,,! ,,phantom ,,public ,,by ,,walt] ,,lippmann ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibe1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,le>n$ ,,h& 8,! ,voice ( ! ,p has be5 said to be ! voice ( ,god3 & h[ev] g5]ally ?is maxim has be5 quot$ & believ$1 x is n true 9 fact40--,alex&] ,hamilton1 ,june #ah1 #aghg1 at ! ,f$]al ,conv5tion 7,yates's notes1 cit$ ,s\rces & ,docum5ts ,illu/rat+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 edit$ by ,s4 ,g4 ,morison74 8444 consid] #8,gov]nm5t by ,public ,op9ion' z a =mula4444 ,x is an admirable =mula3 b x presupposes1 n only t public op9ion exi/s1 b t on any p>ticul> "q !re is a public op9ion ready to decide ! issue4 ,inde$1 x presupposes t ! supreme /atesman 9 democratic gov]nm5t is public op9ion4 ,_m ( ! %ortcom+s ( democratic gov]nm5t are due to ! fact t public op9ion is n necess>ily a great /atesman at all40--,f 8,"s ,?\ghts on ,public ,life10 a lecture by ,visc\nt ,grey ( ,fallodon1 ,febru>y #c1 #aibc4 ,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,*apt] ,page ,i4 ,! ,dis5*ant$ ,man #ac ,,ii4 ,! ,unatta9able ,ideal #bb ,,iii4 ,ag5ts & ,by/&]s #dj ,,iv4 ,:at ! ,public ,does #ed ,v4 ,! ,neutralization ( ,arbitr>y ,=ce #fc ,,"p ,,ii ,,vi4 ,! ,"q ,ari/otle ,ask$ #gg ,,vii4 ,! ,nature ( a ,problem #ha ,,viii4 ,social ,contracts #ie ,,ix4 ,! ,two ,que/ions ,be=e ! ,public #ajg ,x4 ,! ,ma9 ,value ( ,public ,debate #aaj ,,xi4 ,! ,defective ,rule #aae ,,xii4 ,! ,crit]ia ( ,re=m #abe ,,xiii4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,public ,op9ion #adc ,,"p ,,iii ,,xiv4 ,society 9 ,its ,place #aee ,,xv4 ,abs5tee ,rul]s #agc ,,xvi4 ,! ,realms ( ,disord] #ahg ,index #bja ,,"p ,i ,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,dis5*ant$ ,,man #a ,! private citiz5 today has come to feel r l a deaf spectator 9 ! back r[1 :o ought to keep 8 m9d on ! my/]y (f !re1 b _c q manage to keep awake4 ,he kn[s he is someh[ affect$ by :at is go+ on4 ,rules & regulations cont9ually1 taxes annually & w>s occasionally rem9d him t he is be+ swept along by great drifts ( circum/ance4 ,yet ^! public affairs are 9 no conv9c+ way 8 affairs4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p invisible4 ,!y are manag$1 if !y are manag$ at all1 at di/ant c5t]s1 f beh9d ! sc5es1 by unnam$ p[]s4 ,z a private p]son he does n "k = c]ta9 :at is go+ on1 or :o is do+ x1 or :]e he is be+ c>ri$4 ,no newspap] reports 8 environm5t s t he c grasp x2 no s*ool has taught him h[ to imag9e x2 8 ideals1 (t51 d n fit ) x2 li/5+ to spee*es1 utt]+ op9ions & vot+ d n1 he f9ds1 enable him to gov]n x4 ,he lives 9 a _w :i* he _c see1 does n und]/& & is unable to direct4 ,9 ! cold light ( exp]i5ce he kn[s t 8 sov]eignty is a fiction4 ,he reigns 9 !ory1 b 9 fact he does n gov]n4 ,contemplat+ himself & 8 actual accompli%m5ts 9 public affairs1 contra/+ ! influ5ce he ex]ts ) ! influ5ce he is suppos$ accord+ to democratic !ory to ex]t1 he mu/ say ( 8 sov]eignty :at ,bism>ck said ( ,napoleon ,,iii43 8,at a di/ance x is some?+1 b close to x is no?+ at all40#a ,:51 dur+ an agitation ( "s sort1 say a political campaign1 he he>s himself & "s ?irty million o!rs describ$ z ! s\rce ( all wisdom & p[] & righte\sness1 ! prime mov] & ! ultimate goal1 ! remnants ( sanity 9 him prote/4 ,he _c all ! "t play ,*anticle] :o 0 s dazzl$ & delight$ because he himself _h caus$ ! sun to rise4 ,= :5 ! private man has liv$ ?r\gh ! romantic age 9 politics & is no long] mov$ by ! /ale e*oes ( its hot cries1 :5 he is sob] & unimpress$1 8 own "p 9 public affairs appe>s to him a pret5ti\s ?+1 a second rate1 an inconsequ5tial4 ,y _c move him !n ) a good /raight talk ab\t s]vice & civic duty1 nor by wav+ a flag 9 8 face1 nor by s5d+ a boy sc\t aft] him to make him vote4 ,he is a man back home f a crusade to make ! _w some?+ or o!r x did n become2 he has be5 tantaliz$ too (t5 by ! foam ( ev5ts1 has se5 ! gas g out ( x1 &1 ) s\r d]ision = ! /uff1 he is say+ ) ! au?or ( ,trivia3#b 8#8,self-det]m9ation1' "o ( !m insi/$4 8#8,arbitration1' cri$ ano!r4 8#8,cop]ation1' sugge/$ ! milde/ ( ! p>ty4 8#8,confiscation1' answ]$ an uncompromis+ female4 8,i1 too1 became intoxicat$ ) ! s\nd ( ^! vocables4 ,& 7 !y n ! cure = all our ills8 8#8,inoculation6' ,i *im$ 94 #8,transub/antiation1 allit]ation1 inundation1 flagellation1 & af=e/ation6'0 #b ,x is well kn[n t no?+ l ! :ole p takes "p 9 public affairs4 ,( ! eligible vot]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates less ?an half g to ! polls ev5 9 a presid5tial ye>4#c ,dur+ ! campaign ( #aibd a special ef=t 0 made to br+ out m vot]s4 ,!y did n come out4 ,! ,con/itution1 ! nation1 ! p>ty sy/em1 ! presid5tial succession1 private prop]ty1 all 7 suppos$ to be 9 dang]4 ,"o p>ty prophesi$ r$ ru91 ano!r black corruption1 a ?ird tyranny & imp]ialism if ! vot]s did n g to ! polls 9 great] numb]s4 ,half ! citiz5%ip 0 unmov$4 ,! /ud5ts us$ to write books ab\t vot+4 ,!y are n[ beg9n+ to write books ab\t nonvot+4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,pr(essor ,m]riam & ,mr4 ,gosnell h made an elaborate inquiry#d into ! reason :y1 at ! typical ,*icago mayoral election ( #aibc1 !re 71 out ( #a1djj1jjj eligible electors1 only #ijj1jjj :o regi/]$1 & out ( ^? :o regi/]$ !re 7 only #gbc1jjj :o f9ally manag$ to vote4 ,?\s&s ( p]sons 7 int]view$4 ,ab\t #cj p] c5t ( ! ab/a9]s _h1 or at lea/ claim$ to h _h1 an insup]able difficulty ab\t go+ to ! polls4 ,!y 7 ill1 !y 7 abs5t f ! city1 !y 7 wom5 deta9$ at home by a *ild or an invalid1 !y _h _h insuffici5t legal resid5ce4 ,! o!r #gj p] c5t1 repres5t+ ab\t half a million free & sov]eign citiz5s ( ?is ,republic1 did n ev5 pret5d to h a reason = n vot+1 :i*1 9 effect1 0 n an admission t !y did n c>e ab\t vot+4 ,!y 7 ne$$ at _! "w1 ! polls 7 cr[d$1 ! polls 7 inconv5i5tly locat$1 !y 7 afraid to tell _! age1 !y did n believe 9 woman suffrage1 ! husb& object$1 politics is rott51 elections are rott51 !y 7 afraid to vote1 !y did n "k !re 0 an election4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( ^? :o 7 int]view$ _h ! hone/y to say !y 7 :olly un9t]e/$4 ,yet ,bryce is au?ority = ! /atem5t t 8! w ( ! sov]eign p is express$ 444 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 444 by z l>ge a proportion ( ! regi/]$ vot]s z 9 any o!r c\ntry40#e ,& c]ta9ly ,mr4 ,l[ell's tables on ! use ( ! initiative & ref]5dum 9 ,switz]l& 9 ! ma9 support ! view t ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,am]ican vot] is n unique4#f ,9 fact1 reali/ic political ?9k]s 9 ,europe long ago ab&on$ ! notion t ! collective mass ( ! p direct ! c\rse ( public affairs4 ,rob]t ,mi*els1 himself a ,sociali/1 says flatly t 8! majority is p]man5tly incapable ( self-gov]nm5t10#g & quotes approv+ly ! rem>k ( a ,sw$i% ,sociali/ ,deputy1 ,gu/af ,f4 ,/eff51 t 8ev5 aft] ! victory !re w always rema9 9 political life ! lead]s & ! l$40 ,mi*els1 :o is a political ?9k] ( great p5etration1 unburd5s himself f9ally on ! subject by pr9t+ a rem>k ( ,h]tz5's t ! victory ( an opposition p>ty am\nts to 8pass+ f ! sph]e ( envy to ! sph]e ( av>ice40 ,!re is !n no?+ p>ticul>ly new 9 ! dis5*antm5t :i* ! private citiz5 expresses by n vot+ at all1 by vot+ only = ! head ( ! ticket1 by /ay+ away f ! prim>ies1 by n read+ spee*es & docum5ts1 by ! :ole li/ ( s9s ( omission = :i* he is d5\nc$4 ,i %all n d5\nce him fur!r4 ,my sympa?ies are ) him1 = ,i believe t he has be5 saddl$ ) an impossible task & t he is ask$ to practice an unatta9able ideal4 ,i f9d x s myself =1 al?\gh public bus9ess is my ma9 int]e/ & ,i give mo/ ( my "t to wat*+ x1 ,i _c f9d "t to d :at is expect$ ( me 9 ! !ory ( democracy2 t is1 to "k :at is go+ on & to h an op9ion wor? express+ on e "q :i* confronts a self-gov]n+ community4 ,& ,i h n happ5$ to meet anybody1 f a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to a pr(essor ( political sci5ce1 :o came any:]e ne> to embody+ ! accept$ ideal ( ! sov]eign & omnicompet5t citiz54 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cit$ ,philip ,gu$alla1 ,! ,second ,empire4 #b ,logan ,pe>sall ,smi?1 ,m ,trivia1 p4 #da4 #c ,cf4 ,simon ,mi*elet1 ,/ay-at-,home ,vote & ,abs5tee ,vot]s1 pamphlet ( ! ,national ,get ,out ! ,vote ,club2 also ,a4 ,m4 ,s*les+] & ,e4 ,m4 ,erickson1 8,! ,vani%+ ,vot]10 ,new ,republic1 ,oct4 #ae1 #aibd4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! popul> to ! eligible vote f #ahfe to #aibj decl9$ f #hc4ea p] c5t to #eb4cf p] c5t4 #d ,*>les ,edw>d ,m]riam & ,h>vey ,foote ,gosnell1 ,non-,vot+3 ,causes & ,me?ods ( ,control4 #e ,james ,bryce1 ,mod]n ,democracies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eb4 #f ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,l[ell1 ,public ,op9ion & ,popul> ,gov]nm5t4 ,cf4 ,app5dices4 #g ,rob]t ,mi*els1 ,political ,p>ties1 p4 #cij4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,unatta9able ,,ideal ,i h tri$ to imag9e h[ ! p]fect citiz5 c\ld be produc$4 ,"s say he w h to be born ( ! conjunction ( ! "r g]m plasms1 &1 9 ! pages ( books writt5 by ,madison ,grant1 ,lo?rop ,/odd>d & o!r revivali/s1 ,i h se5 prescriptions z to j :o ought to m>ry :om to produce a great citiz5ry4 ,n be+ a biologi/ ,i keep an op5 b hopeful m9d on ?is po9t1 temp]$1 h[ev]1 ) ! k t c]ta9ty ab\t h[ to bre$ ability 9 human be+s is on ! :ole 9 inv]se proportion to ! writ]'s sci5tific reputation4 ,x is !n to education t logically "o turns next1 = education has furni%$ ! !sis ( ! la/ *apt] ( e optimi/ic book on democracy writt5 = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,ev5 ,rob]t ,mi*els1 /]n & unb5d+ antis5tim5tali/ t he is1 says 9 8 8f9al consid]ations0 t 8x is ! great task ( social education to raise ! intellectual level ( ! masses1 s t !y may be enabl$1 )9 ! limits ( :at is possible1 to c\nt]act ! olig>*ical t5d5cies0 ( all collective action4 ,s ,i h be5 read+ "s ( ! new /&>d textbooks us$ to tea* citiz5%ip 9 s*ools & colleges4 ,aft] read+ !m ,i d n see h[ any "o c escape ! conclusion t man mu/ h ! appetite ( an encyclopdi/ & inf9ite "t ahead ( him4 ,to be sure he no long] is expect$ to rememb] ! exact sal>y ( ! c\nty cl]k & ! l5g? ( ! coron]'s t]m4 ,9 ! new civics he /udies ! problems ( gov]nm5t1 & n ! /ructural detail4 ,he is told1 9 "o textbook ( five hundr$ concise1 cont5ti\s pages1 :i* ,i h be5 read+1 ab\t city problems1 /ate problems1 national problems1 int]national problems1 tru/ problems1 labor problems1 transportation problems1 bank+ problems1 rural problems1 agricultural problems1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,9 ! elev5 pages devot$ to problems ( ! city !re are describ$ twelve sub-problems4 ,b n[h]e 9 ?is well-meant book is ! sov]eign citiz5 ( ! future giv5 a h9t z to h[1 :ile he is e>n+ a liv+1 re>+ *ildr5 & enjoy+ 8 life1 he is to keep himself in=m$ ab\t ! progress ( ?is sw>m+ confusion ( problems4 ,he is exhort$ to cons]ve ! natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry because !y are limit$ 9 quantity4 ,he is advis$ to wat* public exp5ditures because ! taxpay]s _c pay out indef9itely increas+ am\nts4 ,b he1 ! vot]1 ! citiz51 ! sov]eign1 is app>5tly expect$ to yield an unlimit$ quantity ( public _s1 int]e/1 curiosity & ef=t4 ,! au?or ( ! textbook1 t\*+ on ev]y?+1 z he ?9ks1 f city sew]s to ,indian opium1 misses a decisive fact3 ! citiz5 gives b a little ( 8 "t to public affairs1 has b a casual int]e/ 9 facts & b a poor appetite = !ory4 ,x nev] occurs to ?is preceptor ( civic duty to provide ! /ud5t ) a rule by :i* he c "k :e!r on ,?ursday x is 8 duty to consid] subways 9 ,brooklyn or ! ,man*urian ,railway1 nor h[1 if he det]m9es on ,?ursday to express 8 sov]eign w on ! subway "q1 he is to repair ^? gaps 9 8 k ( t "q :i* are due to 8 hav+ be5 preoccupi$ ! day be=e 9 express+ 8 sov]eign w ab\t rural cr$its 9 ,montana & ! rights ( ,brita9 9 ! ,sudan4 ,yet he _c "k all ab\t ev]y?+ all ! "t1 & :ile he is wat*+ "o ?+ a ?\s& o!rs und]go great *anges4 ,unless he c discov] "s rational gr\nd = fix+ 8 att5tion :]e x w d ! mo/ good1 & 9 a way t suits 8 inh]5tly amateuri% equipm5t1 he w be z bewild]$ z a puppy try+ to lick ?ree bones at once4 ,i d n wi% to say t x does ! /ud5t no good to be tak5 on a sightsee+ t\r ( ! problems ( ! _w4 ,x may tea* him t ! _w is complicat$1 ev5 if he comes out ( ! adv5ture 8lad5 ) g]ms1 brea?+ cre$s & convictions on y :5ev] he op5s 8 m\?40#h ,he may le>n humility1 b mo/ c]ta9ly 8 acqua9tance ) :at a high-m9d$ au?or ?\ght 7 ,am]ican problems 9 #aibe w n equip him to ma/] ,am]ican problems t5 ye>s lat]4 ,unless out ( ! /udy ( transi5t issues he acquires an intellectual attitude no education has occurr$4 ,t is :y ! usual appeal to education z ! rem$y = ! incompet5ce ( democracy is s b>r54 ,x is1 9 effect1 a proposal t s*ool tea*]s %all by "s magic ( _! own fit m5 to gov]n aft] ! mak]s ( laws & ! prea*]s ( civic ideals h _h a free h& 9 writ+ ! specifications4 ,! re=m]s d n ask :at m5 c be taught4 ,!y say !y %\ld be taught :atev] may be necess>y to fit !m to gov]n ! mod]n _w4 ,! usual appeal to education c br+ only disappo9tm5t4 ,= ! problems ( ! mod]n _w appe> & *ange fa/] ?an any set ( tea*]s c grasp !m1 mu* fa/] ?an !y c convey _! sub/ance to a population ( *ildr54 ,if ! s*ools attempt to tea* *ildr5 h[ to solve ! problems ( ! day1 !y are b\nd always to be 9 arre>s4 ,! mo/ !y c conceivably attempt is ! tea*+ ( a patt]n ( ?\ght & feel+ :i* w enable ! citiz5 to approa* a new problem 9 "s useful fa%ion4 ,b t patt]n _c be inv5t$ by ! p$agogue4 ,x is ! political !ori/'s bus9ess to trace out t patt]n4 ,9 t task he mu/ n assume t ! mass has political g5ius1 b t m51 ev5 if !y _h g5ius1 w\ld give only a little "t & att5tion to public affairs4 ,! morali/1 ,i am afraid1 w agree all too readily ) ! idea t social education mu/ deal prim>ily n ) ! elem5ts & solutions ( p>ticul> phases ( transi5t problems b ) ! pr9ciples t con/itute an attitude t[>d all problems4 ,i w>n him (f4 ,x w require m ?an a good consci5ce to gov]n mod]n society1 = consci5ce is no guide 9 situations :]e ! ess5ce ( ! difficulty is to f9d a guide = ! consci5ce4 ,:5 ,i am tempt$ to ?9k t m5 c be fitt$ out to deal ) ! mod]n _w simply by tea*+ morals1 mann]s & patriotism1 ,i try to rememb] ! fable ( ! p5sive pr(essor walk+ 9 ! woods at twilight4 ,he /umbl$ into a tree4 ,?is exp]i5ce compell$ him to act4 ,be+ a man ( honor & bre$+1 he rais$ 8 hat1 b[$ deeply to ! tree1 & exclaim$ ) s9c]e regret3 8,excuse me1 sir1 ,i ?\ght y 7 a tree40 ,is x fair1 ,i ask1 z a matt] ( morality1 to *ide him = 8 conduct8 ,if he _h enc\nt]$ a tree1 c any "o d5y 8 "r to collide ) x8 ,if he _h /umbl$ into a man1 0 8 apology n suffici5t8 ,"h 0 a moral code 9 p]fect work+ ord]1 & ! only que/ionable aspect ( 8 conduct turn$ n on ! goodness ( 8 he>t or ! firmness ( 8 pr9ciples b on a po9t ( fact4 ,y may retort t he _h a moral obligation to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man & a tree4 ,p]haps s4 ,b suppose t in/ead ( walk+ 9 ! woods he _h be5 ca/+ a ballot2 suppose t in/ead ( a tree he _h enc\nt]$ ! ,=dney-,mc,cumber t>iff4 ,h[ mu* m obligation to "k ! tru? w\ld y h impos$ on him !n8 ,aft] all1 ?is walk] 9 ! woods at twilight ) 8 m9d on o!r ?+s 0 fac+1 z all ( u ?9k we are1 ! facts he imag9$ 7 !re1 & 0 do+ 8 duty z he _h le>n$ x4 ,9 "s degree ! :ole animate _w seems to %>e ! inexp]tness ( ! ?\ghtful pr(essor4 ,pawl[ %[$ by 8 exp]im5ts on dogs t an animal ) a false /oma* c exp]i5ce all ! pleasures ( eat+1 & ! numb] ( mice & monkeys kn[n to h be5 deceiv$ 9 laboratories is surpass$ only by ! hopeful citiz5s ( a democracy4 ,man's reflexes are1 z ! psy*ologi/s say1 condition$4 ,&1 !re=e1 he responds q readily to a glass egg1 a decoy duck1 a /uff$ %irt or a political plat=m4 ,no moral code1 z su*1 w enable him to "k :e!r he is ex]cis+ 8 moral faculties on a real & an important ev5t4 ,= effective virtue1 z ,socrates po9t$ out long ago1 is k2 & a code ( ! "r & ! wrong mu/ wait ^u a p]ception ( ! true & ! false4 ,b ev5 ! successful practice ( a moral code w\ld n emancipate democracy4 ,!re are too _m moral codes4 ,9 our imm$iate lives1 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( our own society1 !re may be commonly accept$ /&>ds4 ,b a political !ori/ :o asks t a local /&>d be univ]sally appli$ is m]ely begg+ "o ( ! que/ions he ought to be try+ to solve4 ,=1 :ile possibly x may be an aim ( political organization to arrive at a common /&>d ( judgm5t1 "o ( ! conditions :i* eng5d]s politics & makes political organization necess>y is ! conflict ( /&>ds4 ,d>w9's /ory ( ! cats & clov]#i may be recomm5d$ to any "o :o f9ds x difficult to free 8 m9d ( ! assumption t 8 notions ( good & bad are univ]sal4 ,! purple clov] is cross-f]tiliz$ by ! bumblebee1 &1 !re=e1 ! m bumblebees ! bett] next ye>'s crop ( clov]4 ,b ! ne/s ( bumblebees are rifl$ by field mice :i* are fond ( ! :ite grubs4 ,!re=e1 ! m field mice ! few] bumblebees & ! poor] ! crop4 ,b 9 ! neighborhood ( villages ! cats hunt d[n ! field mice4 ,& s ! m cats ! few] mice1 ! m bumblebees ! bett] ! crop4 ,& ! m k9dly old ladies !re are 9 ! village ! m cats !re w be4 ,if y happ5 n to be a ,h9du or a veget>ian & are a beef-eat+ ,occid5tal y w comm5d ! old ladies :o keep ! cats :o hunt ! mice :o de/roy ! bumblebees :o make ! pa/ure ( clov] = ! cattle4 ,if y are a cat y also w be 9 favor ( ! old ladies4 ,b if y are a field m\se1 h[ diff]5t ! rights & wrongs ( t section ( ! univ]se6 ,! old ladies :o keep cats w seem ab\t z k9dly z wit*es ) pet tig]s1 & ! ,old ,lady ,p]il w be debat$ hy/]ically by ! ,field ,m\se ,security ,league4 ,= :at c\ld a patriotic m\se ?9k ( a _w 9 :i* bumblebees did n exi/ = ! sole purpose ( produc+ :ite grubs = field mice8 ,!re w\ld seem to be no law & ord] 9 su* a _w2 & only a highly philosophical m\se w\ld admit ) ,b]gson t 8! idea ( disord] objectifies = ! conv5i5ce ( language1 ! disappo9tm5t ( a m9d t f9ds be=e x an ord] diff]5t f :at x wants40#aj ,= ! ord] :i* we recognize z good is an ord] suit$ to our ne$s & hopes & habits4 ,!re is no?+ univ]sal or et]nal or un*angeable ab\t our expectations4 ,= rhetorical effect we (t5 say !re is4 ,b 9 concrete cases x is n easy to expla9 :y ! ?+ we desire is s righte\s4 ,if ! f>m]s are able to buy less ?an _! accu/om$ am\nt ( manufactur$ foods !re is disord] & a problem4 ,b :at absolute /&>d is !re :i* det]m9es :e!r a bu%el ( :eat 9 #aibe %\ld1 z comp>$ ) #aiac1 ex*ange = m1 z _m1 or less manufactures8 ,c any "o def9e a pr9ciple :i* %all say :e!r ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! f>m]s or ( any o!r class %\ld rise or fall1 & h[ fa/ & h[ mu*8 ,!re may be m jobs ?an work+m5 at ! wage (f]$3 ! employ]s w compla9 & w call x a problem1 b :o kn[s any rule :i* tells h[ l>ge a surplus ( labor !re ought to be & at :at price8 ,!re may be m work+m5 ?an jobs ( ! k9d & at ! places & = ! wages !y w or c take4 ,b1 al?