,,transcrib]',s ,,note    ,italic text  
is d5ot$ by und]scores4    ,bold text is
 d5ot$ by equal signs4    ,"s m9or      
*anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( !  
book4                                   
,elem5t>y ,la! ,practice                
,,z ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,(       
,,ma*9e ,,%op ,,practice                
,,9 ,,te*nical ,,s*ools4                
,,by ,t4 ,j4 ,,palmate]                 
,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,ma*9e ,,"w            
,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity         
,copyright #aiag1 by ,t4 ,j4 ,palmate]  
,,fir/ ,,edition                        
#aiag      ,press ( ,nolte ,bros4       
,illu/ration3 ,union ,m>k ,san ,jose1   
,cali=nia          ,,preface      ,!    
object ( ?is in/ruction book is to help 
beg9n]s to acquire  "s famili>ity ) ! m 
common la! op]ations 9 ! %orte/         
practicable p]iod ( "t4 ,= ?is purpose  
?ree ex]cises h  be5 design$ ) ! view ( 
giv+ ! /ud5t ! maximum am\nt  (         
in=mation 9 ! small am\nt ( "t usually  
all[$ = ?is  purpose4 ,! repetition (   

op]ations has !re=e be5 avoid$  :]ev] x 
0 consid]$ advisable & ! "t lo/ 9 simply
  cutt+ (f metal has be5 r$uc$ z mu* z  
possible4    ,x is assum$ t beg9n]s w   
receive oral in/ruction on !            
manipulation ( ! la!1 z 9 %ift+ ! belt1 
! fe$ control1  etc4 ,x w also be       
necess>y = ! in/ructor to give a        
practical  demon/ration ( mo/ ( !       
op]ations4    ,! la! spe$s = ! diff]5t  
op]ations z indicat$ 9 ?is book  are    
only approximately correct s9ce ! actual
 cutt+ spe$ ( !  tool 9 feet p] m9ute   
v>ies ) ! size & k9d ( la! us$4  ,!     
in/ructor is expect$ to designate !     
prop] spe$s al?\gh  ! belt connections  
giv5 h]e9 w g5]ally be close en\gh =    
beg9n]s4    ,9 case x is consid]$       
advisable to devote to ! elem5t>y la!   
op]ations less "t ?an w\ld be necess>y  
to complete ! ?ree  ex]cises pres5t$    
h]e91 v good results c be obta9$ if !   
/ud5t w read all ( ! in/ructions        
c>efully & !n d only  ,ex]cise ,no4 #a &
 piece ,b ( ,ex]cise ,no4 #c4    ,!     

in/ructions "h giv5 are n int5d$ z fix$ 
rules = x is  recogniz$ t "s ( !        
op]ations may be done by o!r me?ods  )  
equally good results4                   
,t4 ,j4 ,,palmate]4      ,/an=d         
,univ]sity1 ,cal4        ,janu>y #aiag4 
,,ex]cise ,no4 #a4    ,,fit ,,%aft ,,to 
,,coll>--,,runn+ ,,fit      ,illu/ration
    ,cut (f ) a p[] hack-saw a piece (  
/eel #f in*es long f a  b> #a in* 9     
diamet]4 ,?is w all[  ( an in* = f9i%+  
! ends &  ( an in* = turn+ ! diamet]4   
,an exp]i5c$ la! op]ator w\ld use a     
piece ( /eel  ( an in*  9 diamet]1 b =  
beg9n]s x is bett] to use l>g] /ock to  
all[ = practice turn+4      ,,c5t]+     
,c5t] bo? ends 9 ! c5t]+ ma*9e4 ,! size 
( ! c5t] 9  ?is %aft %\ld be f  to  ( an
 in* 9 diamet]4 ,l>g] "w  %\ld h deep]  
c5t]s4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b    ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #c    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d      
,if a c5t]+ ma*9e is n available1 ! "w  
may be c5t]$ by  fir/ locat+ ! c5t] ) a 
pair ( divid]s & c5t] pun* &  !n us+ a  

comb9ation drill & c\nt]s9k 9 ! la! z   
%[n  9 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ?is case ! "w is    
held by h& to prev5t x f  turn+4 ,z ?is 
"w is to be turn$1 x is necess>y to c5t]
 x  only approximately true4            
,accurate ,c5t]+4--,:5 ! "w is to be    
c5t]$ accurately1 x  may be done by     
putt+ "o end 9 ! la! *uck & ! o!r 9 a   
/eady re/4 ,a po9t$ tool is !n us$ 9 !  
tool po/ z %[n 9  ,fig4 #b4 ,! po9t (   
?is tool has an angle ( #fj degrees1 !  
same z  ! la! c5t]s1 & is gr\nd l a flat
 drill s t x cuts on  bo? sides4        
,aft] ! %aft is c5t]$ ) ?is tool1 a c5t]
 hole ab\t  ( an  in* 9 diamet] %\ld be 
drill$4 ,?is is done by hold+ ! drill  9
 ! tail-/ock ( ! la! ) a drill-*uck1 z  
%[n 9 ,fig4 #c4  ,! object ( ?is c5t]   
hole is to give ! c5t] ( ! %aft a  be>+ 
on ! la! c5t] a %ort di/ance back f !   
po9t1 z at  ,a 9 ,fig4 #d4      ,,plac+ 
,,"w ,,9 ,,la!    ,! "w is made to      
rotate on ! la! c5t]s by fa/5+ a la!    
dog to ! %aft at ! head-/ock end1 z %[n 
at ,a 9 ,fig4 #e4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4

 #e    ,! tail-/ock c5t] is adju/$ s t !
 %aft w rotate freely1  yet be tight    
en\gh to all[ no slack1 or lo/ motion4  
,s9ce ! %aft  rotates on ?is c5t]1 x    
%\ld be kept well lubricat$ by us+      
ma*9e oil1 or a mixture ( graphite &    
oil4    ,to get ! be/ results 9 turn+   
?is sort ( "w1 x is necess>y  to face   
bo? ends be=e turn+ & to r\gh turn !    
:ole piece to  )9 ab\t #j4jc1 or #j4jd (
 an in* ( ! f9i%$ size be=e any  "p ( x 
is f9i%$4 ,h[ev]1 x is n always necess>y
 to d ?is4  ,! object ( fir/ r\gh turn+ 
! %aft all ov] is to remove !  int]nal  
/ra9s ( ! /eel & to we> ! c5t]s d[n to a
 good  be>+ be=e any f9i%+ cuts are     
tak54 ,! purpose ( fac+ !  ends is to   
get !m squ>e1 or true1 & smoo?4         
,,f9i%+ ,,end ,,( ,,%aft    ,to face !  
ends1 use a regul> turn+ tool />t+ to   
cut f !  outside & fe$+ by h& t[>ds !   
c5t] ) ! cross fe$4  ,su* a tool w leave
 a ridge ne> ! c5t]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4  
,?is ridge is cut (f ) a %>p po9t$1 side
 cutt+ tool1 z %[n  9 ,fig4 #g1 :i* is  

