,,yachting ,,wrinkles4 ,,outing ,,library ,,of ,,sport4 ,,yachting ,,wrinkles ,a ,,practical ,,and ,,historical ,,handbook ,,of ,,valuable ,,information ,,for ,,the ,,racing ,,and ,,cruising ,,yachtsman4 ,,by ,,captain ,a4 ,j4 ,,kenealy1 ,author of 8,boat ,sailing1 ,fair ,weather and ,foul10 8,yacht ,races for the ,america's ,cup10 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,wrinkle--,something ,worth ,knowing4--,nautical ,lexicon4 ,illustration3 ,logo ,with ,apposite ,anecdotes1 ,diagrams and ,illustrations4 ,,outing ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,london4 ,,copyrighted ,,by ,b4 ,j4 ,,worman1 #ahii4 ,,new ,,york ,,preface4 ,the kind reception given by yachtsmen generally to 8,boat ,sailing1 ,fair ,weather and ,foul10 has induced me to embark in a new venture4 ,the following 8,wrinkles10 gleaned from practical experience1 observation and study1 are printed in the hope that they may prove of interest and value to lovers of sailing craft4 ,i want to warn off literary critics by the frank admission that ,i am not worthy of their steel1 being an old sailor who went to sea when he was thirteen1 and spent many years afloat where books were scarce4 ,so far as yachting critics or nautical experts are concerned1 ,i must let my work speak for itself4 ,if it has no other merit1 it has at least been conscientiously done4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,kenealy4 ,new ,york1 ,march1 #ahii4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,yacht ,,racing ,,as ,a ,,sport--,brief ,review of the ,fascinating ,pastime ,from ,its ,inception to the ,present ,time #ac ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,racing ,,yacht--,some ,remarks on the ,material1 ,construction and ,selection of a ,vessel #dg ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,type ,,of ,,yacht--,what ,shall ,she ,be--,keel1 ,centreboard or ,bulb-fin8 #gh ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,fitting ,,out ,,and ,,tuning ,,up--,hints ,as to ,going ,into ,commission and ,making the ,craft ,fit ,for a ,race #acj ,,chapter ,v4 ,,duty ,,and ,,discipline ,,afloat--,the ,ship's ,company in ,detail ,from the ,skipper ,down to the ,sea ,cook #aff ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,a ,,down-,,to-,,date ,,yacht ,,race--,in ,which ,may ,be ,found ,some ,noteworthy ,examples of the ,sea-,jockey's ,art #aib ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,racing ,,rules ,,and ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,the ,,road--,some ,important ,points ,that ,amateurs and ,professionals ,should ,bear in ,mind #bae ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,racer--,how ,tonnage and ,measurement ,rules ,have ,affected ,form in ,america and ,great ,britain #bbe ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,etiquette ,,of ,,yachting--,what is ,considered to ,be 8,good ,form0 in ,craft1 ,owner and ,crew #bfa ,,chapter ,x4 ,,yachting ,,insurance--,also a ,few ,legal ,wrinkles on the ,status and ,relation of ,owner to ,crew #bgb ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,yachting--,cautionary and ,economical ,hints to ,those ,about to ,embark in the ,sport #bhb ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,last ,,word--,final hints to tars who want to sail their own craft #bib ,,illustrations4 ,,page4 ,frontispiece1 8,with ,topmasts ,housed10 #ab ,jason's ,yacht ,argo1 #ae ,viking ,ship1 #bj ,flagship of ,columbus1 #be ,dutch ,yacht of ,seventeenth ,century1 #bh ,commodore ,john ,c4 ,stevens1 #ca ,gimcrack and ,maria1 #cd ,america1 #ahea1 #ch ,maria1 #ahea1 #ch ,america's ,lines1 #ci ,the ,cutter ,oriva1 #dh ,vigilant in ,dry-dock1 #ea ,uncas in ,frame1 #ee ,interior of ,uncas1 #fj ,form of ,uncas1 #fj ,uncas on the ,ways1 #ff ,ouananiche1 #ga ,dragon ,,iii41 #ge ,gloriana1 #gi ,madge1 #hb ,germ of the ,centerboard1 #hd ,vesta1 #he ,athlon1 #id ,catboat ,dorothy1 #aja ,kewaydin1 #ajc ,the ,herreshoff ,catboat ,wanda1 #ajd ,lines of ,evolution1 #ajg ,lines of ,jullanar1 #ajh ,lines of ,niagara1 #aaj ,lines of ,jubilee1 #aaj ,mid-section of ,dilemma1 #aaj ,english ,finkeel ,freak ,nameless1 #aaa ,lines of ,rocket1 #aab ,niagara's ,midship ,section1 #aac ,niagara ,under ,sail1 #aad ,rorqual1 #aaf ,dad1 #aag ,vesper1 #aag ,monstrosity ,skate1 #aah ,dominion on ,even ,keel1 #aba ,dominion ,heeled1 #aba ,dominion ,under ,sail1 #abc ,double-huller of the ,pacific41 #abf ,sloop ,gracie1 #acc ,schooner ,sappho1 #acd ,cutter ,genesta1 #ace ,schooner ,colonia1 #acg ,rig of ,cutter ,showing ,masthead ,shroud1 #aci ,rig and ,sail ,plan of ,uncas1 #ade ,mastheads of ,uncas1 #adg-h ,cutter ,minerva1 #aej ,sail ,plan of ,ethelwynn41 #aeb ,half-rater ,spruce ,,iv41 #aec ,fifteen-footer ,ethelwynn41 #aec ,forty-footer ,gossoon1 #afa ,america1 #ahii1 #afe ,phantom1 #aic ,ghost1 #aii ,a ,stern ,chase1 #bja ,vigilant1 #bbd ,defender in ,dry-dock1 #bbg ,thistle1 now ,comte1 #bcj ,volunteer1 #bca ,valkyrie ,,iii4 in ,dry-dock1 #bcc ,ellen1 ,twenty-rater1 #bce ,cutter's ,bow and ,stern1 #ahib1 #bcg ,english ,mid-sections1 #bch ,mid-sections of ,cup ,contestants1 #bci ,volunteer and ,thistle1 #bda ,vigilant and ,valkyrie ,,ii41 #bda ,valkyrie ,,ii41 #bdc ,valkyrie ,,iii41 ,stern ,view1 #bde ,modern ,type of ,fin1 #bdf ,defender and ,valkyrie ,,iii41 #bdf ,hoisting ,defender's ,mainsail1 #bdg ,defender ,under ,brooklyn ,bridge1 #bea ,defender ,under ,sail1 #bee ,valkyrie ,,iii4 ,under ,sail1 #bei ,defender's ,stern1 #bga ,illustration3 8,,with ,,topmasts ,,housed40 ,i4 ,,yacht ,,racing ,,as ,a ,,sport4 ,,brief ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,fascinating ,,pastime ,,from ,,its ,,inception ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,about half a century ago1 when ,i wasn't so gray and grizzled as ,i am now1 ,i was shipmate with ,john ,gulliver1 an ancient mariner who fully believed in the doctrine of the transmigration of souls4 ,he used to spin the most wonderful yarns4 ,he had in former incarnations animated the body of a whale1 a green turtle and a sea-gull4 ,he had also been cabin boy on the good ship ,ark4 ,he declared that1 of all the skippers he had ever sailed under1 ,captain ,noah was the strictest4 ,during the brief but memorable voyage of that historic craft1 the crew1 he declared1 never once got an afternoon watch below4 ,when they weren't feeding the live stock they were kept busy on deck cleaning brasswork and hauling taut the lee crossjack brace4 ,he said he felt very glad when the time came for the crew to be paid off4 ,he had grown weary of the weevily biscuits and the tough salt junk4 ,there were no 8manavellings0 aboard the tarnation hooker and the ,old ,man only served out rum once during the voyage1 and that was when the ,ark was hove-to under a goose-winged maintopsail and foretopmast staysail in the latitude and longitude of ,mount ,ararat1 waiting for the dove to come aboard4 ,i remember ,i used to listen with my mouth wide open to the marvelous stories of this old salt4 ,i once asked him to describe the interior fittings of ,captain ,noah's ship1 but from what ,i could gather from him there wasn't much gilt gingerbread work in her main saloon4 ,everything was for use2 nothing for ornament4 ,there weren't even brass hoops on the mess kids4 ,besides1 she leaked like a sieve and wouldn't steer well unless close-hauled on a bowline4 ,the ship ,argo1 in which ,jason sailed in search of the ,golden ,fleece1 had no artistic decorations below1 but her hull1 from all accounts1 was a 8dandy40 ,built of lofty pines which flourished on ,mount ,pelion1 she was pierced for fifty oars4 ,she was daubed with coal-black pitch1 and her bows were painted with vermilion4 ,i don't believe she ever made more than four knots an hour1 even with fifty heroes pulling their hardest at the oars1 all keeping time to the music of the harp of ,orpheus1 who had too much low cunning to do any work himself4 ,the ,argo was a yacht manned by ,corinthians and the first one that ever sailed on the ,euxine1 vulgarly known as the ,black ,sea4 ,so far as ,i know1 there are no photographs extant of her interior1 but judging from the log of her voyage she had a fine galley on deck1 in which her crew of heroes used to cook the choice parts of swine and deer for their own use1 offering up the offal as a sacrifice to the immortal gods--a circumstance showing that the ancient mariners were just as level-headed as the down-to-date seamen of to-day4 ,illustration3 ,,jason',s ,,yacht 8,,argo40 ,the handsome barges which belonged to the high civilization of ancient ,egypt used to ply on the muddy waters of the ,nile1 and highly ornate vessels they were1 manned by fifty rowers4 ,they had sails of crimson silk1 richly embroidered4 ,their cabins were sumptuous1 spacious and luxurious1 gold1 silver and precious stones being used lavishly in their decoration4 ,in such a stately craft ,cleopatra and ,mark ,antony passed many halcyon hours of splendid ease and amorous dalliance4 ,the ,romans and ,carthaginians had their pleasure craft1 and so had the ,greeks and ,venetians4 ,it was the custom of the ,romans to hold regattas of biremes and triremes1 and according to the chronicles a good deal of money changed hands over the results4 ,every schoolboy remembers the exciting boat race between those gallant ,trojan captains1 ,cloanthus and ,sergestus1 so ably reported by one ,vergil4 ,i know that ,i can never forget it4 ,that regatta cost me many a cruel birching4 ,in these competitions oars only were used4 ,i fancy that sails were not set in those days except when the wind blew abaft the beam1 the ancients not being well versed in the art of beating to windward4 ,the swift ships in which ,father neas1 his faithful ,achates and his devoted followers1 fled from ,troy1 had1 ,i suppose1 but scanty cabin accommodations2 and when bold ,pilot ,palinurus glanced at the compass to see if the helmsman was steering a correct course1 no highly polished brass binnacle reflected that skillful old navigator's bronzed and bearded face4 ,the flagship of ,columbus may fairly be classed with the ,argo1 and so may the ,norse galley which brought to the rugged ,new ,england coast those hardy salts who built the windmill at ,newport and left their indelible marks on the primeval granite rocks of that region4 ,the ,dutch1 ,i think1 were the inventors of the sailing yacht proper1 and from ,holland the finest diversion in the world spread to ,great ,britain1 and became the sport of kings4 ,quaint old ,pepys1 in his diary1 tells us of a sailing yacht named ,mary1 which was presented by the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company to ,king ,charles ,,ii4 in the year #affa4 ,charles was a tip-top yachtsman1 the merry monarch being never sick at sea4 ,his yacht ,mary was beaten by another pleasure craft of ,english design1 the match being the first between sailing yachts in the history of the pastime in ,england4 ,according to ,pepys1 the ,mary was snug and cozy below1 quite comfortable1 but not at all luxurious4 ,the king cruised much in her up and down the ,english ,channel in the palmy days of his reign4 ,three hundred years before1 when ,marino ,faliero was ,doge of ,venice1 a merchant prince of that state originated pleasure sailing on the peaceful ,adriatic4 ,a ,dutchman called ,van ,kompf transferred the craft to the ,german ,ocean1 and gave it the name of yacht4 ,to the ,dutch and ,scandinavian strain in the ,english blood is owing that passion for the sea which has made yachting so favorite a recreation in ,great ,britain4 ,our own love for the sport is doubtless derived from the same source4 ,turning to our own land the beginnings are naturally more definite4 ,we know the exact facts1 for the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club was organized aboard ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,stevens' schooner ,gimcrack on ,july #cj1 #ahdd1 the ,gimcrack being at anchor off the ,battery4 ,in those days there were but few yachts1 and most of them were small4 ,the fittings of pleasure craft were then simple and inexpensive1 when compared with the luxurious and costly appointments of the palatial vessels which are our pride to-day4 ,the old ,maria1 which was the last yacht owned by ,commodore ,stevens1 would not rank very high in the present fleet of magnificent steamers1 schooners1 sloops and cutters4 ,she was the finest and fastest yacht of her day1 having many of what are now termed 8modern improvements10 such as outside lead1 a heavily weighted main centerboard1 also a forward centerboard1 a hollow main boom ninety-five feet long and nine feet in circumference at its greatest girth1 built of white oak staves1 with doweled and keyed edges1 iron bands and longitudinal iron trusses4 ,her main sheet was fitted with a rubber compressor4 ,her former sailing-master is on record as saying3 8,she would work within seven points1 and ,i have sailed her seventeen knots4 ,on her trial trip with the ,america along the beach we beat her so badly that ,mr4 ,stevens was in doubt whether it was good policy to send her to ,england2 but as she defeated all the others by as much as we beat her1 it was finally decided she ought to go40 ,the ,maria is said to have cost #ajj1jjj1 a vast sum in those days even for ,mr4 ,stevens1 who owned nearly all ,weehawken and ,hoboken4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that she was continually being altered and improved1 no expense being spared4 ,the equipments and cabin fittings of all the pleasure craft of that period were plain and economical4 ,the greater part of their cost was expended on hulls1 spars and rigging1 which were of the best material4 ,the age was not so luxurious as it is to-day4 ,though bronze and aluminum hulls1 steel booms1 wire rigging1 silken sails1 and the one hundred and one 8fads10 patented and otherwise1 which are now considered indispensable for racing were unknown1 the yachts cost a pretty round sum1 but merely a trifle compared with the crack clippers of this year of grace4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,viking ,,ship4 ,the cabins of those yachts were not finished in costly hard woods carved by artists and highly polished4 ,no upholstery of silken plush or hangings of rich tapestry were to be seen4 ,sperm oil in brass lamps of no particular design illuminated the space below4 ,the fare1 too1 was plain and simple4 ,little or no wine of costly vintage was consumed4 ,honest claret1 mellow ,medford rum1 and fine old whisky were the staple beverages with which those sturdy salts moistened their clay1 while they solaced their souls with ,virginia tobacco smoked in pipes of quaint ,dutch shape4 ,it is needless to say that the 8#djj0 of half a century ago didn't carry their valets with them while cruising on the ,sound or while sailing to ,cape ,may4 ,the old course of the club was from the club-house in the ,elysian ,fields1 ,hoboken1 out to the ,southwest ,spit and back4 ,the yachts1 as a rule1 were sailed by amateurs4 ,no uniform was worn in those primitive days1 and there was no red tape whatever4 ,but it is questionable if a finer class of amateurs ever existed than those men who sailed the yachts of the club during the first twenty years of its history4 ,if some of those sturdy salts who flourished in the good old days of our famous schooner ,america could rise from their snuggeries in the cemeteries and sail on the squadron cruise of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club next ,august1 ,i would promise them a spectacle which would astonish them4 ,i would first point out to them in ,glen ,cove a fleet of more than one hundred yachts1 comprising some of the finest steam and sailing craft in the world4 ,i would next call attention to the fairy-like electric1 steam1 and naphtha launches darting between the ships and the shore1 some of them laden with ladies of bewitching loveliness1 dressed so saucily and coquettishly in nautical raiment as to make a bachelor's mouth water4 ,i would next take my resurrected friends in a naphtha launch on board one of the big steam yachts1 and while on their way thither they would marvel at the handiness and speed of the little boat which carried them4 ,if it was the flagship ,corsair they visited1 her owner would be sure to have the side piped in true man-o'-war fashion in honor of the old-time salts4 ,climbing up the gangway ladder1 walking aft on the snowy deck1 they would be invited below1 to the hospitality of the ,corsair1 which they would indeed be loath to leave4 ,i might then possibly convoy them aboard the big racing schooner ,colonia and the new cup defender1 and1 after gazing upon these two marine marvels1 you might wager that the old chaps would make a vigorous kick against returning to their little grass-covered beds4 ,while rummaging over some musty documents in the library of an old seafaring friend the other day1 ,i happened to come across some interesting memoranda concerning the good old schooner ,gimcrack1 the first flagship of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club4 ,from these items ,i gather that she was fitted with a fixed centerboard of heavy plate iron1 four feet deep and fifteen feet long1 resembling the fin of to-day1 but minus the bulb of lead on the base4 ,this is another exemplification of the truth of the old adage that there is nothing new under the sun4 ,the pastime which was so ably started by those old and gallant sportsmen has prospered beyond belief1 and no wonder1 for yacht racing1 in my judgment1 is the most fascinating and wholesome sport in the world4 ,its devotees are actuated by no mercenary or money-making motives1 but follow the pastime for the many delights its pursuit affords4 ,the praiseworthy ambition that has for its goal the winning of sea trophies is devoid of all craving after filthy lucre1 because the prizes obtained1 no matter whether in cash or plate1 are trifling in comparison with the first cost of the yacht and the incidental expenses of running her4 ,there are many other reasons that may be adduced to prove that the pastime excels all others2 but1 in my opinion1 the most convincing argument that can be urged is that no scandal has ever sullied the fair name of the sport1 and that its followers the wide world over are the best fellows that breathe--generous1 hearty and manly--the salt of the earth1 in fact4 ,it is a sport in which the element of gambling rarely enters1 except in the case of international events1 when patriotic pride impels men to back their country's flag with a modest wager4 ,i have been a close student of yachting lore for more years than ,i care to recall1 but ,i know of no instance where yacht racing has made a financial wreck of one of its faithful adherents4 ,of what other gentlemanly sport can as much be truthfully alleged8 ,if a rich man has sons with a leaning toward yachting he should encourage its complete development4 ,i know of no better school for the cultivation of all manly virtues4 ,there is no question concerning its healthfulness1 but my contention is that a man's moral tone as well as his physical constitution improves by association with the sea4 ,self-reliance1 quickness of decision1 action and resource1 bravery and personal endurance1 are qualities necessary for success in life4 ,where can all these desirable characteristics be acquired with more ease and greater satisfaction than on a racing vessel1 preferably one of moderate size manned exclusively by amateurs or with the aid of one paid hand8 ,illustration3 ,the ,flagship of ,columbus ,it may properly be remarked that the love of boating is innate and can never be acquired4 ,the mere sight of the sea has an attraction to the true son of ,neptune as cogent as that of the magnet to the pole4 ,he eagerly desires to be afloat on it1 and can sympathize with ,charles ,lever1 who once said he would rather have a plank for a boat and a handkerchief for a sail than resign himself to give up boating altogether4 ,the man who has not the nautical instinct can never come to regard a boat with more affection than he does a horse-car4 ,when you rave ecstatically of the virtues of your little ship he feels inclined to think that you must be half crazy4 ,you can never make a yachtsman out of material such as this4 ,we cannot all be sailors1 so therefore let the cobbler stick to his last and the cook to the foresheet1 where he belongs6 ,the deduction from the above is that you should be careful as to the choice of your seagoing chum4 ,the most congenial companion ashore may prove an insufferable bore afloat4 ,and to tell the truth1 you ought not to blame him for the lack of the nautical instinct1 but rather yourself for inviting a person lacking that saving qualification to go sailing with you4 ,nauticus nascitur1 non fit is a true adage4 ,there is a huge army of our fellow creatures who think with ,dr4 ,johnson that the pleasure of going to sea is getting ashore again from a prison1 where there is also the risk of getting drowned4 ,but a far brighter literary light than he1 ,thomas ,carlyle1 to wit1 the crabbed1 the cynic1 who was ever ready to use his mordant pen of wormwood in holding up to execration the foibles and the sins of humanity ashore1 was always blind to the faults of his fellow-man afloat4 ,the acrid gall of his being1 induced by the horrors of chronic dyspepsia1 was converted into milk and honey by the magic influence of the ,ocean4 ,who can forget the account of his trip to ,ostend and back in the revenue cutter ,vigilant in #ahdb8 ,he described the craft as a smart little trim ship of some #bej tons1 rigged1 fitted1 kept and navigated in the highest style of ,english seacraft1 made every way for sailing fast that she may catch smugglers4 ,outside and inside1 in furniture1 equipment1 action and look1 she seemed a model1 clean as a lady's work-box4 ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,yacht ,,of #ag,,th ,,century4 ,his biographer1 ,froude1 has told1 of their return trip1 how at midnight they were in their berths aboard the ,vigilant running out into the ,north ,sea3 8,the wind fell in the morning and they were becalmed4 ,they sighted the ,north ,foreland before night1 but the air was still light1 and it was not till the next day that they were fairly in the river4 ,then a rattling breeze sprang up and the ,vigilant1 with her vast mainsail1 her vast balloon jib1 with all the canvas set which she could carry1 flew through the water1 passing sailing vessels1 passing steamers1 passing everything4 ,they carried on as if they were entered for a racing cup4 ,the jib1 of too light material for such hard driving1 split with a report like a cannon4 ,carlyle saw the #8,captain's eyes twinkle2 no other change4' ,in ten minutes the flying wreck was gathered in1 another jib was set and standing in place of it1 and the yacht sped on as before4 #8,to see men so perfect in their craft1 fit for their work1 and fitly ordered to it1' was a real consolation to him4 ,there was something still left in the public service of ,england which had survived ,parliamentary eloquence4 ,they entered at ,deptford and the gig was lowered to take the party up to ,london4 8,five rowers with a boatswain2 men unsurpassable1 ,i do not doubt1 in boat navigation2 strong1 tall men1 all clean shaved1 clean washed1 in clean blue trousers1 in massive clean check shirts1 their black neckcloths tied round their waists1 their large1 clean brown hands1 cunning in the craft of the sea--it was a kind of joy to look at it all4 ,in a few minutes they shot us into the ,custom ,house stairs1 and here1 waving our mild farewells1 our travel's history concluded4 ,thus had kind destiny projected us rocket-wise for a little space into the clear blue of heaven and freedom4 ,thus again were we swiftly reabsorbed into the great1 smoky1 simmering crater1 and ,london's soot volcano had again re-covered us40 ,i am sure my readers will pardon me for quoting at such length from ,carlyle1 if only for the reason that the matter ,i reproduce is far more interesting than any ,i can originate4 ,besides1 ,i need the extract to emphasize my argument concerning the healthful moral tonic of my much-loved sea4 ,here is atrabilious1 doleful1 indignant1 and scornful ,carlyle cured temporarily of all his mental disorders by a rattling run across the ,north ,sea and back4 ,he lands in a delightful frame of mind1 and has nothing but the most pleasant reminiscences of the ,vigilant1 her skipper and her crew4 ,the readers of his stories of other journeys by land will appreciate the surprising contrast4 ,very few men go into yachting for the advertisement that it may offer4 ,it is always possible for some seller of quack medicines to achieve cheap notoriety by claiming that he is about to build a yacht to defend or capture the ,america's ,cup4 ,if he uses diligently whatever art of claptrap he is endowed with he will find numbers of newspapers gullible enough to give him columns and columns of gratuitous puffs4 ,the public may be beguiled for a time into the belief that his intentions are really honest2 but the experienced yachtsman will not be deceived for a moment1 as he knows that no yacht club of repute will father the challenge of such a person1 even in the unlikely event of his building a yacht for the purpose of a real race4 ,yacht clubs on both sides of the ,atlantic1 to their credit1 fight very shy of such queer customers4 ,illustration3 ,,commodore ,,john ,c4 ,,stevens1 ,the ,father of ,american ,yachting4 ,thus it is that the sport is confined to gentlemen2 nautical blacklegs1 blackguards1 and 8welshers0 being unknown4 ,the membership committees of the clubs are very discriminating and cautious as to those whom they admit2 and even if a 8black sheep0 succeeds in entering the flock his presence is soon discovered1 and he quietly learns that his room is more desirable than his company4 ,his resignation follows as a matter of course4 ,a yacht club composed principally of men who love the sport for the precious gifts it offers1 and not for fashion's sake1 or because 8,it's the proper caper1 you know1 to belong to a yacht club1 don't you see80 is an excellent school for a young man1 both morally and physically4 ,in the arena of professional sport1 as we all know1 objectionable characters1 unhappily1 fairly swarm4 ,it would be invidious to particularize or to single out any one sport as being remarkable from the number of black sheep among its adherents4 ,but of yachting it may truly be said that the pastime never has been disgraced or degraded by the professional hands necessarily employed in its service4 ,officers and men before the mast quickly realize that good conduct is the only secret of success1 that braggarts and bullies have no place in its symmetry1 and that dishonesty of any kind1 whether selling a race or robbing a yacht owner1 is quickly detected and punished4 ,i have never known an instance of the first-named disgraceful offence1 and the lack of it speaks volumes in behalf of the honor and integrity of yacht skippers the wide world over4 ,be it remembered that for a sailing-master to lose a race would be as easy as for a jockey to so ride a horse that in spite of his gameness or his speed he could not possibly win4 ,scandals such as in the past have made the turf a byword are happily unknown in yacht racing4 ,in all my experience of yachtsmen ,i never heard one of them1 in his most open and confidential moods1 with his mind mellowed with grog1 boast of winning a race by unfair or questionable methods4 ,many stockbrokers race their yachts1 and1 although the ,stock ,exchange is supposed to have a peculiar effect on the moral tone of its members1 yet when these gentlemen engage in a yacht race they display the nicest honor1 the most chivalrous conduct toward their adversaries1 that is indeed most admirable to contemplate4 ,lawyers1 too1 who in the exercise of their profession are full of wiles and stratagems1 lose their chief characteristics when they enter their yacht club or get aboard their yachts4 ,the transformation is magical4 ,you fail to recognize in the bluff1 open and honest sea-dog in his natty suit of serge the shrewd gentleman of the long robe who1 with his quips and his quirks and his long list of precedents and his unfailing gift of the gab1 has just succeeded in making the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states feel exquisitely unhappy4 ,talk of ,aladdin's lamp or any other famous storied talisman as you please but1 upon my word1 the sea has worked more wonders than them all6 ,there is much patriotism among our yachtsmen1 the bulk of the ,naval ,militia of the various ,states1 possessing such a volunteer organization1 consisting of men who are devoted to the sport4 ,that the ,united ,states ,government is much indebted to yachtsmen is now generously conceded by our naval authorities1 who1 at the outset of the war with ,spain1 availed themselves of a large fleet of steam yachts1 which were transformed with marvelous celerity into despatch boats1 protected cruisers and torpedo boat destroyers4 ,they proved of immense service to the navy1 as that arm of our national defence was destitute of these almost indispensable vessels4 ,it may be truthfully alleged that the navy would have been in an unpleasant predicament if it had not been possible to call upon the steam yachting fleet of the ,atlantic coast4 ,the splendid achievement of the converted yacht ,gloucester1 formerly the flagship of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club1 which drove ashore two ,spanish torpedo boat destroyers near ,santiago de ,cuba on ,july #c1 #ahih1 will always be remembered as one of the most brilliant episodes of that 8most just and charitable war40 ,she was in command of ,lieut4-,commander ,wainwright1 who was executive officer of the ,maine when she was blown up in ,havana harbor on ,february #ae1 #ahih4 ,illustration3 8,,gimcrack0 ,,and 8,,maria40 ,the generous response of the ,naval ,militia to the call of the ,president and the eagerness of yachtsmen generally to recruit its ranks have been highly appreciated4 ,yachtsmen will ever feel proud of the gallantry of the ,naval ,militia because it is so largely composed of their shipmates and messmates4 ,it is needless to expatiate on the patriotic part of my theme4 ,the advantages of yachting as a nursery for the navy in war-time are indisputable1 and will occur to anybody who will give the matter due reflection4 ,illustration3 8,,america10 #ahea4 ,illustration3 8,,maria10 #ahea4 ,the ,corinthian ,yacht ,club of ,new ,york1 now unhappily extinct1 did excellent work in its rather brief but not inglorious career4 ,it achieved much in the way of the abolition of the pernicious broad and shallow type of boat which at the time of the ,corinthian ,club's heyday was extremely popular4 ,i should be disingenuous were ,i not to confess quite frankly that the extreme type of plank-on-edge cutters favored by the leading lights of this club was1 in my judgment1 nearly as objectionable as the class of craft it sought to supersede4 ,but still it must be said that the boat of to-day1 which is a compromise between the extremes mentioned1 owes a share at least of its existence to the bold efforts of the ,corinthians4 ,to abolish the 8skimming dish0 was one of the chief aims of the club1 and that it did yeoman's service in that direction was one of its greatest glories4 ,illustration3 8,,america',s0 ,,lines4 ,an innovation made by this club was the establishment of cadets as members4 ,these cadets were the sons or relatives of members who took an interest in the sport4 ,they were entitled to many of the privileges of their elders1 including the right to wear the club button4 ,it always impressed me that the idea was a good one4 ,i know of no other club that has followed its example4 ,now that the ban against women has been removed by half-a-dozen clubs of importance1 ,young ,america may also be granted an opportunity to rise and shine4 ,there is no doubt that the average ,american boy is fond of a sailor's life4 ,it is also true that some of the genus would hardly be a joy in the life of a yacht club if admitted to cadetship4 ,there is every likelihood1 therefore1 that it may be long before the boy becomes an active participant in yachting1 so far as clubs are concerned4 ,but ,i know several ambitious youths who can handle their fathers' vessels as well as a veteran1 and who can be depended on to enter into the vigorous practice of the sport as soon as they get old enough to run their own affairs4 ,it is my intention to discuss in detail the cost of running a racing yacht1 in a subsequent chapter1 but ,i may say in a general way that capital sport may be had each season at a moderate outlay4 ,there never before were so many yacht clubs as there are to-day1 and never has a more intelligent interest been taken in the economical pursuit of racing4 ,defenders1 ,vigilants1 ,colonias and ,emeralds are vessels beyond the reach of all but millionaires4 ,it is only the very richest of our fellow citizens who can enjoy the delights of racing these large and costly vessels4 ,but the popular restricted classes of #ahii offer inducements that the ordinary man of affairs earning a moderate income may easily avail himself of4 ,suppose that two chums1 who have sailed together long enough to find out that their idiosyncrasies of disposition and temperament will allow them to dwell together in amity afloat1 form a marine partnership and buy jointly a knockabout or raceabout for cup-hunting and cruising purposes4 ,the first cost of the boat1 complete and delivered1 might be #hjj4 ,a second-hand boat might be picked up much cheaper4 ,the expense of keeping her in commission would be modest4 ,no paid hand would be necessary1 and the boat might be so moored that one of the club hands would keep a general watch on her to see that no harm befell her in a summer storm1 his recompense for this being a generous 8tip0 at the end of the season4 ,in nearly all of the yacht clubs in the vicinity of the metropolis special efforts are made to induce owners of small craft to join1 and there are facilities for the safe anchorage and also the hauling out of the club's mosquito squadron4 ,in this the clubs act wisely1 for the small classes are really the life of the organization1 which1 without their active interest1 might stand a fair chance of perishing of inanition4 ,most pleasures are evanescent when compared with the comfort that a sea-dog gets from fixing up his cabin for the season's sport4 ,the ingenuity displayed in making the most of the necessarily limited quarters at his disposal1 the stowage of his 8dunnage10 so as to be able to put his hand on anything at a moment's notice in the dark1 the capacity of creating a home-like interior out of chaotic surroundings1 call out every faculty4 ,the first sail on a new boat which is your very own causes a thrill of joy4 ,to see the noble craft respond to the slightest touch of the tiller1 to watch her gradually eat her way to windward in the teeth of a merry breeze1 with a shining furrow of foam in her wake and her sharp cutwater cleaving the blue billows1 and when1 with sheet eased off and wind abeam1 her lee rail almost awash1 she puts on an extra spurt--all these are ecstatic raptures which your poor land-lubber has never experienced4 ,yachts are fickle jades1 as all who have been victims of their whims and humors must fain concede4 ,it is no wonder that they belong to the feminine gender4 ,no coquette can be coyer or more difficult to please than the highly strung racing yacht4 ,on occasions it is hard to realize that she is an inanimate fabric4 ,i have known one to develop nerves and even hysteria4 ,it takes a man of great judgment and infinite tact and good temper to get the best speed out of a modern racehorse4 ,qualifications similar and quite as highly developed are necessary to the successful yacht skipper1 be he amateur or be he professional4 ,the ambition to excel in the art of yacht racing has been the means of inducing a great number of our fashionable youth1 both golden and gilded1 to cultivate the sport of yachting4 ,the wholesome and invigorating influence of sea life and salt water have developed scores of dudes into men2 and the one-design classes1 now so popular1 do much to keep young fellows out of mischief4 ,racing in the smaller classes is encouraged by all the clubs except one--the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club--and open regattas are plentiful1 to which the boats belonging to all recognized clubs are not only eligible but cordially welcome4 ,the ,yacht ,racing ,association of ,long ,island ,sound has made a specialty of encouraging and promoting these open regattas1 and the result is a programme of most attractive events1 with no conflicting dates1 that offer golden opportunities to ambitious amateurs to win trophies of their skill and daring4 ,all existing classes are invited to take part in these competitions1 as the most generous and sportsmanlike spirit of comradeship pervades the yacht clubs of the ,sound2 so1 if a man prefers a catboat or a sloop or a yawl to a knockabout1 he will have many opportunities of gratifying his yacht-racing instincts4 ,the rules of this ,yacht ,racing ,association are so fair and liberal that the most carping of critics can find nothing in them to cavil at4 ,a hearty welcome is accorded the owners of all visiting boats by the club holding the regatta1 and nothing can be more satisfactory than the system which so happily obtains in this present year of grace4 ,the benefits bestowed by this association on the yachtsmen of ,new ,york and ,connecticut are rivaled by those offered to ,eastern yachtsmen by the ,yacht ,racing ,association of ,massachusetts4 ,similar associations exist on the ,lakes and the ,pacific ,coast1 while the ,international ,yacht ,racing ,union1 established in #ahig1 promises to wield a powerful and benignant influence in the immediate future on the promotion of international matches1 which1 in the past1 have proved so beneficial to the sport4 ,it may thus be deduced that the outlook for sound and thriving sport was never brighter or more promising than it is to-day4 ,white sails of racing craft dot the waters of our coast line where the sport is practicable4 ,in the inland lakes the pastime1 too1 is pursued with zeal and intelligence4 ,the advance and progress made in the sport date1 strange to say1 from #ahhj1 when what is known as the 8cutter craze0 first made itself manifest in this country4 ,in the light of history it should be candidly conceded that the lessons learned from the ,scotch cutters ,madge1 ,clara and ,minerva proved of incalculable benefit to the sport in ,america4 ,broad-minded ,britishers will also admit that the victories of moderate and able compromise craft like ,puritan and ,mayflower1 combining the ,american breadth of beam and the centerboard with the ,british outside lead1 over such representative ,english cutters as ,genesta and ,galatea caused the alteration of the ,british rule which penalized beam and which resulted in the building of vessels like ,britannia1 ,valkyrie and ,meteor4 ,the adoption by the ,english of cotton duck for sails1 and also of the ,yankee laced mainsail1 show how our trans,atlantic cousins appreciate a good thing when its advantages are made manifest4 ,the eager way in which they snapped up the ,herreshoff fin-keel is further proof of the active interest the ,british designers take in the development of ,american yacht naval architecture and how keen they are to avail themselves of any new 8wrinkles0 in hull1 sails or rigging that ,yankee genius may invent4 ,and while the ,british eye is kept wide open in our direction1 it must not be thought that we are blind to the