\gh ! problem w be acute1 !re is no pr9ciple :i* det]m9es h[ _m ma*9i/s1 cl]ks1 coal m9]s1 bank]s1 or salesm5 x is ! duty ( society to provide "w =4 ,x requires int5se p>tisan%ip & mu* self-deception to argue t "s sort ( peculi> righte\sness adh]es to ! f>m]s' claims z aga9/ ! manufactur]s'1 ! employ]s' aga9/ ! wage-e>n]s'1 ! cr$itors' aga9/ ! debtors'1 or ! o!r way ar\nd4 ,^! conflicts ( int]e/ are problems4 ,!y require solution4 ,b !re is no moral patt]n available f :i* ! precise nature ( ! solution c be d$uc$4 ,if !n eug5ics _c produce ! ideal democratic citiz51 omnicompet5t & sov]eign1 because biology kn[s nei!r h[ to bre$ political excell5ce nor :at t excell5ce is2 if education _c equip ! citiz51 because ! s*ool tea*] _c anticipate ! issues ( ! future2 if morality _c direct him1 fir/1 because "r or wrong 9 specific cases dep5ds ^u ! p]ception ( true or false1 &1 second1 on ! assumption t !re is a univ]sal moral code1 :i*1 9 fact1 does n exi/1 :]e else %all we look = ! me?od ( mak+ ! compet5t citiz58 ,democratic !ori/s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury _h sev]al o!r prescriptions :i* /ill influ5ce ! ?9k+ ( _m hopeful p]sons4 ,"o s*ool bas$ _! re=ms on ! aphorism t ! cure = ! evils ( democracy is m democracy4 ,x 0 assum$ t ! popul> w 0 wise & good if only y c\ld get at x4 ,!y propos$ ext5sions ( ! suffrage1 & z mu* vot+ z possible by means ( ! initiative1 ref]5dum & recall1 direct election ( ,s5ators1 direct prim>ies1 an elect$ judici>y1 & ! l4 ,!y begg$ ! "q1 = x has nev] be5 prov$ t !re exi/s ! k9d ( public op9ion :i* !y presuppos$4 ,s9ce ! ,bryan campaign ( #ahif ?is s*ool ( ?\ght has made great conque/s 9 mo/ ( ! /ates1 & has pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! eligible vote has trebl$ s9ce #ahif2 ! direct action ( ! vot] has be5 enorm\sly ext5d$4 ,yet t same p]iod has se5 a decl9e 9 ! p]c5tage ( ! popul> vote ca/ at presid5tial elections f #hj4ge p] c5t 9 #ahif to #eb4cf p] c5t 9 #aibj4 ,app>5tly !re is a fallacy 9 ! fir/ assumption ( ?is s*ool t 8! :ole p0 desires to p>ticipate actively 9 gov]nm5t4 ,nor is !re any evid5ce to %[ t ! p]sons :o d p>ticipate are 9 any real s5se direct+ ! c\rse ( affairs4 ,! p>ty ma*9es h surviv$ e attack4 ,& :y %\ld !y n8 ,if ! vot] _c grasp ! details ( ! problems ( ! day because he has n ! "t1 ! int]e/ or ! k1 he w n h a bett] public op9ion because he is ask$ to express 8 op9ion m (t54 ,he w simply be m bewild]$1 m bor$ & m ready to foll[ along4 ,ano!r s*ool1 call+ !mselves revolution>y1 h ascrib$ ! dis5*antm5t ( democracy to ! capitali/ic sy/em4 ,!y h argu$ t prop]ty is p[]1 & t until !re is z wide a di/ribution ( economic p[] z !re is ( ! "r to vote ! suffrage _c be m effective4 ,no s]i\s /ud5t1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld dispute t sociali/ premise :i* ass]ts t ! weight ( influ5ce on society ex]cis$ by an individual is m ne>ly relat$ to ! "* ( 8 prop]ty ?an to 8 ab/ract legal citiz5%ip4 ,b ! sociali/ conclusion t economic p[] c be di/ribut$ by conc5trat+ ! own]%ip ( great utilities 9 ! /ate1 ! conclusion t ! p]vasion ( indu/rial life by vot+ & ref]5da w yield compet5t popul> decisions1 seems to me aga9 to beg ! "q4 ,= :at reason is !re to ?9k t subject+ s _m m affairs to ! me?od ( ! vote w reveal hi!rto undiscov]$ wisdom & te*nical compet5ce & res]voirs ( public int]e/ 9 m58 ,! sociali/ s*eme has at its root ! my/ical fallacy ( democracy1 t ! p1 all ( !m1 are compet5t2 at its top x suff]s f ! homeopa?ic fallacy t add+ new tasks to a burd5 ! p w n & _c c>ry n[ w make ! burd5 ( citiz5%ip easily borne4 ,! sociali/ !ory presupposes an unceas+1 untir+ r\nd ( civic duties1 an enorm\s complication ( ! political int]e/s t are already mu* too complicat$4 ,^! v>i\s rem$ies1 eug5ic1 educational1 e?ical1 populi/ & sociali/1 all assume t ei!r ! vot]s are inh]5tly compet5t to direct ! c\rse ( affairs or t !y are mak+ progress t[>d su* an ideal4 ,i ?9k x is a false ideal4 ,i d n mean an undesirable ideal4 ,i mean an unatta9able ideal1 bad only 9 ! s5se t x is bad = a fat man to try to be a ballet danc]4 ,an ideal %\ld express ! true possibilities ( its subject4 ,:5 x does n x p]v]ts ! true possibilities4 ,! ideal ( ! omnicompet5t1 sov]eign citiz5 is1 9 my op9ion1 su* a false ideal4 ,x is unatta9able4 ,! pursuit ( x is mislead+4 ,! failure to a*ieve x has produc$ ! curr5t dis5*antm5t4 ,! individual man does n h op9ions on all public affairs4 ,he does n "k h[ to direct public affairs4 ,he does n "k :at is happ5+1 :y x is happ5+1 :at ought to happ54 ,i _c imag9e h[ he c\ld "k1 & !re is n ! lea/ reason = ?9k+1 z my/ical democrats h ?\ght1 t ! comp\nd+ ( individual ignorances 9 masses ( p c produce a cont9u\s direct+ =ce 9 public affairs4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,logan ,pe>sall ,smi?4 #i ,z told by ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,! ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fdf4 #aj ,creative ,evolution1 ,*4 ,,iii4 ,*apt] ,,iii ,,ag5ts ,,& ,,by/&]s #a ,:5 a citiz5 has qualifi$ z a vot] he f9ds himself "o ( ! !oretical rul]s ( a great go+ conc]n4 ,he has n made ! complicat$ ma*9e ) its five hundr$ ?\s& f$]al (fic]s & its unc\nt$ local (fices4 ,he has n se5 mu* ( x4 ,he is b\nd by contracts1 by debts1 by treaties1 by laws1 made be=e he 0 aw>e ( !m4 ,he does n f day to day decide :o %all d :at 9 ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t4 ,only "s small fraction ( x comes int]mitt5tly to 8 notice4 ,& 9 ^? episodic mom5ts :5 he /&s 9 ! poll+ boo? he is a highly intellig5t & public-spirit$ vot] inde$ :o c discov] two real alt]natives & enli/ 8 influ5ce = a p>ty :i* promises some?+ he c und]/&4 ,! actual gov]n+ is made up ( a multitude ( arrangem5ts on specific que/ions by p>ticul> individuals4 ,^! r>ely become visible to ! private citiz54 ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! long int]vals betwe5 elections1 is c>ri$ on by politicians1 (ficehold]s & influ5tial m5 :o make settlem5ts ) o!r politicians1 (ficehold]s & influ5tial m54 ,! mass ( p see ^! settlem5ts1 judge !m1 & affect !m only n[ & !n4 ,!y are altoge!r too num]\s1 too complicat$1 too obscure 9 _! effects to become ! subject ( any cont9u+ ex]cise ( public op9ion4 ,nor 9 any exact & lit]al s5se are ^? :o conduct ! daily bus9ess ( gov]nm5t acc\ntable aft] ! fact to ! great mass ( ! vot]s4 ,!y are acc\ntable only1 except 9 spectacul> cases1 to ! o!r politicians1 (ficehold]s & influ5tial m5 directly int]e/$ 9 ! p>ticul> act4 ,mod]n society is n visible to anybody1 nor intelligible cont9u\sly & z a :ole4 ,"o section is visible to ano!r section1 "o s]ies ( acts is intelligible to ?is gr\p & ano!r to t4 ,ev5 ?is degree ( responsible und]/&+ is atta9able only by ! developm5t ( fact-f9d+ ag5cies ( great scope & complexity4#aa ,^! ag5cies give only a remote & incid5tal assi/ance to ! g5]al public4 ,_! f9d+s are too intricate = ! casual read]4 ,!y are also almo/ always mu* too un9t]e/+4 ,inde$ ! popul> bor$om & contempt = ! exp]t & = /ati/ical measurem5t are su* t ! organization ( intellig5ce to adm9i/] mod]n affairs w\ld probably be entirely neglect$ 7 x n t dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 corporations1 trade unions & trade associations are be+ compell$ by _! own int]nal necessities ( adm9i/ration1 & by compulsion ( o!r corporate gr\ps1 to record _! own acts1 measure !m1 publi% !m & /& acc\ntable = !m4 ,! ne$ 9 ! ,great ,society n only = publicity b = un9t]rupt$ publicity is indisputable4 ,b we %all misund]/& ! ne$ s]i\sly if we imag9e t ! purpose ( ! publication c possibly be ! in=m+ ( e vot]4 ,we live at ! m]e beg9n+s ( public acc\nt+4 ,yet ! facts f> exce$ our curiosity4 ,! railroads1 = example1 make an acc\nt+4 ,d we read ! results8 ,h>dly4 ,a few executives "h & !re1 "s bank]s1 "s regulat+ (ficials1 "s repres5tatives ( %ipp]s & ! l read !m4 ,! re/ ( u ignore !m = ! good & suffici5t reason t we h o!r ?+s to d4 ,= ! man does n live :o c read all ! reports t drift across 8 door/ep or all ! dispat*es 9 8 newspap]4 ,& if by "s developm5t ( ! radio e man c\ld see & he> all t 0 happ5+ ev]y:]e1 if publicity1 9 o!r words1 became absolute1 h[ mu* "t c\ld or w\ld he sp5d wat*+ ! ,s9k+ ,fund ,commission & ! ,geological ,survey8 ,he w\ld probably tune 9 on ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 or1 9 desp]ation1 ?r[ (f ! swit* & seek peace 9 ignorance4 ,x is bad en\gh today--) morn+ newspap]s publi%$ 9 ! ev5+ & ev5+ newspap]s 9 ! morn+1 ) ,octob] magaz9es 9 ,septemb]1 ) ! movies & ! radio--to be condemn$ to live "u a b>rage ( eclectic in=mation1 to h "o's m9d made ! receptacle = a hullabaloo ( spee*es1 argum5ts & unrelat$ episodes4 ,g5]al in=mation = ! in=m+ ( public op9ion is altoge!r too g5]al = intellectual dec5cy4 ,& life is too %ort = ! pursuit ( omnisci5ce by ! c\nt+ 9 a /ate ( n]v\s excitem5t ( all ! leaves on all ! trees4 #b ,if all m5 _h to conceive ! :ole process ( gov]nm5t all ! "t ! _w's "w w\ld obvi\sly nev] be c>ri$ on4 ,m5 make no attempt to consid] society z a :ole4 ,! f>m] decides :e!r to plant :eat or corn1 ! me*anic :e!r to take ! job (f]$ at ! ,p5nsylvania or ! ,erie %ops1 :e!r to buy a ,=d or a piano1 &1 if a ,=d1 :e!r to buy x f ! g>age on ,elm ,/reet or f ! deal] :o s5t him a circul>4 ,^! decisions are among fairly n>r[ *oices (f]$ to him2 he c no m *oose among all ! jobs 9 ! _w ?an he c consid] m>ry+ any woman 9 ! _w4 ,^! *oices 9 detail are 9 _! cumulative mass ! gov]nm5t ( society4 ,!y may re/ on ignorant or enlight5$ op9ions1 b1 :e!r he comes to !m by accid5t or sci5tific in/ruction1 !y are specific & p>ticul> among at be/ a few concrete alt]natives & !y lead to a def9ite1 visible result4 ,b m5 are suppos$ also to hold public op9ions ab\t ! g5]al conduct ( society4 ,! me*anic is suppos$ n only to *oose betwe5 work+ = ! ,p5nsylvania or ! ,erie b to decide h[ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! nation all ! railroads ( ! c\ntry %all be regulat$4 ,! two k9ds ( op9ion m]ge ins5sibly "o into ! o!r2 m5 h g5]al notions :i* influ5ce _! individual decisions & _! direct exp]i5ces unconsci\sly gov]n _! g5]al notions4 ,yet x is useful to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two k9ds ( op9ion1 ! specific & direct1 ! g5]al & ! indirect4 ,specific op9ions give rise to imm$iate executive acts2 to take a job1 to d a p>ticul> piece ( "w1 to hire or fire1 to buy or sell1 to /ay "h or g !re1 to accept or refuse1 to comm& or obey4 ,g5]al op9ions give rise to delegat$1 indirect1 symbolic1 intangible results3 to a vote1 to a resolution1 to applause1 to criticism1 to praise or dispraise1 to audi5ces1 circulations1 foll[+s1 cont5tm5t or discont5t4 ,! specific op9ion may lead to a decision to act )9 ! area :]e a man has p]sonal jurisdiction2 t is1 )9 ! limits set by law & cu/om1 8 p]sonal p[] & 8 p]sonal desire4 ,b g5]al op9ions lead only to "s sort ( expression1 su* z vot+1 & d n result 9 executive acts except 9 cop]ation ) ! g5]al op9ions ( l>ge numb]s ( o!r p]sons4 ,s9ce ! g5]al op9ions ( l>ge numb]s ( p]sons are almo/ c]ta9 to be a vague & confus+ m$ley1 action _c be tak5 until ^! op9ions h be5 factor$ d[n1 canaliz$1 compress$ & made uni=m4 ,! mak+ ( "o g5]al w out ( a multitude ( g5]al wi%es is n an ,hegelian my/]y1 z s _m social philosoph]s h imag9$1 b an art well kn[n to lead]s1 politicians & /e]+ committees4#ab ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 ! use ( symbols :i* assemble emotions aft] !y h be5 deta*$ f _! ideas4 ,because feel+s are mu* less specific ?an ideas1 & yet m poignant1 ! lead] is able to make a homog5e\s w out ( a het]og5e\s mass ( desires4 ,! process1 !re=e1 by :i* g5]al op9ions are br\ght to cop]ation consi/s ( an int5sification ( feel+ & a degradation ( significance4 ,be=e a mass ( g5]al op9ions c ev5tuate 9 executive action1 ! *oice is n>r[$ d[n to a few alt]natives4 ,! victori\s alt]native is execut$ n by ! mass b by individuals 9 control ( its en]gy4 ,a private op9ion may be q complicat$1 & may issue 9 q complicat$ actions1 9 a :ole tra9 ( subsidi>y op9ions1 z :5 a man decides to build a h\se & !n makes a hundr$ judgm5ts z to h[ x %all be built4 ,b a public op9ion has no su* imm$iate responsibility or cont9u\s result4 ,x leads 9 politics to ! mak+ ( a p5cil m>k on a piece ( pap]1 & !n to a p]iod ( wait+ & wat*+ z to :e!r "o or two ye>s h5ce ! m>k %all be made 9 ! same column or 9 ! adjo9+ "o4 ,! decision to make ! m>k may be = reasons a#a1 a#b1 a#c 444 an3 ! result1 :e!r an idiot or g5ius has vot$1 is ,a4 ,= great masses ( p1 ?\gh ea* ( !m may h m or less di/9ct views1 mu/ :5 !y act conv]ge to an id5tical result4 ,& ! m complex ! collection ( m5 ! m ambigu\s mu/ be ! unity & ! simpl] ! common ideas4 #c ,9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries dur+ ! la/ c5tury ! contra/ betwe5 ! action ( m5 individually & 9 ! mass has be5 mu* emphasiz$1 & yet greatly misund]/ood4 ,macaulay1 = example1 speak+ on ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb1 drew ! conv5tional di/9ction betwe5 private ent]prise & public action3 8,9 all ^? ?+s :i* dep5d on ! intellig5ce1 ! k1 ! indu/ry1 ! en]gy ( individuals1 ?is c\ntry /&s prem95t among all c\ntries ( ! _w anci5t & mod]n4 ,b 9 ^? ?+s :i* x belongs to ! /ate to direct we h no su* claim to sup]iority 444 c !re be a /rong] contra/ ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! beauty1 ! complet5ess1 ! spe$1 ! precision ) :i* e process is p]=m$ 9 our factories1 & ! awkw>dness1 ! crud5ess1 ! sl[ness1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! app>atus by :i* (f5ses are puni%$ & rights v9dicat$8444 ,surely we see ! b>b>ism ( ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury & ! highe/ civilization ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury side by side1 & we see t ! b>b>ism belongs to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! civilization to ! p40#ac ,macaulay 01 ( c\rse1 ?9k+ ( ! contra/ betwe5 factory production & gov]nm5t z x exi/$ 9 ,engl& "u ,que5 ,victoria's uncles & ! h>d-dr9k+1 h>d-rid+ squire>*y4 ,b ! ,prussian bureaucracy amply demon/rat$ t !re is no su* necess>y contra/ betwe5 gov]nm5tal & private action4 ,!re is a contra/ betwe5 action by & ?r\gh great masses ( p & action t moves )\t !m4 ,! fundam5tal contra/ is n betwe5 public & private ent]prises1 betwe5 8cr[d0 psy*ology & individual1 b betwe5 m5 do+ specific ?+s & m5 attempt+ to comm& g5]al results4 ,! "w ( ! _w is c>ri$ on by m5 9 _! executive capacity1 by an inf9ite numb] ( concrete acts1 pl[+ & plant+ & reap+1 build+ & de/roy+1 fitt+ ?is to t1 go+ f "h to !re1 trans=m+ ,a into ,b & mov+ ,b f ,x to ,y4 ,! relation%ips betwe5 ! individuals do+ ^! specific ?+s are balanc$ by a mo/ intricate me*anism ( ex*ange1 ( contract1 ( cu/om & ( impli$ promises4 ,:]e m5 are p]=m+ _! "w !y mu/ le>n to und]/& ! process & ! sub/ance ( ^! obligations if !y are to d x at all4 ,b 9 gov]n+ ! "w ( o!r m5 by votes or by ! expression ( op9ion !y c only rew>d or puni% a result1 accept or reject alt]natives pres5t$ to !m4 ,!y c say yes or no to some?+ :i* has be5 done1 yes or no to a proposal1 b !y _c create1 adm9i/] & actually p]=m ! act !y h 9 m9d4 ,p]sons utt]+ public op9ions may n[ & !n be able to def9e ! acts ( m51 b _! op9ions d n execute ^! acts4 #d ,to ! realm ( executive acts1 ea* ( u1 z a memb] ( ! public1 rema9s always ext]nal4 ,our public op9ions are always & =ev]1 by _! v nature1 an attempt to control ! actions ( o!rs f ! outside4 ,if we c grasp ! full significance ( t conclusion we %all1 ,i ?9k1 h f\nd a way ( fix+ ! rle ( public op9ion 9 its true p]spective2 we %all "k h[ to acc\nt = ! dis5*antm5t ( democracy1 & we %all beg9 to see ! outl9e ( an ideal ( public op9ion :i*1 unlike t accept$ 9 ! dogma ( democracy1 may be really atta9able4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,cf4 my ,public ,op9ion1 ,*apt]s ,,xxv & ,,xxvi4 #ab ,cf4 my ,public ,op9ion1 ,*apt]s ,,xiii & ,,xiv4 #ac ,spee* on ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb1 quot$ 9 ! ,times 7,london71 ,july #ab1 #aibc4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,,:at ,,! ,,public ,,does #a ,i d n mean to say t !re is no o!r atta9able ideal ( public op9ion b t sev]ely practical "o :i* ?is essay is meant to disclose4 ,"o might aim to enri* ! m9ds ( m5 ) *>m+ fantasies1 animate nature & society ) spirits1 set up an ,olympus 9 ! skies & an ,atlantis at ! end ( ! _w4 ,& "o might !n ass]t t1 s ! quality ( ideas be f9e or give peace1 x does n matt] h[ or :e!r !y ev5tuate 9 ! gov]nm5t ( affairs4 ,utopia & ,nirvana are by def9ition _! own suffici5t reason1 & x may be t to contemplate !m is well wor? ! ab&onm5t ( feeble attempts to control ! action ( ev5ts4 ,r5unciation1 h[ev]1 is a luxury 9 :i* all m5 _c indulge4 ,!y w someh[ seek to control ! behavior ( o!rs1 if n by positive law !n at lea/ by p]suasion4 ,:5 m5 are 9 t po/ure t[>d ev5ts !y are a public1 z ,i am "h def9+ ! t]m2 _! op9ions z to h[ o!rs ought to behave are public op9ions4 ,! m cle>ly x is und]/ood :at ! public c d & :at x _c1 ! m effectively x w d :at lies )9 its p[] to d well & ! less x w int]f]e ) ! lib]ties ( m54 ,! rle ( public op9ion is det]m9$ by ! fact t its relation to a problem is ext]nal4 ,! op9ion affects an op9ion1 b does n itself control ! executive act4 ,a public op9ion is express$ by a vote1 a demon/ration ( praise or blame1 a foll[+ or a boycott+4 ,b ^! manife/ations are 9 !mselves no?+4 ,!y c\nt only if !y influ5ce ! c\rse ( affairs4 ,!y influ5ce x1 h[ev]1 only if !y influ5ce an actor 9 ! affair4 ,& x is1 ,i believe1 precisely 9 ?is second>y1 indirect relation%ip betwe5 public op9ion & public affairs t we h ! clue to ! limits & ! possibilities ( public op9ion4 #b ,x may be object$ at once t an election :i* turns "o set ( m5 out ( (fice & in/alls ano!r is an expression ( public op9ion :i* is nei!r second>y nor indirect4 ,b :at 9 fact is an election8 ,we call x an expression ( ! popul> w4 ,b is x8 ,we g into a poll+ boo? & m>k a cross on a piece ( pap] = "o ( two1 or p]haps ?ree or f\r names4 ,h we express$ our ?\ghts on ! public policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,presumably we h a numb] ( ?\ghts on ?is & t ) _m buts & ifs & ors4 ,surely ! cross on a piece ( pap] does n express !m4 ,x w\ld take u h\rs to express our ?\ghts1 & call+ a vote ! expression ( our m9d is an empty fiction4 ,a vote is a promise ( support4 ,x is a way ( say+3 ,i am l9$ up ) ^! m51 on ?is side4 ,i enli/ ) !m4 ,i w foll[4 ,i w buy4 ,i w boycott4 ,i w /rike4 ,i applaud4 ,i je]4 ,! =ce ,i c ex]t is plac$ "h1 n !re4 ,! public does n select ! c&idate1 write ! plat=m1 outl9e ! policy any m ?an x builds ! automobile or acts ! play4 ,x aligns itself = or aga9/ somebody :o has (f]$ himself1 has made a promise1 has produc$ a play1 is sell+ an automobile4 ,! action ( a gr\p z a gr\p is ! mobilization ( ! =ce x possesses4 ,! attempt has be5 made to ascribe "s intr9sic moral & intellectual virtue to majority rule4 ,x 0 said (t5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t !re 0 a deep wisdom 9 majorities :i* 0 ! voice ( ,god4 ,sometimes ?is flatt]y 0 a s9c]e my/icism1 sometimes x 0 ! self-deception :i* always accompanies ! idealization ( p[]4 ,9 sub/ance x 0 no?