,,aspects ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,aspects ,,( ,,sci5ce ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,sullivan ,,london ,,ri*>d ,,cobd5-,,s&]son #ag ,,?avies ,,inn ,copyright #aibc ,,preface ,! pap]s :i* make up ?is volume h be5 select$ because1 al?\gh !y deal ) diff]5t aspects ( v>i\s sci5tific ideas1 yet !y d illu/rate1 m or less1 "o po9t ( view4 ,t po9t ( view may be describ$1 p]haps z /hetic1 b r bett] z humani/ic4 ,sci5tific ideas h a hi/ory2 !y arose to satisfy c]ta9 human ne$s2 to see !m 9 _! context is to see !m z "p ( ! g5]al intellectual & emotional life ( man4 ,:at !y exi/ to d !y d bett] ?an does any?+ else1 & ! ne$s !y satisfy are n peculi> to sci5tific speciali/s4 ,^! pap]s try to %[ "o or two ( ! _m reasons :y1 = p :o are n speciali/s z well z = ^? :o are1 sci5ce may be int]e/+4 ,j4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,sullivan4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,sci5ce #i ,a ,,physici/ ,,on ,,physics #bc ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture #cf ,,james ,,cl]k ,,maxwell #da ,,assumptions #di ,,on ,,le>n+ ,,sci5ce #gb ,,! ,,ent5te ,,cordiale #gg ,,popul> ,,sci5ce #hb ,,pati5t ,,plodd]s #hi ,,! ,,amateur ,,a/ronom] #ie ,,sci5tific ,,citiz5s #ajj ,,! ,,sceptic ,,& ,,! ,,spirits #aje ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,m9d #aab ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,contribution #aaf ,,!ories ,,& ,,p]sonalities #abb ,,! ,,ideal ,,sci5tific ,,man #abh ,,p>allel ,,/raight ,,l9es #acc ,,! ,,new ,,sci5tific ,,horizon #aci ,,! ,,hope ,,( ,,sci5ce #ade ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,my/]y #aea ,,ma!matics ,,& ,,music #aei ,,human ,,te/imony #agg ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,sci5ce ,i ,! conception ( sci5ce z a body ( ?\ght embrac+ ! :ole ( our rational convictions ab\t reality has h>dly yet be5 g5]ally rea*$4 ,man is /ill s f> f be+ a rational animal t ! application ( rational me?ods ( inquiry to all bran*es ( 8 exp]i5ce is /ill in/9ctively resi/$--z if reason 7 an ali5 & ho/ile intrud]4 ,beliefs :i* are held ) passion1 be+ ! expression ( in/9ctive pref]5ces1 are felt n to belong to ! 8sph]e0 ( sci5ce4 ,on all que/ions :]e 8 passions are /rongly engag$1 man prizes c]titude & fe>s k4 ,dispassionate inquiry is welcom$ only :5 ! result is indiff]5t4 ,ne>ly e great sci5tific g5]alisation has incurr$ ! odium !ologicum--:i* is n ! exclusive possession ( !ologians--f ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis to ! !ory ( h]d in/9ct4 ,t sci5ce1 al?\gh cont9ually w\nd+ m51 %\ld nev]!less h progress$1 is evid5ce t x s]ves impulses deeply root$ 9 man's nature4 ,! great sci5tific innovator1 l ! great altrui/1 is treat$ ) ignom9y by ! society ^: deepe/ in/9cts he lives to s]ve4 ,sci5ce1 ! *ild ( irrational impulse1 has inh]it$ some?+ ( ! p>5tal "*4 ,its hi/ory reveals x z purbl9d & fumbl+1 ) no cle> vision ( its aim1 no premonition ( its imp]ial /ate4 ,unlike philosophy1 x did n aspire to univ]sal dom9ion4 ,x 0 cont5t to inve/igate ! p>ticul> in/ance1 & did n reject a c]ta9 incoh]5ce 9 explanation r ?an accept a g5]alisation :i* did n spr+ f its own gr\nd4 ,x refus$ =eign assi/ance1 b kept its indep5d5ce4 ,t sci5tific m5 did n always und]/& t sci5ce mu/1 f its nature1 be autonom\s1 is evid5t f ! hi/ory ( e p>ticul> sci5ce4 ,ev5 z late z ,desc>tes x 0 consid]$ q natural to d$uce ph5om5a f metaphysical pr9ciples2 & an admixture ( my?ical elem5ts is n entirely abs5t f "s bran*es ( sci5ce1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,sci5ce has n yet rea*$ full consci\sness ( its prop] gr\nd & aims4 ,! values s]v$ by sci5ce1 9 t]ms ( :i* its claim to consid]ation is to be judg$1 h become m num]\s z sci5ce has develop$4 ,! e>lie/ sci5tific rese>*es 7 conc]n$ :olly ) ! p>ticul> ev5t1 )1 at mo/1 ! vague/ inkl+ ( l>ge p]spectives4 ,! savage :o discov]s t ! bran* ly+ p>tly 9 ! /ream is n really b5t1 is prompt$ by ! same localis$ & deta*$ curiosity :i* l$ to mo/ ( ! e>ly sci5tific discov]ies4 ,int]e/ 9 ! oddity ( an ev5t is und\bt$ly ! root ( sci5tific obs]vations4 ,! m closely ! ev5ts conc]n u1 ! m pregnant !y may be ) possible pleasure or pa91 ! great] ! degree ( ab/raction necess>y to see !m 9 _! relations4 ,human be+s rema9 miracles to u long aft] we h le>n$ to pr$ict ! motion ( a planet4 ,psy*ology is ! late/ ( ! sci5ces1 n s mu* because ( ! intr9sic difficulty ( its subject-matt] z because our int]e/ 9 ! subject-matt] is s vehem5t t x is almo/ impossible to be indiff]5t to ! results4 ,an intellig5t fi% w\ld probably h f\nd mo/ ( ! pa9fully won results ( human psy*ology fairly obvi\s4 ,f ! accumulation ( facts & ! attempt to see !m 9 relation spr+s ! sci5tific !ory4 ,) ! con/ruction ( !ories sci5ce ent]s on a new phase 9 its developm5t1 & s]ves a diff]5t set ( human values4 ,its facts1 ! products ( local curiosities1 n[ take on an ord]1 & s]ve ! desire = compreh5sion4 ,! app>5tly dissimil> becomes relat$2 law sup]v5es on *aos4 ,! desire = k becomes trans=m$ into ! desire = significant k--significant prim>ily = contemplation1 & second>ily = practice4 ,x is ! sci5tific !ory alone t gives to sci5ce its true be+ & makes x wor?y ( a deep conc]n4 ,! desire = compreh5sion is deeply root$ 9 human nature4 ,religi\s my?s & philosophical sy/ems arose 9 ob$i5ce to ?is impulse4 ,sci5ce also exi/s to satisfy ?is crav+1 & ! t]ms on :i* x does s are altoge!r to its advantage4 ,! fact t x is an ext5sion ( common k1 & inf]s no?+ t _c be v]ifi$1 diff]5tiates x f my?1 & is ! secret ( ! grave & s]i\s satisfaction x af=ds4 ,^? accu/om$ to ?is homely1 invigorat+ atmosph]e f9d ! r>] air ( mu* traditional philosophy q insupportable4 ,a c]ta9 indiff]5ce to o!r me?ods ( describ+ reality becomes m evid5t z ! ye>s advance & ! doma9 ( sci5ce becomes m & m ext5d$4 ,peaceful p5etration takes ! place ( op5 w>f>e1 & 9 face ( rival sy/ems m5 ( sci5ce feel less incl9$ to disprove :at !y feel m at lib]ty to ignore4 ,sci5ce /ill falls f> %ort ( af=d+ complete compreh5sion or ( provid+ s f9i%$ a picture ( reality t we feel no ne$ ( o!r speculations4 ,! diff]5t sci5ces d n yet conspire to =m "o s+le coh]5t body ( tru?4 ,! int]/ices betwe5 !m are /ill suffici5tly l>ge to admit =eign int]pretations4 ,b ! impulse to compreh5sion1 :i* creat$ sci5ce1 w be ju/ifi$ by x3 we may h s mu* fai?4 ,ev5 t moiety ( mank9d :o c>e = little beyond pure imm$iacy w f9d t sci5ce alone c give !m mu* ( :at !y desire4 ,sci5tific !ories possess a value ev5 to ^? :o are /rang]s to ! pleasures ( contemplation1 = sci5ce has p[]ful reactions 9 ! _w ( practice4 ,to ^? :o h lo/ _! bir?right x c (f] a mess ( pottage4 ,besides s]v+ curiosity1 compreh5sion & practice1 sci5ce (f]s ri*ly satisfy+ objects to ! /hetic impulse4 ,! language ( /hetics is n f> to seek 9 ! writ+s ( m5 ( sci5ce1 & 7 x n t ! ^w ar\ses su* a propriet>y fury1 we %\ld agree1 review+ _! motives & ! k9d ( _! satisfactions1 to call !m arti/s4 ,! matt] ( ! highe/ art1 l t ( true sci5ce1 is reality1 & ! measure 9 :i* sci5ce falls %ort z art is ! measure 9 :i* x is incomplete z sci5ce4 ,all good philosophy1 art or sci5ce p>takes ( ! nature ( ! o!r two4 ,:5 ^! ?ree are reg>d$ z "o1 ea* w h rea*$ its apo!osis4 ,,ii ,x is un=tunately true t z a sci5ce advances x gr[s m complex4 ,n only does its language dep>t m & m f ord9>y spee* by ! accumulation ( te*nical t]ms1 b ! t]ms 9 curr5t use at any "t are def9$ 9 t]ms ( o!rs :i* are def9$ 9 t]ms ( o!rs--some?+ aft] ! mann] ( ! description ( ! h\se t ,jack built4 ,! mo/ obvi\s case ( ?is ,*9ese box k9d ( language is1 ( c\rse1 t ( ma!matics4 ,a ma!matical !orem occupy+ "o l9e ( type might v well occupy a volume if writt5 out 9 ord9>y prose 9 :i* no t]ms 7 us$ :i* 7 n common prop]ty4 ,= ?is reason mod]n ma!matical discov]ies1 except 9 v special in/ances1 _c be made intelligible except to ma!maticians4 ,to le>n ! language ( a highly develop$ sci5ce l ma!matics takes ab\t z long z to le>n ,*9ese1 b ! task ( translation into ,engli% is v mu* h>d]4 ,= ?is reason ma!maticians _c hope = intellig5t popul> recognition2 !y mu/ be cont5t to be reg>d$ ei!r z vaguely impressive figures or else z mild lunatics busi$ ) incompreh5sible & probably trifl+ ab/ractions4 ,comp>$ ) writ]s1 musicians or pa9t]s1 !y are1 = social purposes1 m5tal outlaws4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ma!matics 0 n always s remote4 ,x 0 possible = ,voltaire to take an int]e/ :i* 01 at any rate1 en?usia/ic1 9 ! "w ( ,newton4 ,?is 0 d\btless due1 9 "s degree1 to ! obvi\sly dramatic quality ( ,newton's discov]ies1 b x 0 also due to ! fact t 8 discov]ies c\ld be express$ 9 comp>atively simple language4 ,aga91 physics & *emi/ry at t "t1 & = "s ye>s lat]1 7 n only intelligible to m5 )\t special tra9+1 b su* m5 c\ld actually make valuable discov]ies 9 ^! sci5ces4 ,z ^! sci5ces progress$ _! language became m & m =bidd+ & _! fundam5tal notions m & m ab/ract4 ,m5 )\t special tra9+1 b ) sci5tific curiosity1 turn$ _! att5tion to ! biological sci5ces4 ,!y collect$ birds' eggs & butt]flies2 !y b\ght microscopes & wrote little pap]s on ! sea-%ells !y discov]$ 9 a morn+'s walk4 ,b biology has n[ develop$ a te*nical language1 & ! days ( ! untra9$ obs]v] are almo/ ov]4 ,! "o sci5ce :i* is /ill1 to "s ext5t1 accessible to ^! amiable p is psy*ology4 ,x is gr[+ m te*nical1 x is true1 b ! majority ( ! books deal+ ) psy*ology may /ill be read almo/ z easily z a treatise on ! hi/ory ( ! ,balkans4 ,& ! 8psy*ological0 noveli/ c /ill reg>d himself z be+1 f "o po9t ( view1 a sci5tific man4 ,psy*o-analysis is1 z yet1 a fav\rite subject ( discussion 9 advanc$ draw+-rooms :]e discussions ( ! pr9ciple ( relativity are comp>atively r>e4 ,! divorce betwe5 sci5ce & ! g5]al intellectual _w is un=tunate1 b inevitable4 ,x is un=tunate bo? = ! sci5tific man & = ! g5]al intellig5tsia4 ,! sci5tific man1 m5tally companionless except = ! little circle ( 8 imm$iate co-work]s1 becomes less complete z a human be+2 he fails z a humani/4 ,he too (t5 accepts 8 outlaw$ position & turns 8 special int]e/s into 8 exclusive int]e/s1 z if1 ?r\gh "s inv]t$ g5]osity1 he refus$ to take :]e he c\ld n give4 ,he may gr[ to ignore ! o!r intellectual activities ( 8 "t1 z ,d>w91 to 8 di/ress1 f\nd he _h gr[n to ignore poetry1 or he may actually become intol]ant ( su* activities & s add contempt to ! ignorance ) :i* 8 preoccupations are reg>d$ by ! outside _w4 ,= ! outside _w1 also1 ?is divorce is un=tunate4 ,= sci5ce1 9 its own way1 satisfies j ! same impulses z d o!r intellectual int]e/s1 & "s ( !m x satisfies m completely & 9 a ri*] way4 ,a great wa/e ( m5tal en]gy & mu* inconclusive discussion w\ld be avoid$ 7 c]ta9 sci5tific results m g5]ally kn[n1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 7 ! advantages ( ! sci5tific me?od m widely recognis$ & ! me?od itself m ext5sively practis$4 ,an air ( sup]iority is (t5 notic$ 9 ! ref]5ces ( sci5tific m5 to c]ta9 curr5t discussions4 ,x is a fault ( mann]1 b "o difficult to avoid4 8,inside0 in=mation usually has ?is effect on ! possessor1 & :5 x is in=mation t _c be %>$ ! attitude is apt to become *ronic4 ,bo? sides1 !n1 are ! poor] = _! lack ( int]c\rse4 ,b ?is /ate ( affairs seems to be inevitable4 ,! claims ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek lit]atures to att5tion1 :e!r !y are ju/ifi$ or n1 h l$ to ! /udy ( ^! languages be+ impos$ on p]haps ! majority ( ! p 9 ?is c\ntry :o are pr$om9antly int]e/$ 9 intellectual affairs4 ,x is a tra9+ :i* consumes sev]al ye>s3 is a tra9+ 9 ! sci5ces to be add$8 ,?is is manife/ly impossible4 ,ev5 if our :ole educational sy/em 7 radically alt]$1 only ^? sci5ces1 su* z biology & psy*ology1 :i* may be und]/ood ) comp>atively little tra9+1 c\ld ev] become objects ( common k4 ,b sci5ces :]e1 9 addition to a sev]e & prolong$ discipl9e1 special aptitude is necess>y1 mu/ always be ! prop]ty ( ! few4 ,z1 e ye>1 all ! sci5ces gr[ m complex1 s ! difficulty ( obta9+ an adequate k ( !m increases4 ,a dead language may be le>nt once = all1 b ! language ( a sci5ce mu/ be le>nt afre% e few ye>s4 ,! popul> article ( ,huxley's day1 ! l9k betwe5 ! man ( sci5ce & ! g5]al public1 is n[ ! l9k betwe5 ! m & less advanc$ /ud5ts ( ! same sci5ce4 ,a s-call$ 8popul>0 acc\nt ( ,relativity ,!ory1 = in/ance1 is l an annotat$ edition ( ,p9d>2 a v fair k ( ! language is assum$ be=eh&4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! process ( r$uction1 z x 71 c\ld be cont9u$1 until f9ally an acc\nt 0 prep>$ :]e no te*nical t]ms 7 us$4 ,b su* an acc\nt w\ld be1 at be/1 l a translation ( ,greek poetry2 ! ess5tial quality w\ld be gone4 ,su* translations h1 ( c\rse1 _! uses1 b ! attraction ( sci5ce = ! sci5tific man1 l ! attraction ( a poem = ! poet1 is n to be communicat$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 art ! sep>ation ( matt] & =m is n really possible1 & ! same is true ( ! sci5ces4 ,,iii ,9 _! apologias1 :i* h n[ become s common1 m5 ( sci5ce nev] we>y ( po9t+ out t x is ! me?od ( sci5ce :i* is really wor?y ( adoption by philosoph]s & t ! results ( sci5ce are m]ely provisional4 ,! philosoph] :o bases 8 sy/em ^u ! results rea*$ at any giv5 "t by any giv5 sci5ce has ensur$ ! ultimate d[nfall ( 8 sy/em4 ,he is sometimes told t ! adoption ( sci5tific me?ods1 on ! o!r h&1 w enable him to make sure progress4 ,at fir/ sight !re seems to be a contradiction "h1 = if ! sci5tific me?od is infallible :y are ! results rea*$ by x provisional8 ,to judge f ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ! sci5tific me?od is excell5t z a means ( obta9+ plausible conclusions :i* are always wrong1 b h>dly z a means ( rea*+ ! tru?4 ,! contradiction is only app>5t1 h[ev]1 = x w be f\nd t !re is a "p ( e disc>d$ hypo!sis :i* is incorporat$ 9 ! new !ory4 ,! disc>d$ hypo!sis proves to h be5 too g5]al2 ! sci5tific man made a mi/ake ( ! same k9d z ! philosoph] :o uses ! hypo!sis z ! basis ( a g5]al sy/em4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 = in/ance1 t ,newton's !ory ( gravitation is v probably n exactly true2 9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x rema9s v ne>ly true1 & !re are l>ge regions ( dynamical a/ronomy :i* are unaffect$ by ! alt]ation4 ,! ,newtonian laws ( motion1 aga91 are n suffici5t to describe ! motion ( bodies mov+ ) v l>ge velocities1 b !y are v ne>ly true = all ord9>y velocities4 ,t ! !ories :i* h tak5 ! place ( ^? ab&on$ are exactly true is v improbable2 !y are1 h[ev]1 ne>] ! tru?4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t :ile ! sci5tific me?od may1 q possibly1 nev] enable u to rea* ! exact tru?1 successive applications ( x enable u to approximate ne>] & ne>] to ! exact tru?4 ,9 ?is lies its *ief diff]5ce f ! me?ods usually adopt$ 9 philosophy1 :i* aim at obta9+1 at "o bl[1 !ories :i* %all nev] ne$ revision4 ,x is = ?is reason t philosophy does n progress4 ,9 :at1 !n1 does ! sci5tific me?od consi/8 ,x w\ld be difficult to give a precise def9ition2 x has1 h[ev]1 two ma9 *>act]i/ics1 ! *oice ( facts & ! treatm5t ( facts4 ,x does n seem to be g5]ally recognis$ t sci5tific m5 d *oose _! facts2 !re are _m p :o suppose t all facts are ( equal int]e/ to sci5tific m51 & t in=mation respect+ ! numb] ( night+ales he>d 9 ,h]t=d%ire dur+ a c]ta9 mon?1 = in/ance1 is a contribution to sci5tific k4 ,x %\ld be obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t a m]e r&om collection ( facts is v unlikely to aid ei!r practice or !ory4 ,! aim ( sci5ce is n to =m catalogues1 b to =m !ories describ+ ph5om5a1 & to ?is end "s facts are p]t95t & a v great numb] are n4 ,all m51 fac$ ) a problem ( any k9d1 *oose su* facts = exam9ation z !y consid] relevant4 ,%]lock ,holmes (t5 bewild]$ ,watson by pond]+ ov] facts t ,watson consid]$ irrelevant1 b ,watson's surprise 0 a pro( t ev5 he _h a /&>d ( relevance4 ,! hi/ory ( any sci5ce %[s t ! facts fir/ *os5 7 ^? mo/ likely to be repeat$4 ,su* facts obvi\sly lead to /atem5ts :i* h a great] or less degree ( g5]ality4 ,t an unsupport$ /one falls to ! gr\nd is a fact ( ?is k9d4 ,! facts *os5 by ! man ( sci5ce are ^? t p]mit g5]alisation4 ,= ?is reason !y usually diff] entirely f ! facts ( int]e/ to hi/orians4 ,aft] select+1 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 ! facts :i* are to be exam9$1 ! next /ep consi/s 9 e/abli%+ relations betwe5 sets ( ^! facts4 ,! precise expression ( ^! relations is call$ a law ( nature1 to use a some:at old-fa%ion$ t]m9ology4 ,if n[ all ! relations betwe5 c]ta9 sets ( facts c be express$ 9 "o g5]al /atem5t1 t g5]al /atem5t is call$ a sci5tific !ory4 ,! ultimate aim ( ! sci5tific me?od is to create sci5tific !ories4 ,! sci5tific !ory1 h[ev]1 usually introduces an elem5t :i* has n be5 or _c be directly obs]v$1 & also1 z we h se51 usually proves to h be5 too ha/y a g5]alisation4 ,its function is to co-ord9ate kn[n ph5om5a & to pr$ict hi!rto unobs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,! ext5t to :i* x does ?is is ! measure ( its success z a sci5tific !ory1 &1 s9ce ! prim>y object ( ! sci5tific !ory is to express ! h>monies :i* are f\nd to exi/ 9 nature1 we see at once t ^! !ories mu/ h an /hetic value4 ,! measure ( ! success ( a sci5tific !ory is1 9 fact1 a measure ( its /hetic value1 s9ce x is a measure ( ! ext5t to :i* x has introduc$ h>mony 9 :at 0 be=e *aos4 ,x is 9 its /hetic value t ! ju/ification ( ! sci5tific !ory is to be f\nd1 & ) x ! ju/ification ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,s9ce facts )\t laws w\ld be ( no int]e/1 & laws )\t !ories w\ld h1 at mo/1 a practical utility1 we see t ! motives :i* guide ! sci5tific man are1 f ! beg9n+1 manife/ations ( ! /hetic impulse4 ,! reason :y c]ta9 facts & n o!rs int]e/ ! sci5tific man1 ! reason :y he makes a *oice1 is because tru? )\t beauty is z un9t]e/+ to him z to any o!r arti/4 ,9 ! words ( ,po9c>3 8,le savant n'tudie pas la nature p>ce que cela e/ utile2 il l'tudie p>ce qu'il y pr5d plaisir1 et il y pr5d plaisir p>ce qu'elle e/ belle4 ,si la nature n'tait pas belle1 elle ne vaudrait pas la pe9e d'tre connue1 la vie ne vaudrait pas la pe9e d'tre vcue40 ,a ,,physici/ ,,on ,,physics ,i ,! well-meant & indu/ri\s ef=ts ( pr(essional metaphysicians to expla9 to m5 ( sci5ce 9 :at s5se sci5ce is true1 9 :at s5se x has mean+ & 9 :at its value really consi/s1 practically all suff] f ! defect t m5 ( sci5ce d n recognise ! subject ( inve/igation z be+ sci5ce at all4 ,x is almo/ true to say t ! pr(essional philosoph] is only conv9c+ :5 he is talk+ ab\t ! ,absolute1 = t is a subject ) :i* nobody else is conc]n$2 b :5 he devotes 8 att5tion to subjects ) :i* o!r p are famili>1 x (t5 becomes possible to put ! book d[n be=e f9i%+ x4 ,?us treatises on /hetics are usually conv9c+ to ev]ybody b poets1 pa9t]s & musicians1 & philosophical writ+s on sci5ce are probably 9 great dem& among/ classical s*ol>s4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce philosophis+ on ^! subjects is an agreeable m5tal ex]cise1 we f9d t "s arti/s are n[ engag$ 9 develop+ an /hetic = !mselves1 & "s m5 ( sci5ce are engag$ 9 try+ to f9d out :at sci5ce is4 ,9 ea* case ! "w consi/s *iefly 9 mak+ explicit processes :i* are in/9ctive4 ,?is fact is ( ! greate/ importance1 =1 if ! in/9ctive equipm5t be lack+1 ! results w inevitably be unsatisfactory4 ,!re are treatises on /hetics1 = in/ance1 ^: *ief effect on ! poet is to make him d\bt :e!r ! au?or c\ld tell a good poem f a bad "o2 ?is is an absolutely fatal objection4 ,if poets _c recognise :at !y call poetry z be+ ! subject ( ! discussion1 !n1 z a discussion ( poetry1 t discussion is wor?less4 ,practition]s1 :e!r arti/s or m5 ( sci5ce1 seldom h ! incl9ation to uncov] & dissect :at is to !m an in/9ctive & delightful process2 b x is q easy = !m to see 7or1 r1 to feel7 t a sugge/$ explanation is unsatisfactory1 al?\gh !y may f9d x :olly impossible to give reasons = _! dissatisfaction4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ?is dissatisfaction is due to an inability to recognise ! subject-matt]1 ! explanation mu/ be condemn$4 ,x is p]fectly possible1 = in/ance1 t psy*o-analysis1 by introduc+ a "m-complex1 an inf]iority-complex1 & two or ?ree m1 might 8expla90 ! ,ode to a ,night+ale4 ,b if ?is explanation left out ev]y?+ :i* made poets reg>d t composition z a poem1 x w\ld n be a satisfactory explanation4 ,we h treat$ ?is po9t at "s l5g? because ,dr4 ,campbell1 9 a rec5t valuable book on ! ,elem5ts ( ,physics1 insi/s t ! physics he is talk+ ab\t is t ( physici/s4 ,he has endeav\r$ to supply a criticism ( ! t]ms us$ 9 ,physics1 to f9d :at is meant by a ,law1 by a ,!ory1 :at a physici/ means :5 he says a proposition is 8true10 or t some?+ 8exi/s10 or t a !ory has 8mean+40 ,mr4 ,campbell is p]fectly aw>e t all ^! subjects h already be5 treat$ by ! pr(essional metaphysician1 b he claims1 & we h no d\bt t 8 claim is j1 t he is speak+ n only = himself b = ! great majority ( sci5tific m5 :5 he says t 9 ^! discussions he n only does n recognise ! subject-matt]1 b he does n recognise any subject-matt]4 ,su* words z 8reality0 & 8exi/5ce10 z !y are employ$ by metaphysicians1 he f9ds productive ( no?+ b great discom=t & int5se m5tal confusion4 ,z he unhesitat+ly rejects ! hypo!sis t metaphysicians are imbeciles1 he ?9ks ?is confusion c be due only to ! fact t ^! words are us$ by metaphysicians 9 s5ses q diff]5t f ^? !y be> to m5 ( sci5ce4 ,he has n be5 able to expla9 precisely 9 :at ! diff]5ce consi/s1 s9ce he has n be5 able to discov] :at mean+s metaphysicians atta* to ^! words4 ,accord+ly he has conf9$ himself to expla9+ ! mean+s ^! words h 9 sci5ce4 ,! result is a subtle1 fairly cle>1 & frequ5tly ent]ta9+ piece ( analysis4 ,he ackn[l$ges t 8 two ma/]s h be5 ,po9c> & ,b]tr& ,russell1 & he %[s complete famili>ity ) o!r writ]s ( ! k9d4 ,b "p ( 8 reason = publi%+ ! book1 he tells u1 is t ev5 ! ma!matical philosoph]s occasionally misrepres5t sci5ce z ! exp]im5tal physici/ kn[s x4 ,t !y are ma!maticians & n physici/s is a little too evid5t 9 "s ( _! conclusions4 ,?us ,ma*'s idea t ! object ( sci5ce is to economise ?\ght is only plausible1 he ?9ks1 to a ma!matician2 & a fundam5tal proposition t ,russell & ,:itehead f9d q necess>y to ?\ght ,mr4 ,campbell does n f9d necess>y at all4 ,he ?9ks x q likely1 also1 t sci5tific ?9k+ is illogical1 b n !re=e invalid4 ,! po9t ( view1 9 fact1 is t !re are diff]5t k9ds ( m9ds ) diff]5t ne$s & diff]5t satisfactions1 & ,mr4 ,campbell claims t physici/s1 = example1 belong to a c]ta9 species & t ! sci5ce ( physics is some?+ :i* exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( physici/s4 ,!re=e ?is book1 z he insi/s1 is n only writt5 by a physici/1 b x is writt5 = physici/s4 ,he is confid5t t :at he has to say w be f\nd an explicit /atem5t ( _! in/9ctive processes1 & he ?9ks ! highe/ complim5t t c\ld be paid to 8 book w\ld be = physici/s to say !y knew x all be=e4 ,n[ x is true t nobody b a physici/ c\ld h writt5 ?is book & t nobody ignorant ( physics c\ld und]/& x4 ,x may also be true t none b a practis+ physici/ c\ld und]/& x ) ! intimacy t ,mr4 ,campbell desires4 ,b any read] :o is n1 9 ,mr4 ,campbell's s5se1 half-educat$ 7! o!r half consi/s ( sci5ce--pref]ably physics7 w f9d ! book n only valuable1 b delightful4 ,! slight t\* ( brusqu]ie t ! metaphysician or ! equally un=tunate 8half-educat$0 p]son might attribute to ,mr4 ,campbell f ! above exposition is n 9 ! lea/ t ( ! horny-h&$ son ( toil1 b is ! half-humor\s impati5ce ( a subtle & vigor\s ?9k] :o is by no means nave4 ,!re is no reason :y ! audi5ce t reads ,po9c>'s popul> f\r volumes %\ld n also read ?is book1 & !re are _m reasons :y x %\ld4 ,_m ( ! que/ions rais$ !re are "h develop$ m fully2 mo/ ( ! que/ions1 9 fact1 rais$ by ! speculations ( su* m5 z ,po9c>1 ,russell1 ,ma*1 etc41 9 s f> z !y affect sci5ce1 are "h giv5 sy/ematic treatm5t4 ,we hope to devote a future article to ! exposition ( "s ( ,mr4 ,campbell's m int]e/+ results2 we are conc]n$ "h to indicate ! nature & scope ( ! book4 ,! pres5t volume is 9 two pretty di/9ct p>ts1 ! fir/ "p be+ conc]n$ ) ! propositions ( sci5ce1 & ! second "p ) measurem5t4 ,^! are to be foll[$ by ,"p ,,iii4 on ,space & ,"t1 ,"p ,,iv4 on ,=ce1 & ,"p ,v4 on ,en]gy1 al?\gh1 reg>d+ ^! p>ts1 ,mr4 ,campbell says3 8,i h n ! remote/ idea :51 if ev]1 !y w be publi%$40 ,)\t anticipat+ a future discussion ( ! m te*nical p>ts ( ,mr4 ,campbell's "w1 we may ref] "h1 because ( ! g5]al int]e/ tak5 9 ! subject1 to ! explanation he gives ( ! fact t :ile ! outside _w resolutely m>ks (f ,sci5ce f ,art1 yet ?is di/9ction is n at all cle> to sci5tific m54 ,x is difficult1 = example1 9 /udy+ ! life ( a great man ( sci5ce1 to resi/ ! conclusion t 8 inc5tives & satisfactions are indi/+ui%able f ^? ( a great arti/4 ,yet x seems to be und\bt$ly true t a "w ( ,art is some?+ p]sonal1 :]eas ,sci5ce is obvi\sly imp]sonal4 ,mr4 ,campbell asks u to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & mean+4 ,! tru? ( sci5ce is some?+ imp]sonal1 b its mean+ is p]sonal4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,newton & ,maxwell is z p]sonal z t ( ,giotto1 ,%akespe>e & ,ba*4 ,_! dreams 7 n less p]sonal1 nor less delightful1 & x is no?+ to _! discr$it t _! dreams also came true4 ,& ! fact t ! mean+ ( a sci5tific !ory is some?+ t exi/s1 p]haps1 only = m5 ( sci5ce1 has an obvi\s p>allel 9 ,art4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,campbell's book is "o to :i* e man ( sci5ce w\ld give in/ant ass5t3 ,nobody :o has any portion ( ! sci5tific _s c fail to rememb] times :5 he has ?rill$ to a new discov]y z if x 7 8 own4 ,he has greet$ a new !ory ) ! passionate exclamation1 8,x mu/ be true60 ,he has felt t its et]nal value is beyond all reason+1 t x is to be def5d$1 if ne$ be1 n by ! cold-blood$ me?ods ( ! laboratory or ! s\lless processes ( =mal logic1 b1 l ! hon\r ( a fri5d1 by simple affirmation & eloqu5t appeal4 ,! mood w & %\ld pass2 ! imp]sonal enquiry mu/ be made be=e ! new ideas c be admitt$ to our complete confid5ce4 ,b 9 t "o mom5t we h kn[n ! real mean+ ( sci5ce1 we h exp]i5c$ its highe/ value2 unless su* k & su* exp]i5ce 7 possible1 sci5ce w\ld be )\t mean+ & !re=e )\t tru?4 ,,ii ,:at k9d ( ,physics w\ld be develop$ by a man alone on an isl&8 ,we are assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ?is fav\rite figure ( speculative writ]s enjoys ! prop]ties usually attribut$ to him2 he is rem>kably intellig5t1 & c create by a ^w any sci5tific app>atus he requires4 ,! po9t is t he has no ne$ to take into acc\nt ! judgm5ts ( o!r p4 ,let u *oose an exp]im5t design$ to make cle> ! consequ5ces ( 8 isolat$ /ate4 ,suppose our isl&]1 aft] look+ at a r$ pat*1 glances at a :ite ceil+4 ,he sees a gre5 pat*4 ,n[ suppose t he heats a copp] wire 9 ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]4 ,! flame turns gre54 ,w our isl&] proce$ to con/ruct a physics :i* %all embrace bo? ^! obs]vations8 ,be=e we c answ] ?is "q we mu/ consid] :y our own physics di/+ui%es s %>ply betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be said t all obs]v]s1 except ! man :o contemplat$ a pat* ( r$1 agree t ! col\r ( ! ceil+ is un*ang$1 :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! copp] wire1 all obs]v]s agree t ! flame has turn$ gre54 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !re=e1 we say t !re has occurr$ a *ange 9 ! obs]v]1 & 9 ! second case a *ange 9 ! flame4 ,we invoke ! crit]ion ( univ]sal ass5t4 ,b x c readily be %[n t we h n1 9 fact1 invok$ ?is crit]ion1 = 9 say+ t ! flame has turn$ gre51 we h left out ! te/imony ( col\r-bl9d p]sons4 ,n ev]ybody w\ld agree t ! flame has turn$ gre51 & on :at pr9ciple are we to decide betwe5 ! conflict+ op9ions ( diff]5t obs]v]s8 ,mr4 ,campbell's exam9ation ( ?is "q appe>s to take u to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,univ]sal ass5t is involv$1 b also some?