doings of our rivals across the sea4 ,the friendly feelings that have been enhanced between the two great ,english-speaking nations ever since the outbreak of the late war with ,spain did much to make another race for the ,america's ,cup possible and popular1 and neither nation can afford to nap when the yachting supremacy of the sea is at stake4 ,queen ,victoria's policy has ever been to encourage yacht racing1 as the many ,queen's ,cups she has presented to yacht clubs during her long reign abundantly prove4 ,the most popular act of her life1 so far as professional yacht sailors are concerned1 took place on ,april #h1 #ahig1 when she visited the ,prince of ,wales' cutter ,britannia1 at ,nice1 and presented ,capt4 ,john ,carter1 her skipper1 with the medal of the ,victoria ,order1 accompanying the gift with a graceful compliment4 ,in ,america the yachting fraternity1 both amateur and professional1 has received no encouragement whatever from the ,congress1 and is still subject to harassing legislation4 ,this is much to be regretted1 as it is without question bad and unwise policy4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,racing ,,yacht4 ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,material1 ,,construction ,,and ,,selection ,,of ,a ,,vessel4 ,it is a matter of some difficulty to advise a prospective yachtsman as to the acquisition of a racing craft4 ,there are two courses open to him4 ,he can either build or buy ready-made4 ,if the question of money is purely a secondary consideration1 the wealthy amateur will probably feel inclined to give an order to a fashionable naval architect for the down-to-date design of a tip-top craft in the class on which he has set his heart4 ,he will find plenty of accommodating builders who will meet his views conscientiously and do their best to follow out the minuti of the draughtsman's design4 ,swell sailmakers--and we have some of the best on earth--will supply his craft with a splendidly fitting and sitting suit of muslin1 and he can hire a crack skipper who will teach him all the tricks of the most expert timoneer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cutter 8,,oriva40 ,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,watson1 the famous ,scotch yacht designer1 in a lecture on 8,progress in ,yachting and ,yacht ,building10 delivered early in #ahha1 said3 8,as prophecy nowadays seems to be one of the branches of naval architecture1 and we have been told by ,sir ,e4 ,j4 ,reed and others what kind of ships the next generation are to have1 ,i am anxious to keep abreast of the age1 and herewith present you with the outline specification of a #aj-tonner for the season #bjjj4 ,you see ,i keep myself pretty safe1 as but few of us will be alive to see her sail4 ,the dimensions ,i won't venture on4 ,some yachting authorities assert that you have only to make the boat long enough and heavy enough1 to beat all existing racing craft2 and it seems strange that1 with this knowledge in their possession1 they should not only have had sufficient self-denial to resist the building of certain successes1 but have even gone the length of turning out duffers of normal dimensions4 ,i think there is just a little more in it than that1 and can't believe that a #aj-tonner #hj feet long could ever be a success4 8,we have not exhausted the possibilities of form yet1 and really know very little more about it than ,solomon did when he confessed his inability to understand #8the way of a ship on the sea2' and when we do arrive at perfection in shape1 we can set to1 then1 to look out for better material4 8,the frames and beams1 then1 of my ideal ship shall be of aluminum1 the plating below water of manganese bronze and the topsides of aluminum1 while ,i think it will be well to deck her1 too1 with that lightest of metals1 as good yellow pine will soon be seen only in a museum4 ,for ballast1 of course we should have nothing but platinum1 unless the owner grudged the expense1 when we might put the top tier of gold4 8,but by that date ,i hope we won't care for sailing in such a sluggish element as the water4 ,i firmly believe that some day the air will become as easily traversed as the earth or ocean40 ,now1 in #ahha1 ,mr4 ,watson's fame as a naval architect was quite firmly established1 but as a prophet he was without honor in his own and every other country4 ,it is therefore remarkable that his prediction1 made presumably in playful jest1 was1 in a great measure1 fulfilled not very long after4 ,a torpedo boat of manganese bronze was actually built in ,england for the ,french ,government in #ahia4 ,then followed the construction in ,france of the yacht ,vendenesse1 built almost altogether of aluminum1 in #ahib1 and a series of ,french torpedo boats of aluminum in #ahie-f4 ,the ,yankee ,vigilant was constructed of ,tobin bronze below the water-line and of steel above4 ,she had a hollow bronze centerboard and a solid bronze rudder4 ,the latest development of ,mr4 ,watson's fanciful idea was introduced in ,defender in #ahie4 ,this celebrated yacht has topside plating1 deck beams1 deck-strapping and upper fittings of aluminum1 #d per cent4 nickel alloy1 while the bottom plating is of bronze4 ,the stern1 frames1 floor-plates1 stiffening-angles1 bilge-stringers1 inverted angle-bulbs1 underdeck beams1 the two deck beams inclosing mast1 tie-plates round mast1 stepping-socket1 bed-plate fittings1 and supports and chain-plates are of steel4 ,all the rivets are of bronze1 thus completing an intimate association of the three metals1 which was followed in a short time by inevitable general corrosion4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,harper ,bros4 8,,vigilant10 ,,cup-,,defender ,,of #ahic1 ,,in ,,dry ,,dock4 ,advocates of aluminum as a fit metal for use in shipbuilding point out that no effort at insulation of any kind whatsoever was made1 not even the simple precautions which would have been insisted on in an ordinary case of steel and bronze construction4 ,defender was built with only one purpose in view--the winning of a series of races4 ,her subsequent proceedings were a matter of no interest to her owners and builder4 ,had she been built of steel throughout she would have cost about half as much as she actually did1 and would have been good for fifteen years of hard sailing if built up to ,lloyd's rules4 ,but she might1 in that case1 have failed to fulfill her only reason for existence--the beating of ,lord ,dunraven's ,valkyrie ,,iii4 ,the scientist who will invent some alloy to combine with aluminum which will make the metal free from corrosion when immersed in salt water will confer a great boon on the builders of racing yachts and1 incidentally1 will enrich himself4 ,that this problem will be solved eventually there is little doubt4 ,i hope that ,mr4 ,watson will live to see his prophecy realized1 even to the extent of aerial navigation4 ,at present1 however1 the heavy first cost of aluminum and its short life1 when exposed to the erosive action of sea water1 bar its use in the construction of racing yachts1 except when the sentiment of defending or regaining an historic national trophy is indulged in by a syndicate of capitalists4 ,probably no single millionaire would have gone to the expense of the ,defender1 but when the price of her was divided up among several1 the plethoric purses were not so very much depleted after all4 ,aluminum as a material for yachts has been an interesting subject to me ever since it was first used in shipbuilding4 ,the aluminum used in the ,defender had an alloy of from #ab to #ae per cent4 of nickel4 ,the majority of the plates used were and of an inch in thickness4 ,the heaviest plate weighed about #bjj pounds1 was #ch inches wide1 #ac feet #aj inches long1 and of an inch thick4 ,this plate gave an ultimate tensile strength of #dj1ghj pounds per square inch1 an elongation of #aj per cent4 in #b inches1 and the reduction of area at the point of fracture was #ad4ge per cent4 ,each and every plate used was tested4 ,the ,defender was constructed of aluminum plating from the water-line up4 ,her deck beams1 lateral and diagonal braces under the deck1 a stringer plate connecting the deck beams with the sides of the vessel1 continuous throughout her length1 and the rail were of aluminum4 ,the same metal was also used for dead-light frames and covers and small interior fittings4 ,the sheaves of all her blocks were of aluminum4 ,i have read nearly everything that scientific men have written on the subject of aluminum as used in ,defender1 and from my reading ,i deduce that the metal failed to prove satisfactory because proper care was not taken to prevent oxidation by galvanic action4 ,in the first place1 bronze rivets were used instead of aluminum rivets1 or iron rivets galvanized4 ,secondly1 the insides of the rivet holes were not coated with white lead1 nor were the rivets themselves dipped in white lead or paraffine before driving1 as might easily have been done4 ,in fact1 no precaution whatever was taken to minimize galvanic action4 ,mr4 ,herreshoff was advised to lay strips of heavy canton flannel well soaked in white lead between the lapping aluminum plates of the topsides and the bronze plates of the underbody1 and then rivet up with the flannel between the edges of the two plates1 forming a neutral joint4 ,this precaution was not taken1 however1 the result being great corrosion where1 through the junction of the two metals1 galvanic action set in4 ,illustration3 8,,uncas0 ,,in ,,frame4 ,as a general axiom it may be averred that whenever brass or copper comes into direct contact with aluminum exposed to sea water1 corrosion is very rapid4 ,it may also be averred that aluminum rivets can be made fully as strong as those of any other metal4 ,thus there is no good reason for using bronze rivets in the construction of an aluminum vessel4 ,the conclusion ,i arrive at is that aluminum as a material for a racing yacht should not be condemned until further experiments have been made4 ,in strength and lightness it surpasses every other metal4 ,it is the general opinion of shipbuilders that the best system of construction is to use one material alone in a vessel4 ,let her be all wood or all one metal1 and then the strains will be equal and corrosion will be avoided4 ,there is no question that wood should be used in all of the smaller craft up to the #ea-;footers1 at any rate4 ,strength and lightness may be most effectually combined by the double-skin system of construction1 which is by all odds the most efficient and lasting4 ,in boats larger than these1 steel may be the material of the hull4 ,metal in small craft is necessarily so thin that unsightly bulges often disfigure the topsides of vessels built of sheet-iron1 ships' lifeboats1 for instance4 ,it is true1 however1 that these metal boats are light and durable1 and when hung to a ship's davits do not warp or shrink or become leaky when exposed to the burning rays of a tropical sun4 ,these qualities1 though of great value in the craft indicated1 do not apply to small pleasure vessels1 especially when the great heat of metal vessels in our hot summers is taken into consideration4 ,steel corrodes quickly and soon gets foul4 ,it should1 therefore1 be kept well protected with a preservative anti-fouling paint4 ,old-fashioned yachtsmen1 a class of people almost extinct1 prefer wood to any other material in sailing yachts of even the largest size4 ,but the most prejudiced of these ancient mariners are forced to admit1 however reluctantly1 that wood will not satisfactorily stand the jarring strains of powerful modern marine engines4 ,it would1 of course1 be possible to build an oaken vessel strong enough to sustain the stress of the machinery1 but the timbers would have to be bulky indeed1 and the weight would be far greater than if steel were made use of exclusively4 ,a friend of mine who is a devoted yachtsman1 as well as a pretty fair hand with the rod and gun1 having lost the bulk of his money by an unfortunate investment1 was able by the exercise of ingenuity to build for himself a smart and able cruising schooner at a very moderate cost1 and also to spend a winter very enjoyably4 ,this is how he went about it3 ,in the first place he had a thorough knowledge of the type of boat he wanted1 and had a smattering of the shipbuilders' art1 being moderately handy with tools4 ,so when he went to a naval architect he was able to give an intelligent notion of his real requirements1 and wasted no precious professional time4 ,in the course of a few days the designer furnished him with the requisite working plans and specifications1 all admirably clear and concise1 and easily comprehensible by an intelligent mechanic4 ,armed with these plans he packed up his traps1 not forgetting his guns1 and started for a certain seaport in ,maine1 where some of the best coasting vessels in the world are built and where suitable timber is to be had at a very low price4 ,labor is cheap and so is the cost of living4 ,he fell in with a skillful shipwright who owned a shipyard in the harbor1 and he made satisfactory terms for the building of the vessel1 the construction of which he generally supervised4 ,she was built under cover1 and thus was not damaged in the least by the severe winter weather4 ,my friend made the seaport his headquarters1 his expenses averaging no more than #a a day4 ,he went on several enjoyable shooting expeditions1 and was much benefited in health by the pure and bracing air4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of 8,,uncas40 ,illustration3 ,,form ,,of 8,,uncas40 ,the best of it was that by this means he became the owner of a very serviceable vessel4 ,all her timbers were sound and seasoned4 ,the estimate was so reasonable that1 instead of galvanized fastenings1 which the specifications called for1 he found that he could afford yellow metal and copper bolts wherever prudence dictated their use4 ,being a 8crank10 as most good yachtsmen are1 when the vessel was in frame he gave every inch of her a right-down good soaking with kerosene oil1 applying as much as the dry wood was able to absorb4 ,he says this process preserves the wood almost indefinitely4 ,all the oak was fall-cut1 and not a sappy timber found a place in the shapely hull4 ,in the late spring she was launched and rigged1 and1 when fitted out1 her owner sailed her to ,new ,york1 where the nautical critics carefully surveyed her and pronounced her good4 ,i would not1 however1 advise the average man to follow my friend's example4 ,the man of whom ,i write was exceptionally well qualified and equipped for the undertaking and carrying out of such a job4 ,outside of his general knowledge of shipbuilding and seamanship1 he was a shrewd business man1 with plenty of tact and knowledge of the world4 ,it would be difficult for the most rascally of shipbuilders to get the better of him4 ,he was also favored by good fortune1 insomuch as the honesty and skill of the builder of his yacht were concerned4 ,he tells me he saved twenty five per cent4 in the actual cost of the vessel if built anywhere in the neighborhood of ,new ,york4 ,moreover1 he got a boat capable of being classed in the highest standard at ,lloyd's and good for a quarter of a century's hard cruising4 ,having seen the boat put together1 he never felt anxious about straining her in a squall4 ,there was no skimping of quantity in material to procure a flimsy kind of lightness4 ,hull1 spars and rigging were all scientifically adapted to the heaviest strains they were likely to encounter1 and a sufficient margin of extra strength was added in case of emergencies4 ,the schooner has been in commission now for several years1 her owner living aboard her practically all the year round4 ,he has cruised south as far as the ,caribbean ,sea and north to ,labrador4 ,he is his own skipper1 and a better seaman and navigator never broke a biscuit on his knee or drank grog out of a pannikin4 ,the only objection that can be made against iron or steel yachts in the larger classes is that their bottoms foul so rapidly4 ,so far as their capacity to resist stress and strain is concerned1 nothing can be said against them4 ,the first ,english iron yacht was the ,mosquito1 designed by ,tom ,waterman and built on the ,thames in #ahdh4 ,the first ,american iron yacht was the cutter ,vindex1 designed by ,mr4 ,a4 ,cary ,smith in #ahgj for ,mr4 ,robert ,center4 ,nickel steel1 as its name implies1 is an alloy of steel with nickel4 ,it possesses all the qualities of steel for shipbuilding purposes1 but it has1 in addition1 a breaking strength of forty tons to the square inch1 as against twenty-seven for ordinary steel4 ,the twenty-rater ,dragon ,,iii41 built in #ahic1 had frames and beams of this metal1 which ,i think is destined to be much used in the construction of racing yachts4 ,the composite system of construction1 namely1 steel or iron frames and wooden planking1 is in my judgment open to objection4 ,the frames of a racing yacht are of course as light as the naval architect dares to make them in his effort to reduce weight in every detail of hull1 spars and rigging4 ,when it comes to pass that the seams of a composite yacht require calking1 the strain of driving the oakum home produces such a pressure on the bolts that fasten the planks to the frames that they snap off4 ,the composite system was introduced in #ahfj on the ,clyde1 many ,china clippers being built after that plan4 ,among the first composite yachts were ,nyanza and ,oimara1 built by ,robert ,steele ,co41 of ,greenock1 about #ahfg4 ,all the large racing yachts of the present time that are not constructed of metal have steel frames1 as a sufficiently light wooden frame could not sustain the immense strains of the large sail plan and the heavy weight of the outside lead4 ,if a man sets his heart on having a composite vessel he should take care that her skin is of double construction1 one layer of plank overlapping the other1 with a liberal luting of white lead between4 ,thus no calking whatever is necessary2 the vessel is tight as a bottle and much stronger than if the old-fashioned plan is followed4 ,the only objection is the expense4 ,john ,harvey1 the ,english yacht designer and builder1 who was first to introduce the double-skin system in yachts1 told me once that many composite yachts were hauled out in his yard at ,wivenhoe to be repaired4 ,he had been inside several of them when being calked1 and seen the nuts break off and roll down in the bilges by the score as the oakum driven by the calking iron wedged the planks apart4 ,this result is so obvious that it requires no further comment4 ,it may well be urged that it is scarcely worth while to incur so much more expenditure of hard cash on a boat that may be obsolete1 so far as racing is concerned1 after two or three seasons2 and this argument will probably prevail with the average yacht owner4 ,i consider it my duty1 nevertheless1 to call attention to the defects of the system generally in use1 and to the advantages of the double skin2 and ,i will give two striking illustrations which ,i think will prove my case4 ,illustration3 8,,uncas0 ,,on ,,the ,,ways4 ,mr4 ,coate's smart #aj-ton cutter ,madge1 designed by ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,watson1 was a single-skin craft4 ,she was built in #ahgi and created a great sensation when she came to this country and beat all our skimming dishes4 ,in #ahij she was almost ready to fall to pieces1 and her rickety frame had to be strengthened with iron knees and fitted with new topsides4 ,in #ahid she was condemned as unseaworthy and fit only for the junkman4 ,on the other hand we have the cutter ,oriva1 designed by ,john ,harvey and launched in #ahha4 ,she is of the double-skin construction1 lighter in proportion to her size than ,madge1 and to-day she is as strong and stanch as she was when she was launched4 ,if the prospective builder decides to use wood as the material for his boat1 he will find that ,american elm is the best material for the keel and the garboard strakes4 ,when entirely submerged1 elm will last for half a century or more1 but is especially liable to decay between wind and water4 ,white oak should be used for the stem1 sternpost1 knightheads1 apron1 deadwoods and futtocks4 ,the timbers should be of oak or hackmatack1 and the planking of yellow pine4 ,this material1 if well seasoned and properly put together1 should insure a sound boat4 ,yellow-metal fastenings should be used below the water-line1 if the expense is not too much for the owner's purse4 ,if that should prove the case1 galvanized iron may take their place4 ,personally1 ,i believe in having the hull as perfect as possible4 ,i would dispense with costly gingerbread work below deck1 having everything cozy and attractive1 and would expend the extra money1 thus saved1 on hull1 spars and rigging1 yellow-metal fastenings being my first object4 ,of course1 if ,i were building a 8freak0 for a couple of seasons' sport1 ,i wouldn't use a fragment of copper in her construction4 ,it is well to bear in mind that there is absolutely no market for an outclassed racer4 ,for that reason ,i cannot recommend the expenditure of much money on the construction of a craft whose life in the usual course of events is limited to perhaps three seasons4 ,double skins and copper fastenings would be absurdly out of place in such craft4 ,but when a man builds a cruiser1 there is no reason why she should not be as sound and strong as a judicious expenditure of money can make her4 ,there is much to be said for and against copper sheathing for the bottom of a racing yacht4 ,for some reason or other it has never been popular in this country4 ,it was first used in #agfa1 when the ,british warship ,alarm was coppered at ,woolwich4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,watson is authority for the statement that1 as early as #ahcd1 a metal keel was fixed on the ,wave1 built for ,mr4 ,john ,cross ,buchanan by ,messrs4 ,steele4 ,the man desirous of obtaining distinction in the arena of yacht racing1 supposing he decides to build a yacht of his own so that the luster appertaining to her achievements shall be inevitably associated with his name1 should1 in the first place1 have a full and businesslike understanding with his designer1 who will only be happy to meet him half way and will cheerfully name the honorarium for his draught4 ,the designer supplies drawings1 plans and specifications1 and supervises the work of the builder4 ,the builder's duty is to furnish an estimate of the cost of such yacht1 which estimate1 if accepted by the yachtsman1 should be embodied in an agreement that takes the legal form of a contract1 after being signed4 ,the agreement should specify3 #a--,that the yacht shall be constructed according to specifications and drawings furnished by the designer1 complying with all requirements therein set forth regarding material and workmanship1 and that all work shall be completed to the satisfaction of the designer and surveyor 7if any74 #b--,that the yacht shall be delivered to the owner on a certain date afloat and complete1 and in default of completion by such date1 the builder shall pay a certain stipulated sum for each and every day afterward during which the yacht remains incomplete and undelivered1 for liquidated damages1 the owner being empowered to deduct such damages from the price of the vessel4 #c--,that the builder shall be paid by the owner a certain sum on the signing of the agreement1 a further sum when the yacht shall be in frame1 yet another sum when the yacht is timbered and planked1 and the final payment when the yacht is completed to the satisfaction of the designer and surveyor1 and delivered to the owner ready for sea4 #d--;,all damage to the yacht1 through fire or any other cause whatever1 previous to her delivery to the owner1 shall be made good by and at the expense of the builder1 and to the satisfaction of the designer4 ,the specification should fully set forth the dimensions of the yacht and the material to be used in her construction4 ,as an example ,i append the general specifications of the ,uncas1 one of the three one-design #df-;foot schooners designed by ,mr4 ,a4 ,cary ,smith in #ahih3 ,general ,dimensions4--,length over all1 #fd;ft4 #b;in42 length on l4w4l41 #df;ft42 beam1 extreme1 #af;ft42 draft without board1 #f;ft4 #f;in42 least freeboard1 #c;ft4 ,specifications3 ,keel1 white oak1 molded1 #e;in42 stem1 white oak1 sided1 #d;in42 sternpost1 white oak1 sided1 #e;in42 frames1 hackmatack1 double1 sided #b;in41 molded at keel #c;in41 at planksheer #b;in42 floors1 sided #b right and left2 trunk log1 sided #f;in4 and molded #aj;in41 bolted with galvanized iron2 sides of trunk1 yellow pine and white pine1 #bx#h;in41 bolted with galvanized bolts2 centerboard1 oak and yellow pine1 bolted with galvanized iron2 pin and hanging to be of brass2 ballast to be of lead furnished by owner1 #bj1jjj lbs4 in all1 #ah1jjj on keel bolted with in4 ,muntz metal bolts1 #be in number2 planking of yellow pine1 spike fastened2 clamps1 yellow pine1 #b in number1 #ax#f;in42 shelf1 same1 #ex#b;in41 worked to shape1 #a through bolt on each frame2 bilge strakes1 yellow pine1 #c on a side1 #ax#f;in42 ceiling1 only where cabin work calls for it1 in4 pine2 deck beams1 white oak1 sided #c;in41 molded #b;in42 partner beams and house beams to be sided #f;in42 partners1 hackmatack1 kneed with same2 planksheer1 white oak1 #ax#g;in42 deck plank1 white pine1 #a;in4 thick by #b;in4 wide1 spiked2 bulwarks1 pine2 stanchions1 white oak2 trunk cabin1 tongued and grooved sides1 #ax#c;in41 with wrapper2 trunk deck1 tongued and grooved stuff1 #a;in41 covered with canvas2 hatches and slides1 mahogany2 bitts1 locust2 windlass1 pump brake2 anchors1 #abj lbs41 #afj lbs42 chains1 #gj fathoms1 tested4 ,illustration3 8,,ouananiche40 ,all chocks and kevels as required2 steerer1 ,perley patent1 mahogany wheel about #cj;in42 tanks1 galvanized iron1 to hold about #bjj gals42 pump in galley basins to discharge in receivers 7bilge pump72 one small tank on ,c4 ,b4 trunk4 ,masts and spars of best spruce2 rigging1 best cast-steel wire rope and manila2 sails to be as follows3 mainsail1 foresail1 forestaysail1 jib1 small jib1 small jibtopsail1 second jibtopsail1 spinnaker1 two gaff-topsails1 small maintopmast staysail2 blocks of white ash2 iron work of all kinds1 of best iron galvanized2 awning stanchions galvanized2 joiner work to be of tongued and grooved stuff1 where it will not be seen1 and the rest to be paneled1 of white pine1 all to be of stuff2 to be painted with three coats of paint4 ,the #ba-;footer ,ouananiche1 designed by ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,ferris and built at the same yard as ,uncas1 is an excellent example of the modern type of boat4 ,her accommodations are good and she is both fast and able4 ,the specifications may also include the cabin fittings and all furniture1 upholstery for berths1 and ship stores generally1 not including edibles4 ,it is more satisfactory to the owner to have an estimate of the total cost of the craft complete and ready for sea4 ,the owner too frequently suggests changes from the specifications1 which1 in all cases1 entail considerable expense4 ,these alterations are quite justly charged for by the builder as 8extra work20 and if the owner is a good hand at 8suggesting10 as the tyro generally is1 the bill for 8extra work0 makes a big item when the final account is rendered4 ,i have known it to amount to as much as #ejj on a #b1jjj craft4 ,sometimes vexatious litigation follows4 ,all this trouble may be avoided by having a clause inserted in the contract to the effect that no work done on the yacht without a written order1 signed by the designer and countersigned by the owner1 shall be deemed extra work4 ,the careful builder will insist on such a clause if he is alive to his best interests4 ,a yacht1 in the interesting process of construction1 possesses a sort of hypnotic attraction to the man it is being built for4 ,he haunts the shipyard from the hour the men turn to in the morning to the time they knock off at night4 ,naturally1 he is anxious to know how she progresses4 ,if he were a wise man he would keep religiously aloof from the scene of operations1 and leave the work of inspection and supervision to his naval architect4 ,these remarks apply only to the tyro1 who is usually as proud of his first yacht as a young mother of her first-born4 ,with old stagers it is different4 ,on the day of the launch it is customary for the owner to buy liquid refreshments for the workmen in the shipyard4 ,the naval architect1 too1 feels hurt if he does not receive a personal invitation to the ceremony and a seat at the collation which follows the launch4 ,if a man has neither the means nor the inclination to build a boat of his own he need not despair4 ,there are always in the market a number of serviceable boats4 ,a shrewd buyer1 if he keeps his weather eye open1 may pick up a rare bargain4 ,it is his own fault if he gets the worse of the transaction4 ,given a good designer and a good builder in the first place1 he may safely conclude that the craft he has his eye on was not a 8gingerbread0 boat when she was launched4 ,illustration3 8,,dragon ,,iii40 ,unless the purchaser is well versed in boats ,i should by all means advise him to have the craft surveyed by a competent man1 whose charge will be moderate4 ,it is sure to be money saved4 ,a boat with a bulb fin or a heavily weighted centerboard is peculiarly susceptible to strains and wrenches which a tyro would be likely to pass over1 but which would be clearly apparent to the unerring eye of an expert professional4 ,sometimes a man who thinks he is built on the lines of a yachting enthusiast joins a yacht club and builds a boat in a fashionable class4 ,after a few weeks he discovers that all his enthusiasm has evaporated2 that he takes no interest whatever in the sport4 ,his next course is to offer his craft for sale4 ,he is often so disgusted that he lets a purchaser have her for a song4 ,this is a shrewd man's opportunity1 and he should not let it escape4 ,it is not often1 however1 that such windfalls come in one's way1 in spite of the old adage that a simpleton is born every minute4 ,let me in all seriousness conjure you never to buy or launch a yacht on a ,friday6 ,if you do1 you will surely rue it4 ,the superstitions of old sailors are not to be despised4 ,it is quaint and curious that superstition of the sea about the lucklessness of ,friday1 but ,i for one most devoutly believe in it4 ,i have reason1 too1 for on one fine ,friday morning1 ever so many years ago1 ,i set sail from the port of ,sunderland in the stout brig ,goshawk1 hailing from the port of ,shoreham1 with ,captain ,cuddington in command4 ,on ,sunday morning we were ashore on the ,long ,sand in a howling gale1 and the brig went to pieces in six hours4 ,i was saved with others of the crew by a smack from ,harwich1 in charge of brave ,john ,tigh1 but a poor boy1 just fresh from a ,sussex farm1 perished4 ,i shall always remember that day4 ,there were two life-buoys aboard1 and these the captain and the cook secured4 ,the instinct of self-preservation was strong1 no doubt1 and it was not an era of heroes4 ,i was a romantic child at that time1 on my first sea voyage1 and fresh from a course of 8,the ,three ,musketeers10 8,monte ,cristo10 and other such entertaining literature4 ,i thought then that we two little frightened boys would have been allowed the safeguard of the life-buoys4 ,now ,i know better4 ,illustration3 ,sunrise ,,iii4 ,,the ,,type ,,of ,,yacht4 ,,what ,,shall ,,she ,,be--,,keel1 ,,centerboard1 ,,or ,,bulb-,,fin8 ,when we come to consider the type of yacht most desirable to buy or to build1 the problem is perplexing4 ,we must in every case be guided by circumstances4 ,for instance1 a deep bulb-fin boat for racing or cruising on the shallow waters of the ,great ,south ,bay would be manifestly out of place4 ,nor would a sharpie be the most desirable class of craft for use on the deep water of the lower ,hudson4 ,locality is what must guide us in our choice4 ,build or buy a boat suitable for the work she is intended to do4 ,remember that nearly every type of craft1 keel1 bulb-fin1 centerboard or double-huller1 has some good qualities to recommend it4 ,for cruising1 a keel yacht of moderate draught1 so as to be able to enter harbors where the water is comparatively shallow1 may be recommended4 ,a centerboard vessel for the same purpose1 to those who prefer the type1 holds further inducements4 ,a wholesome knockabout for general purposes1 fishing and class-racing affords lots of sport4 ,a modern fin-keel for racing only cannot be surpassed4 ,so out of these various types you have only to choose4 ,it is not necessary in this connection to sing the praises of the keel type4 ,it speaks for itself4 ,for speed and safety it is equally adapted4 ,in war and in commerce as well as in yacht racing it has made its mark4 ,illustration3 8,,gloriana40 ,there are a number of yachts which without exaggeration or affectation may well be characterized as epoch-making vessels4 ,first comes the schooner ,america1 which revolutionized yacht naval architecture in ,great ,britain4 ,then follows ,evolution1 the parent of the bulb-fin type of to-day4 ,next comes the ,scotch cutter ,madge1 which was responsible for the decline and fall of our unwholesome 8skimming-dish0 type4 ,puritan is next--a compromise between the two extremes of deep cutter and shallow centerboard4 ,it should be remembered in connection with this boat that she combined the factors of outside lead1 moderate draught and ample beam1 and was in every way a new departure1 reflecting great credit on her talented designer1 ,mr4 ,edward ,burgess4 ,gloriana was as pronounced a departure as ,puritan1 her famous spoon-bow and immense overhangs arousing all the ,british designers and causing them to steer a new course4 ,her influence was quite as great as that of ,america4 ,she made ,nat ,herreshoff famous4 ,illustration3 8,,madge40 ,the remarkable feature of ,gloriana was that while her length on the load water-line was #de feet #c inches 7she was built for the #df-;foot class71 her length over all was #gj feet4 ,as the fullness of the bilge extended to bow and stern1 the more she was inclined1 the greater was her water-line length4 ,i never saw a stiffer yacht4 ,her record for her first season 7#ahij7 was eight starts and eight first prizes4 ,dilemma1 the ,herreshoff fin-keel1 may also be described as an epoch-maker1 as her form and her fin were speedily adopted and adapted by ,british designers4 ,it will be noticed that all the yachts enumerated1 except ,puritan and ,dilemma1 are of the keel variety4 ,the long reign of what may be termed the demoralized centerboard type is happily over4 ,it is really a matter of marvel that the shoal hulls of great beam1 destitute of a safe range of stability1 and carrying a dangerous spread of sail1 did not oftener turn turtle and cause a greater loss of human life4 ,the ,hudson ,river freight sloop was a safe and well-built craft1 well adapted not only for the commerce of our coasts but also for long ocean voyages4 ,so far back as #aghe the ,albany1 an #hd-ton sloop1 ,stewart ,dennis master1 made a voyage to ,canton1 returning with a cargo of tea4 ,between #agij and #ahjj there were about a hundred sloops plying in the freight and passenger trade between ,new ,york and ,albany1 and proving fast and able4 ,these packets flourished until steam drove them out of the business4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,germ ,,of ,,the ,,centerboard4 ,the centerboard1 an improvement on the ,dutch leeboard1 first used on the ,hudson about #ahcj1 has since been a necessity because of the shallowness of some of our harbors2 and there is no reason why it should not continue to be popular1 if the model is of sound design and the construction strong4 ,every objection against the centerboard system may be met by the argument that a large proportion of our coasting schooners on the ,atlantic seaboard are fitted with centerboards1 and ply their calling winter and summer1 in storm and calm1 and the unerring test of their seaworthiness is that the underwriters do not look upon them as greater risks than those of the keel variety4 ,a marine underwriter is generally shrewd and businesslike1 and keeps a close watch on the statistics of maritime losses4 ,if it were proven by the wreck returns that centerboard vessels were more prone to succumb to the perils of the raging main than the craft not built with a movable fin1 the inference is obvious1 the premium of insurance would be graded to meet the risk4 ,illustration3 8,,vesta40 ,i think that this argument will appeal to all people of common sense1 and will settle the question of the relative safety and seaworthiness of the two types4 ,but there is this to be said on the subject1 that very much difference exists between a craft constructed for carrying coal and another built for the purpose of pleasure4 ,i think it may be averred without error that the early centerboard yachts were1 as a rule1 modeled by shipwrights who had a due regard for the factor of initial stability as well as strong hulls scientifically put together4 ,but1 step by step1 a school of naval architecture came into vogue1 so far as centerboard yachts were concerned1 in which most of the sound principles of yacht designing were totally ignored4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,stephens1 in an interesting and scholarly paper read before the ,society of ,naval ,architects and ,marine ,engineers in #ahie1 well says3 8,the centerboard lent itself as a willing accessory to the sacrifice of that depth which is essential to a safe range of stability1 mere sail-carrying power being derived from an excess of beam1 which was but an additional element of danger4 ,in the search for speed under special local conditions1 mainly those of summer racing1 the true principles of naval architecture1 so apparent in the work of ,george ,steers and others of the earlier designers1 were utterly ignored1 and a most dangerous and vicious school of designing prevailed throughout ,american yachting4 8,taking the centerboard sloop and schooner as they were up to #ahhj--;dangerously shoal and wide in model2 often clumsily built of soft wood1 with the poorest of fastenings2 faultily ballasted with stone and iron inside2 the hull inherently weak in form from the great beam and lack of proportionate depth2 the entire middle portion of keel and floors cut away1 with the familiar #8hinge joint' where the mast was stepped1 just forward of the trunk2 and with the deck construction made worse than useless as an element of strength through the absence of all beams in the middle portion of the vessel and the presence of a great superstructure1 the cabin trunk--the accepted laws of naval design and construction fail to give any reason why such craft capsized no oftener and kept afloat as long as they did2 and we can only fall back for an explanation on the doctrine of a special providence40 ,mr4 ,stephens is not only a naval architect1 but also a practical shipwright1 and therefore1 his scathing arraignment of the centerboard type must be taken as emanating from his ripe judgment and long experience4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that he is a pronounced advocate of the keel type1 and has long waged war against the centerboard4 ,so far as his denunciation applies to the vicious and exaggerated variety ,i agree with him1 heart and soul4 ,but ,i am not prepared to condemn the whole class because of the glaring imperfections to be found in examples4 ,it must be borne in mind that without the aid of the centerboard the pastime