also us$ = tak+ ! f9i%+ cut across !    
:ole end ( ! b>4 ,:5 tak+ ?is f9i%+ cut1
 l>d oil1 or "s  o!r lubricant1 %\ld be 
us$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g    ,aft] ! f9i%+ 
cut has be5 tak51 any small ridge1 or f9
 t  rema9s at ! edge ( ! c5t] is remov$ 
by slightly *ang+ !  angle ( ! tool 9 ! 
tool po/ & all[+ ab\t  ( an in*  play   
betwe5 ! c5t]s4 ,hav+ ! "w loose l ?is  
:5 !  la! is runn+1 all[s ! extreme po9t
 ( ! side tool to ext5d  beyond ! edge (
 ! c5t] & cut a smoo? end4    ,! la!    
%\ld run sl[ = ! f9i%+ cut & fa/ :5 !   
regul> turn+ tool is us$4      ,,turn+  
,,! ,,%aft    ,! fir/1 or r\gh+ cut1 is 
tak5 ) a high-spe$ /eel tool1 or  bit1  
fa/5$ 9 a tool hold]4 ,! tool hold] is  
clamp$ 9 ! tool  po/ ( ! la! s t ! po9t 
( ! tool is at1 or a little  above1 !   
c5t]1 or axis1 ( ! la!1 z 9 ,fig4 #h4   
,if ! po9t ( ! bit is too high1 x is    
easy to see t1 z !  %aft rotates1 ! tool
 w n cut at all1 ,fig4 #i4 ,9 case !    
tool  is set bel[ ! c5t]1 ! cutt+ action

 is v poor s t  turn+ tools are nev] set
 z 9 ,fig4 #aj4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#h    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #aa    ,spe$ ( ! ,la!4--,9 tak+ !
 heavy r\gh+ cuts1 ! belt  may be plac$ 
on ! second l>ge/ /ep ( ! cone1 :ile = !
  f9i%+ cuts ! la! %\ld run a little    
fa/]1 say ) ! belt  9 ! next small] /ep4
    ,gr9d+ ,turn+ ,tool4--,! front1 or  
po9t1 & ! sides ( ! tool  are gr\nd at  
an angle1 :i* is call$ ! cle>ance4 ,if !
 tool has  too little cle>ance1 x w n   
cut freely1 :ile if x has too mu*       
cle>ance1 ! po9t w be s ?9 t x w break  
(f or become  dull quickly4    ,! top ( 
! tool is also gr\nd at an angle4 ,?is  
is call$ !  rake4 ,if ! tool has too    
little rake1 x w n cut freely & if x    
has too mu*1 ! edge w soon break d[n4   
,x requires "s practice = a beg9n] to   
le>n ! prop] rake &  cle>ance t %\ld be 
giv5 to a tool4 ,fig4 #aa %[s a tool    
gr\nd  ) cle>ance & rake t w give v good
 results4    ,direction ,tool ,%\ld     

,travel4--,! dep? ( ! fir/ cut %\ld be  
ab\t  ( an in* & ! travel ( ! tool %\ld 
always be f  ! tail-/ock end t[>ds !    
head-/ock4 ,if ! travel is 9 !  opposite
 direction1 ! pressure on ! tail-/ock   
c5t] is increas$1  caus+ x to heat      
quickly4    ,! l5g? ( ! cut %\ld be z   
great z possible )\t ! la!  dog /rik+ ! 
tool1 or cross-re/4    ,adju/+ ! ,la! to
 ,turn ,/raight4--,aft] ! fir/ cut1 ! "w
  %\ld be calip]$ & if x is n ! same    
diamet] at bo? ends  ! tail-/ock %\ld be
 adju/$ s t ! la! w turn /raight4    ,! 
tail-/ock adju/m5t is made by loos5+ !  
ma9 clamp+ nut ,b  & "o ( ! screws ,c & 
!n tight5+ ! o!r screw ,c on !  opposite
 side ( ! tail-/ock1 ,fig4 #e4    ,if ! 
%aft is l>g] at ! tail-/ock end1 !      
tail-/ock %\ld be  mov$ t[>ds ! front ( 
! la! "o half ! diff]5ce betwe5  !      
diamet]s ( ! %aft at ! two ends4    ,9  
do+ close "w1 ! tail-/ock %\ld be adju/$
 z closely z  possible1 b 9 ?is case if 
x is (f c5t] only a little1 say #j4jjb  
or #j4jjc ( an in*1 x w be close en\gh  

provid+ x is set s  t ! %aft w be turn$ 
l>g] at ! head-/ock end4 ,if !          
tail-/ock is set s t ! %aft is turn$    
l>g] at ! tail-/ock  end1 ! %aft w be   
too small at ! o!r end aft] ! f9i%+  cut
 is tak54    ,fitt+ ,%aft to !          
,coll>4--,aft] ! r\gh+ cut is tak5 & !  
la! has be5 adju/$ s t x turns          
approximately /raight1 !  end ( ! %aft  
is turn$ = ab\t  ( an in* s t x w j  fit
 ! hole 9 ! coll>1 %[n 9 ! draw+ (      
,ex]cise #a4 ,to  measure ?is3 fir/ set 
! inside calip]s to ! diamet] ( ! hole  
9 ! coll>1 !n set ! outside calip]s to !
 inside calip]s &  calip] ! %aft z      
accurately z possible4 ,= a f9al te/ (  
?is  diamet]1 remove ! "w f ! la! & try 
x ) ! coll>  itself4    ,! advantage (  
turn+ b  ( an in* at ! end ( ! %aft is  
?is2 if ! f9i%+ cut 7 set too deep1 only
  ( an in* (  ! %aft w\ld be too small1 
:ile if ?is cut 7 tak5 ! :ole  l5g?1 !  
entire %aft w\ld be too small4    ,aft] 
! %aft has be5 turn$ at ! end s t x fits
 ! coll>1  ! re/ ( ! %aft %\ld be turn$ 

a little l>g]1 say #j4jjb or  #j4jjc (  
an in*1 9 diamet]4 ,?is w leave en\gh to
 f9i% ) a  file4    ,fil+4--,! object ( 
fil+ is to take out ! tool m>ks1 b x  is
 also f\nd to be mu* easi] to make a    
close fit by fil+ (f !  la/ #j4jjb or   
#j4jjc ( an in* ?an to take s small a   
cut ) a tool4  ,! am\nt ( all[ance =    
fil+ dep5ds ^u ! "* ( !  f9i%+ cut4     
,s9ce ! less fil+ requir$ ! bett]1 !    
f9i%+  cut %\ld be made z smoo? z       
possible4    ,! tool us$ = ! r\gh+ cut  
may also be us$ = f9i%+1 b  x is usually
 necess>y to re-%>p5 x4 ,aft] x is reset
 9 ! tool  po/1 ! po9t %\ld be flatt5$ a
 little wid] ?an ! pit* (  ! fe$1 say   
ab\t  ( an in*1 & p>allel ) ! "w4 ,?is  
is done ) an oil/one4    ,= fil+ "w on a
 la!1 a s+le cut file is us$4 ,?is is   
call$ a  la!1 or mill file4    ,! /roke 
( ! file %\ld be sl[1 /eady1 & /raight  
across  ! %aft4 ,! la! %\ld run a little
 fa/] = fil+ ?an =  turn+1 ! object be+ 
to h ! "w make sev]al revolutions =  a  
s+le /roke ( ! file4 ,if ! la! runs too 

