disp]s$ by ! heat ( midday4 ,also !re seems e reason to believe t ra9falls take place 9 ,m>s z ^u e>?4 ,! r$ color ( ,m>s is well kn[n4 ,?is does n vani% 9 ! telescope1 b x is f\nd t p>ts only h ! r$ or orange hue1 :ile o!r p>ts are d>k & gre5i%4 ,^! are ! m>k+s :i* rema9 always ! same1 & !y h be5 s closely exam9$ t m is kn[n ab\t ! geography ( ,m>s ?an ( any o!r _w outside our own4 ,m>s1 at 8 ne>e/ po9t1 does n draw clos] to u ?an =ty millions ( miles4 ,at su* a di/ance "o mu/ n speak too confid5tly4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m reasons = believ+ t ! r$ portions are cont95ts & t ! gre5 portions are oceans4 ,! spectroscope has lately %[n u t wat] does really exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s--unlike ! dre>y1 wat]less moon4 ,s we no long] d\bt t ! cl\dlike appe>ances are cl\ds1 & t ra9 sometimes falls on ,m>s4 ,if !re is ra91 & if !re are cl\ds & vapor1 !re are probably oceans also4 ,two s+ul> :ite spots are to be se5 at ! nor? & s\? poles1 :i* we believe to be pol> ice & sn[4 ,somebody look+ at our e>? 9 l mann] f a di/ance1 w\ld d\btless p]ceive two su* :ite sn[-spots4 ,^! two pol> caps are se5 to v>y ) ! seasons4 ,:5 ! nor? pole ( ,m>s is turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 ! :ite spot !re gr[s small]2 & at ! same "t1 ! s\? pole ( ,m>s be+ turn$ away f ! sun1 ! :ite spot !re gr[s l>g]4 ,aga91 :5 ! s\? pole is t[>ds ! sun1 & ! nor? pole away f ! sun1 ! :ite spot at ! s\? is se5 to be ! smalle/1 & ! :ite spot at ! nor? is se5 to be ! l>ge/4 ,?is is exactly :at takes place 9 ! summ]s & w9t]s ( our nor? & s\? poles4 ,! m>k+s ( ,m>s h be5 s c>efully /udi$1 t at la/ a map has be5 made ( ! planet--a map ( a _w1 nev] less ?an =ty millions ( miles away6 ,names h be5 giv5 to ! cont95ts & oceans--su* z ,dawes ,cont95t1 ,h]s*el ,cont95t1 ,de ,la ,rue ,ocean1 ,airy ,sea1 ,hugg9s ,inlet1 & s on4 ,l& & wat] seem to be v diff]5tly arrang$ on ,m>s f :at !y are on e>?4 ,"h we h ab\t ?ree times z mu* wat] z l&1 & to get f "o cont95t to ano!r )\t cross+ ! sea is 9 "s cases impossible4 ,b a travel] !re might g mo/ conv5i5tly to & fro1 hi!r & ?i!r1 to all p>ts ( 8 _w1 ei!r on l& or on wat]1 )\t any *ange4 ,if he pref]r$ wat]1 he w\ld nev] ne$ to set foot on l&2 & if he pref]r$ l&1 he w\ld nev] ne$ to ent] a boat4 ,! two are s curi\sly m+l$ toge!r1 n>r[ necks ( l& runn+ side by side ) long1 n>r[ sea-inlets1 t ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans are unkn[n4 ,"s h wond]$ :e!r ! r$di% color ( ! l& may be caus$ by grass & trees be+ r$ in/ead ( gre54 ,v /range if s x 74 ,b 9 t case1 no d\bt ! inhabitants ( ,m>s w\ld f9d gre5 j z try+ to _! eyesight1 z we %\ld f9d r$ try+ to ours4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,jupit]4 ,pass+ at "o leap ov] ! belt ( t9y a/]oids1 ab\t :i* we "k little beyond _! g5]al movem5t1 & ! size & weight ( a few among !m1 we rea* at once ! giant planet ,jupit]3 ,mighty ,jupit]1 hurry+ ev] onw>d1 ) a spe$1 n inde$ equal to t ( ,m]cury or ( our e>?1 yet eighty times z rapid z ! spe$ ( a cannon-ball6 ,?9k ( a huge body1 equal 9 bulk to twelve hundr$ e>?s1 equal 9 weight to ?ree hundr$ e>?s1 ru%+ ceaselessly ?r\gh space1 at ! rate ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s& miles a day6 ,jupit]'s %ape is greatly flatt5$ at ! poles4 ,he sp9s rapidly on 8 axis1 once 9 ne>ly t5 h\rs1 & has !re=e a five h\rs' day & a five h\rs' night4 ,z ! slope ( 8 axis is exce$+ly slight1 he c boa/ little or no *anges ( season4 ,! climate ne> ! poles has nev] mu* ( ! sun's heat4 ,9 fact1 all ! ye> r\nd ! sun mu/ %9e ^u ,jupit] mu* z he %9es on ! e>? at ! equ9oxes4 ,b ! am\nt ( light & heat receiv$ by ,jupit] f ! sun is only ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? "p ( t :i* we receive on e>?2 & ! sun1 z se5 f ,jupit]1 c h b a small1 r\nd surface1 n ev5 "o-qu>t] ! diamet] ( ! sun we see 9 ! sky4 ,:5 look$ at ) magnify+ p[]1 ! bright1 />like ,jupit] gr[s into a broad1 s(tly-%9+ disk or plate1 ) flatt5$ top & bottom1 & five t9y1 bright moons close at h&4 ,sometimes "o moon is on "o side1 & f\r are on ! o!r2 sometimes two are "o side & ?ree on ! o!r2 sometimes "o or m are ei!r hidd5 beh9d ,jupit] or pass+ 9 front ( him4 ,jupit] has also curi\s m>k+s on 8 surface1 visible ?r\gh a telescope4 ,^! m>k+s (t5 und]go *anges2 = ,jupit] is no *ill1 fix$1 dead _w1 su* z ! moon seems to be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,aspect ,,( ,,jupit]--,,satellite ,,& ,,its ,,%ad[4 ,!re are d>k belts & bright belts1 usually runn+ 9 a l9e ) ! equator1 f ea/ to we/4 ,across ! regions ( ! equator lies commonly a b& ( pe>ly :ite1 ) a d>k b& on ei!r side ( 8copp]y1 ruddy1 or ev5 purpli%0 hue4 ,light & d>k belts foll[ "o aft] ano!r1 up to ! nor? pole & d[n to ! s\? pole4 ,:5 we talk ( 8nor? & s\? poles0 9 ! o!r planets1 we m]ely mean ^? poles :i* po9t t[>ds ^? portions ( ! />ry heav5s :i* we h *os5 to call 8nor!rn0 & 8s\!rn40 ,y "k t all ! *ief planets travel r\nd ! sun 9 v ne>ly ! same plane or flat surface t we d ourselves4 ,t plane is call$ ! 8plane ( ! ecliptic40 ,suppose t y _h an enorm\s %eet ( c>dbo>d1 & t 9 ! middle ( ?is c>dbo>d ! sun 7 fix$1 half 8 body be+ above & half bel[4 ,at a little di/ance1 fix$ 9 l mann] 9 ! c>d1 w\ld be ! small body ( ! e>?1 half above & half bel[1 h] axis be+ 9 a slant+ position4 ,! piece ( c>dbo>d repres5ts :at is call$ 9 ! heav5s ! plane ( ! ecliptic--an imag9>y flat surface1 cutt+ exactly ?r\gh ! middle ( ! sun & ( ! e>?4 ,if ! planets all travel$ 9 ! same precise plane1 !y w\ld all be fix$ 9 ! c>dbo>d j l ! e>?1 half ! body ( ea* above & half bel[4 ,z !y d n s travel1 "s w\ld h to be plac$ a little high]1 "s a little l[]1 accord+ to :at "p ( _! orbits !y 7 on4 ,?is suppos$ c>dbo>d 8plane ( ! ecliptic0 w\ld divide ! heav5s into two halves4 ,"o half1 conta9+ ! con/ellations ( ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,little ,be>1 ,cepheus1 ,draco1 & o!rs1 w\ld be call$ ! ,nor!rn ,heav5s4 ,"o end ( ! e>?'s axis1 po9t+ j n[ ne>ly to ! ,pol> ,/>1 we "n ! ,nor? ,pole2 & all poles ( planets po9t+ t[>ds ?is nor!rn half ( ! heav5s1 are 9 l mann] nam$ by u _! nor? poles4 ,) reg>d to we/ & ea/1 lay 9 imag9ation ^u ?is c>dbo>d plane a wat*1 ) its face upw>ds2 rememb]+ t all ! planets & ne>ly all ! moons ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em are said bo? to sp9 on _! axes1 & to travel 9 _! orbits r\nd ! sun1 f we/ to ea/4 ,note h[ ! h&s ( y\r wat* w\ld move 9 su* a position4 ,! 8we/ to ea/0 motions ( planets & moons w\ld be 9 exactly ! opposite direction f :at ! motions ( ! wat*-h&s w\ld be4 ,to return to ,jupit]4 ,x is believ$ t ^! b&s ( color are ow+ to a heavy1 d5se atmosph]e1 load$ ) va/ masses ( cl\dy vapor4 ,by ! 8size0 ( ,jupit]1 we really mean ! size ( ?is outside envelope ( cl\ds4 ,h[ l>ge ! solid body )9 may be1 or :e!r !re is any su* solid body at all1 we d n "k4 ,! extreme lightness ( ,jupit]1 z comp>$ ) 8 great size1 has caus$ /rong d\bts on ?is head4 ,! :ite belts are suppos$ to be ! out] side ( cl\d-masses %9+ 9 ! sunlight4 ,travel]s 9 ! ,alps h se5 su* cl\d-masses1 spread+ ov] ! :ole c\ntry b5ea? _! feet1 :ite z driv5 sn[1 & %9+ 9 ! sunbeams :i* !y 7 hid+ f villages bel[2 or look+ l s(t masses ( cotton-wool1 f :i* ! m\nta9-peaks rose %>ply "h & !re4 ,! d>k spaces betwe5 seem to be rifts or breaks 9 ! cl\ds4 ,:e!r1 :5 we look at ^? d>k spaces1 we are look+ at ! body ( ,jupit]1 or only at l[] lay]s ( cl\ds1 is n kn[n4 ,b sometimes black] spots %[ ^u ! d>k cl\d-belts1 & ?is seems r z if !y 7 only l[] lay]s ( cl\ds1 ! black spots giv+ u peeps d[n into /ill l[] & deep] lay]s1 or else p]haps to ! planet itself4 ,^! appe>ances rem9d "o /rongly ( ! sun-spots1 ea* ) its p5umbra1 umbra1 & nucleus4 ,occasionally bright :ite spots %[1 in/ead ( d>k ones4 ,x is ?\ght t !y may be caus$ by a viol5t upw>d ru% ( d5se cl\ds ( :ite vapor4 ,! :ite spots aga9 recall ! sun & 8 facul4 ,jupit]'s b&s are n fix$4 ,great *anges g on con/antly among !m4 ,sometimes a :ite b& w turn d>k-color$1 or a d>k b& w turn :ite4 ,sometimes few & sometimes _m belts are to be se54 ,sometimes a d>k belt w lie slant+ across ! o!rs1 ne>ly f nor? to s\?4 ,once1 9 a s+le h\r1 an entirely new belt 0 se5 to come into %ape4 ,ano!r "t1 two :ole belts vani%$ 9 "o day4 ,! b&s1 9 :i* su* rapid movem5ts are se51 are (t5 ?\s&s ( miles 9 bread?4 ,sometimes ^! wide zones ( cl\ds w rema9 = weeks ! same4 ,at ano!r "t a break or rift 9 !m w be se5 to j\rney swiftly ov] ! surface ( ! planet4 ,! w9ds on e>? are (t5 de/ructive4 ,a hurricane1 mov+ at ! rate ( n9ety miles an h\r1 w c>ry away :ole build+s & level entire plantations4 ,su* hurricanes r>ely1 if ev]1 la/ m ?an a few h\rs4 ,b w9ds 9 ,jupit]1 judg+ f ! movem5ts ( ! cl\ds1 (t5 travel at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & fifty miles an h\r2 & t1 n = h\rs only1 b = _m weeks toge!r4 ,:at mann] ( liv+ be+s c\ld /& su* wea!r may well be que/ion$4 ,ano!r difficulty :i* arises is z to ! cause ( ^! trem5d\s di/urbances on ,jupit]4 ,our e>?ly /orms are br\ght ab\t by ! heat ( ! sun act+ on our atmosph]e4 ,b ! sun-heat :i* rea*es ,jupit] seems v f> f en\gh to raise su* va/ cl\ds ( vapor1 & to br+ ab\t su* prolong$ & trem5d\s hurricanes ( w9d4 ,:at if !re is ano!r cause8 ,:at if ,jupit] is n a cool$ body l our e>?1 b a liquid1 see?+1 bubbl+ mass ( fi]y heat--j z we believe our e>? 0 once ^u a "t1 9 long pa/ ages1 be=e h] outside cru/ became cold en\gh = m5 & animals to live !reon8 ,!n1 inde$1 we c\ld und]/& h[1 in/ead ( oceans ly+ on 8 surface1 all ! wat] ( ,jupit] w\ld be driv5 al(t to hang 9 masses ( /eam or be cond5s$ into va/ cl\d-lay]s4 ,!n we c\ld und]/& :y a p]petual /ir ( ru%+ w9ds %\ld di/urb ! planet's atmosph]e4 ,9 t case w\ld ,jupit] be a planet at all8 ,c]ta9ly--9 ! s5se ( obey+ ! sun's control4 ,our e>? 0 once1 we believe1 a globe ( melt$ matt]1 gl[+ ) heat--& f>!r back /ill1 possibly1 a globe ( gas4 ,"s p are v positive ab\t ^! pa/ *anges2 b x is wise n to be ov]-positive :]e we c n "k to a c]ta9ty :at has tak5 place4 ,h[ev]1 ,jupit] may h cool$ d[n only to ! liquid /ate1 & if he goes on cool+ he may1 by & by1 ga9 a solid cru/ l ! e>?4 ,?is idea ab\t ,jupit]'s hot & molt5 /ate belongs q to late ye>s4 ,c]ta9 o!r matt]s seem to be> x out1 ?\gh ( actual pro( we h none4 ,x is ?\ght1 = in/ance1 t ! dull1 copp]y r$ light1 %[+ (t5 9 ! d>k b&s1 may be a r$ gl[ f ! heat$ body )94 ,also x has be5 calculat$ t ,jupit] gives out mu* m light ?an our e>? w\ld d1 if increas$ to 8 size & mov$ to 8 place--m1 9 fact1 ?an we c\ld reasonably expect him to give out4 ,if s1 :5ce does he obta9 ! extra brightness8 ,if he does n %9e by reflect$ light alone1 he probably %9es also 9 "s additional degree by 8 own light4 ,b :at ab\t ,jupit] be+ inhabit$8 ,w\ld x 9 su* a case be q impossible8 8,impossible0 is n a ^w = u to use ab\t matt]s :]e we are ignorant4 ,we c only say t x is impossible = u to imag9e any k9d ( liv+ creatures f9d+ a home !re1 if our pres5t notions ab\t ! pres5t /ate ( ,jupit] are correct4 ,!n is ! *ief planet ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em a huge1 useless monum5t ( ,god's p[] to create8 ,n s fa/4 ,ev5 z m]ely su* a monum5t1 he c\ld n be useless4 ,& ev5 if he 7 put to no pres5t use at all1 x might be m]ely because ?is is a "t ( prep>ation = ! future4 ,god has 8 times ( long & sl[ prep>ation1 alike ) worlds1 ) nations1 & ) individuals4 ,b n[ z to ! five moons circl+ r\nd ,jupit]4 ,!re us$ to be "s v pretty ideas afloat ab\t ! wond]ful beauty ( ! moons1 z se5 f ,jupit]1 _! unit$ brilliancy s f> surpass+ ! %9+ ( our "o poor satellite1 & mak+ up = ! dim light ( ,jupit]'s sun4 ,a c]ta9 little difficulty 0 n q en\gh consid]$4 ,if anybody 7 liv+ on ! surface ( ,jupit]1 he w\ld h1 "o is incl9$ to ?9k1 small *ance ( (t5 see+ ! moons ?r\gh ! cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,satellites ,,( ,,jupit] ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,moon4 ,! ne>e/ ( ! f\r l>g] moons to ,jupit] w\ld1 x is true1 appe>--:5 visible at all--r bigg] ?an ours does to u2 :ile ! two next w\ld be almo/ half z l>ge1 & ! f>!/ ab\t a qu>t] z l>ge--suppos+ inhabitants ( ,jupit] to h our p[]s ( vision4 ,all tak5 toge!r !y w\ld cov] a consid]ably l>g] space 9 ! sky ?an does our moon4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,jupit]'s moons1 l ours1 %9e m]ely by reflect$ sunlight4 ,& s dim is ! sun%9e at t di/ance comp>$ ) :at x is at our di/ance1 t all ! five moons toge!r1 ev5 if full at ! same "t1 c\ld only give ab\t "o-sixte5? "p ( ! light :i* we obta9 f our "o full moon4 ,besides1 !y nev] are full toge!r1 se5 f any "o "p ( ,jupit]4 ,! f\r inn] moons are nev] to be se5 8full0 at all2 = j :5 !y might be s1 !y are eclips$ or %ad$ by ,jupit]'s %ad[4 ,! f\r? sometimes escapes ?is eclipse1 f be+ s mu* f>!r away4 ,a ?\ght has be5 lately put =w>d1 :i* may or may n h tru? 9 x4 ,:at if--in/ead ( ,jupit] be+ a _w1 inhabit$ by animals & p1 z is (t5 suppos$1 ) a small di/ant sun & five dim moons to give !m light--:at if ,jupit] is himself 9 "s sort a second sun to 8 moons1 & :at if ^? 8moons0 are really inhabit$ planets8 ,x may be s4 ,t is all we c say4 ,! idea is n an impossible "o4 ,! s-call$ 8moons0 are c]ta9ly small4 ,b !y are by no means too small = su* a purpose4 ,jupit] w\ld 9 t case1 ) 8 five moons circl+ r\nd him1 enjoy+ 8 light & w>m?1 be a small picture ( ! sun1 ) 8 f\r inn] planets & ! a/]oids circl+ r\nd him1 bask+ 9 a m lavi% am\nt ( ! same4 ,pictur+ ! moons z giv+ light to ,jupit]1 we f9d !m seem+ly dim & weak = su* a purpose--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 we may "h make a gr& mi/ake 9 suppos+ ! eyesight ( liv+ creatures 9 ,jupit] to be no bett] ?an our own eyesight4 ,ev5 ^u e>? a cat c see pla9ly :]e a man has to grope 8 way 9 d>kness4 ,b by pictur+ ! moons z inhabit$1 & ,jupit] z giv+ out "s measure ( heat & light to make up = ! less5$ am\nt ( light & heat receiv$ f ! sun1 ! matt] becomes m easy to our und]/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,jupit]4 ,! ne>e/ moon has inde$ a magnific5t view ( ,jupit] z a huge bright disk 9 its sky1 no less ?an ?ree ?\s& times z l>ge z our moon appe>s to u1 %9+ brightly ) reflect$ sunlight1 & x may be gl[+ ) a r$ light ( 8 own 9 addition4 ,ev5 ! f>!/ (f ( ! five sees him ) a face sixty-five times ! size ( our moon4 ,& ! v>y+ colors & /ormy *anges 9 ! cl\d-belts1 view$ ?us ne> at h&1 mu/ af=d m>vel\sly beautiful effects4 ,j z ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,e>?1 & ,m>s travel r\nd ! sun1 at diff]5t di/ances1 ne>ly 9 ! same plane1 s ,jupit]'s five moons travel r\nd him1 at diff]5t di/ances1 ne>ly 9 ! same plane4 ,jupit]'s moons are always to be se5 9 a l9e1 n "o high & ano!r l[1 "o ne> 8 pole & ano!r ne> 8 equator4 ,! moon ne>e/ to ,jupit]1 discov]$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahib1 by ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 n[ ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory ( ! ,*icago ,univ]sity1 has a probable diamet] ( "o hundr$ miles1 & revolves r\nd its prim>y 9 ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,! second satellite1 nam$ ,io1 is said to be ov] two ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 travels r\nd ,jupit] 9 less ?an two ( our days1 & is eclips$ by ,jupit]'s %ad[ once 9 e =ty-two h\rs4 ,! ?ird moon1 ,europa1 is r small]1 takes ov] ?ree days to its j\rney1 & suff]s eclipse once 9 e eighty-five h\rs4 ,! f\r? moon1 ,ganym$e1 is believ$ to be consid]ably l>g] ?an ,m]cury1 j\rneys r\nd ,jupit] once a week1 & is eclips$ once e hundr$ & sev5ty-"o h\rs4 ,! fif? moon1 ,calli/o1 is also said to be slightly l>g] ?an ,m]cury1 p]=ms its j\rney 9 some?+ m ?an sixte5 days1 & f its great] di/ance suff]s eclipse less (t5 ?an ! o!r f\r4 ,! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ is m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& miles f ,jupit]2 t ( ! f>!/1 m ?an "o million miles4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts m m9utely ! results ( ! late/ discov]ies conc]n+ ^! satellites3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,di/ance ,,f ,,p]iod ,,( ,,satellites4 ,,c5t] ,,( ,,diamet]4 ,,revolution4 ,,jupit]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,d4 ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 #a4 ,b>n>d's ,satellite1 #aab1ejj miles4 #ajj miles4 #aa #eg #bc #b4 ,io1 #bff1jjj 0 #b1cef 0 #a #ah #bg #cc #c4 ,europa1 #dbd1jjj 0 #b1jdf 0 #c #ac #ac #db #d4 ,ganym$e1 #fgf1jjj 0 #c1eif 0 #g #c #db #cc #e4 ,calli/o1 #a1ahi1jjj 0 #b1gbh 0 #af #ae #cb #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! fact ( ^! eclipses1 & ( ! %ad[ ?r[n by ,jupit]'s body1 %[s pla9ly t ?\gh he may give out "s measure ( light1 z has be5 sugge/$1 yet t light c n be /rong1 or x w\ld prev5t any %ad[ f be+ ?r[n by ! sunlight4 ,also1 ! d5se masses ( cl\d ar\nd him1 ?\gh reflect+ sunlight brightly1 w\ld %ut 9 mu* ( 8 own light4 ,possibly x is *iefly z heat-giv] & z sunlight-reflector t ,jupit] s]ves 8 five satellites4 ,z ) our own moon1 s ) ,jupit]'s moons1 ! real c5t] ( _! orbit is ! sun1 & n ,jupit]4 ,!y accompany ,jupit] 9 8 j\rney1 controll$ by ! sun1 & imm5sely influ5c$ by ,jupit]4 ,at night ! spectacle ( ! sky se5 f ,jupit] is1 ) ref]5ce to ! con/ellations1 ! same z t :i* we see f ! e>?4 ,!re1 z "h1 %9e ,orion1 ! ,great ,be>1 ,pegasus1 ,&rom$a1 ,gem9i1 & all ! o!r con/ellations1 z well z ! diamonds ( our sky3 ,sirius1 ,vega1 ,capella1 ,procyon1 ,rigel1 & _! rivals4 ,! #cij1jjj1jjj ( miles :i* sep>ate u f ,jupit] 9 no way alt] ! cele/ial p]spectives4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s "* ( ?is sky is unque/ionably ! spectacle ( ! five moons1 ea* ( :i* %[s a diff]5t motion4 ,! second moves 9 ! firmam5t ) an enorm\s velocity1 & ,b>n>d's satellite /ill fa/]1 & produce almo/ e day total eclipses ( ! sun 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,! f\r inn] moons are eclips$ at ea* revolution1 j at ! h\rs :5 !y are at _! 8full40 ,! fif? alone atta9s ! full phase4 ,contr>y to ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 ^! bodies d n give to ,jupit] all ! light :i* is suppos$4 ,we might ?9k1 9 fact1 z has be5 s (t5 /at$1 t ^! five moons illum9ate ! nights five times bett] relatively ?an our s+le moon does 9 ?is respect1 & t !y supplem5t 9 "s measure ! feebl5ess ( ! light receiv$ f ! sun4 ,?is result w\ld be1 assur$ly1 v agreeable1 b nature has n s arrang$ x4 ,! five satellites cov]1 x is true1 an area ( ! sky great] ?an our moon1 b !y reflect ! light ( a sun tw5ty-sev5 times small] ?an ours2 inde$1 ! total light reflect$ is only equal to a sixte5? ( t ( our full moon1 ev5 suppos+ ! soil ( ^! satellites to be z :ite z x appe>s to be1 especially ! fif? satellite4 ,jupit] appe>s to be a _w /ill 9 process ( =mation1 :i* lately--"s ?\s&s ( c5turies ago--s]v$ z a sun to 8 own sy/em ( five or p]haps m worlds4 ,if ! c5tral body is n at pres5t inhabit$1 8 satellites may be4 ,9 ?is case1 ! magnific5ce ( ! spectacle pres5t$ by ,jupit] himself to ! inhabitants ( ! satellites is wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,se5 f ,b>n>d's satellite1 ,jupit]'s disk has a diamet] ( #dg1 or m ?an half ! di/ance f ! horizon to ! z5i?4 ,se5 f ! second satellite1 ! ,jovian globe pres5ts an imm5se disk ( tw5ty degrees 9 diamet]1 or #a1djj times l>g] ?an ! full moon6 ,:at a body6 ,:at a picture1 ) its belts1 its cl\d motions1 & its gl[+ coloration1 se5 f s ne>6 ,:at a nocturnal sun6--/ill w>m1 p]haps4 ,add to ?is ! aspect ( ! satellites !mselves se5 f ea* o!r1 & y h a spectacle ( :i* no t]re/rial night c give an idea4 ,su* is ! _w ( ,jupit] f ! d\ble po9t ( view ( its vital organization & ( ! spectacle ( ext]nal nature1 se5 f ?is imm5se obs]vatory4 ,! attraction ( ! planets has always play$ an important "p 9 ! motion ( comets & ! =m ( _! orbits4 ,! enorm\s size ( ,jupit] gives x m influ5ce ?an any o!r planet1 & we are n surpris$ t x %\ld h s]i\sly int]f]$ ) "s ( ! comets t belong to ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,we h already se5 t ,biela's comet 0 captur$ by ,jupit]1 & t x 0 probably dissolv$ into meteoric du/4 ,we %[ 9 ! cut ! orbits ( eight o!rs t circle ar\nd ! sun1 b retreat no f>!r away ?an ,jupit]4 ,^! are ! orbits z n[ det]m9$1 b !y v>y f age to age on acc\nt ( di/urbances ( o!r planets4 ,b x is n likely t ! comets !mselves w ev] escape f ! control ( ,jupit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orbits ,,( ,,n9e ,,comets ,,captur$ ,,by ,,jupit]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,saturn4 ,! sy/em ( ,jupit] is a simple sy/em comp>$ ) t ( ,saturn1 next 9 ord]4 ,= :]eas ,jupit] has only five moons1 ,saturn has eight1 &1 9 addition to ^!1 he has ?ree wond]ful r+s4 ,nei!r r+s nor moons c be se5 )\t a telescope1 on acc\nt ( ,saturn's great di/ance f u--m ?an ?ree ?\s& times ! di/ance ( ! moon1 or upw>ds ( eight hundr$ millions ( miles4 ,saturn's mean di/ance f ! sun is eight hundr$ & sev5ty-six million sev5 hundr$ & sixty-sev5 ?\s& miles4 ,saturn does n equal 8 mighty bro!r ,jupit] 9 size1 ?\gh he comes ne> en\gh 9 ?is respect to be call$ (t5 8 8tw90--j z t small pair ( worlds1 ,v5us & ,e>?1 are call$ 8tw9s40 ,:ile ,jupit] is equal 9 size to ov] "o ?\s& two hundr$ e>?s1 ,saturn is equal to ab\t sev5 hundr$ e>?s4 ,& :ile ,jupit] is equal 9 weight to ?ree hundr$ e>?s1 ,saturn is only equal 9 weight to n9ety e>?s4 ,he appe>s to be made ( v light mat]ials--n m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s z d5se z wat]4 ,?is w\ld %[ ! pres5t /ate ( ,saturn to be v diff]5t f ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?4 ,we are "u ! same unc]ta9ty 9 speak+ ( ,saturn z 9 speak+ ( ,jupit]4 ,l ,jupit]1 ,saturn is cov]$ ) d5se masses ( v>y+ cl\ds1 occasionally op5+ & all[+ ! a/ronom] peeps into l[] cl\d-levels2 b r>ely or nev] p]mitt+ ! actual body ( ! planet to be se54 ,! same p]plexities also come 9 "h1 to be answ]$ mu* 9 ! same mann]4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly expect t 9 a va/ globe l ,saturn ! /rong =ce ( attraction w\ld b9d ! :ole into a d5se solid mass2 in/ead ( :i*1 ,saturn is ab\t ! lea/ solid ( all ! planets4 ,he seems to be made up ( a light1 wat]y sub/ance1 surr\nd$ by vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn ,,& ,,! ,,e>?--,,comp>ative ,,size4 ,"o explanation c be (f]$4 ,:at if ! globe ( ,saturn be /ill 9 a r$-hot1 molt5 /ate1 keep+ su* wat] z w\ld o!rwise lie 9 oceans on 8 surface1 float+ al(t 9 masses ( /eam1 ! out] p>ts ( :i* cond5se into cl\ds8 ,no "o supposes t ,jupit] & ,saturn are 9 ! same condition ( fi]ce & tempe/u\s heat z ! sun4 ,!y may h be5 s once1 b !y mu/ n[ h cool$ d[n v _m /ages f t condition4 ,?\gh no long]1 h[ev]1 a mass ( f>-rea*+ flames & fi]y cyclones1 ! body ( ea* may h only s f> cool$ z to h rea*$ a /age ( gl[+ molt5 r$-heat1 keep+ all wat] 9 ! =m ( vapor1 & s5d+ up /rong ru%es ( burn+ air to cause ! hurricanes :i* sweep to & fro ! va/ cl\d-masses ov]head4 ,& if ?is be ! case1 !n1 ) ,saturn z ) ,jupit]1 comes ! "q1 ,c ,saturn be inhabit$8 ,& if--?\gh we may n say x is impossible1 yet we feel x to be utt]ly unlikely--!n aga9 foll[s ! "q1 ,:at if ,saturn's moons are inhabit$8 ,telescopic obs]vations tempt u to believe t !re is on ?is planet a quantity ( heat great] ?an t :i* results f its di/ance f ! sun2 = ! day-/> z se5 f ,saturn is1 z we h said1 n9ety times small] 9 surface1 & its heat & light are r$uc$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,wat] c\ld only exi/ 9 ! solid /ate ( ice1 & ! vapor ( wat] c\ld n be produc$ s z to =m cl\ds simil> to ours4 ,n[1 meteorological v>iations are obs]v$ simil> to ^? :i* we h notic$ on ,jupit]1 b less int5se4 ,facts1 !n1 comb9e ) !ory to %[ u t ! _w ( ,saturn is at a temp]ature at lea/ z high z ours1 if n high]4 ,b ! /range/ feature ( ! ,saturnian cal5d> is1 unque/ionably1 its be+ complicat$1 n only ) ! fabul\s numb] ( #be1jfj days 9 a ye>1 b1 fur!r1 ) eight diff]5t k9ds ( mon?s1 ( :i* ! l5g? v>ies f #bb h\rs to #gi days--t is to say1 f ab\t two ,saturnian days to #afg4 ,x is z if we _h "h eight moons revolv+ 9 eight diff]5t p]iods4 ,! inhabitants ( su* a _w mu/ assur$ly diff] /rangely f u f all po9ts ( view4 ,! specific lightness ( ! ,saturnian sub/ances & ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e w h conduct$ ! vital organization 9 an extra-t]re/rial direction1 & ! manife/ations ( life w be produc$ & develop$ "u unimag9able =ms4 ,to suppose t !re is no?+ fix$1 t ! planet itself is b a skeleton1 t ! surface is liquid1 t ! liv+ be+s are gelat9\s--9 a ^w1 t all is un/able--w\ld be to surpass ! limits ( sci5tific induction4 ,! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ moon is ab\t half ! diamet] ( ! e>?1 or mu* l>g] ?an ,m]cury4 ,! f\r inn] satellites are all ne>] to ,saturn ?an our moon to u1 ?\gh ! mo/ di/ant ( ! eight is t5 times z f> away4 ,! inn] moon takes less ?an tw5ty-?ree h\rs to travel r\nd ,saturn1 & ! out] "o ov] sev5ty-n9e days4 ,a great _m *>m+ descriptions h be5 work$ up1 ) ,saturn z ) ,jupit]1 respect+ ! magnific5t appe>ance ( ! eight radiant moons1 jo9$ to ! glori\s %9+ ( ! r+s1 z q mak+ up = ! dim9i%$ light & heat ( ! sun4 ,b "h aga9 comes 9 ! d\bt1 :e!r really x is ! moons :o make up to ,saturn = lack ( light1 or :e!r x is ,saturn :o makes up to ! moons = lack ( light4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,saturn's cl\dy cov]+ w\ld a little int]f]e ) obs]vations ( ! moons by any inhabitants ( ! solid body )9--suppos+ !re be any solid body at all4 ,& ?\gh x s\nds v wond]ful to h eight moons in/ead ( "o moon1 yet all ! eight toge!r give ,saturn only a v small "p ( ! light :i* we receive f our "o full moon--s mu* m dimly does ! sun light !m up at t enorm\s di/ance4 ,! same ?+ has be5 notic$ ) ,saturn z ) ,jupit]--t he seems to %9e m brightly ?an is to be expect$ 9 8 position1 f m]e reflection ( ! sun's rays4 ,a gl[+ body )91 s5d+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( add$ light ?r\gh or betwe5 ! masses ( cl\ds1 w\ld expla9 away ?is difficulty4 ,"o m possible pro( ( ,saturn's half-liquid /ate is to be f\nd 9 8 occasional v odd *anges ( %ape4 ,a/ronom]s h be5 />tl$ by a peculi> bulg+ out on "o side1 tak+ (f f 8 r\ndness1 & giv+ a squ>e-%\ld]$ aspect4 ,we may n say x is q impossible t a solid globe %\ld und]go su* trem5d\s upheavals & outbur/s z to raise a great portion ( its surface five or six hundr$ miles above ! usual level--! *ange be+ visible at a di/ance ( eight hundr$ millions ( miles4 ,b x w\ld be easi] to und]/& ! possibility ( su* an ev5t1 9 ! case ( a liquid1 see?+ mass1 ?an 9 ! case ( a solid ball4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is alt]ation ( outl9e may be caus$ simply by a great upheaval n ( ! planet's surface1 b ( ! ov]hang+ lay]s ( cl\ds4 ,"s su* *anges1 only mu* slight]1 h be5 rem>k$ 9 ,jupit]4 ,& n[ z to ! r+s4 ,no?+ l !m is to be se5 else:]e 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,!y are believ$ to be ?ree 9 numb]2 ?\gh "s w\ld divide !m into m ?an ?ree4 ,pass+ completely r\nd ! :ole body ( ,saturn1 !y rise1 "o beyond ano!r1 to a height ( _m ?\s&s ( miles4 ,! inn] edge ( ! inn] r+--an edge p]haps "o hundr$ miles 9 ?ickness--is m ?an t5 ?\s& miles f ! surface ( ,saturn or m /rictly speak+1 f ! out] surface ( ,saturn's cl\dy envelope4 ,a man /&+ exactly on ! equator & look+ up1 ev5 if no cl\ds came betwe51 w\ld sc>cely be able to see su* a sl5d] d>k l9e at su* a height4 ,?is d>k1 transp>5t r+1 describ$ sometimes z dusky1 sometimes z ri*ly purple1 rises upw>ds to a height or bread? ( n9e ?\s& miles4 ,closely foll[+ x is a r+ m brilliant ?an ,saturn himself1 ov] eighte5 ?\s& miles 9 bread?4 ,:5 a/ronom]s talk ( ! 8bread?0 ( ^! r+s1 x mu/ be und]/ood t !y mean ! wid? ( ! b& measur$ upw>ds1 9 a direction away f ! planet4 ,beyond ! broad1 bright r+ is a gap ( ab\t "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ miles4 ,!n foll[s ! ?ird r+1 t5 ?\s& miles 9 bread?2 its out]mo/ edge be+ at a height ( m ?an =ty-eight ?\s& miles f ,saturn4 ,! color ( ! ?ird r+ is grayi%1 mu* l ! gray m>k+s (t5 se5 on ,saturn4 ,:at w\ld n be our admiration1 our a/oni%m5t1 our /upor p]haps1 if x 7 grant$ u to be transport$ !re alive1 &1 among all ^! extra-t]re/rial spectacles1 to contemplate ! /range aspect ( ! r+s1 :i* /ret* across ! sky l a bridge susp5d$ 9 ! heights ( ! firmam5t6 ,suppose we liv$ on ! ,saturnian equator itself1 ^! r+s w\ld appe> to u z a ?9 l9e drawn across ! sky above our heads1 & pass+ exactly ?r\gh ! z5i?1 ris+ f ! ea/ & increas+ 9 wid?1 !n desc5d+ to ! we/ & dim9i%+ accord+ to p]spective4 ,only !re h we ! r+s precisely 9 ! z5i?4 ,! travel] :o j\rneys f ! equator t[>ds ei!r pole leaves ! plane ( ! r+s1 & ^! s9k imp]ceptibly1 at ! same "t t ! two extremities cease to appe> diametrically opposite1 & by degrees approa* ea* o!r4 ,:at an amaz+ effect w\ld be produc$ by ?is gigantic ar*1 :i* spr+s f ! horizon & spans ! sky6 ,! cele/ial ar* dim9i%es 9 height z we approa* ! pole4 ,:5 we rea* ! sixty-?ird degree ( latitude ! summit ( ! ar* has desc5d$ to ! level ( our horizon & ! m>vel\s sy/em disappe>s f ! sky2 s t ! inhabitants ( ^? regions "k no?+ ( x1 & f9d !mselves 9 a less favorable position to /udy _! own _w ?an we1 :o are ne>ly #hjj1jjj1jjj miles di/ant4 ,dur+ "o-half ( ! ,saturnian ye> ! r+s af=d an admirable moonlight on "o hemisph]e ( ! planet1 & dur+ ! o!r half !y illum9ate ! o!r hemisph]e2 b !re is always a half-ye> )\t 8r+light10 s9ce ! sun illum9ates b "o face at a "t4 ,not)/&+ _! volume & numb]1 ! satellites d n give z mu* nocturnal light z might be suppos$2 = !y receive1 on an equal surface1 only ! n9etie? "p ( ! sol> light :i* our moon receives4 ,all ! ,saturnian satellites :i* c be at ! same "t above ! horizon & z ne> z possible to ! full phase d n af=d m ?an ! hundr$? "p ( our lun> light4 ,b ! result may be ne>ly ! same1 = ! optic n]ve ( ! ,saturnians may be n9ety times m s5sitive ?an ours4 ,b !re are fur!r /range features 9 ?is sy/em4 ,! r+s are s wide t _! %ad[ ext5ds ov] ! great] "p ( ! mean latitudes4 ,dur+ fifte5 ye>s ! sun is to ! s\? ( ! r+s1 & = fifte5 ye>s x is to ! nor?4 ,! c\ntries ( ,saturn's _w :i* h ! latitude ( ,p>is endure ?is %ad[ = m ?an five ye>s4 ,at ! equator ! eclipse is %ort]1 & is only r5ew$ e fifte5 ye>s2 b !re are e night1 s to say1 eclipses ( ! ,saturnian moons by ! r+s & by !mselves4 ,9 ! circumpol> regions ! day-/> is nev] eclips$ by ! r+s2 b ! satellites revolve 9 a spiral1 describ+ fanta/ic r\nds1 & ! sun himself disappe>s at ! pole dur+ a long night ( fifte5 ye>s4 ,at "o "t x 0 suppos$ t ! r+s 7 solid1 b !y are n[ believ$ to consi/ ( c\ntless myriads ( meteorites1 ea* :irl+ 9 its own appo9t$ pa?way r\nd ! mon/] planet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ideal ,,view ,,( ,,saturn',s ,,r+s ,,& ,,satellites ,,f ,,! ,,planet4 ,z already said--leav+ out ( ! "q ! cl\dy atmosph]e--a man /&+ on ! equator w\ld see no?+ ( ! r+s4 ,a man /&+ at ! nor? pole or ! s\? pole ( ,saturn c\ld see no?+ ei!r1 s9ce ! r+s w\ld all lie bel[ 8 horizon4 ,b if he travel$ s\?w>d f ! nor? pole1 or nor?w>d f ! s\? pole1 t[>ds ! equator1 he w\ld 9 "t see ! r+$ ar* appe>+ above ! horizon1 ris+ high] & gr[+ wid] ) e mile ( 8 j\rney2 & :5 he 0 9 a position to view ! :ole broad expanse1 ! transp>5t half-d>k belt bel[1 ! wide radiant b& ris+ upw>ds ov] t1 & ! grayi% bord] surm\nt+ all1 he w\ld truly h a magnific5t spectacle be=e him4 ,?is magnific5t spectacle is1 h[ev]1 by no means always visible1 ev5 f ^? p>ts ( ,saturn :]e alone x ev] c be se54 ,! r+s %9e m]ely by reflect$ sunlight4 ,necess>ily1 !re=e1 :ile ! sunbeams make "o side bright ! o!r side is d>k2 & n only ?is1 b ! r+s ?r[ broad & heavy %ad[s ^u ,saturn 9 ! direction away f ! sunlight4 ,9 ! daytime !y probably give out a fa9t %9+1 some?+ l our own moon :5 se5 9 sunlight4 ,dur+ ! summ] nights !y %9e1 no d\bt1 v beautifully4 ,dur+ ! w9t] nights x s happ5s t _! bright side is turn$ away2 & n only t1 b dur+ ! w9t] days ! r+s1 :ile giv+ no light !mselves to ! w9try hemisph]e ( ,saturn1 completely hide ! sun4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ,saturn's w9t]--t is1 ! w9t] ( ea* hemisph]e 9 turn--la/s dur+ fifte5 ( our ye>s2 & :5 we he> ( total eclipses ( ! sun la/+ unbrok5 ?r\gh eight ye>s ( su* a w9t]1 ) n ev5 bright r+s to make up = 8 abs5ce1 we c n ?9k ( ,saturn z a tempt+ resid5ce4 ,! sun gives ,saturn at 8 be/ only ab\t "o-n9etie? ( ! heat & light t he gives to our e>?2 b to be depriv$ ( ev5 t little = eight ye>s at a "t1 does inde$ s\nd some:at melan*oly4 ,look+ n[ at ! o!r side ( ! "q1 ! possible inhabitants ( ! moons1 especially ^? ne> at h&1 w\ld h spl5did views ( ,saturn & 8 r+s 9 all _! v>y+ phases4 ,= ,saturn is a beautiful globe1 wrapp$ 9 8 *angeful envelope ( cl\ds1 :i*1 se5 ?r\gh a telescope1 are lit up (t5 ) ra9b[ t9ts ( blue & gold2 a creamy :ite belt ly+ usually on ! equator2 :ile ar\nd ext5d ! purple & %9+ & gray r+s1 sometimes rival+ 9 bright colors ,saturn himself4 ,we are compell$ to assume t ! cont9u\s appe>ance ( ! r+s is n due to real cont9uity ( sub/ance1 b t !y are compos$ ( flights ( disconnect$ satellites1 s small & s closely pack$ t1 at ! imm5se di/ance to :i* ,saturn is remov$1 !y appe> to =m a cont9u\s mass4 ,!re are analog\s in/ances 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,9 ! zone ( a/]oids we h an und\bt$ in/ance ( a flight ( disconnect$ bodies travel+ 9 a r+ ab\t a c5tral attract+ mass4 ,! exi/5ce ( zones ( meteorites travel+ ar\nd ! sun has long be5 accept$ z ! only probable explanation ( ! p]iodic returns ( meteoric %[]s4 ,aga91 ! s+ul> ph5om5on call$ ! ,zodiacal ,light is1 9 all probability1 caus$ by a r+ ( m9ute cosmical bodies surr\nd+ ! sun4 ,9 ! ,milky ,way & 9 ! r+-nebul we h o!r illu/rations ( simil> arrangem5ts 9 nature1 belong+1 h[ev]1 to ord]s immeasurably va/] ?an any )9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! moons ( ,saturn d n1 l ^? ( ,jupit]1 travel 9 "o plane4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,uranus ,,& ,,neptune4 ,till ! ye> #agha1 ,saturn 0 believ$ to be ! out]mo/ planet ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & nobody suspect$ ! fact ( two great1 lonely bro!r-planets w&]+ ar\nd ! same sun at va/ di/ances beyond1--,uranus1 n9e hundr$ millions ( miles f ,saturn2 ,neptune1 n9e hundr$ millions ( miles f ,uranus4 ,no wond] !y rema9$ long undiscov]$4 ,uranus c sometimes be se5 by ! unaid$ eye z a dim /> ( ! six? magnitude4 ,& :5 he 0 kn[n = a planet1 x 0 f\nd t he _h be5 (t5 s se5 & not$4 ,aga9 & aga9 he _h be5 tak5 = a fix$ />1 & z he mov$ on1 disappe>+ f t p>ticul> spot1 x 0 suppos$ t ! /> _h vani%$4 ,"o night1 ,m>* #ac1 #agha1 :5 ,william ,h]s*el 0 busily explor+ ! heav5s ) a p[]ful telescope1 he notic$ some?+ :i* he took = a comet )\t a tail4 ,he saw x 0 no m]e po9t ( light l ! />s1 b _h a t9y r\nd disk or face1 :i* c\ld be magnifi$4 ,s he wat*$ x c>efully1 & f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( a few nights t x mov$--v sl[ly1 c]ta9ly2 b /ill x did move4 ,fur!r wat*+ & calculation made x cle> t1 ?