,,transcriber',s ,,note ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,farmers' ,,bulletin ,no4 #ahh4 ,,weeds ,,used ,,in ,,medicine4 ,,by ,,alice ,,henkel1 ,assistant in ,drug and ,medicinal ,plant ,investigations1 ,botanical ,investigations and ,experiments1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry4 ,illustration3 ,,usda ,seal ,,washington3 ,,government ,,printing ,,office4 #aijd4 ,,letter ,,of ,,transmittal ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,of ,,plant ,,industry1 ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,chief1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,december #aj1 #aijc4 ,,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on ,weeds ,used in ,medicine1 and recommend that it be published as a ,farmers' ,bulletin4 ,this paper was prepared by ,miss ,alice ,henkel1 ,assistant in ,drug and ,medicinal ,plant ,investigations1 and was submitted by the ,botanist with a view to publication4 ,respectfully1 ,b4 ,t4 ,,galloway1 ,chief of ,bureau4 ,hon4 ,,james ,,wilson1 ,secretary of ,agriculture4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,introduction #g ,collection and curing of drugs #g ,roots #h ,barks #i ,leaves and herbs #i ,flowers #aj ,seeds #aj ,disposal of the drugs #aj ,descriptions of plants #aj ,burdock #aa ,dandelion #ac ,docks #ae ,yellow dock #ae ,broad-leaved dock #af ,yellow-rooted water dock #ah ,dock roots #ah ,couch grass #ai ,pokeweed #bj ,foxglove #bb ,mullein #bd ,lobelia #bf ,tansy #bg ,gum plant #bh ,scaly grindelia #bi ,boneset #cj ,catnip #ca ,hoarhound #cb ,blessed thistle #cd ,yarrow #ce ,canada fleabane #cf ,jimson weed #cg ,purple thorn-apple #ci ,poison hemlock #ci ,american wormseed #da ,black mustard #db ,white mustard #dd ,,illustrations4 ,page4 ,fig4 #a4 ,burdock1 flowering plant #aa #b4 ,burdock1 first year's growth #ab #c4 ,dandelion #ac #d4 ,dandelion root #ad #e4 ,yellow dock1 first year's growth #ae #f4 ,broad-leaved dock1 first year's growth #af #g4 ,leaf1 fruiting spike1 and root of broad-leaved dock #ag #h4 ,yellow dock root #ah #i4 ,couch grass #ai #aj4 ,pokeweed #ba #aa4 ,pokeweed1 flowering and fruiting branch #bb #ab4 ,pokeroot #bb #ac4 ,foxglove #bc #ad4 ,mullein #be #ae4 ,lobelia #bf #af4 ,tansy #bh #ag4 ,gum plant #bh #ah4 ,scaly grindelia #bi #ai4 ,boneset #cj #bj4 ,catnip #cb #ba4 ,hoarhound #cc #bb4 ,hoarhound1 flowering top #cd #bc4 ,blessed thistle #ce #bd4 ,yarrow #cf #be4 ,canada fleabane #cg #bf4 ,jimson weed #ch #bg4 ,leaves1 flower1 and capsules of jimson weed #ci #bh4 ,poison hemlock #dj #bi4 ,american wormseed #da #cj4 ,black mustard #dc #ca4 ,white mustard #dd ,b4 ,p4 ,i4--#hi4 ,b4 ,i4 ,e4--#ee4 ,,weeds ,,used ,,in ,,medicine4 ,,introduction4 ,it is a matter of interest1 primarily to the farmer1 that certain of the well-known weeds now either generally or locally infesting the country are the sources of crude drugs at the present time obtained wholly or in part by importation from abroad4 ,roots1 leaves1 and flowers of several of the species most detrimental in the ,united ,states are gathered1 prepared1 and cured in ,europe1 and not only form useful commodities there but supply to a considerable extent the demands of foreign lands4 ,hence it appears probable that while weeds can hardly be made desirable1 still in his fight to exterminate them the farmer may be able to turn some of them to account4 ,some of the plants coming within this class are in many ,states at present subject to antiweed laws and farmers are required to take measures toward their extermination4 ,it seems1 therefore1 desirable to make these pests sources of profit where possible4 ,in many cases1 when weeds have been dug1 the work of handling and curing them is not excessive and can readily be done by women and children4 ,the prices paid for crude drugs from these sources are not great and would rarely tempt anyone to pursue this line of work as a business4 ,yet1 if in ridding the farm of weeds and thus raising the value of the land the farmer can at the same time make these pests the source of a small income instead of a dead loss1 something is gained4 ,in order to help the farmer to obtain the best possible prices for such products1 instructions for collecting and preparing crude drugs derived from weeds are here briefly given4 ,the collector should observe them carefully4 ,,collection ,,and ,,curing ,,of ,,drugs4 ,too much emphasis can not be placed upon the importance of carefully and thoroughly drying all crude drugs1 whether roots1 herbs1 leaves1 barks1 flowers1 or seeds4 ,if insufficiently dried1 they will heat and become moldy in shipping1 and the collector will find his goods rejected by the drug dealer and have all his trouble for nothing4 ,another important matter to be considered in collecting drugs for market is freedom from foreign substances4 ,all drugs should be clean and wholesome looking and contain no admixture of fragments of other plants1 stones1 dirt1 or other impurities4 ,a bright natural color is extremely desirable in leaves1 herbs1 and flowers1 and adds much to the salability of the product4 ,this can be readily brought about by giving careful attention to proper drying in the shade 7not in direct sunlight71 and by protection from dew or rain by placing the drugs under cover at nightfall or whenever necessary4 ,roots may be cleaned by washing1 but leaves1 herbs1 and flowers should never be washed4 ,it is important also to collect drugs in proper season only4 ,neglect in this respect will bring nothing but disappointment to the gatherer1 as drugs collected out of season not only are not acceptable to the dealer on account of inferior medicinal qualities1 but there will also be1 in the case of roots1 a greater amount of shrinkage in a root dug during the growing season than will take place when it is collected after growth has ceased4 ,the collector should be sure that the plant he is collecting is the right one4 ,there are many plants that closely resemble one another1 yet one may possess medicinal properties and the other be absolutely useless4 ,again1 a plant may contain very poisonous principles1 and if represented to be something else1 it might of course do untold injury4 ,it would therefore be best1 where any doubt exists1 to send a specimen of the entire plant1 including leaves1 flowers1 and fruits1 to a drug dealer or to the nearest ,state experiment station for identification4 ,,roots4 ,roots should never be collected during the growing season1 as at that time they are deficient in medicinal properties1 and they also shrink more in drying and weigh less than when gathered at full maturity4 ,the roots of annual plants should be dug just before the flowering period1 and those of biennial or perennial plants after the tops have dried1 the former in the autumn of the first year and the latter in the fall of the second or third year4 ,after the roots have been dug the adherent soil should be well shaken from them1 and all foreign particles1 such as stones1 dirt1 roots and parts of other plants1 should be removed4 ,if the roots can not be sufficiently cleared of soil by shaking1 they should be thoroughly washed in clean water4 ,it does not pay to be careless in this matter4 ,the presence of soil increases the weight of the roots1 but the intending purchaser is not willing to pay for the weight of the dirt1 and grades the uncleaned drug accordingly4 ,it is the clean1 bright-looking root that will bring a good price4 ,after washing1 the roots should be carefully dried4 ,this can best be accomplished by exposing them to light and air 7not direct sunlight7 on racks or shelves1 or on clean1 well-ventilated barn floors or lofts4 ,they should be spread out thinly and turned occasionally from day to day until completely cured4 ,when this point is reached1 in perhaps three to six weeks1 the roots will snap readily when bent4 ,during the curing process the roots1 if dried out of doors1 should be placed under shelter at night and upon the approach of rainy weather4 ,with some roots additional preparation is required1 such as slicing and the removal of fibrous rootlets4 ,wherever this is necessary mention will be made of it under the descriptions of the different plants4 ,in general1 it may be said that large roots should always be split or sliced when green in order to facilitate drying4 ,,barks4 ,the plants considered in this bulletin do not furnish medicinal barks1 but inasmuch as there are certain sections of the country where trees furnishing such barks are rather abundant1 directions for their collection may not be out of place here4 ,barks of trees should be gathered in spring1 when the sap begins to flow1 but may also be peeled in winter4 ,in the case of the coarser barks 7as elm1 hemlock1 poplar1 oak1 pine1 and wild cherry7 the outer layer is shaved off before the bark is removed from the tree1 which process is known as 8rossing40 ,only the inner bark of these trees is used medicinally4 ,barks may also be cured by exposure to sunlight4 ,moisture must be avoided4 ,,leaves ,,and ,,herbs4 ,leaves and herbs should be collected when the plants are in full flower4 ,it is very desirable that they retain their bright green color after curing1 and this can be done by careful drying in the shade4 ,in the collection of leaves the whole plant may be cut and the leaves may be stripped from it1 rejecting the stems as much as possible4 ,in the case of herbs the coarse and large stems should be rejected and only the flowering tops and more tender stems and leaves included4 ,all grasses1 bits of other plants1 and other foreign substances should be carefully removed1 as well