of yachting would be impracticable on innumerable sheets of shallow water1 both salt and fresh1 to be found in ,north ,america4 ,with that point in view1 the abolition of the vicious element in the type1 and its succession by a sound and seaworthy class of pleasure craft1 should be the aim of all yachtsmen4 ,and since the year #ahhj great strides have been made in that direction4 ,i have witnessed with joy the decadence and abolition of the 8sandbagger10 a craft of immense beam1 shallow draft1 and big sail plan4 ,the sandbagger was the ideal racing machine of twenty five years ago4 ,its place has been taken by the fin-keel4 ,i wonder if the fin-keel is destined to be succeeded by the double-huller1 such as ,dominion1 which made her dbut in ,canada in #ahih8 ,in the course of the same paper ,mr4 ,stephens also says3 8,to us familiar with it the centerboard from our earliest knowledge of the water1 the striking characteristics of the type appeal with little force2 but if1 with our knowledge of the sea1 of naval instruction1 and of the strains and stresses to which every vessel is subjected1 the idea were laid before us1 for the first time1 of a vessel with the entire backbone and floor construction cut away for the middle third of her length1 devoid of deck frames almost from mast to rudder-post1 with a great box amidships open to the sea1 and with a thin1 movable plane projecting deep below the bottom1 it would be strange if the majority would not condemn on sight a combination so unmechanical1 so lubberly1 and so dangerous40 ,but ,mr4 ,stephens gives the other side of the question also4 ,he says3 8,in the hands of competent and honest shipwrights the centerboard coasting schooner has disproved all theories as to the non-utility of the type for seagoing purposes3 in a hull of moderate first cost and running expense it has carried swiftly1 safely and profitably its cargoes of coal1 lumber1 sugar1 firewood1 barley1 bricks1 or general freight1 both on the lakes and on the ,atlantic1 up and down the #8,beach1' across ,nantucket ,shoals1 and around ,hatteras in winter1 light or loaded1 taking in and landing its cargoes in localities inaccessible to the keel vessel4 ,in the ocean coasting trade it has been and still is a powerful factor for good2 and in the local trade it has been a ,godsend to the small farmer or miller or lumberman1 carrying his product cheaply and safely from his own small creek or bay to a profitable market4 ,in the face of such practical results all theories as to the initial weakness of the centerboard type or its inferiority as a seagoing vessel must stand aside2 numerous instances of bad design and construction may be found1 it is true1 but they prove nothing against the type itself in capable hands40 ,this last extract gives a fair presentment of the whole question4 ,it is by practical results that the centerboard yacht must be judged1 as well as the centerboard coaster4 ,i believe that the centerboard has been beneficial to the sport of yachting4 ,i will go further1 and will say that without the board yachting could not possibly have attained the great popularity it now enjoys in this country4 ,viewing the subject broadly1 ,i see no reason why the centerboard should not be good for centuries to come in honest cruising and racing1 especially in classes of moderate size4 ,the keel will probably bear off the palm in the larger classes of cutters and schooners1 but for craft in the thirty-foot class and under1 the centerboard has advantages which the bulb-fin in my judgment does not possess4 ,those who care for speed alone and whose ambition it is to acquire a stock of more or less inartistic silverware1 will continue to pin their faith to the fin4 ,others who like to enjoy a modicum of comfort when afloat may safely swear by the centerboard4 ,when ,i was a young man ,i had an unconquerable prejudice against the centerboard4 ,my opinion of the type was often expressed in language of great warmth and strength4 ,mind you1 ,i was not so utterly devoid of common sense as to be blind to the advantages of the 8board0 in shallow water4 ,i had1 however1 a fixed idea that the average centerboard sloop was no good in a blow4 ,this view has been considerably modified in the school of experience4 ,it once fell to my lot to be an eye-witness of the excellent seaworthy and speedy qualities of a centerboard sloop in an easterly gale on ,long ,island ,sound4 ,when we reached port ,i was perfectly willing to confess that a vessel of the type aboard which ,i had been1 if well-found and well-manned1 was equal to any keel boat of her size that ,i had ever sailed on4 ,permit me to spin you the yarn3 ,the cruise of the ,atlantic ,yacht ,club in #ahhi will always be remembered because of the bad weather encountered on the ,sound between ,black ,rock and ,new ,london4 ,in that year ,jefferson ,hogan was ,commodore and the schooner ,cavalier was the flagship4 ,i was the guest of ,vice-,commodore ,e4 ,b4 ,havens on his stout sloop ,athlon1 a remarkably fast and able craft in heavy weather1 but by no means speedy in light airs4 ,she was built by ,mumm1 at ,bay ,ridge1 for ,dr4 ,barron4 ,mr4 ,havens bought her and lengthened her six feet1 adding a handsome 8,burgess stern10 which improved her appearance wonderfully4 ,i joined the ,athlon at ,black ,rock1 ,conn41 on ,saturday1 ,july #acth1 and1 after passing ,sunday very pleasantly1 turned in early1 as the orders were to get under way next morning at five o' clock1 the early start being necessary1 as our destination was ,new ,london1 distant nearly fifty miles to the eastward4 ,i recall that1 as we were enjoying our pipes on deck preparatory to going below for the night1 the weather looked dirty and the barometer was falling4 ,the guests of ,mr4 ,havens besides the writer were ,mr4 ,levi ,burgess and ,mr4 ,havens1 ,jr4 ,all of us were capable of lending a hand in an emergency1 and when the time came we did our level best4 ,illustration3 8,,athlon40 ,the preparatory gun from the flagship aroused us next morning at an hour when the early birds were still roosting4 ,going on deck we found a light wind blowing from east-northeast and a drizzling rain falling4 ,the sky looked threatening1 and all round the horizon black and angry clouds were clustered4 ,a glance at the aneroid in the companionway showed a fall of two-tenths of an inch during the night4 ,while the men were sweating up the peak and throat halyards and heaving short on the anchor chain1 ,mr4 ,burgess and ,i sneaked below and interviewed the steward1 with the result that we each got outside of a cup of fragrant coffee mellowed with some remarkable old cognac1 carried on the ,athlon for medicinal purposes only4 ,fortified with this we joined our shipmates on deck1 giving an imitation of two men looking eagerly for work and praying to the gods not to be successful in the quest4 8,shall we get the jibtopsail out of the sail locker80 inquired young ,mr4 ,havens of his father4 8,i guess the weather looks more like a double-reefed mainsail than a jibtopsail10 was the reply4 ,so the jibtopsail reposed in the locker4 ,bang6 went the gun from the ,cavalier4 ,it was the signal to start4 ,anchors were broken out smartly1 jibs were hoisted1 and the squadron sailed out of the harbor and began the long and dreary beat to ,new ,london in the chilly1 pelting rain4 ,as ,i remarked above1 the ,athlon requires a strong breeze to start her1 and1 although our anchor was up in good time1 the smart sloop ,anaconda1 with ,mr4 ,prague at the helm1 looming up like a gray ghost in the mist1 glided past us and assumed the lead of the fleet4 ,the ,anaconda was the only boat in her class that ever beat the swift ,fife cutter ,clara--an achievement that speaks volumes in her behalf4 8,our turn will come by and by10 tersely remarked ,mr4 ,burgess4 ,events proved that he was a prophet4 ,presently the ,anaconda1 far out to windward1 was struck by a savage squall4 ,down came her flying kites by the run4 ,i looked at her through the glass and saw her heel over until the water boiled and bubbled on her lee deck4 ,all was now activity on the ,athlon4 ,the boats were swung in and everything was made snug for the approaching gale4 ,mr4 ,havens determined not to reef till the last moment1 and just before the squall1 with its long line of white water in marked contrast with the murky clouds above1 smote us1 we clewed up the gafftopsail4 ,it wasn't an instant too soon4 ,had that topsail been set when the blast hove us down nearly on our beam ends the topmast must have snapped off short1 like the brittle end of a carrot4 ,mr4 ,havens was steering4 ,he gave her a few spokes of lee helm and kept her shaking in the wind till the first fury of the squall was exhausted4 ,it was almost as dark as pitch for ten minutes4 ,when it cleared up a little we cast anxious eyes to windward and to leeward to see what had become of our companions4 ,the ,anaconda had snugged down to a couple of reefs4 ,the #dj-;footer ,chispa1 a brand-new ,burgess boat1 was taking it easy under storm trysail and foresail4 ,the sloop ,concord was scudding back to ,black ,rock under a bare pole1 with the ,fanny chasing her under short sail4 ,the schooner ,azalea was having a lot of trouble1 and the flagship ,cavalier was making plucky efforts to collect her scattered and stormbeaten convoy about her4 ,just about this time the ,athlon began to go4 ,she was carrying her whole mainsail1 jib and foresail4 ,every now and then a shower of spray dashed over the weather bow and drenched the ,commodore as he stood at the wheel4 ,the yacht now and again careened to the puffs to such an extent as to take in green water over the lee coaming of the cockpit4 ,we passed the ,chispa as if she was at anchor1 and soon began to forereach on the ,anaconda4 ,under the pressure of the gale the masthead fairly buckled4 ,it was a case of carrying on sail with a vengeance1 but the ,commodore had confidence in his craft1 and ,mr4 ,burgess and ,i had confidence in the ,commodore1 so we went below and drank to the health of the brave little ship4 ,the steward forsook his kitchen and pantry4 ,he was too nervous to stay anywhere except on deck4 ,as ,byron sings3 ,he was a man in years1 ,and long had voyaged through many a stormy sea1 ,and if he wept at length1 they were not fears ,that made his eyelids as a woman's be2 ,but he1 poor fellow1 had a wife and children-- ,two things for drowning sailors quite bewild'ring4 ,the wind and sea increased4 ,lumbering schooners bound to the eastward showed only a rag of canvas1 while the west-bound coasters were under single or double reefs4 ,still the ,athlon held on to everything1 showing the ability of a representative centerboard sloop to do wonderful work in heavy weather4 ,at last things came to such a pitch that we just had to shorten sail4 ,we were knocked down by a squall of particular violence4 ,anybody to windward of us might have caught a glimpse of ,athlon's keel4 ,we hauled down the jib and tied a single reef in the mainsail1 which1 being brand-new and soaked with rain and spray1 was hard to handle4 ,at last we got it reefed1 and after swaying up the halyards taut as bars of steel we hammered at it once more4 ,the gale was dead in our teeth4 ,the other yachts of the fleet had disappeared1 most of them seeking harbors of refuge4 ,the ,athlon's destination1 however1 was ,new ,london1 and thither she threshed her way right gallantly1 making a short leg and a long leg along the ,connecticut shore4 ,never before had ,i seen so heavy a sea in the ,sound1 and ,i had had a long experience on which to draw4 ,the crew looked like drowned rats4 ,every time we tacked1 the yacht shipped a good deal of water as she plunged her bows under in the steep head sea4 ,it was hard work for all hands1 but there was a lot of excitement in it4 ,by and by we struck a streak of good luck4 ,it was off ,branford ,beacon1 and it was just one bell in the afternoon watch4 ,the wind had a trifle more northing in it1 so much so1 in fact1 that our saucy and stanch little ship was able to lay her course for ,bartlett's ,reef lightship1 thirty-five miles distant4 ,this prospect cheered us up considerably4 ,the steward resumed duty and gave us a square meal of fine cold roast beef and pickles1 which we washed down with bottled ,bass4 ,thus strengthened1 we went on deck and set the jib1 gave her a foot or two of the mainsheet1 and1 keeping her a good full1 went smoking through the perturbed sea at a great rate4 ,the whole distance to ,bartlett's ,reef1 at the entrance of the ,river ,thames1 was accomplished with the ,athlon's lee rail under water4 ,strong gusts from the land smote her at frequent intervals4 ,if all her gear hadn't been of first-class material1 something would have carried away4 ,at half-past four o'clock we passed the lightship1 having made the thirty-five miles in four hours--a highly creditable performance1 considering the villainous weather we had had4 ,our troubles1 however1 were not over by a long shot4 ,the ebb tide was running out of ,new ,london harbor with the velocity of a mill-race4 ,it was blowing a living gale dead in our teeth4 ,the beat to the city against wind and tide was as hard a one as ,i remember on this side of the ,atlantic2 but we drove her at it4 ,glad enough we were to cast anchor off the old steamboat landing at six o'clock1 thus ending twelve hours of tough fighting1 in triumph4 ,the ,chispa arrived at a quarter to eight o'clock that evening4 ,the rest of the fleet reached port in straggling order the next day4 ,the ,athlon thus had the credit of beating the whole squadron1 including several vessels treble her size4 ,the ,cavalier1 of course1 could easily have made the passage1 but ,commodore ,hogan felt it his duty to stick to the bulk of the fleet1 and for this he was justly commended4 ,so thus it came to pass that ,athlon made the record heavy weather run in her history1 covered herself with glory1 and made a convert of me4 ,i have had some experience of yachtsmen1 but ,i feel bound to say that ,i never saw a vessel handled better in a blow than ,athlon was by ,commodore ,havens on that occasion4 ,this must be added4 ,if the ,athlon had not been well-built1 well-rigged1 and her sails good1 in addition to being handled most capably1 it is not likely that she would have made such a splendid record4 ,illustration3 ,,catboat 8,,dorothy40 ,the popularity of the catboat as a racing craft will never die out in this country4 ,the horseless carriage may supersede the hansom-cab in our city streets1 and the electric launch may usurp the place of the ,venetian gondolas1 and drive the gay gondoliers to adopt some other means of livelihood4 ,but the catboat is destined to survive all such revolutionary changes1 and a century hence it will doubtless be more in vogue for pleasure1 sport and business than it is to-day4 ,in hull and sail plan it will probably be much improved1 but its general type will remain unaltered4 ,for cruising as well as racing it will never fail of an array of enthusiastic admirers4 ,of catboats there are many varieties4 ,they are plentiful at all waterside haunts1 and as they glide gracefully to and fro they look so tempting and so easy to handle withal1 that the visitor from the woods or the mountains longs to be afloat in one of them1 grasping the tiller with his left hand1 while his strong right arm encircles the slender waist of his trusting but slightly timid sweetheart4 ,the average catboat is as safe as a church when sailed by a man who knows how1 and the art of sailing her may soon be acquired4 ,but when a lubber undertakes to handle her she may become as stubborn as a balky mare and as perilous as the bottomless pit4 ,many who have no liking1 inherent or acquired1 for the modern racing freak1 whether in the #ae-;foot1 #bj-;foot or #cj-;foot class1 need not give up their hopes of acquiring fame in mosquito craft racing4 ,a good1 fast catboat is never out of date1 and there are various classes of these wholesome little vessels in which there is always room at the top4 ,the best of the racing cabin-cat is that she has not yet degenerated into a mere machine1 but has certain modest accommodations which permit her to be used for pleasant cruises4 ,the heavy sand bags1 or shot bags1 which a few years ago necessitated so much laborious toil and the carrying of such large crews1 are now1 happily1 out of date1 shifting ballast being barred in nearly all clubs4 ,the modern cat carries outside ballast1 which makes the sailing of her a pastime1 not a perspiration-compelling task1 while for handiness in rig the cat cannot be surpassed4 ,illustration3 8,,kewaydin40 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,herreshoff ,,catboat 8,,wanda40 ,by many ingenious methods and contrivances the mast is so securely stepped and stayed that there is now no danger in carrying a press of sail in a piping blow or a steep head sea4 ,the boat can be sailed along and permitted to feel the full strength of the breeze without any fear of springing the mast or straining the boat forward4 ,catboats of many kinds there are1 from the craft common in the ,great ,south ,bay1 with its pleasant but rather flimsy summer cabin1 to the robust boat of ,cape ,cod1 which bravely dares the steep seas of a stormy coast1 and is at her best in a vigorous blow4 ,i don't know of any craft of such light draught that can compare with the 8,caper0 for bad-weather qualities and general all-around usefulness4 ,she is by no means pretty to look at1 but her appearance can be materially improved without detriment to her sterling attributes4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,randall has introduced to ,new ,york a modified 8,caper40 ,all his boats have been built by the ,crosbys1 of ,osterville1 ,mass41 who now have a branch shop in ,south ,brooklyn4 ,they have been highly successful1 and with ,ethel1 ,presto1 ,step ,lively1 and ,scat1 ,mr4 ,randall won pretty nearly everything he tried for4 ,not less successful was the catboat ,kittie1 designed and built for ,mr4 ,hazen ,morse1 by ,captain ,thos4 ,r4 ,webber1 of ,new ,rochelle4 ,she has a lead shoe on her oaken keel1 through which works her centerboard of ,tobin bronze4 ,launched in #ahid and sailed by her owner1 ,kittie won fourteen first prizes that year1 and in #ahie she carried off seventeen firsts4 ,she is now owned in ,galveston1 ,texas4 ,she is #bg feet over all1 #bj feet on the load water-line1 #i feet beam1 draught #b feet1 mast #cj feet1 hoist #ai feet1 boom #cc feet1 gaff #ba feet1 and sail area #gjj square feet4 ,the racing catboat is such a fascinating theme that a whole volume might be devoted to its advantages and possibilities4 ,no finer craft in which to learn the rudiments of yacht racing can be chosen by an amateur2 and there are several classes1 large and small1 in which eager rivals compete from the beginning to the end of the yachting season1 offering many opportunities for the winning of prizes4 ,a successful racing cat is the #be-;foot cabin craft ,wanda1 designed and built by the ,herreshoffs1 for ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,bedford1 ,jr41 of ,brooklyn4 ,she is #cj feet over all1 #ba feet #i inches on the load water-line1 with #ab feet beam4 ,her record for #ahih was thirteen starts and thirteen firsts4 #ac ,starts4 #ac ,firsts4 ,may #afth4--,norwalk4 ,may #cjth4--,norwalk4 ,june #beth4--,indian ,harbor4 ,july #b;d4--,new ,rochelle4 ,july #dth4--,larchmont4 ,july #ith4--,riverside4 ,july #adth4--,seawanhaka2 won in #cj-;foot class by eight minutes actual time4 ,july #bc;d4--,norwalk4 ,july #cjth4--,indian ,harbor2 won on resail4 ,august #acth4--,horseshoe2 #cj-;foot class by twenty-six minutes4 ,august #bjth4--,huguenot4 ,august #bfth4--,huntington4 ,september #c;d4--,atlantic4 #be-;foot cabin catboat ,wanda3 #ba;ft4 #i;in41 l4 w4 l42 #cj;ft4 o4 a42 beam #ab;ft4 ,designed and built by the ,herreshoff ,manufacturing ,co41 ,bristol1 ,r4 ,i4 ,owned by ,f4 ,t4 ,bedford1 ,jr41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,,mid-,,section ,,of 8,,evolution40 ,illustration3 ,,sheer-,,plan ,,of 8,,evolution40 ,illustration3 ,,lines ,,of 8,,jullanar40 ,by a glance at the illustration of ,wanda 7p4 #ajd7 it will be seen that ,mr4 ,nat ,herreshoff1 her designer1 has introduced the modified form of fin-keel which he exploited so successfully in ,vigilant4 ,wanda1 in point of fact1 was designed and built to elude the measurement rule in force at the time of her creation4 ,like ,gloriana1 when heeled1 she gets the benefit of long overhangs forward and aft1 while at the same time she escapes the penalty of excessive length on the load water-line4 ,taking into consideration all her features1 it must be candidly acknowledged that she is the most 8scientific0 catboat that 8tonnage-cheating0 ingenuity ever devised4 ,both the principles of yacht designing that worked so admirably in ,vigilant and ,gloriana1 namely the large lateral plane and the increased water-line length1 when heeled1 have been embodied in ,wanda4 ,the result has been a gratifying success4 ,catboats of the olden time used to measure about the same length over all and on the water-line4 ,it remained for ,mr4 ,herreshoff to produce a boat #ba feet on the water-line with an over-all length of #cj feet4 ,illustration3 8,,jubilee40 ,illustration3 8,,dilemma40 ,illustration3 8,,niagara',s0 ,,lines4 ,in marked contrast to the ,wanda is the catboat ,dorothy1 which is quite famous1 both as a cruiser and a racer1 on ,long ,island ,sound4 ,she is a sturdy boat that can give a good account of herself in a blow1 and1 in addition to this most excellent quality1 she has a nice roomy cabin1 in which every inch of space is utilized4 ,her mast is well secured by means of stays and spreaders1 and1 as may be seen from the illustration1 her rig is scientific and down to date4 ,illustration3 ,,english ,,fin-,,keel ,,freak 8,,nameless40 ,the ,dorothy is interesting as showing the transition stage between the old-fashioned catboat and the new ,wanda1 which is sure to become popular as a racing machine1 but from her limited accommodations is not likely to be much sought after as a correct type for mere cruising4 ,illustration3 8,,rocket10 #ahea4 ,illustration3 8,,niagara40 ,i have said before that ,evolution was the parent of the ballast fin1 and in an article ,i wrote for ,,outing many years ago ,i think ,i made out a good case4 ,she was designed by ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,bentall1 an ,english manufacturer of ploughs and other agricultural implements1 whose famous yawl1 ,jullanar1 created a sensation when she came out in #ahge1 from the circumstance that the deadwood was cut away fore and aft in the most audacious manner4 ,she was1 perhaps1 the most original tonnage cheater ever built1 as a study of her plans will show4 ,the cutting away of her forefoot was followed by ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,watson in his design of ,thistle1 but he overdid it1 leaving the yacht without sufficient lateral plane for successful windward work4 ,jullanar's dimensions follow3 ,length over all1 #aaj feet #f inches2 depth of hold1 #ab feet2 length on load water-line1 #ii feet2 extreme beam1 #af feet #aj inches2 draught forward1 #a foot #f inches2 draught aft1 #ac feet #f inches4 ,illustration3 8,,niagara',s0 ,,midship ,,section4 ,evolution was launched in #ahhj4 ,she was built to sail in the ten-ton class1 and was the first yacht of which ,i can find any record to carry a bulb of lead on the keel4 ,the transition to the ,herreshoff fin-keel was natural and easy4 ,the first yacht to be fitted with a weighted centerboard was ,rocket1 whose sheer-plan and mid-section are on p4 #aab4 ,illustration3 8,,rorqual10 ,,two ,,and ,,one-,,half ,,rater1 #ahid4 ,niagara1 a most successful yacht of the bulb-fin type1 was designed by ,mr4 ,nat ,herreshoff for ,mr4 ,howard ,gould in #ahie4 ,she made a splendid record that year in ,british waters4 ,she was sailed by ,captain ,john ,barr1 who was skipper of ,thistle when ,volunteer beat her in #ahhg4 ,illustration3 8,,dad40 ,illustration3 8,,vesper40 ,jubilee1 a fin-keel1 with lead bulb and two centerboards1 was designed by ,general ,paine for a possible ,cup defender in #ahic4 ,she was #abb feet over all1 #hd feet #f inches on the water-line1 #bb feet #f inches extreme beam1 and had a draught of #ac feet #i inches4 ,she competed in the trial races of #ahic against ,vigilant1 ,colonia and ,pilgrim1 and was unsuccessful4 ,fin-keels of the freak variety were produced in large quantities on both sides of the ,atlantic1 following each other in quick succession4 ,two of ,english design are shown in the illustrations4 ,one is the ,rorqual1 the other the ,nameless4 ,neither proved successful4 ,the last five years have been remarkable for the prolific production of 8freaks0 and monstrosities1 three of which ,i show1 the ,skate1 ,vesper and ,dad1 all racing machines4 ,in marked contrast to these abortions is the ,seawanhaka knockabout ,kewaydin1 a wholesome type of boat with many good qualities to recommend it4 ,i advise all my readers to fight shy of 8freaks10 especially those of flimsy construction4 ,as a matter of history it may be mentioned that the centerboard schooner ,vesta1 in the midwinter ocean race of #ahff1 and the centerboard schooner ,iroquois1 in the blizzard of ,march1 #ahhh1 both acquitted themselves admirably1 much to the surprise of the prejudiced devotees of the keel type4 ,illustration3 ,,monstrosity 8,,skate40 ,the double-hull type of craft came prominently before the yachting fraternity in #ahih1 and will doubtless be exploited in many ingenious ways hereafter4 ,the development of a type of vessel whose origin is lost in the mist of antiquity into a racing machine like the twenty-footer ,dominion attracted the attention of naval architects generally to ,mr4 ,herrick ,duggan1 the ,canadian yacht designer1 who for three consecutive years has humbled the pride of the ,seawanhaka ,corinthian ,yacht ,club by keeping in ,kanuck hands the cherished international challenge cup1 won with singular ease off ,oyster ,bay in #ahif4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 ,i4 ,,the 8,,dominion10 ,,on ,,even ,,keel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 ,,ii4 ,,the 8,,dominion10 ,,heeled4 ,mr4 ,duggan1 of course1 did not pretend to be the originator of a new type of sailing craft1 but he may safely lay claim to whatever laurels are due to the faculty of astute adaptation4 ,he succeeded in a field where others tried and failed4 ,he skillfully modified the principle of the ,malay proa1 and introduced its salient characteristics into a vessel small indeed in the matter of dimensions1 but huge when its inherent scientific possibilities are considered4 ,since ,nat ,herreshoff made practicable the crude fin-keel of former designers1 no such interesting phase of marine architecture has been evolved4 ,as a matter of historical fact1 it remained for ,mr4 ,duggan to revive interest in the type1 and this he did most effectually by the production of ,dominion4 ,the craft has given rise to much discussion among yachtsmen and in the press1 both at home and abroad4 ,the point of sailing in which ,dominion excels is close-hauled on a wind or with the wind abeam4 ,it is then that she sails on her lee hull only1 the weather hull serving the same purpose as the ballast of a 8sand bagger10 enabling her to carry a good press of sail4 ,this is shown by ,figure ,,ii41 which portrays her when heeled4 ,with the wind dead aft and both hulls immersed1 ,dominion in the races at ,dorval was slightly slower than her rival1 her paramount advantage being gained when sailing with one hull immersed4 ,dominion's dimensions are3 ,length over all1 #ce feet #aj inches2 on load water-line1 #ag feet #f inches2 extreme beam1 #g feet #g inches2 beam1 load water-line one bilge1 #b feet #e inches2 draught of hull1 #aj inches2 draught with board1 #f feet2 freeboard1 #a foot2 displacement1 #a1gej lbs42 area midship section1 total #b4hh square feet2 sail area1 #ejj square feet4 ,illustration3 8,,dominion40 ,i remember how fascinated ,i was as a boy by the perusal of 8,lord ,anson's ,voyage ,round the ,world10 telling how that famous ,english navigator1 in his stout ship ,centurion1 doubled ,cape ,horn in #agdj1 visited the romantic isle of ,juan ,fernandez1 and enriched himself and his accompanying bold sea-dogs by the capture of a ,spanish galleon literally laden with treasure4 ,incidentally1 the book describes the surprise experienced by the ship's company at the first sight of the proa1 as used by the natives of the ,ladrones4 ,in a copy of the first edition of the work1 in my father's library1 was a quaint illustration of the proa under sail1 with a plan drawn to scale1 from which ,i made a crude model1 and sailed her on an arm of the sea that washed the beach not fifty yards from our front door4 ,i was not slow to recognize the advantage of the type in windward work4 ,it was my good fortune in the year #ahgj1 from the deck of the ,east ,indiaman ,hurkaru1 bound to ,madras1 to obtain my first view of the ,singhalese type of flying proa off the coast of ,ceylon4 ,the sight was novel and picturesque1 and1 being young and impressionable in those days1 it was photographed indelibly on my mind4 ,the southwest monsoon was blowing briskly and the ,hurkaru was bowling along with stunsails set at a nine-knot gait4 ,it was my forenoon watch below1 and ,i was suddenly awakened by a shipmate who invited me on deck to look at the 8queerest craft ,i ever saw40 ,turning out in a hurry ,i followed him1 and from the topgallant forecastle saw the proa in the act of shooting across our bows4 ,the breeze piped at a 8three-man power10 for that number of lithe and swarthy lascars straddled the outrigger to windward1 hanging on by their eyelids1 after the manner of mariners the seas over4 ,the sail that propelled this craft was of the sprit variety1 but was made of cotton stuff and not of matting1 as was the sail described in 8,anson's ,voyage40 ,she darted past us1 with rare velocity1 throwing the spray over her crew in fine style4 ,there were six or seven of them in the main hull of the proa1 the helmsman steering with a rather long paddle4 ,after she had cleared the ship's bows she luffed up sharp and seemed to point almost in the wind's eye1 the sail sitting quite flat1 unlike the sails of the ordinary 8country wallah10 which are1 as a rule1 of the baggy kind4 ,i judged her speed at about sixteen knots--certainly not less4 ,the mast and sprit of her sail were of bamboo1 the rigging of kyar4 ,subsequently ,i had several opportunities of inspecting these proas1 and subjecting them to a close examination--notably at ,pointe de ,galle1 where the ,hurkaru touched to take in cargo on her homeward voyage4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,double-,,huller ,,of ,,the ,,pacific4 ,the main portion of the hull proper consists of a trunk of a tree hollowed out and hewn into symmetrical shape1 bow and stern both being pointed4 ,the bilge of the weather side is neatly rounded1 while the lee side is as flat as the side of a half model of a vessel that is nailed to a board4 ,cut a double-end boat in two longitudinally1 take one of the sections and nail on planks so as to form a wall-like side1 and you have a fair imitation of the principle of the main hull of the ,singhalese proa4 ,to this trunk1 when hewn into shape1 are fastened the topsides1 which consist of planks of suitable length and thickness bound with lashings of kyar rope1 the seams being calked with cocoanut fibre1 which swells when water-soaked4 ,not a nail is used in the construction of the craft1 it resembling in this detail the famous ,masoolah boats of the ,madras coast4 ,in all its essentials the characteristics of the proa of the ,ladrones described by ,anson are reproduced4 ,the cigar-shaped log1 which is connected to the main hull by bamboo outriggers 7which give the necessary elasticity7 and kyar lashings1 is hewn out of a solid and rather heavy tree4 ,this gives the required stability1 and in a strong breeze pretty nearly all hands 8hike out0 to windward on it1 leaving only the helmsmen 7one at each end7 aboard the main ship4 ,it need not be said that the ,singhalese are as nearly amphibious as it is possible for human bipeds to be4 ,,iv4 ,,fitting ,,out ,,and ,,tuning ,,up4 ,,hints ,,as ,,to ,,going ,,into ,,commission ,,and ,,making ,,the ,,craft ,,fit ,,for ,a ,,race4 ,we will now assume that1 either by buying or building1 the amateur yachtsman has come into possession of a craft which he intends to race this season4 ,if he has had the vessel built to his order1 the designer will have seen that she complies with the specifications1 which1 of course1 include all gear necessary for her mug-hunting efforts4 ,if he has purchased a second-hand vessel1 after having her surveyed by a competent naval architect it might be well to learn from him what repairs1 if any1 are needed to her hull or rigging4 ,the next thing to do is to obtain estimates for making the repairs2 and unless the yachtsman is an old hand at the business1 and knows approximately what should be the cost of such work1 ,i should advise him to obtain figures from two or more concerns if extensive work is called for4 ,it is unbusinesslike and unsatisfactory to order a master shipwright to haul a yacht out and make such alterations and repairs as he may deem requisite1 but examples of such fatuousness have been known and have afforded much profit to lawyers and much unhappiness to clients on both sides4 ,a shipwright may have views of his own about a racing yacht1 and it is inadvisable to give carte blanche to any builder of ships1 or even of houses4 ,in these days of progress in yacht naval architecture1 to the man of sentiment there will always be one source of regret4 ,the owner of a successful yacht that has gallantly won scores of well-contested races and has proudly flaunted a superb string of racing flags at the close of her second season1 cannot help having an affection for his vessel1 especially if she was designed and built to his order4 ,to think that after a few short seasons she has become outclassed--a regular back number--naturally awakens many sad reflections4 ,old-timers remember that racing craft1 when their cup-winning days were over1 were converted into comfortable cruising craft1 fishing-boats1 or pilot cutters4 ,nowadays such a transition is impossible4 ,in many cases an expensive fin-keel is outclassed in a single season1 and ,i have yet to learn what use she can be put to when her career after cups comes to an inglorious finish4 ,her lead1 metal bolts1 spars1 sails and rigging may fetch a fraction of their first cost in a junk-shop2 but few yachtsmen would care to buy a vessel of the kind indicated for cruising or fishing purposes1 not only because of the lack of accommodation1 but also on account of the unhandiness of the fixed fin1 whose vicious qualities can never be fully appreciated until one happens to get stuck in the mud or sand with the tide fast ebbing and no tug in sight or any other means of hauling off into deep water available4 ,in the good old days of yacht racing it was customary to lengthen1 8hip out10 rebuild and otherwise alter a boat that showed signs of having outlived her usefulness1 and in a rejuvenated condition bring her to the line again and with her achieve new conquests4 ,such a method is rarely resorted to nowadays4 ,in fact1 it is doubtful whether it would pay4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,rogers ,maxwell1 who owned the schooner ,emerald1 is one of the few yachtsmen in this country who1 of late years1 have made extensive alterations in large racing vessels with any degree of success4 ,he practically rebuilt the sloop ,shamrock1 and greatly improved her speed1 and has twice made radical changes in the ,emerald at great expense1 both processes making her slightly faster4 ,illustration3 ,,sloop 8,,gracie40 ,illustration3 ,,schooner 8,,sappho40 ,illustration3 ,,cutter 8,,genesta40 ,among the many yachts which were altered often and extensively may be mentioned the famous sloop ,gracie1 designed and built at ,nyack-on-the-,hudson1 by ,a4 ,polhemus4 ,she was launched in ,july1 #ahfh1 her dimensions being #fj feet #c inches over all1 #eh feet on the water-line1 #ah feet #h inches beam1 #e feet #f inches depth of hold1 and #e feet draught4 ,her center board was lengthened #b feet aft in #ahfi4 ,she was altered in #ahgd1 and when completed measured as follows3 length over all1 #gb feet #i inches2 on water-line #fb feet2 beam1 #bj feet #f inches2 depth of hold1 #f feet #f inches2 draught #e feet #h inches4 ,in #ahgi she was rebuilt by ,david ,carll1 at ,city ,island1 her length over all being #gi feet #aj inches1 on water-line #gb feet #b inches2 beam1 #ba feet #f inches2 depth of hold1 #g feet #b inches1 and draught1 #f feet #f inches4 ,in #ahhf she was given #ab inches more freeboard4 ,she sailed in the trial races against ,bedouin1 ,puritan1 and ,priscilla1 for the honor of defending the ,america's cup against ,genesta1 but that task was given to ,puritan4 ,the keel cutter ,colonia1 built by ,herreshoff as a cup defender to sail against ,valkyrie ,,ii41 proved less fast than ,vigilant4 ,her fault was a deficiency of lateral plane1 which made her sag off bodily to leeward in a most discouraging manner4 ,after serving as a drill ship for the crew of the ,defender in #ahie1 she was purchased by ,commodore ,clarence ,a4 ,postley1 fitted with a centerboard from a plan by ,cary ,smith1 at ,lewis ,nixon's shipyard1 and rigged as a schooner4 ,she is now 7#ahii7 the crack ,american 8two-sticker40 ,old-timers will recollect how slow the schooner ,sappho was until ,capt4 8,bob0 ,fish hit upon the bold expedient of 8hipping her out10 which was done by swelling out her midship section about fourteen inches1 and tapering it off to nothing about thirty feet each way4 ,the result was that ,sappho1 theretofore so sluggish that she could scarcely get out of her own way1 beat nearly every craft bold enough to encounter her1 and won many cups and much kudos for her sportsmanlike owner1 ,mr4 ,william ,p4 ,douglas4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,cass ,canfield altered the sloop ,priscilla considerably1 but it cannot be said that he was altogether successful4 ,when ,volunteer was transformed into a schooner her forebody was reconstructed1 and she made an enviable record as a 8two-sticker20 but when rerigged as a sloop she never showed an approach to her original splendid form1 as ,i think most yachtsmen will frankly concede4 ,illustration3 ,,schooner 8,,colonia40 ,our ,british cousins used to have a perfect craze for rebuilding famous yachts1 the old crack cutters ,alarm and ,arrow--both celebrated prize-winners--being notable examples of this ruling passion4 ,but both here and in ,england the custom of materially altering the form of a yacht's hull in the hope of improving her speed may be said to have gone completely out of fashion4 ,this is doubtless due to the radical and rapid changes in hulls1 brought about by the frequently shifting rules of measurement for time allowance and the artfully ingenious methods of generations of yacht designers to get the better of those selfsame rules4 ,i only mention these just to give a practical illustration of the way the old-timers used to alter and rebuild their beloved boats4 ,the custom is now obsolete4 ,if a racing machine of the present day is not outclassed in her third season she is looked upon as quite a smart craft4 ,it may thus be perceived that conditions have altered considerably during the last decade4 ,on general principles it is unwise to go in for very extensive alterations on