\gh ! newly-f\nd heav5ly body 0 at a v great di/ance f ! sun1 yet x 0 mov+ sl[ly 9 an orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,!n x 0 kn[n to be a planet1 & ano!r memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,f t day ! reputation ( ,h]s*el rapidly increas$4 ,k+ ,george ,,iii1 :o lov$ ! sci5ces & patroniz$ !m1 _h ! a/ronom] pres5t$ to him2 *>m$ ) ! simple & mode/ acc\nt ( 8 ef=ts & 8 labors1 he secur$ him a life p5sion & a resid5ce at ,sl\gh1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,8 si/] ,c>ol9e assi/$ him z secret>y1 copi$ all 8 obs]vations1 & made all 8 calculations2 ! k+ gave him ! title & sal>y ( assi/ant a/ronom]4 ,be=e long ! obs]vatory at ,sl\gh surpass$ 9 celebrity ! pr9cipal obs]vatories ( ,europe2 we may say t1 9 ! :ole _w1 ?is is ! place :]e ! mo/ discov]ies h be5 made4 ,a/ronom]s soon appli$ !mselves to ! obs]vation ( ! new body4 ,!y suppos$ t ?is 8comet0 w\ld describe1 z usually happ5s1 a v elongat$ ellipse1 & t x w\ld approa* consid]ably to ! sun at its p]ihelion4 ,b all ! calculations made on ?is supposition _h to be con/antly recomm5c$4 ,!y c\ld nev] succe$ 9 repres5t+ all its positions1 al?\gh ! /> mov$ v sl[ly3 ! obs]vations ( "o mon? w\ld utt]ly upset ! calculations ( ! prec$+ mon?4 ,sev]al mon?s elaps$ )\t a suspicion t a v]itable planet 0 "u obs]vation1 & x 0 n till aft] recogniz+ t all ! imag9>y orbits = ! suppos$ comet 7 contradict$ by ! obs]vations1 & t x _h probably a circul> orbit mu* f>!r f ! sun ?an ,saturn1 till !n ! fronti] ( ! sy/em1 t a/ronom]s came to consid] x z a planet4 ,/ill1 ?is 0 at fir/ b a provisional cons5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prom95t ,,a/ronom]s ,,( ,,=m] ,,times4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,hipp>*os1 ,galilei1 ,newton1 ,kepl]1 ,kant1 ,kop]nikus1 ,laplace4 ,x 01 9 fact1 m difficult ?an we may ?9k to increase )\t scruple ! family ( ! sun4 ,inde$1 = reasons ( exp$i5cy ?is idea 0 oppos$4 ,anci5t ideas are tyrannical4 ,m5 _h s long be5 accu/om$ to consid] old ,saturn z ! gu>dian ( ! fronti]s1 t x requir$ a r>e boldness ( _s to decide on ext5d+ ^! fronti]s & m>k+ !m by a new _w4 ,william ,h]s*el propos$ ! "n ( ,georgium ,sidus 8! ,/> ( ,george10 j z ,galileo _h giv5 ! "n ( 8,m$icean />s0 to ! satellites ( ,jupit] discov]$ by him1 & z ,horace _h said ,julium ,sidus4 ,o!rs propos$ ! "n ( ,neptune1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! my?ological "*1 & to give to ! new body ! trid5t ( ! ,engli% m>itime p[]2 o!rs1 ,uranus1 ! mo/ anci5t deity ( all1 & ! fa!r ( ,saturn1 to :om rep>ation 0 due = s _m c5turies ( neglect4 ,lal&e propos$ ! "n ( ,h]s*el1 to immortalize ! "n ( its discov]]4 ,^! la/ two d5om9ations prevail$4 ,= a long "t ! planet bore ! "n ( ,h]s*el2 b cu/om has s9ce decl>$ = ! my?ological appellation1 & ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus succe$ ea* o!r 9 ord] ( desc5t--son1 fa!r1 & gr&fa!r4 ,! discov]y ( ,uranus ext5d$ ! radius ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em f #hhe1jjj1jjj to #a1gfe1jjj1jjj ( miles4 ,! app>5t brightness ( ?is planet is t ( a /> ( ! six? magnitude2 obs]v]s ^: sight is v pi]c+ may succe$ 9 recogniz+ x ) ! nak$ eye :5 !y "k :]e to look = x4 ,uranus moves sl[ly f we/ to ea/1 & takes no less ?an eighty-f\r ye>s to make ! complete circuit ( ! sky4 ,9 its annual motion r\nd ! sun ! e>? passes betwe5 ! sun & ,uranus e #cfi days--t is to say1 once 9 a ye> & f\r days4 ,x is at ^! times t ?is planet crosses ! m]idian at midnight4 ,we c obs]ve x 9 ! ev5+ sky = ab\t six mon?s ( e ye>4 ,ev]ybody suppos$ t n[1 at lea/1 ! out]mo/ memb] ( all 0 discov]$4 ,b a v /range & rem>kable ?+ happ5$4 ,a/ronom]s "k ) great exactness ! pa?s ( ! planets 9 ! heav5s4 ,!y c tell1 ye>s be=eh&1 precisely :at spot 9 space w be fill$ at any p>ticul> "t by any p>ticul> planet4 ,i am speak+ n[ ( _! movem5ts r\nd ! sun & 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em--n ( ! movem5ts ( ! :ole family ) ! sun1 ab\t :i* little is yet kn[n4 ,ea* planet has its own p>ticul> pa?way2 its own p>ticul> di/ance f ! sun1 v>y+ at ea* "p ( its pa?way2 its own p>ticul> spe$ 9 travel+ r\nd ! sun1 *ang+ con/antly f fa/] to sl[] or sl[] to fa/]1 accord+ to its di/ance f ! sun1 & accord+ to ! pull backw>ds or =w>ds ( our neighbor+ planets 9 front or 9 re>4 ,= z ! orbits ( all ! planets are ovals1 ) ! sun n 9 ! middle1 b some:at to "o side ( ! middle1 x foll[s t all ! planets1 9 ! c\rse ( _! ye>s1 are sometimes ne>] to & sometimes f>!r f ! sun4 ,! a/ronom]s ( ! pres5t day und]/& ?is well1 & c describe ) exactness ! pa?way ( ea* planet4 ,?is k does n come m]ely f wat*+ "o ye> h[ ! planets travel1 & rememb]+ = ano!r ye>1 b is mu* m a matt] ( close & difficult calculation4 ,_m ?+s h to be consid]$1 su* z ! planet's di/ance f ! sun1 ! sun's p[] ( attraction1 ! planet's spe$1 ! ne>ness & weight ( o!r neighbor+ planets4 ,all ^! que/ions 7 gone into1 & a/ronom]s sket*$ out ! pa?way 9 ! heav5s :i* !y expect$ ,uranus to foll[4 ,he w\ld move 9 su* & su* an orbit1 at su* & su* di/ances f ! sun1 & at su* & su* rates ( spe$4 ,b ,uranus w\ld n keep to ^! rules4 ,he q discomfit$ ! a/ronom]s4 ,sometimes he w5t fa/1 :51 accord+ to _! notions1 he ought to h gone m sl[ly2 & sometimes he w5t sl[ly1 :5 !y w\ld h look$ = him to g m fa/1 & ! l9e ( 8 orbit 0 q outside ! l9e ( ! orbit :i* !y _h laid d[n4 ,he 0 altoge!r a p]plex+ acqua9tance1 & difficult to und]/&4 ,h[ev]1 a/ronom]s felt sure ( _! rules & modes ( calculation1 (t5 be=e te/$1 & n f\nd to fail4 ,!y made a guess at an explanation4 ,:at if !re 7 yet ano!r planet beyond ,uranus1 di/urb+ 8 motions--n[ draw+ him on1 n[ dragg+ him back1 n[ s f> balanc+ ! sun's attraction by pull+ 9 ! opposite direction z to increase ! di/ance ( ,uranus f ! sun8 ,x might be s4 ,b :o c\ld prove x8 ,hundr$s ( ye>s might pass be=e any a/ronom]1 9 8 />-gaz+1 %\ld happ5 to light ^u su* a dim & di/ant _w4 ,nay1 ! suppos$ planet might be1 l ,uranus1 actually se51 & only be mi/ak5 = a 8v>iable />10 %9+ b to disappe>4 ,!re ! matt] seem$ likely to re/4 ,!re ! matt] probably w\ld h re/$ = a good :ile1 _h n two m5 set !mselves to conqu] ! difficulty4 ,"o 0 a "y ,engli%man1 a /ud5t ( ,cambridge1 ,john ,c\* ,adams2 ! o!r1 a "y ,fr5*man1 ,urba9 ,jean ,joseph ,lev]ri]1--bo? be+ a/ronom]s4 ,ea* work$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 nei!r kn[+ ( ! o!r's toil4 ,! task :i* !y _h und]tak5 0 no light "o--t ( rea*+ out into ! unkn[n dep?s ( space to f9d an unkn[n planet4 ,ea* ( ^! sil5t se>*]s into ! sky-dep?s calculat$ :at ! orbit & spe$ ( ,uranus w\ld be1 )\t ! pres5ce ( ano!r di/urb+ planet beyond4 ,ea* exam9$ :at ! am\nt ( di/urbance 01 & consid]$ ! degree ( attraction ne$ful to produce t di/urbance1 toge!r ) ! direction f :i* x _h come4 ,ea*1 9 %ort1 gradually work$ 8 way ?r\gh calculations f> too deep & difficult = ord9>y m9ds to grasp1 till he _h f\nd j t spot 9 ! heav5s :]e a planet ought to be1 to cause1 accord+ to kn[n laws1 j su* an effect ^u ,uranus z _h be5 obs]v$4 ,adams f9i%$ 8 calculation fir/1 & s5t ! result to two diff]5t obs]vatories4 ,un=tunately1 8 report 0 n eag]ly tak5 up4 ,x 01 9 fact1 h>dly believ$4 ,lev]ri] f9i%$ 8 calculation also1 & s5t ! result to ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory4 ,! planet 0 actually se5 9 ,engl& fir/1 b ! discov]y 0 actually made kn[n f ,b]l9 fir/4 ,! "y ,engli%man _h be5 be=eh&1 b ! "y ,fr5*man ga9$ =emo/ honor4 ,x 0 on ! #bc;d ( ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 t ,lev]ri]'s lett] rea*$ ! ,b]l9 a/ronom]s4 ,! sky t night 0 cle>1 & we c easily und]/& ) :at anxiety ,dr4 ,galle direct$ 8 telescope to ! heav5s4 ,! in/rum5t 0 po9t$ 9 accordance ) ,lev]ri]'s in/ructions4 ,! field ( view %[$1 z does e "p ( ! heav5s1 a multitude ( />s4 ,"o ( ^! 0 really ! planet4 ,! new *>t--prep>$ by ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ^u :i* ! place ( e />1 d[n ev5 to ^? ( ! t5? magnitude1 0 engrav$--0 unroll$1 &1 /> by />1 ! heav5s 7 comp>$ ) ! *>t4 ,z ! process ( id5tification w5t on1 "o object aft] ano!r 0 f\nd 9 ! heav5s z engrav$ on ! *>t1 & 0 ( c\rse reject$4 ,at l5g? a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude--a brilliant object--0 br\ght into review4 ,! map 0 exam9$1 b !re 0 no /> !re4 ,?is object c\ld n h be5 9 its pres5t place :5 ! map 0 =m$4 ,! object 0 !re=e a w&]]--a planet4 ,yet x is necess>y to be excessively cauti\s 9 su* a matt]4 ,_m possibilities _h to be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x 01 = in/ance1 possible t ! object 0 really a /> :i*1 by "s mis*ance1 elud$ ! c>eful eye ( ! a/ronom] :o con/ruct$ ! map4 ,x 0 ev5 possible t ! /> might be "o ( ! l>ge class ( v>iables :i* alt]nate 9 brightness1 & x might h be5 conceivable t x 0 too fa9t to be se5 :5 ! *>t 0 made4 ,ev5 if nei!r ( ^! explanations w\ld answ]1 x 0 /ill necess>y to %[ t ! object 0 n[ mov+1 & mov+ ) t p>ticul> velocity & 9 t p>ticul> direction :i* ! !ory ( ,lev]ri] indicat$4 ,! lapse ( a s+le day 0 suffici5t to dissipate all d\bts4 ,! next night ! object 0 aga9 obs]v$4 ,x _h mov$1 & :5 its motion 0 measur$ x 0 f\nd to accord precisely ) :at ,lev]ri] _h =etold4 ,inde$1 z if no circum/ance 9 ! confirmation %\ld be want+1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! diamet] ( ! planet1 z measur$ by ! micromet]s at ,b]l91 0 practically co9cid5t ) t anticipat$ by ,lev]ri]4 ,! _w spe$ily rang ) ! news ( ?is spl5did a*ievem5t4 ,in/antly ! "n ( ,lev]ri] rose to a p9nacle h>dly surpass$ by t ( any a/ronom] ( any age or c\ntry4 ,= a mom5t x seem$ z if ! ,fr5* nation 7 to enjoy ! undivid$ honor ( ?is spl5did triumph4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ! pans ( triumph ) :i* ! en?usia/ic ,fr5* nation hail$ ! discov]y ( ,lev]ri]1 !re appe>$ a lett] f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 ! ,a!num = #c;d ,octob]1 #ahdf1 9 :i* he ann\nc$ ! rese>*es made by ,adams1 & claim$ = him a p>ticipation 9 ! glory ( ! discov]y4 ,subsequ5t inquiry has %[n t ?is claim 0 a j "o1 & x is n[ univ]sally admitt$ by all indep5d5t au?orities4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ( slight comp>ative importance4 ,! truly wond]ful "p ( ! matt] 01 t ^! two m5 c\ld h s reason$ t1 f ! movem5ts ( "o lately-discov]$ planet1 !y c\ld po9t out ! exact spot :]e a yet m di/ant planet ought to be1 & t close to ?is v spot ! planet 0 f\nd4 ,= :51 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many1 p[]ful telescopes 7 po9t$ 9 ! direction nam$--!re ! planet 04 ,no d\bt ab\t ! matt]4 ,n a />1 b a real new planet 9 ! f> di/ance1 w&]+ sl[ly r\nd ! sun4 ,"h we h ! discov]y ( ,neptune 9 its simple gr&eur4 ,?is discov]y is spl5did1 & ( ! highe/ ord] f a philosophical po9t ( view1 = x proves ! security & ! precision ( ! data ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( practical a/ronomy1 x 0 b a simple ex]cise ( calculation1 & ! mo/ em95t a/ronom]s saw 9 x no?+ else6 ,x 0 only aft] its v]ification1 its public demon/ration--x 0 only aft] ! visual discov]y ( ,neptune--t !y _h _! eyes op5$1 & felt = a mom5t ! dizz9ess ( ! inf9ite 9 view ( ! horizon reveal$ by ! ,neptunian p]spective4 ,! au?or ( ! calculation himself1 ! transc5d5t ma!matician1 did n ev5 give himself ! tr\ble to take a telescope & look at ! sky to see :e!r a planet 0 really !re6 ,i ev5 believe t he nev] saw x4 ,= him1 h[ev]1 !n & always1 to ! end ( 8 life1 a/ronomy 0 entirely inclos$ 9 =mul--! />s 7 b c5t]s ( =ce4 ,v (t5 ,i submitt$ to him ! d\bts ( an anxi\s m9d on ! great problems ( inf9itude3 ,i ask$ him if he ?\ght t ! o!r planets might be inhabit$ l ours1 :at might be especially ! /range vital conditions ( a _w sep>at$ f ! sun by ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 :at might be ! ret9ue ( innum]able suns scatt]$ 9 imm5sity1 :at a/oni%+ color$ lights ! d\ble />s %\ld %$ on ! unkn[n planets :i* gravitate 9 ^! di/ant sy/ems4 ,8 replies always %[$ me t ^! que/ions _h no int]e/ = him1 & t1 9 8 op9ion1 ! ess5tial k ( ! univ]se consi/$ 9 equations1 =mul1 & log>i?mic s]ies hav+ = _! object ! ma!matical !ory ( velocities & =ces4 ,b x is n ! less surpris+ t he _h n ! curiosity to v]ify ! position ( 8 planet1 :i* w\ld h be5 easy1 s9ce x %[s a planet>y disk2 &1 besides1 he might h _h ! aid ( a *>t1 because he _h only to ask = ^! *>ts f ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory1 :]e !y _h j be5 f9i%$ & publi%$4 ,x is n ! less surpris+ t ,arago1 :o 0 m ( a physici/ ?an a ma!matician1 m ( a naturali/ ?an a calculator1 & ^: m9d _h s rem>kable a syn!tical "*1 _h n himself direct$ "o ( ! telescopes ( ! obs]vatory t[>ds ?is po9t ( ! sky1 & t no o!r ,fr5* a/ronom] _h ?is idea4 ,b :at surprises u /ill m is to "k t ne>ly a ye> be=e1 9 ,octob]1 #ahde1 a "y /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,mr4 ,adams1 _h s\ght ! solution ( ! same problem1 obta9$ ! same results1 & communicat$ ^! results to ! director ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 & t ! a/ronom] to :om ^! results 7 confid$ _h said no?+1 & _h n himself se>*$ 9 ! sky = ! optical v]ification ( 8 compatriot's solution6 ,?is 0 inde$ a triumph ( human intellect4 ,yet x is no matt] = human pride1 b r ( ?ankfulness to ,god1 :o gave to man ?is m>vel\s reason+ p[]4 ,& ! v delight we h 9 su* a success may humble u 9 ! recollection ( ! va/ am\nt ly+ beyond ( ! utt]ly unkn[n4 ,b :ile ! r>e m9d ( a ,newton c\ld meekly realize ! littl5ess ( all he knew1 less] m9ds are v apt to be puff$ up ) ! ?\ght ( :at ! human intellect c accompli%4 ,p]haps ! *ief feel+ ( lawful satisfaction 9 ?is p>ticul> discov]y arises f ! fact t x gives m>k$ & /rong pro( ( ! tru? ( our pres5t a/ronomical sy/em & beliefs4 ,_m mi/akes may be made1 & mu* has (t5 to be unle>n$4 ,nev]!less1 if ! g5]al pr9ciples ( mod]n a/ronomy 7 wrong1 if ! commonly-receiv$ facts 7 a delusion1 su* complete success c\ld n h att5d$ s delicate & difficult a calculation4 ,we d n "k mu* ab\t ^! two out] planets1 ow+ to _! enorm\s di/ance f u4 ,uranus is 9 size equal to sev5ty-f\r e>?s1 & ,neptune is 9 size equal to "o hundr$ & five e>?s4 ,bo? ^! planets are =m$ ( some:at heavi] mat]ials ?an ,saturn1 be+ ab\t z d5se z wat]4 ,! size ( ! sun z se5 f ,uranus is ab\t "o ?ree-hundr$-&-n9etie? "p ( ! size ( ! sun we see4 ,to ,neptune he %[s a disk only "o n9e-hundr$? "p ( ! size ( t visible to u--no disk at all1 9 fact1 b only />like brilliancy4 ,! ,uranian ye> la/s ab\t eighty-f\r ( our ye>s2 & ?is1 ) a v slop+ axis1 mu/ cause mo/ long & dre>y w9t]s1 ! t9y sun be+ hidd5 f p>ts ( ! planet dur+ half an e>?ly life-"t4 ,uranus has at lea/ f\r moons1 travel+ 9 v diff]5t planes f ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,once x 0 ?\ght t he _h eight1 b a/ronom]s h s9ce se>*$ 9 va9 = ! o!r f\r1 believ$ = a :ile to exi/4 ,neptune has "o moon1 & may possess o!rs n yet discov]$4 ,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 ! celebrat$ physician1 & a devot$ /ud5t ( a/ronomy1 has left on record an incid5t ( 8 life connect$ ) ! planet ,neptune ( s+ul> int]e/4 ,i give x "h1 & 9 8 own words1 because x is sc>cely likely o!rwise to fall "u ! notice ( a/ronomical read]s4 ,aft] /at+ t 8 int]e/ 9 a/ronomy _h l$ him to take advantage ( all opportunities ( visit+ =eign obs]vatories1 he says3 8,"s ( ^! opportunities1 inde$1 aris+ out ( my visits to obs]vatories bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 h be5 rem>kable en\gh to w>rant a m p>ticul> m5tion ( !m4 ,t :i* mo/ /rongly cl+s to my memory is an ev5+ ,i pass$ ) ,encke & ,galle 9 ! obs]vatory at ,b]l91 "s t5 or twelve days aft] ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune on ?is v spot2 & :5 e night's obs]vations ( its motions _h /ill an especial value 9 d5ot+ ! elem5ts ( its orbit4 ,i _h casually he>d ( ! discov]y at ,brem51 & lo/ no "t 9 hurry+ on to ,b]l94 ,! night 9 "q 0 "o ( float+ cl\ds1 gradually gr[+ into cumuli2 & h\r aft] h\r pass$ away )\t sight ( ! planet :i* _h j come to our k by s wond]ful a me?od ( pr$ictive rese>*4 ,fru/rat$ 9 ?is ma9 po9t1 x 0 "s comp5sation to /ay & conv]se ) ,encke 9 8 own obs]vatory1 "o signaliz$ by s _m discov]ies1 ! /illness & d>kness ( ! place brok5 only by ! solemn tick+ ( ! a/ronomical clock1 :i*1 z ! unfail+ int]pret] ( ! cele/ial times & motions1 has a sort ( liv+ exi/5ce to ! a/ronom]4 ,among o!r ?+s discuss$1 :ile ?us sitt+ toge!r 9 a sort ( tremul\s impati5ce1 0 ! "n to be giv5 to ! new planet4 ,encke told me he _h ?\ght ( #8,vulcan1' b deem$ x "r to remit ! *oice to ,lev]ri]1 !n suppos$ to be ! sole indicator ( ! planet & its place 9 ! heav5s2 add+ t he expect$ ,lev]ri]'s answ] by ! fir/ po/4 ,n an h\r _h elaps$ be=e a knock at ! door ( ! obs]vatory ann\nc$ ! lett] expect$4 ,encke read x al\d2 &1 com+ to ! passage :]e ,lev]ri] propos$ ! "n ( #8,neptune1' exclaim$1 #8,s lass d5 ,nam5 ,neptun se94' ,x 0 a midnight sc5e n easily to be =gott54 ,a royal baptism1 ) its long array ( titles1 w\ld ill comp>e ) ?is simple nam+ ( ! remote & solit>y planet ?us wond]fully discov]$4 ,!re is no place1 inde$1 :]e ! gr&eur & wild ambitions ( ! _w are s ?or\ghly rebuk$ & dw>f$ into littl5ess z 9 ! a/ronomical obs]vatory4 ,z a practical illu/ration ( ?is rem>k1 ,i w\ld add t my own k ( a/ronom]s--^? :o h work$ !mselves ) ! telescope--has %[n !m to be g5]ally m5 ( tranquil temp]am5t1 & less di/urb$ ?an o!rs by worldly affairs1 or by ! qu>rels incid5t ev5 to sci5tific rese>*40 ,! same reason+ :i* has be5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,jupit] & 8 moons1 & to ,saturn & 8 moons1 might p]haps be appli$ also to ,uranus & ,neptune & _! moons4 ,we "k too little yet ( _! condition to v5ture f> 9 su* speculations4 ,/ill1 tak+ ! matt] z a :ole1 !re seem _m reasons to incl9e u to ! idea t ea* ( ! f\r great] outside planets may be a k9d ( second>y half-cool$ sun to 8 satellites1 help+ to make up to !m = ! small am\nt ( light & heat :i* !y c obta9 f ! f>-(f sun4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,comets ,,& ,,meteorites4 ,a curi\s discov]y has be5 lately made4 ,x is t "s sort ( my/]i\s tie seems to exi/ betwe5 comets & meteorites4 ,= a long :ile ?is 0 nev] suspect$4 ,h[ %\ld x be8 ,! comets1 s l>ge1 s airy1 s light2 ! meteorites1 s small1 s solid1 s heavy1--h[ c\ld x possibly be suppos$ t ! "o _h any?+ to d ) ! o!r8 ,b suppos+s (t5 h to give 9 to facts4 ,a/ronom]s are gradually becom+ conv9c$ t !re c]ta9ly is a connection betwe5 ! two4 ,/range to say1 comets & meteorites occupy--sometimes1 at lea/--! v same pa?ways 9 ! heav5s1 ! v same orbits r\nd ! sun4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( meteorite sy/ems are n[ pretty well kn[n to a/ronom]s z regul>ly met by our e>? at c]ta9 po9ts 9 h] ye>ly j\rney4 ,"s ( ^! sy/ems or r+s h ea* a comet belong+ to x--n m]ely j\rney+ ne>1 b actually 9 its mid/1 on ! same orbit4 ,p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say t ! meteorites belong to ! comet1 ?an t ! comet belongs to ! meteorites4 ,we tread "h on unc]ta9 gr\nd2 = :e!r ! meteorites spr+ f ! comet1 or :e!r ! comet spr+s f ! meteorites1 or :e!r ea* has be5 br\ght into exi/5ce indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 no "o c at pres5t say4 ,?\gh x is out ( our p[] to expla9 ! k9d ( connection1 yet a connection !re pla9ly is4 ,s _m in/ances are n[ kn[n ( a comet & a meteorite r+ travel+ toge!r t x is d\btful :e!r any su* r+ c\ld be f\nd )\t a comet 9 its mid/4 ,by & by ! d\bt may spr+ up :e!r !re ev] exi/s a comet )\t a tra9 ( meteorites foll[+ him4 ,among ! _m diff]5t meteorite r+s :i* are kn[n1 two ( ! mo/ important are ! s-call$ ,augu/ & ,novemb] sy/ems4 ,( ^! two1 ! ,novemb] sy/em mu/ claim our *ief att5tion4 ,n t we are at all sure ( ^! be+ ! mo/ important meteorite r+s 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,on ! contr>y1 z reg>ds ! ,novemb] r+1 we h "s reason to ?9k t matt]s may lie j ! o!r way4 ,! comet belong+ to ! ,novemb] sy/em is a small "o--q an insignificant little comet--only visible ?r\gh a telescope4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 "k positively t l>g] comets & great] meteorite sy/ems g5]ally g toge!r1 b1 to say ! lea/1 x seems likely4 ,& if ! greatness ( a r+ c at all be judg$ ( by ! size ( its comet1 !n ! ,novemb] sy/em mu/ be a ?ird-rate specim5 ( its k9d4 ,x is ( p>ticul> importance to u1 m]ely because x happ5s to be ! "o into :i* our e>? plunges mo/ deeply1 & :i* we !re=e see & "k ! be/4 ,! ,augu/ r+ is1 on ! contr>y1 connect$ ) a magnific5t comet1 & may be a f> gr&] sy/em4 ,b our pa?way does n lead u into ! mid/ ( ! ,augu/ meteors z into ^? ( ,novemb]4 ,we pass1 seem+ly1 ?r\gh its outskirts4 ,! meteorites ( ! ,novemb] sy/em are v small4 ,!y are believ$ to weigh commonly only a few gra9s ea*4 ,if !y 7 l>g] & heavi]1 "s ( !m w\ld fall to e>? z a]olites1 n m ?an half-burnt 9 _! ru% ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,b ?is !y are nev] f\nd to d4 ,!re are kn[n meteorite sy/ems1 :i* our e>? m]ely t\*es or grazes 9 pass+1 f :i* drop a]olites ( a v diff]5t description--l>ge1 heavy1 solid masses4 ,x is well = u t we d n plunge into ! mid/ ( any su* r+1 or we might f9d our air1 aft] all1 a poor protection4 ,! la/ gr& display ( ! ,novemb] sy/em ( meteorites took place 9 ! ye>s #ahff to #ahfi1 be+ cont9u$ m or less dur+ ?ree or f\r ,novemb]s foll[+4 ,! next gr& display w occur 9 ! ye> #ahii4 ,= ?is sy/em--,leonides1 z x is call$1 because ! fall+-/>s 9 ?is display seem all to %oot t[>ds u f a spot 9 ! con/ellation ,leo--seems to h a 8"t0 or 8ye>0 ( ?irty-?ree & a qu>t] e>?ly ye>s4 ,! %ape ( its orbit is a v long ellipse1 ne> "o end ( :i* is ! sun1 :ile ! o!r end is believ$ to rea* f>!r away ?an ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,a great deal ( curiosity has be5 felt ab\t ! actual l5g? & bread? & dep? ( ! /ream ( meteorites ?r\gh :i* our solid e>? has s (t5 pl[$ h] way4 ,dur+ _m h\rs at a "t1 look]s-on h wat*$ ! magnific5t display ( heav5ly fireworks1--n a m]e %oot+-/> "h & !re1 z on common nights1 b radiant meteors1 fla%+ & dy+ by ?\s&s ?r\gh ! sky4 ,9 #ahff no less ?an eight ?\s& meteors1 9 two h\rs & a qu>t]1 7 c\nt$ f ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 9 ,engl&4 ,a natural wond] sprang up 9 _m m9ds z to ! ext5t ( ! r+ f :i* !y fell4 ,= n 9 "o night only1 b 9 sev]al nights dur+ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & t n once only b once 9 e ?irty-?ree ye>s1 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s appe> to h be5 /ol5 by our e>? f ! meteorite-r+1 nev] aga9 to be re/or$4 ,yet ea* "t we t\* ! r+1 we f9d ! abundance ( little meteorites 9 n[ise seem+ly less5$4 ,:5 speak+ ( a 8r+0 ( meteorites1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t necess>ily ! meteorites =m a :ole unbrok5 r+ all r\nd ! long oval orbit4 ,!re may be no breaks4 ,!re may be a m or less ?9 scatt]+ ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? ( ! pa?way4 ,b ! meteorites c]ta9ly seem to clu/] f> m d5sely 9 "s p>ts ( ! orbit ?an 9 o!r p>ts1 & x 0 ab\t ! size ( ! d5se/ clu/] t s mu* curiosity 0 felt4 ,little c be positively kn[n1 ?\gh x is v c]ta9 t ! clu/] mu/ be enorm\s 9 ext5t4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s runn+1 z our e>?1 aft] j\rney+ ! :ole way r\nd ! sun1 came aga9 to t po9t 9 h] orbit :]e %e passes ?r\gh ! orbit ( ! ,leonides1 %e f\nd ! ?ick /ream ( meteorites /ill p\r+ on1 ?\gh ea* ye> less5+ 9 am\nt4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ?is fact1 & also ! numb]s t 7 se5 to fall night aft] night1 & also ! spe$ ( our e>?1 a 8r\gh e/imate0 0 =m$4 ,! l5g? ( ?is d5se clu/] is suppos$ to rea* to _m hundr$s ( millions ( miles4 ,! ?ickness or dep? ( ! /ream is calculat$ to be 9 p>ts ov] five hundr$ ?\s& miles1 & ! bread? ab\t t5 times z mu* z ! dep?4 ,ea* meteorite is probably at a consid]able di/ance f 8 neighbor2 b ! :ole mass ( !m1 :5 9 ! ne> neighborhood ( ! sun1 mu/ =m a magnific5t sight4 ,& if ?is be only a ?ird-rate sy/em1 :at mu/ a fir/-rate sy/em be l8 ,& h[ _m su* sy/ems are !re ?r\gh\t ! sun's wide doma9s8 ,! mo/ p[]ful telescope gives u no h9t ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! r+s till we f9d ourselves 9 _! mid/4 ,x may be t !y are numb]$ by ?\s&s1 ev5 by millions4 ,! :ole ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--nay1 ! v dep?s ( space beyond--may1 = aught we "k1 be cr[d$ ) meteorite sy/ems4 ,e comet may h 8 /ream ( meteorites foll[+ him4 ,b ?\gh ! comet is visible to u1 ! meteorites are n4 ,billions ^u billions ( !m may be ev] ru%+ r\nd our sun1 entirely beyond our k51 till "o or ano!r /raggl] t\*es our atmosph]e to fla% & die z a 8%oot+ />0 9 our sight4 ,we h1 & ) our pres5t p[]s we c h1 no c]ta9ty z to all ?is4 ,b ,i may quote "h ! illu/ration ( a well-kn[n a/ronomical writ] on ! subject4 ,suppose a bl9d man 7 walk+ out ( doors along a high road1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( a few miles 7 to feel ra9 fall+ con/antly ^u him4 ,w\ld x be reasonable on 8 "p1 if he conclud$ t a small %[] ( ra9 _h accompani$ him along ! road z he mov$1 b t f9e wea!r c]ta9ly exi/$ on ei!r side ( ! road8 ,on ! contr>y1 he might be sure t ! drops :i* he felt1 7 b a few among millions fall+ all toge!r4 ,or1 look at ! ra9drops on y\r w9d[ "s dull day at home4 ,c\nt h[ _m !re are8 ,c\ld y1 ) any %[ ( common s5se1 decide t ^? ra9drops1 & ^? alone1 _h fall5 t day8 ,s1 :5 we f9d ^! %[]s ( meteorites fall+ to e>?1 we may safely conclude t1 = e "o :i* t\*es our atmosph]e1 myriads ru% else:]e 9 space1 nev] com+ ne> u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,comets ,,& ,,meteorites4 ,! ?ree prom95t features ( comets--a head1 nucleus1 & tail--are se5 only 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,! great majority appe> z fa9t globul> masses ( vapor1 ) little or no c5tral cond5sation1 & )\t tails4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s h a /rongly-def9$ nucleus1 :i* %9es ) a light z vivaci\s z t ( ! planets1 s z to be ev5 visible 9 ! daytime4 ,?is 0 ! case ) "o se5 at ,rome soon aft] ! assass9ation ( ,julius ,cs>1 believ$ by ! populace to be ! s\l ( ! dictator translat$ to ! skies4 ,! fir/ comet ( ! ye> #addb 0 also s brilliant1 t ! light ( ! sun at noon1 at ! end ( ,m>*1 did n prev5t x f be+ se52 & ! second1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! summ]1 0 visible = a consid]able "t be=e sunset4 ,9 #aecb1 ! p ( ,milan 7 al>m$ by ! appe>ance ( a /> 9 ! broad daylight2 & z ,v5us 0 n !n 9 a position to be visible1 ! object is inf]r$ to h be5 a comet4 ,ty*o ,brahe discov]$ ! comet ( #aegg1 f 8 obs]vatory 9 ! isle ( ,hu5e1 9 ! s\nd1 be=e sunset2 & ,*izeaux saw ! comet ( #agdd1 at "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 )\t a telescope4 ,! comet ( #ahdc1 already ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 0 di/9ctly se5 at noon by _m p]sons 9 ! /reets ( ,bologna )\t ! aid ( glasses4 ,! nucleus is g5]ally ( small size1 b ! surr\nd+ nebulosity1 :i* =ms ! head1 is (t5 ( imm5se ext5t2 & ! hazy envelope1 ! 8horrid hair0 ( poetry1 is sometimes se5 sep>at$ f x by a d>k space1 encircl+ x l a r+4 ,?is 0 ! aspect ( ! comet ( #ahaa4 ,! entire diamet] ( ! head measur$ #a1bej1jjj miles1 & h5ce its bulk 0 ne>ly ?ree times t ( ! sun1 & f\r million times t ( ! e>?4 ,b su* extraord9>y dim5sions are q exceptional4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,comet ,,( #ahaa4 ,popul> impressions respect+ ! suppos$ t]re/rial effects ( ! comet ( #ahaa--;a f9e object 9 ! autumn ( t ye>1 long rememb]$ by _m--are on record4 ,x 0 gravely not$1 t wasps 7 v few 9 numb]2 t flies became bl9d1 & disappe>$ e>ly2 & t tw9s 7 born m frequ5tly ?an usual4 ,! season 0 rem>kable = its b\ntiful h>ve/ & abundant v9tage4 ,grapes1 figs1 melons1 & o!r fruits1 7 n only produc$ 9 extraord9>y quantity1 b ( delici\s flavor1 s t 8comet w9es0 _h di/9ct b9s allott$ to !m 9 ! cell>s ( m]*ants1 & 7 sold at high prices4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no fact bett] atte/$1 by a comp>ison ( obs]vations1 ?an t comets h no influ5ce :atev] 9 height5+ or depress+ ! temp]ature ( ! seasons4 ,! f9e fruits & ample h>ve/ ( ! ye> 9 "q 71 !re=e1 co9cid5ces m]ely ) ! cele/ial ph5om5on1 )\t ! slighte/ physical connection ) x4 ,?\gh ! advanc$ civilization ( rec5t times has l$ to ju/] views ( comet>y app>itions ?an to reg>d !m z div9ely-appo9t$ om5s ( t]re/rial calamity1 yet society is apt to be n]v\s respect+ ^! bodies1 z likely to cause "s great natural convulsion by collision ) our globe4 ,! great comet1 :i* 9 #afhb receiv$ fir/ ! "n ( ,halley's comet1 appe>$ la/ 9 #ahce1 8 return hav+ be5 =etold )9 ?ree days ( its actually tak+ place4 ,= ,halley's comet is a memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 hav+ a ye>ly j\rney ( sev5ty-six e>?ly ye>s4 ,he j\rneys ne>] ! sun ?an ,v5us1 & travels f>!r away ?an ,neptune4 ,9 ! ye>s #aheh1 #ahfa1 & #ahfb1 ?ree m comets appe>$1 all visible )\t ! help ( a telescope4 ,( ^! ?ree1 ,donati's comet1 9 #aheh1 0 f> sup]ior to ! re/4 ,?is f9e object 0 fir/ discov]$ on ! #b;d ( ,june by ,dr4 ,donati1 at ,flor5ce4 ,x appe>$ at fir/ z a fa9t nebul\s pat* ( light1 )\t any rem>kable cond5sation2 & z its motion t[>ds ! sun at t "t 0 sl[1 x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] t x became visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,a %ort tail 0 !n se5 on ! side opposite to ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,donati',s ,,comet1 #aheh4 ,! developm5t 0 aft]w>ds rapid1 & ! comet became equally int]e/+ to ! pr(essional a/ronom] & to ! unle>n$ gaz]4 ,9 ! fir/ week ( ,octob] ! tail atta9$ its greate/ l5g?1 #cf4 ,at ?is "t ! tail 0 s5sibly curv$1 & _h ! appe>ance ( a l>ge o/ri*-fea!r :5 wav$ g5tly 9 ! h&4 ,at ! latt] end ( ,octob] ! comet 0 lo/ 9 ! ev5+ twilight4 ,its ne>e/ approa* to ! e>? 0 ab\t equal to half ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 & ! ne>e/ approa* to ,v5us 0 ab\t "o-n9? "p ( t di/ance4 ,an elliptical orbit1 ) a p]iodic "t ( m ?an #b1jjj ye>s1 has be5 assign$ to our late visitor4 ,x 0 a s+ul> fact ab\t ?is comet t at "o "t ! /> ,arcturus c\ld be se5 %9+ ?r\gh ! d5se/ portion ( ! tail1 close to ! nucleus4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! fa9te/ cl\d-wrea? ( e>? w\ld dim1 if n hide1 ?is />1 yet ! tail ( ! great comet 0 ( s transp>5t a nature t ,arcturus %one undimm$1 z if no veil _h come betwe54 ,! exce$+ly slight & airy texture ( a comet's tail c\ld h>dly be m pla9ly %[n4 ,x 0 ?is gauzy app5dage to a little nucleus :i* m5 once ?\ght c\ld de/roy our solid e>? at a s+le bl[6 ,^! comet>y tra9s g5]ally appe> /raight1 or at lea/1 by ! effect ( p]spective1 !y seem to be direct$ along ! arcs ( great circles ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,"s are record$1 h[ev]1 :i* pres5t$ a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,?us1 9 #afhi1 a comet 0 se5 ^: tail1 accord+ to ! hi/orians1 0 curv$ l a ,turki% sab]4 ,?is tail _h a total l5g? ( #fh4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! beautiful comet ( ,donati1 :i* we admir$ 9 #aheh1 & ( :i* ! tail _h a v decid$ curvature4 ,a comet c only be obs]v$ 9 ! sky = a limit$ "t4 ,we p]ceive x at fir/ 9 a region :]e no?+ 0 visible on prec$+ days4 ,! next day1 ! ?ird day1 we see x aga92 b x has *ang$ its place consid]ably among ! con/ellations4 ,we c ?us foll[ x 9 ! sky = a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 (t5 dur+ sev]al mon?s2 !n we cease to p]ceive x4 ,(t5 ! comet is lo/ to view because x approa*es ! sun1 & ! vivid light ( t body hides x completely2 b soon we obs]ve x aga9 on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 & x is n till "s "t aft]w>ds t x def9itely disappe>s4 ,"s h be5 visible at noonday1 q ne> ! sun1 l t ( #ahhb1 on ,septemb] #ag?4 ,yet1 :ile tak+ c>e n to ov]rate1 we mu/ n und]rate4 ,true1 ! comets are delicate & slight 9 /ructure4 ,"o comet1 9 #aggj1 w&]$ into ! v mid/ ( ,jupit]'s moons1 & s small 0 its weight t x _h no p[] :atev]1 s f> z has be5 detect$1 to di/urb ! said moons 9 _! orbits4 ,jupit] & 8 moons did v s]i\sly di/urb ! comet1 h[ev]2 & :5 he came out f _! mid/1 ?\gh none ! worse = 8 adv5ture1 he 0 =c$ to travel 9 an entirely new orbit1 & nev] manag$ to get back to 8 old pa?way aga94 ,b !re are comets & comets1 "s be+ heavi] ?an o!rs4 ,! comet nam$ aft] ,donati1 albeit too transp>5t to hide a />1 0 yet s imm5se 9 size t 8 weight 0 calculat$ by "o a/ronom] to am\nt to z mu* z a mass ( wat] =ty ?\s& miles squ>e & "o hundr$ & n9e y>ds deep4 ,:5 fir/ notic$1 ,donati's comet _h1 l all l>ge comets1 a bright envelope ( light r\nd ! nucleus4 ,aft] a :ile ! "o envelope grew into ?ree envelopes1 & a new tail =m$ beside ! pr9cipal tail1 :i* = a "t 0 se5 to b5d gracefully into a curve1 l a spl5did plume4 ,a ?ird1 b mu* fa9t] tail1 also made its appe>ance1 & _m angry-look+ jets 7 p\r$ out f ! nucleus4 ,^! *anges took place :ile ! comet 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! great heat ( ne> neighborhood to ! sun4 ,aft]w>ds1 z he pass$ away1 he seem$ gradually to cool d[n & gr[ quiet4 ,! s+ul> *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ,newton's comet h be5 e>li] notic$4 ,no m>vel t he did und]go "s alt]ations4 ,! trem5d\s gl>e & burn+ heat :i* t comet _h to endure 9 8 ru% pa/ ! sun1 7 m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s& times z mu* z ! gl>e & heat ( ! fi]ce/ tropical noonday ev] kn[n ^u e>?4 ,c we wond] t he %\ld h %[n 8signs ( great excitem5t10 t 8 head %\ld h gr[n l>g] & 8 tail long]8 ,x c]ta9ly 0 amaz+1 & pa/ compreh5sion1 t ! said tail1 ov] n9ety millions ( miles 9 l5g?1 %\ld 9 f\r days h seem+ly swept r\nd 9 a trem5d\s half-circle1 s z fir/ to po9t 9 "o direction1 & !n to po9t 9 j ! opposite direction4 ,we are mu* 9 ! habit ( speak+ ab\t comets z travel+ ?r\gh ! heav5s ) _! tails /ream+ beh9d !m4 ,b ?\gh ?is is sometimes ! case1 x is by no means always4 ,! tails ( comets always /ream away f ! sun--:e!r be=e or beh9d ! comet's head seem+ to be a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,z ! comet comes hurry+ along 8 orbit1 ) ev]-increas+ spe$1 t[>ds ! sun1 ! head j\rneys fir/1 & ! long tail foll[s aft]4 ,b z ! comet r\nds ! loop ( 8 orbit ne> ! sun--! po9t ne>e/ ( all be+ call$ 8 p]ihelion--! head always rema9s t[>ds ! sun1 :ile ! tail sw+s1 or seems to sw+1 9 a magnific5t sweep r\nd1 po9t+ always 9 ! direction j away f ! sun4 ,!n1 z ! comet j\rneys ) slack5+ spe$1 on ! o!r side ( 8 orbit1 t[>ds ! di/ant aphelion1 or f>!/ po9t f ! sun1 he /ill keeps 8 head t[>ds ! sun4 ,s1 at ?is "p ( 8 passage1 9 place ( ! head go+ fir/ & ! tail foll[+ aft]1 ! tail goes fir/ & ! head foll[s aft]4 ,! comet ?us appe>s to be mov+ backw>ds2 or1 l an eng9e pu%+ in/ead ( draw+ a tra91 ! head seems to be driv+ ! tail be=e x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,comet ,,( #agdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,comet ,,( #ahhh--;,,june #d4 ,! sun1 !n1 acts on ^! bodies :5 !y approa* him1 produces 9 !m important physical & *emical trans=mations1 & ex]cises on _! develop$ atmosph]e a repulsive =ce1 ! nature ( :i* is /ill unkn[n to u1 b ! effects ( :i* co9cide ) ! =mation & developm5t ( ! tails4 ,! tails are ?us1 9 ! ext5sion ( ! comet>y atmosph]e1 driv5 back1 ei!r by ! sol> heat1 by ! light1 by electricity1 or by o!r =ces2 & ?is ext5sion is r a motion 9 ! e!r ?an a real transport ( matt]1 at lea/ 9 ! great comets :i* approa* v ne> ! sun1 & 9 _! imm5se lum9\s app5dages4 ,! effects produc$ & obs]v$ are n ! same 9 all comets1 :i* proves t !