+ m1 & x is ! some?+ m :i* w probably enable our isl&] to =m a physics l our own4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! way 9 :i* univ]sal ass5t is involv$ 9 sci5ce4 ,we mu/ obvi\sly leave out judgm5ts ( col\r2 simil>ly1 sci5ce does n n[ measure electrical quantities 9 ! mann] ( ,cav5di%1 by comp>+ ! int5sities ( electric %ocks exp]i5c$ by ! obs]v]4 ,sci5ce makes a *oice ( ! judgm5ts x %all consid]2 x does n ev5 embrace all judgm5ts = :i* univ]sal ass5t may be obta9$4 ,! judgm5ts on :i* sci5ce is bas$1 & = :i* univ]sal agreem5t may be obta9$1 are divid$ by ,mr4 ,campbell into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ,judgm5ts ( simultaneity1 consecutiv5ess & 8betwe5ness0 9 "t2#a 7#b7 ,judgm5ts ( co9cid5ce & betwe5ness 9 space2 7#c7 ,judgm5ts ( numb]1 su* z1 ,! numb] ( ! gr\p ,a is equal to1 great] ?an or less ?an1 ! numb] ( ! gr\p ,b4 ,n[ x is judgm5ts ( ?is k9d t are involv$ 9 physical obs]vations3 ! deflection ( a spot ( light on a scale1 ! read+ ( a /op-wat*1 & s on4 ,^! judgm5ts are fundam5tal to sci5ce & are su* t univ]sal ass5t may be obta9$ = !m4 ,let u n[ consid] ! case ( ! copp] wire 9 ! ,buns5 flame4 ,we h said t n all p w agree t ! flame has turn$ gre54 ,b ! light f ! ,buns5 has o!r prop]ties ?an its col\r2 x has a measurable refrangibility & a measurable wave-l5g?4 ,! important po9t = physics is t all obs]v]s1 bo? 8normal0 & col\r-bl9d1 w\ld agree on ^! measurem5ts1 s9ce !y are connect$ ) ! fundam5tal judgm5ts m5tion$ above4 ,! fact t diff]5t obs]v]s associate ^! same measurem5ts ) diff]5t col\rs is a fact ( no importance = physics2 8col\r0 is n a notion ess5tial to physics at all2 :5 phrases conta9+ su* words z 8r$0 or 8yell[0 occur 9 physics !y may always be replac$ by words dep5d+ = _! mean+ solely on fundam5tal "t1 space & numb] judgm5ts4 ,x is = ?is reason1 !n1 t sci5ce builds on p]fectly sure f\ndations2 its f\ndations c only be d5i$ by an impo/]1 t is1 by "o ^: actions %[ t he actually believes :at he says he d5ies4 ,n[1 h[ does ?is apply to our isl&]8 ,we may assume t he c measure refrangibility & wave-l5g?4 ,he f9ds t1 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 ! light f ! ceil+ is unalt]$1 :ile ! light f ! ,buns5 flame is alt]$4 ,b ^! obs]vations h no great] support ?an 8 col\r judgm5ts4 ,on bo? occasions ! only te/imony is 8 own4 ,b he w\ld notice a great diff]5ce directly he began to e/abli% ! laws connect+ ^! ph5om5a4 ,! laws d]iv$ f ! second set ( obs]vations w\ld be mu* m satisfactory ?an ^? d]iv$ f ! fir/ set4 ,he w\ld und\bt$ly pref] !m & w\ld unhesitat+ly adopt !m4 ,:5 x is put 9 ?is way1 !re c]ta9ly seems some?+ arbitr>y ab\t ! process by :i* sci5ce selects its fundam5tal judgm5ts4 ,!y are select$ because !y fall neatly & satisfactorily into laws4 ,mr4 ,campbell fur!r sugge/s t ! laws us$ 9 sci5ce are select$ f among/ o!r possible laws because ! select$ laws fit into !ories1 8! =m ( :i* is dictat$ *iefly by preconceiv$ ideas ( :at a !ory %\ld be40 ,x may be /at$ at once t ,mr4 ,campbell admits ! pres5ce ( an arbitr>y elem5t 9 sci5ce1 b x is precisely 8 case t ?is arbitr>y elem5t gives to sci5ce its value4 ,we _c "h summ>ise 8 exposition1 because x w\ld be un9telligible except to read]s ) a sci5tific tra9+1 s9ce ,mr4 ,campbell has adopt$ ! v s\nd me?od ( analys+ ! actual laws & !ories curr5t 9 physics4 ,we may indicate1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al l9es ( 8 inve/igation4 ,he attempts to analyse ! k9d ( relation involv$ 9 a sci5tific 8law40 ,x has be5 g5]ally assum$ by philosoph]s t ?is relation is ! 8causal0 relation1 b1 9 fact1 x is v d\btful :e!r ?is relation is ev] us$ 9 ! /atem5t ( laws4 ,x is a v special k9d ( relation1 & its suppos$ importance to sci5ce seems to re/ on a confusion betwe5 ! psy*ological process 9 an obs]v] p]=m+ an exp]im5t & ! relation /at$ to exi/ betwe5 8 obs]vations4 ,?us1 9 ,ohm's ,law1 does ! pot5tial diff]5ce ent] z cause or effect ( ! curr5t8 ,! "q is suffici5t to %[ t ! causal relation is n conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,campbell admits t he has n succe$$ 9 mak+ a f9al analysis ( ! propositions call$ laws1 b we ?9k t he has c]ta9ly e/abli%$ sev]al po9ts ( great value4 ,x is m to our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 t ?is analysis %[s m cle>ly h[ an arbitr>y elem5t ent]s into sci5tific laws4 ,a law does n simply relate concepts 9 a mann] consi/5t ) obs]vation2 x w\ld be p]fectly possible1 = in/ance1 to replace ,ohm's ,law1 express+ simple proportionality betwe5 curr5t & pot5tial diff]5ce1 by a mu* m complicat$ expression :i* %\ld agree equally well ) obs]vation4 ,!re are always sev]al laws :i* w satisfy ! obs]vations2 ! "o t is *os5 is *os5 = its simplicity1 i4e41 because ( ! m5tal satisfaction x af=ds4 ,! fact t x does fit ! obs]vations gives x :at ,mr4 ,campbell calls its 8tru?10 & ! fact t x af=ds intellectual satisfaction gives x :at he calls its 8mean+40 ,:5 we pass f laws to !ories we f9d t ! elem5t ( 8mean+0 becomes mu* m prom95t4 ,n[ ! tru? ( a law is some?+ t re/s on univ]sal ass5t2 ?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 = ! mean+ ( a law4 ,x may be t ! contemplation ( ,ohm's ,law gives y no satisfaction :atev]2 if x satisfies me1 h[ev]1 !n to me x has mean+4 ,x is only necess>y1 !re=e1 t sci5tific laws %\ld h mean+ = sci5tific m52 _! tru?1 h[ev]1 is ! same = all4 ,:5 we come to consid] !ories we f9d t1 conc]n+ _! mean+1 !re is mu* m diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,?is diff]5ce1 9 fact1 almo/ foll[s national l9es1 s t ( ! two great classes ( !ories1 ! 8me*anical0 & ! 8ma!matical10 ! =m] is l>gely a product ( ,briti% physici/s1 :ile cont95tal physici/s pref] ! second type4 ,mr4 ,campbell analyses v acutely ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two classes z well z ! elem5ts !y h 9 common4 ,z he says1 !re may be a 8ta/e0 = c]ta9 k9ds ( !ories1 z !re is a ta/e = oy/]s4 ,! result ( ?is analysis is to %[ v cle>ly 9 :at respects sci5ce is imp]sonal & 9 :at respects p]sonal2 x also helps to make cle> :at sci5ce is4 ,x is true t ! imp]sonal elem5t 9 sci5ce is ! mo/ important1 9 ?is s5se1 t if any law or !ory c be %[n n to be true1 !n1 h[ev] mu* mean+ x may h1 x mu/ be at once reject$4 ,x is also true t x is ! mean+ ( laws & !ories1 p>ticul>ly !ories1 :i* gives !m _! value to sci5tific m54 ,we !re=e rea* once m ! conclusion1 suffici5tly famili>1 b seldom s satisfactorily prep>$1 t ! value ( sci5ce is 9 ! /hetic satisfactions x af=ds4 ,9 ,mr4 ,campbell's words1 8,sci5ce is ! noble/ ( ! arts40 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,assum+1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( ,relativity1 t all obs]v]s h ! same motion4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture ,! influ5ce ( sci5tific discov]ies on t vaguely def9$ complex ( beliefs & intellectual int]e/s call$ culture seems1 at fir/ sight1 to h some?+ p>adoxical ab\t x4 ,!re c be no "q t ?is influ5ce is v widespread1 & !re c be z little "q t ignorance ( sci5tific discov]ies is equally widespread4 ,if our admitt$ly cultur$ classes 7 submitt$ to su* a que/ionnaire z ! work]s 9 ,%effield 7 rec5tly call$ ^u to answ]1 we %\ld d\btless f9d t su* que/ions z ,:o 0 ,dante8 ,:o 0 ,plato8 w\ld act l holes 9 a dam2 b x is to be fe>$ t ! que/ions "u ! head+ ,sci5ce w\ld evoke ! m]e/ trickle ( in=mation4 ,& yet _m ( ! que/ions 9 o!r p>ts ( ! que/ionnaire w\ld be answ]$ v diff]5tly 7 x n = ^? sci5tific discov]ies ( :i* ! exam9ee c give no satisfactory description4 ,! app>5t p>adox is resolv$ by rememb]+ t x is only ! broade/ g5]alisations ( sci5ce1 & only c]ta9 aspects ( ^?1 :i* ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce on ! re/ ( a man's beliefs4 ,! v>i$ & highly complicat$ /udies :i* make up mod]n a/ronomy1 = in/ance1 c be kn[n1 9 any real s5se1 to b a few speciali/s2 ! "o significant ?+1 = purposes ( g5]al culture1 t em]ges f ^! /udies1 is t ! e>? is mat]ially insignificant 9 ! univ]se4 ,we ne$ n m9d if s mu* k & no m p]colates ?r\gh ! b>ri]s ( a lit]>y education2 ! damage is done2 ! re/ ( ! man's beliefs beg9 to be pr(\ndly affect$4 ,9 ! pap]s on geology & biology ! majority ( cultur$ p w\ld fail2 !y w\ld all be amus$1 h[ev]1 at ! idea t ! e>? 0 =m$ 9 #djjd ,b4,c4 & t man 0 a special & sep>ate creation4 ,psy*ological /udies h n yet rea*$1 p]haps1 a great & easily und]/ood g5]alisation1 b !re is a gr[+ *>ity vis--vis ! 8crim9al classes0 & o!r moral outca/s4 ,our ,victorian p>5ts' he>ty condemnation ( ev]ybody !y dislik$ is n[ j a little m difficult4 ,su* g5]alisations z we h be5 m5tion+ are important to g5]al culture because ( :at we may call _! p]spective effect4 ,_! be>+ on ! re/ ( a man's m5tal furniture is n direct2 !y put ! furniture 9 a diff]5t sett+4 ,a *ange ( resid5ce1 if ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two h\ses be suffici5tly m>k$1 may well lead to a *ange ( habits1 & ! furniture :i* look$ q well 9 f\r rooms may seem a little inadequate 9 =ty4 ,^? writ]s :o decl>e t !re is no 8real0 conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 = in/ance1 may be p]fectly good logicians2 ! po9t is :e!r a p>ticul> religion looks adequate 9 ! mod]n univ]se ( sci5ce4 ,x is n a "q ( de/roy+ ! furniture2 x is :e!r ! cont5ts ( a bij\ villa adequately furni% ,salisbury ,pla94 ,! influ5ce ( sci5ce on philosophy is simil>ly indirect4 ,p]haps !re is no philosophy :i* does n /ill f9d def5d]s2 our objection to _m ( ^! philosophies is n t !y are illogical1 b t !y look s funny4 ,:5 we come to /udy ! influ5ce ( sci5ce on ! arts we see t !re is yet ano!r way 9 :i* sci5ce modifies culture4 ,_m ( ! pleasurable emotions associat$ ) ! arts are n unkn[n to ! /ud5t ( sci5ce4 ,! /udy ( su* sci5ces z a/ronomy1 physics or biology awak5s emotions n readily di/+ui%able f ^? evok$ by ev5 ! greate/ works ( art4 ,x is z if ! univ]se ) :i* sci5ce deals 0 itself a "w ( art2 x is1 to an increas+ numb] ( p1 ! greate/ ( all works ( art4 ,su* /ud5ts (t5 acquire a new /&>d ( /hetic excell5ce4 ,d>w9's indiff]5ce to poetry 9 8 lat] ye>s 0 probably ! result1 n ( ! atrophy ( a faculty1 b ( its full] ex]cise else:]e4 ,! "y ,william ,?omson1 read+ at night 9 ! libr>y1 & draw+ great brea?s ( rapture ov] ,lagrange's ,mcanique ,analytique1 0 exp]i5c+ emotions probably n v diff]5t f ^? ( ,sw9burne :5 read+ ,%akespe>e4 ,be=e su* satisfactions become accessible to ! ord9>y cultur$ classes m is requir$ ?an t vague acqua9tance ) out/&+ g5]alities to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,9 su* a sci5ce z a/ronomy ! m]e results are (t5 suffici5tly attractive to r\se pleasurable emotions 9 ! read]1 al?\gh ! actual m>* ( ! inve/igation by :i* ! results 7 obta9$ is (t5 ( equal int]e/4 ,at ! pres5t day bo? results & ! broad l9es ( ! inve/igations are 9 _m cases accessible to ! ord9>y cultur$ p]son1 ) ! result t 8 intellectual int]e/s are add$ to1 or at lea/ f9d a new field = deploym5t4 ,a great] numb] ( /hetic objects p 8 _w1 & x may ev5 happ5 t ! new arrivals affect ! e/imate 9 :i* he held ! old4 ,he may discov] an unsuspect$ futility 9 "s ( 8 e>li] occupations2 he may1 9 fact1 *ange 8 ideals ( culture4 ,b x is1 9 tru?1 impossible to trace precisely ! effect on an individual ( a new belief or ( a new int]e/4 ,psy*ologi/s h made u aw>e ( ! fact t ! m9d is n only imm5sely complex1 b t ! connections betwe5 its elem5ts are (t5 ( ! mo/ unsuspect$ "*4 ,de/ruction ( an old belief or ! graft+ ( a new int]e/ may issue 9 results z unlike _! cause z ! butt]fly is unlike ! *rysalis4 ,! effect ( ! impact ( sci5ce on ! old culture _c be =ese52 x has1 h[ev]1 already produc$ su* *anges t ! culture ( ! comp>atively ne> future w probably diff] f ours by m ?an ours diff]s f t ( ,babylon4 ,,james ,,cl]k ,,maxwell ,! place t w be held by ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 ! hi/ory ( physics is n easy to det]m9e4 ,t x w be a v high place is obvi\s1 t he w em]ge z ! greate/ ( ! physici/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is probable1 b ! /ud5t ( ,maxwell mu/ feel t ?is k9d ( rank+ is someh[ irrelevant1 or likely to become irrelevant1 to 8 peculi> effect4 ,! unique impression produc$ by ,maxwell's a*ievem5t is n adequately describ$ by be+ ref]r$ to 8 8orig9ality40 ,!re are diff]5t ways ( be+ orig9al2 x is n a suffici5tly p5etrat+ t]m4 ,a numb] ( ,maxwell's sci5tific contempor>ies 7 orig9al m51 b "o is consci\s t !y _h m 9 common ) "o ano!r ?an ,maxwell _h ) !m4 ,an exception f ?is /atem5t is f\nd 9 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 :o1 z has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 _h a g5ius curi\sly ak9 to ,maxwell's4 ,bo? m5 7 exceptionally indep5d5t ?9k]s1 bo? m5 resi/$ ! attraction ( ! high road2 bo? m51 if ! t]m may be p]mitt$1 _h a p]sonal & unique angle ( approa* to ! problems ( _! "t4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh true1 is n a suffici5t description4 ,x is important t 9 nei!r case d we feel _! individual quality to be an ecc5tricity2 _! "w has a p[]1 &1 /ill m1 a compreh5sive s]5ity1 :i* is nev] ! product ( m]e oddity--! oddity1 = in/ance1 ( a ,samuel ,butl]4 ,if we try to get clos] to ?is elusive & important *>act]i/ic we d n meet ) mu* success2 b we may sugge/ t ! ideas ( ^! m5 h ! effect ( spr++ f an unusually ri*1 subtle & compreh5sive context4 ,! fundam5tal ideas ( ! sci5ce ( _! "t 7 subtly modifi$ by reception into ^! m9ds2 !y 7 connect$ 9 a p]sonal & unusual web ( implications4 ,x is d\btless wor? not+ 9 ?is connection t ,maxwell1 unlike mo/ ( ! sci5tific m5 ( 8 "t1 0 g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 metaphysical speculation4 ,?is 0 n m]ely ano!r int]e/ ( 82 x 01 at mo/1 ano!r field ( att5tion2 he br\ght ! same attitude ( m9d to all ! objects ) :i* he 0 conc]n$4 ,we _c make an exception ev5 9 ! case ( 8 religi\s views2 to ?is man ! problems ( metaphysics1 ( physics1 ( morality1 are almo/ arbitr>y divisions ( ! "o object ( 8 ?\ght4 ,he 0 express+ a real diff]5ce f himself :5 he said t "s m5 seem to h wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 9 _! m9ds4 ,:5 we /udy ! k9d ( homog5eity *>act]i/ic ( ,maxwell's m5tal life x is easy to und]/& ^? :o call him a my/ic4 ,ev5 z a purely sci5tific man1 8 rational faculty1 z evid5c$ by 8 ma!matical reason+1 0 a di/9ctly m fallible ?+ ?an 8 intuition4 ,?is is n to say t he 0 n a f9e ma!matician1 b x is 8 intuitive grasp ( a physical problem :i* gives him 8 high position1 & n 8 purely ma!matical v]ifications4 ,8 ma!matics1 9 fact1 0 n always impeccable1 z ,sir ,joseph ,l>mor po9ts out 9 ! new edition ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ,maxwell1 t1 ev5 :5 8 pro(s 7 faulty1 8 results 7 usually s\nd4 ,8 own way ( confirm+ a difficult intuition 0 n to provide a =mal ma!matical v]ification1 b to make appeal to easi] intuitions--9 fact1 to con/ruct me*anical models4 ,he always lik$ to see ! way ?+s work$4 ,x is important to rememb] t ?is desire = a p>ticul> k9d ( v]ification 0 n due to any lack ( p[] to =m ab/ractions2 x 0 due to some?+ q diff]5t1 to a lack ( ease :5 fac$ by a purely logical *a9 ( d$uction4 ,on ,maxwell's fam\s ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism1 ,po9c> comm5ts t its difficulty resides precisely 9 its great ab/raction4 ,x is ?is pres5tation ( 8 !ory to :i* "o has to turn2 nev]!less ,maxwell1 z if = 8 private satisfaction1 develop$ "s extremely complicat$ models :i* seem$ to him to make 8 !ory cle>]4 ,x 0 d\btless ?is comb9ation1 a great p[] ( ab/raction on ! "o h&1 & a desire = v def9ite1 ev5 unnecess>ily def9ite1 confirmation on ! o!r1 :i* enabl$ him to be at once extremely orig9al & rem>kably s\nd4 ,9 8 boyhood he 0 con/antly mak+ all k9ds ( exp]im5ts ) common sub/ances1 draw+ complicat$ diagrams1 con/ruct+ solid geometrical figures1 ev5 knitt+ elaborate pieces ( wool-"w2 practically all ^! pursuits 7 dictat$ by ! same desire1 ! desire to see an ab/ract pr9ciple embodi$ 9 a concrete in/ance4 ,no man 0 less at ! m]cy ( words4 ,b x 01 nev]!less1 ! ab/ract pr9ciple ) :i* ,maxwell 0 conc]n$2 he m]ely wi%$ to be q sure t he und]/ood x4 ,8 occasional trick ( supply+ an unexpect$ly simple pro( ( a difficult !orem is due to ?is habit ( realisation4 ,platitudes acquir$ a weal? ( implication 9 ,maxwell's h&s4 ,dur+ 8 /ud5t life at ,cambridge1 :5 he seems to h be5 *iefly occupi$ 9 mak+ a survey ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 we f9d ! same desire to r$uce ev]y?+ to a few pr9ciples2 b ! pr9ciples mu/ fir/ /& a rigor\s exam9ation4 ,m]ely vague unifications provok$ 8 irony1 & :]e no pr9ciple c\ld be made to "w1 !n1 9 spite ( 8 love = coh]5t & inclusive sy/ems1 he w\ld admit ignorance4 ,&1 9 spite ( 8 ne$ = pr9ciples1 & ! t5acity ) :i* he clung to ^? t met 8 ne$1 he claim$ no 8absolute0 quality = 8 beliefs4 ,9 8 own words1 8,no?+ is to be holy gr\nd consecrat$ to ,/ation>y ,fai?1 :e!r positive or negative40 ,&1 lat]1 8,aga91 ,i ass]t ! ,"r ( ,trespass on any plot ( ,holy ,gr\nd :i* any man has set ap>t44440 ,su* que/ion+ z ,maxwell appli$ to himself 0 to be appli$ to all o!r m54 ,he 0 cons]vative1 b n on ext]ior au?ority4 ,8 scepticism 01 9 tru?1 v pr(\nd1 & x 0 always pres5t4 ,x in=ms 8 criticism1 :i* is (t5 extremely p5etrat+4 ,! lett]s he wrote on ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,pom]oy1 %ortly aft] ,maxwell _h become a ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity1 are v in/ructive f ?is po9t ( view4 ,8 di/ru/ ( ! 8rationalisations0 t m5 give ( _! beliefs ext5ds to ! beliefs !mselves4 ,z he says1 m5 8are ignorant ev5 ( _! own true fai? till some?+ br+s x into action40 ,?is 0 a deep-root$ conviction ) him1 & is responsible = ! flav\r ( irony :i* is nev] long abs5t f 8 comm5ts on philosophic matt]s1 indefatigable /ud5t z he 04 ,he c direct ?is scepticism aga9/ himself1 z 9 ! entry 9 8 programme ( future /udy3 8#d4 ,metaphysics--,kant's ,kritik ( ,pure ,reason 9 ,g]man1 read ) a det]m9ation to make x agree ) ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton40 ,on ano!r occasion he writes to a fri5d po9t+ out t1 9 read+ an au?or1 he _h to f9d out fir/ ( all1 n :at ! au?or meant1 b t x 0 n :at he 0 conv9c$ mu/ be meant4 ,a little exp]i5ce ( criticism p]suades u t ?is is1 inde$1 a v necess>y proc$ure4 ,?is aspect ( ,maxwell1 z a critic at l>ge1 z x 71 w\ld well repay /udy1 & x is un=tunate t our mat]ial = x is conta9$ 9 a sc>cely ideal biography4 ,he diff]$ f ! run ( sci5tific m51 ^: absorption 9 "o pursuit makes _! m5tal life unrepres5tative2 8 *ief problems are n f\nd 9 8 sci5tific writ+s1 & !y are ! problems ( u all4 ,!re 0 no?+ sup]ficial 9 ,maxwell1 & he _h no easily won conclusions4 ,x is ! pa? he foll[$ t gives int]e/ to 8 goal4 ,we %\ld l to "k1 = in/ance1 :at exp]i5ces1 :at reflections1 enabl$ him to write3 8,long ago ,i felt l a peasant 9 a c\ntry ov]run ) soldi]s1 & saw no?+ b c>nage & dang]4 ,s9ce !n ,i h le>n$ at lea/ t "s soldi]s 9 ! field die nobly1 & t all are summon$ !re = a cause40 ,t ,maxwell1 ei!r sudd5ly or gradually1 develop$ a my/ic consci\sness ( life1 is borne out by _m passages ( 8 correspond5ce4 ,we c atta* no o!r significance to 8 description ( 8 8no/rum03 8an ab&onm5t ( wilfulness )\t ext9ction ( w1 b r by means ( a great developm5t ( w1 :]eby1 in/ead ( be+ consci\sly free & really 9 subjection to unkn[n laws1 x becomes consci\sly act+ by law1 & really free f ! int]f]5ce ( unrecognis$ laws02 & 8 lett]s to 8 wife1 deal+ ) passages f ! ,bible1 ab\nd 9 int]pretations :i* are indubitably my/ical4 ,yet we h no evid5ce t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature & t]m9ology ( my/icism2 he is speak+ ( p]sonal exp]i5ces1 n ( acquir$ doctr9es4 ,! ma9t5ance ( a my/ical outlook on life1 toge!r ) a p]fect realisation ( ! implications ( physical sci5ce1 0 accompli%$1 9 ,maxwell's case1 by d5y+ ! ord9>y conception ( ! direction ( sci5tific progress4 ,x is ! idea :i* w\ld inevitably occur to him1 = x is ! peculi> m]it ( 8 own "w t x 0 n ! result ( /raight=w>d progress4 ,he made a new way ( ?9k+ necess>y j z1 9 our own "t1 ,quantum ,!ory & ,relativity ,!ory h fundam5tally di/urb$ our mo/ unque/ionable assumptions4 ,! way ,maxwell actually approa*$ ! problem we h m5tion$ 0 by insi/+ on :at he call$1 by a ma!matical analogy1 ! 8s+ul> po9ts0 ( exi/5ces1 t is1 ! po9ts :]e ! equations break d[n1 & he po/ulat$ t ! m !re 7 ( ^! s+ul> po9ts ! high] ! rank ( ! exi/5ce4 ,at a 8s+ul> po9t0 influ5ces :i* are usually negligible may assume a dom9at+ importance1 & ,maxwell saw ! sci5ce ( ! future z be+ l>gely conc]n$ ) ^! lapses 9 cont9uity--z1 9 fact1 sci5ce s9ce 8 "t has be54 ,9 ?is way he escap$ det]m9ism4 ,9 8 own words3 ,if1 !re=e1 ^? cultivators ( physical sci5ce f :om ! intellig5t public d$uce _! conception ( ! physici/1 & ^: /yle is recogniz$ z m>k+ ) a sci5tific /amp ! doctr9es !y promulgate1 are l$ 9 ! pursuit ( ! arcana ( sci5ce to ! /udy ( ! s+ul>ities & in/abilities1 r ?an ! cont9uities & /abilities ( ?+s1 ! promotion ( natural k may t5d to remove t prejudice 9 fav\r ( det]m9ism :i* seems to arise f assum+ t ! physical sci5ce ( ! future is a m]e magnifi$ image ( t ( ! pa/4 ,?is speculation1 ! problem ( evil1 & 9 :at s5se ! individual may be said to p]si/ 9 ,"t1 are ! k9d ( que/ions :i* conc]n$ him dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,x w\ld be m]ely fanciful to m5tion ^! ?+s z evid5ce ( t 8context0 ( :i* we spoke1 b we ?9k x is possible to und]/& m intimately ! orig9 ( ! ,electromagnetic ,!ory ( ,light if we rememb] t x orig9at$ 9 a m9d :i* also con/antly ent]ta9$ ^! o!r1 & app>5tly disconnect$1 speculations4 ,,assumptions ,i ,x has be5 rem>k$ t man's s5ses 7 giv5 him1 n to philosophise )1 b to help him 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ,boltzmann1 ! great ,g]man physici/1 0 frankly di/ru/ful ( _m ( ! natural motions ( ! m9d4 ,he c\ld admit t ,sci5ce1 al?\gh (t5 v ab/ract1 _h a c]ta9 validity1 s9ce x issues 9 ! pr$iction ( ev5ts :i* are accessible to s5se p]ception4 ,b philosophy1 he insi/$1 0 9 an altoge!r diff]5t case1 & he ?\ght ! *ances consid]able t its impalpable conclusions 7 ! m]e/ moon%9e4 ,x is a speculation t mu/ h ex]cis$ ev]yone :o has :ole-he>t$ly accept$ ! evolution>y acc\nt ( ! rise ( intellig5ce4 ,:y %\ld ?is in/rum5t be adapt$ to o!r ?an its orig9al uses8 ,d\bts ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 are bo? too vague & too compreh5sive to s]ve any useful purpose4 ,!y d n tell u 9 :at way & to :at ext5t our intellig5ce is untru/wor?y2 !y d n enable u to make "o /ep t[>ds draw+ up an ,index ( ,=bidd5 ,subjects4 ,at ! mo/ !y enable a man ) a con/itutional dislike ( philosophic speculations to indulge 8 contempt = t occupation ) an easy consci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 a t9cture ( ?is d\bt is v :olesome1 & m p>ticul>ly if x be ! result ( an acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght r ?an ! product ( a k9d ( lazy a priori scepticism4 ,a /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 = in/ance1 is inevitably l$ to reflect on ! curi\s nature ( ! b>ri]s to fur!r advance :i* ! m9d itself has set up4 ,x is z if ! m9d c\ld only take ex]cise )9 "s imag9>y prison]'s y>d1 & t ! great advances 7 really ! result ( lib]ations4 ,^! lib]ations are only p>tial2 ! my?ical b\nd>ies are set a little fur!r (f1 b x is agre$ t ! high walls exi/4 ,x is int]e/+ to review ! progress ( ,sci5ce f ?is po9t ( view1 to see x z a gradual secession f unw>rantable assumptions4 ,! exce$+ly cauti\s1 ! almo/ grop+ "*1 ( ! advance ( k1 becomes v app>5t4 ,&1 al?\gh su* a survey may lead u to become v consci\s ( ?is p>ticul> m5tal limitation1 we are n "o :it ne>] be+ enfran*is$4 ,x is /ill ! pr]ogative ( g5ius to be innoc5t1 to turn surpris$ eyes on "o ( our mo/ arbitr>y assumptions1 & to say3 ,b t is n necess>y4 ,! hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 ( c\rse1 provides "s ( ! be/ examples ( m5tal prison y>ds4 ,t ! planets mu/ move 9 circles because ! circle is ! p]fect figure is an assumption n[ suffici5tly remote f our acquir$ s5se ( probability to seem exce$+ly /range4 ,t x 0 an assumption possess+ a high degree ( obvi\sness is app>5t f ! fact t ev5 ,cop]nicus did n "q x4 ,! attempt to ent] into ?is assumption1 to see x z obvi\sly reasonable1 w\ld be a useful ex]cise = ! hi/orian1 s9ce x involves1 v l>gely1 a recon/itution ( ! m5tal life ( t age4 ,x acquir$ its obvi\s "* f ! fact t x fitt$ 92 x 0 ! natural companion ( a great numb] ( o!r equally obvi\s assumptions2 x 0 n an isolat$ ecc5tricity ( ! m9d4 ,x is = t reason t ,cop]nicus nev] fre$ himself f x1 & t ,kepl] only succe$$ aft] a difficult /ruggle4 ,kepl] 0 requir$ to "q n m]ely an isolat$ doctr9e1 b to escape f a v]itable ,zeitgei/4 ,! ,inquisitorial exam9ation ( ,galileo1 also1 0 n direct$ m]ely to correct+ ! errone\s /atem5t ( an isolat$ fact2 x 01 9 tru?1 a :ole sy/em ( ?\ght t /ood on trial4 ,x is ?is d\ble aspect ( any giv5 ab&on$ assumption t acc\nts = our unimag9ative surprise on le>n+ t v intellig5t m5 once mi/ook x = an obvi\s tru?4 ,we are judg+ ! assumption1 n on its own m]its1 z x 71 b f ! /&po9t ( an ali5 sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,we c =m a ju/] e/imate ( ! degree ( cr$ulity manife/$ by ! contempor>ies ( ,cop]nicus by consid]+ assumptions t h be5 b rec5tly que/ion$1 or r1 :i* h only rec5tly be5 g5]ally que/ion$4 ,! assumptions reg>d+ animal psy*ology =m a vivid example4 ,su* m5 z ,d>w9 & ,romanes f\nd x q natural to assume t ! emotions & _m ( ! intellectual processes ( :i* !y 7 consci\s 9 !mselves furni%$ an adequate key to animal behavi\r4 ,x is an assumption :i* ! av]age educat$ man ( to-day makes q readily1 al?\gh he may n %>e ,ari/otle's views on ! p]fection ( circles4 ,we n[ "k t !re is no reason :atev] to suppose1 = example1 t ! psy*ology ( snails has ! slighte/ resemblance to ! psy*ology ( human be+s4 ,we may be confid5t t1 9 a v few ye>s1 ! assumptions ( ,d>w9 & mo/ o!r p w appe> almo/ inexplicably gratuit\s4 ,x w take long]1 we ?9k1 = ! ,freudian ideas ab\t man himself to become acclimatis$2 man w take a long "t to le>n t 9 tru/+ 8 imm$iate aw>5ess ( himself he is mak+ a numb] ( unw>rantable assumptions4 ,! sy/em ( ?\ght into :i* 8 pres5t assumptions fit is s pr(\nd & ext5sive t x is impossible1 ev5 n[1 to picture ! ?or\ghly enfran*is$ man4 ,a g5]al acceptance ( ! ,e9/e9ian ideas ( space & "t is easi] to pr$ict4 ,! curr5t conceptions ( space & "t1 al?\gh ,euclidean :5 r$uc$ to a logical s*eme1 are n1 9 fact1 pres5t z a logical s*eme 9 ! m9d ( ! ord9>y man4 ,he is suffici5tly vague ab\t 8 fundam5tal assumptions to (f] no /r5u\s resi/ance to _! subtle modification4 ,we ?9k t "p ( 8 g5]al bewild]m5t ab\t ,e9/e9's space & "t is due to 8 bewild]m5t on ?9k+ ab\t space & "t at all4 ,8 assumptions on ^! que/ions1 :atev] ^? assumptions may be1 are n really "p ( a g5]al s*eme ( beliefs4 ,no?