as dead1 shriveled1 diseased1 and discolored specimens4 ,both leaves and herbs should be spread out in thin layers on clean floors1 racks or shelves1 in the shade but where there is free circulation of air1 and turned frequently until thoroughly dry4 ,moisture will darken them4 ,the same precautions that are necessary in curing roots apply here also1 so far as placing them under cover to avoid dew or rain is concerned4 ,,flowers4 ,flowers are collected when they first open or immediately after--not when they are beginning to fade4 ,to preserve the bright natural color as nearly as possible they should be carefully dried in the shade1 in the same manner as directed for leaves and herbs4 ,,seeds4 ,seeds should be gathered just as they are ripening1 before the seed pods open1 and should be winnowed in order to remove fragments of stems1 leaves1 and shriveled specimens4 ,,disposal ,,of ,,the ,,drugs4 ,samples representative of the lot of drugs to be sold should be sent to the nearest commission merchant1 general store1 or drug store1 for inspection and for quotation on the amount of drug that can be furnished1 or for information as to where to send the article4 ,the size of the sample depends1 of course1 upon the kind of drug2 from #c to #d ounces--or1 say1 at least a good handful--should be submitted4 ,the package containing the sample should be plainly marked as regards contents1 and the name and address of the sender given4 ,in writing to the different dealers for information and prices1 it should be stated how large a quantity of a particular drug can be furnished and how soon this can be supplied1 and postage should always be inclosed for reply4 ,in no case should the entire lot of collected drugs be sent to dealers without preliminary correspondence4 ,the collector should bear in mind that freight is an important item1 and it is best1 therefore1 to address such dealers as are nearest to the place of production4 ,when ready for shipment1 crude drugs may be tightly packed in burlap or gunny sacks1 or in dry1 clean barrels4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,plants4 ,the plants included in this bulletin are burdock1 dandelion1 the docks1 couch grass1 and pokeweed 7principally root drugs72 foxglove1 mullein1 lobelia1 tansy1 gum plant1 scaly grindelia1 boneset1 catnip1 hoarhound1 yarrow1 fleabane1 blessed thistle1 jimson weed1 and poison hemlock 7of which either the leaves1 flowers1 herb1 or seeds are used in medicine72 and also wormseed1 and black and white mustards1 of which the seeds only are used4 ,descriptions of these plants follow1 together with the common names by which they are known in different localities1 the habitat 7or1 in other words1 the kinds of places or soils in which they are likely to be found71 their geographical range1 information as to the parts to be collected1 their uses1 the extent to which they are imported and the prices usually paid by dealers4 ,the principal uses for which these plants are employed in medicine are briefly indicated1 but none of the drugs mentioned should be taken without the advice of a physician4 ,with the exception of the figures for dandelion and mustard1 which were obtained from the ,bureau of ,statistics of the ,department of ,commerce and ,labor1 the imports are based on estimates furnished by dealers1 and the prices per pound1 while serving to give an idea as to what may be expected for the drugs1 will vary from year to year1 depending principally upon supply and demand4 ,there are of course a large number of plants used in medicine that are not included in this bulletin1 which is intended to cover only such medicinal plants as may be classed as weeds4 ,,burdock4 ,arctium lappa ,l4 ,other common names4--,cockle button1 cuckold dock1 beggars' buttons1 hurr-bur1 stick button1 hardock1 and bardane4 7,fig4 #a47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,burdock 7,arctium lappa ,l474 ,flowering plant4 ,habitat and range4--,burdock is one of the most common weeds4 ,it was introduced from the ,old ,world1 and is common and often very abundant in the ,eastern and ,central ,states and in some scattered localities in the ,west1 growing along roadsides1 in fields1 pastures1 and waste places4 ,description4--,this is a coarse1 unsightly biennial weed of the aster family 7,asterace71 which produces during the first year of its growth only a rosette of large1 thin leaves 7fig4 #b7 and a long1 tapering root having a diameter of from one-half to #a inch4 ,when full grown it measures from #c to #g feet high4 ,the round1 fleshy stem is branched1 grooved1 and hairy1 with very large leaves1 even in the early stages of the growth of the plant1 the lower leaves often measuring #ah inches in length4 ,the leaves are alternate1 on long1 solid1 deeply furrowed leafstalks2 thin1 roundish or oval1 but usually heart-shaped2 with even1 wavy1 or toothed margins2 smooth above1 and pale and woolly on the under surface4 ,the flowers are purple1 in small1 clustered heads1 appearing in the second year1 from ,july to frost4 ,these flower heads are armed with hooked tips1 and the burs thus formed are a great pest1 attaching themselves to clothing and to the wool and hair of animals4 ,the seed of burdock is produced in great abundance1 one plant bearing as many as #djj1jjj seeds4 ,parts used4--,the root alone is recognized in the ,united ,states ,pharmacopia1 but there is a limited demand for burdock seed1 and the leaves also are employed4 ,burdock roots and seeds are used in blood and skin diseases1 and the leaves externally as a cooling poultice for swellings and ulcers1 the latter being employed only in the fresh state4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,burdock4 ,first year's growth4 ,burdock has a large taproot1 about #ab inches long1 fleshy1 the outside blackish-brown or grayish-brown1 the inside light in color and spongy in the center4 ,it is to be collected in the fall of the first year4 ,the roots must be washed1 split lengthwise1 and carefully dried4 ,drying causes the root to lose about four-fifths of its weight1 and to become scaly1 and wrinkled lengthwise4 ,sometimes the bases of the leafstalks remain at the top of the root in the form of a small1 white1 silky tuft4 ,the odor of the root is weak and unpleasant4 ,the seeds are oblong1 curved1 flattened1 and angular1 dark brown and sometimes spotted with black1 and have no odor4 ,these should be collected when ripe or nearly so4 ,imports and prices4--,about #ej1jjj pounds of lappa or burdock root are imported annually1 and the best root is said to come from ,belgium1 where great care is exercised in its collection4 ,the price of the root ranges from #c to #h cents per pound1 and that of the seed from #e to #aj cents4 ,,dandelion4 ,taraxacum taraxacum 7,l47 ,karst4 7,taraxacum officinale ,weber47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,dandelion 7,taraxacum taraxacum 7,l47 ,karst74 7,an unusually fibrous root47 ,other common names4--,blow-ball1 cankerwort1 doon-head-clock1 fortune-teller1 horse gowan1 ,irish daisy1 yellow gowan1 one o'clock4 7,fig4 #c47 ,range and habitat4--,dandelion is distributed as a weed in all civilized parts of the world1 and in this country is naturalized from ,europe4 ,with the exception of the ,south1 it is very abundant throughout the ,united ,states in fields and waste places1 and it is especially troublesome in lawns and meadows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,dandelion root1 #af inches long4 ,description4--,the dandelion is so well known a weed1 especially in lawns1 that it scarcely requires a description1 almost everyone being familiar with its rosette of coarsely toothed leaves1 golden-yellow flowers1 and round fluffy seed heads4 ,it is a perennial plant of the chicory family 7,cichoriace71 and it may be said to be in flower throughout almost the entire year4 ,in spring the young leaves are collected and used for greens or salad1 but the part employed in medicine is the root4 ,the flowering stem of the dandelion is usually longer than the smooth1 shining green1 coarsely toothed leaves1 reaching a height of from #e to #aj inches4 ,it is erect1 smooth1 naked1 and hollow1 bearing at the summit a solitary yellow flower head1 which opens in the morning and only in fair weather4 ,the entire plant contains a white1 milky juice4 ,part used4--,as already stated1 the root of dandelion is used medicinally4 ,it is a large taproot1 sometimes #bj inches long1 thick and fleshy1 dull-yellow or brownish on the outside1 white inside1 practically without odor1 and bitter4 7,fig4 #d47 ,dandelion is often used as a tonic in diseases of the liver and in dyspepsia4 ,the best time for digging dandelion root is from ,july to ,september1 during which time the milky juice becomes thicker and the bitterness increases4 ,it should be carefully washed and thoroughly dried4 ,dandelion roots decrease considerably in size by drying1 weighing less than half as much as the fresh roots and becoming wrinkled lengthwise4 ,the dried root should not be kept too long1 as drying diminishes its medicinal virtues4 ,imports and prices4--,during the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aijc1 the imports of taraxacum or dandelion root into the ,united ,states amounted to #aae1ebb pounds4 ,the price per pound ranges from #d to #f cents4 ,,docks4 ,rumex species4 ,several species of docks possess medicinal properties4 ,among these are the yellow dock 7,rumex crispus ,l471 the broad-leaved dock 7,r4 obtusifolius ,l471 and the yellow-rooted water dock 7,r4 britannica ,l471 all more or less abundant throughout the ,united ,states4 ,other