a yacht of any kind1 whether cruiser or racer4 ,if1 however1 you are determined to go ahead1 ,i advise you to be sure to have an iron-clad contract as to cost4 ,illustration3 ,rig of ,cutter showing ,masthead ,shroud4 ,while your boat is being repaired or altered1 ship your sailing-master1 scrutinizing his references as to ability and character with care1 and if possible supplement this examination by an interview with his last employer before engaging him4 ,of course1 much depends upon the size of your craft and the depth of your pocket4 ,a ,hank ,haff or a ,charley ,barr would be too expensive a luxury for a craft of modest dimensions1 and a boat-owner in matters of this kind must depend much upon his own judgment2 it is impossible to give him advice except in the most general way4 ,the work of fitting out a racing yacht preparatory to tuning up for the season's sport is exceptionally interesting to the real amateur1 but the owner who has no true regard for yachting generally finds the process somewhat of a bore4 ,in 8,boat ,sailing1 ,fair ,weather and ,foul10 a companion volume to this book1 there is a chapter on 8,the ,overhauling of a ,yacht10 which contains a useful wrinkle or two1 of which the reader may avail himself if he feels so disposed4 ,the same is true of the chapter on 8,laying up for the ,winter10 which is indorsed by naval architects and practical seamen4 ,it is customary with some builders to have a sail-loft annex to the shipyard1 and these men are1 in most cases1 anxious to contract for the sails as well as for the hull of a boat4 ,i should not advise any yacht owner who contemplates racing his craft to employ anyone but the most skilful manipulator of duck to make his sails1 which are of as much consequence as the hull itself so far as the winning of cups and prizes is concerned4 ,the man of fashion1 ambitious of being well attired1 so as to shine socially1 doesn't go to ,baxter street for a dress suit4 ,neither does a yachtsman patronize a tentmaker for a racing mainsail or a well-cut jib4 ,there is no objection to the shipbuilder contracting for the sails if he desires to make a little extra money1 but the yacht owner should take care that the name of the sailmaker appears in the contract1 and this will be a sufficient guarantee for first-class work4 ,there are many firms in the ,united ,states justly famous as yacht sailmakers1 and these are of such high standing that their names marked on the sails supplied insures the best in the way of cut and the quality of material4 ,it is a great mistake to exercise any cheeseparing economy on a yacht's means of propulsion1 whether it be steam or duck4 ,the best in the market1 whether it be machinery or sails1 is none too good4 ,a cruising craft with a slovenly or slatternly owner may1 perhaps1 be content with a suit of sails that fits like a purser's shirt on a handspike1 with a mainsail all abag and head-sails that would disgrace a coal barge2 but even a cruising craft may be caught on a lee shore with a gale of wind1 and perhaps the owner will curse his fatuous economy when he has tried in vain to claw off the beach with his baggy sails and finds that his craft is crunching to pieces in the surf and he himself is struggling for life in the treacherous undertow4 ,the cost of racing sails is high1 and1 ordinarily1 a yacht that goes the cup-hunting circuit needs a new mainsail every season4 ,under careful management1 however1 a mainsail1 with good luck1 has been known to do good service for two summers4 ,the quality of cotton duck has improved appreciably of late1 owing to a better method of manufacture1 and sails 8sit0 better and do not 8bag0 as they used to4 ,cotton is king1 so far as racing sails go1 in ,europe as well as ,america1 flax having been entirely superseded by it4 ,the change from flax to cotton began in ,england about #ahic4 ,the rig of a racing yacht should be no more neglected than her sails4 ,the spars should be hollow on #bj-;footers and all in excess of that class4 ,the standing rigging should be of silver-steel wire1 set up by turnbuckles4 ,the blocks should be strong and light1 and the running rigging of the best quality4 ,there should not be a superfluous ounce of weight in the craft alow or aloft if the winning of cups is what the owner has in view4 ,rigging screws or turnbuckles1 which have superseded deadeyes and lanyards for the setting up of standing rigging1 were first used in #ahgg on the ,english cutter ,verve4 ,they are used now on all racing yachts4 ,in the old days of reefing bowsprits it was quite a usual event to carry away several bobstays during the season4 ,the long overhang forward of the modern yacht has reduced the length of the bowsprit1 and consequently the strain on the spar when pitching into a heavy head sea4 ,the overhang also gives better facilities for handling the head-sails4 ,flexible silver-steel wire rope is now used for running rigging in many yachts1 notably for runners and runner tackles1 and also for peak and throat halyards4 ,the best spars for large yachts are made of ,oregon fir4 ,this splendid wood is the best in the world for the purpose4 ,some spars have been known to measure nearly #dj inches in diameter1 and some #agb feet long2 the average length of spars shipped to ,atlantic ports from the ,pacific coast is #ij feet1 and the diameter #bb to #bc inches4 ,oregon fir is stronger than spruce or white pine1 and hence less diameter is required for the same height4 ,spruce is in general use for the spars of smaller craft4 ,steel booms for racing yachts were first used on ,defender and ,valkyrie ,,iii4 ,the greatest improvements in the rigging of yachts of recent years have been the masthead shrouds1 bridles on gaffs1 and the comparatively new throat-halyard pennants4 ,in a spanking breeze there is a great strain on the masthead1 also much play1 but by the adoption of the three devices mentioned the strains are both minimized and equalized4 ,large vessels carry double masthead shrouds1 and smaller craft single ones4 ,vigilant was1 ,i believe1 the first ,american yacht to be fitted with them4 ,now they are carried by every craft of consequence4 ,gaff bridles and throat-halyard pennants are indispensable to the rigging of every racing yacht from the smallest cat to the largest schooner4 ,if your craft is large enough to spread two shrouds on each side1 have them fitted in pairs4 ,a bight and a good seizing are preferable to two single eyes4 ,the bowsprit-shroud outriggers or spreaders should be bolted fast to the ship without any hinged joint4 ,this prevents any unnecessary play when the boat plunges bows under in a heavy head sea4 ,there should be the same length of shroud between the spreader and the bowsprit end1 and the spreader and the turnbuckle which sets them up4 ,the strain is thus divided equally and advantageously4 ,the bobstay spreader or dolphin-striker should always have a hinged joint4 ,the rigging of ,uncas is fitted as follows3 ,bobstay1 #b-;inch steel wire2 forestay1 #b-;inch do42 jibstay1 #a-;inch do42 bowsprit shrouds1 #a-;inch do42 standing rigging1 #a-;inch do42 masthead shroud1 #a-;inch do42 topmast gear1 all #a-;inch do42 runner shrouds1 #a-;inch do42 spring stay1 #a-;inch do42 main lifts1 #a-;inch flexible #ai-thread steel wire2 gaff bridles1 #a-;inch do42 peak and throat halyards1 #b-;inch manila bolt-rope2 main sheet1 #b-;inch do42 fore sheet1 #a-;inch do42 head-sheets and minor gear in proportion4 ,the ,vigil1 of similar design1 is rigged precisely the same1 with the exception that her main peak and throat halyards are of #a-;inch flexible steel wire1 the fore peak and throat halyards of -inch do42 club-topsail halyards1 -inch do4 ,lengths of manila are so spliced to these flexible wire halyards that when they are belayed the splice is about six feet above the deck4 ,this flexible steel answers remarkably well4 ,when once set up1 it stays set up4 ,there is no 8give0 to it1 and thus frequent 8swaying on it10 as is the case with hemp rope1 is quite unnecessary4 ,illustration3 ,,rig ,,and ,,sail ,,plan ,,of 8,,uncas40 ,a modern #be-;foot-water-line single-sticker with a pole mast1 is rigged as follows3 ,bobstay1 rod of steel -inch in diameter1 set up with a turnbuckle at end of bowsprit2 shrouds1 two on each side1 #a-;inch steel wire2 forestay set up to stem head1 #a-;inch do42 jib set flying1 hoisted with -inch #h-stranded flexible steel halyards1 set up with a jig-purchase2 runner shrouds of -inch steel wire canvased over2 main lifts1 -inch flexible steel wire1 painted1 parceled1 served over with white cod-line1 and then covered with white canvas sewed on2 the throat and peak halyards are of -inch flexible steel wire4 ,the blocks are all strapped with grommets of flexible steel wire1 served and leathered4 ,from these examples a fair idea of the modern method of rigging a racing craft may be gathered4 ,strength1 lightness1 and neatness are the qualities sought and attained4 ,steel wire is now largely used for the leech ropes of sails1 and it is strongly recommended by our 8swellest0 sailmakers4 ,the above ,i owe to my old seafaring friend1 ,john ,f4 ,byno1 who put the neatest splice ever seen in the ,brooklyn ,bridge cable1 and is an expert with the marlinspike1 as all the members of the ,seawanhaka ,corinthian ,yacht ,club can bear witness4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a4 ,side view of main masthead4 ,no4 #b4 ,back view of main masthead4 ,,mastheads ,,of 8,,uncas40 ,illustration3 ,no4 #c4 ,side view of fore masthead4 ,no4 #d4 ,back view of fore masthead4 ,,mastheads ,,of 8,,uncas40 ,flexible steel wire rope is nearly if not quite as pliable as new hemp rope of the same strength4 ,it is made with nineteen wires to the strand4 ,the greater the diameter of the sheaves over which it passes1 the longer it will last4 ,the manufacturers recommend as a preservative a mixture of linseed oil and pine tar4 ,it is impossible to belay wire rope to a cleat1 as it will surely 8render0 or slip4 ,manila rope is therefore spliced to the hauling end of the wire1 which makes it pleasanter to haul on1 and insures its remaining fast after it is once belayed4 ,i would not counsel a lubber to try to splice wire and rope together1 unless in the privacy of a separate room4 ,why8 ,because the bystanders would be sure to laugh4 ,it takes an artist to make this most difficult splice4 ,grommet straps for blocks made of flexible steel wire cannot be surpassed4 ,after making the grommet1 paint well with raw linseed oil and white lead2 parcel with canvas1 serve with marline1 apply another coat of paint1 and then cover with leather or canvas sewn on4 ,for neatness1 strength1 and durability this method is superior to any other4 ,but it requires an expert to do the work4 ,with regard to turnbuckles for setting up all kinds of standing rigging1 it must be conceded that they are indispensable for racing craft both large and small4 ,one advantage of deadeye and lanyard for deep-water cruising is that if it should be necessary to cut away the mast to save the ship when hove on her beam ends1 a cut with an axe will sever the weather lanyards and away goes the mast4 ,the turnbuckle cannot be cut4 ,a combination of turnbuckle1 and deadeye and lanyard1 might be fitted so as to combine the advantages of both4 ,illustration3 ,,cutter 8,,minerva40 ,the bulwarks of racing yachts have been reduced in height to mere battens4 ,all deck fittings have been lightened as much as the designers dared4 ,all with the intention of reducing weight1 ironwork on spars looks very frail when compared with that of a decade ago1 and the weight of blocks has been diminished in some cases more than fifty per cent4 ,the abolition of all cabin fittings first took place in the ,marquis of ,ailsa's ,bloodhound1 built in #ahgd4 ,all she had in her cabin was a seat along each side4 ,it is only comparatively recently that yacht designers have made serious efforts to reduce weight aloft4 ,sometimes they have gone too far4 ,i remember a #dj-;foot cutter1 built to sail against the ,scotch cutter ,minerva4 ,she was dismasted in a puff on the occasion of her first race1 which was also her maiden sail4 ,the same mishap befell her later on in a fine sailing breeze off ,newport4 ,i was on the committee boat which towed her into port4 ,if she hadn't been well handled after being disabled some serious accident might have happened to her hull4 ,the accident was ascribed to defective ironwork4 ,it is of no benefit to stay the masts of pleasure vessels with rigging heavy enough for a great brig4 ,a sense of proportion should be observed4 ,scientific men have calculated and tabulated the stress and strain that wood1 metal1 wire and hempen rope will bear1 and these tables may be consulted by anybody able to read4 ,it is a fact that piano wire plays a leading part in the rigging of some of the down-to-date little racing freaks one meets nowadays1 especially in fresh water where it is less exposed to corrosion4 ,it is highly spoken of by those who have used it4 ,better1 however1 not to go to extremes and always to beware of a spider-web rig4 ,like flimsy construction it causes a yacht to come to grief4 ,illustration3 ,,sail ,,plan ,,of 8,,ethelwynn40 ,a good example of lightness of rig was the #ae-;footer ,ethelwynn1 designed by ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,stephens1 to defend the ,international ,challenge ,cup of the ,seawanhaka ,corinthian ,yacht ,club4 ,it will be remembered that she beat ,mr4 ,brand's ,spruce ,,iv41 which boat was quite heavily rigged when compared with the ,american craft4 ,the mast was a hollow spar of #d inches1 a far too heavy stick1 as experience proved1 for one of #c inches and about half the weight would have been sufficiently strong4 ,the hollow boom was #b inches diameter in the slings4 ,the rigging was of phosphor-bronze wire rope1 the forestay being -inch diameter1 shrouds -inch diameter1 and runners -inch4 ,main and jib halyards were of the same material1 -inch diameter4 ,the main-halyard ran over a #b-;inch sheave in the masthead1 a single part with a whip-tackle at the deck4 ,the jib-halyard was double with a jig4 ,the running rigging was of imported ,english cord4 ,she carried #aih square feet of duck4 ,illustration3 ,,half ,,rater 8,,spruce ,,iv40 ,illustration3 ,,fifteen-,,footer 8,,ethelwynn40 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,stephens for the description and the accompanying sail plan4 ,j4 ,m4 ,james1 ,vice-,commodore of the ,imperial ,model ,yacht ,club1 of ,tokio1 ,japan1 is enthusiastic in praise of lacquer as a coating for the outside skin of yachts4 ,he says that all the club's models have their topsides and bottoms lacquered2 and after numerous experiments for testing those thus treated against painted craft an increase of speed1 amounting to ten per cent41 was found in favor of the lacquered ones4 ,a model yacht once well lacquered1 with care and barring accidents1 will last a lifetime and retain its luster4 ,he says that all the ,japanese naval ships have their bottoms lacquered4 ,the lacquer gives increased speed and almost prevents fouling1 and if properly put on lasts for three years4 ,the only drawback is that the process is very expensive4 ,here is an opportunity for some enterprising individual to experiment with lacquer4 ,if he proves successful he will gain the gratitude of yachtsmen4 ,incidentally1 he will also win a large pecuniary reward4 ,in the matter of a compass the racing yachtsman should be careful4 ,in thick weather1 when steering for a mark1 it is necessary that the deviation for every point should be known4 ,in wooden yachts there is no difficulty1 if ordinary precautions are taken1 in keeping compasses exact4 ,in iron and steel yachts they have to be licked into shape by a professional adjuster of reputation4 ,in spite of opinions to the contrary1 held by old salts1 the compass is not affected by fog1 thunder1 or attraction of land4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that magnetism exerts its magical influence through all bodies1 no matter how dense1 while light1 heat and electricity do not possess this wonderful property4 ,thus1 casing an iron bulkhead with wood or covering an iron stanchion with copper or canvas will not prevent the metal from affecting the compass4 ,it may be thought superfluous to assert such a well-known scientific fact in this year of the world1 but experience teaches me that there is still much to be learned by those who go down to the sea in yachts4 ,it is not generally known that no iron vessel has been struck by lightning4 ,the wooden spars have been shattered frequently by the electric fluid1 but1 owing to the circumstance that water is a better conductor than iron1 the hull of an iron vessel has never suffered4 ,if the spars of an iron ship are made of iron1 the vessel may be looked upon as immune from disaster by lightning4 ,as soon as your craft is fitted out place her in commission1 and proceed to become acquainted with her4 ,prizes are won only by hard work1 and if you intend to make a record for yourself and your craft you can attain your end by honest industry only4 ,part of the sea-jockey's stock in trade is to discover how slow a yacht may be made to go with every stitch of sail set ostensibly to the best advantage1 with sheets pulling like horses and trimmed to perfection4 ,it is only the most subtle and knowing customer that can so master a yacht as to excel in this4 ,the most accomplished proficient ,i ever knew was the skipper of the ,scotch ten-ton cutter ,madge1 which came over in #ahha1 and created a great revolution in yachting4 ,that man could make the boat almost speak4 ,by manipulating the sheets1 slacking one or flattening in another1 and by other tricks unknown to this deponent1 ,i have seen him allow an oyster-boat to beat the crack racing cutter4 ,the name of that canny skipper was ,duncan4 ,the ,yankee captains who sailed against him are not likely to forget it4 ,i remember reading somewhere about a yacht skipper of experience who fooled a younger rival and caused him much unhappiness during a hotly contested race on the ,solent4 ,it was blowing a piping breeze1 and ,sally1 the rival craft1 had one reef in her mainsail and the topmast struck4 ,bantam1 on the other hand1 was the stiffer of the two1 and held on to the whole mainsail1 but also dowsed topmast4 ,sally had passed ,bantam1 and was leading her some fifty yards4 ,both yachts were at that time sheltered by the land1 but a few hundred yards ahead a big sea was running in the ,west ,channel4 ,it was at this moment that the sly old sea-dog played his low-down trick on the green young skipper1 who was watching his every action4 8,up with the topmast1 lads60 yelled ,captain ,sly of the ,bantam4 ,his crew made a great pretense of swaying away on the heel rope1 but somehow or other it got jammed and stayed jammed1 in spite of the apparent efforts made to clear it4 ,captain ,green thought he would be smart4 ,he sent up his topmast in seamanlike style4 ,the topsail was set just as the ,sally encountered the heavy sea in the channel4 ,she made one dive and buried herself up to the skylight4 ,the pressure was too much for her4 ,in an instant ,bantam's topmast was housed1 and all the gear fast again1 and while ,sally was pitching and 'scending in the choppy sea ,bantam crawled through her lee and beat her4 ,captain ,green was so demoralized by the trick of which he was the victim that he did not regain his self-possession until it was too late4 ,captain ,sly was convinced that ,captain ,green would imitate him in everything1 and the result proved that he had formed a correct estimate of his opponent4 ,it is not wise or politic to undervalue the sailing qualities of an opposing yacht1 especially when she is practically an unknown quantity4 ,in other words1 don't prophesy unless you know4 ,here is a case in point3 ,when the ,madge was about due to sail her first race in these waters1 the skipper of her ,yankee opponent is said to have paid a visit to ,sawyer1 the sailmaker1 and asked for the loan of some flying kites4 8,any old stuff will do10 quoth the skipper4 8,i've only got to knock out that narrow-gutted coffin anchored yonder40 ,the sails were lent by ,mr4 ,sawyer1 and it is needless to say that they did not fit 8like paint on a post40 ,the 8coffin0 beat the 8skimming dish0 with singular ease4 ,i put this little yarn on record only just to show the contempt the average ,american yachtsman had at that time for the epoch-making ,madge4 ,the proper balancing of sails is imperative when racing4 ,to illustrate my meaning ,i need only refer to the decisive race between ,vigilant and ,valkyrie for the ,america's ,cup1 which all but resulted in the winning of the race by the ,british yacht4 ,in point of fact1 ,valkyrie1 had not her two spinnakers blown away1 would have romped in victoriously4 ,in the beat to the outward mark ,vigilant carried a reefed mainsail and a big jib1 and1 for the first time in her history1 required lee helm4 ,this blunder1 in addition to her centerboard becoming jammed1 made ,valkyrie beat her #am4 #ees4 on the windward leg4 ,valkyrie had a half-reef in her mainsail1 but shifted her jib and set one whose center of effort was in exact accord with the reduced after-canvas4 ,vigilant won by forty seconds only1 and had it not been for the ,valkyrie's hard luck would have been badly defeated4 ,on ,july #ac1 #ahhi1 the ,katrina1 while racing against the ,titania in a reefing breeze1 carrying a big jib and a reefed mainsail1 suffered a like deserved defeat4 ,under her ill-balanced sail-spread1 for the first time in her history1 she1 too1 carried lee helm1 and sagged off to leeward like a haystack adrift4 ,she made a pitiable exhibition of herself1 and all hands rejoiced when her main boom snapped off and permitted her to withdraw without disgrace4 ,meanwhile ,titania1 splendidly handled by ,captain ,haff and ,mr4 ,c4 ,oliver ,iselin1 sailed over the course and won the race4 ,illustration3 ,,forty-,,footer 8,,gossoon40 ,it is interesting to note that the mishaps to both ,katrina and ,vigilant occurred on the #acth of the month4 ,the jibtopsail when a yacht is close-hauled is of very little use1 especially in a bit of a breeze4 ,some skippers set what is known as a 8baby-jibtopsail0 when the wind is very light4 ,it is questionable if the sail is of any benefit at all under such circumstances4 ,in my opinion1 the sail makes the boat's head sag off to leeward1 lee helm being the result4 ,if no such sail were made1 ,i think it would never be missed4 ,of course1 with the wind free the jibtopsail1 from its most diminutive size to its most extreme balloon development1 is a very valuable sail4 ,in taking note of the speed of boats the length should be considered4 ,i remember that the #dj-;footer ,gossoon1 the conqueror of the ,scotch cutter ,minerva in #ahij1 without any tide to help or retard her1 made in a race ,i saw an average of nine knots an hour4 ,this means that to accomplish this feat she had to run her length in #b seconds4 ,a little reflection will show that this is a remarkable achievement for so small a vessel4 ,it may be mentioned here that a nautical mile1 a knot1 and a geographical mile are one and the same thing4 ,a knot equals #a4ae statute miles4 ,multiply the number of knots by #a4ae1 and you have the distance in statute miles4 ,there are #f1jhj feet in a knot2 #e1bhj feet in a statute mile4 ,chronometers should be kept free from damp1 dust1 and draughts4 ,when winding turn the key steadily1 avoiding any jerky action4 ,most of them require seven and a half turns of the key4 ,wind slowly and steadily as far as the mechanism will permit4 ,wind punctually at the same hour every day4 ,a chronometer that has run down1 on being wound up again1 will probably not start until it has been quickly but not violently slued half round and back again4 ,this is easily done by placing the instrument on the table1 and turning it horizontally between the hands4 ,take care that the instrument has neither too much nor too little side-play in the gimbals4 ,a standard compass stowed away1 while in port1 close to a chronometer has been known to ruin the going of the watch1 the powerful compass needles having by induction magnetized the steel portion of the balance4 ,do not stow a chronometer close to an iron bulkhead1 an iron vessel's side1 the upper or lower end of a vertical iron stanchion1 or within eight feet of compass compensating magnets4 ,the chronometer case should not be screwed down to a table containing drawers which might possibly be used to hold spare compass cards4 ,chronometers should be kept away from iron almost as religiously as compasses4 ,jolting in a railway train or a conveyance of any description is liable to alter the steady going of a chronometer4 ,the quick jerk of a boat propelled by oars is still more likely to prove injurious4 ,if1 therefore1 a chronometer has to be taken from one place to another in a pulling boat1 it should be held free in the hand by the leather straps1 taking care to avoid a circular motion4 ,when traveling by train place the instrument on a pile of overcoats or rugs1 in such a position that it will not fall4 ,marine chronometers are intended always to be kept strictly horizontal with the face up4 ,never allow a chronometer to run longer than four years without having it overhauled by a first-class workman4 ,if it is a new instrument1 it should be looked at after a year or eighteen months4 ,illustration3 8,,america10 #ahii4 ,v4 ,,duty ,,and ,,discipline ,,afloat4 ,,the ,,ship',s ,,company ,,in ,,detail ,,from ,,the ,,skipper ,,to ,,the ,,sea-,,cook4 ,to cruise with pleasure from port to port and to win races--the yacht owner must remember that he can do neither unless his sailing-master thoroughly understands his business4 ,whether amateur or professional1 the skipper must be a man of dash and daring tempered with a modest soupon of discretion1 active1 vigilant1 with his weather eye wide open at all times and seasons4 ,he must have the knack of handling men so as to get every foot-pound of energy out of them that is in them4 ,he should be a strict1 but not necessarily a stern1 disciplinarian2 and he should have sufficient diplomatic instinct in his make-up to know when to wink at a slight lapse on the part of a generally capable and faithful blue-jacket4 ,the personnel of the racing yacht is of the greatest importance1 and1 if not of the best1 the career of the vessel is not likely to be crowned with the laurels of success4 ,the man in command must have the rare gift of personal magnetism1 the art of inspiring enthusiasm1 of compelling victory4 ,a cool head is no less necessary than are nerves of steel4 ,he must be a splendid helmsman1 a good practical seaman and skillful navigator4 ,a man possessed of all these attributes commands high wages and deserves all he can get4 ,the discipline of his yacht is perfect4 ,everything goes with the precision of clockwork1 at sea or in port4 ,he is prepared for every emergency that may arise when at anchor or under way1 and is never caught napping4 ,keeping a watchful eye on the interests of his owner1 he is also careful of his crew1 being fully aware of the evil consequences of a discontented forecastle1 and knowing that sulky or surly sailors never yet were conducive to the capturing of sea trophies4 ,a good skipper must therefore be a good judge of human nature1 alive to the idiosyncrasies and frailties of sailors1 who have in good sooth as many whims and vagaries as silly schoolgirls in the transition stage of development4 ,in fact he should be quite a past master in the cunning art of 8jollying along40 ,it is astonishing what a number of men there are who possess all these qualifications4 ,modest1 unassuming men1 skillful navigators and seamen they will prove to be1 and you can avail yourself of their services for a moderate compensation4 ,there is no fixed scale of wages for a yacht skipper4 ,the sailing-master of a large steam yacht may be paid #c1jjj a year1 while the skipper of a racing #ea-;footer might think himself lucky if he gets #hj a month with the prospect of being paid off when the yacht goes out of commission4 ,this practice of engaging a skipper for the season seems to me to be short-sighted policy4 ,it cannot be expected that a captain hired for three months only will take more than a passing interest in the vessel4 ,he would be more than human if he lay awake nights1 scheming how to save his owner money4 ,whereas1 an honest1 conscientious skipper1 assured of receiving living wages all the year round1 will more than earn his salary by the extra care he takes of the yacht4 ,he naturally looks upon the vessel as a prime source of revenue4 ,he realizes that it is to his interest to run her as economically as possible1 to keep her in thorough repair and order at the least possible cost1 to make life aboard her as pleasant as possible to his owner and his guests1 to win as many prizes as he can if the boat is a racer1 or if simply a cruiser to get her talked about for a phenomenally fast passage from one port to another1 for beating a rival of approximate size by a handsome margin1 or for successfully reaching her destination in a heavy blow1 when other boats were glad to scud under bare poles for a harbor4 ,these little acts if performed with tact1 make an owner prouder than ever of his yacht and more appreciative of the services of his skipper4 ,permit me to illustrate4 ,a friend of mine several winters ago purposed to buy a schooner and fit her out for a ,west ,indian cruise4 ,he provided himself with a number of tickets of admission to several vessels laid up in a dock at ,south ,brooklyn4 ,he invited me to accompany him on a prospecting tour4 ,it was a dirty day1 sleet1 snow and wind being the objectionable features that confronted us4 ,our first port of call was the office of the dock1 where we found a man in charge who examined our credentials and sent to a neighboring tavern for the 8ship-keeper10 who he said had 8gone to lunch40 ,in about half an hour this functionary made his appearance1 and piloted us to the pier where several schooners which we desired to look at were moored4 ,we boarded the first on our list1 a cruising vessel of some celebrity1 whose owner desired to sell her1 as he was building a steamer4 ,the decks were deep with water1 the scuppers being obstructed4 ,everywhere were signs of disgraceful neglect4 ,the binnacle was a mass of verdigris4 ,costly and artistic wood carving was without protection from the weather4 ,the handsome companionway of mahogany was without a canvas cover4 ,going below we found everything mildewed and musty4 ,the bedding in the berths was damp4 ,water trickled from the deck beams4 ,what really had been a most attractive interior presented an appearance of dampness most dispiriting1 as well as every evidence of decay4 ,it was indeed pitiable to see such a fine vessel in so sad a plight4 ,we passed on1 and inspected two other craft whose condition was only slightly better1 and which presented few attractions from a purchaser's point of view4 ,the next yacht we visited was in marked contrast to the others4 ,a handsome1 sunburned man greeted us at the gangway1 and after we had explained our mission1 invited us below4 ,he was the captain of the schooner1 he told us1 and was spending the winter aboard of her4 ,stepping down into the cabin we saw a snug and cozy saloon1 a cheerful fire burning in the open grate1 everything bright and spick and span1 as though the yacht was in ,newport at the height of the season4 ,a pretty young woman was at work at a sewing machine1 while a pampered ,persian cat basked luxuriously on a handsome rug in front of the fire4 8,this is my wife1 gentlemen10 he said1 and then he showed us all over the vessel from right forward to right aft4 ,the staterooms were in perfect order1 not a sign of damp or mildew anywhere4 ,everything was clean and spotless as a new pin4 ,we found that the skipper had been in charge of the yacht from the day of her launch1 that he and the steward and a boy lived on her every winter and kept her in thorough order outside and inside4 ,we were shown the logs of several deep-water cruises she had made1 together with track charts of the voyages4 ,we were entertained with an intelligent and interesting description of the yacht's behavior in a hurricane off ,bermuda1 given with a wealth of seamanlike detail1 which we both hugely enjoyed4 ,it was evident that the skipper was a firm believer in his boat1 and that he had tended her with care and loving kindness from her christening to that day4 ,he explained that his owner had married a woman who hated the sea1 and that the vessel was in the market at a reasonable price4 ,that schooner now flies my friend's private signal1 and that same skipper is still her sailing-master1 and1 according to his employer1 is worth his weight in gold4 ,this practical illustration may demonstrate the advantage of employing a sailing-master by the year and not by the season4 ,every word ,i have written about a skipper applies1 in the case of a steam yacht1 to the engineer4 ,and if possible1 still more strongly1 for the deterioration of marine engines left without care or protection is both rapid and1 ,i need hardly add1 costly in the extreme4 ,i strongly advise a yacht owner who thinks he has the skill and knowledge requisite for the command of a yacht1 to assume command himself and dispense with the services of a professional sailing-master4 ,let him ship a competent man as mate and give him to understand that his duty is to carry out the owner's orders1 and simply to act as executive officer4 ,it is impossible that a yacht can have two captains and turn out a cup winner4 ,jacob found two wives in the same house quite incompatible2 and the discipline of a racing craft with the owner and the sailing-master both issuing commands at the same time is not unlikely to be lax1 and with lax discipline races cannot be won4 ,the treatment of the sailing-master by the yacht owner varies according to the temperament and disposition of the latter4 ,a gentleman is incapable of rudeness to an employ--especially to a man holding so responsible a position1 and in charge of such a valuable piece of personal property as a yacht4 ,the judicious owner always treats his skipper with respect4 ,if he desires to preserve proper discipline aboard1 he will let the crew see that the captain has his entire confidence4 ,the owner1 therefore1 should always give his orders to the skipper1 who will then communicate them to the crew4 ,for instance1 if he wants a boat lowered he should not sing out to the crew to lay aft and lower the launch4 ,that would be a grave breach of yachting etiquette4 ,the correct course to pursue is to tell the captain that he wants the boat1 and leave to him the issuance of the necessary commands for the carrying out of his wish4 ,this may seem a small matter1 but it is really of importance4 ,if neglected1 it is subversive of discipline4 ,the owner should always address the master as ,mr4 ----1 never as 8,skipper0 or 8,cap10 as is too often the case aboard a certain class of craft conducted after slipshod methods4 ,the men should always address the sailing-master1 and also the mate1 as 8,sir10 and no departure from this rule should be tolerated4 ,the sailing-master should be held responsible for any breach of discipline on the part of the crew1 and his authority should always be sustained by the owner4 ,i have seen more than one sailing-master who1 not content with tyrannizing over the crew1 held the owner in complete subjection4 ,it may be readily surmised what kind of worms these owners were4 ,but take yacht skippers by and large1 the average is worthy of confidence and respect4 ,the percentage of black sheep among them is almost infinitesimal4 ,the same remark applies to the mates and the men4 ,the following hints to sailing-masters were written by a dyspeptic martinet of a yacht owner1 but there is much good sense in them4 ,they are hung up in his sailing-master's berth3 #a4-- ,never curse the crew4 ,the owner will do all the swearing4 #b4-- ,should the owner or any of his guests not use tobacco1 never smoke to windward of him or them4 ,have the goodness to step to leeward4 #c4-- ,always be at the gangway when the owner comes alongside4 ,no matter how warm it may be1 do not receive him in your shirt-sleeves4 #d4-- ,have a memorandum of all the stores in your department4 ,do not rashly answer1 8,there is none on board10 without consulting your list when asked for an article required4 #e4-- ,there are yachts afloat whose owners are run by the sailing-masters4 ,this yacht is governed differently4 #f4-- ,if the sailing-master is at any time dissatisfied with the owner or the yacht he has an unfailing remedy1 and the sooner he avails himself of it the better4 #g4-- ,the owner trusts that pleasant relations will always prevail between the sailing-master and himself4 ,having secured your skipper let him ship the crew4 ,if your yacht is a large vessel you will need a mate4 ,in the interest of harmony it is advisable to let the skipper have some say in the matter of his selection4 ,it will be advisable to look over his credentials1 with a view to finding out if he is competent to take charge of the vessel in the event of any accident befalling the captain4 ,if you contemplate a blue-water voyage1 be careful that the mate is a navigator and has the requisite license4 ,if deprived of the services of your skipper by any unforeseen cause1 it would be awkward to find yourself1 say1 a thousand miles from land1 with nobody aboard capable of finding the vessel's position otherwise than by dead reckoning--a hit or miss method always unreliable4 ,the wages of mates vary4 ,some of them are paid #aj or #ae a month more than the men1 whose pay ranges between #be and #cj a month4 ,this is much more than is paid to ,english yacht sailors1 who have to feed themselves out of their pay4 ,the mate's duty is to take charge of the yacht when the master is below4 ,when the master is on deck the mate's station is forward4 ,he superintends the setting1 taking in and trimming of sails1 and in a general way carries out the skipper's orders4 ,he is a very important man in a race1 for then the captain's place is at the helm and the mate is responsible for the proper working of the vessel and the prompt setting of balloon sails4 ,if any of the running gear gets foul or parts he is tolerably certain of a brisk dressing-down1 especially if the mishap causes the loss of the race4 ,the reason of this is because he has charge of all the gear and sails and spars1 and is responsible for their being always in good condition4 ,the mate superintends the work of getting under way1 sees the head-sails clear for hoisting1 looks after the windlass1 sees that the hose is played on the chain cable if the vessel has brought up on muddy bottom4 ,also when coming to anchor he sees that the mud-hook is clear for letting go1 all halyards ready for lowering1 booms in good shape for swinging out1 and the boats in good condition for lowering4 ,the captain is in command of the starboard watch1 and the mate takes hold of the port watch4 ,in long runs the watches are set as in ocean steamers1 the men taking two-hour tricks at the helm and the same on the lookout4 ,the mate1 as executive officer1 superintends the washing down of the decks in the morning1 and is held responsible for the yacht's ship-shape appearance4 ,if any 8,irish pennants0 are seen towing overboard or if there is a speck of dirt anywhere to be found1 the mate is brought up with a round turn4 ,a good mate is invaluable1 and if he and the sailing-master work in harmony together1 the yacht1 so far as