+ b a transf] to ! new sov]eign ( ! div9e attributes ( k+s4 ,yet ! inh]5t absurdity ( mak+ virtue & wisdom dep5d5t on #ea p] c5t ( any collection ( m5 has always be5 app>5t4 ,! practical realization t ! claim 0 absurd has result$ 9 a :ole code ( civil rights to protect m9orities & 9 all sorts ( elaborate me?ods ( subsidiz+ ! arts & sci5ces & o!r human int]e/s s !y might be indep5d5t ( ! op]ation ( majority rule4 ,! ju/ification ( majority rule 9 politics is n to be f\nd 9 its e?ical sup]iority4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! %e] necessity ( f9d+ a place 9 civiliz$ society = ! =ce :i* resides 9 ! weight ( numb]s4 ,i h call$ vot+ an act ( enli/m5t1 an alignm5t = or aga9/1 a mobilization4 ,^! are milit>y metaphors1 & rightly s1 ,i ?9k1 = an election bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( majority rule is hi/orically & practically a sublimat$ & d5atur$ civil w>1 a pap] mobilization )\t physical viol5ce4 ,con/itutional democrats1 9 ! int]vals :5 !y 7 n idealiz+ ! majority1 h ackn[l$g$ t a ballot 0 a civiliz$ sub/itute = a bullet4 8,! ,fr5* ,revolution10 says ,b]n>d ,%aw1 8ov]?rew "o set ( rul]s & sub/itut$ ano!r ) diff]5t int]e/s & diff]5t views4 ,t is :at a g5]al election enables ! p to d 9 ,engl& e sev5 ye>s if !y *oose4 ,revolution is !re=e a national in/itution 9 ,engl&2 & its advocacy by an ,engli%man ne$s no apology40#ad ,x makes an enorm\s diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 :e!r ! p fight or vote1 b we %all und]/& ! nature ( vot+ bett] if we recognize x to be a sub/itute = fight+4 8,!re grew up 9 ! #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies 9 ,engl&10 says ,dwight ,morr[ 9 8 introduction to ,pr(essor ,morse's book1 8& !re has be5 c>ri$ f ,engl& to almo/ e civiliz$ gov]nm5t 9 ! _w1 a proc$ure ?r\gh :i* p>ty gov]nm5t becomes 9 l>ge measure a sub/itute = revolution40#ae ,hans ,delbrck puts ! matt] simply :5 he says t ! pr9ciple ( majority rule is 8a purely practical pr9ciple4 ,if "o wants to avoid a civil w>1 "o lets ^? rule :o 9 any case w\ld obta9 ! upp] h& if !re %\ld be a /ruggle2 & !y are ! sup]ior numb]s40#af ,b1 :ile an election is 9 ess5ce sublimat$ w>f>e1 we mu/ take c>e n to miss ! importance ( ! sublimation4 ,!re h be5 p$antic !ori/s :o wi%$ to disqualify all :o c\ld n be> arms1 & woman suffrage has be5 deplor$ z a falsification ( ! value ( an election 9 uncov]+ ! alignm5t ( m>tial =ce 9 ! community4 ,"o c safely ignore su* !oriz+4 ,=1 :ile ! in/itution ( an election is 9 its hi/orical orig9s an alignm5t ( ! physical =ce1 x has come to be an alignm5t ( all k9ds ( =ce4 ,x rema9s an alignm5t1 ?\gh 9 advanc$ democracies x has lo/ mo/ ( its primitive association ) milit>y combat4 ,x has n lo/ x 9 ! ,s\? :]e ! ,negro population is disfran*is$ by =ce1 & n p]mitt$ to make its weight felt 9 an election4 ,x has n lo/ x 9 ! un/able ,lat9 ,am]ican republics :]e e election is 9 "s measure /ill an arm$ revolution4 ,9 fact1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has (ficially recogniz$ ?is tru? by proclaim+ t ! sub/itution ( election = revolution 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica is ! te/ ( political progress4 ,i d n wi% to labor ! argum5t any fur!r ?an may be necess>y to e/abli% ! !ory t :at ! public does is n to express its op9ions b to align itself = or aga9/ a proposal4 ,if t !ory is accept$1 we mu/ ab&on ! notion t democratic gov]nm5t c be ! direct expression ( ! w ( ! p4 ,we mu/ ab&on ! notion t ! p gov]n4 ,in/ead we mu/ adopt ! !ory t1 by _! occasional mobilizations z a majority1 p support or oppose ! individuals :o actually gov]n4 ,we mu/ say t ! popul> w does n direct cont9u\sly b t x int]v5es occasionally4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,preface to ,! ,revolutioni/'s ,h&book1 p4 #agi4 #ae ,p>ties & ,p>ty ,lead]s1 p4 xvi4 #af ,h4 ,delbrck1 ,gov]nm5t & ! ,w ( ! ,p1 p4 #ae4 ,translat$ by ,roy ,s4 ,mac,elwee4 ,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,neutralization ,,( ,,arbitr>y ,,=ce #a ,if ?is is ! nature ( public action1 :at ideal c be =mulat$ :i* %all con=m to x8 ,we are b\nd1 ,i ?9k1 to express ! ideal 9 its l[e/ t]ms1 to /ate x n z an ideal :i* might conceivably be realiz$ by exceptional gr\ps n[ & !n or 9 "s di/ant future b z an ideal :i* normally might be taught & atta9$4 ,9 e/imat+ ! burd5 :i* a public c c>ry1 a s\nd political !ory mu/ insi/ ^u ! l>ge/ factor ( safety4 ,x mu/ und]/ate ! possibilities ( public action4 ,! action ( a public1 we _h conclud$1 is pr9cipally conf9$ to an occasional int]v5tion 9 affairs by means ( an alignm5t ( ! =ce :i* a dom9ant section ( t public c wield4 ,we mu/ assume1 !n1 t ! memb]s ( a public w n possess an insid]'s k ( ev5ts or %>e 8 po9t ( view4 ,!y _c1 !re=e1 con/rue int5t1 or appraise ! exact circum/ances1 ent] intimately into ! m9ds ( ! actors or into ! details ( ! argum5t4 ,!y c wat* only = co>se signs indicat+ :]e _! sympa?ies ought to turn4 ,we mu/ assume t ! memb]s ( a public w n anticipate a problem mu* be=e its crisis has become obvi\s1 nor /ay ) ! problem long aft] its crisis is pa/4 ,!y w n "k ! antec$5t ev5ts1 w n h se5 ! issue z x develop$1 w n h ?\ght out or will$ a program1 & w n be able to pr$ict ! consequ5ces ( act+ on t program4 ,we mu/ assume z a !oretically fix$ premise ( popul> gov]nm5t t normally m5 z memb]s ( a public w n be well in=m$1 cont9u\sly int]e/$1 nonp>tisan1 creative or executive4 ,we mu/ assume t a public is inexp]t 9 its curiosity1 int]mitt5t1 t x disc]ns only gross di/9ctions1 is sl[ to be ar\s$ & quickly div]t$2 t1 s9ce x acts by align+ itself1 x p]sonalizes :atev] x consid]s1 & is int]e/$ only :5 ev5ts h be5 melodramatiz$ z a conflict4 ,! public w arrive 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird act & w leave be=e ! la/ curta91 hav+ /ay$ j long en\gh p]haps to decide :o is ! h]o & :o ! villa9 ( ! piece4 ,yet usually t judgm5t w necess>ily be made ap>t f ! intr9sic m]its1 on ! basis ( a sample ( behavior1 an aspect ( a situation1 by v r\gh ext]nal evid5ce4 ,we _c1 !n1 ?9k ( public op9ion z a cons]v+ or creat+ =ce direct+ society to cle>ly conceiv$ ends1 mak+ delib]ately t[>d socialism or away f x1 t[>d nationalism1 an empire1 a league ( nations or any o!r doctr9al goal4 ,= m5 d n agree z to _! aims1 & x is precisely ! lack ( agreem5t :i* creates ! problems t excite public att5tion4 ,x is idle1 !n1 to argue t ?\gh m5 evid5tly h conflict+ purposes1 mank9d has "s all-embrac+ purpose ( :i* y or ,i happ5 to be ! au?oriz$ spokesman4 ,we m]ely %\ld h mov$ 9 a circle 7 we to conclude t ! public is 9 "s deep way a messianic =ce4 #b ,! "w ( ! _w goes on cont9ually )\t consci\s direction f public op9ion4 ,at c]ta9 junctures problems arise4 ,x is only ) ! crises ( "s ( ^! problems t public op9ion is conc]n$4 ,& its object 9 deal+ ) a crisis is to help allay t crisis4 ,i ?9k ?is conclusion is unescapable4 ,= ?\gh we may pref] to believe t ! aim ( popul> action %\ld be to d ju/ice or promote ! true1 ! beautiful & ! good1 ! belief w n ma9ta9 itself 9 ! face ( pla9 exp]i5ce4 ,! public does n "k 9 mo/ crises :at specifically is ! tru? or ! ju/ice ( ! case1 & m5 are n agre$ on :at is beautiful & good4 ,nor does ! public r\se itself normally at ! exi/5ce ( evil4 ,x is ar\s$ at evil made manife/ by ! int]ruption ( a habitual process ( life4 ,& f9ally1 a problem ceases to occupy att5tion n :5 ju/ice1 z we happ5 to def9e x1 has be5 done b :5 a workable adju/m5t t ov]comes ! crisis has be5 made4 ,if all ?is 7 n ! necess>y mann] ( public op9ion1 if x _h s]i\sly to crusade = ju/ice 9 e issue x t\*es1 ! public w\ld h to be deal+ ) all situations all ! "t4 ,t is impossible4 ,x is also undesirable4 ,= did ju/ice1 tru?1 goodness & beauty dep5d on ! spasmodic & crude int]v5tions ( public op9ion !re w\ld be little hope = !m 9 ?is _w4 ,?us we /rip public op9ion ( any impli$ duty to deal ) ! sub/ance ( a problem1 to make te*nical decisions1 to attempt ju/ice or impose a moral precept4 ,& in/ead we say t ! ideal ( public op9ion is to align m5 dur+ ! crisis ( a problem 9 su* a way z to favor ! action ( ^? individuals :o may be able to compose ! crisis4 ,! p[] to disc]n ^? individuals is ! end ( ! ef=t to educate public op9ion4 ,! aim ( rese>* design$ to facilitate public action is ! discov]y ( cle> signs by :i* ^! individuals may be disc]n$4 ,! signs are relevant :5 !y reveal by co>se1 simple & objective te/s :i* side 9 a controv]sy upholds a workable social rule1 or :i* is attack+ an unworkable rule1 or :i* proposes a promis+ new rule4 ,by foll[+ su* signs ! public might "k :]e to align itself4 ,9 su* an alignm5t x does n1 let u rememb]1 pass judgm5t on ! intr9sic m]its4 ,x m]ely places its =ce at ! disposal ( ! side :i*1 accord+ to objective signs1 seems to be /&+ = human adju/m5ts accord+ to a cle> rule ( behavior & aga9/ ! side :i* appe>s to /& = settlem5t 9 accordance ) its own unacc\ntable w4 ,public op9ion1 9 ?is !ory1 is a res]ve ( =ce br\ght into action dur+ a crisis 9 public affairs4 ,?\gh x is itself an irrational =ce1 "u favorable in/itutions1 s\nd lead]%ip & dec5t tra9+ ! p[] ( public op9ion might be plac$ at ! disposal ( ^? :o /ood = workable law z aga9/ brute ass]tion4 ,9 ?is !ory1 public op9ion does n make ! law4 ,b by cancel+ lawless p[] x may e/abli% ! condition "u :i* law c be made4 ,x does n reason1 inve/igate1 inv5t1 p]suade1 b>ga9 or settle4 ,b1 by hold+ ! aggressive p>ty 9 *eck1 x may lib]ate intellig5ce4 ,public op9ion 9 its highe/ ideal w def5d ^? :o are prep>$ to act on _! reason aga9/ ! int]rupt+ =ce ( ^? :o m]ely ass]t _! w4 ,! action ( public op9ion at its be/ w\ld n1 let x be not$1 be a cont9ual crusade on behalf ( reason4 ,:5 p[]1 h[ev] absolute & unacc\ntable1 reigns )\t provok+ a crisis1 public op9ion does n *all5ge x4 ,somebody mu/ *all5ge arbitr>y p[] fir/4 ,! public c only come to 8 assi/ance4 #c ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is ! utmo/ t public op9ion c effectively d4 ,) ! sub/ance ( ! problem x c d no?+ usually b m$dle ignorantly or tyrannically4 ,x has no ne$ to m$dle ) x4 ,m5 9 _! active relation to affairs h to deal ) ! sub/ance1 b 9 t indirect relation%ip :5 !y c act only ?r\gh utt]+ praise or blame1 mak+ black crosses on :ite pap]1 !y h done en\gh1 !y h done all !y c d if !y help to make x possible = ! reason ( o!r m5 to ass]t itself4 ,= :5 public op9ion attempts to gov]n directly x is ei!r a failure or a tyranny4 ,x is n able to ma/] ! problem intellectually1 nor to deal ) x except by :olesale impact4 ,! !ory ( democracy has n recogniz$ ?is tru? because x has id5tifi$ ! function+ ( gov]nm5t ) ! w ( ! p4 ,?is is a fiction4 ,! intricate bus9ess ( fram+ laws & ( adm9i/]+ !m ?r\gh sev]al hundr$ ?\s& public (ficials is 9 no s5se ! act ( ! vot]s nor a translation ( _! w4 ,b al?\gh ! acts ( gov]nm5t are n a translation ( public op9ion1 ! pr9cipal function ( gov]nm5t is to d specifically1 9 great] detail1 & m cont9ually :at public op9ion does crudely1 by :olesale1 & spasmodically4 ,x en=ces "s ( ! work+ rules ( society4 ,x int]prets !m4 ,x detects & puni%es c]ta9 k9ds ( aggression4 ,x presides ov] ! fram+ ( new rules4 ,x has organiz$ =ce :i* is us$ to c\nt]act irregul> =ce4 ,x is also subject to ! same corruption z public op9ion4 ,= :5 gov]nm5t attempts to impose ! w ( its (ficials1 in/ead ( int]v5+ s z to /eady adju/m5ts by cons5t among ! p>ties directly int]e/$1 x becomes heavy-h&$1 /upid1 imp]i\s1 ev5 pr$atory4 ,= ! public (ficial1 ?\gh he is bett] plac$ to und]/& ! problem ?an a read] ( newspap]s1 & ?\gh he is mu* bett] able to act1 is /ill fundam5tally ext]nal to ! real problems 9 :i* he int]v5es4 ,be+ ext]nal1 8 po9t ( view is indirect1 & s 8 action is mo/ appropriate :5 x is conf9$ to r5d]+ indirect assi/ance to ^? :o are directly responsible4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( describ+ gov]nm5t z an expression ( ! p's w1 x w\ld seem bett] to say t gov]nm5t consi/s ( a body ( (ficials1 "s elect$1 "s appo9t$1 :o h&le pr(essionally1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 problems :i* come to public op9ion spasmodically & on appeal4 ,:]e ! p>ties directly responsible d n "w out an adju/m5t1 public (ficials int]v5e4 ,:5 ! (ficials fail1 public op9ion is br\ght to be> on ! issue4 #d ,?is1 !n1 is ! ideal ( public action :i* our inquiry sugge/s4 ,^? :o happ5 9 any "q to con/itute ! public %\ld attempt only to create an equilibrium 9 :i* settlem5ts c be rea*$ directly & by cons5t4 ,! burd5 ( c>ry+ on ! "w ( ! _w1 ( inv5t+1 creat+1 execut+1 ( attempt+ ju/ice1 =mulat+ laws & moral codes1 ( deal+ ) ! te*nic & ! sub/ance1 lies n ^u public op9ion & n ^u gov]nm5t b on ^? :o are responsibly conc]n$ z ag5ts 9 ! affair4 ,:]e problems arise1 ! ideal is a settlem5t by ! p>ticul> int]e/s involv$4 ,!y alone "k :at ! tr\ble really is4 ,no decision by public (ficials or by commut]s read+ headl9es 9 ! tra9 c usually & 9 ! long run be s good z settlem5t by cons5t among ! p>ties at int]e/4 ,no moral code1 no political !ory c usually & 9 ! long run be impos$ f ! heights ( public op9ion1 :i* w fit a case s well z direct agreem5t rea*$ :]e arbitr>y p[] has be5 dis>m$4 ,x is ! function ( public op9ion to *eck ! use ( =ce 9 a crisis1 s t m51 driv5 to make t]ms1 may live & let live4 ,,"p ,,ii ,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,"q ,,ari/otle ,,ask$ ,^! conclusions are %>ply at v>iance ) ! accept$ !ory ( popul> gov]nm5t4 ,t !ory re/s ^u ! belief t !re is a public :i* directs ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,i hold t ?is public is a m]e phantom4 ,x is an ab/raction4 ,! public 9 respect to a railroad /rike may be ! f>m]s :om ! railroad s]ves2 ! public 9 respect to an agricultural t>iff may include ! v railroad m5 :o 7 on /rike4 ,! public is n1 z ,i see x1 a fix$ body ( individuals4 ,x is m]ely ^? p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 an affair & c affect x only by support+ or oppos+ ! actors4 ,s9ce ^! r&om publics _c be expect$ to deal ) ! m]its ( a controv]sy1 !y c give _! support ) reasonable assurance t x w d good only if !re are easily recognizable & yet p]t95t signs :i* !y c foll[4 ,are !re su* signs8 ,c !y be discov]$8 ,c !y be =mulat$ s !y might be le>n$ & us$8 ,! *apt]s ( ?is second "p are an attempt to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,! signs mu/ be ( su* a "* t !y c be recogniz$ )\t any sub/antial insight into ! sub/ance ( a problem4 ,yet !y mu/ be relevant to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,!y mu/ be signs :i* w tell ! memb]s ( a public :]e !y c be/ align !mselves s z to promote ! solution4 ,9 %ort1 !y mu/ be guides to reasonable action = ! use ( un9=m$ p4 ,! environm5t is complex4 ,man's political capacity is simple4 ,c a bridge be built betwe5 !m8 ,! "q has haunt$ political sci5ce ev] s9ce ,ari/otle fir/ =mulat$ x 9 ! great sev5? book ( 8 ,politics4 ,he answ]$ x by say+ t ! community mu/ be kept simple & small en\gh to suit ! faculties ( its citiz5s4 ,we :o live 9 ! ,great ,society are unable to foll[ 8 advice4 ,! or?odox democrats answ]$ ,ari/otle's "q by assum+ t a limitless political capacity resides 9 public op9ion4 ,a c5tury ( exp]i5ce compels u to d5y ?is assumption4 ,= u1 !n1 ! old "q is unansw]$2 we c nei!r reject ! ,great ,society z ,ari/otle did1 nor exagg]ate ! political capacity ( ! citiz5 z ! democrats did4 ,we are =c$ to ask :e!r x is possible = m5 to f9d a way ( act+ effectively ^u highly complex affairs by v simple means4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t ?is problem may be soluble1 t pr9ciples c be elucidat$ :i* might effect a successful junction betwe5 ! intricacies ( ! environm5t & ! simplicities ( human faculty4 ,x goes )\t say+ t :at ,i %all pres5t "h is no f9al /atem5t ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,at mo/ & at be/ x may be a clue1 ) "s illu/rations1 t c be develop$ by rese>*4 ,b ev5 t mu* assurance seems to me ra% 9 ! light ( ! difficulties :i* ! problem has always pres5t$1 & s1 foll[+ ,desc>tes1 ,i add t 8aft] all1 x is possible ,i may be mi/ak52 & x is b a little copp] & glass ,i take = gold & diamonds40#ag ,,footnotes3 #ag ,disc\rse on ,me?od1 ,"p ,i4 ,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,problem #a ,some:at 9 ! _s ( ,desc>tes1 let u beg9 by suppos+ t y\r :ole exp]i5ce 7 conf9$ to "o glimpse ( ! _w4 ,!re w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 no bett] or worse 9 y\r sight1 nei!r good m5 nor bad1 patriots nor pr(ite]s1 cons]vatives nor radicals4 ,y w\ld be a p]fect neutral4 ,f su* an impression ( ?+s1 x w\ld nev] occur to y t ! cre/ ( a m\nta9 endur$ long] ?an ! cre/ ( a wave1 t p mov$ ab\t & t trees did n1 or t ! ro> ( an orator w\ld pass soon] ?an ! ro> ( ,niag>a4 ,l5g!n y\r exp]i5ce1 & y w\ld beg9 to notice diff]5ces 9 ! con/ancy ( ?+s4 ,y w\ld "k day & night1 p]haps1 b n w9t] & summ]1 movem5t 9 space1 b little ( age 9 "t4 ,& if y !n =mulat$ y\r social philosophy1 w\ld y n almo/ c]ta9ly conclude t ! ?+s y saw p do+ !n x 0 orda9$ !y %\ld d always1 & t _! *>act]s z y _h se5 !m t day w\ld be ?us & s =ev]8 ,& w\ld n ! result+ treatise pass almo/ unnotic$ 9 any collection ( contempor>y disquisitions on ! nations1 ! races1 ! classes or ! sexes8 ,b ! m y l5g!n$ ! span ( y\r impression1 ! m v>iability y w\ld note1 until at la/ y w\ld say ) ,h]aclitus t all ?+s fl[4 ,= :5 ! v />s & ! rocks 7 se5 to h a hi/ory1 m5 & _! in/itutions & cu/oms1 habits & ideals1 !ories & policies c\ld seem only relatively p]man5t4 ,& y w\ld h to conclude t :at at fir/ glance y _h call$ a con/ant turns out aft] y _h wat*$ x long] m]ely to be *ang+ a little m sl[ly ?an some?+ else4 ,) suffici5tly long exp]i5ce y w\ld inde$ be b\nd to conclude t :ile ! div]se elem5ts t be> ^u ! life ( m51 includ+ ! *>act]s ( m5 !mselves1 7 *ang+1 yet !y 7 n *ang+ at ! same pace4 ,?+s multiply1 !y gr[1 !y le>n1 !y age1 !y we> out & !y die at diff]5t rates4 ,an individual1 8 companions1 8 implem5ts1 8 in/itutions1 8 cre$s1 8 ne$s1 8 means ( satisfaction1 evolve unev5ly1 & endure unev5ly4 ,ev5ts d n concur h>moni\sly 9 "t4 ,"s hurry1 "s /raggle1 "s pu% & "s drag4 ,! ranks h always to be re=m$4 ,in/ead ( t "o gr& sy/em ( evolution & progress1 :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury f\nd s reassur+1 !re w\ld appe> to be innum]able sy/ems ( evolution1 v>i\sly affect+ ea* o!r1 "s l9k$1 "s 9 collision1 b ea* 9 "s fundam5tal aspect mov+ at its own pace & on its own t]ms4 ,! di%>monies ( ?is unev5 evolution are ! problems ( mank9d4 #b ,suppose a man :o knew no?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 %[n ! tables compil$ 9 ! ,/ati/ical ,ab/ract ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! p]iod f #ahjj to #aiah3 ,he w\ld note t ! population ( ! _w _h multipli$ two & a half times2 its total comm]ce #db times2 its %ipp+ tonnage m ?an #g times2 its railways #cffd times2 its telegraphs #cag times2 its cotton production #ag times2 its coal #aac times2 its pig iron #gg times4 ,c\ld he d\bt t 9 a c5tury ( su* unev5 *anges m5 _h fac$ revolution>y social problems8 ,c\ld he n inf] f ^! figures alone t !re _h be5 great movem5ts ( population1 va/ *anges 9 m5's occupation1 9 ! "* ( _! labor1 _! wants1 _! /&>ds ( liv+1 _! ambitions8 ,w\ld he n fairly inf] t ! political sy/em :i* _h exi/$ 9 #ahjj mu/ h alt]$ va/ly ) ^! new relation%ips1 t cu/oms1 mann]s & morals appropriate to ! settl$1 small & m or less self-conta9$ communities ( #ahjj _h be5 subject$ to new /ra9s & _h probably be5 ?or\ghly revis$8 ,z he imag9$ ! realities beh9d ! tables1 w\ld he n inf] t z m5 liv$ ?r\gh ! *anges :i* ^! cold figures summ>ize !y _h be5 9 conflict ) _! old habits & ideals1 t ! process ( mak+ new habits & adju/m5ts mu/ h gone on subject to trial & error ) hopefulness ov] mat]ial progress & yet mu* disord] & confusion ( s\l8 #c ,= a m specific illu/ration ( ! nature ( a problem we may exam9e ! problem ( population 9 its simple/ =m4 ,:5 ,mal?us fir/ /at$ x he assum$1 = ! purposes ( argum5t1 two elem5ts evolv+ at diff]5t rates4 ,population1 he said1 d\bl$ e tw5ty-five ye>s2 ! produce ( l& c\ld be increas$ 9 ! same "t by an am\nt 8equal to :at x at pres5t produces40#ah ,he 0 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #ahjj4 ,! population ( ,engl& he e/imat$ at sev5 millions1 & ! food supply z adequate to t numb]4 ,!re 0 !n1 9 #ahjj1 no problem4 ,by #ahbe ! population1 accord+ to 8 e/imate ( its rate ( increase1 w\ld h d\bl$1 b ! food supply w\ld also h d\bl$4 ,!re w\ld be no problem ( population4 ,b by #ahej ! population w\ld /& at tw5ty-eight millions2 ! food supply w\ld h increas$ only by an am\nt to support an additional sev5 millions4 ,! problem ( excess population1 or1 if y l1 ( food sc>city1 w\ld h appe>$4 ,= :ile 9 #ahjj & 9 #ahbe ! food available = ea* p]son w\ld be ! same1 9 #ahej1 ow+ to ! unev5 rate ( gr[?1 !re w\ld be only a ?ree-qu>t] ration = ea* p]son4 ,& ?is alt]$ relation%ip ,mal?us rightly call$ a problem4 ,suppose1 n[1 we complicate ,mal?us's argum5t a bit by assum+ t 9 #ahej p _h le>n$ to eat less & felt m fit on ! ?ree-qu>t] ration4 ,!re w\ld !n be no problem 9 #ahej1 = ! adju/m5t ( ! two v>iables--food & p--w\ld be satisfactory4 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 suppose t soon aft] #ahjj p _h dem&$ a high] /&>d ( liv+ & expect$ m food1 ?