species are also recognized as possessing value in medicine1 but those above mentioned are the kinds generally collected4 ,yellow ,dock4 ,rumex crispus ,l4 ,other common names4--,curled dock1 narrow dock1 sour dock4 7,fig4 #e47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,yellow dock 7,rumex crispus ,l474 ,first year's growth4 ,range and habitat4--,the species most commonly employed in medicine is the yellow dock1 a perennial introduced from ,europe and now found throughout the ,united ,states as a troublesome and very persistent weed in cultivated as well as waste ground1 among rubbish heaps1 and along roadsides4 ,description4--,the deep1 spindle-shaped root sends up an erect1 angular1 and furrowed stem about #b to #d feet high1 leafy1 branching near the top1 and bearing numerous elongated clusters of inconspicuous flowers4 ,the leaves are lance-shaped1 acute1 with the margins strongly waved and crisped4 ,the lower leaves are obtuse or heart shaped at the base1 from #f to #h inches in length1 and are borne on long stalks1 while those nearer the top are narrower and shorter1 being only #c to #f inches long1 on short stems or stemless4 ,from ,june to ,august the yellow dock puts forth1 interspersed with leaves1 its many long dense clusters of green1 drooping groups of inconspicuous flowers placed in circles around the stem4 ,broad-leaved ,dock4 ,rumex obtusifolius ,l4 ,other common names4--,bitter dock1 common dock1 blunt-leaved dock1 butter dock4 7,fig4 #f47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,broad-leaved dock 7,rumex obtusifolius ,l474 ,first year's growth4 ,range and habitat4--,the range of this very common weed extends from the ,new ,england ,states to ,oregon and south to ,florida and ,texas2 it occurs in waste places4 ,description4--,broad-leaved dock differs from the yellow dock principally in its more robust habit of growth4 ,it grows to about the same height1 but its stem is stouter1 and the leaves1 which are wavy along the margin as in the yellow dock1 are much broader and longer4 ,the lower leaves have long stalks1 and are from #f to #ad inches in length1 with heart-shaped or roundish bases1 while the upper ones are from #b to #f inches long and are on short stalks4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,leaf1 fruiting spike1 and root of broad-leaved dock4 ,the green flowers appear from ,june to ,august1 and are in rather long1 open clusters1 the groups rather loose and far apart4 ,in all of the docks here mentioned1 the three inner divisions of the calyx 7outer covering of flower7 in fruiting form a kind of triangular nut1 like the grain of buckwheat 7to which family1 ,polygonace1 the docks belong71 and one or more of these divisions bear on the back a small granule4 ,the difference between flower and fruit is barely distinguishable when seen from a little distance so long as the fruit is immature1 both being green1 but later in the season1 as the fruit ripens1 the spikes take on a rusty-brown color4 7,fig4 #g47 ,yellow-rooted ,water ,dock4 ,rumex britannica ,l4 ,habitat and range4--,as the common name indicates1 this plant frequents swampy and wet places and banks of streams4 ,it is found from ,canada to ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania1 and westward to ,minnesota1 ,illinois1 and ,iowa4 ,description4--,the yellow-rooted water dock is a taller plant than either of the docks previously mentioned1 its stout stem sometimes reaching a height of #f feet4 ,the leaves at the base of the plant are borne on long stalks1 and are from #a to #b feet in length1 but1 as with the other two species1 the leaves toward the top of the plant are shorter1 as are also the stalks supporting them4 ,the densely flowered clusters are not as leafy as in the preceding species mentioned4 ,the plant flowers from ,july to ,august4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,yellow dock root4 ,dock ,roots4 ,the root1 which is the part to be collected for medicinal purposes1 is very similar in all of these species of dock 7figs4 #g and #h71 usually from #h to #ab inches long1 fleshy1 often somewhat branched1 the outside dark reddish-brown with a rather thick bark1 internally yellowish4 ,it possesses but a very faint odor and a bitter1 astringent taste4 ,the roots should be collected in late summer or autumn after the fruiting tops have ripened1 then washed1 split lengthwise into halves or quarters1 and carefully dried4 ,the docks are largely employed for purifying the blood and as a remedy in skin diseases4 ,imports and prices4--,rumex or dock roots are imported into this country to the extent of about #abe1jjj pounds annually4 ,the price ranges from #b to #h cents per pound4 ,,couch ,,grass4 ,agropyron repens 7,l47 ,beauv4 7,triticum repens ,l47 ,other common names4--,dog-grass1 quick-grass1 quack-grass1 quitch-grass1 scutch-grass1 twitch-grass1 witch-grass1 wheat-grass1 ,chandler's grass1 creeping wheat-grass1 devil's-grass1 durfa-grass1 ,durfee-grass1 ,dutch-grass1 ,fin's grass1 quake-grass4 7,fig4 #i47 ,range and habitat4--,couch grass1 like so many other pernicious weeds1 was introduced into this country from ,europe1 and is now a most troublesome pest in cultivated ground1 causing the farmer a loss of thousands of dollars annually by taking possession of fields and crowding out valuable crops4 ,it is most abundant from ,maine to ,maryland1 and westward to ,minnesota and ,missouri1 but is rather sparingly distributed in the ,south4 ,it is gaining ground on farms on the ,pacific slope4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,couch grass 7,agropyron repens 7,l47 ,beauv474 ,description4--,this rather coarse grass produces several stems1 #a to #c feet high1 from a long1 creeping1 jointed rootstock1 and bears densely flowered spike-like heads resembling those of rye or beardless wheat4 ,the stems are round1 smooth1 thickened at the joints1 and hollow1 bearing from five to seven leaves4 ,these have a long cleft sheath1 and are rough on the upper surface4 ,the heads or spikes are terminal1 solitary1 compressed1 with two rows of spikelets on a wavy and flattened axis4 ,couch grass is one of the most difficult weeds to eradicate1 on account of the long jointed rootstock1 each joint of which is capable of producing a new plant4 ,every bit of the rootstock must therefore be removed from the soil or killed in order to eradicate it4 ,part used4--,the most important part of this grass1 not only agriculturally but also pharmaceutically1 is its long1 tough rhizome or rootstock1 creeping along underneath the ground and pushing in every direction4 ,it is pale yellow1 smooth1 about one-eighth of an inch in diameter1 with joints at intervals of about an inch from which slender branching rootlets are produced4 ,one of the best methods of destroying this weed is to plow up the roots and burn them4 ,they need not be burned1 however1 but may be saved and prepared for the drug market4 ,after the rootstocks have been collected and washed the rootlets should be removed and the rhizome or rootstock 7not the rootlets7 cut into short pieces about two-fifths of an inch long4 ,an ordinary feed-cutting machine may be used for this purpose4 ,these should then be dried as suggested in the general instructions4 ,in the drug trade this plant is generally known as dog grass or triticum4 ,as found in the stores1 it is in the form of small1 angular pieces1 about one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long1 straw colored1 shining1 and hollow4 ,these pieces are odorless but have a somewhat sweetish taste4 ,the fluid extract prepared from dog grass is used in kidney and bladder troubles4 ,imports and prices4--,couch grass is almost wholly an imported article1 some #bej1jjj pounds coming into this country annually from ,europe4 ,the price is about #c to #g cents per pound4 ,,pokeweed4 ,phytolacca americana ,l4 7,phytolacca decandra ,l47 ,other common names4--,poke1 pigeon-berry1 garget1 scoke1 pocan1 coakum1 ,virginian poke1 ink-berry1 red-ink-berry1 ,american nightshade1 cancer jalap1 redweed4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,range and habitat4--,pokeweed is common in rich1 moist soil along fence rows1 margins of fields1 and in uncultivated land from the ,new ,england ,states to ,minnesota and south to ,florida and ,texas4 ,it is native in this country and naturalized in ,europe1 where it is regarded as an ornamental garden plant4 ,description4--,the reddish purple stems1 rich green foliage1 and clusters of white flowers and dark-purple berries give to this plant a rather handsome appearance4 ,pokeweed attains a height of from #c to #i feet from a very large perennial root4 ,it is erect1 branched1 the stems stout1 smooth1 green at first1 then reddish4 ,on examining a piece of the stem1 the pith will be seen to be divided into disk-shaped pieces1 with hollow spaces between them4 ,the leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong1 acute at the apex1 smooth1 about #e inches long and #b to #c inches wide1 on short stems4 ,the margins are without indentation4 ,about ,july to ,september the long clusters of whitish flowers are produced1 followed by the green berries1 which upon ripening become a rich dark-purple color4 ,the flower clusters are from #c to #d inches in length and on long stalks1 the flowers numerous and borne on reddish stems4 ,the berries are globular1 flattened both at top and bottom1 smooth and shining1 and contain ten black seeds imbedded in a rich crimson juice4 7,fig4 #aa47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,pokeweed 7,phytolacca americana ,l474 ,parts used4--,for medicinal