,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,deprecated spellings have been preserved4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,,spar-,,torpedo ,,instructions ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,navy4 ,illustration #ahij4 ,,prepared ,,at ,,the ,,torpedo ,,station1 ,,by ,,direction ,,of ,,the ,,bureau ,,of ,,ordnance4 ,,torpedo ,,station ,,print4 ,,may #ahij4 ,these ,torpedo ,instructions1 revised and prepared at the ,torpedo ,station by order of the ,bureau of ,ordnance1 are approved for use in the ,navy4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,folger1 ,chief of ,bureau4 ,bureau of ,ordnance1 ,may #ast1 #ahij4 ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate4 ,i4 ,service ,torpedo4--,pattern ,d4 ,,ii4 ,exercise ,torpedo4--,pattern ,d4 ,,iii4 ,circuit-closer1 ,contact ,torpedo4--,pattern ,b4 ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ship#8s ,secondary ,spar4--,pattern ,a4 0 ,fig4 #b4 ,boat#8s ,secondary ,spar4--,pattern ,a4 ,v4 ,contact ,spar ,leading-,wires4--,pattern ,b4 ,,vi4 ,spar-,torpedo ,boat-,fittings4--,pattern ,b4 ,,vii4 ,junction of ,tubes ,forming ,boat#8s ,spar4--,pattern ,a4 ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,detonator4 0 ,fig4 #b4 ,detonator ,block4 ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a4 ,permanent ,wires4 0 ,fig4 #b4 ,connections with ,firing ,key of 8,a0 ,machine4 0 ,fig4 #c4 ,connections with ,firing-,battery4 ,x4 ,fig4 #a4 ,electric ,switch4 0 ,fig4 #b4 ,terminal4 ,,xi4 ,heel ,fittings for ,ship#8s ,spar4 ,,xii4 ,ship#8s ,spar ,fittings4 ,,xiii4 ,battery ,cell4 ,,xiv4 ,battery ,tester4 ,,xv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,hand-,firing ,key4--,pattern ,b4 0 ,fig4 #b4 ,diagram ,showing ,hand-,firing ,key in ,circuit4 ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #a4 8,a0 ,machine and ,firing ,key ,connected4 8 ,fig4 #b4 0,c0 ,machine ,connected4 ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,firing ,key1 ,short-,circuit4 0 ,fig4 #b4 ,firing ,key1 ,testing ,circuit4 0 ,fig4 #c4 ,firing ,key1 ,firing-,circuit4 ,,xviii4 ,steam-,drier4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,spar-,torpedo ,outfit--,general ,description--,care and ,preservation #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,preparation of ,torpedoes #ag ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,electrical ,apparatus #bg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,gun-,cotton--,how ,packed--,stowage--,care--,inspection and ,drying #ci ,,appendix4 ,duties of the ,inspector of ,ordnance--,list of ,articles in ,outfit--,weights--,stowage ,space #ea ,,index #ei ,,plates #fi ,spar-,torpedo ,instructions4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,spar-,,torpedo ,,outfit4 ,,general ,,description4--,,care ,,and ,,preservation4 ,class ,d4--,includes one set of ,ship#8s ,torpedoes1 ,service and ,exercise1 one set of ,boat#8s ,torpedoes1 ,service and ,exercise1 and one set of circuit-closers and appurtenances for the conversion of ,service into ,contact ,torpedoes4 ,service and ,exercise ,torpedoes are to be used from ships and boats2 ,contact ,torpedoes from boats only4 ,many articles in a ,torpedo ,outfit are common to the different sets comprised in ,class ,d1 in which case similar articles are classed together for convenience of stowage and transportation4 ,if the whole of ,class ,d is not issued1 then only a proportionate part of those articles designated as 8,spare0 are issued4 ,articles that belong exclusively to any one set are issued with that set only4 ,,service ,,torpedo4 ,pattern ,d4--,plate ,i4 7,twenty-four are issued4--,twelve for use from ships and twelve from boats47 ,this torpedo1 intended for use from either ships or boats1 is #ab inches long and #i inches square1 inside measurement1 and is made of sheet iron tinned inside and out1 coated inside with shellac and painted outside with asphaltum4 ,around a filling hole in the top is soldered a brass ring having on its inner circumference1 a screw-thread for a brass screw-cover which bears a stuffing-box for the entrance of the spar leading-wires4 ,a rubber washer between the cover and ring makes the case water-tight4 ,riveted to the top is a tinned malleable iron frame fitted with four lugs4 ,a handle secured to two of the lugs forms a brace for the spindle that attaches the torpedo to the secondary spar2 this spindle has two curved arms at one end that straddle the handle and secure to the other two lugs by screw-bolts1 a projection on the crown of the handle fitting into a recess in the stem of the spindle4 ,to the bottom of the case is riveted a tinned malleable iron plate for attaching a circuit-closer4 ,the primer-case1 #h inches long and #c inches square1 inside measurement1 is made of tin coated inside and out with shellac and is closed at one end4 ,the torpedo-case1 empty but complete except the spindle1 weighs about #ae lbs4 ,the charge of the torpedo1 including the primer of #b lbs4 of dry gun-cotton1 is equivalent to about #cd lbs4 of dry gun-cotton4 ,when issued1 the torpedo-cases are completely filled with wet gun-cotton1 the screw-cover is screwed down tight and the hole in the stuffing-box is closed tight by screwing down the water-cap over the spherical rubber packing placed sideways in its seat4 ,,exercise ,,torpedo4 ,pattern ,d4--,plate ,,ii4 7,twelve are issued1 two of which are empty1 for use from ships or boats74 ,this torpedo1 #ab inches long and #c_/ inches square1 inside measurement1 is made of tin and is closed at the lower end4 ,it is coated inside and out with shellac4 ,to the upper end is soldered a brass flange having a loop on one side and a throw-back hinge on the opposite side4 ,the cover consists of a square brass plate with two loops one of which rests over the loop on the flange1 the other receiving the lug of the throw-back hinge4 ,a thumb-screw1 fitted to the end of the lug1 secures one side of the cover and a transportation thumb-screw1 fitted to the loops1 secures the other side4 ,the cover bears a stuffing-box for the entrance of the spar leading-wires4 ,a rubber washer between the cover and flange makes the case water-tight4 ,a loop is fitted to one side of the case to receive the lower end of the spindle4 ,the weight of this torpedo1 empty but complete1 except the spindle1 is #c lbs4 and its charge is equivalent to about #d lbs4 of dry gun-cotton4 ,when issued1 all the exercise torpedo-cases1 except two1 are completely filled with wet gun-cotton1 the cover is closed tight and the hole in the stuffing-box is closed tight by screwing down the water-cap over the spherical rubber packing placed sideways in its seat4 ,,stuffing-,,boxes4 ,plates ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,stuffing-boxes provide a water-tight entrance for the spar leading-wires through the covers of the torpedo-cases4 ,in the center of each cover1 around the hole for the entrance of the leading-wires1 is a brass rim fitted with a screw-thread outside1 and bored out1 inside1 with a slightly conical taper1 providing a seat for the packing4 ,the packing is of partly vulcanized rubber1 #a inch in diameter1 spherical in shape1 with two parallel holes1 each inch in diameter1 for reeving the leading-wires4 ,the water-cap screws on the brass rim and compresses the packing in its seat1 a friction-ring in the top of the cap preventing twisting of the packing when screwing down4 ,a hole1 inch in diameter1 through the top of the water-cap1 permits reeving the spar leading-wires4 ,when rubber packing is to be left seated for a long time the seat for the packing should be coated with shellac and the packing brushed with black lead to prevent adhesion4 ,,circuit-,,closer4--,,contact ,,torpedo4 ,pattern ,b4--,plate ,,iii4 7,four are issued1 to convert ,service ,torpedoes into ,contact ,torpedoes1 for use from boats47 ,the circuit-closer consists of a cylindrical brass casting1 having one end closed1 and on this end are four feet by which it is secured to the lower head of the service torpedo by screws4 ,the cylinder1 #d inches long and #e inches in diameter1 is closed at the open end by a screw-cover1 having four lugs that serve as bearings for the contact-arms2 these arms1 four in number1 work in slots cut in a plunger that passes through the center of the cap1 and they are held in place by screws through the ends of two arms and their lugs4 ,inside the cylinder are two insulated contact-springs secured to binding-posts in an ebonite collar4 ,this collar screws on the end of a short brass tube that carries a plunger tipped on the inner end with ebonite4 ,a stout spiral spring in the tube through which passes this plunger1 maintains1 normally1 the end of the plunger clear of the contact-springs4 ,a rubber diaphragm separates the plunger in the cover from the plunger in the tube1 and also acts as a washer to the cover1 making the cylinder water-tight2 a brass washer1 laid on this diaphragm1 acts as a friction-plate for the cover to turn on when screwed up4 ,a safety-pin through the outer plunger prevents its being forced in accidentally4 ,when this pin is withdrawn1 any pressure on the contact-arms tends to force the inner plunger in against the action of the spiral spring and to close the break between the contact-springs4 ,the break is _/ inch and the tension of the spiral spring is #ge lbs4 ,on the side of the cylinder is fitted a stuffing-box furnishing a water-tight entrance for the leading-wires to the binding-posts of the contact-springs4 ,the circuit-closer1 complete1 weighs #g lbs4 ,,secondary ,,spars4 ,pattern ,a4--,plate ,,iv4 7,one is furnished for each ,service ,torpedo47 ,these are iron pipes1 #h feet long4 ,those for ships#8 use have a slot cut in one end1 for a key4 ,those for use in boats are fitted at one end with an iron disc1 called a butt1 and at #b feet #b inches from the butt an iron cap is riveted to the spar4 ,all secondary spars have1 at #e inches from the outer end1 a hole for the torpedo-pin4 ,secondary spars are packed six in a box2 those for ships having a key stopped to each to be used in securing the secondary spar to the inner spar-band2 those for boats having a toggle stopped to each to be used in securing the secondary spar to the boat spar4 ,,torpedo ,,pins4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,torpedo pins are short iron pins with an eye in one end1 to which a spun-yarn tail is spliced1 designed to secure torpedoes to secondary spars4 ,one is provided for each service and exercise torpedo4 ,they are packed1 with the spindles1 in ,box #ec4 ,,reel ,,box4 ,this contains #cjj feet of insulated double-conductor wire cable4 ,the inner ends of the cable are connected to binding-screws on the sides of the reel1 where short wires are to be attached1 for making connections with batteries1 etc41 after the requisite amount of cable has been unreeled4 ,a handle is becketed to the cover of the box1 to be used in reeling up the cable4 ,the binding-screws must be kept free from rust 7no oil to be used in cleaning71 and must be occasionally turned to keep them from setting4 ,the cable1 as now issued1 consists of two cores1 each core composed of seven ,no4 #bb ,a4 ,w4 ,g4 copper wires of not less than #ie conductivity1 coated with tin and laid up in a strand4 ,each core is separately insulated with okonite composition to an external diameter of inch and is wrapped with tape soaked in okonite composition4 ,the two insulated cores1 laid side by side1 are covered with hemp braiding to protect them from chafe4 ,the resistance of the core is #b4b ohms per #ajjj feet4 ,the cable in the reel box is for general use and to replace disabled permanent wires4 ,it must never be subjected to a strain of over #ajj pounds1 nor jerked or hauled in from any length1 but under-run4 ,the cable must be stowed in a cool1 dry place4 ,,ship#8,s ,,wire-,,box4 ,this box is marked 8,wire-,box--,ship#8s40 ,it contains four spar leading-wires of insulated double-conductor copper wire cable1 #gj feet each in length1 precisely similar to that found in the reel box1 and two machine-connecting wires #ab feet each in length4 ,the spar leading-wires are to connect the torpedo with the terminals of the permanent wires4 ,to guard against mistakes in making connections those for use on the starboard side are painted green and marked with one knot and those for use on the port side are painted red and marked with two knots4 ,the machine-connecting wires are insulated wires for connecting the ,d4 ,e4 machine1 ,pattern ,a41 with the firing-key and for general purposes4 ,,boat#8,s ,,wire-,,box4 ,this box is marked 8,wire-,box--,boat#8s40 ,it contains the same articles as 8,wire-,box--,ship#8s10 similarly marked4 ,,contact ,,spar ,,leading-,,wires4 ,pattern ,b4--,plate ,v4 ,these consist1 practically1 of three insulated copper wire cables which lead1 in use1 as follows3--#ast4 wire1 from the detonator to one terminal of the battery2 #bnd4 wire1 from the circuit-closer to the second terminal of the battery via the safety-break2 #crd4 wire1 branching in two legs at its outer end1 from the detonator and the circuit-closer to the second terminal of the battery via the hand-firing key and the safety-break4 ,the safety-break and the hand-firing key are connected to their proper leads by wires of convenient length to permit placing the battery out of the way when connected up4 ,the safety-break consists of two round1 tapering pieces of brass each fitted with a score and two small holes in the smaller end to which the leading-wire is permanently secured4 ,the larger ends1 fitted to ship together bayonet fashion1 can be readily connected or disconnected at pleasure4 ,directions for using these wires are given in 8,preparation of ,contact ,torpedo40 ,,spar-,,bands4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,these1 of wrought iron1 furnish a ready means of securing secondary spars to the ordinary wooden torpedo-spars supplied to ships4 ,these bands1 with loops on top1 are secured to the end of the wood spar1 #c feet apart1 with wood screws4 ,the inner band has a key-way1 to hold the secondary spar in place4 ,care must be taken that the loops of both bands are exactly in line4 ,,supply-,,box4 ,this box1 containing tools and small articles required in spar-torpedo work1 is marked on top1 8,torpedo ,supply-,box40 ,for contents see ,box #c 8,list of ,articles in ,outfit supplied from ,torpedo ,station40 ,,boat-,,fittings4 ,pattern ,b4--,plate ,,vi4 ,these1 for the support and handling of the boat spars1 consist of bow-fittings1 #b swivel-crutches and #b heel-rests4 ,the heel-rest is an iron crutch bolted to the rail well aft4 ,a hinge allows the rest to be laid inboard when not in use4 ,the swivel-crutch is a square iron