\gh ! necess>y additional food 0 n produc$4 ,^! new dem&s w\ld create a problem4 ,or suppose1 z 0 actually ! case1#ai ! food supply increas$ fa/] ?an ,mal?us _h assum$ x c\ld1 ?\gh population did n4 ,! problem ( population w\ld n arise at ! date he pr$ict$4 ,or suppose ! increase ( population 0 r$uc$ by bir? control4 ,! problem1 z ,mal?us fir/ /at$ x1 w\ld n arise4#bj ,or suppose ! food supply increas$ fa/] ?an ! population c\ld consume x4 ,!re w\ld !n be a problem n ( population b ( agricultural surplus4 ,9 an absolutely /atic society !re w\ld be no problems4 ,a problem is ! result ( *ange4 ,b n ( ! *ange 9 any self-conta9$ elem5t4 ,*ange w\ld be unnoticeable unless we c\ld measure x aga9/ "s o!r elem5t :i* did n *ange at ! same pace4 ,if ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se exp&$ at a mile a m9ute1 or %rank at ! same rate1 we %\ld nev] "k x4 ,= all we c tell we may be ! size ( a mosquito "o mom5t 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ( an elephant ! next2 we _c tell if mosquitoes & elephants & *airs & planets *ange 9 proportion4 ,*ange is significant only 9 relation to some?+ else4 ,! *ange :i* con/itutes a problem is an alt]$ relation%ip betwe5 two dep5d5t v>iables4#ba ,?us ! automobile is a problem 9 ! city n because !re are s _m automobiles b because !re are too _m = ! wid? ( ! /reets1 too _m = ! numb] ( compet5t driv]s1 because ! too n>r[ /reets are fill$ ) too _m c>s driv5 too recklessly = ! pres5t ability ( ! police to control !m4 ,because ! automobile is manufactur$ fa/] ?an old city /reets c be wid5$1 because "s p]sons acquire c>s fa/] ?an !y acquire prud5ce & good mann]s1 because automobiles collect 9 cities fa/] ?an policem5 c be recruit$1 tra9$ or paid = by sl[-yield+ taxpay]s1 !re is an automobile problem made evid5t by cr[d+1 obnoxi\s fumes & collisions4 ,b ?\gh ^! evils seem to arise f ! automobile1 ! fault lies n 9 ! automobile b 9 ! relation betwe5 ! automobile & ! city4 ,?is may s\nd l splitt+ hairs1 b unless we insi/ ^u x we nev] def9e a problem accurately nor lay x op5 successfully to solution4 ,! problem ( national def5se1 = example1 c nev] be /at$ by a g5]al /aff :i* draws ^u its inn] consci\sness = an e/imate ( ! necess>y =ce4 ,! necess>y =ce c be e/imat$ only 9 relation to ! probable enemy1 & ! milit>y problem :e!r ( peace or ( w> lies always 9 ! ratio ( =ces4 ,milit>y =ce is a purely relative conception4 ,! ,briti% ,navy is helpless z a *ild aga9/ ! un>m$ m\nta9e]s ( ,tibet4 ,! ,fr5* ,army has no =ce z aga9/ fi%+ smacks 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,=ce has to be measur$ aga9/ its objective3 ! tig] & ! %>k are incomp>able "o ) ! o!r4 ,n[ a settl$ & accept$ ratio ( =ces t might collide is a /ate ( milit>y peace4 ,a competitive &1 !re=e1 con/antly unbalanc$ ratio is a prelude to w>4 ,! ,canadian bord] pres5ts no milit>y problem1 n because ,canada's =ces & our own are equal b because1 happily1 we d n comp>e !m4 ,!y are indep5d5t v>iables1 hav+ no relation "o ) ! o!r1 & a *ange 9 ! "o does n affect ! o!r4 ,9 capital %ips we are confront$ n[ ) no naval problem 9 ! ,atlantic or 9 ! ,pacific1 because ) ,brita9 & ,japan1 ! only two comp>able p[]s1 we are agre$ on a ratio by treaty4#bb ,b = all types ( %ips n subject to ! ratio !re is a naval problem 9 bo? oceans1 & if ! ,wa%+ton ,treaty %\ld lapse ! problem :i* x settl$ w\ld recur4 ,x w\ld recur because ! syn*roniz$ progress ( ! ?ree navies w\ld be replac$ by a relatively unev5 progress ( ea* z comp>$ ) ! o!rs4 #d ,! field ( economic activity is ! s\rce ( _m problems4 ,=1 z ,cassel says1#bc we include )9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w economic ^? means ( satisfy+ human wants :i* are 8usually available only 9 a limit$ quantity40 ,s9ce 8! wants ( civiliz$ human be+s z a :ole are10 = all practical purposes1 8unlimit$10 !re is 9 all economic life ! con/ant necessity ( rea*+ 8an adju/m5t betwe5 ! wants & ! means ( supply+ ! wants40 ,?is di%>mony ( supply & dem& is ! s\rce ( an un5d+ s]ies ( problems4 ,we may note at once t ! economi/ does n claim z 8 prov9ce ! :ole range ( adju/m5ts betwe5 human wants & ! means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,he usually omits1 = example1 ! human ne$ to brea! air4 ,= s9ce ! air is unlimit$ 9 quantity ! human ne$ ( x is n fru/rat$1 & ! surplus air n requir$ by m5 9 no way imp+es ^u _! lives4 ,yet !re may be a sc>city ( air1 z1 = example1 9 a conge/$ t5em5t di/rict4 ,!n an economic problem is eng5d]$ :i* has to be met1 let u say1 by build+ laws requir+ a c]ta9 numb] ( cubic feet ( air a p]son4 ,! economi/1 9 o!r words1 takes z 8 field ( int]e/ ! maladju/m5t betwe5 human wants & ^? means ( satisfy+ !m :i* are available1 b only 9 limit$ quantities4 ,9 a _w :]e e want 0 satisfi$ !re w\ld be no problems = him2 nor any 9 a _w :]e m5 _h no wants2 nor any 9 a _w :]e ! only wants m5 _h c\ld be suppli$ by a *ange on _! "p ( _! own /ates ( consci\sness4 ,to create a problem !re mu/ be at lea/ two dep5d5t b sep>at$ v>iables3 wants & ! means ( satisfaction2 & ^! two v>iables mu/ h a disposition to alt] s t an antec$5t equilibrium is di/urb$4 ,9 ! measure1 says ,cassel1 9 :i* ! economic sy/em succe$s 9 secur+ an adju/m5t betwe5 ! wants & ! means ( supply+ ! wants we speak ( x z a s\nd economy4 8,?is task may be accompli%$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 fir/1 by elim9at+ ! less important wants & s re/rict+ ! total wants2 secondly1 by mak+ ! be/ possible use ( ! means available = ! purposes 9 "q2 &1 ?irdly1 by increas$ p]sonal ex]tions40#bd ,s9ce ! problem arises out ( ! di%>mony ( supply & dem&1 its solution is to be f\nd by increas+ ! supply or re/rict+ ! dem&4 ,! *oice ( me?od dep5ds fir/ ( all on :i* x is possible 9 specific cases to foll[1 &1 second1 grant+ ! possibility1 on :i* is ! easi] or ! pref]r$4 ,ei!r me?od w give :at we ackn[l$ge z a solution4 ,= :5 two v>iables are 9 an adju/m5t :i* does n fru/rate ! expectations ( ei!r !re is no problem1 & none w be felt to exi/4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us1 ,an ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,population1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 #ai ,a4 ,m4 ,c>r-,saund]s1 ,! ,population ,problem1 p4 #bh4 #bj ,mal?us himself recognis$ ?is 9 a lat] edition ( 8 book4 #ba ,cf4 9 ?is connection ,w4 ,f4 ,ogburn1 ,social ,*ange1 passim1 b p>ticul>ly ,"p ,,iv1 ,i1 on 8,! ,hypo!sis ( ,cultural ,lag40 #bb ,h[ev]1 ! controv]sy ov] gun elevation demon/rates h[ difficult x is to ma9ta9 an equilibrium ( =ce :]e s _m factors are v>iable4 #bc ,gu/av ,cassel1 ,a ,!ory ( ,social ,economy1 ,*apt] ,i4 #bd ,ibid41 p4 #g4 ,*apt] ,,viii ,,social ,,contracts #a ,x is impossible to imag9e 9 ! univ]se a h>mony ( all ?+s1 ea* ) all ! o!rs4 ,! only h>monies we "k or c conceive1 outside ( :at ,mr4 ,santayana calls ! realm ( ess5ces1 are p>tial adju/m5ts :i* sacrifice to "s "o end all purposes :i* conflict ) x4 ,t ! tree may be> fruit = u1 we readily kill ! insects t eat ! fruit4 ,s ! fruit w rip5 = u1 we take no acc\nt ( ! di%>mony we create = innum]able flies4 ,9 ! light ( et]nity x may be :olly unimportant :e!r ! h>monies on ?is e>? are suit$ to m5 or to insects4 ,= 9 ! light ( et]nity & f ! po9t ( view ( ! univ]se z a :ole no?+ c be :at we call good or bad1 bett] or worse4 ,all ideas ( value are measurem5ts ( "s "p ( ?is univ]se ) "s o!r "p1 & x is no m possible to value ! univ]se z a :ole ?an x is to weigh x z a :ole4 ,= all scales ( value & ( weight are conta9$ )9 x4 ,to judge ! :ole univ]se y mu/1 l a god1 be outside ( x1 a po9t ( view no mortal m9d c adopt4 ,un=tunately = ! fly1 !re=e1 we are b\nd to judge him by human values4 ,9 s f> z we h p[] ov] him1 he mu/ submit to ! h>monies we seek to e/abli%4 ,we may z a sport+ matt] admit 8 !oretical "r to e/abli% 8 own h>monies aga9/ u if he c1 & to call !m bett] if he likes1 b = u t only is good :i* is good = man4 ,our univ]se consi/s ( all t x conta9s1 n z su*1 n z ! fly kn[s x1 b 9 its relation to u4 ,f any o!r po9t ( view b man's1 8 conception ( ! univ]se is askew4 ,x has an emphasis & a p]spective1 x is %ap$ to a design :i* is altoge!r human4 ,! v =ms1 colors1 odors & s\nd ( ?+s are dep5d5t = _! quality ^u our s5se organs4 ,_! relations are se5 & und]/ood aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( our necessities4 ,9 ! realm ( man's int]e/s & purposes & desires1 ! p]spectives are ev5 n>r[]4 ,!re is no human po9t ( view "h1 b only ! po9ts ( view ( m54 ,none is valid = all human be+s1 none = all ( human hi/ory1 none = all corn]s ( ! globe4 ,an op9ion ( ! "r & ! wrong1 ! good & ! bad1 ! pleasant & ! unpleasant1 is dat$1 is localiz$1 is relative4 ,x applies only to "s m5 at "s "t 9 "s place "u "s circum/ances4 #b ,aga9/ ?is deep pluralism ?9k]s h argu$ 9 va94 ,!y h inv5t$ social organisms & national s\ls1 & ov]s\ls1 & collective s\ls2 !y h gone = hopeful analogies to ! beehive & ! an?ill1 to ! sol> sy/em1 to ! human body2 !y h gone to ,hegel = high] unities & to ,r\sseau = a g5]al w 9 an ef=t to f9d "s basis ( union4 ,= ?\gh m5 d n ?9k alike1 nor want ! same ?+s1 ?\gh _! private int]e/s are s di/9ct t !y d n m]ge easily 9 any common int]e/1 yet m5 _c live by !mselves1 nor realize ev5 _! private purposes )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! behavior ( o!r p4 ,we1 h[ev]1 no long] expect to f9d a unity :i* absorbs div]sity4 ,= u ! conflicts & diff]5ces are s real t we _c d5y !m & in/ead ( look+ = id5tity ( purpose we look simply = an accommodation ( purposes4 ,:5 we speak1 !n1 ab\t ! solution ( a problem 9 ! ,great ,society1 we may mean little m ?an t two conflict+ int]e/s h f\nd a modus viv5di4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t !y h really remov$ all _! diff]5ces1 t "o int]e/ has yield$ to ! o!r1 or bo? to a ?ird4 ,b ! solutions ( mo/ social problems are n s neat z ?is2 ev]y?+ does n fit p]fectly z 9 ! solution ( a puzzle4 ,! conflict+ int]e/s m]ely f9d a way ( giv+ a little & tak+ a little1 & ( exi/+ toge!r )\t too mu* bad blood4 ,!y /ill rema9 sep>ate int]e/s4 ,! m5 involv$ /ill ?9k diff]5tly4 ,!y h no union ( m9d or purpose4 ,b !y travel _! own ways )\t collision1 & ev5 ) "s reliance at times ^u ! o!rs' help4 ,!y "k _! rights & _! duties1 :at to expect & :at w be expect$4 ,_! rights are usually less ?an !y claim1 & _! duties heavi] ?an !y l1 yet1 because !y are 9 "s degree en=c$1 conduct is r5d]$ intelligible & pr$ictable1 & cop]ation exi/s 9 spite ( ! conflict+ int]e/s ( m54 ,! modus viv5di ( any p>ticul> hi/orical p]iod1 ! sy/em ( rights & duties1 has g5]ally acquir$ "s high religi\s or ideal sanction4 ,! ?9k]s laureate ( ! age w g5]ally manage to %[ t ! in/itutions1 ! laws1 ! morality & ! cu/om ( t age are div9ely inspir$4 ,^! are tiresome illusions :i* h be5 explod$ a ?\s& times4 ,! prevail+ sy/em ( rights & duties at any "t is at bottom a slightly antiquat$ =mulation ( ! balance ( p[] among ! active int]e/s 9 ! community4 ,!re is always a c]ta9 lag1 z ,mr4 ,ogburn calls x1 s t ! sy/em ( rights & duties m5 are taught is g5]ally a little less contempor>y ?an ! sy/em !y w\ld f9d mo/ conv5i5t4 ,b1 :e!r ! sy/em is obsolete or n1 9 its nak$ orig91 a "r is a claim somebody 0 able to ass]t1 & a duty is an obligation somebody 0 able to impose4 #c ,! prevail+ sy/em ( rights & duties is design$ to regulate ! conflict+ purposes ( m54 ,an e/abli%$ "r is a promise t a c]ta9 k9d ( behavior w be back$ by ! organiz$ =ce ( ! /ate or at lea/ by ! s5tim5t ( ! community2 a duty is a promise t failure to respect ! rights ( o!rs 9 a c]ta9 way w be puni%$4 ,! puni%m5t may be dea?1 imprisonm5t1 loss ( prop]ty1 ! nullification ( a "r1 ! expression ( disapproval4 ,9 %ort1 ! sy/em ( rights & duties is ! :ole sy/em ( promises :i* ! c\rts & public s5tim5t w support4 ,x is n a fix$ sy/em4 ,x v>ies f place to place1 & f "t to "t1 & ) ! "* ( ! tribunals & ! community4 ,b none ! less x makes ! conduct ( m5 some:at rational1 & e/abli%es a k9d ( union 9 div]sity by limit+ & def9+ ! fre$om ) :i* conflict+ purposes c be pursu$4 ,sometimes ! promises are embodi$ 9 co]cive law3 ,?\ %alt1 on p5alty ( ?is1 d t2 ?\ %alt n d s & s4 ,sometimes ! promise is bas$ on a contract betwe5 two p>ties3 !re is no obligation to make ! contract1 b1 once made1 x mu/ be execut$ or a c]ta9 p5alty paid4 ,sometimes ! promise is bas$ on an ecclesia/ical code3 x mu/ be foll[$ or ! wages ( s9 w be visit$ ei!r 9 fact or 9 anticipation ^u ! s9n]4 ,sometimes ! promise is bas$ on cu/om3 x mu/ be respect$ or ! price ( noncon=mity1 :atev] x may happ5 to be1 mu/ be paid4 ,sometimes ! promise is bas$ on habit3 x mu/ be execut$ or ! di/urbance fac$ :i* m5 feel :5 !y break ) _! habits4 ,! "q ( :e!r any p>ticul> "r or duty %all be en=c$1 ! "q ( h[ x %all be en=c$1 :e!r by ! police1 by public criticism or private consci5ce1 w n be answ]$ by reason+ a priori4 ,x w be answ]$ by ! dom9ant int]e/s 9 society1 ea* impos+ to ! limit ( its p[]s ! sy/em ( rights & duties :i* mo/ ne>ly approximates ! k9d ( social h>mony x f9ds conv5i5t & desirable4 ,! sy/em w be a reflection ( ! p[] t ea* int]e/ is able to ex]t4 ,! int]e/s :i* f9d ! rule good w def5d x2 ! int]e/s :i* f9d x bad w attack x4 ,_! argum5ts w be weapons ( def5se & (f5se2 ev5 ! mo/ objective appeal to reason w turn out to be an appeal to des]t "o cause & enli/ 9 ano!r4 #d ,9 ! controv]sies betwe5 int]e/s ! "q w be rais$ z to ! m]its ( a p>ticul> rule2 ! argum5t w turn on :e!r ! rule is good1 on :e!r x %\ld be en=c$ ) ?is p5alty or t4 ,& out ( ^? argum5ts1 by p]suasion or co]cion1 ! specific rules ( society are made1 en=c$ & revis$4 ,x is ! !sis ( ?is book t ! memb]s ( ! public1 :o are ! spectators ( action1 _c successfully int]v5e 9 a controv]sy on ! m]its ( ! case4 ,!y mu/ judge ext]nally1 & !y c act only by support+ "o ( ! int]e/s directly involv$4 ,x foll[s t ! public int]e/ 9 a controv]sy _c turn ^u ! specific issue4 ,on :at1 !n1 does x turn8 ,9 :at phase ( ! controv]sy c ! public successfully int]e/ itself8 ,only :5 somebody objects does ! public "k !re is a problem2 :5 nobody any long] objects !re is a solution4 ,= ! public1 !n1 any rule is "r :i* is agreeable to all conc]n$4 ,x foll[s t ! public int]e/ 9 a problem is limit$ to ?is3 t !re %all be rules1 :i* means t ! rules :i* prevail %all be en=c$1 & t ! un5=ceable rules %all be *ang$ accord+ to a settl$ rule4 ,! public's op9ion t ,john ,smi? %\ld or %\ld n d ?is or t is immat]ial2 ! public does n "k ,john ,smi?'s motives & ne$s1 & is n conc]n$ ) !m4 ,b t ,john ,smi? %all d :at he has promis$ to d is a matt] ( public conc]n1 = unless ! social contracts ( m5 are made1 en=c$ & revis$ accord+ to a settl$ rule1 social organization is impossible4 ,_! conflict+ purposes w eng5d] un5d+ problems unless !y are regulat$ by "s sy/em ( rights & duties4 ,! int]e/ ( ! public is n 9 ! rules & contracts & cu/oms !mselves b 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a rgime ( rule1 contract & cu/om4 ,! public is int]e/$ 9 law1 n 9 ! laws2 9 ! me?od ( law1 n 9 ! sub/ance2 9 ! sanctity ( contract1 n 9 a p>ticul> contract2 9 und]/&+ bas$ on cu/om1 n 9 ?is cu/om or t4 ,x is conc]n$ 9 ^! ?+s to ! end t m5 9 _! active affairs %all f9d a modus viv5di2 its int]e/ is 9 ! workable rule :i* w def9e & pr$ict ! behavior ( m5 s t !y c make _! adju/m5ts4 ,! pressure :i* ! public is able to apply ?r\gh praise & blame1 ?r\gh votes1 /rikes1 boycotts or support c yield results only if x re9=ces ! m5 :o en=ce an old rule or sponsor a new "o t is ne$$4 ,! public 9 ?is !ory is n ! disp5s] ( law or morals1 b1 at be/1 a res]ve =ce t may be mobiliz$ on behalf ( ! me?od & _s ( law & morals4 ,9 d5y+ t ! public c lay d[n ! rules ,i h n said t x %\ld ab&on any function :i* ! public n[ ex]cises4 ,i h m]ely said t x %\ld ab&on a pret5se4 ,:5 ! public attempts to deal ) ! sub/ance x m]ely becomes ! dupe or unconsci\s ally ( a special int]e/4 ,= !re is only "o common int]e/3 t all special int]e/s %all act accord+ to settl$ rule4 ,! mom5t y ask :at rule y invade ! realm ( compet+ int]e/s ( special po9ts ( view1 ( p]sonal1 & class1 & sectional1 & national bias4 ,! public %\ld n ask :at rule because x _c answ] ! "q4 ,x w contribute its "p to ! solution ( social problems if x recognizes t "s sy/em ( rights & duties is necess>y1 b t no p>ticul> sy/em is peculi>ly sacr$4 ,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,two ,,que/ions ,,be=e ,,! ,,public ,! multitude ( untr\bl$ rules t m5 live by are ( no conc]n to ! public4 ,x has to deal only ) ! failures4 ,cu/oms t are accept$ by all :o are expect$ to foll[ !m1 contracts t are c>ri$ out peaceably1 promises t are kept1 expectations fulfill$1 raise no issue4 ,ev5 :5 !re has be5 a brea* ( ! rule1 !re is no public "q if ! brea* is cle>ly e/abli%$1 ! aggression cle>ly id5tifi$1 ! p5alty det]m9$ & impos$4 ,! aggressor may be id5tifi$ because he pleads guilty4 ,he may be id5tifi$ by "s due process ?\gh he d5ies 8 guilt4 ,! rule1 a t]m "u :i* ,i mean to include ! me?od ( detection1 int]pretation & en=cem5t1 z well z ! precept1 is 9 ei!r case intact4 ,! =ce ( ! public c be align$ )\t hesitation on behalf ( ! au?orities :o adm9i/] ! rule4 ,!re is no "q = ! public unless !re is d\bt z to ! validity ( ! rule1--d\bt1 t is to say1 ab\t its mean+1 its s\ndness or ! me?od ( its application4 ,:5 !re is d\bt ! public requires simple1 objective te/s to help x decide :]e x w enli/4 ,^! te/s mu/1 !re=e1 answ] two que/ions3 ,fir/1 ,is ! rule defective8 ,second1 ,h[ %all ! ag5cy be recogniz$ :i* is mo/ likely to m5d x8 ,^! are1 ,i %\ld ma9ta91 ! only two que/ions :i* ! public ne$s to answ] 9 ord] to ex]t ! greate/ influ5ce x is capable ( ex]t+ t[>d ! solution ( public problems4 ,!y are n1 please note1 ! only que/ions :i* anybody has to answ] to solve a problem4 ,!y are ! only que/ions :i* a memb] ( ! public c usefully conc]n himself ) if he wi%es to avoid ignorant m$dl+4 ,h[ !n %all he "k ! rule is defective8 ,h[ %all he recognize ! re=m]8 ,if he is to answ] ^? que/ions at all1 he mu/ be able to answ] !m quickly & )\t real und]/&+ ( ! problem4 ,is x possible = him to d t8 ,c he act intellig5tly b 9 ignorance8 ,i ?9k ?is app>5tly p>adoxical ?