purposes the berries and roots are employed4 ,both of these should be collected when the berries are fully mature1 which usually occurs about two months after flowering4 ,the clusters of berries should be carefully dried in the shade4 ,they are poisonous1 have no odor1 a sweetish taste at first1 then acrid4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,pokeweed1 flowering and fruiting branch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,pokeroot4 ,pokeweed has a very large1 fleshy1 and poisonous root1 conical in shape and branched4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,it should be gathered in the latter part of the fall1 thoroughly cleaned1 cut into transverse slices1 and carefully dried4 ,when dry it has a grayish1 wrinkled appearance1 breaks with a fibrous fracture1 and the slices show many concentric rings4 ,there is a slight odor and the taste is sweetish and acrid4 ,both the berries and roots are alterative1 act upon the bowels and cause vomiting1 and preparations made from them are used in treating various diseases of the skin and blood1 and in certain cases in relieving pain and allaying inflammation4 ,price4--,phytolacca or pokeroot brings from #b to #e cents per pound1 and the dry berries about #e cents per pound4 ,,foxglove4 ,digitalis purpurea ,l4 ,other common names4--,purple foxglove1 thimbles1 fairy cap1 fairy fingers1 fairy thimbles1 fairy bells1 dog's finger1 finger flower1 lady's glove1 ladyfingers1 lady's thimble1 popdock1 flapdock1 flopdock1 lion's mouth1 rabbit's flower1 cottagers1 throatwort1 ,scotch mercury4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,foxglove 7,digitalis purpurea ,l474 ,range and habitat4--,foxglove was originally introduced into this country from ,europe as an ornamental garden plant1 but has now escaped from cultivation in a few localities and is assuming the character of a weed4 ,this is the case in parts of ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,west ,virginia1 where the plant is found in great abundance in dry1 sandy soil1 along roads and fence rows1 on the borders of timber land1 and in small cleared places4 ,description4--,this is a very handsome plant of the figwort family 7,scrophulariace71 biennial1 and the first year forms only a rosette of dense leaves1 but in the second year of its growth the simple erect flowering stalk is produced1 attaining a height of from #c to #d feet4 ,this is round1 indistinctly angled toward the top1 leafy and downy4 ,the leaves are oblong-ovate1 narrowed at the base into long winged stalks2 the upper surface of the leaves is dull-green and wrinkled1 while the under side is grayish1 with short1 soft hairs and a thick network of prominent veins4 ,the root leaves are rather large and are borne on long stalks1 but as the leaves approach the top of the plant they become smaller and the leafstalks shorter4 ,the plant is in flower about ,june1 and the long clusters of numerous tubular bell-shaped flowers are very showy4 ,the clusters are terminal1 and about #ad inches in length4 ,the flowers are large1 about #b inches long1 the color ranging from white through lavender to purple1 the inside of the lower lobe bearing long1 soft1 white hairs and crimson spots on a white ground4 ,part used4--,leaves of the second year's growth only are employed1 and these should be collected when about two-thirds of the flowers have expanded4 ,they should be very carefully dried in the shade and then kept in closed boxes or barrels so as to keep out all moisture4 ,the greatest care is necessary in curing1 as the leaves soon lose their medicinal properties if not properly dried4 ,preparations made from foxglove are of great value in heart troubles1 but they are poisonous and should never be used except on the advice of a physician4 ,imports and prices4--,from #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj pounds of digitalis or foxglove are annually imported into this country from ,europe1 where the plant is cultivated4 ,the ,american-grown product has so far never been used1 but leaves from the wild ,american plant have been assayed and found to be equally as good as the ,european article4 ,the price per pound ranges from about #f to #h cents4 ,,mullein4 ,verbascum thapsus ,l4 ,other common names4--,great mullein1 velvet or mullein dock1 ,aaron's rod1 ,adam's flannel1 blanket leaf1 bullock's lungwort1 cow's or clown's lungwort1 candlewick1 feltwort1 flannel leaf1 old-man's flannel1 hare's beard1 hedge taper1 ice leaf1 ,jacob's staff1 ,jupiter's staff1 lady's foxglove1 ,peter's staff1 shepherd's club1 torches1 torchwort1 velvet plant4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,range and habitat4--,mullein is a native of ,europe1 and occurs in this country as a troublesome weed in fields and pastures1 waste places1 and along roadsides from ,maine to ,minnesota and southward1 and it is also spreading in the far ,western ,states4 ,it produces great quantities of seed1 and1 if allowed to persist1 will soon stock the ground with seeds which may retain their vitality and germinate at intervals for a number of years4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,mullein 7,verbascum thapsus ,l474 ,description4--,mullein can be easily recognized by its tall1 erect habit of growth1 the white-woolly or felty appearance of the entire plant1 and its spike of golden-yellow flowers4 ,it is a biennial belonging to the figwort family 7,scrophulariace74 ,this plant has a stout1 straight stem1 which sometimes grows as tall as #g feet4 ,the stem and also the leaves are densely hairy1 the latter alternate1 sessile 7stemless71 their margins extending in wings along down the stem4 ,the rather thick1 rough leaves are from #d to #ab inches in length1 oblong1 acute1 and densely hairy above and below4 ,in the first year of its growth only a rosette of downy leaves is produced1 but during the second year the flower stalk with its densely flowered spike appears4 ,the golden-yellow flowers are produced from ,june to ,august4 ,parts used4--,as the leaves and flowers are to be collected at the time when the plant is in bloom1 the propagation of the plant by the dissemination of its seed is prevented4 ,the leaves are cured in the usual manner4 ,they are practically inodorous1 and have a somewhat bitter1 mucilaginous taste4 ,it is very desirable to have the flowers retain their bright yellow color3 they must therefore be thoroughly dried1 and then kept free from moisture in well-stoppered bottles4 ,they readily absorb moisture and if allowed to become damp will turn black4 ,the corolla 7petals71 with the adhering stamens only1 is dried1 the calyx being rejected4 ,mullein flowers have a sweetish1 pleasant odor4 ,mullein is used in coughs and catarrh1 to quiet nervous irritation1 and to relieve pain and inflammation4 ,according to some authors the dried leaves are often smoked like tobacco to relieve nasal catarrh and throat affections4 ,imports and prices4--,about #e1jjj pounds of verbascum or mullein flowers are annually imported1 chiefly from ,germany1 in which country this plant is cultivated4 ,the leaves are also imported to a small extent4 ,the price paid for the leaves ranges from #b to #e cents per pound1 and that for the flowers may range from #be to #ge cents per pound4 ,,lobelia4 ,lobelia inflata ,l4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,lobelia 7,lobelia inflata ,l474 ,other common names4--,indian tobacco1 wild tobacco1 bladder pod1 asthma weed1 gagroot1 pukeweed1 vomitwort1 low belia1 eyebright4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,range and habitat4--,this poisonous weed occurs nearly everywhere throughout the ,united ,states1 being most plentiful east of the ,mississippi ,river1 and thriving in dry1 clayey1 or siliceous soil in sunny situations along roadsides1 and in old fields and pastures4 ,description4--,the erect leafy stem of this annual herbaceous plant is from #a to #c feet high1 from a fibrous root4 ,it is simple and rough-hairy below1 smooth above1 and bears a few short branches4 ,the entire plant contains an acrid milky juice4 ,it belongs to the bellflower family 7,campanulace74 ,the pale-green leaves are alternate1 from #a to #b inches long1 gradually diminishing in size as they reach the summit of the plant1 the lower leaves being borne on stalks1 while the upper ones are stemless4 ,they are thin1 oblong or oval1 blunt1 irregularly toothed1 and almost wavy1 with short hairs on both surfaces4 ,from ,july until frost the rather inconspicuous1 very small pale-blue flowers appear4 ,these are very numerous1 each one borne in the axils of the upper leaves on very short stems1 all together forming a long1 spike-like head4 ,the lower lip of the flower has three lobes1 the upper one two segments1 and from the center of the latter the tube of the flower is cleft to the base4 ,the seed pods are in the form of inflated capsules1 nearly globular1 striated 7grooved or marked with parallel lines71 and contain very numerous minute dark-brown seeds4 ,parts used4--,the leaves and flowering tops are used in medicine1 and there is also a good demand for the seed4 ,the leaves and tops should be gathered after some of the pods have become inflated1 should be dried in the shade1 and when dry kept in covered vessels4 ,the dried leaves and tops have a rather disagreeable1 somewhat sickening odor1 and the taste1 though mild at first1 soon becomes strongly acrid and nauseous4 ,the seeds are extremely minute1 and each capsule is said to contain from #dej to #ejj seeds4 ,lobelia is an expectorant1 acts upon the nervous system and bowels1 causes vomiting1 and