sl[ & ! /roke  ( ! file is too fa/1 !   
%aft1 in/ead ( be+ fil$ r\nd1 w  h a    
s]ies ( flat places on ! surface4       
,aft] ! "w is f9i%$ z close to ! dog z  
possible1 rev]se x  9 ! la! & f9i% t "p 
:]e ! dog 0 fa/5$4          ,,ex]cise   
,no4 #b4      ,illu/ration    ,! f9i%$  
%aft 9 ,ex]cise ,no4 #a may be us$ =    
,ex]cise ,no4 #b4    ,place ! %aft 9 !  
b5* vise & ) a rule & scrib] lay (f  !  
dim5sions3 #a 941 #c 941 & #a 94 ,!n    
c5t] pun* ! l9es  j deep en\gh s t !y c 
be easily se5 :5 ! "w is 9  ! la!4      
,turn ! l>ge end fir/4    ,:5 x is      
necess>y to turn a fix$ di/ance1 or to a
 l9e z 9 ?is  case1 x is well to        
disconnect ! fe$ :5 ! tool is )9 ab\t   
( an in* f ! end ( ! cut & to fe$ ! tool
 ! re/ ( !  di/ance by h&4 ,if ?is is n 
done1 ! tool may travel f>!r ?an  x is  
int5d$ to4    ,x is bett] to turn !     
portions to be ?read$ a little "u r  ?an
 ov] size4 ,= if !y are ov] size1 !     
?reads w n fit !  /&>d size nut1 b if "u
 size ! ?reads d n ne$ to be cut  s deep

 9 ord] to fit ! nut4    ,= measur+ !   
diamet]s ( ?is piece set ! calip]s z    
accurately z possible by measur+ f ! end
 ( ! rule1 z %[n  9 ,fig4 #ab4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ac    ,cutt+ ,recess4--,!       
surface at ! end z well z ! recesses    
betwe5 ! ?reads & ! tap] are cut ) a    
squ>e-nose1 or  cutt+-(f tool1 ,fig4    
#ac4    ,?is tool %\ld h a %>p smoo?    
edge1 ! po9t be+ set level  ) ! c5t] ( !
 la!4    ,to produce a smoo? f9i%$      
surface l>d oil %\ld be us$ ) a  sl[ fe$
 & la! spe$4    ,aft] ! end is turn$ to 
size1 rev]se ! "w 9 ! la! & turn  ! o!r 
end & ! tap] be=e cutt+ ! ?reads4       
,turn+ ,tap]4--,! draw+ calls = a tap] (
 #a in* p] foot4 ,?is  is cut by us+ a  
tap] atta*m5t1 or by sett+ ! tail-/ock  
(f  c5t]4 ,z mo/ la!s are n provid$ ) a 
tap] atta*m5t1 !  latt] me?od w be us$4 
,if ! "w 0 #ab in*es long1 ! tail-/ock  
w\ld be mov$ (f  c5t]  in* to turn a    
tap] ( #a in* p] foot4 ,x be+ only #f   
in*es long1 ! tail-/ock is set (f c5t] b

 half t am\nt1 or   in*4    ,be=e tak+ !
 f9i%+ cut1 calip] bo? ends to prove t !
  la! is cutt+ ! correct tap]4          
,,?read ,,cutt+    ,! ?reads are cut to 
fit  in* &  in* nuts hav+ ,unit$ ,/ates 
,/&>d ?reads4 ,^! ?reads are flatt5$ at 
! top & bottom to  ! am\nt (  ( ! pit*  
in/ead ( be+ %>p po9t$ z 9 !  case (    
,/&>d ,v-?reads4    ,pit*4--,! pit* ( ! 
?read is ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( "o  ?read 
to ! c5t] ( ! "o adjo9+4 ,on ! end ( !  
ex]cise  hav+ #ac ?reads p] in* ! pit*  
is  ( an in* s t !  wid? ( ! flat at !  
top & bottom ( ?is ?read %\ld be  (   ( 
an in*1 or ab\t 4#jji ( an in*4         
,lead4--,! lead ( ! ?read is ! di/ance a
 nut on ! screw w  travel 9 mak+ "o     
complete turn4 ,= s+le ?reads ! pit* &  
lead are ! same1 b = d\ble ?reads ! lead
 is twice ! pit*4    ,gr9d+ ,tool4--,!  
sides ( ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ?reads =m an angle (
 #fj  degrees4 ,to cut ?is ?read 9 a    
la!1 a tool ! same %ape z !  ?reads is  
us$4 ,a gauge = gr9d+ ?is tool          
accurately is %[n 9  ,fig4 #ad4         

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ae    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af   
,if a ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ?read gauge is n      
available1 ! tool c be gr\nd  ) ! aid ( 
a regul> ?read & c5t] gauge1 %[n 9 ,fig4
 #ae4  ,) su* a gauge ! angle c be gr\nd
 accurately1 b x w be  necess>y to      
measure ! flat po9t ) a rule4    ,! top 
( ! tool %\ld be gr\nd s t x w be       
approximately  9 a horizontal plane :5  
set 9 ! la!4    ,:]e ! ?read to be cut  
is z f9e z #ac p] in* ! flat surface  at
 ! po9t ( ! tool is s small t ! extreme 
po9t c be  oil-/on$ (f in/ead ( be+ tak5
 (f ) ! gr9d+ :eel4 ,!  flat po9t %\ld  
nev] be wid] ?an ! /&>d size1 b if x is 
a  little too n>r[ x w make v little    
diff]5ce 9 ord9>y la!  "w4    ,sett+    
,tool4--,to set ! tool s t bo? sides ( !
 ?read w  h ! same angle1 ! ?read gauge 
is us$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,!  tool %\ld 
be set on a level ) ! c5t] ( ! la!4     
,h[ ,la! is ,ge>$4--,to cut #ac ?reads  
p] in* ! "w mu/ make  #ac revolutions   
:ile ! c>riage1 :i* c>ries ! tool1      

travels "o  in*4 ,= ?is purpose ! la!   
sp9dle is connect$ to ! lead  screw ) ! 
prop] size ge>s & ! lead screw to !     
c>riage by  a split nut4 ,?is split nut 
is back ( ! c>riage apron & is op5$  &  
clos$ by ! lev] ,e1 ,fig4 #ag4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag      ,a4 ,index 
,plate    ,b4 ,/ud ,ge>    ,c4 ,screw   
,ge>    ,d4 ,int]m$iate or ,idle ,ge>   
,e4 ,lev] = connect+ ,c>riage to ,lead  
,screw    ,j4 ,lev] = ,disconnect+ &    
,rev]s+ ,fe$    ,k4 ,adju/able ,/op =   
,?read ,cutt+      ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#ah    ,if ! lead screw ( ! la! has #f  
?reads p] in*1 ! ge>+ to  cut #ac ?reads
 p] in* mu/ h ! same ratio z #f is to   
#ac4 ,to cut  #af ?reads ! ratio w\ld be
 #f to #af4    ,x is n necess>y to      
figure ! size ( ge>s = ! diff]5t  ?reads
 z all la!s are provid$ ) an index plate
 t designates  ! prop] size ge>s to be  
plac$ on ! /ud ,b & screw ,c1 ,fig4 #ag1
  = ! desir$ ?read4    ,to ,set ,*ange  
,ge>4--,to *ange ^! ge>s1 fir/ loos5 !  
nuts  hold+ ! /ud & screw ge>s ,b & ,c4 