+ c be done 9 "s su* way z ! next f\r *apt]s describe4 ,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,ma9 ,,value ,,( ,,public ,,debate ,! individual ^: action is gov]n$ by a rule is int]e/$ 9 its sub/ance4 ,b 9 ^? rules :i* d n control 8 own action 8 *ief int]e/ is t !re %\ld be workable rules4 ,x foll[s t ! memb]%ip ( ! public is n fix$4 ,x *anges ) ! issue3 ! actors 9 "o affair are ! spectators ( ano!r1 & m5 are cont9ually pass+ back & =? betwe5 ! field :]e !y are executives & ! field :]e !y are memb]s ( a public4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is n1 z ,i said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 an absolute "o3 !re is a twilight zone :]e x is h>d to say :e!r a man is act+ executively on 8 op9ions or m]ely act+ to influ5ce ! op9ion ( "s "o else :o is act+ executively4 ,!re is (t5 a mixture ( ! two types ( behavior4 ,& x is ?is mixture1 z well z ! lack ( a cle> l9e ( di/9ction 9 all cases1 :i* p]mits a v l>ge confusion 9 affairs betwe5 a public & a private attitude t[>d !m4 ,! public po9t ( view on a "q is muddi$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! public ( spuri\s memb]s1 p]sons :o are really act+ to b5d ! rule 9 _! favor :ile pret5d+ or imag9+ t !y are mov$ only by ! common public ne$ t !re %all be an acceptable rule4 ,at ! outset x is important1 !re=e1 to detect & to disc\nt ! self-int]e/$ gr\p4 ,9 say+ ?is ,i d n mean to ca/ ev5 ! slighte/ reflection on a union ( m5 to promote _! self-int]e/4 ,x w\ld be futile to d s1 because we may take x z c]ta9 t m5 w act to b5efit !mselves :5ev] !y ?9k !y conv5i5tly c4 ,a political !ory bas$ on ! expectation ( self-d5ial & sacrifice by ! run ( m5 9 any community w\ld n be wor? consid]+4 ,nor is x at all evid5t t ! "w ( ! _w c\ld be done unless m5 foll[$ _! private int]e/ & contribut$ to affairs t direct inn] k :i* !y ?us obta94 ,moreov]1 ! adju/m5ts are likely to be mu* m real if !y are made f fully consci\s & ?or\ghly explor$ special po9ts ( view4 ,?us ! g5ius ( any illum9at+ public discussion is n to obscure & c5sor private int]e/ b to help x to sail & to make x sail "u its own colors4 ,! true public1 9 my def9ition ( t t]m1 has to purge itself ( ! self-int]e/$ gr\ps :o become confus$ ) x4 ,x mu/ purge itself n because private int]e/s are bad b because private int]e/s _c successfully be adju/$ to ea* o!r if any "o ( !m acquires a c\nt]feit /r5g?4 ,if ! true public1 conc]n$ only 9 ! fact ( adju/m5t1 becomes mobiliz$ beh9d a private int]e/ seek+ to prevail1 ! adju/m5t is false2 x does n repres5t ! real balance ( =ces 9 ! affair & ! solution w break d[n4 ,x w break d[n because ! true public w n /ay mobiliz$ v long = any?+1 & :5 x demobilizes ! private int]e/ :i* 0 falsely exalt$ w f9d its privileges unmanageable4 ,x w be l a man plac$ on ,jack ,dempsey's *e/ by six policem51 & !n left !re aft] ! policem5 h gone home to d9n]4 ,x w be l ,france plac$ by ! ,allies ^u a pro/rate ,g]many & !n left !re aft] ! ,allies h dep>t$ f ,europe4 ,! sep>ation ( ! public f ! self-int]e/$ gr\p w n be assi/$ by ! self-int]e/$ gr\p4 ,we may be sure t any body ( f>m]s1 bus9ess m51 trade unioni/s w always call !mselves ! public if !y c4 ,h[ !n is _! self-int]e/ to be detect$8 ,no ord9>y by/&] is equipp$ to analyze ! propag&a by :i* a private int]e/ seeks to associate itself ) ! dis9t]e/$ public4 ,x is a p]plex+ matt]1 p]haps ! mo/ p]plex+ 9 popul> gov]nm5t1 & ! by/&]'s only rec\rse is to insi/ ^u debate4 ,he w n be able1 we may assume1 to judge ! m]its ( ! argum5ts4 ,b if he does insi/ ^u full fre$om ( discussion1 ! advocates are v likely to expose "o ano!r4 ,op5 debate may lead to no conclusion & ?r[ no light :atev] on ! problem or its answ]1 b x w t5d to betray ! p>tisan & ! advocate4 ,& if x has id5tifi$ !m = ! true public1 debate w h s]v$ its ma9 purpose4 ,! individual n directly conc]n$ may /ill *oose to jo9 ! self-int]e/$ gr\p & support its cause4 ,b at lea/ he w "k t he has made himself a p>tisan1 & ?us p]haps he may be some:at less likely to mi/ake a p>ty's purpose = ! aim ( mank9d4 ,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,defective ,,rule #a ,a man violates a rule & !n publicly ju/ifies 8 action4 ,"h 9 ! simple/ =m is an attack ^u ! validity ( ! rule4 ,x is an appeal = a public judgm5t4 ,= he claims to h act$ "u a new rule :i* is bett] ?an ! old "o4 ,h[ %all ! public decide z betwe5 ! two8 ,x _c1 we are assum+1 ent] into ! intr9sic m]its ( ! "q4 ,x foll[s t ! public mu/ ask ! aggressor :y he did n fir/ seek ! ass5t ( ^? conc]n$ be=e he violat$ ! rule4 ,he may say t he did n h "t1 t he act$ 9 a crisis4 ,9 t ev5t1 !re is no s]i\s "q = ! public1 & 8 associates w ei!r ?ank him or call him a fool4 ,b s9ce ! circum/ances 7 admitt$ly exceptional !y d n really e/abli% a new rule1 & ! public may be satisfi$ if ! p>ties at int]e/ peaceably make ! be/ ( ! result4 ,b suppose !re 0 no em]g5cy4 ,suppose ! innovator _h "t to seek ass5t1 b did n on ! gr\nd t he knew :at 0 be/4 ,he may be fairly condemn$2 ! objections ( ! o!r p>ties may be fairly su/a9$4 ,= ! "r ( innovation by fiat _c be def5d$ z a work+ pr9ciple2 a new rule1 h[ev] excell5t 9 int5tion1 _c be expect$ to "w unless 9 "s degree x has be5 fir/ und]/ood & approv$ by all :o mu/ live accord+ to x4 ,! innovator may reply1 ( c\rse1 t he is be+ condemn$ by a dogma :i* is n :olly prov$4 ,t may be admitt$4 ,aga9/ ! pr9ciple t a new rule requires ass5t hi/oric exp]i5ce c be cit$4 ,!re h be5 _m in/ances :]e a rgime has be5 impos$ on an unwill+ p & admir$ lat] by !m = its results4 ,! dogma t ass5t is necess>y is imp]fect1 z are mo/ pr9ciples4 ,b1 nev]!less1 x is a necess>y assumption 9 society4 ,= if no new rule requir$ ass5t e "o c\ld make 8 own rule1 & !re w\ld be no rules4 ,! dogma !re=e mu/ be ma9ta9$1 s(t5$ by ! k t exceptional times & exceptional m5 ( _! own =ce w make way ) any dogma4 ,s9ce ! rules ( society _c be bas$ on exceptions ! exceptions mu/ ju/ify !mselves4 ,! te/1 !re=e1 ( :e!r a rule has be5 ju/ifiably brok5 is ! te/ ( ass5t4 ,! "q1 !n1 is h[ 9 apply+ ! te/ ( ass5t a memb] ( ! public is to det]m9e :e!r suffici5t ass5t has be5 giv54 ,h[ is he to "k :e!r ! rgime has be5 impos$ by arbitr>y =ce or 9 sub/ance agre$ to8 #b ,we wi% to "k if ass5t is lack+4 ,we "k x is lack+ because !re is op5 prote/4 ,or we "k x because !re is a widespread refusal to con=m4 ,a workable rule1 :i* has ass5t1 w n evoke prote/ or mu* disob$i5ce4 ,h[ %all we1 z memb]s ( ! public1 measure ! significance ( ! prote/ or ! ext5t ( ! disob$i5ce8 #c ,:]e v few p]sons are directly involv$ 9 ! controv]sy ! public does be/ n to int]v5e at all4 ,"o p>ty may prote/1 b unless he prote/s aga9/ ! public tribunals set up to adjudicate su* disputes1 8 prote/ may be ignor$4 ,! public _c expect to take "p 9 ! m9uti ( human adju/m5ts h[ev] tragic or important !y may be to ! individuals conc]n$4 ,! prote/ ( "o individual aga9/ ano!r _c be treat$ z a public matt]4 ,only if ! public tribunal is impugn$ does x become a public matt]1 & !n only because ! case may require inve/igation by "s o!r tribunal4 ,9 su* disputes ! public mu/ tru/ ! ag5cies ( adju/m5t act+ z *ecks ^u ea* o!r4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! public consi/s ( busy m5 read+ newspap]s = half an h\r or s a day1 x is n he>tless b m]ely prud5t to d5y t x c d detail$ ju/ice4 ,b :]e _m p]sons are involv$ 9 ! controv]sy !re is necess>ily a public matt]4 ,= :5 _m p]sons are embroil$ ! effects n only are likely to be wide b !re may be ne$ ( all ! =ce ! public c ex]t 9 ord] to compel a peaceable adju/m5t4 ,! public mu/ take acc\nt ( a prote/ voic$ on behalf ( a relatively l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,b h[ %all ! public "k t su* a prote/ has be5 made8 ,x mu/ look to see :e!r ! spokesman is au?oriz$4 ,h[ %all x tell if he is au?oriz$8 ,h[ c x tell1 t is to say1 :e!r ! repres5tative is able to give ass5t by committ+ 8 con/itu5cy to a c\rse ( action8 ,:e!r ! app>5t lead] is ! real lead] is a "q :i* ! memb]s ( a public _c usually answ] directly on ! m]its4 ,yet !y mu/ answ] 9 "s fa%ion & ) "s assurance by "s rule ( ?umb4 ,! rule ( ?umb is to ?r[ ! burd5 ( pro( on ^? :o d5y t ! app>5t lead]1 ve/$ ) ! ext]nal signs ( (fice1 is ! real lead]4 ,z betwe5 "o nation & ano!r1 no matt] h[ obnoxi\s ! o!r's gov]nm5t may be1 if !re is no op5 rebellion1 public op9ion _c g beh9d ! returns4 ,=1 unless a p is to engage 9 ! hopeless task ( play+ politics inside ano!r's fronti]s1 !re is no c\rse b to hold t a nation is committ$ by ! (ficials x fails to dis*>ge4 ,if !re is op5 rebellion1 or t mild] sub/itute1 an imp5d+ election1 x may be wise to po/pone long t]m settlem5ts until a firm gov]nm5t has be5 seat$4 ,b settlem5ts1 if !y are made at all1 mu/ be made ) ! gov]nm5t 9 (fice at ! o!r nation's capital4 ,! same !ory holds1 ) modifications1 = l>ge bodies ( m5 )9 a /ate4 ,if ! (ficials ( ! m9]s' union1 = in/ance1 take a position1 x is p]fectly idle = an employ] to d5y t !y speak = ! union m9]s4 ,he %\ld d5y t !y speak = ! nonunion m9]s1 b if ! "q at issue requires ! ass5t ( ! union1 !n1 unless ! union itself impea*es ! lead]s1 ! public mu/ accept !m z au?oriz$4 ,b suppose ! lead]s are *all5g$ )9 ! union4 ,h[ %all ! importance ( ! *all5ge be e/imat$ by ! public8 ,recall t ! object is to f9d out n :e!r ! objectors are "r b simply :e!r ! spokesm5 c 9 fact commit _! con/itu5ts4 ,9 weigh+ ! *all5ge ! public's conc]n is to "k h[ f> ! opposition c by virtue ( its numb]s1 or ( its /rategic importance1 or its det]m9ation1 impair ! value ( an ass5t4 ,b if we expect$ ! public to make judgm5ts ( ?is sort we %\ld be ask+ too mu* ( x4 ,! importance ( an opposition c be weigh$1 if at all1 only by r\gh1 ext]nal crit]ia4 ,) an opposition t does n *all5ge ! cr$5tials ( ! spokesm51 :i* criticizes b is n 9 rebellion1 ! public has no conc]n4 ,t is an int]nal affair4 ,x is only an opposition :i* ?reat5s n to con=m t has to be consid]$4 ,9 su* a case1 if ! spokesm5 are elect$1 !y c be held compet5t to give a reliable ass5t only until a new election has be5 held4 ,if ! spokesm5 are n elective1 & a rebelli\s opposition is evid5t1 _! ass5t c only be tak5 z t5tative4 ,^! crit]ia d n1 to be sure1 weigh ! importance ( an opposition1 b1 by limit+ ! k9d ( settlem5t :i* c reasonably be made 9 face ( an opposition1 !y all[ = its effect4 ,!y introduce ! necess>y modification to make workable ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! te/ ( ass5t by l>ge bodies ( m5 is simply t _! spokesm5 h agre$4 #d ,! te/ ( con=mity is closely relat$ to ! te/ ( ass5t4 ,= x c be assum$ t op5 criticism ( a rule1 a cu/om1 a law1 an in/itution1 is already accompani$ by or w soon be foll[$ by evasion ( t rule4 ,x is a fairly safe hypo!sis t ! run ( m5 wi% to con=m2 t any body ( m5 ar\s$ to ! po9t :]e !y w pay ! price ( op5 h]esy probably has an arguable case2 m c]ta9ly t t body w include a consid]able numb] :o h pass$ ov] ! l9e ( criticism into ! practice ( noncon=mity4 ,_! argum5t may be wrong1 ! rem$y may be fooli%1 b ! fact t !y op5ly criticize at "s p]sonal risk is a sign t ! rule is n work+ well4 ,widespread criticism1 !re=e1 has a significance beyond its intellectual value4 ,x is almo/ always a symptom on ! surface t ! rule is un/able4 ,:5 a rule is brok5 n occasionally b v (t5 ! rule is defective4 ,x simply does n def9e ! conduct :i* normally may be expect$ ( m5 :o live "u x4 ,x may s\nd noble4 ,b x does n "w4 ,x does n adju/ relations4 ,x does n actually organize society4 ,9 :at way ! rule is defective ! public _c specifically det]m9e4 ,by ! two te/s ,i h sugge/$1 ( ass5t & ( con=mity1 ! public c det]m9e ! pres5ce ( a defect 9 ! rule4 ,b :e!r t defect is due to a false measure ( ! *ang+ balance ( =ces involv$1 or to neglect ( an important int]e/ or "s relevant circum/ance1 or to a bad te*nic ( adju/m5t1 or to contradictions 9 ! rule1 or to obscurity1 or to lack ( ma*9]y = its int]pretation or = ! d$uction ( specific rules f g5]al ones1 ! public _c judge4 ,x w h gone1 ,i believe1 to ! limits ( its normal p[]s if x judges ! rule to be defective1 & turns !n to id5tify ! ag5cy mo/ likely to rem$y x4 ,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,crit]ia ,,( ,,re=m #a ,! r&om collections ( by/&]s :o con/itute a public c\ld n1 ev5 if !y _h a m9d to1 int]v5e 9 all ! problems ( ! day4 ,!y c & mu/ play a "p occasionally1 ,i believe1 b !y _c take an int]e/ 91 !y _c make ev5 ! co>se/ judgm5ts ab\t1 & !y w n act ev5 9 ! mo/ grossly p>tisan way on1 all ! que/ions aris+ daily 9 a complex & *ang+ society4 ,normally !y leave _! proxies to a k9d ( pr(essional public consi/+ ( m or less em95t p]sons4 ,mo/ issues are nev] c>ri$ beyond ?is rul+ gr\p2 ! lay publics cat* only e*oes ( ! debate4 ,if1 by ! pu% & pull ( int]e/$ p>ties & public p]sonages1 settlem5ts are made m or less cont9ually ! p>ty 9 p[] has ! confid5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 effect1 ! outsid]s are array$ beh9d ! dom9ant insid]s4 ,b if ! int]e/$ p>ties _c be made to agree1 if1 z a result1 !re is di/urbance & *ronic crisis1 !n ! opposition among ! insid]s may come to be consid]$ ! hope ( ! c\ntry1 & be able to entice ! by/&]s to its side4 ,to support ! ,ins :5 ?+s are go+ well2 to support ! ,outs :5 !y seem to be go+ badly1 ?is1 9 spite ( all t has be5 said ab\t twe$l$um & twe$l$ee1 is ! ess5ce ( popul> gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t l>ge public ( :i* we h any exp]i5ce mu/ det]m9e f9ally :o %all wield ! organiz$ p[] ( ! /ate1 its army & its police1 by a *oice betwe5 ! ,ins & ,outs4 ,a community :]e !re is no *oice does n h popul> gov]nm5t4 ,x is subject to "s =m ( dictator%ip or x is rul$ by ! intrigues ( ! politicians 9 ! lobbies4 ,al?\gh x is ! cu/om ( p>tisans to speak z if !re 7 radical diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ins & ! ,outs1 x c\ld be demon/rat$1 ,i believe1 t 9 /able & mature societies ! diff]5ces are necess>ily n pr(\nd4 ,if !y 7 pr(\nd1 ! defeat$ m9ority w\ld be con/antly on ! v]ge ( rebellion4 ,an election w\ld be cata/rophic1 :]eas ! assumption 9 e election is t ! victors w d no?+ to make life intol]able to ! vanqui%$ & t ! vanqui%$ w endure ) good humor policies :i* !y d n approve4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita91 ,canada1 ,au/ralia & 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,cont95tal c\ntries an election r>ely means ev5 a fraction ( :at ! campaign]s said x w\ld mean4 ,x means "s new faces & p]haps a slightly diff]5t g5]al t5d5cy 9 ! managem5t ( affairs4 ,! ,ins may h _h a bias t[>d collectivism2 ! ,outs w lean t[>d individualism4 ,! ,ins may h be5 suspici\s & non-cop]ative 9 =eign affairs2 ! ,outs w p]haps be m tru/+ or ent]ta9 ano!r set ( suspicions4 ,! ,ins may h favor$ c]ta9 manufactur+ int]e/s2 ! ,outs may favor agricultural int]e/s4 ,b ev5 ^! diff]+ t5d5cies are v small z comp>$ ) ! imm5se area ( agreem5t1 e/abli%$ habit & unavoidable necessity4 ,9 fact1 "o might say t a nation is politically /able :5 no?+ ( radical consequ5ce is det]m9$ by its elections4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a c]ta9 mock s]i\sness ab\t ! campaign+ = votes 9 well-e/abli%$ communities4 ,mu* ( ! excitem5t is n ab\t ! fate ( ! nation b simply ab\t ! outcome ( ! game4 ,"s ( ! excitem5t is s9c]e1 l any f]vor ( intoxication4 ,& mu* ( x is delib]ately /ok$ up by ! exp5diture ( money to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! mass ( ! vot]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ins & ! ,outs is no m ?an ?is3 ! ,ins1 aft] a t]m ( p[]1 become s committ$ to policies & s entangl$ ) p>ticul> int]e/s t !y lose _! neutral fre$om ( decision4 ,!y _c !n int]v5e to *eck ! arbitr>y movem5t ( ! int]e/s ) :i* !y h become align$4 ,!n x is "t = ! ,outs to take p[] & re/ore a balance4 ,! virtue ( ! ,outs 9 ?is transaction is t !y are n committ$ to ^? p>ticul> policies & ^? p>ticul> int]e/s :i* h become ov]weight$4 ,! te/ ( :e!r ! ,ins are h&l+ affairs effectively is ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( di/urb+ problems4 ,! ne$ ( re=m is recognizable1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] be=e ?is "o1 by ! te/ ( ass5t & ! te/ ( con=mity4 ,b x is my op9ion t = ! mo/ "p ! g5]al public _c back ea* re=m] on ea* issue4 ,x mu/ *oose betwe5 ! ,ins & ,outs on ! basis ( a cumulative judgm5t z to :e!r problems are be+ solv$ or aggravat$4 ,! p>ticul> re=m]s mu/ look = _! support normally to ! rul+ insid]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is to be any ref9em5t ( public op9ion x mu/ come f ! break+ up ( ^! :olesale judgm5ts into some:at m retail judgm5ts on ! major spectacul> issues ( ! day4 ,n all ( ! issues :i* int]e/ ! public are )9 ! scope ( politics & rea*able ?r\gh ! p>ty sy/em4 ,x seems wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to see :e!r any canons ( judgm5t c be =mulat$ :i* c\ld guide ! by/&]s 9 p>ticul> controv]sies4 ,! problem is to locate by cle> & co>se objective te/s ! actor 9 a controv]sy :o is mo/ wor?y ( public support4 #b ,:5 ! rule is pla91 its validity un*all5g$1 ! brea* cle> & ! aggressor pla9ly locat$1 ! "q does n arise4 ,! public supports ! ag5ts ( ! law1 ?\gh :5 ! law is work+ well ! support ( ! public is l ! gold res]ve ( a good bank3 x is kn[n to be !re & ne$ n be drawn ^u4 ,b 9 _m fields ( controv]sy ! rule is n pla91 or its validity is *all5g$2 ea* p>ty calls ! o!r aggressor1 ea* claims to be act+ = ! highe/ ideals ( mank9d4 ,9 disputes betwe5 nations1 betwe5 sectional int]e/s1 betwe5 classes1 betwe5 t[n & c\ntry1 betwe5 *ur*es1 ! rules ( adju/m5t are lack+ & ! argum5t ab\t !m is lo/ 9 a fog ( propag&a4 ,yet x is controv]sies ( ?is k9d1 ! h>de/ controv]sies to dis5tangle1 t ! public is call$ 9 to judge4 ,:]e ! facts are mo/ obscure1 :]e prec$5ts are lack+1 :]e novelty & confusion p]vade ev]y?+1 ! public 9 all its unfitness is compell$ to make its mo/ important decisions4 ,! h>de/ problems are ^? :i* in/itutions _c h&le4 ,!y are ! public's problems4 ,! "o te/ :i* ! memb]s ( a public c apply 9 ^! circum/ances is to note :i* p>ty to ! dispute is lea/ will+ to submit its :ole claim to inquiry & to abide by ! result4 ,?is does n mean t exp]ts are always exp]t or imp>tial tribunals really imp>tial4 ,x means simply t :]e ! public is =c$ to int]v5e 9 a /range & complex affair1 ! te/ ( public inquiry is ! sure/ clue to ! s9c]ity ( ! claimant1 to 8 confid5ce 9 8 ability to /& ! ordeal ( exam9ation1 to 8 will+ness to accept risks = ! sake ( 8 fai? 9 ! possibility ( rational human adju/m5ts4 ,he may impugn a p>ticul> tribunal4 ,b he mu/ at lea/ propose ano!r4 ,! te/ is :e!r1 9 ! abs5ce ( an e/abli%$ rule1 he is will+ to act accord+ to ! =ms ( law & by a process ?r\gh :i* law may be made4 ,( all ! te/s :i* public op9ion c employ1 ! te/ ( inquiry is ! mo/ g5]ally useful4 ,if ! p>ties are will+ to accept x1 !re is at once an atmosph]e ( reason4 ,!re is prospect ( a settlem5t4 ,fail+ t !re is at lea/ a delay ( summ>y action & an opportunity = ! cl>ification ( issues4 ,& fail+ t !re is a high probability t ! mo/ arbitr>y ( ! disputants w be isolat$ & cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,x is no wond] t ?is is ! pr9ciple invok$ = ! s-call$ nonju/iciable que/ions 9 all ! rec5t exp]im5ts "u ! cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations#be & ! ,protocol = ! ,pacific ,settlem5t ( ,int]national ,disputes4#bf ,= 9 apply+ ?is te/ ( inquiry1 :at we affirm is ?is3 ,t !re is a dispute4 ,t ! m]its are n cle>4 ,t ! policy :i* ought to be appli$ is n e/abli%$4 ,t1 nev]!less1 we ( ! public outside say t ^? :o are qu>rel+ mu/ act z if !re 7 law to cov] ! case4 ,t1 ev5 if ! mat]ial = a reason$ conclusion is lack+1 we dem& ! me?od & _s ( reason4 ,t we dem& any sacrifice t may be necess>y1 ! po/ponem5t ( satisfaction ( _! j ne$s1 ! risk t "o ( !m w be defeat$ & t an inju/ice w be done4 ,^! ?+s we affirm because we are ma9ta9+ a society bas$ on ! pr9ciple t all controv]sies are soluble by peaceable agreem5t4 ,!y may n be4 ,b on t dogma our society is f\nd$4 ,& t dogma we are compell$ to def5d4 ,we c def5d x1 too1 ) a good en\gh consci5ce1 h[ev] disconc]t+ "s ( its imm$iate consequ5ces may be4 ,=1 by insi/+ 9 all disputes ^u ! _s ( reason1 we %all t5d 9 ! long run to confirm ! habit ( reason4 ,& :]e t habit prevails no po9t ( view c seem absolute to him :o holds x1 & no problem betwe5 m5 s difficult t !re is n at lea/ a modus viv5di4 ,! te/ ( inquiry is ! ma/] te/ by :i* ! public c use its =ce to ext5d ! fronti]s ( reason4 #c ,b :ile ! te/ ( inquiry may di/+ui% ! p>ty :i* is entitl$ to initial support1 x is ( value only :]e "o p>ty refuses inquiry4 ,if all submit to inquiry1 x reveals no?