collar fitted with a shank that turns freely in a bearing firmly bolted to the rail1 #i feet abaft the cross-beam4 ,the collar is made in two parts1 the upper one working on a hinge1 and has two rollers4 ,bow-fittings consist of a cross-beam with its attachments4 ,the cross-beam1 made of heavy wrought-iron tubing1 is secured across the bow to castings let into the rail4 ,on sleeves1 at the ends of the cross-beam1 are elevating-arms free to revolve in a vertical plane4 ,at the outer end of each arm a swivelled guide-ring is placed1 projecting at right angles to the arm in the direction of the beam of the boat4 ,in the lower part of this ring is a roller4 ,connected with the sleeve of each arm is a gear moved by a worm on the forward end of a shaft extending aft into the boat1 an elevating-wheel being keyed to the after end of the shaft4 ,the worm-shaft is in two lengths joined by a hook-coupling interposed near the forward end of the shaft to allow the worm sufficient play to engage the gear of the elevating-arm during the revolution of the shaft4 ,the worm-shaft is allowed a fore-and-aft motion such that1 when the shaft is forward1 the worm is disengaged from the gear of the elevating-arm1 leaving it unsupported and free to drop and1 when the shaft is aft1 the worm is engaged with the gear so that the elevating-arm may be controlled by the elevating-wheel4 ,the shaft is held aft by a clutch placed just forward of the elevating-wheel4 ,the clutch consists of a sleeve1 supported on trunnions by a bearing bolted to a chock on the forward deck of the boat1 carrying a yoke-link1 loosely bolted to two lugs on its forward lower end and a detaching-lever1 loosely bolted to two lugs on its forward upper end4 ,the worm-shaft1 passing through this sleeve1 bears a rigid collar so placed that1 when the shaft is aft1 the collar is close up against the forward end of the sleeve4 ,the yoke-link1 when swung up1 embraces the shaft and bears against the forward side of the collar1 holding the shaft aft4 ,the yoke-link is held up by the detaching-lever which is thrown forward between the upper ends of the yoke-link1 a transverse roller in the detaching-lever1 with ends projecting on either side1 locking the yoke-link in place4 ,a pin1 passed through eyes worked in the upper ends of the yoke-link1 prevents accidental tripping of the detaching-lever4 ,when this pin is withdrawn and the detaching-lever is pulled aft the yoke-link falls and the shaft is free to move forward4 ,by the worm-shaft and its attachments the elevating-arm can be rotated around the cross-beam1 held in any position in its plane of rotation1 or released at any desired moment4 ,the gear and worm are protected by hoods4 ,,boat ,,spars4 ,pattern ,a4--,plate ,,vii4 ,the spar1 made of steel1 consists of two tubes1 #ah and #ae feet long respectively1 one #d inches and the other #c inches in diameter1 joined together with a telescopic joint4 ,the tubes--with a lap of #b feet--are held together by two screws4 ,at the larger end of the spar is an eye-bolt for the heel-rope screwed in from the inside1 and at #e feet from the smaller end is a hole for reeving the spar leading-wires4 ,this constitutes the main spar1 which can readily be taken apart for stowage by removing the screws4 ,to assemble the spar1 a feather fits into a score on the end of the larger tube1 bringing the screw-holes opposite each other4 ,iron spar-clamps are furnished1 to facilitate the assembling of the spar4 ,the two tubes composing each spar are marked by similar letters or numbers4 ,note4--,spars must invariably be taken apart after use1 joints lubricated1 and protected by a canvas cover4 ,,detonators4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,detonators are cylindrical copper cases1 closed at the bottom1 containing #ce grains of fulminate of mercury1 primed on top with dry1 pulvurulent gun-cotton4 ,a plug1 made of #a part of ground glass and #b parts of sulphur1 melted together1 is cast around the detonator-legs3--tinned copper wires1 ,no4 #bj ,a4 ,w4 ,g41 #f inches in length1 insulated with a double layer of cotton thread soaked in paraffine1 the outer layer colored red4 ,the inner ends of the detonator-legs are bridged by a platinum-iridium wire1 #ij platinum1 #aj iridium1 _/ inch long and #b mils in diameter1 having a resistance of 4#fe4jc ohm4 ,the plug is inserted in a copper band2 dry pulvurulent gun-cotton is loosely packed about the bridge and on top of the fulminate of mercury and the band is screwed on the upper end of the detonator-case1 thus closing it4 ,detonators are painted red4 ,they are supplied for use with gun-cotton torpedoes4 ,,detonator ,,blocks4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,wooden cylinders1 with a cover that has a small circular motion4 ,each block holds #h detonators placed in holes around the circumference1 the cover locking them in4 ,each block is placed in a covered tin cylinder painted red and marked 8,dangerous40 ,these blocks will be placed in different parts of the ship1 never below the water-line4 7,see ,ord4 ,inst47 ,,dummy ,,detonators4 ,these are empty detonator-cases1 with a hole bored in the bottom1 for use in making connections in practice4 ,the detonator-legs are not bridged but are cast in the plug on the bight4 ,dummy detonators are painted white and the legs are insulated with white cotton thread4 ,,igniters4 ,igniters are cylindrical brass cases1 closed at the lower end1 containing a charge of rifle gunpowder4 ,the upper end is closed by inserting a plug precisely similar to that used in detonators1 except that the igniter-legs are insulated with white cotton thread instead of red4 ,the bridge is primed by twining about it a wisp of long-staple1 dry gun-cotton4 ,igniters are coated with white shellac4 ,they are supplied for use with improvised gunpowder torpedoes4 ,,gun-,,powder ,,fuzes4 ,these are stout1 cylindrical1 paper cases1 closed at the lower end and charged with rifle gunpowder4 ,in the center of the charge is placed an igniter the legs of which project on either side of a wooden plug which is seized in the upper end of the case to close it4 ,igniters are coated with orange shellac4 ,a rubber insulator1 for preventing short-circuit between the splices when the fuze is attached to leading-wires1 is seized around the upper end of the case4 ,fuzes are supplied for use with improvised gunpowder torpedoes4 ,,box ,,containing ,,gun-,,powder ,,fuzes ,,and ,,igniters4 ,this is marked with a list of contents4 ,it is packed in ,box #g1 from which it is to be removed1 when received aboard ship1 and stowed in the magazine or ammunition room4 ,,glass ,,jars ,,for ,,dry ,,primers4 ,pattern ,b4 ,glass cylindrical jars1 fitted with cork covers1 each having a capacity for #f two-inch1 or #bd one-half inch blocks of gun-cotton4 ,these blocks of dry gun-cotton are tied together with boiled tape and have litmus-paper between them4 ,they are never to be stowed below1 but must be placed in different parts of the ship above the water-line4 ,being glass1 the jar1 without being opened1 renders the litmus-paper readily discernible4 ,each jar is placed in a wooden case fitted with a sliding cover1 painted white1 and is stencilled with contents1 and with precautions4 ,the dry primers1 as used1 are replaced by drying the wet blocks removed from the torpedoes in priming them4 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,drying ,,apparatus4 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,a steam-drier1 for drying wet gun-cotton for use as primers1 consists of a sheet-iron box containing two removable galvanized-iron wire baskets in which the blocks to be dried are supported1 strung on rods4 ,the blocks are separated from each other by small iron washers1 inch thick1 also strung on the rods1 to permit free circulation of the air4 ,a door in the front of the box permits entering and withdrawing the baskets4 ,in the bottom of the box is a flat of steam-pipe the two ends of which1 projecting from the side1 are screw-threaded for ready connection with steam-heating apparatus1 or with any other convenient source of low-pressure steam4 ,a wire-gauze bottom1 below the flat of steam-pipe1 permits the entrance of air and serves to keep out dust and to prevent undue radiation of heat toward the outside4 ,in the top of the box is a ventilating opening1 with a rotary damper1 protected by a hood1 and also a hole for the introduction of a thermometer4 ,,chemical ,,box4 ,this box is marked on top 8,chemical ,box40 ,for contents see ,box #af1 8,list of ,articles in ,outfit supplied from ,torpedo ,station40 ,for use of contents see 8,inspection of ,gun-,cotton40 ,the outfit includes a number of spare washers1 spherical packings1 diaphragms1 etc41 to supply necessary waste4 ,in addition to the articles already mentioned1 every vessel having a 8,ship#8s and ,boat#8s0 spar-torpedo outfit is supplied from the ,torpedo ,station with the following articles1 to be placed on board at the navy yards1 as permanent fittings2 viz43 ,double-conductor insulated copper wire1 incased in lead1 in such quantity as may be required for permanent wires2 #b electric switches2 #ac terminal binding-screws4 ,,permanent ,,wires4 ,plate ,,ix4 ,in order to do away with the inconvenience of leading out lengths of wire from place to place1 and to avoid injury to the wire1 permanent wires are put in place when the ship is fitted out4 ,these wires are led from terminals conveniently placed for battery connections via the electric switches or firing apparatus to the terminals1 abreast the heels of the torpedo-spars4 ,permanent wires should be protected from hostile fire1 from chafe1 wear1 and the sun2 should never be taut2 should never be led around sharp angles2 metal staples should never be used to hold the wires in position1 even temporarily2 no part of the copper wire should be exposed to the action of salt water2 splices should be soldered and carefully insulated2 and the wires should be boxed in throughout their lengths4 ,,electric ,,switches4 ,plate ,x4 ,in connection with permanent wires electric switches are used1 and are permanently placed in a suitable position before a ship leaves the navy-yard4 ,their object is to connect the firing-battery or the firing-key of the ,d4 ,e4 machine with any or all the torpedoes4 ,the plate represents the switch in position1 on the starboard side1 with the battery off1 or the wires from the firing-key disconnected from any permanent wire1 electrically4 ,the switch should be protected from salt water and the weather as much as possible4 ,it is thought best to inclose it in a box1 as nearly water-tight as possible1 provided with a door which opens in front4 ,note4--,where permanent firing apparatus is furnished1 the electric switches will not be issued4 ,,terminals4 ,plate ,x4 ,terminals are ordinary brass binding-screws secured to base-pieces of black walnut which are to be secured in position by screws4 ,the figure illustrates the manner of making permanent and temporary connections with the terminals4 ,the counter-sunk space in the back of the base-piece is to be filled with melted wax1 after the permanent wire has been attached1 before securing the terminal in place4 ,the binding-screws must be kept clean and free from paint4 ,,articles ,,of ,,torpedo ,,outfit ,,supplied ,,at ,,navy ,,yards4 ,ship#8s ,spars4--,such ship-rigged vessels as are now fitted for spar-torpedoes are supplied with four torpedo-spars1 fitted two on each side1 abreast the foremast and mizzenmast4 ,barque-rigged vessels are supplied with but two spars1 fitted one abreast the foremast on each side4 ,the present regulation spar is of hickory or oak1 #de feet long1 #h inches in diameter at the heel1 and #f inches at the outer end4 ,it should be of the best material1 straight-grained1 and as nearly as possible a natural-growth pole4 ,in working down a larger spar1 care should be observed to follow the grain of the wood4 ,yellow oak is considered superior for torpedo-spars4 ,red oak is too brash4 ,the ,heel ,fittings4 7,plate ,,xi47--,the thrust-plate is placed at about the height of the channels1 in accordance with the regulations established by the ,bureau of ,ordnance4 ,discretion must be used in so placing this as to allow the spar to come alongside1 so that the torpedo can be shipped from the rail or from a port4 ,the elbow of the heel-bolt transmits the recoil of the spar to the thrust-plate1 without injury to the bolt itself4 ,good results have been obtained by using a lashing of #f turns of #c-;inch manilla1 in place of the shackle1 the elasticity of the rope serving to take up a portion of the thrust of the spar4 ,an excellent plan is to secure the heel of the spar to a spare eye-bolt in the channels1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the ,spar ,fittings4 7,plate ,,xii47--,the most approved method of fitting a torpedo spar with guys and topping lift is shown in the plate4 ,spans are fitted to the spar on which the forward guy and topping lift travel freely1 and these spans are rove through lizards to divide the strain along the spar and prevent vibrations4 ,the forward guy should be single1 with as much drift as possible1 and long enough to let the spar trail aft1 after the explosion4 ,the forward guy1 the pendant of the topping lift1 or that part of it secured to the span1 the spans and lizards should be of galvanized-iron wire rope1 inch in diameter4 ,the after guy may be a single part of small manilla rope1 say #c-;inch4 ,the forward guy should be led from as near the water-line as possible to keep the spar from rising4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,torpedoes4 ,,service ,,torpedo4 ,pattern ,d4--,plate ,i4 ,priming the ,service ,torpedo4--,take the torpedo out of its box2 remove the screw-cover of the case and take out the wet gun-cotton found in the primer-case2 wipe the primer-case dry and insert a primer of #af one-half inch blocks1 or #d two-inch blocks of dry gun-cotton4 ,the wet gun-cotton removed from the primer-case is to be put in one of the empty exercise torpedo-cases and dried when opportunity offers4 ,wipe the screw-thread carefully and screw down tight the cover on its washer1 taking care not to cut it1 using the open-end wrench provided for the purpose in the supply-box4 ,it is absolutely necessary that this case be closed water-tight4 ,note4--,it is not advisable to prime torpedoes for a much longer time before using than the exigencies of the service require1 although experiments at the ,torpedo ,station show that service gun-cotton torpedoes may remain primed for three months1 under service conditions1 and yet be relied upon to explode4 ,testing the ,detonator4--,select a detonator1 brighten the ends of its legs and attach them to