,next loos5 ! nut ,g4 ,?is  w all[ !    
int]m$iate ge> to drop away f ! /ud ge> 
,b4  ,!n loos5 ! nut ,h s t ! int]m$iate
 ge> c be drawn back  away f ! ge> on ! 
lead screw ,c4    ,:5 ! ge>s are put    
toge!r1 !y %\ld be set s t !re w  be a  
little slack1 or lo/ motion1 betwe5 !   
diff]5t ge>s4 ,if !y  are set too close 
toge!r1 !y w make a great deal ( noise  
:5  runn+ & !re is also dang] ( break+ !
 tee?4    ,:ile all la!s are n design$  
alike ! me?od ( *ang+ !  ge>s is v mu* !
 same on all ma*9es except ^? hav+ !    
quick *ange-ge> device4 ,) a la! hav+   
su* a device1 in/ead (  *ang+ ! ge>s on 
! /ud & screw ! same result is obta9$ by
  %ift+ a comb9ation ( lev]s4    ,:y    
,fe$ ,%\ld ,be ,disconnect$4--,!        
me*anism t controls !  fe$1 or travel1 (
 ! tool :5 cutt+ ?reads is indep5d5t (  
t us$ = ! fe$ :5 do+ pla9 turn+4 ,! two 
fe$s usually  run at diff]5t spe$s s t  
if !y are bo? 9 action at ! same  "t !  
ge>s 9 ! c>riage w break4 ,= ?is reason 
all la!s  are provid$ ) "s means (      

disconnect+ ! fe$ us$ = pla9  turn+ :5  
cutt+ ?reads4    ,to disconnect ! fe$ on
 ! la! %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 move ! lev] ,j  
to ! c5tral1 or neutral1 position4 ,?is 
%\ld always be done be=e  />t+ to cut ! 
?reads4    ,spe$ ( ,la!4--,! la! %\ld   
run sl[] = cutt+ ?reads ?an  = pla9     
turn+4 ,) mo/ la!s if ! belt is on !    
l>ge/ /ep  ( ! cone x w give ab\t ! "r  
spe$ = cutt+ ! ?reads  9 ?is ex]cise4   
,! object ( runn+ ! la! sl[ is to give !
 op]ator "t to  draw back ! tool at !   
end ( ! cut & to obta9 a smoo!r cut4    
,if ! spe$ ( ! la! is too fa/1 ! cutt+  
action w be s  quick t ! tool1 in/ead ( 
cutt+ clean & smoo?1 w te> out  ! metal 
leav+ a r\gh surface4    ,! sl[] ! la!  
runs ! easi] x is to cut ! ?reads1 b x  
w also take long] to d ! job4 ,x !re=e  
requires practical  exp]i5ce to det]m9e 
! prop] spe$ to be us$ = cutt+ !        
diff]5t size ?reads4    ,*amf]+4--,aft] 
! la! & tool are prop]ly set1 *amf] (f  
! %>p corn]s :]e ! ?reads beg9 & end ) !
 side ( !  ?read tool4 ,! dep? ( ?is cut

 %\ld be ab\t ! same z t  ( ! ?reads :5 
f9i%$4 ,if ! corn]s are n *amf]$1 !     
?reads1 :5 cut1 w =m a v ?9 edge1 or f91
 at ! ends4    ,use ( ,adju/able        
,/op4--,to regulate ! dep? ( ea* cut an 
adju/able /op is us$ z %[n at ,k4 ,fir/ 
move ! tool s t !  po9t j t\*es ! "w1 !n
 adju/ ! screw on ! atta*m5t  ,k s t !  
cross-re/ w n g 9 any f>!r4 ,n[ move !  
c>riage by h& until ! po9t ( ! tool is a
 little pa/ !  tail-/ock end ( ! "w2    
close ! split nut on ! lead screw )  !  
lev] ,e2 & turn ! screw on ! atta*m5t ,k
 s t ! tool  c be mov$ 9 j en\gh to take
 a v light cut4    ,/>t ! la! & :5 !    
tool has rea*$ ! end ( ! cut  back x out
 & rev]se ! la!4 ,by rev]s+ ! la! ! tool
  is return$ to ! />t+ po9t )\t         
disconnect+ any ( !  ge>+4 ,! object (  
draw+ ! tool back is to prev5t x f      
dragg+ on ! "w dur+ its return4    ,!   
tool w nev] travel ov] ! same pa? on !  
rev]se z on !  =w>d movem5t ( ! la! on  
acc\nt ( ! slack1 or lo/ motion1  9 !   
ge>s4    ,?is fir/ cut is tak5 to prove 

t ! la! is prop]ly ge>$1 s  ! "w %\ld be
 measur$ ) a rule1 or screw pit* gauge4 
,adju/ ! screw at ,k until ! tool c be  
mov$ 9 deep] = !  next cut & repeat !   
op]ation until ! ?read is ne>ly f9i%$4  
,!n ! tool %\ld be reset s t x w cut on 
only "o side at a  "t4    ,f9i%+ ,side (
 ,?read4--,:5 r\gh+ out ! ?reads1 ! tool
  cuts on bo? sides ( ! po9t s9ce x is  
f$ /raight into ! "w4  ,x is mu* easi]1 
?\gh1 to f9i% ! ?reads smoo? if ! tool  
cuts on "o side only4 ,?is is done by   
rapp+ ! end ( ! tool  hold] s t x is    
turn$ 9 ! tool po/ j en\gh to *ange !   
position ( ! po9t ( ! tool ab\t 4#ja1 or
 4#jb ( an in*4    ,to prove t ! tool is
 set ov] ! prop] am\nt1 turn ! la!  =w>d
 by h& a few revolutions1 to take out   
all ! slack1 or lo/1  motion 9 ! ge>s1  
!n move ! tool into ! groove ( ! ?read  
until "o side j t\*es ! side ( ! ?read4 
,! o!r side (  ! tool %\ld !n be ab\t   
4#ja1 or 4#jb ( an in* away f ! side  ( 
! ?read4    ,aft] ! tool is prop]ly     
adju/$1 set ! /op ,k4 ,! tool is !n     

drawn back & ! la! rev]s$ until ! tool  
is at ! end ( !  "w ready = a cut4 ,x   
usually requires sev]al f9i%+ cuts to   
take out all ! r\gh m>ks left by ! r\gh+
 cuts4    ,:5 ?is side ( ! ?read is     
f9i%$1 ! o!r side is f9i%$ 9  ! same    
mann]4    ,if ! la! is provid$ ) a      
comp\nd re/1 a some:at diff]5t  proc$ure
 is usually foll[$ s9ce ! re/ c be set  
at an angle (  #cj degrees ) ! "w1 z 9  
,fig4 #ah4    ,9 ?is case ! tool is mov$
 9 by turn+ ! small h&-crank ,m  until !
 side at ,o has be5 cut to ! prop] dep?4
 ,:ile mak+  ^! fir/ cuts1 ! /op ,k is  
m]ely us$ to br+ ! cross-re/ to  ! same 
position ea* "t4 ,! tool is !n drawn    
back slightly )  ! h&-crank ,m & ! /op  
,k adju/$ s t ! tool c be mov$  /raight 
9 by means ( ! h&-crank ,q4 ,?is w f9i% 
! o!r  side ( ! ?read at ,p4    ,to     
det]m9e :5 ! ?read is cut to ! prop]    
size ! "w is  remov$ f ! la! & te/$ ) a 
/&>d nut hav+ ,u4 ,s4 ,s4  ?reads4      
,aft] ! ?reads are cut on ?is end ( !   
ex]cise1 x is rev]s$  9 ! la! & ! o!r   