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 sev]al respects4 ,! tails h sometimes be5 se5 to dim9i% be=e ! p]ihelion passage1 z 9 #ahce4 ,lum9\s envelopes h also be5 se5 succe$+ ea* o!r r\nd ! head1 conc5trat+ !mselves on ! side opposite to ! sun1 & leav+ ! c5tral l9e ( ! tail d>k] ?an ! two sides4 ,?is is :at happ5$ 9 ! ,donati comet & 9 t ( #ahfa4 ,sometimes a second>y tail has be5 se5 project$ t[>ds ! sun1 z 9 #ahbd1 #ahej1 #ahea1 & #ahhj4 ,comets h be5 se5 ) ! head envelop$ 9 phosphoresc5ce1 surr\nd+ !m ) a sort ( lum9\s atmosph]e4 ,comets h also be5 se5 ) ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six tails1 l t ( #agdd1 = example1 :i* appe>$ l a spl5did aurora borealis ris+ maje/ically 9 ! sky1 until1 ! cele/ial fan be+ rais$ to its full height1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! six jets ( light all proce$$ f ! same po9t1 :i* 0 no?+ else b ! nucleus ( a comet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nuclei !mselves %[ great v>iations--"s appe> simply nebul\s1 & p]mit ! fa9te/ />s to be visible ?r\gh !m2 o!rs seem to be =m$ ( "o or m solid masses surr\nd$ by an enorm\s atmosph]e2 9 o!rs1 aga91 a nucleus does n exi/1 z 9 ! ,s\!rn comet ( #ahhg4 ,"o ( ! comets ( #ahhh %[$ a triple nucleus & a bri/l+ coma1 z may be se5 9 ! cut4 ,we may1 !n1 consid] t ! w&]+ bodies collect$ "u ! "n ( comets are ( sev]al orig9s & sev]al diff]5t species4 ,:y ! tails ( comets %\ld s p]si/5tly avoid ! sun x is impossible to say4 ,we d n ev5 "k :e!r ! cause lies actually 9 ! sun or 9 ! comet4 ,a/ronom]s speak ( ! 8repulsive en]gy0 ) :i* ! sun 8sweeps away0 f 8 neighborhood ! light vapory matt] ( :i* ! tails are made4 ,b ! h[ & ! :]e=e ( ?is /range seem+ repulsion !y c n expla94 ,= at ! selfsame "t ! sun appe>s to be attract+ ! comet t[>ds himself1 & driv+ ! comet's tail away f himself4 ,a few ( ! m well-kn[n comets h be5 m5tion$2 b a ye> r>ely passes 9 :i* at lea/ "o comet is n discov]$1 ?\gh (t5 only a small specim51 sometimes ev5 tailless & hairless4 ,no d\bt _m o!rs pass unse54 ,! l>ge & gr& ones only come to view n[ & !n4 ,:at are comets & meteorites made (8 ,respect+ comets1 a good _m ideas are put =?1 & a good _m guesses are made1 z to 8burn+ gas10 8lum9\s vapor10 8beams ( light10 & s on4 ,b 9 tru?1 little is kn[n ab\t ! matt]4 ,respect+ meteorites1 we c speak m c]ta9ly4 ,a good _m meteorites h fall5 to e>? z a]olites1 & h be5 c>efully exam9$4 ,!y are f\nd to conta9 nickel1 cobalt1 iron1 phosphorus1 & sometimes at lea/1 a l>ge supply ( hydrog5 gas4 ,n only d solid a]olites fall half-burnt to ! gr\nd1 b ev5 :5 ! meteorites are q consum$ 9 ! air1 ! f9e du/ rema9+ /ill s9ks e>?w>d4 ,?is f9e du/ has be5 f\nd ^u m\nta9-tops1 & has be5 prov$ by close exam9ation to be precisely ! same z ! mat]ial ( ! solid a]olites4 ,a lum9\s body ( s5sible dim5sions rapidly trav]ses space1 diffus+ on all sides a vivid light--l a globe ( fire ( :i* ! app>5t size is (t5 comp>able ) t ( ! moon4 ,?is body usually leaves beh9d x a p]ceptible lum9\s tra94 ,on or imm$iately aft] its appe>ance x (t5 produces an explosion1 & sometimes ev5 sev]al successive explosions1 :i* are he>d at great di/ances4 ,^! explosions are also (t5 accompani$ by ! division ( ! globe ( fire into lum9\s fragm5ts1 m or less num]\s1 :i* seem to be project$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,?is ph5om5on con/itutes :at is call$ a meteor1 prop]ly speak+1 or a bolide4 ,x is produc$ dur+ ! day z well z ! night4 ,! light :i* x causes 9 ! =m] case is greatly enfeebl$ by ! pres5ce ( ! sol> light1 & x is only :5 x is develop$ ) suffici5t int5sity t x c be p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a sup]b collection ( meteorites4 ,!y h be5 br\ght toge!r f all p>ts ( ! e>?1 & v>y 9 size f bodies n mu* l>g] ?an a p9's-head up to va/ masses weigh+ _m hundr$ p\nds4 ,!re are also _m models ( celebrat$ meteorites1 ( :i* ! orig9als are disp]s$ ?r\gh v>i\s o!r museums4 ,_m ( ^! objects h no?+ v rem>kable 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance4 ,if !y 7 met ) on ! sea-bea*1 !y w\ld be pass$ by )\t m notice ?an w\ld be giv5 to any o!r /one4 ,yet :at a hi/ory su* a /one might tell u if we c\ld only manage to obta9 x6 ,x fell2 x 0 se5 to fall f ! sky2 b :at 0 its c\rse ant]ior to t movem5t8 ,:]e 0 x "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 "o ?\s& ye>s ago8 ,?r\gh :at regions ( space has x w&]$8 ,:y did x nev] fall be=e8 ,:y has x actually n[ fall58 ,su* are "s ( ! que/ions :i* cr[d ^u u z we pond] ov] ^! mo/ int]e/+ bodies4 ,"s ( ^! objects are compos$ ( v *>act]i/ic mat]ials4 ,take1 = example1 "o ( ! m rec5t meteorites1 kn[n z ! ,r[ton sid]ite4 ,?is body diff]s v mu* f ! m ord9>y k9d ( /ony meteorite4 ,x is an object :i* ev5 a casual pass]-by w\ld h>dly pass )\t notice4 ,its great weight w\ld also attract att5tion1 :ile if x be scrat*$ or rubb$ ) a file1 x w\ld be f\nd t x 0 n 9 any s5se a /one1 b t x 0 a mass ( ne>ly pure iron4 ,we "k ! circum/ances "u :i* t piece ( iron fell to ! e>?4 ,x 0 on ! #bj? ( ,april1 #ahgf1 ab\t #c4dj ,p4 ,m41 t a /range rumbl+ noise1 foll[$ by a />tl+ explosion1 0 he>d ov] an area ( sev]al miles 9 ext5t among ! villages 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,ab\t an h\r aft] ?is occurr5ce1 a f>m] notic$ ! gr\nd 9 "o ( 8 grass-fields to h be5 di/urb$1 & he prob$ ! hole :i* ! meteorite _h made1 & f\nd x1 /ill w>m1 ab\t eighte5 in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,"s m5 work+ at no great di/ance _h actually he>d ! noise ( its desc5t1 b )\t be+ able to indicate ! exact locality4 ,?is rem>kable object weighs #g p\nds4 ,x is an irregul> angul> mass ( iron1 ?\gh all its edges seem to h be5 r\nd$ by fusion 9 its transit ?r\gh ! air1 & x is cov]$ ) a ?ick black film ( ! magnetic oxide ( iron1 except at ! po9t :]e x fir/ /ruck ! gr\nd4 ,?is sid]ite is specially int]e/+ on acc\nt ( its di/9ctly metallic "*4 ,falls ( ! sid]ites1 z !y are call$1 are n s common z ^? ( ! /ony meteorites2 9 fact1 !re are only a few kn[n in/ances ( meteoric irons hav+ be5 actually se5 to fall1 :ile ! falls ( /ony meteorites are to be c\nt$ 9 scores or 9 hundr$s4 ,! inf]5ce is t ! iron meteorites are mu* less frequ5t ?an ! /ony ones4 ,x is a wond]ful ?\ght t we %\ld really h ^! visitants f ! sky1 solid metal or %[]s ( du/1 com+ to u f di/ant space4 ,if ! du/ ( ?\s&s ( meteorites is always ?us fall+ e>?w>d1 "o w\ld imag9e t x mu/ 9 "t add some?+ to ! weight ( ! e>?4 ,& ?is actually is ! case4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 no less ?an "o million tons ( meteorite-du/ mu/1 accord+ to calculation1 h fall5 to e>? out ( ! sky4 ,a million tons is ( c\rse a m]e no?+ comp>$ ) ! size ( ! _w4 ,/ill1 ! fact is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t1 p]haps ! flames ( ! sun are p>tly f$ by va/ %[]s ( fall+ meteorites4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t p]haps1 9 long pa/ ages1 ! e>? & ! planets grew to _! pres5t size "u a trem5d\s d[np\r ( meteorites2 ! numb]s :i* n[ drop to e>? be+ m]ely ! ?9 rema9s ( :at once exi/$4 ,b = ?is guess !re is no real f\ndation4 ,:e!r suns & worlds full-gr[n1 creat$ z 9 an in/ant2 :e!r t9y meteorites 9 c\ntless myriads to be us$ z /ones 9 8build+20 :e!r va/ masses ( flam+ gas1 to be gradually cool$ & 8fram$0 into %ape--:i* ev] may h come fir/1 & :i*ev] may h be5 ! ord] ( ,god's work+--/ill t 8fir/0 0 made by him2 /ill he ?r\gh\t 0 ! ,ma/]-build]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,comet ,,( #afhj4 ,a few words m ab\t 8comet-visitors40 ,_m comets1 z already /at$1 belong to our ,sol> ,sy/em1 ?\gh :e!r !y h always s belong$ is ano!r "q4 ,x is n impossible t !y may once ^u a "t h w&]$ h5ce f a va/ di/ance1 &1 be+ caught prison] by ! p[]ful attraction ( ,jupit] or "o ( 8 ?ree great bro!r-planets1 h be5 compell$ !nce=? to travel 9 a clos$ pa?way r\nd ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,comet ,,( #agfi4 ,!re are also _m comets :i* come once only to our sy/em1 fla%+ r\nd pa/ ! sun1 & ru%+ away 9 q ano!r direction1 nev] to return4 ,:]e d ^! comets come f8 ,& :]e d !y g8 ,f o!r suns--bro!r suns to ours8 ,x may be4 ,"o is almo/ dispos$ to ?9k t x mu/ be s4 ,d we ev] ?9k :at an imm5se voyage !y mu/ h made to come f !re to "h8 ,d we imag9e = h[ _m ye>s !y mu/ h fl[n ?r\gh ! d>k imm5sity to plunge !mselves into ! fires ( our sun8 ,if we take into acc\nt ! directions f :i* c]ta9 comets come to u1 & if we assign to ! />s situat$ 9 t region ! lea/ di/ances consi/5t ) kn[n facts1 we f9d t ^! comets c]ta9ly left _! la/ /> m ?an tw5ty millions ( ye>s ago4 ,9 ?us putt+ to u f ! height ( _! cele/ial app>itions s _m notes ( int]rogation on ! gr&e/ problems ( creation1 comets assume to our eyes an int]e/ incomp>ably great] ?an t ) :i* sup]/ition bl9dly surr\nd$ !m 9 pa/ ages4 ,:5 we reflect = a mom5t t a c]ta9 comet :i* %9es be=e u 9 ! sky came orig9ally f ! dep?s ( ! heav5s1 t x has travel$ dur+ millions ( ye>s to arrive "h1 & t consequ5tly x is by millions ( ye>s t we mu/ reckon its age if we wi% to =m any idea ( x1 we c n refra9 f respect+ ?is /range visitor z a witness ( vani%$ eras1 z an e*o ( ! pa/1 z ! mo/ anci5t te/imony :i* we h ( ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,b :at d we say8 ,^! bodies are nei!r old nor "y4 ,!re is no?+ old1 no?+ new--all is pres5t4 ,! ages ( ! pa/ contemplate ! ages ( ! future1 :i* all "w1 all gravitate1 all circulate1 9 ! et]nal plan4 ,mus+1 y look at ! riv] :i* fl[s s g5tly at y\r feet1 & y believe y see aga9 ! riv] ( y\r *ildhood2 b ! wat] ( to-day is n t ( ye/]day1 x is n ! same sub/ance :i* y h be=e y\r eyes1 & nev]1 nev] %all ?is union ( molecules1 :i* y behold at ?is mom5t1 come back !re--nev] till ! consummation ( ! ages6 ,if ! appe>ance ( comets =ebodes absolutely no?+ z to ! microscopical ev5ts ( our ephem]al human hi/ory1 x is n ! same ) ! effects :i* might be produc$ by _! enc\nt] ) our w&]+ planet4 ,9 su* an enc\nt] !re is no?+ impossible4 ,no law ( cele/ial me*anics =bids t two bodies %\ld come into collision 9 _! c\rse1 be brok5 up1 pulv]iz$1 & mutually r$uc$ to vapor4 ,i h be=e describ$ "s ( ! trem5d\s outbur/s se5 on ! surface ( our sun4 ,x is believ$ t 9 ^! outbur/s matt] is expell$1 or driv5 =?1 ) su* fe>ful viol5ce z to s5d x :irl+ ?r\gh space1 nev] to fall back to ! sun4 ,"s meteorites may h _! bir?s ?us4 ,s also may "s comets4 ,& if all ! />s are suns--huge fi]y globes l our sun1 & subject l him to trem5d\s eruptions--!y too1 probably1 s5d out comets & meteorites to w&] ?r\gh space4 ,:e!r or no comets come into exi/5ce 9 any su* mann]1 "o ?+ seems pretty c]ta94 ,^? comets :i* come to u f outside our sy/em mu/ come f "s o!r sy/em4 ,& ! ne>e/ sy/ems kn[n are ^? ( ! />s4 ,! ne>e/ /> ( all1 ^: di/ance has be5 measur$1 is ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,x has be5 r\ghly calculat$ t a comet1 pass+ direct f ,alpha ,c5tauri to our sun1 w\ld take ab\t tw5ty millions ( ye>s = 8 j\rney4 ,b "h we tread ^u v d\btful gr\nd4 ,_m matt]s1 at pres5t unkn[n to u1 might greatly affect ! result ( su* a calculation4 ,also x is by no means impossible t o!r />s lie really mu* ne>] to u ?an ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ^: di/ance a/ronom]s h n yet attempt$ to measure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>on ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt4 8,9 ord] to complete our view10 says ,alex&] ,von ,humboldt1 8( all t we h le>n$ to consid] z app]ta9+ to our ,sol> ,sy/em1 :i* n[1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! small planets1 ( ! int]ior comets ( %ort revolutions1 & ( ! meteoric a/]oids1 is s ri* & complicat$ 9 its =m1 x rema9s = u to speak ( ! r+ ( zodiacal light4 ,^? :o h liv$ = _m ye>s 9 ! zone ( palms mu/ reta9 a pleas+ impression ( ! mild radiance ) :i* ! zodiacal light1 %oot+ pyramidally upw>d1 illum9es a "p ( ! uni=m l5g? ( tropical nights4 ,i h se5 x %9e ) an int5sity ( light equal to ! ,milky ,way 9 ,saggit>ius1 & t n only 9 ! r>e & dry atmosph]e ( ! summit ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( f ?irte5 to fifte5 ?\s& feet1 b ev5 on ! b\ndless grassy pla9s ( ,v5ezuela1 & on ! sea%ore1 b5ea? ! ev]-cle> sky ( ,cumana4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 (t5 r5d]$ especially beautiful by ! passage ( light1 fleecy cl\ds1 :i* /ood out 9 picturesque & bold relief f ! lum9\s backgr\nd4 8,?is ph5om5on1 ^: primordial antiquity c sc>cely be d\bt$1 is n ! lum9\s sol> atmosph]e itself1 :i* c n be diffus$ beyond n9e-t5?s ( ! di/ance ( ,m]cury4 ,) mu* probability we may reg>d ! exi/5ce ( a v compress$ r+ ( nebul\s matt]1 revolv+ freely 9 space ar\nd ! sun betwe5 ! orbits ( ,v5us & ,m>s1 z ! mat]ial cause ( ! zodiacal light4 ,^! nebul\s p>ticles may ei!r be self-lum9\s or receive _! light f ! sun4 8,i h occasionally be5 a/oni%$1 9 ! tropical climates ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 to obs]ve ! v>iable int5sity ( ! zodiacal light4 ,z ,i pass$ ! nights1 dur+ _m mon?s1 9 ! op5 air1 on ! %ores ( riv]s & on pla9s1 ,i enjoy$ ample opportunities ( c>efully exam9+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,:5 ! zodiacal light _h be5 mo/ int5se1 ,i h obs]v$ t x w\ld be weak5$ = a few m9utes1 until x aga9 sudd5ly %one =? 9 full brilliancy4 ,9 a few in/ances ,i h ?\ght ,i c\ld p]ceive1 n exactly a r$di% coloration1 nor ! l[] portion d>k5$ 9 an arc-l =m1 nor ev5 a sc9tillation1 b a k9d ( flick]+ & wav]+ ( ! light4 ,mu/ we suppose t *anges are actually 9 progress 9 ! nebul\s r+8 ,or is x n m probable t processes ( cond5sation may be go+ on 9 ! upp]mo/ /rata ( ! air1 by means ( :i* ! transp>5cy--or1 r1 ! reflection ( light--may be modifi$ 9 "s peculi> & unkn[n mann]8 ,an assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( su* meteorological causes on ! conf9es ( our atmosph]e is /r5g!n$ by ! sudd5 fla% & pulsations ( light :i* h be5 obs]v$ to vibrate = sev]al seconds ?r\gh ! tail ( a comet4 ,dur+ ! cont9uation ( ^! pulsations x has be5 notic$ t ! comet's tail 0 l5g!n$ by sev]al degrees1 & !n aga9 contract$40 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,_m ,,suns4 ,once m we h to w+ our flight f>1 f> away f ! busy ,sol> ,sy/em :]e we live2 away f :irl+ planets1 moons1 meteorites1 all %9+ ) reflect$ sunlight2 away f ! great c5tral sun himself1 our own p>ticul> bright />4 ,once m we h1 9 imag9ation1 to cross ! va/1 black1 empty space--is x black1 & is x empty1 _h we sight to see ?+s z !y are8--sep>at+ our sun f o!r suns1 our /> f o!r />s4 ,= ! sun is a />--only a />4 ,& />s are suns--big1 blaz+ suns4 ,"o is ne>1 & ! o!rs are f> away4 ,t is ! diff]5ce4 ,we h no long] to d ) bodies m]ely reflect+ ano!r's light--always d>k on "o side & bright on ! o!r--b ) burn+ bodies1 %9+ all r\nd by _! own light4 ,we h no long] to picture j "o s+le /> ) 8 surr\nd+ worlds1 b we h to fix our ?\ghts ^u ! great univ]se ( />s or suns 9 c\ntless millions4 ,! e>? is =gott51 ) its small & ephem]al hi/ory4 ,! sun himself1 ) all 8 imm5se sy/em1 has sunk 9 ! inf9ite night4 ,on ! w+s ( int]-sid]eal comets we h tak5 our flight t[>ds ! />s1 ! suns ( space4 ,h we exactly measur$1 h we wor?ily realiz$ ! road pass$ ov] by our ?\ghts8 ,! ne>e/ /> to u reigns at a di/ance ( #bge1jjj times our di/ance f ! sun2 out to t /> an imm5se des]t surr\nds u1 ! mo/ pr(\nd1 ! d>ke/1 & ! mo/ sil5t ( solitudes4 ,! sol> sy/em seems to u v va/2 ! abyss :i* sep>ates our _w f ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,neptune1 appe>s to u imm5se2 relatively to ! fix$ />s1 h[ev]1 our :ole sy/em repres5ts b an isolat$ family imm$iately surr\nd+ u3 a sph]e z va/ z ! :ole sol> sy/em w\ld be r$uc$ to ! size ( a simple po9t if x 7 transport$ to ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ />4 ,! space :i* ext5ds betwe5 ! sol> sy/em & ! />s1 & :i* sep>ates ! />s f ea* o!r1 appe>s to be entirely void ( visible matt]1 ) ! exception ( nebul\s fragm5ts1 comet>y or meteoric1 :i* circulate "h & !re 9 ! imm5se voids4 ,n9e ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty sy/ems l ours1 b\nd$ by ,neptune1 w\ld be conta9$ 9 ! space :i* isolates u f ! ne>e/ />6 ,x is m>vel\s t we c p]ceive ! />s at su* a di/ance4 ,:at an admirable transp>5cy 9 ^! imm5se spaces to p]mit ! light to pass1 )\t be+ wa/$1 to ?\s&s ( billions ( miles6 ,ar\nd u1 9 ! ?ick air :i* envelops u1 ! m\nta9s are already d>k5$ & difficult to see at sev5ty miles2 ! lea/ fog hides f u objects on ! horizon4 ,:at mu/ be ! t5uity1 ! r>efaction1 ! extreme transp>5cy ( ! e!real m$ium :i* fills ! cele/ial spaces6 ,! sun is c5t] & rul] & k+ 9 8 own sy/em4 ,b z a />1 he is only "o among _m />s1 "s great]1 "s less ?an himself4 ,f ! f> sid]ial heav5s he is h>dly recogniz$ ev5 z a /> among ! con/ellations1 s fa9t is 8 light4 ,d ! suns :i* surr\nd u =m a sy/em ) t :i* illum9ates u1 z ! planets =m "o r\nd our sol> focus1 & does our sun revolve r\nd an attractive c5t]8 ,does ?is c5t]1 ! po9t ( ! revolutions ( _m suns1 itself revolve r\nd a prepond]at+ c5t]8 ,9 a ^w1 is ! visible univ]se organiz$ 9 "o or sev]al sy/ems8 ,no ,div9e revelation comes to in/ruct m5 on ! my/]ies :i* int]e/ !m mo/--_! p]sonal or collective de/9ies4 ,we h n[1 z ev]1 b sci5ce & obs]vation to answ] u4 ,a problem s va/ z ?is is /ill f> f receiv+ ev5 an approximate solution4 ,f :atev] po9t ( view we consid] x1 we f9d ourselves face to face ) ! inf9ite 9 space & "t4 ,! pres5t aspect ( ! univ]se imm$iately br+s into "q its pa/ & its future /ate1 & !n ! :ole ( unit$ human le>n+ supplies u 9 ?is great rese>* ) b a pale light1 sc>cely illum9at+ ! fir/ /eps ( ! d>k & unkn[n road on :i* we are travel+4 ,h[ev]1 su* a problem is wor?y ( engag+ our att5tion1 & positive sci5ce has already made suffici5t discov]ies 9 ! k ( ! laws ( nature to p]mit u to attempt to p5etrate ^! great my/]ies4 ,:at is x t ! g5]al obs]vation ( ! heav5s--:at is x t sid]eal syn!sis tea*es u on our real situation 9 inf9itude8 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,telescopic ,,field ,,9 ,,! ,,milky ,,way4 ,9 ! calm & sil5t h\rs ( beautiful ev5+s1 :at p5sive gaze is n lo/ 9 ! vague w9d+s ( ! ,milky ,way1 9 ! s(t & cele/ial gleam ( t cl\dy ar*1 :i* seems support$ on two opposite po9ts ( ! horizon1 & elevat$ m or less 9 ! sky accord+ to ! place ( ! obs]v] & ! h\r ( ! night8 ,:ile "o-half appe>s above ! horizon1 ! o!r s9ks bel[ x1 & if we remov$ ! e>?1 or if x 7 r5d]$ transp>5t1 we %\ld see ! complete ,milky ,way1 "u ! =m ( a great circle1 mak+ ! :ole circuit ( ! sky4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( ?is trail ( light1 & its comp>ison ) ! />ry population ( ! heav5s1 beg9s = u ! solution ( ! great problem4 ,let u po9t a telescope t[>ds any po9t ( ?is /up5d\s ar*4 ,sudd5ly hundr$s1 ?\s&s ( />s %[ !mselves 9 ! telescopic field1 l ne$le-po9ts on ! cele/ial vault4 ,let u wait = "s mom5ts1 t our eye may become accu/om$ to ! d>kness ( ! backgr\nd1 & ! little sp>ks %9e out by ?\s&s4 ,let u leave ! in/rum5t po9t$ motionless t[>ds ! same region1 & !re sl[ly passes be=e our dazzl$ vision ! di/ant army ( />s4 ,9 a qu>t] ( an h\r we see !m appe> by ?\s&s & ?\s&s4 ,william ,h]s*el c\nt$ ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o ?\s& 9 a wid? ( #e 9 ! con/ellation ,cygnus1 s nebul\s to ! nak$ eye4 ,if we c\ld see ! :ole ( ! ,milky ,way pass be=e u1 we %\ld see eighte5 millions ( />s4 ,?is se$-plot ( />s is =m$ ( objects individually invisible to ! nak$ eye1 bel[ ! six? magnitude2 b s cr[d$ t !y appe> to t\* ea* o!r1 & =m a nebul\s gleam :i* all human eyes1 direct$ to ! sky = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h contemplat$ & admir$4 ,s9ce x is develop$ l a girdle r\nd ! :ole circuit ( ! sky1 we ourselves mu/ be 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,! fir/ fact :i* impresses our m9d is1 t our sun is a /> ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,?\ght travels fa/--fa/] ?an a comet1 fa/] ?an light4 ,a ru%+ comet w\ld1 x is believ$1 take tw5ty millions ( ye>s to cross ! *asm betwe5 ! ne>e/ kn[n fix$ /> & u4 ,light1 fla%+ along at ! rate ( ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles a second1 w p]=m ! same j\rney 9 f\r ye>s & a ?ird4 ,b ?\ght c ov]leap ! b\nd>y 9 less ?an a s+le mom5t4 ,ea* /> t we see 9 ! heav5s is to our eyesight simply "o po9t ( light4 ,! bright] />s are said to be ( great] magnitude1 & ! fa9t] />s ( less] magnitude2 yet1 "o & all1 !y h no app>5t size4 ,! mo/ p[]ful telescope1 ?\gh x c increase _! brilliancy1 c n add to _! size4 ,a planet1 :i* to ! nak$ eye may look l a />1 w1 "u a telescope1 %[ a disk1 ! bread? ( :i* c be measur$ or divid$2 b no /> has any real1 visible disk 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescope yet con/ruct$4 ,! reason ( ?is is ! enorm\s di/ance ( ! />s4 ,f> (f z _m ( ! planets lie1 yet ! f>!/ ( !m is z a memb] ( our h\sehold comp>$ ) ! ne>e/ />4 ,i h already tri$ to make cle> ! fact ( _! va/ di/ance4 ,light1 :i* comes to u f ! sun 9 eight m9utes & a half1 takes ov] f\r & a ?ird ye>s to rea* u f ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,f ?is f\r-ye>s-&-a-?ird l5g? ( j\rney betwe5 ,alpha ,c5tauri & e>?1 ! numb]s rise rapidly to tw5ty ye>s1 fifty ye>s1 sev5ty ye>s1 ev5 hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! di/ance ( mo/ ( ! />s is completely beyond our p[] to measure4 ,! :ole orbit ( our e>?1 nay1 ! :ole wide orbit ( ! f>-(f ,neptune1 w\ld dw9dle d[n to "o s+le po9t1 if se5 f ! great] numb] ( ! />s4 ,x us$ to be believ$ t1 tak+ ! />s g5]ally1 !re 0 probably no v m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! size1 _! k9d1 _! brightness4 ,"s ( c\rse w\ld be r l>g]1 & o!rs r small]2 /ill x 0 suppos$ t !y might be r\ghly class$ z =m$ mu* on ! same scale & ! same plan4 ,b d\bts are n[ felt ab\t ?is notion4 ,= a v simil> idea us$ to be held ) reg>d to ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! wond]ful v>iety ( =m & ri*ness 9 numb]s1 n[ kn[n to ab\nd )9 its limits1 are discov]ies ( late ye>s4 ,may n ! same v>iety 9 k9d & size be f\nd also among ! />s8 ,! m we look into ! heav5s1 ! m we f9d t dull1 blank uni=mity is n to be se5 !re4 ,x is ! same ^u e>?4 ,man builds 8 little r[s ( boxlike h\ses side by side1 ea* "o exactly l all ! re/1 or dresses 8 ?\s& soldi]s 9 coats ( ! same cut & color1 or repeats a neat leaf-design hundr$s ( times on c>pets or wall-pap]s2 b ,god nev] makes two leafs or two blades ( grass alike4 ,:olesale turn+ out ( ?+s aft] "o patt]n is q a human idea1 n div9e4 ,we "k s mu* ab\t ! />s z t "s are at lea/ consid]ably l>g] & "s consid]ably small] ?an o!rs4 ,:5 "o /> is se5 to %9e brightly1 & ano!r beside x %9es dimly1 we are apt to ?9k t ! brighte/ mu/ be ! ne>e/4 ,yet x is (t5 impossible = u to say h[ mu* ( ! diff]5ce is ow+ to ! great] di/ance ( "o or ! o!r1 to ! great] size ( "o or ! o!r1 or to ! great] brilliancy ( "o or ! o!r4 ,9 _m in/ances we d "k en\gh to be q sure t !re is a great diff]5ce1 n only 9 ! di/ance ( ! />s1 b 9 _! size1 _! k9d1 _! brightness4 ,! />s h be5 lately class$ by "o or two a/ronom]s into f\r di/9ct ord]s or degrees--p>tly dep5d+ on _! color4 ,! fir/ class is t ( ! ,:ite ,suns4 ,^! are said to be ! gr&e/ & mightie/ ( all4 ,! /> ,sirius belongs to ! ord] ( ,:ite ,suns4 ,secondly comes ! class ( ,gold5 ,suns4 ,to ^! blaz+ furnaces ( yell[ light1 second only to ! :ite-light />s1 belongs our own sun4 ,?irdly1 !re are numb]s ( />s call$ ,v>iable ,/>s1 ! light ( :i* is con/antly *ang+1 n[ becom+ m1 n[ becom+ less4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is ! class ( small ,r$ ,suns1 ab\t :i* n mu* is kn[n4 ,^! f\r ord]s or divisions d n by any means include all ! />s1 or ev5 all ! s+le />s4 ,r\ghly speak+1 h[ev]1 ! great] numb] ( s+le />s1 & _m also ( ! d\ble />s1 belong to "o or ano!r ( ! above classes4 ,:5 we talk ( ! diff]5t sizes ( ! diff]5t />s1 x %\ld be pla9ly und]/ood t we h no means ( directly measur+ !m4 ,a po9t ( light %[+ no disk1 no surface1 no bread?1 c n be measur$1 = !re is no?+ to measure4 ,9 c]ta9 cases we are n entirely )\t ! p[] ( judg+4 ,! di/ances ( a few ( ! />s f u h be5 f\nd out4 ,kn[+ h[ f> (f any p>ticul> /> is1 a/ronom]s are able to calculate exactly h[ bright our own sun w\ld look at t same di/ance4 ,if !y f9d t our sun w\ld %9e j z ! /> 9 "q %9es1 !re is "s reason = suppos+ t our sun & ! /> may be ( ! same size4 ,if our sun w\ld %9e m brightly ?an ! /> %9es1 !re is "s reason = suppos+ t ! /> may be small] ?an our sun4 ,if our sun w\ld %9e m dimly ?an ! /> %9es1 !re is "s reason = suppos+ t ! /> may be l>g] ?an our sun4 ,o!r matt]s1 h[ev]1 h to be consid]$4 ,suppose we f9d a /> at a c]ta9 di/ance %9+ twice z brilliantly z our own sun w\ld %9e at t same di/ance4 ,naturally1 !n1 we say1 ,t /> mu/ be mu* l>g] ?an our sun4 ,! reason+ may be mi/ak54 ,we d n "k ! fact4 ,:at if1 in/ead ( be+ a mu* l>g] sun1 x is only a mu* bright] sun8 ,?is possibly mu/ be all[$ =4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 /rongly d\bt$ by "o a/ronom]1 aft] close /udy ( ! sun1 :e!r any surface ( any /> c\ld exce$ ! surface ( our sun 9 its p[] ( light & heat4 ,b ,sirius %$s actually =ty-eight times z mu* light ar\nd x z does our sun2 we are n exactly entitl$ to say t ,sirius is =ty-eight times z big z ! sun1 b we c say t ,sirius is =ty-eight times z brilliant or z spl5did4 ,9 mak+ ?is calculation we h tak5 a l[] det]m9ation ( ! brightness ( ,sirius relatively to ! sun ?an "s o!r c>eful obs]vations w\ld h w>rant$4 ,x w ?us be se5 t if !re be any unc]ta9ty 9 our result x mu/ only be z to :e!r ,sirius is n really m ?an =ty-eight times z bright z ! sun4 ,:5 we picture to ourselves ! />-dep?s1 ! b\ndless rea*es ( heav5ly space1 ) ^! c\ntless blaz+ suns scatt]$ broadca/ ?r\gh\t1 we h n to picture an univ]se 9 repose4 ,on ! contr>y1 all is life1 /ir1 en]gy4 ,j z 9 ! busy :irl ( our ,sol> ,sy/em no su* ?+ z re/ is to be f\nd1 s also x seems to be 9 ! wide univ]se4 ,e /> is 9 motion4 8,fix$10 z we call !m1 !y are n fix$4 ,invisible z _! movem5ts are to our eyes ?r\gh imm5sity ( di/ance1 yet all are mov+4 ,^? sil5t1 placid1 tw9kl+ specks ( light are1 9 reality1 huge1 ro>+1 see?+1 tumultu\s furnaces ( fire & flame1 heat & radiance4 ,ea*1 too1 is hurry+ along 8 appo9t$ pa?way 9 space4 ,"s move fa/]1 "s move m sl[ly4 ,"o mile p] second2 t5 miles p] second2 tw5ty1 ?irty1 =ty1 fifty miles p] second1--?us v>y+ are _! rates ( spe$4 ,b :e!r fa/ or :e!r sl[ly1 /ill onw>d & ev] onw>d !y press4 ,"s are ru%+ t[>ds u1 "s are ru%+ away f u4 ,"s are spe$+ to ! "r1 "s are spe$+ to ! left4 ,! f9e /> ,arcturus1 :i* any "o may admire e ev5+ on ! prolongation ( ! tail ( ! ,great ,be>1 is sl[ly )draw+ f ! fix$ po9t :]e ! cele/ial *>ts plac$ x two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & is mov+ t[>ds ! s\?we/4 ,x takes eight hundr$ ye>s to describe a space 9 ! sky equal to ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon2 nev]!less1 ?is displacem5t 0 suffici5tly p]ceptible to attract att5tion m ?an a c5tury & a half ago1 = ,halley _h notic$ x 9 #agah1 z well z ^? ( ,sirius & ,aldeb>an4 ,h[ev] sl[ x may appe> at ! di/ance we are f ,arcturus1 ?is motion is1 at a m9imum1 #a1fcg millions ( miles a ye>4 ,sirius takes #a1cch ye>s to pass ov] ! same angul> space 9 ! sky2 at ! di/ance ( t /> ?is is1 at a m9imum1 #cig millions ( miles p] annum4 ,! /udy ( ! prop] motions ( ! />s has made ! greate/ progress 9 ! la/ half-c5tury1 & especially 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye & a l>ge numb] ( telescopic />s %[ displacem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,:]e are !y go+8 ,does any s+le /> ev] return to 8 />t+-po9t--:]ev] t />t+-po9t may h be58 ,d !y j\rney 9 va/ circles or ellipses1 r\nd "s f>-di/ant c5t]8 ,:at controls !m all8 ,is x ! mighty p[] ( "s su* c5t]1 or does ea* />1 by 8 fa9t & di/ant attraction1 help to control all 8 bro!r-/>s1 to guide !m on _! appo9t$ pa?1 to pres]ve ! delicate balance ( a univ]se8 ,h[ little we "k ab\t ! matt]6 ,only s mu* we c tell--t ! controll+ & re/ra9+ h& ( ,god is ov] ! :ole4 ,:e!r by ! attraction ( "o great c5t] or by ! unit$ influ5ces ( a ?\s& fa9t] attractions1 he /e]s ea* radiant sun ^u its heav5ly pa?1 8uphold+ all ?+s by ! words ( 8 p[]40 ,!re is no blund]+1 no confusion1 no entanglem5t4 ,all is p]fect ord]1 calm arrangem5t1 re/ra9$ en]gy4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,"s ,,p>ticul> ,,suns4 ,9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan !re is a little1 dim1 six?-magnitude />1 sc>cely to be se5 )\t a telescope4 ,?is />1 #fa ,cygni by "n1 is ! fir/ ^: di/ance f u x 0 f\nd possible to det]m9e4 ,we may ?9k x /range t s fa9t a /> 0 ev5 attempt$4 ,w\ld n a/ronom]s h naturally suppos$ x to be "o ( ! f>!r-di/ant />s8 ,no1 !y did n4 ,= ?\gh #fa ,cygni %[$ b a dim light1 yet 8 motion--n ! daily app>5t motion1 b ! real motion z se5 f e>?--0 f\nd to be s mu* m rapid ?an ! motion ( mo/ o!r />s t !y rightly guess$ #fa ,cygni to be a r ne> neighbor ( ours4 ,d n misund]/& me1 :5 ,i speak ( a 8m rapid motion10 & ( 8r ne> neighborhood40 ,! real rate ( #fa ,cygni's ru% ?r\gh space is believ$ to be ab\t =ty miles ea* second1 or "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & fifty millions ( miles ea* ye>4 ,all we c p]ceive ( ?is quick motion is t1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 #fa ,cygni travels ov] a space 9 ! sky ab\t z long z ! bread? ( ! full moon4 ,little en\gh1 yet v f> beyond :at c be detect$ 9 ! great] numb] ( ev5 ! brighte/ />s4 ,!n1 aga91 z to ! ne> neighborhood ( ?is />1 #fa ,cygni is ne> en\gh to h 8 di/ance measur$1 & t is say+ a good deal4 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ! ne>e/ /> ( :i* we "k 9 ! s\!rn heav5s1 is two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& times z f> di/ant z ! sun4 ,b #fa ,cygni1 ! ne>e/ /> ( :i* we "k 9 ! nor!rn heav5s1 is ne>ly twice z f> away z ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cygnus4 ,we call #fa ,cygni a />1 = s he appe>s to common obs]v]s4 ,9 reality1 in/ead ( be+ only "o />1 ! speck ( light :i* we call #fa ,cygni consi/s ( two />s4 ,! two are sep>at$ by a gap ab\t half z wide aga9 z ! wide gap betwe5 ! sun & ,neptune4 ,yet s great is _! di/ance f u t to ! nak$ eye ! two seem to be "o4 ,^! two suns w\ld toge!r make a sun only ab\t "o-?ird z l>ge z our sun4 ,!y diff] 9 size1 ! quick] movem5ts ( "o %[+ x to be ! small]2 & x is by means ( _! kn[n di/ance f "o ano!r1 & _! kn[n rate ( motion1 t _! size1 or r _! weight1 c be r\ghly calculat$4 ,( c\rse nei!r ( ! two %[s any actual measurable disk4 ,s mu* & s little is ) tol]able c]ta9ty kn[n ab\t ?is p>ticul> pair ( suns4 ,next let u turn to ,alpha ,c5tauri--nam$ ,alpha1 ! fir/ lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet1 because x is ! brighte/ /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur4 ,! second brighte/ /> 9 a con/ellation is g5]ally call$ ,beta1 ! ?ird ,gamma1 ! f\r? ,delta1 & s on2 j z if we 7 to "n !m ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 9 ord] ( brightness4 ,! con/ellation ,c5taur lies 9 ! s\!rn heav5s1 close to ! beautiful con/ellation call$ ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 & is invisible 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,( all ! />s %9+ 9 ! heav5s r\nd our e>?1 two only--,sirius & ,canopus--%[ great] brilliancy ?an ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,z 9 ! case ( #fa ,cygni1 a/ronom]s 7 l$ to attempt ! measurem5t ( ,alpha ,c5tauri's di/ance1 by notic+ h[ mu* m di/9ct 7 8 movem5ts ?an ! movem5ts ( o!r />s1 ?\gh less rapid bo? to ! eye & 9 reality ?an ^? ( #fa ,cygni4 ,alpha ,c5tauri's rate ( motion is "s ?irte5 miles ea* second4 ,& ?is1 s f> z we yet "k1 is our sun's ne>e/ neighbor 9 ! heav5s outside 8 own family circle4 ,/range to say1 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 l #fa ,cygni1 consi/s1 n ( a s+le />1 b ( a pair ( />s4 ,x is a two-sun sy/em--:e!r or no surr\nd$ by planets c n be told4 ,we c only reason f :at we see to :at we d n see4 ,& z ,god did n =m our e>? 89 va910 & did n =m our sun 89 va910 s we firmly believe t he did n =m 89 va90 any "o ( 8 myriads ( suns scatt]$ ?r\gh space4 ,:at is1 has be51 or w be ! p>ticul> use ( ea* "o1 x w\ld be ra% to attempt to say4 ,b t _m among !m h1 l our own sun1 sy/ems ( worlds revolv+ r\nd !m1 we may safely consid] v probable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/>s ,,^: ,,di/ances ,,are ,,be/ ,,kn[n4 7,see ,table47 ,! two suns ( ! ,alpha ,c5tauri d\ble-/> are sep>at$ by a di/ance ab\t tw5ty-two times z great z ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 yet to ! nak$ eye !y %[ z a s+le />4 ,"h aga9 "o is mu* small] ?an ! o!r2 & ! small] revolves r\nd ! l>g] 9 ab\t eighty-five ye>s4 ,x is believ$ t ! two toge!r w\ld =m a sun ab\t twice z l>ge & heavy z our sun4 ,?is belief is /r5g!n$ by ! great brilliancy ( ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,our own sun1 plac$ at t di/ance f u1 w\ld %9e only "o-?ird z brightly z he does4 ,,/>s ,,^: ,,di/ances ,,are ,,be/ ,,kn[n4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,"n ,,( ,,/>4 ,,magnitude4,,di/ance ,,9 ,,miles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a ,alpha ,c5tauri1 #a4j #be trillions4 #b #fa ,cygni1 #e4a #dc 0 #c #b1cih1 ,draco1 #h4b #ee 0 #d ,sirius1 #a4j #eh 0 #e #i1ceb1 ,lacaille1 #g4e #ff 0 #f ,procyon1 #a4c #ga 0 #g ,lal&e1 #ba1beh1 #h4e #gd 0 #h ltz51 #aa1fgg1 #i4j #gd 0 #i ,sigma ,draconis1 #d4g #gh 0 #aj ,aldeb>an1 #a4e #ha 0 #aa ,epsilon ,indi1 #e4b #hg 0 #ab ltz51 #ag1dae1 #i4j #id 0 #ac #a1eaf1 ,draco1 #g4j #aja 0 #ad ,omicron ,eridani1 #d4d #aja 0 #ae ,altair1 #a4f #aja 0 #af ,bradley1 #c1jgg1 #e4e #aja 0 #ag ,eta ,cassiopei1 #c4f #aah 0 #ah ,vega1 #a4j #abh 0 #ai ,capella1 #a4b #agd 0 #bj ,arcturus1 #a4j #bjd 0 #ba ,pole ,/>1 #b4a #bae 0 #bb ,mu ,cassiopei1 #e4b #cbj 0 #bc #a1hcj1 ,groombridge1 #f4e #dbf 0 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,?is table pres5ts ! mo/ tru/wor?y data :i* we h yet obta9$ ) ref]5ce to /ell> di/ances4 ,z a great numb] ( attempts h be5 made on />s :i*1 by _! brightness or by ! magnitude ( _! prop] motion1 w\ld appe> to be ! ne>e/ to u1 we may believe t ! /> n[ consid]$ z ! ne>e/ is really s1 & t !re is no o!r less di/ant4 ,?us our sun1 a /> 9 ! imm5sity1 is isolat$ 9 inf9itude1 & ! ne>e/ sun reigns at tw5ty-five trillions ( miles f our t]re/rial abode4 ,not)/&+ its unimag9able velocity ( #ahf1djj miles a second1 light moves1 flies1 dur+ f\r ye>s & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight days to come f ?is sun to u4 ,s\nd w\ld take m ?an ?ree millions ( ye>s to cross ! same abyss4 ,at ! con/ant velocity ( ?irty-sev5 miles an h\r1 an express tra9 />t+ f ! sun ,alpha ,c5tauri w\ld n arrive "h till aft] an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( ne>ly sev5ty-five millions ( ye>s4 ,"h1 !n1 are ! ne>e/ suns to u4 ,^! />s1 tw5ty-?ree 9 numb]1 are almo/ ! only ones :i* h %[n a p]ceptible p>allax2 /ill ! result is v d\btful = ! la/ f\r1 ( :i* ! p>allax is less ?an a t5? ( a second4 ,attempts h be5 made to asc]ta9 ! p>allax ( all ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & ! result has be5 negative = ^? :i* are n ent]$ 9 ?is li/4 ,canopus1 ,rigel1 ,betelgeuse1 ,a*]n>1 ,alpha ( ! ,cross1 ,ant>es1 ,spica1 & ,fomalhaut1 d n %[ a p]ceptible p>allax4 ,! f9e /> ,alpha ,cygni1 :i* %9es ne> #fa ,cygni1 does n pres5t to ! mo/ accurate rese>*es any trace ( fluctuation3 x is1 !n1 incomp>ably m di/ant ?an its mode/ neighbor--at lea/ five times1 & p]haps tw5ty times1 fifty times1 "o hundr$ times beyond t4 ,:at mu/ be ! colossal size & amaz+ light ( ^! suns1 ( :i* ! di/ance is great] ?an ?ree hundr$ to f\r hundr$ trillions ( miles1 & :i* nev]!less /ill %9e ) s spl5did a brightness6 ,we did n "k ! di/ance ( any />s till ! ye> #ahdj4 ,?is %[s h[ rec5t ?is discov]y is2 inde$1 we h h>dly n[ begun to =m an approximate idea ( ! real di/ances :i* sep>ate ! />s f ea* o!r4 ,! p>allax ( #fa ,cygni1 ! fir/ :i* 0 kn[n1 0 det]m9$ by ,bessel1 & result$ f obs]vations made at ,knigsb]g f #ahcg to #ahdj4 ,s9ce !n1 ! fir/ figure obta9$ has be5 correct$ by a s]ies ( m rec5t obs]vations4 ,su* di/ances are amaz+ & almo/ t]rify+ to ! imag9ation4 ,! m9d is bewild]$ & almo/ ov]:elm$ :5 attempt+ to =m a conception ( su* portions ( imm5sity1 & feels its own littl5ess1 ! limit$ nature ( its p[]s1 & its utt] incapacity = grasp+ ! amplitudes ( creation4 ,b ?