,,! ,,moni/ ,a ,,qu>t]ly ,,magaz9e ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,*icago3 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #ahib-ahic ,,copyright1 #ahic1 ,,by ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,iii4 ,,page ,,articles4 ,auta1 ,! ,doctr9e (4 ,by ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan #afa ,cruelty & ,pity 9 ,woman4 ,by ,guillaume ,f]r]o #bbj ,doctr9e ( ,auta1 ,!4 ,by ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan #afa ,education1 ,nationalisation (1 & ! ,univ]sities4 ,by ,h4 von ,hol/ #dic ,evolution>y ,love4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #agf ,f\ndations ( ,!ism1 ,!4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,cope #fbc ,f\nd] ( ,ty*ism1 ,!3 ,8 ,me?ods1 ,philosophy1 & ,criticisms4 ,editor #ega ,f\r? ,dim5sion1 ,! ,by ,h]mann ,s*ub]t #djb ,h9du ,monism4 ,by ,ri*>d ,g>be #ea ,insects1 ,! ,n]v\s ,ganglia (4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et #ce ,intuition & ,reason4 ,by ,*ri/9e ,ladd ,frankl9 #baa ,issues ( 8,syne*ism10 ,!4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,mc,crie #chj ,love1 ,evolution>y4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #agf ,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #a ,mean+ & ,metaphor4 ,by ,lady ,victoria ,welby #eaj ,m5tal ,mummies4 ,by ,felix ,l4 ,oswald #cj ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 ,religion &4 ,by ,f4 ,jodl #cbi ,monism1 ,h9du4 ,by ,ri*>d ,g>be #ea ,nationalisation ( ,education & ! ,univ]sities4 ,by ,h4 von ,hol/ #dic ,necessit>ians1 ,reply to !4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #ebf ,necessity1 ,! ,idea (3 ,its ,basis & ,its ,scope4 ,editor #fh ,necessity1 ,! ,sup]/ition (4 ,by ,john ,dewey #cfb ,panbiotism1 ,panpsy*ism &4 ,editor #bcd ,panpsy*ism & ,panbiotism4 ,editor #bcd ,reason1 ,intuition &4 ,by ,*ri/9e ,ladd ,frankl9 #baa ,religion & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,by ,f4 ,jodl #cbi ,religion ( ,sci5ce1 ,!4 ,editor #ceb ,r5an3 ,a ,disc\rse ,giv5 at ,s\? ,place ,*apel1 ,london4 ,by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway #bja ,reply to ! ,necessit>ians4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #ebf ,sci5ce1 ,! ,religion (4 ,editor #ceb ,sup]/ition ( ,necessity1 ,!4 ,by ,john ,dewey #cfb 8,syne*ism10 ,! ,issues (4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,mc,crie #chj ,!ism1 ,! ,f\ndations (4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,cope #fbc ,?\ght 9 ,am]ica1 ,! ,future (4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,cope #bc ,ty*ism1 ,! ,f\nd] (3 ,8 ,me?ods1 ,philosophy1 & ,criticisms4 ,editor #ega ,univ]sities1 ,nationalisation ( ,education & !4 ,by ,h4 von ,hol/ #dic ,woman1 ,cruelty & ,pity 94 ,by ,guillaume ,f]r]o #bbj ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,france4 ,by ,luci5 ,arrat #aaa1 #beh ,france1 ,! ,religi\s ,outlook 94 ,by ,!odore ,/anton #dej ,g]many4 ,by ,*ri/ian ,uf] #bfd1 #fdj ,new ,fr5* ,books4 ,by ,luci5 ,arrat #def ,rec5t ,evolution>y ,/udies 9 ,g]many4 ,by ,c>us ,/]ne #ig ,,criticisms ,,& ,,discussions4 ,a ,lett] f ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] #bgb ,comte & ,turgot4 ,by ,l\is ,belrose1 ,jr4 #aah ,is ,monism ,arbitr>y8 ,editor #abd ,james's ,psy*ology1 ,obs]vations on ,"s ,po9ts (4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,worce/] #bhe ,logic z ,relation ,lore4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,russell #bgb ,ma!matics a ,description ( ,op]ations ) ,pure ,=ms4 ,editor #acc ,reply to a ,critic1 ,a4 ,by ,edw>d ,t4 ,dixon #abg ,s5sation1 ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,ma*'s ,t]m #bih ,"s ,rem>ks ,^u ,pr(essor ,james's ,discussion ( ,att5tion4 ,by ,hiram ,m4 ,/anley #abb ,,book ,,reviews4 ,a*t ,abh&lung51 ,h]rn ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,k>l ,ludwig ,mi*elet zum #ij4 ,geburt/ag #dgh ,arrat1 ,luci54 ,psy*ologie du ,pe9tre #adb ,baets1 l',abb ,maurice de4 ,l'cole d'an?ropologie crim9elle #fdi ,beck]1 ,george ,f4 ,f9ite ,homog5e\s ,/ra91 ,fl[1 & ,rupture ( ,rocks #dhj ,b]5dt1 ,m4 & ,j4 ,fri$lnd]4 ,d] ,pessimismus im ,li*te e9] hh]5 ,weltauffassung #dgg ,b9et1 ,alfr$4 ,les ,altrations de la ,p]sonnalit #ade ,blackwell1 ,anto9ette ,br[n4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,individuality1 or ! ,"o & ! ,_m #fdi ,cattell1 ,james ,mc,keen1 & ,george ,/u>t ,full]ton4 ,on ! ,p]ception ( ,small ,diff]5ces #ada ,delbuf1 ,j4 ,l',hypnotisme devant les ,*ambres ,legislatives ,belges #cah ,dessoir1 ,max4 ,ueb] d5 ,hauts9n #cai ,dixon1 ,edw>d ,t4 ,an ,essay on ,reason+ #ach ,dreh]1 ,eug54 ,d] ,mat]ialismus1 e9e ,v]irrung des m5s*li*5 ,gei/es1 wid]legt dur* e9e zeitgemsse ,weltans*auung #dgi ,ed+]1 ,l4 ,v]glei*5d-entwickelungsges*i*tli*e und anatomis*e ,/udi5 im ,b]ei*e d] ,hirnanatomie4 #c4 ,rie*app>at und ,ammon%orn #fdh ,engel1 ,gu/av4 ,die ,philosophie und die sociale ,frage #dgh ,euck51 ,rudolf4 ,die ,grundbegriffe d] ,geg5w>t #fej ,fri$lnd]1 ,j4 & ,m4 ,b]5dt4 ,d] ,pessimismus im ,li*te e9] hh]5 ,weltauffassung #dgg ,full]ton1 ,george ,/u>t1 & ,james ,mc,keen ,cattel4 ,on ! ,p]ception ( ,small ,diff]5ces #ada ,george1 ,h5ry4 ,a ,p]plex$ ,philosoph] #dhb ,gutb]let1 ,con/ant94 ,die ,will5sfreiheit und ihre ,gegn] #fdf ,hill]1 ,h4 ,cr(t4 ,aga9/ ,dogma & ,free-,w #fdi ,hir?1 ,georges4 ,physiologie de ,l',art #adc ,holtzmann1 ,he9ri* ,julius4 ,h&-,comm5t> zum neu5 ,te/am5t4 ,,iv4 ,evangelium1 ,briefe und ,(f5b>ung des ,johannes #fdc ,holtzmann1 ,he9ri* ,julius4 ,lehrbu* d] hi/oris*-kritis*5 ,e9leitung 9 das neue ,te/am5t #aej ,janet1 ,pi]re4 tat m5tal des hy/riques les /igmates m5taux #fdh ,jol1 ,k>l4 ,d] e*te und d] ,x5ophontis*e ,sokrates #dhj ,jones1 ,e4 ,e4 ,con/ance4 ,an ,introduction to ,g5]al ,logic #cad ,l9demann1 ,f]d9&4 ,vorlesung5 b] ,geometrie #cad ,lotze1 ,h]mann4 ,outl9es ( a ,philosophy ( ,religion #adj ,lubbock1 ,john4 ,! ,beauties ( ,nature #cbc ,meyn]t1 ,!odore4 ,sammlung von populr-wiss5s*aftli*5 ,vortrg5 b] d5 ,bau und die ,lei/ung5 des ,gehirns #aea ,mik1 ,j4 ,grab]'s ,leitfad5 d] ,zoologie fr die ob]5 ,class5 d] ,mittels*ul5 #cbb ,mn/]b]g1 ,hugo4 ,beitrge zur exp]im5tell5 ,psy*ologie #cjd ,oelzelt-,new91 ,anton4 ,ueb] sittli*e ,disposition5 #cbc ,(fn]1 ,max4 ,ueb] die ,grund=m5 d] ,vor/ellungsv]b9dung #dgi ,paszk[ski1 ,wilhelm4 ,wie /eht es jetzt mit d] ,philosophie1 und 0 hab5 wir von ihr zu h(f58 #dgh ,pauls51 ,fri$ri*4 ,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie #dff ,rolfes1 ,eug54 ,die ,ari/otelis*e ,auffassung vom ,v]hltnisse ,gottes zur ,welt und zum ,m5s*5 #caa ,royce1 ,josiah4 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy #cjf ,roy]1 ,clm5ce4 ,re*]*es d'optique physiologique et physique #cbj ,salt]1 ,william ,m4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,philosophy #dgj ,s*ellwi51 ,rob]t4 ,max ,/irn] und ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e #caa ,s*midt1 ,johannes4 ,die ,urheima? d] ,indog]man5 und das europis*e ,zahlsy/em #adi ,s*midkunz1 ,hans4 ,d] ,hypnotismus 9 geme9fassli*] ,d>/ellung #cag ,%>p1 ,frank ,*apman4 ,! /hetic ,elem5t 9 ,morality #fej ,sidgwick1 ,alfr$4 ,di/9ction & ! ,criticism ( ,beliefs #cab ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t4 ,social ,/atics & ,ju/ice #acf ,/]ne1 ,c>us4 ,natur und ,kun/ #cbc ,top9>d1 ,paul4 ,l',homme dans la ,nature #adf ,top9>d1 ,paul4 ,l',an?ropologie du ,b5gale #cbb ,tufts1 ,james ,hayd54 ,! ,s\rces ( ,developm5t ( ,kant's ,teleology #cab ,v]worn1 ,max4 ,die ,bewegung d] leb5dig5 ,sub/anz #cba ,williams1 ,c4 ,m4 ,a ,review ( ! ,sy/ems ( ,e?ics ,f\nd$ on ! ,!ory ( ,evolution #dgd ,wundt1 ,wilhelm4 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,m5s*5- und ,?i]seele #cjj ,wundt1 ,wilhelm4 ,hypnotismus und ,sugge/ion #cae ,wundt1 ,wilhelm4 ,grundzge d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie #fdh ,,p]iodicals #aec-afj2 #cbe-cbh2 #dhh-dib2 #fea-feh4 ,,app5dix4 ,plates belong+ to ! article 8,! ,n]v\s ,ganglia ( ,insects40 7,9 ,no4 #a ( ?is volume47 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,octob]1 #ahib4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,man',s ,,glassy ,,ess5ce4 ,9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y1 #ahia1 ,i tri$ to %[ :at conceptions ought to =m ! brick & mort> ( a philosophical sy/em4 ,*ief among ^! 0 t ( absolute *ance = :i* ,i argu$ aga9 9 la/ ,april's numb]4#a ,9 ,july1 ,i appli$ ano!r fundam5tal idea1 t ( cont9uity1 to ! law ( m9d4 ,next 9 ord]1 ,i h to elucidate1 f ! po9t ( view *os51 ! relation betwe5 ! psy*ical & physical aspects ( a sub/ance4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be ! fram+ ( a molecul> !ory ( protoplasm4 ,b be=e do+ t1 x seems indisp5sable to glance at ! con/itution ( matt]1 9 g5]al4 ,we %all1 ?us1 unavoidably make a long det\r2 b1 aft] all1 our pa9s w n be wa/$1 = ! problems ( ! pap]s t are to foll[ 9 ! s]ies w call = ! consid]ation ( ! same "q4 ,all physici/s are rightly agre$ ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ :i* %[s all s5sible matt] is compos$ ( molecules 9 swift motion & ex]t+ enorm\s mutual attractions1 & p]haps repulsions1 too4 ,ev5 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,"l ,kelv91 :o wi%es to explode action at a di/ance & return to ! doctr9e ( a pl5um1 n only speaks ( molecules1 b und]takes to assign def9ite magnitudes to !m4 ,! brilliant ,judge ,/allo1 a man :o did n always rightly e/imate 8 own qualities 9 accept+ tasks = himself1 decl>$ w> ^u ! atomic !ory 9 a book well wor? c>eful p]usal4 ,to ! old argum5ts 9 favor ( atoms :i* he f\nd 9 ,fe*n]'s monograph1 he 0 able to make replies ( consid]able =ce1 ?\gh !y 7 n suffici5t to de/roy ^? argum5ts4 ,b aga9/ mod]n pro(s he made no headway at all4 ,^! set out f ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,rum=d's exp]im5ts %[$ t heat is n a sub/ance4 ,j\le demon/rat$ t x 0 a =m ( en]gy4 ,! heat+ ( gases "u con/ant volume1 & o!r facts in/anc$ by ,rank9e1 prov$ t x c\ld n be an en]gy ( /ra94 ,?is drove physici/s to ! conclusion t x 0 a mode ( motion4 ,!n x 0 rememb]$ t ,john ,b]n\lli _h %[n t ! pressure ( gases c\ld be acc\nt$ = by assum+ _! molecules to be mov+ uni=mly 9 rectil9e> pa?s4 ,! same hypo!sis 0 n[ se5 to acc\nt = ,avogadro's law1 t 9 equal volumes ( diff]5t k9ds ( gases expos$ to ! same pressure & temp]ature are conta9$ equal numb]s ( molecules4 ,%ortly aft]1 x 0 f\nd to acc\nt = ! laws ( diffusion & viscosity ( gases1 & = ! num]ical relation betwe5 ^! prop]ties4 ,f9ally1 ,crookes's radiomet] furni%$ ! la/ l9k 9 ! /ronge/ *a9 ( evid5ce :i* supports any physical hypo!sis4 ,su* be+ ! con/itution ( gases1 liquids mu/ cle>ly be bodies 9 :i* ! molecules w&] 9 curvil9e> pa?s1 :ile 9 solids !y move 9 orbits or quasi-orbits4 7,see my def9ition solid ,,ii1 #a1 9 ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y407 ,we see t ! resi/ance to compression & to int]p5etration betwe5 s5sible bodies is1 by "o ( ! prime propositions ( ! molecul> !ory1 due 9 l>ge measure to ! k9etical en]gy ( ! p>ticles1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ to be q remote f "o ano!r1 on ! av]age1 ev5 9 solids4 ,?is resi/ance is no d\bt influ5c$ by f9ite attractions & repulsions betwe5 ! molecules4 ,all ! imp5etrability ( bodies :i* we c obs]ve is1 !re=e1 a limit$ imp5etrability due to k9etic & positional en]gy4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we h no logical "r to suppose t absolute imp5etrability1 or ! exclusive occupancy ( space1 belongs to molecules or to atoms4 ,x is an unw>rant$ hypo!sis1 n a v]a causa4#b ,unless we are to give up ! !ory ( en]gy1 f9ite positional attractions & repulsions betwe5 molecules mu/ be admitt$4 ,absolute imp5etrability w\ld am\nt to an inf9ite repulsion at a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,no analogy ( kn[n ph5om5a exi/s to excuse su* a wanton violation ( ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity z su* a hypo!sis is4 ,9 %ort1 we are logically b\nd to adopt ! ,boscovi*ian idea t an atom is simply a di/ribution ( compon5t pot5tial en]gy ?r\gh\t space1 7?is di/ribution be+ absolutely rigid17 comb9$ ) in]tia4 ,! pot5tial en]gy belongs to two molecules1 & is to be conceiv$ z diff]5t betwe5 molecules ,a & ,b f :at x is betwe5 molecules ,a & ,c4 ,! di/ribution ( en]gy is n necess>ily sph]ical4 ,nay1 a molecule may conceivably h m ?an "o c5tre2 x may ev5 h a c5tral curve1 return+ into itself4 ,b ,i d n ?9k !re are any obs]v$ facts po9t+ to su* multiple or l9e> c5tres4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m facts relat+ to cry/als1 especially ^? obs]v$ by ,voigt1#c g to %[ t ! di/ribution ( en]gy is h>monical b n conc5tric4 ,we c easily calculate ! =ces :i* su* atoms mu/ ex]t ^u "o ano!r by consid]+#d t !y are equival5t to aggregations ( pairs ( electrically positive & negative po9ts inf9itely ne> to "o ano!r4 ,ab\t su* an atom !re w\ld be regions ( positive & ( negative pot5tial1 & ! numb] & di/ribution ( su* regions w\ld det]m9e ! val5cy ( ! atom1 a numb] :i* x is easy to see w\ld 9 _m cases be some:at indet]m9ate4 ,i mu/ n dwell fur!r ^u ?is hypo!sis1 at pres5t4 ,9 ano!r pap]1 its consequ5ces w be fur!r consid]$4 ,i _c assume t ! /ud5ts ( philosophy :o read ?is magaz9e are ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 mod]n molecul> physics1 & !re=e x is prop] to m5tion t ! gov]n+ pr9ciple 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce is ,clausius's law ( ! virial4 ,i w fir/ /ate ! law1 & !n expla9 ! peculi> t]ms ( ! /atem5t4 ,?is /atem5t is t ! total k9etic en]gy ( ! p>ticles ( a sy/em 9 /ation>y motion is equal to ! total virial4 ,by a sy/em is "h meant a numb] ( p>ticles act+ ^u "o ano!r4#e ,/ation>y motion is a quasi-orbital motion among a sy/em ( p>ticles s t none ( !m are remov$ to indef9itely great di/ances nor acquire indef9itely great velocities4 ,! k9etic en]gy ( a p>ticle is ! "w :i* w\ld be requir$ to br+ x to re/1 indep5d5tly ( any =ces :i* may be act+ ^u x4 ,! virial ( a pair ( p>ticles is half ! "w :i* ! =ce :i* actually op]ates betwe5 !m w\ld d if1 be+ indep5d5t ( ! di/ance1 x 7 to br+ !m toge!r4 ,! equation ( ! virial is 7,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics h be5 remov$ f ! =mul = readability47 mv ,rr4 ,"h m is ! mass ( a p>ticle1 v its velocity1 ,r is ! attraction betwe5 two p>ticles1 & r is ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,! sign on ! left h& side signifies t ! values ( mv are to be summ$ = all ! p>ticles1 & on ! "r h& side signifies t ! values ( ,rr are to be summ$ = all ! pairs ( p>ticles4 ,if !re is an ext]nal pressure ,p 7z f ! atmosph]e7 ^u ! sy/em1 & ! volume ( vacant space )9 ! b\nd>y ( t pressure is ,v1 !n ! virial mu/ be und]/ood z includ+ ,,pv1 s t ! equation is mv ,,pv ,rr4 ,!re is /rong 7if n demon/rative7 reason = ?9k+ t ! temp]ature ( any body above ! absolute z]o 7-#bgc ,c471 is proportional to ! av]age k9etic en]gy ( its molecules1 or say a1 :]e a is a con/ant & is ! absolute temp]ature4 ,h5ce1 we may write ! equation a mv ,,pv ,rr :]e ! heavy l9es above ! diff]5t expressions signify t ! av]age values = s+le molecules are to be tak54 ,9 #ahgb1 a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 ,van d] ,waals1 prop\nd$ 9 8 !sis = ! doctorate a specialisation ( ! equation ( ! virial :i* has s9ce attract$ great att5tion4 ,namely1 he writes x a 7,p 7c,v777,v-b74 ,! quantity b is ! volume ( a molecule1 :i* he supposes to be an imp5etrable body1 & all ! virtue ( ! equation lies 9 ?is t]m :i* makes ! equation a cubic 9 ,v1 :i* is requir$ to acc\nt = ! %ape ( c]ta9 iso!rmal curves4#f ,b if ! idea ( an imp5etrable atom is illogical1 t ( an imp5etrable molecule is almo/ absurd4 ,= ! k9etical !ory ( matt] tea*es u t a molecule is l a sol> sy/em or />-clu/] 9 m9iature4 ,unless we suppose t 9 all heat+ ( gases & vapors int]nal "w is p]=m$ ^u ! molecules1 imply+ t _! atoms are at consid]able di/ances1 ! :ole k9etical !ory ( gases falls to ! gr\nd4 ,z = ! t]m add$ to ,p1 !re is no m ?an a p>tial & r\ghly approximative ju/ification = x4 ,namely1 let u imag9e two sph]es describ$ r\nd a p>ticle z _! c5tre1 ! radius ( ! l>g] be+ s great z to include all ! p>ticles ^: action ^u ! c5tre is s5sible1 :ile ! radius ( ! small] is s l>ge t a good _m molecules are includ$ )9 x4 ,! possibility ( describ+ su* a sph]e z ! out] "o implies t ! attraction ( ! p>ticles v>ies at "s di/ances inv]sely z "s high] p[] ( ! di/ance ?an ! cube1 or1 to speak m cle>ly1 t ! attraction multipli$ by ! cube ( ! di/ance dim9i%es z ! di/ance increases2 = ! numb] ( p>ticles at a giv5 di/ance f any "o p>ticle is proportionate to ! squ>e ( t di/ance & ea* ( ^! gives a t]m ( ! virial :i* is ! product ( ! attraction into ! di/ance4 ,consequ5tly unless ! attraction multipli$ by ! cube ( ! di/ance dim9i%$ s rapidly ) ! di/ance z soon to become ins5sible1 no su* out] sph]e z is suppos$ c\ld be describ$4 ,h[ev]1 ord9>y exp]i5ce %[s t su* a sph]e is possible2 & consequ5tly !re mu/ be di/ances at :i* ! attraction does ?us rapidly dim9i% z ! di/ance increases4 ,! two sph]es1 !n1 be+ s drawn1 consid] ! virial ( ! c5tral p>ticle due to ! p>ticles betwe5 !m4 ,let ! d5sity ( ! sub/ance be increas$1 say1 ,n times4 ,!n1 = e t]m1 ,rr1 ( ! virial be=e ! cond5sation1 !re w be ,n t]ms ( ! same magnitude aft] ! cond5sation4 ,h5ce1 ! virial ( ea* p>ticle w be proportional to ! d5sity1 & ! equation ( ! virial becomes a ,,pv c,v4 ,?is omits ! virial )9 ! inn] sph]e1 ! radius ( :i* is s tak5 t )9 t di/ance ! numb] ( p>ticles is n proportional to ! numb] 9 a l>ge sph]e4 ,= ,van d] ,waals ?is radius is ! diamet] ( 8 h>d molecules1 :i* assumption gives 8 equation4 ,b x is pla9 t ! attraction betwe5 ! molecules mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t modify _! di/ribution1 unless "s peculi> conditions are fulfill$4 ,! equation ( ,van d] ,waals c be approximately true !re=e only = a gas4 ,9 a solid or liquid condition1 9 :i* ! removal ( a small am\nt ( pressure has little effect on ! volume1 & :]e consequ5tly ! virial mu/ be mu* great] ?an ,,pv1 ! virial mu/ increase ) ! volume4 ,= suppose we _h a sub/ance 9 a critical condition 9 :i* an increase ( ! volume w\ld dim9i% ! virial m ?an x w\ld increase ,,pv4 ,if we 7 =cibly to dim9i% ! volume ( su* a sub/ance1 :5 ! temp]ature became equalis$1 ! pressure :i* x c\ld )/& w\ld be less ?an be=e1 & x w\ld be /ill fur!r cond5s$1 & ?is w\ld g on indef9itely until a condition 7 rea*$ 9 :i* an increase ( volume w\ld increase ,,pv m ?an x w\ld decrease ! virial4 ,9 ! case ( solids1 at lea/1 ,p may be z]o2 s t ! /ate rea*$ w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! virial increases ) ! volume1 or ! attraction betwe5 ! p>ticles does n increase s fa/ ) a dim9ution ( _! di/ance z x w\ld if ! attraction 7 inv]sely z ! di/ance4 ,almo/ contemporane\sly ) ,van d] ,waals's pap]1 ano!r rem>kable !sis = ! doctorate 0 pres5t$ at ,p>is by ,amagat4 ,x relat$ to ! ela/icity & expansion ( gases1 & to ?is subject ! sup]b exp]im5t]1 its au?or1 has devot$ 8 :ole subsequ5t life4 ,especially int]e/+ are 8 obs]vations ( ! volumes ( e?yl5e & ( c>bonic acid at temp]atures f #bj to #ajj & at pressures rang+ f an ounce to #ejjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,z soon z ,amagat _h obta9$ ^! results1 he rem>k$ t ! 8coeffici5t ( expansion at con/ant volume10 z x is absurdly call$1 t is1 ! rate ( v>iation ( ! pressure ) ! temp]ature1 0 v ne>ly con/ant = ea* volume4 ,?is accords ) ! equation ( ! virial1 :i* gives dpd a,v - d,rrd4 ,n[1 ! virial mu/ be ne>ly indep5d5t ( ! temp]ature1 & !re=e ! la/ t]m almo/ disappe>s4 ,! virial w\ld n be q indep5d5t ( ! temp]ature1 because if ! temp]ature 7i4 e4 ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( ! molecules7 is l[]$1 & ! pressure correspond+ly l[]$1 s z to make ! volume ! same1 ! attractions ( ! molecules w h m "t to produce _! effects1 & consequ5tly1 ! pairs ( molecules ! close/ toge!r w be held toge!r long] & clos]2 s t ! virial w g5]ally be increas$ by a decrease ( temp]ature4 ,n[1 ,amagat's exp]im5ts d %[ an excessively m9ute effect ( ?is sort1 at lea/1 :5 ! volumes are n too small4 ,h[ev]1 ! obs]vations are well en\gh satisfi$ by assum+ ! 8coeffici5t ( expansion at con/ant volume0 to consi/ :olly ( ! fir/ t]m1 a_/7,v74 ,?us1 ,amagat's exp]im5ts enable u to det]m9e ! values ( a & !nce to calculate ! virial2 & ?is we f9d v>ies = c>bonic acid gas ne>ly inv]sely to 7,v74 ,!re is1 ?us1 a r\gh approximation to satisfy+ ,van d] ,waals's equation4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ result ( ,amagat's exp]im5ts1 = our purpose at any rate1 is t ! quantity a1 ?\gh ne>ly con/ant = any "o volume1 diff]s consid]ably ) ! volume1 ne>ly d\bl+ :5 ! volume is r$uc$ fivefold4 ,?is c only indicate t ! mean k9etic en]gy ( a giv5 mass ( ! gas = a giv5 temp]ature is great] ! m ! gas is compress$4 ,b ! laws ( me*anics appe> to enjo9 t ! mean k9etic en]gy ( a mov+ p>ticle %all be con/ant at any giv5 temp]ature4 ,! only escape f contradiction1 !n1 is to suppose t ! mean mass ( a mov+ p>ticle dim9i%es ^u ! cond5sation ( ! gas4 ,9 o!r words1 _m ( ! molecules are dissociat$1 or brok5 up into atoms or sub-molecules4 ,! idea t dissociation %\ld be favor$ by dim9i%+ ! volume w be pron\nc$ by physici/s1 at fir/ blu%1 z contr>y to all our exp]i5ce4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! circum/ances we are speak+ (1 t ( a gas "u fifty or m atmosph]es pressure1 are also unusual4 ,t ! 8coeffici5t ( expansion "u con/ant volume0 :5 multipli$ by ! volumes %\ld increase ) a decrem5t ( ! volume is also q contr>y to ord9>y exp]i5ce2 yet x und\bt$ly takes place 9 all gases "u great pressure4 ,aga91 ! doctr9e ( ,arrh5ius#g is n[ g5]ally accept$1 t ! molecul> conductivity ( an electrolyte is proportional to ! dissociation ( ions4 ,n[ ! molecul> conductivity ( a fus$ electrolyte is usually sup]ior to t ( a solution4 ,"h is a case1 !n1 9 :i* dim9ution ( volume is accompani$ by increas$ dissociation4 ,! tru? is t sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( dissociation h to be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! dissociation ( a *emical molecule to =m *emical molecules "u ! regul> action ( *emical laws4 ,?is may be a d\ble decomposition1 z :5 iodhydric acid is dissociat$1 accord+ to ! =mula ,,hi ,,hi ,,hh ,,ii2 or1 x may be a simple decomposition1 z :5 p5ta*loride ( phosphorus is dissociat$ accord+ to ! =mula ,p,cl ,p,cl ,cl,cl4 ,all ^! dissociations require1 accord+ to ! laws ( !rmo*emi/ry1 an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is ! dissociation ( a physically polym]\s molecule1 t is1 ( sev]al *emical molecules jo9$ by physical attractions4 ,?is ,i am incl9$ to suppose is a common concomitant ( ! heat+ ( solids & liquids2 = 9 ^! bodies !re is no increase ( compressibility ) ! temp]ature at all comp>able ) ! increase ( ! expansibility4 ,b1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re is ! dissociation ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ to be a ?r[+ (f ( unsaturat$ sub-molecules or atoms f ! molecule4 ,! molecule may1 z ,i h said1 be r\ghly lik5$ to a sol> sy/em4 ,z su*1 molecules are able to produce p]turbations ( "o ano!r's int]nal motions2 & 9 ?is way a planet1 i4 e4 a sub-molecule1 w occasionally get ?r[n (f & w&] ab\t by itself1 till x f9ds ano!r unsaturat$ sub-molecule ) :i* x c unite4 ,su* dissociation by p]turbation w naturally be favor$ by ! proximity ( ! molecules to "o ano!r4 ,let u n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( t special sub/ance1 or r class ( sub/ances1 ^: prop]ties =m ! *ief subject ( botany & ( zology1 z truly z ^? ( ! silicates =m ! *ief subject ( m9]alogy3 ,i mean ! life-slimes1 or protoplasm4 ,let u beg9 by catalogu+ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ^! slimes4 ,!y "o & all exi/ 9 two /ates ( aggregation1 a solid or ne>ly solid /ate & a liquid or ne>ly liquid /ate2 b !y d n pass f ! =m] to ! latt] by ord9>y fusion4 ,!y are readily decompos$ by heat1 especially 9 ! liquid /ate2 nor w !y be> any consid]able degree ( cold4 ,all _! vital actions take place at temp]atures v little bel[ ! po9t ( decomposition4 ,?is extreme in/ability is "o ( num]\s facts :i* demon/rate ! *emical complexity ( protoplasm4 ,e *emi/ w agree t !y are f> m complicat$ ?an ! album5s4 ,n[1 album5 is e/imat$ to conta9 9 ea* molecule ab\t a ?\s& atoms2 s t x is natural to suppose t ! protoplasms conta9 sev]al ?\s&s4 ,we "k t :ile !y are *iefly compos$ ( oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog51 a l>ge numb] ( o!r elem5ts ent] into liv+ bodies 9 small proportions2 & x is likely t mo/ ( ^! ent] into ! composition ( protoplasms4 ,n[1 s9ce ! numb]s ( *emical v>ieties increase at an enorm\s rate ) ! numb] ( atoms p] molecule1 s t !re are c]ta9ly hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( sub/ances ^: molecules conta9 tw5ty atoms or few]1 we may well suppose t ! numb] ( protoplasmic sub/ances runs into ! billions or trillions4 ,pr(essor ,cayley has giv5 a ma!matical !ory ( 8trees10 ) a view ( ?r[+ a light ^u su* que/ions2 & 9 t light ! e/imate ( trillions 79 ! ,engli% s5se7 seems immod]ately mod]ate4 ,x is true t an op9ion has be5 emitt$1 & def5d$ among biologi/s1 t !re is b "o k9d ( protoplasm2 b ! obs]vations ( biologi/s1 !mselves1 h almo/ explod$ t hypo!sis1 :i* f a *emical /&po9t appe>s utt]ly incr$ible4 ,! anticipation ( ! *emi/ w\ld decid$ly be t en\gh diff]5t *emical sub/ances hav+ protoplasmic *>act]s might be =m$ to acc\nt1 n only = ! diff]5ces betwe5 n]ve-slime & muscle-slime1 betwe5 :ale-slime & lion-slime1 b also = ^? m9ut] p]vasive v>iations :i* *>act]ise diff]5t bre$s & s+le individuals4 ,protoplasm1 :5 quiesc5t1 is1 broadly speak+1 solid2 b :5 x is di/urb$ 9 an appropriate way1 or sometimes ev5 spontane\sly )\t ext]nal di/urbance1 x becomes1 broadly speak+1 liquid4 ,a mon] 9 ?is /ate is se5 "u ! microscope to h /reams )9 its matt]2 a slime-m\ld sl[ly fl[s by =ce ( gravity4 ,! liquefaction />ts f ! po9t ( di/urbance & spreads ?r\gh ! mass4 ,?is spread+1 h[ev]1 is n uni=m 9 all directions2 on ! contr>y x takes at "o "t "o c\rse1 at ano!r ano!r1 ?r\gh ! homog5e\s mass1 9 a mann] t seems a little my/]i\s4 ,! cause ( di/urbance be+ remov$1 ^! motions gradually 7) high] k9ds ( protoplasm1 quickly7 cease1 & ! slime returns to its solid condition4 ,! liquefaction ( protoplasm is accompani$ by a me*anical ph5om5on4 ,namely1 "s k9ds exhibit a t5d5cy to draw !mselves up into a globul> =m4 ,?is happ5s p>ticul>ly ) ! cont5ts ( muscle-cells4 ,! preval5t op9ion1 f\nd$ on "s ( ! mo/ exquisite exp]im5tal inve/igations t ! hi/ory ( sci5ce c %[1 is und\bt$ly t ! contraction ( muscle-cells is due to osmotic pressure2 & x mu/ be all[$ t t is a factor 9 produc+ ! effect4 ,b x does n seem to me t x satisfactorily acc\nts ev5 = ! ph5om5a ( muscul> contraction2 & besides1 ev5 nak$ slimes (t5 draw up 9 ! same way4 ,9 ?is case1 we seem to recognise an increase ( ! surface-t5sion4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 ! rev]se action takes place1 extraord9>y pseudopodia be+ put =?1 z if ! surface-t5sion 7 dim9i%$ 9 spots4 ,inde$1 su* a slime always has a sort ( sk91 due no d\bt to surface-t5sion1 & ?is seems to give way at ! po9t :]e a pseudopodium is put =?4 ,long-cont9u$ or frequ5tly repeat$ liquefaction ( ! protoplasm results 9 an ob/9ate ret5tion ( ! solid /ate1 :i* we call fatigue4 ,on ! o!r h& repose 9 ?is /ate1 if n too mu* prolong$1 re/ores ! liquefiability4 ,^! are bo? important functions4 ,! life-slimes h1 fur!r1 ! peculi> prop]ty ( gr[+4 ,cry/als also gr[2 _! gr[?1 h[ev]1 consi/s m]ely 9 attract+ matt] l _! own f ! circumambi5t fluid4 ,to suppose ! gr[? ( protoplasm ( ! same nature1 w\ld be to suppose ?is sub/ance to be spontane\sly g5]at$ 9 copi\s supplies :]ev] food is 9 solution4 ,c]ta9ly1 x mu/ be grant$ t protoplasm is b a *emical sub/ance1 & t !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be =m$ syn!tically l any o!r *emical sub/ance4 ,inde$1 ,clif=d has cle>ly %[n t we h ov]:elm+ evid5ce t x is s =m$4 ,b to say t su* =mation is z regul> & frequ5t z ! assimilation ( food is q ano!r matt]4 ,x is m consonant ) ! facts ( obs]vation to suppose t assimilat$ protoplasm is =m$ at ! in/ant ( assimilation1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! protoplasm already pres5t4 ,= ea* slime 9 its gr[? pres]ves its di/9ctive *>act]s ) wond]ful tru?1 n]ve-slime gr[+ n]ve-slime & muscle-slime muscle-slime1 lion-slime gr[+ lion-slime1 & all ! v>ieties ( bre$s & ev5 individual *>act]s be+ pres]v$ 9 ! gr[?4 ,n[ x is too mu* to suppose !re are billions ( diff]5t k9ds ( protoplasm float+ ab\t :]ev] !re is food4 ,! frequ5t liquefaction ( protoplasm increases its p[] ( assimilat+ food2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x is que/ionable :e!r 9 ! solid =m x possesses ?is p[]4 ,! life-slime wa/es z well z gr[s2 & ?is too takes place *iefly if n exclusively 9 its liquid phases4 ,closely connect$ ) gr[? is reproduction2 & ?\gh 9 high] =ms ?is is a specialis$ function1 x is univ]sally true t :]ev] !re is protoplasm1 !re is1 w be1 or has be5 a p[] ( reproduc+ t same k9d ( protoplasm 9 a sep>at$ organism4 ,reproduction seems to involve ! union ( two sexes2 ?\gh x is n demon/rable t ?is is always requisite4 ,ano!r physical prop]ty ( protoplasm is t ( tak+ habits4 ,! c\rse :i* ! spread ( liquefaction has tak5 9 ! pa/ is r5d]$ !reby m likely to be tak5 9 ! future2 al?\gh !re is no absolute c]ta9ty t ! same pa? w be foll[$ aga94 ,v extraord9>y1 c]ta9ly1 are all ^! prop]ties ( protoplasm2 z extraord9>y z indubitable4 ,b ! "o :i* has next to be m5tion$1 :ile equally und5iable1 is inf9itely m wond]ful4 ,x is t protoplasm feels4 ,we h no direct evid5ce t ?is is true ( protoplasm univ]sally1 & c]ta9ly "s k9ds feel f> m ?an o!rs4 ,b !re is a fair analogical inf]5ce t all protoplasm feels4 ,x n only feels b ex]cises all ! functions ( m9d4 ,su* are ! prop]ties ( protoplasm4 ,! problem is to f9d a hypo!sis ( ! molecul> con/itution ( ?is comp\nd :i* w acc\nt = ^! prop]ties1 "o & all4 ,"s ( !m are obvi\s results ( ! excessively complicat$ con/itution ( ! protoplasm molecule4 ,all v complicat$ sub/ances are un/able2 & pla9ly a molecule ( sev]al ?\s& atoms may be sep>at$ 9 _m ways into two p>ts 9 ea* ( :i* ! pol> *emical =ces are v ne>ly saturat$4 ,9 ! solid protoplasm1 z 9 o!r solids1 ! molecules mu/ be suppos$ to be mov+ z x 7 9 orbits1 or1 at lea/1 s z n to w&] indef9itely4 ,b ?is solid _c be melt$1 = ! same reason t />* _c be melt$2 because an am\nt ( heat insuffici5t to make ! entire molecules w&] is suffici5t to break !m up completely & cause !m to =m new & simpl] molecules4 ,b :5 "o ( ! molecules is di/urb$1 ev5 if x be n q ?r[n out ( its orbit at fir/1 sub-molecules ( p]haps sev]al hundr$ atoms ea* are ?r[n (f f x4 ,^! w soon acquire ! same mean k9etic en]gy z ! o!rs1 & !re=e velocities sev]al times z great4 ,!y w naturally beg9 to w&]1 & 9 w&]+ w p]turb a great _m o!r molecules & cause !m 9 _! turn to behave l ! "o orig9ally d]ang$4 ,s _m molecules w ?us be brok5 up1 t ev5 ^? t are intact w no long] be re/ra9$ )9 orbits1 b w w&] ab\t freely4 ,?is is ! usual condition ( a liquid1 z mod]n *emi/s und]/& x2 = 9 all electrolytic liquids !re is consid]able dissociation4 ,b ?is process necess>ily *ills ! sub/ance1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! heat ( *emical comb9ation1 b /ill m because ! numb] ( sep>ate p>ticles be+ greatly increas$1 ! mean k9etic en]gy mu/ be less4 ,! sub/ance be+ a bad conductor1 ?is heat is n at once re/or$4 ,n[ ! p>ticles mov+ m sl[ly1 ! attractions betwe5 !m h "t to take effect1 & !y approa* ! condition ( equilibrium4 ,b _! dynamic equilibrium is f\nd 9 ! re/oration ( ! solid condition1 :i* !re=e takes place1 if ! di/urbance is n kept up4 ,:5 a body is 9 ! solid condition1 mo/ ( its molecules mu/ be mov+ at ! same rate1 or1 at lea/1 at c]ta9 regul> sets ( rates2 o!rwise ! orbital motion w\ld n be pres]v$4 ,! di/ances ( neighbor+ molecules mu/ always be kept betwe5 a c]ta9 maximum & a c]ta9 m9imum value4 ,b if1 )\t absorption ( heat1 ! body be ?r[n into a liquid condition1 ! di/ances ( neighbor+ molecules w be f> m unequally di/ribut$1 & an effect ^u ! virial w result4 ,! *ill+ ( protoplasm ^u its liquefaction mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! ord9>y effect w no d\bt be to increase ! cohesion & ) t ! surface-t5sion1 s t ! mass w t5d to draw itself up4 ,b 9 special cases1 ! virial w be increas$ s mu* t ! surface-t5sion w be dim9i%$ at po9ts :]e ! temp]ature is fir/ re/or$4 ,9 t case1 ! out] film w give way & ! t5sion at o!r places w aid 9 caus+ ! g5]al fluid to be p\r$ out at ^? po9ts1 =m+ pseudopodia4 ,:5 ! protoplasm is 9 a liquid /ate1 & !n only1 a solution ( food is able to p5etrate its mass by diffusion4 ,! protoplasm is !n consid]ably dissociat$2 & s is ! food1 l all dissolv$ matt]4 ,if !n ! sep>at$ & unsaturat$ sub-molecules ( ! food happ5 to be ( ! same *emical species z sub-molecules ( ! protoplasm1 !y may unite ) o!r sub-molecules ( ! protoplasm to =m new molecules1 9 su* a fa%ion t :5 ! solid /ate is resum$1 !re may be m molecules ( protoplasm ?an !re 7 at ! beg9n+4 ,x is l ! jack-knife ^: blade & h&le1 aft] hav+ be5 sev]ally lo/ & replac$1 7 f\nd & put toge!r to make a new knife4 ,we h se5 t protoplasm is *ill$ by liquefaction1 & t ?is br+s x back to ! solid /ate1 :5 ! heat is recov]$4 ,?is s]ies ( op]ations mu/ be v rapid 9 ! case ( n]ve-slime & ev5 ( muscle-slime1 & may acc\nt = ! un/eady or vibratory "* ( _! action4 ,( c\rse1 if assimilation takes place1 ! heat ( comb9ation1 :i* is probably trifl+1 is ga9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "w is done1 :e!r by n]ve or by muscle1 loss ( en]gy mu/ take place4 ,9 ! case ( ! muscle1 ! mode by :i* ! in/antane\s "p ( ! fatigue is br\ght ab\t is easily trac$ out4 ,if :5 ! muscle contracts x be "u /ress1 x w contract less ?an x o!rwise w\ld d1 & !re w be a loss ( heat4 ,x is l an eng9e :i* %\ld "w by dissolv+ salt 9 wat] & us+ ! contraction dur+ ! solution to lift a weight1 ! salt be+ recov]$ aft]w>ds by di/illation4 ,b ! major "p ( fatigue has no?+ to d ) ! correlation ( =ces4 ,a man mu/ labor h>d to d 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r ! "w :i* draws f him en\gh heat to cool 8 body by a s+le degree4 ,meantime1 he w be gett+ heat$1 he w be p\r+ out extra products ( combu/ion1 p]spiration1 etc41 & he w be driv+ ! blood at an accel]at$ rate ?r\gh m9ute tubes at great exp5se4 ,yet all ?is w h little to d ) 8 fatigue4 ,he may sit quietly at 8 table writ+1 do+ practically no physical "w at all1 & yet 9 a few h\rs be t]ribly fagg$4 ,?is seems to be ow+ to ! d]ang$ sub-molecules ( ! n]ve-slime n hav+ _h "t to settle back into _! prop] comb9ations4 ,:5 su* sub-molecules are ?r[n out1 z !y mu/ be f "t to "t1 !re is s mu* wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,9 ord] t a sub-molecule ( food may be ?or\ghly & firmly assimilat$ into a brok5 molecule ( protoplasm1 x is necess>y n only t x %\ld h precisely ! "r *emical composition1 b also t x %\ld be at precisely ! "r spot at ! "r "t & %\ld be mov+ 9 precisely ! "r direction ) precisely ! "r velocity4 ,if all ^! conditions are n fulfill$1 x w be m loosely reta9$ ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! molecule2 & e "t x comes r\nd into ! situation 9 :i* x 0 drawn 91 relatively to ! o!r p>ts ( t molecule & to su* o!rs z 7 ne> en\gh to be factors 9 ! action1 x w be 9 special dang] ( be+ ?r[n out aga94 ,?us1 :5 a p>tial liquefaction ( ! protoplasm takes place _m times to ab\t ! same ext5t1 x w1 ea* "t1 be pretty ne>ly ! same molecules t 7 la/ drawn 9 t are n[ ?r[n out4 ,!y w be ?r[n out1 too1 9 ab\t ! same way1 z to position1 direction ( motion1 & velocity1 9 :i* !y 7 drawn 92 & ?is w be 9 ab\t ! same c\rse t ! ones la/ be=e !m 7 ?r[n out4 ,n exactly1 h[ev]2 = ! v cause ( _! be+ ?r[n (f s easily is _! n hav+ fulfill$ precisely ! conditions ( /able ret5tion4 ,?us1 ! law ( habit is acc\nt$ =1 & ) x its peculi> *>act]i/ic ( n act+ ) exactitude4 ,x seems to me t ?is explanation ( habit1 aside f ! "q ( its tru? or falsity1 has a c]ta9 value z an addition to our little /ore ( me*anical examples ( actions analog\s to habit4 ,all ! o!rs1 s f> z ,i "k1 are ei!r /atical or else involve =ces :i*1 tak+ only ! s5sible motions into acc\nt1 violate ! law ( en]gy4 ,x is s ) ! /ream t we>s its own b$4 ,"h1 ! s& is c>ri$ to its mo/ /able situation & left !re4 ,! law ( en]gy =bids ?is2 = :5 any?+ rea*es a position ( /able equilibrium1 its mom5tum w be at a maximum1 s t x c accord+ to ?is law only be left at re/ 9 an un/able situation4 ,9 all ! /atical illu/rations1 too1 ?+s are br\ght into c]ta9 /ates & left !re4 ,a g>m5t receives folds & keeps !m2 t is1 its limit ( ela/icity is exce$$4 ,?is failure to spr+ back is aga9 an app>5t violation ( ! law ( en]gy2 = ! sub/ance w n only n spr+ back ( itself 7:i* might be due to an un/able equilibrium be+ rea*$7 b w n ev5 d s :5 an impulse t way is appli$ to x4 ,accord+ly1 ,pr(essor ,james says 8! ph5om5a ( habit 444 are due to ! pla/icity ( ! 444 mat]ials40 ,n[1 pla/icity ( mat]ials means ! hav+ ( a l[ limit ( ela/icity4 7,see ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y10 "u solid47 ,b ! hypo!tical con/itution ( protoplasm "h propos$ involves no =ces b attractions & repulsions /rictly foll[+ ! law ( en]gy4 ,! action "h1 t is1 ! ?r[+ ( an atom out ( its orbit 9 a molecule1 & ! ent]+ ( a new atom into ne>ly1 b n q ! same orbit1 is some:at simil> to ! molecul> actions :i* may be suppos$ to take place 9 a solid /ra9$ beyond its limit ( ela/icity4 ,namely1 9 t case c]ta9 molecules mu/ be ?r[n out ( _! orbits1 to settle d[n aga9 %ortly aft] into new orbits4 ,9 %ort1 ! pla/ic solid resembles protoplasm 9 be+ p>tially & tempor>ily liquefi$ by a slight me*anical =ce4 ,b ! tak+ ( a set by a solid body has b a mod]ate resemblance to ! tak+ ( a habit1 inasmu* z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! latt]1 its inexactitude & want ( complete det]m9acy1 is n s m>k$ 9 ! =m]1 if x c be said to be pres5t !re1 at all4 ,! tru? is t ?\gh ! molecul> explanation ( habit is pretty vague on ! ma!matical side1 !re c be no d\bt t sy/ems ( atoms hav+ pol> =ces w\ld act sub/antially 9 t mann]1 & ! explanation is ev5 too satisfactory to suit ! conv5i5ce ( an advocate ( ty*ism4 ,= x may fairly be urg$ t s9ce ! ph5om5a ( habit may ?us result f a purely me*anical arrangem5t1 x is unnecess>y to suppose t habit-tak+ is a primordial pr9ciple ( ! univ]se4 ,b "o fact rema9s unexpla9$ me*anically1 :i* conc]ns n only ! facts ( habit1 b all cases ( actions app>5tly violat+ ! law ( en]gy2 x is t all ^! ph5om5a dep5d ^u aggregations ( trillions ( molecules 9 "o & ! same condition & neighborhood2 & x is by no means cle> h[ !y c\ld h all be5 br\ght & left 9 ! same place & /ate by any cons]vative =ces4 ,b let ! me*anical explanation be z p]fect z x may1 ! /ate ( ?+s :i* x supposes pres5ts evid5ce ( a primordial habit-tak+ t5d5cy4 ,= x %[s u l ?+s act+ 9 l ways because !y are alike4 ,n[1 ^? :o insi/ on ! doctr9e ( necessity w = ! mo/ "p insi/ t ! physical _w is entirely individual4 ,yet law involves an elem5t ( g5]ality4 ,n[ to say t g5]ality is primordial1 b g5]alisation n1 is l say+ t div]sity is primordial b div]sification n4 ,x turns logic upside d[n4 ,at any rate1 x is cle> t no?+ b a pr9ciple ( habit1 itself due to ! gr[? by habit ( an inf9itesimal *ance t5d5cy t[>d habit-tak+1 is ! only bridge t c span ! *asm betwe5 ! *ance-m$ley ( *aos & ! cosmos ( ord] & law4 ,i %all n attempt a molecul> explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( reproduction1 because t w\ld require a subsidi>y hypo!sis1 & c>ry me away f my ma9 object4 ,su* ph5om5a1 univ]sally diffus$ ?\gh !y be1 appe> to dep5d ^u special conditions2 & we d n f9d t all protoplasm has reproductive p[]s4 ,b :at is to be said ( ! prop]ty ( feel+8 ,if consci\sness belongs to all protoplasm1 by :at me*anical con/itution is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! slime is no?+ b a *emical comp\nd4 ,!re is no inh]5t impossibility 9 its be+ =m$ syn!tically 9 ! laboratory1 out ( its *emical elem5ts2 & if x 7 s made1 x w\ld pres5t all ! *>act]s ( natural protoplasm4 ,no d\bt1 !n1 x w\ld feel4 ,to hesitate to admit ?is w\ld be pu]ile & ultra-pu]ile4 ,by :at elem5t ( ! molecul> arrangem5t1 !n1 w\ld t feel+ be caus$8 ,?is "q _c be evad$ or pooh-pooh$4 ,protoplasm c]ta9ly does feel2 & unless we are to accept a weak dualism1 ! prop]ty mu/ be %[n to arise f "s peculi>ity ( ! me*anical sy/em4 ,yet ! attempt to d$uce x f ! ?ree laws ( me*anics1 appli$ to nev] s +5i\s a me*anical contrivance1 w\ld obvi\sly be futile4 ,x c nev] be expla9$1 unless we admit t physical ev5ts are b degrad$ or undevelop$ =ms ( psy*ical ev5ts4 ,b once grant t ! ph5om5a ( matt] are b ! result ( ! s5sibly complete sway ( habits ^u m9d1 & x only rema9s to expla9 :y 9 ! protoplasm ^! habits are to "s slight ext5t brok5 up1 s t accord+ to ! law ( m9d1 9 t special clause ( x sometimes call$ ! pr9ciple ( accommodation1#h feel+ becomes int5sifi$4 ,n[ ! mann] 9 :i* habits g5]ally get brok5 up is ?is4 ,reactions usually t]m9ate 9 ! removal ( a /imulus2 = ! excitation cont9ues z long z ! /imulus is pres5t4 ,accord+ly1 habits are g5]al ways ( behavior :i* are associat$ ) ! removal ( /imuli4 ,b :5 ! expect$ removal ( ! /imulus fails to occur1 ! excitation cont9ues & increases1 & non-habitual reactions take place2 & ^! t5d to weak5 ! habit4 ,if1 !n1 we suppose t matt] nev] does obey its ideal laws ) absolute precision1 b t !re are almo/ ins5sible =tuit\s dep>tures f regul>ity1 ^! w produce1 9 g5]al1 equally m9ute effects4 ,b protoplasm is 9 an excessively un/able condition2 & x is ! *>act]i/ic ( un/able equilibrium1 t ne> t po9t excessively m9ute causes may produce />tl+ly l>ge effects4 ,"h !n1 ! usual dep>tures f regul>ity w be foll[$ by o!rs t are v great2 & ! l>ge =tuit\s dep>tures f law s produc$1 w t5d /ill fur!r to break up ! laws1 suppos+ t ^! are ( ! nature ( habits4 ,n[1 ?is break+ up ( habit & r5ew$ =tuit\s spontaneity w1 accord+ to ! law ( m9d1 be accompani$ by an int5sification ( feel+4 ,! n]ve-protoplasm is1 )\t d\bt1 9 ! mo/ un/able condition ( any k9d ( matt]2 & consequ5tly1 !re ! result+ feel+ is ! mo/ manife/4 ,?us we see t ! ideali/ has no ne$ to dread a me*anical !ory ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* a !ory1 fully develop$1 is b\nd to call 9 a ty*i/ic idealism z its indisp5sable adjunct4 ,:]ev] *ance-spontaneity is f\nd1 !re1 9 ! same proportion1 feel+ exi/s4 ,9 fact1 *ance is b ! outw>d aspect ( t :i* )9 itself is feel+4 ,i long ago %[$ t real exi/5ce1 or ?+-ness1 consi/s 9 regul>ities4 ,s1 t primeval *aos 9 :i* !re 0 no regul>ity 0 m]e no?+1 f a physical aspect4 ,yet x 0 n a blank z]o2 = !re 0 an int5sity ( consci\sness !re 9 comp>ison ) :i* all t we ev] feel is b z ! /ruggl+ ( a molecule or two to ?r[ (f a little ( ! =ce ( law to an endless & innum]able div]sity ( *ance utt]ly unlimit$4 ,b aft] "s atoms ( ! protoplasm h ?us become p>tially emancipat$ f law1 :at happ5s next to !m8 ,to und]/& ?is1 we h to rememb] t no m5tal t5d5cy is s easily /r5g!n$ by ! action ( habit z is ! t5d5cy to take habits4 ,n[1 9 ! high] k9ds ( protoplasm1 especially1 ! atoms 9 "q h n only long belong$ to "o molecule or ano!r ( ! p>ticul> mass ( slime ( :i* !y are p>ts2 b be=e t1 !y 7 con/itu5ts ( food ( a protoplasmic con/itution4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 !y h be5 liable to lose habits & to recov] !m aga92 s t n[1 :5 ! /imulus is remov$1 & ! =egone habits t5d to reass]t !mselves1 !y d s 9 ! case ( su* atoms ) great promptness4 ,inde$1 ! return is s prompt t !re is no?+ b ! feel+ to %[ conclusively t ! bonds ( law h ev] be5 relax$4 ,9 %ort1 div]sification is ! ve/ige ( *ance-spontaneity2 & :]ev] div]sity is increas+1 !re *ance mu/ be op]ative4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] uni=mity is increas+1 habit mu/ be op]ative4 ,b :]ev] actions take place "u an e/abli%$ uni=mity1 !re s mu* feel+ z !re may be takes ! mode ( a s5se ( reaction4 ,t is ! mann] 9 :i* ,i am l$ to def9e ! relation betwe5 ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( consci\sness & _! physical equival5ts4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! physical relations ( g5]al ideas4 ,x may be well "h to reflect t if matt] has no exi/5ce except z a specialisation ( m9d1 x foll[s t :atev] affects matt] accord+ to regul> laws is itself matt]4 ,b all m9d is directly or indirectly connect$ ) all matt]1 & acts 9 a m or less regul> way2 s t all m9d m or less p>takes ( ! nature ( matt]4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to conceive ( ! psy*ical & ! physical aspects ( matt] z two aspects absolutely di/9ct4 ,view+ a ?+ f ! outside1 consid]+ its relations ( action & reaction ) o!r ?+s1 x appe>s z matt]4 ,view+ x f ! inside1 look+ at its imm$iate "* z feel+1 x appe>s z consci\sness4 ,^! two views are comb9$ :5 we rememb] t me*anical laws are no?+ b acquir$ habits1 l all ! regul>ities ( m9d1 includ+ ! t5d5cy to take habits1 itself2 & t ?is action ( habit is no?+ b g5]alisation1 & g5]alisation is no?+ b ! spread+ ( feel+s4 ,b ! "q is1 h[ d g5]al ideas appe> 9 ! molecul> !ory ( protoplasm8 ,! consci\sness ( a habit involves a g5]al idea4 ,9 ea* action ( t habit c]ta9 atoms get ?r[n out ( _! orbit1 & replac$ by o!rs4 ,^u all ! diff]5t occasions x is diff]5t atoms t are ?r[n (f1 b !y are analog\s f a physical po9t ( view1 & !re is an inw>d s5se ( _! be+ analog\s4 ,e "t "o ( ! associat$ feel+s recurs1 !re is a m or less vague s5se t !re are o!rs1 t x has a g5]al "*1 & ( ab\t :at ?is g5]al "* is4 ,we ought n1 ,i ?9k1 to hold t 9 protoplasm habit nev] acts 9 any o!r ?an ! p>ticul> way sugge/$ above4 ,on ! contr>y1 if habit be a prim>y prop]ty ( m9d1 x mu/ be equally s ( matt]1 z a k9d ( m9d4 ,we c h>dly refuse to admit t :]ev] *ance motions h g5]al *>act]s1 !re is a t5d5cy = ?is g5]ality to spread & to p]fect itself4 ,9 t case1 a g5]al idea is a c]ta9 modification ( consci\sness :i* accompanies any regul>ity or g5]al relation betwe5 *ance actions4 ,! consci\sness ( a g5]al idea has a c]ta9 8unity ( ! ego10 9 x1 :i* is id5tical :5 x passes f "o m9d to ano!r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q analog\s to a p]son2 &1 inde$1 a p]son is only a p>ticul> k9d ( g5]al idea4 ,long ago1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aef71 ,i po9t$ out t a p]son is no?+ b a symbol involv+ a g5]al idea2 b my views 71 !n1 too nom9ali/ic to enable me to see t e g5]al idea has ! unifi$ liv+ feel+ ( a p]son4 ,all t is necess>y1 ^u ?is !ory1 to ! exi/5ce ( a p]son is t ! feel+s out ( :i* he is con/ruct$ %\ld be 9 close en\gh connection to influ5ce "o ano!r4 ,"h we c draw a consequ5ce :i* x may be possible to submit to exp]im5tal te/4 ,namely1 if ?is be ! case1 !re %\ld be some?+ l p]sonal consci\sness 9 bodies ( m5 :o are 9 intimate & int5sely sympa!tic communion4 ,x is true t :5 ! g5]alisation ( feel+ has be5 c>ri$ s f> z to include all )9 a p]son1 a /opp+-place1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 has be5 atta9$2 & fur!r g5]alisation w h a less lively "*4 ,b we mu/ n ?9k x w cease4 ,esprit de corps1 national s5tim5t1 sympa?y1 are no m]e metaphors4 ,none ( u c fully realise :at ! m9ds ( corporations are1 any m ?an "o ( my bra9-cells c "k :at ! :ole bra9 is ?9k+4 ,b ! law ( m9d cle>ly po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( su* p]sonalities1 & !re are _m ord9>y obs]vations :i*1 if !y 7 critically exam9$ & supplem5t$ by special exp]im5ts1 might1 z fir/ appe>ances promise1 give evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( su* great] p]sons ^u individuals4 ,x is (t5 rem>k$ t on "o day half a doz5 p1 /rang]s to "o ano!r1 w take x into _! heads to d "o & ! same /range de$1 :e!r x be a physical exp]im5t1 a crime1 or an act ( virtue4 ,:5 ! ?irty ?\s& "y p ( ! society = ,*ri/ian ,endeavor 7 9 ,new ,york1 !re seem$ to me to be "s my/]i\s diffusion ( sweetness & light4 ,if su* a fact is capable ( be+ made out any:]e1 x %\ld be 9 ! *ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ians h always be5 ready to risk _! lives = ! sake ( hav+ pray]s 9 common1 ( gett+ toge!r & pray+ simultane\sly ) great en]gy1 & especially = _! common body1 = 8! :ole /ate ( ,*ri/'s *ur* militant "h 9 e>?10 z "o ( ! missals has x4 ,?is practice !y h be5 keep+ up ev]y:]e1 weekly1 = _m c5turies4 ,surely1 a p]sonality ought to h develop$ 9 t *ur*1 9 t 8bride ( ,*ri/10 z !y call x1 or else !re is a /range break 9 ! action ( m9d1 & ,i %all h to ackn[l$ge my views are mu* mi/ak54 ,w\ld n ! societies = psy*ical rese>* be m likely to break ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 9 seek+ evid5ces ( su* corporate p]sonality1 ?an 9 seek+ evid5ces ( telepa?y1 :i*1 ^u ! same !ory1 %\ld be a f> weak] ph5om5on8 ,c4 ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i am rejoic$ to f9d1 s9ce my la/ pap] 0 pr9t$1 t a philosoph] z subtle & pr(\nd z ,dr4 ,edmund ,montgom]y has long be5 argu+ = ! same elem5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,o!r _w-r5[n$ ?9k]s1 z ,m4 ,r5\vi] & ,m4 ,delbuf1 appe> to %>e ?is op9ion4 #b ,by a v]a causa1 9 ! logic ( sci5ce1 is meant a /ate ( ?+s kn[n to exi/ 9 "s cases & suppos$ to exi/ 9 o!r cases1 because x w\ld acc\nt = obs]v$ ph5om5a4 #c ,wi$emann1 ,annal51 #ahhg-ahhi4 #d ,see ,maxwell on ,sph]ical ,h>monics1 9 8 ,electricity & ,magnetism4 #e ,! ^w sy/em has ?ree peculi> mean+s 9 ma!matics4 7,a47 ,x means an ord]ly exposition ( ! tru?s ( a/ronomy1 & h5ce a !ory ( ! motions ( ! />s2 z ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,?is is mu* l ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em ( !ology1 ! ,kantian sy/em ( philosophy1 etc4 7,b47 ,x means ! aggregate ( ! planets consid]$ z all mov+ 9 some:at ! same way1 z ! sol> sy/em2 & h5ce any aggregate ( p>ticles mov+ "u mutual =ces4 7,c47 ,x means a numb] ( =ces act+ simultane\sly ^u a numb] ( p>ticles4 #f ,b1 9 fact1 an inspection ( ^! curves is suffici5t to %[ t !y are ( a high] degree ?an ! ?ird4 ,= !y h ! l9e ,v #j1 or "s l9e ,v a con/ant = an asymptote1 :ile = small values ( ,p1 ! values ( 7d7,p_/7d,v7 are positive4 #g ,anticipat$ by ,clausius z long ago z #aheg2 & by ,williamson 9 #ahea4 #h 8,physiologically1 444 accommodation means ! break+ up ( a habit4444 ,psy*ologically1 x means reviv+ consci\sness40 ,baldw91 ,psy*ology1 ,"p ,,iii *4 i41 #e4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,hi/ory tea*es u ! nature ( ! deg5]ative & de/ructive ag5cies 9 national life4 ,^! are ( v>i\s k9ds1 b !y may be g5]ally includ$ "u ! heads ( ,physical ,vices1 ,sup]/itions1 & ,selfi% ,ambitions4 ,^! h become possible ?r\gh excess ( emotional1 & defici5cy ( rational /ates ( ! m9d4 ,:5 a l>ge "p ( a population is influ5c$ by emotional r ?an by rational modes ( ?\ght1 une?ical conduct has full opportunity1 & suff]+ & de/ruction are sure to foll[4 ,all races & nations are subject to su* disord]s1 if only 9 "s cases dur+ _! p]iods ( infancy & ( deg5]acy4 ,! peoples ( ,europe h difficulties & dang]s :i* are due to _! own peculi> situation4 ,! p ( ,nor? ,am]ica h to meet c]ta9 risks ( a some:at diff]5t "*1 ow+ to our peculi> position4 ,9 ,europe we see an accumulation ( _m races :o rea*$ _! ,ultima ,?ule at ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic1 & :o h _h to accommodate !mselves to ea* o!r z be/ !y c\ld4 ,speak+ diff]5t languages & hav+ diff]5t political organisations1 !y h consolidat$ into sep>ate nations4 ,?is result has only be5 rea*$ aft] _m conflicts1 & ! result has be5 ! comb9ation & absorption ( small] /ates into great]1 su* z we f9d !m to-day4 ,?is result has n t]m9at$ conflicts2 x has r$uc$ _! frequ5cy b has increas$ _! scope & importance4 ,to-day ! antagonisms ( ^! nations impose great burd5s ^u !m1 b !y are at ! same "t productive ( great good4 ,) m5 z ) o!r animals excell5ce is ! result ( use & ex]cise4 ,) animals ?is ex]cise has be5 compulsory1 & has be5 due l>gely to ! pressure ( hung]4 ,among m5 intellectual & e?ical excell5ce may be due to compulsion1 or x may result f ! capacity to develop l(ty ideals4 ,9 ! =m] case man is driv52 9 ! latt] case he is l$4 ,n[ ! organisation ( human society is su*1 t if man w n be l$1 he is driv54 ,! 8mills ( ! ,gods0 are ev] ready = ^? :o lag beh9d 9 ! progress ( ! race4 ,b !re are mills & mills1 & no mill has yet appe>$ 9 human hi/ory bett] calculat$ to gr9d out a good gri/ f an intellectual po9t ( view1 ?an we/]n ,eurasia1 or ,europe4 ,! emulations & antagonisms ( s _m nations h /imulat$ m5 to d _! be/1 & h /imulat$ gov]nm5ts to aid !m 9 do+ x1 = sev]al c5turies4 ,! result has be5 mod]n art1 mod]n sci5ce pure & appli$1 & mod]n philosophy4 ,to produce all ?is h[ev]1 ,europe has be5 "u pressure1 & ! pressure has be5 9 "s1 if n all ( its c\ntries1 m or less gall+4 ,! ,european1 9 ord] to escape local tyranny1 political1 social1 or !ological1 or to bett] 8 *ances ( physical liv+1 has come to ,am]ica4 ,he has tak5 possession1 & has bett]$ 8 condition f a physical po9t ( view1 mo/ successfully4 ,! "q t int]e/s u n[1 is :e!r he has bett]$ himself 9 any o!r way1 & :e!r he is go+ to cont9ue ! m5tal progress :i* has s di/+ui%$ 8 hi/ory 9 ,europe4 ,population is rapidly increas+1 & ! increas+ sev]ity ( ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 :i* w foll[1 w /imulate m5 to increas$ excell5ce 9 _! me?ods ( obta9+ a livelihood1 b w x develop ! m9d 9 any o!r direction8 ,we h be=e u 9 ! case ( ,*9a1 ! effect ( close indu/rial competition 9 a d5se population1 )\t correspond+ intellectual developm5t4 ,:at is ! outlook = ! ,am]ican8 ,w ! process ( natural selection only1 ! 8devil-take-!-h9dmo/0 doctr9e ( ,d>w91 be suffici5t to develop ! high] m5tal faculties1 or hav+ develop$ !m1 to enable !m to survive & to become g5]al1 or n8 ,9 ! fir/ place we lack 9 ,am]ica ! great /imulus to m5tal progress already ref]r$ to1 int]national jeal\sy & emulation4 ,9 ?is respect we are situat$ v mu* l ! ,*9ese1 b if any?+ less favorably4 ,we practically own ! cont95t4 ,we h no fe> ( ,t>t> invasions f ! we/ nor ,japanese f ! nor? ea/4 ,! ,canadians are ( id5tical race ) ourselves1 & are almo/ c]ta9 to become id5tical 9 nationality ) u4 ,we are accu/om$ to boa/ ourselves ( ?is1 & to look ) great satisfaction on our isolat$ position among nations4 ,b our self-gratulation mu/ be greatly temp]$ by ! reflection t su* isolation is only b5eficial s long z we c ma9ta9 our ideals )\t ext]nal /imulus4 ,& ?is is some?+ t few nations h s f> be5 able to accompli%4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! ,atlantic ocean is n s wide z x 0 =m]ly1 & we are truly "o ( ! family ( ! ,indo-,european nations4 ,b we w miss ! effect ( ! daily /imulus :i* !y af=d ea* o!r1 & ! daily contact :i* transmits s mu* f man to man4 ,:at is our pres5t intellectual rank among ^! nations to-day2 mean+ by ?is our /atus 9 actual production ( intellectual "w1 & leav+ aside hi/ory8 ,)\t any great compet5ce to speak on _m bran*es ( su* "w1 ,i may be n f> f correct2 if ,i summ>ise z foll[s3 ,9 music & sculpture unproductive2 9 pa9t+ & lit]ature 7z an art7 good1 b weak 9 quantity 9 comp>ison ) our population4 ,9 sci5ces1 feeble 9 _m bran*es1 b v productive 9 "s o!rs4 ,i ref] to pure sci5ce4 ,9 appli$ sci5ce we /& high4 ,9 philosophy z a nation1 weak4 ,b we h ! future be=e u4 ,if !re is a dem& = ! products ( pure ?\ght 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! supply w come4 ,mu* may be expect$ ( our race4 ,we w hope t ! dem& w gr[1 = at pres5t x is n z l>ge z x ought to be4 ,x is ( c\rse easy = ?\ght to 8run 9 accu/om$ *annels10 & _m p !re are 9 ?is z 9 all o!r c\ntries1 :o believe t suffici5t is already kn[n1 & t he :o w\ld di/urb curr5t op9ions is a 8di/urb] ( ! peace40 ,/range z x may seem1 9 ?is comp>atively new c\ntry we h "o special inducem5t to ?is habit ( m9d4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 our political sy/em1 :i* requires an unhesitat+ submission to ! w ( ! majority4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h is our second dang]4 ,we are apt to confuse m5tal submission ) physical submission4 ,physical submission to ! w ( ! majority is g5]ally necess>y = physical reasons1 ) :i* we are all famili>4 ,ballots are simply a peaceful repres5tation ( bullets1 & we anticipate ! submission to ! latt] by submission to ! =m]4 ,b ! m9d %\ld be free4 ,curr5t or popul> op9ions are n always correct4 ,9 fact if !y 71 re=m or progress w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,a proposal = *ange always beg9s ) a m9ority1 & mu* "t may (t5 elapse be=e su* *ange becomes acceptable to ! majority4 ,be=e ! majority accepts a new /ep ( progress ! progressive idea _c gov]n physically4 ,x mu/ be cont5t to be unpopul> = a great] or less "t4 ,n[ ! politician naturally dreads unpopul>ity1 = x is political dea?4 ,& j 9 proportion z we are politicians d we %>e 9 ?is un=tunate m5tal attitude4 ,& h[ _m ,am]icans are n politicians8 ,x is ! preval5t e?ical disease ( ,am]icans4 ,if x becomes g5]al1 ! progress ( ?is c\ntry is end$1 & h] fate among nations is seal$4 ,h] manhood is gone1 & woman may well feel h] h& it* to 8,defeat _! dirty tricks ,conf\nd _! politics40 ,! preval5ce ( ! habit ( submission to :at we "k to be wrong 9 ?is c\ntry is simply dete/able4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has giv5 u "s excell5t advice on ?is subject1 & we w d well to he$ x4 ,! habit ext5ds all ! way ?r\gh political1 sci5tific1 & dome/ic economy4 ,! unpopul>ity ( ! re=m] is express$ 9 ! t]m 8kick]10 :i* is appli$ to him among ! l[] classes 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,z "o ( its advocates once said to me1 x is ! 8,am]ican ,sy/em10 & !re 0 a /rong elem5t ( tru? 9 8 ass]tion4 ,) su* p1 criticism is id5tical ) qu>rell+1 = !y _c conceive ( any motive = endeavor+ to re=m "s abuse or correct "s error1 b p]sonal rancor4 ,su* an attitude is a sure m>k ( intellectual m$iocrity & e?ical incapacity1 & x inf9itely increases ! pa9s ( ! re=m]1 & readily conv]ts him into a m>tyr4 ,h[ev]1 !re are a good _m m5 left 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re are ag5cies at "w :i* w probably keep up ! supply4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( compulsion 9 ! =m ( ext]nal or civil w>s & o!r disa/]s1 ! *ur*es are do+ a good "w 9 keep+ ideals be=e ! p1 & 9 invit+ correspond+ practical life4 ,x is true t _! ef=ts are m or less ret>d$ by ! insi/5ce on errone\s & ev5 absurd op9ions ab\t "s ?+s1 b !y d inf9ite s]vice 9 tea*+ t 8man %all n live by bread alone10 nor by ! m]e display ( physical possessions4 ,!y tea* t !re are ideals ( tru? & beauty bett] wor? liv+ =1 & t ! m9d is ! great] "p ( man4 ,x is ! *ur*es :i* make ! majority ( sci5ti/s & philosoph]s1 z !y =m]ly did ( pa9t]s4 ,!n let ! *ur*es fl\ri%4 ,l ! nations ( ,europe1 _! emulations & antagonisms br+ out ! tru?4 ,! ,presbyt]ians h to solve ! knotty que/ions ( biblical inspiration & div9e ord]4 ,! ,me?odi/s w h to /udy ! nature & value ( human emotions4 ,! ,fri5ds w "k :at is to be kn[n ( imm$iate div9e influ5ce4 ,! ,ca?olics h le>n$ h[ to re/ra9 9 "s measure ! mo/ ?\ghtless ( mank9d4 ,! ,unit>ians & ,e?ical ,culturi/s are prov+ t man may reta9 & live up to high ideals )\t mu* or any !ology4 ,s long z !re is no philosophy or none to speak ( 9 ,am]ica1 ! evolution ( ?\ght w come f ! conflicts ( ! !ologies2 a peaceful w> :i* is f> less wa/eful ?an physical w>s4 ,!ology has be5 g5]ally 9 ,europe ! p>5t ( philosophy1 & s x w be "h4 ,f ! v>i\s /ages & conditions ( ! agitation w spr+ sci5ce & art4 ,by ?is me?od man is l$ into progress by measures :i* involve ! be/ attributes ( 8 nature1 in/ead ( be+ driv5 by appeals to 8 l[] motives1 or by physical =ce4 ,9 ?is progress moral c\rage is n lo/1 b x is develop$2 & criticism is tru?'s be/ weapon1 & is n a cause ( (f5se4 ,t ?is progress 9 ! *ur*es is real1 is prov5 by our ,woodr[1 ,mc,queary1 ,briggs1 & o!rs1 & x w g on z long z ! love ( tru? & moral c\rage exi/ 9 ^? organisations4 ,x is int]e/+ to rememb] t ?is /ruggle ( op9ions has pass$ ?r\gh ! same /ages 9 ,europe :]ev] ! love ( tru? has _h an abid+ place4 ,?is is especially true ( ,g]many1 :]e also philosophy has _h s l>ge a developm5t 9 relatively mod]n times4 ,b we ne$ some?+ m ?an op9ions to c\nt]act ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 e>ne/ness ( "* 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* ,i h po9t$ out4 ,active organisations are necess>y1 :i* %all resi/ t5d5cies to cry/allisation f bo? sides4 ,non-!ological p mu/ be /imulat$ to ma9ta9 e?ical ideals2 & !ological p mu/ be re/ra9$ f smo!r+ !m "u useless & ob/ructive dogmas & practices4 ,x is too true t :ile "s !ological dogmas include high e?ical ideals1 o!r dogmas discr$it !m by d]iv+ !m f incr$ible s\rces1 & seek+ to su/a9 !m by incr$ible sanctions4 ,:]e su* dogmas are s9c]ely held1 true ?\ght is suppress$1 k makes sl[ progress1 & e?ical life is m difficult4 ,z already rem>k$1 we _c yet claim to be1 z a nation1 di/+ui%$ = pr(\nd ?9k+ on ! subjects ( highe/ human int]e/2 nor yet are we ! mo/ ?\ghtless4 ,ignorance ( ! possibilities ( m9d is n s g5]al z 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 b x is great] ?an 9 o!rs4 ,mat]ial objects & int]e/s occupy almo/ z exclusively ! m9ds ( ! majority ( our citiz5s :om we are accu/om$ to consid] 8intellig5t10 z among ! un9tellig5t4 ,h5ce our pron5ess to boa/ ( our mat]ial greatness1 in/ead ( our intellectual conque/s4 ,h5ce t weake/ ( all =ms ( self-praise1 ! publication ( ! dim5sions ( our c\ntry & its rapid gr[?1 z ?\gh ^! 7 indications ( our sup]iority z a p or z a race4 ,?is is repeat$ ad nauseam1 :ile our real m]its1 our contributions to ! /ock ( ! _w's progress 9 ?\ght1 k1 & m5tal p[]1 are pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,our newspap] press reflects ?is /ate ( affairs1 s9ce !y g5]ally ?9k x _! be/ policy to foll[ r ?an lead public op9ion4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 notewor?y exceptions to ?is "* ( ! press bo? 9 ! ea/ & ! we/1 :i* we owe to ! sup]iority ( ! m5 :o edit & direct !m4 ,9 ! conduct ( our s*ools & ( our sci5tific organisations1 we h a correspond+ exhibition ( m$iocrity or worse1 ) a few noble & di/+ui%$ exceptions4 ,a m]e int]e/ 9 education & rese>* does n conf] compet5cy to direct & su/a9 !m2 yet an int]e/ 9 su* matt]s is g5]ally ! only qualification dem&$ ( ! directors ( su* in/itutions1 provid$ !y und]/& h[ to buy1 sell1 & inve/ money4 ,x is to be hop$ t ?is /ate ( affairs w "s day pass away1 & t m5 :o are influ5tial 9 su* matt]s w "s "t "k en\gh !mselves to di/+ui% betwe5 ! false & ! true1 & betwe5 m5 ( ability & adv5tur]s :o are aft] ! money & position ) :i* our in/itutions ( le>n+ & our sci5tific ent]prises c end[ !m4 ,?is re=m w progress exactly 9 proportion z x is und]/ood h[ mu* human happ9ess dep5ds on true rese>* & on correct ?9k+1 & h[ little on revelation & on anci5t dogma4 ,x is n1 ,i repeat1 suffici5tly und]/ood1 h[ mu* human conduct dep5ds on correct ?9k+4 ,h[ mu* f9ancial di%one/y w\ld be av]t$ by a rational ?\ght z to ! inevitable consequ5ces8 ,h[ mu* social irregul>ity w\ld be prev5t$ by a simil> treatm5t ( ! subject8 ,h[ mu* hatr$ & wa/eful antagonism w\ld ! _w lack1 if ! ord9>y conditions ( liv+ 7 und]/ood & act$ on6 ,s ! cultivation ( ! rational m9d is ( incalculable importance1 & if we wi% to prosp] z a nation we mu/ b5d our en]gies to ! pleasant task ?is problem pres5ts to u4 ,neglect ( our m5tal p[]s means deg5]acy & decay2 :ile _! cultivation means p[] & happ9ess4 ,weal?1 except z a means ( atta9+ ?is end1 aft] physical necessities are suppli$1 is simply useless4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,cope4 ,,m5tal ,,mummies4 ,if we %\ld "n ! mo/ important factor 9 ! *anges :i* h gradually wid5$ ! contra/ betwe5 mod]n sci5ce & ! s*ola/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we might def9e x z a 8progressive recognition ( h]$it>y influ5ces40 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ea* individual ( ! human race 0 consid]$ a sep>ate accid5t1 call$ into exi/5ce by an act ( unlimit$1 arbitr>y p[]1 & apt to be z sudd5ly *ang$1 ev5 unto a complete inv]sion ( 8 =m] moral be+1 by a m]ciful1 or rev5geful1 caprice ( ! same p[]4 ,biology has s9ce taught u to apply ! doctr9e ( evolution to ! problems ( our own moral & physical nature1 to trace ! t5d5cies ( bygone times to _! effects 9 ! pres5t age1 to consid] individuals ! outcome ( a long s]ies ( prec$5t influ5ces1 & to recognise ! tru? t ! l5g? ( ^? influ5ces is proportion$ to ! p]si/5ce ( ! result4 ,intellig5t /atesm5 7 ! fir/ to appreciate ! practical value ( ^? facts4 ,! advis]s ( ,alex&] ,,ii4 did n wa/e _! "t 9 a hopeless attempt to conv]t ! fre$om-wor%ipp+ natives ( ! ,caucasus into devotees ( ,muscovite despotism1 b at once confront$ !m ) ! alt]native ( exile or dea?4 ,our ,indian commission]s e>ly realis$ ! impossibility ( turn+ ! desc5dants ( a long ance/ry ( de]-hunt]s into till]s ( ! soil1 & transf]r$ ! survivors ( ! long race-w> to a t]ritory :]e !y c\ld = bett] or worse1 indulge _! incurable p5*ant4 ,! ,groot ,fonte9 p5it5ti>y ( ! ,transvaal ,republic became ! grave ( s _m ,caffirs t ! manag]s at la/ ab&on$ ! plan ( inur+ nomads to ! re/ra9ts ( s$5t>y occupation1 & sav$ ! lives1 if n ! s\ls ( _! convicts by s5d+ !m ab\t 9 *a9-gangs to m5d ! irrigation dit*es ( ! bord] settlem5ts4 ,h]$it>y influ5ces _c be oblit]at$ by =ce ( rhetoric or ( gov]nm5t edicts & x w\ld solve _m riddles if we w\ld apply t pr9ciple to ph5om5a ( e?ical & religi\s evolution4 ,h[ else %all we expla9 ! fact t 9 less ?an sixty ye>s ! doctr9e ( ,prote/antism spread f c5tral ,g]many to ! highl& hamlets ( ,scotl& & ,sc&9avia1 :ile 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,italy a v decid$ progress 9 g5]al intellig5ce has fail$ to lead to a simil> result8 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! success ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies 9 ,tasmania & ,otaheiti & _! utt] failure 9 ,burmah & ,h9do/an8 ,h[ = ! p]secution-pro( vitality ( ,judaism1 ! ready collapse ( ,mormonism1 or ! revival ( crass my/ic delusions 9 ! mid/ ( our reali/ic civilisation8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! av]age ,spani% sailor1 or village-%opkeep] ( to-day possesses a l>g] /ock ( g5]al in=mation ?an ! av]age ,brunswick s*ool-tea*] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,yet "o ( ! lea/ le>n$ ( ^? s*ool-tea*]s c\ld1 by in/9ct1 suffici5tly appreciate ! significance ( ! ,prote/ant revolt to celebrate its triumph by a big bonfire & :at our we/]n fri5ds w\ld1 call a 8gr& w>-dance10 on a height ne> ! little t[n ( ,wolf5bttel4 ,:y does ,p$ro ,gonzales /ill cross himself at ! m5tion ( a h]etic1 :ile ,pet] ,jans5 w\ld z soon return to ! pig-/y hovels ( ! m$ival s]fs z crawl back "u ! yoke ( ,jesuitry8 ,h[ c\ld ! bogs ( foggy ,irel& & ! vegas ( sunny ,spa9 n\ri% equally imp]i%able roots ( a plant t fail$ to get a firm foot-hold 9 ! s&s ( ,br&5burgh8 ,! solution ( ^? enigmas c be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ! doctr9e ( anti-naturalism _h ext5d$ its influ5ce to ! "* ( _m ,european nations1 & t ! "*-traits ( a race are less am5able to rapid *anges ?an its intellectual /&>ds4 ,on ! s\l-organism ( ! ,lat9 races ! ?\s& ye>s influ5ce ( mona/ic tyranny has left traces :i* ! light ( sci5ce w fail to efface = c5turies to come4 ,! propag&a ( a manli] cre$ has ?us be5 defeat$1 n only by _! ignorance1 b by _! av]sion to m5tal ef=ts1 by _! habitual reliance on miracles1 by _! incurable indiff]5ce to ! claims ( tru? & ! m]its ( intellectual indep5d5ce1 by _! h]$it>y mi/ru/ 9 ! compet5ce ( _! natural in/9ct4 ,to _! moral palate a doctr9e :i* nauseates _! nor!rn neighbors has become a pleasant n>cotic2 !y h be5 =c$ to swall[ ! opium ( pessimism till a crav+ = ! repetition ( ! m9d-en]vat+ dose has become a second nature2 !y hug ! cross t has prov$ a symbol ( dea? to _! noble/ re=m]s4 ,aga9/ t influ5ce ( p]v]t$ in/9cts ! logic ( m5tal revelations avails b little4 8,propositions :i* w\ld appe> self-evid5t to c]ta9 m5tal con/itutions10 says ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 8are apt to be v diff]5tly receiv$ by o!rs1 accord+ to _! con=mity or discordance ) t aggregate ( pre=m$ op9ion :i* has gr[n up 9 ! m9ds ( ea*4 ,= j z we try :e!r a new piece ( furniture :i* is (f]$ u does or does n fit into a c]ta9 recess 9 our ap>tm5t1 & accept or decl9e x accord+ly1 s we try a new proposition :i* is (f]$ to our m5tal acceptance4 ,if x ei!r at once fits 9 or c by argum5t or discussion be br\ght to fit 9 to "s recess 9 our fabrics ( ?\ght1 we give our ass5t to x by admitt+ x to its appropriate place4 ,b if x nei!r fits 9 ! fir/ in/ance nor c by any means be br\ght to fit1 ! m9d automatically rejects x40 ,x is true t logical demon/rations may become complete en\gh to defy diss5t1 b ev5 f facts :i* =ce !mselves ^u ! acceptance ( e rational human be+1 diff]5t individuals w draw widely diff]5t inf]5ces4 ,t ! m9d ( man may become a receptacle = irreconcilable doctr9es is /rik+ly illu/rat$1 by ! simultane\s acceptance ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t ( our het]og5e\s scripture1 & 9 ! same way ob/9ate bigots manage to associate sci5tific tru? & dogmatic absurdities4 ,d>w9 & ,moses may occupy adjo9+ qu>t]s 9 ! fabric ( ! same cosmogony2 ! rule ( ?ree may become a passive concomitant ( ,tr9it>ian dogmas4 ,! tor* ( tru? may be p]mitt$ to flick] 9 a seclud$ recess ( s\ls :i* refuse x ! privilege ( ?r[+ its rays 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,education may fail to reclaim h]$it>y bigotry4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aeei ! rabble ( ,madrid assembl$ to witness ! dea? ( ,don ,c>los de ,seso1 a ,spani% nobleman ^: ance/ors _h f\ght at ,granada & ,tol$o4 ,8 bro!r _h be5 ! favorite hunt+-companion ( ,*>les ,v42 "o ( 8 uncles _h sacrific$ 8 life 9 decid+ ! victory ( ,pavia2 ,don ,c>los himself _h acquir$ r5[n bo? z a soldi] & a s*ol>1 b 9 ! latt] capacity he _h confess$ 8 sympa?y ) c]ta9 doctr9es ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 & ! ,holy ,inquisition _h s5t5c$ him to anticipate 8 doom 9 ! flames ( ! /ake4 ,k+ ,philip ,,ii4 honor$ ! auto da f ) 8 pres5ce1 & fr[n$ 9 a way :i* ! condemn$ free?9k] mi/ook = a disapproval ( 8 s5t5ce4 8,o ,k+6 c y ?us witness ! torture ( y\r subjects80 exclaim$ ,de ,seso4 8,deliv] u f s cruel a dea? :i* ev5 our enemies admit we h n des]v$40 8,i w\ld help c>ry+ faggots to burn my own son10 repli$ ! ,k+1 8if he _h incurr$ y\r unspeakable guilt40 ,yet ,philip ! ,second 0 "o ( ! be/-educat$ pr9ces ( 8 c5tury4 ,9 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 anci5t & mod]n languages1 geography1 & hi/ory1 he 0 f> bett] in=m$ ?an ,l&graf ,philip ( ,hess51 :o w\ld h risk$ 8 own life to save t ( a loyal cavali]4 ,!re are m5tal mummies :o _c be reviv$ by remov+ _! grave-%r\ds & clo?+ !m 9 mod]n drap]y2 ! pr9ciple ( cons]vatism has p5etrat$ _! v ve9s & ! m>r[ ( _! bones4 ,x is by no means unconceivable t a popul> lead] l ,g>ibaldi or ,porfirio ,diaz %\ld succe$ 9 p]suad+ a million ( 8 c\ntrym5 to r5\nce ! yoke ( ,rome & build ,prote/ant *apels1 b ! result w\ld be l>gely limit$ to a *ange ( nom5clature4 ,be=e long ! diss5t]s w\ld m>* 9 procession ) a wond]-work+ too? ( ,john ,wesley or kiss a %r$ f ! petticoat ( ! ,holy ,maid ( ,k5t4 ,!y w\ld groan at ! m5tion ( ,rome1 b exorcise spooks ) ! initials ( ,ulric ,zw+li1 & ab/a9 f "w on ! anniv]s>y ( e ,prote/ant m>tyr4 ,!y w\ld try to r$eem drunk>ds by spr9kl+ !m ) consecrat$ wat] f ! holy riv]s ( ,kansas1 & celebrate ,arbor ,day only by invok+ ! _s ( ,pr(4 ,g4 ,p4 ,m>%1 z a patron-sa9t ( climate-improv+ =e/s4 ,"u ! /imulus ( indu/rial influ5ces1 !y might transf] ! cross f way-side %r9es to telegraph-poles1 b !y w\ld p]si/ 9 ! wor%ip ( sorr[4 ,! cre$ :i* has turn$ ! happie/ c\ntries ( our globe into a grave ( _! =m] prosp]ity1 is a m$ley ( miraculism & anti-naturalism1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ c5tury has prov$ t bo? c survive ! repudiation ( ,rome & ev5 ( ,galilee4 ,! mania ( r5unciation1 aft] ! aboli%m5t ( mona/]ies & nunn]ies1 cont9u$ its dismal rites 9 ,quak]-g>b & ,%ak] temples ( celibacy4 ,! miracle-hung] ( millions :o h le>n$ to scorn ! clumsy tricks ( ! c[l$ exorci/1 gratifies its appetite 9 ! my/ic gloom ( ! d>k cab9et4 ,ru/ic sup]naturali/s1 depriv$ ( su* luxuries1 indemnify !mselves by retail+ ! m>vels ( ! s]p5t-*>m & jo9t-snake sup]/ition4 ,a curi\s psy*ological problem sugge/s itself 9 ! "q h[ f> ! *>m ( ! 8s\r-grape philosophy0 may contribute to ! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 =ms ( moral nihilism4 ,condemn$ crim9als almo/ inv>iably 8r5\nce ! vanities0 ( a life :i* ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals has refus$ to save1 & 9 a scaffold-spee*1 quot$ 9 ,galignani's ,mess5g] ( ,may #f?1 #ahcg1 ! ,engli% murd]] ,joseph ,gre5acre express$ 8 conviction t 8 crime _h be5 ! means ( sav+ 8 s\l1 because 8dea? on ! gibbet 0 "o ( ! sure/ passports to heav540 ,= simil> reasons deg5]ate nations1 aft] realis+ ! doom ( _! national welf>e1 are apt to r5\nce ! glory ( a =feit$ _w1 & to consid] mis]y1 pov]ty1 & %ame s _m /epp+-/ones to ! bliss ( a bett] life beyond ! grave4 ,aft] habitual s9s aga9/ ! heal?-laws ( nature h av5g$ !mselves 9 cureless diseases1 decrepit bigots may f9d solace ev5 9 t mo/ insane t5et ( _! duali/ic cre$ :i* tea*es !m to despise ! body z ! enemy ( ! s\l4 ,a natural effect ( pessimism may ?us1 9 c\rse ( "t1 become "o ( its p]petuat+ causes4 ,,felix ,l4 ,,oswald4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,ganglia ,,( ,,insects4 ,i4 ,al?\gh ! int]nal /ructure ( ! bra9 ( insects has be5 ! object ( num]\s & important inve/igations1 among :i* we mu/ place ^? ( ,dietl1 ,flgel1 ,bellonci1 & ,viallanes 7:o h appli$ ! me?od ( sections to ! /udy ( ?is organ71 no att5tion has z yet be5 paid to ! o!r n]ve-c5tres ( insects1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! ganglia ( ! v5tral *a94 ,writ]s h cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+ ! ext]nal =m ( ^! ganglia1 & _! anatomical relations to ! o!r organic p>ts2 b no?+ has be5 done to ?r[ light ^u _! inw>d /ructure4 ,all ! k :i* we h on ?is subject is v meagre & dates f> back to ! works ( ! old writ]s1 :o1 l ,newport1 _h at _! disposal no o!r means ( /udy ?an ! microscopic exam9ation ( organs view$ ei!r transp>5tly or 9 dilac]at$ prep>ations4 ,a me?od s defective c\ld r5d] b incomplete results1 & inde$ 9 _m cases errone\s ones4 ,we h s\ght to supply ?is mu* to be regrett$ lack ( entomological k1 by apply+ to ! v5tral ganglia ( insects ! admirable me?od ( sectional cutt+1 :i* has br\ght ab\t su* m>k$ advances 9 contemporane\s zology4 ,i ne$ h>dly insi/ on ! int]e/ ( ?is rese>*4 ,we %all only rem>k t all anatomical /udy be>s an unf9i%$ aspect1 up to ! mom5t at :i* we grasp ! mean+ ( ! organs :i* we describe2 physiology is a necess>y complem5t ( anatomy1 x is t :i* gives to x a mean+4 ,!re=e1 :5 we dissect an organ1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( an insect's bra91 is end[$ ) ! mo/ complex psy*ical prop]ties ( :i* ^! animals are capable1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( p>ts ^: functions almo/ entirely escape u4 ,:at is1 = example1 t peculi> organ to :i* we h giv5 ! "n ( ! 8p$unculate0 body8 ,anatomi/s h describ$ ) ! greate/ c>e its connections & portray$ its ext]nal cont\r2 b we _c discov]1 or ev5 conjecture its uses4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to und]/& ! habits ( ?\ght & ! feel+s ( an insect1 to be able to assign a rle to p>ts s complex & s delicate z ^? conta9$ )9 its bra94 ,! /udy ( ! v5tral ganglia seems to u to be capable ( conduct+ u to a bett] result1 = 9 ev]y?+ t conc]ns ^! n]ve-masses1 physiology is m advanc$1 &1 9 all cases1 cle>]4 ,! ganglia ( ! ?orax1 = example1 are 9 ! ma9 motory c5tres2 ! pr9cipal n]ves t are s5t out f !m are to be f\nd 9 ! w+s & 9 ! feet2 ! /udy ( ! t]re/rial1 aquatic1 & a]ial locomotion ( insects has already =m$ ! subject ( q a numb] ( important sci5tific works2 we are n[ ^u well-kn[n gr\nd1 & we may hope t x w be possible to e/abli% "s connection betwe5 ! anatomical /ructure ( v5tral ganglia & ! functions :i* ^! ganglia control4 ,?is hope appe>s to u to be ! m legitimate1 because we c make use ( all ! res\rces ( comp>ative anatomy to "w out ! problem4 ,if we consid] any p>ticul> function1 = example1 t ( fly+1 we notice t 9 species :i* resemble ea* o!r ?is function is ex]cis$ "u totally diff]5t conditions2 ! same organ acquires diff]5t uses1 & ^! v>iations become s+ul>ly in/ructive :5 we c trace _! relation%ip to ! p>ticul> /ructure ( a n]ve-ganglion4 ,?us1 "o ( ! l>ge w+s ( ! dragon-fly1 :i* is almo/ l a bird 9 ! range & p[] ( its flight1 becomes ! elytrum ( ! beetle2 ! elytrum is a /iff w+ cov]$ by *it9is$ matt] & s]v+ z a protection to a "p ( ! ?orax & abdom54 ,sometimes ! elytrum is us$ 9 fly+1 z 9 ! case ( ! cock*af]4 ,9 o!r lamellicorn insects1 9 ! ,cetonia = in/ance1 ! elytrum is n us$ 9 flight2 x m]ely moves aside s z to all[ ! second pair ( w+s to unfold4 ,its rle becomes /ill less active 9 ! gold5 c>abus1 9 ,procru/es1 9 ,blaps1 & _m o!r ,coleopt]a1 ^: two elytra are f\nd on "o v]tical l9e1 & =m b "o s+le & immovable portion2 !n ! second pair ( w+s disappe>2 f ! physiological po9t ( view1 ! animal becomes apt]\s4 ,9 ano!r & diff]5t ord]1 ! ord] ,dipt]a1 x is ! second pair ( w+s t und]go an important modification2 !y cease to be us$ 9 fly+1 & are trans=m$ into an organ ( equipoise3 !y are us$ = ma9ta9+ equilibrium4 ,all ^! physiological v>iations1 tak+ place 9 ! self-same organ1 mu/ 9 all probability h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! int]nal anatomy ( ! ganglion t gov]ns ! organ1 & ! comp>ative /udy ( ?is ganglion 9 diff]5t species w enable u p]haps to discov] ! functions ( "s ( its p>ts4 ,?us1 if we consid] by hypo!sis1 z ! n]ve-c5tre ( flight1 "s small lobe :i* is f\nd occupy+ ?is or t place 9 a ?oracic ganglion1 ! disappe>ance or modification ( ?is lobe 9 species n possess+ ! faculty ( fly+1 might s]ve to ?r[ additional light ^u su* an int]pretation4 ,:at we h j said ) reg>d to flight is equally applicable to t]re/rial locomotion1 :i* also repres5ts 9 itself _m v>ieties4 ,! typal insect possesses ?ree pairs ( feet1 :5ce ! "n ( hexapods1 b !re are p>ticul> species :i* drop a pair ( feet1 = in/ance1 ! ,lepidopt]a ( ! g5us ,vanessa2 9 o!rs1 ! physiological function ( ! foot v>ies2 9 ! case ( ! c>rion-beetle 7a necrophagus coleopt]7 x s]ves z an in/rum5t ( tillage1 to dig )2 = ! cricket1 ! ?ird pair ( feet are us$ = ! purpose ( leap+2 = ! ,dytiscus1 x s]ves z an o>1 & s on4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d ! curi\s fact t !re exi/s 9 ! l>v ( c]ta9 insects :at are call$ supplem5t>y feet1 hav+ only a transi5t exi/5ce & disappe>+ at maturity2 ! cat]pill>1 ! l>va ( ! butt]fly1 has five pairs ( supplem5t>y feet4 ,^! notable facts demon/rat$ by comp>ative anatomy1 _c fail to furni% u ) valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! functions ( ! complex organs f\nd 9 ! ganglia ( ! ?orax4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,we h n enum]at$ all ! contributions ( comp>ative anatomy to ! problem :i* we are n[ ab\t to consid]2 we may make use ( ! me?od ( comp>ison )\t br++ ! diff]5t types into juxtaposition1 b by view+ ! n]v\s sy/em ( only a s+le animal 9 its entirety4 ,we "k 9 fact t ! body ( an insect is =m$ by a def9ite numb] ( segm5ts1 all con/ruct$ on ! same fundam5tal plan & arrang$ 9 a l9e> s]ies4 ,ea* "o ( ^! segm5ts is jo9$ to a n]ve-ganglion1 :i* is all its own & supplies x ) s5sibility & motility1 ! two elem5t>y prop]ties ( n]v\s activity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 ^! ganglia h ! p[] ( *ang+ _! positions2 & x is n uncommon to f9d t ! great] numb] ( ! abdom9al ganglia move up into ! ?orax2 ea* "o1 nev]!less1 reta9+ its n]ve-relation%ip to its own segm5t4 ,n[ all ! segm5ts ( an insect's body are n call$ ^u to play ! same rle2 a division ( labor has be5 effect$ among !m ) reg>d to ! functions :i* !y are f\nd to ex]cise3 z we h already se51 ! ganglia ( ! ?orax are ess5tially c5tres ( locomotion2 9 ! head1 "o ( ! ganglia1 ! sub-sophageal1 furni%es ! n]ves ( ! buccal portions2 ! o!r "o1 ! bra91 is connect$ ) p>ticul> n]ves & becomes ! c5tre ( ! highe/ =m ( psy*ical activity ( :i* ! creature is capable4 ,we h "h a numb] ( modifications sup]add$ to ! orig9al plan4 ,yet ! orig9al plan %\ld aga9 be met ) 9 ! ganglia t h be5 lea/ diff]5tiat$1 su* z ^? 9 ! abdom9al region2 & ! comp>ison betwe5 an abdom9al & a ?oracic ganglion1 = in/ance1 is well calculat$ to %[ :at are ! primal & fundam5tal /ructures1 & :at are ! second>y ones :i* h be5 sup]add$ & h become necess>y = ! execution ( ! m complex functions4 ,! /udy ( embryonic & l>val =ms s easily obs]v$ 9 insects1 w mo/ probably conduct u to ! same result4 ,& ?us p]haps by cont9u\s ef=ts1 all guid$ by ! same gov]n+ idea1 we %all ultimately arrive at ! analogies t exi/ betwe5 ! c]ebroid ganglia & ! humble/ ganglia belong+ to ! v5tral *a91 & ?us f9ally be able to und]/& ! action ( ! n]ve-sub/ance4 ,! importance ( ?is object1 :i*1 be x cle>ly und]/ood1 c nev] be atta9$ except by ! unit$ ef=t ( _m work]s1 is well calculat$ to comm& our /r5u\s ex]tions & to enc\rage u 9 surm\nt+ ! difficulties ( a /udy :i* is z yet almo/ entirely new4 ,,ii4 ,we %all re/rict ourselves 9 ?is article to ! consid]ation ( "o p>ticul> case2 we %all describe a s+le ganglion ( ! insect4 ,! type we h *os51 = reasons too l5g?y to enum]ate1 is a ,coleopt] ( ! family ( ,melolon?id2 ! ,rhizotrogus sol/itialis1 a small beetle v commonly f\nd 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,france4 ,we w n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! fir/ ?oracic ganglion4 ,! pro?oracic ganglion 9 ! rhizotrogus is jo9$ by v %ort connective filam5ts to ! second ?oracic ganglion1 & also to ! sub-sophageal ganglion2 ?is latt] ganglion1 we mu/ note en passant1 be+ situat$ 9 ! ?orax4 ,if ) a pair ( scissors we sev] ! head ( ! rhizotrogus1 we f9d t ! rema9d] ( ! body conta9s n only ! ?oracic ganglia1 b also ! sub-sophageal2 a peculi>ity :i*1 f a physiological po9t ( view1 is v int]e/+4 ,! ganglion ( ! pro-?orax1 :i* is great] 9 wid? ?an x is 9 l5g?1 be>s a vague resemblance to a cone ! base ( :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! sub-sophageal ganglion1 :il/ ! apex po9ts t[>ds ! second ganglion ( ! ?orax4 ,f ! l[] "p spr+ two l>ge n]ves1 _! />t+-po9t be+ ne>] ! v5tral ?an ! dorsal surface1 a fact cle>ly compreh5d$ :5 we f9d t ! fibres ( ^! n]ves ext5d = ! mo/ "p into ! fir/ pair ( feet1 t is to say1 into ^? organs t lie und]nea? ! horizontal plane ( ! ganglion4 ,! connective filam5ts :i* p5etrate ! ganglion ant]iorly ent] x ne>] ! dorsal surface ?an ! v5tral1 ?is la/ be+ extremely convex4 ,dissection ?r[s no additional light ^u ! anatomy ( ! ganglion4 ,b by means ( a s]ies ( sections1 we f9d t x is compos$ ( a mass ( fibrill> sub/ance :i* occupies its c5tre portion & ( a lay] ( n]ve-cells surr\nd+ ! fibrill> sub/ance4 ,?is fibrill> mass is1 ow+ to its great volume1 f> ! mo/ important1 & con/itutes 9 itself alone ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! organ4 ,! fibrill>y /ructure c only be satisfactorily analys$ by us+ on x osmic acid1 or o!r equival5t reag5ts :i* dissociate x & admit ( its be+ r$uc$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( cle>ly diff]5tiat$ elem5ts4 ,:5ev] osmic acid or a simil> reag5t has n be5 employ$1 or has n suffici5tly p5etrat$ ! ganglion1 ow+ to ! ob/acle pres5t$ by a ?ick conjunctival cov]+ or envelope1 ! fibrill> sub/ance takes on a homog5e\s aspect t effectually r5d]s all analysis ( x impossible4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! employm5t ( a good me?od ( prep>ation4 ,:5 ! ganglion has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 we p]ceive a v mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! fibrill> sub/ance :5 we comp>e ! dorsal ) ! v5tral region ( ! ganglion4 ,we c d ?is v satisfactorily by a longitud9al section1 ext5d+ ?r\gh bo? regions4 ,9 su* a section close to ! m$ian l9e b n conf\nd$ ) x 7see ,cut #af7i we p]ceive t ! v5tral region is occupi$ by a cord or /r+ ( sub/ance :i* ow+ to ! action ( ! osmic acid has become v black1 & :i* is =m$ ( s d5se a tissue1 t we c ) difficulty sep>ate x into fibres & fibrill4 ,?is cord1 :i*1 by reason ( its position & %ape1 ,i propose nam+ ! v5tral column1 ext5ds ov] ! v5tral surface ( ! ganglion 9 a longitud9al direction2 at bo? its ant]ior & po/]ior extremities x is c>ri$ on by fibres ext5d+ into ! v5tral columns ( ! o!r ganglia1 9 su* a mann] t ! entire s]ies ( ganglia are unit$ by "o cont9u\s v5tral cord4 ,if we look at a transv]se section 7see ,cut #bf71 ! cord1 :i* is recognis$ by its d>k color & by its position ne> ! v5tral surface ( ! fibrill> sub/ance1 w be se5 to h ! =m ( two almo/ p]fect circles4 ,! v5tral column ?us pres5ts a circul> section1 is duplex & symmetrical3 !re exi/ two sep>ate & di/9ct v5tral columns1 sep>ate at lea/ = a c]ta9 l5g?2 a fact :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! primitive duality ( ! ganglion4 ,9 e section :]e ! columns rema9 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 !y are sep>at$ ei!r by fibres & conjunctival cells1 or by n]ve-fibres emanat+ f ! cells ( ! v5tral region & proce$+ 9 an upw>d direction betwe5 ! two columns4 ,at ! o!r po9ts1 ! two columns jo9 on ! m$ian l9e4 ,?is union is effect$ 9 diff]5t ways1 ei!r by ! two columns com+ directly toge!r1 ?us m]g+ into a s+le mass1 or by a commissure :i* describes ! arc ( a circle und]nea? ! two columns1 or else by ! inf]ior v5tral lobule4 ,we give ! "n ( inf]ior v5tral lobule to a small lobule ( fibrill> sub/ance1 situat$ b5ea? ! v5tral column4 ,:5 look$ at 9 a horizontal section n pass+ ?r\gh ! m$ian l9e 7see ,cut #ag71 ?is lobule pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a r\nd$ protub]ance1 break+ ! almo/ rectil9e> cont\r ( ! v5tral column4 ,z ?is *>act]i/ic peculi>ity is repeat$ 9 ! int]nal /ructure ( all ! ganglia1 we may use x to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( ! ganglia1 :5ev] ^! pres5t ! appe>ance ( be+ fus$ into "o compact mass2 we may see ! practical application ( ?is rem>k by obs]v+ ! sub-sophageal ganglion4 ,9 a succession ( horizontal sections1 ! />t+ po9t ( :i* is ! v5tral region1 ! fir/ mass ( fibrill> sub/ance met ) by ! knife is ! inf]ior v5tral lobule1 :i* is =m$ 7see ,cut #a7 by two r\nd$ fasciculi1 plac$ symmetrically on ei!r side ( ! m$ian l9e & jo9$ toge!r by a transv]se commissure4 ,9 ^! sections1 we also p]ceive fibres ( ! crural n]ve1 :i*1 aft] hav+ ext5d$ ov] a c]ta9 l5g? ( ! ganglion1 p5etrate into ! sub/ance ( ! inf]ior v5tral lobule 7,cut #b74 ,9 transv]se sections 7,cut #bc7 we f9d ! two v5tral lobules plac$ b5ea? ! two columns :i* !y help to support1 & into :i* !y gradually m]ge2 & we also p]ceive ! transv]se commissure :i* jo9s ! two4 ,we %all call ?is ! transv]se commissure ( ! inf]ior v5tral lobule4 ,let u n[ pass on to ! exam9ation ( ! upp] surface ( ! v5tral column4 ,?is surface is cov]$ by a clu/] ( v f9e fibrils r sp>sely dispos$2 we c cle>ly foll[ _! c\rse by means ( a longitud9al section 7,cut #ag72 we see !m aga9 9 a horizontal section 7,cut #e74 ,to cont9ue ! g5]al description ( ! ganglion we mu/ n[ consid] ! dorsal region4 ,x is1 z we h previ\sly /at$1 occupi$ by a fibrill> sub/ance n s d5se z t :i* composes ! v5tral column1 & we w give ! g5]al "n ( dorsal lobe to ?is region1 res]v+ ! "n v5tral lobe = ! region :i* embraces ! v5tral column & its adjo9+ p>ts4 ,! dorsal lobe pres5ts z its di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ! feature t x is cross$ longitud9ally by a succession ( connective filam5ts cle>ly se5 9 ! longitud9al section ( ,cut #af4 ,we h already /at$ t ! v5tral column receives fibres issu+ f ! ganglion 9 front & s5ds out o!rs to ! ganglia 9 ! re>4 ,we %all call ! totality ( ^! fibres ! connective v5tral filam5ts1 & %all call ! totality ( ^? t trav]se ! dorsal lobe ! dorsal connective filam5ts4 ,! connective filam5ts :i* jo9 ! sub-sophageal to ! fir/ ?oracic ganglion1 & :i*1 betwe5 ^! two ganglia1 are compos$ ( a d5se fasciculus ( fibres1 di/ribute ^! fibres1 at ! po9t at :i* !y ent] ! pro?oracic ganglia1 9 diff]5t directions2 "o set ( fibres proce$s t[>ds ! v5tral column1 ^! are ! v5tral connective filam5ts2 a second set trav]ses ! dorsal lobe1 & are ! dorsal connective filam5ts4 ,:il/ ! v5tral connective filam5ts soon m]ge into ! v d5se sub/ance ( ! v5tral column1 ! dorsal connective filam5ts1 on ! contr>y1 rema9 di/9ct f ! organs :i* !y trav]se1 & pres]ve _! individuality ?r\gh\t4 ,!y take directions 9 ?ree diff]5t planes 7see ,cut #af71 consequ5tly !y c be subdivid$ into sup]ior1 m$ial1 & inf]ior dorsal connective filam5ts4 ,newport seems to h obs]v$ ?is di/9ction ( fibres2 & he has giv5 ! "n ( s5sory column to ?is fir/ division1 & t ( motor column to ! second4 ,un=tunately ! draw+s & figures he has publi%$1 ?\gh s*ematically correct1 are n cle>4 ,we d n adopt 8 t]m9ology1 9 ! fir/ place because he designates ! organs aft] _! suppos$ functions1 & we h made x a rule nev] to use controv]tible physiological suppositions to designate anatomical organs2 & besides1 ?\gh ! "n ( column is applicable to ! connective v5tral filam5ts1 we _c apply x to ! connective dorsal filam5ts1 :i* are subdivid$ into ?ree pairs ( fibr\s fasciculi & d n 9 ! lea/ resemble a column4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,melolon?a vulg>is1 we h be5 able to e/abli% 9 ! mo/ absolute mann] t !re exi/s a consid]able hi/ological diff]5ce betwe5 ! connective filam5ts ( ! v5tral region & ^? ( ! dorsal4 ,?\gh we h n yet notic$ ?is diff]5ce 9 ,rhizotrogus 9 any m>k$ degree1 nev]!less x has seem$ to u ne$ful to po9t x out "h1 because ! fact is ( su* va/ importance t x _c fail to be g5]al4 ,! dorsal connective filam5ts1 :il/ !y pres]ve _! individuality 9 _! passage across ! dorsal lobe ( ! ganglion1 p5etrate nev]!less into "s small masses ( dott$ sub/ance :i* are f\nd 9 ! pa? ( _! entrance into ! ganglion4 ,! mass annex$ to ! inf]ior dorsal connective filam5t1 is above all v important & is directly connect$ ) ! v5tral column4 ,z ! connective filam5ts are 9 pairs1 ea* ( ^! possesses a di/9ct mass ( fibrill> sub/ance & bo? ! masses atta*$ to ! same pair ( connective filam5ts are jo9$ by a commissure4 ,let u n[ say a few words ab\t ! n]ves :i* proce$ t[>d ! pro?oracic ganglion4 ,!re exi/s "h b "o s+le pair ( n]ves1 extremely important & v ext5sive4 ,?is is ! crural n]ve4 ,to ?is n]ve are atta*$ ! organs :i* are sup]add$ to ! prim>y /ructure ( ! ganglion1 su* z we h describ$ x1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce r5d]s ! primitive /ructure m complex4 ,we %all p]ceive ! importance atta*$ to ! idea ( a sup]add$ organ1 :5 we /udy ! abdom9al ganglia1 :]e ! organs we are ab\t to describe are ei!r completely want+ or are b imp]fectly develop$4 ,if n[ we exam9e a transv]sal section tak5 a little 9 front ( ! place f :5ce ! crural n]ves em]ge 7,cut #ai71 we %all notice t ! c5tral "p ( ! ganglion is occupi$ by ! v5tral column & ! upp] "p by ! dorsal lobe4 ,9 addition to ?is1 9 ! lat]al regions ( ! ganglion we f9d two important masses ( fibrill> sub/ance4 ,at ?is po9t ^! two masses rema9 di/9ct f ! p>ts we h j m5tion$1 & on ! o!r h& !y are 9 connection ) ! crural n]ves4 ,! latt] s5d a "p1 & unque/ionably ! great] "p1 ( _! fibres into ! lat]al lobes4 ,9 a section slightly po/]ior to ! prec$+ "o1 also transv]sal1 a v important *ange has tak5 place2 ! two lat]al lobules1 always connect$ ) ! crural n]ves1 h also e/abli%$ connections ) ! c5tre ( ! ganglion1 & 9 ! sections fur!r on ! fusion is complete4 ,z ^! lat]al lobules possess ! *>act]i/ics m5tion$1 only at ! po9t at :i* ! crural n]ves em]ge1 we %all call !m ! crural lobes4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! pro?oracic ganglion ?ree pr9cipal lobes3 7#a7 ! crural lobe1 :i* is d\ble1 symmetrical1 & lat]al1 7#b7 ! dorsal lobe1 7#c7 ! v5tral lobe4 ,^! two la/1 9 contradi/9ction to ! crural lobe1 w be class$ toge!r "u ! common t]m c5tral lobe4 ,& n[ to f9i% ?is summ>y description ( ! pro?oracic ganglion1 we w po9t out an important disposition ( ! connective tissue :i* divides ! ganglion into two halves1 "o ant]ior1 ! o!r po/]ior4 ,we c easily und]/& ?is disposition by look+ at a longitud9al section pass+ exactly ?r\gh ! m$ian l9e4 ,f ! dorsal surface ( ! ganglion1 may be se5 desc5d+ a bundle ( cells & connective fibres1 :i*1 9 ! =m ( a column1 are direct$ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! ganglion2 ^! cells & fibres d n meet any important organ on _! way1 ! dorsal connective filam5ts always tak+ a lat]al c\rse4 ,a fasciculus1 simil>ly compos$ ( cells & conjunctival fibres1 />t+ f ! v5tral surface ( ! ganglion1 appe>s to meet ?is conjunctival column 7,cut #ah74 ,?is curi\s disposition appe>s to be1 z ,m4 ,h5neguy has +5i\sly sugge/$ to me1 a trace ( ! ant]ior developm5t ( ! ganglion :i* _h be5 =m$ ( two di/9ct portions t h be5 naturally weld$ toge!r along ! m$ian l9e2 ! connective fasciculi correspond+ to ! po9t :]e ! weld+ has be5 incomplete1 & repres5t+ ! survival ( a portion ( ! walls ( ! two ganglia4 ,,iii4 ,z ! ganglion :i* we h j describ$ conta9s "s /ructural difficulties n easy ( compreh5sion1 let u proce$ ) our description "u ano!r =m1 foll[+ ! ord] ( our illu/rations4 ,figure #a is ! fir/ horizontal section1 cut ?r\gh ! v5tral region ( ! ganglion2 ! knife has "h met ! l[] v5tral lobule1 :i* at ?is po9t %[s itself d\ble2 ! two halves be+ jo9$ by a d\ble transv]sal commissure4 ,section #b1 made at a po9t a little high] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 %[s u at ! c5tre ! l[] v5tral lobule z increas$ 9 size2 & 9 ! lat]al "p ( ! figure appe>s a new organ1 ! crural lobule1 :i* is "h entirely m]g$ into ! l[] v5tral lobule4 ,! crural lobule is trav]s$ by fibres f ! crural n]ve1 :i* in/ead ( be+ entirely lo/ 9 its sub/ance1 proce$ /ill fur!r1 pass+ into ! l[] v5tral lobule4 ,section #c m]ely br+s into prom95ce an important transv]sal commissure4 ,9 ,section #d1 ! inf]ior v5tral lobule is replac$ by ! v5tral column1 :i* appe>s d\ble1 is symmetrical1 & unit$ by a transv]sal commissure2 ?is commissure be+ =m$ ( fibrill> sub/ance4 ,! v5tral column is closely connect$ on ea* side ) ! crural lobule2 x is besides cross$ by ! v5tral connective fibres1 :i* c be se5 em]g+ f its ant]ior & po/]ior extremities4 ,section #e all[s u to exam9e ?or\ghly ! disposition ( ^? v5tral connective fibres2 we see t :ile !y p5etrate ! ganglion1 !y also pass ?r\gh two symmetrical masses ( fibrill> sub/ance2 ^! two masses1 :i* we "n ! ant]ior v5tral lobules1 are jo9$ toge!r by a transv]sal commissure4 ,aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! ant]ior v5tral lobules1 to :i* x appe>s !y give a portion ( _! fibres1 ! v5tral connective filam5ts pass ?r\gh ! ganglion 9 an ant]o-po/]ior direction1 & we see !m p5etrat+ ! two po/]ior v5tral lobules4 ,! la/ nam$ lobules1 :i* rem9d u by _! position & appe>ance ( ! ant]ior lobules1 receive 9 addition fibres issu+ f ! crural lobules2 b !y d n receive !m all1 because we notice q a numb] ( ^! fibres advanc+ directly into ! second ?oracic ganglion4 ,aft] em]g+ f ! po/]ior v5tral lobules1 ! v5tral connective filam5ts pass into ! second ?oracic ganglion1 :]e we see !m p5etrate into ! ant]ior v5tral lobules4 ,) ,figure #f1 we leave ! v5tral lobe ( ! ganglion & come to ! l[] portions ( ! dorsal lobule4 ,! important filam5ts cross+ ?is section f ! front to ! back are call$ l[] dorsal connective filam5ts4 ,we notice z !y proce$ "s small masses ( dott$ sub/ance1 &1 9 addition to ^!1 d>k color$ dots :i* are ! result ( ! knife hav+ cut crosswise ?r\gh sev]al fascicles ( asc5d+ fibres4 ,we %all f9d out by means ( ! sections tak5 f diff]5t p>ts & plac$ s z to all[ ( our bett] obs]vation1 :at ^! asc5d+ fibres are4 ,! crural lobule1 always exhibits ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,we h giv5 x a homog5e\s aspect 9 our draw+4 ,z a fact x pres5ts 9 its sections a va/ numb] ( /ructural details4 ,b ^! details be+ v difficult to und]/&1 we pref] n to dwell ^u !m4 ,section #g passes ?r\gh ! v mid/ ( ! l[] dorsal connective filam5ts2 ^! filam5ts be+ 9 two pairs1 "o ext]nal & ! o!r int]nal4 ,! ext]nal pair1 situat$ some:at l[]1 has "h disappe>$1 & ! inn] pair is ! only "o to be se54 ,"s transv]sal fibres1 ^: direction appe>s to me difficult to foll[1 divide ! inside dorsal connective filam5ts at two diff]5t po9ts1 & assume ! figure ( a squ>e2 ?is squ>e has two black dots1 produc$ by ! section ( ! asc5d+ fibres4 ,a little high]1 9 ,figure #h1 ! l[] connective filam5ts h disappe>$ & ! fibrill> sub/ance ( ! ganglion is furr[$ by long transv]sal fibres1 ( :i* a "p seems to s]ve ! function ( jo9+ ! two crural lobules1 :il/ ! rema9d]1 proce$+ t[>ds ! black dots be=e m5tion$1 cont9ue _! progress ) ! fasciculi ( asc5d+ fibres4 ,^! are no o!r ?an asc5d+ fibres :i*1 hav+ *ang$ _! direction at ! plane ( ! section1 proce$ almo/ 9 a horizontal plane4 ,9 ,section #i we foll[ ! c\rse ( ! m$ial dorsal connective filam5ts1 sep>at$ f ! l[] connective filam5ts by ! fibres hav+ a transv]se direction1 se5 9 ,figure #h4 ,! m$ial dorsal connective filam5ts are f\r 9 numb]1 an out] pair & an inn] pair4 ,at ! mom5t :5 !y leave ! pro?oracic ganglion1 !y cross a region :]e ! fibrill> sub/ance is bo? ?ick] & d>k]4 ,9 ,figure #aj ! m$ial connective filam5ts are on ! po9t ( disappe>+2 !y receive c]ta9 fibres com+ f ! crural lobules1 :i* are n[ r$uc$ 9 dim5sions4 ,section #aa %[s u ! l[] dorsal connective filam5ts1 :i* are ! sl5d]e/ ( all & ( :i* !re are b "o pair2 ! crural lobule n[ disappe>s4 ,9 ! middle ( ! figure1 we obs]ve a small collection ( conjunctival cells :i*1 z we h suppos$1 indicates ! po9t :]e 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ! two symmetrical portions ( ! ganglion h n be5 p]fectly fus$ toge!r4 ,f9ally ,section #ab %[s two lat]al masses ( fibrill> sub/ance1 sep>at$ by a /rip ( conjunctival membrane4 ,we w n[ take up ! s]ies ( longitud9al sections1 ! /udy ( :i* w dem& v special att5tion4 ,we %all !re meet aga9 ) ! organs :i* we h already exam9$ 9 ! horizontal sections2 & we %all p]ceive t ! alt]ations & modifications pres5t$ to u by ! diff]5ce 9 our po9t ( obs]vation1 br+ out v important *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( ^? organs4 ,! sectional me?od ( exam9ation is also "o ( analysis4 ,9 ord] to recon/ruct an organ 9 its complete =m & to conceive ( x 9 space1 our m9d mu/ br+ into a s+le focus :at ! sections h repres5t$ 9 a fragm5t>y mann]3 we mu/1 9 %ort1 sub/itute syn!sis = analysis4 ,figure #ac repres5ts ! fir/ & ext]ior longitud9al section2 x h>dly t\*es ! ganglion2 9 ! front we see ! />t+ po9t ( ! crural n]ve1 & also a portion ( ! p]iph]y ( ! crural lobule4 ,! crural n]ve exhibits sev]al roots1 ! mo/ important ( :i* occupy ! v5tral region4 ,figure #ad1 ?\gh v elem5t>y1 br+s out _m important po9ts2 we see "h ! crural lobule1 :i* has increas$ 9 size & ext5ds f ! v5tral to ! dorsal region2 a fact :i* has already be5 indicat$ 9 ! horizontal sections1 ! crural lobule hav+ be5 %[n 9 !m at all po9ts4 ,?is lobule is almo/ circul> 9 =m4 ,along its v5tral region1 we p]ceive "s ( ! fibres ( ! crural n]ve :i* d n p5etrate into ! lobule2 ^! are ! ones we met ) 9 ! figures #b & #c3 !y are ! fibres :i* pass directly into ! l[] v5tral lobule4 ,) ,section #ae1 we leave ! lat]al regions ( ! ganglion & come to ! dorsal & v5tral regions2 we mu/ notice t ! crural lobule is cont9u\s ) ! c5tral fibrill> mass & has no precise limits4 ,9 ,section #ae ! v5tral column appe>s1 r$uc$ 9 size4 ,9 ! front ( x we obs]ve an incisure ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 n]ve-cells s5d _! prolongations into ! fibrill> sub/ance4 ,figure #af %[s u ! complete junction ( all ! connective filam5ts trav]s+ ! ganglion2 fir/ ! v5tral column1 ) ! connective v5tral filam5ts />t+ f bo? its extremities2 & !n ! ?ree dorsal connective filam5ts1 :i* pres]ve _! individuality di/9ct1 :ile !y cross ! dorsal lobe ( ! ganglion4 ,! l[] dorsal connective filam5t is di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by a small compact mass ( fibrill> sub/ance ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,we mu/ note t ! fibrill> sub/ance becomes ?ick] at ! po9t :]e ! :ole s]ies ( connective filam5ts ent] ! ganglion1 & ! same ?+ is repeat$ at ! place :]e !y leave ! fir/ ?oracic ganglion to ent] into ! second4 ,! v5tral column is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! ganglion by ! d>k color :i* x assumes ?r\gh ! action ( ! osmic acid2 x pres5ts black granules :i*1 exam9$ ) a /rong l5s1 %[ small fasciculi ( fibres runn+ 9 a p>allel direction4 ,! cells :i* l9e ! l[] surface ( ! v5tral column d n ?r[ out any prolongations2 !y are exce$+ly small1 b d n o!rwise pres5t any special feature4 ,figure #ag is b v slightly diff]5t f ! prec$+ "o3 ! v5tral column is simply /r5g!n$ on its l[] surface by ! l[] v5tral lobule4 ,! position ( ?is lobule is int]e/+ to note4 ,we h already m5tion$ t ea* ganglion is divid$ into two halves by a column ( conjunctival tissue1 "o ant]ior & ! o!r po/]ior4 ,9 ,section #ag we see ! granulat$ projection ( ! v5tral portion ( ?is conjunctival column4 ,9 ord] to simplify x we h %[n no conjunctival tissue 9 our illu/ration4 ,we may nev]!less notice1 t ! n]ve-cells at ! po9t m>k$ c4 c4 seem to sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 & %[ a triangul> space betwe5 !m1 fill$ ) conjunctival cells4 ,if ! segm5t _h n be5 cut s obliquely1 7& ?is obliqu5ess 9 ! sections is almo/ unavoidable :5 deal+ ) su* v small organs17 we %\ld also p]ceive on ! dorsal l9e ( ! section ! projection ( ! dorsal "p ( ! conjunctival column2 9 fact we %all see ?is projection 9 ! figure :i* foll[s4 ,! pres5ce ( ! conjunctival column sep>ates1 z we h said1 ea* ganglion into two p>ts1 "o ant]ior ! o!r po/]ior4 ,^! portions are n at all symmetrical4 ,we see 9 ,section #ag t ! l[] v5tral lobule is f\nd only 9 ! ant]ior "p4 ,f9ally f ! v5tral column rises an important fasciculus ( asc5d+ fibres1 :i* we h already se5 9 ! horizontal diagrams2 x is difficult = u to asc]ta9 :at ^! fibres are4 ,9 ! #ah? & la/ section we approa* ne>] ! m$ian l9e4 ,! v5tral column at ?is level has ! appe>ance ( be+ divid$ into two trunks4 ,! v5tral connective filam5ts are cle>ly se5 ^u its upp] surface4 ,among ! dorsal connective filam5ts ! middle "o alone rema9s visible & receives a c]ta9 numb] ( fibres f ! asc5d+ fasciculus4 ,to complete our description let u glance at ! s]ies ( transv]se sections4 ,9 ,figure #ai ! two crural lobules h n yet unit$ & are n yet m]g$ into ! dorsal-v5tral lobe4 ,?is junction does n take place until we come to ,figure #bj4 ,"h1 at ?is level1 we see 9 addition ! circul> segm5t ( ! two v5tral columns1 :i* by _! d>k color are %>ply outl9$ aga9/ ! rema9d] ( ! fibrill> sub/ance4 ,to ! "r & left ( ^! two columns we p]ceive small masses ( dott$ sub/ance2 we m]ely call att5tion to !m & %all n describe !m4 ,figure #ba furni%es no notewor?y modifications ( ! prec$+4 ,we simply see a few cells ( ! p]iph]y s5d+ out _! prolongations into ! fibrill> sub/ance4 ,! po9t at :i* !y ?us p5etrate x has already be5 indicat$ 9 ,figure #ae4 ,9 ,figure #bb we h a section ( sev]al dorsal connective filam5ts2 among o!rs a l[] root ( ! crural n]ve is "h se5 to pass along ! v5tral surface ( ! fibrill> sub/ance )\t p5etrat+ into ! crural lobule4 ,does !re exi/ an upp] root ( ! same n]ve1 :i* foll[s ! upp] surface ( ! dott$ sub/ance8 ,we d n d>e to decide ! "q4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is t if ! n]ve does exi/ x is accompani$ along its pa? by a great numb] ( widely ramifi$ tra*e1 ( :i* we see a draw+ 9 tr4 ,9 ! ?ree figures :i* foll[ 7#bc1 #bd1 #be7 ! v5tral column pres5ts an int]e/+ s]ies ( modifications4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 ,figure #bc1 x is surr\nd$ by ! l[] v5tral lobule1 ( :i* ! two masses are 9 a lat]al position1 & ^: commissures pass und]nea? ! column4 ,we see 9 ! same ,figure #bc ! two l[] roots ( ! crural n]ve1 advanc+ t[>ds ! column4 ,9 ! #bd? section ! two roots h rea*$ ! column1 & two o!r n]ves cross ! crural lobule2 d\btless _! de/9ation is ! l[] dorsal connective filam5ts1 b ( ?is we h no cle> indication4 ,9 ! #bd? section two o!r crural roots also ent] ! l[] v5tral lobule4 ,?is section is v favorable = ! exam9ation ( ! asc5d+ fasciculus :i* we h already notic$ 9 ! longitud9al sections4 ,x seems to u c]ta9 t ?is fasciculus t]m9ates 9 ! middle dorsal connective filam5t4 ,its orig9 is m unc]ta94 ,x seems to spr+ f ! v5tral column1 or else to come f crural roots :i*1 aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! crural lobule1 reasc5d t[>ds ! dorsal lobe ( ! ganglion1 describ+ a curve ext]iorily concave4 ,x is possible t ?is asc5d+ fasciculus has bo? ^! orig9s4 ,! #bf? & la/ section %[s u ! v5tral column on a l>g] scale2 ! two columns be+ di/9ct f ea* o!r1 ?\gh unit$ at ! l[] extremity by a commissure4 ,! ensemble ( ! figure /rik+ly rem9ds "o ( a section ( ! abdom9al ganglion4 ,"h our description ends4 ,we h n s\ght to foll[ up e fibre 9 all its details1 nor to describe completely ! anatomy ( ea* organ4 ,our int5tion has m]ely be5 to give a syn!tic notion ( a n]v\s ganglion4 ,subsequ5t /udies made on o!r ganglia w demon/rate ! g5]al application ( ?is idea4 ,,alfr$ ,,b9et4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,= ! cuts1 see ! plates 9 ! ,app5dix ( ?is numb]4 ,,h9du ,,monism4 ,,:o ,,7 ,,its ,,au?ors1 ,,prie/s ,,or ,,w>riors8 ,among all ! =ms ( gov]nm5t class gov]nm5t is ! wor/4 ,c>?age 0 gov]n$ by m]*ants1 & ! m]cantile _s ( its policy l$ f9ally to ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,sp>ta 0 gov]n$ by w>riors1 & 9 spite ( ! glory ( ,!rmopyl x 0 doom$ to /agnation4 ,india 0 gov]n$ by prie/s1 & ! weal ( ! nation 0 sacrific$ ) reckless indiff]5ce to _! int]e/s4 ,x appe>s t = ! welf>e ( ! community ! h>moni\s co-op]ation ( all classes is n only desirable b also indisp5sable4 ,yet x is (t5 claim$ t mank9d is greatly indebt$ to nations or /ates rul$ by class gov]nm5t1 = hav+ work$ out ! p>ticul> occupation ( ! rul+ class to a p]fection :i* o!rwise x w\ld n h rea*$4 ,?is is at lea/ d\btful4 ,c>?age 0 eag] to e/abli% monopolies1 b %e contribut$ little to ! high] developm5t ( comm]ce & trade among mank9d4 ,sp>ta rais$ brave m51 b 0 n progressive1 ev5 9 ! sci5ce ( w>1 & 0 wor/$ by s weak an adv]s>y z ,!bes4 ,mod]n /rategi/s c\ld le>n some?+ f ,epam9ondas1 b little1 if any?+1 f ! ,lac$monians4 ,prie/craft has atta9$ to a p[] 9 ,india unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( o!r nations1 & x is no exagg]ation to say t prie/-rule 0 ! ru9 ( ! c\ntry4 ,yet ! wisdom ( ! ,brahmans has become prov]bial4 ,_! philosophy is prais$ z orig9al & pr(\nd1 & x is well kn[n t ! fir/ moni/ic _w-conception 0 ?\ght out 9 anci5t ,india4 ,b we %all see lat] on :at ! real %>e ( ! ,brahmans 9 ?is great "w has be54 ,9 ! v e>lie/ ages ( ,h9du antiquity1 reveal$ to u 9 ! songs ( ! ,rig-v$a1 we meet ) prie/s :o claim$ ! p[] ( mak+ sacrifices to ! gods 9 a mann] especially acceptable to !m1 & :o ?us rose to great p[]1 influ5ce1 & weal?4 ,to ?is anci5t p]iod ( ,h9du hi/ory we c trace ! orig9 ( ! ,h9du ca/es1 ess5tially a result ( prie/ly egotism1 & :i* up to ?is day has weigh$ d[n ! ,indian p l a nightm>e4 ,! organisation ( ! prie/ly class into an exclusive1 privileg$ body1 z well z ! f9al developm5t ( ! ca/es1 did n1 h[ev]1 take place until ! "t repres5t$ by ! second p]iod ( ! anci5t ,h9du lit]ature2 by ! lit]ature1 t is to say1 ( ! ,yajur-v$as or ! ,v$as ( ! sacrificial =mul1 & ! ,brhmanas & ,stras1 bo? ( :i* describe ! sacrificial c]emonies1 ! =m] )1 ! latt] )\t !ological comm5ts4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! works illu/rate ! orig9 ( ! ,h9du hi]>*y & ca/es2 b x is (t5 necess>y to read betwe5 ! l9es4 ,! greate/ au?ority on ?is ri* lit]ature1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,web]1 ( ,b]l91 9 ! t5? volume ( ! s]ies 8,h9du ,/udies0 :i* he edits1 has publi%$ 8 inquiries conc]n+ ?is subject 9 a v le>n$ treatise1 entitl$ 8,collectanea b] die ,ka/5v]hltnisse 9 d] ,brhmana und ,stra10 ( :i* ,i h made consid]able use 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,9 ^! books ! ,brahmans ass]t _! claims ) />tl+ c&or4 ,9 sev]al passages--to beg9 ) ! mo/ /rik+ feature--!y ann\nce !mselves z real gods w&]+ on e>?4 8,!re are two k9ds ( gods10 x is said1 8! true gods & ! le>n$ ,brahmans1 :o recite ! ,v$a40 8,! ,brahman repres5ts all gods40 8,he is ! god ( gods40 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( prie/ly arrogance 9 all hi/ory4 ,?us x _c at all surprise u t ! ,brahmans1 z e>?ly gods1 plac$ !mselves above k+ & nobility2 b x appe>s r /range t ! k+s & w>riors %\ld h all[$ to !m ! fir/ place 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 !y did d s & 7 compell$ to d s4 ,f my/]i\s leg5ds 9 ! great ,h9du epic poem we inf]1 t bloody w>s h be5 wag$ = supremacy1 9 :i* ! nobility 0 defeat$4 ,! leg5ds ( ?is epos are ?us important additions to ! s\rces ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,?is /ruggle1 :i* ! ,brahmans 9 all likelihood caus$ to be f\ght out = !m by ! great masses ( ! p1 has be5 ascrib$ to ! w>riors hav+ robb$ ! prie/s ( ! treasures :i* ! latt] _h acquir$ by ! p]=mance ( ! sacrifices2 & ?is "p ( ! leg5d is s highly probable t we _c treat x z a pure my?1 especially if we take into consid]ation ! circum/ances ( ^? times4 ,x 0 ! fir/ attempt at secul>isation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & ! results 7 v disa/r\s to ^? :o 7 !n 9 secul> p[]4 ,! ,brahmans did n e/abli% a social hi]>*y or ecclesia/ical ranks1 nor did !y p>ticipate 9 ! gov]nm5t1 except t ! k+ 0 b\nd to employ a ,brahman z ,purohita or h\se-prie/1 :o occupi$ z su* ! position ( prime m9i/]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y succe$$ 9 dom9at+ ! nobility & ! :ole p1 x 0 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( _! great] k1 ( :i* !y boa/$1 & especially on acc\nt ( ! sacrificial arts1 by ! prop] ex]cise ( :i* 9 ^? times1 all favors c\ld be obta9$ f ! gods4 ,= a duly p]=m$ sacrifice1 :i* w\ld la/ weeks1 mon?s1 nay1 ye>s1 ! ,brahmans *>g$ ( c\rse a high fee4 ,a fee ( t5 ?\s& ox5 0 prescrib$ = a c]ta9 c]emony1 a hundr$ ?\s& = ano!r "o1 & a lat] tea*] ( ritualism *>g$ #bdj1jjj = ! same s]vice4 ,& ?is 0 n yet ! climax ( prie/ly av>ice1 :i*--to use an expression ( ,pr(essor ,web]--indulges 9 v]itable orgies 9 ^! books4 ,aft] "o has gone ?r\gh ! endless description ( a c]emony1 "o f9ds at ! end ! rem>k t ! :ole sacrifice has no effect1 unless ! prop] fee be paid to ! prie/4 ,&--to use a t]m ( mod]n life--le/ competition %\ld r$uce ! prices or spoil ! bus9ess1 a rule 0 e/abli%$1 t no "o %\ld take a fee :i* ano!r "o _h refus$4 7,web]1 p4 #ed47 ,! sacrificial rituals1 s try+ & t$i\s = u1 are ! only lit]>y production ( ^! dull c5turies be=e ! ris+ ( philosophical speculation1 & ! great hi/orical importance !y possess is simply due to ! light !y ?r[ on ! moral depravity ( ! ,brahmans z a class4 ,! foll[+ fact w fully %[ to :at ext5t sexual debau*]ies 7 indulg$ 94 ,! prie/ 0 enjo9$1 by a special rule1 n to commit adult]y ) ! wife ( ano!r dur+ a p>ticul>ly holy c]emony4 ,b he :o c\ld n practice cont95ce1 0 all[$ to expiate 8 s9 by an (f]+ ( milk to ,v>una & ,mitra4 ,num]\s passages 9 ! books on ritualism furni% u int]e/+ illu/rations ( ! great indulg5ce :i* ! ,brahmans _h = ea* o!r's weaknesses4 ,! (ficiat+ prie/ is taught h[ to proce$ dur+ ! sacrifice1 if he wants to wrong ! man :o employs & pays him1 or h[ to deviate f ! prescrib$ rules1 if he wants to rob 8 employ] ( 8 see+1 he>+1 *ildr51 prop]ty1 or position4 ,! lack ( confid5ce t result$ is be/ illu/rat$ by a c]emony1 ! introduction ( :i*1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sacrifice1 became gradually necess>y4 ,by a solemn oa? ! (ficiat+ m9i/] & ! cli5t b\nd !mselves n to injure ea* o!r dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! holy act4 ,consequ5tly1 ! /range notions ( "r1 :i* ! ,brahmans _h 9 ^? times1 w n surprise u4 8,murd] ( any "o b a ,brahman is no murd]40 8,an arbitrator mu/ decide 9 favor ( ! ,brahman & n 9 favor ( 8 oppon5t1 if ! latt] is n a ,brahman40 ,su* maxims are laid d[n 9 ! texts ) %ameless insol5ce4 ,x is pla9 t ! ca/e sy/em greatly contribut$ to increase ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! prie/s1 because 9 a c\ntry :]e ! p are divid$ into classes1 ! prie/ always succe$s 9 incit+ at 8 wi% ! "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,aft] ! ,brahmans came z second ca/e ! ,k%attriyas 7lit]ally3 ! rul+ class1 i4 e41 k+1 nobility1 soldi]s72 & z ?ird ca/e ! ,vaisyas 7! bulk ( ! p3 f>m]s1 m]*ants1 etc474 ,! conqu]$ non-,aryan aborig9es 7 =eorda9$ by ! gods to s]ve ! ,aryan ca/es & especially ! ,brahmans4 ,!y 7 call$ ,sdras 7s]fs7 & _h nei!r civil nor religi\s rights4 8,! ,sdra is ! s]vant ( o!rs2 he c be ca/ out or kill$40 ,by ?is humane maxim 7 ! ,brahmans guid$ 9 _! conduct t[>ds ! aborig9es4 ,) su* a /ate ( ?+s1 z x appe>s 9 ! old books1 ! prie/hood ought to h be5 well pleas$4 ,b ! ,brahmans 7 n2 !y desir$ /ill great] advantages & c>ri$ out ! ca/e sy/em to a mo/ absurd ext5t4 ,! result is embodi$ 9 ! fam\s law-book ( ,manu1 ! exact date ( :i* we d n yet "k1 b :i* mu/ be plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! condition ( ?+s ( :i* ,i %all n[ speak1 0 accord+ly develop$ dur+ ! la/ c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,?\gh we may suppose t "s rules ( ?is code h rema9$ a m]e !ory & h nev] be5 c>ri$ out1 !re rema9s en\gh to %[ ! social life ( ^? times 9 a poor light4 ,kpp51 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( 8 book on ,buddhism1 has sev]ely b ju/ly judg$ ! social organisation1 z x appe>s 9 ,manu's law-book2 b z ! age ( ?is code 0 ov]rat$ at 8 "t1 he 0 l$ to "o errone\s conclusion3 he attributes ! hi/orical process1 ( :i* we speak1 to ! p]iod be=e ,buddha1 :ile x really took place aft] ,buddha3 ,l4 von ,s*rd]1 9 8 "w 8,indian ,lit]ature & ,hi/ory10 9 ! tw5ty-n9? lecture1 gives u a good view ( ^? times4 ,diff]5t passages 9 ,manu's code %[ u t ! claim ( ! ,brahmans to div9ity _h n decreas$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 8,! ,brahmans are to be v5]at$ at all times1 z !y are ! highe/ div9ity40 8,by 8 v orig9 ! ,brahman is a god1 ev5 to ! gods40 ,! _m practical privileges !y enjoy$ 7 ( /ill great] value4 ,!y 7 exempt f taxation "u all circum/ances1 8ev5 if ! k+ %\ld />ve40 ,= ! greate/ crimes !y c\ld n be execut$ or *a/is$1 nor 0 _! prop]ty liable to confiscation1 :ile at ! same "t ! crim9al law 0 v h>% t[>ds ! o!r ca/es & especially t[>ds ! ,sdras4 ,! p5alties increas$ proportionately3 ! l[] ! ca/e to :i* ! crim9al belong$1 ! high] ! puni%m5t2 & ! f9es also increas$ 9 proportion to ! rank ( ! ca/e to :i* ! injur$ man belong$4 ,! money-l5d] 0 all[$ to exact 7mon?ly7 two p] c5t4 ( a ,brahman1 ?ree ( a ,k%attriya1 f\r ( a ,vaisya1 five ( a ,sdra4 ,all ^! laws %[ h[ ! ,brahmans und]/ood ! art ( advanc+ _! int]e/s4 ,! ,sdra 0 by ! code depriv$ ( all rights4 8,! ,brahman may consid] him z a slave & is !re=e entitl$ to take 8 prop]ty1 z ! prop]ty ( ! slave belongs to ! ma/]40 8,! ,sdra %all n acquire weal?1 ev5 if he be 9 a position to d s1 z su* conduct gives (f5se to ! ,brahman40 ,b all ^! ?+s are h>mless :5 comp>$ ) ! pr9ciples by :i* ! ,brahmans r$uc$ to ! mo/ mis]able ( lives numb]less human creatures :o _h committ$ no wrong except t _! orig9 did n agree ) ! political s*eme ( ! prie/s4 ,=m]ly x _h be5 lawful = ! memb]s ( ! ?ree ,aryan ca/es1 aft] hav+ m>ri$ a girl ( ! same ca/e1 to take o!r wives ( a l[] ca/e besides1 & no disgrace atta*$ to _! *ildr54 ,! son ( a ,brahman & a ,vaisya--or ev5 ( a ,sdra woman--0 !re=e a ,brahman4 ,b ?is 0 no long] ! case "u ! code ( ,manu4 ,if ! p>5ts belong$ to diff]5t ca/es1 ! *ildr5 did n foll[ ei!r fa!r or "m1 b !y =m$ a mix$ ca/e & ! law di/9ctly regulates _! occupations & trades4 ,?is !ory gave bir? to a great numb] ( mix$ ca/es1 :o 7 m or less despis$4 ,& ! social /&+ ( _m ( !m grew /ill worse on acc\nt ( an absurd maxim :i* degrad$ ! ,indian p to ! level ( grass & plants4 ,good se$ 9 a bad soil gives ( c\rse a poor] return ?an 9 good soil2 /ill ! crop is endurable4 ,b we$ introduc$ into good soil produces we$ abundantly4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ( ! ,brahmans ! *ildr5 7 bel[ ! fa!r1 if he _h m>ri$ a wife ( a high] ca/e4 ,! l[e/ & mo/ execrable creature !re=e is ! son ( a ,sdra & a ,brahman woman4 ,! de/9y ( a ,sdra 0 ( c\rse h>d & unhappy1 b ! mis]y ( ! (fspr+ ( su* a m>riage1 ( ! ,*&la1 defies all description4 8,he %all live f> f ! abodes ( o!r m5 & be> signs by :i* ev]ybody c recognise & avoid him1 z 8 contact pollutes4 ,only 9 daytime %all he be admitt$ into ! villages1 z !n p c avoid him4 ,he %all possess b common animals l dogs & donkeys1 eat out ( brok5 plates1 put on ! dresses ( ! dead1 etc4 ,!y 7 compell$ to s]ve z execution]s4 ,to ! utmo/ degree ( contempt & mis]y has ! pr\d ,brahman r$uc$ ^! poor creatures40 7,s*rd]1 pp4 #dbc-dbd47 ,b ! ,*&la 0 n ! la/ 9 ! ,brahmanic scale1 :i* suppress$ all dignity 9 human nature2 8 (fspr+1 ?\gh he _h only a wife ( ! ,sdra ca/e1 0 necess>ily /ill bel[ him4 ,?us orig9at$ a great numb] ( mix$ ca/es1 "o m despis$ ?an ! o!r1 & despis+ "o ano!r4 ,mo/ ( ^! outca/s take _! names f ! ,indian aborig9es & are ?us plac$ on ! same level ) ! mo/ contemptible tribes4 ,"s ( ! ?+s ,i h cit$ ab\t ! mix$ ca/es1 may h be5 m]ely a !ory ( ! ,brahmans2 h[ev]1 ! actual exi/5ce ( classes ( p r$uc$ by ! cl]gy to a sort ( animal life1 has be5 suffici5tly v]ifi$ by =eign travell]s4 ,9 mod]n times ! sep>ation ( ! p has be5 go+ on v rapidly2 s mu* s1 t ne>ly e trade or pr(ession n[ =ms a ca/e ( its own1 hav+ no social int]c\rse )1 nor patriotic feel+s = ! o!r ca/es4 ,?is condition ( ?+s is due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,brahmans1 = x has gr[n out ( ! social ord] !y h f\nd$4 ,x is n my task to arraign ! ,brahmans = ! s9s !y h committ$2 b simply to illu/rate to my read]s1 h[ little !y c>$ = & _h at he>t ! int]e/s ( _! p4 ,"o w1 ^u ! :ole1 feel incl9$ to d5\nce ! selfi%ness & immorality ( ! ,brahmans1 b on ! o!r h& w ackn[l$ge ) admiration ! intellectual "w !y h done1 & =give !m mu* = ! pr(\nd ?\ghts ) :i* !y h enri*$ _! c\ntry & ! :ole _w4 ,is x n ! wisdom ( ! ,brahmans t has giv5 to ! ^w ,india a s\nd t /irs ! he>ts ( all to :om ! /ruggle = ! highe/ tru? appe>s z ! highe/ ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation8 ,b suppose x c be %[n t ! greate/ ( all ! wisdom ( ! ,brahman1 ! moni/ic doctr9e ( ! ,all-9-,"o1 :i* has _h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! intellectual life ( mod]n times1 0 n discov]$ by !m8 ,be=e ,i ent] on ?is "q1 ( ! greate/ importance f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 ,i w give a %ort sket* ( ! p]iod ( ,indian hi/ory 9 :i* ?is doctr9e 0 e/abli%$4 ,= c5turies ! ,brahmans _h heap$ sacrifice on sacrifice & multipli$ symbolical explanations )\t end4 ,all ?is di/9ctly bore ! /amp ( prie/ly sophi/ry4 ,sudd5ly high] ?\ghts arise4 ,! le>n+ h&$ d[n by tradition & ! sacrificial sy/em are1 x is true1 n altoge!r ab&on$2 ! m9d1 h[ev]1 is no long] satisfi$ ) ! my/]ies ( ! sacrifices1 b aims at high] & m sublime tru?4 ,! age ( intellectual d>kness is foll[$ by a new era1 ! *>act]i/ic ( :i* is ! ambition to solve ! problems ( life & to und]/& ! relation ( ! individual to ! absolute4 ,all ! ef=ts ( ! human m9d are n[ b5t on solv+ ! "q ( ! et]nal ,unity1 f :i* all ph5om5a h emanat$ & :i* e "o p]ceives )9 8 own self4 ,x is ! age ( ! ,upani%ads1 ^? fam\s books1 :i*1 z soon z !y 7 kn[n 9 ,europe1 fill$ all s*ol>s ) wild en?usiasm & admiration4 ,i ref] only to ! old ,upani%ads1 t date f ! eigh? to ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 n to ! great numb] ( books ( ! same "n1 b n ( ! same value--!re are ov] #bjj ( !m--:i* appe>$ aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,upani%ads reveal ! /ruggle ( ! m9d to rea* ! highe/ tru?4 ,?\gh !y indulge occasionally 9 /range speculations1 /ill ! idea ( ,brahma1 ( ! univ]sal s\l1 ( ! absolute1 ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 is ! ev]-recurr+ subject ( _! ?\ghts1 :i* culm9ate 9 ! idea t ! ,atman1 ! inn] self ( man1 is naught b ! et]nal & endless ,brahma4 ,a wond]ful pa?os animates ! language ( ! ,upani%ads & te/ifies to ! sublime feel+s 9 :i* ! ?9k]s ( ^? times s\ght ! great my/]y ( exi/5ce4 ,!y look = all k9ds ( expressions1 metaphors & figures1 9 ord] to c\* 9 words :at _c be describ$ by words4 ,we read = in/ance 9 ! v5]able ,brihadranyaka ,upani%ad3 8,t :i* lives on ! e>?1 b is diff]5t f ! e>?1 t :i* is ! mov+ p[] ( ! e>?1 t is y\r ,self1 ! inn] immortal rul]40 ,! same is pr$icat$ ( wat]1 fire1 e!r1 w9d1 sun1 moon1 & />s2 & !n ! *apt] ends z foll[s3 8,unse51 he sees2 unhe>d1 he he>s2 unm9d$1 he m9ds2 unkn[n1 he kn[s4 ,!re is none t sees b he2 !re is none t he>s b he2 !re is none t m9ds b he2 !re is none t kn[s b he4 ,he is ?y s\l1 ! inn] rul]4 ,:atev] is diff]5t f him1 is p]i%able40 ,9 ! same celebrat$ ,upani%ad appe>s a woman1 nam$ ,grg1 & mov$ by ?ir/ ( k %e inquires ( ! wise ,yjnavalkya3 8,t :i* is beyond ! sky & b5ea? ! e>?1 & betwe5 sky & e>?1 t :i* is1 01 & %all be1 9 :at & ) :at is x int]wov5 7t is3 9 :at does x live & move780 ,yjnavalkya1 9 ord] to try ! intellectual p[] ( ! woman1 gives an evasive answ]3 8,9 ! e!r40 ,b ,grg1 p]ceiv+ t ?is answ] did n conta9 ! f9al tru?1 asks3 8,9 :at is ! e!r wov580 ,& ,yjnavalkya repli$3 8,o ,grg1 t is :at ! ,brahman calls ! ,et]nal2 x is nei!r big1 nor small1 nor l>ge1 nor %ort1 )\t connection1 )\t contact2 by ! ,et]nal are rul$ heav5 & e>?1 sun & moon1 days & nights2 ! p[] ( ! ,et]nal directs ! riv]s s\? or we/ or to any o!r po9t ( ! compass4 ,:oev] p>ts f ?is _w )\t hav+ und]/ood ! ,et]nal1 is mis]able40 ,9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 a book ( no less importance1 ! same wisdom is taught by a man nam$ ,uddlaka to 8 son ,%vetaketu 9 ! =m ( sev]al p>ables4 ,we see !m /&+ 9 front ( a ,nyagrodha tree1 t k9d ( fig-tree t ev]y:]e s5ds roots f ! bran*es d[n to ! gr\nd1 ?us produc+ new trunks1 until 9 ! c\rse ( "t "o tree resembles a gre5 pill>$ hall4 ,& 9 front ( su* a tree1 ! mo/ beautiful symbol ( ev]-y\?ful nature1 ! foll[+ conv]sation takes place betwe5 fa!r & son3 8,get me a fruit ( ?is tree40--8,"h x is40--8,break x40--8,x is brok540--8,:at d y see 9 x80--8,i see q small k]nels40--8,break "o ( !m40--8,x is brok540--8,:at d y see 9 x80--8,no?+40--,!n ! fa!r said3 8,! f9e matt] t y _c see has produc$ ?is big tree1 & believe me1 my de> son1 ?is same matt]1 ( :i* ! e>? is compos$1 is ! ,absolute1 ! ,univ]sal ,s\l1--x is y40 ,! et]nal gr\nd ( all exi/5ce :i* e "o c>ries 9 himself1 ,be+ z x is 9 itself1 & z x is imm$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ?9k+1 01 accord+ly recognis$ z ! sole reality1 & all ! manifold *anges ( ! ph5om5al _w 7 call$ ,maya1 a %am1 a delusion1 a mock]y ( ! s5ses4 ,we see1 x is a consi/5t monism :i* is taught 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,i d n int5d "h ei!r to criticise ! ,brahman conception ( monism or to contra/ x ) mod]n =ms ( monism4 ,all monisms h at lea/ "o ?+ 9 common1 viz4 !y all recognise ! p>am\nt importance ( consi/5cy ( ?\ght z a basic pr9ciple 9 philosophy4 ,& to h prop\nd$ a monism = ! fir/ "t is a feat :i* _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,:at rema9s ( ?is essay w be devot$ to ! inve/igation ( ! "q1 :e!r ?is feat is duly or unduly cr$it$ to ! ,brahmans4 ,x may fir/ be m5tion$1 t a few s*ol>s l ,web]1 ,max ,mll]1 ,regnaud1 ,deuss51 & ,bh&>k>1 po9t$ out1 a long "t ago1 c]ta9 facts :i* %[ t ano!r class ( ! ,h9du nation f\nd$ ! moni/ic doctr9e ( ! old ,upani%ads4 ,b ! att5tion ( ! great public has nev] be5 call$ to ?is subject1 :i* des]ves to be kn[n by all int]e/$ 9 ,indian hi/ory4 ,9 ! second book ( ! ,brihadranyaka ,upani%ad1 ( :i* ,i h already cit$ two passages1 is f\nd ! foll[+ /ory1 ( :i* also ! f\r? book ( ,kau%taki ,upani%ad gives a slightly diff]5t v]sion4 ,! pr\d & le>n$ ,brahman ,blki ,grgya comes on 8 j\rney to ,ajta%atru1 pr9ce ( ,b5>es1 & says to him3 8,i w ann\nce y ! ,brahma40 ,! k+1 highly pleas$1 promises him a great rew>d1 a ?\s& c[s4 ,! ,brahman beg9s to exp\nd 8 wisdom3 8,! ,_s 7t is ! p[]7 9 ! sun ,i v5]ate z ! ,brahma40 ,b ! k+ int]rupt$ him1 say+ t he knew t already4 ,!n ! ,brahman speaks ab\t ! ,_s 9 ! moon1 9 lightn+1 e!r1 w9d1 fire1 wat]1 b ! k+ kn[s all t4 ,& :atsoev] ! ,grgya might say1 is n new to ! k+4 ,! ,brahman became sil5t4 ,b ,ajta%atru ask$ him3 8,is t all80 & ,grgya answ]$3 8,yes1 t is all40 ,!n ! k+ said3 8,y\r little k is n ! ,brahma20 :]eupon ,grgya decl>$ t he %\ld l to be "o ( ! k+'s pupils4 ,ajta%atru repli$3 8,x is aga9/ nature1 t a ,brahman %\ld le>n f a w>rior & dep5d on him = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,brahma1 b ,i w %[ x y nev]!less40 ,! k+ took him to a sleep+ man & spoke to ! latt]2 b he did n get up4 ,:5 ! k+ t\*$ him ) 8 h&1 he arose4 ,! k+ !n ask$ ! ,brahman3 8,:ile ?is man 0 sleep+ :]e 0 8 m9d1 & :5ce did x return n[80 ,grgya c\ld n give an answ]4 ,!n ! k+ expla9$ to him1 t ! m9d or ! ,self ( ! sleep+ man 0 w&]+ ar\nd 9 dream1 t all places 7 op5 to him1 t he c\ld be a great k+ or a great ,brahman2 b t !re 0 /ill a high] condition ( felicity1 t is1 absorption 9 dreamless sleep1 )\t consci\sness4 ,9 ?is condition ! ,self ( man1 n affect$ by ! outside _w1 reposes 9 8 true ess5ce & kn[s no diff]5ce betwe5 ,atman & ,brahma4 ,ano!r /ory1 report$ 9 ! fif? book ( ,*ndogya ,upani%ad & 9 ! six? book ( ,brihadranyaka ,upani%ad1 is p]haps ( /ill great] importance4 ,! "y ,brahman ,%vetaketu comes to a conv5tion1 :]e ! ,k+ ,pravhana ,jaivli asks him3 8,has y\r fa!r in/ruct$ y80--8,yes1 sir40--8,d y "k to :at place ! dead g80 ,& ?ree m que/ions he put to ! "y ,brahman1 :o 0 compell$ to admit t he knew no?+ ab\t !m4 ,disc\rag$1 he return$ to 8 fa!r & reproa*$ him3 8,al?\gh y h n imp>t$ any k to me1 y claim t y h in/ruct$ me4 ,a simple k+ has ask$ me ?ree que/ions & ,i c\ld n answ] a s+le "o40 ,! fa!r repli$3 8,y h kn[n me suffici5tly to und]/& t ,i taught y all ,i knew4 ,come1 let u g to ! k+ & le>n f him40 ,! k+ receiv$ ! ,brahman ) great honors & reque/$ him to select a pres5t4 ,b ,gautama refuses all e>?ly gifts1 gold1 c[s1 horses1 female slaves1 & asks ! k+ to answ] ! que/ions he _h put to 8 son4 ,at fir/ ! k+ 0 unwill+1 b aft] a :ile he agre$ to x & said1 t no "o on e>? c\ld give in=mation on ^? subjects1 except a w>rior4 ,& ! foll[+ words ( ! k+'s are v significant3 8,w\ld t nei!r y nor y\r ance/ors _h trespass$ on u1 t ?is tru? might nev] h set up h] resid5ce among ,brahmans4 ,b to y1 s9ce y are s inquir+1 ,i w communicate our wisdom40 ,sub/antially ! same /ory is f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,kau%taki ,upani%ad1 except t ! k+ appe>s "u ! "n ,*itra4 ,omitt+ po9ts ( less importance1 ,i %all only give 9 a brief =m ! cont5ts ( ! elev5? & ! foll[+ *apt]s ( ! fif? book ( ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 :]e aga9 a man ( ! w>rior ca/e1 ,a%vapati1 pr9ce ( ! ,kekaya1 is %[n 9 possession ( ! highe/ wisdom4 ,a numb] ( highly le>n$ ,brahmans 7 speculat+ on ! foll[+ problems3 8,:at is our ,self8 ,:at is ! ,brahma80 & !y decid$ to g to ,uddlaka ,aruni1 :o1 z !y knew1 0 inve/igat+ ! 8,omnipres5t ,self40 ,b ,aruni said to himself3 8,n[1 !y w ask me & ,i am n able to answ] all _! que/ions02 consequ5tly he reque/$ 8 visitors to g ) him to ,a%vapati4 ,! latt] receives !m ) great honors1 invites !m to /ay ) him1 promis+ !m pres5ts z high z _! fees = sacrifices4 ,b !y repli$3 8,a man mu/ communicate :at he kn[s4 ,y are j n[ seek+ ! #8,omnipres5t ,self'2 disclose to u :at x is80 ,! k+1 said3 8,i w answ] y to-morr[40 ,! foll[+ day1 )\t hav+ receiv$ !m among 8 pupils1 t is1 )\t a c]emonial reception z 0 usual1 he ask$ !m3 8,:at d y v5]ate z ! ,self80 ,!y repli$3 8,heav51 sun1 w9d1 e!r1 wat]1 e>?40 ,! k+ rem9d$ !m t !y 7 all mi/ak5 9 consid]+ ! ,omnipres5t ,self z a f9ite & limit$ be+2 x 0 ! inf9ite1 ! inf9itely small & ! inf9itely great4 ,! weight ( ^! /ories is v pla94 ,:e!r !y ref] to real facts or m]ely reflect ! views ( ^? times 9 ! =m ( leg5ds1 _c be decid$4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q ( ! hi/orical tru? ( ^! /ories has no be>+ :atev]4 ,! fact t !y are to be f\nd 9 g5u9e ,brahmanic writ+s1 9 books :i* are consid]$ 9 ,india z ! basis ( ! ,brahman ca/e1 speaks a pla9 language4 ,x %[s1 t ! ?\ght ( claim+ ! moni/ic doctr9e ( ! ,brahma-,atman z ! inh]itance ( _! ca/e1 did n occur to ! au?ors ( ! old ,upani%ads1 or t !y d>$ n claim x2 x may be t !y did n yet realise ! great importance ( ! same4 ,( c\rse 9 ! foll[+ ages ?is sci5ce became ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,brahmans & 0 cultivat$ & develop$ by !m dur+ tw5ty c5turies--b ?is does n d away ) ! fact t x orig9at$ among ! w>rior ca/e4 ,! m5 ( ?is ca/e recognis$ at once ! holl[ness ( ! sacrificial sy/em & its absurd symbolical "*2 & to !m is due ! cr$it ( hav+ disclos$ a new _w ( ?\ght & ( hav+ accompli%$ a revolution 9 ! intellectual life ( ,anci5t ,india4 ,:5 we le>n t ! ,brahmans cont9u$ ! sacrificial sy/em1 ev5 aft] hav+ adopt$ ! new cre$1 & by repres5t+ religi\s c]emonials z ! fir/ /ep to k1 ?us comb9$ two :olly het]og5e\s elem5ts2 we may ju/ly conclude t ?+s h tak5 ! same c\rse 9 ,anci5t ,india z 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,progressive ideas are fir/ oppos$ by ! prie/hood1 _! born enemy1 until !y h become s p[]ful t !y _c be oppos$ any long]1 :]eupon ! prie/ adopts !m & tries to h>monise !m ) 8 sup]/itions4 ,b ! ideas m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ! sub/ance ( :at is commonly call$ 8,h9du wisdom10 are n all t ! w>riors h done = ! religion & philosophy ( ! p4 ,! noble ,gautama ( ,kapilava/u1 ! be/ kn[n ( all ,h9dus1 :o e/abli%$ ,buddhism ab\t #ejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 0 also a ,k%attriya1 & accord+ to ! m rec5t tradition1 :i* alone 0 =m]ly kn[n1 ! son ( a k+2 b accord+ to ! e>li] s\rces1 disclos$ by ,old5b]g1 he 0 ! son ( a l&$ proprietor4 ,buddha1 8! ,enlight5$10 "u :i* "n he is kn[n all ov] ! _w1 mo/ /r5u\sly oppos$ ! sacrificial sy/em & ! sup]/itions ( ! ,brahmans4 ,! c]emonies & ! sci5ce ( ! prie/hood seem$ to him a p]fect fraud1 & ! ca/e sy/em an absurd in/itution2 he taught t ! f9al beatitude is )9 ! rea* ( ! l[e/ man1 z well z ( ! ,brahman & ! k+2 t e "o1 )\t di/9ction ( bir?1 c atta9 to 8salvation0 by contempt ( ! _w1 self-d5ial1 & devotion to ! welf>e ( 8 fell[ be+s4 ,old5b]g's excell5t book on ,buddha1 ! newe/ /&>d "w on ?is subject1 makes x unnecess>y = me to dwell at l5g? on ! doctr9e ( ! greate/ ( all ,h9dus2 only 9 reg>d to "o important po9t1 :i* has a direct be>+ on ! subject "u consid]ation1 d ,i diff] f 8 op9ion4 ,accord+ to ! olde/ s\rces1 ,buddha's me?od ( tea*+ is1 to a great ext5t1 beyond ! und]/&+ ( ! bulk ( ! p2 n a popul>1 b an ab/ract philosophical "o4 ,= intr9sic reasons1 ,i believe t ! old s\rces d n give a correct report ( ?is matt]1 & we mu/ n =get t c5turies sep>ate !m f ,buddha4 ,old5b]g himself raises ! po9t1 :e!r ! dry & t$i\s ecclesia/ical /yle1 9 :i* ,buddha's ?\ghts are clo!d by ^? s\rces1 truly reflects ! spok5 ^w4 ,he says on page #aha3 8,:oev] reads ! words :i* ! sacr$ books attribute to ,buddha w d\bt t ! =m 9 :i* ,buddha taught 8 precepts is to be id5tifi$ ) t ab/ract & sometimes ab/ruse metaphysical language4 ,a y\?ful1 invigorat+ _s1 p]vad+ alike tea*] & disciples1 is ! true picture ( ^? times1 admitt+ ( no unnatural or artificial features40 ,9 spite ( ?is1 he comes to ! conclusion t 8! solemn & /]n way ( speak+1 peculi> to ,buddha1 has be5 bett] express$ by tradition ?an by :at we w\ld feel tempt$ to sub/itute40 ,i am n ( ?is op9ion4 ,9 ,india a great success c\ld n h be5 obta9$ b by ov]p[]+ eloqu5ce & a popul> me?od1 intelligible to all1 & proce$+ by p>ables & metaphors4 ,if ,buddha _h only appeal$ to ! intellect ( 8 ne>e/ surr\nd+s1 consi/+ m]ely ( ari/ocratic elem5ts1 if he _h n f\nd 8 way to ! he>t ( ! p1 8 mona/]y w\ld v likely h %>$ ! de/9y ( ! o!r religi\s congregations ( 8 age1 :i* h all disappe>$1 except "o4 ,z ! doctr9es ( ^! mona/]ies or _! f\nd]s d n sub/antially diff] f ea* o!r1 & z x _c be ascrib$ to m]e *ance t ,buddha's doctr9e has develop$ into a univ]sal religion1 hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( adh]5ts1 !re rema9s b "o hypo!sis to acc\nt = ?is fact1 & t is ! sup]iority ( ,buddha's way ( tea*+4 ,! errone\sness ( ! g5]ally prevail+ op9ion t ,buddha 0 9 8 "t ! only f\nd] ( a new religion1 & t he sudd5ly revolutionis$ ! social organisation ( ! ,indian p1 has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$ by rec5t inve/igations4 ,9 fact1 he 0 a 8primus int] p>es10 "o ( ^? num]\s ascetics :o 7 /riv+ = & prea*+ 8lib]ation0 f ! et]nal transmigration4 ,besides ,buddha's1 only "o congregation has surviv$3 ! ,ja9a1 hav+ num]\s memb]s 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,india4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! ,ja9a are v simil> to ^? ( ,buddha2 s mu* s t until rec5tly x 0 consid]$ m]ely z a sect ( ,buddhism1 :ile x is really a religion ( its own1 f\nd$ by a contempor>y or a pr$ecessor ( ,buddha1 nam$ ,v>dhamna ,jntaputra--9 ! language ( ! p1 ,vaddhamna ,ntaputta--9 ! same "p ( ! c\ntry :]e ,buddha rose4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two religions is ?is3 ,v>dhamna lays great /ress on ca/igation2 :ile ! m progressive ,buddha decl>es x useless--nay1 p]nici\s4 ,! important po9t 9 reg>d to ! object ( our essay is ?is3 t ! f\nd] ( ,ja9a1 :i* occupies a high place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,h9du culture1 0 also a memb] ( ! ,w>rior ,ca/e4 ,we %all n[ h to consid] ano!r production ( ! ,indian m9d1 ! v "n ( :i* is unkn[n to mo/ ( our read]s1 al?\gh x (f]s ! mo/ int]e/+ religi\s problems4 ,i ref] to ! doctr9e ( ! ,bhgavatas or ,pn*>tras4 ,^! names1 ( :i* ! =m] is ! e>li] & orig9al "o1 designate a religi\s sect 9 ,nor? ,india1 ^: exi/5ce 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 is au!ntically prov$1 b :i* c be plac$ ) great probability 9 ! "t be=e ,buddha4 ,!y pr(ess$ a common-s5se mono!ism1 indep5d5t ( ! traditions ( ! old ,brahmans1 & v5]at$ ,god "u diff]5t names3 ,bhagavant1 8,! ,sublime10 :5ce _! "n is d]iv$2 ,nryana1 8,son ( ,man20 ,pura%ottamma1 8,! ,supreme ,be+02 b g5]ally "u ! "n ,kri%na ,vsudeva1 8,son ( ,vsudeva04 ,! "* ( _! wor%ip produc$ feel+s id5tical ) ! ,*ri/ian love & devotion to ,god4 ,! ,h9du ^w = ?is feel+ is ,*akti1 & = him :o 0 p5etrat$ by ! same1 ,*akta4 ,z ! ^w ,*akti _c be f\nd or has n be5 f\nd 9 ! ,h9du lit]ature e>li] ?an ! era ( ,*ri/1 sev]al s*ol>s are incl9$ to attribute ! ,*akti to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 especially ,pr(essor ,web]1 :o des]ves ! highe/ praise = 8 rese>*es conc]n+ ,kri%na wor%ip4 ,web] has prov$ 9 sev]al ( 8 books1 especially 9 a highly int]e/+ treatise on ,kri%na's bir?1 t num]\s ,*ri/ian notions h ent]$ into ! lat] ,kri%na leg5ds 7! simil>ity ( ! names1 ,kri%na & ,*ri/1 acc\nts = x73 = in/ance1 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ among ! %eph]ds1 ! /ory ab\t ! /able1 & o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ,i _c embrace ! op9ion t ! ,*akti has be5 br\ght f a =eign c\ntry1 because its fir/ appe>ance belongs to a p]iod 9 :i* ,*ri/ian influ5ces _c be f\nd4 ,z ,i _c g into details )\t discuss+ v difficult po9ts1 requir+ a great deal ( erudition1 ,i w only say t :oev] is famili> ) ! old ,h9du civilisation w easily und]/& t ! ,*akti is ( g5u9e ,h9du orig94 ,mono!i/ic notions c be trac$ to ! olde/ p]iods ( ,h9du antiquity1 & ! ,h9du m9d has always be5 animat$ by a high aspiration t[>ds ,god2 s t x %\ld n surprise u t ?is feature ( ! ,h9du "* has produc$ a religion popul> & indep5d5t ( philosophical speculation1 consi/+ 9 love & devotion to ,god4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is religion 0 ,kri%na ,vsudeva1 aft]w>ds rais$ to div9e dignity1 or r id5tifi$ ) ! deity2 f 8 "n & f ! leg5ds atta*$ to 8 "n1 he 0 a memb] ( ! ,w>rior ,ca/e4 ,z e>ly z ! epo* ( ! ,mahbhrata1 ! great ,indian epic poem1 ! ,brahmans appropriat$ to !mselves ! "n & "w ( ,kri%na1 & trans=m$ ! v5]at$ h]o into ! ,god ,vi%nu2 ?us increas+ _! /r5g? by adopt+ a doctr9e n ( ,brahmanic orig94 ,we h ?us f\nd t ! pr(\nd philosophical monism ( ! ,upani%ads1 ! highly moral religions ( ,buddha & ,ja9a1 & la/1 n lea/1 ! cre$ ( ! ,bhgavatas1 bas$ on pure devotion to ,god1 did n orig9ate among ! ,brahmans4 ,h[ev] favorably we may judge ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,brahmans 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce1 & ,i am f> f vilify+ _! m]its1 /ill x is c]ta9 t ! greate/ intellectual p]=mances ( ,india1 nay1 all su* 9 ,india t h be5 b5eficial to mank9d1 7 accompli%$ by m5 ( ! ,w>rior ,ca/e4 ,,ri*>d ,,g>be4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,necessity1 ,,its ,,basis ,,& ,,its ,,scope4 ,! idea ( necessity1 al?\gh a fundam5tal concept 9 philosophy & sci5ce1 has n z yet be5 s cle>ly def9$ t all ?9k]s w\ld agree z to its mean+ & significance4 ,necessity is frequ5tly id5tifi$ ) compulsion1 & ?us x is suppos$ to be incompatible ) fre$om ( w4 ,x is also id5tifi$ ) fate1 z if x 7 a de/9y t exi/$ above ! w ( man & ! p[]s ( nature1 simil> to ! ,moira ( ! anci5ts4 ,x is said to exclude *ance 9 e possible conception ( ! t]m & to cause ! evolution ( ! _w to proce$ by a pr$et]m9$ arrangem5t1 l ! me*anism ( a clock4 ,we _c endorse ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce's objection to ! doctr9e ( necessity1 b we side ) him :5 he d5\nces ! me*anical philosophy = consid]+ m9ds z 8"p ( ! physical _w 9 su* a s5se t ! laws ( me*anics det]m9e ev]y?+ t happ5s40 ,mr4 ,peirce is "r :5 he rebukes ! me*anical philosoph] = 8ent]+ consci\sness "u ! head ( sundries z a =gott5 trifle40 ,9 "s s5se m9ds are p>ts ( ! physical1 i4 e4 ! natural1 _w1 b !y are n p>ts ( t prov9ce ( nature :i* con/itutes ! special doma9 ( physics & me*anics4 ,ideas are n motions & _c be expla9$ by me*anical laws4 ,hav+ criticis$ 9 a =m] article ( ours ,mr4 ,peirce's position1 & hav+ reject$ ! indet]m9ism propos$ by him1 we %all discuss 9 ! foll[+ pages ! basis & scope ( ! idea ( necessity4 ,! idea ( necessity is bas$ ^u ! conception ( sam5ess1 & we f9d t ! exi/5ce ( sam5esses is a feature ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,! exi/5ce ( sam5esses is a fact ( exp]i5ce1 & ^u ! pres5ce ( ?is fact dep5ds ! possibility ( ! orig91 ! be+1 & ! developm5t ( ! ?9k+ m9d itself4 ,necessity1 z we und]/& x1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! idea ( fate4 ,al?\gh we accept )\t res]ve ! doctr9e ( det]m9ism1 we d n mean to d5y ! important "p t *ance plays 9 ! _w--n absolute *ance1 :i* accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce is exempt f law1 b t same *ance ( :i* ! ?r[ ( a die is a typical in/ance4 ,& be>+ 9 m9d t necessity is n a p[] outside ( nature & above ! w ( man1 b t x resides 9 !m z ! quality ( sam5ess1 we ab&on ! view t id5tifies necessity ) compulsion2 recognis+ ?us1 t fre$om ( ! w is n incompatible ) our view ( necessit>ianism4 ,i4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,necessity4 ,! /&po9t f :i* we %all treat ?is subject is t ( moni/ic positivism1--! me?od :i* accepts no doctr9e1 !ory1 or law unless x be a =mulation ( facts4 ,facts are ! bottom-rock to :i* we c & mu/ dig d[n4 ,at ! same "t1 :]ev] facts appe> contradictory to "o ano!r1 we %\ld n be satisfi$1 b cont9ue to inve/igate until !y are sy/ematis$ s z to =m a unit>y entirety4 ,be=e we beg9 our inquiry into ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( necessity1 x is advisable to def9e ! mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,! ,lat9 ^w necesse is mo/ probably a comp\nd ( ! negative ne & ! sup9e cessum f c$]e to yield1 to move4 8,necess>y10 accord+ to ?is etymology1 w\ld mean t :i* does n yield b abides4 ,?us x is ! inevitable2 x is t :i* is or w be4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w is /ill us$1 or at lea/ ought to be us$1 & 9 ?is s5se we %all also use x4 ,e ^w naturally acquires by a m or less appropriate application a s]ies ( mean+s4 ,s 8necess>y0 means also t :i* is ne$ful1 t :i* is ess5tial1 t :i* is indisp5sable & requisite2 x also means t :i* is done "u compulsion4 ,x is und]/ood t we exclude all ! o!r mean+s ( necess>y except ! orig9al "o1 :i* is its prop]ly philosophical mean+4 ,! idea ( necessity is closely alli$ to ! idea ( sam5ess4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! =m] we mu/ be cle> conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! latt]4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,sam5ess4 ,!re exi/ a numb] ( synonyms (t5 us$ indiscrim9ately2 !y are3 id5tity1 sam5ess1 equality1 congruity1 simil>ity1 & lik5ess4 ,by 8id5tity0 we g5]ally und]/& a sam5ess 9 e respect1 absolute sam5ess2 by 8equality01 a sam5ess t c be express$ 9 figures4 ,equality is always a measurable sam5ess1 & ref]s to quantity1 mass1 size1 l5g?1 height1 age1 etc4 ,lik5ess & similitude are sam5esses ( =m or ( proportion1 albeit n ( size4 ,x is (t5 us$ z a p>tial sam5ess ( impressions1 n s mu* z !y are 9 !mselves1 b z !y appe> to ! m9d4 ,congruity is a synonym ( sam5ess 9 ! prov9ce ( geometry1 d5ot+ ! co9cid5ce ( figures :5 laid ^u "o ano!r4#aj ,! logical pr9ciple ( id5tity1 s-call$1 x appe>s to me1 ought to be nam$ ! pr9ciple ( sam5ess1 = x has n ref]5ce to ! absolute sam5ess ( a ?+ ) itself4#aa ,! /atem5t ,a ,a does n mean t ?is p>ticul> ?+ ,a is itself & t !re=e ! "o ,a is "o & ! same ?+4 ,x is a g5]al /atem5t & means t all ,a1 9 s f> z !y are ,a1 are ! same4 ,! /atem5t ,a ,a1 z ,i take x1 presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( ,a's2 o!rwise x w\ld h no s5se1 & x w\ld n only be empty1 7z we "k f ,kant t all =mal /atem5ts are17 b mean+less & useless4 ,x w\ld be ( no avail ei!r 9 logic or 9 sci5ce4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! fact t ! idea ( sam5ess is a fundam5tal concept 9 our sci5tific1 logical1 & philosophical reason+1 x is a/oni%+ t no satisfactory def9ition ( x is to be f\nd4 ,to def9e 8same0 z 8"o 9 sub/ance2 n o!r1 444 ( "o nature or g5]al "*1 ( "o k9d1 degree1 or am\nt10 z is done 9 ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y10 is no improvem5t ^u 8,web/]10 :o def9es x z 8n diff]5t or o!r2 id5tical4 ,( l k9d1 species1 sort1 dim5sions or ! l2 n diff]5t 9 "* or 9 ! quality or qualities comp>$2 444 l40 ,h[ev]1 diction>ies are n encyclopdias2 & !y h p]haps a "r to def9e same z id5tical1 & id5tical z same4 ,mr4 ,james ,w>d1 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 7,,xvi1 #ha1 9 8 excell5t article on 8,psy*ology107 incid5tally compla9s ab\t ! ambiguity ( ! ^w 8same02 he proposes a di/9ction betwe5 8mat]ial id5tity0 & 8individual id5tity10 b ?is does n solve ! difficulty4 ,flemm+'s 8,vocabul>y ( ,philosophy0 7#d? ed4 edit$ by ,cald]wood7 conta9s sev]al articles on 8id5tical0 & on 8id5tity0 )\t discuss+ 9 any "o ( !m ! mean+ ( 8same0 or ( 8id5tical40 ,:at !n is ! mean+ ( same8 ,let u fir/ consid] ! etymology ( ! ^w4 ,! root ( 8same0 is f\nd 9 almo/ all ,indo-,european languages2 x is pres]v$ 9 ! fir/ syllable ( ! ,lat9 8similis0 & 8simul10 9 ! second syllable ( ! ,g]man 8,zusammen02 9 ! ,greek 80 & 810 & ! ,sanskrit 8sama10 all ( :i* d5ote a toge!rness4 ,?us ! etymological mean+ seems to signify :at is class$ 9 "o category4 ,accord+ly1 ! pres5t mean+ z def9$ by ! diction>ies1 z be+ t :i* is 8( "o nature or n diff]5t 9 "*10 has n *ang$2 at any rate if !re is any *ange1 x is slight4 ,yet x is desirable to br+ out & set 9 a cle> light ! purport ( ! ^w & its ess5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! economic s]vice & function ( ! idea ( 8sam5ess0 9 ! h\sehold ( ?\ght8 8,sam5ess0 is t feature 9 two ?+s or /ates ( ?+s1 9 two processes or modes ( action1 :i* br+s x to pass t ! "o may be replac$ by ! o!r )\t alt]+ = a c]ta9 purpose ! /ate ( ?+s or affect+ ! result ( ! entire process4 ,popul>ly express$1 sam5ess is ! capability ( "o ?+'s be+ sub/itut$ = ano!r4 ,!re is no ne$ ( discuss+ or prov+ ! truism1 t1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is no absolute sam5ess1 no id5tity 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is 0 ! mean+ ( ,h]aclitus's idea ( ! p]petual flux ( ?+s1 express$ 9 8 4 ,!re are no two mom5ts 9 "t1 no two po9ts 9 space1 no two atoms ( matt] actually id5tical1 & we _c ent] into ! id5tical riv] twice4 ,cratylus tri$ to outdo ,h]aclitus1 by say+ t we _c ev5 ent] once into ! id5tical riv]1 = :ile ent]+1 n only ! riv] *anges b also we ourselves2 & ,cratylus is p]fectly "r4 ,we h purposely sub/itut$ 9 ,h]aclitus's proposition 8id5tical0 = 8same10 because ?is *ange is ne$$ to br+ out ! tru? ( ! idea4 ,h]aclitus & ,cratylus cease to be "r if we use ! ^w same z above def9$4 ,we ent] inde$ ! same riv] twice4 ,! riv] ( to-day is1 = a c]ta9 purpose1 q ! same z ! riv] ( ye/]day1 9 s f> namely z ! riv] ( to-day & ! riv] ( ye/]day s]ve a c]ta9 & ! same purpose3 = o!r purposes ?is same riv] w p]haps n be ! same4 ,! geograph] & hi/orian speak ( ! ,rh9e z t /ream ( wat] :i* s9ce "t immemorial has fl[$ d[n f ! ,/4 ,got?>dt to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,accord+ly1 if we /& on ! bank ( ! ,rh9e1 x is q correct to say t ?is is ! same riv] t 0 cross$ by ,cs>4 ,let ! purpose ( our ?\ghts be *ang$1 & we %all no long] be p]mitt$ to speak ( sam5ess4 ,suppose we _h se5 ! ,rh9e = ! fir/ "t 9 its beautiful em]ald color+1 & _h come aga9 aft] a ra9y day to admire its beauty1 %\ld we n be ju/ifi$ 9 exclaim+3 ,?is is n ! same riv]6 ,sam5ess1 accord+ly1 dep5ds ^u a special purpose4 ,if 9 a *emical comb9ation a metal is want$1 x may be all ! same :e!r we use iron1 z9c1 lead1 or gold4 ,t is to say1 x is all ! same = br++ ab\t a special result2 yet x is n all ! same 9 o!r respects4 ,! weight & c]ta9 o!r qualities ( ! metals are diff]5t1 & also ! co/4 ,,sam5ess ,,& ,,m9d4 ,sam5ess dep5d+ ^u a special purpose1 ! "q arises1 ,is !re any objective sam5ess 9 ! _w1 or is sam5ess a m]e subjective addition to ?+s8 ,is sam5ess some?+ 8real0 or is x purely m5tal8 ,?is is ! old qu>rel betwe5 ! ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s among ! ,s*oolm54 ,x lies at ! bottom ( ! problem ( univ]sals & p>ticul>s1 & we %\ld say1 x is only a special =m ( ! "q1 8,are relations objective qualities ( exi/5ce or are !y products ( ! m9d80 :i* 0 discuss$ 9 a =m] numb] 7,! ,moni/1 ,,ii1 #b1 pp4 #bdj-db74 ,! idea ( sam5ess repres5ts ! mo/ important relation t exi/s2 & if any relation is real1 ! relation ( sam5ess mu/ be real also4 ,if sam5ess dep5ds ^u a special purpose1 x appe>s t !re c be no sam5ess )\t t purpose2 & ! purpose be+ purely m5tal1 ! sam5ess also w\ld seem to be purely m5tal4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,sam5ess is an idea1 & x is no exception to o!r ideas4 ,all ideas are m5tal symbols =m$ = a special purpose2 b1 be+ symbols ( some?+1 ideas are repres5tative ( "s reality1 or ( "s feature ( a reality1 or ( "s relation betwe5 two or sev]al ?+s4 ,e idea /&s = some?+2 & ?is quality ( ! significance ( ideas is call$ _! mean+ or _! import4 ,! "q n[ is1 ,h[ does ! idea ( sam5ess orig9ate 9 ! _w :]e1 z we /at$ above1 !re is no absolute sam5ess1 no id5tity8 ,our answ] is t sam5ess1 n id5tity1 is a g5]al feature ( ?is _w ( reality1 :i* impresses itself ^u e m9d f ! v beg9n+ ( ! m9d's orig94 ,we c g f>!r 9 our /atem5t & make x m emphatic3 ,m9d orig9ates & gr[s only on ! gr\nd ( ! fact t sam5ess is a feature ( ! _w1 & is recognis$ z su* by feel+ sub/ance4 ,two po9ts or two congru5t geometrical figures be+ 9 diff]5t places are n id5tical4 ,b !y are ( su* a nature t1 s f> z reg>ds ! purposes ( geometry1 "o s]ves ! purposes 9 "q j z well z ! o!r1 or "o c be replac$ by ! o!r2 & ?is quality is call$ _! sam5ess4 ,n[ z a matt] ( fact !re are no two concrete ?+s 9 ! _w 9 :i* !re _c be f\nd "s sam5ess4 ,bo? someh[ affect s5ti5cy2 we say !y consi/ ( matt]4 ,bo? c be measur$ 9 size1 bread?1 & height3 we say1 !y are ext5d$4 ,bo? are at any giv5 mom5t 9 a c]ta9 relation to o!r ?+s3 we say1 !y are 9 space4 ,bo? h a def9ite =m & consi/ ( "o or sev]al special /ructures 7i4 e41 s to say1 inside-=ms74 ,all ?+s c 9 "s way or o!r be class$ toge!r "u "o head+4 ,^! sam5esses ( ?+s g along ) diff]5ces1 & ! degree ( sam5ess 9 ! diff]5t ?+s v>ies greatly4 ,:e!r !re is any sam5ess & diff]5ce at all 9 ! _w1 _c be decid$ a priori1 b is a problem :i* c be solv$ only on ! gr\nd (1 fir/1 an a po/]iori /atem5t ( ! facts1 second1 a sy/ematical arrangem5t ( ! facts4 ,if ?is is accompli%$ we c v5ture into a me?odical inve/igation z to ! nature ( ! sam5esses z well z ! diff]5ces t obta9 9 ! univ]se1 & hav+ arrang$ !m 9 a sy/em1 we c apply a priori ?is sy/em to facts ) :i* we are n z yet acqua9t$4 ,! _m sam5esses :i* are exp]i5c$ are n purely m5tal additions2 !y are n m]e subjective imputations transf]r$ ^u objective exi/5ce4 ,!y are real2 i4 e4 !re are 9 ! objective ?+s actual features :i* all[ ( c]ta9 sub/itutions4 ,a ray ( light awak5s 9 "s feel+ sub/ance ! traces left by =m] rays ( light2 & ?is reawak5+ is call$ memory4 ,! p]ception ( sam5ess is ! beg9n+ ( m9d1 & x involves ! p]ception ( diff]5ce z a natural consequ5ce4 ,suppose t ! /uff ( :i* ! _w consi/s 7 capable ( acquir+ feel+1 b !re 7 no sam5esses :atev]2 :i* w\ld mean t e smalle/ piece ( ! _w-/uff 7 a p>ticul> ?+ by itself & 9 e respect unlike e o!r piece1 ( a diff]5t mat]ial or ( no mat]ial at all1 ( diff]5t size or ( no size at all1 & also possess$ ( a diff]5t numb] ( space dim5sions4 ,9 su* a _w all ! impacts made ^u a s5ti5t be+ w\ld be diff]5t2 n "o w\ld be l ! o!r1 & all feel+s w\ld pres5t a *aos )\t uni=mities1 worse ?an ! mo/ complex crazy-quilt4 ,"u su* circum/ances m9d w\ld be impossible3 x w\ld nei!r orig9ate nor c\ld x develop4 ,on ! o!r h& suppose aga9 t ! /uff ( :i* ! _w consi/s 7 capable ( acquir+ feel+ 9 "s c]ta9 =mation1 & t !re 7 sam5esses 9 ! _w & 9 ! ev5ts ( ! _w4 ,w\ld n m9d necess>ily orig9ate 9 su* a _w8 ,giv5 feel+ sub/ance 9 a _w ( sam5esses & diff]5ces1 ^! sam5esses w produce analog\s sam5esses ( impression ^u ! feel+ sub/ance1 :i* w be p]ceiv$ z sam5esses ( feel+4 ,! pres]vation ( ! traces left 9 ! feel+ sub/ance 7suppos+ ?is sub/ance to live on indef9itely7 w 9 ! long run result 9 ! =mation ( special s5se-organs4 ,x w lat] on1 ) ! aid ( ^w-symbolism1 lead to ! =mation ( univ]sals1 = univ]sals are no?+ b sam5esses p]ceiv$4 ,x w !n create ) ! assi/ance ( ab/raction ! realm ( sci5tific ?\ght1 repres5t+ ! uni=mities ( ! ev5ts ( ! _w 9 exact =mulas4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,sam5esses ,a ,,fact4 ,! "q :e!r !re are sam5esses at all 9 ! _w1 is 9 our op9ion settl$4 ,x is a fact t !re are sam5esses4 ,! uni=mities ( ! _w are a matt] ( indubitable exp]i5ce--indubitable because our v exi/5ce z ?9k+ be+s1 z m9ds1 is condition$ by ?is fact4 ,we see ! m9d ( e *ild develop out ( 8 p]ception ( sam5esses4 ,our sci5ti/s tea* u t ! race-s\l1 l a great immortal individual1 is ! product ( ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( sam5esses2 & all future progress1 9 sci5ce z well z 9 civilisation1 9 me*anical inv5tion z well z 9 e?ics1 dep5ds ^u ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! sam5esses /at$ to exi/ 9 ! objective _w4 ,! "q ( ! ultimate raison d'tre ( ! sam5esses & diff]5ces1 is ano!r "q2 & x w\ld lead u too f> "h to discuss x4 ,9 sev]al details ! problem is n z yet ripe = solution4 ,a full solution ( ! problem w\ld be tantam\nt to ! exposition ( a complete k ( ! _w4 ,suffice x "h to say t we h reasons to ?9k ( ! _w-/uff z be+ ( ! same nature ?r\gh\t4 ,! *emical elem5ts seem to be diff]5t configurations ( "o & ! same sub/ance4 ,9 ?is way all diff]5ce w\ld h to be expla9$ z a diff]5ce ( =m4 ,! =m ( reality possesses sam5ess & diff]5ce 9 all its p>ts4 ,space 9 its sam5ess is by exp]i5ce f\nd to be tri-dim5sional1 :i* means1 x is det]m9able ?r\gh\t by ?ree cord9ates2 :ile its diff]5ces are due to ! position ( ! po9ts consid]$4 ,= ! purpose ( ! geometrician space is uni=m1 b = ! purpose1 say ( ! ar*itect1 x is n uni=m4 ,to ! geometrician two congru5t triangles1 :e!r !y are 9 ! cell> or 9 ! g>ret1 are ! same4 ,h[ev]1 to ! ar*itect ! position ( two congru5t triangles 9 8 design ( a h\se is by no means ! same4 ,e s+le po9t ( space has its special & individual qualities4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( sci5ce is to sy/ematise ! sam5esses ( exp]i5ce1 & to pres5t !m 9 su* conv5i5t =mulas t !y c be us$ = guidance 9 our actions4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive =mulation ( ! sam5ess ( ! univ]se z a :ole has f\nd its expression 9 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,?is law re/s ^u ! exp]i5ce1 corroborat$ by exp]im5ts1 t causation is trans=mation4 ,x /ates t ! total am\nt ( matt] & ! total am\nt ( en]gy rema9 con/ant4 ,!re is no creation out ( no?+ & no conv]sion ( some?+ into no?+4 ,,e9deutig ,,be/immt4 ,aft] ?is sket* ( ! importance ( sam5ess1 7a subject :i* we h by no means exhau/$17 we return to ! idea ( necessity4 ,! ideas ( sam5ess & necessity are closely relat$4 ,a _w ( sam5ess is a _w 9 :i* necessity rules1 & necessity means regul>ity & ord]4 ,g]man sci5ti/s h a v good expression to d5ote ! =mulation ( ev5ts 9 a mann] :i* describes !m 9 _! necess>y c\rse4 ,if !y h succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! sam5ess 9 ! in/ances ( a c]ta9 class ( ev5ts1 !y say t x is e9deutig be/immt1 :i* means1 ! sam5ess is det]m9$ 9 a way t admits ( no equivocation2 x is complete1 repres5t+ solely & purely t feature ^u ! pres5ce ( :i* ! result dep5ds4 ,:atev] is ?us e9deutig be/immt1 is recognis$ 9 its necessity4 ,! pres5ce ( t feature :i* makes x e9deutig be/immt1 det]m9es ! ev5t to take place2 & ?is be+ det]m9$1 its inevitabl5ess1 ! x w be ( ! process1 is all !re is to necessity4 ,all natural ph5om5a t c be e9deutig be/immt are necess>y 9 _! happ5+4 ,a _w :i* ) reg>d to ! total am\nt ( its matt] & en]gy is ! same to-day & ye/]day & w be ! same to-morr[1 a _w ^: laws ( =m possess a sam5ess ?r\gh\t1 s t x all[s ( =mulat+ & apply+ !m 9 _! rigidity to all facts pres5t1 pa/1 & future1 a _w 9 :i* all ! *anges are trans=mations det]m9able ) ! assi/ance ( =mal laws1 c be reli$ ^u & ! c\rse ( its ev5ts c be comput$4 ,su* is ! _w 9 :i* we live2 & tak+ ?is gr\nd ,i say1 ! _w is a cosmos1 x is no *aos2 & notic+ t be+ possess$ ( sam5ess is an intr9sic & inali5able feature ( ! _w1 ,i am incl9$ to add ! _w nev] 0 & nev] w be a *aos4 ,& ?is1 if x be true at all1 is true n only 9 g5]al & z x 7 :olesale1 b 9 its m9ute/ details4 ,if !re 7 defici5cies ( ?is ord] 9 ! unobs]vable details1 !y w\ld n be dim9i%$ by be+ summ$ up 9 l>ge & ev] l>g] am\nts2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld increase2 !y w\ld gr[ 9 proportion4 ,?is n be+ ! case1 we h n ! slighte/ reason to d\bt t 9 ^? realms ( m9ute/ exi/5ce into :i*1 f ! grossness & ! lack ( precision ( our organs & in/rum5ts ( obs]vation1 we _c p5etrate1 ! same ord] & regul>ity obta9s z 9 ^? regions :i* lie op5 to our inve/igation4 ,9 o!r words3 ,f ?is /&po9t1 exi/5ce is1 s to say1 p]meat$ by law ?r\gh\t2 e ev5t is det]m9$ & any k9d ( absolute *ance is exclud$4 ,foll[+ ,kant's etymology we und]/& by a po/]iori ! s5sory elem5ts1 & by a priori ! =mal elem5ts ( our exp]i5ce4 ,! que] expression 8a priori0 is 9 s f> ju/ifi$ z =mal tru?s 7su* z geometrical1 ari?metical1 logical rules7 are =mulas express+ ! univ]sal sam5esses ( ! =m ( exi/5ce4 ,!y conta9 ! laws ( =m 9 a %ape t is e9deutig be/immt1 s t an exp]im5t] w "k !m a priori to be s4 ,a priori means be=eh&4 ,an exp]im5t] kn[s c]ta9 ?