+4 ,& 9 any ev5t x reveals no?+ ab\t ! prospects ( ! solution propos$4 ,! p>ty seek+ publicity may h less to conceal1 & may mean well1 b s9c]ity un=tunately is no index ( intellig5ce4 ,by :at crit]ia are ! public !n to judge ! new rule :i* is propos$ z a solution8 ,! public _c tell :e!r ! new rule w1 9 fact1 "w4 ,x may assume1 h[ev]1 t 9 a *ang+ _w no rule w always "w4 ,a rule1 !re=e1 %\ld be organiz$ s t exp]i5ce w cle>ly reveal its defects4 ,! rule %\ld be s cle> t a violation is app>5t4 ,b s9ce no g5]ality c cov] all cases1 ?is means simply t ! rule mu/ conta9 a settl$ proc$ure by :i* x c be int]pret$4 ,?us a treaty :i* says t a c]ta9 t]ritory %all be evacuat$ :5 c]ta9 conditions are fulfill$ is q defective1 & %\ld be condemn$1 if x does n provide a way ( def9+ exactly :at ^? conditions are & :5 !y h be5 fulfill$4 ,a rule1 9 o!r words1 mu/ include ! means ( its own cl>ification1 s t a brea* %all be und5iably ov]t4 ,!n only does x take acc\nt ( exp]i5ce :i* no human intellig5ce c =esee4 ,x foll[s f ?is t a rule mu/ be organiz$ s t x c be am5d$ )\t revolution4 ,revision mu/ be possible by cons5t4 ,b ass5t is n always giv51 ev5 :5 ! argum5ts 9 favor ( a *ange are ov]:elm+4 ,m5 w /& on :at !y call _! rights4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t deadlock %\ld be dissoluble1 a rule %\ld provide t subject to a c]ta9 =mal proc$ure ! controv]sy ov] revision %all be public4 ,?is w (t5 break up ! ob/ruction4 ,:]e x does n1 ! community is pretty c]ta9 to become engag$ on behalf ( "o ( ! p>tisans4 ,?is is likely to be inconv5i5t to all conc]n$1 & ! inconv5i5ce due to m$dl+ 9 ! sub/ance ( a controv]sy by a crude1 viol5t & badly aim$ public op9ion at lea/ may tea* ^? directly conc]n$ n to invoke int]f]5ce ! next "t4 ,b al?\gh am5dm5t %\ld be possible1 x %\ld n be cont9ual or un=ese54 ,!re %\ld be "t = habit & cu/om to =m4 ,! pot %\ld n be made to boil all ! "t1 or be /irr$ up = "s comp>atively insignificant reason1 :5ev] an orator sees a *ance to make himself important4 ,s9ce ! habits & expectations ( _m diff]5t p]sons are involv$ 9 an in/itution1 "s way mu/ be f\nd ( giv+ x /ability )\t freez+ x 9 /atu quo4 ,?is c be done by requir+ t am5dm5t %all be 9 ord] only aft] due notice4 ,:at due notice may be 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ! public _c say4 ,only ! p>ties at int]e/ are likely to "k :]e ! rhy?m ( _! affairs c be int]rupt$ mo/ conv5i5tly4 ,due notice w be "o p]iod ( "t = m5 op]at+ on long commitm5ts & ano!r = m5 op]at+ on %ort ones4 ,b ! public c wat* to see :e!r ! pr9ciple ( due notice is embodi$ 9 ! propos$ settlem5t4 ,to judge a new rule1 !n1 ! te/s propos$ "h are ?ree3 ,does x provide = its own cl>ification8 = its own am5dm5t by cons5t8 = due notice t am5dm5t w be propos$8 ,! te/s are design$ = use 9 judg+ ! prospects ( a settlem5t n by its sub/ance b by its proc$ure4 ,a re=m :i* satisfies ^! te/s is normally entitl$ to public support4 #d ,?is is z f> z ,i "k h[ at pres5t to "w out an answ] to ! "q :i* we inh]it f ,ari/otle3 c simple crit]ia be =mulat$ :i* w %[ ! by/&] :]e to align himself 9 complex affairs8 ,i h sugge/$ t ! ma9 value ( debate is n t x reveals ! tru? ab\t ! controv]sy to ! audi5ce b t x may id5tify ! p>tisans4 ,i h sugge/$ fur!r t a problem exi/s :]e a rule ( action is defective1 & t its defectiv5ess c be/ be judg$ by ! public ?r\gh ! te/ ( ass5t & ! te/ ( con=mity4 ,= rem$ies ,i h assum$ t normally ! public mu/ turn to ! ,outs z aga9/ ! ,ins1 al?\gh ^! :olesale judgm5ts may be ref9$ by m analytical te/s = specific issues4 ,z samples ( ^! m analytical te/s ,i h sugge/$ ! te/ ( inquiry = confus$ controv]sies1 & = re=ms ! te/ ( int]pretation1 ( am5dm5t & ( due notice4 ,^! crit]ia are nei!r exhau/ive nor def9itive4 ,yet1 h[ev] mu* te/s ( ?is "* are improv$ by practice & reflection1 x seems to me !re always mu/ rema9 _m public affairs to :i* !y _c be appli$4 ,i d n believe t ! public c int]v5e successfully 9 all public que/ions4 ,_m problems _c be advanc$ by t obtuse p>tisan%ip :i* is fundam5tally all t ! public c br+ to be> ^u !m4 ,!re is no reason to be surpris$1 !re=e1 if ! te/s ,i h outl9$1 or any o!rs t are a va/ improvem5t ^u !m1 are n readily applicable to all que/ions t are rais$ 9 ! discussions ( ! day4 ,i %\ld simply ma9ta9 t :]e ! memb]s ( a public _c use te/s ( ?is sort z a guide to action1 ! wise/ c\rse = !m is n to act at all4 ,!y _h bett] be neutral1 if !y c re/ra9 !mselves1 ?an bl9dly p>tisan4 ,= :]e ev5ts are s confus$ or s subtly balanc$ or s h>d to und]/& t !y d n yield to judgm5ts ( ! k9d ,i h be5 outl9+ "h1 ! probabilities are v great t ! public c produce only muddle if x m$dles4 ,= n all problems are soluble 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human k4 ,_m :i* may be soluble are n soluble ) any =ce ! public c ex]t4 ,"s "t alone w cure1 & "s are ! fate ( man4 ,x is n ess5tial1 !re=e1 always to d some?+4 ,x foll[s t ! prop] limits ( int]v5tion by ! public 9 affairs are det]m9$ by its capacity to make judgm5ts4 ,^! limits may be ext5d$ z new & bett] crit]ia are =mulat$1 or z m5 become m exp]t ?r\gh practice4 ,b :]e !re are no te/s1 :]e su* te/s z ^! _c be us$1 :]e1 9 o!r words1 only an op9ion on ! actual m]its ( ! dispute itself w\ld be ( any use1 any positive action ! by/&]s are likely to take is almo/ c]ta9 to be m ( a nuisance ?an a b5efit4 ,_! duty is to keep an op5 m9d & wait to see4 ,! exi/5ce ( a usable te/ is itself ! te/ ( :e!r ! public ought to int]v5e4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,articles ,,xiii1 ,,xv4 #bf ,articles #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj4 ,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,public ,,op9ion #a ,! te/s outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s h c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics4 ,!y all select a few samples ( behavior or a few aspects ( a proposal4 ,!y measure ^! samples by r\gh b objective1 by highly g5]aliz$ b def9ite /&>ds4 ,& !y yield a judgm5t :i* is to ju/ify ! public 9 align+ itself = or aga9/ c]ta9 actors 9 ! matt] at issue4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 set great /ore ^u my =mulation ( ^! te/s4 ,t is :olly t5tative1 be+ put out m]ely z a basis ( discussion & to demon/rate t ! =mulation ( te/s suit$ to ! nature ( public op9ion is n impracticable4 ,b ,i d atta* great importance to ! "* ( ^! te/s4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ !m are ^!3 #a4 ,executive action is n = ! public4 ,! public acts only by align+ itself z ! p>tisan ( "s "o 9 a position to act executively4 #b4 ,! intr9sic m]its ( a "q are n = ! public4 ,! public int]v5es f ! outside ^u ! "w ( ! insid]s4 #c4 ,! anticipation1 ! analysis & ! solution ( a "q are n = ! public4 ,! public's judgm5t re/s on a small sample ( ! facts at issue4 #d4 ,! specific1 te*nical1 intimate crit]ia requir$ 9 ! h&l+ ( a "q are n = ! public4 ,! public's crit]ia are g5]aliz$ = _m problems2 !y turn ess5tially on proc$ure & ! ov]t1 ext]nal =ms ( behavior4 #e4 ,:at is left = ! public is a judgm5t z to :e!r ! actors 9 ! controv]sy are foll[+ a settl$ rule ( behavior or _! own arbitr>y desires4 ,?is judgm5t mu/ be made by sampl+ an ext]nal aspect ( ! behavior ( ! insid]s4 #f4 ,9 ord] t ?is sampl+ %all be p]t95t1 x is necess>y to discov] crit]ia1 suitable to ! nature ( public op9ion1 :i* c be reli$ ^u to di/+ui% betwe5 reasonable & arbitr>y behavior4 #g4 ,= ! purposes ( social action1 reasonable behavior is conduct :i* foll[s a settl$ c\rse :e!r 9 mak+ a rule1 9 en=c+ x or 9 am5d+ x4 ,x is ! task ( ! political sci5ti/ to devise ! me?ods ( sampl+ & to def9e ! crit]ia ( judgm5t4 ,x is ! task ( civic education 9 a democracy to tra9 ! public 9 ! use ( ^! me?ods4 ,x is ! task ( ^? :o build in/itutions to take !m into acc\nt4 #b ,^! pr9ciples diff] radically f ^? on :i* democratic re=m]s h proce$$4 ,at ! root ( ! ef=t to educate a p = self-gov]nm5t !re has1 ,i believe1 always be5 ! assumption t ! vot] %\ld aim to approximate z ne>ly z he c ! k & ! po9t ( view ( ! responsible man4 ,he did n1 ( c\rse1 9 ! mass1 ev] approximate x v ne>ly4 ,b he 0 suppos$ to4 ,x 0 believ$ t if only he c\ld be taught m facts1 if only he w\ld take m int]e/1 if only he w\ld read m & bett] newspap]s1 if only he w\ld li/5 to m lectures & read m reports1 he w\ld gradually be tra9$ to direct public affairs4 ,! :ole assumption is false4 ,x re/s ^u a false conception ( public op9ion & a false conception ( ! way ! public acts4 ,no s\nd s*eme ( civic education c come ( x4 ,no progress c be made t[>d ?is unatta9able ideal4 ,?is democratic conception is false because x fails to note ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! insid] & ! outsid]2 x is fundam5tally askew because x asks ! outsid] to deal z successfully ) ! sub/ance ( a "q z ! insid]4 ,he _c d x4 ,no s*eme ( education c equip him 9 advance = all ! problems ( mank9d2 no device ( publicity1 no ma*9]y ( enlight5m5t1 c end[ him dur+ a crisis ) ! antec$5t detail$ & te*nical k :i* is requir$ = executive action4 ,! democratic ideal has nev] def9$ ! function ( ! public4 ,x has treat$ ! public z an immature1 %ad[y executive ( all ?+s4 ,! confusion is deep-seat$ 9 a my/ical notion ( society4 8,! p0 7 reg>d$ z a p]son2 _! wills z a w2 _! ideas z a m9d2 _! mass z an organism ) an organic unity ( :i* ! individual 0 a cell4 ,?us ! vot] id5tifi$ himself ) ! (ficials4 ,he tri$ to ?9k t _! ?\ghts 7 8 ?\ghts1 t _! de$s 7 8 de$s1 & ev5 t 9 "s my/]i\s way !y 7 a "p ( him4 ,all ?is confusion ( id5tities l$ naturally to ! !ory t ev]ybody 0 do+ ev]y?+4 ,x prev5t$ democracy f arriv+ at a cle> idea ( its own limits & atta9able ends4 ,x obscur$ = ! purposes ( gov]nm5t & social education ! sep>ation ( function & ! specialization 9 tra9+ :i* h gradually be5 e/abli%$ 9 mo/ human activities4 ,democracy1 !re=e1 has nev] develop$ an education = ! public4 ,x has m]ely giv5 x a smatt]+ ( ! k9d ( k :i* ! responsible man requires4 ,x has1 9 fact1 aim$ n at mak+ good citiz5s b at mak+ a mass ( amateur executives4 ,x has n taught ! *ild h[ to act z a memb] ( ! public4 ,x has m]ely giv5 him a ha/y1 incomplete ta/e ( :at he might h to "k if he m$dl$ 9 ev]y?+4 ,! result is a bewild]$ public & a mass ( insuffici5tly tra9$ (ficials4 ,! responsible m5 h obta9$ _! tra9+ n f ! c\rses 9 8civics0 b 9 ! law s*ools & law (fices & 9 bus9ess4 ,! public at l>ge1 :i* includes ev]ybody outside ! field ( 8 own responsible k1 has _h no coh]5t political tra9+ ( any k9d4 ,our civic education does n ev5 beg9 to tell ! vot] h[ he c r$uce ! maze ( public affairs to "s intelligible =m4 ,critics h n be5 lack+1 ( c\rse1 :o po9t$ out :at a ha% democracy 0 mak+ ( its pret5sions to gov]nm5t4 ,^! critics h se5 t ! important decisions 7 tak5 by individuals1 & t public op9ion 0 un9=m$1 irrelevant & m$dlesome4 ,!y h usually conclud$ t !re 0 a cong5ital diff]5ce betwe5 ! ma/]ful few & ! ignorant _m4 ,!y are ! victims ( a sup]ficial analysis ( ! evils !y see s cle>ly4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce :i* matt]s is t betwe5 insid]s & outsid]s4 ,_! relations to a problem are radically diff]5t4 ,only ! insid] c make decisions1 n because he is inh]5tly a bett] man b because he is s plac$ t he c und]/& & c act4 ,! outsid] is necess>ily ignorant1 usually irrelevant & (t5 m$dlesome1 because he is try+ to navigate ! %ip f dry l&4 ,t is :y excell5t automobile manufactur]s1 lit]>y critics & sci5ti/s (t5 talk su* nons5se ab\t politics4 ,_! cong5ital excell5ce1 if x exi/s1 reveals itself only 9 _! own activity4 ,! ari/ocratic !ori/s "w f ! fallacy ( suppos+ t a suffici5tly excell5t squ>e peg w also fit a r\nd hole4 ,9 %ort1 l ! democratic !ori/s1 !y miss ! ess5ce ( ! matt]1 :i* is1 t compet5ce exi/s only 9 relation to function2 t m5 are n good1 b good = some?+2 t m5 _c be educat$1 b only educat$ = some?+4 ,education = citiz5%ip1 = memb]%ip 9 ! public1 ought1 !re=e1 to be di/9ct f education = public (fice4 ,citiz5%ip involves a radically diff]5t relation to affairs1 requires diff]5t intellectual habits & diff]5t me?ods ( action4 ,! =ce ( public op9ion is p>tisan1 spasmodic1 simple-m9d$ & ext]nal4 ,x ne$s = its direction1 z ,i h tri$ to %[ 9 ^! *apt]s1 a new intellectual me?od :i* %all provide x ) its own usable canons ( judgm5t4 ,,"p ,,iii ,*apt] ,,xiv ,,society ,,9 ,,its ,,place #a ,a false ideal ( democracy c lead only to disillusionm5t & to m$dlesome tyranny4 ,if democracy _c direct affairs1 !n a philosophy :i* expects x to direct !m w enc\rage ! p to attempt ! impossible2 !y w fail1 b t w int]f]e outrage\sly ) ! productive lib]ties ( ! individual4 ,! public mu/ be put 9 its place1 s t x may ex]cise its own p[]s1 b no less & p]haps ev5 m1 s t ea* ( u may live free ( ! trampl+ & ! ro> ( a bewild]$ h]d4 #b ,! s\rce ( t bewild]m5t lies1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! attempt to ascribe organic unity & purpose to society4 ,we h be5 taught to ?9k ( society z a body1 ) a m9d1 a s\l & a purpose1 n z a collection ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5 ^: m9ds1 s\ls & purposes are v>i\sly relat$4 ,in/ead ( be+ all[$ to ?9k reali/ically ( a complex ( social relations1 we h _h foi/$ ^u u by v>i\s great propagative movem5ts ! notion ( a my?ical entity1 call$ ,society1 ! ,nation1 ! ,community4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury society 0 p]sonifi$ "u ! influ5ce l>gely ( ! nationali/ & ! sociali/ movem5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! doctr9al influ5ces 9 its own way insi/$ ^u treat+ ! public z ! ag5t ( an ov]ma/]+ social purpose4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! real ag5ts 7 ! nationali/ lead]s & _! lieut5ants1 ! social re=m]s & _! lieut5ants4 ,b !y mov$ beh9d a veil ( imag]y4 ,& ! public 0 habituat$ to ?9k t any "o con=m+ to ! /]eotype ( nationalism or ( social welf>e 0 entitl$ to support4 ,:at ! nationali/ rul]s ?\ght & did 0 ! nation's purpose1 & ! t\*/one = all patriots2 :at ! re=m]s propos$ 0 ! b5evol5t consci\sness ( ! human race mov+ my/]i\sly b progressively t[>d p]fection4 ,! deception 0 s g5]ally practis$ t x 0 (t5 practis$ s9c]ely4 ,b to ma9ta9 ! fiction t _! purposes 7 ! _s ( mank9d1 public m5 _h to accu/om !mselves to tell+ ! public only a "p ( :at !y told !mselves4 ,&1 incid5tally1 !y confess$ to !mselves only a "p ( ! tru? on :i* !y 7 act+4 ,c&or 9 public life became a "q ( policy & n a rule ( life4 8,he may judge rightly10 ,mr4 ,keynes once said ( ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1#bg 8t ?is is ! be/ ( :i* a democracy is capable1--to be jockey$1 humbugg$1 cajol$ along ! "r road4 ,a prejudice = tru? or = s9c]ity z a me?od may be a prejudice bas$ on "s /hetic or p]sonal /&>d inconsi/5t1 9 politics1 ) practical good4 ,we _c yet tell40 ,we d "k1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 t all ! c>ds are n laid face up ^u ! table4 ,= h[ev] deep ! p]sonal prejudice ( ! /atesman 9 favor ( tru? z a me?od1 he is almo/ c]ta9ly =c$ to treat tru? z an elem5t ( policy4 ,! evid5ce on ?is po9t is ov]:elm+4 ,no /atesman risks ! safety ( an army out ( %e] devotion to tru?4 ,he does n endang] a diplomatic negotiation 9 ord] to enlight5 ev]ybody4 ,he does n usually =feit 8 advantages 9 an election 9 ord] to speak pla9ly4 ,he does n admit 8 own mi/akes because confession is s good = ! s\l4 ,9 s f> z he has p[] to control ! publication ( tru?1 he manipulates x to :at he consid]s ! necessities ( action1 ( b>ga9+1 morale & pre/ige4 ,he may misjudge ! necessities4 ,he may exagg]ate ! goodness ( 8 aims4 ,b :]e !re is a purpose 9 public affairs !re are also app>5t necessities :i* weigh 9 ! balance aga9/ ! indiscreet expression ( belief4 ,! public man does n & _c act on ! fiction t 8 m9d is also ! public m9d4 ,y _c acc\nt = ?is1 z angry democrats h done by dismiss+ all public m5 z di%one/4 ,x is n a "q ( p]sonal morals4 ,! bus9ess man1 ! trade-union lead]1 ! college presid5t1 ! m9i/] ( religion1 ! editor1 ! critic & ! prophet1 all feel z ,jeff]son did :5 he wrote t 8al?\gh we (t5 wi%$ to g fa/] we slack5$ our pace t our less ard5t colleagues might keep pace ) u 444 & by ?is h>mony ( ! bold ) ! cauti\s1 we advanc$ ) our con/itu5ts 9 undivid$ mass40#bh ,! necessity = an 8undivid$ mass0 makes m5 put tru? 9 ! second place4 ,i d n wi% to argue t ! necessity is n (t5 a real "o4 ,:5 a /atesman tells me t x is n safe = him to disclose all ! facts1 ,i am cont5t to tru/ him 9 ?is if ,i tru/ him at all4 ,!re is no?+ mislead+ 9 a frank refusal to tell4 ,! mis*ief comes 9 ! pret5se t all is be+ told1 t ! public is entirely 9 ! confid5ce ( ! public man4 ,& t mis*ief has its s\rce 9 ! sophi/ry t ! public & all ! individuals compos+ x are "o m9d1 "o s\l1 "o purpose4 ,x is se5 to be an absurd sophi/ry1 once we look x /raight 9 ! face4 ,x is an unnecess>y sophi/ry4 ,= we d well en\gh ) doctors1 ?\gh we are ignorant ( m$ic9e1 & ) eng9e driv]s1 ?\gh we _c drive a locomotive2 :y n1 !n1 ) a ,s5ator1 ?\gh we _c pass an exam9ation on ! m]its ( an agricultural bill8 ,yet we are s deeply indoctr9at$ ) ! notion ( union bas$ ^u id5tity1 t we are mo/ reluctant to admit t !re is room 9 ! _w = diff]5t & m or less sep>ate purposes4 ,! moni/ic !ory has an air ( great /ability ab\t x2 we are afraid if we d n hang toge!r we %all all hang sep>ately4 ,! plurali/ic !ory1 z its lead+ advocate1 ,mr4 ,laski1 has po9t$ out1 seems to c>ry ) x 8a h9t ( an>*y40#bi ,yet ! sugge/ion is grossly exagg]at$4 ,!re is lea/ an>*y precisely 9 ^? areas ( society :]e sep>ate functions are mo/ cle>ly def9$ & br\ght into ord]ly adju/m5t2 !re is mo/ an>*y 9 ^? twilight zones betwe5 nations1 betwe5 employ]s & employees1 betwe5 sections & classes & races1 :]e no?+ is cle>ly def9$1 :]e sep>at5ess ( purpose is cov]$ up & confus$1 :]e false unities are wor%ip$1 & ea* special int]e/ is =ev] proclaim+ itself ! voice ( ! p & attempt+ to impose its purpose ^u ev]ybody z ! purpose ( all mank9d4 #c ,to ?is confusion lib]alism has ) ! k9de/ int5tions contribut$ greatly4 ,its ma9 insight 0 into ! prejudices ( ! individual2 ! lib]al discov]$ a me?od ( prov+ t m5 are f9ite1 t !y _c escape f ! fle%4 ,f ! s-call$ age ( enlight5m5t d[n to our day ! heavy guns ( criticism h be5 us$ to make m5 realize t !y submit1 z ,bacon said1 ! %ad[s ( ?+s to ! desires ( ! m9d4 ,once ! resi/ance 0 brok5 by pro( t man belong$ to ! natural _w1 8 pret5sions to absolute c]ta9ty 7 attack$ f e qu>t]4 ,he 0 %[n ! hi/ory ( 8 ideas & ( 8 cu/oms1 & he 0 driv5 to ackn[l$ge t !y 7 b\nd$ by "t & space & circum/ance4 ,he 0 %[n t !re is a bias 9 all op9ion1 ev5 9 op9ion purg$ ( desire1 = ! man :o holds ! op9ion mu/ /& at "s po9t 9 space & "t & c see n ! :ole _w b only ! _w z se5 f t po9t4 ,s m5 le>n$ t !y saw a little ?r\gh _! own eyes1 & mu* m ?r\gh reports ( :at o!r m5 ?\ght !y _h se54 ,!y 7 made to und]/& t all human eyes h habits ( vision1 :i* are (t5 /]eotyp$1 :i* always ?r[ facts into a p]spective2 & t ! :ole ( exp]i5ce is m sophi/icat$ ?an ! nave m9d suspects4 ,= its pictures ( ! _w are drawn f ?+s half he>d & ( ?+s half se52 !y deal ) ! %ad[s ( ?