+ t greatly conc]ns him is incompatible ) non-,euclidean geometry1 & we confid5tly expect t ! gr&*ildr5 ( ! ord9>y man w z bl&ly believe !y h swall[$ ,e9/e9 z ! contempor>y ord9>y man believes he has swall[$ ,euclid4 ,= an assumption :i* is n an integral "p ( a g5]al s*eme ( ?\ght is readily ab&on$4 ,x is ! lopp+ ( connections :i* ! m9d resi/s4 ,x is no p>adox to say t ! ma!matician & philosoph] f9ds x h>d] to accept ,e9/e9 ?an does ! ord9>y man4 ,t is because ! ma!matician's acceptance involves bo? believ+ m & disbeliev+ m4 ,,ii ,probability is1 ( c\rse1 ! guide ( life4 ,if all our assumptions 7 express$1 we %\ld f9d ! phrase 8x is reasonable to suppose0 occurr$ m frequ5tly ?an any o!r1 :e!r we 7 engag$ 9 cross+ a /reet or 9 writ+ a philosophical essay4 ,yet our p]ception ( ! reasonabl5ess ( any?+ re/s on a s5tim5t :i* is (t5 v delicate & extremely difficult to def9e4 ,! ma!maticians h succe$$ 9 giv+ exact expression to "s ( ! simple/ manife/ations ( ?is s5tim5t1 b mo/ ( ! cases we are call$ ^u to solve 9 ord9>y daily life _c be dealt ) by _! analysis4 ,x is ! great /r5g? ( sci5ce t x builds :olly ^u ?is s5tim5t4 ,we are n call$ ^u to 8transc5d0 reason by fai?2 we are ask$ to believe no?+ t s9s aga9/ our s5se ( probability4 ,x is admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t !re are sci5tific !ories t d n s\nd reasonable on a fir/ he>+2 inde$1 !y sometimes outrage common s5se1 & e sci5tific eng9e] kn[s ! difficulty ( p]suad+ ! 8practical0 man t ! obvi\s ?+ is n always ! "r ?+4 ,nev]!less1 x is claim$ = sci5ce t1 on ! evid5ce1 its conclusions are ! mo/ reasonable ones ev5 :5 !y are wrong4 ,! s5se ( :at is reasonable dep5ds ^u ! evid5ce1 b ! ^w 8evid5ce0 mu/ (t5 be tak5 to include a great deal ( :i* ! m9d is n fully consci\s4 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght q reasonable t ! heav5ly bodies %\ld move 9 circles r\nd ! e>?4 ,! belief 0 n :olly a matt] ( a/ronomical evid5ce4 ,x 0 consid]$ t !re 0 some?+ peculi>ly & inh]5tly reasonable 9 circul> motion = heav5ly bodies4 ,we c see t ?is expectation 0 connect$ ) ! /hetic prop]ties ( ! circle1 & we n[ ?9k t expectations bas$ on su* consid]ations are1 9 a/ronomical matt]s1 illegitimate4 ,some?+ ak9 to su* consid]ations /ill plays a "p 9 sci5ce1 h[ev]1 al?\gh 9 a less obvi\s =m4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a simple explanation ( natural ph5om5a is pref]r$ to a m complicat$ "o1 al?\gh1 z ,fresnel rem>k$1 !re is no a priori reason to suppose t ,nature takes any acc\nt ( analytical difficulties4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! sol> sy/em is in/ructive f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! notion t ! ,e>? & o!r planets w5t r\nd ! sun imm$iately made a numb] ( puzzl+ ?+s cle>4 ,x seem$1 on ! :ole1 a v reasonable notion4 ,x 0 att5d$1 h[ev]1 by "o great difficulty4 ,if1 at ! end ( six mon?s1 ! e>? 7 really at opposite ends ( a long l9e1 x %\ld foll[ t ! />s1 view$ f ^! two po9ts1 %\ld seem to %ift _! relative positions 9 ! sky1 j z ! trees 9 a wood seem to *ange _! relative positions z we pass !m 9 a tra94 ,ty*o ,brahe1 "o ( ! greate/ a/ronom]s :o ev] liv$1 0 s impress$ by ! fact t ?is expect$ *ange does n occur1 t he c\ld n accept ! ,cop]nican !ory z x /ood4 ,he inv5t$ a curi\s hybrid !ory ( 8 own1 accord+ to :i*1 :ile ! o!r planets w5t r\nd ! sun1 !y1 toge!r ) ! sun1 revolv$ r\nd ! e>?4 ,he does n seem to h made _m conv]ts to ?is view2 x someh[ (f5ds "o's s5se ( probability4 ,! ,cop]nican hypo!sis p]si/$1 9 spite ( ! difficulty we h m5tion$1 b n )\t caus+ consid]able m5tal discom=t4 ,:5 ,horreb[ at la/ ?\ght t he _h obta9$ evid5ce ( ! app>5t annual motion ( ! />s he publi%$ 8 discov]y "u ! title ,cop]nicus ,triumphans4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! suppos$ diff]5ces 7 caus$ by temp]ature *anges affect+ ! obs]v]'s clock1 & ! old difficulty p]si/$4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! correct solution 0 obvi\s2 "o _h only to assume t ! />s are s f> away t1 ) su* in/rum5ts z 7 !n us$1 _! app>5t motion is imp]ceptible4 ,we n[ "k t ?is solution is ! "r solution1 b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x did n appe> a reasonable solution4 ,x 0 felt t if ! />s 7 really at su* imm5se di/ances z ?is hypo!sis requir$1 !n ,nature %[$ a grave lack ( economy 9 space4 ,su* enorm\s /ell> di/ances po9t$1 s f> z ^! a/ronom]s c\ld see1 to a mo/ unreasonable wa/e ( space4 ,no f>m] w\ld behave 9 su* a fa%ion1 & al?\gh ! eighte5?-c5tury a/ronom]s w\ld h d5i$ t !y view$ ! univ]se z a gigantic f>m1 yet ?is delicate & elusive notion ( :at is reasonable 01 9 ?is case1 greatly influ5c$ by f>m+ consid]ations4 ,x is n possible to =m reasonable expectations except on ! basis ( exp]i5ce1 & sometimes ! mo/ irrelevant consid]ations play a "p 9 our e/imate4 ,z in/rum5ts improv$1 h[ev]1 ! expect$ motion 0 obs]v$1 & ! di/ances ( "s />s calculat$4 ,!y prov$ to be enorm\s2 ! great wa/e ( space does occur4 ,god is n a f>m]4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 "o c\ld approa* ! g5]al problem ( /ell> di/ribution free f c]ta9 prepossessions4 ,"o's s5se ( ! reasonable acquir$ a diff]5t ori5tation1 z x 74 ,b x /ill rema9s reasonable to suppose t ! bright] />s are1 on ! :ole1 ne>] to u ?an ! fa9t] />s4 ,?is assumption mu/1 h[ev]1 be employ$ ) caution4 ,if a li/ be =m$ ( ! ne>e/ />s f among/ ^? ^: di/ances h actually be5 det]m9$1 we rea* "s r unexpect$ results4 ,kn[+ ! app>5t magnitudes ( ^! />s1 & _! di/ances1 we c calculate _! actual lum9osity comp>$ ) ! sun z a /&>d4 ,! app>5t magnitudes range f ,sirius1 :i* is consid]ably bright] ?an a fir/-magnitude />1 to />s ( m ?an ! n9? magnitude1 t is1 to />s q invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,"s ( ! ne>e/ />s may be fa9t] yet1 = det]m9ations ( ! di/ances ( />s fa9t] ?an magnitude #i4e are lack+4 ,! actual lum9osities ( ^! />s range f =ty-eight times t ( ! sun to f\r-?\s&?s t ( ! sun4 ,! actual di/ribution ( ! ne>] />s is n at all t :i* w\ld appe> reasonable if we 7 guid$ by consid]ations ( app>5t brightness4 ,"s ( ! v brighte/ />s1 su* z ,canopus1 mu/ be at inconceivable di/ances1 & _! actual brightness mu/ be ?\s&s ( times1 p]haps v _m ?\s&s ( times1 t ( ! sun4 ,"h aga9 our unsophi/icat$ notion ( :at is reasonable is apt to be m ( a h9drance ?an a help4 ,excell5t z a guide ?r\gh n too unfamili> c\ntry1 x is apt to lead u sadly a/ray :5 we advance into completely unkn[n t]ritory4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! only guide we h4 ,,iii ,if we contra/ anci5t ) mod]n sci5tific !ories we f9d t ! *ief di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! =m] is t !y employ pr9ciples drawn f o!r bran*es ( k or speculation4 ,x w\ld be1 p]haps1 ra% to say t mod]n sci5ce1 9 all its bran*es1 is yet completely autonom\s2 sometimes1 = in/ance1 x seems to make assumptions :i* are ! result ( an uncritical philosophy1 b ev5 ! grosse/ ( ^! examples1 comp>$ ) _m celebrat$ e>ly sci5tific !ories1 %[s h[ great is ! purification t has be5 effect$4 ,! *ief error ( ! old speculators consi/$ 9 imag9+ t ! _w is a m obvi\s unity ?an we h n[ any reason to suppose4 ,h5ce !y 7 always will+ to argue by 8analogy10 comp>+ t]ms betwe5 :i* we _c n[ f9d ! slighte/ resemblance4 ,! me?od 0 n only illegitimate1 b sometimes l$ to q unnecess>y complexities ( explanation4 ,! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy1 = in/ance1 conceiv$ z ! !ory t ! heav5ly bodies revolve r\nd ! e>?1 0 a p]fectly reasonable & satisfactory !ory4 ,x 0 capable ( expla9+ all ! obs]v$ planet>y motions1 except a few m9ute irregul>ities requir+ precise measurem5ts = _! detection4 ,its prop] developm5t requir$1 ( c\rse1 complete docility 9 face ( ! facts4 ,b 9 its actual developm5t x 0 =c$ to accommodate itself to q o!r consid]ations4 ,x _h to take into acc\nt ! v5]able pr9ciple t1 ! cele/ial bodies be+ obvi\sly sublime1 incorrupt & p]fect1 _! orbits mu/ be p]fect & describ$ ) uni=m velocities4 ,! only possible p]fect orbit 0 z obvi\sly a circle4 ,h5ce ! ,ptolemaic !ory 0 load$ ) ! task ( expla9+ ! obs]v$ heav5ly motions on two gr\nds3 fir/1 t ! e>? 0 /ation>y & at ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 & second1 t ! planet>y orbits 7 circul> & describ$ ) unv>y+ velocities4 ,alt]native hypo!ses 7 n only /upid b impi\s4 ,! task ?us set to ! e>ly a/ronom]s 0 "o ( consid]able difficulty4 ,! obs]v$ pa? ( a planet1 say ,m>s1 or ,jupit]1 or ,saturn1 is by no means simple4 ,if its motion among/ ! />s be wat*$ f night to night x is se5 to be mov+ sometimes f ea/ to we/ & sometimes f we/ to ea/4 ,fur!r1 9 *ang+ its direction ( motion x does n retrace its pa? among/ ! />s4 ,its actual obs]v$ pa? exhibits irregul> loops1 &1 m r>ely1 a twi/$ l9e4 ,x 0 at once obvi\s t a circul> orbit1 trav]s$ ) uni=m velocity1 w\ld n suffice to expla9 ^! appe>ances4 ,nev]!less1 ! pr9ciple mu/ be pres]v$4 ,! a/ronom]s ov]came ?is difficulty by a device t /rikes "o z be+ almo/ dis+5u\s4 ,!y imag9$ a small circle ^: c5tre trav]s$ ! circumf]5ce ( ! big circle ) a con/ant velocity & r\nd ^: own circumf]5ce ! planet mov$ ) a con/ant velocity4 ,by assign+ suitable velocities to ^! two motions ! crude features ( ! planet's actual obs]v$ motion c\ld be repres5t$--x w\ld sometimes be retrograde & sometimes direct4 ,?is is +5i\s1 b x is que/ionable :e!r x pres]ves ! pr9ciple4 ,! planet's motion is obta9$ by circul> motions1 x is true1 b x is n itself a circul> motion ) ref]5ce to ! e>? z c5tre4 ,! a/ronom]s h ent]$ on a slipp]y pa?4 ,we view !m ) ! same suspicion ) :i* we wat* a ,broad ,*ur*man exp\nd+ ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles4 ,b !y _h to g fur!r4 ,! !oretical & ! obs]v$ motions did n fit well en\gh4 ,on ! little circle x 0 necess>y to imag9e a /ill small] circle1 & to place ! planet on its circumf]5ce4 ,aft] all1 ?is int]pretation ( 8circul> motion0 once admitt$1 !re 0 no reason :y x %\ld n be foll[$ up4 ,b progress 9 ?is direction soon came to a halt4 ,x became evid5t t ?is me?od w\ld n1 by itself1 reconcile obs]vation & !ory4 ,! pr9ciple _h to be /ra9$ aga91 & ?is "t 9 an almo/ indef5sible mann]4 ,x 0 decl>$ t ! big circle 0 ecc5tric ) respect to ! e>? & t ! little circles 7 ecc5tric ) respect to _! suppos$ =m] c5tres4 ,?is ass]tion mu/ h be5 a great /ra9 on ! fai? ( ! or?odox believ]4 ,he may well h wond]$ :e!r1 by ?is "t1 ! pure doctr9e ( 8 fa!rs _h n be5 subtly und]m9$4 ,circul> motion 0 /ill pres]v$1 9 a way1 x is true1 b ) s _m circles1 & _! c5tres all ov] ! place--?is mu/ h appe>$ some?+ v diff]5t f :at he suppos$ ! pr9ciple to mean4 ,! same difficulty 0 felt by simple m9ds 9 mod]n times1 :5 ! correct explanations ( /atem5ts 9 ,g5esis 7 work$ out by ! !ologians4 ,& j z ! simple /ory ( ! ,creation 9 ,g5esis became trans=m$ into an extremely obscure & ambigu\s anticipation ( ! discov]ies ( ,geology1 s ! int]pretation ( circul> motion advanc$ f complexity to complexity4 ,immutable pr9ciples mu/ exi/1 ( c\rse--x is "p ( ! glory ( man t he %\ld h be5 able to discov] s _m ( !m--b !y sometimes seem m tr\ble ?an !y are wor?4 ,! old a/ronom]s f\nd t yet aga9 a m lib]al int]pretation mu/ be giv5 to ! pr9ciple ( circul> motion4 ,?is "t x 0 f\nd t ! circles d n all lie 9 "o plane4 ,ea* circle has its own plane1 :i* may be incl9$ at any angle to ! o!rs4 ,by ?is "t ! !ori/s1 :om we might call ! 8comm5tators10 _h =g$ a v p[]ful me?od4 ,circles c\ld be multipli$2 _! c5tres c\ld be plac$ any:]e2 _! planes c\ld be incl9$ at any angle4 ,! ri* cont5t ( ! pr9ciple ( circul> motion 0 n[ fully reveal$4 ,) all ^! v>iables to play ) a v close correspond5ce betwe5 !ory & obs]vation 0 effect$4 ,! rise ( ! 8high] criticism0 ( ?is sy/em leads to ! hi/ory ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ high] critic1 l ! fir/ high] critics 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 0 n :olly emancipat$ f 8 e>ly tea*+4 ,cop]nicus effect$ ! imm5se revolution ( plac+ ! sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 b he did n ab&on circul> motion4 ,s he _h to reta9 p>ts ( ! epicyclic app>atus4 ,! revolution 0 fir/ completely effect$ by ,kepl]1 b ev5 he conduct$ 8 e>ly rese>*es z a semi-believ]1 a k9d ( v ,broad ,*ur*man4 ,he made n9ete5 successive attempts to expla9 ! motions ( ,m>s by ! arrangem5ts ( ecc5tric & epicyclic motions1 & only !n did he frankly ?r[ ! great pr9ciple ( circul> motion ov]bo>d1 & /ate t ! actual pa?s ( ! planets 7 ellipses4 ,& s1 9 a few ye>s1 a great immutable pr9ciple1 a :ole sy/em ( beliefs1 ! indu/ry & ?\ght ( g5]ations w5t = no?+1 & n[ exi/ m]ely z an occasional cold ref]5ce 9 a treatise on ,a/ronomy to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em z a 8monum5t ( misplac$ +5uity40 ,,iv ,we may divide sci5tific !ories into two classes1 :i* h rec5tly be5 di/+ui%$ by ,e9/e9 z !ories ( con/ruction & !ories ( pr9ciple4 ,8 own !ory ( relativity is a !ory ( pr9ciple1 & its attraction resides 9 its logical p]fection4 ,su* !ories1 :atev] *>m !y may h = ! logician1 are n1 man be+ con/itut$ z he is1 felt to be suffici5t4 ,a pr9ciple :i* natural ph5om5a obey1 & :i* enables equations to be d$uc$ express+ ! relations betwe5 ph5om5a1 is1 to a few au/]e s\ls1 all ) :i* sci5ce ne$ conc]n itself1 b ! majority ( m5 require1 9 addition1 some?+ !y call an 8explanation0 ( ! relations d$uc$ f ! pr9ciple4 ,!y desire to see ev5ts describ$ 9 t]ms ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,?us1 a description ( ! behavi\r ( ! mat]ial univ]se 9 t]ms ( ! mutual impacts ( little billi>d balls w\ld af=d g5u9e satisfaction to ! m9d1 & important advances h be5 made 9 sci5ce by ! attempt to describe ph5om5a 9 ^! t]ms4 ,! assumptions :i* und]lie "s su* attempts may seem1 to ! logician1 prepo/]\s1 b !re is no d\bt t ! m9d is impell$ to make su* assumptions4 ,our famili>ity ) ! motions ( matt] 9 bulk makes x q natural t we %\ld endeav\r to give1 z f> z possible1 dynamical explanations ( ev5ts1 al?\gh1 if we /op to ask ourselves :y nature %\ld be flexible en\gh to admit ( descriptions 9 su* t]ms1 we are at a loss = an answ]4 ,! hi/ory ( !ories ( ! !r is p>ticul>ly in/ructive f ?is po9t ( view1 because ! irrational nature ( ! impulse is "h mo/ cle>ly app>5t4 ,! attempt to expla9 ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( an !r has l$ to "s v rem>kable !ories ( ! nature ( matt] itself4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 = in/ance1 t ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] are vortical :irls 9 ! !r1 or1 aga91 po9ts ( a v special k9d ( /ra9 9 ! !r4 ,nev]!less1 a !ory ( ! !r is reg>d$ z unsatisfactory :i* is n c\*$ 9 t]ms ( ! obs]v$ behavi\r ( ord9>y matt] z we "k x4 ,a dynamical explanation is always s\ght aft]1 & a great "p ( ! sci5tific ef=t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 devot$ to describ+ ! !r z an ela/ic solid4 ,b m5 ( sci5ce 7 n cont5t ) %[+ t ! laws ( dynamics c\ld be appli$ to ! !r2 _m ( !m endeav\r$ to devise models :i* %\ld repres5t1 on a l>ge scale1 ! actual con/ruction ( ! !r4 ,x is difficult to "k to :at ext5t _! au?ors suppos$ ^! models to correspond to ! reality2 x is probably n suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to say t !y reg>d$ !m m]ely z furni%+ useful tools = subsequ5t inve/igations4 ,! models 7 usually extremely complicat$1 =1 f ! v beg9n+1 ! !r prov$ some:at recalcitrant to ?is attempt to repres5t x z an ela/ic solid4 ,! mo/ obvi\s objection to ?is repres5tation 0 provid$ by ! obs]v$ motions ( ! planets4 ,x c\ld be prov$ t1 if !re 7 any resi/ance to _! motions r\nd ! sun1 x mu/ be excessively m9ute1 & h[ 0 ?is to be comb9$ ) ! hypo!sis t !y 7 mov+ ) great spe$ ?r\gh an ela/ic solid8 ,! answ] 0 f\nd 9 cobbl]'s wax4 ,sir ,george ,/okes notic$ t cobbl]'s wax1 al?\gh rigid en\gh to be capable ( ela/ic vibration1 is yet suffici5tly pla/ic to p]mit o!r bodies to pass sl[ly ?r\gh x4 ,we h only to imag9e t 9 ! !r ^! qualities are mu* exagg]at$1 & ! motion ( ! planets pres5ts no difficulty4 ,if no sub/ance l cobbl]'s wax happ5$ to be kn[n x is difficult to "k :at satisfactory answ] c\ld be return$ to ! objection4 ,"h we h ! fir/ glimpse ( ! rem>kable comb9ation ( qualities ) :i* x 0 f\nd necess>y to d[] ! !r4 ,! ma!matical exam9ation ( ! prop]ties ( ! !r1 und]tak5 by su* m5 z ,navi]1 ,cau*y1 ,poisson1 ,gre51 0 cont9ually lead+ to que] & unsatisfactory results1 unsatisfactory1 t is1 9 ! light ( our exp]i5ce ( ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,cau*y1 9 p>ticul>1 d$uc$ a numb] ( rem>kable physical prop]ties :i* 7 irreconcilable ) "o ano!r1 al?\gh "o ( 8 !ories1 t ( ! !r consid]$ z a k9d ( foam1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ,"l ,kelv94 ,) ! rise ( ,maxwell's electromagnetic !ory1 ! ela/ic solid !r receiv$ less att5tion4 ,maxwell himself1 9 8 great treatise1 gives no me*anical explanation ( 8 !ory2 he m]ely %[s t an inf9ite numb] ( me*anical explanations are possible4 ,) ! publication ( ,e9/e9's fir/ pr9ciple ( relativity 9 #aije1 h[ev]1 ! !r began to disappe>2 & n[1 ) ! g5]alis$ !ory ( relativity1 x has become a m]e gho/4 ,!re are /ill /urdy *ampions ( ! !r1 &1 inde$1 x seems a pity to h to ab&on ! me*anical explanations x promis$4 ,b possibly ! attempt to f9d dynamical explanations ( ?is k9d is doom$ to failure2 p]haps1 aft] all1 nature is n flexible en\gh4 ,! ori5tation ( mod]n sci5ce is 9 ano!r direction4 ,x is t[>ds a m ab/ract class ( !ories altoge!r--!ories :i* tell u no?+ ab\t ! me*anism ( a process1 b tell u ! pr9ciples ! process mu/ obey4 ,su* !ories effect a va/ unification ( k4 ,!y are magnific5tly compreh5sive1 & x is possible t !y conta9 all t we c really "k1 al?\gh m5 w long be reluctant to ab&on all hope ( ev] approa*+ reality ) ! intimacy t ! !ory ( ! !r seem$ to promise4 ,v ,:e!r or n x be true t ! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man1 x is c]ta9 t he f9ds great difficulty 9 /udy+ any?+ else4 ,8 fir/ impulse1 :5 he ?9ks ab\t ! univ]se at l>ge1 is to consid] x 9 ref]5ce to himself1 & to expla9 x 9 t]ms ( 8 own actions & desires4 ,9 ,a/ronomy1 = example1 x long seem$ q reasonable t 9 ! peculi>ities ( m5's bodies %\ld be f\nd ! sy/em on :i* ! univ]se is con/ruct$4 ,! argum5ts ( ,galileo's contempor>ies amuse u n[1 = we h le>n$ mode/y1 b ! t5d5cy to expla9 all ?+s 9 purely human t]ms1 z x 71 is by no means yet ext9ct1 & is /ill a h9drance to sci5ce4 ,x is ev5 h9t$ t man's explanation ( himself is n free f bias2 psy*ologi/s in=m u t a man's acc\nt ( 8 own actions is n always to be tru/$1 t ! true spr+s ( 8 conduct are usually ^? he w\ld blu% to own4 ,b if we are to say t man's speculations ab\t ! univ]se %[ an ov]:elm+ s5se ( 8 own importance we mu/ all[ him also a c]ta9 g5]osity4 ,until q rec5t times he 0 will+ to d[] almo/ any?+1 animate or inanimate1 ) 8 own attributes4 ,he cr$it$ /ones ) life & trees ) desire1 :ile ! :ole animal _w 7 8 bro!rs4 ,he c\ld admire ! lov+ s5tim5ts ( ! dove & weep = ! sorr[s ( ! crab4 ,a pa!tic confid5ce 9 man z ! type & exempl> ( ! univ]se in=m$ ne>ly all ! e>ly writ+s on animal psy*ology1 & ,desc>tes' !ory t animals 7 automatic r\s$ a s5tim5tal indignation :i* has n yet subsid$4 ,nev]!less1 comp>atively rec5t inve/igations t5d to ov]?r[ ! natural assumption t worms & insects are little m5 inhabit+ /range bodies4 ,! mod]n biologi/ refuses to be consci5ce-/rick5 :5 ref]r$ to ! indu/ry ( ! bee or ! conjugal p]fections ( ! dove4 ,x is only rec5tly t he has become s he>tless4 ,d>w91 9 a celebrat$ passage1 describes ) simple rev]5ce ! mutual affection exi/+ betwe5 snails4 ,! intellig5ce ( ^! little creatures 0 also e/imat$ highly by ,romanes4 ,loeb1 ! great ,am]ican biologi/1 did mu* to upset ?is nave an?ropomorphism4 ,he took "s worms :o are 8always attract$ by light10 & %[$ t ?is movem5t did n te/ify to a 8m light0 cry 9 ^! little s\ls1 b 0 a purely automatic proce$+4 ,! worm places itself s t bo? sides ( its body are equally illum9at$4 ,x is a me*anical action due to ! influ5ce ( light on ! liv+ matt] ( its body4 ,if !re are two lights ! worm passes betwe5 !m1 ?us secur+ equal illum9ation ( its two sides4 ,! crab :i*1 be+ held by a claw1 %$s t claw & hurries to ! ne>e/ rock = %elt]1 is f\nd to d ! same ?+ aft] its eyes or bra9 h be5 de/roy$4 ,dr4 ,georges ,bohn1 :o has made _m exp]im5ts to det]m9e h[ f> ! actions ( ! l[] animals are purely me*anical1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( a c]ta9 p>asitic worm :i* atta*es itself to ! fi% call$ ! torp$o4 ,he f9ds 7#a7 t if ! am\nt ( salt 9 ! wat] be v>i$ ! reactions ( ! worm alt]2 7#b7 t if light be all[$ to play fir/ on "o "p & !n on ano!r "p ( ! worm1 its reactions alt]2 7#c7 if ! animal has already tak5 up its position1 atta*$ to ! glass1 = in/ance1 & a %ad[ be pass$ ov] ! top ( ! vessel1 ! :ole body ( ! worm turns itself into ! v]tical 9 su* a way t if ! %ad[ 7 caus$ by a pass+ torp$o1 ! worm c\ld atta* itself to ! fi%4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be already atta*$ to a torp$o1 x does n raise itself at a pass+ %ad[4 ,"h1 !n1 is an association betwe5 ! region ( ! body excit$ by light & ! "p fix$ to ! fi%4 ,x 0 f\nd1 also1 t ! crab :i* ab&ons its claw only does s :5 held by a c]ta9 "p4 ,! action appe>s to be purely automatic4 ,if x 7 dep5d5t 9 any way on ! crab's simultane\s visual p]ceptions1 = in/ance1 an associative ph5omon w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,b exp]im5tal te/s f9d no su* correspond5ce4 ,z ! result ( num]\s exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d biologi/s h become v w>y ( (f]+ psy*ical explanations ( ! actions ( ! l[] animals4 ,ev5 :5 g5u9e associations are e/abli%$ "o mu/ be c>eful n to int]pret !m 9 t]ms ( human psy*ology4 ,9 ! v description ( exp]im5ts an unw>rantable turn may be giv5 to ! ph5om5a by ! fact t words ( ord9>y language inevitably call up associations :i* may be out ( place 9 ! discussion4 ,to say t an amba le>ns to reject c]ta9 =eign p>ticles 9 a solution1 = in/ance1 is a /atem5t t requires c>eful int]pretation4 ,h[ are we to picture an amba le>n+ some?+8 ,b1 inde$1 ! dang] ( an?ropomorphic int]pretations becomes v obvi\s :5 we reflect on ! purely physical ph5om5a :i* accompany man's own emotions4 ,if ! ,james-,lange !ory be correct1 x is 9 t]ms ( ^! physical ph5om5a t we mu/ und]/& man's emotions4 ,n[ consid] ! example giv5 9 ,wa%burn's book1 ,! ,animal ,m9d4 ,an angry man has a quick5$ he>tbeat1 alt]$ brea?+1 a *ange 9 muscul> t5sion1 & a *ange 9 ! blood4 ,consid] a wasp4 ,x has no lungs1 b brea!s ?r\gh its tra*e2 ! circulation ( its blood is fundam5tally diff]5t f t 9 man2 all its muscles are atta*$ int]nally because its skeleton is ev]y:]e ext]nal4 ,:at1 !n1 is an 8angry0 wasp8 ,x seems cle> t if a man is to /udy any?+ b man he mu/ =get himself z f> z possible4 ,,on ,,le>n+ ,,sci5ce ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a really intellig5t *ild f9ds great difficulty 9 believ+ t ! e>? is r\nd4 ,/upid *ildr51 on ! o!r h&1 believe any?+ !y are told4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! fir/ *ild is due to ! fact t1 9 h[ev] elem5t>y a way1 x is consci\s ( ! implications ( ! /atem5t4 ,! /upid *ild seems to be unaw>e t ! /atem5t has any implications2 x seems able to accept almo/ any /atem5t 9 "s curi\sly b>e1 unrelat$ fa%ion4 ,h]mann ,bahr has an int]e/+ & amus+ /ory ( h[ pr(\ndly 8 fai? 9 8 fa!r 0 %ak5 :5 ! latt]1 propos ( a sunset1 told ! "y boy t 9 reality x 0 ! e>? t turn$ r\nd & n ! sun4 ,completely ov]:elm+ objections to ?is /atem5t rose in/antly 9 "y ,h]mann's m9d1 &1 outrag$ by ?is insult to 8 intellig5ce1 he pres]v$ a hurt & dignifi$ sil5ce t la/$ = days4 ,we notice ! same ess5tial diff]5ce 9 s*oolboys & univ]sity /ud5ts1 &1 9 fact1 9 m5 ( any age4 ,p]haps ! majority ( m51 & less c]ta9ly ( *ildr51 h b little s5se ( ! implications ( a /atem5t4 ,! s5se ( implications does n necess>ily involve ! ability to discov] ! implications--t is a comp>atively r>e gift4 ,x acts r 9 a negative mann]1 mak+ ! /ud5t re/less "u a subtly illogical pres5tation ( a case1 or leav+ ! s*oolboy frankly mut9\s at ! end ( a s]mon4 ,x is n a gift :i* makes a rapid le>n]1 al?\gh its abs5ce w prev5t a man f ev] kn[+ a subject prop]ly4 ,x is un=tunate t education1 z practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 does n suffici5tly take into acc\nt ?is v desirable inhibition4 ,! text-book plays a v l>ge "p 9 contempor>y education1 & mo/ text-books are design$ = ^? :o c swall[ /atem5ts at great spe$4 ,t delicate web ( d\bt1 ( half-se5 alt]native explanations1 :i* comes into ! m9d ( ! intellig5t /ud5t :5 confront$ ) ! highly dogmatic /atem5ts & some:at p]functory 8pro(s0 ( _m mod]n text-books1 c\nts z %e] loss 9 ! exam9ation race4 ,?is is especially true ( sci5tific text-books1 :i* are usually conceiv$ on an entirely wrong plan1 judg$ f ! /&po9t ( rational education4 ,/atem5ts :i* are ! f9al expression ( v difficult & sl[ly acquir$ ab/ractions are pres5t$ 9 all _! nak$ness1 & foll[$ by a collection ( 8examples40 ,! glib /ud5t le>ns ^! /atem5ts z if he 7 le>n+ a =eign language1 & soon ma/]s ! tricks necess>y to apply !m4 ,i h kn[n su* /ud5ts able to solve v difficult problems & yet entirely unable to meet1 9 any way1 a sceptical attack ^u ! fundam5tal !orem !y employ4 ,! fact is t ?is me?od ( tea*+ sci5ce is psy*ologically unnatural1 & ! k acquir$ on ?is me?od is l>gely %am k4 ,:ile x may n be true t ! *ild passes ?r\gh 8cultural epo*s0 9 its m5tal gr[?1 x is true t x w feel _m ( ! hesitations & difficulties exp]i5c$ by ! m5 :o fir/ =mulat$ ! concepts n[ pres5t$ to x = its in/ant acceptance4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! be/ me?od ( tea*+ a sci5ce is probably ! hi/oric me?od4 ,9 ?is way n only are _m d\bts fairly met in/ead ( be+ m]ely repress$1 b ! exact porte ( a /atem5t & possible l9es ( ext5sion are mu* m cle>ly se54 ,! effect ( ! mod]n text-book is to make ! intellig5t /ud5t feel t he is rem>kably un9tellig5t2 ! text-book writ] is s t]ribly cocksure4 ,b if ! hi/oric me?od mu/ be reject$ z too l5g?y "o may plead = its p>tial application4 ,let ! text-book give ! broad outl9es1 & let ! /ud5t supplem5t ^! by read+1 :]ev] possible1 ! /&>d memoirs writt5 by ! orig9al discov]]s4 ,9 ?is way he w ga9 some?+ mu* m valuable ?an a m ?or\gh acqua9tance ) 8 subject2 he w le>n some?+ ( ! m5tal ge/ure ( ! true man ( sci5ce1 some?+ v diff]5t f ! glitt]+ effici5cy ( ! text-book writ]4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ passage f ,newton1 writ+ on ! !ory ( light3 ,he discusses a corpuscul> !ory1 & cont9ues3 ,b !y1 t l n ?is1 may suppose light any o!r corporeal emanation1 or any impulse or motion ( any o!r m$ium or !real _s diffus$ ?r\gh ! ma9 body ( !r1 or :at else !y c imag9e prop] = ?is purpose4 ,to avoid dispute1 & make ?is hypo!sis g5]al1 let e man "h take 8 fancy2 only :atev] light be1 ,i suppose x consi/s ( rays diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 cont+5t circum/ances1 z bigness1 =m1 or vig\r4 ,! subject "h becomes alive 9 a way x nev] does 9 ! text-book4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! /ud5t %\ld see1 n m]ely ! results1 b ! av5ues ( approa*4 ,he w ga9 m confid5ce 9 8 own p[]s & m int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,= ^? p also :o1 )\t be+ /ud5ts1 take an int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 ! read+ ( orig9al memoirs may be recomm5d$4 ,mu* ( ! sci5ce !y le>n 9 ?is way w be wrong1 b !y w see x z some?+ ?or\ghly human &1 x may be1 z some?