+s ev5 be=e he makes 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! a priori elem5ts ( exp]i5ce are by no means innate tru?s2 nor are !y ! hi/orical beg9n+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,9 _! ab/ract purity !y appe> z a v late product ( man's m5tal evolution4 ,! a priori sy/ems ( ?\ght are n arbitr>y con/ructions2 !y are con/ructions rais$ out ( ! recognition ( ! =mal1 i4 e4 ! relational1 sam5esses t appe> 9 exp]i5ce4 ,all possibilities ( a c]ta9 class ( relations c be exhau/$ & =mulat$ 9 !orems4 ,z su* !y c be us$ z ref]5ces to assi/ 9 ! explanation & det]m9ation ( new exp]i5ces4 ,we "k "s "p ( any new exp]i5ce ) :i* we are confront$ ev5 be=e we h inve/igat$ x4 ,we "k c]ta9 laws ( its =m1 & by ref]5ce to ^! kn[n laws we are enabl$ to r$uce ! unkn[n to ! kn[n1 to analyse ! process & set =? t feature ( x :i* makes e9deutig be/immt4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,necessity4 ,mr4 ,peirce objects to necessit>ianism1 & classes x toge!r ) mat]ialism & ! me*anical philosophy1 speak+ ( ! latt] z ! mo/ logical =m ( necessit>ianism4 ,9 consonance ) ! diction>y-def9itions ( ^! words1 he contra/s !m to ! doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w & also to miracles--! latt]1 we mu/ confess1 be+ a dang]\s concession to c]ta9 !ological conceptions4 ,! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 def9es 8necessit>ianism0 z 8,! !ory t ! w is subject to ! g5]al me*anical law ( cause & effect40 ,& 8necessit>ian0 z 8,"o :o ma9ta9s ! doctr9e ( philosophical necessity1 9 opposition to t ( ! fre$om ( ! w3 oppos$ to lib]t>ian40 ,! ^w 8det]m9ism0 is reg>d$ z a synonym ( necessit>ianism4 ,its fir/ def9ition 9 ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 reads z foll[s3 8,a t]m inv5t$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton to d5ote ! doctr9e ( ! necessit>ian philosoph]s1 :o hold t man's actions are uni=mly det]m9$ by motives act+ ^u 8 "*1 & t he has n ! p[] to *oose to act 9 "o way s long z he pref]s on ! :ole to act 9 ano!r way40 ,hamilton's def9ition z "h pres5t$ is puzzl+4 ,if ! words 8*oose0 & 8pref] on ! :ole0 are n meant to be tautological1 !re is no s5se 9 x2 = no det]m9i/ d5ies t a man might 8^u ! :ole0 pref] to act ?is way1 :ile he has ! p[] to *oose1 & = special consid]ations p]haps does *oose1 to act 9 ano!r way4 ,h[ev]1 if ! words 8*oose0 & 8pref] on ! :ole0 are meant to be tautological1 ! self-contradictor9ess ( ! /atem5t is too palpable = a ,hamilton4 ,is !re anybody :o w\ld ma9ta9 t a man :o *ooses to act 9 "o way c at ! same "t1 "u ! v same circum/ances1 & he rema9+ ! v same man ( ! same "* & int5tions1 *oose to act 9 ano!r way8 ,:ile we accept det]m9ism & also necessit>ianism 9 ! s5se t all ev5ts 7! actions ( will+ be+s includ$7 are det]m9$1 we _c accept ei!r ! me*anical philosophy or mat]ialism z ! t]ms are commonly und]/ood4 ,we f9d mat]ialism def9$ z 8,! metaphysical doctr9e t matt] is ! only sub/ance1 & t matt] & its motions con/itute ! univ]se40 78,c5tury ,diction>y10 #b;d s5se47 ,! me*anical philosophy is expla9$ sub voce 8atomic0 z 8,! view t f ! div]se comb9ation & motions ( 444 atoms all ?+s1 includ+ ! s\l1 7 suppos$ to arise40 ,ibid4 ,det]m9ism is simply ! negation ( absolute *ance4 ,x does n exclude *ance 9 ! orig9al s5se ( ! ^w z an unexpect$ ev5t1 z some?+ t befalls "o )\t 8 seek+ x or mak+ ! ev5t--*ance be+ d]iv$ f ,,ml4 cad5tia1 i4 e4 ! fall+1 z 9 a ?r[ ( dice4 ,! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 def9es 8*ance0 9 s5se #i1 z 8,=tuity2 especially ! abs5ce ( a cause necessitat+ an ev5t40 ,?is is absolute *ance1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we d5y4 ,! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 adds ! foll[+ little note3 8,absolute *ance1 ! 7suppos$7 spontane\s occurr5ce ( ev5ts undet]m9$ by any g5]al law or by any free volition4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ev5ts may come ab\t 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 by necessity or an ext]nal compulsion2 second1 by nature or ! developm5t ( an inw>d g]m9al t5d5cy2 & ?ird1 by *ance1 )\t any det]m9+ cause or pr9ciple :atev]1 by lawless1 sporadic orig9ality40#ab ,we und]/& *ance z be+1 f c]ta9 premisses1 an incalculable co9cid5ce1 ei!r n int5d$ to be calculat$1 or1 = c]ta9 reasons1 f a giv5 /&po9t ) a limit$ & def9ite am\nt ( k1 n capable ( calculation4 ,det]m9ism1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 does n imply z ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 has x 9 its def9ition ( necessit>ianism1 t 8! law ( cause & effect0 is 8me*anical40 ,x simply ass]ts t ! law ( cause & effect holds good univ]sally1 & t !re is no effect t is n def9itely det]m9$1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+s 9 action1 by causes & all _! circum/ances4 ,,necessity ,,& ,,*ance4 ,mr4 ,peirce says3 8,all ! div]sity & specificalness ( ev5ts is attributable to *ance--div]sification1 specificalness1 & irregul>ity ( ?+s1 ,i suppose is *ance--& ?is div]sity _c be due to laws t are immutable40 7,p4 #ccb47 ,our _w-view leads u to o!r conclusions2 we say3 ,e specificalness or p>ticul>ity is su* by possess+ a c]ta9 =m & /&+ 9 a def9ite relation 79 "t z well z space7 to all o!r ?+s ( ! univ]se4 ,( e concrete ?+ we c say x is n[ & "h1 or x 0 !n & !re4 ,x is or 0 made up 9 ?is special way1 & x /&s or x /ood 9 ^! special relations to its surr\nd+s4 ,proportions1 relations1 =ms--^! are :at acc\nt = ! div]sification & specificalness ( all ?+s 9 ! univ]se2 !y are :at expla9 ! irregul>ities ( individual cases & ( all ^? ev5ts :i* appe> z *ance to him :o1 al?\gh he may be well in=m$ ab\t ! nature ( a ?+1 does n "k ! relation ( its complex surr\nd+s1 ex]cis+ accord+ to law _! di/urb+ influ5ce ^u its actions :i* o!rwise w\ld be uni=m4 ,& s9ce no two spots ( space & no two in/ances ( "t are ! same1 s9ce ! relations ( e atom are diff]5t 9 e position & at e mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 we ne$ n be a/oni%$ to f9d div]sity & specificalness 9 ?is _w ( sam5esses4 ,we d n believe 9 absolute *ance1 b we believe 9 *ance4 ,:at is *ance8 ,*ance is any ev5t n especially int5d$1 ei!r n calculat$1 or1 ) a giv5 & limit$ /ock ( k1 incalculable4 ,gunp[d] 01 accord+ to ! leg5d1 inv5t$ by *ance4 ,b]?old ,s*w>tz int5d$ to make gold1 yet :5 ! mixture 0 ignit$1 he began to und]/& t x 0 an explosive4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i met a fri5d by *ance1 ,i mean t ! meet+ 0 un9t5tional4 ,i _h n =ese5 x & p]haps c\ld n =esee x4 ,:5 we call a ?r[ ( dice pure *ance1 we mean t ! incid5ts :i* condition ! turn+ up ( ^! or ^? special faces ( ! dice h n be5 or _c be calculat$4 ,we d n mean t ! law ( cause & effect is susp5d$2 we mean t we are unable to det]m9e ! effect4 ,t :i* w\ld make ?is or t ?r[ e9deutig be/immt is ei!r n kn[n to u1 or1 if x 7 kn[n1 is ( su* a nature t we _c produce ! desir$ effect ) any c]ta9ty4 ,matt]s are s arrang$ 9 ! game ( dice t ! slighte/ incid5t *anges ! result1 & ^! incid5ts are ei!r n )9 our k5 or n )9 ! range ( our p[]4 ,*ance1 accord+ly1 z we und]/& x1 is no exception to necessity2 x does n happ5 contr>y to law1 & is 9 ea* case ! /rict result ( a def9ite cause "u def9ite circum/ances4 ,absolute *ance is some?+ q diff]5t4 ,absolute *ance is t :i* is incalculable because ( ! abs5ce ( law4 ,mr4 ,peirce says3 8,ano!r argum5t1 or conv5i5t commonplace1 is t absolute *ance is inconceivable4 ,?is ^w has eight curr5t significations4 ,! #8,c5tury ,diction>y' enum]ates six4 ,^? :o talk l ?is w h>dly be p]suad$ to say 9 :at s5se !y mean t *ance is inconceivable40 ,absolute *ance is 8inconceivable0 z ! ^w is def9$ by ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 9 ! second s5se3 ,x is 8unacceptable to ! m9d because involv+ a violation ( laws believ$ to be well e/abli%$ by positive evid5ce40 ,absolute *ance is n un?9kable 9 ! s5se ( unimag9able4 ,we c v well depict a case ( absolute *ance 9 our imag9ation1 j z we c tell & describe 9 m9ute/ details ! fairy tale ( ,allad9's lamp2 j z we c 9 our imag9ation depict a creation out ( no?+4 ,b he :o accepts t ! _w is 9 its inn]mo/ nature a cosmos1 t its ev5ts are /rictly & ?r\gh\t regulat$ by law1 _c at ! same "t ?9k t !re are nooks & crevices 9 :i* ! law does n op]ate4 ,absolute *ance actually involves ! idea ( a creation out ( no?+2 & ?us x /&s 9 contradiction to ! law ( ! pres]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,absolute *ance :i* means t ! v same ?+ "u ! v same conditions c act 9 ?is or 9 "s o!r way1 t x ne$ n act 9 exactly ! same way1 involves a belief 9 ei!r ! creation ( a n exi/+ quality out ( no?+1 or ! disappe>ance ( exi/+ qualities into no?+4 ,mr4 ,peirce says3 8,x seems to me t e ?r[ ( sixes ) a pair ( dice is a manife/ in/ance ( *ance40 ,yes1 ( *ance2 b n ( t *ance ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,mr4 ,peirce ma9ta9s--n ( absolute *ance4 ,e ?r[ ( dice1 e toss ( head or tail1 are exactly det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,we call x *ance only 9 s f> z we _c calculate & pr$et]m9e ! result4 ,suppose y take two l>ge silv] co9s betwe5 y\r ?umb & ! fir/ two f+]s1 "o co9 p>allel to & a little above ! o!r4 ,suppose tails are up 9 bo?4 ,drop ! l[] co9 )\t an ef=t j z x w\ld fall1 ab\t tw5ty in*es1 & y may be sure t1 9 spite ( y\rself1 x w turn up head4 ,!n drop ! upp] "o & x w n turn1 b plump "r d[n %[+ tail4 ,!re are c]ta9 me*anical reasons = ! "o case z well z = ! o!r4 ,z soon z we "k ! law & c apply x1 ! case ceases to be an in/ance ( *ance4 ,dice1 ! r\lette1 & o!r games ( *ance are s arrang$1 t ! det]m9at+ circum/ances are too num]\s & also too complex1 "o int]f]+ ) & be+ di/urb$ by ! o!rs1 to admit ( any adequate calculation or pr$et]m9ation4 ,an arrangem5t ( conditions :i* 9 ?is way eludes ! calculation ( a def9ite set ( possibilities1 is call$ by ,pr(essor ,kries glei*e ,spielrume or equal *ances4 ,& ! prov9ce ( equal *ances is & w rema9 ! prop] sph]e ( ! calculus ( probabilities4 ,pr(essor ,nits*e objects to ,kries's proposition1 say+ t absolutely equal *ances are impossible & an equal *ance 7e9 glei*] ,spielrume7 is no?+ b ! objectification ( a judgm5t ( equal value4#ac ,we f9d no fault ) ,nits*e's objection2 !re are no absolutely equal *ances2 & :at is call$ 8equal *ance0 means t ! /r5g? ( two or sev]al anticipations is ( ! same degree2 t our belief & d\bt z to ! turn+ up ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or six spots ( a die are equally ju/ifi$4 ,! objective conditions :i* ju/ify su* equality ( sev]al expectations is :at ,kries 7if we und]/& him correctly7 calls glei*e ,spielrume4 ,b glei*e ,spielrume d n imply absolute *ance4 ,we might z well expect t all ! six faces ( a die %\ld turn up simultane\sly 9 "o ?r[1 z t any "o ( !m %\ld turn up by absolute *ance4 ,:ile absolute *ance _c be admitt$1 p>tly because we are n 9 ne$ ( x1 7s9ce ! irregul>ities ( nature c be suffici5tly expla9$ o!rwise17 & p>tly because ! idea ( absolute *ance if x 7 ne$$1 is incompatible ) our _w-conception1 we %all1 nev]!less1 h to conc$e to *ance1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 a v important rle 9 ! evolution ( life4 ,! =mation ( worlds & ! hi/ory ( mank9d dep5d to a great ext5t ^u *ances simil> to ! ?r[s ( dice4 ,!re are _m possibilities1 & n[ ?is1 n[ t1 w1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 be realis$--( c\rse 9 ea* case ) /rict necessity4 ,let u illu/rate ?is idea by an example4 ,! =mation ( ab\t sev5ty elem5ts out ( ! orig9al _w-sub/ance1 :i* may be suppos$ to be homog5e\s1 does n appe> to dep5d ^u *ance4 ,_! univ]sal appe>ance 9 all p>ts ( ! univ]se sugge/s ! hypo!sis t _! =mation is ! inevitable result ( a gradual cond5sation ( nebul> sub/ances4 ,we f9d ev]y:]e1 accord+ to ! /age ( cond5sation1 a gradual appe>ance1 fir/ ( ! light]1 !n ( ! heavi] elem5ts4 ,!re seems to be no possibility ( ! =mation ( o!r elem5ts ?an ^? kn[n to u 7includ+ "h ! hypo!tical elem5ts :i* are /ill miss+ 9 ! ,m5deljeff s]ies & at ! same "t1 at lea/1 n exclud+ a fur!r cont9uance ( ! s]ies74 ,^! elem5ts or none1 x appe>s1 mu/ be =m$ out ( ! orig9al sub/ance ( our _w4 ,let u "h assume1 = argum5t's sake1 t x 7 s beyond "q1 & t we knew ! nature ( ! _w-sub/ance to be su* z to cond5se1 if x cond5ses at all1 into no o!r b ^! =ms1 :i* we call *emical elem5ts4 ,?is w\ld be a limitation ( possibilities4 ,exactly s ! ?r[s ,( dice are limit$4 ,) ! dice commonly 9 use we _c ?r[ fractions2 nor c we ?r[ ei!r z]o1 or sev51 or any o!r high] numb]4 ,we c ?r[ only :ole numb]s1 integrals f "o up to six4 ,b :ile we ?us assume t ! =mation ( ! elem5ts is limit$ to ^? actually exi/+1 ! proportion 9 :i* ! elem5ts may be di/ribut$ 9 ! diff]5t nebul & sol> sy/ems1 is app>5tly v diff]5t4 ,suppose we _h a full k ( ! intr9sic nature ( ! _w-sub/ance & 7 /&+ outside ! univ]se obs]v+ ! process ( _w-=mations2 we c\ld n f ?is k alone pr$ict all t w\ld happ54 ,we %\ld on our assumption be able to pr$ict a priori t su* elem5ts w\ld be =m$4 ,b :e!r ! diff]5t elem5ts w\ld be g5]at$ 9 ^! or 9 o!r proportions appe>s to dep5d ^u ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 conditions1 p]haps ! rapidity ( motion1 ! heat produc$ by friction1 ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ cosmic space1 any k ( :i* is n includ$ 9 our k ( ! nature ( ! _w-sub/ance4 ,^! conditions may v>y1 nay1 s f> z we c judge !y actually d v>y2 & any app>5tly slight v>iation ( !m1 or ev5 "o ( !m1 w result 9 diff]5t effects ( great consequ5ce4 ,)\t a detail$ k ( all ^! special conditions1 simply f a suppos$ a priori k ( ! _w-sub/ance1 ! idiosyncrasy ( ?is or t p>ticul> sol> sy/em c\ld n be a priori det]m9$4 ,"h x w be su*1 & !re1 "u p]haps slightly diff]5t circum/ances1 x w be entirely o!r4 ,"h ! c5tre ( gravity may be 9 "o great mass1 !re aga9 x may be divid$ 9 two1 s t ! planets circle ar\nd two suns4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we h to call ^! results products ( *ance4 ,to a be+ :o n only might be suppos$ to "k ! intr9sic nature ( exi/5ce1 b c\ld h pres5t be=e 8 m9d e ev5t ( ! great int]act+ cosmos 9 its entire complexity1 ?is k9d ( *ance w\ld1 ( c\rse1 also disappe>4 ,to him all /ates ( ?+s w\ld appe> ?r\gh\t z e9deutig be/immt4 ,yet1 al?\gh 9 ?is way necessity p]meates all ev5ts t take place1 we d n int5d to d5y ! irregul>ity ( detail1#ad ! specificalness ( ! p>ticul>s1 ! div]sity ( individual incid5ts & exi/5ces4 ,accord+ to our conception ( nature !y mu/ rema91 & we ne$ n attribute !m to absolute *ance4 ,to attribute irregul>ities to absolute *ance 7z ,mr4 ,peirce does7 is actually an ab&onm5t ( expla9+ !m4 ,! specificalness & p>ticul>ity ( nature c be said to be due to *ance 9 s f> only z !y d n dep5d ^u & are n det]m9able by ! nature ( ! ?+s "u consid]ation1 b result 7) /rict necessity ( c\rse7 f ! ev]-*ang+ con=mations ( surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,?us ! fate ( a man dep5ds ma9ly ^u 8 "*1--! prov]b says1 8,e man is ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tune0--b n entirely4 ,!re are sometimes co9cid5ces det]m9+ ! fates ( m51 & ?r\gh !m ! fates ( :ole nations4 ,& ^! co9cid5ces d n result f _! "*4 ,let ev]ybody ?9k ( 8 own fate4 ,"p ( 8 life has be5 :at x 0 because he is su* a man z he is2 & we c1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 pr$ict ! fate ( a y\? ) ^: "* we are famili>4 ,b h[ mu* ( our lives dep5ds ^u circum/ances :i* c\ld be =ese5 only by an omnisci5t be+1 & :i*1 z we might prop]ly say1 if we d n misund]/& ! t]m1 is due to *ance6 ,,free ,,w4 ,compulsion is g5]ally consid]$ z a synonym ( necessity4 ,b ! usage ( ! t]m necessity 9 ! s5se ( compulsion is1 9 our op9ion1 v inappropriate1 because mislead+4 ,necessity & compulsion %\ld n be conf\nd$2 = compulsion excludes free w & 8necessity0 does n4 ,a gov]nm5t compels its citiz5s to obey c]ta9 unpopul> laws2 ! victori\s army compels ! enemy to surr5d]4 ,! ob$i5ce ( ! citiz5s & ! surr5d] ( ! enemy are acts done "u compulsion2 !y are n acts ( free w4 ,b a man ( a c]ta9 "* wills1 "u giv5 circum/ances & 9 ! abs5ce ( compulsion1 necess>ily 9 ! way 9 :i* he does4 ,! det]m9ation ( a free w is n a matt] ( *ance b ( necessity4 ,yet ! det]m9+ factors are n outside b inside2 !y are n due to compulsion1 n to ! pressure ( a =eign p[]1 b to ! nature ( ! will+ be+ himself4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! def9ition ( 8free03 ,a be+ is free if x is unre/ra9$1 s t x acts accord+ to its own nature4 ,z is its nature1 s x wills2 z x wills1 s x acts4 ,if we "k ! "* ( a man & ! situation 9 :i* he is plac$1 we c pr$ict 8 *oice z ! necess>y result ( 8 nature4 ,8 decision1 al?\gh x is free & n "u compulsion1 is n an outcome ( *ance :i* might "u ! same conditions be diff]5t1 b is ! inevitable result ( necessity4 ,if by free w we _h to und]/& t ! decisions ( ! w are ! result ei!r ( *ance or ( absolute *ance1 ! =emo/ duty ( ! educator w\ld be to make man unfree1 to ins]t c]ta9 dom9ant ideas into 8 m9d1 de/9$ to det]m9e 8 w4 ,! free man accord+ to ?is def9ition ( free w z be+ due to *ance1 w\ld be a p]son ^: actions are m :imsical ?an ! fancies ( lunatics4 ,we reject ?is conception ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,9 our op9ion a w is free if x is unre/ra9$ s t x c act accord+ to its nature4 ,our conception ( free w does n /& 9 contradiction to ! doctr9e ( 8det]m9ism0 z def9$ by ! 8,c5tury ,diction>y0 9 its second s5se3 8,9 g5]al1 ! doctr9e t :atev] is or happ5s is entirely det]m9$ by antec$5t causes40 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,philosophy4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 7#a7 me*anical1 7#b7 physical1 7#c7 *emical1 7#d7 physiological1 & 7#e7 psy*ical ev5ts4 ,a me*anical ph5om5on is a *ange ( place :i* does n involve a *ange ( ! con/itution ( ! p>ts mov$4 ,e4 g41 a /one is pu%$2 its position is alt]$1 b ! /one rema9s ! same4 ,a physical ph5om5on is an ev5t 9 :i* ! molecul> /ate ( ! bodies 9 action is alt]$4 ,wat] heat$ becomes /eam1 froz5 x becomes ice4 ,! ?ree /ates h diff]5t molecul> configurations4 ,*emical ph5om5a are su* 9 :i* ! con/itution ( ! atoms is alt]$4 ,! *>act]i/ic qualities ( hydrog51 = example1 are diff]5t :5 comb9$ ) diff]5t elem5ts or :5 isolat$4 ,ea* comb9ation is a peculi> sub/ance ) peculi> qualities & n a mixture or comb9ation ( ! qualities ( ! isolat$ elem5ts4 ,physiological processes are all ^? *anges t take place 9 ! liv+ irritable sub/ance ( plants & animals1 su* z nutrition1 gr[?1 & propagation4 ,its *>act]i/ic features are 7#a7 hung] or ?ir/1 i4 e4 ! want ( c]ta9 mat]ials 7food71 7#b7 ! reception ( ! want$ mat]ials by suction or o!r means1 :i* 9 "s cases are a q me*anical or physical process1 n unlike ! afflux ( oxyg5 caus$ by a burn+ c&le or ! suction ( wat] by a sponge1 & 7#c7 ! assimilation ( food4 ,! mat]ials receiv$ are di/ribut$ 9 ! places want$1 ?us add+ to ! build+ up ( ! liv+ sub/ance accord+ to ! nature ( its /ructure4 ,?is produces z a natural result 7#d7 ! ph5om5on ( gr[? ) a pres]vation ( =m4 7#e7 ,propagation is a special k9d ( gr[?2 x is ! gr[? ( a "p t at "s /age ( its developm5t becomes an indep5d5t individual4 ,psy*ical ph5om5a are su* 9 :i* feel+s & ! mean+s ( feel+s are ! det]m9ant factors4 ,x is app>5t t all ^! t]ms1 me*anical1 physical1 *emical1 physiological1 & psy*ical1 are m]e ab/racts4 ,9 describ+ a me*anical ph5om5on1 we limit our att5tion to ! me*anical *ange4 ,we d n mean to say t ! body mov$ does n possess *emical1 physical1 p]haps physiological1 or ev5 psy*ical qualities4 ,! calculation ( ! curve ( a jump is a me*anical problem1 al?\gh ! jump+ body may be a human be+4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q :y did ! man jump1 is a psy*ical "q4 ,! motive ( ! jump is an idea 9 t class ( m5tal activity *>act]is$ z purpose4 ,! man _h an end 9 view4 ,& ?is idea ( an end to be realis$ is ! comb9$ result ( special conditions & ( ! "* ( ! man4 ,! diff]5t sph]es ( me*anical1 physical1 *emical1 physiological1 & psy*ical actions be+ ab/ractions1 x is obvi\s t sci5ce :5 deal+ ) s-call$ purely me*anical ph5om5a1 has to d ) a fiction4 ,!re are no purely me*anical ph5om5a4 ,!re are features ( reality :i* are purely me*anical2 & ^! we call motions4 ,b ! _w does n consi/ ( motions only4 ,x also possesses o!r qualities4 ,! me*anical philosoph] assumes t ! _w consi/s ( matt] & motion only1 & s he feels w>rant$ 9 ! hope t e ev5t t takes place1 ! actions ( man includ$1 c be expla9$ by ! laws ( motion4 ,yet ! premiss is wrong1 & we may anticipate t ! conclusion also w prove errone\s4 ,& s x is4 ,! laws ( motion are applicable to & w expla9 all motions2 b !y are n applicable to t :i* is n motion4 ,x is inconceivable h[ we c hope to expla9 a feel+ by ! laws ( motion2 & s ! fond hope ( expla9+ ! problems ( ! nature ( ! s\l by me*anics is prepo/]\s4 ,no objection c be made to ! possibility ( expla9+ ! delicate motions 9 ! n]v\s sub/ance ( ! bra9 by ! laws ( mol> or molecul> me*anics4 ,b ^! explanations w\ld ?r[ no light ^u ! causation t takes place 9 ! m9d4 ,! prop]ly psy*ical ph5om5a1 ! prop]ly intellig5t action ( ?\ght1 c\ld n be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,= ! _w ( m5tality introduces q a new factor into ! sph]e ( be+4 ,:at is ?is new factor8 ,! nature ( m5tal activity consi/s 9 ! symbolism ( feel+s4 ,feel+s1 be+ diff]5t "u diff]5t conditions & ! same "u same conditions1 become repres5tative ( _! correspond+ causes1 & ?us ! objects ( exp]i5ce are depict$ 9 feel+ symbols4 ,repres5tativ5ess1 accord+ly1 is ! nature ( m9d4 ,! "q1 ,h[ c]ta9 bra9-/ructures op]ate1 is a "q ( ! me*anics ( n]v\s sub/ance1 & fur!r1 ! "q1 ,h[ ?\ght-op]ations take place1 is a "q1 s to say1 ( logical me*anics4 ,b ! "q1 ,:y a c]ta9 idea responds to c]ta9 /imuli & n to o!rs1 does n admit ( a me*anical explanation or =mulation4 ,! answ] to ?is "q w be a description ( ! nature ( ! idea2 & ! nature ( ! idea is n a motion3 x is ! mean+ ( :i* ! idea is possess$4 ,! action ( a m9d dep5ds ^u ! mean+ ( c]ta9 symbols4 ,a writt5 or spok5 ^w has a special mean+1 & ?is mean+ becomes ! det]m9ant factor ( m9d action4 ,! mean+ ( a ^w is n a piece ( matt]1 nei!r is x a motion4 ,x is some?+ sui g5]is4 ,i d n say t !re is any inexplicable my/]y connect$ ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 wond]ful z ! fact is1 x is n my/]i\s2 x does n /& 9 contradiction to any o!r fact ( nature4 ,symbols /& = some?+2 !y indicate1 d5ote1 or signify some?+4 ,?is significance is call$ _! mean+2 & m9d is a sy/em ( symbols 9 /ates ( aw>5ess4 ,n[1 nei!r /ates ( aw>5ess are me*anical1 nor is ! mean+ ( words any?+ me*anical4 ,h[ c we hope = a me*anical explanation ei!r ( ! s\l or ! m9d or ( any m5tal action8 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a g5]al receives a message conta9+ a few words4 ,he op5s ! pap]1 he reads x1 & all on a sudd51 8 m9d is 9 a tumult ( excitem5t4 ,:at is x t produces ! excitem5t8 ,is x any motion8 ,yes6 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x is a motion3 x is ! read+ ( ! pap]4 ,?is is ! cause4 ,yet n ! read+ z su* excites 8 con/]nation4 ,he might read o!r messages all ! day long )\t any su* an effect4 ,pla9ly1 ! causative elem5t ( ! cause is n ! read+1 n ! motions ( :i* ! read+ consi/s1 n ! %ape ( ! writt5 *>act]s & _! comb9ations 9 gr\ps1 call$ words4 ,x is some?+ m subtle ev5 ?an t4 ,x is ! significance ( ! writ+4 ,x is ! mean+ ( ! writt5 *>act]s4 ,x is ! purport t is atta*$ to ! ^w-symbols4 ,! orig9 ( m9d accord+ly introduces a factor :i* has no?+ to d ) me*anics2 & ! simple/ psy*ical reflexes1 includ+ ^? physiological reflexes :i* we mu/ suppose to h orig9at$ by consci\s adaptation & !n be5 subm]g$ into unconsci\sness1 _c be expla9$ f me*anical or physical laws alone4 ,,spontaneity4 ,:ile we ?us reject ! conception ( ! me*anical philosophy & also ( mat]ialism1 we d n say t !re are motions ei!r 9 ! bra9 or any:]e else :i* =m exceptions to ! laws ( me*anics4 ,! laws ( me*anics hold good = all motions4 ,! laws ( me*anics are =mal laws3 !y d n expla9 :y bodies gravitate2 b !y describe h[ !y gravitate2 & ! latt] is mu* m useful to "k ?an ! =m]4 ,!re is 7z we conceive x7 no deep secret 9 ! problem :y bodies gravitate2 !y gravitate because !y possess a quality :i* attracts !m to ea* o!r ) a =ce directly z _! masses & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances4 ,9 a ^w1 gravity is ! intr9sic nature ( masses1 x is an inali5able "p ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?us :5ev] bodies gravitate1 we are confront$ ) an act ( spontaneity4 ,attempts h be5 made to expla9 gravitation )\t ! assumption ( spontaneity1 by ! pressure ( an atom-surr\nd+ e!r4 ,b t only def]s ! "q2 = ! spontaneity1 9 t case1 w\ld h to be plac$ 9 ! e!r4 ,:atev] be ! m]its ( ! explanations ( gravitation by a vis a t]go1 we mu/ recognise ! fact t no motion c take place 9 ! _w1 no pressure c be ex]cis$1 )\t !re be+ some:]e "s spontane\s some?+ t moves or presses4 ,spontaneity is a univ]sal feature ( nature4 ,mr4 ,peirce uses ! t]m 8spontaneity0 9 a diff]5t s5se f ours4 ,he id5tifies spontaneity ) absolute *ance4 ,he means by x ! irregul>ities t arise )\t cause1 ?us produc+ dep>tures f law4 ,we call t action spontane\s :i* is n due to ext]nal influ5ce b spr+s f ! nature ( ! ?+s 9 action4 ,spontane\s is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 spons1 8w10 :i* z a n\n 0 obsolete at ! classical p]iod ( ,roman lit]ature & occurr$ only 9 su* =ms z sponte1 8( "o's own w1 ( "o's own accord40 ,if a man acts ( 8 own w1 free f & n biass$ by ! influ5ce ( o!r m51 8 action is spontane\s4 ,a free man's action is n arbitr>y1 unless arbitr>9ess#ae be ! "* ( ! man2 x is n an exception to law2 x is1 if ! "* ( ! man is kn[n1 calculable 9 advance1 = e free action is spontane\s3 x spr+s imm$iately f ! "* ( ! man2 x is ! direct expression ( 8 w2 x reveals ! nature ( 8 v be+1 ?us %[+ ! man himself1 & n some?+ beyond or outside ( him4 ,tak+ ! ^w spontaneity 9 ?is s5se1 we say3 ,masses gravitate spontane\sly2 !y are self-mov+2 _! motion is due to _! gravity1 & gravity is _! intr9sic nature4 ,exactly z ! laws ( me*anics expla9 ! 8h[0 ( motions b n :y !re is motion at all1 ! 8:y0 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ea* mov+ body1 s ! 8h[0 ( ! bra9-motions is explicable by me*anical laws1 b ! 8:y0 dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! mov+ mat]ial4 ,! bra9-atoms are possess$ ( ! same spontaneity z ! atoms ( a gravitat+ /one4 ,yet !re is pres5t an additional feature2 !re are pres5t /ates ( aw>5ess1 & ^! /ates ( aw>5ess possess mean+1 bo? ( :i* are items :i* ! *emi/ _c f9d by *emical analysis4 ,nei!r /ates ( aw>5ess nor _! mean+s c be weigh$ on any scales1 be !y ev] s delicate1 nor are !y det]m9able 9 foot-p\nds4 ,yet :ile me*anics is n applicable to m5tal facts1 ! realm ( m5tality is by no means to be surr5d]$ to indet]m9ism4 ,mr4 ,peirce describes ! doma9 ( m9d z ! abs5ce ( law & ! preval5ce ( absolute *ance1 ( an indet]m9$ & indet]m9able sport+4 ,?is is n s4 ,:ile ! fact mu/ be recognis$ t ! nature ( ! m9d is n some?+ me*anical1 its action is nev]!less det]m9$ by laws--n by me*anical laws1 b by psy*ical & m5tal laws4 ,^! psy*ical & m5tal laws are 9 "o respect ( exactly ! same nature z me*anical laws2 !y describe ! sam5esses ( c]ta9 facts ( reality4 ,& ! facts ( ! ideal doma9 ( ?\ght1 ! facts ( subjectivity1 are no less real ?an ! gross] facts ( me*anical motion1 :i* are ! facts ( objectivity4 ,! t]m me*anical is (t5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8lack+ life or _s0 78,c5tury ,diction>y10 p4 #cfgi74 ,?is is ju/ifiable 9 s f> only z :5 we speak ( me*anical ph5om5a we d n mean psy*ical or any o!r ph5om5a4 ,x is true t t :i* makes ?is or t idea respond to a c]ta9 /imulus is n a me*anical b a m5tal quality1 b ! action itself1 9 s f> z x is a motion1 is & rema9s me*anical4 ,?us x happ5s t ! laws ( me*anics1 f> f be+ anti-spiritual1 are ! means by :i* we le>n to und]/& & objectively to repres5t ! action ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion may be call$ to ! ef=ts ( mod]n logicians to con/ruct ?9k+ ma*9es :i* w p]=m ! "w ( m5tal op]ations 9 a purely me*anical way4 ,y propose ! problem by adju/+ c]ta9 indicators2 !n y turn ! crank1 & ! ma*9e does ! re/4 ,! results w come out ) unfail+ exactness4 ,! attempt made to con/ruct ?9k+ ma*9es _c z yet be call$ successful4 ,nev]!less !y are n impossibilities4 ,calculat+ ma*9es ( v>i\s con/ructions are 9 practical use & do+ satisfactory "w1 n only 9 addition & subtraction b also 9 multiplication & division1 & ev5 9 extract+ roots & 9 rais+ numb]s to high] p[]s4 ,calculations are und\bt$ly "o k9d ( ?\ght1 & if calculations c be p]=m$ by ma*9es1 !re is no !oretical reason :y we %\ld n be able to con/ruct logical ma*9es1 :i* %all p]=m ! op]ations ( d$uctive & ev5 ( inductive ?\ght ) p]fect accuracy4 ,,conclusion4 ,det]m9ism does n make fre$om impossible & natural laws d n suppress ! spontaneity ( nature4 ,natural laws are n a p[] =c+ a c]ta9 mode ( action ^u ?+s2 !y are n an oppression ( nature4 ,natural laws are simply a description ( nature z nature is4 ,!re is no 8mu/0 9 nature 9 ! s5se ( compulsion1 z if !re 7 two ?+s1 7#a7 a ma/] 7i4 e4 ! law7 giv+ a comm&1 & 7#b7 a slave 7i4 e4 ! s+le facts7 obey+ ! comm&4 ,! situation is n duali/ic1 b moni/ic4 ,!re is an 8is0 9 nature1 & ?is 8is0 is con/ant4 ,!re is a c]ta9 sam5ess 9 nature4 ,9 spite ( all *anges x rema9s ! same2 & ?us ev5 ! app>5t irregul>ities pres]ve ?r\gh\t an unv>y+ consi/5cy4 ,! facts ( nature express ! "* ( nature2 !y are nature h]self4 ,briefly1 ! 8is0 ( nature 7if we are p]mitt$ to p]sonify h]7 does n describe t :i* nature mu/ d1 b t :i* nature wills to d2 x describes h[ %e acts spontane\sly1 ( h] own free w1 9 con=mity ) h] inn]mo/ be+ & consi/5tly ) h] p]man5t "*4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce t obta9s betwe5 ! actions ( inanimate nature s-call$ & rational be+s is n ! abs5ce & pres5ce ( spontaneity1 7= spontaneity is 9 bo?17 b ! abs5ce & pres5ce ( m9d3 & m9d is n only ! subjectivity ( exi/5ce2 m9d is n m]ely s5ti5cy1 i4 e4 ! aw>5ess ( feel+s2 m9d is ! repres5tative symbolism ( subjectivity4 ,!re are suffici5t reasons to assume t all objective exi/5ce1 :i* appe>s to u z matt] 9 motion1 possesses a subjectivity1 ! nature ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! mode ( ! int]action ( its elem5ts4 ,?is subjectivity appe>s 9 organis$ sub/ance z feel+ & develops naturally into m9d4 ,! ess5ce ( nature1 accord+ly1 is n mat]iality1 b spirituality4 ,mat]iality is ! "* ( nature z x affects s5ti5t be+s2 b its inn]mo/ self1 z x 71 its subjectivity1 its psy*ical aspect is reveal$ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! _s-life ( rational be+s--( m9ds4 ,:ile we fully recognise ! spirituality ( nature z nature's inn]mo/ ess5ce & z an in]adicable feature ( reality1 we _c ) ,mr4 ,peirce place m9d at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 spirituality & m9d4 ,"o is ! s\rce & condition ( ! o!r4 ,"o is p]man5t1 ! o!r is transi5t4 ,"o is ! ab/ract view ( a univ]sal quality ( ! _w1 et]nal & ev]la/+1 z mu* inde/ructible z matt] & en]gy2 ! o!r is an individual =mation t orig9ates1 gr[s1 & develops2 t c be brok5 & built aga92 t dies ) ! body & rises aga9 9 new g5]ations2 t decays1 z ! foliage ( ! trees falls 9 w9t]1 yet reappe>s1 z ! v]dure reappe>s 9 spr+2 = ! life ( nature is immortal4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 reg>d+ det]m9ism z t view :i* does n recognise ! fre$om ( w1 has an orig9al & 9 our conception a wrong view on ! "o h& ( natural laws1 :i* are to him m]e habits acquir$ by ! _w1 & on ! o!r h& ( *ance1 or arbitr>y sportiv5ess1 7i4 e4 t :i* is n det]m9able by law17 :i* he id5tifies ) m9d & ) ! spontaneity ( fre$om4 ,m9d is to him ! beg9n+ ( all4 ,m9d rema9s m9d1 accord+ to 8 view1 s long z x is irregul>1 produc+ out ( its own undet]m9$ be+ sporadic effects )\t ord] or consi/5cy4 ,z soon z m9d takes to habits1 x gr[s me*anical2 by creat+ regul>ity x disappe>s2 & ! result is matt] 9 motion accord+ to me*anical laws4 ,matt]1 accord+ly1 is said to be 8effete m9d40 ,law 9 our view is ! div9ity ( nature2 accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce x is ! t]m9ation ( nature's irregul>ities3 x comes to suppress h] fre$om & to supplant h] m5tality by me*anicalism4 ,an elem5t ( pure *ance1 h[ev]1 survives1 :i*1 appe>s 9 ! free w ( man1 9 miracles1 & 9 nature's irregul>ities1 & ?is elem5t ( pure *ance w rema9 until 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future1 m9d becomes cry/allis$ into an absolutely p]fect1 rational1 & symmetrical sy/em4 ,su* is 9 brief ,mr4 ,peirce's view ( ! rle play$ by m9d 9 ! _w-process4 ,mr4 ,peirce's views ( *ance & law seem to come to ! rescue ( c]ta9 !ological dogmas1 :i* repres5t ! _w-ord] z ! product ( a div9e m9d4 ,we d\bt v mu* :e!r ,mr4 ,peirce's position be t5able ev5 f ! /&po9t ( ! sci5tific !ologian4 ,= ! ord] ( ! _w1 z x appe>s 9 natural laws1 mu/ be1 & is recognis$ ev5 by ! !i/1 z "p & p>cel ( ,god's et]nal be+4 ,! sci5ti/ :o =mulates sub specie aet]nitatis c]ta9 facts ( nature1 say ! 8h[0 ( gravitat+ bodies1 describes a c]ta9 quality ( ,god himself2 he describes some?+ t is immutable1 et]nal1 ev]la/+2 x is n ! :ole ( ,god1 b x is c]ta9ly "o feature ( ,jahveh1 ( t :i* is1 01 & w be z x is4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ,mr4 ,peirce1 we recognise1 t ! regul>ity ( ! :ole is pres]v$ 9 ! specificalness ( its individual p>ticul>s1 t !re are sam5esses 9 ?is _w ( *anges & div]sities1 & t if all reality is reg>d$ z be+ ess5tially ! same ?r\gh\t1 all ! div]sities & app>5t irregul>ities c v well be expla9$ z result+ f peculi> =ms1 comb9ations1 & relations4 ,fur!rmore1 we recognise t natural laws are compatible ) ! spontaneity ( nature & t ! necessity ) :i* a free man acts accord+ to 8 "*1 does n rev]se 8 fre$om ( w4 ,nature is self-act+ ?r\gh\t2 nature is free2 ev5 inanimate nature is spontane\s4 ,b a high] fre$om rises ) ! appe>ance ( m9d4 ,& !re are degrees ( ?is high] fre$om :i* c be det]m9$ ) great exactness1 = !y correspond to ! range ( ! m5tality ( ea* creature4 ,m5tality develops by ! obs]vation ( sam5esses1 & x rea*es rationality by ! recognition ( natural laws4 ,! recognition ( natural laws is a view ( "s natural ph5om5a 9 _! et]nal aspect1 & we call !m tru?s4 ,s mu* is natural law & fre$om int]connect$ t ! recognition ( natural laws wid5s ! range ( fre$om2 & ob$i5ce to !m raises man out ( 8 dep5d5ce ^u 8 surr\nd+s to a /ate ( dom9ion ov] ! creation 9 :i* he becomes ! ma/] ( natural =ces4 ,:at a deep significance lies 9 ! say+ ( ! apo/le3 8,! tru? %all make y free60 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,! adjective 8l0 is an abbreviation ( 8alike02 & 8a-l0 7,m4,e4 alyke1 ,a4,s4 gelic1 ,o4,h4,g4 galih1 ,m4,h4,g4 geli*1 ,m4,g4 glei*7 is a comp\nd ( ! prefix a ) lic body1 %ape1 figure4 #aa ,i am satisfi$ t logical id5tity is int5d$ to mean sam5ess4 ,i suppose t ! ^w id5tity1 be+ ,lat9 & a k9d ( int]national t]m1 appe>$ to logicians pref]able to ! ,saxon ^w 8sam5ess0 or ! ,g]man 8,glei*heit40 ,we ne$ n look = any deep] reason = ! adoption ( ! t]m4 #ab ,kn[+ t ,mr4 ,peirce is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t contributors to ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 ,i may be p>don$ = surmis+ t1 p]haps ) ! exception ( ! p>5!sis$ ^w 87suppos$70 he is ! au?or ( ?is passage & v likely ( mo/ ( ! o!r quotations ( philosophical t]ms we h adduc$ f ! same s\rce4 #ac ,die ,pr9cipi5 d] ,wahrs*e9li*keitsre*nung by ,johannes von ,kries4 ,see also ,me9ong's review ( ! book 79 ,gtt4 gel ,anz41 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ef et seqq47 & ,ad4 ,nits*e's article on ! subject 79 ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr wiss4 ,phil4 ( #ahib4 ,,xvi4 #a1 p4 #bf74 #ad ,by irregul>ity ( detail we und]/& simply a lack ( uni=mity1 b n exceptions to law4 ,if irregul>ity be def9$ z exception to law1 we %\ld say1 ,!re is no irregul>ity 9 ! _w1 :ile at ! same "t no?+ is uni=m3 = e p>ticle ( ! _w is 9 its "t & space relations & o!rwise diff]5t f e o!r p>ticle4 #ae ,arbitr>y1 z us$ "h1 means caprici\s1 unc]ta91 unreasonable4 ,a man's action is caprici\s if he is biass$ by ! pres5t motive alone1 )\t consid]+ o!r motives :i* he w\ld h "u o!r circum/ances4 ,a delib]ate man equalises1 z x 71 8 actions by =m+ rules ( conduct4 ,an arbitr>y man does n recognise rules or laws1 made ei!r by himself or by o!rs4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce ,i4 ,,rec5t ,,evolution>y ,,/udies ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,s9ce ,d>w9's dea?1 8 !ory1 :i* 9 ,g]many m ?an else:]e receiv$ its developm5t1 has b few decisive /eps 9 advance to po9t to1 ev5 ?\gh ! circle ( its adh]5ts has be5 enl>g$ & ?\gh 9 _m respects & 9 special directions x has be5 r5d]$ m complete & plac$ ^u a firm] f\ndation4 ,x is a gratify+ fact1 t mo/1 if n all1 ( ! rec5t discov]ies 9 zoology1 palontology1 & p>ticul>ly 9 developm5tal hi/ory1 are easily & completely reconcilable ) ! pr9ciples orig9ally e/abli%$2 s t ! views :i* we h rea*$ on ?is subject h lo/ m & m ! *>act]s ( a purely hypo!tical fabric4 ,b ! accurate inve/igations ( developm5tal hi/ory h unque/ionably furni%$ ! mo/ important mat]ial 9 pro( ( ! !ory 9 "q1 & ! pr9ciples e/abli%$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 9 ! ma9 ! results ( ! labors ( ,g]man inve/igators 7,e4 von ,ba]1 ,fritz ,mll]1 ,e4 ,haeckel71 h be5 v]ifi$ 9 a truly surpris+ mann]4 ,x is true t ,d>w9 himself 9 no way und]valu$ ! importance ( ! results ( ! /udies 9 "q1 b h[ little ! facts kn[n at ! "t ( ! enunciation ( 8 !ory ( natural selection suffic$1 is mo/ cle>ly prov$ by ! fact t ,e4 von ,ba] & ,l\is ,agassiz1 :o at t "t 7 p]haps ! greate/ au?orities 9 embryology1 assum$ a ho/ile attitude t[>ds ! new ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,agassiz's comb9ation ( ! po9ts ( agreem5t ( palontology & embryology1 8 explanation ( ext9ct =ms z 8prophetic types10 prov$ a v]itable h9drance to ! p]ception ( ! tru?1 & ,c>l ,vogt1 :o 0 8 co-work] at t "t1 appe>s to h be5 ! la/ to set up any opposition to ! 8fundam5tal biog5etic pr9ciple10 t ! developm5t ( ! individual repeats 9 an abbreviat$ =m ! hi/ory ( 8 race4 ,vogt1 =m]ly ! *ampion ( advanc$ views1 appe>s to-day z ! lead] ( ! small b& ( ! opposition4 ,if we comp>e ! rec5tly publi%$ f\r? edition ( ,haeckel's ,an?ropog5y1 #ahia1 & ! eigh? edition ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ) ! e>ly editions1 we _c help rem>k+1 ) consid]able a/oni%m5t1 despite ! enorm\s increase ( fre% mat]ial1 ! fact t little 9 ! old plans & pr9ciples ( ! "w ne$s correction4 ,ev5 ! bold g5]alisations1 ! inf]5ce z to ! id5tity ( =m ( ! orig9al beg9n+s ( all ( ! middle or high] classes ( animals1 ! 8,ga/ra ,!ory0 ( ,haeckel1 at fir/ s viol5tly oppos$1 ! /ress laid ^u ! equival5ce ( ! bla/od]ms 9 ! v>i\s ord]s ( animals1 nay1 ev5 _m ( ! animal g5ealogies1 really only ass]t$ z a work+ hypo!sis1 h /ood ! te/ beyond all expectation2 al?\gh ,du ,bois-,reymond ins9uat$ t ! p$igrees ( ! h]oes ( ,hom] 7 m wor?y ( cr$it4 ,to appreciate ! complete victory ( ^! ideas "o ne$ b ref] to ! disc\rse ,on ,recapitulation 9 ,embryology ) :i* ,a4 ,milnes ,m>%all op5$ ! meet+ ( ! ,biological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory ,society at ,le$s1 ,septemb]1 #ahij4 ,! v conspicu\s irregul>ities 9 ! =mation ( organis$ bodies1 :i* =m]ly 7 reg>d$ z mon/rosities1 or z ! freaks & riddles ( ! =mative in/9ct1 ! h>e-lips1 ! cleft palates1 cases ( microcephaly1 etc41 or ! conspicu\s want ( symmetry 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! plaice & sole1 =m]ly made use ( by ,miv>t & ,s*imp] z unassailable c\nt]pro(s ( ,d>w9's doctr9es1 h %ap$ !mselves into ! mo/ decisive v]ifications ( 8 !ory2 z 9 fact1 g5]ally1 a numb] ( ! mo/ spl5did evid5ces ( ! correctness ( ! !ory h1 z ! result ( exact inve/igations 9 organic evolution1 proce$$ f ! mo/ ob/9ate ( its suppos$ difficulties4 ,?us1 = example1 z pro( t birds are f> remov$ f ! o!r classes ( v]tebrates1 ! circum/ance _h be5 cit$ t c]ta9 p>ts connect$ ) ! visual organs are 9 !m situat$ at ! side ( ! bra91 in/ead ( on ! dorsal surface1 z is ! case ) ! o!r v]tebrates4 ,b a m exact obs]vation has %[n t ?is v>iation 9 =mation is a second>y result1 s9ce 9 ea* previ\s p]iod ( developm5t ^! same organs 9 ! "y birds lie1 exactly z 9 ! case ( ! o!r v]tebrates1 on ! dorsal surface1 & only %ortly be=e leav+ ! egg d !y move d[nw>d to ! sides4 ,9 _m cases :]e ! developm5t ( p>ts pres]vable 9 fossil conditions is "u consid]ation1 z = in/ance portions ( ! skeleton1 ! h>d integum5ts1 & ! tee?1 a direct pro( may1 by comp>ison1 be furni%$ ( ! tru? ( ! fact ( ! correspond5ce ( ! embryological =mations ( liv+ animals ) ! f9al & p]man5t =ms ( _! ext9ct repres5tatives1 a fact :i* 0 inde$ ackn[l$g$ by ,agassiz & ,vogt1 b completely misund]/ood4 ,we ne$ only to recall to m9d ! exact p>allelism :i* ,alex&] ,agassiz & ,neumay] h demon/rat$ to exi/ 9 ! case ( e*9od]ms1 ,huxley1 ,m>%1 & o!rs 9 ! =mation ( ! w+s ( birds1 ! pelvis ( birds1 or ! ho(s ( horses1 9 ord] to /amp ?is view z "o t _c be refut$4 ,nev]!less1 ^? oppos$ to ?is view1 z ,c>l ,vogt1 ,81 ,heuf51 & o!rs1 h n ab&on$ _! position z a hopeless "o1 & 9 rec5t ye>s h reli$ p>ticul>ly ^u ^? cases :i* ,haeckel1 & be=e him1 ,fritz ,mll]1 *>act]is$ z a falsification 7c5og5esis#af7 or a supplem5t>y alt]ation & abbreviation ( ! natural process ( developm5t4 8,nature is no falsifi]10 ^! oppon5ts proclaim ) emphasis1 & ev]y?+ x does is correct & true1 & 8?is false he>t alone br+s untru? & deceit into ! true heav510 !y cry ) ,wall5/e94 ,p :o rely on v]bal sophi/ries m]ely betray !reby _! want ( valid c\nt]-argum5ts4 ,a mala fides on ! "p ( nature c ( c\rse nev] be ! subject ( discussion among reasonable be+s1 b a deviation 9 ! process ( developm5t ( c]ta9 v>ieties f ! typical pa? ( ! developm5t ( ! rema9+ v>ieties ( ! species1 is felt z a falsification by e inve/igator :o has ?or\ghly /udi$ ! regul> processes1 = ! reason t x has a t5d5cy to obscure ! orig9al facts4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! embryos ( c]ta9 v]tebrates ! sophagus is tempor>ily completely clos$1 z ,balf\r has obs]v$ 9 "y %>ks1 ,bles & ,m>%all 9 frogs2 & ?is /ate ( affairs may well be consid]$ z a falsification1 s9ce an animate be+ ) a clos$ sophagus is a natural contradiction1 :i* c nev] h exi/$ & "h happ5s z a supplem5t>y & tempor>y process4 ,z a rule su* deviations f ! normal c\rse may be classifi$ z consequ5ces ( a prolong$ resid5ce ( ! animal g]ms 9 ! egg or 9 ! womb1 ! result ( :i* is t ow+ to ! pres5ce ( an abundant quantity ( n\ri%+ yolk1 or ?r\gh direct connection ) ! circulatory sy/em ( ! "m1 !y 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t are reliev$ ( ! necessity ( acquir+ n\ri%m5t ?r\gh _! own ef=ts1 & !re=e all ! contrivances necess>y to t purpose may be disp5s$ )4 ,= ?is reason we f9d ! primitive processes ( developm5t1 z ,pr(essor ,sollas has lately %[n1 mo/ frequ5tly pres]v$ 9 m>9e animals :i* h nev] *ang$ nor ab&on$ _! elem5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( _! species1 9 ! case ( :i*1 !re=e1 no occasion c\ld ev] h aris5 = supplem5t>y *anges 9 ! process ( _! developm5t4 ,mu* m frequ5tly d we meet ) ?is *ange 9 ! case ( fre%-wat] animals1 = (t5 ! rapid curr5ts ( _! elem5ts1 = example a riv]1 w n suff] ^! to leave ! egg 9 any v helpless l>val condition1 & 9 addition fre% wat] is subject to o!r unfavorable *anges1 z ! dry+ up ( /reams4 ,also ! l>v ( c>nivor\s animals1 :i* f ! v beg9n+ ( indep5d5t life ne$ m /r5g? to acquire _! means ( exi/5ce1 are s completely develop$ 9 ! ri*ly provision$ eggs 9 :i* !y take _! =m1 t !y em]ge !refrom 9 an almo/ p]fect$ /ate ( be+1 z1 = example1 "y %>ks & cephalopods4 ,9 ?is k9d ( animal life1 z well z 9 ! case ( =ms :i* are br\ght =? alive f ! p>5t1 al?\gh !y see ! light ( day mu* lat]1 comp>atively1 !re takes place n only a great abbreviation ( ! fir/ /ages ( exi/5ce 9 ! ent]+ ^u a m direct pa? ( developm5t1 b also *anges occur 9 ! =m ( ! orig9al designs because ( ! limitation ( room due to ! pres5ce ( yolk 9 ! egg1 ! reason = :i* is easy to p]ceive4 ,9 _m o!r cases ! me*anical cause ( ! *ange 9 developm5t c be directly recognis$2 = example1 9 ! case (1 ! tree-toad ( ! ,antilles 7,hylodes m>tic95sis71 :i*1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( pools la/+ ?r\gh ! dry season1 is oblig$ ( necessity to rema9 9 ! egg dur+ its tadpole /age1 t is to say1 to skip ?is /age1 z x 72 = :i* reason ! =mation ( ext]nal gills 9 its case is entirely omitt$4 ,! explanation ( ! orig9 ( new organs seem$ at fir/ to af=d an insup]able difficulty to ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 s9ce1 z ,miv>t object$1 x 0 n possible to p]ceive h[ natural selection c\ld be able to effect ! =mation ( new organs unless !y execut$ correspond+ functions f ! v beg9n+4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 has be5 completely ov]come by ! !ory ( alt]$ functions 7,functionswe*sel7 :i* 0 fir/ propos$ by ,dorhn1 & p>ticul>ly 9 rec5t ye>s by ,kle95b]g4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 9 all ^! cases we h simply to deal ) a gradual *ange 9 =m ( already exi/+ organs1 :i*1 orig9ally be+ us$ to p]=m "o set ( functions1 are modifi$ s z to p]=m ano!r4 ,?us ! lat] develop$ organs ( ma/ication & ! feel]s ( insects 7 orig9ally organs ( locomotion1 legs2 & ^! 9 ! /ill e>li] /ages ( creep+ motion p]=m$ appropriate functions z ! crook$ app5dages ( ! body-r+s4 ,! w+s ( birds 71 9 _! prog5itors1 =elegs2 ! tongue ( air-brea?+ v]tebrates orig9at$ f ! fi%-bladd]1 :i* be=e t 0 *iefly an organ ( swimm+4 ,! k ?us acquir$ ( ! natural connection ( ! processes ( evolution also expla9s1 accord+ to ,kle95b]g1 :y organs :i* are at pres5t completely useless1 mu/ yet necess>ily appe> 9 ! =mation ( ! embryo2 = example1 ! gill-op5+s 9 ! high] classes ( v]tebrates1 :i* h no functions to p]=m at any /age ( v]tebral developm5t1 & :i* furni%$ ,meckel ! fir/ intimation ( ! fundam5tal biog5etic law4 ,b z soon z x 0 expla9$ t ! gill-op5+s furni%$ ! f\ndation ( ! developm5t ( lat]-appe>+ organs ) actual functions to p]=m1 x 0 r5d]$ cle> :y !y %\ld cont9ually recur2 namely1 because !y =m ! indisp5sable l9ks ( a *a9 :i* ext5ds f ! dim pa/ ( ! type 9 "q d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,!re is no d\bt t pr(\nd] rese>*es 9 evolution>y hi/ory w furni% /ill m important results3 = in/ance1 ! m p]fect elucidation ( ! p$igree ( mammals2 = 9 ?is prov9ce ev5 our dome/ic animals are n suffici5tly inve/igat$4 ,e new ef=t 9 ?is direction1 = example ! rec5t "w ( ,klev] on ! evolution ( ! tee? ( ! horse1 & o!r inve/igations conc]n+ ! =mation ( special organs1 has inv>iably %[n t mu* 9 ?is field yet rema9s to be discov]$4 ,we h only to recall to m9d ! rec5t inve/igations relat+ to ! developm5t ( ! p9eal gl&1 :i* 9 ! la/ dec5nium h also l$ to ! discov]y ( a rudim5t>y occipital eye1 :i* seems to h actually exi/$ & p]=m$ functions 9 num]\s e>ly repres5tatives ( ! v]tebrates1 b to-day is simply a fact ( hi/ory1 & has giv5 rise to an organ :i* ,desc>tes consid]$ z ! seat ( ! s\l4 ,we may "h also ref] to ! rec5t inve/igations conc]n+ ! e>li] developm5tal /ages ( ! duckbills1 :i* h completely confirm$ :at ! !ory ass]t$ 9 advance & requir$2 namely1 t !y fill ! vacancy betwe5 ! egg-lay+ reptiles & ! mammalia :i* br+ =? _! "y alive4 ,only a few ye>s ago ,c>l ,vogt vehem5tly oppos$ ! op9ion ( ! duckbills be+ transitional types1 & s\ght to expla9 _! inf]ior /age ( organisation1 :i* is also evid5c$ 9 _! l[ blood temp]ature1 z ! results ( a /unt+ process 7deg5]ation1 s call$74 ,!y =m$ a deg5]at$ bran* ( m>supials1 no?+ m4 ,lat]1 ! rem>kable yet long anticipat$ fact 0 reveal$ by ,haacke & ,caldwell1 #ahhd1 t ! duckbills are egg-lay+ mammals1 a "* :i* c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh deg5]ation1 b :i* simply %[s t !y are closely relat$ to ext9ct reptilian =ms4 ,9 "o o!r respect1 namely1 ) reg>d to _! supply ( tee?1 ! process ( deg5]ation mu/ inde$ be admitt$4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,p\lton & ,?omas discov]$ a few ye>s ago t 9 _! e>ly /ages !y really d possess true tee?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 j z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 c>nivor\s cetacea1 lat] completely disappe>1 & are replac$ by a sort ( horny tee?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is really n a true deg5]ation1 b r a special adaptation1 d\btless b5eficial to ! animal 9 "s way or o!r2 & ) z little reason z we may reg>d birds z a deg5]at$ race 9 comp>ison ) _! prog5itors1 because !y h lo/ ! num]\s tee? :i* ^! possess$1 ) j z little reason c we hold t ! duckbills1 9 _! g5]al organisation1 h suff]$ any retrogression wor? m5tion+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,m>% & ,lemo9e conc]n+ ! mammals ( ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s p]iods po9t m & m di/9ctly to ! conclusion1 t !re exi/$ among ^! mammals a v l>ge numb] :i* possess$ ! same degree ( organisation z ! duckbills ( to-day1 n[ repres5t$ by only a few species2 a supposition :i* ! adh]5ts ( ! !ory ( evolution made tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,i d n "k t ! p$igrees ( ! h]oes ( ,hom] h be5 s well pres]v$6 ,9 _m o!r directions1 h[ev]1 speculation ( late ye>s 9 ,g]many has consid]ably digress$ f ! facts ( exp]i5ce & f all probability2 especially ) ref]5ce to ! que/ions ( propagation1 v>iation1 & h]$ity4 ,"h1 fir/ ( all1 are to be m5tion$ ! works ( ,weismann1 ,ueb] die ,cont9uitt des ,keimplasmas 7#ahhe71 ,die ,b$eutung d] sexuell5 ,=tpflanzung fr die ,selection/heorie 7#ahhf71 ,d] ,rcks*ritt 9 d] ,natur 7#ahhf71 ,die ,b$eutung d] ,ri*tungskrp]*5 fr die ,v]]bung/heorie 7#ahhg71 ,die ,hypo!se d] ,v]]bung von ,v]letzung5 7#ahhi71 & ,ueb] ,amphimixis 7#ahia74 ,if we rev]t to ! beg9n+s ( ?is movem5t we %all f9d t x is intimately connect$ ) ! m exact /udy ( ! processes ( fecundation z p]fect$ ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ,/rassburg]1 ! ,h]twigs1 & o!r inve/igators4 ,9 connection ) ! ideas ( ,ngeli conc]n+ ! s-call$ idioplasm1 ! notion 0 rea*$ t ! matt] det]m9ative ( h]$ity 0 conta9$ 9 ! nucleoli1 & t by ! union ( ! pat]nal & mat]nal nucleoli ! sum-total ( ! p>5tal h]$it>y t5d5cies is transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,?is view 0 to a c]ta9 degree v]ifi$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ! bro!rs ,h]twig 9 remov+ ! nucleoli ( ! eggs ( ! sea-ur*92 ! result be+ t eggs conta9+ ! nucleoli alone1 furni%$1 ?r\gh artificial impregnation1 results resembl+ ! female p>5t1 :]eas eggs f :i* ! nucleoli _h be5 remov$1 furni%$ g]ms completely correspond+ to ! traits ( ! male p>5t4 ,o!r processes ( fecundation1 to :i* we %all soon recur1 _h s9ce #ahgf produc$ ! impression 9 ! m9ds ( a numb] ( naturali/s t ! g]m-mat]ial l$ an indep5d5t life 9 ! bodies ( organisms1 t x possess$ only an int]nal developm5t1 & requir$ f ! body no?+ b n\ri%m5t 9 ord] to multiply itself1 & to develop its int]nal p[]s un9flu5c$ by ! v>i\s vicissitudes ( ! body4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgf ,gu/av ,jaeg] 9 ,g]many1 & ,francis ,galton1 a c\s9 ( ,d>w91 almo/ at ! same "t 9 ,engl&1 call$ att5tion to ! obs]vation made "s "t previ\sly1 t 9 c]ta9 animals1 p>ticul>ly 9 insects1 ! developm5t ( ! egg into ! "y (fspr+ beg9s ) ! )drawal ( a small portion ( ! g]m f ! compon5t sub/ance ( ! embryo1 :i* rema9s at fir/ un*ang$ & only lat] multiplies4 ,?is obs]vation 0 g5]alis$ & accept$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( e sexual multiplication ! g]m-sub/ance1 aft] impregnation1 is divid$ into two p>ts1 accord+ to its future purpose2 an ontog5etic or p]sonal "p1 out ( :i* ! body is built up1 & a phylog5etic or g]m9al "p1 :i* at fir/ is /or$ up unus$ 9 ! individual1 b lat] furni%es new g]m-cells4 ,?is idea l$ ,weismann to 8 view ( ! cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm1 :i* =ms an unbrok5 l9e ( desc5t f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! species & :i* is simply n\ri%$ by ! organisms 9 :i* x has its tempor>y abode4 ,f ?is g]m-plasm spr+ second>ily ! cells t g to make up ! body 7soma72 b f ^! soma-cells no new g]m-cells c orig9ate1 & consequ5tly none ( its inh]5t or adscititi\s qualities are capable ( transmission4 ,! somatic cells make up ! mortal & p]i%able =ms ( life1 :ile ! g]m-cells alone insure ! fur!r exi/5ce & immortality ( ! race4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ^! views1 if !y c\ld be ma9ta9$1 w\ld completely trans=m ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,s9ce1 if ! somatic cells1 t is1 ! body-p>ts ( animals & plants1 ) all _! adaptations to soil & climate1 to def9ite modes ( life1 etc41 are to be depriv$ ( e p[] to transmit h]$it>y *>act]s1 !n ! s-call$ ,lam>ckian !ory1 :i* %\ld really be> ! "n ( ,erasmus ,d>w91 w\ld be depriv$ ( e f\ndation :i* x possesses4 ,nei!r ! increase 9 /r5g? ( ! memb]s ( ! body1 acquir$ by use & practice1 nor _! weakness creat$ by _! non-use c\ld be inh]it$2 & 9 j z small a degree c\ld *anges caus$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 bodily injuries1 sickness1 entail consequ5ces :i* 7 inh]itable4 ,?is be+ ! case1 !n also all ^? views w\ld be unt5able :i* seek to expla9 ! important effects ( "t z ! result ( ! accumulation & augm5tation ( ! m9ute impressions ( ! ext]nal environm5t4 ,if ! v>iations :i* are g5]at$ by means ( ext]nal influ5ces are n capable ( transmission1 !n ! direct adaptation mu/ comm5ce at ! beg9n+ 9 ! case ( e foll[+ g5]ation2 an accumulation is impossible4 ,we c obs]ve1 h[ev]1 9 e p>ticul> case1 ! complete h>mony 9 :i* e liv+ be+ exi/s ) its surr\nd+s & mode ( life2 & obs]ve 9 closely relat$ species ! mo/ v>i\s adaptations to ! elem5ts 9 :i* !y live3 climate1 food1 nay1 ev5 to ! p>ticul> companions ) :i* !y associate2 ) ! result t _m plants h %ap$ ! /ructure ( _! fl[]s to con=m to ! physical anatomy ( ! insect :i* ord9>ily effects _! f]tilisation1 & t animals assume ! figure & =m ( "s associate :o is safe f ho/ile assaults1 or ev5 completely adopt diff]5t modes ( life :]e x is necess>y to ent] a life-p>tn]%ip ) a /range animal or plant4 ,b1 grant+ t ! mo/ widely ext5d$ capability ( adaptation is a ?+ ( daily exp]i5ce1 !re /ill arises ! "q h[ we %all expla9 ?is quality1 :i* c only be br\ght ab\t by sl[ degrees1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! factor ( h]$ity 9 ! transmission ( acquir$ qualities4 ,! !ory ( ,weismann attempts ?is1 9 t x takes = grant$ an inf9ite v>iability 9 ! g]m-=mative mat]ials1 & guides ! new =ms & v>iations ?us begott5 into ! really true pa?1 t is1 into ! mo/ successful pa?s1 ?r\gh ! process ( natural selection 7t is1 ?r\gh ! survival ( ! fitte/ z reg>ds environm5t & all o!r ?+s74 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ext]nal circum/ances h no direct influ5ce :atev] ^u ! v>iation ( species1 z ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,lam>ck1 & ! f\nd] ( ! !ory ( natural selection & all 8 foll[]s up to t "t suppos$1 b we h to h rec\rse to a pure !ory ( natural selection1 & call to our aid an1 ev5 n[1 r obscure ph5om5on1 occurr+ 9 connection ) sexual impregnation1 :i* has be5 call$ 8! expulsion ( ! pol> bodies10 an extrusion ( m9ute qualities ( g]m-plasm f ! g]m-cells :ile 9 union4 ,by ! processes ( cross+1 :i* cont9ually recur1 a va/ numb] ( ! mo/ manifold h]$it>y t5d5cies are unit$ 9 ! g]m-mat]ial4 ,!n c]ta9 ( ^! are eject$1 s t o!rs acquire supremacy2 & 9 ?is mann] ! way is op5$ = ! orig9ation ( a va/ numb] ( possible comb9ations4 ,9 ?is way ! pa? is cle> to a !ory ( p]fect me*anical v>iability1 9 :i* ! g]m-mat]ial has only to transmit ! *>act]s :i* spontane\sly arise 9 x1 & yet af=ds an inve/igator end[$ ) any imag9ation ! possibility ( und]/&+ ! orig9 ( ! great v>iety & f9al purpose ( ! _w4 ,x is ,frohs*amm]'s 8pr9ciple ( ! imag9ation z ! creator ( ! _w0 translat$ into compreh5sible =mul4 ,! simplicity ?us rea*$ by ! elim9ation ( all direct influ5ces f ! ext]nal _w1 has won ! adh]5cy ( _m inve/igators foll[+ 9 ,d>w9's /eps1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&2 b :il/ ,wallace1 ,galton1 ,ray ,lanke/]1 & o!rs h express$ _! full ass5t to x1 o!r & n less em95t au?orities1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,haeckel1 ,fritz ,mll]1 & ,vir*[1 h emphatically reject$ x4 ,! reasons 9 favor ( ?is assumption are1 z is inde$ ! :ole view itself1 ma9ly ( a !oretical nature2 ! argum5ts ( ! opposition are divid$ into philosophical & exp]i5tial propositions4 ,! philosophical opposition is ma9ly bas$ on ! fact t1 f ! v beg9n+1 !re is assign$ to ! g]m-mat]ial1 z x unceas+ly cont9ues its exi/5ce1 an inf9ite v>iety ( capacities :i* ! ext]nal _w _c affect1 & t all progress & advancem5t takes place z ! result ( ! loss ( ! orig9ally end[$ p[]s & t5d5cies4 ,on ?is !ory a family ( acrobats or race-horses w\ld n acquire _! p[]s ?r\gh ! gradual augm5tation by practice ( _! feats ( skill & endurance1 b because ^! p[]s 7 orig9ally resid5t 9 !m1 & e factor incompatible ) !m 0 gradually elim9at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! views approa* 9 a dang]\s degree to ! !ories ( pr$e/9ation & pre=mation1 ! ov]?r[ ( :i* has be5 ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ advances ( sci5ce4 ,/ill m important mu/ be consid]$ ! objections ( empirical sci5ce1 :i* up to ?is "t 0 completely conv9c$ ( ! h]$ity ( acquir$ qualities4 ,popul> exp]i5ce1 z well z t ( physicians1 univ]sally speaks ( inh]it$ disease-g]ms1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 p>ticul>ly 9 m5tal diseases1 physicians are s ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( _! inh]itability t ! fir/ "q put to ! relatives ( su* suff]]s usually is :e!r ! disease has ev] appe>$ 9 ! p>5ts or family ( ! pati5t4 ,?is fact is s deeply gr\nd$ 9 ! g5]al belief1 t ! mod]n naturali/ic s*ool ( noveli/s1 ! s*ool ( ,zola1 ,ibs51 & _! associates1 are wont to devote _! ma9 ef=ts to ! problem ( inh]it$ evils4 ,n[ ! inh]itability ( c]ta9 evil conditions1 ev5 ?\gh prov$1 w\ld n by any means be an absolute dispro( ( ,weismann's !ory2 =1 incl9$ z mu* z we may be to d]ive diseases f mi/akes & s9s aga9/ a natural mode ( life1 su* z colds1 drunk5ness1 dissipation1 m5tal & bodily ov]-ex]tion1 we yet _c d5y a priori t bla/og5ic diseases1 or diseases orig9at+ 9 ! g]m-plasm1 may exi/1 :i* )\t any d\bt w\ld !n be transmissible4 ,x also does n lie beyond ! realms ( possibility t cong5ital mal=mations1 su* z h>e-lips1 sup]num]>y f+]s1 & ! defects :i* %[ a rem>kable disposition to h]$ity1 fall into ?is category4 ,^! bla/og5ic g]ms ( disease w\ld !n1 ( c\rse1 h to be di/+ui%$ f ! somatog5ic diseases 7or ! diseases produc$ 9 ! body by ext]nal causes71 :i* nev] c\ld be inh]it$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! "q z to ! h]$it>y consequ5ces ( ext]nal injuries has giv5 rise to great ef=ts to prove exp]im5tally ! tru? ( ?is belief1 :i* has exi/$ = c5turies4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! globe we meet ) ! ass]tion t hornless cattle1 su*1 = example1 z are br$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ! tailless cats ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 or o!r dome/ic animals ) simil> defici5cies1 are desc5d$ f a prog5itor :i* lo/ its horns or its tail ?r\gh disease or o!r mi%ap4 ,s9ce n[1 rec5tly1 simil> ass]tions h aga9 be5 put =w>d to ! effect t tailless cats are f\nd among ! desc5dants ( fel9e prog5itors :o h be5 robb$ ( _! po/]ior ornam5ts by an act ( viol5ce1 & ^! cases h be5 discuss$ 9 connection ) ! pang5esis !ory ( ,d>w91 accord+ to :i* ea* "p ( ! body is believ$ to supply mat]ial contributions to ! g]m-plasm1 ,weismann det]m9$ to in/itute exp]im5ts on ?is po9t4 ,he />t$ ! bre$+ ( :ite mice ^: tails 7 regul>ly cut (f1 )\t f9d+ z a result1 f among #hdj "y ones d]iv$ f su* mutilat$ prog5itors1 a s+le "o hav+ a mal=mation or miss+ tail4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 ?is exp]im5t _c be reg>d$ z an absolute pro(1 z x at fir/ view might seem1 & ! negative result 0 =ese5 by ! writ] ( ^! l9es4 ,x is a cle> conclusion t if 9 ! case ( _m v]tebrates1 = example1 salam&]s & liz>ds1 z well z 9 ! case ( mo/ inv]tebrates1 miss+ limbs & tails are r5ew$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! lifetime1 x w\ld inde$ be v rem>kable if _! r5ewal %\ld n take place1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! complete rejuv5ation ( new bir?4 ,d>w9 himself _h conclud$1 f 8 own exp]i5ce & t ( o!rs1 t injuries & simil> inflict$ acts ( viol5ce are ! cause ( h]$it>y consequ5ces only 9 cases :]e !y br+ ab\t "s long-cont9u$ & wa/+ disease1 & ?us produce "s p]man5t effect on ! bodily con/itution4 ,= ?is reason1 especially injuries to ma9 n]ve-tracts 9 p>ts ne> ! c5tres are readily accompani$ by h]$it>y consequ5ces1 because !y int]f]e ) ! nutrition ( ! memb]s suppli$ by !m4 ,br[n-,squ>d has obs]v$ 9 a great numb] ( cases ( gu9ea pigs ^: n]ve-roots he _h sev]$1 t ! (fspr+ ( ! animals op]at$ ^u develop$ diseases ( ! eyes1 e>s1 & o!r organs :i* con=m$ regul>ly to ! "* ( ! op]ation1 & c\ld !re=e be pr$ict$2 & also not$ mal=mations & defici5cies1 am\nt+ ev5 to ! complete disappe>ance ( ! eye-balls1 su* z nev] arise or h be5 obs]v$ 9 ^! animals )\t viol5t int]f]5ce4 ,8 positive results reg>d+ ! h]$itability ( ! evil consequ5ces ( di/urb+ op]ations h a decid$ advantage 9 numb]s & scope ov] ! negative results ( ,weismann2 & x is n cle> h[ ! belief 9 ! non-h]$itability ( somatic conditions w accommodate itself to !m4 ,b if conditions ( ! body produc$ by su* sudd5 int]f]5ces h "u c]ta9 circum/ances entail$ h]$it>y consequ5ces1 h[ mu* m %\ld we expect ?is same result f sl[ly effect$ con/itutional *anges1 :i* ext]nal influ5ces1 work+ un9t]rupt$ly = hundr$s ( ye>s1 br+ ab\t 9 an organism :i* has be5 transport$ into a new elem5t1 into new surr\nd+s1 or into a diff]5t climate4 ,n at all infrequ5tly does ! com+ toge!r & union ( two new organisms beget h]$it>y *anges :i* c be expla9$ only ?r\gh ! direct influ5ce ( ! "o ^u ! o!r4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! case ( plants 9 hot c\ntries :i* are protect$ aga9/ ! assaults ( leaf-dev\r+ ants by body-gu>ds ( small] ants1 & also 9 species ( q diff]5t families1 z1 = example1 9 ,cecropia ( ! ord] ,euphorbiace1 & 9 "s ,tripl>is species among ! ,polygonace1 we f9d little *amb]s1 approa*able ?r\gh small op5+s 9 ! /ems1 :i* s]ve ! ants protect+ ! plants z dwell+ & bre$+ places4 ,are we to believe n[1 9 reg>d to ?is fact1 t ^! plants1 s diff]5t 9 _! nature1 h produc$ ?r\gh volunt>y v>iations ! /ems :i* conta9 ^! op5+s1 or are we to believe we h to deal "h ) op5+s acquir$ ?r\gh inh]itance :i* orig9ally 7 bor$ 9 ! /ems by ! ants at ! mo/ appropriate po9ts8 ,surely ! fir/ conclusion1 :i* w\ld uphold ,weismann's !ory1 has b a v slight degree ( probability 9 its favor1 :il/ ! latt]1 :i* w\ld ov]?r[ 8 view1 is v highly probable4 ,& su* examples c\ld be cit$ 9 great numb]s4 ,x is also to be rememb]$ t ! p[] ( v>iation is n exhibit$ solely 9 sexually creat$ individuals1 z x %\ld be accord+ to ,weismann's !ory1 b frequ5tly also 9 non-sexual multiplication1 :]e no amphimixis 7m+l+7 occurs4 ,x is well kn[n t ! majority ( ! sport+ v>ieties ( our trees1 = example1 ,fagus sangu9ea1 & ! s-call$ weep+ v>ieties1 t is1 abnormal v>ieties ) p5d5t twigs1 =ms ) split1 spott$1 or :ite leaves1 are wont fir/ to appe> on s+le bran*es ( old trees1 9 :i* ! cont9uity ( ! protoplasm unque/ionably exi/$1 b no amphimixis or extrusion ( ! pol> bodies took place4 ,x is also ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion ( naturali/s t ! l[e/ classes ( animal & plant life are univ]sally multipli$ by non-sexual means4 ,& if ?is is s1 x is n cle> h[ high] =ms :i* sexually propagate c be d]iv$ f !m1 if ! latt] h orig9ally to furni% ! fundam5tal conditions ( v>iation4 ,! adh]5ts ( ,neo-,d>w9ism w1 accord+ly1 h to furni% _m additional facts if !y wi% to inve/ _! !ory ) any degree ( probability4 ,,c>us ,,/]ne4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,c5og5esis1 f 1 empty1 fruitless 7& 1 bir?72 n f 1 common1 ! d]ivatives ( :i* are sometimes writt5 8ceno40--,,ed4 ,,ii4 ,,france4 ,! /udy ( p]sonality1 f ! po9t ( view ( pa?ological psy*ology1 has already suppli$ u ) num]\s books4 ,m4 ,,alfr$ ,,b9et1 9 8 f9e "w1 ,les ,altrations de la ,p]sonnalit1 has und]tak5 to pres5t sy/ematically to u ^! alt]ations 9 _! entirety1 :ile re/rict+ himself to asc]ta9$ results1 & avoid+ disput$ po9ts4 ,he exhibits to u ! 8dismemb]m5t ( ! ego0 9 diseas$ /ates1 ! frequ5t rupture ( t 8unity ( consci\sness0 :i* is ! pr9cipal attribute ( ! normal individual4 ,cl9ical obs]vation has e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce 9 c]ta9 subjects ( successive p]sonalities1 & 9 o!rs t ( co-exi/+ p]sonalities2 ! exp]i5ces ( sugge/ion h at la/ all[$ ( analog\s morbid ph5om5a be+ provok$1 9 su* a mann] t cases may be v>i$ & r5d]$ /ill m in/ructive4 ,! simple movem5ts provok$ 9 normal p]sons 9 /ates ( di/raction1 ( :i* _m v curi\s examples may be f\nd 9 ,m4 ,b9et's book1 are ! recognis$ m>k ( a subconsci\sness2 b x is (t5 possible1 "u ! same conditions & ) ! same processes1 to provoke 9 a hypnotisable hy/]ic individual an actual sub-p]sonality1 t is to say1 to augm5t ! ph5om5a :i* att5tive obs]v]s h long s9ce rem>k$ 9 e-day life4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t1 on ! "o h&1 x is possible to produce 9 an ins5sible limb a great v>iety ( subconsci\s actions1 & all sorts ( reactions2 & :5 !y are record$ by ! graphic me?od1 x is p]ceiv$ t ) ! f+]s ( 8 ins5sible h&1 ! subject has made movem5ts ! =m ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! receiv+ app>atus 7! dynamograph1 drum1 p5cil1 etc474 ,^! movem5ts ?us exhibit ! truly psy*ological m>ks ( adaptation1 & seem to reveal ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5ce :i* is o!r ?an t ( ! ego ( ! subject1 & :i* acts )\t 8 assi/ance & ev5 unkn[n to him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 num]\s exp]i5ces ( v diff]5t k9ds %[ t ! subject ^: an/hetic arm1 = example1 is prick$1 c h an idea ( ! /imulation1 al?\gh he does n p]ceive x4 ,he does n feel ! prick+s1 b ! excitation calls =? ! idea ( _! numb]3 he c\nts !m z a normal individual w\ld d2 8only1 9 hy/]ical individuals1 ! fir/ "p ( ! process occurs 9 "o consci\sness1 & ! second 9 ano!r40#ag ,x c h>dly be d5i$ t ^! diff]5t consci\snesses are di/9ct2 s9ce exp]i5ce proves t ea* c h its own p]ceptions1 its own memory1 & ev5 a moral "*4 ,h[ev]1 _! relative value ) respect to ea* o!r matt]s little4 ,we are compell$ to consid]1 ) ,m4 ,ribot1 ! ego z a 8cord9ation0 ( /ates ( consci\sness1 admitt+ ( inf9itely v>iable gr\p+s4 ,accord+ to ! old conception ( ! ego1 ! p]sonality1 ) respect to second>y consci\snesses1 0 comp>$ to a coa*man :o _h ceas$ to h control ov] 8 horses4 ,?is comp>ison is n[ insuffici5t1 s9ce x may happ5 t ! coa*man falls asleep on ! box1 & t "o ( ! horses !n gov]ns ! set1 regulat+1 m or less p]fectly1 ! pace ( ! o!rs by its own gait4 ,spirituali/s1 h[ev]1 w nev] cons5t to put ! ego 9 ! place ( ! coa*man4 8,a /one deta*$ f ! complex /ructure ( ! p]sonality10 ,m4 ,b9et n[ tells u1 8c become ! />t+ po9t ( a new /ructure1 :i* rises rapidly by ! side ( ! old4 ,:]eupon a disaggregation ( ! psy*ological elem5ts is produc$40 ,?is comp>ison is c]ta9ly m precise & m 9 accordance ) facts4 ,moreov]1 !re rema9s to be expla9$ h[ ! m5tal comp\nd :i* con/itutes ! ego has be5 con/ruct$ f its elem5ts4 ,m4 ,b9et %[s1 propos ( ?is "q1 t ! association ( ideas is p[]less to expla9 ! g5esis ( p]sonality2 associations alone1 z prov$ by ! exp]i5ces ( sugge/ion1 are n suffici5t to re/ore =gott5 memories4 ,nei!r is memory ! sole factor 9 p]sonality2 s9ce1 9 c]ta9 conditions a p]son may1 :ile pres]v+ ! consci\sness & ! memory ( c]ta9 ( 8 m5tal /ates1 nev]!less repudiate ^! m5tal /ates & consid] !m z =eign to himself4 ,?is "q is /ill an op5 "o4 ,b !re exi/ c]ta9ly "s gr\nds = our seek+ 9 ! division ( consci\sness ! key to c]ta9 psy*ological facts1 l unconsci\s c]ebration4 ,su* a key w\ld be ! action ( deta*$ consci\snesses & deta*$ memories1 t aft]w>ds imm$iately ent] ! curr5t ( g5]al consci\sness4 ,f9ally1 8x is possible10 z ,m4 ,b9et says 9 conclusion1 8t consci\sness may be ! privilege ( c]ta9 ( our psy*ic acts2 x is possible also t x exi/s ev]y:]e 9 our organism1 & x may be ev5 t x accompanies e manife/ation ( life40 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 new "w1 ,agno/icisme1 ,m4 ,,de ,,rob]ty /udies ) special c>e ! position ( mod]n doctr9es ) reg>d to ! unkn[n1 ! great x ( philosophic speculations--,god1 ,idea1 ,matt]1 ,n\m5on or ,unkn[able4 ,al?\gh p]haps a little ha/ily writt51 & some:at obscure1 8 book nev]!less en=ces conviction4 8,our conception ( ! _w10 says ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 8embraces solely ! ?+s t we "k 7feel1 p]ceive1 imag9e1 analyse1 comp>e1 etc471 & does n comprise ! lea/ jot or tittle ( :at we d n "k4 ,= u1 !re=e1 !re c be no "q ( any relations except betwe5 two classes ( kn[n elem5ts3 t :i* con/itutes ! object ( sci5tific rese>*1 & t :i* is outside ( sci5ce4 ,! latt] class repres5ts our unkn[n1 :i* is always relative & purely human40 ,"h1 inde$1 we h ! true po9t ( view1 t :i* we %all all rea*1 ?\gh p]haps at fir/ unkn[n to ourselves2 & ,i %all be mu* surpris$ if ! philosoph]s d n at la/ decide to wipe out ! =midable ,unkn[able set up by ,sp5c] z ! ultimate entity4 ,we %all speak no m ( ! fa?omless univ]se1 b ( ! /ill unexplor$ univ]se2 ( ! unkn[n1 n ( ! unkn[able4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r aspect ( ! "q4 ,let u suppose ! unkn[n got rid (2 or to be m precise1--& if we reg>d ) ,m4 de ,rob]ty ! psy*ic c5tres z special receiv]s 9 :i* ! cosmical en]gy empties itself1 resolv+ itself into s5sation & idea1 & f :5ce x spreads itself anew z motion1--let u suppose t we h summ$ up all ! en]gies receiv$ & emitt$1 & v]ifi$ ! law :i* r$uces memory to ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 let u suppose 9 f9e t philosophy %all h f\nd 9 ! ego ! syn!sis ( ! non-ego1 express$ 89 symbolic abbreviations & 9 signs10 & %all h realis$ ! 8logical monism0 :i* r$uces ?+s to _! ideas3 w\ld ! intellect--& w\ld ! s5sibility--ev5 !n be completely satisfi$8 ,c we conceive a /ate 9 :i* ! curiosity ( man z to all t conc]ns himself w be at re/1 & :5 he w cease to be disquiet$ ab\t ! cause ( suff]+ & ( life8 ,kant long ago prop\nd$ ?is "q4 ,b1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 ! ?9k] :o is 8a prey to ! afflux ( emotion ref]r$ to by ,kant10 ! man 8giv5 ov] to ! desire = ano!r k9d ( k ?an t ( exp]i5ce10 are1 9 ! category ( intellectual emotions1 diseas$ & 8p]v]t$0 p]sons4 8,! s5tim5ts1 s v>i$ 9 aspect & 9 /r5g?1 :i* inspire u10 writes he1 8! contemplation ( ! unkn[n1 det]m9e ! m5tal illusion :i* mat]ialises1 s to say1 our ignorance & trans=ms ! unkn[n into ! unkn[able40 ,w\ld x be inconsi/5t1 h[ev]1 to pres]ve ! emotion ( ! unkn[n )\t 8mat]ialis+0 x1 )\t pron\nc+ any dang]\s sci5tific ignorabimus8 ,m4 de ,rob]ty does n accept ?is situation1--:i* 0 t ( ,littr4 ,i d n "k :e!r any "o w discov] ! 8vacc9e10 z he calls x1 8( ! pessimi/ emotion :i* has produc$ agno/icism or lat5t religiosity40 ,if ?is con/itutes a m5tal malady1 ,i fe> mu* t x w be incurable4 ,z long z !re is unhapp9ess 9 life1 !re w also be unsatisfi$ curiosity1 & = a v long "t to come1 inquietude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ publication ( ,,lombroso & ,,las*i1 ,le ,crime politique et les ,revolutions1 p> rapport au droit1 l'an?ropologie crim9elle et la sci5ce du g\v]nem5t 7,political ,crime & ,revolutions1 9 _! ,relation to ,law1 ,crim9al ,an?ropology1 & ! ,sci5ce ( ,gov]nm5t7 ( :i* we "h h a ,fr5* translation1 is1 ,i w n say1 ! wor/ writt51 b ! mo/ confus$ "w imag9able4 ,its arrangem5t is cle>1 b its examples are giv5 )\t any ord] :atev]4 ,! facts pres5t$ are abundant1 b !y are tak5 r too mu* at haphaz>d1 & (t5 too uncritically4 ,! wor/ is t its v !sis is weak1 badly =mulat$ or elusive 9 places4 ,:at a pity x is t s mu* erudition %\ld be exp5d$1 & s _m valuable data be br\ght toge!r )\t bett] success 9 display+ to ! be/ advantage ^! ri*es1 & also1 let me say1 )\t s _m times hav+ _h occasion to appe> s cle>ly 9 ! wrong6 ,m4 ,lombroso rema9s unmov$1 un=tunately1 9 8 high s\nd+ & unqualifi$ hypo!sis ( 8diseas$ g5ius40 ,he cont9ues to develop x & to def5d x 9 ?is late/ book ( 81 :i* is replete ) in/ructive details1 & :i* is und\bt$ly ! fir/ consid]able attempt at an etiology ( revolutions & ( political crime4 ,! complex doctr9e ( ,lombroso c\ld be suffici5tly summ$ up1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 by unit+ ^w to ^w--by ! ma!matical sign ( equality--philoneism 7or ! love ( novelties7 ) ! revolution>y _s1 ! revolution>y _s ) g5ius1 g5ius ) insanity1 insanity ) crim9ality1 & crim9ality1 f9ally1 ) progress4 ,b :at a dete/able ?+ progress w\ld !n be6 ,we %\ld h to protect ourselves aga9/ x z we d aga9/ a pe/il5ce4 ,! evolution ( societies does n take place )\t great wa/e & loss1 z we all "k4 ,x %\ld be c>efully %[n :at ^! losses are4 ,! /udy ( ! conditions ( social progress ought to be made 9 great] detail ?an is "h f\nd4 ,! t]ms ( ! imag9$ equation1 :i* "h hov]s be=e our eyes1 %\ld 9 f9e1 if any comp>ison is to be effect$ betwe5 !m1 be subject$ to a mu* m exact quantitative & qualitative analysis4 ,= example1 let u take g5ius4 ,( :at k9ds ( g5ius does ,lombroso speak8 ,x seems to be suffici5t = him t a man has attract$ att5tion1 & made himself talk$ ab\t1 to entitle him to be call$ great1 :ile p]haps he is only a blu/]]1 a bragg>t1 a s]vile imitator1 a m]e homunculus4 ,9 ?is way ! quantity ( g5iuses & tal5t$ individuals he has une>!d is some?+ extraord9>y4 ,! result ( ?is is a radical error 9 8 tables ( ! di/ribution ( g5iuses4 ,! sup]iority t he attributes1 9 ?is respect1 to c]ta9 ( our s\!rn dep>tm5ts1 z comp>$ ) ! ,norman dep>tm5ts1 = example1 w\ld h to be rev]s$ if we consid]$ ! relative quality & k9d ( ! g5ius involv$4 ,= ! same reason1 ! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 g5ius & republican modes ( gov]nm5t is und\bt$ly n s precise & simple z is /at$4 ,b ! wor/ ( x is t 9 ?us augm5t+ ! numb] ( m5 ( g5ius1 x is f\nd t we h1 9 consequ5ce ( ! above m5tion$ equation1 also increas$ ! numb] ( ! dem5t$ & ! deg5]ate6 ,if1 moreov]1 x is true t ! cons]vative m9d1 ) less g5ius1 insanity1 & crim9ality1 is evid5ce ( ! s5ility ( ! race1 h[ c we accept ! !sis t g5ius & ! _s ( innovation are also absolute evid5ce ( a neura/h5ic condition8 ,%all we d5y s\nd n]ves to robu/ & vigor\s y\?8 ,?is1 inde$1 is n :at ,lombroso wi%$ to ass]t4 ,yet ! fam\s !sis always confronts u3 ,latet anguis 9 h]ba4 ,! lea/ sign ( deg5]acy is en\gh = him to br& a man1 & n only are all g5iuses 9 8 eyes unbalanc$1 b ev5 ! insane are )\t any ado baptis$ g5iuses2 ) ! result t all is heap$ toge!r 9 "o great mass--g5ius1 insanity1 & _s ( revolution4 ,i %all n dwell any long] on ^! criticisms4 ,!y are simply int5d$ z an admonition to ! le>n$ ,m4 ,lombroso aga9/ ! allurem5ts ( a badly f\nd$ !ory1 & aga9/ ! dang]s aris+ f a too ha/y prep>ation ( 8 books4 ,:atev] may be its defects1 he has at lea/ br\ght toge!r 9 8 pres5t book _m ideas4 ,i advise all to read ) c>e :at he says ab\t wom5 7& h[ _m w f9d him misonei/ic on ?is po9t671 conc]n+ _! great influ5ce 9 rebellions1 :i* are always b>r5 ( results1 & _! impot5ce 9 revolutions1 :i* are always productive ( good4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 "w1 namely1 9 ! section entitl$ ,juridical & ,political ,applications1 ne>ly all he says is to be comm5d$4 ,i agree ) ! au?ors--or ,i d n wi% to =get ,m4 ,las*i--z to :at !y tell u 9 relation p>ticul>ly to pettifogg+ p>lem5t>ianism & public in/ruction4 ,_! conclusions are p]haps n connect$ ) ! !sis 9 any v intimate mann]4 ,b ?is is n ( mu* consequ5ce1 z !y possess an indep5d5t value ( _! own4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a previ\s communication ,i ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,savvas-,pa*a on ,musulman jurisprud5ce4 ,i h n[ to ann\nce a "w entitl$ ,s\v5irs du ,monde musulman1 by ,m4 ,,*4 ,,mism]1 7publi%$ by ,ha*ette17 ! f\r? & la/ volume ( a valuable s]ies :i* is greatly des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,m4 ,mism]1 :o has liv$ a long "t 9 ! ,ea/--at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ,crete1 & 9 ,egypt--& 0 acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ p]sonages ( ! ,empire1 does n hesitate to return "h to ! !ory :i* he set =? m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago 9 8 ,soires de ,con/ant9ople1 8 !ory1 namely1 ( ! social advantages1 & ev5 ! sup]iority1 ( ,islamism ov] ,*ri/ianity2 subject h[ev] to ! special wor? ( ! races :i* belong to ei!r ( ^! two =ms ( religion4 ,?is op9ion is n lightly utt]$1 & x w appe> ! m /rik+ 9 view ( ! pres5t crisis ( social & moral decomposition :i* is n[ spread+ ?r\gh\t ! we/]n nations4 ,9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,mism] w be f\nd "s ( ! great & /rik+ qualities ( ! obs]v+ & ?\ghtful m9d4 ,9 connection ) a special problem ( great importance 9 public in/ruction1 t ( h]$ity1 ,i %all call to ! att5tion ( my read]s ! foll[+ /atem5t1 made ) ref]5ce to ! "y m5 ( ! 8,egyptian ,mission0 9 ,france1 direct$ by ,m4 ,mism] = t5 ye>s4 8,! capacity ( a pupil10 says he1 80 always f\nd to be intimately connect$ ) ! c]ebral culture ( 8 ance/ors & ! faculties con/itut+ ! sup]iorities ( 8 race40 8,x 0 ! same10 adds he1 8f ! moral /&po9t40 ,und\bt$ly1 if ,m4 ,mism] _h tak5 ! pa9s to make a note ( ! facts summ$ up 9 8 /atem5t1 & to pres5t ! full case ( ! num]\s pupil's t he has _h "u 8 c>e1 he w\ld h be5 able to furni% sci5ce ) data ( ! greate/ value4 ,let u at lea/ receive 8 lessons z he (f]s !m to u4 ,!y are ! fruit ( ! exp]i5ce ( a 8man ( action10 & x speaks well = an obs]vation t x has r5d]$ good s]vice 9 practice4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,! hypo!sis ( ! division ( consci\sness expla9s1 consequ5tly1 mu* bett] ?an t ( ! motive =ce ( m5tal images1 ! facts ( automatic writ+ 7spiritism74 ,! works ( ,b9et1 ,rob]ty1 & ,lombroso are publi%$ by ,alcan4 ,,criticisms ,,& ,,discussions4 ,,comte ,,& ,,turgot4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/3 ,y\r 8note ( inquiry0 m5tion$ on p4 #faa ( ! la/ ,moni/ is answ]$ 9 full by ,littr 9 ,augu/e ,comte et la ,philosophie ,positive1 :]e ,turgot's "n heads ! ?ird *apt]4 ,he %[s t ! latt] discov]$ ! law ( ! ?ree /ages1 !ological1 metaphysical1 & positive1 by ! foll[+ quotation f 8 ,hi/oire des progrs de l'esprit huma94 8,:ile ! connection betwe5 physical effects 0 yet unkn[n1 no?+ 0 m natural ?an to suppose t !y 7 produc$ by intellig5t be+s1 invisible & resembl+ ourselves2 = :at else c\ld !y h resembl$8 ,ev]y?+ t happ5$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( man1 _h its god1 ^: wor%ip 0 soon e/abli%$ by fe> or hope1 & ?is wor%ip 0 conceiv$ 9 accordance ) ! def]5ce accord$ p[]ful m52 = ! gods 7 only m p[]ful m5 & m or less p]fect accord+ z !y 7 ! product ( an age m or less enlight5$ z to ! true p]fections ( humanity4 ,:5 philosoph]s _h recognis$ ! absurdity ( ^! fables1 )\t h[ev] hav+ obta9$ true light ^u natural hi/ory1 !y imag9$ an explanation ( ! causes ( ph5om5a by ab/ract expressions1 su* z ess5ces & faculties3 expressions t nev]!less expla9$ no?+ & t 7 reason$ ab\t z if !y _h be5 be+s1 new div9ities sub/itut$ = ! old ones4 ,^! analogies 7 foll[$ out1 & faculties 7 multipli$ to acc\nt = ea* effect4 ,x 0 only v late1 9 obs]v+ ! me*anical action t bodies h ^u "o ano!r1 t o!r hypo!ses 7 drawn f ?is me*anics1 7de cette mcanique7 :i* ma!matics c\ld develop & exp]i5ce v]ify40 ,littr calls att5tion to 8! great sur5ess ( judgm5t0 t l$ ,turgot to cite only physical ph5om5a :5 he spoke ( ^? t _h ceas$ to be int]pret$ ei!r !ologically or metaphysically4 8,:5 he wrote ?is passage1 positivity 7,i use ?is ^w1 a necess>y creation ( ,m4 ,comte's7 0 only beg9n+ to rea* *emical ph5om5a & _h n yet atta9$ ^? ( biology & sociology40 ,b1 says ,littr1 8aft] res]v+ ! rights ( priority = ?is em95t ?9k]1 !re is no?+ to prev5t ,m4 ,comte f keep+ all ! "p t he _h made himself & t belongs to him4 ,?ree pr9cipal po9ts m>k ,comte's indep5d5ce ( ,turgot4 ,! latt] saw 9 ! conception no?+ m ?an an idea to m$itate ^u2 ,comte saw 9 x a sociological law2 ,turgot did n atta* to x a sket* ( human developm5t2 ,comte develop$ ) ! aid ( ?is law ! :ole hi/orical s]ies2 ,turgot did n p]ceive t he held "o ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( a philosophy2 ,comte1 9 ! same flight ( ?\ght1 w5t f hi/ory become sci5ce to philosophy become positive4 ,! sociological law1 isolat$ 9 ,turgot1 makes "p1 9 ,comte1 ( a va/ :ole3 !re 7 !re=e two indep5d5t creations4 ,ei!r ,m4 ,comte _h n read ,turgot1 or1 m probably1 he _h read him at a "t :5 ?is passage1 :i* to-day awak5s att5tion1 _h no p>ticul> significance40 ,! f\r? *apt] 9 ,littr's ,life ( ,comte has = head+ ! names ( ,kant & ,condorcet4 ,! :ole ( ! =m]'s rem>kable sket* ( g5]al hi/ory is giv5 & ref]5ce is made to ! lett] 9 *ap4 viii1 :]e ,comte1 9 #ahbd1 be+ tw5ty-six ye>s old1 says to ,m4 d',ei*?al1 8 =m] pupil1 8,i h read & r]ead ) inf9ite pleasure ,kant's little treatise2 x is prodigi\s = ! epo*1 & if ,i _h kn[n x six or sev5 ye>s soon] x w\ld h sav$ me tr\ble4 ,i am delight$ t y h translat$ x2 x c contribute v efficaci\sly to prep>+ m9ds = positive philosophy4 ,its g5]al conception or at lea/ its me?od is /ill metaphysical1 b ! details %[ ! positive _s at e in/ant4 ,i _h always reg>d$ ,kant n only z a v /rong head1 b z ! metaphysician t approa*es ! ne>e/ to positive philosophy4 ,b ?is read+ has greatly =tifi$ & especially giv5 precision to my conviction 9 t reg>d4 ,if ,condorcet _h _h k ( ?is writ+1 :i* ,i d n believe1 v little m]it w\ld rema9 to him1 s9ce he c pret5d only to t ( ! conception1 :i* is almo/ z firm &1 9 "s respects1 ev5 cle>] 9 ,kant4 ,z = me1 aft] ?is read+ ,i c f9d 9 myself1 up to ! pres5t "t1 no o!r value ?an t ( hav+ sy/ematis$ & fix$ ! conception t _h be5 sket*$ by ,kant unkn[n to me1 :i* ,i owe *iefly to a sci5tific education2 & ev5 ! mo/ positive & di/9ct /ep t ,i h tak5 aft] him1 seems to me only ! discov]y ( ! law ( ! passage ( human ideas ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages1 !ological1 metaphysical1 & sci5tific2 a law t appe>s to me to be ! f\ndation ( ! "w ^: execution ,kant has c\nsell$4 ,i ?ank my lack ( erudition to-day2 = if my "w1 su* z x is n[1 _h be5 prec$$ by a /udy ( ,kant's treatise1 x w\ld h lo/ mu* ( its value 9 my eyes4 ,i conceive n[1 z y said1 t1 = ! ,g]man philosoph]s t are famili> ) ?is treatise1 my "w w really h a great effect only ) ! second "p40 ,?is "w 0 a %ort "o repr9t$ 9 ,sa9t-,simon's ,cat*isme des indu/riels & call$ 8,a ,sy/em ( ,positive ,politics40 ,x _h be5 ins]t$ two ye>s be=e1 "u ! title ( 8,a ,plan ( ! ,"w ,necess>y = ! ,reorganisation ( ,society10 9 a pamphlet ( ,sa9t-,simon's1 )\t ,comte's "n1 & x 0 because ! latt] insi/$1 ?is "t1 ^u an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 au?or%ip t ,sa9t-,simon broke ) him4 ,! 8second "p10 :i* 0 to produce ! great effect ^u ! ,g]man philosoph]s1 nev] appe>$2 or r1 x soon grew to be ! ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy1 begun on ! #b;d ( ,april1 #ahbf1 be=e ,humboldt1 ,bla9ville1 & o!r celebrat$ li/5]s4 ,! t]m positive philosophy _h long be5 us$ by ,sa9t-,simon & 8 s*ool1 ,comte among ! re/1 n 9 ! special s5se t ! latt] n[ gave x1 b z a 8g5]ic "n = ! :ole ( sci5ce40 ,! fir/ use ( ! words z we n[ und]/& !m is 9 a lett] f ,comte to ,m4 d',ei*?al1 dat$ ,aug4 #e1 #ahbd4 8,i _c help recall+ y\r judici\s reflection ^u ! influ5ce t social physics1 once =m$1 w h ^u sci5tific philosophy4 ,i g ev5 fur!r ?an y1 = ,i ?9k t x w be only !n t a v]itable philosophy ( ! sci5ces c exi/4 ,all ! philosophical ideas t are !re to-day1 al?\gh v preci\s up to t "t1 appe> to me to h no?+ m ?an a simply provisory 7provisoire7 "*4 ,i %all speak a little ab\t ?is relation 9 ! g5]al preface t ,i ann\nce to y1 :]e ,i %all expla9 t ! true title ( my "w w\ld be positive philosophy1 & t if ,i pref]r$ politics1 x is because t is ! mo/ urg5t philosophical application & ! "o t is to f\nd ! sci5ce1 b t lat] ,i or y or o!rs w complete ?is sy/em ( ideas by ! encyclop$ic re-co9age ( all our positive cognitions 7connaissances71 :i* ought really to be conceiv$ z a s+le mass1 al?\gh1 = good culture1 x is indisp5sable to pres]ve & to pu% ev51 9 "o s5se1 fur!r ?an x is1 ! division ( labor1 s t ea* special savant c always1 subsequ5tly1 conceive ! relation ( 8 bran* & ev5 ( 8 twig to ! univ]sal trunk40 ,9 a lett] ( ab\t ?is date ,comte ref]s to 8 habit ( nev] rewrit+ any?+4 ,8 memory p]mitt$ him to look ^u a volume z f9i%$ :5 x _h be5 ?\ght out & be=e a l9e _h be5 writt54 ,b ev5 9 8 lett]s we notice "s ( ! disadvantages ( ?is proc$ure1 :i*1 :ile conducive to unity1 sacrifices lit]>y =m4 ,x is true t ,comte /udi$ "u ,sa9t-,simon2 b1 accord+ to ,littr1 8 purely philosophical dep5d5ce 0 v slight1 :ile 8 influ5ce ^u 8 ma/] 0 important4 8,:at =ms ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,sa9t-,simon at ! epo* :5 he liv$1 is ! social de/9ation t he assigns )\t hesitat+ to ! ideas t preoccupy him4 ,he has1 z we h se51 only ! mo/ confus$ notion ( :at ?is philosophy w be2 b1 no matt] :at x is to be1 he consecrates x 9 advance to ! reorganisation ( society40 ,z reg>ds ,condorcet1 ,comte en?usia/ically ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ! 8,sket* ( an ,hi/orical ,table ( ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,m9d10 & ev5 goes beyond ! facts1 z he did 9 8 praise ( ,kant4 ,littr makes a fair division ( cr$it among o!rs z well z ^? already nam$1 & concludes z foll[s3 8,turgot _h discov]$ t human conceptions1 at fir/ !ological1 aft]w>ds become metaphysical & end by be+ positive4 ,kant _h kn[n t hi/ory is a natural ph5om5on1 subject$ to a det]m9ate c\rse1 & ,condorcet1 pu%$ h>d] ?an 8 pr$ecessors by advanc+ "t10 7he _h be5 condemn$ to dea?7 8_h attempt$ to trace a table t %\ld put 9 evid5ce ! en*a9m5t ( ! progresses ( civilisation4 ,^! are great ?+s1 b !y are /ill only rudim5ts2 = nei!r ,turgot nor 8 successors make use ( ! discov]$ law to f\nd ^u ?is g5]al fact evolution2 ,kant1 :o p]ceives cle>ly ! necessity ( conceiv+ hi/ory z regulat$ by ! conditions inh]5t to humanity1 is unable to base ?is important notion on any?+ bett] ?an an priori idea0 7! metaphysical pr9ciple t nature does no?+ 9 va91 & t z human faculties d n rea* _! developm5t 9 ! individual1 :o is ephem]al1 !y mu/ d s 9 ! species1 :i* is durable7 8& ?us he leaves x incapable ( fix+ ! att5tion ( a c5tury ^: t5d5cies 7 m & m positive2 la/ly ,condorcet has no o!r guide ?an ! negative philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 a "w to :i* x c\ld br+ only contradiction40 ,john ,/u>t ,mill says ( ,comte t 8f> f pret5d+ to orig9ality :5 he _h really no "r to d s1 he 0 eag] to atta* 8 mo/ orig9al ?\ghts to e g]m ( a simil> idea t he met ) among 8 pr$ecessors40 ,speak+ = himself1 ,littr says ( ! law ( ! ?ree /ages1 8,i d n reject x1 ,i re/ra9 x4 ,z long z we rema9 9 ! sci5tific ord] & consid] ! conception ( ! _w fir/ !ological1 !n metaphysical1 f9ally positive1 ! law ( ! ?ree /ages has its full efficacy 9 direct+ ! speculations ( hi/ory4444 ,b 9 hi/ory all is n compris$ 9 ! sci5tific ord]4 ,m4 ,comte1 :o has said some:]e t x is necess>y to suppose1 at ! beg9n+ ( humanity1 c]ta9 notions t 7 nei!r !ological nor metaphysical1 has indicat$ ! g]m1 ,i w n say ( my objection1 b ( my re/riction4 ,9 fact ?is law ( ! ?ree /ages compreh5ds nei!r indu/rial1 nor moral1 nor /hetic developm5t4 ,x has h[ev]1 ! excell5t "* ( be+ relative to ! speculations 9 :i* evolution by filiation is mo/ manife/ & consequ5tly ( giv+ a positive notion ( ! m>* ( hi/ory40 ,is x true1 z /at$ on p4 #efe ( ,! ,moni/ = ,july1 t ,/u>t ,mill adopt$ ,hume's 8errone\s conception ( causality0 to ! ext5t impli$ 9 ! foll[+ passage8 8,?is idea ( #8sequ5ce' h[ev] 0 exactly ,hume's mi/ake1 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,mill1 & ?r\gh ,mr4 ,mill popul>is$ among ,engli% ?9k]s4 ,if ! nature ( cause & effect 7 really con/itut$ by inv>iable sequ5ce1 !n ! night might be call$ ! effect ( ! day because night is inv>iably consequ5t ^u day40 ,! only au?ority at h& on ! isl& f :i* ,i write is ,clem5ceau's translation ( ,mill's 8,augu/e ,comte & ,positivism10 :]e1 on p4 #fa1 ,i read z foll[s1 8,! succession ( day & night is j z mu* an inv>iable succession z ! alt]nate exposition ( ! e>?'s two opposite sides to ! sun4 ,yet day & night are n ! cause ( ea* o!r2 :y8 ,because _! succession1 al?\gh inv>iable1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 is n s unconditionally3 ^! ph5om5a succe$ ea* o!r only ^u ! condition t ! pres5ce & ! abs5ce ( ! sun succe$ ea* o!r2 & if ?is alt]nation 7 to cease1 day & night w\ld n foll[ ea* o!r4 ,!re are ?us two k9ds ( uni=mities ( succession1 "o )\t conditions1 ! o!r dep5d5t on ! =m]3 laws ( causation1 & o!r successions :i* dep5d on ^! laws40 ,9 a note ,mill ref]s to 8 ,sy/em ( ,d$uctive & ,inductive ,logic4 ,,l\is ,,belrose1 ,,jr4 ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,pr(essor ,,james',s ,,discussion ,,( ,,att5tion4 ,9 8 rec5t treatise on psy*ology ,pr(essor ,james discusses 9 an int]e/+ & sugge/ive way ! relation ( ideation to att5tion1 ma9ta9+ t 8ideational prep>ation 444 is conc]n$ 9 all att5tive acts40 ,att5tion is 8anticipatory imag9ation0 or 8prep]ception0 :i* prep>es ! m9d = :at x is to exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! s*oolboy1 li/5+ = ! clock to /rike twelve1 anticipates 9 imag9ation & is prep>$ to he> p]fectly ! v fir/ s\nd ( ! /rik+4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t 9 ! =m ( att5tion we t]m expectant1 :]e we are await+ "s giv5 impression1 !re is a repres5t+1 ant$at+ exp]i5ce1 :i* may be a prep>atory prep]ception4 ,b ) a wrong imag+ ( :at is to be exp]i5c$ !re is h9drance1 z :5 9 a d>k quiet room we are l$ to expect s5sation ( light b actually receive s5sation ( s\nd4 ,v (t51 inde$1 our anticipations make u unprep>$ = exp]i5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! exp]im5ts adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,james f ,wundt & ,helmholtz are 9 ! s+le =m ( expectant att5tion1 & we mu/ rem>k t 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! reag5t is also exp]im5t]1 & ?is introduces a new att5tion1 consci\sness ( consci\sness1 & t ( a peculi> k9d1 :i* complicates an already complex consci\sness4 ,9 g5]al we may say t exp]im5tally incit$ consci\sness is artificial1 at lea/ z f> z x feels itself z su*1 & = c]ta9 po9ts l simple att5tion ?is t5ds to vitiate results4 ,self-exp]im5tation or exp]im5t on ^? consci\s ( x z su* may mislead 9 c]ta9 cases1 & mu/1 s f> z ?is elem5t ( consci\sness ( exp]im5t is n all[$ =4 ,9 physical sci5ce ?+s always act naturally :e!r ) obs]vation or exp]im5t1 b 9 psy*ology obs]vation1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is m tru/wor?y ?an exp]im5t4 ,9 all cases ( expectant or exp]im5tally expectant att5tion1 ! att5tion does n1 h[ev]1 lie 9 ! expectancy or 9 ! imag+ z su*1 b x is m]ely ! w ef=t conc]n$ 9 ^! op]ations4 ,yet z we may expect )\t ef=t1 & preconceive )\t volition1 att5tion is necess>ily involv$ 9 nei!r4 ,a p]ception or a prep]ception is an att5tion only z accompli%$ by w ) ef=t1 b only an unatt5tion :5 purely involunt>y4 ,pr(essor ,james's use ( att5tion z prep]ception br+s u back to ! common idea ( att5tion1 z any consci\sness :i* cognises some?+4 ,?is is s inbr$ 9 ?\ght & language t x is mo/ difficult to avoid us+ ! t]m 9 ?is s5se4 ,_m psy*ologi/s l ,mr4 ,james & ,mr4 ,sully frequ5tly m5tion att5tion z a w ph5om5on b !y d n treat x "u w1 & !y con/antly return to ! cognition mean+4 ,hffd+1 h[ev]1 treats att5tion "u psy*ology ( w4 ,att5tion z ! ex]cise ( w 9 build+ up & ma9ta9+ cognitive activity1 is naturally treat$ "u cognition2 b x is on ! :ole saf] & bett] to discuss att5tion "u w s z to keep x %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! pres5tation =m :i* x vitalises4 ,i h endeavor$ to hold ! t]m /rictly to ?is s5se1 yet x is n unlikely ,i may sometimes unwitt+ly c\nt5ance ! common confusion1 b tru/ ! in/ances w be few4 ,:5 we h1 !n1 a case ( expectant att5tion we mu/ di/+ui% ! att5tion 9 ! imag+ f ! att5tion 9 ! actual cognis+4 ,x is1 inde$1 true = u almo/ inv>iably t cognitive /ra9 )\t imm$iate realisation is inc5tive to ideat+4 ,9 li/5+ 9 ! night 9 va9 = a s\nd we he> 9 imag9ation _m s\nds1 & we =m prep>atory ideas ( :at we are to he>4 ,s5se-adju/m5ts call up a tra9 ( s5sations 9 ideal =m4 ,b x is obvi\s t l[ intellig5ces :i* h no p[] ( expectancy or ideation d yet really att5d4 ,! v fir/ cognitions & all e>ly cognitions by _! v newness & difficulty 7 att5tions long be=e ideation 0 evolv$4 ,) l[ organisms1 z cognitive p[] ext5ds only to ! pres5t 9 "t & space1 imm$iacy ( reaction is imp]atively dem&$1 & e t5sion ( cognitive app>atus is imm$iately directive ( motor app>atus s t suitable motion is at once accompli%$4 ,! cognition1 ?\gh dim & evanesc5t factor1 is yet p[]fully en]gis$1 & s a true att5tion4 ,always ) l[e/ s5ti5cies1 & (t5 ) high]1 pa9 is sudd5ly realis$ )\t anticipation1 foll[$ quickly by att5tion z /rong ef=t to cognise ! nature & quality ( ! pa9-giv] & s to effectually get rid ( pa9-giv] & pa94 ,prelim9>y idea1 !n1 _c occur 9 e>ly att5tions & 9 late att5tions x is by no means necess>y4 ,x is said t we see only :at we look =1 b x mu/ be answ]$ t see+ commonly happ5s )\t any look+ =4 ,! k9d]g>t5 *ild1 ,pr(essor ,james to ! contr>y not)/&+1 is n conf9$ 9 8 see+ to m]ely ^? ?+s :i* he has be5 told to see & ^: names h be5 giv5 him4 ,a *ild cont9ually asks1 ,:at is t8 & is quick to disc]n ! absolutely new & /range4 ,he accompli%es a wide v>iety ( att5tions )\t ideas & gives himself almo/ entirely to imm$iate pres5tations4 ,to be sure1 e "o sees only :at he is prep>$ to see1 only :at is made possible = him by 8 m5tal con/itution z det]m9$ by 8 own pre-exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5ce ( 8 ance/ors1 b ?is does n signify ideation4 ,e cognis+ is condition$ by ! pa/1 b ?is does n call = a reawak5+ & project+ 9 ideal =m at e in/ance ( cognitive ef=t1 be=e any real cognition is rea*$4 ,9 fact1 _m1 if n ! mo/ ( our att5tions1 are m]ely int5sify+s ( "s pres5t cognition1 ( "s cognitive psy*osis :i* has simply come or happ5$4 ,take ! in/ance ( att5tion to m>g9al ret9al images1 ?is c]ta9ly does n always imply prep]ception1 ! =m+ ( an idea ( :at we are to see1 ?\gh 9 ! cases m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,james x may4 ,= example1 ,i 0 writ+ ! above seat$ ) my pr(ile to ! w9d[ :5 ,i became sudd5ly aw>e1 ?r\gh ! physiological ag5cy ( a m>g9al image1 ( a mov+ object to my "r4 ,?is p]ception ( b>e undef9$ object 0 spontane\s1 a pure giv52 ,i ex]cis$ no w 9 atta9+ x1 & s ! /ate ( cognition 0 n an att5tion4 ,h[ev]1 by att5d+1 by int5sify+ ! cognition by w ef=t1 ,i p]ceive t ! indef9ite object is a man walk+ on ! sidewalk1 :o is ( a c]ta9 height1 clo!d 9 a c]ta9 way1 etc4 ,i d n trace ! lea/ ideation 9 ! :ole process1 ! slight att5d+ z act ( w did n imply any ant]ior or po/]ior idea or repres5tation4 ,! reason = ! w act 0 ! intr9sic int]e/ ( movem5t1 & ?is intr9sic int]e/ arises 9 ! fact t mov+ objects h _h = all life a special pleasure-pa9 significance1 ! mov+ object is ! mo/ dang]\s1 & s motion p]ceiv$ has become +ra9$ 9 m9d z a special /imulant ( att5tion4 ,?is habit ( att5tiv5ess to ?+s 9 motion survives & cont9ues = cases :]e x is ( no use & ev5 ( h>m2 ?us1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x div]ts me f my "w4 ,x is obvi\s t att5tion (t5 occurs 9 ! same way = o!r s5ses )\t prelim9>y idea4 ,on ! :ole we mu/ conclude t att5tion is a mu* abus$ t]m1 & x is to be hop$ t psy*ologi/s w = ! future keep to ! def9ite & be/ use ( ! t]m2 namely1 to d5ote cognitive ef=t 9 all its degrees & modes4 ,,hiram ,m4 ,,/anley4 ,,is ,,monism ,,arbitr>y8 ,9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #c1 ( ,! ,moni/1 a v k9d criticism appe>$ f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,francis ,c4 ,russell ( ! doctr9e ( a d\ble-fac$ unity ( m9d & matt]4 ,x 0 said t ?is doctr9e is v f> f induc+ t f9al satisfaction :i* we rightly expect ( a compet5t !ory1 & ! critic prop\nd$ z a possible explanation ( m5tal ph5om5a ! po/ulate ( a cons]vation ( _s4 ,he calls _s ! elem5t>y basis ( consci\sness consid]$ z a quality4 ,_s w\ld be ! subjectivity ( nature1 ! elem5ts ( feel+1 or z ,pr(essor ,morgan calls x metak9esis2 & consci\sness w\ld orig9ate 9 ! same way z electricity1 i4 e41 by r5d+ _s asund] into positive & negative _s s z to produce a t5sion4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( consci\sness 9 t spiritual 8dynamo0 :i* is call$ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is proposition seems to be highly acceptable because x /&s ^u ! pr9ciple ( a cons]vation ( sub/ance & attempts to repres5t ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness z due to a trans=mation4 ,b does x = t reason remove ! difficulties ( ! doctr9e ( a d\ble-fac$ unity ( nature1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,russell says1 8is op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ arbitr>y & br+s no access ( insight08 ,is n p]haps ! t]m d\ble-fac$ unity 7:i* is none ( my inv5tion1 & :i* ,i h be5 c>eful to avoid7 a mislead+ & unsatisfactory t]m8 ,:y %\ld nature be d\ble-fac$8 ,:y are feel+ & motion ! only two attributes ( natural ph5om5a8 ,is ?is n arbitr>y8 ,c\ld nature n be j z well a treble or quadruple-fac$ unity4 ,nature might possess1 z ,sp9oza actually decl>es1 inf9ite attributes ( :i* ^! two only1 viz4 ext5sion & ?\ght1 i4 e4 motion & feel+1 happ5 to be kn[n to u4 ,x is ?is app>5t arbitr>9ess :i* b>s our insight & deprives u ( ! satisfaction t ought to att5d ! real solution ( a problem4 ,b let u avoid ! t]m d\ble-fac$ unity2 let u speak ( ! subjectivity & ! objectivity ( nature1 & ! cl\ds w disappe>4 ,! doctr9e ( a d\ble-fac$ unity has be5 criticis$ z dualism1 & ! proposition t nature consi/s ( two radically diff]5t attributes--exactly ( two1 n m & n less--mu/ mo/ decid$ly appe> z dualism4 ,b is x duali/ic to say t e subject appe>s to its objects n z a subject b z an object among o!r objects8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! relativity ( ! t]ms subject & object af=ds u ! key to a compreh5sion ( ! situation4 ,?is _w ( ours is a _w ( relations4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature exhibit an unceas+ activity2 !y consi/ ( con/ant *anges1 & e *ange1 e motion1 has a :5ce & a :i!r4 ,e trans=mation is a s]ies ( ev5ts among :i* any prior "o is call$ cause & any subsequ5t "o effect4 ,if we reg>d feel+ & motion z two attributes ( nature1 we are actually on ! br9k ( dualism1 & we %all und]/& h[ ,sp9oza1 9 ord] to escape f dualism & arrive at a moni/ic view1 assum$ )\t any plausible argum5t ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( attributes4 ,?is assumption h[ev] is ( no avail1 = ! problem w\ld arise3 ,h[ is x t we "k only two ( all ^! inf9ite attributes8 ,:y d we n "k any o!r8 & :y are we unable to =m ev5 a dim notion ( any o!r8 ,if !y exi/ :y d !y exhibit no effects ^u u8 ,p]haps because we ourselves & ?is _w ( ours consi/ only ( two6 ,& if !y exhibit no effects ^u u & ^u our _w1 c !y be said to exi/ at all8 ,might we n1 9 t case1 consid] !m z non-exi/5t & c\nt ! two kn[n attributes alone z actual realities8 ,?us ! dualism w\ld rema92 & ,sp9oza's monism is only app>5t4 ,! same objection _c be made if we rema9 consci\s ( ! fact t feel+s are z mu* ab/racts z motions4 ,subjectivity & objectivity are correlative t]ms4 ,!re is z little a duality 9 ! idea1 t subjects presuppose objects z t effects presuppose causes4 ,!re are n causes 9 ! _w :i* are no?+ b causes1 nor are !re effects :i* are no?+ b effects4 ,take = in/ance an hi/orical ev5t4 ,0 ,cs>'s dea? a cause or an effect8 ,pla9ly1 ?is dep5ds ^u ! view we take4 ,z ! sequ5ce ( ! w\nds :i* ,cs> receiv$ f 8 assass9s x 0 an effect2 z ! beg9n+ ( ! civil w> consequ5t !reupon x 0 a cause4 ,if ,i look at y1 y are ! object & ,i am ! subject4 ,if y look at me1 x is ! rev]se4 ,?us ! relation ( a c]ta9 ?+ to its surr\nd+s makes ( x a subject1 :ile ! surr\nd+s are its objects4 ,subject & object be+ correlatives1 we c v well und]/& :y !re are no 8subjects 9 !mselves02 e subject is at ! same "t an object 9 ! objective _w4 ,we c fur!r und]/&1 :y e subjectivity except our own )draws itself f direct obs]vation4 ,we c obs]ve ! movem5ts ( organisms l ourselves & judge by way ( analogy t !y feel pa9 or enjoy pleasure4 ,we see _! motions :i* betray c]ta9 feel+s1 b we c nev] see ! feel+s !mselves2 & ev5 suppos+ t we c\ld ent] into ! bra9 ( a man & t ! :ole me*anism ( bra9-action 7 laid op5 to our inspection 9 its m9ute/ details1 we %\ld see motions1 comb9ations & sep>ations1 integrations & dis9tegrations1 we %\ld see ! oxydation ( ! gray sub/ance1 :i* w\ld appe> z a great turmoil & excitem5t1 b we %\ld see 7z ,leibnitz says7 no ?\ghts1 no p]ceptions1 no feel+s4 ,t x _c be o!rwise is obvi\s :5 we consid] t our objects w always pres5t to u ! "* ( objectivity4 ,b suppose ,we 7 an atom ( oxyg5 & ent]$ into ! process ( bra9-action z an active factor1 our subjectivity w\ld soon become absorb$ & weld$ into a high] unity ) ! subjectivity ( ! o!r atoms4 ,we %\ld !n1 z a "p ( t bra9's consci\sness1 feel ^! feel+s1 p]ceptions1 & ?\ghts2 we %\ld1 !n1 be ! subject :i* we c\ld n see & :i* we 7 se>*+ = 9 va9 9 ! _w ( objectivity4 ,?is conception ( ! correlation ( subjectivity & objectivity does n only conv9c+ly expla9 ! unity ( feel+ & motion1 x does n only e/abli% a satisfactory monism1 x ?r[s light also on "s o!r ( ! que/ions t puzzle u4 ,h[ is x t we d n feel our bra9-motions to be bra9-motions8 ,we feel our feel+s only2 & :5 feel+ our feel+s we d n s mu* feel t we feel z :at we feel4 ,9 o!r words1 we feel ! cont5ts ( our feel+s2 we feel _! import1 _! mean+2 we are aw>e ( _! significance2 our consci\sness is consci\s ( ! object1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is indicat$ by ?is special feel+4 ,our att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u ! messages convey$ by & conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t feel+s4 ,^! messages ( c]ta9 feel+s are ! int]pretations giv5 ei!r to c]ta9 s5se-impressions or !y are ! ?\ght-symbols repres5t+ "s ab/racts1 repres5t+ c]ta9 features ( s5se-impressions4 ,h[ little we feel our bra9-motions :5 we ?9k1 c be le>n$ f ! fact t "s nations place ! seat ( ?9k+ 9 ! he>t1 o!rs 9 ! /oma* or ev5 ! b[els1 :ile ev5 s great a naturali/ z ,ari/otle reg>d$ ! bra9 z cold & ins5sible2 he made ! obs]vation t man is 9 possession ( ! relatively l>ge/ bra91 b he und]/ood its function s little t he ?\ght x s]v$ to cool ! w>m? ris+ f ! he>t4 ,x is /range t e subjective feel+ s long z x rema9s )9 itself c nei!r be localis$ nor det]m9$4 ,we "k no?+ :atev] ( ! bra9-motion t ?9ks a c]ta9 idea4 ,we c fairly assume t e idea is 9 its objective exi/5ce a peculi> k9d ( bra9 motion tak+ place 9 a p>ticul> "p ( ! bra91 b we are n consci\s ( ! bra9-motion z a special & localis$ motion4 ,we are q unable to tell ! diff]5ce t we mu/ suppose to exi/ betwe5 ! =ms ( ! bra9-/ructures or comb9ations ( bra9-/ructures & _! motions :5 we ?9k say = in/ances ( virtue & ( vice4 ,we are consci\s only ( ! idea & n ( _! objective correlates4 ,:atev] we "k ( our body1 we "k only ?r\gh s5sation2 i4 e41 by ! same means by :i* we "k ( o!r ?+s4 ,our body is to u1 & is repres5t$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! s5ses1 z an object 9 ! objective _w4 ,z su* x is localis$ & all its relations & activities are det]m9$4 ,:atev] subjective feel+ we h conc]n+ any /ate ( ourselves1 rema9s indi/9ct until ) ! help ( ! s5ses x is made an object to our obs]vation4 ,:o has n z yet made ! exp]i5ce t he 0 unable to localise a too?a*e4 ,! pa9 itself gives no in=mation ei!r z to its nature & cause or z to ! seat ( ! suff]+4 ,! pa9 itself is purely subjective4 ,all ! objective facts h to be localis$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! s5ses4 ,! suspect$ regions mu/ be made ! object ( exp]im5ts & if any irritation ( a c]ta9 spot increases ! a*e1 x w be assum$ to be ! seat ( ! pa94 ,& ev5 !n h[ (t5 is a pati5t mi/ak5 n only almo/ always z to ! nature b (t5 also z to ! seat ( ! pa94 ,^! facts appe> /range1 b !y cease to be /range1 :5 we consid] t ! nature ( subjectivity is feel+4 ,subjectivity c z little become directly consci\s ( its own objectivity z an eye c look at itself4 ,h[ev]1 an eye c look at its image 9 ! mirror4 ,s ! complex ( subjective exi/5ce1 :i* is ?r\gh ! int]action ( an organism unit$ 9 :at we call a s\l1 c & does turn ! *annels ( its own s5ses back ^u itself & ?us =ms an op9ion conc]n+ its own objectivity4 ,man's k ( 8 own objective exi/5ce is n due to any int]nal & direct p]ception ( self1 b solely to ! same exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* he receives in=mation conc]n+ ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,p4 ,c4 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,a ,,critic4 ,,) ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,necess>y ,,tru?s4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/3 ,i hope x is n a brea* ( etiquette to ask y to =w>d to y\r review] ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 reply to 8 criticism ( my "w 7,! ,f\ndations ( ,geometry1 review$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a1 ( ,! ,moni/74 ,if he is good en\gh to review my second book also1 ,i ?9k !y w cle> up "s misund]/&+s4 ,y\r review] comm5ces ) "s g5]al rem>ks1 aga9/ :i* ,i h no?+ to say4 ,he !n proce$s to consid] my 8requirem5ts = a logical def9ition40 ,"h he seems to f9d a difficulty--:i* may be due to my n hav+ express$ myself cle>ly4 ,if s ,i hope he w read :at ,i say on ! same subject 9 my ,essay on ,reason+1 :i* ,i _c believe he w f9d 8indef9ite0 or n well 8issuable40 ,b inde$ ,i _c see :]e 8 difficulty comes 9 ) my old /atem5t ( ! case4 ,i /ate p]fectly cle>ly t requirem5ts 7#c7 & 7#d7 are n logically necess>y = a def9ition1 b are only requir$ if t def9ition is int5d$ to give a p>ticul> mean+ to ! ^w4 ,he tries to r$uce my argum5t ad absurdum by giv+ a def9ition ( 8tr(t40 ,b s f> f be+ absurd 8 def9ition is p]fectly good4 ,accord+ to x 8tr(t0 w\ld include 9 its d5otation all our p]cepts & concepts4 ,:5 h[ev] he goes on to say 8444 ,^! significant names mu/ be s us$ t ! intellectual s5sibility %all be excit$ to p]ceive t :i* is int5d$ to be def9$10 ,i diff] f him entirely4 ,?is is only requir$ = a description1 n = a def9ition 7see ,essay on ,reason+1 p4 #ec74 ,y\r review]'s only solid objection to my 8requirem5ts0 seems to be t ! f\r? includes all ! re/4 ,?is is only true if ! t]m propos$ = def9ition has an import :i* has already be5 det]m9$2 b ev5 9 su* a case x is bett] to consid] ! requirem5ts sep>ately1 z ,i h giv5 !m4 ,= ! =ce ( objections "u ! diff]5t head+s v>ies enorm\sly4 ,an objection "u head+ 7#a71 if e/abli%$1 w\ld be fatal to any def9ition :atev]4 ,"o "u head+ 7#b7 s f> f be+ fatal w\ld only be a sugge/ion = ! improvem5t ( ! def9ition4 ,objections "u ei!r ( ! head+s 7#c7 & 7#d7 w\ld only be to ! effect t ! t]m z def9$ meant some?+ diff]5t f :at x 0 desir$ t x %\ld mean4 ,x is h[ev] conv5i5t to consid] 7#c7 & 7#d7 sep>ately z x w\ld g5]ally be possible to decide 7#c7 at once1 :]eas if a d\bt 7 rais$ "u head+ 7#d7 x might lead to a prolong$ discussion be=e x c\ld be laid4 ,i d n h[ev] pret5d t ! 8requirem5ts0 are laid d[n 9 my ,f\ndations ( ,geometry 9 ! be/ possible =m4 ,inde$ ,i h alt]$ ! =m 9 my second essay4 ,!re is moreov] "o requirem5t = a logical def9ition :i* is n includ$ 9 my head+ 7#a7 9 ! ,f\ndations ( ,geometry1 ?\gh x is includ$ 9 7#d74 ,?is defect is rem$i$ 9 ! ,essay on ,reason+ 7p4 #ee74 ,x is curi\s t y\r review] %\ld h miss$ ?is po9t1 z x is ! v "o on :i* he attacks my def9ition ( 8direction40 ,x is t ! ass]tions 9 a def9ition mu/ n be indep5d5t ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m def9$4 ,if !y 71 ! ass]tion w\ld be equally true 7or false7 :atev] mean+ ! t]m might h4 ,! import ( ! t]m w\ld !re=e be unlimit$4 ,9 ! case ( explicit def9itions a simil> error is call$ circulus 9 def9i5do4 ,:5 y\r review] goes on to attack my def9ition ( 8direction0 :y does he *ange 8 front all at once1 & disreg>d all ! consid]ations he has j be5 discuss+8 ,:y does he n apply my1 or 8 own1 requirem5ts = a def9ition to ! case 9 po9t8 ,! criticism he actually does put =w>d w n be> a mom5t's inve/igation4 ,if my def9ition is 8circul>10 ! ass]tion mu/ be equally true :atev] mean+ is ascrib$ to ! t]m4 ,well1 !n1 let u try ! effect ( giv+ to x ! mean+ we ord9>ily ascribe to 8*eese40 ,is x equally true t 8a *eese may be conceiv$ to be indicat$ by nam+ two po9ts1 z ! *eese f "o to ! o!r08 ,cle>ly n4 ,b n only does ?is "o ass]tion out ( my def9ition exclude ! import ( 8*eese0 f ! mean+ ( 8direction10 b1 m p>ticul>ly1 x di/+ui%es betwe5 ! 8?ree di/9ct b closely associat$ notions0 :i* y\r review] q rightly says 8become confus$ 9 ?\ght & expression unless ! mo/ solicit\s c>e is tak5 to di/+ui% !m40 ,?is is exactly ! c>e :i* ,i h tak51 by fram+ my def9ition4 ,i ne$ n say mu* ab\t ! re/ ( ! criticism4 ,y\r review]'s rem>ks on my def9ition ( 8angle0 are simply due to ! fact t he has n read ! def9ition c>efully1 & probably has n read ! note on ! top ( page #cf at all4 ,x may make x cle>] to him if ,i po9t out t if 8we imag9e a nor!a/-s\?we/ l9e cutt+ an ea/-we/ l9e10 we imag9e f\r diff]5t directions & !re=e 7#dc7_/7ab7 #f angles4 ,two ( ^! are ! /raight angles betwe5 ! opposite directions ( ea* ( ! two l9es4 ,! o!r f\r are :at ,euclid calls 8! angles betwe5 ! l9es40 ,z an angle1 accord+ to my def9ition1 has no local habitation 9 space1 x is1 prima facie1 mean+less to talk ( ! 8"r h& upp] angle40 ,b if ?is is only an abbreviation = 8! angle betwe5 ! directions upw>ds & to ! "r10 !n 8! "r h& upp] angle0 means ! same z x w\ld 9 ,euclid4 ,) ! rem>ks ab\t ! nature ( ! *all5ge ,i h ?r[n d[n ,i he>tily agree4 ,may ,i h[ev] sugge/ t ,i h a "r to expect t criticism %\ld be1 n only 8compet5t & c&id10 b c>eful8 ,x is a difficult subject1 & ,i at lea/ am n always able to express myself 9 su* a way t my mean+ _c be misund]/ood by any "o4 ,i ?9k if y\r review] looks at :at ,i h said aga91 ) ! aid ( :at ,i say fur!r 9 my ,essay on ,reason+1 he w see t 8 criticisms h really orig9at$ 9 misund]/&+s1 & p]haps he w alt] 8 judgm5t t ,i h 8come %ort ( ! high result to :i* ,i aspir$40#ah ,b my *ief object 9 writ+ to y to-day is to br+ specially to y\r notice my ideas on ! nature ( s-call$ 8necess>y tru?s40 ,i am n q cle> h[ f> y w f9d my views h>monise ) y\r own4 ,to a great ext5t ,i am incl9$ to ?9k !y are simply a fur!r analysis ( ! views y express 9 ,! ,moni/ & 9 y\r ,fundam5tal ,problems4 ,i w briefly sket* my own ideas & y c !n judge :e!r !y are y\rs also or n4 ,9 my ,essay on ,reason+ ,i classify ass]tions z ,truisms 7ass]tions ^: tru? dep5ds solely on ! def9itions ( _! t]ms7 & ,real ,ass]tions1 :i* convey "s real subjective or objective in=mation4 ,i %[ t ! validity ( all purely =mal k dep5ds on ! fact t x is d$uc$ f def9itions alone1 :i* are laid d[n arbitr>ily & t ! suppos$ peculi> c]ta9ty ( ! !orems ( pure ma!matics is m]ely due to ! fact t !y are all truisms4 ,?us1 ,i ?9k x a misnom] to call su* !orems 8necess>y0 tru?s4 ,x w\ld be ne>] ! m>k to call !m 8arbitr>y0 tru?s4 ,!re is no necessity :atev] ab\t ! !orem 8twice two is f\r40 8,two0 is def9$ z #a #a2 8twice10 z ! op]ation ( add+ a ?+ to itself4 ,x foll[s f ?is t 8twice two0 is #a #a #a #a2 & ?is1 by def9ition1 is 8f\r40 ,if 8f\r0 7 def9$ z #a #a #a1 7& !re is no 8necess>y0 reason :y x %\ld n be17 !n 8twice two0 w\ld n be 8f\r40 ,! ass]tion 8twice two is f\r0 conveys no real in=mation :atev]--at be/ x c\ld only tell u :at "o ( its t]ms meant if !y _h n all be5 previ\sly def9$4 ,i _c insi/ too /rongly on ! importance ( a prop] und]/&+ & use ( logical def9ition4 ,if y desire to "k :e!r a giv5 ass]tion is true or false1 a priori or a po/]iori1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! inve/igation ,,mu/ be to f9d out h[ its t]ms 7 def9$4 ,if x turns out t ! tru? 7or falsehood7 ( ! ass]tion c be =mally d$uc$ f ^! def9itions1 !n ! ass]tion is a truism 7or contradiction 9 t]ms73 9 ei!r case x c give no real in=mation1 & ev5 if true _c be a 8necess>y0 tru?4 ,only if ! def9itions ( ! t]ms are bo? indep5d5t & consi/5t is x op5 to discussion h[ we might come to a k ( ! fact x expresses4 ,i may briefly indicate "h h[ ,i ?9k ! problem ought to be attack$4 8,objective facts0 c only be e/abli%$ by induction4 ,i d n mean by t t]m necess>ily ! process describ$ by ,mill1 b "s simil> process1 bas$ ultimately on inductio p] enum]ationem simplicem4 ,n[ no su* process c ev] lead to a necess>y tru?4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal & c]ta9 induction :i* c be made1 t :i* induces u to believe 9 ! objectivity ( our environm5t1 does n lead to a 8necess>y tru?02 & mu* less c any o!r induction bas$ ^u ?is "o d s4 8,objective facts0 !n may be e/abli%$ ) great] or less probability1 b c nev] be necess>ily true4 ,b all inductions are bas$ on our p]ceptions1 t is ultimately on our subjective s5sations4 ,& a man c1 nay1 mu/ be1 absolutely c]ta9 ( ! reality ( 8 own s5sations ?\gh he _c be c]ta9 ( ! int]pretations he puts ^u !m4 ,if ,i h a too?a*e ,i _c be absolutely c]ta9 t ,i h a too?1 b1 at lea/ :ile ! pa9 la/s1 ,i am absolutely c]ta9 t ,i h an a*e4 ,& s ( any subjective s5sation4 ,i c simil>ly be absolutely c]ta9 t ,i ent]ta9 a giv5 concept1 :ile t concept is be=e my m9d2 ?\gh ( c\rse x is possible t if ,i ass]t ! possession ( t concept ,i may d s 9 language :i* may be misund]/ood by ! p]son ,i am address+4 ,if !n a man has c]ta9 concepts :i* he c call up at w1 ! reality ( ^? concepts1 qua concepts1 is to him a necess>y tru?4 ,he may lay d[n su* necess>y tru?s z axioms1 & by _! aid he may give real subjective import to a symbolic argum5t1 & s obta9 new & complicat$ ass]tions :i* are also to him necess>y tru?s4 ,?is is :at ,i d 9 my subjective !ory ( geometry4 ,t !ory might be reg>d$ z purely symbolic--! axioms might h be5 left out1 & all its conclusions look$ ^u z m]e truisms4 ,! conclusions ( geometry ( f\r or m indep5d5t directions c p]haps only be reg>d$ z truisms4 ,b by ! aid ( ! axioms1 geometry ( two & ?ree indep5d5t directions c be giv5 real subjective import1 & its conclusions !re=e reg>d$ z necess>y tru?s1 z long z !y are only tak5 subjectively4 ,!y may fur!r be appli$ objectively by ! aid ( objective facts e/abli%$ by induction1 b 9 ?is case _! validity is no great] ?an t ( ! prim>y facts1 ! c\nt]p>ts ( ! subjective axioms1 :i* are employ$ to give ! !ory objective import4 ,i confess ,i h n /udi$ ,kant suffici5tly to say t 8 views diff]1 mat]ially f m9e1 ?\gh ,i always ?\ght !y did until ,i read y\r int]pretations ( !m4 ,p]haps ,i misund]/ood ! s5se 9 :i* ,kant us$ ! t]m a priori4 ,! t]m has be5 us$ 9 s _m diff]5t s5ses t ,i pref] myself to drop x altoge!r4 ,if x m]ely ref]s to priority 9 "t !re c be no practical d\bt t1 :e!r 9 ! case ( ! human race or ( an individual ?9k]1 a l>ge am\nt ( s5se-exp]i5ce mu/ h prec$$ ev5 s simple an a priori judgm5t z 8twice two is f\r40 ,if ! t]m m]ely ref]s to priority 9 logical validity x seems to me bett] to say t 8su* & su* ass]tions are n dep5d5t ^u exp]i5ce40 ,b ,kant says ( ! ass]tion 8#g #e #ab0 t x is n only 8a priori0 b 8syn!tic04 ,by ! latt] t]m he means t its tru? 0 n d$uc$ f def9itions alone1 & t ! ass]tion !re=e conveys real in=mation4 ,9 ?is ,i believe he 0 wrong1 & ?\gh he aft]w>ds decl>es t 8all k a priori is empty & _c give in=mation ab\t ?+s10 unless ! true nature ( a priori k is made m cle>1 p w inevitably cont9ue to believe ! contr>y--& to believe moreov] t ,kant taught s4 ,any language :i* seems to imply t !re is "s dread necessity ab\t ma!matical tru?s--t !y c\ld n be o!rwise if !y w\ld--is v mislead+4 ,( c\rse x is necess>ily true t if y h sev5 objects & add five m to !m y w h 9 all twelve objects4 ,b ! :ole objective difficulty is begg$ by ! supposition4 8,mu* virtue 9 if60 ,z ,i und]/& x ! ess5ce ( ! 8laws0 ( pure ma!matics is t !y are v]bal1 t is !y are only abbreviat$ expressions ( ! results ( c]ta9 v]bal processes4 ,if ! processes are repeat$ & ! results simil>ly express$1 ! results mu/ always be ! same4 ,our reason _c 8in=m u ab\t ! =m ( exi/5ce0 unless x is fir/ giv51 z ! data or facts :i* correspond to ! def9itions ( our symbolic argum5ts4 ,x is only because our reason+ faculties are limit$ t symbolic argum5ts are necess>y at all--t x is n evid5t to u at once t ! conclusions ( ! mo/ intricate ma!matical calculations are giv5 to u along ) ! data4 ,giv5 ! data1 !n 9 all possible worlds ! conclusions mu/ inde$ foll[1 b only because !y really are already 9 ! data :i* 7 giv54 ,x may be t y w n only agree ) all ,i h said1 b h already said mu* ( x y\rself4 ,b !re are "s passages 9 y\r ,fundam5tal ,problems :i* seem to imply o!rwise4 ,i ?9k ! great objection ,i h to urge aga9/ ,kant1 & also p]haps aga9/ y1 is t y d n di/+ui% z cle>ly z ,i c\ld wi% betwe5 symbolic argum5t & real1 ?\gh subjective1 k4 ,& ! only way to di/+ui% betwe5 !m is by inquir+ into ! def9itions ( ! t]ms4 ,= example1 on p4 #afe ( ,fundam5tal ,problems y say t to f\r-dim5sional be+s ,kepl]'s ?ird law 8w\ld mo/ probably appe> z #8! cubes ( _! times ( revolution be+ proportional to _! mean di/ances to ! f\r? p[]4'0 ,n[ :at sort ( ass]tion d y take ,kepl]'s law to be8 ,orig9ally x 0 a purely empirical law obta9$ by pure induction4 ,if ! f\r-dim5sional p obta9$ _! law ! same way :y %\ld ! result appe> diff]5t to !m8 ,or d y conceive ! law to be d$uc$ f ,newton's !ory ( gravitation8 ,b ev5 s ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e 0 obta9$ empirically4 ,if y ?9k t law c be expla9$ 7z ! analog\s law = ! di/ribution ( light c7 by ! supposition t ! integral ( ! =ce ov] all po9ts at a giv5 di/ance f ! orig9 is con/ant1 /ill ?is supposition is purely gratuit\s unless e/abli%$ by induction f exp]i5ce4 ,if y grant any "o ( ^! suppositions y c by symbolic argum5t obta9 ! law correspond+ to ,kepl]'s = a f\r-dim5sional space4 ,b ,i may m5tion t 9 no case does ! result y anticipate come out4 ,on ! fir/ two suppositions ! law w\ld be unalt]$4 ,on ! la/ supposition ! law ( gravity w\ld be *ang$ to ! inv]se cube2 b aft] t ! solution ( ! problem has no?+ to d ) f\r dim5sions--x is a two-dim5sional problem only4 ,! result is t 9 g5]al planets c\ld n move 9 clos$ orbits at all4 ,!y might conceivably revolve 9 circles1 b su* a condition w\ld be un/able1 & if x obta9$ _! p]iodic times w\ld v>y z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances4 ,aga9 y say 7p4 #gd7 8! doctr9e ( ! #8cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy1' al?\gh x has be5 discov]$ ) ! assi/ance ( exp]i5ce1 c be prov$ 9 its full scope by pure reason alone40 ,i %\ld v mu* l to see y\r pro( 7:i* ,i _c f9d 9 ,fundam5tal ,problems74 ,h[ d y def9e ! t]ms ( ! doctr9e8 ,d y d$uce ! pro( f ^! def9itions--t is d y make x a truism8 ,or d y base x ^u subjective axioms z ,i d my geometry8 ,or if y base x on objective facts1 h[ d y prove ^? facts by pure reason alone8 ,& if x is purely a subjective pro(1 h[1 c y say ! doctr9e is prov$ 89 its full scope08 ,surely objective applications come )9 its scope8 ,x w\ld n be fair 9 me to ask y to publi% my reply to y\r review]'s criticisms1 ?\gh if t reply is ju/ifi$ ! criticism mu/ h done ! prospects ( my book "s injury1 see+ f :at a qu>t] x comes4 ,b ,i hope y w see y\r way to publi%+ ! latt] "p ( ?is lett] 9 ,! ,moni/1 toge!r ) y\r reply to x1 if y ?9k x wor?y ( su* a di/9ction4 ,i h j come across1 9 ?is mon?'s ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ano!r rem>kable in/ance ( reason+ :i* seems to be r5d]$ entirely nugatory by ! want ( prop] def9itions4 ,x is ass]t$ t conceptual ?\ght is impossible )\t language4 ,at fir/ sight ?is w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to be a real ass]tion4 ,x foll[s f x t s9ce dogs h no language !y h no 8conceptual ?\ght40 ,b x may be pla9ly %[n t dogs d ent]ta9 8g5]al notions10 :i* 9 ord9>y ,engli% w\ld be includ$ "u ! head ( 8conceptual ?\ght40 ,! app>5t contradiction is h[ev] expla9$ :5 x appe>s t ! au?or di/+ui%es g5]al notions z 8concepts0 or 8recepts10 accord+ z !y are or are n nam$4 ,?is be+ 8 def9ition ( 8conceptual ?\ght0 z oppos$ to o!r ?\ght1 x appe>s t ! ass]tion is only a truism aft] all1 & conveys no real in=mation :atev]4 ,to discuss x fur!r is !n m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,! au?or ( ! ass]tion d\btless wi%$ x to convey "s in=mation1 b he did n att5d to 8 def9itions & s fail$ to atta9 8 object4 ,,edw>d ,t4 ,,dixon4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,! review] ( ,mr4 ,dixon's book has read ^! rem>ks on 8 criticism 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #abf7 & has giv5 !m :at seems to him full consid]ation4 ,he confesses t he misund]/ood :at ,mr4 ,dixon meant by 8a direction40 7,see ! article 8,logic z ,relation-,lore0 to be publi%$ 9 a subsequ5t numb]47 ,9 reg>d to ! requirem5ts = a logical def9ition he mu/ /ill abide by 8 =m] op9ion4 ,! ne$ ( a def9ition arises ei!r f ! inaccuracy 9 ! application ( a t]m or f a suppos$ lack ( k z to its signification4 ,h5ce to use ! t]m itself 9 its own def9ition is to import into ! def9ition ! same vagu5ess or ignorance :i* x is ! v (fice ( a def9ition to correct4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,dixon says t x is requisite = a logical def9ition t ! def9+ ass]tions 8mu/ n be indep5d5t ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m def9$10 :at is t b to say t ! same mu/ be dep5d5t ^u t mean+8 :i*1 unless ! review] aga9 misund]/&s ! au?or1 is to say t we mu/ und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]m be=e we c und]/& ! def9ition4 4 ,,ma!matics ,a ,,description ,,( ,,op]ations ,,) ,,pure ,,=ms4 ,,9 ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,edw>d ,,dixon4 ,x is true1 z ,mr4 ,dixon says1 t 8,any language :i* seems to imply t !re is "s dread necessity ab\t ma!matical tru?s is v mislead+40 ,b to say1 z ,mr4 ,dixon does 9 ano!r passage1 t ! truisms ( ma!matics are arbitr>y tru?s1 is m mislead+ /ill4 ,! !orems ( ! =mal sci5ces are n 8ass]tions ^: tru? dep5ds solely on ! def9ition ( _! t]ms40 ,!y are 8real ass]tions :i* convey "s real subjective or objective in=mation40 ,mr4 ,dixon objects to ,kant's ass]tion t #g #e #ab is n only a priori b also syn!tic4 ,he decl>es1 9 contradi/9ction to ,kant1 t x is d$uc$ f def9itions alone2 t !re=e x is empty1 & _c give any in=mation ab\t ?+s4 ,?is latt] proposition1 :i* is a phrase ( ,kant's1 appe>s 9 ?is context z an inconsi/5cy ( ,kant's4 ,& x w\ld be an inconsi/5cy1 if x _h to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,mr4 ,dixon quotes x4 ,we con/rue ,kant's phrase t 8! a priori is empty1 & _c give in=mation ab\t ?+s10 9 a diff]5t way4 ,we ?9k t ,kant int5ds to say t ! a priori imp>ts real in=mation conc]n+ relations & =ms2 b t x does n imp>t real in=mation conc]n+ sub/ances or ! mat]iality ( ?+s4 ,x is app>5t t ! ass]tion #g #e #ab _c be d]iv$ f ! def9itions ( #g or #e4 ,simil>ly1 ! ideas ( high] ma!matics are n d$uc$ f ! few def9itions ( elem5t>y ma!matics t tell :at po9ts1 l9es1 p>allels1 etc41 are4 ,( :at1 !n1 are ^! complex !orems ( ma!matics1 products8 ,!y are n d]iv$ f s5se-exp]i5ce1 nor f ! def9itions ( _! ultimate elem5ts4 ,is _! orig9 my/]i\s8 ,"h ,kant leaves u 9 ! lur*2 he simply decl>es t =mal tru? is a priori & transc5d5tal2 & ^? ( 8 disciples :o call !mselves1 ) pref]5ce1 transc5d5tali/s1 h ample occasion to introduce 9 ?is lacuna ( ,kantian ?\ght1 all ! my/icism !y please4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! tru?s ( =mal sci5ces is n s difficult z x is sometimes repres5t$4 ,! !orems ( high] ma!matics are ! products ( c]ta9 op]ations p]=m$ ) ! elem5t>y =ms describ$ 9 ! def9ition ) :i* ! ma!matician />ts4 ,^! op]ations are n arbitr>y2 !y are n m]ely v]bal processes2 !y are realities ( highe/ importance4 ,n mat]ial realities1 b realities1 nev]!less4 ,!y are functions1 & ma!matics deals ) ! products ( functions4 ,x is true t we might call twice two by any o!r "n ?an f\r2 we might call x vi]1 or quatre1 b ! op]ation #a #a #a #a w\ld rema9 ! same1 by :atev] "n we call its result4 ,ma!matical tru?s1 accord+ly1 are n empty 9 ! s5se t !y are mean+less2 = !y are significant 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,!y give real in=mation1 n ab\t ?+s1 b ab\t c]ta9 relations t obta9 among ?+s4 ,!y describe c]ta9 op]ations 9 :i* =mal relations are trac$4 ,& !y describe !m exhau/ively1 s t ! result is1 z ! ,g]mans call x1 e9deutig be/immt1 & ! result w1 "u all circum/ances1 be ! same4 ,twice two w always be ! same z #a #a #a #a4 ,?is 8x w always be10 is call$ necess>y4 ,!re is no?+ dreadful ab\t x1 nor is !re any my/]y connect$ ) x4 ,x is n an awful fate t decrees x1 b x is ! nature ( sam5ess1 t ! same is & w be ! same1 s long z x rema9s ! same4 ,x is (t5 ov]look$ t e numb] 9 ari?metic is ! result ( an op]ation :i* is symbolis$ by a c]ta9 figure4 ,numb]s are n concrete ?+s2 & z soon z we =get t !y are products ( a function1 we are liable to lapse into mi/akes4 ,?is happ5s mo/ frequ5tly ) ! numb]s 8z]o0 & 8inf9ite40 ,! latt] ( ^! two symbols is (t5 look$ ^u z a concrete ?+2 & because ! inf9ite1 ) actual reality1 is1 9 its complet5ess1 inconceivable1 x has made1 ( e "o :o /umbl$ ov] ?is /one ( (f5ce1 a my/ic1 & _m a radical1 fe>less ?9k] b[s d[n to wor%ip be=e ! idea ( inf9itude-function z x w\ld be if x 7 a real ?+4 ,says ,mr4 ,dixon1 8,our reason _c in=m u ab\t ! =m ( exi/5ce1 unless x is fir/ giv540 ,?is is v true4 ,! =m is giv51 & =mal sy/ems su* z ! num]ical sy/em & ! l9es & figures ( ma!matics are m5tal con/ructions built ( ! /ones qu>ri$ out ( ! relational giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,=m be+ giv51 we c reason ab\t ! =m ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,we c h ready 9 our m9ds sy/ems ( pure =ms to apply to all ! v>i\s cases ( our exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is w help u 9 unravell+ ! problems ( reality1 & 9 ext5d+ our k 9 ^? fields ) :i* we are little acqua9t$4 ,f> be x f u to consid] ! def9itions1 ! op]ations1 & ! results ( ! =mal sci5ces z purely v]bal2 if !y 71 ma!matics w\ld lose all ! great importance :i* x und5iably possesses1 & become m]e v]biage4 ,i confess t ,i d n und]/& ,mr4 ,dixon :5 he says3 8,x is only because our reason+ faculties are limit$ t symbolic argum5ts are necess>y at all40 ,9 my op9ion all m5tal activity is symbolic4 ,e idea is a symbol t signifies some?+4 ,x is n because our reason+ faculties are limit$ t symbolic argum5ts are necess>y at all1 b symbolism is ! nature ( our m9d1 & symbols are ! elem5ts ) :i* our reason+ faculties h to deal4 ,9 ?is s5se1 e argum5t is symbolic4 ,if x symbolises s5se-exp]i5ce1 x repres5ts our k ( :at may be call$ ! mat]iality ( ?+s4 ,if x symbolises op]ations ) pure =ms1 x repres5ts ! purely =mal relations ( ma!matics logic1 algebra1 etc4 ,! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy 9 reality means no?+ m or less ?an t !re is no increase or decrease 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,no?+ orig9ates out (1 & no?+ disappe>s into1 no?+4 ,x means t twice #a #a is #a #a #a #a1 nei!r m nor less2 or1 9 o!r words1 x means t all ev5ts are trans=mations4 ,new ?+s orig9ate1 b _! newness consi/s 9 _! =ms4 ,9 ?is s5se ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy w\ld h to be call$1 f ,mr4 ,dixon's /&po9t1 o!r diff]5ces neglect$1 a truism4 ,x is n a truism1 9 ! s5se ( be+ arbitr>y1 b 9 ! s5se ( be+ a purely =mal tru?1 z are all ma!matical !orems4 ,mr4 ,dixon ref]s to a passage 9 ,fundam5tal ,problems1 9 :i* ,i say t 8,to f\r-dim5sional be+s1 ,kepl]'s ?ird law w\ld mo/ probably appe> z ! cubes ( ! times ( revolutions ( ! planets be+ proportional to _! mean di/ances to ! f\r? p[]40 ,8 que/ions1 8,:at sort ( an ass]tion d y take ,kepl]'s law to be80 & 8,:y %\ld ! result appe> diff]5t to !m80 %[ t ,mr4 ,dixon has ov]look$ ! condition on :i* ?is proposition 0 made4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce ( ?is p>agraph beg9s ) ! words1 8,if space inh]$1 z ,kant ma9ta9s1 9 ! ?9k+ subject only1 spatial relations & laws w\ld appe> diff]5t to f\r-dim5sional be+s40 ,space relations are n subjective1 9 my op9ion1 b objective4 ,!re=e1 s9ce space relations d n inh]e 9 ! ?9k+ subject only1 because !y are a feature ( ! objective _w1 & inh]e 9 ! ?9k+ subject 9 s f> z x is at ! same "t an object 9 ! objective _w1 ,kepl]'s law w\ld appe> to f\r-dim5sional be+s1 if !y c\ld exi/ at all1 j ! same z x does to u ?ree-dim5sional be+s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,social ,,/atics4 ,abridg$ & ,revis$2 toge!r ) ,,! ,,man ,,v]sus ,,! ,,/ate4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahib4 ,,ju/ice4 ,be+ ,"p ,,iv ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahia4 ,among ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s mo/ important books are ^? entitl$ ,ju/ice & ,social ,/atics4 ,! latt]1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahej1 has j be5 republi%$ 9 ab\t "o-half ( ! orig9al size1 "s p>ts hav+ be5 transf]r$ to ! book on ,ju/ice1 & o!rs omitt$ altoge!r4 8,"o diff]5ce10 z he says1 8is t :at !re 0 9 my fir/ book ( sup]naturali/ic int]pretation has disappe>$1 & ! int]pretation has become exclusively naturali/ic--t is1 evolution>y40 ,ano!r *ange is t a demon/ration ( ! inju/ice ( socialism is sub/itut$ = 8 =m] argum5ts1 pla9ly repudiat$ 9 ,ju/ice1 aga9/ private own]%ip ( l&4 ,equally important is ! omission ( ! *apt] ass]t+ 8,! ,"r to ,ignore ! ,/ate40 ,! dem& = ,woman ,suffrage has also be5 )drawn f ! new edition ( ,social ,/atics1 ?\gh x reta9s ! orig9al prote/ aga9/ 8! reign ( man ov] woman10 & ass]ts an 8equality ( rights 9 ! m>ri$ /ate40 ,"h aga91 ,sp5c]'s f9al position mu/ be s\ght 9 8 ,ju/ice :]e x is urg$ t wom5 _c ju/ly h equal p[]s ) m5 unless !y h equal responsibilities4 ,!y _c s]ve _! c\ntry z m5 d2 & if !y take an equal %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 8_! position is n "o ( equality b "o ( supremacy40 ,ev5 9 "t ( peace1 !y are1 he ?9ks1 too impulsive to vote judici\sly1 too sympa!tic to oppose 8fo/]+ ! worse at ! exp5se ( ! bett]10 & too fond ( 8a wor%ip ( p[] "u all its =ms0 to protect individual lib]ty aga9/ ! encroa*m5t ( au?ority4 ,?is objection seems p>ticul>ly /rong1 because !re is /ill great dang] ( ! gr[? ( /ate despotism at ! exp5se ( p]sonal fre$om1 ev5 9 republics4 ,_m rec5t in/ances are giv5 by ,sp5c] 9 8,! ,man v]sus ! ,/ate10 n[ repr9t$ 9 ! same volume ) ,social ,/atics2 & x is urg$ 9 ,ju/ice1 t ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 8univ]sal suffrage does n prev5t an enorm\s majority ( consum]s f be+ heavily tax$ by a protective t>iff = ! b5efit ( a small m9ority ( manufactur]s & artisans40 ,our vot]s are mu* too ready to foll[ ha/y impulses & unscrupul\s lead]s2 & bo? faults are mo/ common among ! mo/ ignorant4 ,h[ /rongly education enc\rages indep5d5ce 0 ackn[l$g$ by ^? slave-hold]s :o said1 8,our negroes %all n le>n to read1 = t makes !m run away40 ,public s*ools h f\nd _! wor/ enemies among ,popes & ,cz>s1 & _! be/ fri5ds 9 ! /atesm5 mo/ honor$ by republics4 ,!re is no o!r in/itution = ^: advantages ,am]icans are practically unanim\s4 ,! necessity ( popul> education at ! public co/ is ackn[l$g$ by ,huxley1 ,mill1 & o!r advanc$ ?9k]s s g5]ally1 t ,sp5c]'s exceptionally ho/ile op9ion ought n to be tak5 z a self-evid5t tru?4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s exam9ation ( ?is subject does n appe> to h be5 s ?or\gh z ! occasion dem&s4 ,9 d5y+ t education prev5ts crime1 he relies ma9ly on ,joseph ,flet*]1 :o1 z /at$ 9 bo? editions ( ,social ,/atics1 8has ent]$ m elaborately into ?is "q ?an p]haps any o!r writ] ( ! day10 & :o admits t !re is a 8sup]ficial evid5ce aga9/ in/ruction40 ,sp5c] takes no notice ( ,flet*]'s hav+ succe$$ completely 9 break+ d[n ?is sup]ficial evid5ce4 ,9 elaborate pap]s1 publi%$ 9 ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? volumes ( ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,london ,/ati/ical ,society1 & illu/rat$ by _m tables & maps1 ,flet*] %[s t ! proportion to ! population1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&1 ( p unable to sign _! names1 correspond$ ev]y:]e to ! proportion ( illegitimate bir?s z well z ( commitm5ts = crime4 ,sep>at+ ^! latt] into classes accord+ to degree ( guilt1 he proves t ! wor/ crimes are mo/ common :]e !re is ! mo/ ignorance4 ,?us he is enabl$ to say1 8,! conclusion is !re=e irresi/ible t education is ess5tial to ! security ( mod]n society40 ,t ?is te/imony ( ,sp5c]'s pr9cipal witness is really ! tru? c be fur!r prov$ by ! /ati/ics 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 %[+ t betwe5 #ahda & #ahgf1 :ile ! p]c5tage ( illit]ates to population 9 ,engl& & ,wales 0 r$uc$ "o-half1 t ( crim9als 0 r$uc$ to "o-?ird ( :at x 0 orig9ally4 7,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bba & #bdi-bea47 ,sp5c] also ref]s to ! fact t s*ools h sometimes be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! int]e/ ( despotism2 b mo/ k9ds ( food are easily adult]at$2 & education is valuable1 not)/&+1 z food = lib]ty4 ,?is la/ consid]ation disposes completely ( 8 comp>ison ( /ate-*ur*es ) /ate-s*ools2 & ! fact1 m5tion$ 9 ! revis$ b n 9 ! orig9al edition ( ,social ,/atics1 t op9ions diff] ab\t ! be/ me?ods ( education1 is really an additional in/ance ( ! enc\ragem5t giv5 by our sy/em ( public s*ools to indep5d5ce ( ?\ght4 ,sp5c]'s *ief objection to ?is sy/em is t x does n fit 8 !ory t 8! lib]ty ( ea*1 limit$ by ! l lib]ties ( all1 is ! rule 9 con=mity ) :i* society mu/ be organis$10 7p4 #de74 ,su* a 8law ( "r social relation%ips10 7p4 #ee7 w\ld1 he admits1 require u to repeal our laws aga9/ indec5cy1 aboli% our ,bo>ds ( ,heal?1 & close our poorh\ses1 po/(fices1 banks1 & ligh?\ses1 except 9 s f> z ^! in/itutions1 l our /reets & roads1 might be c>$ = by b5evol5t individuals4 ,he does n tell u h[ a gov]nm5t1 ?us limit$ to manag+ ! police1 army1 & navy1 c\ld keep up a fire-dep>tm5t1 nor h[ new /reets1 roads1 railways1 or canals c\ld be op5$1 9 case ! own]s ( l& put _! prices too high = ! projectors2 b ! mo/ un=tunate application ( 8 !ory w\ld be to close our public s*ools4 ,!re is no dang] ( ?is1 h[ev]2 & ! pr9cipal evil likely to result f 8 pu%+ 8 !ory s f>1 is t he prev5ts p f see+ its real value1 z indicat+ ! direction 9 :i* our race has advanc$ & mu/ make all fur!r progress4 ,we %all keep on dim9i%+ ! p[] ( ! /ate ov] ! man1 z well z t ( ! man ov] ! *ild1 b nei!r au?ority w ev] be aboli%$ entirely4 ,we %all disp5se1 soon] or lat]1 ) "s ( ! public in/itutions :i* ,sp5c] condemns2 b our common s*ools w1 ,i ?9k1 la/ z long z gov]nm5t itself4 ,! abolitioni/s help$ ! slave to fre$om by po9t+ out ! ,nor? ,/>2 b !y did n advise him to quit solid e>?4 ,?is mi/ake1 al?\gh we grant t ,sp5c] %[s u our ,nor? ,/>1 is sometimes made 9 ,social ,/atics4 ,timely help1 too1 is giv5 by him1 9 a ?or\ghly practical way1 to ^? re=m]s :o are pass+ out f "u ! cl\d ) a silv] l9+ into a ,clevel& summ] & a fair prospect ( a ,h>rison fall4 ,among ! words be/ wor? putt+ into actions at once1 are ^!3 8,! "r ( ex*ange is z sacr$ z any o!r "r1 & exi/s z mu* betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t nations z betwe5 memb]s ( ! same nation4 ,morality kn[s no?+ ( geographical b\nd>ies40 444 8,h5ce1 9 putt+ a veto ^u ! comm]cial int]c\rse ( two nations1 or 9 putt+ ob/acles 9 ! way ( t int]c\rse1 a gov]nm5t tr5*es ^u m5's lib]ties ( action1 & by s do+ directly rev]ses its function4 ,to secure = ea* man ! fulle/ fre$om to ex]cise 8 faculties1 compatible ) ! l fre$om ( all o!rs1 we f9d to be ! /ate's duty4 ,n[ trade prohibitions & trade re/rictions n only d n secure ?is fre$om1 b !y take x away4 ,s t 9 en=c+ !m ! /ate is trans=m$ f a ma9ta9] ( rights into a violator ( rights40 444 8,:e!r x kills1 or robs1 or enslaves1 or %ackles by trade regulations1 its guilt is alike 9 k9d1 & diff]s only 9 degree40 7,social ,/atics1 ed4 ( #ahej1 pp4 #cbf1 #cbg2 ed4 ( #ahib1 p4 #acg74 ,f4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,reason+4 ,by ,edw>d ,t4 ,dixon4 ,cambridge 7,eng73 ,deighton1 ,bell1 ,co4 #ahia4 ,pp4 #hh4 ,"s ye>s ago ! au?or ( ?is essay made public c]ta9 views ( 81 on 8,geometry ( ,f\r ,dim5sions40 ,he 0 surpris$ to f9d t ?\gh 8 argum5ts 7 receiv$ ) incr$ulity !y 7 n refut$4 ,?is result appe>$ to him to be due to ! fact t he 0 n und]/ood1 t 8 views on geometry ( ev5 two & ?ree dim5sions be+ diff]5t f ^? commonly ent]ta9$1 he _h fail$ ( be+ und]/ood1 because he _h n begun 8 explanation at ! beg9n+4 ,he !re=e set to "w to analyse ^? views & ultimately publi%$ a book on ! subject4 ,?is book1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,geometry1 0 review$ by u 9 ,! ,moni/ ( ,octob]1 #ahia4 ,b n[ aga9 ! au?or reg>ds himself z n und]/ood4 ,he re/$ ! positions & argum5ts ( 8 book ^u c]ta9 views ( logic & especially ( def9ition1 :i* dep>t f ! or?odox views1 & he misjudg$ ! fullness ( explanation t w\ld !re=e become ne$ful4 ,h5ce ?is little essay4 ,! prop] approa* to ! views ( ! au?or is ?r\gh 8 doctr9e ( def9ition4 ,usually def9ition is reg>d$ z f9d+ its ma9 motive & utility 9 ! conv5i5ce ( social conv]se4 ,! mean+ ( any t]m is reg>d$ z re/+ n 9 ! *oice ( him :o utt]s x1 b 9 ! suppositions ( ^? :o are address$4 ,x is true t a lic5se is accord$ to any "o ^u a suffici5t occasion to give a special int5t to "s ^w1 b only ^u condition t t int5t %all be made suffici5tly express1 9 o!r words well und]/ood by ^? address$4 ,h5ce def9ition is usually tak5 to mean ! recital or ! precision ( ! mean+ ( a t]m by means ( language naturally apt = t end4 ,!re is no good s5se 9 pret5d+ to effect ei!r "o ( ^! ends by language t lacks natural ability on t behalf4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,dixon holds1 if we und]/& him1 t conv5tional usage is ( v subord9ate consequ5ce 9 ?is matt]1 t x p]ta9s to ! pr]ogative ( an au?or to ?r[ ^u ^? :om he addresses ! task ( ga!r+ 8 mean+s z be/ !y c2 t ev5 :5 he pr(esses to expla9 8 mean+s he ne$ n seek & employ any pla91 direct spee*1 b may supply 8 in/ruction indirectly3 may ask 8 audi5ce to solve a problem1 or to rightly guess :at c]ta9 h9ts mean2 may require !m to extract ! mean+ 9 "q out ( a set ( ass]tions t involve ! same 9 a collat]al way only4 ,?is he calls 8implicit def9ition40 ,x is analog\s1 he tells u1 to an unsolv$ equation or set ( equations 9 algebra4 ,s f> z we are aw>e no "o c claim priority ( ! au?or 9 respect to ?is exp$i5t4 ,he seems to reg>d x z ( great importance1 & proposes by its aid to ov]come ! difficulties t environ ! fundam5tals ( geometry4 ,we ?9k t ! au?or is l$ to put undue confid5ce 9 8 implicit def9ition1 by 8 peculi> views ^u propositions4 ,he holds t all propositions c1 )\t loss or ga9 9 ! mean+s z orig9ally /at$1 be r$uc$ to /atem5ts ( /rict id5tity4 ,?is done1 propositions c1 z he ?9ks1 be op]at$ ^u aft] ! fa%ion usual ) equations4 ,b we submit t betwe5 a logical proposition & an algebraic equation !re is a diff]5ce t is 9 g5]al irr$ucible4 ,= example take ?is proposition1 ,e p>5t loves *ildr54 ,to alt] ?is to1 ,e p>5t is id5tical ) "s or e p]son t loves *ildr51 z is1 we ?9k1 ! prescription ( ,mr4 ,dixon1 w n s]ve2 = by read+ our id5tity 9 ! rev]se ord] we h3 ,"s or e p]son t loves *ildr5 is id5tical ) e p>5t4 ,mr4 ,dixon's views 9 respect to t]ms & to ! doctr9e ( d5otation & connotation dep>t z widely f ! suppositions usually held1 z d 8 views reg>d+ propositions & def9ition4 ,to foll[ out ! consequ5ces ( 8 propos$ innovations 9 any adequate fulness is =bidd5 to u by lack ( space4 ,we feel sure t fur!r reflection w lead him to mu* modification ( 8 doctr9es4 4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,a ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 ,by ,h]mann ,lotze4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e91 ,co4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahib4 ,pp4 #agf4 ,?is book is an excell5t translation ( "o ( ! mo/ important works ( a prom95t philosoph]1 :o made an unusually /rong impression ^u ! m9ds ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,almo/ e l9e ( ?is clean1 accurate1 & *>m+ translation betrays ! translator's devotion to ! subject1 = he has tak5 ! utmo/ c>e to br+ out ! ideas ( ! au?or 9 ! same brilliant /yle = :i* ,pr(essor ,lotze is ju/ly fam\s4 ,! translator says 9 ! preface3 8,i h complet$ & v5ture to publi% ! foll[+ translation ( ,h]mann ,lotze's ,lectures ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,religion 9 ! same hope 9 :i* x 0 und]tak5 by my late wife1 t x may be ( use to "s :o _c read ! ,g]man orig9al1 & yet desire a concise /atem5t ( ! =m 9 :i* "o ( ! cle>e/-m9d$ ( our lat] ?9k]s put to himself ^? great que/ions--z to ! orig9 & de/9y ( ! _s ( man1 z to life 9 g5]al1 & ! mean+ ( ! mat]ial univ]se--:i* occupy u all at "s "t or ano!r1 _m ( u z soon z we h won food & %elt] = our bodies40 ,we d n %>e ,mr4 ,conybe>e's & 8 deceas$ wife's en?usiasm = ! au?or4 ,al?\gh we are n bl9d to ! great des]ts ( ,pr(essor ,lotze1 8 amiable p]sonality1 ! dep? ( 8 religi\s & emotional nature1 ! bread? ( 8 s*ol>ly erudition1 & ! brilliancy ( 8 +5i\s1 n to say poetical1 pres5tation ( philosophical subjects1 we _c conceive t 8 "w is come to abide4 ,on ! contr>y1 we consid] 8 philosophy z antiquat$ 9 _m respects4 ,he consid]s problems t orig9ate f a m]e confusion ( ideas1 z be+ insolvable 9 _! nature1 & attempts ! solution ( o!r problems ) inadequate me?ods4 ,8 ?\ghts /ill rem9d u ( ! ontological _s ( pa/ philosophies1 & 8 pr9ciples are n 9 agreem5t ) positivism & ! me?ods ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,z an in/ance1 we quote ! foll[+ passage3 8,we mu/ ev] set aside any attempt to describe 9 positive t]ms1 or to con/ruct 9 ?\ght1 ! process by :i* ?is absolute be+ came to be n only "o1 & t unconditionally1 b at ! same "t a _m ( ?+s :i* condition "o ano!r reciprocally40 ,lotze /ill believes 9 an 8absolute unity0 z some?+ prior to ! _w ( reality1 & he decl>es t 8,we _c ,"k or ,expla9 h[ ?is ,absolute ,unity is also ,_m0 7,sec4 ,,xxi72 & ev5 if an unconsci\s be+ c\ld be a ,_m-9-,"o1 yet x c\ld n1 accord+ to ,lotze1 g5]ate consci\sness 7,sec4 ,,xxv74 ,we d n believe t ?is problem is insolvable1 & d n1 z does ,lotze1 feel con/ra9$ to fall back on idealism4 ,9 fact1 our position is s diff]5t f ,lotze's t 9 spite ( ! full recognition ( 8 g5ius1 we feel z mu* sev]$ f him z if he belong$ to ages long gone by4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e's translation is mo/ c]ta9ly an invaluable "w & is indisp5sable = any ,engli% /ud5t ( ,lotze's philosophy4 4 ,,on ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,small ,,diff]5ces1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t1 ,,=ce1 ,,& ,,"t ,,( ,,movem5t4 ,by ,george ,/u>t ,full]ton & ,james ,mc,keen ,cattell4 ,philadelphia3 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,press4 #ahib4 ,pp4 #aei4 ,?is volume ( ! ,philosophical ,s]ies ( ,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania gives an acc\nt ( a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts made = ! purpose ( te/+ ! p]ception ( small diff]5ces ( movem5t1 ( weight1 & ( light4 ,! mo/ noticeable conclusion arriv$ at by ! au?ors1 is t !y _c accept any ( ! receiv$ explanations ( ,web]'s law4 ,!y f\nd f _! exp]im5ts1 by ! me?od ( e/imat$ am\nt ( diff]5ce1 t 8we t5d to e/imate ! int5sity ( s5sation z directly proportional to ! int5sity ( ! /imulus2 consequ5tly1 9 s f> z any d$uction conc]n+ quantitative relations 9 s5sation c be made f su* e/imation1 ! s5sation increases z ! /imulus & n z its log>i?m10 ?us invalidat+ ,fe*n]'s law4 ,! au?ors believe also t ,web]'s law does n hold = ! p]ception ( movem5t1 z !y f9d t ! error ( obs]vation usually increases 8z ! /imulus is tak5 great] b m sl[ly10 & t x is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! /imulus4 ,accord+ly1 !y sub/itute = ,web]'s law ! foll[+3 8,! error ( obs]vation t5ds to increase z ! squ>e root ( ! magnitude1 ! increase be+ subject to v>iation1 ^: am\nt & cause mu/ be det]m9$ = ea* special case40 ,x is prop] to add1 t ,pr(essor ,full]ton gives only a qualifi$ ass5t to ^! conclusions1 on ! gr\nds t ma!maticians are n agre$ z to ! s\ndness ( ! !ory ^u :i* ! law is bas$1 & t ! errors 9 "q may n be indep5d5t errors4 ,he consid]s1 h[ev]1 ! results obta9$ by ! au?ors 8z suffici5tly 9 accord ) ! laws to ju/ify !m 9 hold+ x t5tatively1 & subject to criticism40 ,z ,fe*n]'s law re/s on t ( ,web]1 & on assumptions :i* appe> to be incorrect1 x also fails1 & x foll[s t ! psy*o-physical1 physiological1 & psy*ological !ories put =w>d to acc\nt = ! suppos$ log>i?mic relation betwe5 m5tal & physical processes are sup]flu\s4 ,f ^! conclusions we may judge ( ! importance ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,pr(essors ,full]ton & ,cattell1 ^: "w requires to be c>efully /udi$ by all ^? int]e/$ 9 ! special que/ions to :i* x relates4 4 ,,psy*ologie ,,du ,,pe9tre4 ,by ,luci5 ,arrat4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 #ahib4 ,pp4 ,,lix1 #bfd4 ,price1 #e fr4 ,! au?or ( ?is int]e/+ "w in=ms u t x does n aim at be+ a natural hi/ory ( society1 nor is x ev5 a /udy 9 pr(essional psy*ology4 ,?is is h>dly correct1 h[ev]1 z su* a /udy mu/ be bas$ on t ( individuals1 & a writ] ( ,m4 ,arrat's reputation _c treat ( a l>ge gr\p ( individuals )\t ?r[+ light on ! psy*ology ( ! :ole class to :i* !y belong4 ,he v aptly lik5s arti/s z a :ole to a l>ge family1 ! arti/ 9 design to a g5us ( ?is family1 & pa9t]s to a species4 ,?is has its v>ieties1 & x is by ! /udy ( ^! t ! au?or seeks to arrive at a k ( ! psy*ology ( ! pa9t]4 ,believ+ t !re exi/s a relation betwe5 ! temp]am5t & ! qualities ( ! m9d & t ?is is influ5c$ by h]$ity1 he devotes ! fir/ "p ( ! "w to que/ions ( physiology & h]$ity4 ,! second "p deals ) ! pa9t]'s vocation1 8 /hetic s5tim5ts1 8 pr(essional memory1 &1 z ! evolution ( art is connect$ ) ! progress ( visual analysis1 ) 8 s5se ( sight4 ,!n comes an exam9ation ( ! g5]al m5tal qualities ( ! pa9t]1 8 intellectual "*1 8 v>i\s phases ( memory & aptitudes1 & ! influ5ces :i* affect 8 "w4 ,! f\r? "p ( ! book treats ( ! pa9t]'s "*1 8 egoi/ic & sympa!tic traits1 8 w1 & 8 moral & social traits4 ,& f9ally ref]5ce is made to que/ions ( pa?ology1 p>ticul>ly defects ( vision1 & to 8! mis]ies ( g5ius40 ,on all ^! subjects ,m4 ,arrat has _m acute rem>ks support$ by num]\s facts1 (t5 d]iv$ f pa9t]s !mselves1 :o ?us1 says ! au?or1 w be f\nd 8liv+ & speak+ on ea* page1 j z !y are1 & mak+ !mselves kn[n by _! works1 sympa!tic or disagreeable1 indiff]5t or sup]ior1 b always int]e/+40 ,x is noticeable1 9 connection ) ! important subject ( h]$ity1 t 9 a li/ ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ pa9t]s almo/ two-?irds are sons ( pa9t]s or ( work]s 9 art1 & ,m4 ,arrat ?9ks t if m complete in=mation 7 obta9able ! proportion w\ld be increas$4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! mis]ies ( g5ius1 ! au?or takes exception to ! view express$ by ,m4 ,lombroso t ! creative inspiration ( g5ius is1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 ! equival5t ( epileptic convulsion4 ,t g5ius may lead to insanity is true2 & ,m4 ,arrat admits t rem>kable aptitudes h (t5 appe>$ 9 a family at ! beg9n+ ( its deg5]acy4 ,b he adds t pa9t]s are = ! mo/ "p heal?y1 & !y %[ h>dly any m s+ul>ity ?an o!r m5 may h4 ,he concludes 8 "w ) ! foll[+ words3 8,g5ius makes use (1 z we h suffici5tly %[n1 faculties :i* are common to ne>ly all m51 if !y are unequally /rong & v>i\sly di/ribut$ ) ea*4 ,g5ius1 moreov]1 9 ! mo/ elevat$ s5se t x c be und]/ood1 is an exception among arti/s !mselves1 & ev5 9 g5ius1 ! meet+ toge!r ( sev]al happy gifts is exceptional4 ,b x is will+ly attribut$ to all ^?1 :atev] may be _! art1 ^: works are able to t\* ! human cords t vibrate ! mo/ pr(\ndly4 ,pa9t]s appe> to u to compose a well-m>k$ type among su*4 ,! read] has se5 ! *>act]s ( x br\ght toge!r & discuss$ 9 ?is volume3 he w pres]ve its liv+ image aft] hav+ clos$ ! book40 ,?is 9 itself furni%es a suffici5t recomm5dation = ! p]usal ( ,m4 ,arrat's "w1 :i* ap>t f its psy*ological value1 is a p]fect m9e ( gracefully writt5 in=mation ab\t pa9t]s & _! peculi>ities4 4 ,,physiologie ,,de ,l',,art4 ,by ,georges ,hir?4 ,traduit de l',allem& et prcd d'une ,introduction p> ,luci5 ,arrat4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 #ahib4 ,pp4 #bdg4 ,we h n[ occasion to review a "w on a subject mu* ak9 to ! prec$+--a "w :i* has be5 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ! same au?or1 ,m4 ,luci5 ,arrat1 & suppli$ by him ) a v int]e/+ introduction4 ,?is ,introduction is 9 reality a rsum by ,m4 ,arrat ( a s]ies ( /udies by ,m4 ,hir? on physiological optics4 ,^! /udies are ( great importance & are class$ by ! ,fr5* editor "u ! ?ree heads ( ,=m1 ,illum9ation1 & ,movem5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! comprises ! subjects ( monocul> & b9ocul> vision1 ! dep? & ! bilat]al enl>gem5t ( ! visual field1 p]spective & id5tical po9ts4 ,"u ! head ( illum9ation ! effect ( ! 8d\ble ba? ( light0 ?r\gh ! two eyes1 ! 8lum9\s equation10 & ! problems connect$ ) optical measurem5t are consid]$4 ,we h n space to exhibit fully ! au?or's ideas on ^! topics1 b we c /ate :at are reg>d$ by ,m4 ,arrat z ! two pr9ciple propositions :i* give to !m _! life & unity4 ,"o ( ^! propositions is1 t ! fir/ function ( our dioptric app>atus consi/s 9 furni%+ to our c5tral visual organ1 :i* ,m4 ,hir? t]ms ! int]nal eye1 mat]ial :i* ! latt] has to int]pret4 ,! o!r is t x is necess>y to get rid ( ma!matical concepts1 :i* are mu* too rigid to be appli$ to ! delicate problems ( vision1 & to fall back on visual s5sation su* z x is4 ,^! propositions imply1 moreov]1 ! admission ( an electro *emical process1 8)\t :i* ! prop]ties ( ! eye & ! m>vels ( vision rema9 inexplicable40 ,?is la/ conclusion has a be>+ on ! nature ( memory1 or ! recollection ( ! impressions receiv$ by ! n]ves & bra9 aft] ! orig9al excitation has disappe>$4 ,?us1 ,m4 ,hir? sugge/s t :5 we "k ! physiological proc$ure 9 ! impregnation ( c]ebral molecules1 or 9 _! electric *>g+1 memory w be f\nd to be only ! prolongation ( ! duration ( consecutive images4 ,! inquiries ( ,m4 ,hir? ?r[ great light on ! diff]5ce betwe5 monocul> & b9ocul> vision1 = in=mation z to :i* & o!r details ( 8 optical !ory we mu/ ref] our read]s to ,m4 ,arrat's ,introduction4 ,?is concludes ) a consid]ation ( ! p]ception ( light-movem5t1 ! reproduction ( :i* is said to require a special ex]cise ( att5tion1 direct or indirect4 ,"h we h ! ?ird degree ( att5tion1 accord+ to ! views ( ,m4 ,hir?1 :o reg>ds x z arti/ic app]ception1 hav+ its end 9 itself & capable ( be+ reproduc$ ?r\gh co-ord9ation ( ! movem5ts p]ceiv$4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! second & pr9cipal "p ( ?is "w is occupi$ ) ! psy*ology ( att5tion & ( ! relat$ subject memory4 ,! latt] is def9$ by ,m4 ,hir? z 8a sum ( /ates ( p]ception gradually accumulat$ by ! v>i\s organs ( s5se10 & x is ?us n a special faculty ( ! m9d4 ,! m5tal condition :i* results f ! action ( memory is :at is kn[n z disposition4 ,?is disposition is transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & becomes innate z ! memory ( ! species4 ,b x is intimately connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ) ! bra9 reg>d$ z ! electric /oreh\se ( memories4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ^! ideas t ! au?or expla9s ! transmission ( h]$it>y qualities1 ! problem :i* is at pres5t engag+ s mu* att5tion4 ,! innate organisation is a cons]vation ( n]v\s quality or temp]am5ts associat$ ) ! anatomical disposition ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & a c]ta9 condition ( electrical t5sion among ! c]ebral molecules4 ,! transmission ( ance/ral qualities dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! vigor & good condition ( ! g]m1 & z ! organisation receiv$ f our e>lie/ ance/ors is ! mo/ p]si/5t1 ! primitive 8disposition0 w subsi/ ev5 )\t ex]cise :il/ nutrition & circulation assure ! cont9uance ( molecul> gr[?4 ,x is ) ! visual memory t ! au?or is *iefly conc]n$1 & he affirms t ! optical ph5om5a ref]r$ to 9 ! ,introduction compel u to admit ! exi/5ce 9 ! bra9 ( a c5tral organ1 :i* he t]ms ! int]nal eye4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! position ( ?is organ1 :i* is ! real seat ( visual p]ception1 to ! exclusion ( ! ret9a1 ^: function has be5 ov]e/imat$1 ,m4 ,hir? consid]s ! anatomical & physiological aspects ( ! "q1 & he accepts ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,h4 ,munk 9 8 ,functions de l'corce c]ebrale1 t p]ception is ! function ( a p>ticul> portion ( ! c]ebral cortex4 ,!re ?us exi/ two visual c5tres or 8int]nal eyes10 "o 9 ea* convexity ( ! occipital lobes1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,v4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,munk's rese>*es w\ld seem to prove1 moreov]1 t n only is !re a g5]al localisation ( visual memories1 b t ea* memory is fix$ 9 a precise & det]m9$ place4 ,! c5tres ( memory & ! c5tres ( p]ception1 :i* ,m4 ,hir? supposes to be simply a phase ( memory1 are ! same4 ,moreov] att5tion is connect$ ) p]ception1 b x is an imp]fect /ate ( memory4 ,att5tion requires ! exp5diture ( =ce1 :ile p]fect memory acts spontane\sly2 & x is only 9 ?is =m1 8exempt f fatigue1 t x becomes ! passive s]vant ( our in/9cts & s5sations1 ( our volunt>y acts1 ( our labor40 ,memory :5 p]fect is automatic1 & accord+ to ! !ory ( ,m4 ,hir?1 :o does n accept ,m4 ,ribot's monoidei/ic !ory1 x is accompani$ ) automatic att5tion1 :i* is ! result ( a gradual trans=mation ( 8en]getic0 att5tion1 & atta9s 9 a normal adult an incr$ible developm5t bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,?is lat5t att5tion is requir$ by ! exi/5ce ( lat5t memory1 :i* is prop]ly spok5 ( by ,m4 ,hir? z an organic attribute ( ! highe/ mom5t1 see+ t x =ms ! basis ( all individual acquirem5ts4 ,x w\ld seem to answ]1 h[ev]1 to :at is (t5 spok5 ( z ! subconsci\sness4 ,we c und]/& h[ ?is doctr9e ( lat5t memory & lat5t att5tion c h an important be>+ on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! arti/ic s5se1 especially z ea* bra9 c5tre may be suppos$ to h its own memory1 & ea* fundam5tal memory its special temp]am5t4 ,! activity ( su* c5tres is due 9 great measure1 z po9t$ out by ,m4 ,ribot1 to nutrition & blood-circulation b ,m4 ,hir? adds a ?ird factor1 electrical t5sion4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 c]ebral activity re/s ultimately on electricity1 ! invisible curr5ts ( :i*1 ma9ta9+ ! :ole sy/em 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 are 8! inf]ior curr5ts ( ! lat5t memory10 ! bra9 c5tres be+ electrical accumulators4 ,?is idea1 :i* ! au?or applies also to ! explanation ( color$ visual memories1 is op5 to /rong critical objections4 ,9 relation to ! p>ticul> subject ( art1 ! au?or %[s t ! h]$it>y transmission ( tal5t dep5ds on ! active ma9t5ance ( ! special temp]am5t ( c]ta9 fundam5tal memories & _! associations1 & tal5t itself !re=e dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( su* a temp]am5t4 ,we "h come 9 contact ) ,m4 ,lombroso's !ory ( ! physiological deg5]acy ( g5ius1 :i* ,m4 ,hir? opposes ) mu* =ce1 & we ?9k on ! :ole ) success4 ,?is discussion occupies ! la/ *apt] ( a "w t1 z our read]s w be able to judge f ! glance giv5 "h at "s ( its lead+ topics1 has a sci5tific value q ap>t f ! special subject ( art :i* x is int5d$ to illu/rate1 & :i* x goes f> t[>ds e/abli%+ on a physiological basis4 4 ,,les ,,alt,,rations ,,de ,,la ,,p]sonnalit4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan #ahib4 ,pp4 #cbc4 ,price1 #f fr4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 ! accompli%$ director ( ! laboratory ( physiological psy*ology at ! ,sorbonne has br\ght toge!r & sy/ematis$ all ! mo/ reliable ph5om5a be>+ on "o ( ! mo/ curi\s subjects ( inquiry n[ engag+ att5tion4 ,not)/&+ ! disagreem5t betwe5 diff]5t exp]im5t]s z to p>ticul> facts1 all h arriv$ at ! conclusion t1 "u special conditions1 ! normal unity ( consci\sness may be brok51 & t !n !re is ! production ( sev]al di/9ct consci\snesses 8ea* ( :i* c h its p]ceptions1 its memory1 & ev5 its moral "*40 ,no "o is bett] fitt$ ?an ,m4 ,b9et to p]=m ! eclectic "w he has und]tak5 ( discuss+ ! rec5t rese>*es on ! alt]ation ( p]sonality1 )\t reg>d to ! special views ( p>ticul> s*ools4 ,! subject is consid]$ by him "u ! ?ree heads ( ,successive ,p]sonalities1 ,coexi/+ ,p]sonalities1 & ,! ,alt]ations ( ,p]sonality 9 ! ,exp]i5ces ( ,sugge/ion4 ,! two fir/ p>ts deal *iefly ) ph5om5a pres5t$ by somnambulic & hy/]ic subjects4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ,m4 ,b9et applies ! fact ( ! duplication ( p]sonality to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( spiritism1 ! t]m he v prop]ly gives to s-call$ spiritualism4 ,he reg>ds ! suppos$ _s ag5t z ! subconsci\s p]sonality ( ! m$ium act+ "u ! influ5ce ( sugge/ion1 a view :i* und\bt$ly meets mo/ ( ! actual facts ( spiritism4 ,not)/&+ ! divisibility ( ! ego1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! unity ( ! p]sonality "u normal conditions4 ,! "q is z to ! nature ( ?is unity1 & ! au?or foll[s ,m4 ,ribot 9 affirm+ t x consi/s 9 ! cord9ation ( ! elem5ts :i* compose x4 ,he repudiates ! idea t memory is ! sole f\ndation ( consci\sness1 z n only may "o memory embrace diff]5t /ates1 b ! same individual may h sev]al memories1 sev]al consci\snesses1 & sev]al p]sonalities4 ,= ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,b9et on o!r po9ts we mu/ ref] our read]s to ! "w itself1 :i* =ms an important addition to ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,libr>y4 4 ,l',,homme ,,dans ,,la ,,nature4 ,by ,paul ,top9>d4 ,) #aja ,illu/rations 9 ! text4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 #ahia4 ,pp4 #cej4 ,price1 #f fr4 ,! pres5t is ! ?ird "w 9 :i* ,dr4 ,paul ,top9>d1 ! well-kn[n pupil & successor ( ,m4 ,broca1 ! f\nd] ( ,fr5* ,an?ropology1 has giv5 to ! public 8 g5]al ideas 9 relation to ! sci5ce ( :i* he has made s pr(\nd a /udy4 ,9 #ahgf he publi%$ 8 ,an?ropologie1 :i* reflect$ 9 great measure ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/]1 ,broca4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 9 #ahhf1 appe>$ 8 l>g] & m important "w1 ,elm5ts d'an?ropologie gnrale1 :i* treat$ ( ! hi/ory & me?ods ( an?ropology1 ) v>i\s o!r subjects4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,top9>d gives u 8 matur$ ideas on 8,man 9 ,nature10 by :i* is meant physical nature1 ! object ( ! pres5t "w be+ to %[ ! place t man occupies physically among animals1 & 8 probable orig9 or desc5t4 ,x is n surpris+ t a writ] :o 0 ! pupil ( ,pr(essor de ,quatrefages z well z ( ,pr(essor ,broca %\ld decl>e himself a support] ( ! pr9ciple ( unity ( composition1 =mulat$ by ,m4 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 f :i* fl[s t ( evolution1 t is ! natural d]ivation ( be+s f "o ano!r4 ,z to ! means by :i* ?is is br\ght ab\t1 ! au?or res]ves 8 op9ion until ! publication ( a fur!r "w :i* he has 9 prep>ation4 ,dr4 ,top9>d devotes ! second *apt] ( ! pres5t "w to a consid]ation ( ! position to be accord$ to an?ropology 9 relation to ! o!r sci5ces4 ,he decl>es x to be a pure1 concrete sci5ce1 ess5tially anatomical & obs]vatory1 & ?us di/+ui%es x f e?nography1 :i* has to d ) peoples "u all _! aspects4 ,bo? alike are bran*es ( ! sci5ce ( man 9 its broade/ s5se4 ,if any?