end ?read$ 9 a simil> mann]4    ,to     
prev5t ! screw ( ! dog f m>r+ ! portion 
already  ?read$ two nuts %\ld be screw$ 
on & ! dog fa/5$ to ! nuts4    ,h[ to   
,reset ! ,tool4--,:5 cutt+ ?reads ( ?is 
size & l>g]1  ! tool usually becomes    
dull f tak+ ! heavy r\gh+ cuts4 ,x  is  
!n necess>y to re%>p5 x be=e tak+ ! f9e 
f9i%+ cuts4    ,to reset ! tool 9 ! la! 
fir/ get ! angles correct1 z %[n  9     
,fig4 #af4 ,!n revolve ! la! =w>d by h& 
to take up ! slack  9 ! ge>s & move !   
tool 9 close to ! ?reads4 ,if ! tool is 
9 a position s t x w cut too mu* (f "o  
side ( ! ?read1  x may be *ang$ by      
dis5gag+ ! rev]s+ ge>s ) ! lev] ,r  &   
turn+ ! la! by h&4 ,:5 ! tool is 9 !    
prop] position  relative to ! groove ( !
 ?read1 ! rev]se ge> lev] ,r is reset4  
,9 a case :]e ! tool is (f ! desir$     
position only a v  little1 x may be     
correct$ by ! rapp+ process4    ,if !   
la! has a comp\nd re/ ! tool may be     
br\ght to ! correct  position by turn+ !
 h&-crank ,m4    ,x w\ld be well =      

beg9n]s to practice ?read cutt+ on a    
piece (  scrap /eel be=e try+ to cut !m 
on ! ex]cise4          ,,ex]cise ,no4   
#c4    ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,f9i%$ ,,all ,,ov]4
      ,illu/ration    ,sequ5ce (        
,op]ations3      #a4 ,f9i% ! inside (   
,piece ,a4    #b4 ,drill & ,ream ! hole 
9 ,piece ,b4    #c4 ,m\nt ,b on m&rel & 
f9i% outside4    #d4 ,screw ,a on ,b &  
f9i% ! outside ( ,a4    ,illu/ration3   
,piece ,a4      #aj ,?rds4 p] #a ,u4 ,s4
 ,s4    ,fig4 #ai ,r\gh ,ca/+           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,f9i%$ ,ca/+    
,,use ,,( #d-;,,jaw ,,*uck4    ,to ma*9e
 ! inside ( piece ,a x is necess>y to   
hold x 9 !  la! by means ( an indep5d5t 
f\r-jaw *uck1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4  ,"w ( 
?is k9d is usually *uck$ s t ! outside  
surfaces w  be )9  ( an in* ( runn+     
true4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba    ,!  
process ( *uck+ ! "w is z foll[s3       
,c5t]+ ,"w 9 ! ,*uck4--,place ! "w 9 !  
*uck & adju/  ! jaws until !y are all at
 approximately equal di/ances f !       
circles on ! face ( ! *uck4 ,!n put a   

cutt+-(f tool loosely  9 ! tool po/ &   
move x close to ! "w & z ne> z possible 
to ! end ( ! *uck jaws4 ,revolve ! la!  
by h& to prove if  ! "w is c5t]$4 ,if x 
is n c5t]$ to )9  ( an in*1  readju/ !  
jaws until x is4 ,n[ move ! cutt+-(f    
tool to ! end  ( ! "w & turn ! la! by   
h&4 ,if ! end runs out ( true1  rap x ) 
a hamm] at su* po9ts z w correct its    
position4    ,advantage ( ,prop]        
,*uck+4--,fig4 #ba %[s ! "w held by !   
middle /ep ( ! cone4 ,"o reason = hold+ 
x 9 ?is way is to  p]mit ! r\gh turn+ ( 
! l>g] /ep :ile 9 ! *uck4 ,if !  "w 7   
held by ! small end1 x w\ld be apt to "w
 loose :5  tak+ ! heavy r\gh+ cuts on   
acc\nt ( ! di/ance t ! "w  projects out 
& ! small diamet] on :i* ! *uck grips   
comp>$  ) t ( ! l>ge end :i* is to be   
turn$4      ,,r\gh ,,turn+ ,,& ,,bor+4  
,aft] ! "w has be5 prop]ly *uck$1 r\gh  
turn ! end & !  l>ge/ diamet] to )9  (  
an in* ( ! f9i%$ size4    ,all ca/ iron 
has a h>d surface1 or scale1 f  to  ( an
  in* deep s t x is necess>y to run !   

la! sl[] = ! fir/  cut ?an = ^? made    
aft] ! scale has be5 remov$4 ,9 tak+    
?is fir/ cut ! tool %\ld be set deep    
en\gh to p]mit ! po9t  to cut "u !      
scale4    ,spe$ ( ,la!4--,! spe$ ( ! la!
 9 tak+ ! r\gh+ cut on  "w ( ?is size   
%\ld be ab\t "r if ! belt is on !       
smalle/  /ep ( ! cone & ! back ge>s are 
us$4 ,aft] ! scale is  remov$1 ! la! may
 be run fa/]4    ,a beg9n] w require    
exp]i5ce be=e be+ able to det]m9e !     
prop] spe$s & fe$s = ! diff]5t k9ds (   
la! "w4    ,advantage ( ,r\gh+          
,inside4--,z ! inside ( piece ,a mu/ fit
 !  outside ( ! piece ,b1 ! #a in* hole1
 ! ?reads1 & ! tap]  mu/ be ma*9e true )
 ea* o!r1 or else ,a w n fit into ,b    
prop]ly4 ,n[ if ! tap] %\ld be f9i%$ & !
 "w mov$ 9 !  *uck be=e ! ?reads & ! #a 
in* hole are f9i%$1 !y w\ld  n be true )
 ea* o!r4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld be well  
to r\gh  bore ! inside to )9  ( an in* (
 ! f9i%$ size be=e  any ( ^! ?ree p>ts  
are f9i%$4    ,r\gh+ ,inside4--,to r\gh 
bore ! tap] use a regul> turn+ tool4    