\gh x 7 possible = u to w+ our flight to su* a di/ant orb z #fa ,cygni1 we %\ld /ill f9d ourselves /&+ only on ! v]ge ( ! />ry firmam5t :]e t5 ?\s&s ( o!r orbs a ?\s& times m di/ant w\ld meet our view4 ,we h reason to believe t a space equal to t :i* we are n[ consid]+ int]v5es betwe5 mo/ ( ! />s :i* div]sify our nocturnal sky4 ,! />s appe> ( diff]5t magnitudes2 b we h ! /ronge/ reason to conclude t 9 ! majority ( in/ances ?is is ow+1 n to ! diff]5ce ( _! real magnitudes1 b to ! diff]5t di/ances at :i* !y are plac$ f our globe4 ,if1 !n1 ! di/ance ( a /> ( ! fir/ or second magnitude1 or ^? :i* are ne>e/ to u1 be s imm5sely great1 :at mu/ be ! di/ance ( />s ( ! sixte5? or tw5tie? magnitude1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ only by ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes8 ,"s ( ^! mu/ be _m millions ( times m di/ant ?an ! ne>e/ /> ^: di/ance n[ appe>s to be det]m9$4 ,& :at %all we ?9k ( ! di/ance ( ^? :i* lie beyond ! rea* ( any telescope t has yet be5 con/ruct$1 /ret*+ beyond ! utmo/ limits ( mortal vision1 )9 ! unexplor$ regions ( imm5sity8 ,"h ev5 ! mo/ vigor\s imag9ation drops its w+1 & owns itself utt]ly unable to p5etrate ?is my/]i\s & b\ndless unkn[n4 ,turn+ n[ f ! sun1 ^: di/ance 0 fir/ measur$1 & f ! ne>e/ /> ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 let u ?9k ab\t ! mo/ radiant /> 9 ! heav5s--,sirius1 8! blaz+ ,dog-/> ( ! anci5ts20 nam$ by "o a/ronom] 8! k+ ( suns40 ,fir/1 z to ! color ( ,sirius4 ,he belongs to ! ord] ( 8,:ite ,suns10 & among all ! :ite suns kn[n to u1 ,sirius ranks z *ief4 ,!re may be _m at great] di/ances f> surpass+ him 9 size1 & weight1 & brilliancy2 b we c only speak s f> z we "k4 ,/range to say1 ,sirius 0 n always a 8:ite sun20 = anci5t writ]s describe him z be+1 9 _! days1 a r$ />4 ,?is *ange is v s+ul>1 & difficult to und]/&4 ,b ,sirius is n ! only example ( ! k9d4 ,_m alt]ations 9 color h be5 notic$ z tak+ place1 (t5 9 a mu* %ort] space ( "t4 ,= in/ance1 "o />1 :i* 0 a :ite sun 9 ! days ( ,h]s*el1 is n[ a gold5 sun4 ,secondly1 z to ! di/ance ( ,sirius4 ,l a few o!r />s1 ,sirius lies n q s f> away z to be beyond rea* ( measurem5t4 ,no base-l9e ^u e>? w\ld cause ! slighte/ seem+ *ange ( position 9 him2 b z our e>? j\rneys r\nd ! sun1 ! l9e f "o side ( h] orbit to ! o!r is f\nd wide en\gh4 ,a base-l9e ( "o hundr$ & eighty-six millions ( miles does cause j a t9y seem+ *ange4 ,x is v little ev5 ) ,alpha ,c5tauri1 & ) ,sirius x is mu* less4 ,! 8displacem5t0 ( ,sirius is s slight t to measure 8 di/ance ) exactness is impossible4 ,sirius lies m ?an twice z f> away f e>? z ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,to rea* ,sirius1 ! /raight l9e betwe5 e>? & sun mu/ be repeat$ six hundr$ & tw5ty-six ?\s& times4 ,light1 :i* rea*es u f ! sun 9 eight m9utes & a half1 & f ,alpha ,c5tauri 9 f\r ye>s & a ?ird1 c n rea* u f ,sirius 9 less ?an n9e ye>s4 ,?irdly1 z to ! size ( ,sirius4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 we are 9 difficulties4 ,radiantly z ,sirius %9es on a cle> night1 & dazzl+ z he looks ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope1 he %[s no real disk or r\nd surface1 b only appe>s z "o po9t ( brilliant light4 ,"s believe him to be mu* ! same size z our sun1 :ile o!rs believe him to be v mu* l>g]4 ,b we h no c]ta9 gr\nd to re/ ^u4 ,! only safe me?od ( calculat+ ! probable size--or1 r1 weight--( a /> is ?r\gh ! discov]y ( a companion1 & a k ( its di/ance f ! *ief />1 & its "t ( revolution r\nd ! *ief />4 ,f\r?ly1 z to ! motions ( ,sirius--n 8 nightly app>5t movem5t1 caus$ by ! e>?'s turn+ on h] axis1 b 8 real j\rney ?r\gh space4 ,= a long :ile x 0 only possible to obs]ve ! movem5ts ( a /> :5 ! /> 0 travel+ sideways to u across ! sky4 ,a /> com+ /raight t[>ds u1 or go+ /raight away f u1 w\ld seem to be at re/4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 by means ( t rem>kable in/rum5t1 ! spectroscope1 x has be5 f\nd possible to measure ! motions ( />s com+ t[>ds or go+ away f u4 ,?is is possible z yet only 9 a few scatt]$ cases1 b among ^? few is ! brilliant ,sirius4 ,! sideways motion ( ,sirius _h be5 kn[n be=e4 ,x n[ appe>s t he does n move exactly sideways to u1 b is ru%+ away 9 a slant+ direction at ! rate ( ?irty miles ea* second1 or ab\t "o ?\s& millions ( miles a ye>4 ,h[ _m millions ^u millions ( miles ,sirius mu/ n[ be f>!r f u ?an 9 ! days ( ! anci5ts6 ,yet he %9es /ill1 ! mo/ brilliant /> 9 ! sky4 ,s small a matt] are all ^? millions ( miles1 comp>$ ) ! :ole ( 8 va/ di/ance f u1 t we d n p]ceive any less5+ ( light4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t :ile ,sirius is mov+ away f u1 we are also mov+ away f him4 ,our 8fir/ /ation ahead10 9 ! con/ellation ,h]cules1 lies exactly 9 ! opposite direction f ,sirius4 ,b ! sun does n move s fa/ z ,sirius4 ,he is believ$ to accompli% only ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty millions ( miles ea* ye>1 draw+ all 8 planets ) him4 ,fif?ly1 has ,sirius a family1 or sy/em1 l t ( our sun8 ,:y n8 ,common s5se & reason alike answ] ) a 8,probably1 yes0--n only ab\t ,sirius1 b ab\t o!r />s also4 ,no d\bt ! sy/ems--! numb]1 size1 weight1 spe$1 di/ance1 & k9d ( planets--diff] v greatly4 ,no d\bt !re are b\ndless v>ieties ( beauty & gr&eur4 ,b t our sun %\ld be ! head ( s wond]ful & complex a sy/em1 t 8 rays %\ld be ! s\rce ( life & heat to s _m dep5d5ts1 & t all ! myriads ( suns besides %\ld be m]e solit>y lamps %9+ into empty space1 w>m+1 light+1 controll+ no?+1 is an idea sc>cely to be look$ 9 ! face4 ,( c\rse1 !re may be o!r & diff]5t uses = "s ( ^! suns1 beyond our und]/&+4 ,we mu/ n be positive 9 ! matt]4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 pretty c]ta9 t ,sirius at lea/ is n a solit>y1 unatt5d$ sun4 ,a/ronom]s1 c>efully wat*+ 8 movem5ts1 7 some:at p]plex$4 ,z ) ,uranus1 ! attraction ( a heavy body beyond 0 suspect$ f ! nature ( ! planet's motions1 s x happ5$ aga9 ) ! f> m di/ant ,sirius4 ,a/ronom]s c\ld only expla9 8 movem5ts by suppos+ ! attraction ( "s l>ge & ne> satellite4 ,no "o knew any?+ ab\t su* a satellite1 b x 0 felt t "o mu/ exi/4 ,ne>ly tw5ty ye>s _h elaps$ aft] ,bessel _h pr$ict$ ! di/urb] ( ,sirius be=e ! telescopic discov]y :i* confirm$ x 0 made4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* t discov]y 0 made are n1 inde$1 s dramatic z ^? :i* att5d$ ! discov]y ( ,neptune1 b yet !y h an int]e/ ( _! own4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahfb1 ,alvan ,cl>k ,sons1 ! celebrat$ telescope-mak]s1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 7 complet+ a sup]b eighte5-in* object-glass = ! ,*icago ,obs]vatory4 ,turn+ ! in/rum5t on ,sirius1 = ! purpose ( try+ x1 ! practic$ eye ( ,alvan ,graham ,cl>k1 ! son1 soon detect$ some?+ unusual1 & he exclaim$1 8,:y1 fa!r1 ! /> has a companion60 ,! fa!r look$1 & !re 0 a fa9t companion due ea/ f ! bright />1 & di/ant ab\t t5 seconds ( a degree4 ,?is 0 exactly ! pr$ict$ direction ( ! companion ( ,sirius1 & yet ! obs]v]s knew no?+ ( ! pr$iction4 ,z ! news ( ?is discov]y spread1 _m great telescopes 7 po9t$ on ,sirius2 & x 0 f\nd t :5 obs]v]s knew exactly :]e to look = ! object1 _m in/rum5ts w\ld %[ x4 ,! new companion /> to ,sirius lay 9 ! true direction1 & x 0 n[ wat*$ ) ! ke5e/ int]e/1 to see :e!r x also 0 mov+ 9 ! way x %\ld move1--if x 7 really ! body ^: exi/5ce _h be5 =etold4 ,f\r ye>s ( obs]vation %[$ t ?is 0 ! case1 s t h>dly any d\bt c\ld rema9 t ! telescopic discov]y _h be5 made ( ! /> :i* _h caus$ ! inequality 9 ! motion ( ,sirius4 ,x is c]ta9ly a v rem>kable fact t1 out ( ! ?\s&s ( />s ) :i* ! heav5s are adorn$1 no s+le /> has yet be5 f\nd :i* c]ta9ly %[s an appreciable disk 9 ! telescope4 ,we are aw>e t "s skillful obs]v]s h ?\ght t c]ta9 small />s d %[ disks2 b we may lay ?is aside1 & appeal only to ! ord9>y fact t our be/ telescopes turn$ on ! brighte/ />s %[ m]ely glitt]+ po9ts ( light1 s hopelessly small z to elude our mo/ delicate micromet]s4 ,! ideal a/ronomical telescope is1 inde$1 "o :i* w %[ ,sirius1 or any o!r bright />1 z ne>ly id5tical z possible ) ,euclid's def9ition ( a po9t1 be+ t :i* has no p>ts & no magnitude4 ,la/ly1 :at is ,sirius made (8 ,! late discov]y ( spectrum analysis1 or ( ! in/rum5t call$ ! spectroscope1 helps u "h4 ,a little fur!r explanation on ?is subject w be giv5 lat]4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+ t be=e ! said discov]y1 a/ronom]s c sc>cely be ass]t$ to h kn[n ) any c]ta9ty t />s 7 suns4 ,!y c\ld1 inde$1 be sure t at ! va/ di/ances ( ! fix$ />s no bodies1 %9+ by m]ely reflect$ light1 c\ld possibly be visible to u4 ,b !re k /opp$4 ,n[ we c say m4 ,n[ ! spectroscope1 by break+ up & divid+ = u ! sl5d] ray ( light travel+ f ea* />1 has %[n to u some?+ ( ! nature ( ! />s4 ,n[ we "k t ! />s1 l our sun1 are burn+ bodies1 surr\nd$ by atmosph]es full ( burn+ gas4 ,x has ev5 be5 f\nd out t 9 ,sirius !re are l>ge quantities ( sodium & magnesium1 besides o!r metals1 & an abundant supply ( hydrog5 gas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,suns4 ,v>i\s 9 k9d1 v>i\s 9 size1 v>i\s 9 color1 v>i\s 9 position1 v>i\s 9 motion1 are ! myriad suns scatt]$ ?r\gh space4 ,s f> are !y f be+ =m$ on ! same plan1 turn$ out on ! same model1 t x may ) reason be d\bt$ :e!r any two />s c\ld be f\nd exactly alike4 ,:y %\ld we expect to f9d !m s8 ,no two oak-leaves1 no two elm-leaves1 precisely alike1 are to be f\nd ^u e>?4 ,s "s />s are l>ge1 "s are small4 ,"s are rapid 9 movem5t1 "s are sl[4 ,"s are yell[1 "s :ite1 "s r$1 gre51 blue1 purple1 or gray4 ,"s are s+le />s2 o!rs are arrang$ 9 pairs1 trios1 qu>tets1 or gr\ps4 ,"s appe> only = a "t1 & !n disappe> altoge!r4 ,o!rs are *angeful1 ) a light t regul>ly waxes & wanes 9 brightness4 ,we h n[ to give a little "t & ?\ght to v>iable />s & tempor>y />s2 aft]w>ds to d\ble />s & color$ />s4 ,!re are _m />s :i* pass ?r\gh gradual & /eady *anges--fir/ bright5+1 !n less5+ 9 light1 !n bright5+ aga94 ,"o su* /> is to be se5 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,:ale4 ,x is nam$ 8,mira10 or 8,! ,m>vel\s10 & ! "t 9 :i* its *anges take place ext5ds to elev5 mon?s4 ,= ab\t "o =tnight x is a /> ( ! second magnitude4 ,?r\gh ?ree mon?s x gr[s sl[ly m & m dim1 till x becomes invisible1 n only to ! nak$ eye1 b ?r\gh ord9>y telescopes4 ,ab\t five mon?s x rema9s ?us4 ,!n aga91 dur+ ?ree mon?s1 x gr[s bright] & bright]1 till x is once m a second-magnitude />1 & aft] a =tnight's pause beg9s anew to fade4 ,at its maximum1 ?is /> is yell[2 :5 x is fa9t1 x is r$di%4 ,spectrum analysis %[s 9 x a /rip$ spectrum ( ! ?ird type1 & :5 its light dim9i%es x pres]ves all ! pr9cipal bright rays r$uc$ to v f9e ?reads4 ,! mo/ plausible explanation ( ?is v>iability is to suppose t x p]iodically emits vapors simil> to ! eruptions obs]v$ 9 ! sol> photosph]e4 ,in/ead ( its p]iodicity be+ l t ( ! sun--elev5 ye>s & h>dly p]ceptible--?is v>iation ( ! sun ( ! ,:ale is ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o days & v consid]able4 ,x is subject to oscillations & irregul>ities simil> to ^? :i* we rem>k 9 our sun4 ,( all ! v>iable />s1 ?is is ! easie/ to obs]ve1 & x has be5 kn[n = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! v>iable />s is t kn[n z ,algol1 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus4 ,?is /> is v conv5i5tly plac$ = obs]vation1 be+ visible e night 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 & its wondr\s & regul> *anges c be obs]v$ )\t any telescopic aid4 ,e "o :o desires to become acqua9t$ ) ! great tru?s ( a/ronomy %\ld be able to recognize ?is />1 & %\ld h also foll[$ x dur+ "o ( its p]iods ( *ange4 ,algol is usually a /> ( ! second magnitude2 b 9 a p]iod betwe5 two or ?ree days--or1 m accurately1 9 an int]val ( two days1 tw5ty h\rs1 =ty-eight m9utes1 & fifty-five seconds--its brilliancy goes ?r\gh a mo/ rem>kable cycle ( v>iations4 ,! s]ies comm5ces ) a gradual decl9e ( ! />'s brightness1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r h\rs1 falls f ! second magnitude d[n to ! f\r?4 ,at ?is l[e/ /age ( brightness1 ,algol rema9s = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & !n beg9s to increase1 until 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs x rega9s ! second magnitude1 at :i* x cont9ues = ab\t two days1 ?irte5 h\rs1 :5 ! same s]ies comm5ces anew4 ,x seems t ! p]iod requir$ by ,algol to g ?r\gh its *anges is itself subject to a sl[1 b c]ta9 v>iation4 ,ano!r v>iable />1 ,betelgeuse 9 ,orion1 und]goes its v>iations 9 ab\t two hundr$ days2 :ile yet ano!r1 ,delta ,cephei1 takes only six days4 ,our own sun is believ$ to be 9 "s slight degree a v>iable />1 pass+ ?r\gh 8 *anges 9 elev5 ye>s4 ,:5 ! sun-spots are mo/ num]\s1 he w\ld probably appe>1 if se5 f a great di/ance1 m dim ?an :5 !re are few or none ( !m4 ,sometimes a /> is n m]ely v>iable4 ,/>s h appe>$ = a brief space1 & !n utt]ly vani%$4 ,!y are !n nam$ ,tempor>y ,/>s4 ,:e!r su* a /> really does g out ( exi/5ce1 or :e!r x m]ely becomes too dim to be se52 :e!r ! furnace-fires are ext+ui%$1 & ! gl[+ sun *anges into a d>k body1 or :e!r x m]ely turns a d>k side t[>ds u = a v long p]iod1--^! are que/ions we c n answ]4 ,an extraord9>y specim5 ( a tempor>y /> 0 se5 9 #aegb4 ,x 0 n a comet1 = x _h no coma or tail1 & x nev] mov$ f its place4 ,! brightness ( ! /> 0 s great z to surpass ,sirius & ,jupit]1 & to equal ,v5us at h] greate/ brilliancy4 ,nay1 x mu/ h surpass$ ev5 ,v5us1 = x 0 pla9ly visible at midday 9 a cle> sky4 ,gradually ! light fad$ & grew m dim1 till at l5g? x entirely disappe>$4 ,z x less5$ 9 brilliancy1 x also *ang$ 9 color1 pass+ f :ite to yell[1 & f yell[ to r$4 ,?is curi\sly agrees ) ! ?ree t9ts ( ! fir/1 second1 & f\r? ord]s ( suns1 z lately classifi$4 ,?is /> 0 obs]v$ by ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o gives ! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt3 8,"o ev5+1 :5 ,i 0 contemplat+1 z usual1 ! cele/ial vault1 ^: aspect 0 s famili> to me1 ,i saw1 ) inexpressible a/oni%m5t1 ne> ! z5i?1 9 ,cassiopeia1 a radiant /> ( extraord9>y magnitude4 ,/ruck ) surprise1 ,i c\ld h>dly believe my eyes4 ,to conv9ce myself t x 0 n an illusion1 & to obta9 ! te/imony ( o!r p]sons1 ,i call$ out ! workm5 employ$ 9 my laboratory1 & ask$ !m1 z well z all pass]s-by1 if !y c\ld see1 z ,i did1 ! />1 :i* _h appe>$ all at once4 ,i le>n$ lat] on t 9 ,g]many c>ri]s & o!r p _h anticipat$ ! a/ronom]s 9 reg>d to a great app>ition 9 ! sky1 :i* gave occasion to r5ew ! usual raill]ies aga9/ m5 ( sci5ce 7z ) comets ^: com+ _h n be5 pr$ict$74 8,! new /> 0 de/itute ( a tail2 no nebulosity surr\nd$ x2 x resembl$ 9 e way o!r />s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,its brightness exce$$ t ( ,sirius1 ( ,lyra1 & ( ,jupit]4 ,x c\ld only be comp>$ ) t ( ,v5us :5 x is at its ne>e/ possible to ! e>?4 ,p]sons gift$ ) good sight c\ld di/+ui% ?is /> 9 daylight1 ev5 at noonday1 :5 ! sky 0 cle>4 ,at night1 ) a cl\dy sky1 :5 o!r />s 7 veil$1 ! new /> (t5 rema9$ visible ?r\gh tol]ably ?ick cl\ds4 ,! di/ance ( ?is /> f ! o!r />s ( ,cassiopeia1 :i* ,i measur$ ! foll[+ ye> ) ! greate/ c>e1 has conv9c$ me ( its complete immobility4 ,f ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 #aegb1 its brightness began to dim9i%2 x 0 !n equal to ,jupit]4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aegc1 x became less brilliant ?an ,jupit]2 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 equal to />s ( ! fir/ ord]2 9 ,april & ,may1 ( ! brightness ( />s ( ! second ord]4 ,! passage f ! fif? to ! six? magnitude took place betwe5 ,decemb]1 #aegc1 & ,febru>y1 #aegd4 ,! foll[+ mon? ! new /> disappe>$ )\t leav+ a trace visible to ! nak$ eye1 hav+ %one = sev5te5 mon?s40 ,^! circum/antial details p]mit u to imag9e ! influ5ce :i* su* a ph5om5on mu/ h ex]cis$ on ! m9ds ( m54 ,few hi/orical ev5ts h caus$ s mu* excitem5t z ?is my/]i\s envoy ( ! sky4 ,x fir/ appe>$ on ,novemb] #aa1 #aegb4 ,g5]al uneas9ess1 popul> sup]/ition1 ! fe> ( comets1 ! dread ( ! end ( ! _w1 long s9ce ann\nc$ by ! a/rolog]s1 7 an excell5t sett+ = su* an app>ition4 ,x 0 soon ann\nc$ t ! new /> 0 ! same :i* _h l$ ! wise m5 to ,be?lehem1 & t its arrival =etold ! return ( ! ,messiah & ! la/ judgm5t4 ,= ! hundr$? "t1 p]haps1 ?is sort ( progno/ication 0 recogniz$ z absurd4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t ! a/rolog]s f be+ believ$1 twelve ye>s lat]1 :5 !y ann\nc$ anew ! end ( ! _w = ! ye> #aehh2 ^! pr$ictions ex]cis$ ! same influ5ce on ! public m9d4 ,aft] ! /> ( #aegb ! mo/ celebrat$ is t :i* appe>$ 9 ,octob]1 #afjd1 9 ,s]p5t>ius1 & :i* 0 obs]v$ by two illu/ri\s a/ronom]s1 ,kepl] & ,galileo4 ,z happ5$ ) ! prec$+1 its light imp]ceptibly fad$4 ,x rema9$ visible = fifte5 mon?s1 & disappe>$ )\t leav+ any traces4 ,9 #afgj ano!r tempor>y />1 blaz+ out 9 ! head ( ! ,fox 7,vulpecula71 %[$ ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( be+ ext+ui%$ & reviv+ sev]al times be=e x completely vani%$4 ,we "k ( tw5ty-f\r />s :i*1 dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 h pres5t$ a sudd5 increase ( light2 h be5 visible to ! nak$ eye1 (t5 brilliant2 & h !n aga9 become invisible4 ,! la/ app>itions ( ?is k9d happ5$ be=e our eyes 9 #ahff1 #ahgf1 #ahhe1 & #ahib1 & spectrum analysis enabl$ u to asc]ta91 z we h se51 t !y 7 due to v]itable combu/ion--a fire caus$ by a trem5d\s expansion ( inc&esc5t hydrog51 & to ph5om5a analog\s to ^? :i* take place 9 ! sol> photosph]e4 ,a r curi\s fact ab\t ^! />s is1 t !y d n blaze out indiff]5tly 9 any po9t ( ! sky1 b 9 r re/rict$ regions1 *iefly 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,_m o!r in/ances h be5 kn[n1 beside ^? ref]r$ to1 ( v>iable & tempor>y />s4 ,!re are two di/9ct k9ds ( d\ble-/>s4 ,fir/1 we h ^? :i* m]ely seem to be d\ble1 because "o lies almo/ directly beh9d ! o!r1 ?\gh widely di/ant f x4 ,j z a *ur*-t[]1 two miles (f1 may appe> to /& close side by side ) ano!r *ur*-t[] two & a half miles (f1 ?\gh !y are 9 fact sep>at$4 ,secondly1 we h ! real sy/ems ( two suns belong+ to "o ano!r2 ! small] mov+ r\nd ! l>g]1 or m correctly bo? travel+ r\nd "o c5tral po9t call$ ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! small] hav+ ! quick] rate ( motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lyra ,alpha ,c5tauri & #fa ,cygni h be5 already describ$1 z examples ( true d\ble-/>s4 ,9 ! con/ellation ,lyra a m>k$ in/ance is to be se54 ,! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,lyre is ,vega1 & ne> ,vega %9es a t9y />1 :i* to p ) p>ticul>ly cle> sight has sometimes r a longi% look4 ,if y exam9e ?is /> ?r\gh an op]a-glass1 y f9d x to consi/ ( two sep>ate />s4 ,b if y get a m p[]ful telescope1 & look aga91 y w f9d t ea* /> ( ! c\ple actually consi/s ( two />s4 ,! f\r are n at equal di/ances4 ,two po9ts ( light seem+ly close toge!r are p>t$ by a wide gap f two o!r po9ts equally close toge!r4 ,^! f\r />s are believ$ to h a d\ble motion4 ,ea* ( ! sep>ate pairs revolves by itself1 ! two suns travel+ r\nd "o c5t]2 & 9 addition to ?is ! two c\ples ( suns probably p]=m a long j\rney r\nd ano!r c5t] common to !m all4 ,_m ?\s&s ( d\ble />s h be5 discov]$2 & a l>ge numb] ( ^! are n[ kn[n to be1 n m]ely two di/9ct suns ly+ 9 ! same l9e ( sight1 b two bro!r-suns1 ea* probably ! c5t] ( 8 own sy/em ( planets4 ,we h n only to consid] ! numb] ( suns1 ?\gh ( simple numb]s m yet rema9s to be said4 ,att5tion mu/ also be giv5 to ! v>y+ colors ( diff]5t />s2 = all suns 9 ! univ]se are n made aft] ! model ( our sun4 ,all suns are n yell[4 ,s f> z s+le />s are conc]n$1 colors seem r limit$4 ,:ite />s1 gold5 or orange />s1 ruby-r$ />s1 plac$ alone1 are (t5 se52 b blue />s1 gre5 />s1 gray />s1 silv] />s1 purple />s1 are seldom if ev] visible to ! nak$ eye1 or kn[n to exi/ z s+le />s4 ,take a p[]ful telescope & exam9e />-c\ples1 & a v diff]5t result y w f9d4 ,n :ite1 yell[1 & r$ alone1 b blue1 purple1 gray1 gre51 fawn1 buff1 silv]y :ite1 & copp]y hues1 w delight y 9 turn4 ,z a rule1 :5 ! two />s ( a c\ple are alike 9 color1 !y are ei!r :ite1 or yell[1 or r$4 ,also 9 ! case ( d\ble-/>s ( diff]5t colors1 ! l>g] ( ! two is almo/ inv>iably :ite or "s %ade ( yell[ or r$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to all su* rules4 ,blue />s are almo/ nev] se5 alone1 & z "o ( a pair ! blue /> is g5]ally1 if n inv>iably1 ! small]4 ,b in/ances are kn[n ( d\ble-/>s1 bo? ( :i* are blue2 & "o gr\p 9 ! s\!rn heav5s is entirely made up ( a multitude ( blui% suns4 ,x is :5 we come to consid] d\ble-/>s ( two colors t ! mo/ /rik+ effects are f\nd4 ,n[ & !n ! two suns are ne>ly ! same 9 size2 b m commonly "o is a good deal l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is is kn[n by ! bright] light ( ! l>ge/1 & ! m rapid movem5ts ( ! smalle/4 ,! less] /> is (t5 only small by comp>ison1 & may be 9 reality a v goodly & brilliant sun4 ,among ne>ly six hundr$ 8d\bles0 exam9$ by "o a/ronom]1 !re 7 ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five 9 :i* ! two />s 7 ( "o color1 g5]ally :ite1 yell[1 orange1 or r$4 ,! re/ 7 diff]5t 9 t9t1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two suns 9 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty cases be+ v m>k$4 ,= in/ance1 a r$ 8prim>y10 z ! l>g] /> is call$1 w be se5 ) a small gre5 satellite2 or a :ite prim>y w h a little bro!r-sun ( purple1 or ( d>k ruby1 or ( light r$4 ,sometimes ! l>g] sun is orange1 ! companion be+ purple or d>k blue4 ,aga91 ! *ief /> w be r$ ) a blue satellite1 or yell[ ) a gre5 satellite1 or orange ) an em]ald satellite1 or gold5 ) a r$di%-gre5 satellite4 ,we he> ( gold5 & lilac c\ples1 ( cream & violet pairs1 ( :ite & gre5 companions4 ,b1 inde$1 ! v>iety is almo/ endless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,con/ellations ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e4 ,!re may be worlds circl+ ar\nd ^! suns--worlds1 p]haps1 ) liv+ creatures on !m4 ,we "k little ab\t h[ su* sy/ems ( suns & worlds may be arrang$4 ,probably ea* sun w\ld h 8 own set ( planets1 & bo? suns ) _! planets w\ld travel r\nd "o c5tral po9t4 ,p]haps1 :]e ! second sun is mu* ! smalle/1 x might occasionally be l a big blaz+ satellite among ! planets--a k9d ( burn+ ,jupit]-sun to ! *ief sun4 ,among color$ />s1 s+le & d\ble1 a few may be m5tion$ by "n z examples4 ,sirius1 z already obs]v$1 is a brilliant :ite sun2 & brilliant :ite also are ,vega1 ,altair1 ,regulus1 ,spica1 & _m o!rs4 ,capella1 ,procyon1 ! ,pole-/>1 & our own sun1 are examples ( yell[ />s4 ,aldeb>an1 ,betelgeuse1 & ,pollux1 are ruby-r$4 ,ant>es is a r$ />1 ) a gre5i% 8sc9tillation0 or *ange ( hue 9 its tw9kl+4 ,a t9y gre5 sun belong+ to ?is great & brilliant r$ sun has be5 discov]$4 ,"s h call$ ,ant>es 8! ,sirius ( ,r$ ,suns40 ,x is dur+ ! f9e nights ( w9t] t ! con/ellation ,taurus1 or ,! ,bull1 ) ! /> ,aldeb>an m>k+ its eye1 %9es 9 ! ev5+ above our heads4 ,no o!r season is s magnific5tly con/ellat$ z ! mon?s ( w9t]4 ,:ile nature deprives u ( c]ta9 enjoym5ts 9 "o way1 x (f]s u 9 ex*ange o!rs no less preci\s4 ,! m>vels ( ! heav5s pres5t !mselves f ,taurus & ,orion 9 ! ea/ to ,virgo & ,botes on ! we/4 ,( eighte5 />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 :i* are c\nt$ 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! firmam5t1 a doz5 are visible f n9e o'clock to midnight1 n to m5tion "s f9e />s ( ! second magnitude1 rem>kable nebul1 & cele/ial objects well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( mortals4 ,x is ?us t nature e/abli%es an h>moni\s comp5sation1 & :ile x d>k5s our %ort & fro/y days ( w9t]1 x gives u long nights enri*$ ) ! mo/ opul5t creations ( ! sky4 ,! con/ellation ( ,orion is n only ! ri*e/ 9 brilliant />s1 b x conceals = ! initiat$ treasures :i* no o!r is kn[n to af=d4 ,we might almo/ call x ! ,cali=nia ( ! sky4 ,to ! s\!a/ ( ,orion1 on ! l9e ( ! ,?ree ,k+s1 %9es ! mo/ magnific5t ( all ! />s1 ,sirius1 or ,alpha ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,dog4 ,?is con/ellation rises 9 ! ev5+ at ! end ( ,novemb]1 passes ! m]idian at midnight at ! end ( ,janu>y1 & sets at ! end ( ,m>*4 ,x play$ ! greate/ "p 9 ,egyptian a/ronomy1 = x regulat$ ! anci5t cal5d>4 ,x 0 ! fam\s ,dog ,/>2 x pr$ict$ ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 ! summ] sol/ice1 great heats & fev]s2 b ! precession ( ! equ9oxes has 9 ?ree ?\s& ye>s mov$ back ! "t ( its appe>ance by a mon? & a half2 & n[ ?is f9e /> ann\nces no?+1 ei!r to ! ,egyptians :o are dead or to _! successors4 ,b we %all see f>!r on :at x tea*es u ( ! gr&eur ( ! sid]eal univ]se4 ,! ,little ,dog1 or ,procyon1 is f\nd above ! ,great ,dog & bel[ ! ,tw9s 7,ca/or & ,pollux71 to ! ea/ ( ,orion4 ,) ! exception ( ,alpha ,procyon1 no brilliant /> di/+ui%es x4 ,! two d\ble-/>s1 #fa ,cygni & ,alpha ,c5tauri1 are =m$ ea* ( two orange suns4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,cross !re is a wond]ful gr\p ( />s1 consi/+ ( ab\t "o hundr$ & t5 suns1 ne>ly all invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,among ! pr9cipal />s ( ?is gr\p1 :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el describ$ z be+1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope1 l 8a casket ( v>i\sly-color$ preci\s /ones10 are two r$ />s1 two bright gre51 ?ree pale gre51 & "o ( a gre5i% blue4 ,! spl5dor ( ^! natural illum9ations c h>dly be conceiv$ by our t]re/rial imag9ation4 ,! t9ts :i* we admire 9 ^! />s f "h c give b a di/ant idea ( ! real value ( _! colors4 ,already1 9 pass+ f our foggy latitudes to ! limpid regions ( ! tropics1 ! colors ( ! />s are acc5tuat$1 & ! sky becomes a v]itable casket ( brilliant gems4 ,:at w\ld x be if we c\ld transport ourselves beyond ! limits ( our atmosph]e8 ,se5 f ! moon1 ^! colors w\ld be spl5did4 ,ant>es1 ,alpha ,h]culis1 ,pollux1 ,aldeb>an1 ,betelgeuse1 ,m>s1 %9e l rubies2 ! ,pol> ,/>1 ,capella1 ,ca/or1 ,arcturus1 ,procyon1 are v]itable cele/ial topazes2 :ile ,sirius1 ,vega1 & ,altair are diamonds1 eclips+ all by _! dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,h[ w\ld x be if we c\ld approa* ! />s s z to p]ceive _! lum9\s disks1 in/ead ( m]ely see+ brilliant po9ts de/itute ( all diamet]8 ,blue days1 violet days1 dazzl+ r$ days1 livid gre5 days6 ,c\ld ! imag9ation ( poets1 c\ld ! caprice ( pa9t]s1 picture on ! palette ( fancy a _w ( light m a/\nd+ ?an ?is8 ,c\ld ! mad h& ( ! *im]a1 ?r[+ on ! receptive canvas ! /range lights ( its fancy1 erect by *ance a m a/oni%+ edifice8 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,clu/]s ,,( ,,suns4 ,we h be5 ?9k+ a good deal ab\t s+le />s & d\ble />s1 z se5 f e>?4 ,n[ we h to turn our att5tion to gr\ps1 clu/]s1 masses ( />s1 9 ! f> regions ( space4 ,h y ev] notic$ on a w9t] night1 :5 ! sky 0 cle> & dott$ ) tw9kl+ />s1 a b& ( fa9tly-glimm]+ light /ret*+ across ! heav5s f "o horizon to ! o!r8 ,! b& is irregul> 9 %ape1 sometimes broad]1 sometimes n>r[]2 "h m bright1 !re m dim4 ,if y 7 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e y w\ld see ! same s(t belt ( light pass+ all across ! s\!rn heav5s4 ,?is b& or belt is call$ ! ,milky ,way4 ,b :at is ! ,milky ,way8 ,x is made up ( />s4 ,s mu* we "k4 ,z ! a/ronom] turns 8 telescope to ! zone ( fa9tly-gleam+ light1 he f9ds />s appe>+ beh9d />s 9 c\ntless multitudes2 & ! /rong] 8 telescope1 ! m ! :ite light *anges into di/ant />s4 ,our sun we believe to be "o ( ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way2 m]ely "o /> among millions ( />s2 m]ely "o gold5 gra9 among ! millions ( sp>kl+ gold-du/ gra9s scatt]$ lavi%ly ?r\gh creation4 ,scatt]$1 n recklessly1 n by *ance1 b plac$1 arrang$1 & guid$ ea* by its ,mak]'s uphold+ h&4 ,! ,milky ,way1 or ! ,galaxy1 z x has be5 call$1 has great int]e/ = a/ronom]s4 ,_m h be5 ! attempts made to discov] its actual size1 its real %ape1 h[ _m />s x conta9s1 h[ f> x ext5ds2 b to all su* que/ions ! only safe answ]s to be return$ are f5c$ ar\nd ) 8p]haps0 & 8may be40 ,!re are _m v rem>kable clu/]s ( />s to be se5 9 ! heav5s--"s few visible z fa9t spots ( light to ! nak$ eye1 ?\gh ! great] numb] are only to be se5 ?r\gh a telescope4 ,ei!r ) ! nak$ eye1 or 9 telescopes ( v>y+ p[]1 !y %[ fir/ z m]e glimm]s ( light1 :i*1 view$ ) a m p[]ful telescope1 sep>ate into clu/]s ( di/ant />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,clu/] ,,( ,,/>s ,,9 ,,c5taurus4 ,! mo/ common %ape ( ^! clu/]s is globul>--to ! eye appe>+ simply r\nd4 ,/>s ga!r d5sely ne> ! c5t]1 & gradually op5 out to a ?9 scatt]+ ab\t ! edge4 ,?\s&s ( suns are (t5 ?us collect$ into "o clu/]4 ,! clu/]s are to be se5 9 all p>ts ( ! sky2 b ! great] numb] seem to be ga!r$ into ! space cov]$ by ! ,milky ,way & by ! fam\s s\? ,magellanic ,cl\ds4 ,"s ( !m are beautifully color$2 z1 = in/ance1 a clu/] 9 ,t\can1 n visible f ,engl&1 ! c5t] ( :i* is rose-color$1 bord]$ ) :ite4 ,no d\bt x conta9s a l>ge numb] ( bright r$ suns1 surr\nd$ by a scatt]+ ( :ite suns4 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t _m ( ^! clu/]s 7 o!r va/ ga!r+s or galaxies ( />s1 l ! ,milky ,way1 ly+ at enorm\s di/ances f u4 ,?is n[ seems unlikely4 ,! pres5t idea r is1 t ea* clu/]1 9 place ( be+ ano!r 8,milky ,way0 ( millions ( widely-scatt]$ suns1 is "o great />-sy/em1 consi/+ inde$ ( ?\s&s ( suns1 b all mov+ r\nd "o c5t]4 ,probably mo/ ( ^! clu/]s are !mselves a "p ( ! collection ( />s to :i* our sun belongs4 ,if ?is be s1 & if worlds are travel+ among ! suns--z may well be1 s9ce !y are d\btless q f> en\gh ap>t = ea* sun to h 8 own little or great sy/em ( planets--:at sights mu/ be se5 by ! inhabitants ( su* planets6 ,we d n inde$ "k ! di/ance betwe5 ! sep>ate suns ( a clu/]1 :i* may be f> great] ?an appe>s to u4 ,b if a/ronom]s calculate rightly1 !y are ne> en\gh toge!r to %$ bright light on all sides ( a planet revolv+ 9 _! mid/4 ,! said planet might p]haps n h )9 view a s+le sun equal 9 app>5t size to our sun z se5 f e>?2 yet ?\s&s ( less] suns1 %9+ brightly 9 ! firmam5t night & day1 w\ld cause a radiance :i* we nev] enjoy4 ,no1 n night4 ,9 su* a _w !re c\ld be no night4 ,worlds 9 ! mid/ ( a />-clu/] mu/ be regions ( p]petual day4 ,no night1 no />ry heav51 no sunrise lights or sunset glories1 no %ad[ m+l+ ) sun%9e1 b "o cont9ual1 ceaseless blaze ( brightness4 ,we c h>dly picture1 ev5 9 imag9ation1 su* a condition ( ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,&rom$a1 ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,besides />-clu/]s !re are also nebul4 ,! ^w nebula comes f ! ,lat9 ^w = 8cl\d10 & ! nebul are s nam$ f _! cl\dlike appe>ance4 ,x is n easy to draw a l9e ( cle> division betwe5 nebul & di/ant />-clu/]s2 = bo? h at fir/ sight ! same dim1 :ite1 cl\dy look4 ,9 pa/ days ! />-clu/]s 7 includ$ by a/ronom]s "u ! g5]al class ( nebul4 ,& z ) ! />-clu/]s1 s ) _m ( ! nebul1 ! m p[]ful telescopes ( mod]n days h %[n !m to be great clu/]s1 or sy/ems1 or galaxies ( />s1 at va/ di/ances f u4 ,x 0 suppos$ ) ! nebul1 z ) "s ( ! />-clu/]s1 t !y 7 o!r 8,milky ,ways0 ( c\ntless />s1 f> beyond ! outside b\nd>ies ( our ,milky ,way4 ,?is may /ill be true ( "s or _m nebul1 b c]ta9ly n ( all4 ,= !re are diff]5t k9ds ( nebul4 ,"s may1 z j said1 be va/ ga!r+s ( />s ly+ at di/ances beyond calculation1 almo/ beyond imag9ation4 ,o!rs appe> r to be clu/]s ( />s1 l ^? already describ$1 probably situat$ 9 our own galaxy ( />s4 ,!re is also a ?ird k9d ( nebula4 ,_m nebul1 once suppos$ to be clu/]s ( />s1 hav+ be5 lately exam9$ by means ( ! spectroscope1 are f\nd to be enorm\s masses ( gl[+ gas1 & n solid bodies at all4 ,! numb] ( nebul kn[n am\nts to _m ?\s&s4 ,!y are commonly divid$ into classes1 accord+ to _! seem+ %ape4 ,!re are nebul ( regul> =m1 & nebul ( irregul> =m4 ,!re are circul> nebul1 oval nebul1 annul> nebul1 conical nebul1 comet>y nebul1 spiral nebul1 & nebul ( e imag9able description4 ,^! %apes w\ld no d\bt entirely *ange1 if we c\ld see !m ne>]2 & inde$1 ev5 9 m p[]ful telescopes1 !y are (t5 f\nd to look q diff]5t4 ,:ile on ! subject ( clu/]s & nebul1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ! fam\s ,magellanic ,cl\ds 9 ! s\!rn heav5s4 ,sometimes !y are call$ ! ,cape ,cl\ds4 ,!y diff] f o!r nebul 9 _m po9ts1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 _! app>5t size4 ,! ,great ,cl\d is ab\t two hundr$ times ! size ( ! full moon1 :ile ! ,small ,cl\d is ab\t "o-qu>t] z l>ge4 ,9 appe>ance !y are n unlike two pat*es ( ! ,milky ,way1 sep>at$ & mov$ to a di/ance f ! ma9 /ream4 ,^! cl\ds are surr\nd$ by a v b>r5 portion ( ! heav5s1 conta9+ few />s2 b 9 !mselves !y are peculi>ly ri*4 ,se5 ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope1 !y are f\nd to ab\nd ) />s4 ,! ,great] ,cl\d alone conta9s ov] six hundr$ f ! sev5? to ! t5? magnitudes1 c\ntless t9y />-po9ts ( less] magnitudes1 />-clu/]s ( all descriptions1 & ne>ly ?ree hundr$ nebul1--all cr[d$ into ?is seem+ly limit$ space4 ,among _m fam\s nebul1 ! "o 9 ,orion & ! "o 9 ,&rom$a may be p>ticul>ly m5tion$4 ,! size ( ! latt]1 z comp>$ ) ! size ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 is %[n 9 ! cut ( ?is nebula4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( a complete resolvability into />s1 ! m9d is lo/ 9 numb]+ ! myriads ( suns1 ! agglom]at$ individual lights ( :i* produce ^! nebul\s fr+es ( su* diff]5t int5sities4 ,:at mu/ be ! ext5t ( ?is univ]se1 ( :i* ea* sun is no m ?an a gra9 ( lum9\s du/6 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,sun ,,& ,,/> ,,di/ances4 ,"o "q _h long occupi$ ! m9ds ( sci5tific m5 )\t ! f9d+ ( any satisfactory answ]1 & ?is 0 ! di/ance ( ! sun f our e>?4 ,at l5g? ! sun _h fully ga9$ 8 rightful position 9 ! m9ds ( m5 z c5t] & controll] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & e>? 