+ c be add$ to ! au?or's explanation1 x is t an?ropology has to d ) mank9d z a s]ies ( individuals1 :ile e?nography is conc]n$ ) ! gr\ps into :i* su* individuals are collect$4 ,?is is n inconsi/5t ) ,dr4 ,top9>d's def9ition ( an?ropology z ! sci5ce 8:i* /udies human races1 ! human species1 & ! place ( man 9 ! classification ( animals40 ,= all ! facts on :i* x is bas$ are d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( individuals1 & :5 races are comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 !y are comp>$ z ideal individuals1 =m$ by a g5]alisation ( c]ta9 prevail+ qualities1 j z mank9d by a simil> process becomes an ideal individual1 a sci5tific ,adam1 :o is comp>$ ) o!r animals4 ,!re is an app>5t difficulty 9 relation to psy*ology :i* ,dr4 ,top9>d claims entirely = an?ropology1 b x disappe>s :5 we see h[ closely he associates psy*ology ) physiology4 ,he says1 & we q agree ) him1 t 8*>act]s ( a psy*ological nature1 r$uc$ to _! mo/ simple expression1 :e!r attribut$ to human races1 or to ! g5]al human type1 belong to ord9>y physiological *>act]s2 ! correspond+ anatomical "p takes its place by ! side ( o!r physical *>act]s2 ! !ory & explanation ( intellectual op]ations1 ( feel+s & volitions1 belong to ! special physiology ( man & to ! application ( ! ideas ( g5]al physiology40 ,:ile accept+ z correct ! division ( an?ropology1 9 its re/rict$ s5se into g5]al & special1 z propos$ by ,broca & ,b]tillon1 ! au?or ?9ks x does n con=m to ! plan :i* %\ld be adopt$ if x is desir$ to proce$1 by ! me?od ( analysis & syn!sis1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,! plan adopt$ by ,dr4 ,top9>d is1 by analogy ) ! proc$ures ( g5]al zology1 to beg9 by recall+ ! g5]al notions applicable to 8 subject z to ! di/ribution ( animals by gr\ps ( v>y+ values1 ! *oice ( *>act]s on :i* !y repose1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! race1 ! species1 ! family1 & ! ord]1 ^! la/ =m+ ! pivot+ po9t ( 8 views z to ! place ( man 9 classification4 ,!n comm5ces ! /udy ( *>act]i/ics1 ! mode ( asc]ta9+ !m1 ( putt+ !m to use & ( appreciat+ _! value1 accompani$ by examples1 drawn f special an?ropology1 prop] to illu/rate ! me?ods employ$4 ,f9ally1 a p>allel is drawn betwe5 man & animals1 t a conclusion may be arriv$ at z to ! place ( man 9 ! s]ies ( be+s1 & 8 probable g5ealogy4 ,all ^! po9ts are c>efully consid]$ by ! au?or1 :o has fram$ a canon ( ! m$ium adult man ( ! ,european type1 a figure bas$ on :i* =ms ! frontispiece to ! "w4 ,! proportions ( ?is figure are d]iv$ f a comp>ison ( all ! mo/ au!ntic publi%$ measurem5ts1 & ! canon fram$ f !m con=ms closely to t recognis$ 9 arti/s' /udios1 except t 9 ! latt] ! arm is too %ort & ! neck too long4 ,! mo/ g5]ally int]e/+ subjects discuss$ by ! au?or are ^? connect$ ) ! relation%ip ( man to o!r animals1 & p>ticul>ly ! /ructure ( ! bra94 ,dr4 ,top9>d makes a c>eful comp>ison ( ! c]ebral convolutions ( v>i\s animals & man1 ) num]\s illu/rations1 & he arrives at ! conclusion t none ( ! *>act]s said to di/+ui% man f ! an?ropoid apes are absolute2 all are r$ucible to a "q ( degree ( evolution1 ! sup]ior degree be+ sometimes f\nd among ! an?ropoids1 & ! inf]ior degree ) man4 ,! c]ebral type ( ! an?ropoids is a human type n completely develop$1 or ! c]ebral type ( man is a develop$ simian type4 ,man ?us und\bt$ly belongs to ! ord] ( ! ,primates4 ,aft] consid]+ ! =m & volume ( ! simian & human bra9s1 ! au?or rem>ks t 8man alone has a frontal lobe develop$ 9 all its p>ts1 & fill+ up a l>ge1 concave1 & deep frontal %ell :i* ext]nally gives place to ! =ehead1 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( man40 ,connect$ ) ! =m & volume ( ! bra9 is ! trans=mation ( ! animal skull into ! human skull1 & ! relation ( ?is trans=mation to ! facial *>act]i/ics ( man4 ,^! po9ts1 & also v>i\s que/ions connect$ ) ! bip$al or quadrup$al attitude1 & ) ! attitude & function ( preh5sion1 are treat$ 9 detail1 z are c]ta9 o!r di/9ctive simian & human *>act]s4 ,a *apt] is devot$ to a consid]ation ( ! important subject ( retrogressive anomalies & rudim5t>y organs4 ,9 8 conclud+ *apt] ,dr4 ,top9>d po9ts out ! place ( man 9 animal classification1 & ref]s to ! que/ions ( 8 s+le or multiple orig91 8 g5ealogy & 8 future4 ,9 connection ) ! subject ( classification1 ! au?or dwells on ! fact t man is n ! only relatively p]fect animal1 & yet t none ( ! mammalia1 :i* we admire = _! beauty or = _! usefulness1 equal ! monkeys 9 ! possession ( a bra9 approa*+ ! human type4 ,! bra91 ! h&1 & ! attitude are ! ?ree *>act]i/ics :i* especially connect man ) ! monkey1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! an?ropoids1 & ! "q has long be5 agitat$ :e!r 9 ^! p>ticul>s ! la/ nam$ is alli$ m closely to man or to ! o!r monkeys4 ,dr4 ,top9>d affirms t 9 all ^! p>ticul>s ! an?ropoids %\ld be class$ ) ! o!r monkeys1 & !re=e t man /&s alone4 ,z to ! desc5t ( man1 ! ,fr5* an?ropologi/ w\ld seem to agree ) ,m4 ,vogt t ! type f :i* man has develop$ 0 also ! s\rce ( ! monkey & an?ropoid types1 & t x fir/ appe>$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 :5 ! e>lie/ monkeys succe$$ to ! ,lemurian ( ! prec$+ ,eoc5e epo*4 ,dr4 ,top9>d rem>ks t ?is conclusion is agreeable to t ( ! em95t ,am]ican palontologi/1 ,pr(essor ,cope1 :o makes man desc5d directly f ! ,lemurian )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! monkeys & ! an?ropoids1 bas+ 8 op9ion *iefly on d5tition4 ,! "q ( ! desc5t ( man is connect$ ) t ( ! s+l5ess or multiplicity ( 8 orig91 & on ?is po9t ! au?or does n express a decid$ op9ion4 ,he says t all exi/+ types ( humanity c\ld be r$uc$ to ?ree1 ! ,europo-,semitic1 ! ,asiatico-,am]ican1 & ! ,negro2 if n to two1 ! ,:ite & ! ,negro4 ,he adds t1 nev]!less1 89 los+ oneself 9 ! dep?s ( "t1 we c conceive ! ,negro1 born ! fir/1 giv+ bir? successively to ! ,au/raloid ) frizzl$ hair1 to "o ( ! =ms ( ! ,br[n /ock ) /raight or wavy hair1 & f9ally to ! :ite ,european40 ,probably 8 actual op9ion is to be ga!r$ f 8 f9al /atem5t :5 comp>+ ! ord] ( ! ,primates to a tree1 t ! ,lemurians are its roots giv+ bir? to sev]al /ems1 ( :i* "o is t ( ! monkey1 f :i* bran*$ ! an?ropoids1 & ano!r1 ^: po9t ( contact ) ! fir/ is unkn[n1 gives ! actual human bran*1 :i* runs p>allel to t ( ! an?ropoids )\t be+ connect$ ) x1 & goes beyond x4 ,z to ! future ( ! human race1 ,dr4 ,top9>d affirms t ! volume ( ! bra9 w notably increase1 t doli*ocephaly w give place to a univ]sal bra*ycephaly1 & t ! cellules ( ! bra9 w be p]fect$ 9 quality4 ,z ! human bra9 is be+ ?us p]fect$1 ! animals ne>e/ to ! human type w disappe>1 & !n man w really ?9k himself ! c5tre r\nd :i* ! univ]se gravitates1 ! sov]eign = :om nature has be5 creat$4 ,b ev5 !n ! anatomi/ w br+ him to himself by utt]+ ! words ( ,broca1 8,mem5to te animalium esse40 ,?is "w1 :i* =ms volume sev5ty-?ree ( ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,libr>y1 is sure to be widely read1 & x w be indisp5sable to ! /ud5t ( an?ropology1 :o w f9d 9 x all ! in=mation he requires on ! me?ods ( ! sci5ce4 4 ,,die ,,urheima? ,,d] ,,indog]man5 ,,und ,,das ,,europ,,is*e ,,zahlsy/em4 ,by ,johannes ,s*midt4 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,pp4 #ef4 ,?is essay is an important contribution to ! problem ( ! place ( orig9 ( ! ,indo-,g]manic languages4 ,! au?or is confid5t t :ile no?+ c]ta9 0 kn[n be=e1 he has e/abli%$ at lea/ "o fact :i* w give u a clue to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,?is fact is ! int]f]5ce ( ! duodecimal sy/em ) ! decimal sy/em4 ,! =m] is ( ,babylonian orig91 b its effects are noticeable ^u almo/ all ! ,aryan tongues4 ,! duodecimal sy/em is n orig9al ) ! ,go?s or ) any ( ! ,teutons1 :i* c be prov$ by ! fact t #fj or a ,s*ock 0 a r\nd numb]1 b n twelve1 ! etymology ( twelve 7twa-lif7 be+ two above a lif1 :i* latt] means a c]ta9 set4 ,?us :5 ! ,go?ic hundr$ z a rule meant #abj1 :5 = a long "t !y di/+ui%$ betwe5 great hundr$s 7i4 e4 #abj7 & small hundr$s 7i4 e4 #ajj71 ?is 0 due to =eign influ5ce4 ,= if twelve _h be5 ! basis ( _! numb] sy/em1 a lif w\ld h meant twelve & ! num]ical arrangem5t w\ld h progress$ n 9 #aj #ab b consi/5tly 9 #ab #ab or #add4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! supposition t ! ,babylonian sossos is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,g]man ,s*ock 7#fj74 ,accord+ly1 says ,s*midt1 ! ,europeans mu/ h be5 expos$ to a /rong influ5ce ( ! sexagesimal sy/em2 !y mu/ h be5 ne>] to ! c5tre ( ,babylonian civilisation ?an are ! valleys ( ! ,indus & ! ,ea/]n ,iran4 ,pr(essor ,s*midt consid]s ,p5ka z refut$ & also all ^? :o reg>d ,europe z ! home ( ,indo-,g]mans4 ,we h to add t ! em95t philologi/ :51 discuss+ ! problem ( ! cradle ( ! ,indo-,g]manic languages does n t\* ^u ! o!r problem ( ! home ( ! ,aryans1 ! latt] be+ ma9ly an an?ropological "q4 ,s*midt says 7p4 #ac73 8,i d n int5d to ent] into ! problematic doma9 ( an?ropology4 ,! orig9al race-*>act]s ( ! ,indo-,g]manic nations1 _! causes & ! home 9 :i* !y 7 m\ld$1 also ! physical conditions & mixtures ( ! races :i* speak our languages1 und\bt$ly c be treat$ ) success only by ! repres5tatives ( physical an?ropology4 ,b exactly s ! problem ( ! cradle ( ! orig9al ,indo-,g]manic spee* & ! evolution ( its sev]al languages1 z !y are kn[n 9 hi/ory1 c be solv$ only by philologi/s40 ,?is is v true4 ,p]haps we %all approa* ! subject ) bett] success if we le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 ! an?ropological problem ( ! orig9 ( ! ,aryan race & ! philological "o ( ! orig9 ( ! ,aryan languages4 ,a ,european orig9 ( ! "o might n exclude an ,asiatic orig9 ( ! o!r1 & x /ill rema9s possible1 t ,european ,aryans :5 migrat+ s\? & ea/ develop$ ?r\gh _! int]c\rse ) semitic & o!r races ! beg9n+ ( a civilisation :i* p[]fully affect$ all ! ,aryans1 s9ce !re is ample evid5ce t ev5 9 old5 times a lively comm]ce took place betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ,prussian amb] is f\nd 9 ,pelasgian graves1 :y %\ld n ! sexagesimal sy/em ( ! weal?y nations ( ! s\? h spread ov] nor!rn c\ntries8 4 ,,lehrbu* ,,d] ,,hi/oris*-,,kritis*5 ,,e9leitung ,,9 ,,das ,,neue ,,te/am5t4 ,by ,he9ri* ,julius ,holtzmann4 ,dritte v]bess]te und v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,freiburg1 i4 ,b43 ,j4 ,c4 ,b4 ,mohr4 #ahib4 ,pp4 #ejh4 ,price1 #i ,m4 ,x has be5 said t ! sci5tific purpose ( an academical text-book %\ld be to educate ! /ud5t to sci5tific indep5d5ce1 & its practical purpose to make x available = ! adh]5ts ( all p>ties & d5om9ations2 & ^! two purposes are ! sur] atta9$ ! less ! au?or repres5ts 8 own conception z t :i* alone c be ju/ifi$4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* ,pr(essor ,holtzmann's ,lehrbu* has be5 writt54 ,t he has fully atta9$ 8 aim1 w n be d\bt$ by ^? :o "k 8 previ\s & pa9/ak+ labors1 9 :i* he proves himself z a !ologian fully imbu$ ) ! _s ( sci5ce & sci5tific critique4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is "w appe>$ 9 #ahhe1 ! second 9 #ahhf1 & ! pres5t & ?ird edition c make ! j claim ( be+ c>efully revis$ & p]fect$ 9 e respect1 s t x is to be reg>d$ z a compreh5sive1 concise1 & cle> review ( ! critical mat]ials ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! "w z x n[ /&s w rema9 ! be/ book = ref]5ce ( its k9d4 ,pr(essor ,holtzmann 9 a brief introduction ( sev5te5 pages sket*es ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,! book is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! fir/ treat+ ! subject 9 a g5]al way1 ! second ent]+ into its sev]al details4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ! au?or pres5ts u ) a hi/ory ( ! text & ( its traditions1 expla9+ ! causes ( ! alt]ations t 7 introduc$ ei!r un9t5tionally or by mi/ake2 he reviews ! critical app>atus = text-revision & also ! hi/ory ( ! pr9t$ & revis$ editions up to ! pres5t attempt at em5dation4 ,!n a hi/ory ( ! canon is giv51 f ! olde/ ,*ri/ian lit]ature d[n to ! radical criticisms ( ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! second & special "p we f9d a c>eful compilation ( all ! criticisms conc]n+ ! s+le books & epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! fir/ *apt] treats ( ,/4 ,paul's epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians1 ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 to ,philemon1 ! ,colossians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ! pa/oral epi/les2 fur!r1 ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 :i* is non-,paul9ian1 ! two epi/les ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude1 & t ( ,/4 ,james4 ,! second *apt] introduces u into ! hi/orical books ( ! synoptic gospels & ! ,acts1 :]e1 9 a brief review ( fifty-sev5 pages1 we f9d ! same data pres5t$ :i* are m fully expla9$ 9 ano!r publication ( our au?or1 review$ 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol ,,ii1 ,no4 #b4 ,a new p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature beg9s ) all ^? writ+s :i* g "u ! "n ( ,/4 ,john4 ,a discussion ( ^! books is conta9$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 :i* treats ( ! apocalypse1 ! f\r? gospel1 & ,/4 ,john's epi/les4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/ atta*es to ! f\r? *apt]1 ! subject ( :i* is ! va/ doma9 ( ! apocryphal books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! numb] ( :i* has1 ( late1 be5 greatly increas$ by sev]al new discov]ies4 ,! subject divides itself naturally into apocryphal gospels 7,*ap4 ,,ii71 apocryphical /ories ab\t ! lives & de$s ( ! apo/les 7,*ap4 ,,iii71 apocryphical epi/les 7,*ap4 ,,iv71 & apocryphical apocalypses 7,*ap4 ,v74 4 ,,sammlung ,,von ,,popul,r-,,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,,vortr,,g5 ,,b] ,,d5 ,,bau ,,und ,,die ,,lei/ung5 ,,des ,,gehirns4 ,by ,pr(essor ,!odor ,meyn]t4 ,vi5na & ,leipsic3 ,wilhelm ,braumll]4 #ahib4 ,pp4 #bec4 ,?is late/ publication ( ,pr(essor ,meyn]t's 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/ by ,mr4 ,*ri/ian ,uf]1 9 ! dep>tm5t 8,lit]>y ,correspond5ce40 ,s9ce its appe>ance ,pr(essor ,meyn]t has di$4 ,8 "n has /ood =emo/ = a great numb] ( ye>s 9 ! ranks ( psy*iatrical inve/igators1 & 8 contributions to ! sci5ce to :i* he 0 devot$1 h1 p]haps m ?an ^? ( any o!r1 t5d$ to its p]man5t advancem5t4 ,! activity ( 8 life has ext5d$ ov] a great numb] ( ye>s1 & 8 labors h n only be5 appli$ to ! !oretical int]e/s ( 8 sci5ce alone1 b h also be5 direct$--& ?is is ! mo/ important "p ( e sci5ti/'s "w--to br++ ! results ( 8 inve/igations into connection ) ! great body ( k at l>ge1 & especially to putt+ 9 popul> =m1 & br++ )9 ! rea* ( ! g5]al read]1 ! facts ( ! sci5ce :i* he contribut$ s mu* to e/abli%4 ,! pres5t lectures date f ! ye> #ahfh4 ,!y owe _! orig9 to ! id5tification 9 lat] ye>s ( ! int]e/s ( m$ic9e ) ! int]e/s :i* e human be+ has at he>t1 ( resolv+ ! my/]ies ( m5tal op]ations g5]ally4 ,_! ma9 subject is ! description & inve/igation ( ! /ructure ( ! c]ebral organs2 & ! elucidation 9 ! light ( su* description ( ! psy*ical op]ations ( ! bra94 ,! fundam5tal facts ( ?is prov9ce are n difficult4 ,! ma9 ?+ requir$ is to free ourselves f ! imp$im5ts :i* artificial ?\ght on ?is subject has at all times import$ into ! consid]ation ( intellectual facts4 ,our k 9 ?is doma9 is f\nd$ on obs]vation & introspection2 n ^u dialectics4 ,ph5om5a1 simply1 are pres5t$ to obs]vation1 & n ! ultimate ess5ces ( =ces4 ,s1 too1 ! app>atus ( obs]vation & introspection give only _! own ph5om5a4 ,_! cont5ts are ! animat$ ext]nal _w z x affects consci\s be+s1 & involves1 besides intuition1 ! facts ( memory4 ,unp]sonal inh]it$ memories1 :i* take ! =m ( in/9ct1 are n =?com+4 ,! pres5t lectures d n pret5d to give in/ruction 9 ! anatomy ( ! bra9 p] se1 b simply 9 s f> z x is necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ! bra9's me*anism4 ,all ?+s view$1 all ?+s intuit$ are cont5ts ( consci\sness1 :i* 9 its limitations to ! s5se-impressions ( ! individual be+1 we t]m ! ego1 or ,i4 ,9 s f> z ! ext]nal _w is ! intuit$ cont5ts ( consci\sness1 ! ext5t ( ! latt] is increas$1 ! ego1 ! ,i1 exp&s into ! second>y ego1 or ,i4 ,9 ?is doctr9e ( a second>y ego ! problems :i* gr[ out ( ! behavior ( individuals t[>ds ! ext]nal _w are resolv$ 9 ! s+le explanation t ! ego ( ea* p>ticul> gr\p ( ?+s seeks to pres]ve itself by int]nal & ext]nal motions4 ,! ego is simply 9 ! possession ( itself 9 e ext5sion :i* x acquires2 if su* ext5sion consi/s ( a common possession1 its desire & t5d5cy to pres]ve su* is simply expla9$ by ! fact t su* possession is ! ego itself4 ,among/ ! intuit$ objects ( ! ego are to be class$ also z compon5t p>ts ( ! second>y ego ( e individual1 ! o!r liv+ individualities ( ! _w4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ?is fact1 ! ego appe>s 9 its social rle4 ,! pres5t lectures consequ5tly ext5d to ! consid]ation ( ! int]actions ( bra9s 9 society1 to culture & civilisation1 & seek to e/abli% ! ph5om5a ( ^! doma9s z facts ( physical k4 ,! me?od ( physical inquiry is t ( comp>ison by ! alt]ation ( ! att5dant circum/ances 9 :i* ! psy*ical me*anism acts4 ,physiology bases x on exp]im5t4 ,nature also supplies exp]im5ts ) ! results t also embrace ph5om5a ( culture4 ,9 ! directions indicat$ "h1 ! diseases ( ! m9d af=d a comp>ative means = ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 a doctr9e ( natural c]ebral exp]im5ts1 & a f\ndation = a k ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d4 4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #e4 ,,ueb] ,,e9 ,,optis*es ,,p>adoxon4 ,by ,franz ,br5tano4 8,,flatt]nde ,,h]z540 ,by ,adolf ,szili4 ,,ueb] ,,begr,,ndung ,,e9] ,,bl9d5psy*ologie ,,von ,,e9em ,,bl9d54 ,by ,fri$ri* ,hits*mann4 ,,bem]kung5 ,,b] ,,die ,,von ,,lipps ,,und ,,cornelius ,,bespro*5e ,,na*bild]s*e9ung4 ,by ,otto ,s*w>z4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #f4 ,,beitr,,ge ,,zur ,,dioptrik ,,des ,,auges4 ,by ,m4 ,ts*]n+4 ,,optis*e ,,/reitfrag54 ,by ,?4 ,lipps4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,s*,,tzung ,,kle9] ,,zeitgr,,ss54 ,by ,e ,s*umann4 ,,zum ,,begriff ,,d] ,,lokalzei*54 ,by ,c4 ,/umpf4 ,,zur ,,k5ntniss ,,des ,,successiv5 ,,kontra/es4 ,by ,ri*>d ,hilb]t4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,! fir/ article is on an optical p>adox4 ,let two equal p>allel l9es be drawn1 z 9 ! cut bel[2 !n let two small /raight l9es be drawn f ! extremities ( ^! 9 su* a way t 9 ! fir/ !y =m acute angles ) ! l9e & 9 ! second1 obtuse angles4 ,! fir/1 x w be se51 appe>s %ort] ?an ! second4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on8 ,illu/ration3 ,cut #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,cut #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,cut #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,cut #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,cut #e4 ,! au?or's answ] is1 t ?is ph5om5on is a consequ5ce ( ! well-kn[n fact t we ov]e/imate small angles1 & und]e/imate l>ge ones4 ,! pres5ce ( ! l9es has no?+ to d ) ! optical illusion1 z ! ins]t$ cut1 9 :i* ! l9es are omitt$1 %[s4 7,cut #b47 ,! optical illusion is also n pres5t :5 ! l9es are rectangul>ly atta*$1 z is ,cut #c4 ,^! facts prove t angul> incl9ation is ! decisive factor4 ,! foll[+ cuts %[ ?is1 ! fir/ 9 a m & ! second 9 a less m>k$ degree4 7,cuts #d1 #e47 ,! simple/ case 9 :i* ! explanatory factor ( ?is ph5om5on is involv$1 is t ( ! e/imation ( ! di/ance ( an isolat$ po9t f ! extremities ( a %ort /raight l9e4 ,! e/imation ( ?is di/ance is dep5d5t ^u our e/imation ( ! angle made by l9es drawn f ! po9t to ! extremities ( a %ort l9e4 ,if ?is e/imation is false1 x produces by an exact trigonometrical law1 an error 9 ! e/imation ( ! correspond+ di/ance4 ,?is expla9s all4 ,9 our fir/ figure ! factor ( illusion is eight times pres5t$3 h5ce its m>k$ "*4 ,! second article consi/s ( a r long s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! s-call$ 8flatt]nde ,h]z50 by ,adolph ,szili4 ,! ?ird article is on ! f\ndations ( a psy*ology ( ! bl9d1 by a bl9d man1 ,fri$ri* ,hits*mann1 ( ,vi5na4 ,?is article conta9s a numb] ( int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ! s5sory1 intellectual1 & emotional life ( bl9d p1 & af=ds a great _m valuable h9ts = ! developm5t ( ! special psy*ology :i* ! au?or has 9 view4 ,! fir/ article ( ,no4 #f ( ! ,zeits*rift is a v exhau/ive "o1 "s sixty pages 9 l5g?1 fill$ ) special & te*nical inve/igations conc]n+ ! dioptrics ( ! eye4 ,:5 light passes f "o refract+ m$ium into ano!r x is p>tially reflect$ at ! divid+ surface1 & transmits by reflection ! objects f :i* x has proce$$4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! human eye1 :i* is itself a l5s4 ,! refract$ pictures are ! only pictures ( importance to ! possessor ( ! eye2 b j z 9 ! con/ruction ( optical in/rum5ts1 ! reflect$ or 8lo/0 images are ( supreme importance to ! optician 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! prop]ties ( 8 productions1 s ^! same pictures 9 ! human eye are ( supreme importance to ! physiologi/ & ! psy*ologi/4 ,?is is ! subject ( ,dr4 ,ts*]n+'s rese>*es4 ,9 ! second article ,dr4 ,?4 ,lipps discusses "s moot$ que/ions ( optics4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! article is a reply to ,s*w>z's criticism 9 ! prec$+ numb] ( ! ,zeits*rift4 ,! second "p is a review ( ,franz ,br5tano's explanation ( ! optical p>adox1 discuss$ 9 ! second p>agraph ( ?is notice4 ,lipps decl>es1 t1 ?\gh !re is "s tru? 9 ,br5tano's explanation1 x is nev]!less an error to believe t acute angles1 z su*1 are ov]e/imat$1 & obtuse angles1 z su*1 are und]e/imat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 e "t su* errors 9 e/imation occur1 !re exi/ p>ticul> reasons = x1 ! "* ( :i* r5d]s ! attempt impossible to d]ive ! e/imation ( di/ance directly f ! e/imation ( angles4 ,lipps supports 8 position by actual facts4 ,8 *ief & mo/ philosophical rem>k is1 t x is a p]il\s & improp] ?+ to d to expla9 isolat$ optical illusions by isolat$ & indep5d5t hypo!ses2 optical illusions are n exceptions3 !y con/itute a class ( ph5om5a 9 !mselves1 & !y %\ld be consid]$ 9 _! natural & logical connection4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss474 4 ,,vi]teljahrss*rift ,f,r ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,philosophie4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,no4 #c4 ,,ueb] ,,real- ,,und ,,beziehungs-,,ur!ile4 ,by ,j4 v4 ,kries4 ,,0 ,,i/ ,,logik8 ,by ,a4 ,voigt4 ,,zur ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,l&s*aft4 ,by ,r4 ,wlassak4 ,,des ,,nic4 ,,tet5s ,,/ellung ,,9 ,,d] ,,ges*i*te ,,d] ,,philosophie4 ,by ,m4 ,dessoir4 ,! articles ( ?is magaz9e are usually v rigor\s & le>n$2 & ! cont5ts ( ! pres5t numb] are 9 keep+ ) its reputation4 ,pr(4 ,j4 v4 ,kries discusses 9 an essay1 evok$ by ! rec5t articles ( ,riehl1 ! subject ( 8real & relational judgm5ts02 8 object is to e/abli% a classification1 & display ! logical connection1 ( judgm5ts g5]ally4 ,real judgm5ts are pr$ications conc]n+ reality or actual facts2 relational judgm5ts pr$icate simple relations ( concepts1 etc4 ,! fir/ requisite ( a sci5tific exactness ( ?\ght1 says ,kries1 is ! di/9ction & det]m9ation 9 any giv5 case ( judgm5ts :i* are real & judgm5ts :i* are relational4 ,9 ! second article1 :i* is long & exhau/ive1 ,dr4 ,voigt endeavors to det]m9e ! *>act]s & functions ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( logic4 ,9 view ( ! great prom95ce into :i* algebraical logic ( late ye>s has come1 ?is article is "o ( consid]able int]e/4 ,voigt def9es ! pret5sions & p[]s ( ! two oppos+ sy/ems ( philosophical & algebraical logic1 & attempts to set =? ! ju/ification ( ea*4 ,voigt1 z oppos$ to ,huss]l1 cordially recomm5ds ! /udy ( algebraical logic to philosoph]s1 t bo? discipl9es may pr(it by ! int]c\rse4 7,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&47 4 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ,nos4 #e to #h4 ,,cont5ts3 ,nos4 #e & #f4 ,,die ,,wirkli*keit ,,als ,,ph,,nom5 ,,des ,,gei/es4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,a4 ,ros9ski4 ,,wes5 ,,und ,,b$eutung ,,d] ,,imp]sonali54 ,by ,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl4 ,,zur ,,ges*i*te ,,und ,,zum ,,problem ,,d] ,,ae/hetik4 ,by ,e4 ,khnemann4 ,,cont5ts3 ,nos4 #g & #h4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,grund=m5 ,,d] ,,vor/ellungsv]b9dung4 ,psy*ologis*e ,/udie4 ,by ,m ,(fn]4 ,,zur ,,ges*i*te ,,und ,,zum ,,problem ,,d] ,,ae/hetik4 7,conclud$7 ,by ,e4 ,khnemann4 ,,w]ke ,,zur ,,philosophie ,,d] ,,ges*i*te ,,und ,,des ,,social5 ,,leb5s 7,second ,article3 ,g4 de ,greef1 ,introduction la sociologie74 ,by ,f4 ,tnnies4 ,,rec5sion54 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,a4 ,ros9ski's contribution is a metaphysical essay on reality view$ z a ph5om5on ( ! m9d4 ,! results ( 8 discussion are ^!3 t ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 ) all its laws & ph5om5a1 & all we assume to exi/ p] se1 is ref]able :olly to ourselves2 t ! primal s\rce & cause ( all reality is n a some?+ :i* lies absolutely outside u1 b is simply our own self1 or ego4 ,9 :at s5se reality is reality1 ! au?or proposes to discuss 9 future articles4 ,dr4 ,raimund ,fri$ri* ,ka9dl discusses1 9 ! second article1 ! "* & mean+ ( ! imp]sonal v]bs4 ,! discussion is made bo? f ! psy*ologico-logical po9t ( view1 & f ! po9t ( view ( comp>ative philology4 ,! ,philosophis*e ,monat%efte conta91 9 ea* issue1 a v exhau/ive bibliography ( all ! works :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! mon? 9 ! prov9ces connect$ ) philosophy4 ,?is dep>tm5t is conduct$ by ,dr4 ,as*]son1 ! libr>ian ( ! ,b]l9 ,univ]sity libr>y1 & =ms a v important & valuable feature ( ?is magaz9e4 7,b]l93 ,dr4 ,r4 ,sal+]47 4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,philosophie ,,und ,,philosophis*e ,,kritik4 ,vol4 #ajj4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,?is well-kn[n magaz9e1 =m]ly edit$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,fi*te & ,dr4 ,ulrici1 is n[ presid$ ov] by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,falck5b]g1 ( ,erlang54 ,x has rea*$ its hundr$? volume1 & ) ! pres5t two numb]s beg9s a new s]ies4 ,its reviews & li/s ( newly publi%$ works are comp>atively complete4 ,its articles1 ?\gh g5]ally t+$ ) s*ola/icism & *iefly treat+ ( philosophico-hi/orical subjects1 deal1 nev]!less1 ) "s mod]n & liv+ que/ions2 = example1 ,dr4 ,max ,s*asl]'s discussion ( ! proce$+s on ! rec5t ,prussian s*ool law2 ,dr4 ,eug5e ,dreh]'s consid]ation ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( =ce2 & ,dr4 ,nikolaus von ,seel&'s discussion ( ! defici5cies ( ! curr5t !ory ( =ce4 ,! o!r articles are contribut$ by ,a4 ,wres*n]1 ,g4 ,frege1 ,j4 ,zahlfleis*1 & ,rob]t ,s*ellwi54 7,leipsic3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]47 4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,augu/1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,cortex ,,9 ,,man1 ,,z ,,d$uc$ ,,f ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,laura ,,bridgman',s ,,bra94 ,by ,h5ry ,h4 ,donaldson4 ,,"s ,,influ5ces ,,:i* ,,affect ,,! ,,rapidity ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,movem5ts4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,dressl>4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,rese>* ,,^u ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,att5tion4 ,by ,james ,r4 ,angell & ,ar?ur ,h4 ,pi]ce4 ,,"s ,,effects ,,( ,,contra/4 ,by ,a4 ,kirs*mann4 ,,report ,,on ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,te/ ,,( ,,musical ,,expressiv5ess4 ,by ,b5jam9 ,ives ,gilman4 ,,psy*ological ,,lit]ature4 7,worce/]1 ,mass43 ,cl>k ,univ]sity47 ,,m9d4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,no4 #c4 ,july1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,lotze',s ,,anti!sis ,,betwe5 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,?+s4 7,i47 ,by ,a4 ,ea/wood4 ,,! ,,fe/al ,,orig9 ,,( ,,human ,,spee*4 ,by ,j4 ,donovan4 ,,! ,,logical ,,calculus4 7,,iii47 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,johnson4 ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,e/hetics ,,psy*ologically ,,consid]$4 7,i47 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all4 ,,discussions3 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,muscul> ,/ates on ,consci\sness4 ,by ,edmund ,b4 ,delab>re2 ,dr4 ,mn/]b]g & 8 ,critics4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,tit*5]4 ,! ,def9ition ( ,desire4 ,by ,h5ry ,rutg]s ,m>%all4 ,feel+1 ,belief1 & ,judgm5t4 ,by ,j4 ,m>k ,baldw94 ,,critical ,,notices4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,july1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,natural ,,selection ,,9 ,,morals4 ,by ,s4 ,alex&]4 ,,:at ,,%\ld ,,be ,,! ,,attitude ,,( ,,! ,,pulpit ,,to ,,! ,,labor ,,problem8 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,%eldon4 ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,jewi% ,,"q4 ,by ,*>les ,zeubl94 ,,ma*iavelli',s ,,pr9ce4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,?ay]4 ,,on ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,( ,a ,,new ,,religion4 ,by ,b4 ,c>n]i4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,obligation4 ,by ,frank ,*apman ,%>p4 ,,reviews4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,alex&]1 9 8 lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,e?ical ,societies ( ,cambridge & ,london1 "h reproduc$1 po9ts out t ! gr[? & *ange ( moral & social ideals are ! result ( a process ( m5tal conflict4 ,pr(essor ,%eldon ?9ks only a p>tial solution ( ! labor problem is possible until ! second com+ ( m5 some:at ( ! type ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 8:o w sacrifice _! p]sonal opportunities1 ab&on _! /ation 9 ! _w1 & g d[n to apply _! gifts & acquirem5ts to ! cause ( ! l[] /ratum ( society40 ,! religi\s z well z economic opposition to ,judaism1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,*>les ,zeubl91 is caus$ by ! exclusiv5ess ( ! ,jew1 & 8 ultimate welf>e & t ( 8 neighbors requires a humanit>ian treatm5t )9 & )\t ,judaism4 ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,?ay] %[s t ,ma*iavelli m]ely describ$ ?+s z !y 7 9 8 "t1 & d$uc$ ! laws :i* actually controll$ ! public de$s ( rul]s2 & t x is n[ 8! duty ( all m5 to sweep away ! old falsehood t rul]s & gov]nm5ts are absolv$ f pay+ he$ to ^? e?ical pr9ciples to :i* e individual is b\nd40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,b4 ,c>n]i1 ! liv+ at peace ) oneself & "o's fell[-m5 is possible only )\t religion1 8because !re is no morality )\t cont5tm5t1 & x is ! highe/ degree ( discont5t to /rive = some?+ beyond ?is _w40 ,mr4 ,frank ,*apman ,%>p concludes t :5 ! elem5t ( ! good is tak5 out ( ! conception ( obligation1 ?is deg5]ates into m]e submission to an arbitr>y imp]ative2 ! f\ndation = ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong mu/ be s\ght 9 some?+ t appeals to u z good1 & its ultimate crit]ion c be giv5 only by our *os5 ideal4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #aah ,s4 ,twelf? ,/reet47 4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,review4 ,july1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d4 ,,inhibition ,,& ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,by ,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,hyslop4 ,a ,,classification ,,( ,,cases ,,( ,,association4 ,by ,m>y ,w4 ,calk9s4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 ,by ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,ni*ols4 ,,on ,,primitive ,,consci\sness4 ,by ,hiram ,m4 ,/anley4 ,,reviews ,,( ,,books4 ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 ,! confusion incid5t to ! old controv]sy ab\t fre$om is due1 says ,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,hyslop1 to a failure to di/+ui% betwe5 ! pro( ( fre$om & ! conditions ( x1 t is1 8! circum/ances t are necess>y to x1 or ! *>act]i/ics t con/itute x40 ,fre$om consi/s 9 8self-initiative & indep5d5ce ( ext]nal causes1 :e!r !re be any *oice betwe5 alt]natives or n10 & inhibition & delib]ation br+ ab\t bo? ( ^! circum/ances4 ,miss ,m>y ,w4 ,calk9s rejects ! ord9>y division into association by contiguity & association by simil>ity1 & gives detail$ summ>ies ( ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( consci\sness on :i* association dep5ds & ( ! *>act]i/ics ( association prop]2 ! ultimate fact ( association1 :e!r x be psy*ical or physical or bo?1 we d n und]/&4 ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,ni*ols1 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 article on ! 8,orig9 ( ,pleasure & ,pa910 consid]s ! ph5om5a ( pleasure & pa9 associat$ ) ! action ( ! s5ses1 & concludes t !re is no 8tangible evid5ce indicat+ t pleasures & pa9s are insep>able attributes ( o!r s5ses or pol> complem5ts ( ea* o!r10 & t sep>ate s5sations ( pa9 & ( pleasure are probable4 ,mr4 ,hiram ,m4 ,/anley reg>ds pure pa9 z primitive m9d1 & pleasure z ! pol> opposite to x1 al?\gh !y are nei!r absolutely ess5tial "o to ! o!r1 pleasure be+ trac$ to 8an int]m$i>y feel+ betwe5 pa9 z produc$ by excess1 & pa9 f lack z diff]5tiat$ =m40 ,consci\sness is fundam5tally pa9 & pleasure z s]v+ ! organism 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 7,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago3 ,g9n ,company47 4 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,social ,,pla9t4 ,by ,e4 ,b5jam9 ,&rews4 ,,religi\s ,,evolution4 ,by ,m9ot ,j4 ,savage4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,mean+ ,,( ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,sodom4 ,by ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne4 ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,buddhism4 ,by ,maurice ,bloomfield4 ,,imag9ation ,,9 ,,religion4 ,by ,francis ,tiffany4 ,,! ,,next ,,/ep ,,9 ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,s4 ,d4 ,mc,connell4 ,,! ,,implications ,,( ,,self-,,consci\sness4 ,by ,josiah ,royce4 ,,h[ ,i ,,came ,,into ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,nobuta ,ki%imoto4 ,,new ,,=ms ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,education4 ,by ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,,ecclesia/ical ,,imp$im5ta4 ,by ,j4 ,macbride ,/]rett4 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,criticism ,,& ,,religi\s ,,belief4 ,by ,orello ,cone4 ,,?omas ,,pa9e4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,*adwick4 ,,social ,,bett]m5t4 ,by ,ni*olas ,p4 ,gilman4 ,,! ,r,,le ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religions ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,religi\s ,,education4 ,by ,jean ,rville4 ,a ,,poet ,,( ,,8 ,,c5tury4 ,by ,e4 ,cavazza4 ,,div9e ,,love ,,& ,,intellig5ce4 ,by ,james ,c4 ,p>sons4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 7,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91 ,company47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,june1 #ahib4 ,no4 #aih4 ,,exi/5ce ,,et ,d,,veloppem5t ,,de ,,la ,,volont4 ,i4 ,exi/5ce de la ,volont4 ,by ,a4 ,f\ille4 ,,sur ,,quelques ,,id,,es ,,du ,,b>on ,d',,holba*4 ,by ,a4 ,lal&e4 ,,essai ,,sur ,,la ,,philosophie ,,de ,,pr\dhon4 ,by ,g4 ,sorel4 ,,travaux ,,du ,,laboratoire ,,de ,,psy*ologie ,,physiologique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,july1 #ahib4 ,no4 #aii4 ,l',,inconnaissable ,,dans ,,la ,,philosophie ,,mod]ne4 ,by ,g4 ,fonsegrive4 ,,la ,,musique ,d',,apr,s ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,by ,j4 ,comb>ieu4 ,,essai ,,sur ,,la ,,philosophie ,,de ,,pr\dhon 7conclud$74 ,by ,g4 ,sorel4 ,,cont5ts3 ,augu/1 #ahib4 ,no4 #bjj4 ,,tude ,,critique ,,sur ,,le ,,my/icisme ,,mod]ne4 ,by ,ros5ba*4 ,,le ,d,,veloppem5t ,,de ,,la ,,volont4 ,by ,a4 ,f\ille4 ,,la ,,beaut ,,organique3 ,,tude ,d',,analyse ,,e/h,,tique4 ,by ,a4 ,naville4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,f\ille1 ! pr9ciple :i* t5ds to dom9ate psy*ology & physiology is ! ubiquity ( w & ( feel+1 & consequ5tly ( consci\sness4 ,psy*ology w end by recognis+ ! cont9uity & ! trans=mation ( modes ( psy*ical en]gy1 z physics recognises ! cont9uity & ! trans=mation ( modes ( physical en]gy1 & philosophy w see 9 physical en]gy ! ext]nal expression ( w4 ,m4 ,fonsegrive ma9ta9s t ! rejection ( metaphysics z sci5ce1 :i* m>ks ! mod]n !ory ( ! unkn[able1 is ! consequ5ce ( ,kant's a priori !ory z to ! orig9 ( our k4 ,! laws ( ! m9d h no real exi/5ce prior to exp]i5ce1 & univ]sal & necess>y notions c be discov]$ only by m5tal analysis4 ,9 ?is mann] ! exi/5ce1 & ev5 ! ess5ce1 ( metaphysical be+s may be kn[n1 b only ( su* z exp]i5ce puts 9 communication ) ourselves4 ,?us we "k ,god z ! necess>y fir/ cause1 al?\gh our notion ( ,god is "o ( negation1 ( exp]im5tal notions4 ,aft] %[+ t ,sp5c]'s !ory ( music _h num]\s antec$5ts1 & t its conclusions are unacceptable on v>i\s gr\nds1 ,m4 ,comb>ieu affirms t ! secret ( ! musical art is ! id5tity ( ! musical idea ) ! imitation or expression ( ! real _w4 ,all music conta9s a d\ble v]ity2 x is ! meet+ place ( ! s5ses & ( ! rational _w conf\nd$ 9 a unity :i* is ! "w ( art1 z man is ! comb9ation ( a s\l & a body conf\nd$ 9 ! real unity ( life4 ,sp5c] is an excessive simplifi]1 & does n see ! complexity ( c]ta9 que/ions1 :i* he seeks to resolve by und]valu+ !m4 ,b he has ?r[n light on "o ( ! aspects ( ! musical problem4 ,9 ?is f9al essay on ! philosophy ( ,pr\dhon1 ,m4 ,sorel consid]s ! !ory ( ju/ice by ! light ( ! notion ( free w4 ,he diff]s some:at f ,pr\dhon1 & affirms t 8! j man is ! upright man su* z our ideal conception ( antiquity repres5ts him to u1 b trans=m$ by our consci\sness z ref9$ by ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,9 deal+ ) ! real organisation ( societies x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 matt]s ( ju/ice & ^? ( "r1 :i* includes t ( =ce1 ( :i* w> is an application4 ,aft] %[+ ! connection ( ! economic contradictions ( ,pr\dhon ) ! /ate ( w>1 & ! value ( education = ! realisation ( equilibrium 9 ! /ate4 ,m4 ,sorel affirms t education ought to be bas$ on manual labor1 = ! explanation ( :i* sci5ce %\ld be taught2 & t in/ruction %\ld endure ?r\gh\t life1 s t m5 c elevate !mselves & t an equilibrium may be obta9$ betwe5 k & indu/rial ne$s4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 4 ,,app5dix4 ,,plates ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,article 8,,! ,,n]v\s ,,ganglia ,,( ,,insects40 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,plates4 col4 v54--v5tral column4 lob4 dors4--dorsal lobe4 lob4 v54--v5tral lobe4 lob4 v4 inf4--inf]ior or l[] v5tral lobule4 lob4 cr4--crural lobule4 con4 dors4 sup--sup]ior 7or upp]7 dorsal connective filam5ts4 con4 dors4 moy4--m$ial dorsal connective filam5ts4 con4 dors4 inf4--inf]ior 7or l[]7 dorsal connective filam5ts4 con4 v4--v5tral connective filam5ts4 n4 cr4--crural n]ve4 n4 al4--al>y n]ve4 lob4 al4--al>y lobule4 rac4 sup--upp] 7or sup]ior7 root4 rac4 moy4--m$ial root4 rac4 inf4--l[] 7or inf]ior7 root4 fa4 z4--asc5d+ fasciculus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,rhizotrogus sol/itialis4 ,fir/ ?oracic ganglion4 7,horizontal sections47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,rhizotrogus sol/itialis4 ,fir/ ?oracic ganglion4 7,horizontal sections47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,rhizotrogus sol/itialis4 ,fir/ ?oracic ganglion4 7,longitud9al sections47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,rhizotrogus sol/itialis4 ,fir/ ?oracic ganglion4 7,transv]sal sections47 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,janu>y1 #ahic4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,auta4 ,9 ! 8,sci5tific ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society0 7,vol4 ,,vi1 ,"p ,,ix1 p4 #dge1 #ahij71 ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 publi%$ an int]e/+ & c>efully-reason$ pap] 8,on ! ,relation betwe5 ,natural ,sci5ce & ,ontology40 ,! same au?or _h previ\sly 7#ahhe71 9 a ,friday ev5+ disc\rse at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london1 discuss$ ! problem1 8,h[ ,?\ght ,pres5ts ,itself ,among ! ,ph5om5a ( ,nature40 ,dr4 ,/oney's communications h n 7,i v5ture to ?9k7 receiv$ ! consid]ation to :i* !y are entitl$ alike on ! score ( _! logical consi/5cy1 if 8 premisses & assumptions be grant$1 & by reason ( ! au?or's sci5tific em95ce z a physici/4 ,i !re=e propose1 fir/1 to endeavor to set =? 8 moni/ic ,doctr9e ( ,auta2 & secondly1 to (f] "s criticisms !reon4 ,un=tunately ,dr4 ,/oney's pages bri/le ) new te*nical t]ms1 :i*1 ?\gh no d\bt !y h be5 s]viceable to him 9 ! atta9m5t ( precision ( ?\ght1 make 8 pap] h>d read+4 ,"s ( ^! ,i %all introduce2 o!rs :i* seem less ess5tial to ! argum5t ,i %all omit4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely fair on ! read]'s tee? or on ! au?or's /ore to transf] all ^! h>d nuts f ,dubl9 to ,*icago4 ,no philosophical discussion ( a problem involv+ p]ception c be reg>d$ z complete )\t ! introduction ( an orange4 ,dr4 ,/oney1 inde$1 sub/itutes a fire2 b ?is1 ?\gh x %[s philosophical indep5d5ce1 _c = a mom5t be sanction$ by any good ,b]keleyan4 ,an orange !n1 z su*1 is a ph5om5al object =m$1 9 a way we ne$ n n[ consid]1 by ! syn!sis ( p]ceptions4 ,^! p]ceptions1 !mselves syn!tic1 ,dr4 ,/oney calls 8tekm]ia10 s9ce !y are signs )9 my m9d t ev5ts are happ5+ 9 a "p ( ! univ]se t is di/9ct f my m9d4 ,! ph5om5al object is suppos$ by m5 untra9$ 9 inquiries relat+ to ! m9d to h a non-egoi/ic exi/5ce--t is1 an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! p]cipi5t m9d4 ,b ?is supposition is f\nd on c>eful scrut9y to be an error4 ,x is a product ( m5tal syn!sis1 & is !re=e t]m$ by ,dr4 ,/oney a 8syn!ton40 ,x is also t]m$ a 8pro!ton0 9 contradi/9ction to an 8anti!ton10 :i* we %all come to %ortly4 ,n[ if ! ph5om5al orange is a 8syn!ton0--t is1 a product ( p]ceptual syn!sis--x cle>ly _c be reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! p]ceptions1 ?r\gh & by means ( :i* x is con/ruct$ 9 m5tal syn!sis4 ,"h popul> ?\ght & ord9>y language are apt to mislead u4 ,= ord9>y language is ?r\gh\t built ^u ! popul> belief t ! objects ( ! ph5om5al _w are non-egoi/ic or indep5d5t exi/5ces1 &1 moreov]1 t !y are ! cause ( ! p]ceptions :i* come into exi/5ce :5 we ex]cise our s5ses4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 8to put ! c> be=e ! horse40 ,x is to imag9e t a /ructure built up out ( ! effects ( a ?+ c be ! cause ( ^? effects4 ,! ph5om5al orange is built up ( p]ceptions in/ead ( be+ ! cause ( !m4 ,_! cause is !re=e to be s\ght else:]e ?an 9 ! ph5om5al _w ( objects4 ,! orange1 qua orange1 is !re=e a 8syn!ton10 & _c z su* be ! cause ( ! p]ceptions or 8tekm]ia10 :i* g to its syn!sis4 ,let u n[ look at ^! p]ceptions or 8tekm]ia0 f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,!y are /ates ( consci\sness3 !y are ?\ghts1 if we use ?is ^w 9 its wide/ ext5sion to embrace ev]y?+ ( :i* ,i or my fell[-m5 or ! l[] animals are consci\s4 ,b my own ?\ghts are1 s long z !y la/1 ?+s t exi/4 ,!y may be repres5tative ( some?+ outside me1 b !y are also real exi/5ces4 ,:ile !y la/ !y con/itute a "p ( ! univ]se ( exi/+ ?+s4 ,!y are1 9 ,dr4 ,/oney's t]m9ology1 auta 7 71 ! v ?+s !mselves4 ,an auto 7we %all ?r\gh\t italicise all t belongs to ?is autic ord] ( exi/5ce7 is a ?+ :i* really exi/s1 & 9 no wise dep5ds on ! way we1 human m9ds1 may happ5 to reg>d x4 ,our impressions or beliefs ab\t x may be correct or may be errone\s2 b ! t]m auto means ! ?+ itself4 ,p]ceptions1 !n1 inasmu* z !y are ?\ghts1 are auta4 ,!y belong1 moreov]1 to t class ( real exi/5ces :i*1 s9ce !y are wov5 into ! tissue ( m9ds 7my m9d & ! m9ds ( my fell[-m5 & ( ! l[] animals7 are t]m$ egoi/ic auta4 ,!y d n rema91 h[ev]1 p]si/5t & un*ang$2 = p]ceptions come & g & are modifi$ z !y pass l waves ov] ! surface ( consci\sness4 ,:at causes ?is com+ & go+1 & ^! *anges 9 ! egoi/ic auta we call p]ceptions8 ,n1 z we h already se51 ! _w ( ph5om5al objects6 ,:at !n1 b o!r auta1 :i*1 s9ce !y produce effects ^u m5's m9ds ?r\gh _! s5ses1 may be t]m$ s5se-compell+ auta8 ,! ph5om5al orange is ?us a 8syn!ton0 produc$ ?r\gh a syn!sis ( ! effects wr\ght ^u my m9d by an autic exi/5ce1 call$ by ,mr4 ,/oney ! onto-orange4 ,! ph5om5al orange is1 z we h se51 a 8pro!ton02 ! onto-orange is its anti!ton 9 ! univ]se ( real exi/5ces4 ,we are n[ beg9n+ to op5 up ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney's conception ( ! relation ( ! autic univ]se to ph5om5al ,nature4 ,nature is ! totality ( ph5om5al objects2 b correspond+ ) ea* ph5om5al object or 8pro!ton0 !re is an onto-object or anti!ton2 & ! totality ( anti!ta con/itute ! univ]se4 ,m9ds1 m9e & ^? ( o!r be+s1 con/itute ! egoi/ic "p ( ! univ]se2 ! re/ ( ! univ]se is con/itut$ by s5se-compell+ auta4 ,we may lik5 ! s5se-compell+ univ]se to a great ma*9e 9 motion1 & ! tekm]ia or p]ceptions :i* x produces )9 our m9ds to %ad[s ca/ by x4 ,! laws ( ! movem5ts ( ! ma*9e are ! real laws ( ! univ]se--laws ( nature are b ! laws ( ! *anges :i* ! %ad[s 9 consequ5ce und]go4 ,x is ^! %ad[ laws alone :i* natural sci5ce c rea*3 ! real laws ( ! univ]se ( :i* ^! are %ad[s are beyond its grasp4 ,9 ,nature ! reflective eye ( sci5ce sees n only ph5om5al objects1 b ! relations :i* !y be> to ea* o!r4 ,b su* relations are !mselves ph5om5al2 !y are pro!ta ( :i* ! onto-relations ( ! real univ]se are ! anti!ta4 ,e space-relation1 !re=e1 9 ,nature--= in/ance1 t my foot is at pres5t ?ree y>ds f ! f5d]--has a real autic relation 9 ! s5se-compell+ univ]se1 :i* is its anti!ton2 an onto-relation betwe5 ! onto-foot & onto-f5d]1 mean+ by ^! t]ms ! auta :i* s5d m5 ! tekm]ia :i*1 :5 syn!sis$1 furni% ^! two ph5om5al objects4 ,! space-relations ( ,nature are b ! %ad[s ca/ by ! autic relations )9 ! m9ds ( m51 & p]haps "s o!r animals4 ,b among ^! %ad[s !re c be no effici5t causation4 ,:5 a *ange takes place 9 ! s5se-compell+ univ]se1 ! mighty ma*9e w ca/ "o %ad[ be=e ! *ange & ano!r aft]4 ,! second %ad[ w accord+ly succe$ ! fir/ 9 ord]ly sequ5ce1 b ! relation betwe5 ! %ad[s is n ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! laws ( ,nature :i* h be5 discov]$ by sci5tific inve/igation1 we f9d abundant in/ances ( unfail+ly concomitant ev5ts & ( uni=mities ( sequ5ce1 b n "o s+le in/ance ( cause & effect4 ,!re is no?+ compet5t to cause "o body to exclude ano!r f ! space x occupies4 ,a /atem5t ( ! fact is "o ( ! laws ( ,nature4 ,if a /one be all[$ to drop 9 ! vic9ity ( ! e>?1 its d[nw>d spe$ is accel]at$ by a p]fectly def9ite law4 ,?is law is "o ( ! ,uni=mities ( ,nature :i* sci5tific inquiry has br\ght to light4 ,b )9 ! doma9 ( ,physics !re is no cause ( accel]ation4 ,! facts z to :at occurs 9 ,nature c be obs]v$2 ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occur c be inve/igat$2 simil> cases c be comp>$2 & ! laws to :i* ! simultane\s or successive ev5ts con=m may be br\ght to light4 ,b "h our k ends4 ,physical sci5ce has said its utmo/4 ,n[ all ?is is *ang$ :5 we turn to ! only field ( obs]vation accessible to u 9 :i* we are deal+ directly ) auta4 ,! ?\ghts ( :i* ,i consi/1 ! ?\ghts :i* are my m9d1 are auta2 a v small gr\p ( auta1 no d\bt1 9 ! mighty ,univ]se1 b /ill an actual sample1 ?\gh a v special & "o-sid$ sample ( :at auta really are4 ,n[ 9 ! op]ations t g on 9 my m9d ,i d f9d in/ances1 "s few in/ances1 ( causes produc+ effects4 ,! famili> case ( a geometrical demon/ration produc+ 9 a man's m9d a belief 9 ! tru? ( ! conclusion is a case 9 po9t4 ,"h ! und]/&+ ( ! pro( is ! effici5t cause ( ! belief 9 ! conclusion :i* accompanies t und]/&+4 ,a wi% to accompli% some?+1 & a k ( h[ to g ab\t x1 bo? ( :i* are ?\ghts 9 ! m9d1 are a "p ( ! effici5t cause ( subsequ5t ev5ts1 unless c\nt]act$ by o!r causes4 ,a few o!r examples c be obta9$ f ! same small field ( obs]vation2 & ?is is all t man1 9 8 isolat$ position1 has any "r to expect2 = ! bulk ( 8 ?\ghts are due1 at lea/ 9 l>ge "p1 to autic causes :i* lie outside 8 m9d1 & x is !re also t ^? ( 8 ?\ghts t are kn[n to be causes1 usually exhibit _! effects4 ,:5 p]ceptions arise 9 my m9d1 ! effect inde$ is )9 my m9d1 b ! cause is beyond x2 & :5 ,i move my muscles ! cause is )9 my m9d1 b x is outside ! m9d t x op]ates4 ,! in/ances are inde$ few :]e ! causes & ! effects are bo? )9 my t9y gr\p ( auta1 & x is only 9 ^! cases t ,i c h ! process ( causes produc+ effects "u my inspection4 ,b s9ce cases c be cit$1 h[ev] few1 !y suffice to e/abli% ! fact t ! relation ( cause & effect1 9 its full s5se1 does exi/ 9 "s in/ances 9 ! autic univ]se2 :]eas x has n[h]e any place )9 ! doma9 ( physical sci5ce4 ,! relation ( cause & effect among o!r auta _c f ! nature ( ! case be prov$4 ,b f its occurr5ce 9 t small "p ( ! univ]se :i* we d "k1 we may fairly assume its occurr5ce 9 all p>ts ( t univ]se4 ,su* an assumption is at any rate ju/ifiable by sci5tific me?od4 ,we mu/ n[ pass to ano!r po9t4 ,! sci5tific analysis ( ,nature by ! physici/ has l$ to an hypo!sis :i* may be reg>d$ z ! utmo/ simplification ( :i* ! %ad[s ca/ )9 ! human m9d by ! s5se-compell+ autic univ]se are susceptible4 ,?is ,dr4 ,/oney calls ! ,diacr9om5al ,hypo!sis2 accord+ to :i* ,nature is made up ( objects ea* ( :i* consi/s ( almo/ inconceivably m9ute & swift motions4 ,! ph5om5al orange is a gr\p ( molecul> motions2 & if ,i b[l x across ! table ! visible mol> motion is a second>y motion ( t gr\p ( prim>y molecul> motions :i* con/itutes ! ph5om5al object z su*4 ,& n only is ! ph5om5al object a gr\p ( m9ute & swift motions1 b all ! /eps betwe5 t object & our bra91 all t takes place 9 ! air or !r1 9 our organs ( s5se & n]ves1 c also be repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( motion4 ,& f9ally a *ange consi/+ ( motions takes place 9 ! bra9 itself1 :]eupon we become consci\s ( ?\ght4 ,t *ange :i* w\ld be appreciat$ z motions by a by/&] :o c\ld se>* into our bra9s :ile we are ?9k+1 we %\ld exp]i5ce to be ?\ght4 ,?us we f9d t 9 c]ta9 cases ! autic exi/5ce t corresponds ) motion1 namely 9 ! motions ( our own bra9 molecules1 is ?\ght4 ,& ! mo/ probable hypo!sis z to ! true relation ( ph5om5al ,nature & ! autic univ]se is t :at we h f\nd to be true 9 "s cases is always true1 & t 9 e case x is ?\ght 7or r a *ange 9 ! causal relation 9 :i* ?\ght /&s to ?\ght7 :i* is ! anti!ton ( motion2 s t ! totality ( all actual exi/5ces1 ! univ]se1 is 9 fact id5tical ) ! totality ( exi/+ ?\ght4 ,( c\rse all ?is ?\ght1 ) ! exception ( t t9y gr\p t is my m9d1 is z mu* outside my consci\sness z are ! ?\ghts ( my fell[-m5 & ( ! l[] animals4 ,"u ?is view ! m9ds ( m5 & ( o!r animals are specialis$ specks1 z x 71 ( a va/ ocean ( ?\ght1 to :i* !y be> a l inconspicu\s proportion to t borne by ! few bra9 motions ( :i* !y are ! anti!ta1 to ! totality ( motions ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,"u ?is view ! laws ( ! univ]se are ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,?is is a v diff]5t ?+1 be x not$1 f say+ t !y are ! laws ( human ?\ght4 ,! laws ( human ?\ght be> to !m ! same small proportion :i* ! laws ( ! action ( ! :eels ( a wat* ^u "o ano!r be> to ! entire sci5ce ( dynamics4 ,! sci5ce ( dynamics c\ld nev] be evolv$ f a /udy ( ^! laws4 ,b p]haps x may n be hopeless = man to atta9 "s s\nd k ( ! laws ( cosmic ?\ght1 inasmu* z we h "s few in/ances ( ! way ?\ght acts ^u ?\ght op5 to our inve/igation 9 our own m9ds1 & s9ce ?is is supplem5t$ by our k ( ! physical laws ( nature1 :i* are a %ad[1 a probably complete %ad[1 ( all ! laws ( causation :i* op]ate ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ?r\gh\t ! all-embrac+ ,m9d ( ! great ,autos4 ,su* is ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney's conception ( ! relation ( ,natural ,sci5ce to ,ontology4 ,i h pres5t$ x p>tly 9 8 own words1 p>tly 9 m9e4 ,x has be5 my consci5ti\s endeavor to put x 9 z /rong & favorable a light z possible1 & n 9 any way to weak5 ! /r5g? ( its logical consi/5cy4 ,! ma9 !sis may n[ be briefly summ>is$ 9 ! foll[+ propositions3 ,! ph5om5al object is a syn!ton or product ( m5tal syn!sis4 ,its effici5t cause is a real exi/5ce or anti!ton4 ,nature is ! totality ( ph5om5al syn!ta4 ,! univ]se is ! totality ( autic anti!ta4 ,!re is no causation 9 ,nature2 b ! ,uni=mities ( ,nature are ! %ad[s ( ! causal ,laws ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?\ght has no place 9 ,nature3 x is "p ( ! autic univ]se4 ,! syn!ton ( :i* ?\ght is ! anti!ton is ! motion ( bra9 molecules4 ,x is a probable hypo!sis t ! anti!ta ( :i* ! motions ( ,diacr9om5al ,nature are ! syn!ta1 are ?\ght4 ,?is is ! moni/ic hypo!sis1 t !re is b "o k9d ( exi/+ ?+1 viz4 ?\ght2 9 contradi/9ction to ! duali/ic hypo!sis t !re are two k9ds ( exi/+ ?+s1 ?\ght & motion4 ,i n[ pass f ! attitude ( expositor to ! attitude ( critic4 ,& fir/ ,i w attack a q out/&+ position1 namely ,dr4 ,/oney's assumption t ,clif=d's hypo!sis :i* he supports & ext5ds is ! moni/ic hypo!sis1 & by implication t x is ! only moni/ic hypo!sis4 ,9 opposition to ?is ,i v5ture to affirm t !re are sev]al =ms or phases ( monism4 ,i h n space to discuss ! matt]2 & mu/ cont5t myself ) a b>e enum]ation ( "s ( ! logically possible =ms ( ,dualism & ( ,monism4 #a7 ,,dualism4 ,a4 ,syn!tic ,dualism3 accord+ to :i* !re are two entities1 ! m9d & ! body2 & ^! a7 ei!r "w side by side1 )\t int]action1 9 pre-e/abli%$ h>mony 7philosophic dualism71 b7 or int]act ! "o on ! o!r 7empirical dualism74 ,b4 ,analytic ,dualism3 accord+ to :i* !re are two elem5ts z ! result ( analysis2 motion 7) or )\t a mat]ial basis7 & consci\sness2 ! two elem5ts be+ relat$ 9 su* a way t consci\sness is insep>ably associat$ ) c]ta9 complex modes ( motion4 #b7 ,,monism4 ,a4 ,syn!tic monism3 accord+ to :i* !re is b "o entity4 ,& ?is entity may be3 a7 ,! body1 ( :i* consci\sness is a product 7mat]iali/ic or physical monism72 b7 ,! m9d1 ( :i* ! body 9 common ) ! _w ( ph5om5a is a fiction 7ideali/ic monism72 c7 ,! consci\s organism1 exhibit+ c]ta9 trans=mations ( en]gy :i* are felt z psy*ical /ates 7sci5tific monism74 ,b4 ,analytic monism3 accord+ to :i* analysis discloses b "o elem5t2 & ?is may be a7 motion1 ( :i* 7or ( "o phase ( :i*7 consci\sness is m]ely ! psy*ical aspect 7analytic mat]ialism72 b7 consci\sness1 ( :i* motion is m]ely ! ph5om5al aspect 7analytic psy*ism72 c7 x 7! unkn[able7 ( :i* motion is ! physical aspect & consci\sness ! psy*ical aspect 7moni/ic agno/icism74 ,su* are "s ( ! =ms or phases ( monism z comp>$ ) ^? ( dualism4 ,x w be se5 t ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney's speculations fall "u ! head ( :at ,i h t]m$ analytic psy*ism1 accord+ to :i* ! sole ultimate reality disclos$ by analysis is consci\sness or ?\ght4 ,s f> ,i h only rem9d$ my read]s t ?is1 ?\gh "o =m ( monism1 is n ! only =m4 ,to :i* ,dr4 ,/oney may v possibly reply t x matt]s n to him :e!r !re are five or fifty-&-five moni/ic h]esies besides ! true cre$ ( :i* he is ! prophet4 ,he is only conc]n$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! true moni/ic fai?4 ,& z h]e9 ,i %\ld v he>tily agree ) him1 ,i w pass on )\t delay to criticise an assumption t lies close to ! he>t & c5tre ( 8 hypo!sis4 ,on ! fir/ page ( ,dr4 ,/oney's essay we read3 8,let u1 = conv5i5ce1 call ^! real exi/5ces auta--! v ?+s !mselves4 ,an auto is a ?+ t really exi/s1 & 9 no wise dep5ds on ! way we1 human m9ds1 may happ5 to reg>d x40 ,& on ! second page we read3 8,my own ?\ghts are1 at all ev5ts1 ?+s t exi/3 !y at lea/ are auta s long z !y la/4 ,!y are1 accord+ly1 :ile !y la/1 a "p ( ! univ]se ( exi/+ ?+s40 ,no pro( is (f]$ ( ?is latt] assumption t my ?\ght1 human ?\ght1 is "p ( ! univ]se ( auta4 ,i v5ture to call ?is assumption 9 "q4 ,i dem& pro( ( its validity4 ,nay1 ,i am ready to g fur!r & r\ndly ass]t t my ?\ghts are n auta1 & furni% no evid5ce :atev] z to ! nature ( su* auta4 ,i am q aw>e t ,i may seem to be giv+ ! lie to a direct deliv]ance ( consci\sness2 & t x w be said t x is obvi\sly impossible to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ?\ght )\t at ! same "t ex]cis+ t1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is d5i$--a dictum :i* conta9s a v pretty play ^u two diff]5t uses ( ! ^w 8exi/5ce40 ,i g back to ! orange1 )\t :i* z a philosoph] ,i am lo/4 ,i hold x 9 my h&1 look /eadfa/ly at x1 & dr9k 9 ) my no/rils its fragrant aroma4 ,:at says consci\sness8 ,t ! ph5om5al object ,i call an orange exi/s4 ,x says no?+ ab\t indep5d5t exi/5ce1 no?+ ab\t auta4 ,! direct deliv]ance ( consci\sness is t an object-9-consci\sness exi/s4 ,if a 8pla9 man0 says t ! orange has a real exi/5ce1 z su*1 indep5d5t ( consci\sness1 he is go+ beyond ! direct deliv]ance4 ,& if a philosoph] says t consci\sness has a real exi/5ce1 z su*1 indep5d5t ( ! object1 he too is go+ beyond ! direct deliv]ance4 ,& if1 z w\ld seem to be ! case1 ,dr4 ,/oney relies on ! deliv]ance ( consci\sness = ! ju/ification ( 8 /atem5t t 8p]ceptions1 :ile !y la/1 are auta1 real exi/5ces10 ,i submit t he is rely+ on a mis9t]pretation ( ! deliv]ance ( consci\sness4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! object-9-consci\sness is ! datum f :i* pla9 man & philosoph] alike mu/ />t4 ,on ?is f\ndation we mu/ base all our reason+s & speculations4 ,physical sci5ce directs its att5tion to ! 8object0 side ( ! giv5 relation4 ,& x rea*es its 8diacr9om5al0 result t ! orange may = physical purposes be repres5t$ z a gr\p ( swift & rapid molecul> motions4 ,b c physics at any /age ( its analysis %ake itself free f ! 8consci\sness0 side ( ! relation8 ,assur$ly n4 ,all t x c d is to repres5t ! object-9-consci\sness we call an orange 9 t]ms ( o!r objects-9-consci\sness we t]m molecul> motions4 ,psy*ology directs its att5tion to ! 8consci\sness0 side ( ! giv5 relation4 ,x analyses ! object-9-consci\sness into p]cepts1 s5sations1 & s =?4 ,b c psy*ology at any /age ( its analysis %ake itself free f ! 8object0 side ( ! relation8 ,assur$ly n4 ,all t x c d is to repres5t ! consci\sness-(-!-object we call an orange1 9 t]ms ( ! objects-9-consci\sness we t]m s5sations1 relations betwe5 s5sations1 & s =?4 ,! relation ( ! consci\sness-(-an-object to ! object-9-consci\sness may be made cle> by ! analogy1 :i* is some?+ m ?an an analogy ( vision & ! visual field4 ,= cle> & di/9ct vision1 a well-illum9at$ object ( vision1 & a heal?y organ ( vision are necess>y z cop]at+ factors4 ,s1 too1 = di/9ct consci\sness a def9ite object-9-consci\sness & a well-def9$ consci\sness-(-!-object are necess>y z cop]at+ factors4 ,m ?an ?is4 ,unless !re be "s object ( vision1 h[ev] vague1 & "s organ ( vision1 h[ev] dim1 no vision at all is possible4 ,! cop]ation ( ! two factors is ess5tial4 ,s1 too1 unless !re be "s object-9-consci\sness1 h[ev] vague1 & "s consci\sness-(-!-object1 h[ev] dim1 no consci\sness at all1 9 any?+ l ! human s5se ( ! ^w 8consci\sness10 is possible4 ,"h1 aga91 ! cop]ation ( ! two factors is ess5tial4 ,& nei!r factor is ev] giv5 9 exp]i5ce )\t ! o!r4 ,writ+ z ,i am1 = read]s ( ,! ,moni/1 ,i ne$ h>dly turn aside to expla9 :at ,i mean by an object-9-consci\sness4 ,& yet p]haps a few words on ! subject may n be out ( place1 & may prev5t possible misund]/&+4 ,an object-9-consci\sness is n necess>ily a tangible1 visible object1 l an orange4 ,! yell[ness1 ! sweetness1 ! weight1 ! b>e exi/5ce ( ! orange1 may ea* 9 turn be an object 9 consci\sness4 ,= ! physici/ ! tangible orange may be repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( swift1 inf9itesimal motions2 & ^!1 n less ?an ! ph5om5al orange1 are objects 9 consci\sness4 ,a conception ( consci\sness itself1 an imp]fect conception1 b ! be/ we c frame1 may be an object ( consci\sness1 j z a reflect$ image ( ! eye may be to ! eye an object ( vision4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ by mod]n psy*ologi/s t all objects-9-consci\sness are d]ivable by processes ( ab/raction1 g5]alisation1 & s =?1 f ! primitive datum ( a p]ceptual object4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is only 9 ab/raction t we di/+ui% betwe5 ! object-9-consci\sness & ! consci\sness-(-!-object4 ,! two t]ms ( ?is1 = u1 inevitable relation are giv5 9 insep>able cord9ation4 ,b 9 ab/ract ?\ght we c di/+ui% ! insep>able t]ms2 di/+ui% 9 ?\ght1 t is to say1 :at is insep>able 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,to cont9ue ! analogy ( vision1 we c make ! "o t]m focal1 :ile ! o!r t]m rema9s m>g9al 9 ! field ( view4 ,& we c neglect1 = ! purposes ( our ?\ght & reason1 ! m>g9al t]m4 ,b we _c get rid ( x4 ,we may deal1 z 9 physics1 ) motion1 neglect+ ! consci\sness 9 & ?r\gh :i* x is appreciat$2 b we _c get rid ( ?is consci\sness4 ,or we c deal1 z 9 psy*ology1 ) ! consci\sness1 neglect+ ! object-9-consci\sness2 b we _c get rid ( ?is object4 ,! object-out-(-consci\sness & ! consci\sness-)\t-an-object1 are alike unkn[n--or1 if ! read] pref]s x1 unkn[able1 :i* he may write ) z _m capital lett]s z seeme? to him good4 ,! common-s5se reali/ believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( objects-out-(-consci\sness4 ,! analytical psy*i/ believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness-)\t-an-object4 ,bo? are1 if ! views "h advocat$ be s\nd1 attribut+ indep5d5t exi/5ce to t :i*1 s f> z human k is conc]n$1 has only dep5d5t or relative exi/5ce4 ,x is un=tunate t ! t]ms 8real0 & 8reality0 %\ld ev] h be5 appli$ to ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( s-call$ ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,i ?9k su* t]ms z ,dr4 ,/oney's 8autic0 & 8autic exi/5ce0 w\ld be f> pref]able4 ,= ! ^w 8real0 has a mean+ & =ce :i* is q def9ite4 ,! orange t ,i hold 9 my h& & see ) my eyes is z real z real c be4 ,& if a philosoph] /eps 9 & says1 8,my de> sir1 t is n real6 ,! real reality is1 accord+ to "s1 m9d-/uff or consci\sness2 accord+ to o!rs1 motion (--well ,i don't q "k :at1 s let u simply call x motion2 & accord+ to o!rs ?is real reality is unkn[able0--,i say if a philosoph] /eps 9 & talks l ?is1 "o is rem9d$ ( ,lamb's rem>k on ,col]idge4 ,col]idge _h be5 maund]+ on1 z 0 8 wont1 on 8subject0 & 8object0 & all ! re/ ( 8 second-h& ,g]man metaphysics1 :5 ,lamb broke 91 ) 8 =cible /amm]1 9 a /age :isp]3 8,n-n-n-nev] m9d ,c-c-c-col]idge2 x's only 8 f-f-f-fun40 ,i repeat t ! orange ,i hold 9 my h& & see ) my eyes is z real z real c be2 & t we h "h ! /&>d & crit]ion ( reality n only = pla9 m5 b = philosoph]s4 ,9 ! p]ceptual object we h reality giv5 9 its cle>e/1 fulle/1 & mo/ =cible =m4 ,e /ep 9 ! analysis ( ! p]ceptual object-9-consci\sness2 e /ep 9 ! analysis ( ! consci\sness-(-!-object takes u s f> fur!r f reality at its be/4 ,! orange z an object-9-consci\sness is f> m real to me ?an ei!r ! swift inf9itesimal motions ( ! physici/1 or ! 8syn!ton0 ( relat$ & integrat$ s5sations ( ! psy*ologi/4 ,& :5 we rea* ! autic exi/5ce :i* is suppos$ to und]lie bo? motion & consci\sness1 we seem to get j z f> z x is possible = ! human m9d to get f ! real orange ) :i* we />t$4 ,& yet x is to ?is autic exi/5ce t metaphysicians apply ! t]m 8real0 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,= s f> ,i h us$ ! ^w 8real0 = t :i* is giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,b metaphysically ! ^w 8real0 is us$ to indicate indep5d5ce ( exp]i5ce4 ,i repeat t = ?is indep5d5t exi/5ce "s su* ^w z ,dr4 ,/oney's 8autic0 w\ld be f> bett] & less mislead+4 ,x w\ld emphasise ! di/9ction betwe5 real1 t is to say giv5 9 direct exp]i5ce1 & autic1 t is to say indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,accept+ at any rate = our pres5t purpose ?is di/9ction1 we h z cord9ate realities ! object-9-consci\sness & ! consci\sness-(-!-object4 ,& ^! two are only diff]5t aspects ( ! "o great reality1 ! reality ( exp]i5ce4 ,( ^! two aspects nei!r is m real ?an ! o!r4 ,! object-9-consci\sness is e bit z real z ! consci\sness-(-!-object2 ! orange z real z our p]ception !re(4 ,bo? are int5sely & vitally real2 b--"h ,i am 9 opposition to ,dr4 ,/oney--nei!r is autic4 ,i c f9d no w>ranty = su* autic exi/5ce 9 direct exp]i5ce or ! s-call$ deliv]ance ( consci\sness4 ,nor am ,i aw>e ( any process ( reason+ by :i* x c be demon/rat$4 ,b1 x may be said1 is x n 9 accordance ) sci5tific me?od to make an assumption & !n see h[ f> su* assumption is ju/ifi$ by ! results x enables u to rea*8 ,assur$ly su* proc$ure is all[able & (t5 fruitful4 ,x is n on su* gr\nds1 h[ev]1 t ,dr4 ,/oney1 if ,i rightly und]/& him1 bases 8 doctr9e ( ! psy*ical nature ( auta4 ,let u1 nev]!less1 pay a mom5t's att5tion to ?is assumption & ! correlative assumption ( analytic mat]ialism4 ,consci\sness & matt]-9-motion 7or b>e motion p]haps7 are ! ultimate elem5ts rea*$ by ! psy*ologi/ on ! "o h& & ! physici/ on ! o!r4 ,nei!r1 if he kn[s 8 bus9ess1 pret5ds by ?is analysis to h rea*$ autic exi/5ce4 ,b x is op5 to ea* to make an assumption4 ,! mat]iali/ says3 ,i assume t motion is ! true autic exi/5ce1 ( :i*1 "u appropriate conditions1 human consci\sness is m]ely a psy*ical aspect4 ,! psy*i/ says3 ,i assume t consci\sness is ! true autic exi/5ce1 ( :i* motion is m]ely ! ph5om5al aspect4 ,i confess t if ,i 7 =c$ to *oose "o ( ^! two1 7:i* =tunately ,i am n17 ,i %\ld elect to ?r[ 9 my lot ) ! mat]iali/s4 ,= if ju/ification by results is to be ! crit]ion1 ,i hold t ! results ! mat]iali/s h to %[ f> outweigh any results :i* ! analytic psy*i/s c produce4 ,b ! fact ( ! matt] is t 9 nei!r case d ! results fl[ f ! autic assumption4 ,all ! results are equally valid = ! /ud5t :o holds fa/ to ! relativity ( object-9-consci\sness to consci\sness-(-!-object4 ,s9ce !re=e ! assumption is valueless s f> z practical results are conc]n$1 & s9ce x is some:at repugnant to s\nd reason to assume t ei!r t]m ( a giv5 relation%ip is ! same out ( relation%ip z x is 9 relation to its fell[1 ,i cont5d1 z aga9/ bo? mat]iali/ & psy*i/1 t x fails to make good its claim to acceptance4 ,:at %all we say !n ( auta or ?+s 9 !mselves8 ,simply t we d n "k any?+ ab\t !m--t !y are outside ! pale ( human k4 ,if we ev5 say !y exi/ we are us+ ! ^w 8exi/0 9 an autic & unreal s5se4 ,x is ph5om5al ,nature :i* con/itutes ! real ,univ]se2 ( its autic %ad[1 suppos+ t !re be su* a %ad[1 we "k no?+4 ,ne$ we !n /ay to criticise ?is unkn[n %ad[8 ,ev5 if we take ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney's hypo!sis z x /&s we f9d a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! s5se-compell+ auta & ! egoi/ic auta1 or betwe5 ! s5se-compell+ aspect ( auta & ! egoi/ic or p]ceptive aspect4 ,h[ is ?is di/9ction to be expla9$ & acc\nt$ =8 ,i c see no answ] to ?is "q save t ! di/9ction is a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,:y n1 !n1 tru/ exp]i5ce fully8 ,:y g beyond x at all8 ,:y n say t bo? ! s5se-compell+ aspect & ! p]ceptive aspect are "p ( ! relation :i* is giv5 9 exp]i5ce8 ,if ,dr4 ,/oney c\ld only see 8 way to ?is concession & c\ld be l$ to adopt sci5tific monism1 :i* is bas$ on relativity1 he w\ld /ill secure all t is valuable 9 8 hypo!sis1 & at ! same "t get rid ( ! difficulties :i* z x /&s encumb] x4 ,b x w\ld no long] be a doctr9e ( auta4 ,= sci5tific monism is n a doctr9e ( auta b a doctr9e ( ph5om5a--ph5om5a reg>d$ n only 9 _! physical b also 9 _! psy*ological aspect4 ,unify+ ^! two div]se aspects1 x cont5ds t ! consci\s organism is "o & indivisible2 t x is a product ( evolution2 t 9 its physical or mat]ial aspect ?is evolution has giv5 rise to ! body & bra92 t 9 its psy*ical or immat]ial aspect x has giv5 rise to ! m9d & human consci\sness2 t ^! two aspects1 ?\gh di/+ui%able 9 analytic ?\ght1 are insep>able 9 ph5om5al exi/5ce2 t j z ! complex modes ( en]gy ( ! human bra9 h be5 evolv$ f ! simpl] modes ( en]gy t are f\nd ?r\gh\t organic & inorganic nature1 s too ! complex modes ( consci\sness ( ! human m9d h be5 evolv$ f ! simpl] modes ( infra-consci\sness#ai t are associat$ ) m]ely organic & inorganic modes ( en]gy4 ,! la/ clause is admitt$ly hypo!tical4 ,b x is submitt$ t ! hypo!sis is "o t is f\nd$ on /rictly sci5tific & 9 no s5se metaphysical or autic analysis4 ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,see ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #b 7,jan4 #ahib71 p4 #afa4 ,,evolution>y ,,love4 ,,at ,,fir/ ,,blu%4 ,,c\nt]-,,gospels4 ,philosophy1 :5 j escap+ f its gold5 pupa-sk91 my?ology1 proclaim$ ! great evolution>y ag5cy ( ! univ]se to be ,love4 ,or1 s9ce ?is pirate-l+o1 ,engli%1 is poor 9 su*-l words1 let u say ,eros1 ! exub]ance-love4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,emp$ocles set up passionate-love & hate z ! two cord9ate p[]s ( ! univ]se4 ,9 "s passages1 k9dness is ! ^w4 ,b c]ta9ly1 9 any s5se 9 :i* x has an opposite1 to be s5ior p>tn] ( t opposite1 is ! highe/ position t love c atta94 ,nev]!less1 ! ontological gospell]1 9 ^: days ^? views 7 famili> topics1 made ! ,"o ,supreme ,be+1 by :om all ?+s h be5 made out ( no?+1 to be *]i%+-love4 ,:at1 !n1 c he say to hate8 ,nev] m9d1 at ?is "t1 :at ! scribe ( ! apocalypse1 if he 7 ,john1 /ung at l5g? by p]secution into a rage unable to di/+ui% sugge/ions ( evil f visions ( heav51 & s become ! ,sl&]] ( ,god to m51 may h dream$4 ,! "q is r :at ! sane ,john ?\ght1 or ought to h ?\ght1 9 ord] to c>ry out 8 idea consi/5tly4 ,8 /atem5t t ,god is love seems aim$ at t say+ ( ,ecclesia/es t we _c tell :e!r ,god be>s u love or hatr$4 8,nay10 says ,john1 8we c tell1 & v simply6 ,we "k & h tru/$ ! love :i* ,god ha? 9 u4 ,god is love40 ,!re is no logic 9 ?is1 unless x means1 t ,god loves all m54 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 he _h said1 8,god is light & 9 him is no d>kness at all40 ,we are to und]/&1 !n1 t z d>kness is m]ely ! defect ( light1 s hatr$ & evil are m]e imp]fect /ages ( & 1 love & lovel9ess4 ,?is concords ) t utt]ance report$ 9 ,john's ,gospel3 8,god s5t n ! ,son into ! _w to judge ! _w2 b t ! _w %\ld ?r\gh him be sav$4 ,he t believe? on him is n judg$3 he t believe? n ha? be5 judg$ already4444 ,& ?is is ! judgm5t1 t ! light is come into ! _w1 & t m5 lov$ d>kness r ?an ! light40 ,t is to say1 ,god visits no puni%m5t on !m2 !y puni% !mselves1 by _! natural aff9ity = ! defective4 ,?us1 ! love t ,god is1 is n a love ( :i* hatr$ is ! contr>y2 o!rwise ,satan w\ld be a cord9ate p[]2 b x is a love :i* embraces hatr$ z an imp]fect /age ( x1 an ,ant]os--yea1 ev5 ne$s hatr$ & hatefulness z its object4 ,= self-love is no love2 s if ,god's self is love1 t :i* he loves mu/ be defect ( love2 j z a lum9>y c light up only t :i* o!rwise w\ld be d>k4 ,h5ry ,james1 ! ,sw$5borgian1 says3 8,x is no d\bt v tol]able f9ite or creaturely love to love "o's own 9 ano!r1 to love ano!r = 8 con=mity to "o's self3 b no?+ c be 9 m flagrant contra/ ) ! creative ,love1 all ^: t5d]ness ex vi t]m9i mu/ be res]v$ only = :at intr9sically is mo/ bitt]ly ho/ile & negative to itself40 ,?is is f 8,sub/ance & ,%ad[3 an ,essay on ! ,physics ( ,creation40 ,x is a pity he _h n fill$ 8 pages ) ?+s l ?is1 z he 0 able easily to d1 in/ead ( scold+ at 8 read] & at p g5]ally1 until ! physics ( creation 0 well-nigh =got4 ,i mu/ d$uct1 h[ev]1 f :at ,i j wrote3 obvi\sly no g5ius c\ld make 8 e s5t5ce z sublime z "o :i* discloses = ! problem ( evil its ev]la/+ solution4 ,! movem5t ( love is circul>1 at "o & ! same impulse project+ creations into indep5d5cy & draw+ !m into h>mony4 ,?is seems complicat$ :5 /at$ s2 b x is fully summ$ up 9 ! simple =mula we call ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 say1 ,d ev]y?+ possible to gratify ! egoi/ic impulses ( o!rs1 b x says1 ,sacrifice y\r own p]fection to ! p]fectionm5t ( y\r neighbor4 ,nor mu/ x = a mom5t be conf\nd$ ) ! ,b5?amite1 or ,helvetian1 or ,becc>ian motto1 ,act = ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,love is n direct$ to ab/ractions b to p]sons2 n to p]sons we d n "k1 nor to numb]s ( p1 b to our own de> ones1 our family & neighbors4 8,our neighbor10 we rememb]1 is "o :om we live ne>1 n locally p]haps1 b 9 life & feel+4 ,ev]ybody c see t ! /atem5t ( ,/4 ,john is ! =mula ( an evolution>y philosophy1 :i* tea*es t gr[? comes only f love1 f--,i w n say self-sacrifice1 b f ! ard5t impulse to fulfil ano!r's highe/ impulse4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ,i h an idea t int]e/s me4 ,x is my creation4 ,x is my creature2 = z %[n 9 la/ ,july's ,moni/1 x is a little p]son4 ,i love x2 & ,i w s9k myself 9 p]fect+ x4 ,x is n by deal+ out cold ju/ice to ! circle ( my ideas t ,i c make !m gr[1 b by *]i%+ & t5d+ !m z ,i w\ld ! fl[]s 9 my g>d54 ,! philosophy we draw f ,john's gospel is t ?is is ! way m9d develops2 & z = ! cosmos1 only s f> z x yet is m9d1 & s has life1 is x capable ( fur!r evolution4 ,love1 recognis+ g]ms ( lovel9ess 9 ! hateful1 gradually w>ms x into life1 & makes x lovely4 ,t is ! sort ( evolution :i* e c>eful /ud5t ( my essay 8,! ,law ( ,m9d10 mu/ see t syne*ism calls =4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is n[ fa/ s9k+ into ! grave1 & we all beg9 to review its do+s & to ?9k :at "* x is de/9$ to be> z comp>$ ) o!r c5turies 9 ! m9ds ( future hi/orians4 ,x w be call$1 ,i guess1 ! ,economical ,c5tury2 = political economy has m direct relations ) all ! bran*es ( its activity ?an has any o!r sci5ce4 ,well1 political economy has its =mula ( r$emption1 too4 ,x is ?is3 ,intellig5ce 9 ! s]vice ( gre$ ensures ! ju/e/ prices1 ! faire/ contracts1 ! mo/ enlight5$ conduct ( all ! deal+s betwe5 m51 & leads to ! summum bonum1 food 9 pl5ty & p]fect com=t4 ,food = :om8 ,:y1 = ! gre$y ma/] ( intellig5ce4 ,i d n mean to say t ?is is "o ( ! legitimate conclusions ( political economy1 ! sci5tific "* ( :i* ,i fully ackn[l$ge4 ,b ! /udy ( doctr9es1 !mselves true1 w (t5 tempor>ily enc\rage g5]alisations extremely false1 z ! /udy ( physics has enc\rag$ necessit>ianism4 ,:at ,i say1 !n1 is t ! great att5tion paid to economical que/ions1 dur+ our c5tury has induc$ an exagg]ation ( ! b5eficial effects ( gre$ & ( ! un=tunate results ( s5tim5t1 until !re has result$ a philosophy :i* comes unwitt+ly to ?is1 t gre$ is ! great ag5t 9 ! elevation ( ! human race & 9 ! evolution ( ! univ]se4 ,i op5 a h&book ( political economy1--! mo/ typical & middl+ "o ,i h at h&1--& !re f9d "s rem>ks ( :i* ,i w "h make a brief analysis4 ,i omit qualifications1 sops ?r[n to ,c]b]us1 phrases to placate ,*ri/ian prejudice1 trapp+s :i* s]ve to hide f au?or & read] alike ! ugly nak$ness ( ! gre$-god4 ,b ,i h survey$ my position4 ,! au?or enum]ates 8?ree motives to human action3 ,! love ( self2 ,! love ( a limit$ class hav+ common int]e/s & feel+s ) "o's self2 ,! love ( mank9d at l>ge40 ,rem>k1 at ! outset1 :at obsequi\s title is be/[$ on gre$1--8! love ( self40 ,love6 ,! second motive is love4 ,9 place ( 8a limit$ class0 put 8c]ta9 p]sons10 & y h a fair description4 ,tak+ 8class0 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s5se1 a weak k9d ( love is describ$4 ,9 ! sequel1 !re seems to be "s haz9ess z to ! delimitation ( ?is motive4 ,by ! love ( mank9d at l>ge1 ! au?or does n mean t deep1 subconsci\s passion t is prop]ly s call$2 b m]ely public-_s1 p]haps little m ?an a fidget ab\t pu%+ ideas4 ,! au?or proce$s to a comp>ative e/imate ( ! wor? ( ^! motives4 ,gre$1 says he1 b us+1 ( c\rse1 ano!r ^w1 8is n s great an evil z is commonly suppos$4444 ,e man c promote 8 own int]e/s a great deal m effectively ?an he c promote any "o else's1 or ?an any "o else c promote 840 ,besides1 z he rem>ks on ano!r page1 ! m mis]ly a man is1 ! m good he does4 ,! second motive 8is ! mo/ dang]\s "o to :i* society is expos$40 ,love is all v pretty3 8no high] or pur] s\rce ( human happ9ess exi/s40 7,ahem67 ,b x is a 8s\rce ( endur+ injury10 &1 9 %ort1 %\ld be ov]rul$ by some?+ wis]4 ,:at is ?is wis] motive8 ,we %all see4 ,z = public _s1 x is r5d]$ nugatory by ! 8difficulties 9 ! way ( its effective op]ation40 ,= example1 x might sugge/ putt+ *ecks ^u ! fecundity ( ! poor & ! vici\s2 & 8no measure ( repression w\ld be too sev]e10 9 ! case ( crim9als4 ,! h9t is broad4 ,b un=tunately1 y _c induce legislatures to take su* measures1 ow+ to ! pe/if]\s 8t5d] s5tim5ts ( man t[>ds man40 ,x ?us appe>s1 t public-_s1 or ,b5?amism1 is n /rong en\gh to be ! effective tutor ( love1 7,i am skipp+ to ano!r page17 :i* mu/ !re=e be h&$ ov] to 8! motives :i* animate m5 9 ! pursuit ( weal?10 9 :i* alone we c confide1 & :i* 8are 9 ! highe/ degree b5efic5t40#bj ,yes1 9 ! 8highe/ degree0 )\t exception are !y b5efic5t to ! be+ ^u :om all _! bless+s are p\r$ out1 namely1 ! ,self1 ^: 8sole object10 says ! writ] 9 accumulat+ weal? is 8 individual 8su/5ance & enjoym5t40 ,pla9ly1 ! au?or holds ! notion t "s o!r motive might be 9 a high] degree b5efic5t ev5 = ! man's self to be a p>adox want+ 9 good s5se4 ,he seeks to gloze & modify 8 doctr9e2 b he lets ! p]spicaci\s read] see :at 8 animat+ pr9ciple is2 & :51 hold+ ! op9ions ,i h repeat$1 he at ! same "t ackn[l$ges t society c\ld n exi/ ^u a basis ( intellig5t gre$ alone1 he simply pigeonholes himself z "o ( ! eclectics ( inh>moni\s op9ions4 ,he wants 8 mammon flavor$ ) a s\pon ( god4 ,! economi/s accuse ^? to :om ! enunciation ( _! atroci\s villa9ies communicates a ?rill ( horror ( be+ s5tim5tali/s4 ,x may be s3 ,i will+ly confess to hav+ "s t9cture ( s5tim5talism 9 me1 ,god be ?ank$6 ,ev] s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution br\ght ?is lean+ ( ?\ght into ill-repute1--& n altoge!r undes]v$ly1 ,i mu/ admit1 true1 beautiful1 & good z t great movem5t 01--x has be5 ! tradition to picture s5tim5tali/s z p]sons incapable ( logical ?\ght & unwill+ to look facts 9 ! eyes4 ,?is tradition may be class$ ) ! ,fr5* tradition t an ,engli%man says godam at e second s5t5ce1 ! ,engli% tradition t an ,am]ican talks ab\t 8,briti%]s10 & ! ,am]ican tradition t a ,fr5*man c>ries =ms ( etiquette to an inconv5i5t extreme1 9 %ort ) all ^? traditions :i* survive simply because ! m5 :o use _! eyes & e>s are few & f> betwe54 ,d\btless "s excuse !re 0 = all ^? op9ions 9 days gone by2 & s5tim5talism1 :5 x 0 ! fa%ionable amusem5t to sp5d "o's ev5+s 9 a flood ( te>s ov] a woeful p]=mance on a c&le-litt5 /age1 sometimes made itself a little ridicul\s4 ,b :at aft] all is s5tim5talism8 ,x is an ism1 a doctr9e1 namely1 ! doctr9e t great respect %\ld be paid to ! natural judgm5ts ( ! s5sible he>t4 ,?is is :at s5tim5talism precisely is2 & ,i entreat ! read] to consid] :e!r to contemn is n ( all blasphemies ! mo/ degrad+4 ,yet ! n9ete5? c5tury has /eadily contemn$ x1 because x br\ght ab\t ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,t x did s is true4 ,/ill1 ! :ole "q is "o ( h[ mu*4 ,! reign ( t]ror 0 v bad2 b n[ ! ,gradgr9d bann] has be5 ?is c5tury long flaunt+ 9 ! face ( heav51 ) an insol5ce to provoke ! v skies to sc[l & rumble4 ,soon a fla% & quick peal w %ake economi/s q out ( _! complac5cy1 too late4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury1 9 its latt] half1 %all surely see ! deluge-tempe/ bur/ ^u ! social ord]1--to cle> ^u a _w z deep 9 ru9 z t gre$-philosophy has long plung$ x into guilt4 ,no po/-!rmidorian high j9ks !n6 ,s a mis] is a b5efic5t p[] 9 a community1 is he8 ,) ! same reason precisely1 only 9 a mu* high] degree1 y might pron\nce ! ,wall ,/reet %>p to be a good angel1 :o takes money f he$less p]sons n likely to gu>d x prop]ly1 :o wrecks feeble ent]prises bett] /opp$1 & :o adm9i/]s :olesome lessons to unw>y sci5tific m51 by pass+ wor?less *ecks ^u !m1--z y did1 ! o!r day1 to me1 my millionaire ,ma/] 9 glom]y1 :5 y ?\ght y saw y\r way to us+ my process )\t pay+ = x1 & ( s bequea?+ to y\r *ildr5 some?+ to boa/ ( _! fa!r ab\t1--& :o by a ?\s& wiles puts money at ! s]vice ( intellig5t gre$1 9 8 own p]son4 ,b]n>d ,m&eville1 9 8 8,fable ( ! ,bees10 ma9ta9s t private vices ( all descriptions are public b5efits1 & proves x1 too1 q z cog5tly z ! economi/ proves 8 po9t conc]n+ ! mis]4 ,he ev5 argues1 ) no slight =ce1 t b = vice civilisation w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,9 ! same _s1 x has be5 /rongly ma9ta9$ & is to-day widely believ$ t all acts ( *>ity & b5evol5ce1 private & public1 g s]i\sly to degrade ! human race4 ,! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 ( ,d>w9 m]ely ext5ds politico-economical views ( progress to ! entire realm ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! va/ majority ( our contempor>y naturali/s hold ! op9ion t ! true cause ( ^? exquisite & m>vell\s adaptations ( nature = :i*1 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 m5 us$ to extol ! div9e wisdom is t creatures are s cr[d$ toge!r t ^? ( !m t happ5 to h ! slighte/ advantage =ce ^? less pu%+ into situations unfavorable to multiplication or ev5 kill !m be=e !y rea* ! age ( reproduction4 ,among animals1 ! m]e me*anical individualism is va/ly ren=c$ z a p[] mak+ = good by ! animal's ru?less gre$4 ,z ,d>w9 puts x on 8 title-page1 x is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & he %\ld h add$ = 8 motto3 ,e individual = himself1 & ! ,devil take ! h9dmo/6 ,jesus1 9 8 s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 express$ a diff]5t op9ion4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! issue4 ,! gospel ( ,*ri/ says t progress comes f e individual m]g+ 8 individuality 9 sympa?y ) 8 neighbors4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! conviction ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is t progress takes place by virtue ( e individual's /riv+ = himself ) all 8 might & trampl+ 8 neighbor "u foot :5ev] he gets a *ance to d s4 ,?is may accurately be call$ ! ,gospel ( ,gre$4 ,mu* is to be said on bo? sides4 ,i h n conceal$1 ,i c\ld n conceal1 my own passionate pr$ilection4 ,su* a confession w probably %ock my sci5tific bre?r54 ,yet ! /rong feel+ is 9 itself1 ,i ?9k1 an argum5t ( "s weight 9 favor ( ! agapa/ic !ory ( evolution1--s f> z x may be presum$ to bespeak ! normal judgm5t ( ! ,s5sible ,he>t4 ,c]ta9ly1 if x 7 possible to believe 9 agapasm )\t believ+ x w>mly1 t fact w\ld be an argum5t aga9/ ! tru? ( ! doctr9e4 ,at any rate1 s9ce ! w>m? ( feel+ exi/s1 x %\ld on e acc\nt be c&idly confess$2 especially s9ce x creates a liability to "o-sid$ness on my "p aga9/ :i* x behooves my read]s & me to be sev]ally on our gu>d4 ,,second ,,?\ghts4 ,,ir5ica4 ,let u try to def9e ! logical aff9ities ( ! diff]5t !ories ( evolution4 ,natural selection1 z conceiv$ by ,d>w91 is a mode ( evolution 9 :i* ! only positive ag5t ( *ange 9 ! :ole passage f mon] to man is =tuit\s v>iation4 ,to secure advance 9 a def9ite direction *ance has to be second$ by "s action t %all h9d] ! propagation ( "s v>ieties or /imulate t ( o!rs4 ,9 natural selection1 /rictly s call$1 x is ! cr[d+ out ( ! weak4 ,9 sexual selection1 x is ! attraction ( beauty1 ma9ly4 ,! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 0 publi%$ t[>d ! end ( ! ye> #ahei4 ,! prec$+ ye>s s9ce #ahdf _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ productive seasons1--or if ext5d$ s z to cov] ! great book we are consid]+1 ! mo/ productive p]iod ( equal l5g? 9 ! entire hi/ory ( sci5ce f its beg9n+s until n[4 ,! idea t *ance begets ord]1 :i* is "o ( ! corn]-/ones ( mod]n physics 7al?\gh ,dr4 ,c>us consid]s x 8! weake/ po9t 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's sy/em107 0 at t "t put into its cle>e/ light4 ,quetelet _h op5$ ! discussion by 8 8,lett]s on ! ,application ( ,probabilities to ! ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces10 a "w :i* deeply impress$ ! be/ m9ds ( t day1 & to :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el _h drawn g5]al att5tion 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 #aheg1 ! fir/ volume ( ,buckle's 8,hi/ory ( ,civilisation0 _h creat$ a trem5d\s s5sation1 ow+ to ! use he made ( ?is same idea4 ,meantime1 ! 8/ati/ical me?od0 _h1 "u t v "n1 be5 appli$ ) brilliant success to molecul> physics4 ,dr4 ,john ,h]apa?1 an ,engli% *emi/1 _h 9 #ahdg outl9$ ! k9etical !ory ( gases 9 8 8,ma!matical ,physics02 & ! int]e/ ! !ory excit$ _h be5 refre%$ 9 #ahef by notable memoirs by ,clausius & ,krnig4 ,9 ! v summ] prec$+ ,d>w9's publication1 ,maxwell _h read be=e ! ,briti% ,association ! fir/ & mo/ important ( 8 rese>*es on ?is subject4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! idea t =tuit\s ev5ts may result 9 a physical law1 & fur!r t ?is is ! way 9 :i* ^? laws :i* appe> to conflict ) ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy are to be expla9$1 _h tak5 a /rong hold ^u ! m9ds ( all :o 7 abrea/ ( ! lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,by su* m9ds1 x 0 inevitable t ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ^: tea*+ 0 simply ! application ( ! same pr9ciple to ! explanation ( ano!r 8non-cons]vative0 action1 t ( organic developm5t1 %\ld be hail$ & welcom$4 ,! sublime discov]y ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy by ,helmholtz 9 #ahdg1 & t ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat by ,clausius & by ,rank9e1 indep5d5tly1 9 #ahej1 _h decid$ly ov]aw$ all ^? :o might h be5 incl9$ to sne] at physical sci5ce4 ,!reaft] a belat$ poet /ill h>p+ ^u 8sci5ce p$dl+ ) ! names ( ?+s0 w\ld fail ( 8 effect4 ,me*anism 0 n[ kn[n to be all1 or v ne>ly s4 ,all ?is "t1 utilit>ianism1--t improv$ sub/itute = ! ,gospel1--0 9 its fulle/ fea!r2 & 0 a natural ally ( an individuali/ic !ory4 ,dean ,mansell's injudici\s advocacy _h l$ to mut9y among ! bondsm5 ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ! nom9alism ( ,mill _h pr(it$ accord+ly2 & al?\gh ! real sci5ce t ,d>w9 0 lead+ m5 to 0 sure "s day to give a dea?-bl[ to ! %am-sci5ce ( ,mill1 yet !re 7 sev]al elem5ts ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory :i* 7 sure to *>m ! foll[]s ( ,mill4 ,ano!r ?+3 an/hetics _h be5 9 use = ?irte5 ye>s4 ,already1 p's acqua9tance ) suff]+ _h dropp$ (f v mu*2 & z a consequ5ce1 t unlovely h>dness by :i* our times are s contra/$ ) ^? t imm$iately prec$$ !m1 _h already set 91 & incl9$ p to reli% a ru?less !ory4 ,! read] w\ld q mi/ake ! drift ( :at ,i am say+ if he 7 to und]/& me z wi%+ to sugge/ t any ( ^? ?+s 7except p]haps ,mal?us7 influ5c$ ,d>w9 himself4 ,:at ,i mean is t 8 hypo!sis1 :ile )\t dispute "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & pretty ev] devis$1 & :ile argu$ ) a weal? ( k1 a /r5g? ( logic1 a *>m ( rhetoric1 & above all ) a c]ta9 magnetic g5u95ess t 0 almo/ irresi/ible1 did n appe>1 at fir/1 at all ne> to be+ prov$2 & to a sob] m9d its case looks less hopeful n[ ?an x did tw5ty ye>s ago2 b ! extraord9>ily favorable reception x met ) 0 pla9ly ow+1 9 l>ge measure1 to its ideas be+ ^? t[>d :i* ! age 0 favorably dispos$1 especially1 because ( ! enc\ragem5t x gave to ! gre$-philosophy4 ,diametrically oppos$ to evolution by *ance1 are ^? !ories :i* attribute all progress to an inw>d necess>y pr9ciple1 or o!r =m ( necessity4 ,_m naturali/s h ?\ght t if an egg is de/9$ to g ?r\gh a c]ta9 s]ies ( embryological trans=mations1 f :i* x is p]fectly c]ta9 n to deviate1 & if 9 geological "t almo/ exactly ! same =ms appe> successively1 "o replac+ ano!r 9 ! same ord]1 ! /rong presumption is t ?is latt] succession 0 z pr$et]m9ate & c]ta9 to take place z ! =m]4 ,s1 ,ngeli1 = in/ance1 conceives t x someh[ foll[s f ! fir/ law ( motion & ! peculi>1 b unkn[n1 molecul> con/itution ( protoplasm1 t =ms mu/ complicate !mselves m & m4 ,kllik] makes "o =m g5]ate ano!r aft] a c]ta9 maturation has be5 accompli%$4 ,weismann1 too1 ?\gh he calls himself a ,d>w9ian1 holds t no?+ is due to *ance1 b t all =ms are simple me*anical resultants ( ! h]$ity f two p>5ts4#ba ,x is v noticeable t all ^! diff]5t sect>ies seek to import into _! sci5ce a me*anical necessity to :i* ! facts t come "u _! obs]vation d n po9t4 ,^? geologi/s :o ?9k t ! v>iation ( species is due to cataclasmic alt]ations ( climate or ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! air & wat] are also mak+ me*anical necessity *ief factor ( evolution4 ,evolution by sport+ & evolution by me*anical necessity are conceptions w>r+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,a ?ird me?od1 :i* sup]s$es _! /rife1 lies enwrapp$ 9 ! !ory ( ,lam>ck4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 all t di/+ui%es ! highe/ organic =ms f ! mo/ rudim5t>y has be5 br\ght ab\t by little hyp]trophies or atrophies :i* h affect$ individuals e>ly 9 _! lives1 & h be5 transmitt$ to _! (fspr+4 ,su* a transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s is ( ! g5]al nature ( habit-tak+1 & ?is is ! repres5tative & d]ivative )9 ! physiological doma9 ( ! law ( m9d4 ,its action is ess5tially dissimil> to t ( a physical =ce2 & t is ! secret ( ! repugnance ( su* necessit>ians z ,weismann to admitt+ its exi/5ce4 ,! ,lam>ckians fur!r suppose t al?\gh "s ( ! modifications ( =m s transmitt$ 7 orig9ally due to me*anical causes1 yet ! *ief factors ( _! fir/ production 7 ! /ra9+ ( endeavor & ! ov]gr[? sup]9duc$ by ex]cise1 toge!r ) ! opposite actions4 ,n[1 endeavor1 s9ce x is direct$ t[>d an end1 is ess5tially psy*ical1 ev5 ?\gh x be sometimes unconsci\s2 & ! gr[? due to ex]cise1 z ,i argu$ 9 my la/ pap]1 foll[s a law ( a "* q contr>y to t ( me*anics4 ,lam>ckian evolution is ?us evolution by ! =ce ( habit4--,t s5t5ce slipp$ (f my p5 :ile "o ( ^? neighbors ^: function 9 ! social cosmos seems to be t ( an ,int]rupt]1 0 ask+ me a "q4 ,( c\rse1 x is nons5se4 ,habit is m]e in]tia1 a re/+ on "o's o>s1 n a propulsion4 ,n[ x is en]getic projaculation 7lucky !re is su* a ^w1 or ?is untri$ h& might h be5 put to inv5t+ "o7 by :i* 9 ! typical in/ances ( ,lam>ckian evolution ! new elem5ts ( =m are fir/ creat$4 ,habit1 h[ev]1 =ces !m to take practical %apes1 compatible ) ! /ructures !y affect1 & 9 ! =m ( h]$ity & o!rwise1 gradually replaces ! spontane\s en]gy t su/a9s !m4 ,?us1 habit plays a d\ble "p2 x s]ves to e/abli% ! new features1 & also to br+ !m into h>mony ) ! g5]al morphology & function ( ! animals & plants to :i* !y belong4 ,b if ! read] w n[ k9dly give himself ! tr\ble ( turn+ back a page or two1 he w see t ?is acc\nt ( ,lam>ckian evolution co9cides ) ! g5]al description ( ! action ( love1 to :i*1 ,i suppose1 he yield$ 8 ass5t4 ,rememb]+ t all matt] is really m9d1 rememb]+1 too1 ! cont9uity ( m9d1 let u ask :at aspect ,lam>ckian evolution takes on )9 ! doma9 ( consci\sness4 ,direct endeavor c a*ieve almo/ no?+4 ,x is z easy by tak+ ?\ght to add a cubit to "o's /ature1 z x is to produce an idea acceptable to any ( ! ,muses by m]ely /ra9+ = x1 be=e x is ready to come4 ,we haunt 9 va9 ! sacr$ well & ?rone ( ,mnemosyne2 ! deep] work+s ( ! _s take place 9 _! own sl[ way1 )\t our connivance4 ,let b _! bugle s\nd1 & we may !n make our ef=t1 sure ( an oblation = ! alt> ( :atsoev] div9ity its savor gratifies4 ,besides ?is inw>d process1 !re is ! op]ation ( ! environm5t1 :i* goes to break up habits de/9$ to be brok5 up & s to r5d] ! m9d lively4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ! long cont9uance ( a r\t9e ( habit makes u le?>gic1 :ile a succession ( surprises wond]fully bright5s ! ideas4 ,:]e !re is a motion1 :]e hi/ory is a-mak+1 !re is ! focus ( m5tal activity1 & x has be5 said t ! arts & sci5ces reside )9 ! temple ( ,janus1 wak+ :5 t is op51 b slumb]+ :5 x is clos$4 ,few psy*ologi/s h p]ceiv$ h[ fundam5tal a fact ?is is4 ,a portion ( m9d abundantly commissur$ to o!r portions works almo/ me*anically4 ,x s9ks to ! condition ( a railway junction4 ,b a portion ( m9d almo/ isolat$1 a spiritual p59sula1 or cul-de-sac1 is l a railway t]m9us4 ,n[ m5tal commissures are habits4 ,:]e !y ab\nd1 orig9ality is n ne$$ & is n f\nd2 b :]e !y are 9 defect1 spontaneity is set free4 ,?us1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ,lam>ckian evolution ( m9d is ! putt+ ( sundry ?\ghts into situations 9 :i* !y are free to play4 ,z to gr[? by ex]cise1 ,i h already %[n1 9 discuss+ 8,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce10 9 la/ ,octob]'s ,moni/1 :at its modus op]&i mu/ be conceiv$ to be1 at lea/1 until a second equally def9ite hypo!sis %all h be5 (f]$4 ,namely1 x consi/s ( ! fly+ asund] ( molecules1 & ! rep>ation ( ! p>ts by new matt]4 ,x is1 ?us1 a sort ( reproduction4 ,x takes place only dur+ ex]cise1 because ! activity ( protoplasm consi/s 9 ! molecul> di/urbance :i* is its necess>y condition4 ,gr[? by ex]cise takes place also 9 ! m9d4 ,inde$1 t is :at x is to le>n4 ,b ! mo/ p]fect illu/ration is ! developm5t ( a philosophical idea by be+ put into practice4 ,! conception :i* appe>$1 at fir/1 z unit>y1 splits up into special cases2 & into ea* ( ^! new ?\ght mu/ ent] to make a practicable idea4 ,?is new ?\ght1 h[ev]1 foll[s pretty closely ! model ( ! p>5t conception2 & ?us a homog5e\s developm5t takes place4 ,! p>allel betwe5 ?is & ! c\rse ( molecul> occurr5ces is app>5t4 ,pati5t att5tion w be able to trace all ^! elem5ts 9 ! transaction call$ le>n+4 ,?ree modes ( evolution h ?us be5 br\ght be=e u2 evolution by =tuit\s v>iation1 evolution by me*anical necessity1 & evolution by creative love4 ,we may t]m !m ty*a/ic evolution1 or ty*asm1 ananca/ic evolution1 or anancasm1 & agapa/ic evolution1 or agapasm4 ,! doctr9es :i* repres5t ^! z sev]ally ( pr9cipal importance1 we may t]m ty*a/icism1 ananca/icism1 & agapa/icism4 ,on ! o!r h& ! m]e propositions t absolute *ance1 me*anical necessity1 & ! law ( love1 are sev]ally op]ative 9 ! cosmos1 may receive ! names ( ty*ism1 anancism1 & agapism4 ,all ?ree modes ( evolution are compos$ ( ! same g5]al elem5ts4 ,agapasm exhibits !m ! mo/ cle>ly4 ,! good result is "h br\ght to pass1 fir/1 by ! be/[al ( spontane\s en]gy by ! p>5t ^u ! (fspr+1 &1 second1 by ! disposition ( ! latt] to cat* ! g5]al idea ( ^? ab\t x & ?us to subs]ve ! g5]al purpose4 ,9 ord] to express ! relation t ty*asm & anancasm be> to agapasm1 let me borr[ a ^w f geometry4 ,an ellipse cross$ by a /raight l9e is a sort ( cubic curve2 = a cubic is a curve :i* is cut ?rice by a /raight l9e2 n[ a /raight l9e might cut ! ellipse twice & its associat$ /raight l9e a ?ird "t4 ,/ill ! ellipse ) ! /raight l9e across x w\ld n h ! *>act]i/ics ( a cubic4 ,x w\ld h1 = in/ance1 no contr>y flexure1 :i* no true cubic wants2 & x w\ld h two nodes1 :i* no true cubic has4 ,! geomet]s say t x is a deg5]ate cubic4 ,j s1 ty*asm & anancasm are deg5]ate =ms ( agapasm4 ,m5 :o seek to reconcile ! ,d>w9ian idea ) ,*ri/ianity w rem>k t ty*a/ic evolution1 l ! agapa/ic1 dep5ds ^u a reproductive creation1 ! =ms pres]v$ be+ ^? t use ! spontaneity conf]r$ ^u !m 9 su* wise z to be drawn into h>mony ) _! orig9al1 q aft] ! ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,v good6 ,?is only %[s t j z love _c h a contr>y1 b mu/ embrace :at is mo/ oppos$ to x1 z a deg5]ate case ( x1 s ty*asm is a k9d ( agapasm4 ,only1 9 ! ty*a/ic evolution progress is solely ow+ to ! di/ribution ( ! napk9-hidd5 tal5t ( ! reject$ s]vant among ^? n reject$1 j z ru9$ game/]s leave _! money on ! table to make ^? n yet ru9$ s mu* ! ri*]4 ,x makes ! felicity ( ! lambs j ! damnation ( ! goats1 transpos$ to ! o!r side ( ! equation4 ,9 g5u9e agapasm1 on ! o!r h&1 advance takes place by virtue ( a positive sympa?y among ! creat$ spr++ f cont9uity ( m9d4 ,?is is ! idea :i* ty*a/icism kn[s n h[ to manage4 ,! ananca/ici/ might "h int]pose1 claim+ t ! mode ( evolution = :i* he cont5ds agrees ) agapasm at ! po9t at :i* ty*asm dep>ts f x4 ,= x makes developm5t g ?r\gh c]ta9 phases1 hav+ its inevitable ebbs & fl[s1 yet t5d+ on ! :ole to a =eorda9$ p]fection4 ,b>e exi/5ce by ?is its de/9y betrays an intr9sic aff9ity = ! good4 ,h]e91 x mu/ be admitt$1 anancasm %[s itself to be 9 a broad acception a species ( agapasm4 ,"s =ms ( x might easily be mi/ak5 = ! g5u9e agapasm4 ,! ,hegelian philosophy is su* an ananca/icism4 ,) its revelatory religion1 ) its syne*ism 7h[ev] imp]fectly set =?71 ) its 8reflection10 ! :ole idea ( ! !ory is sup]b1 almo/ sublime4 ,yet1 aft] all1 liv+ fre$om is practically omitt$ f its me?od4 ,! :ole movem5t is t ( a va/ eng9e1 impell$ by a vis a t]go1 ) a bl9d & my/]i\s fate ( arriv+ at a l(ty goal4 ,i mean t su* an eng9e x w\ld be1 if x really work$2 b 9 po9t ( fact1 x is a ,keely motor4 ,grant t x really acts z x pr(esses to act1 & !re is no?+ to d b accept ! philosophy4 ,b nev] 0 !re se5 su* an example ( a long *a9 ( reason+1--%all ,i say ) a flaw 9 e l9k8--no1 ) e l9k a h&ful ( s&1 squeez$ into %ape 9 a dream4 ,or say1 x is a pa/ebo>d model ( a philosophy t 9 reality does n exi/4 ,if we use ! "o preci\s ?+ x conta9s1 ! idea ( x1 introduc+ ! ty*ism :i* ! arbitr>9ess ( its e /ep sugge/s1 & make t ! support ( a vital fre$om :i* is ! brea? ( ! _s ( love1 we may be able to produce t g5u9e agapa/icism1 at :i* ,hegel 0 aim+4 ,a ,,?ird ,,aspect4 ,,discrim9ation4 ,9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ?ree modes ( evolution is n p]fectly %>p4 ,t does n prev5t its be+ q real2 p]haps x is r a m>k ( its reality4 ,!re is 9 ! nature ( ?+s no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ?ree fundam5tal colors1 r$1 gre51 & violet4 ,b = all t !y are really diff]5t4 ,! ma9 "q is :e!r ?ree radically diff]5t evolution>y elem5ts h be5 op]ative2 & ! second "q is :at are ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( :atev] elem5ts h be5 op]ative4 ,i propose to devote a few pages to a v slight exam9ation ( ^! que/ions 9 _! relation to ! hi/orical developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,i fir/ =mulate = ! read]'s conv5i5ce ! briefe/ possible def9itions ( ! ?ree conceivable modes ( developm5t ( ?\ght1 di/+ui%+ also two v>ieties ( anancasm & ?ree ( agapasm4 ,! ty*a/ic developm5t ( ?\ght1 !n1 w consi/ 9 slight dep>tures f habitual ideas 9 diff]5t directions indiff]5tly1 q purposeless & q uncon/ra9$ :e!r by outw>d circum/ances or by =ce ( logic1 ^! new dep>tures be+ foll[$ by un=ese5 results :i* t5d to fix "s ( !m z habits m ?an o!rs4 ,! ananca/ic developm5t ( ?\ght w consi/ ( new ideas adopt$ )\t =esee+ :i!r !y t5d1 b hav+ a "* det]m9$ by causes ei!r ext]nal to ! m9d1 su* z *ang$ circum/ances ( life1 or int]nal to ! m9d z logical developm5ts ( ideas already accept$1 su* z g5]alisations4 ,! agapa/ic developm5t ( ?\ght is ! adoption ( c]ta9 m5tal t5d5cies1 n altoge!r he$lessly1 z 9 ty*asm1 nor q bl9dly by ! m]e =ce ( circum/ances or ( logic1 z 9 anancasm1 b by an imm$iate attraction = ! idea itself1 ^: nature is div9$ be=e ! m9d possesses x1 by ! p[] ( sympa?y1 t is1 by virtue ( ! cont9uity ( m9d2 & ?is m5tal t5d5cy may be ( ?ree v>ieties1 z foll[s4 ,fir/1 x may affect a :ole p or community 9 its collective p]sonality1 & be !nce communicat$ to su* individuals z are 9 p[]fully sympa!tic connection ) ! collective p1 al?\gh !y may be intellectually incapable ( atta9+ ! idea by _! private und]/&+s or ev5 p]haps ( consci\sly appreh5d+ x4 ,second1 x may affect a private p]son directly1 yet s t he is only enabl$ to appreh5d ! idea1 or to appreciate its attractiv5ess1 by virtue ( 8 sympa?y ) 8 neighbors1 "u ! influ5ce ( a /rik+ exp]i5ce or developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul may be tak5 z an example ( :at is meant4 ,?ird1 x may affect an individual1 indep5d5tly ( 8 human affections1 by virtue ( an attraction x ex]cises ^u 8 m9d1 ev5 be=e he has compreh5d$ x4 ,?is is ! ph5om5on :i* has be5 well call$ ! div9ation ( g5ius2 = x is due to ! cont9uity betwe5 ! man's m9d & ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,let u next consid] by means ( :at te/s we c discrim9ate betwe5 ^! diff]5t categories ( evolution4 ,no absolute crit]ion is possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 s9ce 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! diff]5t classes4 ,nev]!less1 quantitative symptoms may be f\nd by :i* a sagaci\s & sympa!tic judge ( human nature may be able to e/imate ! approximate proportions 9 :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( influ5ce are comm+l$4 ,s f> z ! hi/orical evolution ( human ?\ght has be5 ty*a/ic1 x %\ld h proce$$ by ins5sible or m9ute /eps2 = su* is ! nature ( *ances :5 s multipli$ z to %[ ph5om5a ( regul>ity4 ,= example1 assume t ( ! native-born :ite adult males ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhj1 "o f\r? "p 7 bel[ #e feet #d in*es 9 /ature & "o f\r? "p above #e feet #h in*es4 ,!n by ! pr9ciples ( probability1 among ! :ole population1 we %\ld expect #baf "u #d feet #f in*es1 #baf above #f feet #f in*es4 #dh 0 #d 0 #e 0 #dh 0 #f 0 #g 0 #i 0 #d 0 #d 0 #i 0 #f 0 #h 0 less ?an #b 0 #d 0 #c 0 less ?an #b 0 #f 0 #i 0 ,i set d[n ^! figures to %[ h[ insignificantly few are ! cases 9 :i* any?+ v f> out ( ! common run pres5ts itself by *ance4 ,?\gh ! /ature ( only e second man is includ$ )9 ! f\r in*es betwe5 #e feet #d in*es & #e feet #h in*es1 yet if ?is int]val be ext5d$ by ?rice f\r in*es above & bel[1 x w embrace all our #h millions odd ( native-born adult :ite males 7( #ahhj71 except only #i tall] & #i %ort]4 ,! te/ ( m9ute v>iation1 if n satisfi$1 absolutely negatives ty*asm4 ,if x is satisfi$1 we %all f9d t x negatives anancasm b n agapasm4 ,we want a positive te/1 satisfi$ by ty*asm1 only4 ,n[ :]ev] we f9d m5's ?\ght tak+ by imp]ceptible degrees a turn contr>y to ! purposes :i* animate !m1 9 spite ( _! highe/ impulses1 !re1 we may safely conclude1 !re has be5 a ty*a/ic action4 ,/ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( m9d !re be ( an erudition to fill an imp]fect s*ol> l me ) envy edulcorat$ by joy\s admiration1 :o ma9ta9 t ideas :5 j />t$ are & c be little m ?an freaks1 s9ce !y _c yet h be5 critically exam9$1 & fur!r t ev]y:]e & at all times progress has be5 s gradual t x is difficult to make out di/9ctly :at orig9al /ep any giv5 man has tak54 ,x w\ld foll[ t ty*asm has be5 ! sole me?od ( intellectual developm5t4 ,i h to confess ,i _c read hi/ory s2 ,i _c help ?9k+ t :ile ty*asm has sometimes be5 op]ative1 at o!rs great /eps cov]+ ne>ly ! same gr\nd & made by diff]5t m5 indep5d5tly1 h be5 mi/ak5 = a succession ( small /eps1 & fur!r t /ud5ts h be5 reluctant to admit a real entitative 8_s0 ( an age or ( a p1 "u ! mi/ak5 & unscrut9is$ impression t !y %\ld ?us be op5+ ! door to wild & unnatural hypo!ses4 ,i f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t1 h[ev] x may be ) ! education ( individual m9ds1 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?\ght has seldom be5 ( a ty*a/ic nature1 & exclusively 9 backw>d & b>b>is+ movem5ts4 ,i desire to speak ) ! extreme mode/y :i* befits a /ud5t ( logic :o is requir$ to survey s v wide a field ( human ?\ght t he c cov] x only by a reconnaisance1 to :i* only ! greate/ skill & mo/ adroit me?ods c imp>t any value at all2 b1 aft] all1 ,i c only express my own op9ions & n ^? ( anybody else2 & 9 my humble judgm5t1 ! l>ge/ example ( ty*asm is af=d$ by ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ab\t its e/abli%m5t by ,con/ant9e1 to1 say1 ! "t ( ! ,iri% mona/]ies1 an era or eon ( ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,und\bt$ly ! ext]nal circum/ance :i* m ?an all o!rs at fir/ incl9$ m5 to accept ,*ri/ianity 9 its lovel9ess & t5d]ness1 0 ! fe>ful ext5t to :i* society 0 brok5 up into units by ! unmitigat$ gre$ & h>d-he>t$ness into :i* ! ,romans _h s$uc$ ! _w4 ,& yet x 0 t v same fact1 m ?an any o!r ext]nal circum/ance1 t fo/]$ t bitt]ness aga9/ ! wick$ _w ( :i* ! primitive ,gospel ( ,m>k conta9s n a s+le trace4 ,at lea/1 ,i d n detect x 9 ! rem>k ab\t ! blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]e no?+ is said ab\t v5geance1 nor ev5 9 t spee* :]e ! clos+ l9es ( ,isaiah are quot$1 ab\t ! worm & ! fire t fe$ ^u ! 8c>casses ( ! m5 t h transgress$ aga9/ me40 ,b little by little ! bitt]ness increases until 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 its poor di/ract$ au?or repres5ts t all ! "t ,*ri/ 0 talk+ ab\t hav+ come to save ! _w1 ! secret design 0 to cat* ! entire human race1 ) ! exception ( a paltry #addjjj1 & s\se !m all 9 brim/one lake1 & z ! smoke ( _! torm5t w5t up = ev] & ev]1 to turn & rem>k1 8,!re is no curse any m40 ,w\ld x be an ins5sible smirk or a fi5di% gr9 t %\ld accompany su* an utt]ance8 ,i wi% ,i c\ld believe ,/4 ,john did n write x2 b x is 8 gospel :i* tells ab\t ! 8resurrection unto condemnation10--t is ( m5's be+ resuscitat$ j = ! sake ( tortur+ !m2--&1 at any rate1 ! ,revelation is a v anci5t composition4 ,"o c und]/& t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 l m5 try+ ) all _! might to climb a /eep declivity ( smoo? wet clay2 ! deepe/ & true/ elem5t ( _! life1 animat+ bo? he>t & head1 0 univ]sal-love2 b !y 7 cont9ually1 & aga9/ _! wills1 slipp+ into a p>ty _s1 e slip s]v+ z a prec$5t1 9 a fa%ion b too famili> to e man4 ,?is p>ty feel+ ins5sibly grew until by ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ccj ! lu/re ( ! pri/9e integrity t 9 ,/4 ,m>k reflects ! :ite _s ( light 0 s f> t>ni%$ t ,eusebius1 7! ,j>$ ,sp>ks ( t day17 9 ! preface to 8 ,hi/ory1 c\ld ann\nce 8 int5tion ( exagg]at+ ev]y?+ t t5d$ to ! glory ( ! *ur* & ( suppress+ :atev] might disgrace x4 ,8 ,lat9 contempor>y ,lactantius is worse1 /ill2 & s ! d>kl+ w5t on increas+ until be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ! great libr>y ( ,alex&ria 0 de/roy$ by ,!ophilus1#bb until ,gregory ! ,great1 two c5turies lat]1 burnt ! great libr>y ( ,rome1 proclaim+ t 8,ignorance is ! "m ( devotion10 7:i* is true1 j z oppression & inju/ice is ! "m ( spirituality17 until a sob] description ( ! /ate ( ! *ur* w\ld be a ?+ our n too nice newspap]s w\ld treat z 8unfit = publication40 ,all ?is movem5t is %[n by ! application ( ! te/ giv5 above to h be5 ty*a/ic4 ,ano!r v mu* l x on a small scale1 only a hundr$ times swift]1 = ! /udy ( :i* !re are docum5ts by ! libr>y-full1 is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,ananca/ic evolution advances by successive /rides ) pauses betwe54 ,! reason is t 9 ?is process a habit ( ?\ght hav+ be5 ov]?r[n is supplant$ by ! next /ronge/4 ,n[ ?is next /ronge/ is sure to be widely disp>ate f ! fir/1 & z (t5 z n is its direct contr>y4 ,x rem9ds "o ( our old rule ( mak+ ! second c&idate vice-presid5t4 ,?is "*1 !re=e1 cle>ly di/+ui%es anancasm f ty*asm4 ,! "* :i* di/+ui%es x f agapasm is its purposelessness4 ,b ext]nal & int]nal anancasm h to be exam9$ sep>ately4 ,developm5t "u ! pressure ( ext]nal circum/ances1 or cataclasm9e evolution1 is 9 mo/ cases unmi/akable en\gh4 ,x has numb]less degrees ( int5sity1 f ! brute =ce1 ! pla9 w>1 :i* has m ?an once turn$ ! curr5t ( ! _w's ?\ght1 d[n to ! h>d fact ( evid5ce1 or :at has be5 tak5 = x1 :i* has be5 kn[n to conv9ce m5 by hordes4 ,! only hesitation t c subsi/ 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a hi/ory is a quantitative "o4 ,nev] are ext]nal influ5ces ! only ones :i* affect ! m9d1 & !re=e x mu/ be a matt] ( judgm5t = :i* x w\ld sc>cely be wor? :ile to attempt to set rules1 :e!r a giv5 movem5t is to be reg>d$ z pr9cipally gov]n$ f )\t or n4 ,9 ! rise ( m$ieval ?\ght1 ,i mean s*ola/icism & ! syn*roni/ic art developm5ts1 und\bt$ly ! crusades & ! discov]y ( ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle 7 p[]ful influ5ces4 ,! developm5t ( s*ola/icism f ,roscell9 to ,alb]tus ,magnus closely foll[s ! successive /eps 9 ! k ( ,ari/otle4 ,prantl ?9ks t t is ! :ole /ory1 & few m5 h ?umb$ m books ?an ,c>l ,prantl4 ,he has done good solid "w1 not)/&+ 8 slap-da% judgm5ts4 ,b we %all nev] make s mu* z a good beg9n+ ( compreh5d+ s*ola/icism until ! :ole has be5 sy/ematically explor$ & dige/$ by a company ( /ud5ts regul>ly organis$ & held "u rule = t purpose4 ,b z = ! p]iod we are n[ specially consid]+1 t :i* syn*ronis$ ! ,romanesque ar*itecture1 ! lit]ature is easily ma/]$4 ,x does n q ju/ify ,prantl's dicta z to ! slavi% dep5d5ce ( ^! au?ors ^u _! au?orities4 ,moreov]1 !y kept a def9ite purpose /eadily be=e _! m9ds1 ?r\gh\t all _! /udies4 ,i am1 !re=e1 unable to (f] ?is p]iod ( s*ola/icism z an example ( pure ext]nal anancasm1 :i* seems to be ! fluor9e ( ! intellectual elem5ts4 ,p]haps ! rec5t ,japanese reception ( we/]n ideas is ! pure/ in/ance ( x 9 hi/ory4 ,yet 9 comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts1 no?+ is common]4 ,if ! developm5t ( ideas "u ! influ5ce ( ! /udy ( ext]nal facts be consid]$ z ext]nal anancasm1--x is on ! bord] betwe5 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal =ms1--x is1 ( c\rse1 ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 mod]n le>n+4 ,b ,:ewell1 ^: ma/]ly compreh5sion ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce critics h be5 too ignorant prop]ly to appreciate1 cle>ly %[s t x is f> f be+ ! ov]:elm+ly prepond]ant influ5ce1 ev5 !re4 ,int]nal anancasm1 or logical grop+1 :i* advances ^u a pr$e/9$ l9e )\t be+ able to =esee :i!r x is to be c>ri$ nor to /e] its c\rse1 ?is is ! rule ( developm5t ( philosophy4 ,hegel fir/ made ! _w und]/& ?is2 & he seeks to make logic n m]ely ! subjective guide & monitor ( ?\ght1 :i* 0 all x _h be5 ambition+ be=e1 b to be ! v ma9-spr+ ( ?9k+1 & n m]ely ( individual ?9k+ b ( discussion1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ?\ght1 ( all hi/ory1 ( all developm5t4 ,?is involves a positive1 cle>ly demon/rable error4 ,let ! logic 9 "q be ( :atev] k9d x may1 a logic ( necess>y inf]5ce or a logic ( probable inf]5ce1 7! !ory might p]haps be %ap$ to fit ei!r17 9 any case x supposes t logic is suffici5t ( itself to det]m9e :at conclusion foll[s f giv5 premises2 = unless x w d s mu*1 x w n suffice to expla9 :y an individual tra9 ( reason+ %\ld take j ! c\rse x does take1 to say no?+ ( o!r k9ds ( developm5t4 ,x ?us supposes t f giv5 premises1 only "o conclusion c logically be drawn1 & t !re is no scope at all = free *oice4 ,t f giv5 premises only "o conclusion c logically be drawn1 is "o ( ! false notions :i* h come f logicians' conf9+ _! att5tion to t ,nantucket ( ?\ght1 ! logic ( non-relative t]ms4 ,9 ! logic ( relatives1 x does n hold good4 ,"o rem>k occurs to me4 ,if ! evolution ( hi/ory is 9 consid]able "p ( ! nature ( int]nal anancasm1 x resembles ! developm5t ( individual m52 & j z #cc ye>s is a r\gh b natural unit ( "t = individuals1 be+ ! av]age age at :i* man has issue1 s !re %\ld be an approximate p]iod at ! end ( :i* "o great hi/orical movem5t ought to be likely to be supplant$ by ano!r4 ,let u see if we c make out any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,take ! gov]nm5tal developm5t ( ,rome z be+ suffici5tly long & set d[n ! pr9cipal dates4 ,b4 ,c4 #gec1 ,f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,b4 ,c4 #eaj1 ,expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s4 ,b4 ,c4 #bg1 ,octavius assumes title ,augu/us4 ,a4 ,d4 #dgf1 ,end ( ,we/]n ,empire4 ,a4 ,d4 #ifb1 ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,a4 ,d4 #adec1 ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! la/ ev5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ significant 9 hi/ory1 especially = ,italy4 ,! int]vals are #bdc1 #dhc1 #ejb1 #dhf1 #dia ye>s4 ,all are r curi\sly ne> equal1 except ! fir/ :i* is half ! o!rs4 ,successive reigns ( k+s w\ld n commonly be s ne> equal4 ,let u set d[n a few dates 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,b4 ,c4 #ehe1 ,eclipse ( ,?ales4 ,beg9n+ ( ,greek philosophy4 ,a4 ,d4 #cj1 ,! crucifixion4 ,a4 ,d4 #ebi1 ,clos+ ( ,a!nian s*ools4 ,end ( ,greek philosophy4 ,a4 ,d4 #aabe1 7,approximate7 ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities ( ,bologna & ,p>is4 ,a4 ,d4 #aedc1 ,publication ( ! 8,de ,revolutionibus0 ( ,cop]nicus4 ,beg9n+ ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,! int]vals are #fae1 #dii1 #eif1 #dah1 ye>s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( metaphysics1 we may take ! foll[+3 ,b4 ,c4 #cbb1 ,dea? ( ,ari/otle4 ,a4 ,d4 #abgd1 ,dea? ( ,aqu9as4 ,a4 ,d4 #ahjd1 ,dea? ( ,kant4 ,! int]vals are #aeie & #ecj ye>s4 ,! =m] is ab\t ?rice ! latt]4 ,f ^! figures1 no conclusion c fairly be drawn4 ,at ! same "t1 !y sugge/ t p]haps !re may be a r\gh natural era ( ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,%\ld !re be any indep5d5t evid5ce ( ?is1 ! int]vals notic$ may ga9 "s significance4 ,! agapa/ic developm5t ( ?\ght %\ld1 if x exi/s1 be di/+ui%$ by its purposive "*1 ?is purpose be+ ! developm5t ( an idea4 ,we %\ld h a direct agapic or sympa!tic compreh5sion & recognition ( x1 by virtue ( ! cont9uity ( ?\ght4 ,i "h take x = grant$ t su* cont9uity ( ?\ght has be5 suffici5tly prov$ by ! argum5ts us$ 9 my pap] on ! 8,law ( ,m9d0 9 ,! ,moni/ ( la/ ,july4 ,ev5 if ^? argum5ts are n q conv9c+ 9 !mselves1 yet if !y are ren=c$ by an app>5t agapasm 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ! two propositions w l5d "o ano!r mutual aid4 ,! read] w1 ,i tru/1 be too well gr\nd$ 9 logic to mi/ake su* mutual support = a vici\s circle 9 reason+4 ,if x c\ld be %[n directly t !re is su* an entity z ! 8_s ( an age0 or ( a p1 & t m]e individual intellig5ce w n acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a1 ?is w\ld be pro( en\gh at once ( agapa/icism & ( syne*ism4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,i am unable to produce a cog5t demon/ration ( ?is2 b ,i am1 ,i believe1 able to adduce su* argum5ts z w s]ve to confirm ^? :i* h be5 drawn f o!r facts4 ,i believe t all ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( m9d h be5 beyond ! p[]s ( unaid$ individuals2 & ,i f9d1 ap>t f ! support ?is op9ion receives f syne*i/ic consid]ations1 & f ! purposive "* ( _m great movem5ts1 direct reason = s ?9k+ 9 ! sublimity ( ! ideas & 9 _! occurr+ simultane\sly & indep5d5tly to a numb] ( individuals ( no extraord9>y g5]al p[]s4 ,! po9t$ ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 sev]al ( its developm5ts appe>s to me to be ( su* a "*4 ,all attempts to imitate x by mod]n ar*itects ( ! greate/ le>n+ & g5ius appe> flat & tame1 & are felt by _! au?ors to be s4 ,yet at ! "t ! /yle 0 liv+1 !re 0 q an abundance ( m5 capable ( produc+ works ( ?is k9d ( gigantic sublimity & p[]4 ,9 m ?an "o case1 extant docum5ts %[ t ! ca!dral *apt]s1 9 ! selection ( ar*itects1 treat$ high arti/ic g5ius z a second>y consid]ation1 z if !re 7 no lack ( p]sons able to supply t2 & ! results ju/ify _! confid5ce4 ,7 individuals 9 g5]al1 !n1 9 ^? ages possess$ ( su* l(ty natures & high intellect8 ,su* an op9ion w\ld break d[n "u ! fir/ exam9ation4 ,h[ _m times h m5 n[ 9 middle life se5 great discov]ies made indep5d5tly & almo/ simultane\sly6 ,! fir/ in/ance ,i rememb] 0 ! pr$iction ( a planet ext]ior to ,uranus by ,lev]ri] & ,adams4 ,"o h>dly kn[s to :om ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy ought to be attribut$1 al?\gh x may reasonably be consid]$ z ! greate/ discov]y sci5ce has ev] made4 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat 0 set =? by ,rank9e & by ,clausius dur+ ! same mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahej2 & !re are em95t m5 :o attribute ?is great /ep to ,?omson4#bc ,! k9etical !ory ( gases1 aft] be+ />t$ by ,john ,b]n\lli & long buri$ 9 oblivion1 0 re9v5t$ & appli$ to ! explanation n m]ely ( ! laws ( ,boyle1 ,*>les1 & ,avogadro1 b also ( diffusion & viscosity1 by at lea/ ?ree mod]n physici/s sep>ately4 ,x is well kn[n t ! doctr9e ( natural selection 0 pres5t$ by ,wallace & by ,d>w9 at ! same meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association2 & ,d>w9 9 8 8,hi/orical ,sket*0 prefix$ to ! lat] editions ( 8 book %[s t bo? 7 anticipat$ by obscure =]unn]s4 ,! me?od ( spectrum analysis 0 claim$ = ,swan z well z = ,kir*h(f1 & !re 7 o!rs :o p]haps _h /ill bett] claims4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! ,p]iodical ,law ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts is disput$ betwe5 a ,russian1 a ,g]man1 & an ,engli%man2 al?\gh !re is no room = d\bt t ! pr9cipal m]it belongs to ! fir/4 ,^! are ne>ly all ! greate/ discov]ies ( our times4 ,x is ! same ) ! inv5tions4 ,x may n be surpris+ t ! telegraph %\ld h be5 indep5d5tly made by sev]al inv5tors1 because x 0 an easy coroll>y f sci5tific facts well made out be=e4 ,b x 0 n s ) ! telephone & o!r inv5tions4 ,e!r1 ! fir/ an/hetic1 0 introduc$ indep5d5tly by ?ree diff]5t ,new ,engl& physicians4 ,n[ e!r _h be5 a common article = a c5tury4 ,x _h be5 9 "o ( ! ph>macopias ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,x is q incr$ible t its an/hetic prop]ty %\ld n h be5 kn[n2 x 0 kn[n4 ,x _h probably pass$ f m\? to e> z a secret f ! days ( ,basil ,val5t9e2 b = long x _h be5 a secret ( ! ,pun*9ello k9d4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 = _m ye>s1 boys _h us$ x = amusem5t4 ,:y !n _h x n be5 put to its s]i\s use8 ,no reason c be giv51 except t ! motive to d s 0 n /rong en\gh4 ,! motives to do+ s c\ld only h be5 desire = ga9 & philan?ropy4 ,ab\t #ahdf1 ! date ( ! introduction1 philan?ropy 0 und\bt$ly 9 an unusually active condition4 ,t s5sibility1 or s5tim5talism1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 _h und]gone a rip5+ process1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ?\gh n[ less int5se ?an x _h previ\sly be51 x 0 m likely to influ5ce unreflect+ p ?an x _h ev] be54 ,all ?ree ( ! e!r-claimants _h probably be5 influ5c$ by ! desire = ga92 b nev]!less !y 7 c]ta9ly n ins5sible to ! agapic influ5ces4 ,i d\bt if any ( ! great discov]ies ought1 prop]ly1 to be consid]$ z altoge!r individual a*ievem5ts2 & ,i ?9k _m w %>e ?is d\bt4 ,yet1 if n1 :at an argum5t = ! cont9uity ( m9d1 & = agapa/icism is "h6 ,i d n wi% to be v /r5u\s4 ,if ?9k]s w only be p]suad$ to lay aside _! prejudices & apply !mselves to /udy+ ! evid5ces ( ?is doctr9e1 ,i %all be fully cont5t to await ! f9al decision4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,h[ c a writ] h any respect = sci5ce1 z su*1 :o is capable ( conf\nd+ ) ! sci5tific propositions ( political economy1 :i* h no?+ to say conc]n+ :at is 8b5efic5t10 su* brummagem g5]alisations z ?is8 #ba ,i am happy to f9d t ,dr4 ,c>us1 too1 ranks ,weismann among ! oppon5ts ( ,d>w91 not)/&+ 8 fly+ t flag4 #bb ,see ,drap]'s ,hi/ory ( ,intellectual ,developm5t1 *ap4 x4 #bc ,?omson1 himself1 9 8 article ,heat 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 nev] once m5tions ! "n ( ,clausius4 ,,r5an4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,giv5 ,,at ,,s\? ,,place ,,*apel1 ,,london1 ,,octob]1 #i1 #ahib4 8,be calm & resign$10 said ,r5an to 8 weep+ wife4 8,we und]go ! laws ( t nature ( :i* we are manife/ations4 ,we p]i%1 we disappe>1 b heav5 & e>? rema91 & ! m>* ( "t goes on = ev]40 ,x is h>d to-day to respond to ^! la/ words ( ! dy+ philosoph]4 ,heav5 & e>? rema91 b !y seem cold & grey :5 ! great he>t 9 :i* !y 7 unit$ has ceas$ to beat1 & :5 our sweet ,engli% s+] has gone sil5t4 ,by ! pass+ away ( ! two highe/-m\nt$ m9ds 9 ,europe ?is society is especially b]eav$4 ,! e>lie/ welcome giv5 to ! g5ius ( "y ,t5nyson came f ! p5 ( ,william ,john/on ,fox1 ! fir/ ,m9i/] ( ?is ,*apel2 "h has 8 spiritual pilgrimage be5 foll[$1 & its songs "h sung z hymns4 ,b = _! magnitude ,t5nyson & ,r5an might h be5 consid]$ toge!r4 ,!y 7 *ildr5 ( ! same spiritual epo*2 ! son ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! ,engli% ,rector's son1 7 fell[-pilgrims on ! pa9ful road ( scepticism2 !y enc\nt]$ ! same phantoms1 7 att5d$ by ! same mighty %ades1 & f\nd no alt> b su* z _! own g5ius c\ld raise & _! gl[+ he>ts k9dle 9 ! wild]ness ( d\bt & d5ial4 ,alike !y di/ru/$ democracy1 & dream$ ( ! ideal mon>*1--z ( ,ar?ur1 8fl[] ( k+s10 :om anci5t leg5ds ( ,brita9 & ,brittany said w\ld "s day return to lead up ! ,gold5 ,ye>4 ,r5an lov$ to tell ! /ory ( h[ ,t5nyson1 roam+ 9 ,brittany1 /opp$ at an inn 9 ,lanni]1 bir?place ( ,r5an's "m4 ,9 ! morn+ ! poet dem&$ 8 acc\nt1 b ! ho/ess said1 8,!re is no?+ to pay1 ,monsieur4 ,x is y :o h sung ( our ,k+ ,ar?ur40 ,b ! p h a greatness ( _! own4 ,!y en%r9e ,t5nyson 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,r5an 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,! c>e] ( ,r5an is a triumph ( republican ,france4 ,"u ! ,empire he 0 depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip1 & ( 8 (fice 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 = writ+ ! 8,life ( ,jesus40 ,b ! ,republic made him ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,france1 gave him e honor1 9 life z 9 dea?4 ,! national homage to t ex-prie/1 t outspok5 rationali/1 :o flatt]$ n ! masses nor fawn$ on p[]1 is a high wat]-m>k ( civilisation4 ,= x m>ks ! rise ( a /eady tide ( lib]ty1 & n ! m]e leap ( waves "u "s tempe/ ( mom5t>y emotion4 ,! great fact is t ?is unique h]etic1 ?9k]1 & s*ol>1 has be5 able1 )\t compromis+ 8 indep5d5ce1 )\t help ( any sect or s*ool1 to live 8 life1 ?9k 8 ?\ght1 & r\nd out 8 life-"w ) complet5ess1 on ! sc5e ( a ?\s& m>tyrdoms4 ,9 ,r5an's 8,feuilles ,dta*es10 :i* appe>$ la/ spr+ b is n yet translat$1 !re are outbur/s ( gratitude to 8 "t1 :i*1 he says1 has be5 good to him1 & p>don$ _m faults4 ,he _h j f9i%$1 he says1 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel0--8! s]i\s "w ( my life40 8,! bridge :i* x rema9$ to me to build betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianism is built4444 ,9 ! #8,life ( ,jesus' ,i tri$ to exhibit ! maje/ic gr[? ( ! ,galilean tree f ! /ock ( its roots to ! summit1 :]e s+ ! birds ( heav54 ,9 ! volume j f9i%$ ,i h s\ght to make kn[n ! subsoil 9 :i* %ot ! roots ( ,jesus4 ,?us my pr9cipal duty is accompli%$4 ,at ! ,academy ! "w on ! ,rabb9s also ne>s conclusion1 & ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,semiticorum is 9 excell5t h&s4 ,s t n[1 hav+ paid all my debts1 ,i am free en\gh to amuse myself a little1 & )\t scruples to indulge myself ) ! pleasure ( ga!r+ ^! leaves1 (t5 light en\gh40 ,s radiant 0 ! au?or1 at sixty-n9e1 hav+ a*iev$ ! ma9 s*emes ( a life :i*1 at =ty1 0 ?reat5$ ) ru9 by intol]ance4 ,( c\rse x 0 b a small "p ( :at he w\ld fa9 h accompli%$4 ,la/ ye> 7,septemb] #aa7 !re 0 a fe/ival1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,brhat1 :]e ,r5an 0 ! *ief speak]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 address he said3 8,e ye> ,i us$ to come hi!r ) my "m to visit my aunt ,pr9e1 :o lov$ me mu*1 = %e ?\ght me l my fa!r4 ,"h on y\r rocks1 & 9 y\r pa?s1 ,i =m$ plans & dream$ dreams1 ( :i* ,i h realis$ a ?ird or a qu>t]4 ,t is mu*2 ,i consid] myself =tunate2 ,i hold myself among ! privileg$ ones ( life4 ,i h be5 m sad ?an n[1 = ,i fe>$ ,i might die "y 7mis=tune notably n arriv$7 & nev] produce :at 0 9 my m9d4 ,oh c]ta9ly1 c\ld ,i live a long "t yet1 ,i w\ld "k :at to d4 ,i h s*emes ( "w = ?ree or f\r lives4 ,i w\ld write a hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 %[+ x an attack ( fev]1 gr&1 /range1 horrible1 & sublime2 ! f\ndation1 let u hope ( some?+ bett]4 ,i w\ld compose a hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 almo/ day by day2 also a hi/ory ( sci5ce & free?\ght1 tell+ by :at /eps man has come to "k some?+ ( h[ ! _w is made2 ,i w\ld write a hi/ory ( ,brittany 9 six volumes4 ,i w\ld /udy ,*9ese1 & review critically all ! problems ( ,*9ese hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,( all t ,i w\ld make no?+4 ,!re is a cr[d ( ?+s ,i wi% to "k & %all nev] "k4 ,b :y reproa* nature = refus+ me8 ,let u recognise :at %e has giv5 u4 ,i h trav]s$ ! _w at an int]e/+ mom5t 9 its developm5t1 &1 aft] all1 h se5 en\gh4 ,aft] my "t humanity w d surpris+ ?+s3 ,i c re/ cont5t dur+ et]nity40 ,! happ9ess ( ?is v5]able au?or1 consci\s t 8 life is clos+1 8 "w end$1--a happ9ess n d]iv$ f any hope ( future rew>d1 or ev5 exi/5ce1--is a sali5t te/imony ( our "t4 ,9 "o ( ^! rec5t addresses ,r5an says3 8,let u die calmly1 9 ! communion ( humanity1 ! religion ( ! future40 ,! dy+ ,voltaire 0 f$ ) a waf]1 ev5 :ile he ridicul$ x4 ,r5an p>takes ! communion ( humanity1 ! religion ( ! future4 ,x may appe> cold com=t to ! sup]/iti\s1 = !y compreh5d n t to su* a man ! communion ( humanity implies an et]nal life4 ,9 "o s5se ,r5an liv$ n q ?reescore ye>s & t52 9 ano!r he liv$ ages on ages4 ,by 8 ma/]y ( ,ea/]n & ,ori5tal languages & lit]atures1 by 8 /udies ( anci5t & mod]n sy/ems1 he _h famili>ly dwelt among primitive tribes1 ) !m set up _! sacr$ dolm5s1 knelt at _! alt>s1 travell$ ) _! migrations 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,syria1 %>$ _! pilgrimages f l[] to high] beliefs1 li/5$ to _! prophets1 visit$ ! home ( ,m>y & ,joseph1 walk$ ) ! disciples1 conv]s$ ) ,jesus1 witness$ ! crucifixion1 j\rney$ ?r\gh ! middle ages1 rea*$ ! ,r5aissance1 pass$ ?r\gh ,prote/antism1 ga!r$ e spiritual fl[] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,su* long exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 su* k ( ! attractions ( humanity1--pr$ict+ its fulfilm5ts1--c>ry ! ?9k] equally f> into ! future4 ,kn[+ ! angles ( conv]g5ce 9 "t's ris+ pyramid1 he c calculate ! apex1 & look d[n f x4 ,he is able to rejoice 9 realisations ( ideals n[ m]e t5d5cies4 ,8 immortality is pres5t4 ,su* to ,r5an meant t communion ( humanity1 into :i* he ent]$ by pati5t /udies1 & by ! devotion ( 8 life to ! spiritual ess5ce ( ! _w4 ,& ?is vision su/a9$ him 9 8 la/ h\r4 ,& let me "h say1 t ,r5an's optimism 0 n bas$ 9 any belief 9 a sup]human provid5ce1 or any dynamic or compulsory de/9y 9 nature4 ,x 0 8 fai? 9 ! he>t & bra9 ( man4 ,9 8 la/ "w he rem9ds y\? t _! ef=ts at new ab/ractions & !ologies are idle3 ! new notions w foll[ ! old into ext9ction4 8,de> *ildr510 he says-- 8,de> *ildr51 x is useless to give y\rself s mu* heada*e to rea* only a *ange ( error4 ,let u die calm1 9 ! communion ( humanity1 ! religion ( ! future4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! _w is assur$ = a long "t4 ,! future ( sci5ce is gu>ante$1 = 9 ! great sci5tific book ev]y?+ adds itself & no?+ is lo/4 ,error is n deep2 no error la/s long4 ,be tranquil4 ,be=e a ?\s& ye>s1 let u hope1 ! e>? w f9d means to supply its exhau/$ coal1 &1 9 "s degree1 its dim9i%$ virtue4 ,! res\rces ( humanity are inf9ite4 ,et]nal works accompli% !mselves )\t loss to ! f\nta9 ( liv+ =ces1 ev] ris+ aga9 to ! surface4 ,sci5ce1 above all1 w cont9ue to a/oni% u by its revelations1 sub/itut+ ! inf9ite ( "t & space = a poor creationism t c no long] satisfy ! imag9ation ( a *ild4 ,religion also is true to ! inf9ite4 ,:5 ,god %all be complete1 he w be j4 ,i am conv9c$ t virtue w f9d itself "o day cle>ly to h be5 ! bett] "p4 ,! m]it is 9 affirm+ duty aga9/ ! app>5t evid5ces4 ,z = ! future d5y+ n1 affirm+ n1 let u hope4 ,let u keep a place at our fun]als = ! music & ! inc5se40 ,x w be se5 t ,r5an's deity is ! bro!r ( man's div9ity4 ,god is z dep5d5t on man z man on ,god4 ,natural evil is ,god's incomplet5ess3 :5 man is complete ,god w be complete3 !re w be no m inju/ice4 ,b ,i mu/ w>n y t :ile ?is is ! way 9 :i* ,r5an impresses me1 he is n a man to be caught or held 9 any "o !ory4 ,he is ! _m-sid$ man ( our "t4 ,:5 ,i he>d 8 lectures 9 8 college1 two ye>s ago1--8 ,fr5* 0 s cle> & expressive t ev5 a limp+ li/5] c\ld foll[ him tol]ably1--he impress$ me z a sort ( ,buddha4 ,buddha is suppos$ by "s to h got 8 l>ge =m by sitt+ s long 9 contemplation1 by o!rs 8 size is reg>d$ z a prote/ aga9/ ! meagr5ess ( ill-f$ ascetics4 ,! unfurr[$ s]5ity ( ,buddha's face1 8 infant9e smile1 7 ^? ( ,r5an1 also ! rememb]$ music ( 8 voice4 ,?is association has be5 ext5d$ to ,r5an's spiritual nature by a lett] ( 8 to a fri5d1 9 8 8,feuilles ,dta*es40 ,he is fasc9at$ by ! leg5ds ( ,buddha & ,kri%na :i* describe !m z multiply+ !mselves4 ,:5 ,buddha 0 born into ?is _w1 t5 ?\s& wom5 entreat$ to be 8 nurses1 & ,buddha multipli$ himself into t5 ?\s& babies4 ,ea* woman believ$ t %e alone _h nurs$ ! true ,buddha4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ! god ,kri%na1 he fir/ appe>$ to "s %eph]desses :o 7 danc+4 ,! beautiful god multipli$ himself into z _m =ms z !re 7 maid5s1 s t ea* believ$1 t %e alone _h danc$ ) ,kri%na1 & ?r\gh life kept h] he>t sacr$ to him4 ,writ+ ( ^! leg5ds1 ,r5an says3 8,! ideal loses no?+ by divid+ itself3 x is entire 9 ea* ( its p>ts4 ,we live t "p ( ,kri%na :i* we assimilate accord+ to our g5ius4 ,! ideal is = all p>tak]s1 l morsels modifi$ to ea* ta/e4 ,ea* creates 8 div9e danc]4 ,"o ref9em5t ,i w\ld introduce into ! leg5d ( ,kri%na1 %\ld ,i ev] make x into a drama1 or1 bett]1 a philosophic ballet3 at ! "t :5 ! %eph]desses believ$ !y 7 s+ly danc+ ) ,kri%na1 he %\ld f9d t !y 7 9 reality danc+ ) diff]5t ,kri%nas4 ,ea* _h made h] ,kri%na to h] fancy1 & :5 !y came to describe to ea* o!r _! heav5ly lov]1 !y %\ld f9d _! visions 9 n[ise alike2 & nev]!less to ea* x 0 always ,kri%na40 ,! leg5d :i* ?us *>m$ ,r5an has _m correspond5ces 9 religi\s hi/ory2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 = in/ance1 :]e we to-day f9d a hundr$ & fifty sects1 ea* believ+ t x alone has ! true ,*ri/ = p>tn]4 ,b x applies to all great p]sonalities1 & to all spiritual influ5ces4 ,! f9e/ spirits frame no sy/ems1 f\nd no s*ools4 ,!y are ak9 to ! sun & ra9 :i* n\ri% & pa9t innum]able & div]se gr[?s4 ,x 0 s ) ,em]son4 ,dean ,/anley said t he he>d _m diff]5t prea*]s 9 ,am]ica1 b _! s]mons 7 g5]ally by ,em]son4 ,x 0 prem95tly ! case ) ,r5an4 ,! ,ca?olic1 ! ,prote/ant1 ! ideali/1 ! sceptic1 ! man ( ! _w1 ! my/ic1 ! cons]vative1 ! radical1 provid$ !y are unsophi/icat$ l ! %eph]desses1 n *ampions ( "s sect or p>ty1 f9d t ,r5an has spok5 bett] = !m ?an !y c = !mselves2 he kn[s _! secret he>t1 is _! p>tn] by unb\nd$ sympa?ies4 ,yet x is always ! same ,r5an1 full & entire 9 ea* & all ( 8 manife/ations4 ,"s "t ago1 :5 8 fri5d ,littr1 ! ,positivi/1 0 buri$ by 8 family ) ,ca?olic rites1 ! asp]soir pass$ r\nd ! grave1 & came to ,r5an1 :o1 l ! re/1 spr9kl$ holy wat] on ! c(f94 ,!re 7 cries ( 8,%ame0 among ! free?9k]s pres5t2 b really x 0 ! act ( a man less sect>ian ?an !mselves4 ,! same t5d]ness t c\ld n w\nd ! family p>t+ = ev] f _! belov$1 is visible 9 ! g5tl5ess ) :i* he treats old beliefs1 :5 x is a "q ( affection or s5tim5t1 n ( dogma & au?ority4 ,!y h di$ out ( 8 m9d utt]ly2 he sees ! cre$s already 9 _! graves2 he no long] fe>s !m1 b is glad to soo! ^? :o cl+ to _! lifeless =ms by speak+ k9dly ( _! virtues 9 ! pa/4 ,8 8,life ( ,jesus0 is1 9 l>ge "p1 a wrea? ( immortelles laid on ! tomb ( a fai? to him utt]ly dead1--t is1 fai? 9 a sup]natural ,*ri/4 ,he once told me ( a little isl& on ! coa/ ( 8 native ,brittany1 f :i* "s m$ieval sa9t 0 suppos$ to h driv5 mon/r\s s]p5ts1 or worms4 ,to t isl& ! peasants /ill repair to get a little ( ! soil to use z a--v]mifuge4 ,to simil>ly small size _h %runk1 9 ,r5an's view1 ! greate/ dogmas & sup]/itions ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,o!rs might /ill complim5t !m ) fe> & wra?1 b ,r5an 0 t5d] to !m because ( _! smallness4 ,he 0 endlessly good-natur$ ) 8 ignorant oppon5ts1 f :om he (t5 receiv$ w>n+ lett]s4 ,( "o :o wrote him simply ! words1 ,rememb]1 !re is a ,hell1 he said t ?is monitor did n t]rify him z mu* z he may h suppos$4 ,he 7,r5an7 w\ld be r glad to "k = c]ta9 t !re 0 beyond ! grave ev5 a hell4 ,& if he %\ld g !re he felt c]ta9 t he w\ld be able to address to ! deity su* subtle argum5ts to prove t he ought n to rema9 !re1 b to be transf]r$ to p>adise2 7only he fe>$ 8 exhort]'s p>adise w\ld be v dull17 t he w\ld pres5tly be releas$4 ,"o purpose ( ! 8,life ( ,jesus0 has be5 m5tion$1 b t "w _h also ano!r & a high] aim4 ,) a love l t ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 9 ^: rapt vision ,jesus rose f ! tomb1 to be trans=m$ into a sup]natural ,*ri/1 ,r5an s\ght to raise out ( ! grave ( t sup]natural ,*ri/ ! human ,jesus4 ,he _h travell$ ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 visit$ e spot associat$ ) ! great tea*]1 & drew ! mo/ reali/ic portraiture he c\ld ( ! p>5ts1 home1 fri5ds1 disciples1 & daily life ( ,jesus4 ,! outcry aga9/ t book 0 a confession by !ology ( its utt] loss ( ! human p]sonality ( ,jesus4 ,!re _h be5 a "t :5 ! religi\s he>t lov$ to dwell on ! sweet humanities ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! poet1 ,?omas ,dekk]1 wrote3 8,! be/ ( m5 ,t e'er wore e>? ab\t him 0 a suff]]2 ,a s(t1 meek1 pati5t1 humble1 tranquil _s1 ,! fir/ true g5tleman t ev] brea!d40 ,& su* remembrance ( ,jesus1 9 8 life among ! p1 8 fri5d%ips1 smiles & te>s1 are f\nd 9 ! s]mons ( ,tillotson1 ,s\?1 ,j]emy ,taylor4 ,b ! desc5d$ ,god gradually consum$ ! humanity4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury x became a h]esy to consid] ,jesus z a man4 ,! man 0 crucifi$ on a cross ( dogmas2 he lay dead & buri$ "u a /ony !ology1 until ,r5an roll$ away ! /one1 rais$ him to life1 clo!d him ) fle% & blood1 inve/$ him ) beauty1 & said once m to ! ,ph>isee1 ! sceptic1 ! sc(f]--,behold ! man6 ,= writ+ t book1--j aft] ,/rauss _h %[n ! ,*ri/ ( ,*ri/5dom a my?ological figure1--! *ur*es %\ld h clasp$ ,r5an's knees4 ,b = x !y heap$ him ) abuse1 decl>$ t ,jewi% bank]s _h brib$ him to write x1 drove him f 8 pr(essor%ip ( ,hebrew1 r$uc$ him to pov]ty4 ,! ,pope d5\nc$ him z 8,! ,european ,blasphem]40 ,he has be5 t]ribly av5g$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 :]e e educat$ man has ab&on$ ! *ur*4 ,& he liv$ to see ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,engl& /riv+ to ga9 a new hold on ! p by foll[+ 8 brave ge/ure1--rationalis+ away ! sup]natural ,*ri/1 & exalt+ ! humanity ( ,jesus z ! sign ( 8 div9ity4 ,! criticism ( t "w is n at all s de/ructive z t ( _m :o h writt5 9 ! g5]ation t has elaps$ s9ce its appe>ance1--( ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 = in/ance1 on :om ,ox=d has conf]r$ a doctor's degree4 ,inde$1 9 read+ ,r5an's 8,life ( ,jesus0 n[1 "o is surpris$ by its concessions4 ,he accepts ! f\r ,gospels z com+ f ! fir/ c5tury1 a belief :i* ev5 ! le>n$ !ologians h ab&on$4 ,"s newspap] has said t ,r5an borr[$ f ,/rauss2 on ! contr>y1 ! fault ( ! book is t x did n borr[ f ,/rauss1 & f ,engli% au?ors1 :o _h prov$ t ! ,gospels are all ( ! second c5tury4 ,t w\ld h reliev$ him ( ! necessity ( apologis+ = ,jesus 9 "s matt]s ( :i* ,jesus nev] he>d1 ( :i* ,paul 9 ! fir/ c5tury knew no?+1 z :5 he intimates t ,jesus may h once l5t himself to an amiable deception4 ,no miracle 0 ev] ascrib$ to ,jesus by any writ] ( 8 own c5tury4 ,9 sev]al o!r respects ,r5an's 8,life ( ,jesus10 on its negative side1 is beh9d ! advance ( rese>* & criticism4 ,b ^? are small details comp>$ ) ! _s & g5]al purpose ( ! "w4 ,9 ?is mom5t1 :5 we are celebrat+ ! discov]y ( a we/]n _w1 we may well pay homage to ! s*ol> :o r$iscov]$ & exhum$ an ea/]n _w1 long buri$ "u dbris ( my?ology & rubbi% ( sup]/itions4 ,?is ,r5an has done 9 8 s]ies ( works on ! 8,orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity10 beg9n+ ) ! 8,life ( ,jesus10 deal+ ) ! 8,apo/les10 ) 8,/4 ,paul10 ) 8,anti*ri/10 & o!r /udies1 lead+ up to 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel40 ,9 all ^! works !re is n a l9e t is n int]e/+1 alike to le>n$ & unle>n$4 ,z "s "o has said1 ,r5an c\ld make ,hebrew roots blossom ) roses & lilies4 ,b t sup]-f9e art ( 8 0 c>ry+ ! cause ( intellectual & religi\s emancipation4 ,= ^! works conc]n$ ! con/itution ( ,europe4 ,?is ,great ,brita91 ) all its physical fre$om1 is religi\sly a m]e dep5d5cy ( ,judea4 ,"h m5 7 =m]ly burnt1 until lately imprison$1 & ev5 n[ d5i$ equal advantages1 n 9 accordance ) :at ,engli%m5 ?9k1 b ) ! op9ions ( "s anci5t ,jews4 ,! voice ( ! ,jews 0 ! voice ( ,god4 ,b ,judea1 l ! ,gr& ,llama1 c\ld rule only :ile veil$4 ,r5an unveil$ x4 ,he did x all ! m effectually because 9 ! lit]>y & philosophic _s4 ,all ! ages ( ,judea1 f ! fir/ tribal gr\ps to ! movem5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus1 are assign$ _! exact place z successive *apt]s ( human hi/ory1 ! natural orig9 ( _! my?ology is expla9$1 ,jehovah takes 8 seat beside ,jupit] & ,brahma1 ,jesus is rev]$ ) ,buddha & ,zoroa/]2 & all ?is is done1 n by m]e op9ion1 b by impregnable facts1 unwe>i$ rese>*es1 inflexible v]acity4 ,x 0 also done lov+ly4 ,a sup]/ition c survive combat1 b n explanation4 ,r5an did mu* to remove ,*ri/ianity f ! field ( militant camps to ! quiet prov9ce ( lit]>y inve/igation4 ,9 ! ,republic ( ,lett]s !re is no arbitr>y au?ority4 ,! combat is left to salvation armies1--8!irs n to reason :y40 ,!re is a l>ge ,r5an lit]ature4 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$ works repres5t ! ef=ts ( !ology to get ! resuscitat$ human ,jesus back into 8 grave aga94 ,r5an's accessible life-"w is repres5t$ by ab\t tw5ty-five volumes1 ( :i* "s are philosophic div]sions writt5 amid ! heavy lab\rs ( 8 ,college1 & :ile collect+ & pres]v+ = s*ol>s ! :ole body ( ,semitic inscriptions4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s ,r5an has be5 tra9+ ! "y s*ol>s ( ,france--^? :o are to fa%ion ,france 9 ! future1 & influ5ce mank9d4 ,^? acqua9t$ ) 8 l>g] works c realise 8 imm5se s]vice 9 elevat+ ! /&>d ( criticism1 & e/abli%+ ! me?od ( exact rese>* & exact ?\ght4 ,b !re are o!r works ( ,r5an1 notably 8 ,philosophic ,dramas1 n yet translat$1 f :i* may be bett] ga!r$ ! great v>iety ( 8 ability1 ! poetic play ( 8 g5ius1 & ! *>m ( 8 p]sonality1 :i* "s ( u h p]sonally felt1 & :i* s won all he>ts t ev5 ! prie/hood h n rais$ discordant notes 9 ! homage & emotion ) :i* 8 nation has laid him 9 an honor$ grave4 ,f>ewell1 great he>t1 & great lead]6 ,on y\r c(f9 ,i laid a wrea? ( immortelles = fri5d%ip1 = ! homage ( ,am]ica1 & = ! sake ( ?is free ,engli% ,society4 ,= y\r victory is ours also3 y\r triumph is t ( e indep5d5t m9d on e>?4 ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,,intuition ,,& ,,reason4 ,! "q :e!r we act m frequ5tly f intuition or reason1 & ! "q t foll[s x1 :i* faculty is ! m noble guide to conduct1 w\ld h no m int]e/ = ! g5]al public ?an any o!r ( ! subjects :i* ! metaphysician ex]cises 8 +5uity ^u1--?an ! "q1 = in/ance1 :e!r we execute a great] numb] ( analytic or ( syn!tic judgm5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1--7 x n t !re is an anci5t op9ion to ! effect t reason & intuition are m>ks respectively ( ! mann] ( work+ ( m5's & ( wom5's m9ds4 ,! op9ion is :olly unf\nd$1 & c\ld only h _h its orig9 at a "t :5 ! psy*ology ( ! work+ ( ! human m9d 0 ?or\ghly misund]/ood4 ,z ! v t]ms 9 :i* ! op9ion is express$ make pla91 x dates f ! p]iod :5 x 0 ! cu/om to speak ( ! human m9d z hav+ a lot ( sep>ate 8faculties0 "u its control1 & ( call+ up n[ "o & n[ ano!r ( !m to d its bidd+4 ,x is "t t ! belief 9 ! diff]5t quality ( m5's & ( wom5's m9ds %\ld foll[ ! :ole antiquat$ ma*9]y ( 8faculties0 into ! limbo ( old & worn-out fa%ions ( ?\ght & ( spee*4 ,?is illusion1 h[ev]1 l mo/ ( ! illusions t h _h a firm foot-hold 9 _! day1 has a p]fectly compreh5sible reason = its exi/5ce4 ,x is n true t m5's m9ds & wom5's m9ds h a diff]5t way ( work+2 b x is true t ^u c]ta9 occasions 7& by f>1 ! greate/ numb] ( occasions7 we all--m51 wom51 & negroes alike--act f intuition1 & t ! circum/ances ( wom5's lives h hi!rto be5 su* z to make _! int]e/s lie some:at m exclusively 9 ^? regions 9 :i* conduct is intuitive ?an 9 ^? 9 :i* x is long ?\ght out4 ,x is n true t ! ,creator has made two sep>ate k9ds ( m9d = m5 & = wom52 b x is true t society1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 (f]s two some:at sep>ate fields ( int]e/ = m5 & = wom51 & t ! nature ( _! conduct is ( necessity det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! action :i* is dem&$ ( !m4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce = ! psy*ologi/1 betwe5 ! m5tal /ate ( a be+ :o acts f reason1 & ( "o :o acts f intuition8 ,x is n a diff]5ce ( ! k9d ( m9d :i* controls him1 b ( ! k9d ( k ^u :i* 8 pres5t conduct is bas$4 ,if "o individual has got at 8 comm& a lot ( g5]al propositions be>+ ^u ! case 9 h&1 & if 8 famili>ity ) !m is n su* t !y fl[ toge!r )\t consci\s ef=t1 !n he mu/ labori\sly piece !m toge!r1 & ?9k out ! conclusions :i* !y necessitate4 ,if ano!r individual1 hav+ l$ a diff]5t life1 has _h a lot ( exp]i5ces :i* cov] j su* cases z ?is1 & if he has be5 taught by ?\s&s ( in/ances t "u ^! circum/ances a c]ta9 c\rse ( conduct w ne>ly always lead to good results1 !n he c tru/ to 8 h&s or 8 feet to execute t c\rse ( conduct )\t a mom5t's aid f consci\s reflection2 he c g on ) 8 novel1 or :atev] o!r pleasant occupation engages 8 att5tion1 )\t ! we> & te> ( m9d :i* is involv$ 9 consci\sly ?9k+ ab\t ! circum/ances 9 "q4 ,n[ ! diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal processes ( m5 & wom5 are exactly ( ?is nature4 ,!y are diff]5ces dep5d5t ^u ! fact t ! k at _! comm&--t is1 ! /or$ up premises ^u :i* action is bas$--is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( a diff]5t k9d1 & got f diff]5t s\rces4 ,s f> z ! k is n ( a diff]5t k9d1 ! "* ( ! action is n ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,!re is an imm5se numb] ( conclusions :i* m5 & wom5 alike 8jump at10 e h\r 9 ! day2 & "s ( !m repres5t reason+ s fix$ly in/9ctive1 t ev5 ! close/ att5tion does n enable u to drag x up into ! light ( consci\sness4 ,h[ _m p "k t a c]ta9 feel+ ( /ra9 9 ! muscles :i* move ! eyes is a sign ( a c]ta9 di/ance ( an object look$ at1 & a diff]5t feel+ ( /ra91 a sign ( a diff]5t di/ance2 & t :5 ! eyes are fix$ ^u "o po9t1 objects 9 ! lat]al field ( view are judg$ to be ne>] or f>!r away ?an t po9t1 accord+ z ! two disp>ate images :i* !y ca/ ^u ! two ret9as are1 ! "r-h& "o or ! left h& "o1 ! bright]8 ,! common man kn[s t "o object is ne> & ! o!r f>1 b he is n consci\s ev5 ( ! feel+ ( /ra91 nor ( ! exi/5ce ( d\ble images2 ! physiological psy*ologi/ kn[s ! unconsci\s syllogism by :i* he mu/ rea* 8 conclusion1 b ev5 he _c1 by any possibility1 make x cease to be in/9ctive1--t is1 make himself consci\s ( its diff]5t /eps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no "o1 :e!r man or woman1 c pass f "o proposition 9 geometry to ano!r by a process :i* is 9 any s5se unconsci\s1 ?\gh "o p]son may be oblig$ to give a mu* m /ra9$ att5tion to :at he is do+ ?an ano!r4 ,n[ x is v possible t a great] numb] ( ! actions ( wom5 h _! gr\nd 9 unconsci\s causes ?an ( ! actions ( m54 ,! subjects ^u :i* action is ( vital conc]n to !m h be5 diff]5t subjects1 & h5ce _! /or$-up /ock ( k is k ab\t diff]5t subjects4 ,to ! woman ( ! pa/1 :o 0 to a great ext5t conf9$ to h] own home1 ! temp] ( h] h\se-mates 0 :at h] happ9ess dep5d$ ^u m ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 impossible t %e %\ld n acquire a ke5 intellig5ce 9 int]pret+ e slighte/ %ade ( expression ^u ! human face4 ,b ?is sort ( k is always in/9ctive1 :e!r x is practis$ by m5 or by wom54 ,if ! eyes ( ! mo/ reasonable man 9 ! _w %\ld *ance to %[ him a c]ta9 curve ( ! lip & a c]ta9 elevation ( ! po/]ior angle ( ! al ( ! no/rils on ! face ( ! fair lady to :om he 0 talk+1 w\ld he try to call to m9d ! pictures 9 ,sir ,*>les ,bell's great "w on expression & ! g5]al !orems 9 ,d>w9's book on ! same subject1 & piec+ ?is & t labori\sly toge!r1 w\ld he try to arrive at "s j conclusion reg>d+ ! cont5ts ( ! fair lady's m9d8 ,w\ld he n1 r1 in/9ctively *ange ! subject ( conv]sation1 or ev5 discreetly beat a retreat1 long be=e he _h "t to ?9k8 ,wom5's int]e/s h be5 s exclusively social t !y h develop$ a s5se = ! physical expression ( emotion :i* makes society = !m a matt] ( complicat$ relations1 ( delicate susceptibility to play ( feel+1 :i*--except 9 ! hyp]-s5sitive p]iod ( c\rt%ip--is n common among m54 ,b !re are m5 :o are q ! equals ( wom5 9 ?is respect2 & if any man is m>k$ly defici5t 9 ^! qualities1 we recognise him z belong+ to a l[ & brutal type :i* is 9 process ( ext9ction4 ,if a woman on ! o!r h&1 goes into bus9ess1 %e does n fix ! prices ( h] /raw hats ea* morn+ 9 accordance ) ! feel+s :i* /raw hats awak5 9 h] :5 %e fir/ looks at !m1 b 9 accordance ) ! fluctuations ( ! m>ket4 ,! ,presid5t ( a ,new ,hamp%ire ,/reet ,railway did n c>ry ?r\gh h] improvem5ts by h] intuitions1 b by a pla91 common-s5se weigh+ ( reasons4 ,nor are all mascul9e occupations "u ! guidance ( ! reason+ faculty4 ,if y g to a /ove-man & ask him to m5d y\r smok+ *imney1 does he d x by reason8 ,n a bit ( x6 ,!re may be /ove-m5 :o h en\gh k ( ! laws :i* regulate ! movem5ts ( masses ( hot air to be able to apply g5]al pr9ciples to p>ticul> in/ances1 b 9 ! c\rse ( a long & *eck]$ exp]i5ce ) /ove-m51 x has n be5 my lot to fall 9 ) !m4 ,_! k ( *imneys1 su* z x is1 is got by exp]i5ce & appli$ by intuition1 & no?+ is f>!r f _! m9ds ?an any trace ( d$uctive reason+4 ,x is n t !re are m5's m9ds & wom5's m9ds1 b t !re are !oretical subjects & practical subjects1 & t k is n ! same k9d ( k 9 bo?4 ,intuition1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ :5 discuss+ male & female m9ds1 is a ^w ( d\ble mean+3 x cov]s ^? actions :i* we g ?r\gh ) by in/9ct1 or inh]it$ exp]i5ce +ra9$ f ! beg9n+ 9 our n]v\s /ructure1 & ^? :i* we p]=m automatically1 or by individual exp]i5ce become s famili> t x c act z a guide )\t ! aid ( consci\s reflection4 ,! relative di/ances ( objects look$ at we "k in/9ctively2 ! tra9$ musician ) m9d int5t ^u expression1 reads 8 notes automatically2 ! beg9n] at ! piano goes ?r\gh a pa9ful process ( syllogism be=e ea* key is /ruck4 ,all is1 at bottom1 reason2 9 "o case x is consci\s2 9 ano!r x is unconsci\s1 b c be =c$ into consci\sness2 9 ano!r1 x is unconsci\s & _c by any ef=t be made consci\s4 ,because a woman's int]e/s lie m ?an a man's 9 regions 9 :i* ?\ght is in/9ctive & automatic1 x does n foll[ t %e has develop$ any peculi> p[]s ( intuition4 ,nor is !re any possibility t mo!rs %\ld occasionally transmit _! p[]s ( intuition to favor$ sons1 z ,mr4 ,grant ,all51 9 ! c\rse ( 8 apo!osis ( ! un$ucat$ woman1 has some:]e sugge/$2 "s m5 h poetic & /hetic m9ds1 & 9 regions ( poetry & art m5tal activity is l>gely ( ! in/9ctive k9d4 ,x is diff]5t ) p[]s ( reason+4 ,good p[]s ( reason+ may be transmitt$ f "m to son1 b t is m]ely say+ metaphorically t a good firm texture ( m9d may be transmitt$4 ,hume & ,james ,mill are two m5 :o are suppos$ to owe mu* to _! mo!rs1 b _! peculi> p[]s are n usually consid]$ to lie 9 regions ( intuition4 ,no "m has ev] produc$ an intuitive ma!matician4 ,nor w\ld any "o :o knew any?+ ab\t ! high] ma!matics = a mom5t suppose t :5 a great ma!matician leaves out int]m$iate /eps 9 a pr9t$ book1 he _h jump$ at 8 conclusions by in/9ct4 ,x is simply t1 ) 8 ?or\gh k ( ?is p>ticul> subject1 ! int]m$iate /eps h seem$ to him too easy to set d[n4 ,if 8 book is h>d to read1 x is simply because he has assum$ a great] am\nt ( le>n+ 9 8 read]s ?an !y are 9 possession (4 ,! "q :e!r intuition or reason is ! nobl] faculty is an exce$+ly mean+less "q4 ,all k :i* f9ds frequ5t occasion to be put 9 practice has a t5d5cy to become fir/ automatic & !n in/9ctive4 ,human progress consi/s 9 mak+ consci\s action automatic z soon z x c be done ) safety1 & 9 sett+ free consci\sness to att5d to m & m complicat$ comb9ations ( circum/ances4 ,aft] ! musician has le>n$ to read 8 notes me*anically1 %all we urge him to g back to ! p]iod ( consci\s l9k+ ( note to key1 because reason is a div9] gift ?an intuition8 ,is x desirable to turn ! act ( walk+ into a consci\s fitt+ ( muscul> t5sion to v>iations 9 ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ord] to di/+ui% ourselves ! m effectually f ! brutes t p]i%8 ,reason is m]ely intuition 9 its =mative /age1 & ! soon] all our pres5t reason$ convictions become me*anical1 & consci\s ?\ght is set free to br+ 9 m & m f> rea*+ consid]ations to be> ^u our actions 7includ+ 9 t t]m our conclusions71 ! soon] w a high] =m ( life be rea*$4 ,wundt's /ud5ts h made "s exp]im5ts 9 8 laboratory 9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 :i* ?r[ a great deal ( light ^u ?is "q1--!y h caught automatism 9 ! v act ( =mation4 ,x has be5 notic$ t diff]5t obs]v]s diff]$ v mu* 9 ! reaction "t :i* !y assign$ to ! sev]al s5ses1--t is1 ! "t requir$1 = in/ance1 to he> ! tap ( a bell1 & to press a button 9 response4 ,wundt's /ud5ts f\nd t !re are two diff]5t reaction times1--9 "o1 "t is tak5 to br+ ! tap ( ! bell into ! focus ( consci\sness & to decide consci\sly :at to d 9 response2 9 ! o!r1 ! process is unconsci\s4 ,! fir/ is ne>ly twice z long z ! second1 & bo? are v con/ant quantities1 = ! same s5se4 ,! exact figures are1 9 seconds3 ,,full4 ,,%ort4 ,s\nd 4#baf 4#abg ,n4 ,lange 0 4#bce 4#aba ,belk9 0 4#bcj 4#abd ,l4 ,lange ,light 4#bij 4#agb ,l4 ,lange 0 4#bia 4#ahb ,m>tius ,x may be inf]r$ f ?is t1 ev5 9 ! simple/ matt]s intuition is v ne>ly twice z valuable a 8faculty0 z reason1 z f> z economy ( "t is conc]n$4 7,x w\ld be int]e/+ to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 fatigue47 ,b ! int]e/+ po9t is t ! exp]im5t] c tea* himself to give ei!r reaction "t at 8 pleasure4 ,if he ?9ks ( 8 e>s1 he has a feel+ ( /ra9 9 !m1 & a long reaction "t2 if he directs 8 att5tion to 8 f+]s 7or if he ?9ks ( indiff]5t matt]s7 he is unconsci\s ( :at is go+ on1 & 8 reaction "t is %ort4 ,x is pla9 t ! m ( ^! educat$ bra9-reflexes we c produce1 ! full] & m complicat$ lives we %all be capable ( c>ry+ on4 ,x may also be assum$ t ! ideal human be+ is ! "o :o has _m bra9-reflexes1 b :o is capable ( br++ !m all into consci\sness ^u occasion4 ,connections t we _c make consci\s are a frequ5t s\rce ( illusion4 ,:5 we move ! eye-ball ab\t by ! w1 objects seem to rema9 /ation>y2 b :51 putt+ ! f+] on ! "u eyelid1 we pu% ! eye-ball up & d[n 9 ! socket1 we _c help p]ceiv+ t objects are mov+ up & d[n4 ,pr(4 ,william ,james sugge/s z a good exp]im5t t "s "o :o has eyes t he is n afraid ( injur+ %\ld d ?is pu%+ sev]al h\rs a day1 & see if he _c =ce consci\s reason to d h] "w & to make him see t ! objects are n mov+4 ,= p]fectly regul> circum/ances1--t is1 = ! _w ( nature or ( human "* s f> z is gov]n$ by fix$ laws1--reflex action pres5ts an imm5se economy ( "t & "w4 ,to provide aga9/ extraord9>y em]g5cies1 x w\ld seem to be desirable t we %\ld h ! p[] ( int]pos+ consci\sness 9 ! *a9 :i* beg9s ) /imulus & ends 9 action4 ,:5ev] a l>ge numb] ( consid]ations1 or consid]ations ( an ab/ract "*1 h to be weigh$ & balanc$1 !n reason is ! only suffici5t guide4 ,t wom5 h no defici5cy 9 ! p[] ( putt+ ?is & t toge!r1 :5 ?is & t are pieces ( k :i* are 9 _! possession1 is absolutely prov$ by a s+le circum/ance4 ,geometry is a bran* ( le>n+ :i* is entirely built up out ( ab/ract reason1 pure & undefil$4 ,geometry is /udi$1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 high s*ools1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re are 9 ?is c\ntry 7accord+ to ! ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,education7 ?ree times z _m girls z boys :o take ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,x _c be said1 !re=e1 7z is said ( girls :o g to college7 t ! girls :o g to ! high s*ool are a select$ lot2 !y are ! v bone & fibre ( ! wom5 :o make up ! c\ntry4 ,n[ if wom5 c\ld n reason1 we ought to he> a great hue & cry f ! tea*]s ( ! geometry classes ab\t ! difficulty ( tea*+ t subject to girls1 & ! girls ought to lam5t & moan ov] ! impossibility ( gett+ safely ?r\gh ) _! demon/rations4 ,is ?is ! case8 ,i h nev] met ) a tea*] ( geometry :o ?\ght 8 boys did bett] ?an 8 girls1--,i h met ) sev]al :o ?\ght ! rev]se4 ,z long ago z #ahfe1 ,h] ,maje/y's ,inspector ( s*ools1 aft] travell+ ?r\gh ?is c\ntry1 said3 8,! tea*]s all tell me t ! girls d fully z well z ! boys 9 ma!matics1--fully40 ,nor are any sad effects noticeable ^u heal? or spirits4 ,day aft] day an army ( girls goes smil+ into ! class-room & comes smil+ out1 utt]ly unaw>e t an unnatural wr5* has be5 giv5 to _! delicate m9ds1 & t !y are be+ rapidly trans=m$ into mon/r\s products ( ov]-reason4 ,if girls %[ no defect 9 reason 9 ! class-room1 nei!r d boys %[ any defect 9 intuition1--9 fact1 _! intuition ab\t /ret*$ /r+s & l9es on balls are usually bett] ?an ^? ( girls4 ,i h kept a record = _m ye>s ( errors committ$ by boys & by girls1 & ,i h n be5 able to detect any diff]5ce 9 _! "*4 ,x is true t x 0 a boy :o once fail$ to get a problem 9 trigonometry = a week1 because x 0 n expressly /at$ 9 ! book t ! mile/ones to :i* ! problem relat$ 7 a mile ap>t4 ,my intimate acqua9tance ) ! "* ( 8 m9d prev5t$ me1 h[ev]1 f attribut+ ?is failure 9 intuition to 8 sup]ior reason+ p[]s4 ,! simple matt] is t a good m9d has good reasons & good intuitions bo?4 ,bo? qualities are summ$ up 9 ! expressive popul> phrase1 8hav+ y\r wits ab\t y40 ,if y are 9 full possession ( y\r wits1 y w tru/ to y\r in/9cts1 :5 y mu/2 to y\r acquir$ reflexes1 :5 !re is no sign ( dang]2 & to y\r reason1 :5 ! "q requires debate4 ,x w\ld be greatly = ! good ( ! race if ! common virtues %\ld become m in/9ctive 9 m52 & if wom5 %\ld be put into a position 9 :i* !y c reflect m wisely ^u ! virtues :i* are only j 9 process ( gett+ kn[n to be su*4 ,! only reason t wom5 d n guide !mselves by f>-rea*+ pr9ciples 9 _! e-day conduct1 is t !y h n made !