is poisonous4 ,price4--,the price paid for the dried leaves and tops ranges from #c to #h cents per pound1 and that for the seed from #ae to #bj cents per pound4 ,,tansy4 ,tanacetum vulgare ,l4 ,other common names4--,bitter buttons1 ginger plant1 parsley fern1 scented fern4 7,fig4 #af47 ,range and habitat4--,tansy was originally introduced into this country as a garden plant from ,europe1 where it is native4 ,it has now escaped from cultivation and is found as a weed along waysides and fences in many places from ,new ,england to ,minnesota and southward to ,north ,carolina and ,missouri4 ,description4--,this strong-scented perennial herb belongs to the aster family 7,asterace74 ,the stout1 erect stem is from #a to #c feet high1 branching near the top1 somewhat reddish1 and usually smooth4 ,the general outline of the leaf is oval1 and it is divided nearly to the midrib into about seven pairs of segments1 which1 like the terminal one1 are again divided for about two-thirds of the distance to the midvein into smaller lobes having saw-toothed margins4 ,the entire leaf is about #f inches in length4 ,tansy is in flower from ,july to ,september1 and the roundish but flat-topped yellow flower heads are produced in dense terminal clusters4 ,parts used4--,at the time of flowering the leaves and tops are collected for medicinal purposes and are dried in the usual manner4 ,the odor of tansy is strongly aromatic and the taste bitter4 ,in drying1 tansy loses about four-fifths of its weight4 ,tansy is employed in derangements of women1 and has stimulant and tonic properties4 ,it is also used for expelling worms4 ,this drug is poisonous and has been known to produce fatal results4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,tansy 7,tanacetum vulgare ,l474 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,gum plant 7,grindelia robusta ,nutt474 ,imports and prices4--,about #cj1jjj pounds of tanacetum or tansy are imported annually4 ,the price paid per pound ranges from #c to #f cents4 ,,gum ,,plant4 ,grindelia robusta ,nutt4 ,range4--,the gum plant 7fig4 #ag7 occurs in the ,states west of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,description4--,the entire plant is covered with a resinous substance1 which gives it a gummy1 varnished appearance1 whence its common name1 gum plant1 is derived4 ,this perennial of the aster family of plants has an erect habit of growth1 and sends up a round1 smooth stem about a foot and a half high1 narrowly grooved and freely branching near the top1 each branch terminating in a large yellow flower4 ,the branches near the flower heads have a slightly reddish appearance4 ,the pale-green leaves are about an inch long1 of a leathery texture1 rather rigid1 coated with resin1 and show numerous translucent dots4 ,the leaves are oblong-spatulate 7having a gradually narrowed base below the broader rounded summit7 and are more or less clasping at the base1 the lower ones somewhat saw-toothed4 ,the yellow flowers are borne singly at the ends of the branches and measure about three-quarters of an inch across4 ,the involucre 7set of small leaves immediately beneath the flower7 is very resinous and consists of numerous thick1 overlapping scales1 the tips of which are rolled forward4 ,parts used and prices4--,the flowering tops and leaves of this and of the scaly grindelia are collected indiscriminately1 and bring from #e to #ab cents per pound4 ,they are used in asthma and similar affections1 and externally in cases of poisoning by poison ivy4 ,,scaly ,,grindelia4 ,grindelia squarrosa 7,pursh7 ,dunal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,scaly grindelia 7,grindelia squarrosa 7,pursh7 ,dunal74 ,range4--,scaly grindelia 7fig4 #ah7 has a wider distribution than the gum plant1 being quite common on the plains and prairies from the ,saskatchewan to ,minnesota1 south to ,texas and ,mexico1 and westward to ,california4 ,description4--,this species is very similar to the gum plant1 with the exception that it is smaller and does not have the gummy appearance of the former4 ,the slender1 erect stems are from #a to #b feet high and somewhat sparingly branched near the top4 ,the branches near the flower heads appear to be somewhat more reddish than in the species previously mentioned4 ,in this species1 also1 the leaves are not borne on stalks1 but are somewhat clasping at the base1 and they are longer 7about #b inches long71 not rigid1 thinner1 and more prominently toothed4 ,the flowers are also very similar to those of the gum plant1 but are smaller1 the scales narrower1 and the recurved tips longer and more slender4 ,parts used4--,the leaves and flowering tops are collected with those of the gum plant1 ,grindelia robusta4 ,,boneset4 ,eupatorium perfoliatum ,l4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,boneset 7,eupatorium perfoliatum ,l474 ,other common names4--,thoroughwort1 crosswort1 wood boneset1 teasel1 ague-weed1 feverwort1 thorough-stem or thorough-wax1 vegetable antimony1 sweating plant1 ,indian sage1 wild sage1 tearal1 wild ,isaac4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,range and habitat4--,boneset delights in moist situations1 and is common as a weed in clayey or sandy soil1 in low1 wet ground1 and along streams1 on the edges of swamps and in thickets from the ,new ,england ,states west to ,nebraska and south to ,texas and ,florida4 ,description4--,one of the features which will aid in recognizing this plant is the peculiar arrangement of the leaves4 ,these are opposite each other and joined together at the base around the stem1 and therefore have the appearance of a single leaf with the stem passing through the center of it4 ,boneset is a perennial herb of the aster family of plants 7,asterace71 with stout1 rough1 hairy stems #a to #e feet high1 from a horizontal1 crooked root4 ,the leaves are opposite1 united at the base1 lance shaped1 tapering to a point1 bluntly toothed1 rough with prominent veins1 wrinkled1 dark green on the upper surface1 downy and paler green on the lower surface4 ,both leaves together measure from #h to #ad inches from point to point and #a to #a inches wide4 ,the flowers are white1 tubular1 ten to twenty or more united in dense heads1 and the heads are borne in rather crowded flat-topped clusters1 appearing from ,july to ,september4 ,parts used4--,the leaves and flowering tops are the parts used in medicine1 and these should be collected when the plants are in flower1 stripped from the stalk1 and carefully dried4 ,they lose about three-fourths of their weight in drying4 ,the odor is faintly aromatic1 the taste bitter and astringent4 ,as indicated by the common names 8ague-weed0 and 8feverwort10 this is a popular remedy in fever and ague4 ,it is used also in colds1 dyspepsia1 jaundice1 and for toning up the system4 ,in large doses it is an emetic and cathartic4 ,prices4--,eupatorium or boneset leaves and tops bring from #b to #h cents per pound4 ,,catnip4 ,nepeta cataria ,l4 ,other common names4--,catmint1 catrup1 cat's wort1 field mint4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,range and habitat4--,this very common weed is naturalized from ,europe1 and is found in rather dry soil in waste places and cultivated land1 about old buildings and along fences1 from ,canada to ,minnesota and southward to ,virginia and ,arkansas4 ,description4--,the erect1 square stems of this perennial herb of the mint family 7,menthace7 grow to a height of #b to #c feet1 are branched1 and somewhat whitish in appearance from the covering of fine white hairs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,catnip 7,nepeta cataria ,l47 ,the leaves are opposite and borne on stems1 heart shaped or oblong1 with an acute apex1 #a to #b inches long1 evenly and finely scalloped1 green above1 beneath grayish-green with fine white hairs4 ,the many-flowered clusters appear from ,june to ,september1 and are borne in thick spikes #a to #e inches long at the top of the stems and branches4 ,the flowers are white or somewhat purple1 two-lipped1 the upper lip two-cleft1 the lower one three-lobed and sometimes spotted with red1 the middle lobe broadest and round-toothed4 ,parts used4--,the flowering tops and leaves are to be collected when the plant is in flower and carefully dried4 ,they have a strong mint-like odor and a bitter taste4 ,the coarser stems and branches should be rejected4 ,catnip is used in derangements of women1 as a mild stimulant and tonic1 and has a quieting effect on the nervous system4 ,imports and prices4--,cataria or catnip is imported in but small quantities4 ,the price paid for the flowering tops and leaves is from #b to #h cents per pound4 ,,hoarhound4 ,marrubium vulgare ,l4 ,other common names4--,houndsbene1 marvel1 marrube4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,range and habitat4--,hoarhound has been naturalized from ,europe1 and has escaped from gardens in this country1 being found now rather abundantly in dry sandy or stony soil in waste places1 pastures1 fields1 along roadsides1 and near dwellings1 from ,maine to ,south ,carolina1 ,texas1 and westward to ,california and ,oregon4 ,it is very abundant in pastures in ,california1 ,oregon1 and in limited areas in ,indiana1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 and ,michigan4 ,in southern ,california this plant has proved a most troublesome weed1 occurring almost everywhere and growing in such dense masses as to crowd out all other vegetation4 ,it has spread rapidly over thousands of acres1 taking complete possession of the land and destroying pastures4 ,description4--,the entire plant has a whitish1 woolly appearance1 