discipline is concerned1 will be perfect1 and the vessel will be a pleasant one for all hands4 ,the mate in large steam yachts has generally the charge of the launch1 bringing aboard guests and taking them ashore4 ,it is imperative that he should have a thorough knowledge of the art of boat-handling and that he should be a smart1 all-round man in every detail4 ,only very large craft carry a boatswain4 ,his duty is to care for the rigging and 8pipe the side40 ,personally1 ,i like to hear the cheery sound of his whistle4 ,it reminds me of old times4 ,the boatswain nowadays finds no occupation for his 8call0 on a racing craft4 ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states are the leading yachting nations of the world4 ,the yachting flags of both countries have been seen in nearly every harbor of the globe4 ,france1 ,italy and ,germany have during the last decade made some noticeable progress in the pastime1 but neither in racing nor in cruising have they accomplished anything of real significance4 ,for instance1 how galling must it have been to the patriotic pride of the ,german ,emperor to be forced to sail his imperial racing cutter1 ,meteor1 designed by a ,scotchman and built on the ,clyde1 with a crew of ,hampshire and ,essex sailors4 ,but stern necessity compelled him4 ,the ,german seaman has many merits1 but he doesn't show up to advantage aboard a racing cutter4 ,one would have thought that the ,emperor would have trained a crew of ,germans especially for the task1 but the idea either did not occur to him or was judged not to be feasible4 ,he might have followed the example of our countryman1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,oliver ,iselin1 the managing owner of the ,defender1 who in #ahie turned the tables on certain of his ,british critics1 who had declared that no ,american crew could possibly beat the trained ,british yacht sailors who formed the crew of the ,valkyrie4 ,these seamen1 all hailed from ,wivenhoe or ,brightlingsea in ,essex1 had sailed in cutter yachts in the summer and cutter-rigged fishing smacks in the winter from boyhood1 and were indeed the flower of the racing sailors of ,england4 ,captain ,cranfield1 one of the smartest skippers afloat1 had drilled them for several seasons4 ,they were pronounced invincible by recognized authorities4 ,in previous contests for the ,america's cup the crews of the ,puritan1 ,mayflower1 ,volunteer and ,vigilant were composed largely of ,scandinavians1 concerning whose ability as seamen ,i have nothing to say except in praise4 ,it was the general idea that without the ,scandinavian element the battle was lost4 ,mr4 ,iselin undertook to expose the fallacy of this notion4 ,without disparagement of the excellent yacht sailors hailing from ,danish1 ,swedish or ,norwegian ports1 he determined to prove practically that the native-born ,american sailor1 when properly licked into shape1 makes as fine a yachtsman as ever trod a deck or broke a biscuit4 ,accordingly ,captain ,haff was sent to ,maine1 and there the veteran skipper shipped an ,american crew worthy of the saucy ,stripes and ,stars--active young fellows who had never sailed on pleasure craft but had followed the sea on fishing schooners and coasting vessels4 ,after being drilled by ,captain ,haff for a few weeks they became as smart and efficient a crew as ever tailed on to a mainsheet or manned club-topsail halyards4 ,i had many opportunities of comparing them with their ,british opponents1 and ,i pledge you my word as a sailor and a gentleman that one crew was as smart as the other in setting or shortening sail and in all marine manuvres4 ,it was a surprise to many1 but nobody was more astonished than ,captain ,cranfield1 who admiringly admitted the ability and efficiency of the boys from ,maine who manned the ,defender4 ,this achievement opened the eyes of the ,british critics and showed them of what our raw material is capable4 ,it was also a surprise to many of our racing skippers1 who were laboring under the delusion that ,scandinavian sailors alone are capable of manning our yachts4 ,never was a greater error4 ,the native-born ,american1 when properly trained1 makes as smart a yacht sailor as ever walked a deck4 ,most of these ,maine sailors1 judging from their names1 belonged to the great ,anglo ,saxon race whose deeds afloat are written on the bright pages of sea history4 ,america has reason to be proud of her seafaring ancestors4 ,the infallible law of heredity and the no less assured principle of the survival of the fittest have been well exemplified among the dwellers on the ,british coasts4 ,the bold sea-dogs of the ,west ,country to-day are fitting successors to those sturdy semi-pirates who under the flag of ,frobisher1 of ,drake1 of ,raleigh and of ,hawkins shed so much glory on the nation they upheld and so much of the enemy's life-blood4 ,the smugglers and privateers of the southern and eastern coasts may justly be classed as the progenitors of our racing yachtsmen4 ,for be it remembered that speed was the prime necessity of their means of livelihood4 ,the contests between revenue cutters and luggers were continuous struggles for sea supremacy4 ,if a lugger was captured by a cutter1 the keel of what was hoped to be a still faster lugger was laid1 and so the war went on4 ,british privateers generally got the best of their ,gallic opponents4 ,nelson crushed ,great ,britain's foes at sea as effectually as ,wellington defeated her enemies ashore4 ,in the war of #ahab ,america proved her naval superiority by many a heroic deed4 ,until the devastating cruise of the ,alabama our mercantile marine was our national pride4 ,it is true that our mercantile fleet of to-day is by no means what it ought to be1 but it is also a fact that our fine coasters and fishing vessels1 although manned by a large percentage of foreigners1 are1 as a rule1 commanded by native-born ,americans4 ,those of our countrymen who follow the sea for a livelihood soon rise in their profession4 ,the somewhat scanty emoluments offered are sufficient reasons for deterring the average ambitious ,american youth from seeking his fortune afloat1 but should more liberal inducement ever be offered1 the sea-loving ,yankee will be to the fore again4 ,that the raw material is at hand was proven by the adaptability of the ,maine men to be transformed into efficient yachtsmen in so short a time4 ,had the ,emperor of ,germany tried to convert some of his seafaring subjects into a crew for the ,meteor1 he might have met with a far different result4 ,sailors are a queer lot1 and good ones are to be found in every maritime country4 ,in their native climes a crew of lascars1 hard as nails and agile as monkeys1 cannot be surpassed4 ,ship them aboard a vessel bound to the ,english ,channel and due there in midwinter1 and you might just as well have a ship's company of frozen earwigs4 ,in the ,bay of ,bengal1 blow high or blow low1 you couldn't wish for smarter sailors4 ,i speak from personal knowledge1 having had command of a smart schooner engaged in a certain lucrative trade on the ,coromandel coast and in the ,china seas1 the precise nature of which ,i decline to divulge1 but which called for quick work4 ,never have ,i sailed with a more satisfactory crew than ,abdool1 the ,serang1 and his twenty alert followers4 ,they made that schooner talk4 ,in the ,bay of ,biscay they would have been as useless as a dead steam-engine4 ,they were the most economical sailors ,i ever knew--five rupees a month and a modest ration consisting principally of curry and rice4 ,i wonder in what seas my faithful ,abdool and his lithe and dusky shipmates are cruising to-day1 for ,i am writing of thirty years ago1 when ,i was a little spryer on my pins than ,i am at present4 ,the selection of a crew1 especially for a deep-water cruise likely to be of long duration1 is an important piece of business4 ,the skilled skipper1 from long experience1 possesses the instinctive faculty of picking out the right men from a small army of applicants4 ,this1 too1 without any unnecessary delay4 ,a short talk1 a glance at papers1 and the trick is done4 ,a sea lawyer has no chance of being shipped4 ,the skipper detects him at once4 ,he knows that breed4 ,the inexperienced yacht owner cannot appreciate what troubles he is saved from by the wise selection of his ship's company4 ,one sea lawyer with the pestilent gift of the gab will infect a whole forecastle full of honest and well-meaning men1 just as one sheep with the rot will taint a sound and healthy flock4 ,the incessant wagging of his jaw1 his perpetual growlings like a bear with a sore head1 are as likely as not to breed a mutiny1 or1 at any rate1 to make a floating hell of that part of the vessel that is forward of the foremast4 ,such a man will grumble even if he gets roast beef and plum duff three times a day and a 8nobbler0 of rum every hour of the twenty-four4 ,it is well1 therefore1 to exercise due care in shipping your crew if bound on a globe-circling expedition4 ,some owners insist that candidates for berths aboard their ships shall undergo a medical examination1 in order to make sure that they are physically fit for a long voyage4 ,this is1 in my opinion1 a wise course to pursue1 for sickness at sea is like a wet blanket on the pleasure of a voyage1 and no owner wants to ship a sailor unfit to fulfil the duties for which he signs articles4 ,a crew intended for the usual coastwise cruising and racing1 taking part in all the events of the season for which the yacht is eligible1 should1 of course1 be selected with care4 ,you will often see the same crew stick to a yacht for years4 ,they are paid off at the close of the season1 get through the winter as best they can1 some of them subsisting on their summer savings1 others shipping on coasting vessels or fishing craft1 or even finding odd jobs to do ashore4 ,when the yacht goes into commission at the beginning of the following summer1 there they are to be found aboard of her1 and ready for anything that may turn up4 ,smart and steady men are always in demand1 and when they leave the yacht in the fall they get the tip from the sailing-master to report for duty in the spring4 ,the prudent yacht owner1 when preparing for a deep-water voyage1 should ship a crew as small as possible for the proper working of the vessel4 ,every device for the economizing of labor should be adopted4 ,in these days1 when a crew of six1 all told1 sail a big fore-and-aft cargo schooner1 a large ship's company is not absolutely necessary aboard a yacht of moderate size4 ,it is easier to keep a small crew in good health than a large one1 especially when cruising in the tropics4 ,the necessarily limited space at the disposal of the 8jackies10 in spite of all the modern contrivances for their convenience and comfort1 causes some forecastles to be unhealthy4 ,without taking into consideration the saving of money in the wages of men not absolutely necessary for the handling of the yacht1 the owner is likely to get more solid comfort out of a small1 contented crew of picked men than he would out of a large1 injudiciously selected crowd of sailors4 ,the fewer the mouths to feed the more stores and water for each can be carried4 ,personally1 ,i would rather have twelve good men to work a large schooner1 than a score of indifferent lubbers and skulkers masquerading under the names of able or ordinary seamen4 ,these may seem to be revolutionary notions in these days of kid-gloved skippers and large crews4 ,but let us go back half a century or so1 and see what the custom was in the brave old days of the ,yankee schooner ,america4 ,in her historical voyage to ,england in #ahea she was commanded by ,captain 8,dick0 ,brown1 with ,nelson ,comstock as mate1 and only six men before the mast4 ,messrs4 ,george ,steers1 ,james ,steers and young ,henry ,steers were the passengers1 and these1 of course1 lent a hand when required4 ,but there were no more cats aboard than could catch mice4 ,the ,sappho1 a much larger schooner1 sailed from ,new ,york to ,falmouth in ,july1 #ahfh1 the time of her passage being fourteen days4 ,she was in charge of ,captain ,t4 ,p4 ,baldwin1 a retired merchant skipper1 two mates1 and six men before the mast1 none of whom were yacht sailors4 ,judging from the logs of these two representative schooners1 no difficulty was experienced in handling them1 and both made excellent passages1 the ,america reaching ,havre in seventeen days and a half1 in spite of the retarding circumstance that she carried only the small sails of the pilot boat ,mary ,taylor1 a wonderfully fast schooner built by ,mr4 ,george ,steers4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,knight1 the ,english yachtsman1 has some very sensible things to say on this subject1 and1 as he speaks from wide experience1 my readers will be interested in his remarks4 ,he says3 8,it is my opinion that there should not be a single yacht sailor on board the foreign-cruising #ej-tonner4 ,it is difficult to get the right ones1 and it will be bad for the owner if he fall in with the wrong ones--men who have been spoilt by foolish employers1 for instance2 a numerous class1 ,i fear4 ,we all know them4 ,smart-looking fellows enough1 maybe1 but shirkers of honest work4 ,they prefer to ship on show yachts belonging to owners who like to exhibit themselves and their vessels in the fashionable yachting ports each season1 but who are not sailors in any sense of the word1 and have no real love of the sport1 following it only for the swagger of the thing4 ,men who have served such owners would prove a great nuisance on an ocean cruise1 and would not be likely to go far4 ,i have heard such hands grumbling on a friend's yacht because they had to pass one night at sea instead of in some port where they happened to have friends4 ,they look to frequent tips from the #8governor's' visitors1 and to other less legitimate perquisites4 ,these they cannot get in mid-,atlantic1 so it is not the place for them4 8,hands from fishing-boats1 sailing barges and small coasters1 are the best men for the foreign cruiser of small tonnage4 ,among these1 one is not likely to come across spoilt and pampered mariners1 and they are accustomed to roughing it1 and to the shifts of short-handed craft4 ,but were ,i undertaking a lengthened tropical voyage ,i think ,i should ship my ,english crew simply for the run over to my first ,west ,indian or ,south ,american port1 and there engage a negro crew4 ,these blacks are excellent fore-and-aft sailors1 easy to manage1 and always happy and ready for any amount of hard work1 if kindly but firmly treated2 while they are1 of course1 far better fitted than white men to withstand the debilitating influence of sultry climates1 an influence1 which1 as everyone knows1 has caused the ruin of many a good ,british sailor1 driving hitherto sober men to injure their health by excess whenever they get shore leave40 ,sir ,edward ,sullivan1 ,bart41 who saw the ,america win the cup that bears her name1 over the ,cowes course in #ahea1 and has been a devotee of the sport ever since1 says3 8,yacht sailors1 as a rule1 are sober1 honest1 obliging1 goodtempered1 original4 ,during the many years ,i have yachted ,i have had crews from north1 east1 west1 and south1 and ,i have almost without exception found them the same4 ,a man must be hard to please1 indeed1 if after a three or four months' cruise1 he does not part from his crew with regret1 and with a genuine wish that they may meet again4 ,amongst yachting skippers ,i have come across some of the most honorable1 trustworthy1 honest men ,i have met in any class of life1 men who knew their duty and were always willing and anxious to do it4 ,the chief peculiarity of all the seafaring class that ,i have been brought into contact with1 is their entire freedom from vulgarity4 ,they are obliging to the utmost of their power1 but never cringing or vulgar4 8,the winter half of their lives is spent in fishing-boats or coasters1 or sea voyages1 where they have to face dangers and hardships that must be experienced to be realized4 ,as a rule they are religious1 and their preparations for the ,sabbath1 their washings and soapings and brushings1 show with what pleasure they welcome its recurrence4 ,yacht minstrelsy1 with its accordion1 its songs of twenty verses1 its never-ending choruses1 its pathos1 is a thing of itself4 ,some day1 perhaps1 some ,albert ,chevalier will make it fashionable4 ,such as they are1 ,i know of no class of ,englishmen superior1 if any be equal1 to the sailors who man our yachts4 ,of course1 there are sharks1 or at any rate dogfish1 in all waters1 but where the good so immensely outnumber the bad1 that man must be a fool indeed who gets into wrong hands40 ,with these sentiments ,i most cordially concur4 ,the yacht owner will engage his cook and his steward to suit himself4 ,some seagoing chefs of steam yachts get bigger pay than a commodore in the navy1 while many stewards have grown wealthy out of their perquisites4 ,with these men ,i have nothing to do4 ,they belong to the owner exclusively1 so let him deal with them as he may see fit4 ,the ship's cook1 however1 is a most important functionary1 and every canny skipper tries to ship a thorough 8tip-topper10 who will feed the boys 8high10 while at the same time taking care of the owner's interests by guarding against waste4 ,a cook of genius will on a pinch 8create0 a savory dinner for all hands out of what may appear a most unpromising batch of materials1 and ,i am glad to say that cooks of genius are by no means scarce4 ,the ,japs make excellent cooks1 and so do the ,portuguese4 ,hungry sailors go in for hearty fare4 ,beef and beans1 pork and peas1 clam chowder1 roast joints1 and plenty of fresh vegetables are their principal dishes1 but they by no means despise the ice cream and the cabin delicacies which fall to their lot on cruises when there is a heavy sea1 and landsmen feel more like throwing up their commissions than taking in ballast4 8,the internal economy of a yacht10 says ,sir ,edward ,sullivan1 8constitutes one of its greatest charms4 ,your cook with only a little stove for which a shore cook would scarcely find any use will send you up an excellent dinner cooked to perfection for any number of guests4 ,and the steward6 who can describe the work of a yacht's steward8 ,i doubt whether ,briareus with his hundred hands could do more than a steward does with two4 ,at seven in the morning he is ashore for the milk1 and the breakfast1 and the letters1 and the flowers2 he valets half-a-dozen people1 prepares half-a-dozen baths1 brushes heaven knows how many clothes1 gets the breakfast1 makes the beds1 cleans the plate1 tidies the cabin1 provides luncheon1 five o'clock tea1 dinner1 is always cheerful1 obliging1 painstaking1 and more than repaid if occasionally he gets a petit mot of compliment or congratulation4 ,when he ever sleeps or eats ,i never can tell2 and far from grumbling at his work he often resents the assistance of any shore-going servant40 ,i have quoted the above at length because it is in my judgment the best description of a good cook and a good steward ever written4 ,what yachtsman cannot testify to the truth of every word8 ,i have sailed with a bad cook and an utterly worthless and incompetent steward1 and my imperfect knowledge of the ,english language does not permit of my adequately describing the inevitable horrors and discomforts attending the martyrdom of my shipmates and myself4 ,therefore let us draw the curtain down on the unsavory subject4 ,but nevertheless let us resolve in the interest of our brother yachtsmen never to give a misleading recommendation or certificate of character to either a bad cook or a worthless steward4 ,if the first-named is a 8grub-spoiler0 masquerading under the guise of a chef1 and the other is a sham and a fraud1 hesitate not to brand them correctly and thus prevent them from imposing on others4 ,have backbone6 ,in ,england there is a regular schedule of racing wages--a system which has not been adopted as yet in this country4 ,the skipper gets five per cent4 or ten per cent4 of the value of the prize won1 while every member of the crew is given #e if you win and #b4ej if you lose4 ,in addition to this expense1 bounteous supplies of beef1 soft tack and beer are generously dispensed on race days1 while on other occasions the crew supply their own rations4 ,the life of a yacht sailor is by no means hard4 ,from twenty to thirty dollars a month and good grub should be attractive to the foreigners who1 for the most part1 man our pleasure fleet1 and who would earn considerably less than half that sum in the vessels of their native mercantile navy4 ,there are so many smart and deserving men in the market1 that a yacht owner has no difficulty whatever in engaging a satisfactory ship's company4 ,illustration3 ,yacht fender ,,vi4 ,a ,,down-,,to-,,date ,,yacht ,,race1 ,,in ,,which ,,may ,,be ,,found ,,some ,,noteworthy ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,sea-,,jockey',s ,,art4 ,sailing as a visitor on a racing yacht is delightfully exciting4 ,let me transcribe from my log-book the yarn of the contest between the ,ghost and the ,phantom1 two modern #ea-;footers4 ,stowed away between the lines may be found a wrinkle or two of value to the novice4 ,so here goes3 ,the bell on the ,phantom was striking eight as the gig rounded her graceful stern and brought up at the starboard gangway4 ,the cutter had been completely 8skinned0 for the fray1 as she was to compete for a valuable prize offered by the club4 ,everything had been taken ashore that the racing rules permitted1 including books1 cabin fittings1 the cooking stove1 deck scrubbers1 buckets and brooms1 mops1 and other impedimenta comprised in the equipment of a properly fitted yacht4 ,the cabin was bare--8cleared for action10 as the owner observed4 ,illustration3 8,phantom40 8,all you will get to eat to-day won't trouble your digestive organs10 he continued4 8,the steward has made a box of corned beef sandwiches1 and that will be our plain and simple fare1 with a toothful of grog to wash the grub down1 and a pipe to settle everything4 ,today all hands fare alike1 forward and aft1 for we shall have no time to waste in devouring luxurious kickshaws4 ,we must win that cup40 ,from the critical view of an expert yachtsman1 everything was in ship-shape fashion for the race4 ,there wasn't an ounce of superfluous weight aboard4 ,the very crew seemed to be characteristic of the vital elements of the vessel1 namely1 strength and lightness4 ,their muscular agility was displayed to advantage a few moments later1 when1 manning the throat and peak halyards1 they spread the superb mainsail to woo the wind1 which1 at this time1 wasn't particularly strong4 ,i noticed that the skipper did not 8sweat up0 the halyards too taut1 but prudently reserved that process for a few minutes before weighing anchor1 allowing the soft1 warm breeze to expend its influence on the sail and stretch it evenly and gently before the final pull was given4 ,the skipper sent the mate aloft to pass a preventer lashing round the gaff and masthead1 so as to be prepared for the unfortunate contingency of the parting of the throat halyards4 ,this is a precaution seldom taken1 but ,captain ,marlin's custom is to take no risks1 and to be ready for every possible mishap4 ,judging from the appearance of the sky at that time1 it did not seem probable that the halyards were to be subjected to any heavy strain2 but the weather cannot be relied upon1 and the carrying away of the throat halyards has lost many a race which a preventer might have saved4 ,the club-topsail was handled next1 in seamanlike style4 ,it is a difficult sail to set properly at any time1 and1 when spread or dowsed in a fine sailing breeze1 has made many a lubber use strong language4 ,this particular piece of duck was mast-headed cleverly and silently1 as is always the case in a yacht commanded by an able skipper and manned by a competent crew4 ,speculations are indulged in as to the outlook4 ,yachts about to compete in other classes are criticised1 and many sage observations1 made by the sailors concerning wind and weather1 find their way aft to the quarter-deck1 where the owner and his amateur tars are smoking their pipes and discussing and prognosticating the coming events of the day4 ,the parting drag is given to the halyards1 the head-sails are made ready1 and the anchor is hove short4 ,it is half an hour before the time announced for the start1 and we know that the ,chairman of the ,race ,committee is no trifler and that the preparatory gun will be fired sharp at the hour appointed4 ,the outlook is promising4 ,a fine sou'wester blows1 ruffling the blue waters of the bay and making the small craft dance to the merry music of wind and wave4 ,there is a goodly fleet at anchor and a large throng of visitors is seen on the veranda of the club-house1 on the green lawn that almost kisses the water's edge1 and on the float1 which is nearly surrounded by steam and naphtha launches1 gigs1 dinghies and other tenders4 ,from a look aloft at the fleecy clouds and straggling mares' tails that sail along in the cerulean sky1 the breeze shows every sign of freshening as the day grows older2 and the inevitable weather prophets1 one or two of whom can be found in every yacht's crew1 talk sagely of single reefs and coming squalls4 ,our yacht is a down-to-date #ea-;footer1 fitted with all modern appliances for the winning of cups1 including a fin-keel that would scrape the bottom at a depth of more than ten feet1 and frightens many a flounder from his feeding grounds4 ,witch-like she looks1 as she tugs at her anchor eager to be off4 ,everything alow and aloft is taut and trim4 ,her standing rigging is set up as tight as bars of steel4 ,not a wrinkle shows in her well-cut mainsail1 set just as it ought to be1 with no abnormal strains visible in throat1 peak or after leech1 and not a symptom of bagginess in the whole symmetry of the sail4 ,above this the huge club-topsail is spread1 stretching ambitiously skyward1 and this1 too1 is a choice example of the sailmaker's skill4 ,the head-sails are ready for hoisting4 ,the big jibtopsail is set in stops ready for breaking out as we cross the line1 for the first leg of the triangular course is a reach with the wind abeam1 and we shall have to carry on sail like a ,china clipper to get to the first mark before our antagonist1 the ,ghost1 whose best sailing point is reaching or running4 ,our boat1 the ,phantom1 though built from the same design as the ,ghost and carrying the same amount of sail1 is the better at beating to windward4 ,once get her sheets trimmed in close-hauled to a breeze1 and she will look up as high as any yacht afloat1 and1 what is more1 you can rely on the saucy jade to fetch and weather any mark she points for4 ,the ,ghost1 though phenomenally fast with the wind free1 is not quite so good at windward work as we are1 judging from her behavior in four former races1 when we have given her a good dusting with the breeze dead in her teeth4 ,but once get the ,ghost a-going with the wind anywhere from abeam to right aft1 and the way she slides through the sea is exasperating to her opponents on the ,phantom1 who have often had to contemplate with annoyed admiration the shapely contour of the beauty's counter4 ,who can satisfactorily account for the difference in the speed of the two boats8 ,they are like shoes made from the same last1 of the same material and finish4 ,why is it that one boat beats to windward better than the other1 and that the other reaches and runs faster than her rival8 ,nobody has yet offered a satisfactory explanation of this peculiar state of affairs1 which yachtsmen know to exist in all classes of one design4 ,but here we are1 aboard the ,phantom thirty minutes before gunfire4 ,our sportsmanlike owner and our seamanlike skipper are well qualified for the coming strife4 ,they know the course like their ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,they are acquainted with every tide-rip and current likely to be encountered4 ,the sailing directions are explicit4 ,the crew1 amateur and professional1 are old hands at the business1 and if the ,phantom doesn't win the cup and the side bet from the ,ghost1 why1 all hands will be down in the dumps at the end of the race4 ,but there is no mention of that dastard word1 defeat4 ,owner and captain and crew have an abiding confidence in the yacht and in each other1 and all hands are imbued with enthusiasm and zeal4 ,this is apparent in every animated glance1 in each cheery 8,aye1 aye1 sir10 in response to orders1 and in every active movement of body and limb4 ,all hands have been through the mill before and are accustomed to pull together4 ,the skipper knows the 8hang0 of the boat2 he fully understands how to trim sail to the best advantage--just how much sheet to give to induce the highest rate of speed4 ,the boat herself is balanced like a druggist's scales1 and is responsive as a sentient being to the slightest touch of the helm4 ,the gear is of the best4 ,illustration3 8,,ghost40 8,now1 ,captain ,marlin10 says the owner1 8we'll get up the anchor and take a short trial spin across the bay1 just to limber things before starting40 8,break the anchor out1 boys10 says the skipper1 8and stand by to hoist the head-sails40 ,in a few minutes the anchor is on deck and the foresail and jib are hoisted to the fast-increasing breeze4 ,away we go on the starboard tack1 heeling over till the water boils up in the lee scuppers and an occasional spray comes inboard on the weather bow4 ,as we pass through the fleet at anchor many admiring eyes examine us critically from quarter-deck and bridge2 and many binoculars are leveled in our direction as we swiftly glide toward the open bay1 where we shall feel the true force of the breeze and see whether the club-topsail will be too much for her with sheets flattened in4 ,captain ,marlin is at the helm1 with the owner beside him4 ,both view the sails with expert glances1 quick to discover imperfections in fit or trim4 ,the mainsail retains its shape admirably1 because it has been beautifully stretched by a sailor and not 8monkeyed with0 by a countryman from an inland village4 ,the jib is pulling magnificently1 and the foresail is attending strictly to business4 ,as soon as we reach the bay1 away from the shelter of the protecting headland1 we get the full strength of the wind1 which1 indeed1 pipes high4 ,a squall strikes us1 and we careen under its influence till the lee rail--a mere batten--is almost awash4 ,the skipper luffs a little until the fore leech of the mainsail quivers1 but this seems to deaden the ,phantom's way very little4 ,she is off1 with a gleaming white bone in her teeth and showing a great burst of speed4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,stern ,,chase4 8,ready about60 8,helm's a-lee40 ,the boat swings into the wind like a top1 and before you can say ,jack ,robinson she is filled and away on the other tack4 ,but only a yachtsman can appreciate the smart handling of the craft4 ,the setting up of the topmast-backstay while the vessel is in stays is work for men who are actually alive and haven't a lazy bone in their bodies4 ,the same remark applies to trimming the head-sheets4 ,of course there are 8belaying marks0 showing where they are to be made fast1 but smartness must prevail first1 last1 and all the time in these days of rapid-spinning boats4 ,and so back we fly through the squadron1 most of them now under way4 ,we luff up in the wind's eye for a minute or so and get another pull on the jib halyards1 sweating them up quite hard4 ,we see the jibtopsail clear for breaking out from the stops2 and while we dodge about with head-sheets hauled to windward1 waiting for the preparatory gun1 we see the ,ghost making for us and realize that if we are to secure the advantage of the windward berth and first away we must keep our weather eyes skinned4 ,and mighty pretty our sleek-looking rival appears1 with the sun shining on her creamy sails just new from the loft1 but bearing the impress of artistic design and splendid fit4 ,the only difference between ,ghost and ,phantom is that the first-named is painted black1 while ,phantom is resplendent in a snow-white garb4 ,captain ,spike1 the ,ghost's skipper1 a bronzed1 bearded man of massive build1 is steering1 and as he passes under our stern we wave our hands or doff our caps in courteous salute4 ,for although both ships are manned by sturdy fighters1 yet we heartily respect each other1 as gallant and honorable foes are wont to do in the domain of yachtdom4 8,bang60 goes the preparatory gun1 which conveys the information that our class will start in five minutes4 ,our owner had timed his watch by the chronometer on the club boat early that morning1 and both timepieces agree to a fraction of a second4 ,it is to be a flying start1 and the two rival skippers1 ,spike and ,marlin1 are equally famous for getting away with the gun1 and both are past masters in the art of sea-jockeying for a commanding position on the line4 ,it is most interesting to watch the manuvres of the two captains4 ,the yachts circle round and round each other like two kittens at play1 while the owners1 with watches in hand1 call out the time4 8,one minute gone0 says our owner4 8,one minute gone10 repeats the alert skipper2 8hard-a-lee60 ,about she goes once more4 8,two minutes gone10 is soon heard1 followed by another tack4 8,three gone60 ,then an anxious pause4 8,four gone60 says our owner4 ,we are at this time some considerable distance from the line1 but fast approaching it1 although our foresail-sheet is hauled to windward4 ,to leeward1 and a dozen lengths astern1 is the ,ghost4 8,four minutes fifty seconds10 says our owner4 8,let draw the foresail2 break out the jibtopsail10 are the skipper's next commands1 and for the ten seconds that follow we are all on tenterhooks4 ,if we cross the imaginary line between the committee's steamer and the mark-boat before the signal is given we shall have to go back and cross the line again4 ,it is indeed an anxious moment4 8,fifty-five seconds1 fifty-six1 fifty-seven----0 8,will they never fire80 think ,i4 8,fifty-eight1 fifty-nine----0 8,the gun60 8,hurrah1 hurrah6 you gauged her beautifully10 says the owner to the skipper1 on whose mahoganized mug there grows a gratified grin4 8,ghost is ten seconds after the gun10 observed the owner1 8but ,i guess she'll pick that up and more too1 on this leg1 alone40 ,the ,phantom is now hissing along with the wind on the port beam1 the main boom well eased off1 the jibtopsail doing gigantic work1 and the other sails contributing their share toward impelling the fairy-like fabric onward to the next goal1 six nautical miles away4 ,not a quiver or a wrinkle in all the vast expanse of muslin extended to the breeze4 ,the yacht's sharp cutwater cleaves the blue sea1 making little or no disturbance1 but the fleecy foam travels aft with the speed of a mill-race and leaves a glittering wake astern4 ,all the crew have come abaft the mast1 and are up to windward as far as they can get4 ,the yacht heels over in the puffs at times until the lee rail is under1 and the water occasionally threatens to bubble up to the skylights1 but never gets there4 ,it is indeed glorious racing4 ,nobody has the slightest idea of shortening canvas4 ,what she can't carry she must drag4 ,the skipper keeps his eyes on the sails and on the compass4 ,he never dreams of looking astern to see how his friend ,captain ,spike1 of the ,ghost1 is coming along4 ,no yacht-racing skipper ever does look astern while he is steering4 ,it would be a breach of an old tradition unpardonable in a professional4 ,our owner1 however1 watches our opponent quite carefully1 and confides to me in a whisper that he fears she will overhaul us and pass us to windward before we reach the mark at the end of the first leg4 8,it is in the beat back from the second mark that we shall have him at our mercy4 ,we are considerably faster to windward in a blow like this1 and if it pipes any harder he will have to take in his club-topsail1 and then he is our meat1 sure10 he added4 ,but there is no sign of shortening canvas on the ,ghost4 ,captain ,spike will hang on to the great sail until the topmast goes over the side rather than be beaten at 8cracking on0 by ,captain ,marlin4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,ghost stands up to her work very well indeed1 heeling over to the pressure of the puissant breeze only a mere trifle more than ,phantom4 ,other boats are competing in the regatta--a number of crack schooners and some of the new-fangled knockabouts--all of which carry single reefs in their mainsails and small jibs4 ,it is evident1 too1 that even with this moderate sail they have as much as they can stagger under4 ,we1 however1 have too much to do in the way of paying attention to our own craft and our immediate opponent to particularly regard the doings of the rest of the fleet4 ,one thing that strikes me exceedingly is the splendid way that ,phantom steers4 ,one of the old-time racing boats would have been yawing about in rampant style in a breeze as potent as is now blowing4 ,the helmsman would have all he could do to keep her on her course1 the prevailing tendency of the ancient type being to gripe to windward most damnably4 ,yacht architects have made great progress since then1 and the modern craft are balanced so exquisitely that they show little or no proneness to gripe1 even with the wind abeam or on the quarter4 ,phantom carries her rudder nearly amidships1 only taking a spoke or two of weather helm4 ,captain ,marlin steers her with one hand1 and keeps as cool as a cucumber4 ,meanwhile ,ghost crawls up on us1 inch by inch and foot by foot1 her aim being to pass us to windward and to blanket us4 ,this we will never permit without a hard fight4 ,we are now half way to the first mark1 the wind continuing true and strong--an ideal breeze for racing4 ,the sea is not steep enough as yet to do us any harm when we trim in our sheets for the final beat2 but before this shall come to pass we have a leg to sail with the wind dead aft1 and even now the men are making sure that the spinnaker gear is all in readiness for setting that enormous sail immediately after rounding the first mark4 ,we are going to do our prettiest to get the better of ,ghost at the turn1 and the yacht that gets the spinnaker boom down first and the sail broken out most quickly has a big advantage4 ,i can't help remembering how a mishap to her spinnaker caused ,valkyrie ,,ii4 to lose her last race with ,vigilant1 and ,i express a silent but fervent hope that nothing untoward may occur to stop the smart setting of our own good sail4 ,but now the sly and swift ,ghost is crawling up1 pointing her bowsprit for our weather quarter1 with the intent1 if possible1 of establishing an overlap and a consequent blanket4 ,this leads to a luffing match which is mighty interesting while it lasts4 ,the more we luff the faster we fly1 and at last we get so far ahead that we are able to bear away on our course again and still maintain the lead4 ,now1 what do you think is the next artful move of the skipper of the ,ghost8 ,that fellow is as cunning as a wagonload of monkeys4 ,seeing that he cannot pass us to windward1 he eases his sheets a little1 and1 with a great spurt of speed which fairly took our breath away1 walks through our lee like lubricated lightning and tries to luff up across our bows and so get the weather gauge4 ,but it isn't ,captain ,merlin's watch below exactly4 ,that ancient and tarry one has his eyes wide open and his wits all about him4 ,he also luffs in time to establish an overlap1 and so he balks the blanketing dodge