,set ! comp\nd re/ to ! correct angle & 
fe$ ! tool 9 at t  angle4    ,if ! la!  
is n provid$ ) a comp\nd re/1 ! tap] may
 be  r\gh bor$ by turn+ bo? fe$s by h& &
 foll[+ ! cor$  surface z closely z     
possible4    ,! cor$ hole 9 ! r\gh ca/+1
 ,fig4 #ai1 is  ( an in* 9  diamet] :i* 
all[s  ( an in* = f9i%+ ! #a in* hole  &
  = ! portion :]e ! ?reads are to be    
cut4    ,use ( ,flat ,drill4--,to r\gh  
bore ! hole a #a flat1 or la!1  drill is
 us$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! hold] ,a is  
clamp$ 9 ! tool  po/ s t ! slot 9 x w   
hold ! drill at ! c5t] ( !  la!4 ,if !  
drill is held above or bel[ ! c5t]1 !   
hole w be  drill$ l>g] ?an ! drill4 ,to 
prove t ! slot 9 ! hold] is  at ! c5t]1 
move x close to ! tail-/ock c5t]4 ,aft] 
! hold]  is prop]ly set1 move x z close 
to ! "w z possible & fe$ !  drill into !
 ex]cise by turn+ ! h&-crank on !       
tail-/ock4    ,?is drill removes ! h>d  
surface1 or scale1 & also trues up1 or  
c5t]s1 ! hole to )9 1 or  ( an in*4 ,n[ 
enl>ge !  portion ( ! hole :]e ! ?reads 

are to be cut ) a #a drill4    ,to      
det]m9e :5 ?is drill has be5 f$ 9 f>    
en\gh1 m>k on !  drill ) a piece ( *alk 
! di/ance f ! end ( ! "w to  ! po9t :]e 
! recess is to be cut4 ,by sight+ across
 ! end (  ! "w ! op]ator c !n see :5 !  
drill has be5 f$ 9 !  prop] di/ance4    
,use ( ,bor+ ,b>4--,to cut ! squ>e %\ld]
 :]e ! ?reads beg9  & ! recess :]e !y   
end1 use a tool & bor+ b>1 z %[n 9      
,fig4 #bb1 held 9 ! tool po/4 ,! wid? ( 
?is tool is  ( an  in* s t x w be       
necess>y to take two cuts to make !     
recess  wide en\gh4 ,su* a n>r[ tool is 
us$ because x is less liable to  *att]4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb    ,?is tool is 
gr\nd ) cle>ance at ! sides z well z at 
! front  & x %\ld also be notic$ t x is 
wid] at ! cutt+ edge ?an  back close to 
! bor+ b>4 ,?is is done s t :5 ! tool is
 f$  into ! "w !re w be little1 or no   
*ance ( its b9d+ on !  side4    ,to     
obta9 ! correct sett+ = ! tool1 move !  
bor+ b> into  ! hole & br+ x up close to
 "o side4 ,! tool %\ld !n be  adju/$    

until its cutt+ edge is p>allel to !    
elem5ts ( ?is  surface4    ,! "w is n[  
all r\gh$ out s t x makes v little      
diff]5ce  :i* ( ! ?ree fitt+ p>ts is    
f9i%$ fir/4      ,,f9i%+ ,,inside    ,! 
#a in* hole has be5 drill$ ) a  in* la! 
drill1 b  z su* a tool _c be reli$ ^u to
 drill true to c5t]1 or size1  x is     
necess>y to turn x out ) a bor+ tool4 ,)
 ?is tool  ! hole c be bor$ true to c5t]
 & )9 4#ja ( an in* ( !  f9i%$ size4    
,! bor+ b> us$ 9 ?is case is ! same z   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 b  ! cutt] has a r\nd$ 
po9t & is simil> to ! tool us$ =        
outside turn+ except t x is gr\nd ) less
 cle>ance4    ,to insure accuracy &     
cons]ve "t1 ! hole is !n f9i%$ ) a  %ell
 ream] held 9 ! la! z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc    ,ream+ !     
,hole4--,be=e />t+ ! ream]1 ! hole %\ld 
be  bor$ at ! end1 = a di/ance ( ab\t  (
 an in*1 to ! size  :i* w j p]mit !     
ream] to ent]4 ,?is diamet] mu/ be      
calip]$ v c>efully & %\ld be te/$ ) !   
ream] itself4  ,! re/ ( ! hole is !n    

bor$ ab\t 4#ja ( an in* small] 9        
diamet] to all[ en\gh mat]ial = f9i%+ ) 
! ream]4 ,s9ce  ! ream] us$ 9 ?is case  
cuts on ! sides z well z on ! end1  !   
hole mu/ be bor$ true to c5t] 9 ord] to 
be ream$ true4    ,if ! ream] has a     
tap]$ %ank1 x is held 9 ! la! by a squ>e
  %ank socket & wr5*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1
 & is f$ into ! "w  by turn+ ! h&-crank 
on ! tail-/ock4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bd    ,9 case ! ream] has a /raight    
%ank1 x is held z %[n 9 ,fig4  #bd4 ,"h 
a dog is fa/5$ to ! end ( ! ream] &     
prev5t$ f  turn+ by a tool clamp$ at an 
angle 9 ! tool po/4 ,! end ( !  tool    
presses aga9/ ! dog ne> ! %ank ( ! ream]
 s t z  ! ream] is f$ into ! "w !       
c>riage ( ! la! is =c$  along ) x4 ,?is 
causes ! tool to hold ! end ( ! ream]   
aga9/ ! c5t] ( ! tail-/ock4    ,:5 ream+
 "w 9 a la!1 if ! tail-/ock is (f c5t] !
 hole  w be ream$ too l>ge at ! front   
end4    ,accurate ,bor+ ) ,bor+ ,b>4--,9
 turn+ out holes ) a bor+  b>1 if all ! 
cuts are />t$ f "o end1 t end w be bor$ 

l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 case ! hole is to be 
ream$1 ! ream]  w correct ?is1 b if !   
hole is to be f9i%$ ) ! bor+  b> x w be 
necess>y to bore ! hole f bo? ends4 ,?is
 is done  by rev]s+ ! fe$ ( ! c>riage4  
,spe$ ( ,la!4--,! spe$ ( ! la! = ream+  
%\ld be sl[]  ?an :5 us+ ! bor+ b>4 ,if 
! belt is on ! second smalle/  /ep ( !  
cone ) ! back ge>s 91 ! la! %\ld h ab\t 
! "r spe$ = ream+4 ,:5 us+ ! bor+ b>1 ! 
belt %\ld  be on ! l>ge/ /ep ( ! cone   
)\t ! back ge>4      ,,inside ,,?read+  
,! inside ?reads are cut 9 v mu* ! same 
mann] z ! outside  ones4 ,! cutt+ tool  
is held 9 ! bor+ b> &1 l all bor+       
tools1 is gr\nd ) less cle>ance ?an     
tools us$ = outside "w4    ,to regulate 
! dep? ( ea* cut1 ! screw 9 ! adju/able 
/op is  plac$ betwe5 ! /op & !          
cross-re/4 ,!n by turn+ ! screw  9 aft] 
a cut has be5 tak5 ! cross-re/ c be     
drawn back to  p]mit a deep] cut ) !    
tool4    ,cause ( ,?reads ,break+4--,:5 
cutt+ ?reads 9 ca/ iron1 !y  w break if 
! r\gh+ cuts are too heavy & are liable 

to if !y  are cut to a %>p po9t4 ,ano!r 
cause = ! break+ ( ca/ iron  ?reads is !
 use ( a dull tool1 or "o ) too little  
cle>ance4    ,f9i%+ ,?reads4--,z a g5]al
 rule ca/ iron is ma*9$ )\t  us+ a      
lubricant1 b 9 f9i%+ ?reads a little l>d
 oil w aid  9 produc+ a smoo? f9i%4     
,,f9i%+ ,,ends    ,! end ( ! "w may be  
f9i%$ by tak+ a v light cut )  ! turn+  
tool & !n scrap+ x ) a la! scrap]1 z %[n
  9 ,fig4 #be4 ,to provide a re/ = !    
scrap] a tool is clamp$ 9 !  tool po/ & 
z close z possible to ! surface be+     
scrap$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf    ,a scrap] is 
usually made f an old file gr\nd smoo?  
on ! two  sides & ) a little cle>ance at
 ! end4      ,,f9i%+ ,,tap]    ,to f9i% 
! tap]1 set ! comp\nd re/ at an angle ( 
#cj degrees  ) ! axis ( ! la!4 ,su* a   
re/ is normally at "r angles  ) ! la!   
axis s t x mu/ be turn$ ?r\gh #fj       
degrees to cut  ! #cj degree angle4 ,a  
regul> turn+ tool may be us$ to f9i% ?is
  angle1 b x %\ld be set s t ! /raight  