caused by the dense covering of hairs4 ,it is a perennial plant1 and as will be seen from the characteristic lip-shaped flowers1 is a member of the mint family 7,menthace74 ,the whole plant has a rather pleasant1 balsamic odor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,hoarhound 7,marrubium vulgare ,l474 ,hoarhound is a bushy1 branching herb1 with fibrous roots sending up numerous woolly stems about #a to #c feet high1 rounded below and four-angled above4 ,the leaves are opposite each other1 #a to #b inches long1 oval or nearly round1 wrinkled1 somewhat blunt at the apex1 narrowed or somewhat heart shaped at the base1 with rounded teeth1 somewhat hairy and wrinkled on the upper surface1 and prominently veined and very hoary on the lower surface4 ,the flowers are whitish1 two-lipped1 the upper lip two-lobed1 the lower three-lobed1 and are borne in dense1 woolly clusters in the axils of the leaves4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,the plant flowers from ,june to ,september1 and the characteristic hooked calyx teeth of the mature flower clusters cling to the wool of sheep like a bur1 resulting in the scattering of the seeds4 ,parts used4--,the leaves and tops are used in medicine4 ,these should be gathered just before the herb is in flower1 rejecting the coarse stalks1 and should be dried in the shade in the usual manner4 ,the balsamic odor diminishes in drying4 ,the herb has a bitter1 persistent taste4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,hoarhound1 flowering top4 ,hoarhound is well known as a remedy for colds1 and is also used in dyspepsia and for expelling worms4 ,imports and prices4--,a considerable quantity of marrubium or hoarhound is imported1 about #abe1jjj pounds coming into this country annually4 ,three to #h cents is the price paid per pound4 ,,blessed ,,thistle4 ,cnicus benedictus ,l4 ,other common names4--,holy thistle1 bitter thistle1 ,our ,lady's thistle1 ,st4 ,benedict's thistle1 cursed thistle1 spotted thistle4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,range and habitat4--,this weed has been introduced from ,europe and occurs in stony1 uncultivated localities and waste places in the ,southern ,states and in ,california and ,utah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,blessed thistle 7,cnicus benedictus ,l474 ,description4--,blessed thistle is an annual plant belonging to the aster family 7,asterace74 ,the round stems are erect1 about #a to #b feet high1 branched1 and rather woolly4 ,the leaves are more or less hairy1 the lower ones borne on petioles 7leaf stems71 the upper ones sessile 7stemless7 and clasping the stem4 ,they are oblong-lanceolate and wavy-lobed4 ,the terminal yellow flower heads are surrounded by scales of a leathery texture1 which are prolonged into long1 hard1 branching spines4 ,parts used4--,the leaves and tops should be collected when the plant is in flower1 about ,june1 thoroughly and quickly dried1 and kept in a vessel from which moisture1 light1 and air should be excluded4 ,they have a somewhat disagreeable odor and the taste is very bitter4 ,blessed thistle is employed in fevers1 dyspepsia1 and as a tonic to restore the appetite4 ,imports and prices4--,this plant is cultivated in ,germany1 from which country it is imported to a limited extent4 ,the price per pound ranges from #h to #aj cents4 ,,yarrow4 ,achillea millefolium ,l4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,yarrow 7,achillea millefolium ,l474 ,other common names4--,milfoil1 thousand leaf1 thousand-leaved clover1 green arrow1 gordoloba1 nosebleed1 bloodwort1 carpenter's grass1 sanguinary1 soldiers' woundwort1 old man's pepper4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,range and habitat4--,this herb is a common weed from the ,new ,england ,states to ,missouri and in scattered localities in other parts of the country1 occurring along roadsides1 in old fields1 pastures1 and meadows4 ,description4--,yarrow is a perennial belonging to the aster family 7,asterace74 ,it is about #aj to #bj inches in height1 its numerous dark-green feathery leaves divided into very fine crowded parts4 ,the flowers are produced in abundance from ,june to ,september4 ,these are small1 white 7sometimes rose-colored71 and are crowded in dense flat-topped heads4 ,the odor of yarrow is strong and aromatic1 very similar to that of chamomile1 and the taste is sharp and bitter4 ,when this plant is eaten by cows its bitter taste and strong odor are imparted to dairy products4 ,parts used4--,the entire plant is collected when in flower1 and is carefully dried4 ,the coarser stems should be rejected4 ,the plant loses nearly four-fifths of its weight in drying4 ,yarrow is a stimulant tonic1 acts upon the bladder1 and checks excessive discharges4 ,imports and prices4--,this is an imported article1 though not brought into the ,united ,states in large quantities4 ,the price of achillea or yarrow ranges from #b to #e cents per pound4 ,,canada ,,fleabane4 ,leptilon canadense 7,l47 ,britton4 7,erigeron canadensis ,l47 ,other common names4--,horseweed1 colt's tail1 scabious1 prideweed1 butter weed1 fireweed1 blood-stanch1 cow's tail1 bitter weed4 7,fig4 #be47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,canada fleabane 7,leptilon canadense 7,l47 ,britton74 ,range and habitat4--,this weed is common in damp1 sandy soils in fields and waste places and along roadsides in many parts of the ,united ,states1 especially throughout the northern ,mississippi ,valley4 ,description4--,canada fleabane is an annual weed belonging to the aster family 7,asterace74 ,the stem1 which is bristly-hairy1 or sometimes smooth1 varies greatly in height1 according to the soil1 being sometimes only #c inches high1 and in favorable soil often reaching a height of #aj feet4 ,the larger plants are branched near the top4 ,the leaves are usually somewhat hairy1 those scattered along the stem being rather narrow1 with unbroken margins1 and the lower ones slightly toothed4 ,from ,june to ,november numerous heads of small inconspicuous white flowers are produced1 followed by an abundance of seed4 ,parts used4--,the entire herb is medicinal1 and should be gathered during the flowering period and carefully dried4 ,it has a faint1 agreeable odor and a somewhat astringent and bitter taste4 ,the fresh herb on distillation yields a volatile oil which is sold as oil of fleabane4 ,the common name 8blood stanch0 indicates the use of this plant for arresting hemorrhages from various sources and the bleeding of wounds4 ,it is useful also in diarrhea and dropsy4 ,price4--,the price paid for erigeron or flea bane ranges from #f to #h cents per pound4 ,,jimson ,,weed4 ,datura stramonium ,l4 ,other common names4--,jamestown weed 7from which 8jimson0 weed is derived71 thorn-apple1 stinkweed1 stinkwort1 devil's apple1 mad-apple1 devil's trumpet1 fireweed1 ,jamestown lily1 dewtry1 apple of ,peru4 7,fig4 #bf74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,jimson weed 7,datura stramonium ,l474 ,range and habitat4--,jimson weed is exceedingly common in fields and waste places throughout the entire country with the exception of the ,north and ,west4 ,it is native in the ,tropics and widely scattered in nearly all warm countries4 ,description4--,this well-known rank and ill-scented poisonous weed is an annual about #b to #e feet in height1 and belongs to the potato family 7,solanace74 ,its yellowish-green stems are stout1 leafy1 and much forked4 ,the leaves are large1 #c to #h inches long1 thin1 smooth1 pointed at the apex and usually narrowed at the base1 irregularly waved and toothed1 veiny1 dark green on the upper surface and paler green beneath4 ,the rather large1 showy flowers are produced from ,may to ,september4 ,they are white1 funnel shaped1 about #c inches long1 and have a heavy odor4 ,the seed pod is a dry1 oval1 prickly capsule1 which1 when quite ripe1 bursts open and discloses four valves1 containing numerous black1 kidney-shaped seeds4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,the seeds are ill-smelling when fresh1 as is the entire plant4 ,they are dull black1 about one-sixth of an inch long1 flattened1 wrinkled1 and marked with small depressions4 ,parts used4--,both the leaves and seeds are medicinal4 ,the leaves are collected at the time of flowering1 the entire plant being cut or pulled up and the leaves stripped and dried in the shade4 ,the unpleasant narcotic odor diminishes upon drying4 ,the leaves are poisonous1 cause dilation of the pupil of the eye1 and are used principally in asthma4 ,for the collection of the seeds the capsules should be taken from the plants when they are quite ripe1 but still of a green color4 ,the capsules should then be dried for a few days1 when they will burst open and the seeds can be readily shaken out4 ,these should now be carefully dried4 ,the seeds like the leaves are poisonous and possess the same properties4 ,occasional cases of poisoning of children occur from eating the seeds of jimson weed and taking the flowers in their mouths4 ,imports and prices4--,from #ajj1jjj to #aej1jjj pounds of stramonium leaves 7the name by which they are designated in the drug trade7 are imported into this country annually1 and about #aj1jjj pounds of seeds are imported4 ,the leaves will bring from #b to #h cents per pound1 and stramonium seeds from #c to #g cents per pound4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,leaves1 flower1 and capsules of jimson weed4 ,purple thorn-apple4 ,the purple thorn-apple1 technically known as ,datura tatula1 is very similar to the jimson weed1 possesses the same properties1 and is distinguished