0 fully de?ron$ f h] old false position4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! sun _h ga9$ m ?an 8 rightful position2 s9ce he 0 n[ look$ ^u v mu* z ! e>? _h be5 =m]ly look$ ^u2 s9ce he 0 reg>d$ practically z ! motionless ,univ]se-,c5t]4 ,! e>? might & did move--p _h gr[n us$ to t idea--b ! sun1 at all ev5ts1 0 fix$4 ,! sun1 beyond turn+ ^u 8 axis1 0 motionless4 ,/ill1 z to ! true di/ance ( ! sun f ourselves1 ignorance reign$4 ,ty*o ,brahe _h made a great advance on e>li] notions by plac+ ! light-giv] #d1jjj1jjj miles away 9 imag9ation4 ,kepl]1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 increas$ ?is to #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,galileo aft]w>ds rev]t$ to ! #d1jjj1jjj4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 0 %e] guesswork4 ,n till well on 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury did ,cass9i make a def9ite attempt at actual measurem5t ( ! sun's di/ance1 & ?is attempt gave z a result "s #hb1jjj1jjj miles--n f> remov$ f ! tru?4 ,b at ! same p]iod o!r obs]v]s gave results ( #da1jjj1jjj & #acf1jjj1jjj2 s = ye>s ! "q /ill rema9$ swa!d 9 mi/4 ,bett] modes & bett] in/rum5ts 7 requir$ be=e x c\ld receive settlem5t4 ,! measurem5t ( ! di/ance ( objects a good way (f is by means ( _! 8p>allax10 or ! app>5t *ange 9 _! position :5 view$ f two diff]5t po9ts at "s di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,to ?is me?od ( calculat+ di/ance we h already ref]r$4 ,?is k9d ( measurem5t ( di/ances is n conf9$ to our e>?'s surface alone4 ,! di/ances ( bright bodies 9 ! heav5s may be calculat$ aft] j ! same me?od1 provid$ only t ! heav5ly body is n too f> di/ant to be made to *ange its seem+ position 9 ! sky4 ,suppose y wi%$ to f9d out h[ f> (f ! moon is4 ,y w\ld h to make y\r obs]vation ( ! moon's exact position 9 ! sky--( j t spot precisely :]e %e is to be se5 among heav5ly sc5]y at a p>ticul> mom5t2 & y w\ld h to get somebody else to make a simil> obs]vation1 at ! same "t1 f "s o!r "p ( e>?1 at a good di/ance f y\r po/4 ,!re are no hills or woods 9 ! sky = ! moon to be se5 aga9/2 b !re are pl5ty ( />s1 bright po9ts ( light f> beyond ! moon4 ,if y look at h] f "o place1 & y\r fri5d looks at h] f ano!r place a good way (f1 !re w be a diff]5ce 9 y\r two 8views40 ,y w see h] v close to c]ta9 />s2 & y\r fri5d w see h] n q s close to ^? />s1 b clos] to o!rs4 ,?is diff]5ce ( view w\ld give ! moon's p>allax4 ,if y\r obs]vation 7 v c>eful1 v exact1 & if y _h ! precise di/ance betwe5 ! spot :]e y /ood1 & ! spot :]e y\r fri5d /ood1--!n1 f t base-l9e1 & f ! two angles =m$ by its junction ) ! l9es f ! two ends ( x /raight to ! moon1 y might reckon h[ _m miles away ! moon is4 ,! great] ! di/ance betwe5 ! two places ( obs]vation1 ! bett]1--z1 = in/ance1 at ,gre5wi* & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,practically1 ?is is n ne>ly s simple a matt] z x may s\nd1 because our e>? is always on ! move1 & ! moon h]self is p]petually j\rney+ onw>d4 ,all su* motions h to be mo/ scrupul\sly all[$ =4 ,s ! actual measurem5t ( moon-di/ance requires a great deal ( k & ( /udy4 ,_m o!r difficulties & complications besides ^! ent] into ! "q1 & h to be ov]come4 ,n[1 ! sun is v mu* f>!r away ?an ! moon1 & ! /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( f9d+ out 8 di/ance become proportionately great] & m num]\s4 ,to obs]ve him f two p>ts ( ,engl&1 or f two p>ts ( ,europe1 w\ld give him no p>allax4 ,t is to say1 !re w\ld be no *ange ( position on 8 "p app>5t to u4 ,i d n say t !re w\ld be no *ange at all2 b only t x w\ld be s m9ute z to be q unse5 by human eyes1 ev5 ) ! help ( mo/ c>eful & accurate measurem5t4 ,a v long base-l9e is ne$$ to make ! sun di/9ctly appe> to *ange 8 position ev] s little4 ,only ! v longe/ base-l9e :i* c be f\nd on e>? w d = ?is1--no?+ less ?an ! e>?'s :ole diamet] ( ne>ly eight ?\s& miles4 ,& ,i ?9k y w see t ! success ( ! calculation w\ld !n dep5d1 n alone on mo/ c>eful obs]vation f two po/s at ! opposite sides ( e>?2 n alone on ma!matical gifts & p[]s ( close reckon+2 b also1 ess5tially1 on a true k ( our e>?'s diamet]2 t is1 ( ! exact l5g? ( ! base-l9e f :i* ! :ole calculation w\ld h to be made1 & ^u :i* ! answ] w\ld l>gely dep5d4 ,= a long :ile ! e>?'s diamet] 0 n well kn[n4 ,z "t w5t on1 fre% measurem5ts 7 aga9 & aga9 made ( diff]5t portions ( e>?'s surface1 fre% calculations foll[+ !refrom2 & gradually cle> conclusions 7 rea*$4 ,a v important matt] x 0 t !y %\ld be rea*$2 = ! semi-diamet] ( our e>? has be5 adopt$ z a 8/&>d measure0 = ! :ole univ]se2 & ! slighte/ error 9 t /&>d measure w\ld affect all aft] calculations4 ,:5 actual obs]vations ( sun-di/ance came to be made1 innum]able difficulties arose4 ,=emo/ /ood ! huge am\nt ( t di/ance4 ,?is made precise obs]vations m difficult2 & at ! same "t x made e mi/ake 9 obs]vation s mu* ! worse4 ,a little mi/ake 9 obs]v+ ! moon might mean only a hundr$ miles or s wrong 9 ! answ]2 b a mi/ake equally small 9 obs]v+ ! sun w\ld lead to an error ( _m millions ( miles4 ,aga91 to obs]ve ! sun's exact position among ! />s1 z ) ! moon1 0 n possible2 because :5 ! sun is visible1 ! />s are n visible4 ,!n1 too1 ! dazzl+ brightness ( ! sun balk$ ! ne$$ exactitude4 ,halley _h a brilliant ?\ght be=e he di$4 ,he c\ld n c>ry x out himself1 b he left x to o!rs z a legacy2 t 01 by obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us f two diff]5t po9ts on ! e>?'s surface4 ,at 8 sugge/ion1 on ! fir/ opportunity--:i* 0 n till aft] 8 dea?--! above mode 0 tri$ ( measur+ ! sun's di/ance4 ,a c]ta9 obs]v]1 /ation$ on "o "p ( e>?1 saw ! t9y d>k body ( ,v5us take "o p>ticul> l9e across ! sun's bright face4 ,ano!r obs]v]1 /&+ on q ano!r & a f>-(f "p ( e>?1 saw ! little d>k body take q ano!r l9e across ! sun's bright face4 ,n t !re 7 two little d>k bodies1 b t ! "o body 0 se5 by diff]5t m5 9 diff]5t places4 ,f ^! sep>ate views ( ! pa? ( ,v5us across ! face ( ! sun1 9 connection ) :at 0 already kn[n ( ! e>?'s diamet]1 & !re=e ( ! l5g? ( base-l9e betwe5 ! two places1 ! di/ance ( ! sun 0 reckon$ to be ab\t #ie1jjj1jjj miles4 ,s9ce t date _m fre% attempts h be5 made1 & errors h be5 set "r4 ,m]cury z well z ,v5us has be5 us$ 9 ?is matt]1 & o!r new] modes ( measurem5t h also be5 successfully tri$4 ,we "k n[1 ) tol]able accuracy1 t ! sun's great] di/ance f e>? is betwe5 #ib1jjj1jjj & #ic1jjj1jjj miles4 ,a curi\s illu/ration ( sun-di/ance has be5 (f]$ by "o writ]4 ,s\nd & light1 heat & s5sation1 all require "t = j\rney+4 ,:5 a *ild puts 8 f+] into a c&le-flame1 he imm$iately %rieks ) pa94 ,yet1 quickly z ! cry foll[s ! action1 8 bra9 is n really aw>e ( ! burn until a c]ta9 int]val has elaps$4 ,true1 ! int]val is extremely m9ute2 /ill x is a real int]val4 ,news ( ! burn has to be telegraph$ f ! f+]1 ?r\gh ! n]ves ( ! arm1 up to ! bra92 & x occupies "t 9 transmission1 ?\gh s small a fraction ( a second t we c n be consci\s ( x4 ,n[1 try to imag9e a *ild on e>? ) an arm long en\gh to rea* ! sun4 ,8 f+]s might be scor*$ by ! rag+ fires !re1 :ile yet 8 bra9 on e>? w\ld rema9 q unaw>e ( ! fact = ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 ,all ?r\gh ^? ye>s1 s5sation w\ld be d>t+ along ! arm exactly z fa/ z x d>ts f ! f+]-tips ( an ord9>y *ild on e>? to t *ild's bra94 ,if ! scor*+ began be=e he 0 "o ye> old1 he w\ld h become a v ag$ man1 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old1 be=e he c\ld "k 9 8 m9d :at 0 happ5+ 9 ! region ( 8 h&4 ,moreov]1 if1 on receiv+ ! intimation1 he %\ld decide to )draw 8 h& f t unpleasantly-hot neighborhood1 ano!r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s w\ld elapse be=e ! f+]s c\ld receive & act ^u ! message1 telegraph$ f ! bra91 ?r\gh ! n]ves ( ! arm4 ,s mu* = ! di/ance ( ! sun f our e>?6 ,b ! />s6 ,h[ f> (f are ! />s8 ,! di/ance ( ! moon is a m]e no?+4 ,! di/ances ( ! planets h be5 f\nd out4 ,! di/ance ( ! sun has be5 measur$4 ,b ! />s--^? wondr\s po9ts ( light1 tw9kl+ on1 night aft] night1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 un*ang$ 9 position save by ! seem+ nightly pilgrimage ( !m all across ! sky 9 company1 caus$ only by our e>?'s re/less1 cont9ual :irl1-- ,:at ab\t ! di/ances ( ! />s8 ,c we measure _! di/ance by means ( _! p>allax8 ,?is mode ( measurem5t 0 tri$ successfully on ! moon1 on ! planets1 & on ! sun4 ,b :5 x 0 tri$ ^u ! />s1 f two /ations z f> ap>t z any two /ations on e>? c\ld be1 ! attempt 0 a failure4 ,n a gho/ ( p>allax c\ld be detect$ ) any "o />4 ,n ! fa9te/ sign ( displacem5t 0 se5 9 ! position ( a s+le /> :5 mo/ critically & c>efully exam9$4 ,!n arose a brilliant ?\ght6 ,:at ( e>?'s ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun8 ,if a base-l9e ( #h1jjj miles 7 n en\gh1 comp>$ ) ! great di/ance ( ! />s1 ?is at lea/ rema9$4 ,our e>? at midsumm] is some:]e ab\t #ahe1jjj1jjj miles away f :]e %e is at midw9t]1 comp>+ h] position ) t ( ! sun1 & reckon+ him to be at re/4 ,9 reality1 ! sun is n at re/1 b is 9 ceaseless motion1 c>ry+ ) him1 :]ev] he goes1 ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em ) z mu* ease z a tra9 c>ries its pass5g]s4 ,^? pass5g]s are truly 9 motion1 yet1 ) reg>d m]ely to ! tra91 !y are at re/4 ,s ea* memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em--atta*$ to ! sun1 n by ,ptolemaic b>s1 b by ! bond ( gravity--is borne along by him ?r\gh space2 yet1 ) respect to ea* memb] ( t sy/em1 ! c5tral sun is always & absolutely at re/4 ,at "o "t ( ! ye>1 our e>? is on "o side ( ! sun1 ov] #ib1jjj1jjj miles di/ant4 ,six mon?s lat]1 ! e>? is on ! o!r side ( ! sun1 n q #ic1jjj1jjj miles away f him 9 t opposite direction4 ,twice #ic1jjj1jjj comes to #ahf1jjj1jjj4 ,?is l9e1 !re=e--! diamet] ( ! e>?'s :ole ye>ly orbit1 may be r\ghly /at$ z ab\t #ahe1jjj1jjj ( miles 9 l5g?4 ,"h surely 0 a base-l9e fit to give p>allax to any />--or1 r1 to make p>allax visible 9 ! case ( any />4 ,= x is1 aft] all1 a "q1 n ( fact1 b ( visibility2 n ( :e!r ! ?+ is1 b ( :e!r we are able to see x4 ,z ! e>? j\rneys on h] annual t\r r\nd ! sun1 foll[+ a slightly elliptic pa?way1 ! diamet] ( :i* is ab\t #ahe1jjj1jjj miles1 ea* /> 9 ! sky mu/ ( necessity und]go a *ange ( position1 h[ev] m9ute1 p]=m+ a t9y app>5t annual j\rney 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! e>?'s great annual j\rney4 ,! "q is n1 ,does ! /> d ?is8 b1 ,c we see ! /> d ?is8 ,its app>5t *ange ( position may be s inf9itesimal1 ?r\gh enorm\s di/ance1 t no telescopes or in/rum5ts yet made by man c possibly %[ x to u4 ,! />-motion ( :i* ,i am n[ speak+ is purely a seem+ movem5t1 n real4 ,be v cle> on ?is po9t 9 y\r m9d4 ,real />-movem5ts1 ?\gh suspect$ e>li]1 7 n def9itely surmis$--"o may ev5 say 8discov]$0--until ! ye> #agah1 by ,halley4 ,& ?\gh ,cass9i 9 #agbh ref]r$ to ?is discov]y ( ,halley's1 yet v little 0 he>d ab\t ! matt] until ! days ( ,h]s*el4 ,only app>5t />-motions 7 g5]ally und]/ood & accept$4 ,! fir/ & simple/ ( su* seem+ />-motions is "o :i* we c all see--! nightly j\rney ( ! :ole ho/ ( />s1 caus$ by our e>?'s :irl ^u h] axis4 ,! second is also simple1 b by no means also easily se54 ,a/ronom]s reason$ out ! logical necessity = su* an app>5t motion long be=e x c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,z f> back z ! days ( ,cop]nicus x 0 felt t if ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em 7 true1 if ! e>? 9 v de$ travel$ r\nd ! sun1 !n ! />s ought to *ange _! positions 9 ! sky :5 view$ f diff]5t p>ts ( e>?'s annual j\rney4 ,obs]vations 7 tak51 divid$ by six mon?s ( "t & by "o hundr$ & eighty-five millions ( miles ( space4 ,& ! />s /irr$ n6 ,/up5d\s z 0 ?is base-l9e1 x prov$ insuffici5t4 ,s mu* m /up5d\s 0 ! di/ance ( ! />s t ! base-l9e sank to no?+1 & once aga9 p>allax c\ld n be detect$4 ,n t ! seem+ *ange ( position 9 ! /> did n take place1 b t human eyes 7 unable to see x1 human in/rum5ts 7 unable to regi/] x4 ,!re lies ! gi/ ( ! matt]4 ,if ! *ange ( position c be obs]v$1 well & good6 ,! l5g? ( ! base-l9e be+ kn[n1 ! di/ance ( ! /> may be ma!matically calculat$4 ,= ! size ( ! t9y app>5t pa?1 foll[$ 9 a ye> by ! />1 is & mu/ be exactly proportion$ to ! di/ance ( ! /> f t base-l9e4 ,if ! t9y oval be s mu* l>g]1 !n ! /> is kn[n to be s mu* ne>]4 ,if ! t9y oval be s mu* small]1 !n ! /> is kn[n to be s mu* f>!r away4 ,b :5 n ! m9ute/ tok5 c\ld be discov]$ ( a />'s position 9 ! sky be+ 9 ! lea/ degree affect$ by ! e>?'s great annual *ange ( position1 a/ronom]s 7 at a loss4 ,!re 0 absolutely no?+ to calculate f4 ,! /> 0 a motionless po9t to e>?4 ,! :ole ye>ly orbit ( e>? 0 a motionless po9t to ! />4 ,"o sl5d] beam ( light unit$ ! two4 ,reckon]s _h no?+ to /& ^u4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ,cop]nicus _h actually1 long be=e1 sugge/$ ?is z a possible explanation ( ! abs5ce ( />-p>allax4 ,he ?\ght t a/ronom]s might fail altoge!r to f9d x1 because ! />s might be 8at a practically inf9ite di/ance0 f our e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,/> ,,di/ances4 ,until ! days ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 little att5tion 0 be/[$ ^u ! univ]se ( di/ant />s4 ,be=e 8 adv5t ! int]e/ ( a/ronom]s _h be5 ma9ly c5t]$ 9 ! sun & 8 revolv+ worlds4 ,! 8fix$ />s0 7 inde$ /udi$1 z su*1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e1 & numb]less ef=ts 7 made to discov] _! di/ances f e>?2 b ! ?\ght ( a va/ ,/>ry ,sy/em1 9 :i* our little ,sol> ,sy/em %\ld s9k to a m]e po9t by comp>ison ) its imm5sity1 _h n yet dawn$4 ,) l>g] & yet l>g] telescopes ( 8 own mak+1 ,h]s*el /udi$ ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em1 & especially ! nature ( sun-spots1 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 ! v>i\s motions ( att5dant moons1 toge!r ) c\ntless o!r details4 ,he enl>g$ ! sy/em by ! discov]y ( ano!r planet outside ,saturn--! planet ,uranus1 till !n unkn[n4 ,^! 7 only fir/ /eps4 ,! "w :i* he did 9 respect ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 z no?+ comp>$ ) ! "w :i* he did among ! />s4 ,8 "w 9 our sy/em 0 supplem5t>y to o!r m5's labors2 8 "w among ! />s 0 ! beg9n+ ( a new era4 ,l _m be=e him1 he1 too1 s\ght eag]ly to f9d />-p>allax1 & he1 too1 fail$4 ,n yet _h in/rum5ts rea*$ a degree ( f9i% :i* %\ld p]mit measur+ op]ations ( s delicate a nature4 ,al?\gh he might n detect />-p>allax1 he sprang a m9e ^u ! old] notions ( />-fixity4 ,he %ook to its v f\ndations ! sid]eal a/ronomy ( ! day1--! !ory1 long held1 ( a motionless univ]se1 motionless />s1 & a rotat+ b o!rwise motionless sun4 ,he did away ) ! m5tal picture1 !n widely believ$ 91 ( va/ int]m9able fixity & /illness1 ext5d+ ?r\gh space1 v>i$ only by a few little w&]+ worlds4 ,z he swept ! skies1 & endeavor$ to gauge ! fa?omless dep?s1 & va9ly pursu$ ! se>* = ! p>allax ( "o /> aft] ano!r1 he made a great & unlook$-= discov]y4 ,?is 0 9 connection ) d\ble-/>s4 ,d\ble-/>s _h long be5 kn[n1 & 7 g5]ally recogniz$4 ,b :e!r ! d\bl5ess 7 purely accid5tal1 due m]ely to ! fact ( two />s happ5+ to lie almo/ 9 ! same l9e ( sight1 z view$ f e>?1 or :e!r any real connection exi/$ betwe5 ! two1 no man liv+ c\ld say4 ,inde$1 s long z all />s 7 reg>d$ z utt] fixtures1 ! "q 0 ( no v great int]e/4 ,b light dawn$ z ,h]s*el wat*$4 ,he f\nd ! sep>ate />s 9 a c]ta9 pair to be mov+4 ,ea* f "t to "t _h slightly1 v slightly1 *ang$ its place4 ,!n1 at lea/1 if all o!r />s 9 ! univ]se 7 fix$1 ^? two 7 n fix$4 ,he wat*$ on1 & gradually he made out t _! motions 7 /eady1 7 sy/ematic1 & 7 connect$ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,t 0 "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>ds break+ d[n ! old5 notion1 s widely held1 ( a fix$ & un*ang+ univ]se4 ,ano!r d\ble-/>1 & yet ano!r1 respond$ to ,h]s*el's int5se & c>eful se>*+4 ,^! o!r c\ples1 too1 7 revolv+1 n sep>ately1 b 9 company2 j\rney+ toge!r r\nd "o c5t]2 b\nd toge!r app>5tly by bonds ( gravitation1 ev5 z our sun & 8 planets are b\nd toge!r4 ,o!r />s besides b9>y />s are f\nd to move ) a real & n m]ely a seem+ movem5t4 ,view$ c>elessly1 ! />s d inde$ appe> to rema9 fix$ 9 *angeless gr\ps2 fix$ ev5 ?r\gh c5turies4 ,b1 to exce$+ly close wat*+ & accurate measurem5t1 _m among !m are di/9ctly n fix$2 _m among !m c be actually se5 to move4 ,( c\rse ! obs]v$ motions are v small & sl[4 ,"o may be f\nd to creep ov] a space z wide z ! :ole full moon 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ ye>s2 & ?is is rapid travel+ = a /> 9 e>?'s sky6 ,ano!r w p]haps cross a space "o-t5? or "o-tw5tie? or "o-fiftie? ( ! moon's wid? 9 "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,su* motions _h nev] be5 c>efully not$ or exam9$1 until ,h]s*el came to d away ) ! old receiv$ notions ( />-fixity4 ,happily1 ,h]s*el 0 no slave to 8receiv$ ideas40 ,l ,galileo 9 e>li] times1 he wi%$ to 8prove all ?+s0 p]sonally1 anxi\s only to f9d out :at 0 ! tru?4 ,& he f\nd t ! />s 7 n fix$6 ,he f\nd t numb]s ( !m 7 mov+4 ,he conjectur$ t probably all ! re/ 7 mov+ also2 t 9 place ( a fix$ univ]se ( *angeless />s we h a :irl+ univ]se ( ru%+ suns4 ,h]s*el c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 wat* any "o /> = a hundr$ ye>s1 mu* less = sev]al c5turies4 ,b 9 a v few ye>s he c\ld1 by exce$+ly close measurem5t1 detect suffici5t motion to be able to calculate h[ long x w\ld take a c]ta9 /> to creep across a space z wide z ! full moon4 ,f /ep to /ep he pass$ on1 nev] we>y ( 8 toil4 ,he s\ght to gauge ! ,milky ,way1 & to =m "s notion ( its %ape4 ,he not$ a g5]al drift ( />s to "r & to left1 :i* seem$ to speak ( a possible j\rney ( our sun ?r\gh space1 ) all ! planets ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,he flung himself ) ardor into ! /udy ( />-clu/]s & ( nebul4 ,he saw1 ) an almo/ prophetic eye1 ! wondr\s picture ( a develop+ univ]se--( nebul gr[+ sl[ly into suns1 & ( suns cool+ gradually into worlds--s f> z to lik5 ! heav5s to a piece ( gr\nd1 conta9+ trees & plants 9 e sep>ate /age ( gr[?4 ,& /ill ! se>* = /> p>allax w5t on1 s long pursu$ 9 va94 ,no long] base-l9e ?an t ( ! diamet] ( e>?'s ye>ly orbit lay )9 man's rea*4 ,b aga9 & yet aga9 ! attempt 0 made4 ,in/rum5ts 7 improv$1 & measurem5ts became ev] m delicate2 & at l5g? "s small success cr[n$ ^! p]si/5t endeavors4 ,! t9y s\nd+-l9e ( e>?1 l[]$ s (t5 into ! my/]i\s dep?s ( space1 did at la/ 8t\* bottom40 ,h]s*el di$1 full ( ye>s & honors1 9 #ahbb2 & "s t5 ye>s lat] ?ree diff]5t attempts prov$1 all to "s ext5t1 & almo/ at ! same date1 successful4 ,bessel1 h[ev]1 0 actually ! fir/ 9 po9t ( "t2 & 8 attempt 0 ^u ! d\ble-/>1 #fa ,cygni2 n at all a bright />1 b only j visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,!re are />s & />s1 en\gh to *oose f4 ,! difficulty always 01 :i* to select z a subject = trial ) any reasonable prospect ( a good result4 ,"s a/ronom]s held t ! brighte/ />s 7 ! mo/ hopeful1 s9ce !y 7 probably ! ne>e/2 & ( c\rse ! ne>] />s w\ld %[ p>allax m readily1 because _! p>allax w\ld be ! great]4 ,b c]ta9 v bright />s inde$ are n[ kn[n to be f> m di/ant ?an c]ta9 v dim />s4 ,aga91 "s a/ronom]s ?\ght t su* />s z c\ld be p]ceiv$ to move mo/ rapidly 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s w\ld be ! mo/ hopeful objects to attack1 s9ce ! m rapid movem5t might be suppos$ to mean great] ne>ness1 & s great] ease ( measurem5t4 ,b "s />s1 se5 to move rapidly1 are n[ kn[n to be m di/ant ?an o!rs :i* are se5 to move m sluggi%ly4 ,s nei!r ( ^! two rules c\ld altoge!r be dep5d$ on2 yet bo? 71 on ! :ole1 ! be/ t c\ld be foll[$1 ei!r sep>ately or toge!r4 ,! /> #fa ,cygni is n "o ( ! bright] />s1 b x is "o ( ^? />s :i* c be se5 to travel mo/ quickly across ! sky 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,!re=e x 0 select$ = a trial2 & t trial 0 ! fir/ to meet ) success4 ,= #fa ,cygni 0 f\nd to h an app>5t p>allax2 9 o!r words1 its t9y seem+ j\rney ?r\gh ! ye>1 caus$ by our e>?'s great j\rney r\nd ! sun1 c\ld be detect$4 ,small z ! />-motion 01 x might1 ?r\gh c>eful measurem5t1 be p]ceiv$4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce1 ! di/ance ( ! /> f e>? c\ld be measur$4 ,n measur$ ) any?+ l su* exactitude z ! measurem5ts ( sun-di/ance1 b ) en\gh to give a fair g5]al notion ( />-di/ance4 ,"o success 0 spe$ily foll[$ by o!rs4 ,by a few o!rs1--n by _m4 ,among ! ?\s&s ( />s :i* c be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 "o "h & "o !re respond$ fa9tly to ! ef=ts made4 ,"o "h & "o !re 0 f\nd to /ir slightly 9 ! sky1 :5 view$ f e>?'s summ] & w9t] positions1 or f h] spr+ & autumn positions1 9 h] ye>ly pa?way r\nd ! sun4 ,x 0 a v1 v delicate /ir on ! "p ( ! />4 ,some:at l ! diff]5ce 9 position :i* y might see 9 a p5ny a few miles (f1 if y look$ at x fir/ out ( "o w9d[ & !n out ( ano!r w9d[ 9 ! same h\se4 ,y may picture ! p5ny z radiantly bright1 %9+ ?r\gh pit* d>kness2 & y may picture y\rself z look+ at x ?r\gh a telescope4 ,b ev5 s1 ! app>5t *ange ( position 9 ! p5ny1 view$ ?us1 w\ld be exce$+ly m9ute1 & exce$+ly difficult to see4 ,!re are two ways ( not+ ?is little seem+ movem5t on ! "p ( a /> 9 ! sky4 ,ei!r its precise place 9 ! sky may be obs]v$--its exact position1 z 9 a map ( ! heav5s--or else its place may be not$ z comp>$ ) ano!r m di/ant />1 ne> to x 9 ! sky1 ?\gh really f> beyond4 ,p>allax1 if visible1 w\ld make x alt] its precise place 9 ! sky4 ,p>allax1 if visible1 w\ld br+ x ne>] to or f>!r f any o!r /> m di/ant ?an itself f e>?4 ,! m di/ant /> w\ld h a mu* small] p>allax--probably s small z to be invisible to u--& s x w\ld d nicely = a 8comp>ison />40 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods 0 ! fir/ tri$2 & ! second 0 ! fir/ successful4 ,to f9d />-di/ance ?r\gh />-p>allax s\nds q simple1 :5 "o ?9ks ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( x4 ,j m]ely ! "q ( a base-l9e1 accurately measur$2 & ( two angles1 accurately obs]v$2 & ( ano!r angle1 a good way (f1 accurately calculat$1--all re/+ on ! slight seem+ *ange ( position 9 a c]ta9 di/ant object1 wat*$ f two diff]5t positions1 ab\t #ahe1jjj1jjj miles ap>t4 ,q simple1 is x n8 ,only1 :5 "o comes to realize t ! 8*ange ( position0 is ab\t equal to ! *ange ( position 9 a p5ny piece1 miles away1 look$ at f two w9d[s 9 "o h\se1--!n ! difficulty gr[s4 ,besides ?is1 "o has to rememb] all ! 8corrections0 necess>y1 be=e any true result c be rea*$4 ,a p5ny piece1 miles away1 se5 f two w9d[s1 w\ld be difficult en\gh z a subject = measurem5t4 ,b1 at lea/1 ! p5ny w\ld be at re/2 & y y\rself w\ld be at re/2 & light w\ld pass in/antane\sly f x to y2 & !re w\ld be no wobbl+ & nodd+ motions ( ev]y?+ ar\nd to add to y\r p]plexities4 ,9 ! measurem5t ( />-p>allax1 all ^! ?+s h to be consid]$ & all[$ =2 all h to be put out ( ! "q1 z x 71 be=e any correct answ] is obta9$4 ,! refraction ( light mu/ be consid]$2 because t displaces ! />1 & makes x seem to u to be :]e x is n4 ,& ! ab]ration ( light mu/ be consid]$2 because1 9 a diff]5t way1 t does ! same ?+1 mak+ ! /> seem to take a little j\rney 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,& ! precession1 or =w>d motion1 ( ! equ9oxes1 & nutation1 or vibratory motion1 h bo? to be sep>ately consid]$2 because !y1 too1 affect ! app>5t position ( e /> 9 ! sky4 ,to wat* ! /> 9 comp>ison ) ano!r /> is easi] ?an m]ely to note its exact position 9 ! sky2 = ! o!r />--! 8companion-/>0--is equally ) itself affect$ by refraction ( light & by ab]ration ( light4 ,b1 !n1 ano!r "q comes 9 s]i\sly3 :e!r or no ! companion-/> %[s any p>allax also2 s9ce1 if x does1 t p>allax mu/ be c>efully calculat$ & all[$ =4 ,s ! measurem5t ( />-di/ance1 ev5 :5 p>allax c be detect$1 is by no means a light or easy matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x bri/les ) difficulties4 ,x is a mo/ complicat$ op]ation1 ne$+ pr(\nd k1 accurate obs]vation1 tra9$ p[]s ( reason+ & calculation4 ,no?+ %ort ( :at has be5 t]m$ 8! t]rific accuracy0 ( ! pres5t day c\ld grapple ) ! truly trem5d\s difficulties ( ?is problem ( />-di/ance4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 grappl$ )1 & grappl$ ) successfully4 ,we n[ "k1 n inde$ ) any?+ l exactitude1 yet ) reasonable c]ta9ty1 ! di/ances ( a good _m />s1 z express$ r\ghly 9 r\nd numb] ( 8ab\t0 s _m trillions ( miles4#c ,we h at lea/ le>n$ en\gh to ga9 "s notion ( ! immeasurable di/ances ( c\ntless o!r />s1 ly+ f> beyond rea* ( e>?'s longe/ measur+-l9e4 #c ,! diamet] ( ! moon z se5 f ! e>? is equal to "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty eight seconds ( space4 ,:5 ! p>allax ( a /> is asc]ta9$1 x is a simple matt] to calculate ! di/ance ( ! /> by ! use ( ! foll[+ table4 ,if ! /> %[s a displacem5t ( "o second 9 space1 or "o eighte5-hundr$-&-sixty-eigh? "p ( ! wid? ( ! moon1 t /> is di/ant two hundr$ & six ?\s& two hundr$ & sixty-five times ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,an angle ( #a is equival5t to #bjf1bfe times #ic1jjj1jjj ( miles4 8 8 8 #j4i 8 8 8 #bbi1ahc 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4h 8 8 8 #beg1hcj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4g 8 8 8 #bid1ffd 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4f 8 8 8 #cdc1gej 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4e 8 8 8 #dab1ecj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4d 8 8 8 #eae1ffj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4c 8 8 8 #fhg1ejj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4b 8 8 8 #a1jca1cbj 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4a 8 8 8 #b1jfb1fej 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 #j4j 8 8 8 ,immeasurable4 ,! ne>e/ />1 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 %[s a p>allax ( less ?an "o second 7#j4ge74 ,! f>!/ />1 ! di/ance ( :i* has be5 asc]ta9$1 is #ahcj ,groombridge1 :i* %[s a p>allax ( only #j4jde1 & is di/ant #d1ehc1jjj times e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 or #dbf trillions ( miles4 ,! v ?\ght ( su* unimag9able dep?s ( space1 ( suns beyond suns 89 endless range10 ton$ d[n by simple di/ance to m]e quiv]+ specks ( light1 is well-nigh ov]:elm+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,milky ,,way4 ,! ,milky ,way =ms a s(t b& ( light r\nd ! :ole heav5s4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 z 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 x is to be se54 ,9 "s p>ts ! b& n>r[s2 9 "s p>ts x wid5s4 ,"h x divides into two bran*es2 !re we f9d d>k spaces 9 its mid/4 ,"o su* space 9 ! s\? is s black & almo/ />less z to h be5 nam$ ! ,coal-sack4 ,all along1 ov] ! backgr\nd ( s(t1 dim light1 lies a scatt]+ ( bright] />s %9+ on its surface4 ,mu* int]e/ & curiosity h long be5 felt ab\t ?is my/]i\s ,milky ,way4 ,t x consi/s ( innum]able suns1 & t our sun is "o among !m1 has be5 believ$ = a consid]able "t4 ,b o!r que/ions arise4 ,h[ _m />s does ! ,milky ,way conta98 ,:at is its %ape8 ,h[ f> does x rea*8 ,no h>m 9 ask+ ! que/ions1 only we h to be satisfi$ 9 a/ronomy to ask _m que/ions :i* c n yet receive answ]s4 ,no h>m = man to le>n t ! utmo/ rea* ( 8 intellect mu/ fall %ort 9 any attempt to s\nd ! dep?s ( ,god's univ]se1 ev5 z ! arm ( a *ild w\ld fall %ort 9 seek+ to s\nd ! dep?s ( ! ocean ov] ! side ( a little boat4 ,= ! attempt has be5 made to s\nd ! dep?s ( our />-galaxy out ( ?is little e>?-boat4 ,! idea fir/ occurr$ to ! great ,h]s*el1 z we h already m5tion$1 & a gr& idea x 0--only a hopeless "o4 ,he turn$ 8 p[]ful telescope nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 we/4 ,he c\nt$ ! />s visible at "o "t 9 ?is1 9 t1 9 ! o!r directions4 ,he f\nd a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! numb]s4 ,! portion ( sky se5 ?r\gh 8 telescope 0 ab\t "o qu>t] ! size ( t cov]$ by ! moon4 ,sometimes he c\ld m]ely p]ceive two or ?ree bright po9ts on a black backgr\nd4 ,at o!r times ! field ( 8 telescope 0 cr[d$4 ,9 ! full] portions ( ! ,milky ,way1 he _h f\r or five hundr$ />s "u view at once4 ,9 "o place he saw ab\t "o hundr$ & sixte5 ?\s& />s pass be=e him 9 a s+le qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,h]s*el took x = grant$ t ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 unc\ntable 9 numb]s1 are1 z a rule1 mu* ! same 9 size--s t brighte/ />s w\ld1 z a rule1 be ne>e/1 & dimme/ />s w\ld1 z a rule1 be f>!/ (f4 ,:]e he f\nd />s clu/]+ ?ickly1 beyond 8 p[] to p5etrate1 he believ$ t ! ,milky ,way rea*$ v f> 9 t direction4 ,:]e he f\nd black space1 unlight$ by />s or light$ by few />s1 he decid$ t he _h f\nd ! bord]s ( our galaxy 9 t direction4 ,foll[+ ^! rules :i* he _h laid d[n1 he made a sort ( r\gh sket* ( :at he suppos$ might be ! %ape ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,he ?\ght x 0 some:at flat1 ext5d+ to a good di/ance bread?ways & a mu* great] di/ance l5g?ways1 & he plac$ our sun n f> f ! middle4 ,?is imag9$ %ape ( ! ,milky ,way is call$ 8,! ,clov5-disk ,!ory40 ,to expla9 ! appe>ance ( ! ,milky ,way 9 ! sky1 ,h]s*el suppos$ x to be clov5 or split ?r\gh half ( its l5g?1 ) a black space betwe5 ! two split p>ts4 ,x seems t ,h]s*el did n hold /rongly to ?is idea 9 lat] ye>s1 & d\bts are n[ felt :e!r ! rules on :i* he =m$ x h suffici5t f\ndation4 ,= h[ d we "k t ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way are1 z a rule1 mu* ! same 9 size8 ,c]ta9ly ! planets ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em are v f> f be+ uni=m1 & ! few />s ^: weight c ) any c]ta9ty be measur$1 seem to v>y consid]ably4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce also betwe5 ! l>ge & small suns 9 _m ( ! d\ble-/>s6 ,aga91 h[ d we "k t ! bright />s are1 z a rule1 ! ne>e/1 & ! dim />s ! f>!/ (f8 ,"h1 also1 late discov]ies make u d\btful4 ,look at ,sirius & #fa ,cygni--,sirius ! mo/ radiant /> 9 ! heav5s1 & #fa ,cygni almo/ invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,accord+ to ?is rule1 #fa ,cygni ought to lie at an enorm\s di/ance beyond ,sirius4 ,yet 9 actual fact1 ,sirius is ! f>!/ away ( ! two4 ,! illu/ri\s ,h]s*el believ$ t he _h p5etrat$1 on "o occasion1 into ! />-clu/] on ! sword-h& 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus until he f\nd himself among sid]eal dep?s1 f :i* ! light c\ld n h rea*$ him 9 less ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! di/ance ( ^? />s _h n1 & has n1 be5 ma!matically measur$4 ,h]s*el judg$ ( x by _! dimness1 by ! /rong p[] ne$$ to make !m visible1 & by ! rules :i* he _h adopt$ z mo/ likely true4 ,aga91 :5 ,h]s*el f\nd black spaces 9 ! heav5s almo/ void ( />s1 & believ$ t he _h rea*$ ! outside bord]s ( ! ,milky ,way1 he may h be5 9 ! "r1 or he may h be5 mi/ak54 ,! limit might lie !re1 or ?\s&s m ( small />s might ext5d 9 t v direction1 too f> (f = _! little glimm] to be se5 ?r\gh ! mo/ p[]ful telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,clu/] ,,( ,,/>s ,,9 ,,p]seus4 ,if ?is latt] idea ab\t ! ,milky ,way be+ =m$ ( a great _m brilliant suns1 & ( va/ numb]s ( less] suns also1 be true1 a/ronom]s w1 9 "t1 be able to prove its tru?4 ,= 9 t case1 _m fa9t telescopic />s be+ mu* ne>] to u ?an bright />s ( ! great] magnitudes1 x w be f\nd possible to measure _! di/ance4 ,! j\rney ( our e>? r\nd ! sun mu/ cause a seem+ *ange 9 _! position betwe5 summ] & w9t]4 ,! !ory also t "s ( ! nebul are o!r outly+ ,milky ,ways1 or galaxies ( />s1 sep>at$ by trem5d\s di/ances f our own1 is int]e/+1 & 0 long held z almo/ c]ta91 yet we h no di/9ct pro( ei!r "o way or ! o!r4 ,_m ( ! nebul may be su* ga!r+s ( c\ntless />s outside our own1 or e nebula visible may be actually "p & p>cel ( our galaxy4 ,mu* att5tion has ( late be5 paid to ! arrangem5t ( />s 9 ! sky4 ,! m ! matt] is look$ into1 ! m pla9ly x is se5 t />s are nei!r regul> 9 size nor regul> 9 di/ribution4 ,!y are n m]ely scatt]$ c>elessly1 z x 71 "h1 !re1 & any:]e1 b c]ta9 laws & plans ( arrangem5t seem to h be5 foll[$ :i* a/ronom]s are only n[ beg9n+ dimly to p]ceive4 ,/>s are n flung broadca/ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 ea* "o alone & indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,!y are plac$ (t51 z we h already se51 9 pairs1 9 triplets1 9 qu>tets1 9 clu/]s4 ,also1 ! great masses ( !m 9 ! heav5s seem to be m or less arrang$ 9 /reams1 & sprays1 & spirals4 ,s rem>kable are ! numb]s & =ms ( _m ( ^! /reams t ! idea has be5 sugge/$1 ) reg>d to ! ,milky ,way1 :e!r x also may n be a va/ /ream ( />s1 l a mighty riv]1 collect+ into itself hundr$s ( less] /reams4 ,! contemplation ( ! heav5s af=ds no spectacle s gr& & s eloqu5t z t ( a clu/] ( />s4 ,mo/ ( !m lie at su* a di/ance t ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes /ill %[ !m to u l />-du/4 8,_! di/ance f u is su* t !y are beyond1 n only all our means ( measurem5t10 says ,newcomb1 8b beyond all our p[]s ( e/imation4 ,m9ute z !y appe>1 !re is no?+ t we "k ( to prev5t our suppos+ ea* ( !m to be ! c5t] ( a gr\p ( planets z ext5sive z our own1 & ea* planet to be z full ( inhabitants z ?is "o4 ,we may ?us ?9k ( !m z little colonies on ! outskirts ( creation itself1 & z we see all ! suns :i* give !m light cond5s$ into "o little speck1 we might be l$ to ?9k ( ! inhabitants ( ! v>i\s sy/ems z hold+ int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,yet1 7 we transport$ to "o ( ^! di/ant clu/]s1 & /ation$ on a planet circl+ "o ( ! suns :i* compose x1 in/ead ( f9d+ ! neighbor+ suns 9 close proximity1 we %\ld see a firmam5t ( />s ar\nd u1 su* z we see f ! e>?4 ,probably x w\ld be a bright] firmam5t1 9 :i* s _m />s w\ld gl[1 ) m ?an ! spl5dor ( ,sirius1 z to make ! night f> bright] ?an ours2 b ! inhabitants ( ! neighbor+ worlds w\ld z completely elude telescopic vision z ! inhabitants ( ,m>s d "h4 ,consequ5tly1 to ! inhabitants ( e planet 9 ! clu/]1 ! "q ( ! plurality ( worlds might be z insolvable z x is to u40 ,^! are clu/]s ( />s ( regul> =m 9 :i* attraction appe>s to m>k its secul> /amp4 ,our m9d1 accu/om$ to ord] 9 ! cosmos1 anxi\s = h>mony 9 ! organization ( ?+s1 is satisfi$ ) ^! agglom]ations ( suns1 ) ^! di/ant univ]ses1 :i* realize 9 _! entirety an aspect approa*+ ! sph]ical =m4 ,m extraord9>y1 m m>vel\s /ill1 are ! clu/]s ( />s :i* appe> organiz$ 9 spirals4 ,9 consid]+ />s ( ! fir/ six magnitudes only--/>s visible to ! nak$ eye--a some:at l>g] numb] is f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,9 bo? hemisph]es !re are regions d5sely cr[d$ ) />s1 & regions by comp>ison almo/ empty4 ,x has be5 long que/ion$ :e!r ! numb] ( bright />s is or is n great] 9 ! ,milky ,way ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! sky4 ,c>eful calculations h at l5g? be5 made4 ,x appe>s t ! :ole ( ! ,milky ,way--t zone ( s(t light pass+ r\nd ! e>?--cov]s1 if we leave out ! ,coal-sack & o!r su* gaps1 betwe5 "o-t5? & "o-elev5? ( ! :ole heav5s4 ,! entire numb] ( nak$-eye />s1 or />s ( ! fir/ six magnitudes1 does n exce$ six ?\s&2 & ( ^!1 elev5 hundr$ & fifte5 lie scatt]$ along ! b$ ( ! ,milky ,way /ream4 ,if ! bright] />s 7 scatt]$ ov] all ! sky z ?ickly z ?r\gh\t ! ,milky ,way1 _! numb] w\ld am\nt to twelve ?\s& in/ead ( only six ?\s&4 ,?is %[s u t ! high]-magnitude />s really are collect$ along ! ,milky ,way 9 great] numb]s ?an else:]e1 & is an argum5t us$ by ^? :o believe ! ,milky ,way to be a mighty /ream ( /reams ( />s4 ,9 ! d>k spaces ( ! ,milky ,way1 on ! contr>y1 bright />s are s few t if !y 7 scatt]$ 9 ! same mann] ov] all ! sky1 _! pres5t numb] ( six ?