+s un/eadily1 & submit unconsci\sly to ! desires ( ! m9d4 ,x 0 an amaz+ & unsettl+ revelation1 & lib]alism nev] q knew :at to d ) x4 ,9 a !at] 9 ,mosc[ a c]ta9 ,m4 ,yevreyn(f c>ri$ ! revelation to "o ( its logical conclusions4 ,he produc$ ! monodrama4#cj ,?is is a play 9 :i* ! action1 ! sett+ & all ! *>act]s are se5 by ! audi5ce ?r\gh ! eyes ( "o "* only1 z ! h]o sees !m1 & !y take on ! quality :i* 8 m9d imag9es !y possess4 ,?us 9 ! old !at]1 if ! h]o drank too mu*1 he reel$ 9 ! mid/ ( a sob] environm5t4 ,b 9 ,m4 ,yevreyn(f's supremely lib]al !at]1 if ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,macg[an's acc\nt ( x correctly1 ! drunk>d w n reel ab\t ! lamppo/2 two lamppo/s w reel ab\t him1 & he w be dress$1 because t is ! way he feels1 l ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,m4 ,yevreyn(f has tr\bl$ me a good deal1 = he seem$ to h f9i%$ (f ! lib]al ) a fool's cap1 & left him sitt+ 9 a _w t does n exi/1 except z s _m crazy mirrors reflect+ 8 own follies "o ^u ! o!r4 ,b !n ,i recall$ t ,m4 ,yevreyn(f's logic 0 defective & make-believe4 ,he _h all ! "t /ood sob]ly outside 8 own drunk5 h]o1 & s _h 8 audi5ce2 ! univ]se _h n aft] all gone up 9 ! smoke ( "o fantasy2 ! drunk5 h]o _h 8 po9t ( view1 b1 aft] all1 !re 7 o!rs1 j z au!ntic1 ) :i* 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] he might collide4 ,!re might be a policeman1 = example1 ) fantasies to be sure1 b 8 own1 :o w\ld break 9 ^u ! monodrama & rem9d ! h]o1 & u1 t :5 we submit ! %ad[s ( ?+s to ! desires ( ! m9d we d n submit ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b :ile all ?is does v9dicate ! sanity ( ! lib]al criticism1 x does n answ] ! "q3 s9ce e action has to be tak5 by somebody1 s9ce ev]ybody is 9 "s degree a drunk5 h]o ) two lamppo/s teet]+ ab\t him1 h[ c any common good be fur!r$ by ?is creature :o is dom9at$ by 8 special purposes8 ,! answ] 0 t x c\ld be fur!r$ by tam+ 8 purposes1 enlight5+ !m & fitt+ !m into ea* o!r z ! viol9 & ! drum are fitt$ toge!r into ! or*e/ra4 ,! answ] 0 n acceptable 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 m51 9 spite ( all _! iconoclasm1 7 /ill haunt$ by ! phantom ( id5tity4 ,s lib]als refus$ to write h>moni\s b sep>ate p>ts = ! viol9i/ & ! drumm]4 ,!y made1 in/ead1 a noble appeal to _! highe/ in/9cts4 ,!y spoke ov] ! heads ( m5 to man4 ,^! g5]al appeals 7 z vague z !y 7 broad4 ,!y gave p>ticul> m5 no clue z to h[ to behave s9c]ely1 b !y furni%$ !m ) an excell5t masqu]ade :5 !y behav$ arbitr>ily4 ,?us ! trapp+s ( lib]alism came into ! s]vice ( comm]cial exploit]s1 ( pr(ite]s & prohibitioni/s & j+oes1 ( *>latans & ! mak]s ( buncombe4 ,= lib]alism _h burn$ d[n ! b>n to roa/ ! pig4 ,! discov]y ( prejudice 9 all p>ticul> m5 gave ! lib]al a %ock f :i* he nev] recov]$4 ,he 0 s utt]ly disconc]t$ by 8 own discov]y ( a necess>y b p]fectly obvi\s tru?1 t he took flight into g5]alities4 ,! appeal to ev]ybody's consci5ce gave nobody a clue h[ to act2 ! vot]1 ! politician1 ! labor]1 ! capitali/ _h to con/ruct _! own codes ad hoc1 accompani$ p]haps by an expansive lib]al s5tim5t1 b )\t intellectual guidance f lib]al ?\ght4 ,9 "t1 :5 lib]alism _h lo/ its accid5tal association ) free trade & laissez faire1 ?r\gh _! ab&onm5t 9 practice1 x sadly ju/ifi$ itself z a necess>y & useful _s1 z a k9d ( g5ial spook wor? hav+ ar\nd ! place4 ,= :5 individual m51 guid$ by no philosophy b _! own tempor>y rationalizations1 got !mselves embroil$1 ! spook w\ld appe> & 9 a p]oration /raight5 out ! m arbitr>y biases !y display$4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is disembodi$ /ate lib]alism is important4 ,x t5ds to awak5 a mild] _s2 x s(t5s ! h>dness ( action4 ,b x does n dom9ate action1 because x has elim9at$ ! actor f its s*eme ( ?+s4 ,x _c say3 ,y d ?is & y d t1 z all rul+ philosophies mu/4 ,x c only say3 ,t isn't fair1 t's selfi%1 t's tyrannical4 ,lib]alism has be51 !re=e1 a def5d] ( ! "u dog1 & 8 lib]ator1 b n 8 guide1 :5 he is free4 ,top dog himself1 he easily leaves 8 lib]alism aside1 & to lib]als ! s\r reflection t !y h =g$ a weapon ( release b n a way ( life4 ,! lib]als h misund]/ood ! nature ( ! public to :i* !y appeal$4 ,! public 9 any situation is1 9 fact1 m]ely ^? p]sons1 indirectly conc]n$1 :o might align !mselves 9 support ( "o ( ! actors4 ,b ! lib]al took no su* un9flat$ view ( ! public4 ,he assum$ t all mank9d 0 )9 he>+1 t all mank9d :5 x he>d w\ld respond homog5e\sly because x _h a s+le s\l4 ,8 appeal to ?is cosmopolitan1 univ]sal1 dis9t]e/$ intuition 9 ev]ybody 0 equival5t to an appeal to nobody4 ,no su* fallacy is to be f\nd 9 ! political philosophies :i* active m5 h liv$ by4 ,!y h all assum$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ evil x 0 necess>y to call ^u "s specific ag5t to d ! "w4 ,ev5 :5 ! ?9k] 0 out ( temp] ) ! human race1 he _h always hi!rto made somebody ! h]o ( 8 campaign4 ,x 0 ! peculi>ity ( lib]alism among !ories :i* h play$ a great "p 9 ! _w t x attempt$ to elim9ate ! h]o entirely4 ,plato w\ld c]ta9ly h ?\ght ?is /range3 8 ,republic is a tract on ! prop] education ( a rul+ class4 ,dante1 9 ! turmoil ( ?irte5? c5tury ,flor5ce1 seek+ ord] & /ability1 address$ himself n to ! consci5ce ( ,*ri/5dom b to ! ,imp]ial ,p>ty4 ,! great /ate build]s ( mod]n times1 ,hamilton1 ,cav\r1 ,bism>ck1 ,l591 ea* _h 9 m9d somebody1 "s gr\p ( real p1 :o 7 to realize 8 program4 ,! ag5ts 9 ! !ory h v>i$1 ( c\rse2 "h !y are ! l&lords1 !n ! peasants1 or ! unions1 or ! milit>y class1 or ! manufactur]s2 !re are !ories address$ to a *ur*1 to ! rul+ classes 9 p>ticul> nations1 to "s nation or race4 ,! !ories are always1 except 9 ! lib]al philosophy1 address$ to somebody4 ,by comp>ison ! lib]al philosophy has an air ( vague unworld9ess4 ,yet ! reg>d ( m5 = x has be5 p]si/5t2 someh[ or o!r ) all ! lapses 9 its logic & ) all its practical weaknesses x t\*es a human ne$4 ,^! appeals f m5 to man3 are !y n a way ( say+ t m5 desire peace1 t !re is a h>mony atta9able 9 :i* all m5 c live & let live8 ,x seems s to me4 ,! attempt to escape f p>ticul> purposes into "s univ]sal purpose1 f p]sonality into some?+ imp]sonal1 is1 to be sure1 a flight f ! human problem1 b x is at ! same "t a demon/ration ( h[ we wi% to see t problem solv$4 ,we seek an adju/m5t1 z p]fect z possible1 z untr\bl$ z x 0 be=e we 7 born4 ,ev5 if man 7 a fight+ animal1 z "s say he is1 he w\ld wi% = a _w 9 :i* he c\ld fight p]fectly1 ) enemies fleet en\gh to ext5d him & n too fleet to elude him4 ,all m5 desire _! own p]fect adju/m5t1 b !y desire x1 be+ f9ite m51 on _! own t]ms4 ,because lib]alism c\ld n accommodate ! univ]sal ne$ ( adju/m5t to ! p]man5ce & ! reality ( individual purpose1 x rema9$ an incomplete1 a disembodi$ philosophy4 ,x 0 fru/rat$ ov] ! anci5t problem ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m4 ,yet ! problem is n s insoluble once we cease to p]sonify society4 ,x is only :5 we are compell$ to p]sonify society t we are puzzl$ z to h[ _m sep>ate organic individuals c be unit$ 9 "o homog5e\s organic individual4 ,?is logical und]bru% is cle>$ away if we ?9k ( society n z ! "n ( a ?+ b z ! "n ( all ! adju/m5ts betwe5 individuals & _! ?+s4 ,!n1 we c say )\t !oretical qualms :at common s5se pla9ly tells u is s3 x is ! individuals :o act1 n society2 x is ! individuals :o ?9k1 n ! collective m9d2 x is ! pa9t]s :o pa9t1 n ! arti/ic _s ( ! age2 x is ! soldi]s :o fight & are kill$1 n ! nation2 x is ! m]*ant :o exports1 n ! c\ntry4 ,x is _! relations ) ea* o!r t con/itute a society4 ,& x is ab\t ! ord]+ ( ^? relations t ! individuals n executively conc]n$ 9 a specific disord] may h public op9ions & may int]v5e z a public4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,john ,mayn>d ,keynes1 ,a ,revision ( ! ,treaty1 p4 #d4 #bh ,9 a lett] to ,william ,wirt1 cit$ by ,john ,%>p ,williams1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 p4 #g4 #bi ,h>old ,j4 ,laski1 ,/udies 9 ! ,problem ( ,sov]eignty1 p4 #bd4 #cj ,k5ne? ,macg[an1 ,! ,!atre ( ,tomorr[1 pp4 #bdi-ej4 ,*apt] ,,xv ,,abs5tee ,,rul]s #a ,! practical effect ( ! moni/ic !ories ( society has be5 to rationalize t va/ conc5trat+ ( political & economic p[] 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live4 ,s9ce society 0 suppos$ to h organic purposes ( its own1 x came to seem q reasonable t ^! purposes %\ld be made manife/ to a p by laws & decisions f a c5tral po9t4 ,somebody _h to h a purpose reveal$ to him :i* c\ld be treat$ z ! common purpose2 if x 0 to be accept$ x _h to be en=c$ by comm&2 if x 0 really to look l ! national purpose1 x _h to be h&$ d[n z a rule b9d+ ^u all4 ,?us m5 c\ld say ) ,goe!3 8,& !n a mighty "w complet$ /&s1 ,"o m9d suffices = a ?\s& h&s40#ca ,9 ?is fa%ion ! eulogies ( ! ,great ,society h be5 made4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago x 0 possible = :ole civilizations z mature z ! ,*9ese & ! ,greco-,roman to coexi/ 9 total indiff]5ce to "o ano!r4 ,today ! food supplies1 ! raw mat]ials1 ! manufactures1 ! communications & ! peace ( ! _w con/itute "o great sy/em :i* _c be ?r[n sev]ely out ( balance 9 any "p )\t di/urb+ ! :ole4 ,look$ at f ! top1 ! sy/em 9 its f>-flung & intricate adju/m5ts has a c]ta9 gr&eur4 ,x might1 z "s hopeful p]sons ?9k1 ev5 ultimately mean ! bro!rhood ( man s9ce all m5 liv+ 9 advanc$ communities are n[ 9 q obvi\s fa%ion dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r4 ,b ! individual man _c look at ! sy/em /eadily f ! top or see x 9 its ultimate speculative possibilities4 ,= him x means 9 practice1 along ) ! rise 9 c]ta9 ( 8 mat]ial /&>ds ( life1 a n]ve-wrack+ increase ( ! incalculable =ces t be> ^u 8 fate4 ,my neighbor 9 ! c\ntry :o borr[$ money to raise potatoes :i* he _c sell = ca% looks at ! bills f ! village /ore ask+ = imm$iate ca% paym5ts1 & does n %>e ! philosophic hopeful view ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! _w4 ,:5 unse5 commission m]*ants 9 ,new ,york ,city refuse 8 potatoes1 ! calamity is z dumf\nd+ z a dr\ght or a plague ( locu/s4 ,! h>ve/ 9 ,septemb] ( ! plant+ 9 ,may is n[ det]m9$ n only by w9d & wea!r1 :i* 8 religion has f "t immemorial ju/ifi$1 b by a tangle ( di/ant human arrangem5ts ( :i* only loose ?reads are 9 8 h&s4 ,he may live m ri*ly ?an 8 ance/ors2 he may be weal?i] & heal?i] &1 = all he kn[s1 ev5 happi]4 ,b he gambles ) ! behavior ( unse5 m5 9 a bewild]+ way4 ,8 relations ) invisibly manag$ m>kets are decisively important = him2 8 own =esight is n dep5dable4 ,he is a l9k 9 a *a9 t /ret*es beyond 8 horizon4 ,! rle t salesman%ip & speculation play is a measure ( ! spread betwe5 ! "w m5 d & ! results4 ,to m>ket ! output ( ,lanca%ire1 says ,dibblee1#cb 8! m]*ants & w>eh\sem5 ( ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool1 n to m5tion ! m>ket+ organizations 9 o!r ,lanca%ire t[ns1 h a great] capital employ$ ?an t requir$ 9 all ! manufactur+ indu/ries ( ! cotton trade40 ,&1 accord+ to ,&]son's calculations1#cc ! gra9 receiv$ at ,*icago 9 #aiae 0 sold sixty-two times 9 futures1 z well z an unkn[n numb] ( times 9 spot transactions4 ,:]e m5 produce = invisible & unc]ta9 m>kets 8! initial plans ( ent]pris]s0#cd _c be adequate4 ,! adju/m5ts1 (t5 v crude & co/ly1 are effect$ by salesman%ip & speculation4 ,"u ^! conditions nei!r ! discipl9e ( ! craftsman :o controls 8 process f beg9n+ to end nor ! virtues ( ?rift1 economy & "w are a complete guide to a successful c>e]4 ,defoe 9 8 ,complete ,engli% ,tradesman#ce c\ld say t 8trade is n a ball :]e p appe> 9 masque & act a "p to make sport 444 b is a pla91 visible sc5e ( hone/ life 444 support$ by prud5ce & frugality0 444 & s 8prud5t managem5t & frugality w increase any =tune to any degree40 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 might op9e t 8he t gets all he c hone/ly1 & saves all he gets 7necess>y exp5ses except$7 w c]ta9ly become ri*1 if t ,be+ :o gov]ns ! _w1 to :om all %\ld look = a bless+ on _! hone/ endeavors1 do? n 9 ,8 wise provid5ce1 o!rwise det]m9e40 ,"y m5 7 until q rec5tly exhort$ 9 ! v words ( ,defoe & ,frankl91 ?\gh ,frankl9's r canny all[ance = ! :ims ( ! ,almighty 0 n always includ$4 ,b ( late ! gospel ( success conta9s less ab\t frugality & m ab\t visions & ! message ( bus9ess4 ,?is new gospel1 b5ea? all its highfalut9 cant1 po9ts dimly ?\gh excit$ly to ! tru? t = bus9ess success a man mu/ project 8 m9d ov] an invisible environm5t4 ,?is ne$ has br$ an imp]i\s t5d5cy to organization on a l>ge scale4 ,to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! economic p[]s ( d>kness1 aga9/ great monopolies or a deva/at+ competition1 ! f>m]s set up great c5traliz$ sell+ ag5cies4 ,bus9ess m5 =m great trade associations4 ,ev]ybody organizes1 until ! numb] ( committees & _! paid secret>ies _c be comput$4 ,! t5d5cy is p]vasive4 ,we h _h1 if ,i rememb] correctly1 ,national ,smile ,week4 ,at any rate we h _h ,nebraska :i* discov]$ t if y wi% to prohibit liquor 9 ,nebraska y mu/ prohibit x ev]y:]e4 ,nebraska _c live by itself alone1 be+ too weak to control an int]national traffic4 ,we h _h ! sociali/ :o 0 conv9c$ t socialism c ma9ta9 itself only on a sociali/ planet4 ,we h _h ,secret>y ,hughes :o 0 conv9c$ t capitalism c\ld exi/ only on a capitali/ planet4 ,we h _h all ! imp]iali/s :o c\ld n live unless !y advanc$ ! backw>d races4 ,& we h _h ! ,ku ,klux ,klansm5 :o 7 p]suad$ t if y organiz$ & sold hate on a c\ntry-wide scale !re w\ld be lots m hate ?an !re 0 be=e4 ,we h _h ! ,g]mans be=e #aiad :o 7 told !y _h to *oose betwe5 8_w p[] or d[nfall10 & ! ,fr5* = "s ye>s aft] #aiai :o c\ld n be 8secure0 9 ,europe unless e "o else 0 insecure4 ,we h _h all conceivable manife/ations ( ! impulse to seek /ability 9 an incalculable environm5t by /&>diz+ = "o's own app>5t conv5i5ce all ^? :o =m ! context ( "o's activity4 ,x has entail$ p]petual ef=t to br+ m & m m5 "u ! same law & cu/om1 & !n1 ( c\rse1 to assume control ( ! lawmak+ & law-en=c+ ma*9]y 9 ?is l>g] area4 ,! effect has be5 to conc5trate decision 9 c5tral gov]nm5ts1 9 di/ant executive (fices1 9 caucuses & 9 /e]+ committees4 ,:e!r ?is conc5tration ( p[] is good or bad1 p]man5t or pass+1 ?is at lea/ is c]ta94 ,! m5 :o make ! decisions at ^! c5tral po9ts are remote f ! m5 !y gov]n & ! facts ) :i* !y deal4 ,ev5 if !y consci5ti\sly reg>d !mselves z ag5ts or tru/ees1 x is a pure fiction to say t !y are c>ry+ out ! w ( ! p4 ,!y may gov]n ! p wisely4 ,!y are n gov]n+ ) ! active consultation ( ! p4 ,!y c at be/ lay d[n policy :olesale 9 response to electorates :i* judge & act ^u only a detail ( ! result4 ,= ! gov]nors see a k9d ( :ole :i* obscures ! inf9ite v>ieties ( p>ticul> int]e/s2 _! vices are ab/raction & g5]alization :i* appe> 9 politics z legalism & bureaucracy4 ,! gov]n$1 on ! contr>y1 see vivid aspects ( a :ole :i* !y c r>ely imag9e1 & _! prevail+ vice is to mi/ake a local prejudice = a univ]sal tru?4 ,! wid5+ di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s :]e decisions are tak5 & ! places :]e ! ma9 "w ( ! _w is done has und]m9$ ! discipl9e ( public op9ion ^u :i* all ! e>li] !ori/s reli$4#cf ,a c5tury ago ! model ( popul> gov]nm5t 0 ! self-suffic+ t[n%ip 9 :i* ! vot]s' op9ions 7 =m$ & correct$ by talk ) _! neighbors4 ,!y might ent]ta9 que] op9ions ab\t wit*es & spirits & =eign peoples & o!r worlds4 ,b ab\t ! village itself ! facts 7 n radically 9 dispute1 & no?+ 0 likely to happ5 t ! eld]s c\ld n ) a little +5uity br+ "u a well-kn[n prec$5t ( _! common law4 ,b "u abs5tee gov]nm5t ^! *ecks ^u op9ion are lack+4 ,! consequ5ces are (t5 s remote & long delay$ t error is n promptly disclos$4 ,! condition+ factors are di/ant2 !y d n c\nt vividly 9 our judgm5ts4 ,! reality is inaccessible2 ! b\nds ( subjective op9ion are wide4 ,9 ! int]dep5d5t _w1 desire1 r ?an cu/om or objective law1 t5ds to become ! crit]ion ( m5's conduct4 ,!y =mulate _! dem&s at l>ge = 8security0 at ! exp5se ( e "o else's safety1 = 8morality0 at ! exp5se ( o!r m5's ta/es & com=t1 = ! fulfillm5t ( a national de/9y t consi/s 9 tak+ :at y want :5 y want x4 ,! l5g!n+ ( ! int]val betwe5 conduct & exp]i5ce1 betwe5 cause & effect1 has nurtur$ a cult ( self-expression 9 :i* ea* ?9k] ?9ks ab\t 8 own ?\ghts & has subtle feel+s ab\t 8 feel+s4 ,t he does n 9 consequ5ce deeply affect ! c\rse ( affairs is n surpris+4 #b ,! c5traliz+ t5d5cies ( ! ,great ,society h n be5 accept$ )\t prote/1 & ! case aga9/ !m has be5 /at$ aga9 & aga94#cg ,)\t local in/itutions1 said de ,tocqueville1 a nation may give itself a free gov]nm5t1 b x does n possess ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,to conc5trate p[] at "o po9t is to facilitate ! seizure ( p[]4 8,:at are y go+ to d80 ,ar?ur ,"y ask$ "s prov9cials at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 8,we d n "k10 !y repli$2 8we mu/ see :at ,p>is is go+ to d40 ,local int]e/s h&l$ f a di/ant c5tral po9t are r\ghly h&l$ by busy & inatt5tive m54 ,& 9 ! meantime ! local tra9+ & ! local w9n[+ ( political tal5t are neglect$4 ,! ov]burd5$ c5tral au?ority exp&s into a va/ hi]>*y ( bureaucrats & cl]ks manipulat+ imm5se /acks ( pap]1 always deal+ ) symbols on pap]1 r>ely ) ?+s or ) p4 ,! g5ius ( c5tralization rea*$ its climax 9 ! fam\s boa/ ( a ,fr5* m9i/] ( education1 :o said3 ,x is ?ree o'clock2 all ! pupils 9 ! ?ird grade ?r\gh\t ,france are n[ compos+ a ,lat9 v]se4 ,!re is no ne$ to labor ! po9t4 ,! m c5tralization ! less c ! p conc]n$ be consult$ & give consci\s ass5t4 ,! m ext5sive ! rule laid d[n ! less acc\nt x c take ( fact & special circum/ance4 ,! m x conflicts ) local exp]i5ce1 ! m di/ant its s\rce & :olesale its "*1 ! less easily en=ceable x is4 ,g5]al rules w t5d to violate p>ticul> ne$s4 ,di/antly impos$ rules usually lack ! sanction ( cons5t4 ,be+ less suit$ to ! ne$s ( m51 & m ext]nal to _! m9ds1 !y re/ on =ce r ?an on cu/om & on reason4 ,a c5traliz$ society dom9at$ by ! fiction t ! gov]nors are ! spokesm5 ( a common w t5ds n only to degrade initiative 9 ! individual b to r$uce to insignificance ! play ( public op9ion4 ,= :5 ! action ( a :ole p is conc5trat$1 ! public is s va/ t ev5 ! crude objective judgm5ts x might make on specific issues cease to be practicable4 ,! te/s indicat$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s by :i* a public might judge ! workability ( a rule or ! s\ndness ( a new proposal h little value :5 ! public runs into millions & ! issues are hopelessly entangl$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is idle "u su* circum/ances to talk ab\t democracy1 or ab\t ! ref9em5t ( public op9ion4 ,) su* mon/r\s complications ! public c d little m ?an at int]vals to align itself heavily = or aga9/ ! rgime 9 p[]1 & = ! re/ to be> ) its works1 obey+ meekly or evad+1 z seems mo/ conv5i5t4 ,=1 9 practice1 ! organic !ory ( society means a conc5tration ( p[]2 t is1 ! way ! notion ( "o purpose is actually embodi$ 9 affairs4 ,& ?is 9 turn means t m5 mu/ ei!r accept fru/ration ( _! own purposes or contrive someh[ to fru/rate t decl>$ purpose ( t c5tral p[] :i* pret5ds x is ! purpose ( all4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,fau/1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,act v1 sc5e #c4 #cb ,dibblee1 ,! ,laws ( ,supply & ,dem&1 cit$ by ,b4 ,m4 ,&]son1 ,jr41 ,! ,value ( ,money1 p4 #bei4 #cc ,b4 ,m4 ,&]son1 ,jr41 ,! ,value ( ,money1 p4 #bea4 #cd ,ibid4 #ce ,cf4 ,w]n] ,lomb>t1 ,! ,qu9tess5ce ( ,capitalism1 ,*apt] ,,vii4 #cf ,cf4 my ,public ,op9ion1 ,*apt]s ,,xvi & ,,xvii4 #cg ,9 a conv5i5t =m by ,j4 ,*>les ,brun1 ,le ,rgionalisme1 pp4 #ac et seq4 ,cf4 also ,walt] ,?ompson1 ,f$]al ,c5tralization1 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,realms ,,( ,,disord] #a ,yet ! practice ( c5tralization & ! philosophy :i* p]sonifies society h acquir$ a great hold ^u m54 ,! dang]s are well kn[n4 ,if1 nev]!less1 ! practice & ! !ory p]si/1 x _c be m]ely because m5 h be5 l$ a/ray by false doctr9e4 ,if y exam9e ! difficulties enum]at$ by ! sponsors ( great c5traliz+ measures1 su* z national prohibition1 ! national *ild labor am5dm5t1 f$]al control ( education or ! nationalization ( railroads1 !y are r$ucible1 ,i ?9k1 to "o dom9at+ idea3 t x is necess>y to ext5d ! area ( control ov] all ! factors 9 a problem or ! problem w be insoluble any:]e4 ,x 0 to ?is idea t ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george appeal$ :5 he fac$ 8 critics at ! end ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,:ile 8 words are ! words ( a skilful debat]1 ! idea beh9d !m might almo/ be call$ ! supreme motive ( all ! imp]ial & c5traliz+ t5d5cies ( ! ,great ,society3 8,"l ,grey s\ght to make peace 9 ! ,balkans4 ,he made peace4 ,t peace did n /& ! jolt+ ( ! tra9 t c>ri$ x f ,london to ! ,balkans4 ,x fell to pieces be=e x ev] rea*$ ,s(ia4 ,t 0 n 8 fault4 ,! plan 0 good4 ,! int5tions 7 excell5t4 ,b !re 7 factors !re :i* he c\ld n control4 ,he tri$ to prev5t ! ,turks f ent]+ ! w> aga9/ u1 a mo/ important matt]4 ,g]man diplomacy 0 too /rong = him4 ,he tri$ to prev5t ,bulg>ia f ent]+ ! w> aga9/ u4 ,!re aga9 ,g]man diplomacy defeat$ u4 ,well1 n[ ,i h nev] taunt$ ,"l ,grey ) t4 ,i d n taunt him n[1 b :at ,i say is t :5 y get into ! realm ( =eign affairs !re are ?