leading-wires4 ,put the detonator in a safe place1 connect the leading-wires to the terminals of the testing-magneto and turn the crank4 ,rattling of the armature will indicate continuity of the circuit and is presumptive evidence that the detonator is good4 ,the wires from the detonator can be taken to the binding-posts ,t1 ,t of the firing-key of the ,a machine and tested1 a deflection of the needle furnishing proof of continuity 7,plate ,,xvi72 or they can be taken to the terminals of the ,c machine which will indicate continuity by the striking of its gong4 7,plate ,,xvi74 ,splicing on the ,detonator4 7,plates ,i and ,,ii47--,the detonator should now be spliced to the spar leading-wires4 ,in splicing on the detonator1 so arrange the length of wire that the spherical rubber packing can be placed on the leading-wires five inches from the bottom of the detonator-case1 the splices being between the detonator and the packing4 ,remove the water-cap from the screw-cover of the case4 ,strip the braiding and rubber tape from the leading-wires for at least six inches from their ends and put on a neat whipping1 which shall be outside the packing4 ,reeve the ends of the leading-wires through the water-cap and rubber packing4 ,remove so much of the insulation as may be necessary1 for making the splice1 from the leading-wires and from the legs of the detonator2 brighten the wires and place the insulation of the detonator-legs alongside that of the leading-wires1 with the ends of the insulation flush1 and expend the bare detonator-legs in turns at right angles around the leading-wires4 ,turn the ends of the leading-wires back over the splices1 and trim off the ends4 ,one splice should be one-half inch from the detonator and the other one inch from the packing4 ,insulate from metallic contact the splice nearest the packing with twine and pass several turns about the wires until the detonator is reached1 where the end of the twine is secured4 ,a strip of okonite tape can be used1 taking care that the insulation is not too bulky4 7,see sample splice in supply-box74 ,fuzing the ,service ,torpedo4 7,plate ,i47--,having lined the holes of the dry blocks with the rectifier1 to be found in the supply-box1 enter the detonator through the hole in the cover and push it in until the packing is seated2 screw up the water-cap hand-tight4 ,provide the spindle1 to be found in ,box #ec1 and secure it to the torpedo-case4 ,shipping the ,secondary ,spar4 7,ship#8s47--,enter the end of the secondary spar in the loop of the outer band1 and push in until the key-way is abreast the slot in the loop of the inner band2 then put in the key and stop it in4 ,shipping the ,service ,torpedo4 7,ship#8s47--,insert the stem of the spindle in the outer end of the secondary spar and push it home as far as the shoulder4 ,put in the torpedo-pin and stop it in4 ,to prevent the strain of towing from starting the splice1 turn a cuckold#8s-neck in the spar leading-wires1 and lash it to the secondary spar or to the spindle1 clear of the torpedo-case4 ,the spar leading-wires should then be led in along the ship#8s spar1 abaft the topping lift1 and stopped to it at intervals of about four feet4 ,fuzing and ,shipping the ,service ,torpedo1 and ,shipping the ,secondary ,spar4 7,boat#8s47 ,pattern ,b4 ,boat-,fittings4--,see that the elevating-arm points aft4 ,rig in the main spar clear of the guide-ring4 ,point the inner end of the secondary spar through the guide-ring1 the outer end resting on the rail4 ,reeve the leading-wires through the guide-ring from forward aft1 and fuze the torpedo4 ,then ship the torpedo in the secondary spar1 securing it by the torpedo-pin1 which must be stopped in4 ,turn a cuckold#8s-neck in the leading-wires and stop it to the secondary spar or to the spindle1 clear of the torpedo-case4 ,slew the secondary spar in position1 butt aft4 ,reverse the elevating-arm1 by revolving it downward1 until the guide-ring is in line with the swivel-crutch and heel-rest1 carefully tending the inner end of the secondary spar by a line bent on4 ,ship the secondary spar in the main spar1 by rigging the latter out or in1 and secure it by a toggle1 which must be stopped in4 ,the boat spar leading-wires are rove through the main spar4 ,to facilitate this1 a reeving-line and weight1 found in the supply-box1 is rove through the main spar1 before the secondary spar is shipped2 one end of the line is secured to the heel-bolt1 and the other around the spar abreast the wire-hole4 ,when the secondary spar is shipped1 bend the end of the leading-wires to the reeving-line1 rig out the torpedo until the heel of the spar is conveniently placed for hauling on the after end of the reeving-line1 and reeve the leading-wires through the spar1 being careful to avoid chafing the insulation4 ,when the contact spar leading-wires are used they must be rove through the main spar1 from aft forward1 before fuzing the torpedo4 ,the spar leading-wires from the heel of the ship#8s spar are taken to the terminals abreast the heel of the spar2 from the heel of the boat#8s spar they are taken directly to the ,c machine1 or to the firing-battery1 a hand-firing key being interposed when the battery is used4 7,see ,plate ,,xv47 ,no connection1 however1 is to be made with terminal1 machine1 or battery1 until the torpedo is submerged and at the proper distance from the side of the ship or boat4 ,testing the ,circuit from ,ships4--,after the torpedo is submerged the circuit may be tested1 to do which connect the spar leading-wires to their proper terminals and connect the binding-screws ,t1 ,t1 of the firing-key1 to the proper permanent wires4 ,place the firing-key as directed for testing the detonator1 ship the crank of the ,d4 ,e4 machine1 turn rapidly with the sun1 and press the key ,t of the firing-key4 ,a deflection of the compass-needle will indicate that the circuit is complete4 7,see ,plate ,,xvi47 ,or1 the testing-magneto may be used to test the circuit4 ,the firing-battery must not be used to test the circuit4 ,to ,fire4--,make connections with the firing-battery1 or with the ,a machine 7,plate ,,ix74 ,when using the battery1 close the hand-firing key at the moment it is desired to fire4 ,when using the ,a machine1 press the key ,f of the firing-key1 and keep it down2 turn the crank of the machine rapidly1 and at the instant it is desired to fire1 press firmly the key ,t of the firing-key 7the key ,f being already down74 ,the ,service ,torpedo must be immersed #aj feet1 and from ships may be safely exploded at #ce feet from the side4 ,to ,test the ,circuit from ,boats4--,the spar leading-wires are brought directly to the machine1 7,see ,plate ,,xvi71 but not connected until the torpedo is submerged1 when the circuit may be tested by connecting it to the binding-screws of the ,c machine1 turning the crank of the machine and pressing the key ,t1 as for testing the detonator4 ,or1 the testing-magneto may be used to test the circuit4 ,the firing-battery must not be used to test the circuit4 ,to ,fire4--,make connection with the battery 7,plate ,,xv71 or with the ,c machine 7,plate ,,xvi47 ,when using the battery1 close the hand-firing key at the desired instant4 ,when using the ,c machine1 manipulate the keys as directed for the firing-key of the ,a machine4 ,the ,service ,torpedo must be immersed not less than #aj feet1 and may be safely exploded at a horizontal distance of #bb feet from the boat4 ,,exercise ,,torpedo4 ,pattern ,d4--,plate ,,ii4 ,priming the ,exercise ,torpedo4--,remove the transportation thumb-screw and loosen the thumb-screw on the lug of the hinge4 ,throw back the cover1 replace the second wet block of gun-cotton from the top with a dry #b-;inch block1 or four inch blocks1 and put the cover back in place2 insert the spindle1 to be found in box #ec1 through the loops on one side and screw down taut against its shoulder2 screw down also the thumb-screw on the lug of the hinge4 ,it is absolutely necessary that this case be closed water-tight4 ,the wet gun-cotton removed is to be placed in one of the empty exercise torpedo-cases1 to be dried when opportunity offers4 ,note4--,do not allow the dry primer to remain in the exercise torpedo any considerable length of time before use1 as it may absorb enough moisture to prevent detonation4 ,the detonator is tested and spliced1 and the torpedo fuzed in the same manner as directed for the ,service ,torpedo4 ,shipping the ,exercise ,torpedo4--,to be done in the same manner as prescribed for the ,service ,torpedo4 ,the ,exercise ,torpedo may be used from either a boat#8s or ship#8s spar4 ,it may be safely exploded at an immersion of #e feet1 and a horizontal distance of #bj feet4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,contact ,,torpedo4 ,pattern ,d4--,plate ,v4 ,to ,convert a ,service ,torpedo into a ,contact ,torpedo4--,attach a circuit-closer1 ,pattern ,b1 to the frame on the lower head of the torpedo by screws through the lugs4 ,testing the ,circuit-,closer4--,remove the water-cap and spherical rubber packing from the side of the circuit-closer2 remove its screw-cover2 take out the inner plunger4 ,remove the braid for a few inches from the longer leg 7insulated double-conductor cable7 at the outer end of the contact spar leading-wires1 whipping the braid4 ,remove the rubber tape from the conductors1 and pass them through the water-cap and packing and through the cylinder of the circuit-closer4 ,remove the insulation for one inch1 brighten and lay up the naked wires and connect them to the binding-posts of the circuit-closer1 taking care that the bare ends do not project far beyond the binding-posts4 ,seat the inner plunger1 hauling on the wires at the same time1 so as not to leave any slack wire in the cylinder4 ,set down the water-cap on the packing in the side of the circuit-closer4 ,replace the diaphragm1 friction-plate and screw-cover4 ,remove the insulation for one inch from the shorter legs at the outer end of the leading-wires1 and bend the naked wires together temporarily4 ,connect the inner ends of the leading-wires with the terminals of the testing-magneto1 or of the ,c machine4 ,close the safety-break4 ,remove the safety-pin from the circuit-closer and press down the contact-arms4 ,under these circumstances a test with the testing-magneto1 or with the ,c machine should show continuity4 ,release the contact-arms and put in the safety-pin4 ,a test should now show no continuity4 ,after this test the safety-pin must not be removed until just before submerging the torpedo prior to firing4 ,it is absolutely necessary that the circuit-closer be closed water-tight4 ,priming the ,contact ,torpedo4--,proceed as in priming the ,service ,torpedo4 ,fuzing and ,shipping the ,contact ,torpedo1 and ,shipping the ,secondary ,spar4--,proceed as with the ,service ,torpedo1 except that the contact spar leading-wires must be rove through the main spar1 from aft forward1 before fuzing the torpedo4 ,the detonator must be spliced to the short legs of the leading-wires4 ,to ,test the ,circuit4--,the torpedo having been submerged1 connect the inner ends of the leading-wires to the testing-magneto1 or to the ,c machine4 ,close the safety-break and the hand-firing key and test4 ,under these circumstances continuity should be found4 ,to ,fire at ,will4--,connect to the firing-battery1 close the safety-break and1 at the desired moment1 close the hand-firing key4 ,to ,fire on ,contact4--,connect to the firing-battery4 ,close the safety-break4 ,when contact is made the contact-arms will be forced in1 and the torpedo will explode4 ,note4--,the safety-break should be habitually left open1 being closed only just before it is desired to put the circuit in condition to fire by closing either one of the two remaining breaks--that in the hand-firing key1 when firing at will1 or that in the circuit-closer1 when firing on contact4 ,,improvised ,,torpedoes4 ,torpedoes may be readily improvised from kegs or casks pitched outside4 ,the fuze should be put in place before filling with powder1 in order that it may be near the center of the charge4 ,the spar leading-wires pass out through the close fitting scores in the bung4 ,the latter1 after being secured in its place1 should be pitched over thoroughly1 and weight added to the whole1 in order that it may be readily immersed4 ,for exercise torpedoes1 bottles1 oil-cans1 etc41 may be used4 ,an excellent composition for rendering the bung and the entrance of the leading-wires water-tight is made by melting together #h parts of pitch1 #a of beeswax and #a of tallow4 ,it is to be applied while fluid4 ,in order to burn all of the powder in the torpedo1 a spindle1 to contain the fuze1 should be made on board of wood1 following the general form of spindle in a gunpowder torpedo1 and using a wrapping of cotton cloth1 bunting1 or paper1 to prevent the powder passing through the flame-holes and choking up the spindle4 ,splicing on the ,fuze4--,to splice the fuze to the spar leading-wires so arrange the length of wire that the fuze will be entered in the spindle1 reaching well into the torpedo-case when the entrance for the wires is closed4 ,the leading-wires must be stripped of covering exterior to the insulation1 to a distance extending to just outside the entrance4 ,at this point the outer wrapping on the wires should be secured by a good whipping4 ,if the outer wrapping on the wire is admitted inside1 it will1 after a time1 act so as to introduce water to the charge4 ,to make the splices1 strip the insulation from the leading-wires for about an inch1 and brighten them4 ,brighten the fuze-legs and twist them around the leading-wires in a manner similar to that employed in the ,service ,torpedo1 arranging the splices1 however1 so that they shall be at equal distances from the top of the fuze4 ,cut off extra ends and lay the splices in the scores of the fuze-plug2 turn the insulator down over them1 and secure it with the insulator fastener4 7,see sample splice in supply-box74 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,permanent ,,wires ,,and ,,electric ,,switches4 ,connecting4 7,plate ,,ix47--,the connections with the firing-battery are as follows3--one wire from each switch is connected to one battery terminal1 and the common-return wire1 with the hand-firing key interposed1 is connected to the other battery terminal4 ,the connections with the firing-key of the ,a machine are as follows3--one wire from each switch is connected to one binding-post1 marked ,t1 of the firing-key1 and the common-return wire is connected to the other binding-post of the firing-key1 also marked ,t4 ,when electric switches are used an intelligent and careful person must be stationed at each switch1 the index of which must be kept pointing toward 8,battery off2 