+ ?or\ghly sympa!tic4 ,! text-book has an air ( infallibility :i* is v repell5t1 & x is difficult to avoid associat+ ?is ) ! sci5tific man4 ,b x is m]ely a manife/ation ( ! same t5d5cy t produces /]eotyp$ re/aurants4 ,a read+ ( ! old memoirs %[s sci5ce z t5tative1 imag9ative1 c\rage\s4 ,!y %[ t ! man ( sci5ce is a humani/4 ,,! ,,ent5te ,,cordiale ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 curr5t 8s]i\s0 lit]ature1 & m p>ticul>ly t bran* ( x :i* deals 9 a speculative way ) ^? vague b impressive problems :i* h always haunt$ m51 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! 8mean+0 ( ! ,univ]se & s on1 _c h fail$ to notice ! unaccu/om$ pre/ige n[ enjoy$ by sci5ce4 ,! suppos$ contributions ( sci5ce to ^! discussions are n[ li/5$ to ) a gravity & polit5ess1 ) a k9d ( s]i\s hu%1 :i* 0 =m]ly res]v$ = quotations f ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,comp>$ ) ! crude mat]iali/s ( ,huxley's day1 x is evid5t t ! mod]n man ( sci5ce has greatly improv$ 8 social /&+2 he n[ frequ5tly talks to ! be/ p1 on equal t]ms1 on su* subjects z ! ,good & ! ,beautiful4 ,! und]br$1 pu%+1 clamor\s self-ass]tion ( ! ,victorian sci5ti/ is a r>e note 9 ^! improv+ conv]sations betwe5 philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,a man l ,haeckel is dismiss$ z a m]e vulg>ian2 no "o w\ld tr\ble to refute him2 8 l\d voice & hob-nail$ boots are suffici5t condemnation4 ,ev5 ,huxley is felt to be a r noisy p]son2 ! mod]n expositor ( ! relations ( ,sci5ce & ,religion or ,sci5ce & ,philosophy no long] borr[s 8 te*nique f ! ,hyde ,p>k orator2 he has adopt$ r ! ins9uat+ *>m ( ! curate4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 survivals on bo? sides2 sweetness & light are n yet univ]sal2 ! g5]al atmosph]e ( mutual =be>ance & respect is /ill occasionally m>r$ by ! h>% note ( "s exceptionally fanatic or ins5sitive p>tisan4 ,"o or two grave lapses ( ?is k9d may be detect$ among/ ! mass ( rec5t books devot$ to cosmical que/ions4 ,!re are /ill "o or two lit]>y m5 & philosoph]s :o h9t at ^? dreadful e>ly days ( sci5ce1 be=e x w5t to ,ox=d1 & !re are /ill "o or two prov9cial m5 ( sci5ce1 f>\*e1 suspici\s1 :o att5d a mod]n cultur$ salon c>ry+ _! obsolete life-pres]v] 9 _! pocket4 ,b on ! :ole good mann]s prevail ev]y:]e4 ,x is realis$ t !re is no reason :y anybody %\ld feel awkw>d at meet+ anybody else 9 a _w :i* is s indulg5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man's private & public capacities4 ,to be on amiable t]ms ) ev]ybody is wor? a sacrifice1 & 9 our relief at escap+ f ! f]oci\s savag]y ( ! ,victorian controv]siali/s we may well endure ! m9or discom=ts ( a reconciliation betwe5 sci5ce1 philosophy & religion s effective z to r5d] indi/+ui%able ! sep>ate p]sons ( ?is tr9ity4 ,! p>ticul> advantage ( ?is amalgamation t conc]ns u "h is ! fact t x has br\ght a new bran* ( lit]ature into exi/5ce4 ,z is usual 9 an amalgamation1 ea* memb] pr(its by ! cu/om br\ght by ! o!rs1 until f9ally a composite article is evolv$ :i* is1 z x 71 simultane\sly buff & blue4 ,t is h[ we get ^! v curi\s & int]e/+ mod]n works on cosmical que/ions--works :i* seem to result f a close collaboration betwe51 say1 a pr(essor ( physics1 an ar*deacon & a ,bond ,/reet cry/al-gaz]4 ,a v compreh5sive ,weltans*auung is !reby af=d$1 & d\btless a truly 8balanc$0 m9d mu/ result f ! p]usal ( su* works1 b we may d\bt :e!r ea* compon5t1 z x 71 is pres5t$ 9 its purity4 ,! advantages ( association are only obta9$ by a c]ta9 loss ( individuality4 ,we _c speak = ! philosophy & religion ( ^! works1 b we are impell$ to ^! reflections by detect+ a c]ta9 quality :i* p]vades ! sci5tific "p ( ! expositions4 ,x is1 z we h admitt$1 a good ?+ = sci5ce t x has be5 tak5 up 9 ?is way4 ,x moves 9 an atmosph]e ( culture2 x f9ds itself be+ describ$ 9 *apt]s head$ ) ,greek quotations2 x is complim5t$ on its /rong ve9 ( poetry2 its peculi>ities are expla9$1 inaccurately b sympa!tically1 9 columns ( lit]>y caus]ie1 & ! unexpect$ b gratify+ discov]y is made t x by no means lacks ! bump ( rev]5ce & prop] respect = con/itut$ au?ority4 ,yet1 k9dly z are ! surr\nd+ faces1 & pleasant z is ! consci\sness t "o's clo!s & acc5t excite no comm5t1 !re is1 on ! "p ( _m sci5tific m51 a p]si/5t uneasy feel+ t "o has ga9$ ?is position on false pret5ces4 ,x is ^! rem>kable mod]n books to :i* we h ref]r$ :i* r5d] ! feel+ acute4 ,at ! same "t1 x is v difficult to /ate precisely ! elem5ts ( ?is feel+4 ,we und]/&1 h[ev]1 t !re are "y poets & noveli/s :o exp]i5ce v mu* ! same emotion :5 "o ( ! great 8(ficial0 m5 ( lett]s talks ab\t lit]ature4 ,x appe>s t su* p (t5 get ev]y?+ subtly wrong1 t _! criticism nev] pi]ces to ! real he>t ( ! matt]1 t !y make lit]ature at once m pomp\s & m tame ?an x really is4 ,^! new cultur$ expositors ( sci5ce affect "o v mu* l t4 ,_! indisputable intellig5ce & _! wide k d n save !m2 !y lack some?+--x may be a m]e famili> way ( talk+--:i* m>ks ! practition]2 we feel !y t\* _! subject ) padd$ f+]s4 ,we attribute no occult influ5ce to laboratories1 b we ?9k ! expositor ( sci5ce :o is n also a creator is some?+ l t curi\sly unconv9c+ creature--! !oretical sailor :o has nev] be5 to sea4 ,= t reason we are uneasy 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! num]\s mod]n expositions4 ,su* "w ( ! k9d z 0 done 9 ! old days 0 done by real m5 ( sci5ce 9 _! sp>e "t4 ,!y _h ! compet5ce1 if also some?+ ( ! crudity1 ( ! workman 9 ! factory :o expla9s to y h[ 8 ma*9e works4 ,! mod]n writ]s are s mu* m l ^? frock-coat$ 8att5dants0 at ,exhibitions4 ,"o is oppress$ ) ! same suavity1 ! same incr$ible read9ess1 ! same secret d\bt :e!r he has ev] h&l$ a tool 9 8 life4444 ,su* be+ our e/imate ( our mod]n tea*]s1 we may be p]mitt$ to be sceptical conc]n+ ! complete satisfactor9ess ( _! acc\nt ( ! pres5t disposition & relations ( sci5ce4 ,:5 !y v\* = ! complete respectability & h>mlessness ( sci5ce we wond] if !y are n a little too k9d4 ,we h an absurd n]v\sness1 z 9 ! pres5ce ( a re=m$ burgl>4 ,he looks well-dress$ en\gh & 8 h&s are n impossibly horny2 moreov]1 we are told t ! two v respectable g5tlem5 ) him f9d him a mo/ *>m+ companion4 ,we are prejudic$1 we suppose2 b to our ?9k+ !re is a co>s5ess ab\t ! jaw1 an occasional h>d gl9t 9 ! eye1 :i* w\ld make u reluctant to accept him z1 at any rate1 a sleep+ companion4 ,we wond] if ^? two g5tlem51 ! "o rev]5d & ! o!r ne>ly s1 ev] feel a little appreh5sive dur+ ! night8 ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,! ,victorian ,age 0 unque/ionably ! great age ( physical sci5ce4 ,x 0 n only ! numb] & quality ( ! sci5tific m5 ^: work+ lives 7 cov]$ by ?is p]iod t 7 responsible = ?is--al?\gh no p]iod 9 hi/ory makes a brav] %[--b x 0 due also to ! fact t ! sci5tific discov]ies ( t age 7 (t5 ( ! k9d t r\ses a va/ am\nt ( public att5tion4 ,! att5tion ( a cultur$ m9ority 0 no new ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,newton's discov]ies1 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 indefatigable popul>is] ,voltaire1 spe$ily became1 9 a m or less adequate =m1 ! common prop]ty ( ! cultur$ "p ( ,europe4 ,b f ! "t ( ,newton to t ( ,davy !re 0 no su* g5]al att5tion paid to sci5ce2 ,engl& & ! ,cont95t l>gely lo/ t\*1 ev5 te*nical /ud5ts work+ 9 comp>ative isolation1 s t ! great ,fr5* advances 9 ,newtonian philosophy 7 n appreciat$ = sev]al ye>s 9 ,engl&1 & ! cultur$ public 9 ,engl& itself no long] consid]$ ! intellig5t obs]vation ( sci5tific progress to be "o ( its *ief duties4 ,x nev] did rega9 ?is outlook2 sci5ce1 becom+ increas+ly te*nical1 became m & m completely ! affair ( a small & specialis$ class1 until1 by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x 0 ! mo/ dissociat$ ( intellectual activities4 ,! great recrudesc5ce ( g5]al int]e/ 9 sci5ce 0 br\ght ab\t by ! discov]y t ?is dissociation 0 m]ely a consequ5ce ( lack ( att5tion1 & t1 9 fact1 sci5tific discov]y 0 n unconnect$ ) ! major int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,! publication 9 #ahei ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species p]suad$ ! m5 ( t "t1 rightly or wrongly1 t sci5ce & religion 7 v intimately connect$1 & sci5ce1 at "o bl[1 obta9$ a degree ( public att5tion )\t prec$5t 9 its hi/ory4 ,! int]e/ ?us evok$ 0 n always v intellig5t1 b x 0 int5se & widely diffus$2 x ext5d$ to o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 influ5c$ ! educational sy/em ( ! c\ntry & gave rise to an enorm\s ext5sion ( 8popul>0 sci5ce lectures & articles4 ,?is popul> int]e/ 0 ( a diff]5t k9d f ! leisurely int]e/ previ\sly %[n by ! cultur$ classes4 ,! latt] 01 inde$1 mu* m g5u9ely an int]e/ 9 sci5ce = its own sake2 ! =m] _h a diff]5t emotional basis & 0 m]ely ! div]sion ( an int]e/ 9 religi\s or social que/ions4 ,!re is a controv]sial air ab\t ne>ly all ! popul> sci5tific writ+s ( t "t2 ! sci5tific man1 l 8 audi5ce1 0 fully aw>e t he 0 talk+ ab\t a good deal m ?an ! o/5sible subject ( discussion4 ,sci5ce1 ! creature ( ! lea/ popul> ( man's activities1 pati5t & unprejudic$ ratioc9ation1 became associat$ ) viol5t emotions4 ,) ,biology & ,geology ?is association 0 inevitable & imm$iate2 _! subject-matt] happ5$ to be t ( ! fir/ few *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,b ! m exact sci5ces1 :5 public att5tion turn$ _! way1 c\ld (f] no su* excitem5ts4 ,!y seem to h compromis$ by specialis+ on 8m>vels40 ,! 8,m>vels ( ,sci5ce0 became a famili> head+1 & ! unsophi/icat$ public 7 /unn$ by figures3 ! di/ances ( ! />s1 ! numb] ( molecules 9 a cubic c5timetre ( wat]1 ! weight1 9 tons1 ( ! e>?1 ! incr$ible m9ut5ess ( light-waves1 & s on1 ! :ole object ( su* disc\rses be+1 z ,maxwell unk9dly put x1 to prev5t ! audi5ce realis+ t intellectual exhau/ion _h set 9 until ! h\r _h elaps$4 ,we readily admit t popul> sci5ce ( a v diff]5t k9d 0 also provid$4 ,f>aday1 ,kelv91 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,maxwell himself1 did _! be/ to make ! lay public acqua9t$ ) sci5tific me?ods z well z results1 to pres5t _! results z "p ( a coh]5t !ory in/ead ( z items 9 catalogue ( m>vels4 ,b x is ! m>vel-mong]s :o h prov$ mo/ t5aci\s ( life1 s t 8popul>0 sci5ce has n[ become a t]m ( contempt1 & any /atem5t :atev]1 provid$ x has ! "r m>vell\s flav\r1 may be pr9t$ 9 our newspap]s z sci5tific in=mation4 ,9 ,am]ica su* m>vell\s /atem5ts1 n only inaccurate b mean+less1 occupy pages ( ! ,sunday supplem5ts1 s t t m]itori\s organ1 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 has to ann\nce1 9 self-def5ce1 t x publi%es1 n 8popul>0 sci5ce1 b m]ely non-te*nical sci5ce4 ,9 our own c\ntry t sob] p]iodical ,nature us$ to pr9t extracts f ! m m>vell\s sci5tific items provid$ by ! daily press1 ?us furni%+ a little light relief f its own au/]e pages4 ,! fact t ?is quack]y exi/s is n unimportant4 ,if x does no m1 x (t5 leads to a wa/e ( "t1 = !re has be5 m ?an "o wor?y g5tleman :o has imag9$ himself to be attack+ ! p]nici\s doctr9es ( sci5ce1 :51 z 8 argum5t makes cle>1 x is ?is k9d ( quack]y he has 9 m9d4 ,! cure = ?is k9d ( ?+ w\ld seem to be ! developm5t ( a consci5ce 9 newspap] editors1 unless we pref] to wait pati5tly until a t9cture ( sci5ce =ms "p ( ! education ( an ,engli% adult4 ,b1 turn+ to ! popul> b accurate sci5tific article1 we may ask :at purpose x s]ves4 ,%\ld its object be to supply ! defici5cies ( a defective g5]al education1 to provide an easy introduction to sci5ce8 ,d\btless su* articles or lectures h s]v$ su* a purpose2 ,f>aday himself1 z we "k1 0 won ov] to sci5ce by ! bl&i%m5ts ( ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 & !re is m ?an "o case :]e ! curr5t ( a man's life has be5 def9itely *ang$ by a lant]n lecture4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 a mi/ake to suppose t ! att5tive p]usal ( a numb] ( popul> sci5ce articles is equival5t to a sci5tific education1 a mi/ake :i* is un=tunately v common4 ,! fact is t ! sci5tific treatise & ! popul> sci5ce article1 s f> f be+ rivals1 s]ve entirely diff]5t ends1 & may be read ) pr(it by ! same man4 ,broadly speak+1 ! function ( ! popul> sci5ce article is to pres5t sci5ce 9 its humani/ic aspect4 ,x %\ld1 :ile deal+ ) z def9ite a sci5tific problem z ! au?or *ooses1 h9t at ! relations betwe5 ?is problem & ! o!r int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,v (t5 ^! relations are implicit 9 ! subject2 su* subjects are1 9 fact1 usually *os51 & = t reason4 ,b !re is ano!r type ( article :i* has = its object ! exposition ( relations :i* are n obvi\s1 & ?is exposition may be ! result ( a g5u9e & valuable intellectual ef=t on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,su* articles are really essays 9 criticism & are n ess5tially diff]5t f ! be/ type ( lit]>y criticism4 ,"s ( ! be/ articles ( ?is k9d--"s ( ^? by ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 = example--are z truly 8rese>*0 "w z is ! te*nical pap]4 ,a ?ird type ( article may1 ei!r by way ( hi/ory or by way ( logic1 %[ ! position occupi$ by a giv5 !ory or fact 9 a s*eme ( k4 ,?is type is usually ( m int]e/ to ! sci5tific /ud5t ?an to ! g5]al read]1 s9ce a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! :ole subject is presuppos$1 & 9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t a p[]ful plea has rec5tly be5 made = ! m effective end[m5t ( ! tea*+ ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,if a popul> sci5ce article s]ves none ( ^! ?ree purposes1 x mu/ inevitably be no?+ b ! description ( a 8m>vel40 ,9 compet5t h&s ?is may be agreeable en\gh2 ! appetite = m>vels is vigor\s & univ]sal1 & its indulg5ce _c be condemn$ z a vice4 ,to look at a m>vel = ! pleasure ( gap+ is n1 h[ev]1 a v intellig5t occupation1 &1 to judge f ! numb] & k9d ( ph5om5a unhesitat+ly ascrib$ to 8! electricity 9 ! air10 m]ely increases cr$ulity4 ,reg>d$ z a m>vel1 wireless telegraphy is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely a miracle1 a fact ext5sively exploit$ by spirituali/s4 ,! human t5d5cy to seize on ! m]ely m>vell\s %\ld1 9 fact1 be c>efully all[$ = by ! writ] ( popul> sci5ce articles2 he %\ld1 if any?+1 be ev5 m res]v$ & p$antically precise ?an :5 address+ a sci5tific audi5ce2 an incauti\sly flamboyant rem>k is v likely to be seiz$ ^u to support "s prepo/]\s philosophy or religion4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! popul> sci5ce writ] yields to ! temptation1 to pat] 8 audi5ce1 to make himself m readable1 z readability is n[ und]/ood1 & s he may1 :ile speak+ ! tru?1 h all ! effect ( tell+ a lie4 ,?us ! division betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! quack sci5ce article is n1 9 practice1 cle>ly def9$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! writ]s is def9ite en\gh2 b x is writ] & public toge!r :i* make ! popul> sci5ce article4 ,lack ( education is j z great a h9drance to p]ception z is lack ( s5sitiv5ess4 ,! poet may be subtly & completely misund]/ood because 8 audi5ce lacks s5sitiv5ess1 &1 to comp>e small ?+s ) great1 ! consci5ti\s retail] ( sci5tific in=mation may be 9 a l case = a diff]5t reason4 ,s t if x is true t ! be/ type ( poetry is t writt5 by ! poet 8= himself10 x is p]haps true t ! be/ type ( popul> sci5ce article is writt5 = a simil> reason--because ! writ] is g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 work+ out c]ta9 speculations or treat+ c]ta9 facts 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,"s ( ! v be/ popul> articles--^? by ,helmholtz1 = example--are ( ?is k9d1 & h a*iev$ a relative immortality1 al?\gh1 l ! poetry :i* is read *iefly by poets1 !y are probably read *iefly by sci5tific m54 ,,pati5t ,,plodd]s ,x is a melan*oly fact t ! e/imable qualities ( pati5ce & indu/ry d n1 by !mselves1 enable _! possessor to atta9 em95ce 9 ! arts4 ,!re is v good reason to suppose t "*1 p>ticul>ly a c]ta9 simple type ( integrity & s9c]ity1 is necess>y to great arti/ic a*ievem5t1 b x is c]ta9 t su* gifts are n suffici5t2 !y mu/ be alli$ ) v unusual m5tal qualities4 ,9 ! sci5ces1 h[ev]1 we (t5 f9d "w ( v great importance be+ p]=m$ by m5 ( q av]age intellig5ce1 b ( exceptional t5acity4 ,a pure he>t seems to be all t is necess>y4 ,?is is n true1 ( c\rse1 ( ! ma!matical sci5ces--ma!maticians1 l musicians1 are 8born0--b x is v obvi\sly true ( :at are call$ ! 8obs]vational0 sci5ces4 ,a hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 9 p>ticul>1 is int]e/+ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! fact t ! :ole ( our k ( ! heav5s comes ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight1 & t we _c exp]im5t1 9 ! ord9>y way1 ^u ! heav5ly bodies1 means t ! pati5t obs]v]1 by m]ely accumulat+ obs]vations1 is p]=m+ an absolutely ess5tial function4 ,!re is no o!r subject :i* yields su* ri* rew>ds to m]e pati5ce4 ,!re is no o!r subject :i* has s long a record ( valuable discov]ies a*iev$ by purely av]age ability4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice h[ (t5 a telescope & a capacity = sitt+ /ill h made _! own]s immortal4 ,9 ! region ( /ell> a/ronomy ! m9ut5ess ( ! ph5om5a :i* may be obs]v$ has n>r[$ possible competitors to ^? possess+ l>ge in/rum5ts1 & t usually means public in/itutions & pr(essional a/ronom]s4 ,b ! hi/ory ( our k ( ! ne>] heav5ly bodies1 ! sun1 ! planets & ! moon1 owes mu* to ! indu/ri\s amateur4 ,no hi/ory ( planet>y & lun> discov]ies w\ld be complete )\t m5tion ( ,s*rt]1 ! 8,ob]amtmann0 ( ,lili5?al1 :o wat*$ ! moon & planets incessantly = ?irty-f\r ye>s ) a pati5ce only equall$ by 8 en?usiasm4 ,he di$ ( a 8brok5 he>t10 ! result ( a ,fr5* atrocity1 = aft] fir+1 on ! night ( ,april #bj1 #ahac1 ! ,vale ( ,lilies & !reby de/roy+1 among/ o!r ?+s1 ! :ole ( ,s*rt]'s books & writ+s1 ! ,fr5* army "u ,v&amme broke into & pillag$ 8 obs]vatory4 ,! old man1 !n sixty-eight ye>s ( age1 _h n ! means to repair ! cata/rophe1 &1 depriv$ ( 8 "o great int]e/1 he di$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 leav+1 among/ 8 publi%$ works1 "s ( ! mo/ long-w9d$ & ent]ta9+ obs]vations 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,b al?\gh ,s*rt] is und\bt$ly ! mo/ amus+ ( all amateur obs]v]s1 he has _h 8 prototypes 9 all c\ntries4 ,francis ,baily1 ! 8philosoph] ( ,newbury10 is a good example ( our m sob] ,engli% product4 ,we may h d\bts z to :at sort ( *ief magi/rate old ,s*rt] 01 b we "k t ,baily took 8 pr(ession ( /ockbrok+ ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness4 ,he did n all[ a/ronomy to int]f]e ) bus9ess4 ,beg9n+ 9 #agii1 he rema9$ on ! ,/ock ,ex*ange 9 ,london = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 devot+ 8 leisure l>gely to sol> obs]vations1 p>ticul>ly ^? connect$ ) eclipses4 ,x is ) two ( ^! ph5om5a1 ! fir/ annul>1 a r+ ( ! sun be+ visible r\nd ! moon1 & ! second total1 t ,baily's "n is p>ticul>ly associat$1 9 ea* case = ! vivid & accurate acc\nt he gave ( :at he witness$4 ,! fir/ ph5om5on1 a r+ ( bright po9ts ext5d+ r\nd t "p ( ! moon's circumf]5ce :i* has j ent]$ on ! sol> disc1 is m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! lun> edge be+ s]rat$ ) m\nta9s4 ,^! 8,baily's beads10 z !y 7 call$1 7 successful1 h[ev]1 9 /imulat+ int]e/ 9 ! physical aspect ( eclipses1 ) ! result t ! next total eclipse1 t ( #ahdb1 0 look$ = ) an unprec$5t$ degree ( en?usiasm4 ,a/ronom]s l ,airy1 ,otto ,/ruve & ,arago travell$ to ,c5tral or ,s\!rn ,europe to obs]ve ! eclipse1 & ! indefatigable ,mr4 ,baily accompani$ !m4 ,he fitt$ up 8 telescope 9 an upp] room ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia4 ,! result 0 magnific5t4 ,at ! in/ant ( totality ! sun appe>$ decorat$ ) a glori\s aurole1 ! fam\s corona4 ,x 0 n1 ( c\rse1 an unkn[n ph5om5on1 b x _h nev] be=e excit$ s mu* att5tion4 ,mr4 ,baily1 9 p>ticul>1 0 mov$ to write a mo/ eloqu5t description ( ?is flam+ object4 ,he calls x spl5did & a/oni%+1 b cont9ues3 8,yet ,i mu/ confess t !re 0 at ! same "t some?+ 9 its s+ul> & wond]ful appe>ance t 0 appall+2 & ,i c readily imag9e t uncivilis$ nations may occasionally h become al>m$ & t]rifi$ at su* an object44440 ,besides be+ a speciali/ on eclipses1 ,baily 0 an untir+ editor ( />-catalogues1 & he also made no few] ?an #b1aec labori\s exp]im5ts1 on ,cav5di%'s me?od1 to det]m9e ! d5sity ( ! e>?4 ,he 0 inde$ a zeal\s work] 9 :at ,sir ,john ,h]s*el call$ ! 8ar*ology ( a/ronomy40 ,he 0 not$ = 8 unv>y+ heal?1 undi/urb$ equanimity & me?odical habits4 ,ano!r te/imonial to ! importance ( su* qualities 9 a/ronomical discov]y is furni%$ by ! c>e] ( ,he9ri* ,s*wabe1 ( ,dessau4 ,9 ! hope ( escap+ 8 fate z an apo!c>y he b\ght a small telescope 9 #ahbf1 & began to obs]ve ! sun1 be+ advis$ to d s by a fri5d4 ,he cont9u$ to obs]ve ! sun daily 7wea!r & heal? p]mitt+7 = =ty-?ree ye>s4 ,e day he c\nt$ ! numb] ( spots visible on ! surface ( ! sun4 ,x 0 a simple occupation1 b x l$ to important consequ5ces4 ,8 imm5se record ( sun-spot /ati/ics %[$ t ! increase & decrease 9 ! numb] ( sun-spots did n occur 9 a r&om mann]1 b fell into p]iods1 maxima alt]nat+ ) m9ima1 a complete p]iod occupy+ ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,?is figure has be5 modifi$ s9ce1 b ! fact ( sun-spot p]iodicity is e/abli%$ & is at ! pres5t "t "o ( ! mo/ sugge/ive & probably f>-rea*+ ( sol> ph5om5a4 ,s*wabe display$ no /rik+ quality ( m9d or "* beyond an almo/ incompreh5sible pati5ce4 ,he 0 buoy$ up 9 8 spot-c\nt+1 h[ev]1 by ! hope ( discov]+ a planet betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun1 & 9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 ! t9y disc ( ! planet cross+ ! face ( ! sun & a sun-spot1 he f\nd x necess>y1 9 virtue ( 8 in/rum5tal equipm5t1 to c\nt ! spots4 ,:5 he f\nd t1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is pa/ime1 he 0 _w-fam\s1 he lik5$ himself to ,saul :o1 go+ =? to seek 8 fa!r's asses1 discov]$ a k+dom4 ,8 magnific5t s]5ity ( body & m9d enabl$ him to atta9 ! age ( eighty-six4 ,"p ( 8 mantle fell on ,ri*>d ,c>r+ton 7born #ahbf71 :o built an obs]vatory at ,r$hill ) ! int5tion ( devot+ himself to a /udy ( sun-spots ?r\gh\t a complete cycle4 ,he fail$ to f9i% ! cycle completely1 z ! dea? ( 8 fa!r made x necess>y = him to div]t 8 en]gies to controll+ a brew]y4 ,he a*iev$ results ( great importance1 h[ev]4 ,8 obs]vations 7 conc]n$ ) ! positions & movem5ts ( ! spots1 & f a s]ies ( #e1bij su* obs]vations he 0 enabl$1 among/ o!r ?+s1 to cle> up ! unc]ta9ties att5d+ ! p]iod ( rotation ( ! sun4 ,galileo1 app>5tly n appreciat+ ! importance ( ! matt]1 _h said t ! sun rotat$ 9 8ab\t a lun> mon?10 & a numb] ( o!r obs]v]s gave figures v>y+ f #bg to #be days4 ,c>r+ton illum9at$ ?is d>kness by rem>k+ t !re is no s+le p]iod ( rotation = ! sun4 ,! pol> regions rotate m sl[ly ?an ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! equator2 ! equator rotates 9 a little less ?an tw5ty-five days1 :ile 9 latitude #ej ! p]iod is tw5ty-sev5 & a-half days4 ,?us ! my/]y 0 cle>$ up & a fre% direction giv5 to sol> inve/igation4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ,a/ronomy /ill (f]s su* rew>ds to indu/ry4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t x /ill yields m to "*1 z di/+ui%$ f ability1 ?an any o!r sci5ce1 & incomp>ably m1 alas6 ?an ! arts4 ,,! ,,amateur ,,a/ronom] ,! indiff]5ce ( ! ,engli%man is1 consid]$ pragmatically1 ! same ?+ z tol]ance4 ,x be/[s fre$om & leaves e man1 )9 fairly wide limits1 at ease to pursue 8 b5t4 ,!re is d\btless a relation betwe5 ?is ,engli% *>act]i/ic & ! fact t ,engl&1 above any o!r c\ntry1 is ! home ( ! amateur4 ,9 ,engl&1 comp>$ ) ! ,cont95t1 !re are comp>atively few m5 ^: dom9ant activity is _! exclusive activity4 ,!re are _m fair speciali/s1 b !re are few specialis$ m54 ,!re are c\ntries su* z ,france1 :]e ! ,geme9platz ( intellig5t m5 is probably l>g] & m ri*ly furni%$ ?an x is 9 ,engl&1 b x is comp>atively difficult to meet ! type ( man :o is an em95t lawy]1 an au?ority on ,ea/]n poisons1 & a really good judge ( horsefle%4 ,su* manife/ations ( a national quality may sometimes appe> almo/ grotesque1 b we believe t ! quality ( :i* !y are p>tial manife/ations is ! mo/ spl5did & individual *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% intellect4 ,x is n a quality :i* produces _m ?rice-arm$ speciali/s1 b x is a quality :i* produces a great numb] ( amateurs4 ,! ,engli% amateur 9 ! arts belongs to a family well wor? consid]ation1 b our m imm$iate conc]n is ) ! amateur 9 sci5ce4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! sci5tific amateur ab\nd$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! "t ( ,huxley & 8 contempor>ies1 z we see f _! lett]s1 amateur zoologi/s1 botani/s1 &1 m r>ely1 amateur ma!maticians & physici/s1 7 scatt]$ all ov] ,engl& & occasionally _h some?+ ( int]e/1 or ev5 ( value1 to report4 ,9 ! days :5 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor edit$ ,k ! c\ntry seem$ to be full ( rev]5d g5tlem5 :o own$ small obs]vatories & home-made telescopes4 ,?is l>ge & int]e/+ family seems n[ to be mak+ t[>ds ext9ction4 ,! increas+ complexity ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 to say no?+ ( ! v>iety & co/ ( mod]n app>atus1 has made any?+ b trifl+ discov]ies difficult to ! v]ge ( impossibility = an amateur equipm5t4 ,p]haps ! amateur :o has suff]$ lea/ f ^! *anges is ! amateur a/ronom]4 ,!re is good reason = suppos+ t 8 numb]s h increas$4 ,9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce ! ,engli% amateur has always be5 p>ticul>ly /rong1 & ?is _c be attribut$ to ! (ficial enc\ragem5t accord$ a/ronomy 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are _m m amateur a/ronom]s 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,france1 al?\gh a/ronomy c\nts = m 9 ,france ?an 9 ,engl&1 & al?\gh1 s9ce ,newton1 ,france has play$ ! lead+ rle 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,! popul>ity ( amateur a/ronomy 9 ,engl& c]ta9ly ne$s explanation1 = x is a pursuit att5d$ by _m disappo9tm5ts 9 s caprici\s a climate1 & ,engli%m5 h few opportunities ( see+ a really impressive display ( />s4 ,p]haps ! ,engli%man is suffici5t ( a ,nor!rn] to be pr(\ndly attract$ by ! %e] va/ness & ! my/]y ( /ell> ph5om5a4 ,!n ! actual telescope & its accessories probably appeal to ! ,engli% love ( me*anism4 ,!re are few in/rum5ts m delightful 9 !mselves ?an a prop]ly m\nt$ telescope ( mod]ate ap]ture4 ,its adju/m5t af=ds a pleasure z ref9$ z t giv5 by op]at+ a small h& pr9t+-press1 & sup]ior to t ( m5d+ a bicycle4 ,e telescope has its di/9ctive 8p]=mance10 & "o c gr[ z en?usia/ically p>tisan ab\t makes ( telescopes z "o c ab\t makes ( motor-c>s or pianos4 ,:e!r or n ^! be ! reasons x is c]ta9 t a/ronomy is ! sci5ce :i* mo/ attracts ! ,engli% amateur4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,briti% ,a/ronomical ,association1 an amateur society ) "s hundr$s ( memb]s1 is suffici5t pro( ( ?is4 ,x w\ld p]haps be difficult to ju/ify by ! results ! am\nt ( "t & money sp5t 9 amateur />gaz+1 if "o e/imat$ results f ! sev]e /&po9t ( ! pr(essional a/ronom]4 ,b if "o adopts a broad] outlook & e/imates ! results 9 r m human t]ms1 !n !re is probably no pursuit :i* af=ds m innoc5t pleasure & provides1 9 itself1 a m lib]al education4 ,x is said t ! va/ photographic telescopes ( ! pres5t day h r5d]$ ! small in/rum5t valueless4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,h9ks1 9 8 excell5t volume ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 says t ! w\ld-be amateur w\ld d well to hesitate be=e buy+ a small telescope1 & t a measur+ ma*9e1 to measure photographs tak5 by big in/rum5ts1 w\ld be a f> bett] inve/m5t4 ,?is is ! sev]ely pr(essional po9t ( view2 x is to mi/ake ! psy*ology ( ! amateur obs]v]4 ,! amateur likes to ?9k t he might "s day make a discov]y1 b t is only by ! way4 ,8 real joy is 9 do+ precisely :at ! pr(essional _c d1 & t is to enjoy ! spectacle ( ! heav5s4 ,! ord9>y run ( "w 9 a big obs]vatory is n mu* m excit+ ?an "w 9 an ord9>y bus9ess (fice4 ,to sit up half ! night measur+ photographs w\ld conceivably add to sci5tific k1 & !re are d\btless /]n m5 :o are will+ to d x4 ,^!1 l comput]s1 are ! m>tyrs ( sci5ce4 ,! av]age amateur w cont9ue to pref] 8 pres5t pleasant1 if ineffectual1 me?od ( add+ to sci5tific k4 ,x is to be fe>$ t1 z "o result ( ! w>1 ?is amiable occupation w decl9e4 ,a little be=e ! w> ! amateur c\ld pur*ase a mode/ b ?or\ghly good1 in/rum5t at a reasonable price4 ,! same in/rum5t to-day w\ld co/ at lea/ twice z mu*1 & !re w\ld probably be an int]val ( sev]al mon?s betwe5 ! ord] & ! deliv]y4 ,"o l>ge firm ( optical in/rum5t mak]s ann\nces t x is n n[ mak+ a/ronomical telescopes at all4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 a/ronomy is ent]+ on p]haps ! mo/ pregnant phase 9 its hi/ory1 & :5 m5 are m ?an ev] attract$ by any?