of ,captain ,spike1 who is thus hoist with his own petard4 ,this skirmish shows the advantage of getting the lead at the start4 ,had ,ghost crossed the line first we could never have caught her1 but as it is we are able to prevent her from passing us4 ,and to the undying fame of our sterling skipper1 by the exercise of all the devices known to the sea-jockey1 we actually round the mark first6 ,as we whirl round the raft from whose flagstaff the club burgee is noisily flapping1 the main boom is eased off handsomely by the owner and myself1 while the rest of the boys busy themselves with the spinnaker4 ,as the boom is lowered1 the sail neatly done up in stops is smartly hoisted to the topmast head4 ,the after guy is hauled aft1 the outhaul is manned1 and with three tugs on the sheet the big sail bellies to the blast and pulls nobly4 ,now a more powerful puff than ever smites the ,phantom4 ,its force makes the spinnaker boom up-end and the spinnaker itself puff out like a balloon4 ,but both spar and duck are of the best and no misfortune befalls them4 ,the balloon jibtopsail now takes the place of ,no4 #b1 so that if the wind shifts we shall be ready for it4 ,when this is done all hands lie aft so as to lift her bow as much as possible1 while not burying her counter1 and1 standing up so as to catch every breath of wind that is going to waste1 are regaled on beer and sandwiches1 which the steward passes round4 ,he1 like the willing and zealous fellow that he is1 has been pulling and hauling with the rest of the crowd1 and is puffing like a porpoise after the unusual exertion4 ,in planning the day's campaign it has been settled that we shall steer a direct course from the first to the second mark4 ,we know that we have no chance to run before the wind so fast as the ,ghost1 which is now only twenty seconds astern of us1 and is bound to pass us in spite of everything4 ,thus1 we waste no time in jockeying4 ,and glide past us she does1 silently and slowly like the ghost that she is1 her spinnaker and main booms forming the base of a lofty pyramid of canvas1 arched out to the swelling breeze4 ,the lapping waves break in milky foam under her counter1 the spray sparkling like diamonds in the golden sunshine4 ,her crew look proud and exultant at their victory4 ,but the demon of despair affects us not4 ,we know what our stanch and noble craft will do when we haul on a wind for the final homeward thresh4 ,so we light our pipes1 and grin and bear our temporary defeat like the stoics of old4 ,meanwhile1 we recollect that we shall have to gybe round the next mark and realize that this will be quite a ticklish job in so stiff a breeze4 ,to luff round a stakeboat is easy as eating1 but to swing over a main boom as long as ours from one quarter to the other with the huge club-topsail aloft requires coolness1 skill and judgment4 ,besides1 we want to make as clever and close a turn as possible1 so as not to be swept too far to leeward before flattening in sheets and starting on our long windward beat4 ,all has been provided for1 however4 ,we see all hands on the ,ghost taking in the balloon jibtopsail and getting ready to dowse the spinnaker1 for now the stakeboat looms mighty near and the great struggle of the day is at hand4 8,take in the jibtopsail60 cries our skipper1 and this is an easy task1 for the enormous sail is almost becalmed4 ,it is soon spilled1 stopped up and bundled below4 ,foresail and jib are neatly set and their sheets trimmed down to the marks4 8,see the spinnaker gear clear for taking in10 is the next command4 ,and this being done1 there is silence for the next minute or two4 ,all hands gather round the mast4 ,one hand stands by to let go the outhaul1 another the halyards1 while all get ready to grapple with and spill and smother the bellying duck and bring it into subjection to the deck4 ,we are almost on top of the mark when the skipper sings out3 8,in spinnaker60 ,as the outhaul is slacked1 the men1 grabbing the foot of the sail1 lug it in1 and1 spilling the wind out of the flapping canvas1 wrestle with it and victoriously overcome it1 until it lies an inert mass at their feet4 ,the boom is then topped up and all hands lie aft to tend the mainsheet1 which is stretched along the deck to rally in quickly4 ,the jib and foresail are set already and trimmed down to the marks4 ,a couple of men stand by ready to 8come up0 the topmast-backstay and get it set up on the other side before an undue strain comes on the spar4 8,now1 boys1 haul in the mainsheet10 says the skipper as he shifts the helm so as to bring the wind on the other quarter4 ,hand over hand the men drag in the boom1 pulling as if for dear life4 ,the wind pipes so breezily that the skipper has as much as he can do to gybe the boat so as to make a close turn round the mark and carry away nothing4 ,the boom comes over with a whirl and a rush1 and is checked by a turn round the cleat4 ,the yacht flies up in the wind1 but is met with the helm and the head-sails1 and there we are1 close-hauled on the port tack1 with three strakes of the lee deck under water and a devil of a strain on the topmast4 ,the yacht1 as she comes to the wind1 takes a header into a big green sea and floods the deck4 ,this is her first fault of the day1 and we cheerfully forgive her1 not minding the wetting1 and making up our minds for a hard tussle home against wind and sea4 ,now that we have fairly settled down to windward work1 we have time to look after our opponent4 ,we see that she1 too1 has rounded without parting a rope-yarn4 ,she is ahead of us1 and a wee bit to windward4 ,we notice that she is being 8nipped10 the luff of her mainsail shaking all the time4 ,she isn't quite so stiff as we are1 and her immense club-topsail will bury her if her skipper will only give it a chance4 ,he is afraid to take it in1 for he knows that before he could get his 8thimble-header0 set we should work out half a mile on his weather1 so he sails her close1 and prays that the wind may lull4 ,captain ,marlin1 on the contrary1 gives it to ,phantom hammer and tongs1 letting her go clean through the water with the sails ramping full4 ,the decks to leeward are wet1 but little does that concern us1 for we know that when we go about on the other tack we shall be able to cross our rival's bows1 unless she also goes about4 ,and so it comes to pass4 ,the next 8board0 assures us that the race is ours1 unless we get crippled4 ,we plant ourselves on the weather of the ,ghost and stick to her1 tack and tack4 ,we keep her jammed under our lee1 in chancery1 as it were2 and there she remains until we cross the line1 a winner by #bm4 #dbs4 ,we come to anchor1 furl the sails1 send in a certificate that we have complied with all the sailing rules of the match1 and hoist another winning flag to join our already long string4 ,then the steward is sent ashore1 and he quickly returns with a fine feed for the crew1 which is vastly enjoyed by them1 after drinking a 8horn0 apiece to the further success of the ,phantom and her owner4 ,,vii4 ,,racing ,,rules ,,and ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,the ,,road4 ,,some ,,important ,,points ,,that ,,amateurs ,,and ,,professionals ,,should ,,bear ,,in ,,mind4 ,it is gratifying to all lovers of the sport that race committees now are in the habit of starting the yachts exactly at the time advertised--that is if wind and weather permit4 ,the old custom of waiting half an hour or so for lazy laggards to reach the line is happily going out of fashion4 ,as a general rule1 there is no plausible excuse for a yacht being late1 as under ordinary circumstances arrangements can easily be made for arriving on the scene1 either in tow or under sail1 in good season for the start4 ,nothing adds more to the popularity of a yacht club than a race committee that knows its business1 starts the race punctually as advertised unless prevented by the weather1 takes the time accurately of each craft as she crosses the line1 sees that the racing rules are obeyed1 and after the race is finished promptly posts up a list of the winners4 ,above all1 the committee should make sure that all mark-boats are in their places before the starting signal is given4 ,i once knew a race committee--but there1 ,i won't tell tales out of school4 ,i hope it will not be held as presumptuous on my part if ,i ask the race committees to treat yachting reporters with courtesy4 ,they are sometimes seasick2 they generally would feel much happier ashore4 ,they may sometimes appear too eager and zealous for information2 but their motive is good1 they are anxious to 8file early copy0 and thus avoid their editor's wrath4 ,the members of the club like to see good reports of their races in the public press1 and this end is rarely achieved by insulting or snubbing a newspaper man1 who after all is a human being1 if not of such high degree as a haughty member of a race committee4 ,besides1 the newspaper man dissembles his wrath1 bides his time2 and when his opportunity arrives doesn't he just roast his insulter8 ,members of race committees should keep their eyes open all the time4 ,they should try to become familiar with the general appearance of each competing yacht so that she may be identified without the aid of her number4 ,they should be quick to detect any breach of the rules and should unhesitatingly punish offenders4 ,punctuality with the gun is a cardinal virtue1 and strict impartiality is another4 ,in this country1 up to #ahih1 the decision of the race committee has always been final1 there having been no court of last resort like the ,y4 ,r4 ,a4 of ,great ,britain to appeal to4 ,i am proud to say that very few unsatisfactory decisions have come under my notice4 ,as yacht racing is a gentleman's sport1 it is needless to lay stress on the yacht owner's obligation to live up to its ethics1 to observe the racing rules in spirit and letter1 to be sparing in the use of the protest-flag--indeed never to display it unless he is convinced that there has been an undoubted violation of the rules4 ,after he has made his protest he should not withdraw it1 but allow the race committee to adjudicate upon it4 ,the protest must be made in writing4 ,a writer in the ,yachtsman some years ago1 while discussing the whole subject of protests1 suggested that a good way of checking the unsportsmanlike habit of hoisting a protest-flag without sufficient cause1 would be to compel a competitor displaying the flag to deposit the sum of #a with the sailing committee1 which should be forfeited to the club fund in the event of the protest being withdrawn1 and only be repaid in the event of the protest being decided in favor of the protesting party4 ,this1 in my judgment1 is a capital suggestion and should be adopted whenever the time is ripe for it4 ,the upholders of the maxim1 8,when in doubt1 hoist a protest-flag10 should be brought up with a round turn4 ,a better maxim is1 8,be sure you are right1 and then go ahead40 ,there is1 however1 one point which ,i wish to make4 ,not so long ago it was common report that the owner of a yacht in a class where shifting ballast was prohibited1 habitually carried bags of shot in his cabin and when the breeze was heavy placed them on a shelf to windward1 so as to increase the boat's stability4 ,the charge was never investigated4 ,whether true or false1 ,i know not4 ,if true1 the offender should have been expelled from the club and from the society of gentlemen generally4 ,if false1 the same justice should have been meted out to his calumniators4 ,in my opinion1 the case called for the fullest inquiry4 ,the practice of being measured with three light men aboard as crew and sailing the race with three heavyweights1 was begun by certain unscrupulous tricksters4 ,this was1 however1 stopped summarily by a hard and fast rule1 defining the limit of live weight to be carried4 ,the race committee1 if it sees any transgression of the sailing rules1 should disqualify the offender1 whether a protest is made or not4 ,for the honor of our yachtsmen be it said1 that1 generally1 if they commit any breach of the rules1 such as fouling a mark1 they voluntarily report the incident to the officers and thus there is no need of an accuser4 ,an owner above all should make it his business to see for himself that the taxable length of his yacht is never increased4 ,remembering the unhappy ,dunraven episode1 he should not make charges against his opponent which he is not prepared to substantiate by most convincing evidence4 ,a gentleman is as chivalrous concerning his antagonist's honor as he is about his own4 ,if not1 he ought to be4 ,at the same time1 if he observes any 8sharp practice0 on the part of a competitor1 it is his duty to expose it in the interest of true sport4 ,a racing skipper should have the racing rules at his fingers' ends4 ,for instance1 if his yacht is sailing in the annual regatta of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club1 he must take care that the vessel's private signal and her number are displayed according to the rule2 that no more persons are on board than permissible by ,rule #h2 that a boat and two life-buoys are on deck4 ,i remember having been a guest on the cutter ,mayflower in her race against the ,volunteer for the ,goelet cup1 when a mistake was made about a boat1 which1 if it had not been rectified in time1 might have led to our disqualification4 ,we carried a small boat on deck1 but finding it rather in the way when working ship1 we passed it down the skylight into the main saloon4 ,one of ,commodore ,e4 ,d4 ,morgan's guests pointed out that the rule stated plainly that the boat must be carried on deck4 ,in a jiffy the offending boat was lugged up out of the cabin and placed where it rightfully belonged4 ,the skipper must study the sailing instructions with critical care2 he must not forget that1 the preparatory signal once made1 the yacht is amenable to the racing rules until the end of the contest2 that a yacht going free keeps clear of a yacht close-hauled2 that a yacht close-hauled on the port tack keeps clear of a yacht close-hauled on the starboard tack2 that when going free on opposite tacks1 the yacht with the wind on the port side keeps clear2 that when going free on the same tack the windward yacht keeps clear2 that a yacht with the wind aft keeps clear of all others2 that when yachts which overlap are rounding a mark or passing an obstruction1 the outside yacht must give room to and keep clear of the inside yacht4 ,he should remember that a yacht on the port tack can be disqualified if she strike or be struck by a yacht on the starboard tack1 also if the latter luff1 tack or bear away to avoid being struck4 ,this is a most important rule1 because if a breach of it occurs1 the yacht responsible for it is not only disqualified but is liable for any damage that may result4 ,when yachts approach an obstruction close-hauled1 and the leeward yacht cannot tack and clear the windward yacht1 the helmsman of the leeward yacht should hail for room and the two yachts must then tack together4 ,an overtaking yacht must keep clear of an overtaken yacht1 which may luff but must not bear away out of her course to obstruct the passage of her competitor to leeward4 ,if a yacht runs ashore1 or fouls a vessel or other obstruction1 she may use her own boats and gear to get clear1 but she must take them aboard again1 and is forbidden to accept help except from the crew of the vessel fouled4 ,this rule is1 however1 qualified by another1 which declares that when accidents occur competing yachts must assist to save life4 ,a yacht must be propelled by sail alone after the preparatory gun4 ,if she is late and is being towed toward the starting line when the preparatory signal is given1 she may be disqualified4 ,tardy owners and skippers should keep tab on this4 ,a yacht may anchor during a race1 but she may not slip4 ,she must not warp or kedge1 or make fast to a buoy1 pier1 vessel or other obstruction4 ,the government regulations regarding lights and fog signals1 shall be observed by day and by night4 ,these are the principal rules which the skipper should never forget if he desires to achieve or maintain a reputation4 ,one thing ,i want to impress upon him is that in any emergency when his vessel may be in peril1 it is his imperative duty to follow the regulations of the rule of the road at sea1 as prescribed by international law1 and disregard any racing rules that in the slightest degree conflict with a literal interpretation of this rule4 ,if he fails in this duty his owner is responsible for any and all damage incurred by his vessel or by the vessel he collides with4 ,in an admiralty court the racing rules of a yacht club or a yacht-racing association are disregarded4 ,the case is judged by standard rules of law that prevail among all seafaring nations4 ,those who break the law must pay the penalty thereof4 ,i cannot impress this little legal maxim too strongly on both owners and skippers4 ,illustration3 ,ship's wheel ,illustration3 8,,vigilant40 ,,viii4 ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,racer4 ,,how ,,tonnage ,,and ,,measurement ,,rules ,,have ,,affected ,,form ,,in ,,america ,,and ,,great ,,britain4 ,the growth of the ,english cutter from its cradle1 on the south and east coasts1 where the fantail stern was created1 is an interesting study4 ,from the ,pearl1 designed by ,sainty1 the smuggler1 for the ,marquis of ,anglesey1 down to the modern yacht of #ahii1 it is apparent that the evolution of the craft was slow and gradual until about #ahhj1 since when strides of unprecedented length have been taken4 ,up to #ahhj yacht designing advanced sluggishly1 both here and abroad1 but the progress of the art could be marked by the intelligent student1 even as a trained forester can tell the age of an oak from a section of the trunk4 ,the more closely you observe1 the more clearly are you convinced that the naval architects of both countries have for some time been converging to a common goal4 ,this goal they now seem to have attained4 ,in order to give an intelligent summary of the development of the racing yacht of to-day1 it is necessary1 as we progress1 to take note of the measurement or tonnage rule which caused the change in the form of the yacht4 ,the yacht of the early part of the century was an apple-bowed craft of about three beams to length1 ballasted with stone1 gravel1 or old iron4 ,competition was restricted to matches between two yachts1 the bigger craft1 other things being equal1 usually winning4 ,the first rule was derived from the mercantile marine1 and had been in force since #agid4 ,it was one in which length of keel and fore-rake1 and the breadth at broadest place1 were the only dimensions that were measured4 ,it did not matter how high or how low the vessel was in the hold1 half-breadth was taken to represent the depth1 in calculating tonnage4 ,the tendency of this rule was to make vessels high1 narrow1 and flat-sided1 in order to get as large a carrier as possible with the smallest registered tonnage4 ,this was called builder's tonnage1 and was in vogue until #ahed in the mercantile marine4 ,it was applied to yachts simply as a guide for building them or for their purchase and sale4 ,up to #ahed there was no time allowance whatever4 ,big and little yachts raced together indiscriminately1 and1 of course1 the larger boats had the advantage4 ,it struck ,mr4 ,holland ,ackers as being somewhat of an anomaly1 so he proposed a table of time allowances between large and small yachts1 the basis being the difference in size1 as measured by the merchant-ship tonnage rule1 as given above1 and the length of the course4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,c4 ,hemment4 8,,defender0 ,,in ,,dry ,,dock4 ,to evade the heavy harbor dues1 etc41 to which merchant vessels were liable under the #agid tonnage rule1 shipbuilders naturally reduced beam1 which was penalized twice over1 and increased depth1 which was not taxed at all1 thus creating a vicious type of vessel4 ,yacht builders followed suit1 gradually increasing draught and decreasing beam4 ,then came the raking sternpost1 introduced about #ahej by ,wanhill1 of ,poole1 which gave on a given length of keel a much longer water-line4 ,outside lead followed4 ,in #ahed the 8,thames ,rule0 was adopted1 by which the length on deck was measured and from this length the whole beam was subtracted4 ,this system did fairly well till heavy lead keels were introduced4 ,then builders and owners found that with a lot of length and depth yachts could carry sail enough to make them faster and more powerful vessels than their predecessors1 the reason being because they were far larger in reality1 carrying about #be per cent4 more sail and ballast1 whereas if the actual draught of water had been used as a factor in defining the tonnage no such abortions as this rule encouraged would ever have been built4 ,the apple bow and barrel-like bottom flourished in ,england until #ahea1 when the schooner-yacht ,america created a revolution in ,british yacht naval architecture4 ,then1 following the shape of that memorable craft1 the long1 hollow bow became the fashion4 ,in #ahgh the ,yacht ,racing ,association decided that the length should be measured on the load water-line instead of on deck4 ,this was principally owing to the circumstance that designers1 in order to cheat the rule1 had adopted such devices as a ram bow and an immersed counter4 ,illustration3 8,,thistle10 ,,now 8,,com,,te10 ,,emperor ,,of ,,germany1 ,,owner4 ,the yachts continued to get longer and narrower and deeper until1 in #ahhb1 the ,yacht ,racing ,association adopted a rule a trifle easier on beam2 and in #ahhg a rule was formulated in which length and sail area alone were penalized1 beam being left free from any tax whatever4 ,it is interesting to note that the first yacht built that took advantage of this rule was the ,thistle1 which challenged for the ,america's ,cup in #ahhg and was defeated by ,volunteer4 ,thistle's beam was #bj4c feet1 while that of ,genesta and ,galatea was #ae feet4 ,a comparison of two crack ,english craft and two smart ,yankee yachts of the year #ahic shows how close ,mr4 ,herreshoff and ,mr4 ,watson were coming3 ,length ,l4 ,w4 ,l4 ,feet4 ,beam4 ,feet4 ,britannia #hg4h #bc4ff ,valkyrie ,,ii #hf4h #bb4cc ,navahoe1 ,c4 ,b4 #hf4ic #bc4jj ,vigilant1 ,c4 ,b4 #hf4ai #bf4be ,illustration3 8,,volunteer40 ,still more significant are the measurements of ,valkyrie ,,iii4 and ,defender1 both keel ,craft3 ,length ,l4 ,w4 ,l4 ,feet4 ,beam4 ,feet4 ,valkyrie ,,iii #hh4he #bf4bj ,defender #hh4de #bb4bj ,it will be seen that not only did the ,american designer discard the centerboard1 but he gave his craft less beam than the ,british boat4 ,i remember when both vessels were hauled out in the ,erie ,basin1 ,brooklyn1 the ,american yacht was generally mistaken for the ,english1 and vice versa2 this1 too1 by experts looking on from a distance too remote to distinguish the names on their sterns4 ,in #ahib the leading yacht designers of ,great ,britain1 realizing the rating rule then in vogue1 wrote to the ,yacht ,racing ,association suggesting that the rule be so modified that a type of vessel having more body be evolved4 ,in the same communication they said1 defining what the general public requires in a yacht3 8,that she shall be safe in all conditions of wind and weather1 that she shall combine the maximum of room on deck and below with the minimum of prime cost1 and that she shall be driven as fast as may be1 with the least expenditure of labor1 i4 e41 that she shall have a moderate and workable sail area4 ,therefore1 as but few men can afford to build for racing1 and for racing only1 and as the racer of to-day is the cruiser of a few years hence1 any rating rule should1 by its limitations1 encourage such a wholesome type of vessel40 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,c4 ,hemment 8,,valkyrie ,,iii40 ,,in ,,dry ,,dock4 ,the ,yacht ,racing ,association1 on the other hand1 held the view that what the yacht-owning public want in a racing yacht is speed first1 last1 and all the time1 no matter what the cost4 ,the only change made at that time was in the measurement of the fore triangle and marking the load water-line forward and aft4 ,illustration3 ,designed by ,watson1 #ahid4 8,,ellen0--#bj-,,rater4 ,thistle was the first big ,english racing cutter with a clipper bow4 ,her advent caused much critical comment among the experts1 whose eyes had become so accustomed to the 8cutter stem0 that they fairly blinked when they first gazed on the new ,clyde craft4 ,mr4 ,watson1 writing about the defeat of the ,thistle in #ahid1 says3 8,her surface was so cut down that sufficient lateral plane was not left to hold her to windward1 and although she sailed the water as fast as the ,american champion1 the ,volunteer1 she drifted bodily to leeward40 ,after ,mr4 ,watson had realized the superiority of ,vigilant's model over that of ,valkyrie ,,ii41 he designed the #bj-rater ,ellen1 which ,i reproduce from a photograph4 ,it will be noticed that her form is strikingly similar to that of ,vigilant4 ,of a verity1 imitation is the sincerest form of flattery6 ,with the long overhang forward1 the running bowsprit was abolished4 ,the modified cutter rig thus resulting is practically the same in both ,america and ,england4 ,bobstays are now bars of steel or iron1 and bowsprits are comparatively short when compared with those that used to project from the bows of the straight-stemmed cutters4 ,the clipper bow was gradually altered and modified until the present stage was reached4 ,that sterling old ,british racing skipper1 ,captain ,tom ,jay1 talking about the modern cutter1 with her cutaway forefoot and raking sternpost1 being an awkward craft to handle in a seaway1 said3 8,believe me1 sir1 it's not always so much the craft that's awkward as the people that's in her4 ,of course1 being so easy to drive1 they reach faster than the old-fashioned vessels1 and that makes them drive harder into the seas2 but that is mostly a matter of the canvas you set4 ,of course1 the worst time is when you're sailing a point or two free1 because they go their ten knots1 and that means that they throw it about a bit40 ,illustration3 ,,bow1 #ahib4 ,in our own country the measurement rules have also had a dominant influence on the form of our racing craft as they appear in #ahii4 ,illustration3 ,,stern1 #ahib4 ,illustration3 ,,midship ,,sections ,,of ,,five ,,english ,,cutters4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cup ,,contestants4 ,the lower lines are approximately those of the ,english cutters1 except in the case of 8,valkyrie ,,iii410 which is wider and shallower than 8,defender40 ,monstrosities with fin-keels now monopolize the races in the larger classes1 while scows and ingenious nondescripts1 which sailors would never mistake for boats1 control all the sport in the smaller classes4 ,how to give the owner of the honest boat a fair show1 while at the same time dealing justly with the owner of the racing machine1 is a problem that seeks for solution at the hands of constituted yachting authorities4 ,the present fleet of 8freaks0 is due in the first instance to the want of foresight displayed by the clubs in not legislating against them when they first made their appearance4 ,naval architects are only human1 and they cannot be blamed for taking advantage of any and every ill-considered rule adopted by the clubs4 ,for instance1 when beam was taxed in ,great ,britain the result was the long1 deep and narrow craft which so long prevailed across the ,atlantic4 ,the tax was taken off beam in #ahhf1 and the consequence was the practical abolition of the narrow ,british cutter and the adoption of a beamier type of craft4 ,at the present time beam as a factor is utilized in much the same way both in this country and in ,great ,britain4 ,until some sage discovers what is absolutely the best type of yacht1 we shall continue to go beating about the bush4 ,there is no doubt that a rating rule can be so framed as to make any particular type come into vogue1 and in the end that type is bound to be pushed to extremes4 ,experience has shown that when this stage arises in an acute form the standard of rating is altered4 ,this has been the case in the ,united ,states ever since the sport became established4 ,when the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club was organized in #ahdd the yachts were rated according to ,custom ,house tonnage1 first-class sloops allowing #ce seconds a ton and second-class sloops allowing #de seconds a ton to their inferiors4 ,this system was in force for only two years4 ,in #ahdj a startling innovation was made4 ,it was neither more nor less than getting the actual weight of the yachts1 which was computed by the revolutions of screw-jacks placed under the keel of the boat when in dry dock4 ,here is an example culled from the club's archives3 ,illustration3 8,,volunteer0 ,,and 8,,thistle40 ,illustration3 8,,vigilant0 ,,and 8,,valkyrie ,,ii40 ,,yacht 8,,syren40 ,weight of boat #aae1ggf lbs4 ,weight of keel #c1djj lbs4 ,weight of rudder #bai lbs4 -------------- ,total #aai1cie lbs4 ,racing measurement1 #ec tons #f cwt4 #i lbs4 ,from these data the allowances were computed4 ,this queer rule was in vogue until #aheb1 when a widely different regulation was adopted4 ,sail area alone was taken into account1 the following being the allowance3 ,first class--,over #c1cjj square feet sail area1 #a second per foot4 ,second class--,between #b1cjj and #c1cjj feet1 #a seconds per foot4 ,third class--,less than #b1cjj feet1 #a seconds per foot4 ,illustration3 8,,valkyrie ,,ii40 ,the natural result of this rule was the adoption of the light-draught boats vulgarly designated as 8skimming dishes40 ,it was found that it took less canvas to drive this type of yacht through the water1 and the consequence was the building of many curious craft whose models may now be seen on the walls of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club4 ,here is a striking example1 which shows how the rule affected the sail area of the yachts4 ,the schooner ,rebecca1 which1 before the rule was made1 used to carry a sail spread of #c1cjc square feet1 was cut down to an area of #a1cjf square feet4 ,this absurd rule was in force with a few modifications until #ahga1 when yet another sweeping change was made4 ,this time the elements consisted of the yacht's displacement in cubic feet and the length of the water-line4 ,in #ahgc the rule was changed so as to take into account the cubic contents of the whole hull4 ,in #ahhc a plan was adopted taking into account1 as a function of the new system1 twice the water-line length and once the sail area4 ,in #ahij the present rule was adopted by the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club4 ,illustration3 8,,valkyrie ,,iii40 ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,type ,,of ,,fin4 ,illustration3 8,,defender0 ,,and 8,,valkyrie ,,iii40 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,c4 ,hemment ,,hoisting 8,,defender',s0 ,,mainsail4 ,personally1 ,i am opposed to any system that restricts or taxes sail1 and ,i am glad to be able to quote the veteran ,scotch yacht designer1 ,mr4 ,william ,fife1 ,sr41 as being on my side of the fence4 ,he wrote1 in ,january1 #ahie3 8,i am not a believer in restricting sail2 every yacht should get what she can carry4 ,i know this idea has many opponents1 although ,i never saw a valid reason against it2 a yacht can be spoiled with excessive spars and sails1 and sail area may therefore be left to take care of itself4 ,to satisfy those1 however1 who fear that1 in the absence of any tax on sail area1 excessive sail areas might be introduced1 a maximum allowance of so many square feet per ton might be specified40 ,we are1 however1 confronted by conditions and not theories1 but ,i could not help putting myself on record as being against the taxation of sail4 ,i am almost alone in this4 ,but to resume4 ,madge1 ,clara and other imported ,british cutters had considerable influence1 and caused our designers to modify the shallow underwater bodies and beamy tops1 the ,puritan in #ahhe being the first successful compromise vessel built in the ,united ,states4 ,mayflower and ,volunteer followed4 ,under the ,british tonnage rule in vogue in #ahhf1 a #ij-;foot yacht of #bf-;foot beam would have been an impossibility1 but as soon as the penalty was taken off beam the ,british designers took advantage of the circumstance and followed in the footsteps of the ,americans1 until1 in the days of ,valkyrie ,,iii4 and ,defender1 the national types were practically the same1 ,herreshoff being a trifle in advance of ,watson1 as the victory of the ,british craft demonstrated4 ,meanwhile1 the only way ,i see out of the difficulty between racing machines and honest boats is to sail them in different classes4 ,the plan is good to draw up tables of scantlings and rules for the construction of all racing yachts to be built in the future4 ,as for the 8freaks0 unhappily now in existence1 it is consolatory to be assured that they will all fall to pieces very soon4 ,it is a great wonder1 indeed1 that some of them did not succumb at the close of their first season4 ,the photographs of ,valkyrie ,,iii4 and ,defender1 in dry dock1 which1 through the kindness of my friend ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hemment1 ,i am able to reproduce in this chapter1 show the remarkable similarity that exists between the two yachts4 ,both were taken as the vessels appeared in the ,erie ,basin when1 on the eve of the first race1 they were docked to receive the final touches for the fray4 ,defender's hull is of metal1 as ,i have previously mentioned1 and she was subjected to a very thorough polishing-up above and below the water-line4 ,i had an opportunity which ,i did not allow to escape me of closely examining the hull of the saucy ,yankee craft and comparing her lines with those of the ,british boat4 ,defender1 when after a little while you came to appreciate the wondrous symmetry of her underbody1 exhibited a fairy-like form when contrasted with the less perfect shape of her rival4 ,i make this criticism while at the same time having the profoundest respect for the genius of ,mr4 ,watson1 whose talent as a naval architect nobody admires more than ,i do4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,j4 ,c4 ,hemment 8,,defender0 ,,under ,,brooklyn ,,bridge4 ,but after my visit to the ,erie ,basin in ,brooklyn ,i formed the opinion that the ,america's cup was1 barring accidents1 perfectly safe for another year4 ,defender exhibited all the grace of a thoroughbred horse1 while ,valkyrie was a clumsier but apparently a more powerful creation4 ,defender1 in point of fact1 was as highly finished a product of the skillful naval architect as was the ,scotch cutter ,minerva when compared with some of the 8brutes0 that were built to beat her4 ,i had plenty of time to examine both vessels1 and ,i need not say that each had a wondrous attraction for me4 ,i saw ,captain ,cranfield mix his famous black varnish for ,valkyrie's bottom1 a compound whose two principal elements are coal tar and 8turps10 but which gives a surprising gloss and sleek finish when mingled in correct proportions4 ,i saw this applied to the wooden planking of the ,english clipper1 and thought to myself that something more potent and speed-compelling would be necessary to plaster her with if the cup were to be carried away4 ,my friends on the staff of ,,outing remember that on my return to the office from the ,erie ,basin ,i told them my views of the rival yachts1 and predicted an easy victory for the ,yankee craft4 ,my sympathy was with the ,british boat4 ,i realized that in the interest of true sport it would be a capital thing for the ,america's cup to leave our shores for a while1 because it would put our yacht designers on their mettle1 and produce something wondrous in the yacht line so far as speed is concerned4 ,but it struck me that ,valkyrie was scarcely good enough to accomplish the task for which she was constructed4 ,now ,i am neither a prophet nor the son of a prophet1 but ,i simply relate facts as they occurred4 ,i am convinced also that ,mr4 ,watson1 after examining ,defender in dock1 realized that his work had been in vain1 and that ,valkyrie1 admirable as she was and is1 was a wee bit inferior to the peerless ,bristol flyer4 ,the photograph of ,defender passing under ,brooklyn ,bridge1 which her topmast truck barely cleared at the top of high water1 shows the tauntness of her mast1 and is a splendid object lesson1 worthy of preservation for all time4 ,the spirited photograph of her crew tailing onto the throat halyards of the mainsail shows the light but strong rig forward1 the stumpy bowsprit1 the batten-like bulwark1 and the other modern features of the beau-ideal racing vessel of #ahie4 ,illustration3 8,,defender0 ,,under ,,sail4 ,whatever developments there may be in store for us with regard to hull1 rig and sail plan1 ,i know not4 ,but if within the next ten years as great progress is made as has been made during the past decade1 the racing machine of that epoch will indeed be a marvelous scientific product4 ,personally1 ,i am quite willing to endure my earthly burdens for a while longer if only for the pleasure of gratifying my curiosity about the yacht of the future1 which has more charms for me than the evolution of the new woman1 fascinating as this study doubtless is4 ,during the many years in which ,i have been interested in yachting ,i have seen many eventful changes in the yachts1 their rig1 their sail plan1 and also in the rules that govern their races4 ,speed has perhaps been developed at the expense of seaworthiness1 but yacht sailors have also become more expert at their calling1 having progressed with the times4 ,skippers have learned to handle craft like ,valkyrie or ,defender1 with main booms of steel #aje feet long1 in half a gale of wind2 and there is no doubt that1 properly rigged and under capable charge1 they are as safe for an ocean voyage as any other kind of craft4 ,i will not say a word about the comfort or the accommodations to be found in one of the big racing cutters2 but sailors are accustomed to hardships1 even as eels to the knife of the cook that skins them4 ,much stress has been laid upon the superior advantages that ,defender had over ,valkyrie ,,iii41 inasmuch as the challenger was built more strongly and heavily1 as she had to cross the ocean to race for the cup4 ,i don't think that the mere circumstance of a transatlantic voyage would induce a modern yacht designer to add a single superfluous ounce of weight to a racing craft4 ,luck is depended on to a certain extent1 but the bold and skillful skipper is relied on most of all4 ,i remember reading the other day of a valiant sea captain whose steamer was disabled in a hurricane and lost her funnel4 ,what did this brave fellow do8 ,give up the ship and take to the boats8 ,not he2 he came from a different breed4 ,he rigged up a jury funnel of timber1 barrels and canvas1 and by playing the hose on this improvised smokestack and keeping it continually drenched with water managed to keep up a good head of steam and eventually reach port4 ,he came of the great ,anglo ,saxon race1 which has done many heroic deeds afloat and will continue to achieve daring actions just as long as ,old ,ocean endures4 ,thus1 while ,i am writing about the evolution of the racer1 permit me to pay my humble tribute of praise to the brave seamen who man the racing yachts and have made as much headway in handling the marvelous pieces of mechanism as their designers have done in 8creating0 them4 ,illustration3 8,,valkyrie ,,iii40 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,etiquette ,,of ,,yachting4 ,,what ,,is ,,considered ,,to ,,be 8,,good ,,form0 ,,in ,,craft1 ,,owner ,,and ,,crew4 ,every yachtsman should be conversant with the etiquette of his calling4 ,if ignorant of the many nice points pertaining to his own personal behavior afloat1 or of the proper conduct of his craft at anchor or under way1 he may become the subject of a certain amount of ridicule1 which is1 to say the least1 annoying in the extreme4 ,there are many commodores who would rather forgive a man for breaking the majority of the ,ten ,commandments between dusk and dawn than for committing a breach of nautical etiquette as handed down from the days of the fathers of the sport and added to infinitesimally year by year4 ,in ,great ,britain yachting etiquette is modeled largely after that of the ,royal ,navy1 and the same is true in a measure of our own code of yachting manners4 ,it ought to be unnecessary to urge that a yacht should always be clean and bright as a new pin2 her decks white as a hound's tooth2 her brasswork gleaming1 and her polished or varnished woodwork with a mirror-like burnish4 ,her masts should be correctly stayed1 her standing rigging set up to the point of rigidity1 her running gear hauled taut and snugly coiled down1 her flags mast-headed right up to the truck1 no 8,irish pennants0 towing overboard1 but everything from truck to keelson ship-shape and ,bristol fashion4 ,a yacht kept in good order is a credit to all aboard from owner down to the cook's mate4 ,not only is she a credit to those who man her1 but also to the club whose burgee she flies4 ,in this respect all yachtsmen1 but especially racing yachtsmen1 should aim at perfection1 and not be satisfied until they make a clear bull's eye4 ,the reason for this is that a racing yacht invariably attracts more attention than does one of the purely cruising kind1 and any carelessness1 however minute1 aboard her is generally sure to be magnified to a high degree by the microscopic eye of criticism4 ,racing crews should always be clean and smart as paint4 ,untidiness should never be allowed4 ,in the matter of guns1 ,young ,america1 particularly when afloat1 is apt to be a trifle too demonstrative4 ,it need hardly be said that the indiscriminate discharge of cannon from a yacht is1 like the screeching salute of a steam whistle1 opposed to good yachting manners4 ,there are only a few occasions when it is necessary to waste good gunpowder on a yacht4 ,the custom in this country is for all the yachts to salute the flag officer in command of a squadron when he joins the fleet1 every boat that carries a gun banging away when the flagship drops anchor4 ,this is a picturesque sight when the fleet is a big one4 ,when the squadron of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club used to rendezvous at ,new ,london for the annual cruise a big crowd of sightseers used to sally forth from the quaint old city to see the flagship join the squadron and receive the salutes4 ,the bang of the big guns from the mighty steam yachts and the diminutive din from the pigmy popguns of tiny but pretentious craft made a rare noise in the harbor1 especially when the fleet1 as it often did1 numbered more than one hundred sail4 ,this saluting of the commodore is considered obligatory1 and for the use of yachtsmen who do not care to include a brass cannon in their outfit some ingenious pyrotechnist invented a giant cracker1 whose discharge is as earsplitting as that from the biggest yacht cannon ever carried4 ,to hear such a threatening bang emanate from so small a yacht creates something akin to awe6 ,when a squadron or part of a squadron is at anchor in a roadstead the flag officer in command or the senior captain present fires a gun at eight bells in the morning watch making 8colors10 the fleet taking the time from the flagship4 ,the same process is gone through at sundown1 the fleet at the sound of the gun hauling down the ensign and the club burgee and hoisting the night pennant4 ,the commodore1 when in command of a squadron1 when hoisting a signal to get under way or perform any other nautical manuvre1 calls attention to the signal by firing a gun4 ,the yachts1 in order to show that the signal has been observed1 hoist the answering pennant of the commercial code of signals4 ,saluting by means of the gun when yachts meet under way is obsolete1 although not forbidden by the code4 ,craft now content themselves with dipping the ensign1 junior captains saluting first4 ,no firing of guns is permissible on ,sunday4 ,owners when not aboard should fly a blue rectangular flag from the starboard spreader 7the main spreader of a schooner74 ,in order that visitors may not intrude when the owner is at meals1 a white rectangular flag is displayed from the spreader as above4 ,a red pennant from the port fore spreader of a schooner or the port spreader of a single-masted craft denotes that the crew are at a meal4 ,if ,i may make so bold as to give a hint to a real live commodore1 ,i venture to suggest that he shall try his level best to appoint a fleet-captain of tact1 good temper1 sound judgment1 discretion--in fact1 a gentleman as well as a man of the world4 ,i have been on a cruise with a fleet-captain possessing all the sterling attributes above enumerated1 and ,i have also sailed with one his direct opposite4 ,thus ,i speak from experience4 ,a fleet-captain may do much to make or mar the pleasure of a cruise4 ,single-masted vessels display the private signals of their owners when cruising2 when at anchor they fly the club burgee4 ,in making colors1 salutes1 etc41 the yacht always represents the rank of the owner1 whether he is aboard or not4 ,yachts in commission should hoist their colors at #h o'clock ,a4 ,m41 and haul them down at sunset1 taking time from the senior officer present4 ,before colors in the morning and after colors at sunset1 the ensign and distinguishing flags should be shown when entering port1 and should be hauled down immediately on coming to anchor4 ,at all other times yachts should fly a night pennant at the main1 from colors at sunset until colors the next morning4 ,on ,decoration ,day and occasions of national mourning1 the ensign only should be half-masted4 ,on the death of the owner of the yacht1 both the club flag and his private signal should be half-masted1 but not the ensign4 ,when mourning is ordered for the death of a member of the club1 the club flag only should be half-masted4 ,this rule applies to yachts both at anchor and under way4 ,flags should always be mast-headed before half-masting them1 and should be mast-headed before hauling them down4 ,saluting with the ensign at half-mast should be done by mast-heading first4 ,the senior officer present should be in command of the anchorage1 should give the time for colors1 make and return salutes1 visits1 etc4 ,his yacht should remain the station vessel until a senior to him in rank arrives and assumes the command of the anchorage4 ,flag officers should always fly their pennants while in commission4 ,from colors at sunset until sunrise the commodore should show1 when on board1 two blue lights1 perpendicularly1 at the stern2 when absent1 one blue light should be shown4 ,the vice-commodore should show lights as provided for the commodore1 substituting red lights instead of blue4 ,captains1 when on board1 should show a white light under the main boom2 when absent this light should be extinguished4 ,all salutes should be returned in kind4 ,yachts should always salute vessels of the ,united ,states ,navy by dipping the ensign once4 ,the commodore1 on entering port to join the squadron1 should be saluted1 on coming to anchor1 by the yachts present4 ,on all other occasions the commodore should be saluted1 on coming to anchor1 by the officer in command4 ,junior flag officers should be saluted1 on coming to anchor1 by the officer in command1 unless the latter be a senior in rank1 in which case they should salute him4 ,captains should1 on all occasions1 salute the officer in command4 ,the salute from yachts entering port should be made by dipping the ensign once1 or by firing a gun on letting go anchor4 ,the senior officer1 when leaving the anchorage1 excepting temporarily1 should indicate the transfer of command to the next in rank by firing a gun on getting under way4 ,all other yachts should salute the officer in command4 ,all visits should be made according to rank4 ,yachts1 passing one another1 should always exchange salutes by dipping the ensign once1 juniors saluting first4 ,steam whistles should never be used to make salutes4 ,the salute to yachts entering port1 entitled to a salute1 should be made by dipping the ensign once1 or by firing a gun when they let go anchor4 ,an official salute to a foreign club should be made by firing a gun1 with the flag of the foreign club at the fore on schooners and steamers and at the main on single-masted vessels1 or1 in the absence of such flag1 by half-masting the club flag and firing a gun4 ,when the salute has been returned1 or a reasonable time for its return allowed1 the flag should be hauled down and the club flag hoisted again4 ,the salute from or to yachts arriving after sunset1 or on ,sunday1 should be made immediately after colors on the following morning4 ,when a flag officer makes an official visit1 a gun should be fired1 with his pennant at the fore on schooners and steamers1 and at the main on single-masted vessels1 while he remains on board4 ,a yacht1 acting as judges' boat1 should not be saluted during a race4 ,the quarter-deck should always be saluted by lifting the cap on coming on board or from below4 ,yachts should report to the commanding officer on joining the squadron1 and should obtain his permission before leaving it4 ,when under way with the squadron1 firing guns and signaling should be avoided1 except when joining or parting company1 or when repeating signals4 ,when squadrons of different clubs meet at sea1 salutes should be exchanged only by the commanding officers4 ,salutes from single yachts at sea should only be answered by the flagship4 ,single-masted vessels should fly the private signal of the owner when under way with the squadron2 when at anchor1 the club flag4 ,when a foreign yacht arrives1 the senior officer present should send on board1 without regard to rank1 a tender of the civilities of the club4 ,yachts should salute on entering port in the home waters of a foreign club1 where any of its fleet are lying4 ,after the tender of civilities has been made1 owners of the entering yachts should visit the officer in command of the anchorage4 ,all other visits should be made according to rank1 visits to their equals in rank being made by the owners of the entering yachts4 ,the time for colors in the home waters of a foreign club should be given with its senior flag officer present4 ,the term 8foreign0 should be understood as applying to all clubs outside of the waters of the ,gulf of ,maine4 ,flag officers and the fleet-captain should fly their pennants1 and captains their private signals1 when in their boats2 members1 the club flag4 ,after sunset a white light should be shown at the bow4 ,passing one another1 juniors should salute seniors by raising the cap4 ,following are the words of command used in the handling of rowing boats3 ,give ,way4--,to begin rowing4 ,hold ,water4--,to stop the boat's progress by keeping the blades of the oars in the water in a vertical position1 and at right angles to the keel4 ,in ,bow4--,to cease pulling the bow oar and to lay it down fore and aft within the boat1 the blade forward4 ,let ,fall4--,to let the oars drop from the vertical to the horizontal1 the loom resting in the rowlock1 the blade held out of the water and horizontal1 the oar itself at right angles to the keel4 ,oars4--,to cease rowing1 and to maintain the oars in the same position that they are in after executing the order 8,let ,fall40 ,ship ,oars4--,to lift trailing oars out of the water alongside and hold them as described for 8,let ,fall40 ,shove ,off4--,to force the boat away from a vessel's side or from a wharf or float4 ,stern ,all4--,to row the boat backwards--the opposite to 8,give ,way40 ,toss4--,to lift the oars out of the water and lay them down within the boat1 fore and aft1 the blades forward4 ,trail4--,to throw trailing oars out of the rowlock and allow them to trail alongside by their lanyards4 ,up ,oars4--,to raise the oars to the vertical1 the blades kept fore and aft--a preface to the order 8,let ,fall40 ,way ,enough4--,to cease rowing1 and to lift the oars out of the water and boat them1 at the coxswain's word1 8,toss40 ,when visiting a yacht at anchor1 steer for the starboard gangway4 ,the port gangway is the 8back door0 of a yacht and is reserved for sailors1 stewards1 etc4 ,when boarding a yacht under way1 or hove to1 go to the lee side1 no matter whether port or starboard4 ,don't forget to 8salute the quarter-deck0 on reaching it by touching your cap in naval style4 ,as soon as you get aboard pay your respects to the owner4 ,if you don't see him on deck send your card to him immediately4 ,a young yachtsman1 when about to embark in a boat from a yacht1 should go over the side first and should take a modest seat4 ,the owner of the yacht is last to leave and takes the post of honor at the tiller lines4 ,when disembarking at a landing1 returning to the yacht1 or going aboard another vessel1 the owner leaves the boat first1 the modest youngster last4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,r4 ,b4 ,burchard4 ,,defender--,,stern4 ,x4 ,,yachting ,,insurance4#a ,,also ,a ,,few ,,legal ,,wrinkles ,,on ,,the ,,status ,,and ,,relation ,,of ,,owner ,,to ,,crew4 ,footnote #a3 ,the author is indebted to an eminent marine jurist 7commonly known as a sea lawyer7 for all the information contained in this chapter4 ,underwriters1 as a rule1 seem not particularly anxious to run foot-races after the owners of small yachts who navigate their own craft4 ,for some reason or other the amateur skipper is looked upon by them with suspicion and disfavor4 ,why1 ,i do not know1 for considering the immense number of pleasure craft in commission every year the ratio of loss through wreck1 collision1 or fire is remarkably low4 ,i think1 if underwriters took this circumstance into consideration1 they would find it in their interest to offer more attractive inducements to owners of yachts to insure their floating property4 ,the vast number of pleasure craft in commission on the ,atlantic and ,pacific seaboards1 on our great fresh-water lakes1 and on the large sheets of water that1 like the ,great ,south ,bay1 are divided from the ocean proper by a strip of sand1 more or less narrow1 should ,i think excite interest in marine underwriters1 and induce them to offer attractive terms to yacht owners4 ,the most dangerous fire risk in ,new ,york or any other great city is eagerly sought for by the lynx-eyed agents of insurance companies4 ,no tenement is too flimsy2 no habitation exposed to the accident of a mouse and a nest of matches is too perilous for the competition wallahs of the gigantic corporations4 ,bearing this in mind the owners of small craft have frequently tried1 in the lack of aid from the large companies1 to start a co-operative scheme of their own1 but because of the want of an enterprising and intelligent organizer the project has always fallen through4 ,early in the present year ,i was asked by a friend of mine to try to get a policy of marine insurance on a #ce-;foot yacht which is worth at least #d1jjj as she floats--lead keel and all the latest improvements4 ,i had the greatest difficulty in effecting the deal4 ,as a matter of fact no insurance company jumped out of its shoes with alacrity to accept the risk4 ,had it been some ramshackle old schooner1 rotten in hull1 deficient in sails and rigging1 and manned by a scanty crew1 ,i was told there would be little or no trouble in consummating the transaction4 ,pleasure vessels are viewed with suspicion that they do not deserve4 ,i allude principally to the smaller classes of craft1 which underwriters steer clear of as though they were affected by a hoodoo worse than that of ,friday and the thirteenth day of the month4 ,marine insurance1 so far as applicable to yachts1 seems to be in a mixed and muddled condition4 ,the owner of a steam yacht1 commanded by a duly qualified master1 and with the machinery in charge of a licensed engineer1 has no difficulty in insuring his vessel at ordinary rates4 ,as the risk is1 generally speaking1 not so hazardous as that of ships engaged in freight-carrying both summer and winter1 underwriters1 as a rule1 give steam-yacht owners quite favorable terms1 provided the yacht is seaworthy and well-found4 ,a large1 steel1 steam yacht run under the foregoing conditions was insured up to her real value at a premium of three per cent4 against losses by fire1 collision1 or the perils of the sea1 the risk being divided pro rata on the vessel's hull1 tackle1 apparel and furniture1 and the machinery and boilers4 ,the policy1 in this instance1 protected the yacht against the 8perils of the seas1 men-of-war1 fire1 enemies1 pirates1 rovers1 thieves1 jettisons1 letters of marque and countermarque1 surprisals1 takings at sea1 arrests1 restraints1 and detainment of all kings1 princes and people1 of what nations1 condition1 or quality soever1 barratry of the master and mariners1 and all other perils1 losses and misfortunes that have or shall come to the hurt1 detriment or damage of the said ship1 etc41 or any part thereof4 ,and in case of any loss or misfortune it shall be lawful for the assured1 their factors1 servants and assigns1 to sue1 labor and travel for1 in and about the defence1 safeguard and recovery of the said ship1 etc41 or any part thereof1 without prejudice to this insurance2 to the charges whereof the said insurance company will contribute according to the rate and quantity of the sum herein assured4 8,each voyage to be subject to general average1 particular average to be payable on each valuation separately or on the whole1 if amounting to three per cent41 or the vessel be stranded1 sunk1 burnt1 on fire1 or in collision4 ,with leave to sail with or without pilots1 to tow and to be towed1 and to assist vessels and_/or craft in all situations and to any extent1 to render salvage services1 and to go on trial trips4 ,with leave to dock1 undock1 and change docks as often as may be required1 and to go on slipway1 gridiron and_/or pontoon1 and_/or to adjust compasses1 including the risk of launching4 8,in case of any claim for average the repairs to be paid without deduction of one-third1 whether the average be particular or general4 8,general average and salvage charges as per foreign custom1 payable as per foreign statement1 and_/or per ,york-,antwerp rules1 if required2 and in the event of salvage1 towage or other assistance being rendered to the vessel hereby insured1 by any vessel belonging in part or in whole to the same owners1 it is hereby agreed that the value of such services 7without regard to the common ownership of the vessels7 shall be ascertained by arbitration in the manner hereinafter provided for under the collision clause1 and the amount so awarded1 so far as applicable to the interest hereby insured1 shall constitute a charge under this policy4 8,and it is further agreed1 that if the ship hereby insured shall come into collision with any other ship or vessel1 and the assured shall in consequence thereof become liable to pay1 and shall pay1 by way of damages to any other person or persons1 any sum or sums not exceeding in respect of any one such collision the value of the ship hereby insured1 we1 the assurers1 will pay the assured such proportion of three-fourths of such sum or sums so paid as our subscriptions hereto bear to the value of the ship hereby insured4 ,and in cases where the liability of the ship has been contested1 with the consent1 in writing1 of a majority of the underwriters on the hull and_/or machinery 7in amount71 we will also pay a like proportion of three-fourths part of the costs thereby incurred or paid2 but when both vessels are to blame1 then1 unless the liability of the owners of one or both of such vessels becomes limited by law1 claims under the collision clause shall be settled on the principle of cross liabilities as if the owners of each vessel had been compelled to pay to the owners of the other of such vessels such one-half or other proportion of the latter's damages as may have been properly allowed in ascertaining the balance or sum payable by or to the assured in consequence of such collision2 and it is further agreed that the principles involved in this clause shall apply to the case where both vessels are the property1 in part or in whole1 of the same owners1 all questions of responsibility and amount of liability as between the two ships1 being left to the decision of a single arbitrator1 if the parties can agree upon a single arbitrator1 or failing such agreement1 to the decision of arbitrators1 one to be appointed by the managing owners of both vessels1 and one to be appointed by the majority in amount of underwriters interested in each vessel2 the two arbitrators chosen to choose a third arbitrator before entering upon the reference1 and the decision of such single1 or of any two of such three arbitrators1 appointed as above1 to be final and binding4 8,this insurance also specially to cover loss of and_/or damage to hull or machinery through the negligence of master1 mariners1 engineers1 or pilots1 or through explosions1 bursting of boilers1 breakage of shafts1 or through any latent defect in the machinery or hull1 provided such loss or damage has not resulted from want of due diligence by the manager40 ,by the terms of the above policy no damage under #ajj could be collected4 ,another clause allowed the yacht to touch and stay at any ports or places1 and for any and all purposes4 ,another clause made the liability cover the hulls1 spars1 sails1 boats1 etc4 ,yet another clause provided that a fixed sum should be returned for every fifteen days canceled and for a like number of days laid up dismantling1 overhauling1 repairing1 etc4 ,this1 as the intelligent reader will see1 is to guard against an usurious interest when the yacht is not exposed to the perils of corsairs or rovers on the deep green sea4 ,the collision clause generally provides that although the yacht insured may be in fault the underwriters must pay up to three-fourths of the value of the policy toward the repair of the damaged vessel or the general repairs4 ,for example1 a yacht insured for #e1jjj runs into another craft and damages her to the extent of #d1jjj4 ,in that event the underwriters are responsible to the extent of #c1gej4 ,what is called the 8racing clause0 is sometimes added1 which makes the underwriters liable for total or other loss while the yacht is in the act of racing4 ,a policy for #a1bej covering five months should cost no more than ten per cent4 if the yacht is in good condition4 ,rates vary on laying-up policies covering risks from fire1 falling over1 etc41 while the craft is out of commission4 ,a yacht should be insured for her full value4 ,if insured for less the ratio which that amount bears to the true value will be deducted from the amount given as compensation for damages4 ,here is an ,english case in point4 ,a man insured a boat for #bjj1 her true value1 as declared by him to ,lloyd's agent at the time1 being #bej4 ,she suffered damages in a blow4 ,the owner agreed to accept #be for compensation4 ,he was tendered #bj1 the explanation being that he had undertaken a fifth part of the risk on the craft himself1 inasmuch as he had insured the boat for #ej less than her real value2 also that as he had agreed upon #be as compensation for the damage sustained1 the underwriters could only be called upon to pay #bj4 ,an appeal to the courts resulted in a judgment for the underwriters4 ,it may be mentioned that ,english companies do the bulk of marine insurance1 and that the law with regard to it is practically the same in the ,british ,islands and this country4 ,after mentioning all the dangers that may cause total loss1 which is fully insured against1 the policy states that where only partial damage is sustained the underwriters will pay an average for the repair of such damage at the rate of #c per cent4 ,the #ajj clause is advantageous to the owner of a large yacht1 for any damage that the craft might meet with while at sea1 whether in the nature of collision1 or carrying away of gear by stress of weather1 would be more likely to exceed than come within the #ajj limit4 ,with small craft it is different4 ,it would be a rather severe accident that would necessitate #ajj worth of repairs4 ,some companies1 realizing the injustice of this #ajj clause1 have lowered the amount to #ej1 but for this a slightly increased premium is demanded4 ,i would advise all insurers of small boats to insist upon the #ej clause4 ,when taking out a policy on a sailing yacht1 whether for coasting or deep-water cruising1 no stipulation is made as to the sailing-master being provided with a license4 ,in fact1 the law does not make it obligatory for the commander of a sailing yacht to pass any examination whatever2 but the skipper of a steam yacht1 like the engineer1 must pass the regular examination and be provided with a license4 ,the reason for this does not seem quite clear to the layman4 ,the owner of a yacht1 if he acts as his own skipper and engages the crew himself1 has all the autocratic power of a master in the merchant marine4 ,he can quell a mutiny with the pistol1 clap a refractory 8shell-back0 into irons1 and maintain stern discipline afloat4 ,but happily the yachtsman is never called upon to exercise any severe measures such as those mentioned4 ,if1 however1 the occasion called for the exercise of stringency the law would protect the yacht owner4 ,if a sailor is discharged for misconduct he forfeits the outfit provided for him by the owner4 ,few yachtsmen1 however1 insist upon this1 and the discharged seaman is allowed to take his 8dunnage0 ashore with him1 but the outfit is legally the property of the owner4 ,illustration3 ,rowboat ,,xi4 ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,yachting4 ,,cautionary ,,and ,,economical ,,hints ,,to ,,tyros ,,about ,,to ,,embark ,,in ,,the ,,sport4 ,in a witty essay ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,alden1 author of 8,the ,canoe and the ,flying ,proa10 points out that the most reckless woman is vastly inferior in wild extravagance to the ordinary yacht whose owner has enrolled her in a yacht club4 ,it is with yachts as it is with women1 he argues4 ,a man who provides himself with a pretty wife1 equipped with a sufficient quantity of clothes1 might keep her very cheaply if he did not permit her to go into society1 which ,mr4 ,alden conceives is about the same as introducing a yacht to the society of other fashionable yachts4 ,he declares that when the once modest schooner or bashful sloop has once tasted the pleasures of a regatta1 she proceeds to lavish her owner's fortune with frightful recklessness4 ,during the racing season she splits her sails as though they were lace flounces1 and sheds topmasts and booms as though they were hairpins4 ,at the close of the season he has to call in the aid of the shipbuilding profession1 and to lavish upon her costly tonics of hemp and iron and other expensive remedies prescribed by skillful yachting specialists4 ,when spring returns she is not satisfied with the position of her masts2 she insists upon being provided with a new and more graceful stern and a complete wardrobe of new sails and signals4 ,after these are supplied she declines to race unless her bow is lengthened ten or fifteen feet4 ,next1 she finds fault with her figure and wants to be given more breadth of beam4 ,mr4 ,alden thinks that the owner of such a craft ought to have an independent fortune1 or at least be counsel for an insolvent railroad4 ,a yacht that squanders money like water all summer1 undergoes elaborate repairs in the fall1 and is completely remodeled every spring1 is infinitely more extravagant than any woman who ever wore #cbmo shoes or microscopic gloves4 ,mr4 ,alden concludes that the only way to be a happy yachtsman is to buy a slow and plain-looking yacht that rarely cares to go into society and carefully shuns the giddy regatta4 ,there is much solid substance in the above1 though at first sight it may appear to be somewhat fantastic4 ,unless an owner takes a personal interest in his yacht she is bound to prove a very costly luxury4 ,if he gives carte blanche to every ,tom1 ,dick and ,harry that has to do with her he will be amazed at the extent of the bills4 ,the most expensive luxuries in the world are said to be racing stables and theatres run for the pleasure of rich men without business instincts4 ,a large racing yacht conducted on the same extravagant and reckless basis might well hold the third place in the list4 ,a prudent man1 before investing in a yacht1 will make inquiries as to the probable expense likely to be incurred1 and will cut his coat according to his cloth4 ,in this he will act as a sensible man making any other investment4 ,before purchasing a cottage at ,newport1 a person of average intelligence calculates the cost1 and decides whether it is within his power to afford such a luxury4 ,he doesn't rush at it blindly like a bull at a gate4 ,most of our racing yachtsmen have begun when mere boys1 generally with small craft1 and have gradually worked their way upward tentatively1 as it were1 until they have owned the largest type of vessel4 ,take ,mr4 ,j4 ,rogers ,maxwell1 a representative yachtsman1 as an instance4 ,he commenced his yachting career with a mere cockleshell of a craft some fifteen feet long4 ,he has ascended by easy stages1 and knows the cost of building and running all kinds of pleasure craft4 ,the result of his varied experience would be valuable indeed1 for he has had a hand in the design of every craft that has carried his private signal4 ,the life of the yacht owner1 of course1 is not all rose-colored4 ,there is an occasional dash of bitterness in his daily draught4 ,it is possible for him to hire a sailing-master who knows his business1 to engage a temperance crew1 and even to secure the services of a steward who is honest to the core4 ,but there is ever present with him1 from the morning he goes into commission in the spring until the chilly afternoon in the autumn when he hauls into winter quarters1 the ,yachting ,parasite4 ,the yacht owner soon becomes painfully aware of the existence of this excrescence4 ,whenever a camel falls down exhausted on the sands of the desert1 a vulture is sure to await him with ravenous appetite and murderous beak and talons4 ,so1 too1 wherever a yacht owner touches1 he is always sure to be beset by some flattering knave eager for an invitation1 and longing to stretch his legs under the cabin table and partake of its hospitable fare4 ,this is the fellow to steer clear of1 for if he once manages to get himself domesticated he becomes like a tame cat4 ,he will flirt with the ladies aboard1 if they are so foolish as to permit it2 he will rook your son at cards2 he will call for and drink your choicest vintages1 and smoke your most fragrant weeds2 and all this with an insolent air of proprietorship galling in the extreme4 ,the only way to rid yourself of his presence is to burn the yacht1 or to lash a couple of cannon balls to his legs and make him walk the plank4 ,he is above taking even a broad hint to depart4 ,the ,yachting ,parasite has an abundant feeding ground in ,america4 ,some of our yacht owners are marvelously susceptible to flattery4 ,the ,parasite is wide awake to this weakness and avails himself of it4 ,he secures a season's free board amid luxurious surroundings4 ,he lives on the fat of the land1 and the yacht owner hasn't moral courage enough to kick him ashore4 ,on the contrary1 he seems to enjoy his sugary speeches4 ,the ,parasite is found under every flag1 our ,american variety being naturally jealous of any foreign rival4 ,particularly objectionable to him is the ,english or ,irish interloper with parasitical designs on what he regards as his own rightful prey4 ,the successful ,parasite thus lives a pleasant life during the yachting season4 ,he has more fun than the owner1 and neither expense nor responsibility4 ,he sometimes is fortunate enough to be retained in his master's household all winter4 ,his fawnings have become indispensable to his patron's comfort4 ,a queer creature1 truly1 but he is one of our recognized yachting 8institutions40 ,guard against him1 my brethren2 never let him play the part of ,old ,man of the ,sea to your ,sindbad the ,sailor4 ,he is too unwholesome and expensive a luxury for you1 and it is about time that he is abolished4 ,in times of serious financial depression1 when a cold wave of economy permeates the land1 owners of large schooners need be at no loss for substantial reasons for tardiness in fitting out4 ,these spacious craft are expensive to run4 ,they are great gobblers up of greenbacks1 their voracity being incapable of appeasement4 ,as a matter of fact1 yachtsmen fall an easy prey to land-sharks disguised as ship-chandlers and merchants who cater to the needs of those who take their pleasure afloat4 ,monster steam vessels and unwieldy schooners soon reduce the balance at the bank unless their owners bring to bear on the situation the same business shrewdness that dominates their offices in ,wall street1 where every little bill is audited with lynx-eyed subtleness1 and the salary list1 from the cashier to the three-dollar-a-week office boy1 is scrutinized with economical care every week in the hope of cutting down expenses by reducing the working staff4 ,my heart goes out to the man who cultivates yacht racing not for ostentatious and vulgar display1 but from an innate and hearty love of the sport4 ,if ,i can give him a few hints on the way of saving a dollar or two of his modest store1 ,i shall only be too delighted4 ,the carrying of large crews is obligatory in racing yachts but is by no means requisite4 ,in another chapter ,i have mentioned the small number of men carried on the ,america and ,sappho in their voyages across the ocean4 ,in the ,atlantic race of ,december1 #ahff1 in which ,henrietta1 ,vesta and ,fleetwing took part1 each yacht carried a complement of four officers and twenty-two men4 ,this was a large ship's company for a #bjj-ton schooner1 but the season was winter and the stakes #ij1jjj1 so no risk was taken4 ,the centerboard schooner ,montauk1 in her voyage to the ,west ,indies in #ahhd1 carried a sailing-master and a crew of thirteen4 ,the ,athlon1 a #fj-;foot sloop1 is worked by a skipper1 two men before the mast and a steward4 ,captain ,henry ,andruss of the ,sasqua1 a smart #ce-;footer1 carries only one paid hand1 but then ,andruss is a host in himself and his son makes his weight felt when he tails on to the mainsheet4 ,that this question is considered of importance in ,england is evident from the following editorial which ,i transcribe from the ,yachtsman3 8,one of the best features in the early life of ,british yachting was that the vessels then engaged in racing did not depend so much as in these days on professional aid for smartness and seamanship4 ,we may smile at times when we read the accounts of races sailed fifty years ago1 and at the yarns of #8the veteran' anent #8the good old days1' etc42 but there cannot be a doubt that yacht racing has since then drifted too much into professional hands1 and whilst we have learned 7small credit to us7 to look for greater smartness in the handling of our racing yachts1 we must not ignore the fact that we pay for it right royally4 ,in proportion to the number of racing yachts now afloat there can be no doubt that good amateur sailors are lamentably fewer than they were even twenty years ago4 8,if in the wisdom of the ,y4 ,r4 ,a4 it should be so decided that paid hands shall be limited in number for each class1 the change should be hailed with joy1 and to lessen the sorrow of the grumbler it may be pointed out that the smallest number likely to be assigned in every case would be far in excess of what our forefathers would have dreamed of4 ,the cost of crews is enormous nowadays1 not only from their numbers1 but from the excessive remuneration for their services4 ,this is a matter1 indeed1 which cannot be regulated in any feasible way that we know of1 and therefore a limitation in the number of paid hands is the more desirable4 ,to compare the wages1 or #8salaries1' of to-day with those of past times1 we may mention that when the old ,clyde clipper ,clarence was in her prime 7about #fj or #fe years ago7 her sailing-master received #a per week1 and her ordinary hands #ahs4 ,they had no outfits given them1 and they were grateful for a glass of grog to celebrate the winning of a prize4 ,this was a typical case until the early fifties1 when the scale of wages seems to have gone up4 ,in the ,stella and ,cymba days1 sailing-masters of renown got #a #es4 per week1 and the men #a1 and then outfits and prize-money first began to appear1 though on a very small scale4 ,mc,kirdy1 skipper of the ,cymba1 was the first sailing-master1 so far as we know1 who received a yearly salary4 8,those were #8the good old days1' however1 and in nothing have they gone beyond recall more than in the lowness of wages4 ,that they are now beyond recall may easily be believed by all yacht owners1 and1 therefore1 these should hail with gladness any scheme likely to stop one or two of the many leaks in their purses4 ,some of those leaks1 however1 might well be counteracted by the clubs through the simple expedient of increasing the amount of their prizes4 ,to offer the #bj-raters of to-day the same sum as was offered as a prize to the #bj-tonners of #ahgj is strikingly absurd40 ,in general it may be remarked that it is wise to ship no more cats than can catch mice2 before making repairs to your vessel to procure estimates2 to buy your stores and provisions in the open market and exercise judicious economy in the running of the yacht4 ,it should be remembered that aside from the first cost it takes very little more to run a #cj-;footer than a #ae-;footer4 ,in the latter you have no accommodations whatever1 while a #cj-;footer can be made quite a roomy little ship if space is judiciously adapted4 ,three men can handle a #cj-;footer with ease1 if the fingers of the men are not all thumbs4 ,before buying a yacht see that there are no liens against her for unpaid wages or stores4 ,if she has been libeled in the ,court of ,admiralty you will probably have to pay claim and costs4 ,a creditor can without trouble libel a yacht and put an officer in possession4 ,your only course then to pursue1 if you dispute the claim1 is to give a bond for the amount and fight the matter in the courts4 ,following is the scale of wages for yacht sailors now prevailing3 ,captains from #bej to #fj per month ,mates #ajj #ej ,engineers #age #ij ,engineers on small yachts #abe #he ,stewards #ajj #fj ,cooks #abe #ej ,sailors #cj #be ,the cost of outfits follows3 ,captain #ge ,mate #ee ,engineer #fj ,cook #ej ,steward #dj ,sailors1 each #ce ,messman #ce ,the expense of keeping a #dj-;footer depends much upon the tastes of her owner and whether used for racing or cruising4 ,here1 however1 is an example4 ,it will be noted that the rates are lower1 owing to the size of the craft3 ,captain #fj a month2 outfit #be ,two sailors #fj #be ,cook #ej #bj ,waiter #ce #ah ,the grub for the crew would cost #ej cents per day per man4 ,hauling out three times during the season1 #ej ,new mainsail #ajj ,racing money is paid as