side w be ne>ly  p>allel ) ! tap]$      
surface4    ,if ! la! is n provid$ ) a  
comp\nd re/1 ! angle may be cut  ) !    
side ( a tool set at ! prop] angle4 ,to 
set ?is tool1 use  ! ?read & c5t] gauge1
 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4    ,9 case ! angle  
is any o!r ?an #cj1 or #fj degrees1 x is
 necess>y  to set ! tool ) a bevel &    
bevel protractor4    ,aft] ! tap] has   
be5 cut1 x may be f9i%$ smoo? by scrap+ 
) a la! scrap] 9 v mu* ! same mann] z   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #be4  ,! tool t is us$ z a  
re/ is set 9 z close z possible to !    
tap]4 ,if ?is re/ is too f> away f !    
surface be+ f9i%$1  ! scrap] w *att]    
leav+ a r\gh surface4    ,illu/ration3  
,piece ,b4      #aj ,?rds4 p] #a ,u4 ,s4
 ,s4      ,r\gh ,ca/+      ,fig4 #bg    
,f9i%$ ,ca/+        ,,drill+ ,,&        
,,ream+4    ,?is piece is fir/ plac$ 9 !
 *uck1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 & !  end r\gh 
turn$ to see if x is a good ca/+4 ,!    
hole is !n  drill$ ) a  in* twi/ drill &
 ream$ out to size ) a   in* rose ream]4
    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh    ,c5t]+   

,twi/ ,drill4--,?is drill w n bore a    
hole 9 ! c5t]  unless ! po9t is         
controll$ 9 "s way4 ,to d ?is1 a        
cutt+-(f  tool is clamp$ 9 ! tool po/ ) 
its po9t well above ! c5t]  ( ! la! & is
 !n mov$ close to ! po9t ( ! drill4 ,z !
  drill />ts to cut1 x wabbles a little 
on acc\nt ( ! po9t be+  (f c5t]4 ,!     
cutt+-(f tool is !n gradually br\ght    
aga9/  ! drill :i* is at ! same "t be+  
sl[ly f$ into ! "w by  turn+ ! h&-crank 
on ! tail-/ock4 ,x is necess>y to h !   
drill c5t]$ true be=e x beg9s to cut !  
full diamet]4    ,! drill %\ld be plac$ 
9 ! tail-/ock s t ! cutt+ edges  are    
v]tical4 ,if !y are horizontal1 x w be  
difficult to make !  drill c5t]4    ,if 
! hole 9 ?is piece 7 l>g]1 x w\ld be ca/
 ) a core &  !n ma*9$ 9 ! same mann] z !
 #a in* hole 9 piece ,a1 b  s9ce x is   
ca/ solid1 ! hole c be ma*9$ m          
advantage\sly by  us+ a twi/ drill & a  
rose ream]4    ,ream+4--,aft] ! hole has
 be5 drill$ ) !  drill1 bore  x out ) a 
small bor+ tool = ab\t  ( an in* f ! end

 to  ! diamet] t w j fit ov] ! ream] &  
insure its />t+  true4 ,ream ! hole ) ! 
ream] held 9 ! same mann] z !  twi/     
drill 9 ,fig4 #bh4    ,spe$ ( ,la!4--,! 
la! %\ld run sl[] = ream+ ?an =  drill+4
 ,! spe$ w be ab\t "r = ?is size ream]  
if !  belt is on ! l>ge/ /ep ( ! cone   
)\t ! back ge>s be+  us$4 ,! spe$ = !   
drill may be mu* fa/]4 ,) a high-spe$   
/eel drill1 ! belt c be run on ! second 
smalle/ /ep ( !  cone4 ,if ! drill is   
made ( c>bon /eel1 a sl[] spe$ %\ld be  
us$4    ,advantage ( ,rose ,ream]4--,9  
drill+ long holes l ?is1 ! drill  is v  
apt to get (f c5t] a little z x is f$   
deep] into !  "w1 ev5 ?\gh x may h be5  
/>t$ dead true4    ,! ream] us$ 9 ?is   
case is call$ a rose ream]1 or rose bit1
 &  cuts on ! end only4 ,= ?is reason1  
if ! hole is approximately  true1 say )9
  ( an in*1 x w ream ! hole /raight &   
true to size if x is once />t$ true4    
,,f9i%+ ,,corn]    ,aft] ! hole is bor$ 
& ream$1 ! "w may be f9i%$ at ! end  by 
us+ a tool gr\nd l a ?read+ tool1 b hav+

 an angle at  ! po9t a little less ?an  
#ij degrees1 z 9 ,fig4 #bi4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi    ,! boss1 or  
hub1 :i* is #a in*es 9 diamet]1 is f9i%$
 ) "o  cutt+ edge ( ?is tool set ne>ly  
p>allel to ! "w1 ! po9t  be+ a trifle   
deep] ?an ! re/4 ,?is w insure ! full   
dep? (  cut = ! entire l5g? & also a    
good %>p corn]4 ,! direction  ( fe$ =   
?is tool %\ld be f ! end & t[>ds ! squ>e
  corn] or %\ld]4 ,if x is f$ 9 !       
opposite direction ! tool is  apt to    
*att]4    ,?is tool is also us$ to f9i% 
! end1 b x is turn$ a little  9 ! tool  
po/ s t ! o!r cutt+ edge is ne>ly       
p>allel to  ! surface to be cut4 ,aft]  
us+ ?is tool1 ! "w may be f9i%$  smoo!r 
by scrap+ ! ends1 z 9 ,fig4 #be1 & by   
fil+ ! boss1  or hub4      ,,use ,,(    
,,m&rel1 ,,or ,,arbor    ,be=e ?is piece
 c be f9i%$ on ! outside1 x mu/ be =c$  
on  a m&rel1 or arbor1 & plac$ 9 ! la!1 
z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,mo/  comm]cial %ops 
are provid$ ) h>d5$ /eel m&rels = ?is   
purpose1 b if "o is n available x c be  

made f s(t /eel 9  ! foll[+ mann]3      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj    ,mak+        
,m&rel4--,cut (f a piece ( /eel (       
suitable l5g?1 say #f  in*es1 & r\gh    
turn x to )9  ( an in* ( ! diamet] (  ! 
hole4 ,!n turn x at ! end = a di/ance ( 
ab\t  ( an in*  to ! size t w j fit !   
hole4 ,! re/ ( ! di/ance is  n[ turn$   
4#jjb1 or 4#jjc ( an in* l>g] & fil$ =  
ab\t #c in*es  until x w j fit ! hole4  
,! next #b in*es are fil$ ) a  slight   
tap] s t :5 ! m&rel is press$ into !    
hole x w  fit tight en\gh to hold ! ca/+
 :ile x is be+ turn$4 ,?is  k9d ( a fit 
is call$ a =c$1 or driv+ fit4    ,:5    
mak+ su* a m&rel1 x is n necess>y to    
turn t portion to  :i* ! dog is fa/5$4  
,m\nt+ ,"w on ,m&rel4--,be=e press+ !   
m&rel 91 x %\ld  be oil$ to prev5t x f  
be+ m>r$1 or scor$4 ,m&rels are  usually
 =c$ 9 ) a m&rel press1 b if "o is n    
available1  !y may be driv5 9 ) a hamm]4
 ,:5 ?is me?od is us$1 a piece  ( lead1 
or "s o!r s(t mat]ial1 mu/ be held on ! 
end ( !  m&rel to keep ! hamm] f m>r+ ! 