connection through10 except when it is desired to prepare the circuit for firing any torpedo1 when the index must be turned so as to point toward the torpedo which is about to be fired4 ,the circuit for firing any single torpedo may thus be arranged2 or1 by moving the index to point toward 8,battery on both0 the circuits will be prepared for firing the two attached to that switch4 ,by a proper manipulation of the switches the circuits may be prepared so that any one1 two1 or three1 or all four of the torpedoes may be fired simultaneously4 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that the electric switch is only a commutator for establishing the paths of the currents and that it must not be used as a firing-key4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,electrical ,,apparatus4 ,,firing-,,batteries4 ,voltaic batteries are supplied for firing torpedoes from ships and boats4 ,a modification of the ,le ,clanch cell has been adopted and is now issued from the ,torpedo ,station4 ,one ship#8s firing-battery of six cells is supplied to such ships as are fitted with spars4 ,for use in boats and elsewhere1 as may be necessary1 two boat#8s firing-batteries of four cells each1 with two spare cells for each battery1 are supplied4 ,when the guns are to be fired by electricity an additional firing-battery will be furnished for the purpose4 ,note4--,ships having only one torpedo launch will be supplied with but one boat#8s battery4 ,,the ,,cell4 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,the positive element is zinc in the shape of a cylinder open at both ends4 ,around the zinc is molded a covering of okonite1 which forms the jar of the cell4 ,a lug from the zinc cylinder projects up through the okonite covering and has soldered to it the brass negative terminal of the cell4 ,the negative element is a thin plate of platinum enclosed in a cylindrical muslin bag filled with crushed carbon4 ,the bottom of the bag is closed by a flat1 circular piece of ebonite4 ,the top of the bag is seized to a plug of ebonite1 through which passes a platinum wire1 soldered to the platinum plate and to the brass positive terminal in the top4 ,the ebonite plug is scored to take a rubber cover1 the outer edge of which fits in a groove cut around the inside of the okonite cylinder above the top of the zinc1 preventing loss of the liquid by splashing1 or by evaporation4 ,a hole in the cover permits the entrance of air1 which is necessary for the proper operation of the cell4 ,a rubber ring around the lower end of the negative element prevents its contact with the zinc4 ,the liquid is a nearly saturated solution of sal-ammoniac 7ammonium chloride74 ,this cell polarizes rapidly on a short-circuit1 but recovers in a few hours if left on open circuit4 ,,firing-,,battery ,,for ,,ships4 ,the ship#8s firing-battery consists of six cells inclosed in a box4 ,the cells are joined up in series4 ,the terminals are at one end of the box1 on top1 and are covered by a lid hinged to the cover of the box4 ,,firing-,,battery ,,for ,,boats4 ,this pattern is similar to the ship#8s battery1 except that four cells only are inclosed in its box4 ,,battery ,,tester4 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,this consists of a small wooden case inclosing a resistance-coil and a fuze-bridge4 ,one end of the coil is connected to a brass spring and the other to one end of the fuze-bridge2 the other end of the fuze-bridge is connected to a brass contact-piece opposite a spring at the other end of the case4 ,when the tester is laid over the terminals of the battery and pressed down1 contact is made between the contact-piece and spring1 and a circuit established through the resistance-coil and bridge4 ,if the battery is in good condition the bridge will be seen to redden1 through a glass plate in the top of the case4 ,the resistance of the coil in the tester for the ship#8s battery is #f4e ohms and in the tester for the boat#8s battery it is #d ohms4 ,should the fine wire bridge accidentally be broken1 the plug must be removed and a new one inserted4 ,a number of plugs1 with bridges1 are supplied for this purpose4 ,,management ,,and ,,care ,,of ,,firing-,,batteries4 ,to ,prepare the ,liquid4--,make a saturated solution of sal-ammoniac with rain or distilled water4 ,the solution will be hastened by crushing the crystals of sal-ammoniac and heating the water4 ,allow the solution to cool and settle1 and decant it carefully4 ,then add one-tenth its volume of distilled or rain water4 ,one pound of sal-ammoniac to four pints of water will give the proper degree of saturation4 ,to ,fill the ,cells4--,press down the edge of the rubber cover at one point and1 by inserting a screw-driver at this point1 pry up the cover1 and lift its edge all around4 ,introduce the liquid through a glass funnel1 being careful to spill none of it on the connections1 and fill the jars to within half an inch of the top4 ,after twenty-four hours replenish the liquid1 filling the jars to the same point as before1 and replace the rubber cover4 ,the ship#8s battery should be kept in a locker provided for it on the berth-deck1 and should be kept connected with the wires leading to the firing apparatus on the spar-deck4 ,neither the ship#8s nor the boat#8s firing-batteries are to be tested too frequently1 nor must the duration of a test be longer than is necessary4 ,the batteries1 if kept stationary in a proper locker1 need be tested but once weekly4 ,the boat#8s battery must be tested before it is sent into the boat1 and again after it is put in place in the boat4 ,the liquid should last from six to twelve months1 according to the work done by the battery4 ,should the battery fail to show the proper test1 search for bad or corroded connections4 ,test each cell separately1 by touching the legs of a fuze-bridge directly to the poles of the cell4 ,a single cell should redden the fuze-bridge when no other resistance is interposed4 ,faulty cells must be taken out1 emptied and supplied with fresh liquid4 ,the batteries must be examined daily4 ,the connections must be kept clean and free from salts and1 to secure this1 the liquid must not be allowed to come in contact with them4 ,corroded connections can be cleaned with emery cloth1 or1 if very badly corroded1 they may be scraped with the back of a knife-blade4 ,boat#8s batteries must be habitually examined after use in boats and any liquid that may have splashed about them be carefully wiped off4 ,it sometimes happens that1 from long use and impoverishment of the liquid1 crystals of zinc-ammonium-chloride form in the cell1 attaching themselves to the muslin bag and to the zinc4 ,sometimes these crystals build across from the bag to the zinc and prevent the ready removal of the negative element4 ,when this occurs no effort should be made to remove it by force1 for such a proceeding is liable to brake the platinum wire1 or tear the thin platinum plate4 ,to remove the negative element1 take off the rubber cover and pour out the liquid1 which should not be used again4 ,fill the cell with warm water and allow it to stand1 full of water1 for several hours4 ,the crystals are but slightly soluble1 but prolonged soaking will detach them sufficiently to permit the removal of the negative element4 ,when this can be done the crystals are to be carefully picked off the muslin and scraped off the zinc4 ,if such crystals are found in a cell1 at any time1 they must at once be removed and the liquid renewed4 ,these batteries require but little care1 but this little they must have4 ,systematic attention to them will be well repaid by their good performance and their constant readiness for use4 ,before the firing-batteries are returned into store at the end of the cruise1 or before transportation to distant points1 the negative elements must be removed from the cells1 thoroughly soaked in fresh water and dried4 ,the jars must be washed out and drained and all metal parts wiped perfectly dry4 ,,hand-,,firing ,,key4 ,pattern ,b4--,plate ,,xv4 ,this consists of two pieces of hickory1 shaped to fit the hand1 and joined together at the smaller end4 ,each piece is fitted with a brass contact stud projecting from its inner face at a short distance from the larger end4 ,the natural spring of the wood keeps the two parts separated and maintains1 normally1 a break between the studs4 ,a hole1 bored longitudinally in each part1 permits the entrance of a leading-wire1 the bared end of which is secured by a screw to the contact stud4 ,a rubber cot is seized over the key to prevent the closing of the circuit by sea-water4 ,a safety-pin1 attached to the key by a laniard1 is habitually kept between the two parts to prevent accidental closing4 ,the hand-firing key1 introduced in an electrical circuit1 provides a break that can be closed at will4 ,,the ,,testing-,,magneto4 ,this is a small magneto-electric machine1 sending alternating currents into the external circuit4 ,the circuit from the magneto includes an electro-magnet with a vibrating armature4 ,the magneto will actuate this armature vigorously as a sounder1 or rattler1 through about #ajjj ohms resistance4 ,it may be used for testing the continuity of torpedo and other circuits1 or for testing the insulation of the permanent and other leading-wires4 ,for ,testing ,continuity4--,the poles of the magneto are connected with the ends of the circuit to be tested and the crank turned4 ,if the armature rattles it indicates a continuous circuit4 ,the failure of the armature to rattle will show a break in the circuit4 ,for ,testing the ,insulation of the ,permanent ,wires4--,connect one pole of the magneto with the wire to be tested and the other pole to earth2 or1 if a cross with some other wire is suspected1 the other pole is connected with that wire4 ,if the armature rattles vigorously when the crank is turned1 a leak of less than about #ajjj ohms resistance is indicated2 if not1 the insulation resistance of the wire is about #ajjj ohms4 ,to ,test the ,insulation of a ,leading-,wire4--,attach one end of it to one pole of the magneto1 the other pole of which is connected by a short length of wire to an earth-plate placed in a tub of sea-water4 ,keeping the two ends of the wire to be tested out and dry1 pay it into the tub gradually1 turning the crank of the magneto meanwhile4 ,should there be a fault in the insulation1 its existance and locality will be indicated by rattling of the armature when it reaches the water4 ,,farmer#8,s ,,dynamo-,,electric ,,machine1 ,,pattern ,a1 ,,and ,,firing-,,key4 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,for a full description of the electric machine1 see 8,a ,lecture on ,galvanic ,batteries1 ,part ,,iii0 published by the ,bureau of ,ordnance1 #ahge4 ,in general1 pattern ,a may be considered as having an electro-motive force of sixteen to eighteen volts and a resistance of five ohms and to be capable of firing from twenty to twenty-five detonators arranged in series1 or five to six arranged in as many branch circuits1 or a single detonator through #a miles of cable such as is now issued1 or through twenty ohms resistance4 ,it is unnecessary to give more than three or four turns of the crank in order to generate sufficient current to fire2 but these revolutions must be with the sun and continuous up to and including the moment of firing4 ,in general1 as more work is required from the machine1 greater speed and longer time will be necessary to get the machine up to its maximum power2 this time1 however1 is very limited and the rapid turning of the crank for half a minute may be considered sufficient4 ,with a single detonator in circuit and a moderate amount of leading-wire1 one-quarter of a turn of the crank will usually be sufficient to fire4 ,testing the ,machine4--,to test the machine1 connect the binding-screws by a piece of metal1 ship the crank and turn it with the sun4 ,if it turn hard the machine is in good order2 if it turn as easily as before the binding-screws were connected the machine is out of order4 ,in case the machine is out of order it should be removed from the outer case and the cause sought out and remedied4 ,there are no delicate parts or mechanism and the machine may be examined without fear of injury4 ,the only faults which have been observed are the collecting of dirt between the shells of the commutator and the commutator springs1 want of contact between them and the collecting of metallic dust between the two shells of the commutator4 ,each of these faults may be remedied in a moment4 ,it is proper to say that these faults have never occurred when the machines were turned by hand and seldom when turned by power at a high rate of speed4 ,some of the wire connections inside the machine might be severed by the breaking of a soldered joint1 of which there are five4 ,a fault of this kind would be readily found and easily remedied4 ,in soldering electrical connections1 resin1 and not acid1 should be used4 ,the effect of any of these faults is to cause a break in the continuity of the electrical circuit of the machine4 ,this circuit is as follows3 starting from one binding-screw1 a wire leads to the field-of-force coils1 or electro-magnet coils1 traverses them and passes to one of the commutator springs2 thence to one shell of the commutator2 thence to the coil around the armature1 through this coil to the other shell of the commutator2 thence to the other commutator spring and1 by a wire1 to the second binding-screw1 thus forming a complete circuit1 when the binding-screws are joined together4 ,if they are left unconnected1 there is no closed circuit1 no current is generated and the armature1 therefore1 turns easily4 ,when the circuit is closed by connecting the terminals by a conductor of not too great resistance1 the current generated excites the electro-magnets and this leads1 in turn1 to the generation of a stronger current until a maximum is reached depending on the resistance of the circuit and the speed with which the crank is turned4 ,the electrical energy thus developed when the circuit is closed requires1 of course1 that extra work should be done to turn the crank4 ,when the circuit is broken1 inside or outside of the machine1 it is necessary to overcome only the friction of the machine and the armature1 therefore1 turns easily4 ,the ,purpose of the ,firing-,key4 7,plate ,,xvi47--,the full power of the electro-magnets of the ,d4 ,e4 machine will be reached soonest and will be greatest when the two binding-screws are joined by a piece of metal of practically no resistance as1 for instance1 a short wire4 ,if this short-circuit is kept closed until the moment of firing and is at that1 moment replaced by the circuit containing the detonator1 we will have the machine working with