+s ,i w n say y _c visualize1 because y d1 b !re are factors y _c influ5ce40#ch ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george might h said ! same ( dome/ic affairs4 ,!re1 too1 factors ab\nd :i* y _c influ5ce4 ,& z empires exp& to protect _! fronti]s1 & !n exp& fur!r to protect ! protections to _! fronti]s1 s c5tral gov]nm5ts h be5 l$ /ep by /ep to take "o int]e/ aft] ano!r "u _! control4 #b ,= ! democracies are haunt$ by ?is dilemma3 !y are fru/rat$ unless 9 ! lay+ d[n ( rules !re is a l>ge measure ( ass5t2 yet !y seem unable to f9d solutions ( _! greate/ problems except ?r\gh c5traliz$ gov]n+ by means ( ext5sive rules :i* necess>ily ignore ! pr9ciple ( ass5t4 ,! problems t vex democracy seem to be unmanageable by democratic me?ods4 ,9 supreme crises ! dilemma is pres5t$ absolutely4 ,possibly a w> c be f\ght = democracy2 x _c be f\ght democratically4 ,possibly a sudd5 revolution may be made to advance democracy2 b ! revolution itself w be conduct$ by a dictator%ip4 ,democracy may be def5d$ aga9/ its enemies b x w be def5d$ by a committee ( safety4 ,! hi/ory ( ! w>s & revolutions s9ce #aiad is ample evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( dang]1 :]e swift & conc]t$ action is requir$1 ! me?ods ( democracy _c be employ$4 ,t is und]/&able en\gh4 ,b h[ is x t ! democratic me?od %\ld be ab&on$ s commonly 9 m leisurely & less cata/rophic times8 ,:y 9 "t ( peace %\ld p provoke t c5tralization ( p[] :i* deprives !m ( control ov] ! use ( t p[]8 ,is x n a probable answ] to say t 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 issues1 ev5 9 "t ( peace1 ! dang]s h seem$ suffici5tly m5ac+ to cause p to seek rem$ies1 reg>dless ( me?od1 by ! %orte/ & easie/ way at h&8 ,x c\ld be demon/rat$1 ,i ?9k1 t ! issues :i* h seem$ s ov]:elm+ 7 ( two k9ds3 ^? :i* turn$ on ! national def5se or ! public safety & ^? :i* turn$ on ! p[] ( mod]n capitalism4 ,:]e ! relations ( a p to arm$ enemies are 9 "q or :]e ! relations ( employee1 cu/om] or f>m] to l>ge indu/ry are 9 "q ! ne$ = solutions has outweigh$ all int]e/ 9 ! democratic me?od4 ,9 ! issues eng5d]$ by ! rise ( ! national /ate & ! developm5t ( l>ge scale indu/ries are to be f\nd ! ess5tially new problems ( ! mod]n _w4 ,= ! solution ( ^! problems !re are few prec$5ts4 ,!re is no e/abli%$ body ( cu/om & law4 ,! field ( int]national affairs & ! field ( indu/rial relations are ! two great c5t]s ( an>*y 9 society4 ,x is a p]vasive an>*y4 ,out ( ! national /ate ) its t]rify+ milit>y =ce1 & out ( great indu/ry ) all its elaborate economic compulsion1 ! ?reat aga9/ p]sonal security always rises4 ,to (fset x someh[1 to *eck x & ?w>t x1 seem$ m important ?an any f9ical reg>d = ! pr9ciple ( ass5t4 ,& s to meet ! m5ace ( ! national /ate1 its neighbors s\ght to =m !mselves into m p[]ful national /ates2 to tame ! p[] ( capitalism !y support$ ! gr[? ( va/ bureaucracies4 ,aga9/ p[]s t 7 dang]\s & uncontroll$ !y set up p[]s1 nom9ally _! own1 :i* 7 j z va/ & j z uncontroll$4 #c ,b only = prec>i\s int]vals has security be5 atta9$ by ^! va/ balances ( p[]4 ,f #ahgj to #aiad ! _w 0 held 9 equilibrium4 ,x 0 upset1 & ! _w has n yet f\nd a new ord]4 ,! balances ( p[] )9 ! nations are no less un/eady4 ,= nei!r 9 indu/ry nor 9 int]national affairs has x yet be5 possible to hold any balance long en\gh to fix x by rule & give x an in/itutional =m4 ,p[] has be5 *eck$ by p[] "h & !re & n[ & !n b p[] has n be5 adju/$ to p[] & ! t]ms ( ! adju/m5t settl$ & accept$4 ,! attempt to br+ p[] "u control by (fsett+ x ) p[] 0 s\nd en\gh 9 int5tion4 ,! conflict+ purposes ( m5 _c be held "u pacific control unless ! t5d5cy ( all p[] to become arbitr>y is *eck$ by o!r =ce4 ,all ! ma*9]y ( conf]5ce1 ( peaceful negotiation1 ( law & ! rule ( reason is workable 9 l>ge affairs only :]e ! p[] ( ! negotiators is neutraliz$ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,x may be neutraliz$ because ! p>ties are 9 fact equally p[]ful4 ,x may be neutraliz$ because ! weak] has invisible allies among ! o!r p[]s ( ! _w1 or 9 dome/ic affairs among o!r int]e/s 9 society4 ,b be=e !re c be law !re mu/ be ord]1 & an ord] is an arrangem5t ( p[]4 ,! wor/ t c be said ( ! nationali/s & collectivi/s is t !y attempt$ to e/abli% balances ( p[] :i* c\ld n endure4 ,! plurali/ at lea/ w\ld say t ! end !y s\ght mu/ be atta9$ diff]5tly1 t 9 place ( va/ :olesale balances ( p[] x is necess>y to create _m detail$ balances ( p[]4 ,! p z a :ole support+ a c5traliz$ gov]nm5t _c tame capitalism z a :ole4 ,= ! p[]s :i* are summ$ up 9 ! t]m capitalism are _m4 ,!y be> sep>ately ^u diff]5t gr\ps ( p4 ,! nation z a unit does n enc\nt] !m all1 & _c deal ) !m all4 ,x is to ! diff]5t gr\ps ( p conc]n$ t we mu/ look = ! p[] :i* %all (fset ! arbitr>y p[] t be>s ^u !m4 ,! r$uction ( capitalism to workable law is no matt] ( /rik+ at x :olesale by g5]al enactm5ts4 ,x is a matt] ( defeat+ its arbitr>y p[] 9 detail1 9 e factory1 9 e (fice1 9 e m>ket1 & ( turn+ ! :ole network ( relations "u :i* indu/ry op]ates f ! dom9ion ( arbitr>y =ces into ^? ( settl$ rules4 ,& s x is 9 ! an>*y among nations4 ,if all ! acts ( a citiz5 are to be treat$ z organically ! actions ( t nation1 a /able balance ( p[] is impossible4 ,"h also x is necess>y to break d[n ! fiction ( id5tity1 to insi/ t ! qu>rel ( "o bus9ess man ) ano!r is _! qu>rel1 & n ! nation's1 a qu>rel 9 :i* ea* is entitl$ to a v9dication ( 8 "r to fair adjudication b n to patriotic advocacy ( 8 cause4 ,x is only by ?is dissociation ( private int]e/s t ! mass ( disputes across fronti]s c gradually be br\ght "u an ord]ly process4 ,= a l>ge "p1 p]haps ! greate/ "p1 ( ! disputes betwe5 nations is an accumulat$ mass ( undet]m9$ disputes betwe5 _! nationals4 ,if ^! ess5tially private disputes c\ld be h&l$1 )\t patriotic f]vor & )\t confus+ an oil prospector ) ! nation z a :ole1 ) gov]nm5ts act+ z fri5ds ( ! c\rt & n z advocates = a cli5t1 ! balance ( p[] betwe5 gov]nm5ts w\ld be easi] to ma9ta94 ,x w\ld n be subject to con/ant assault f )9 ea* nation by an ev]la/+ propag&a ( suspicion by private int]e/s seek+ national support4 ,& if only ! balance ( p[] betwe5 gov]nm5ts c\ld be /abiliz$ long en\gh to e/abli% a l9e ( prec$5ts = int]national conf]5ce1 a long] peace might result4 #d ,^! 9 r\ghe/ outl9e are "s ( ! conclusions1 z !y appe> to me1 ( ! attempt to br+ ! !ory ( democracy into some:at tru] alignm5t ) ! nature ( public op9ion4 ,i h conceiv$ public op9ion to be1 n ! voice ( ,god1 nor ! voice ( society1 b ! voice ( ! int]e/$ spectators ( action4 ,i h1 !re=e1 suppos$ t ! op9ions ( ! spectators mu/ be ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( ! actors1 & t ! k9d ( action !y 7 capable ( tak+ 0 ess5tially diff]5t too4 ,x has seem$ to me t ! public _h a function & mu/ h me?ods ( its own 9 controv]sies1 qualitatively diff]5t f ^? ( ! executive m52 t x 0 a dang]\s confusion to believe t private purposes 7 a m]e emanation ( "s common purpose4 ,?is conception ( society seems to me tru] & m workable ?an t :i* end[s public op9ion ) pan!i/ic p[]s4 ,x does n assume t m5 9 action h univ]sal purposes2 !y are d5i$ ! fraudul5t support ( ! fiction t !y are ! ag5ts ( a common purpose4 ,!y are reg>d$ z ! ag5ts ( special purposes1 )\t pret5se & )\t emb>rassm5t4 ,!y mu/ live 9 a _w ) m5 :o h o!r special purposes4 ,! adju/m5ts :i* mu/ be made are society1 & ! be/ society is ! "o 9 :i* m5 h purposes :i* !y c realize ) ! lea/ fru/ration4 ,:5 m5 take a position 9 respect to ! purposes ( o!rs !y are act+ z a public4 ,& ! end ( _! act+ 9 ?is rle is to promote ! conditions "u :i* special purposes c be compos$4 ,x is a !ory :i* puts its tru/ *iefly 9 ! individuals directly conc]n$4 ,!y initiate1 !y adm9i/]1 !y settle4 ,x w\ld subject !m to ! lea/ possible int]f]5ce f ignorant & m$dlesome outsid]s1 = 9 ?is !ory ! public int]v5es only :5 !re is a crisis ( maladju/m5t1 & !n n to deal ) ! sub/ance ( ! problem b to neutralize ! arbitr>y =ce :i* prev5ts adju/m5t4 ,x is a !ory :i* economizes ! att5tion ( m5 z memb]s ( ! public1 & asks !m to d z little z possible 9 matt]s :]e !y c d no?+ v well4 ,x conf9es ! ef=t ( m51 :5 !y are a public1 to a "p !y might fulfill1 to a "p :i* corresponds to _! own greate/ int]e/ 9 any social di/urbance2 t is1 to an int]v5tion :i* may help to allay ! di/urbance1 & ?us all[ !m to return to _! own affairs4 ,= x is ! pursuit ( _! special affairs t !y are mo/ int]e/$ 94 ,x is by ! private labors ( individuals t life is enhanc$4 ,i set no great /ore on :at c be done by public op9ion & ! action ( masses4 #e ,i h no legislative program to (f]1 no new in/itutions to propose4 ,!re are1 ,i believe1 imm5se confusions 9 ! curr5t !ory ( democracy :i* fru/rate & p]v]t its action4 ,i h attack$ c]ta9 ( ! confusions ) no conviction except t a false philosophy t5ds to /]eotype ?\ght aga9/ ! lessons ( exp]i5ce4 ,i d n "k :at ! lessons w be :5 we h le>n$ to ?9k ( public op9ion z x is1 & n z ! fictiti\s p[] we h assum$ x to be4 ,x is en\gh if ) ,b5?am we "k t 8! p]plexity ( ambigu\s disc\rse 444 di/racts & eludes ! appreh5sion1 /imulates & inflames ! passions40 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,spee* at ,man*e/]1 ,octob] #ad1 #aibb4 ,,index ,abs5tee rul]s def9$1 #agc-ahf ,action1 public1 def9$1 #gc-gd ,ag5cies def9$1 #abe-adb2 fact-f9d+1 #de ,ag5t1 public n1 #afi ,ag5ts & by/&]s def9$1 #dj-ec ,an>*y1 #afa ,&]son1 ,jr41 ,b4 ,m41 #agf ,arbitr>y =ce1 neutralization (1 #fc-gd ,ari/otle1 #gg-hj ,ass5t1 def9$1 #aag-abc1 #abi1 #ahi ,bacon1 ,francis1 #afb ,balkans1 #ahh ,behavior1 #ee1 #fh-fi2 reasonable1 def9$1 #ade ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 #bjj ,b]gson1 ,h5ri1 #cb-cc ,bir? control1 its relation to food supply1 #hg-hh ,bism>ck1 ,pr9ce von1 #ad1 #afi ,brun1 ,j4 ,*>les1 #ahc ,bryan1 ,william ,j5n+s1 #cf ,bryce1 ,james1 #ah-ai ,bulg>ia1 #ahh ,bus9ess1 new gospel (1 #agh ,by/&]s & ag5ts def9$1 #dj-ec ,capitalism1 #cg1 #agi1 #aia1 #aib1 #aid1 #aie ,c>r-,saund]s1 ,a4 ,m41 #hg ,cassel1 ,gu/av1 #ib1 #id ,cats1 mice & clov]1 #ca-cb ,cav\r1 ,c\nt di1 #afi ,c5tralization ( gov]nm5t4 ,see ,gov]nm5t ,*ange1 unnoticeable1 #hh ,*anticle]1 #ae ,*icago mayoral election1 #ag ,*9ese & ,greco-,roman civilizations1 #agd ,citiz51 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #de1 #df1 #eb1 #adh1 #aie ,citiz5%ip1 #aea ,civic duty1 d]ision =1 #ae1 #adf1 #aea ,civil rights1 #eh ,civilization1 #agd ,clov]1 cats & mice1 #ca-cb ,compet5ce1 #aej ,conduct1 #ahb ,con=mity1 te/ (1 def9$1 #abc-abd ,consci5ce1 #bh ,contracts1 social1 #dj1 #ie-ajf2 def9$1 #aja-ajb1 #ajd-aje ,control1 #ee ,controv]sy1 #gg ,cop]ation1 #ii ,corruption1 #ga1 #gb ,crit]ia ( re=m def9$1 #abe-adb ,criticism1 #abc ,crises1 #fg ,crisis1 public op9ion res]ve =ce 91 #fi ,dante1 #afi ,d>w91 ,*>les1 #ca1 #cb ,debate1 public value (1 def9$1 #aaj-aad ,defective rule def9$1 #aae-abd ,defoe1 ,daniel1 #agg ,delbrck1 ,hans1 #fj ,democracy1 #bd1 #ce-cg1 #ga1 #adf-aea1 #aee1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aig-bjj ,democratic !ory1 #ad1 #fa1 #adg ,democrats1 #ei ,d]ision ( citiz5s1 #ae ,desc>tes1 #ha ,dibblee1 ,g4 ,b41 #agf ,dictator%ip1 #aij ,dis5*ant$ man def9$1 #bj 8,disord]1 idea (10 #cb-cc2 realms (1 def9$1 #ahg-bjj ,dogma ( ass5t1 #aag ,duties & rights4 ,see ,rights & duties4 ,economic problem def9$1 #ib-id4 ,education1 #bb-bc1 #bd1 #bg2 public1 def9$1 #adf-adg1 #adh-aea1 #afi ,election1 def9$1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa ,elections1 def9$1 #abg-acj ,engl&1 #ei1 #hf ,ent]prise1 ,macaulay on1 #di-ej ,ent]pris]s1 #agf ,environm5t1 #ad1 #gh1 #gi1 #agi ,erickson1 ,e4 ,m41 #af ,eug5ics1 #cd-ce ,evasion ( law1 #abc ,evils ( democracy1 #ce-cf1 #cg1 #agc-ahf ,evolution1 #ha-hd ,executive action1 #add ,expectations1 #cc ,exploit]s1 #aff ,fable ( pr(essor1 #bh ,food supply1 #hf-hg ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #agg-agh ,fr5* security1 #agi ,fr5* ,revolution1 #ei1 #ahc ,frugality1 #agg ,function1 gov]nm5t1 def9$1 #gj-gc2 relation to compet5cy1 #aej ,g]man diplomacy1 #ahh ,g]mans1 #agi ,goe!1 #agc ,gosnell1 ,h>vey ,foote1 #ag ,gov]nm5t1 vii1 #ad1 #da1 #ej1 #fa1 #fb1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #abf1 #agc-ahf1 #aid2 def9$1 #gg1 #abf2 function def9$1 #gj-gc ,grant1 ,madison1 #bb ,great ,society1 #dc1 #gi1 #ih1 #agd1 #ahc1 #ahh-ahi ,greco-,roman & ,*9ese civilizations1 #agd ,grey1 ,"l1 vii1 #ahh ,gu$alla1 ,philip1 #ad ,gun elevation1 #ia ,hamilton1 ,alex&]1 vii1 #afi ,hegel1 #ih ,hegelian my/]y1 #dg ,h]tz51 ,alex&]1 #bj ,hughes1 ,*>les ,evans1 #agi ,human values def9$1 #ie-ig 8,idea ( disord]10 #cb-cc ,ideal1 #bj1 #bb1 #ci1 #fc1 #fh1 #aee ,idealization1 #eg ,ideals1 #ad ,ideas1 #dg1 #dh ,imp]ial ,p>ty1 #afi ,initiative & ref]5dum1 #ai ,innovation1 #aaf ,inquiry1 te/ (1 def9$1 #acj-ace ,intellig5ce1 #fi1 #ace ,jeff]son1 ,?omas1 #aei ,ju/ice1 #fg ,keynes1 ,j4 ,m41 #aeg-aeh ,k1 #cj ,ku ,klux ,klan1 #agi ,lanca%ire goods1 #agf ,laski1 ,h>old ,j41 #afa ,lat9 ,am]ica1 #fa ,lat9 v]se1 #ahd ,law1 #fi1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abc1 #abd1 #aia-aib1 #aic ,laws1 #fi1 #ga2 ass5t to1 def9$1 #aag-abb1 #abc1 #abd2 defective1 def9$1 #abe-adb1 #acf2 te/ (1 def9$1 #ach ,lead]s1 #ai ,league ( ,nations1 #acc ,l591 #afi ,lib]al def9$1 #afb ,lib]alism def9$1 #afb-agb ,lib]als1 #afb1 #aff ,lib]ties ( m5 def9$1 #ee ,lib]ty1 _s (1 #ahg ,lloyd ,george1 ,david1 #aeg-aeh1 #ahh-ahi ,lomb>t1 ,w]n]1 #agg ,l[ell1 ,lawr5ce ,a41 #ai ,macaulay1 ,"l1 #di-ej ,macg[an1 ,k5ne?1 #afc ,majority1 #ai2 rule def9$1 #eg-eh1 #fj ,mal?us1 ,t4 ,r41 #he-hg ,man1 dis5*ant$1 #ac-ba ,man*e/]1 ,lloyd ,george at1 #ahh-ahi ,mayoral election 9 ,*icago1 #ag ,m]riam1 ,*>les ,edw>d1 #ag-ah ,me?ods ( public m51 #aei ,mice1 cats & clov]1 #ca-cb ,mi*elet1 ,simon1 #af ,mi*els1 ,rob]t1 #ai1 #bb-bc ,m9orities1 #eh ,moni/ic !ory1 #afa1 #agc ,monodrama1 #afc-afe ,moral code1 #bi-cj1 #ce1 #gd ,moral codes1 #cj ,morali/s1 #bh ,morality1 #ajj ,morr[1 ,dwight1 #ei-fj ,morse1 ,pr(41 #ei-fj ,napoleon ,,iii41 #ad ,national def5se1 problem def9$1 #ij-ia ,nationals1 #aif ,nationalism1 #fe ,neutralization ( arbitr>y =ce1 #fg-gd ,neutraliz$ p[]1 #aic ,newspap]s1 #ac ,nonvot+1 #ag-ah ,(ficials1 gov]nm5t1 #gb ,ogburn1 ,w4 ,f41 #hi1 #ajj ,omnicompet5cy ( citiz5s1 #ba1 #ci ,"o & ,_m problem1 #aga ,op9ion1 #dh1 #eb1 #ef1 #fa ,op9ion1 public4 ,see ,public op9ion ,op9ions def9$1 #dd-di1 #afb1 #aig ,opposition p>ties1 #bj ,p>ty gov]nm5t1 #ei-fj ,p>ty 9 p[]1 #abf ,p>ty sy/em1 #acj ,p>ties1 political1 #abg ,p>tisan%ip1 #cd ,pawl[1 ,ivan ,petrovi*1 #cj ,p1 #ai1 #cf1 #da2 ,macaulay on1 #ej1 #fa1 #fb1 #fh1 #fi1 #ga1 #ahj1 #aha1 #aia1 #aid ,p's w def9$1 #gb ,physical =ce 9 ,s\?1 #fa ,plato1 #afi ,plurali/ic !ory def9$1 #aea1 #afa1 #aid ,political capacity1 #gh ,political evils1 ag5ts aga9/1 #afi ,political lead]s1 #ai1 #bb ,political sy/em *anges1 #hd-he ,political tal5t neglect$1 #ahd ,political !ories def9$1 #bb-ci ,politicians1 #da ,politics1 tru? 91 #aeg-aeh ,policy1 public1 #eg ,population1 problem (1 def9$1 #he-hg ,p[]1 arbitr>y1 #gd2 balance (1 def9$1 #aib-aif2 ( public op9ion1 #gj ,pr9ciples ( public op9ion1 #adc ,problem1 nature (1 #ha-id1 #acj2 ( ,"o & ,_m1 #aga ,problems ( citiz5 def9$1 #ac-af1 #be1 #bf1 #cd1 #fd1 #gb1 #ha-id1 #abe1 #abi1 #aca1 #adj1 #ada1 #ahg ,pr(essor1 fable (1 #bh ,protocol = ! ,pacific ,settlem5t ( ,int]national ,disputes1 #acc ,public1 #db2 p[]s def9$1 #di-eb1 #ed-fb2 relation to public affairs def9$1 #fc-ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gg1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh2 debate1 value (1 def9$1 #aaj-aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe1 #abi1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #ade2 education def9$1 #adf-aea1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei2 9 any situation def9$1 #afh1 #afi2 dang]s to1 def9$1 #ahi-aia1 #aic1 #aig1 #aih ,public affairs1 #ac-ba1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #dd1 #ee1 #ef1 #fd1 #fi1 #ahi ,public judgm5t1 #aae ,public life1 c&or 91 #aeg ,public m51 me?ods (1 #aei ,public (fice1 education =1 #aea ,public op9ion1 #dd1 #dh1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee2 & public affairs1 #ee-ef1 #fe2 def9$ #fe-gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd2 function (1 def9$1 #gd1 #gi2 pr9ciples (1 #adc2 te/s (1 def9$1 #add-ade1 #adg1 #aea1 #aha1 #aig-bjj ,publicity1 #dc ,publics1 r&om1 #gi ,"q ,ari/otle ask$1 #gg-hj ,que/ions1 two1 #ajg ,realms ( disord]1 #ahg-bjj ,reason1 #fi ,re=m ,bill1 #ej ,re=m1 crit]ia (1 #abe-adb ,re=m1 #abi2 te/ (1 def9$1 #ace-ach ,re=m]1 #abi1 #acj ,regi/]$ vot]s1 #ai ,revivali/s1 #bb ,revolution1 #ei1 #fa1 #acf1 #aij ,revolution1 ,fr5*1 #ei1 #ahc ,rights1 #ajj ,rights & duties def9$1 #ajj-ajg ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #ih ,rule1 #fh-fi2 defective1 def9$1 #aae-abd ,rules4 ,see ,laws ,rules ( society1 #aag ,rul]s1 abs5tee1 def9$1 #agc-ahf ,santayana1 ,george1 #ie ,s*les+]1 ,a4 ,m41 #af ,s*ool1 #ad ,self-gov]nm5t1 #ai ,settlem5ts1 #abj ,%aw1 ,g4 ,b]n>d1 #ei ,smi?1 ,logan ,pe>sall1 #ae-af1 #bf ,social contracts def9$1 #ie-ajf ,socialism1 !ory (1 def9$1 #cg-ch1 #ci1 #fe ,sociali/s1 #aef ,society1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #db1 #de1 #ga1 #gc1 #gi1 #hh1 #ih1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #acd2 functions def9$1 #aee-afa2 def9$1 #aee-agb1 #agf1 #ahc ,socrates1 #cj ,sov]eign p1 #ah-ai ,sov]eignty1 #ad ,/&>ds1 #cj1 #adc ,/atesman%ip def9$1 #aee-afa ,/eff51 ,gu/af ,f41 #ai ,/odd>d1 ,lo?rop1 #bb ,submission1 #afb ,supply & dem&1 #ib ,sy/em1 economic1 #id2 prevail+1 #ajj2 ( rights & duties1 #ajj ,tea*]s1 #bg ,!ory1 citiz5 reigns 91 #ad ,?omson1 ,j4 ,ar?ur1 #ca ,times 7,london71 #ej ,tocqueville1 de1 #ahc ,trade1 #agg ,tru?1 #fg ,turks1 #ahh ,tyranny1 #gj-ga ,unatta9able ideal1 #bb-ci ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 #fa ,validity ( laws1 #ajh ,value is measurem5t1 #if ,value ( public debate def9$1 #aaj-aad ,values1 human1 def9$1 #ie-ig ,virtue1 #cj1 #eg ,voice ( public op9ion def9$1 #aig ,vote1 #cf1 #ee1 #ef ,vot]1 #ai1 #cf1 #adf ,vot]s1 #af-ag1 #ah-ai1 #da ,vot+1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei ,w>1 #ij1 #aij ,williams1 ,john ,%>p1 #aei ,wirt1 ,william1 #aei ,woman suffrage1 #fj ,"w1 #agc ,_w1 #bi 8,_w p[] or d[nfall10 #agi ,yevreyn(f1 #afc-afd ,"y1 ,ar?ur1 #ahc