+ :i* promises escape f ! fret ( daily life1 ?is less5+ ( ! opportunities = acqua9tance ) ! mo/ s]5e ( ! sci5ces is a m9or calamity4 ,! decl9e 9 amateur a/ronomy w probably h no appreciable reaction on ! progress ( sci5ce1 b x w lead to a real1 if small decrease 9 ! intellectual pleasures & spiritual weal? ( ! nation4 ,,sci5tific ,,citiz5s ,x w\ld be an ent]ta9+ pursuit to compile ! *>act]i/ics ( ! man ( sci5ce--usually a ,pr(essor--z he is depict$ 9 popul> fiction1 on ! /age1 & 9 ! writ+s ( exasp]at$ cons]vatives 9 religi\s & social matt]s4 ,x w\ld be f\nd t ^! *>act]i/ics comb9e to give "o dom9ant & entirely untru?ful impression3 ! man ( sci5ce is repres5t$ z be+ sci5tific on all occasions4 ,we may ignore ! inf]ior s*ool t portrays him z be+ con/antly obsess$ by 8 "w--l ,dick5s' le>n$ g5tleman :o mi/ook ! nature ( a d>k lant]n--& conf9e our att5tion to ! ,pr(essor :o is repres5t$1 n z imbecile1 b m]ely z homog5e\s4 ,?is imag9>y individual is nev] to be div]t$ f 8 passion = precise /atem5t & /rictly logical inf]5ce4 ,:e!r ! subject be politics or ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 he br+s ! same prelim9>y scepticism1 ! same dem&s = v]ification1 t he c>ries into 8 sci5tific rese>*es4 ,z we h said1 ?is picture is untru?ful2 we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ?is is an un=tunate fact1 & t x is highly desirable t m5 ( sci5ce %\ld beg9 to live up to ! /ory-tell]'s conception ( !m4 ,we ?9k t1 at ! pres5t /age ( man's evolution1 sci5ce is ! "o activity 9 :i* he displays himself z a truly rational creature4 ,! reason is1 ( c\rse1 t success is grant$ on no o!r t]ms2 9 ev]y?+ else1 philosophy1 !ology1 politics1 reason is usually ! h&maid to prejudice4 ,! p5alties t visit error 9 ^! fields are n s swift nor s unambigu\s4 ,! ideal ( tru?fulness is probably m rigor\s ) ! sci5ti/1 qua sci5ti/1 ?an ) any o!r k9d ( man4 ,b x w\ld appe> t ?is dispassionate rationality is h>dly won & prec>i\sly ma9ta9$4 ,outside 8 laboratory ! sci5ti/ may1 & usually does1 %[ himself z simple1 z k9dly1 z cr$ul\s1 z irrational z any o!r man4 ,on ,bol%evism1 ,dise/abli%m5t1 ! ,morality ( ! ,public ,p>ks1 8 op9ions w be indi/+ui%able f ^? ( any o!r com=table memb] ( ! l[] middle class2 t is to say t op9ions on all su* matt]s are 8di/ribut$0 among/ sci5tific m5 accord+ to ! same /ati/ical rules z !y are di/ribut$ among/ ord9>y citiz5s4 ,outside _! views on purely sci5tific matt]s !re is no?+ *>act]i/ic ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! ,royal ,society may conceivably issue a unanim\s report on "s sci5tific matt]2 x w\ld issue a unanim\s report on no?+ else :atev]4 ,n[ on ! assumption t m5 ( sci5ce are truly rational be+s ?is is a v /range /ate ( affairs4 ,dispassionate attempts to sift evid5ce1 to argue correctly & to base judgm5ts solely on ! outcome ( ^! processes c\ld h>dly result 9 s rem>kable a multiplicity ( op9ions4 ,we mu/ assume t1 = sci5tific m5 z a body1 _! 8sci5tific0 me?ods ( ?\ght function only )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,z a di/9ct community !y are f> less coh]5t ?an1 = in/ance1 ! community ( arti/s--musicians1 poets1 pa9t]s4 ,! community ( arti/s1 ) ! exception ( a few prosp]\s memb]s1 exhibits a really rem>kable homog5eity 9 matt]s outside art4 ,d\btless ?is homog5eity is bas$ on feel+--unless we are prep>$ to admit t arti/s1 z a :ole1 are m rational ?an are m5 ( sci5ce--& x is probable t ! sci5ti/'s diff]5ce f 8 fell[-citiz5s is m an intellectual ?an an emotional diff]5ce4 ,b x is surpris+ t great] emotional s5sitiv5ess %\ld prove s mu* m p]vasive & dom9at+ a peculi>ity ?an great] intellectual subtlety4 ,x is "t t m5 ( sci5ce assum$ a great] position 9 ! g5]al community4 ,if a sci5tific tra9+ has a ti! ( ! g5]al educational value t is claim$ = x1 x is "t we _h "s evid5ce ( t fact4 ,m5 ( sci5ce mu/ adopt a high] ideal ( p]sonal hon\r4 ,at pres5t ! man :o w conduct a laboratory exp]im5t ) meticul\s precision & describe 8 results 9 an agony ( hone/y w be cont5t to be a prejudic$ obs]v] & a slov5ly & inaccurate ?9k] 9 all o!r matt]s4 ,?is is ! *ief reason1 we are conv9c$1 :y m5 ( sci5ce c\nt = s little 9 public affairs4 ,if ! ,royal ,society elect$ its own memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 :o w\ld bo!r ab\t ! political op9ion s express$8 ,:at great] weight w\ld x h ?an ! political op9ion ( an equal numb] ( mod]ately prosp]\s ord9>y citiz5s8 ,does n ! sci5tific man waggle 8 head j z solemnly ov] 8 morn+ newspap] z does any unsophi/icat$ vot]8 ,we plead = ! developm5t ( a class consci\sness on ! "p ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,we want sci5tific m5 to reg>d _! ideal ( evid5ce1 _! conception ( pro(1 _! really admirable sci5tific deta*m5t1 n m]ely z rules mak+ = success 9 _! p>ticul> game1 b z pr9ciples applicable to e subject t conc]ns a citiz54 ,:y %\ld a man ( sci5ce be m]ely a ,lib]al or a ,cons]vative 9 politics8 ,! alt]native belongs to ! /age ( m5tal developm5t t expla9$ ! mat]ial univ]se by say+ t its mov+ pr9ciple 0 fire1 or1 alt]natively1 wat]4 ,we expect a m sob] contribution to political que/ions f1 say1 a di/+ui%$ physici/1 ?an ! panacea 8,%oot ! m9]s40 ,all ! que/ions on :i* sci5tific m5 n[ adopt 8sides0 z uncritically z any simple dupe ( ! daily press are am5able to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,!y c rea* a solution only by ! application ( sci5tific me?ods1 & ! mod]n _w badly ne$s deliv]ance f ! me?od ( *>ms & incantations by :i* ^! que/ions are at pres5t treat$4 ,h[ long are ^! vital matt]s to rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! wit*-doctors8 ,) sci5tific m5 cont5t to sit 9 ! circle & help beat ! tom-toms :at hope is !re ( real advance f\nd$ on real k8 ,! arti/s _c help u2 !y are useful indicators ( ! value ( ! product1 z x 72 !y look pleas$ or !y look disgu/$1 & t is v helpful 9 %[+ u :]e we are4 ,x is ! sci5tific man :o mu/ %[ u h[ to g some:]e else4 ,s we plead = ! consci\s =mation ( a community ( m5 ( sci5ce1 = sci5tific m5 :o are at lea/ z p]vasively & con/antly sci5tific z a good ,jesuit is ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,,! ,,sceptic ,,& ,,! ,,spirits ,x is only y\? t has ! en]gy to be bo!r$ ) ev]y?+4 ,!re comes a "t :5 "o's m9d is 8made up0 on all sorts ( ?+s t 7 once matt]s ( inquiry2 we h pr(it$ by exp]i5ce2 we "k t "s ?+s are n wor? inve/igat+4 ,x is "o ( ! m>vell\s laws ( gr[? t ?is increase 9 wisdom %\ld accompany physical decay4 ,z our tee? & hair />t to fall out our judgm5t gr[s rip]4 ,! law ( gr[? is n really z simple z ?is1 = !re are _m silly old m5 & !re are "o or two wise y\?s4 ,! ri*1 mell[1 balanc$ p]iod is nev] rea*$ by "s p3 ,solomon1 on ! o!r h&1 0 not$ = 8 wisdom :ile /ill a "y man4 ,!re is1 x mu/ be admitt$1 some?+ me*anical ab\t old m5's wisdom4 ,tru? is "o1 ( c\rse1 s t we %\ld expect a c]ta9 unanimity4 ,! answ]s ( ! old c usually be pr$ict$4 ,wisdom c be simulat$2 all t "o lacks is ! conviction1 ! _s t animates ! lett]4 ,deep conviction is a v impressive quality1 especially to y\?1 :i* secretly d\bts ev]y?+4 ,! man ( /rong convictions is a cause ( optimism 9 o!rs1 = life w\ld appe> a sad *eat if ! paym5t = sixty ye>s ( x did n include "o c]ta9ty4 ,y\?'s c]ta9ties make z mu* noise1 b ev]ybody detects ! bluff4 ,a fe>ful man %\ts to he>t5 himself1 z all ! _w kn[s4 ,betwe5 ! c]ta9ties ( y\? & age !re is scepticism1 a f9e fleur ( brief life1 an exquisite temp]+ ( ! s\l1 nei!r too s(t nor too h>d1 an inf9ite flexibility4 ,x is a /ate ( int5se activity2 life liv$ at ?is pace _c long endure2 ! tir$ _s relaxes & "o f9ds re/ ei!r 9 cr$ulity or 9 dogmatism1 accid5t det]m9+ :i* attitude af=ds ! s\nde/ slumb]4 ,x is n always easy to detect ! true sceptic2 t hon\rable title has (t5 be5 wrongly be/[$--,voltaire1 = in/ance1 0 a dogmati/4 ,sceptics exi/ 9 all ages1 b !y are m cle>ly reveal$ at ^? p]iods t see ! bir? ( "s new inquiry4 ,x is ess5tial to _! indubitable manife/ation t ! inquiry %\ld be att5d$ by ! passionate int]e/ ( a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,at ! pres5t day a v good te/ inquiry is spiritualism4 ,x is a v mu* bett] te/ ?an ,free ,trade & ,t>iff ,re=m1 =1 ow+ to its comp>ative remot5ess1 ! true sceptic ( t alt]native might live & die 9 obscurity4 ,b spiritualism is a subject on :i* no "o is g5u9ely indiff]5t & t[>ds :i* h>dly anyone is g5u9ely sceptical4 ,dispassionate inquiry on ?is1 z on all matt]s :]e human int]e/s are /rongly engag$1 is usually a pret5ce4 ,we ne$ n suppose t ! great ones ( ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society are less cr$ul\s ?an ! majority ( believ]s or less intol]ant ?an _! l\d] oppon5ts2 x is m]ely t1 _! traditions be+ sci5tific1 !y h bett] mann]s4 ,psy*ical lit]ature1 z a :ole1 is z we>isome z !ological lit]ature1 z incr$ible b less amus+ ?an ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,we lack ! quality1 be x fai?1 hope or *>ity1 :i* w\ld enable u to %>e ^! /range excitem5ts4 ,! 8expos]s10 on ! o!r h&1 are too /urdy 9 _! common s5se4 ,we he> ! mallet fall1 b we are n always sure t ! egg%ell is brok54 ,x is a situation = ! sceptic4 ,9 ! late ,"l ,rayleigh's presid5tial address to ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society we f9d t ! sceptic has at la/ appe>$4 ,x is m]ely a record ( 8 own exp]i5ces1 v pla91 v simple1 &1 l ! exp]i5ces !mselves1 s+ul>ly elusive4 ,_m ye>s ago1 9 a fri5d's rooms at ,cambridge1 he witness$ an exhibition ( ! p[]s ( ,madame ,c>d1 ! hypnoti/4 ,:5 %e _h complet$ h] passes ov] ! clos$ eyes ( ^? pres5t %e ask$ !m to op5 _! eyes4 8,i & "s o!rs exp]i5c$ no difficulty2 & naturally %e disc>d$ u & develop$ h] p[]s ov] ^?--ab\t half ! sitt]s--:o _h fail$ or f\nd difficulty40 ,f hypnotism he pass$ to spiritualism1 8 int]e/ ar\s$ by ,sir ,william ,crookes' exp]i5ces4 ,he induc$ ! m$ium1 ,mrs4 ,j5ck51 & h] husb&1 to visit 8 c\ntry h\se z gue/s4 ,he describes ! results z disappo9t+3 ,i d n mean t v little happ5$1 or t :at did happ5 0 always easy to expla94 ,b mo/ ( ! happ5+s 7 trifl+1 & n su* z to preclude ! idea ( trick]y4 ,"o's coat-tails w\ld be pull$1 pap] cutt]s1 etc41 w\ld fly ab\t1 knocks w\ld %ake our *airs1 & s on4 ,i d n c\nt messages1 usually ( no int]e/1 :i* 7 spelt out alphabetically by raps t seem$ to come f ! neighb\rhood ( ! m$ium's feet4 ,p]haps :at /ruck u mo/ 7 lights :i* on "o or two occasions float$ ab\t4 ,!y 7 real en\gh1 b r difficult to locate1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k !y 7 ev] m ?an six or eight feet away f u4 ,ano!r incid5t 0 ! gradual tipp+ ov] ( a r heavy table at :i* !y _h be5 sitt+4 8,mrs4 ,j5ck51 z well z ourselves i4e4 ,lady ,rayleigh & himself4 ,! husb& 0 n admitt$ to ^! sances 0 app>5tly /&+ q cle> ( x40 ,he f\nd x v difficult to reproduce ! ph5om5on himself1 us+ bo? h&s4 ,he endeav\r$ to 8improve0 ! conditions = "s exp]im5ts4 ,aft] be+ %[n "s writ+1 8suppos$ to be _s writ+10 he arrang$ pap] & p5cils inside a l>ge glass retort1 :i* he !n h]metically seal$4 ,no?+ !n appe>$ on ! pap] at ^! sances4 8,possibly ?is 0 too mu* to expect4 ,i may add t on rec5tly inspect+ ! retort ,i f9d t ! opportunity has rema9$ neglect$ = =ty-five ye>s40 ,& s he has left ! matt]4 ,! exp]i5ces 7 c]ta9ly /range1 yes1 b 9 8 judgm5t1 n /range en\gh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he is reluctant to believe !y 7 due to fraud1 & he is q conv9c$ t he 0 n a victim ( halluc9ations4 ,if ,mrs4 ,j5ck5 7 a clev] fraud 8h] act+ 0 z wond]ful z h] conjur+40 ,%e practically nev] made an intellig5t rem>k on any occasion4 8,h] int]e/s seem$ to be limit$ to ! spirits & h] baby40 ,9 inve/igat+ ?is subject he f9ds t ! attitude ( conv9c$ believ]s makes a difficulty4 ,!y 8take no pa9s ov] ! details ( evid5ce on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds40 ,o!rs attribute all ^! ph5om5a to ! devil & w h no?+ to d ) !m4 8,i h sometimes po9t$ out t if dur+ ! long h\rs ( sances we c\ld keep ! devil occupi$ 9 s comp>atively h>mless a mann] we des]v$ well ( our neighb\rs40 ,! g5]al disbelief 9 sci5tific circles t meteorites really came f out] space occurs to him4 ,?is disbelief 0 due1 he po9ts out1 to ! impossibility ( produc+ ! ph5om5a at pleasure 9 our laboratories4 ,nev]!less1 ! disbelief 0 unju/ifi$4 ,_s manife/ations may be1 he ?9ks1 j su* sporadic ph5om5a4 ,! situation is made worse by ! fact t !re has und\bt$ly be5 a great deal ( fraud 9 connection ) spirituali/ ph5om5a4 ,eusapia ,pallad9o1 = in/ance1 und\bt$ly practis$ deception1 8b t is n ! la/ ^w40 ,telepa?y puzzles him4 ,if !re is su* a means ( communication1 :y %\ld ,nature h adopt$ ! labori\s me?od ( build+ up our v complicat$ s5ses8 ,an antelope 9 dang] f a lion1 = in/ance1 dep5ds on 8 s5ses & spe$4 8,b w\ld x n be simpl] if he c\ld "k some?+ telepa?ically ( ! lion's int5tion1 ev5 if x 7 no m ?an vague appreh5sion w>n+ him to be on ! move80 ,he advises ! society to cont9ue _! inve/igations1 & m5tions t x is quality1 n quantity1 t is s desirable 9 evid5ce4 ,he concludes by say+ t he fe>s 8 attitude1 or want ( attitude1 w be disappo9t+ to "s memb]s ( ! society4 ,he sugge/s t aft] =ty-five ye>s ( hesitation 8x may require "s p]sonal exp]i5ce ( a compell+ k9d to break ! cru/40 ,he apologises = ?is4 8,"s ( ^? :o "k me be/ ?9k t ,i ought to be m conv9c$ ?an ,i am4 ,p]haps !y are "r40 ,!re he leaves u4 ,we d n believe m or disbelieve less1 yet we are completely satisfi$4 ,8 massive s9c]ity1 8 obvi\s compet5ce &1 above all1 t impression ( exquisite balance1 h *>m$ u4 ,s f> z pres5t evid5ce is conc]n$ we feel t :ile he has said no?+ he has also said ! la/ ^w4 ,t is ! function ( ! sceptic4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,m9d ,x is q common1 9 read+ & 9 conv]sation1 to f9d ref]5ces to ! 8sci5tific m9d10 b x is difficult to asc]ta9 precisely h[ ?is m5tal /ructure is suppos$ to diff] f o!r sorts ( m9d4 ,! difficulty ( def9+ an object does n1 p]haps1 affect ! probability ( ! exi/5ce ( ! object2 al?\gh x is difficult = "s p to refra9 f conclud+ t because a man _c def9e :at he means he does n mean any?+4 ,we mu/ suppose t !re is "s p>ticul> k9d ( m9d call$ ! sci5tific m9d1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! num]\s ref]5ces to x tell u little ab\t x except t x is some:at ext5sively dislik$4 ,s f> z c be judg$ f a sup]ficial comp>ison ( diff]5t ref]5ces1 ! 8sci5tific m9d0 is *>act]is$ by an inord9ate appetite = facts & an abs5ce ( g5]osity 9 draw+ conclusions f facts4 ,9 ord9>y times ?is abs5ce ( g5]osity is dismiss$ by mo/ p z quibbl+1 :ile 9 "t ( w> x becomes unpatriotic4 ,dur+ ! w> e ,engli%man 0 suppos$ to believe a great numb] ( ?+s on v sl5d] evid5ce or ev5 on no evid5ce4 ,x 0 consid]$ t a "r patriotic feel+ n only c\ld1 b %\ld1 supply ! place ( evid5ce1 & lead to correct conclusions4 ,! majority ( p 9 e class ( ! community f\nd !mselves able to adopt ?is me?od ( ?\ght )\t discom=t1 & x became evid5t t ! sci5tific m9d is z r>e among/ sci5tific m5 z among/ any o!r m51 :ile ^? :o c\ld n give ?is supreme pro( ( patriotism 7 f\nd pretty ev5ly di/ribut$ among/ ! diff]5t classes4 ,z a type ( m9d1 !re=e1 x is n peculi> to sci5tific m5 nor d !y all possess x4 ,x _c be reg>d$ z a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?is class4 ,b :ile a j1 cauti\s temp]am5t ne$ n belong to ! man ( sci5ce z a human be+1 x might be ?\ght t1 z a m5tal habit1 x is necess>y to 8 "w4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is1 al?\gh x is n :olly true4 ,alt]native explanations are n always explor$ by sci5ti/s1 & if1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! alt]native explanations are wrong1 ! sci5tific man may h rea*$ a correct result al?\gh he work$ 9 a p>tisan _s4 ,b :ile ! *>act]i/ics ( :at is popul>ly kn[n z ! sci5tific m9d are n peculi> to sci5tific m51 x is true t1 9 _! actual sci5tific "w1 ^! *>act]i/ics h a great] survival value ?an !y possess 9 almo/ any o!r k9d ( "w4 ,! ext5t to :i* m5tal habits may be local1 conf9$ to "s only ( a man's m5tal activities1 has be5 made app>5t by ! w>4 ,! majority ( m5's m9ds are split up into wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 9 a way truly a/oni%+1 & ! v>i\s eloqu5t addresses on ! moral value ( sci5tific /udies n[ make melan*oly read+4 ,we mu/ assume ( sci5tific m51 z ( any o!r class1 t su* qualities ( fairness & delib]ation z !y exhibit 9 _! "w are impos$ ^u !m z conditions ( success1 & are n1 9 g5]al1 ! natural manife/ations ( an exceptionally delicate moral s5sibility4 ,if we adopt ,william ,james' classification ( human be+s into t5d]-m9d$ & t\gh-m9d$ ! divid+ l9e runs ?r\gh ! sci5tific camp z ?r\gh any o!r4 ,we see ?is mo/ cle>ly 9 ! case ( ma!maticians1 = ideali/ or empirici/ assumptions seem to be equally reconcilable ) ! results4 ,su* sci5ces z physics & *emi/ry seem1 at fir/ glance1 to be giv5 ov] to ! t\gh-m9d$2 ! (ficial language1 z x 71 is ! language ( ! t\gh-m9d$1 b directly controv]sy arises on a po9t hav+ philosophical be>+s we see ! di*otomy e/abli% itself4 ,nev]!less1 x rema9s true t :ile sci5tific m51 z human be+s1 are ( all sorts1 !y d exhibit1 9 _! own "w1 a degree ( m5tal hone/y :i* is unusual4 ,x is easy to see t ?is virtue1 at any rate1 has a /rictly utilit>ian basis4 ,a sci5tific man is hone/ because he _c succe$ on any o!r t]ms 9 ! long run4 ,! exp]im5tal v]ification always looms ahead4 ,he _c1 l ! my/ic :o ma9ta9s 8 op9ion 9 face ( ! _w1 take refuge 9 ! deep] insight4 ,8 results are communicable & v]ifiable or !y are n sci5ce4 ,philosophies may be con/ruct$ :i* no man c v]ify & no man c refute4 ,_! au?ors may1 ) complete assurance1 rema9 satisfi$ ( _! tru? & lam5t ! univ]sal bl9dness ( mank9d1 j z a poet may pres5t a front ( unconqu]able self-e/eem to ! ignorant d]ision ( ! _w4 ,b ! :ole claim ( sci5ce is t x is communicable & capable ( v]ification4 ,x is f\nd1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 t results ( ?is k9d are n usually obta9$ unless a c]ta9 m5tal habit is fir/ acquir$4 ,x is ?is m5tal habit :i* is usually call$ ! sci5tific m9d4 ,:]e x is ! outcome ( a natural pr$isposition x may be class$ z a moral quality1 &1 z su*1 is n peculi> to1 or widely di/ribut$ among/1 sci5tific m54 ,b z a tool1 z a k9d ( te*nique1 x is ( m obvi\s value & is m ext5sively employ$ 9 ! sci5ces ?an 9 any o!r human activities4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,contribution ,= some?+ l sev5ty ye>s sci5ce has be5 ! dom9ant intellectual activity ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! range ( its mat]ial has greatly increas$ until n[ ! sci5tific me?od is reg>d$ z ! me?od prop] to almo/ any inve/igation4 ,philosophy is /ill a p>tial exception1 b !re is a /rong t5d5cy to reg>d su* philosophic problems z are n susceptible to ! application ( ! sci5tific me?od z be+ ess5tially incapable ( solution1 or else z incorrectly /at$4 ,b al?\gh ! pre/ige ( sci5ce is s great1 & ! g5]al attitude t[>ds x s rev]5tial1 !re is /ill mu* confusion respect+ its function & a*ievem5t4 ,its relations to o!r human int]e/s & activities are n yet cle>ly def9$4 ,! attempts to def9e !m by allott+ to sci5ce its 8sph]e0 h prov$1 9 ! result1 to be s ill-judg$ t x is n[ consid]$ saf] to waive ! "q ( limitations altoge!r4 ,! "q is n settl$4 ,ev]y?+ is left op51 b x is n !re=e assum$ t sci5ce conta9s or w conta9 all we "k or all we ne$ to "k4 ,sci5ce is n yet ! "o object ( our contemplation3 we h a numb] ( int]e/s :i* /ill lead sep>ate lives4 ,! sep>ation is n complete4 ,sci5ce1 if n op5ly1 !n indirectly1 has invad$ e prov9ce ( ! m9d1 & ev5 a mod]n musical composition c\nts ,cop]nicus z well z ,bee?ov5 among/ its ance/ors4 ,b x is admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t we are n usually rem9d$ ( a/ronomy 9 li/5+ to music2 !re is a s5se 9 :i* music1 & _m o!r ?+s1 are autonom\s4 ,b x is int]e/+ to notice t sci5ce1 to a great] ext5t ?an any o!r pursuit1 c be isolat$1 al?\gh its hi/orical direction has be5 influ5c$1 ( c\rse1 by social & political accid5ts4 ,sci5ce has giv5 g5]\sly1 b has tak5 comp>atively little1 & its few borr[+s are 9 process ( be+ h&$ back ) regret z be+1 aft] all1 unsuitable4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! precise nature & ext5t ( ! contribution ( sci5ce to our total /ock8 ,al?\gh we d n int5d its practical applications by ?is "q1 we _c :olly ignore !m4 ,x is impossible completely to sep>ate ! 8mat]ial0 & 8spiritual0 aspects ( life1 & ! sum ( ! practical applications ( sci5ce has ev5 pr(\ndly affect$ mu* ( our ab/ract ?9k+4 ,:]e x has n orig9at$ que/ions x has at lea/ made !m acute1 if by no o!r process ?an by creat+ or trans=m+ social conditions4 ,x is easy to trace ! ance/ry ( :ole s*ools ( social philosophy to ! /eam eng9e & ! dynamo1 & x is probable t ! influ5ce ( future applications w be ev5 m ext5sive4 ,! morality1 art & philosophy (1 = example1 a disease-less _w1 :]e ! av]age span ( human life 0 two or ?ree times its pres5t value1 w\ld c]ta9ly diff] greatly f our own4 ,we _c1 !n1 ignore ! practical applications ( sci5ce1 al?\gh !y are n1 9 !mselves1 p]t95t to our "q4 ,b :5 we turn to consid] ! direct spiritual value ( sci5ce we are consci\s1 at ! outset1 ( "s hesitation4 ,x 0 a common article ( ! ,victorian sci5ti/'s cre$ t sci5tific /udy 01 9 itself1 an 8ennobl+0 & purify+ influ5ce4 ,he /ress$ ! complete deta*m5t requir$1 9 sci5tific rese>*1 f all prepossessions2 ! man ( sci5ce 0 completely c&id1 completely docile 9 face ( ! facts4 ,until "o became z a little *ild x 0 no use ent]+ a laboratory4 ,we h realis$ s9ce !n t sci5tific m5 are human1 & h _! full %>e ( ! un=tunate *>act]i/ics prop] to t /ate4 ,b x rema9s true t ! sci5tific ideal ( deta*m5t & ! sci5tific ideal ( evid5ce are high] ?an ! correspond+ ideals else:]e4 ,9 spite ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by our newspap]s we may1 if we are optimi/s1 believe t sci5ce is gradually infect+ ! :ole community ) its conception ( ^! ideals4 ,if ?is is inde$ ! case x mu/ be c\nt$ a direct & v important moral ga91 z an indisputably valuable contribution :i* may be set ov] aga9/ ^? some:at ambigu\s practical applications4 ,a ?ird contribution is to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge /ore ( /hetic objects provid$ by sci5ce4 ,_m ( its !ories are objects ( surpass+ beauty4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! ma!matical sci5ces--inde$1 !re are a numb] ( ma!maticians :o h felt impell$ to write ( _! sci5ce 9 a k9d ( prose-poetry--b x is almo/ equally true ( su* a sci5ce z ,geology4 ,we c contemplate s*emes :i*1 9 _! own way1 are z all-embrac+ z t ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 & x does n detract f _! /hetic *>m to "k t !y are also true4 ,! processes by :i* ! !ories are obta9$ are (t5 z /hetically important z ! !ories !mselves4 ,a subtle1 elaborate & economical piece ( reason+ (t5 af=ds great /hetic pleasure1 none ! less real because comp>atively few p enjoy x4 ,! fact t ! hi/ory ( a big sci5tific inve/igation1 su* z ! ,electromagnetic ,!ory or ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity1 is n g5]ally reg>d$ z a poem is due m]ely to an accid5t ( language & education4 ,b we h to admit t mo/ p are affect$ by ^! accid5ts1 & t ! /hetic objects provid$ by sci5ce c\nt almo/ z few admir]s z d ! 8beauties0 ( *ess4 ,if we may judge f ! numb] ( popul> books & articles deal+ ) sci5ce1 !re is "s hope1 h[ev]1 t ?is p>ticul> contribution is receiv+ m att5tion4 ,! results ( su* increas$ att5tion w n be simple1 b if x did no m ?an add fre% /hetic objects1 ! contribution w\ld be important4 ,! f\r? contribution ( sci5ce1 bo? 9 itself & = its reaction on o!r int]e/s1 is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all4 ,?is contribution is1 put briefly1 ! light ?r[n by sci5ce on man's place 9 ! univ]se4 ,e bran* ( sci5ce conspires directly to ?is end4 ,) "s ! emphasis is on ! univ]se z di/9ct f man2 o!rs are conc]n$ *iefly ) man himself4 ,to ! g5]al m9d ! result has be5 to make ! univ]se bigg] & man small]1 & ?is is1 p]haps1 no unfair summ>y4 ,x is probably difficult1 aft] he>+ a duet sung by an a/ronom] & a psy*o-analy/1 n to feel depress$4 ,b1 su* z x is1 !re c be no d\bt t any conception ( man's de/9y t is to comm& att5tion mu/ conceive t de/9y z play$ aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! sci5tific cosmos4 ,:e!r ! vision be t ( a prophet1 philosoph] or poet1 x mu/ accept ^? po/ulates4 ,! cosmos reveal$ by sci5ce1 bo? 9 its direct influ5ce ^u ! m9d & 9 its almo/ equally direct influ5ce ^u religion1 philosophy & ! arts1 is ! mo/ important "p ( ! sci5tific contribution to our spiritual life4 ,s f> z philosoph]s & arti/s are conc]n$1 ?is influ5ce is recognis$4 ,x is probably desirable t ! influ5ce ^u philosophy %\ld increase1 b 9 ! case ( ! arti/ we are fac$ ) a special problem4 ,its discussion w\ld be int]e/+1 ! m s 9 view ( ! fact t arti/s !mselves h contribut$ v little t is helpful to its elucidation4 ,we ?9k x ess5tial to its solution to rememb] t ! arti/1 l ! sci5ti/1 />ts ) facts4 ,b ! sy/em )9 :i* ! facts are relat$ is entirely diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,! sci5tific s*eme mu/1 ( c\rse1 be accept$ by ! arti/ en bloc if 8 "w is to be m ?an a pure fantasy4 ,b ?is is v diff]5t f id5tify+ 8 own s*eme ) ! sci5tific s*eme4 ,t is to fail signally to p]ceive ! limitations ( ! sci5tific contribution4 ,an int]e/+ p>ticul> case ( ?is problem is to be f\nd 9 ! "q ( ! "r relations ( ! psy*ological noveli/ to ! sci5ce ( psy*o-analysis4 ,a sci5tific inve/igation is (t51 z we h said1 a "w ( art1 b n necess>ily a "w ( lit]>y art4 ,! sci5tific contribution is v consid]able1 b (f]+s f ! old] b5efactors are /ill gratefully receiv$4 ,,!ories ,,& ,,p]sonalities ,t a sci5tific !ory is1 9 "s s5se1 a p]sonal a*ievem5t1 becomes evid5t :5 we /udy a numb] ( !ories ly+ )9 ! same bran* ( sci5ce4 ,! ord9>y belief t sci5ce is completely imp]sonal is c]ta9ly n true4 ,& yet x is n easy to see h[ a sci5tific !ory c express ! p]sonality ( its au?or2 x is difficult1 t is to say1 to und]/& 9 :at way a sci5tific !ory c resemble a "w ( art4 ,x seems t ! fact t a sci5tific !ory mu/ h 8objective tru?0 r5d]s x an altoge!r diff]5t ?