its magnets fully excited in the circuit in which useful work is to be done4 ,in order to accomplish this change of circuit1 without allowing the magnetism of the machine to fall1 the second circuit must be completed before the first is broken4 ,if we had no more convenient method we could take advantage of this property of the machine by connecting the two ends of the fuze-circuit to the two binding-screws of the machine1 and laying a piece of metal across the two binding-screws4 ,when the crank is turned a strong current is generated1 the magnets reach their full strength and1 on removing the piece of metal1 the machine is thrown upon the fuze-circuit with its magnets strongly excited1 generating sufficient current to fire the detonator4 ,the firing-key furnishes a convenient method for making this change of circuit and also a means for testing the continuity of the fuze-circuit at any time before firing4 ,when the firing-key is connected to the machine by wires between the binding-screws of the latter and those marked ,b1 ,b1 of the former and the binding-screws1 marked ,t1 ,t1 of the former1 are joined by a wire1 there are three circuits which may be closed or broken by manipulation of the keys ,t and ,f of the firing-key4 7,plate ,,xvii47 ,the ,short-,circuit4--,the current follows the path shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,the ,test-,circuit4--,when the key ,t is pressed1 the short-circuit is broken and the current follows the path shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the ,firing-,circuit4--,when the keys ,f and ,t are pressed1 the current follows the path shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,to ,test the ,firing-,key4--,connect as above and place the firing-key about ten or twelve feet from the machine1 and so that the compass-needle points in the direction of the length of the box2 ship the crank and turn it rapidly2 if it turn hard the short-circuit is in good condition2 then press the key ,t2 if the crank turn easily and the compass-needle be deflected1 the test-circuit is complete2 then press the key ,f 7the key ,t being already down72 if the crank turn hard and the needle be no longer deflected1 the firing-circuit is complete4 ,,farmer#8,s ,,dynamo-,,electric ,,machine4 ,pattern ,c4--,plate ,,xvi4 ,this machine1 intended for use in boats1 has less power than the large machine1 and may generally be considered as having an electro-motive force of eight volts1 and a resistance of four ohms1 and to be capable of firing eight to ten detonators in series1 or two to three arranged in as many branches1 or a single detonator through #aejj feet of such cable as is now issued4 ,this pattern combines within itself the firing and testing apparatus1--that is1 the firing-key is permanently connected to the machine and the binding-screws of the ,c machine occupy a position analogous to that of the binding-screws ,t1 ,t1 of the firing-key4 ,to ,test the ,machine4--,ship the crank and turn it rapidly with the sun2 if it turn somewhat hard the short-circuit is complete2 press the key ,t2 the crank should turn with ease2 connect the binding-screws by a short wire2 turn the crank as before and press the key ,t2 if the crank turn easier and a small bell be heard to strike inside1 the test-circuit is complete4 ,continue turning the crank1 press the key ,f and then the key ,t2 if it continue to turn somewhat hard1 and the bell does not sound1 the firing-circuit is complete4 ,the difference of force necessary to turn the crank during the several tests is not so apparent as with the larger machine4 ,if any of the tests fail the machine should be taken from its case and the fault treated as with the larger machines4 ,,wires4 ,insulation4--,insulation is for the purpose of confining the electric current to the path we wish it to take and should be carefully looked after at all points not covered by the rubber or other permanent insulating matter4 ,faults in the insulation of the wires leading from the testing or firing apparatus to the torpedo may be so situated as to cause1 in the former case1 false tests and1 in the latter1 a sufficient weakening of the current through the detonator to prevent its firing2 or1 they may be so situated as to cause accidental explosion of the torpedo4 ,the insulation of the wires1 as well as that of the testing or firing apparatus1 must therefore be carefully preserved4 ,in order to preserve good insulation1 all binding-screws should be kept clean and dry4 ,rain water has little effect1 but salt water is bad4 ,wires which make short angles should be protected from chafe and all splices should be very carefully insulated by rubber tubing4 ,particular care must be taken to prevent metallic contact of the two legs of the detonator4 ,any such contact at that point would not be detected by testing and would be fatal to success4 ,splicing ,wires4--,remove the jute braiding and rubber tape from the two ends to be spliced for such a distance as to be clear of the rubber tubing used to insulate the splices and whip the braiding4 ,bare the conductors of the two wires for about an inch and a half1 lay them up and brighten them4 ,slip the piece of rubber tubing over the end of one of the wires4 ,unite the wires by a square-knot or sheet-bend1 soldering the splice if it is to be permanent4 ,slip the rubber tubing over the splice so that its ends will overlap the rubber insulation of the wires and pass a snug seizing around each end of it4 ,if the splice is to be permanent a better junction may be made as follows3 ,prepare the wires as before1 bend up slightly the two ends1 lay them side by side1 and bind them tightly together with a whipping of fine wire2 then turn the ends back on the splice and solder the whole together4 ,another good joint may be made as follows3 ,prepare the wires1 but allow a greater length2 lay them together and twist each about the other at right angles and in opposite directions2 then solder all together4 ,in all cases trim the splices so that there shall be no projecting wires to cut through the insulation4 ,continuity4--,it is possible that a wire may be cut or broken at some point where such cut or break cannot be seen4 ,if there be any reason to suspect such a break1 the continuity of that wire may be readily tested by connecting it to the testing-magneto1 using leading-wires known to be good1 and proceeding as in other testing4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,gun-,,cotton4--,,how ,,packed4--,,stowage4--,,care4--,,inspec tion ,,and ,,drying4 ,,packing ,,and ,,stowage ,,of ,,wet ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,each ,service ,torpedo1 completely filled with wet gun-cotton1 is packed in a rough box for transportation and stowage4 ,the ,exercise ,torpedoes1 ten filled with wet gun-cotton and two empty1 are packed six in a box4 ,each filled torpedo has attached to its case a tag on which is marked the gross weight of the torpedo in pounds and ounces1 the initials of the ,superintendent of the ,gun-cotton ,factory and the factory number of the charge from which the contained gun-cotton is taken4 ,when received on board ship the cover on which the address is marked is to be reversed4 ,the torpedoes are then stowed in the magazine in a manner similar to that now employed in stowing shells4 ,,marks ,,on ,,boxes4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,pat4 ,d4 ,,torpedo1 ,,pat4 ,d4 ,,torpedoes1 ,,service4 ,,exercise4 4444 ,,lbs4 ,,dry ,g4 ,c4 4444 ,,lbs4 ,,dry ,g4 ,c4 7,factory ,no4 of 7,factory ,no4 of ,charge47 ,charge47 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,packing-,,and ,,stowage ,,of ,,dry ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,the glass jars for dry primers1 filled with dry gun-cotton1 are put in wooden cases1 painted white1 fitted with sliding covers as described on p4 #ac4 ,the cases are marked 8,,dry ,,gun-,,cotton ,,primers4 ,,not ,,to ,,go ,,below40 ,they are packed in a rough box for transportation4 ,when received on board ship the cases containing the jars are placed in different parts of the ship1 but are never to be stowed below the water-line4 ,on account of insurance restrictions imposed on freight companies it is often impracticable to ship gun-cotton in its dry state4 ,when this is the case the gun-cotton primers are issued wet and are packed in the spare exercise torpedo-cases from which1 on receipt aboard ship1 they are to be removed and dried and then stowed in the glass jars for dry primers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,torpedo ,outfit1 consisting of #bd ,service1 ,pattern ,d4 ,torpedoes1 #ab ,exercise 7#aj filled1 #b empty71 ,pattern ,d4 ,torpedoes and #d jars of dry gun-cotton for primers will contain1 approximately1 the following amount of gun-cotton3-- ,,wet ,,gun-,,cotton4 #bd ,service ,pattern ,d1 #abif #b-;inch blocks2 or #abjj ,torpedoes #b-;inch blocks and #chd wet #hah4a lbs4 -inch blocks dry4 #ab ,exercise 7#aj full1 #fj #b-;inch blocks2 or #ej #b empty7 ,pattern ,d1 #b-;inch blocks and #dj wet #cg4i lbs4 ,torpedoes -inch blocks dry4 #acef #b-;inch blocks2 or #abej ,total wet gun-cotton #b-;inch blocks and #dbd wet #hef lbs4 -inch blocks dry4 ,,dry ,,primers4 #f each of #af -inch blocks2 #if -inch blocks2dry #ae4b lbs4 dry4 or #d #b-;inch blocks or #bd #b-;inch blocks ----- ,total equivalent of dry gun-cotton in outfit #hga4b lbs4 dry4 ,the wet charge of a torpedo1 ,pattern ,d1 is composed of blocks two inches thick4 ,the primer charge is composed of blocks inch thick1 if there be any on hand2 otherwise1 of blocks #b inches thick4 ,the #b-;inch block contains #aj4a oz4 and the -inch block #b4e oz4 of dry gun-cotton4 ,,care ,,of ,,gun-,,cotton ,,and ,,detonators4 ,the ,gun-,cotton ,magazine must not be located near the boilers or engines1 nor where the temperature of the magazine will equal #aje ,f4 for any great length of time4 ,the magazine should be aired frequently4 ,avoid as much as possible exposing any box or case containing gun-cotton1 dry or wet1 to the direct rays of the sun for any length of time1 as the temperature inside the box can1 in this way1 be raised to a point considerably above that of the open air and this temperature will be maintained for a considerable time after the exposure4 ,the diurnal changes of temperature will not affect gun-cotton1 wet or dry1 provided that the cases or boxes containing the gun-cotton are not exposed to the sun4 ,the detonating charges of dry gun-cotton are designated 8primers10 and the fulminate of mercury igniter as the 8detonator40 ,the primers of dry gun-cotton supplied to each ship are packed in glass jars with tight covers to exclude moisture4 ,strips of blue litmus-paper are placed between the blocks of dry gun-cotton4 ,the glass jars will be kept in their wooden cases4 ,the jars and cases are a part of the permanent outfit and must be cared for and returned4 ,dry gun-cotton is never to be stowed below the water-line1 but it may be carried under any deck above the water-line1 care being taken that the glass jars1 in their wooden cases1 are not within #aj feet of each other1 nor in the vicinity of the galley or other fires1 nor in the immediate vicinity of the guns of the battery4 ,in removing from their cases the glass jars holding the dry gun-cotton never expose them to the sun1 as the glass may act as a lens and cause the ignition of the gun-cotton4 ,all other primers will be furnished wet1 and packed in the torpedo cases4 ,as the stock of dry primers becomes reduced1 a suitable time and place will be selected for replenishing the stock1 by drying1 according to the rules for drying gun-cotton1 the blocks removed from the torpedoes in priming them4 ,the detonator has a charge of #ce grains of fulminate of mercury4 ,detonators are placed in circular wooden blocks1 bored to hold eight each1 each block being put in a tin box4 ,these tin boxes should never be put below the water-line1 but kept in a dry place on the upper decks1 and not in the immediate vicinity of the galley or other fires1 of the battery1 or of other explosives4 ,all loaded detonators are painted red1 and the tin boxes containing them are also painted red and marked on top 8,,dangerous40 ,great care should be taken to grasp the box by the bottom when lifting or carrying it for1 if held by the top only1 the bottom1 with its block1 may slip out4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,weekly--all dry gun-cotton4 ,monthly--all dry gun-cotton4 ,quarterly--all wet gun-cotton4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,dry ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,weekly ,inspection4--,the dry gun-cotton primers must be inspected weekly4 ,this can be done without opening the jars1 by observing the condition of the blocks and the strips of blue litmus-paper placed between them4 ,in the event of any serious decomposition having taken place1 the gun-cotton will be found more or less covered with pasty1 yellow spots1 the jar will be filled with brownish red1 highly acid fumes and the litmus-paper will show a decided red color4 ,in this event the gun-cotton may be thrown overboard1 but even when in this extreme condition there appears to be little danger of immediate explosion and1 if desired for use1 this gun-cotton may be wet with the alkaline solution 7p4 #de71 until it has increased #cj in weight1 and used as wet gun-cotton4 ,no serious risk will attend this operation4 ,no gun-cotton should be thrown overboard except when a board of experts has pronounced it to be in the condition above described4 ,this is essential1 as considerable valuable gun-cotton has been condemned and destroyed and a sense of insecurity has arisen in consequence of errors in inspection4 ,it frequently occurs that the blue litmus-paper becomes faded by exposure in the jars1 but no danger is to be apprehended in consequence4 ,if the litmus-paper has become reddened1 but no fumes or pasty spots are observed1 the blocks should be lifted out by the loose ends of the tape and placed on a perfectly clean1 dry piece of blotting-paper4 ,then untie the tape and separate the blocks1 being careful not to touch them with the fingers4 7,a perfectly clean1 dry crash towel may be used in handling the blocks47 ,remove the strips of litmus-paper1 insert freshly moistened strips in their places and tie the tape as before4 ,after an hour#8s interval examine the ends of the strips of litmus-paper4 ,if they have become reddened1 wet the blocks with the alkaline solution 7p4 #de71 until they have increased #cj in weight and use them as wet gun-cotton4 ,if the moistened litmus strips have not become reddened after one hour#8s exposure1 replace the blocks in the jar1 close it tight and replace it in its box4 ,monthly ,inspection4--,even if no change is observed in the litmus-paper at the weekly inspections the test just described1 with freshly moistened blue litmus-paper strips1 is to be applied to all dry gun-cotton once each month and this constitutes the monthly inspection4 ,if the test shows the gun-cotton to be acid1 the gun-cotton should be wet with the alkaline solution 7p4 #de71 until it has increased #cj in weight1 and then used as wet gun-cotton4 ,,inspection ,,of ,,wet ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,quarterly ,inspection4--,the wet gun-cotton is packed in the ,service and ,exercise cases and contains from #cj to #ce of water4 ,the gross weight of gun-cotton and case is marked upon each case4 ,these cases are to be separately weighed every three months and any loss in the gross weight made up by the addition of pure water poured through the filling-hole1 which should then be carefully closed4 ,,precautions ,,to ,,be ,,taken ,,in ,,inspection4 ,do not handle the gun-cotton with the bare hand4 ,never touch litmus-paper with the bare hand4 ,blue litmus-paper may become reddened by the acid substances exuded from the skin4 ,litmus-paper should always be handled with the forceps provided in the ,chemical ,box4 ,always moisten the litmus-paper before making the test1 using the distilled water provided in the ,chemical ,box4 ,hold the litmus-paper strip in the forceps1 dip one of the glass rods1 provided in the ,chemical ,box1 in the bottle of distilled water and then apply the moist rod to the paper4 ,the litmus-paper must be moist1 only1 and not reeking with water4 ,should the supply of water in the ,chemical ,box be exhausted1 water distilled on board1 or fresh rain water1 may be used1 provided it first be tested and found free from acid reaction4 ,make a comparative test to prove that there is1 or is not1 an acid reaction4 ,as blue litmus-paper may sometimes become slightly reddened when moistened with distilled water only1 a comparison should always be made by taking two pieces of fresh blue litmus-paper and moistening one with distilled water and the other with dilute vinegar4 ,always examine the test papers by white light4 ,litmus-paper will present a reddish appearance in any apartment that is shellacked or colored2 the examination of test papers should therefore be made only in a light room or in the open air4 ,do not mistake iron rust for pasty yellow spots4 ,gun-cotton sometimes becomes rusted in the course of manufacture1 or from the cases in which it is packed4 ,the rust does no harm4 ,avoid unnecessary handling of the blocks1 as they are apt to flake and crumble4 ,,alkaline ,,solution4 ,the alkaline solution referred to above is made by dissolving four ounces of dry carbonate of soda in one gallon of rain or distilled water4 ,when it is found necessary to wet dry gun-cotton this solution may be poured into the jar holding the blocks4 ,,rules ,,for ,,drying ,,gun-,,cotton4 ,wet gun-cotton primers can be dried by any of the following methods3-- #a4 ,exposure in a steam-drier4 #b4 0 to calcium chloride4 7,ca ,cl74 #c4 0 in a dry atmosphere4 ,the quantity of dry gun-cotton primers that are furnished being very small1 the stock should be replenished as fast as used by drying the wet blocks removed from the torpedoes in priming them4 ,,drying ,,by ,,exposure ,,in ,a ,,steam-,,drier4 ,the steam-drier must be located above the water-line1 remote from fires and lamps and where it will not be subject to disarrangement4 ,its supply of steam is to be derived from a suitable part of the steam-heating apparatus of the ship or from any other convenient source of low-pressure steam by piping fitted at the ,navy ,yard4 ,the blocks to be dried are separately weighed1 the weight of each marked on it with a soft lead-pencil 7never putting labels of any kind on the gun-cotton7 and then strung on the rods1 with the iron washers strung between adjacent blocks1 and placed in the baskets of the drier4 ,the baskets are put in the drier1 the door is closed1 the thermometer put in place1 steam is turned on and the ventilating openings are adjusted4 ,the baskets1 rods and washers must be kept free from dirt and oil4 ,the temperature of the drying chamber must not exceed #ajj ,f4 ,after each day#8s heating carefully remove and weigh each block1 re-mark it and proceed with the drying4 ,this process should be continued until the blocks no longer lose weight1 when all but a small percentage of moisture will have been expelled4 ,it has been found by experiment1 however1 that gun-cotton containing as much as #ac of water can be relied on to detonate1 the service fulminate of mercury detonator being used4 ,when the drying is complete remove the blocks from the drier1 place them1 while still warm1 in the glass jars1 with strips of blue litmus-paper between them and close the jars tight4 ,they will then be stowed and inspected as dry gun-cotton4 ,if the process of drying is not continuous the blocks must be kept in a powder tank1 closed tight1 when the drier is not in operation4 ,,drying ,,by ,,exposure ,,to ,,calcium ,,chloride 7,ca ,cl74 ,this method requires3--#e lbs4 calcium chloride 7,ca ,cl71 #a empty powder tank and #c baking pans4 ,the calcium chloride 7,ca ,cl7 is cheap and can readily be obtained from any dealer in chemicals2 it must not be confounded with chloride of lime or bleaching powder 7,ca,o,cl74 ,the latter has a strong odor of chlorine and1 if used instead of the calcium chloride 7,ca ,cl71 might cause decomposition of gun-cotton4 ,the former is odorless and has no bleaching properties4 ,to distinguish whether the substance has any bleaching properties1 stir a small portion in an equal volume of water and immerse a piece of blue litmus-paper in the mixture4 ,if the color disappears from the paper when dry 7turning white71 the substance is chloride of lime or bleaching powder 7,ca,o,cl7 and must not be used4 ,the powder tank can be readily procured on board ship2 care must be taken that it closes easily and air-tight4 ,the baking pans should be of such a size that three of them will cover the bottom of the tank when placed alongside of each other2 made of stout tin1 free from solder1 and #e to #f inches deep4 ,divide the calcium chloride between the three pans and place these pans1 which must be clean and free from oil or grease1 in the oven of the galley and allow them to remain there until all traces of moisture disappears4 ,stir the calcium chloride occasionally with a clean metal rod to expose the lower particles4 ,break it into pieces the size of a pigeon#8s egg4 ,when all traces of moisture have disappeared remove the pans to a dry place and allow them to cool4 ,the calcium chloride must not be put in the tank1 nor the gun-cotton exposed to it1 while warm4 ,place the tank in some suitable location where it will not be disturbed and1 when the calcium chloride is cooled1 place the pans in the bottom of the tank and lay over them a copper sieve1 tinned copper wire being the best4 ,then place the blocks to be dried on the sieve and close the tank4 ,open the tank every #c or #d days1 weigh the blocks1 marking the weight and date with a soft lead-pencil on them and dry the calcium chloride as before4 ,continue this until the blocks have ceased to lose weight4 ,while the calcium chloride is drying1 the blocks are to be kept in the tank1 which must be closed to exclude the moisture in the air4 ,when they have ceased to lose weight stow them in the glass jars for dry gun-cotton primers1 taking care to lay between them strips of blue litmus-paper1 and treat them according to the rules laid down for dry gun-cotton4 ,this operation is independent of the condition of the atmosphere and only requires the care mentioned4 ,,drying ,,by ,,exposure ,,in ,a ,,dry ,,atmosphere4 ,string the blocks to be dried on a wood1 brass or copper rod or pipe1 which must be free from dirt and oil1 or place them on a shelf made of wire netting1 separating the blocks from each other to expose all surfaces freely to the air2 suspend the rod or shelf in some suitable place not in the vicinity of the galley or other fires1 where the blocks will be freely exposed to the air1 and be under cover4 ,expose the blocks only when the atmosphere is dry2 at all other times keep them in an empty powder tank1 in the immediate vicinity of the place selected for drying1 kept closed to exclude moisture4 ,weigh the blocks every two days1 noting the date and weight with a soft lead-pencil on them4 ,continue the drying until the blocks show no loss of weight for two consecutive weighings2 then place them in the glass jars1 with strips of blue litmus-paper between1 and treat them according to the rules given for dry gun-cotton primers4 ,this plan can only be carried out in dry climates4 ,avoid unnecessary handling of the blocks1 as they are apt to flake and crumble4 ,,miscellaneous ,,data4 ,dimensions of gun-cotton blocks length #b4i inches4 width #b4i 0 height #b4j 0 for full sized blocks1 #j4e 0 for primer blocks4 ,diameter of detonator hole _/ inch4 ,pressure applied to blocks in the final press #fhjj lbs4 per square inch4 ,average gravimetric density of compressed dry gun-cotton #a4bhg4 ,average weight of one cubic inch of compressed dry gun-cotton #cbe grains1 #j4gdc oz4 ,weight of water added to each pound of dry gun-cotton when issued to the service as wet gun-cotton 7approximately #ce7 #j4ce lb4 #e4f oz4 ,,appendix4 ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,inspector ,,of ,,ordnance4--,,list ,,of ,,articles ,,in ,,outfit1 ,,weights ,,and ,,stowage ,,space4 ,,duties ,,of ,,the ,,inspector ,,of ,,ordnance ,,at ,,the ,,navy ,,yard ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,the ,,torpedo ,,outfit ,,of ,a ,,ship4 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,magazine4 ,he will carefully inspect the gun-cotton magazine1 satisfy himself that it is constructed in accordance with the ,ordnance ,instructions concerning shell-rooms1 and the directions given on pages #dj and #da ,spar-,torpedo ,instructions1 that it is of sufficient size to stow the portion of the torpedo outfit defined in the 8,table showing ,weight1 ,space and ,place of ,stowage of ,articles in ,spar-,torpedo ,outfit0 and will prepare a plan of stowage4 ,,torpedo ,,storeroom4 ,he will carefully inspect the torpedo store-room1 satisfy himself that it is in a proper position with regard to battery and boilers1 that it is not exposed to undue changes of temperature1 or to accidental admission of water1 and that it is of sufficient capacity and conveniently arranged to stow the portion of the outfit defined in 8,table showing ,weight1 ,space and ,place of ,stowage of ,articles in ,spar-,torpedo ,outfit40 ,,battery ,,locker4 ,he will carefully inspect the battery locker and see that it is in a proper position with regard to the great-gun battery and the boilers4 ,it should1 preferably1 be in a good light4 ,,ship#8,s ,,spars ,,and ,,fittings4 ,he will1 while the ship#8s spars and fittings are being made and when they are in place1 inspect them carefully1 satisfy himself that the spar-bands are properly spaced and in line to receive the secondary spar and report to the ,bureau the position and class of the heel fittings and the leads of topping-lifts and guys1 with his opinion of their efficiency and convenience4 ,,permanent ,,wires4 ,he will ascertain what firing apparatus the ,bureau intends to place on board and make a requisition for the necessary wire and terminals4 ,upon the receipt of these articles he will locate the firing apparatus and prepare and place the permanent wires and terminals4 ,he will cause a plan showing the lead of the different wires to be made1 and will send copies to the ,bureau and to the ,torpedo ,station1 and will furnish one to the commanding officer of the vessel4 ,no fixed rules can be given for leading permanent wires4 ,the general method of leading the upper-deck wires1 manner of securing to terminals and precautions to be observed1 are given on pages #ad and #ae4 ,permanent wires should also be led from the battery to the firing-point on the bridge or elsewhere4 ,in case of electrical gun-circuits being desired1 special directions or plans will be issued by the ,bureau of ,ordnance4 ,,list ,,of ,,articles ,,in ,,spar-,,torpedo ,,outfit ,,supplied ,,from ,,the ,,torpedo ,,station4 ,the ,spar-,torpedo ,outfit for ships having one torpedo boat comprises the articles given in the list4 ,ships having two or more torpedo boats will have the articles in the ,boat#8s ,outfit1 necessary to the simultaneous use of all the boats1 increased proportionally4 ,ship#8s ,boat#8s and ,outfit4 ,boat#8s ,outfit4 ,,box #a4 #a ,farmer#8s ,d4 ,e4 machine1 ,pattern ,a1 containing3-- #a ,firing-key4 #b ,machine connecting-wires 7#ab feet long74 #a ,crank4 ,,box #b4 #a #a ,reel box1 containing3-- #cjj #cjj ,feet double-conductor insulated cable4 #a #a ,crank4 ,,box #c4 #a #a ,supply-box1 containing3-- #a #a ,monkey wrench4 #c #c ,open-end wrenches4--,one end fits the screw-cover of the torpedo-case2 the other1 the screw-bolts that secure the spindle4 #a #a ,rectifier1--a wooden rod1 marked in inches1 for lining the blocks in the primer-case4 #f #ab ,pieces of emery cloth1--for brightening wires and removing rust4 #a #b ,pairs of cutting plyers1--for general use in cutting and working wires4 #a #b ,pieces of okonite tape1--for insulating naked wires when not exposed to water4 #b #b ,earth-plates1--copper plates 7coated with tin to prevent rust74 #ab #bd ,pieces of rubber tubing1--for insulating splices4 #a #a ,sample splice1--for instruction4 #a #b ,spools of hemp twine1--for securing rubber tubing4 #a #b ,knives1--for cleaning wires and for general use4 #a #a ,screw-driver1--for general use4 #f #ab ,dummy detonators 7painted white71--for instruction4 #a #a ,sample detonator splice1--for instruction4 #a #a ,dummy gunpowder fuze1--for instruction4 #bd #cf ,spherical rubber packings4 #cf #cf ,paper fasteners4 #b #b ,safety-pins for circuit-closer 7spare74 #a #a ,spring for circuit-closer 7spare74 #a #a by #af screw-tap1--to cut a thread for spar screws4 #ab #ab ,screws for boat#8s steel spars1--to secure the two parts of a boat spar4 #d #d ,reeving-lines1--for reeving leading-wires through the boat#8s spars4 #b #b ,reeving-line weights1--to reeve the reeving-lines through the boat#8s spars4 ,,box #d4 #a ,wire-box1 ship#8s1 containing3-- #d ,spar leading-wires4 #b ,machine connecting wires-7#ab feet long1 spare74 ,,box #e4 #d ,spar-bands with key-ways4 #d 0 7ordinary74 #bd ,wood screws4 ,,box #f4 #d #h ,tin boxes1 containing3-- #d #h ,detonator-blocks4 #cb #fd ,detonators4 ,,box #g4 #cb #cb ,gunpowder igniters4 #ah #ah 0 fuzes4 ,,box #h4 #b #d ,glass jars with corks1 containing3-- #ab #bd ,blocks dry