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( political economy & ( ab/ract e?ics4 ,:5 wom5 are 9 full possession ( ! high] education1 !re is no dang] t !y w n put x into practice1 s f> z x leads to practice4 ,! human m9d is s con/itut$ t x _c help tak+ acc\nt ( all its k4 ,propositions m]ely le>n$ by rote1 or ! tru? ( :i* x is n absolutely conv9c$ (1 x may leave "o side1 b n :at x really kn[s4 ,nor is !re any dang] t woman w lose h] p[]s ( intuition4 ,! k & skill :i* %e has acquir$ 9 social matt]s w n des]t h] because %e has made h]self famili> ) ! speculations ( philosoph]s1 & c turn to !m = guidance 9 ! intricate que/ions ( conduct :i* ! complexities ( mod]n life give rise to4 ,s long z a woman's highe/ duty 0 to please h] "l & ma/]1 h] task 0 simple1 b wom5 are n[ awake to a s5se ( wid] responsibilities4 ,!y are n[ aw>e t x is _! highe/ duty to be ! be/ possible k9d ( a human be+1 & to d :atev] lies )9 _! /r5g? t[>ds mak+ ! _w ! be/ possible k9d ( a _w to live 94 ,= ?is end !y h urg5t ne$ ( all ! gifts t ,god has giv5 !m2 & he :o w\ld cripple _! reason on ! gr\nd t intuition is a pleas+ & a poetic guide1 w\ld d !m a griev\s wrong4 ,,*ri/9e ,,ladd ,,frankl94 ,,cruelty ,,& ,,pity ,,9 ,,woman4 ,i4 ,,cruelty4 ,sp5c] says#bd t among savage nations ! wom5 are z p]v]se z ! m51 & t if !y d n "w s mu* evil x is because !y are less able to d s4 ,?is is n entirely true2 d\btless wom5 among savages are mu* m incl9$ to cruelty ?an to pity1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 woman ev5 at ! v beg9n+s ( human evolution is less cruel ?an man4 ,,woman ,,& ,,w>4 ,woman1 ev5 among savage nations1 is r>ely a w>rior4 ,9 ! ,antilles1 ! wom5 wat*$ ov] ! safety ( ! isl&s :5ev] _! husb&s w5t to w> ) ! neighbor+ isl&s2 !y 7 brave1 /rong1 c\rage\s1 ne>ly equall+ ! m5 9 _! clev]ness 9 h&l+ weapons4#be ,among/ ! anci5t ,bretons1 armies 7 always comm&$ by wom54 ,9 ,dahomey1 ! lite ( ! army is compos$ ( a troop ( six or sev5 ?\s& ,amazons1 :o are v f]oci\s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! mutilation ( dead bodies2 wom5 !n become tig]s1 is a popul> say+4 ,among ! anci5t ,scots1 wom5 foll[$ ! army1 & cruelly mutilat$ ! prison]s4 ,among ! ,botocudos1 :5 w> breaks out betwe5 ! tribes1 ! m5 fight ! m5 ) /icks1 & ! wom5 fight ! wom51 by scrat*+ & by te>+ ! botoques 7cyl9d]s ( wood7 f _! e>s & lips4#bf ,b ^! are all exceptional cases4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! savage woman plays a second>y "p 9 w>2 %e acts z an auxili>y1 picks up arr[s1 ?r[s /ones f a di/ance1 & c>ries ! provisions etc4 ,,rev5ge4 ,x is above all 9 rev5ge1 t fem99e cruelty %[s itself ! mo/ t]rible4 ,man is capable ( de/roy+ :ole families or nations1 to satisfy a p>ticul> rev5ge2 b no?+ equals ! +5uity ( woman1 9 sl[ly torm5t+ h] victim1 9 gloat+ ov] 8 suff]+s & l5g!n+ !m out 9 ord] t h] enjoym5t ( v5geance may endure z long z possible4 ,9 ,tasmania1 :5 ! black w> broke out betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! aborig9es1 ! ,tasmanian wom5 t]ribly tortur$ ! prison]s1 9 ord] to av5ge _! companions :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ! ,engli%4 ,we mu/ also attribute to ! desire = v5geance1 ! torm5ts inflict$ by ! wom5 ^u prison]s ( w> among ! ,r$ ,indians4 ,elizabe? ( ,russia1 betray$ by h] lov]1 oblig$ him to m>ry a de=m$ dw>f1 & to pass 8 w$d+ night 9 an ice palace1 :]e ! furniture & ! b$ 7 all ( ice4 ,! next morn+1 att5d$ by h] ,c\rt1 %e w5t to pres5t ! newly w$d$ pair ) a b\quet4 ,%e f\nd !m1 /ret*$ out ^u _! b$ ( ice1 ne>ly froz54 ,%e !n bani%$ h] rival to ,sib]ia fir/ caus+ h] e>s & nose to be cut (f4 ,a weal?y ,russian ,pr9ce1 9 love ) a v beautiful peasant girl ( fifte51 took h] to live ) him = five ye>s2 at ! end ( :i* "t1 wi%+ to contract an alliance1 he paid h] a sum ( money 9 d[] & oblig$ h] to m>ry a peasant4 ,! "y girl made no sign = t5 ye>s1 until ! dea? ( h] husb&2 b aft] ! lapse ( t p]iod1 a ris+ hav+ tak5 place among ! peasantry aga9/ ! nobles1 %e excit$ !m & l$ a body ( peasants to ! ca/le ( h] anci5t lov]1 _h him tak5 & dragg$ into 8 izba1 h>ness$ him to ! pl\gh in/ead ( ! ox51 & = ?ree days oblig$ him ?us to "w1 la%+ him ) ! :ip ea* "t t he fell to ! gr\nd4 ,at night %e l$ him to ! /able & made him lie d[n ) ! ox52 compell+ him to eat fodd] ) ! bea/s & mak+ m]ry ov] 8 sorry plight4 ,?is amusem5t la/$ = ?ree days1 at ! end ( :i* "t1 ! man fell dead 9 "o ( ! furr[s he 0 pl\gh+4#bg ,a ,russian1 an idle & wor?less fell[ :o _h let 8 wife suff] hung]1 propos$ to h] t %e %\ld be sold z a slave to ! ,sultan4 ,aft] "s hesitation1 %e accept$ & !y />t$ (f2 b :5 !y _h gone ab\t half ! way1 ! husb& hav+ fall5 asleep intoxicat$1 ! idea came into h] m9d to sell him = a slave1 9 h] place4 ,%e !n ti$ him on ! horse1 />t$ (f aga9 on ! road & arriv+ at ! place ( r5dezv\s1 %e deliv]$ h] husb& to ! m]*ant1 & rema9$ to wat* ! ,turk pu% ! half-awak5$ man into ! boat1 laugh+ :il/ he %[]$ bl[s ^u him4#bh ,a "y ,russian peasant woman liv$ ) a small l&-own]1 :o betray$ h]2 at la/ %e took refuge ) a b& ( brig&s1 :o treat$ h] l a que54 ,"o day %e caus$ two ( !m to capture h] old lov]1 & _h him br\ght to ! camp :]e %e us$ him z a k9d ( liv+ foot-/ool3 :5 %e sat d[n %e cov]$ him ) a c>pet & put h] feet ^u him1 & :5 %e want$ to g out %e made him c>ry h] on 8 %\ld]s4 ,,cruelty ,,to ,,! ,,helpless4 ,woman sometimes displays ! same am\nt ( +5uity 9 torm5t+ ! helpless creatures :o may be 9 h] p[]4 ,i d n "k1 says ,b\rgavel1 any "o m p]fidi\s1 immoral1 or p]v]se ?an ! ,new ,cal$onian woman4 ,9 c]ta9 portions ( ,au/ralia wom5 are mortal foes to ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! m5 wi% to puni% any "o ( !m1 !y turn h] ov] to h] companions1 :o inflict ^u h] horrible tortures4#bi ,sitt+ on h] body1 !y cut h] fle% ) %>p5$ /ones4 ,9 ,tasmania1 z among/ ! anci5t ,saxons1 ! unfai?ful wife 0 puni%$ by h] companions2 %e 0 n kill$1 b %e 0 tortur$ = a long "t ) %>p po9t$ /ones or knives1 9 all p>ts ( h] body4 ,wom5 h (t5 be5 cruel mi/resses to _! slaves4 ,a lady 9 ,guiana1 be+ envi\s ( a v h&some mulatto slave1 _h h] br&$ on ! m\?1 *eeks & =ehead4 ,9 ! case ( ano!r slave1 :o 0 also v beautiful1 %e _h ! t5don ( ,a*illes cut ?us caus+ h] to become a de=m$ & crippl$ mon/]4#cj ,x is a notori\s fact t ,roman & ,greek ladies (t5 inflict$ mo/ t]rible puni%m5ts on _! slaves1 & t x 0 m p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! female slaves1 ! ancill1 t ! cruelty ( _! mi/resses 0 %[n4 ,! ,roman ladies1 if1 :ile !y 7 hav+ _! hair dress$1 !y 7 vex$ ) _! att5dants1 us$ to ?ru/ p9s into _! arms & brea/s4 ,d>w9 relates t at ,rio ,janeiro1 an old lady possess$ a k9d ( ?umb screw :i* %e _h _h made expressly to cru% ! f+]s ( h] slaves4 ,,epidemic ,,cruelty4 ,dur+ p]iods ( great national excitem5t1 su* z revolutions1 fem99e cruelty %[s h[ f> x c g4 ,! wom51 writes ,m4 ,du ,camp1 7 ! fi]ce/ h]o9es ( ! ,commune2 x 0 a woman :o incit$ ! assass9ation ( ! ,dom9icans4 ,:5 ! ho/ages 7 %ot1 !y surpass$ ! m5 9 cruelty2 !y taunt$ !m ) n kn[+ h[ to kill4 ,:5 employ$ to seek out ! insurg5ts !y 7 implacable2 :5 act+ z infirm>ians1 !y kill$ ! w\nd$ by giv+ !m br&y to dr9k4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 on ! days ( execution1 writes ,m4 ,leg\v1#ca ! front r[s ne>e/ ! guillot9e 7 res]v$ = ! wom5 ( ! political clubs4 ,!y ev5 hung on to ! bo>ds ( ! scaffold1 9 ord] ! bett] to witness ! dea? ?roes ( ! condemn$1 & dr[n$ ! cries ( ! victims by _! peals ( laught]4 ,,ii4 ,,pity4 ,b aga9 we f9d a s]ies ( contradictory facts1 :i* be> witness t ! s5tim5t ( pity also is mu* ke5] 9 woman ?an 9 man4 ,ev5 ) animals1 we obs]ve ?is ph5om5on4 ,h5s (t5 sep>ate two "y cocks :o are fight+ toge!r4 ,sir ,george ,le ,gr& ,jacob has obs]v$ females ( ! wild goat 7,/e9bock7 raise ) _! heads he-goats t _h be5 %ot1 support !m & help !m to escape4 ,romanes relates1 t sometimes ! female gibbon1 takes great c>e ( all ! memb]s ( ! troop :5 !y are w\nd$1 ev5 if !y are n relat$4#cb ,! savage woman also is v (t5 k9d & good4 ,x is notori\s t ! explor]s ( savage c\ntries h (t5 escap$ s]i\s p]ils1 ?anks to ! k9dness ( ! native wom54 ,au/ralasian wom5 h (t5 reveal$ to ,european travell]s ! plots laid aga9/ !m by ! m5 ( _! tribe3 !y h ev5 risk$ _! own lives = t purpose4#cc ,/anley1 at ! isl& ( ,bambyr*1 on ! ,nyanza1 0 r\ghly greet$ by ! natives1 :o 7 desir\s ( ext]m9at+ 8 exp$ition2 b a woman came to w>n him & to advise him to p]=m a c]ta9 c]emony ) ! ,k+ ,%ekka by :i* he w\ld acquire 8 fri5d%ip4 ,9 ,s5egambia an old woman1 meet+ ,mungo ,p>k1 :o 0 half dead ( />vation & _h j be5 despoil$ by a negro k+1 gave him food1 & w5t away )\t wait+ to be ?ank$4 ,ano!r "t ! same travell]1 be+ left ) no?+ b 8 saddle1 0 hospitably ent]ta9$ by "s wom51 :om he he>d *ant ^! words z he fell asleep3 8,! w9ds ro>$ & ! ra9 beat1 ! poor :ite man came & sat d[n "u our tree1 he _h no "m to give him milk1 no wife to gr9d him corn4 ,let u take pity on ! :ite man1 he has no "m1 etc41 etc40#cd ,mi*elet says t woman 0 ! fir/ physician2 & c]ta9ly %e fulfils ! (fice ( infirm>ian among _m savage peoples1 ! ,esquimaux1 ! ,m9copies1 etc4 etc4 ,9 w> ! ,samoan woman (t5 int]f]es to make peace betwe5 ! bellig]5ts4 ,among ! ,khonds1 also1 :5 two tribes qu>rel1 ! wom5 sometimes make peace1 call+ 9 ! int]v5tion ( a ?ird tribe4 ,q rec5tly1 among ! ,mont5egr9s & ,albanians1 fi]ce /rife broke out betwe5 diff]5t families1 b 9 ^! fights1 if a man took refuge ) a woman & %e cov]$ him ) h] apron1 he 0 safe4 ,among ! ,b$\9 ,arabs a woman c save ! life ( ! condemn$ man :o implores h] protection4 ,s x also 0 among ! ,roman ,ve/als1 :5 9 ! /reets !y accid5tally met a man condemn$ to dea?2 x 0 requir$1 h[ev]1 t ! meet+ %\ld be evid5tly a *ance "o1 = x 0 fe>$ t ! privilege might be c>ri$ too f>4 ,among civilis$ nations ?is s5tim5t ( pity becomes naturally m develop$4 ,*ri/ianity ow$ a great deal ( its success among wom5 to ! fact1 t x knew h[ to make use ( _! pity1 by organis+ ^? associations ( wom5 :i* are its greate/ ornam5t4 ,f ! e>lie/ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 9 ! c5obitic =m ( society liv$ by ! disciples ( ! ,messiah1 !y made use ( ! *>itable s5tim5t ( *ildless wid[s & creat$ ! ord] ( ,deaconesses1 :i* 0 devot$ to ! c>e ( ! poor & ! sick4#ce ,leg\v says3 8,wom5 (f]$ _! s]vices to ,*ri/ianity l a volunte] battalion consecrat$ to *>itable "w4 ,9 ! ,apo/les' "t _! mission 0 "o ( sympa?y & wat*fulness1 a "m's vocation2 9 ! "t ( ! ,m>tyrs !y rema9$ womanly 9 _! mode/y1 :ile exhibit+ a manly c\rage2 9 ! "t ( ! ,doctors1 :il/ orators speak & le>n$ m5 write1 wom5 cont9ue to love & console40#cf ,?is ,*ri/ian tradition has surviv$ & is /ill p[]ful1 ?anks to ! deeply laid s5tim5t ( pity 9 ! he>t ( woman4 8,private *>ity 9 ,p>is10 writes ,m4 du ,camp1#cg 8is almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( wom54 ,!re are 9 ,p>is wom5 ( ! _w1 "y & beautiful1 born = pleasure1 accu/om$ to e luxury1 :o visit ! poor1 nurse ! sick1 rock little mo!rless *ildr51 & all ?is !y d simply )\t a ^w ( self-praise40 ,! society ( 8,les ,dames du ,calvaire10 9 ,p>is1 is compos$ ( wid[s1 :o1 )\t b9d+ !mselves by religi\s v[s1 engage to nurse ! sick ga!r$ into ! hospitals ( ! association1 poor outca/s attack$ by loa?some diseases--canc]1 = example4 ,wom5 ( weal? & belong+ to great families (t5 obta9 admission to ?is society4 ,female religi\s ord]s are r>ely contemplative2 !y are ne>ly always *>itable 9 aim4 8,! ,daught]s ( ,*>ity0 possess e/abli%m5ts all ov] ! kn[n _w2 !y migrate1 says ,m4 du ,camp1 8l b5evol5t birds1 c>ry+ ) !m ! pr9ciple ( self-sacrifice & ! love ( ^? t suff]4 ,9 all c\ntries ,i h visit$1 among sects mo/ antagoni/ic to _! religion1 ,i h beheld !m at "w2 _! faces %ad[$ by ! imm5se cap1 :i* resembles ! w+s ( a :ite swan2 in/ruct+ *ildr51 visit+ ! sick1 c>+ = ! plague-/rick51 bless$ by our sailors :om !y nurse 9 ! ,fr5* hospitals 9 =eign l&s40#ch ,pity 9 woman is sometimes s p[]ful a s5tim5t t x supplies ! place 9 h] ( a high] faculty1 intellig5ce4 ,x 0 ?us t a humble s]vant-maid1 )\t le>n+1 :o c\ld nei!r read nor write1 f\nd$ "o ( ! mo/ prom95t nurs+ si/]hoods 9 ,france1 8,les petites ,soeurs des ,pauvres10 :i* to-day numb]s #c1djj si/]s1 & possesses #bjg h\ses1 :]e m ?an #be1jjj old m5 are receiv$ & c>$ =4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury !re 0 su* mis]y 9 ,brittany t ! old m5 7 lit]ally ab&on$ by all4 ,jeanne ,jugau1 ^: e>n+s h>dly suffic$ to ma9ta9 h]self1 took 9 "o1 !n two1 !n a numb] ( !m1 )\t a ?\ght ( h] own pov]ty1 slav+ might & ma9 = _! support4 ,two wom51 ,virg9ie ,tr$aniel & ,m>ie ,ca!r9e1 help$ h]2 a prie/1 ,le ,pailleur1 took ! direction ( _! "w1 & 9 a %ort "t ! ord] 0 f\nd$1 & grew apace4 ,!re1 :]e g5ius might h fail$1 ! love & pity ( a s]vant-maid succe$$4 ,ano!r h]o9e ( *>ity1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t type1 0 ,jeanne ,g>ni]4 ,%e 0 p]petually haunt$ by a desire to d good1 to help & succ\r ! un=tunate4 ,m4 du ,camp has portray$ h] "* 9 a mo/ graphic mann]3 impulsive1 prone f *ildhood to adopt extreme measures1 :ile 9 ! conv5t %e 0 giv5 to rebelli\s & untractable conduct1 = :i* %e 0 s5t away4 ,:5 %e 0 tw5ty ye>s old %e m>ri$2 ! love %e bore h] husb& & two sons 0 deep & ard5t4 ,?ree ye>s aft] h] m>riage %e _h ! unspeakable grief ( los+ bo? husb& & sons at "o fell /roke4 ,aft] ?is occurr5ce h] life _h b "o aim1 ceaselessly & untir+ly to succ\r & help ! sorr[ful4 ,"o day %e 0 told t a woman1 disfigur$ by a cutane\s disease1 0 ly+ 9 an attic 9 ,lyons1 ab&on$ by e "o4 ,%e w5t at once to h]1 m9i/]$ to h]1 & e day w5t to wa% h] sores4 ,?us 0 sugge/$ to h] ! f\nd+ ( ! association ( 8,les ,dames du ,calvaire10 ( :i* we h already spok51 & ! idea ( press+ into ! s]vice ( ! sick1 wid[s :o f\nd !mselves 9 ! same position z h]self4 ,%e 0 n ri*1 b be+ an untir+ & det]m9$ work]1 capable ( attack+ ! same p]son t5 times a day1 %e obta9$ money4 ,:5 !y _h to convey ! sick to ! new hospital1 !re 0 among !m "o woman s horribly disfigur$ by burns t no conveyance c\ld be f\nd ^: driv] 0 will+ to take h]4 ,jeanne ,g>ni] !n took h] on h] own %\ld]s & c>ri$ h] !re h]self4 ,! association ( 8,les ,dames du ,calvaire0 0 n ! only *>itable "w :i* owes its exi/5ce to h]4 ,%e conceiv$ a great _m o!r plans1 ( :i* _m 7 c>ri$ out1 = %e nev] ceas$ work+1 up to ! mom5t ( h] dea?1 :i* occurr$ at =ty-two ye>s ( age1 ( exhau/ion4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e woman enjoys mu* great] fre$om ?an 9 ,europe1 %e makes an excell5t use ( h] lib]ty4 ,9 fact1 all associations ( wom5 h a *>itable end 9 view2 & ^! societies n be+ subject$ to ! sev]e rules ( ,ca?olic religi\s ord]s1 & n requir+ f _! memb]s s absolute a r5unciation ( ! pleasures ( life1 exhibit ! mo/ p]fect & mo/ mod]n =m ( *>itable associations1 :i* h be5 kn[n up to ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ woman's club t 0 f\nd$ 9 t c\ntry1 ! ,sorosis1 has = its object ! amelioration ( ! condition ( %op-girls3 x has also f\nd$ asylums = homeless *ildr54 ,! ,temp]ance ,union1 f\nd$ by wom51 seeks to /em ! tide ( intemp]ance4 ,! ,wom5's ,league has obta9$ ! admission ( wom5 on commission]s bo>ds = s*ools & hospitals4 ,! ,college ,settlem5t ,girls1 compos$ ( female graduates f univ]sities1 c>ry help into ! purlieus ( ! city4#ci ,,cruelty1 ,,pity1 ,,& ,,! ,,mat]nal ,,s5tim5t4 ,is woman k9d or cruel8 ,c we reconcile ^! two s]ies ( facts1 s contradictory 9 !mselves8 ,t is ! "q :i* n[ comes be=e u4 ,let u seek1 fir/ ( all1 ! orig9 & ! g5esis ( fem99e cruelty4 ,we h se5 wom5 exhibit+ great +5uity 9 tortur+2 %e does n wi% to de/roy h] enemies1 b to torm5t & torture !m2 %e seeks to protract _! pa9 z long z possible1 & to l5g!n out h] enjoym5t ( v5geance4 ,on ?is po9t woman goes mu* fur!r ?an man3 = among savages m5 d n amuse !mselves by prolong+ ! mis]ies ( _! enemies2 !y r wreak _! v5geance by kill+ !m at "o /roke4 ,savages (t5 make a :olesale c>nage1 massacr+ :ole tribes & nations4 ,b x is always ! woman :o practices ! art ( kill+ a man by in*es1 ov] a sl[ fire1 z x 74 ,?us we f9d t ! r$sk9s give _! prison]s ( w> ov] to _! wom54 ,notice1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! qu>rels ( m5 & wom54 ,wom5 scrat* ea* o!r1 te> out ! hair1 fly at ! eyes ( _! adv]s>ies1 try+ to inflict "s pa9ful w\nd3 m5 give bl[s & /abs2 !y /rive to disable or /un _! enemy1 or to de/roy him4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce b on a small] scale4 ,?is aptitude 9 inflict+ pa9 is an outgr[? ( weakness4 ,we "k f ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( natural selection1 & f ! /ruggle = life1 t e liv+ be+ mu/ be provid$ ) a c]ta9 numb] ( means ( def5se & (f5se1 & among/ ^! means mu/ be class$ _m in/9cts & s5tim5ts :i* spr+ f natural selection1 adaptation1 & h]$ity4 ,! cruelty ( woman is "o ( ^! in/9cts & s5tim5ts4 ,woman n be+ p[]ful en\gh to de/roy h] enemies1 _h to seek = ! means ( def5d+ h]self1 by w\nd+ _! m delicate organs1 by inflict+ su* acute pa9 z w\ld s]ve to disable !m4 ,?is t5d5cy to protect "o's self by su* means has become in/9ctive by h]$ity2 & s mu* ! m s9ce ! woman :o 0 able ?us to def5d h]self1 _h at ! outset ( man's evolution a f> bett] *ance ( survival4 ,all ?is is s true1 t we f9d o!r weak creatures also to be cruel4 ,*ildr5 take pleasure 9 torm5t+ insects1 birds1 or little dogs1 & are v cruel to ea* o!r4 ,i knew a *ild :o us$ to cut 8 nails l ! tee? ( a saw1 9 ord] to inflict m pa9ful scrat*es on 8 companions4 ,humm+ birds1 says ,brehm1 are ! smalle/ & ! cruele/ ( birds4 ,:5 !y are attack$ by a m p[]ful enemy !y try to peck out 8 eyes ) _! long1 %>p beaks4 ,! /ruggle = life & natural selection has provid$ _! weakness ) ?is means ( def5se1 & !y are ev5 cruel to ea* o!r :5 !y fight1 to su* an ext5t has ! s5tim5t ( cruelty 9 !m become in/9ctive4 ,& n[ we mu/ seek = ! g5esis ( ! o!r ph5om5on1 pity4 ,x is a notori\s fact1 t mat]nity be+ ! great function ( woman1 ?r\gh ! :ole ord] ( animal life1 ) ! exception ( "s few fi%es1 x is always ! female :o is ?us ! b5efactress ( ! race4 ,mat]nity is always an altrui/ic function2 9 ! inf]ior ord]s ?is altruism is a purely physical act1 & consi/s m]ely 9 a mat]ial sacrifice2 7! deta*+ ( a portion ( ! mat]nal body1 "u ! =m ( bud1 or egg27 9 ! high] ord]s1 ?is altruism becomes psy*ical & consi/s 9 a consci\s sacrifice ( self & ( vitality 9 ! int]e/s ( ! race4 ,:at !n is ! ess5tial nature ( ^! altrui/ic sacrifices8 ,mat]nity is protection giv5 to weakness2 = ! infant is above all o!r creat$ ?+s a be+ requir+ succ\r4 ,x is ?us t1 ! images relat+ to ! /ate ( weakness be+ 9 great numb]s /rongly impress$ on ! m9d ( woman1 :5 "o ( !m pres5ts itself to h]1 by ! law ( association x awak5s all ^? mat]nal s5tim5ts ^: function x is to help ! weak4 ,at fir/1 mo!rhood only ext5ds f a woman's own *ildr5 to ^? ( o!rs2 ?is is ! fir/ /age ( pity1 su* z we f9d x 9 ! animals & among _m undevelop$ savage peoples4 ,aft]w>ds 9 a region ( high] psy*ical developm5t ! s5tim5t ( pity broad5s till x embraces a wid] gr\p1 ! sick1 ! ag$1 ^? condemn$ to dea?2 = all ^? un=tunates :o claim ! pity ( woman are ! weak appeal+ = help to ! /rong4 ,x is only ! weak :o c inspire pity4 ,?us pity1 9 woman1 is b ! outgr[? ( ! mat]nal s5tim5t appli$ to a l>g] class ( helpless p4 8,woman10 says ,m4 du ,camp1 8may b9d h]self by ! religi\s v[ ( *a/ity2 b %e is a born "m & rema9s a "m1 ev5 ?\gh circum/ances may h brok5 ! physical law ( h] sex4 ,! ,little ,si/]s ( ! ,poor1 call _! p5sion]s #8! good little old m51' & !mselves #8! good little si/]s1' _! sup]ior #8! good little "m4' ,) !m ev]ybody is good & little2 all ^! expressions are ! reflection ( mat]nal love40 ,we mu/ m5tion also1 t "o cause ( a liveli] s5se ( pity 9 woman1 is h] own weakness & h] l[] intellect4 8,ang]10 writes ,a4 ,ba91 8! passion = w>1 are b\nd up ) activity & /r5g?2 conditions ( weakness & ( repose are favorable to ! s(t] s5tim5ts40 ,/rong m5 :o display great muscul> or m5tal activity1 & :o (t5 exp]i5ce ! satisfactions aris+ f p[]1 only realise ) extreme difficulty ! feel+s ( ! weak2 =1 z ,h4 ,sp5c] rem>ks1#dj 8to feel pity = any suff]+ :i* we witness1 we mu/ h exp]i5c$ x ourselves to ! same ext5t or 9 an approximate degree40 ,?us heal?y p]sons become1 aft] a s]i\s sickness1 m feel+ ?an !y =m]ly 7 = ^? :o are suff]+2 wom5 are cont9ually 9 a /ate ( ill-heal?4 ,besides :i* wom5 h n be5 involv$ 9 ! /ruggle = life1 z h m5 dur+ ! :ole process ( evolution3 ?is /ruggle = life imply+1 z x does1 ! necessity ( pursu+ "o's own object irrespective ( ! ills :i* x may entail on ! unhappy competitors1 & (t5 r5d]+ a man ins5sible to ! sorr[s ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,to ?is we add1 t love = man has n be5 )\t influ5ce 9 develop+ ! s5se ( pity 9 woman4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! love ( woman t[>ds man1 is self-abnegation & devotion2 woman f9ds h] happ9ess 9 devotion to ! man %e loves & 9 mak+ = him ! mo/ pa9ful sacrifices4 ,read ! 8,lett]s ( ,heloise10 ! 8,life ( ,c>lyle10 or ! 8,life ( ,mme4 de ,lesp9asse40 ,ea* woman1 c>ries hidd5 9 h] he>t1 an inexhau/ible treasure ( devotion :i* h]$ity has add$ to ?r\gh all ! c5turies1 dur+ :i* woman has liv$ 9 contact ) man & s\ght to w9 8 good-w1 display+ an affection & an ard5t zeal 9 8 behalf2 no?+ !n is easi] ?an to sp5d ?is treasure on ! unhappy1 :5 %e has n f\nd ! man on :om to lavi% x4 ,! close relation%ip betwe5 pity1 mat]nity1 & love1 is also %[n by ?is fact1 t ! h]o9es ( *>ity are almo/ always wid[s )\t sons1 or unm>ri$ wom54 ,:5 a woman has a husb& or sons to love & *]i%1 %e does n feel ! same t5d]ness t[>ds ! suff]+2 ?is goes to prove t if ^! two s5tim5ts are int]*angeable1 !y are b two diff]5t =ms ( ! same ?+4 ,,pity ,,& ,,cruelty4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to answ] ! "q3 ,is woman k9d or cruel8 ,pity & cruelty coexi/ toge!r 9 h]2 we might call ?is /ate 9 woman a /ate ( un/able equilibrium2 to-day %e is k9d1 div9ely good1 *>itable2 to-morr[ %e w be p]v]se & cruel4 ,on "o side h] feebl5ess r5d]s h] cruel1 & h] impulsive nature prev5ts h] f repress+ ! outbur/s ( ang] & ( v5geance2 on ! o!r h&1 ! g5tle habits ( mat]nal affection1 h] l[] intellig5ce1 & ev5 ! weakness ( h] nature develop 9 h] k9dly s5tim5ts4 ,woman may exp]i5ce ! /ronge/ feel+s ( mat]nal affection at ! sight ( a helpless creature2 b t w n prev5t h] f cruelly p]secut+ a rival1 especially if %e has be5 w\nd$ 9 h] s5tim5ts ( wife or "m4 ,?us woman1 :o is ! natural protector ( ! weak1 treats !m (t5times ) a cruelty ( :i* man is totally incapable4 ,woman loves1 hates1 consoles1 inflicts pa91 accord+ z %e f9ds h]self 9 ! pres5ce ( a fri5d1 an enemy1 a helpless be+1 or ( a rival4 ,_m ( ! fi]ce/ h]o9es ( ! ,p>is ,commune1 _h be5 tra9$ nurses dur+ ! w>1 & di/+ui%$ = _! devotion to ! sick4 ,!re is no?+ a/oni%+ 9 ?is1 = contradiction 9 feel+ is s (t5 a psy*ical law t a great ,italian philosoph]1 ,rob]t ,ardig1 has said t man is n a logical be+4 ,we h notic$ be=e t weakness is 9 "p ! cause ( cruelty & p>tly also ( pity1 & ?is acc\nts = ! co-exi/5ce ( ! two contr>y s5tim5ts4 ,!y coexi/ because !y h a common orig94 ,b ?is in/ability ( equilibrium is less5$ by evolution1 & pity becomes /rong] ?an cruelty4 ,among civilis$ nations ! cruelty ( wom5 has become m]ely a moral attitude3 ! civilis$ woman1 less p[]ful ?an h] savage si/]1 no m subjects h] enemies to physical pa91 does n %$ _! blood2 %e cont5ts h]self ) sl&]+ !m1 turn+ !m into ridicule1 & humiliat+ !m4 ,! dim9ution ( muscul> /r5g? is 9 itself favorable to ! s(t5+ ( female "*4 ,fur!rmore1 sexual selection also helps 9 ?is2 9 ! human race z civilisation advances ! male assumes m & m ! "r ( selection1 & man %r9ks in/9ctively f meet+ 9 a woman a high developm5t ( ! qualities :i* he himself possesses1 = he wi%es to dom9ate h] & to be h] sup]ior4 ,?is expla9s to u ! s+ul> fact1 :i* we notice e day1 t ( a savant m>ry+ a /upid or un9tellig5t wife2 ?is is :y ! normal man1 z also ! vici\s1 *oose g5tle & good wom5 :5 !y desire to f\nd families4 ,if sometimes ! *oice falls on a wick$ woman1 x is because ! man desires to =m a crim9al co-p>tn]%ip1 su* z 0 p]haps ! normal condition ( family life dur+ ! e>ly days ( human evolution4 ,_m ( ! dome/ic trag$ies :i* we witness to-day c be trac$ to no o!r cause ?an ?is p5*ant ( ! male1 ev5 ( ! vici\s1 to *oose ! woman :o appe>s to be ! mo/ g5tle4 ,wom5 ) _! cle> p5etration & sure in/9cts h seiz$ ^u ?is incl9ation 9 man & made capital out ( x ) inf9ite ability3 d we n see _m "y wom5 simulate a g5tl5ess1 a sweetness1 & k9dness :i* !y d n naturally possess 9 ord] to capture ! good-w ( m58 ,wom5 h ?us practis$ ! habit ( repress+ _! evil p5*ants1 ?r\gh int]e/$ motives1 because !y saw t m5 *ose ! mo/ g5tle among !m z wives4 ,besides sexual selection1 physical grace plays a conspicu\s "p1 z well z ^? psy*ical qualities :i* are associat$ ) x4 ,man hav+ set a high value on graceful demean\r1 woman s\ght & /ill seeks ) all h] /r5g? to adorn h]self ) x4 ,we "k t by ! law ( association betwe5 ! emotional /ates & _! outw>d expression1 :i* mutually correspond1 ea* ge/ure1 ea* attitude1 & ea* graceful expression ( ! c\nt5ance has a t5d5cy to ?r[ ! m9d into "s sweet & peaceful condition2 ?is is :y ! culture ( physical grace has be5 = woman an ex]cise ( goodness4 ,?is fo/]+ ( physical beauty has _h a b5eficial influ5ce on h] moral "*4 ,we might say t z woman grew 9 beauty1 %e became bett]4 ,f9ally woman be+ 9 ! pres5t day m respect$ ?an 9 =m] times1 %e has less (t5 ! occasion to ex]cise h] in/9ctive cruelty1 :i* on ?is acc\nt is be+ gradually oblit]at$4 ,pity ea* day becomes m & m ! normal /ate ( ! fem99e m9d1 & cruelty ! exception4 ,9 ord] to be cruel1 a woman's "* mu/ be p]v]t$1 z is ! case 9 female crim9als1 ^: vice exce$s t ( man 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,or %e mu/ h receiv$ "s deep provocation1 w\nd+ h] pr(\ndly 9 h] deepe/ & t5d]e/ s5tim5ts1 :i* has awak5$ ! orig9al cruelty slumb]+ lat5t 9 ! dep?s ( h] he>t4 ,we may ?us pr$ict t 9 ! ages to come1 woman w become entirely good4 ,,guillaume ,,f]r]o4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,sp5c]4 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,,ii41 p4 #cfa4 #be ,irv+4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,life & ,voyages ( ,*ris4 ,columbus1 ,,ii41 p4 #ae4 #bf ,hovelacque4 ,les dbuts de l'humanit4 #bg ,sa*]-,maso*4 ,rev4 des ,deux ,mondes4 #bh ,sa*]-,maso*4 ,ibid4 #bi ,let\rneau4 ,evolution de la ,morale1 p4 #abb4 #cj ,mantegazza4 ,fisiologia etc4 ,milan4 #ahhi4 #ca ,hi/oire morale des femmes4 #cb ,romanes4 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #cc ,hovelacque4 ,op4 cit4 #cd ,let\rneau4 ,la ,sociologie d'aprs l'e?nographie4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 #ce ,r5an4 ,les ,aptres4 #cf ,op4 cit4 #cg ,la *>it prive ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #ch ,op4 cit4 #ci ,! ,=um4 #ahia4 #dj ,sp5c]4 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,,ii1 p4 #fdh4 ,,panpsy*ism ,,& ,,panbiotism4 ,i4 ,,pr(essor ,,haeckel',s ,,panpsy*ism4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 9 8 article 8,our ,monism10#da prop\nds ! !ory ( ,panpsy*ism1 :i* he consid]s z an ess5tial feature ( ,monism4 ,he says3 8,"o highly important pr9ciple ( my monism seems to me to be t ,i reg>d all matt] z ens\l$1 t is to say1 z end[$ ) feel+ 7pleasure & pa97 & ) motion1 or1 bett]1 ) ! p[] ( motion4 ,z elem5t>y 7atomi/ic7 attraction & repulsion ^! p[]s are ass]t$ 9 e simple/ *emical process1 & on !m is bas$ also e o!r ph5om5on1 consequ5tly also ! highe/ develop$ s\l-activity ( man4 8,simple/ example3 sulphur & quicksilv] rubb$ toge!r =m c9nab>1 a new body ( entirely diff]5t prop]ties4 ,?is is possible only on ! supposition t ! molecules 7or atoms7 ( ! two elem5ts if br\ght )9 ! prop] di/ance1 mutually feel ea* o!r1 by attraction move t[>d ea* o!r2 on ! decomposition ( a simple *emical comp\nd ! contr>y takes place3 repulsion4 7,emp$ocles's doctr9e ( #8! love & hatr$ ( atoms4'70 ,n be+ able to accept ,pr(essor ,haeckel's doctr9e ( ,panpsy*ism1 ,i propose :at might be/ be call$ ,panbiotism1 briefly set =? 9 ! maxim 2 t is1 ev]y?+ is fraught ) life2 x conta9s life2 x has ! ability to live4 ,! ^w is mo/ly us$ by ,greek au?ors 9 ! negative1 z 9 ! phrase 1 an unlivable life1 9 ! s5se ( a life un5durable or n wor? liv+4 ,?us ,sophocles & o!rs4 ,! ^w is embodi$ 9 ! t]m ,panbiotism 9 its etymological s5se ( 8livable40 ,i am will+ to conc$e to ,pr(essor ,haeckel t all nature is alive4 ,inde$1 ,i h mo/ emphatically insi/$ on ! doctr9e t !re is a spontaneity p]vad+ all nature4 7,see 8,fundam5tal ,problems10 #b;d ed41 pp4 #aaj et seqq47 ,by spontaneity is to be und]/ood t k9d ( activity :i* spr+s f ! nature ( ! be+ or ?+ :i* is active4 ,a motion t is caus$ by pressure or pu% is n spontane\s2 b a motion1 ! motive p[] ( :i* resides 9 ! mov+ object1 is spontane\s4 ,?us a c>t roll+ d[n a hill by its own weight p]=ms a spontane\s motion1 b :5 drawn by horses moves1 or r is mov$1 by pull )\t any spontaneity4#db ,n[ ev]y?+ t exi/s is possess$ ( c]ta9 qualities2 its exi/5ce is ( "s def9ite1 peculi> k9d1 & ?is its peculi> k9d is ! "* ( ! ?+4 ,9 ! "* ( a ?+ lies ! s\rce ( its spontane\s actions4 ,! spontane\s actions ( ! *emical elem5ts dep5d ^u _! qualities1 :i* always react "u c]ta9 circum/ances 9 a def9ite way1 & "u ! same conditions 9 ! same way4 ,! action ( sulphur & quicksilv] lies 9 ! nature ( ^! elem5ts4 ,_! union is n passive1 b active4 ,!y are n comb9$1 b !y d comb9e4 ,he :o obs]ves & /udies nature _c be bl9d to ! fact t an inali5able1 intr9sic p[] is resid5t 9 e ?+ t exi/s4 ,?is is true n only ( organis$ life1 b also ( ! *emical elem5ts z well z ( gravitat+ masses4 ,! motion ( a fall+ /one c1 no m ?an ! actions ( oxydis+ sub/ances1 be consid]$ z ultimately due to an extrane\s pressure t makes !m move by pu%1 or to a vis a t]go act+ ^u in]t matt]4 ,^! motions mu/ be spontane\s2 !y are due to p[]s inh]5t 9 ! nature ( reality4 ,!y are self-motions1 & 9 ?is s5se we say t all nature is alive4 ,! t]m 8life0 is "h us$ 9 a broad] s5se ?an ord9>ily4 ,x means spontaneity or self-motion1 :ile 9 its common signification ! t]m 8life0 is re/rict$ only to ! spontane\s action ( organis$ be+s1 i4 e4 ( plants & animals4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% life 9 ! broad] s5se f ! n>r[] or common acceptance ( ! t]m1 we call ! latt] 8organis$ life40 ,x is n impossible1 & ,i consid] x ev5 z mo/ probable1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pr(essor ,haeckel & myself re/s on a diff]5t usage ( ! t]m s\l4 ,b a vague or inconsi/5t usage ( ! t]m1 unless we are especially c>eful 9 s def9+ x z to prev5t misund]/&+s1 w inevitably beget errors4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( ,panpsy*ism is liable to lead to fanta/ic ideas1 & to cause great confusion conc]n+ ! activity ( :at is g5]ally call$ inanimate nature4 ,s\l 7z ,i und]/& ! t]m7 is a sy/em ( s5ti5t symbols4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! s\l is solv$ z soon z we und]/& h[ feel+s c acquire mean+4 ,suppose we h "s s5ti5t sub/ance expos$ to ! impressions ( ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,! s5se-impressions ( ! surr\nd+ _w leave traces 9 ! s5ti5t sub/ance2 ^! traces1 :i* are /ructures ( a c]ta9 =m correspond+ exactly to ! v>i\s impressions1 are pres]v$ & con/itute a pr$isposition to be+ v easily reviv$ by impressions ( ! same k9d4 ,! revival ( feel+ 9 traces left 9 ! s5ti5t /ructure f =m] impressions is call$ memory4 ,if a new impression ( ! same k9d z ! traces ( ! =m] impressions affects a s5ti5t be+1 ! new impression already f9ds a conv5i5t pa? = its reception prep>$4 ,its peculi> vibration fits 9 ! old trace & ?us runs along v easily 9 ! memory-grooves ( =m] impressions1 reviv+ at ! same "t ! feel+s p]ceiv$ at _! orig9al =mation4 ,! feel+ ?us caus$ is compos$ ( sev]al elem5ts1 :i* naturally melt into "o3 fir/1 !re is t k9d ( feel+ :i* is produc$ by ! pres5t impression2 secondly1 !re is ! revival ( =m] feel+s or memory-s5sations2 & ?irdly1 !re is a feel+ ( congru5ce result+ f ! comb9ation ( ^! two4 ,?is ?ird elem5t is a new & a v important feature4 ,we suppose t x is extremely insignificant 9 ! beg9n+1 b be+ a con/antly gr[+ factor1 x rapidly increases 9 importance4 ,! /rong] & ! m indep5d5t ! memory-/ructures become1 ! m cle>ly w _! congru5ce ) fre% s5se-impressions be felt z a congru5ce4 ,?is feel+ ( congru5ce is ! simple/ =m ( :at psy*ologi/s g5]ally call 8recognition40 ,! recognition ( a s5se-impression1 z be+ ! same z "s =m] s5se-impression1 adds to ! feel+ a new quality2 x imp>ts mean+ to x4 ,?is feel+ ( a special k9d w n[ /& = some?+4 ,9 ?is way impressions ^u s5ti5t sub/ance w1 9 ! c\rse ( _! natural developm5t1 simply by ! repetition ( simil> & same impressions1 come to indicate ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 conditions t cause ! impression4 ,?is act ( indicat+ some?+1 ( symbolis+ ! pres5ce ( a reality1 ( possess+ mean+1 is ! bir? ( s\l4 ,s5se-impressions t h acquir$ mean+ are call$ s5sations4 ,a s5sation /&+ = a special object symbolises t object4 ,ab/ract ideas are symbols ( a high] degree1 b !y rema9 symbols j ! same4 ,& x is ! s5ti5t symbols :i* con/itute ! s\l4 ,^? actions :i* are regulat$ by ! mean+s ( s5ti5t symbols ( :i* a s\l consi/s %\ld alone1 accord+ to a /rict t]m9ology1 be call$ 8psy*ical40 ,! fall+ /one1 ! *emical elem5ts1 :5 comb9+ or sep>at+1 etc41 are alive2 !re is a spontane\sly act+ p[] ev5 9 unorganis$ nature2 b ! actions ( unorganis$ nature are n det]m9$ by ! mean+ ( feel+s1 &1 9 tru?1 we h no reason to believe t _! feel+s--grant+ t !y really d possess feel+s ( "s k9d--are freight$ ) ev5 s mu* z ! slighte/ inkl+ ( significance4 ,9 a ^w1 !re is no s\l 9 ! /one2 !re is no m9d 9 ! wat]-fall2 & !re is no?+ psy*ical 9 ei!r oxyg5 or hydrog54 ,b !re is s\l :]ev] mean+ c be f\nd z ! regulat+ motive ( actions2 !re is purpose4 ,& :]ev] purpose is1 !re is m9d4 ,,ii4 ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 ,pr(essor ,haeckel goes /ill f>!r 9 ! application ( 8 !ory ( ,panpsy*ism3 he speaks ( ! atoms n only z feel+ ea* o!r1 b also z hav+ pleasure & pa94 ,?is indicates ei!r t he is s]i\s 9 8 belief 9 ! psy*ical nature ( all ?+s1 or x proves h[ dang]\s x is to introduce an allegorical expression ! allegorical "* ( :i* is f ! beg9n+ lo/ sight (4 ,:at are pleasure & pa98 ,pleasure & pa9 are kn[n to u by exp]i5ce2 !y are feel+s4 ,pleasure is an agreeable1 pa9 a disagreeable feel+4 ,pleasure & pa9 are diff]5t f s5sation4 ,s5sations are repres5tative ( c]ta9 some?+s call$ objects4 ,pleasures & pa9s1 h[ev]1 are n repres5tative1 !y are purely subjective /ates4 ,!re may be pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations1 & !re may be pa9 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( pa9-produc+ objects1 b t does n conc]n u n[4 ,:5 speak+ ( pleasure & pa9 we d n ref] to ! repres5tative value ( feel+s1 b consid] a m]ely subjective aspect1 pleasure be+ ! agreeabl5ess1 pa9 ! disagreeabl5ess ( feel+4 ,accord+ly pleasure & pa9 presuppose ! exi/5ce ( an organis$ sy/em ( feel+s4 ,an isolat$ feel+1 we h le>n$1 is mean+less2 x is /ill less pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,9 ord] to agree or disagree1 !re mu/ be some?+ ) :i* to agree or disagree4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh pleasure & pa9 are n symbols indicative ( "s objective pres5ce1 !y c take place only 9 s5ti5t organisms1 9 sy/ems ( feel+s1 9 s\ls4 ,:]e ^! complex conditions1 indicative ( ! pres5ce ( a s\l1 are abs5t1 we h no "r to speak ( ! pres5ce ( pleasure & pa94 ,we _c int]pret ! ph5om5a ( unorganis$ nature z be+ end[$ ) feel+s ( pleasure & pa94 ,pleasure & pa9 are psy*ical ph5om5a1 & psy*ical ph5om5a c take place 9 s\ls only4 ,we might z well speak ( ! pres5ce ( positive & negative electricity 9 ! cat>act1 ! wat]-p[] ( :i* is employ$ to produce electricity4 ,electricity is1 9 su* a case1 trans=m$ wat]-p[]2 b c we1 = t reason1 say t ! motion ( wat] is ei!r positive or negative electricity8 ,all ! motions ( ! objective _w mu/ be suppos$ to h _! subjective correlates2 b ! simple/ =ms ( objective ph5om5a _c h ^? subjective correlates :i*1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 appe> & h _! conditions ( appe>ance only 9 ! mo/ complex & highe/ develop$ =ms ( exi/5ce--9 organis$ nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! physiological conditions ( pleasure & pa9 are n[ j beg9n+ to be inve/igat$ 7see ,golds*eid]'s article 9 ,dubois-,reymond's ,ar*iv1 #ahia71 & mo/ philosophical !ories conc]n+ ! nature ( pleasure & pa9 are m]e assumptions4 ,almo/ all ! views t are n[ curr5t attempt an explanation by g5]alis+ ! idea ( pleasure & pa9 s z to reg>d ! feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 z a univ]sal feature ( nature4 ,?is vici\s me?od ( g5]alisation at ! co/ ( discrim9ation has produc$ mu* confusion 9 ! _w2 & its influ5ce is ! m p]nici\s z av]age m9ds are easily satisfi$ ) g5]alities4 ,n[1 ! !ory ( mak+ pleasure & pa9 univ]sal features ( exi/5ce is a palpably errone\s !ory2 x is a wrong g5]alisation4 ,x is true t s5ti5t be+s naturally seek pleasure & avoid pa94 ,b are we all[$1 accord+ to ! laws ( logic1 to transf] ! special feature ( ! case to ! :ole class ( all processes :]e a seek+ & an avoid+ c be obs]v$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,because s5ti5t be+s are repell$ by pa9 & attract$ by pleasure1 we _c say t e repulsion is due to pa9 & t e attraction is due to pleasure4 ,! !ory accord+ to :i* pleasure & pa9 alone are ! causes ( attraction & repulsion we may fairly consid] z a poetical lic5se ju/ifiable )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limits1 & actually ju/ifi$ 9 s f> z !re is 9 e natural process "s peculi> feature t is analog\s to ! feel+s ( s5ti5t be+s4 ,?is peculi> feature--viz4 its subjectivity--is1 z we h se51 n visible1 n obs]vable2 yet x exi/s3 x is t some?+ :i* 9 ! c\rse ( evolution becomes1 9 special comb9ations1 fir/ feel+ & !n consci\sness4 ,b = t reason x is n z yet ei!r consci\sness or feel+4 ,:ile on ! "o h& ! !ories ( pleasure & pa9 t reg>d pleasure & pa9 z univ]sal features ( natural ph5om5a1 are arriv$ at by a wrong me?od ( g5]alisation1 we f9d on ! o!r h& !y d n agree ) facts4 ,!y nei!r expla9 nor acc\nt = ! appe>ance or disappe>ance ( real pleasures & pa9s su* z take place 9 animal life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/>t+ f m]ely !oretical consid]ations1 ,kant def9es pleasure z a feel+ ( fur!rance1 pa91 z a feel+ ( h9drance ( life2 & s prom95t a physiologi/ & psy*ologi/ z ,alex&] ,ba9 says t 8,/ates ( pleasure are connect$ ) an increase1 /ates ( pa91 ) an abatem5t ( "s or ( all ! vital functions40 ,a consid]ation ( ! actual causes ( our pleasures & pa9s w prove ! incorrectness ( ^! views1 :i* are also due to wrong g5]alisations4 ,an increase ( ! vital functions & a fur!r gr[?1 ei!r ( ! organs or ( ! :ole organism1 is v (t5 accompani$ ) pa94 ,a gr[+ too? causes1 z a rule1 z mu* pa9 z a decay+ too?4 ,& if by "s drug ! decay is ha/5$ & ! n]ve is kill$1 !re is1 connect$ ) ! suppression & sometimes ) ! m]e abatem5t ( ! vital function1 an abatem5t ( ! pa9 also4 ,feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 presuppose t habits h be5 =m$ 9 a s5ti5t organism4 ,pa9 is n always a h9drance ( life1 nor is e h9drance ( life pa9ful4 ,pa9 is n an abatem5t ( ! functions ( life1 n a decay1 nor a de/ruction4 ,b pa9 is always a di/urbance ( life & ( ! habits t h be5 =m$4 ,gr[? is1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 z mu* a di/urbance z is decay4 ,& decay1 if x is simply an abatem5t or cessation ( function1 is n accompani$ ) pa94 ,:ile pa9 is always a di/urbance ( ! functions ( an organism1 pleasure is simply ! gratification ( wants2 functions & wants be+ =m$ by habits1 we may briefly say t pleasure is agreem5t1 pa9 disagreem5t1 ) habits4 ,!re are natural wants & unnatural wants4 ,!re are habits b5eficial to ! fur!rance ( life1 & !re are habits injuri\s to ! fur!rance ( life4 ,! pleasure connect$ ) ! gratification ( wants does n dep5d on its be+ a fur!rance or a h9drance ( life1 b solely on ! int5sity ( ! want4 ,& ! int5sity ( ! want1 aga91 dep5ds on ! degree to :i* a habit has become invet]ate4#dc 99 99 99 99 99 ,! !ory ( pleasure & pa9 :i* reg>ds pleasure z indicative ( ! gr[?1 & pa91 ( ! decay ( life1 leads ultimately to ! e?ics ( h$onism1 :i* id5tifies ! good ) ! pleasurable4 ,h[ev]1 if our view ( pleasure & pa9 be correct1 x is app>5t t ! pleasure !ory 9 e?ics is wrong 9 its v f\ndation4 ,! pleasurable w\ld cease to be a crit]ion ( goodness2 = _m ?+s are pleasurable t are bad1 & _m ?+s are pa9ful t are good4 ,gr[?1 developm5t1 progress1 evolution h (t5 be51 nay mu/ mo/ly be b\ght ) great pa91 tribulation1 anxiety1 & also ) ! r5unciation ( pleasures4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fulness ( pleasure is always a v dang]\s symptom = any /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! seek+ ( pleasure & ! avoid+ ( pa9 are c]ta9ly v que/ionable guides 9 det]m9+ :at "r conduct is4 ,9 adopt+ pleasure & pa9 z ! pr9ciples ( e?ics1 we adult]ate ! nature ( morality2 = morality exi/s & has be5 call$ into be+ simply to c\nt]act ! dang]\s allurances ( t :i* promises to produce pleasure & to avoid pa94 ,e?ics has to tea* u h[ to live1 h[ to develop1 h[ to gr[1 h[ to make our lives useful & s]viceable4 ,if e?ics 7 simply a me?od ( h[ to obta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure1 we might bett] op5ly confess t !re is no moral goodness b only pleasurabl5ess1 & consequ5tly t morality is a *im]a & e?ics a f>ce4 ,a def5d] ( ! pleasure !ory 9 e?ics writes 9 reply to ?is criticism ( 8 view3 8,to seek pleasure & to avoid pa9 is n wrong4 ,:y %all we deprive m5 ( _! enjoym5ts80 ,c]ta9ly1 ev]yone has a "r to enjoy himself2 e "o has a "r to seek pleasure & to avoid pa94 ,b seek+ pleasure & avoid+ pa9 is n z yet e?ical4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances x is "r en\gh to foll[ ! natural impulses ( seek+ pleasure & avoid+ pa94 ,b !re are cases :]e seek+ pleasure1 be x = ourselves or = o!rs1 & avoid+ pa91 be x = ourselves or = o!rs1 become actual wrongs2 n because pres5t pleasures w lead to future pa9s1 b because c]ta9 pleasures are a h9drance to ! high] evolution ( ! s\l4 ,x is (t5 said t ! r5unciation ( pleasures is ri*ly made up = by ! pleasures :i* are af=d$ 9 a m fully develop$ life4 ,b ?is1 9 my op9ion1 is n true4 ,! adult has r less pleasures ?an ! *ild1 & ! civilis$ or highly cultur$ man does n enjoy himself z mu*1 z easily1 & z *eaply z does ! savage1 ! uncultur$1 ! fool4 ,,iii4 ,,mr4 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,edison',s ,,panpsy*ism4 ,"s "t ago ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison 0 int]view$ on ! "q1 8,:at is life80 ,mr4 ,edison answ]$ ! "q2 & 8 view is q 9 accord ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel's idea ( panpsy*ism4 ,! article appe>$ fir/ 9 a daily newspap]4 ,be+ rem>kable = its co9cid5ce ) ! views ( a great sci5ti/1 & com+ f ! p5 ( s int]e/+ a man z ! fam\s inv5tor ( ! phonograph1 we deem x be/ to republi% x 9 full1 ) ,mr4 ,edison's p]mission1 :o1 at ! same "t1 ackn[l$g$ ! copy we s5t him z correct4 ,?is is ! article3 ,,intellig5t ,,atoms4 ,,by ,,?omas ,a4 ,,edison4 ,my m9d is n ( a speculative ord]1 x is ess5tially practical1 & :5 ,i am mak+ an exp]im5t1 ,i ?9k only ( gett+ some?+ useful1 ( mak+ electricity p]=m "w4 ,i don't so>2 ,i keep d[n pretty close to e>?4 ,( c\rse !re are problems 9 life ,i c't help ?9k+ ab\t1 b ,i don't try to /udy !m out4 ,x is necess>y t !y %\ld be /udi$1 & m5 fitt$ = t "w are do+ x4 ,i am n fitt$ = x4 ,i leave ! !oretical /udy ( electricity to ! physici/s1 conf9+ my "w to ! practical application ( ! =ce4 ,x is my belief1 h[ev]1 t e atom ( matt] is intellig5t1 d]iv+ en]gy f ! primordial g]m4 ,! intellig5ce ( man is1 ,i take x1 ! sum ( ! intellig5ces ( ! atoms ( :i* he is compos$4 ,e atom has an intellig5t p[] ( selection & is always /riv+ to get into h>moni\s relation ) o!r atoms4 ,! human body is1 ,i ?9k1 ma9ta9$ 9 its integrity by ! intellig5t p]si/5ce ( its atoms1 or r by an agreem5t betwe5 ! atoms s to p]si/4 ,:5 ! h>moni\s adju/m5t is de/roy$ ! man dies1 & ! atoms seek o!r relations4 ,i _c reg>d ! odor ( decay b z ! result ( ! ef=ts ( ! atoms to dissociate !mselves2 !y want to get away & make new comb9ations4 ,man1 !re=e1 may be reg>d$ 9 "s sort z a microcosm ( atoms agree+ to con/itute 8 life z long z ord] & discipl9e c be ma9ta9$4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 !re is dissatisfaction1 rebellion & an>*y lead+ ev5tually to dea?1 & ?r\gh dea? to new =ms ( life4 ,= life ,i reg>d z inde/ructible4 ,all matt] lives1 & ev]y?+ t lives possesses intellig5ce4 ,consid] gr[+ corn1 = example4 ,an atom ( oxyg5 comes fly+ along ! air4 ,x seeks comb9ation ) o!r atoms & goes to ! corn1 n by *ance1 b by int5tion4 ,x is seiz$ by o!r atoms t ne$ oxyg51 & is pack$ away 9 ! corn :]e x c d its "w4 ,n[ c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 ent] into ! composition ( e organic sub/ance 9 "o =m ( arrangem5t or ano!r4 ,! =mula ,,*o1 9 fact1 is almo/ univ]sal4 ,v well1 !n1 :y does a free atom ( c>bon select any p>ticul> "o out ( #ej1jjj or m possible positions unless x wants to8 ,i _c see h[ we c d5y intellig5ce to ?is act ( volition on ! "p ( ! atom4 ,to say t "o atom has an aff9ity = ano!r is simply to use a big ^w4 ,! atom is consci\s if man is consci\s1 is intellig5t if man is intellig5t1 ex]cises w-p[] if man does1 is1 9 its own little way1 all t man is4 ,we are told by geologi/s t 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods no =m ( life c\ld exi/ on ! e>?4 ,h[ d !y "k t8 ,a cry/al is devoid ( ?is vital pr9ciple1 !y say1 & yet c]ta9 k9ds ( atoms inv>iably arrange !mselves 9 a p>ticul> way to =m a cry/al4 ,!y did t 9 geological p]iods ant$at+ ! appe>ance ( any =m ( life & h be5 do+ x ev] s9ce 9 precisely ! same way4 ,"s cry/als =m 9 bran*es l a f]n4 ,:y is !re n life 9 ! gr[? ( a cry/al8 ,0 ! vital pr9ciple specially creat$ at "s p>ticul> p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 or did x exi/ & control e atom ( matt] :5 ! e>? 0 molt58 ,i _c avoid ! conclusion t all matt] is compos$ ( intellig5t atoms & t life & m9d are m]ely synonyms = ! aggregation ( atomic intellig5ce4 ,( c\rse !re is a s\rce ( en]gy4 ,nature is a p]petual motion ma*9e1 & p]petual motion implies a su/a9+ & impell+ =ce4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,b]l9 ,i met ,du ,bois-,reymond1 &1 wagg+ ! end ( my f+]1 ,i said to him1 8,:at is t8 ,:at moves t f+]80 ,he said he didn't "k2 t inve/igators h = tw5ty-five ye>s be5 try+ to f9d out4 ,if anybody c\ld tell him :at wagg$ ?is f+]1 ! problem ( life w\ld be solv$4 ,!re are _m =ms ( en]gy result+ f ! combu/ion ( coal "u a boil]4 ,"s ( ^! =ms we "k some?+ ab\t 9 a practical way1 b !re may be _m o!rs we don't "k any?+ ab\t4 ,p]haps electricity w itself be sup]s$$ 9 "t1 :o kn[s8 ,n[1 a beef/eak 9 ! human /oma* is equival5t to coal "u a boil]4 ,by oxidisation x excites en]gy t does "w1 b :at =m ( en]gy is x8 ,x is n /eam pressure4 ,x acts ?r\gh ! n]ve-cells1 p]=ms "w t c be measur$ 9 foot p\nds1 & c be trans=m$ into electricity1 b ! actual nature ( ?is =ce :i* produces ?is "w--:i* makes effectual ! m&ate ( ! w--is unkn[n4 ,x is n magnetism1 x doesn't attract iron4 ,x is n electricity--at lea/ su* a =m ( electricity z we are famili> )4 ,/ill1 "h x is necess>y to be gu>d$1 because s _m diff]5t =ms ( electricity are kn[n to sci5ce t x w\ld be ra% to say positively t we %all n class vital en]gy z a =m ( electrical en]gy4 ,we _c argue any?+ f diff]5ce 9 spe$4 ,n]ve-=ce may travel z fa/ z electricity1 once x gets />t$4 ,! app>5t sl[ness may be 9 ! bra94 ,x may take an appreciable "t = ! bra9 to set ! =ce go+4 ,i made an exp]im5t ) a frog's leg t indicates some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,i took a leg t 0 susceptible to galvanic curr5t4 ,! vibration produc$ a note t 0 z high z a piccoto4 ,:ile ! leg 0 alive x respond$ to ! electrical curr5t2 :5 x 0 dead x w\ld n respond4 ,aft] ! frog's leg _h be5 ly+ 9 ! laboratory ?ree days ,i c\ldn't make x squeal4 ,! exp]im5t 0 conclusive z to ?is po9t3 ,! vital =ce 9 ! n]ves ( ! leg 0 capable ( act+ ) spe$ en\gh to induce ! vibration ( ! diaphragm necess>y to produce s\nd4 ,c]ta9ly ?is rate ( spe$ is great] ?an physiologi/s appe> to all[1 & x seems reasonable t !re is a close aff9ity betwe5 vital en]gy & electricity4 ,i d n say !y are id5tical2 on ! contr>y ,i say !y are v l4 ,if "o c\ld le>n to make vital en]gy directly )\t fuel1 t is )\t beef/eak 9 ! /oma*1 & 9 su* mann] t ! human sy/em c\ld appropriate x1 ! elixir ( life w\ld no long] be a dream ( al*emy4 ,b we h n yet le>n$ to make electricity directly1 )\t ! aid ( fuel & /eam4 ,i believe ?is is possible2 inde$1 ,i h be5 exp]im5t+ 9 ?is direction = "s "t pa/4 ,b until we c le>n to make electricity1 l nature1 out ( di/urb$ air1 ,i am afraid ! m delicate task ( manufactur+ vital en]gy s t x c be bottl$ & sold at ! family groc]y /ore w h to be def]r$4 ,electricity1 by ! way1 is prop]ly m]ely a =m ( en]gy1 & n a fluid4 ,z = ! e!r :i* speculative sci5ce supposes to exi/1 ,i don't "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,nobody has discov]$ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,9 ord] to make _! !ories hold toge!r !y h1 x seems to me1 creat$ ! e!r4 ,b ! e!r imag9$ by !m is un?9kable to me4 ,i don't say ,i disagree ) !m1 because ,i don't pret5d to h any !ories ( t k9d1 & am n compet5t to dispute ) speculative sci5ti/s4 ,all ,i c say is1 my m9d is unable to accept ! !ory4 ,! e!r1 !y say1 is z rigid z /eel & z s(t z butt]4 ,i c't cat* on to t idea4 ,i believe t !re are only two ?+s 9 ! univ]se--matt] & en]gy4 ,matt] ,i c und]/& to be intellig5t1 = man himself ,i reg>d z s mu* matt]4 ,en]gy ,i "k c take v>i\s =ms1 & manife/ itself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,i c und]/& also t x works n only ^u1 b ?r\gh1 matt]4 ,:at ?is matt] is1 :at ?is en]gy is1 ,i d n "k4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible t x is simply matt] & en]gy1 & t any desire to "k too mu* ab\t ! :ole "q %\ld be diagnos$ z a disease2 su* a disease z ,g]man doctors are said to h discov]$ among ! /ud5ts ( _! univ]sities--! disease ( ask+ que/ions4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison's article is full ( sugge/ions :i* invite fur!r discussion4 ,we mu/ "h limit ourselves solely to ^? :i* t\* ! problem ( ,panpsy*ism & ,panbiotism4 ,any "o :o has read ,mr4 ,edison's article w be /ruck ) ! /range co9cid5ce t obta9s betwe5 8 & ,pr(essor ,haeckel's views4 ,! fam\s naturali/ consid]s :at he calls panpsy*ism z ! corn]-/one ( 8 monism3 he says t atoms possess s\ls2 & 9 a simil> way ! fam\s inv5tor believes 9 ! intellig5ce ( atoms1 he decl>es t atoms are end[$ ) m9ds4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a deep tru? 9 ?is conception ( nature2 & yet we _c accept x 9 ! way x is pres5t$ by ei!r ,pr(essor ,haeckel or ,mr4 ,edison4 ,) ref]5ce to ,pr(essor ,haeckel's views we h expla9$ :y atoms1 ! actions ( :i* are n end[$ ) mean+1 h no s\l1 & also :y !y _c feel pleasure & pa94 ,x rema9s = u to expla9 :y atoms are n 9 possession ( intellig5ce4 ,:at is intellig5ce8 ,t reaction ^u a /imulus :i* takes place 9 ! way x does because ( ! pres5ce ( mean+1 is call$ m5tal1 or intellig5t action2 & ! ability to adju/ action to m5tal repres5tations is intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce is a psy*ical quality1 & ! psy*ical process :i* is prep>+ to act ) intellig5ce is call$ delib]ation4 ,delib]ation is ! successive revival ( sev]al s\l-/ructures1 ei!r ( memories ( =m] exp]i5ces1 or ( rules d]iv$ !refrom1 or ( advice =m]ly receiv$1 includ+ also new comb9ations ( ^! m5tal /ructures1 & keep+ 9 view ! probable results ( ! int5d$ action4 ,9 a ^w1 delib]ation is ?\ght1 & ?\ght is an int]action among mean+-freight$ feel+s4 ,among ^! ideas1 :i* 9 s f> z !y c influ5ce action 7i4 e4 purposive motions7 are call$ 8motives10 ! /ronge/ "o w det]m9e ! result4 ,n[1 any atom ( non-organis$ matt]1 say an atom ( hydrog51 acts 7z we said above7 ) spontaneity4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se z mu* alive z is any ev] s complex vegetable or animal sub/ance4 ,x is self-act+1 & its action reveals ! inn]mo/ nature ( its be+ j z mu* z ! action ( ! man %[s ! "* ( ! man4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! action ( animal be+s ^: action is regulat$ by ! mean+s ( _! feel+s1 :i* 9 _! totality we call ! s\l1 & ! actions ( inorganic matt]1 ( cry/als1 m9]als1 gases1 *emical elem5ts1 & gravitat+ masses1 all ( :i* we comprise "u ! "n 8inanimate nature40 ,! /one's fall does n dep5d ^u any repres5tative feel+2 x dep5ds solely ^u t quality ( ! /one :i* we popul>ly call its weight4 ,nor has ! fall+ /one any *oice :e!r to fall or n to fall4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x falls4 ,!re is no act ( delib]ation prec$+ ! fall4 ,nor has x any *oice conc]n+ ! direction ( its fall4 ,! surr\nd+ conditions1 viz41 its position ) reg>d to ! c5tre ( ! e>? toge!r ) its mass1 det]m9e ! process4 ,! /one's action c satisfactorily be expla9$ )\t attribut+ to x psy*ical qualities4 ,! /one possesses no s\l2 x is void ( m5tality2 & al?\gh we believe t ev]y?+1 organis$ or unorganis$1 is end[$ ) subjectivity 7by :i* we und]/& ! conditions ( psy*ical life1 or ! pot5tiality ( feel+ & consci\sness71 ?is subjectivity c only be analog\s to ! bl9d impulse ( ! /one's mass4 ,if "s o!r1 psy*ical or m5tal1 subjectivity 7 pres5t1 we %\ld say t x app>5tly does n ent] z a factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! ev5t4 ,accord+ly su* an assumption is gratuit\s4 ,!re is subjectivity1 b !re is no intellig5ce4 ,!re is pot5tiality ( feel+1 b !re is no consci\sness4 ,!re is pres5t ! elem5t>y condition ( t some?+ :i* is go+ to develop into m9d1 b !re is no m9d2 !re is no mean+-freight$ aw>5ess ( ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,says ,mr4 ,edison3 8,! intellig5ce ( man is1 ,i take x1 ! sum ( ! intellig5ces ( ! atoms ( :i* he is compos$40 ,! sum total ( ! intellig5ces ( ! atoms 9 a human body 7if1 9 ?is connection1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 we grant t atoms are intellig5t7 w\ld n z yet make up ! intellig5ce ( man4 ,suppose we are contemplat+ a mosaic picture or inscription4 ,are su* compositions really only ! sum ( ! little /ones8 ,are !y n r a c]ta9 peculi> =m 9 :i* ^! color$ /ones are arrang$8 ,x is n ! sum ( ! /ones t makes ! picture1 b ! =m ( _! composition4 ,! picture is n conta9$ 9 any s+le "o ( !m1 nor is x ! :ole numb] ( all ! s+le /ones3 x orig9ates ?r\gh _! peculi> comb9ation & consi/s ( ! =m 9 :i* !y are comb9$4 ,mr4 ,edison's explanation ( ! s\l1 appli$ to ?is example ( a mosaic picture1 w\ld be z foll[s3 ,e little /one is 9 itself a little mosaic picture4 ,! :ole picture ( ! mosaic is ! sum ( ! little pictures ( ! /ones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! intellig5ce ( ! s\l1 h[ev]1 is n ev5 z yet ! =m 9 :i* feel+ /ructures comb9e2 x orig9ates ) ! repres5tative faculty ( ! feel+ /ructures4 ,! s\l is ! organis$ totality ( a set ( images & ab/ract m5tal symbols repres5t+ ! qualities1 ! influ5ces1 & ! int]actions ( ! diff]5t objects ( ! surr\nd+ _w1 ! ?9k+ subject includ$4 ,says ,mr4 ,edison3 8,e atom has an intellig5t p[] ( selection1 & is always /riv+ to get into h>moni\s relation ) o!r atoms40 ,! latt] is true2 ! =m] is an error4 ,e atom 8is always /riv+ to get into h>moni\s relation ) o!r atoms02 ?is is its nature2 & its nature be+ /able1 consi/+ ( c]ta9 inali5able & intr9sic qualities1 ! atom acts ) consi/5cy4 ,c]ta9 atoms1 say atoms ( hydrog51 are ( su* a nature z to comb9e ) c]ta9 o!r atoms1 say atoms ( oxyg51 into molecules t =m a c]ta9 sub/ance ( peculi> prop]ties1 :i*1 if ea* atom ( oxyg5 comb9es ) two atoms ( hydrog51 w\ld be ,h,o1 or wat]4 ,?is sub/ance aga91 hav+ c]ta9 def9ite qualities1 w 9 a temp]ature bel[ freez+ po9t cry/allise at a def9ite angle4 ,! angle ( cry/allisation be+ ! same = all molecules ,h,o1 ! result w necess>ily be "o ( mo/ m>vell\s regul>ity4 ,& n be+ able to obs]ve ! atoms 9 _! secret activity1 n kn[+ all ! details ( nature's m>vell\s laboratory1 we are a/oni%$ to f9d su* a wond]fully h>moni\s relation4 ,& yet1 consid]+ ! nature ( ?+s1 we are urg$ to confess t x is ! result ( an inevitable necessity1 :i* takes place accord+ to /rict ma!matical laws4 ,al?\gh e atom /rives1 accord+ to its nature1 to get into h>moni\s relation ) o!r atoms1 we d n see any 8intellig5t p[] ( selection0 9 ! prov9ce ( inorganic nature4 ,e atom ( inorganic sub/ances acts accord+ to its nature 9 "o & ! same way ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is no *oice1 no selection1 all[$4 ,*oice & selection are faculties t are res]v$ = ! high] doma9s ( psy*ical life1 :i* orig9ates 9 ! doma9 ( animal exi/5ce :5 mean+1 condition$ by ! pres5ce ( s5ti5cy1 rises into be+ & creates ! s\l4 ,suppos+ t ?r\gh "s comb9ation ( atoms _! subjectivity be comb9$ 9 su* a =m z to produce s5ti5cy or feel+1 we c v easily und]/& h[ ?is feel+ w 9 "t become repres5tative ( ! conditions by :i* x is affect$4 ,! s\l does n consi/ ( ! atoms ( its organism1 nor ( ! sum ( ! qualities ( ! atoms4 ,! s\l consi/s ( some?+ m subtle ?an matt]3 ! s\l consi/s ( ! mean+ t is atta*$ to ! diff]5t =ms ( ! feel+s :i* obta9 9 liv+ organisms4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,!ism4 ,! problem z to :e!r or n !re is an elem5t ( feel+ pres5t 9 ! unorganis$ realm ( nature1 is connect$ also ) ! problem ( !ism4 ,! moni/ic view ( ! _w1 :i* consid]s nature z alive ?r\gh\t1 c nei!r accept ! old sup]naturalism1 nor ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( a!ism4 ,!ism1 z x is usually conceiv$1 believes 9 a p]sonal creator & rul] ( ! _w4 ,mat]ialism d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any ,god2 x reg>ds matt] & its actions z ! only reality4 ,monism does n reg>d m5tal ph5om5a z an incid5tal by-play ( bl9dly op]at+ =ces4 ,x reg>ds m9d z a necess>y product ( reality4 ,m9d & ! peculi> qualities ( m9d are *>act]i/ic ( ! _w-tree1 ( :i* x is ! highe/ effloresc5ce we "k4 ,f ! fruit we c "k ! root1 f ! product we c judge ( ! factors1 9 ! creature we see ! creator4 ,t great some?+ :i* has produc$ u1 ! ,all-p[] 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+1 & ob$i5ce to ! laws ( :i* are ! conditions ( life1 ( welf>e1 & ( an advance to high] life1 is call$ ) a popul> religi\s "n 8,god40 ,let u comprise "u ! "n 8!ism0 all ^? views :i* recognise any conception ( ,god1 & res]ve ! t]m an?ropo!ism = t view :i* reg>ds ,god z a p]son1 a m9d1 a consci\s be+1 or a _w-ego4 ,a!ism 9 t case w be a negation ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god 9 any =m1 a negation ( ! ,all-p[] ( :i* we are p>ts & to :i* we h to con=m2 & accord+ly a!ism w be also a negation ( any au?ority ( moral conduct4 ,we call att5tion to ! fact t _m :o call !mselves a!i/s1 simply because !y d n believe 9 an?ropo!ism1 are accord+ to ?is def9ition n to be class$ among ! a!i/s4 ,:at has monism to say1 on ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god8 ,pr(4 ,george ,j4 ,romanes1 9 an article :i* appe>$ "s "t ago 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review "u ! title 8,! ,_w z an ,eject10 decl>es t monism has left ! problem ( !ism 9 ! same /ate x 0 9 be=e4 ,he says3 8,! views ( ! late ,pr(essor ,clif=d conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( monism on !ism1 are uns\nd4 ,i am 9 full agreem5t ) him 9 believ+ t monism is de/9$ to become ! g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ?+s1 see+ t x is ! only !ory ( ?+s :i* c receive ! sanction ( sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( feel+ on ! o!r4 ,b ,i disagree ) him 9 hold+ t ?is !ory is fraught ) implications ( an anti-!i/ic k9d4 ,9 my op9ion1 ?is !ory leaves ! "q ( !ism v mu* :]e x 0 be=e4#dd ,t is to say1 :ile n furni%+ any indep5d5t pro( ( !ism1 x likewise fails to furni% any indep5d5t dispro(4 8,z a matt] ( me?odical reason+ x appe>s to me t monism alone c only lead to agno/icism4 ,t is to say1 x leaves a cle> field ( *oice z betwe5 !ism & a!ism40#de ,clif=d says 9 ! passage ref]r$ to by ,pr(essor ,romanes3 8,reason1 intellig5ce1 & volition are prop]ties ( a complex :i* is made up ( elem5ts !mselves n rational1 n intellig5t1 n consci\s40 ,rational1 intellig5t1 consci\s be+s1 s f> z _! mat]ial exi/5ce is conc]n$1 are made up ( elem5ts n rational1 n intellig5t1 n consci\s4 ,b m9d1 reason1 intellig5ce are n at all made up ( mat]ial elem5ts2 !y are nei!r lat5t nor g]m9al & lea/ ( all fully develop$ prop]ties ( ! s+le atoms4 ,reason c 9 our conception nev] be expla9$ z a complex result ( ! int]action ( absolutely irrational elem5ts4 ,! mat]ial elem5ts ( ! _w1 x is true1 are n intellig5t1 n consci\s2 b ! _w z a :ole 7al?\gh n consci\s & n end[$ ) purposive volition7 is at lea/ n irrational & n void ( det]m9ation4 ,on ! contr>y ! _w z a :ole is ! prototype ( all rationality1 & human reason is a m]e image ( ! _w-ord]4 ,:at is ! reason ( a rational be+ b an inc>nation ( ?is _w-ord]8 ,reason is n a ?+ ( matt]2 exactly s ! _w-ord] is n a ?+ ( matt]4 ,b x exi/s none ! less2 x is a reality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _w-ord] ne$ nei!r be a p]sonal be+ nor ! "w ( a p]sonal be+4 ,! ord] t prevails 9 ! real _w & 9 ! laws ( nature appe>s also 9 ! ideal _w1 9 ! laws ( =mal ?\ght1 9 ma!matics1 & its k9dr$ sci5ces2 & ! same rationality t obta9s 9 ! ideal doma9 p]meates ! realms ( reality1 ! univ]se ( objective exi/5ce4 ,! idea t ,god creat$ ! _w-ord] & dictat$ its laws is a fanciful & poetical allegory2 x is z su* a pagan notion :i* belongs 9 ! same category ) ,hesiod's ,cosmology1 b x is sci5tifically & philosophically un?9kable4 ,= ,god is et]nal & ,god's be+ is et]nal4 ,god has n creat$ 8 own attributes & ! _w-ord] is simply an attribute ( ,god2 x is "p & p>cel ( 8 nature4 ,or c y ?9k ( ,god )\t t attribute ( irrefragable ord] t appe>s to sci5ce z necessity1 to religion z hol9ess1 to e?ics z ju/ice1 to art z ! law ( beauty1 to ! my/ic z ! key to all ! wond]s ( exi/5ce :i* ?\gh solv+ all ! problems rema9s mo/ wond]ful itself8 ,! _w z a :ole1 ! cosmos1 ,god1 or :atev] we call ! ,"o & ,all1 is ! prototype ( all reason1 b he is n a m9d2 he is n a sy/em ( s5ti5t symbols2 he is n a s\l4 ,m9ds are a special k9d ( ,god's creatures2 b ,god is n a creature3 he is ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( creatures1 he is ! creator4 ,! objection is made f mat]iali/ic qu>t]s3 8,:at is ! _w z a :ole b ! sum ( all atoms60 ,?is is an error4 ,! _w is n m]ely ! sum ( all its atoms2 ! univ]se does n consi/ ( innum]able little p>ticles :i* 9 _! comb9ation =m ! ,all4 ,on ! contr>y3 ! _w z a :ole1 exi/5ce 9 its on5ess1 or speak+ religi\sly ,god1 is alone ! only true reality2 all o!r ?+s & be+s are p>ts ( him4 ,atoms are ab/ract concepts2 ! exi/5ce ( an atom & ( its actions presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! great :ole ( :i* x is a "p1 & )\t :i* x w\ld h no reality4 ,!re are no atoms 9 !mselves4 ,atoms reg>d$ z ?+s 9 !mselves are a sci5tific sup]/ition4 ,pr(essor ,romanes advances ! proposition1 t cosmical ev5ts1 be+ z highly complex z n]v\s ph5om5a1 might be possess$ ( a simil> subjectivity4 ,! n]v\s ph5om5a :i* con/itute ! physiological action ( m9d 9 ! prov9ce ( objectivity are1 x is true1 v complex1 b complexity does n con/itute t *>act]i/ic feature on ! pres5ce ( :i* dep5ds ! orig9 ( m9d4 ,pr(essor ,romanes says3 8,bo? m9d & matt] 9 motion admit ( degrees3 fir/ z to quantity1 next z to velocity1 & la/ly z to complexity4 ,b ! degrees ( matt] 9 motion are f\nd1 9 po9t ( obs]vable fact1 n to correspond ) ^? ( m9d1 save 9 ! la/ p>ticul> ( complexity1 :]e !re is unque/ionably an evid5t correspond5ce4 8,n[1 if we fix our att5tion m]ely on ?is subject-matt] ( complexity1 & refuse to be l$ a/ray by obvi\sly false analogies ( a m special k9d1 ,i ?9k t !re c be no "q t ! macrocosm does furni% amply suffici5t opportunity1 z x 71 = ! pres5ce ( subjectivity1 ev5 if x be assum$ t subjectivity c only be yield$ by an ord] ( complexity analog\s to t ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,=1 consid]+ ! natural & dynamical sy/em ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 x is obvi\s t ! complexity pres5t$ is great] ?an any ( its p>ts4 ,n only is x true t all ^! p>ts are includ$ 9 ! :ole1 & t ev5 ! visible sid]eal sy/em alone pres5ts movem5ts ( enorm\s intricacy1 b we f9d1 = in/ance1 t ev5 )9 ! limits ( ?is small planet !re is pres5t$ to actual obs]vation a peculi> =m ( circumscrib$ complex1 fully comp>able to t ( ! individual bra91 & yet ext]nal to ea* individual bra94 ,= ! s-call$ #8social organism1' al?\gh compos$ ( innum]able individual p]sonalities1 is1 ) reg>d to ea* ( its con/itu5t units1 a "p ( ! objective _w--j z ! human bra9 w\ld be1 7 ea* ( its con/itu5t cells ( a con/ruction suffici5tly complex to yield a sep>ate p]sonality40 ,! s-call$ social organism :i* is compos$ ( innum]able p]sonalities und\bt$ly yields a peculi> spiritual exi/5ce1 :i* _c be expla9$ solely z ! sum ( ! p>ts & actions ( its con/itu5t individuals4 ,! relations 9 :i* ! memb]s ( society /& to ea* o!r are ( an analog\s importance to ! relations ( ! cells & organs 9 an organism4 ,x is ! =m t con/itutes ?is or t k9d ( an organism1 n ! sum ( atoms1 nor ! intricacy or complexity ( _! comb9ations4 ,diff]5t =ms ( p]haps ! same mat]ial am\nt1 & ( ! same intricacy ( comb9ation1 yield q di/9ct types ( individuality1 & e /ate1 e nation1 e society possesses1 z x 7 a p]sonality ( its own4 ,m9d is n con/itut$ by complexity4 ,m9d is a sy/em ( s5ti5t symbols4 ,:]ev] we f9d organisms act+ 9 su* a way t _! actions dep5d ^u ! mean+s ( c]ta9 /imuli1 we h to attribute to !m t *>act]i/ic feature :i* we call m9d1 or s\l4 ,! action ( a fall+ /one is expla9able )\t attribut+ to x any m5tality4 ,!re is no repres5tative value1 no mean+ 9 t quality ( ! /one :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 makes ! /one fall4 ,h[ev]1 if a man acts1 ! motive ( 8 action does n consi/ 9 ! gravity ( c]ta9 mat]ial p>ticles ( 8 bra94 ,x consi/s 9 ! mean+ t resides 9 c]ta9 feel+s4 ,)\t tak+ into consid]ation ! mean+ t dom9ates ! man's motives1 we _c expla9 8 action1 & x is ! mean+ ( feel+s t ! s\l consi/s (4 ,only :]e & :5 we c disc]n ! pres5ce ( mean+ z ! raison d'tre ( actions1 are we ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ph5om5a m5tal4 ,:5 ! action t takes place 9 response to a /imulus dep5ds solely ^u ! significance ( a symbol1 ! inf]5ce is legitimate1 nay1 x is inevitable & conclusive1 t we h to deal ) a m9d4 ,! motion ( a comet1 :i* dep5ds p]haps n only ^u ! gravity ( its mass1 b also ^u ! *emical actions & explosions ( its con/itu5t elem5ts dur+ its approa* to ! sun1 may be ev] s intricate2 b ?is does n 9 ! lea/ ju/ify ! assumption ( ! pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! comet4 ,! assumption ( m9d 9 inorganic nature is n only fanta/ical1 x is also ne$less4 ,facts are bett] expla9$ )\t ?is speculation4 ,! _w z a :ole is n b>e ( subjectivity4 ,9 ?is we agree ) bo? ,clif=d & ,romanes4 ,b we d n id5tify subjectivity & m9d1 ! latt] be+ a special & inde$ a v complex =m ( subjectivity4 ,we suppose t subjectivity p]vades also all ! processes ( unorganis$ nature1 & no less ! cosmic ev5ts2 b be !y ev] s mu* m complex ?an n]v\s ph5om5a1 !re is pres5t only a non-m5tal subjectivity4 ,yet al?\gh ! ph5om5a ( s-call$ inanimate nature1 be !y motions ( cele/ial bodies or physical & *emical processes1 are non-m5tal1 !re is 9 e "o ( !m pres5t t gr& feature :i* is z x 7 ! brea? ( ,god4 ,?is feature appe>s 9 all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 b 9 none ( !m m glori\sly ?an 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,ev5 ! cosmical ev5ts ( m>vell\s sublimity appe> z a m]e prelude to ! appe>ance ( s\l-life1 = 9 s\l-life is focus$ all ! div9ity ( nature4 ,reason is ! reflex ( ! _w-ord] & ?us a rational be+ is made 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god4 ,illu/ration ,pr(essor ,romanes pres5ts ! problem ( ! subjectivity ( exi/5ce by ! adjo9$ diagram1 :i* he expla9s z foll[s3 8,foll[+ ,clif=d1 ,i w call ^! inf]r$ subjectivities by ! "n ( #8ejects1' & assign to !m ! symbol ,y4 ,?us 9 ! foll[+ discussion ,x ! objective _w1 ,y1 ! ejective _w1 & ,z1 ! subjective _w4 ,n[1 ! !ory ( monism supposes t ,x1 ,y & ,z are all alike 9 k9d1 b pres5ts no def9ite tea*+ z to h[ f> !y may diff] 9 degree4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 at once all[ t betwe5 ! psy*ological value ( ,z & t ( ,x1 !re is a wide diff]5ce ( degree1 & also t :ile ! value ( ,z is a fix$ quantity1 t ( ,y v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! area ,y40 ,! deep %ad+ ( ,z indicates consci\sness1 & consci\sness is t =m ( subjectivity :i* con/itutes our m9d4 ,z is n1 z ,pr(essor ,romanes ass]ts t x is1 a fix$ quantity2 x v>ies greatly1 z e "o kn[s f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,x is l[e/ 9 trance or swoon or pr(\nd sleep4 ,x is highe/ 9 ! /ate ( conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,! ejective elem5t1 :i* we assume to be pres5t z a correlative concomitant 9 ! objective _w1 we assume1 ) ,pr(essor ,romanes1 v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! area ,y4 ,l ,pr(essor ,romanes1 we also d n assume ! exi/5ce ( any un%ad$ ,x4 ,!re is no objectivity )\t its subjective correlate4 ,b1 accord+ to ! !ory ( monism1 ! nature ( ! concomitant subjectivity is n unkn[able3 x c be inf]r$ f ! nature ( objective exi/5ce4 ,! subjectivity ( ! fall+ /one is mo/ elem5t>y1 & n m5tal2 its action is n prompt$ by mean+4 ,t some?+ :i* impels ! /one to fall1 & :i* sci5ce calls gravity1 does n possess any repres5tative elem5t4 ,!re is no symbolism involv$ 9 gravity4 ,!re is no s\l 9 ! /one4 ,! /one is n incit$ to fall+ by any purpose2 x has no end 9 view4 ,purpose orig9ates ) & ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( repres5tative symbols4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( monism ! %ad+ ( ! surr\nd+ zones is n a matt] conc]n+ :i* we h to susp5d our judgm5t4 ,if monism is true1 we "k v well h[ deeply we h to %ade ! diff]5t ph5om5a ( objective nature4 ,tak+ ?is view1 we object to ,pr(essor ,romanes's conclusion :5 he says3 8,)\t 9 any way /ra9+ ! !ory ( monism1 we may provisionally %ade ,x m deeply ?an ,z1 & ?is 9 "s immeasurable degree4 8,monism sanctions ! %ad+ ( ,x z deeply z we *oose2 b ! %ad+ :i* x sanctions is only provisional40 ,:ile ! pres5ce ( m9d 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! /ell> univ]se & ( inorganic nature mu/ decid$ly be d5i$1 ,i w\ld n1 = t reason1 decl>e t monism is a!i/ic4 ,monism is decid$ly !i/ic al?\gh n an?ropo!i/ic4 ,x is mono!i/ic 9 s f> z x recognises t ! all-exi/5ce 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+ is ! 1 ! ,"o & ,all4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ reason = ! !ory1 & !re are suffici5t reasons aga9/ x1 t ! univ]se is possess$ ( a huge _w-ego1 t x is a p]son or a m9d4 ,we ma9ta9 on ! "o h& t ! laws ( nature are n designs arrang$ ,) consci\sly preconceiv$ purposes4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 we d n =get1 t ! _w-ord] possesses q def9ite features & t ! c\rse ( evolution runs 9 a v unmi/akable direction4 ,we c pla9ly deciph] its "*1 & ! great religi\s tea*]s ( mank9d h ) a truly prophetic in/9ct proclaim$ ! e?ical injunctions to be d]iv$ !refrom--injunctions :i*1 mill5niums aft] !m1 sci5ce has discov]$ to be f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,god is no m9d1 yet ,god is m5tality1 ! s\rce ( all m9d3 ,god is n a _s1 b he is spirituality4 ,! subjectivity ( ! univ]se f :i* all consci\sness rises is "p ( 8 be+1 & :atev] t subjectivity1 consid]$ z a :ole1 be or be n1 t mu* is c]ta91 t 9 gr&eur x corresponds to ! objectivity ( ! _w4 ,x does n ?9k 9 symbols z a man does2 x is n a m9d3 b x exi/s nev]!less4 ,:atev] x is l we le>n f ! revelation ( its appe>ance 9 objective exi/5ce1 f ! cosmic ord]1 ! laws ( nature1 & ! moral ideas ( mank9d4 ,k ( nature means k ( ,god1 = nature is ,god z he appe>s & ! objectivity ( be+ is ! revelation ( ,god4 ,we w\ld n limit ,god to ! subjectivity ( nature3 ,god is bo? subjectivity & objectivity comb9$4 ,he is t ,all-p[] t is1 01 & w be1 ?us be+ ! ultimate au?ority ( conduct4 ,god is n a m9d1 he is m ?an a m9d2 ,god is n a sy/em ( symbols1 he is ! reality symbolis$ 9 m9d4 ,he is n a p]son1 he is sup]-p]sonal4 ,he :o does n see t ! ,god ( monism is great] ?an ! ,god ( an?ropo!ism1 _h bett] believe 9 a p]sonal ,god1 until he appreciates ! tru? t ,god is n p]sonal b sup]-p]sonal4 ,= aft] all an?ropo!ism is ne>] ! tru? ?an a!ism1 = a!ism 7well und]/ood1 ! a!ism ( our def9ition above7 is a moral nihilism devis$ to %ake (f all e?ical obligation s z to make ! lu/ ( ! mom5t & ! pleasure ( ! individual ! supreme rule ( action4 ,monism1 accord+ly1 does n leave ! problem ( !ism :]e x 0 be=e4 ,monism proves t ,god is n to be conceiv$ 9 ! lik5ess ( man1 b ! rev]se3 man1 be+ a sy/em ( symbols repres5t+ ! _w1 is to be conceiv$ z hav+ be5 made or r z hav+ orig9at$ 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god4 ,god is ! orig9al1 man is ! copy4 ,god is ! :ole1 man is ! "p1 9 :i* ! :ole f9ds a m or less correct repres5tation4 ,! picture is n p]fect1 b ! gr&e/ duty a man has is ! con/ant approa* to a great] p]fection4 ,man is ! temporal1 ,god is ! et]nal4 ,man is limit$1 ,god is ! inf9ite4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d4 #db ,spontane\s motion 7z "h def9$7 does n mean action )\t a cause2 nor does ! spontaneity ( ! c>t exclude ! co-op]ation ( o!r spontaneities 7e4 g4 ! attraction ( ! e>?7 ent]+ z factors 9 br++ ab\t ! f9al result4 #dc ,?is !ory ( pleasure & pa9 0 fir/ set =? 9 an editorial article ( ,no4 #abj ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 :i* has be5 republi%$ 9 ! *apt] 8,pleasure & ,pa910 pp4 #cch-cde1 ( ,! ,s\l ( ,man4 ,a correct view ( ! nature ( pleasure & pa9 is ( great importance1 especially 9 e?ics4 ,not)/&+ ! palpable errone\sness ( ! old view1 sev]al articles writt5 by prom95t au?ors h appe>$ ( late1 t cont9ue 9 ! old /ra9 )\t tak+ notice ( ! criticism t ov]?r[s ! basis ( _! !ories4 #dd ,italics are ours4 #de ,?is same position is ma9ta9$ ) equal vigor 9 ,pr(essor ,romanes's late/ "w ,d>w9 & ,aft] ,d>w91 pp4 #dab-ddb4 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 #ahib4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,i4 ,,france4 ,dr4 ,paul ,solli] has j publi%$1 9 ! ,biblio?que ,*>cot-,debove1#df a new & excell5t "w1 ,les tr\bles de la memoire4 ,?is "w is n id5tical 9 its purpose ) t ( ,m4 ,ribot2 x corrects ! latt] 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 completes & corroborates x 9 o!rs4 ,m4 ,solli] set out to discuss ?is "q solely f a m$ical /&po9t1 :i* 0 int5tionally pass$ ov] by ,m4 ,ribot1 b he has also necess>ily t\*$ ^u its psy*ological aspects1 &1 z he in=ms u himself1 he 0 oblig$ on ! :ole to make a m$ico-psy*ological /udy ( ! "q4 ,! subject is a va/ "o2 "o c\ld include 9 x aphasia & all ! weaknesses result+ f ! de/ruction ( ! bra9-c5tres1 :e!r ^? ( motion or ( s5sation4 ,m4 ,solli] has tak5 ! pa9s to r$uce x1 h[ev]1 to def9ite limits4 ,he /udies especially ! subject ( acquir$ amnesia 7dim9utive *anges & disaggregations ( ! memory74 ,he does n consid] ! subject ( cong5ital amnesia1 :i* is an abs5ce & n a loss ( memory4 ,/rictly consid]$1 ! only cases ( true amnesia1 or organic amnesia1 are ^? :i* result f ! de/ruction ( ! n]ve-c5tres1 s9ce 9 ?is case !re is an absolute loss ( ! p[] ( =m+ m5tal images1 & n simply an enfeebl+ or =gett+ ( !m1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( functional amnesia4 ,f a cl9ical /&po9t amnesia exi/s only 9 ! la/ case4 ,?\gh ! effect may be ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! causes are n id5tical4 ,cl9ical inve/igation _c1 h[ev]1 ov]look ! dim9utive *anges :i* take place 9 ! memory & :i*1 z e>ly z #ahag1 7 call$ by ,l\y]-,vill]may dysmnesia1 & :i* are always closely alli$ to organic modifications ( ! bra94 ,z reg>ds amnesia itself1 x is important to di/+ui% simple amnesia f retrogressive & progressive amnesia4 ,m4 ,solli] expla9s ! motive causes ( ^! diff]5t conditions ) great lucidity1 & r5d]s !m easy ( compreh5sion by means ( +5i\s illu/rations4 ,i call att5tion to ! in=mation he gives u z to ! conditions "u :i* a revival ( m5tal images takes place1 p4 #cj2 to 8 criticism ( ,ribot's op9ion1 accord+ to :i* ! p[] ( correctly locat+ ev5ts 9 ! scale ( "t is ! true *>act]i/ic ( psy*ical memory3 x is q en\gh if x reproduces ev5ts z 9 ! pa/1 t is to say if !re exi/s a consci\s k :i* %[s t ! m5tal conception belongs to ! pa/1 or is1 simply1 a remembrance1 p4 #ce & #dj2 to 8 rem>ks on ! /r5g!n+ ( m5tal images due to ! repetition ( remembrances1 ! necess>y sequ5ce ( :i* is t a weak5+ ( old memories foll[s ! de/ruction ( accumulat$ m5tal images1 p4 #dh2 to 8 explanation ( ! processes ( retrogressive amnesia 7com+ sudd5ly aft] an attack ( v]tigo1 a bl[1 etc47 :i* he bases ^u a supposition ( a gr\p ( m5tal conceptions 9 t\* ) "o ano!r1 9 su* a way t ! loss ( "o lead+ conception 9 a gr\p deprives ?is gr\p ( suffici5t consi/5cy to =m a consci\s syn!sis1 p4 #gj4 ,z reg>ds ! classifications ( amnesia ,m4 ,solli] c5sures t ( ,m4 ,ribot z be+ nei!r op5ly psy*ological nor op5ly cl9ical1 & ( tak+ successively z bases ! ext5t ( an obs]v$ ph5om5on1 its evolution1 its location 9 "t4 ,moreov]1 f a cl9ical /&po9t x has l$ to a jo9+ toge!r ( totally incongru\s disord]s4 ,m4 ,solli] !re=e rejects x1 & cont5ts himself ) adopt+ fir/ ( all1 ) ,m4 ,falret1 ! natural classification ( g5]al amnesia & ( p>tial amnesia4 ,moreov]1 9 tak+ acc\nt ( ! sy/ematis+ ( lo/ remembrances1 he proposes to make a di/9ction z to ! two v>ieties ( sy/ematis$ 7functional7 & ( non-sy/ematis$ 7organic7 amnesia1 consid]$ f ! purely psy*ological /&po9t1 p4 #ei4 ,we %\ld ?us h1 fir/ly1 ! classification ( g5]al amnesia1 includ+ 7,a7 true organic amnesia 7de/ruction ( ! c5tre ( m5tal images71 &1 "u ! classification ( ! sy/ematis$1 7,b7 functional1 or app>5t1 amnesia 7imp]fect p]=mance ( ! functions ( ! c5tres73 ?is latt] subdivid+ into two gr\ps1 7a7 amnesia ) its v>ieties 7a7 simple1 7b7 retrogressive1 7c7 progressive1 & 7b7 p>amnesia3 7a7 t ( locality1 7b7 t ( exactness2 to :i* x is prop] to add 7c7 dysmnesia1 :i* is organic-functional4 ,secondly1 ! classification ( p>tial amnesia :e!r sy/ematis$ or n1 :i* may be ei!r organic or functional4 ,m4 ,solli] ab&ons1 moreov]1 e pa?ological or etiological classification z be+ exce$+ly unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a pati5t1 he ju/ly rem>ks1 ! physician c only employ semiology4--,i w n ent] "h into ! details ( ! inquisitor-l inve/igation ent]$ ^u by ! au?or4 ,i mu/ ev5 proce$ )\t /opp+ ?r\gh ! obs]vations int5d$ = m$ical m51 :i* =m ! second "p ( ! "w1 b ,i judge t e read] w also f9d !re9 _m facts :i* may prove ( int]e/4 ,aft] hav+ read x1 "o is m impress$ ?an ev] ) ! importance & delicacy ( ! motive =ces ( ! memory1 9 not+ ! frequ5cy & ! v>ieties ev5 ( its s\rces ( weakness4 ,m4 ,solli] has ! cr$it ( po9t+ !m out--9 ! %ape ( 8defects 9 syn!tical p[]0 & 9 8w p[]0--9 ! s\rces ( weakness :]e "o _h n be5 accu/om$ to look = !m4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 he ?9ks1 to f9d out :at "p amnesia may p]haps take 9 ! pa?og5y ( c]ta9 n]v\s disord]s1 & ! influ5ce :i* x has on _! evolution4 ,speciali/s = ! insane might f9d !re9 a new subject ( /udy1 & psy*ology w pr(it1 on ! o!r h&1 by t :i* cl9ical exp]i5ce (f]s x4 ,is n its ma9 object to le>n to und]/& life z a unit at ! same "t t x analyses x z a div]sity8 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 "o passes f a book l t ( ,m4 ,solli] to ! "w ( ,m4 l',abb ,,maurice ,,de ,,baets1 ,les bases de la morale et du droit1#dg "o is impress$ by ! *ange ( me?od4 ,x has become impossible = u to consid] pa?ology z unalli$ to que/ions ( morality2 & we h accompli%$ ?is great object ( /udy+ matt]s p]ta9+ to ! moral _w1 ! evolution ( law1 )\t seek+ our base ( support 9 a religi\s fai? or 9 a metaphysical affirmation4 ,ev5 ,m4 l',abb de ,baets himself decl>es emphatically t he desires to adopt only "o />t+ po9t f among ^? we are acqua9t$ )1--! v]ification ( facts1--& truly he %[s a good w & k2 nev]!less ! gr\nd :i* he consid]s s firm has1 z we believe1 no /ability4 ,all seems /range to u1 if ,i may s speak1 9 books ( ?is description4 ,! tone :i* is peculi> to !m1 ! nature ( ! facts cit$1 ! progress ( ! reason+1 impea* !m j z surely z ! blue color ( 8 co/ume reveals af> (f an inhabitant ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,i am n an impassion$ adv]s>y ( ! cl]gy2 f> f x4 ,i appreciate _! int5tions & e/eem _! p]sons z "o %\ld1 b ,i am unable to %>e _! op9ions1 & ,i consid] inde$ t !y deceive !mselves :5 !y ?9k t fai? has ev] giv5 to ! _w an absolute assurance4 ,x has n giv5 x because x has n prov$ suffici5t4 ,mank9d1 v>iable & vacillat+ ?\gh x may be1 does n *ange its beliefs because ( fickl5ess ( he>t3 its m5tal evolution takes place too sl[ly = t1 & is also too pa9ful4 ,! ,ca?olic *ur* ( to-day has adopt$ z its wat*-^w ! return to ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9as2 x w ga9 by ?is unity ( ef=t1 )\t succe$+ h[ev] 9 lead+ back ! m9ds ( m5 to its po9t ( view4 ,! div]se ways we foll[ t5d d\btless z a matt] ( fact t[>d ! same objective po9t1 & run m or less 9 ! same direction2 b humanity sc>cely ev] passes back aga9 ov] ! pa?s :i* x has once trav]s$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h ano!r little volume by ,m4 ,,lombroso1 ,les applications de l'an?ropologie crim9elle2 a sequel to ,n\velles re*]*es1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ be=e4 ,we f9d "h int]e/+ pages 9 reg>d to transportation & re=m s*ools1 & a criticism ( ! new !ories ( ! p5al code 7,g>(alo1 ,t>de1 ,sighele1 ,onan(f & ,blorg1 ,f]ri7--a "p ( ! "q consid]$ 9 ! ,congress4 ,a *apt] inde$ is devot$ to ! subject ( crim9al an?ropology 9 mod]n lit]ature1 9 reg>d to :i* x seems to me ,m4 ,lombroso always makes m ( a "q ?an is desirable1 b :i* he well und]/&s h[ to criticise4 ,!n foll[ sev]al pages on ! crim9al type 9 art1 aft] a "w ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,le=t2 !n comes a description ( an?ropological in/rum5ts & me?ods4 ,i w n affirm t ?is la/ "w br+s u mu* ( novelty2 x is *iefly a new & en]getic pres5tation ( 8 views1 & ,m4 ,lombroso has no d\bt :atev] t by d9t ( /rik+ ! nail ^u ! head he w succe$ 9 driv+ x into ! wall ( 8 adv]s>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,b4 ,,b\rdon1 ,l'expression des emotions et des t5dances dans le langage1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ curi\s books "o c read4 ,he treats 9 an orig9al mann] ( phonetical que/ions1 :i* are less rife 9 ,france ?an 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 z to :at s\nds signify1 or spee*2 :at is _! wor? 9 int5sity1 elevation1 =m or quality1 duration2 :at ph5om5a are %[n by successions ( int5sity1 ( elevation1 ( elem5t>y articulation1 ( syllables1 ( words1 etc41 ( duration2 :at are ! relations ( ^! ph5om5a to v]sification & :at comp>ison "o c make betwe5 writ+ & spee*3 su* are ! problems p>ticul>ly /udi$1 at times ) ! aid ( v simple b in/ructive facts cull$ f exp]i5ce4 ,^! /udies--,i ne$ sc>cely add t !y are comp>ative ones--are ( int]e/ = v>i\s reasons4 ,!y lead up to new ideas ( gramm> & ( language1 & furni% argum5ts = a re=m 9 or?ography ( :i* ,m4 ,b\rdon is a v w>m p>tisan4 ,8 read]s w n be sl[ to notice = ! matt] ( t1 t he is 9 reg>d to ?is frankly revolution>y2 & x may seem p>adoxical to say to !m1 = example1 t 8! di/9ction betwe5 analytical & syn!tical languages is absolutely artificial1 & c\ld only be produc$ ?r\gh our bad sy/ems ( writ+40 ,writ+1 ,m4 ,b\rdon inde$ rem>ks1 introduces sep>ations 9 places :]e spok5 language makes no pause4 ,! ,engli% write ,i w g1 !y pron\nce x ,iwillgo4 ,! analysis :i* p]ta9s to writ+ masks ! true cohesion ( ! spok5 language1 & 8if 9 ! pa/ all s]ies ( articulations _h be5 writt5 z a s+le ^w :i* 7 9 fact pron\nc$ z a s+le ^w1 we %\ld n h kn[n ! error :i* consi/s 9 oppos+ c]ta9 languages class$ z syn!tical to o!rs :i* we class z analytical40 ,! argum5t is p]haps n a decisive "o1 & 9 ! neo-,lat9 languages1 = example1 "o c sc>cely d5y t ! analysis ( ! writt5 language has con=m$ to ! "w ( decomposition ( ! antique =ms1 s z to adapt itself to ! new gr\p+s ( _! ess5tial elem5ts1 gr\p+s :]e9 ^! elem5ts rema9 v>iable because spee* sep>ates !m effectively1 9 _m cases by int]polat+ gov]n+ words or o!rs4 ,b x is n my int5tion to ent] into ^! detail$ discussions4 ,i leave ,m4 ,b\rdon 9 fur!r call+ att5tion to 8 la/ *apt]1 ,ecriture4 ,p]sons curi\s z to graphology w f9d 9 x "s good ideas conc]n+ ?is me?od ( 8"* read+40 ,! au?or does n tell ev]y?+1 & ,i h a suspicion t he greatly despises c]ta9 signs valu$ by ! graphologi/s1 & arriv$ at empirically1 b we %\ld note :at he has actually said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"u ! title1 ,le monde physique1 ,essai de conception exprim5tale1 ,m4 ,dr4 ,,juli5 ,,piog] (f]s to ! public a sket* ( a _w-sy/em4 ,?is sy/em is summ$ up 9 ! expression ( 8,univ]sal ,solid>ity10 & is bas$ on ! idea ( inf9itely m9ute matt]-p>ticles1 or 8inf9itesimals10 ! mutual relations ( :i*1 & _! equilibrium1 con/itute ! ma*9]y ( ! univ]se4 ,! atomic-me*anical hypo!sis1 says ,m4 ,piog]1 is wrong 9 resolv+ matt] into p]fect$ diff]5tial p>ticles & 9 assign+ to its atoms qualities :i* make ( !m ei!r true mat]ial corpuscules or a real entity1 8a ?+ 9 itself40 ,on ! contr>y1 f> f int5d+ to assign a limit to mat]iality1 ! hypo!sis ( inf9itesimals conf9es itself to limit+ ! conception :i* we may h ( x4 ,! inf9itesimal corresponds to ! inf9itely small1 t is to say to ! non-p]fect$1 to ! non-diff]5tiable1 beyond our cognisance & our p]ceptivity2 x expresses ! mo/ r$uc$ condition ( ! aff9ities :i* con/itute matt]2 x is ! expression ( ! inf9itesimal exi/5ce ( t :i* we call motion1 ext5sion1 pond]ability1 "u ! g5]al "n ( matt]4 ,n[ ! mo/ simple ?+ :i* c be conceiv$ ( 9 ! physical _w1 is ! c\ple =m$ by ! ess5tial equipoise ( two inf9itesimals4 ,9 develop+ ! c\ple x becomes possible to =m ! univ]se 9 all its great v>iety4 ,! solid>ity ( ! p>ts 9 ! :ole appe>s z ! ess5tial condition ( exi/5ce ( all t :i* ,is--! necess>y condition ( all individuality4 ,9 conclusion ,i call att5tion to two new editions1 "o ! well-kn[n "w ( ,m4 ,,b]n>d ,p,,rez1 ,les trois premires annes de l'enfant1 fif? edition1 revis$ & suppli$ ) an introduction by ,mr4 ,james ,sully2 ! o!r ,les functions du c]veau1 by ,m4 ,,jules ,,s\ry1 a "w highly e/eem$1 embody+ ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,footnotes3 #df ,rueff1 publi%]4 #dg ,?is book & ! foll[+ ones are publi%$ by ,f4 ,alcan4 ,,ii4 ,,g]many4 ,"o ( our =emo/ psy*iatri/s1 ,pr(essor v4 ,krafft-,eb+ ( ,vi5na1 says 9 8 celebrat$ text-book on psy*iatry3 8,if ,p$agogy made a m s]i\s /udy ( ! "* ( man 9 8 psy*opa?ological relations1 _m ( ! mi/akes & sev]ities ( our sy/em ( education w\ld be remov$1 _m an unsuitable *oice ( vocation w\ld be left unmade1 & ?us _m a psy*ical exi/5ce rescu$40 ,any "o :o is at all famili> ) ! mo/ important doctr9es ( ! diseas$ ph5om5a ( m5tal life1 & :o kn[s h[ frequ5tly psy*ical di/urbances ( a m or less s]i\s nature occur dur+ *ildhood1 w fully agree ) ,krafft-,eb+1 & w only regret t p$agogy1 9 ?is important direction1 has completely neglect$ its task4 ,al?\gh lately ! necessity ( psy*iatric k = ! p$agogue has be5 insi/$ ^u 9 pr(essional circles1 = in/ance1 by ,pr(essor ,,/ruempell 9 8 ,p$agogic ,pa?ology 7comp4 ,! ,moni/ ,,ii1 #ajf71 yet in/ruction 9 ?is dep>tm5t occupies a :olly subsidi>y place 9 p$agogic education1 & has n be5 made z x %\ld h be51 an organic "p ( ! same4 ,! writ] ( ^! l9es has accord+ly discuss$ ?is subject 9 a special treatise1 ma9ta9+ t ! mo/ important diseas$ ph5om5a ( m5tal life might be treat$ z a "p ( p$agogic psy*ology 7comp4 ,! ,moni/ ,i1 #fai74 ,! dem&s made 7 met 9 diff]5t ways4 ,:ile ! ,engli% & ,am]ican press accept$ ^! dem&s )\t res]ve 7= in/ance1 9 ,,hall',s ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,i1 #big71 9 ,g]many !re has be5 m caution display$1 inasmu* z ! oppos+ difficulties 7 reg>d$ z great] ?an !y probably 7 7,pr(essor ,,re9',s ,pdagogis*e ,/udi51 #ahib1 ,heft ,i74 ,we h1 h[ev]1 simply to call to m9d ! doctr9e :i* m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ,maudsley 9 8 8,physiology & ,pa?ology ( ! ,m9d0 laid su* special emphasis ^u1 t psy*ic laws are ! same 9 heal?y & diseas$ ph5om5a1 only t !y d n op]ate "u ! same conditions & !re=e produce diff]5t symptoms4 ,f> f its be+ true1 !re=e1 t ! introduction ( psy*opa?ology into psy*ology c be oppos$ by any especially well-f\nd$ objections1 su* a proc$ure w1 on ! contr>y1 be f\nd to be1 j z ,maudsley said1 an appropriate & absolutely indisp5sable auxili>y ( ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce4 ,& t :i* 0 emphasis$ by ,maudsley1 & lately also by ,,mu5/]b]g 9 ! treatise already discuss$ 9 ,! ,moni/ 7,,ii1 #bhi71 ,on ! ,problems & ,me?ods ( ,psy*ology 7,leipsic1 #ahia1 ,abel71 ,zieh5 has done 9 8 8,outl9es ( ,physiological ,psy*ology0 9 a mann] :i* w be full ( sugge/ions = ! p$agogue 7comp4 ,! ,moni/ ,i1 #eih74 ,to be sure1 ! "w ( ,zieh5 is v f> f supply+ all t ! p$agogue ne$s4 ,we h 9 ?is "w a va/ mass ( valuable obs]vations1 :i* w h to be elaborat$ 9 a mann] t accords ) ! ne$s ( p$agogy1 if ?is sci5ce is to d]ive any mat]ial pr(it f psy*iatry4 ,= ! bibliography ( ?is subject we %all ref] ! read] to a =m] correspond5ce ( ours 7,! ,moni/ ,,ii1 #ajc71 & select at pres5t = exam9ation "o prov9ce only1--a prov9ce :i* is des]v+ ( especial consid]ation1 inasmu* z ! ph5om5a :i* occur 9 x are ph5om5a :i* mo/ frequ5tly confront ! p$agogi/1 & are mo/ likely to be ov]look$ by ! untra9$ eye4 ,we ref] to ! psy*opa?ic subsidi>y ph5om5a ( ,,dr4 ,,ko*1 by :i* expression ?is au?or comprises all ! psy*ical irregul>ities1 be !y natural or acquir$1 affect+ ! life ( ! human p]sonality1 :i*1 ?\gh n ev5 9 ! sev]e/ cases am\nt+ to actual m5tal disord]s1 yet 9 ! mo/ favorable in/ances s affect ! p]sons afflict$ t !y appe> z lack+ ! full possession ( m5tal normality & capacity4 ,! second "p ( ,ko*'s "w1 m5tion$ 9 ,! ,moni/ 9 ! place above cit$1 has j n[ appe>$4 7,ratisbon1 #ahib1 ,otto ,mai]74 ,hav+ discuss$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 "w inh]it$ & *ronic psy*opa?ic subsidi>y ph5om5a1 ! au?or n[ proce$s to discuss acquir$ subsidi>y factors1 & holds out ! prospect ( a ?ird "p1 on ! appe>ance ( :i* we %all h occasion aga9 to discuss ! entire "w f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,= ! pres5t1 only ! p$agogic aspect ( ! "q int]e/s u4 ,on _m read]s1 ,ko*'s book mu/ h made ! impression1--to judge f 8 conclud+ rem>ks1--t ! au?or %>es ,lombroso's po9t ( view1 & to v _m p$agogues su* a position w\ld be1 f ! v outset1 a bad recomm5dation1 = x w\ld necess>ily1 9 ! v nature ( ! case1 involve ! p$agogue 9 great emb>rassm5t1 9 ! same way z x has involv$ ! philosophical juri/4 ,b emb>rassm5t is no reason :y we %\ld close our e>s to ! tru?1 & if ,lombroso %\ld be "r 9 all 8 tea*+s1 p$agogy w\ld also be oblig$ to accommodate its doctr9es to 84 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,ko* is oppos$ to him4 ,?us :5 he says3 8,:at ,i comm5d ,lombroso = is t he has obs]v$ mu*1 has collect$ ri* mat]ials1 & has be5 ! s\rce ( great inc5tives 9 _m directions1 & has work$ sugge/ively 9 _m ways2 :at ,i reproa* him ) is t he has conf\nd$ ! heal?y ) ! diseas$1 & has br\ght "u "o & ! same category )\t suffici5t & appropriate te/s1 psy*otic ph5om5a & ph5om5a :i* are psy*opa?ically m]ely ( a subsidi>y ord]2 :at ,i reject is 8 !ory ( deg5]ation & 8 peculi> views ( philosophy40 ,mat]ial1 su* z ,ko* & o!rs (f]1 mu/ fir/ be elaborat$ into a p$agogic psy*opa?ology--or bett] /ill into a p$agogic pa?opsy*ology--be=e p$agogy1 z a :ole1 c assume 9 ?is direction ! prop] =m4 ,?\gh we consid]1 n[1 ?is prep>atory "w z indisp5sable1 we c1 nev]!less1 n ?9k ( d5y+ ! value ( works :i*1 )\t any pr(ession ( f>-rea*+ psy*ological analysis1 put 9 effective & available =m = p$agogy ! diseas$ ph5om5a ( ! m5tal life ( *ildr54 ,! fir/ ,g]man "w ( ?is k9d1 s f> z we "k1 is f ! p5 ( a ,leipsic tea*]1 ,,gu/av ,,sieg]t1 & be>s ! title ,problematis*e ,k9desnatur54#dh ,?is little "w is n[ foll[$ by a m compreh5sive treatise1 publi%$ by a ,brem5 ali5i/1 ,dr4 ,,s*olz1 already kn[n to ! read]s ( ,! ,moni/ 7,,ii1 #ajd71 & be>+ ! title ,die ,*>act]fehl] des ,k9des1 e9e ,erziehungslehre fr ,s*ule und ,haus4#di ,su* books are valuable n only = ! obs]vations !y (f] & ! isolat$ explanations & p$agogic advice !y pres5t1 b also = ! sugge/ions :i* ! att5tive & psy*ologically cultivat$ read] c always receive f !m4 ,l ,sieg]t1 ,s*olz pr9cipally %[s u isolat$ *ild-types :]e9 diseas$ qualities play a m or less pron\nc$ rle4 ,b :ile ! =m]'s pres5tation is some:at j\rnali/ic 9 /yle1 t ( ! latt] is m didactic2 al?\gh ?is t5d5cy is n an absolutely rigid "o1 z ! au?or c\nts mo!rs z read]s ( 8 book4 ,b if ! =m ( pres5tation leads "o to inf] great] pr(undity 9 ,s*olz ?an 9 ,sieg]t1 ?is is 9 /ill high] degree ! case ) ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,:ile ,sieg]t /r+s 8 *ild-pictures loosely toge!r1 ,s*olz arranges !m accord+ to real psy*ological po9ts ( view1 s t 7rem>kable to say7 ! faults ( *ildr5 are discuss$1 fir/1 9 ! prov9ce ( feel+ & s5tim5t1 !n 9 t ( repres5tation1 & f9ally 9 t ( volition & action4 ,! introductory & conclud+ *apt]s %[1 also1 t ,s*olz attempts to ent] m pr(\ndly into ! subject ?an ,sieg]t proposes1 & we *]i% ! hope t1 n[ t ?is popul> "w has appe>$1 ,s*olz w v soon pres5t u ) a /rictly sci5tific book1 9 :i* he %all h occasion to deal ) "s p>ticul> po9ts1 su* z1 = in/ance1 falsehood & un*a/ity1 m compreh5sively ?an 0 p]haps possible 9 a book int5d$ = 8 pres5t circle ( read]s4 ,) respect1 n[1 to all sy/ematic pres5tations ( p$agogy1 psy*opa?ology c1 z we h be=e indicat$1 nev] atta9 9 !m its prop] position1 until ! above-m5tion$ prep>atory "w has be5 complet$4 ,b ?is fact %\ld n preclude "o's call+ especial att5tion to ! importance ( ?is prov9ce1 at lea/ 9 "s incid5tal mann]4 ,9 su* a "w z ! ,allgeme9e ,pdagogik ( ,,zill]1#ej = in/ance1 ! ?ird edition ( :i* has j be5 publi%$ by ,f4 ,mattes ( ,leipsic1 !re surely 0 abundant opportunity to d ?is--an opportunity :i* "o might say almo/ am\nt$ to obligation4 ,= ,zill] treats h]$it>y & acquir$ *>act]i/ics 9 great detail1 & su* treatm5t rema9s necess>ily a "o-sid$ "o1 if abnormal traits are n consid]$ 9 x4 ,zill]1 ) ,h]b>t1 dem&s t individuality always be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t4 ,b h[ _m *ild-individualities are !re1 :i*1 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( _! developm5t1 may be reg>d$ z fully normal6 ,! reason ( ?is omission mu/ be look$ = p>tly 9 ! circum/ance1 t ,zill]1 z well z ! new editor ( ?is o!rwise valuable "w1 belongs to ! ,h]b>tian s*ool4 ,if1 namely1 we comp>e ! psy*ological lit]ature ( ! ,h]b>tian s*ool ) ! publications ( ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican writ]s1 or ev5 ) ! works :i* 9 rec5t times h issu$ f o!r philosophical qu>t]s ( ,g]many1 x w be unmi/akably se5 t ! pa?ological conditions ( ! m9d h be5 little consid]$ by ! foll[]s ( ,h]b>t4 ,nor h voices be5 want+1 t w\ld make ,h]b>t himself responsible = ?is error4 ,he did n1 !y say1 suffici5tly appreciate ! importance ( ! pa?ological ph5om5a ( m9d1 & 8 pupils 7 9 ?is respect influ5c$ by him4 ,b ?is reproa* w be f\nd1 on close exam9ation1 to be unt5able4 ,h]b>t1 x is true1 did express himself repeat$ly aga9/ ! ov]e/imation ( 8r>e & curi\s ph5om5a10 unusual m5tal /ates & su* ?+s1#ea & 8 w>n+ is applicable also to our epo*1 :i* produces _m psy*ological works 9 :i* rem>kable ?+s are to be read b :i* contribute no?+ wor? m5tion+ t[>ds ! explanation ( ev5 comp>atively simple ev5ts4 ,h]b>t holds1 t ! psy*ology ( ! normal & ord9>y /ates %\ld be ! fir/ & pr9cipal object ( sci5tific att5tion2 ! explanation ( mu* t is extraord9>y w !n foll[4 ,) reg>d to ?is latt] po9t1 he rem>ks v positively3 8,i d n1 h[ev]1 wi% by ?is1 to ga9say ! value ( any real psy*ological obs]vation4 ,!re mu/ be a welcome place 9 sci5ce = e exp]i5ce40 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ,h]b>t is n at all f> f ! po9t ( view ( ,maudsley & o!r inve/igators4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 t he m5tions repeat$ly abnormal m5tal conditions1 & also sy/ematically treats !m1 ev5 quot+ su* celebrat$ ali5i/s z ,reil & ,p9el 7,text-book ( ,psy*ology1 #adb-adi74 ,! probability is1 !re=e1 t psy*opa?ology w\ld h be5 prop]ly employ$ 9 ,h]b>t's psy*ology1 if x _h be5 at all elaborat$ 9 8 day1 & its influ5ce w\ld ?r\gh ,h]b>t h be5 directly felt 9 p$agogy1 z no p$agogi/ has made bett] or m c>eful use ( psy*ology ?an he4 ,b ,h]b>t's pupils h done no fur!r "w 9 ! prov9ce po9t$ out by him4 ,x is true1 8 psy*ology has be5 made use ( by physicians l ,gries+] & ,spielmann1 & rec5tly also to "s ext5t by ,krafft-,eb+1 b ! works ( ^! m5 h _h no influ5ce on ! psy*ological text-books ( ! ,h]b>tian s*ool1 & consequ5tly ! sci5ce has up to ! pres5t day ex]t$ no noticeable influ5ce on p$agogy1 ei!r 9 ,waitz1 9 ,/oy1 or 9 ,zill]4 ,9 o!r p$agogic s*ools1 ?is has1 x is true1 also be5 ! case2 b 9 ^!1 :o make no pret5sions ( rely+ on ! tea*+s ( psy*ology1 ! s9 is m easily p>don$4 ,b ?is is n ! only respect 9 :i* ,zill]'s ,p$agogy is n up to ! times4 ,zill] def9$ p$agogy z ! influ5ces1 =m$ accord+ to e?ical po9ts ( view1 :i* are br\ght to be> on ! m9d ( ! pupil1 & w\ld n admit influ5ces br\ght to be> on ! body1 9 s f> z su* %\ld ent] into ! p$agogic sy/em4 ,?is misconception also spr+s f ,zill]'s adh]5ce to ! ,h]b>tian s*ool1 :i* repres5ts1 z we well "k1 a metaphysical pluralism2 b x is 9 a /ill high] degree due to ! fact1 t 9 ,zill]'s day bo? ! intimate relation betwe5 physiological & psy*ological processes _h n be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$1 & also 7 n suffici5tly kn[n to him4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 8 pluralism ne$ by no means h necess>ily l$ him into su* "o-sid$ness1 = ?is metaphysical pluralism does n exclude a moni/ic conception ( ph5om5a2 ev5 assum+ ?is doctr9e1 "o may say t motion & feel+ are two diff]5t b insep>able sides ( ! same ph5om5on4 ,! 8real ?+s0 produce by _! int]action1 simultane\sly & ( necessity1 bo? an inn] side & an out]2 = :i* reason "o ( our =emo/ psy*ologi/s1 ,volkmann ( ,volkm>1 explicitly t]ms ,h]b>t's psy*ology moni/ic 7,text-book ( ,psy*ology1 second edition1 ,i1 #fc74 ,a psy*ologico-physiological "w1 f :i* ! new editor ( ,zill]'s ,p$agogy might h extract$ _m valuable ?+s1 is ! book ( ! ,italian ,,mosso1 ,on ,fatigue1 :i* has j be5 translat$ into ,g]man1#eb & :i* w excite mu* att5tion ow+ to ! pres5t active discussion ( ! "q ( ov]work4 ,supplem5t>y to ?is "w ,i w also m5tion a little tract by ,,dr4 ,,burg]/e9 ( ,vi5na1 entitl$ ,die ,arbeitskurve e9] ,s*ul/unde4#ec ,?is tract is a lecture1 :i* ! au?or gave at ! ,sev5? ,int]national ,congress = ,hygi5e & ,demography at ,london1 & 9 :i* he seeks to f9d by /ati/ical me?ods1 ! duration ( a 8s*ool-p]iod0--a v labori\sly compos$ treatise & "o difficult to read1 b possess$ ( high int]e/ 9 psy*ological & p$agogic respects4 ,f p$agogy to evolution is b a /ep1 at lea/ x is 9 ,zill]'s developm5t ( ,h]b>t's ideas4 ,x is true1 ,zill] has tak5 a decid$ /& aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 = ,zill] works ) two contradictory ideas2 b 8 !ory ( education possesses po9ts ( resemblance & analogy to ! ,d>w9-,haeckel !ory ( developm5t4 ,accord+ to ,zill]1 ea* individual passes1 also intellectually1 ?r\gh all ! /ages ( developm5t t mank9d at l>ge has pass$ ?r\gh1 only 9 a %ort] "t2 & x is 9 con=mity ) su* succession t ! ord] ( ! v>i\s c\rses ( a p$agogical sy/em is to be arrang$4 ,foll[+ ,zill]'s prec$5t1 ,,pr(essor ,,vaih+]1 ( ,halle1 9 8 treatise ,natur=s*ung und ,s*ule 7,sci5ce & ! ,s*ools71 has tak5 up ! s*ool-re=m initiat$ by ,pr(essor ,prey]1 & has expressly transf]r$ ! fundam5tal law ( biog5esis to p$agogy4 ,h[ in/ruction is to be arrang$ "u ?is po9t ( view1 _c be expla9$ 9 ?is lett]1 :i* is already long en\gh4 ,we %all simply rem>k t ! idea has f\nd 9 ,g]many a l>ge numb] ( bo? fri5ds & oppon5ts4 ,! oppon5ts h rec5tly be5 jo9$ by a natural sci5ti/1 ,,dr4 ,,hamann1 pr(essor ( zoology 9 ,gtt+51 :o has j publi%$ a book "u ! title ,entwicklungslehre und ,d>w9ismus 7,evolution & ,d>w9ism71#ed 9 :i* he does n combat ! !ory ( evolution itself1 b simply ! ,d>w9-,haeckelian =m ( t !ory1 plac+ himself 9 ! ranks ( ,8 & ,h5s54 ,! book appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly ) ! f\r? edition ( ,,haeckel',s ,an?ropog5y1#ee b ! au?or1 nev]!less1 9 8 supplem5t>y rem>ks1 discusses ! 8apology0 :i* ,haeckel subjo9$ to 8 "w4 ,haeckel's book ne$s no recomm5dation 9 sci5tific circles2 x w be suffici5t to /ate t ! "w has be5 subject$ to ess5tial alt]ations1 b t its fundam5tal features h rema9$ ! same4 ,a new psy*ology1 on ! ,d>w9ian basis1 by ,pr(4 ,,fritz ,,s*ultze ( ,dresd51 is n[ 9 c\rse ( publication1 entitl$ ,v]glei*5de ,seel5kunde 7,comp>ative ,psy*ology#ef74 ,! fir/ "p1 :i* treats ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( physiological psy*ology1 has already appe>$4 ,on ! completion ( ! "w we %all h occasion to return to x4 ,,*r4 ,,uf]4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,problematic ,*ild-natures4 ,leipsic1 #ahij1 ,rob]t ,vogtlnd]4 #di ,faults ( ,"* 9 ,*ildr51 ,a ,sy/em ( ,in/ruction = ,s*ool & ,home4 ,leipsic4 ,edu>d ,he9ri* ,may]4 #ej ,comp>e also1 ,! ,educational ,review 7,new ,york71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #cj4 #ea ,psy*ologie als ,wiss5s*aft1 #e4 #eb ,salomon ,hirzel1 ,leipsic4 #ec ,hamburg1 #ahia1 ,leopold ,voss4 #ed ,j5a1 #ahib1 ,h]mann ,co/5oble4 #ee ,leipsic1 #ahib1 ,engelmann4 #ef ,leipsic1 #ahib4 ,,criticisms ,,& ,,discussions4 ,a ,,lett] ,,f ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/3 ,z ,i feel x a duty to res]ve1 = o!r purposes1 ! v small p[] ( "w n[ left to me1 ,i am oblig$ to decl9e ent]+ ^u a controv]sy4 ,i mu/ leave read]s to exam9e = !mselves--little hop+1 h[ev]1 t !y w d s4 ,"o po9t only ,i wi% to note4 ,! use ( ! expression 8=ms ( ?\ght10 in/ead ( 8=ms ( intuition10 0 simply an inadv]t5ce2 z w be manife/ on obs]v+ t ?\gh ,i h us$ ! wrong expression 9 ! note1 ,i h us$ ! "r expression 9 ! text 7p4 #bjc71 z also ?r\gh\t my criticism ( ,kant's doctr9e 9 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,"p ,,vii1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 8,! ,reason+s ( ,metaphysicians10 #cii4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,logic ,,z ,,relation-,,lore4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,revue ,philosophique1 9 ! ,augu/ & ,septemb] #ahia numb]s ( ! same1 ,m4 ,george ,m\ret has an essay entitl$ 8,ma!matical ,equality0 9 ! c\rse ( :i* & z ?\gh subsidi>y to 8 o/5sible purpose he disc\rses ^u ! topics ( relations & concepts & ^u ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( logic 9 g5]al4 ,8 essay is really m important z a contribution to logical doctr9e ?an z a treatm5t ( ma!matical equality4 ,! scope ( 8 disc\rse w be se5 by ref]5ce to 8 clos+ p>agraphs 9 :i* he sums up :at he consid]s to be ! results a*iev$ by him 9 8 essay4 ,!re91 he says t he has 8treat$ ( ! g5]al !ory ( ! composition ( concepts & relations & set ! f\ndations ( ! logic ( analysis & ! logic ( def9ition40 ,i4 ,,! ,,sp5c]ian ,,axiom4 ,! det]m9+ factor ( e philosophical diss]tation is ( c\rse "s v g5]al supposition :i* is tak5 z e/abli%$ & :i* ex]cises a controll+ influ5ce ov] all ! obs]vations ( its au?or4 ,9 ?is case ?is det]m9+ supposition is f\nd 9 :at ,m4 ,m\ret calls 8 8axiom ( symmetry40 ,! same is ?us /at$ by him 8,two ?+s :i* h ! same symmetrical relations to a ?ird ?+ h betwe5 !m t same relation40 ,m4 ,m\ret is n "o ( ^? s*ol>s t lack hospitality = o!r writ+s ?an ^? ( _! own nationality4 ,f ?is fault s noticeable 9 ! "w ( s _m ( ! ,fr5* s*ol>s ,m4 ,m\ret himself seems to be free4 ,inde$ s f> z reg>ds ! previ\s "w done 9 ! doma9 he sets himself to exam9e1 he accords almo/ exclusive e/eem to ! writ+s ( ,engli% ?9k]s4 ,9 fact he decl>es himself s f> z reg>ds 8 pres5t topic a disciple ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & puts 8 8axiom ( symmetry0 z an adaptation ( t maxim ( 8 said ma/] :i* is ( ! t5or z foll[s1 viz3 8,?+s :i* h a def9ite relation to ! same ?+ h a def9ite relation to "o ano!r40 ,?is maxim1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] tells u1 0 sugge/$ to him by a rem>k ( ! late em95t au?or :o is kn[n to ! _w "u ! pseudonym ( ,george ,eliot1 :o h]self /at$ x "u ! =m 8,?+s t h a con/ant relation to ! same ?+ h a con/ant relation to ea* o!r40 ,^? :o are well acqua9t$ ) ! psy*ology ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] w recognise t ?is maxim ( 8 is made by him ! v backbone ( all 8 obs]vations ^u reason+4 ,if x has ! validity :i* he imputes to x1 x has an importance :i* x w be h>d to ov]e/imate1 b if on ! contr>y1 & z we %all submit1 x is 9 e =m 9 :i* x has be5 /at$1 c]ta9ly uns\nd & mislead+1 x is high "t t its virtue %\ld be br\ght into "q4 ,! dicta ( ! ma/]s :e!r !y fir/ en\nce ! same or :e!r !y only give curr5cy !reto by _! ratification are always prop] subjects = special scrut9y4 ,!re is always f\nd a disposition to accept !m on _! m]e ipse dixit )\t any attempt at criticism or indep5d5t obs]vation4 ,?is is decisively n ! sci5tific mood or mode4 ,! _s ( t mod]n leav5 t is curr5tly ref]r$ to "u ! "n ( ,sci5ce is *>act]i/ically a critical "o1 & "o t is consid]ably irrev]5t 9 reg>d to ! au?ority ( m]e p]sonality4 ,9 ?is x is happily di/+ui%$ f ! _s t has m>k$ ! pa/ hi/ory ( :at may be call$ ! 8regul>0 s*ools ( philosophy4 ,m4 ,m\ret is n alone 9 8 inadv]t5t e/eem = ! maxim 9 "q4 ,9 ! issue ( ,m9d = ,octob] #ahia ,mr4 ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se publi%es an article entitl$ 8,induction & ,d$uction10 9 :i* he gives an undue appraisal to ! wor? ( ! maxim "u consid]ation1 ev5 ?\gh ! au?or ( ! article seems to be well aw>e t said maxim /&s 9 mu* ne$ ( qualification4 ,we v5ture to say t ?is maxim 9 all its =ms has ga9$ :atev] curr5cy x has enjoy$ 9 virtue alone ( ! incompet5t compreh5sion t too g5]ally prevails 9 reg>d to ! nature & *>act]i/ics ( t sort ( ?+s t are relations4 ,a notable example ( ?is lack ( compreh5sion is suppli$ 9 ! logical treatise ( ,mr4 ,c>ve? ,read1 a "w o/5sibly f\nd$ ^u ! significance ( ! category ( relation & yet 9 :i* at ! v />t ! au?or tells u t a relation is some?+ :i* is indef9able4 ,,ii4 ,,importance ,,( ,,relation-,,lore4 ,?is topic ( relations is "o t is neglect$ 9 a degree t reflects no cr$it ^u ! pret5sions ( ^? :o und]take to in/ruct o!rs 9 matt]s logical & philosophical4 ,! ?+ itself is 9 ! ?9k+ ( e "o & ! t]m & its d]ivations are 9 univ]sal use4 ,!y are us$ z ?\gh !y import$ an idea t no "o 0 liable to misapply or to misund]/&4 ,! tru?1 h[ev]1 is t ( all ! /ock t]ms 9 our grav] disc\rse ?is v ^w 8relation0 & its d]ivatives are ! ones t are (t5e/ he>d & read )\t any lucidity ( m9d conc]n+ _! prop] int5t z a "p ( _! context4 ,!y are us$ ) an assortm5t ( mean+s & non-mean+s t are q di/ract+ to try to foll[ & q va9 to try & reconcile4 ,9 p>ticul> ! diff]5ce betwe5 relation%ip & relation1 betwe5 ! gr\nd or f\ndation ( ! relation & ! relation itself1 betwe5 ! plural fact1 :e!r ( t5d5cy1 int]action1 transition1 or /atus1 t is a co-condition ) ! relations1 & ! relations t co-condition t same plural fact1 is con/antly ignor$ 9 ?9k+ & 9 ! expression !re(1 to ! m or less confusion 91 & inconsequ5ce (1 ! :ole disc\rse deliv]$4 ,x is no slight comm5dation ( ! p]spicacity ( ,m4 ,m\ret to obs]ve t he has discov]$ t ! way t[>ds a resolution ( ! problems he sets himself to "w out lies ?r\gh :at to him appe>s ! altoge!r unexplor$ regions ( relation-lore1 = x is evid5t t he reg>ds himself z a pione] 9 ?is field4 ,,iii4 ,,works ,,on ,,relation-,,lore ,,9 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language4 ,9 obs]v+ ?is we _c b hold ,m4 ,m\ret un=tunate 9 n hav+ be5 put ^u bett] l9es ( inquiry4 ,he seems to h be5 :olly unaw>e ( ! treasures ( inve/igation 9 ?is doma9 t exi/ 9 ! ,engli% language & t = _m ye>s h be5 available = ! /ud5t4 ,8 case 9 ?is respect is se5 9 ! exaltation :i* he gives to ! semi-popul> disc\rses ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,read1 z contra/$ ) ! pr(\nd rese>*es ( ,de,morgan & ,boole & _! disciples4 ,x is evid5t t he has judg$ conc]n+ ! comp>ative quality ( ! v>i\s l9es ( ,engli% rese>* n aft] an exam9ation ( 8 own1 b aft] ! curr5t popul> r5[n4 ,= example1 he speaks ( ! "w ( ,de,morgan & ,boole z pres5t+ 8only a simple mode ( repres5t+ "s ( ! logical laws0 & z be+ 8surr\nd$ ) a =midable & complicat$ app>el :i* disguises ! value ( _! t5tatives40 ,s9ce ,m4 ,m\ret is manife/ly an e>ne/ /ud5t ( ! topic ( relation-lore ?is language %[s t he has at be/ only a second or ?ird-h& k ( :at ,de,morgan & ,boole really did4 ,he ought to h kn[n t 9 ! recondite field ( rese>* 9 "q all really compet5t treatm5t ( ! same w\ld be v f> f hav+ any 8popul>0 quality4 ,= a man to disc\rse ( relation-lore 9 ignorance ( :at ,de,morgan1 ! v fa!r ( ! 8,logic ( ,relatives10 accompli%$ is l disc\rs+ ( ,d>w9ism 9 ignorance ( 8,! ,orig9 ( ,species40 ,we op9e t :5 ,m4 ,m\ret %all h consult$ ! great memoir ( ,de,morgan 9 ! t5? volume ( ! 8,cambridge ,philosophical ,transactions0 or bett]1 :5 he %all h become acqua9t$ ) ! m develop$ "w ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 to :om beyond "q relation-lore is mo/ indebt$ = its pres5t /ate ( progress1 he w h a bett] e/eem = ! value ( ! 8t5tatives0 ( ,de,morgan & ,boole & _! disciples4 ,mr4 ,peirce has publi%$ ?ree pr9cipal pap]s on ! subject 9 "q4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgj 9 ! n9? volume ( ! 8,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces40 ,!n 9 #ahhj & 9 #ahhd1 :ile ,mr4 ,peirce 0 lectur] on logic at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 he publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics two pap]s deal+ m or less ext5sively ) relation-lore4 ,"o ( ^! 8 8,hauptw]k0 z x is call$ by ,pr(essor ,s*ro$] ( ,c>lsruhe1 appe>s 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! j\rnal m5tion$ & ! o!r 9 ! sev5? volume ( ! same4 ,mr4 ,peirce 0 "o ( ! contributors to our new ,am]ican 8,c5tury ,diction>y10 & 9 t "w "u ! def9itions ( ,relation & ,relativity !re appe>s a summ>y treatm5t ( ! subject :i* is z we take x ! "w ( ,mr4 ,peirce & :i* might h giv5 to ,m4 ,m\ret h9ts :i* he w\ld h appreciat$4 ,also ! editor ( ?is magaz9e 9 8 article 8,are !re ,?+s 9 ,!mselves80 9 ! ,janu>y #ahib numb] !re( incid5tally t\*es ^u ! topic "u consid]ation 9 su* a way z to correct "s ( ! m invet]ate misconceptions4 ,,iv4 ,m4 ,,m\ret',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,relations4 ,! article ( ,m4 ,m\ret is 9 s _m po9ts s excell5t a disc\rse t ! *ief reflection "o is incl9$ to make is t ^u its own pr9ciples x ought to h be5 bett]4 ,he seems to h be5 widely awake to ! primordial nature ( relations z philosophical data4 ,he says3 8,e notion or relation is a function ( relations m directly kn[n & ent]s z a relational elem5t into o!r relations less proximate to ! common s\rces10 & also t 8e concept or notion ought to resolve into a gr\p ( relations40 ,by su* tok5s z ^! we naturally look to see ,m4 ,m\ret mak+ x 8 v fir/ conc]n to expla9 fully ! nature ( ^? primordial data t are relations4 ,inde$ he seems himself to be fully aw>e ( ?is natural expectation = he says3 8,:at !n is a relation2 :at is a concept or notion8 ,to ?is d\ble "q an answ] is necess>y & a precise answ] n consi/+ 9 ! sub/itution ( "o =m ( words = ano!r =m ( words be>+ ! same mean+ or no mean+ at all40 ,we _c h[ev] f9d t he has done ?is4 ,in/ead ( x & almo/ :ile say+ t e concept & notion ought to resolve 9 a gr\p ( relations he ann\nces1 8,:at ,i h to exam9e is ! con/itution1 ! /ructure ( ^! relation-g5]at+ gr\ps40 ,?us he />ts ) a syn!sis :5 :at is ne$$ is analysis4 ,he />ts ) suppos+ a gr\p ( relational elem5ts indet]m9ate 9 numb] & proce$s to inquire z to ! conditions t mu/ subsi/ ) reg>d to !m1 respectively & 9 comb9ation1 9 ord] t a def9ite relation may subsi/ z to a pair ( ! relational elem5ts4 ,^! conditions he f9ds to be f\r 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 he f9ds t-- 8,x is necess>y t e "o ( ! t]ms ( ! gr\p %\ld be connect$ "o to ! o!r by def9ite relations2 t betwe5 any two t]ms !re mu/ always be int]m$iate t]ms t connect !m 9 a cont9u\s way40 ,?is he calls ! condition ( 8,solid>ity40 ,secondly1 he f9ds t !re mu/ obta9 ! condition ( ,co-,exi/5ce4 ,by co-exi/5ce he int5ds-- 8,n a def9ite co-exi/5ce 9 "t1 t is to say1 a relation ( simultaneity or concomitance1 nor yet t e/abli%$ co-exi/5ce :i* con/itutes ! causal relation1 b an indef9ite co-exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! ord] ( its t]ms & ( all consid]ation ( "t or duration40 ,hav+ ?us suppos$ 8 gr\p all well /ock$ ) relations1 he proce$s to relegate mo/ ( !m to ! limbo ( inconsequ5ce by invok+ a pr9ciple :i* he calls ! pr9ciple ( indet]m9ation4 ,by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple 9 e p>ticul> case ! p>ticul> det]m9ations ( all ! t]ms become indet]m9ate & ^? ( ! int]m$iate t]ms d\bly s4 ,?us ! suppos$ facts ( ! case become fit = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,?ird condition1 t ( ,ab/raction1 & = ! aris+ ( a g5]al concept or notion4 ,b correspond+ to e concept or notion is its negative or opposite concept or notion4 ,z ?is negative dep5ds necess>ily ^u c]ta9 p>ticul> det]m9ations ( ! same t]ms t be> ! p>ticul> det]m9ations & :i* be+ s+ly indet]m9ate admit ( ! positive concept or notion1 !re necess>ily mu/ obta9 two sy/ems ( s+ly indet]m9ate p>ticul> det]m9ations relative to b incompatible ) "o ano!r1 & s relative t ! negation ( "o set entails ! obta9+ ( ! o!r set1 or 9 o!r words ei!r set be+ negat$ entails ! obta9+ ( ! o!r set4 ,^! facts con/itute :at ,m4 ,m\ret calls ! pr9ciple ( incompatibility & involve 8 ,f\r? condition ( ,relativity /at$ by him z foll[s3 8,all ! p>ticul> det]m9ations ( ! extreme t]ms mu/ n be compatible ) ! sy/em & ! negation ( c]ta9 relations ( ! sy/em mu/ entail ! negation ( ! relation :i* !y make betwe5 ! extreme t]ms40 ,v4 ,,reflections ,,on ,m4 ,,m\ret',s ,,!ory4 ,n[ we _c reg>d ?is z a successful attempt to expla9 ! nature & *>act]i/ics ( relations1 or to unfold ! involutions ( relation-lore4 ,we fully realise t if e concept or relation resolves into a gr\p ( relations we mu/ 9 "s =m or o!r take :at are relations 9 reality z data to beg9 )1 b ?is does n prev5t u f tak+ our datum t]ms = our turn ( explanation z n requir+ at pres5t any recognition o!r ?an z relational elem5ts4 ,:at is ne$ful z a prime requisite on ! v />t ( any rese>* 9 relation-lore is to obta9 a cle> idea ( :at is meant by a relation4 ,mean+s are prim>ily matt]s ( m5tal /atus4 ,we h to det]m9e ! relation t subsi/s betwe5 ! m9d & ! object ?r\gh ! m$iat+ int]pretation ( a ^w1 & ! m5tal affection lies ne>e/ & logically comes fir/4 ,x may v well be t ! m5tal affection requires correction1 b ?is _c take place until its faults are obs]v$1 & ^! _c become evid5t until ! m5tal affection is itself duly und]/ood4 ,! disciples ( t s*ool ( logic 9 :i* ,de,morgan & ,boole1 bo? em95t ma!maticians1 hold s exalt$ a rank z discov]]s1 reg>d cognition z aris+ 9 consequ5ce ( bra9 function+ or m5tal op]ation & /udy ! results ( ?is op]ation z yield+ _! import 9 dep5d5ce ^u & only 9 dep5d5ce ^u ! prop] op]ation 9 virtue ( :i* !y arise4 ,n[ no cognition :atev]1 ev5 ( ! mo/ elem5t>y sort1 arises except 9 connection ) & 9 consequ5ce ( t op]ation ( ! s5sibility :i* is di/9ction4 ,di/9ction is ( multitud9\s & manifold aspects4 ,9 all its phases :e!r x be passive or active x is naught else ?an ! aris+ or ! assign+ ( relations4 ,! attempt to posit an unqualifi$ly absolute--t is1 an unqualifi$ly unrelat$--univ]se ( disc\rse mu/ be futile & blank1 necess>ily & insup]ably4 ,any =m ( notation t pret5ds to express su* a univ]se ( disc\rse1 is only sav$1 if at all1 f be+ unqualifi$ly nons5sical1 by /&+ z anti!tical--t is1 by be+ relat$ to =ms ( notation t express relation & no?+ else ?an relation4 ,?is rigor\sly prime op]ation ( di/9ction is n only pure relation-+ b x is ( t sort ( relation-+ t is at once a di/+ui%+ & a conjo9+4 ,! 8,"o & ! ,_m0 are insup]ably implicit !re94 ,di/9ction hav+ op]at$ to v>i\s ext5ts1 & !reby v>i\s relations hav+ come into view1 we become aw>e ( ^? items ( exp]i5ce t are objects or facts4 ,ea* & e "o ( ^! objects or facts are 9 tru? di/+ui%$ & are !re=e 9 no /rict s5se indisc]nible f ea* o!r1 b s9ce no sci5ce c possibly obta9 9 relation to m]e p>ticul>s we f9d x useful to disreg>d v>i\s po9ts ( di/9ction t obta9 9 respect to v>i\s objects & facts & to conv]ge our reg>d ^u ! po9ts :]e9 di/9ction1 n absolutely vani%es1 b t5ds to vani%4 ,by ?is op]ation1 :i* is ab/raction1 v>i\s objects & facts become 9 m5tal reg>d fit & useful to be tak5 z copies ( "o ano!r & z indiff]5t = use 9 mo/ ( ! turns ( m5tal life4 ,!re are inde$ v>i\s relations1 objects1 & facts1 ) respect to :i* no fur!r op]ation or op]ations ( di/9ction ?an ! m]e di/9ctions ( ! "t1 ! place1 or ! occasion ( _! v>i\s manife/ations h be5 appli$ nor c )\t great difficulty be appli$4 ,b we are !re=e by no means entitl$ to say t su* are 9 tru? irresolvable4 ,contr>ily1 & reason+ inductively we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t e relation1 object1 & fact w "u analysis ( adequate p[] resolve )\t limit into o!r relations1 objects1 & facts4 ,we are n yet prep>$ to see t ! ultimate compon5ts ( relations1 objects1 & facts resolve into relations1 & no?+ b relations1 because we are n yet prep>$ ) an explicit idea ( ! nature & *>act]i/ics ( ^! elem5t>y objects4 ,! /udy ( ,m4 ,m\ret s9ce x />ts ) relations comb9+ !m "u ! conditions ( ,solid>ity ,co-,exi/5ce1 ,ab/raction & ,relativity1 7:i* are no?+ else ?an o!r relations or comp\nds ( relations17 does n seem to u to advance u at all 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal requisite4 ,he says no m ?an to say t 9 ord] = ! gr\ps ( relations to g5]ate fur!r def9ite relations ! relations ?us gr\p$ toge!r mu/ be relat$ to "o ano!r & !n t mo/ ( ^! relations mu/ be disreg>d$4 ,m4 ,m\ret di/+ui%es1 ) respect to a relation ?ree factors1 ! ,matt]1 or ! relational elem5ts gr\p$ toge!r1 ! ,=m1 or ! ord] 9 :i* ! relational elem5ts are array$1 & ! ,f\ndation4 ,z 8 /udy ( ! topic ( relations is pr(ess$ly = ! purpose ( enabl+ him ! bett] to solve ! nature ( ! relation ( ma!matical equality1 8 success may be e/imat$ by ref]5ce to 8 conclusions 9 reg>d to t relation4 ,^! are z foll[s3 8,! relation ( equality is =m$ ( undet]m9$ matt]1 x possesses a b9>y =m1 & has = a condition a relation ( indisc]nibility betwe5 ! two elem5ts40 ,su* conclusions appe> to u to be impot5t n to say errone\s4 ,if two ?+s obta9 at all1 !y obta9 z two & n "o1 9 v virtue ( be+ di/+ui%$ ! "o f ! o!r4 ,except ) reg>d to "s m or less arbitr>y di/9ctions1 l ! di/9ction betwe5 co9cid5t po9ts1 all di/9ctions obta9 only 9 virtue ( "s relation t c be no?+ else ?an a po9t ( disc]nibility4 ,numb]s & o!r ma!matical ?+s are tak5 z n-diff]5t n because !y are 9 tru? indisc]nible b because = ! turn 9 h& _! po9ts ( diff]5ce are irrelevant4 ,conc]n+ ! mu* moot$ "q ( ! prop] field ( logic z a sci5ce ,m4 ,m\ret holds x to be ! 8sci5ce ( relations & g5]al concepts40 ,al?\gh we hold t logic is p>ticul>ly conc]n$ ) ! lore t is m directly relat$ to ! ph5om5a ( errone\s ?9k+ & its correction1 ! view ( ,m4 ,m\ret is n unacceptable4 8,reason+ consi/s 9 ! obs]vation t :]e c]ta9 relations subsi/ c]ta9 o!rs are f\nd10 z ,mr4 ,peirce has rem>k$4 ,,vi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,mean+s ,,& ,,explanations4 ,z prelim9>y to our acc\nt ( relations we w make an obs]vation :i* seems to u ( consid]able use 9 connection !re)4 ,x is n )\t its be>+ on ! !ory ( def9ition or r ^u ! broad] !ory ( explanation4 ,) ,m4 ,m\ret we hold t e concept & relation resolves into a comp\nd ( relations4 ,s9ce relations are data t are absolutely elem5t>y at lea/ s f> z we are at pres5t in/ruct$ !y are ( c\rse n subsumable "u any o!r sort ( data t are bett] kn[n4 ,moreov]1 :atev] explanation we "h make mu/ ne$s be made by means ( writt5 words4 ,?us an important "q arises z to :at me?od is to be pursu$ 9 ?is special exig5cy4 ,! !ory ( def9ition leads u to ! same difficulty1 = al?\gh ! mean+s ( _m words c be def9$ 9 t]ms t are m proximate to ! elem5t>y relations1 we w always come at la/ to t]ms t admit ( no improv$ explanation by su* a me?od4 ,!re is no device ( words t c evade or sup]s$e ! ultimate rec\rse to ?+s4 ,n[ ! significations ( words are le>n$ 9 mo/ cases n s mu* by def9itions & v]bal descriptions z by ! obs]vation ( ! v>i\s applications ( ! words4 ,inde$ ?is is ! primitive way 9 :i* ! mean+s ( words are f\nd out4 ,! *ild kn[s no?+ ( :at1 say1 ! ^w horse means until "s "o %[s x an actual horse & may be po9t+ to x says repeat$ly1 horse1 9 su* a way z to excite ! obs]vation ( ! *ild to ! int5d$ application ( ! ^w to ! ?+4 ,?is is because ! relation ( e g5]al sign to its object subsi/s only 9 consequ5ce ( a m5tal association1 & until ?is m5tal association is creat$ ! sign has no mean+4 ,! me?ods ( evok+ ^! m5tal associations are at pres5t q unme?odical & d n receive ! att5tion :i* _! importance m]its4 ,"o feasible me?od is to pres5t or to /ate a numb] ( sc5es t %all pres5t ! object 9 v>i\s ways 9 connection ) ! sign !re(1 & ?us to excite att5tion to ! prop] application ( ! sign4 ,! geomet] does ?is by means ( 8 diagrams )\t :i* or _! m5tal c\nt]p>ts all 8 m]e words w\ld be 9 va94 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,t4 ,dixon has lately publi%$ a "w on ! 8,f\ndations ( ,geometry0 9 :i* he w\ld introduce z a fundam5tal datum :at is really an altoge!r new & exce$+ly ab/ract conception :i* he calls by an old "n1 t ( direction4 ,! old t]m has nev] be5 z yet tak5 9 any ab/ract univ]sal s5se because ap>t f def9ite "r l9es %[+ x z an attribute any ab/ract univ]sal mean+ is :olly unassignable4 ,b ! conception t ,mr4 ,dixon w\ld in/al is remov$ 9 ab/ractness f su* a univ]sal yet "o m /ep 9 univ]sality4 ,a ?ree-fold inf9ity ( "r l9es diff]+ 9 direction c be drawn 9 ord9>y space to ea* ( :i* p]ta9 two correspond+ univ]sals ( direction1 "o conv]se to ! o!r4 ,n[ ! conception ( direction t ,mr4 ,dixon proposes = s]vice z an elem5t>y geometrical datum is ! univ]sal t subsumes all ^! l[] rank+ univ]sals z p>ticul>s4 ,( c\rse he has difficulty 9 ev5 try+ to expla9 :at he means4 ,realis+ ! impossibility ( subsum+ x 9 any way he takes a me?od :i* if x 7 m ?or\ghly appli$1 & :olly emancipat$ f ! l+]+ notion ( def9ition1 might h be5 m successful4 ,z he actually left ! matt] 8 real mean+ c only be drawn f close /udy ( ! way 9 :i* he applies ! t]m 9 8 disc\rse 9 g5]al4 ,ow+ to its excessive ab/ractness 8 conception is :olly unfit = s]vice 9 elem5t>y geometry4 ,"o has to become a good geomet] be=e ! conception c ev5 be approa*$4 ,,vii4 ,,ano!r ,,!ory ,,( ,,relations4 ,we %all proce$ to expla9 :at we reg>d z a true & adequate notion ( a relation by /at+ "s sc5es t display ! same4 ,we d n reg>d x z ne$ful to /ate _m ( !m & we take = our fir/ "o1 ! common transaction ( mak+ a donation4 ,we h "h = relational elem5ts or t]ms z !y are usually call$ a set ( ?ree4 ,sep>ately1 or z n yet br\ght into relation 9 virtue ( ! giv+1 !re may be1 say ,g an own] ( ,w a wat* & ,r ! int5d$ b5efici>y4 ,! plural fact ( ! giv+ is ! relation%ip or ! f\ndation ( ! relations t arise 9 virtue ( said giv+4 ,?is f\ndation becomes to be 9 virtue ( ! creation ( su* relations by ! giv+4 ,ei!r "o ( ! set ( ?ree may be tak5 z ! datum ( ref]5ce & accord+ to ! election 9 ?is respect1 ! relations may diff] & ! te*nical names we are ab\t to give w v>y 9 _! application4 ,s9ce simplicity w be ga9$ !reby & also our pres5t turn fully subs]v$ we w take ,g z ! datum t]m ( ref]5ce4 ,s tak+ x ,g is call$ ! relate & bo? ,w & ,r are call$ ! correlates4 ,= ?is pres5t turn & 9 v virtue ( ! giv+ & only 9 virtue !re( ,g becomes relat$ to ,w & ,r 9 a c]ta9 relation "o ( ! names ( :i* is giv]4 ,:5 ,w or ,r are tak5 z relates c]ta9 o!r relations appe>1 "s ( ! names ( :i* are respectively pres5t & recipi5t4 ,9 relation to ! relation ( giv] ! relations ( pres5t & recipi5t are nam$ conv]se relations1 z are likewise ! relations ( pres5t & giv] to ! relation ( recipi5t & ! relations ( giv] & recipi5t to ! relation ( pres5t4 ,"h are ?ree di/9ct relations gr[+ out ( ! same relation%ip or f\ndation4 ,z ea* relational elem5t has its correspond+ negation1 ! true logical sy/em ( a set ( ?ree t]ms involves n less ?an eight relations4 ,we take = our second sc5e ! case ( a b\nd>y4 ,?is might be a surface or a po9t b we w take ! special case ( a l9e on a surface4 ,"h we h aga9 a set ( ?ree1 ! spread on "o side1 ,a1 ! opposite spread1 ,b1 & ! l9e ,l4 ,a has a c]ta9 relation1 say above1 to ,l & ,b1 ,b has ! c]ta9 relation1 bel[1 to ,a & ,l1 :i* relation is conv]se to ! relation above3 & ,l has ! c]ta9 relation1 b\nd>y1 to ,a & ,b :i* relation is conv]se to ! relations above & bel[4 ,! two examples n[ giv5 are cases ( ! conjugative k9d4 ,! relation%ip is a conjugative "o & ! relations are conjugative relations4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( a conjugative case is ! fact ess5tially involv$ ( ! m$iation betwe5 relational elem5ts by ano!r c]ta9 elem5t1 or 9 o!r words ! br++ ( div]se relational elem5ts into relation by ! function ( ano!r relational elem5t4 ,)\t ! m$iation or function ( ?is conjugat+ elem5t nei!r ! relation%ip nor ! conjugative relations c exi/4 ,!re is reason to believe t all conjugative cases c be c]tifi$ z cases ( ?ree relational elem5ts or z comp\nds ( a numb] ( su* sets ( ?ree4 ,to ord9>y uncritical ?\ght :i* is l>gely con/ra9$ by ! trammels ( ord9>y language ! mo/ abundant sort ( relations appe>s to be ( t sort t are tak5 to involve only two relational elem5ts4 ,^! are cases ( :at are call$ dual relation%ips & ! relations t arise out ( !m are call$ dual relations4 ,su* are ^? l fa!r1 son1 husb&1 wife1 etc4 ,/rictly view$ !y ought to be reg>d$ z deg5]ate relation%ips & relations j z a pair ( l9es is reg>d$ z a deg5]ate conic4 ,,viii4 ,,cautions ,,& ,,applications4 ,n[ besides ! error ( conf\nd+ relations ) relation%ip1 x is a v common fault to ?9k & speak ( a relation z be+ betwe5 two or m t]ms4 ,?is imports into ?\ght ! ?or\ghly mislead+ idea ( an int]v5+ indep5d5t exi/5ce = relations4 ,relations are attributive pr$icates ( t]ms & ea* "o ( !m p]ta9s /rictly to its prop] t]m or comb9ation ( t]ms1 9 ! same s5se = ?is turn 7pro hac vice7 t qualities are held to p]ta9 to _! s-call$ sub/ances4 ,& yet relations s p]ta9 to _! prop] t]ms n 9 virtue ( su* t]ms sep>ately b 9 virtue ( _! memb]%ip 9 ! plural fact :i* obta9s z ! relation%ip or f\ndation4 ,! notion ( a relation z a 8betwe5ness0 has p]haps be5 fo/]$ by ! exact co9cid5ce ( relations p]ta9+ to ! sev]al memb]s ( ! same relation%ip4 ,:5 on contemplat+ ! connection1 say ( two po9ts1 we obs]ve t ! di/ance ( "o f ! o!r is app>5tly indi/+ui%able f ! di/ance ( ! o!r f ! "o1 we naturally ov]look ! fact t we are truly to reg>d ! connection z ! co9cid5ce ( two really di/9ct relations1 & reg>d+ ! pair ( relations z "o ?+ & f9d+ x n attributable to "o po9t m ?an to ! o!r we dissociate x f bo?4 ,b :5 we consid] a pair ( relations t are conv]se to "o ano!r & t arise out ( a dual relation%ip l t ( husb& & wife we may see t !re is no betwe5ness1 no s+le relation t int]lies1 b two relations1 "o ! relation ( husb& & ! o!r ! conv]se relation ( wife4 ,an int]action1 say l t ( approa* "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 is a relation%ip4 ,ea* body /&s 9 ! relation ( a pull] ( ! o!r & ! m$iat+ t]m :i* we f9d impossible to argue out ( ! acc\nt we call ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,9 ?is case ! relation ( action ( ! "o body is n usually di/+ui%$ f ! relation ( action ( ! o!r "o4 ,inde$ ?is is ! case 9 all cases ( me*anical action & we lay x d[n z a maxim t action & reaction are equal b !y are n alike s9ce _! directions are opposite4 ,s5sation is a relation%ip1 s9ce x is our int]action4 ,! object int]acts ) ! bra94 ,z to ! conjugat+ t]m we are z yet 9 ! d>k & s we are 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ ?is case z a dual relation4 ,! relation ( ! bra9 to ! object is t ( a kn[] & t ( ! object to ! bra9 t ( a /imulat]4 ,ea* "* or m>k ( ! object t becomes app>5t gives rise to relations & _! respective conv]ses ea* correlative pair ( :i* are respectively s _m di/9ct int]actions ( detail 9 ! entire int]action4 ,:atev] an object z kn[n to u is1 x is 9 virtue ( ^? relations ( bra9 action & detail$ object /imulation1 :i* are relations & always relations4 ,s9ce consci\sness exi/s only by ! aris+ ( relations ( di/9ction1 supposably 9 consequ5ce ( int]nal bra9 int]action1 is x presumptu\s to allege t consci\sness consi/s ( relations or a complex ( relations8 ,,ix4 ,,nature ,,( ,,objects4 ,) reg>d to ! object no "o c prev5t :oev] may be s dispos$1 f imput+ to x v>i\s po9ts ( possession t d n & _c int]act ) ! bra94 ,s f> z su* imput$ po9ts are reg>d$ z m]ely n yet int]act+ b possible to int]act ) kn[+ sub/ance su* po9ts 9 no wise diff] 9 ess5tial nature f ! kn[n attributes4 ,!y are pot5tial relations & no?+ else4 ,b 9 s f> z !y are reg>d$ z ess5tially impossible ( ev] int]act+ ) kn[+ sub/ance 9 any possible /age ( its developm5t su* reg>d is pure nons5se & utt]ly )\t any assignable mean+4 ,!re is no occasion :atev] = su* an imputation1 = ! exi/5ce ( int]action actual or pot5tial is fully adequate to expla9 all t w ev] pres5t itself to be expla9$4 ,at ?is po9t let u in/ruct ourselves ) an example ( ! reason+s ( a mu* & des]v$ly honor$ philosoph]4 ,he says3 8,9 ! mo/ g5]al pr$icate :i* is det]m9$ ,be+ or exi/5ce--= all ?+s 9 ! univ]se are det]m9$ be+s--we h an evid5t two-foldness 7a composite nature7 :i* all[s ( a fur!r analysis into pure ,be+ & det]m9ation40 ,we w p>allel ?is analysis4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity we w take a limit$ "r l9e4 ,x has ! det]m9ations /raight & long1 n l5g? 9 ! s5se ( measure1 = l5g? is ambigu\s 9 its int5t1 b l5g? 9 its qualitative s5se--its l9e>ity s to speak4 ,n[ sep>ate f x fir/ its /raightness )\t h[ev] giv+ to x any o!r det]m9ation1 & !n its quality ( longness4 ,we h !n a pure l9e1 t is nei!r /raight1 nor long1 nor any?+ else4 ,su* is an example ( 8,pure ,be+40 ,we say h[ev] t its v be+ z a l9e is absolutely dep5d5t on its det]m9ation z a long l9e2 t su* a det]m9ation alone con/itutes x a l9e1 is at once its det]m9ation & its be+1 t !re is no two-foldness at all b only two names1 & t z "o-fold its det]m9ation z long & its be+ vani% toge!r4 ,:at is true ( a l9e is true ( all relations & comp\nds ( relations :atev]4 ,?us n only all k b all exi/5ce s f> z t t]m c ev] h any mean+ is relative2 relative to all int5ts & = e possible turn4 ,to ^? :o accept ! ess5tials ( ?is acc\nt ( relations x w be easy to see :at is ! nature ( an object & t ( a concept or notion4 ,an object is a relation or "s cong]ies ( relations t usually pres5t !mselves z a coh]5t :ole to our s5sibility or to consci\sness4 ,?is is prim>ily effect$ 9 virtue ( "s efficacy :i* we _c appropriate to ourselves1 & s we di/+ui% our own p]sonality f t manifold t we call ! objective _w4 ,x is pure self-/ultification aft] hav+ made ?is mo/ useful di/9ction to try & aboli% x4 ,no?+ b an utt] abolition ( all useful ?\ght c result f s tak+ ! data ( exp]i5ce4 ,x4 ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,concept4 ,b objects are individual & g5]ally f\nd ) v>i\s po9ts ( di/9ction "s ( :i* are irrelevant to mo/ ( ! turns ( m5tal life4 ,we !re=e neglect ! irrelevant po9ts & take _m objects z copies ( "o ano!r4 ,?is process is n ! =mation ( ! concept or notion b x sugge/s & prompts t =mation4 ,we _c b reg>d x z an error to take a conception z a sum ( individuals4 ,x seems to u to be r 9 ! nature ( a locus4 ,a curve conta9s an inf9ity ( po9ts & yet ! curve is n any sum ( po9ts ev5 ?\gh x is (t5 all[able to speak ( x z ! sum ( all its po9ts4 ,s any concept1 say1 man1 is n all ! m5 t n[ live nor yet all ! m5 t et]nity bo? backw>ds & =w>ds has conta9$ & w conta94 ,a concept is a manifold & /rictly univ]sal & inf9ite 9 respect to ! p>ticul>s x subsumes4 ,we speak ( ! inf9itive mood ( a v]b because ! mean+ ( ! ^w z ?us tak5 is n put "u any modification4 ,9 l mann] ! mean+ ( any concept ?\gh subject to v>i\s limitations 9 its applications is z a concept m]ely to be reg>d$ z obta9+ 9 a purely inf9itive s5se4 ,pr(essor ,jevons f\nd a difficulty 9 classify+ :at he call$ mat]ial t]ms1 su* z /one1 s&1 wat]1 etc4 ,o!r logicians h put su* t]ms z s+ul> t]ms1 :ile /ill o!rs h class$ !m z g5]al t]ms4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( su* t]ms4 ,potatoes1 :eat1 butt]1 ice1 cattle1 wat]1 hydrog51 ! names ( all ! elem5ts1 e!r1 electricity1 "t1 space1 love1 virtue1 etc41 are in/ances4 ,x seems to u t su* t]ms are ! normal types ( g5]al t]ms & t ! canonical =ms ( our univ]sal propositions ought to be unquantifi$ n only z reg>ds ! pr$icates b also z reg>ds ! subjects4 ,:y n 8man is animal0 j z 8l>d is grease0 or 8man is mortal0 j z 8butt] is *eap08 ,moreov] ! di/9ction betwe5 a g5]al concept & "o t is call$ s+ul> is only "o ( degree & n ( k9d4 ,e s-call$ s+ul> t]m is pot5tially at lea/ only an individual in/ance "u a possible g5]al or univ]sal concept4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is pot5tiality is furni%$ by ! mod]n g5]alisations ( t =m]ly s+ul> t]m1 space4 ,if ^! obs]vations are well f\nd$1 ! univ]sals ( ?\ght ev5 ?\gh aris+ out ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce & rigidly behold5 to exp]i5ce = e la/ elem5t out ( :i* !y are con/ruct$1 =m nev]!less a ,=mal-,?\ght-,_w1 & ! m9d ( man 9 virtue ( its p[]s ( imag9ative con/ruction & g5]alisation has a con/itution t enables x to subsume ! actual objective univ]se z only "o p>ticul> ( a univ]sality ( a high] rank4 ,"u su* a conception ( ! objective _w & ! _w ( ?\ght & _! relations ! old dispute ( realism v]sus nom9alism w\ld take a new aspect4 ,univ]sals 9 re ev5 ?\gh !y 7 admitt$ to exi/ w\ld become univ]sals no long] 9 ! high] univ]se ( ?\ght4 ,true univ]sals w\ld only subsi/ z univ]sals ( ! _w ( m9d4 ,! laws ( ,=m & ,=mal ,?\ght w\ld ?us become ( *ief mom5t 9 philosophy & no "o c\ld be recognis$ z prop]ly lay+ claim to ! title ( philosoph] )\t pr(ici5cy !re94 ,,xi4 ,,fallacy ,,( ,,! ,,sp5c]ian ,,axiom4 ,conc]n+ ! 8axiom ( symmetry0 only a few examples ( its fallacy are ne$ful4 ,mutual fri5d%ip is c]ta9ly a 8symmetrical0 relation1 b ,a & ,c may be mutual fri5ds & ,b & ,c mutual fri5ds also1 b x 9 no wise foll[s t ,a & ,b are fri5ds4 ,!y may be decid$ly unfri5dly z we (t5 see ! case4 ,take a case ( equilibrium ! cases ( :i* seem to be favorite ones ) ,m4 ,m\ret4 ,we suppose t planets may be reg>d$ z 9 a relation ( equilibrium ) ! sun & yet ^! m]e equilibrations ) ! sun d n make any equilibrium betwe5 !m4 ,!y d n knock toge!r x is true b ?is is due to _! own direct relations & n _! relations ( equilibrium ) ! sun4 ,! di/ances ( po9ts f ea* o!r is a 8symmetrical0 relation & yet po9t ,a may be f po9t ,c ! v same di/ance t po9t ,b is f ,c1 b ! di/ance ( po9ts ,a & ,b f "o ano!r may v>y f co9cid5ce to d\ble ! di/ance ,a ,c-,b ,c4 ,,xii4 ,,nature ,,( ,,ari?metical ,,equality4 ,conc]n+ ! relation ( 8ma!matical equality0 !re is no s+le relation t obta9s ?r\gh\t ma!matics z su*4 ,!re is num]ical equality ^u :i* ! equality 9 s]vice 9 num]ic algebra is f\nd$1 & !re is geometric equality1 ! equality ( vectors1 etc41 all diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,m4 ,m\ret seems to h only num]ic equality 9 view4 ,he claims ?is relation to be n only ( a v simple nature b t x is ! v f\ndation ( ! notions ( magnitude & quantity4 ,he ev5 decl>es t ma!matics c\ld n exi/ )\t ?is relation4 ,did he lose sight ( ! usual pro( ( ,f\ri]'s celebrat$ !orem8 ,z we h expla9$1 ?+s t are di/+ui%$ are n really alike b only = c]ta9 turns tak5 to be s4 ,?is assimilation ( ?+s is ( v>i\s grades4 ,9 ari?metic1 mean+ ari?metic 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 ! only logical compreh5sion t ! v>i\s numb]s possess is respectively _! great] or less p>titionability2 m is ! same z n means 9 ari?metic t :atev] has ! num]ical rank ( m has also precisely ! num]ical rank ( n no matt] :at summations or o!r num]ical op]ations m or n may repres5t4 ,id5tity ( ?is sort is ari?metical equality4 ,x seems a simple relation = ! reason t its int]v5tion v decisively simplifies our ari?metical compreh5sions4 ,x is h[ev] a co9cid5ce ( two relations t are conv]se to "o ano!r4 ,^! relations are 8n less ?an0 & 8n great] ?an40 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! m inclusive a notion or concept is 9 ext5sion1 ! m simple & prim>y x is ?an any o!r notion or concept includ$ z an in/ance "u x4 ,n[ all equality is 8n less ?an0 b n all 8n less ?an0 is necess>ily equality2 h5ce1 8n less ?an0 is a wid] & m prim>y notion ?an equality4 ,on ! same consid]ations 8n m ?an0 is 9 ! same case4 ,equality is ! limit+ case betwe5 ! v>iable & logically m simple cases ( 8n less ?an0 & 8n m ?an40 ,! notion ( quantity em]ges on comp>ison h[ev] vague betwe5 any two objects t h size1 indep5d5tly ( ! notion ( equality4 ,if ?is 7 n true h[ c\ld we h ! notions ( inf9itely l>ge & inf9itely small4 ,x is inde$ true t )\t ! notion ( equality ! !ory ( numb]s & ! ma!matical analysis c\ld subsi/ 9 a rudim5t>y /ate only1 b to say t !y w\ld n exi/ at all is ra% & n ma9ta9able4 ,! relations 8n less ?an0 8n m ?an0 w\ld /ill all[ ( "s truly ma!matical propositions1 op]ations1 & calculations4 ,9 t ess5tially qualitative notation t is ord9>y language ! relation t corresponds to equality is ( v limit$ range b a relation t is analog\s to 8n less ?an10 viz41 sup]sumption1 is v effici5t4 ,) a !ory ( numb]s & a ma!matical analysis us+ only ! relations 8n less ?an0 8n m ?an0 9 lieu ( ! relation ( equality ! fundam5tal op]ations1 addition & sub/itution1 w\ld f9d "s scope ( application & h5ce ! d]ivative op]ations1 multiplication1 p[]+1 etc41 & _! inv]sions1 subtraction1 division1 etc41 w\ld obta9 9 "s fa%ion & to "s ext5t4 ,?is c readily be se5 by any "o :o is famili> ) ! way 9 :i* expressions ( inequality are us$ 9 mod]n ma!matical analysis4 ,,francis ,c4 ,,russell4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,james',s ,,psy*ology4 ,,ii4 ,,emotion4 ,no?+ 9 ,pr(essor ,james's "w w be likely to /rike ! av]age read] z m p>adoxical ?an 8 views on ! subject ( ,emotion1 :i* he mu/ be all[$ to /ate 9 8 own words4 ,aft] premis+ t he w limit 8 discussion1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to :at may be call$ ! co>s] emotions1 z fe>1 grief1 rage1 love1 9 :i* e "o recognises a /rong organic rev]b]ation1 he goes on to say3 8,our natural way ( ?9k+ ab\t ^! co>s] emotions is t ! m5tal p]ception ( "s fact excites ! m5tal affection call$ ! emotion1 & t ?is latt] /ate ( m9d gives rise to ! bodily expression4 ,my !ory1 on ! contr>y1 is t ! bodily *anges foll[ directly ! p]ception ( ! exi/+ fact1 & t our feel+ ( ! same *anges1 z !y occur1 is ! emotion4 ,common s5se says1 we lose our =tune1 are sorry & weep2 we meet a be>1 are fright5$ & run2 we are insult$ by a rival1 are angry & /rike4 ,! hypo!sis "h to be def5d$ says t ?is ord] ( sequ5ce is incorrect1 t ! "o m5tal /ate is n imm$iately induc$ by ! o!r1 t ! bodily manife/ations mu/ fir/ be int]pos$ betwe51 & t ! m rational /atem5t is t we feel sorry because we cry1 angry because we /rike1 afraid because we tremble1 & n t we /rike1 cry1 or tremble1 because we are sorry1 angry or fe>ful1 z ! case may be4 ,)\t ! bodily /ate foll[+ on ! p]ception1 ! latt] w\ld be purely cognitive 9 =m1 pale1 colorless1 de/itute ( emotional w>m?4 ,we might !n see ! be> & judge x be/ to run1 receive ! insult & deem x "r to /rike1 b we %\ld n actually feel afraid or angry4 8,/at$ 9 ?is crude way1 ! hypo!sis is pretty sure to meet ) imm$iate disbelief4 ,& yet nei!r _m nor f>-fet*$ consid]ations are requir$ to mitigate its p>adoxical "*1 & possibly to produce conviction ( its tru?4 8,to beg9 )1 no read] ( ! la/ two *apt]s w be incl9$ to d\bt ! fact t objects d excite bodily *anges by a preorganis$ me*anism1 or ! f>!r fact t ! *anges are s indef9itely num]\s & subtle t ! entire organism may be call$ a s\nd+-bo>d :i* e *ange ( consci\sness1 h[ev] slight1 may make rev]b]ate4444 8,! next ?+ to be notic$ is ?is1 t e "o ( ! bodily *anges1 :atsoev] x be1 is ,,felt1 acutely or obscurely1 ! mom5t x occurs4444 8,i n[ proce$ to urge ! vital po9t ( my :ole !ory1 :i* is ?is3 ,if we fancy "s /rong emotion1 & !n try to ab/ract f our consci\sness ( x all ! feel+s ( its bodily symptoms1 we f9d we h no?+ left beh9d1 no #8m9d-/uff' out ( :i* ! emotion c be con/itut$1 & t a cold & neutral /ate ( intellectual p]ception is all t rema9s4 ,x is true t1 al?\gh mo/ p :5 ask$ say t _! introspection v]ifies ?is /atem5t1 "s p]si/ 9 say+ t x does n4 ,_m _c be made to und]/& ! "q4 ,:5 y beg !m to imag9e away e feel+ ( laught] & ( t5d5cy to laugh f _! consci\sness ( ! ludicr\sness ( an object1 & !n to tell y :at ! feel+ ( its ludicr\sness w\ld be l1 :e!r x be any?+ m ?an ! p]ception t ! object belongs to ! class #8funny1' !y p]si/ 9 reply+ t ! ?+ propos$ is a physical impossibility & t !y always mu/ laugh if !y see a funny object4 ,( c\rse ! task propos$ is n ! practical "o ( see+ a ludicr\s object & annihilat+ "o's t5d5cy to laugh4 ,x is ! purely speculative "o ( subtract+ c]ta9 elem5ts ( feel+ f an emotional /ate suppos$ to exi/ 9 all its fulness1 & say+ :at ! residual elem5ts are4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t all :o rightly appreh5d ?is problem w agree ) ! proposition above laid d[n4 ,:at k9d ( an emotion ( fe> w\ld be left if ! feel+ nei!r ( quick5$ he>t-beats nor ( %all[ brea?+1 nei!r ( trembl+ lip nor ( weak5$ limbs1 nei!r ( goose-fle% nor ( visc]al /irr+s1 7 pres5t1 x is q impossible = me to ?9k4 ,c "o fancy ! /ate ( rage & picture no ebullition 9 ! *e/1 no flu%+ ( ! face1 no dilatation ( ! no/rils1 no cl5*+ ( ! tee?1 no impulse to vigor\s action1 b 9 _! /ead limp muscles1 calm brea?+ & a placid face8 ,! pres5t writ]1 = "o1 c]ta9ly _c4 ,! rage is z completely evaporat$ z ! s5sation ( its s-call$ manife/ations1 & ! only ?+ t c be suppos$ to take its place is "s cold-blood$ & dispassionate s5t5ce1 conf9$ entirely to ! judicial realm1 to ! effect t a c]ta9 p]son or p]sons m]it *a/isem5t = _! s9s4 ,9 l mann] ( grief3 :at w\ld x be )\t its te>s1 its sobs1 its suffocation ( ! he>t1 its pang 9 ! brea/-bone8 ,a feel+less recognition t c]ta9 circum/ances are deplorable1 & no?+ m4 ,e passion 9 turn tells ! same /ory4 ,a purely disembodi$ human emotion is a non-entity40 7,p4 #ddi seq47 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible = me to give all ! argum5ts by :i* ,pr(essor ,james attempts to e/abli% 8 position2 ! above quotations w make x cle> :at x is--namely1 t all our 8feel+s0 are s5sations4 ,be=e proce$+ to consid] "s ( ! objections to ?is view ( ! matt]1 x may be well to notice briefly :at seems to be a gap 9 ! au?or's treatm5t ( x4 ,9 adult human be+s1 v few1 comp>atively1 ( :at are ord9>ily recognis$ z emotions foll[ directly ^u ! p]ception ( _! objects1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,8 !ory might p]haps suffice1 )\t fur!r explanation = su* cases z ! 8spitt+0 ( bl9d kitt5s at ! smell ( a dog1 or ! rage ( a bull at ! sight ( a r$ clo?1 or ! />tl$ feel+ t we exp]i5ce at a l\d & unexpect$ s\nd1 if ! latt] %\ld be call$ an emotion4 ,b 9 ! imm5se majority ( in/ances ! emotions ( :i* he treats arise 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,"s ( 8 own illu/rations w s]ve z well z any to %[ ?is4 ,= in/ance1 nei!r runn+ nor any o!r ( ! symptoms ( fe> :i* he enum]ates is ! necess>y result ( see+ a be>4 ,a *a9$ or cag$ be> may excite only feel+s ( curiosity1 & a well arm$ hunt] might exp]i5ce only pleasurable feel+s at meet+ "o loose 9 ! woods4 ,x is n1 !n1 ! p]ception ( ! be> t excites ! movem5ts ( fe>4 ,we d n run f ! be> unless we suppose him capable ( do+ u bodily injury4 ,:y %\ld ! expectation ( be+ eat51 = in/ance1 set ! muscles ( our legs 9 motion8 8,common s5se0 w\ld be likely to say x 0 because we object to be+ eat51 b accord+ to ,pr(essor ,james1 ! reason we dislike to be eat5 is because we run away4 ,s1 aga91 /rik+ is n a reflex act1 foll[+ on ! he>+ ( an insult z sneez+ does on tak+ snuff4 ,:e!r ! muscul> movem5ts or ! emotions are ! prim>y ?+1 :at bo? %all be dep5ds on _m ?+s besides ! words t are spok54 ,to be accus$ ( drunk5ness or un*a/ity1 = in/ance1 w\ld dispose "s p]sons to viol5ce1 b o!rs might feel only ! /irr+s ( pride at :at !y w\ld consid] a tribute to _! manhood4 ,9 ^? :o consid]$ su* a *>ge opprobri\s1 x might excite feel+s ( amusem5t1 contempt1 pity1 or grief t[>ds ! "o mak+ x1 accord+ to ! e/imation 9 :i* he 0 held4 ,to say t if x makes u /rike we %all be angry1 if x makes u laugh we %all be amus$1 if x makes u weep we %all be griev$1 does n g to ! bottom ( ! matt]4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 ! ?\ght ( ! e/imation 9 :i* we are held by o!rs is1 9 itself1 entirely indiff]5t to u1 & only affects our feel+s ?r\gh ! muscul> movem5ts x excites4 ,9 view ( ! v>iety ( ^! movem5ts 9 response to ! same physical /imulus 9 a case l ?is1 ! /atem5t t objects excite bodily *anges by a preorganis$ me*anism expla9s no?+4 ,we want to "k :y 9 "o case a giv5 p]ception excites "o set ( movem5ts1 & 9 ano!r an entirely diff]5t set4 ,)\t attempt+ to decide :e!r or n a satisfactory explanation c be giv5 on ,pr(essor ,james's hypo!sis1 ,i w only say1 t1 s f> z ,i c see1 he n[h]e attempts x4 ,9 8 section on 8,! ,g5esis ( ! ,v>i\s ,emotions10 7pp4 #dgg seq471 he only discusses ! "q h[ ! v>i\s feel+s come to be associat$ ) _! respective movem5ts4 ,h[ ! movem5ts come to be associat$ ) ! p]ceptions1 he does n discuss at all4 ,turn+ n[ to ! consid]ations :i* ,pr(essor ,james urges 9 support ( 8 !ory1 quot$ above1 ! fir/ two--t objects excite bodily *anges & t ^! *anges are m or less di/9ctly felt--may pass un*all5g$4 ,i am dispos$ to g z f> ) him z to admit t ^! feel+s1 9 ! cases :i* he describes1 may prop]ly be consid]$ compon5ts ( ! emotional /ate4 ,b :5 he affirms t !re is no?+ else--t if we subtract our consci\sness ( p]iph]al s5sations !re w\ld be no emotion left--x seems to me t he is go+ v mu* too f>4 ,i %\ld h no hesitation 9 say+ t su* a /atem5t ( ! case is contradict$ by my consci\sness1 b z t w\ld be m]ely sett+ up my consci\sness aga9/ 81 )\t ! possibility ( an umpire1 ,i w call att5tion to "s o!r consid]ations :i* seem to me to r5d] x improbable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be notic$ t ! cases he in/ances 9 illu/ration ( 8 position are all ( viol5t emotions4 ,admitt+ t we _c h ^! emotions1 9 su* degree1 )\t movem5ts su* z he describes1 nor ev5 imag9e h[ !y w\ld feel if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 x does n foll[ because !y _c be sep>at$ t !y are id5tical4 ,we d n reason 9 ?is way 9 reg>d to ^? feel+s :i* are n commonly call$ emotions4 ,i c no m imag9e myself 9 int5se bodily pa9 )\t a t5d5cy to groan & wri! ?an deeply griev$ )\t a t5d5cy to weep1 & yet no "o1 probably1 w\ld say t ! pa9 consi/$ solely 9 my consci\sness ( ! groan+ & wri?+4 ,if grief is a k9d ( pa91 x is to be expect$ t1 9 a high degree1 x w produce bodily movem5ts m or less simil> to ^? excit$ by o!r sorts ( pa94 ,all ^! emotions1 h[ev]1 are capable ( inf9ite gradations 9 int5sity4 ,! fe> ( los+ "o's pocket h&k]*ief is an emotion ( ! same k9d z ! fe> ( los+ "o's =tune4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,james's description ( fe>1 x is evid5t t he has abject t]ror 9 m9d2 ,i h>dly ?9k x probable t he has any su* s5sations1 :5 he fe>s1 = in/ance1 t he w be late to d9n]1 & yet he mu/ be diff]5tly con/itut$ f _m ( 8 fell[-m5 if 8 /ate ( m9d 9 su* a case is m]ely a cold1 intellectual cognition ( ! fact t su* a /ate ( affairs w\ld be undesirable4 ,! same is true ( ! o!r emotions he m5tions4 ,! feel+ ( ! ludicr\s is1 p]haps1 ! /ronge/ case he cites1 b 9 my own case slight degrees ( amusem5t d n excite laught]1 or ev5 any consci\s disposition to laugh4 ,!re is1 at ! mo/1 9 su* cases1 a t5d5cy to smile1 :i* may be ov]p[]$ by "s o!r emotion1 )\t 9 ! lea/ impair+ my feel+ ( amusem5t4 ,x seems to me c]ta9 t slight degrees ( all ! emotions m5tion$ may be unaccompani$ by any di/9ct consci\sness ( reflex movem5ts4 ,9 su* cases x is only by a pretty /rong ef=t ( att5tion t we are able1 if at all1 to det]m9e :at ! bodily *anges are1 al?\gh we are di/9ctly aw>e ( ! emotion4 ,aga91 x is to be notic$ t _m actions1 simil> 9 "* to ^? we h be5 consid]+1 are n associat$ ) :at are commonly call$ emotions4 ,laugh+ & sobb+1 = in/ance1 are spasmodic movem5ts ( ! muscles ( respiration1 n /rik+ly diff]5t f hiccup+1 & !re seems no good reason :y ! consci\sness ( ! =m] two %\ld usually be felt z /rong emotional excitem5t1 :ile ! latt] is n4 ,9 "s cases1 movem5ts id5tical ) ^? accompany+ p>ticul> emotions may occur entirely indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,%iv]+ f cold1 = in/ance1 is ! same sort ( a movem5t z may occur 9 viol5t fright1 b x does n make u feel fright5$4 ,! laught] excit$ 9 *ildr5 & s5sitive p]sons by tickl+ ( ! sk9 is n necess>ily accompani$ by any mir?ful feel+s4 ,! act ( vomit+ may be ! accompanim5t ( ! mo/ extreme disgu/1 or x may occur )\t a trace ( su* emotion4 ,pr(essor ,james himself gives an in/ance ( ?is sort t c h>dly be bett]$3 8,! writ] well rememb]s 8 a/oni%m5t1 :5 a boy ( sev5 or eight1 at fa9t+ :5 he saw a horse bl$4 ,! blood 0 9 a bucket1 ) a /ick 9 x1 & if memory does n deceive him1 he /irr$ x r\nd & saw x drip f ! /ick ) no feel+ save t ( *ildi% curiosity4 ,sudd5ly ! _w grew black be=e 8 eyes1 8 e>s began to buzz1 & he knew no m4 ,he _h nev] he>d ( ! sight ( blood produc+ fa9tness or sickness1 & he _h little repugnance to x1 & s little appreh5sion ( any o!r sort ( dang] f x1 t ev5 at t t5d] age1 z he well rememb]s1 he c\ld n help wond]+ h[ ! m]e physical pres5ce ( a pailful ( crimson fluid c\ld occasion 9 him su* =midable bodily effects0 7p4 #deg74 ,"h we h a condition su* z is sometimes exp]i5c$ 9 connection ) ! mo/ extreme degree ( fe> or grief unaccompani$ by any emotion except a/oni%m5t at its occurr5ce4 ,i presume t if a p]son %\ld fa9t on he>+ bad news1 ,pr(essor ,james w\ld consid] t "o ( ! causes ( 8 int5se emotion4 ,:y did x h no su* effect 9 ?is case8 ,assum+ t ! emotions are ! effects & n ! causes ( :at are usually reckon$ z _! 8expression10 x seems evid5t t a giv5 movem5t or set ( movem5ts mu/ uni=mly1 at lea/ 9 ! same subject1 give rise to ! same feel+1 & t 9 ! case ( opposite emotions su* z joy & grief1 hope & fe>1 ! m int5se ! emotion1 ! m unlike mu/ be ! actions f :i* x arises4 ,nei!r ( ^! is ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem to be ! fact t ! actions accompany+ emotion t5d to become m alike 9 proportion to its int5sity4 ,x is n at all uncommon = p to weep f excess ( joy z well z ( grief4 ,pallor & trembl+ are frequ5t accompanim5ts ( ! extremes ( hope z well z fe>4 ,! naturali/ ,wallace gives an acc\nt ( 8 feel+s on captur+ a r>e & beautiful butt]fly1 :i* is wor? quot+ 9 ?is connection3 8,! beauty & brilliancy ( ?is insect are indescribable1 & none b a naturali/ c und]/& ! int5se excitem5t ,i exp]i5c$ :5 ,i at l5g? captur$ x4 ,on tak+ x out ( ! net & op5+ ! glori\s w+s1 my he>t began to beat viol5tly1 ! blood ru%$ to my head1 & ,i felt m l fa9t+ ?an ,i h done :5 9 prospect ( imm$iate dea?4 ,i _h a heada*e ! re/ ( ! day1 s great 0 ! excitem5t produc$ by :at w appe> to mo/ p a v inadequate cause0 78,malay ,ar*ipelago10 p4 #cdb74 ,"h x is evid5t t a feel+ ( int5se exultation gave rise to s5sations v simil>1 to say ! lea/1 to ^? ( extreme fe>4 ,"o o!r argum5t br\ght =w>d by ! au?or des]ves special notice 9 ?is connection3 8,! be/ pro( t ! imm$iate cause ( emotion is a physical effect on ! n]ves is furni%$ by ^? pa?ological /ates 9 :i* ! emotion is objectless4 ,"o ( ! *ief m]its1 9 fact1 ( ! view :i* ,i propose1 seems to be t we c s easily =mulate by its means pa?ological cases & normal cases "u a common s*eme4 ,9 e asylum we f9d examples ( absolutely unmotiv$ fe>1 ang]1 melan*oly1 or conceit1 & o!rs ( an equally unmotiv$ apa?y1 :i* p]si/s 9 spite ( ! be/ ( outw>d reasons :y x %\ld give way4 ,9 ! =m] cases we mu/ suppose ! n]v\s ma*9]y to be s #8labile' 9 "s "o emotional direction t almo/ e /imulus 7h[ev] inappropriate7 causes x to upset 9 t way1 & to eng5d] ! p>ticul> complex ( feel+s ( :i* ! psy*ic body ( t emotion consi/s4 ,?us1 to take "o special in/ance1 if inability to draw deep brea?1 flutt]+ ( ! he>t1 & t peculi> epiga/ric *ange felt z #8precordial anxiety1' ) an irresi/ible t5d5cy to take a some:at cr\*+ attitude & to sit /ill1 & ) p]haps o!r visc]al processes n n[ kn[n1 all spontane\sly occur toge!r 9 a c]ta9 p]son2 8 feel+ ( _! comb9ation is ! emotion ( dread1 & he is ! victim ( :at is kn[n z morbid fe>0 7p4 #deh74 ,n[1 x is evid5t1 ( c\rse1 9 su* a case z ?is1 t su* a comb9ation ( feel+s z is "h describ$ is n a =tuit\s co9cid5ce ( s _m indep5d5t s5sations4 ,!y mu/ h a common />t+-po9t1 :i* _c well be else:]e ?an 9 ! bra94 ,b if ?is is ! case1 x seems to me to be begg+ ! "q to assume t ! s5sations & n ! emotion are ! prim>y ?+4 ,on ! assumption t fe>1 9 ! normal condition1 is ! cause ( ! di/urbances ( respiration1 circulation1 & ! l1 :i* accompany x1 x is z easy to =mulate normal & pa?ological cases "u a common s*eme1 by suppos+ x to be ! cause ( ! l di/urbances 9 cases ( morbid fe>1 z on ! !ory ( ,pr(essor ,james4 ,x seems to me1 !n1 t ! !ory does n satisfactorily acc\nt = ! facts1 s f> z ! involunt>y1 reflex accompanim5ts ( motion are conc]n$4 ,! difficulty is greatly increas$ :5 we consid] ! relations ( emotion to volunt>y action4 ,we h se5 t reflex acts1 simil> to1 or id5tical ) ^? 