from it merely by its reddish stems and purplish flowers4 ,the leaves and seeds may be gathered with those of the jimson weed4 ,,poison ,,hemlock4 ,conium maculatum ,l4 ,other common names4--,spotted parsley1 ,st4 ,bennet's herb1 bad-man's oatmeal1 heck-how1 wode whistle1 cashes1 bunk1 poison parsley1 spotted cowbane4 7,fig4 #bh47 ,range and habitat4--,poison hemlock is rather common in waste places and along roadsides1 principally in the ,eastern and ,middle ,states4 ,it has been naturalized in this country from ,europe4 ,description4--,from the close resemblance of the leaves of this plant to parsley1 it is sometimes mistaken for the latter and fatal cases of poisoning have occurred4 ,all parts of the plant are exceedingly poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,poison hemlock 7,conium maculatum ,l474 ,poison hemlock belongs to the same family as the parsley1 namely1 the ,apiace4 ,it is a biennial1 about #b to #f feet in height1 with a smooth1 hollow stem dotted with purple1 and large leaves very much like those of parsley4 ,the numerous small white flowers are borne in rather showy umbels 7flat-topped clusters1 with stems from one point7 and appear in ,june and ,july4 ,the fruit ripens in ,august and ,september4 ,the fruit is grayish-green1 ribbed1 about one-eighth of an inch long1 ovate1 laterally flattened1 and smooth4 ,the entire plant possesses a disagreeable mousy odor1 which is especially noticeable when bruised4 ,parts used4--,the fruit and leaves are the parts used4 ,the fruit should be collected while still green but full grown1 which in most localities is some time in ,august4 ,it should be dried in dark but well ventilated places1 and then stored in tight cans or boxes where it will not be exposed to the action of light and air4 ,the poison hemlock leaves should be collected when the plant is in flower1 which will be in the second year of its growth4 ,the stems should be rejected4 ,contrary to the usual method of drying leaves and herbs1 the poison hemlock leaves may be quickly dried in the sun and then kept in tightly closed vessels4 ,the leaves will retain their green color if properly cured4 ,the odor is still very disagreeable1 but not so pronounced as in the fresh plant4 ,this very poisonous drug is used in rheumatism1 neuralgia1 asthma1 and in cases where the nervous system is in an excited condition4 ,imports and prices4--,the imports of conium or poison hemlock seed amount to about #bj1jjj pounds annually1 and from #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj pounds of the leaves are imported4 ,the price paid for the seed is about #c cents per pound1 and for the leaves about #d cents4 ,,american ,,wormseed4 ,chenopodium ambrosioides ,l4 ,other common names4--,mexican tea1 ,spanish tea1 ,jerusalem tea1 ,jesuit tea1 ambrosia4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,american wormseed 7,chenopodium ambrosioides ,l474 ,range and habitat4--,this strong-scented herb1 naturalized in this country from tropical ,america1 frequents waste places around dwellings and is found in streets1 meadows1 pastures1 and grain fields from ,new ,england to ,florida1 and westward to ,california4 ,description4--,american wormseed is an annual plant of the goosefoot family 7,chenopodiace71 attaining a height of from #b to #c feet4 ,the stem is grooved1 usually much branched and leafy1 the leaves oblong or oblong lance-shaped1 somewhat acute at the apex1 the lower ones #a to #c inches long and wavy-toothed1 the numerous upper leaves much smaller and usually entire4 ,from ,july to ,september the flowers are produced1 followed throughout the autumn by the fruits1 both of which are green and borne in crowded leafy spikes4 ,the whole plant has a powerful1 disagreeable odor1 due to the essential oil which it contains4 ,part used4--,the entire leafy part of the plant is sometimes employed for the distillation of the oil1 although the fruit alone is listed in the ,pharmacopia of the ,united ,states4 ,the fruit is distilled for the oil1 which it contains in large quantities4 ,the fruits are in the form of small grains1 about the size of a pin head1 globular but slightly flattened1 greenish1 and inclosing the small shining black seeds4 ,they have the same powerful odor as the plant1 which does not diminish when the fruit is dried1 and the taste is bitter and pungent4 ,american wormseed is an anthelmintic1 that is1 it has the property of expelling worms4 ,the fruits of ,chenopodium anthelminticum1 another species of wormseed1 are collected with those of the species just described4 ,this plant is very similar to the ,american wormseed1 the fruits being alike1 and the only differences being that in ,chenopodium anthelminticum the stem is slightly taller1 from #b to #c feet high1 the leaves are more coarsely toothed1 the flowers are borne in more elongated1 usually leafless spikes1 the odor is more pronounced and disagreeable1 and the range and distribution of the plant are more limited4 ,wormseed is cultivated to a considerable extent in parts of ,maryland1 where the distillation of the plant for the oil is carried on4 ,price4--,in ordinary seasons the price paid for chenopodium or wormseed ranges from #f to #h cents per pound4 ,the oil distilled from wormseed is at present selling at #a4ej per pound4 ,,black ,,mustard4 ,brassica nigra 7,l47 ,koch4 7,sinapis nigra ,l47 ,other common names4--,brown mustard1 red mustard4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,black mustard 7,brassica nigra 7,l47 ,koch74 ,range and habitat4--,black mustard1 introduced from ,europe1 is a troublesome weed in many parts of the ,united ,states4 ,it is common in almost every ,state in the ,union along roadsides1 in cultivated ground1 and in waste places1 being especially troublesome in grain fields and pastures4 ,both black and white mustards are cultivated in ,california4 ,this plant is a great pest in southern ,california1 covering thousands of acres and forming dense1 impenetrable thickets over #f feet in height1 in which birds have their nesting places1 and1 by eating and excreting the seeds1 help to spread this pernicious weed4 ,description4--,the rather stiff1 dark-green1 branching stem of black mustard is from #d to #f feet in height4 ,the lower part of the stems and branches is more or less bristly hairy1 but the upper part is usually smooth4 ,the leaves are dark green1 somewhat rough1 with bristly hairs1 and are all borne on stalks4 ,the lower leaves are lobed1 the terminal lobe being the largest and the two or more lateral ones smaller4 ,the leaves toward the top of the plant become lance shaped and are slightly toothed4 ,the flowers of black mustard appear from ,june to ,september1 and are of a bright yellow color4 ,they are rather small1 scarcely a quarter of an inch in diameter1 the four petals spreading and each consisting of a rounded blade with a narrow claw4 ,the petals alternate with the pale-green sepals or calyx lobes4 ,the flowers appear in clusters at the ends of the elongating stems1 followed from ,july to ,november by the numerous erect pods crowded against the stem in dense narrow clusters4 ,the pods are about #a inch in length1 quadrangular1 smooth1 and tipped at the apex by the short1 persistent style4 ,the seeds contained in the pods are very numerous1 small1 about one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter1 globular1 blackish brown1 and finely pitted4 ,the plant is an annual1 and if care is taken to prevent the distribution of the seeds it is not difficult to exterminate4 ,the seeds possess great vitality1 and may remain in the ground for years before germinating4 ,collection of seeds4--,the tops may be pulled when most of the pods are nearly mature1 but before they are ready to spring open4 ,they should then be placed on a clean1 dry floor or shelf1 allowing the pods to ripen and dry out1 when they will burst open and the seeds can be readily shaken out4 ,mustard seed has no odor whatever when collected1 not even when it is powdered in its dry state1 but as soon as water is added in grinding it1 the powerful1 penetrating mustard odor is developed4 ,the taste is sharp and pungent4 ,,white ,,mustard4 ,sinapis alba ,l4 ,another common name4--,yellow mustard4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,white mustard 7,sinapis alba ,l474 ,range and habitat4--,white mustard is a weed found in cultivated land along waysides and fence rows1 but is not so abundant nor so widely distributed as the black mustard4 ,it is naturalized in this country from ,europe4 ,description4--,this plant is very similar to black mustard1 but is smaller 7growing only about #a to #b feet tall71 bright green1 but the flowers and seeds are much larger1 and the rough-hairy pods with their long1 sickle-shaped beaks are spreading instead of being pressed against the stem4 ,the flowers are paler yellow than those of the fore-going species4 ,the divisions of the leaves reach to the midrib1 the leaves are rough-hairy1 and the pods bristly4 ,the seeds are pale yellow and smooth4 ,collection and uses of seeds4--,the seeds are to be collected in the same manner as those of black mustard4 ,white mustard seed has no odor in its entire state1 and when water is added in grinding it the odor does not become so pronounced as in the case of black mustard1 neither is the taste so pungent4 ,in medicine mustard seeds are used principally in the preparation of plasters and poultices4 ,they are used also in dyspepsia1 and in large doses act as an emetic4 ,imports and prices4--,the imports into the ,united ,states of black and white mustard together during