\s& w\ld come d[n to twelve hundr$ & =ty4 ,?is w\ld be a s]i\s loss4 ,we "k 9 ! sky #a1jcd clu/]s ( />s & m ?an #aa1jjj nebul4 ,! =m] are compos$ ( associat$ />s2 ! latt] may be divid$ into two classes3 ,fir/1 nebul :i* ! ev]-increas+ progress ( optics w "o day resolve into />s1 or :i* 9 any case are compos$ ( />s1 al?\gh _! di/ances may be too great to enable u to prove x2 second1 nebul prop]ly s call$1 ( :i* spectrum analysis demon/rates _! gase\s con/itution4 ,"h is an in/ructive fact4 ,! clu/]s ( />s pres5t ! same g5]al di/ribution z ! telescopic />s--!y are m num]\s 9 ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way1 :ile x is ! contr>y :i* is pres5t$ by ! nebul prop]ly s call$2 !y are r>e1 ?9ly spread 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & ?ickly scatt]$ to ! nor? z well z to ! s\? ( ?is zone up to its poles4 ,! con/itution ( ! ,milky ,way--n nebul\s1 b /ell>--is a v significant fact4 ,! nebul prop]ly s call$ are di/ribut$1 9 a s5se1 contr>y to ! />s1 be+ m num]\s t[>ds ! poles ( ! ,milky ,way & 9 regions poor 9 />s1 z if !y _h absorb$ ! matt] ( :i* ! />s are =m$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,a ,,:irl+ ,,univ]se4 ,no re/1 no quiet1 no repose1 9 t great univ]se1 :i* to our dim eyesight looks s fix$ & /ill1 b "o p]petual ru% ( mov+ suns & worlds4 ,= e /> has its own p>ticul> motion1 e sun is press+ =w>d 9 its own appo9t$ pa?4 ,& among ! myriads ( />s--bright1 blaz+ furnaces ( :ite or gold51 r$1 blue1 or gre5 flame--sweep+ ) /eady ru% ?r\gh space1 our sun also ha/5s onw>ds4 ,! rate ( 8 spe$ is n v c]ta91 b x is g5]ally believ$ to be ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty million miles ea* ye>4 ,possibly he moves 9 reality mu* fa/]4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! sun's movem5t1 x mu/ ( c\rse be und]/ood t ! e>? & planets all travel ) him1 mu* z a great /eam] on ! sea might drag 9 8 wake a numb] ( little boats4 ,f "o ( ! little boats y c\ld judge ( ! /eam]'s motion q z well z if y 7 on ! /eam] itself4 ,a/ronom]s c only judge ( ! sun's motion by wat*+ ! seem+ backw>d drift ( />s to ! "r & left ( him2 & ! wat*+ c be z well accompli%$ f e>? z f ! sun himself4 ,aft] all1 ?is mode ( judg+ is1 & mu/ be1 v unc]ta94 ,among ! millions ( />s visible1 we only "k ! real di/ances ( ab\t tw5ty-five2 & e /> has its own real motion1 :i* has to be sep>at$ f ! app>5t *ange ( position caus$ by ! sun's advance4 ,x seems n[ pretty cle> t ! sun's c\rse is direct$ t[>ds a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! con/ellation ,h]cules4 ,if ! sun's pa? 7 /raight1 he might be expect$ by & by1 aft] long ages1 to ent] t con/ellation4 ,b if orbits ( suns1 l orbits ( planets1 are ellipses1 he w curve away sideways long be=e he rea*es ,h]cules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,"o ,g]man a/ronom] ?\ght he _h f\nd ! c5t] ( ! sun's orbit4 ,he believ$ ! sun & ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way to be travel+ r\nd ! *ief /> 9 ! ,pleiades1 ,alcyone4 ,?is is n impossible2 b x is n[ felt t mu* /rong] pro( w be requir$ be=e ! idea c be accept$4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] m5tion 0 made ( />-/reams z a late discov]y4 ,?\gh a discov]y /ill 9 its infancy1 x is "o ( no small importance4 ,briefly /at$1 ! old !ory z to ! plan ( ! ,milky ,way 0 z foll[s3 ,our sun 0 a s+le /> among millions ( />s =m+ ! galaxy1 "s comp>atively ne>1 "s ly+ at di/ances pa/ human p[]s ( calculation1 & all =m$ ^u mu* ! same model z to size & brightness4 ,:]e ! b& ( milky light %[$1 />s 7 believ$ to ext5d 9 c\ntless ?\s&s to measureless di/ances4 ,:]e d>k spaces %[$1 x 0 believ$ t we look$ beyond ! limits ( our univ]se into black space4 ,/>s scatt]$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! sky 7 suppos$ g5]ally to be outly+ memb]s ( ! same great ,milky ,way4 ,_m ( ! nebul & />-clu/]s 7 believ$ to be va/ & di/ant ga!r+s ( />s1 l ! ,milky ,way itself1 b sep>at$ by unutt]ably wide rea*es ( space4 ,"s ( ^! views may yet be f\nd to conta9 tru?1 ?\gh at ! pres5t mom5t a diff]5t !ory is afloat4 ,x is /ill ?\ght probable t our sun is "o among _m millions ( suns1 =m+ a va/ sy/em or collection ( />s1 call$ by "s a univ]se4 ,x is also ?\ght possible t o!r su* mighty collections ( />s may exi/ outside & sep>ate f our own at imm5se di/ances4 ,x is ?\ght n impossible or improbable t "s among ! nebul may be su* f>-(f galaxies ( />s2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 x is felt t e />-clu/] & nebula )9 rea* ( man's sight may =m a "p ( our own 8univ]se40 ,accord+ to ?is view ( ! "q1 ! ,milky ,way1 in/ead ( be+ an enorm\s univ]se ( c\ntless suns rea*+ to incalculable di/ances1 may r be a va/ & mighty />-/ream1 consi/+ ( hundr$s ( brilliant lead+ suns1 int]mix$ ) ?\s&s or ev5 millions ( less] %9+ orbs4 ,if ?is be ! true view1 ! less] suns w\ld (t5 be ne>] ?an ! great] suns1 al?\gh m dim2 & ! ,milky ,way w\ld n be itself a univ]se1 ?\gh a v wond]ful & beautiful portion ( our univ]se4 ,:i* ( ^! two diff]5t !ories or op9ions conta9s ! mo/ tru? rema9s to be f\nd out4 ,b respect+ ! arrangem5t ( />s into /reams1 int]e/+ facts h lately be5 discov]$4 ,we c]ta9ly see 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em a t5d5cy ( heav5ly bodies to travel 9 ! same l9es & 9 companies4 ,n to speak ( ,jupit] & 8 moons1 or ,saturn & 8 moons1 we see x m rem>kably 9 ! hundr$s ( a/]oids pursu+ "o pa?1 ! millions ( meteorites :irl+ 9 h]ds4 ,w\ld !re be any?+ />tl+ 9 ! same t5d5cy appe>+ on a mighti] scale8 ,%\ld we be greatly a/oni%$ to f9d /reams ( />s1 z well z /reams ( planets8 ,= su*1 inde$1 appe>s to be ! case4 ,sep>at$ by abysses ( space1 bro!r suns are pla9ly to be se5 j\rney+ side by side ?r\gh ! heav5s1 t[>ds ! same goal4 ,! "q ( />-drift is too complex & difficult to be gone into closely 9 a book ( ?is k9d4 ,"o example1 h[ev]1 may be giv54 ,almo/ ev]ybody kn[s by sight ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>--! sev5 pr9cipal />s ( :i* are call$ also ,*>les's ,wa91 a corruption ( ! old ,go?ic ,k>l ,wag51 ! *url's or peasant's wagon4 ,x is also call$ ! ,great ,dipp]4 ,f\r bright />s =m a r\gh sort ( oblong1 & f "o ( ! corn]s ?ree m bright />s /ret* away 9 a curve1 repres5t+ ! ,be>'s tail4 ,_m small] />s are int]mix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,be>4 ,^! sev5 bright />s h always be5 b\nd toge!r 9 m5's m9ds1 z if !y belong$ to "o ano!r4 ,b :o1 ?r\gh ! c5turies pa/1 s9ce aught 0 kn[n ( ! real di/ances ( ! />s f ourselves & f "o ano!r1 ev] suppos$ t any among ! sev5 7 really connect$ toge!r8 ,"o ( ^! sev5 />s1 ! middle "o 9 ! tail1 has a t9y companion-/>1 close to x1 visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,= a good :ile x 0 unc]ta9 :e!r ! two 7 a 8real d\ble10 or only a seem+ d\ble4 ,9 "t x became cle> t ! two did actually belong to "o ano!r4 ,miz> is ! "n ( ! *ief />1 & ,alcor ( ! companion4 ,alcor is believ$ to be ab\t ?ree ?\s& times z f> away f ,miz>1 z our e>? f ! sun4 ,n[1 if ?is be ! wid? ( space betwe5 ^? two bright po9ts1 ly+ seem+ly s close toge!r z almo/ to look to ! nak$ eye l "o1 :at mu/ be ! di/ance betwe5 ! sev5 lead+ />s ( ! ,great ,be>1 sep>at$ by broad sky-spaces8 ,:o c\ld imag9e t "o ( ^! suns _h aught to d ) ! re/8 ,yet among o!r amaz+ discov]ies ( late ye>s x has be5 f\nd by means ( ! new in/rum5t1 ! spectroscope1 t five out ( ^! sev5 suns are travel+ ! same j\rney1 ) ! same spe$4 ,two ( ! sev5 appe> to be mov+ 9 ano!r direction1 b ?ree ( ! body-/>s & two ( ! tail-/>s are ha/5+ 9 ! direction away f u1 all 9 ! same l9e ( m>*1 all ru%+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( tw5ty miles ea* second4 ,"s small] />s close to !m are also mov+ 9 ! same pa?4 ,is n ?is wond]ful8 ,we see "h a va/ sy/em ( suns1 all mov+ t[>ds "o goal1 & ea* probably be>+ ) him 8 own family ( worlds4 ,_m su* /reams h be5 notic$1 & _m m w d\btless be f\nd4 ,= aught we "k1 our own sun may be "o among su* a company ( bro!r-suns1 travel+ 9 company4 ,x is difficult to give any cle> idea ( ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se--ev5 ( t portion ( ! univ]se :i* lies )9 rea* ( our mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,h[ f> beyond su* limits x may rea*1 we lose ourselves 9 imag9+4 ,e>li] 9 ! book we h suppos$ possible models ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 br++ d[n ! sun & worlds to a small size1 yet keep+ due proportions4 ,:at if we 7 to attempt to make a r$uc$ model ( ! univ]se2 t is ( j s mu* ( x z comes )9 our k58 ,suppose a man 7 to set himself to =m su* a model1 includ+ e /> :i* has ev] be5 se54 ,let him h "o t9y ball = ! sun1 & ano!r t9y ball = ,alpha ,c5tauri2 & let him1 z a beg9n+1 set ! two "o y>d ap>t4 ,t s+le y>d repres5ts n9ety-?ree millions ( miles1 two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& times repeat$4 ,!n let him arrange c\ntless multitudes ( o!r t9y balls1 at due di/ances--"s five times1 t5 times1 tw5ty times1 fifty times1 z f> away f ! sun z ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,x is said t ! kn[n univ]se1 made ^u a model ( ^! proportions1 w\ld be _m miles 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,b ! model w\ld appe> fix$ z m>ble4 ,! sizes & di/ances ( ! />s be+ s enorm\sly r$uc$1 _! rates ( motion w\ld be less5$ 9 proportion4 ,long int]vals ( "t w\ld ne$ to pass be=e ! fa9te/ motion 9 "o ( ! millions ( t9y balls c\ld become visible to a human eye4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,read+ ,,! ,,light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,prism ,,& ,,spectrum4 ,sev]al times1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is book1 m5tion has be5 made ( a wond]ful new in/rum5t call$ ! spectroscope4 ,we n[ proce$ to give a brief acc\nt ( ! orig9 & a*ievem5ts ( ?is newe/ ( sci5tific appliances4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds its =mation 0 made by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :5 he discov]$ ! p[] ( ! prism to decompose light4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! fact t a ray ( light1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a transp>5t prism1 becomes exp&$ into an elongat$ spectrum1 no long] :ite1 b pres5t+ an inv>iable succession ( colors f r$ to violet4 ,^! are call$ ! sev5 prim>y colors2 namely1 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,! ra9b[ is a famili> illu/ration ( ?is spectrum ) its v>i\s colors2 & ! ra9drops are ! prisms :i* reflect & decompose ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectroscope4 ,optical sci5ce 0 long satisfi$ ) ?is glance into ! int]ior con/itution ( light1 occupy+ itself ) ! ph5om5a ( ! prismatic colors1 & !oriz+ on ! nature ( :ite light4 ,9 #ahjb1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wolla/on1 9 closely exam9+ a spectrum1 f\nd x to be cross$ by at lea/ f\r f9e d>k l9es4 ,x is only :5 an extremely n>r[ slit is employ$ 9 admitt+ ! sunlight t !y become visible4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 suppos+ !m to be m]ely 8natural b\nd>ies0 ( ! diff]5t color-b&s1 inquir$ no fur!r2 & !re = a :ile ! matt] re/$4 ,n _m ye>s lat]1 9 #ahae1 ! matt] 0 tak5 up by a ,g]man optician & sci5ti/ ( ,muni*1 ,joseph von ,fraunh(]4 ,apply+ m delicate means ( obs]vation1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d v num]\s d>k l9es cross+ ! spectrum4 ,) pati5ce he w5t into ! "q1 us+ ! telescope z well z a v n>r[ slit1 & soon he discov]$ t ! d>k l9es 7 to be numb]$1 n by units or by t5s1 b by hundr$s--or1 z we n[ "k1 by ?\s&s4 ,"s 7 9 ! r$1 "s 7 9 ! violet1 "s 7 9 ! int]m$iate b&s2 b ea* "o _h1 & has1 its own inv>iable position on ! sol> spectrum4 ,=1 be x und]/ood1 ^! d>k l9es are con/ant1 n v>iable4 ,:]e a l9e is se51 !re x rema9s4 ,:5ev] a ray ( sunlight is prop]ly exam9$1 ) slit & ) prism1 t l9e w be f\nd always occupy+ precisely ! same spot 9 ! spectrum4 ,"s ( ! *ief & m di/9ct l9es 7 nam$ by ,fraunh(] aft] c]ta9 lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & by ^? lett]-names !y are /ill kn[n4 ,he began ) ,a 9 ! r$ & w5t on to ,h 9 ! violet4 ,fraunh(] made a great _m exp]im5ts connect$ ) ^! my/]i\s l9es1 anxi\s to discov]1 if possible1 _! mean+4 ,= al?\gh he n[ saw ! l9es1 :i* _h sc>cely s mu* z be5 se5 be=e1 he c\ld n und]/& !m--he c\ld n read :at !y said4 ,!y spoke to him1 inde$1 ab\t ! sun2 b !y spoke 9 a =eign language1 ! key to :i* he did n possess4 ,he tri$ mak+ use ( prisms ( diff]5t mat]ials1 ?9k+ t p]haps ! l9es might be due to some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! prism employ$4 ,b let ! prism be :at x might1 he f\nd ! l9es /ill !re4 ,!n he exam9$ ! light :i* %9es f bright cl\ds1 in/ead ( captur+ a ray direct f ! sun4 ,& he f\nd ! l9es /ill !re4 ,= cl\dlight is m]ely reflect$ sunlight4 ,!n he exam9$ ! light ( ! moon1 to see if p]*ance ! spectrum might be cle> ( breaks4 ,& he f\nd ! l9es /ill !re4 ,= moonlight is only reflect$ sunlight4 ,next he set himself to exam9e ! light :i* travels to u f "s ( ! planets1 imag9+ t a diff]5t result might foll[4 ,& he f\nd ! l9es /ill !re4 ,= planet-light aga9 is no m ?an reflect$ sunlight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectra1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,d>k ,,l9es4 ,la/ly1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to "s ( ! bright] />s1 exam9+1 "o by "o1 ! ray :i* came f ea*4 ,&1 behold6 he f\nd ! l9es n !re4 ,= />light is n reflect$ sunlight4 ,t is to say1 ! id5tical l9es :i* di/+ui% sunlight 7 n !re4 ,ea* /> _h a spectrum z ! sun has a spectrum1 & ea* />-spectrum 0 cross$ by fa9t d>k l9es1 m or less 9 numb]4 ,b ! spectra ( ! />s diff]$ f ! spectrum ( ! sun4 ,ea* p>ticul> /> _h its own p>ticul> spectrum ( light1 diff]5t f t ( ! sun1 & diff]5t f t ( e o!r />4 ,= n[1 ,fraunh(] 0 exam9+1 n sunlight1 b />light2 n ! light ( our sun1 ei!r direct f himself or reflect$ f "s o!r body1 su* z planet or moon or cl\d1 b ! light ( o!r suns v f> di/ant1 ea* "o v>y+ to "s ext5t f ! re/ 9 its make4 ,! fact ( ! />s %[+ num]\s sets ( black l9es1 all unlike ^? ( our sun1 %[$ conclusively t ^? l9es c\ld n possibly be due to any?+ 9 our e>?ly atmosph]e4 ,sunlight & />light travel equally ?r\gh ! air1 & are equally affect$ by x4 ,if our atmosph]e 7 ! cause ( ! black l9es 9 sunlight1 x w\ld cause ! same l9es 9 />light4 ,b ! sun & ea* individual /> has its own individual l9es1 q irrespective ( *angeful /ates ( ! air4 ,s1 also1 ! light f any metal suffici5tly heat$ w give a spectrum1 j z sunlight gives a spectrum1 "u ! ne$ful conditions4 ,t is to say1 !re mu/ be slit & prism1 or slit & diffraction-grat+1 = ! light to pass ?r\gh4 ,b ! k9d ( spectrum is by no means always ! same4 ,putt+ aside = a few m9utes ! ?\ght ( sunlight & />light1 let u look at ! k9d ( rays or beams :i* are giv5 =? by heat$ e>?ly sub/ances4 ,any v mu* heat$ sub/ance s5ds =? its light 9 rays or beams1 & any su* rays or beams may be pass$ ?r\gh a prism1 & brok5 up or 8analyz$10 j z easily z sunlight may be 8analyz$40 ,suppose t we h a solid sub/ance fir/--a piece ( iron or ( /eel wire4 ,if x is heat$ s f> z to give out1 n only heat1 b also light1 & if t light is made to travel ?r\gh ! slit & prism ( a spectroscope1 ! ray w !n be brok5 up into its sub-rays4 ,!y1 l ! sub-rays ( a sunbeam1 w =m a cont9u\s r[ ( s(t color-b&s1 "o melt+ into ano!r4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic spectrum ( ! light :i* is giv5 =? by a burn+ or gl[+ solid4 ,next1 suppose we take a liquid--"s molt5 iron or "s molt5 glass1 = in/ance4 ,if y h ev] be5 to a great plate-glass manufactory1 l t at ,/4 ,hel5s1 n f> f ,man*e/]1 y w h se5 /reams ( liquid glass p\r+ ab\t1 c>ri$ to & fro 9 huge caldrons1 bright ) a liv+ light ( fire f its int5sity ( heat4 ,if a ray ( t light _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh slit & prism1 :at d y ?9k w\ld h be5 ! result8 ,a cont9u\s spectrum once m1 ! same z ) ! gl[+ iron or /eel4 ,! light-ray f a heat$ & radiant liquid1 :5 brok5 up by a prism1 lies 9 s(t b&s ( color1 side by side4 ,bo? ( !m a good deal l ! sol> spectrum1 y w say4 ,only "h are no my/]i\s d>k l9es cross+ ! bright b&s ( color4 ,b h[ ab\t gases8 ,suppose we h a sub/ance 9 ! /ate ( gas or vapor1 z almo/ e kn[n sub/ance might be "u ! requisite conditions1 & suppose t sub/ance to be heat$ to a gl[+ brilliance4 ,!n let its light be pass$ ?r\gh ! slit & prism ( a spectroscope4 ,:at result %all we f9d ?is "t8 ,entirely diff]5t f any?+ se5 be=e4 ,in/ead ( s(t1 cont9u\s b&s ( color1 !re are bright l9es1 well sep>at$ & %>ply def9$4 ,h[ _m bright l9es8 ,ah1 t dep5ds ^u :i* p>ticul> gas is hav+ its ray analyz$4 ,try sodium fir/--"o ( ! commone/ ( e>?ly sub/ances4 ,enorm\s quantities ( x are di/ribut$ broadca/ 9 e>? & air & wat]4 ,m ?an two-?irds ( ! surface ( our globe lies "u an enfold+ ve/ure ( wat] saturat$ ) salt1 :i* is a comp\nd ( sodium4 ,t is to say1 sodium ent]s l>gely into ! make ( salt4 ,e breeze :i* sweeps ov] ! ocean c>ries salt inl&1 to float ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,sir ,h4 ,e4 ,roscoe writes3 8,!re is n a speck ( du/1 or a mote se5 danc+ 9 ! sunbeam1 :i* does n conta9 *loride ( sodium0--o!rwise salt4 ,! v air :i* surr\nds u is full ( comp\nds ( sodium1 & we c n brea! )\t tak+ "s ( x into our bodies4 ,sodium is an 8elem5t>y sub/ance40 ,by :i* ,i mean t x is "o ( a numb] ( sub/ances call$ by u 8simple10 because *emi/s h nev] yet succe$$ 9 break+ up ^? sub/ances1 by any means at _! comm&1 into o!r & diff]5t mat]ials4 ,iron is1 s f> z we "k1 a simple sub/ance4 ,x is f\nd z iron 9 ! e>?4 ,no *emi/ has ev] be5 able to make iron by comb9+ o!r mat]ials toge!r4 ,no *emi/ has ev] manag$ to sep>ate iron into o!r mat]ials unlike itself4 ,iron x is1 & iron x rema9s1 :e!r z a solid1 z a liquid1 or z a gas4 ,gold is ano!r simple sub/ance1 & s is silv]4 ,sodium is ano!r4 ,all ^! we "k be/ 9 ! solid =m4 ,m]cury1 ano!r simple sub/ance1 we "k be/ z a liquid4 ,wat] is n a simple sub/ance2 = x c be sep>at$ into two diff]5t gases4 ,glass is n a simple sub/ance2 = x is manufactur$ out ( o!r sub/ances comb9$ toge!r4 ,we c speak q positively z to su* sub/ances z are n simple2 b ) reg>d to s-call$ 8elem5ts10 we may only v5ture to ass]t t1 ?us f>1 nobody has succe$$ 9 break+ !m up4 ,!re=e1 at lea/ = ! pres5t1 !y are to u 8elem5t>y40 ,all ! simple sub/ances1 & v _m ( ! comb9ations ( !m1 ?\gh (t5 kn[n to u only 9 ! solid =m1 may1 "u p>ticul> conditions1 be r5d]$ liquid1 & ev5 gase\s4 ,e metal may be ei!r 9 ! solid =m1 or ! liquid =m1 or ! vapor =m4 ,iron1 z we commonly see x1 is solid--9 o!r words1 x is froz51 l ice4 ,j z increase ( w>m? w turn ice into wat]1 s a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat w make solid iron become liquid iron4 ,& j z yet great] w>m? w turn wat] into /eam1 s a v mu* increas$ am\nt ( heat w turn liquid iron into vapor ( iron4 ,a little heat w d = ice :at v great heat w d = iron4 ,:e!r iron & o!r metals exi/ 9 ! sun1 z on e>?1 9 a h>d & solid =m1 x is impossible to say4 ,x is only 9 ! =m ( gas t man c become aw>e ( _! pres5ce at t di/ance4 ,! int5se1 gl[+1 furnace-heat ( ! sun causes _m metals to be pres5t 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! sun's atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( vapor4 ,n only h we le>n$ ab\t "s ( ! metals 9 ! sun1 b ?is /range spectrum analysis has taught u ab\t "s ( ! metals & gases 9 ! />s z well4 ,x is f\nd t 9 ,sirius1 sodium & magnesium1 iron & hydrog51 exi/4 ,9 ,vega & ,pollux !re are sodium1 magnesium1 & iron4 ,9 ,aldeb>an1 ^! sub/ances & _m o!rs1 includ+ m]cury1 seem to ab\nd4 ,^! are m]ely a few examples among _m />s1 ea* be+ 9 "s degree diff]5t f ! re/4 ,b h[ c we "k all ?is8 ,h[ c\ld ! wilde/ guess+ reveal to u ! fact ( iron 9 ! sun1 n to speak ( ! />s8 ,we "k x by means ( ! spectrum analysis--or1 z we may say1 by means ( ! spectroscope4 ,?is in/rum5t may be look$ ^u z ! tw9-si/] to ! telescope4 ,! telescope ga!rs toge!r ! scatt]$ rays ( light into a small spot or focus4 ,! spectroscope te>s up ^! rays ( light into ribbons1 sorts !m1 sifts !m1 & enables u to read 9 !m hidd5 mean+s4 ,:5 a ray ( light rea*es u f ! sun1 t ray is :ite2 b 9 ! :ite ray !re are bright colors conceal$4 ,newton 0 ! fir/ to discov] t a ray ( :ite light is really a bundle ( color$ rays1 s mix$ up toge!r z to appe> :ite4 ,if a ray ( sunlight is all[$ to pass ?r\gh a small r\nd hole 9 a wall1 x w fall ^u ! opposite wall 9 a small r\nd pat* ( :ite light4 ,b if a prism--a piece ( glass cut 9 a p>ticul> %ape--is put 9 ! pa? ( ! ray1 x has p[] to d two curi\s ?+s4 ,fir/1 x b5ds ! ray out ( a /raight c\rse1 caus+ ! light to fall ^u a diff]5t "p ( ! wall4 ,secondly1 x breaks up or divides ! ray ( :ite light into ! sev]al rays ( color$ light ( :i* ! :ite ray is really compos$4 ,?is break+ up1 or divid+1 is call$ 8analyz+40 ,if 9 place ( a r\nd hole ! ray ( light is made to pass ?r\gh a v n>r[ slit1 x is prov$ t ! bright b&s ( color d n ov]lap4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 d>k l9es1 or gaps1 %[ "h & !re4 ,n[1 ^! l9es or gaps are always to be se5 9 ! spectrum or image ( bright colors =m$ by a brok5-up ray ( sunlight4 ,!re is always a c]ta9 numb] ( d>k l9es 9 ea* color$ b&--"s ne> toge!r1 "s f> ap>t2 "h "o or two1 !re a great _m4 ,:]e a simple ray ( sunlight is conc]n$1 ! exact arrangem5t ( ! l9es nev] *anges4 ,:5 ! />s 7 exam9$--:5 ! rays ( light com+ f v>i\s />s 7 split up & analyz$--x 0 f\nd t !y too1 l ! sun1 gave a spectrum ( bright colors ) d>k l9es4 ,b ! l9es 7 diff]5t 9 numb] & diff]5t 9 arrangem5t f ! sun's l9es4 ,ea* /> has 8 own p>ticul> numb] & 8 own p>ticul> arrangem5t1 & t arrangem5t & numb] d n *ange4 ,if a :ite-hot metal is burnt1 & ! light ( x z x burns is all[$ to pass ?r\gh a prism1 a r[ ( bright colors appe>s z 9 ! sun's spectrum1 only !re are no d>k l9es4 ,if a gas is burnt1 & ! light is all[$ to pass ?r\gh a prism1 no bright color-b&s appe>1 & no d>k l9es ei!r2 b in/ead ( ?is1 !re are bright l9es4 ,ea* gas or vapor has its own numb] ( l9es & its own arrangem5t4 ,sodium %[s two bright l9es1 side by side4 ,iron %[s sixty bright l9es1 arrang$ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,n[ y see h[ a r[ ( bright colors )\t b&s ( color may appe>4 ,b :at ab\t color-b&s & d>k l9es toge!r8 ,t discov]y came late/4 ,x 0 f\nd t if a :ite-hot metal 7 burn$1 & if its light 7 all[$ be=e t\*+ ! prism to %9e ?r\gh ! flame ( a burn+ gas1 !n !re 7 d>k l9es %[+ 9 ! color$ b&s4 ,^! d>k l9es *ang$ 9 position & numb] & arrangem5t ) ea* diff]5t k9d ( gas1 j z ! bright l9es *ang$ if ! gases 7 burn$ alone4 ,if ! light ( ! burn+ metal pass$ ?r\gh a flame color$ ) gas ( sodium1 two d>k l9es %[$ on "o "p ( ! spectrum2 b if x pass$ ?r\gh a flame color$ ) vapor ( iron1 sixty d>k l9es %[$ on ano!r "p ( ! spectrum4 ,s n[1 by means ( ?is spectrum analysis1 we "k ) all b c]ta9ty t ! sun & />s are solid1 burn+ bodies1 s5d+ _! light ?r\gh burn+1 gas-lad5 atmosph]es4 ,by exam9+ ! little black l9es :i* appe> 9 ! spectrum ( "o or ano!r1 x is possible to say ! names ( _m metals exi/+ z gas 9 ^? f>-(f heav5ly bodies4 ,is n ?is a wond]ful way ( read+ light8 ,! split-up rays tell u mu* m ?an ! k9ds ( metals 9 diff]5t />s4 ,:5 a nebula is exam9$1 & is f\nd to give no spectrum ( bright b&s & d>k l9es1 b only a c]ta9 numb] ( bright l9es1 we "k x to be =m$ ( gas1 unlike />s & o!r nebul4 ,also1 x is by means ( ! spectroscope t s mu* has lately be5 discov]$ ab\t ! motions & spe$ ( ! />s com+ t[>ds or go+ f u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,/ell> ,,photography4 ,photography is n only a useful h&maid to a/ronomy z a :ole1 b also x is s1 peculi>ly1 to t division ( a/ronomy ) :i* we are n[ *iefly conc]n$--to spectroscopy4 ,a few pages may !re=e ) advantage be giv5 to ! subject ( cele/ial photography4 ,photography is1 inde$1 ! greate/ possible help to ! a/ronom]4 ,x pictures = him ^? />s :i* 8 eyes c see b dimly1 or ev5 c n see at all2 x pa9ts = him ^? light-rays ( :i* he w\ld obta9 b a pass+ glance1 & :i* he c\ld n accurately rememb] 9 all _! details2 x maps out = him ! wide heav5s1 :i* he1 unaid$1 c\ld nev] d ) any?+ l equal complet5ess by eye & h& alone4 ,only rec5tly a va/ photographic map ( ! :ole sky 0 und]tak54 ,ab\t eighte5 diff]5t obs]vatories1 9 div]s p>ts ( ! _w1 divid$ ! task among !m1 />s d[n to ! sixte5? magnitude be+ mo/ c>efully regi/]$ 9 a complete s]ies ( some?+ l fifte5 hundr$ sep>ate photographs4 ,! :ole result1 :5 f9ally complet$1 w be a gr& a*ievem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,ea* individual />1 9 ! entire heav5s all ar\nd our e>?1 f ! fir/ to ! sixte5? magnitudes1 w h its exact position 9 ! sky accurately kn[n1 & ! smalle/ *ange 9 ! position ( anyone ( ^? />s may !n be detect$4 ,ev5 9 ! delicate & ab/ruse op]ation e>li] describ$1 ! measurem5t ( />-di/ances ?r\gh annual p>allax1 photography aga9 /eps 94 ,dr4 ,prit*>d1 ,savilian pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d1 press$ photography into ! s]vice ( ?is task also4 ,measurem5ts = p>allax 7 made "u 8 direction ^u photographic plates--a "w ( no small int]e/4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 peculi> advantages belong to ! photographic me?od :5 x c be foll[$4 ,its records are la/+1 ! limit$ numb] ( h\rs :i* are fully suitable = direct a/ronomical "w may be employ$ 9 obta9+ ^? records1 & 9 broad daylight ! exam9ation ( !m c be c>ri$ on4 ,"o v curi\s use is made ( />-photographs1 m especially ( ! photographs ( unse5 />s--t is1 ( />s too di/ant or too dim to be detect$ by ! eye4 ,^! photographs1 :5 tak51 may be aft]w>ds look$ into fur!r ) a microscope4 ,s1 fir/1 ! f>-(f1 invisible suns ( ! univ]se are photograph$ on a prep>$ plate1 ) ! help ( a p[]ful telescope1 ?is be+ ne$ful to secure suffici5t />light2 & !n ! t9y picture ( ^? suns is exam9$ m closely ) ! help ( a p[]ful microscope4 ,spectroscopy has mu* to say to u4 ,x tells u ab\t ! positions ( ! diff]5t />s4 ,x tells u ab\t ! /ructure ( ! />s4 ,x tells u ab\t ! v>i\s classes to :i* ! v>i\s />s belong4 ,& also x tells u ab\t ! motions ( ! />s--n m]e app>5t motions1 caus$ by movem5ts ( our own e>?1 b true onw>d j\rney+s ( ! />s !mselves ?r\gh ! dep?s ( space4 ,= by means ( photography we d n obta9 simple pictures ( ! />s !mselves only1 b pictures also ( ! spectra ( ! />s4 ,an in/rum5t is made unit+ ! spectroscope ) ! photographic app>atus1 & ?is is call$ a spectrograph4 ,by its means ! dis9tegrat$ or brok5-up />-ray is photograph$ 9 its brok5-up condition1 s t an exact picture is obta9$ ( ! b&s & l9es *>act]i/ic ( any p>ticul> />4 ,no easy matt]1 z may be imag9$1 are ^! spectroscopic obs]vations & ^! spectroscopic photograph+s ( ! />s4 ,to br+ ! image ( a /> exactly opposite a sl5d] op5+ or slit1 p]haps only ab\t ! ?ree-hundr$? "p ( an in* 9 wid?1 & to keep x !re1 is a task :i* might well be look$ ^u z practically impossible4 ,no soon] is a /> f\nd 9 ! field ( a telescope ?an x vani%es aga94 ,z ! a/ronom] gazes1 ! gr\nd b5ea? him is ev] :irl+ onw>d1 leav+ ! /> beh9d2 & al?\gh clockwork app>atus 9 all obs]vatories ( any importance is made to c\nt]act ?is motion ( ! e>?1 & to keep ! heav5ly object1 :e!r /> or moon1 or comet1 )9 view by foll[+ its app>5t motion1 yet1 z c easily be imag9$1 to foll[ ?us ! seem+ motion ( a dim /> ?r\gh an op5+ s m9ute1 dem&s exce$+ c>e & delicacy ( adju/m5t4 ,x is n inde$1 = purposes ( analysis1 always ne$ful to pass ! light ( a /> ?r\gh a n>r[ slit4 ,9 ! case ( a ne>] body1 su* z ! sun or moon or "o ( ! planets1 light fl[s f all p>ts ( ! body1 "o ray cross+ ano!r2 & = ! exam9ation ( su* light1 a slit is imp]atively ne$$1 all side-rays hav+ to be cut (f4 ,b ! :ole ( ! brighte/ /> 9 ! sky is only "o po9t ( light to u1 & a slitless telescope may be us$ ) no confus$ results4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 direct comp>ison is requir$1 ! />-l9es be+ made to appe>1 side by side or above & bel[1 ) ! sol> spectrum1 or ) ! l9es ( e>?ly metals1 !n ! slit becomes unavoidable4 ,by su* comp>ison ( ! two1 side by side--! light f an int5sely-heat$ e>?ly sub/ance & ! light f a />1 ! rays ( bo? be+ brok5 up 9 ! spectroscope--! on5ess or diff]5ce ( l9es 9 ! rays c be easily made out4 ,"o ma9 difficulty 9 su* obs]vations arises f ! dim9ution ( />light1 caus$ by its passage ?r\gh a prism4 ,if a rope ( a doz5 /r&s is untwi/$1 ea* ( ^? /r&s is f> weak] ?an ! :ole rope 02 & ea* /r& ( color 9 ! twi/$ rope ( light is ( necessity mu* m feeble1 se5 by itself1 ?an ! :ole :ite ray se5 9 "o4 ,ano!r difficulty 9 our c\ntry g5]ally is ! climate1 :i* gives s few days or h\rs 9 ! ye> = effective "w4 ,yet ! full am\nt accompli%$ by seiz+ ^u e possible opportunity is1 9 ! aggregate1 a/oni%+4 ,a ?ird & v press+ difficulty att5dant ^u exam9ation ( />-spectra is caus$ by ! incessant motion ( our air1 ?r\gh :i*1 z ?r\gh a veil1 all obs]vations h to be made4 ,! a/ronom] c nev] get away f ! atmosph]e2 & unless ! air be v /ill--t is to say1 z /ill z x ev] c rema9--! spectrum-l9es are s unc]ta9ly se5 z to make satisfactory results impossible4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s has sometimes pass$ h\rs 9 ! exam9ation ( a s+le l9e1 unable to det]m9e :e!r or no x precisely co9cid$ ) ! comp>ison-l9e ( "s e>?ly sub/ance4 ,9 ?is matt]1 no leap+ at conclusions is admissible4 ,! photography ( />s w\ld be easy en\gh if "o c\ld j expose a plate to ! %9+ ( ! />1 & !re leave x to be impress$--!re leave ! />-ray to sket* sl[ly its own image4 ,b ?is is h>dly possible4 ,! unceas+ motion ( ! e>?1 caus+ ! /> p]petually to pass away f ! telescopic field1 & ! exce$+ n>r[ness ( ! slit opposite to :i* ! /> has to be kept 9 a /ation>y position1 make ! mo/ accurate adju/m5t ne$ful4 ,clockwork alone c n be tru/$4 ,if x c\ld1 ! /> & ! photographic app>atus might be com=tably 8fix$10 & left to d _! own "w4 ,in/ead ( :i*1 :ile a photograph is proce$+1 x is desirable t an obs]v] %\ld sit gaz+ pati5tly at ! telescope-tube1 :]e ! image ( ! /> is se51 ready at any mom5t to correct by a t\* ! slighte/ irregul>ity 9 ! clockwork motion ( ! telescope1 & s to prev5t a blurr$ & spoilt reproduction ( ! />1 or ( its spectrum4 ,"o h\r1 two h\rs1 ?ree h\rs1 at a /ret*1 ?is unceas+ wat*fulness may h to be kept up1 & no small am\nt ( en?usiasm 9 ! cause ( sci5ce is requisite = s monoton\s & we>y+ a vigil4 ,z not$ e>li]1 x has be5 f\nd possible1 if ! photograph ( a /> or nebula is n complet$ 9 "o night1 to r5ew ! "w & c>ry x on ! next night1 or ev5 = _m nights 9 succession4 ,?is is especially practicable 9 spectroscopic photography4 ,f f\r to five h\rs1 sometimes f eight to t5 h\rs1 may be ne$ful be=e ! cle> image ( ! /> or ( its spectrum appe>s--a dim little /> probably to u1 yet p]haps 9 reality a spl5did sun1 %$d+ w>m? & light & life ^u any numb] ( su* worlds z ours4 ,eight or t5 h\rs ( photography at "o /ret* ) a /> are impossible2 = ! />s1 ev] seem+ly on ! move1 d n rema9 long en\gh 9 a good position4 ,= ?ree to six h\rs1 a telescope may be made1 by means ( its clockwork ma*9]y1 to keep a /> /eadily 9 sight1 & all t :ile ! photograph is progress+4 ,if fur!r exposure is ne$$1 ! process has to be resum$ ! next night4 ,! m "o consid]s ! matt]1 ! m pla9ly "o p]ceives h[ enorm\sly our p[]s ( sky-obs]vation are increas$ by photography4 ,x is n only t "o photograph]1 ) 8 app>atus1 may accompli% 9 a s+le night ! "w ( _m a/ronom]s :o h to dep5d ^u ! p[] ( ! eye alone4 ,x is n only t1 ) ! help ( photography1 z mu* c n[ be done 9 a lifetime z =m]ly mu/ h occupi$ _m g5]ations4 ,x is n only t ! photograph1 once tak51 rema9s a p]man5t possession1 in/ead ( a record1 m or less imp]fect1 9 :i* o!rwise ! a/ronom] w\ld h to tru/4 ,x is n ev5 only t 9 ! photograph details come out :i* c\ld n be detect$ by ! eye1 & t />s are actually br\ght to our k :i* no man has ev] se51 :i* p]haps no man ev] w see f ?is e>? ) ! assi/ance ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescope4 ,= ! weak %9+1 :i* c by no possibility make itself felt by ! ret9a ( a man's eye1 c sl[ly impress its picture on ! photographic plate4 ,hundr$s ( />s1 ?\s&s ( />s1 utt]ly invisible to man1 h _h _! photographs tak5 z truly z y h _h y\r photograph tak51 & by ! same process1 only x has be5 a long] bus9ess4 ,b 9 addition to all ?is1 we see reproduc$ ^u ! plate ^? ultra-violet & infra-r$ portions ( ! spectrum ( light :i* b = ! h&maid1 photography1 w\ld /ill be to u z ?+s :i* h no exi/5ce4 ,& by means ( photography we c obs]ve & /udy 9 ^? same unse5 portions ( ! spectra1 :5 look+ into a ray f sun or />1 ! innum]able d>k l9es1 e "o ( :i* has its own tale to tell4 ,to ^! tales we mu/ h rema9$ bl9d & deaf1 b = photographic aid to our limit$ p[]s4 ,look at "s dim /> 9 ! sky1 & try h[ long y c gaze )\t bl9k+4 ,y w v soon f9d t y h done y\r be/1 & t to gaze long] only means a s5se ( fatigue 9 y\r eyes1 a gr[+ dimness 9 ! />4 ,h[ diff]5t ) ! photographic plate6 ,!re1 no ex]tion is wa/$1 no we>9ess is felt4 ,fa9t ?