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,james believes emotion to consi/1 may occur indep5d5tly ( emotion1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m1 at lea/4 ,/rictly volunt>y acts1 on ! contr>y1 are always ! concomitants ( emotion ( "s sort4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! ord9>y actions ( life1 !y are ! only motor ph5om5a ( :i* we are aw>e 9 ?is connection4 ,our :ole daily conduct1 9 our bus9ess & pleasure1 our incom+s & our outgo+s1 our d[nsitt+s & upris+s1 is insep>ably associat$ ) our lik+s & dislik+s1 our hopes & fe>s4 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is association8 ,"u ! !ory we are consid]+1 two relations ( volunt>y acts to emotion are possible4 ,!y may1 l ! involunt>y reactions1 con/itute ! emotion1 or unlike !m1 result f x4 ,pr(essor ,james does n express himself on ! g5]al "q1 b "s ( 8 illu/rations seem to favor ! =m] view4 ,if ! man :o meets a be> is fright5$ because he runs1 or ! "o :o is insult$1 angry because he /rikes1 ! volunt>y acts ( runn+ & /rik+ mu/1 9 "p1 at lea/1 con/itute ! emotions ( fe> & ang] 9 ^! cases4 ,let u1 !n1 consid] ?is case fir/4 ,if ,i see a %[] com+ up1 & run = a %elt]1 ! emotion is evid5tly ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh p]haps less 9 degree1 z 9 ! case ( ! man :o runs f ! be>4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,james1 ,i am afraid ( gett+ wet because ,i run4 ,b suppos+ t1 in/ead ( runn+1 ,i /ep into a %op & buy an umbrella4 ,! emotion is /ill ! same4 ,i am afraid ( gett+ wet4 ,consequ5tly1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! fe>1 9 ?is case1 consi/s 9 buy+ ! umbrella4 ,fe> ( hung]1 9 l mann]1 might consi/ 9 lay+ 9 a /ore ( provisions2 fe> ( pov]ty1 9 %ovel+ dirt at a doll> a day1 & s on indef9itely4 ,ang]1 aga91 may be associat$ ) _m o!r actions ?an /rik+4 ,%ylock's ang] at ,antonio's insults induc$ him to l5d him money4 ,did ! ang]1 or rev5gefulness1 or :atev] we may call ! passion1 consi/ 9 ! act ( l5d+ ! money8 ,i h>dly ?9k x necess>y to multiply in/ances 9 illu/ration ( ! fact t ! same act is (t5 associat$ ) ! mo/ contradictory emotions1 & acts :i* are ord9>ily indiff]5t ) ! mo/ int5se feel+2 t1 9 fact1 !re is no su* uni=mity 9 ! associations ( emotion ) volunt>y conduct z ! hypo!sis w\ld seem to require4 ,i incl9e to ?9k t mo/ p w believe1 9 ! cases cit$ by ,pr(essor ,james1 t ! runn+ & ! /rik+ are ! results1 n ! causes ( ! fe> & ang]4 ,if we assume su* to be ! case1 we are no bett] (f "u ! hypo!sis we are consid]+4 ,exclud+ volunt>y movem5ts1 !re is no?+ left ( ! emotion1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,james1 b ! consci\sness ( involunt>y1 reflex acts result+ f p]ception4 ,! volunt>y acts mu/1 !n1 be directly caus$ by ^!4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is (t5 difficult1 if n impossible1 to tell :at ^! actions are4 ,:at are ! involunt>y muscul> contractions t impel a day-labor] to g to ! place ( 8 "w1 & keep 8 volunt>y muscul> sy/em 9 /r5u\s activity all day1 endur+ fatigue & all ! discom=ts ( ! summ]'s heat or w9t]'s cold8 ,x w\ld probably puzzle him v mu* to tell1 al?\gh he has a v cle> idea ( :y he does x4 ,i d\bt if1 on 8 own hypo!sis1 ,pr(essor ,james himself w\ld f9d x easy to expla9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! emotions :i* impel him to g to ! class-room at ! appo9t$ h\r & conduct a recitation4 ,b ev5 9 cases 9 :i* we are di/9ctly consci\s ( involunt>y action1 !re seems to be no connection betwe5 x & ! volunt>y acts accompany+ ! emotion4 ,9 ! case ( ! man runn+ f ! be>1 = in/ance1 trembl+ lips1 weak5$ limbs1 goose-fle% & visc]al /irr+s h no?+ to d ) runn+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld r t5d to prev5t x4 ,9 fact1 x may be said1 9 g5]al1 t ! two classes ( emotional activities are mutually antagoni/ic4 ,! m involunt>y ! action1 ! less effici5t ! volunt>y activity is apt to be1 z any "o kn[s :o has _h an attack ( ! 8buck ague40 ,we %\ld h1 !re=e1 dim9ution ( ! effect ) increase ( ! cause4 ,x seems1 !n1 on ! hypo!sis1 impracticable to acc\nt = ! association ( volunt>y action ) emotion ei!r on ! supposition t ! =m] is ! cause or ! result ( ! latt]4 ,a ?ird alt]native--t !re is no relation ( cause & effect 9 ! case1 & t ! ph5om5a ( emotion & action1 al?\gh con/antly associat$1 are really indep5d5t1 ,i w n discuss1 z x does n comm5d itself to my m9d1 & ,pr(essor ,james1 else:]e1 expressly repudiates x4 ,x seems to me t ! only reasonable conclusion is t emotion is some?+ diff]5t f ei!r involunt>y or volunt>y muscul> activity1 & :i* may be ! cause ( ei!r or bo?4 ,pr(essor ,james1 aft] admitt+ t ! view ( ! subject :i* he advocates is only a hypo!sis1 & t mu* is lack+ to its def9itive pro(1 goes on to say3 8,! only way co]cively to disprove x1 h[ev]1 w\ld be to take "s emotion & !n exhibit qualities ( feel+ 9 x :i* %\ld be demon/rably additional to all ^? :i* c\ld possibly be d]iv$ f ! organs affect$ at ! "t4 ,b to detect ) c]ta9ty su* purely spiritual qualities ( feel+ w\ld obvi\sly be a task beyond human p[]4444 8,a positive pro( ( ! !ory w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 be giv51 if we c\ld f9d a subject absolutely an/hetic inside & out1 b n p>alytic1 s t emotion-inspir+ objects might evoke ! usual bodily expressions f him1 b :o1 on be+ consult$1 %\ld say t no subjective emotional affection 0 felt4 ,su* a man w\ld be l "o :o1 because he eats1 appe>s to by/&]s to be hungry1 b :o aft]w>ds confesses t he _h no appetite at all40 7,p4 #dee47 ,:e!r ! tru? ( ! fir/ ( ! above p>agraphs is to be conc$$ or n1 dep5ds1 ,i suppose1 on ! /r5g? ( pro( necess>y = co]cion4 ,! only way1 = in/ance1 co]cively to disprove ! once preval5t !ory t 8lunacy0 is due to ! influ5ce ( ! moon w\ld be to aboli% ! moon4 ,mo/ intellig5t p1 h[ev]1 at ! pres5t day1 accept ! fact t !re seems to be no co9cid5ce betwe5 ! moon's phases & ! ph5om5a ( insanity z suffici5t pro( = practical purposes ( ! incorrectness ( t !ory4 ,x seems to me t ! facts to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion %[ a some:at simil> lack ( correspond5ce 9 ! case we h be5 consid]+4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 unable to see :y a case ( complete an/hesia1 su* z is suppos$ 9 ! second p>agraph1 w\ld n answ] ne>ly z well = "o side ( ! "q z ! o!r1 accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( emotion4 ,to suppose t cutane\s & visc]al s5sations are pres]v$ unimpair$ = purposes ( emotion1 :ile absolutely aboli%$ = all o!r purposes1 w\ld be putt+ a pretty sev]e /ra9 on ! faculty ( belief4 ,su* cases1 z ,pr(essor ,james says1 are h>d to f9d4 ,he ref]s to "o1 report$ by ,/rmpell1 9 :i* a boy1 an/hetic )9 & )\t1 ) ! exception ( "o eye & "o e>1 0 /at$ to h manife/$ %ame1 grief1 surprise1 fe>1 & ang]4 ,he goes on1 h[ev]1 to say3 8,9 obs]v+ him1 h[ev]1 no su* !ory z ! pres5t "o seems to h be5 ?\ght (2 & x always rema9s possible t1 j z he satisfi$ 8 natural appetites & necessities 9 cold blood1 ) no inw>d feel+1 s 8 emotional expressions may h be5 accompani$ by a q cold he>t40 ,s9ce ,pr(essor ,james's "w 0 publi%$1 two cases h be5 report$ by ,b]kley1#eg :i*1 al?\gh n1 p]haps1 conclusive1 are ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! pati5t1 a woman ( ,engli% bir?1 age n /at$1 _h complete loss ( s5se ( pa91 heat & cold1 pressure & equilibrium1 ( smell1 ta/e1 & sight4 ,! s5se ( t\*1 al?\gh n completely aboli%$1 0 v greatly impair$4 ,%e recognis$ a hat1 = in/ance1 only aft] feel+ ( x = a long "t & !n seem$ d\btful ab\t x4 ,h] s5se ( ! position ( ! extremities 0 also v imp]fect1 al?\gh n entirely aboli%$2 & !re 0 "s deafness1 al?\gh n en\gh to r5d] h] incapable ( conv]sation4 ,) reg>d to h] m5tal /ate1 ,dr4 ,b]kley says3 8,! psy*ical condition has und]gone b slight *ange1 %e is possibly a little apa!tic1 ) "s slight t5d5cy t[>ds a melan*olic tone1 b :5 ar\s$ & induc$ to conv]se = "s "t1 ?is 9 great measure passes away4 ,! memory is q good40 ,dr4 ,b]kley 0 k9d en\gh to give me ! foll[+ additional in=mation ab\t ?is pati5t1 :o1 at ! "t ( writ+1 0 /ill "u obs]vation3 8,s9ce ! com+ on ( ! dullness 9 he>+ !re has be5 a consid]able degree ( apa?y manife/4 ,%e is no long] consci\s ( ! small] noises t occur ar\nd h]1 b is v readily ar\s$ by ! voice1 & !n takes a lively int]e/ 9 :at is said to h]3 = in/ance a few days ago ! resid5t physician rem>k$ to h] t he 0 go+ to obta9 a pair ( crut*es = h] use2 %e laugh$ he>tily at ! idea1 & said %e w\ld fall & break h] leg at ! fir/ /ep40 ,9 response to fur!r inquiries1 he writes z foll[s3 8#a7 ,visc]al s5sations4 ,! cle>e/ evid5ce ( visc]al s5sation ,i h not$ 9 my article10 w>n+ ( ! necessity ( evacuat+ ! b[els & bladd] by a prick+ pa9 9 ! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 8no o!rs 7 suffici5tly def9ite to be describ$4 ,= two ye>s !re has be5 no feel+ ( hung] or ?ir/1 & z ! diet has only be5 a few m\?fuls ( milk at a "t = ne>ly t p]iod1 !re has be5 no feel+ ( repletion4 8#b7 ,:5 ! pati5t laughs at a joke1 !re is a slight flu%+ ( ! face1 besides ! ord9>y contraction ( ! facial muscles2 %e is aw>e t %e is laugh+1 b besides ackn[l$g+ t %e p]ceives no diff]5ce betwe5 ! act n[1 & "s ye>s ago1 %e is unable to describe ! s5sation fur!r4 8#c7 ,ang]4 ,z ,i ?9k ,i m5tion$ 9 my la/ lett]1 ! pati5t has be5 a p]son ( unusually equal temp]2 an outbreak ( real passion has nev] be5 obs]v$ ) h]4 ,:5 annoy$ or teas$ by "s ( ! o!r wom51 !re is a di/9ct corrugation ( ! =ehead1 accompani$ by an exce$+ly slight g5]al movem5t z if ( av]sion1 no words1 movem5t ( ! *e/1 cl5*+ ( ! h&s1 etc4 ,%e describes ! s5sation z "o ( repulsion4 8,l ,/rmpell's case %e %[s def9itely %ame1 grief1 surprise1 fe>1 & sub/itut+ = ang]1 repulsion4 8,my own impression d]iv$ f obs]vation ( ! pati5t is1 t all m5tal emotional s5sibilities are pres5t & only a little less vivid ?an 9 ! unan/hetic /ate2 & t emotions are approximately natural1 & n at all coldly dispassionate40 ,9 ! second case1 t ( a ,russian woman1 ag$ ?irty-five1 !re 0 complete loss ( cutane\s s5sibility 9 all its qualities3 ! s5se ( position 78muscul> s5se07 0 almo/ completely aboli%$2 ! s5se ( ta/e 0 abs5t 9 ! ant]ior two-?irds ( ! tongue4 ,smell1 sight1 & he>+ 7 pres]v$4 ,%e _h left ! hospital be=e ! article 0 writt54 ,9 reg>d to h] case1 ,dr4 ,b]kley writes3 8,:ile 9 ! mo/ absolute /ate ( an/hesia 7auditory & visual except$7 !re 0 no dep>ture f a normal psy*e2 ! woman w\ld sometimes be ang]$ :5 %e did n und]/& a "q1 at o!rs w\ld smile or %ake h] head1 & w\ld frequ5tly laugh & talk ) ano!r ,russian woman 9 ! same w>d4 ,!re 0 nev] ! slighte/ apa?y manife/ aft] ! fir/ few days ( febrile movem5t40 ,i give ^! cases = :at !y are wor?4 ,9 ! fir/1 x is evid5tly impossible to entirely exclude ! pres5ce ( s5sations caus$ by ! reflex acts1 & ! second1 n hav+1 app>5tly1 be5 exam9$ ) special ref]5ce to ! subjective side ( h] emotional manife/ations1 may be op5 to ! same objection :i* ,pr(essor ,james makes aga9/ ,/rmpell's case4 ,to me x seems extremely unlikely t1 if ! !ory "u discussion is correct1 su* an am\nt ( an/hesia z exi/$ 9 ^! cases w\ld h produc$ no obvi\s effect on ! emotions4 ,! fact t volunt>y acts 7 p]=m$ by bo? ^! pati5ts z well z by ,/rmpell's case1 seems to me conclusive z to ! exi/5ce ( emotions ( "s sort 9 all ( !m4 ,x seems cle> to me1 f ! =ego+ consid]ations1 t !re are s]i\s difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ ,pr(essor ,james's !ory z an adequate explanation ( all ! ph5om5a ( emotion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i ?9k x conta9s an important tru?1 & t1 by call+ att5tion to x1 he has r5d]$ a real s]vice to psy*ology4 ,9 ord] to make x cle> h[ f> ,i agree ) him1 x w be necess>y to consid] j :at feel+s are to be class$ toge!r "u ! head ( emotion4 ,if we t\* our f+]s to a live coal1 we are consci\s ( a s5sation ( heat1 & also ( pa94 ,if we take qu99e into our m\?s1 x ta/es bitt]1 & also disagreeable4 ,s 9 reg>d to a v l>ge proportion ( our s5sations1 we recognise two elem5ts--"o :i* has to d ) ! qualities ( ! object1 &1 ano!r consi/+ ( ! pleasurable or pa9ful way 9 :i* ^? qualities affect u4 ,! =m] may be call$ ! objective elem5t 9 s5sation4 ,we ?9k ( ! heat z resid+ 9 ! coal1 :e!r we are t\*+ x or n1 b x nev] occurs to u to ?9k ( ! coal z 9 pa94 ,! pa9 is 9 u--an entirely subjective feel+4 ,d\btless !re is no m reason to ?9k ( heat1 z x is appreciat$ by our s5ses1 z a prop]ty ( ! coal1 ?an pa91 b t is ! way 9 :i* we naturally ?9k ( x4 ,t ^! two elem5ts are really di/9ct is evid5t f ! fact t ! diff]5t s5ses furni% !m 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,comp>atively few sights1 = in/ance1 give any su* s5su\s pa9 to ! eye z ! s5sation produc$ by gett+ a gra9 ( s& "u ! lid1 :i* gives u v little in=mation 9 reg>d to ! qualities ( ! (f5d+ sub/ance4 ,9 fact1 x is g5]ally true t int5sity ( pleasurable or pa9ful s5sation is a h9drance to exact k ( its object4 ,x is fur!r evid5t f ! fact t1 9 disease1 "o =m ( s5sibility may be aboli%$ :ile ! o!r is reta9$4 ,a p]son may be able to feel ! slighte/ t\*1 & to recognise p]fectly ! size1 %ape1 & texture ( ! objects he h&les1 & yet feel no pa9 :5 cut1 /ruck1 nor burn$1 or he may h ev5 height5$ s5sibility to pa9ful impressions ) loss ( ! p[] to recognise ! s5sible qualities ( objects4 ,n[1 al?\gh we are accu/om$ to di/+ui% betwe5 emotions & purely s5su\s pleasures & pa9s1 !re are "s po9ts1 at lea/1 at :i* x is n easy to draw ! l9e4 ,my pleasure 9 ! anticipation ( a good d9n] is und\bt$ly an emotion4 ,is n my pleasure 9 eat+ x entitl$ to ! same "n1 & does n ! latt] consi/ 9 ! reality ( ! s5sations :i* 9 ! =m] case 7 enjoy$ 9 imag9ation8 ,is n ! enjoym5t we feel 9 ! smell ( mignonette1 ! tone ( a sweet voice1 ! color & =m ( ! ra9b[1 emotion8 ,yet x consi/s l>gely1 if n entirely1 9 ! agreeabl5ess ( ! s5sations4 ,mo/ p w\ld probably ?9k x /range to he> hung] & ?ir/ spok5 ( z emotions b w\ld readily agree t desire ( food or dr9k is z mu* an emotion z any o!r desire4 ,is ! desire 9 ?is case any?+ m ?an ! hung] or ?ir/8 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x is prop] to call su* pleasures & pa9s z ,i h in/anc$ above emotions1 & if s1 ,i see no reason = d5y+ ! "n to any s5su\s pleasures & pa9s4 ,if ,pr(essor ,james's view is t all feel+ is s5sation1 ,i %\ld say t all feel+ is emotion4 ,:e!r ?is view is correct or n1 ,i d n see h[ ,pr(essor ,james c consi/5tly refuse to accept x4 ,on 8 !ory1 ! emotions :i* he discusses mu/ owe _! pleasurable or pa9ful quality to ! pleasurable or pa9ful nature ( ! s5sations 9 :i* !y consi/4 ,i c see no valid gr\nd = say+ t "s su* feel+s are emotions & o!rs are n4 ,b ! ess5ce ( emotion is pleasure or pa94 ,ab/ract+ ^! qualities1 x w\ld be an indiff]5t emotion1 :i*1 ,i ?9k all w\ld agree1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,possibly he might wi% to limit ! use ( ! t]m to ^? pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s1 :i* arise n directly1 b 9 a reflex way4 ,he might say1 = in/ance1 t ! disagreeabl5ess to ! e> ( ! creak+ ( an ungreas$ axle is n1 b ! %udd] :i* x gives a s5sitive p]son is1 emotion4 ,9 t case1 x mu/ be admitt$ t a sneeze is emotion4 ,8 cont5tion is t we h no o!r pleasures or pa9s ?an ^? ( s5sation4 ,if ?is be true1 a sett+ (f ( "s s5sations z emotions is1 if n an arbitr>y1 a comp>atively useless proc$ure4 ,my own view1 !n1 is t ! elem5ts ( s5sation :i* ,i h spok5 ( z objective & subjective might1 ) equal propriety1 be *>act]is$ respectively z intellectual & emotional1 & t 9 ?is direction ! !ory "u discussion1 al?\gh true z f> z x goes1 does n g f> en\gh4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! admission or d5ial t ^! feel+s are emotions does n necess>ily affect ! "q :e!r or n ?is is ! only orig91 ( pleasure & pa94 ,z has already be5 said1 ^? feel+s to :i* no "o w d5y ! "n ( emotions are n usually1 9 adult human be+s1 at lea/1 direct reactions on s5sation4 ,if x be true t ! />t we give at ! unexpect$ slamm+ ( a door is a sort ( fright1 x is a v rudim5t>y sort comp>$ ) t :i* "o feels :5 ! cry ( fire is rais$ 9 a cr[d$ !atre4 8,a burnt *ild dreads ! fire40 ,x is n ! sight ( ! fire1 b ! ?\ght ( ! burn+1 t ar\ses ! emotion4 ,:5 a man reads 9 ! newspap] ( ! dea? ( a fri5d1 or a rise 9 ! value ( prop]ty 9 :i* he is int]e/$1 x is n ! sight ( ! black m>ks on ! :ite pap]1 b ! beliefs :i*1 ?r\gh a long & intricate s]ies ( associations !y call up1 :i* move 8 feel+s4 ,if he c\ld n read1 he w\ld see ! same ann\ncem5t )\t any emotion4 ,! usual orig9 ( ! emotions p> excell5ce is by way ( association4 ,suppose t ,i h tak5 a nause\s dose1 & made a wry face ov] x4 ,no "o1 ,i presume1 w\ld "q t ! disagreeabl5ess lay 9 ! unpleasant ta/e1 & n 9 ! di/ortion ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,n[1 suppose ,i h to repeat ! dose1 & my face takes on a simil> expression at ! anticipation to t :i* x wore :5 ,i took x orig9ally4 ,h[ does ?is come ab\t8 ,if ,i c tru/ my own consci\sness1 x is because ! vivid reproduction1 9 memory1 ( ! unpleasant ta/e is itself unpleasant4 ,i d n see h[ x c well be o!rwise4 ,pr(essor ,james says 7p4 #fdi7 t 8! fir/ elem5t ( memory is ! revival 9 ! m9d ( an image or copy ( ! orig9al ev5t40 ,h[ c ,i h a copy 9 my m9d ( a pa9 if x is n pa9ful8 ,take away ! pa9fulness ( x & !re w\ld be no?+ left4 ,i might rememb] ! circum/ances "u :i* x occurr$1 & judge f !m t ,i mu/ h suff]$ pa91 b ,i c\ld n1 x seems to me1 rememb] ! pa9 itself4 ,:e!r t is possible or n1 ,i feel sure t ! fact1 9 my own case1 is1 t my memory ( a pa9 resembles x 9 ! same way t my memory ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* x occurr$ resembles !m4 ,if ?is be ! fact1 :at c be m natural ?an t x %\ld excite ! same sort ( associat$ movem5ts t 7 excit$ by ! orig9al s5sation8 ,i _c make x seem any m cr$ible1 to return to ! example m5tion$ above1 t my repugnance to a repetition ( ! dose is due to my involunt>y movem5ts ?an t my discom=t 9 tak+ x orig9ally 0 due to ! simil> movem5ts t occurr$ !n4 ,suppose t a *ild :o has eat5 & enjoy$ an orange is (f]$ ano!r4 ,! sight ( x calls up ! recollection ( ! agreeable ta/e1 & ! expectation ( a repetition ( ! pleasant exp]i5ce excites expressions ( pleasure4 ,if ! fruit is snat*$ away1 ! disappo9tm5t at ! loss ( ! expect$ pleasure is di/ress+1 & v probably may result 9 8 weep+4 ,i h>dly ?9k t any "o :o w consult 8 own consci\sness w say t ! reason he likes ! ta/e ( an orange is t x makes him laugh or smile to get x4 ,he likes x because x ta/es good1 & is sorry to lose x = ! same reason4 ,! laugh+ or weep+ is1 ,i ?9k1 unque/ionably ! result ( ! pleasure or grief1 n ( ! m]e p]ception ( an object 9 itself indiff]5t4 ,x is true t emotions ( ?is sort d n always arise by way ( p]sonal association4 ,"y *ildr5 are apt to be afraid ( /rang]s1 ( l>ge animals1 & ( l\d noises4 ,i c rememb] be+ fright5$ at my fir/ sight ( a locomotive4 ,"h we come ^u ! que/ions ( inh]it$ exp]i5ce & natural selection1 :i* c h>dly be discuss$ 9 an article l ?is4 ,! objects ( :i* "y *ildr5 are in/9ctively afraid1 z a rule1 are ei!r dang]\s !mselves1 or m or less simil> to dang]\s objects4 ,i see no m difficulty 9 suppos+ t m5tal pleasure & pa91 on ! sight ( special objects1 may be a matt] ( organisation ?an 9 ! case ( ! analog\s physical s5sations4 ,my view ( ! matt]1 !n1 is t emotion 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is commonly us$ be>s ! same relation to p]ceptions or beliefs t feel+s ( physical pleasure or pa9 d to ! objective or intellectual quality ( s5sations4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x prop] to class all pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s toge!r z emotions4 ,if ?is view is correct1 x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 include ^? feel+s to :i* ,pr(essor ,james w\ld conf9e ! t]m4 ,i %\ld n at all hesitate to admit t ! emotional /ate ( a p]son :o trembles & turns pale ) fe> is diff]5t f t ( "o :o pres]ves 8 self-possession 9 ! pres5ce ( a dang] t he realises & dreads4 ,i ?9k x is true t ! volunt>y actions prompt$ by an emotion h "s t5d5cy to int5sify x4 ,b1 s f> z ,i c analyse my own feel+s1 ! pleasures & pa9s ( memory & imag9ation seem to me j z real z ^? ( s5sation1 & n at all to be conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,:5 ,i try to subtract all motor reactions & result+ s5sations f ! feel+ ( fe>1 = in/ance1 !re rema9s n m]ely ! intellectual p]ception t ! ev5t dread$ is n desirable1 b ! p]fectly di/9ct emotional consci\sness t ,i d n desire x4 ,?is view seems to be favor$ by ! analogy betwe5 ! relations ( s5sation to reflex movem5t on ! "o h&1 & ( p]ception to volunt>y movem5t on ! o!r1 :i* w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd to be v complete4 ,we h reflex acts :i* are useful1 su* z brea?+1 ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 swall[+ & c\gh+2 & o!rs1 l groan+1 weep+1 & trembl+1 :i* seem to be useless4 ,9 l mann]1 emotions ( hope or fe> may give rise to volunt>y acts calculat$ to enable ! subject ( ! emotion to secure or avoid its object4 ,if ,i burn my f+]s1 my h& is involunt>ily snat*$ away4 ,su* w\ld n be ! case if ! burn caus$ no pa94 ,if ,i see t ! h\se is on fire1 ,i try to escape1 ei!r by ext+ui%+ ! fire or by gett+ out ( ! h\se4 ,x seems to me evid5t t ,i %\ld n d s if ! ?\ght ( be+ burn$ 7 n pa9ful4 ,su* emotions may also occasion useless acts1 m or less simil> to ^? m5tion$ above4 ,a p]son :o saw no way ( escape f a burn+ h\se might tremble1 weep1 or groan f fe>4 ,on ! evolution>y hypo!sis1 x seems easy to und]/& h[ ! reproduction1 by memory or imag9ation1 ( c]ta9 feel+s might br+ ab\t movem5ts l ^? excit$ by ! orig9al feel+s4 ,pr(essor ,james w\ld h u believe t ?is reproduction is always1 9 itself1 indiff]5t1 t is1 m]ely intellectual2 b t x is1 nev]!less1 capable ( sett+ up ! movem5ts :i*1 9 ! case ( p]iph]al /imuli1 are ! results ( pleasure & pa91 & t ! consci\sness ( ^! movem5ts is1 9 su* cases1 ! sole cause ( ! emotional condition4 ,su* a rev]sal ( relations seems to me highly improbable4 ,ea* "o mu/ decide = himself :i* view is m 9 accordance ) ! facts ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,worce/]4 ,,footnotes3 #eg ,two ,cases ( ,g5]al ,cutane\s & ,s5sory ,an/hesia1 )\t ,m>k$ ,psy*ical ,implication4 ,by ,h5ry ,j4 ,b]kley1 ,m4 ,d41 ,baltimore4 ,bra91 ,"p ,,iv4 #ahia4 ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,ma*',s ,,t]m ,,s5sation4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,to ,,8 ,,controv]sy ,,) ,,! ,,editor4 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c1 conta9s a controv]sy betwe5 ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,ma* & myself on "s que/ions ( psy*o-physics 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,ma*1 hav+ ref]5ce to an editorial article on 8,feel+ & ,motion10 reg>ds s5sations z ! 8elem5ts ( reality10 8:ile motion10 he says1 8is a m]e m5tal auxili>y1 an artificial exp$i5t40 8,physici/s10 we are told1 8h accu/om$ u to reg>d ! motions ( atoms z m real ?an ! gre5 ( trees4 ,9 ! latt] ,i see a 7s5sory7 fact1 9 ! =m] a ,g$ank5d+1 a ?+ ( ?\ght40 ,9 contradi/9ction to ,pr(essor ,ma* ,i ma9ta9$ t our sci5tific t]ms1 al?\gh ab/ract concepts & ?+s ( ?\ght1 or n\m5a1 are aft] all descriptive ( actual facts2 !y are symbols repres5t+ features ( reality4 ,motions1 i4 e41 t :i* is meant by ! t]m motion1 is a reality1 & :at ! *emi/ calls atoms is a def9ite quality ( c]ta9 facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,atoms are n ?+s 9 !mselves1 z ! "n seems to sugge/1 b r proportional relations conv5i5tly s express$ z if !y 7 ultimate units or concrete little bodies ( a def9ite mass or weight4 ,:at atoms are1 aside f repres5t+ ! proportions 9 :i* elem5ts comb9e1 we d n "k4 ,we may def9e 8atom0 z ! m9imal weight 9 :i* an elem5t ent]s into *emical comb9ations1 b su* atoms h nev] be5 an object ( obs]vation4 ,= aught we "k1 !y may z little be discrete bodies z a curve consi/s ( discrete /raight l9es1 :i*1 z su*1 w\ld be unobs]vable only because inf9itesimally small4 ,! inf9itely small /raight l9e into :i* a curve is analys$ by ma!maticians is a fiction1 wisely devis$ = calculat+ ! pa? ( ! curve4 ,?is fiction is z ,pr(essor ,ma* says1 an artifice only1 n a reality1 or z ,i say1 an allegoric expression to *>act]ise n :ole concrete realities1 b c]ta9 features ( reality 9 _! ab/ractness4 ,sci5tific t]ms are comp>able to my?s t conta9 deep religi\s tru?s4 ,! fiction ( ! my? is only ! vehicle ( its mean+4 ,! nak$ mean+ 9 its ab/ract purity may be difficult to grasp4 ,?us our imag9ation /eps 9 & completes ! picture s z to r5d] x concrete & easily ?9kable4 ,n[1 :5 sev]al mon?s ago ,i met ,pr(essor ,ma* at ,prague1 our conv]sation naturally t\*$ ^u ! problems :i* _h =m$ ! subject ( our discussion4 ,pr(essor ,ma* ass5t$ to my speak+ ( sci5tific t]ms z ab/racts4 ,t1 accord+ly1 mu/ be consid]$ z ! po9t ( agreem5t4 ,b :5 ,i propos$ t ! t]m s5sation also 0 accord+ to my t]m9ology an ab/ract t]m repres5t+ "o feature ( reality only & exclud+ o!r features1 ,pr(essor ,ma* took exception to x1 say+ t he und]/&s by s5sation reality itself4 ,v well !n1 ?is is ! diff]5ce2 & ?is diff]5ce is aft] all a diff]5ce ( t]ms only4 ,i und]/& by s5sation ! psy*ical feature ( ! data ( exp]i5ce only1 to ! exclusion ( :at may be call$ its physical aspect4 ,s5sation accord+ly1 z ,i use ! t]m1 is n ! :ole ( ! giv5 reality b only "o ( its qualities4 ,if1 z ,pr(essor ,ma* uses ! t]m1 s5sation is ano!r "n = reality1 ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 our views appe>s to be remov$4 ,p4 ,,c>us4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,vorlesung5 ,,b] ,,die ,,m5s*5- ,,und ,,?i]seele4 ,by ,wilhelm ,wundt4 ,zweite umge>beitete ,auflage4 ,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss4 #ahib4 ,! new edition ( ,wundt's ,m5s*5- und ,?i]seele is "o ( ! be/ exi/+ g5]al introductions to psy*ology4 ,x pres]ves ne>ly ! j mean betwe5 ! purely introspective & ab/ract treatm5t & ! sub/itution ( physiology = psy*ology ) :i* rec5t treatises h famili>is$ u4 ,! au?or has completely rewritt5 ! edition ( #ahfc1 :i* he reg>ds z a y\?ful indiscretion 7,jug5dsnde7--reta9+ only su* *apt]s z c\ld be br\ght into h>mony ) 8 matur] views & ) ! develop$ sci5ce ( psy*o-physics t has tak5 ! place ( ! ,zukunftsprogramm ( ?irty ye>s ago4 ,he has wisely omitt$ all ! sup]ficial & diffuse *apt]s on comp>ative psy*ology & e?nology :i* cumb]$ ! orig9al "w2 has sil5tly ignor$ ! fanta/ic speculations z to ! id5tity ( electricity & n]ve-=ce 7"o ( ! wor/ ( ! a=esaid y\?ful s9s72 & practically ab&on$ 7p]haps z too esot]ic = popul> exposition7 ! elaborate r$uction ( s5sations & p]ceptions to unconsci\s judgm5ts & inf]5ces4 ,! fir/ ?irte5 or f\rte5 *apt]s (f] a v cle> & int]e/+ rsum ( ! *ief doctr9es ( ! ,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie 9 reg>d to s5sations g5]ally1 _! measurem5ts & qualities1 ,web]'s & ,fe*n]'s laws1 ! special s5sations ( color1 he>+1 & ! muscul> s5se1 & ! problem ( space p]ception4 ,foll[+ ! plan ( ! orig9al "w 9 ^! *apt]s1 ! au?or aims less at complet5ess ( /atem5t ?an to pres5t cle>ly ! di/9ctive doctr9es ( mod]n psy*ology4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 !mes1 e4 g4 ,fe*n]'s law1 & ! p]ception ( space1 he neglects1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 qualifications ( detail :i* ! special /ud5t mu/ look = 9 ! l>g] "w4 ,! la/ sixte5 *apt]s deal ) ! feel+s1 ! w1 consci\sness1 att5tion1 association & app]ception1 conception1 abnormal & animal psy*ology & in/9ct1 conclud+ ) two notable lectures on ! 8,fre$om ( ! ,w0 & ! 8,immortality ( ! ,s\l40 ,x is to ^! *apt]s t we mu/ look = ,wundt's g5]al psy*ological & philosophical sy/em4 ,pr(it+ by rec5t criticisms he has "h set =? 8 *>act]i/ic doctr9es 9 s cle> & def9ite a f9al /atem5t t fur!r misconception ( !m is h>dly p]missible4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is notice w be devot$ to :at is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ "q ?us sugge/$3 ,wundt's relation to ! associationi/ psy*ology ( ,sp5c] on ! "o side1 & to ! y\ng] ,g]man s*ool ( exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s on ! o!r4 ,wundt ignores ! ,sp5c]ian =m ( ! associationi/ psy*ology1 & ! "y psy*ologi/s d inju/ice to ,wundt1 nei!r side app>5tly condesc5d+ to read ) att5tion ! writ+s ( ! o!r4 ,! debate1 s f> z x is n m]ely v]bal1 spr+s f two real diff]5ces ( me?od3 7#a7 ,wundt 9 8 psy*ological analysis habitually takes acc\nt ( ! problems ( ! !ory ( k 7,erk5ntnis/heorie71 or ultimate metaphysics1 :i* ! "y psy*ologi/s endeavor 7n always ) success7 sy/ematically to exclude4 7#b7 ,wundt1 gift$ ) sup]ior p[]s ( introspection1 is m aw>e ?an ! "y psy*ologi/s ( ! inf9ite complexity & subtlety ( m5tal /ates4 ,he pref]s1 !re=e1 to a s*ematic simplification ( ! ph5om5a a t]m9ology & descriptive analysis t reflect 9 "s measure _! manifold div]sity4 ,& ?us :ile ,wundt f9ds ! pure associationi/ psy*ology b>r5 & tautolog\s1 ! "y psy*ologi/s see 9 ,wundt's complicat$ t]m9ology only a %amefac$ rev]sion to ! disc>d$ psy*ology ( a sub/antial s\l end[$ ) autonom\s 8faculties40 ,b ! analysis ( our m5tal /ates :i* ,wundt gives by means ( ?is t]m9ology is really only a subtl] re/atem5t ( ! analysis ( ,mill1 ,sp5c]1 & ,ta9e1 to :i* ! new psy*ology has n be5 able to add any?+ ( mom5t4 ,x is true t he proclaims ! inadequacy ( association1 ev5 :5 translat$ into ! diagrams ( a hypo!tical c]ebral anatomy1 to 8expla90 fully our consci\s active m5tal life4 ,b 9 ?is he is at "o ) ,sp5c] 7ultimate sci5tific ideas71 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 7,exam9ation ( ,hamilton71 & ,s*op5hau] 7,epiphilosophie74 ,x is gross inju/ice to /igmatise z an ab&onm5t ( ! sci5tific attitude ( m9d ?is occasional pass+ recognition ( ! seem+ ultimate inexplicability ( ?+s4 ,9 no s+le concrete in/ance c x be %[n t ,wundt n[ sacrifices ! recognis$ me?ods & po/ulates ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igation to ! psy*ological hypo/isations :i* 8 oppon5ts detect 9 8 t]m9ology4 ,9 confirmation ( ^! /atem5ts ,i w give a brief summ>y ( ,wundt's doctr9e ( association & app]ception ) an occasional indication ( its relation to ! psy*ology ( ,sp5c]4 ,wundt di/+ui%es ! totality ( m5tal /ates :i* are p]ceiv$ f ! pres5tation at ! focus ( consci\sness :i* is app]ceiv$4 ,9 ?is way 7sub/itut+ ev]y:]e dunkel bewus/ = unbewus/7 he avoids ! metaphysics ( ! unconsci\s1 :ile gett+ ! b5efit ( ! entire analysis ( its advocates4 ,i d n ?9k ! ultimate difficulty c be evad$ 9 ?is way1 b w n /op to argue ! po9t4 ,a fur!r advantage ( ?is di/9ction is t x makes possible a dynamic treatm5t ( m5tal /ates z 8ev5ts0 9 place ( ! crude psy*ology t deals ) ! conditions ( any m5tal /ate z s _m ready-made p>ts ext]nally dovetail$ into ! complet$ product4 ,! active side ( consci\sness is tak5 into acc\nt f ! outset4 ,! m5tal /ate at any mom5t is describ$ by indicat+ ! pres5tation :i* is !n at ! focus ( consci\sness 7app]ceiv$7 & ! accompany+ fa9tly consci\s pres5tations t qualify its tone & total effect4 ,! giv5 m5tal /ate is 8expla9$0 by trac+ out ! dynamic readju/m5ts t br\ght ?is p>ticul> pres5tation to ! focus1 & gr\p$ ! fa9tly consci\s pres5tations ab\t x4 ,n[ ! br++ ( a pres5tation to ! focus ( consci\s att5tion is ! primitive psy*ical activity1 ! elem5t>y act ( w1#eh & s9ce ,wundt places ?is at ! beg9n+ he rejects all evolution ( w or in/9ct f reflex action1 & ?us1 x w be said1 "h at lea/ puts himself 9 di/9ct opposition to advanc$ sci5tific ?\ght4 ,let u di/+ui%4 ,s f> z we are deal+ ) ! develop$ m9ds we "k1 ,wundt's di/9ction is m]ely ! expression ( an obs]v$ psy*ological fact4 ,ext]nal volition does g back to int]nal volunt>y att5tion & ?is to a focuss+ ( consci\sness = :i* app]ception is z good a t]m z ano!r4 ,su* focuss+ ( ! att5tion is = u n[ ! prim>y reaction ( ! 8self0 on its receiv$ impressions4 ,out ( a giv5 gr\p ( pres5tations ,i app]ceive by pref]5ce "o & y ano!r1 because at ! "t my 8self10 my m9d1 diff]s f y\rs4 ,?is self may be only a conv5i5t %or?& expression = a passive product ( ext]nal =ces4 ,! feel+ ( ! reaction ( ! self may be an illusion1 & its activity may be m]ely ! me*anical action ( a relatively coh]5t gr\p ( pres5tations :5 a new pres5tation is introduc$ among !m1 & ! :ole process may be explicable 9 t]ms ( associations4 ,b ! feel+ exi/s1 & ,wundt has describ$ & analys$ x bett] ?an any ( 8 critics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! "q is ( ! hypo!tical orig9 ( m9d1 we are at once br\ght face to face ) an ultimate metaphysical problem :i* ! new psy*ology impati5tly ignores1 :i* ,sp5c] grudg+ly ackn[l$ges1 b :i* ,wundt & ,kantians l ,riehl f9d confront+ !m at e /age ( _! analysis4 ,consci\s m9d _c conceive ( its own orig91 & !re=e all psy*ological !ories ( developm5t mu/ po/ulate 9 "s =m ! elem5ts ( consci\sness & w4 ,no?+ t ,i c\ld add to ! dialectics ( ?is "q w\ld influ5ce ^? :o feel no difficulty "h4 ,!y require a long c\rse ( ,kantian criticism or its equival5t4 ,at any rate x is n fair polemic to class a ?9k] z unsci5tific m]ely because he recognises ?is difficulty & gives x expression 9 8 psy*ology1 in/ead ( contemptu\sly relegat+ x to metaphysics4 ,aft] ?us lay+ ! f\ndations 9 ! doctr9e ( app]ception = ! psy*ology bo? ( cognition & ( ! w1 ,wundt proce$s to re/ate ! associationi/ analysis ( ,mill & ,sp5c] 9 a m elaborate t]m9ology b 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ,sp5c] till he rea*es ! 8concept10 :5 ! introduction ( app]ception gives rise to a seem+ diff]5ce4 ,sp5c] di/+ui%es simultane\s f successive association z c>efully z ,wundt4 ,:at ,wundt1 aft] ,h]b>t calls 8complications10 namely ! jo9t ref]5ce to "o object ( a numb] ( disp>ate pres5tations ( s5se1 is cle>ly describ$ by ,sp5c] 78,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 #cae-cee72 & ,wundt's 8assimilations0 d n diff] appreciably f ,sp5c]'s 8/ill less consci\s0 processes ( 8organic classification0 78,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 #cbj74 ,into ! metaphysics ( ! ultimate relations ( contiguity & simil>ity z laws ( association ,i _c ent] "h4 ,simil>ity w always be recognis$ z ultimate by ^? :o1 l ,sp5c]1 approa* ! problem fir/ f ! psy*ical side1 :ile a purely mat]iali/ic treatm5t 9 t]ms ( n]v\s curr5ts1 su* z we f9d 9 ,james1 w endeavor to d away altoge!r ) simil>ity1 :i* simply _c be express$ 9 t]ms ( n]ve-/ructure )\t reason+ 9 a circle4 ,wundt reta9s simil>ity b endeavors to cord9ate x ) contiguity4 ,! problem is really id5tical ) ! f9al "q ( ! relations ( 8m9d0 & 8body10 & _c be pr(itably discuss$ ap>t f t "q4 ,com+ n[ to ! concept & ! judgm5t1 we f9d ,wundt affirm+ t ! diff]5t =ms ( simultane\s & successive association 7z he has def9$ !m7 are n an exhau/ive classification ( m5tal processes--t !y d n include ! concept4 ,well1 he is at lib]ty to def9e 8 own t]ms1 & be=e we accuse him ( hypo/asis+ a new faculty to acc\nt = ! concept1 let u scrut9ise 8 mean+4 ,we %all f9d t he m]ely repeats1 9 a subtl] t]m9ology ( 8 own1 ! analysis ( ,b]keley1 ,mill1 ,ta9e1 ,sp5c]1 & ,romanes4 ,^! writ]s treat ! concept z a complicat$ associational gr\p held toge!r by ! ^w4 ,n[ ,wundt1 :ile conc$+ ! !oretic admissibility ( ?is =m ( /atem5t1 holds t su* gr\ps pres5t s _m di/9ct *>act]i/ics t all delicacy ( psy*ological discrim9ation is sacrific$ by conf\nd+ !m "u "o d5om9ation ) o!r associational complexes4 ,he does n1 l ,pr(essor ,james1 bid introspective psy*ology 8?r[ up ! sponge0 "h1 b wi%es to c>ry 8 analysis into recesses :i* ! in/rum5ts ( ! associationi/s are too clumsy to explore4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ?is analysis he limits ! t]m association to comb9ations m$iat$ by a limit$ numb] ( elem5ts4 ,! 7app]ceiv$7 concept1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! product ( ! reaction ( ! total m9d4 ,?is di/9ction 7:atev] we may ?9k ( its absolute validity7 expresses a f9ely obs]v$ psy*ological tru?4 ,! di/9ctive quality ( a concept consi/s1 ,wundt says1 89 dem begleit5d5 ,bewus/se91 dass die e9zelne ,vor/ellung e95 bloss /ellv]tret5d5 ,w]? besitze40 ,?is feel+ he calls ! ,begriffsgefhl1 mean+ !reby exactly :at ,pr(essor ,james means :5 he says t 8! ?\ghts by :i* we "k t we mean ! same ?+ are apt to be v diff]5t inde$ f ea* o!r10 & t 8a polyp w\ld be a conceptual ?9k] if a feel+ ( #8,hollo6 ?+umbob aga96' ev] flitt$ ?r\gh its m9d40 ,only1 in/ead ( 8?r[+ up ! sponge10 ,wundt goes on to give a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is feel+ 9 its v>i\s degrees ( cle>ness betwe5 ! conceptual polyp & ! conceiv+ man4 ,app]ception is invok$ only to "n & emphasise ! feel+ ( activity ( ! self t ent]s into ! ,begriffsgefhl1 di/+ui%+ x z a reaction ( ! total consci\sness f ! relatively passive associations ( :at ,romanes w\ld call 8recepts40 ,psy*ologi/s1 h[ev]1 w cont9ue _! fruitless debates on que/ions ( t]m9ology & w /ill imag9e t ,wundt is a belat$ reactioni/4 ,,paul ,,%orey4 ,,beitr,,ge ,,zur ,,exp]im5tell5 ,,psy*ologie4 ,by ,hugo ,mn/]b]g4 ,heft #d4 ,freiburg i4 ,b4 #ahib4 ,mn/]b]g's f\r? ,heft beg9s ) /udies 9 association4 ,if a & b h be5 indep5d5tly associat$ ) m1 c a call up b )\t ! appe>ance 9 consci\sness ( m8 ,! affirmative answ] ( common exp]i5ce 0 confirm$ by ,scripture's exp]im5ts4 ,associat+ five ,japanese symbols ) two s]ies ( five ,g]man words1 he f\nd t a ^w ( "o s]ies t5d$ 7)\t consci\s recollection ( ! ,japanese symbol7 to revive ! p>ticul> ^w 9 ! o!r s]ies t _h be5 associat$ ) ! same symbol4 ,mn/]b]g1 aft] repeat+ & v>y+ ! exp]im5t 9 a numb] ( fields1 d5ies t any su* relation c be obs]v$4 ,he may v well be "r on ! "q ( facts4 ,x is a priori improbable t a transitory & arbitr>y association ( a mean+less symbol c\ld modify appreciably ! indep5d5t & accid5tal associative attractions ( famili> words & pres5tations4 ,! philosophic int]pretation is ano!r "q4 ,= our real k x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r we fill out 8miss+ l9ks0 ) 8dunkel bewus/10 8unbewus/10 or 8c]ebral processes t h no psy*ical correlates40 ,& yet h[ mu* ( contempor>y psy*ologis+ is a logoma*y rag+ ar\nd j ?is "q4 ,mn/]b]g's second s]ies ( exp]im5ts %[ cle>ly ! "p play$ by su* miss+ l9ks 9 p]ception4 ,a ^w is call$ out j be=e a complicat$ picture is exhibit$ to ! subject4 ,he w usually p]ceive fir/ 9 ! picture "s object naturally associat$ ) ! ^w1 ev5 ?\gh ! ^w has ar\s$ no consci\s associations4 ,simil>ly 7,,iii7 a ha/ily se5 mispr9t$ ^w w be int]pret$ v>i\sly accord+ to ! associations ( ano!r ^w call$ out to ! subject 9 advance4 ,ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts has = result t ev5 ! mo/ commonly associat$ ^w-c\ples1 z table & *air1 h no fix$1 unconditional associative attraction = ea* o!r 9 ! same or 9 diff]5t m9ds1 b t ! unit ( attraction is ! 8associative con/ellation40 ,?is is only common s5se1 & artificial exp]im5ts w nev] reveal any?+ 9 ?is field t we _c le>n q z well 9 ! class room4 8,table0 w sugge/ 8log>i?m0 if ! boy is fre% f ! class 9 trigonometry4 8,! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 is 9 _! pr9ciple ( association0 said ,em]son long ago4 ,mn/]b]g1 :o has 9 8 ar*ives records ( fifty ?\s& exp]im5ts 9 v]bal associations1 pres5ts a table ( ! comp>ative frequ5cy ) :i* sub/antives are associat$ ) sup]ior 7m g5]al7 or inf]ior class names1 ) adjectives or ) v]bs to :i* !y /& 9 ! relation ( subject or ( object4 ,8 *ief result is t m9ds :i* associate a n\n ) its high] class "n 7,ueb]ordn]7 ?9k ( x z ! subject ( a v]b & d n associate x ) an adjective4 ,! ,unt]ordn] ?9ks ( ! n\n z object ( a v]b & associates x ) an adjective4 ,! adjective1 !n1 is n ! high] class to :i* ! sub/antive belongs1 b a limitation ( ! sub/antive4 ,! ,fr5*1 if !y please1 may use ?is conclusion to refute ,sp5c]'s cont5tion t 8:ite horse0 is a m natural ord] ?an *eval blanc4 ,! fir/ topic 9 8memory /udies0 is ! p]si/5ce 9 ! psy*o-physical me*anism ( ! disposition to an acquir$ automatic movem5t1 ev5 aft] ! memory ( ! n]ve has be5 seem+ly displac$ by ! habit ( its contr>y4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 trivial1 su* z %ift+ ! position ( an ink/& f "r to left 9 alt]nate mon?s1 or we>+ a wat* alt]nately 9 ! "r or left fob4 ,! result1 a progressive dim9ution ( ! mi/akes made aft] e *ange1 may plausibly be expla9$ by ! /imulat$ att5tion & consequ5t c>e ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,! second topic treats ( ! effect ( a "t int]val on ! exactness ( our memory ( s5sations ( movem5t 9 eyes & limbs4 ,! section on 8*a9 reactions0 is a me?odological /udy ( ! v>i\s applications ( ?is exp]im5tal me?od4 8,! influ5ce ( n]v\s /imulants on psy*ic activities0 is r int]e/+ read+1 b yields no important results4 ,alcohol depresses1 tea & c(fee height5 ! p[]s ( memory & p]ception = an h\r or two aft] absorption4 ,b ! h>mful effect ( ! alcohol sometimes passes away aft] ! fir/ h\r4 ,grss5s*tzung is a /udy ( our e/imates ( di/ances on a surface1 made by pass+ ! h& ov] x at arm's l5g?1 at half arm's l5g?1 etc4 ,f exp]im5ts z to ! e/imate ( absolute tone-di/ances 7z di/+ui%$ f musical int]vals7 ,mn/]b]g concludes t pure measurem5ts are n possible ) ?ree tones only4 ,exp]im5ts ) f\r tones d n1 he says1 confirm ! law t di/ances correspond+ to equal diff]5ces ( vibration are felt z equal4 ,physiologi/s h assum$ t ! symmetrical movem5t ( ! limbs z 9 swimm+ or r[+ is ! natural "o2 & ! alt]nat+ or indep5d5t movem5ts1 z 9 walk+ or writ+1 are an acquisition involv+ inhibitions ( ! natural inn]vations4 8,ev5 9 adult life10 says ,pr(essor ,james1 8!re is an in/9ctive t5d5cy to rev]t to ! bilat]al movem5ts ( *ildhood40 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 0 l$ to d\bt ?is view by obs]v+ ! unsymmetrical motions ( a baby 9 a w>m ba?1 & exp]im5t has confirm$ 8 scepticism4 ,complicat$ jo9t motions ( bo? h&s 7trac+ circles or o!r geometrical figures on a surface7 d n exhibit any t5d5cy1 :5 ! att5tion is di/ract$1 to assume ! symmetrical =m4 ,!y r t5d to comp5sate ea* o!r 9 su* a way z to pres]ve equilibrium ) ! m9imum /ra9 on ! o!r muscles ( ! body1 & ?is law leads z (t5 to alt]nat+ z to symmetrical movem5ts ( ! arms or legs4 ,! case is diff]5t ( c\rse ) ! muscles ( ! trunk1 & may be diff]5t 9 birds1 z x w\ld 9 u if we sp5t our lives 9 swimm+ or r[+4 ,a new me?od ( attack+ ! problem ( localisation is to obs]ve ! effect ( alt]+ ! circulation 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra94 ,t5tative exp]im5ts on "o subject seem to %[ t v]bal associations are readie/ :5 ! victim lies on 8 left side1 :i* is a happy co9cid5ce ) ! localisation ( ! spee* c5tres 9 ! left frontal convolutions4 ,if ^! /ati/ics c be tru/$1 x is inadvisable to und]take h>d m5tal labor ) ! head hang+ back ov] ! edge ( a *air6 ,9 ! la/ *apt]1 c]ta9 simple exp]im5ts 9 our e/imates ( volunt>y movem5ts 9 v>y+ conditions ( m9d & body are made ! basis ( a f>-rea*+ !ory ( pleasure1 pa91 & judgm5t1 ! elem5ts ( :i* c be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & ,james4 ,mn/]b]g f\nd by repeat$ exp]im5ts t ! accuracy ( attempt$ reproduction ( a fix$ & famili> am\nt ( c5tripetal or c5trifugal movem5t ( f+] & ?umb along a rod p]p5dicul> to 8 wai/coat v>i$ ) 8 condition ( fatigue1 pleasure1 or pa94 ,9 a pleasurable /ate ( consci\sness ! c5trifugal movem5t 0 exagg]at$ :ile ! c5tripetal fell %ort4 ,9 pa9 ! rev]se relation obta9$4 ,h5ce he inf]s a connection betwe5 pa9 & muscul> flexion & pleasure & muscul> ext5sion1 or r1 he di/+ui%es ! m]e s5sation ( pa9 7,s*m]z7 & pleasure 7,lu/7 :i* may dep5d on integrations & dis9tegrations 9 ! n]ve-tissue1 f ! accompany+ feel+s ( agreeabl5ess 7,wollu/7 or disagreeabl5ess 7,unlu/7 :i* are due to s5sations ar\s$ at ! c5tres by movem5ts ( flexion & ext5sion ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,he ?us atta*es 8 special !ory ( pleasure & pa9 to ,lange's & ,james's !ory ( ! id5tity ( ! emotions ) _! bodily concomitants--?\gh he prote/s aga9/ ! metaphysical implications ( ! doctr9e4 ,! orig9 ( ! exi/+ cord9ation ( muscul> flexions & ext5sions ) pleasure & pa91 he expla9s teleologically on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,sp5c]ian psy*ology ( evolution4 ,he !n proce$s1 aft] ,sigw>t & ,br5tano1 to revive ! old idea ( ,ari/otle 7:om he does n m5tion7 t ! judgm5t 7affirmative or negative7 is r ! assumption ( an attitude t[>d a pres5tation 7,/ellungsnehm5de ,akte7 ?an a m]e conjunction ( pres5tations4 ,! affirmative judgm5t is a fa9t incipi5t repres5t$ movem5t ( ! self t[>ds a sugge/$ conjunction ( pres5tations4 ,! negative judgm5t is a simil> movem5t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,ontog5etically ^! in*oate movem5ts are lat] ?an ! movem5ts ( acceptance or rejection call$ =? by a pa9ful or pleasurable /imulus1 & mu/ !re=e be treat$ z d]ivative ph5om5a4 ,b ! ,kantians may d]ive "s com=t f ,mn/]b]g's f9al assurance t he too believes t 8,erk5ntnis/heoretis* das ,ur!il primr i/40 ,,paul ,,%orey4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 ,by ,josiah ,royce1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,we are told by ,pr(essor ,royce 9 ! preface to ?is book1 t we are indebt$ = x to ! lady fri5d to :om x is gracefully d$icat$1 :o ask$ him 8= "s acc\nt ( ! m significant spiritual possessions ( a few prom95t mod]n ?9k]s10 to be relat$ 89 comp>atively brief & unte*nical fa%ion40 ,! l>g] portion ( ! "w is tak5 up ) t subject1 exhibit+ ! g5]al gr[? ( mod]n philosophical ?\ght beg9n+ ) ,sp9ozism1 & t]m9at+ ) ,monism z ! outcome ( ! doctr9e ( ,evolution4 ,! au?or's purpose is con/ructive1 h[ev]1 z well z expository4 ,he has 8 own philosophical cre$1 sugge/$ by :at he kn[s ( ! progress & outcome ( mod]n ?\ght1 & ! second portion ( ! "w is ! expression ( 8 ?\ghts on ! _w-conception :i* he reg>ds z embody+ ! true _s ( mod]n philosophy4 ,pr(essor ,royce ju/ly lays /ress on ! fact t ! !ory ( evolution is ! product ( a g5u9e & cont9u\s gr[?4 ,he dwells p>ticul>ly1 moreov]1 on ! di/9ction betwe5 ! epi/emological s5se ( idealism1 :i* 8involves a !ory ( ! nature ( our human k10 & its metaphysical s5se1 9 :i* x is 8a !ory z to ! nature ( ! real _w1 h[ev] we may come to "k t nature40 ,x is 9 accord ) ! latt] s5se t ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 & _! allies1 z believ+ matt] to be an expression ( ! _w-_s1 are ref]r$ to z ! ideali/ic s*ool2 & x is 9 ! metaphysical & n ! epi/emological s5se t ! t]m idealism has be5 us$ s9ce ,hegel4 ,! opposite ( a metaphysical ideali/ is 8"o :o ma9ta9s ! ultimate exi/5ce ( :olly unspiritual realities at ! basis ( exp]i5ce & z ! g5u9e tru? ( ! _w--su* unspiritual realities = in/ance z an absolute #8,unkn[able1' or1 aga91 z :at ,hobbes meant by #8,body4'0 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! view ( ! au?or1 :o ?9ks t ! metaphysical ideali/ alone is 9 possession ( a successful solution = ! epi/emological problem4 ,pr(essor ,royce divides mod]n philosophy into ?ree great p]iods1 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 "o ( pure & simple naturalism4 ,! sup]natural _h !n only a second>y int]e/1 & ?\ght 0 gov]n$ by ?ree ideas--8t nature is a me*anism1 t human reason is compet5t to grasp ! tru? ( nature1 & t1 s9ce nature's tru? is ess5tially ma!matical1 geometry is ! model sci5ce1 ^: precision & necessity philosophy1 too1 mu/ imitate40 ,dur+ ! second p]iod ( mod]n philosophy !re 0 a gradual *ange ( ?\ght objectivity4 ,reason 0 /ill ! in/rum5t1 b x 0 employ$ on ! m9d itself4 ,x came to be recognis$ t if man is "p ( nature's me*anism1 he is a kn[+ me*anism4 ,! age 01 h[ev]1 m ?an "o ( self-analysis4 ,r\sseau introduc$ a s5tim5tal t5d5cy f :i* came 8a revival ( passion1 ( poetry1 & ( en?usiasm1 ^: influ5ce we %all nev] outgr[40 ,to x is traceable ! ,fr5* ,revolution :i* ov]?rew all ! me*anical re/ra9ts ( civilisation1 & 8demon/rat$ afre% to ! _w's out] s5se ! c5tral importance ( passion 9 ! :ole life ( humanity40 ,! p]iod ( mod]n philosophy1 :i* /ill cont9ues1 began ) ! publication ( ,kant's 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 ! ess5tial doctr9e ( :i* is t man's nature is ! real creator ( man's _w1 t visible nature is ! expression ( ! human _s1 ! inn] /ructure ( :i* is !re=e ! deepe/ tru? = u4 ,?is idea is 8z old z deep] spiritual fai? itself10 & yet x is ! v s\l ( all our mod]n life because x is 8! ess5tially humane view ( reality40 ,= fifty ye>s ,kant's ideas rul$ philosophic ?\ght1 & !n1 ?r\gh ! progress ( sci5ce1 ! doctr9e ( evolution receiv$ =mulation1 & confirmation & 8ext]nal nature has once m ga9$ = u an impos+ au?ority :i* makes u 9 _m ways sympa?ise afre% ) ! pure naturalism ( ! sev5te5? c5tury40 ,we are compell$ to omit any acc\nt ( ! au?or's /udy ( ! philosophies ( ,sp9oza1 ,locke1 & ,b]keley1 or ! philosophic sy/ems ( ,kant & 8 successors ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool ( ,ideali/s4 ,nor c we say any?+ z to ! doctr9e ( ,evolution1 :i* ,pr(essor ,royce rightly reg>ds z hav+ _h its rise long be=e ,d>w9 or ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,be=e proce$+ to /ate 8 own views1 ! au?or takes a cursory glance at mod]n empirical monism :i* he affirms to be r a sugge/ion ?an a philosophy4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t he is n cont5t ) x al?\gh he makes use ( its ideas4 ,let u n[ see :at are ! 8,sugge/ions0 :i* ,pr(essor ,royce (f]s z 8 contribution t[>ds ! =mation ( a _w-conception4 ,^! occupy ! la/ f\r *apt]s ( ! "w1 :i* are supplem5t$ by a g5]al summ>y 9 ! app5dix1 to ! book4 ,= ! sake ( concis5ess we w make use ( ?is summ>y1 accord+ to :i* !re are two phases ( ideali/ic doctr9e1 ! ,analytic ,idealism ( ,b]keley & ! ,syn!tic ,idealism ( ,kant & 8 successors4 ,! =m] %[s t if ! _w is to be kn[able at all1 x mu/ be1 9 its deepe/ nature1 a _w ( ideas1 t is1 x exi/s 8only 9 s f> z be+s ) m9ds actually "k x to be40 ,! objection t nobody c "k any reality beyond 8 own self1 is met by ! syn!tic phase ( idealism :i* %[s u t 8!re is b "o self 9 ! _w1 ! logos or _w-m9d4 ,! f9ite self kn[s tru? beyond its own limitations1 j because x is an organic "p ( ! complete ,self40 ,:at are ! dem&s ( idealism z ?us /at$8 ,!y h relation1 fir/1 to ! int]pretation ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 :i* mu/ be 9 t]ms ( ! doctr9e ( ! _w-m9d1 &1 secondly1 to exp]i5ce itself1 on :i* we dep5d 8= ! revelation ( t tru? :i*1 = u f9ite be+s1 mu/ rema9 a fa/ #8out]' tru?1 j because x is ! cont5t ( o!r m9d ?an our own bits ( selfhood1 & is univ]sally true = all intellig5ces40 ,! philosophy ( exp]i5ce hav+ to d ) facts & ) ! int]pretation ( facts1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is really 8out]0 & :at is 8inn]0 ab\t our f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,! =m] embraces ! _w ( facts1 & a fact is some?+ :i* mu/ be describable 9 "s sort ( univ]sal t]ms4 ,! pr9ciple ( ord9>y realism1 8t y mu/ n be s5tim5tal or o!rwise emotional 9 y\r acc\nt ( ! tru? ( ?+s1 b r exact 9 y\r descriptions ( :at ?+s are10 has a ?or\ghly ideali/ic ju/ification4 ,n appreciation1 b description gives u out] tru?1 & ?is is ! *>act]i/ic presupposition ( all natural sci5ce1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! univ]sal aspects ( ?+s1 z oppos$ to mom5t>y & transi5t aspects4 ,t presupposition involves ! assumption t ! _w is ess5tially describable4 ,b z only ! well-knit1 ! ord]ly1 t :i* con=ms to law1 c be describ$ sci5ce assumes ! univ]sality & rigidity ( ! laws ( nature4 ,x assumes fur!r1 s9ce ! mo/ exact descriptions are possible only 9 ! case ( processes 9 ,space & ,"t1 ( a me*anical type1 t ev]y?+ includ+ man himself1 is a "p ( nature's me*anism4 ,a clos] analysis1 h[ev]1 %[s t1 z "o c only describe :at has be5 fir/ appreciat$1 !re mu/ be univ]sal types ( appreciation1 & !re=e1 t 8,ideals mu/ be deep] ?an ,me*anism1 s t1 9 ord] to be relatively describable1 nature mu/ embody purposes1 & s be possess$ ( wor?40 ,! au?or's conclusion is t ! natural ord] is also a moral ord]1 & t !re=e 8! _w ( absolute self mu/ appe> to u z hav+ two aspects1 "o a temporal1 ! o!r an et]nal aspect1 "o ( law & "o ( wor?4 ,man !n turns out to be at once a "p ( nature's me*anism1 & a "p ( ! moral ord]2 at once temporally det]m9$ & morally free40 ,! f9al lecture pres5ts ! au?or's views z to ! solution ( ! problem ( evil4 ,pr(essor ,royce believes t all evil is "p ( a good ord]1 & h5ce he agrees ) ,hegel1 :o decl>$ t life1 h[ev] good1 w always be re/less1 long+1 suff]+1 & :o glori$ 9 ! p>adox z ! v ess5ce ( spirituality2 r ?an ) ,s*op5hau]1 ^: recognition1 9 ano!r light1 ( ! univ]sality ( ! same tru? l$ him to ab&on all hope 9 life4 ,! ju/ification ( ! exi/5ce ( an evil impulse comes j at ! in/ant :5 x is hat$ & condemn$4 ,?us 8condemn+ & conqu]+ ! evil w1 makes x "p ( a good w02 z pa9 & suff]+ h _! comp5sation 9 _! *a/5+ effect on ! _s4 ,b to ! enlight5$ s\l x is n s mu* ! pa9fulness z 8! bl9d irrationality ( =tune t seems to drive ,god out ( our ?\ghts :5 we look at our _w40 ,x is ! caprici\sness ( life1 aris+ f human /upidity1 t really makes x seem l an evil dream4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ?is caprice giv5 by ! au?or8 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! cre$ ( 8 idealism1 8,?is _w is ! _w ( ! ,logos40 ,x is 8! suff]+ ,god1 :o is j our own true self1 :o actually & 9 our fle% be>s ! s9s ( ! _w1 & ^: natural body is pi]c$ by ! caprici\s w\nds t hateful fools inflict ^u him40 ,& z our defeats are 81 s 8 triumph & 8 et]nal peace are ours also4 ,pr(4 ,royce 9 mak+ 8only "o m ef=t to def9e a #8d\ble-aspect' !ory ( ! relations ( ! physical & ! moral & /hetic worlds10 affirms t our philosophic insight tea*es u t ! _w ( matt] 9 motion is simply an ext]nal aspect ( ! appreciable _w1 t is1 ( ! _w ( ! ,logos4 ,( ?is1 x is su* an aspect 8z c be express$ by f9ite consci\sness 9 t]ms ( ! space & "t =ms1 & ( ! categories ( empirical sci5ce4444 ,consequ5tly all its laws1 all its necessity1 its causation1 its uni=mity1 belong1 n to its inn] nature z su*1 b to ! ext]nal %[ ( ?is nature40 ,t :i* actually appe>s to u is matt] 9 motion1 :i* furni%es ! fact ( ! d\ble aspect1 ! inn] intelligibility ( :i* fact is problematical to u1 b n s = ! ,logos1 :o is our true ,self1 & :o 8completes ! insight t = u is s fragm5t>y40 ,?is true ,self1 ! ,logos1 is ! only ,self1 & ) x ! deep] self ( man is id5tical4 ,t ?is deep] self is 8! self t kn[s 9 unity all tru?10 is decl>$ to be no hypo!sis1 & !re=e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,inf9ite ,self is p]fectly sure4 ,?is ,self 8inf9itely & reflectively transc5ds our consci\sness1 & !re=e1 s9ce x includes u1 x is at ! v lea/ a p]son1 & m def9itely consci\s ?an we are2 = :at x possesses is self-reflect+ k40 ,f9ally1 ! true _w1 t is ! _w ( appreciation1 is ! sy/em ( ! ?\ghts ( ! ,logos1 ^: unity we "k1 j s f> z we ourselves consci\sly & rationally ent] into x & =m "p ( x4 ,!re=e 89 s f> z we h inn] unity ( ?9k+1 9 s f> z we commune ) our fell[s1 & 9 s f> z we rightly see significance 9 ! out] univ]se1 we are 9 & ( ! _w ( appreciation t embodies ! ?\ght ( ! ,logos40 ,+5i\s z ?is !ory is1 & not)/&+ ! elem5ts ( tru? x possesses1 we _c accept x z conclusive4 ,its weakness is reveal$ 9 ! la/ l9e ( ! p>agraph j quot$4 ,if only ! _w ( appreciation embodies ! ?\ght ( ! ,logos1 :at becomes ( ! _w ( fact8 ,! latt] is said to be ! out] aspect ( ! =m]1 a notion :i* is app>5tly d]iv$ f ! association ) man ( body & m9d4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( m9d1 :i* we mu/ und]/& by ! t]m ,logos1 9 nature1 al?\gh decl>$ by ,pr(essor ,royce to be ! only ?+ c]ta91 is a m]e inf]5ce1 & ev5 if ! analogy ( ! human organism ju/ifies su* an inf]5ce2 x w\ld require t if priority has to be giv5 to m9d or matt] 9 ! univ]se x mu/ be all[$ to ! latt]4 ,at bir? a human be+ has no m9d1 prop]ly s-call$1 s9ce x is ! result ( ! activity aft] bir? ( ! organism1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! bra94 ,x is true t ! human body possesses f ! fir/ ! elem5ts ( ! m9d1 or r ( ! feel+ :i* ?us exhibits itself2 or1 bett] /ill1 ! organic /ructure ( :i* feel+ is ! g5]al function4 ,! utmo/ t c be prop]ly ass]t$ ( ! univ]se1 !re=e1 is t x possesses a c]ta9 organic arrangem5t ( its p>ts1 & !re) su* a condition ( feel+1 or1 :at 9 ?is relation w\ld be a bett] t]m1 s5sitiv5ess1 z is requir$ by its organic "*4 ,9 relation to su* a /ate ( ?+s ! t]ms ?\ght1 consci\sness1 reflection1 h no mean+ s f> z we c judge4 ,t organic aspect ( ! univ]se1 moreov]1 leaves no room = duality4 ,j z ! human organism con/itutes a p]fect unity1 al?\gh x is made up ( v>i\s organs & exhibits ! prop]ties attribut$ to bo? m9d & matt]1 s mu/ ! univ]se be su* a p]fect unity :atev] its nature & attributes4 ,! human organism may1 h[ev]1 be /rictly describ$ z matt] "u organic conditions1 a description :i* is equally applicable to ! univ]se1 )\t det]m9+ :at ^? conditions are4 ,pr(essor ,royce objects to ! ,unkn[able ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 b !re is v little practical diff]5ce betwe5 x & 8 own true ,self1 :i*1 z ! ,absolute1 is unkn[able1 al?\gh he is kn[n 9 ! inn] self ( man1 z ,sp5c]'s ,unkn[able is kn[n 9 ! human consci\sness4 ,bo? ,absolute & ,unkn[able are1 h[ev]1 m]ely names = ,organic ,nature1 :i* is se5 9 all ?+s visible & is kn[n by all h] op]ations4 ,^! are gov]n$ by ! laws ( h] v exi/5ce1 & x is ! uni=mity ( :i* ^? laws are ! expression :i* con/itutes ! moral law ( ! univ]se1 ! brea* ( ^: et]nal ord]1 :e!r ?is is e/abli%$ 9 ! _w ( matt] or 9 ! human m9d1 mu/ be att5d$ ) consequ5ces t are designat$ by man z evil4 ,we f9d only a _w ( description1 :i* is nev]!less "o ( moral ord]4 ,widely z we disagree on ! gr\nds /at$ ) ! conclusions ( ,pr(essor ,royce's "w1 x is und\bt$ly a valuable contribution to ! discussion ( ! _w-problem4 ,its description ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! philosophy ( ,kant & ( ! ,g]man ideali/s is cle>1 ?\gh n int5d$ to d m ?an exhibit ! _s ( _! tea*+1 & x is writt5 9 a /yle :i* r5d]s x easy read+4 ,x is a pity1 !re=e1 t x is disfigur$ ) su* colloquialisms z y'll1 isn't1 c't1 don't1 words :i* nei!r s\nd well1 nor look well 9 pr9t4 4 ,,die ,,ari/otelis*e ,,auffassung ,,vom ,,v]h,,ltnisse ,,gottes ,,zur ,,welt ,,und ,,zum ,,m5s*54 ,by ,dr4 ,eug5 ,rolfes4 ,b]l93 ,may] ,mll]4 #ahib4 ,?is book is a s*ola/ic 8survival40 ,! au?or believes t ,zell]'s int]pretation ( ,ari/otle is wrong1 & 9 five =mal !ses he endeavors to prove secundum artem t ! philosoph] 0 a !i/ :o taught ! creation ( ! _w f no?+1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! def5ce ( 8 !ses he manife/s "s +5uity & indu/ry1 b no criticism4 ,! "w has no sci5tific significance4 ,p4 ,s4 ,,max ,,/irn] ,,und ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e4 ,ers*e9ung5 des mod]n5 ,gei/es und das ,wes5 des ,m5s*54 ,by ,rob]t ,s*ellwi54 ,leipsic3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]1 #ahib4 ,price #b m #fj pf4 ,individualism is ! _s ( ! age1 & among all ! *ampions ( individualism ! mo/ orig9al1 ! mo/ consi/5t1 ! bolde/1 are p]haps ,max ,/irn] & ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e4 ,rob]t ,s*ellwi51 9 sket*+ _! views 9 great outl9es1 p>tly admires ^! c\rage\s ?9k]s :o d>e to draw ! consequ5ces ( _! pr9ciples to ! v la/ ev5 ?\gh !y w appe> absurd to ! _w1 p>tly c5sures ! ra%ness ) :i* !y arrive at1 & ! sup]cili\sness ) :i* !y sometimes /ate1 _! op9ions4 ,^u ! :ole ! au?or succe$s 9 impress+ ! read] t !re is 9 ^! two peculi> g5iuses a gigantic /r5g?1 & t _! views ( tru?1 morality1 & ju/ice des]ve a great] att5tion ?an !y h receiv$4 ,! review] is no admir] ( ei!r ,/irn] or ,nietzs*e2 he believes nev]!less t a c>eful analysis ( _! erratic m9ds & lives w be v in/ructive4 ,x w be fir/ ( pa?ological & !n ev5 ( m ?an pa?ological int]e/4 ,! actual objective value ( ! ideals tru?1 morality1 & ju/ice1 w be be/ illu/rat$ by %[+ all ! consequ5ces ( a consi/5t individualism4 ,we hope t ?is pamphlet w gr[ into a m compreh5sive "w2 & 9 t case we %\ld advise ! au?or to add %ort biographies ( 8 h]oes4 4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,kant',s ,,teleology4 ,by ,james ,hayd5 ,tufts4 ,*icago3 ,univ]sity ,press4 #ahib4 ,?is little tract is an inaugural diss]tation pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,tufts to ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg = ! atta9m5t ( ! doctorate ( philosophy4 ,x is writt5 9 ,engli%4 ,mr4 ,tuft's diss]tation is :olly hi/orical4 ,he simply seeks to exp\nd ,kant's true views4 ,9 ?is respect ! "w be>s ! m>ks ( mu* rese>* & ( a ?or\gh exploitation ( ,kant's works4 ,mr4 ,tuft's conclud+ words are t 8) e new discov]y ( sci5ce1 e advance 9 ! ideals ( art & ( ! conduct ( life1 e developm5t 9 religi\s fai?s1 comes anew ! task = philosophy to criticise1 & ?r\gh criticism to make a fre% attempt to int]pret f ! unity ( reason ! manifold ( life40 4 ,,di/9ction ,,& ,,! ,,criticism ,,( ,,beliefs4 ,by ,alfr$ ,sidgwick4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,co4 #ahib4 ,?is "w might be describ$ z an inquiry into ! conflict betwe5 philosophy & common s5se1 & its c5tral idea z ! cont9uity ( nature4 ,:at be>+ ?is idea has on ! inquiry is %[n by ! /atem5t1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 philosophy & common s5se is only "o ( degree4 ,& yet1 reg>d$ z me?ods1 or attempts to foll[ ideals1 !y may be %>ply contra/$4 ,?is implies ! exi/5ce ( di/9ctions1 & h5ce arises ! "q h[ f> di/9ction is consi/5t ) cont9uity 9 nature4 ,! recognition ( su* a cont9uity requires ! admission ( ! unreality ( di/9ctness1 b ?is fact is n inconsi/5t ) ! use ( r\gh di/9ctions1 :i* give rise to :at ! au?or t]ms effective ambiguity4 ,"h we h ! field ( ! op]ation ( common s5se1 :i* exhibits itself z tact 9 ! use ( r\gh di/9ctions1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 philosophy may be said to be conc]n$ ) ! cont9uity :i*1 f a sup]ficial glance1 might be suppos$ to /& 9 opposition to di/9ction4 ,! ultimate result :i* ,mr4 ,sidgwick has 9 view is ! reconciliation ( philosophy & common s5se1 al?\gh x is incid5tal to 8 ma9 purpose1 :i* is ! discussion ( ! be/ way ( deal+ ) ambiguity1 t is1 ( us+ r\gh di/9ctions4 ,! improvem5t sugge/$ is ! sub/itution ( 8reason$ discrim9ation0 = 8haphaz>d tact10 & x is bas$ on ! doctr9e t 8! validity ( all di/9ctions is relative to ! purpose = :i* !y are us$ at ! "t40 ,?is _c mean t di/9ction is m]ely relative1 z x is said t !re is no di/9ction :i* is q safe aga9/ be+ brok5 d[n4 ,! implication is t a safe di/9ction is possible1 al?\gh difficult to f9d1 & consi/5tly ) t view1 ! doctr9e has ! d\ble aim ( repress+ excessive belief 9 di/9ctions :i* are1 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 invalid1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( 8enabl+ u to ju/ify = a pass+ purpose1 di/9ctions :i* are faulty on ! :ole40 ,! ju/ification "h arises f ! use1 & n f ! di/9ctions !mselves1 al?\gh x is evid5t !re mu/ be "s basis = !m1 or !y w\ld be invalid4 ,! elem5t ( tru? is d]iv$ f ! cont9uity ( nature1 ) :i* philosophy is conc]n$1 & h5ce ! improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( common s5se is to be effect$ ?r\gh its regulation by ! me?od ( philosophy4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is view may be te/$ by its consequ5ces1 :i* are /at$ by ! au?or 9 review+ ! *ief incid5tal aims ( 8 book1 z be+ ^? :i* h to d ) controv]sy1 ! faults ( language1 & ! conflict betwe5 ! rival ideals1 fai? & d\bt4 8,philosophy10 we are told1 8is d\bt1 j z sci5ce is k10 7a description :i* l _m o!r ?+s 9 ?is book we _c endorse17 & ! true c5tre ( philosophical int]e/ 9 reg>d to rival ideals is 8to h>monise ! dispute by seek+ h[ to limit ea* ideal by its opposite40 ,?is is ! aim ( all real philosophy1 :i* recognises t e ideal has an elem5t ( tru?4 ,philosophy is ?us explanation1 & ,mr4 ,sidgwick av]s "o ( ! great divid+ =ces 9 philosophy has always be5 8! rivalry betwe5 two opposite me?ods ( g5]al explanation--t :i* expla9s small ?+s by great ones1 ! "p by ! :ole1 ! _m by ! "o 7e4 g4 all e>?ly facts z relat$ to _! "o cause & sub/ance72 & t :i* expla9s great ?+s by small ones1 ! :ole by its p>ts1 ! "o by ! _m 7e4 g4 ! sy/em ( nature z a #8conc\rse ( atoms'740 ,?us reg>d$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 philosophy & common s5se is simply "o ( me?od2 & x may be said to consi/ 9 ! use by ! =m] ( rational d\bt bas$ on sci5tific k1 z di/+ui%$ f ! belief f\nd$ on popul> wisdom :i* di/+ui%es ! latt]4 ,bo? alike1 h[ev]1 are ! fruit ( obs]vation1 pu%$ fur!r1 nev]!less1 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 :i* is practically ! view express$ by ! au?or4 ,9 consid]+ ! nature ( philosophy1 we h giv5 ! gi/ ( ,mr4 ,sidgwick's reflections on controv]sy1 :i* is treat$ z ! opposition ( ideals4 ,?is conflict is kept alive *iefly by d\bt z to h[ ab/ract notions %\ld be appli$ 9 concrete cases1 & l>gely ow+ to 8! abs5ce ( t k9d ( %>p di/9ction :i* is applicable1 n only to ! notions !mselves1 b to ! actual facts to :i* !y pret5d to ref]40 ,?is view is ably en=c$1 z well z ! necessity ( apply+ to ! conflict betwe5 ideals ! rule laid d[n z to ! purposive validity ( di/9ctions4 ,! op]ation ( ?is rule w\ld be att5d$ ) concession in/ead ( assumption1 !re be+1 h[ev]1 ! admission1 :i* is equival5t to an assumption1 t nei!r side ( any ideal dispute is devoid ( "s tru? z well z "s error4 ,?is is really requir$1 if n by ! cont9uity ( nature1 yet by cont9uity 9 our int]pretation ( nature4 ,?is is cont9uity 9 ?\ght1 & h5ce arises ! difficulties connect$ ) language :i* x is "o ( ! au?or's incid5tal aims to po9t out4 ,he supposes t language acts z a drag on ! progress ( k1 ow+ to ! clums9ess ( words aris+ f ! fact t 8?+s spok5 ( are always m full ( *ange & movem5t ?an ! words we c use 9 speak+ ( !m40 ,mr4 ,sidgwick insi/s ^u cont9uity1 yet *ange itself may be evid5ce ( at lea/ p>tial discont9uity4 ,our au?or rem>ks1 9 an app5dix note on ! cont9uity ( nature1 t e *ange1 z su*1 is a saltus1 h[ev] small x may be1 & t ! same is true ( any gap betwe5 ! two extremes ( nature & ! int]m$iate region4 ,t su* an int]m$iate region exi/s1 is requir$ by ! cont9uity ( nature1 :i* aga9 is evid5ce ( *ange1 on ! pr9ciple t e *a9 is made up ( a s]ies ( l9ks4 ,b z 9 ! *a9 !re is no real gap betwe5 ! l9ks1 s !re is no actual discont9uity consequ5t on *ange 9 nature4 ,! two extremes may be reg>d$ z prolongations ( ! int]m$iate region1 & ! *anges to :i* su* prolongation is due may s occur t !re may be discont9uity betwe5 c]ta9 p>ts1 z betwe5 ! fibres ( :i* a hemp5 rope is made1 & yet !re be a p]fectly cont9u\s :ole4 ,we h an example ( su* a discont9u\s cont9uum 9 a beam ( ord9>y light1 :i* pres5ts n ! slighte/ gap1 & :i* yet is made up ( numb]less undulations 9 diff]5t ratios repres5t+ ! six spectrum colors1 ea* ( :i* is1 moreov]1 spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! beam4 ,"h we see t cont9uity is q consi/5t ) di/9ction4 ,! latt] may be reg>d$ z discrim9ation ( ! v>i\s phases ( ! =m]1 & ! di/9ction rema9s valid or o!rwise accord+ to ! accuracy ( ! discrim9ation or n4 ,b con/ant *ange ( di/9ction is requir$ by progress 9 k :i* may be reg>d$ z a ?\ght repres5tation1 by discont9u\s /eps1 ( ! cont9uity ( nature4 ,z to ! conflict betwe5 fai? & d\bt1 ! au?or consid]s ! function ( scepticism z ! se>* = gr\nds ( belief1 & ?us d\bt is said to be 8r a fri5d ?an an enemy to ^? :o rememb] t !re is /ill "s tru?1 on any subject1 = fallible m5 to le>n10 z well z to ^? :o are m int]e/$ 9 ! discov]y ( tru? ?an 9 support+ _! own beliefs4 4 ,,vorlesung5 ,,b] ,,geometrie1 unt] besond]] ,b5utzung d] ,vortrge von ,alfr$ ,clebs*4 ,by ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,l9demann4 ,leipsic3 ,b4 ,g4 ,teubn]4 #ahia4 ,?is fir/ "p ( ! second volume ( ,alfr$ ,clebs*'s ,lectures has be5 arrang$ & treat$ by ,pr(essor ,l9demann 9 ! same way z ! fir/1 except p]haps t ! editor has ext5d$ 8 indep5d5t inve/igations r fur!r ?an be=e1 ow+ ma9ly to ! fact t he _h 9 addition to 8 own notes :5 att5d+ ,pr(essor ,clebs*'s lectures 9 #ahga-ahgb1 only five folio pages ( ! late ma/]'s manuscript at 8 disposal4 ,! pres5t volume is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,i4 ,! ,po9t1 ,plane1 & ,/raight ,l9e4 ,,ii4 ,surfaces ( ! ,second ,ord] & ( ! ,second ,class4 ,,iii4 ,fundam5tal ,conceptions ( ,projective & ,metrical ,geometry4 ,hi/orical notices & ref]5ces are add$ 9 foot-notes4 ,consid]+ ! prom95ce ( ! editor z a ma!matician1 x w\ld be a presumption on our "p to praise 8 "w4 4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,g5]al ,,logic4 ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,con/ance ,jones4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,co4 #ahib4 ,?is "w is ano!r witness ( ! great int]e/ n[ be+ tak5 9 all t p]ta9s to ! me?ods ( k4 ,miss ,jones1 ! au?or1 is lectur] on logic at ,girton ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,dur+ an exp]i5ce ( sev]al ye>s 9 tea*+1 c]ta9 difficulties h v =cibly press$ !mselves ^u h] att5tion4 ,%e hopes by h] book to aid 9 remov+ ^! difficulties4 ,x is c]ta9ly a good augury = wom5 :5 _! intellectual repres5tatives beg9 to %[ ! disposition to turn t[>ds ! 8dry light40 ,logic & ma!matics are 8dry0 to be sure2 t is1 !y are v apt to be f\nd dry1 v dry1 by beg9n]s1 & always by ^? :o lack t real intellectual robu/ness :i* is alone fit to m$dle ) fundam5tal problems4 ,h5ce ^! sob] & sev]e discipl9es f9d little favor among ^? :o seek m]ely = 8%[y0 atta9m5ts1 ^? to :om :atev] is 8un9t]e/+0 is intol]able1 & ^? :o reg>d obscurity z insep>able f pr(undity4 ,:5 !n we f9d s*ol>ly wom5 manife/+ a real reli% = ?is 8dry light10 x gives promise ( a com+ day :5 ! intellectual appetite w rise above ! level ( m]e ent]ta9m5t1 ! level ( ! playh\se & ! circus1 & take k9dly1 & p]haps zeal\sly1 to real edification4 ,miss ,jones makes b v mode/ claims on behalf ( h] treatise4 ,%e has n und]tak5 to innovate to any great ext5t ^u ! regul> s*eme4 ,if 9 h] *anges !re is t :i* might especially provoke criticism1 x is p]haps 9 ! nom5clature :i* %e adopts4 ,! traditional logic =ms a sy/em :i* has its own prop] m]its & defects4 ,x is ( great hi/orical int]e/1 & its regul> t]m9ology is almo/ indisp5sable = ! prop] illu/ration ( its doctr9es4 ,we ?9k also t ! au?or fails to /ate ! case 9 all its amplitude1 :51 %e lays x d[n z "o ( ! mo/ absolute & ultimate ( all logical pr9ciples t ! self-evid5t ought to be believ$4 ,! tru? is1 z we conceive x1 t ! self-evid5t is sure to be believ$1 & t 9 ! face ( any proposition t truly be>s its own ju/ification along ) x1 any doctr9e ( logic is ei!r useless or imp]t95t4 4 ,,hypnotismus ,,und ,,sugge/ion4 ,by ,w4 ,wundt4 ,leipsic3 ,wilhelm ,engelmann4 #ahib4 ,a ,greek /ud5t translates #8small'2 8,y are ?9k+ ( ! ,g]man kle910 says ! tea*] quickly4 ,ano!r r5d]s 1 #8we are lambs1' misl$ by a *ance cross association ) ! ,lat9 agni4 ,e c>eful self-obs]v] kn[s t !re is no comb9ation ( memories1 images1 & resultant incipi5t acts too absurd = "s mom5ts ( confusion & m5tal fatigue4 ,we acc\nt = su* confusions ( ?\ght by cit+ p>allel cases & add+ g5]ally t normal associations are liable to dis9tegration & abnormal recomb9ation 9 fatigu$ or excit$ conditions ( ! bra94 ,if we seek a causal sci5tific explanation1 two me?ods are op5 to u3 7#a7 we may attempt to map out 9 detail & describe = all simil> cases ! pa?ways ( association1 or 7#b7 we may endeavor to def9e _! physiological conditions & accompanim5ts 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! fir/ leads u at once into ! metaphysics ( ! unconsci\s4 ,! second me?od1 :5 we attempt to pass f a g5]al to a specific correspond5ce1 leads to a hypo!tical re/atem5t ( ! obs]v$ psy*ological facts 9 t]ms ( ! late/ c]ebral anatomy & physiology ,n[ all s]i\s sci5tific ?9k]s are fa/ com+ to ! conclusion 7on :i* ,wundt's book is bas$7 t ! ph5om5a ( dreams & ( hypnotism are to be expla9$ by ! g5]al laws ( association z reveal$ especially 9 ! confus$ & ob/ruct$ associations ( ! normal /ate4 ,! critical & de/ructive "p ( ,wundt's s5sible & timely "w has two aims3 7#a7 to discrim9ate ! atte/$ ph5om5a ( hypnotism f ! alleg$ ph5om5a ( ?\ght-transf]5ce1 telepa?y1 & 8possession0 on :i* no s]i\s /ud5t w wa/e 8 words2 & 7#b7 to po9t out ! confusions ( ?\ght 9 curr5t explanations ( hypnotic ph5om5a1 :i* ei!r conf9e !mselves to re/atem5ts ( ! obs]v$ facts 9 t]ms ( a hypo!tical anatomy1 or at any rate 9 ,wundt's op9ion base _! physiological hypo!ses on an inadequate psy*ological analysis4 ,8 own con/ructive "w is an attempt to supply ! miss+ analysis & accompany x ) ! mo/ plausible physiological !ory t our imp]fect sci5ce all[s4 ,dreams & ! illusions ( ! hypnotic subject are d\btless explicable g5]ally z d]angem5ts ( ! associative ma*9]y4 ,b !y are specific =ms ( abnormal association1 ! special *>act]i/ics ( :i* we wi% to def9e4 ,sugge/ion1 ,wundt says 7) ,james71 is association accompani$ by a 8limitation ( consci\sness to ! images ar\s$ by ! association40 ,! sci5tific problem is3 ,wie ent/eht die ,e95gung des ,bewus/se9s8 ,?is n>r[+ ( consci\sness manife/s itself 9 a dim9i%$ s5sibility to all impressions outside ( ! sugge/ions4 ,dreams %[ ! same features1 accid5tal impressions ( s5se or *anges 9 ! nutritive processes "h tak+ ! place ( direct sugge/ions f )\t4 ,b 9 sleep & dreams ! limitation ( consci\sness is condition$ by g5]al fatigue ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ! hypnotic /ate x results n f fatigue1 b f neuro-dynamic & vaso-motor *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( t5sions 9 ! bra94 ,h5ce ! sup]ior int5sity & vividness ( ! pres5tations t are all[$ to develop !mselves4 ,?is alt]$ equilibrium ( ! =ces ( ! bra9 is br\ght ab\t by ! sugge/ions ( ! op]ator1 :i* are g5]ally guid$ by him to a m or less def9ite end4 ,! result+ d]angem5ts ( normal associations are consequ5tly less lawless ?an is ! case 9 dreams4 ,on ^! pr9ciples ,wundt expla9s ! *ief facts ( hypnotism z foll[s3 ,automatic ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ! op]ator results simply f ! fact t e idea t5ds to realise itself 9 action1 is an incipi5t act2 & 9 ! n>r[$ consci\sness ( ! hypnotic subject ! idea sugge/$ by ! op]ator f9ds no competitors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z a reality4 ,?is explanation 7:i* is really z old z ,sp9oza7 acc\nts also = positive halluc9ations--!re are no r$uctors1 z ,ta9e w\ld say4 ,negative halluc9ations 7! non-exi/5ce ( an exi/+ door7 may be expla9$ sometimes by a contradictory positive halluc9ation 7z ( a curta9 cov]+ ! door7 m (t5 9 ! same way z hypnotic analgesia by ! famili> analogy ( our ins5sibility to ! too?a*e :5 ! att5tion is else:]e /rongly engag$4 ,?is is favor$ by ! g5]ally dim9i%$ s5sibility ( ! hypnotic subject4 ,po/-hypnotic sugge/ions are associations dep5d+ on p>tial memories1 su* z we h 9 ! normal /ate :5 we m]ely recall an image or an object )\t "t-&-circum/ance localisation4 ,! subject :o is to execute a po/-hypnotic sugge/ion at #g o'clock is rem9d$ by ! /rik+ ( ! clock ( an image ( a ?+ to be done :i* ! orig9al comm& ( ! op]ator associat$ ) ! /roke ( sev54 ,all else is =gott54 ,:5 ! "t limit is n ?us def9itely m>k$1 ! process mu/ be analog\s to t :]eby "s p]sons are able to wak5 at a pr$et]m9$ h\r 9 ! morn+4 ,a lat5t association is ar\s$ into full activity by naturally recurr+ conditions ( int]nal physiological processes or ext]nal surr\nd+s4 ,c\rtesy or prud5ce are p]haps all t prev5t ! be/ explanation ( c]ta9 extreme cases be+ ! old "o3 8! boy li$40 ,wundt rejects ! claim t sugge/ion is ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 psy*ology p> excell5ce1 = ! v suffici5t reason t ! ph5om5a exp]im5t$ ) are only v p>tially 9 ! control ( ! op]ator & are fur!rmore ma9ly pa?ological4 ,he is f> f disput+ ! practical efficacy ( hypnotic !rapeutics 9 functional disord]s1 b he reg>ds ! hypnotic sleep z a dang]\s rem$y1 ! employm5t ( :i* %\ld be limit$ to tra9$ practition]s4 ,! subjection ( ! hypnotic subject to ! w ( ! hypnotis] is a priori an immoral relation to obta9 betwe5 man & man unless ju/ifi$ by sup]ior m$ical necessities1 b1 q ap>t f a priori e?ics1 indiscrim9ate hypnotisation is to be disc\rag$ z a direct cause ( n]v\s deg5]ation4 ,! book closes z x began ,) a dignifi$ b sev]e reprobation ( ^? ?9k]s :o 9 ! int]e/s ( occultism magnify ! psy*ological significance ( hypnotism & dissem9ate sup]/ition 9 ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,,paul ,,%orey4 ,,d] ,,hypnotismus ,,9 ,,geme9fassli*] ,,d>/ellung4 ,by ,dr4 ,hans ,s*midkunz4 ,/uttg>t3 ,a4 ,zimm] 7,e4 ,mohrmann74 #ahib4 ,?is book 7#bff pp47 is a popul> comp5dium ( hypnotism4 ,! au?or1 beg9n+ 7,i7 ) ! hypnosis ( common life1 goes ov] ! :ole field z foll[s3 7,,ii7 ! ph5om5a ( hypnosis1 7,,iii7 its application1 7,,iv7 ! 8beyond0 ( hypnotism1 7,v7 ! conceptions ( hypnotism1 & 7,,vi7 its dang]s4 ,! sev5? & la/ *apt] is a %ort hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,dr4 ,s*midkunz1 ,doc5t ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,muni*1 is "o ( ! few :o believe t !re is a 8beyond0 9 hypnotism4 ,he says on p4 #fe3 8,a hypnotis$ p]son 0 l$ ?r\gh a room :ile sleep+4 ,! exp]im5t] made a few passes ov] 8 head & !n viol5tly :irl$ 8 arm ar\nd 9 a v]tical direction be=e 8 subject4 ,:5 ! subject approa*$ ! m>k$ place1 he recoil$ f x cry+ ) pa940 ,our au?or asks1 8:at is ?is magnetic wall to be reg>d$ z8 ,z a *>m1 z an ob/acle ( occult p[]1 f :i* ! body recoils z f a wall ( /one8 ,if n1 0 x ! subject's s\l t recoil$8 ,0 x ! hypnotis$ p]son's belief :i* creat$ ! wall80 etc4 ,! two int]pretations1 ! "o attribut+ ! effect to a magnetic p[]1 ! o!r to sugge/ion are typical4 ,! =m] is bold]3 he goes 8beyond0 hypnotism4 ,our au?or is "o ( ^? :o g beyond hypnotism1 & is n satisfi$ ) ! !ory t sugge/ion expla9s all4 ,we may add t he reg>ds telepa?y z a suffici5tly e/abli%$ fact4 ,telepa?y f9ds little support among sci5ti/s 9 ,g]many1 & ,dr4 ,s*midkunz compla9s1 9 a circul> lett] to 8,pr(essor ,wundt's & o!r ,savants' ,critical ,saltomortales0 ( ! cool & depreciative treatm5t :i* 8 book ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion receiv$ at ! h&s ( m5 ( sci5ce4 4 ,l',,hypnotisme ,,devant ,,les ,,*ambres ,,legislatives ,,belges4 ,p> ,j4 ,delbuf4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 ,pp4 #hj4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ,! ,moni/ ,pr(4 ,j4 ,delbuf gave ! reasons :i* h induc$ him to come to ! conclusion t 8p]sons 9 an hypnotic condition pres]ve at lea/ a suffici5t portion ( _! intellig5ce1 _! reason1 toge!r ) fre$om ( action1 to prev5t !m f committ+ de$s t nei!r _! consci5ce nor _! habits approve (40 ,?is op9ion is ent]ta9$ by _m o!r hypnoti/s1 b ! m g5]al op9ion is t 8sugge/ion0 may be made use ( = crim9al purposes3 ,su* is ! case especially 9 ,france & 9 ,belgium2 & act+ on t supposition ! m$ical faculty ( ! latt] c\ntry promot$ 9 ! legislative ,*amb] a law int]dict+ public hypnotic sances1 & res]v+ ! practice ( hypnotism z a !rapeutic measure exclusively to m$ical m51 z well z ! treatm5t ( insane p]sons & ^? "u tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,pr(essor ,delbuf1 :o is n a m$ical man1 naturally objects :5 ^? :o b a few ye>s ago w\ld h class$ him & 8 fell[ hypnoti/s z *>latans1 seek )\t reason to res]ve = !mselves ! promis+ field ( labor op5$ up by ! rese>*es ( o!rs4 ,he ma9ta9s t m5 are born hypnotis]s z !y are born arti/s1 & !re=e to exclude all b m$ical m5 f ! application ( ! hypnotic p[] w (t5 prev5t its use = curative purposes4 ,moreov] x is a s]i\s "q = ^? :o possess ?is natural gift4 ,!y might p]=m ! mo/ praisewor?y actions & yet be subject$ to a legal p5alty4 ,pr(essor ,delbuf /ates t by hypnotism he cur$ a y\? eighte5 ye>s ( age ( a mania = /eal+ 7la manie du vol71 & ?us sav$ him f unm]it$ di%onor4 ,on ano!r occasion he _h *>ge ( a "y wife :o 0 possess$ ) ! idea ( murd]+ h] *ildr51 & aft] all o!r means _h fail$ he 0 able to remove ! idea by sugge/ion ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( eight days4 ,he prop]ly asks :e!r ! p]=mance ( su* actions ought to be treat$ z crim9al4 ,! real "q to be consid]$1 h[ev]1 is :e!r ! practice ( hypnotism is likely to be made use ( = crim9al purposes if x is p]mitt$ to e "o4 ,we mu* d\bt :e!r any actual case ( su* an abuse has be5 legally e/abli%$1 or :e!r sugge/ion c\ld lead to ! p]petration ( a crim9al act unless !re 0 a pr$isposition 9 t direction4 ,pr(essor ,delbuf makes use1 h[ev]1 ( an app>5t p>adox :i* w\ld seem to r5d] abortive any su* law ( prev5tion z t above ref]r$ to4 ,x is t !re is 9 reality no su* ?+ z hypnotism4 ,m4 ,b]nheim writes 9 a lett] giv5 9 ! pres5t "w1 8= my "p1 9 ! ?\s&s ( hypnotisations ,i h practis$1 ,i h nev] se5 ! lea/ inconv5i5ce result4 ,und\bt$ly v impressionable subjects c1 "u ! emotional influ5ce ( auto-sugge/ion1 pres5t c]ta9 n]v\s tr\bles2 b ^! a prud5t op]ator c always calm by sugge/ion40 ,pr(essor ,delbuf relates sev]al cases ( ?is k9d )9 8 own exp]i5ce1 :i* %[s t sev]e n]v\s pa9 c be remov$ by simple ass]tion t x does n exi/4 ,he affirms t 8! s-call$ hypnotic sleep is only a sign ( sugge/ibility1 & t x is n at all necess>y to sugge/ive !rapeutics40 ,we may conclude ?is notice ( a v int]e/+ contribution to ! discussion z to ! true nature & op]ation ( hypnotism1 by quot+ ! conclusions arriv$ at by ! au?or z to ! prop] mode ( regulat+ its practice4 ,he sugge/s t repres5tations ( hypnotism %\ld be p]mitt$ subject to ! measures :i* regulate public spectacles2 t any "o %\ld be all[$ to become a hypnotis]1 z he c become a %ampoo] or a truss-mak]2 t ! hypnoti/ :o gives rem$ies %\ld be puni%able1 s9ce he ex]cises ! art ( cur+ )\t a diploma2 t he %\ld n be all[$ to hypnotise m9ors )\t ! cons5t ( ! family2 & t he %\ld be =bidd5 to treat a sick p]son )\t ! writt5 au?orisation ( a m$ical man & "u 8 direction4 ,?is rule ,pr(essor ,delbuf1 al?\gh he disapproves ( ! law :i* =bids ! practice ( m$ic9e to ^? :o h n a diploma1 has always act$ on4 ,he ?9ks t if m$ical m5 !n /udi$ hypnotism & practis$ x !mselves1 hypnotis]s :o _h no diplomas w\ld soon h no?+ to d4 ,?is spirit$ def5ce by ,pr(essor ,delbuf ( 8 views w be widely read4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ portion ( x is ! criticism1 ) :i* x ends1 ( 8! affair ( ! bro!rs ,v&evoir10 :]e we read t he is designat$ by 8 oppon5t ,m4 ,maso9 8d\x et bon vieill>d0 & 8l'homme *eveu06 4 ,,ueb] ,,d5 ,,hauts9n4 ,by ,dr4 phil4 et m$4 ,max ,dessoir1 ,privatdoc5t5 an d] ,univ]sitt zu ,b]l94 ,sep>at-,abzug aus ,ar*iv fr ,anatomie und ,physiologie4 ,physiologis*e ,ab!ilung4 #ahib4 ,?is pamphlet1 a repr9t f ! ,ar*iv fr ,anatomie und ,physiologie ( #ahib1 is an elaborate & c>eful inve/igation into ! modus op]&i ( sk9 s5sations4 ,! fir/ "p is a discussion ( ! !ory ( s5sation 9 g5]al conta9+ 7#a7 an analysis ( ! ideas ,gefhl1 ,empf9dung1 & ,wahrnehmung1 7#b7 a critique ( ,johannes ,mll]'s doctr9e ( specific en]gies1 7#c7 an exposition ( ! objectification ( s5sations4 ,feel+ 7,empf9dung71 accord+ to ! au?or1 is1 no magnitude1 its ma9 feature is int5sity1 quality becomes important only 9 s5sation 7,wahrnehmung74 ,= ! psy*ology ( sk9-s5sations1 we h to note ! great influ5ce ( accompany+ feel+s 7,mitempf9dung574 ,! second "p is devot$ to ! au?or's inve/igations ( ! s5se ( temp]ature4 ,dr4 ,dessoir rejects ,blix's po9t !ory2 he reg>ds ! idea ( two diff]5t end-app>atuses = w>m & cold s5sations z an unf\nd$ assumption1 & claims t ! temp]ature s5se is "o mode ( s5sation possess+ two qualities4 ,! int5sity ( temp]ature s5sations dep5ds n only ^u ! vis viva ( ! heat 9 ! /imulus2 b also ^u five o!r factors 7#a7 ! size ( ! surface affect$1 7#b7 ! duration ( ! affect1 7#c7 ! ?ickness ( ! epid]mis1 7#d7 its conductibility1 & 7#e71 la/ n lea/1 its temp]ature4 4 ,,re*]*es ,d',,optique ,,physiologique ,,et ,,physique4 ,by ,clm5ce ,roy]4 ,brussels ,imprim]ie ,veuve ,monnom4 #ahib4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is bro*ure consi/s *iefly ( an exam9ation ( ! !ories ( ,m4 ,m4 ,hir? & ,*auveau on *romatic s5sation4 ,! tal5t$ au?oress disagrees ) ! view ent]ta9$ by ,m4 ,*auveau1 t ! s5sations ( contra/ :i* are fus$ c]ebrally1 s z to give1 :5 view$ ) bo? eyes1 a :ite image1 are subjective 9 an intellectual s5se4 ,! result is purely physico-physiological1 z x is ev5 assum+ ! int]v5tion ( ,m4 ,hir?'s int]ior eye4 ,mad4 ,roy] reg>ds ! eyes organis$ s z to effect a fusion ( ! colors & =ms depict$ on ! two ret9as1 & %e accepts ! conclusion ( ,m4 ,hir?1 t !y less5 ! real poly*romism ( objects1 ! inability to p]ceive ! infra-r$ & ! ultra-violet rays conceal+ f u a consid]able "p 8( ! palette ( nature & ( its *romatic scale40 ,! au?oress ref]s ) approval to ! !ory ( ,m4 ,*>p5ti] t ! complem5t>y colors correspond to inv]se undulatory phases1 :i* are de/roy$ by int]f]5ce 9 ! field ( vision4 ,! second "p ( ,mad4 ,roy]'s pamphlet is devot$ to a consid]ation ( ! photography ( colors1 & ! !ory ( light4 ,x po9ts out t ! photography ( colors1 :i* has be5 effect$ to "s ext5t by ,m4 ,lippmann1 mu/ be a physical & n a *emical process4 ,x is ! result ( ! p]iodic compressions ( ! s5sitis$ silv]-surface1 due to ! %ocks x receives f ! light undulations ( ! e!r1 :i* s modify ! surfaces ( ! silv] atoms t !y reflect color$ rays id5tical ) ^? receiv$ f ! object photograph$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! propagation ( light1 ! au?oress affirms t ! atoms ( matt]1 z well z ^? ( ! e!r1 :i* diff]s f matt] only 9 be+ impond]able & )\t in]tia1 are c5tres ( emanation ( a cont9u\s & imp5etrable fluid1 :i* is h[ev] indef9itely expansible or compressible4 ,! size & =m ( atoms w ?us dep5d on ! compressions !y receive1 & !y w be able to accommodate !mselves to ! spaces to :i* !y are conf9$ by ! resi/ance ( ! atomic gr\ps by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,b ! _w may be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( ?ree sorts ( atoms3 7#a7 ^? ( ! e!r :i* possess _! primordial unity ( expansive =ce & are end[$ ) p]fect ela/icity2 7#b7 ^? ( pond]able matt]1 :i* h lo/ a portion ( _! expansive =ce & ela/icity2 7#c7 ^? :i* are call$ vitalif]\s1 because !y h rega9$ _! expansive =ce1 & are ?us capable ( autonom\s movem5ts necess>y to resi/ ! compressions ( ! e!r & to oppose ! in]tia ( matt]4 ,!y ?us answ] to ! cell-s\ls ( ,haeckel4 4 ,,die ,,bewegung ,,d] ,,leb5dig5 ,,sub/anz4 ,e9e v]glei*5d-physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung d] ,contractions]s*e9ung54 ,by ,max ,v]worn1 ,dr4 m$41 ,privatdoc5t d] ,physiologie an d] ,univ]sitt ,j5a4 ,mit #ai ,abbildung54 ,j5a3 ,gu/av ,fis*]1 #ahib4 ,! me*anism ( muscle contraction & expansion & ! motions ( amboid sub/ance h be5 recognis$ z "o & ! same problem2 & sev]al naturali/s1 =emo/ among !m ,h(mei/]1 ,engelmann1 & ,edmund ,montgom]y h inve/igat$ x1 fully aw>e ( ! enorm\s importance ( ! subject4 ,! pres5t pamphlet is small1 x conta9s only #ajc pages1 b x conta9s ! /atem5t ( ! problem1 a description ( ! au?or's exp]im5ts1 & 8 solution s lucidly t "o _c read x )\t great satisfaction4 ,bo? processes1 expansion z well z contraction1 are1 accord+ to ,v]worn1 spontane\s motions1 & bo? are to be expla9$ by *emotropy4 ,expansion1 i4 e41 9 amba ! protrusion ( pseudopodia1 is due to ! plasma's hung] = ! oxyg51 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,e irritation 7electric %ocks1 concussions1 injuries etc47 causes a *emical decomposition ( ! oxyg5is$ plasma2 x loses c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 7z we "k f ! wa/e products1 c>bonic acid1 creat9e1 lactic acid17 & ^! sub/ances are exactly ^? :i* are mo/ prom95t 9 build+ up liv+ sub/ance4 ,irritations )\t exception cause ! plasma to return to ! nucleus4 ,! *emical *ange 9 ! plasma makes x hungry = ! nucle> sub/ances4 ,! vital process1 accord+ly1 is an int]action betwe5 ! nucleus1 ! plasma1 & ! m$ium1 s t 9 ! con/ant ex*ange ( mat]ials ! old /ructure is pres]v$2 & ! fundam5tal features ( ! vital process are fir/ ! plasma's *emotropy = oxyg51 caus+ c5trifugal motions1 & !n its *emotropy = nucle> sub/ance1 caus+ c5tripetal motions4 ,! plasma saturat$ ) nucle> sub/ances1 %[s a *emotropy = ! oxyg5 ( ! m$ium2 x moves 9 a c5trifugal direction1 & ! oxyg5is$ plasma has become s un/able t x breaks d[n on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,! decompos$ plasma exhibits a *emotropy = nucle> sub/ance & ?us returns 9 contripetal motions to ! c5tre4 ,)\t ent]+ into details we may m5tion t ?is acc\nts also = ! fact t dy+ protoplasm always assumes a globul> %ape1 until x crumbles to pieces4 ,! rigor mortis is ! la/ vital action ( liv+ sub/ance4 ,! plasma seeks once m ! nucle> sub/ance1 b n f9d+ suffici5t mat]ial = be+ built up aga9 into a sub/ance end[$ ) a *emotropy = oxyg5 rema9s rigid until x decays4 ,! au?or f9ds 8 !ory to hold good = ! actions ( ! /riat$ & non/riat$ muscles1 & also ( ciliat$ tissues4 ,hav+ %[n t ! vital functions are due to ! same =ces t are obs]vable 9 ! retort ( ! *emi/1 he adds3 8,! savage accord+ly 0 n q wrong :5 he drew no di/9ct l9e1 consid]+ ev]y?+ mov+ z alive4 ,life is motion4 ,t old poetical view ( all nature be+ animat$ ) life ?r\gh\t 0 9 possession ( a g]m ( tru?1 & our pr\d civilisation has actually made a retrogressive /ep 9 ab&on+ ?is view40 4 ,,grab]',s ,,leitfad5 ,,d] ,,zoologie ,f,r ,,die ,,ob]5 ,,class5 ,,d] ,,mittels*ul54 ,vi5na & ,prague3 ,f4 ,tempsky4 #ahib4 ,price #a fl4 #fj kr4 ,we _h occasion 9 a rec5t numb] ( ,! ,moni/ to review an excell5t text-book ( physics publi%$ by ?is same h\se4 ,! pres5t "w on zoology is 9 its second edition1 & is int5d$1 l ! above-m5tion$ "w ( ,pr(essor ,ma*'s1 = high-s*ool in/ruction4 ,pr(essor ,grab]1 its au?or1 di$ be=e ! completion ( ! second edition1 & ! "w 0 f9i%$ by ,j4 ,mik4 ,grab]'s ,zoology is unique 9 its class2 x cov]s1 )9 ! re/rict$ limits ( two hundr$ & sixty-"o pages1 ! :ole field ( elem5t>y biology1 human physiology1 & zoology1 z x is usually exploit$ 9 su* books1 & ?us comb9es 9 a s+le volume :at is usually conta9$ 9 two or ?ree4 ,! human organism 7,"p #a7 is made ! />t+-po9t ( /udy 9 ! "w1 & ! explication ( ! physiological & me*anical functions ( animals are ?us all gr\p$ ab\t ?is c5tral figure4 ,9 a concise =m 7#ee pages7 ?is book conta9s ab\t all ( human anatomy & physiology t is usually le>n$ 9 high-s*ools4 ,"p #a also conta9s1 at ! end ( ! discussions1 brief dietetic sugge/ions4 8,sy/ematic ,zoology0 is tak5 up 9 ! ,second ,"p4 ,?is "p is well analys$ & arrang$4 ,! cuts are also excell5t4 ,atta*$ to ! book is a 8,picture-,atlas40 ,?is atlas conta9s a numb] ( color$ plates1 :i* depict v>i\s physiological & anatomical organs1 & also f\r beautiful repres5tations ( sc5es f ! ,naples ,aqu>ium4 ,al?\gh ?is book w n be us$ by ,engli% s*ool-/ud5ts1 x may be recomm5d$ to /ud5ts ( sci5tific ,g]man :o wi% a good introduction into ! te*nical vocabul>y ( ,g]man biology & zoology1 :i* to ! =eign] is v difficult4 4 ,l',,an?ropologie ,,du ,,b5gale4 ,by ,paul ,top9>d4 ,extract$ f ,l',an?ropologie = ,may-,june1 #ahib4 ,p>is3 ,g4 ,masson4 ,! pres5t contribution to ! sci5ce ( ,an?ropology by ! ,editor ( ,l',an?ropologie1 is bas$ on ! an?ropometric inquiries ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,risley made "u in/ructions f ! gov]nm5t ( ,b5gal4 ,! conclusions d$uc$ by ,dr4 ,top9>d f ! l>ge mass ( mat]ial br\ght toge!r by ,mr4 ,risley1 & :i* relates to memb]s ( all ! ca/es to be met ) 9 ,b5gal1 are ( great int]e/4 ,he f9ds t ! populations are mu* mix$1 b t !y may be divid$ into ?ree types1 "o tall & doli*ocephalic1 t ( ! ,aryans2 ano!r %ort & bra*ycephalic1 d]iv$ f nor!rn ,asiatics2 & ! ?ird %ort & doli*ocephalic1 or t ( ! native blacks4 ,india is a _w by itself1 & mo/ ( its inhabitants belong to races ( :i* !re is no specim5 9 ,europe4 ,dr4 ,top9>d naturally atta*es m importance to physical ?an to e?nographical *>act]s z evid5ce ( an?ropological desc5t1 & he is ju/ifi$ by ,mr4 ,risley's rese>*es1 ( :i* he speaks v highly2 al?\gh he ?9ks !y w\ld h be5 m fruitful if ! an?ropometrical in/ructions prep>$ by ! ,fr5* ,an?ropologi/ _h be5 m /rictly adh]$ to4 ,t !y 7 n s is ! m surpris+ z ,mr4 ,risley's "w is d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,top9>d himself4 4 ,,ueb] ,,sittli*e ,,disposition54 ,by ,dr4 ,anton ,oelzelt-,new91 ,privatdoc5t an d] ,univ]sitt 9 ,b]n4 ,graz3 ,leus*n] ,lub5sky4 #ahib4 ,price ,mk4 #b #gj ,pf4 ,! ma9 idea ( ?is book is to prove t !re are c]ta9 innate dispositions =m+ ! elem5ts ( morality4 ,! elem5ts ( morality are accord+ to ,dr4 ,oelzelt-,new9 ! attitudes ( fe>1 ang]1 love1 sympa?y1 %ame1 & pride4 ,consci5ce is a complex :i* has develop$ f ^! six dispositions4 ,hav+ /at$ suffici5t evid5ces = ! h]$ity ( moral dispositions & illu/rat$ ! p>allel ph5om5a ( bodily /ates 9 _! ref]5ce to moral ali5ation1 ! au?or treats ! six elem5ts ( morality 9 s+le *apt]s1 expla9+ _! causes & ! influ5ce ( conditions "u :i* !y develop ei!r into virtues or crimes4 ,! essay 7#ib pp47 is a contribution to t e?ical det]m9ism :i* reg>ds evil z ! necess>y result ( giv5 factors4 8,religi\s p %\ld say3 ,n ,only ! /one :i* falls f ! ro( & kills a j man1 b also ! w ( a crim9al & ! puni%m5t ( ! judge are inscrutable ord9ances ( ,god4 ,t alone is a true !odicy40 ,z an optimi/ ! au?or tru/s t ! evil ( ! _w w be conqu]$ ) legal means & enjo9s prie/s to revise 9 ?is s5se _! cre$1 juri/s _! law1 & all m5 _! love ( mank9d4 4 ,,! ,,beauties ,,( ,,nature4 ,& ! ,wond]s ( ! ,_w ,we live 94 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahib4 #dbi pages4 ,price #a4ej4 ,,natur ,,und ,,kun/4 ,/udi5 zur ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,kun/4 ,by ,c>us ,/]ne4 ,b]l93 ,v]e9 fr deuts*e ,lit]atur4 #ahib4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two books is a delightful compilation by ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 ,x is ano!r addition to t s]ies ( popul> works :i* ?is well-kn[n naturali/ is n[ giv+ to ,engli%-speak+ peoples4 ,x makes no pret5sion ( be+ sci5tific3 x simply takes ! _w :i* sci5ce has reveal$ & %[s u its wond]s & its beauties4 ,yet x ins9uates _m a sci5tific fact & inculcates _m a moral lesson4 ,no "o w regret ! few h\rs t c be sp5t 9 its p]usal1 & ! /imulus d]iv$ f x w height5 ! pleasure :i* e religi\sly-m9d$ he>t takes 9 ! contemplation ( natural gr&eur & tru?4 ,9 ! ma91 x is int5d$ = unsci5tific read]s4 ,x requires h>dly any prep>atory k to be und]/ood2 yet x sometimes t\*es on a tru? t ev5 great ?9k]s ov]look4 ,?us1 propos ( ! capacity = intact divisibility :i* "s life-=ms possess1 ,sir ,john rem>ks t ^! consid]ations introduce 8mu* difficulty into our conception ( ! idea ( an ,individual40 8,9 fact10 he says1 8! realisation ( ! idea ( an individual gradually becomes m & m difficult1 & ! cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 ev5 among ! highe/ animals1 gradually =ces itself ^u u4 ,i believe t z we become m rational1 z we realise m fully ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 ?is consid]ation is likely to h important moral results40 ,! "w is divid$ into ! foll[+ *apt]s3 8,animal ,life10 8,plant ,life20 8,woods & ,fields10 8,m\nta9s10 8,wat]10 8,riv]s & ,lakes10 8,! ,sea10 8,! ,/>ry ,heav5s40 ,! second ( ! two books t head ?is review is by ,c>us ,/]ne4 ,few m5 possess ! wide te*nical k & ! same comm& ( ! hi/orical lit]ature ( 8 subject1 t ?is inve/igator & writ] possesses4 ,c>us ,/]ne unites ) a rigor\s sci5tific tra9+ ! r>e qualities ( philosophical insight & s\nd erudition4 ,he possesses ! sci5tific facts on :i* to base valid judgm5ts1 & he d$uces f ^! facts ! inf]5ces t affect ! mo/ important problems ( life--its culture & morality4 ,we h _h occasion be=e1 to ref] to ^! phases ( ,c>us ,/]ne's activity z an au?or4 ,9 ! pres5t "w ! au?or ( ,w]d5 und ,v]geh5 discusses ! relations :i* obta9 betwe5 nature & art4 ,"h is n ! place to give ev5 a synopsis ( ! great weal? ( mat]ial :i* ?is book ( #cie pages conta9s2 we are all[$ simply to h9t at its purport & me?ods4 ,c>us ,/]ne def9es ! arti/ic impulse 9 man to be a long+ ( ! m9d to rise above ! ord9>y r\t9e ( physical exi/5ce4 ,x is a lift+ ourselves out ( our e-day life4 ,?is _c be accompli%$ by ! simple reproduction ( ! ?+s ( nature2 su* reproductions h n 9 !mselves an elevat+ effect4 ,art is n imitative1 art is creative4 ,x uses color1 =m1 space1 m]ely z a means to give 8local habitation0 to an idea4 ,! imitation ( actually exi/+ ?+s is ! beg9n+ ( art2 b x is its l[e/ /age4 ,nature mu/ be our guide1 our norm1 n our model4 ,"h ! middle road is tak5 betwe5 ! old & ! new idea ( art4 ,t 0 ultra-ideali/ic1 ?is is ultra-reali/ic4 ,! au?or !n proce$s to discuss ! notion ( beauty 9 art & nature 7,"p ,i7 & f9ally takes up g5]ally 7,"p ,,ii7 ! subject ( ! arti/ic contemplation & reproduction ( ! _w4 ,all ^! topics1 ) _! _m subdivisions1 are treat$ 9 ,c>us ,/]ne's be/ & mo/ fasc9at+ /yle4 ,! "w is well illu/rat$1 & all int]e/$ 9 ! natural hi/ory ( art w f9d 9 x a /oreh\se ( valuable mat]ial4 4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,cf4 ,w>d1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dd4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #c4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,sog5annte ,,consci5ce ,,musculaire 7,,du*5ne74 ,by ,a4 ,pick4 ,,e9e ,,neue ,,!orie ,,d] ,,li*tempf9dung54 ,by ,*ri/9e ,ladd-,frankl94 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss47 ,mrs4 ,*ri/9e ,ladd ,frankl9 7a contributor to ?is numb] ( ,! ,moni/7 is "o ( ^? few wom5 :o h actually won a well des]v$ reputation z a ?9k] & sci5tific work]4 ,%e is an ,am]ican by bir? & ! wife ( an ,am]ican savant4 ,x is pleasant to f9d h] "n 9 a ,g]man p]iodical among ^: editorial writ]s are m5 s prom95t z ,ebb+haus1 ,knig1 ,exn]1 ,helmholtz1 ,h]+1 ,kries1 ,lipps1 ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]1 ,pelman1 ,prey]1 & ,/umpf4 ,mrs4 ,ladd criticises ,helmholtz & ,h]+1 & ?9ks t ! !ories ( ,dond]s 79 ,grfe's 8,ar*iv10 #ahhd7 & ,gll] 79 ,du ,bois-,reymond's 8,ar*iv10 #ahhh7 h n receiv$ suffici5t att5tion4 ,9 accord ) _! propositions1 %e sets =? an exce$+ly simple hypo!sis :i* attempts an explanation ( ! ?ree ma9 colors by atomic motions 9 ! ?ree diff]5t dim5sions ( space4 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ,nos4 #i & #aj4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,grund=m5 ,,d] ,,vor/ellungsv]b9dung4 ,psy*ologis*e ,/udie4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,m4 ,(fn]4 ,,d] ,,begriff ,,d] ,,v]s*melzung ,,und ,,damit ,,zusamm5h,,ng5des ,,9 ,,/umpf',s 8,,tonpsy*ologie10 ,,b& ,,ii4 ,by ,?4 ,lipps4 ,,w]ke ,,zur ,,philosophie ,,d] ,,ges*i*te ,,und ,,des ,,social5 ,,leb5s 7,?ird ,article3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1 ,an ,introduction to ,social ,philosophy2 ,j4 ,h4 ,f]guson1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,civilisation2 ,w4 ,a4 ,macdonald1 ,humanitism74 ,by ,f4 ,tnnies4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xxix4 ,no4 #a & #b4 ,,die ,,mod]ne ,,en]getik ,,9 ,,ihr] ,,b$eutung ,f,r ,,die ,,erk5ntnisskritik4 ,by ,k4 ,lasswitz4 ,,die ,,sittli*e ,,frage ,,e9e ,,sociale ,,frage 7,i74 ,by ,f4 ,/aud+]4 ,,religionsphilosophis*e ,,!s54 ,by ,e4 von ,h>tmann4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 7,b]l93 ,dr4 ,r4 ,sal+]47 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,philosophie ,,und ,,philosophis*e ,,kritik4 ,vol4 #aja4 ,no4 #a4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,psy*ologis*e ,,aphorism54 ,by ,otto ,liebmann4 ,,unt]halb ,,und ,,ob]halb ,,von ,,gut ,,und ,b,,se4 ,by ,edu>d von ,h>tmann4 ,,jahresb]i*t ,,b] ,,ers*e9ung5 ,,d] ,,anglo-,,am]ikanis*5 ,,litt]atur ,,aus ,,d] ,,zeit ,,von #ahij-ahia4 ,by ,fri$ri* ,jodl4 ,,zur ,,begr,,ssung ,,des ,,zweit5 ,,hund]ts ,,d] ,b,,nde ,,dies] ,,zeits*rift4 ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,rud4 ,seydel4 ,,rec5sion54 7,leipsic3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]47 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,octob]1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #a4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,di/urbance ,,( ,,! ,,att5tion ,,dur+ ,,simple ,,m5tal ,,processes4 ,by ,edg> ,james ,swift4 ,,pseudo-,,*rome/hesia1 ,,or ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,colors ,,) ,,words1 ,,lett]s1 ,,& ,,s\nds4 ,by ,william ,o4 ,krohn1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,report ,,on ,,an ,,exp]im5tal ,,te/ ,,( ,,musical ,,expressiv5ess4 7,"p ,,ii47 ,by ,b5jam9 ,ives ,gilman4 ,! pres5t inve/igation made by ,mr4 ,edg> ,james ,swift %[s t a di/urbance ( ! att5tion ?r\gh sight is m effective 9 l5g!n+ ! reaction "t ?an :5 ! di/urbance comes ?r\gh ! s5se ( he>+2 b :5ev] ! reaction foll[s a slight s5sation1 ! "t ( *oice is less affect$ by di/urbances ( ! att5tion ?an if ! excitation is a s\nd4 ,dr4 ,william ,o4 ,krohn concludes1 aft] c>efully /udy+ sev]al hundr$ cases ( pseudo-*rome/hesia1 t a great] p] c5t4 ( !m arise f "s sort ( c]ebral "w due to ! close relation ( ! cortical c5tres4 ,mr4 ,gilman concludes f exp]im5ts made ) v>i\s p]sons1 t musical expressiv5ess has be5 ov]e/imat$1 & t on ! emotional !ory ( its nature ! importance ( ! art has also be5 ov]e/imat$4 7,worce/]3 ,j4 ,h4 ,orpha47 ,,m9d4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,no4 #d4 ,octob]1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,/hetics ,,psy*ologically ,,consid]$1 ,,ii4 ,by ,h5ry ,rutg]s ,m>%all4 ,,lotze',s ,,anti!sis ,,betwe5 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,?+s1 ,,ii4 ,by ,a4 ,ea/wood4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,crime4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,morrison4 ,,on ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,a ,,"o-,,dim5sional ,,manifold4 ,by ,b5j4 ,ives ,gilman4 ,9 8 pres5t article ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all f9ds a basis = ! diff]5tiation ( /hetics f ,h$onics1 9 8pleasure p]man5cy 9 revival0 z belong+ p>ticul>ly to ! =m]4 ,mr4 ,ea/wood criticises ,lotze's anti!sis betwe5 ?\ghts & ?+s :i* is closely connect$ ) 8 errone\s op9ion t "t is a prop]ty ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,! /udy ( crime by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,morrison discusses crime "u ! ?ree heads ( ! movem5t ( crime1 its causes1 & its repression1 ( :i* ! la/ deals ) ! !ory1 ! me?ods1 & ! efficacy ( puni%m5t4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! prop]ties ( a "o-dim5sional manifold1 examples ( :i* are "t1 ! /raight l9e1 quantity1 int5sity1 numb]1 & pit*1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i4 ,gilman1 :o 0 a pupil ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce1 seeks to give a =mulation ( "o-dim5sionality 9 :i* ! g5]al notion ( relation & conv]se relation is sub/itut$ = t ( great] & less diff]5ce4 ,?is numb] ( ,m9d conta9s a volum9\s note on ! bl9d deaf-mute *ild1 ,hel5 ,kell]1 by ,pr( ,g4 ,c4 ,rob]tson1 ! late editor1 ^: dea? is ann\nc$ 9 ! same numb]4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 4 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,octob]1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #a4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,national ,,traits ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans ,,z ,,se5 ,,9 ,,_! ,,religion4 ,by ,pr(4 ,otto ,pfleid]]1 ,d4 ,d41 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,philan?ropy ,,& ,,morality4 ,by ,fa!r ,hunt+ton4 ,,int]national ,,qu>rels ,,& ,,_! ,,settlem5t4 ,by ,leon>d ,h4 ,we/1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,london ,univ]sity4 #agib4--,,ye> #a4 ,by ,david ,g4 ,rit*ie1 ,jesus ,college4 ,ox=d4 ,,utilit>ianism4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,hodd]4 ,,book ,,reviews4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #aah ,s4 ,twelf? ,/reet47 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,review4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #e4 ,,psy*og5esis4 ,by ,presid5t ,david ,j4 ,hill4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,epi/emology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,&rew ,se?4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa91 7,,ii47 ,by ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,ni*ols4 ,,discussions3 ,,reality ,,& 8,,idealism40 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill]4 ,,reviews ,,( ,,books4 ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #f4 ,,gre5',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,motive4 ,by ,pr(4 ,john ,dewey4 ,,?\ght ,,be=e ,,language4 ,by ,pr(4 ,william ,james4 ,,pleasure-,,pa91 ,,& ,,s5sation4 ,by ,h5ry ,rutg]s ,m>%all4 ,,reviews ,,( ,,books4 ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 7,bo/on4 ,new ,york1 ,*icago3 ,g9n ,company47 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4 ,decemb]1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,brahmo ,,somaj4 ,by ,protap ,*und] ,mozoomd>4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,william ,m4 ,salt]4 ,,progressive ,,or?odoxy4 ,by ,egb]t ,c4 ,smy?4 ,,mi*ael ,,s]vetus4 ,by ,joseph ,h5ry ,all54 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*4 ,by ,g4 ,santayana4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,g]many ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,"q4 ,by ,john ,graham ,brooks4 ,a ,,_w ,,outside ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,?omas ,w5twor? ,higg9son4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,infancy ,,( ,,jesus4 ,by ,alb]t ,rville4 ,,! ,,moni/ic ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,by ,james ,t4 ,bixby4 ,! la/ article is a criticism to ! po9t1 discrim9at+ & fair4 ,! au?or takes special notice ( ,dr4 ,c>us's position1 ^: views are recapitulat$ ) accuracy1 b n accept$ z conv9c+4 7,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl91 ,co47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,septemb]1 #ahib4 ,no4 #bja4 ,,la ,,p]sonnalit ,,dans ,,les ,r,,ves4 ,by ,j4-4,m4 ,gu>dia4 ,,hi/oire ,,et ,,philosophie ,,religieuses4 ,by ,m4 ,v]nes4 ,,sur ,,la ,,t]m9ologie ,,philosophique4 ,by ,dur& 7de ,gros74 ,,comptes ,,r5dus ,,et ,,notices ,,bibliographiques4 ,,cont5ts3 ,octob]1 #ahib4 ,no4 #bjb4 ,,du ,,tr\ble ,,des ,,facult,s ,,musicales ,,dans ,l',,aphasie4 ,by ,dr4 ,brazi]4 ,,le ,d,,veloppem5t ,,de ,,la ,,volont4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,a4 ,f\ille4 ,,le ,,m\vem5t ,p,,dagogique4 ,by ,e4 ,blum4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,revues ,,des ,p,,riodiques ,,trang]s4 ,,cont5ts3 ,novemb]1 #ahib4 ,no4 #bjc4 ,,la ,,psy*ologie ,,de ,w4 ,,james4 ,by ,l4 ,m>illi]4 ,,de ,l',,unit ,,de ,,la ,,sci5ce3 ,,les ,,gr&es ,,syn?,,ses ,,du ,,savoir4 ,by ,e4 de ,rob]ty4 ,,sur ,,les ,,div]ses ,,=mes ,,du ,,c>act,,re4 ,by ,?4 ,ribot4 ,,v>i,t,s4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,revue ,,des ,p,,riodiques ,,trang]s4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 ,,philosophis*es ,,jahrbu*4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,die ,,neue/e ,,phase ,,des ,,s*op5hau]ianismus4 7,conclud$47 ,bumk]4 ,,die ,,speculativ5 ,,grundlag5 ,,d] ,,optis*5 ,,well5!orie4 7,conclud$47 ,s4 ,j4 ,l9smei]4 ,,religion ,,und ,,entwickelung/heorie4 7,conclud$47 ,s*anz4 ,,d] ,,sub/anzbegriff ,,bei ,,c>tesius ,,im ,,zusamm5hang ,,mit ,,d] ,,s*ola/is*5 ,,und ,,neu]5 ,,philosophie4 7,cont9u$47 ,s4 ,j4 7,c47 ,ludewig4 ,,rec5sion5 ,,und ,,ref]ate4 7,fulda3 ,fulda] ,acti5-,druck]ei47 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,april1 #ahic4 ,,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,religion ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce4 ,i4 ,! anci5t conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce is n[1 at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 m animat$ ?an ev] be=e4 ,?is conflict has =m$ ! intellectual pivot ( civilisation ev] s9ce ,*ri/ianity fir/ af=d$ ! we/]n peoples ( ,europe ! inconsi/5t spectacle ( a religion :i* made abundant use 9 its dogmatic con/ructions ( ! !ories ( contempor>y sci5ce1 & yet assum$ a ho/ile attitude t[>ds ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all sci5ce1 ! _s ( rese>* & unbiass$ judgm5t g5]ally4 ,rightly has "o ( ! acute/ mod]n critics ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,ludwig ,feu]ba*1#ei ma9ta9$1 t ! ,*ri/ian sophi/ic philosophy is ! necess>y outcome ( ?is inconsi/5cy1 :i* proclaims z absolute tru? a def9ite1 hi/orical revelation1 su* z is f\nd 9 ! ,bible1 & simply assigns to ! reason ! subord9ate & improp] (fice ( h>monis+ & def5d+ :at is !re laid d[n4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a great numb] ( p1 :o are n dispos$ to see ! bitt]ness ( ! conflict n[ rag+4 ,x has become cu/om>y = u to look ^u ! n9ete5? c5tury z an age ( ! compreh5sion ( religion1 & to di/+ui% x f ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* is reg>d$ z a p]iod ( m]e religi\s criticism4 ,we boa/ ( hav+ r$iscov]$ religion1 & ( hav+ secur$ to x a p]man5t prov9ce 9 ! dom9ion ( ! m9d4 ,b ! facts ( our public life /& 9 curi\s contradiction to ^! ass]tions4 ,9 all civilis$ nations1 9 lit]ature1 9 p>liam5t>y proc$ures1 9 all que/ions t relate to religi\s & moral life or to education1 ! att5tive obs]v] w f9d t a pr(\nd *asm divides humanity4 ,e "o feels ! desirabl5ess ( bridg+ ov] ?is *asm1 t ! memb]s ( society may be unit$ 9 common labor2 b aga9 & aga9 we are made to exp]i5ce h[ irreconcilable ! respective claims ( ! oppos$ p>ties are4 ,he :o has /udi$ ! bulls & encyclical lett]s ( ! la/ two popes1 ,pius ,,ix4 & ,leo ,,xiii41 & ! comm5t>ies on ^! utt]ances 9 ! ,civilt ,cattolica1 ! (ficial organ ( ! curia2 he :o is acqua9t$ ) ! polemical diatribes ( ! ,fr5* ,ca?olics aga9/ ! positivi/s & free?9k]s1 & aga9/ ! s*ool & *ur* legislation ( ! ?ird republic2 he :o has any k ( t mass ( controv]sial lit]ature1 :i* ! proclamation ( ! doctr9e ( papal infallibility 9 ! ye> #ahgj evok$2 he :o has foll[$ ! ev5tful & v>i$ hi/ory ( ! s-call$ 8,culturkampf0 9 ! ,g]man ,empire1 f ! era ( ! m9i/] ,falk1 d[n to ! rec5t bill = a new ,s*ool-law 9 ,prussia1 defeat$ amid/ ! greate/ excitem5t 9 all p>ts ( ,g]many2 he :o is ! lea/ bit at home 9 ! lit]>y feuds :i* are be+ f\ght out 9 ! doma9 ( hi/orical !ology conc]n+ ! validity & cr$ibility ( ! orig9al s\rces ( ,*ri/ianity2 he1 f9ally1 :o w place ! writ+s ( ,c>d9al ,newman or ( ! ,jesuits ,pes* & ,ca?re9 by ! side ( ^? ( ,huxley & ,sp5c]1 by ! side ( ^? ( ,du ,bois-,reymond1 ,/rauss1 & ,dhr+3 he1 ,i say1 :o has gone ?r\gh ) a critical _s all t ,i h cit$ 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ces1 w surely n be apt to contradict ?is ass]tion ( m9e t civilis$ humanity to-day is sep>at$ into two gr\ps :i* no long] und]/& ea* o!r1 :i* d n speak ! same language1 & :i* live 9 totally diff]5t worlds ( ?\ght & s5tim5t--at lea/ s f> z ?is "o critical po9t is conc]n$ ( man's relation to religion4 8,wie ,ja und ,ne9 s9d sie1 ,wie ,/urm und ,reg5bog540 ,h we1 !n1 le>n$ no?+ & =gott5 no?+ s9ce ! days ( rationalism8 ,! trem5d\s labors :i* our own c5tury has devot$ to ! inve/igation ( religion 9 all its =ms1 to ! unfold+ ( its connection ) racial m9d & s5tim5t1 & ( its relation to civilisation g5]ally1 & f9ally to ! elucidation ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! great =ms ( religion3 has all ?is _h no o!r result ?an t we1 aft] a c5tury ( ! mo/ labori\s rese>*1 aga9 f9d ourselves 9 ! same attitude ( un9tellig5t ho/ility t[>ds religion & ,*ri/ianity 9 :i* ! eighte5? c5tury revell$1 & out ( :i* we h only f\ght our way by ! unit$ ef=ts ( a ho/ ( pr(\ndly enlight5$ m9ds8 ,?is argum5t has be5 advanc$ 9 opposition to ! lead]s ( ! rationali/ic movem5t & to ! "w ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 v>y+ =ms1 by ! p>ty :i* seeks to ally ! sci5ce ( ! pres5t & ! religion ( ! pa/4 ,x is s]i\sly said & enjo9$ t only !y :o are f> beh9d ! sci5ce ( ! times & hold alo( f ! true _s ( ! age c /ill assume ! repugnant attitude t[>d religion :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! m9d ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is high "t to po9t out ! crude confusion ( ideas :i* lies at ! basis ( ?is argum5t4 ,x conf\nds ! hi/orical und]/&+ ( a ?+ ) ! philosophical approval ( x4 ,b ^! are two totally di/9ct ?+s4 ,we und]/& a ph5om5on hi/orically1 :5 we are cle> 9 our m9ds conc]n+ ! ext]nal conditions & habits ( ?\ght ( humanity f :i* x sprung2 :5 its ma9-spr+s ( action & its purposes1 z well z ! effects :i* h proce$$ f x1 are di/9ctly traceable4 ,! m closely our m5tal pictures ( ^! ?+s correspond to ! facts z !y actually 7 at ! orig91 & ! m !y conduct u f ! m]e surface ( ph5om5a into ! secrets ( _! psy*ological & sociological connection1 & tea* u to und]/& ^! ?+s z products ( m9d & ( society1 ! high] w our hi/orical k ( !m be rat$4 ,9 ?is s5se ! k :i* ! eighte5? c5tury _h ( religi\s ph5om5a 0 und\bt$ly v imp]fect4 ,true1 ev5 "h great advances beyond ! age :i* prec$$1 are noticeable4 ,p _h ceas$ to reg>d ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian religion z a sup]natural ev5t & z ! imm$iate "w ( ,god2 all religions 7 plac$ ^u ! same foot+1 z species ( ! same k9d2 & ef=ts 7 made to discov] _! common *>act]i/ics & ! law ( _! orig94 ,b ! p ( t p]iod 7 n yet able to arrive at ! true ess5ce ( religi\s ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,!y 7 h>dly 9 a position to describe !m prop]ly1 let alone to expla9 !m4 ,( ! hypo!ses devis$ to ?r[ "s light into ! d>kness t hung ov] ! beg9n+s ( religions1 n "o prov$ itself compet5t to supply :at 0 hop$ =4 ,all t !y c\ld d]ive f ^! fictions 0 t notable c>icature ( religion :i* _! age _h directly be=e its eyes1 & to free !mselves f :i* !y /ra9$ e n]ve4 ,) ! ke5 vision ( hate !y uncov]$ all ! infirmities ( religion1 all ! t]rors & iniquities :i* h foll[$ 9 its tra91 all ! injuri\s effects to civilisation :i* h proce$$ f x4 ,!y creat$ a negative picture ( religion1 :i* has lo/ no?+ ( its p>tial hi/orical tru? by ! fact t _m ( its features are f>!r )drawn f our imm$iate exp]i5ce ?an !y 7 f t ( ! times 9 "q4 ,b x 0 ! n9ete5? c5tury t fir/ work$ out ! true psy*ology ( religi\s man1 & aga9 came into possession ( t _s ( cong5iality :i* is absolutely necess>y to our ent]+ into ! m5tal life ( f>-di/ant times4 ,to ! m5 ( ! rationali/ic age ! hi/ory ( religion 0 simply ! hi/ory ( ! obscuration ( ! pure1 natural religion1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be con/itut$ ( a rational idea ( ,god & a sy/em ( humane e?ics1 & :i* 0 indi/9ctly conceiv$ at times z ! logical1 & at times z ! hi/orical1 antec$5t ( ! concrete religions4 ,! latt] appe>$ z ! corruption ( ! natural & simple ord] ( ?+s--a corruption produc$ by sup]/ition1 by ! wily exploitation ( human cr$ulity & human ne$s1 by ! s*em+ ma*9ations ( ! f\nd]s ( religions & ( prie/s1 by human delight 9 ! m>vell\s1 by ! falsification ( ! natural moral s5tim5ts1 & by ! /irr+ into life ( fanatical passions4 ,we "k to-day t ?is s-call$ natural religion is no?+ m ?an a product ( late ab/raction & reflection2 t ! motives & selfi% int]e/s above cit$ h be5 abundantly at "w 9 religi\s hi/ory1 b are nev]!less unable to expla9 ! int]nal motive =ce & trem5d\s vitality ( ^! spiritual products4 ,we "k to-day t religions spr+ ) ! same necessity & 9 con=mity ) simil> laws f ! dep?s ( ! human m9d z language & art1 & t !y =m an integral con/itu5t "p ( ! /ructure ( civilisation & an important weapon ( humanity 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 symbolical =m !y embody ! highe/ treasures & highe/ ideals ( national exi/5ce2 9 its gods humanity beholds ! imag9ative p]fection & explanation ( its view ( ! _w2 & 9 its religi\s practices1 9 its wor%ip1 9 pray]1 x /rives to realise ! wi%es & aspirations :i* seem to lie beyond ! rea* ( its p[]s4 ,_m a riddle /ill rema9s to be solv$1 z is natural 9 a doma9 t ext5ds into ! mo/ hidd5 recesses ( ! human s\l1 & ^: obscurity is augm5t$ by ! fact t 9 ! majority ( cases ! mo/ important & significant elem5ts mu/ be collect$ ) inf9ite pa9s f ! rubbi% ( fanta/ic traditions4 ,b ^u ! :ole ! active labors ( a c5tury :i* calls itself ) pride 8! hi/orical c5tury10 h borne _! fruits4 ,) respect to ! intr9sic "* & ! significance ( religion = civilisation1 !re is n[ e reason :y a unity ( op9ion %\ld prevail among all :o take _! /& on ! common gr\nd ( mod]n sci5tific rese>*1 :e!r !y be fri5ds or oppon5ts ( religion4 ,b h[ does a k ( :at religion has be5 9 ! pa/ affect our e/imate ( x 9 ! pres5t8 ,d we approve ( an in/itution or ph5om5on1 because we und]/& h[ x 0 once possible1 nay1 mu/ h exi/$1 & :at x signifi$8 ,we und]/& to-day ! ,roman law1 ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1 ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 feudalism1 & absolute mon>*y1 ?or\ghly2 we "k ! conditions :i* gave rise to !m1 ! necessity ( _! appe>ance1 & ! measure ( _! p]=mances2 b does x occur to u1 = ^! reasons1 to p]petuate & make !m immortal because !y _h once an hi/orical significance8 ,:at an in/itution 9 its ess5ce is1 :at 9 pa/ times x has accompli%$1 is an inquiry t mu/ be conduct$ ) q diff]5t means f t :e!r x is applicable to a def9ite pres5t set ( relations & necessities4 ,! hi/orian c r5d] ?is task m easy by tea*+ u to und]/& ! g5]al laws & necessities ( national life f ! analogies ( ! pa/2 b z a prophet he w always be "o t looks backw>ds1 & x is ev] to be fe>$ t he1 too1 w see ! pres5t 9 ! light ( ! pa/4 ,= to him alone does ! pa/ lift its obscur+ veil1 :o1 =getful ( self & unm9dful ( sacrifices1 c li/5 to ! voices ( remote times & peoples1 :o ) a m9d ( ,protean ca/ has ! p[] to trans=m 8 intellectual be+ into t to :i*1 solely by description1 he seeks to give new life & =m4 ,! pa/ becomes a "p ( him2 he loves x1 he admires x4 ,& f ! reanimation ( ! pa/ 9 hi/orical pictures to ! attempt ( a r5ewal ( x 9 life is b a s+le /ep4 ,innum]able are ^? :o h succumb$ to ?is temptation4 ,! entire religi\s t5d5cy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury exhibits ?is process on a gr& scale4 ,?is t5d5cy is bas$ on pr(\nd antiqu>ian /udies ( ! pa/--on t newly awak5$ hi/orical int]e/1 :i* aims n only to criticise b to und]/& religion & ecclesia/ical in/itutions4 ,mu* t 9 ! previ\s c5tury seem$ dead or de/9$ to p]i%1 _h be5 re/or$ to life by x4 ,! :ole hi/orical /ructure ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* at ! close ( ! age ( rationalism only exi/$1 x w\ld seem1 z an artificially pres]v$ ru91 has receiv$1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^! me?ods ( ?\ght1 new supports1 & has aga9 be5 made habitable = ! human m9d4 ,unm9dful ( ! compla9ts ( *ur*m51 ! future hi/orian ( civilisation w h to *>act]ise ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury z a p]iod ( religi\s r5aissance4 ,& x is no accid5t1 b a symptom ( deep import1 t ?is c5tury has complet$ almo/ all ! great ca!drals :i* 7 left unf9i%$ & 9 p>tial ru9s by ! middle ages1 & plac$ !m 9 _! colossal gr&eur be=e ! _w z la/+ monum5ts ( its habits & t5d5cies ( ?\ght4 ,yet ! _s ( sci5ce has also n be5 inactive4 ,political progress has fre$ x f ! despotic police sup]vision :i* ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury heavily oppress$ x4 ,9 pr9ciple at lea/1 fre$om ( ?\ght & inquiry are to-day ackn[l$g$ by all gov]nm5ts1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,roman curia1 al?\gh 9 practice !re are by no means few ef=ts made1 by influ5c+ its repres5tatives1 to h t proclaim$ :i* x is desir$ %\ld be proclaim$4 ,inf9itely great has ! numb] ( work]s gr[n1 ! in/rum5ts ( inquiry1 ! confid5ce ( ! human m9d 9 itself1 & our p[] g5]ally4 ,& if =m]ly p c\ld conceive ( no o!r sci5ce ?an su* z /ood 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 to-day sci5ce claims x mo/ emphatically & confid5tly z its privilege & duty to se>* & te/ ! logical tru? ( ! mo/ sacr$ traditions1 & ?us to base ! ?\ght ( future g5]ations1 n on ! nave fai? ( _! fa!rs1 b on ! demon/rable tru?s ( actual pres5t k4 ,,ii4 ,betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( mod]n humanity1 ( :i* ! "o seeks to reta9 ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 its hi/orical =m z ! preci\s1 h]itage ( ! pa/1 & ! o!r to supplant x by a new ,idealism =m$ 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( sci5ce1 a ?ird class /&s1 :i* plays ! "p ( a m$iator4 ,?is class conc$es t ! traditional =ms ( religion are 9 great "p unadapt$ to ! mod]n m9d1 & t hi/orical ,*ri/ianity is 9 ne$ ( improvem5t1 b cont5ds t religion is an in]adicable con/itu5t ( all high] civilisation1 & mu/ rema9 s1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 t ,*ri/ianity is ! absolute religion1 t is to say1 t 9 ,*ri/ianity z rightly und]/ood & naturally develop$ all ! necess>y elem5ts ( ! true religion ( ! future are conta9$4 ,i %\ld l1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 to subject ! cont5tions ( ?is m$iatory gr\p to a critical exam9ation1 & to discuss ! "q :e!r x is at all possible = "o :o resolutely takes 8 /& on ! gr\nd ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1 logically to h religion 9 ! hi/orical s5se at all4 ,9 effect+ a m$iation betwe5 ! religi\s & sci5tific views ( ! _w1--views :i* appe> to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a pr(\nd intellectual abyss1--two ways may1 g5]ally speak+1 be pursu$4 ,bo? h be5 frequ5tly trodd5 s9ce ! days ( rationalism4 ,i %all discuss ea* sep>ately4 ,! attempt may be made to resume1 9 a =m m adapt$ to mod]n times1 ! "w ( ! re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 to g back ev5 m ?or\ghly ?an !y did to ! orig9al & simple/ =ms ( ,*ri/ianity1 to remove 9 toto ! sup]/ructure :i* has be5 re>$ ^u x 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & to exhibit to humanity 8! pure doctr9e ( ,*ri/0 z ! s\rce f :i* to-day1 z a ?\s& ye>s ago1 true com=t may proce$1 z ! simple/1 pure/1 & mo/ exalt$ expression ( ! div9e & human t has ev] yet be5 discov]$4 ,_m ( ! mo/ erudite work]s 9 ! field ( critical !ology :i* ?is c5tury c %[ h plac$ !mselves 9 ! s]vice ( ?is idea1 :i* is prea*$ ) p>ticul> en?usiasm by ! s-call$ 8free-religi\s0 & ,unit>ian confessions1 & :i* at times has also exhibit$ a noble & conciliatory activity 9 ! homiletical "w ( "s mild-m9d$ & lib]al cl]gym5 9 ! evangelical *ur*es4 ,b our special inquiry "h mu/ be conc]n+ ! logical & sci5tific f\ndation ( ?is mod]nis$ primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & on ?is po9t x mu/ be frankly /at$ t ! m fai?fully su* a ,*ri/ianity reflects ! biblical "*1 ! remot] x is f our mod]n ?\ght1 & ! m x is dom9at$ by mod]n ways ( ?9k+1 ! m unhi/orical & h5ce ! m un*ri/ian x becomes4 ,! 8pure doctr9e ( ,*ri/10 ! g5u9e1 primitive =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 is a ,utopia ( biblical criticism4 ,:at we actually possess1 9 ! =m ( hi/orical docum5ts1 is t conception ( ! doctr9es & life ( ,*ri/ :i* 0 put 9 writ+ sev]al g5]ations aft] 8 dea?1 & :i*1 f amid a mu* great] numb] ( contemporane\s attempts1 met by pref]5ce ) ! approbation ( ! *ur*4 ,x is a hopeless task to attempt f ^! late records1 :i* betray ! mo/ v>i\s intellectual influ5ces1 to d]ive ! au!ntic doctr9es ( ! olde/ =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no me?od1 subjective prepossession only1 c "h r5d] a v]dict4 ,! ?+s t appe> especially consi/5t & homog5e\s to individual !ologians & critics are /amp$ z ! g5u9e utt]ances ( ! ,ma/]4 ,z e "t has done1 s ours also con/ructs its picture ( ,*ri/ to con=m ) its wi%es & wants4 ,b grant+ ev5 t !re is no?+ objectionable 9 ?is1 & t ?is proc$ure is p]fectly ju/ifi$1 a numb] ( difficulties /ill /& 9 ! way ( ?is movem5t :i* h /amp$ ! proc$ure ( ev5 ! mo/ +5i\s ( its repres5tatives z ! outcome ( pure subjective caprice4 ,all ! writt5 s\rces :i* we possess ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,*ri/ conta9 mu* t is 9 ! highe/ degree repugnant to ! mod]n m9d4 ,i ref] p>ticul>ly to ! miracles4 ,! difficulties :i* !y pres5t may be dispos$ ( 9 v>i\s ways2 z1 to give an example1 by ! me?od ( ! e>ly rationali/ic ?9k]s1 :o accept$ ! miracles z facts1 b s\ght to give !m a rational explanation1 or by t ( ,/rauss1 :o held t !y 7 ! my?ical & poetical raim5t ( religi\s ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,yet no art ( int]pretation w bani% f ! _w t fact :i* ! poet express$ 9 ! words3 8,das ,wund] i/ des ,glaub5s lieb/es ,k9d40 ,! fact t ! entire ca/ ( ?\ght & s5tim5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity is saturat$ ) ! belief 9 ! m>vell\s1 & ) ! expectations1 nay1 ) ! actual ne$ ( miracles1 & t ?is is n an adscititi\s ornam5t :i* c be d(f$ at pleasure1 l a dress :i* we h outgr[n1 b is ( ! v ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"h is root$ t *ildlike & simple belief 9 ! limitless & ,god-co]c+ p[] ( pray]1 = :i* no natural laws nor =ce ( necessity exi/s1 :i* is omnipot5t z ! ,godhead itself1 & z all-p[]ful z desire4 ,"h is root$ t ard5t conviction ( ! ne> collapse ( ! entire _w1 ( ! com+ k+dom ( p]fection :i* %all proce$1 n f de$s & ?\ght1 b f fai? & grace1 & %all cr[n all human desires ) glory4 ,& intimately connect$ ) all ?is /&s ! idea1 visible 9 ! backgr\nd ( all ! moral prescripts ( ! gospels1 & pa9t$ 9 ! /ronge/ colors1 ( a sy/em ( puni%m5ts & rew>ds 9 ! _w beyond2 :i* makes ( a ,god ( love1 a pitiless1 infuriate ,god ( v5geance4 ,^! ?+s are s intimately int]wov5 ) ! modes ( ?\ght ( ! synoptic writ]s t x is impossible to sep>ate !m !refrom )\t do+ viol5ce to ! int]nal connection ( _! doctr9es4 ,!y :o seek aft] a m spiritual conception may1 x is true1 f9d x 9 ! gospel ( ,john4 ,b ?is book is s completely dom9at$ by ! metaphysical-religi\s speculation ( ! second c5tury1 & by ! ef=t to br+ ! hi/ory ( ! life & doctr9es ( ! ,naz>5e 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,logos idea1 t ! mod]n m9d c only ) great difficulty f9d a common gr\nd ( und]/&+ ) x4 ,! task ( ! mod]n re=m]s is1 = ^! reasons1 a v difficult "o4 ,!y _c b conc$e t ,*ri/ianity1 ev5 9 its purely evangelical =m1 conta9s mu* t is =eign to u1 & t ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$ mu/ 9 "p be excis$ & 9 "p improv$ by criticism & int]pretation4 ,b ! m ! critical s5se :i* is br\ght to be> ^u ?is task is develop$ 9 ! _s ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1 ! m w hi/orical ,*ri/ianity %r9k to ! =m ( a m]e colorless ab/raction1 & ultimately no?+ rema9s ( its exub]ant yet vision>y m5tal _w b ! picture ( a philan?ropic life jo9$ to a /rongly develop$ consci\sness ( ,god1 :i* proclaims a popul> morality 9 comm&m5ts & p>ables4 ,b ev5 ?is latt] is inevitably expos$ to ! same fate z ! o!r ideas4 ,x is dom9at$ ?r\gh\t by ! extreme/ notions ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :i* ! expectation ( ! doom ( ! _w places 9 ! v imm$iate future4 ,x is impossible to take ! sy/em z a :ole1 & x mu/ be made ! subject ( viol5t int]pretation to acquire any fitness = ! ne$s ( mod]n life4 ,its pr9ciples are sy/ematically turn$ & twi/$ till !y h acquir$ 9 "s direction practical utility4 ,& :o at ?is day c =get1 t ?is sy/em ( morality1 :]ev] & :5ev] attempts h be5 made lit]ally & fai?fully to imitate x 9 practical life1 has l$ only to wret*$ c>icatures8 ,moreov]1 x is aga9 & aga9 freely remodell$ 9 ! _s ( mod]n e?ics1 its (f5sive elem5ts *>itably cloak$1 its useful ones develop$ to ! utmo/1 & f9ally "h too a complete set ( :olly mod]n ideas consecrat$ by ! borr[$ au?ority ( a v5]able antiquity4 ,& !re=e ,i repeat my cont5tion1 t ! mod]n re=mation1 ?is mod]n1 pure1 & scriptural ,*ri/ianity1 w1 ! hone/] x is1 all ! m surely lead its adh]5ts away f ,scripture & f ,*ri/ianity & ultimately br+ !m to ! adoption ( a popul>ly exp\nd$1 b philosophically e/abli%$1 e?ical sy/em4 ,i %all n[ take up ! second ( ! two me?ods above m5tion$4 ,t :i* we h j consid]$ 0 kn[n & affect$ ev5 by ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! discov]y ( ! second is a m]it ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! honor belongs 9 a pre-em95t degree to ! speculative philosophy ( ,g]many1 & to ! intimate relations ) !ology :i* ?is philosophy1 especially 9 ! s*ool ( ,hegel & ,s*lei]ma*]1 ent]$ into 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 7,kant's philosophy 0 n put to simil> use until lat]47 ,all ^! movem5ts1 ^: ri* lit]>y ramifications & developm5t may be foll[$ to ! pres5t day 9 ,otto ,pfleid]]'s excell5t & erudite "w1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,prote/ant ,!ology 9 ,g]many ,s9ce ,kant10#fj h also begun 9 rec5t times1 ?r\gh ,gre51 ,caird1 ,a4 ,se?1 ,j4 ,m>t9eau1 ,r4 ,fl9t1 & ,f4 ,rob]tson1 to ex]t an influ5ce on ,anglo-,am]ican intellectual life4 ,! common fundam5tal feature ( ?is second movem5t is1 t x proposes to accept z pure ,*ri/ianity1 n only ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e accessible to u1 b also ! entire sy/em ( dogmatic ?\ghts :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies primitive ,*ri/ianity has produc$4 ,*ri/ianity1 ^! m5 say1 has hi/orically exi/$ & act$ 9 ^! matur] notions4 ,x is n p]missible arbitr>ily to sep>ate !m f x1 & to rev]se by any au?oritative edicts ! real hi/orical developm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 we n[ may & mu/ cont9ue ! process :i*1 by ! t5or ( dogmatic hi/ory1 is ! process :i* has cont9u$ = c5turies1 & give to ! dogmas ! =m :i* be/ accords ) mod]n spiritual ne$s4 ,to-day z 9 ! days ( incipi5t ,*ri/ianity1 we see by ! side ( ! nave lit]al belief1 :i* takes no (f5ce at incompreh5sible ?+s if !y only suit ! ne$s ( its he>t1 a gnosis arise :i* /rives to reconcile fai? & k1 religion & intellectual culture2 a gnosis :i* to ! unbeliev+ sceptic quotes ! words ( ! poet3 8,die ,gei/]welt i/ ni*t v]s*loss52 ,de9 ,s9n i/ zu2 de9 ,h]z i/ todt6 ,auf6 bade1 ,s*l]1 unv]dross5 ,die ird's*e ,bru/ im ,morg5ro?60 ,x is p]haps ev5 m difficult to give a succ9ct & compreh5sive notion ( ! ideas ( ?is speculative !ology1 ?an ( ! results ( ! ,new ,te/am5t exegesis ( :i* we spoke above4 ,all gradations are "h repres5t$1 f t5d]1 cons]vative reg>d = ! traditional beliefs ( ! sects & ! ne$s ( ! pi\s he>t to ! bolde/ speculative int]pretations & critical re/rictions ( dogma1 :i* utt]ly disc>d ! hi/orical =m & hold fa/ only to a c5tral g]m9al tru?4 ,! pres5t inquiry w re/rict itself to ^? repres5tatives ( ?is gnosis1 :o z a matt] ( pr9ciple grant ! greate/ field ( action to ! rational developm5t ( dogma1 & repres5t its philosophical elaboration 9 its f9e/ & mo/ complicat$ =m4 ,i %all attempt to signalise ! ideas :i* may to-day be designat$ z ! mo/ spiritualis$ expression ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,& fir/ let u he> a great] m9d speak4 ,9 ,ludwig ,feu]ba*'s essays on ! nature ( religion & ,*ri/ianity ! foll[+ s5t5ces occur3 8,! ,*ri/ian religion is ! reveal$ inw>dness1 ! objectively express$ self ( man2 ! cont5ts ( 8 highe/ aspirations2 ! ess5ce ( man purifi$ & fre$ f ! limitations ( individuality2 yet all subjectivis$1 t is intuit$1 kn[n1 & wor%ipp$ z a sep>ate1 indep5d5t entity1 :olly di/9ct f himself4 ,religion is ess5tially dramatical4 ,god himself is a dramatical creation1 t is to say1 a p]sonal be+ oppos$ to man4 ,he :o takes f religion ?is idea1 takes f x ! gi/ ( its be+1 & holds b ! caput mortuum 9 8 h&s40 ,^! s5t5ces ( ,feu]ba* express ) ! greate/ g5]ality & precision ! inn]mo/ nature ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,!y *>act]ise excell5tly ! po9t t _c be giv5 up )\t de/roy+ ! religi\s view z su*4 ,:at ,i ref] to is dualism1 ! dualism ( ! div9e & ! human1 ( ! _w beyond1 & ! _w t is1 ( hol9ess & s92 dualism conceiv$ n m]ely z a mode ( view & ( conceptual di/9ction1 z a work+ contr>iety 9 ?+s t by _! nature are "o1 b z a metaphysical diff]5ce1 an actual contraposition ( two worlds1 ( two k+doms ( exi/5ce1 :i* are totally sep>ate1 no matt] h[ ext5sive ! relations ( ! "o to ! o!r may be4 ,only on su* a supposition is t possible :i* ,feu]ba*1 ) inimitable aptness1 call$ 8! dramatic elem5t0 ( religion4 ,! hi/ory ( humanity1 ! hi/ory ( its religi\s life p>ticul>ly1 is no monologue ( humanity ) itself into :i* life & advancem5t ent] solely ?r\gh ! multitude ( ! ideas creat$ by individuals )9 ! race itself4 ,x is an action or process 9 a high] s5se1 an int]activity betwe5 two worlds1 9 :i*1 x is true1 humanity1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 %apes its own =tunes & de/9y1 b at ! same "t is also con/antly expos$ to ! int]f]5ces ( a p[] :i* /&s beyond & above x & to :i* x has to accommodate itself4 ,& :atev] artifices & c>e _m ( ! repres5tatives ( ! mod]n gnosis may employ to conceal ?is fundam5tal assumption1 & to sub/itute = x ! po9t ( view ( ! imman5ce ( ?is p[] 9 ! _w1 /ill any radical brea* ) x is impossible )\t endang]+ ! v f\ndations ( ! religi\s s5se ( humanity itself4 ,! indisp5sability ( ?is duali/ic opposition & sep>ation is equally well exhibit$ :e!r we take z our />t+-po9t ! exi/5ce ( ! _w at l>ge or ! individual consci\sness ( man4 ,! religi\s mode ( view kn[s ( no o!r way ( ass]t+ ! rights & activity ( ! m9d 9 ! ,all ?an by mak+ all exi/5ce assume a p]sonal life 9 an inf9ite1 self-consci\s1 & e?ically p]fect be+4 ,! emotions & exp]i5ces ( "o's he>t1 its vacillations betwe5 humility & exaltation1 remorse at ! consci\sness ( "o's own imp]fections1 ! inspir$ flight ( ! s\l to high] realms ( exi/5ce1 appe> z ! int]c\rse ( man ) "s extrane\s p[]1 alli$ to man & yet above him1 9 :i* ! sum ( all excell5ce to :i* ?\ght & exp]i5ce h ev] l$ man1 has its et]nal s\rce4 ,^! ideas con/itute ! po9t ( view :i* is decisive ( ! hi/ory ( humanity1 p>ticul>ly 9 :at conc]ns religion4 ,! hi/ory ( religion is1 9 accordance ) ^! ideas1 conceiv$ z a cont9u\s self-revelation ( ,god 9 ! _w ( man4 ,true1 ?is view seems to be contradict$ by ! fact t ! self-revelation ( ?is inf9itely good p[] is effect$ 9 ! case ( by f> ! great] "p ( mank9d 9 a v insuffici5t mann]--9 ! =m1 namely1 ( crude & sup]/iti\s notions :i* /& 9 ne$ ( con/ant purification by reason4 ,b ! explanation ( ?is fact is s\ght 9 ! idea ( a div9e p$agogical tra9+ ( ! human race1 & 9 ! !ory t religion is n an imm$iate self-revelation ( ! absolute1 b passes ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! human m9d & consequ5tly mu/ be condition$ by its "*4 ,*ri/ianity1 n[1 especially appe>s z ! highe/ =m ( ?is self-revelation ( ,god 9 humanity1 t is to say z ! absolute religion1 :i*1 9 its hi/orical =ms1 x is true1 is z little free f adscititi\s ornam5ts & transi5t obscurations z o!r religions1 yet 9 its ess5ce c be z little improv$ z x c be disc>d$4 ,?is inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ! majority ( ! repres5tatives ( ?is mod]n gnosis decl>e to be ! conviction t all m5 are f ! beg9n+ *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,9 ?is idea two ?+s are conta9$3 submission to ! w ( ,god :o is conceiv$ z a k9d p>5t & :o 9 pity & love does ev]y?+ = ! be/2 & ! imitation 9 our own ?\ght & conduct ( ! e?ical p]fection conceiv$ inc>nate 9 ,god4 ,! ent]+ ( man into ?is relation is designat$ ! k+dom ( ,god--a notion :i* con/itutes ! ideal goal ( hi/ory4 ,! condition ( m9d on :i* ! k+dom ( ,god re/s is prefigur$ 9 a typical mann] 9 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,8 p]son & 8 life are a gu>antee ( ! possibility ( ?is ideal1 & exhibit at ! same "t ! means ( its accompli%m5t3 namely1 ! help+ love ( ,god1 :i* has infus$ into ?is "o individual ! :ole pl5itude ( its be+1 s f> z ?is is at all possible ) human capacities1 t humanity may h 9 x a direct liv+ picture ( ! highe/ fulfilm5t ( its religi\s & moral de/9y4 ,! hi/orical ,*ri/ is ! ideal ( humanity1 support$ & ens\l$ by ! _s ( ,god4 ,! mod]n gnosis "h goes back to ! ,paul9ian int]pretation ( ! ,*ri/-idea4 ,! consid]ation ( ! speculative difficulties ( ! idea ( ! ,tr9ity is ?us r5d]$ sup]flu\s = x4 ,?is notion is treat$ by ! majority ( its repres5tatives simply z a dogmatic antiquity2 its place is tak5 by ! mod]n ideas ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! p]son ( ,jesus & ! pr9ciple or _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is synonym\s ) ! contra/ ( ! idea & its revelation1 ! et]nal & ! temporal1 ( ! inw>d ess5ce & its hi/orical realisation4 ,t x employs ! notions ( idea1 pr9ciple1 & ess5ce :olly 9 a ,platonic s5se1 z ! highe/ metaphysical realities1 is self-evid5t4 ,m di/ant /ill is ! attitude :i* ?is speculative !ology assumes t[>ds ano!r idea :i* proce$$ f ! ,rabb9ical s*ool ( ?\ght ( ,paul3 ! notion ( salvation or r$emption 9 its connection ) ! expiatory dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,f ^! conceptions ( punitive suff]+1 ( a vic>i\s atonem5t ( ,god 9 8 own p]son--conceptions ( su* juri/ical ref9em5t z to be :olly unacceptable to mod]n modes ( ?\ght--! mod]n gnosis has ^u ! :ole resolutely turn$ away & tak5 refuge 9 t m spiritual & m pr(\nd idea :i* 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times ! au?or ( ! gospel ( ,/4 ,john promulgat$4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ is r$emptive only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,*ri/'s total hi/ory is r$emptive1 z ! direct & prefigurative inc>nation ( ! true religi\s relation betwe5 ,god & man4 ,?is is1 x is true1 applicable 9 a q special s5se to ! ,dea?2 = x 0 by ?is t ! et]nal tru? 0 manife/$1 t n only does all salvation accrue to man f ! sacrifice ( 8 own self 9 dute\s & pati5t love1 b t all ! life ( ,god is an emanation ( ?is self-surr5d]+ excell5ce1 ( ?is bliss ( self-sacrifice4 ,/ill1 !re is "o ?+ t is common to all ! repres5tatives ( ?is movem5t z di/+ui%$ f ! =m]1 & t is ?is3 !y d n cont5t !mselves ) pictur+ ! activity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 g5]al outl9es solely z "o :i* is bless$ & significant by example & doctr9e = humanity1 b !y assume a cont9u\s & active pres5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple 9 humanity1 by means ( :i* ! moral discord 9 individuals is ov]come1 & 9 ! p]sonal spiritual life ( individuals div9e & human nature are unit$4 ,?is is ! mo/ speculative int]pretation we h ( ! old dogmatic notion ( r$emption1 :i* f its orig9al "* z a s+le isolat$ ph5om5on ( hi/ory has "h become ! con/ant activity ( a ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 & an ev]-liv+ prec$5t ( ,*ri/ian life4 ,x w\ld be a prolix & we>isome task to g ?r\gh 9 ?is way ! :ole dogmatism ( ?is speculative !ology4 ,! fundam5tal ideas :i* we h discuss$ w suffice to %[ ! mann] 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 x spiritualis$ ! allegorical notions ( popul> ,*ri/ianity1 b on ! o!r left unt\*$ ! gi/ ( ! religi\s view & ! dramatical or duali/ic opposition ( ! div9e & human4 ,! notions ( grace & sanctification1 ! notion ( ! *ur* z a liv+1 organis$ in/rum5t ( salvation1 spr+ directly & logically f ^! fundam5tal ideas4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( e?ics ?is movem5t has a mu* easi] task ?an ! *ur*es bas$ on ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,z x seeks to e/abli%1 n a primitive ,*ri/ianity1 b a mod]nis$ ,*ri/ianity develop$ 9 ! _s ( rec5t times1 !re is no necessity ( its be+ incommod$ by ! e?ical crud5esses ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 b x is 9 ! same position to "w ^! crud5esses ov] critically z x did ! asp]ities ( ! old dogmas4 ,x c assimilate mo/ ( :at x ne$s f mod]n philosophical e?ics1 & cont5t itself ) giv+ to :at x has ?us borr[$ a metaphysically religi\s backgr\nd d]iv$ f dogmatic traditions4 ,t ?is mod]n gnosis is 9 a con/ant /ate ( vacillation ) respect to ! practical ?+s ( life1 is a necess>y consequ5ce ( its fundam5tal assumptions & ( its position t[>ds ! doctr9es ( ! *ur*4 ,its =emo/ repres5tatives ackn[l$ge )\t any res]ve t ! true s\rce f :i* religi\s emotions & s5tim5ts fl[ is ! symbolic or imag9ative faculty ( man4 ,! gr&ly simple pictures 9 :i* ! anci5t ,*ri/ian fai? f\nd satisfaction are n[ 9 ! c\rse ( "t inevitably dis9tegrat$ by ! critical reason4 ,! speculative !ology itself proclaims t its vocation is "o ( cop]ation t[>ds ?is end4 ,b x ma9ta9s nev]!less t ! fruits ( ?is "w1 ! speculative int]pretation ( ! dogmas1 _! exaltation into ! sph]e ( ! ,idea1 are fit only = initiat$ m9ds1 & are cavi>e = ! g5]al4 ,! g5]al1 ! p1 want & w use religion 9 ! =m :i* its fancy has creat$1 & x _c be reveal$ to x 9 any o!r4 ,progressive 9 its !ories1 ?is gnosis is 9 its ecclesia/ical practice ?or\ghly cons]vative4 ,x ?9ks two k9ds ( ?\ght1 & speaks two k9ds ( languages1 accord+ z x f9ds itself 9 ! pulpit or 9 ! pr(essorial *air4 ,& x is 9 j ?is proc$ure t x assumes a position :i* x is v difficult to attack4 ,he1 :o work+ = a s\nd & progressive popul> enlight5m5t on ! gr\nd ( a unit>y view ( ! _w1 opposes ! fur!r use ( ! antiquat$ & effete allegories ( ! old religions1 is told t he is beh9d ! times1 & t religion1 nurtur$ by ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce1 has become some?+ diff]5t f :at x =m]ly 04 ,9 v /rict ecclesia/ical qu>t]s ?is gnosis is look$ at askance1 & accus$ ( ins9c]ity1 nay1 ( secret alliance ) unbelief2 b ! movem5t nev] all[$ itself to be l$ a/ray by ^! accusations1 & has nev] fail$ to ass]t its "r ( cop]ation 9 ! common "w ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,= ?\gh x pret5ds to be 9 ! h&s ( ! ?9k+ !ologian a means ( br++ into h>mony ! fai? :i* he mu/ confess & ! ?\ght :i* he _c ab&on1 x yet admits1 t ) ! majority ( mank9d ! allegory w always rema9 an ess5tial elem5t ( religion1 & t !re=e ! task ( sci5tific !ology c nev] be to de/roy ^! vessels ( religion1 b only to ex]cise a wat*ful c>e1 t ) ! =m ! _s also may n be lo/4 ,,iii4 ,! "q n[ arises1--& ?is br+s u back to ! consid]ations ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is essay1--,does ?is rationalis$ ,*ri/ianity ( to-day really meet ! dem&s ( sci5ce1 & if x does n1 is x 9 ! p[] ( ! mod]n sci5tific _w-conception to furni% f its own res\rces "s sub/itute = ! religi\s views ( ! pa/8 ,my answ] to ?is "q w be %ort & concise2 = ! exi/5ce ( ,! ,moni/1 ! fundam5tal idea ( its managem5t1 & ! total "* ( ! ef=ts :i* x has hi!rto made1 speak ) suffici5t emphasis4 ,& we may1 !re=e1 ) ! greate/ respect = ! sci5tific zeal & ! p]sonal ability ( _m ( ! repres5tatives ( ?is m$iatory !ology1 say1 )\t fur!r ado3 ,?is rationalis$ ,*ri/ianity ( y\rs also is my? & symbol2 x /ill adh]es to t 8dramatic0 division ( ! _w :i* our imag9ations produc$1 & to ! metaphysical dualism ( ,god & man2 x _c lift itself to a rigor\s conception ( ! ,all 9 ,"o1 = :i* ,god is 9 ! same s5se a simple function ( human ?\ght z ?\ght is a function ( ! human organism4 ,! ,god on :om all dep5ds 9 religion1 ! ,god ^: "n is 8,fa!r10 ! ,god ( love & goodness1 ! ,god f :om all great ?\ghts & all gr& resolves spr+1 ! ,god :o sanctifies u & lifts u above ! e>?--to displace ?is ,god f ! _w 9 :i* he has no place1 into ! inw>d be+ ( humanity seems at ?is day s /range1 nay1 inconceivable1 only because we h accu/om$ ourselves 7& d[n to ! times ( ,mill & ,feu]ba*1 ev5 /rict moni/ic ?9k]s l ,sp9oza fell victims to ?is illusion7 to m+le toge!r 9 ! idea ( ,god two :olly di/9ct ideas--! ideas1 namely1 ( nature & ( an e?ical ideal4 ,to pres]ve ?is latt] inviolate1 & to secure x f all encroa*m5ts ( human caprice1 "o ?+ alone seem$ to ! nave dramatic modes ( ?\ght ( e>ly times a compet5t safegu>d3 ! ideal mu/ 9 "s locality be real2 ! highe/ to :i* human ?\ght & aspiration c exalt itself mu/ be s\ght & mu/ exi/ 9 "s sup]human reality4 ,& :at reality c\ld be bett] adapt$ to ?is ?an "o on :i* ev5 nature 0 conceiv$ to be dep5d5t8 ,! entire hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! idea ( ,god 9 ! ,grco-,roman & ,hebrew worlds1 ! conflu5ce ( ^! two /reams ( ?\ght 9 ,*ri/ian speculation1 exhibit 9 ! cle>e/ possible mann] ^! motives1 :i* "h ,i c only lightly t\* ^u4 ,b ?is comb9ation ( ! law ( nature & ! law ( e?ics 9 ! idea ( ,god1 al?\gh solv+ "s ( ! difficulties ( humanity1 has plung$ x into incomp>ably great] ones4 ,?r\gh all ! c5turies ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght a succession ( desp]ate attempts may be trac$ to e/abli% a !odicy1 t is to say1 attempts to demon/rate ! exi/5ce 9 nature & 9 hi/ory ( a ,god :i* h>monises ) ! e?ical ideal4 ,ev5 ,kant c\ld und]take to demon/rate ! 8necess>y failure ( all attempts at a !odicy10 & :oev] might /ill h ent]ta9$ any d\bt z to ! correctness ( ?is demon/ration1 su* a "o mu/ surely h be5 conv9c$ ( x by ! sci5tific developm5t ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,t :i* 0 indissolubly weld$ toge!r 9 ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god is to-day dis9tegrat$ into its compon5t elem5ts4 ,! ,"l above nature1 ! ,_s beh9d nature1 h be5 r5d]$ inconceivable by ! mod]n notions ( ! con=mity to law ( all natural occurr5ces & ( ! unity ( all exi/5ce4 ,! _s imman5t 9 ! ,all no ?9k] w d5y1 = ?is _s manife/s itself 9 an indisputable mann] 9 ! fact t ?is ,all is a cosmos1 n a *aos1 t n only ! caprice ( *ance b also ! laws ( necessity rule 9 x1 & t ! p]sonal self-consci\s m9d spr+s f its mid/4 ,b f ?is recognition ( m9d 9 ! ,all1 !re is no bridge t leads to ! old idea ( ,god4 ,we _c wor%ip ! ,all z a moral ideal4 ,we involve ourselves 9 absurd complications :5 we attempt to d]ive ! actions ( natural ev5ts & _! con=mity to law f e?ical categories1 & x is no less a desp]ate und]tak+ to imag9e t we c draw impulses = our moral ?\ght & conduct f nature4 ,! adaptation ( means to ends1 ! teleology1 t rules 9 ! ,all1 is veil$ = u 9 ! deepe/ obscurity4 ,all t we c unravel ( x has no resemblance to t :i*1 accord+ to our notions1 is e?ical3 8,d5n unfhl5d i/ die ,natur10 %e does n "k :at love or m]cy is2 %e kn[s only ! omnipot5t p[] ( univ]sal laws2 %e kn[s only ! rights ( ! :ole1 to :i* %e sacrifices ) unconc]n ! individual2 %e revels 9 ! d\ble pleasure ( unceas+ creation & unceas+ de/ruction2 %e arms unpity+ly ! /rong aga9/ ! weak2 9 crises ( annihilation %e re/ores ! di/urb$ equilibrium ( ?+s2 b ! palm ( peace no "o has ev] se5 9 h] h&4 ,& we8 ,we /& amaz$ at h] might & greatness1 at ! pl5titude ( h] p[]s ( creation1 at h] myriad play ( =ces1 at ! inexhau/ible weal? ( ! relations ) :i* %e b9ds be+ to be+1 creates & m$iates contr>ieties1 & amid/ ! mo/ v>i$ *ange & alt]nation1 ev] rema9s "o & ! same6 ,b our prototype1 our ,god1 %e c nev] be4 ,to him we mu/ look up2 b on nature1 despite h] might1 despite h] /up5d\s gr&eur1 we look d[n4 ,%e did n :isp] 9 our e>s t 9 u :i* is be/ & highe/4 ,t did n come to u f heav52 we ourselves won x by h>d /ruggles1 by t]ribly sev]e1 self-impos$ discipl9e4 ,x is n ( nature2 x is above nature4 ,?r\gh u some?+ has come into ! _w t be=e u did n exi/--some?+ t ! mo/ exub]ant creative magic1 or nature's gr&e/ me*anical dreams1 c\ld nev] replace4 ,! day on :i* fir/ a human be+ press$ 8 weak] fell[-man to 8 brea/ & said1 8,bro!r1 n m9e1 b ?y w be done2 ,i w give up my desires t ?\ also may/ be glad02 ! day on :i* man fir/ lift$ up 8 head & said1 8,let u make ! _w good 9 ! lik5ess ( ! picture t has become liv+ 9 u1 j z x %\ld be02 ?is is ! great & sanctifi$ day 9 ! hi/ory ( our race on e>?1 ! ,*ri/mas day on :i* ,god 0 born4 ,b n z ! religi\s fancy has express$ x1 ! day on :i* ,god became man1 b ! day on :i* man began to become ,god1 t is ! day on :i* he began to feel spiritual p[]s 9 8 brea/ t transc5d$ 8 animal impulses--p[]s to :i* ! majority ( humanity 0 /ill z remote z heav5 f e>?4 ,?is /rict an?ropological conception ( ,god z ! ideal :i* is always newly creat+ itself 9 ! /ruggles ( humanity1 :i* is no ,be+ b a ,becom+1 solves ! innum]able difficulties :i* ! idea ( ,god has hi!rto plac$ 9 ! way ( rigor\s sci5tific k & ! con/ruction ( a unit>y conception ( ! _w4 ,?is ,god has no?+ to d ) ! ,all4 ,we ne$ n seek him 9 ! ,all or beh9d ! ,all1 & ne$ n fe> t any progress ( our k w make 8 exi/5ce a matt] ( d\bt ) u4 ,conc]n+ ! real validity ( ?is idea we ne$ n bo!r ourselves ) m or less weak & insuffici5t demon/rations3 ! :ole hi/ory ( humanity is evid5ce ( x if we b "k h[ to rightly int]pret x1 & ! /umbl+ block ( ! old !ological idea ( ,god has become ! corn]-/one ^u :i* ! new sci5tific conception is built4 ,nature & human hi/ory ! "w ( an omnipot5t & all-k9d be+ t is m$iately & imm$iately active 9 all ev5ts1 nay1 sacrific$ himself 9 8 own p]son t he might realise 9 ?is _w 8 purposes6 ,comp>e ! pr9ciple1 ! active =ce ( ?is _w-drama1 pictur$ by ! religi\s fancy z ! highe/ p[]1 ! highe/ wisdom1 & all-m]ciful love1 ) ! real spectacle ( ! _w6 ,is !re any:]e a m pron\nc$ contradiction1 an obscur] riddle1 a m inconceivable contra/ betwe5 purpose & accompli%m5t8 ,?is _w ( cruelty & woe1 9 :i* "o creature fe$s on ! he>t-blood ( ano!r1 9 :i* "h & !re f seas ( mud & dirt a =m ( light spr+s up1 9 :i* e nobl] production mu/ be b\ght ) torr5ts ( blood & te>s2 ?is revelation & self-manife/ation ( ,god 9 humanity1 :i* ev]y:]e appe>s jo9$ to def9ite hi/orical suppositions1 :i* lacks all ! conditions ( true univ]sality & ( indisputable evid5ce1 s t in/ead ( =m+ a means ( union x has become ! s\rce ( dreadful cont5tions2 ?is "w ( salvation & sanctification :i* is s re/rict$ 9 its effects t 8! k+dom ( ,god0 is /ill a dreamy vision ( humanity1 s re/rict$ t we /ill see ! majority ( m51 despite ! mo/ extraord9>y sup]natural dispositions1 /ill rema9 f> beh9d ! simple ideals ( natural e?ical comm&m5ts1 t hate & diss5sion1 cruelty & selfi%ness1 p]=m _! unhall[$ "w--is ?is ! "w ( inf9ite p[] & inf9ite wisdom8 ,:at claims !odicy makes on human ?\ght6 ,& h[ diff]5t ! picture is1 ! mom5t we ab&on ! false !oc5tric po9t ( view & assume ! an?ropoc5tric6 ,in/ead ( a belief :i* all facts contradict--an idea :i* elucidates !m all4 ,no "o c say h[ we are to int]pret facts z ! "w ( a holy & absolutely p]fect be+2 b x c be %[n1 /ep by /ep1 h[ 9 ?is1 our human _w1 m p]fect ?+s spr+ f imp]fect ?+s1 moral & m5tal laws f ! bl9d play ( natural =ces & p[]s1 ! consci\s en]gy ( w f bl9d & unreasonable impulse1 law & love ( man f ! selfi%ness & w>r+ ( all aga9/ all1 & ! notion ( ! unity ( ! race f inf9ite disruption & disunion4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be l$ a/ray or disc\rag$ "h by ! *ang+ undulations & trem5d\s crises ( ?is battle = ! good4 ,! ideal spr+s out ( a d>k abyss4 ,! roots ( our be+ are deep laid 9 nature1 yet we /ruggle to exalt ourselves above x4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t "t & aga9 x draws u back4 ,! greate/ & sublime/ spectacle6 ,a tragical "o1 "o fill$ ) /ruggle & suff]+1 & yet "o inf9itely full ( hope4 ,= x %[s u ! inexhau/ible gr&eur ( ! human m9d2 x %[s u ! good1 ! ideal1 z a trem5d\s real p[]1 a p[] et]nally becom+1 surely =m+ itself out ( an inf9itude ( individual de$s1 a p[] fully inc>nate 9 no "o p]son1 yet active & liv+ 9 humanity4 ,n a tangible activity1 & yet "o ( ! reale/ ( facts4 ,a sup]s5su\s1 nay1 if y w1 a sup]natural realm ( ?\ght2 n ! fad$ reflection or %ad[ ( a gr&eur & p[] beyond u1 b ! fruit ( ! noble/ activities & p[]s ( ?is giv51 exi/+ _w1 antagonis$ 9 life1 b gr& & p[]ful 9 ?\ght2 imp]fect ev5 9 its bolde/ flights1 b be>+ )9 x ! g]m ( great] ?+s to come4 ,"h is ! true po9t ( union = ,*ri/ian dogma & sci5ce4 ,"h is ! ,god 9 :i* sci5ce also may1 nay1 mu/1 believe4 ,n humanity 9 its empirical reality1 b ! ideal _w develop$ )9 ! human realm ( ?+s--! _s ( humanity4 ,?is is ! only true object ( wor%ip4 ,be=e x we are humiliat$1 & by x we feel ourselves exalt$4 ,f x we receive all ! good t life be/[s ^u u2 x gives u light & peace & lucid ?\ght4 ,& :at high]1 nobl] ?+ c a life produce ?an ! feel+ t x has n be5 unwor?y ( ?is great ance/ry1 t x has help$ to keep alive ?is holy fire1 t x has help$1 p]haps1 to fan by its own life ?is liv+ flame to great] heights8 ,"h is ! true s\rce ( ! ideas ( acc\ntability & ( salvation4 ,we are n responsible to a be+ outside & above u1 b to our own selves & to humanity1 f :i* we h receiv$ ! be/ t x _h to give1 & = :i* we mu/ return :at we ourselves h produc$4 ,?is consci\sness ( be+ ?r[n utt]ly on ! res\rces ( "o's own self1 on "o's own p[]s1 0 fir/ creat$ 9 ! human m9d by sci5ce & ! te*nical arts1 7z t mo/ v5]able & mo/ sacr$ ( all my?s1 ! leg5d ( ,prome!us1 s pr(\ndly indicates17 & ?is consci\sness w1 by ! progress ( k & p[]1 be made m & m ! dom9at+ "o ( humanity4 ,?is is n a consci\sness ( omnipot5ce2 x does n exclude ! subjection ( man to ! inexorable laws ( ! univ]se2 b x dem&s ! enli/m5t ( all ! p[]s ( ! race3 = nature does n give u m ?an we wre/ f h] by ardu\s toil4 ,& z humanity is acc\ntable only to itself1 s d ! means ( its salvation lie only 9 itself4 ,n 9 any "o individual1 b 9 ! _s 9 x :i* ev] works onw>d & upw>d4 ,yet ?is _s is n an unp]sonal exi/5ce2 x mu/ be possess$ aga9 & ev] aga9 by liv+ m54 ,& no "o c s]ve humanity or augm5t its spiritual treasures or re9c>nate 9 himself its holie/ possessions )\t fir/ hav+ & feel+ )9 himself ! bless+ ( :at he has done4 ,& ?us ! pr(\nde/ significance ( human life on e>? may be =mulat$ & embrac$ 9 t say+ ( ! poet :i* 0 ?r\gh\t conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( our times1 & w\ld h be5 :olly incompreh5sible to ! m9d ( ^? :o gave u our fai?--9 ! words3 8,erlsung dem ,erls]40 ,f4 ,,jodl4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums4 ,fir/ edition4 #ahda4 ,pp4 #bhh-bhi4 #fj ,translation publi%$ by ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e9 ,co41 ,london1 #ahia4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,are religion & sci5ce inde$ z contr>y z !y are (t5 repres5t$ to be1 & is ! proposition to reconcile !m a hopeless & futile und]tak+8 ,pr(essor ,jodl1 9 8 article 8,religion & ,mod]n ,sci5ce10 7pp4 #cbi-cea ( ?is numb]17 says3 8,t civilis$ humanity to-day is sep>at$ into two gr\ps :i* no long] und]/& ea* o!r1 :i* d n speak ! same language1 & :i* live 9 totally diff]5t worlds ( ?\ght & s5tim5t40 ,!re are ^? :o cl+ to ! old religions & ^? :o supplant x by a new idealism4 ,betwe5 bo?1 he adds3 8,a ?ird class /&s :i* plays ! "p ( a m$iator40 ,pr(essor ,jodl does n approve ( reconcil+ ! hi/orical =ms ( religion ) sci5ce4 ,he rightly says3 8,! #8pure doctr9e ( ,*ri/1' ! g5u9e1 primitive =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 is a ,utopia ( biblical criticism40 ,we he>tily agree ) him 9 8 rem>ks conc]n+ ! "p :i* ! miracul\s & sup]natural play 9 ! ,gospels3 8,^! ?+s are s intimately int]wov5 ) ! modes ( ?\ght ( ! synoptic writ]s t x is impossible to sep>ate !m !refrom )\t do+ viol5ce to ! int]nal connection ( _! doctr9es40 ,we also concur ^u ! :ole ) ,pr(essor ,jodl 9 8 criticism ( ! me?ods ( ,speculative ,!ology4 ,no compromis+ ) traditional errors1 no cov]+ or ext5uat+ ( ! results ( hi/orical criticism is all[able m]ely = ! love ( tradition & = ! pres]vation ( errors t h become de> to a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,we d n condemn ! "w ( any m$iator2 on ! contr>y1 we r enc\rage x4 ,we obs]ve ) pleasure 9 ! late/ phases ( ! religi\s evolution ( ,speculative ,!ology ! preval5ce ( a m mod]n _s1 & we foll[ ) a ke5 int]e/ also ! progress ( biblical critique 9 its truly valuable labors3 b we d n expect t ei!r ! "o or ! o!r w accompli% any reg5]ation ( religion4 ,pr(essor ,jodl kn[s v well t ! editors ( ,! ,moni/ & ,! ,op5 ,c\rt h n und]tak5 any "w ( compromis+ betwe5 ! errors ( ! pa/ & ! ideal ( ! future4 ,our idea ( a reconciliation betwe5 religion & sci5ce is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,we are n bl9d to ! errors ( ! old religions1 & we d n mean to gloss !m ov]1 or to make old-fa%ion$ views acceptable by pres5t+ !m 9 a new g>m5t4 ,we d n ev5 /op to bury ! dead1 = we h bett] ?+s to d ?an to tr\ble ) problems t h be5 def9itely settl$4 ,we keep our h&s to ! pl\gh to accompli% ! "w ne$$ to-day4 ,:ile we are n bl9d to ! errors ( ! old religions1 we recognise at ! same "t t !y conta9 9 ! language ( p>ables "s great tru?s :i* w rema9 =ev]4 ,^! tru?s con/itute ! backbone ( religion1 & we reg>d x z a v important duty ( ours to pres]ve !m4 ,^! tru?s mu/ be pres]v$1 n because !y 7 believ$ 9 by our fa!rs1 nor f any respect = tradition1 nor f any reg>d = our s5tim5ts1 b simply because !y are tru?s1 because !y c be prov$ to be true accord+ to ! me?ods ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,:at is religion8 ,religion consi/s ( all ^? ideas :i* regulate our conduct4 ,9 ! savage ^! ideas are v crude & sup]/iti\s1 & (t5 self-contradictory4 ,! high] a man rises1 ! cle>]1 ! m sci5tific & consi/5t d ^! ideas become1 until !y develop into a sy/ematic _w-conception4 ,e sci5tific idea t *anges our _w-conception w *ange also our religion & ) x our rules ( conduct4 ,?us1 = example1 ! idea ( evolution has become to u an em95tly religi\s idea4 ,9 ord] to indicate t ! crit]ion ( tru? = religion is ! v same ?