the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aijc1 amounted to #e1cjb1hgf pounds4 ,the price ranges from #c to #f cents per pound for both the black and white mustard seeds4 ,,farmers' ,,bulletins4 ,the following is a list of the ,farmers' ,bulletins available for distribution1 showing the number1 title1 and size in pages of each4 ,copies will be sent to any address on application to any ,senator1 ,representative1 or ,delegate in ,congress1 or to the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the missing numbers have been discontinued1 being superseded by later bulletins4 #af4 ,leguminous ,plants4 ,pp4 #bd4 #ba4 ,barnyard ,manure4 ,pp4 #cb4 #bb4 ,feeding of ,farm ,animals4 ,pp4 #cb4 #bd4 ,hog ,cholera and ,swine ,plague4 ,pp4 #af4 #be4 ,peanuts3 ,culture and ,uses4 ,pp4 #bd4 #bg4 ,flax for ,seed and ,fiber4 ,pp4 #af4 #bh4 ,weeds3 ,and ,how to ,kill ,them4 ,pp4 #cb4 #bi4 ,souring and ,other ,changes in ,milk4 ,pp4 #bc4 #cj4 ,grape ,diseases on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,pp4 #ae4 #ca4 ,alfalfa1 or ,lucern4 ,pp4 #bd4 #cb4 ,silos and ,silage4 ,pp4 #cb4 #cc4 ,peach ,growing for ,market4 ,pp4 #bd4 #cd4 ,meats3 ,composition and ,cooking4 ,pp4 #bi4 #ce4 ,potato ,culture4 ,pp4 #bd4 #cf4 ,cotton ,seed and ,its ,products4 ,pp4 #af4 #cg4 ,kafir ,corn3 ,culture and ,uses4 ,pp4 #ab4 #ch4 ,spraying for ,fruit ,diseases4 ,pp4 #ab4 #ci4 ,onion ,culture4 ,pp4 #ca4 #db4 ,facts ,about ,milk4 ,pp4 #bi4 #dc4 ,sewage ,disposal on the ,farm4 ,pp4 #bj4 #dd4 ,commercial ,fertilizers4 ,pp4 #bd4 #de4 ,insects ,injurious to ,stored ,grain4 ,pp4 #bd4 #df4 ,irrigation in the ,humid ,climates4 ,pp4 #bg4 #dg4 ,insects ,affecting the ,cotton ,plant4 ,pp4 #cb4 #dh4 ,the ,manuring of ,cotton4 ,pp4 #af4 #di4 ,sheep ,feeding4 ,pp4 #ba4 #ej4 ,sorghum as a ,forage ,crop4 ,pp4 #bj4 #ea4 ,standard ,varieties of ,chickens4 ,pp4 #dh4 #eb4 ,the ,sugar ,beet4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ec4 ,how to ,grow ,mushrooms4 ,pp4 #bj4 #ed4 ,some ,common ,birds4 ,pp4 #dj4 #ee4 ,the ,dairy ,herd4 ,pp4 #bd4 #ef4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,i4 ,pp4 #ca4 #eg4 ,butter ,making on the ,farm4 ,pp4 #af4 #eh4 ,the ,soy ,bean as ,forage ,crop4 ,pp4 #bd4 #ei4 ,bee ,keeping4 ,pp4 #cb4 #fj4 ,methods of ,curing ,tobacco4 ,pp4 #af4 #fa4 ,asparagus ,culture4 ,pp4 #dj4 #fb4 ,marketing ,farm ,produce4 ,pp4 #bh4 #fc4 ,care of ,milk on the ,farm4 ,pp4 #dj4 #fd4 ,ducks and ,geese4 ,pp4 #dh4 #fe4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,ii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ff4 ,meadows and ,pastures4 ,pp4 #bh4 #fh4 ,the ,black ,rot of the ,cabbage4 ,pp4 #bb4 #fi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,iii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #gj4 ,insect ,enemies of the ,grape4 ,pp4 #bc4 #ga4 ,essentials in ,beef ,production4 ,pp4 #bd4 #gb4 ,cattle ,ranges of the ,southwest4 ,pp4 #cb4 #gc4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,iv4 ,pp4 #cb4 #gd4 ,milk as ,food4 ,pp4 #ci4 #ge4 ,the ,grain ,smuts4 ,pp4 #bj4 #gf4 ,tomato ,growing4 ,pp4 #cj4 #gg4 ,the ,liming of ,soils4 ,pp4 #ai4 #gh4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,v4 ,pp4 #cb4 #gi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,vi4 ,pp4 #bh4 #hj4 ,the ,peach ,twig-borer4 ,pp4 #af4 #ha4 ,corn ,culture in the ,south4 ,pp4 #bd4 #hb4 ,the ,culture of ,tobacco4 ,pp4 #bd4 #hc4 ,tobacco ,soils4 ,pp4 #bc4 #hd4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,vii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #he4 ,fish as ,food4 ,pp4 #cj4 #hf4 ,thirty ,poisonous ,plants4 ,pp4 #cb4 #hg4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,viii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #hh4 ,alkali ,lands4 ,pp4 #bc4 #hi4 ,cowpeas4 ,pp4 #af4 #ia4 ,potato ,diseases and ,treatment4 ,pp4 #ab4 #ib4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,ix4 ,pp4 #cj4 #ic4 ,sugar as ,food4 ,pp4 #bg4 #id4 ,the ,vegetable ,garden4 ,pp4 #bd4 #ie4 ,good ,roads for ,farmers4 ,pp4 #dg4 #if4 ,raising ,sheep for ,mutton4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ig4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,x4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ih4 ,suggestions to ,southern ,farmers4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ii4 ,insect ,enemies of ,shade ,trees4 ,pp4 #cj4 #ajj4 ,hog ,raising in the ,south4 ,pp4 #dj4 #aja4 ,millets4 ,pp4 #bh4 #ajb4 ,southern ,forage ,plants4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ajc4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xi4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ajd4 ,notes on ,frost4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aje4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ajf4 ,breeds of ,dairy ,cattle4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ajg4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xiii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ajh4 ,saltbushes4 ,pp4 #bj4 #aji4 ,farmers' ,reading ,courses4 ,pp4 #bj4 #aaj4 ,rice ,culture in the ,united ,states4 ,pp4 #bh4 #aaa4 ,farmers' ,interest in ,good ,seed4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aab4 ,bread and ,bread ,making4 ,pp4 #ci4 #aac4 ,the ,apple and ,how to ,grow it4 ,pp4 #cb4 #aad4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xiv4 ,pp4 #bh4 #aae4 ,hop ,culture in ,california4 ,pp4 #bg4 #aaf4 ,irrigation in ,fruit ,growing4 ,pp4 #dh4 #aag4 ,sheep1 ,hogs1 and ,horses in the ,northwest4 ,pp4 #bh4 #aah4 ,grape ,growing in the ,south4 ,pp4 #cb4 #aai4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xv4 ,pp4 #ca4 #abj4 ,insects ,affecting ,tobacco4 ,pp4 #cb4 #aba4 ,beans1 ,peas1 and other ,legumes as ,food4 ,pp4 #cb4 #abb4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xvi4 ,pp4 #cb4 #abc4 ,red ,clover ,seed2 ,information for ,purchasers4 ,pp4 #aa4 #abd4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xvii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #abe4 ,protection of ,food ,products from ,injurious ,temperatures4 ,pp4 #bf4 #abf4 ,practical ,suggestions for ,farm ,buildings4 ,pp4 #dh4 #abg4 ,important ,insecticides4 ,pp4 #db4 #abh4 ,eggs and ,their ,uses as ,food4 ,pp4 #cb4 #abi4 ,sweet ,potatoes4 ,pp4 #dj4 #aca4 ,household ,tests for ,detection of ,oleomargarine and ,renovated ,butter4 ,pp4 #aa4 #acb4 ,insect ,enemies of ,growing ,wheat4 ,pp4 #dj4 #acc4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xviii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #acd4 ,tree ,planting in ,rural ,school ,grounds4 ,pp4 #ch4 #ace4 ,sorghum ,sirip ,manufacture4 ,pp4 #dj4 #acf4 ,earth ,roads4 ,pp4 #bd4 #acg4 ,the ,angora ,goat4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ach4 ,irrigation in ,field and ,garden4 ,pp4 #dj4 #aci4 ,emmer3 ,a ,grain for the ,semiarid ,regions4 ,pp4 #af4 #adj4 ,pineapple ,growing4 ,pp4 #dh4 #ada4 ,poultry ,raising on the ,farm4 ,pp4 #af4 #adb4 ,the ,nutritive and ,economic ,value of ,food4 ,pp4 #dh4 #adc4 ,the ,confirmation of ,beef and ,dairy ,cattle4 ,pp4 #dd4 #add4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xix4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ade4 ,carbon ,bisulphid as an ,insecticide4 ,pp4 #bh4 #adf4 ,insecticides and ,fungicides4 ,pp4 #af4 #adg4 ,winter ,forage ,crops for the ,south4 ,pp4 #cf4 #adh4 ,celery ,culture4 ,pp4 #cb4 #adi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xx4 ,pp4 #cb4 #aej4 ,clearing ,new ,land4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aea4 ,dairying in the ,south4 ,pp4 #dh4 #aeb4 ,scabies in ,cattle4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aec4 ,orchard ,enemies in the ,pacific ,northwest4 ,pp4 #ci4 #aed4 ,the ,fruit ,garden3 ,preparation and ,care4 ,pp4 #bj4 #aee4 ,how ,insects ,affect ,health in ,rural ,districts4 ,pp4 #bj4 #aef4 ,the ,home ,vineyard4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aeg4 ,the ,propagation of ,plants4 ,pp4 #bd4 #aeh4 ,how to ,build ,small ,irrigation ,ditches4 ,pp4 #bh4 #aei4 ,scab in ,sheep4 ,pp4 #dh4 #afa4 ,practical ,suggestions for ,fruit ,growers4 ,pp4 #bh4 #afb4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxi4 ,pp4 #cb4 #afd4 ,rape as a ,forage ,crop4 ,pp4 #af4 #afe4 ,culture of the ,silkworm4 ,pp4 #cb4 #aff4 ,cheese making on the ,farm4 ,pp4 #af4 #afg4 ,cassava4 ,pp4 #cb4 #afh4 ,pearl ,millet4 ,pp4 #af4 #afi4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #agj4 ,principles of ,horse ,feeding ,pp4 #dd4 #aga4 ,the ,control of the ,codling ,moth4 ,pp4 #bd4 #agb4 ,scale ,insects and ,mites on ,citrus ,trees4 ,pp4 #dc4 #agc4 ,primer of ,forestry4 ,pp4 #dh4 #agd4 ,broom ,corn4 ,pp4 #cb4 #age4 ,home ,manufacture and ,use of ,unfermented ,grape ,juice4 ,pp4 #af4 #agf4 ,cranberry ,culture4 ,pp4 #bj4 #agg4 ,squab ,raising4 ,pp4 #cb4 #agh4 ,insects ,injurious in ,cranberry ,culture4 ,pp4 #cb4 #agi4 ,horseshoeing4 ,pp4 #ca4 #ahj4 ,game ,laws for #aijc4 ,pp4 #ef4 #aha4 ,pruning4 ,pp4 #ci4 #ahb4 ,poultry as ,food4 ,pp4 #dj4 #ahc4 ,meat on the ,farm--,butchering1 curing1 etc4 #ahd4 ,marketing ,live ,stock4 ,pp4 #dj4 #ahe4 ,beautifying the ,home ,grounds4 #ahf4 ,experiment ,station ,work--,,xxiii4 ,pp4 #cb4 #ahg4 ,drainage of ,farm ,lands4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,illustrations in this e,book have been positioned between paragraphs and adjacent to the related discussion4 ,in versions of this e,book that support hyperlinks1 the page references in the ,list of ,illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some hyphens in words have been silently removed1 some added1 when a predominant preference was found in the original book4 ,all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4