\gh ! light may be1 :i* travels e>?w>d & falls ^u ! plate1 x is all collect$1 all us$4 ,x is easy to photograph ! sun1 & ?is has be5 done4 ,:5 we come to ! moon ! op]ation is m difficult on acc\nt ( ! feeble int5sity ( its light1 & ! diff]5ce ( t9t ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( its surface4 ,skill & p]sev]ance h1 h[ev]1 surm\nt$ ! greate/ difficulties1 & n[ we h photographs ( ! moon enl>g$ to m ?an a y>d 9 diamet]1 :i* %[ ! smalle/ details ) a truly admirable cle>ness4 ,9 ! fir/ second ( "t1 y\r eye receives z mu* light f ! /> z does ! photographic plate 9 ! same "t4 ,b dur+ ! c\rse ( "o h\r1 ! plate receives & /ores up ab\t ?irty-six hundr$ times z mu* light z x or y receiv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ant4 ,!re is ! secret ( ! matt]4 ,! photographic plate does n only receive1 x c also keep & treasure up ! light1 & t our eyes are n able to d4 ,if y magnify ! am\nt receiv$ 9 "o h\r by five or t51 & rememb] t x is all reta9$1 !n y w beg9 to und]/& h[ feeble />s1 unse5 by man1 %\ld become kn[n to u ?r\gh photography4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,! beg9n+s ( a/ronomy lie 9 ! di/ance ( e>lie/ hi/orical ages4 ,x is no easy matt] to say :5 fir/1 9 all probability1 ?is sci5ce grew into exi/5ce4 ,a/ronomy 0 alive be=e ! ,briti% nation 0 he>d (2 be=e ,saxons or ,franks _h sprung into be+2 be=e ! ,roman ,empire ext5d$ its iron rule2 be=e ! ,grecian ,empire began to fl\ri%2 be=e ! ,p]sian ,empire ga9$ p[]2 be=e ! yet e>li] ,assyrian ,empire held sway4 ,among ! anci5t ,*aldeans 7 devot$ />-gaz]s--mu* m devot$ ?an ! ord9>y run ( educat$ ,anglo-,saxons 9 ?is pres5t c5tury4 ,!y e>ne/ly s\ght1 9 ! dim light ( ^? ages1 to deciph] ! mean+ ( heav5's c\ntless lamps4 ,we h bett] in/rum5ts1 & m practic$ modes ( reason+2 also1 we h ! collect$ piles ( k built up by our =efa!rs ?r\gh t5s ( c5turies4 ,yet our se>* is 9 ess5ce ! same z 0 !irs1 to "k ! tru? ab\t ! />s3 n m]ely to />t "s attractive !ory1 & !n to prove t our !ory mu/ be "r1 because we h be5 s clev] z to />t x2 b to discov] t :i* is 9 ^? regions ( space4 ,no l[] aim ?an ?is is wor?y to be call$ sci5tific4 ,mi/akes1 ( c\rse1 are made2 h[ %\ld x be o!rwise8 ,a man f9d+ 8 way at night1 = ! fir/ "t1 ?r\gh a wild & unkn[n c\ntry1 w almo/ c]ta9ly take "s wrong turns be=e he discov]s ! "r road4 ,9 a/ronomy1 z 9 all o!r natural sci5ces1 blund]s are a necessity if advance is to be made4 ,we h to grope our way to k ?r\gh obs]vation & conjecture2 9 simpl] t]ms1 ?r\gh gaz+ & guess+4 ,obs]vation ( facts leads to conjecture z to ! possible causes = ^? facts2 & ea* conjecture is prov$ by lat] obs]vation to be ei!r "r or wrong4 ,if prov$ to be "r1 x takes its place among accept$ tru?s2 if prov$ to be wrong1 x is flung aside4 ,"s pet delusions die h>d1 because ( p's love = !m4 ,a/ronomy1 z an infant sci5ce1 mix$ up ) a/rology1 exi/$ 9 ! days :5 ! ,pyramids 7 juv5ile1 & :5 ! ,assyrian sculptures 7 mod]n4 ,h[ mu* f>!r back :o %all say8 ,by a/rology1 ^? :o /udi$ ! heav5s endeavor$ to det]m9e ! fate ( m5 & ( nations1 to pr$ict ev5ts1 & to int]pret results4 ,!y paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! aspect ( ! planets1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! firmam5t4 ,^! obs]vations 7 at fir/ simple rem>ks made by ! %eph]ds ( ! ,himalayas aft] sunset & be=e sunrise3 ,! phases ( ! moon1 & diurnal retrograde motion ( t body ) ref]5ce to ! sun & />s2 ! app>5t motion ( ! />ry sky accompli%$ sil5tly above our heads2 ! movem5ts ( ! beautiful planets ?r\gh ! con/ellations2 ! %oot+ />1 :i* seems to fall f ! heav5s2 eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 my/]i\s subjects ( t]ror2 curi\s comets1 :i* appe> ) di%evel$ hair 9 ! heights ( heav51--su* 7 ! fir/ subjects ( ^! old obs]vations made dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! anci5t ,*aldean />-gaz]s _h rivals among ! e>ly ,egyptians2 & ! ,*9ese pr(ess to h kept actual record ( eclipses dur+ betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! e>li] records are n tru/wor?y2 b ( ?irty-six eclipses reckon$ by ! ,*9ese sage1 ,confucius1 no less ?an ?irty-"o h be5 prov$ true by mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,we c n "n ) c]ta9ty ^? p ^: %eph]ds fir/ gaz$ ) intellig5t eyes ^u ! midnight sky1 & not$ ! /eady sweep ( />s across ! firmam5t--intellig5t eyes1 t is to say1 s f> z man !n knew h[ to use 8 eyes intellig5tly2 s f> z man _h begun to note any?+ 9 nature1 to wat*1 to comp>e1 & to conjecture causes4 ,9 ^? times1 & inde$ = long aft]w>ds1 m5 ?\ght mu* m ab\t ! 8influ5ces0 ( />s ^u _! own lives1 & ab\t suppos$ prophecies ( ! future to be read 9 ! sky1 ?an ab\t ! actual physical condition ( ! />s !mselves1 or ! causes & mean+s ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,! desire to "k1 = ! pure delight ( kn[+1 _h p]haps h>dly begun to dawn ^u ! m9d ( man4 ,:at p did want to "k 0 :at might be go+ to happ5 to !mselves2 :e!r !y w\ld be happy or unhappy2 & ! />s 7 *iefly ( int]e/ z appe>+ to tell be=eh& ( tr\bles or joys to come4 ,! wise/ ( m5 9 ^? times knew less ( ! outspread heav5s ?an _m a *ild n[ kn[s 9 our public s*ools4 ,e>? & sky 7 "o va/ bewild]+ puzzle4 ,!y _h to discov] ev]y?+ = !mselves--h[ ! sun rose ea* morn+ & set ea* ev5+2 h[ ! seasons *ang$ 9 /eady sequ5ce ?r\gh ! ye>2 h[ ! moon & />s j\rney$ 9 ! night2 h[ ! ocean-tides w5t & came2 h[ numb]less e-day ph5om5a took place4 ,9 old5 days ! daily ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun 0 a my/]y1 acc\nt$ = by div]s !ories1 none ( :i* 7 "r2 & ! m>* ( />s across ! midnight sky 0 a complete puzzle2 & an eclipse ( sun or moon 0 a fe>ful p]plexity2 & ! tides ( ocean 7 a great bewild]m5t4 ,^! ?+s are my/]ies /ill to b>b>\s nations2 b !y p]plex u no long]1 because we h f\nd out ! mode 9 :i* su* movem5ts1 or appe>ances ( movem5t1 are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! action ( q natural causes4 ,z a fir/ /ep1 9 e>lie/ times1 ! j\rney ( ! sun by day1 ! j\rneys ( moon & />s by night1 across ! sky1 c\ld h>dly fail to arre/ att5tion4 ,v e>ly1 too1 ! />s 7 gr\p$ into con/ellations1 def9ite figures & names be+ atta*$ to ea*4 ,_m ( ! con/ellations are n[ kn[n to u by names :i* belong to ! e>lie/ hi/oric ages4 ,! />s 7 kn[n z 8fix$10 because !y cont9u$ un*angeably 9 _! relative positions--t is1 9 ! position held by ea* /> ) respect to its neighbor />s--al?\gh ! :ole array ( !m mov$ nightly 9 company2 con/ellations ris+ & sett+ at night1 z ! sun rose & set 9 ! day4 ,ages may well h pass$ be=e ! planets 7 recogniz$ z di/9ct f ! fix$ />s2 ages m be=e any def9ite plan 0 not$ 9 _! w&]+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t m5's att5tion 0 direct$ to ^! matt]s2 & "o fact aft] ano!r1 ( daily or mon?ly or ye>ly occurr5ce1 0 obs]v$1 & comm5t$ ^u1 & became famili> to ! m9ds ( p4 ,v sl[ly ! fir/ beg9n+s ( sy/ematiz$ k took %ape & grew1 "o discov]y be+ made aft] ano!r1 "o explanation be+ (f]$ aft] ano!r1 "o !ory be+ />t$ aft] ano!r4 ,b an ess5tial diff]5ce exi/$ betwe5 ! infant9e sci5ce ( ^? primitive days & ! matur$ a/ronomy ( ^! lat] days4 ,! :ole anci5t sci5ce 0 built ^u a huge mi/ake4 ,m5 held1 z a fact ( absolutely unque/ionable c]ta9ty1 t ?is e>? ( ours--?is small :irl+ globe1 less ?an eight ?\s& miles 9 diamet]--0 ! c5t]1 ar\nd :i* sun1 moon1 & />s all revolv$4 ,! ,greek philosoph] ,?ales1 :o liv$ ab\t six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 is said to h laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,grecian a/ronomy2 & ,py?agoras is /at$ to h be5 "o ( 8 disciples4 ,?\gh1 9 _m respects1 ,?ales w&]$ wide ( ! tru?1 he yet taught _m correct ideas2 z1 = in/ance1 t ! />s 7 made ( fire2 t ! moon _h all h] light f ! sun2 t ! e>? 0 a sph]e 9 %ape1 besides o!r facts respect+ ! e>?'s zones & ! sun's app>5t pa? 9 ! sky4 ,he 0 also "o ( ! ?ree anci5t a/ronom]s :o 7 able to calculate & =etell eclipses4 ,aft] him came num]\s a/ronom]s1 ( great] or less m]it1 9 ! ,grecian & 9 o!r s*ools4 ,!y wat*$ c>efully2 !y discov]$ _m ?+s ( int]e/2 !y held div]s !ories4 ,b "o tru? nev] took firm root among !m1 al?\gh sev]al ( !m dimly appreh5d$ x2 & ?is 0 ! v f\ndation-tru?1 = lack ( :i* !y 7 all go+ hopelessly a/ray--! simple tru? t our e>? is n ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & t our e>? does move4 ,yet x is n surpris+4 ,no wond] !y 7 sl[ to grasp su* a possibility4 ,any?+ m bewild]+ to ! m9d ( anci5t man ?an ! ?\ght ( a solid1 sub/antial _w float+ 9 empty space1 support$ ^u no?+1 upheld by no?+1 c h>dly be imag9$4 ,z yet little 0 kn[n ( ! controll+ laws or =ces ( nature1 & t little 0 ) ref]5ce only to our e>?4 ,! v suspicion ( gravitation z a univ]sal law lay 9 ! f>-di/ant future1 wait+ = ! intellect ( a ,newton to call x out ( app>5t *aos2 & ! delicate balance ( =ces1 by means ( :i* ! ,sol> ,sy/em may almo/ be said to exi/1 c\ld n be s mu* z guess$ at4 ,s m5 /ill clung to ! ?\ght ( e>? z ! c5t] ( all ?+s1 & /ill believ$ 9 a little sun1 busily circl+ r\nd h] once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,p]haps ! greate/ ( all anci5t a/ronom]s 0 ,hipp>*us1 ab\t #aej ,b4 ,c41 :o did m ?an any o!r 9 ^? e>ly times to ga!r toge!r ! scatt]$ facts ( a/ronomy1 & to arrange !m into "o unit$ & ord]ly :ole4 ,he x 0 :o discov]$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,he /udi$ eclipses & ! motions ( ! v>i\s planets4 ,he made elaborate & valuable a/ronomical tables & />-catalogues2 b he1 l o!rs1 fail$ to discov] ! gigantic error :i* lay at ! root ( ! :ole anci5t sci5ce4 ,despite ?is great mi/ake1 /ill p]si/5tly believ$ 91 & despite ! crude notions ( e>ly a/ronom]s on _m po9ts1 x is m>vel\s h[ mu* !y did manage to obs]ve & to le>n = !mselves1--z to ! sun & 8 app>5t pa?1 z to ! moon & h] pa?1 z to ! five !n kn[n planets & _! pa?s1 z to eclipses & o!r ph5om5a4 ,by all su* c>eful wat*+1 al?\gh !y to "s ext5t miss$ _! aim & fell into mi/akes1 yet !y pav$ a way to lat] discov]ies & to full] k4 ,_! "w 0 n ?r[n away1 _! tr\ble 0 n lo/2 = out ( _! v errors grew ! fair =m ( tru?4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! "t ( ,hipp>*us came ! fam\s ,ptolemy--fam\s1 n1 l c]ta9 o!r a/ronom]s1 = /up5d\s g5ius1 or = ! brilliancy & accuracy ( 8 obs]vations1 b r not$ = ! +5uity ( 8 explanations1 & = ! adroit mann] 9 :i* he sy/ematiz$ su* k1 on ! subject ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z 0 !n 9 ! possession ( mank9d4 ,ptolemy's "n is be/ kn[n 9 connection ) :at is commonly call$ 8,! ,ptolemaic ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se10 & 8 greate/ a/ronomical "w is be/ kn[n z ! ,almage/4 ,a great _m ( ,ptolemy's lead+ notions1 z well z ! pr9cipal mass ( facts ^u :i* he work$1 7 d\btless borr[$ f ,hipp>*us4 ,! latt] is said to h expla9$ ! movem5ts ( ! sun & ( ! moon by means ( small epicycles1 travel+ r\nd ! e>? on circul> orbits2 & ev5 ,hipp>*us did n orig9ate ?is fundam5tal idea ( ! s-call$ 8,ptolemaic ,sy/em10 :i* _h inde$ be5 held by ! anci5ts 9 mu* e>li] days4 ,hipp>*us work$ x out to "s ext5t1 & ,ptolemy c>ri$ on ! process mu* f>!r1 giv+ =? ! sy/em to ! _w 9 su* wise t ev] s9ce x has gone by 8 "n4 ,! !ory ( cycles & epicycles la/$ long--la/$ f ! "t ( ,ptolemy 9 ! second c5tury to ! "t ( ,cop]nicus 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ( :om we h already spok54 ,= ab\t two ?\s& ye>s1 a/ronom]s obs]v$ att5tively ! app>5t revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ?is att5tive /udy gradually %[$ !m a l>ge numb] ( irregul>ities & inexplicable complications1 until at la/ !y recogniz$ t !y 7 deceiv$ z to ! e>?'s position1 9 ! same way t !y _h be5 deceiv$ z to its /ability4 ,! immortal ,cop]nicus1 9 p>ticul>1 discuss$ ) p]sev]ance ! e>?'s motion1 already previ\sly suspect$ = two ?\s& ye>s1 b always reject$ by man's self-love2 & :5 ?is le>n$ ,poli% canon bid adieu to our _w 9 ! ye> #aedc1 he bequea!d to sci5ce 8 great "w1 :i* demon/rat$ cle>ly ! long-/&+ error ( mank9d4--,f4 ,! new !ory ( ,cop]nicus _h to make its way sl[ly aga9/ ! dead weight ( unreason+ public op9ion1 & aga9/ wrongly-reason+ hi]>*ical opposition4 ,9 "t1 gradually1 despite all resi/ance1 ! tru? made its way1 & 0 g5]ally receiv$1 ?\gh n till ,galileo _h be5 =c$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority to recant 8 op9ions4 ,all ! same1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo1 7 "r2 public s5tim5t & ! ,*ur* 7 wrong1--! e>? did move1 & 0 n ! fix$ univ]se c5t]1 &1 by & by1 ^? :o liv$ on e>? _h to ackn[l$ge ! same4 ,! succession ( ^! great m5 is int]e/+ to note4 ,betwe5 ! two %9+ lights1 ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s int]v5$4 ,b z ! hi/ory ( ! _w advances1 we f9d brilliant sci5tific m9ds appe>+ m quickly1 "o foll[+ close ^u ano!r1 in/ead ( _! be+ divid$ by long int]vals ( blankness4 ,)9 ?irty ye>s f ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 7 born two mighty m5 ( ,sci5ce3 ,kepl]1 :o liv$ till #afcj2 & ,galileo1 :o liv$ till #afdb1 :5 ,engl& 0 plung$ 9 civil /rife4 ,betwe5 ,cop]nicus & ,kepl] came ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,cop]nicus 0 a ,roman ecclesia/ic1 born 9 ,pol&4 ,ty*o ,brahe 0 a weal?y ,dani% nobleman1 an ard5t lov] ( a/ronomy1 & a mo/ pati5t & accurate obs]v]4 ,b ,ty*o held fa/ by ! old a/ronomy4 ,he 0 n conv9c$ by ! argum5ts ( ,cop]nicus4 ,to him1 e>? 0 /ill ! motionless c5t] ( all ?+s4 ,he 0 will+ to all[ t ! re/ ( ! planets circl$ r\nd ! sun1 z an explanation ( ?+s :i* he c\ld n help see+2 b ! sun itself _h /ill1 9 ,ty*o's imag9ation1 to revolve daily1 ) planets & />s & ! :ole sky1 r\nd our e>?4 ,z an expla9] ( causes1 !re=e1 ,ty*o rose to no l(ty heights4 ,! real good :i* he did 0 9 wat*+ & not+ actual ph5om5a1 n 9 try+ to expla9 h[ ^? ph5om5a 7 br\ght ab\t4 ,?is 0 left = "o ( 8 "y pupils1 a sickly ,g]man lad1 nam$ ,john ,kepl]4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ,kepl] made a gr& use ( 8 ma/]'s mass ( c>eful & ?or\ghly dep5dable obs]vations4 ,^! _h really be5 ga!r$ toge!r by ,ty*o1 ) a view ( disprov+ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 & ( e/abli%+ ! ma9 features ( ! old5 a/ronomy1 ) c]ta9 improvem5ts4 ,b ,kepl] us$ ! accumulat$ in=mation to disprove ! old a/ronomy1 & to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! new ,cop]nican sy/em :i* ,ty*o _h reject$4 ,he f\nd a va/ advantage1 ready to 8 h&1 9 ! collection ( c>eful obs]vations sy/ematically work$ out by ,ty*o 9 8 obs]vatory dur+ _m a long ye>4 ,& ,kepl] did n fail to use 8 advantage4 ,! planets /ill refus$1 z !y always _h refus$1 to keep to ! pa?s m>k$ out = !m by a/ronom]s4 ,kepl] grappl$ ) ! difficulty4 ,he p>ticul>ly turn$ 8 att5tion to ,m>s1 t ne> neighbor ( ours1 9 :i* we are all n[ s mu* int]e/$4 ,a long s]ies ( close obs]vations ( ,m>s's movem5ts1 made by ,ty*o 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s1 lay be=e him2 & he knew t he c\ld dep5d ^u ! absolute hone/y & accuracy ( ,ty*o's "w4 ,) imm5se labor & imm5se pati5ce1 he w5t into ! matt]1 /ill cl++ to ! old idea ( a circul> pa?way r\nd ! sun4 ,he tri$ ?+s ?is way & t way4 ,he plac$ 8 orbit 9 imag9ation aft] "o mode & ano!r mode2 he conjectur$ v>i\s arrangem5ts2 he te/$ & prov$ !m 9 turn1 comp>+ ea* plan ) obs]vations made1--& /ill ,m>s defi$ all 8 ef=ts2 /ill ! little _w w5t p]si/5tly wrong1 travel+ contr>y to e !ory4 ,?us f>1 nobody _h ev] ?\ght ( an orbit ( any o!r %ape ?an a circle4 ,:5 a /raight=w>d j\rney r\nd a circle 0 f\nd impossible1 !n epicycles 7 introduc$ to expla9 ! planet's p]plex+ motions4 ,no "o _h dreamt ( an elliptic pa?way4 ,b sudd5ly a gleam ( daylight came ^u ?is grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,:at if ,m>s travel$ r\nd ! sun--n 9 a circle1 b 9 an oval8 ,kepl] tri$ ?is oval & t oval1 comp>+ obs]vations pa/--te/+1 exam9+1 prov+ or disprov+1 ) unwe>i$ pati5ce4 ,& at l5g? he f\nd1 beyond dispute1 t ,m>s actually did travel r\nd ! sun 9 a ye>ly pa?way1 :i* 0 %ap$1 n z a circle1 b z ! k9d ( oval kn[n z an ellipse2 &1 fur!r1 t ! sun 0 n 9 ! exact c5t] ( ?is ellipse1 b to "o side ( ! c5t]1 9 "o ( ! foci4 ,kepl]'s success 9 detect+ ! true %ape ( a planet>y orbit is d\btless ow+ to ! fact t ! orbit ( ,m>s makes a wid] dep>ture f ! circul> =m ?an any ( ! o!r important planets4 ,"o /ep fur!r w\ld h l$ ,kepl] to ! k t comets also travel 9 elliptic orbits--only 9 v long & n>r[ ones g5]ally4 ,b he _h q made up 8 m9d t all comets m]ely paid our sun "o visit1 & nev] by any *ance return$2 s he did n tr\ble himself to ent] into calculations ) respect to !m4 ,?is tak+ = grant$ ( ideas long held 0 a v common practice 9 ^? days4 ,! above wond]ful discov]y ( elliptic orbits1 9 place ( circul> orbits1 0 only "o among _m made by ! illu/ri\s ,kepl]--discov]ies n c>elessly hit ^u1 z "o might pick up 9 ! /reet a valuable /one :i* somebody _h dropp$1 b e>ne/ly s\ght =1 & f\nd ) toil & dilig5ce1 z gems are fir/ f\nd 9 =eign l&s1 aft] mu* seek+ & long pati5ce4 ,casual discov]ies 9 sci5ce are r>e4 ,atta9m5t is f> m usually made ?r\gh int5se /udy1 ?r\gh h>d "w1 ?r\gh pr(\nd ?\ght1 ?r\gh a gradual grop+ upw>d out ( d>kness to ! po9t :]e daylight breaks =?4 ,! ?ree well-kn[n 8,laws ( ,kepl]0 /ill lie at ! v f\ndation ( ! mod]n sy/em ( a/ronomy4 ,!y are3 ,fir/1 e planet moves 9 an elliptical orbit1 9 "o focus ( :i* ! sun is situat$2 second1 ! l9e drawn f ! sun to a planet moves ov] equal areas 9 equal times2 &1 ?ird1 ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic times ( ! planets v>ies inv]sely z ! cubes ( _! di/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! _w 0 n conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,"o man "h or !re saw & ackn[l$g$ its reality4 ,! mass ( mank9d cont9u$ firmly to believe t !y dwelt at ! univ]se c5t]1 & utt]ly to sc\t ! idea ( a mov+ e>?4 ,inde$1 x may be v mu* d\bt$ :e!r1 n m]ely ! mass ( mank9d1 b ev5 ! mo/ civiliz$ & cultivat$ portion ( t mass1 _h z yet1 to any wide ext5t1 he>d a :isp] ( ! new !ories4 ,k1 9 ^? days1 travel$ f place to place ) exce$+ delib]ation4 ,ano!r great man arose1 contempor>y ) ,kepl]--a man ^: /ory seizes m /rongly ^u our imag9ation ?an t ( ! sev]e & successful /udies ( ,kepl]4 ,f an ord9>y worldly po9t ( view1 ,kepl] w\ld h>dly be look$ ^u z altoge!r a successful man4 ,he 0 poor1 & 9 sickly heal?4 ,8 *ief book 0 promptly prohibit$ by ,rome--!n a p[] 9 ! :ole read+ _w ( ,europe to an ext5t :i* c h>dly be realiz$ 9 ^! days ( fre$om4 ,kepl]'s book 0 plac$ 9 ! =bidd5 category1 side by side ) ! dy+ publication ( ,cop]nicus4 ,?is *eck$ all hope ( lit]>y ga9s1 & life ) ,kepl] 0 "o long /ruggle4 ,b if he c\ld h look$ ahead two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s2 if he c\ld h =ese5 ! "t :5 n a few wise m5 ( sci5ce alone1 b all ! civiliz$ _w1 includ+ ! v ,*ur* :i* condemn$ him1 %\ld meekly h accept$ & indors$ 8 discov]ies1--!n he w\ld h be5 able to gauge ! measure ( 8 own real success4 ,moreov]1 ) all 8 tr\bles1 ,kepl] 0 s happy z to escape absolute p]secution4 ,he liv$ 9 a c\ntry :i* knew some?+ ( lib]ty z an ideal2 he 0 left to write & "w freely2 &1 at lea/1 no public recantation ( :at he held to be tru? 0 =c$ f him4 ,galileo's 0 a sadd] tale4 ,a ,flor5t9e ( noble bir?1 he turn$ 8 att5tion e>ly to sci5ce z ! ne$le turns to ! nor?1 & be=e ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 he already occupi$ a =emo/ position z ma!matical lectur] at ,pisa4 ,!re x 0 t he direfully (f5d$ ! philosoph]s ( ! day by prov+ ,ari/otle to be 9 ! wrong4 ,= ,ari/otle 0 ! great ma/] ( ! s*oolm54 ,8 philosophy & !ories 7 accept$ z f9al1 & :atsoev] c\ld n be prov$ 9 accordance ) !m 0 reg>d$ z untrue4 ,ari/otle _h decl>$ t if two weights--! "o be+ t5 times z heavy z ! o!r--7 dropp$ toge!r f a height1 ! heavi] weight w\ld rea* ! gr\nd t5 times z quickly z ! light]4 ,ev]ybody believ$ ?is1 & nobody _h ev] ?\ght ( putt+ x to ! te/ ( actual trial4 ,ari/otle _h said s1 & ,ari/otle 0 indors$ z a :ole by all ! s*ools ( ,europe2 & :at m c\ld possibly be want$ by any reasonable human be+8 ,b ,galileo 0 n s easily satisfi$4 ,he look$ into ! matt] indep5d5tly1 b5t ^u f9d+ out1 n :at ,ari/otle _h ?\ght or :at ! ,*ur* might support1 b simply :at actually 04 ,illu/ration3 ,,prom95t ,,a/ronom]s ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,!n1 9 view ( _m obs]v]s1 call$ toge!r = ! occasion1 he dropp$1 at ! same in/ant1 f ! top ( ! lean+ t[] ( ,pisa1 a %ot weigh+ "o p\nd & ano!r %ot weigh+ a hundr$ p\nds4 ,&1 behold6 bo? rea*$ ! gr\nd simultane\sly4 ,!re 0 n a fraction ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,to prove ,ari/otle wrong 0 to prove ev]ybody wrong1 ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* includ$4 ,m5 calmly decl9$ to believe _! own eyes1 & ,galileo 0 9 v evil odor4 ,f fall+ bodies he w5t on to subjects ( yet wid] int]e/ to p 9 g5]al4 ,he read ab\t & eag]ly embrac$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,n only did he accept x himself1 b he vigor\sly set to "w to tea* & conv9ce o!rs also4 ,?is1 z might only be expect$1 ar\s$ vehem5t opposition4 ,b ,galileo 0 /ill 9 ! heyday ( 8 p[]s1 & he 0 n to be easily sil5c$4 ,9 ^? days he c\ld af=d to press onw>d 9 ! tee? ( resi/ance1 & to laugh at m5 :o w\ld n li/54 ,:5 at ,v5ice1 a report rea*$ him ( a c]ta9 optician 9 ,holl& :o _h happ5$ to hit ^u a curi\s 8comb9ation ( l5ses10 ?r\gh :i* objects af> (f c\ld be actually se5 z if !y 7 ne>4 ,galileo promptly seiz$ ^u ! notion1 & )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs he _h rigg$ up a small1 r\gh telescope out ( an old organ-pipe & two spectacle-glasses4 ,?us ! fir/ telescope 0 made--a v elem5t>y affair1 =m$ ( two l5ses1 convex & concave1 & capable ( magnify+ "s ?ree times--a m]e *ild's toy comp>$ ) telescopes ( ! pres5t day1 b ( exce$+ value & int]e/1 because x 0 ! v fir/2 because 9 all ! hi/ory ( ! _w no telescope _h ev] be5 manufactur$ be=e4 ,?is e>lie/ ef=t 0 spe$ily improv$ ^u4 ,! next trial produc$ a tube :i* c\ld magnify sev5 or eight times2 & 9 a little :ile1 ,galileo _h a telescope magnify+ z mu* z ?irty-two times4 ,ev5 ?irty-two times does n s\nd v />tl+ to u2 b 9 ^? days ! revelations ( su* an in/rum5t came ^u m5 l a ?und]clap4 ,?r\gh x c\ld be se5 cle>ly ! brok5 nature ( ! moon's surface--! crat]s1 ! %ad[s1 ! m\nta9s4 ,?r\gh x c\ld be se5 ! phases ( ,v5us1 :i* no man _h ev] yet detect$1 b :i* ,cop]nicus _h decl>$ mu/ c]ta9ly exi/1 if inde$ 8 sy/em 7 a reality4 ,?r\gh x c\ld be se5 f\r ( ! moons ( ,jupit]1 & _! ceaseless j\rney+s4 ,?r\gh x c\ld be se5 spots ^u ! face ( ! sun1 ! movem5ts ( :i* %[$ ! rotation ( ! sun ^u 8 axis4 ,?r\gh x c\ld be se5 ! v curi\s %ape ( ,saturn1 caus$ by 8 r+s1 ?\gh a mu* /rong] p[] 0 ne$$ to sep>ate ! r+s f ! body ( ! planet4 ,( all ^! discov]ies1 & _m o!rs also made by ,galileo1 none seem$ worse to ! bigot$ s*oolm5 ( 8 day ?an ! prepo/]\s notion ( black spots ^u ! sun's face4 ,r curi\sly1 no human be+ seems ev] be=e !n to h notic$ su* spots1 ?\gh (t5 !y are q l>ge en\gh to be detect$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,a g5]al belief _h be5 held t ! sun 0 & mu/ be p]fect--an absolutely spotless & unblemi%$ be+1 ! pure/ symbol ( cele/ial incorruptibility--& ! said discov]y w5t "r 9 ! tee? ( d$uctions drawn f1 & lessons f\nd$ ^u1 ?is belief4 ,!re=e ! s*oolm5 held out & det]m9$ly resi/$1 & w\ld h n\ght to d ) ,galileo or 8 telescopes1 %utt+ _! eyes to m>vels newly reveal$4 ,b ,kepl] 0 a true sci5ti/1 a man :o e>ne/ly pursu$ tru?1 & s\ght to discov] x at any haz>d4 ,he & ,galileo 7 contempor>ies1 & !y held communication on ^! subjects4 ,"s ( ,galileo's discov]ies w5t q z mu* 9 ! tee? ( "s ( ,kepl]'s mo/ de>ly-lov$ !ories z !y did 9 ! tee? ( ! s*oolm5's mo/ de>ly-lov$ doctr9es4 ,yet1 none ! less1 ,kepl] welcom$ !m ) great delight & eag]ness1 %[+ !reby 8 true greatness ( "*4 ,till aft] ! age ( fifty1 ,galileo 0 all[$ to g on undi/urb$1 or at lea/ n mat]ially di/urb$1 by opposition 9 8 c>e] ( success--obs]v+1 le>n+1 !oriz+1 calculat+1 expla9+1 tea*+--a prom95t figure inde$4 ,n only did he take a l>ge %>e 9 e/abli%+ firmly ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy1 b "s ( ! pr9cipal laws ( motion 7 discov]$ by him4 ,he fir/ f\nd ! uses ( a p5dulum1 & !re is /rong reason = believ+ t ! fir/ microscope1 z well z ! fir/ telescope1 0 f 8 h&s4 ,b aft] ! age ( fifty1 rev]ses came1 & "o bl[ succe$$ ano!r4 ,rome _h be5 gradually wak+ up to ! true s5se ( all t 0 impli$ by 8 discov]ies & 8 tea*+1 & at l5g? %e let loose h] ?und]s--impot5t ?und]s en\gh1 s f> z reg>d$ any p]man5t *eck+ ( ! progress ( tru?1 b by no means impot5t to cru% "o def5seless victim1 ! *ampion ( sci5tific tru? 9 t c\ntry & age4 ,ye>s ( great] or less opposition1 am\nt+ (t5 to p]secution1 7 foll[$ by an imp]i\s ord] comm&+ him to ,rome4 ,!re he 0 exam9$ & sev]ely 8que/ion$10 & recantation 0 =c$ f him1 wor? z mu* z su* =c$ recantations commonly are wor?4 ,ev5 !n he did n cease f ! "w t he lov$2 ev5 9 prison he c>ri$ x on2 ev5 :5 he might n write1 no?+ c\ld /op him f ?9k+4 ,b 8 heal? 0 brok52 8 lib]ty 0 tak5 away2 illness foll[$ illness2 8 favorite daught] di$2 8 eyesight gradually fail$2 ! la/ book t he wrote might n = a long :ile be pr9t$2 & at la/ he pass$ away1 m]cifully set free f ^? :o1 9 an ess5tially bigot$ & intol]ant age1 7 incapable ( appreciat+ 8 greatness4 ,!y w\ld fa9 !n h d5i$ him ev5 a respectable grave4 ,n[1 all ! civiliz$ _w unites to honor ! "n ( ,galileo4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,ev5 ! great fame ( ,galileo mu/ be relegat$ to a second place 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! philosoph] :o fir/ saw ! light 9 a ,l9coln%ire f>mh\se on ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 #afdb1 ! v same ye> ( ,galileo's dea?4 ,8 fa!r1 ,isaac ,newton1 _h di$ be=e 8 bir?4 ,! little ,isaac 0 at fir/ s frail & weakly t 8 life 0 despair$ (4 ,! wat*ful "m1 h[ev]1 t5d$ h] delicate *ild ) su* success t he ultimately acquir$ a frame /rong en\gh to outla/ ! ord9>y span ( human life4 ,9 due "t ! boy 0 s5t to ! public s*ool at ,gran?am4 ,t he might be ne> 8 "w1 he 0 bo>d$ at ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,cl>k1 an apo!c>y4 ,he _h at fir/ a v l[ place 9 ! class4 ,8 fir/ inc5tive to dilig5t /udy seems to h be5 d]iv$ f ! circum/ance t he 0 sev]ely kick$ by "o ( ! boys above him 9 ! class4 ,?is indignity _h ! effect ( /imulat+ "y ,newton's activity to su* an ext5t t he n only atta9$ ! desir$ object ( pass+ ov] ! head ( ! boy :o _h maltreat$ him1 b cont9u$ to rise until he became ! head ( ! s*ool4 ,! play-h\rs ( ! great philosoph] 7 devot$ to pursuits v diff]5t f ^? ( mo/ s*oolboys4 ,8 *ief amusem5t 0 f\nd 9 mak+ me*anical toys1 & v>i\s +5i\s contrivances4 ,he wat*$1 day by day1 ) great int]e/1 ! workm5 engag$ 9 con/ruct+ a w9dmill 9 ! neighborhood ( ! s*ool1 ! result1 ( :i* 0 t ! boy made a work+ model ( ! w9dmill & ( its ma*9]y1 :i* seems to h be5 mu* admir$ z indicat+ 8 aptitude = me*anics4 ,we are told t he also indulg$ 9 some:at high] flights ( me*anical ent]prise4 ,! fir/ philosophical in/rum5t he made 0 a clock1 :i* 0 actuat$ by wat]4 ,he also devot$ mu* att5tion to ! con/ruction ( pap] kites1 & 8 skill 9 ?is respect 0 highly appreciat$ by 8 s*oolfell[s4 ,l a true philosoph]1 ev5 at ?is /age1 he exp]im5t$ on ! be/ me?ods ( atta*+ ! /r+1 & on ! proportions :i* ! tail ought to h4 ,:5 ! s*oolboy at ,gran?am 0 f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to recall him f ! s*ool4 ,8 rec5tly-born indu/ry _h be5 su* t he _h already made good progress 9 8 /udies1 & 8 "m hop$ t he w\ld n[ lay aside 8 books1 & ^? sil5t m$itations to :i*1 ev5 at ?is e>ly age1 he _h become addict$4 ,x 0 hop$ t in/ead ( su* pursuits1 :i* 7 deem$ q useless1 ! boy w\ld ent] busily into ! duties ( ! f>m & ! details ( a c\ntry life4 ,b be=e long x became manife/ t ! /udy ( nature & ! pursuit ( k _h su* a fasc9ation = ! y\? t he c\ld give little att5tion to aught else4 ,x 0 pla9 t he w\ld make b an indiff]5t f>m]4 ,he greatly pref]r$ exp]im5t+ on wat]-:eels1 & work+ at ma!matics 9 ! %ad[ ( a h$ge4 ,=tunately = humanity1 8 "m1 l a wise woman1 det]m9$ to let h] boy's g5ius h ! scope :i* x requir$4 ,he 0 accord+ly s5t back to ,gran?am s*ool1 ) ! object ( be+ tra9$ 9 ! k :i* w\ld fit him = ent]+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,x 0 ! #e? ( ,june1 #affj1 :5 ,isaac ,newton1 a y\? ( eighte51 0 enroll$ z an und]graduate ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,little did ^? :o s5t him !re dream t ?is boy 0 de/9$ to be ! mo/ illu/ri\s /ud5t :o ev] ent]$ ! portals ( t great seat ( le>n+4 ,little c\ld ! y\? himself h =ese5 t ! rooms ne> ! gateway :i* he occupi$ w\ld acquire a celebrity f ! fact t he dwelt 9 !m1 or t ! ante*apel ( 8 college 0 9 good "t to be adorn$ by t noble /atue ( himself :i* is reg>d$ z ! *ief art treasure ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 bo? on acc\nt ( its intr9sic beauty & ! fact t x commemorates ! fame ( h] mo/ di/+ui%$ alumnus1 ,isaac ,newton1 ! immortal a/ronom]4 ,8 adv5t at ! univ]sity seem$ to h be5 by no means auspici\s or brilliant4 ,8 bir? 01 z we h se51 comp>atively obscure1 & ?\gh he _h already giv5 indication ( 8 capacity = reflect+ on philosophical matt]s1 yet he seems to h be5 b ill-equipp$ ) ! r\t9e k :i* y\?s are g5]ally expect$ to take ) !m to ! univ]sities4 ,f ! outset ( 8 college c>e]1 ,newton's att5tion seems to h be5 ma9ly direct$ to ma!matics4 ,"h he began to give evid5ce ( t m>vel\s insight into ! deep secrets ( nature :i*1 m ?an a c5tury lat]1 l$ s dispassionate a judge z ,laplace to pron\nce ,newton's immortal "w z pre-em95t above all ! productions ( ! human intellect4 ,b ?\gh ,newton 0 "o ( ! v greate/ ma!maticians t ev] liv$1 he 0 nev] a ma!matician = ! m]e sake ( ma!matics4 ,he employ$ 8 ma!matics z an in/rum5t = discov]+ ! laws ( nature4 ,8 indu/ry & g5ius soon br\ght him "u ! notice ( ! univ]sity au?orities4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! univ]sity records t he obta9$ a s*ol>%ip 9 #affd4 ,two ye>s lat] we f9d t ,newton1 z well z _m resid5ts 9 ! univ]sity1 _h to leave ,cambridge tempor>ily on acc\nt ( ! break+ out ( ! plague4 ,! philosoph] retir$ = a season to 8 old home at ,wool/horpe1 & !re he rema9$ until he 0 appo9t$ a ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #affg4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds1 ,newton's reputation z a ma!matician & z a natural philosoph] /eadily advanc$1 s t 9 #affi1 :ile /ill b tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! di/+ui%$ position ( pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,cambridge4 ,"h he f\nd ! opportunity to cont9ue & develop t m>vel\s c>e] ( discov]y :i* =m$ 8 life's "w4 ,! e>lie/ ( ,newton's great a*ievem5ts 9 natural philosophy 0 8 detection ( ! composite "* ( light4 ,t a beam ( ord9>y sunlight is1 9 fact1 a mixture ( a v great numb] ( diff]5t color$ lights1 is a doctr9e n[ famili> to e "o :o has ! slighte/ education 9 physical sci5ce4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ?is discov]y 0 really a trem5d\s advance 9 k at ! "t :5 ,newton ann\nc$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton4 ,a c]ta9 /ory is (t5 told ab\t ,newton4 ,x is said t z he sat 9 a g>d5 an apple fell f a tree1 & t its fall set him ?9k+1 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is tra9 ( ?\ght1 he f\nd out all ab\t ! law ( attraction or gravitation4 ,b ! fall ( an apple c\ld n possibly h set ,newton ?9k+1 because he _h already be5 ?9k+ long & h>d ^u ^! difficult que/ions4 ,inde$1 x 0 because he _h be5 s ?9k+1 because 8 m9d 0 9 a wat*ful & receptive condition1 t s slight a matt] z a fall+ apple %\ld1 p]haps1 h sugge/$ to him a useful tra9 ( ideas4 ,newton 0 a man :o really did ?9k1 & :o really did ?9k int5sely4 ,he 0 n1 l ! ord9>y run ( p1 "o :o m]ely _h a good _m notions walk+ loosely ?r\gh 8 bra94 ,he w\ld b5d 8 m9d to a subject & be absolutely absorb$ 9 x2 lat] 9 life s absorb$ t he w\ld =get to f9i% 8 dress+1 & w\ld be unable to say :e!r or no he _h d9$4 ,?is sort ( =getfulness does sometimes spr+ f vacancy ( m9d2 b ) ,newton x arose f fullness ( ?\ght4 ,an apple falls1 ( c\rse1 z a /one or any o!r body falls1 because ! e>? attracts x4 ,o!rwise1 x might z easily rise & float away into ! sky4 ,b ?is 0 kn[n p]fectly well long be=e ,newton's days4 ,x 0 cle>ly und]/ood t ! e>? _h a curi\s p[] ( draw+ all ?+s t[>ds h]self4 ,p c\ld n expla9 :y or h[ x 0 s2 nei!r c we expla9 n[2 b !y 7 fully aw>e ( ! fact4 ,s m5 knew some?+ ( ! =ce call$ gravity2 b !y knew x ma9ly1 almo/ exclusively1 z hav+ to d ) our e>?1 & ) ! ?+s ^u our e>?4 ,!y _h n begun def9itely to ?9k ( gravity z hav+ to d ) bodies 9 ! heav5s2 z be+ a *ief controll+ =ce 9 ! :ole ,sol> ,sy/em2 mu* less z reign+ ?r\gh\t ! va/ univ]se ( />s4 ,x _h n come into _! m9ds ) any di/9ctness t1 j z ! e>? pulls t[>ds h] own c5t] a m\nta91 a horse1 a man1 s ! sun pulls t[>d 8 c5t] ! e>?1 ! moon1 & all ! planets4 ,c]ta9 glimm]+s ( ! notion _h1 inde$1 begun to dawn on ! horizon ( le>n+4 ,horrocks1 ,borelli1 ,rob]t ,hook1 ,wr51 ,halley1 & o!rs _h glimpses ( univ]sal gravitation2 b only glimpses4 ,a gift$ ,engli% philosoph]1 late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,gilb]t by "n1 w5t s f> z to speak ( e>? & moon act+ "o ^u ! o!r 8l two magnets40 ,he also saw ! effect ( ! moon's attraction 9 br++ ab\t ocean tides1 ?\gh he oddly expla9$ t ! said attraction 0 n s mu* ex]t$ ^u ocean wat]s z ^u 8subt]ranean spirits & humors0--:atev] he may h meant by su* an expression4 ,kepl]1 n long aft] ,gilb]t1 made fur!r advance4 ,he ga9$ "s def9ite notions z to ! nature ( gravity2 & he saw di/9ctly t ! moon's attraction 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! tides4 ,! foll[+ rem>kable /atem5t is f\nd 9 8 writ+s3 8,if ! e>? ceas$ to attract its wat]s1 ! :ole sea w\ld m\nt up & unite itself ) ! moon4 ,! sph]e ( ! attract+ =ce ( ! moon ext5ds ev5 to ! e>?1 & draws ! wat]s t[>ds ! torrid zone1 s t !y rise to ! po9t :i* has ! moon 9 ! z5i?40 ,"h is a di/9ct en\gh grasp ( ! fact t gravity c & does act ?r\gh di/ance1 betwe5 worlds sep>at$ by ?\s&s ( miles4 ,yet1 ?\gh bo? ,gilb]t & ,kepl] saw s mu*1 !y fail$ to g f>!r4 ,nei!r ( ! two _h any cle> k ( ! modes 9 :i* gravitation acts1 or ( ! laws :i* gov]n its work+4 ,gilb]t & ,kepl] alike1 :ile dimly recogniz+1 n only ! moon's attraction = e>?'s oceans1 b ! mutual attraction ( e>? & moon ea* = ! o!r1 7 utt]ly p]plex$ z to :at =ce c\ld possibly hold ! two bodies asund]4 ,gilb]t c\ld s]i\sly talk ( 8subt]ranean spirits & humors40 ,kepl] c\ld sob]ly write ( an 8animal =ce0 or "s tantam\nt p[] 9 ! moon1 :i* prev5t$ h] ne>] approa* to e>?4 ,galileo 0 equally vague on ! subject4 ,) all 8 brilliant gifts1 & :ile ackn[l$g+ ! e>?'s attractive p[] ov] ! moon1 he w\ld n ev5 admit ! exi/5ce ( mutual attraction1 & talk$ ( ! moon z be+ compell$ to 8foll[ ! e>?40 ,unque/ionably !re are times :5 ! moon does foll[ ! e>?1 & t is :5 ! e>? happ5s to g be=e4 ,b q z (t5 x happ5s t ! moon goes be=e1 & ! e>? foll[s aft]4 ,all ^! great m5 7 grop+ ne> ! tru?1 yet none manag$ to f9d ! clue t 0 want$4 ,!y left ! unf9i%$ process ( ?\ght to be c>ri$ on by ! ma/]-m9d ( ,newton4 ,& ,newton set himself to ?9k ! "q out4 ,he us$ ,kepl]'s obs]vations4 ,he s\ght to p5etrate ! secrets ( a ,sol> ,sy/em 9 my/]i\s & inviolable ord]4 ,"s reason or cause = t ord] he knew mu/ exi/--if only x might be grasp$6 ,he pond]$ deeply2 lo/ 9 pr(\nd cogitation1 ?r\gh /ormy days ( civil /rife1 ( plague & loss & suff]+4 ,! object ( 8 life 0 to discov]1 if s he might1 :at p[] or :at =ces reta9$ ! diff]5t worlds 9 _! respective pa?ways2 9 %ort1 :at mann] ( cele/ial guidance 0 v\*saf$ to ! planets4 ,= al?