+ z ! crit]ion ( tru? = sci5ce1 we h propos$ to call ! religion we advocate1 8,! ,religion ( ,sci5ce40 7,= details see ! editorial ( ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #a1 ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt47 ,our proc$ure appe>s to _m z an annihilation ( religion 9 favor ( sci5ce4 ,b x is n4 ,& :y n8 ,we h le>n$ _m tru?s fir/ f religion1 long be=e sci5ce c\ld ev] ?9k ( prov+ !m4 ,9 sev]al respects sci5ce took ! lead1 & religion rema9$ at a long di/ance beh9d1 awkw>dly1 v sl[ly1 & unwill+ly limp+ onw>d on ! road ( progress4 ,in/ances are1 ! acceptance ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em & ( ! evolution !ory4 ,b 9 o!r respects religion took ! lead1 & sci5ce 0 unable to foll[ its +5i\s flight4 ,z in/ances ( ?is we cite su* moral tru?s z ! love ( enemies1 :i* 7 n prea*$ by sci5ti/s z sci5tific tru?s1 b by religi\s tea*]s1 by ,confucius1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/4 ,!re are sci5ti/s ev5 to-day :o reg>d :at we w\ld call 8moral tru?s0 z maxims t are contr>y to ! e/abli%$ views ( sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 = in/ance1 is v emphatic 9 8 decl>ation t ! facts ( nature d n tea* morality4#fa ,?is leads u to a po9t 9 :i* we disagree ) ,pr(essor ,jodl4 ,he speaks ( ! illusion 8( m+l+ toge!r 9 ! idea ( ,god two :olly di/9ct ideas--! ideas namely ( nature & ( an e?ical ideal0--an illusion to :i* 8ev5 /rict moni/ic ?9k]s l ,sp9oza fell victims40 ,pr(essor ,jodl's position rem9ds u ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill's 8,essay on ,nature10 9 :i* he exposes ! old doctr9e naturam sequi 9 all its absurd mean+s & c>efully avoids a discussion ( ! only rational conception ( ! precept4 ,?us 8 tirades appe> mo/ conv9c+1 & to be sure !y are q correct--s f> z !y g4 ,says ,mill3 8,9 sob] tru?1 ne>ly all ! ?+s :i* m5 are hang$ or imprison$ = do+ to "o ano!r1 are nature's e-day p]=mances4 ,kill+1 ! mo/ crim9al act recognis$ by human laws1 ,nature does once to e be+ t lives4444 8,nature impales m51 breaks !m z if on ! :eel1 ca/s !m to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 burns !m to dea?1 cru%es !m ) /ones l ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr1 />ves !m ) hung]1 freezes !m ) cold1 poisons !m by ! quick or sl[ v5om ( h] exhalations1 & has hundr$s ( o!r hide\s dea?s 9 res]ve1 su* z ! +5i\s cruelty ( a ,nabis or a ,domitian nev] surpass$40 ,mill mu/ inde$ h felt ! ne$ ( beg9n+ ^! s5t5ces ) ! words 8,9 sob] tru?02 o!rwise he might be suspect$ ( humor4 ,simil>ly comical is ,mill's proposition to reg>d e volunt>y action ( man z a direct infr+em5t ^u nature4 ,man's reason 9 t case w\ld be ! mo/ unnatural ph5om5on 9 ! _w1 & ! t]m 8nature0 w\ld be conf9$ to ! l[e/ realms ( exi/5ce exclusively4 ,if ! usage ( reason 7 inde$ an infr+em5t ^u nature1 man's appe>ance ^u e>? w\ld m>k ! beg9n+ ( a sup]natural realm2 & ,pr(essor ,jodl seems to accept ?is consequ5ce :5 he says3 8,x is n ( nature1 x is above nature40 ,if man's rationality & 8 e?ics 7 n born ( nature1 if _! conditions 7 n f\nd$ 9 ! v exi/5ce ( nature1 if !y 7 n ! natural product ( evolution1 !n inde$ ,i see no escape f a duali/ic _w-conception1 9 :i* a sup]natural ,god introduces ! sp>k ( div9ity :i* appe>s 9 ! s\l ( man f sph]es beyond4 ,we h devot$ to ^! vag>ies ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill an elaborate discussion 9 ano!r place & d n feel ! ne$ ( repeat+ our argum5ts 9 ?is connection4#fb ,we agree ) ,pr(essor ,jodl t no rationalis+ ( old dogmas w help u 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( 8a new idealism1 =m$ 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( sci5ce40 ,we mu/ build our religion anew 7z e g5]ation _h to build its religion anew7 out ( ! be/ mat]ials :i* are furni%$ by ! mature/ & mo/ reliable k ( to-day4 ,says ,pr(essor ,jodl3 8,?r\gh u some?+ has come into ! _w t be=e u did n exi/--some?+ t ! mo/ exub]ant creative magic1 or nature's gr&e/ me*anical dreams1 c\ld nev] replace4 ,! day on :i* fir/ a human be+ press$ 8 weak] fell[-man to 8 brea/ & said1 8,bro!r1 n m9e1 b ?y w be done2 ,i w give up my desires t ?\ also may/ be glad02 ! day ^u :i* man fir/ lift$ up 8 head & said1 8,let u make ! _w good 9 ! lik5ess ( ! picture t has become liv+ 9 u1 j z x %\ld be02 ?is is ! great & sanctifi$ day 9 ! hi/ory ( our race on e>?1 ! ,*ri/mas day on :i* ,god 0 born40 ,c]ta9ly ! orig9 ( man on e>?1 & aga9 ! evolution ( ! moral man1 is some?+ q new1 :i* be=e did n exi/4 ,b did humanity orig9ate out ( no?+1 z sometimes ! imag9ations ( a poet are suppos$ to be creat$1 or is !re a prototype 9 ^: image man has be5 creat$8 ,man's reason1 8 e?ics1 & 8 humanity are some?+ t did n exi/ be=e1 b !re is a feature 9 exi/5ce :i* makes x possible t rational & moral be+s develop4 ,%\ld !re be s5ti5t be+s on o!r planets1 & we h little reason to d\bt x1 we c be sure t !y also w develop rational m9ds1 & t !y also w le>n1 p]haps z we did1 ?r\gh _m bitt] exp]i5ces1 ! same tru?s :i* con/itute our ma9 maxims ( morality1#fc includ+ su* precepts z ! love ( enemies4 ,& :y are we sure t on o!r planets n only reason1 b also ! fundam5tal rules ( e?ics w be ! same z ) u "h on e>?8 ,simply because we "k t !re is a c]ta9 feature 9 reality :i* creates rational be+s & moral be+s z naturally z x creates rocks & seas on ! surface ( planets4 ,man's reason & also man's morality are n orig9al inv5tions ( 81 b ! result ( _m exp]i5ces :i* he _h to le>n4 ,& ! _w 9 :i* he lives is su* t he c acquire reason & morality1 & if a be+ %\ld acquire a wrong k9d ( reason or a wrong k9d ( morality1 x w by & by be blott$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,accord+ly !re is a prototype ( reason & ( morality1 & ?is prototype ( ! humanity ( man is exactly t :i* 9 ! language ( ! old religions has receiv$ ! "n 8,god40 ,we mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 ideals & dreams4 ,^? creations ( our fancy :i* are wov5 )\t any reg>d to reality are dreams4 ,!y h no value beyond :il+ away a leisure h\r or pleas+ our imag9ation4 ,b ^? creations ( our m9d :i* con/ruct realisable =mations su* z ma*9es or clocks or high] conditions ( human society1 are n m]e dreams1 !y are ideals4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a dream & an ideal8 ,a dream is a useless ebullition ( an idle bra9 compos$ ( ideas to :i* !re is no correspond5t reality2 b an ideal is a pot5t factor 9 ! liv+ pres5ce to %ape ! future3 x is a comb9ation ( ideas :i* are correct descriptions ( actual realities4 ,! moral aspirations ( mank9d are n empty dreams1 !y are true & v]itable ideals4 ,!re are c]ta9 qualities 9 nature :i* make _! realisation possible & ^! qualities con/itute ! ,div9ity ( nature4 ,pr(essor ,jodl speaks ( ! orig9 ( morality z ( ! bir? ( ,god on e>?4 ,truly t is ! mean+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?is bir? ( ,god into ! _w ( human evolution z 8! ,son ( ,man0 is possible only because ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,god 9 nature :om ,*ri/ian my?ology s beautifully calls ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,man ^u e>?1 ! bir? ( morality1 is a revelation ( ! div9ity ( nature4 ,true en\gh1 z ,pr(essor ,jodl says1 t we ourselves won ! be/ & highe/ we h by h>d /ruggles1 by t]ribly sev]e1 self-impos$ discipl9e4 ,z ,prome!us says3 8,ha/ du ni*t alles selb/ voll5det1 ,heilig glh5d ,h]z60 ,t1 too1 is "p ( ! div9ity ( nature1 t e creature has to "w out its v be+ itself1 & t man mu/ se>* = ! way ( salvation ) great anxiety1 "u bitt] tribulations & ?r\gh extreme afflictions4 ,b he _c inv5t a new way ( salvation1 he has to f9d x1 & !re is b "o t is ! "r "o4 ,! nature ( morality is su* z x is1 & no o!r morality c\ld be inv5t$ to replace x4 ,& ?is feature ( exi/5ce :i* makes morality q a det]m9$ ?+ is a real pres5ce 9 ! _w1 x is an actual quality ( ! univ]se4 ,"s ( our lib]al fri5ds1 =emo/ among !m ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god & !n proce$ to decl>e t ! ,god ( sci5ce is no?+ b matt] & en]gy4 ,we agree ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 8 rejection ( an?ropo!ism2 ,god is no sup]natural be+ nor is he a huge _w-ego4 ,b we _c accept 8 view ( ,god z be+ only matt] & en]gy4 ,! idea ( ,god is & always has be5 a moral idea4 ,?us we h come to reg>d all ^? features ( nature z div9e :i* condition ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( morality & we def9e ,god z ! au?ority ( moral conduct4 ,?is au?ority is n a p]son1 n a s5ti5t be+1 let alone a s5tim5tal philan?ropi/2 b x is1 nev]!less1 a reality1 &1 inde$1 a /]n reality4 ,su* is ! ,god ( sci5ce4 ,god is t quality ( exi/5ce ?r\gh :i* we orig9at$ z feel+1 ?9k+1 & aspir+ be+s4 ,he is ! prototype ( ! human s\l1 & ! condition "u :i* develop man's reason & morality4 ,ob$i5ce to him is indisp5sable = a cont9u$ exi/5ce1 = fur!r progress & a high] evolution ( ! human s\l4 ,t ^! features ( reality c by a great numb] ( ke5 & fe>less mod]n ?9k]s be suppos$ to be a non-entity is difficult to und]/&4 ,?is negation ( ! reality ( qualities ( exi/5ce :i* are n individual ?+s b intr9sically inh]5t 9 all ! individual ?+s1 x appe>s to u1 is an old heirloom ( nom9alism4 ,! nom9ali/ic philosophy repres5t$ by ,roscell9us 0 suppress$ at ! c\ncil at ,soissons #ajib1 only to rise m p[]fully 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,william ( ,occam1 & f9ally to ext]m9ate realism ) all its rubbi% ( errors toge!r ) ! tru? conta9$ 9 ^! errors4 ,kant m>ks 9 _m respects ! culm9ation ( ! victori\s movem5t ( nom9alism4 ,) all ! b5efits mod]n ?\ght d]iv$ f ! philosophical "w ( nom9alism1 a reaction is ne$$ aga9/ its purely negative _s4 ,!re is a tru? 9 ! old realism :i* _c be neglect$ ) impunity4#fd ,god 7viz41 ! "n ( ,god7 is1 z ,kant said1 a n\m5on1 a ?+ ( ?\ght1 an ab/raction4 ,god is n a ?+1 a concrete object1 or an individual p]son4 ,all ! views ( ,god :i* reg>d him z an individual be+ ( "s k9d1 or z a p]son only ( inf9ite dim5sions1 are1 closely consid]$1 pagan notions :i* belittle ,god4 ,b ! "n ( ,god z a n\m5on1 a ?\ght1 an ab/ract idea1 has a mean+4 ,ab/ract ideas are n non5tities1 !y repres5t "s real features1 "s actual qualities1 or prop]ties1 or relations2 o!rwise !y w\ld n be ideas1 b unmean+ s\nds4 ,"s ( our ab/ract ideas are ( a v delicate fibre1 s t ! co>se m5tal vision ( ! av]age ,phili/9e is unable to see !m 9 _! reality & pot5cy4 ,b x s happ5s t exactly !y are ( a m important1 m p[]ful1 & inevitable pres5ce ?an ! simple g5]alisations ( ?+s t visibly & corporeally surr\nd u4 ,?is1 _! peculi> nature1 makes su* ideas my/]i\s to ^? :o in/9ctively feel _! reality )\t be+ able to po9t x out & und]/& x4 ,& ! mo/ subtle1 impond]\s1 & sublimat$ ( all ideas is ! idea ( ,god4 ,we h def9$ ,god z ! ultimate au?ority ( conduct1 z ! condition ( our exi/5ce z rational & moral be+s1 z ! all-p[] t en=ces ob$i5ce1 etc42 b we _c 9 any "o ( our def9itions exhau/ ! significance ( ! idea4 ,we w\ld by no means exclude f ! idea ( ,god any?+ )\t :i* reality w\ld cease to be real4 ,! qualities ( matt] & en]gy con/itute t elem5t 9 ! ,god-idea :i* ju/ify ! old religions 9 speak+ ( him z omnipot5t & ev]la/+4 ,?us !y ought n to be exclud$4 ,b ^! qualities alone are insuffici5t to *>act]ise 8 be+4 ,! sum-total ( matt] & en]gy z su* & z su* alone does n con/itute any moral au?ority4 ,nature 9 h] immeasurable greatness & oppressive va/ness affects u ) awe2 b1 aft] all1 we look d[n ^u h] massive sublimity4 ,man is m ?an ! bigge/ heap ( crude matt] & un9tellig5tly op]at+ en]gy4 ,says ,pr(essor ,jodl3 8,we /& amaz$ at h] might & greatness1 at ! pl5titude ( h] p[]s ( creation1 at h] myriad play ( =ces1 at ! inexhau/ible weal? ( ! relations ) :i* %e b9ds be+ to be+1 creates & m$iates contr>ieties1 & amid/ ! mo/ v>i$ *ange & alt]nation1 ev] rema9s "o & ! same6 ,b our prototype1 our ,god1 %e c nev] be40 ,?is gr&eur ( nature is "p ( h] div9ity1 b x alone does n con/itute ! "* ( ,god4 ,yet1 obs]ve t ?r\gh\t nature !re is an impond]able quality pres5t :i* makes e atom move 9 a def9ite way1 s t ! :irl ( gase\s masses1 app>5tly a *aos1 w be recognis$ z a cosmic :ole develop+ 9 a c]ta9 way & describable 9 :at is g5]ally call$ natural laws4 ,?is subtle quality is ! condition ( ! regul>ities :i* are f\nd 9 all ! inf9ite v>ieties & innum]able p>ticul>ities1 & all ^! regul>ities conceiv$ 9 _! sy/ematic unity are call$ ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,man exi/s z a ?9k+ be+ only because ! immeasurable univ]se ( :i* he is a "p possesses ?is quality ( ord]1 & 8 reason is closely consid]$ only a copy ( x4 ,man's reason 0 %ap$ into ! image ( ! cosmic ord]1 & suppose--a supposition :i* is v difficult to make & reg>d$ by _m z impossible or inconceivable--yet suppose t ! _w-ord] 7 radically diff]5t f :at x actually is1 man's reason w\ld accord+ly be diff]5t too4 ,fur!r1 suppose t ! :ole frame & fundam5tal int]relations ( ! p>ticles ( reality 7 diff]5t f :at !y are1 w\ld n correspond+ly ! basic rules ( conduct be *ang$ too8 ,! au?or ( ?is article1 9 ! eyes ( ! s-call$ or?odox ,*ri/ian1 is mo/ c]ta9ly an a!i/4 ,& if !ism means ! belief 9 a p]sonal or extramundane ,god he is an a!i/ inde$4 ,if !re is any opprobrium 9 ! "n a!ism we are will+ to accept x2 & c]ta9ly1 we d n reject ! label ( a!ism 9 ord] to escape any odium atta*$ to t "n4 ,we d reject a!ism simply because we see a great & pot5t tru? 9 ! idea ( ,god :i* is b too (t5 disreg>d$4 ,) ,pr(essor ,haeckel & ,pr(essor ,jodl we reject ! conception ( an an?ropomorphic ,deity4 ,! an?ropomorphic idol is doom$ be=e ! tribunal ( sci5ce4 ,b we see a deep] mean+ 9 ! idea ( ,god :i* has =m$ ?r\gh mill5niums ! v c5tre ( ! greate/ religions on e>?4 ,sci5ce has to recognise ! reality ( an all-pres5ce 9 exi/5ce :i* is analog\s to t :i* 9 a religi\s language is call$ ,god4 ,consid]+ ! fact t humanity owes _m great tru?s to religion1 let u n be ha/y 9 condemn+ ! religions ( ! pa/ z pure sup]/ition4 ,!re are valuable se$s 9 ! *aff4 ,if we disc>d ! :eat toge!r ) ! t>es1 we %all h to r$iscov] !m1 = x is little probable t humanity c = any l5g? ( "t be satisfi$ ) beautiful phrases or live 9 its moral aspirations 9 a realm ( m]e dreams4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,= a discussion ( ?is po9t see ,fundam5tal ,problems1 pp4 #bai-bbf4 #fb ,see ! article 9 ,nos4 #bci1 #bda1 & #bdb ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt3 ,nature & ,morality4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,e?ical ,views ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,i4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,bas+ ,e?ics ,^u ,nature4 ,,ii4 ,! ,e?ics ,taught by ,nature4 ,,iii4 ,intellig5t ,action & ,moral ,action4 ,,iv4 ,! ,an?ropomorphic ,/&po9t ( ,mill4 #fc ,i purposely d n say all maxims ( conduct1 because we c v well imag9e t diff]5t conditions may produce "s v important v>iations 9 ! rules ( conduct2 b ! ma9 f\ndation ( morality w\ld be ! same4 #fd ,!re are two m5 at pres5t :o boldly fly ! flag ( ! old realism aga91 bo? hav+ our full sympa?y 9 _! aspirations1 al?\gh we _c agree ) _m ( _! tea*+s4 ,! "o is ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce1 ! o!r ,dr4 ,francis ,e4 ,abbot4 ,,! ,,sup]/ition ,,( ,,necessity4#fe ,le/ my title give su* (f5se z to prejudice unduly my cont5tion1 ,i may say t ,i use ! t]m 9 ! way indicat$ by its etymology3 z a /&+-/ill on ! "p ( ?\ght2 a cl++ to old ideas aft] ^? ideas h lo/ _! use1 & h5ce1 l all sup]/itions1 h become ob/ructions4 ,= ,i %all try to %[ t ! doctr9e ( necessity is a survival2 t x holds ov] f an e>li] & undevelop$ p]iod ( k2 t z a means ( gett+ out ( & beyond t /age x _h a c]ta9 value1 b1 hav+ done its "w1 loses its significance4 ,halt+ judgm5t may1 inde$1 at "o "t h help$ itself out ( ! sl\gh ( unc]ta9ty1 vagu5ess1 & inadequacy on to gr\nd ( m solid & complete fact1 by ! use ( necessity z a crut*2 once ^u ! gr\nd1 ! crut* makes progress sl[] &1 prev5t+ ! full ex]cise ( ! natural means ( locomotion1 t5ds to p>alyse sci5ce4 ,! =m] support has become a burd51 almo/ an intol]able "o4 ,! beg9n+ ( wisdom 9 ! matt] ( necessity is1 ,i conceive1 9 realis+ t x is a t]m :i* has be>+ or relevancy only ) ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( judgm5t1 n ) ref]5ce to objective ?+s or ev5ts4 ,i d n mean by ?is t necessity ref]s to ! compell+ =ce ) :i* we are driv5 to make a giv5 affirmation3 ,i mean t x ref]s to ! cont5t ( t affirmation1 express+ ! degree ( coh]5ce betwe5 its con/itu5t factors4 ,:5 we say some?+ or o!r mu/ be s & s1 ! 8mu/0 does n indicate any?+ 9 ! nature ( ! fact itself1 b a trait 9 our judgm5t ( t fact2 x indicates ! degree ) :i* we h succe$$ 9 mak+ a :ole out ( ! v>i\s elem5ts :i* h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 =m+ ! judgm5t4 ,m specifically1 x indicates a half-way /age4 ,at "o extreme we h two sep>ate judgm5ts1 :i*1 s f> z consci\sness is conc]n$1 h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r2 & at ! o!r extreme we h "o judgm5t into :i* ! cont5ts ( ! two =m] judgm5ts h be5 s ?or\ghly organis$ z to lose all semblance ( sep>at5ess4 ,necessity1 z ! middle t]m1 is ! midwife :i*1 f ! dy+ isolation ( judgm5ts1 deliv]s ! unifi$ judgm5t j com+ into life--x be+ und]/ood t ! sep>at5ess ( ! orig9al judgm5ts is n z yet q negat$1 nor ! unity ( ! com+ judgm5t q atta9$4 ,! judgm5t ( necessity1 9 o!r words1 is exactly & solely ! transition 9 our k f unconnect$ judgm5ts to a m compreh5sive syn!sis4 ,its value is j ! value ( ?is transition2 z negat+ ! old p>tial & isolat$ judgm5ts--9 its backw>d look--necessity has mean+2 9 its =w>d look--) ref]5ce to ! result+ completely organis$ subject-matt]--x is itself z false z ! isolat$ judgm5ts :i* x replaces4 ,its value is 9 :at x rids judgm5t (4 ,:5 x has succe$$1 its value is nil4 ,l any g-betwe51 its s]vice consi/s 9 r5d]+ itself uncall$ =4 ,all sci5ce c ultimately d is to report or describe1 to completely /ate1 ! reality4 ,s f> z we rea* ?is /&po9t reg>d+ any fact or gr\p ( facts1 we d n say t ! fact mu/ be su* & su*1 b simply t x is su* & su*4 ,!re is no necessity atta*+ to ! fact ei!r z :ole or z p>ts4 ,qua :ole1 ! fact simply is :at x is2 :ile ! p>ts1 in/ead ( be+ necessitat$ ei!r by "o ano!r or by ! :ole1 are ! analys$ factors con/itut+1 9 _! complete circuit1 ! :ole4 ,9 /at+ ! :ole1 we1 z ( c\rse1 /ate all t ent]s into x2 if we speak ( ! v>i\s elem5ts z mak+ ! :ole1 x is only 9 ! s5se ( mak+ x up1 n ( caus+ x4 ,! fallacy ( ! necessit>ian !ory consi/s 9 trans=m+ ! det]m9ate 9 ! s5se ( ! :olly def9$1 into ! det]m9$ 9 ! s5se ( some?+ ext]nally made to be :at x is4 ,! :ole1 al?\gh fir/ 9 ! ord] ( reality1 is la/ 9 ! ord] ( k4 ,! complete /atem5t ( ! :ole is ! goal1 n ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,we beg91 !re=e1 ) fragm5ts1 :i* are tak5 = :oles2 & x is only by piec+ toge!r ^! fragm5ts1 & by ! trans=mation ( !m involv$ 9 ?is comb9ation1 t we arrive at ! real fact4 ,!re comes a /age at :i* ! recognition ( ! unity beg9s to dawn ^u u1 & yet1 ! tradition ( ! _m di/9ct :oles survives2 judgm5t has to comb9e ^! two contradictory conceptions2 x does s by ! !ory t ! dawn+ unity is an effect necess>ily produc$ by ! int]action ( ! =m] :oles4 ,only z ! consci\sness ( ! unity gr[s /ill m is x se5 t in/ead ( a gr\p ( indep5d5t facts1 held toge!r by 8necess>y0 ties1 !re is "o reality1 ( :i* we h be5 appreh5d+ v>i\s fragm5ts 9 succession & attribut+ to !m a spuri\s :ol5ess & indep5d5ce4 ,we le>n 7b only at ! end7 t in/ead ( discov]+ & !n connect+ toge!r a numb] ( sep>ate realities1 we h be5 engag$ 9 ! progressive def9ition ( "o fact4 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts ^u :i* !re is n[ practical agreem5t among all s*ools4 ,:at "o s*ool has got at by a logical analysis ( sci5ce1 ano!r s*ool has arriv$ at by ! road ( a psy*ological analysis ( exp]i5ce4 ,:at "o s*ool calls ! unity ( ?\ght & reality1 ano!r s*ool calls ! relativity ( k4 ,! metaphysical int]pretation fur!r giv5 to ^! respective /atem5ts may be q diff]5t1 b1 s f> z !y g1 !y come to ! same ?+3 t objects1 z kn[n1 are n indep5d5t ( ! process ( kn[+1 b are ! cont5t ( our judgm5ts4 ,"o s*ool1 inde$1 may conceive ( judgm5t z a m]e associative or habitual gr\p+ ( s5sations1 ! o!r z ! correlative div]sification & syn!sis ( ! self2 b ! practical outcome1 t ! 8object0 7anyway z kn[n7 is a =m ( judgm5t1 is ! same4 ,?is po9t be+ held 9 common1 bo? s*ools mu/ agree t ! progress ( judgm5t is equival5t to a *ange 9 ! value ( objects--t objects z !y are = u1 z kn[n1 *ange ) ! developm5t ( our judgm5ts4 ,if ?is be s1 tru?1 h[ev] x be metaphysically def9$1 mu/ atta* to late r ?an to e>ly judgm5ts4 ,i am =tunate 9 be+ able to quote f au?ors1 :o may be tak5 z typical ( ! two s*ools4 ,says ,pr(essor ,caird 9 8 article ^u 8,metaphysic10 7lately repr9t$1 8,essays 9 ,philosophy & ,lit]ature1073 8,our fir/ consci\sness ( ?+s is n an immovable f\ndation ^u :i* sci5ce may build1 b r a hypo!tical & self-contradictory />t+-po9t ( inve/igation1 :i* becomes *ang$ & trans=m$ z we advance40 78,essays10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cih47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,v5n writes 79 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 8,empirical ,logic073 8,select :at object we please--! mo/ app>5tly simple 9 itself1 & ! mo/ def9itely p>t$ (f f o!rs t we c discov]--yet we %all f9d ourselves con/ra9$ to admit t a consid]able m5tal process has be5 pass$ ?r\gh be=e t object c\ld be recognis$ z be+ an object1 t is1 z possess+ "s degree ( unity & z requir+ to be di/+ui%$ f o!r su* unities40 ,he goes on to illu/rate by su* an app>5tly fix$ & giv5 object z ! sun1 po9t+ out h[ its unity z a p]si/5t ?+ involves a cont9u$ syn!sis ( elem5ts v div]se 9 "t & space1 & an analysis1 a selection1 f o!r elem5ts 9 v close physical juxtaposition4 ,he goes on to raise ! "q :e!r a dog1 = example1 may be said to 8see0 a ra9b[ at all1 because ( ! complex analysis & syn!sis involv$ 9 su* an object4 ,! 8m5tal :ole0 7to use ,mr4 ,v5n's words1 ! 8ideal unity0 z o!rs might t]m x7 is s ext5sive & intricate t 8,"o might almo/ z reasonably expect ! dog to #8see' ! progress ( democracy 9 ! place :]e he lives1 ( :i* c\rse ( ev5ts ! ultimate s5sible con/itu5ts are accessible to 8 obs]vation precisely z !y are to ours40 ,z ,mr4 ,v5n is n discuss+ j ! same po9t :i* ,i h rais$1 he does n ref] to ! p>tial & t5tative "* ( our fir/ judgm5ts--our fir/ objects4 ,x is cle> en\gh1 h[ev]1 t !re w be all degrees betwe5 total failure to analyse & comb9e 7z1 say1 9 ! case ( ! dog & ra9b[7 & fairly adequate gr\p+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! savage ^: syn!sis is s limit$ 9 scope t he sets up a new sun e day & ! sci5tific man ^: object is a unity compreh5d+ diff]5ces ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s ( "t & int]actions go+ on ?r\gh millions ( miles ( space is a case 9 po9t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! respective objects is n simply a sup]imposition ( new qualities ^u an old object1 t old object rema9+ ! same2 x is n gett+ new objects2 x is a cont9ual qualitative recon/ruction ( ! object itself4 ,?is fact1 :i* is ! matt] "u consid]ation1 is well /at$ by ,mr4 ,v5n1 :5 he goes on to say3 8,! act ( pr$ication1 9 its two-fold aspect ( affirmation & d5ial1 really is a process by :i* we are n only enabl$ to add to our in=mation ab\t objects1 b is also ! process by ! cont9u$ p]=mance ( :i* ! objects _h be5 orig9ally acquir$1 or r produc$0 7italics are m9e74 ,?is /atem5t _c be admitt$ at all )\t recognis+ t ! fir/ judgm5ts d n make ! object once = all1 b t ! cont9u$ process ( judg+ is a cont9u$ process ( 8produc+0 ! object4 ,( c\rse ! confus$ & hypo!tical "* ( our fir/ objects does n =ce itself ^u u :5 we are /ill engag$ 9 con/ruct+ !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is only :5 ! orig9al subject-matt] has be5 ov]load$ ) v>i\s & oppos+ pr$icates t we ?9k ( d\bt+ ! correctness ( our fir/ judgm5ts1 ( putt+ our fir/ objects "u suspicion4 ,at ! />t1 ^! objects ass]t !mselves z ! balde/ & solide/ ( h>d facts4 ,! dogmatic & nave quality ( ! orig9al judgm5t is 9 exact proportion to its crud5ess & inadequacy4 ,! objects :i* are ! cont5t ( ^! judgm5ts ?us come to be id5tifi$ ) reality p> excell5ce2 !y are facts1 h[ev] d\btful ev]y?+ else4 ,!y hang on ob/9ately4 ,new judgm5ts1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z bett] def9itions ( ! actual fact & h5ce z displac+ ! prior object1 are tack$ on to ! old z be/ !y may be4 ,unless ! contradiction is too flagrant1 ! new pr$icates are set side by side ) ! old z simply additional in=mation2 !y d n react into ! =m] qualities4 ,if ! contradiction is too obvi\s to be ov]look$ ! new pr$icate is us$1 if possible1 to con/itute ano!r object1 indep5d5t ( ! =m]4 ,s ! savage1 hav+ to deal ) ! app>5tly incompatible pr$icates ( light & d>kness1 makes two objects2 two suns1 = two successive days4 ,once ! ,ptolemaic conception is well root$1 cycles & epicycles1 almo/ )\t end1 are sup]add$1 r ?an recon/ruct ! orig9al object4 ,"h1 !n1 is our />t+ po9t3 :5 qualities arise s incompatible ) ! object already =m$ t !y _c be ref]r$ to t object1 x is easi] to =m a new object on _! basis ?an x is to d\bt ! correctness ( ! old1 involv+ z t does ! surr5d] ( ! object 7! fact1 seem+ly7 & ! =mation ( ano!r object4 ,x is easi]1 ,i say1 = !re is no d\bt t ! reluctance ( ! m9d to give up an object once made lies deep 9 its economies4 ,i %all h occasion h]eaft] to po9t out ! teleological "* ( ! notions ( necessity & *ance1 b ,i wi% "h to call att5tion to ! fact t ! =m+ ( a numb] ( di/9ct objects has its orig9 9 practical ne$s ( our nature4 ,! analysis & syn!sis :i* is fir/ made is t ( mo/ practical importance2 :at is ab/ract$ f ! complex net-"w ( reality is "s net outcome1 "s result :i* is ( value = life4 ,z ,v5n says3 8,:at ! savage mo/ly wants to d is to produce some?+ or to av]t some?+1 n to acc\nt = a ?+ :i* has already happ5$4 ,:at int]e/s him is to "k h[ to kill somebody1 n to "k h[ somebody has be5 kill$40 7,p4 #fb ( 8,empirical ,logic407 ,& aga93 8,:at n only ! savage1 b also ! practical man mo/ly wants1 is a g5]al result1 say ! dea? ( 8 enemy4 ,x does n matt] :e!r ! symptoms1 i4 e41 ! qualify+ circum/ances1 are ^? att5dant on poison1 or a bl[ f a club1 or on incantation1 provid$ ! dea? is br\ght ab\t4 ,b !y d desire c]ta9ty 9 respect ( ?is g5]al result40 7,p4 #fd47 ,n[ x is ?is 8g5]al result10 ! net outcome = practical purposes1 :i* is ! fact1 ! object at fir/4 ,any?+ else is useless subtlety4 ,t ! man is dead--t is ! fact2 any?+ fur!r is at mo/ ext]nal circum/ances :i* happ5 to accompany ! fact4 ,t ! dea? is only a b>e fraction ( a fact2 t ! att5dant 8circum/ances0 are z mu* con/itu5t factors ( ! real fact z ! m]e 8dea?0 itself 7probably m s f ! sci5tific po9t ( view7--all ?is is =eign to conception4 ,we pluck ! fruit1 & t fruit is ! fact4 ,only :5 practical exp]i5ce =ces ^u u ! recognition t we _c get ! fruit )\t he$+ c]ta9 o!r 8conditions0 d we cons5t to return ^u our assum$ object1 put x "u suspicion & "q :e!r x is really :at we took x to be4 ,x is1 we may presume1 ! savage :o 9 ord] to get 8 liv+1 has to regulate 8 conduct = long p]iods1 ?r\gh *anges ( seasons1 9 "s cont9u\s mode1 :o fir/ makes ! syn!sis ( "o sun go+ ?r\gh a recurr+ cycle ( *anges--! ye>4 ,z "t goes on1 ! s]ies ( indep5d5t & isolat$ objects passes ?r\gh a gradual *ange4 ,j z ! recognition ( incompatible qualities has l$ to sett+ up ( sep>ate ?+s1 s ! gr[+ recognition ( simil> qualities 9 ^! disp>ate objects beg9s to pull !m toge!r aga94 ,"s relation betwe5 ! two objects is p]ceiv$2 x is se5 t nei!r object is j :at x is 9 its isolation1 b owes "s ( its mean+ to ! o!r objects4 ,:ile 9 reality1 7z ,i hope lat] to po9t out17 ?is 8relation%ip0 & mutual dep5d5ce means memb]%ip 9 a common :ole1 contribution to "o & ! same activity1 a midway /age int]v5es be=e ?is "o fact1 includ+ z p>ts ( itself ! hi!rto sep>ate objects1 comes to consci\sness4 ,! tradition ( isolation is too /rong to give way at ! fir/ sugge/ion ( community4 ,?is passage-way f isolation to unity1 d5y+ ! =m] b n admitt+ ! latt]1 is necessity or det]m9ism4 ,! wall ( p>tition betwe5 ! two sep>ate 8objects0 _c be brok5 at "o attack2 !y h to be worn away by ! attrition aris+ f _! sl[ movem5t into "o ano!r4 ,x is ! 8necess>y0 influ5ce :i* "o ex]ts ^u ! o!r t f9ally rubs away ! sep>at5ess & leaves !m reveal$ z elem5ts ( "o unifi$ :ole4 ,?is done1 ! det]m9+ influ5ce has gone too4 ,! process may be symbolis$ z foll[s3 ,m is ! object1 ! orig9al syn!sis ( ! elem5ts se5 to be ( practical importance2 a1 b1 c1 etc41 to h are pr$icates ( con/antly gr[+ incompatibility4 ,:5 ! quality i is discov]$1 x is s manife/ly incompatible ) a t all attempt to ref] x to ! same subject ,m is resi/$4 ,two alt]natives are n[ logically op54 ,! subject-matt] ,m1 z ! syn!sis ( ! qualities a-h1 may be tak5 up2 x may be ask$ :e!r ! object is really ,m ) ^! qualities2 :e!r x is n r 1 hav+ in/ead ( ! pr$icates a1 b1 etc41 ! qualities 1 1 ) :i* ! new quality i is q compatible4 ,b ?is process goes aga9/ ! practical gra9 ( our k2 x means n only t we d n "k :at we ?\ght we knew2 x means t we did n d :at we ?\ght we did4 ,su* unsettl+ ( action is h>dly to be borne4 ,x is easi] to erect a new object ,n1 to :i* ! m incompatible pr$icates are ref]r$4 ,f9ally1 x is discov]$ t bo? ,m & ,n h ! same pr$icates r & s2 t 9 virtue ( ?is community ( qualities !re is a c]ta9 l elem5t ev5 9 ! qualities previ\sly consid]$ disp>ate4 ,?is mutual attraction cont9ues until x becomes s m>k$ a feature ( ! case t !re is no alt]native b to suppose t ! r & s ( "o produces ^! qualities 9 ! o!r1 & !reby influ5ces all ! qualities ( ! o!r4 ,?is draw+ toge!r cont9ues until we h ! "o recon/ruct$ object 1 ) ! traits 1 1 etc4 ,x is f\nd t !re is "o some:at compreh5sive syn!sis :i* includes )9 itself ! sev]al sep>ate objects s f> produc$2 & x is f\nd t ?is inclusion 9 ! l>g] :ole reacts into ! mean+ ( ! sev]al con/itut+ p>ts--z p>ts ( "o :ole1 !y lose traits :i* !y seem$ to possess 9 _! isolation1 & ga9 new traits1 because ( _! memb]%ip 9 ! same :ole4 ,we h n[ to consid]1 m 9 detail1 h[ ! int]m$iate idea ( necessity gr[s up & h[ x gives away ^u ! discov]y ( ! "o inclusive :ole4 ,let u cont9ue ! illu/ration ( ! kill+4 ,! 8g5]al result10 ! dea? ( ! hat$ enemy1 is at fir/ ! fact2 all else is m]e accid5tal circum/ance4 ,inde$1 ! o!r circum/ances at fir/ are h>dly t2 !y d n attract att5tion1 hav+ no importance4 ,n only ! savage1 b also ! common-s5se man ( to-day1 ,i conceive1 w\ld say t any attempt to ext5d ! def9ition ( ! 8fact0 beyond ! m]e occurr5ce ( ! dea? is metaphysical ref9em5t2 t ! fact is ! kill+1 ! dea?1 & t t 8fact0 rema9s q ! same1 h[ev] x is br\ght ab\t4 ,:at has be5 done1 9 o!r words1 is to ab/ract "p ( ! real fact1 "p ( ?is dea?1 & set up ! trait or univ]sal ?us ab/ract$ z itself fact1 & n only z fact1 b z ! fact1 p> excell5ce1 ) ref]5ce to :i* all ! factors :i* con/itute ! reality1 ! concrete fact1 ( ?is dea?1 are circum/antial & 8accid5tal40#ff ,a fragm5t ( ! :ole reality1 ( ! actual fact individualis$ & specifi$ ) all k9d ( m9ute detail1 hav+ be5 ?us hypo/atis$ into an object1 ! idea ( necessity is 9 fair way to arise4 ,^! dea?s 9 g5]al d n occur4 ,al?\gh ! m]e dea? ( ! man1 8 removal f ! face ( ! e>?1 is ! fact1 none ! less all actual dea?s h a c]ta9 am\nt ( detail 9 !m4 ,! savage has to hit 8 enemy ) a club or spe>1 or p]=m a magic incantation1 be=e he c atta9 t all-important end ( gett+ rid ( him4 ,moreov]1 a man ) a coat ( armor on w n die j ! same way z ! man :o is def5seless4 ,^! circum/ances h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,n[1 if ! 8fact0 _h n be5 s rigidly id5tifi$ ) ! b>e practical outcome1 ! removal ( ! hat$ "o1 a coh]5t int]pretation ( ! ne$ = ^! fur!r incid5ts w\ld be op54 ,x c\ld be admitt$ t ! orig9al dea? 0 a highly complex affair1 involv+ a syn!sis ( a v l>ge numb] ( diff]5t factors2 fur!rmore1 ! new cases ( murd] c\ld be employ$ to recon/ruct ! orig9al analysis-syn!sis2 to elim9ate suppos$ factors :i* 7 n relevant1 & to %[ ! pres5ce ( factors at fir/ n suspect$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! real fact w\ld be "u con/ant process ( def9ition1 ( 8production40 ,b ! /iff-neck$ id5tification ( ! fragm5t1 :i* happ5$ to h practical importance ) ! real object1 effectually prev5ts any su* reaction & recon/ruction4 ,:at is to be done1 h[ev]1 ) ^! conditions ( spe>1 ( /one1 ( armor1 :i* s obvi\sly h some?+ to d ) ! real fact1 al?\gh1 z x w\ld seem1 !y are n ! fact8 ,!y are consid]$ z circum/ances1 accid5tal1 s f> z dea? 9 g5]al is conc]n$2 necess>y1 s f> z ?is dea? is conc]n$4 ,t is1 want+ simply to get ! net result ( ! removal ( my enemy1 s t he w no long] blight ! fair face ( nature1 x is accid5tal h[ ,i d x2 b hav+1 aft] all1 to kill a man ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ics & surr\nd+s 9 life1 hav+ to *oose "t & place1 etc41 x becomes necess>y1 if ,i am to succe$1 t ,i kill him 9 a c]ta9 way1 say1 ) poison1 or a dynamite bomb4 ,?us we get our concrete1 individual fact aga94 ,consid]1 !n1 t tortu\s pa? f reality to reality1 via a circuit ( unreality1 :i* calls ! ?\ght ( necessity into exi/5ce4 ,we fir/ mutilate ! actual fact by select+ "s portion t appeals to our ne$s2 we falsify1 by erect+ ?is fragm5t into ! :ole fact4 ,hav+ ! re/ ( ! fact ?us left on our h&s = disposal1 :5 we h no ne$ ( ! concrete fact we consid] x accid5tal1 m]ely circum/antial2 b we consid] x necess>y :5ev] we h occasion to desc5d f ! outcome :i* we h ab/ract$ back to ! real fact1 9 all its individuality4 ,necessity is a device by :i* we bo? conceal f ourselves ! unreal "* ( :at we h call$ real1 & also get rid ( ! practical evil consequ5ces ( hypo/atis+ a fragm5t into an indep5d5t :ole4 ,if ! purely teleological "* ( necessity is n yet evid5t1 ,i ?9k ! foll[+ consid]ations w s]ve to br+ x out4 ,! practical value1 ! fruit f ! tree1 we pick out & set up = ! entire fact s f> z our pa/ action is conc]n$4 ,b s f> z our future action is conc]n$1 ?is value is a result to be rea*$2 x is an end to be atta9$4 ,o!r factors1 9 reality all ! "t b\nd up 9 ! "o concrete fact or individual :ole1 h n[ to be br\ght 9 z means to get ?is end4 ,al?\gh aft] our desire has be5 met !y h be5 elim9at$ z accid5tal1 z irrelevant1 yet :5 ! exp]i5ce is aga9 desir$ _! integral memb]%ip 9 ! real fact has to be recognis$4 ,?is is done "u ! guise ( consid]+ !m z means :i* are necess>y to br+ ab\t ! end4 ,?us ! idea ( ! circum/ances z ext]nal to ! 8fact0 is reta9$1 :ile we get all ! practical b5efit ( _! be+ n ext]nal b elem5ts ( "o & ! same :ole4 ,cont+5t & necess>y are ?us ! correlative aspects ( "o & ! same fact2 conditions are accid5tal s f> z we h ab/ract$ a fragm5t & set x up z ! :ole2 !y are necess>y ! mom5t x is requir$ to pass f ?is ab/raction back to ! concrete fact4 ,bo? are teleological 9 "*--cont+5cy ref]r+ to ! sep>ation ( means f end1 due to ! fact t ! end hav+ be5 already rea*$ ! means h lo/ _! value = u2 necessity be+ ! ref]5ce ( means to an end :i* has /ill to be got4 ,necess>y means ne$$2 cont+5cy means no long] requir$--because already enjoy$4 ,note t ! necessity ( ! means has ref]5ce to an end /ill to be atta9$1 & 9 s f> itself hypo!tical or cont+5t1 :ile ! cont+5t circum/ances are no long] ne$$ precisely because !y h result$ 9 a def9ite outcome 7:i*1 accord+ly1 is n[ a fact1 &1 9 t s5se1 necess>y7 & we beg9 to see h[ completely necessity & *ance are b\nd up ) ea* o!r4 ,_! correlation may ?us be /at$3 ,if we are to rea* an end we mu/ take c]ta9 means2 :ile s f> z we want an undef9$ end1 an end 9 g5]al1 conditions :i* accompany x are m]e accid5ts4 ,:i*ev] way ! relation%ip be /at$1 ! und]ly+ tru? is t we are deal+ ) only p>tial phases ( fact1 :i*1 hav+ be5 unduly sep>at$ f ea* o!r ?r\gh _! erection into di/9ct :oles1 h n[ to be br\ght back into _! real unity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 if ,i am to rea* an end1 c]ta9 means mu/ be us$4 ,"h ! end is obvi\sly po/ulat$2 save z x is begg$ 7presuppos$71 ! necessity ( ! means has no s5se4 ,if1 :5 />v+1 ,i am to live ,i mu/ /eal a d9n]1 b1 hav+ /ol51 ! logical b unsympa!tic judge may "q ! relevancy 7t is1 ! necessity7 ( my end1 & ?us cut ! gr\nd out f "u ! necessity ( my means4 ,my end requires its ju/ification1 ! e/abli%+ ( its validity1 be=e ! necessity ( ! means is any?+ m ?an hypo!tical4 ,! proximate end mu/ be ref]r$ to a m ultimate & inclusive end to get any solid gr\nd4 ,"h we h our *oice3 we may d5y ! exi/5ce ( any organic :ole 9 life & keep *as+ 9 a nev]-end+ s]ies1 ! progressus ad inf9itum1 aft] an end valid 9 itself4 ,9 ?is case we nev] get beyond a hypo!tical necessity--some?+ is necess>y if we are to h some?+ else1 ! necessity be+ relative to ! impli$ d\bt4 ,or1 be+ conv9c$ t life is a :ole & n a s]ies m]ely1 we may say !re is "o compreh5sive end :i* gives its own validity to ! less] ends 9 s f> z !y con/itute x4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r alt]native1 we rea* only a hypo!tical necessity1 on ?is we rea* none at all4 ,! compreh5sive end is no end at all 9 ! s5se ( some?+ by itself to be rea*$ by means ext]nal to x4 ,any su* end w\ld be simply "o 9 ! inf9ite s]ies & w\ld be itself hypo!tical4 ,:5ev] m9or ends cease to be 9 turn means to fur!r ends x is because !y h become p>ts1 con/itu5t elem5ts1 ( ! high] end & ?us ceas$ to be /eps t[>ds an end & beyond & outside ( !mselves4 ,giv5 a f9al 7i4 e41 inclusive7 end1 eat+ & dr9k+1 /udy & gossip1 play & bus9ess1 cease to be means t[>ds an end & become its concrete def9ition1 its analytic cont5t4 ,! m9or activities /ate ! supreme activity 9 its specific factors4 ,our dilemma is ! *oice betwe5 an end :i* itself has no exi/5ce save ^u presupposition ( ano!r end1 7is cont+5t17 & an end :i* z an end 9 itself simply is4 ,! ext]nality ( means to end is m]ely a symptom ( lack ( specification or concret5ess 9 ! end itself4 ,if ,i am go+ to inv5t "s improvem5t 9 a type-writ]1 ! necessity ( go+ ?r\gh c]ta9 prelim9>y /eps is exactly proportionate to ! indef9it5ess ( my conception ( :at ! improvem5t is to be2 :5 ! end is realis$1 ! op]ations :i* ent] into ! realisation cease to be means necess>y to an end & become ! specific cont5t ( t end4 ,! improvem5t is a fact1 hav+ su* & su* elem5ts def9+ x4 ,if ,i simply want1 9 g5]al1 to get my mail ,i mu/ take ?is pa? 7!re be+ b "o road72 b if my end is n ?us g5]al1 if x is individualis$ ) concrete fill+1 ! walk to ! (fice may become a "p ( ! end1 a "p ( ! actual fact4 ,9 s f>1 ( c\rse1 x loses all aspect ( necessitation4 ,x simply is4 ,& 9 g5]al1 s f> z my end is vague1 or ab/ract1 s f> z x is n specifi$ z to its details1 s f> ! fill+ up ( its empty s*ema to give x p>ticul>ity 7& ?us make x fact7 appe>s z a means necess>y to rea* an end outside itself4 ,! gr[? 9 concret5ess ( ! end itself is trans=m$ into ways ( effect+ an end already presuppos$4 ,or1 to /ate x 9 yet "o o!r way1 det]m9ation 9 ! s5se ( def9ition 9 consci\sness is hypo/atis$ into det]m9ation 9 ! s5se ( a physical mak+4 ,! po9t may come out m cle>ly if we consid] x ) ! emphasis on *ance in/ead ( ^u necessity4 ,! usual /atem5t t *ance is relative to ignorance seems to me to convey ! tru? ?\gh n 9 ! s5se g5]ally int5d$--viz41 t if we knew m ab\t ! occurr5ce we %\ld see x necessitat$ by its conditions4 ,*ance is relative to ignorance 9 ! s5se r t x ref]s to an indef9it5ess 9 our conception ( :at we are do+4 ,9 our consci\sness ( our end 7our acts7 we are always mak+ impossible ab/ractions2 we break (f c]ta9 phases ( ! act :i* are ( *ief int]e/ to u1 )\t any reg>d to :e!r ! concrete conditions ( action--t is1 ! de$ 9 its :ole def9ition--p]mits any su* division4 ,!n1 :5 9 our actual do+ ! circum/ances to :i* we h n att5d$ ?ru/ !mselves into consci\sness--:51 t is to say1 ! act appe>s 9 m ( its own specific nature--we dispose ( ^? ev5ts1 =eign to our consci\s purpose1 z accid5tal2 we did n want !m or int5d !m--:at m pro( ( _! accid5tal "* is ne$$8 ,! fall+ ( a /one ^u a man's head z he walks "u a w9d[ is 8*ance10 = x has no?+ to d ) :at ! man propos$ to d1 x is no "p ( 8 conception ( t walk4 ,to an enemy :o takes t means ( kill+ him1 x is any?+ b an accid5t1 be+ involv$ 9 8 consci\s purpose4 ,x is 8*ance0 :5 we ?r[ a two & a six2 = ! concret5ess ( ! act falls outside ( ! cont5t ( our int5tion4 ,we int5d$ a ?r[1 "s ?r[1 & 9 s f> ! result is n accid5tal1 b ?is special result1 be+ irrelevant to our conception ( :at we 7 to d1 9 s f> is cont+5t4 ,! vagu5ess or lack ( det]m9at5ess 9 our end1 ! irrelevancy ( actual end to consci\s int5t1 *ance1 are all names = ! same ?+4 ,& if ,i am ask$ :e!r a gambl] :o has a hundr$ doll>s ^u ! outcome does n int5d to ?r[ d\ble sixes1 ,i reply t he has no su* int5tion--unless ! dice are load$4 ,he may hope to make t ?r[1 b he _c int5d x save z he c def9e t act--tell h[ to d x1 tell1 t is1 j :at ! act is4 ,or1 once m1 if ,i int5d to get my mail & !re are f\r pa?s op5 to me x is *ance :i* ,i take1 j 9 proportion to ! ab/ractness ( my end4 ,if ,i h n def9$ x beyond ! m]e 8g5]al result0 ( gett+ mail1 any?+ else is extrane\s & 9 s f> cont+5t4 ,if ! end is individualis$ to ! ext5t1 say1 ( gett+ ! mail 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 or ) ! maximum ( pleasant surr\nd+s1 or ) ! maximum ( heal?y ex]cise1 ! indiff]5cy ( ! 8means10 & ) x _! cont+5cy1 disappe>s4 ,?is or t pa? is no long] a m]e means :i* may be tak5 to get a result =eign to its own value2 ! pa? is an intr9sic "p ( ! end4 ,9 s f> z a man pres5ts to himself an end 9 g5]al1 he sets up an ab/raction s f> lack+ 9 detail z 7tak5 p] se7 to exclude ! possibility ( realisation4 ,9 ord] to exi/ z concrete or individual 7& ( c\rse1 no?+ c exi/ except z individual or concrete7 x mu/ be def9$ or p>ticul>is$4 ,b s f> z consci\sness is conc]n$ ! orig9al vague end is ! reality2 x is all t ! man c>es ab\t & h5ce con/itutes 8 act4 ,! fur!r p>ticul>isation ( ! end1 !re=e1 in/ead ( appe>+ z :at x really is1 viz41 ! discov]y ( ! actual reality1 pres5ts itself z some?+ outside t end4 ,?is ext]nality to ! end previ\sly realis$ 9 consci\sness is1 tak5 z m]e ext]nality1 cont+5cy1 or accid5t2 tak5 z none ! less s b\nd up ) ! desir$ end t x mu/ be gone ?r\gh be=e rea*+ t end1 x is necess>y4 ,*ance1 9 o!r words1 /&s = ! irrelevancy z ! matt] at fir/ pres5ts itself to consci\sness2 necessity is ! requir$1 b p>tial1 negation ( ?is irrelevancy4 ,let x be complete1 in/ead ( p>tial1 & we h ! "o real activity def9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is reality1 conditions are nei!r accid5tal nor necess>y1 b simply con/itut+ elem5ts--!y nei!r may be nor mu/ be1 b j are4 ,:at is irrelevant is n[ n simply indiff]5t2 x is exclud$1 elim9at$4 ,:at is relevant is no long] some?+ requir$ 9 ord] to get a result beyond itself2 x is incorporat$ into ! result1 x is integral4 ,x n[ rema9s to connect ! two p>ts ( our discussion1 ! logical & ! practical consid]ation ( necessity1 & %[ t1 z sugge/$1 logical necessity re/s ^u teleological--t1 inde$1 x is ! teleological read backw>ds4 ,! logical process ( discov]+ & /at+ ! reality ( "s ev5t simply rev]ses ! process :i* ! m9d goes ?r\gh 9 sett+ up & realis+ an end4 ,in/ead ( ! kill+ ( an enemy z some?+ to be accompli%$1 we h ! fact ( a murd] to be acc\nt$ =4 ,j z on ! practical side1 ! end1 z x fir/ arises 9 consci\sness1 is an end 9 g5]al & ?us contra/s ) ! concrete end :i* is individualis$2 s ! fact1 z at fir/ realis$ 9 consci\sness1 is a b>e fact1 & ?us contra/s ) ! actual ev5t ) its complete p>ticul>isation4 ,! actual fact1 ! murd] z x really took place1 is "o ?+2 ! fact z x /&s 9 consci\sness1 ! phases ( ! actual ev5t :i* are pick$ out & put toge!r1 is ano!r ?+4 ,! fact ( k1 x is safe to say1 is no fact at all2 t is1 if !re _h be5 9 reality no m p>ticul>isation1 no m ( detail1 ?an !re is consci\sness1 ! murd] w\ld nev] h happ5$4 ,b j z1 practically1 we take ! end 9 g5]al to be ! real ?+1 7s9ce x is ! only ?+ ( any direct int]e/17 s 9 k we take ! b>e fact z ab/ract$ f ! actual :ole1 z ! fact4 ,j z ! end ( ! savage is m]ely to kill 8 enemy1 s ! 8fact0 is m]ely ! dead body ) ! weapon /ick+ 9 x4 ,! fact1 z x /&s 9 consci\sness1 is indet]m9ate & p>tial1 b1 s9ce x is 9 consci\sness by itself1 x is tak5 z a :ole & z ! c]ta9 ?+4 ,b z ! ab/ractness ( ! 8end 9 g5]al0 is confess$ 9 ! fact t means are requir$ 9 ord] to make x real--to give x exi/5ce--s ! unreal "* ( ! 8fact0 is reveal$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! causes :i* produc$ x are unkn[n & h to be discov]$4 ,! b>e fact ?us becomes a result to be acc\nt$ =3 9 ?is conception ! two sides are comb9$2 ! 8fact0 is at once giv5 a c]ta9 reality ( its own :ile at ! same "t ! lack ( concret5ess is recognis$ 9 ! ref]5ce to ext]nal causes4 ,! gradual introduction ( fur!r factors1 "u ! guise ( causes acc\nt+ = ! effect1 def9es ! orig9al vague 8fact10 until1 at la/1 :5 x is acc\nt$ =1 we h be=e u ! "o & only concrete reality4 ,?is done1 we no long] h an effect to be acc\nt$ =1 & causes :i* produce x1 b "o fact ^: /atem5t or description is su* & su*4 ,b int]m$iate betwe5 ! isolation & ! integration is ! /age :5 necessity appe>s4 ,we h advanc$1 we w suppose1 f ! b>e fact ( ! murd] to ! discov]y ( a l>ge am\nt ( 8circum/antial0 evid5ce reg>d+ t fact4 ,we he> ( a man :o _h a qu>rel ) ! deceas$2 he _c acc\nt = himself at ! "t :5 ! murd] mu/ h be5 committ$2 he is f\nd to h _h a weapon l t ) :i* ! murd] mu/ h be5 committ$4 ,f9ally we conclude he mu/ h be5 ! murd]]4 ,:at d ^! 8mu/s0 7! 8mu/0 ( ! "t1 weapon1 & murd]]7 mean8 ,are !y n obvi\sly ! gradual fill+-9 ( ! previ\sly empty judgm5t1 ?r\gh br++ ?+s at fir/ unconnect$ into relation ) ea* o!r8 ,! exi/5ce ( ! man ,m4 ,n4 is :olly isolat$ f ! 8fact0 ( ! murd] till x is le>n$ t he _h a grudge aga9/ ! murd]$ man2 ?is ?ird fact1 also di/9ct p] se1 br\ght into connection ) ! o!rs 7! 8fact0 ( ! murd] & ( ! exi/5ce ( ,m4 ,n47 compels !m to move toge!r2 ! result is at fir/ ! possibility1 lat]1 z ! po9ts ( connection get m & m m>k$ & num]\s1 ! 8necessity10 t ,m4 ,n4 is ! murd]]4 ,fur!r1 x is cle> t ?is 8mu/0 m>ks n a great] c]ta9ty or actuality ?an a m]e 8is0 w\ld indicate1 b r a d\bt1 a surmise or guess gradually ga9+ 9 c]ta9ty4 ,:5 ! fact is really made out to our satisfaction1 we drop ! 8mu/0 & fall back on ! simple is4 ,only s long z !re is room = d\bt1 & ?us = argum5t d we /ate t ! "t & weapon mu/ h be5 su* & su*4 ,s :5 we f9ally conclude t ! murd]] mu/ h be5 ,m4 ,n41 x means t we h wov5 a l>ge numb] ( facts1 previ\sly discrete1 into su* a /ate ( int]-relation%ip t we d n see h[ to avoid d5y+ _! discret5ess & incorporat+ !m all into "o concrete :ole1 or individual fact4 ,t we /ill say 8mu/0 %[s1 h[ev]1 t we h n q succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ! p>tial & indef9ite "* ( ! orig9al 8fact40 ,_h we succe$$ 9 gett+ ! :ole fact be=e u ! judgm5t w\ld take ?is =m3 ,! murd] is a fact ( su* & su* def9ite nature1 hav+ z its cont5t su* & su* precise elem5ts4 ,9 ?is compreh5sive :ole all di/9ction ( effect to be acc\nt$ = & causes :i* produce clean disappe>s4 ,! idea ( necessity1 9 a ^w1 comes 9 only :ile we are /ill engag$ 9 correct+ our orig9al error1 b h n surr5d]$ x root & bran*2 ?is error be+ t ! fragm5t ( reality :i* we grasp is concrete en\gh to w>rant ! appellation 8fact40 ,a great deal ( att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! category ( cause & effect4 ,"o /rik+ feature ( ! ord9>y consid]ation is1 t x takes = grant$ ! matt] mo/ ne$+ inve/igation & aims ! inquiry at ! dep5d5t memb] ( ! firm4 ,! effect seems to be s cle>ly !re1 :ile ! cause is s obvi\sly some?+ to be se>*$ = t ! category ( effect is assum$1 & x is suppos$ t only ! idea ( causation is 9 ne$ ( exam9ation4 ,& yet ?is ab/raction ( c]ta9 phases ( fact1 ! erection ( ! p>ts ?us ab/ract$ into di/9ct entities1 :i*1 ?\gh di/9ct1 are /ill dep5d5t 9 _! mode ( exi/5ce1 is precisely ! po9t ne$+ exam9ation4 ,x is b ano!r in/ance ( ! supreme importance ( our practical int]e/s4 ,! effect is ! end1 ! practical outcome1 :i* int]e/s u2 ! se>* = causes is b ! se>* = ! means :i* w\ld produce ! result4 ,we call x 8means & end0 :5 we set up a result to be rea*$ 9 ! future & set ourselves ^u f9d+ ! causes :i* put ! desir$ end 9 our h&s2 we call x 8cause & effect0 :5 ! 8result0 is giv51 & ! se>* = means is a regressive "o4 ,9 ei!r case ! sep>ation ( "o side f ! o!r1 ( cause f effect1 ( means f end1 has ! same orig93 a p>tial & vague idea ( ! :ole fact1 toge!r ) ! habit ( tak+ ?is "p 7because ( its sup]ior practical importance7 = a :ole1 = a fact4 ,i hope n[ to h made good my orig9al !sis3 t ! idea ( necessity m>ks a c]ta9 /age 9 ! developm5t ( judgm5t2 t x ref]s to a residuum1 9 our judgm5ts & ?us 9 our objects1 ( indet]m9at5ess or vagu5ess1 :i* x replaces )\t :olly negat+2 t x is ?us relative to 8*ance0 or cont+5cy2 t its value consi/s :olly 9 ! impulse giv5 judgm5t t[>ds ! is1 or ! concrete reality def9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! analysis has be5 long2 ! read] may h f\nd x n only t$i\s1 b seem+ly sup]flu\s1 s9ce1 z he may be say+ to himself1 no "o n[adays reg>ds necessity z any?+ b a "n = fix$ uni=mities 9 nature1 & ( ?is view ( ! case no?+ has be5 said4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t :5 we come to a consid]ation ( necessity z equival5t to uni=mity1 x w be f\nd t ! c\rse ( ?is discussion has n be5 irrelevant1 b ! sure basis = go+ fur!r4 ,,john ,,dewey4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,?is article1 z ! title may indicate1 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,peirce's article ^u 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity ,exam9$40 ,z1 h[ev]1 my ?\ght takes f9ally a diff]5t turn1 ,i h deem$ x bett] to let x run its own c\rse f ! />t1 & s h n ref]r$1 except indirectly1 to ,mr4 ,peirce's argum5t4 ,i hope ?is w n be tak5 z a desire to slur ov] my indebt$ness to him4 #ff ,! reason ( ?is ab/raction is 9 practical nature1 z already indicat$4 ,= all ! savage c>es ab\t x1 ! dea? 9 g5]al1 is ! real fact4 ,x is all t int]e/s him4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to attempt to p]suade ! savage2 inde$1 if he 7 n only a savage1 b also a philosoph]1 he might boldly *all5ge ! objector to pres5t any def9ition ( object :i* %\ld n ref] objectivity to man's practical activity2 al?\gh he might1 z a %rewd savage1 admit t "s "o activity 7or self7 to :i* ! object is ref]r$ has m cont5t ?an ano!r4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i1 = "o1 %\ld n c>e ab\t ent]+ ! li/s aga9/ ! savage4 ,b :5 ! common-s5se philosoph]1 :o resi/s all attempts to recon/ruct ! orig9al object on ! gr\nd t a fact is a fact & all beyond t is metaphysics1 is also a case-h>d5$ nom9ali/ 7z he g5]ally is71 x is "t to prote/4 ,x might be true t ! real object is always relative to ! value ( "s action2 b to erect ?is pure univ]sal into ! object1 & !n pride "o's self on enlight5m5t 9 reject+ ! 8s*ola/ic figm5t0 ( ! reality ( univ]sals is a little too mu*4 ,,! ,,issues ,,( 8,,syne*ism40 ,9 a late numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 7,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d17 !re appe>s a s+ul>ly acute & pr(\nd article1 f ! p5 ( "o ( ! able/ ( ,am]ican logicians & ma!maticians1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce4 ,its subject is 8,! ,law ( ,m9d0--! idea ( cont9uity4 ,! writ] tells u1 7p4 #ecd17 8! t5d5cy to reg>d cont9uity1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i %all def9e x1 z an idea ( prime importance 9 philosophy1 may conv5i5tly be t]m$ ,syne*ism40 ,) ?is syne*i/ic philosophy1 z appli$ to m9d1 ! pap] is occupi$1 to ! exclusion1 = ! nonce1 ( ,mr4 ,peirce's companion doctr9e ( ,ty*ism1#fg :i* 0 dealt )1 by him1 9 ! ,janu>y1 #ahia1 & ,april1 #ahib1 issues ( ,! ,moni/4 ,^! conceptions are1 bo? ( !m1 to be view$ z ess5tial to philosophy z a :ole1 b ! latt] is2 = ! pres5t1 all[$ to drop out ( sight1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! due elaboration ( ! =m]4#fh ,,! ,,=mula ,,( ,,syne*ism4 ,! =mula ( ,syne*ism1 ) :i* ! article beg9s1 is z foll[s3 8,logical analysis appli$ to m5tal ph5om5a %[s t !re is b "o law ( m9d1 namely1 t ideas t5d to spread cont9u\sly1 & to affect c]ta9 o!rs :i* /& to !m 9 a peculi> relation ( affectibility4 ,9 ?is spread+ !y lose int5sity1 & especially ! p[] ( affect+ o!rs1 b ga9 g5]ality1 & become weld$ ) o!r ideas40 7,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #ecd47 ,! individuality & cont9uity ( ideas are1 !n1 %[n respectively to involve no contradiction2 an idea once pa/--9 ! s5se ( an ev5t 9 an individual consci\sness--is n :olly pa/1 x is only go+--8inf9itesimally pa/1 less pa/ ?an any assignable pa/ date40 ,?us ! conclusion is rea*$ t 8! pres5t is connect$ ) ! pa/ by a s]ies ( real1 inf9itesimal /eps40 ,aga91 8,we are =c$ to say t we are imm$iately consci\s ?r\gh an inf9itesimal int]val ( "t4 ,?is is all t is requisite40 7,ibid41 pp4 #ece-ecf47 ,all t x is necess>y to say at ! outset is1 t ?is view is support$ by an elaborate inquiry into ! nature ( inf9ity & cont9uity 9 g5]al1 into :i*1 = ! purpose ( ! pres5t pap]1 x is n ne$ful to ent]4 ,& ?is = two reasons3 7#a7 ,! syne*i/ic philosophy1 by itself1 does n pr(ess to be moni/ic4 ,its exp\nd] does n1 ev5 if 8 ,ty*ism 7 n 9 res]ve1 pr(ess to c>ry x beyond ! realm ( m9d1 ) all t is impli$ 9 su* a res]vation4 ,n[1 x is ! be>+ ( ,mr4 ,peirce's ,syne*ism ^u a moni/ic solution ( ! univ]se ) :i* ! pres5t article is conc]n$4 ,& 7#b7 ,mr4 ,peirce's me?od ( treatm5t1 ?\gh precise & logical 9 ! direction ( its own pa?1 is too purely te*nical to be summ>is$ = ! g5]al read]'s b5efit4 ,b )al1 ,syne*ism is f> too f]tile1 n s mu* 9 respect ( :at x makes cle>1 z sugge/ively1 &1 if ! expression may be all[$1 obliquely1 to be pass$ ov] )\t comm5t4 ,its excogitator is em95tly frank2 he does n conceal ! difficulties :i*1 ev] & anon1 occur 9 8 /atem5t4 ,sometimes 8 !ory seems a trifle too wide = ! facts enc\nt]$1 sometimes r too scanty to conta9 !m4 ,su* phrases z ! foll[+3 8,no1 ,i ?9k we c only hold0--p4 #eeb2 8we are driv5 to p]ceive0--p4 #eee2 8?is obliges me to say0--p4 #eeg2 8! pr9ciple ) :i* ,i set out requires me to ma9ta90--p4 #eeh2 8! only answ] t ,i c1 at pres5t1 make is0--p4 #eei1 etc41 etc41 d e cr$it to ! writ]'s c&or1 b !y w\ld sc>cely occur 9 an exposition1 :i*1 9 ! m9d ( its au?or1 made ! r\gh places altoge!r pla94 ,syne*ism1 ev5 ) ,ty*ism 9 ! backgr\nd1 probably does n1 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's own m9d1 completely solve ! _w-riddle1 at lea/1 z yet4 ,/ill ^! v pauses !mselves1 on ! "p ( a ?9k] ( su* ability1 are em95tly sugge/ive4 ,to use 8 own words3 8! pres5t pap] is int5d$ to %[ :at ,syne*ism is1 & :at x leads to40 ,let u emphasise ?is latt] clause1 z likely to be m fruitful ?an ! =m]4 ,,mr4 ,,peirce',s ,,positivism4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 9 spite ( 8 !ory ( *ance1 is1 9 8 ,syne*ism1 almo/ sev]ely a positivi/2#fi b 8 positivism1 l mo/ ( t curr5t n[adays1 does n g deep en\gh4 ,he is positivi/1 aft] he has got ext]nality--f]tile 9 excitations--com=tably dispos$ ar\nd 8 subject2 & vibrations1 undulations1 attractions1 etc41 ready to play ^u ! ?\s&-/r+$ h>p1 b n be=e4 ,=1 8we mu/ n tax introspection10 he tells u1 p4 #edh1 8to make a ph5om5on manife/1 :i* ess5tially involves ext]nality10 :5 ! real problem at issue is3 ,is !re ext]nality1 9 ! vulg> s5se1 at all1 or is x only t rationalis$ ext]nality :i* circumspection1 )9 ! limits ( egoity1 reveals8 ,n[1 ^u ?is a good deal h+es4 ,at all ev5ts ! diff]5ce 9 "q1 or1 r1 t !re is a diff]5ce1 has be5 moot$1 to say ! lea/4 ,&1 ?is be+ ! case1 x is a little t$i\s1 :5 ! really vital po9t ( ! spatial ext5sion ( feel+s is be+ debat$1 to h ?is illu/ration br\ght 91 7p4 #edh173 8,moreov]1 our own feel+s are focus$ 9 att5tion to su* a degree1 t we are n aw>e t ideas are n br\ght to an absolute unity4 ,j z nobody1 n in/ruct$ by special exp]im5t1 has any idea h[ v1 v little ( ! field ( vision is di/9ct40 ,:y1 t is reason+ 9 a circle1 if "s sy/ems are true2 & x is a begg+ ( ! "q1 if !y are ! rev]se4 ,if ! sy/em ( s-call$ objective reality 71 at sight1 :olly v]aci\s1 if ev]y?+ exi/$ j z x seems1 ?is positivism ( ,mr4 ,peirce's might be workable4 ,!n no "o w\ld seek to g b5ea? ! process ( ! app>5t1 ! actually visible1 = a rationale4 ,b mod]n sci5ce tea*es1 9 its v prim]1 t _m ?+s are1 & act1 q o!rwise ?an z !y seem to be1 & d4 ,appe>ances rationalis$ are alone to be accept$4 ,! sun does n 8rise0 & 8set10 z x seems to d4 ,! e>? is n1 z x appe>s to be1 an immovable plane1 & s on4 ,&1 ?is once all[$1 :]e is ! pr9ciple to end8 ,if ! sup]ficial judgm5t may be ?us correct$1 or rev]s$1 x is liable to revision or rev]sal ad inf9itum1 unless reason be %[n to ! contr>y4 ,x may ?us be disput$ :e!r our au?or is q 9 ord] 9 writ+1 z he does1 & us+ ! /atem5t to support 8 !ory--8,precisely h[ prim>y s5sations1 z colors & tones1 are excit$1 we _c tell1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( psy*ology4444 ,z f> z sight & he>+ are 9 "q1 we "k t !y are only excit$ by vibrations ( inconceivable complexity2 & ! *emical s5ses are probably n m simple40 7,p4 #eeg47 ,to argue1 we _c tell precisely h[ !y are excit$1 b we "k t !y are excit$1 is some:at fem99e2 see+ t ! said 8excitem5t0 is n pat5t on ! surface ( ord9>y p]ception4 ,&1 ?is be+ ! case1 ! excitem5t1 or its mode r1 n be+ giv5 imm$iately1 b only m5tally annex$1 ,mr4 ,peirce is n consi/5tly positivi/4 ,x is equally op5 to an oppon5t to 8annex0 some?+ else ( 8 own to ! 8giv50 ?+1 or altoge!r to d5y ! necessity ( any?+ :atev] be+ ?us annex$4 ,9 any case t 7if any?+7 :i* is s\ght to be annex$ mu/ /& ! te/ ( positivism2 we mu/ "k if su* a ?+ is1 & :at x is precisely4 ,& ?is is j :at ,mr4 ,peirce _c d = u4 ,he _c tell u exactly :at ! 8excitant0 ( feel+s is2 he c only guess :at x is 8some?+ l10 viz43 ! feel+s !mselves4 ,h5ce ! foll[+3 8,! pr9ciple ) :i* ,i set out t ( cont9uity requires me to ma9ta9 t ^! feel+s are communicat$ to ! n]ves by cont9uity1 s t !re mu/ be some?+ l !m 9 ! excitants !mselves4 ,if ?is seems extravagant1 x is to be rememb]$ t x is ! sole possible way ( rea*+ any explanation ( s5sation1 :i* o!rwise mu/ be pron\nc$ a g5]al fact absolutely inexplicable & ultimate4 ,n[ absolute inexplicability is a hypo!sis :i* s\nd logic refuses1 "u any circum/ances1 to ju/ify40 7,p4 #eeh4--,! italics are n 9 ! orig9al47 ,!re mu/ be some?+ l ! feel+s 9 ! excitants ( ! feel+s4 ,n[1 ?is po9t is wor?y ( ! close/ att5tion4 ,note t 8! excitant0 alone is m5tion$4 ,vibrations excite sight & he>+4 ,yet1 f :at foll[s1 x is pla9 t ,syne*ism is n inconsi/5t ) belief 9 a fix$ objective4 8,ev5 ! lea/ psy*ical ( p]iph]al s5sations1 t ( pressure1 has1 9 its excitation1 conditions :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly simple1 are se5 to be complicat$ en\gh :5 we consid] ! molecules & _! attractions10 pp4 #eeg-eeh4 ,c !re1 !n1 be any d\bt t we h "h ?ree di/9ct ?+s3 7#a7 a subjective1 7#b7 an 8excitant10 & 7#c7 an objective2 ! middle t]m be+ a vehicle ( communication betwe5 ! fir/ & ?ird8 ,x does n affect ?is pres5tation ( ,mr4 ,peirce's position t1 at an e>li] /age ( 8 argum5t1 he speaks ( matt]--synonym\s1 presumably1 ) ! objective--z be+ 8n completely dead1 b m]ely m9d1 hide-b\nd ) habits10 z 8p>tially dead5$0 or 8effete10 m9d2 or t ! editor ( ,! ,moni/ says t1 ) ,mr4 ,peirce1 8m9d is ! beg9n+ ( all40 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ie47 ,! "q1 at pres5t1 is n reg>d+ orig9s1 b reg>d+ co-exi/5ces4 ,s t !re is a di/9ct hiatus "h1 aris+ f ! confusion ( ! /imulant1 or excitant1 ( s5sation ) ! objective itself4#gj ,n[1 ! /imulant ( s5sation is nev] ! object p]ceiv$4 ,h5ce1 once an objective is admitt$1 a tr9ity ( entities is unavoidable1 s9ce /ill less c ! 8/imulant0 be ! subject4 ,?is special difficulty1 9 ! pres5t writ]'s op9ion1 is insep>able f dualism 9 e =m4 ,h[ x besets ,mr4 ,peirce's !ory is evid5t f 8 haz>d$ sugge/ion3 8,!re mu/ be some?+ l ! feel+s 9 ! excitants40 ,he ?us uses only two ( 8 cosmical t]ms1 & gives ! ?ird ! g-by6 ,all dualism halts1 b surely !re is "h a palpable /umble4 ,9 a rec5t article 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt#ga ,i h po9t$ out ! vanity ( introduc+ a vehicle ( communication betwe5 object & subject1 especially emphasis+ ! fact t1 once ?is int]m$iate t]m is br\ght 91 ! v]itable objective disappe>s4 8,once y br+ 9 vibrations10 ,i rem>k$1 8y practically provide a second object1 :i* is really a "p ( ! subject1 &1 9 ord] to d ?is1 y h tak5 f ! orig9al objective all t compos$ x40#gb 7,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 p4 #ccfa47 ,is x any wond]1 !n1 t ,mr4 ,peirce %\ld suppose ! excitants to be 8some?+ l0 ! excit$ feel+s8 ,s9ce he1 practically1 surr5d]s ! objective1 :at c\ld m closely resemble ! subjective ?an ! subjective itself8 ,if he _h adopt$ ! position ( ,hume1 & made impressions & ideas all-9-all1 8 pr9ciple ( cont9uity might hold4 ,b ?is he does n d1 s9ce 7#a7 he implicitly admits ! objective elem5t1 & 7#b7 ev5 if he did n d ?is1 !re mu/ be some?+ o!r ?an ! idea or feel+ 9 8 sy/em1 s9ce1 o!rwise1 !re c\ld be no gr\nd = ! *>ge ( seem+ 8extravagance10 :i*1 he admits1 may be level$ aga9/1 at lea/ "o (1 8 conclusions4 ,,feel+s ,,spatially ,,ext5d$4 ,?is leads u to ,mr4 ,peirce's conclusions reg>d+ subjective spatial ext5sion--! spatial ext5sion ( feel+s--z ! result ( obs]vation ( irritat$ protoplasm4 ,our att5tion is direct$ to an excit$ mass ( protoplasm1--an amba1 or a slime-m\ld1--:i* 8does n diff] 9 any radical way f ! cont5ts ( a n]ve-cell1 ?\gh its functions may be less specialis$40 7,p4 #edg47 ,! irritation is induc$ :51 say1 ! amba is 8quiesc5t & rigid10 & we note its behavi\r "u x4 ,t feel+ passes f "o "p ( ?is amorph\s cont9uum ( protoplasm to ano!r1 we are l$ to believe4 ,& ?is conclusion foll[s3 8,:atev] !re is 9 ! :ole ph5om5on to make u ?9k !re is feel+ 9 su* a mass ( protoplasm1--feel+1 b pla9ly no p]sonality1--goes logically to %[ t t feel+ has a subjective1 or sub/antial1 spatial ext5sion1 z ! excit$ /ate has40 ,?is is a *a9 ( reason+4 ,let u exam9e its l9ks4 ,we h3 7#a7 ,! behavi\r ( ! amba "u imm$iate1 me*anical irritation--! spread1 or spatial ext5sion1 ( ! /ate ( irritation4 7#b7 ,we are ask$ to id5tify ?is spread-out irritation1 ?is field ( excitation1 ) 8feel+0 on ! "p ( ! amba1 because !re is 8no d\bt t x feels :5 x is excit$40 7#c7 ,f ! spatial ext5sion ( ! irritation1 ?us id5tifi$ ) feel+1 we are ask$ to conclude t ! feel+1 9 ! amba1 has a subjective1 spatial ext5sion z ! excit$ /ate has1 &1 f9ally1 pass+ f ! feel+ ( ! amba to our own feel+s1 by inf]5ce1 we are ask$ to admit3 7#d7 ,n t we h necess>ily a feel+ ( bigness1 b t 8! feel+ inf]5tially arriv$ at f ! spread-out irritation on ! "p ( ! amba z a subject ( inhesion is big40 7,p4 #edh47 ,aft] ?is1 we are dispos$ to agree ) ,mr4 ,peirce :5 he says3 8,?is is1 no d\bt1 a difficult idea to seize02 n1 z he goes on to say1 8= ! reason t x is a subjective1 n an objective1 ext5sion10 b on ! gr\nd t ! reason+ involves1 pla9ly1 n only ! subjective & objective1 b :at ,clif=d calls ! 8ejective10 z well1 & ?is assumption1 int] alia1 t ! la/-nam$ lies on ! same plane z ! =m]4 ,nev]1 surely1 0 ! conclusion t feel+s h spatial ext5sion m easily rea*$4 ,x is only :5 we f9d t 9 7#a7 we are deal+ ) ! objective pure & simple1 obs]v$ ph5om5a2 t 9 7#b7 ! connection betwe5 irritation or excitation1 & feel+ is assum$1 9 ! object1 because feel+1 subjectively1 is f\nd to accompany irritation2 t 7#c7 z ! irritation1 9 ! amba1 is spread out1 s is ! feel+ to be view$2 & 7#d7 t1 z ! feel+ ( ! amba1 s is our feel+ to be consid]$1 viz43 t ! feel+1 8z a subject ( inhesion1 is big10 we are l$ to say aft] all ?is1 t1 by su* a process1 any?+1 or ev]y?+1 c\ld be demon/rat$1--! field ( spatial ext5sion1 = example1 hav+ no m claim to be assum$ ?an ! po9t at :i* ! irritation admitt$ly beg9s4 ,:y %\ld ! middle /age ( ! irritation be select$ 9 pref]5ce to ! initial & f9al ones8 ,! irritation orig9ates 9 a po9t1 spreads1 & !n dies out4 ,?us our feel+1 7we purposely use ,mr4 ,peirce's nom5clature17 or idea1 ( an elephant1 is unque/ionably1 z a subject ( inhesion1 8big40 ,b only = a "t1 & n at fir/4 ,really1 our idea1 or feel+--9 ,syne*ism--( an elephant1 mu/ logically comm5ce z a m9ute speck1 & return to ?is vani%+-po9t aga94 ,!re is no o!r way out ( x4 ,= mu/ n ! analogy ( ! irritat$ amba be foll[$ ?r\gh\t1 & if n1 :y n8 ,,dualism ,,& ,,! ,,way ,,out4 ,! crux ( philosophy1 f ! "t ( ,hume to ! pres5t day1 has be51 :at may be summ>is$ z1 ! consci\sness ( succession z succession4 ,! h\rs pass ov] ! m5tal dial1 b1 ?\gh "o succe$s ! o!r1 some?+ is ne$$ besides ! succession ( ! t]ms ( ! s]ies to give consci\sness ( ! s]ies z a s]ies1 to give ! syn!sis ( ! day made up ( h\rs4 ,hume virtually gave up ! problem 9 evisc]at+ ! subjective4 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 only miss$ ! po9t at issue :5 he plac$ 8 et]nal consci\sness1 :i* 0 to 8h & to hold0 ! t]ms ( ! cosmical s]ies1 z x 7 9 solution1 = ! human organism1 out ( "t altoge!r4 ,mr4 ,peirce puts ! matt] boldly :5 he says3 8,an idea once pa/ is gone =ev]1 9 ! s5se ( an ev5t 9 an individual consci\sness1 & any suppos$ recurr5ce ( x is ano!r idea40 7,p4 #ecd47 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t an idea pa/ may be pres5t really1 & n vic>i\sly1 ! notion t consci\sness necess>ily occupies an int]val ( 7f9ite7 "t mu/ be giv5 up2 s9ce1 to put x briefly1 a second pa/ is z mu* pa/ z a ye>4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce !n1 & 8 cont5tion is support$ by an elaborate inquiry into ! nature ( inf9ity & cont9uity g5]ally1 8we are imm$iately consci\s ?r\gh an inf9itesimal int]val ( "t40 ,= ! complete rationale1 ref]5ce mu/ necess>ily be made to ! article itself4 ,ev5 ! above outl9e1 h[ev]1 is suffici5t to %[ t1 "h z else:]e1 ,mr4 ,peirce's dualism is 8 sn>e4 ,no?+ b ?is c\ld lead to a dis9tegration s complete z ! foll[+3 8,9 ?is inf9itesimal int]val1 n only is consci\sness cont9u\s 9 a subjective s5se1 t is1 consid]$ z a subject1 or sub/ance1 hav+ ! attribute ( duration2 b also1 because x is imm$iate consci\sness1 its object is ipso facto cont9u\s40 7,p4 #ecf47 ,?is is to admit1 practically1 t !re is some?+ 9 consci\sness o!r ?an ! consci\sness itself4 ,& ?is is evid5t1 because at "o & ! same "t1 7:e!r an int]val ( f9ite "t1 or an inf9itesimal int]val1--:e!r an 8in/ant0 or a 8mom5t10--does n matt]17 ^! two entities are diff]5t4 ,=3 8,?is m$iate p]ception is objectively1 or z to ! object repres5t$1 spread ov] ! f\r in/ants2 b subjectively1 or z itself ! subject ( duration1 x is completely embrac$ 9 ! second mom5t40 7,ibid47 ,b ?is 8m$iate0 & 8imm$iate0 _c simultane\sly exi/1 unless !re is some?+ else to :i* !y d s exi/4 ,x is only palt]+ ) u 9 a d\ble s5se to speak ( 8in/ant0 & 8mom5t0 9 ?is connection4 ,! "o may pass into ! o!r1 b !re is 8a "t :50 7x matt]s n :e!r ! int]val be f9ite or inf9itesimal7 !y d n coexi/4 ,h5ce1 !y are n ! same1 b diff]5t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce's notation1 = all ord9>y purposes we may write1 if a is a f9ite quantity1 & i an inf9itesimal1 a i a4 8,t is to say1 ?is is s = all purposes ( measurem5t40 ,be x s2 ! inf9itesimal may be neglect$ = purposes ( calculation4 ,b su* a =mula c only be exp]im5tal4 ,! !ory :i* embodies x _c avail = a _w-s*eme2 to admit x w\ld be to grant t a ?+ is1 & is n1 at "o & ! same "t4 ,surely ! mo/ sup]ficial read] w see t1 to put x popul>ly1 a _w-s*eme admits ( no alt]native subject to accept1 or to reject1 a neglectable quantity4 ,& ?is is n ! only in/ance ( dualism 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's _w-s*eme z a totality4 ,= h we n ,syne*ism & ,ty*ism z well8 ,) ! latt] ,mr4 ,peirce does n deal 9 ! pap] n[ "u consid]ation4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 be cr$it$1 or debit$1 ) x1 z held 9 res]ve4 ,= our pres5t purpose x is n necess>y to exam9e ,ty*ism 9 detail4 ,its alleg$ exi/5ce is suffici5t4 ,=1 & "h let ! significance ( :at foll[s be not$1 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's view1 z oppos$ to det]m9ism1 ,ty*ism exi/s z a pr9ciple4 ,x is1 o!rwise x c\ld n be exp\nd$ z op]ative4 ,b x also exi/s z an idea1 fir/1 x may be1 9 our au?or's m9d1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! m9ds ( 8 disciples4 ,?us x falls into ! syne*i/ic prov9ce3 8,z an idea x c only be affect$ by an idea1 by any?+ b an idea x _c be affect$ at all40 78,! ,law ( ,m9d10 p4 #eeg47 ,yet to affirm ,ty*ism ?us impot5t1 because unaffectible1 outside ! syne*i/ic sph]e1 is to contradict ,mr4 ,peirce's conclusions1 = if ,ty*ism is no?+ outside ! ideal realm1 x is altoge!r inside x4 ,h5ce ,syne*ism is ev]y?+ practically1 & ,ty*ism no?+4 ,b t ,mr4 ,peirce w n h4 ,he has a two-fold ,ty*ism1 t is ! fact2 actual & op]ative on ! "o h&1 ideal on ! o!r4 ,& ?is is dualism confess$4 ,mr4 ,peirce's me?od is q f]tile 9 duplication ( ! subjective entity4 ,8 late/ pap]1 8,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce10 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a17 conta9s "s typical in/ances4 8,view+ a ?+ f ! outside1 consid]+ its relations ( action & reaction ) o!r ?+s1 x appe>s z matt]4 ,view+ x f ! inside1 look+ at its imm$iate "* z feel+1 x appe>s z consci\sness40 7,p4 #bj47 ,?is is ! /rictly empirical view4 ,& x may be possibly def5d$ ) ! cont5tion t all problems1 to be duly exam9$1 mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be view$ f t /&po9t4 ,b x mu/ be pla9ly manife/ to any unprejudic$ ?9k] t1 ev5 grant$ a total cosmical problem made up ( sep>ate problems ( an individual nature1 ! same me?od ( solv+ ! sum _c be employ$ :i* is us$ 9 solv+ its con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! above in/ance1 consid]+ matt] 9 its totality1 & consci\sness 9 its totality1 :at is left to view !m indiff]5tly f 8outside10 or 8inside08 ,pla9ly no?+4 ,/ill m transp>5t an example is ! foll[+3 8,! consci\sness ( a habit involves a g5]al idea4 ,9 ea* action ( t habit c]ta9 atoms get ?r[n out ( _! orbit1 & replac$ by o!rs4 ,^u all ! diff]5t occasions x is diff]5t atoms t are ?r[n (f1 b !y are analog\s f a physical po9t ( view1 & !re is an inw>d s5se ( _! be+ analog\s4 ,e "t "o ( ! associat$ feel+s recurs1 !re is a m or less vague s5se t !re are o!rs1 t x has a g5]al "*1 & ( ab\t :at ?is g5]al "* is40 7,p4 #bj47 ,?is is "p ( ! answ] to ! qu]y3 ,h[ d g5]al ideas appe> 9 ! molecul> !ory ( protoplasm8 ,n[1 )\t discuss+ ! value ( ?is rationale1 z affect+ ,mr4 ,peirce's own !ories1 x is n difficult to see :at its acceptance w\ld 8lead to40 ,c]ta9 atoms ( a molecule get ?r[n out & are replac$ by o!rs4 ,?is happ5s repeat$ly4 ,on diff]5t occasions diff]5t atoms come & g4 ,yet !y are 8analog\s10 & !re is 8an inw>d s5se0 ( ?is4 ,^u ^: %\ld]s is ! burd5 ( prov+ ! analogy plac$1 or ( exp]i5c+ x ev58 ,) :om or :at is !re 8an inw>d s5se08 ,p]haps x is bett] n to answ] o!rwise ?an to say t if ?is faculty be n pres5t 9 ! ev] *ang+ molecule to beg9 )1 x _c be logically rea*$ by any process ( multiply+ x4 ,,! ,,moni/ic ,,solution4 ,monism1 z a unit>y sy/em ( ! univ]se1 does n necess>ily comm5d itself to acceptance simply z monism4 ,to say1 ?is is dualism1 !re=e x _c be a correct rationale ( ! univ]se1 s9ce ! only true "o mu/ be moni/ic1 is to />t ) an unphilosophical prepossession4 ,! true solution may be two-fold1 or x may be manifold4 ,b x is n too mu* to say1 p]haps1 on ! o!r h&1 t1 ev5 z causes may n be multipli$ )\t necessity1 ev5 s ph5om5a mu/ n logically be divid$ into indep5d5t gr\p+s )\t suffici5t reason giv54 ,pref]5ce %\ld be accord$ to a moni/ic1 r ?an to a duali/ic1 sy/em1 n on ! gr\nd alone ( ! simplicity ( ! =m]1 b on ! gr\nd t a !ory :i* has "o explanation = "o set ( ph5om5a & ano!r explanation = a second set1 mu/ fir/ demon/rate t a unit>y conception ( ! univ]se is1 at lea/1 improbable1 o!rwise x w always be h9t$ t ! dualism 9 "q has n gone deep en\gh to f9d a syn!tic bond :]e) to unite ! app>5tly div]se4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 ?r\gh\t 8 article on ,syne*ism1 con/antly t\*es1 despite 8 lat5t dualism1 ! m>g9 ( a tru? s great z to m]it ! title ( transc5d5t4 ,z (t5 he misses x4 ,& 8 conclud+ words are1 9 ?is connection1 almo/ wi/ful3 8,! facts t /& be=e our face & eyes & />e u 9 ! face1 are f> f be+1 9 all cases1 ! ones mo/ easily disc]n$4 ,t has be5 rem>k$ f "t immemorial40 7,p4 #eei47 ,b ?\gh ?us 8rem>k$10 ! maxim has1 z immemorially1 be5 neglect$ 9 practice4 ,to none c ?is rem>k be m fitly appli$ ?an to ! excogitator ( ,syne*ism1 himself see+ t1 hav+ arriv$ at ! po9t ( ass]t+ t 8!re mu/ be some?+ l ! feel+s 9 ! excitants !mselves10 he does n see t ! excitant & ! feel+ are "o & ! same2 & t !re is no second or ?ird t]m 9 ! cosmical equation4 ,does ?is seem 8extravagant08 ,if s1 ! reply mu/ be n t x is ! only escape f an o!rwise inexplicable difficulty1 b t !re is really no difficulty at all4 ,:at ,mr4 ,peirce's own ,syne*ism 8leads to0 is t ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! to-come1 alike ( matt] & idea1 are n reconcil$ by 8"t & its fl[10 or ev5 by ! logic ( inf9itesimals1 subtle ?\gh t may be1 b t ! cont5ts ( ea* & all1 ) all _! app>5tly inf9ite v>iety1 resolve into a consi/5t unity4 ,,! 8,,miss+ ,,l9k40 ,pu%$ to a logical conclusion1 ! excitants & ! feel+s owe _! app>5t v>iety to _! assign$ position 9 a s]ies1 ! correspond5ce or relation betwe5 !m be+ only ano!r l9k 9 ! self-same *a94 ,vulg> realism nev] fa?oms ?is explanation4 ,x always h>ps ^u ! "o /r+ t idealism1 & m especially ideali/ic monism1 fails to acc\nt = v>iety or diff]5ce2 =gett+1 or r nev] see+1 t diff]5ce or v>iety :i* is its ess5ce1 is only "o m add$ p]ception on ! same plane ) ord9>y p]ceptions2 s t giv5 a1 b1 c1 d1--sundry p]ceptions1--_! ess5tial v>iety may be /at$ z e4 ,or ?is may be /at$ num]ically2 v>iety1 z a :ole1 be+ no?+ m ?an ! sum ( diff]5ces1 :i* is always some?+ o!r ?an ! t]ms diff]5tiat$1 b always on ! same level ) !m--! diff]5ce betwe5 any cont9u\s numb]1 above unity1 & ano!r numb] be+ a ?ird numb]1 :i* is diff]5t f ei!r4 ,v>iety 9 numb]s _c be express$ o!rwise ?an num]ically4 ,s1 9 ! la/ recess1 ! v>iety ( colors is only colorable1 ( tones audible1 & s on4 ,! 8vibrations ( inconceivable complexity0 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 8excite sight & he>+10 c be approximately /at$ num]ically1 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 r$ &1 say1 yell[1 is a numb] correspond+ to ano!r color1 :i* may be orange or n2 x be+ "p ( ! pres5t sci5tific !ory ( light t any specific numb] ( e!real undulations happ5+ betwe5 ! colors ( ! ocul> spectrum1 corresponds to a possible color1 al?\gh ! ret9al expanse may be ins5sible to ^! p>ticul> rates ( tremor4 ,to ,mr4 ,peirce x may appe> 8extravagant10 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 any two colors & tones is ano!r color1 ano!r tone2 j z ! diff]5ce betwe5 any two numb]s is a ?ird numb]4 ,?is is ! logical outcome ( 8 own ,syne*ism2 ?is1 9 "p1 is :at x 8leads to40 ,,"t ,,& ,,its 8,,fl[0 ,,rationalis$4 ,excitants & feel+s be+ unifi$1 & ! elem5t ( v>iety1 hi!rto suppos$ to be ! exclusive copyright ( vulg> realism1 %[n to be no?+ b ano!r t]m add$ to ! s]ies1 or1 num]ically1 a concurr5t s]ies--s t %\ld a1 b1 c1 d 444 be a s]ies1 ! v>iety ( ! s]ies may be express$ z e1 or ! individual diff]5ces z f1 g1 h 444--x only ne$s an exam9ation ( :at ,mr4 ,peirce t]ms 8"t & its fl[10 to r5d] 8 sy/em a completely moni/ic "o1 & ?is al?\gh true monism is mu* m ?an ! negation ( det]m9ism1 syne*i/ically express$4 ,9 ,mr4 ,peirce's article "u exam9ation1 8,! ,law ( ,m9d10 ! notation ( inf9itesimals1 :i* =ms ! key/one ( ,syne*ism1 is only introduc$ aft] a lam5t ov] ! incapacity1 or unworkabl5ess r1 ( f9ite "t1 :5 ! duration ( consci\sness is involv$4 ,if f9ite "t is to come 9 z a factor--8an idea once pa/ 9 ! s5se ( an ev5t 9 an individual consci\sness is gone =ev]1 & any suppos$ recurr5ce ( x is ano!r idea0 7p4 #ecd74 ,& ! problem :i* ,mr4 ,peirce sets himself to solve is h[ 9 effect to br+ back ?is pa/ idea--n vic>i\sly--b 9 all its pri/9e fre%ness1 into ! n[-"t4 ,?is is s\ght to be accompli%$ by ! explanation t ! pa/ idea is 8n :olly pa/1 x is only go+1 less pa/ ?an any assignable pa/ date0--& s on ?r\gh ! intricacies ( ,mr4 ,peirce's inf9itesimal !ory1 into :i* we ne$ n ent] at pres5t4 ,b ! /atem5t ( !1 suppos$1 difficulty :i* f9ite "t pres5ts 9 ?is connection1--! pa/ idea really pa/ & gone1 & ! recurr5ce ( x ano!r idea1--if put 9 a slightly diff]5t =m1 h9ts a solution1 9 cont9uity ) ! =ego+ pages1 )\t ! aid ( ! inf9itesimal at all4 ,t an idea is once pa/ & gone1 any occurr5ce1 or recurr5ce1 ( ?is idea1 is ano!r idea4#gc ,b1 9 ! meantime1 let u see :at ,mr4 ,peirce has to say reg>d+ 8"t & its fl[03 8,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ab\t ! law ( m9d is1 t x makes "t to h a def9ite direction ( fl[ f pa/ to future4 ,! relation ( pa/ to future is1 9 ref]5ce to ! law ( m9d1 diff]5t f ! relation ( future to pa/4 ,?is makes "o ( ! great contra/s betwe5 ! law ( m9d & ! law ( physical =ce1 :]e !re is no m di/9ction betwe5 ! two opposite directions 9 "t ?an betwe5 mov+ nor?w>d1 & mov+ s\?w>d0 7p4 #edf74 ,?is = once is n v cle>4 ,x is difficult to see h[ 8! law ( physical =ce0 c be spok5 ( z 89 "t10 to ! exclusion ( m9d2 n easy1 also1 to und]/& ! di/9ction fur!r insi/$ ^u4 ,b ! int5tion is evid5t1 viz41 to p]petuate1 if n to orig9ate1 a cosmical duality4 ,"t1 x w\ld seem1 m>*es indiff]5tly 9 at lea/ two directions1 ?\gh x is n v cle> h[ ?is is accompli%$4 ,& !n ! old fiction foll[s1 t 8,"t1 z ! univ]sal =m ( *ange1 _c exi/ unless !re is some?+ to und]go *ange1 etc40 7p4 #edg47 ,! same notation suits 9 ?is case z 9 ! =ego+4 ,"t is only ano!r t]m 9 ! s]ies4 ,if a1 b1 c1 d be a s]ies1 e is ! v>iety1 f ! :ole "t involv$1 & g ! individual int]vals4 ,( c\rse all ?is is n a simple s]ies1 x is an inf9itely complicat$ "o2 ! above arrangem5t is only int5d$ to %[ t diff]5ce1 v>iety1 "t1 etc41 are no my/]i\s entities p]vad+ ev5ts1 act+ z _! 8=m0 or c>ry+ !m 9 _! 8fl[10 b simply p]cepts1 or concepts1 on a level ) o!rs4 ,?is is n pat5t on ! surface1 x may be4 ,"t has ! appe>ance ( a curr5t 9 :i* ev5ts float4 ,b ?is is an illusion dispell$ by exam9ation4 ,ev5ts _c be subm]g$ 9 "t4 ,"t _c be ! vehicle ( ev5ts4 ,x is impossible to conceive "t z exi/+ simultane\sly ) an ev5t4 ,x always foll[s x4 ,:at to ,mr4 ,peirce appe>s z a 8fl[10 arises f ! =ego+4 ,take ev5ts1 p]cepts1 or concepts1 z a hypo!tical s]ies1 a1 b1 c1 d 444 & _! times z a1 b1 c1 d 444 ! fir/ s]ies conta9s ! ev5t p] se1 or z happ5+2 ! 8"t :50 is conta9$ 9 ! second s]ies1 practically insep>able f ! fir/1 b ! "t :5 necess>ily foll[s--consequ5tly if ! fir/ be a1 ! second mu/ be1 at lea/ a4 ,b no concept or p]cept is ab/ract1 except ! concept "t itself1 :i*1 be+ unconnect$1 seems any:]e1 &1 l its fell[-ab/ract space1 is spread out1 to u1 tri-dim5sionally1 z pa/1 pres5t1 & to come4 ,&1 z 9 space ! position is simply spectral1#gd a "q ( p]spective or adju/m5t1 s1 9 "t1 ! timal s]ies is adju/$ to ! sub/antive idea4 ,b ?is two-fold spectral succession bre$s by comp>ative int5sity 7:i* is ano!r complex s]ies7 ! s5se ( a fl[1 :]e !re is none1 b only ! idea ( a fl[+1 :i* is ano!r matt]4 ,?us1 ! s-call$ 8veil ( ! future0 is no m a veil ?an x is a brickbat4 ,x is simply ! indet]m9at5ess ( an unconnect$ adjective--z if "o %\ld say1 :ite--& ! qu]y arises1 ,:at is x t is :ite8 ,:5 ! n\n is suppli$ y h some?+ def9ite4 ,j s1 :5 ! future lapses into ! pres5t4 ,?us !re is nev] any?+ )\t1 at lea/1 ^! ?ree additions3 fir/1 v>iety or diff]5ce2 second1 "t2 ?ird1 relation1 spatial or o!rwise4 ,^! are all t]ms 9 a s]ies1 or set ( concurr5t s]ies4 ,no?+ c be1 practically1 isolat$1 = ev]y?+ runs 9 a s]ies4 ,b ?is is a mu* broad] !ory ( cont9uity ?an t :i* ,syne*ism af=ds4#ge ,all app>5t p]plexities vani%4 ,! difficulty no long] exi/s t to p]ceive a s]ies we mu/ hold x1 z x 71 9 solution4 ,s9ce o!r ?an s]ies no?+ is4 ,h5ce ! cosmos is an illimitable s]ies or complex ( s]ies4 ,b inasmu* z ! timal elem5t 7z also ! spatial7 occurs ?r\gh ! s]ies hav+ "t-t]m & space-t]m resid5t )9 x1 all difficulty 9 appreh5d+ x z a s]ies vani%es4 ,! impracticability1 if any1 w\ld be 9 view+ any t]m z isolat$4 ,,! ,,result ,,re ,,ty*ism4 ,:at a flood ( light does su* a sy/em %$ indirectly ^u ,ty*ism1 s9ce ! controv]sy betwe5 ! latt] & det]m9ism ma9ly h+es ^u ! 8mu/ be10 ! imp]ative1 z x 71 ( ! s]ies6 ,x has be5 v ably po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,c>us 9 8 article re ,mr4 ,peirce's 8,onslaught on ! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity0 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #egc-d47 t ! =mula adopt$ by ,mr4 ,peirce 9 8 ,ty*ism1 8*ance is fir/1 law is second1 ! t5d5cy ( habits is ?ird10 involves its au?or 9 ! admission ( a law 9 a sy/em pr(ess+ to be1 9 its inception at all ev5ts1 *anceful & lawless4 ,mr4 ,peirce's 8,syne*ism0 pr(esses to be ! law ( m9d4 ,p>5!tically1 h[ev]1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! di/9ction z to law1 & lawlessness or 8*ance10 n>r[s itself to ! plane ( "o t]m m or less 9 a s]ies1 or ev5 to less ?an t subord9ate place4 ,=1 al?\gh1 = conv5i5ce sake1 & = facility ( contra/1 we h foll[$ ,mr4 ,peirce's figure ( a s]ies1 to %[ m cle>ly also to :at 8 !ory leads1 x is nev]!less pla91 t "t & its accompany+ relations be+ plac$ on _! prop] level1 t ( integral p]cepts & concepts1 ! figure ( a s]ies is simply a matt] ( conv5i5ce ( arrangem5t4 ,c]ta9ly z ! 8"t :50 is necess>ily annex$ to e p]cept & concept ! timal elem5t may be said to foll[1 n to prec$e1 its fell[-t]m4 ,really1 h[ev]1 !y may be said to be simultane\s1 s9ce ! timal ref9em5ts ( f9ite1 inf9ite1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future are ea* ( !m conta9$ 9 a p]cept ( its own4 ,,ext]nality ,a ,,s]ial ,,t]m4 ,b if ! timal elem5t be indep5d5t z a sep>ate p]cept1 ! spatial z ano!r1 & s on1 x foll[s t1 al?\gh ! t]ms ( ! s]ies may1 z x 71 run1 ?\gh we _c conceive !m sep>at$1 or z1 9 practice1 o!rwise ?an z cont9u\s 9 _! fl[1 /ill1 !oretically1 a s]ies or complex ( s]ies x is1 & a s]ies may be int]rupt$ at any t]m4 ,?us ext]nality itself be+ a spatial relation1 is b "o t]m m1 non-ess5tial 9 !ory1 to ! t]m prec$+4 ,s t :5 ! ,neo-,kantians speak ( ! 8con/itution ( ! objective0 x ought to be add$ t x is n only ! cont5t ( ! objective :i* is ?us con/itut$ by consci\sness1 b t ext]nality1 all t goes to make up :at is t]m$ 8out-sid$ness10 is con/itut$ by consci\sness also4 ,,! ,,n[-,,"t4 8,! pres5t is half pa/1 & half to come10 7p4 #edf7 l ! color ( a curv$ b\nd>y l9e on a p>ticolor$ surface2 i4 e4 8betwixt & betwe50 ! two4 ,x is "h t ! !ory ( ,syne*ism %[s its *ief defect4 ,up to ?is /age we h be5 deal+ ) ideas1 feel+s1 a1 b1 c1 d 444 successively pass+ ?r\gh a po9t ( consci\sness e4 ,& ! inf9itesimal notation suits ! requir$ process fairly well4 ,x is complicat$ en\gh1 b x is +5i\s1 & at lea/ plausible4 ,no?+ up to ?is /age w\ld lead u to suppose t any additional elem5t 0 to be import$ into ! rationale :i* ,mr4 ,peirce pres5ts4 ,z we h se51 f9ite "t w\ld n s]ve 8 purpose4 ,by h[ev] m9ute a f9ite int]val h a1 b1 c or d pass$ ! po9t e1 all *ance ( _! recov]y is hopeless4 ,well1 we h rec\rse to inf9itesimals1 & f9d 7to put x popul>ly1 & n 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's te*nical t]ms7 t a pa/ ! po9t ( consci\sness by an inf9itesimal int]val h]alds b4 ,s t e is simultane\sly confront$ ) ! disappe>+ =m ( ! fir/ & ! appe>+ =m ( ! second1 & ! same ) b1 & c1 9 turn1 & s on4 ,?us ! pres5t1 9 ! s5se ( ideas successively pass+ ?r\gh consci\sness1 is half a & half b1 !n half b & half c1 ?is inf9itesimal gradation ultimately ensur+ ! pres5ce ( ! :ole s]ies 9 ! la/ 8mom5t40 ,b ?is w n avail ) ! concept "t itself z di/+ui%$ f tim$ succession4 ,t ^! two are sep>ate ) ,mr4 ,peirce x is impossible to d\bt4 ,he says1 e4 g41 8,"t ) its cont9uity logically involves "s o!r k9d ( cont9uity ?an its own10 7p4 #edg7 & speaks ( 8"t & its fl[10 & ( 8"t z ! univ]sal =m ( *ange40 ,& x is confus+1 to say ! lea/1 :5 we are %ift$ )\t w>n+ f :at is practically ! p]ceptual to ! conceptual region4 ,grant$ ! ideas1 ! feel+s1 or :at n1 8glid+ almo/ imp]ceptibly0 7z did ! late ,mr4 ,b>dell to ano!r sph]e7 pa/ ! c5tral po9t ( consci\sness1 yet n :olly pa/1 only go+1 less pa/ ?an any assignable pa/ date1 grant$ ?is1 ! ass]tion is n consequ5tly w>rant$ t "t itself1 ! pres5t1 z "t1 n z involv+ ! succession ( ideas1 is 8half pa/ & half to come40 ,! ideas1 ! feel+s1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,peirce writes1 successively pass ?r\gh ! /age ( be+ ?us half pa/ & half to come1 b t is by no means ! same ?+ z say+ t ! pres5t is half pa/1 half to come1 z ,syne*ism av]s4 ,) our !ory1 z pres5t$ 9 ! =ego+ pages !re is inde$ no su* difficulty1 b ,mr4 ,peirce1 on ! o!r h&1 has elect$ to /& by inf9itesimally measur+ "t1 z appli$ to ideas etc41 z sep>ate f conceptual "t1 & mu/ take ! consequ5ces ( 8 decision4 ,he says ! pres5t1 n ! pres5t idea4 ,n[1 9 ! concept "t z a :ole1 9 its entire range1 a def9ite po9t may be select$--to ! exclusion ( o!r po9ts--a po9t hav+ position b n ext5sion1 z ! pres5t4 ,is x1 !n1--! pres5t1--half pa/1 half to come1 z a tim$ idea is8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! fl[ ( a s]ies 9 x4 ,fur!r1 ?is selection ( ! 8n[10 z a po9t1 does n int]f]e ) its p]man5ce4 8,n[ness0 may p]si/4 ,& ! mom5t x p>took1 ev5 inf9itesimally1 ( ! "* ( ! pa/ or ( ! future1 x w\ld cease to be ! pres5t4 ,9 ! case ( a s]ies ( ideas 9 "t ! difficulty is to get !m all 9 pres5t solution1 z x 71 )\t detrim5t to _! evid5t cont9uity1 b ! def9ition ( ! pres5t z a po9t 9 "t pres5ts no su* difficulty4 ,! conditions are q di/9ct4 ,yet reg>d+ ?is "t po9t--! pres5t--,mr4 ,peirce assures u t x is 8half pa/1 half to come10 :i* is j t ( :i* x is ! precise negation1 if words are to h any mean+4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,peirce's rationale %[s1 ^u ! face ( x1 t !re is 7#a7 f9itely divisible "t &1 7#b7 "t divid$ inf9itesimally1 = :at f9ite "t c\ld n d1 9 t x _h limitations1 ! inf9itesimal notation readily accompli%es4 ,9 its ult]ior consequ5ces1 ?is is some:at un=tunate = ,syne*ism1 inasmu* z ! consci\sness ( ideas 9 cont9uity be+ conf9$ to ! inf9itesimal !ory1 :]e1 x may be ask$1 is ! place1 9 consci\sness1 = ! succession ( f9ite int]vals8 ,consci\sness mu/ be practically d\bl$1 s to speak1 if x is to hold bo? ( ^! toge!r4 ,?is is :at comes ( mak+ "o's _w-s*eme hang ^u a ma!matical subtlety--! subtlety 9 "q p>tak+ z a rule1 m or less ( ! nature ( an escape f ! difficulties ( ! vulg> notation1 ! vulg> notation rema9s to be reckon$ )1 & bo? h to be cr$it$ to consci\sness4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is take ! foll[+ f ,mr4 ,peirce's late article1#gf 8,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce0--p4 #ae3 8,9 ord] t a sub-molecule ( food may be ?or\ghly & firmly assimilat$ into a brok5 molecule ( protoplasm1 x is necess>y n only t x %\ld h precisely ! "r *emical composition1 b also t x %\ld be at precisely ! "r spot at ! "r "t & %\ld be mov+ 9 precisely ! "r direction ) precisely ! "r velocity4 ,if all ^! conditions are n fulfill$1 444 x w be 9 special dang] ( be+ ?r[n out aga90 7,! italics are n 9 ! orig9al74 ,n[ "h is a 8"t :50 :i* c be exactly specifi$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions4 ,c]ta9 results foll[ unless x is kept to4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,peirce w\ld d\btless consid] z a tim$ physical ev5t1 "p & p>cel ( ! regul>ity ( matt]1 & yet an ev5t :i*1 9 its own "t & way1 goes to acc\nt = bo? feel+ & habit-tak+--capable1 !re=e1 ( be+ /at$ 9 t]ms ( f9ite "t1 z happ5+ at a giv5 in/ant1 & nei!r be=e nor aft] x4 ,b :5 ?is same molecule is1 by virtue ( keep+ its appo9tm5t punctually1 safely in/all$ 9 feel+ protoplasm1 ! succession ( ideas1 or feel+s1 ( :i*1 z subject1 x is capable1 obeys ano!r rule--a giv5 in/ant obta9s no long]2 x is ! mom5t :i* is ev]y?+#gg--;a mom5t half its pr$ecessor1 half its successor4 ,ev5 grant$ ! function ( ! inf9itesimal1 ?is looks v mu* l a r$uction to absurdity4 ,=1 if ! above m5tion$ tim$ coalesc5ce ( ! sub-molecule ) ! brok5 molecule 7 also a matt] ( subjective feel+1 pass$ z process ?r\gh a consci\sness1 ! conclusion foll[s t ! juncture ( ! molecules happ5s at two diff]5t times6 ,!re is no escape f ?is4 ,giv5 ! in/ant 9 ! "o case1 ! mom5t 9 ! o!r1 ^! two _c possibly be ! same po9t 9 "t4 ,! mom5t p>takes1 h[ev] ins5sibly1 ( ! prec$+ & succe$+ /ages1 ! in/ant does n4 ,h5ce !y are n ! same b diff]5t times4 ,,o!rness4 ,! =ego+ has a di/9ct be>+ ^u ! "q ( 8o!r selves0 ( :i* ,mr4 ,peirce writes z foll[s3 8,! recognition by "o p]son ( ano!r's p]sonality takes place by means to "s ext5t id5tical ) ! means by :i* he is consci\s ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,! idea ( ! second p]sonality1 :i* is z mu* z to say t second p]sonality itself1 ent]s )9 ! field ( direct consci\sness ( ! fir/ p]son1 & is z imm$iately p]ceiv$ z 8 ego1 ?\gh less /rongly4 ,at ! same "t1 ! opposition betwe5 ! two p]sons is p]ceiv$1 s t ! ext]nality ( ! second is recognis$40 78,! ,law ( ,m9d10 p4 #eeh47 ,?is is ! s*eme ( 8o!rness0 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ,neo-,kantians1 p>ticul>ly ! ,fr5* section1 repres5t$ by ,m4 ,pillon1 ,m4 ,r5\vi]1 & o!rs1 has prov$ su* a sn>e4 ,to ^! ?9k]s1 7z inde$ to ! late ,pr(4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ( ,ox=d1 ?\gh 9 a less degree17 ! s-call$ ext]nal _w lies 9 8o!r0 ?9k+ subjects--9 8=eign c5tres ( repres5tations40 ,! free-trade doctr9e has v]ily p5etrat$ to ! philosophic region--! :olesale admission ( =eign w>es to ! detrim5t ( home products4 ,:y %\ld ,i place ! cont5t ( t s-call$ ext]nal _w1 :i*1 ext]nal or int]nal1 is my v own inali5ably1 9 a c5tre ( repres5tation o!r ?an my own1 ?us mak+ my cognition ( x re/ entirely ^u ! 8ejective0 plane8 ,x is only :5 ,i discov]1 z ,i mu/ soon] or lat]1 t !re is no?+ 9 ! report ( an 8outsid]0 7or 9 any numb] ( !m7 beyond :at ,i cr$it him or h] ) 9 my own consci\sness2 & t ! outsid] is on ! same plane z o!r objects1 x is only !n t ! my/ification is cle>$ up4 ,i d n cognise1 or recognise1 ! ext]nal at second-h&4 ,! 8note0 ( o!rness is simply ano!r t]m m or less 9 ! cosmical s]ies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n only ) ! famili> 8o!r selves0 ( ord9>y life t we are confront$ 9 ,syne*ism4 ,9 ! cre$ ( animism 8,millions ( spiritual creatures walk ! e>?10 & ,mr4 ,peirce speaks ( 8spiritual influ5ces0 7p4 #eei7 z hav+ at lea/ no h9drance pres5t$ to !m by 8 doctr9e4 ,b he has "s o!r %ad[y p]sonalities at comm&1 :i*1 x mu/ be confess$1 are well calculat$ to give u pause4 8,!re %\ld be some?+ l#gh p]sonal consci\sness 9 bodies ( m5 :o are 9 intimate & int5sely sympa!tic communion4444 ,none ( u c fully realise :i* ! m9ds ( corporations are4444 ,b ! law ( m9d cle>ly po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( su* p]sonalities40 ,x is probably true t ! 8m9ds ( corporations10 mu/ ev] pres5t an insoluble riddle ( p]v]sity to ! suburban dwell]1 vex$ ) ! mock]y ( pav+ & light+4 ,b we ne$ n l+] ov] ?is speculation1 = !re are o!r %ades beh9d4 8,if su* a fact is capable ( be+ made out any:]e x %\ld be 9 ! ,*ur*4444 ,surely a p]sonality ought to h develop$ 9 t ,*ur*1 9 t #8bride ( ,*ri/1' z !y call x40 78,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce10 pp4 #ba-bb47 ,a ,,p]sonal ,,creator4 ,be>+ our ecclesia/ical divisions 9 m9d1 x is difficult to conceive ! unity ( a 8corporate p]sonality0 ( ?is k9d1 b1 to let t pass1 x may be rem>k$ t1 :5 any "o beg9s to imag9e t !re are o!rs 9 ! univ]se besides himself1 he is n1 z a rule1 cont5t ) two or ?ree companions ( 8 solitude4 ,!y come 9 battalions4 ,?us1 beh9d ! o!r selves1 corporate p]sonalities & spiritual influ5ces ( ,syne*ism1 !re looms a transc5d5t p]sonality4 8,a g5u9e evolution>y philosophy10 we are told1 8444 is s f> f be+ antagoni/ic to ! idea ( a p]sonal ,creator1 t x is really insep>able f t idea40 ,& a philosophy ( pseudo-evolutionism is 8ho/ile to all hopes ( p]sonal relations to ,god40 78,! ,law ( ,m9d10 p4 #eeg47 ,mr4 ,peirce ?us assigns to 8 fir/ cause a place 9 ! cont9uum ( ideas1 & says t if !re is a p]sonal ,god we mu/ h a direct p]ception ( t p]son & 8inde$ be 9 p]sonal communication ) him40 ,! difficulty1 he admits1 is t if ?is be s1 h[ is x possible t ! exi/5ce ( ?is be+ %\ld ev] h be5 d\bt$ by anybody4 ,& ! only answ] he c at pres5t make is1 t 8facts t /& be=e our face & eyes1 & />e u 9 ! face1 are f> f be+ 9 all cases ! ones mo/ easily disc]n$4 ,t10 he adds1 8has be5 rem>k$ f "t immemorial40 78,! ,law ( ,m9d10 pp4 #eeh-eei47 ,"o ( ! able/ ( liv+ philosophical writ]s1 ,pr(essor ,veit*1 ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 puts x some:at simil>ly1 ?\gh ) 8 own reali/ic color+1 :5 he says3 8,god1 if at all1 mu/ rise above ! l9e ( f9ite regress2 ,he _c be a cause 9 t2 ,he _c be a cause dep5d5t on ano!r cause2 ,he mu/ be some:]e1 or at "s po9t1 9 ! l9e ( an o!rwise endless sci5tific regress1 !re1 above x1 yet relat$ to x1 & 9 x2 o!rwise ,he is no?+ = u40 78,kn[+ & ,be+10 p4 #cbj47 ,! p>allelism is wor? not+4 ,^? views embody :at has be5 ! cont5tion ( ! pres5t writ] ?r\gh\t ?is pap]1 ) ?is mo/ notable diff]5ce3 t no t]m ( a s]ies may ?us transc5d ! s]ies1 or be o!r ?an on a level ) ! o!r t]ms1 be+ itself only a t]m1 a l9k1 9 ! s]ies itself4 ,& ) ?is falls =ev] ! idea ( a cause uncaus$4 ,yet am ,i n 9 ! s]ies8 ,= all t is 9 ! s]ies is m9e e p]cept1 e concept2 s t1 8extravagant0 z x may appe>1 x is ,i :o am ! s]ies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ego is ! univ]se-syn!sis1 & ! univ]se-syn!sis ! ego4 ,is ,mr4 ,peirce prep>$ to take ! consequ5ces ( t :i* 8 ,syne*ism leads to8 ,g4 ,m4 ,,mccrie4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,f 1 *ance4 #fh ,ty*ism aga9 comes to ! front 9 ! succe$+ numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 7,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a17 9 an article by ,mr4 ,peirce1 entitl$ 8,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce40 #fi ,dr4 ,c>us1 9 8 review ( ,mr4 ,peirce's doctr9es1 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #ege17 notes ?is positivi/ic-con/ructionism4 #gj ,cf4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,*4 ,,ii1 p4 #fc4 #ga ,nos4 #beh1 #ei1 #fa1 ,augu/1 #ahib4 ,miss ,nad5's ,_w-,s*eme4 #gb ,9 a note to ?is passage 0 app5d$ a quotation f a pamphlet by ,dr4 ,e4 ,cobham ,brew] z a practical in/ance ( ! objective be+1 on ! antiquat$ subject-object plane1 actually sup]s$$4 ,suppose a v remote /> to become ext9ct1 ! 8vibrations0 w\ld cont9ue to 8travel0 t[>ds a spectator situat$ on our planet = ye>s1 x may be = c5turies4 ,s t ! spectator1 ultimately1 8sees0 t :i* does n ev5 exi/4 ,dr4 ,brew]'s comm5t1 :i* _c be consid]$ any contribution to a satisfactory rationale1 is3 8! objects1 h[ev]1 mu/ h exi/$1 or no mess5g] c\ld h be5 s5t f _! c\rts40 ,evid5tly1 9 ?is case1 t :i* is s5t is1 at lea/1 z good z ! s5d]--is1 9 fact1 ! self-same ?+4 ,only1 9 t case1 :at ( ! ext9ct object8 #gc ,or to put x 9 ano!r =m1 any "o idea1 & ! tim+ ( ?is idea are really two ideas1 al?\gh1 z we %all see lat]1 !y may be insep>able 9 practice4 #gd ,cf41 9 ?is connection1 ! results ( exp]im5ts by ,*eseld51 z f> back z #agbg on cong5itally bl9d p]sons1 c\*$ = d\ble cat>act4 #ge ,mu* m inclusive1 also1 ?an ! ,relational ,!ory ( ! ,neo-,kantians4 #gf ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a4 #gg ,mr4 ,peirce uses ! ^w 8in/ant0 to mean a po9t ( "t1 & 8mom5t0 to mean an inf9itesimal duration4 #gh ,! phrase1 8some?+ l10 is significant1 :5 we rememb]1 7see ante17 t ) ,mr4 ,peirce ! excitants 7 8some?+ l0 ! excit$ feel+s4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,dim5sion4 ,,ma!matical ,,& ,,spirituali/ic4 ,,introductory4 ,! t5d5cy to g5]alise long ago l$ ma!maticians to ext5d ! notion ( ?ree-dim5sional space1 :i* is ! space ( s5sible repres5tation1 & to def9e aggregates ( po9ts1 or spaces1 ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions1 ) ! view ( employ+ ^! def9itions z useful means ( inve/igation4 ,!y _h no idea ( requir+ p to imag9e f\r-dim5sional ?+s & worlds1 & !y 7 ev5 /ill less remote f requir+ ( !m to believe 9 ! real exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sion$ space4 ,9 ! h&s ( ma!maticians ?is ext5sion ( ! notion ( space 0 a m]e means devis$ = ! discov]y & expression1 by %ort] & m conv5i5t ways1 ( tru?s applicable to common geometry & to algebra op]at+ ) m ?an ?ree unkn[n quantities4 ,at ?is /age1 h[ev]1 ! spirituali/s came 91 & coolly took possession ( ?is private prop]ty ( ! ma!maticians4 ,!y 7 9 great p]plexity z to :]e !y %\ld put ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,to give !m a place 9 ! _w accessible to our s5ses 0 n exactly practicable4 ,!y 7 compell$1 !re=e1 to look ar\nd aft] "s t]ra incognita1 :i* %\ld oppose to ! _s ( rese>* inborn 9 humanity an insup]able b>ri]4 ,! resid5ce ( ! spirits _h to be a place inaccessible to our s5ses & full ( my/]y to ! m9d4 ,?is prop]ty ! f\r-dim5sion$ space ( ! ma!maticians possess$4 ,) an intellectual p]v]sity :i* sci5ce has no idea (1 ^! spirituali/s boldly ass]t$1 fir/1 t ! :ole _w 0 s situat$ 9 a f\r-dim5sion$ space z a plane might be situat$ 9 ! space famili> to u1 secondly1 t ! spirits ( ! dead liv$ 9 su* a f\r-dim5sion$ space1 ?irdly1 t ^! spirits c\ld accord+ly act ^u ! _w &1 consequ5tly1 ^u ! human be+s resid5t 9 x1 exactly z we ?ree-dim5sion$ creatures c produce effects ^u ?+s t are two-dim5sional2 = example1 su* effects z t produc$ :5 we %att] a lam9a ( ice1 & s influ5ce "s possibly exi/+ two-dim5sion$ ice-_w4 ,s9ce spiritualism1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,leipsic ,pr(essor ,zlln]1 ?us proclaim$ ! exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sion$ space1 ?is notion1 :i* ! ma!maticians are ?or\ghly ma/] (1--= 9 all _! op]ations ) x1 ?\gh !y h =sak5 ! pa? ( actual repres5tability1 !y h nev] left t ( ! tru?1--?is notion has also pass$ into ! heads ( lay p]sons :o h us$ x z a cat*word1 ord9>ily )\t hav+ any cle> idea ( :at !y or any "o else mean by x4 ,to cle> up su* ideas & to correct ! wrong impressions ( cultur$ p :o h n a te*nical ma!matical tra9+1 is ! purpose ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,a simil> elucidation 0 aim$ at 9 ! tracts :i* ,s*legel 7,riemann1 ,b]l91 #ahhh7 & ,cranz 7,vir*[-,holtz5dorff's ,sammlung1 ,nos4 #aab & #aac7 h publi%$ on ! s-call$ f\r? dim5sion4 ,bo? treatises possess indubitable m]its1 b _! me?ods ( pres5tation are 9 _m respects too concise to give a lay m9d any pr(\nd compreh5sion ( ! subject4 ,! au?or1 accord+ly1 has be5 able to add to ! reflections :i* ^! excell5t treatises (f]1 a great deal t appe>s to him necess>y = a ?or\gh explanation 9 ! m9ds ( non-ma!maticians ( ! notion ( ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,i4 ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,dim5sion4 ,_m text-books ( /]eometry beg9 ) ! words3 8,e body has ?ree dim5sions1 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness40 ,if we %\ld ask ! au?or ( a book ( ?is description to tell u ! l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness ( an apple1 ( a sponge1 or ( a cl\d ( tobacco smoke1 he w\ld be some:at p]plex$ & w\ld probably say1 t ! def9ition 9 "q ref]r$ to some?+ diff]5t4 ,a cubical box1 or "s simil> /ructure1 ^: angles are all "r angles & ^: b\nd+ surfaces are consequ5tly all rectangles is ! only body ( :i* x c at all be unmi/akably ass]t$ t !re are ?ree pr9cipal directions di/+ui%able 9 x1 ( :i* any "o c be call$ ! l5g?1 any o!r ! bread?1 & any ?ird ! ?ickness4 ,we ?us see t ! notions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness are n suffici5tly cle> & univ]sal to enable u to d]ive f !m any idea ( :at is meant :5 x is said t e body possesses ?ree dim5sions1 or t ! space ( ! _w is ?ree-dim5sional4 ,?is di/9ction may be made %>p] & m evid5t by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,we h1 let u suppose1 a /raight l9e on :i* a po9t is situat$1 & ! problem is propos$ to det]m9e ! position ( ! po9t on ! l9e 9 an unequivocal mann]4 ,! simple/ way to solve ?is is1 to /ate h[ f> ! po9t is remov$ 9 ! "o or ! o!r direction f "s giv5 fix$ po9t2 j z 9 a !rmomet] ! position ( ! surface ( ! m]cury is giv5 by a /atem5t ( its di/ance 9 ! direction ( cold or heat f a pr$et]m9$ fix$ po9t--! po9t ( freez+ wat]4 ,to /ate1 !re=e1 ! position ( a po9t on a /raight l9e1 ! sole datum necess>y is a s+le numb]1 = be=eh& we h fix$ ^u "s /&>d l9e1 l ! c5timetre1 & "s def9ite po9t to :i* we give ! value z]o1 & h also previ\sly decid$ 9 :at direction f ! z]o-po9t1 po9ts mu/ be situat$ ^: position is express$ by positive numb]s1 & also 9 :at direction ^? mu/ lie ^: position is express$ by negative numb]s4 ,?is la/ m5tion$ fact1 t a s+le numb] is suffici5t to det]m9e ! place ( a po9t 9 a /raight l9e1 is ! real reason :y we attribute to ! /raight l9e or to any "p ( x a s+le dim5sion4 ,m g5]ally1 we call e totality or sy/em1 ( inf9itely num]\s ?+s1 "o-dim5sional1 9 :i* "o numb] is all t is requisite to det]m9e & di/+ui% any p>ticul> "o ( ^! ?+s amid/ ! entire totality4 ,?us1 "t is "o-dim5sional4 ,we1 z inhabitants ( ! e>?1 h naturally *os5 z our unit ( "t1 ! p]iod ( ! rotation ( ! e>? ab\t its axis1 namely1 ! day1 or a def9ite portion ( a day4 ,! z]o-po9t ( "t is reg>d$ 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries z ! ye> ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & ! positive direction ( "t is ! "t subsequ5t to ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,^! data fix$1 all t is necess>y to e/abli% & di/+ui% any def9ite po9t ( "t amid ! inf9ite totality ( all ! po9ts ( "t1 is a s+le numb]4 ,( c\rse ?is numb] ne$ n be a :ole numb]1 b may be made up ( ! sum ( a :ole numb] & a fraction 9 ^: num]ator & d5om9ator we may h numb]s z great z we please4 ,we may1 !re=e1 also say t ! totality ( all conceivable num]ical magnitudes1 or ( only su* z are great] ?an "o def9ite numb] & small] ?an "s o!r def9ite numb]1 is "o-dim5sional4 ,we %all add "h a few additional examples ( "o-dim5sion$ magnitudes pres5t$ by geometry4 ,fir/1 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is a "o-dim5sional magnitude1 z is e curv$ l9e1 :e!r x returns into itself or n4 ,fur!r1 ! totality ( all equilat]al triangles :i* /& on ! same base is "o-dim5sional1 or ! totality ( all circles t c be describ$ ?r\gh two fix$ po9ts4 ,also1 ! totality ( all conceivable cubes w be se5 to be "o-dim5sional1 provid$ !y are di/+ui%$1 n ) respect to position1 b ) respect to magnitude4 ,9 con=mity ) ! fundam5tal ideas by :i* we def9e ! notion ( a "o-dim5sional manifoldness1 x w be se5 t ! attribute two-dim5sional mu/ be appli$ to all totalities ( ?+s 9 :i* two numb]s are necess>y 7& suffici5t7 to di/+ui% any det]m9ate individual ?+ amid ! totality4 ,! simple/ two-dim5sion$ complex :i* we "k ( is ! plane4 ,to det]m9e accurately ! position ( a po9t 9 a plane1 ! simple/ way is to take two axes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 t is1 fix$ /raight l9es1 & !n to specify ! di/ances by :i* ! po9t 9 "q is remov$ f ea* ( ^! axes4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ ! position ( a po9t 9 a plane sugge/$ to ! celebrat$ philosoph] & ma!matician ,desc>tes ! fundam5tal idea ( analytical geometry1 a bran* ( ma!matics 9 :i* by ! simple artifice ( ascrib+ to e po9t 9 a plane two num]ical values1 det]m9$ by its di/ances f ! two axes above ref]r$ to1 planimetrical consid]ations are trans=m$ into algebraical4 ,s1 too1 all k9ds ( curves t graphically repres5t ! dep5d5ce ( ?+s on "t1 make use ( ! fact t ! totality ( ! po9ts 9 a plane is two-dim5sional4 ,= example1 to repres5t 9 a graphical =m ! increase ( ! population ( a city1 we take a horizontal axis to repres5t ! "t1 & a p]p5dicul> "o to repres5t ! numb]s :i* are ! measures ( ! population4 ,any two l9es1 !n1 ^: l5g?s practical consid]ations det]m9e1 are tak5 z ! unit ( "t1 :i* we may say is a ye>1 & z ! unit ( population1 :i* we w say is "o ?\s&4 ,"s def9ite ye>1 say #ahej1 is fix$ ^u z ! z]o po9t4 ,!n1 f all ! equally di/ant po9ts on ! horizontal axis1 :i* po9ts /& = ! ye>s1 we proce$ 9 directions p>allel to ! o!r axis1 t is1 9 ! p]p5dicul> direction1 j s mu* upw>ds z ! numb]s :i* /& = ! population ( t ye> require4 ,! t]m9al po9ts s rea*$1 or ! curve :i* runs ?r\gh ^! t]m9al po9ts1 w !n pres5t a graphic picture ( ! rates ( increase ( ! population ( ! t[n 9 ! diff]5t ye>s4 ,! rectangul> axes ( ,desc>tes are employ$ 9 a simil> way = ! con/ruction ( b>omet] curves1 :i* specify = ! diff]5t localities ( a c\ntry ! am\nt ( v>iation ( ! atmosph]ic pressure dur+ any p]iod ( "t4 ,imm$iately next to ! plane ! surface ( ! e>? w be recognis$ z a two-dim5sional aggregate ( po9ts4 ,9 ?is case geographical latitude & longitude supply ! two numb]s t are requisite accurately to det]m9e ! position ( a po9t4 ,also1 ! totality ( all ! possible /raight l9es t c be drawn ?r\gh any po9t 9 space is two-dim5sional1 z we %all be/ und]/& if we picture to ourselves a plane :i* is cut 9 a po9t by ea* ( ^! /raight l9es & !n rememb] t by su* a con/ruction e po9t on ! plane w belong to "s "o l9e &1 vice v]sa1 a l9e to e po9t1 :5ce x foll[s t ! totality ( all ! /raight l9es :i* pass ?r\gh ! po9t assign$ are ( ! same dim5sions z ! totality ( ! po9ts ( ! imag9$ plane4 ,! "q might be ask$1 ,9 :at way & to :at ext5t 9 ?is case is ! specification ( two numb]s requisite & suffici5t to det]m9e amid all ! rays :i* pass ?r\gh ! specifi$ po9t a def9ite individual ray8 ,to get a cle> idea ( ! problem "h involv$1 let u imag9e ! ray produc$ f> into ! heav5s1 :]e "s q def9ite po9t w correspond to x4 ,n[1 ! position ( a po9t 9 ! heav5s dep5ds1 z does ! position ( a po9t on all sph]ical surfaces1 on two numb]s4 ,9 ! heav5s ^! two numb]s are ord9>ily suppli$ by ! two angles call$ altitude1 or ! di/ance above ! plane ( ! horizon1 & azimu?1 or ! angul> di/ance betwe5 ! circle on :i* ! altitude is measur$ & ! m]idian ( ! obs]v]4 ,x w be se5 ?us t ! totality ( all ! lum9\s rays t an eye1 conceiv$ z a po9t1 c receive f ! out] _w is two-dim5sional1 & also t a lum9\s po9t emits a two-dim5sional gr\p ( lum9\s rays4 ,x w also be obs]v$1 9 connection ) ?is example1 t ! two-dim5sional totality ( all ! rays t c be drawn ?r\gh a po9t 9 space is some?+ diff]5t f ! totality ( ! rays t pass ?r\gh a po9t b are requir$ to lie 9 a giv5 plane4 ,su* a gr\p ( objects z ! la/-nam$ "o1 is a "o-dim5sional totality4 ,n[ t we h suffici5tly discuss$ ! attributes t are *>act]i/ic ( "o & two-dim5sional aggregates1 we may1 )\t any fur!r inve/igation ( ! subject1 propose ! foll[+ def9ition1 t1 g5]ally1 an n-dim5sional totality ( inf9itely num]\s ?+s is su*1 ) respect to :i* ! specification ( n numb]s is necess>y & suffici5t to indicate a def9ite individual amid ! totality ( all ! inf9itely num]\s individuals ( ! gr\p4 ,accord+ly1 ! po9t-aggregate made up ( ! _w-space :i* we inhabit1 is a ?ree-dim5sional totality4 ,to get true be>+s 9 ?is space & to def9e any det]m9ate po9t 9 x1 we h !re=e to lay ?r\gh any po9t :i* we take z our z]o-po9t ?ree axes at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o runn+ f "r to left1 "o backw>ds & =w>ds1 & "o upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,we !n jo9 ea* two ( ^! axes by a plane & are enabl$ ?us to specify ! position ( e po9t 9 space by ! ?ree p]p5dicul> di/ances by :i* ! po9t 9 "q is remov$ 9 a positive or negative s5se f ^! ?ree planes4 ,x is cu/om>y to d5ote ! numb]s :i* are ! measures ( ^! ?ree di/ances by x1 y1 & z1 ! positive x1 positive y1 & positive z ord9>ily be+ reckon$ 9 ! "r h&1 ! =w>d1 & ! upw>d directions f ! orig94 ,if n[1 ) direct ref]5ce to ?is fundam5tal axial sy/em1 any p>ticul> specification ( x1 y1 & z be made1 !re w1 by su* an op]ation1 be cut out & isolat$ f ! ?ree-dim5sional manifoldness ( all ! po9ts ( space a totality ( less dim5sions4 ,if1 = example1 z is equal to sev5 units or measures1 ?is is equival5t to a /atem5t t only ! two-dim5sional totality ( ! po9ts is meant1 :i* con/itute ! plane t c be laid at "r angles to ! upw>d-pass+ z-axis at a di/ance ( sev5 measures f ! z]o-po9t4 ,consequ5tly1 e imag9able equation betwe5 x1 y1 & z isolates & def9es a two-dim5sional aggregate ( po9ts4 ,if two diff]5t equations obta9 betwe5 x1 y1 & z1 two su* two-dim5sional totalities w be isolat$ f among all ! po9ts ( space4 ,b z ^! la/ mu/ h "s "o-dim5sional totality 9 common1 we may say t ! co-exi/5ce ( two equations betwe5 x1 y1 & z def9es a "o-dim5sional totality ( po9ts1 t is to say a /raight l9e1 a l9e curv$ 9 a plane1 or ev51 p]haps1 "o curv$ 9 space4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t ! introduction ( ! ?ree axes ( ref]5ce =ms a bridge betwe5 ! !ory ( space & ! !ory ( equations involv+ ?ree v>iable quantities1 x1 y1 z4 ,! reason t ! !ory ( space _c ?us be br\ght into connection ) algebra 9 g5]al1 t is1 ) ! !ory ( indef9itely num]\s equations1 b only ) ! algebra ( ?ree quantities1 x1 y1 z1 is simply to be s\ght 9 ! fact t space1 z we picture x1 c only h ?ree dim5sions4 ,we h n[ only to supply a few additional examples ( n-dim5sional totalities4 ,all p>ticles ( air are f\r-dim5sional 9 magnitude :5 9 addition to _! position 9 space we also consid] ! v>iable d5sities :i* !y assume1 z !y are express$ by ! diff]5t heights ( ! b>omet] 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,simil>ly1 all conceivable sph]es 9 space are f\r-dim5sional magnitudes1 = _! c5tres =m a ?ree-dim5sional po9t-aggregate1 & ar\nd ea* c5tre !re may be additionally conceiv$ a "o-dim5sional totality ( sph]es1 ! radii ( :i* c be express$ by e num]ical magnitude f z]o to inf9ity4 ,fur!r1 if we imag9e a measur+ /ick ( inv>iable l5g? to assume e conceivable position 9 space1 ! positions s obta9$ w con/itute a five-dim5sional aggregate4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 "o ( ! extremities ( ! measur+ /ick may be conceiv$ to assume a position at e po9t ( space1 & ?is det]m9es = "o extremity alone ( ! /ick a ?ree-dim5sional totality ( positions2 & secondly1 z we h se5 above1 !re proce$s f e su* position ( ?is extremity a two-dim5sional totality ( directions1 & by conceiv+ ! measur+-/ick to be plac$ l5g?wise 9 e "o ( ^! directions we %all obta9 all ! conceivable positions :i* ! second extremity c assume1 & consequ5tly1 ! dim5sions mu/ be #c plus #b or #e4 ,f9ally1 to f9d out h[ _m dim5sions ! totality ( all ! possible positions ( a squ>e1 inv>iable 9 magnitude1 possesses1 we fir/ give "o ( its corn]s all conceivable positions 9 space1 & we ?us obta9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,"o def9ite po9t 9 space n[ be+ fix$ = ! position ( "o corn] ( ! squ>e1 we imag9e drawn ?r\gh ?is po9t all possible l9es1 & on ea* we lay (f ! l5g? ( ! side ( ! squ>e & ?us obta9 two additional dim5sions4 ,?r\gh ! po9t obta9$ = ! position ( ! second corn] ( ! squ>e we mu/ n[ conceive all ! possible directions drawn t are p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ?us fix$1 & we mu/ lay (f once m on ea* ( ^! directions ! side ( ! squ>e4 ,by ?is la/ det]m9ation ! dim5sions are only increas$ by "o1 = only "o "o-dim5sional totality ( p]p5dicul> directions is possible to "o /raight l9e 9 "o ( its po9ts4 ,?ree corn]s ( ! squ>e are n[ fix$ & !re) ! position ( ! f\r? also is uniquely det]m9$4 ,accord+ly1 ! totality ( all equal squ>es :i* only diff] f "o ano!r by _! position 9 space1 con/itutes a manifoldness ( six dim5sions4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,f\r-,,dim5sional ,,po9t-,,aggregates1 ,,p]missible4 ,9 ! prec$+ section x 0 %[n t we c conceive n only ( manifoldnesses ( "o1 two1 & ?ree dim5sions1 b also ( manifoldnesses ( any numb] ( dim5sions4 ,b x 0 at ! same "t indicat$ t our _w-space1 t is1 ! totality ( all conceivable po9ts t diff] only 9 respect ( position1 _c 9 agreem5t ) our notions ( ?+s possess m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,b ! "q n[ arises1 :e!r1 if ! progress ( sci5ce t5ds 9 su* a direction1 x is p]missible to ext5d ! notion ( space by ! introduction ( po9t-aggregates ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions1 & to engage 9 ! /udy ( ! prop]ties ( su* creations1 al?\gh we "k t not)/&+ ! fact t we may conceptually e/abli% & explore su* aggregates ( po9ts1 yet we _c picture to ourselves ^! creations z we d ! spatial magnitudes :i* surr\nd u1 t is1 ! regul> ?ree-dim5sional aggregates ( po9ts4 ,to %[ ! read] cle>ly t ?is "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 t ! ext5sion ( our notion ( space is p]missible1 al?\gh x leads to ?+s :i* we _c p]ceive by our s5ses1 ,i may call ! read]'s att5tion to ! fact t 9 ari?metic we are accu/om$ f our y\? upw>ds to ext5sions ( ideas1 :i*1 accurately view$1 z little admit ( graphic conception z a f\r-dim5sional space1 t is1 a po9t-aggregate ( f\r dim5sions4 ,by 8 s5ses man fir/ rea*es only ! idea ( :ole numb]s--! results ( c\nt+4 ,! obs]vation ( primitive peoples#gi & ( *ildr5 cle>ly proves t ! ess5tial decisive factors ( c\nt+ are ^! ?ree3 ,fir/1 we ab/ract1 9 ! c\nt+ ( ?+s1 completely f ! individual & *>act]i/ic attributes ( ^! ?+s1 t is1 we consid] !m z homog5e\s4 ,second1 we associate individually ) ! ?+s :i* we c\nt o!r homog5e\s ?+s4 ,^! o!r ?+s are ev5 n[1 among uncivilis$ peoples1 ! t5 f+]s ( ! two h&s4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be simple /rokes1 or1 z 9 ! case ( dice & dom9oes1 black po9ts on a :ite backgr\nd4 ,?ird1 we sub/itute = ! result ( ?is association "s concise symbol or ^w2 = example1 ! ,romans sub/itut$ = ?ree ?+s c\nt$1 ?ree /rokes plac$ side by side1 namely3 ,,iii2 b = great] numb]s ( ?+s !y employ$ abbreviat$ signs4 ,! ,aztecs1 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,mexico1 _h "t en\gh1 x seems1 to express all ! numb]s up to n9ete5 by equal circles plac$ side by side4 ,!y _h abbreviat$ signs only = ! numb]s #bj1 #djj1 #hjjj1 & s =?4 ,9 speak+1 "s "o same s\nd might be associat$ ) ! ?+s c\nt$2 b ?is me?od ( c\nt+ is n[adays employ$ only by clocks3 ! languages ( m5 s9ce prehi/oric times h fa%ion$ concise words = ! results ( ! association 9 "q4 ,f ! notion ( numb]1 ?us fix$ z ! result ( c\nt+1 man rea*$ ! notion ( ! addition ( two numb]s1 & !nce ! notion t is ! inv]se ( ! la/ process1 ! notion ( subtraction4 ,b at ?is po9t x cle>ly appe>s t n e problem :i* may be prop\nd$ is soluble2 = !re is no numb] :i* c express ! result ( ! subtraction ( a numb] f "o :i* is equally l>ge or f "o :i* is small] ?an itself4 ,! prim>y s*ool pupil :o says t #h f #e 8won't g0 is p]fectly "r f 8 po9t ( view4 ,= !re really does n exi/ any result ( c\nt+ :i* add$ to eight w give five4 ,if humanity _h abid$ by ?is po9t ( view & _h re/$ cont5t ) ! op9ion t ! problem 8#e m9us #h0 is n solvable1 ! sci5ce ( ari?metic w\ld nev] h receiv$ its full developm5t1 & humanity w\ld n h advanc$ z f> 9 civilisation z x has4 ,=tunately1 m5 said to !mselves at ?is crisis3 8,if #e m9us #h won't g1 we'll make x g2 if #e m9us #h does n possess an intelligible mean+1 we w simply give x "o40 ,z a fact1 ?+s :i* h n a mean+ always af=d m5 a pleas+ opportunity ( inve/+ !m ) "o4 ,! "q is1 !n1 :at significance is ! problem 8#e m9us #h0 to be inve/$ )8 ,! mo/ natural &1 !re=e1 ! mo/ advantage\s solution und\bt$ly is to abide by ! orig9al notion ( subtraction z ! inv]se ( addition1 & to make ! significance ( #e m9us #h su*1 t = #e m9us #h plus #h we %all get our orig9al m9u5d #e4 ,by su* a me?od all ! rules ( computation :i* apply to real diff]5ces w also hold good = unreal diff]5ces1 su* z #e m9us #h4 ,b x !n cle>ly appe>s t all =ms expressive ( diff]5ces 9 :i* ! numb] t /&s be=e ! m9us direction is less by an equal am\nt ?an t :i* foll[s x may be reg>d$ z equal2 s t ! simple/ c\rse seems to be to introduce z ! common *>act]i/ic ( all equal diff]5tial =ms ( ?is description a common sign1 :i* w indicate at ! same "t ! diff]5ce ( ! two numb]s ?us associat$4 ,?us x came ab\t1 t = #e m9us #h1 z well z = e diff]5tial =m :i* c be reg>d$ z equal !reto ! sign 8-#c0 0 introduc$4 ,b 9 call+ diff]5tial =ms ( ?is description numb]s1 ! notion ( numb] 0 ext5d$ & a new doma9 0 op5$ up1 namely1 ! doma9 ( negative numb]s4 ,9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( ari?metic1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( division view$ z ! inv]se ( multiplication1 a second ext5sion ( ! idea ( numb] 0 rea*$1 namely1 ! notion ( fractional numb]s z ! outcome ( divisions t _h l$ to numb]s hi!rto undef9$4 ,we f9d1 ?us1 t ! sci5ce ( ari?metic ?r\gh\t its :ole developm5t has /rictly adh]$ to ! pr9ciple ( con=mity & consi/5cy & has inve/$ e association ( two numb]s1 :i* be=e _h no significance1 by ! introduction ( new numb]s1 ) a real significance1 su* t simil> op]ations 9 con=mity ) exactly ! same rules c\ld be p]=m$ ) ! new numb]s1 view$ z ! results ( ?is association1 z ) ! numb]s :i* 7 be=e kn[n & p]fectly def9$4 ,?us ! sci5ce proce$$ fur!r on its way & rea*$ ! notions ( irrational1 imag9>y1 & complex numb]s4 ,! po9t 9 all ?is1 :i* ! read] mu/ c>efully note1 is1 t all ! numb]s ( ari?metic1 ) ! exception ( ! positive :ole numb]s1 are artificial products ( human ?\ght1 inv5t$ to make ! language ( ari?metic m flexible1 & to accel]ate ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,all ^! numb]s lack ! attributes ( repres5tability4 ,no man 9 ! _w c picture to himself 8m9us ?ree trees40 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to "k t :5 ?ree trees ( a g>d5 h be5 cut d[n & c>ri$ away1 t ?ree are miss+1 & by sub/itut+ = 8miss+0 ! inv]se notion ( 8add$10 we may say1 p]haps1 t 8m9us ?ree trees0 are add$4 ,b ?is is q diff]5t f ! feat ( imag9+ a negative numb] ( trees4 ,we c only picture to ourselves a numb] ( trees t results f actual c\nt+1 t is1 a positive :ole numb]4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all ?is1 p _h n ! slighte/ hesitation 9 ext5d+ ! notion ( numb]4 ,exactly s mu/ x be p]mitt$ u 9 geometry to ext5d ! notion ( space1 ev5 ?\gh su* an ext5sion c only be m5tally def9$ & c nev] be br\ght )9 ! range ( human p[]s ( repres5tation4 ,9 ma!matics1 9 fact1 ! ext5sion ( any notion is admissible1 provid$ su* ext5sion does n lead to contradictions ) itself or ) results :i* are well e/abli%$4 ,:e!r su* ext5sions are necess>y1 ju/ifiable1 or important = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce is a diff]5t "q4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 !re=e1 t ! ma!matician is ju/ifi$ 9 ! ext5sion ( ! notion ( space z a po9t-aggregate ( ?ree dim5sions1 & 9 ! introduction ( space or po9t-aggregates ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions1 & 9 ! employm5t ( !m z means ( rese>*4 ,o!r sci5ces also op]ate ) ?+s :i* !y d n "k exi/1 & :i*1 ?\gh !y are suffici5tly def9$1 _c be p]ceiv$ by our s5ses4 ,= example1 ! physici/ employs ! e!r z a means ( inve/igation1 ?\gh he c h no s5sory k ( x4 ,! e!r is no?+ m ?an a means :i* enables u to compreh5d me*anically ! effects kn[n z action at a di/ance & to br+ !m )9 ! range ( a common po9t ( view4 ,)\t ! assumption ( a mat]ial :i* p5etrates ev]y?+1 & by means ( ^: undulations impulses are transmitt$ to ! remote/ p>ts ( space1 ! ph5om5a ( light1 ( heat1 ( gravitation1 & ( electricity w\ld be a jumble ( isolat$ & unconnect$ my/]ies4 ,! assumption ( an e!r1 h[ev]1 comprises 9 a sy/ematic s*eme all ^! isolat$ ev5ts1 facilitates our m5tal control ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & enables u to produce ^! ph5om5a at w4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 9 su* reflections t ! e!r itself is ev5 a great] problem = man1 & t ! e!r-hypo!sis does n solve ! difficulties ( ph5om5a1 b only puts !m 9 a unit>y conceptual %ape4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 physici/s h nev] _h ! lea/ hesitation 9 employ+ ! e!r z a means ( inve/igation4 ,& z little d reasons exi/ :y ! ma!maticians %\ld hesitate to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( a f\r-dim5sion$ po9t-aggregate1 ) ! view ( acquir+ ?us a conv5i5t means ( rese>*4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,f\r-,,dim5sion$ ,,po9t-,,aggregates ,,( ,,s]vice ,,to ,,rese>*4 ,f ! concession t ! ma!matician has ! "r to def9e & inve/igate ! prop]ties ( po9t-aggregates ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! introduction ( an idea ( ?is description is ( value to sci5ce4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ari?metic1 ! introduction ( op]ations :i* spr+ f involution1 z involution & its two inv]se op]ations proce$ f multiplication1 is und\bt$ly p]mitt$4 ,j z = 8a times a times a0 we write ! abbreviat$ symbol 8a10 7:i* we read1 a to ! ?ird p[]17 & inve/igate 9 detail ! op]ation ( involution ?us def9$1 s we might also introduce "s %or?& symbol = 8a to ! a p[] to ! a p[]0 & ?us rea* an op]ation ( ! f\r? degree1 :i* w\ld reg>d a z a passive numb] & ! numb] #c1 or any high] numb]1 z ! active numb]1 t is1 z ! numb] :i* indicates h[ (t5 a is tak5 z ! base ( a p[] ^: expon5t may be a1 or 8a to ! a10 or 8a to ! a to ! a p[]40 ,b ! introduction ( su* an op]ation ( ! f\r? degree has prov$ itself to be ( no especial value to ma!matics4 ,& ! reason is t 9 ! op]ation ( involution ! law ( commutation does n hold good4 ,9 addition1 ! numb]s to be add$ may be int]*ang$ & ! introduction ( multiplication is !re=e ( great value4 ,s1 also1 9 multiplication ! numb]s :i* are comb9$1 t is1 ! factors1 may be *ang$ ab\t 9 any way1 & ?us ! introduction ( involution is ( value4 ,b 9 involution ! base & ! expon5t _c be int]*ang$1 & consequ5tly ! introduction ( any high] op]ation is almo/ valueless4 ,b ) ! introduction ( ! idea ( po9t-aggregates ( multiple dim5sions ! case is :olly diff]5t4 ,! innovation 9 "q has prov$ itself to be n only ( great importance to rese>*1 b ! progress ( sci5ce has irresi/ibly =c$ inve/igators to ! introduction ( ?is idea1 z we %all n[ set =? 9 detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 algebra1 especially ! algebraical !ory ( sy/ems ( equations1 d]ives mu* advantage f ! notion ( multiple dim5sion$ spaces4 ,if we h only ?ree unkn[n quantities1 x1 y1 z1 ! algebraical que/ions :i* arise f ! possible problems ( ?is class admit1 z we h above se51 ( geometrical repres5tation to ! eye4 ,ow+ to ?is possibility ( geometrical repres5tation1 "s c]ta9 simple geometrical ideas l 8mov+10 8ly+ 910 8int]sect+10 & s =?1 may be translat$ into algebraical ev5ts4 ,n[1 no reason exi/s :y algebra %\ld /op at ?ree v>iable quantities2 x mu/ 9 fact take into consid]ation any numb] ( v>iable quantities4 ,= purposes ( brevity & great] evid5tness1 !re=e1 x is q natural to employ geometrical =ms ( spee* 9 ! consid]ation ( m ?an ?ree v>iables4 ,b :5 we d ?is1 we assume1 p]haps )\t really int5d+ to d s1 ! idea ( a space ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,if we h f\r v>iable quantities1 x1 y1 z1 u1 we arrive1 by conceiv+ attribut$ to ea* ( ^! f\r quantities e possible num]ical magnitude1 at a f\r-dim5sion$ manifoldness ( num]ical quantities1 :i* we may j z well reg>d z a f\r-dim5sion$ aggregate ( po9ts4 ,two equations :i* exi/ on ?is supposition betwe5 x1 y1 z1 & u1 def9e two ?ree-dim5sion$ aggregates ( po9ts1 :i* int]sect1 z we may briefly say1 9 a two-dim5sion$ aggregate ( po9ts1 t is1 9 a surface2 & s on4 ,9 a some:at diff]5t mann] ! det]m9ation ( ! cont5ts ( a squ>e or a cube by ! involution ( a numb] :i* /&s = ! l5g? ( its sides1 leads to ! notion ( f\r-dim5sion$ /ructures1 &1 consequ5tly1 to ! notion ( a f\r-dim5sion$ po9t-space4 ,:5 we note t a /&s = ! cont5ts ( a squ>e1 & a = ! cont5ts ( a cube1 we naturally inquire aft] ! cont5ts ( a /ructure :i* is produc$ f ! cube z ! cube is produc$ f ! squ>e & :i* also w h ! cont5ts a4 ,we _c1 x is true1 cle>ly picture to ourselves a /ructure ( ?is description1 b we c1 nev]!less1 e/abli% its prop]ties ) ma!matical exactness4#hj ,x is b\nd$ by #h cubes j z ! cube is b\nd$ by #f squ>es2 x has #af corn]s1 #bd squ>es1 & #cb edges1 s t f e corn] #d edges1 #f squ>es1 & #d cubes proce$1 & f e edge #c squ>es & #c cubes4 ,yet despite ! great s]vice to algebra ( ?is idea ( multiple-dim5sion$ space1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! conception al?\gh conv5i5t is yet n indisp5sable4 ,x is true1 algebra is 9 ne$ ( ! idea ( multiple dim5sions1 b x is n s absolutely 9 ne$ ( ! idea ( po9t-aggregates ( multiple dim5sions4 ,?is notion is1 h[ev]1 necess>y & s]viceable = a pr(\nd compreh5sion ( geometry4 ,! sy/em ( geometrical k :i* ,euclid ( ,alex&ria creat$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 suppli$ dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s a brilliant example ( a body ( conclusions & tru?s :i* 7 mutually consi/5t & logical4 ,up to ! pres5t c5tury ! idea ( elem5t>y geometry 0 indissolubly b\nd up ) ! "n ( ,euclid1 s t 9 ,engl& :]e p adh]$ longe/ to ! rigid d$uctive sy/em ( ! ,grecian ma!matician1 ! task ( 8le>n+ geometry0 & 8read+ ,euclid0 7 until a few ye>s ago id5tical4 ,e proposition ( ?is ,euclidian sy/em re/s on o!r propositions1 z "o build+-/one 9 a h\se re/s ^u ano!r4 ,only ! v l[e/ /ones1 ! f\ndations1 7 )\t supports4 ,^! are ! axioms or fundam5tal propositions1 tru?s on :i* all o!r tru?s are1 directly or indirectly1 f\nd$1 b :i* !mselves are assum$ )\t demon/ration z self-evid5t4 ,b ! _s ( ma!matical rese>* grew 9 "t m & m critical1 & f9ally ask$1 :e!r ^! axioms might n possibly admit ( demon/ration4 ,especially 0 a rigid pro( s\ght = ! elev5? axiom ( ,euclid1 :i* treats ( p>allels4 ,aft] c5turies ( fruitless attempts to prove ,euclid's elev5? axiom1 ,gauss1 & ) him ,bolyai & ,lobats*ewsky1 ,riemann & ,helmholtz1 f9ally /at$ ! decisive reasons :y any attempt to prove ! axiom ( ! p>allels mu/ necess>ily be futile4 ,^! reasons consi/ ( ! fact t ?\gh ?is axiom holds good en\gh 9 ! _w-space su* z we d & c conceive x1 yet ?ree-dim5sion$ spaces are ideally conceivable ?\gh n capable ( m5tal repres5tation1 :]e ! axiom does n hold good4 ,! axiom 0 ?us %[n to be a m]e fact ( obs]vation1 & f t "t on !re c\ld no long] be any ?\ght ( a d$uctive demon/ration ( x4 ,9 view ( ! intimate connection1 :i* bo? 9 an hi/orical & epi/emological po9t ( view exi/s betwe5 ! ext5sion ( ! concept ( space & ! critical exam9ation ( ! axioms ( ,euclid1 we mu/ ent] at some:at great] l5g? into ! discussion ( ! la/ m5tion$ propositions4 ,( ! axioms :i* ,euclid premises to 8 geometry1 only ! foll[+ ?ree are really geometrical axioms3 ,eigh? axiom3 ,magnitudes :i* co9cide ) "o ano!r are equal to "o ano!r4 ,elev5? axiom3 ,if a /raight l9e meet two /raight l9es s z to make ! two int]ior angles on ! same side ( x tak5 toge!r less ?an two "r angles1 ^! /raight l9es1 be+ cont9ually produc$1 %all at l5g? meet on t side on :i* are ! angles :i* are less ?an two "r angles4 ,twelf? axiom3 ,two /raight l9es _c inclose a f9ite space4 ,! num]\s pro(s :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7 adduc$ 9 demon/ration ( ^! axioms1 especially ( ! elev5?1 all turn out on close exam9ation to be pseudo-pro(s4 ,leg5dre drew att5tion to ! fact t ei!r ( ! foll[+ axioms might be sub/itut$ = ! elev5?3 a7 ,?r\gh a po9t !re c be drawn to a /raight l9e1 )9 ! plane :i* jo9s ! po9t ) ! l9e1 "o & "o l9e only :i* %all n int]sect ! fir/ 7p>allels7 h[ev] f> ! two l9es may be produc$2 b7 ,if two p>allel l9es are cut by a ?ird /raight l9e1 ! int]ior alt]nate angles w be equal4 c7 ,! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle is equal to two "r angles1 t is1 to ! angle ( a /raight l9e or #ahj4 ,by ! aid ( any "o ( ^! ?ree ass]tions1 ! elev5? axiom ( ,euclid may be prov$1 &1 vice v]sa1 by ! aid ( ! latt] ea* ( ! ?ree ass]tions may be prov$1 ( c\rse ) ! help ( ! o!r two axioms1 eight & twelve4 ,! p]ception t ! elev5? axiom does n admit ( demon/ration )\t ! employm5t ( "o ( ! =ego+ sub/itutes may be/ be ga9$ f ! consid]ation ( congru5t figures4 ,e read] w rememb] f 8 fir/ in/ruction 9 geometry t ! congru5ce ( two triangles is demon/rat$ by ! sup]position ( "o triangle on ! o!r & by !n asc]ta9+ :e!r ! two completely co9cide1 no assumptions be+ made 9 ! det]m9ation except ^? above m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! case ( triangles :i* are congru5t z are ,i & ,,ii 9 ! prec$+ cut1 ?is co9cid5ce may be effect$ by ! simple displacem5t ( "o ( ! triangles2 s t ev5 a two-dim5sional be+1 suppos$ to be end[$ ) p[]s ( reason+1 b only capable ( pictur+ to itself motions )9 a plane1 also might conv9ce itself t ! two triangles ,i & ,,ii c\ld be made to co9cide4 ,b a be+ ( ?is description c\ld n conv9ce itself 9 l mann] ( ! congru5ce ( triangles ,i & ,,iii4 ,x w\ld discov] ! equality ( ! ?ree sides & ! ?ree angles1 b x c\ld nev] succe$ 9 s sup]pos+ ! two triangles on ea* o!r z to make !m co9cide4 ,a ?ree-dim5sion$ be+1 h[ev]1 c d ?is v easily4 ,x has simply to turn triangle ,i ab\t "o ( its sides & to %ove ! triangle1 ?us br\ght into ! position ( its reflection 9 a mirror1 into ! position ( triangle ,,iii4 ,simil>ly1 triangles ,,ii & ,,iii may be made to co9cide by mov+ ei!r out ( ! plane ( ! pap] ar\nd "o ( its sides z axis & turn+ x until x aga9 falls 9 ! plane ( ! pap]4 ,! triangle ?us turn$ ov] c !n be br\ght into ! position ( ! o!r4 ,lat] on we %all rev]t to ^! two k9ds ( congru5ce3 8congru5ce by displacem5t0 & 8congru5ce by circumv]sion40 ,= ! pres5t we w />t f ! fact t x is always possible )9 ! limits ( a plane to take a triangle out ( "o position & br+ x into ano!r )\t alt]+ its sides & angles4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ?is is only possible 9 ! plane1 or :e!r x c also be done on o!r surfaces4 ,we f9d t !re are c]ta9 surfaces 9 :i* ?is is possible1 & c]ta9 o!rs 9 :i* x is n4 ,= in/ance1 x is impossible to move ! triangle drawn on ! surface ( an egg into "s o!r position on ! egg's surface )\t a di/5sion or contraction ( "s ( ! triangle's p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q possible to move ! triangle drawn on ! surface ( a sph]e into any o!r position on ! sph]e's surface )\t a di/5sion or contraction ( its p>ts4 ,! ma!matical reason ( ?is fact is1 t ! surface ( a sph]e1 l ! plane1 has ev]y:]e ! same curvature1 b t ! surface ( an egg at diff]5t places has diff]5t curvatures4 ,( a plane we say t x has ev]y:]e ! curvature z]o2 ( ! surface ( a sph]e we say x has ev]y:]e a positive curvature1 :i* is great] 9 proportion z ! radius is small]4 ,!re are surfaces also :i* h a con/ant negative curvature2 ^! surfaces exhibit at e po9t 9 directions proce$+ f ! same side a p>tly concave & a p>tly convex /ructure1 some:at l ! c5tre ( a saddle4 ,!re is no necessity ( our ent]+ 9 any detail into ! "* & /ructure ( ! la/-m5tion$ surfaces4 ,intimately relat$ ) ! plane1 h[ev]1 are all ^? surfaces1 :i*1 l ! plane1 h ! curvature z]o2 9 ?is category belong especially cyl9drical surfaces & conical surfaces4 ,a %eet ( pap] ( ! =m ( ! sector ( a circle may1 = example1 be readily b5t into ! %ape ( a conical surface4 ,if two congru5t triangles1 n[1 be drawn on ! %eet ( pap]1 :i* may by displacem5t be translat$ ! "o into ! o!r1 ^! triangles w1 x is pla91 also rema9 congru5t on ! conical surface2 t is1 on ! conical surface also we may displace ! "o into ! o!r2 = ?\gh a b5d+ ( ! figures w take place1 !re w be no di/5sion or contraction4 ,simil>ly1 !re are surfaces :i*1 l ! sph]e1 h ev]y:]e a con/ant positive curvature4 ,on su* surfaces also e figure c be transf]r$ into "s o!r position )\t di/5sion or contraction ( its p>ts4 ,accord+ly1 on all surfaces ?us relat$ to ! plane or sph]e1 ! assumption :i* und]lies ! eigh? axiom ( ,euclid1 t x is possible to transf] into any new position any figure drawn on su* surfaces )\t di/ortion1 holds good4 ,! elev5? axiom 9 its turn also holds good on all surfaces ( con/ant curvature1 :e!r ! curvature be z]o or positive2 only 9 su* in/ances in/ead ( 8/raight0 l9e we mu/ say 8%orte/0 l9e4 ,on ! surface ( a sph]e1 namely1 two %orte/ l9es1 t is1 arcs ( two great circles1 always int]sect1 no matt] :e!r !y are produc$ 9 ! direction ( ! side at :i* ! ?ird arc ( a great circle makes ) !m angles less ?an two "r angles1 or1 9 ! direction ( ! o!r side1 :]e ?is arc makes ) !m angles ( m ?an two "r angles4 ,on ! plane1 h[ev]1 two /raight l9es int]sect only on ! side :]e a ?ird /raight l9e t meets !m makes ) !m int]ior angles less ?an two "r angles4 ,! twelf? axiom ( ,euclid1 f9ally1 only holds good on ! plane & on ! surfaces relat$ to x1 b n on ! sph]e or o!r surfaces :i*1 l ! sph]e1 h a con/ant positive curvature4 ,?is also acc\nts = ! fact t "o ( ! ?ree po/ulates :i* we reg>d$ z sub/itutes = ! elev5? axiom1 ?\gh valid = ! plane1 is n true = ! surface ( a sph]e2 namely1 ! po/ulate t def9es ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle4 ,?is sum 9 a plane triangle is two "r angles2 9 a sph]ical triangle x is m ?an two "r angles1 ! sph]ical triangle be+ great]1 ! great] ! excess ! sum ( its angles is above two "r angles4 ,x w be se51 f ^! consid]ations1 t 9 geometries 9 :i* curv$ surfaces & n fix$ planes are /udi$1 ! axioms ( ,euclid are ei!r all or p>tially false4 ,! axioms ( geometry ?us hav+ be5 reveal$ z facts ( exp]i5ce1 ! "q sugge/$ itself :e!r 9 ! same way 9 :i* x 0 %[n t diff]5t two-dim5sional geometries 7 possible1 also diff]5t ?ree-dim5sional sy/ems ( geometry might n be develop$2 & consequ5tly :at ! relations 7 9 :i* ^! might /& to ! geometry ( ! space giv5 by our s5ses & repres5table to our m9d4 ,z a fact1 a ?ree-dim5sional geometry c be develop$1 :i* l ! geometry ( ! surface ( an egg w exclude ! axiom t a figure or body c be transf]r$ f any "o "p ( space to any o!r & yet rema9 congru5t to itself4 ,( a ?ree-dim5sional space 9 :i* su* a geometry c be develop$ we say1 t x has no con/ant measure ( curvature4 ,! space :i* is repres5table to u1 & :i* we %all h5ce=? call ! space ( exp]i5ce1 possesses1 z our exp]i5ces )\t exception confirm1 ! especial prop]ty t e bodily ?+ c be transf]r$ f any "o "p ( x to any o!r )\t suff]+ 9 ! transf]5ce any di/5sion or any contraction4 ,! space ( exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 has a con/ant measure ( curvature4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is measure ( curvature is z]o or positive1 t is1 :e!r ! space ( exp]i5ce possesses ! prop]ties :i* 9 two-dim5sion$ /ructures a plane possesses1 or :e!r x is ! ?ree-dim5sion$ analogon ( ! surface ( a sph]e is "o :i* future exp]i5ce alone c answ]4 ,if ! space ( exp]i5ce has a con/ant positive measure ( curvature :i* is diff]5t f z]o1 be ! diff]5ce ev] s slight1 a po9t :i* %\ld move =ev] onw>d 9 a /raight l9e1 or1 m accurately express$1 9 a %orte/ l9e1 w\ld sometime1 ?\gh p]haps aft] hav+ trav]s$ a di/ance :i* to u is inconceivable1 ultimately h to arrive f ! opposite direction at ! place f :i* x set out1 j z a po9t :i* moves =ev] onw>d 9 ! same direction on ! surface ( a sph]e mu/ ultimately arrive at its />t+ po9t1 ! di/ance x trav]ses be+ long] ! great] ! radius ( ! sph]e or ! small] its curvature4 ,x w seem1 at fir/ blu%1 almo/ incr$ible1 t ! space ( exp]i5ce ev5 c h ?is prop]ty4 ,b an example1 :i* is ! hi/orical analogon ( ?is mod]n trans=mation ( our conceptions1 w r5d] ! idea less m>vell\s4 ,let u transport ourselves back to ! age ( ,hom]4 ,at t "t p believ$ t ! e>? 0 a great disc surr\nd$ on all sides by oceans :i* 7 conceiv$ to be 9 all directions inf9itely great4 ,inde$1 = ! primitive man1 :o has nev] j\rney$ f> f ! place ( 8 bir?1 ?is is ! mo/ natural conception4 ,b imag9e n[ t "s s*ol> _h come1 & _h in=m$ ! ,hom]ic h]o ,ulysses t if he w\ld travel =ev] on ! e>? 9 ! same direction he w\ld ultimately come back to ! po9t f :i* he />t$2 surely ,ulysses w\ld h gaz$ ) z mu* a/oni%m5t ^u ?is s*ol> z we n[ look ^u ! ma!matician :o tells u t x is possible t a po9t :i* moves =ev] onw>d 9 space 9 ! same direction may ultimately arrive at ! place f :i* x />t$4 ,b despite ! fact t ,ulysses w\ld h reg>d$ ! ass]tion ( ! s*ol> z false because contradictory to 8 famili> conceptions1 t s*ol>1 nev]!less1 w\ld h be5 "r2 = ! e>? is n a plane b a sph]ical surface4 ,s also ! ma!matician might be "r :o bases ?is m rec5t /range view on ! possible fact t ! space ( exp]i5ce may h a measure ( curvature :i* is n exactly z]o b slightly great] ?an z]o4 ,if ?is 7 really ! case1 ! volume ( ! space ( exp]i5ce1 ?\gh v l>ge1 w\ld1 nev]!less1 be f9ite2 j z ! real sph]ical surface ( ! e>? z contra/$ ) ! ,hom]ic plane surface is f9ite1 hav+ s & s _m squ>e miles4 ,:5 ! objection is "h made t a f9it5ess ( space is totally at v>iance ) our modes ( ?\ght & conceptions1 two ideas1 8inf9itely great0 & 8unlimit$10 are conf\nd$4 ,all t is at v>iance ) our practical conceptions is t space c any:]e h a limit2 n t x may possibly be ( trem5d\s b f9ite magnitude4 ,x w n[ be ask$ if we _c det]m9e by actual obs]vation :e!r ! measure ( curvature ( exp]i5tial space is exactly z]o or slightly diff]5t !refrom4 ,! !orem ( ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle & ! conclusions :i* foll[ f ?is !orem d inde$ supply u ) a means ( asc]ta9+ ?is fact4 ,& ! results ( obs]vation h be51 t ! measure ( curvature ( space is 9 all probability exactly equal to z]o or if x is slightly diff]5t f z]o x is s little s t ! te*nical means ( obs]vation at our comm& & especially our telescopes are n compet5t to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! deviation4 ,m1 we _c ) any c]ta9ty say4 ,all ^! reflections1 to :i* ! criticism ( ! hypo!ses t und]lie geometry long ago l$ inve/igators1 compel u to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! space ( exp]i5ce & o!r ?ree-dim5sion$ aggregates ( po9ts 7spaces71 :i* we _c m5tally repres5t b c 9 ?\ght & ^w accurately def9e & inve/igate4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z we are fully involv$ 9 ! task ( accurately inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( ?ree-dim5sional aggregates ( po9ts1 we simil>ly f9d ourselves =c$ to reg>d su* aggregates z ! compon5t elem5ts ( a manifoldness ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,9 ?is way ! exact criticism ( ev5 ord9>y geometry leads u to ! ab/ract assumption ( a space ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,& z ! ext5sion ( e idea gives a cle>] & m transluc5t =m to ! idea z x orig9ally /ood1 "h too ! idea ( multiple-dim5sion$ aggregates ( po9ts & ! inve/igation ( _! prop]ties has ?r[n a new light on ! tru?s ( ord9>y geometry & plac$ its prop]ties 9 cle>] relief4 ,amid ! num]\s examples :i* %[ h[ ! notion ( a space ( multiple-dim5sions has be5 ( great s]vice to sci5ce 9 ! inve/igation ( ?ree-dim5sion$ space1 we %all give "o a place "h :i* is )9 ! compreh5sion ( non-ma!maticians4 ,imag9e 9 a plane two triangles ^: angles are d5ot$ by pairs ( numb]s--namely1 by #a-b1 #a-c1 #a-d1 & #b-e1 #c-e1 #d-e4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,let ! two triangles s lie t ! ?ree l9es :i* jo9 ! angles #a-b & #b-e1 #a-c & #c-e1 & #a-d & #d-e int]sect at a po9t1 :i* we w call #a-e4 ,if n[ we cause ! sides ( ! triangles :i* are opposite to ^! angles to int]sect1 x w be f\nd t ! po9ts ( int]section s obta9$ possess ! peculi> prop]ty ( ly+ all 9 "o & ! same /raight l9e4 ,! po9t ( int]section ( ! connection #a-c & #a-d ) ! connection #d-e & #c-e may appropriately be call$ #c-d4 ,simil>ly1 ! po9t ( int]section #b-d is produc$ by ! meet+ ( #d-e1 #b-e & #a-b1 #a-d2 & ! po9t ( int]section #b-c1 by ! meet+ ( #a-c1 #a-b & #c-e1 #b-e4 ,! /atem5t1 t ! ?ree po9ts ( int]section #c-d1 #b-d1 #b-c1 ?us obta9$1 lie 9 "o /raight l9e1 c be prov$ by ! pr9ciples ( plane geometry only ) difficulty & great circum/antiality4 ,b by resort+ to ! ?ree-dim5sional space ( exp]i5ce1 9 :i* ! plane ( ! draw+ lies1 ! proposition may be r5d]$ almo/ self-evid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,to beg9 )1 imag9e any five po9ts 9 space :i* may be d5ot$ by ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e2 !n imag9e all ! possible t5 /raight l9es ( junction drawn betwe5 ea* two ( ^! po9ts1 namely1 #a-b1 #a-c 444 #d-e2 & f9ally1 also1 all ! t5 planes ( junction ( e ?ree po9ts describ$1 namely1 ! plane #a-b-c1 #a-b-d1 444 #c-d-e4 ,a spatial figure w ?us be obta9$1 ^: t5 /raight l9es w meet "s int]pos$ plane 9 t5 po9ts ^: relative positions are exactly ^? ( ! t5 po9ts above describ$4 ,?us1 = example1 on ?is plane ! po9ts #a-b1 #a-c1 & #b-c w lie 9 a /raight l9e1 = ?r\gh ! ?ree spatial po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 a plane c be drawn :i* w cut ! plane ( a draw+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! reason1 !re=e1 t ! ?ree po9ts #c-d1 #b-d1 #b-c1 also mu/ ultimately lie 9 a /raight l9e1 consi/s 9 ! simple fact t ! plane ( ! ?ree po9ts #b1 #c1 #d1 mu/ cut ! plane ( ! draw+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! figure "h consid]$ consi/s ( t5 po9ts ( :i* sets ( ?ree s lie t5 times 9 a /raight l9e t conv]sely f e po9t also ?ree /raight l9es proce$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,n[1 j z ?is figure is a section ( a complete ?ree-dim5sional p5tagon1 s ano!r rem>kable figure1 ( simil> prop]ties1 may be obta9$ by ! section ( a figure ( f\r-dim5sion$ space4 ,imag9e1 namely1 six po9ts1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 situat$ 9 ?is f\r-dim5sion$ space1 & e ?ree ( !m connect$ by a plane1 & e f\r ( !m by a ?ree-dim5sion$ space4 ,we %all obta9 ?us tw5ty planes & fifte5 ?ree-dim5sion$ spaces :i* w cut ! plane 9 :i* ! figure is to be produc$ 9 tw5ty po9ts & fifte5 rays :i* s lie t ea* po9t s5ds out ?ree rays & e ray conta9s f\r po9ts4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,figures ( ?is description1 :i* are s compos$ ( po9ts & rays t an equal numb] ( rays proce$ f e po9t & an equal numb] ( po9ts lie 9 e ray1 are call$ configurations4 ,o!r configurations may1 ( c\rse1 be produc$1 by tak+ a diff]5t numb] ( po9ts & by assum+ t ! po9ts tak5 lie 9 a space ( diff]5t or ev5 high] dim5sions4 ,! au?or ( ?is article 0 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to configurations d]iv$ f spaces ( high] dim5sions4 ,z we see1 !n1 ! notion ( a space ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions has p]=m$ important "w 9 ! inve/igations ( common plane geometry4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i %\ld l to add a rem>k :i* ,cranz makes reg>d+ ! application ( ! idea ( multiple-dim5sion$ space to !oretical *emi/ry4 7,see ! treatise be=e cit$47 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! molecules ( a comp\nd body are said to consi/ ( ! atoms ( ! elem5ts :i* are conta9$ 9 ! body1 & ^! are suppos$ to be situat$ at c]ta9 di/ances f "o ano!r1 & to be held 9 _! relative positions by c]ta9 =ces4 ,at fir/1 ! c5tres ( ! atoms 7 conceiv$ to lie 9 "o & ! same plane4 ,b ,wislic5us 0 l$ by rese>*es 9 p>alactic acid to expla9 ! diff]5ces ( isom]ic molecules ( ! same /ructural =mul by ! diff]5t positions ( ! atoms 9 space4 7,comp>e 8,la *imie dans l'espace0 by van't ,h(f1 #ahge1 preface by ,j4 ,wislic5us74 ,9 fact f\r po9ts c always be s arrang$ 9 space t e two ( !m may h any di/ance f ea* o!r2 & ! *ange ( "o ( ! six di/ances does n necess>ily involve ! alt]ation ( any o!r4 ,b suppose our molecule consi/s ( five atoms8 ,f\r ( ^! may be s plac$ t ! di/ance betwe5 any two ( !m c be made :at we please4 ,b x is no long] possible to give ! fif? atom a position su* t ea* ( ! f\r di/ances by :i* x is sep>at$ f ! o!r atoms may be :at we please4 ,q ! contr>y1 ! f\r? di/ance is dep5d5t on ! ?ree rema9+ di/ances2 = ! space ( exp]i5ce has only ?ree dim5sions4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i h a molecule :i* consi/s ( five atoms ,i _c alt] ! di/ance betwe5 two ( !m )\t at lea/ alt]+ "s second di/ance4 ,b if we imag9e ! c5tres ( ! atoms plac$ 9 a f\r-dim5sion$ space1 ?is c be done2 all ! t5 di/ances :i* may be conceiv$ to exi/ betwe5 ! five po9ts w !n be indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,to rea* ! same result 9 ! case ( six atoms we mu/ assume a five-dim5sional space2 & s on4 ,n[1 if ! indep5d5ce ( all ! possible di/ances betwe5 ! atoms ( a molecule is absolutely requir$ by !oretical *emical rese>*1 ! sci5ce is really compell$1 if x deals ) molecules ( m ?an f\r atoms1 to make use ( ! idea ( a space ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,?is idea is1 9 ?is case1 simply an in/rum5t ( rese>*1 j z are1 also1 ! ideas ( molecules & atoms--means design$ to embrace 9 an obvi\s & sy/ematic =m ! ph5om5a ( *emi/ry & to discov] ! conditions "u :i* new ph5om5a c be evok$4 ,:e!r a f\r-dim5sion$ space really exi/s is a "q ^: insolubility _c prev5t rese>* f mak+ use ( ! idea1 exactly z *emi/ry has n be5 prev5t$ f mak+ use ( ! notion ( atom1 al?\gh no "o really kn[s :e!r ! ?+s we call atoms exi/ or n4 ,,iv4 ,,refutation ,,( ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,adduc$ ,,to ,,prove ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,a ,,f\r-,,dim5sion$ ,,space ,,inclusive ,,( ,,! ,,visible ,,_w4 ,! consid]ations ( ! prec$+ section w h conv9c$ ! cultur$ non-ma!matician ( ! s]vice :i* ! !ory ( multiple-dim5sion$ spaces has done1 & bids fair to d1 = geometrical rese>*4 ,9 addition !reto is ! consid]ation t e ext5sion ( "o bran* ( ma!matical sci5ce is a con/ant s\rce ( b5eficial & helpful influ5ce to ! o!r bran*es4 ,! k1 h[ev]1 t ma!maticians c employ ! notion ( f\r-dim5sion$ space ) good results 9 _! rese>*es1 w\ld nev] h be5 suffici5t to procure x its pres5t popul>ity2 = e man ( intellig5ce has n[ he>d ( x1 &1 9 je/ or 9 e>ne/1 (t5 speaks ( x4 ,! k ( a f\r-dim5sion$ space did n rea* ! e>s ( cultur$ non-ma!maticians until ! consequ5ces :i* ! spirituali/s fanci$ x 0 p]missible to draw f ?is ma!matical notion 7 publicly kn[n4 ,b x is a trem5d\s /ep f ! f\r-dim5sion$ space ( ! ma!maticians to ! space f :i* ! _s-fri5ds ( ! spirituali/ic m$iums ent]ta9 u ) rapp+s1 knock+s1 & bad ,engli%4 ,be=e tak+ ?is /ep we w fir/ discuss ! "q ( ! real exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sional space1 n judg+ ! "q :e!r ?is space1 if x really does exi/1 is inhabit$ by reasonable be+s :o consci\sly act ^u ! _w 9 :i* we exi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,among ! reasons :i* are put =w>d to prove ! exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sional space conta9+ ! _w1 ! lea/ repreh5sible are ^? :i* are bas$ on ! exi/5ce ( symmetry4 ,we spoke above ( two triangles 9 ! same plane :i* h all _! sides & angles congru5t1 b :i* _c be made to co9cide by simple displacem5t )9 ! plane2 b we saw t ?is co9cid5ce c\ld be effect$ by hold+ fa/ "o side ( "o triangle & mov+ x out ( its plane until x _h be5 s f> turn$ r\nd t x fell back into its plane4 ,n[ some?+ simil> to ?is exi/s 9 space4 ,cut two figures1 exactly l t ( ,fig4 #d41 out ( a piece ( pap]1 & turn ! triangle ,,abf ab\t ! side ,,ab1 ,,ace ab\t ! side ,,ac1 ,,bcd ab\t ! side ,,bc1 & 9 "o figure above & 9 ! o!r bel[2 !n 9 bo? cases ! po9ts ,d1 ,e1 ,f w meet at a po9t1 because ,,ae is equal to ,,af1 ,,bf is equal to ,,bd1 ,,cd is equal to ,,ce4 ,9 ?is mann] we obta9 two pyramids :i* 9 all l5g?s & all angles are congru5t1 yet :i* _c1 no matt] h[ we try1 be made to co9cide1 t is1 be s fitt$ ! "o into ! o!r t !y %all bo? /& z "o pyramid4 ,b ! reflect$ image ( ! "o c\ld be br\ght into co9cid5ce ) ! o!r4 ,two spatial /ructures ^: sides & angles are ?us equal to ea* o!r1 & ( :i* ea* may be view$ z ! reflect$ image ( ! o!r1 are call$ symmetrical4 ,= in/ance1 ! "r & ! left h& are symmetrical2 or1 a "r & a left glove4 ,n[ j z 9 two dim5sions x is impossible by simple displacem5t to br+ into congru5ce triangles :i* l ^? above m5tion$ c only be made to co9cide by circumv]sion1 s also 9 ?ree dim5sions x is impossible to br+ into congru5ce two symmetrical pyramids4 ,c>eful ma!matical reflection1 h[ev]1 decl>es1 t ?is c\ld be effect$ if x 7 possible1 :ile hold+ "o ( ! surfaces1 to move ! pyramid out ( ! space ( exp]i5ce1 & to turn x r\nd ?r\gh a f\r-dim5sion$ space until x rea*$ a po9t at :i* x w\ld return aga9 into our exp]i5tial space4 ,?is process w\ld simply be ! f\r-dim5sional analogon ( ! ?ree-dim5sional circumv]sion 9 ! above-m5tion$ case ( ! two triangles4 ,fur!r1 ! int]ior surfaces 9 ?is process w\ld be conv]t$ into ext]ior surfaces1 & vice v]sa1 exactly z 9 ! circumv]sion ( a triangle ! ant]ior & po/]ior sides are int]*ang$4 ,if ! /ructure :i* is to be conv]t$ into its symmetrical c\nt]p>t is made ( a flexible mat]ial1 ! int]*ange m5tion$ ( ! int]ior & ext]ior surfaces may be effect$ by simply turn+ ! /ructure inside out2 = example1 a "r glove may ?us be conv]t$ into a left glove4 ,n[ f ?is tru?1 t e /ructure c be conv]t$ by means ( a f\r-dim5sional space inclusive ( ! _w1 into a /ructure symmetrical ) x1 x has be5 s\ght to e/abli% ! probability ( ! real exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sion$ space4 ,yet x w be evid5t1 f ! discussions ( ! prec$+ section1 t ! only inf]5ce :i* we c "h make is1 t ! idea ( a f\r-dim5sion$ space is compet5t1 f a ma!matical po9t ( view1 to ?r[ "s light ^u ! ph5om5a ( symmetry4 ,to conclude f ^! facts t a space ( ?is k9d really exi/s1 w\ld be z d>+ z to conclude f ! fact t ! uni=m angul> velocity ( ! app>5t motions ( ! fix$ />s is explicable f ! assumption ( an axial motion ( ! firmam5t1 t ! fix$ />s are really rigidly plac$ 9 a cele/ial sph]e rotat+ ab\t its axis4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t our compreh5sion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! real _w consi/s ( two elem5ts3 fir/1 ( t :i* ! ?+s really are2 &1 second1 ( t by :i* we rationally appreh5d ! ?+s4 ,?is latt] elem5t is p>tly dep5d5t on ! sum ( ! exp]i5ces :i* we h be=e acquir$1 & p>tly on ! necessity1 due to ! imp]fection ( reason1 ( our embrac+ ! multitud9\s isolat$ ph5om5a ( ! _w into categories :i* we ourselves h =m$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are n :olly d]iv$ f ! ph5om5a !mselves1 b to a great ext5t are dep5d5t on u4 ,besides geometrical reasons1 ,zlln] has also adduc$ cosmological reasons to prove ! exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sional space4 ,to ^! reasons belong especially ! que/ions :e!r ! numb] ( ! fix$ />s is inf9itely great1 :e!r ! _w is f9ite or inf9ite 9 ext5sion1 :e!r ! _w _h a beg9n+ or w h an end1 :e!r ! _w is n ha/5+ t[>ds a condition ( equilibrium or dead level by ! univ]sal di/ribution ( its matt] & en]gy2 ! problems1 also1 ( gravitation & action at a di/ance2 & f9ally1 ! que/ions conc]n+ ! relations betwe5 ! ph5om5a 9 ! _w ( s5se-p]ception to ! unkn[n ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,all ^! que/ions :i* c be decid$ 9 no def9ite s5se1 l$ ,zlln] & 8 foll[]s to ! assumption t a f\r-dim5sion$ space inclusive ( ! space ( exp]i5ce mu/ really exi/4 ,b m c>eful reflection w %[ t ?is assumption does n dispose ( ! difficulties b simply displaces !m into ano!r realm4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 if f\r-dim5sion$ space did unravel & make cle> all ! cosmological problems :i* h bo!r$ ! human m9d1 /ill1 its exi/5ce w\ld n be prov$ !reby2 x w\ld yet rema9 a m]e hypo!sis1 design$ to r5d] m intelligible to a be+ :o c only make exp]i5ces 9 a ?ree-dim5sional space1 ! ph5om5a !re9 :i* are full ( my/]y to x4 ,a f\r-dim5sion$ space w\ld 9 su* case possess = ! metaphysician a value simil> to t :i* ! e!r possesses = ! physici/4 ,/ill m conv9c+ ?an ^! cosmological reasons to ! majority ( m5 is ! physio-psy*ological reason drawn f ! ph5om5a ( vision :i* ,zlln] adduces4 ,into ?is ma9 argum5t we w ent] 9 m detail4 ,:5 we 8see0 an object1 z we all "k1 ! light :i* proce$s or is reflect$ !refrom produces an image on ! ret9a ( our eye2 ?is image is conduct$ to our consci\sness by means ( ! optical n]ve1 & our reason draws !refrom an inf]5ce respect+ ! object4 ,:51 n[1 we look at a squ>e ^: sides are a decimetre 9 l5g?1 & ^: c5tre is situat$ at ! di/ance ( a metre f ! pupil ( our eye1 an image is produc$ on ! ret9a4 ,b exactly ! same image w be produc$ !re if we look at a squ>e ^: sides are p>allel to ! sides ( ! fir/ squ>e b two decimetres 9 l5g?1 & ^: c5tre is situat$ at a di/ance ( two metres f ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,proce$+ ?us fur!r1 we readily discov] t an eye c p]ceive 9 any l5g? or l9e only ! ratio ( its magnitude to ! di/ance at :i* x is situat$ f x1 & t g5]ally a ?ree-dim5sional _w mu/ appe> to ! eye two-dim5sional1 because all po9ts :i* lie beh9d ea* o!r 9 ! direction outw>ds f ! eye produce on ! ret9a only "o image4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! ret9al images are !mselves two-dim5sional2 = :i* reason1 ,zlln] says1 ! _w mu/ appe> to a *ild z two-dim5sional1 if x be suppos$ to live 9 a primitive condition ( unconsci\s m5tal activity4 ,to su* a *ild two objects :i* are mov+ ! "o beh9d ! o!r1 mu/ appe> z suff]+ displacem5t on a surface1 :i* we conceive beh9d ! objects1 & on :i* ! latt] are project$4 ,9 all ^! app>5t displacem5ts1 co9cid5ces & *anges ( =m also are effect$4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ appe> puzzl+ to a human be+ 9 ! fir/ /ages ( its developm5t1 & ! m9d ?us f9ds itself1 z ,zlln] fur!r argues1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( *ildhood =c$ to adopt a hypo!sis conc]n+ ! con/itution ( space & to assume t ! _w is ?ree-dim5sional1 al?\gh ! eye c really p]ceive x z only two-dim5sional4 ,zlln] !n fur!r says1 t 9 ! explanation ( ! effects ( ! ext]nal _w1 man con/antly f9ds ?is hypo!sis ( 8 *ildi% ye>s confirm$1 & t 9 ?is way x has become 9 8 m9d s pr(\nd a conviction t x is no long] possible = him to ?9k x away4 ,consonant ) ?is argum5tation1 also1 is ,zlln]'s rem>k1 t ! same ph5om5on has pres5t$ itself 9 a/ronomical me?ods ( k4 ,to expla9 ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 :i* appe> to describe regul> pa?s on ! surface ( a cele/ial sph]e1 we 7 compell$ 9 ! solution ( ! riddles :i* ^! motions pres5t$1 to assume 9 ! /ructure ( ! heav5s a dim5sion ( 8dep?10 & ! complicat$ motions 9 ! two-dim5sion$ firmam5t 7 conv]t$ into v simple motions 9 ?ree-dim5sion$ space4 ,zlln] also cont5ds t our conception ( ! entire visible _w z possess$ ( ?ree dim5sions is a product ( our reason1 :i* ! m9d 0 driv5 to =m by ! contradictions :i* w\ld be pres5t$ to x on ! assumption ( only two dim5sions by ! p]spective di/ortions1 co9cid5ces1 & *anges ( magnitude ( objects4 ,:5 a *ild moves its h& be=e its eyes1 turns x1 br+s x ne>]1 or pu%es x f>!r away1 ?is *ild successively receives ! mo/ v>i\s impressions on ! surface ( its ret9a ( "o & ! same object ( ^: id5tity & con/ancy its feel+s (f] x a p]fect assurance4 ,if ! *ild reg>d$ ! *angeable projection ( ! h& on ! surface ( ! ret9a z ! real object1 & n ! h& :i* lies beyond x1 ! *ild w\ld con/antly be met ) contradictions 9 its exp]i5ce1 & to avoid ?is x makes ! hypo!sis t ! space ( exp]i5ce is ?ree-dim5sional4 ,zlln]'s cont5tion is1 !re=e1 t man orig9ally _h only a two-dim5sional intuition ( space1 b 0 =c$ by exp]i5ce to repres5t to himself ! objects :i* on ! ret9al surface appe>$ two-dim5sional1 z ?ree-dim5sional1 & ?us to trans=m 8 two-dim5sional space-intuition into a ?ree-dim5sional "o4 ,n[1 9 exactly ! same way1 accord+ to ,zlln]'s notion1 w man1 by ! advancem5t & increas+ exactness ( 8 k ( ! ph5om5a ( ! out] _w1 also be compell$ to conceive ( ! mat]ial _w z a 8%ad[ ca/ by a m real f\r-dim5sional _w10 s t ^! conceptions w be j z trivial = ! p ( ! tw5tie? c5tury z s9ce ,cop]nicus's "t ! explanation ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies by means ( a ?ree-dim5sional motion has be54 ,zlln]'s argum5ts f ! ph5om5a ( vision may be refut$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place x is incorrect to say t we see ! ?