+ f a "w ( art4 ,x w\ld be m j to say t ! elem5t ( objective tru? radically diff]5tiates a sci5tific !ory f ^? works ( art :i* are indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce ( life--z c]ta9 musical compositions may be1 = in/ance4 ,b x is n cle> t1 9 g5]al1 works ( art are indep5d5t ( objective tru?2 all ^? works ( art :i* assume exp]i5ce claim ass5t--!y d1 9 _! int5tion1 claim univ]sal ass5t--to ! tru? ( _! assumptions4 ,! s]i\s arti/ believes 8 p]sonal vision to be true2 he w n1 probably1 claim 8absolute0 tru? = x1 b nei!r does a sci5tific !ory pr(ess to be absolutely true4 ,&1 fur!r1 works ( art & sci5tific !ories exi/ to s]ve ! same purpose--to aid compreh5sion4 ,an arti/'s *ief title to consid]ation is to be f\nd 9 ! dep? & ext5t ( 8 vision1 9 ! pr(undity & range1 t is to say1 ( ! compreh5sion he makes possible4 ,! value ( a sci5tific !ory is judg$ by ! same crit]ia4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 x w\ld appe> t ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 a "w ( art & a sci5tific !ory is to be f\nd 9 _! subject-matt]4 ,x _c ev5 be said t ! subject-matt] is arrang$ to s]ve diff]5t ends 9 ! two cases1 = 9 ea* case ! end :i* is aim$ at is /hetic satisfaction4 ,compreh5sion is "o ( ! elem5ts ( :at is loosely t]m$ ! /hetic emotion1 & x is ! mo/ important elem5t4 ,ev5 :5 we desc5d to p>ticul>s1 & /udy ! quality ( similes 9 poetry1 &1 inde$1 8ornam5tation0 g5]ally1 we %all f9d ! crit]ion we employ is /ill ! degree ( compreh5sion af=d$ by ! device4 ,b we _c "h "w out ! analogy 9 detail4 ,x is suffici5t to %[ t works ( art t h a ref]5ce to exp]i5ce1 to an ext]nal _w1 9 %ort1 are1 9 important respects1 simil> to sci5tific !ories4 ,s9ce1 !n1 a "w ( art1 al?\gh condition$ by exp]i5ce1 may nev]!less be a p]sonal a*ievem5t1 we ne$ h no a priori objection to conc$+ p]sonality to a sci5tific !ory4 ,9 ea* case x is ! me?od ( trans=mation f :at we may call ! raw mat]ial to ! f9i%$ product :i* is ! p]sonal ?+4 ,! arti/'s raw mat]ial1 :e!r x be ! ,?ames 9 a fog1 a numb] ( incid5ts f ,hol9%$1 or ! lives ( ! inhabitants ( a ,russian village1 is no m & no less common prop]ty ?an are ! donnes f :i* a sci5tific man con/ructs a !ory2 ! end product1 also1 9 ea* case1 claims univ]sal ass5t & be/[s compreh5sion4 ,:at is p]sonal is ! law ( trans=mation by :i* ! "o objective ?+ is *ang$ into ! o!r objective ?+4 ,! law ( trans=mation is diff]5t = ea* individual m9d1 & ?is is z true ( sci5tific m5 z ( any o!r sort ( m54 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 bo? works ( art & sci5tific !ories are p]sonal a*ievem5ts4 ,a hi/ory ( sci5ce writt5 f ?is po9t ( view w\ld be in/ructive4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to trace ! p]sonal elem5t 9 ea* great sci5tific a*ievem5t1 to %[ :at k9ds ( p]sonalities h dom9at$ u1 to see :at mean+ ecc5tricity c h z appli$ to ! ?\ght ( a sci5tific man4 ,b al?\gh a detail$ hi/ory ( ?is k9d has n yet be5 writt51 c]ta9 national diff]5ces h long be5 recognis$4 ,!re is almo/ z m>k$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & ,fr5* sci5ce z betwe5 ,engli% & ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,! ,engli% sci5tific m9d is1 on ! :ole1 intuitive1 mobile1 illogical1 & v prone to imag]y ( a curi\sly practical k9d4 ,! ,fr5* sci5tific m9d1 on ! o!r h&1 likes to simplify ! complicat$ reality to z few t]ms z possible1 & !n to build up an impeccable logical edifice4 ,maxwell 0 a v f9e type ( ! great ,engli% man ( sci5ce1 b we h ,po9c>'s au?ority = say+ t ! great ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism awak5s 9 ! ,fr5* read] feel+s ( di/ru/4 ,s f> f f9d+ an impeccable logical /ructure1 he f9ds t diff]5t p>ts ( ! book are writt5 f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 & t ^! po9ts ( view are ev5 irreconcilable ) "o ano!r4 ,maxwell's lik+ = imm5sely complicat$ me*anical models1 design$ to illu/rate "s ab/ruse equation1 is also a /umbl+-block to ! ,fr5* read]4 ,:at are su* models suppos$ to prove8 ,surely ,maxwell did n suppose t ! !r conta9$ tra9s ( ge>$ :eels ) 8idle :eels0 9 betwe58 ,:at my/]i\s satisfaction did he d]ive f su* unnecess>y & irrelevant pictures8 ,b ?is curi\s lik+ = models is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% s*ool1 & x is a *>act]i/ic t ,cont95tal physici/s h nev] be5 able to und]/&4 ,x is d\btless a manife/ation ( ! ,engli% reluctance to get out ( t\* ) exp]i5ce4 ,! ,engli% man ( sci5ce tru/s logic mu* less ?an he tru/s exp]i5ce4 ,! ,fr5*man has mu* less respect = exp]i5ce4 ,he is will+ to simplify 9 a way :i*1 to ! ,engli% m9d1 is almo/ outrage\s--to see ! ,univ]se z a collection ( little billi>d balls ) =ces v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,& on su* assumptions he is will+ to proce$ z f> z logic c take him4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a s*ool 9 ,france :i* ass]ts t all we c ev] "k ( ! ,univ]se is its equations2 we c nev] "k :at !y 8mean0 9 ! ,engli% s5se4 ,f ! /hetic po9t ( view !re is no d\bt t ! ,fr5* me?od is to be pref]r$4 ,we c all %>e ,lagrange's satisfaction :5 he says1 9 ! ,av]tissem5t to 8 ,mcanique ,analytique3 8,je me suis propos de rduire la ?orie de cette ,sci5ce1 et l'art de rs\dre les problmes qui s'y rapport5t1 des =mules gnrales1 dont le simple dveloppem5t donne t\tes les quations ncessaires p\r la solution de *aque problme40 ,b we mu/ rememb] t :5 ! int]e/ is *iefly 9 ! 8dveloppem5t0 ! assumptions may rema9 uncriticis$4 ,! ,engli% way is to hold ! assumptions t5tatively1 & to be always op5 to ! sugge/ions ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ,g]man way1 :i*1 if we are to judge by ! "w ( ,riemann & ,e9/e91 seems to be to conc5trate an imm5se critical app>atus on ! assumptions1 is equally int]e/+4 ,! 8philosophic0 t5d5cy :i* is suppos$ to *>act]ise ,g]man ?\ght 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 is c]ta9ly app>5t 9 its sci5ce4 ,! ?ree t5d5cies are suffici5tly m>k$ to con/itute national diff]5ces & sugge/ t a detail$ analysis ( individual a*ievem5ts w\ld yield equally int]e/+ results4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,sci5tific ,,man ,is ! sci5tific man really a di/9ct k9d ( man1 or is x m]ely t sci5ce is a di/9ct occupation8 ,to answ] ! "q we mu/ make ! elem5t>y di/9ction betwe5 ! sci5tific man & ! man :o practises sci5ce1 & :5 we d t ! answ] is obvi\s4 ,!re is z c]ta9ly ! 8born0 sci5tific man z !re is ! born arti/4 ,b 9 say+ ?is we are ref]r+ to ideals4 ,p]haps !re has nev] be5 a p]fect man ( sci5ce1 & p]haps !re has nev] be5 a p]fect arti/4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& ! di/9ction betwe5 "o k9d ( man & ano!r x is helpful to con/ruct ideals--extreme cases :i* may be us$ z measur+ rods4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ideal man ( sci5ce8 ,we may approa* ! solution by try+ to make precise ! *>act]i/ics :i* h l$ u1 vaguely1 to con/ruct ! hi]>*y we already possess4 ,we feel1 = in/ance1 t ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 t passionless recluse1 0 a mu* m 8purely sci5tific0 man ?an1 say1 ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley4 ,if we exam9e ?is conviction ( ours we make ! int]e/+ discov]y t x is *iefly = 8 negative *>act]i/ics t we assign ?is great] purity to ,cav5di%4 ,huxley 0 passionately int]e/$ 9 ! que/ions :i* conc]n e good citiz51 9 politics1 9 social re=m1 9 religion2 he took sides on ^! que/ions & f\ght = 8 side4 ,( ,cav5di% we c only say t x is inconceivable t he w\ld h tak5 sides on ^! que/ions1 & v difficult to believe t he 0 ev5 remotely int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,take ano!r po9t4 ,huxley ab\nd$ 9 ord9>y human affections4 ,he 0 a devot$ husb&1 a good fa!r1 a fai?ful fri5d1 a resolute oppon5t4 ,cav5di% nev] manife/$ a ve/ige ( any ( ^! qualities4 ,he _h no wife1 no *ildr51 no fri5ds1 & nev] %[$ ! fa9te/ dislike ( anybody4 ,huxley 0 a *ampion ( :at he ?\ght ! tru?1 & /ra9$ e n]ve to enable x to prevail4 ,cav5di%1 :o 0 "o ( ! greate/ inve/igators1 "o ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ subtle m9ds1 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 kept 8 discov]ies to himself4 ,= ye>s ,huxley bore ! brunt ( ! attacks on ,d>w9's !ory4 ,cav5di% bl&ly wat*$ ! gr[? 9 popul>ity ( !ories he _h privately demon/rat$ to be wrong1 & nev] /irr$ a f+] to rebut !m4 ,& f9ally1 ,huxley 0 a man :o suff]$ 8 alt]nations ( high spirits & despond5cy1 hope & despair1 :ile ,cav5di%1 f ! evid5ce we h1 0 imp]turbably s]5e4 ,n[1 ! int]e/+ po9t t em]ges f ?is comp>ison is t ,cav5di%1 9 virtue ( 8 sci5tific purity1 c\ld n h exhibit$ ^? qualities :i* alli$ ,huxley to ! ord9>y run ( m54 ,a man's *>act]i/ics are n disconnect$4 ,cav5di%'s cold passion = k requir$ = its gratification qualities ( ! _s z well z ( ! m9d4 ,no man 0 ev] m s+le 9 8 desire to "k2 no man ev] 0 s little h9d]$ by hav+ o!r int]e/s to s]ve2 no man1 !re=e1 _h a great] measure ( ! purely sci5tific _s4 ,?is is ! important po9t = our "q2 x is comp>atively irrelevant t v few m5 h ev] _h s great a m9d to place at ! s]vice ( _! passion4 ,t 8 actual sci5tific /&+ %\ld be s mu* great] ?an ,huxley's is an accid5t2 he w\ld /ill h be5 m purely sci5tific ?an ,huxley _h 8 ability be5 less ?an ,huxley's4 ,cav5di% is all ( a piece4 ,8 v p]fection z a record+ & measur+ in/rum5t t5d$ to deprive him ( 8p]sonality40 ,! less p]sonal he 01 9 fact1 ! m dispassionately op5 he c\ld be4 ,o!r passions 7 incompatible ) 8 p]fection2 !y w\ld d]ange ?is exquisite in/rum5t4 ,judgm5ts ( good & evil w\ld n h be5 natural to him4 ,8 reaction to any?+ 0 exhau/$ 9 ! act ( und]/&+ t ?+4 ,s f> z we h gone1 x w\ld seem t ,nietzs*e's description ( :at he calls ! 8objective man0 is exactly :at we mean by ! ideal man ( sci5ce4 8,! objective man is 9 tru? a mirror3 accu/om$ to pro/ration be=e ev]y?+ t wants to be kn[n1 ) su* desires only z kn[+ or #8reflect+' implies 4440 he w reg>d su* p]sonality z he has1 ,nietzs*e goes on to say1 z accid5tal & arbitr>y4 ,he _c take himself s]i\sly & devote "t to himself4 ,8 love is con/ra9$1 8 hate artificial4 ,he is only g5u9e s f> z he c be objective2 he is unable to say ei!r 8,yea0 or 8,nay0 to life2 he is conc]n$ solely to und]/&1 to 8reflect40 ,he says1 ) ,leibniz3 8,je ne mprise presque ri540 ,?is description is und\bt$ly ! result ( g5u9e psy*ological insight4 ,:5 we try to dis5tangle ! purely sci5tific elem5t 9 a man ( sci5ce we f9d t1 s f> z he is sci5tific1 he approximates to ,nietzs*e's objective man4 ,if ?is1 !n1 is ! ideal sci5tific man1 :at place does he occupy8 ,:]e does he /& 9 relation to ! re/ ( mank9d8 ,accord+ to ,nietzs*e he is m]ely an in/rum5t2 8he is an in/rum5t1 some?+ ( a slave1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! sublime/ sort ( slave1 b no?+ 9 himself40 ,he is no goal1 no t]m9ation1 no complem5t>y man 9 :om ! re/ ( creation ju/ifies itself4 ,z comp>$ ) ! true philosoph]1 ! philosoph] 9 ,nietzs*e's s5se1 ! man :o gives a new direction to life1 ! ideal man ( sci5ce is m]ely ! mo/ co/ly1 ! mo/ easily t>ni%$1 ! mo/ exquisite ( in/rum5ts4 ,we ne$ n qu>rel ) ?is valuation1 b we w\ld po9t out t !re is an omission 9 x4 ,! sci5tific man is an in/rum5t1 b he is an indisp5sable in/rum5t4 ,! human race has endur$ all ! diff]5t 8new directions0 giv5 to x by ! 8true0 philosoph]s ( ! pa/ )\t any m>k$ increase 9 its spiritual /ature4 ,! philosoph]1 h[ev] comm&+1 :o w\ld really lead u 9 any b a circul> direction mu/ h k4 ,?is k1 to be valuable1 mu/ be cle> & tru/wor?y2 x mu/ be sci5tific4 ,& if ! inspirations & impulses ( our lead]s %\ld prove to be incompatible ) d$uctions f sci5tific k1 !n we may be sure t ! ,promis$ ,l& does n lie _! way4 ,! sci5tific man is m]ely an in/rum5t4 ,b x is ?is in/rum5t alone t c %[ to mank9d :i*1 ( all ! goals x desires1 are possible goals1 & :i*1 ( all ! lead]s x tru/s1 are tru/wor?y lead]s4 ,! sci5tific man is an in/rum5t1 b x is by ?is in/rum5t t ^? :o w\ld use x are fir/ te/$4 ,sci5tific k is1 if y l1 z dispassionate & inhuman z is ! univ]se ) :i* x conc]ns itself--& x c z little be ignor$4 ,,p>allel ,,/raight ,,l9es ,geometry1 x has be5 satisfactorily %[n1 _h a purely empirical orig94 ,x appe>s t ! e>lie/ geometrical =mul :i* h be5 discov]$ belong to anci5t ,egypt1 & t all ^! =mul s]v$ a useful purpose4 ,! olde/ ( !m are conc]n$ ) ! measurem5ts ( areas1 a class ( problem :i* ! ye>ly s9k+ ( ! ,nile r5d]$ ( great importance4 ,! =mul obta9$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 usually wrong1 al?\gh !y 7 approximately correct2 !y evid5tly re/$ on no !oretical basis1 b 7 comp5di\s /atem5ts ( ! results ( some:at r\gh measurem5ts1 a po9t ( view :i* is borne out by ! fact t no pro(1 nor ev5 an attempt at a pro(1 is any:]e h9t$ at4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 x seems to be e/abli%$ t geometry1 z consi/+ ( logical d$uctions f /at$ premises1 began ) ! ,greeks4 ,a numb] ( !orems ( a fair degree ( complexity _h be5 develop$ be=e !y 7 r$uc$ to a sy/em2 be=e1 t is1 ! assumptions on :i* !y 7 bas$ 7 made explicit4 ,! task ( discov]+ ! necess>y & suffici5t assumptions on :i* a sy/em ( geometry re/s is "o ( ! greate/ difficulty2 ! necess>y comb9ation ( subtlety & rig\r is r>e4 ,! great sy/ematisation ( ,greek geometry 0 effect$1 ( c\rse1 by ,euclid1 & al?\gh 8 r$uction ( ! sy/em to its ess5tial assumptions 0 n f9al1 8 p]=mance 0 su* z to awak5 ! admiration ( great ma!maticians 9 e succe$+ c5tury4 ,b !re is "o po9t 9 :i* ?is great r$uction is notably imp]fect--! s-call$ p>allel axiom4 ,x says1 ess5tially1 t ?r\gh a giv5 po9t only "o l9e c be drawn p>allel to a giv5 /raight l9e4 ,x 0 felt1 ev5 by ! e>lie/ comm5tators on ,euclid1 t ?is po/ulate did n possess q ! same degree ( self-evid5ce z 0 manife/$ by ! o!rs4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !y felt1 to give a pro( ( ?is po/ulate2 !y attempt$ to improve on ,euclid's "w 9 a numb] ( m9or ways1 b x 0 ! p>allel axiom :i* !y 7 mo/ conc]n$ to revise2 ! pro( ( ?is po/ulate %\ld be conta9$1 !y ?\ght1 9 ! o!r po/ulates4 ,! attempts to supply ?is pro( 7 all fruitless1 & ! six? c5tury 0 rea*$ ) ?is n9e-hundr$-ye>s-old disfigurem5t /ill p]si/+4 ,= "s "t aft] ! six? c5tury ! _w re/$ f ,euclid's p>allel axiom2 inde$1 x re/$ f geometry altoge!r1 & ! old empirical outlook ( ! ,egyptians1 & ev5 _! =mul1 aga9 became curr5t4 ,b ! ,greek culture p5etrat$ to ! ,arabs1 & ) ! ,greek culture came ! riddle ( ,euclid's axiom4 ,aga9 pro(s 7 attempt$2 a fam\s attempt is t ( ,nasir ,edd91 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 #affc ,john ,wallis made ! important discov]y t unless ! p>allel axiom be assum$1 simil> figures ( diff]5t sizes are n possible1 t is to say1 t if we are to assume t %ape is indep5d5t ( size1 !n we mu/ assume ,euclid's p>allel axiom4 ,_m ( ^! attempts br\ght out po9ts ( int]e/1 b none ( !m 7 successful4 ,9 ! ye> #agcc1 h[ev]1 ! :ole rese>* took on a new complexion ) ! publication ( ,girolamo ,sac*]i's ,euclides ab omni naevo v9dicatus4 ,! importance ( ?is "w consi/s 9 ! fact t1 al?\gh x 0 writt5 to v9dicate ,euclid's p>allel axiom once = all1 x conta9s ! fir/ real outl9e ( a non-,euclidean geometry4 ,sac*]i 0 a ,jesuit1 & x 0 9 #afij1 :ile he 0 tea*+ gramm> 9 ,milan1 t he fir/ /udi$ ! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid4 ,he 0 a man ( v great acum51 & :5 he1 9 turn1 succumb$ to ! spell ( ! p>allel po/ulate1 he br\ght to be> on x a m subtle & rigor\s logic ?an _h yet be5 appli$ to x4 ,?irty-six ye>s be=e he publi%$ 8 treatise on ,euclid he _h publi%$ a book on logic :i* gives him a high place z a logician4 ,9 x he is p>ticul>ly conc]n$ ) inve/igat+ ! compatibility ( diff]5t assumptions or po/ulates4 ,8 me?od 0 to det]m9e :e!r a memb] ( a gr\p ( po/ulates is indep5d5t ( ! o!rs by f9d+ a p>ticul> case 9 :i* ! po/ulate 9 "q is n true :ile all ! o!rs rema9 true4 ,if su* a case c be f\nd1 x is obvi\s t ! po/ulate 9 "q _c be d$uc$ f ! o!rs1 else x w\ld be true :5ev] !y 7 true4 ,?is 0 ! me?od he appli$ to ! p>allel po/ulate ( ,euclid4 ,he %[$ t ! p>allel po/ulate is equival5t to say+ t ! ?ree int]ior angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,he proce$s1 !re=e1 9 accordance ) 8 me?od1 to develop ! consequ5ces ( suppos+ !m less ?an1 or great] ?an1 two "r angles4 ,9 ! latt] case he succe$s 9 %[+ t we are l$ to impossible conclusions1 s9ce he assum$1 z ev]ybody assum$ = m ?an a c5tury aft]1 t ! /raight l9e is ( inf9ite l5g?4 ,b 9 ! =m] case1 ! hypo!sis t ! int]ior angles ( a triangle are toge!r less ?an two "r angles1 ,sac*]i1 al?\gh he /ruggl$ v h>d1 did n succe$ 9 fall+ into contradictions4 ,he does n seem to h _h ! boldness necess>y completely to tru/ 8 own logic1 b ! fact rema9s t1 accept+ ! re/ ( ,euclid's axioms & d5y+ ! p>allel axiom1 he develop$ a logically consi/5t geometry4 ,!re is reason to suppose t ,sac*]i's "w _h "s influ5ce on subsequ5t ?\ght1 al?\gh its full significance 0 c]ta9ly n p]ceiv$4 ,! p>allel axiom cont9u$ to be inve/igat$1 & ! total effect ( all ^! ef=ts 0 to induce a d\bt conc]n+ ! absolute necessity ( ! ,euclidean geometry4 ,su* a d\bt 0 v d>+2 = two ?\s& ye>s ! po/ulates ( ,euclid _h be5 accept$ z absolutely true2 ! fact ( _! exi/5ce _h pr(\ndly influ5c$ philosophy1 &1 inde$1 !ology4 ,b ! d\bt p]si/$ & grew1 until f9ally1 e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a p]fectly logical & consi/5t non-,euclidean geometry1 "o explicitly d5y+ ! p>allel po/ulate1 0 publi%$ to ! _w4 ,z s (t5 happ5s1 ! great /ep 0 tak5 by two m5 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 ,lobats*ewski1 a ,russian1 & ,bolyai1 a ,hung>ian4 ,x appe>$1 h[ev]1 t bo? _h be5 prec$$ by t great ma!matical g5ius1 ,gauss1 al?\gh he _h be5 too timid to publi% 8 conclusions4 ,! new geometry develop$ ! consequ5ces ( t "o ( ,sac*]i's alt]natives :i* suppos$ ! int]ior angles ( a triangle to be less ?an two "r angles4 ,! :ole outlook on geometry n[ assum$ a new complexion4 ,riemann tri$ ! effect ( d5y+ ! inf9ity ( ! /raight l9e & ( develop+ ,sac*]i's o!r alt]native4 ,he f\nd he 0 l$ to no contradictions4 ,b ) ,riemann's "w we come to a yet fur!r ext5sion ( geometry--! ext5sion to space ( f\r1 five1 or any numb] ( dim5sions4 ,& ^! inve/igations1 :i* seem$ = "s "t to con/itute ! mo/ gratuit\s1 al?\gh ! mo/ pr(\nd & subtle1 ex]cises ( ! m9d1 h n[ receiv$ _! complete ju/ification by fl[]+ into ! ,g5]alis$ ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity4 ,,! ,,new ,,sci5tific ,,horizon ,ab\t curr5t sci5tific speculations !re is "o *>act]i/ic1 subtle1 p]haps1 b pr(\nd & f>-rea*+1 :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! sci5tific speculations ( ! ,victorian age4 ,we c be/ isolate ?is *>act]i/ic by consid]+ x z a p>ticul> manife/ation ( some?+ :i* is met ) 9 ne>ly e phase ( contempor>y life--some?+ :i* may fairly be call$ ! ,zeitgei/ ( our "t4 ,?is _s is *iefly a s5se ( unlimit$ possibilities1 a s5se t ! radically new & unprec$5t$ may be ^u u2 ) ?is feel+ comes a recrudesc5ce ( ! _s ( adv5ture2 !re are unkn[n pa?s lead+ to vague b--probably--spl5did goals4 ,9 ! ,victorian age ! ma9 l9es ( ev]y?+ 7 settl$2 ! *ief features ( ! univ]se 7 kn[n4 ,!re 7 matt] & en]gy1 & !re 01 ( c\rse1 ! !r4 ,! a/ronomical & geological scales 7 kn[n 9 broad outl9e1 & a fir/ survey ( ! m>* f amba to man _h be5 tak54 ,! "w ( future ages 0 to fill 9 ! details4 ,! univ]se ( ! ,victorians 0 a l>ge & r gr& affair1 b x 0 sombre4 ,^? emotional b>omet]s1 ! poets1 9 s f> z !y 7 aw>e ( ! sci5tific outlook1 ei!r 8transc5d$0 x or 7 cru%$ by x4 ,jules ,la=ge furni%es an excell5t example ( ! effect ( ! ,victorian sci5tific outlook on an intellig5t & s5sitive m9d4 ,8 reaction 0 to compose fun]eal dirges on ! dea? ( ! e>? & ! ext9ction ( mank9d4 ,! univ]se ( ! ,victorians 0 objective1 indiff]5t1 trac+ a purposeless patt]n 9 ob$i5ce to 8iron0 laws4 ,x 0 a univ]se :i* held no great surprises4 ,x is obvi\s t a v diff]5t _s is abroad to-day4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! g5]al consci\sness seems to hold t almo/ any?+ is possible4 ,9 "p ?is may be acc\nt$ =1 z 9 o!r ages1 by cr$ulity bas$ on ignorance1 b !re is also a cr$ulity bas$ on k1 & x is ?is aspect ( ! g5]al attitude :i* des]ves att5tion4 ,! two k9ds ( cr$ulity may be obs]v$ 9 diff]5t believ]s ( ! same /atem5ts4 ,spiritualism1 = in/ance1 has its foll[]s among/ ^? :o are unfamili> ) inve/igations 9 ! subject & among/ ^? ^: belief has be5 compell$ by _! v k ( ! inve/igations4 ,& disbeliev]s =m two exactly simil> classes4 ,!re is also a cr$ulity--! mo/ common k9d--bas$ on nei!r ignorance nor k1 b on p>tial k4 ,?us k1 b incomplete k1 ( su* ph5om5a z wireless telegraphy or telephony1 seems to pr$ispose _m p to believe 8wond]s0 :i* h no real connection ) ^? ph5om5a1 b :i* are m]ely z inexplicable by p>tial k4 ,und\bt$ly ! rec5t developm5ts 9 sci5ce are responsible = mu* ( ?is k9d ( cr$ulity4 ,b ! new indulg5ce ( possibilities1 z exhibit$ by ! man ( sci5ce1 is dep5d5t on q diff]5t consid]ations4 ,to ! /ud5t ( physics1 at any rate1 ! "w ( ! la/ two or ?ree decades has be5 peculi>ly di/urb+4 ,he has be5 call$ ^u1 n m]ely to revise & ext5d 8 k1 b to alt] 8 assumptions4 ,x is 9 ?is respect t ! physics ( our own day *iefly diff]s f ,victorian physics4 ,! di/9ctively mod]n epo* began ) ! promulgation ( ! ,electron ,!ory4 ,t 8matt]0 c\ld be 8electrifi$0 0 easily grant$4 ,! fact t ! fam\s "q1 ,:at is electricity8 c\ld n be answ]$ 0 no difficulty 9 admitt+ ! fact t1 z a result ( c]ta9 processes1 matt] c\ld be made to exhibit c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* c\ld conv5i5tly be ref]r$ to ! fact t x possess$ an 8electric *>ge40 ,& ! discov]y ( p>ticles v mu* small] ?an a hydrog5 atom pres5t$ no conceptual difficulties4 ,! fact t ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] 7 small] ?an _h be5 suppos$ c\ld easily be grant$2 ! new assumption 0 ( ! same k9d z ! old "o4 ,&1 fur!r1 to admit t ea* ( ^! p>ticles possess$ an electric *>ge made no unfamili> dem&s on ! imag9ation4 ,b ! next /ep1 t ^! p>ticles consi/$ ( no?+ b an electric *>ge--t 0 a v diff]5t ?+4 ,! e>ly popul>isations ( ! idea %[ some?+ ( ! m5tal confusion x caus$4 8,disembodi$ *>ges ( electricity0 0 a fav\rite descriptive phrase2 _m physici/s f\ght h>d to reta9 ev5 a nucleus ( 8ord9>y matt]0 on :i* ?is *>ge c\ld be suppos$ to be lodg$4 ,t an electric *>ge c\ld exi/ ap>t f matt] seem$ to _m p z difficult to conceive z motion )\t any?+ :i* mov$4 ,b ! conception spe$ily became famili>2 t useful entity1 ! !r1 soon made ?+s easi]4 ,= ! disembodi$ *>ge1 ! electron1 c\ld be conceiv$ z a local di/ortion ( "s k9d 9 ! !r1 &1 by end[+ ! !r ) "s sort ( sub/antiality1 ! hypo!sis t matt] 0 9 "s way built up out ( ?is primitive sub/ance c\ld be tol]at$4 ,b ! g5]al effect ( ! !ory 0 to give a m philosophical t+e to sci5ce4 ,! gross1 easy assumptions ( ev]yday ?9k+ ab\t 8matt]0 _h to be revis$2 articles 7 writt5 %[+ t matt] 0 really immat]ial1 & mat]ialism 0 conjectur$ to h receiv$ a sev]e set-back4 ,! m9d _h b>ely become accu/om$ to ! new assumptions be=e x 0 aga9 pr(\ndly di/urb$ by ! publication ( ,planck's ,quantum ,!ory4 ,! !ory1 :i* 0 inv5t$ to expla9 c]ta9 radiation ph5om5a1 ass]t$1 briefly1 t en]gy 0 atomic4 ,"o's mo/ intimate assumptions 7 di/urb$4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are n usually accu/om$ to philosophic ex]cises1 & ! idea t en]gy1 :i* !y reg>d$ z necess>ily cont9u\s1 _h an atomic /ructure seem$ at fir/ almo/ mean+less4 ,if we consid]1 = in/ance1 ! en]gy possess$ by a mov+ body1 x seems natural to suppose t ?is en]gy c be increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 a cont9u\s mann]2 ! idea t its en]gy c only increase or decrease by f9ite jumps 0 a v /range idea1 & l$ aga9 to a scrut9y ( assumptions :i* _h appe>$ fundam5tal 9 sci5ce4 ,"h1 aga91 objections to ! new !ory 7 sometimes ! outcome purely ( m5tal in]tia1 ( an inability to exam9e & disc>d a way ( ?9k+ :i* seem$ almo/ a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! m9d4 ,! la/ great b\lev]sem5t ( "o's fundam5tal assumptions has be51 ( c\rse1 ,e9/e9's g5]alis$ !ory ( relativity4 ,"h we are ask$ to revise our mo/ deep-root$ assumptions--s deep-root$ t we are1 = ! mo/ "p1 unconsci\s ( !m--our assumptions reg>d+ space & "t4 ,x is ?is ?or\gh ov]haul+ ( prim>y assumptions :i* di/+ui%es ! mod]n progress 9 physics f all ! progress ( ! ,victorian age4 ,physics has n m]ely be5 ext5d$1 x has become a radically new ?+1 & !re are v good reasons = suppos+ t x is go+ to *ange /ill m4 ,a c]ta9 s5se ( unkn[n possibilities is !re=e natural1 ev5 if x be ! product m]ely ( bewild]m5t4 ,! total effect ( ! new ideas is to make ! univ]se ( physics less objective2 to an unsuspect$ ext5t ?is indiff]5t univ]se1 ) its iron laws1 is a product ( our own m9ds4 ,to "s ext5t ?is fact 0 always recognis$1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,cont95tal physici/s1 b z a g5]al p]suasion x is comp>atively rec5t4 ,we _c escape ! /ructure ( our own m9ds1 x is true1 b we d n yet "k :at t /ructure is2 we d n "k :at b>ri]s are breakable2 we d n "k :at ?\ghts are ?9kable by man4 ,a univ]se 9 ^: con/ruction s pla/ic & my/]i\s an entity z ! m9d ( man collaborates1 may v well hold great surprises4 ,,! ,,hope ,,( ,,sci5ce ,x is n an unfair judgm5t1 we ?9k1 t decides1 on a survey ( contempor>y intellectual activities1 to grant sci5ce ! fir/ place4 ,:e!r we consid] ! quality ( ! "w :i* is be+ done1 its importance to mank9d1 or ! _s 9 :i* ! "w is done1 we ?9k sci5ce e>ns t place4 ,our age is a sci5tific age to an ext5t :i* is c]ta9ly n g5]ally realis$4 ,contempor>y sci5tific "w is ( a quality fully comp>able ) t ( ! greate/ p]iods ( its hi/ory2 x is inevitable t our age %\ld em]ge1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! future1 z an age ( sci5ce4 ,x has1 inde$1 already e/abli%$ a p]spective :i* leads to a revaluation ( ! ,victorian age4 ,!re h already be5 _m writ]s :o h ?\ght t age m memorable = its sci5ce ?an = its o!r a*ievem5ts1 t its significance to humanity lay m 9 ! "w ( ,d>w91 ,f>aday1 & ,maxwell ?an 9 t ( ,t5nyson & ,mat!w ,arnold1 or ev5 9 t ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 b ! p]spective we h n[ obta9$ puts ! matt] almo/ beyond d\bt4 ,) mo/ ( u our outlook is ! result ( a decrepit tradition4 ,our ori5tation t[>ds life1 s f> z we are consci\s ( hav+ "o1 is bas$ ^u ! values we attribute to ! v>i\s objects ( our ?\ghts1 & ^! values are det]m9$ p>tly by our in/9ctive desires & p>tly by ! sugge/ions ( our education--us+ ! t]m 8education0 to include all conv]se ) ! m9ds ( our fell[s4 ,education1 s def9$1 is ! result v l>gely ( a long & widespread tradition1 a g5]al tradition ( ,european culture4 ,x is a curi\s fact t1 al?