\gh m5 _h n[ le>n$ ! %ape ( ! planet-orbits1 & ev5 knew c]ta9 laws :i* help$ to gov]n ! planet-motions1 !y _h n discov]$ "o supreme controll+ law4 ,!y did n dream ( gravity 9 ! heav5s z a prevail+ =ce4 ,!re 0 absolutely no reason1 ) :i* m5 7 acqua9t$1 :y ea* planet %\ld pres]ve its own p>ticul> di/ance f ! sun2 :y ,m>s %\ld n w&] z f> away z ,jupit]2 :y ,m]cury %\ld n flee to ! position ( ,saturn2 :y our own e>? %\ld be always ab\t z ne> z %e always is4 ,! res\rces ( ,newton's g5ius seem$ equal to almo/ any dem& t c\ld be made ^u x4 ,he saw t ea* planet mu/ di/urb ! o!r1 & 9 t way he 0 able to r5d] a satisfactory acc\nt ( c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* _h p]plex$ all prec$+ inve/igators4 ,t my/]i\s movem5t by :i* ! pole ( ! e>? sways ab\t among ! />s1 _h be5 long an unsolv$ enigma2 b ,newton %[$ t ! moon grasp$ ) its attraction ! protub]ant mass at ! equatorial regions ( ! e>?1 & ?us tilt$ ! e>?'s axis 9 a way t acc\nt$ = ! ph5om5on :i* _h be5 kn[n1 b _h nev] be5 expla9$1 = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,all ^! discov]ies 7 br\ght toge!r 9 t immortal "w1 ,newton's 8,pr9cipia10 ! greate/ "w on sci5ce t ! _w _h yet se54 ,x may well be t1 z ,newton pond]$ ?is p]plex+ "q :ile seat$ 9 ! g>d51 an apple dropp+ to ! gr\nd might h suffic$ to turn 8 wide-awake & ready m9d 9 ! direction ( t famili> =ce1 gravity1 :i* draws all loose bodies t[>ds e>?'s surface4 ,! apple fell because ( gravity4 ,q naturally ! "q might h aris5 9 ,newton's m9d--8,:y n ?is same gravity 9 ! heav5s also8 ,if ! e>? draws an apple t[>ds h]self1 :y %\ld n ! e>? draw ! moon8 ,:y %\ld n ! sun draw ! e>?8 ,nay1 m1 :y %\ld n ! sun draw all ! planets80 ,newton set himself to "w out ?is problem1 all[+ = ! di/ance ( ! moon f e>?1 & = ! bulk & weight ( bo? e>? & moon4 ,& because ! answ] 0 n precisely :at he _h look$ =1 he put ! calculation aside1 & wait$ = ye>s4 ,x seems t he m5tion$ 8 conjecture to no liv+ p]son4 ,aft] _m ye>s he took x up aga91 & work$ x out afre%4 ,by ?is "t new measurem5ts ( e>?'s surface1 & new calculations ( e>?'s size _h be5 made1 & ,newton _h fre% figures to g ^u4 ,?is "t ! answ] came j z he _h orig9ally hop$1 & ! tru? ( 8 surmise 0 ?us prov$4 ,gravity held ! moon ne> ! e>?1 prev5t+ h] f w&]+ (f into unkn[n di/ances4 ,gravity held e>? & moon1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 ,jupit]1 ea* planet1 9 its own pa?way1 )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! sun4 ,gravity held _m ( ! comets z p]man5t memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,s /rong1 inde$1 0 ! draw+ ( gravity f\nd to be1 t only ! resi/+ =ce ( ea* bright _w's rapid ru% r\nd ! sun c\ld keep ! sun & 8 planets ap>t4 ,newton _h discov]$ ! long-s\ght secret4 ,he _h f\nd t 8e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle80 ,he _h f\nd also ! ma9 laws :i* gov]n ! work+ ( t attraction--t x dep5ds1 fir/1 ^u ! mass or am\nt ( 8matt]0 9 ea* body2 t x dep5ds1 secondly1 ^u ! di/ance ( "o body f ano!r4 ,he f\nd1 too1 h[ f> attraction increases ) great] ne>ness1 & decreases ) great] di/ance4 ,all ^! & c\ntless o!r que/ions he work$ out 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s4 ,b fir/ he _h grasp$ ! great lead+ pr9ciple1 aft] :i* m5 _h until !n grop$ 9 va91 t by ! =ce ( gravity ! sun & 8 worlds & _! moons are all b\nd toge!r into "o l>ge unit$ family or sy/em4 ,?\gh ,newton liv$ long en\gh to receive ! honor t 8 a/oni%+ discov]ies s ju/ly m]it$1 & ?\gh = _m ye>s ( 8 life 8 r5[n 0 mu* great] ?an t ( any ( 8 contempor>ies1 yet x is n too mu* to say t1 9 ! ye>s :i* h s9ce elaps$1 ,newton's fame has be5 ev] /eadily advanc+4 ,we h>dly "k :e!r to admire m ! sublime discov]ies at :i* he arriv$1 or ! extraord9>y "* ( ! intellectual processes by :i* ^? discov]ies 7 rea*$4 ,he di$ on ,monday1 ,m>* #bj1 #agbg1 9 ! eighty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,lat] ,,a/ronomy4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 0 born 9 ! city ( ,hanov]1 ,novemb] #ae1 #agch4 ,he 0 ! second son ( ,isaac ,h]s*el1 a musician1 :o br\ght him up1 ) 8 f\r o!r sons1 to 8 own pr(ession4 ,a fai?ful *ronicl] has giv5 u an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ,isaac ,h]s*el educat$ 8 boys2 ! n>rative is tak5 f ! recollections ( "o :o1 at ! "t1 0 a little girl ( five or six ye>s old4 ,%e writes3 8,my bro!rs 7 (t5 introduc$ z solo p]=m]s & assi/ants 9 ! or*e/ra at ! c\rt1 & ,i rememb] t ,i 0 frequ5tly prev5t$ f go+ to sleep by ! lively criticisms on music on com+ f a conc]t4 ,(t5 ,i w\ld keep myself awake t ,i might li/5 to _! animat$ rem>ks1 = x made me happy to see !m s happy4 ,b g5]ally _! conv]sation w\ld bran* out on philosophical subjects1 :5 my bro!r ,william & my fa!r (t5 argu$ ) su* w>m? t my "m's int]f]5ce became necess>y :5 ! names ,eul]1 ,leibnitz1 & ,newton s\nd$ r too l\d = ! repose ( h] little ones1 :o _h to be at s*ool by sev5 9 ! morn+40 ,! *ild1 ^: rem9isc5ces are "h giv51 became aft]w>ds ! fam\s ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el4 ,! n>rative ( h] life is a mo/ int]e/+ book1 n only = ! acc\nt x conta9s ( ! rem>kable woman h]self1 b also because x pres5ts ! be/ picture we h ( ! great a/ronom]1 to :om ,c>ol9e devot$ h] life4 ,?is mode/ family circle 01 9 a measure1 disp]s$ at ! outbreak ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 9 #agef4 ,! ,fr5* proce$$ to invade ,hanov]1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 belong$ at ?is "t to ! ,briti% dom9ions4 ,"y ,william ,h]s*el _h already obta9$ ! position ( a regul> p]=m] 9 ! regim5tal b& ( ! ,hanov]ian ,gu>ds1 & x 0 8 =tune to obta9 "s exp]i5ce ( actual w>f>e 9 ! disa/r\s battle ( ,ha/5beck4 ,he 0 n w\nd$1 b he _h to sp5d ! night aft] ! battle 9 a dit*1 & 8 m$itations on ! occasion conv9c$ him t soldi]+ 0 n ! pr(ession exactly suit$ to 8 ta/es4 ,he left 8 regim5t by ! v simple1 b some:at risky1 process ( des]tion4 ,he _h1 x w\ld seem1 to adopt disguises 9 ord] to effect 8 escape4 ,by "s means he succe$$ 9 elud+ detection1 & rea*$ ,engl& 9 safety4 ,! "y musician mu/ h _h "s difficulty 9 provid+ = 8 ma9t5ance dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( 8 abode 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 n until he _h rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty-two t he succe$$ 9 obta9+ any regul> appo9tm5t4 ,he 0 !n made in/ructor ( music to ! ,durham ,militia4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 8 tal5ts be+ m widely recogniz$1 he 0 appo9t$ z organi/ ( ! p>i% ,*ur* at ,halifax4 ,9 #agff we f9d t ,h]s*el _h receiv$ ! fur!r promotion ( organi/ 9 ! ,octagon ,*apel1 at ,ba?4 ,ba? 0 !n1 z n[1 a highly fa%ionable resort1 & _m notable p]sonages patroniz$ ! ris+ musician4 ,h]s*el _h o!r po9ts 9 8 favor besides 8 pr(essional skill2 8 appe>ance 0 /rik+1 8 address sup]b1 & 8 conv]sation animat$1 int]e/+1 & in/ructive2 & ev5 8 nationality 0 a di/9ct advantage1 inasmu* z he 0 a ,hanov]ian 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,george ! ,?ird4 ,f 8 e>lie/ y\?1 ,h]s*el _h be5 end[$ ) t invaluable *>act]i/ic1 an int5se desire = k4 ,he naturally wi%$ to p]fect himself 9 ! !ory ( music1 & ?us he 0 l$ to /udy ma!matics4 ,:5 he _h once ta/$ ! *>ms ( ma!matics1 he saw va/ regions ( k unfold$ be=e him1 & 9 ?is way he 0 induc$ to direct 8 att5tion to a/ronomy4 ,m & m ?is pursuit engross$ 8 att5tion until1 at la/1 x _h become an absorb+ passion4 ,x 0 ) q a small telescope1 :i* _h be5 l5t him by a fri5d1 t ,h]s*el comm5c$ 8 c>e] z an obs]v]4 ,h[ev]1 he spe$ily discov]$ t to see all he want$ to see1 a telescope ( f> great] p[] w\ld be necess>y4 ,he commission$ a fri5d to procure = him 9 ,london a telescope ) high magnify+ p[]4 ,=tunately = sci5ce ! price 0 s great t x preclud$ ! pur*ase1 & he set himself at "w to con/ruct "o4 ,aft] _m trials he succe$$ 9 mak+ a reflect+ in/rum5t ( five feet focal l5g?1 ) :i* he 0 able to obs]ve ! r+s ( ,saturn & ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,x 0 9 #aggd1 :5 ! a/ronom] 0 ?irty-six ye>s old1 t he obta9$ 8 fir/ glimpse ( ! />s ) an in/rum5t ( 8 own con/ruction4 ,night aft] night1 z soon z 8 musical labors 7 end$1 8 telescopes 7 br\ght out4 ,8 si/] ,c>ol9e1 :o occupies su* a di/9ct place 9 sci5tific hi/ory1 ! same little girl to :om we h already ref]r$1 0 8 able assi/ant1 & :5 ma!matical "w _h to be done1 %e 0 ready = x4 ,%e _h taught h]self suffici5tly to enable h] to p]=m ! k9d ( calculations--n1 p]haps1 v difficult ones--t ,h]s*el's "w requir$2 inde$1 x is n mu* to say t ! mighty life-"w :i* ?is man 0 enabl$ to p]=m c\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$ _h x n be5 = ! self-sacrifice ( ?is ev]-lov+ & fai?ful si/]4 ,x 0 n until #aghb t ! great a*ievem5t took place by :i* ,h]s*el at once sprang into fame4 ,he appe>s to h =m$ a project = mak+ a close exam9ation ( all ! />s above a c]ta9 magnitude = ! purpose ( discov]+1 if possible1 a p>allax among !m4 ,/> aft] /> 0 br\ght to ! c5t] ( ! field ( view ( 8 telescope1 & aft] be+ c>efully exam9$1 0 !n displac$1 :ile ano!r /> 0 br\ght =w>d to be submitt$ to ! same process4 ,9 ! great review :i* ,h]s*el und]took1 he d\btless exam9$ hundr$s1 or p]haps ?\s&s ( />s1 all[+ !m to pass away )\t note or comm5t4 ,b on an ev]-memorable night 9 ,m>*1 #aghb1 x happ5$ t he 0 pursu+ 8 task among ! />s 9 ! con/ellation ( ,gem9i4 ,"o /> 0 notic$ :i*1 to ,h]s*el's acute vision1 seem$ diff]5t f ! />s :i* 9 s _m ?\s&s are /rewn ov] ! sky4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! />like object t imm$iately arre/$ 8 att5tion1 & made him apply to x a high] magnify+ p[]4 ,?is at once disclos$ ! fact t ! object possess$ a disk--t is1 a def9ite1 measurable size--& t x 0 ?us totally diff]5t f any ( ! hundr$s & ?\s&s ( />s :i* exi/ else:]e 9 space4 ,! organi/ at ! ,octagon ,*apel at ,ba? _h discov]$ a new planet ) 8 home-made telescope4 ,great 0 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! sci5tific _w :5 ! ,ba? organi/ ann\nc$ t ! five planets1 :i* _h be5 kn[n f all antiquity1 mu/ n[ admit ! company ( a six?4 ,! n[ great a/ronom] 0 invit$ to ,w9dsor1 & to br+ 8 fam\s telescope 9 ord] to exhibit ! planet to ,george ,,iii1 & to tell 8 maje/y all ab\t x4 ,! k+ took s great a fancy to ,h]s*el t he propos$ to conf] on him ! title ( 88 maje/y's own a/ronom]10 to assign him a resid5ce ne> ,w9dsor1 to provide him ) a sal>y1 & to furni% su* funds z might be requir$ = ! erection ( great telescopes1 & = ! conduct ( t mighty s*eme ( cele/ial obs]vation on :i* ,h]s*el 0 s eag] to ent]4 ,no s+le discov]y ( ,h]s*el's lat] ye>s 01 h[ev]1 ( ! same mom5t\s description z t :i* fir/ br\ght him to fame4 ,!re is no sep>ate collection ( 8 writ+s1 & v scanty acc\nts ( 8 life h be5 publi%$2 b he :o has writt5 8 "n among ! />s ne$s no o!r te/imonial to 8 fame4 ,prior to 8 "t ! numb] ( bodies kn[n z belong+ to ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 eighte51 includ+ second>y planets & ,halley's comet4 ,to ^! he add$ n9e2 namely1 ,uranus & six satellites1 & two satellites ( ,saturn4 ,?\gh no additional honors c\ld add to 8 fame1 ,dr4 ,h]s*el1 9 #ahaf1 receiv$ ! decoration ( ! ,guelphic ,ord] ( ,knigh?ood4 ,9 #ahbj he 0 elect$ presid5t ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 & among _! ,transactions1 ! next ye>1 he publi%$ an int]e/+ memoir on ! places ( "o hundr$ & =ty-five d\ble-/>s4 ,?is pap] 0 ! la/ :i* he liv$ to publi%4 ,8 heal? _h begun to decl9e1 & on ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 #ahbb1 he sank "u ! infirmities ( age1 hav+ complet$ 8 eighty-f\r? ye>4 ,he 0 surviv$ by 8 wid[1 ,lady ,h]s*el1 an only son1 ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 & 8 si/] ,c>ol9e1 :o di$ 9 #ahdg1 9 h] n9ety-eigh? ye>4 ,,laplace4 ,! au?or ( 8,cele/ial ,me*anics0 0 born at ,beaumont-en-,auge 9 #agdi1 j ?irte5 ye>s lat] ?an 8 r5[n$ fri5d ,lagrange4 ,8 fa!r 0 a f>m]1 b appe>s to h be5 9 a position to provide a good education = a son :o seem$ promis+4 ,! subject :i* fir/ claim$ 8 att5tion 0 !ology4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 soon introduc$ to ! /udy ( ma!matics1 9 :i* he pres5tly became s pr(ici5t t1 :ile he 0 /ill no m ?an eighte5 ye>s old1 he obta9$ employm5t z a ma!matical tea*] 9 8 native t[n4 ,desir+ wid] opportunities = /udy1 "y ,laplace />t$ = ,p>is1 be+ provid$ ) lett]s ( introduction to ,d',alemb]t1 :o !n occupi$ ! mo/ prom95t positions z a ma!matician 9 ,france1 if n 9 ,europe4 ,on pres5t+ ^! lett]s1 he seems to h _h no reply2 :]eupon1 ,laplace wrote to ,d',alemb]t1 submitt+ a discussion ( "s po9t 9 dynamics4 ,?is lett] in/antly produc$ ! desir$ effect4 ,d',alemb]t ?\ght t su* ma!matical tal5t z ! "y man display$ 0 9 itself ! be/ ( introductions to 8 favor4 ,x c\ld n be ov]look$1 & accord+ly he invit$ ,laplace to come & see him4 ,laplace1 ( c\rse1 pres5t$ himself1 & erelong ,d',alemb]t obta9$ = ! ris+ philosoph] a pr(essor%ip ( ,ma!matics 9 ! milit>y s*ool 9 ,p>is4 ,?is gave ! brilliant "y ma!matician ! op5+ = :i* he s\ght1 & he quickly avail$ himself ( x4 ,laplace's mo/ fam\s "w is 8,cele/ial ,me*anics10 9 :i* he essay$ a compreh5sive attempt to c>ry out1 9 mu* great] detail1 ! pr9ciples :i* ,newton _h laid d[n4 ,! fact 0 t ,newton _h n only to con/ruct ! !ory ( gravitation1 b he _h to inv5t ! ma!matical processes by :i* 8 !ory c\ld be appli$ to ! explanation ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,newton & ! "t ( ,laplace1 ma!matics _h be5 ext5sively develop$4 ,! di/urbances :i* "o planet ex]cises ^u ! re/ c only be fully asc]ta9$ by ! aid ( long calculations1 & = ^! calculations analytical me?ods are requir$4 ,) an armam5t ( ma!matical me?ods :i* _h be5 p]fect$ s9ce ! days ( ,newton by ! labors ( two or ?ree g5]ations ( ma!matical inv5tors1 ,laplace essay$ 9 8 8,cele/ial ,me*anics0 to unravel ! my/]ies ( ! heav5s4 ,x w h>dly be disput$ t ! book :i* he has produc$ is "o ( ! mo/ difficult books to und]/& t has ev] be5 writt54 ,! inve/igations ( ,laplace are1 g5]ally speak+1 ( too te*nical a "* to make x possible to set =? any acc\nt ( !m 9 su* a "w z ! pres5t4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 publi% "o treatise1 call$ ! 8,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se10 9 :i*1 )\t introduc+ ma!matical symbols1 he 0 able to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ! !ories ( ! cele/ial movem5ts1 & ( ! discov]ies to :i* he & o!rs _h be5 l$4 ,9 ?is "w ,laplace laid d[n ! pr9ciples ( ! nebul> !ory1 :i*1 9 mod]n days1 has be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,! nebul> !ory gives a physical acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & has already be5 expla9$ 9 ?is volume4 ,ba* advance 9 sci5ce seems to make x m c]ta9 t ?is hypo!sis sub/antially repres5ts ! way 9 :i* our ,sol> ,sy/em has gr[n to its pres5t =m4 ,n satisfi$ ) a c>e] :i* 0 m]ely sci5tific1 ,laplace s\ght to connect himself ) public affairs4 ,napoleon appreciat$ 8 g5ius1 & desir$ to enli/ him 9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate4 ,laplace 0 appo9t$ to ! (fice ( m9i/] ( ! int]ior4 ,! exp]im5t 0 n successful1 = he 0 n by nature a /atesman4 ,9 despair ( ,laplace's capacity z an adm9i/rator1 ,napoleon decl>$ t he c>ri$ ! _s ( 8 inf9itesimal calculus into ! managem5t ( bus9ess4 ,inde$1 ,laplace's political conduct h>dly admits ( mu* def5se4 ,:ile he accept$ ! honors :i* ,napoleon %[]$ on him 9 ! "t ( 8 prosp]ity1 he seems to h =gott5 all ?is :5 ,napoleon c\ld no long] r5d] him s]vice4 ,laplace 0 made a m>quis by ,l\is ,,xviii4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life ! philosoph] liv$ 9 a retir$ c\ntry-place at ,arcueile4 ,"h he pursu$ 8 /udies1 &1 by /rict ab/emi\sness1 pres]v$ himself f _m ( ! infirmities ( old age4 ,he 0 end[$ ) rem>kable sci5tific sagacity2 b above all 8 p[]s 8 wond]ful memory %one pre-em95t4 ,8 8,cele/ial ,me*anics0 is1 next to ,newton's 8,pr9cipia10 ! greate/ ( a/ronomical works4 ,he di$ on ,m>* #e1 #ahbg1 9 8 sev5ty-eigh? ye>1 8 la/ words be+1 8,:at we "k is b little1 :at we d n "k is imm5se40 ,,lev]ri]4 ,we are apt to id5tify ! idea ( an a/ronom] ) t ( a man :o looks ?r\gh a telescope at ! />s2 b ! ^w a/ronom] has really a mu* wid] significance4 ,no man :o ev] liv$ has be5 m entitl$ to be designat$ an a/ronom] ?an ,urba9 ,jean ,joseph ,lev]ri]1 & yet x is c]ta9 t he nev] made a telescopic discov]y ( any k9d4 ,9 ma!matics1 h[ev]1 he excell$1 & he simply us$ ! obs]vations ( o!rs z ! basis ( 8 calculations4 ,^! obs]vations =m1 z x 71 ! raw mat]ial on :i* ! ma!matician ex]cises 8 skill4 ,x is = him to elicit f ! obs]v$ places ! true laws :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,"h is inde$ a task 9 :i* ! highe/ p[]s ( ! human intellect may be wor?ily employ$4 ,to ,lev]ri] x has be5 giv5 to provide a sup]b illu/ration ( ! success ) :i* ! m9d ( man c p5etrate ! deep ?+s ( nature4 ,! illu/ri\s ,fr5*man 0 born on ! #aa? ( ,m>*1 #ahaa1 at ,sa9t-,l1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,man*e4 ,9 ! fam\s polyte*nic s*ool = education 9 ! high] bran*es ( sci5ce he acquir$ consid]able fame z a ma!matician4 ,8 labors at s*ool _h reveal$ to ,lev]ri] t he 0 end[$ ) ! p[]s requisite = deal+ ) ! subtle/ in/rum5ts ( ma!matical analysis4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s old 8 fir/ great a/ronomical inve/igation 0 br\ght =?4 ,?is 0 ! pr(\nd calculation ( ! di/urbances ( ! planet ,uranus & ! causes ( !m4 ,! tal5t :i* 8 rese>*es display$ br\ght ,lev]ri] into notice4 ,at t "t ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory 0 presid$ ov] by ,arago1 a savant :o occupies a di/+ui%$ position 9 ,fr5* sci5tific annals4 ,arago at once p]ceiv$ t ,lev]ri] possess$ ! qualifications suitable = und]tak+ a problem ( great importance & difficulty t _h begun to =ce itself on ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s4 ,:at ?is great problem 01 & h[ a/oni%+ 0 ! solution x receiv$1 mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,ev] s9ce ,h]s*el br\ght himself into fame by ! discov]y ( ,uranus1 ! movem5ts ( ?is new addition to ! ,sol> ,sy/em _h be5 scrut9iz$ ) c>e & att5tion4 ,! position ( ,uranus 0 ?us accurately det]m9$ f "t to "t4 ,:5 due all[ance 0 made = :atev] influ5ce ! attraction ( ,jupit] & ,saturn & all ! o!r planets c\ld possibly produce1 ! movem5ts ( ,uranus 7 /ill inexplicable4 ,x 0 p]fectly obvi\s t !re mu/ be "s o!r influ5ce at "w besides t :i* c\ld be attribut$ to ! planets already kn[n4 ,a/ronom]s c\ld only recognize "o solution ( su* a difficulty4 ,x 0 impossible to d\bt t !re mu/ be "s o!r planet 9 addition to ! bodies at t "t kn[n1 & t ! p]turbations ( ,uranus1 hi!rto unacc\nt$ =1 7 due to ! di/urbances caus$ by ! action ( ?is unkn[n planet4 ,arago urg$ ,lev]ri] to und]take ! great problem ( se>*+ = ?is body4 ,b ! conditions ( ! se>* 7 su* t x mu/ be conduct$ on pr9ciples :olly diff]5t f any se>* :i* _h ev] be=e be5 und]tak5 = a cele/ial object4 ,= ?is 0 n a case 9 :i* m]e survey ) a telescope might be expect$ to lead to ! discov]y4 ,!re are 9 ! heav5s _m millions ( />s1 & ! problem ( id5tify+ ! planet1 if inde$ x %\ld lie among ^! />s1 seem$ a v complex matt]4 ,( c\rse1 x is ! abundant pres5ce ( ! />s :i* causes ! difficulty4 ,! mat]ials available to ! ma!matician = ! solution ( ?is problem 7 to be d]iv$ solely f ! discrepancies betwe5 ! calculat$ places 9 :i* ,uranus %\ld be f\nd1 tak+ into acc\nt ! kn[n causes ( di/urbances1 & ! actual places 9 :i* obs]vation _h %[n ! planet to exi/4 ,"h 01 inde$1 an unprec$5t$ problem1 & "o ( extraord9>y difficulty4 ,lev]ri]1 h[ev]1 fac$ x1 &1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! _w1 succe$$ 9 c>ry+ x ?r\gh to a brilliant solution4 ,aft] _m trials1 ,lev]ri] asc]ta9$ t1 by assum+ a c]ta9 size1 %ape1 & position = ! unkn[n planet's orbit1 & a c]ta9 value = ! mass ( ! hypo!tical body1 x w\ld be possible to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ di/urbances ( ,uranus4 ,gradually x became cle> to 8 p]ception1 n only t ! difficulties 9 ! movem5ts ( ,uranus c\ld be ?us expla9$1 b t no o!r explanation ne$ be s\ght =4 ,& n[ = an episode 9 ?is hi/ory :i* w be celebrat$ s long z sci5ce %all endure4 ,x is no?+ less ?an ! telescopic confirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is new planet1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 indicat$ only by ma!matical calculation4 ,great inde$ 0 ! admiration ( ! sci5tific _w at ?is sup]b triumph4 ,"h 0 a mighty planet1 ^: v exi/5ce 0 reveal$ by ! indications af=d$ by ref9$ ma!matical calculation4 ,at once ! "n ( ,lev]ri]1 already kn[n to ^? conv]sant ) ! m pr(\nd bran*es ( a/ronomy1 became ev]y:]e celebrat$4 ,:51 9 #ahed1 ,arago's place _h to be fill$ at ! head ( ! great ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 x 0 univ]sally felt t ! discov]] ( ,neptune 0 ! suitable man to assume ! (fice4 ,lev]ri] di$ on ,sunday1 ,septemb] #bc1 #ahgg1 9 8 sixty-sev5? ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fr$]ick ,,william ,,bessel 0 born at ,m9d5 9 #aghd1 & e>ly turn$ 8 att5tion to ma!matical subjects4 ,he devot$ himself ) ardor to a/ronomy1 & 9 #ahjd he und]took ! r$uction ( ! obs]vations made on ! comet ( #afjg4 ,8 results 7 communicat$ to ,olb]s1 :o w>mly prais$ ! "y a/ronom]1 & 9 #ahjf recomm5d$ him to ,s*roet] z an assi/ant 9 ! obs]vatory ( ,lili5?al4 ,9 #ahaj he 0 appo9t$ director ( ! new obs]vatory !n be+ f\nd$ by ! k+ at ,knigsb]g4 ,he 0 admirably fitt$ = ?is po/1 & is di/+ui%$ ma9ly = 8 discov]y ( ! p>allax ( ! /> #fa ,cygni1 :i* he accompli%$ by me?ods ( extreme +5uity & delicacy4 ,two k9ds ( telescopes are commonly us$1 ! refractor & ! reflector4 ,! fir/ telescopes made 7 all refractors1 & ! v fir/ ( !m 0 made1 z y "k1 by ,galileo4 ,! fir/ reflector 0 made 9 lat] days by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,9 a refractor ! rays ( light1 f a /> or any o!r bright body1 rea* fir/ a l>ge object-glass1 ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 & by :i*1 z !y pass1 !y are caus$ to conv]ge1 n>r[+ to a focus or po9t4 ,f ?is po9t !y wid5 slightly on _! way to ! eye-piece4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! eye-piece1 by :i* !y are once m /raight5$ into p>allel rays1 !y arrive at ! eye4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! eye receives--actually sees--ne>ly z mu* ( ! />light z if its pupil 7 ! full size ( ! object-glass ( t telescope1 & ! p[] ( su* an in/rum5t dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! object-glass4 ,a refractor has be5 made ) an object-glass =ty in*es across1 & ?is1 = ! obs]v]1 means look+ at a /> ) an eye pupil m ?an ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is refractor is n[ 9 ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory at ,williams ,bay1 ,lake ,g5eva1 ,wiscons94 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( reflectors4 ,) "o =m1 :5 x is po9t$ at a />1 ! rays ( />light fall direct ?r\gh ! telescope-tube ^u a highly-poli%$ mirror1 s %ap$ t rays ( light reflect$ !nce are caus$ to fall conv]g+ ^u a small plane-mirror 9 ! c5t] ( ! tube1 f :i* !y are ?r[n1 p>allel to ! side ( ! tube1 to ! eye-piece1 :i* conv]ges !m to ! eye4 ,! mirror ( a reflector c be made v mu* l>g] ?an ! object-glass ( a refractor4 ,! fam\s ,"l ,rosse telescope1 :i* has a tube sixty feet long1 conta9s a mirror no less ?an six feet 9 diamet]4 ,?is1 to an obs]v]1 is tantam\nt to look+ at ! />s ) an eye s huge t its pupil alone w\ld be ne>ly equal 9 size to ! six-foot :eel ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,x w readily be p]ceiv$ h[ mu* m />light c be grasp$ by su* a fi%+-net ?an by ! t9y pupil ( y\r eye or m9e4 ,a ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( telescope ?us resides 9 ! fact t ! />-rays--or any o!r k9d ( light-rays--:5 fir/ captur$1 pass1 9 "o case1 ?r\gh ! glass on :i* !y fall1 &1 9 ! o!r case1 are ?r[n (f f ! mirror4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! :ole am\nt ( light s captur$ is ga!r$ into a small compass1 s z to be available = human sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eye-,,piece ,,( ,,! ,,lick ,,telescope4 ,once m1 let me rem9d y1 x %\ld be always kept cle>ly 9 m9d t e object t is se5 by u--f a mote ( du/ to a sun1 f a coal-scuttle to a />--is p]ceiv$ purely & solely by ! light :i* x gives out1 ei!r intr9sic or reflect$ light4 ,c\ntless myriads ( rays pass f ! surface ( ! ?+ se5 to our eyes1 pictur+ !re1 on ! s5sitive ret9a1 a fleet+ vision ( its =m4 ,all ! lead+ ,gov]nm5ts 9 ,europe h obs]vatories = ! /udy ( ! heav5s1 :i* are furni%$ ) ! be/ in/rum5ts ( mod]n con/ruction4 ,! pr9cipal obs]vatories are ^? at ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 ,nice2 ,dorpat1 ! seat ( a celebrat$ univ]sity f\nd$ by ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ( ,sw$51 9 #afcj2 ,pulk[a1 ne> ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,lisbon1 & at ,gre5wi* 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh only 9 rec5t ye>s has a/ronomy be5 cultivat$ ) ardor1 !re are obs]vatories ( m or less importance1--! ,national ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ! ,c9c9nati ,obs]vatory1 project$ by ! late ,g5]al ,o4 ,m4 ,mit*el2 ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory1 f\nd$ by ,mrs4 ,bl&9a ,dudley 9 honor ( h] husb&1 at ,albany1 ,n4 ,y42 ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 f\nd$ by ,james ,lick1 on ,m\nt ,hamilton1 ,cal42 & ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 connect$ ) ! ,*icago ,univ]sity1 f\nd$ by ,*>les ,t4 ,y]kes4 ,besides ^!1 !re are obs]vatories connect$ ) "s ( our o!r lead+ univ]sities & colleges1 z ^? ( ,h>v>d1 at ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,yale ,univ]sity2 ,williams ,college2 ,we/ ,po9t ,milit>y ,academy2 ,amh]/ ,college2 ,pr9ceton2 ,d>tm\?2 ,mi*igan ,univ]sity2 ,hamilton ,college1 ,n4 ,y41 & sev]al o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lick ,,obs]vatory ,,9 ,,w9t]1 ,,f ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! l>ge/ & be/ refract+ telescopes 9 ! _w are ^? at ,lick ,obs]vatory & at ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 n[ 9 *>ge ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 :o1 :ile at ! head ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 discov]$ ! fif? satellite ( ,jupit]1 & det]m9$ ! "* ( ! inn] r+ ( ,saturn4 ,! be/ reflect+ telescope is t ( ,"l ,rosse1 at ,birr ,ca/le1 9 ,k+s ,c\nty1 ,irel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4 ,e4 ,,b>n>d4 ,9 review+ ! pa? :i* we h trav]s$ 9 ?is volume1 ?\gh we h p5etrat$ ! sid]eal dep?s & w&]$ at w ?r\gh space1 we feel t we h n yet rea*$ ! outskirts ( creation4 ,we h nev] left ! c5t]4 ,beyond u /ill lies ! circumf]5ce4 ,we see op5$ be=e u ! inf9ite1 ( :i* ! /udy is n yet begun6 ,we h se5 no?+2 we recoil 9 t]ror2 we fall back a/\nd$4 ,inde$1 we might fall into ! yawn+ abyss--fall =ev]1 dur+ a :ole et]nity2 nev]1 nev] %\ld we rea* ! bottom1 any m ?an we h atta9$ ! summit4 ,!re is no ea/ nor we/1 nei!r "r nor left4 ,!re is no up nor d[n2 !re is nei!r a z5i? nor a nadir4 ,9 :atev] way we look1 x is inf9ite 9 all directions4 ,9 ?is inf9itude ( space1 ! associations ( suns & ( worlds :i* con/itute our visible univ]se =m b an isl&1 a va/ ar*ipelago2 & 9 ! et]nity ( duration1 ! life ( our pr\d humanity1 ) all its conc]ns1 its aspirations1 & its a*ievem5ts1 ! :ole life ( our entire planet1 is b ! %ad[ ( a dream6 ,well might ! ,hebrew poet1 z he look$ =? ^u nature1 exclaim 9 8 amazem5t3 8,:5 ,i consid] ?y heav5s1 ! "w ( ?y f+]s1 ! moon & ! />s :i* ?\ ha/ orda9$1 :at is man t ?\ art m9dful ( him1 & ! son ( man t ?\ visite/ him80 ,! con/ellations1 ! *>ts ( ! sky2 ! catalogues ( curi\s />s--v>iable1 d\ble or multiple1 & color$2 ! description ( in/rum5ts accessible to ! obs]v] ( ! heav5s1 & useful tables to consult1 are only t\*$ ^u 9 ?is volume4 ,! read] ^: sci5tific desires are satisfi$ by ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy1 may /op "h4 ,few h "t to pursue ! subject fur!r2 b x is sweet to live 9 ! sph]e ( ! m9d2 x is sweet to contemn ! r\gh noises ( a vulg> _w2 x is sweet to so> 9 ! e!real heights1 & to devote ! be/ mom5ts ( our life to ! /udy ( ! true1 ! inf9ite1 & ! et]nal6 ,,publi%]s' ,,note4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! conclusion ( 8,! ,/ory ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s40 ,miss ,gib]ne's "w has be5 supplem5t$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( matt] f o!r s\rces4 ,! value ( ! book has ?us be5 increas$ )\t dim9i%+ its popul> "*4 ,9 mo/ admirable =m x tells ! /ory ( ! heav5ly _w1 :i* is ! "w ( ,god's h&s1 ! moon & ! />s :i* he has made4 ,! rev]5t read]1 to :om ! ,^w ( ,god is 8sweet] ?an honey & ! honey-comb10 may "h f9d t 8! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 & ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork40 ,we confid5tly pres5t x to ! read] z ! be/ & complete/ "w 9 pr9t on ! great subject ( :i* x treats4 ,,index ,adams1 ,john ,c\*1 #bca1 #bcf ,arolites1 #hd ,size (1 #hf ,aldeb>an1 ,movem5t (1 #bgg ,alex&] at ,arbela1 #adf ,alpha ,c5tauri1 ,di/ance (1 #ii ,duration ( light j\rney1 #ajb ,position1 #bgi ,alps1 ,lun> ,m\nta9s1 #agi ,altai1 ,lun> ,m\nta9s1 #agi ,&rom$a1 ,con/ellation (1 #aab ,ap5n9es1 ,lun> ,m\nta9s1 #agi ,arago1 #bce1 #djb ,arcturus1 ,motion (1 #aad ,position1 #bgf ,ari/otle1 #cgf ,a/]oids1 #ec ,a/ronomy1 ,! dawn (1 #cfc ,attraction1 #cd ,aurora ,borealis1 :]e se51 #ada ,axis ( e>? slant+1 #dd ,b>n>d1 ,e4 ,e41 #ec1 #daj ,bessel1 ,f4 ,w41 #bhd ,discov]y ( /> p>allax1 #cbd ,discov]s /> p>allax1 #dje ,bolides1 #hg1 #beg ,borelli1 #chh ,capella1 ,duration ( light j\rney1 #ajc ,velocity ( motion1 #aad ,caucasian ,range1 ,lun> ,m\nta9s1 #agi ,c>pa?ian1 ,lun> ,m\nta9s1 #agi ,c>r+ton1 #ada ,cass9i1 ,measurem5t ( sun's di/ance1 #caj ,cassiopeia1 ,con/ellation (1 #aab ,c]es1 size (1 #ec ,*aldean />-gaz]s1 #cfe ,*9ese records ( eclipses1 #cfe ,cic]o1 #agg ,cl>k1 ,alvan ,graham1 #bhi ,clov5-disk !ory1 #cca ,coal sack1 #cbi ,columbus 9 ,jamaica1 #adf ,comet1 ,biela's1 #ij1 #ic ,halley's1 #gh1 #bdh ,( #ahdc1 #hj ,newton's1 #gh ,) two tails1 #gg ,encke's1 #gh ,heat endur$ by1 #ha ,l5g? ( tail1 #ha ,collision )1 #hb ,split 9 two1 #ia ,comets1 #gc1 #bdj1 #bdf ,numb] (1 #ge ,nature (1 #gd ,captur$ by ,jupit]1 #bac ,composition (1 #bef ,composition ( tails1 #bec ,orbits (1 #abi ,) clos$ orbits1 #gf ,confucius z an a/ronom]1 #cfe ,con/ellations1 ,gr\p+1 #cff ,:5 nam$1 #cff ,cop]nicus1 ,au?or ( 8,cele/ial ,sph]es10 #agg1 #ahc1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cge ,/> p>allax1 #cai ,cop]nican sy/em ( ! univ]se1 #age ,corona1 ,description (1 #aec ,d',alemb]t1 #cii ,dante1 #aba ,demos1 ,satellite ( ,m>s1 #aia ,donati's ,comet1 #bdh1 #bej ,draco1 ,con/ellation (1 #aab ,e>?1 ,globul>1 #ag ,h[ =m$1 #ba ,memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 #ad ,9 motion1 #af ,motions1 #ah1 #da1 #abf ,"o ( a family1 #ad ,size (1 #bf ,:at is x8 #ac ,ecliptic1 #dc ,eclipses om5s ( evil1 #ade ,egyptian a/ronom]s1 #cfe ,encke1 #bch ,epicycles1 #cgc ,equ9ox1 #dd ,fire-balls1 ,spe$ (1 #hh ,fabricius discov]s sun-spots1 #bg ,fraunh(]1 ,joseph von1 #cde ,galle1 #bcb1 #bch ,galileo1 #bh1 #bgf1 #cga1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #chj ,gass5di1 #ahd ,george ,,iii1 #bbf ,gilb]t1 #chh ,great ,be>1 ,con/ellation (1 #ajh1 #cdj ,halley1 #chh ,transit ( ,v5us1 #cad ,/> motions1 #cah ,h]cules1 ,con/ellation (1 #aab ,h]s*el1 ,c>ol9e1 #bbf1 #cic ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #ha1 #bcc1 #cjc1 #cih ,h]s*el1 ,william1 #if1 #aai1 #bbe1 #bga1 #cic ,hipp>*us1 #cfh1 #cga ,hodgson1 #ada ,holl&1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #bcg ,hook1 ,rob]t1 #chh ,horrocks1 #chh ,hugg9s1 ,dr41 #cei ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 #bfe ,jupit]1 #ee ,comp>ative size1 #ef ,di/ance (1 #abb ,8 satellites1 #ef1 #bjf1 #baj ,velocity1 #aii ,w9d /orms1 #bjd ,kepl]1 #ge1 #bif ,laws (1 #cga1 #cgd1 #chj1 #chh ,kew ,obs]vatory1 #ada ,lacaille1 ,catalogue (1 #aje ,lal&e1 ,catalogue (1 #aje ,laplace1 #che1 #cih ,lat] a/ronomy1 #cic ,lev]ri]1 ,urba9 ,j4 ,j41 #bca1 #dja ,discov]s ,neptune1 #cba ,light1 ,rapidity (1 #aja ,"t1 ,duration (1 #cca ,l[e at ,sant&]1 #adg ,lun> crat]s1 ,antiquity (1 #agb ,h[ =m$1 #agc ,plato & ,cop]nicus1 #agc ,ptolemy1 #agd ,s*ick>d1 #agd ,ty*o1 #agd ,lun> ,m\nta9s1 ,h[ =m$1 #agd ,lyra1 ,con/ellation1 #big ,magellanic cl\ds1 #cji ,magnetism1 #adj1 #ada ,m>s1 #eb1 #cgc1 #cgd ,moons (1 #aia ,cont95ts (1 #aig ,di/ance f e>?1 #aig ,maury1 ,lieut5ant1 #hj ,m]cury1 ,atmosph]e1 #aha ,di/ance f sun1 #di ,l5g? ( ye>1 #ahj ,is x inhabit$8 #aha ,orbit (1 #ahj ,phases1 #ej ,size (1 #di ,transit (1 #ahd ,meteor1 #hd1 #beg ,meteorites1 #bdj1 #beg ,ar\nd ! sun1 #id ,augu/ sy/em1 #ij1 #bdb ,9 ,saturn's r+s1 #id ,novemb] sy/em1 #ij1 #id1 #bda ,numb] (1 #hf ,protection f1 #hf ,%[] ( #ahgb1 #ib ,%[] ( #ahhe1 #ic ,milky ,way1 #bgj1 #cbi ,miz>1 #cdb ,mod]n ,a/ronomy1 #cge ,moon1 #fb ,appe>ance at its full1 #fc ,atmosph]e1 #aeg1 #afi ,phases (1 #afj ,condition (1 #fe ,crat]s1 #fh1 #agj ,e>?'s satellite1 #afd ,e>?-%9e1 #afj ,eclipse1 #afc ,influ5ce on tides1 #afg ,l&scape (1 #fh ,m\nta9s1 #fg ,orbit (1 #aff ,temp]ature on1 #gb ,revolution1 #fd ,size (1 #fd ,surface1 #fg ,nasmy?1 #agc ,nebul1 ,numb] (1 #ccf ,neptune1 #ei ,discov]y (1 #bcb1 #bcd ,di/ance (1 #abc ,l5g? ( ye>1 #ei ,newton analyzes light1 #che ,bir? & *ildhood1 #chb ,nicetos ( ,syracuse1 #agg ,nicias1 ,a!nian ,g5]al1 #adf ,nicolas1 ,c>d9al1 #agg ,obs]vatories1 #djh ,orbits1 ,planet>y1 #dg ,orion1 ,con/ellation (1 #aab ,p>allax1 #caa ,phobos1 ,satellite ( ,m>s1 #aia ,photography1 ,/ell>1 #cee ,pius ,,ix1 #ic ,pisa1 ,lean+ ,t[] (1 #cgh ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic1 #bja ,planets1 ,di/ance f ! sun1 #abc ,fir/ gr\p1 #dh ,h[ =m$1 #bb ,l5g? ( ye>s1 #di ,orbits1 #dg ,ord] ( =mation1 #bc ,second gr\p1 #dh1ee ,plut>*1 #agg ,pole />1 ,duration ( light j\rney1 #ajc ,position1 #ajh ,rate ( motion1 #aae ,prism1 #cdd ,prit*>d1 ,c41 #cef ,ptolemaic sy/em ( ! univ]se1 #age1 #cfi ,ptolemy1 #cga1 #cfi ,py?agoras1 ,grecian a/ronom]1 #cfg ,rosse1 ,"l1 ,telescope1 #djf ,r[ton sid]ite1 #beh ,saturn1 #eg ,composition ( r+s1 #bba ,di/ance (1 #abb ,di/ance f sun1 #bad ,l5g? ( ye>1 #eg ,moons1 #bag ,r+s1 #bai ,satellites1 #eh ,size1 #bad ,weight1 #bad ,%ick>d1 ,crat] on ! moon1 #agd ,s*e9]1 #bh ,sec*i1 #ib ,%oot+ />s1 #hd ,sirius1 ,brightness (1 #bge1 #bhe ,*ang+ color1 #bhe ,di/ance (1 #ajj ,duration ( light j\rney1 #ajc ,movem5t (1 #bgg ,sol> cl\d1 #adh ,sol> ,sy/em1 #fj1 #abb ,model (1 #fj ,spectroscope1 #adc1 #cde ,spectroscopic photography1 #cfj ,spectrum analysis1 #cdf1 #ced ,/> clu/]s1 #cjd1 #ccf ,p>allax1 #bhd1 #caf ,spectroscopy1 #cef ,/>s1 ,app>5t motion1 #ajg ,attraction1 #ba ,di/ance (1 #ii1 #caj1 #cbj ,di/ance1 #bha1 #bhb ,fix$1 ,:y s call$1 #bj ,fix$1 ,:y1 #cff ,gold51 #bgd ,magnitude (1 #ig ,h[ _m visible1 #ie ,measurem5t1 #bgh ,r$1 #bgd ,v>iable1 #bgd1 #bia ,:ite1 #bgd ,sun1 #bd ,attraction (1 #aef ,attraction ( gravitation1 #cd ,*romatosph]e1 #cb ,cyclones ( #cj1 #acf ,d5sity1 #bf ,de/9ation1 #aai ,di/ance (1 #be ,eclipse (1 #adc ,flames1 ,_! height1 #ca1 #aea ,flames1 ,_! velocity1 #ach ,=ces & influ5ces1 #ci ,head ( our family1 #bd ,magnetic p[] (1 #aci ,its mottl$ appe>ance1 #adb ,rate ( motion1 #aai ,p5umbra1 #acc ,photosph]e1 #ca1 #acd ,p[] (1 #ci1 #acg ,rapidity ( motion1 #bf ,revolution on axis1 #bh ,size1 #bf1 #aed ,sol> prom95ce1 #cb ,spots1 #bg1 #cj1 #acc ,symbol ( purity1 #chj ,umbra1 #acc ,weight1 #bg1 #aed ,swift1 ,voyage to ,laputa1 #aid ,telescopes1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #dje ,refractors & reflectors1 #dje1 #djh1 #daj ,tides1 #afh ,?ales1 f\nd] ( ,grecian ,a/ronomy1 #cfg ,t\can1 #cjf ,ty*o ,brahe1 #age1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cgc ,univ]se1 ,def9ition (1 #ai ,uranus1 #eh ,discov]y (1 #bbe ,di/ance (1 #abc ,v5us1 ,orbit ( #ea ,is x inhabit$8 #ahi ,di/ance f e>?1 #ahf ,phases (1 #ea1 #cgi ,transits (1 #ahe ,ve/a1 ,size (1 #ec ,voltaire1 ,prophecy (1 #aic ,wilson1 #cj ,wolla/on1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 #cde ,wr51 #chh ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 #djf ,"y1 ,*as4 ,a41 #adb1 #adh ,zodiacal ,light1 #id1 #bbd1 #bfe ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,9 ! orig9al a l9k to ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 omitt$ f ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,! transcrib] has ins]t$ "o4 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4