+s ( ! ext]nal _w by means ( two-dim5sional ret9al images4 ,! light :i* p5etrates ! eye causes an irritation ( ! optical n]ves1 & any su* effect :i*1 ?\gh x be n p[]ful1 is1 nev]!less1 a me*anical "o1 c only take place on ?+s :i* are mat]ial4 ,b mat]ial ?+s are always ?ree-dim5sional4 ,! effect ( light on ! s5sitive plates ( photography c ) j z little ju/ice be reg>d$ z two-dim5sional4 ,our s5ses c h p]ception ( no?+ b ?ree-dim5sional ?+s1 & ?is p]ception is effect$ by =ces :i* 9 _! turn act on ?ree-dim5sional ?+s1 namely1 our s5sory n]ves4 ,x is wrong to call an image two-dim5sional1 = x is only by ab/raction t we c conceive ( a ?ickness s gr[+ con/antly small] & small] z to admit ( our reg>d+ a ?ree-dim5sional picture z two-dim5sional1 by giv+ x 9 m9d a vani%+ly small ?ickness4 ,x is also wrong to say1 z ,zlln] says1 t :5 we see ! %ad[ ( a h& :i* is ca/ ^u a wall we see some?+ two-dim5sional4 ,:at we really p]ceive is t no light falls ^u our eye f ! region includ$ by ! %ad[1 :ile f ! entire surr\nd+ region light does fall on our eye4 ,b ?is light is reflect$ f ! mat]ial p>ticles :i* =m ! surface ( ! wall1 t is1 f ?ree-dim5sional p>ticles ( matt]4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t our eye communicates to u only ?ree-dim5sional k1 & t = ! compreh5sion ( any?+ :i* has two1 "o1 or no dim5sions1 a purely intellectual act ( ab/raction mu/ be add$ to ! act ( p]ception4 ,:5 we imag9e we h made a lead-p5cil m>k on pap]1 we h1 exactly view$1 simply heap$ along side ( ea* o!r little p>ticles ( graphite 9 su* a mann] t !re are by f> few] graphite p>ticles 9 ! lat]al & upw>d directions ?an !re are 9 ! longitud9al direction1 & ?us our reason arrives by ab/raction at ! notion ( a /raight l9e4 ,:5 we look at an object1 say a cube ( wood1 we recognise ! object z ?ree-dim5sional1 & x is only by ab/raction t we c conceive ( its two-dim5sional surfaces1 ( its twelve "o-dim5sional edges1 & ( its eight no-dim5sional corn]s4 ,= we rea* ! p]ception ( its surface1 = example1 solely by reason ( ! fact t ! mat]ial p>ticles :i* =m ! cube prev5t ! transmission ( light1 & reflect x1 :]eby a "p ( ! light reflect$ f e mat]ial p>ticle /rikes our eye4 ,n[1 by ?9k+ exclusively ( ^? mat]ial p>ticles :i* are reflect$1 9 contr>iety to ! empty space )\t & ! hidd5 & !re=e non-reflect$ p>ticles )91 we =m ! notion ( a surface4 ,x is evid5t f ?is1 t all t we p]ceive is ?ree-dim5sional1 t we _c come at any?+ two-dim5sional )\t an intellectual ab/raction1 & t1 !re=e1 we _c conceive ( any?+ two-dim5sional ex]t+ effects ^u mat]ial ?+s4 ,b ?is fact is a refutation ( ! ret9al argum5t ( ,zlln]4 ,if vision consi/$ :olly & exclusively 9 ! creation ( a two-dim5sion$ image1 ! ?+s :i* take place 9 ! _w c\ld nev] come into our consci\sness4 ,! *ild1 !re=e1 does n orig9ally appreh5d ! _w1 z ,zlln] says1 z two-dim5sional2 on ! contr>y1 x appreh5ds x ei!r n at all1 or x appreh5ds x z ?ree-dim5sional4 ,( c\rse ! *ild mu/ fir/ 8le>n h[0 to see4 ,x is f\nd f ! obs]vation ( *ildr5 dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ( _! lives1 & ( ! cong5itally bl9d1 :o h sudd5ly acquir$ ! p[] ( vision by "s successful op]ation1 t see+ does n consi/ alone 9 ! irritations :i* arise 9 ! optic n]ves1 b also 9 ! correct int]pretation ( ^! irritations by reason4 ,?is correct int]pretation1 h[ev]1 c be accompli%$ only by ! accumulation ( a consid]able /ock ( exp]i5ce4 ,especially mu/ ! recognition ( ! di/ance ( ! object se51 be gradually le>n$4 ,9 ?is1 two ?+s are especially helpful2 fir/1 ! fact t we h two eyes &1 consequ5tly1 t we mu/ feel two irritations ( ! optic n]ves :i* are n :olly alike2 & secondly1 ! fact t we are enabl$ by our p[] ( motion & our s5se ( t\* to conv9ce ourselves ( ! di/ance & =m ( ! bodies se54 ,! "q n[ arises1 :at sort ( an intuition ( space w\ld a creature h t _h only "o eye1 t c\ld nei!r move itself nor its eye1 & also possess$ no p]iph]al n]ves4 ,accord+ to ,zlln]'s view1 ?is creature c\ld1 ow+ to its two-dim5sional ret9al images1 only h a two-dim5sional intuition ( space4 ,! au?or's op9ion1 h[ev]1 is1 t su* a creature c\ld n see at all1 z x has no possibility ( collect+ exp]i5ces :i* are adapt$ 9 any way to int]pret+ ! effects ( ?+s on its ret9a4 ,! light :i* proce$$ f ! objects r\ndab\t & fell on ! ret9a c\ld produce no o!r effect on ! be+ ?an t ( a :olly intelligible irritation1 or1 p]haps1 ev5 pa94 ,! reflections pres5t$ suffici5tly %[ t nei!r ! ph5om5a ( symmetry nor ! ret9al images ( ! objects ( vision necess>ily =ce ^u u ! assumption ( a f\r-dim5sion$ space4 ,if ! mat]ial _w %\ld ev] pres5t problems :i* c\ld n 9 ! progress ( k be solv$ 9 a natural way1 ! assumption t a f\r-dim5sional space conta9+ ! _w exi/s w\ld also be incompet5t to resolve ! difficulties pres5t$2 x w\ld simply conv]t ^! difficulties into o!rs1 & n dispose ( ! problems b simply displace !m to ano!r _w4 ,yet ! "q might be ask$1 ,is ! exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sional space really impossible8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ fir/ cle>ly "k :at we mean by 8exi/40 ,if exi/5ce means t ! intellectual idea ( a ?+ c be =m$ & t ?is idea %all n lead to contradictions ) o!r well-e/abli%$ ideas & ) exp]i5ce1 we h only to say t f\r-dim5sion$ space does exi/1 z ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 sections ,,ii & ,,iii h r5d]$ pla94 ,if1 namely1 ! space ( f\r dim5sions did n exi/ z a cle> idea 9 ! m9ds ( ma!maticians1 ma!maticians c\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 l$ by ?is idea to results :i* are recognis$ by ! s5ses z true1 & :i* really take place 9 our own repres5table space4 ,b if exi/5ce means 8mat]ial actuality0 we mu/ say t we nei!r n[ nor 9 ! future c "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,= we "k mat]ial actuality only z ?ree-dim5sional1 our s5ses c only make ?ree-dim5sional exp]i5ces1 & ! inf]5ces ( our reason1 al?\gh !y c well ab/ract f mat]ial ?+s1 c nev] asc5d to ! po9t ( expla9+ a f\r-dim5sional mat]iality4 ,j z little1 !re=e1 z we c locally fix ! idea ( a two-dim5sional mat]ial _w1 z little c we sub/antiate ! notion ( a f\r-dim5sion$ mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,v4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,f\r-,,dim5sional ,,spirits4 ,9 connection ) ! belief t ! visible _w is conta9$ 9 a f\r-dim5sion$ space1 ,zlln] & 8 adh]5ts fur!r hold t ?is high] space is inhabit$ by intellig5t be+s :o c act consci\sly & at w on ! human be+s :o live 9 exp]i5tial space4 ,to inve/ ?is op9ion ) great] /r5g? ,zlln] appeal$ to ! fact t ! greate/ ?9k]s ( antiquity & ( mod]n times 7 ei!r :olly ( ?is op9ion or at lea/ held views f :i* 8 cont5tions might be imm$iately d]iv$4 ,plato's dialogue betwe5 ,socrates & ,glaukon 9 ! sev5? book ( ! ,republic1 is evid5ce1 says ,zlln]1 t ?is greate/ philosoph] ( antiquity possess$ "s pres5tim5t ( ?is ext5sion ( ! notion ( space4 ,yet any "o :o has connect$ly /udi$ & und]/ood ,plato's sy/em ( philosophy mu/ conc$e t ! s-call$ 8ideas0 ( ! ,platonic sy/em d5ote some?+ :olly diff]5t f :at ,zlln] sees 9 !m or pret5ds to see4 ,zlln] says t ^! ,platonic ideas are spatial objects ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions & repres5t 8real exi/5ce0 9 ! same s5se t ! mat]ial _w1 z contra/$ ) ! images on ! ret9a1 repres5ts x4 ,zlln] simil>ly deals ) ! ,kantian 8?+-9-itself10 :i* is also reg>d$ z an object ( high] dim5sions4 ,to %[ ,kant 9 ! light ( a pr$ecessor1 ,zlln] quotes ! foll[+ passage f ! =m]'s 8,trume e9es ,gei/]seh]s1 erlut]t dur* ,trume d] ,metaphysik0 7#agff1 ,collect$ ,works1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 page #cb et seqq473 8,i confess t ,i am v mu* incl9$ to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( immat]ial be+s 9 ! _w1 & to rank my own s\l z "o ( su* a class4 ,x appe>s1 !re is a spiritual ess5ce exi/5t :i* is intimately b\nd up ) matt] b :i* does n act on ^? =ces ( ! elem5ts by :i* ! latt] are connect$1 b ^u "s int]nal pr9ciple ( its own condition4 ,x w1 9 ! "t to come--,i "k n :5 or :]e--be prov$1 t ! human s\l1 ev5 9 ?is life1 exi/s 9 a /ate ( un9t]rupt$ connection ) all ! immat]ial natures ( ! spiritual _w2 t x alt]nately acts on !m & receives impressions f !m1 ( :i*1 z a human s\l1 x is n1 9 ! normal /ate ( ?+s1 consci\s4 ,x w\ld be a great ?+1 if "s su* sy/ematic con/itution ( ! spiritual _w1 z we conceive x1 c\ld be d$uc$1 n exclusively f our g5]al notion ( spiritual nature1 :i* is altoge!r too hypo!tical1 b f "s real & univ]sally admitt$ obs]vations1--or1 = t matt]1 if x c\ld ev5 be %[n to be probable40 ,:at ,kant really ass]ts "h is1 fir/1 ! p>tly indep5d5t & p>tly dep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 & ( spiritual be+s g5]ally1 on matt]1 &1 second1 t spiritual be+s h "s common connection ) & mutually influ5ce "o ano!r4 ,?is cont5tion1 :i* is t ( v _m ?9k]s1 does n1 h[ev]1 entail ! consequ5ce t ! 8transc5d5tal subject ( ,kant0 mu/ be f\r-dim5sional1 z ,zlln] ass]ts x does4 ,kant nev] ev5 h9t$ at ! !ory t ! psy*ical features ( ! _w owe _! connection ) ! mat]ial features to ! fact t !y are f\r-dim5sional &1 !re=e1 include ! ?ree-dim5sional4 ,is x a necess>y conclusion t if a ?+ exi/s & is n ?ree-dim5sional1 z is ! case ) ! s\l1 t x is !re=e f\r-dim5sional8 ,c x n 9 fact be s con/itut$ t x is :olly mean+less to speak ( dim5sions at all 9 connection ) x8 ,yet /ill m /rongly ?an ! words ( ,plato & ,kant d c]ta9 utt]ances ( ! ma!maticians ,gauss & ,riemann speak 9 favor ( ,zlln]'s hypo!sis4 ,s4 v4 ,walt]%aus5 relates ( ,gauss 9 8 8,gruss zum ,g$*tnis10 7,leipsic1 #ahef17 t ,gauss _h (t5 rem>k$ t ! ?ree dim5sions ( space 7 only a specific peculi>ity ( ! human m9d4 ,we c ?9k ourselves1 he said1 into be+s :o are only consci\s ( two dim5sions2 simil>ly1 p]haps1 be+s :o are above & outside our _w may look d[n ^u u2 & !re 71 he cont9u$1 9 a je/+ tone1 a numb] ( problems :i* he _h "h indef9itely laid aside1 b hop$ to treat 9 a sup]ior /ate by sup]ior geometrical me?ods4 ,leav+ aside ?is je/1 :i* q naturally sugge/$ itself1 ! rem>ks ( ,gauss are q correct4 ,we possess ! p[] to ab/ract & c ?9k1 !re=e1 :at k9d ( geometry a be+ t is only acqua9t$ ) a two-dim5sional _w w\ld h2 = in/ance1 we c imag9e t su* a be+ c\ld n conceive ( ! possibility ( mak+ two triangles co9cide :i* 7 congru5t 9 ! s5se above expla9$1 & s on4 ,s1 also1 we c und]/& t a be+ :o has control ( f\r dim5sions c only conceive ( a geometry ( f\r-dim5sional space1 yet may h ! capacity ( ?9k+ itself into spaces ( o!r dim5sions4 ,b x does n foll[ f ?is t a f\r-dim5sional space exi/s1 let alone t x is inhabit$ by reasonable be+s4 ,riemann1 on ! o!r h&1 speaks directly ( a _w ( spirits4 ,9 8 8,neue ma!matis*e ,pr9cipi5 d] ,naturphilosophie0 he puts =? ! hypo!sis t ! space ( ! _w is fill$ ) a mat]ial t is con/antly p\r+ into ! pond]able atoms1 !re to disappe> f ! ph5om5al _w4 ,9 e pond]able atom1 he says1 at e mom5t ( "t1 !re ent]s & appe>s a det]m9ate am\nt ( matt]1 proportional to ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,! pond]able bodies1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 are ! place at :i* ! spiritual _w ent]s & acts on ! mat]ial _w4 ,riemann's _w ( spirits1 ! sole (fice ( :i* is to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( gravitation z a =ce gov]n+ matt]1 is1 ?\gh1 ess5tially diff]5t f ! spiritual _w ( ,zlln]1 ! function ( :i* is to expla9 suppos$ sup]s5su\s ph5om5a :i* /& 9 ! mo/ gl>+ contradiction ) ! e/abli%$ kn[n laws ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,besides ?is appeal to ! te/imony ( em95t m5 l ,plato1 ,kant1 ,gauss1 & ,riemann1 ! sci5tific prophet ( mod]n spiritualism also bases 8 !ory on ! belief1 :i* has obta9$ at all times & appe>$ 9 v>i\s =ms among all peoples1 t !re exi/ 9 ! _w =ces :i* at times are compet5t to evoke ph5om5a t are exempt f ! ord9>y laws ( nature4 ,we h b to ?9k ( ! ph5om5a ( table-turn+ :i* once excit$ ! ,*9ese z mu* z x has ar\s$1 dur+ ! la/ few decades1 ! ,european & ,am]ican worlds2 or ( ! div9+-rod1 by ^: help our =efa!rs s\ght = wat]1 9 fact1 z we d n[ 9 p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,cranz1 9 8 essay on ! subject1 divides spirituali/ic ph5om5a into physical & intellectual4 ,( ! fir/ class he enum]ates ! foll[+3 ! mov+ ( *airs & tables2 ! animation ( walk+-/icks1 slipp]s1 & broom/icks2 ! miracul\s ?r[+ ( objects2 _s-rapp+s 7,lu!r he>d a s\nd 9 ! ,w>tburg1 8z if ?ree score casks 7 hurl$ d[n ! /airs072 ! ec/atic susp5sion ( p]sons above ! floor2 ! dim9ution ( ! =ces ( gravity2 ! ordeals ( wit*es2 ! fet*+ ( wi%$-= objects2 ! decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le by p]sons at a di/ance2 ! unty+ ( knots 9 a clos$ /r+2 ins5sibility to injury & exemption !refrom :5 tortur$1 z 9 h&l+ r$-hot coals1 c>ry+ hot irons1 etc42 ! music ( invisible spirits2 ! mat]ialisations ( spirits or ( individual p>ts ( spirits 7! footpr9ts 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,slade1 photograph$ by ,zlln]72 ! d\ble appe>ance ( ! same p]son2 ! p5etration ( matt] 7( clos$ doors1 w9d[s1 & s =?74 ,z num]\s also is ! selection pres5t$ by ,cranz ( intellectual ph5om5a1 namely3 _s-writ+ 7,h's in/rum5t = ! facilitation ( int]c\rse ) spirits71 ! clairvoyance & div9ation ( somnambuli/s1 ( vision>y1 ec/atic1 & hypnotis$ p]sons1 prompt$ or controll$ by n>cotic m$ic9es1 by sleep+ 9 temples1 by music & danc+1 by ascetic modes ( life & resid5ce 9 b>r5 localities1 by ! exudations ( ! soil & ( wat]1 by ! contemplation ( jewels1 mirrors1 & cry/al-pure wat]1 & by ano9t+ ! f+]-nails ) consecrat$ oil4 ,also ! foll[+ additional intellectual ph5om5a are cit$3 increas$ eloqu5ce or sudd5ly acquir$ p[] ( speak+ 9 =eign languages2 _s-effects at a di/ance2 inability to move1 transf]5ces ( ! w1 & s =?4 ,all ^! ph5om5a1 pres5t$ ) ! aspect ( tru?1 & associat$ m or less ) trick]y1 self-deception1 & humbug1 are adduc$ by ! spirituali/s to sub/antiate ! belief 9 a _w ( spirits :i* consci\sly & purposely take "p 9 ! ev5ts ( ! mat]ial _w1 & t ^! ph5om5a may be suffici5tly & consi/5tly expla9$ by ! effects ( ! activity ( su* a _w4 ,x is impossible = u to discuss & put to ! te/ "h ! explanations ( all ^! sup]s5su\s ph5om5a4 ,any?+ & ev]y?+ c be expla9$ by spirits :o act at w ^u ! _w4 ,!re are only a few ( ^! ph5om5a1 namely1 clairvoyance & ,slade's exp]im5ts1 ^: explanations are s intimately connect$ ) our ma9 !me1 ! s-call$ f\r? dim5sion1 t !y _c be pass$ ov]4 ,fir/1 ) respect to clairvoyance1 ! ,am]ican vision>y ,davis describes ! exp]i5ces :i* he claims to h made 9 ?is condition1 induc$ by 8magnetic sleep10 z foll[s3#ha 8,! sph]e ( my vision n[ began to exp&4 ,at fir/1 ,i c\ld only cle>ly disc]n ! walls ( ! h\se4 ,at ! />t !y seem$ to me d>k & gloomy2 b !y soon became bright] & f9ally transp>5t4 ,i c\ld n[ see ! objects1 ! ut5sils1 & ! p]sons 9 ! adjo9+ h\se z easily z ^? 9 ! room 9 :i* ,i sat4 ,b my p]ceptions ext5d$ fur!r /ill2 be=e my w&]+ glance1 :i* seem$ to control a great semi-circle1 ! broad surface ( ! e>?1 = hundr$s ( miles ab\t me1 grew z transp>5t z wat]1 & ,i saw ! bra9s1 ! entrails1 & ! entire anatomy ( ! bea/s t w&]$ ab\t 9 ! =e/s ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles f ! room 9 :i* ,i sat40 ,! belief 9 ! possibility ( su* /ates ( clairvoyance is by no means new4 ,alex&] ,dumas made use ( x1 = example1 9 8 8,mmoires d'un mdic910 9 :i* ,c\nt ,balsamo1 aft]w>ds call$ ,caglio/ro1 is said to possess ! p[] ( trans=m+ suitable p]sons into ?is wond]ful condition & ?us to f9d out :at o!r p]sons at di/ant places are do+4 ,zlln] expla9s clairvoyance by means ( ! f\r? dim5sion ?us3 ,a man :o is accu/om$ to view+ ?+s on a pla9 is suppos$ to asc5d to a consid]able height 9 a balloon4 ,he w !re enjoy a mu* m ext5d$ prospect ?an if he _h rema9$ on ! pla9 bel[1 & w also be able to signal to great] di/ances4 ,! pla91 t is1 ! two-dim5sion$ space1 is accord+ly view$ by him f po9ts outside ( ! pla9 z 8op50 9 all directions4 ,exactly s1 9 ,zlln]'s !ory1 mu/ ?ree-dim5sion$ spaces appe>1 :5 view$ f po9ts 9 f\r-dim5sion$ space1 namely1 z 8op502 & ! m s 9 proportion z ! po9t 9 "q is situat$ at a great] di/ance f ! place ( our body1 or 9 proportion z ! s\l asc5ds to a great] height 9 ?is f\r? dim5sion4 ,zlln] ?us expla9s clairvoyance z a condition 9 :i* ! s\l has displac$ itself out ( its ?ree-dim5sion$ space & rea*$ a po9t :i* ) respect to ?is space is f\r-dim5sionally situat$ & :5ce x is able to contemplate ! ?ree-dim5sional _w )\t ! int]f]5ce ( int]v5+ ob/acles4 ,! foll[+ rem>k is to be made to ?is explanation4 ,! reason :y we h a bett] & m ext5d$ view f a balloon ?an f places on ! e>? is simply ?is1 t betwe5 ! susp5d$ balloon & ! objects se5 at a di/ance no?+ int]v5es b ! air1 & air all[s ! transmission ( light1 :]eas1 at ! places bel[ on ! e>? !re are all k9ds ( mat]ial ?+s ab\t ! obs]v] :i* prev5t ! transmission ( light & ei!r r5d] difficult or absolutely impossible ! sight ( ?+s :i* lie f> away4 ,9 ! same way1 also1 f a po9t 9 f\r-dim5sion$ space1 a ?ree-dim5sional object w be visible only provid$ !re are no ob/acles int]v5+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is aw>5ess ( a di/ant object is a real1 actual vision by means ( a lum9\s ray :i* /rikes ! eye1 !re is conta9$ 9 ! explanation ( ,zlln] ! tacit assumption t ! m$ium ) :i* ! f\r-dim5sional _w is fill$ is also p]vi\s to light exactly z ! atmosph]e is4 ,! !ory t !re are f\r-dim5sional spirits :o produce ! ph5om5a cit$ by ! spirituali/s receiv$ special support f ! exp]im5ts :i* ! pre/idigitateur ,slade1 :o claim$ he 0 a spirituali/ic m$ium1 p]=m$ be=e ,zlln]4 ,( ^! exp]im5ts we w speak ( ! two mo/ important1 ! exp]im5t ) ! glass sph]e & ! exp]im5t ) ! knots4 ,to expla9 ! connection ( ! glass sph]e exp]im5t ) ! f\r? dim5sion1 we mu/ fir/ conceive ( two-dim5sional reason+ be+s1 or1 let u say1 two-dim5sional worms1 liv+ & mov+ 9 a plane4 ,= a creature ( ?is k9d x w be self-evid5t t !re are no o!r pa?s betwe5 two po9ts ( its plane ?an su* z lie )9 ! plane4 ,x mu/1 accord+ly1 be beyond ! range ( conception ( ?is worm1 h[ any two-dim5sional object :i* lies )9 a circle 9 its space c be br\ght to any o!r position 9 its space outside ! circle )\t ! object pass+ ?r\gh ! b>ri]s =m$ by ! circle's circumf]5ce4 ,b if ?is worm c\ld procure ! s]vices ( a ?ree-dim5sional be+1 ! transportation ( ! object f a position )9 ! circle to any position outside x c\ld be effect$ by ! ?ree-dim5sional be+ simply tak+ ! object out ( ! plane & plac+ x at ! desir$ po9t4 ,?is object1 !re=e1 w\ld1 9 an inexplicable mann]1 sudd5ly disappe> be=e ! eyes ( ! worms :o 7 assembl$ z spectators1 & aft] ! lapse ( an int]val ( "t w\ld aga9 appe> outside ! circle )\t hav+ pass$ at any po9t ?r\gh ! circle's circumf]5ce4 ,if n[ we add ano!r dim5sion1 we %all d]ive f ?is trick1 :i* is :olly remov$ f ! s5se-p]ception ( ! flatt5$ worms1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* is :olly beyond ! p]ception ( u human be+s4 ,inside a glass sph]e1 :i* is clos$ all ar\nd1 a gra9 ( corn is plac$2 ! problem is to transport ! corn to "s place outside ! sph]e )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! glass surface4 ,n[ we %\ld be able to p]=m ?is trick if "s f\r-dim5sional be+ w\ld r5d] u ! same aid t we be=e r5d]$ ! two-dim5sional worm4 ,= ! f\r-dim5sional be+ c\ld take ! gra9 ( corn into 8 f\r-dim5sional space & !n replace x 9 our space 9 ! desir$ spot outside ( ! glass sph]e4 ,slade p]=m$ ?is trick be=e ,zlln]4 ,its m]e p]=mance suffic$ to conv9ce ?is latt] inve/igator t ,slade _h "h made use ( a f\r-dim5sional ag5t1 :o1 9 respect ( p[] ( motion1 controll$ 8 f\r-dim5sional space z we d our ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,x nev] occurr$ to ,zlln] t ?is exp]im5t 0 ! clev]ly execut$ trick ( a pre/idigitateur1 or1 z x w\ld at once occur to u1 t ! :ole ?+ 0 a s5sory illusion4 ,! fact t we _c expla9 a trick easily & naturally does n irrevocably prove t x is accompli%$ by o!r means ?an ^? :i* ! _w ( matt] pres5ts4 ,/ill bett] kn[n ?an ?is la/ p]=mance is ,slade's exp]im5ts ) knots4 ,to expla9 ?is 9 connection ) ! f\r? dim5sion1 we mu/ resort aga9 to ! plane & ! flat worm inhabit+ x4 ,to two p>allel l9es 9 a plane let ! two ends ( a ?ird l9e1 :i* has a d\ble po9t1 t is1 int]sects itself once1 be atta*$4 ,our flat worm w\ld n be able to untie ! loop =m$ by ! d\bl$ ?ird l9e1 :i* we w call a /r+1 because x _c execute motions 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,if1 !re=e1 a two-dim5sional pre/idigitateur %\ld appe> & accompli% ! trick ( unty+ ?is loop )\t remov+ ! two ends ( ! /r+ f ! p>allel l9es1 he w h accompli%$ = our flat worm a sup]s5su\s exp]im5t4 ,a human be+ engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! pre/idigitateur c\ld execute = him ! exp]im5t by simply lift+ ! /r+ a little out ( ! plane1 pull+ x taut1 & plac+ x back aga94 ,?is sugge/s ! foll[+ analog\s exp]im5t = ?ree-dim5sional be+s4 ,! two ends ( a /r+ 9 :i* a common knot has be5 made are seal$ to ! opposite walls ( a room4 ,! problem is to untie ?is knot )\t break+ ! seals at ! two ends ( ! /r+4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ?is problem is n soluble1 b x may be calculat$ ma!matically t ! knot 9 ! /r+ c be unti$ z easily by motions 9 a f\r? dim5sion ( space z 9 ! exp]im5t above describ$ ! knot 9 ! two-dim5sional /r+ 0 unti$ by a ?ree-dim5sional motion4 ,n[ z ,slade unti$ ! knot be=e ,zlln]'s eyes )\t app>5tly mak+ any use ( ! ends fa/5$ 9 ! walls1 ,zlln] 0 /ill m /rongly confirm$ 9 ! view t ,slade _h p[] ov] spirits :o p]=m$ ! exp]im5ts = him4 ,/ill m f>-rea*+ is ! !ory ( ,c>l du ,prel conc]n+ ! relations ( ! mat]ial & ! f\r-dim5sional _w4 7,comp>e 8 num]\s essays 9 ! spirituali/ic magaz9e ,sph9x47 ,j z ! %ad[s ( ?ree-dim5sional objects ca/ on a wall are controll$ 9 _! movem5ts by ! ?+s ^: projections !y are1 9 ! same way x is claim$ does !re exi/ back ( ev]y?+ ( ?is s5se-p]ceptible _w a real transc5d5tal & f\r-dim5sional 8?+-9 itself0 ^: projection 9 ! space ( exp]i5ce is :at we falsely reg>d z ! indep5d5t ?+4 ,?us e man besides exi/+ 9 8 t]re/rial self also exi/s 9 a spiritual or a/ral self :i* con/antly accompanies him 9 8 walks ?r\gh life & ^: exi/5ce is especially proclaim$ 9 /ates ( pr(\nd sleep1 ( somnambulism1 & 9 ! conditions ( m$iums4 ,9 ?is way ,du ,prel expla9s ! wond]ful feats ( somnambuli/s1 & ! a]ial j\rneys ( sorc]]s & wit*es4 ,:]eas1 ord9>ily ! sep>ation ( ! mat]ial body f ! a/ral body is only effect$ at ! mom5t ( dea?2 9 ! case ( somnambuli/s ?is sep>ation may take place at any "t1 or1 z ,du ,prel says3 8! ?re%old ( feel+ may be p]man5tly displac$40 ,9 view ( ! natural relations ( su* !ories to ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity x is expla9able t !ologians also h rais$ _! voices = or aga9/ spiritualism4 ,:ile ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ,times beheld 9 ! 8repulsive ?aumaturgic p]=mances :i* ^! coryphi ( mod]n sci5ce (f]1 a lack ( compreh5sion ( real philosophy10 ! magaz9e ,! ,pro( ( ,fai?1 expresses its delight at ! discov]y ( spiritualism 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,e ,*ri/ian w surely rejoice at ! deep & p]haps mortal w\nd :i* ^! new discov]ies h 9 all probability adm9i/]$ to mod]n mat]ialism40 ,we %all pass by ! *ildi% op9ion t ! ,bible also speaks ( f\r dim5sions1 z bo? 9 ,job 7xi1 #h-i7 & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 7iii1 #ah7 only bread?1 l5g?1 dep?1 & height1 t is1 f\r directions ( ext5sion1 are m5tion$4 ,yet we w /ill add1 z ,cranz has done1 ! reflections :i* ,zlln]1 z ! mo/ prom95t repres5tative ( mod]n spiritualism1 has put =w>d respect+ its relation to ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity 7,wiss5s*4 ,abh&l41 ,vol4 ,,iii74 ,by ! f\ndation ( transc5d5tal physics on ! basis ( spirituali/ic ph5om5a1 ! 8new light0 has aris5 :i* is spok5 ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! ,temple on ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 ! resurrection1 ! asc5sion1 ! transfiguration1 ! speak+ ) _m tongues on ! giv+ out ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 all ^! are 9 ,zlln]'s view spirituali/ic ph5om5a4 ,simil>ly1 he sees a ref]5ce to ! f\r-dim5sional _w ( spirits 9 all ^? say+s ( ,*ri/ 9 :i* ! latt] speaks to 8 ,apo/les ( ! impossibility ( _! hav+ any image or notion ( ! place to :i* :5 he disappe>$ he w\ld g & :5ce he w\ld return4 7,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 xiii1 #cc1 #cf2 xiv1 #b1 #c1 #bh2 xvi1 #e1 #ac74 ,ulrici1 h[ev]1 goes fur!/ 9 ! m+l+ ( spirituali/ic & ,*ri/ian beliefs2 = he sees 9 ! doctr9e ( spiritualism a means ( /r5g!n+ belief 9 a supreme moral _w-ord] & 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 answ] to ,ulrici's tract 8,spiritualism ,s-call$1 a ,"q ( ,sci5ce0 7#ahhi7 ,wundt wrote an annihilat+ reply be>+ ! title 8,spiritualism1 a ,"q ( ,sci5ce ,s-call$40 ,wundt criticises ! future condition ( our s\ls accord+ to spirituali/ic hypo!ses 9 ! foll[+ s>ca/ic yet p]t95t words1 :i* ,cranz also quotes3 87#a7 ,physically1 ! s\ls ( ! dead come into ! ?raldom ( c]ta9 liv+ be+s :o are call$ m$iums4 ,^! m$iums are1 = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 a n widely diffus$ class & !y appe> to be almo/ exclusively ,am]icans4 ,at ! comm& ( ^! m$iums1 dep>t$ s\ls p]=m me*anical feats :i* possess ?r\gh\t ! "* ( absolute aimlessness4 ,!y rap1 !y lift tables & *airs1 !y move b$s1 !y play on ! h>monica1 & d o!r simil> ?+s4 7#b7 ,intellectually1 ! s\ls ( ! dead ent] a condition :i*1 if we are to judge f ! productions :i* !y deposit on ! slates ( ! m$iums1 mu/ be t]m$ a v lam5table "o4 ,^! slate-writ+s belong ?r\gh\t 9 ! category ( imbecility2 !y are totally b]eft ( any cont5ts4 7#c7 ,! mo/ favor$1 app>5tly1 is ! moral condition ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony :i* we h1 its "* _c be said to be any?+ else ?an t ( utt] h>mlessness4 ,f brutal p]=mances1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! de/ruction ( b$-canopies1 ! spirits mo/ politely refra940 ,wundt !n lam5ts ! demoralis+ effect :i* spiritualism ex]cises on p :o h hi!rto devot$ _! p[]s to "s s]i\s pursuit or ev5 to ! s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,9 fact x is a presumptu\s & flagrant proc$ure to =sake ! pa? ( exact rese>*1 :i* sl[ z x is1 yet always leads to a sure ext5sion ( k1 9 ! hope t "s aimless1 foolh>dy v5ture into ! realm ( unc]ta9ty w c>ry u fur!r ?an ! pa? ( sl[ toil1 & t we c ev] ?us easily lift ! veil :i* hides f man ! problems ( ! _w t are yet unsolv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ t we h pres5t$ ! op9ions ( o!rs respect+ ! exi/5ce ( a f\r-dim5sional _w ( spirits1 ! au?or w\ld l to develop "o or two ideas ( 8 own on ! subject4 ,9 ! prec$+ section x 0 /at$ t ev]y?+ t we p]ceive by our s5ses is ?ree-dim5sional & t ev]y?+ t possesses f\r or m dim5sions c only be reg>d$ z ab/ractions or fictions :i* our reason =ms 9 its con/ant ef=ts aft] an ext5sion & g5]alisation ( k4 ,to speak ( a two-dim5sional matt] is z self-contradictory z ! notion ( f\r-dim5sional matt]4 ,b a two or a f\r-dim5sional _w might exi/ 9 "s o!r mann] ?an a mat]ial mann]1 & = all we "k 9 "o :i* to u does n admit ( repres5tation4 ,b 9 su* a case1 if x 7 )\t ! p[] ( affect+ ! mat]ial _w1 we %\ld nev] be able to acquire any k conc]n+ its exi/5ce1 & x w\ld be totally indiff]5t to ! p ( ! ?ree-dim5sional _w1 :e!r su* a _w exi/$ or n4 ,j z an arti/ dur+ 8 lifetime produces a numb] ( diff]5t works ( art1 s also ! ,creator might h creat$ a numb] ( diff]5t-dim5sion$ worlds :i* 9 no wise int]f]e ) "o ano!r4 ,9 su* a case1 any "o _w w\ld n be able to "k any?+ ( any o!r1 & we mu/ consequ5tly reg>d ! "q :e!r a f\r-dim5sional _w exi/s :i* is incapable ( affect+ ours1 z insoluble4 ,we h only to exam9e1 !re=e1 ! "q :e!r ! ph5om5al _w p]haps is a s+le individual 9 a great lay] ( worlds ( :i* e successive "o has "o m dim5sion ?an ! prec$+ & :i* are s connect$ ) "o ano!r t ea* successive _w conta9s & includes ! prec$+ _w1 &1 !re=e1 c produce effects 9 x4 ,= our reason1 :i* draws its inf]5ces f ! ph5om5a ( ?is _w1 tells u1 t if outside ! ?ree-dim5sional _w !re exi/s a second f\r-dim5sional _w1 conta9+ ours1 !re is no reason :y worlds ( m or less dim5sions %\ld n1 ) ! same "r1 also exi/4 ,b if n[1 z ,zlln] & 8 adh]5ts ma9ta91 f\r-dim5sional spirits exi/ :i* c act by ! m]e ef=ts ( _! own wills on our _w1 !re is surely no reason :y we ?ree-dim5sional be+s %\ld n also be able to produce effects on "s two-dim5sional animat$ _w4 ,:e!r we h1 g5]ally1 any su* influ5ce we d n "k1 b we c]ta9ly d "k t we d n act purposely & consci\sly on a two-dim5sional _w4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,zlln] 7 "r1 ! plan ( creation w\ld possess ! wond]ful feature t f\r-dim5sional be+s are capable ( arbitr>ily affect+ ! ?ree-dim5sional _w1 b t ?ree-dim5sional be+s h no "r 9 _! turn consci\sly to affect a two dim5sional _w4 ,! support]s ( ,zlln]'s hypo!sis w p]haps reply to ! objection j made1 t ! plan ( creation might1 aft] all1 possibly possess ?is wond]ful peculi>ity1 t we human be+s p]haps1 9 "s high] condition ( culture1 w be able to act consci\sly on two-dim5sional worlds1 & t at any rate x is simply an inf]5ce by analogy to conclude f ! non-exi/5ce ( a relation betwe5 ?ree & two dim5sions t ! same relation is also want+ 9 ! case ( f\r & ?ree dim5sions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! objection above made is n int5d$ to refute ,zlln]'s hypo!sis1 b only to /amp x z v improbable4 ,b despite ?is improbability ,zlln] w\ld /ill be "r if ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w actually made 8 hypo!sis necess>y4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! ph5om5a to :i* ! spirituali/s appeal are probably f\nd$ on s5se-illusions1 humbug1 & self-deception1 x _c be d5i$ t !re possibly d exi/ ph5om5a :i* _c be br\ght into h>mony ) ! natural laws n[ kn[n4 ,!re always h be5 my/]i\s ph5om5a1 & !re always w be4 ,yet1 z we h (t5 se5 t ! progress ( sci5ce has aga9 & aga9 reveal$ z natural :at =m] g5]ations held to be sup]natural1 x is c]ta9ly :olly wrong to br+ 9 = ! explanation ( ph5om5a :i* n[ seem my/]i\s an hypo!sis l t ( ,zlln]'s1 by :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! _w c be expla9$4 ,if we adopt a po9t ( view :i* reg>ds x z natural = spirits arbitr>ily to int]f]e 9 ! work+s ( ! _w1 all sci5tific inve/igation w cease1 = we c\ld nev] m tru/ or rely ^u any *emical or physical exp]im5t1 or any botanical or zological culture4 ,if ! spirits are ! au?ors ( ! ph5om5a t are my/]i\s to u1 :y %\ld !y also n h control ( ! ph5om5a :i* are n my/]i\s8 ,! exi/5ce ( my/]i\s ph5om5a ju/ifies 9 no mann] or =m ! assumption t spirits exi/ :i* produce !m4 ,w\ld x n be mu* simpl]1 if we mu/ h sup]natural influ5ces1 to adopt ! nave religi\s po9t ( view1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ t happ5s is traceable to ! direct1 actual1 & p]sonal int]f]5ce ( a s+le be+ :i* we call ,god8 ,?+s :i* =m]ly /ood beyond ! sph]e ( our k & 7 reg>d$ z m>vell\s ev5ts1 z a /orm1 = example1 n[ /& 9 ! mo/ intimate connection ) kn[n natural laws4 ,?+s t =m]ly 7 my/]i\s are s no long]4 ,if "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago "s sci5ti/s 7 9 ! possession ( our pres5t k ( inductional electricity & _h connect$ ,p>is & ,b]l9 ) a wire by ^: aid "o c\ld cle>ly int]pret 9 ,b]l9 :at ano!r p]son _h at t v mom5t said 9 ,p>is1 p w\ld h reg>d$ ?is ph5om5on z sup]natural & assum$ t ! orig9ator ( ?is long-di/ance speak+ 0 9 league ) spirits4 ,we recognise1 ?us1 t ! ?+s :i* are t]m$ sup]natural dep5d to a great ext5t on ! /age ( culture :i* humanity has rea*$4 ,?+s :i* n[ appe> to u my/]i\s1 may1 9 a v few decades1 be recognis$ z q natural4 ,?is k1 h[ev]1 is n to be obta9$ by ! lazy assumption ( b&s ( spirits z ! au?ors ( my/]i\s ph5om5a1 b by p]=m+ :at 9 physics & *emi/ry is call$ exp]im5t4 ,b ! fir/ & ess5tial condition ( all sci5tific exp]im5t+ is t ! exp]im5t] %all be absolutely ma/] ( ! conditions "u :i* ! exp]im5t is or is n to succe$4 ,n[1 ?is crit]ion ( sci5tific exp]im5t+ is totally lack+ 9 all spirituali/ic exp]im5ts4 ,we c nev] assign 9 _! case ! conditions "u :i* !y w or w n succe$4 ,:5 all ! prep>ations 9 a spirituali/ic sance h be5 prop]ly made1 b no?+ takes place1 ! beautiful excuse is always =?com+ t ! 8spirits 7 n will+10 t !re 7 8too _m incr$ul\s p]sons pres5t10 & s =?4 ,=tunately1 9 physical exp]im5ts ^! pretexts are n necess>y4 ,by ! pa? ( exp]im5t1 & n by t ( transc5d5tal speculation1 physics has ?us made incr$ible progress & has pil$ new k /rata on /rata ^u ! old4 ,accord+ly1 ! prospect is left t ! my/]ies :i* ! conditions & prop]ties ( ! human s\l /ill pres5t c be solv$ m & m by ! me?ods ( sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,to ?is end1 h[ev]1 x is especially necess>y t ! physio-psy*ological exp]im5ts 9 "q %\ld only be p]=m$ by m5 :o possess ! critical eye ( inquiry1 :o are free f ! dang]s ( self-illusion1 & :o are compet5t to keep ap>t f _! exp]im5ts all sup]/ition & deception4 ,! hi/ory ( natural sci5ce cle>ly tea*es t x is only by ?is road t man c arrive at c]ta9 & well-e/abli%$ k4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re really is beh9d su* ph5om5a z m9d-read+1 telepa?y1 & simil> psy*ical ph5om5a some?+ besides humbug & self-illusion1 :at we h to d is to /udy privately & c>efully by s]i\s exp]im5ts ! success or non-success ( su* ph5om5a1 & n all[ ourselves to be influ5c$ by ! public & dramatic p]=mances ( psy*ical arti/s1 l ,cumb]l& & 8 ilk4 ,! high em95ce on :i* ! k & civilisation ( humanity n[ /&s 0 n rea*$ by ! ?\ghtless employm5t ( fanciful ideas1 nor by rec\rse to f\r-dim5sional worlds1 b by h>d1 s]i\s labor & sl[1 unceas+ rese>*4 ,let all m5 ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 b& !mselves toge!r & oppose a solid front to me?ods t expla9 ev]y?+ t is n[ my/]i\s to u by ! int]f]5ce ( indep5d5t spirits4 ,= ^! me?ods1 ow+ to ! fact t !y c expla9 ev]y?+1 expla9 no?+1 & ?us oppose dang]\s ob/acles to ! progress ( real rese>*1 to :i* we owe ! beautiful temple ( mod]n k4 ,,h]mann ,,s*ub]t4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,?is is discuss$ at great] l5g? 9 my tract ,zahl und ,zhl5 9 ,vir*[-,holtz5dorff's collection ( popul> essays1 ,j4 ,f4 ,ri*t]1 #ahhg4 #hj ,victor ,s*legel1 inde$1 has made models ( ! ?ree-dim5sional nets ( all ! six /ructures :i* correspond 9 f\r-dim5sion$ space to ! five regul> bodies ( our space1 9 an analog\s mann] to t by :i* we draw 9 a plane ! nets ( five regul> bodies4 ,s*legel's models are made by ,brill ( ,d>m/adt4 #ha ,quot$ by ,cranz4 ,,correspond5ce4 ,i4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,outlook ,,9 ,,france4 ,! return ( ,mme4 ,hyac9! ,loyson to ,france aft] h] ,am]ican t\r1 und]tak51 ,i und]/&1 9 ord] to obta9 new support = ! ,gallican *ur*1 sugge/s ! writ+ ( ?is article1 :i* w be a brief survey1 f ! po9t ( view ( an ,am]ican layman1 ( ! pres5t religi\s situation 9 ,france4 ,z ,pre ,hyac9!'s re=m has be5 made ! peg on :i* to hang ?is article1 p]haps ,i _c d bett] ?an beg9 by an exam9ation ( ! noble b fruitless labors ( ! eloqu5t ex-,c>melite4 ,:ile "o _c help be+ c>ri$ away by ! oratory ( ,hyac9! ,loyson & *>m$ ) 8 p]sonality1 s full ( wit1 k9dl9ess1 & g5tility2 :ile "o mu/ admire ! devot$ness & e>ne/ness ( ,mme4 ,loyson & feel mu* sympa?y = _! /udi\s & promis+ son ,paul1 "o is conv9c$ 9 spite ( "o's self t ?is latt]-day ,gallicanism is doom$ to failure if inde$ x has n already fail$4 ,y h simply to visit ! poor little *ur* 9 ! ,rue d',arras1 9 ?is city1 to see :at a m]e h&ful ( foll[]s ,pre ,hyac9! has be5 able to collect 9 ?is great c5tre ( two million p1 aft] ye>s ( "w & aft] prea*+ hundr$s ( magnific5t s]mons t w\ld fill to ov]fl[+ ! l>ge/ edifice 9 ,am]ica1 ,sunday aft] ,sunday1 if deliv]$ ) simil> eloqu5ce by a div9e ( no matt] :at d5om9ation or ( no d5om9ation at all4 ,to ! practical layman ( ?is practical age no fur!r demon/ration is necess>y 9 ord] to prove t ,pre ,hyac9!'s mission is1 z ! ,fr5* say1 un c\p dans l'eau1 t is1 an ef=t :i* produces no result4 ,:5ev] ,i leave ?is humble *ur* & am well out 9 ! n>r[1 %abby /reet 9 :i* x is situat$ & am away f ! influ5ce ( ! prea*]'s fasc9ation1 ,i _c help exclaim+1 ,:at a wa/e ( p[]1 ,:at a ca/+ ( pe>ls be=e sw9e6 ,& all ( ,mme4 ,loyson's en?usia/ic conv]sation 9 private1 h] acc\nts ( ! enc\rag+ lett]s receiv$ by ! ,pre1 furtively ( c\rse1 f discont5t$ prie/s1 & h] /atem5ts conc]n+ ! w>m words ( sympa?y & support f ! *ur*m5 ( =eign l&s1 _c remove t abid+ feel+ t ?is rejuv5at$ ,gallican *ur* movem5t is o!r ?an a dismal failure2 m ?an ev] "o exclaims3 ,c'e/ un c\p dans l'eau4 ,pre ,hyac9! has always receiv$1 9 ,france z abroad1 8 greate/ support f ! ,prote/ants4 ,b ,prote/antism "h 9 ,france is a sickly gr[? :5 comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) its ri* & /urdy bro!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has1 at mo/1 only a small b& ( foll[]s1 ne>ly lo/ to view 9 ! va/ army ( ,ca?olicism & ,free?\ght4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,lib]al w+ is los+ gr\nd & ! ,or?odox w+ ga9+ slightly1 n an enc\rag+ sign 9 ^! days to ^? :o hope = ! f9al triumph ( fai? ov] ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds infidelity4 ,! real tru? is t ab\t ! only /r5g? left 9 ,fr5* ,prote/antism to-day lies 9 ! fact t !re is a c]ta9 clat associat$1 9 ! eyes ( ! upp] classes1 ) ! be+ a ,prote/ant1 mu* z is ! case 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 9 ! same rank1 ab\t be+ a ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,x di/+ui%es y f ! multitude1 & 9 ^! democratic times human nature1 especially :5 x is t ( ! 8upp] t510 is v ke5 = elim9ation f 8! vulg> ?rong40 ,x is difficult = an ,am]ican to compreh5d ?is peculi> little /reak ( innoc5t vanity runn+ ?r\gh c]ta9 ,fr5* circles :i* %[s itself 9 ?is wi% to be kn[n z ,prote/ants4 ,x is n too mu* to say t to ! imp>tial outside obs]v] ?is phase ( ! ,fr5* ,prote/antism ( to-day is ! "o t fir/ /rikes ! eye2 :i* goes to prove 9 a peculi> b significant mann] ! weak hold1 on ! "o h&1 :i* ! doctr9e ( ,lu!r & ,calv9 n[ has on ! ,fr5* nation1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ univ]sal mu/ be scepticism1 free?\ght1 & utt] indiff]5ce to *ur* & religion ( e k9d4 ,if native ,fr5* ,prote/antism ex]ts s little influ5ce on ! nation1 x is easy to imag9e ! excessive futility ( ! "w ( ! =eign mission>y4 ,!re is a great deal said 9 ,am]ican & religi\s circles ab\t ! labors 9 ,france ( ! ,salvation ,army1 ! ,mc,all ,mission1 ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 etc4 ,i h receiv$ m ?an "o lett] f w\ld-be subscrib]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ask+ me if ^! & o!r simil> organisations 7 really accompli%+ all t !y pret5d4 ,my reply is inv>iably t if y reg>d _! labors z *>ity "w "s good is be+ done1 b if money is ask$ = because ( ! religi\s results :i* h be5 accompli%$1 ! dem& %\ld be consid]$ to be arrant humbug4 ,if ,pre ,hyac9!1 a ,fr5*man & a ,ca?olic1 aft] =ty ye>s ( labor1 has accompli%$ next to no?+1 x is easy to imag9e h[ ?is nation1 s res]v$ 9 its relations ) ! =eign] :5 he attempts to p5etrate into its inn] life1 w\ld treat ,scot* & ,yankee mission>ies4 ,f a religi\s /&po9t1 !re=e1 ,am]ican money & sympa?y is absolutely ?r[n away :5 x is s5t to ,france4 ,if x be answ]$ t mu* mis]y & physical suff]+ is reliev$ by ^! =eign missions1 ! ,fr5* might well ask if *>ity does n beg9 at home4 ,! ,fr5* are a peculi>ly ?rifty p4 ,few are poor1 begg>s are sc>ce & *>itable in/itutions are ri* & num]\s4 ,h5ce devot+ ,am]ican doll>s to ! relief ( ,fr5* di/ress is mu* l s5d+ coals to ,newca/le1 if x is n a piece ( %e] imp]t95ce1 l our prote/+ to ! ,cz> aga9/ 8 ,sib]ian convict sy/em :5 we h "o q z cruel 9 full sw+ 9 "s ( our ,s\!rn /ates4 ,& n[1 f9ally1 a few p>agraphs ab\t ! great ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* ( ,france1 ! only religi\s in/itution ( any real fir/-rate importance 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:ile x is true t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 at lea/ z a *ur*1 /ill has a /rong hold on ! ,fr5* nation1 x is also q true t indiff]5ce1 infidelity1 free ?\ght1 & a!ism are on ! increase4 ,mat!w ,arnold says1 9 8 essay on ,tol/oi1 writt5 9 #ahhg3 8,betwe5 ! age ( tw5ty & t ( ?irty-five he ,tol/oi _h lo/1 he tells u1 ! ,*ri/ian belief 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up1 a loss ( :i* examples n[adays ab\nd c]ta9ly ev]y:]e1 b :i* 9 ,russia1 z 9 ,france1 is among all "y m5 ( ! upp] & cultivat$ classes m a matt] ( c\rse1 p]haps1 m univ]sal1 m av[$1 ?an x is ) u40 ,arnold might h enl>g$1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ,france1 8 limits & /at$ t 9 ! cities ! middle & l[] classes1 too1 p>ticul>ly ! male portion1 h ab&on$ ,rome4 ,"o has only to visit a ,p>is *ur* to be conv9c$ ( ! contempt :i* m5 feel = ! prie/hood & religion3 y c c\nt t5 female devotees = "o ( ! mascul9e g5d]4 ,9 ! village *ur*1 f> away f ! great c5tres1 ! prie/ may /ill h ! l>ge majority ( ! population1 m5 & wom5 alike1 z fai?ful att5dants ^u s]vice4 ,b ev5 "h1 = "o man :o confesses1 a doz5 or score ( wom5 w kneel at ! *air4 ,!n aga91 ?is m g5]al p>ticipation 9 religi\s c]emonies by ! rural population is due 9 a l>ge measure to ! fact t ^! ,sunday masses & vesp]s are almo/ ! only break & v>iety 9 a v dead & monoton\s exi/5ce4 ,! *ur* is a sort ( meet+ place1 :]e :ole families1 babies1 *ildr51 & adults1 congregate4 ,! hum ( idle conv]sation1 ! cry+ ( infants1 & ! ard5t exhortations ( ! prie/ are (t5 m+l$ 9 a mann] t w\ld a/oni% & %ock a pi\s ,prote/ant1 accu/om$ to ! highly prop] atmosph]e ( an ,episcopalian or ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r sign ( ! disfavor 9 :i* ,fr5* ,ca?olicism f9ds itself to-day is se5 9 ! quality ( its future prie/s4 ,y h simply to look into ! faces ( ! sem9>i/s z !y pass by y 9 procession 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is to be conv9c$ ( ! well-kn[n fact t ^! "y m5 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! fa9t-he>t$ & dull-head$ sons ( ! peasantry1 eag] to escape ! drudg]y ( f>m life & n intellig5t en\gh = bus9ess or ! petty employm5ts (f]$ by ! ,/ate4 8,anybody c make a prie/10 is (t5 he>d 9 ,france4 ,! result is t j z ! ,engli% army is ! receptacle = ! riff-raff--! ,tommy ,atk9ses ( ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s 8,b>rack-room ,ballads0--( ! cities1 s ! ,fr5* prie/hood draws mo/ ( its recruits f ! scum ( ! f>m+ di/ricts4 ,?is fact contra/s /rongly1 by ! way1 ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,prote/ants fill _! pulpits4 ,! "y man :o becomes a pa/or is n look$ ^u by 8 fri5ds & companions z a failure & a numskull4 ,q ! contr>y2 he is imm$iately class$ among ^? tak+ a high moral /&4 ,"s ( ! be/ families ( ,france are desc5d$ f1 or h relatives :o are1 cl]gym51 & !y are q pr\d ( ! fact2 ano!r example ( t s5tim5t ( halo surr\nd+ ,fr5* ,prote/antism to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,ano!r cause ( ?is boycott+ ( ! clo? z a pr(ession by ! y\? ( ! lite is due to ! ,*ur* hav+ got on ! wrong side dur+ ! /ruggle = ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ,republic4 ,! ,ca?olics support$ ! ,mon>*i/s & ,bonap>ti/s & took an active "p 9 ! attempt to prev5t ! adv5t ( republican in/itutions & to ov]?r[ ^! in/itutions :5 !y _h be5 accept$ by a majority ( ! nation4 ,?is unpatriotic c\rse br\ght ! ,*ur* into bad odor among republicans1 s t ! hav+ a son 9 ord]s1 = example1 w\ld be apt to be an imp$im5t to a fa!r aspir+ to political pref]m5t1 especially if ! latt] belong$ to ! ,radical or ,sociali/ w+ ( ! ,republican army4 ,! result is t a :ole great political p>ty is1 9 its g5]al t5d5cy1 oppos$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,nor is ! h>m occasion$ !reby limit$ to l[]+ ! quality ( ! sem9>i/s4 ,x makes a va/ numb] ( intellig5t & influ5tial citiz5s sworn enemies ( religion4 ,?us1 :5 ,gambetta att5d$ fun]als1 he w\ld n ent] ! *ur*1 b wait outside 9 ! por*4 ,:5 ,l\is ,blanc 0 buri$ nei!r *ur* nor prie/ p>ticipat$ 9 ! pageant4 ,on ! dea? ( ,h5ri ,m>t91 a free-?9k+ ,prote/ant cl]gyman (ficiat$ at ! burial s]vice4 ,hundr$s ( o!r prom95t ,republicans1 :o h di$ or be5 buri$ s9ce #ahgj1 nev] ent]$ a *ur*1 p]haps1 except :5 _! bodies 7 borne !re by _! families1 act+ "u ! influ5ce ( its female memb]s1 or out ( respect = public s5tim5t4 ,"o ( ! %rewde/ acts ( ,leo ,,xiii4 is 8 rec5t decl>ation 9 favor ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,he n only accepts ! situation1 b has ord]$ ! fai?ful1 bo? ecclesia/ical & lay1 9 ,france to d likewise4 ,b ?is dem& has n be5 compli$ ) )\t a murmur4 ,m ?an "o prie/ & noble has %[n himself m ultramontane ?an ! ,pope4 ,! important fact rema9s true1 h[ev]1 t (ficially ! ,vatican recognises ! political *ange 9 ,france1 &1 ?\gh ! ,republicans1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,radical camp1 are w>y ( ^! new conv]ts & /ill believe ) ,gambetta1 t 8le cl]icalisme1 voil l'ennemi10 yet ! m]e fact t ! ,vatican lays d[n its arms means a great deal1 ev5 if ! hat*et may n be def9itively buri$4 ,mod]ate ,republicans1 ^? :o g to *ur* ev5 if !y d n believe :at is said !re1 ?9k !y see 9 ?is action ( ! ,holy ,fa!r a new s\rce ( /r5g? = ! ,republic4 ,& x seems to me t !y are "r1 & t ?is view is ! s\nde/4 ,if ! prie/hood ceases its attacks on ! political p[]s t be1 & if ^! latt] keep a %>p wat*1 :i* w be done :ile ! ,radical & ,sociali/ elem5ts are s /rong 9 ,*amb] & ,s5ate1 ! cl]ical p>ty c be held 9 *eck1 & ! ,republic w h s _m less enemies1 ev5 if ^! quondam enemies are b lukew>m fri5ds4 ,,!odore ,,/anton4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,fr5* ,,books4 ,i am happy to h ! opportunity 9 my pres5t lett] to speak ( a book ( real importance1 ,la pa?ologie des emotions1 tudes physiologiques et cl9iques1 by ,m4 ,,*4 ,f,r4 ,! "n ( ?is le>n$ physician ( ! ,bictre is suffici5tly well kn[n to disp5se me f ! necessity ( speak+ ( 8 p]sonality1 s t ,i c devote all t ,i h to say to 8 "w4 ,its great m]it is n s mu* ! novelty ( ! psy*ological !ory :i* is laid at its f\ndation1 z ! weal? ( facts pres5t$ & ! sur5ess ( ! me?ods pursu$4 ,m4 ,fr's m9d is ( a di/9ctly positive ca/1 & he possesses 9 a high degree ! ability to draw f ! !sis :i* he illu/rates & confirms1 ! v>i\s consequ5ces :i* f a m$ical & social po9t ( view ?is !sis involves4 ,/ates ( intellectual consci\sness1 he writes1 cit+ ,sp5c]1 _c be dissociat$ f emotional /ates4 ,! emotions are ! products ( our m5tal repres5tations ( agreeable /ates or pa9ful /ates1 & are ! /rong] accord+ z !y conta9 a great] numb] ( pres5t or nasc5t s5sations compet5t to recall ^! /ates4 ,! emotions1 accord+ly1 be+ simply repres5tations ( /ates ( consci\sness provok$ by ext]nal excitations1 x is to be presum$ t ! physiological conditions ( emotions 7( c5tral or c]ebral orig97 pres5t a /rik+ analogy1 if n an absolute resemblance1 to ! physiological conditions ( s5sations 7( p]iph]al orig91 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal72 & ?is relation %\ld be z prom95tly m>k$ 9 pa?ological z 9 normal /ates4 ,! up%ot ( all ?is is1 cont9ues ,m4 ,fr1 t physical ag5ts capable ( modify+ a /ate ( consci\sness ( p]iph]al orig9 7s5sations71 are also capable ( modify+ /ates ( consci\sness ( c5tral orig9 7emotions74 8,! ext]nal signs ( ^! diff]5t /ates ( consci\sness c be /udi$ by ! same me?ods4 ,psy*ology is only specialis$ physiology2 m5tal m$ic9e only a specialisation ( g5]al m$ic9e1 f :i* x mu/ borr[ its me?ods ( rese>* & action--all purely physical4 ,! demon/ration ( ^! relations is ! object ( ! pres5t "w40 ,! "w1 :i* conta9s almo/ six hundr$ pages1 pres5ts no divisions b t ( *apt]s4 ,b x w\ld n be difficult to gr\p its cont5ts "u ! f\r g5]al titles3 7#a7 physiological & pa?ological effects ( physical ag5ts on man2 7#b7 physiological conditions & pa?ological & curative effects ( emotions2 7#c7 psy*opa?y & morbid emotivity2 7#d7 ! consequ5ces to individuals & society ( morbid emotivity1 its m$ical treatm5t1 prophylaxis & legislation4 ,! entire demon/ration ( ,m4 ,fr1 ,i might add1 is ess5tially aim$ at ! two foll[+ propositions3 ! fir/1 t all ! symptoms ( emotions possess a c]ta9 resemblance to ^? ( fatigue or physical pa92 ! o!r1 t ! orig9al s\rce ( morbid emotivities & _! resultant disord]s is a /ate ( depression cong5ital or acquir$4 ,m4 ,fr rev]ts con/antly to ^! fundam5tal ideas4 ,aft] hav+ exhibit$1 = example1 ! reciprocal influ5ces ( ! emotions1 or disord]s ( ! imag9ation1 & ( disord]s :i* are ( physical orig91 he concludes t 8physical disease & moral disease h ! same basis40 ,x is ?us only 9 appe>ance1 he writes1 t ! m9d has any influ5ce on ! functions ( ! body2 ! ph5om5a ( m9d are1 q ! rev]se1 ! necess>y effect ( c]ta9 modifications ( ! body1 & x is by ! int]m$i>y action ( ! manife/ations ( ! body t ! repres5tations ( ! m9d act4 ,x is f\nd conv5i5t to reg>d ! gray matt] ( ! bra9 z ! c5tral organ ( ! emotions1 & ! great sympa!tic z ! p]iph]al organ t presides ov] _! 8ext]iorisation02 b we h no "r to ?9k ( ! emotions )\t _! ext]nal signs1 & we are ?us l$ to ! conclusion t 8emotion is ess5tially a g5]alis$ reflex ph5om5on ! c5trifugal pa? ( :i* is pr9cipally ! great sympa!tic sy/em40 ,a psy*ological "q mu* debat$ s9ce ,m4 ,ribot took x up1 ! "q ( att5tion1 is also treat$ "h1 9 an incid5tal yet v int]e/+ mann] 7,*apt] ,,iii74 ,m4 ,fr connects att5tion ) ! /udy ( ! physiological conditions ( physical action1 & ?us takes sides1 x w be se51 ) ! motory !ory ( att5tion4 ,james ,sully1 & o!rs1 h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( muscul> ph5om5a accompany+ att5tion4 ,b physiology is 9 a position to disclose ! exi/5ce ( ^! movem5ts2 x c /udy _! qualities1 _! en]gy1 _! =m1 _! precision1 & _! rapidity4 ,we w f9d 9 ,m4 ,fr's book a numb] ( new exp]im5tal facts e/abli%+ ! !sis t 8muscul> t5sion con/itutes ! physiological condition ( att5tion40 8,! mi/ake ( _m psy*ologi/s 7,m4 ,hir?1 = example7 has be51 t !y h conf\nd$ re/ ) will$ immobility1 :i* f a me*anical po9t ( view is v f> remov$ f ! =m]2 = immobility ( w is precisely ! result ( v int5se muscul> activities1 & c only be produc$ by a g5]al t5sion ( ! muscul> sy/em1 :i* ?r[s ! subject 9 a /ate su* t x c react ! mo/ quickly & mo/ en]getically on any excitation1 :5cesoev] x may proce$40 ,will$1 or volunt>y1 immobility is att5tion itself2 to produce ?is /ate1 well-en]vat$ & well-n\ri%$ muscles are necess>y4 8,we may say10 decl>es ,m4 ,fr1 8t ! practice ( immobility is ! mo/ favorable ex]cise = ! developm5t ( ! m9d3 a sy/em ( education :i* %\ld neglect ?is ex]cise w\ld suppress att5tion1 x w\ld be a regressive education40 8,x is lack ( att5tion10 he tells u fur!r on1 8t is ! cause ( ! ins5sibility ( hy/]ical pati5ts1 & x is in/ability ( att5tion t is ! cause ( ! v>iability ( _! s5sory & motory disord]s40 ,x is all due to ! want ( suffici5t en]gy to br+ simultane\sly into a /ate ( t5sion ! muscul> sett+s ( all ( ! s5sory organs4 ,hy/]ical an/hesia accord+ to him--& h[ p]fectly "r he is6--is no?+ b a m5tal & psy*ical disease1 :i* may be cur$ by sugge/ion2 x is an organic malady1 :i* _c be cur$ )\t ! re/oration ( ! prop] organic /ate4 ,wor?y ( notice are a few pages on ! exi/5ce ( electrical ph5om5a1 8:i* are exagg]at$ 9 c]ta9 subjects1 b :i* appe> to exi/ 9 a m feeble degree 9 ! normal /ates40 ,! facts "h involv$ might furni% u ) a key to ! ph5om5a ( transmission1 pol>isation1 elective s5sibility1 & c]ta9 actions at a di/ance1 ^: solution /ill pres5ts great difficulties4 ,also to be not$ are a numb] ( corrections ( inductions made by ,d>w91 :om ignorance ( physiology (t5 involv$ 9 mi/akes conc]n+ ! true nature ( ph5om5a3 ?us ,d>w9 0 (t5 l$ to attribute an int5tional "* to actions :i* are ?r\gh\t reflex4 ,bas+ 8 views on ! inevitable correlation ( ^! two ord]s ( ph5om5a1 ! physical & ! psy*ical1 ,m4 ,fr /&s 9 a position ( direct ho/ility to ! metaphysics 7( c\rse1 unconsci\s7 ( ! great body ( ali5i/s4 ,he selects ! *>act]i/ic disord] ( insanity1 namely halluc9ation1 & sets ab\t to %[ ! exi/5ce ( physical ph5om5a concomitant ) halluc9ation4 ,*apt] ,,xiii is "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive ( 8 "w & well wor? ?\ghtful p]usal4 ,let u add on ?is po9t t ,m4 ,fr /\tly combats ! doctr9e1 held by ,magnan 9 p>ticul>1 t all =ms ( phobia1 t is to say1 ( morbid emotive /ates1 are ! br&s ( deg5]ation4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t a great numb] are connect$ ) p]man5t con/itutional /ates1 cong5ital or acquir$4 ,m4 ,fr accepts ! pa?ological & deg5]ative !ory ( crime4 ,b he rejects 9 a measure ,lombroso's !sis ( ! assimilation ( g5ius to insanity4 ,g5ius & tal5t1 he says1 are by no means devoid ( intellectual & emotional anomalies1 b x is n true t neuropa?ic /ates are ! indisp5sable concomitants ( g5ius1 al?\gh susceptibility to impressions is1 :5 n develop$ to excess1 "o ( ! physiological conditions ( g5ius4 ,) respect to ! social consequ5ces involv$1 ,i w simply quote 8 concise /atem5t t 8physiology is q 9 accord ) political economy 9 condemn+ ! intemp]ate g5]osity :i* favors ! developm5t & multiplication ( emotive p]sonalities40 ,) reg>d1 f9ally1 to ! "q ( responsibility1 ,m4 ,fr's position diff]s1 s f> z ,i c see1 9 no respect f my own1 :i* ,i h exp\nd$ at suffici5t l5g? 9 a =m] numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 to disp5se me f ! necessity ( rev]t+ to x "h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our next book is also a rem>kable "o--,les trans=mations du droit1 by ,m4 ,g4 ,,t>de1 a small volume ( "s two hundr$ & twelve pages4 ,m4 ,t>de has aga9 & aga9 decl>$ himself ! av[$ adv]s>y ( ,sp5c]ianism1 & ( evolution g5]ally1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! idea ( evolution is indiscrim9ately & unreflect+ly employ$1 z is ! case1 he ma9ta9s1 9 a great class ( social que/ions :i* make up ! crim9al & civil law4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ^! doma9s1 despite app>5t uni=mity1 :i* is ! simple effect ( a p]spective t effaces ! diff]5ces ( remote times1 is f\nd div]sity4 ,! s]ial /ages ( developm5t pr(ess$ly disclos$1 he rejects z absolutely incompet5t 9 ! explanation ( crim9al law1 proc$ure1 ! /atus ( p]sons & ?+s1 & obligations4 ,9 crim9al law1 = example1 we ord9>ily reg>d ! sy/em ( pecuni>y composition z ! orig9 ( p5al ju/ice1 & ! idea ( v5geance z necess>ily antec$5t to ! idea ( culpability4 ,a mi/ake1 says ,m4 ,t>de4 ,& he (f]s on ?is subject a di/9ction :i* is q curi\s4 ,he sees ! def5sive reaction made aga9/ crim9al acts orig9ally splitt+ up into two di/9ct =ms ( q unequal scope3 ! "o moral1 ! jo9t product ( indignation & compassion2 ! o!r v9dictive1 malevol5t1 & ru?less4 ,! fir/1 accord+ to him1 is ex]cis$ )9 ! family & betwe5 memb]s ( ! same social gr\p2 ! second is display$ t[>ds ! =eign] & ! enemy4 ,( ^! two s\rces ( p5ality1 ! dome/ic moral puni%m5t is ! mo/ important2 ! bl[-=-bl[ policy1 or v5geance1 al?\gh m app>5t1 is a second>y s\rce4 ,i fully admit t ! in/9ct ( sympa?y1 ! primitive condition ( all social aggregation1 has nev] be5 :olly abs5t f human relations1 & x might be t ! di/9ction p]ceiv$ by ,m4 ,t>de is well f\nd$1 al?\gh ! two s\rces appe> to h become s conf\nd$ 9 ! ju/ice ( ! tribunals t x is difficult to trace !m to t po9t4 ,b ,m4 ,t>de seems to me to be too mu* dispos$ to flatt] ! portrait ( ! primitive man & to make z 8mild z lambs0 ^! prehi/oric creatures :om we h pictur$ z 8cruel z tig]s10 & to be too mu* preoccupi$ ) ! ideas ( p5ality & moral responsibility1 :i* he ?9ks ! new !ories h compromis$4 ,) respect to ! /atus ( p]sons1 he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! well-kn[n ord] ( developm5t by :i* promiscuity1 matri>*y1 & patri>*y are said to succe$ ea* o!r4 ,! tribe c\ld only h aris51 he tells u1 f ! f$]ation ( families1 & ! /rong family1 ! "o capable ( developm5t1 c\ld only h be5 patri>*al4 ,x is wrong1 he adds1 to reg>d ut]9e filiation1 t is1 ! cu/om ( consid]+ a *ild ! son ( its "m & n ! son ( its fa!r1 z a ve/ige ( a pre-exi/5t matri>*y4 8,9 a patri>*al society1 polygamy--:i* is ! v rev]se ( matri>*y--ought 9 ! v necessity ( ?+s to give pr$om9ance to ! cu/om ref]r$ to1 s t *ildr5 born ( ! same "m c\ld be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r40 ,?is1 inde$1 0 ! idea ( ! ,greek trag$ians4 ,! maxim1 :i* occurs s (t5 9 ,euripides1 t x is n good t a man %\ld h sev]al wives1 is always disclos$ z ! anxiety ( assur+ ! legitimacy ( *ildr52 s*ylus *>ges ,m9]va to def5d ! 8cause ( h] fa!r02 x is "o ( ! aspects ( ! reaction aga9/ ! cu/oms ( ,asia4 ,! primitive family1 says ,m4 ,t>de1 9 summ+ up1 0 q diff]5t 9 its orig9al =ms2 x 0 "h monogamic1 !re polygamic1 & 9 o!r places poly&r\s1 at "o "t exogamic & at ano!r endogamic1 & s =?4 8,m>riage1 !re=e1 did n spr+ f a s+le typical =m1 nor does x1 9 its v>i\s =ms1 make t[>ds su*40 ,8 criticisms are ( equal /r5g? ) reg>d to ! /atus ( ?+s & ! presum$ priority ( collective prop]ty4 ,contr>y to ! views ( ,m4 de ,laveleye1 he is ( op9ion t ! community ( ! village c\ld only h aris5 on an enl>g$ model ( ! community ( ! family1 8j z ! ve/al fire ( ! city c\ld only h be5 light$ 9 imitation ( ! fire ( ! dome/ic he>?03 ,! c]ta9 effect ( ! fir/ mu/ 9 its orig9 h be5 to encroa* ^u1 n to produce1 ! second4 ,excessively preoccupi$ 9 f9d+ 9 ! pres5t ! ve/iges ( a /ate ( ?+s t is pa/1 ! evolutioni/s involve !mselves1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 9 _m nave & wond]ful !ories1 :i* ,m4 ,t>de1 9 8 ke5 & po9t$ /yle1 has n hesitat$ to expose4 ,!re is mu* po9t & a pr(usion ( ! granum salis 9 ^! in/ructive pages4 ,) respect to obligations1 he makes a di/9ction1 z 9 crim9al law1 betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal relations4 ,also1 aft] hav+ ass]t$ ) ,sir ,h5ry ,sumn] ,ma9e1 ! non-fusion ( ! law ( nature & ! law ( nations1 he rem>ks t "h also !re exi/s two s\rces ^: wat]s h n subsequ5tly fl[$ toge!r3 ! jus natur is conceiv$ to be ! g5]alisation ( a type ( relations ab/ract$ f ! int]nal relations ( ! memb]s ( ! primitive social gr\p2 ! jus g5tium to be ! outcome ( relations betwe5 m5 t belong to diff]5t gr\ps4 ,is1 !n1 ?is disord]$ succession ( ! social data m]e *ance8 ,! read] w be?9k himself ( a numb] ( facts :i* g to disprove ?is conclusion1 & x is a difficulty moreov] :i* ,m4 ,t>de has also felt4 ,he replies by mak+ a di/9ction ( 8two k9ds ( laws1 ! laws ( causation & ! suppos$ laws ( evolution40 ,! fir/1 :i* 9 8 !ory are analog\s to ! laws ( cele/ial me*anics1 ^: =mul rema9 con/ant no matt] :at ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/ems di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! heav5s may be1 are ! psy*ological laws2 ! second are m]ely arbitr>y =mul1 :i*1 :5 we come to def9e !m accurately1 d n admit ( adaptation ev5 to ! majority ( cases4 ,! psy*ological laws ( :i* ,m4 ,t>de "h speaks are r$ucible to imitation#hb--;consequ5tly to inv5tion--& to logic4 ,i c]ta9ly d n propose to "q ! importance ( ^! factors4 ,9 a %ort tract publi%$ sev]al ye>s ago ,i po9t$ out myself t ! influ5ces ( contact are m effici5t ?an ! influ5ces ( race or ev5 ( climate1 & ?is implicitly involves ! idea ( imitation4 ,yet ! "* ( ! psy*ological factor does n1 x seems to me1 exclude a t5d5cy t[>ds a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( ! data ( society1 despite _! possible & actual div]sity4 8,) respect to ! facts ( society10 ,i wrote1 8we po9t out _! *anges b d n succe$ 9 disclos+ ! laws ( _! evolution2 ! mo/ we h done is to note amid ! totality c]ta9 features :i* appe> to pr$om9ate40 ,to extricate ^! features is a task n unwor?y ( ! hi/orian4 ,m4 ,t>de himself admits t results ( ?is "* h already be5 rea*$1 & he especially po9ts to 8! spl5did & comm5dable movem5t 9 advance1 :i* ?\gh n g5]ally notic$#hc has1 nev]!less1 accompani$ all juridical evolutions0--namely1 ! con/ant enl>gem5t ( ! relations ( law z ! result ( a gr[+ sympa?y & sociability4 ,to sum up1 ! po9t ( view :i* ,m4 ,t>de has tak5 does n exclude a class ( rese>*es diff]5t f 84 ,no?+ c be bett] ?an to =mulate ! laws ( ! psy*ological ag5t1 & ,m4 ,t>de1 orig9al m9d t he is1 has done ?is ) a sup]iority & p5etration to :i* ,i yield my unqualifi$ admiration4 ,at bottom1 does n ! view ( ,augu/e ,comte1 despite 8 contempt = psy*ology1 involve ! prelim9>y /udy ( ! biological individual & ! social ag5t8 ,psy*ological laws & physical laws und\bt$ly meet 9 ! same gr\p ( 8laws ( causation02 /ill1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t 9 ! social ord] ( ?+s man is ! creator ( ! facts & t 8 creations react ^u him 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y are realis$4 ,at any rate1 a tangible relation exi/s betwe5 ! creations ( ! ag5t & ! v>iations ( ! results1 & x is n =bidd5 to inquire if !re does n also exi/ a c]ta9 ord] 9 ^! creations1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld be to produce a recognisable s]ial succession 9 ! results1 a m$ial l9e ab\t :i* ! ev5ts ( our life oscillate4 ,a difficult inve/igation--& "o 9 :i* ,m4 ,t>de has %[n himself to be too spe$ily satisfi$1 & 9 :i* we %\ld /r5u\sly gu>d aga9/ ha/y g5]alisations4 ,x is unpleasant1 we admit1 to turn topsy-turvy a h\se 9 :i* we h long liv$ 9 com=t2 b our cont5tm5t returns 9 an increas$ measure :5 we h replac$ our ?+s 9 _! prop] places1 & swept out ! du/y corn]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,m4 ,,aguil,,ra has j publi%$ a "w entitl$1 ,l'ide du ,droit en ,allemagne4 ,8 book is a hi/ory ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( law :i* h aris5 9 ,g]many & lays especial emphasis on ! fact t no nation has advanc$ z f> z ?is 9 seek+ 9 philosophical ideas ! motives & ! ju/ification ( its acts1 & he sets ab\t %[+ h[ ! exi/5ce ( ,g]many's special conception ( law may be expla9$4 ,g]many1 he writes 9 8 conclusion1 ev]y:]e />ts f ! idea ( =ce4 ,its peculi> *>act]i/ic is to b[ be=e victori\s =ce4 ,& to ?is mu/ be add$1 if we wi% to compreh5d its aggressive "*1 ! s5tim5t ( vanity1 :i* has l$ x to proclaim 8t incr$ible =mula3 ! ideal ( ,g]many is ! ideal ( humanity40 ,m4 ,,george ,,lyon gives u a le>n$ hi/orical /udy1 ,la philosophie de ,hobbes4 ,he po9ts out h[ ev]y?+ is int]relat$ 9 ! "w ( ?is philosoph]--8 conception ( ! /ate to 8 !ories ( e?ics1 8 e?ical doctr9es to 8 psy*ological !ories1 & ! latt] to g5]al pr9ciples conc]n+ nature1 ?\ght1 & _! laws4 ,b he also pres5ts ) mu* =ce ! objections to ,hobbism4 ,he condemns its f9al consequ5ce1 :i* is submission to =ce4 ,he po9ts out f9ally ! inevitable ambiguity :i* p]meates ?is sy/em 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle 8betwe5 individual inspiration1 :i* is purely ontological1 & ! action ( an intellectual environm5t :i* is em95tly empirical4 ,hobbes 0 ! metaphysician ( empiricism z ,bacon 0 its poet40 ,i dismiss = ! pres5t all discussion ( ^! subjects2 an occasion w pres5t itself lat] ( deal+ ) !m4 ,9 ,les races et les langues ,m4 ,,&r ,,lef,,vre sums up ! /ate ( ! sci5ce ( language4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w is ! non-sep>ation ( language f ! organism :i* has produc$ x1 & ! simultane\s pres5tation ( languages ) ! e?nical gr\ps :i* speak !m4 ,m4 ,lefvre accepts1 let u note at once1 ! well-kn[n /ages ( ! l+ui/ic s*ool--monosyllabism1 agglut9ation1 inflection1 & analysis1 :i* ,m4 ,t>de1 if he %\ld unexpect$ly become a philologi/ w\ld /igmatise z gratuit\s4 ,( ! races1 ( ! places ( orig91 & ( ! migrations ( ! anci5t peoples he tells a great _m /ories :i* are some:at ( ! fairy-tale ord]1 b ?is res]vation does n affect 9 ! lea/ ! value ( 8 special l+ui/ic rese>*es4 ,9 conclusion ,i %all m5tion ,le problme de la mort1 ses solutions imag9aires et la sci5ce positive1 by ,m4 ,l4 ,,b\rdeau1 & ,platon1 sa philosophie1 prcd d'un ap]u de sa vie et de ses crits1 by ,m4 ,,*4 ,b,,n>d1 a new volume 9 ! s]ies ( hi/orical /udies by ?is v5]able pr(essor4#hd ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,footnotes3 #hb ,see 8 "w ,les lois de l'imitation 7,alcan1 ,p>is74 #hc ,i h call$ att5tion to ?is 9 a less def9ite mann] 9 sev]al passages ( my book ,la morale dans le drame1 l'pope et le roman1 9 :i* ,i %all h to incorporate ! corrections :i* ! spl5did /udies ( ,m4 ,t>de h sugge/$4 ,= ! citation giv5 a few l9es above ,i ask p]mission to ref] ! read] to my ,j\rnal d'un philosophe 7,alcan1 ,p>is74 #hd ,all ! works m5tion$ are publi%$ by ,f4 ,alcan4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,e9leitung ,,9 ,,die ,,philosophie4 ,by ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,pauls54 ,b]l93 ,wilhelm ,h]tz4 #ahib4 ,fri$ri* ,pauls51 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 writes ?is 8,introduction0 n s mu* = connoisseurs z = /ud5ts1 :om x may s]ve z a guide4 ,he discusses 9 g5]al outl9es ! v>i\s fundam5tal problems ( philosophy1 at ! same "t indicat+ 8 own position1 :i*1 9 m ?an "o respect1 is v simil> to ! philosophy pres5t$ 9 ! columns ( ,! ,moni/4 ,8 own view1 :i*1 z he tru/s1 is ! g5]al t5d5cy ( mod]n philosophical ?\ght1 he calls 8ideali/ic monism40 ,x is oppos$1 on ! "o h&1 to sup]natural dualism1 & on ! o!r h& to atomi/ic mat]ialism2 ! =m] be+ ! traditional doctr9e ( ! s*oolm5 & ( ecclesia/icism1 sep>at+ body & s\l1 nature & ,god1 etc41 ea* into two di/9ct realities1 :i* are accid5tally comb9$1 ! latt] be+ an attempt1 hav+ its beg9n+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 to expla9 all natural ph5om5a 9 a purely me*anical way4 ,pauls5 adds3 8,! :ole hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy c be said to be a cont9u\s attempt to ov]come ?is opposition4444 ,! pr9ciple ( natural sci5ce is ! ,natur-,gesetzmssigkeit ( all ev5ts4444 ,mod]n mat]ialism d]ives f ?is a k9d ( metaphysics1 repres5ts all reality z a sy/em ( bl9dly op]at+ physical =ces4444 ,philosophy und]takes to dispel ! opposition ( ^! two doctr9es2 its proposition is--& we may say t ?is is ! ma9-spr+ ( ! entire evolution ( mod]n philosophy--to reconcile ! religi\s _w-conception ) t ( natural sci5ce4 ,!re are _m :o reg>d ?is aspiration z a sort ( squ>+ ( ! circle1 & we grant t "s similitude betwe5 ! two may exi/1 = "h z well z !re we c atta9 only to approximations1 "h z well z !re we c nev] solve ! problem f9ally & =ev]4 ,at any rate1 we mu/ recognise ! fact t ! :ole philosophical ?\ght ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies has be5 direct$ t[>ds ?is goal40 ,pr(essor ,pauls5 classes ! v>i\s philosophies ( ! pres5t "t z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ph5om5ali/ic-positivi/ic philosophy :i* d5ies any absolute cognition ( reality1 lea/ ( all 9 physics2 ! _w ( objects is a _w ( ph5om5a4 7#b7 ,! ideali/ic moni/ic philosophy4 ,to def9e ! nature ( reality z x is 9 itself1 we mu/ rely ^u ! data ( our inn] exp]i5ce4 ,! intellectual-hi/orical _w is to u ! mo/ compreh5sible dn\em5t ( reality--9 fact1 ! only compreh5sible "o4 ,! ultimate idea to :i* we are l$ 9 trac+ out facts1 is ?is3 ,reality1 :i* pres5ts itself to our s5ses 9 ! objective _w z a unit>y sy/em ( motions1 is ! appe>ance ( a spiritual all-be+1 :i* mu/ be conceiv$ z ! evolution ( "s unit>y idea4 ,9 ?is respect ideali/ic monism agrees ^u ! :ole ) speculative philosophy1 or r ) all idealism s9ce ,plato4 ,! philosophy ( ! pres5t "t is1 fur!r on1 *>act]is$ 7#c7 z pass+ f intellectualism to volunt>yism2 namely1 x all[s ! w to h its legitimate influ5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( a _w-view4 ,x is 7#d7 evolutioni/ic-!ological1 :i* latt] t5d5cy meets half way ! above-m5tion$ ideali/ic monism4 ,bo? are beg9n+ to p]meate e?ics1 sociology1 jurisprud5ce1 & politics4 ,! old =mali/ic me?ods are dropp$ & teleological consid]ations prevail4 ,purpose is recognis$ to rule 9 life4 ,la/ly 7#e7 ! philosophy ( to-day is hi/orical4 ,! old] philosophy is ma!matical-naturali/ic or ab/ract-rationali/ic4 ,speculative philosophy prec$es ! con/ruction ( an intellectual-hi/orical _w2 x !n attempts also to con/ruct nature hi/orically1 at lea/ 9 a logico-g5etic s*ematism4 ,natural sci5ce has already pursu$ ?is c\rse 9 its cosmical & biological !ories ( evolution4 ,x is app>5t h[ ^! t5d5cies foll[ ! old tradition ( h>monis+ ! physical & ! intellectual-hi/orical worlds into "o unit>y conception ( ! :ole4 ,! book is divid$ into two p>ts1 ) an introduction & conclusion4 ,! introduction def9es ! relation ( philosophy to my?ology & to ! sci5ces4 ,philosophy _c be sep>at$ f ! sci5ces4 ,says ,pauls53 8,figuratively speak+1 reality is a great riddle propos$ to man2 all ! v>i\s sci5ces det]m9e "s p>ts ( x1 & ! attempt to solve ! :ole1 to f9d ! key to ! my/]ium magnum ( be+1 is call$ philosophy40 ,! fir/ book treats1 9 two *apt]s1 ( ! problems ( metaphysics1 viz43 ! ontological problem & ! cosmo-!ological problem4 ,9 ! =m] *apt] mat]ialism1 panpsy*ism1 & ! nature ( ! s\l are discuss$1 :ile ! second *apt] is devot$ to atomism & teleological !ism1 imply+ su* subjects z ! !ory ( evolution1 causality1 pan!ism4 ,! second "p reviews1 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! problems ( ! !ory ( cognition1 viz43 ! ideali/ic argum5ts1 ! reali/ic views1 & our k ( ! out] _w4 ,! second *apt] pres5ts an expos ( ! problems reg>d+ ! orig9 ( cognition z view$ by rationalism & empiricism1 pay+ special att5tion to ,kant's =mali/ic realism4 ,! conclusion is a brief treatm5t ( "s e?ical problems4 ,x is impossible to discuss all ! details ( ! #ddd pages ( ,pauls5's book1 b a few specim5 quotations f ! *apt] 8,pan!ism & ,_w-s\l0 may be welcome to our read]s4 ,our au?or asks3 ,consid]+ all ! t5d5cies ( ye>n+ & will+ t appe> 9 ! innum]able =ms ( reality1 is !re a unity ( inn] life correspond+ to ! unity ( ! physical _w 9 its univ]sal int]action8 ,! affirmation ( ?is "q con/itutes ! ideali/ic pan!ism4 ,ideali/ic pan!ism is to ,pr(essor ,pauls5 ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s con/ruction ( ! _w possible4 ,to o!r _w-views1 ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l is a problem2 x has ev5 be5 call$ an 8absolute problem40 8,i believe10 he adds1 ) great tru?1 8t !re c be no /rong] argum5t aga9/ any _w-view ?an t x reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( s\l z some?+ absolutely my/]i\s40 ,!re is a p[] ( conviction 9 ideali/ic pan!ism v]ifi$ by ! a/oni%+ agreem5t ( ! te/imonies ( _m v>i\s ?9k]s 9 ! ,ori5t z well z 9 ! ,occid5t1 9 antiquity no less ?an 9 mod]n times4 7,p4 #bdc47 ,says ,pr(essor ,pauls53 8,! dayfly may imag9e :5 ! sun s9ks t all is at an end2 light vani%es =ev] & ! :ole _w is swall[$ up 9 d>kness & dea?4 ,b man :o sees s _m suns s9k & rise %\ld h le>n$ t 9 ! inf9ite !re are _m possibilities :i* he _c see at pres5t p4 #bda4 ,! conception ( a _w-s\l1 ( a spiritual all-be+1 ( a mundus intelligibilis appe>s to our physici/s & physiologi/s 9 ! same light z ! conception ( an?ropomorphic deities--z a *ildi% dream4 ,!y h no ne$ ( ?is hypo!sis pp4 #bdc-bdd4 ,du ,bois-,reymond decl>es t a naturali/ be=e admitt+ ! assumption ( a _w-s\l %\ld dem&1 #8t we ought to f9d some:]e 9 ! _w neuroglia emb$d$ 9 w>m art]ial blood "u ! prop] pressure & provid$ ) appropriate s5se-organs1 ganglions1 & fibres1 correspond+ to ! intellectual capacities ( su* a s\l4' ,an animal10 says ,pauls51 8ne$s z a matt] ( c\rse legs to /& ^u & to move )1 a /oma*1 tee?1 eyes1 & a c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 b ! ,all is n 9 ne$ ( ?is2 x ne$s no legs to /& ^u & to move )1 no /oma* = alim5t>y purposes1 no eyes1 no e>s1 = !re is no?+ to be se5 or he>d outside ( x1 & s x c also disp5se ) a n]v\s sy/em & a bra940 ,quot+ two passages1 "o f ,fe*n]1 ! o!r f ,ngeli1 to ! effect t ! sy/em ( fix$ />s might be reg>d$ z a gr\p ( molecules 9 an inf9itely l>g] :ole :i* we %\ld h to conceive ( z a unit>y organism1 ,pauls5 says3 8,inde$1 !re is no objection to reg>d+ a planet z a ganglion ( ! _w-bra94 ,is x too l>ge8 ,no4 ,:y %\ld n ! _w-bra9 h bigg] cells ?an an animal bra94 ,or is its composition inappropriate8 ,:y8 ,we f9d 9 x ! same mat]ials1 c>bon1 oxyg51 nitrog51 iron1 phosphorus1 & s =?1 & also innum]able int]actions simil> = all we "k to ^? t take place 9 a ganglion4 ,:o kn[s h[ /rik+ w\ld be ! resemblance ( _! /ructures1 if we c\ld b see a ganglion "u a suffici5tly p[]ful magnify+ glass40 ,^! ideas are m]e possibilities & are pres5t$ z su*1 b we _c attribute to !m any philosophical1 sci5tific1 or religi\s importance4 ,our idea ( 8a _w-s\l0 or1 bett]1 ( ,god1 is diff]5t & we avoid purposely any?+ t c be con/ruct$ ^u ! basis ( a vague hypo!sis4 ,we ourselves reject pan!ism1 ! view :i* id5tifies ,god & ! ,all = reasons :i* we ne$ n repeat "h4 ,we call our view ( ,god en!ism1 & 9 =m+ our idea ( ,god we purposely avoid su* fanta/ical assumptions z consid]+ ! possibility ( sol> sy/ems be+ molecules 9 ! organism ( a huge _w-animal4 ,grant$ ! tru? ( ?is view1 ! m]e possibility ( :i* we _c d5y1 ?is extraord9>y creature or _w-animal w\ld n be ,god1 its w w\ld n be our moral au?ority2 x w\ld n be ! et]nal1 ! immutable1 ! gr\nd ( all be+1 ! ultimate rule ( action1 & ! omnipot5t univ]sal law ( exi/5ce3 x w\ld m]ely be a creature l ourselves1 only immeasurably bigg]1 evolv+ l o!r animals & subject to ! same or analog\s or p]haps simil> wants1 disappo9tm5ts1 suff]+s1 & joys z ourselves4 ,:at a mis]able ,god su* a _w-be+ w\ld be2 we "k no?+ ( him & he kn[s no?+ ( u4 ,8 w & aspirations w\ld h ev5 less influ5ce ^u our aspirations1 ?an1 = in/ance1 ! hopes ( a man ^u ! molecul> gr\p+s 9 8 tissues1 we be+ only ! p>asites ^u ! cru/ ( an atom ( 8 tissues4 ,we h pres5t$ our view ( ! subject 9 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #bdi-beg1 ( ,! ,moni/1 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! article 8,panpsy*ism & ,panbiotism10 ) ref]5ce to a simil> hypo!sis incid5tally t\*$ ^u z a possibility ( moni/ic !ism by ,pr(essor ,romanes4 ,we simply /ate ! diff]5ce betwe5 our position & t ( ,pr(essor ,pauls5 conc]n+ ! nature ( a _w-s\l )\t int5d+ to make m ( x ?an he does himself2 =1 if we are n mi/ak51 x is ) him a m]e sugge/ion4 ,we conclude our review ) a passage :i* %[s ,pr(essor ,pauls5's attitude t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 :i* m ?an any?+ else proves ! g5]al agreem5t ( 8 "w ) ours4 ,he says3 8,! ,*ri/ian fai? is n a philosophical sy/em1 n a !ological dogma & /ill less ! residue ( an old sup]/ition1 b ! imm$iate & liv+ c]ta9ty ( ! he>t conc]n+ ! nature ( ! good & its importance 9 real life4 ,?is fai? c be to-day ! same z x 0 9 ,lu!r's1 or ,/4 ,augu/9e's1 or ! apo/les' "t :o saw ,jesus ) _! own eyes bodily4 ,if ,*ri/ianity1 did inde$ consi/ ( a numb] ( doctr9es & op9ions1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be true1 z "s claim1 t x has be5 dead a long "t1 = doctr9es & op9ions are n long-liv$4 ,if ,*ri/ianity really did consi/ ( ! belief 9 ! creation ( ! _w five ?\s& ye>s ago out ( no?+1 ! rib /ory ( ,eve1 ! /ory ( ,ed5 & ! fall1 etc41 etc41 444 !n inde$ x w\ld be impossible = a ?9k+ man ( to-day to be a ,*ri/ian4 ,b all t is n ! fai? ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is n ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,& if all ! lead]s ( all ! confessions decl>e t ?is is ! ,*ri/ian fai? & t he :o does n believe all ^! ?+s c h no "p 9 ,*ri/1 _! proposition mu/ be reject$ z untrue4 ,no "o c be sav$ by believ+ ^! ?+s2 :ile ! reque/ ( ! *ur* to believe 9 c]ta9 op9ions set =? by m5 has expell$ _m an hone/ man4444 ,9 ! life & dea? ( ,jesus ,i h le>n$ to und]/& ! mean+ ( life & ,i call ,god & ! revelation ( ,god t :i* makes my life possible & expla9s to me ! significance ( my life4444 ,is su* a fai? compatible ) ! above-m5tion$ moni/ic _w-conception8 ,my answ] is1 ,by all means40 ,?is is ,pr(essor ,pauls5's solution ( ! problem ( a reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion--& we add t x is ours too4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,philosophy4 ,by ,william ,mack9tire ,salt]4 ,*icago3 ,c4 ,h4 ,k]r ,co4 #ahib4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,pages1 #aee4 ,?is little book is divid$ into two p>ts3 7#a7 ,physical1 7#b7 ,e?ical4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,mr4 ,salt] discusses ! conception ( matt]2 9 ! second1 t ( duty4 ,mr4 ,salt]'s philosophical position is epitomis$ 9 a s5t5ce :i* he quotes f ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,?is s5t5ce /ates1 t1 8:at we are consci\s ( z prop]ties ( matt]1 ev5 d[n to its weight & resi/ance1 are b subjective affections produc$ by objective ag5cies :i* are unkn[n & unkn[able40 ,mr4 ,salt]'s philosophical position1 accord+ly1 is1 fir/1 ,idealism1 &1 second1 ,agno/icism4 ,9 e?ics1 ,mr4 ,salt]'s view embraces ,utilit>ianism1 or ,h$onism1 & ,intuitionism1 bo? ( :i*1 he says1 are incomplete 9 !mselves1 & mu/ be supplem5t$ by o!r elem5ts4 ,utilit>ianism makes happ9ess ! ultimate end2 ,intuitionism1 virtue2 & ,mr4 ,salt] adds1 su* an end mu/ embrace ! 8realisation ( all our capacities40 ,mr4 ,salt]'s e?ical position has be5 be=e discuss$ 9 our j\rnals4 ,if we /udy ,mr4 ,salt]'s philosophical views1 we %all f9d t 8 !ory is a reproduction ( ,b]keley's analysis ( ! data ( k1 embelli%$ by ! results ( mod]n physiological psy*ology4 ,yet ,mr4 ,salt]'s !ory1 al?\gh x ev]y:]e %[s ! traces ( a close /udy ( ,b]keley's views1 pres5ts ! /range hi/orical anomaly ( undo+ ,b]keley's "w4 ,b]keley's und\bt$ aim 0 to place k on a basis ( fact & refute1 9 a philosophical mann]1 ! agno/icism1 metaphysicism1 & transc5d5talism preval5t 9 8 day4 ,b ,mr4 ,salt] adds to ,b]keley's results ! v ?+s t ,b]keley s\ght to ov]?r[1 & ?us r5d]s ! latt]'s analysis 7& consequ5tly 8 own7 9 ne$ ( an equival5t analysis4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! above-quot$ s5t5ce f ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to :i* ,mr4 ,salt] ass5ts4 8,objective ag5cies10 8unkn[n & unkn[able06 ,is ?is consi/5t8 ,all k is a k ( s5sations1 a k ( & 9 ! m9d1 says ! ideali/1 & we _c1 by any process ( ratioc9ation1 arrive at ?+s 8outside0 ! m9d4 ,yet he himself1 x seems1 arrives at a k ( 8objective ag5cies0 outside ! m9d 7pp4 #fe1 #fi71 &1 :at is m wond]ful1 at ag5cies t are 8unkn[n0 & 8unkn[able40 ,surely1 ?is is n abid+ by an analysis ( ! facts ( s5sation 7,b]keley74 ,x is z unrational a proc$ure to inf] metaphysical objective ag5cies1 z x is to inf] a metaphysical sub/ratum 8matt]10 :i* la/ is ! error ( ! reali/4 ,aga91 take ! notion ( cause4 ,"h1 also1 ! same unw>rantable ab&onm5t ( ! facts ( s5sation1 i4 e4 ( all t is1 is evid5t4 ,at ! end ( an analysis1 9 :i* he %[s t 8all ! *oir ( ,heav5 & ! furniture ( ! e>?10 & 8all :i* x inhabit10 retreat & vani% 9 m9d1 ,mr4 ,salt] asks3 8,b is !re absolutely no?+ real & objective left8 ,s f> z s5sible ph5om5a are conc]n$1 we mu/ answ]1 ,no1 absolutely no?+ is left2 ! :ole s5sible 7mat]ial7 _w is b an effect ^u ourselves4 ,b10 he adds1 8x w\ld be a ha/y inf]5ce10 on ^! gr\nds1 8to say t no?+ :atev] is left40 ,& :5 ask$ 8:at is left10 he answ]s1 8all t causes s5sation40 ,we c nev] "k sci5tifically :at ^! causes are1 b 8we h an inext+ui%able fai?0 t !y are1 8!re be+ no p>ticul> ?+ we are m sure ( ?an t = e ev5t 7& e s5sible ph5om5on is an ev5t1 viz41 9 ourselves7 !re is "s k9d ( explanation or cause40 ,to sum up3 ,! !ory ( 8s5sible or physical idealism0#he implies a 8sup]s5sible or metaphysical realism40 ,9 ! !ory ( s5sible idealism ?+s only exi/ z s5sations2 8only exi/1 t is1 save 9 _! sup]s5sible or transc5d5tal causes0--:i*1 says ! au?or1 we mu/ always add4 ,:at is a cause8 ,cause is an ab/raction4 ,an ab/raction f :at8 f a real1 physical _w1 or f a metaphysical1 transc5d5tal _w8 ,pla9ly1 f our real _w1 f ,mr4 ,salt]'s _w ( 8s5sible reality40 ,by :at philosophical w>rant1 !n1 is ?is concept appli$ to a _w f :i* x has n be5 d]iv$ & to :i* x surely _c apply6 ,x is wrong to speak ( a cause ( ! ,all4 ,! ,all has no cause1 j z x has no weight4 ,all ^! difficulties arise f ! notion t !re are two k9ds ( k & two k9ds ( exi/5ces4 ,idealism1 to be consi/5t1 mu/ be absolute2 ,mr4 ,salt]'s idealism is n absolute4 ,?is is exactly ! criticism t ! read+ ( 8 book at once =ces on "o4 ,all k is k ( s5sations1 i4 e4 ( reality2 ?+s n accessible to s5sation are n real1 !y d n exi/2 consequ5tly1 all entities transc5d5tal1 metaphysical1 & sup]s5sible d n exi/4 ,?is is ! conclusion to :i* any philosophy1 idealism1 realism1 or :at n mu/ lead4 ,n[adays1 few p dispute ! fundam5tal !sis ( idealism 7( c\rse1 express$ 9 diff]5t t]ms f ^? ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s s5t5ce74 ,9 a s5se1 x is e/abli%$4 ,its only drawback is1 t its 8e/abli%m5t0 accompli%es no?+4 ,x leaves ! problem ( philosophy :]e x f\nd x4#hf ,reality is /ill reality4 ,! same difficulties & p]plexities exi/4 ,! univ]se /ill mocks u4 ,& =emo/ among ! riddles t ! _w opposes to man1 /&s t et]nal qu]y3 8,:at is m9d80 ,mr4 ,salt]'s views ( ?is "q w %[ u :at contributions 8 !ory is likely to make to philosophy4 ,mr4 ,salt] def9es m9d z 8t :i* exp]i5ces s5sations & ?\ghts1 or1 m simply1 t :i* feels & ?9ks40 ,x is n feel+1 n ?9k+1 b t :i* feels & ?9ks4 ,x is ?us an ag5t1 a subject4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ?is notion ( m9d is come at1 )\t self-contradiction4 ,9 _! orig91 all notions ( m9d-subjects1 m9d-ess5ces1 m9d-ag5cies1 & s =?1 are mat]iali/ic4 ,!y mu/ be volatilis$ & /ripp$ ( _! sub/antial attributes1 if !y are to take a place 9 an ideali/ic philosophy1 & !n1 z !y 8_c be rang$ along ) ! s5sible ph5om5a ( :i* ! m9d takes cognisance10 !re is b "o realm left to exi/ 91 :i* is ! transc5d5tali/ic4 ,all ?is comes f c>ry+ ! ab/raction by :i* 8m9d0 is rea*$1 to ma!matically inf9ite limits4 ,9 ?is ab/raction ! _w retreats & fades away into no?+ness4 ,& :at is left8 ,n a s+le idea or fact by :i* we c fix our ab/raction4 ,m9d is all1 & m9d is no?+4 ,x is n matt]1 n "t1 n space--n ev5 a ma!matical po9t1 :i* we expect x to become 9 its inf9itely contract+ p]spective4 ,x has no attributes1 no qualities2 x is no?+ & n[h]e4 ,?is conception ( m9d1 ,mr4 ,salt] says1 is only my/]i\s z we make x s1 by c>eless & inaccurate ?9k+4 ,& ,mr4 ,salt] is "r4 ,x w\ld require mu* c>eless ?9k+ to make su* a conception my/]i\s4 ,a ?+ or notion t _c be def9$1 plac$1 or br\ght into connection ) any o!r ?+ or notion 9 ! _w1 is n my/]i\s1 b simply does n exi/4 ,9 t respect1 x is z pla9 z day4 ,! same confusion exi/s 9 ! discussion :i* disposes ( ! qu]y1 8,:]e is m9d80 ,! ideali/1 9 ,mr4 ,salt]'s s5se1 does n admit t ! m9d is 91 or 9 anywise spatially connect$ )1 ! bra94 ,! "q1 :]e is m9d8 he says1 has no mean+1 any m ?an ! "q1 :at is ! color ( a pleasure8 ,?is is true4 ,m9d is an ab/raction4 ,9 ?is s5se x has no spatial exi/5ce4 ,b ! ph5om5a f :i* ?is ab/raction has produc$ itself1 are l9k$ ) ph5om5a :i* h spatial exi/5ce1 & 9 ?is s5se ! m5tal processes are n my/]i\s no?+s & n[h]es4 ,:5 ,i lose t gr\p ( s5sations call$ my leg1 ,i "k t1 g5]ally1 ,i h lo/ ! feel+ ( my leg4 ,s1 also1 :5 a c]ta9 "p ( t gr\p ( s5sations call$ my bra9 is de/roy$1 ,i "k t ,i %all !n h lo/ my p[] ( memory or ( spee* or ( motion4 ,i may also exp]im5t ) o!r gr\ps ( s5sations call$ dogs & cats1 :i* ,i "k h m5tal p[]s4 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts x is n correct1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common s5se1 to say t m5tal processes are absolutely indep5d5t ( locality4 ,i "k t my ?\ghts are n connect$ ) ! gr\p ( s5sations ,i call ! moon1 & ,i "k !y are n connect$ ) t gr\p ( s5sations t ,i call ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,i am always aw>e ( !m z connect$ ) t gr\p ( s5sations :i* ,i call 8myself40 ,mr4 ,salt]1 9 fact1 half recognises ?is4 ,he says1 8,! m9d is dep5d5t on ! body 9 ! s5se t our g5]al p[] ( s5sation & ?\ght is connect$ ) ^? s5sations we call our body40 ,yet1 8:y ?is %\ld be s is my/]i\s40 ,inde$6 ,"o is incl9$ to ask ,mr4 ,salt] "h1 :at species ( explanation or k he wi%es ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,is explanation1 or k1 some?+ m ?an ! recognition & see+ ( a pla9 connection betwe5 ! gr\ps ( s5sations t con/itute reality8 ,9 ,mr4 ,salt]'s analysis1 all ! facts ( ! _w are my/]i\s4 ,:y a ?+ is z x is & is n o!r ?an x is1 is my/]i\s4 ,he utt]ly fails to und]/& :y ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ colors is l9k$ ) ! p>ticul> gr\p ( s5sations he calls 8 eye1 & :y x %\ld n j z well be l9k$ ) "s o!r gr\p or no gr\p at all4 ,:y d ,i see ) my eye8 ,:y d ,i n see ) my h& or ) ! hairs ( my head1 or :y d ,i n eat ) my elb[1 in/ead ( my m\?8 ,:y d n /ones fall upw>ds8 ,:y d n magnets po9t t[>ds ! ,ea/8 ,:y d n ! planets move ab\t ,jupit] or ,saturn8 ,mr4 ,salt]'s "q makes a jumble ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,x is n ! object ( sci5ce or philosophy to f9d out :y ?+s are n :at !y are1 b to f9d out :at !y are4 ,9 ?is inquiry ! :y & :]e=e1 prop]ly und]/ood1 w evolve !mselves4 ,sci5ce simply conc]ns itself ) ! connection ( ! gr\ps ( s5sations :i* ! ideali/1 & = t matt] e "o else1 calls reality4 ,x _c conc]n itself ) any?+ else4 ,all o!r ?+s are artificial & self-made exi/5ces4 ,no?+ exi/s b reality & ! connections ( reality4 ,to seek = any o!r connections ?an ^? t exi/ is absurd & futile4 ,& to seek = any o!r causes or cause ( relations ?an su* z really are is also futile4 ,be=e we speak ( ! k ( a ?+ we mu/ analyse & def9e our notion ( k1 & be=e we speak ( ! cause ( a ?+ we mu/ analyse & def9e our notion ( cause4 ,9 our view1 ! relation :i* ,mr4 ,salt] d\bts1 is s intimately & inextricably "o1 t ! causal relation disappe>s4 ,nei!r is ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,we may1 = ! purposes ( inquiry1 />t f ei!r z our g5]al concept1 b we %\ld nev] g s f> z utt]ly to expel f reality ! o!r4 ,true sci5ce & philosophy are nei!r ideali/ic nor mat]iali/ic1 b real4 ,! two positions are extreme positions1 & ea* is useful only z a safegu>d aga9/ ! errors ( ! o!rs4 ,reality is reality2 t is ! ma9 ?+4 ,:e!r x is ideali/ic or mat]iali/ic is ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,besides reality !re is no?+2 its negation is non-exi/5ce4 ,we d n wi% 9 ^! criticisms to repudiate all t is 9 ,mr4 ,salt]'s book4 ,a great _m ( its reflections are helpful & sugge/ive4 ,we may ref]1 = example1 to ! passages 9 :i* ! body is reg>d$ z a gradually decreas+ wall ( sep>ation betwe5 t "p ( reality :i* is kn[n subjectively & t "p :i* is kn[n objectively4 ,?is is really a unit>y view4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t if ,mr4 ,salt] w\ld c>efully analyse ! notions ( k1 explanation1 cause1 effect1 &1 !re=e1 ! notion ( reality1 he w\ld n pu% 8 philosophy to ! my/]i\s extreme at :i* x f9ally arrives1 & he w\ld absolutely reject su* unsci5tific conceptions z sup]s5sible realism1 metaphysical realism1 & sup]s5sible or transc5d5tal causes4 ,^! r5d] ! read+ ( 8 book z a philosophical help unsatisfactory1 & leave ! m9d ev5 m confus$ & p]plex$ ?an x 0 be=e4 ,h[ev]1 all discussions ( ?is sort h _! value1 & ,mr4 ,salt]'s book possesses a virtue :i* few o!r philosophical productions c boa/ (3 x is v %ort4 ,! au?or's pleasant /yle w also add to ! pleasure ( its p]usal1 & if read critically ! book w evoke mu* helpful ?\ght4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,mccormack4 ,a ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,e?ics ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution4 ,by ,c4 ,m4 ,williams4 ,new ,york & ,london3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahic4 ,?is is a book1 ! p]usal ( :i* w leave ! e>ne/ /ud5t ( moral sci5ce full ( disappo9tm5t4 ,n at all t x manife/s any lack ( ability or in=mation4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is at once cle>ly & ent]ta9+ly writt51 & at ! same "t pack$ ) notes & comm5ts t are full ( int]e/ & in/ruction4 ,! c\rse ( ! book may be briefly /at$4 ,! fir/ "p1 compris+ ne>ly half ( its six hundr$ pages1 is devot$ to ! /atem5t ( ! e?ical doctr9es ma9ta9$ by ?irte5 prom95t writ]s1 ^: views h be5 =m$ m or less "u ! influ5ce ( ! !ory ( evolution1 viz43 ,d>w91 ,wallace1 ,haeckel1 ,sp5c]1 ,fiske1 ,rolph1 ,b>att1 ,/eph51 ,c>n]i1 ,hffd+1 ,gizycki1 ,alex&]1 & ,paul ,ree4 ,! re/ ( ! book is ! review ( our au?or4 ,?is review is conduct$ "u ! topical heads3 ,! ,concepts ( ,evolution2 ,intellig5ce & ,end2 ,! ,w2 ,?\ght1 ,feel+1 & ,w 9 ,evolution2 ,egoism & ,altruism 9 ,evolution2 ,consci5ce2 ,moral ,progress 9 ,hi/ory2 ,! ,results ( ,e?ical ,inquiry on an ,evolutional ,basis2 & ,! ,ideal & ! ,way ( ,its ,atta9m5t4 ,^! are all topics ( great int]e/ & importance1 & ! au?or has br\ght to ! consid]ation ( !m a m9d fully /or$ & entirely compet5t4 ,b we look 9 va9 = t disc\rse & criticism :i* above all o!r matt]s relat+ to moral sci5ce ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 human welf>e crave f ^? :o t5d] _! reflections ^u e?ical topics4 ,! great ne$ ( moral sci5ce is ! discov]y & c]tification ( its basis4 ,x is a ne$ t f> transc5ds ! scope ( m]e moral sci5ce1 = ^u its "r det]m9ation dep5ds ! "r det]m9ation ( a multitude ( que/ions t deeply involve ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,x is a ne$ t is n m]ely cry+ to be suppli$4 ,x is absolutely wail+4 ,c\ld x only be rightly det]m9$1 mank9d w\ld fa/ en\gh ori5t itself 9 ! c\rse ( evolution & ) undissipat$ en]gy "w out its be/ possible developm5t4 ,b undiscov]$ or unc]tifi$ x balks all process1 save only t me*anical1 halt+1 /umbl+ process t has hi!rto obta9$2 a process t is1 z all may obs]ve1 "o t has little if any inw>d cord9ation1 b is full ( inability & cross-purposes4 ,s9ce x 0 ! pr(ess$ purpose ( our au?or to review a numb] ( ! m prom95t sy/ems ( e?ics1 :i* he e/eems to be f\nd$ on ! !ory ( evolution1 8 failure to notice & to comm5t ^u s conspicu\s a feature ( moral sci5ce w\ld naturally lead a read]1 unv]s$ 9 ! works notic$1 to suppose t ^? works _h altoge!r slight$ ?is topic4 ,su* is1 h[ev]1 n ! case4 ,) ! exception ( p]haps ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 all ! writ]s review$ by our au?or h giv5 m or less att5tion to ?is matt]1 & !y h left u 9 no d\bt z to ! positions :i* !y sev]ally hold4 ,mo/ ( !m are ,h$oni/s ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,haeckel1 ,c>n]i1 ,rolph1 & ,alex&] are1 we believe1 ! only exceptions4 ,b a m s]i\s criticism ^u ! "w "u notice is sugge/$ by its v title4 ,t title z mu* z says t ! v>i\s works :i* are review$ by our au?or are 8f\nd$0 ^u ! !ory ( evolution1 at lea/ 9 s f> z _! e?ical doctr9es are conc]n$4 ,n[1 :at is ! !ory ( evolution8 ,:at is its ess5tial nature8 ,does n its v =m consi/ 9 ! affirmation ( an et]nal secul> mutation1 9 :i* !re is no discont9uity :atev]8 ,x says t exi/5ce 9 sum & 9 e detail is et]nal & cont9u\s process4 ,x uncompromis+ly =bids all suppositions ( any absolute beg9n+1 or ( any absolute end1 or ( any absolutely f9al adju/m5t4 ,h5ce1 no sy/em ( e?ics c ) tru? be said to be 8f\nd$0 ^u ! !ory ( evolution t ignores or =gets ?is ess5tial "* ( x4 ,n[1 :5 we turn to ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s 8sy/ems0 :i* our au?or supposes to be 8f\nd$0 ^u ! !ory ( evolution1 we f9d !m1 "o & all1 occupi$ m or less ) suppositions ( ends4 ,all are =eca/+ "s 8ideal0 condition1 :i*1 be+ atta9$1 all *ances ( retrogression w be =eclos$ & all possibilities ( bett]m5t w be exhau/$4 ,9 o!r words1 !y suppose an atta9m5t ( dea?1 or r an atta9m5t ( a dea?-9-life m utt]ly horrible ?an any actual dea? c possibly be4 ,! v fir/ condition = an e?ics t w be truly evolutional mu/ be ! fit & full recognition ( a b\ndless horizon to evolution 9 morals z well z 9 all else4 ,em]son p]ceiv$ ! tru? :5 he said 9 8,! ,sphynx03 8,pr(\nd]1 pr(\nd] ,man's _s mu/ dive2 ,to 8 aye roll+ orb ,no goal w arrive4 ,! heav5s t n[ draw him ,) sweetness untold1 ,once f\nd2 = new heav5s ,he spurne? ! old40 ,& at pres5t1 ! mo/ s]i\s ef=ts to e/abli% a truly cle>-sight$ e?ics ( evolution1 ) an unequivocal disav[al ( any & all ,h$onism1 is made by ! editors ( ,! ,moni/4 ,x1 inde$1 is ! key-note ( ! mission>y "w t *>act]ises all ! publications ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co4 ,any truly evolutional e?ics mu/ %[ itself a doctr9e t applies j z well to regress z to progress4 ,evolution is too (t5 conf\nd$ ) progress1 b deg5]ation is j z truly evolutional z is ! contr>y movem5t1 &1 look+ ! facts ( exi/5ce 9 ! face1 mank9d has no assurance ( any un*angeable c\rse ( bett]m5t4 ,! pr9ciples ( morals are1 h[ev]1 n dep5d5t ^u ! b5ign action ( nature4 ,:5 ! e>?'s /ock ( fuel %all become exhau/$1 or :5 ! ice age returns1 or :5 ! sun gr[s cold1 !re w be no alt]ation !reby 9 ! moral law4 ,good & evil mu/ & w be ! same "u all circum/ances1 & no sy/em ( e?ics is nor c be any?+ b a tempor>y make%ift1 t does n z well fit ! dia/oles z x does ! sy/oles ( exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ look = a doctr9e t %all in=m ! conduct ( m5 n only = ! =e "p ( ! day1 :5 all is jubilant & b\nd+ & man asks only = "s good task to d1 b also = ! ev5+ & night1 :5 man gr[s we>y & craves = re/2 = n only y\? & maturity1 b = wan+ /r5g?1 old age1 & dea?2 = n only ! progressive era ( cosmic hi/ory1 b = ! p]iods :5 natural conditions may disfavor mank9d1 :51 say1 man may gradually be s r$uc$ 9 res\rces t ! same w b>ely suffice = simple life-pres]vation2 :5 "u ! /ress ( natural conditions ! human intellect1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 becomes /ep by /ep elim9at$2 :5 inde$ humanity itself t5ds p]haps sl[ly1 b ) c]ta9ty1 t[>ds p]man5t ext9ction4 ,!y :o complac5tly prote/ t ! !ory ( evolution leaves ! doma9 ( moral sci5ce sub/antially unaffect$ are surely 9 great default ei!r 9 _! compreh5sion ( ! nature & implications ( t !ory1 or 9 _! p[]s ( circumspection1 :ile ^? :o suppose t moral sci5ce becomes evolutional simply because ( a little application ( t !ory to "s ( ! subord9ate que/ions t are involv$1 %[ !mselves 9 a plight z bad z ! o!rs if n worse4 ,our au?or notices )\t diss5t1 & ev5 ) seem+ concurr5ce1 ! v>i\s rem>ks made by _m ( ! writ]s review$ by him 9 discr$it ( teleology4 ,s9ce z we h be=e prote/$ ! !ory ( evolution =bids all suppositions ( any ends t are absolutely f9al1 x ( c\rse foll[s t teleology is 9 ! /rictness ( its mean+ inadmissible1 ev5 9 e?ics4 ,b 9 dismiss+ teleology1 let u n p\r out ! *ild ) ! ba?4 ,h[ev] x ought to be ) ! int]pretation ( ! ord] ( nature z a speculative ex]cise1 some?+ t is analog\s to teleology is an absolute necessity if e?ics is to be any?+ m ?an a curi\s /udy ( human practise4 ,! univ]se may manife/ no purpose1 design or secul> t5d5cy1 b man is & c be no?+ b a mis]able e/ray on ! ocean ( exi/5ce unless he sails on a c\rse1 in/ead ( m]ely drift+4 ,to d ?is he mu/ take some?+ by :i* to /e]1 & any plausible /ability is bett] ?an no be>+s :atev]4 ,at any rate man is insup]ably drawn to ?us m>k out 8 c\rse4 ,if ! !ory ( evolution =bids him to suppose any ends t are absolutely f9al1 x does n prev5t him f asc]ta9+ directions4 ,inde$ evolution af=ds him data ( ! v fir/ importance = t beho(4 ,in/ead ( ends we h aims & if e?ics is to become t c\nsel & guide to humanity1 :i* we ye>n = s anxi\sly1 x mu/ asc]ta9 & c]tify t s+le p>am\nt aim to :i* all o!r t5d5cies are naturally subsidi>y4 ,teleology1 or r ! det]m9ation ( ! aim ( evolution1 mu/ prep>e ! f\ndation be=e any evolutional e?ics t is wor?y ! "n c be e/abli%$4 ,aga9 our au?or ) consid]able debate notices ! rem>ks ( ! writ]s review$ by him on ! old "q ( free w & necessity1--b l ! posit+ ( "s end or aim to be subs]v$1 free w is "o ( ! presuppositions ( e?ics4 ,:5 man beg9s to debate ! possibility ( rightly asc]ta9+ ! true end or aim = 8 pursuit1 or :5 he beg9s to moot ! "q ( free w1 he is debat+ n any "q ( e?ics prop]1 b only :e!r su* a sci5ce is possible4 ,unless conditions & ev5ts are functions1 z well ( man's p]sonality z ( 8 environm5t2 unless p]sons c\nt = some?+ 9 ! v>iations ( ! c\rse ( nature1 x is altoge!r va9 & idle to be tr\bl$ ) que/ions ( morality4 ,free w & some:at to be a*iev$ are pr9ciples :i* :e!r well or ill f\nd$1 e?ics prop] mu/ take = grant$ be=e x has or c h any raison d'tre4 ,z = free w1 h[ev] ! metaphysicians may h /umbl$ ov] _! own feet1 ! common s5se ( mank9d has nev] wav]$4 ,z a practical "q 7& e?ics is pre-em95tly a matt] ( practice7 ?is "q is n an op5 "o4 ,b on ! "q ( :at is ! true p>am\nt aim = man to pursue1 ! decision t %all f9ally satisfy man is yet to be made4 ,! be/ pro( t no satisfactory answ] has yet be5 made is ! fact t we are /ill seek+ an answ]4 ,z ) reg>d to ! ne$ful prime condition = a truly evolutional e?ics we f\nd wisdom 9 ! poetical insight1 s aga9 9 ?is exig5cy we p]sonally f9d ! mo/ pr(\nd e?ical philosophy 9 t same insight4 8',tis ,life ( :i* our n]ves are scant4 ',tis ,life1 n dea? = :i* we pant1 ,m ,life1 & full] t we want40 ,,francis ,c4 ,,russell4 ,,d] ,,pessimismus ,,im ,,li*te ,,e9] ,h,,h]5 ,,weltauffassung4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,fri$lnd] & ,dr4 ,m4 ,b]5dt4 ,b]l9 ,w43 ,s4 ,g]/mann4 #ahic4 ,! au?ors' aim is ! refutation ( pessimism & ! f\ndation ( a high] _w-conception4 ,?is latt] is a pan!ism spiritualis$ by moral ideals & contra/$ to ,d>w9ism & mat]ialism4 ,natural sci5ce is said to be ! surr\nd+ walls ( ! new view1 furni%+ 7#a7 negative tru?s ( criticism & 7#b7 a k ( ! positive features ( nature4 ,! negative tru?s are3 ! impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 ( ! effici5cy ( pray]1 ( miracles1 ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( s\ls )\t bodies4 ,! positive results ( natural sci5ce are ! unity ( nature1 ! inde/ructibility ( nature1 ! h>mony ( ! ,all1 ! indivisibility ( nature1 ! irrefragable necessity ( natural processes accord+ to immutable laws1 & ! fre$om or indep5d5ce ( nature1 z hav+ its cause 9 itself1 uncreat$ & un9flu5c$ by any extramundane be+4 ,natural sci5ce alone1 accord+ to ! au?ors1 is n suffici5t to con/itute ! new _w-conception4 ,a "o-sid$ view ( natural sci5ce toge!r ) ! obsolete conceptions ( !ism are exactly :at has br\ght =? ! philosophical pessimism ( our "t4 ,natural sci5ce1 accord+ly1 is n to be reg>d$ z ! sole s\rce ( tru?2 x is to be correct$ by pan!ism4 ,! =m] tea*es u 8to reg>d matt] & its motion1 s to say1 z a dead in]t sub/ance to :i* motion is atta*$2 x treats matt] z an imm$iate reality4 ,pan!ism1 h[ev]1 tea*es t matt] is to be conceiv$ z ! int]relation ( ! innum]able live acts ( w appe>+ successively 9 "t & side by side 9 space10 etc4 ,! au?ors po9t out t ! necessity ( law :i* regulates ! me*anical processes ( nature does n exclude fre$om2 = 8fre$om is n arbitr>9ess b is controll$ by an imman5t ,gesetzmssigkeit40 ,?is summ>y is suffici5t to *>act]ise ! ideas ( ! ,drs4 ,fri$lnd] & ,b]5dt4 ,we _c say t !y admit ( no criticism1 7e4 g4 _! conception ( natural sci5ce mu/ be pron\nc$ z too n>r[ if n actually errone\s1 nor %\ld ! law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ be int]pret$ 9 ! s5se t /r5g? means brutal =ce17 b we c1 nev]!less1 express our sympa?y ) ! aim ( ! au?ors z well z ) ! _s 9 :i* !y pursue x4 4 ,,die ,,philosophie ,,und ,,die ,,sociale ,,frage4 ,by ,gu/av ,engel4 ,leipsic3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]4 #ahib4 ,,a*t ,,abh&lung51 ,,h]rn ,,pr(essor ,,dr4 ,,k>l ,,ludwig ,,mi*elet ,,zum #ij4 ,,geburt/ag ,,als ,,fe/gruss ,,d>g]ei*t ,,von ,,mitgli$]n ,,d] ,,philosophis*5 ,,gesells*aft4 ,leipsic3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]4 #ahib4 ,,wie ,,/eht ,,es ,,jetzt ,,mit ,,d] ,,philosophie1 ,,und ,,0 ,,hab5 ,,wir ,,von ,,ihr ,,zu ,,h(f58 ,by ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,paszk[ski4 ,halle a4 ,s43 ,f4 ,bey]1 #ahib4 ,?is lecture by ! well-kn[n writ] on ! sci5ce ( /ati/ics & its relat$ subjects 0 read be=e ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,b]l9 on ! #ca/ ( ,may1 #ahij4 ,x discusses ! problem ( socialism1 or r ! aspirations ( ! ,g]man social democracy f ! philosophical po9t ( view ( ! lectur]1 :i* is a mod]nis$ ,hegelianism4 ,?is lecture drew =? on ! ev5+ ( its deliv]y consid]able discussion1 :i* 0 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,h]r ,kahle1 a sociali/1 & ,h]r ,runze4 ,! discussions ( ^! g5tlem51 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,engel's reply1 are embodi$ 9 ! pamphlet4 ,! second ( ^! two pamphlets is also a publication ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,b]l94 ,x consi/s ( eight treatises1 essays1 or lectures1 :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! memb]s ( ! society to ,pr(4 ,k>l ,ludwig ,mi*elet z a fe/ival gift on 8 n9etie? natal day4 ,! au?ors ( ^! eight essays are3 ,adolf ,lasson1 ,augu/ ,cieszk[ski1 ,gu/av ,engel1 ,fri$ri* ,kir*n]1 ,wilhelm ,paszk[ski1 ,max ,runze1 ,georg ,ulri*1 & ,f4 ,zelle4 ,!y deal ) philosophical subjects1 *iefly su* z p]ta9 to ! ,hegelian philosophy4 ,app5d$ to ! pamphlet is a bibliography ( ! writ+s ( ?is ,ne/or ( ! ,philosophical ,society by ,f4 ,as*]son4 ,! au?or ( ! ?ird pamphlet compla9s ab\t ! decay ( philosophy3 8,metaphysics1 ! inn] fane 9 ! temple ( sci5ce1 /&s desolate10 & ! la/ disciples ( ,hegel c no long] prev5t ! deluge :i* sweeps away ! idealism ( _! gr& old ma/]4 4 ,,d] ,,mat]ialismus1 ,,e9e ,,v]irrung ,,des ,,m5s*li*5 ,,gei/es1 ,,wid]legt ,,dur* ,,e9e ,,zeitgem,,sse ,,weltans*auung4 ,by ,dr4 ,eug5 ,dreh]4 ,b]l93 ,s4 ,g]/mann4 #ahib4 ,! au?or ( ?is pamphlet1 at pres5t a doc5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 feels some:at oppress$ by ! mat]iali/ic t5d5cies ( our times4 ,8 desire is to e/abli% 9 ! _w a prov9ce ( ! ideal1 & ?is doma9 ( ideali/ic aspirations & hopes1 he says1 mu/ & c be bas$ ^u a sci5tific f\ndation4 ,to rea* ?is goal1 ! au?or prop\nds a philosophy :i* is confess$ly duali/ic1 & :i* mu/ be made a k9d ( religion4 ,desc>tes's ,cogito1 ergo sum1 is to him ! beg9n+ ( all philosophy4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,all is devoid ( s5se1 unless !re is an ego to ?9k x4 ,?is dualism1 if made a religion1 w ?r[ light ^u ! problems ( ! labyr9? ( life4 ,! aspirations ( ! au?or are s]i\s & noble4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 agree ) ! results ( 8 reason+s4 ,he does n seem to h consid]$ ,kant's objections to ! fallacy ( ! cogito1 ergo 8ego0 sum4 ,nor is he famili> ) ,li*t5b]g's fam\s rem>k1 t 8we %\ld say by rights #8x ?9ks1' exactly z we say #8x ra9s4'0 ,! same moral conclusions at :i* ! au?or arrives may be rea*$1 ! same prov9ce = ideal aspirations 9 ! _w may be ga9$1 ! same religi\s com=t may be f\nd1 )\t any surr5d] ( ! moni/ic view ( ! _w4 ,mat]ialism is an error ( human ?\ght4 ,b ! error _c be cur$ by dualism4 4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,grund=m5 ,,d] ,,vor/ellungsv]b9dung4 ,psy*ologis*e ,/udie4 ,by ,max ,(fn]4 ,m>burg3 ,r4 ,fri$ri*4 #ahib4 ,?is little bro*ure is a c>efully work$ out /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( association4 ,! au?or's view is summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,! attempt to r$uce ! ph5om5a ( association1 9 con=mity ) _! real nature1 to "o s+le ultimate process _c be reg>d$ z successful1 & we %all h to control our aspirations aft] a unit>y conception & re/ satisfi$ ) r$uc+ ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( association to two processes :i* are closely relat$1 namely3 7#a7 to an association ( simultaneity2 & 7#b7 to an association ( imm$iate succession40 ,!re is mu* t is sugge/ive 9 ! sixty-sev5 pages ( ?is pamphlet4 4 ,,f9ite ,,homog5e\s ,,/ra91 ,,fl[1 ,,& ,,rupture ,,( ,,rocks4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica4 ,by ,george ,f4 ,beck]4 ,ro*e/]3 ,publi%$ by ! ,society4 #ahic4 ,?is is a purely te*nical rese>*1 conc]n+ ! causes & =m ( ! discont9uity ( rock masses4 ,! /udies pres5t$ are ! outgr[? ( field-"w 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,cali=nia4 ,?is range is s int]sect$ by false jo9ts1 s*i/ose & slaty cleavages1 t on a scale ( "o mile to ! in* _! av]age sep>ation w\ld be = ! mo/ "p microscopic4 ,! dynamic manife/ations 9 ^! regions are v sy/ematic4 ,"s ( ! /ra9s :i* h produc$ ?is ph5om5on h be5 inf9itesimal1 & o!rs h be5 f9ite4 ,only ! latt] are "h treat$4 ,f9ite /ra91 ! relations ( /ress to /ra91 ! nature ( f9ite %e>1 viscosity1 fl[1 pla/icity1 ductility1 & rupture1 ! relation ( pla/ic solids to fluids1 ! spac+ ( fissures =m$ by incl9$ pressures1 jo9t+1 & slaty cleavage1 are ! *ief subjects discuss$4 ,! mo/ important result ( ! inve/igation is t jo9t+1 s*i/osity1 & slaty cleavage all imply relative movem5t & are ?us z truly orog5ic z falls ( notable ?r[4 8,9 ! light ( ?is conclusion10 says ! au?or1 8x appe>s t if "o c\ld reproduce ! orog5y ( ! ,si]ra 9 a mod]ate int]val ( "t on a model made to a scale ( "o mile to ! in*1 x w\ld seem to yield to ext]nal & bodily =ces mu* l a mass ( l>d ( ! same dim5sions40 ,?is pamphlet is neatly got up1 & reflects cr$it ^u ! au?or & publi%]4 4 ,,d] ,,e*te ,,und ,,d] ,,x5ophontis*e ,,sokrates4 ,by ,k>l ,jol4 ,volume ,i4 ,b]l93 ,r4 ,ga]tn]4 #ahic4 ,!re are two s\rces f :i* we h d]iv$ ! ma9 bulk ( our k conc]n+ ,socrates2 namely1 ! writ+s ( ,plato & ,x5ophon4 ,! =m] is g5]ally reg>d$ z an idealis]1 & ! latt] z an hi/orical biograph]2 = ,plato simply uses ! impressive figure ( ,socrates to exp\nd 8 own philosophy1 :ile ,x5ophon1 ! g5]al1 ! politician1 ! hi/orian1 is suppos$ to give 9 ! 8,memorabilia0 a simple & fai?ful acc\nt ( :at appe>$ to him wor?y ( be+ pres]v$4 ,z ,x5ophon 0 n a philosoph] himself1 x is tacitly assum$ t he _h no reason to alt]1 to suppress1 or to add 8 own p]sonal views to ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ! great ma/] :om he bore 9 grateful remembrance z a fai?ful disciple4 ,!re are "s o!r s\rces2 b !y are less ri* ?an ^? ( ,plato & ,x5ophon4 ,among !m mu/ be m5tion$ sev]al passages 9 ,ari/otle1 especially 9 8,magna ,moralia0 ,i1 p4 #aahb1 a #ae4 ,our au?or urges ) good reason t ! ,x5ophontic ,socrates is radically diff]5t f & ev5 oppos$ to ! real ,socrates1 & t we ought to rely m on ,ari/otle ?an on ,x5ophon4 ,x5ophon's 8,memorabilia10 ,k>l ,jol decl>es1 is n an hi/orical writ+ b a ,t5d5zs*rift1 & we h to be on our gu>d :]ev] ,x5ophon's special t5d5cy comes 94 ,socrates is ! repres5tative ( ! philosophical _s ( ,attica1 & ! "* ( 8 tea*+s may 9 a ^w be describ$ z a noble & sublimat$ subjectivism4 ,socrates is a rationali/ & z su* he opposes ! my/icism ( ! soo?say] & mantic4 ,he goes s f> 9 8 rationalism z to id5tify k & virtue4 ,he _c und]/&1 f 8 po9t ( view1 7:i* reg>ds ! s\l z a rational be+ only & leaves out ( sight ! exi/5ce ( impulses17 t a man c kn[+ly neglect to *oose ! bett] ?+ & *oose ! worse4 ,plato1 9 ord] to avoid ! error ( ,socrates1 inv5t$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! rational & irrational "p ( ! s\l & ,ari/otle criticises ,socrates say+ 4 ,! subjectivism ( ,socrates appe>s 9 8 tru/ 9 ! 1 ! div9e voice )9 8 s\l1 8 rationalism 9 8 con/ant reque/ to ga!r in=mation be=e beg9n+ to act4 ,he exhibits 9 8 talks great irony2 = in/ance1 :5 tell+ a politician t z a %oemak] mu/ "k 8 trade be=e mak+ %oes1 s he1 ! politician1 ought to "k 8 bus9ess be=e und]tak+ to manage affairs ( /ate4 ,aga9 & aga9 he satirises ! bungl+ levity ( m5 :o imag9e t 9 ! greate/ & grave/ ?+s ( life !y c act )\t any in=mation4 ,bo? ! subjectivism & rationalism ( ,socrates appe> 9 8 con/ant inculcation ( ! ,delphian motto 8"k ?yself40 ,:at a diff]5t "* is ,x5ophon6 ,he 0 a conv9c$ believ] 9 manticism4 ,!re are m ?an a hundr$ passages 9 8 writ+s 9 :i* n rational =e?\ght b ! art ( ! soo?say] is left to decide ! mo/ important que/ions ( practical life4 ,:5 ! c\rage\s t5 ?\s& (f]$ him ! lead]%ip 9 _! dang]\s retreat1 8 ambition urg$ him to accept1 b he fir/ asks ! ,god1 & ! om5s be+ unfavorable1 he refuses4 ,he did n accept ! (f] until he _h receiv$ ano!r m auspici\s om54 ,9 ! same way ,x5ophon acts ?r\gh\t4 ,all important decisions :i* prud5ce w\ld urge1 are made dep5d5t ^u sacrifices1 dreams1 or ! flight ( birds1 & m ?an once ! safety ( ! army is greatly endang]$ by a fatal passivity caus$ ?r\gh unfavorable om5s :i* prev5t ,x5ophon's act+ ) decision at ! "r mom5t4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ^! t5 ?\s& ,greek soldi]s escap$ only by good luck ! fate ( ! ,a!nian army 9 ,sicily "u ,nikias4 ,& ?is man1 a zeal\s believ] 9 manticism1 %\ld be an imp>tial & reliable hi/orian ( ! doctr9es ( ,socrates8 ,! ( ,socrates is *ang$ into a my/ic p[]1 a k9d ( spiritus famili>is4 ,x has ceas$ to be ! div9ity ( man's inn] self z :i* x appe>s 9 ,plato's acc\nt1 & is repres5t$ by ,x5ophon z "s peculi>ity ( ,socrates :i* 0 giv5 him z a special favor by ! gods4 ,socrates de?ron$ ! old fate t 0 suppos$ to rule ! affairs ( m5 & po9t$ out ! importance ( k1 = ?r\gh k we c le>n to regulate our fate ourselves4 ,! philosoph] :o ?\ght little ( well-be+1 ( 1 & dem&$ above all a well-do+1 an 78,memorabilia10 ,,iii1 #i1 #ad1 #ae17 did n recomm5d ask+ soo?say]s que/ions :]e we %\ld bett] ask ourselves1 al?\gh x is probable t he recomm5d$ ! ,a!nians to apply to ! ,delphic oracle in/ead ( rely+ ^u om5s n s mu* because he believ$ 9 prophesies1 b because he ?\ght t !y w\ld be influ5c$ by ! au?ority ( ?is v5]able in/itution ^: wisdom & cons]vative _s 7 beyond "q1 s t good advice c\ld be expect$ f x4 ,k>l ,jol1 accord+ly1 advises u to read ! 8,memorabilia0 ) an inv]sion ( ! po9ts1 viz41 to conv]t ! s5t5ces qualifi$ by 8al?\gh0 & 8to be sure0 into ! ma9 s5t5ces & vice v]sa4 ,9 ?is way we %all be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! pagan or?odoxy ( ,x5ophon & ! rationalism ( ,socrates4 ,:y does ,x5ophon n /ate directly & simply 7#a7 ,socrates advis$ 8 fri5d to ask ! oracles 9 all cases ( unc]ta9ty1 7#b7 manticism is indisp5sable 9 ! economy ( a h\sehold z well z ( a /ate1 & 7#c7 ! gods h n grant$ u any real k z to a f9al success & reveal x ?r\gh special revelations4 ,:y mu/ he add long s5t5ces introduc$ by 8al?\gh08 ,he adds to 7#a7 t ev]ybody ought to act solely accord+ to 8 own conviction1 to 7#b7 t all ! trades up to ! highe/ pr(essions _h to be le>n$ be=e practic$1 & to 7#c7 t ^? :o inquir$ at ! oracles = ?+s :i* c\ld be le>n$ & /udi$ 9 ! usual way are crazy & ev5 blasphem]s4 ,?is sket* may suffice to *>act]ise ! book :i* is mu* bett] ?an c\ld be anticipat$ aft] a p]usal ( ! preface1 :i* almo/ induc$ u to lay x aside unread4 ,x is n ! mode/y ( ! au?or :i* produces a prejudice b ! r&om talk conc]n+ ?+s :i* nei!r a read] nor a review] w c>e to "k4 ,! au?or has app>5tly no tal5t = writ+ prefaces1 & he w\ld be wise to omit !m 9 ! future entirely4 ,! book might be v mu* cond5s$1 repetitions avoid$1 & an alphabetical index c]ta9ly %\ld h be5 add$4 ,x conta9s five hundr$ & fifty-f\r pages2 & ! au?or says he is prep>+ a second volume4 ,we ?9k x w\ld h be5 bett] = 8 views if he _h express$ !m 9 a pamphlet4 4 ,a ,,p]plex$ ,,philosoph]4 ,be+ an exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s v>i\s utt]ances on ! l& "q1 ) "s incid5tal ref]5ce to 8 syn!tic philosophy4 ,by ,h5ry ,george4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,l4 ,web/] ,company4 #cbj pp4 ,! 8,p]plex$ ,philosoph]0 h]e9 describ$ is ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & p]sons :o l g+] 9 _! ale w enjoy ?is book2 = its eloqu5t invective1 hot f ! he>t1 *e]s u l t /imulat+ dr9k4 ,because ( ?is fi]y & rev5geful attack on ,h]b]t ,sp5c] mu* dignifi$ repro( has be5 aim$ at ,mr4 ,george by ^? excell5t p :o religi\sly =give ! injuries done to o!rs1 & all[ only to !mselves ! luxury ( retaliation2 b :5 we consid] ! provocation giv5 by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ?is c\nt]-bl[ ( ,mr4 ,george is mild4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h a critic's "r sev]ely or t5d]ly to condemn ! doctr9es ( ,mr4 ,george2 & _h he kept himself )9 8 privilege ,mr4 ,george 9 reply w\ld n h _h any "r to assail ! p]sonal "* & motives ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 b ! old] philosoph] *ose to treat ! y\ng] ) sup]cili\s disda91 & ?is 0 a p]sonal affront t fully ju/ifi$ a retort p]sonal4 ,scorn is an ignoble argum5t1 lawful only 9 return = scorn4 ,ap>t f ! tru? or error !y conta91 ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,george h a*iev$ a ph5om5al popul>ity2 _! influ5ce on social op9ion has be5 9 "s directions almo/ revolution>y2 !y are to-day ! political cre$ ( _m m5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially ( _m ?\s&s 9 ,am]ica1 ,great ,brita91 & ,au/ralia4 ,!y are bold 9 !ories1 attractive 9 illu/ration1 & admirable 9 _! lit]>y =m4 ,_! approval ( 8,social ,/atics0 0 an adv]tisem5t t multipli$ by hundr$s ! read]s ( t book1 & !re is no philosoph] great en\gh to affect ignorance ( ,mr4 ,george's writ+s1 or to dismiss !m ) a sne]4 ,m copies ( 8,progress & ,pov]ty0 h be5 sold ?an ( any o!r book on social economics t ev] has be5 writt51 & :5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] spoke ( t book z 8a "w :i* ,i clos$ aft] a few m9utes on f9d+ h[ vision>y 7 its ideas10 he put on airs ( aggravat+ sup]iority :i* naturally provok$ ! res5tm5t ( ,mr4 ,george4 ,aft] n read+ ! book ,mr4 ,sp5c] condemn$ its h]esies & said3 8,!re is ! movem5t = l& nationalisation press$ by ,mr4 ,george & 8 fri5ds ) av[$ disreg>d = ! j claims ( exi/+ own]s4444 8,& n[ ?is doctr9e 7t society z a :ole has an absolute "r ov] ! possessions ( ea* memb]7 is be+ op5ly proclaim$4 ,mr4 ,george & 8 fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,hyndman & 8 fri5ds1 are putt+ _! !ory to its logical issue40 ,to t ,mr4 ,george replies z foll[s3 8,9 no?+ ,i h ev] writt5 or spok5 is !re any ju/ification = su* a *>act]isation4 ,i am n ev5 a l& nationalisationi/ z ! ,engli% & ,g]man & ,am]ican nationalisationi/s well "k4444 ,i h be5 a /aun* d5i] ( ! assumption ( ! "r ( society to ! possessions ( ea* memb]1 & a cle>] & m resolute uphold] ( ! rights ( prop]ty ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c] has be540 ,)\t wait+ to inquire :e!r ,mr4 ,george includes )9 ! 8rights ( prop]ty0 ! "r to prop]ty 9 l&1 x is en\gh to say t "h at lea/ ,mr4 ,sp5c] is at a disadvantage4 ,he dis>m$ himself be=e go+ into battle by refus+ to read ,mr4 ,george's writ+s1 & scorn+ to exam9e !m he accus$ !m ( communism1 confiscation1 & l&-nationalisation4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] _c n[ /rike back = he has ?r[n 8 weapons away4 ,he is a prison] 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,george1 :o c\ples him ) ,p>son ,wilbur d5\nc+ a pr9t call$ ! ,lib]ator1 8^: h]esies10 he said1 8,i take e opportunity ( combat+1 & ( :i*1 ,i ?ank ,god1 ,i h nev] read a s+le l9e40 ,! p>allel is well drawn2 & ! lesson ( x is ?is1 nev] *all5ge a man & !n treat him ) contempt2 if y ?9k he is n a foeman wor?y ( y\r /eel1 let him alone4 ,_h ,mr4 ,sp5c] /udi$ ! works ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,george1 he w\ld h f\nd 9 !m "s doctr9es hav+ a manife/ family lik5ess to communism1 confiscation1 & l&-nationalisation2 b !y avail ,mr4 ,sp5c] no?+1 because he w\ld n condesc5d to read ! *apt]s :]e ^? revolution>y pr9ciples are4 ,if he w\ld b5d 8 br[ a mom5t & exam9e !m he might f9d t 9 ?is controv]sy !re are two p]plex$ philosoph]s in/ead ( "o4 ,9 ! book be=e u ,mr4 ,george rem>ks3 8,x is ?is confusion ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] z to r5t & value t has l$ him into confusion z to ! "r ( prop]ty2 & t1 at fir/1 at lea/ prev5t$ him f see+ t to secure ! equal rights ( m5 to l&1 x is n necess>y t society %\ld take =mal possession ( l&1 & let x out1 & consequ5tly1 t ! difficulties he anticipat$ 9 tak+ possession ( improv$ l& 7 imag9>y40 ,b1 9 8,progress & ,pov]ty10 ,*apt] ,,ii1 he said3 8,we %\ld satisfy ! law ( ju/ice1 we %\ld meet all economic requirem5ts1 by at "o /roke aboli%+ all private titles1 decl>+ all l& public prop]ty1 & lett+ x out to ! highe/ bidd]s 9 lots to suit1 "u su* conditions z w\ld safely gu>d ! "r to improvem5ts40 ,! italics are ours1 direct+ ! att5tion to app>5t contradictions :i* x is = ,mr4 ,george to reconcile4 ,&1 if ,engli% words h any mean+1 8aboli%+ all private titles0 means confiscation2 & 8decl>+ all l& public prop]ty & lett+ x out to ! highe/ bidd]s10 is l&-nationalisation2 at lea/1 ! ord9>y read] may innoc5tly ?9k s1 yet ,mr4 ,george decl>es t he is n a l&-nationalisationi/4 ,z a p]sonal def5se & explanation ,mr4 ,george has a "r to say t he is n a l&-nationalisationi/1 or a communi/1 or an 8i/0 ( any o!r k9d1 & we are b\nd to take 8 ^w = x1 b 9 ?is dispute t matt] is :olly immat]ial4 ,! "q be=e ! meet+ is ?is1 ,is ,mr4 ,george's book a l&-nationalisationi/ or is x n8 ,is x a confiscationi/ or n8 ,9 8,progress & ,pov]ty0 ,mr4 ,george expla9s 8 mean+ ?us3 8,i d n propose ei!r to pur*ase or to confiscate prop]ty 9 l&4 ,! fir/ w\ld be unju/1 ! second ne$less4 ,let ! individuals :o n[ hold x /ill reta91 if !y want to1 possession ( :at !y are pleas$ to call _! l&4 ,let !m cont9ue to call x _! l&4 ,let !m buy & sell & bequea? & devise x4 ,we may safely leave !m ! %ell if we take ! k]nel4 ,x is n necess>y to confiscate l&2 x is only necess>y to confiscate r5t40 ,! italics are by ,mr4 ,george2 & a little f>!r on1 he says2 8,t is ! fir/ /ep ^u :i* ! practical /ruggle mu/ be made4 ,:5 ! h>e is once caught & kill$1 cook+ him w foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse40 ,& sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 8,protection or ,free ,trade10 page #cjb1 ,mr4 ,george describes ! artful me*anism ( ! sn>e by :i* ! h>e is to be caught & kill$3 8,n[ x is evid5t t1 9 ord] to take = ! use ( ! gov]nm5t ! :ole income aris+ f l& j z effectively z x c\ld be tak5 by =mally appropriat+ & lett+ out ! l&1 x is only necess>y to aboli%1 "o aft] ano!r1 all taxes n[ levi$1 & to increase ! tax on l& values till x rea*es z ne> z may be ! full annual value ( ! l&40 ,9 t p>agraph 8gov]nm5t0 is m]ely ano!r ^w = 8nation10 & ! tak+ away f private own]s all ! l&s ( ! c\ntry 8= ! use ( ! gov]nm5t0 is l&-nationalisation1 :e!r ! tak+ be done boldly by imp]ial decree1 or furtively by tax+ x up to its 8full value0 & out ( ! h&s ( its own]s4 ,! discrim9ation above made mu/ apply to ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z well z to ,h5ry ,george4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has a "r to qualify & expla9 z mu* z he pleases2 he may prop]ly say :at he ?9ks n[ ab\t ! "r ( l&-own]%ip1 b ! "q at issue is ?is1 ,:at are ! op9ions ( 8,social ,/atics0 ^u ! l& "q8 ,are !y n 9 pr9ciple1 & v ne>ly 9 expression ! op9ions ( 8,progress & ,pov]ty08 ,x is n to be d5i$ t 8,progress & ,pov]ty0 f\nd moral support 9 8,social ,/atics40 ,9 fact1 ! disciples ( ,h5ry ,george1 :5ev] _! doctr9es 7 assail$1 br\ght ,h]b]t ,sp5c] into ! field z a re9=cem5t4 ,?is1 at la/1 gave ,mr4 ,sp5c] great annoyance1 & 9 a mom5t ( irritation he det]m9$ ev5 by a qualifi$ recantation to )draw ! res]ve brigade on :i* 8,progress & ,pov]ty0 _h s long dep5d$ = assi/ance4 ,h5ce1 8 lett]s to ! ,times & ! ,/4 ,james's ,gazette1 & ! modification ( 8 views :i* appe>s 9 8,ju/ice40 ,he tri$ to d ?is by dropp+ ,mr4 ,george to ! gr\nd1 :ile endeavor+ to /& on consi/5t feet himself2 & ?is x is t inspires ! vehem5t criticism ( ,mr4 ,george4 ,) a scalpel mo/ logically ke5 ,mr4 ,george has dissect$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy ( l&1 & ) almo/ ,indian exultation he exposes its ecc5tricities & contradictions4 ,z 0 inevitable1 = we _c get along )\t x1 ! old famili> ,galileo moral is br\ght 9 by ,mr4 ,george to prove t 8/ill x moves40 ,he is "r2 = if x is e?ically & politically true1 z decl>$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 #ahej1 8t equity does n p]mit prop]ty 9 l&10 x w be true =ev]1 & no extremity ( recantation c make x false4 ,! attempt ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] to %[ by duplicate metaphysics t 8 lat] op9ions conc]n+ l& are n inconsi/5t ) ! occult mean+ ( 8,social ,/atics10 is a failure4 ,x _c /& a mom5t be=e ! se>*+ analysis & legible comp>isons ( ,mr4 ,george4 ,! attempt to resolve a concrete subject1 su* z gov]nm5t own]%ip ( l&1 into ab/ract t]ms ( ju/ice limit$ or exp&$ by ! "r ( "s private p]son to ! h\se on ! l&1 & ! b>n1 & ! well1 & ! f5ces1 & ! apple-trees1 & o!r appurt5ances1 corporeal & incorporeal1 has involv$ ,mr4 ,george himself1 z well z ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 "s confusion ( ?\ght1 & has entangl$ bo? ( !m 9 v>ieties ( /atem5t n easy to reconcile4 ,?is might be due to obscure def9itions & multipli$ explanations1 or to *anges ( op9ion1 b ,mr4 ,george ass]ts t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s inconsi/5cies are ! result ( moral & intellectual di%one/y1 prompt+ him to expla9 away 8 pr9ciples to propitiate ! l&lords & o!r ari/ocratic p]sons :o admitt$ him into _! high society aft] he became em95t1 & be=e !y knew t 8 philosophy d5i$ ! "r ( private prop]ty 9 l&4 ,9 8 lett] to ! ,times1 apologis+ = 8,social ,/atics10 ,mr4 ,sp5c] said3 8,! "w ref]r$ to--8,social ,/atics0--0 int5d$ to be a sy/em ( ,political ,e?ics--absolute political e?ics1 or t :i* ought to be1 z di/+ui%$ f relative political e?ics1 or t :i* is at pres5t ! ne>e/ practical approa* to x40 ,& !n ! philosoph] becomes a politician & frames = ! l&$ & ! l&less a moral code1 ambidextr\s & ela/ic z a p>ty plat=m4 ,duty1 ju/ice1 "r1 & tru?1 lose all _! absolute qualities1 & become relative to exp$i5cy & our own conv5i5ce4 ,he tea*es u to oppose wrongs until !y become ve/$ rights & !n def5d !m4 ,he makes e?ics *angeable z our coats1 & ! man :o c af=d two suits ( clo!s may h two suits ( e?ics1 an 8absolute0 suit = ,sundays & a 8relative0 suit = e day2 an 8ab/ract0 suit = we>+ ab\t ! h\se1 & a 8practical0 suit = bus9ess purposes4 ,he may we> a suit ( 8pure0 e?ics :5 buy+1 & a suit ( 8appli$0 e?ics :5 sell+2 & s1 at la/1 by ^? h>lequ9 morals1 x happ5s t :at we ought to d has no relation at all to 8t :i* ought to be40 ,^? pure subtleties & appli$ subt]fuges make ,mr4 ,sp5c] an easy m>k = ! indignant s>casm ( ,mr4 ,george1 :o %[s :at ,mr4 ,sp5c] ?\ght ( absolute & relative e?ics :5 he said 9 8,social ,/atics03 8,:5 a man admits t an act is #8!oretically j1' he admits x to be t :i*1 9 /rict duty1 %\ld be done4 ,by #8true to pr9ciple' he means 9 h>mony ) ! conduct decre$ = u4 ,! c\rse :i* he calls #8ab/ract$ly "r1' he believes to be ! appo9t$ way to human happ9ess4 ,!re is no escape4 ,! expressions mean ?is or !y mean no?+40 ,! book is writt5 9 an angry ve91 & ! nicknames 8traitor10 8juggl]10 8apo/ate10 & ! l1 add no?+ to ! value ( its argum5t2 !y only give bitt]ness to ! c5sure4 ,!y are n to be comm5d$1 al?\gh !y ought to be excus$1 = !y sprang out ( 8a tempe/ ( provocation40 ,mr4 ,george has be5 fight+ "u ! bann] ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & he feels l a soldi] ^: g5]al des]ts him 9 ! battle & !n dis[ns him altoge!r4 ,! only rational explanation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s lett]s to ! ,times & ! ,/4 ,james's ,gazette is t he has radically *ang$ 8 op9ions ab\t ! private own]%ip ( l&3 & 8 timid1 unc]ta91 & equivocal way ( say+ s makes him look v mu* l ! 8p]plex$ philosoph]0 t ,mr4 ,george describes4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be notic$ t ,mr4 ,george himself is n s radical 9 ?is la/ book z he 0 9 8,progress & ,pov]ty40 ,8 pr9ciples appe> to be ! same1 b 9 ! application ( rem$ies he is mild] ?an he 0 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ago4 ,:5 he rea*es ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s age he may be j z cons]vative & 8p]plex$0 z t philosoph] is n[4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,trumbull4 ,,footnotes3 #he ,mr4 ,salt]'s "n = 8 !ory4 #hf ,says ,mr4 ,salt]3 8,idealism 7z "h /at$7 is n1 h[ev]1 itself a solution1 be+ only a cle> /atem5t ( :at ! problem is2 & = all t su* idealism c say1 ! problem may be insoluble40 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,nos4 #d & #e4 ,,die ,,grundempf9dung5 ,,9 ,,normal5 ,,und ,,anomal5 ,,f>b5sy/em5 ,,und ,,ihre ,,it5sit,,tsv]teilung ,,im ,,spektrum4 ,by ,ar?ur ,knig & ,conrad ,diet]ici4 ,,i/ ,,e9e ,,c]ebrale ,,ent/ehung ,,von ,,s*webung5 ,m,,gli*8 ,by ,k>l ,l4 ,s*aef]4 ,,ueb] ,,e9ige ,,neu]e ,,=ts*ritte ,,9 ,,d] ,,anatomie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,ar?ropod5aug54 ,by ,sigmund ,fu*s4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #f4 ,,das ,,tapetum ,,lucidum ,,bei ,,dur*leu*tung ,,des ,,auges4 ,by ,ziem4 ,,b]i*tigung ,,zu ,,pr(essor ,m,,n/]b]gs ,,beitr,,g5 ,,zur ,,exp]im5tell5 ,,psy*ologie1 ,,heft #d4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss47 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xxix4 ,no4 #c & #d4 ,,die ,,lte/e ,,fassung ,,von ,,melan*?ons ,,e?ik4 ,by ,h4 ,he9eck4 ,,die ,,mod]ne ,,en]getik ,,9 ,,ihr] ,,b$eutung ,f,r ,,die ,,erk5ntnisskritik1 ,,ii4 ,by ,k4 ,lasswitz4 ,,die ,,sittli*e ,,frage ,,e9e ,,sociale ,,frage1 ,,ii4 ,by ,f4 ,/aud+]4 ,,johann ,,edu>d ,,erdmann4 ,by ,b4 ,erdmann4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 7,b]l93 ,dr4 ,r4 ,sal+]47 ,,vi]teljahrss*rift ,f,r ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,philosophie4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,no4 #d4 ,,die ,,/atis*5 ,,function5 ,,des ,,ohrlabyr9!s ,,und ,,ihre ,,beziehung5 ,,zu ,,d5 ,,raumempf9dung54 7,"p ,i47 ,by ,r4 ,wlassak4 ,,ueb] ,,v]s*melzung ,,und ,,analyse4 ,e9e psy*ologis*e ,/udie4 7,"p ,i47 ,by ,h4 ,cornelius4 ,,die ,,wi*tigkeit ,,d] ,,reproductionsgef,,hle ,f,r ,,die ,,entwicklung ,,und ,,bildung ,,des ,,m5s*54 ,by ,j4 ,zahlfleis*4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,no4 #a4 ,,ueb] ,,d5 ,,begriff ,,d] ,,wiss5s*aft ,,bei ,,galilei4 ,by ,a4 ,riehl4 ,,die ,,/atis*5 ,,function5 ,,des ,,ohrlabyr9!s ,,und ,,ihre ,,beziehung5 ,,zu ,,d5 ,,raumempf9dung54 7,conclud$47 ,by ,r4 ,wlassak4 ,,ueb] ,,v]s*melzung ,,und ,,analyse4 ,e9e psy*ologis*e ,/udie4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,h4 ,cornelius4 ,,w]?!orie ,,und ,,e?ik4 7,"p ,i47 ,by ,*r4 ,ehr5fels4 ,a4 ,,voigt',s 8,,elem5t>e ,,logik0 ,,und ,,me9e ,,d>legung5 ,,zur ,,logik ,,des ,,logis*5 ,,calculs4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,huss]l4 7,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&47 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,philosophie ,,und ,,philosophis*e ,,kritik4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,ci4 ,no4 #b4 ,,doxographis*es ,,zur ,,lehre ,,vom 4 ,by ,a4 ,dr+4 ,,ern/ ,,platn]',s ,,und ,,kant',s ,,erk5ntnis/heorie ,,mit ,,besond]] ,,b],,cksi*tigung ,,von ,,tet5s ,,und ,,a5esidemus4 ,by ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,wres*n]4 ,,jahresb]i*t ,,b] ,,ers*e9ung5 ,,d] ,,philosophis*5 ,,litt]atur ,,9 ,,franz,,sis*] ,,spra*e ,,aus ,,d5 ,,jahr5 #ahhi ,,und #ahij4 ,by ,adolph ,lasson4 ,,rec5sion54 7,leipsic3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]47 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,v4 ,no4 #b4 ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,motor ,,ability4 ,by ,wm4 ,l4 ,bryan4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,animals4 ,by ,james ,e4 ,le,rossignol1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,on ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,angles ,,& ,,positions ,,( ,,l9es4 ,by ,joseph ,ja/r[1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( 8,,unconsci\s ,,c]ebration40 ,by ,*>les ,m4 ,*ild4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology ,,at ,,wellesley ,,college4 ,by ,m>y ,:iton ,calk9s4 7,worce/]3 ,j4 ,h4 ,orpha47 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,social ,,progress4 ,pr(4 ,frankl9 ,h4 ,gidd+s4 ,,did ,,! ,,romans ,,deg5]ate8 ,by ,m>y ,emily ,case4 ,,political ,,economy ,,& ,,practical ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,william ,cunn+ham4 ,,g]man ,,"* ,,z ,,reflect$ ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,,life ,,& ,,lit]ature4 ,by ,ri*>d ,m4 ,mey]1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,book ,,reviews4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #aah ,s\? ,twelf? ,/reet47 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,review4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #a4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 ,by ,pr(4 ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,,an ,,anci5t ,,pessimi/4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,cl>k ,murray4 ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,law ,,9 ,,e?ics4 ,by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,c4 ,fr5*4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,lamb]t4 ,by ,h>old ,griff+4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #b4 ,,kant',s ,,critical ,,problem4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,s*urman4 ,,epi/emology ,,9 ,,locke ,,& ,,kant4 ,by ,pr(4 ,&rew ,se?4 ,,an?ropometry ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tit*5]4 ,,discussions3 ,reality & ,idealism4 ,by ,david ,g4 ,rit*ie & ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill]4 ,,book ,,reviews4 7,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago3 ,g9n ,company47 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #e4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,lit]ature4 ,by ,orello ,cone4 ,,! ,,folk-,,song ,,( ,,israel ,,9 ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,,! ,,prophets4 ,by ,k>l ,budde4 ,,cosmopolitan ,,religion4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,b>tol4 ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,socialism ,,( ,,! ,,prophets4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,b5n4 ,,:itti]',s ,,spiritual ,,c>e]4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,*adwick4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,factor ,,9 ,,biblical ,,inspiration4 ,by ,m>v9 ,r4 ,v9c5t4 ,,israel ,,9 ,,egypt4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,toy4 ,,! ,,briggs ,,h]esy ,,trial4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,gillett4 7,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co47 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,no4 #ab4 ,,le ,,m\vem5t ,,philosophique ,,en ,,russie3 ,,ii4 ,,la ,,philosophie ,,de ,,hegel ,,et ,,les ,,c]cles ,,philosophiques4 ,by ,e4 ,lannes4 ,,la ,,composition ,,musicale ,,et ,,les ,,lois ,g,n,,rales ,,de ,,la ,,psy*ologie4 ,by ,m4 ,paulhan4 ,,la ,,psy*ologie ,,de ,w4 ,,james 7#bnd article74 ,by ,l4 ,m>illi]4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,no4 #a4 ,,la ,,psy*ologie ,,de ,w4 ,,james 7#c;d article74 ,by ,l4 ,m>illi]4 ,,la ,,croyance ,m,,taphysique4 ,by ,j4 ,g\rd4 ,,la ,,beaut ,,pla/ique4 ,by ,l4 ,c\turat4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,no4 #b4 ,l',,unit ,,de ,,la ,,philosophie4 ,by ,p4 ,janet4 ,l',,expression ,,objective ,,en ,,musique ,d',,apr,s ,,le ,,langage ,,in/9ctif4 ,by ,j4 ,comb>ieu4 ,,la ,,psy*ologie ,,de ,w4 ,,james4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,l4 ,m>illi]4 ,,revue ,,des ,p,,riodiques ,,trang]s4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,no4 #c4 ,,re*]*es ,,sur ,,la ,,succession ,,des ,,ph,,nom,,nes ,,psy*ologiques4 ,by ,b4 ,b\rdon4 ,l',,am\r ,,e/-,,il ,,un ,,tat ,,pa?ologique8 ,by ,g4 ,danville4 ,,sur ,,un ,,effet ,,p>ticuli] ,,de ,l',,att5tion ,,appliqu,e ,,aux ,,images4 ,by ,&r ,lal&e4 ,,beaut ,,organique ,,et ,,beaut ,,pla/ique4 ,by ,a4 ,naville4 ,,revue ,,de ,m,,taphysique ,,et ,,de ,,morale4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #a4 ,m,,taphysique ,,et ,,morale4 ,by ,flix ,ravaisson4 ,,le ,,cont9u ,,ma?,,matique4 ,by ,h4 ,po9c>4 ,,essai ,,sur ,,quelques ,,probl,,mes ,,de ,,philosophie ,,premi,,re4 ,by ,f4 ,rauh4 7,p>is3 ,librairie ,ha*ette et ,cie47 ,,voprosui ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4#hg ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #ae4 ,,! ,,aim ,,( ,,human ,,life4 ,by ,w4 ,rosan(f4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,judgm5t4 ,by ,f4 ,*>iton(f4 ,,! ,,positivism ,,( ,,kant4 ,by ,a4 ,kozl(f4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,duty4 ,by ,n4 ,grote4 ,a ,,criticism ,,( ,,moral ,,altruism4 ,by ,w4 ,preobraj5sky4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,love4 ,by ,w4 ,sol[(f4 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,transc5d5tal ,,monism4 ,by ,a4 ,w$5sky4 ,,! ,,second ,,int]national ,,congress ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology ,,9 ,,london4 ,by ,w4 ,*ige4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,zo,,psy*ology4 ,by ,w4 ,wagn]4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,p]ception4 ,by ,n4 ,lange4 7,mosc[1 #ahib47 ,,philosophis*es ,,jahrbu*4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,vi4 ,no4 #a4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,actuale ,,be/imm!it ,,des ,,un5dli* ,,kle954 ,by ,pohle4 ,,gass5di',s ,,skepticismus ,,und ,,se9e ,,/ellung ,,zum ,,mat]ialismus4 ,by ,kiefl4 ,,d] ,,begriff ,,des 8,,wahr540 ,by ,franz ,s*mid4 ,,d] ,,begriff ,,des ,,unbewus/5 ,,9 ,,psy*ologis*] ,,und ,,erk5ntnis/heoretis*] ,,h9si*t ,,bei ,,ed4 ,v4 ,,h>tmann4 ,by ,a*elis4 ,,d] ,,sub/anzbegriff ,,bei ,,c>tesius ,,im ,,zusamm5hang ,,mit ,,d] ,,s*ola/is*5 ,,und ,,neu]5 ,,philosophie4 7,cont9u$47 ,by ,c>l ,ludewig1 ,s4 ,j4 7,fulda1 #ahic47 ,,sph9x4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ,no4 #hd4 ,,nirwana4 ,by ,m5etos4--,,die ,,wi$]v]k,,rp]ungslehre ,,im ,,drama4 ,by ,ludwig ,de9h>d4--,,die ,,gnade4 ,by ,m>ia ,janits*ek4--,,das ,,f]nseh5 ,,als ,,funktion ,,des ,,transsc5d5tal5 ,,subjekts4 ,by ,c>l du ,prel1 ,ph4 ,d4 7,conclud$47--,,an ,,c>l ,,du ,,prel4 ,by ,m>t9 ,greif4--,,seh5 ,,und ,,wahrtr,,um54 ,by ,h]mann ,haug4--,,ueb] ,,die ,,spiriti/is*5 ,,ph,,nom5e ,,vom ,,physikalis*5 ,,/&punkt4 ,by ,dr4 ,anton ,lampa4--,,s*uld ,,und ,s,,hne4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,frage d] ,telepa?ie4 ,by ,m4 ,con/4 ,ho*4 7,conclud$47--,,die ,g,,tt9 ,,des ,,g5usses4 ,e9e ,traumphantasie4 ,by ,k>l ,fri$r4 ,jordan4--,,fegfeu]4 ,na* ,franois ,coppe4 ,by ,rudolf ,ge]+4--,,g]ettet6 ,by ,raphael von ,koeb]1 ,ph4 ,d4--,,melan*olie4 ,by ,c>l ,vansel[4--,,die ,,se*s ,,s*w,,ne4 ,e9 ,beitrag zum ,na*weis des ,esot]ismus im ,volksbewus/se94 ,by ,gotts*alk ,?or/54--,,geheimniss4 ,by ,adolf ,k4 ,w4 ,ho*5egg4--,,e9e ,,gei/]/imme4 ,by ,hugo ,gozdawa4--,,d] ,,begriff ,,des ,,absolut54 ,by ,o4 ,plma*]4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #he4 ,,lebe ,,de9em ,h,,*/5 ,,ideal ,,getreu6--,a-,u-,m4 ,by ,m5etos4--,,psalm54 ,by ,franz ,ev]s4--,,mei/] ,,d] ,,my/ik4 ,by ,wilhelm von ,sa9tgeorge4--,,aegypt5s ,,grosse ,,pyramide4 ,e9 ,tempel d] ,e9weihung 9 die ,my/]i54 ,by ,edu>d ,maitl&4--,,die ,,deuts*e ,,gesells*aft ,f,r ,,e?is*e ,,kultur ,,und ,,h]r ,,von ,,egidy4 ,by ,hugo von ,gizycki4--,,die ,,my/ik ,,des ,,islam4 ,by ,adolf ,engelba*4--,,e9 ,,e*t] ,,di5] ,,gottes4 ,by ,dr4 ,raphael von ,koeb]4--,,e9 ,,gegn] ,,des ,,spiritismus4 ,by ,c>l du ,prel4--,,die ,,wiss5s*aft ,,d] ,,magi]4 ,by ,ludwig ,de9h>d4--,,hebe ,,di* ,,weg ,,von ,,mir1 ,,satan6 ,by ,h4 v4 ,m4--,,anna ,,h5le4 ,e9 ,erlebnis4 ,by ,hbbe-,s*leid54--,,d] ,,/]n ,,d] ,,s9tflut4 ,by ,ar?ur ,/5tzel4--,,selige ,,geg5w>t4 ,by ,m>ia ,janits*ek4--,,sehnsu*t4 ,by ,c>l ,vansel[4--,,das ,,elfle91 ,,das ,,ausg+1 ,,d5 ,k,,nig ,,zu ,,su*54 ,by ,b]nh>d ,fabl]4--,,d] ,,bl9de ,,passagi]4 ,by ,ludwig ,gangh(]4--,,fr,,hl+s ,,erwa*54 ,fr ,vt] und ,erzieh]4 ,by ,o4 ,plma*]4--,,drei ,,knosp54 ,by ,hans von ,mos*4 7,brunswick3 ,c4 ,a4 ,s*wets*ke ,son47 ,we _c be accus$ ( hav+ any p5*ant = ,!osophy or ,spiritualism & f9d little occasion to praise _! productions1 :i* are usually crude & illit]ate4 ,b we mu/ confess t ,hbbe-,s*leid5's review1 ! ,sph9x1 is greatly sup]ior to any?+ 9 ?is field we h ev] se54 ,!re is arti/ic ta/e ab\t x2 !re is1 s f> z its position admits (1 a c]ta9 contact ) positive sci5ce2 !re is an attractive popul>ity )\t %all[ness4 ,all ^! means are skilfully employ$ by ! editor to impress 8 ideas1 errone\s ?\gh !y may be1 ^u 8 public4 ,if ! magaz9e appe>$ 9 ,engli%1 in/ead ( ,g]man1 x w\ld at once become ! recognis$ lead] 9 its field4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,july1 #ahic4 ,,no4 #d4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,nationalisation ,,( ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sities4#hh ,a little m ?an a c5tury ago x 0 univ]sally believ$ t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! vitality ( a republic & its size /& 9 an inv]se ratio4 ,! inadaptability ( a republican sy/em ( gov]nm5t to a /ate ( va/ t]ritorial expanse & ) a v num]\s population 0 consid]$ an almo/ axiomatic1 i4 e4 self-evid5t1 tru?4 ,:5 ! ?irte5 ,engli% colonies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica _h tak5 ! bold resolution to trans=m !mselves into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 _m an ard5t patriot (t5 ask$ himself1 n free f anxi\s =ebod+1 :e!r ! ,union 0 )9 ! limits laid d[n by irrev]sible political laws1 z ! utmo/ ext5t ( republics fit to endure4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! size ( ! c\ntry1 ! d\bts z to :e!r ! republican exp]im5t 0 likely to prove a success1 w\ld nev] h assum$ a "*1 :i* gave suffici5t color to ! *>ge ( mon>*ical t5d5cies1 to make !m appe> well-f\nd$ 9 ! eyes ( s _m p4 ,:5 aft]w>ds a new empire 0 to be add$ to ! ,union by ! ,l\isiana pur*ase1 ! d\bt1 z to :e!r ! republican sy/em ( gov]nm5t w\ld be equal to ! /ra9 put ^u x by su* an imm5se enl>gem5t ( ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 play$ a n unimportant "p among ! objections ( ! opposition4 ,t exp]i5ce has def9itively dispos$ ( ^! ideas1 by prov+ ! appreh5sions to be unf\nd$1 is no reason to ?9k meanly ( ! political disc]nm5t ( ^? :o ent]ta9$ !m4 ,x w n be univ]sally admitt$1 t exp]i5ce has ?us f> prov$ !m to be :olly unf\nd$ also z to consolidat$ republics4 ,& h[ c x be wond]$ at1 t at t "t ! ess5tial diff]5ce 0 n fully realis$ & und]/ood1 :i* exi/s betwe5 a f$]al & a consolidat$ republic ) reg>d to ! peculi> dang]s & evils apt to arise f ?is specific cause4 ,?\gh republican f$]ations _h be5 kn[n to ! _w = two ?\s& ye>s1 no in/ruction 0 to be d]iv$ f _! hi/ory on ?is head4 ,z to ! ext5t ( t]ritory1 ! consolidat$ ,roman republic1 :i* _h consum$ its vitality ) its gr[?1 c\ld alone be comp>$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & z to _m ( ! ess5tial features ( _! political /ructure1 nei!r mod]n nor anci5t hi/ory furni%$ an analogy4 ,9 ! soil ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! g]ms ( ,european in/itutions _h--adapt+ !mselves to ! new conditions--develop$ into a new type ( commonweal?4 ,x is conc$$ on all sides t1 next to ! capacity ( ! ,am]ican p = self-gov]nm5t1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates owe x prim>ily to ! happy bl5d+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ,national ,union & ,/ate ,indep5d5ce t1 tak+ all 9 all1 hi!rto _! hi/ory has be5 ! mo/ /rik+ & conv9c+ v9dication ( republican in/itutions2 & x is h>dly que/ion$ t1 b = ! happy bl5d+ ( ^! two pr9ciples1 a republic compris+ half ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t & possess$ ( all ! requisites ( vitality nev] w\ld nor c\ld h exi/$4 ,^u _! be+ 8an inde/ructible ,union ( inde/ructible ,/ates10 ! vitality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates absolutely dep5ds4 ,t1 ) ?is pr9ciple z ! f\ndation1 ! doma9 ( a republic c be almo/ indef9itely ext5d$1 )\t !reby de/roy+ its vital en]gies1 has be5 irrefutably demon/rat$4 ,b does t mean1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h def9itively solv$ ! problem ( keep+ ! vital =ces ( a republic cov]+ a va/ area unimpair$8 ,by no means4 ,only ! prelim9>y "q has be5 settl$ by !m = all "t to come1 :at ! indisp5sable pr]equisite ( its solution is1 & !y h ?us f> succe$$ 9 pres]v+ _! vitality4 ,b ev5 z to !mselves1 ! solution ( ! problem itself has to be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 n only by g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 b e ye> & e day4 ,! h\r nev] w1 nev] c come1 :5 ! ,am]ican p c1 ) impunity1 say3 ! task is accompli%$2 let u re/ & enjoy ! fruits4 ,x nev] c come1 because ! problem itself is 9 a cont9u\s /ate ( trans=mation4 ,?\gh ! *anges be s sl[1 t !y are imp]ceptible to ! ke5e/ eye try+ to foll[ !m up f ye> to ye>1 !y are none ! less real1 & if !y are n duly he$$1 ! p5alty w h to be paid "s "t 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,:ile ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! bl5d+ ( ,national ,union & ,/ate ,indep5d5ce1 is irrev]sible1 ! attempt to make its application immutable1 w\ld be fatal4 ,i say ! attempt1 = actually to d x1 is1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 impossible4 ,! ,am]ican p are n only con/itutionally a nation4 ,! civil w> did n result 9 ! p]man5t disruption ( ! ,union1 b 9 weld+ x m indissolubly toge!r1 because1 ) ! s+le exception ( slav]y1 ! facts co9cid$ ) ! law4 ,9 spite ( ! trem5d\s sectionalis+ influ5ce ex]cis$ by slav]y1 ! nationalisation 9 feel+1 ?9k+1 & int]e/s _h made su* progress "u ! op]ation & protection ( ! law ( ! l&1 t x c\ld /& z sev]e a te/1 z any consolidat$ ,/ate c boa/ ( hav+ /ood4 ,! causes1 to :i* x 0 due1 t ! facts 7 9 con=mity ) ! law1 h be5 ev] s9ce unremitt+ly at "w1--! c\nt]-t5d5cies h disappe>$ ) ! aboli%m5t ( slav]y1--&1 indep5d5t ( t1 ^? causes are e ye> acquir+ a great] =ce4 ,! actual nationalisation1 !re=e1 goes /eadily on1 :e!r we l x or n1 & ?\gh ! con/itutional nationalisation be all[$ to rema9 un*ang$4 ,:ile ! legal /atus "u ! ,con/itution may n be alt]$ = ev] s long1 we are confront$ by con/antly *ang+ conditions4 ,if we d n con=m 9 :at we d & leave undone to ! irrepressible *anges ( ?is evolution>y process1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! pr9ciple ( bl5d+ ,national ,union & ,/ate ,indep5d5ce w avail u b little4 ,! vital en]gies w dry up & ebb away1 = :ile we h kept ! =m1 we h become /rang]s to ! _s :i* r5d]s x a magic =ce4 ,nor ought ! divid+ l9e betwe5 political p>ties to run1 z 9 days ( yore1 on ! "q ( ,/ate rights & consolidation4 ,all discrim9at+ patriots mu/ be z well ,/ate rights m5 z consolidationi/s1 respectively consci\s support]s & promot]s ( fur!r nationalisation4 ,:]e & h[ ought ,/ate indep5d5ce to be /r5g!n$1 s z to prev5t an ov]-consolidation by ! sil5t work+ ( ^? nationalis+ causes1 :i* x is impossible to /em8 &3 ,:]e & h[ ought consolidation1 respectively nationalisation1 to be promot$1 9 ord] to make ! work+ ( ^? nationalis+ causes conducive to ! true int]e/s ( ! p & to ! invigorat+ ( republican in/itutions8 ,^! are ! two que/ions :i* ! ,am]ican p h con/antly to ask !mselves4 ,on ! discretion & disc]nm5t display$ 9 try+ to f9d ! correct answ]s mu/ x dep5d1 :e!r ! f$]ative pr9ciple w "w z well 9 ! future1 z x has done 9 ! pa/4 ,if ^! propositions mu/ be admitt$1 x c be prov$ t 9 no respect is consci\s & sy/ematic nationalisation m imp]atively ne$$ ?an 9 reg>d to education4 ,at fir/ sight ?is ass]tion may seem worse ?an extravagant4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n afraid to submit my case to ! jury ( ! ,am]ican p1 if ,i am b conc$$ ! legal "r ( e crim9al1 to be he>d ere ,i am judg$4 ,education is ! b$-rock on :i* ?is republic re/s4 ,h[ev] excell5t its political in/itutions be1 its decay & ultimate d[nfall is inevitable1 if ! p fail to d _! full duty by !mselves 9 ?is respect4 ,=1 9 a democratic republic1 political in/itutions are live =ces only s f> z ! p h ! m5tal & moral requirem5ts = work+ !m well1 & ^! m5tal & moral requirem5ts c be atta9$ only by education4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a vital "q = ! republic t e "o ( its sons & daught]s receive n only "s s*ool+1 b t ! education ( all be prop] & adequate4 ,t is a trem5d\s task4 ,x con/antly gr[s 9 scope & intricacy1 & at ! same "t1 x becomes ( m & m import t x be well accompli%$4 ,) ! p re/s ! ultimate decision 9 ev]y?+1 & ! problems confront+ ! commonweal? are assum+ m & m a "*1 tax+ ! highe/ /atesman%ip to ! utmo/4 ,?us ! claims ^u ! intellig5ce & ! moral s\ndness ( ! p are fa/ be+ /ra9$ f> beyond any?+ ev] kn[n by any =m] g5]ation 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,& lack ( ! requir$ intellig5ce & moral s\ndness 9 any "o ,/ate necess>ily affects ! :ole ,union4 ,a ,/ate t is d]elict to its duty 9 ! education ( its p1 wrongs n only itself1 b also ! nation4 ,by its %>e 9 ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 e ,/ate is directly in/rum5tal 9 lay+ d[n ! law = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,all ! ,/ates are !reby made to p>ticipate 9 ! paym5t ( ! p5alty = its intellectual & moral defici5cies4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 by no means ! only way 9 :i* !y are made to suff] by !m4 ,:at ! law does ) reg>d to ev]y?+ r5d]$ f$]al by ! ,con/itution2 comm]ce1 travel1 & int]*ange ( population d 9 o!r respects4 ,!y are unremitt+ly & ) ev] increas+ int5sity at "w1 multiply+ & r5d]+ m close ! organic relations betwe5 all ! p>ts ( ! va/ doma91 e wat]-way1 railroad-track1 & telegraph l9e p]=m+ ! functions ( ! ve9s 9 ! animal organism4 ,if ! blood be poison$ 9 "o limb1 ! virus _c be prev5t$ f work+ its way into ! :ole sy/em4 ,to admit t education is 9 ! highe/ degree a national int]e/1 & to d5y its be+ a national conc]n1 is1 h[ev]1 a self-contradiction4 ,to conte/ ei!r ! "r or ! duty ( a nation to ackn[l$ge e national int]e/ a national conc]n1 & to deal ) x accord+ly1 is a palpable absurdity4 ,n z to ! ,:e!r1 b only z to ! ,h[1 c ! p be re/rict$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,a con/itution impos+ ^u ! p an injunction to m9i/] to ! ne$s ( ! commonweal?1 w\ld be z great a political mon/rosity z a con/itution provid+ = ! dissolution ( ! /ate4 ,?is doctr9e w n be all[$ to pass un*all5g$4 ,i %all be ask$ :e!r ,i set myself aga9/ ! univ]sally accept$ fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,am]ican con/itutional law1 t ! f$]al gov]nm5t has no p[]s b ^? grant$ to x by ! ,con/itution4 ,i d n4 8,:]e1 !n10 my int]locutor w g on1 8d y f9d ! express grant or ! impli$ p[]80 ,n[h]e4 8,!n y advocate a con/itutional am5dm5t to ! effect indicat$ by y80 ,i d n4 ,i "k t su* an am5dm5t c\ld n get ! vote ( a s+le /ate1 & if !re 7 a possibility ( its be+ adopt$ by ! con/itutional numb] ( /ates1 ,i %\ld be f\nd1 to ! la/1 among ^? fight+ x too? & nail4 ,i c h>dly conceive ( a m suicidal measure ?an ! adoption ( su* an am5dm5t4 ,j because education is ! b$-rock on :i* ! republic re/s1 is x ( vital importance t x does n become a f$]al affair4 ,self-reliance & responsibility are ! ma9 pill>s support+ a democratic commonweal?4 ,kill1 9 ! p ( a /ate & ! population ( its subdivisions1 ! habit ( self-reliance & ! s5se ( responsibility 9 reg>d to ! sub/ratum ( ! :ole political & social /ructure1 & !y w )] & %rivel up 9 reg>d to ev]y?+ else4 ,! compulsion to tax !mselves directly = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( s*ools & ! be+ 9 close t\* ) ^? entru/$ ) ! direction ( ! educational "w are an ine/imable boon to ! p4 ,ev5 if x 7 economically possible to d )\t direct taxes1 political reasons w\ld p]emptorily =bid _! aboli%m5t4 ,on acc\nt ( _! moral effect1 no /ate c\ld disp5se ) !m1 & lea/ ( all a democracy4 ,all indirect taxes are paid m or less unconsci\sly2 ! p1 h[ev]1 mu/ be kept consci\s t ! public purse means _! own pockets4 ,! m !y lose sight ( ?is1 ! wid] ! door is op5$ to pat]nalism1 & pat]nalism is a m deadly enemy ( lib]ty ?an despotism & tyranny4 ,^!1 if any vitality be left 9 ! p1 ultimately k9dle ! desire = lib]ty1 :ile pat]nalism acts ^u x z an opiate & ends by kill+ x ?r\gh ! sy/ematic en]vation ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,if ?is is to be kept alive n only 9 =m1 b also 9 ess5ce & 9 _s1 ! p mu/ con/antly be held to tea* !mselves 9 illu/rat+ by _! own acts ! irrefutable tru?1 t n ! rights1 b ! self-impos$ duties are ! vital pr9ciple ( true democracy4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is m apt to drive ?is all-important fact irresi/ibly home1 implant+ x in]adicably 9 _! :ole feel+ & 9 _! consci\s ?9k+1 ?an ! necessity to vote1 z directly z possible1 out ( _! own pockets ! money requir$ = pres]v+ intact & 9 vigor ! pr]equisite ( all t is ne$$ = ! pres]vation ( ! nation's vitality4 ,if x be n deem$ irrev]5t1 ,i %\ld say t e doll> a man volunt>ily votes out ( 8 pocket to provide = ! educational ne$s ( ! community1 prea*es to him a political 8,s]mon on ! ,m\nt40 8,lib]ty & self-gov]nm5t10 x says1 8mu/ be paid =2--/ate & society are 9 _! v ess5ce e?ical conceptions2--!y mu/ tott]1 fall1 & crumble to pieces1 unless !y re/ on an e?ical f\ndation2--to pres]ve1 broad51 & deep5 ?is f\ndation1 by provid+ = ! requir$ intellectual & moral equipm5t ( ! g5]ations 9 ^: h&s ! future de/9ies ( ! commonweal? w lie1 is ! p>am\nt duty ( ! p2--no "o has ! "r to exempt himself f do+ 8 %>e 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is duty1 = ! heirloom ( ! pa/1 enjoy$ by ! pres5t1 is b a tru/ to be left1 ) accru$ int]e/1 to ! future2--! fulfilm5t ( ?is duty ought to be consid]$ r a privilege ?an a sacrifice1 = e f>?+ paid = ! ma9t5ance ( ! humble/ village s*ool is an integral "p ( ! nation's life-insurance premium2--glory 9 ?is responsibility to ! :ole c\ntry1 = x con/itutes y1 ) ! weal?ie/ & mightie/1 a jo9t build] ( its greatness2--glory 9 ?us be>+ witness by ! fruit ( ! sweat ( y\r br[1 t y1 too1 are sworn 9 on ! cre$ t man does n live by bread alone2--glory 9 & r5d] ?anks = be+ ?us held to keep ablaze 9 y\r own bosom & help k9dle 9 ! bosom ( ! l[lie/ *ild ( ! community1 ! sacr$ fire ( idealism40 ,t by _m1 p]haps by mo/ p1 ?is appeal is n he>d 9 di/9ct words1 ,i d n conte/4 ,b t is no reason to make light ( x4 ,utt]ly lo/ x nev] is4 ,some?+ ( x s9ks into ! m9d ev5 ( ! dulle/ & mo/ h>d-he>t$1 ?\gh x be b 9 ! =m ( a fa9t & vague feel+4 ,to make !m lose ?is1 is to deprive !m ( ! be/ !y h4 ,democracy is n a mill-pond1 on :i* a fragile boat c outride ! wilde/ tempe/4 ,x is ! op5 sea1 on :i* ! pr\de/ & /\te/ craft is sure to be swamp$1 soon] or lat]1 if x be n prop]ly balla/$4 ,true idealism1 h[ev]1 nev] 0 a m ess5tial "p ( ! balla/1 ?an 9 ^! times & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x /&s m 9 ne$ ( x ?an any o!r /ate1 because its unp>allel$ opportunities are appall+ly p[]ful inc5tives to plunge headlong into ! mat]iali/ic t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,!re=e1 x is ru?less to lay h&s on any?+ t5d+ to keep alive & fo/] true idealism 9 ! p4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld be1 9 my op9ion1--n 9 int5tion1 b 9 effect1--a da/>dly crime1 "u any plea :atev]1 to release ! p f ! obligation to provide 9 _! local organisations = ! education ( _! y\?s4 ,!re=e1 ,i ev5 deem x ^u ! :ole m b5eficial ?an detrim5tal t _m ( ! high] & mo/ ( ! highe/ educational in/itutions ( ! c\ntry are ! free gift ( high-m9d$ m5 & wom5 to ! p4 ,i h nev] agre$ ) ^? :o h cont5d$ 9 ?is c\ntry t ! duty ( ! commonweal? does n ext5d beyond provid+ = prim>y &1 at ! mo/1 to "s ext5t = second>y education1 & t x w\ld n be fair & prop] to tax all = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( colleges & univ]sities1 :i*1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 only a small m9ority c frequ5t4 ,x w\ld be h>d to "n a m promis+ sign ( ! times1 ?an t ?is doctr9e has ( late lo/ s mu* ( its =m] hold ^u public op9ion1 t "o w\ld h to se>* long = an advocate ( x 9 its orig9al rigor4 ,x is em95tly 9 ! int]e/ ( all1 t !re be an ample numb] ( m5 & wom5 :o h receiv$ ! highe/ education4 ,!re=e1 x is evid5tly n only ju/ifi$1 b imp]ative1 t ! commonweal? furni% ! means = supply+ its want4 ,b if ! views held 9 ?is respect on ! cont95t ( ,europe _h prevail$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,am]ican p w\ld h be5 ! poor] ( "o ( ! va/e/ & mo/ grateful fields = manife/+ ideali/ic public-spirit$ness4 ,an ine/imable loss1 = ideali/ic public-spirit$ness is n ! lea/ ( ! causes to :i* x is due t ,am]ican democracy has /ood ! te/2 & ideali/ic public-spirit$ness1 l e virtue1 gr[s /rong] & m fruitful by be+ practis$4 ,e donation = educational purposes prompts o!rs to foll[ suit1 & is1 ap>t f its direct b5efic5t effects1 a mo/ valuable object-lesson to ! :ole nation4 ,) equal impressiv5ess1 ! ri* & ! poor are rem9d$ ( ! treasures :i* 8nei!r mo? nor ru/ do? corrupt40 ,on e educational in/itution br\ght into exi/5ce 9 su* a way are indelibly inscrib$ ! two magic words to :i* ?is c\ntry owes x greatness3 ,help y\rself1 & ,public ,_s2 e "o ( !m is a liv+ prote/1 z well aga9/ pat]nalism--:e!r x pres5t itself 9 ! sociali/ic or 9 any o!r g>b--z aga9/ ! sett+ up ( ! gold5 calf z ! idol ( ! republic4 ,!re=e1 ev]y?+ t5d+ to s]i\sly *eck ^! manife/ations ( idealism & public _s 9 reg>d to high] education w\ld be deplorable1 ev5 if x 7 9 itself comm5dable1 = pat]nalism & mat]ialism are too rampant to leave any?+ undone t is calculat$ to keep !m d[n4 ,to cont5d t ! exi/+ dec5tralisation 9 reg>d to education mu/ be done away )1 w\ld1 = ^! reasons1 be a truly ,quixotic *>ge ^u w9dmills3 ! v5ture mu/ result 9 brok5 bones4 ,x _c1 &1 if x c\ld1 ought n to be done1 = ?is dec5tralisation is ! natural outgr[? ( ! :ole hi/orical developm5t ( ! commonweal? & 9 p]fect accordance ) ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( its political & social /ructure4 ,b x w\ld be /range logic to conclude f ?is t x c h work$ no h>m1 or t ! evil consequ5ces x may h _h _c be rem$i$4 ,c x be d5i$ t1 ap>t f ! prim>y s*ools1 x s\nds almo/ l mock]y to speak ( an ,am]ican sy/em ( education8 ,if we look at ! s*ools ( a high] grade1 we are confront$ by a bewild]+ *aos1 & ! ne>] ! top1 ! worse ! confusion becomes4 ,t ! effects ( ?is are n altoge!r good1 w be univ]sally admitt$1 ?\gh op9ions w diff] z to ! weight t ought to be atta*$ to ! bad consequ5ces 9 ! aggregate & sev]ally4 ,to me1 "s ( !m seem to be ( a v s]i\s "*1 & ,i hold t !y mu/ f ye> to ye> become ( m consequ5ce4 ,to say t somebody has be5 ?r\gh a 8high s*ool10 does n convey suffici5tly def9ite in=mation z to ei!r ! k9d or ! am\nt ( in/ruction he has receiv$4 ,to "k t somebody is a graduate ( an 8academy10 a 8college10 a 8univ]sity10 means to "k next to no?+ z to 8 m5tal equipm5t4 ,to gauge our man1 we mu/ inquire1 ,:at academy1 :at college1 :at univ]sity8 ,hav+ le>n$ t1 we are 9 hundr$s ( cases n a :it wis] ?an be=e4 ,we h to ask = ! cal5d> ( ! in/itution1 &1 aft] hav+ read t1 we %all (t5 be /ill pretty mu* at sea1 =1 z ! ,g]mans say1 8pap] is pati5t10 & ! pr9t+ ( a fir/-class programme implies by no means ( necessity fir/-class in/ruction4 ,?is may be consid]$ by "s ( little or no mom5t1 because ! degrees conf] no rights :atev]4 ,b !y are1 nev]!less1 n s5seless gewgaws4 ,if !y be deem$ su*1 _! aboli%m5t mu/ be insi/$ ^u1 = !n !y are z mu* out ( place 9 ?is c\ntry z ord]s or o!r mean+less titles4 ,!y are int5d$ to be c]tificates ( k & m5tal tra9+4 ,if !y lose ?is "*1 !y are no?+1 or worse ?an no?