gun-cotton4 ,,box #i4 #a ,testing and firing plate 7when specially ordered74 ,,boxes #aj ,,and #aa4 #ab ,secondary spars1 ship#8s4 #ab ,keys for same4 ,,boxes #ab ,,and #ac4 #ab #ab ,secondary spars1 boat#8s4 #ab #ab ,toggles for same4 ,,box #ad4 #a #a ,farmer#8s ,d4 ,e4 machine1 ,pattern ,c1 containing3-- #b #b ,machine connecting-wires 7#ab feet long74 #a #a ,crank4 ,,box #ae4 #a #a ,wire-box1 boat#8s1 containing3-- #d #d ,spar leading-wires4 #b #b ,machine-connecting wires 7#ab feet long1 spare74 #d #d ,secondary spar caps4 #d #d ,rivets for same4 #d #d ,secondary spar butts4 #d #d ,rivets for same4 ,,box #af4 #a #a ,chemical box1 containing3-- #b #b ,pair forceps4 #b #b 0 scissors4 #b #b ,bottles distilled water4 #b #b 0 for litmus-paper4 ,quire litmus-paper4 #a #a ,tin cylinder for same4 #b #b ,pounds carbonate of soda 7dry74 #a #a ,piece boiled tape4 #b #b ,glass rods4 ,,box #ag4 #b #b ,spar clamps4 #a #a ,set of boat-fittings1 ,pattern ,b1 as follows3-- #b #b ,heel-rests4 #b #b ,hinge-plates4 #b #b bolts with nuts1--for securing heel-rests to hinge-plates4 #b #b ,swivel-crutches1--each with a hinged top and two rollers1 secured together by studs1 rivets and pins4 #b #b ,bearings secured to crutches with bolts and washers4 #a #a ,cross-beam with two bearings riveted on4 #b #b ,hoods1 7right and left71--each fitted with two bolts for securing to the cross-beam4 #b #b ,securing rods1--for securing elevating-arms to cross-beam4 #b #b ,elevating-arms with cog-wheels attached4 #b #b ,plate washers1--for holding elevating-arms on cross-beams4 #b #b ,nuts on ends of securing rods1--to hold washers in place4 #b #b ,guide rings1--each fitted with a roller secured by studs and split pins4 #b #b ,screw-nuts1--each fitted with a lock-screw1 to secure guide rings to elevating-arms4 #b #b ,worm shafts1--each in two parts1 joined by a hook-coupling4 #b #b ,elevating-wheels1--with pins for securing same to worm shafts4 #b #b ,clutches1 consisting of the following parts3-- #b #b ,bearings4 #b #b ,sleeves1--with trunnions and lugs4 #b #b ,yoke-links4 #b #b ,detaching-levers1--each with transverse roller attached4 #b #b ,pins1--for locking detaching-levers4 #d #d ,bolts with split pins1--for securing parts of clutch together4 #af #af bolts1--for securing hinge-plates1 swivel-crutch bearings and clutch-bearings to boat4#a #af #af phosphor-bronze nuts for same4 #d #d bolts1--for securing cross-beam bearings to deck4#b #d #d phosphor-bronze nuts for same4 ,,box #ah4 #a #a ,testing magneto4 ,,boxes #ai ,,to #bb4 7,both inclusive74 #b #b ,boat spars4 #b #b ,canvas bags for same4 ,,boxes #bc ,,to #df4 7,both inclusive74 #ab #bd ,service ,torpedoes1 ,pattern ,d4 ,,boxes #dg ,,and #dh4 ,,boxes #di ,,and #ej4 #ab #ab ,exercise ,torpedoes1 ,pattern ,d1 7two of which are empty74 ,,boxes #ea ,,and #eb4 ,,box #ec4 #ab #bd ,service ,torpedo spindles4 #ab #ab ,exercise 0 0 #bd #cf ,torpedo pins4 #d #h 0 0 7spare74 ,,box #ed4 #a ,ship#8s firing-battery4 #a ,battery tester 7#f4e ohms74 #a #a ,boat#8s firing-battery4 #b #b ,spare cells for same4 #a #a ,battery tester 7#d ohms74 #a #b ,hand-firing keys4 #c #e ,pounds sal-ammoniac4 #ab #ab ,spare fuze bridges1--for testing batteries4 ,,box #ee4 #a #a ,steam-drier4 ,,box #ef4 #d #d ,circuit-closers1--for ,contact ,torpedo4 #d #d ,spherical rubber packings for same4 #d #d ,rubber diaphragms for same4 #af #af ,brass screws1--for attaching circuit-closer4 ,,box #eg4 #a #a ,contact spar leading-wires4 #b #b ,rubber diaphragms 7spare74 #ab #ab 0 washers1--for ,exercise ,torpedo 7spare74 #ab #bd 0 0 --for ,service ,torpedo 7spare74 #d #h ,spherical rubber packings 7spare74 ,in addition to the above1 if no testing and firing-plate is furnished1 #b ,electric switches4 #a ,note4--,these bolts are supplied at the ,navy ,yard where the boats are fitted4 #b ,note4--,these bolts are supplied at the ,navy ,yard where the boats are fitted4 ,two ,copies of the ,torpedo ,instructions1 corrected to date of issue1 will be furnished to each vessel receiving a torpedo outfit4 ,these copies will be sent by mail1 simultaneously with the issue of the outfit1 addressed to the ,inspector of ,ordnance at the ,navy ,yard at which the vessel is fitted out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this book is corrected to 99 99 99 99 99 ,terminals and insulated wire for permanent wires will be furnished as required4 ,the ,bureau of ,ordnance will designate which of the following will be supplied3-- #b ,electric switches4 #a ,testing and firing-plate4 ,,supplied ,,from ,,navy ,,yard4 ,torpedo-spars for ship4 ,fittings for same4 #af #af bolts1--for securing boat-fittings to boat4 #d #d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,note4--,boxes #f1 #g1 #h1 #bc to #df inclusive1 #di and #ej1 contain explosives1 which must be stowed as directed in the ,instructions4 ,boxes #h and #af contain glass and are to be handled with care4 ,boxes #b1 #d1 #ae and #eg contain insulated wire and must be stowed in a cool place to guard against deterioration of the insulation4 ,all other boxes must be stowed in a dry place and the contents kept free from rust4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,table ,showing ,weight1 ,space and ,place of ,stowage of ,articles in ,torpedo ,outfit4 ,invoice ,,outside ,,dimensions,approximate,approximate ,,where number ,,of ,,box ,,in ,,inches cubical gross ,,stowed4 of boxes------------------ space of weight of ,l4 ,w4 ,d4 each box each box ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,cu4 ft4 ,lbs4 ,,gun-,,cotton #bc to #bf #aa4h #aa4h #ag4h #a4d #gb4 ,,magazine4 #di1 #ej #ac4h #ab4i #ag4 #a4h #ff4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #af4 #ac4e #bj4e #b4f #adf4 #b #ah4e #ae4b #ag4e #b4h #ib4 #c #bj4 #af4 #aj4e #a4i #dh4 #d #af4e #af4e #af4 #b4e #fg4 #aj1 #aa #ih4e #ad4 #e4 #d4 #bbb4 #ab1 #ac #ajb4 #ba4 #f4 #g4d #bcj4 #ad #ab4f #aa4 #af4e #a4c #ed4 ,,torpedo #ae #af4f #af4f #af4 #b4f #fh4 ,,storeroom4 #af #ai4 #aa4f #ab4f #a4f #cj4 #ag #hf4e #ae4c #ah4 #ac4h #djj4 #ah #g4h #e4c #g4e 4#b #i4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ai to #bb #bai4 #h4e #f4e #g4 #bje4 #ahc4 #h4e #f4e #e4h #agj4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #ec #ai4h #aa4f #ae4a #b4 #aje4 #ee #ef #bd4f #ac4 #h4b #a4e #dc4 #eg #ai4e #ah4e #f4f #a4c #bh4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,battery #ed #ae4 #aj4e #aa4e #a4 #cg4e ,,locker4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,in ,,place ,,on #e #ba4 #af4e #g4e #a4e #hj4 ,,spars4 0 0 0 ,,deck4 #i #eb4 #ah4e #ah4e #aj4d #aee4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,see #f #i4h #i4g #f4h 4#d #aj4 ,,regulations #g #ab4b #aj4b #e4b 4#d #aa4 ,,for ,,same4 #h #h4b #ad4b #ag4e #a4b #be4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,boat#8,s ,,outfit ,,ship#8,s ,,and ,,boat#8,s ,,outfit4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,where ,number ,total ,total ,,stowed4 of approx4,aggregate,numberapprox4 ,aggregate boxescubical weight of cubical ,weight space ,boxes space ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cu4 ft4 ,lbs4 ,cu4 ft4 ,lbs4 ,,gun-,,cotton #ab #af4h #hfd4 #bd #cc4f #agbh4 ,,magazine4 #b #c4f #acb4 #b #c4f #acb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #b4f #adf4 #a #b4h #ib4 #a #b4h #ib4 #a #a4i #dh4 #a #a4i #dh4 #a #b4e #fg4 #b #h4 #ddd4 #b #ad4h #dfj4 #b #ad4h #dfj4 #a #a4c #ed4 #a #a4c #ed4 ,,torpedo #a #b4f #fh4 #a #b4f #fh4 ,,storeroom4 #a #a4f #cj4 #a #a4f #cj4 #a #ac4h #djj4 #a #ac4h #djj4 #a 4#b #i4 #a 4#b #i4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #b #ad4 #daj4 #b #ad4 #daj4 #b #aa4f #cdj4 #b #aa4f #cdj4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #a #b4 #aje4 #a #d4 #agb4 #a #a #a #a4e #dc4 #a #a4e #dc4 #a #a4c #bh4e #a #a4c #bh4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,battery #a #a4 #cf4e #a #a4i #gj4e ,,locker4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,in ,,place ,,on #a #a4e #hj4 ,,spars4 0 0 0 ,,deck4 #a #aj4d #aee4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,see #a 4#d #aj4 #a 4#g #bj4 ,,regulations #a 4#d #aa4 #a 4#d #aa4 ,,for ,,same4 #a #a4b #be4 #a #b4b #di4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,index4 ,after guy--ship#8s torpedo spar1 #af ,alkaline solution1 #de ,amount of water in wet gun-cotton1 #dd ,apparatus for drying gun-cotton1 #ac1 #dg1 #dh1 #di ,articles for testing gun-cotton4 7,see ,chemical box74 0 list of in outfit1 #eb 0 of torpedo outfit supplied at ,navy ,yard1 #ae1 #ef 0 0 0 0 0 from ,torpedo ,station1 #ad1 #eb 0 spare1 #a1 #ad ,bands1 spar1 #h1 #ec ,batteries1 firing4 7,see ,firing-batteries74 ,battery-cell1 description1 #bg 0 cells1 spare1 #bg1 #ee 0 locker1 #ea 0 tester1 #bh1 #ee ,blocks1 detonator1 #aa1 #ec 0 primer1 dry1 #ab1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #di1 #ec ,boat1 firing-batteries4 7,see ,firing-batteries74 0 fittings1 ,pattern ,b1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ed1 #ee 0 spar4 7,see ,spar74 0 to test the circuit from1 #ba 0 wire-box1 #g1 #ed ,bow-fittings1 #h1 #ed ,box1 chemical1 #ac1 #ed 0 gunpowder fuzes and igniters1 #ab1 #ec 0 reel1 #f1 #eb 0 stuffing1 #c 0 supply1 #h1 #eb 0 torpedo packing1 #ci 0 wire1 boats1 #g1 #ed 0 0 ships1 #f1 #g1 #ec ,butts1 secondary spar1 #e1 #ed ,cable1 insulated4 7,see ,reel box74 ,caps1 secondary spar1 #e1 #ed 0 0 0 rivets for1 #ed 0 water4 7,see ,stuffing-boxes74 ,care and management of firing-batteries1 #bi 0 of gun-cotton and detonators1 #da ,case1 primer4 7,see ,primer-case74 ,cell1 battery1 #bg ,cells1 battery1 spare1 #bg1 #ee ,charge1 detonator1 #aj1 #db 0 primer1 dry4 7,see ,primer charge74 ,calcium1 chloride4 7,see ,chloride of calcium74 ,chemical box1 #ac1 #ed ,chloride of calcium1 #dg 0 0 0 how distinguished from chloride of lime1 #dg 0 0 0 test of1 for bleaching properties1 #dg 0 0 0 to be used instead of chloride of lime1 #dg 0 0 lime4 7,see ,chloride of calcium74 ,circuit-closer1 ,pattern ,b1 description1 #d 0 0 0 0 how attached1 #d1 #bb 0 0 0 0 test1 #bb1 #bc 0 0 0 0 necessary to be water-tight1 #bc 0 0 0 0 number issued1 #d1 #ef 0 0 0 0 safety-pin to be in before priming1 #bc 0 0 0 0 to be tested before priming1 #bc 0 0 safety-pins1 spare1 #ec 0 0 spring1 spare1 #ec 0 0 weight of1 #e ,circuit testing1 from ships1 #bj 0 to test the1 from boats1 #ba ,clamps1 spar1 #aj1 #ed ,cloth1 emery1 #eb ,commanding officer of vessel to be furnished with plan of wires1 #eb ,condition of firing-batteries1 how to test1 #bh1 #bi ,connection to terminal1 machine1 or battery not to be made until1 #bj1 #ba ,contact1 fire on1 when using circuit-closer1 ,pattern ,b1 #bd 0 spar leading-wires1 ,pattern ,b4 7,see ,wires74 0 torpedo4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,continuity of wires1 testing1 #cb1 #ch ,crutch1 swivel1 #h1 #ed ,cutting plyers1 #eb ,depth4 7,see ,immersion74 ,detonator1 #aj1 #da1 #db1 #ec 0 blocks1 #aj1 #ec 0 bridge1 resistance of1 #aa 0 care of1 #da 0 charge1 #aa1 #db 0 dummy1 #ab1 #ec 0 packing and stowage1 #aj1 #db 0 splice-sample1 #ec 0 splicing on1 #ah 0 testing1 manner of1 #ag 0 when tested1 to be put in safe place1 #ag ,diaphragms1 rubber1 #ef ,distance1 proper1 for contact torpedo before firing1 #ba 0 0 0 exercise 0 0 0 #bb 0 0 0 service 0 0 0 #ba ,drier1 steam1 #ac1 #df1 #ef ,dry primers4 7,see ,primer74 ,drying apparatus1 gun-cotton1 #ac1 #dg1 #dh1 #di 0 gun-cotton1 rules for1 #de ,dummy detonators1 #ab1 #ec 0 gunpowder fuze1 #ec ,dynamo-electric machine1 pattern ,a1 #cb1 #eb 0 0 0 0 ,c1 #cf1 #ec ,earth-plates1 #eb ,electric switches1 #ae1 #ef 0 0 and permanent wires1 use of1 #be 0 0 not issued with permanent firing apparatus1 #ae 0 0 0 to be used as firing keys1 #bf ,emery cloth1 #eb ,exercise torpedo4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,fasteners1 paper1 #ec ,fire at will1 contact torpedoes1 #bd 0 on contact1 contact torpedoes1 #bd 0 torpedoes using ,a machine and firing-key1 #ba 0 0 0 ,c 0 1 #ba 0 0 0 battery and hand-firing key1 #ba ,firing-batteries1 #bg 0 0 boats1 #bh1 #ee 0 0 how to test condition of1 #bh1 #cj 0 0 management and care of1 #bi 0 0 no connection to be made with until1 #bj1 #ba 0 0 not to be used to test the circuit1 #ba 0 0 number furnished1 #bg 0 0 ships1 #bh1 #ee ,firing-key1 ,d4 ,e4 machine1 pattern ,a1 #cd1 #eb 0 0 0 0 0 0 to test1 #cf ,fittings1 boats4 7,see ,boat-fittings74 0 bow1 #h 0 heel1 ship#8s torpedo spar1 #af 0 0 0 0 0 substitute for1 #af 0 ship#8s spar1 #af1 #ef ,forward guy1 ship#8s torpedo spar1 how fitted1 #af ,fuze bridges1 spare1 #ee 0 gunpowder1 dummy1 #ec 0 0 splicing on1 #be ,fuzes1 gunpowder1 #ab1 #ec ,fuzing torpedoes4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,glass jars for dry primers1 #ab1 #da1 #ec ,gun-cotton1 amount in torpedo outfit1 #dj 0 0 0 of water in when wet1 #dd 0 0 apparatus for drying1 #ac1 #eg1 #dh1 #di 0 0 articles for testing4 7,see ,chemical box74 0 0 care of1 #da 0 0 dry1 packing and stowage of1 #ci 0 0 inspection of1 #db 0 0 0 0 precautions to be taken1 #dd 0 0 magazine1 #da 0 0 miscellaneous data1 #di 0 0 primers4 7,see ,primers74 0 0 rules for drying1 #de 0 0 test of4 7,see ,inspection of gun-cotton74 0 0 removed in priming1 where placed1 #ag1 #bb 0 0 wet1 packing and stowage of1 #ci ,gunpowder fuze1 dummy1 #ec 0 0 splicing on1 #be 0 fuzes1 #ab1 #ec 0 igniters1 #aa1 #ec 0 torpedoes1 improvised1 #bd ,guy1 after1 ship#8s torpedo spar1 #af 0 forward1 0 0 0 how fitted1 #af ,hand-firing key1 #ca1 #ee ,heel fittings1 ship#8s torpedo spar1 description1 #af 0 0 0 0 0 substitute for1 #af ,hemp twine1 #eb ,horizontal distance4 7,see ,distance74 ,igniters1 gunpowder1 #ab1 #ec ,immersion1 proper for the exercise torpedo1 #bb 0 0 0 0 service torpedo1 #ba 0 0 0 0 contact torpedo1 #ba ,improvised torpedoes1 gunpowder1 #bd ,inspection of gun-cotton1 #db 0 0 0 precautions to be taken1 #dd ,inspectors of ordnance at ,navy ,yard1 duties of1 #ea ,instructions1 ,torpedo1 copies of1 #ef ,insulated cable4 7,see ,reel box74 ,insulating splices1 #ch ,insulation of wires1 #cg 0 0 0 not to be damaged1 #cg 0 0 0 testing the1 #cb ,jars1 glass1 for dry primers1 #ab1 #da1 #ec ,key for ship#8s secondary spar1 #e1 #ec 0 hand-firing1 #ca1 #ee ,knives1 #c ,lead-covered wires1 #ad ,leading-wires4 7,see ,wires74 ,lift1 topping1 ship#8s torpedo spar1 how fitted1 #af ,lines1 reeving1 #bj1 #ec 0 0 weights1 #bj1 #ec ,locker1 battery1 #ea ,machine connecting wires1 #f1 #g1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed 0 dynamo-electric1 pattern ,a1 #cb1 #eb 0 0 0 0 ,c1 #cf1ec 0 no connection to be made with until torpedo is immersed1 #bj1 #ba ,magazine1 gun-cotton1 #da ,magneto1 testing1 #ca1 #cb1 #ee ,management and care of firing-batteries1 #bi ,monkey wrench1 #eb ,navy ,yard1 articles of torpedo outfit supplied at1 #ad1 #ef 0 0 ,inspectors of ordnance at1 duties