c5t]4      ,,f9i%+ ,,outside ,,( ,,piece
 ,b ,,to ,,fit ,a    ,?is ca/+ is r\gh  
turn$ to )9  ( an in* ( ! f9i%$  size   
be=e any "p ( x is f9i%$4 ,! #a in* end 
is !n turn$  until x fits ! correspond+ 
"p ( ! hole 9 piece ,a z closely  z     
possible & yet n s tight t x _c be      
freely rotat$4 ,?is  k9d ( a fit is     
call$ a close runn+ fit4    ,cutt+      
,?reads4--,! portion to be ?read$ %\ld  
be turn$ a little  small] ?an ! diamet] 
at ! bottom ( ! ?reads 9 piece ,a4 ,?is 
size is measur$ by means ( ! inside     
spr+-?read calip]s4    ,!re is no       
recess1 or groove1 cut at ! end ( ?is   
?read s t  if ! ?read+ tool is all[$ to 
travel f>!r ?an ! end ( !  prec$+ cut1  
ei!r ! po9t ( ! tool or ! ?reads may    
break4  ,to prev5t ?is1 ! la! is /opp$  
:5 ! tool is )9 a half a  ?read ( ! end 
& ! cut f9i%$ by turn+ ! la! by h&4  ,9 
?is way ! la! is kept "u control & !    
tool may be drawn  back :5 x rea*es !   
end ( ! prec$+ cut4 ,exp]i5c$ la!       
op]ators d n1 z a rule1 turn ! la! by   

h&1 b control !  la! entirely by !      
%ipp]4    ,! spe$ ( ! la! = cutt+ ?is   
?read w be ab\t "r =  beg9n]s if ! belt 
is on ! second smalle/ /ep ( ! cone &  !
 back ge>s are ?r[n 94    ,f9i%+ !      
,angle1 or ,tap]4--,! #cj degree angle  
may be cut by  sett+ ! comp\nd re/ to ! 
correct angle & us+ a regul>  turn+     
tool4 ,9 case ! tool leaves a few tool  
m>ks1 !y may be  remov$ by fil+4    ,if 
! la! is n provid$ ) a comp\nd re/1 ?is 
angle may be  cut by sett+ a squ>e-nose 
tool1 z 9 ,fig4 #ca1 ) ! aid ( a  ?read 
gauge4 ,any o!r angle w\ld h to be set )
 a bevel &  bevel protractor4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca    ,?is tool is 
n z wide z ! surface to be cut because  
"o t w  cut ! full wid? is v liable to  
*att]4 ,x is !re=e bett] to  make sev]al
 cuts ) a n>r[ tool4 ,! surface c !n be 
f9i%$  smoo? by fil+4    ,! clos5ess ( !
 fit ( ?is tap] ) t 9 ,a c be te/$  by  
rubb+ black pa9t1 :i* consi/s ( lamp    
black & oil1 on !  tap]$ surface 9 ,a4  
,:5 ,b is screw$ into ,a1 m>ks w be made

 on  ,b indicat+ ! high spots4 ,if ^!   
are n too high1 !y may be  remov$ by    
fil+4      ,,f9i%+ ,,outside ,,( ,,piece
 ,a4    ,piece ,a may n[ be screw$ on ,b
 & ! outside r\gh turn$ to )9   ( an in*
 ( ! f9i%$ size4    ,! ends ( ! diff]5t 
/eps are f9i%$ to ! prop] l5g? )  ! tool
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,?is same tool c !n be
 us$ to turn !  diff]5t diamet]s to )9  
#j4jjb or #j4jjc ( an in* ( ! requir$   
size4 ,^! /eps are br\ght to ! f9al size
 by fil+4    ,fil+4--,! file = ?is "w   
%\ld be less ?an #a in* 9 wid?4  ,if x  
is wid] ?an ! /eps1 a beg9n] w usually  
file ! portion  at ! end ( ea* /ep      
small] 9 diamet] ?an t :i* is close to  
! squ>e corn]s4    ,! diff]5t diamet]s  
may be measur$ accurately ) ! micromet] 
calip]s4      ,,knurl+    ,aft] piece ,a
 is f9i%$1 x is remov$ f ,b & ,b is     
rev]s$ 9  ! la! s t ! boss may be       
knurl$4    ,9 case !re is en\gh room    
betwe5 ! dog & ! "w1 :5 held z  9 ,fig4 
#cj1 !re is no ne$ to rev]se ! "w =     
knurl+ s9ce x  c be done 9 ?is position4

    ,! boss at ! end ( ,b is us$ z a    
h&le s t if x 7 left  smoo? x w\ld be   
h>d to turn by h&4 ,! surface is !re=e  
made  r\gh ) a knurl+ tool z %[n 9 ,fig4
 #cb4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb    ,!  
spe$ ( ! la! %\ld be ab\t ! same =      
knurl+ z =  ?read cutt+4 ,if ! la! runs 
too fa/1 ! knurl+ tool does n  cut      
satisfactorily4    ,! tool is set s t ! 
face ( ! roll]s is p>allel ) !  surface 
to be knurl$4 ,:5 />t+ ! cut1 ! roll]s c
 be =c$  into ! piece easi] if ab\t half
 ( _! wid? ext5ds pa/ ! end  ( ! "w4    
,! knurl+ tool %\ld be press$ into ! "w 
fa/ en\gh s t  ab\t "o half ! dep? ( !  
f9i%$ knurl w be cut :ile !  la! makes  
?ree or f\r revolutions4 ,if ! tool is  
=c$ 9 too  sl[1 x w cut a f9] knurl$    
surface ?an ! roll]s are int5d$  to cut4
    ,! tool is f$ along ! surface 9 !   
same mann] z 9 pla9  turn+4 ,! spe$ at  
:i* ! c>riage ( ! la! moves has no      
effect ^u ! pit* ( ! knurl$ surface s9ce
 ?is is controll$  by ! pit* ( ! grooves
 9 ! roll]s4 ,if a f9] knurl$ surface   

is desir$1 a knurl+ tool hav+ roll]s )  
f9] grooves w\ld  h to be us$4          
,,transcrib]',s ,,note                  
,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5        
position$ betwe5 p>agraphs  & outside   
quotations4    ,obvi\s typographical    
errors & punctuation errors h be5       
correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r    
occurr5ces )9 !  text & consultation (  
ext]nal s\rces4    ,"s hyph5s 9 words h 
be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a       
pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al   
book4    ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 
all misspell+s 9 ! text1  & inconsi/5t  
or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4          
,pg #i3 #8/raght' replac$ ) #8/raight'  
,pg #aa3 #8%\ll' replac$ ) #8%\ld'      
,pg #ai3 #8diffr5t' replac$ )           
#8diff]5t4'