\gh ! hi/ory ( sci5ce goes z f> back z ! hi/ory ( ! arts1 sci5ce is n an integral "p ( ?is1 nev]!less1 v ca?olic culture4 ,!re are p]iods1 x is true1 :5 "s sci5tific !ory is suffici5tly dramatic1 or appe>s suffici5tly p]t95t to man's de/9y1 to secure g5]al att5tion2 ,newton's !ory ( gravitation1 ,d>w9's !ory ( evolution1 & ,e9/e9's !ory ( relativity h ea* giv5 rise to su* a p]iod4 ,e9/e9's !ory1 we are in=m$1 is n[ ! fav\rite topic ( enlight5$ conv]sation 9 ,p>isian salons1 z ,newton's !ory once 04 ,"s ( ?is int]e/1 no d\bt1 is ! product ( dis9t]e/$ curiosity1 & 9 t respect is va/ly diff]5t f ! once g5]al int]e/ 9 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,b we fe> t _m ( ^? :o are curi\s ab\t ,e9/e9's !ory w\ld1 if !y und]/ood x1 f9d x un9t]e/+4 ,we d>e n int]pret ?is curiosity z a sign t p are beg9n+ to be z naturally int]e/$ 9 sci5ce z !y are 9 lit]ature1 = in/ance4 ,nev]!less1 we believe t ! old culture is moribund 9 ! s5se t its p>ticul> scale ( values is und]go+ revision4 ,sci5ce is becom+ less an affair = speciali/s2 x is acquir+ a 8human0 value4 ,an increas+ numb] ( p are beg9n+ to realise t a great sci5ce1 su* z ,physics1 may (f] objects = contemplation :i* are z delicate1 z subtle1 z exquisitely h>moni\s z ! dreams ( ,plato--& mu* bett] f\nd$4 ,& 9 relation to man1 8 pres5t /ate & possible future1 sci5ce alone1 to ^? :o are n satisfi$ ) less ?an v]ifiable k1 speaks ) ! acc5t ( au?ority4 ,! great con/ructions ( sci5ce are gr&iose )\t be+ *im]ical2 !y are beautiful b n deceiv+4 ,inde$1 "o sometimes has ! feel+ t x is only 9 sci5ce1 n[adays1 t "o /ill meets ) ! _s ( adv5ture1 ! s5se ( b\ndless & glori\s possibilities1 ) an exultant hope4 ,our poets & m5 ( lett]s g5]ally are extraord9>ily tame & disillusion$ creatures comp>$ ) our romantic & d>+ m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x is refre%+ to turn f ! lam5tations ( our lit]>y m5 to su* a book z ! ,space1 ,"t1 ,matt] ( ,h]mann ,weyl1 if only = ! f]v\r1 ! imm5se en?usiasm ) :i* t highly accompli%$ ma!matician writes4 ,e9/e9 is 8 ,columbus1 ) ! diff]5ce t 8 ,am]ica has indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( yet va/] cont95ts4 ,& ?is en?usiasm is ju/ifi$ by its fruits2 x has inspir$ ,h]r ,weyl to make :at is unque/ionably ! greate/ advance on ,e9/e9's own "w :i* has yet be5 made4 ,x is n 9 ,physics alone t we f9d ?is note4 ,to ! biologi/s1 also1 ! _w has become "y aga94 ,%\ld our ignorant & unimag9ative politicians1 & our /ill m ignorant & unimag9ative bus9ess m51 succe$ 9 turn+ ! :ole h]oic ef=t & age-long /ruggle :i* has produc$ our pres5t culture to a mock]y1 !y w put an end to a curi\sly int]e/+ & promis+ transition age1 to an age :i* is at once f9 de sicle & at ! morn+ ( a glori\s r5aissance4 ,b if !y d n succe$1 if ! ord9>y man %[s himself ev5 a little wor?y ( ! imm5se travail ( 8 species1 !n we prophesy t sci5ce w become an integral "p ( ! culture ( ! future4 ,! new physics1 ! new biology1 ! new psy*ology1 w be too obvi\sly p]t95t to all man's *ief preoccupations = u to be able to pret5d t ! pres5t n>r[ly conceiv$ humaniora furni% a lib]al education4 ,we ev5 believe t if ! old arts are to become y\?ful aga91 x mu/ be by a transfusion ( blood4 ,x w n be suffici5t t ! philosophy & lit]ature ( ! future %\ld 8accommodate0 !mselves to ! sci5tific outlook2 !y mu/ be inspir$ by x4 ,mean:ile1 sci5tific m5 mu/ be *>itable2 !y mu/ believe ! be/4 ,if sci5ce is to become an integral "p ( culture1 sci5tific m5 mu/ help to make ?is possible4 ,we believe t mu* ( ! pres5t int]e/ 9 sci5ce is g5u9e2 t x spr+s f a s]i\s attempt on ! "p ( _m p to f9d out :at sci5ce c tell !m ab\t !mselves & ! ,univ]se !y live 94 ,sci5ce is n hunt$ purely = its divid5d-e>n+ capacities or = its p[] ( provid+ new ?rills4 ,e9/e91 we und]/&1 is suspici\s ( ! popul> int]e/ 8 !ory has evok$2 8a m]e fa%ion10 he says4 ,& d\btless 8 suspicion is l>gely ju/ifi$4 ,b we believe !re is m 9 x ?an t--t !re are _m :o1 besides valu+ ! delightful dreams ( ! poets & philosoph]s1 h an affection = k4 ,& :5 !y f9d t ! con/ructions ( sci5ce are n "o :it less delightful ?an ! dreams ( ! poets1 ?is affection may give rise to a p]man5t atta*m5t4 ,& ) ^! new objects ( int]e/ w come a *ange 9 values4 ,m5 w le>n to diff]5tiate 9 _! beliefs betwe5 ^? :i* are m]e indulg5ces ( emotion & ^? :i* correspond to objective tru?4 ,?is is ! pa? by :i* ! m9d becomes mature4 ,x may n be1 9 all /ages1 a pleasant process1 b x leads to increas$ fre$om & increas$ p[]4 ,! impossible w no long] be attempt$1 b ! region ( ! possible w be se5 to be va/ly great]4 ,man w see 9 :at directions he c %ape 8 de/9y1 & he w be able to ent] on ! task ) a rational hope4 ,all 8 c\rage & endurance w h a *ance ( victori\s a*ievem5t2 he w "k t he is n engag$ 9 a =lorn hope2 ! _w w become "y aga94 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,my/]y 8,x is a univ]sal condition ( ! enjoyable t ! m9d mu/ believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a law & yet h a my/]y to move ab\t 940--,,james ,,cl]k ,,maxwell4 ,t our ?9k+1 & ) x our feel+1 is l>gely condition$ by assumptions :i* h no logical necessity1 is a commonplace ( philosophy1 & is inde$ app>5t to ! slighte/ introspection4 ,*>act]i/ic ( any age is a body ( beliefs1 re/+ on m or less good evid5ce1 & a gr\p ( feel+s associat$ ) ^? beliefs4 ,! ,g]man language1 s ri* 9 indef9ite b valuable g5]al t]ms1 af=d$ ! ^w ,zeitgei/ = ?is complex1 a ^w we h directly translat$ into ! ,_s ( ! ,age4 ,! "n is a good "o2 x indicates t we are deal+ ) some?+ :i* is widely diffus$ & also subject to *ange4 ,x is subject to *ange1 b x plays a dom9at+ rle 9 ! age to :i* x belongs4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,age is some?+ t practically all ! intellectual life ( ! age has 9 common4 ,x is n manife/$ only 9 philosophical treatises or 9 works ( art2 x is (t5 manife/$ ev5 m /rik+ly 9 /atesm5's spee*es & a c\ntry's dome/ic & =eign policy4 ,x is a k9d ( intellectual & emotional atmosph]e ( :i* ev]ybody is aw>e1 b :i* probably nobody c\ld def9e4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 t a v important "p ( x consi/s ( a s5se ( probability1 ( a t5d5cy to accept c]ta9 k9ds ( explanation & to reject o!rs4 ,= ! la/ few decades1 at any rate1 ,sci5ce has be5 ! *ief factor 9 =m+ ?is omnipres5t s5se ( probability4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is probable t ! influ5ce ( ,sci5ce 9 =m+ ! ,_s ( ! ,age c be trac$ a v long way back1 z f> back z ,cop]nicus4 ,n t we ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a close connection betwe5 ! ,sci5ce & ! o!r intellectual activities ( ,cop]nicus's own age4 ,! influ5ce ( :i* we speak is likely to manife/ itself gradually2 9 p>ticul>1 x may take a long "t to affect ! arts4 ,& by ! "t x has p]colat$ s f> its orig9 may be =gott52 x may appe> z a subconsci\s r ?an z a consci\s gr\p ( assumptions4 ,by ! "t a sci5tific discov]y becomes "p ( ! m5tal furniture ( an age1 _m ( :at 7 orig9ally its possible implications w h become an integral "p ( x4 ,! orig9al discov]y w !n be m]ely ! nucleus ( a ri* intellectual &1 possibly1 emotional complex1 ( :i* ! p>ts are no long] envisag$ sep>ately4 ,! "w ( ,newton1 = example1 & ! great body ( exact inve/igations he made possible1 influ5c$ ! outlook ( ! n9ete5? c5tury *iefly 9 ! direction ( mak+ det]m9ism plausible4 ,su* lectur]s z ,tyndall c\ld confid5tly appeal to ?is m5tal pr$isposition on ! "p ( _! audi5ce1 al?\gh !y _h no ne$ to po/ulate any direct acqua9tance ) ! "w ( ,newton & ( 8 successors4 ,! fact t ,newton successfully =mulat$ exact laws = ! description ( natural ph5om5a is ! important aspect ( 8 "w f our pres5t po9t ( view4 ,! influ5ce ( ,cop]nicus 0 r diff]5t4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce 8 importance is t he made ,newton possible2 f our pres5t po9t ( view 8 importance is t he made ,d>w9 possible4 ,cop]nicus' de/ruction ( ! isolat$ position ( man's planet 9 ! sol> sy/em prep>es ! m9d = ,d>w9's de/ruction ( ! isolat$ position ( man 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,!y ea* %ock$ ! same set ( prepossessions4 ,! 8mat]iali/ic philosophy0 :i* 0 s m>k$ a feature ( ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* /ill =ms1 we believe1 ! preval5t intellectual complexion1 ow$ ! :ole ( its plausibility to its suppos$ sci5tific back+4 ,its basis 0 n m]ely biological2 physics play$ q z great a "p z biology4 ,! notion ( det]m9ism d]iv$ its /r5g?1 z we h said1 *iefly f physics2 biology 0 n 9 a position to demon/rate ! exact correspond5ces requir$4 ,! ultimate gr&iose vision ( ! purely natural & inevitable m>* ( evolution f ! atoms ( ! primitive nebula to ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 z outl9$ by ,tyndall 9 8 ,belfa/ ,address1 assum$ ! results ( physics & a/ronomy z mu* z ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,x 0 because biology 0 n ! only sci5ce involv$ t x 0 possible to f\nd a 8mat]iali/ic0 philosophy on ,d>w9ism4 ,"o prim>y assumption ( t philosophy1 t life arises f 8dead0 matt]1 n only _h no biological support1 b _h be5 decisively refut$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pa/eur4 ,b1 z relat$ to ! g5]al movem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ! hypo!sis _h ! necess>y plausibility4 ,consid]+ ! !n exi/+ evid5ce1 ?is hypo!sis1 toge!r ) ! hypo!sis t m5tal /ates are produc$ by atomic movem5ts 9 a /rictly det]m9i/ mann]1 are1 inde$1 /rik+ in/ances ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,zeitgei/1 z mu* z ! evid5ce1 det]m9es ! direction ( our ?9k+4 ,! importance ( su* conceptions _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,directly or indirectly !y influ5ce ! :ole life1 if n ( _! "t1 !n ( an age :i* succe$s !m4 ,! philosophy 9 "q _h exi/$ = c5turies1 ( c\rse2 :at made x influ5tial 0 ! sci5tific back+ x receiv$1 =1 9 ^! matt]s1 ,sci5ce has = "s "t pa/ play$ ! dom9ant rle4 ,nei!r religion nor philosophy has be5 able successfully to oppose x2 n[adays1 inde$1 !y seem conc]n$ only to agree ) x4 ,& if1 "h & !re1 a few arti/s h felt !mselves outrag$ by :at 7 suppos$ to be ! tea*+s ( ,sci5ce1 _! influ5ce has n be5 suffici5t to deflect ! /ream4 ,su* isolat$ prote/ants h _h no?+ b _! feel+s to oppose to :at 7 consid]$ to be facts1 & ! _w1 ) :at may h be5 a /upid hone/y1 has foll[$ aft] ! suppos$ facts4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,sci5ce on ! arts w\ld require a sep>ate inve/igation4 ,a c]ta9 /ability is giv5 to "s s]i\s art by its own tradition1 & ?is may less5 its s5sitiv5ess reg>d$ m]ely z an indication ( ! _s ( its age4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 v s5sitive4 ,9 a hi/ory ( mod]n lit]ature1 = example1 x is impossible to exclude direct ref]5ces to ,d>w92 x is usual1 inde$1 to devote "s space to su* 8influ5ces40 ,& ! arti/ :o is n at home 9 8 age may be r$uc$ to impot5ce by x4 ,do/oevsky is a magnific5t example ( a writ] :o1 extremely s5sitive to ! _s ( 8 age1 & pr(\ndly und]/&+ x1 /rove to transc5d x4 ,a small] ,do/oevsky might well h be5 no?+4 ,& is a po/-,d>w9ian ,bee?ov51 or a po/-,d>w9ian ,dante1 really conceivable8 ,n[ x is un=tunate t1 s f> z sci5tific discov]ies =m ! ,_s ( ! ,age1 !y d s at second-h&4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species happ5s to be easy to read1 b ev5 s t body ( ?\ght kn[n z 8,d>w9ism0 owes its influ5ce *iefly to su* expositors z ,huxley & ,tyndall4 ,! ?+ becomes set2 x assumes h>d1 bold outl9es2 ! issue has to be pres5t$ ) some?+ ( ! simplicity ( an election cry4 ,! univ]se ( ,sci5ce becomes f9ally a univ]se f :i* all my/]y is bani%$ & :]e ! only ultimates are small1 incompressible sph]es ^: movem5ts & comb9ations produce--ev]y?+4 ,! *asm sep>at+ ?is conclusion f ! actual sci5tific evid5ce is n realis$4 ,v t5tative & almo/ fanta/ic hypo!ses become dogmas1 & x is z dogmas t !y become influ5ces4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! sci5tific evid5ce1 ev5 ( ,d>w9's day1 sugge/$ q o!r possibilities ?an ^? popul>is$ z a 8mat]iali/ic0 philosophy4 ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell1 :o _h a pr(\nd] insight into physical reality ?an any o!r man ( 8 "t1 9 a v little kn[n essay1 draws att5tion to ! 8s+ul>ities0 *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a1 & sugge/s t !re are m s+ul> po9ts ! high] ! rank ( ! exi/5ce4 8,at ^! po9ts1 influ5ces ^: physical magnitude is too small to be tak5 acc\nt ( by a f9ite be+1 may produce results ( ! greate/ importance10 & he w>ns 8 read]s aga9/ 8t prejudice 9 fav\r ( det]m9ism :i* seems to arise f assum+ t ! physical sci5ce ( ! future is a m]e magnifi$ image ( t ( ! pa/40 ,maxwell's rem>k is n[ se5 to h be5 prophetic4 ,! extraord9>ily pr(\nd & f>-rea*+ philosophical implications ( ! !ory ( relativity h h>dly yet begun to be inve/igat$1 b we h already a g5]al s5se ( _! direction4 ,h]mann ,weyl's ,raum1 ,zeit1 ,mat]ie1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ ?or\gh ma!matical exposition ( ! :ole !ory :i* has yet appe>$1 h9ts n obscurely at ! philosophical be>+ ( ! new inve/igations4 ,n[ t1 by ,weyl's own "w1 ,maxwell's electromagnetic equations are includ$ by ! !ory1 x seems to be sci5tifically complete4 ,x pres5ts u ) a picture ( ! univ]se :i* is :olly unlike ! picture ( ! e>ly physics4 ,9 p>ticul>1 an altoge!r diff]5t rle is assign$ to ! human m9d4 ,s f> z ! ext]ior univ]se & ! laws ( nature are conc]n$1 we see t ! prim>y entity is ! m9d itself4 ,x is ! m9d :i* has creat$1 n only space & "t1 b ! matt] x has put )9 t framework4 ,! m9d has n creat$ ! univ]se out ( no?+1 x is true4 ,b x is almo/ impossible to say any?+ intelligible 9 ! old s5se ab\t ! fundam5tal entities to :i* ,e9/e9's !ory leads u4 ,pr(essor ,edd+ton sugge/s t !y may be 8! v /uff ( our consci\sness10 a some:at my/ical rem>k :i* nev]!less %[s ! tr5d ( ! new speculations4 ,&1 z a /rik+ confirmation ( ,maxwell's view ( ! possible developm5t ( physical sci5ce1 we may quote "o ( ! la/ s5t5ces ( ,weyl's pr(\nd discussion3 8,x mu/ be emphatically /at$ t ! pres5t /ate ( physics l5ds no support :atev] to ! belief t !re is a causality ( physical nature :i* is f\nd$ on rigor\sly exact laws40 ,un=tunately n all m5 are ma!maticians4 ,! great & wond]ful vi/a n[ op5$ up by ,sci5ce--great] & m significant1 we believe1 ?an has exi/$ at any previ\s "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght--is at pres5t a consequ5ce ( highly ab/ruse inve/igations4 ,! %e] te*nical difficulty ( ^! inquiries w long h9d] !m f ex]t+ _! due influ5ce on philosophy &1 ?r\gh philosophy1 on ! :ole ( ! intellectual life ( ! age4 ,b ! new conceptions exi/1 & !y d]ive _! un%akable /r5g? f ! fact t !y are ! result ( ! sev]e/ ,sci5ce4 ,& surely no "o c fail to see t !y promise n only fasc9at+ regions = ?\ght1 b a new lib]ation ( ! human _s4 ,my/]y1 b m wond]ful & full ( promise ?an ev]1 has be5 re/or$ to ! univ]se4 ,,ma!matics ,,& ,,music ,x is possible t ! old head+ 8,arts & ,sci5ces0 has be5 responsible = "s ( ! b>r5ness :i* is s conspicu\s a feature ( /hetic !ory4 ,= ! head+ seems usually to h sugge/$1 n only t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! arts & ! sci5ces1 b t ! diff]5ce is ( a fundam5tal k9d4 ,= ! purposes ( /hetic !ory ! v>i\s arts are assum$ to h m 9 common ?an any "o ( !m has ) any ( ! sci5ces4 ,we f9d ! writ] on /hetics exp\nd+ 8 pr9ciples 9 *apt]s head$ ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,poetry1 ,music2 b x is r>e inde$ to f9d ! argum5t ext5d$ to ma!matics & physics4 ,yet !re is no evid5ce t su* omissions are due to delib]ate reflection2 ! philosoph] has n decid$1 aft] exam9ation1 t ! sci5ces are un/hetic objects2 we mu/ assume t accid5ts ( ta/e & education h prev5t$ him f pay+ att5tion to :at may conceivably be useful data = ! =mulation ( a !ory ( /hetic4 ,)9 ! la/ two or ?ree g5]ations sci5tific m5 h be5 ?9k+ & writ+ a good deal ab\t ! philosophic basis & implications ( _! /udy1 & x is significant t ?is inquiry has l$ _m ( !m to insi/ on ! /hetic "* ( ! satisfactions t sci5ce af=ds4 ,! late ,h5ri ,po9c>1 9 p>ticul>1 has %[n t sci5tific !ories are ak9 to works ( art1 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,norman ,campbell has ass]t$ 8 belief t great m5 ( sci5ce are ess5tially great arti/s4 ,! po9t ( view is an int]e/+ "o1 & sugge/s t fre% light may be ?r[n ^u /hetic problems by a new gr\p+ ( _! subject-matt]4 ,in/ead ( putt+ ! arts & ! sci5ces on opposite sides ( ! f5ce1 x may be helpful to see :e!r c]ta9 memb]s ( ^! two gr\ps h n a natural aff9ity ) "o ano!r1 & s ga9 h9ts = a diff]5t & m compreh5sive classification4 ,x is notewor?y1 9 ?is respect1 t music has always occupi$ an exceptional position among ! arts4 ,pat] tri$ to relate x to o!r arts by say+ x 0 ! art to :i* all o!rs aspire3 ,! arts may be repres5t$ z cont9ually /ruggl+ aft] ! law or pr9ciple ( music1 to a condition :i* music alone completely realises2 & "o ( ! *ief functions ( /hetic criticism1 deal+ ) ! products ( art1 new or old1 is to e/imate ! degree 9 :i* ea* ( ^! products approa*es1 9 ?is s5se1 to musical law4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,pat]'s criticism1 & ( mu* ( ! criticism ( 8 s*ool1 t x exi/s1 z x 71 )9 a _w ( its own4 ,! mean+s to be atta*$ to 8 mo/ important t]ms are always sugge/$ or ins9uat$2 !y are nev] def9$4 ,! me?od is useful1 p]haps ev5 necess>y1 9 deal+ ) a complex & elusive object1 & :]e appeal is made to p]ceptions :i* lie on ! fr+e ( consci\sness4 ,b x runs ! grave dang] ( becom+ altoge!r too t5u\s to be intelligible :5 we make direct ref]5ce to ! object x is suppos$ to illum9ate4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,pat] says ( ! be/ music1 8! end is n di/9ct f ! means1 ! =m f ! matt]1 ! subject f ! expression10 we become acutely aw>e ( ! abs5ce ( def9ition 9 ea* ( ^! prim>y t]ms directly we ?9k ( any actual composition4 ,we feel1 inde$1 t ! t]m9ology is n natural2 9 contemplat+ a poem ! m9d may be naturally impell$ to di/+ui% betwe5 subject & expression z a k9d ( fir/ ef=t 9 analysis2 x is d\btful :e!r1 9 li/5+ to music1 ?is direction = analysis ev] pres5ts itself4 ,s t to say t 9 music subject & expression are id5tical is n to say any?+ useful ab\t music1 b m]ely to decl>e t t k9d ( analysis is irrelevant4 ,x is v probable t no?+ is to be ga9$ by fir/ mak+ di/9ctions :i* h a mean+ = o!r arts & !n br++ music into ! s*eme by say+ t = music su* di/9ctions become mean+less4 ,b if we are to ma9ta9 t ?is k9d ( criticism is irrelevant1 !n music becomes n only an isolat$ art b ! art ( :i* we "k lea/4 ,if x _c be accommodat$ z an example )9 ! g5]al body ( /hetic criticism1 ! criticism t uses su* t]ms z ,pat] uses1 !n :atev] g5]al conclusions ! multif>i\s writ+s ( ! la/ two c5turies on ! 8beautiful0 may be consid]$ to h rea*$ are n applicable to music4 ,9 ?is extremity x is natural1 n[adays1 to become 8sci5tific40 ,comp>ative /udies are und]tak53 ! music ( ,java is comp>$ ) ! music ( ,ba*3 ! evolution ( musical devices is made cle>2 ! psy*ological condition ( ! pati5t "u music is exam9$3 ! "t tak5 = ! "r degree ( hypnosis to be induc$ is det]m9$4 ,t su* me?ods may "o day /umble ^u important facts x w\ld be ra% to d5y1 b no?+ has yet be5 rea*$ :i* illum9ates ! p>ticul> problem t music pres5ts4 ,we are frankly ( ! op9ion t1 s f>1 ! difficult utt]ances ( c]ta9 my/ical or semi-my/ical writ]s ?r[ m light on ! real nature ( music ?an d ^? ( common s5se4 ,among su* writ]s on music ,s*op5hau] is notori\s2 & x is wor? :ile to dwell a little on 8 speculations1 fanta/ic z !y may seem1 s9ce !y conta9 an elem5t common to all su* int]pretations1 :i* does s]ve to isolate ! ess5tial problem ( music4 ,9 ,s*op5hau]'s /hetic ! object ( all arts1 except music1 is to lead1 by ! description ( objects1 to ! recognition ( ! ,ideas 7,platonic7 ^: appe>ance 9 multiplicity con/itutes ! _w4 ,all arts1 !re=e1 h a transc5d5tal function2 _! aim is to reveal to u ! ,platonic _w ( et]nal ess5ces or ,ideas4 ,b !y h to raise u to ?is region via ! objects ( exp]i5ce2 9 t s5se !y are also1 !re=e1 conc]n$ ) ! _w ( appe>ance & are dep5d5t ^u x4 ,! case is diff]5t ) music4 ,music is n conc]n$ ) ! ext]nal _w ei!r z a symbol or z a reality4 ,x is n ev51 9 ,s*op5hau]'s language1 conc]n$ ) ! ,ideas1 b ref]s directly to t 8,w0 :i*1 9 ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy1 und]lies ! ,ideas !mselves4 ,! ess5ce ( 8 !ory is giv5 9 ! foll[+ passage3 444 s i/ die ,musik1 da sie die ,ide5 b]geht1 au* von d] ers*e95d5 ,welt ganz unabhngig1 ignori]t sie s*le*?91 knnte gewiss]maass51 au* w5n die ,welt g> ni*t wre1 do* be/eh53 0 von d5 &]5 ,kn/5 si* ni*t sag5 ls/4 ,die ,musik i/ nmli* e9e s unmittelb>e ,objektivation und ,abbild des ganz5 ,will5s1 wie die ,welt selb/ es i/1 ja wie die ,ide5 es s9d1 d]5 v]vielfltigte ,ers*e9ung die ,welt d] e9zeln5 ,d+e ausma*t4 ,or1 z he says a little lat] on1 ! _w may be reg>d$ z embodi$ music4 ,x is n likely t anyone w take ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy ( music s]i\sly2 & ev5 ^? :o are sympa!tic to 8 g5]al view are n likely to f9d _! s5se ( ! ludicr\s undi/urb$ by 8 id5tification ( bass notes ) ! planets1 t5or notes ) ! vegetable _w1 & s on4 ,! int5sity ( 8 response to music & 8 hum\rless c\rage h l$ him to :at are p]haps ! mo/ fanta/ic /atem5ts 9 all 8 writ+s4 ,b :at is wor? not+ is t s imag9ative & f]tile a speculator1 because he 0 g5u9ely s5sitive to music1 _h to give x a pr(\ndly isolat$ position 9 8 /hetic4 ,9 s do+ we ?9k he recognis$ "o v important diff]5ce betwe5 music & ! o!r arts4 ,x is true t music is indep5d5t ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce 9 a way t o!r arts are n4 ,x is true t !re is a s5se 9 :i* ,s*op5hau] is "r :5 he says t music w\ld exi/ ev5 if ! _w did n4 ,we c see :at is meant if we comp>e ! developm5t ( a 8dramatic0 piece ( music1 su* z ! fir/ movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's ,c m9or ,symphony1 ) a great trag$y4 ,! trag$y1 z a condition ( success1 mu/ make ref]5ce to our exp]i5ce ( life4 ,! o/5sible matt] ( ! trag$y1 ! *>act]s & incid5ts1 mu/ n violate our conception ( reality if !y are to be accept$4 ,! trag$y mu/ be plausible4 ,su* consid]ations obvi\sly d n apply to music4 ,x is mean+less to say t ! developm5t ( a composition mu/ satisfy our s5se ( probability4 ,yet !re is a mean+ 9 say+ t its developm5t seems ei!r arbitr>y or inevitable4 ,! analogy t imm$iately pres5ts itself is a *a9 ( logical reason+1 z 9 ! su/a9$ developm5t ( a ma!matical !orem4 ,su* developm5t is indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce2 ! m9d is obey+ none b its own laws1 & is pay+ no att5tion to any ali5 elem5ts4 ,& x is ?is *>act]i/ic ( ma!matics :i* seems responsible = ! fasc9ation ! /udy possesses = its devotees4 ,remote f human passions1 remote ev5 f ! pitiful facts ( nature1 ! g5]ations h gradually creat$ an ord]$ cosmos1 :]e pure ?\ght c dwell z 9 its natural home1 & :]e "o1 at lea/1 ( our nobl] impulses c escape f ! dre>y exile ( ! actual _w1 says ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell 9 a typical passage4 ,a /ra9 ( romantic eloqu5ce seems1 inde$1 to be insep>able f ! writ+s ( ma!maticians on _! subject4 ,b ! analogy c be press$ m closely4 ,!re are elegant & inelegant ma!matical demon/rations1 ^? :i* m]ely 8comm& ass5t10 z ,"l ,rayleigh said1 & ^? :i* provide a v high degree ( /hetic satisfaction4 ,9 ^! latt] demon/rations ! m9d seems to be mov+ ) m swiftness & fre$om2 ! :ole demon/ration seems to fl[] 9 a natural & spontane\s way2 we h ! impression ( inevitability4 ,ma!matical elegance1 z ,po9c> has put x1 8n'e/ autre *ose que la satisfaction due je ne sais quelle adaptation entre la solution que l'on vi5t de dc\vrir et les beso9s de notre esprit40 ,x is z if !re 7 a mode ( liv+ natural to ! human _s1 an unadapt$ life1 a life free f ! necessity ( accommodat+ itself to ! elem5ts1 s l>gely ali51 ( ! actual _w4 ,ma!matics is ! expression ( ?is life s f> z ! intellect is conc]n$4 ,is x too mu* to say t music is a full] embodim5t ( ?is free life8 ,if we are to say ?is we mu/ ackn[l$ge t m ?an ! intellect is capable ( ?is free life1 t !re is a logic ( ! emotions z well z ( ! m9d4 ,?is assumption is n difficult to make2 inde$1 if we reflect on our exp]i5ce ( "s compositions1 su* z1 to take ! same example1 ! fir/ movem5t ( ! ,c m9or ,symphony1 x is difficult to avoid mak+ x4 ,&1 9 consid]+ ! matt] f ?is po9t ( view1 we may ga9 "s results useful = musical criticism 9 g5]al4 ,! !me ( ! movem5t 9 "q is *>act]i/ic ( _m ( ,bee?ov5's !mes 9 t x does n s]ve m]ely z a k9d ( /ructural skeleton on :i* a composition is to be built4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f1 = in/ance1 _m ( ,ba*'s !mes4 ,! !me imm$iately1 9 its om9\s & arre/+ quality1 ?r[s ! m9d into a c]ta9 /ate ( expectancy1 a /ate :]e a l>ge numb] ( happ5+s1 b only ! happ5+s belong+ to a c]ta9 class1 c logically foll[4 ,z an analog\s vague yet re/rict$ initial prep>ation we may in/ance ! entry ( ! wit*es at ! beg9n+ ( ,macbe?4 ,z ! music proce$s ?is ri*1 b m or less def9ite1 /ate 9 ! he>] becomes m & m precise1 m & m subtle4 ,x is1 z x 71 explor$ & %[n 9 all its height & dep?4 ,:at 0 pregnant 9 ! !me is exhibit$ to u 9 all its ext5t1 its def9it5ess1 & its =ce4 ,! !me 0 ! entrance to a _w4 ,& we h ! consci\sness ( logic1 ( inevitability1 because at no po9t are we con/ra9$4 ,we exult because we are free2 ?is is h[ we1 too1 w\ld move b = our fett]s1 our ali51 arbitr>y fett]s f :i*1 = ?is "t1 we h be5 fre$4 ,& 9 none ( ?is1 unless we h incurably lit]>y m9ds1 are we ev] rem9d$ ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is life is no life t we h liv$ or t1 on ?is planet1 we c\ld live4 ,music is z indep5d5t ( ! _w z ma!matics1 b x _c1 l a sy/em ( geometry1 ev5 be appli$ to ! real _w z an hypo!sis4 ,x is ev5 d\btful h[ f> ! emotions x expresses1 :5 x is m]ely express+ emotion1 correspond to ^? ( real life4 ,! sorr[ ( ! b]eav$ fa!r is n ! same ?+ z ! sorr[ ( ! b]eav$ lov]1 b music c express sorr[ ) ?\s&s ( nuances4 ,x is cu/om>y to say t ! emotions ( music are g5]alis$ emotions2 t its sorr[1 = in/ance1 is a k9d ( common d5om9ator ( all sorr[s4 ,b ! exact opposite seems to be ! case4 ,! situations ( real life1 l ! res\rces ( language1 are probably too limit$ to af=d correspond5ces to ! imm5se v>iety ( emotions expressible 9 music4 ,! musician is z free z ! non-,euclidean geomet] to create worlds :i* h no objective c\nt]p>t4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 9 comp>+ ! arts1 t we %\ld class ma!matics & music toge!r1 s9ce !y resemble "o ano!r by _! mo/ intimate *>act]i/ics & diff]1 9 ^! respects1 f all o!r arts4 ,x is wor? not+1 9 ?is connection1 t x is only 9 ma!matics & music t we h ! creative infant prodigy4 ,exp]i5ce & le>n+1 comp>$ ) :at we vaguely call 8in/9ct0 or 8gift10 play a comp>atively insignificant rle2 ! boy ma!matician or musician1 unlike o!r arti/s1 is n utilis+ a /ore ( impressions1 emotional or o!r1 drawn f exp]i5ce or le>n+2 he is utilis+ inn] res\rces s obvi\sly indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce t1 l ,plato's slave1 he seems to h br\ght !m ) him f "s ant]ior life4 ,& ! arti/ic progress ( a musician1 if x be a true progress1 means prim>ily t he is mak+ ev] m accessible ! ri*es ( ?is inn] life4 ,x is difficult to avoid my/icism1 or at lea/ ,platonism1 at ?is po9t4 ,b "h aga9 x seems to u t ,s*op5hau] und]/ood some?+ ess5tial4 ,:5 he says t music1 l ! ,platonic ideas1 is an embodim5t ( ! 8,w0 t und]lies all ?+s1 he does at lea/ say t :at is reveal$ to u by a composition is some?+ o!r ?an ! 8p]sonality0 ( ! compos]4 ,! function ( music is n1 l t ( lit]ature1 to illum9ate ?is _w1 b !re is a _w x illum9ates--a _w at lea/ z va/ & indep5d5t ( ?is "o z t ma!matical 8cosmos0 describ$ by ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell4 ,!re is mu* music1 ( c\rse1 :i* sugge/s no su* my/ical fancies4 ,) mo/ ( ,wagn]'s music1 = in/ance1 !re is no h9t ( o!r worlds1 b r a gorge\s col\r+ ( ?is "o--or ( ^? aspects ( ?is "o :i* excite romantic poets ) /rong bodily appetites :o c assume ! backgr\nd ( ! vigor\s mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,su* music is fully comp>able ) a c]ta9 k9d ( lit]ature2 all x lacks is ! def9it5ess ( /atem5t1 & h5ce ! intellectual cl>ity1 :i* ! use ( language af=ds4 ,x may be ev5 m p[]ful & subtle ?an lit]ature c be--,tri/an und ,isolde expresses c]ta9 emotions ) imm5se adequacy4 ,b x is n do+ some?