follows in large yachts when a victory is scored3 ,captains #be ,mates #aj ,sailors #e ,it is not usual in this country to pay 8losing money40 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,last ,,word4 ,,final ,,hints ,,to ,,tars ,,who ,,want ,,to ,,sail ,,their ,,own ,,craft4 ,the small cruising and racing yacht has now become so fashionable that a vast number of recruits have joined the already large navy of yachting amateurs4 ,in many cases the owners of the craft new last season have only a slight and superficial knowledge of a boat1 and will depend on their professional skippers for the navigating and general management of her4 ,this is as it should be4 ,there are1 however1 certain matters relating to the internal economy of a yacht which cannot be learned from the average skipper1 and this article is devoted to their exposition and discussion4 ,the hints given are practical1 and may possibly be of use to men just embarking in the sport1 as well as those entering upon their second season4 ,the owner of a small racing yacht taking part in the squadron cruise of the ,new ,york ,yacht ,club1 which sometimes extends as far as ,bar ,harbor1 ,me41 should take care that he carries along with him a sufficient 8sea kit0 for all the emergencies of the voyage4 ,certain social functions at ,newport1 for instance1 will render evening clothes necessary1 if not indispensable1 to any yachtsman desiring to participate in the social gayeties of the ,cowes of ,america4 ,a 8claw-hammer0 coat is my pet abomination1 and personally ,i would never 8hoodoo0 a racing yacht with any such luxurious superfluity4 ,so strong is my antipathy to this garment of civilization that my will contains a special clause forbidding my undertaker to attire me for the grave in a so-called dress suit1 as is sometimes the custom in this country4 ,but ,i am no prejudiced churl1 and will willingly give the benefit of my experience to those who would not 8feel at home0 after sundown unless clad in the regulation society garb4 ,now a dress suit to look well must be kept free from damp1 otherwise it will speedily mildew4 ,the cabin of a little racer is always exposed to the danger of moisture1 either in the form of rain or of spray4 ,sometimes a veritable 8green sea0 in an unguarded moment finds its way below1 and then woe to the nautical dandy who has intrusted his shore toggery to the untender mercies of a leather portmanteau or dress-suit case6 ,no self-respecting girl will dance with a young man whose evening clothes have been made unsightly by sea water1 no matter how scarce the dancing species of the genus homo may happen to be4 ,to preserve 8swell togs0 in spick-and-span condition the wise yachtsman will provide himself with a metal uniform case1 airtight and waterproof1 such as navy and army officers use when on service in tropical climates where humidity and cockroaches play havoc with unprotected uniforms4 ,in this case the nautical dude may snugly stow his dress suit and dancing shoes1 his 8biled0 shirts1 collars1 white ties1 jewelry1 and such other trifles as he may see fit1 including stationery1 postage stamps and whatever paper currency he may have with him4 ,i say stationery and stamps advisedly1 having experienced the annoyance of trying to write on paper damaged by spray and envelopes gummed up by heat and humidity4 ,it might1 however1 be well to omit the ink as an inmate of your uniform case1 as mishaps are rather more frequent afloat than ashore1 and ink stains are difficult to eradicate from collars1 shirts and cuffs4 ,this case may be stored away in the most convenient location possible1 and its owner may rely on finding its contents in good condition1 no matter how severe the weather the little boat has encountered4 ,the remainder of the owner's wardrobe may be carried in a sailor's painted duck bag1 or1 if this simple and inexpensive device is not 8swagger0 enough1 in an india-rubber bag1 such as may be obtained of any dealer in sportsmen's supplies4 ,woolen underwear is preferable to any other1 and as it can now be had in the lightest weights1 the old objection of heaviness and too much warmth has lost its significance4 ,serge and flannel clothes are best suited for ordinary wear at sea1 and flannel pajamas will also be found more serviceable and comfortable than those of any other material4 ,woolen socks and blue1 hand-knitted guernseys are also to be recommended4 ,these few hints with regard to clothing must suffice1 as every man has his own peculiar ideas as to the rigging and adorning of his person1 and is slow to adopt any other fellow's notions or follow advice1 no matter how kindly offered4 ,remember that it is not safe to put to sea without a corkscrew and a can-opener4 ,in fact1 these tools are so indispensable when on the briny that they should be duplicated or even triplicated4 ,when a thirsty tar needs a glass of grog1 medicinally or as a beverage1 it is very provoking to be told that the corkscrew is mislaid4 ,an old sea-crony of mine used to provide against such contingencies by always carrying1 made fast to a lanyard round his neck1 a sailor's knife1 whose 8other blade was a corkscrew10 so he was never at a loss to tackle a rum bottle or a sardine can whenever the emergency arose4 ,shipmates6 take an old sea-dog's advice and follow this most excellent example4 ,matches should be carried in glass jars with wind and water tight covers4 ,these are good receptacles also for tobacco1 either in plugs or cut4 ,cigars1 too1 may be kept in them without that injury to their fragrance inseparable from their absorption of sea-air1 which has ruined the flavor of the finest of ,havanas4 ,if these glass jars are covered with canvas neatly sewn on1 they will run no risk of breakage4 ,the yachtsman must use his own discretion regarding medical supplies4 ,i recommend essence of ginger1 extract of witch hazel1 absorbent cotton1 rubber sticking-plaster 7which requires neither heat nor moisture for its application7 rolled up in an airtight tin box1 thread and needles1 muslin bandages1 a forceps for extracting splinters1 vaseline1 seidlitz powders 7in an airtight tin71 and ,horsford's acid phosphate as among the most pressing necessities to be taken along4 ,a mixture of baking soda and vaseline in equal parts is a most excellent ointment for the cure of sunburn4 ,i have known a landlubber's lily-white skin to be so scarified by the burning rays of the sun as to cause him excruciating agony4 ,an application of the mixture mentioned above afforded him quick relief4 ,a large stowing place for ice is indispensable to health and comfort in these latitudes4 ,if you should1 however1 happen to fall short of this necessary1 it should not be forgotten that a canvas bucket filled with fresh water and covered with cheesecloth to keep out dust and flies1 if hung up in the sun1 will afford a supply of agreeably cold water4 ,this is an old 8wrinkle10 much used in tropical climates4 ,a porous earthenware jar will also accomplish the same result1 the effect being produced by evaporation4 ,the cuisine of a small racing yacht is necessarily limited4 ,the solution of the cooking-stove problem has not as yet been accomplished4 ,gasoline stoves are clean1 convenient and efficient1 but they are dangerous4 ,oil stoves with wicks1 on account of their odor1 smoke and dirt1 are objectionable2 cook and cabin are covered with lampblack4 ,coal stoves generate too much heat below for true comfort in our summers4 ,the sea stove of the future will probably be an adaptation of the wickless oil stove1 which is as cleanly as an alcohol stove and equally free from dirt and odor1 and burns ordinary kerosene oil4 ,the good quality of the canned meats1 vegetables and fruits1 as put up nowadays1 renders a yachtsman pretty nearly independent of a galley4 ,with a capacious ice box1 he can store supplies of cooked meats and fowls1 which1 with the aid of his stock of canned goods1 will keep him going4 ,a stove on which he can boil a kettle for coffee or tea and fry a dish of fish or ham and eggs is all that is absolutely necessary4 ,he wants all the available space for his racing sails and gear1 and cannot spare room below for a ,delmonico kitchen4 ,thus the sthetic epicure or even the ordinary glutton 7,i guess there is but little difference between them7 must make some notable gastronomical sacrifices while in the pursuit of yacht prizes1 but he can easily atone for scanty fare afloat when he reaches the shore1 where hotels with epicurean larders are within easy distance4 ,but1 as a matter of fact1 the ordinary yachtsman will fare admirably on such 8grub0 as he can carry along from port to port1 and he need never be forced to seek the hospitality of a caravansary4 ,some cooks have a violent prejudice against the humble and innocuous frying-pan4 ,they denounce it until they are black in the face4 ,i have found this culinary utensil invaluable in a small vessel where an oil stove only was possible1 and the use of a broiler consequently impracticable4 ,procure not the ordinary shallow pan1 such as is commonly used in kitchens ashore1 but a deep pan with a tightly fitting cover and a long handle1 such as ,french chefs affect4 ,in this a great variety of food can be prepared--savory stews1 appetizing curries and soups4 ,if you heat the pan very hot before you put a steak or a chop in it 7omitting fat or butter71 in flavor and tenderness you can scarcely distinguish it from a genuine grill4 ,my word for it1 a frying-pan1 intelligently used1 is a boon and a blessing aboard a small vessel4 ,but mind and get a deep one with a cover1 as a shallow one is of little use when the boat is pitching or rolling1 or even sailing in smooth water but heeling over to the breeze4 ,if you happen to get hold of a good 8,jap0 for a sea cook1 he will be able to boil rice correctly4 ,some fellows don't like rice4 ,the reason is because they have never eaten it cooked to ,oriental perfection1 when every grain is plump and dry and separate from its fellow4 ,it is different when you get a mushy abomination served up to you in lieu of a dish pretty to look at and grateful to the palate4 ,i learned to cook rice when a boy plying on a schooner owned by the ,jehanum ,jow ,juldee ,railroad1 which used to connect ,negapatam with ,madras4 ,the native cook was my teacher4 ,first he placed his measure of rice in a deck bucket1 washing it repeatedly with water fresh from the ocean4 ,he explained to me in his ,tamil language1 that unless this process was followed the grains of rice would cling together and coagulate and form into a porridge1 loathsome to look at and worse to taste4 ,after washing the rice thoroughly1 he placed it in a pot of furiously boiling fresh water--no salt being added4 ,then he would fire up like an infernal stoker and keep the pot in a splendid state of ebullition4 ,and mark you1 messmates all1 he never stirred the heated mass6 ,after boiling for twenty minutes1 he reduced the heat1 strained off the water1 carefully reserving it for drinking purposes 7for congee water isn't half bad71 and then let the rice swell and dry for half an hour under a very moderate fire4 ,the result was ,,rice6 ,as a grateful accompaniment to this staple comestible1 his custom was to prepare a curry1 often of prawns1 which grow to perfection on the ,coromandel ,coast4 ,now1 far be it from me to decry the luscious excellence of the ,american prawn1 whose toothsome delicacy has often tickled my palate1 but in the interest of truth ,i must say that the species which flourishes under the ,stars and ,stripes must retire into insignificance in the matter of size1 plumpness1 juiciness and flavor when compared with the prawns of ,madras4 ,some of these attain the length of nine inches4 ,parboiled in sea water1 dexterously deprived of their scaly armor1 and then impaled on thin strips of bamboo1 they were ready for the deft and scientific touch of our ,madrassee chef4 ,in an earthenware 8chatty0 he placed a sufficient quantity of 8ghee10 or native butter4 ,when this reached the sizzling stage1 he added a little finely shred onion and a suspicion of garlic1 watching the stewpan with the kindly care of a mother until it reached the golden-brown stage4 ,next1 with tender solicitude1 he put in the prawns and the curry and watched the product stew in its own juice until its fragrance enticed all hands with watering mouths to cluster round his base of operations4 ,about the curry8 ,please don't ask me for its ingredients4 ,i was only a hungry boy then and didn't know enough to investigate its component parts4 ,i am sure1 however1 that it contained chillies1 turmeric1 the pulp of green cocoanut and a host of other ,eastern condiments1 and that the result was gastronomic joy4 ,to make a dish of palatable curry in a yacht's kitchen and in half an hour is easy4 ,in your deep frying-pan place a chunk of butter as big as an egg4 ,when it melts and begins to smoke add a large onion sliced and a tablespoonful of curry powder and any cold meat or cold fish you may have on hand1 cut up in small chunks4 ,let it cook for fifteen minutes and fall to and eat6 ,curry is like the true ,west ,india pepper-pot4 ,it can be made of almost anything4 ,fresh meat or fish1 canned meat or vegetables1 will always taste good4 ,all that is actually necessary in the way of condiments may be thus summarized3 ,butter1 onions 7garlic to those who believe it to be the violet of vegetables1 always in a small quantity71 red and black pepper1 curry powder and chutnee4 ,with these ingredients a palatable dish is always at hand4 ,no ,asian or ,eurasian thickens his curry with flour4 ,a squeeze of lemon or lime-juice adds zest to the dish4 ,in concluding these culinary hints ,i may say that chops1 ham and eggs1 may be prepared with facility in the deep frying-pan already recommended4 ,let the pan be blazing hot when your ambition urges you to serve up a sirloin steak or an ,english mutton chop4 ,put no fat in the pan4 ,the object is to sear up the fibre of the meat and keep in the juices4 ,when you think the meat is cooked put it in a hot dish1 butter it on both sides and pipe all hands to dinner4 ,when you fry fish1 oysters or clams1 place them in boiling fat and cook rapidly4 ,the best and freshest of fish is ruined by letting it get soddened in lukewarm grease4 ,now here is my recipe for fish chowder1 and when you have once partaken thereof you will cry like a child for more4 ,procure a small codfish or haddock1 while yet squirming from the hook1 clean him well and parboil him1 reserving the water in which he was cooked4 ,remove head1 tail1 skin and bone1 and cut him up into moderate mouthfuls4 ,place an iron pot on the galley fire4 ,when it is hot throw in a lump of butter and six onions sliced finely4 ,when the fragrant odor of the onion arises throw in your fish4 ,cover the pot close so that the fish may absorb all the flavor4 ,then add potatoes in very small quantities and some of the broth the fish primarily simmered in1 and wait till it is cooked and then ask a blessing and eat it4 ,one hint and then ,i am done4 ,let each man flavor his own dish4 ,don't you as sea cook usurp a man's rights4 ,provide the usual condiments and sauces1 pepper and salt1 etc41 but otherwise allow the true disciple of the goddess ,gastronomia to reach his goal by means of his own4 ,by using a little judgment and common sense one may easily avoid the 8grub-spoiling0 stage1 and be able to boil a kettle of water without burning it1 and finally master the art of making a cup of drinkable coffee1 tea or chocolate1 and of cooking a few simple dishes1 which will agreeably vary the monotony of canned viands1 which are distasteful to many of our jeunesse dore under any and all circumstances1 sardines alone excepted1 which seem never to clog on even the most jaded palate4 ,hardtack should be stored in airtight canisters1 or it will soon become 8soggy0 and lose its dry crispness and wholesome savor4 ,a glazed earthenware jar in the ice box makes a very capital receptacle for butter4 ,with regard to beverages tastes will differ4 ,bottled beer is rather too bulky4 ,california wines are wholesome and moderate in price4 ,some of the growths are equal to the produce of any foreign vineyard4 ,in making out your list of liquid stores do not omit a bottle of old brandy for medicinal purposes1 and take care to reserve it for a real emergency1 never opening it1 no matter how parched your throat may be or how plaintively your chum may cry out for a 8nip40 ,brandy has often saved life1 and on general principles it is unwise to divert medical stores from their proper sphere of usage4 ,some racing yachtsmen quench their thirst with ice water qualified with a drain of ,scotch whiskey or ,plymouth gin4 ,both of these drinks are recommended by many fleet surgeons of my acquaintance as being wholesome when taken in moderation4 ,but it is as hard to prescribe a man's food or drink for him as to induce him to follow advice on how to dress4 ,the foregoing hints are1 therefore1 given with good intent1 and with no desire on my part to ram them down my readers' throats4 ,beware1 however1 of the amateur 8grub-spoiler40 ,he will play havoc with your larder1 and make you use language which your spiritual director would highly disapprove4 ,there is much truth in the aphorism that heaven sends cooks and that 8grub-spoilers0 come from 8the other place40 ,with reference to remedies for seasickness ,i can offer only one suggestion4 ,ice bags for the spine1 nitrite of amyl to inhale1 chloral to take internally1 are among the many nostrums recommended4 ,personally ,i have witnessed many marvelous cures by judicious doses of dry champagne1 or1 in default of this beverage1 brandy and soda taken ice-cold4 ,sweet champagne seems to aggravate rather than relieve the awful nausea4 ,do not fail to take a good supply of lemons and limes with you when bound on a cruise4 ,they are excellent for the compounding of temperance and other beverages4 ,do not fail to include in your list of necessaries a nautical almanac1 which is full of useful information4 ,among the subjects are the time of sunrise and sunset1 lighthouses and lightships1 the moon's phases1 compass variations1 tide tables1 etc4 ,do not leave it ashore as did the ,dutchman his anchor4 ,watertight sailcovers are great safeguards against mildew1 but should not be used to cover sails already wet4 ,dry your sails thoroughly before you furl them snugly4 ,if wet1 leave them in loose folds secured with a stop or two4 ,if your boat is bigger than a ,herreshoff thirty-footer1 which has no accommodations at all1 by all means get into the wholesome habit of sleeping aboard and thus avoid the temptations in the way of dissipation which the shore has extended to mariners since the days of ,jason and the good ship ,argo4 ,remember that a windsail judiciously set to catch every stray breath of air1 with its lower end down the forehatch or the cabin skylight1 will keep the air below sufficiently cool for comfort1 and refreshing sleep will follow as a matter of course4 ,it is quite the correct thing for the owner of a racing yacht to invite a friend or two to go with him on a cruise and to accept their help in racing the yacht in the daily runs from port to port4 ,for the benefit of those not well acquainted with the etiquette of yacht racing the following suggestions may be of use3 ,it is well for all hands to get aboard in good time1 so as to have ample opportunity to prepare for the business of the day4 ,i will take it for granted that you are properly clad for the work ahead1 that you have left your frock coat and gafftopsail hat ashore1 where they belong1 and that your apparel is suited for the occasion4 ,i am no ,beau ,brummel1 to act as arbiter elegantiarum in the matter of attire afloat or ashore1 but ,i have seen some queerly rigged specimens of amateur sailors in my time1 and have observed what an amazing fund of fun they furnish to the curious onlooker surveying the scene from the outside4 ,gorgeous 8blazers10 silken sashes of variegated hues1 acting as soul and body lashings round the midship section and supporting trousers of spotless white jean1 with the accessories of an expensive straw hat1 a 8biled0 shirt1 silken hose and pipeclayed deck shoes--all these may look ornamental and captivating1 but the common-sense element of utility is lacking4 ,such bright plumage may be suitable for the deck of a steam yacht with pretty girls aboard1 or for the casino of a swell seaside resort1 but a simple suit of flannel and a white duck yachting cap is the sort of garb best adapted for the work to be tackled4 ,for prudential reasons1 in this uncertain climate a fellow should take his 8oilers0 along4 ,even as ,i write ,i am reminded of the advisability of this by certain unpleasant rheumatic twinges which rack my old weather-beaten hull1 and which might perhaps have been avoided if ,i had kept myself drier in my youth4 ,let no 8freshie0 take an umbrella aboard1 as it is a breeder of bad luck1 and if there happens to be an old sea-dog in the craft1 ten to one he will seize an early opportunity of surreptitiously heaving it overboard--a proceeding which every right-minded mariner will cordially approve4 ,do not burden yourself with walking-cane1 field-glasses or camera1 no matter how devoted you may be to the art of amateur photography4 ,there is a time for everything1 and your special duty during the match will be to pull and haul on ropes1 to stick out to windward as far as possible when the yacht is close-hauled1 and to hop lively about the decks as occasion requires1 never heeding salt sea water coming aboard in showers of spray from the ocean1 or the drenching downpour from the open heavens4 ,it will occur to you that the fancy attire to which ,i have alluded above will be inappropriate to any but the calmest and sunniest weather4 ,enough said6 ,if you wish to gratify the heart of the yacht owner you will invest in a close crop and a clean shave preparatory to reporting aboard1 and will carry nothing but a knife and a handkerchief in your pockets1 leaving your jewelry and watch and keys and other personal bric--brac ashore4 ,if you should chance to fall overboard during the race you will not feel sorry if you availed yourself of this valuable hint1 for salt water plays the devil with the works of a timepiece1 and but few watch-cases are actually fluid-proof4 ,besides1 every ounce of superfluous weight militates against the speed of a craft1 and 8mony a mickle makes a muckle40 ,one final word to the yacht owner4 ,be careful of the guests you invite4 ,the sea frequently develops the harmless shore crank into a most detestable nuisance afloat4 ,when once he is aboard the law does not permit you to heave him overboard4 ,illustration3 ,yacht ,,index4 ,ackers1 ,holland1 #bbf ,alarm1 ,first ,british ,warship to be ,coppered1 #fh ,alarm1 ,cutter1 #ach ,albany1 ,ocean-going ,sloop1 #hc ,alden1 ,w4 ,l41 ,quoted1 #bhb ,aluminum as a ,yacht ,metal1 #ej et seq4 ,america1 ,schooner #ai1 #bb1 #ch2 ,lines of1 #ci2 #g1 #ha1 #afe1 #ahd ,america's ,cup1 #cj ,argo1 ,captain ,jason1 #ad1 #ag ,ark1 ,captain ,noah1 #ac1 #ad ,arrow1 ,cutter1 #ach ,athlon1 ,stormy ,cruise on1 #ia et seq42 #bhh ,bedouin1 ,cutter1 #acf ,bloodhound1 ,cutter1 #aej ,boats1 ,yachts'1 ,handling of1 #bfi ,boatswain1 ,duties of1 #agf ,bow1 ,type of1 #ahib1 #bcg ,britannia1 ,cutter1 #de ,burgess1 ,edward1 #ha ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 ,good ,sailor1 #bg et seq4 ,center1 ,robert1 #fb ,centerboard1 ,discussed1 #gh et seq42 ,germ of1 #hd ,charles ,,ii41 ,king1 and ,his ,yacht1 #ag1 #ah ,chronometers1 ,care of1 #afd ,clara1 ,cutter1 #de1 #fd ,colonia1 #acf1 #acg ,columbus1 ,flagship of1 #ag ,cookery on ,small ,yachts1 #big ,cooks1 #ahh-i2 ,wages of1 #bia ,compass1 ,hints on ,care of1 #aef ,corinthian ,yacht ,club of ,new ,york1 #cg ,corsair1 ,steam ,yacht1 #bb ,cranfield1 ,captain1 #bec ,crews1 ,selection of1 #ahc2 ,wages of1 #bia ,cutter1 ,rig of1 #aci ,dad1 ,freak1 #aag1 #abj ,defender1 #eb-c-d1 #agg1 #agi2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci2 ,sheer ,plan of1 #bdf ,dilemma1 #hc1 #aaj ,dominion1 ,double-,huller1 #hh1 #abb-c-d ,dorothy1 ,catboat1 #aja1 #aji1 #aac ,double-,huller of the ,pacific1 #abh2 ,singhalese ,type1 #abf ,dragon ,,iii41 #bj-,rater1 #fc1 #ge ,duggan1 ,herrick1 ,designer of ,dominion1 #aba ,duncan1 ,skipper of ,madge1 #aeg ,duty and ,discipline ,afloat1 #aff et seq4 ,ellen1 ,watson #bj-,rater1 #bce ,emerald1 ,schooner1 #acb ,english ,cutters1 ,mid-,sections of1 #bch ,ethelwynn1 #ae-;footer1 #aeb1 #aec ,evolution #ha2 ,lines of1 #ajg ,fife1 ,william1 ,sr41 #bde ,fitting ,out and ,tuning ,up1 #acj et seq4 ,flags1 ,proper ,use of1 #bfe et seq4 ,galatea1 ,cutter1 #de1 #bca2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,genesta1 ,cutter1 #de1 #ace1 #bca2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,ghost1 #ea-;footer1 ,race of1 with ,phantom1 #aib et seq4 ,gimcrack1 ,schooner1 ,j4 ,c4 ,stevens' ,flagship1 #ah1 #bc1 #be1 #cd ,gloriana1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc ,goshawk1 ,brig1 ,wreck of1 with ,author ,aboard1 #gf ,gossoon1 #dj-;footer1 #afa1 #afc ,gracie1 ,sloop1 #acb1 #acc ,guns1 ,proper ,use of1 #bfb ,haff1 ,captain1 #agh ,harvey1 ,designer ,john1 #fd ,havens1 ,e4 ,b41 #ia ,herreshoff1 ,nat41 #de1 #ed1 #ha1 #bca ,hurkaru1 ,east ,indiaman1 #abf ,insurance1 ,yachting1 #bgb et seq4 ,iselin1 ,c4 ,oliver1 #agg ,jay1 ,captain ,tom1 #bcf ,johnson1 ,dr41 ,quoted1 #bg ,jubilee1 ,lines of1 #aaj2 ,dimensions of1 #aah ,jullanar1 ,lines of1 #ajh2 ,dimensions of1 #aad ,katrina1 #afj ,kewaydin1 ,knockabout1 #ajc ,kittie1 ,catboat1 #aje ,knight1 ,e4 ,f41 ,quoted1 #ahe ,lascar ,crews1 #aha ,leeboard1 ,dutch1 #hd ,madge1 ,cutter1 #de1 #ha-b1 #aei ,maria1 ,sloop1 #ah1 #ai1 #cd1 #ch ,mary1 ,yacht of ,charles ,,ii41 #ag1 #ah ,mary ,taylor1 ,pilot ,boat1 #ahe ,mates1 ,duties of1 #agb2 ,wages of1 #bia ,maxwell1 ,j4 ,rogers1 #bhd ,mayflower1 #de2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,measurement ,rules1 ,american and ,british1 #bdj et seq4 ,meteor1 ,cutter1 #de1 #agg ,minerva1 ,cutter1 #de1 #aea1 #afc ,montauk1 ,schooner1 #bhh ,mosquito1 ,first ,english ,iron ,yacht1 #fb ,nameless1 ,british ,freak1 #aaa1 #aba ,niagara1 ,lines of1 #aaj2 ,midship ,section of1 #aad2 ,under ,sail1 #aae1 #aag ,new ,york ,yacht ,club1 #ah1 #ba1 #dc ,noah1 ,captain1 #ac1 #ad ,norse ,galley1 #ag1 #bj ,nyanza1 ,first ,composite ,yacht1 #fc ,oriva1 ,cutter1 #fg ,ouananiche1 #ba-;footer1 #ga1 #gb ,outfits1 ,cost of for ,crew1 #bia ,parasites1 ,yachting1 #bhe ,phantom1 #ea-;footer1 ,race of1 with ,ghost1 #aib et seq4 ,piano ,wire for ,rigging1 #aea ,postley1 ,commodore ,c4 ,a41 #acf ,priscilla1 #acf ,proa1 ,flying1 ,described by ,anson1 #abh ,protests1 #bag ,puritan1 #de1 #ha1 #acf2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,race ,committees1 ,duties of1 #baf ,racing ,money1 #bia ,racing ,rules1 #bae et seq4 ,racing ,yacht1 ,the1 #dg et seq42 ,evolution of1 #bbe et seq4 ,randall1 ,f4 ,m41 ,cape ,catboats of1 #aje ,rocket1 ,lines of1 #aab1 #aag1 #aba ,rorqual1 ,fin ,freak1 #aaf ,rule of the ,road at ,sea1 #bae et seq4 ,sails1 ,cotton and ,flax1 #ada2 ,proper ,balancing of1 #aei-fj ,salutes1 ,etiquette of1 #bfc et seq4 ,sappho1 ,schooner1 #acd1 #ahe ,sasqua1 #bhh ,sea ,jockeying1 ,examples of1 #aeg-eh ,sea-lawyers1 #ahb ,sea-sickness1 ,remedies for1 #cjd ,shamrock1 ,sloop1 #acb ,skate1 ,freak1 #aah1 #abj ,smith1 ,designer ,a4 ,cary1 #fb ,spars1 #adb ,spruce ,,iv41 #aed ,steel1 ,gaffs and ,booms of1 #adc ,stephens1 ,w4 ,p41 on ,centerboards1 #hf et seq4 ,stern1 ,type of1 #ahib #bcg ,stevens1 ,j4 ,c41 #ah1 #ai1 #ca ,stewards1 #ahh-hi2 ,wages of1 #bja ,sullivan1 ,sir ,edward1 ,quoted1 #ahd ,thistle1 #ada1 #bca1 #bce2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,titania1 #afj ,trojans1 ,yacht ,races of1 #af ,turnbuckles1 #adb1 #adi ,uncas1 ,schooner1 #gj-a2 ,rig of1 #add-de-gh ,valkyrie ,,ii41 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,valkyrie ,,iii41 #de1 #eb1 #aaa1 #agg2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci2 ,sheer ,plan of1 #bdf ,vendenesse1 ,aluminum ,cutter1 #ea ,vesper1 ,freak1 #aag1 #abj ,vesta1 ,schooner1 #he1 #aba ,victoria1 ,queen1 ,patroness of ,yachting1 #df ,vigil1 ,schooner1 ,rig of1 #add ,vigilant1 ,sloop1 #ej2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,vigilant1 ,revenue ,cutter1 #bg et seq4 ,viking ,ship1 #ag1 #bj ,vindex1 ,first ,american ,iron ,yacht1 #fb ,volunteer1 ,sloop1 #acf1 #bca2 ,mid-,section of1 #bci ,wainwright1 ,lieut4-,commander1 #cg ,wages1 #bhi1 #bia ,wanda1 ,herreshoff ,catboat1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aji ,watson1 ,designer ,george ,l41 #dg1 #fg-h1 #aad1 #bca ,wire ,rope1 ,flexible1 #adb ,yacht ,racing as a ,sport1 #ac et seq4 ,y4 ,r4 ,a4 of ,long ,island ,sound1 #dd2 of ,massachusetts1 #dd2 of ,great ,britain1 #bcj1 #bcb ,yachts1 ,type of1 ,discussed1 #gh et seq42 ,race1 ,down-to-,date ,described1 #aib et seq42 ,captains of1 #aff1 #afh2 ,legal ,status of ,owners of1 #bhj ,yachting1 ,etiquette of1 #bfa et seq42 ,cost of1 #bhb et seq4 ,yachting ,reporters1 ,a ,plea for1 #baf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,everyone when drinking ,pommery is invited to pay a little more attention than is usually bestowed upon so pleasant an occupation1 and to note the 8finesse0 which the house is at such pains to secure4 ,it will not be labor lost4 ,the pleasure afforded by a glass of choice champagne when one can discern all its exquisitely delicate shades of flavor and bouquet1 and perhaps even locate them1 as it were1 in their very birthplaces1 is a delight undreamed of by the careless drinker4 ,in this connection it is worthy of note that in ,london when the wholesale prices of ,champagne are regulated solely upon quality1 ,pommery sells at a much higher price than any other brand1 the retail price being1 however1 the same in ,america4 ,pommery 8,sec and ,brut0 is for ,sale ,everywhere4 ,chas4 ,graef ,co41 ,sole ,agents for the ,united ,states4 #cb ,beaver ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,only ,,naphtha ,,launch ,illustration ,nearly #c1jjj in use4 ,the ,safest1 ,simplest1 ,speediest ,power ,boat4 ,superiority demonstrated by ten years' experience4 ,,steam ,,and ,,sail ,,yachts4 ,send #aj;c4 stamp for ,catalogue4 ,,marine ,,engines and 8,,seabury0 ,,water ,,tube ,,boilers ,gas ,engine ,power ,co4 and ,chas4 ,l4 ,seabury ,co4 ,consolidated ,morris ,heights1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,illustration3 ,yacht ,nothing is more exasperating at sea than a dead calm4 ,a howling gale is preferable1 if your craft is a sailing vessel4 ,why not put yourself in a position to laugh at the calm8 ,get the ,gas ,engine and ,power ,co4 and ,charles ,l4 ,seabury ,co4 7,consolidated7 to fit your yacht with a ,naphtha ,motor4 ,or1 better still1 give them an order to build a down-to-date auxiliary craft like ,alfredo1 shown in the cut--the flagship and fleet of the ,cuban navy1 commanded by ,johnny ,o',brien1 the famous filibuster4 ,she is fifty feet long1 has a sixteen-horse-power motor and goes nine miles an hour under naphtha alone4 ,she also sails like a witch1 is a splendid sea boat1 and has 8bully0 accommodations below4 ,just the ideal boat for pleasant cruising4 ,never becalmed with sails idly flapping4 ,always sure of making port4 ,ten cents in stamps will bring you a catalogue by return mail4 ,it will interest you4 ,gas ,engine ,power ,co4 and ,charles ,l4 ,seabury ,co4 7,consolidated47 ,morris ,heights1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 #ej ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,illustration3 ,logo ,neither ,salt ,nor ,fresh ,water ,will affect our ,,spar ,,composition4 ,composed of the ,best ,materials it is possible to purchase1 it is the most durable marine varnish known1 and will not crack1 turn white or blister4 ,it is particularly adapted for spars of steamships1 yachts or canoes1 and makes a superior finish for decks1 outside doors1 piazza floors1 store fronts--in short1 for any work that is exposed to the weather4 ,,our ,,other ,,specialties ,,are3 ,no4 #a ,preservative1 ,waterproof ,floor ,finish1 ,pale1 ,hard ,oil ,finish1 ,liquid ,pigment ,filler4 ,send for our ,,architectural ,,handbook1 giving prices and particulars4 ,the ,david ,b4 ,crockett ,co4 ,,bridgeport1 ,,conn41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,samuel ,,swan1 ,president4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,lent1 ,vice-,president4 ,,chas4 ,f4 ,,towner1 ,secretary and ,treasurer4 ,yachtsmen ,illustration3 ,yacht ,making the selection of ,power for a ,yacht or ,launch a ,question of ,quality can decide only on the ,daimler ,motor ,we can prove this1 and invite investigations and comparisons4 ,,motors from #a to #ej ,horse ,power4 ,,boats in all sizes and types1 from a #af-;ft4 ,tender to a #abe-;ft4 ,yacht4 ,,for ,,catalogue1 ,,address ,,daimler ,,manufacturing ,,co41 #ide ,steinway ,avenue1 ,long ,island ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,or #afi-aga ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,alfred ,b4 ,sands ,son1 ,yacht ,plumbers1 ,,and ,,manufacturers ,,of ,yacht ,plumbing ,specialties4 ,illustration3 ,pump water closet ,,pump ,,water ,,closets ,for above or below water line4 ,illustration3 ,folding lavatory ,,folding ,,lavatories ,for ,yacht and ,launch use4 #acd ,beekman ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,telephone ,,connection4 ,established #ahdj4 ,,geo4 ,b4 ,,carpenter ,,co4 ,illustration3 ,yacht ,yacht ,sailmakers and dealers in every yachting requisite4 ,we have all the new fabrics for racing sails4 ,send #f;c in stamps for our up-to-date catalogue of yacht fittings and supplies1 or #d;c in stamps for catalogue of tents1 etc4 ,tents1 ,camp ,furniture and ,flags4 #bjb-bjh ,south ,water ,street1 ,,chicago4 ,boat ,sailing ,,fair ,,weather ,,and ,,foul4 ,,by ,,captain ,a4 ,j4 ,,kenealy4 ,,in ,,its ,,third ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,brought ,,up ,,to ,,date4 ,it is all there and stated in such a plain1 practical way that anyone can learn the tricks of wind and tide without any other teacher4 #bae ,,pages4 ,,fully ,,illustrated4 ,price1 #ej cents in limp ,buckram4 ,in cloth1 #a4jj4 ,the following subjects lead the chapters3 ,preliminary ,hints to an ,amateur with ,ambitions ,toward ,owning a ,boat4 ,the ,choice of a ,boat4 ,trial ,spin in a ,cat-,boat--,how to ,get ,under ,way1 ,beat to ,windward and ,run ,back1 with ,instructions ,how to ,act if ,caught in a ,squall or ,stranded on a ,shoal1 and ,how to ,avoid ,collisions and ,come to ,anchor4 ,advantages of the ,yawl-,rig for ,general ,cruising ,purposes--,disadvantages of the ,ballast ,fin for ,all ,purposes ,except ,racing4 ,the ,popularity of the ,knockabout as an ,excellent ,cruising ,craft1 with ,some ,observations on the ,one-design ,classes from ,schooners to ,dories4 ,keep ,your ,weather-,eye ,open ,all the ,time ,when ,afloat--,how to ,handle a ,boat in ,heavy ,weather or a ,summer ,squall4 ,overhauling the ,yacht--,practical ,instructions for ,cleaning and ,painting the ,craft ,inside and ,out1 with ,hints on the ,care of ,hull1 ,spars1 ,canvas and ,running ,gear4 ,fitting ,out for a ,cruise ,combination ,rowing and ,sailing ,boats4 ,rigging and ,sails--,standing and ,running ,gear1 and the ,bending and ,setting of ,canvas4 ,laying ,up for the ,winter--,practical ,suggestions for ,protecting a ,boat and ,her ,gear from the ,stress of ,our ,inclement ,climate4 ,useful ,hints and ,recipes4 ,the ,rule of the ,road at ,sea3 ,being a ,digest of the ,present ,international ,regulations for ,preventing ,collisions4 ,the ,mariner's ,compass1 with ,remarks on ,deviation1 ,variation1 ,leeway1 ,etc4 ,charts1 with ,some ,hints as to ,navigation by ,dead-reckoning4 ,marlinespike ,seamanship4 ,weather ,wrinkles from the ,scientific ,point of ,view of ,professional ,meteorologists and also ,jack ,tar4 ,nautical ,terms in ,common ,use4 ,this ,book given with a year's ,subscription to 8,outing0 for #c4ej4 ,,the ,,outing ,,publishing ,,company1 #bci ,fifth ,ave41 ,,new ,,york4 ,the ,yarn of the ,yampa1 ,,by ,e4 ,l',h4 ,mc,g,i,n,n,i,s1 ,is a true story of a ,transatlantic ,cruise of the ,yacht 8,yampa10 which has since become the property of the ,german ,emperor4 ,handsomely bound in pale green cloth1 gold1 black and white stamping1 #afj pages1 illustrated profusely1 #a4jj4 ,yacht ,races for the ,america's ,cup4 ,,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,kenealy4 8,this book is highly prized and will be carefully preserved40--,grover ,cleveland4 8,a very attractive account of international yachting40--,london ,field4 8,bright1 fresh and interesting1 including much in the way of anecdote and description to enliven the plain narrative of challenges and races40--,forest and ,stream4 #ahj pages1 fully illustrated4 ,paper1 #ej;c4 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 ,college ,days4 ,a ,story of ,student ,life at ,yale4 ,,by ,,john ,,seymour ,,wood ,like ,tom ,brown at ,rugby1 ,harry's ,career will live on1 as long as our boys shall go to ,college4 #dbi pages1 fully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 ,saddle and ,sentiment4 ,a ,story of the ,turf4 ,,by ,,wenona ,,gilman4 ,the attention of the reader is held intact from start to finish4 ,lovers of horse-flesh pronounce the descriptions of races as lacking in nothing4 ,the flutter of silk and the thunder of hoofs are real1 and every character introduced is faithfully drawn from life4 #bhd pages1 elaborately illustrated4 ,paper1 #ej;c4 ,cloth1 #a4jj4 ,always ,strong and ,happy ,or1 ,,key ,,to ,,health ,,and ,,strength4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,judd4 ,a full and comprehensive treatise on the care of the human body4 #bjj pages1 fully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #a4ej4 ,,the ,,outing ,,publishing ,,co41 #bci ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york4 ,outing ,,the ,,illustrated ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,outdoor ,,life4 ,appeals to all who ,indulge in any of the ,amateur ,sports and ,pastimes4 ,outing deals with all the pastimes from the gentleman sportsman's standpoint1 and is worthy of your consideration as an interesting and suitable publication for your library table4 ,every number contains1 in addition to the leading articles1 a complete record of the principal doings in the world of ,amateur ,sport1 together with editorials by the leading authorities1 such as ,,ed4 ,w4 ,,sandys1 ,,walter ,,camp1 ,capt4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,kenealy1 ,j4 ,,parmly ,,paret1 ,,malcolm ,w4 ,,ford1 ,,percy ,,ashley1 ,a4 ,h4 ,,godfrey1 ,,dr4 ,,nicol1 ,,and ,,others4 ,every number is beautifully illustrated1 and the magazine is foremost in every respect4 ,send a ,two-cent ,stamp for ,specimen ,copy4 ,,the ,,outing ,,publishing ,,co41 #bci-bda ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,just the thing for a yachting cruise4 ,,health ,,cigars8 ,you can't tell the difference between them and other cigars so far as the taste and aroma are concerned4 ,the poison of the nicotine is neutralized but not extracted by the wonderful discovery of ,dr4 ,hugo ,geroldy of the university of ,halle1 ,germany4 ,they won't hurt you1 no matter how many you smoke4 ,fifty-two million sold in ,europe during #ahih4 ,ask your dealer for them4 ,if he doesn't keep them1 we will furnish you prices upon application4 ,trial box of #ab sent postpaid for #a4jj4 ,,health ,,tobacco ,,co41 ,fifth ,avenue and #db;d ,street1--,new ,york4 ,telephone #ceib-chth4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,typos fixed2 non-standard spelling and dialect retained4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4