of1 #ea ,no connection to be made to terminal1 battery1 or machine until1 #bj1 #ba ,officer commanding vessel to be furnished with plan of wires1 #eb ,okonite tape1 #ah1 #eb ,open-end wrench1 #eb ,outfit1 spar-torpedo1 amount of gun-cotton in1 #dj 0 0 articles of1 invoice number of boxes containing1 #eg 0 0 0 0 list of1 #eb 0 0 0 0 place of stowage1 #eg 0 0 0 0 spaced occupied when boxed1 #eg 0 0 0 0 supplied at ,navy ,yards1 #ad1 #ef 0 0 0 0 from ,torpedo ,station1 #dh 0 0 0 0 weight of when boxed1 #eg 0 0 how designated1 #a 0 0 includes1 #a ,packing1 spherical rubber1 #c1 #ec1 #ef ,paper fasteners1 #ec ,permanent wires1 #ad1 #ef 0 0 plan to be furnished to1 #eb 0 0 use of1 #be ,pins1 safety1 for circuit-closer1 spare1 #ec 0 0 0 0 0 to be in before priming1 #bc 0 torpedo1 #e1 #ee 0 0 spare1 #ee ,plate1 testing and firing1 #ec1 #ef ,plates1 earth1 #eb ,plyers1 cutting1 #eb ,precautions to be taken in inspection of gun-cotton1 #dd ,preparation of contact torpedo1 #bb 0 0 exercise 0 pattern ,d1 #bb 0 0 service 0 0 01 #ag ,primer blocks1 #ab1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #ec 0 case1 description of1 #b 0 charge1 #dj1 #da 0 not to remain long in exercise torpedo1 #bb 0 dry gun-cotton1 care of1 #da 0 0 0 0 how packed and stowed1 #ab1 #ci1 #da 0 0 0 0 inspection of1 #db 0 0 0 0 number furnished1 #da1 #db 0 0 0 0 precautions to be observed with1 #db1 #dd 0 0 0 0 testing4 7,see ,inspection of gun-cotton74 0 wet 0 0 how packed1 #ci ,priming the exercise torpedo1 #bb 0 0 service torpedo1 #ag ,priming1 wet gun-cotton removed in1 where stowed1 #ag1 #bb ,rectifier1 #ai1 #eb ,reel box1 #f1 #eb ,reeving-lines1 #bj1 #ec 0 line weights1 #bj1 #ec ,resistance of detonator bridge1 #aa ,rivets for secondary spar butts1 #ed 0 0 0 0 caps1 #ed ,rubber diaphragms1 #d1 #ef 0 packing1 spherical1 #c1 #ec1 #ef 0 tubing1 #ch1 #eb 0 washers1 #b1 #ef ,rules for drying gun-cotton1 #de ,safety-break of contact spar leading-wires1 #f 0 0 to be kept open until1 #bd ,sample splice1 #eb 0 0 detonator1 #ec ,safety-pin circuit-closer1 spare1 #ec 0 0 0 0 to be in before priming1 #bc ,screw-driver1 #eb 0 tap1 #ec ,screws for boat spar1 pattern ,a1 #ec ,secondary spar4 7,see ,spar74 ,service torpedo4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,shipping contact torpedo1 safety-pin to be in before1 #bc 0 secondary spar4 7,see ,spar74 0 torpedo4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,ship#8s firing-batteries4 7,see ,firing-batteries74 0 testing circuit from1 #bj 0 torpedo spar4 7,see ,spar74 0 wire-box1 #f1 #ec ,solution1 alkaline1 #de ,spar-bands1 #h1 #ec 0 boat1 pattern ,a1 #aj1 #ee 0 0 0 0 screws for1 #ec 0 0 0 0 to be taken apart when not in use1 #aj 0 clamps1 #aj1 #ed 0 leading-wires4 7,see ,wires74 0 secondary1 butts1 #e1 #ed 0 0 0 rivets1 #ed 0 0 caps1 #e1 #ed 0 0 0 rivets1 #ed 0 0 keys1 #e1 #ed 0 0 pattern ,a1 description1 #e 0 0 0 0 difference between boats and ships1 #e 0 0 0 0 how packed for boats1 #e1 #ed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ships1 #e1 #ed 0 0 0 0 number supplied1 #e 0 0 pattern ,a1 shipping1 #ai 0 secondary1 pattern ,a1 toggles1 #e1 #ec 0 ship#8s1 description1 #ae 0 0 fittings1 #af1 #ef 0 0 number supplied1 #ae 0 torpedo4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,spare articles1 #a1 #ad ,spherical rubber packing1 #ef ,spindle for torpedo4 7,see ,torpedo74 ,splice wire1 insulating of1 #ch 0 0 sample1 #eb 0 detonator1 sample1 #ec 0 towing strain on1 how to prevent1 #ai ,splicing on detonator1 #ah 0 0 gunpowder fuze1 #be 0 wires1 #cg ,spring for circuit-closer1 spare1 #ec ,steam-drier1 #ac1 #df1 #ef ,storeroom1 torpedo1 #ea ,strain1 towing on splices1 how to prevent1 #ai ,stuffing-boxes1 #c ,supply-box1 #h1 #eb ,switches1 electric4 7,see ,electric switches74 0 0 and permanent wires1 use of1 #be ,swivel-crutch1 #h1 #ed ,table showing weight1 space1 and place of stowage of articles1 #eg ,tape1 okonite1 #ah1 #eb ,terminals1 #ae 0 connection with not to be made until1 #bj ,test-circuit through circuit-closer1 pattern ,b1 how to1 #bb1 #bc 0 condition of firing-batteries1 how to1 #bh1 #cj ,tester1 battery1 #bh1 #ee ,test1 gun-cotton4 7,see ,inspection of gun-cotton74 ,testing and firing-plate1 #ec1 #ef 0 circuit-closer1 pattern ,b1 #bb 0 circuit from boat1 #ba 0 0 0 ship1 #bj 0 continuity of wires1 #cb1 #ch 0 detonator circuit in contact torpedoes1 #bd 0 0 manner of1 #ag 0 0 when1 put in a safe place1 #ag 0 gun-cotton1 articles for4 7,see ,chemical box74 0 insulation of wires1 #cb 0 magneto1 #ca1 #cb1 #ee ,toggles1 secondary spar1 #e1 #ec ,topping lift1 ship#8s spar1 #af ,torpedo1 contact1 circuit-closer to be tested before priming1 #bb 0 0 fuzing1 #bc 0 0 no connection to be made until1 #ba 0 0 preparation of1 #bb 0 0 priming1 #bc 0 0 proper distance and immersion1 #ba 0 0 shipping1 #bc 0 0 safety-pin to be in1 #bc 0 0 splicing on detonator for1 #bc 0 0 testing circuit1 #bd 0 0 to fire at will1 #bd 0 0 0 0 on contact1 #bd 0 0 spar leading-wires1 pattern ,b1 #g1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd 0 exercise1 pattern ,d1 description1 #b 0 0 0 0 fuzing1 #bb 0 0 0 0 necessary to be closed water-tight1 #c1 #bb 0 0 0 0 no connection to be made until1 #bj1 #ba 0 0 0 0 number issued1 #b1 #dj 0 0 0 0 outfit of1 #dj1 #ee 0 0 0 0 packed1 #ci 0 0 0 0 preparation of1 #bb 0 0 0 0 primer not to remain in long1 #bb 0 0 0 0 priming1 #bb 0 0 0 0 shipping1 #bb 0 0 0 0 spindle packed1 #e1 #ee 0 0 0 0 splicing detonator on1 #bb 0 0 0 0 testing1 #bb 0 0 0 0 weight1 empty1 #c 0 0 0 0 of charge1 #c 0 0 0 0 when issued filled with wet gun-cotton1 #c1 #ci1 #dd 0 0 proper distance and immersion1 #bb 0 ,instructions1 copies of1 #ef 0 outfit4 7,see ,outfit74 0 no connection to terminal1 battery1 or machine to be made until1 #bj1 #ba 0 packing boxes1 #ci 0 pins4 7,see ,pins74 0 service and contact1 proper distance and immersion1 #ba 0 0 pattern ,d1 conversion of to contact torpedo1 #b1 #bb 0 0 0 0 description1 #a 0 0 0 0 firing1 #ba 0 0 0 0 fuzing1 #ai 0 0 0 0 necessary to be closed water-tight1 #b 0 0 0 0 no connection to be made until1 #bj1 #ba 0 0 0 0 not advisable to prime long before using1 #ag 0 0 0 0 number issued1 #a1 #dj 0 0 0 0 outfit1 #dj1 #ee 0 0 0 0 preparation of1 #ag 0 0 0 0 primer-case1 #b 0 0 0 0 priming1 #ag 0 0 0 0 shipping1 #ai 0 0 0 0 splicing detonator on1 #ah 0 0 0 0 spindle1 #b1 #ee 0 0 0 0 testing1 #bj1 #ba 0 0 0 0 weight1 empty1 #b 0 0 0 0 of charge #b 0 0 0 0 when issued filled with wet gun-cotton1 #b1 #ci1 #dd 0 spars1 ship#8s1 #ae 0 0 0 number of1 #ae ,torpedo ,station1 articles supplied from1 #eb 0 store-room1 #ea ,torpedoes1 firing1 using ,a machine and firing-key1 #ba 0 0 0 ,c 0 #ba 0 0 0 battery and hand-firing key1 #ba 0 gunpowder improvised1 #bd 0 how named1 #a 0 0 packed and marked1 #ci 0 0 to be stowed on board ship1 #ci 0 intended use of1 #a 0 when received on board1 what to do with1 #ci ,towing strain on splices1 how to prevent1 #ai ,tubing1 rubber1 #ch1 #eb ,twine1 hemp1 #eb ,use of permanent wires and electrical switches1 #be 0 0 leading-wires with circuit-closer1 pattern ,b1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd ,washers1 rubber1 #b1 #ef ,water1 amount in wet gun-cotton1 #dd 0 caps4 7,see ,stuffing-,boxes74 ,weights1 reeving-line1 #bj1 #ec ,wet gun-cotton1 amount of water in1 #dd 0 0 0 packing and stowage of1 #ci 0 0 0 removed in priming1 where placed1 #ag1 #bb 0 primers4 7,see ,primers74 ,will1 to fire at1 contact torpedo1 using circuit-closer1 pattern ,b1 #bd ,wire-box1 boat#8s1 #g1 #ed 0 0 ship#8s1 #f1 #g1 #ec ,wire1 continuity of1 testing the1 #cb1 #ch 0 insulation of1 #cg 0 0 0 not to be damaged1 #cg 0 0 0 testing the1 #cb 0 splice1 insulating1 #ch ,wires1 contact spar leading1 pattern ,b1 #g1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd 0 lead-covered1 #ad 0 machine connecting1 #f1 #g1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed 0 permanent4 7,see ,permanent74 0 0 plan of1 to be furnished to1 #eb 0 spar leading1 how marked1 #g 0 0 0 boats1 #g 0 0 0 0 to be led through spar1 #bj ,wires1 spar leading1 never to be connected to terminals1 battery1 or machine until1 #bj1 #ba 0 0 0 ship#8s1 #f1 #ed 0 0 0 0 to be stopped to spar1 #ai 0 splicing1 #cg ,wrench1 monkey1 #eb ,wrenches open-end1 #eb ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,service ,,torpedo4--,,pattern ,d4 ,a barrel4 ,b lower head4 ,c upper 0 g1 h splices between leading-wires and detonator-wires4 ,k handle4 l lugs for handle4 k 0 0 spindle4 i1 i screw-holes for attaching circuit-closer4 n screw-rib for screw-cover4 r projection on handle shipping into spindle4 t screw-bolts securing spindle to lugs4 ,h spindle4 ,l spar leading-wires4 ,m water-cap4 ,p primer-case4 ,o screw-cover4 w rubber washer4 ,g spherical rubber packing4 ,d1 ,d dry gun-cotton primer4 x detonator4 ,y wet charge4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,exercise ,,torpedo4--,,pattern ,d4 c case4 d lower loop4 e1 e loops for transportation thumb-screw and for spindle4 f throw-back hinge with thumb-screw4 ,h spindle4 ,o cover4 w rubber washer4 ,m water-cap4 ,g spherical rubber packing4 ,y1 ,y1 ,y1 ,y wet charge4 ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 ,d dry primer4 x detonator4 ,l spar leading-wires4 g1 h splices between leading-wires and detonator-wires4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,circuit-,,closer4--,,pattern ,b4--,,contact ,,torpedo4 ,a hollow brass casting4 ,m water-cap4 ,g spherical rubber packing4 ,o1 ,o feet for attaching circuit-closer to service torpedo1 ,pattern ,d4 ,b inner brass plunger4 ,c spiral spring4 ,n ebonite collar4 ,i1 ,i binding-posts4 ,e contact-springs4 t screw-cover4 s1 s contact arms4 ,k outer plunger4 l safety-pin4 ,v rubber diaphragm4 k friction-plate4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,secondary ,,spars4 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,ship#8,s4--,,pattern ,a4 ,a main spar4 ,b secondary spar4 a1 a spar-bands4 b key-way4 c key4 l hole for torpedo-pin4 m torpedo-pin4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,fig4 #b1 ,,boat#8,s4--,,pattern ,a4 ,r main spar4 ,h secondary spar4 i butt4 k cap4 g toggle4 l hole for torpedo-pin4 m torpedo-pin4 ,illustration ,,plate ,v4 ,,contact ,,spar ,,leading-,,wires4--,,pattern ,b4 ,b battery4 ,c contact torpedo4 x circuit-closer4 ,d contact spar leading-wires4 ,h hand-firing key4 ,s safety-break4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,spar-,,torpedo ,,boat-,,fittings4--,,pattern ,b4 ,s heel-rest4 ,h swivel-crutch4 ,r cross-beam4 ,d 0 bearing1 riveted to cross-beam and bolted through rail4 ,e elevating-arm4 m plate washer4 n nut on end of securing rod4 ,g guide-ring4 ,k gear on elevating-arm4 ,m worm4 ,n worm-shaft1 forward length4 ,o 0 0 after 0 ,x hook-coupling4 ,p elevating-wheel4 ,q clutch4 ,l detaching-lever4 ,t torpedo4 ,a main spar4 ,b secondary spar4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,junction ,,of ,,tubes ,,forming ,,boat#8,s ,,spar4--,,pattern ,a4 ,a large tube4 ,b small tube4 c1 c rings4 d shoulder4 e screw-holes4 f feather4 g score4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,detonator4 ,a copper case4 ,b plug4 c1 c detonator-legs4 ,d bridge4 ,f gun-cotton priming4 ,h fulminate of mercury4 ,,fig4 #b1 ,,detonator ,,block4 ,a block4 ,b 0 cover4 ,c1 ,c detonators4 ,d1 ,d tin box4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,permanent ,,wires4 ,a1 ,a electric switches 7on bulwarks under bridge74 ,b1 ,b forward terminals4 ,c1 ,c after 0 ,d1 ,d forward permanent wires4 ,e1 ,e after 0 0 ,g1 ,g permanent wires leading from bridge to lower binding-posts of electric switches4 ,h1 ,h wires leading from bridge to common-return terminals1 below switches4 ,k terminal on bridge for wires ,h1 ,h4 ,l1 ,l 0 0 0 0 0 ,g1 ,g4 ,x firing-battery connected to terminals on bridge4 ,,fig4 #b1 ,,connections ,,with ,,firing-,,key ,,of 8,a0 ,,machine4 ,b1 ,b terminals of firing-key4 ,t1 ,t 0 0 0 ,key 8,t0 test key4 ,key 8,f0 firing key4 ,m1 ,m wires to terminals ,l1 ,l on bridge4 7,fig4 #a47 ,n wire to terminal ,k on bridge 7common return74 7,fig4 #a47 ,o1 ,o machine-connecting wires4 ,,fig4 #c1 ,,connections ,,with ,,firing-,,battery4 ,b1 ,b terminals of battery4 ,m1 ,m wires to terminals ,l1 ,l on bridge4 7,fig4 #a47 ,n wire to terminal ,k on bridge 7common return74 7,fig4 #a47 ,h hand-firing key4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,plate ,x4 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,electric ,,switch4 ,a permanent wire to forward torpedo4 ,b 0 0 0 after 0 ,c1 ,c 0 0 common return4 ,d wire to battery or firing-key of machine4 ,e commutator of switch4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b1 ,,terminal4 ,h binding-screw4 ,i permanent wire4 w wire temporarily connected4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,heel ,,fittings ,,for ,,ship#8,s ,,spar4 a ship#8s spar4 b thrust-plate 7#cj diameter74 c eye-bolt through thrust-plate and ship#8s side4 d heel-bolt4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,ship',s ,,spar ,,fittings4 a ship's spar4 b topping lift4 c forward guy4 d after 0 e span for topping lift 7#af long74 f 0 0 forward guy 7#af long74 x1 x1 x1 x bands on spar 7#e apart74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,battery ,,cell4 a okonite jar4 b1 b zinc cylinder4 c platinum plate4 d muslin bag filled with crushed carbon4 e ebonite disc4 f 0 plug4 g sal-ammoniac solution4 h positive terminal4 i negative 0 k rubber cover4 r rubber ring4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,battery ,,tester4 a1 a battery terminals4 b 0 tester4 c fuze-bridge in tester4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,hand-,,firing ,,key4--,,pattern ,b4 a1 a hickory pieces4 c1 c contact studs4 ,l1 ,l leading-wires4 d rubber cot4 e safety-pin with hole for laniard4 f eye-bolt for laniard4 ,,fig4 #b1 ,,diagram ,,showing ,,hand-,,firing ,,key ,,in ,,circuit4 ,b battery4 ,h hand-firing key4 w1 w leading-wires4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,fig4 #a1 8,a0 ,,machine ,,and ,,firing-,,key ,,connected4 ,a 8,a0 machine4 ,c firing-key4 ,b1 ,b terminals of firing-key4 ,t1 ,t 0 0 0 ,key 8,t0 test key4 0 8,f0 firing-key4 ,o machine-connecting wires4 w1 w wires to torpedo4 ,,fig4 #b1 8,c0 ,,machine ,,connected4 ,d 8,c0 machine4 ,c firing-key 7in the machine74 ,key 8,t0 test key4 0 8,f0 firing-key4 w1 w wires to torpedo4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,fig4 #a1 firing-key1 short-circuit4 0 #b1 0 testing circuit4 0 #c1 0 firing-circuit4 ,o1 ,o machine-connecting wires4 w1 w wires to torpedo4 ,b1 ,b terminals of firing-key4 ,t1 ,t 0 0 0 ,key 8,t0 test key4 ,key 8,f0 firing-key4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,steam-,,drier4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4