+ :i* music alone c d2 &1 = t reason1 x ?r[s v little light on ! peculi> problem ( music4 ,= ! peculi> problem ( music consi/s 9 its indep5d5ce1 9 its p[] ( transport+ u to a _w :i* is n o!rwise reveal$4 ,to ,s*op5hau]1 to :om bo? ! _w & music 7 embodim5ts ( ! same ,w1 !re 0 a musical equival5t = e exp]i5ce2 &1 x w\ld seem to foll[1 = e musical utt]ance !re is a correspond+ exp]i5ce4 ,! two worlds are indep5d5t1 b !re exi/s betwe5 !m1 z a ma!matician w\ld say1 a "o-to-"o correspond5ce4 ,yet he v /rangely goes on to accept ! !ory t a musical utt]ance is a k9d ( g5]alisation ( a numb] ( di/9ct exp]i5ces4 ,he po9ts out t ! musical sett+ ( a poem1 = in/ance1 w s]ve = a numb] ( simil> poems4 ,x is ! 8k]nal0 ( all ^! poems :i* is giv5 directly by ! music4 ,b x is equally true t ! same poem w s]ve = sev]al musical sett+s4 ,:5 ,bee?ov51 z "o ( sixty-?ree compos]s1 compos$ 8 sett+ ( ,c>pani's poem 8,9 que/a tomba oscura10 he probably compos$ ! be/ sett+1 s9ce x is ! only "o t has surviv$2 b among ! o!r sixty-two !re mu/ h be5 _m :i*1 9 ,s*op5hau]'s phrase1 7 expressions ( ! 8k]nal0 ( ! poem4 ,! fact seems to be t1 unless music is delib]ately illu/rative1 x is n conc]n$ ) :at is o!rwise expressible4 ,t is :y musicians are always dissatisfi$ ) 8lit]>y0 descriptions ( music4 ,h[ev] good 9 _! own k9d !y may be1 !y are always felt to be irrelevant & ev51 9 "s way1 a degradation ( ! actual musical utt]ance4 ,x is felt t !y exhibit a c]ta9 ins5sitiv5ess or lack ( ta/e1 z 9 t curi\sly popul> image :i* lik5s tw9 hills to a woman's brea/s4 ,z comp>$ ) lit]ature1 music is ab/ract4 ,x is indep5d5t1 z lit]ature is n1 ( ! facts ( life4 ,b j z !re is "s music :i* approa*es to ! condition ( lit]ature1 s !re is "s lit]ature :i* approa*es to ! condition ( music4 ,su* lit]ature1 :ile x is conc]n$ ) ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 z lit]ature mu/ be1 is conc]n$ ) t _w z symbol & n z reality4 ,su* lit]ature1 we might say1 is n conc]n$ to illum9ate ! _w ( :at we "h call exp]i5ce1 b to reveal some?+ ab\t ! s\l ( man itself--or1 if we pref] sci5tific j>gon to my/ical1 to deal ) ! normally subconsci\s r ?an ) ! normally consci\s4 ,bo? k9ds ( lit]ature h be5 call$ reali/ic1 b !y are reali/ic f entirely diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,do/oevsky1 = in/ance1 reg>d$ ! realism ( su* writ]s z ,zola z trivial4 ,& c ,macbe? be reg>d$ z a reali/ic "w1 on ! basis ( ! ,fr5* conception ( realism8 ,macbe? is1 inde$1 a /rik+ example ( ! ext5t to :i* lit]ature c approa* ! condition ( music4 ,! :ole app>atus ( ! play1 ! wit*es1 ! *>act]s1 ! incid5ts1 are s obvi\sly n pres5t$ = _! own sakes1 b z symbols ?r\gh :i* an ov]:elm+ p]ception 0 to be convey$4 ,"h ! fact t ! lit]>y arti/ mu/ accommodate himself to ! laws ( ! real _w1 t he mu/ satisfy our s5se ( probability1 seems h>dly a h9drance4 ,our s5se ( probability is1 inde$1 purposely lull$ by ! entrance ( ! wit*es at ! beg9n+4 ,we are made aw>e t n ! real _w alone is conc]n$4 ,9 ?is respect ! sup]natural 8ma*9]y0 ( ,macbe? p]=ms an altoge!r diff]5t function f t 9 ,hamlet4 ,! :ole ( ,hamlet is p]fectly reali/ic 9 ! tight s5se4 ,b ! fact t lit]ature mu/ always use symbols diff]5tiates x utt]ly f music4 ,& j z we h se5 t real life may pres5t no analogies to :at is reveal$ 9 music1 s x may happ5 t ! lit]>y arti/ :o has access to a wide & deep inn] life may f9d no symbols1 su* z are ess5tial to lit]>y art1 to convey 8 p]ceptions4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,eliot has /at$ t ,hamlet is an arti/ic failure because ! :ole play1 consid]$ z pres5tation 9 t]ms ( symbols1 does n adequately convey ! emotions or p]ceptions we confus$ly feel ,%akespe>e is try+ to express4 ,:e!r or n ,mr4 ,eliot is correct 9 8 in/ance1 8 g5]al !sis is p]fectly s\nd4 ,ev5 if ,hamlet c\ld be re-writt5 s z to satisfy ,mr4 ,eliot1 x is /ill true t !re are "s p]ceptions1 /ates ( m9d1 emotions1 or :atev] "o likes to call !m1 :i* x is v difficult to believe are expressible 9 lit]ature at all4 ,santayana gives a neat b some:at trivial in/ance 9 "o ( 8 essays :]e he says t !re is no human incid5t or gr\p ( incid5ts :i* c s]ve z a fitt+ symbol = pure radiant joy--a sort ( prolong$1 exultant1 cele/ial /ate ( joy4 ,a %ad[1 to ! mature m9d1 lies ov] ! brighte/ & mo/ delightful ( life's happ5+s4 ,he sugge/s t a poet :o %\ld try to imitate music 9 ?is respect c\ld d little b write ! ^w 8,joy60 ) exclamation m>ks4 ,he c\ld write no?+ else t 0 unambigu\s4 ,&1 inde$1 a symbol is always ambigu\s unless1 l ! symbols ( ! ma!matician1 its mean+ is completely exhau/$ by its symbolic int5t4 ,! symbol di/racts2 x br+s ) x a cr[d ( irrelevant associations1 & = t reason1 ev5 :5 ! symbols are mo/ sup]bly h&l$1 z 9 ,macbe?1 ! resultant communication is less def9ite ?an ) music4 ,b ! v great1 ! imm5se1 importance ( lit]ature lies 9 ! fact t x c1 p>tially at lea/1 %ape ! facts ( life s z to make !m consonant ) ! nature ( man4 ,if exp]i5ce c furni% symbols :i* express ! deepe/ ne$s & aspirations ( ! s\l1 !n life c be1 at lea/ p>tially1 illum9at$4 ,= man c und]/& no?+ :i* is n consonant ) 8 own nature4 ,! lit]ature :i* truly illum9ates life is ! lit]ature :i* int]prets life mo/ fully 9 t]ms ( our own emotions & aspirations4 ,9 ?is s5se n only all lit]ature1 b all sci5ce1 is an?ropomorphic4 ,sci5ce is only possible 9 s f> z x is logical4 ,t is to say1 ! univ]se c only be und]/ood 9 s f> z its happ5+s are ob$i5t to ! laws ( man's own m9d4 ,9 its relation to ma!matics1 :]e ! m9d pays no att5tion to ! arbitr>y conditions ( exp]i5ce1 physics plays some?+ ( ! same "p z is play$ by lit]ature 9 its relation to music4 ,bo? physics & lit]ature1 9 _! univ]sal function1 are conc]n$ ) a _w :i* ne$ n obey ! laws native to ! _s ( man4 ,su* illum9ation z !y c give is dep5d5t ^u1 z x 71 :at correspond5ces !y c f9d4 ,! revelation ( life af=d$ by ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov1 = in/ance1 consi/s 9 relat+ ! ph5om5a ( life to ! deepe/ impulses ( ! _s ( man4 ,only s does life become 9 any measure truly compreh5d$2 & x is 9 ?is respect t su* works diff] f ^? reports on life :]e we may recognise & ass5t to ev]y?+1 b :]e our compreh5sion ( any?+ is n deep5$4 ,su* works z ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov may be call$ philosophic1 if we use ! ^w to include some?+ o!r ?an purely intellectual und]/&+4 ,we h sugge/$ t1 if ma!matics may be tak5 z ! intellectual analogue ( music1 !n x is n p]haps too f>-fet*$ to say t su* a sci5ce z physics may be tak5 z ! intellectual analogue ( lit]ature1 s9ce bo? are conc]n$ to int]pret :at we call ! real 9 t]ms ( :at we call ! ideal1 :ile ! two =m] arts are n conc]n$ ) ! real4 ,& ! "q arises :e!r ! arts1 ma!matics1 & music1 :i* are n conc]n$ to illum9ate exp]i5ce1 are wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,9 ! case ( ma!matics ! answ] is n d\btful1 s9ce x has repeat$ly %[n itself applicable to real happ5+s1 h[ev] little notions ( utility may h play$ a "p1 or ne$ h play$ a "p1 9 its creation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ remote ma!matical !orems are n c]ta9ly immune f practical application4 ,b no su* claim c be made = music1 & x is = t reason t to "s philosoph]s music is a pleas+ b ess5tially trivial art4 ,to su* philosoph]s music1 :ile x may sugge/ spiritual pr(undities1 is1 aft] all1 say+ no?+ ( any possible significance4 ,! adv5tures ( ! s\l t x depicts are less significant ev5 ?an a /age fight4 ,its "o ju/ification is ! pleasure x af=ds2 x takes u out ( ourselves 9 a way no o!r art c d1 & aft] ?is refre%+ int]regnum we return to ! ?+s t matt]4 ,x may be s2 we c give no pro( t x is n s2 we c only say we f9d ! po9t ( view incr$ible4 ,on ?is po9t1 aga91 we c]ta9ly f9d ! my/ical view ( ,s*op5hau]1 if less intelligible1 at lea/ m conv9c+ ?an t ( common s5se4 ,,human ,,te/imony ,ev]ybody normally acts on ! assumption t ! value ( human te/imony is an extremely v>iable quantity4 ,! rules by :i* we assess ! value ( te/imony1 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 are ( t ?or\ghly habitual k9d t h>dly involve consci\s processes2 !y repose on two judgm5ts1 :i* we are always mak+4 ,our belief 9 direct te/imony to an ev5t is condition$ by ! nature ( ! ev5t & by our e/imate ( ! 8p]sonal equation0 ( ! witness4 ,^! two factors are n q indep5d5t2 x is v seldom1 = in/ance1 t we attribute 8g5]al untru/wor?9ess0 to anybody :o is kn[n to u4 ,our exp]i5ce usually tea*es u t !re are c]ta9 classes ( /atem5ts--e4g4 8 breaks at billi>ds1 ! numb] ( miles 8 motor-c> runs on a gallon ( petrol--= :i* t p>ticul> witness's cr$ibility is at a m9imum4 ,= "s o!r classes ( /atem5ts we may h le>nt to take 8 ^w )\t hesitation4 ,:at ! ma!maticians call ! 8cr$ibility0 ( a witness is n1 9 ! case ( any witness ( :om we h p]sonal k1 a con/ant figure4 ,x v>ies ) ! ev5t1 (t5 9 an extremely complicat$ way4 ,:5 ,br[n is li/5+ to ,jones talk+ ab\t ! enormities ( ,smi? ! extremely delicate & rapid weigh+ ( probabilities be+ p]=m$ by ,br[n begg>s any ma!matical description4 ,:5 ! witness is p]sonally unkn[n to u ! matt] becomes simpl]4 ,our conclusions1 "o way or ano!r1 w be held ) less confid5ce1 b !y w be m simply arriv$ at4 ,we may1 on ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! te/imony itself--! tone ( ! lett]1 ! man's mann] 9 ! dock--class ! witness z a man ( a c]ta9 type4 ,correspond+ to ea* type we h a r\gh scale ( cr$ibility = diff]5t types ( ev5ts4 ,9 cases :]e we "k no?+ ( ! witness beyond 8 b>e /atem5t t he witness$ ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5t our e/imate ( 8 cr$ibility is bas$ on v g5]al & usually r vague consid]ations4 ,we are guid$ by two ?+s3 ! initial cr$ibility ( ! ev5t & our e/imate ( ! g5]al value ( human te/imony4 ,bo? ( ^! crit]ia1 & 9 p>ticul> ! second1 are excessively ill-def9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at d we mean by ! initial cr$ibility ( an ev5t8 ,!re are v few cases :]e ?is notion c be precisely def9$4 ,! simple in/ances dealt ) 9 ! elem5ts ( ma!matical probability d1 x is true1 p]mit ( precise def9ition4 ,! *ance t a :ite ball w be drawn f an urn conta9+ five black balls & "o :ite ball c be exactly e/imat$1 = we are 9 possession ( all ! v simple relevant factors4 ,b ! probability t ,romulus f\nd$ ,rome obvi\sly belongs to a v diff]5t category4 ,& :at is ! initial cr$ibility ( a miracle8 ,hume1 z is well kn[n1 ?\ght t ! a priori incr$ibility ( a miracle 0 s great t its occurr5ce c\ld n be e/abli%$ by human te/imony4 ,he is "h try+ to e/abli% a ratio betwe5 ! initial cr$ibility ( a class ( ev5ts & ! initial cr$ibility ( human te/imony to su* ev5ts4 ,he is tak+ "s k9d ( av]age 9 bo? cases1 b x is difficult to see h[ su* an av]age c be arriv$ at4 ,vague consid]ations ( ?is k9d are ( no value 9 =m+ conclusions on matt]s ( real int]e/ to u1 al?\gh !y may be suffici5t to w>rant a lazy scepticism reg>d+ :at ,william ,james calls 8dead hypo!ses10 or may =m ! basis = amus+ & +5i\s ma!matical ex]cises4 ,b we h no notion ( an av]age initial cr$ibility :i* is ( any use 9 practice2 ea* case mu/ be judg$ on its own m]its4 ,& if1 to take ! second po9t1 we rea*$ "s av]age = ! value ( human te/imony 9 g5]al1 we %\ld nev]1 9 practice1 apply x4 ,! utmo/ we c hope to d is to e/abli% a m or less con/ant relation betwe5 ! te/imony ( classes ( witnesses & classes ( ev5ts4 ,we h to divide witnesses into types1 & = ea* giv5 type e/imate ! value ( its te/imony to diff]5t classes ( ev5ts4 ,we mu/ inve/igate ! diff]5ce x makes :5 ! witness is tak5 z isolat$ & :5 he is tak5 z a memb] ( a gr\p ( witnesses4 ,9 ?is way we may hope to rea* results :i* are ( value 9 judicial proc$ure1 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & 9 v>i\s p>ticul> inve/igations1 includ+ ^? mod]n sub/itutes = miracles1 ! ph5om5a ( spiritualism4 ,we are1 9 fact1 to inve/igate man 9 8 capacity z a tru?-record+ in/rum5t4 ,! result ( su* rese>*es z h be5 made may be said1 briefly1 to %[ t human te/imony has mu* less value ?an is normally assign$ to x &1 9 p>ticul>1 mu* less value ?an x is held to possess 9 a ,c\rt ( ,law4 ,! exp]im5tal results obta9$ 9 ?is field are1 inde$1 (t5 />tl+4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t "o's fir/ impulse1 on becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! results hi!rto rea*$1 is to fall back on a g5]al & dismay$ scepticism reg>d+ ! value ( human te/imony to any?+ :atev]4 ,b a clos] exam9ation ( ! results %[ u t ?is attitude is unw>rant$1 & re9=ces ! common-s5se assumption t ! value ( human te/imony is a matt] ( degree1 v>y+ f complete wor?lessness to a v fair presumption t ! ev5t occurr$ z /at$4 ,! inve/igation is useful *iefly 9 %[+ u :at factors influ5ce ?is value4 ,x is conv5i5t to sep>ate out ^! factors accord+ to ! s*eme rec5tly employ$ by ,dr4 ,edmond ,loc>d1 9 8 analysis ( police records ov] a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! /atem5ts made by a witness repose1 9 ! fir/ place1 on s5sations :i* he has exp]i5c$4 ,x might be ?\ght too obvi\s to be wor? m5tion+ t we require ! witness :o he>d a s\nd1 = in/ance1 to h reasonably good he>+1 & yet !re are _m cases :]e simple prelim9>y consid]ations ( ?is k9d are n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,pr(essor ,zlln]'s fam\s book ,transc5d5tal ,physics1 = in/ance1 alleg$ m>vels t occurr$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,slade1 ! m$ium2 & ^! alleg$ m>vels1 ( great influ5ce 9 spread+ a belief 9 spiritualism1 7 witness$ to by f\r pr(essors1 ,zlln]1 ,fe*n]1 ,s*eibn] & ,web]4 ,b a memb] ( ! ,seyb]t ,commission1 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,full]ton1 z a result ( p]sonal int]views1 f\nd t two ( ^! pr(essors1 ,fe*n] & ,s*eibn]1 7 p>tially bl9d at ! "t4 ,_! s5sations1 !re=e1 9 ?is respect1 7 untru/wor?y4 ,b defects ( ?is k9d may usually be det]m9$ & ?is factor condition+ ! witnesses' cr$ibility all[$ =4 ,:]e a witness makes appeal to a s5sation :i* may be *eck$ ! *eck %\ld always be impos$4 ,?us ,dr4 ,loc>d gives an in/ance :]e a witness /at$ t an ev5t occurr$ 9 a mill at a c]ta9 h\r4 ,h[ did he "k ! h\r8 ,by he>+ a clock /rike at ! "t ! ev5t occurr$4 ,a te/ 0 made1 & x 0 f\nd t ! noise ( ! mill made ! /rik+ ( ! clock q inaudible4 ,! witness !n rememb]$ t he did n he> ! clock /rike until he _h left ! mill4 ,simil>ly1 witnesses h te/ifi$ t !y saw a man leave a doorway1 _! po/ ( obs]vation be+ "o f :i* ! doorway c\ld n be se54 ,s5sations may (t5 be *eck$1 h[ev]1 &1 to a c>eful inquir]1 !y ne$ n be a grave s\rce ( error4 ,b ! next /age is conc]n$ ) ! witness's p]ceptions4 ,( 8 s5sations he w s+le "s out = att5tion & neglect ! re/4 ,he s+les out ^? :i*1 = "s reason or ano!r1 int]e/ him mo/4 ,x may q easily happ51 !re=e1 t ! s5sations mo/ relevant to ! inquiry 9 h& h be5 neglect$4 ,!y h be5 filt]$1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! witness's int]e/2 & x is (t5 ! case t 8 int]e/ has n be5 excit$ by ! s5sations mo/ p]t95t to ! subsequ5t inquiry4 ,x is on ?is fact t conjur]s v l>gely dep5d = _! success4 ,! att5tion ( ! audi5ce is di/ract$2 !y are invit$ to dismiss c]ta9 s5sations z be+ ( no importance1 &1 9 g5]al1 x is rem>kably easy to ensure ?is di/raction ( att5tion4 ,dr4 ,hodgson's case ( ! ,engli% (fic] & ! ,h9du juggl] well illu/rates ?is po9t3 ,ref]r+ to ! movem5ts ( ! co9s1 he said t he _h tak5 a co9 f 8 own pocket & plac$ x on ! gr\nd himself1 yet t ?is co9 _h indulg$ 9 ! same freaks z ! o!r co9s4 ,8 wife v5tur$ to sugge/ t ! juggl] _h tak5 ! co9 & plac$ x on ! gr\nd1 b ! (fic] 0 emphatic 9 repeat+ 8 /atem5t1 & appeal$ to me = confirmation4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 mi/ak54 ,i _h wat*$ ! transaction ) special curiosity1 z ,i knew :at 0 necess>y = ! p]=mance ( ! trick4 ,! (fic] _h app>5tly int5d$ to place ! co9 ^u ! gr\nd himself1 b z he 0 do+ s ! juggl] leant slightly =w>d1 dext]\sly & 9 a mo/ unobtrusive mann] receiv$ ! co9 f ! f+]s ( ! (fic]1 z ! latt] 0 /oop+ d[n1 & laid x close to ! o!rs4 ,if ! juggl] _h n ?us tak5 ! co91 b _h all[$ ! (fic] himself to place x on ! gr\nd1 ! trick1 z actually p]=m$1 w\ld h be5 fru/rat$4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x highly improbable t ! movem5t ( ! juggl] entirely escap$ ! p]ception ( ! (fic]2 highly improbable1 t is to say1 t ! (fic] 0 absolutely unaw>e ( ! juggl]'s action at ! mom5t ( its happ5+2 b ,i suppose t1 al?\gh an impression 0 made on 8 consci\sness1 x 0 s slight z to be spe$ily effac$ by ! (fic]'s imag9ation ( himself z /oop+ & plac+ ! co9 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,we h "h an in/ance ( errone\s te/imony by a witness to 8 own actions2 te/imony to ! actions ( o!r p is usually mu* less tru/wor?y4 ,9 ?is matt] ( direct p]ception we may discrim9ate /ill fur!r4 ,tactile p]ceptions are ( almo/ no value :atev]4 ,if a witness be bl9dfold$ & ask$ to det]m9e1 by t\* alone1 ! nature1 ! volume & ! mat]ial ( an object1 x w be f\nd t ! responses are v inaccurate4 ,exp]i5ce ( tactile s5sations is relatively small & d$uctions !refrom are practically valueless4 ,?us ! %ock ( a bullet ent]+ ! body may be int]pret$ z a slight bl[1 sev]al dagg] ?ru/s 9 ! back z "o ?ru/1 & s on4 ,a piece ( ice drawn across ! neck ( a bl9dfold$ man & w>m wat] simultane\sly p\r$ on 8 *e/ h be5 /at$ to cause dea? by fright1 ! man hav+ previ\sly be5 in=m$ t he 0 go+ to h 8 ?roat cut4 ,p]ceptions ( od\r or ( ta/e are ev5 less tru/wor?y2 & "h ! difficulty ( expression 9 precise t]ms1 9 ! lack ( a precise vocabul>y1 is complicat$ by ! fact t ! witness prim>ily p]ceives od\rs & ta/es z pleasant or unpleasant1 & pays att5tion only to t aspect ( !m4 ,9 cases ( poison+1 !re=e1 evid5ce ( ?is k9d %\ld be giv5 v little value4 ,x is only :5 we come to ! s5ses ( he>+ & ( sight t we ent] ! region :]e p]ceptions may h evid5tial value4 ,9 ! case ( he>+1 h[ev]1 we mu/ /ill proce$ v w>ily4 ,exp]im5t has %[n t e/imates ( direction1 = example1 are q valueless1 s9ce ! diff]5t e/imates made by diff]5t obs]v]s obey ! laws ( pure *ance4 ,tra9+ c d a little1 b v little1 to r5d] ^! p]ceptions m tru/wor?y2 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 evid5ce z to ! direction ( a s\nd may be neglect$4 ,e/imates ( ! di/ance ( a s\nd1 also1 are ( v small value4 ,! int5sity ( a he>d s\nd dep5ds on ! int5sity ( ! s\rce1 & also on its di/ance2 & ^! two factors may be apportion$ by ! obs]v] 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann]4 ,9 ! case :]e ! s\nd is articulate1 z 9 ov]he>+ a conv]sation1 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( /ill o!r s\rces ( error1 due to illegitimate inf]5ce & ! association ( ideas4 ,= words :i* are n he>d w be suppli$ by ! witness 9 all good fai?4 ,he w h a !ory ( ! purport ( ! conv]sation1 & w arrange ! s\nds he he>d to fit x4 ,edg> ,all5 ,poe's example1 9 ,! ,murd]s 9 ! ,rue ,morgue1 ( ! cries ( an ape :i* 7 int]pret$ z rem>ks 9 diff]5t languages by diff]5t obs]v]s1 is judg$ by ,dr4 ,loc>d to be n at all fanta/ic4 ,! same g5]al s\rce ( error applies to visual p]ceptions4 ,n ev]y?+ is obs]v$1 & ! lacun are fill$ 9 by ! witness 9 :at seems to him ! mo/ probable mann]4 ,ov]sights 9 pro(-read+ furni% a famili> example ( ?is k9d ( error4 ,b psy*ological exp]im5ts h produc$ mu* m /rik+ examples4 ,clap>de arrang$ = a man1 we>+ ! mask ( a cl[n1 to ent] 8 lecture room :ile a lecture 0 9 progress4 ,! /ud5ts 7 aft]w>ds ask$ to pick out ?is mask f a s]ies ( t51 & out ( tw5ty-?ree :o attempt$ ! task five only 7 successful--& ev5 ^! successes 7 probably due1 l>gely or :olly1 to *ance4 ,! appreciation ( di/ances1 measur$ by ! eye1 is also v likely to be errone\s1 ! rule be+ t l>ge di/ances are "u-e/imat$ & small ones ov]-e/imat$4 ,a simil> rule holds good ( e/imations ( int]vals ( "t4 ,errors ( ?is k9d are n pure errors ( p]ception2 !y are due *iefly to lack ( exp]i5ce4 ,a c>p5t] or build] w\ld usually make a mu* m accurate e/imate ( ! dim5sions (1 say1 ! side ( a h\se ?an w\ld ! ord9>y p]son2 & a/ronom]s :o "w ) transit in/rum5ts h1 z a class1 v accurate p]ceptions ( small int]vals ( "t4 ,x is *iefly lack ( exp]i5ce1 also1 :i* is responsible = ! absurdly diff]5t e/imates diff]5t obs]v]s w make ( ! numb] ( p 9 a cr[d4 ,dr4 ,loc>d /ates t1 on que/ion+ ! policem5 employ$ to keep ord] dur+ a procession z to ! numb] ( p !y e/imat$ to be tak+ "p 9 ! procession1 he obta9$ ! figures five ?\s&1 t5 ?\s&1 tw5ty-f\r ?\s&4 ,! actual numb]1 he /ates1 0 ?ree ?\s&4 ,& dur+ ano!r procession two middle-ag$1 intellig5t1 educat$ ,p>is j\rnali/s gave z _! e/imates = ! numb] ( p engag$1 ! "o ?irty ?\s& & ! o!r ?ree hundr$ ?\s&4 ,b n[ let u suppose t our witness1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 imp]fect s5ses & 8 p>tial att5tion1 has receiv$ a c]ta9 image4 ,:at de=mations may x suff] be=e x is produc$ z 8 evid5ce8 ,if 8 memory ( ! incid5t has 8laps$0 ! image w und]go comp>atively little alt]ation1 b if x has (t5 be5 call$ to m9d x w probably suff] a v consid]able *ange4 ,ea* "t ! image is recall$ x w sugge/ o!rs2 ! creative imag9ation gets to "w1 alt]+ ! emphasis1 add+ p>ticul>s1 oblit]at+ o!rs1 & ! result w be z mu* a "w ( art z ! reproduction ( a fact4 ,?is t5d5cy is p>ticul>ly to be notic$ ) wom51 & ) c]ta9 8excitable0 types2 x may be almo/ a national *>act]i/ic1 z ) ,gascons & ,sicilians4 ,b all witnesses are prone to ?is k9d ( inaccuracy4 ,:]e ! ev5t has (t5 be5 n>rat$ by ! witness ! de=mations become ev5 m s]i\s4 ,= he is "h expos$ n only to ! sugge/ions ( 8 own creative imag9ation1 b to ! sugge/ions ( o!r p4 ,e "o wi%es to make a success ( ! /ory he is tell+1 & ! p]ception ( :at po9ts to /ress & :at details to add is wond]fully ready & al]t4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t a witness ( p]fect good fai? has *ang$ f ! simple spectator ( a drama to a prom95t actor 9 x "u ! influ5ce ( repeat$ n>ration4 ,f9ally1 we rea* ! po9t :5 ! witness has to be> 8 =mal te/imony4 ,8 obs]vations 7 imp]fect1 he has imp]fectly rememb]$ !m1 8 imag9ation has di/ort$ !m1 & he is n[ to express !m4 ,a v consid]able additional s\rce ( inaccuracy is likely to ent] "h4 ,! witness probably _c express 8 complete image--words may n be suffici5tly precise to r5d] ! f9e %ades ( 8 rememb]$ p]ceptions4 ,! nature ( a s\nd1 ! k9d ( emotion express$ by a voice1--he may h no words = su* ?+s4 ,&1 9 any case1 ! witness w n express 8 complete image4 ,he w select--9 accordance ) 8 own e/imate ( :at is p]t95t & :at trivial4 ,he w d ?is ev5 if he be all[$ to talk to 8 he>t's cont5t2 b ! me?od ( "q & answ] z pursu$ 9 our ,law ,c\rts leads to ev5 m imp]fect expression4 ,= he is =c$ to be precise :]e 8 recollection is vague1 & he w ei!r give a false precision to 8 answ] or else pr(ess complete ignorance4 ,m (t5 /ill ! witness s9s by exagg]ation1 & ^! exagg]ations1 9 a ?\s& subtle ways1 usually t5d to add to 8 own importance4 ,& x is important to notice t1 besides t5d+ to import fictiti\s details1 ! witness w t5d to exagg]ate 8 degree ( conviction4 ,:]e he 0 orig9ally d\btful he is n[ p]fectly sure4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! witness 9 isolation1 & we h n consid]$ ! reaction ^u 8 te/imony ( ! emotional /ate produc$ 9 him by ! ev5t4 ,yet ! emotions accompany+ ! ev5t h a great be>+ ^u ! value ( ! witness's te/imony4 ,dur+ ! w> x 0 notic$ t ! evid5ce ( soldi]s fre%ly w\nd$ 0 (t5 ( ! mo/ fanta/ic description4 ,!y w\ld te/ify to ! details ( cata/rophes :i* _h nev] occurr$2 !y w\ld ass]t t s-&-s _h be5 decapitat$ 9 front ( _! eyes1 & s-&-s buri$ by an explosion1 :51 z a matt] ( fact1 no?+ remotely resembl+ ^! ev5ts _h tak5 place4 ,&1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! comp>atively slight] emotions ( a spirituali/ic sance1 p w id5tify ! same 8mat]ialis$0 mask z ! features ( _! husb&s1 wives1 sons1 daught]s4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* emotions x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule t p]ceptions det]iorate1 & illegitimate inf]5ce1 8unconsci\s reason+10 becomes m m>k$4 ,unconsci\s reason+1 inde$1 plays a v great "p 9 ne>ly all cases ( mal-obs]vation4 ,x is well exemplifi$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ! man sitt+ 9 a d>k wood3 8,t dog's b>k is n really a gras%opp]1 x is ! squeak+ ( a c>t40 ,& ,dr4 ,loc>d tells ( "o exp]im5t he made1 :ile 9 ! ,army1 ) a b>omet] :i* bore a remote resemblance to a clock4 ,8 sugge/ion t x 0 a clock 0 inv>iably accept$1 ev5 by ! mo/ em95t p1 & sev]al ( !m acquir$ _! k ( ! "t ( day f its indications1 ev5 :5 ! h\r s indicat$ 0 highly improbable4 ,! te/imony ( great & comm&+ figures1 ev5 to ! "t ( day1 may !re=e be op5 to suspicion4 ,b ! imm5se "p play$ by unconsci\s reason+ is be/ se5 9 ! psy*ology ( conjur+1 "u :i* head x is fair to gr\p ! great majority ( alleg$ spirituali/ic ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is latt] case we h fur!r to recognise :at ,freud calls ! 8pleasure-pa9 pr9ciple10 z di/+ui%$ f ! 8reality-pr9ciple40 ,9 o!r words1 ! witnesses are seldom dis9t]e/$2 !y /rongly desire to witness c]ta9 ev5ts r ?an o!rs1 & 9 su* cases ! slighte/ sugge/ion is suffici5t to produce conviction4 ,:5 ! witness is n isolat$1 b is a memb] ( a gr\p1 ! defects we h be=e not$1 due to ! creative imag9ation1 are likely to be acc5tuat$4 ,! ev5t w h be5 discuss$ & a uni=m v]sion gradually prep>$4 ,x is almo/ impossible1 f ! unanim\s te/imony ( a numb] ( witnesses :o h be5 9 consultation1 to extract ! orig9al p]ceptions4 ,! ph5om5on ( mimtisme te/imonial makes its appe>ance1 & may assume abnormal dim5sions4 ,a k9d ( collective hy/]ia may be induc$1 & !re c be little d\bt t "s ( ! collective d5unciations ( wit*es :i* took place 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 manife/ations ( ?is =m ( mimicry4 ,su* are "s ( ! results t h be5 rea*$ by ! mod]n inve/igations ( ! value ( human te/imony4 ,!y tell u little we did n "k be=e1 = mank9d has _h an imm5se exp]i5ce ( human te/imony2 b !y make our k m precise & enable u to see :at k9ds ( te/imony are mo/ op5 to suspicion4 ,! effect ( ^! rese>*es on judicial proc$ure %\ld be consid]able1 & _! influ5ce on ! /udy ( hi/ory n less m>k$4 ,on ?is latt] subject _! influ5ce c only be indirect1 & 9 ! direction1 probably1 ( ?r[+ /ill m d\bt on ! accuracy ( hi/orical records4 ,! 8cr$ibility0 ( a witness /ill rema9s a vague quantity1 b ! *ances are t x is some?+ less ?an ! value hi!rto assign$ to x4 ,! inve/igation c claim no su* precise results z ^? enunciat$ by ,craig 9 #afii 9 8 ,!ologi ,*ri/ian ,pr9cipia ma!matica1 :]e1 aft] prov+ t ! suspicions ( any hi/ory v>y 9 ! duplicate ratio ( ! times tak5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory1 he %[s t fai? 9 ! ,gospel1 s f> z x dep5d$ on oral tradition1 expir$ ab\t ! ye> #hhj1 &1 s f> z x dep5d$ on writt5 tradition1 w\ld expire 9 ! ye> #caej4 ,! new inve/igations ( ! value ( human te/imony />t f humbl]1 b sur]1 f\ndations4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,butl] ,tann]1 ,frome & ,london ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,simple typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4