+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 self-evid5t t !y mu/ be depriv$ ( ?is "*1 exactly to ! ext5t t ! educational in/itutions be>+ ! same "n & conf]r+ ! same degrees diff] f ea* o!r4 ,d y n ?9k x m ?an likely t1 if a law 7 pass$ mak+ x obligatory to add to ! lett]s indicat+ a degree ! "n ( ! in/itution by :i* x 0 conf]r$1 an a/\nd+ numb] ( ornam5tal tails to names w\ld be cut (f =ev]8 ,?is w\ld n be done1 if ! degrees m]ely fail$ to be def9ite & reliable c]tificates ( k & m5tal tra9+4 ,!y d positive h>m1 because ! in/itutions conf]r+ !m h little m 9 common ?an ! "n1 _! educational /&>d diff]+ 9 ! extremes1 z mu* z ! crippl$ %rub & ! /urdy oak4 ,:ile ! public d n "k :at value to atta* to ! degree1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! recipi5ts are betray$ into (f5sive & p]nici\s self-deception4 ,^u ! (ficial av]m5t ( _! alma mat]1 !y lay ! flatt]+ unction to _! s\l t !y h receiv$ a mu* bett] intellectual outfit ?an !y really possess4 ,^! in/itutions practically rev]se ! precept ( ! ,greek sage3 n 8"k ?yself10 b 8deceive ?yself0 is ! maxim impr9t$ on _! diplomas4 ,& ?is self-deception is a subtle1 contagi\s virus4 ,x is at lea/ d\btful1 :e!r m w take w>n+ by look+ ?r\gh ! false pret5se1 or be lur$ by x into ! same mi/ak5 notions z to ! requirem5ts ( g5u9e high] education4 ,to h practically no fix$ /&>ds = ! diff]5t grades ( high] education mu/ z inevitably h mis*iev\s effects ^u ! intellectual life ( a p1 z its economic life mu/ be demoralis$ by all[+ ev]ybody to co9 money ( ! same outw>d appe>ance1 b ( any alloy he pleases4 ,n t h>m has be5 done by ! almo/ unlimit$ fre$om enjoy$ by ! educational in/itutions ow+ _! exi/5ce to private munific5ce1 is to be wond]$ at2 x is a/oni%+ t ! delet]i\s effects h n be5 mu* worse4 ,a premium is (f]$ = sail+ "u a false flag4 ,if a college may be call$ a univ]sity1 & an academy a college1 x w\ld be m ?an surpris+ if ! gr&] "n 7 n frequ5tly pref]r$1 = x flatt]s alike ! vanity ( ! donors1 ! in/ructors1 & ! pupils1 & w--) m or less reason--be expect$ to "w z a bait4 ,) ! "n goes ! "r to conf] degrees1 & ! ex]cis+ ( ?is privilege is to s]ve ! same purposes4 ,b ! "n r5d]s x necess>y to keep up appe>ances1 & t is an exp5sive pleasure4 ,! masqu]ad+ 9 a pret5ti\s guise cuts d[n ! all[ance ( :olesome food4 ,wor?less univ]sities in/ead ( good colleges1 inf]ior colleges in/ead ( satisfactory academies & fitt+ s*ools1 are b too (t5 ! result4 ,no "n w deprive ! rose ( its sweet sc5t2 b ! butt]cup _c1 ) impunity1 call itself a rose4 ,! wor/1 h[ev]1 is1 t ev5 ! be/ in/itutions ( ! high] ord] are made to pay a heavy p5alty = ! %ortcom+s ( ^? ( ! l[] rank4 ,n gett+ ! prop] mat]ial1 !y d n turn out z good "w z !y 9 !mselves might d4 ,mu* valuable "t1 :i* ought to be devot$ to go+ on ) ! build+1 mu/ be sp5t 9 m5d+ & /r5g!n+ ! defici5t f\ndation1 :i*1 aft] all1 does n acquire ! requisite solidity1 because m5d+ is necess>ily pat*work4 ,nor is ! damage conf9$ to ! pupils t h be5 s5t up f ineffici5t s*ools4 ,^! act z a drag ^u ^? :o h come adequately prep>$4 ,to r5d] matt]s worse1 ! defici5cies are nei!r ! same ) all1 nor is x kn[n be=eh& :]e !y w be f\nd & h[ f> !y w ext5d4 ,nei!r are ! curricula ! same1 nor is !re any gu>anty t ! same curriculum means ! same "w done4 ,"h s _m ?+s h be5 taught1 t ev]y?+ has suff]$ 9 reg>d to ?or\ghness4 ,!re1 specialisation has comm5c$ s e>ly1 t ! basis is too n>r[ & too %all[4 ,tra9+ = a special purpose has encroa*$ ^u education4 ,all ^! difficulties greatly hamp] ! in/itution4 ,b !y d m4 ,!y ex]cise a /rong pressure ^u x to /ray f ! "r pa?1 = !y are p[]ful inc5tives to yield to ! evil t5d5cy1 m to measure1 ?an to weigh ! "w done4 ,?is is1 9 my op9ion1 ! mo/ deplorable ( all ! bad consequ5ces :i* ! lack ( a uni=m sy/em1 result+ f ! dec5tralisation ( education1 has ?us f> _h2 & x is all ! m dang]\s1 because ! measur+ pr9ciple is s well fitt$ to be clad 9 ! s$uctive g>b ( a lucid & cle>-cut sy/em4 ,i d n expect t e "o ( my propositions w be univ]sally ass5t$ to4 ,b c any unprejudic$ obs]v] dispute t !re is en\gh tru? 9 :at ,i h said to prompt ! p s]i\sly to pond] ! "q1 :]e ?is is go+ to end8 ,if no consci\s1 en]getic1 & conc]t$ ef=t be made to c\nt]act ! evil effects ( dec5tralisation1 ! v fact ( high] education hav+ assum$ su* a kaleidoscopic "* r5d]s inevitable its becom+ m & m kaleidoscopic4 ,! f\nd]s1 bo>ds ( tru/ees1 presid5ts1 & faculties ( new in/itutions are almo/ compell$ to give _! individual notions on high] education1 to a dang]\s ext5t1 free scope4 ,hav+ a hundr$ diff]5t patt]ns pres5t$ to _! consid]ation1 ! temptation is well-nigh irresi/ible n to adopt any "o ( !m1 b to devise a new "o4 ,a new exp]im5t+ laboratory is set up4 ,t its exp]im5ts w be1 positively or negatively1 ( "s value1 is to be suppos$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! public int]e/ w\ld h be5 bett] s]v$ by a good factory1 r5\nc+ ! risky ambition ( dabbl+ ) new inv5tions4 ,a ,european is /ruck ) wond]m5t t1 consid]+ ! ext5t to :i* dec5tralisation 9 high] education has be5 c>ri$1 n inf9itely m h>m has be5 done1 & t ! h>m x does1 seems to impress ! ,am]icans comp>atively s little4 ,nei!r c be und]/ood1 unless "o fully realises to :at a degree ! ,am]ican commonweal? is /ill 9 its =mative p]iod1 & :at an a/\nd+ educational p[] !re is 9 ,am]ican life4 ,to ! =m] x is pr9cipally due1 t ! delet]i\s effects m5tion$ are "h 9 fact ( mu* less consequ5ce1 ?an !y w\ld be1 :]e ! advantages ( an hi/orical developm5t1 c\nt+ by m ?an c5turies1 are paid = by ! rigidity ( age2 & ! latt] supplem5ts & corrects ! "w ( ! s*ools s effectively1 t x is n surpris+ to f9d ev5 _m a ke5-sight$ & highly accompli%$ ,am]ican m or less bl9dfold$ z to ?is4 ,because ! ultimate results are satisfactory1 x is tak5 = grant$1 t ! educational conditions ( ! c\ntry mu/ be all "r1 :ile a se>*+ critical exam9ation irresi/ibly =ces ^u "o ! "q1 :e!r a good deal is n a*iev$ 9 spite ( !m4 ,if ?is be s1 failure to promptly att5d to :at is defective 9 !m w surely be puni%$1 = ?anks to ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates are be+ fill$ up1 _! =mative p]iod is fa/ draw+ to a close1 & ) its close1 ! educational p[] ( ,am]ican life w be1 9 "s important respects1 v s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,! peculi> advantages1 !y h ?us f> enjoy$1 are /eadily gr[+ weak]1 :ile intellectually & morally1 ! difficulties confront+ ! :ole civilis$ _w1 & difficulties peculi> to !m1 are z /eadily mak+ great] dem&s ^u ! p4 ,gr[? ( population & developm5t ( economical life1 ) all its att5d+ circum/ances1 con/antly work+ at ! fur!r nationalisation ( ! ,am]ican p1 & ! problems to be solv$ gr[+ m & m intricate1 disa/] mu/ become inevitable1 if education does n keep abrea/ ( ?is d\ble movem5t2 & ?is x _c d1 if we d n en]getically & sy/ematically g to "w to nationalise education )\t consolidat+ x4 ,nor h we any "t to lose1 = ! task is by no means easy4 ,e in* ( gr\nd ga9$ w be ! price ( an ardu\s & protract$ /ruggle4 ,f ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t no direct assi/ance is to be d]iv$1 = ! "q is n )9 ! prov9ce ( its con/itutional p[]s1 & if x 71 we ought n to ask its int]f]5ce1 because1 z ,i said1 to nationalise education )\t consolidat+ x1 is to be ! aim4 ,public op9ion1 unaid$ by law1 mu/ effect ! re=m4 ,public op9ion1 h[ev]1 is 9 ?is c\ntry ev5 m p[]ful ?an ! law4 ,x is sure f9ally to ov]come n only all active1 b ev5 all passive resi/ance1 :i* is always mu* h>d] to ov]come4 ,b is !re any possibility ( ev] induc+ public op9ion to take ! "q up 9 full e>ne/8 ,i am confid5t !re is1 & at all ev5ts x mu/ be tri$4 ,! difficulty ( ! task is no excuse = n und]tak+ x4 ,x only admoni%es u1 n to wa/e "t1 /r5g?1 & en?usiasm 9 va9 attempts to c>ry ! =tress by assault4 ,! works are s ext5d$ & s /rong t only a me?odical siege requir+ a great deal ( skill1 pati5ce1 & det]m9ation1 (f]s any *ance ( success4 ,two prelim9>y que/ions mu/1 !re=e1 be answ]$1 ere op]ations c be comm5c$3 :o is to conduct ! campaign1 & by :at tactics c ! approa*es be pu%$ on ! fa/e/8 ,! answ] to be giv5 to ! fir/ "q is pla94 ,! in/ructors are to be consid]$ ! exp]ts1 if anybody c claim ! title4 ,^u !m1 !re=e1 devolves ! duty to take ! lead4 ,?is !y h already comm5c$ to d4 ,! v exi/5ce ( a ,national ,educational 7,tea*]'s7 ,association is 9 itself irrefutable pro( t ! op9ions advanc$ by me1 h1 9 "s way & to "s ext5t1 ass]t$ !mselves = "s "t4 ,h[ ?is has be5 done & :at has be5 effect$1 ,i d n feel call$ ^u to discuss4 ,i m]ely /ate t :ile ,i appreciate :at x has done & expect f x /ill m 9 ! future1 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t ! goal c nev] be rea*$ if we are to cont5t ourselves ) :at ?is organisation is capable ( a*iev+4 ,?is w be deem$ ! less disp>ag+1 if ,i fur!rmore /ate t1 9 my op9ion1 ! end c\ld no m be atta9$ by any o!r organisation act+ s+leh&$4 ,hunt+ = any "o device :i* w z c]ta9ly effect a cure z pat5t m$ic9es claim to cure bodily ailm5ts1 is b to wa/e "t4 ,! evil has to be attack$ f _m po9ts & 9 _m ways1 if sanitation is to set 94 ,:ile ,i am fully p]suad$ ( ?is1 ,i am1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h& z firmly conv9c$ t no?+ w be ( avail if ! ,univ]sities d n /ep =w>d1 head+ ! column ( attack & add+ compulsion to suasion4 ,! re=m has to be work$ f ! top d[nw>d4 ,at pres5t ! law is1 to a great ext5t1 dictat$ by ! s*ools ( ! l[] grade to ^? ( ! high]4 ,?is mu/ be rev]s$4 ,! ,univ]sities mu/ insi/ ^u gett+ ! prop] mat]ial = do+ :at 9 _! judgm5t is ! prop] "w4 ,!y mu/ cease fitt+ !mselves to :at ! s*ools are pleas$ to s5d !m4 ,by clos+ _! doors aga9/ all applicants :om !y d n really deem adequately prep>$1 !y mu/ compel ! s*ools1 ei!r to take d[n f _! portals ! inscription 8fitt+ s*ool10 or to m5d _! ways & furni% _! pupils ! k9d & ! am\nt ( in/ruction !y ought4 ,a ,univ]sity t meekly submits to travel on :atev] roads "s hundr$s ( s*ools1 :i* all m or less foll[ _! own notions1 happ5 to ?9k good en\gh1 nev] c be a ,univ]sity except 9 "n4 ,no in/itution has a moral "r to ! pr\d "n ( ,univ]sity t does n1 consci\sly & det]m9ately1 d all t is 9 its p[] to direct its educational policy solely by :at ! civilisation ( ! age & ! true int]e/s ( ! nation require4 ,i wi% ! old maxim ultra posse nemo obligatur did n compel me to say 8to d all t is 9 its p[]10 = ,i am b too well aw>e h[ deplorably little t is 9 _m cases4 ,/ate ,univ]sities are subject to ano!r w1 & ?is o!r w is apt to h v mu* its own notions z to h[ mu* a ,univ]sity may be all[$ to co/1 & to det]m9e ! /&>d ( ! ,univ]sity entirely by ! local /&>d ( s*ools4 ,o!r ,univ]sities1 ?\gh legally _! own ma/]s1 are practically re/ra9$ z mu* or ev5 m by implacable facts4 ,no ,univ]sity c entirely disp5se ) /ud5ts1 & ! end[m5t ( m ?an "o ,univ]sity =bids its mak+ light ( ! numb] ( /ud5ts x c secure4 ,be+ to "s ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! /ud5ts = _! ma9t5ance1 !y _c af=d to be v fa/idi\s 9 reg>d to ! /&>d ( s*ools !y try to enli/ into _! con/itu5cy4 ,b !re is also a goodly numb] ( ,univ]sities ^: position is 9 absolutely e respect s /rong t !y c ent] ! li/s )\t any risk :atev] to !mselves4 ,:e!r !y /op gr[+ = a :ile or ev5 decl9e 9 numb]s = "s ye>s does n affect _! future 9 ! lea/4 ,!y are s mu* 9 que/ by /ud5ts t ! fitt+ s*ools are sure to make ha/e to meet _! requirem5ts1 if ^! rise above _! curriculum4 ,to move on 9 wild leaps w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be fooli%4 ,b s long z ^! ,univ]sities d n d t !y nev] ne$ to look backw>d 9 _! onw>d m>*2 _! :ole con/itu5cy ( s*ools mu/ foll[ close ^u _! heels1 because !y _c af=d to bolt & drop out4 ,! m ! lead+ ,univ]sities proce$ ^u a conc]t$ plan1 ! l>g] ! circle w\ld gr[1 )9 :i* _! jo9t pressure w\ld be irresi/ible3 ! /r5g? ( ea* w\ld be d\bl$ by press+ on1 %\ld] to %\ld] ) ! o!rs1 on ! same l9es4 ,at ! same "t x w make x correspond+ly easi] = ! weak] ones to foll[ 9 _! wake4 ,h[ c\ld x fail to make an impression ^u ^? on :om !y dep5d1 if !y c back _! pleas by urg+ ! practical unanimity ( all ! =emo/ in/itutions ( ! c\ntry z to ! "r c\rse to take8 ,! m ! lead+ ,univ]sities are unit$1 n only z to ! scope & me?od ( _! own "w1 b also z to :at is to be consid]$ ! prop] prep>ation = ,univ]sity "w1 ! m w deviations f ! rules laid d[n by !m come to imply to public op9ion inf]iority ( /&>d2 & if !re is a :ip "u :i* ,am]ican communities sm>t1 x is ?is4 ,z to ?is w\ld be add$ ! mission>y influ5ces ( ! alumni s5t f ! lead+ ,univ]sities into all p>ts ( ! republic1 x w\ld be /range inde$1 if ! idea 7 n con/antly to spread & to ca/ deep] root1 t to adequately provide = ! educational ne$s ( ! c\ntry1 x is necess>y consci\sly to create & sy/ematically to fo/] a t5d5cy1 by ! free action ( public op9ion1 m & m to h>monise education1 9 develop+ x ev]y:]e & 9 all its ramifications into a ?or\ghly organic /ructure4 ,i am prep>$ to he> ! op9ions ,i h v5tur$ to advance /r5u\sly conte/$ &1 p]haps1 ev5 m]cilessly ridicul$ by _m4 ,! op5 antagoni/s1 h[ev]1 cause me b little uneas9ess4 ,i fe> only "o ?+1 i4 e4 t ^? :o m or less endorse my criticisms & agree ) me z to :at is desirable1 w be induc$ by ! ardu\sness ( ! "w to p]suade !mselves t x is impossible to br+ ab\t su* a re=m4 ,to !m ,i %\ld say3 ,:]e !re is a w1 !re is a way1 & ! ,am]ican p mu/ be br\ght to w ?is re=m1 because e ye> a port5t\s ^w is becom+ m true & ( great] import3 8! age ( p]ils is pa/1 b ! age ( difficulties has set x40 ,h4 ,,von ,,hol/4 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,comm5cem5t address at ! ,nebraska ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,june #g1 #ahic4 ,,mean+ ,,& ,,metaphor4 ,pr(essor ,huxley supposes#hi 8t s long z ! human m9d exi/s1 x w n escape its deep-seat$ in/9ct to p]sonify its intellectual conceptions40 ,he f9ds t 8! sci5ce ( ! pres5t day is z full ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( intellectual %ad[-wor%ip z is ! nesci5ce ( ignorant ages40 ,! diff]5ce he sees is 8t ! philosoph] :o is wor?y ( ! "n kn[s t 8 p]sonifi$ hypo!ses1 su* z law1 & =ce1 & e!r1 & ! l1 are m]ely useful symbols1 :ile ! ignorant & ! c>eless take !m = adequate expressions ( reality40 ,he !n goes on to w>n u aga9/ deal+ ) symbols z ?\gh !y 7 8real exi/5ces40 ,few inde$ are free f reproa* 9 ?is matt]1 s f> z reproa* is des]v$ at all 9 ! g5]al unconsci\sness ( :at con/itutes ! dang]4 ,few see ! "q to be vital or ! dang] to be urg5t2 & ev5 ^? :o d are apt to d5y t ! se>* = a rem$y c be a crusade wor? attempt+2 ! v idea seems ,utopian or p$antic4 ,on ! "o h&1 tea*]s z a rule d n take _! own analogies & metaphors s]i\sly4 ,bo? ! lit]>y & sci5tific1 z well z ! philosophic & hi/orical in/9ct tell aga9/ _! do+ s4 ,9 _! eyes figures h ei!r fad$ into indiff]5t ab/ractions1 or !y are obvi\sly pictorial & m]ely rhetorical4 ,b ! av]age read] is apt to take !m at ! foot ( ! lett]4 ,he is usually unaw>e bo? ( ! ext5t to :i* he lit]alises & ( ! curi\s inconsi/5cies :i* 8 lit]alis+ involves4 ,s he makes 8 inf]5ces ) alight he>t1 & wond]s1 p]haps1 at ! result+ confusion )\t suspect+ its true cause4 ,w\ld t ! real /ate ( ! case & its practical consequ5ces c\ld be press$ home to all ) su* =ce1 t :atev] be our l9e ( "w or ?\ght or expression we %\ld /rive 9 e>ne/ to m5d matt]s4 ,at lea/1 we might beg9 by le>n+ bett] :at "p symbolism plays 9 ! rituals ( expression1 & ask ourselves :at else is language itself b symbolism1 & :at x symbolises4 ,we %\ld !n exam9e anew ! relations ( ! 8symbolic0 to ! 8real02 ( image1 figure1 metaphor1 to :at we call lit]al or actual4 ,= ?is conc]ns u all4 ,imag]y runs 9 & out1 s to speak1 f ! symbolic to ! real _w & back aga94 ,z matt]s /&1 we nev] "k :]e we are because we "k s little :]e our phrases or our words are2 inde$1 p]haps !y & we are 8nei!r "h nor !re40 ,or1 if we d "k :]e we are1 we _c be sure t our he>] or read] kn[s :]e he is4 ,he1 too1 is probably 8nei!r "h nor !re40 ,he (t5 praises or agrees ) u 9 ! wrong place or ! wrong mann]4 ,t is worse ?an be+ compla9$ ( or diff]$ f2 x is difficult to repudiate approval4 ,nor c we take refuge 9 lucidity & fancy t ! cle> mu/ be ! true4 ,9 ! long run & 9 ! cases :i* signify mo/1 !re is no escape ?r\gh m]ely lucid /yle or me?od4 ,! 8lum9\s0 speak] or writ]1 ! 8=cible0 orator or essayi/1 ! mom5t he tries to convey to ! public m9d a ?\ght :i* is really new1 w f9d himself hamp]$ by 8 v cle>ness itself4 ,8 ideas are controv]t$ on assumptions n really 82 or he himself is misl$ 9 subtle ways by :at he assumes 9 o!rs4 ,?us1 by an in/ructive p>adox1 ! cle>e/ writ] is (t5 ! mo/ controv]sial2 & he wond]s at our p]v]s5ess z1 :ile we admire 8 p[] & 8 8/yle10 we wond] at ! p]v]s5ess 9 him4 ,we possibly agree ) him 9 ways we d n suspect2 he possibly agrees ) u 9 s5ses he ignores4 ,su* a writ] may pride himself on a *>y use ( metaphor1 or on a c>efully %>p di/9ction betwe5 8image0 & 8?+0 or 8object40 ,b he is liable to =get ! dang] dogg+ him ev5 "h4 ,"o is tempt$ to say t !re is only "o t]m m figurative z well z m ambigu\s ?an 8metaphorical10 & t is 8lit]al40 ,mo/ c]ta9ly mu* t is call$ 8lit]al0 is t+$ ) ! figurative 9 v>y+ degrees1 n always easy to di/+ui%1 ev5 ) ! help ( context4 ,! ^w 8lit]al0 itself is inde$ a case 9 po9t4 ,x has r>ely1 if ev]1 any ref]5ce to writ+4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ?is /ate ( ?+s is q s inevitable z mo/ ( u seem to ?9k4 ,c]ta9ly1 s long z we are cont5t to live 9 ! fool's p>adise ( suppos+ t only ! p]v]se1 ! prejudic$1 ! /upid1 or ! ignorant c possibly mi/ake our mean+1 & t our misread+s ( o!rs are simply due to _! 8obscurity10 or 8quibbl+10 or lit]>y incapacity1 we %all ourselves contribute to ! hopelessness ( ! situation4 ,b ?is is a subject :i* _c be dealt ) 9 an incid5tal way2 x is r a hope = ! future1 t "o ( ! mo/ practically s]viceable ( subjects--t ( ,mean+1 its conditions & its *anges--%all be s]i\sly tak5 up4 ,!n1 inde$1 we may get back to ! fir/ ( all que/ions1 & t :i* is mo/ pregnant ( helpful answ]s2 t :i* ne$s ask+ m ?an any o!r if good "w is to be done 9 ?is day ( univ]sal 8unsettlem5t03--,:at d we really mean8 ,on all sides dead calms are /irr$ & ruffl$1 dead levels upheav$ or depress$2 no?+ 7happily7 c hope to escape ! wave ( quick5+ =ce4 ,s be=e long we may well be ask+ ?is "q 9 good e>ne/2 & :5 we d we c b be ! bett]1 ev5 if we mu/ ne$s submit 9 "s cases :]e we may h be5 prematurely positive1 to be cont5t 7= ! mom5t7 ) ! answ]3 ,we d n really "k4 ,! fact is1 t we h be5 po/ulat+ an absolute ,pla9 ,mean+ to be ?\ght (1 z x 71 9 capital lett]s4 ,we h be5 virtually assum+ t our he>]s & read]s all %>e ! same m5tal backgr\nd & atmosph]e4 ,we h practically suppos$ t !y all look ?r\gh ! same inf]5tial eyes1 t _! att5tion waxes & wanes at ! same po9ts1 t _! associations1 _! halos ( memory & circum/ance1 _! cong5ital t5d5cies to symbolise or picture1 are all on "o patt]n4 ,v]ily1 we ne$ a 8,critique ( ,pla9 ,mean+06 ,aga9 we quote on ! same assumption4 ,unless ! language ( our au?or is obvi\sly ar*aic2 unless 8 allusions unmi/akably betray a diff]5t life-context1 a diff]5t social 8milieu10 9 %ort1 a diff]5t m5tal _w1 we claim him or we repudiate him on ! same pr9ciple4 ,we take 8 words1 we take 8 phrases1 we fill !m out ) ! same cont5t z our own1 we make him mean precisely :at we ourselves mean4 ,& be x not$ t x is always :at we mean n[4 ,t ?is 9 any way v>ies f :at we meant at "s "t :51 e4 g41 our att5tion 0 diff]5tly focuss$1 r>ely ent]s our heads4 ,we %all1 ,i suppose1 admit t until lately !re 0 "o v good reason = ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,only ! exceptional m9d 7if any72 only ! m9d :i* c\ld n make itself fully und]/ood by its contempor>ies1 & w\ld risk be+ reckon$ crazy or crim9al if x spoke 8pla9ly10 _h any suspicion t ?is way ( look+ at ?+s 0 be+ gradually invalidat$ by ! g5]al ext5sion ( ! critical doma94 ,! hi/ory ( language1 its relation to ?\ght2 ! scope ( expression & repres5tation1 ! function ( ! figurative & symbolic2 ! gr[? ( all means ( m5tal communion f ! simple/ rudim5ts ( ge/ure or cry to ! highe/ po9t ( intellectual complexity1--all ?is 0 ei!r ignor$ or tak5 = grant$ on radically insecure bases4 ,aga91 :ile ! und]ly+ conditions ( language mu/ be look$ = 9 ! doma9 ( psy*o-physics1 t sci5ce _h n yet come into exi/5ce4 ,ev5 n[ x is b feel+ its way & putt+ =? t5tative hypo!ses1 w>n+ u1 z x does1 s t !y are liable to be con/antly modifi$ & occasionally revolutionis$4 ,& :at does x realise1 fir/ & =emo/8 ,t our difficulties on ! v ?re%old ( ! inquiry are1 z usual1 l>gely ^? ( language4 ,on all sides we h to use1 z be/ we may1 modes ( expression t inevitably convey ambigu\s mean+s ev5 to ! ?\ghtful1 ev5 to ! tra9$ m9d1 :i* _c b c>ry ) !m a backgr\nd ( outgr[n or disprov$ premises1 vitiat+ m or less e conclusion t we draw f !m4 ,! v phrases :i* are our only %or?& = ! va/ oratory ( nature & exp]i5ce betray u 9 ! us+4 ,we h tak5 !m z ?\gh !y 7 l num]als inv>iable 9 mean+1 ?us suppos+ !m subject to a p]man5t uni=mity4 ,we h tak5 !m z ?\gh !y 7 )\t a hi/ory1 m]ely =tuit\s labels or symbols ( unanim\s cons5t2 ! accept$ s5se1 we ?9k1 be+ easily asc]ta9able1 always p]si/5t1 & :olly suffici5t = practical purposes4 ,9 any case we /rangely assume t we may safely play ^u all ! *ords ( imag]y1 res]v+ )\t difficulty = s]i\s use a body ( t]ms :i* are direct expressions ( 8fact40 ,b ! sugge/ion n[ made is t ?is is precisely "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s ( presuppositions4 ,x is n ! man :o has my/ifi$ himself1 or :o wi%es to my/ify o!rs2 x is n ! man :o conf\nds ! reality ( ! logical ) t ( ! actual2 x is n ! man :o takes emotion = pro( & notion = fact2 x is none ( ^!1 b ! man :o is cle> on su* po9ts & sees t !y mu/ be drawn out into clues & foll[$ up to ! utt]mo/1 if we w\ld "k :]e we are--:o is beg9n+ to see t ! p>am\nt ne$ ( ! mom5t is ! 8torp$o-%ock0 ( ! "q1 ,:at d we really mean8 ,he kn[s t ! (f-h& vagu5ess & ready-made confusion1 :i* too (t5 f %e] ignorance usurp ! "n ( common-s5se1 are 9 ! long run its mo/ deadly enemies4 ,we may look =w>d !n ) a new hope to ! rise ( a sy/ematic inquiry on ! subject ( mean+ & its *anges4 ,?is w\ld entail ! mu*-ne$$ "w ( classify+ metaphor1 & might ev5 be f\nd to po9t to ! exi/5ce ( a ?ird value1 nei!r :olly lit]al1 nor :olly figurative1 z t ( a l>ge proportion ( ord9>y expression4 ,f ?is & l causes1 9 ?is age ( rapid *anges due ma9ly to sci5tific conque/1 we c all readily put to ea* o!r que/ions to :i* ei!r a 8yes0 or a 8no0 mu/ be equally mislead+4 ,& m5 ( sci5ce h specially realis$ ?is1 s9ce _m a "t !y h be5 unju/ly cr$it$ ) evasion1 or ) unt5able or immoral views1 because !y ei!r answ]$ to a 8pla9 "q03 8,9 "o s5se1 yes2 9 ano!r1 no10 or else gave an answ] :i* c\ld n fail to be misund]/ood by a m9d :i* 0 gov]n$ by unconsci\s survivals4 ,s f> z we are 9 t\* ) mod]n culture1 we no long] mean :at we mu/ h meant 9 ! days be=e ,cop]nicus1 :5 we say1 = in/ance1 8! sun rises40 ,:5 we speak ( infection1 we no long] mean :at we us$ to mean be=e microbes _h be5 he>d (4 ,:5 we talk ( 8heat10 we no long] mean :at we us$ to mean ev5 fifty ye>s ago4 ,& :5 a man says t he believes 9 ! sun1 ! planets1 ! cosmos1 9 ! heav5s & ! e>?1 9 m9d & matt]1 9 s\l & body1 9 _s & fle%1 he _c1 if he w\ld1 mean j :at 8 =efa!rs meant1 or inde$ any?+ at all absolutely & f9ally4 ,:e!r we w or no1 ! mean+ ( su* t]ms is *ang+ on our v tongues1 & ev] sway+ betwe5 ! extremes :i* we call lit]al & metaphorical2 8heav510 e4 g41 rang+ 9 value f sky to human de/9y2 8e>?10 f soil to ! visible ,home ( ,man4 ,we may appeal1 & are "r to appeal to 8h>d1 dry0 facts2 b we p]=ce put some?+ out ( ourselves ev5 into ^!4 ,!y become 8facts0 "u ! quick5+ t\* ( 8m9d10 :ile t em]ges f a dim _w ( prepossession1 bequea?+ u _m a primitive legacy f pre-intellig5t s5ti5ce1 & p]haps f little-suspect$ s\rces ly+ yet fur!r back4 ,= in/ance1 primitive t]ror 9 its 8sup]/iti\s0 =ms t5d$ to repres5t man z inf]ior to & dep5d5t on p[]s ( "s sort2--& ?is 0 true to natural ord] 9 ! fact t 8 v _w 0 n self-c5tr$ & 0 dep5d5t = its be/ boons ^u a great] ?an itself4 ,z language advanc$1 he began q naturally to express 8 mean+ 9 8appropriate metaphors02 to use1 e4 g41 ! figures ( light & !n ( sight to describe :at he _h1 z we n[ say1 89 8 m9d10 or :at s5se-messages1 z we n[ say1 _h 8put into 8 head40 ,= 8some?+ told him0 t light1 z x _h be5 ! fir/ pleasure1 0 also ! great means ( life4#ij ,& he 8saw10 9 h[ev] grotesque a guise1 ! unbrok5 cont9uity ( ! organic & ! inorganic1 & p]haps ev5 m cle>ly ?an mo/ ( u yet d1 t ( s-call$ 8matt]0 & s-call$ 8m9d40 ,p]haps 9 "s cases1 !re=e1 he *ose 8 imag]y bett] ?an 7aft] long ages ( dualism c>ri$ to ! splitt+-po9t7 we g5]ally d n[4 ,he knew aga9 t ! s5ses aft] all1 /]n ma/]s ?\gh !y 7 :ile life 0 s h>d to live1 _h v n>r[ limits2 & t ! _w 0 9 "s s5se full] & ri*] ( life ?an x _h seem$ to be z kn[n directly ?r\gh !m4#ia ,& !n he wond]$1--& began to ask4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ,que/ion]4 ,z ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] says1#ib 8! great] ! savag]y1 ! dullness1 ! /upidity ) :i* ,homo sapi5s began1 ! great] ! m>vel at :at mu/ h be5 f ! fir/1 ?\gh undevelop$1 9 him1 & made him 9 ! end :at we f9d him to be 9 ! m5 ( light & lead+ ( our own age40 ,! m]e fact ( ! "q is ! riddle to be solv$4 ,= c]ta9ly ! bea/s _h n taught him ei!r to wond] or to ask4 ,& n m]ely insatiable que/ion+ b some?+ m "h rises to *all5ge our att5tion & to dem& reflection4 ,man is ! fir/ critic because he is ! fir/ ideali/2 ! fir/ to be discont5t$1 to prote/1 to see life z a 8ravell$ end10 z some?+ :i* is incomplete & speaks ( some?+ m4 ,surely 9 any case ! /ep ( all /eps1 ! deepe/ yet ! n>r[e/ l9e to cross is ! /ep f some?+ notic$ or f\nd1 f some?+ :i* happ5s or appe>s1 f some?+ :i* someh[ affects u1 excites u1 to its significance4 ,( c\rse 9 "o s5se x is impossible to fix any def9ite mom5t z t ( ! adv5t ( ?is 8significance40 ,animals int]pret ea* o!r's aspect & ge/ures1 (t5 inde$ ) a subtle precision :i* to "s ext5t we h lo/4 ,b int]pretation 9 ! intellectual s5se becomes1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 t :i* makes u really human4 ,our progress1 our asc5t1 is ma9ly m>k$ 9 ?is4 ,! root-"q to ask 9 gaug+ levels ( humanity is1 h[ mu* c a giv5 man int]pret or translate1 ( a _w t teems ) mean+8 ,h[ mu* c he truly classify & relate1 h[ mu* c he rightly inf] & conclude1 h[ mu* c he acc\nt =1 expla91 & fruitfully apply8 ,= aft] all1 results mu/ be our te/s4 ,claims & cr$5tials are no?+1 unless !y c %[ ?is w>rant2 :]eas tru? :i* c use all facts alike is ! v means ( survival4 ,man beg9s by do+1 by act+ out impulse2 !n he le>ns to 8?9k0 little by little1 obs]v+1 que/ion+1 pond]+1 te/+ 8 way onw>d & upw>d4 ,& ?r\gh\t 8 pati5t1 (t5 pa9ful j\rney1 he is himself p]petually *all5g$4 ,nature's /imulat+ appeals ra9 ^u him ceaselessly f e side2 %e ord]s him to ma/] all h] mean+s4 ,he responds3--at fir/ aga91 8bl9dly10 b ev] ris+ to high] grades ( answ]4 ,bo? defici5cy & error are no d\bt m or less pres5t 9 all m5tal response to actual fact--t is1 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,b ! ess5ce ( sanity f ! fir/ lies 9 corrective p[]4 ,ev]y:]e !re is ei!r abs5ce ( notice1 abs5ce ( response1 or !re is exp]im5tal activity 7broadly speak+7 correct$ at once2 automatically or by ! comb9$ effect ( ! relat$ organic activities4 ,= in/ance1 9 heal?1 if 9 us+ ! h&1 "o f+] accid5tally goes a/ray1 ! cord9at+ muscles promptly recall x to a 8s5se ( duty40 ,we "k h[ ! same rule works 9 spee* & writ+4 ,!re=e1 unless 8volunt>y0 & 8caprici\s0 7or 8will+0 & 8wilful07 are synonyms1 ! adv5t ( volition ought n to mean ! abrogation ( ?is rule4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t 8natural selection0 c only op]ate 9 cases :]e dea? or /]ility is ! consequ5ce ( failure 9 adaptation & appropriate reaction1 or segregation ! consequ5ce ( excessive v>iation4 ,b ! po9t "h is1 :y does n a t5d5cy to correction1 ?us e/abli%$1 survive automatically 9 incipi5t imag9ation & !re=e 9 language8 ,x seems almo/ a burlesque ( popul> notions ( 8free w0 to suppose t ! mom5t ! dea?-p5alty is tak5 (f1 ! new-born intellig5ce1 unique 9 adapt+ p[]1 %\ld g a/ray p]si/5tly )\t let or h9drance4 ,_m n[ m]ely =mal or ev5 jocul> cu/oms /ill prevail+#ic te/ify1 z legacies f a remote "t ( dang] ne$+ to be av]t$1 to ! /r5g? ( t5d5cies organis$ dur+ myriads ( g5]ations "u ! pressure ( ! /ruggle = life4 ,:y does n ?is apply to language8 ,b sight gives u "h p]haps ! mo/ sugge/ive lesson2 = !re9 ! asc5d+ s]ies seems especially gradual & unbrok54 ,! eye1 unlike ! o!r organs ( s5se is an outgr[? ( ! v bra9 itself2 8! ret9a 444 is 9 reality a "p ( ! bra940#id ,we may well !re=e connect its functions specially ) ! ?\ght ( significance2 x is ! ma9 out-po/ ( our c5tral means ( int]pretation4 ,tak+ ! /ages 9 ! evolution ( ! eye1 & us+ a %ort summ>y ( ^! z a conv5i5t means ( te/+ ! value ( a conspicu\s gr\p ( metaphors1 we f9d 7#a7 a m]e d9t2 7#b7 ?is d9t deep5+ into a pit :i* 7#c7 gradually n>r[s4 ,hi!rto we h _h only light & d>kness2 n[ we h an image1 ?\gh b a dim "o4 7#d7 ,! pit is clos$ by a transp>5t membrane2 ?is is protection1 n ob/acle4 7#e7 ,! l5s is =m$ by deposit ( cuticle4 ,ga92 increas$ di/9ctness & increas$ brightness4 ,! l5s c focus a l>g] p5cil ( rays f ea* "p ( ! object to ea* "p ( ! ret9a 7correspond+ po9t74 ,f9ally1 iris & eyelid protect ! p]fect$ eye m completely1 & enable x bo? to be> m light & to disc]n m detail4 ,if m5tal developm5t 7 9 any way comp>able to ?is physiological developm5t1 we %\ld expect to f9d 7#a7 some?+ :i* w\ld naturally be describ$ z a vague or dim 8impression02 gradually deep5+1 becom+ m di/9ctly localis$ z ! /imulus became m def9itely 8impressive40 7#b7 ,we %\ld beg9 to f9d 8reality0 & ! 8unreal02 8fact0 & 8fancy02 8tru?0 & 8falsehood02 k & ignorance1--contra/$ z 8light0 & 8d>kness40#ie ,& ?is is :at actually happ5s4#if 7#c7 ,/ill our m5tal 8impression0 w\ld n z yet af=d u an image2 8imag9ation0 only n[ comes ^u ! sc5e & beg9s to "w 7?\gh z yet 8dimly07 ^u ! objects :i* m & m 8incisively0 8impress0 u4 7#d7 ,our deep 8impression0 is clos$ 9 "o s5se f direct contact ) ! outw>d2 m5tal vision becomes m delicately diff]5tiat$ f ! emotional 8t\*10 h[ev] ?is may be specialis$ & int5sifi$4 ,b :at secludes ?is is transp>5t2 x is protection1 n ob/acle4 ,we rightly speak ( m5tal p5etration2 ( 8see+ ?r\gh0 a sup]ficial limit4 ,! m5tal 8l5s0 is =m$ f t 8cont9uum0 on :i* ! orig9al 8impression0 0 made4 ,! ga9 n[ is increas$ di/9ctness & brightness4 ,m rays ( 8light10 ( reality1 ( fact1 ( tru?1 ( k1 c n[ be focuss$ f ea* "p ( a giv5 object 7or gr\p ( objects7 ( m5tal att5tion & int]e/2 to ea* "p ( ! responsive 8s5sitive plate0 ( ! m9d4 ,f9ally we h1 s to speak1 increas$ protective gr[?4 ,! function ( :at are call$ academic culture & sci5tific me?od1 ) _! fa/idi\s /&>ds ( fitness & accuracy1 may p]haps repres5t some?+ n unlike t ( iris & eyelid1 enabl+ ! develop+ m9d safely to be> int5s] illum9ation & also to disc]n m subtle detail4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t s f> z x goes ?is is a significant psy*ological p>able4 ,h[ev] sl5d] its "r to ! position ev5 ( a work+ clue to e>ly /ages ( m9d1 x has at lea/ bett] cr$5tials ?an _m accept$ analogies c claim4 ,& ?r\gh\t its c\rse :at mo/ 8impresses0 itself ^u "o's m9d is ! /eady ma9t5ance ( inv>iable reaction to excitation1 & ( protection f unfavorable /imulus4 8,m9d10 z ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson tells u1#ig 8is a fiction ( ! fancy40 ,( c\rse ?is is op5 to ! retort t s is fancy a fiction ( ! m9d1 or fiction a fancy ( ! m9d4 ,psy*ology is full ( ^! see-saws ( p>adox1 dep5d+ on vicissitudes ( l+ui/ic usage or context4 ,b m9d is inde$ a fiction ( ! fancy :5 we end[ x ) a fanciful fre$om f all ties ) :at we call physical reality4 ,= ?is1 h[ev] pla9ly we may recognise its g5esis 9 our own sequ5ces ( s5se-impression1 does practically ?r\gh !m rule u ) an undeviat+ sev]ity :i* nei!r fiction nor fancy c tamp] )4 ,!re=e1 if we ?9k x absurd to suppose t !re may possibly be an undiscov]$ ve9 ( au!ntic & really indicative symbol or metaphor runn+ ?r\gh ! arbitr>y me%es ( fanciful cu/om or my?ical t]m1 we are 9 fact imply+ t all clues f ! orig9al int]actions ( physical en]gy 7 entirely lo/ :5 :at we call 8m9d0 issu$ fir/ 9 language4 ,b at all ev5ts we may be sure t l9ks betwe5 ! 8physical0 & ! 8psy*ical0 are ev]y:]e draw+ clos] & em]g+ cle>]1 h[ev] buri$ z yet 9 a mass ( ! fanta/ic or ! arbitr>y4 ,x w probably be object$ t we c nev] hope to f9d ^!4 ,no d\bt su* an attempt mu/ mean ! pati5t "w ( _m lifetimes1 & at be/ we c\ld n hope to lay b>e ! ultimate po9t ( 8orig940 ,b yet x seems wor? try+4 ,= aft] all1 ev5 ! results :i* may appe> s scanty 9 ! trac+ back ( language1 are already ri* f> beyond :at c\ld h be5 hop$ = a few g5]ations back4 ,& if x 7 once realis$ t su* a l9e ( "w might h practical & f>-rea*+ issues2 if we really saw t ?us "s b>r5 disputes & speculations might cease to b> ! way or to wa/e "s preci\s en]gies1 we %\ld be m ?an rew>d$4 ,9 8 8,dialogues ( ,plato0#ih ,pr(essor ,j[ett w>n$ u tw5ty ye>s ago ( our l+ui/ic dang]s1 repeat+ 8 w>n+ ) great] emphasis & 9 fre% =ms 9 ! admirable essays add$ 9 ! edition j publi%$4 ,he urges t ! 8greate/ lesson :i* ! philosophical analysis ( language tea*es u is1 t we %\ld be above language1 mak+ words our s]vants & n all[+ !m to be our ma/]s40 8,words10 he tells u1 8appe> to be isolat$ b !y are really ! p>ts ( an organism :i* is always be+ reproduc$4 ,!y are ref9$ by civilisation1 h>monis$ by poetry1 emphasis$ by lit]ature1 te*nically appli$ 9 philosophy & art2 !y are us$ z symbols on ! bord]-gr\nd ( human k2 !y receive a fre% impress f individual g5ius1 & come ) a new =ce & association to e lively-m9d$ p]son4 ,!y are fix$ by ! simultane\s utt]ance ( millions & yet are always imp]ceptibly *ang+3--n ! inv5tors ( language1 b writ+ & speak+1 & p>ticul>ly great writ]s1 or works :i* pass into ! he>ts ( nations1 ,hom]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 ! ,g]man or ,engli% ,bible1 ,kant & ,hegel1 are ! mak]s ( !m 9 lat] ages4 ,!y c>ry ) !m ! fad$ recollection ( _! own pa/ hi/ory2 ! use ( a ^w 9 a /rik+ & famili> passage1 gives a complexion to its use ev]y:]e else1 & ! new use ( an old & famili> phrase has also a peculi> p[] ov] u40 ,!n he rem9ds u ( :at we too (t5 =get2 t 8language is an aspect ( man1 ( nature1 & ( nations1 ! transfiguration ( ! _w 9 ?\ght1 ! meet+-po9t ( ! physical & m5tal sci5ces1 & also ! mirror 9 :i* !y are reflect$1 an effect & p>tly a cause ( our common humanity1 pres5t at e mom5t to ! individual & yet hav+ a sort ( et]nal or univ]sal nature40#ii ,n[adays1 :5 we feel mo/ sca?+ly sup]ior1 we (t5 ann\nce t we fail to see & h yet to le>n some?+ :i*1 br++ u1 x may be1 a really fre% idea1 unpleasantly /irs misgiv+4 ,let u g on ) our greet+1 mean+ x 9 good e>ne/4 ,= :5 we hone/ly & )\t res]vation cons5t to le>n & succe$ 9 see+ "s ?+s n[ wait+ = our /udy we may f9d m ?an we look =1 )9 rea*4 ,aft] all x may be t we h really fail$ to see & h really yet to le>n ! "p t mean+--:e!r ( language or ( conduct--& its *ange or v>iations 7successive or simultane\s7 h _h ?r\gh\t ! m5tal hi/ory ( man4 ,x may be t :ile ! ord9>y mod]n metaphor l ! ord9>y mod]n analogy is a m]e rhetorical device1 "s few images may be f\nd to hail f an altoge!r deep] & m au!ntic s\rce4 ,_m1 h[ev] anci5t1 are n ( c\rse any ! m valid = _! antiquity4 ,on ! contr>y x is obvi\s t su* a figure = in/ance z 8f\ndation0 or 8basis0 to express an ultimate necessity1 is a survival f days 9 :i* ! e>? 0 suppos$ to require & to possess su* fix$ & immutable base1 :ile ! analogies1 e4 g4 betwe5 ! human & ! inorganic ord]s are n[ rev]s$4 ,we import ! idea ( me*anism & inv>iable sequ5ce into ! =m] in/ead ( export+ consci\s int5tion into ! latt]2 we level d[n :]e our =efa!rs levell$ up4 ,& we h to bew>e ( ! subtle atmosph]e ( fallacy ?us introduc$4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is conceivable t "s may be f\nd to belong to t z yet my/]i\s en]gy on :i* natural selection plays & ( :i* v>iation is ! outcome or ! sign4 ,:at we f9d 9 language may ?us be1 z x 71 n m]ely ! 8sc>r$ & wea!r-worn0 remnant ( geog5ic /rata b sometimes ! meteorite1 ! calc9$ fragm5t ( e>li] worlds ( correspond5ce1 ultra-e>?ly1 cosmical4 ,we h no "r to d m ?an ask & seek & knock at ! gates ( fact 9 su* a matt] z ?is4 ,b until t has be5 done2 until at lea/ we h tri$ ! exp]im5t2 h look$ = grades ( validity 9 metaphor & analogy 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce1 & /ill m1 h recognis$ cle>ly ! p[]ful ?\gh hidd5 effects ^u u ( organis$ m5tal picture br\ght 9 surreptiti\sly ) v]bal imag]y1 or by comp>ison2 we _c "k :e!r su* an ef=t is wor? :ile or no1 or :at h>ve/ x may yield4 ,= aft] all1 :e!r we l x or no1 we are helioc5tric2 ! _w & all t is 9 x is cosmically g5]at$4 ,z f> z sci5ce--& exp]i5ce--are conc]n$1 any?+ :i* says 8,i don't admit t orig92 ,i claim to h produc$ myself or to h be5 orig9at$ by & on ! e>? 9 a f9al s5se10 mu/ make good its geoc5tric or self-creat+ pret5sions ) ov]:elm+ cog5cy & rigor\s pro(4 ,we appeal to ! 8light0 ( sci5ce1 ( reason1 ( exp]i5ce1 aga9/ ! 8d>kness0 ( sup]/ition1 my?1 & my/icism4 ,& we are ?us appeal+ n to ! sup]s5su\s or sup]natural b to ! ultra-satellitic4 ,n only beyond ! e>? & t\* b beyond ! atmosph]e & he>+ is ! home ( ! light t light5s our small _w1 call+ =? 9 u ! answ] ( sight4 ,& ! manifold revelations ?r\gh ?is s5se--9 its m5tal z well z bodily "*--press ^u u1 ) great] & great] insi/5ce1 ! weal? ( our relations ) ! univ]se4 ,9 any case1 mean+--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w--is ! only value ( :atev] 8fact0 pres5ts itself to u4 ,)\t ?is1 to obs]ve & record appe>ances or occurr5ces w\ld become a worse ?an wa/eful task4 ,significance is ! "o value ( all t consci\sness br+s1 or t intellig5ce deals )2 ! "o value ( life itself4 ,b p]haps = ?is v reason we h tak5 x too mu* = grant$4 ,x may ne$ a m def9ite place 9 psy*ological inquiries4 ,x may h unsuspect$ be>+s4 ,:5 we h realis$ bett] :at mann] ( gift ?is is1 we may f9d answ]s ( :i* we h prematurely despair$2 answ]s com+ n f ! 8my/ical0 po9t ( ! horizon ( exp]i5ce1 b r f ! neural4 ,& let u bew>e "h ( repeat+ ! pre-sci5tific error ( po/ulat+1 = figurative purposes1 a flat e>? on :i* :atev] lies beyond 8horizons0 nev] meets6 ,b1 x may be said1 :y n8 ,:y %\ld x signify8 ,:y1 b because ,man is ! "o n m]ely :o ?9ks1 or speaks1 or writes1 or looks upw>ds1 b ! "o :o means1 ! "o :o is ! mean+ ( mu*1 & makes ! mean+ ( all2 ! "o :o w n tol]ate ! unmean+ any:]e 9 exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ rema9s b t he %\ld int]pret rightly2 t he %\ld appreh5d nature & exp]i5ce 9 _! true s5se4 ,x is ! glory ( sci5ce t %e puts ?is aim 9 ! =efront ( h] labors4 ,%e tells u t no?+ c be done )\t assumption & hypo!sis z to ! mean+ ( ?+s4 ,b t significance belongs to ! v spr+ to :i* we owe h] dauntless en]gy & h] accumulat+ triumphs4 ,:y %\ld x signify8 ,! v t]m answ]s u4 ,to 8signify0 is ! "o te/ ( ! important4 ,! significant is alone wor? notice4 ,we inh]it a mode ( ?9k+ :i* we are at la/ becom+ able to criticise 9 ! light ( k ga9$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,b if we p]si/ 9 us+1 )\t w>n+ to he>] or read]1 imag]y :i* has no long] ei!r s5se or relevance1 or :i* t5ds to call up a false m5tal picture or to p]petuate an else decay+ error1 we %all to t ext5t =feit ! v gifts :i* sci5ce br+s u1 & mu/ n compla9 ( ! ob/9ate p]si/5ce ( ideas :i* ne$lessly divide u4 ,at lea/1 let u try to realise m cle>ly :at we are los+ 9 ?is way4 ,! dang] ev5 ?us mu/ ne$s be less5$2 detect$ bogies become p[]less = mis*ief2 b we ne$ n leave _! anci5t home empty1 swept1 & g>ni%$2 /ores ( v]ifi$ analogy are wait+ to replace !m4 ,! figurative mu/ n inde$ be press$1 /ill less lit]alis$4 ,b we may see t x conveys a true1 r ?an a false impression2 & h>monises )1 in/ead ( contradict+ t :i* we mo/ surely "k4#ajj ,x may be said 9 a true s5se t ! function ( ! h]o1 ! sa9t1 ! poet1 is to br+ ! _w to life4 ,b ! function ( ! devot$ s]vant ( sci5ce1 ! critical s*ol>1 ! true philosoph]1 is to br+ ! _w to tru?1 9 a s5se only n[ becom+ possible4 ,?r\gh ! la/ discipl9e alone1 9 its mo/ ?or\gh applications1 c we hope fully to ma/] ! scope ( all significance & ! laws ( all its work+s4 ,!n1 inde$1 we may fur!r hope to read ) a fre% eye ! ,significance ( ,life4 ,,victoria ,,welby4 ,,footnotes3 #hi ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,april1 #ahhf4 7,repr9t$ 9 ,essays on ,controv]t$ ,que/ions47 #ij 8,light affects ! new-born infant at an e>ly /age1 al?\gh 9 ?is z 9 o!r respects individual diff]5ces imm$iately ass]t !mselves4 ,! *ild seems to take pleasure 9 an excitation ( light & tries 7ev5 on ! second day aft] bir?7 to turn t[>ds x 9 ord] to reta9 x40 7,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 ,h4 ,hffd+1 p4 #d47 8,"u ! influ5ce ( light ! conv]sion ( inorganic matt] into m complex organic matt] takes place1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! gre5 cells ( plants40 7,ibid41 p4 #cae47 8,x is c]ta9ly necess>y to look fur!r back ?an ! visual s5sations to und]/& ! great influ5ce ( light on all creatures t h s5su\s p]ception4444 ,light is ?us "o ( ! mo/ elem5t>y conditions ( life40 7,ibid41 p4 #bbi47 #ia ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,i am us+ psy*ological t]ms 9 a m]ely g5]al s5se4 ,among _m examples ( su* use ,i may quote ,sa*s 7,physiology ( ,plants1 p4 #bjj7 & ,f4 ,d>w9 7,address to ,biological ,section1 ,brit4 ,assoc1 ,augu/ #ahia71 :o speaks ( ! plant z 8p]ceiv+0 ext]nal *ange1 z 8recognis+0 ! v]tical l9e1 8kn[+0 :]e ! c5tre ( ! e>? is1 8translat+0 /imulus1 etc4 ,see also ,d>w9's ,=ms ( ,fl[]s1 p4 #ij4 ,aga9 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,fo/] uses ! ^w 8w0 9 ! same g5]al 7r ?an metaphorical7 s5se4 7,text ,book ( ,phys41 ,"p #c1 pp4 #ajei1 #ajfb1 #ajfc47 ,modes ( reaction are ?us v]bally l9k$ ) consci\sness1 & we mu/ rememb] t all our t]ms = ! 8m5tal0 belong fir/ to ! 8physical10 & t _m are reciprocally us$ 9 ! two sph]es4 #ib ,natural ,religion1 p4 #bdc4 #ic ,see ,dr4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gd-aba2 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #big-bih1 #djd-dbh4 #id ,dr4 ,m4 ,fo/]'s ,text-,book ( ,physiology1 ,"p #d1 p4 #aadb4 #ie ,i am ( c\rse m]ely direct+ att5tion to ! relative aptness ( metaphors ( m5tal process famili>ly 9 use 9 our own language4 ,x is obvi\s t be=e any inf]5ce c\ld be made f !m z to ! value ( unconsci\s analogies ( imag]y1 we %\ld h to make appeal to comp>ative philology & emb>k on a wide inquiry1 = :i* ! ,engli%-speak+ races mu/ wait = ,dr4 ,murray's epo*-mak+ ,diction>y4 #if ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! :ole process presupposes ! o!r s5ses or at lea/ ! temp]ature-s5se1 ! 8muscul> s5se0 & t ( t\*2 t is1 we %\ld h 8felt0 simple /imuli 8emotionally0 be=e we 8saw0 ?+s intellectually4 ,& he>+ is n n[ 9 "q1 ?\gh 9 t1 too1 we %\ld f9d ! same "* ( developm5t1 i4 e4 ! same prom95ce ( ! protective & discrim9ative factors4 #ig ,bra91 ,june1 #ahia4 ,p4 #ac4 #ih ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bhe-bhf1 #bic4 #ii ,! foll[+1 among _m pregnant passages betwe5 :i* x is difficult to *oose1 may be fur!r quot$3 8,! fam\s dispute betwe5 ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s w\ld nev] h be5 he>d (1 if1 in/ead ( transf]r+ ! ,platonic ideas into a crude ,lat9 phraseology1 ! _s ( ,plato _h be5 truly und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,^u ! t]m sub/ance at lea/ two celebrat$ !ological controv]sies appe> to h+e1 :i* w\ld n h exi/$1 or at lea/ n 9 _! pres5t =m1 if we _h #8int]rogat$' ! ^w sub/ance1 z ,plato has ! notions ( ,unity & ,be+4 ,^? we$s ( philosophy h /ruck _! roots deep into ! soil1 & are always t5d+ to reappe>1 sometimes 9 new-fangl$ =ms2 :ile simil> words1 su* z developm5t1 evolution1 law1 & ! l1 are con/antly put 9 ! place ( facts1 ev5 by writ]s :o pr(ess to base tru? entirely ^u fact4 ,9 an unmetaphysical age !re is probably m metaphysics 9 ! common s5se 7i4 e4 m a priori assumption7 ?an 9 any o!r1 because !re is m complete unconsci\sness t we are re/+ on our own ideas1 :ile we please ourselves ) ! conviction t we are re/+ on facts4 ,we d n consid] h[ mu* metaphysics are requir$ to place u above metaphysics1 or h[ difficult x is to prev5t ! =ms ( expression :i* are ready made = our use f outrunn+ actual obs]vation & exp]im5t40 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ci-dj47 8,to h ! true use ( words we mu/ comp>e !m ) ?+s2 9 us+ !m we ackn[l$ge t !y seldom give a p]fect repres5tation ( our mean+4 ,9 l mann] :5 we int]rogate our ideas we f9d t we are n us+ !m always 9 ! s5se :i* we suppos$4 7,ibid41 p4 #da47 8,_m errone\s conceptions ( ! m9d d]iv$ f =m] philosophies h f\nd _! way into language1 & we ) difficulty dis5gage ourselves f !m4 ,m]e figures ( spee* h unconsci\sly influ5c$ ! m9ds ( great ?9k]s4 ,also !re are "s di/9ctions1 z1 = example1 t ( ! w & ( reason1 & ( ! moral & intellectual faculties1 :i* are c>ri$ fur!r ?an is ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,any sep>ation ( ?+s :i* we _c see or exactly def9e1 ?\gh x may be necess>y1 is a f]tile s\rce ( error4 ,! division ( ! m9d into faculties or p[]s or virtues is too deeply root$ 9 language to be got rid (1 b x gives a false impression4 ,= if we reflect on ourselves we see t all our faculties easily pass into "o ano!r1 & are b\nd toge!r 9 a s+le m9d or consci\sness2 b ?is m5tal unity is apt to be conceal$ f u by ! di/9ctions ( language40 7,ibid41 p4 #aee47 #ajj ,i w\ld gladly =w>d to any read] int]e/$ 9 a "q ( su* practical be>+s1 a small collection ( ,witnesses to ,ambiguity ga!r$ f repres5tative s\rces1 & a pamphlet :i* 0 circulat$ at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology1 held 9 ,london1 ,augu/1 #ahib1 giv+ examples ( ! mis*iev\s confusions sugge/$ by ! use1 ev5 among writ]s ( ! fir/ rank1 ( ! metaphor1 ,inn] & ,out]4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ! presid5t1 9 8 op5+ address1 express$ ! op9ion t v important "w ( ?is k9d rema9$ to be done1 & add$1 8,i h mu* sympa?y ) ! view urg$ 9 a pamphlet t ,i h receiv$ = di/ribution among memb]s ( ! ,congress1 :i* illu/rates =cibly ! confusion caus$ by "o e/abli%$ anti!sis ( t]ms40 ,pr(essor ,sully & o!rs h express$ !mselves /rongly 9 ! same s5se4 ,,reply ,,to ,,! ,,necessit>ians4 ,,rejo9d] ,,to ,,dr4 ,,c>us4 #a4 ,9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y1 #ahia1 & 9 ! numb] = ,april1 #ahib1 ,i attack$ ! doctr9e t e ev5t is precisely det]m9$ by law4 ,l ev]ybody else1 ,i admit t !re is regul>ity3 ,i g fur!r2 ,i ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( law z some?+ real & g5]al4 ,b ,i hold !re is no reason to ?9k t !re are g5]al =mul to :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature always con=m1 or to :i* !y precisely con=m4 ,at ! end ( my second pap]1 ! p>tisans ( ! doctr9e ( necessity 7 c\rte\sly *all5g$ & bes\ght to attempt to answ] my argum5ts4 ,?is1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 ,dr4 ,c>us alone1 9 ,! ,moni/ ( ,july & ,octob]1 #ahib1 has publicly v\*saf$ to d4 ,= ?is ,i owe him my p>ticul> ?anks & a c>eful rejo9d]4 #b4 ,i numb] ! p>agraphs ( 8 pap]s consecutively4 ,! foll[+ index %[s ! pages on :i* ^? p>agraphs comm5ce1 & ! numb]$ sections ( ?is rejo9d] 9 :i* !y are notic$4 ,,dr4 ,,c>us ,,rejo9d] ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #efj #a 0 0 #b #bh 0 0 #c #bi 0 #efa #d #bc4bg 0 0 #e #ba 0 0 #f #ah 0 0 #g #ah 0 #efb #h #ah bis4 0 0 #i #ba 0 0 #aj 0 #efc #aa #ab4ba4bb 0 0 #ab #ai 0 0 #ac #ai 0 #efd #ad #c4ab bis4 #bb 0 0 #ae #h t]1 #af 0 #efe #af #ba 0 0 #ag #c 0 0 #ah #c 0 0 #ai #ac note 0 #eff #bj #ad 0 0 #ba #ac1 #ad 0 0 #bb #c4ab4bb 0 0 #bc #ab 0 0 #bd #c4ac4ad 0 #efg #be #h 0 0 #bf #h 0 0 #bg #h4bb 0 0 #bh #bj4bb 0 0 #bi #ab 0 #efh #cj #bb 0 0 #ca #bb bis 0 0 #cb #bb 0 #efi #cc #bb 0 0 #cd #bb 0 0 #ce #h 0 0 #cf #bi 0 0 #cg 0 #egj #ch 0 0 #ci 0 0 #dj 0 #ega #da 0 0 #db 0 0 #dc 0 #egb #dd #bc 0 0 #de 0 0 #df #e4bc 0 #egc #dg 0 0 #dh #g 0 0 #di #g 0 0 #ej #g 0 #egd #ea #g4be 0 0 #eb 0 0 #ec #be 0 0 #ed 0 0 #ee #be bis 0 #ege #ef #ag 0 0 #eg #ag bis 0 0 #eh #ag4be 0 0 #ei #ag 0 0 #fj #ag 0 #egf #fa #g4ag4be bis 0 0 #fb #ag4ba 0 0 #fc #ag 0 #egg #fd #ag bis 0 0 #fe #bf 0 0 #ff #be 0 0 #fg #be bis 0 #egh #fh #f4g 0 0 #fi #ag 0 #egi #gj #f 0 0 #ga #c 0 #ehj #gb #c 0 0 #gc #c 0 0 #gd #c 0 0 #ge #c 0 #eha #gf #c 0 0 #gg #c4aa 0 0 #gh 0 0 #gi #ba 0 #ehb #hj 0 0 #ha #bi 0 0 #hb #bi 0 0 #hc #bi ,vol4 ,,iii1 #fh #hd #e 0 0 #he #bg 0 0 #hf 0 #fi #hg #ab 0 0 #hh #e4ae bis 0 0 #hi 0 0 #ij 0 0 #ia #e 0 0 #ib #e 0 #gj #ic #e 0 0 #id #e 0 0 #ie #c 0 0 #if #d4aa 0 #ga #ig 0 0 #ih 0 0 #ii 0 0 #ajj 0 #gb #aja 0 0 #ajb #aa 0 0 #ajc #f 0 0 #ajd 0 0 #aje 0 #gc #ajf #aa 0 0 #ajg #f 0 0 #ajh #f 0 0 #aji #f 0 0 #aaj #f 0 0 #aaa #f 0 #gd #aab #f 0 0 #aac #f4aa 0 0 #aad #f 0 0 #aae #f 0 #ge #aaf #f4g 0 0 #aag #f 0 #gf #aah 0 0 #aai #i 0 0 #abj #f4af 0 0 #aba #ad 0 0 #abb #aa 0 #gg #abc #c 0 0 #abd #aj 0 0 #abe #g 0 #gh #abf #h 0 0 #abg #h 0 0 #abh #bi 0 #gi #abi 0 0 #acj 0 0 #aca 0 0 #acb 0 0 #acc #bg 0 0 #acd 0 #hj #ace 0 0 #acf 0 0 #acg #ae 0 0 #ach #ae 0 0 #aci #e4ae 0 #ha #adj #ae 0 0 #ada #ae 0 0 #adb #ae4be 0 0 #adc #ae4bd 0 0 #add #ae bis 0 0 #ade #ae bis 0 0 #adf #ae bis 0 0 #adg #ae t] 0 #hb #adh #ae 0 0 #adi #ab4ae 0 0 #aej #ae bis4 #be 0 #hc #aea #ae4bd 0 0 #aeb #ae4bd 0 0 #aec #ae4bd 0 0 #aed #ae4bd 0 0 #aee #ae4bd 0 #hd #aef #ae bis 0 0 #aeg #ae 0 0 #aeh #ae4bd 0 #he #aei #ae4bd 0 0 #afj #ae4bd 0 #hf #afa #ae bis 0 0 #afb #ae 0 0 #afc #e4ad 0 0 #afd #ad 0 #hg #afe #d4ad 0 0 #aff #ad 0 0 #afg #ad 0 0 #afh #bg 0 0 #afi #bg 0 #hh #agj #bg 0 0 #aga #bg 0 0 #agb #bg 0 0 #agc 0 0 #agd 0 #hi #age #bg 0 0 #agf #bg bis 0 0 #agg #bg 0 0 #agh #bg 0 0 #agi 0 0 #ahj #cj 0 0 #aha 0 0 #ahb 0 #ij #ahc #cj 0 0 #ahd 0 0 #ahe #bg 0 0 #ahf #bg 0 #ia #ahg #bg 0 0 #ahh 0 0 #ahi 0 0 #aij 0 #ib #aia #d 0 0 #aib #bg bis 0 0 #aic #bj4bg bis 0 #ic #aid 0 0 #aie #h 0 0 #aif #h 0 #id #aig 0 0 #aih #f 0 0 #aii #cj 0 0 #bjj 0 0 #bja 0 #ie #bjb 0 0 #bjc #bj4bi 0 0 #bjd #bi 0 #if #bje #bj 0 0 #bjf 0 0 #bjg #c4 ,dr4 ,c>us's philosophy is h>d to und]/&4 ,"s phrases :i* he frequ5tly uses lead ! read] to imag9e t he is li/5+ to an old-fa%ion$ ,knigsb]g ,kantian4 ,:at1 !n1 is our surprise :5 we f9d 7 #ad7 t he sne]s at ! ,kantian1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton 7:om he calls ,mr4 ,hamilton7 z hav+ 8no adequate conception ( ! a priori40 ,9 8 8,ursa*e1 ,grund und ,zweck0 7#ahhc71 an admirably cle> & sy/ematic exposition ( mu* ( 8 ?\ght1 he takes a ,s*lei]ma*]ian view ( ! a priori4 ,he admits x to be f\nd$ 9 ! univ]sal conditions ( cognition2 b he ?9ks x is among ! objective r ?an ! subjective conditions4 ,?is is an op9ion to :i* ,hamilton is also at times incl9$4 ,x is a weak conception1 unless ! :ole di/9ction betwe5 ! inw>d & ! outw>d _w be re=m$ 9 ! light ( agapa/ic & syne*i/ic ontology4 ,= to d5y t ! a priori is subjective is to remove its ess5tial "*2 & to make x bo? subjective & objective 7o!rwise ?an 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,kant himself makes x objective7 is uncall$ =1 & is cut (f by ,ockham's razor4 ,b :5 syne*ism has unit$ ! two worlds1 ?is view ga9s new life4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* has a/oni%$ me is ,dr4 ,c>us's extravagant laudation 7 #ag7 ( ,v5n's highly enlight5$ & rem>kably bright-?9k+1 yet blund]+ little book1 8,! ,logic ( ,*ance40#aja ,?is is ! way he speaks ( x3 8,?is admirable "w1 we w make bold to say1 m>ks a new epo* 9 ! /udy ( logic40 ,he adds t x 8paves ! way :i* ,mr4 ,peirce has actually foll[$40 ,b ! "q ( ! nature ( probability _h long be=e t publication engag$ ! att5tion ( "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful intellects 9 ,engl&2 & my op9ion conc]n+ x 0 fully made up be=e ,i saw ! book4 ,i d n ?9k ,i le>n$ any?+ f t except a classification ( ! philosophies ( probability4 ,h[ev]1 aft] all 8 eulogy1 ,dr4 ,c>us only uses ! book to quote f x ,mill's reword+ ( ,kant's def9ition ( causation1 :i* he w\ld bett] h quot$ direct4 ,let me say1 n to ,dr4 ,c>us1 b to ! y\ng] g5]ation ( read]s1 t if !y imag9e t ,hamilton1 because he is antiquat$1 is n wor? read+1 !y are mu* mi/ak54 ,! ,scoti/ic elem5ts ( 8 philosophy1 & 8 me?od 9 ! notes on ,reid are especially wor?y ( att5tion4 ,z = ,mill1 ?\gh 8 philosophy 0 n pr(\nd1 x is1 at lea/ 9 8 8,exam9ation ( ,hamilton10 admirably set =?4 ,:oev] wi%es to appeal to ! ,am]ican philosophical m9d ne$s to be q famili> ) ! writ+s ( ^! two m54 ,dr4 ,c>us himself accepts all t ,i hold = errone\s 9 ,kant's def9ition ( causation z univ]sal & necess>y sequ5ce4 ,mill m]ely sub/itutes ! exact] words inv>iable = 8univ]sal10 & unconditional = 8necess>y40#ajb ,9 giv+ 8 =m ( ! def9ition1 ,mill %[s :y x is n applicable to ! sequ5ce ( day & night1 namely1 t t is n necess>y4 ,yet ,dr4 ,c>us writes 7 #ah7 ( ?is v same sequ5ce z if x came "u ,mill's def9ition6#ajc ,aga91 :y %\ld he make x 8! immortal m]it ( ! great ,scot*man0 7 #bb71 t is1 ( ,hume1 t he admitt$ ! tru? ( ,leibniz's pr9ciple8 ,! fam$ puzzle ( causation is peculi>ly und]/ood by ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,! difficulties :i* ! p]usal ( ,hume sugge/$ to ! m9d ( ,kant1#ajd 7 su* z belong$ to all categories1 or g5]al conceptions ( ! und]/&+4 ,! precritical ,kant inh]it$ a v decid$ nom9alism f ,leibniz & ,wolf2 & ! puzzle = him 0 simply ! usual difficulty t plagues nom9alism :5 x f9ds itself confront$ ) a reality :i* has an elem5t ( g5]ality4 ,necessity is1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 b a p>ticul> v>iety ( univ]sality4 ,b ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #bd7 passes ov] ?is1 to dwell ^u an entirely diff]5t objection to causation1 namely1 t x seems to be a creation out ( no?+1 & a miracle4 ,i f9d myself equally at cross-purposes ) him1 :5 9 #ga-gg1 he speaks ( ! preval5t views ( logicians conc]n+ compreh5sion4 ,?is ^w1 9 logic1 measures ! am\nt ( pr$icates or m>ks atta*$ to a conception2 b ,dr4 ,c>us's criticisms seem to be bas$ ^u ! idea t by compreh5sion is meant logical bread?1 or ! am\nt ( subjects to :i* ! conception is applicable4 ,i am simply gravell$ by 8 rem>ks 7 #ie7 conc]n+ sundry ,engli% words4 ,no m d ,i "k :at to make ( 8 praise 7 #abc7 ( ! ,g]man translation ( a ,fr5* phrase us$ 9 ! !ory ( functions1 mean+ univocally det]m9$4 #d4 ,"o habit :i* goes f> to obscure ,dr4 ,c>us's mean+ is t :5ev] he f9ds 8 op9ion at v>iance ) a famili> say+1 in/ead ( reject+ t =mula1 he reta9s x & *anges ! mean+4 ,?is is calculat$ to ?r[ ! :ole discussion into confusion4 ,?us1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ! s-call$ 8law ( id5tity10 or ,a is ,a1 0 int5d$ to express ! fact t e t]m is pr$icable ( itself4 ,b ,dr4 ,c>us1 simply because he f9ds t 8mean+less & useless0 7 #if71 ?9ks himself au?oris$ to confuse ! t]m9ology ( logic by mak+ ?is =mula1 ,a ,a1 "u ! same old "n1 mean t ?+s to :i* ! same "n is applicable are = "s purpose equival5t4 ,9 l mann]1 he *anges ! mean+ ( ! ^w fre$om 7 #afe71 s t ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o ma9ta9 & ^? :o oppose ! fre$om ( ! w may1 9 words1 disappe>4 ,x seems sc>cely def5sible = a ?or\ghgo+ necessit>ian1 su* z he is1 to fly ! flag ( ,free ,w4 ,he1 also1 *anges ! mean+ ( spontaneity s f> t1 accord+ to him1 8masses gravitate spontane\sly0 7 #aia71 & s pret5ds t 8 doctr9e does n suppress ! spontaneity ( nature6 #e4 ,!re are o!r que/ions ( t]m9ology 9 :i* ,i am unable to agree ) ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,?us1 :5 ,i def9e necessit>ianism z 8! !ory t ! w is subject to ! g5]al me*anical law ( cause & effect10 ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #aci7 wi%es to delete 8me*anical40 ,b ! result w\ld be to def9e a doctr9e to :i* ! advocates ( free w w\ld g5]ally subscribe1 z readily z _! oppon5ts4 ,9 ord] prop]ly to limit ! def9ition1 x is q requisite to exclude 8free causation40 ,by 8me*anical0 causation1 ,i mean a causation entirely det]m9ative1 l t ( dynamics1 b n necess>ily op]at+ ^u matt]4 ,dr4 ,c>us m5tions 7 #hd7 t !re are sev]al diff]5t ideas to :i* ! t]m necessity is appli$4 ,x seems to me t :at lies at ! bottom ( all ( !m is ! exp]i5ce ( reaction aga9/ "o's w4 ,9 ! simple/ =m1 ?is gives ! s5se ( reality4 ,dr4 ,c>us himself admits 7 #df7 t reality involves ! idea ( inevitable fate4 ,yet philosophical necessity is a special case ( univ]sality4 ,b ! univ]sality1 or bett]1 ! g5]ality1 ( a pure =m involves no necessity4 ,x is only :5 ! =m is mat]ialis$ t ! di/9ction betwe5 necessity & fre$om makes itself pla94 ,^! ideas are1 !re=e1 z x seems to me1 ( a mix$ nature4 ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #ia-id7 insi/s t by ! necess>y1 he wi%es to be und]/ood to mean 9 all cases ! inevitable4 ,?is is ! idea ( fate1 & is n ! conception :i* det]m9i/s usually atta* to ! t]m necessity4 ,yet he does n appe> to be q consi/5t4 ,at "o "t 7 #hh71 he c>efully di/+ui%es necessity f fate4 ,at ano!r "t 7 #afc71 e elem5t ( compulsion is to be exclud$ f ! conception ( necessity4 #f4 ,"o important key to ,dr4 ,c>us's op9ions is ! recognition ( ! fact t1 l _m o!r philosoph]s1 he is a nom9ali/ t9ctur$ ) reali/ic op9ions4 ,he says 7 #ajc71 t 8!re is no ne$ ( discuss+ ! truism t1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is no absolute sam5ess40 ,n[1 ^u ! nom9ali/ic !ory1 !re is n only no absolute or num]ical id5tity1 b !re are n ev5 any real agreem5ts or lik5esses betwe5 individuals2 = lik5ess consi/s m]ely 9 ! call+ ( sev]al individuals by "o "n1 or 79 "s sy/ems7 9 _! excit+ "o idea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^u ! reali/ic !ory1 ! fact t id5tity is a relation ( reason does n 9 ! lea/ prev5t x f be+ real4 ,on t !ory1 x is real unless x is false t any?+ is itself4 ,?us1 ^u ei!r !ory1 id5tity is j z real z simil>ity4 ,b ,dr4 ,c>us1 be+ a nom9ali/ lean+ t[>d realism1 is incl9$ to make dynamical relations real1 & second-int5tional ones unreal4 ,?is op9ion1 ,i ?9k1 is a transitional "o4 ,! decl>ation 7 #aih7 t 8natural laws are simply a description ( nature z nature is10 & t 8! facts ( nature express ! "* ( nature10 are nom9ali/ic4 ,b 9 ano!r place 7 #ajg-aaf71 he says di/9ctly t uni=mities are real4 ,he says 7 #gj71 8,mr4 ,peirce attempts to expla9 natural laws z if !y 7 concrete & s+le facts40 ,?is is em95tly nom9ali/ic4 ,! nom9ali/ alone makes ?is %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! ab/ract & ! concrete1#aje :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,hegel's di/9ction = :i* ! same words are us$4 ,! nom9ali/ alone falls into ! absurdity ( talk+ ( 8s+le facts10 or individual g5]als4 ,yet ,dr4 ,c>us says 7 #fh7 t natural laws describe ! facts ( nature sub specie aet]nitatis4 ,n[ ,i und]/& ,sp9oza to be a reali/4 ,9 #aag he consid]s x 8settl$0 8t !re are sam5esses40 ,?is is reali/ic4 ,b 9 #abj1 he holds 8! :ole bus9ess ( sci5ce to be to sy/ematise ! sam5esses ( exp]i5ce10 :i* is nom9ali/ic4 #g4 ,dr4 ,c>us seems to be 9 "s d\bt z to h[ f> evolutionism ought to be c>ri$4 ,9 #dh-ea1 he seems to side ) my cont5tion t x %\ld be ?or\ghgo+4 ,9 #aaf1 he makes intellect an evolution f feel+4 ,yet he is sometimes 7 #abe7 8incl9$0 to say ! _w nev] 0 a *aos2 he sometimes 7 #fa7 ?9ks x weak to suppose t real *ance begets ord]2 & he sometimes 7 #fh7 goes s f> z to pron\nce et]nity to be ! conditio s9e qua non ( natural law4 #h4 ,e read] ( ,! ,moni/ kn[s t our good editor's great ^w is 8=mal law40 ,! cle>e/ /atem5t he has ev] made ( ?is doctr9e ,i f9d 9 ! foll[+ two s5t5ces 7 #abg73 8,! a priori sy/ems ( ?\ght are 444 con/ructions rais$ out ( ! recognition ( ! =mal1 i4 e4 relational sam5esses t appe> 9 exp]i5ce4 ,all possibilities ( a c]ta9 class ( relations c be exhau/$ & =mulat$ 9 !orems40#ajf ,?is is p]spicu\s4 ,= example1 ( pairs1 we c easily %[ t !re are b two =ms ,a3,a & ,a3,b4 ,?is proposition1--!orem if y w1--exhau/s ! possibilities4 ,if we make believe !re is no dang] ( fall+ into error 9 ma!matical reason+1--& "o dang]1 ?\gh n1 p]haps1 a v s]i\s "o1 is elim9at$1--!n ?is proposition is absolutely c]ta94 ,b ,i w say1 at once1 t su* a proposition is n1 9 a prop] s5se1 syn!tic4 ,x is a m]e coroll>y f ! def9ition ( a pair4 ,moreov]1 its application to exp]i5ce1 or to possible exp]i5ce1 op5s ! door to probability1 & %uts out absolute necessity & c]ta9ty1 9 toto4 ,conc]n+ po9ts l ?is1 ,dr4 ,c>us1 9 company ) ! g5]al body ( ?9k]s1 is labor+ "u a great disadvantage f n und]/&+ ! logic ( relatives4 ,x is a subject ,i h be5 /udy+ = a great _m ye>s1 & ,i feel & "k t ,i h an important report t ,i ought to make ^u x4 ,?is bran* ( logic is1 h[ev]1 s ab/ruse1 t ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d ! leisure to translate my conclusions into a =m 9 :i* _! significance w\ld be manife/ ev5 to a p[]ful ?9k] ^: ?\ghts _h n long be5 turn$ 9 t direction4 ,i %all succe$ 9 do+ s1 :5ev] ,i c f9d myself 9 a situation :]e ,i ne$ ?9k ( no?+ else = mon?s1 & n be=e4 ,t may n be = ?irty ye>s2 b ,i believe x is ! int5tion ( provid5ce t x %\ld be4 ,meantime1 ,i w te/ify1 & ! read] c take my te/imony = :at he ?9ks x is wor?1 t all d$uctive reason+1 except t k9d :i* is s *ildi%ly simple t acute m9ds h d\bt$ :e!r !re 0 any reason+ !re1--,i mean non-relative syllogism1--requires an act ( *oice2 because f a giv5 premise1 sev]al conclusions1--9 "s cases an inf9ite numb]1--c be drawn4 ,h5ce1 ,dr4 ,c>us is altoge!r too ha/y 9 8 confid5ce 7 #aie1 #aif7 t g5]al ?9k+ ma*9es 8are n impossibilities40 ,an act ( orig9al & arbitr>y det]m9ation w\ld be requir$2 & x seems almo/ evid5t t no ma*9e c\ld p]=m su* an act except )9 n>r[ limits1 ?\ght out be=eh& & embodi$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,moreov]1 positive obs]vation is call$ = 9 all inf]5ce1 ev5 ! simple/1--?\gh 9 d$uction x is only obs]vation ( an object ( imag9ation4 ,moreov]1 a peculi> act :i* may prop]ly be call$ ab/raction#ajg is usually requir$1 consi/+ 9 seiz+ evanesc5t elem5ts ( ?\ght & hold+ !m be=e ! m9d z 8sub/antive0 objects1 to borr[ a phrase f ,william ,james4 ,at ! same "t1 ! process ,i am describ+1 t is1 relative d$uction1 is p]fectly g5]al & demon/rative1 & dep5ds ^u ! tru? ( ! assum$ premises1 & n1 l inductive reason+1 ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ^? premises pres5t !mselves4 ,b ! application ( ! logic ( relatives %[s t ! propositions ( ari?metic1 :i* ,dr4 ,c>us usually adduces z examples ( =mal law 7 #ae71 are1 9 fact1 only coroll>ies f def9itions4 ,!y are c]ta9 only z appli$ to ideal con/ructions1 & 9 su* application1 !y are m]ely analytical4 ,! tru? is our ideas ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 analytical & syn!tical judgm5ts is mu* modifi$ by ! logic ( relatives1 & by ! logic ( probable inf]5ce4 ,an analytical proposition is a def9ition or a proposition d$ucible f def9itions2 a syn!tical proposition is a proposition n analytical4 ,d$uction1 or analytical reason+1 is1 z ,i h %[n 9 my 8,!ory ( ,probable ,reason+10 a reason+ 9 :i* ! conclusion foll[s 7necess>ily1 or probably7 f ! /ate ( ?+s express$ 9 ! premises1 9 contradi/9ction to sci5tific1 or syn!tical1 reason+1 :i* is a reason+ 9 :i* ! conclusion foll[s probably & approximately f ! premises1 ow+ to ! conditions "u :i* ! latt] h be5 obs]v$1 or o!rwise asc]ta9$4 ,! two classes ( reason+ pres5t1 besides1 "s o!r contra/s t ne$ n be insi/$ ^u 9 ?is place4 ,!y also pres5t "s significant resemblances4 ,d$uction is really a matt] ( p]ception & ( exp]im5tation1 j z induction & hypo!tic inf]5ce are2 only1 ! p]ception & exp]im5tation are conc]n$ ) imag9>y objects in/ead ( ) real ones4 ,! op]ations ( p]ception & ( exp]im5tation are subject to error1 & !re=e x is only 9 a ,pickwickian s5se t ma!matical reason+ c be said to be p]fectly c]ta94 ,x is s1 only "u ! condition t no error creeps into x3 yet1 aft] all1 x is susceptible ( atta9+ a practical c]ta9ty4 ,s1 = t matt]1 is sci5tific reason+2 b n s readily4 ,aga91 ma!matics br+s to light results z truly occult#ajh & unexpect$ z ^? ( *emi/ry2 only !y are results dep5d5t ^u ! action ( reason 9 ! dep?s ( our own consci\sness1 in/ead ( be+ dep5d5t1 l ^? ( *emi/ry1 ^u ! action ( ,cosmical ,reason1 or ,law4 ,or1 /at+ ! matt] "u ano!r aspect1 analytical reason+ dep5ds ^u associations ( simil>ity1 syn!tical reason+ ^u associations ( contiguity4 ,! logic ( relatives1 :i* ju/ifies ^! ass]tions1 %[s accord+ly t d$uctive reason+ is really q diff]5t f :at x 0 suppos$ by ,kant to be2 & ?is expla9s h[ x is t he & o!rs h tak5 v>i\s ma!matical propositions to be syn!tical :i* 9 _! ideal s5se1 z propositions ( pure ma!matics1 are 9 tru? only analytical4 ,desc5d+ f ?+s ,i c demon/rate to ?+s ( :i* v>i\s facts1 9 ! light ( ^? demon/rations1 fully p]suade me1 ,i w say t 9 my op9ion !re are _m syn!tical propositions :i*1 if n a priori 9 ,dr4 ,c>us's s5se1 are1 at lea/1 innate 7not)/&+ 8 frequ5t d5ials ( ?is1 z 9 #ae7 ?\gh he is q "r 9 say+ t _! ab/ract & di/9ct =mulation comes v late 7 #abf74 ,b turn ! facts z ,i w1 ,i _c see t !y af=d ! slighte/ reason = ?9k+ t su* propositions are ev] absolutely univ]sal1 exact1 or necess>y 9 _! tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pr9ciples ( probable inf]5ce %[ ?is to be impossible4 ,dr4 ,c>us adduces ! in/ance ( a geometrical proposition1 namely1 8t two congru5t regul> tetrah$rons1 :5 put toge!r1 w =m a hexah$ron40 7 #be47 ,?is1 he says1 seems to be 8a v wond]ful ?+02 = :y %\ld n a l>g] tetrah$ron be =m$1 j z two heaps ( fl\r make a l>ge heap ( fl\r8 ,yet1 he cont9ues1 ! probability t ! two tetrah$rons d always make a hexah$ron is #a1 8:i* means c]ta9ty0 7 #bg74 ,b z x happ5s1 ! proposition1 9 ! =m /at$ is q errone\s4 ,:at is true is ?is4 ,if two tetrah$ra are s plac$ t "o face ( ea* is co9cid5t ) "o face ( ! o!r1 :ile all ! o!r faces are incl9$ to "o ano!r1 & if ( ! #h faces1 ! #b t are co9cid5t are n c\nt$1 !re rema9 to be c\nt$ #h-bf faces4 ,b !re is no?+ m wond]ful ab\t ?is ?an t #h-bf1 :i* is an easy coroll>y f def9itions4 ,v few propositions 9 ma!matics t appe> 8m>vell\s0 w hold wat]2 & ^? few excite our a/oni%m5t only because ! real complexity ( ! conditions are mask$ 9 an intuitional pres5tation ( !m4 ,dr4 ,c>us holds 7 #ae7 t =mal k is absolutely univ]sal1 exact1 & necess>y4 ,9 "s cases1 z :]e he says t1 giv5 ! numb] ( dim5sions ( space1 ! entire geometry c\ld be d$uc$ 7 #ce71 ! boa/$ infallibility w prove on exam9ation to be d[nright error4 ,9 all o!r cases1 ! propositions only relate to ideal con/ructions1 & _! applicability to ! real _w is at ! be/ d\btful1 &1 z ,i ?9k1 false2 :ile 9 _! ideal purity1 !y are n syn!tical4 ,?us1 my good fri5d & antagoni/ holds t ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 to produce wat] is n 8diff]5t 9 pr9ciple0 f t ( ! tetrah$ra to produce a hexah$ron 7 #bf74 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideal & ! real2 :i* to my ,scoti/ic m9d is v important4 ,b ?is is n ! only passage 9 :i* he speaks z if =m 7 ! pr9ciple ( individuation4 #i4 ,dr4 ,c>us's position is ev5 weak] ?an t ( ,kant1 :o makes space1 = example1 a necess>y =m ( ?\ght 79 a broad s5se ( t t]m74 ,b ,dr4 ,c>us appe>s to consid] space z an absolute reality4 ,= he says 7 #aai7 t 8e s+le po9t ( space has its special & individual qualities40 ,"h aga9 =m is made ! pr9ciple ( individuation2 :5ce ! que] phrase1 8individual qualities40 #aj4 ,dr4 ,c>us argues t :atev] is unequivocally det]m9ate is necess>y4 7 #abd47 ,7 ! det]m9ation spok5 ( real dynamic det]m9ation1 ?is w\ld be a m]e truism4 ,b ! expression us$1 e9deutig be/immt1 m]ely expresses a ma!matical det]m9ation1 & !re=e no real necessity ensues4 ,! equation 7,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics h be5 remov$ f ! =mul = readability47 x - #bcx #acb #j det]m9es x to be ei!r #aadgg or #aaebc4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x has necess>ily "o value or ! o!r4 ,! equation x - #abx #f #j det]m9es x to be ei!r #aadgg or #jebc4 ,toge!r1 ! two equations uniquely det]m9e x to be #aadgg4 ,?is %[s h[ mu* t argum5t am\nts to4 #aa4 ,by 8sam5ess10 ,dr4 ,c>us means equival5ce = a giv5 purpose4 7 #ajb1 #ajf47 ,by ! 8idea ( sam5ess10 he means 7 #gg1 #if7 ! pr9ciple t ?+s hav+ a common "* are = "s purpose equival5t4 ,?is1 he says1 8has a solid basis 9 ! facts ( exp]i5ce40 ,by a 8_w ( sam5ess0 7 #aac71 he seems to mean "o 9 :i* any two giv5 concrete ?+s are 9 "s respect equival5t4 ,he argues 7 #abb7 t a 8_w ( sam5ess is a _w 9 :i* necessity rules40 ,i d n see ?is4 ,x seems to me s bald a non sequitur1 t ,i _c b suppose ! ?\ght escapes my appreh5sion4 ,if !re 7 any?+ 9 ! argum5t1 x w\ld seem to be a m>vell\sly exp$iti\s way ( settl+ ! :ole dispute2 & !re=e x w\ld h be5 wor? ! tr\ble ( /at+1 s z to br+ x )9 ! purview ( m9ds l m9e4 #ab4 ,my c&id oppon5t sometimes endorses emphatically ! ,leibnizian pr9ciple4 8,necessit>ianism mu/ be f\nd$ on some?+ o!r ?an obs]vation4 ,obs]vation is a po/]iori2 x has ref]5ce to s+le facts1 to p>ticul>s2 yet ! doctr9e ( necessity 444 is ( univ]sal application4 ,! doctr9e ( necessity 444 is ( an a priori nature40 7 #aa47 8,millions ( s+le exp]i5ces 444 _c e/abli% a solid belief 9 necessity40 7 #ad47 8,no am\nt ( exp]i5ce is suffici5t to con/itute causation by a m]e syn!sis ( sequ5ces40 7 #bb47 8,millions ( millions ( cases0 con/itute 8no pro(0 t a proposition 8is always s40 7 #bi47 ,nev]!less1 he holds t ! law ( 8! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy0 s conclusively proves necess>y causation1 t ! ob/9acy ( ,hume1 himself1 c\ld n h )/ood ! argum5t4 7 #bc47 ,"o wond]s1 !n1 :at is suppos$ to prove ?is 8law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy10 if no am\nt ( exp]i5ce c prove x4 ,b ! a priori itself c 8be bas$ on ! firm gr\nd ( exp]i5ce40 7 #ad47 ,9 t case1 x is n prior to exp]i5ce1 aft] all6 8,! idea ( necessity is bas$ ^u ! conception ( sam5ess1 & 444 ! exi/5ce ( sam5ess is a fact ( exp]i5ce40 7 #hg47 ,if absolute necessity c be irrefragably demon/rat$ f ! fact t two ?+s are alike1 x is a pity ,dr4 ,c>us %\ld n /ate ?is demon/ration 9 a =m1 t ,i1 & m5 l me1 c und]/&4 ,t w\ld be m to ! purpose ?an m]ely say+ x c be prov$4 ,absolute *ance is reject$ z 8involv+ a violation ( laws well e/abli%$ by positive evid5ce40 7 #adi47 ,all ^! d5ials t absolute necessity c be e/abli%$ & absolute *ance refut$ by exp]i5tial evid5ce1 mix$ ) z cle> ass]tions ( ! same ?+s1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 h ! appe>ance ( an attempt1 z ! politicians say1 to 8/raddle0 ! "q4 #ac4 ,b ! +5i\s ,doctor seeks to bol/] up necessity by introduc+ ! confus$ notion ( 8causation40 ,i d n "k :]e ! idea orig9at$ t a cause is an in/antane\s /ate ( ?+s1 p]fectly det]m9ative ( e subsequ5t /ate4 ,x seems to be at ! bottom ( ,kant's disc\rse on ! subject2 yet x accords nei!r ) ! orig9al conception ( a cause1 nor ) ! pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,! orig9al idea ( an effici5t cause is t ( an ag5t1 m or less l a man4 ,x is prior to ! effect1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ come into be+ be=e ! latt]2 b x is n trans=m$ into ! effect4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x may happ5 t an ev5t is a cause ( a subsequ5t ev5t2 seldom1 h[ev]1 is x ! pr9cipal cause4 ,f> less are ev5ts ! only causes4 ,! mod]n me*anical conception1 on ! o!r h&1 is t ! relative positions ( p>ticles det]m9e _! accel]ations at ! in/ants :5 !y occupy ^? positions4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! positions ( all ! p>ticles are giv5 at two in/ants 7toge!r ) ! law ( =ce71 !n ! positions at all o!r in/ants may be d$uc$4#aji ,?is doctr9e conflicts ) ,kant's second analogy ( exp]i5ce1 z int]pret$ by him1 9 no less ?an f\r ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 f> f involv+ any pr9ciple t c\ld prop]ly be t]m$ g5]ation1 or ,erzeugung1 :i* is ,kant's ^w = ! sequ5ce ( effect f cause1 ! mod]n me*anical doctr9e is a doctr9e ( p]si/5ce1 &1 z ,i h repeat$ly expla9$1 positively prohibits any real gr[?4 ,9 ! second place1 "o /ate ( ?+s 7i4 e4 "o configuration ( ! sy/em7 is n suffici5t to det]m9e a second1 x is two t det]m9e a ?ird4 ,to :omsoev] may ?9k t ?is is an inconsid]able div]g5ce ( op9ions1 let me say1 /udy ! logic ( relatives1 & y w ?9k s no long]4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! two det]m9+ configurations1 accord+ to me*anics1 may be tak5 at almo/ any two in/ants1 & ! det]m9$ configuration be tak5 at any ?ird in/ant we l4 ,!re is no me*anical tru? 9 say+ t ! pa/ det]m9es ! future1 r ?an ! future ! pa/4 ,we habitually foll[ tradition 9 cont9u+ to use t =m ( expression1 b e ma!matician kn[s t x is no?+ b a =m ( expression4 ,we cont9ue1 = conv5i5ce1 to talk ( me*anical ph5om5a z if !y 7 regulat$1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* our int5tions regulate our actions 7:i* is ess5tially a det]m9ation ( ! future by ! pa/71 al?\gh we are q aw>e t x is n really s4 ,rem>k h[ ,kant reasons3 8,if x is a necess>y law ( our s5sibility1 & consequ5tly a =mal condition ( all p]ceptions1 t ! prec$+ "t det]m9es ! foll[+1 7s9ce ,i c only come to ! foll[+ ?r\gh ! prec$+17 !n is x also an indisp5sable law ( ! empirical repres5tation ( ! "t-s]ies t ! appe>ances ( ! prec$+ "t det]m9e e occurr5ce 9 ! foll[+40 ,:at ?is leads to is a causality l t ( m5tal ph5om5a1 :]e x is ! pa/ :i* det]m9es ! future1 & n 79 ! same s5se7 ! rev]se2 b ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy consi/s precisely 9 ! d5ial t any?+ l ?is occurs 9 ! doma9 ( physics4 ,_h ,kant /udi$ ! psy*ological ph5om5a m att5tively & g5]alis$ !m m broadly1 he w\ld h se5 t 9 ! m9d causation is n absolute1 b foll[s su* a curve z is trac$ 9 my essay t[>ds 8,! ,law ( ,m9d0 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #eej74 ,does our judici\s editor deem x ungraci\s to f9d fault ) ,kant = n do+ s mu* m ?an he did1 consid]+ :at t h]o-l a*ievem5t 08 ,we mu/ seem to c>p1 z long z ?9k]s c hold t a*ievem5t = suffici5t4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ,kant's 8,analogy0 ignores t cont9uity :i* is ! life-blood ( ma!matical ?\ght4 ,he deals ) ^? awkw>d *unks ( ph5om5on1 call$ 8ev5ts40 ,he repres5ts "o su* 8ev5t0 z det]m9$ by c]ta9 o!rs1 def9itely1 :ile ! re/ h no?+ to d ) x4 ,x is impossible to cem5t su* ?\ght z ?is into h]metic cont9uity ) ! ref9$ conceptions ( mod]n dynamics4 ,! /atem5t t e in/antane\s /ate ( ?+s det]m9es precisely all subsequ5t /ates1 & n at all any previ\s /ates1 c\ld1 ,i r ?9k1 be %[n to involve a contradiction4 ,! notion :i* ,dr4 ,c>us holds ( a cause seems to be t x is a /ate1 embrac+ all ! positions & velocities ( all ! masses at "o in/ant1 ! effect be+ a simil> /ate = any subsequ5t in/ant4 7 #ba1 #bd47 ,?is breaks at once ) common p>lance1 ) dynamics1 & ) philosophical logic4 ,9 common p>lance1 we d n say t ! position & upw>d velocity ( a missile is ! cause ( its be+ at a subsequ5t in/ant l[] d[n & mov+ ) a great] d[nw>d velocity4#aaj ,9 dynamics1 x is ! fix$ =ce1 gravitation1 or :atev] else1 toge!r ) ^? relative positions ( ! bodies t det]m9e ! int5sity & direction ( ! =ces1 t is reg>d$ z ! cause4 ,b ^! causes are n previ\s to1 b simultane\s )1 _! effects1 :i* are ! in/antane\s accel]ations4 ,f9ally1 logic opposes our call+ "o ( two /ates :i* equally det]m9e "o ano!r 7z any two /ates ( a sy/em d1 if ! velocities are tak5 to be includ$ 9 ^! /ates7 ! det]m9ator1 or cause1 simply because ( ! circum/ance t x prec$es ! o!r 9 "t1--a circum/ance t is ^u ! pr9ciples ( dynamics pla9ly insignificant & irrelevant4 ,ev]ybody w make slips 9 ! use ( words t h be5 on 8 lips f be=e ! "t :5 he le>n$ to ?9k2 b ! practice :i* ,i endeavor to foll[ 9 reg>d to ! ^w cause1 is to use x 9 ! ,ari/otelian s5se ( an effici5t cause1 9 all its crud5ess4 ,9 %ort1 ,i refuse to use x at all z a philosophical ^w4 ,:5 my conception is ( a dynamical "*1 ,i endeavor to employ ! accept$ t]m9ology ( dynamics2#aaa & :5 my idea is a m g5]al & logical "o1 ,i pref] to speak ( ! explanation4 #ad4 ,dr4 ,c>us ?9ks ! elem5t ( necessity 9 causation c be demon/rat$ by consid]+ ! process z a trans=mation4 8,x is a sequ5ce ( two /ates :i* belong toge!r z an initial & f9al aspect ( "o & ! same ev5t40 7 #ba4 ,comp>e #bj1 #bd47 ,he neglects to expla9 h[ he br+s "u ?is =mula ! inw>d causation ( ! w & "*1 z set =? by him 9 #afc-afg4 ,x is unnecess>y = me to reply1 at l5g?1 to an argum5t s manife/ly inconclusive4 ,on ! "o h&1 x conflicts ) ! pr9ciple t absolute necessity _c be prov$ f exp]i5ce2 & on ! o!r h&1 x leaves room = an imp]fect necessity4 ,pr(essor ,tait has done an ill (fice to ?\ght 9 c\nt5anc+ ! idea t ! cons]vation ( en]gy is ( ! same nature z ! 8cons]vation10 or r p]duration1 ( matt]4 ,dr4 ,c>us says 7 #aba7 t 8,! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy re/s ^u ! exp]i5ce 7corroborat$ by exp]im5ts7 t causation is trans=mation4 ,x /ates t ! total am\nt ( matt] & ! total am\nt ( en]gy rema9 con/ant4 ,!re is no creation out ( no?+ & no conv]sion ( some?+ into no?+40 ,! hi/orical "p ( ?is /atem5t conta9s only a small gra9 ( tru?2 b t ,i w n /op to criticise4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is "h repres5t$ "u a false aspect4 ,! true sub/ance ( ! law is t ! accel]ations1 or rates ( *ange1 ( ! motions ( ! p>ticles at any in/ant dep5d solely on _! relative positions at ^? in/ants4 ,! equation :i* expresses ! law "u ?is =m is a diff]5tial equation ( ! second ord]2 t is1 x involves ! rates ( *ange ( ! rates ( *ange ( positions1 toge!r ) ! positions !mselves4 ,n[1 because ( ! purely analytic proposition ( ! diff]5tial calculus t ,ds ,d7,ds71 ! fir/ integral ( ! diff]5tial equation ( ! second ord]1 t is1 ! diff]5tial equation ( ! fir/ ord] :i* expresses ! same /ate ( ?+s1 equates half ! sum ( ! masses1 ea* multipli$ by ! squ>e ( its velocity1 to a function ( ! relative positions ( ! p>ticles plus an arbitr>y con/ant4#aab ,9 ord] to fix our ideas1 let u take a v simple example1 t ( a s+le p>ticle accel]at$ t[>ds an inf9ite plane1 at a rate proportional to ! n p[] ( its di/ance f ! plane4 ,9 ?is case1 if s be ! di/ance1 ! second diff]5tial equation w be ,ds -z1 & ! fir/ integral ( x w be 7,ds7 -77s ,c4 ,by ! fir/ law ( motion1 & ! ,py?agorean proposition1 ! "p ( ! velocity-squ>e dep5d+ on ! horizontal compon5t is also con/ant4 ,! arbitr>y con/ant1 ,c1 pla9ly has its g5esis 9 ! fact t =ces d n det]m9e velocities1 b only accel]ations4 ,its value w be fix$ z soon z ! velocity at any in/ant is kn[n4 ,?is quantity w\ld exi/1 j ! same1 & be indep5d5t ( ! "t1 & w\ld !re=e be 8cons]v$0 :e!r ! =ces 7 8cons]vative10 t is1 simply positional1 or n4 ,n[1 ?is con/ant is ! en]gy2 or r1 ! en]gy is compos$ ( ?is con/ant increas$ by ano!r :i* is absolutely indet]m9able1 be+ m]ely suppos$ l>ge en\gh to make ! sum positive4 ,?us1 ! law ( en]gy does n prescribe t ! total am\nt ( en]gy %all rema9 con/ant2 = ?is w\ld be s 9 any case by virtue ( ! second law ( motion2 b :at x prescribes is t ! total en]gy dim9i%$ by ! liv+ =ce %all give a rema9d] :i* dep5ds ^u ! relative positions ( ! p>ticles & n ^u ! "t or ! velocities4 ,x is also to be notic$ t ! en]gy has no p>ticul> magnitude1 or quantity4 ,fur!rmore1 9 trans=mations ( k9etical en]gy into positional en]gy1 & ! rev]se1 ! diff]5t portions ( en]gy d n reta9 _! id5tity1 any m ?an1 9 book-keep+1 ! id5tity ( ! am\nts ( diff]5t items is pres]v$4 ,9 %ort1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 7,i d n mean ! law ( cons]vation17 is a m]e result ( algebra4 ,v diff]5t is x ) ! 8cons]vation0 ( matt]4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! total mass is a p]fectly def9ite quantity2 &1 9 ! second place1 9 all its trans=mations1 n only is ! total am\nt con/ant1 b all ! diff]5t p>ts pres]ve _! id5tity4 ,to speak1 !re=e1 ( 8! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy10 is to assimilate facts ( ess5tially contr>y natures2 & to say t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy makes ! total am\nt ( en]gy con/ant is to attribute to ?is law a ph5om5on really due to ano!r law1 & to ov]look :at ?is law really does det]m9e1 namely1 t ! total en]gy less ! k9etic en]gy gives a rema9d] :i* is exclusively positional4 #ae4 ,dr4 ,c>us does n make x cle> :at he means by *ance4 ,he does1 inde$1 say 7 #ade1 #adf73 8,:at is *ance8 8,*ance is any ev5t n especially int5d$1 ei!r n calculat$1 or1 ) a giv5 & limit$ /ock ( k1 incalculable40 ,?is def9es :at he means by a *ance ev5t1 9 ! concrete2 :at he und]/&s by probability1 we are left to conjecture4 ,b f :at he says 9 #adg1 ,i inf] t he reg>ds x z dep5d5t ^u ! /ate ( our ignorance1 & !re=e no?+ real4 ,i am1 !re=e1 mu* puzzl$ :5 ,i f9d him express+ a conviction 7 #hh1 #aef7 t *ance plays an important "p 9 ! real _w4 ,he expla9s v di/9ctly t 8:5 we call a ?r[ ( ! dice pure *ance1 we mean t ! incid5ts :i* condition ! turn+ up ( ^! or ^? special faces ( ! dice h n be51 or _c be1 calculat$40 7 #adg47 ,?is is ! commone/1 because ! %all[e/1 philosophy ( *ance4 ,ev5 ,v5n might tea* him bett] ?an t4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to t view1 :5 he writes ( 8! important "p t *ance plays 9 ! _w1--n absolute *ance 444 b t same *ance ( :i* ! ?r[ ( ! die is a typical in/ance0 7 #hh71 he c be und]/ood to mean no m ?an t _m ?+s happ5 :i* we are n 9 condition to calculate or pr$ict4 ,?is is n play+ a "p 9 ! _w1 "o w\ld say--at lea/1 n 9 ! natural _w2 x is only play+ a "p 9 our ignorance4 ,dr4 ,c>us frequ5tly uses phrases :i* make u suspect he p5etrates deep]4 ,?us1 he says1 8we d n believe 9 absolute *ance1 b we believe 9 *ance0 7 #add72 & aga91 8,e man is ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tune--b n entirely4 ,!re are sometimes co9cid5ces det]m9+ ! fates ( m540 7 #afa47 ,b :5 we rem>k ! consecution ( #acg-afb1 we feel pretty sure he really sees no fur!r4 ,to d s w\ld h be5 to p]ceive t indef9itely v>i$ specificalness is *ance4 ,= a long "t1 ,i myself /rove to make *ance t div]sity 9 ! univ]se :i* laws leave room =1 in/ead ( a violation ( law1 or lawlessness4 ,t 0 truly believ+ 9 *ance t 0 n absolute *ance4 ,x 0 recognis+ t *ance does play a "p 9 ! real _w1 ap>t f :at we may "k or be ignorant (4 ,b x 0 a transitional belief :i* ,i h pass$ ?r\gh1 :ile ,dr4 ,c>us seems n to h rea*$ x4 ,z = absolute *ance1 ,dr4 ,c>us makes ! mom5t\s admission t x is 8n unimag9able0 7 #aej74 ,if s1 its negation1 or absolute necessity1 _c be a =mal pr9ciple4 #af4 ,b x is "t = me to leave ! consid]ation ( ,dr4 ,c>us's sy/em & to take up 8 /rictures ^u m9e4 ,8 philosophy is "o em95tly enlight5$ by mod]n ideas1 :i* x syn!tises to an unusual ext5t4 ,x is di/+ui%$ = its fre$om f ! vice ( "o-sid$ness1 & displays e facet ( ! gem ( philosophical inquiry1 except ! "o on :i* x re/s1 ! "q ( absolute law4 ,its prom95t faults1 :i* ,i feel sure mu/ h /ruck e compet5t read]1 are t x %[s little trace ( m$itation ^u ! ?\ghts ( ! great ideali/s1 & t !re is a c]ta9 want ( congruity betwe5 diff]5t elem5ts ( x4 ,h[ /rangely x s\nds1 = in/ance1 to f9d an apriorian1 & "o :o is d++ 8=mal laws0 s p]petually into our e>s1 "o :o holds t 89 ord] to weave ! wo( ( ! a po/]iori elem5ts into coh]5t clo?1 we want ! w>p ( ! a priori0 7 #ae71 to f9d ?is man decl>+ = a positivism 8:i* accepts no doctr9e1 !ory1 or law1 unless x be a =mulation ( facts10 & proclaim+ t 8! :ole bus9ess ( sci5ce is to sy/ematise ! sam5esses ( exp]i5ce1 & to pres5t !m 9 conv5i5t =mulas0 7 #abj74 ,n[ !re is j "o way ( br++ su* w>r+ elem5ts into h>mony1 & cur+ ! greate/ defect ( ! sy/em1--& x is a way :i* w\ld also br+ ! :ole into f> bett] concordance ) natural sci5ce4 ,x is to lop (f ! heads ( all absolute propositions ,^: subject is n ! ,absolute1 & r$uce !m to ! level ( probable & approximate /atem5ts4 ,7 t defalcation p]=m$1 ,dr4 ,c>us's philosophy w\ld1 9 its g5]al features1 (f] no viol5t opposition to my op9ions4 ,moreov]1 ! ,doctor has at he>t ! conciliation ( religion & sci5ce4 ,i confess su* s]i\s conc]n makes me smile2 = ,i ?9k ! atonem5t he desires is a ?+ :i* w come to pass ( itself :5 "t is ripe1 & t our ef=ts to ha/5 x h j t slight effect t our ef=ts to ha/5 ! rip5+ ( apples on a tree may h4 ,besides1 natural rip5+ is ! be/4 ,let sci5ce & religion ea* h /\t fai? 9 itself1 & refuse to compromise ) ali5 & second>y purposes1 b pu% ! developm5t ( its own ?\ght on its own l9e2 & !n1 :5 reconcilem5t comes1--z come x surely w1--x w h a positive value1 & be an unmix$ good4 ,b s9ce our accompli%$ editor ?9ks himself call$ ^u to assi/ 9 ?is bir? ( "t1 let me ask him :e!r ( all ! conditions ( su* peace1 ! fir/ is n t religi\s ?\ght %\ld ab&on t extravagant absolut5ess ( ass]tion :i* is prop] to ! /ate ( intellectual infancy1 b :i* x has s long be5 too timid to let g8 ,?is pragmatical & unne$$ absolut5ess x is :i* is mo/ deeply contr>y to ! me?od1 ! results1 & ! :ole _s ( sci5ce2 & no error c be great] ?an to fancy t sci5ce1 or sci5tific m51 re/ ^u x or readily tol]ate x4 #ag4 ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #ef-fd7 condemns my me?od ( inve/igation z contr>y to t by :i* sci5ce has be5 advanc$2 & holds t a radically diff]5t1 & ?or\ghly positivi/ic me?od is requisite1--a me?od s int5sely positivi/ic z to exclude all orig9ality4 ,i suppose he w n object to my =m+ an op9ion conc]n+ ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,i 0 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( sci5tific inquiry1 & h all my life *iefly liv$ among sci5tific m54 ,= ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ! /udy :i* has con/antly be5 be=e my m9d has be5 ^u ! nature1 /r5g?1 & hi/ory ( me?ods ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,i h no space "h to argue ! "q4 ,9 its logical aspect1 ,i h p>tly consid]$ x 9 v>i\s publications2 & 9 its hi/orical aspect1 ,i h long be5 engag$ ^u a treatise ab\t x4 ,my critic says 7 #eg7 t #a am 8v positivi/ic 9 my logic ( sci5ce40 ,?is is a s+ul> misappreh5sion4 ,few ( ! great sci5tific m9ds ) :om ,i h come into p]sonal contact1 & f :om ,i endeavor$ to le>n 7 dispos$ to contemn orig9ality or ! ideal "p ( ! m9d's "w 9 inve/igation2 & ^? few1 x 0 easy to see1 really brea!d an atmosph]e ( ideas :i* 7 s incessantly pres5t t !y 7 unconsci\s ( !m4 ,7 ,i to "n ^? ( my tea*]s :o 7 mo/ positivi/ic 9 !ory1 a smile w\ld be excit$4 ,my own hi/orical /udies1 :i* h be5 some:at m9utely critical1 h1 on ! :ole confirm$ ! views ( ,:ewell1 ! only man ( philosophical p[] conjo9$ ) sci5tific tra9+ :o _h made a compreh5sive survey ( ! :ole c\rse ( sci5ce1 t progress 9 sci5ce dep5ds ^u ! obs]vation ( ! "r facts by m9ds furni%$ ) appropriate ideas4 ,f9ally1 my long inve/igation ( ! logical process1 ( sci5tific reason+ l$ me _m ye>s ago to ! conclusion t sci5ce is no?+ b a developm5t ( our natural in/9cts4 ,s mu* = my !ory ( sci5tific logic4 ,x is z totally oppos$ z any?+ c be to ,dr4 ,c>us's !ory 7 #fi1 note2 & 8,ursa*e1 ,grund und ,zweck10 p4 #b7 t orig9ality is out ( place 9 sci5ce4 ,b 9 my practice ( sci5tific reason+1 ,dr4 ,c>us accuses me ( be+ :at he calls a 8con/ructioni/02 t is1 a !oris] unguid$ by indications f obs]vation or accept$ facts4 ,to a m9d ^u :om t celebrat$ & spl5did *apt] ( ,kant ^u ! ar*itectonical me?od fail$ to make a deep impression1 ,i may appe> s2 b trave/y is 9 tru? h>dly too /rong a ^w to describe ! acc\nt ( my me?od by ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,p]haps exagg]ation is n )\t its value4 ,if s1 let me sum up ! me?od ,dr4 ,c>us recomm5ds4 ,es*ew orig9ality1 is its pi\s =mula2 d n ?9k = y\rself1 nor c\nt5ance results obta9$ by orig9al m9ds4 ,di/ru/ !m2 !y are n safe m54 ,leave orig9ality to ma!maticians & _! bre$1 to poets1 & to all ^? :o seek ! sad notoriety ( hav+ unsettl$ belief4#aac ,flee all philosophies :i* smack ( ?is ab]rant n9ete5? c5tury4#aad ,?is !ory ( ,dr4 ,c>us condemns itself2 = x is highly orig9al1 & so>s into ! free e!r untrammell$ by hi/oric facts4 ,keppl] comes v close to realis+ my ideal ( ! sci5tific me?od2 & he is "o ( ! few ?9k]s :o h tak5 _! read]s fully into _! confid5ce z to :at _! me?od really has be54#aae ,i %\ld n feel ju/ifi$ 9 inflict+ ^u m9e an autobiographical acc\nt ( my own c\rse ( ?\ght2 b "s ?+s ,dr4 ,c>us's accusation =ces me to m5tion4 ,my me?od ( attack+ all problems has ev] be5 to beg9 ) an hi/orical & rational inquiry into ! special me?od adapt$ to ! special problem4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( my ar*itectonical proce$+ ^u :i* ,dr4 ,c>us has comm5t$ v sev]ely4 ,to look an in* be=e "o's nose involves orig9ality3 !re=e1 x is wrong to h a consci\s me?od4 ,b fur!r1 9 reg>d to philosophy1 n only ! me?ods1 b ! elem5t>y ideas :i* are to ent] into ^? me?ods1 %\ld be subject$ to c>eful prelim9>y exam9ation4 ,?is1 especially1 ,dr4 ,c>us f9ds v unsci5tific4 7 #fd1 & else:]e47 ,x is1 und\bt$ly1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( my proc$ure4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n a notion ha/ily or irreflectively caught up2 b is ! mature/ fruit ( a lifetime ( reflection ^u ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 includ+ ^? ( philosophy2 & if x %all be f\nd t "o contribution to ?\ght on my "p has prov$ ( p]man5t s]vice1 t1 ,i expect1 w be ! "o4 ,?is me?od 9 no wise tea*es t ! me?od & mat]ials = ?\ght are n to be modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! /udy ( ! subject-matt]4 ,b in/ead ( tak+ ideas at haphaz>d1 or be+ satisfi$ ) ^? t h be5 h&$ d[n f ! good old times1 z a m9d ke5ly alive to ! dang]s ( orig9ality w\ld h done1 ,i h und]tak5 to make a sy/ematic survey ( human k 7a v slight sket* ( :i* compos$ ! sub/ance ( my pap] on ! 8,ar*itecture ( ,!ories107 9 ord] to f9d :at ideas h1 z a fact1 prov$ mo/ fruitful1 & to obs]ve ! special utilities !y h sev]ally fulfill$4 ,a subsidi>y object ( ?is survey 0 to note :at ! great ob/acles are to-day 9 ! way ( ! fur!r advance ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 my 8,ar*itecture ( ,!ories10 ,i nev] pr(ess$ to d m ?an make a slight sket* ( a small portion ( my prelim9>y /udies1 devot+ ?irte5 l9es to "s h9ts z to ! nature ( ! results4 ,9 ! f\r foll[+ pap]s ,i h giv5 a selection ( a few ( ^! results4 ,among ^? :i* rema9 to be report$ are "s ( mu* m imm$iate importance ?an any ( ^? hi!rto set =?4 ,if anybody has be5 surpris$ to f9d my subsequ5t pap]s develop+ ?\ghts :i* !y 7 unable to =esee f my fir/1 x is only :at ,i w>n$ p f ! outset t !y w\ld f9d to happ54 ,nor h ! greate/ ( ^! surprises yet be5 rea*$4#aaf ,! next s]ies ( facts review$ 0 t ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,i wad$ "r into ?is fe>ful sl\gh ( 8orig9ality10 9 ord] to ga!r :at seem$ to ?r[ a light ^u ! subject4 ,f9ally1 ,i review$ ! g5]al facts ( ! univ]se4 ,i n[ f\nd myself =c$ by a great _m diff]5t indications to ! conclusion t an evolution>y philosophy ( "s k9d mu/ be accept$1--includ+ among su* philosophies sy/ems l ^? ( ,ari/otle & ( ,hegel4 ,f ?is po9t ! reason+ 0 m rapid4 ,evolution _h be5 a prom95t /udy = half a g5]ation2 & mu* light _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! conditions = a fruitful evolution>y philosophy4 ,! fir/ "q 01 h[ f> %all ?is evolution g back8 ,:at %all we suppose n to be a product ( gr[?8 ,i fancy x is ?is cauti\s reflectiv5ess ( my proc$ure :i* especially displeases ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,x is n positivi/ic3 x is ar*itectonic4 ,b ! answ] to ! "q 0 n f> to seek4 ,if an evolution>y explanation is to be adopt$1 philosophy1 logic1 & ! economy ( rese>* all dictate t 9 ! fir/ essay1 at lea/1 t /yle ( explanation be c>ri$ z f> back z explanation is call$ =4 ,:at elem5ts ( ! univ]se require no explanation8 ,?is 0 a simple "q1 capable ( be+ decid$ by logic ) z mu* facility & c]ta9ty z a suitable problem is solv$ by diff]5tial calculus4 ,be+1 & ! uni=mity 9 :i* be+ consi/s1 require to be expla9$4 ,! only ?+ t does n require x is non-exi/5t spontaneity4 ,?is 0 soon se5 to mean absolute *ance4 ,! conclusion s rea*$ 0 cl9*$ by a c>eful rexam9ation ( ! (fice ( *ance 9 sci5ce g5]ally1 & especially 9 ! doctr9es ( evolution4 ,arriv$ at ?is po9t1 ! next "q 01 :at is ! pr9ciple by :i* ! developm5t is to proce$8 ,x 0 a difficult inquiry1 & involv$ rese>*es f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,b ,i w n tr\ble ! read] ) fur!r autobiographical details4 ,i h giv5 en\gh to %[ t my me?od has nei!r be5 9 !ory purely empirical1 nor 9 practice m]e bra9-sp9n+2 & t1 9 %ort1 my fri5d ,dr4 ,c>us's acc\nt ( x has be5 z incorrect z c be4 #ah4 ,! le>n$ doctor 7 #f1 #g1 #h7 pron\nces me to be an imitator ( ,david ,hume1 or1 at lea/1 classes my op9ions z closely alli$ to 84 ,yet be x kn[n t nev]1 dur+ ! ?irty ye>s 9 :i* ,i h be5 writ+ on philosophical que/ions1 h ,i fail$ 9 my allegiance to reali/ic op9ions & to c]ta9 ,scoti/ic ideas2 :ile all t ,hume has to say is said at ! in/ance & 9 ! int]e/ ( ! extreme/ nom9alism4 ,moreov]1 in/ead ( be+ a purely negative critic1 l ,hume1 seek+ to annul a fundam5tal conception g5]ally admitt$1 ,i am a positive critic1 plead+ = ! admission to a place 9 our s*eme ( ! univ]se = an idea g5]ally reject$4 ,9 ! fir/ pap] ( ?is s]ies1 9 :i* ,i gave a prelim9>y sket* ( su* ( my ideas z c\ld be s pres5t$1 ,i c>efully record$ my opposition to all philosophies :i* d5y ! reality ( ! ,absolute1 & ass]t$ t 8! "o intelligible !ory ( ! univ]se is t ( objective idealism1 t matt] is effete m9d40 ,?is is z mu* z to say t ,i am a ,s*ell+ian1 ( "s /ripe2 s t1 on ! :ole1 ,i d n ?9k ,dr4 ,c>us has made a v happy hit 9 lik5+ me to ,hume1 to ^: :ole me?od & /yle ( philosophis+ ,i h always be5 p]haps too int5sely av]se4 ,yet1 not)/&+ my pres5t disclaim]1 ,i h little d\bt apriorians w cont9ue to describe me z belong+ to ! sceptical s*ool4 ,!y h _! wond]ful ways ( arriv+ at tru?1 )\t /oop+ to confront _! conclusions ) facts2 & x is amus+ to see h[ s9c]ely !y are conv9c$ t nobody c h sci5ce at he>t1 )\t d5y+ all !y uphold4#aag ,my oppon5t has a habit ( ?r[+ out surpris+ op9ions )\t ! lea/ attempt to illum9ate !m ) ! effulg5ce ( reason4 ,?us he says 7 #h73 8,if ,kant's answ] to ,hume _h be5 satisfactory1 ,mr4 ,peirce w\ld probably n h r5ew$ ! attack40 ,:at attack8 ,all t ,hume attack$ ,i def5d1 namely1 law z a reality4 ,h[ c\ld a def5ce ( t :i* ,i def5d z ess5tial to my position1 cause me to surr5d] t position1 namely1 t real regul>ity is imp]fect8 ,9 any s5se 9 :i* ,hume c\ld h admitt$ ! possibility ( law1 x mu/ be precisely foll[$2 s9ce its exi/5ce c\ld consi/ only 9 ! con=mity ( facts unto x4 ,b p]haps ,dr4 ,c>us means t if "o "q _h be5 completely settl$1 ,i %\ld probably h conf9$ myself to talk+ ab\t t1 in/ead ( broa*+ a new "o4 #ai4 ,ano!r misund]/&+ ( my position on ! "p ( ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #ab1 #ac7 is simply due to 8boldly0 hav+ be5 twice pr9t$ :]e ! read+ %\ld h be5 8baldly10 9 my pap] on 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity40 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ccf1 l9es #bj & #be47 ,i wi% pr9t]s w\ld le>n t ,i nev] use ! ^w bold4 ,i h s little ( ! quality1 t ,i don't "k :at x means4 ,z ,i read ! 8revise10 z usual1 x 0 presumably my fault t ! erratum occurr$4 ,at any rate1 _h my mean+ be5 cle>ly express$1 ! pro(-read] w\ld n h be5 misl$ by my defective *irography4 ,:at ,i 0 try+ to say 01 9 sub/ance1 ?is3 ,absolute *ance is a hypo!sis2 &1 l e hypo!sis1 c only be def5d$ z expla9+ c]ta9 ph5om5a4#aah ,yet to suppose t an ev5t is br\ght ab\t by absolute *ance is utt]ly illogical1 s9ce z a hypo!sis x c\ld only be admitt$ on ! gr\nd ( its expla9+ obs]v$ facts2 n[ f m]e non-law no?+ necess>ily foll[s1 & !re=e no?+ c be expla9$2 = to expla9 a fact is to %[ t x is a necess>y1 or1 at lea/1 a probable1 result f ano!r fact1 kn[n or suppos$4 ,:y is n ?is a complete refutation ( ! !ory ( absolute *ance8 ,answ]3 because ! exi/5ce ( absolute *ance1 z well z _m ( its *>act]s1 are n !mselves absolute *ances1 or sporadic ev5ts1 unsubject to g5]al law4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! ?+s are g5]al laws4 ,ev]ybody is famili> ) ! fact t *ance has laws1 & t /ati/ical results foll[ !refrom4 ,v well3 ,i d n propose to expla9 any?+ z due to ! action ( *ance1 t is1 z be+ lawless4 ,i d n c\nt5ance ! idea t ,bible /ories1 = in/ance1 %[ t nature's laws 7 violat$2--?\gh !y may help to %[ t nature's laws are n s me*anical z we are accu/om$ to ?9k4 ,b ,i only propose to expla9 ! regul>ities ( nature z consequ5ces ( ! only uni=mity1 or g5]al fact1 !re 0 9 ! *aos1 namely1 ! g5]al abs5ce ( any1 det]m9ate law4#aai ,9 fact1 aft] ! fir/ /ep is tak51 ,i only use *ance to give room = ! developm5t ( law by means ( ! law ( habits4 #bj4 ,9 #bh1 ,i read3 8,mr4 ,peirce does n object to necessity 9 c]ta9 cases2 he objects to necessity be+ a univ]sal feature ( ! _w40 ,?is is correctly /at$1 & s x is 9 #bjc4 ,i object to necessity be+ univ]sal1 z well z to its ev] be+ exact4 ,9 %ort1 ,i object to absolute univ]sality1 absolute exactitude1 absolute necessity1 be+ attribut$ to any proposition t does n deal ) ! & ! 1 9 ! :i* ,i d n include any object ( ord9>y k4 ,b x is c>eless to write 7 #aic7 t ,i 8describe ! doma9 ( m9d z ! abs5ce ( law40 ,is n "o ( my pap]s entitl$ 8,! ,law ( ,m9d08 ,x is true t ,i make ! law ( m9d ess5tially diff]5t 9 its mode ( action f ! law ( me*anics1 inasmu* z x requires its own violation2 b x is law1 n *ance uncontroll$4 ,t x is n 8an undet]m9$ & indet]m9able sport+0 %\ld h be5 obvi\s f my expressly /at+ t its ultimate result mu/ be ! entire elim9ation ( *ance f ! univ]se4 ,t directly negatives ! adjective 8indet]m9able10 & h5ce also ! adjective 8undet]m9$40 ,/ill m unw>rant$ is ! /atem5t 7 #bje7 t ,i d5y 8t !re are sam5esses 9 ?is _w40 ,if ! slighte/ excuse = su* an accusation c be f\nd 9 all my writ+s ,i %all be mightily surpris$4 #ba4 ,dr4 ,c>us fully admits 7 #i7 ! ju/ice ( my fir/ reply to ! argum5t t necessity is po/ulat$ 9 all sci5tific reason+1 :i* reply is t to po/ulate necessity does n make x true4 ,z ?is reply1 if correct is complete1 ,dr4 ,c>us 0 b\nd aft] t admission to drop ! po/ulate-argum5t 9 favor ( necessity4#abj ,b he takes no notice1 at all1 ( my f\r-page argum5t to %[ t sci5tific reason+ does n po/ulate absolute univ]sality1 exactitude1 or necessity 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbd-cbg72 b calmly ass]ts1 f\r or five times ov] 7 #e1 #aa1 #af1 #fb1 #gi71 )\t "o sc9tilla ( argum5tation1 t t po/ulate is made1 & uses ?is z an argum5t 9 favor ( necessity4 #bb4 ,he also fully admits 7 #aa1 #ad1 #bb7 ! ju/ice ( my argum5t t ! absolut5ess ( univ]sality1 exactitude1 & necessity1 _c be prov$1 nor r5d]$ probable1 by argum5ts f obs]vation4 ,t argum5t consi/$ 9 assum+ t all argum5ts f obs]vation are probable argum5ts1 & 9 %[+ t probable inf]5ces are always affect$ ) probable errors4 ,_h ,i deem$ x requisite1 ,i might easily h =tifi$ t argum5t by a m pr(\nd analysis ( sci5tific reason+4 ,su* an analysis ,i _h =m]ly giv5 9 my 8,!ory ( ,probable ,inf]5ce0 79 8,/udies 9 ,logic10 ,bo/on3 ,little & ,br[n74 ,b1 not)/&+ 8 admissions1 ,dr4 ,c>us sets up 8 ipse dixit aga9/ my argum5tation4 8,we d5y mo/ positively10 says ! editorial ,elohim1 8t ! calculus ( probabilities is applicable to ! ord] ( ! _w1 z to :e!r x may or may n be univ]sal40 7 #bg1 #ca47 ,to support ?is1 he cites 7 #ca-cd7 f\r passages f articles writt5 by me sixte5 ye>s ago4 ,i hope my m9d has n be5 /ation>y dur+ all ^! ye>s2 yet !re is little 9 ^? old articles :i* ,i n[ ?9k positively errone\s1 & no?+ 9 ! passages cit$4 ,my pres5t views _h1 at t "t1 already begun to urge !mselves on my m9d2 b !y 7 n ripe = public av[al4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! passages cit$1 ,i express ! op9ion1 :i* ,i fir/ utt]$ 9 my e>li] lectures be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 9 #ahff1 aft]w>ds 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 9 #ahgg1 9 /ill full] elaboration 9 my 8,!ory ( ,probable ,inf]5ce0 9 #ahhb1 & ma9ta9 n[ z /rongly z ev]1 t no def9ite probability c be assign$ to any g5]al arrangem5t ( nature4 ,to speak ( an antec$5t probability w\ld imply t !re 0 a /ati/ical sci5ce ( diff]5t univ]ses2 & a d$uc$ probability requires an antec$5t probability = "o ( its data4#aba ,?is consid]ation only goes to =tify my pres5t position1 t we _c conclude f obs]v$ facts ) any degree ( probability1 & !re=e a =tiori n ) c]ta9ty1 t any proposition is absolutely univ]sal1 exact1 or necess>y4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any weight ( probability 9 favor ( any p>ticul> exact /atem5t1 ! =mal presumption is altoge!r aga9/ any "o out ( innum]able possible /atem5ts ( t k9d4 ,! second passage cit$ is "o 9 :i* ,i argue t ! univ]se is n a *aos1 or *ance-m$ley4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,c>us admits 7 #bh7 t ,i d n to-day ma9ta9 t x is a *ance-m$ley4 ,! ?ird passage cit$ is ?is3 8,a contradiction is involv$ 9 ! v idea ( a *ance-_w40 ,?is is 9 entire h>mony ) my pres5t position t 8a *aos 444 be+ )\t connection or regul>ity w\ld prop]ly be )\t exi/5ce40 78,ar*itecture ( ,!ories10 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agf47 ,! f\r? passage is to ! effect t 8! int]e/ :i* ! uni=mities ( nature h = an animal measures 8 place 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce40 ,?is ,i /ill believe4 ,s mu* = my suppos$ contradictions4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 our amiable editor1 ^: admirable editor%ip spr+s s l>gely out ( 8 amiability1 9 copy+ out ^! passages 0 really n half s mu* int5t on %[+ me to be wrong at pres5t1 z on %[+ me to h be5 "r =m]ly4 ,h[ev] h>d he hits1 he contrives to honey 8 sockdolog]s1 & s9c]ely c>es m to make ! read] admire 8 antagoni/ :5 he is "r ?an to condemn him :5 he is wrong4 ,!re is a t\* ( art 9 ?is t proclaims ! born editor1 & :i* ,i c h>dly hope to imitate4 ,?\gh ,dr4 ,c>us admits ov] & ov] aga9 t necessity _c be bas$ on obs]vation1 he (t5 slips back to ! idea t x c be s bas$4 ,he says1 7 #cj7 t 8=m is a quality ( ?is _w1 n ( "s samples ( x1 b ?r\gh\t1 s f> z we "k ( exi/5ce 9 ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial way40 ,b does he n see t all we d "k1 & all we %all to-morr[1 or at any date "k1 is no?+ b a sample ( our possible exp]i5ce1--nay1 is b a sample ( :at we are 9 ! future to h already exp]i5c$8 ,i h *>act]is$ inductive inf]5ce z reason+ f samples2 b ! mo/ usual way ( sampl+ a class is by exam9+ all ! in/ances ( x t h come "u our obs]vation1 or :i* we c at once collect4 #bc4 ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #dd1 #df7 holds t f my social !ory ( reality1 namely1 t ! real is ! idea 9 :i* ! community ultimately settles d[n1 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ inevitable is to be inf]r$4 ,i confess ,i nev] anticipat$ t anybody w\ld urge t4 ,i ?\ght j ! rev]se might be object$1 namely1 t all absolut5ess 0 remov$ f reality by t !ory1 & x 0 _m ye>s ago t1 9 my 8,!ory ( ,probable ,inf]5ce10 ,i admitt$ ! obvi\s ju/ice1 z x seem$ to me1 ( t objection4 ,we _c be q sure t ! community ev] w settle d[n to an unalt]able conclusion ^u any giv5 "q4 ,ev5 if !y d s = ! mo/ "p1 we h no reason to ?9k ! unanimity w be q complete1 nor c we rationally presume any ov]:elm+ cons5sus ( op9ion w be rea*$ ^u e "q4 ,all t we are entitl$ to assume is 9 ! =m ( a hope t su* conclusion may be sub/antially rea*$ conc]n+ ! p>ticul> que/ions ) :i* our inquiries are busi$4 ,su*1 at lea/1 are ! results to :i* ! consid]ation ( ! doctr9e ( probability br+s my m9d irresi/ibly4 ,s t1 ! social !ory ( reality1 f> f be+ incompatible ) ty*ism1 inevitably leads up to t =m ( philosophy4 ,sociali/ic1 or z ,i pref] to t]m x1 agapa/ic ontology seems to me likely to f9d favor ) _m m9ds at an e>ly day1 because x is a natural pa? by :i* ! nom9ali/ may be l$ into ! reali/ic ways ( ?\ght1 ways t[>d :i* _m facts & inw>d =ces impel him4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to call att5tion to ! circum/ances t ! realism to :i* x leads is a doctr9e :i* decl>es g5]al tru?s to be real1--indep5d5t ( ! op9ions ( any p>ticul> collection ( m9ds1--b n to be de/9$1 9 a /rictly univ]sal1 exact1 & sure acceptation1 to be s settl$1 & e/abli%$4 ,n[ to ass]t t g5]al tru?s are objectively real1 b to d5y t !y are /rictly univ]sal1 exact1 & c]ta91 is to embrace ! doctr9e ( absolute *ance4 ,?us x is t ! agapa/ic ontologi/ :o endeavors to escape ty*ism w f9d himself 8l$ into0 t 8inextricable confusion0 :i* ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #d7 has tak5 a contract to %[ t ,i am l$ into4 #bd4 ,cons]vatism is :olesome & necess>y2 ! mo/ conv9c$ radical mu/ admit ! wisdom ( x1 9 ! ab/ract2 & a cons]vative w be 9 no ha/e to esp\se ! doctr9e ( absolute *ance4 ,i1 myself1 pond]$ ov] x = long ye>s be=e do+ s4 ,b ,i am p]suad$1 at l5g?1 t mank9d w be=e v long take up ) x2 & ,i d n believe philosoph]s w be f\nd tagg+ on to ! tail ( ! g5]al procession4 ,my little dialogue betwe5 ! ty*i/ & ! necessit>ian 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cca-ccc7 seems to h repres5t$ pretty fairly ! views ( ! latt]2 = ,dr4 ,c>us1 9 #aea-aee1 does little m ?an reit]ate !m1 )\t mu*1 if at all1 re9=c+ !m4 ,8 #aeh-afj m]ely "w out1 9 a =m p]haps n q cle>1 :at is manife/ f ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( dynamics1 & 0 consid]$ 9 my dialogue4 ,8 argum5ts 9 ?is connection1 ap>t f ^? already notic$1 are t absolute *ance is some?+ :i* if x exi/$ w\ld require explanation1 t ! manifold specificalness ( nature is expla9$ by law )\t any aid f *ance1 & t absolute *ance if x exi/$1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is suppos$ to exi/ 9 my *aos1 c\ld n possibly bre$ law z suppos$ by me4 ,to ! consid]ation ( ^! argum5ts ,i proce$ to apply myself4 #be4 ,"o ( ! ar*itectonic--&1 !re=e1 ,i suppose1 by ,dr4 ,c>us consid]$ z highly repreh5sible--features ( my !ory1 is t1 in/ead ( say+ (f-h& :at elem5ts /rike me z requir+ explanation & :at z n do+ s1 :i* seems to be 8 way1 ,i h devot$ a long "t to ! /udy ( ! :ole logical doctr9e ( explanation1 & ( ! hi/ory ( explanations1 & h bas$ ^u ! g5]al pr9ciples s asc]ta9$ my conclusions z to :at ?+s d & :at d n require to be expla9$4 ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #fg7 def9es explanation z a description ( a special process ( nature 9 su* a way t ! process is recognis$ z a trans=mation4 ,?is ,i _c q grant4 ,fir/1 ,i _c admit t 8special processes ( nature0 are ! only ?+s to be expla9$4 ,= in/ance1 if ,i 7 to meet a g5tleman :o seem$ to con=m scrupul\sly to all ! usages ( good society1 except t he wore to an ev5+ p>ty an em]ald sat9 ve/1 t w\ld be a fact call+ = explanation1 al?\gh x w\ld n be a 8special process ( nature40 ,second1 ,i _c admit t an explanation is a description ( ! fact expla9$4 ,x is true t 9 ! sett+ =? ( "s explanations1 x is conv5i5t to re/ate ! fact expla9$1 s z to set x "u ano!r aspect2 b ev5 9 ^! cases1 ! /atem5t ( o!r facts is ess5tial4 ,9 all cases1 x is o!r facts1 usually hypo!tical1 :i* con/itute ! explanation2 & ! process ( expla9+ is a process by :i* f ^? o!r facts ! fact to be expla9$ is %[n to foll[ z a consequ5ce1 by virtue ( a g5]al pr9ciple1 or o!rwise4 ,?us1 a 8special process ( nature0 call+ = explanation is ! circum/ance t ! planet ,m>s1 :ile mov+ 9 a g5]al way f we/ to ea/ among ! fix$ />s1 yet retrogrades a "p ( ! "t1 s z to describe loops 9 ! heav5s4 ,! explanation is t ,m>s revolves 9 "o approximate circle & we 9 ano!r4 ,aga91 x has be5 /at$ t a w>m spr+ 9 ,europe is usually foll[$ by a cool autumn1 & ! explanation has be5 (f]$ t s _m m iceb]gs ?an usual are lib]at$ dur+ a w>m spr+1 t !y subsequ5tly l[] s5sibly ! temp]ature ( ,europe4 ,i c>e little :e!r ! fact & ! explanation are correct or no4 ,! case illu/rates1 at any rate1 my po9t t an explanation is a special fact1 suppos$ or kn[n1 f :i* ! fact to be expla9$ foll[s z a consequ5ce4 ,?ird1 ,i _c admit t e description :i* recognises ! fact describ$ z a trans=mation is an explanation2 f> less t 8x is complete & exhau/ive0 7 #fg74 ,a magician trans=ms a wat* into a dove4 ,recognise x z a trans=mation & ! trick is expla9$1 is x8 ,?is is delightfully facile4 ,describe ! *ange f a cat]pill> to a butt]fly z a trans=mation1 & does t expla9 x8 ,f\r?1 ,i _c admit t e explanation recognises ! fact expla9$ z a trans=mation4 ,! explanation ( ! loops 9 ! motion ( ,m>s is n ( t nature4 ,b ,i will+ly recognise 9 ,dr4 ,c>us's def9ition an attempt1--m or less successful1--to =mulate "o ( ! great (fices ( sci5tific inquiry1 t ( bridg+ ov] ! gap betwe5 ! famili> & ! unfamili>4 ,explanation1 h[ev]1 prop]ly speak+1 is ! replacem5t ( a complex pr$icate1 or "o :i* seems improbable or extraord9>y1 by a simple pr$icate f :i* ! complex pr$icate foll[s on kn[n pr9ciples4 ,9 l mann]1 a reason1 9 "o s5se1 is ! replacem5t ( a multiple subject ( an obs]vational proposition by a g5]al subject1 :i* by ! v conditions ( ! special exp]i5ce is pr$icable ( ! multiple subject4#abb ,su* a reason may be call$ an explanation 9 a loose s5se4 ,accord+ly1 t :i* alone requires an explanation is a co9cid5ce4 ,h5ce1 ,i say t a uni=mity1 or law1 is p> excell5ce1 ! ?+ t requires explanation4 ,& ,dr4 ,c>us 7 #ea7 admits t ?is 8is p]fectly true40 ,b ,i _c imag9e any?+ fur!r f ! tru? ?an 8 /atem5t 7 #ff7 t 8! only ?+ 9 ! _w ( :i* we _c & ne$ n give acc\nt is ! exi/5ce ( facts itself40 ,i %\ld say1 on ! contr>y1 t ! exi/5ce ( facts is ! only ?+ ( :i* we ne$ give acc\nt4 ,=ms may indulge 9 :atev] ecc5tricities !y please 9 ! _w ( dreams1 )\t responsibility2 b :5 !y attempt t k9d ( ?+ 9 ! _w ( real exi/5ce1 !y mu/ expect to h _! conduct inquir$ into4 ,b %\ld ,dr4 ,c>us reply t ,i mi/ake 8 mean+1 t x is only 8be+ 9 g5]al0 7 #ff7 t he holds unacc\ntable1 ,i reply t ?is is simply express+ scepticism z to ! possibility & ne$ ( philosophy4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 my !ory ( reality1 namely t reality is ! dynamical reaction ( c]ta9 =ms ^u ! m9d ( ! community1 is a propos$ explanation ( be+ 9 g5]al2 & be x rem>k$ t ! m9d ( ! community1 itself1 is ! ?+ ! nature ( ^: be+ ?is explanation fir/ ( all puts ^u an ideali/ic foot+4 ,*ance1 accord+ to me1 or irregul>ity1--t is1 ! abs5ce ( any co9cid5ce1--calls = no explanation4 ,if law calls = a p>ticul> explanation1 z ,dr4 ,c>us admits x does1 surely ! m]e abs5ce ( law calls = no fur!r explanation ?an is af=d$ by ! m]e abs5ce ( any p>ticul> circum/ance necessitat+ ! result4 ,an explanation is ! conception ( a fact z a necess>y result1 !reby acc\nt+ = ! co9cid5ce x pres5ts4 ,x w\ld be highly absurd to say t ! abs5ce ( any def9ite "*1 mu/ be acc\nt$ =1 z if x 7 a peculi> ph5om5on1 simply because ! imp]fection ( language leads u s to talk ( x4 ,q unf\nd$1 !re=e1 is ,dr4 ,c>us's op9ion t 8*ance ne$s exactly z mu* explanation z any?+ else0 7 #ec72--;an op9ion :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 re/s on no def5sible pr9ciple4 ,equally ha/y is 8 (t repeat$ objection 7 #ee1 #eh1 #fa7 t my absolute *ance is some?+ ultimate & inexplicable4 ,i g back to a *aos s irregul> t 9 /rictness ! ^w exi/5ce is n applicable to its m]ely g]m9al /ate ( be+2 & "h ,i rea* a region 9 :i* ! objection to ultimate causes loses its =ce4 ,b ,i d n /op !re4 ,ev5 ?is no?+ness1 ?\gh x antec$es ! inf9itely di/ant absolute beg9n+ ( "t1 is trac$ back to a no?+ness m rudim5t>y /ill1 9 :i* !re is no v>iety1 b only an indef9ite specificability1 :i* is no?+ b a t5d5cy to ! div]sification ( ! no?+1 :ile leav+ x z no?+ z x 0 be=e4 ,:at objectionable ultimacy is "h8 ,! objection to an ultimate consi/s 9 its rais+ a b>ri] across ! pa? ( inquiry1 9 its specify+ a ph5om5on at :i* que/ions mu/ /op1 contr>y to ! po/ulate1 or hope1 ( logic4 ,b :at "q to :i* any mean+ c be atta*$ am ,i =bidd+ by my absolute *ance8 ,if :at is dem&$ is a !ological back+1 or rational antec$5t1 to ! *aos1 t my !ory fully supplies4 ,! *aos is a /ate ( int5se/ feel+1 al?\gh1 memory & habit be+ totally abs5t1 x is %e] no?+ /ill4 ,feel+ has exi/5ce only s f> z x is weld$ into feel+4 ,n[ ! weld+ ( ?is feel+ to ! great :ole ( feel+ is accompli%$ only by ! reflection ( a lat] date4 ,9 itself1 !re=e1 x is no?+2 b 9 its relation to ! end1 x is ev]y?+4 ,m unreasonable yet is ,dr4 ,c>us's pret5sion1 t ! manifold specificalness1 :i* is :at ,i mean by *ance1 is capable ( explanation 7 #adb1 #adc7 by 8 own philosophic me?od4 ,he may expla9 "o p>ticul>ity by ano!r1 ( c\rse2 b to expla9 specificalness itself1 w\ld be to %[ t a specific pr$icate is a necess>y consequ5ce ( a g5]ic "o1 or t a :ole is )\t ambiguity a "p ( its "p4 ,rem>k1 read]1 at ?is po9t1 t *ance1 :e!r x be absolute or n1 is n ! m]e creature ( our ignorance4 ,x is t div]sity & v>iety ( ?+s & ev5ts :i* law does n prev5t4 ,su* is t real *ance ^u :i* ! k9etical !ory ( gases1 & ! doctr9es ( political economy1 dep5d4 ,to say t x is n absolute is to say t x1--?is div]sity1 ?is specificalness1--c be expla9$ z a consequ5ce ( law4 ,b ?is1 z we h se51 is logically absurd4 ,dr4 ,c>us admits t absolute *ance is 8n unimag9able0 7 #aej74 ,*ance itself p\rs 9 at e av5ue ( s5se3 x is ( all1 ?+s ! mo/ obtrusive4 ,t x is absolute1 is ! mo/ manife/ ( all intellectual p]ceptions4 ,t x is a be+1 liv+ & consci\s1 is :at all ! dullness t belongs to ratioc9ation's self c sc>ce mu/] h>dihood to d5y4 ,almo/ z un?9k+ is ! objection 7 #fa7 t absolute *ance c\ld nev] beget ord]4 ,i h notic$ else:]e ! hi/oric oblivesc5ce ( ?is objection4 ,mu/ ,i once aga9 repeat t ! t5d5cy to take habits1 be+ itself a habit1 has eo ipso a t5d5cy to gr[2 s t only a slighte/ g]m is ne$$8 ,a reali/1 su* z ,i am1 c f9d no difficulty 9 ! production ( t fir/ inf9itesimal g]m ( habit-tak+ by *ance1 provid$ he ?9ks *ance c\ld act at all4 ,?is seems1 at fir/ blu%1 to be expla9+ some?+ z a *ance-result4 ,b exact analysis w %[ x is n s4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! em95t ?9k] :o does me ! honor to notice my speculation1 objects t ,i d n1 aft] all1 escape mak+ law absolute1 s9ce ! t5d5cy to take habits :i* ,i propose to make univ]sal is itself a law1 ,i confess ,i c f9d only words )\t ideas 9 ! objection4 ,law is a ^w f\nd conv5i5t1 ,i grant1 9 describ+ t t5d5cy2 b is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 a law ! ess5ce ( :i* is to be inviolable 7:i* is ! nom9ali/ic conception ( me*anical law1 ^: be+1 !y say1 lies 9 its action7 & t m5tal law ! violation ( :i* is s includ$ 9 its ess5ce t unless x 7 violat$ x w\ld cease to exi/8 ,9 my essay1 8,! ,law ( ,m9d10 ,i h s describ$ t law4 ,9 s describ+ x1 ,i make x a law1 b n an absolute law2 & ?us ,i cle>ly escape ! contradiction attribut$ to me4 #bf4 ,9 my attack on 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity10 ,i (f]$ f\r positive argum5ts = believ+ 9 real *ance4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! g5]al preval5ce ( gr[?1 :i* seems to be oppos$ to ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 #b4 ,! v>iety ( ! univ]se1 :i* is *ance1 & is manife/ly inexplicable4 #c4 ,law1 :i* requires to be expla9$1 & l ev]y?+ :i* is to be expla9$ mu/ be expla9$ by some?+ else1 t is1 by non-law or real *ance4 #d4 ,feel+1 = :i* room _c be f\nd if ! cons]vation ( en]gy is ma9ta9$4 ,9 a brief conv]sation ,i _h ) him1 my fri5d rem>k$ 7& x 0 an inconsid]ate concession1 ,i c]ta9ly d n wi% to hold him to x7 t :ile ! !ory ( ty*ism _h "s attractive features1 its weakness consi/$ 9 ! abs5ce ( any positive reasons 9 its favor4 ,i inf] f ?is t ,i did n prop]ly /ate ! above f\r argum5ts4 ,i !re=e desire once m to call att5tion to !m1 especially 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,ma!maticians are famili> ) ! !orem t if a sy/em ( p>ticles is subject only to positional =ces1 x is su* t if at any in/ant ! velocities 7 all sudd5ly rev]s$1 )\t be+ alt]$ 9 quantity1 ! :ole previ\s hi/ory ( ! sy/em w\ld be repeat$ 9 inv]se succession4 ,h5ce1 :5 physici/s f9d !mselves confront$ ) a ph5om5on :i* takes place only 9 "o ord] ( succession & nev] 9 ! rev]se ord]1--( :i* no bett] illu/ration c\ld be f\nd ?an ! ph5om5a ( gr[?1 = nobody ev] he>d ( an animal gr[+ back into an egg1--!y always take refuge 9 ! laws ( probability z prev5tive ( ! velocities ev] gett+ s rev]s$4 ,to und]/& my argum5t numb] #a1 x is necess>y to make ?is me?od ( escape f app>5t violations ( ! law ( en]gy q famili> to oneself4 ,= example1 accord+ to ! law ( en]gy1 x seems to foll[ 7& by ! aid ( ! accept$ !ory ( light x does foll[7 t if a prism1 or a grat+1 disp]ses :ite light into a spectrum1 !n ! colors ( ! spectrum fall+ ^u ! prism or grat+ at ! same angles1 & 9 ! same proportions1 w be recomb9$ into :ite light2 &1 ev]ybody kn[s t ?is does 9 fact happ54 ,nev]!less1 ! usual & preval5t effect ( prisms & grat+s is to produce color$ spectra4 ,:y8 ,evid5tly1 because1 by ! pr9ciples ( probability1 x w r>ely happ5 t color$ lights conv]g+ f diff]5t directions w fall at j ! "r angles & 9 j ! "r proportions to be recomb9$ into :ite light4 ,s1 :5 physici/s meet ) ! ph5om5a ( frictional & visc\s resi/ance to a body 9 motion1 al?\gh1 accord+ to _! doctr9e1 if ! molecules 7 to move ) ! same velocities 9 opposite directions ! mov+ body w\ld be accel]at$1 yet !y say t ! laws ( probability1 appli$ to ! trillions ( molecules conc]n$1 r5d] ?is practically c]ta9 n to occur4 ,i d no m1 !n1 ?an foll[ ! usual me?od ( ! physici/s1 9 call+ 9 *ance to expla9 ! app>5t violation ( ! law ( en]gy :i* is pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a ( gr[?3 only in/ead ( *ance z !y und]/& x1 ,i call 9 absolute *ance4 ,= _m mon?s1 ,i endeavor$ to satisfy ! data ( ! case ) ord9>y quasi *ance2 b x w\ld n d4 ,i believe t 9 a broad view ( ! univ]se1 a simulation ( a giv5 elem5t>y mode ( action c h>dly be expla9$ except by suppos+ ! g5u9e mode ( action some:]e has place4 ,if x is improbable t color$ lights %\ld fall toge!r 9 j su* a way z to give a :ite ray1 is x n an equally extraord9>y ?+ t !y %\ld all be g5]at$ 9 su* a way z to produce a :ite ray8 ,if x is incr$ible t trillions ( molecules 9 a fluid %\ld /rike a solid body mov+ ?r\gh x s z to accel]ate x1 is x n m>vell\s t trillions ( trillions ( molecules all alike %\ld ev] h got s segregat$ z to create a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* !y %\ld be practically c]ta9 to ret>d ! body8 ,x is f> f easy to und]/& h[ m]e positional =ces c\ld ev] h br\ght ab\t ^? va/ congregations ( simil> atoms :i* we suppose to exi/ 9 e mass ( gas1 & by :i* we acc\nt = ! app>5t violations ( ! law ( en]gy 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! viscosity ( ! gas4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ h[ sulphuric acid act+ on m>ble may produce an aggregation ( molecules ( c>bonic anhydride1 because !re are simil> aggregations 9 ! acid & 9 ! m>ble1 b h[ 7 su* aggregations br\ght ab\t 9 ! fir/ place8 ,i w n g s f> z to say t su* a result is manife/ly impossible ) positional =ces alone2 b ,i d say t we _c help suspect+ t ! simulat$ violation ( ! law ( en]gy has a real violation ( ! same law z its ultimate explanation4 ,n[1 gr[? appe>s to violate ! law ( en]gy4 ,to expla9 x1 we mu/1 at lea/1 suppose a simulat$1 or quasi1 *ance1 su* z ,d>w9 calls 9 to produce 8 =tuit\s v>iations f /rict h]$ity4 ,x may be !re is no real violation ( ! law1 & no real *ance2 b ev5 if !re be no?+ ( ! sort 9 ! imm$iate ph5om5on1 c ! conditions ^u :i* ! ph5om5on dep5ds h be5 br\ght ab\t except by real *ance8 ,x is conceivable1 aga91 t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( =ces is n /rictly accurate1 & t1 nev]!less1 !re is no absolute *ance4 ,b ,i ?9k s mu* has be5 done to put ! law ( ! cons]vation ( =ces ^u ! level ( ! o!r me*anical laws1 t :5 "o is l$ to ent]ta9 a s]i\s d\bt ( ! exactitude ( t1 "o w be incl9$ to "q ! o!rs4 ,besides1 few psy*ologi/s w d5y ! v intimate connection :i* seems to subsi/ betwe5 ! law1 or quasi-law1 ( gr[? & ! law ( habit1 :i* is ! pr9cipal1 if n 7z ,i hold x to be7 ! sole1 law ( m5tal action4 ,n[1 ?is law ( habit seems to be q radically diff]5t 9 its g5]al =m f me*anical law1 inasmu* z x w\ld at once cease to op]ate if x 7 rigidly obey$2 s9ce 9 t case all habits w\ld at once become s fix$ z to give room = no fur!r =mation ( habits4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 gr[? seems to indicate a positive violation ( law4 ,let u n[ consid] argum5t numb] #c3 & rem>k h[ x =tifies numb] #a4 ,physical laws t appe> to be radically diff]5t yet pres5t "s /rik+ analogies4 ,electrical =ce appe>s to be pol>4 ,its pol>ity is expla9$ away by ,frankl9's "o-fluid !ory1 b 9 t view ! =ce is a repulsion4 ,n[1 gravitation is an attraction1 & is1 !re=e1 ess5tially diff]5t f electricity4 ,yet bo? v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ?is di/ance4 ,radiation1 likewise foll[s ! same =mula4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 ! =mula1 9 "o aspect ( x1 foll[s f ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,9 ano!r aspect ( x1 x results f ! pr9ciple ( probability1 & does n hold good1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 :5 ! light is conc5trat$ by a l5s free f sph]ical ab]ration4 ,b nei!r ! cons]vation ( en]gy nor ! pr9ciple ( probability seems to af=d any possible explanation ( ! application ( ?is !ory to gravitation nor to electricity4 ,h[1 !n1 are su* analogies to be expla9$8 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & t ( ! p]duration ( matt] pres5t s /rik+ an analogy t x has bl9d$ "s p[]ful intellects to _! radically diff]5t nature4 ,! law ( action & reaction1 aga91 has (t5 be5 /at$ z ! law ( ! cons]vation ( mom5tum4 ,yet x is n only an indep5d5t law1 b is ev5 ( a contr>y nature1 inasmu* z x is only ! algebraical sum ( opposite mom5ta t is 8cons]v$40#abc ,h[ is ?is /rik+ analogy betwe5 ?ree fundam5tal laws to be expla9$8 ,consid] ! /ill m obvi\s analogy betwe5 space & "t4 ,newton argues t ! laws ( me*anics prove space & "t to be absolute entities4 ,leibniz1 on ! o!r h&1 takes !m z laws ( nature4 ,ei!r view calls = an explanation ( ! analogy betwe5 !m1 :i* no su* reflection z ! impossibility ( motion )\t t analogy c supply4 ,kant's !ory seems to h9t at ! possibility ( an explanation f bo? be+ d]iv$ f ! nature ( ! same m9d4 ,any ?ree or?ogonal directions#abd 9 space are exactly alike1 yet are dynamically indep5d5t4 ,^! ?+s call = explanation2 yet no explanation ( !m c be giv51 if ! laws are fundam5tally orig9al & absolute4 ,moreov]1 law itself calls = explanation4 ,b h[ is x to be expla9$ if x is z fundam5tally orig9al & absolute z x is commonly suppos$ to be8 ,yet if x is n s absolute1 !re is su* a ph5om5on z absolute *ance4 ,?us1 ! *ance :i* gr[? calls = is n[ se5 to be absolute1 n quasi *ance4 ,n[ consid] argum5t numb] #b4 ,! v>iety ( ! univ]se s f> z x consi/s ( unlik5esses betwe5 ?+s calls = no explanation4 ,b s f> z x is a g5]al "*1 x ought to be expla9$4 ,! manifold div]sity or specificalness1 9 g5]al1 :i* we see :5ev] & :]ev] we op5 our eyes1 con/itutes its livel9ess1 or vivacity4 ,! p]ception ( x is a direct1 ?\gh d>kl+1 p]ception ( ,god4 ,fur!r explanation 9 t direction is uncall$ =4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r ?is manifold specificalness 0 put into ! univ]se at ! outset1 :e!r ,god creat$ ! univ]se 9 ! inf9itely di/ant pa/ & has left x to its own ma*9]y ev] s9ce1 or :e!r !re is an incessant influx ( specificalness4 ,"s ( u are evolutioni/s2 t is1 we are s impress$ ) ! p]vasiv5ess ( gr[?1 ^: c\rse seems only "h & !re to be int]rupt$1 t x seems to u t ! univ]se z a :ole1 s f> z any?+ c possibly be conceiv$ or logically op9$ ( ! :ole1 %\ld be conceiv$ z gr[+4 ,b o!rs say1 ?\gh p>ts ( ! univ]se simulate gr[? at int]vals1 yet !re really is no gr[? on ! :ole1--no passage f a simpl] to a m complex /ate ( ?+s1 no increas+ div]sity4 ,n[1 my argum5t is t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( logic1 we nev] h a "r to conclude t any?+ is absolutely inexplicable or unacc\ntable4 ,= su* a conclusion goes beyond :at c be directly obs]v$1 & we h no "r to conclude :at goes beyond :at we obs]ve1 except s f> z x expla9s or acc\nts = :at we obs]ve4 ,b x is no explanation or acc\nt ( a fact to pron\nce x inexplicable or unacc\ntable1 or to pron\nce any o!r fact s4 ,n[1 to say no process ( div]sification takes place 9 nature leaves ! inf9ite div]sity ( nature unacc\nt$ =2 :ile to say ! div]sity is ! result ( a g5]al t5d5cy to div]sification is a p]fectly logical probable inf]5ce4 ,suppose !re be a g5]al t5d5cy to div]sification2 :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce8 ,evid5tly1 a high degree ( div]sity4 ,b ?is is j :at we f9d 9 nature4 ,x does n answ] ! purpose to say !re is div]sity because ,god made x s1 = we _c tell :at ,god w\ld d1 nor p5etrate 8 c\nsels4 ,we see :at ,he does d1 & no?+ m4 ,= ! same reason "o _c logically inf] ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 "o c only "k ,him by direct p]ception4 ,x is to be not$ t a g5]al t5d5cy to div]sification does n expla9 div]sity 9 its specific *>act]s2 nor is ?is call$ =4 ,nei!r c su* a t5d5cy expla9 any specific fact4 ,any attempt to make use ( ! pr9ciple 9 t mann] w\ld be utt]ly illogical4 ,b x c be us$ to expla9 univ]sal facts1 j z quasi-*ance is us$ to expla9 /ati/ical facts4 ,n[1 ! div]sity ( nature is a univ]sal fact4 ,to expla9 div]sity is to g beh9d ! *aos1 to ! orig9al undiv]sifi$ no?+4 ,div]sificacity 0 ! fir/ g]m4 ,argum5t ,no4 #d 01 ^u its negative side1 suffici5tly well pres5t$ 9 my 8,doctr9e ( ,necessity ,exam9$40 ,me*anical causation1 if absolute1 leaves no?+ = consci\sness to d 9 ! _w ( matt]2 & if ! _w ( m9d is m]ely a transcript ( t ( matt]1 !re is no?+ = consci\sness to d ev5 9 ! m5tal realm4 ,! acc\nt ( matt]s w\ld be bett]1 if x c\ld be left out ( acc\nt4 ,b ! positive "p ( ! argum5t1 %[+ :at c be done to re9/ate consci\sness z a factor ( ! univ]se :5 once ty*ism is admitt$1 is re9=c$ 9 ! lat] pap]s4 ,?is ought to comm5d itself to ,dr4 ,c>us1 :o %[s himself fully alive to ! importance ( t "p ( ! task ( sci5ce :i* consi/s 9 bridg+ gaps4 ,b consci\sness1 = ! reason j /at$1 is n to be s re9/at$ )\t ty*ism2 nor c ! "w be accompli%$ by assign+ to ! m9d an occult p[]1 z 9 two !ories to be consid]$ 9 ! section foll[+ ?is4 ,z might be anticipat$1 7& a presumption ( ?is k9d is r>ely falsifi$ 9 metaphysics17 to bridge ! gap syne*ism is requir$4 ,suppos+ matt] to be b m9d "u ! slav]y ( invet]ate habit1 ! law ( m9d /ill applies to x4 ,accord+ to t law1 consci\sness subsides z habit becomes e/abli%$1 & is excit$ aga9 at ! break+ up ( habit4 ,b ! highe/ quality ( m9d involves a great read9ess to take habits1 & a great read9ess to lose !m2 & ?is implies a degree ( feel+ nei!r v int5se nor v feeble4 ,i h notic$ above 7 #g7 ,dr4 ,c>us's dubi\s attitude t[>d ! fir/ argum5t4 ,i consid]$ 9 ! la/ section 8 attempt$ reply to ! second4 ,to ! ?ird argum5t1 he replies 7 #fe7 t law ought to be acc\nt$ = by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 t pr9ciple _c recomm5d itself to me1 a reali/2 = x is no?+ b ! lame attempt ( a nom9ali/ to wriggle out ( 8 difficulties4 ,reasons expla9 no?+1 except ^u "s !i/ic hypo!sis :i* may be p>don$ to ! ye>n+ he>t ( man1 b :i* mu/ appe> d\btful 9 ! eyes ( philosophy1 s9ce x comes to ?is1 t ,tom1 ,dick1 & ,h>ry are compet5t to pry into ! c\nsels ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & c invite 9 _! c\s9s & swee!>ts & swee!>ts' c\s9s to look ov] ! orig9al designs ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days4 #bg4 ,my f\r? argum5t x is :i* seems to h made mo/ impression ^u ,dr4 ,c>us's m9d 7 #he71 & 8 reply is r elaborate4 ,:ile embrac+ unequivocally ! necessit>ian dogma1 equally = m9d & = matt] 7 #aic71 ,dr4 ,c>us wi%es utt]ly to repudiate mat]ialism & ! me*anical philosophy 7 #acc74 ,to facilitate 81 ?us1 walk+ ! slack-rope1 he makes 7 #afh7 a division ( ev5ts into 87#a7 me*anical1 7#b7 physical1 7#c7 *emical1 7#d7 physiological1 & 7#e7 psy*ical ev5ts40 ,! fir/ ?ree 7 #afi-aga7 are m]ely di/+ui%$ by ! magnitude ( ! mov+ masses1 s t1 = philosophical purposes1 !y d n diff] at all4 ,z = physiological ev5ts1 ?\gh he devotes a p>agraph 7 #agb7 to _! def9ition1 he utt]ly fails to di/+ui% !m f ! me*anical 7includ+ ! physical & *emical7 on ! "o h&1 or f ! psy*ical on ! o!r4 ,dr4 ,c>us seems to ?9k 7 #agf7 t by ?is division he has sep>at$ himself entirely f ! mat]iali/s2 b ?is is an illusion1 = nobody d5ies ! exi/5ce ( feel+s4 ,! tru? is1 he di/9ctly enrolls himself 9 ! me*anical army :5 he ass]ts t m5tal laws are ( ! same necessit>ian "* z me*anical laws 7 #aic74 ,! only "q t rema9s z to 8 position is :e!r he is a mat]iali/ or n4 ,he in/ances 7 #ahe7 ! case ( a g5]al receiv+ a writt5 dispat* & be+ /imulat$ into great activity by its p]usal1 & caus+ great motions to be made & missiles to be sp$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,n[1 ! dilemma is ?is4 ,w ,dr4 ,c>us1 on ! "o h&1 say t ! motion ( ^? missiles 0 det]m9$ by me*anical laws alone1 9 :i* case1 x w\ld only be necess>y to /ate all ! positions & velocities ( p>ticles conc]n$1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 to det]m9e j h[ ^? bullets w\ld move &1 consequ5tly1 :e!r ! guns 7 to be fir$ or n1 & ?is w\ld con/itute him a mat]iali/1 or w he say t ! laws ( motion d n suffice to det]m9e motions ( matt]1 9 :i* case1 s9ce !y =mally c]ta9ly d s suffice1 !y mu/ be violat$1 & he w be giv+ to m9d a direct dynamical p[] :i* is op5 to e objection t c be urg$ aga9/ ty*ism8 ,n[ admire ! decision ) :i* he cuts ! ,gordian knot6 8,,!re ,,are ,,no ,,purely ,,me*anical ,,ph5om5a40 7 #age47 ,t is1 8,! laws ( motion ,,are applicable to & w expla9 all motions40 7 #agg47 ,b hold6 8,! me*anical philosoph] 444 feels w>rant$ 9 ! hope t 444 ! actions ( man 444 c be expla9$ by ! laws ( motion 4444 ,we may anticipate t ?is conclusion w prove ,,errone\s4 ,& s x is40 7 #agf47 ,at ! same "t1 8,,no ,,objection ,,c ,,be ,,made to ! possibility ( expla9+ ! delicate motions 9 ! n]v\s sub/ance ( ! bra9 by ! laws ( mol> or molecul> me*anics40 7 #agh47 ,yet1 8,! simple/ psy*ical reflexes1 includ+ ^? physiological reflexes :i* we mu/ suppose to h orig9at$ by consci\s adaptation 444 ,,_c be expla9$ f me*anical or physical laws alone40 7 #ahf47 ,h[ev]1 8,we d ,,n say t !re are motions 444 9 ! bra9 444 :i* =m exceptions to ! laws ( me*anics40 7 #ahg47 ,nev]!less1 8,! bra9-atoms are possess$ ( ! same spontaneity z ! atoms ( a gravitat+ /one4 ,yet !re is pres5t an additional feature2 !re are pres5t /ates ( aw>5ess4444 ,nei!r /ates ( aw>5ess nor _! mean+s c be weigh$ on any scales1 be !y ev] s delicate1 nor are !y det]m9able 9 foot-p\nds40 7 #aib47 ,cle>ness is ! fir/ m]it ( a philosoph]2 & :at #aib comes to is cry/al-cle>4 ,dr4 ,c>us wants to h ! ?ree laws ( motion always obey$2 b he wi%es ! =ces betwe5 ! molecules to be v>i$ accord+ to ! mom5t>y /ates ( aw>5ess4 ,all "r3 he is entitl$ to suppose :atev] he likes1 s long z ! supposition is self-consi/5t1 z ?is supposition is4 ,x conflicts ) ! law ( en]gy1 x is true2 = t law is t ! =ces dep5d on ! situations ( ! p>ticles alone1 & n on ! "t4 ,x is liable to give rise to p]petual motion4 ,x 0 int5d$1 no d\bt1 to be an improvem5t on my molecul> !ory ( protoplasm1 e>li] 9 ! same numb]4 ,x escapes mat]ialism4 ,x supposes a direct dynamical action betwe5 m9d & matt]1 su* z has n be5 suppos$ by any em95t philosoph] t ,i "k ( = c5turies4 ,i am sorry to say t x %[s a dang]\s lean+ t[>d orig9ality4 ,! argum5t = ?us reject+ ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ,i leave to o!rs to be weigh$4 ,x seems to suppose a mu* l>g] falsification ( t law ?an my doctr9e2 b x is a pretty clev] attempt to escape my conclusions4 ,x rejects :at has to be reject$1 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 & is f> m intellig5t ?an ! !ory ( ^? 7l ,oliv] & ,lodge7 :o wi% to give to m9d a p[] ( deflect+ atoms1 :i* w\ld satisfy ! cons]vation ( en]gy :ile violat+ ! law ( action & reaction4 ,if x c h due consid]ation1 ,i d\bt n x w accel]ate ! acceptance ( my views4 ,meantime1 ,i d n see :]e t 8inextricable confusion0 into :i* ,i 0 to be l$ is to come 94 7 #d47 #bh4 ,little m requires to be notic$ 9 ,dr4 ,c>us's articles4 ,he admits 7 #b7 t indet]m9ism is ! m natural belief1 :i* is no slight argum5t 9 its favor4 #bi4 ,! rem>ks ^u ! !ological be>+s ( ! !ories1 if !y are f\nd some:at wide ( ! m>k1 are expla9$ by ! ha/e ( ! editor to %[ j :at all ! affiliations ( my views 71 be=e ,i _h _h "t to expla9 :at ^? views are4 ,! rem>ks to :i* ,i ref] w be f\nd 9 #c1 #cf1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #abh1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,!y are wor? putt+ toge!r4 #cj4 ,! doctr9e ( symbolism1 to :i* ,dr4 ,c>us has rec\rse1 seems to be simil> to t ( my essay 8,"s ,consequ5ces ( ,f\r ,incapacities0 7,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 ,,ii47 7 #ahj1 #ahc1 #aii47 ,on ?is head1 ,i c only approve ( 8 ideas4 #ca4 ,x is true t ,i wrote _m def9itions = "o ( ! 8encyclop$ic lexicons40 ,b !y 7 necess>ily r vaguely express$1 9 ord] to include ! popul> use ( t]ms1 & 9 "s cases 7 modifi$ by pro(-read]s or editors2 & = reasons n ne$ful "h to expla91 !y are h>dly su* z ,i %\ld give 9 a ,philosophical ,diction>y prop]4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,footnotes3 #aja ,j4 ,s4 ,mill _h 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,logic decisively tak5 an objective conception ( *ance & probability2 b 9 8 second edition he _h become puzzl$ & _h retract$1 leav+ t *apt]1 & ) x 8 :ole logic1 a melan*oly wreck1 ov] :i* ! qualifi$ read] sighs1 8,& ?is once seem$ intelligible60 ,v5n 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 book set =? ! same objective conception ) great cle>ness1 & = t he 0 entitl$ to high praise1 not)/&+ 8 manife/ inadequacy to ! problems treat$4 ,b 9 8 second edition1 he too has fall5 away f 8 fir/ & correct view1 & has adopt$ a !ory :i* ,i %all "s day %[ to be unt5able4 ,v5n's :ole me?od 9 logic1 z well z 8 sy/em1 is 9 my op9ion ( ! weake/4 #ajb ,mill (t5 did good s]vice 9 sub/itut+ precise t]ms = ambigu\s ones2 z :5 9 speak+ ( ma!matical conclusions he pref]s to say !y are legitimate d$uctions r ?an t !y are necess>y4 #ajc ,9 8 ,ursa*e1 ,grund & ,zweck1 ,dr4 ,c>us alludes to ?is passage4 ,b he pref]s ! treatm5t ( ! "q by ,reid1 :om he calls ,mill's oppon5t 7,gegn]74 #ajd ,x is ( comp>atively little consequ5ce :at ,hume really meant4 ,! ma9 int]e/ is 9 :at ,kant ?\ght he meant4 #aje ,along ) ! di/9ction1 ,i w\ld ( c\rse d away ) ?is use ( ! words ab/ract & concrete to :i* no cle> idea c be atta*$1 z f> z ,i c see4 #ajf ,i _c b disapprove ( ?is use ( ! ^w 8con/ruction0 to mean a /udi$ !ory1 because ! ^w is imp]atively requir$ 9 ! !ory ( cognition to d5ote a ma!matical diagram fram$ accord+ to a g5]al precept4 #ajg ,i apply ?is t]m because x is ess5tially l ! passage f ! concrete 8virtu\s0 to ! ab/ract 8virtue10 or f ! concrete 8:ite0 7adjective7 to ! ab/ract 8:it5ess10 or 8:ite0 7sub/antive74 #ajh ,i c nev] use ?is ^w )\t ?9k+ ( ! explanation ( x giv5 by ,petrus ,p]egr9us 9 8 ,epi/ole de ,magnete4 ,he says t physical prop]ties are occult 9 ! s5se t !y are only br\ght out by exp]im5tation1 & are n to be d$uc$ f admixtures ( hot & cold1 moi/ & dry4 #aji ,x foll[s z a coroll>y f ?is t if ! positions ( ! p>ticles at any "o in/ant1 toge!r ) ! velocities at t in/ant1 & ! law ( =ce1 are giv51 ! positions at all in/ants c be calculat$4 ,( c\rse1 to give ! positions & velocities at "o in/ant1 is a special case ( ! giv+ ( ! positions at two in/ants4 ,! two in/ants may be su* t !re w be m ?an "o solution ( ! problem2 b ?is is an insignificant detail4 #aaj ,x w\ld seem to foll[ f 8 notion t 9 uni=m motion ea* m9ute's motion is ! cause ( t ( ! next4 ,yet he says 7 #ai7 8!re is no cause t is equal to its effect40 #aaa ,b1 z ,i h else:]e said1 ,i %\ld l to p]suade ma!maticians to speak ( 8positional en]gy0 z ,k9etic pot5cy1 ! vis viva z ,k9etic en]gy1 & ! total 8en]gy0 z ! ,k9etic entele*y4 #aab ,! diff]5tial equation be+ an ord9>y1 n a p>tial "o1 ?is is an absolute con/ant1 det]m9$ by initial 7or f9al1 or any in/antane\s7 conditions4 #aac ,dr4 ,c>us calls att5tion to ! connection betwe5 my doctr9e ( ! fixation ( op9ion & 8 anti-orig9alism4 #aad ,dr4 ,c>us passes a sweep+ judgm5t on ,po/-,kantian philosophy1 z be+ orig9al4 #aae ,?is 0 a rem>k ( my fa!r's4 #aaf ,a p]son 9 ! la/ ,moni/1 breaks 9 ^u my s]ies ( articles to =etell :at ! 8issues ( syne*ism0 w be4 ,7 he able to d s1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be ! height ( ill-mann]s ?us to take ! words out ( my m\?4 #aag ,z ,i am writ+1 ,i am %[n a lett]1 9 :i* ! writ] says3 8,peirce ) all 8 mat]iali/ic ideas1 yet10 etc ,i nev] promulgat$ a mat]iali/ic idea 9 my life4 ,! writ] simply assumes t sci5ce is mat]iali/ic4 ,z ,i am correct+ ! pro(s1 ,i notice t ,mr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,burt1 9 8 new ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 sets me d[n z sceptical1 ?\gh d\btfully4 ,!re are a good _m inaccuracies 9 ! "w4 ,?is 0 inevitable 9 a fir/ edition4 ,b ! +5i\s plan ( ! book admirably adapts x to ! wants ( j t class ( /ud5ts :o _c und]/& t no rep]tory ( facts ev] c be tru/$ implicitly4 #aah ,its be+ hypo!tical w n prev5t its be+ e/abli%$ ) a v high degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,?us1 all hi/ory is ( ! nature ( hypo!sis2 s9ce its facts _c be directly obs]v$1 b are only suppos$ to be true to acc\nt = ! *>act]s ( ! monum5ts & o!r docum5ts4 #aai ,somebody may notice t ,i "h admit a proposition z absolutely true4 ,und\bt$ly2 because x relates to ! ,absolute4 #abj ,inde$1 to admit t reply is all b to admit ! non-absolute grade ( necessity4 #aba ,i rightly g some:at fur!r 9 my ,!ory ( ,probable ,inf]5ce2 b t has no be>+ on ! pres5t discussion4 #abb ,dr4 ,c>us1 9 8 ,ursa*e1 ,grund und ,zweck1 well says t reasons are discov]$ by induction1 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,x is (t5 admitt$ t causes c only be inf]r$ by hypo!tic reason+4 #abc ,! cons]vation ( a vortex1 :i* consi/s ( ! pres]vation ( a c]ta9 "* ( motion by ! same p>ticles1 ?\gh d]iv$ f ! cop]ation ( o!r laws1 is1 9 =m1 q diff]5t4 #abd ,9 speak+ ( directions1 we assume ! ,euclidean hypo!sis t ! angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,ty*ism1 ,,8 ,,me?ods1 ,,philosophy1 ,,& ,,criticisms4 ,,9 ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,introductory ,,& ,,p]sonal4 ,soon aft] ,i _h receiv$ ,mr4 ,peirce's manuscript he wrote me 9 a private lett] z foll[s3 8,y h n f\nd1 ,i tru/1 t 9 my rejo9d] ,i h any:]e ov]/epp$ ! limit ( amiable disputation4 ,if any?+ ( t k9d did1 unconsci\sly to me1 9 ! heat ( composition1 slip f my p51 ,i am mo/ anxi\s to h x po9t$ out to me1 s t !re may be no feel+ 9 ! matt] ( a disagreeable k9d4 ,= if y %\ld n m5tion x1 ,i %\ld at "s future "t discov] x1 & x w\ld be a s\rce ( real unhapp9ess to me40 ,?is is a v amiable disposition ( m9d4 ,mr4 ,peirce presses me v h>d 9 ! /ruggle = tru?3 he does n hesitate to take advantage ( ev5 ! smalle/ weak po9t :i* he espies or r :i* he believes he espies4 ,he does n %r9k f us+ pla9 t]ms1 su* z 8absurd10 8un?9k+10 8weak10 8ha/y10 8irrational40 ,yet he pres]ves 9 ! heat ( ! controv]sy a fri5dly _s t[>ds 8 antagoni/1 :i* ,i _c b appreciate & wi% publicly to ackn[l$ge4 ,b ,i w\ld n h him *ange a ^w or s(t5 ! language ( 8 article 9 ! lea/1 = my sake4 ,if ,mr4 ,peirce is wrong1 ,i w take c>e ( myself2 if he is "r1 let ! tru? come out4 ,we are bo?1 z x 71 by pr(ession *ampions ( tru?2 s we ne$ n m9d an occasional fl+ if 9 ! end ! cause ( tru? be promot$4 ,especially1 9 ! pres5t case1 ,i ne$ n m9d ! h>d bl[s :i* ,mr4 ,peirce deals ) su* assurance1 = all ! po9ts at :i* he /rikes are well protect$4 ,! fi]c] ! onslaught1 ! bett] ! te/4 ,i feel satisfi$ t 8 sev]e scrut9y only s]ves to prove ! /r5g? ( ! position :i* ,i def5d4 ,i %all speak my m9d z freely & unres]v$ly z does ,mr4 ,peirce1 & hope he 9 8 turn w res5t pla9 words z little z ,i d4 ,z (f5se is n int5d$1 s (f5se %\ld n be tak54 ,let me add "h 9 ^! introductory rem>ks t ,i am always op5 to conviction4 ,! views :i* ,i uphold h be5 well consid]$ & ?\ght out 9 _! mo/ important consequ5ces4 ,!y are consi/5t & well gu>d$ 9 spite ( ,mr4 ,peirce's ?9k+ ! contr>y1 s t ,i feel no ne$ ( *ang+ !m4 ,b %\ld "s un=ese5 difficulty arise :i* w\ld oblige me to revise ! :ole sy/em ( my ideas1 ,i %all n hesitate publicly to confess x & all[ myself to be lead by tru? :i!rsoev] x be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! issue ( our controv]sy is ! problem ( *ance--n ( *ance z x occurs1 = in/ance1 9 ! ?r[ ( dice1 b ( 8absolute *ance10 or p]fect lawlessness4 ,mr4 ,peirce makes absolute *ance ! corn]-/one ( 8 philosophy2 he prop\nds a radical & sweep+ indet]m9ism1 :ile ,i reject ! idea1 n ( *ance1 b ( absolute *ance z incompatible ) ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,i4 ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,me?od4 ,mr4 ,peirce calls himself a ,scoti/ & pr(esses to repres5t m$ival ,realism1 speak+ at ! same "t ( me z a ,nom9ali/4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! inv]se /atem5t w\ld be ne>] ! tru?4 ,be=e discuss+ ,mr4 ,peirce's philosophy itself1 we mu/ exam9e 8 me?ods4 ,diff]5ce ( me?od w produce important div]g5cies ( op9ion4 #a4 ,,att5tion ,,to ,,detail4 ,mr4 ,peirce takes up 9 8 rejo9d] _m incid5tal po9ts1 :i* h little or no be>+ ^u ! ma9 issues betwe5 u4 ,on ! "o h&1 ?+s ( no consequ5ce1 su* z my grant+ t 8absolute *ance0 l ! impossibilities ( fairy tales1 is n unimag9able1 & my say+ t ty*ism is attractive b weak = lack ( argum5ts1 are adduc$ z 8mom5t\s admissions10 & 8inconsid]ate concessions40 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,peirce cat*es at /raws to prove a lack ( in=mation on my "p4 ,he _c =be> call+ att5tion to ! little brea* ( etiquette committ$ 9 n giv+ an ,engli% b>onet 8 prop] title4 ,mr4 ,peirce %[s on all ^! & o!r occasions a love ( ! incid5tal1 & if ,i 7 to all[ myself to foll[ 8 example ! battle w\ld soon be brok5 up into innum]able skirmi%es4 ,x is notewor?y t ,mr4 ,peirce's proc$ure appe>s to be a nom9ali/ic tradition4 ,nom9ali/s1 reg>d+ univ]sals z m]e names ( _m p>ticul> ?+s1 h always %[$ a great pref]5ce = ! s+le1 ! incid5tal1 ! scatt]$2 :ile reali/s view+ univ]sals z real ?+s 7 9 ! habit ( lay+ p]haps too mu* /ress ^u univ]salities & g5]alities to ! neglect ( ! p>ticul> & individual4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,peirce's favorite idea1 :i* is a belief 9 absolute *ance1 is 9 my op9ion ! mo/ nom9ali/ic & anti-reali/ic proposition ,i h ev] met )4 ,regul>ity1 or natural law1 is to him ! product ( evolution4 ,?us he demoli%es ! et]nity ( ! univ]sal1 & et]nity is only univ]sality 9 "t4 ,n[ suppose t et]nity 7i4 e4 univ]sality 9 "t7 c\ld be prov$ an error2 !n1 ! univ]sality ( ! univ]sal 9 space also w become illusory4 ,if ^? abid+ features ( nature :i* we call natural laws h inde$ orig9at$ f a g5]al sport+1 f *ance1 f a *aotic lawlessness1 by a gradual habit tak+1 :o c assure u t nature has n tak5 diff]5t habits 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se8 ,i look ^u ,mr4 ,peirce z an extreme nom9ali/1 or1 if he pref]s x1 z a nom9al reali/ soak$ ) nom9ali/ic op9ions4 ,he pr(esses to be a reali/1 b he resc9ds ! f\ndation ( realism4 ,l ! be> ( ! h]mit ,mr4 ,peirce ?r[s ! /one at ! fly ( necess>y connection1 & 9 do+ s kills ! philosophy ( realism itself4 #b4 ,,orig9ality4 ,orig9ality1 :]ev] we f9d x1 is pleas+2 b a hank]+ aft] orig9ality is dang]\s4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u to reg>d a ?9k]'s love ( orig9ality z "o ( ! ma9 causes ( 8 go+ a/ray4 ,let ! poet be orig9al1 b n ! sci5ti/1 n ! philosoph]1 n ! se>*] = tru?4 ,! conceit ( be+ orig9al flatt]s our vanity1 & orig9al ideas 9 philosophy are tantam\nt to orig9al errors4 ,i d n d5y ! value ( orig9ality1 b ,i d d5y t x is a crit]ion ( tru?4 ,orig9ality consi/s 9 ! free ex]cise ( our imag9ation1 & a vivid imag9ation is v valuable to ! ?9k]4 ,b x s happ5s t e dream] *]i%es ) a "m's love ! *ildr5 ( 8 fancy4 ,& x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to be especially critical ) ! (fspr+ ( "o's own bra94 ,kepl] 78:o10 ,mr4 ,peirce says1 8comes v close to realis+ my ideal ( ! sci5tific me?od07 0 end[$ ) an extraord9>ily vivid imag9ation4 ,he inv5t$ an extremely orig9al s*eme ( explanation = ! sol> sy/em1 & exp\nd$ x ) great poetical f]vor 9 8 8,my/]ium ,cosmographicum40#abe ,kepl] at once became fam\s by 8 8,my/]ium ,cosmographicum0 & 0 g5]ally admir$ = 8 orig9ality4 ,b 8 b5t = hat*+ orig9al ideas did n alone make ,kepl] :at he is to u n[ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,a great] quality ?an 8 poetical f]vor & orig9al imag9ation 0 8 rigor\s self-criticism4 ,he took notice ( e little fact t did n agree ) 8 !ories1 & = ! sake ( tru?1 ( objectively provable tru?1 t is1 ! agreem5t ( 8 views ) positive facts1 he /]nly slew all ^? creatures ( 8 fancy :i* he =esaw c\ld n survive4 ,hav+ myself a good deal ( imag9ation1 & hav+ tri$ myself _m orig9al ideas1 ,i c appreciate ! self-d5ial & discipl9e ( ,kepl]4 ,i h come to ! conclusion t orig9ality is only an important means ( atta9+ tru?4 ,our ways ( rea*+ ! tru?1 our me?ods ( f9d+ x1 may des]ve ! praise ( orig9ality1 b tru? itself is nev] orig9al2 = tru? is ! fai?fulness ( a copy :i* 9 our repres5tations we make ( reality1 & to praise ideas z orig9al is c]ta9ly no argum5t t !y are true4 ,!re is no ne$ ( %[+ t ,mr4 ,peirce is n j 9 8 /atem5t ( my view ( orig9ality1 by ma9ta9+ t ,i h advis$ p 8?9k n = y\rself40 ,confess$ly he exagg]ates1 b 9 tru? he misrepres5ts4 ,mr4 ,peirce does n reli% :at ,i h to say on ! subject1 &1 to pacify 8 m9d1 he does n tire ( prais+ orig9ality z ! high-wat] m>k ( g5ius4 ,mr4 ,peirce's love ( orig9ality is a nom9ali/ic feature ( 8 m9d4 ,a nom9ali/ :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( univ]sals _c und]/& t ev]y?+ 9 sci5ce mu/ be sacrific$ to tru?fulness4 ,! "q1 ,does ?is idea correctly repres5t its respective reality8 has no s5se to a nom9ali/4 ,! nom9ali/ is only int]e/$ 9 :at a ?9k] makes ( ?+s4 ,! subjective conception1 9 8 op9ion1 exhau/s ! subject4 ,i c und]/& t a nom9ali/ %\ld be greatly pleas$ ) orig9ality1 b a reali/ %\ld n all[ himself to be s$uc$ by its *>ms4 ,mr4 ,peirce's p5*ant =1 & my di/ru/ (1 orig9ality1 h a direct influ5ce ^u our respective me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,x naturally makes him bold] & me m cauti\s4#abf #c4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,procru/es4 ,!re 0 a man 9 anci5t ,greece nam$ ,procru/es1 :o _h two b$s2 "o long1 ! o!r %ort4 ,he us$ to lay 8 tall gue/s ^u ! %ort b$1 & 8 %ort gue/s ^u ! long b$1 cutt+ (f ! limbs ( ! =m] & /ret*+ out ! bodies ( ! latt]1 until !y fitt$ ! size ( _! unpleasant re/+ places4 ,9 ! same way ,mr4 ,peirce treats philosophical views4 ,!re is ! b$ ( ! mat]iali/ &1 z all processes to ! mat]iali/ are purely me*anical1 necessit>ianism is /ret*$ 9 ! mat]iali/'s b$ to me*anicalism4 ,i plead1 s9ce ideas & feel+s are n motions1 t m5tal processes _c be expla9$ by ! laws ( motion1 b c1 = t reason1 be none ! less det]m9$2 b ,i plead 9 va94 ,t view ( necessit>ianism does n suit ! b$ ^u :i* my ,procru/es places me4 ,o!r views1 h[ev]1 are cut d[n )\t fur!r ado because !y are said to be nom9ali/ic4 ,any?+ t does n appeal to ,mr4 ,peirce's reali/ic m9d is dismiss$ ) a %rug4 ,i am nei!r a reali/ nor a nom9ali/1 or r1 ,i am bo? reali/ & nom9ali/4 ,i am conv9c$ t to "s ext5t bo? sides 7 "r & bo? sides 7 wrong1 & reg>d x z our duty to sift _! propositions & accept ! tru? :e!r x be nom9ali/ic or reali/ic4 ,we mu/ foll[ ! pr9ciple ( he>+ bo? sides1 & n consid] at all :e!r a /atem5t agrees or disagrees ) c]ta9 p>ty pr9ciples4#abg #d4 ,,occam',s ,,razor4 ,! mo/ brilliant disciple ( ,duns ,scotus 0 ,william ( ,occam1 ^: fame almo/ rivall$ t ( 8 ma/]4 ,occam became an adv]s>y ( realism2 he became a nom9ali/1 & aft] him 0 nam$ a me?od kn[n z ,occam's razor1 especially useful to nom9ali/s 9 _! w>f>e aga9/ reali/s4 ,occam's razor is express$ 9 ! s5t5ce3 8,entia non sunt multiplic&a prt] necessitatem10 :i* means3 ,only 9 cases ( extreme/ necessity are we all[$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( hypo!tical facts4 ,if assum$ facts are n absolutely indisp5sable1 cut !m (f6 ,occam's razor 0 inv5t$ = a special purpose1 t ( cutt+ (f ! reali/ic hypo/atisation ( ab/ract ideas4 ,i d n "k :i* is m />tl+1 t a reali/ 9 "n1 su* z ,mr4 ,peirce1 %\ld use a weapon =g$ by nom9ali/s aga9/ realism1 or t he :om 9 o!r respects we f\nd 9 su* a close contact ) nom9ali/ic me?ods1 %\ld n und]/& h[ to h&le a nom9ali/ic weapon4 ,mr4 ,peirce c5sures me = mak+ ! /atem5t t ! =mal is subjective z well z objective4 ,?is1 he says1 is cut (f by ,occam's razor4 ,! =mal is subjective1 = our s5sation is possess$ ( =m & our m9d is 9 possession ( =mal ?\ght4 ,x is objective1 = reality is n void ( =m & ! ?+s are su* z !y are by virtue ( _! peculi> %ape4 ,! proposition t ! =mal is objective & subjective at ! same "t is z little cut (f by ,occam's razor z1 = in/ance1 ! proposition t !re is air inside & outside ( u1 viz4 9 our lungs & 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,mr4 ,peirce's usage ( ! b$s ( ,procru/es is cruel1 b 8 usage ( ,occam's razor is inconsid]ate4 ,he %\ld be c>eful 9 h&l+ su* a %>p knife1 le/ he d himself h>m4 ,mr4 ,peirce uses ,occam's razor to cut (f /atem5ts & facts :i* make 8 pet !ories disp5sable2 b he =gets t ,occam's razor cuts (f ideas only1 & :5 x comes 9 contact ) facts its edge is turn$4 ,occam's razor is an excell5t in/rum5t to dispose ( su* hypo!ses z absolute *ance1 = x decl>es t if _! assumption is n q indisp5sable1 we mu/ cut !m (f4 ,n[ x ei!r is or is n a fact t ! =mal is objective & subjective at once4 ,x _c be untrue 9 my philosophy :ile x is true 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's sy/em4 ,my proposition ( ! =mal be+ at once objective & subjective is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 8cut (f by ,occam's razor40 8,b10 adds he1 8:5 syne*ism has unit$ ! two worlds ?is view ga9s new life40 ,s long z ,i say s1 x is wrong2 b %\ld ,i adopt ,mr4 ,peirce's sy/em1 x w pass z "r4 #e4 ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,le>n+4 ,philosoph]s %\ld make x a rule n to encumb] _! ?\ghts unnecess>ily ) le>n+4 ,! great problems ( philosophy are1 9 my op9ion1 mu* simpl] ?an !y are g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,! art ma9ly consi/s 9 /at+ !m 9 ! simple/ possible mann]4 ,x is indisp5sable = a philosoph] to be famili>1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 ) all ! mo/ important sci5ces1 especially ) psy*ology1 physiology1 logic1 physics1 ma!matics1 & me*anics4 ,b he %\ld n = t reason introduce any m ?an he c help _! complicat$ details into 8 expositions4 ,e speciali/ is incl9$ to look at ?+s ?r\gh ! spectacles ( 8 own speciality4 ,b ! philosoph] :o takes a high] /&po9t %\ld be on 8 gu>d4 ,he %\ld always endeavor to simplify matt]s & avoid introduc+ into philosophy issues :i* belong to a special field1 & d]ive _! peculi>ities f special conditions4 ,to conf\nd ! me?ods ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 or to g5]alise )\t suffici5t discrim9ation1 w ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 z we well "k1 has greatly di/+ui%$ himself 9 logic by valuable discov]ies & indep5d5t inve/igations4 ,we h repeat$ly tak5 occasion to pron\nce unres]v$ly our admiration ( 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ?is field4 ,b we _c approve ( 8 application ( c]ta9 me?ods ( 8 speciality to philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,mr4 ,peirce is incl9$ to look at ! _w ?r\gh ! spectacles ( t new & extremely specialis$ bran* ( logic :i* he is at pres5t ab\t to inv5t4 ,"o h9drance to prop]ly appreciat+ 8 doctr9es1 says ,mr4 ,peirce1 lies 9 my 8labor+ "u ! great disadvantage ( n und]/&+ ! logic ( relatives10 :i*1 he adds 7p4 #ecc73 8,is a subject ,i h be5 /udy+ = a great _m ye>s1 & ,i feel & "k t ,i h an important report t ,i ought to make ^u x4 ,?is bran* ( logic is1 h[ev]1 s ab/ruse t ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d ! leisure to translate my conclusions into a =m 9 :i* _! significance w\ld be manife/ ev5 to p[]ful ?9k]s1 ^: ?\ghts _h n long be5 turn$ 9 t direction40 ,i %all be glad to sit at ,mr4 ,peirce's feet z an att5tive /ud5t1 z soon z he has work$ out 8 logic ( relatives1 or any o!r subject4 ,b ,i _c n[ accept any ( 8 !ories on ! cr$it ( "s half-develop$ sci5ce1 be x ev] s pr(\nd or intricate1 until ,i see pla9ly its connection ) ! pres5t issues4 ,mr4 ,peirce tru/s t 8 favorite ideas w f9d support 9 8 peculi> conception ( ! logic ( relatives4 ,judg+ f ! quiddities :i* he n[ s confid5tly prop\nds z weighty argum5ts1 we _c %>e 8 sangu9e hopes4 ,8 argum5ts1 to be d]iv$ f ! logic ( relatives1 are l promises to pay out ( ! returns ( a gold-m9e1 j discov]$ & boom$ by ! own]s4 ,!re may be gold 9 ! m9e1 b ,i d n z yet take any /ock 9 x4 ,mr4 ,peirce promises to prove by ! logic ( relatives :at1 if x 7 true1 he %\ld be able to demon/rate 9 pla9 language4 ,i h an idea t ! logic ( relatives c be work$ out into z cle> a sci5ce z is ma!matics or algebra4 ,b :at %all we say :5 told t ! logic ( relatives is really ab/ruse1 & t he :o labors "u ! disadvantage ( n und]/&+ ?is ab/ruse sci5ce is n prep>$ to grasp ,mr4 ,peirce's philosophy8 ,! ab/rusity1 9 my m9d1 c\nts aga9/ ,mr4 ,peirce's philosophy1 z mu* z aga9/ 8 logic ( relatives4 ,9 my *ildhood ,i 0 mu* plagu$ ) ,lat91 b z soon z ,i _h acquir$ a smatt]+ ( x1 ,i began to talk ,lat9 to ! s]vants1 & :5 !y did n und]/& me ,i ?\ght t !y 7 8labor+ "u ! great disadvantage0 ( n speak+ ,lat94 ,s9ce !n ,i h le>n$ to translate my ,lat9 into ! language ( ! p ) :om ,i h to deal4 ,mr4 ,peirce seems to rely on 8 le>n+ 9 proportion to its ab/rusity2 he likes to walk on /ilts4 ,mr4 ,peirce is s*ol>ly to excess4 ,he has a special tal5t ( r5d]+ issues involv$4 ,n ev5 8 ref]5ces to my articles 9 ,! ,moni/ are made directly by quot+ ! pages on :i* !y appe>4 ,t me?od w\ld be too common4 ,he inv5ts a pond]\s sy/em1 necessitat+ ! read] to look twice :5 he wi%es to f9d a passage1--a s*eme :i* is orig9al & v dignifi$ 9 appe>ance1 b makes quotation unnecess>ily complicat$4 ,le>n+ is a virtue1 b ev5 virtues %\ld be us$ ) discretion4 #f4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,positivism4 ,says ,mr4 ,peirce 9 confirmation ( ,:ewell 7p4 #edf73 8,progress 9 sci5ce dep5ds ^u ! obs]vation ( ! "r facts by m9ds furni%$ ) appropriate ideas40 ,to rely on ! obs]vation ( facts is1 9 my op9ion1 a pr9ciple ( positivism4 ,t facts mu/ be obs]v$ 8by m9ds furni%$ ) appropriate ideas0 is und5iable1 b ideas1 9 ord] to be appropriate1 mu/ be true2 !y mu/ be repres5tations ( facts4 ,because he relies on facts ,i h *>act]is$ ,mr4 ,peirce's me?od z positivi/ic4 ,b he indignantly repudiates 8! *>ge0 z 8totally unf\nd$40 ,positivism 7:i* ,i h always c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,comtism1 ! latt] be+ a special k9d ( positivism#abh7 is n a peculi> philosophy1 b a mo/ important pr9ciple ( sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,peirce seems to use ! t]m positivism 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* ,i use x4 ,be x s4 ,i %all n nom9ali/ically qu>rel ab\t words s long z !re are m urg5t subjects "u discussion4 ,notic+ t ,mr4 ,peirce does n /ate t all ideas %\ld be ultimately r$ucible to facts1 he is to be acquitt$4 #g4 ,,lopp+ ,,(f ,,! ,,absolute4 ,mr4 ,peirce ?9ks t an agreem5t betwe5 u c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,he says 7p4 #ede73 8,dr4 ,c>us's philosophy w\ld1 9 its g5]al features1 (f] no viol5t opposition to my op9ions0 7 #af74 ,b ! condition is 7p4 #ede73 8,to lop (f ! heads ( all absolute propositions ^: subject is n ! ,absolute40 ,z a matt] ( fact ,i h lopp$ (f all absolutes4 ,if ,mr4 ,peirce 7 m famili> ) my views he w\ld h kn[n t4 ,?us1 on my "p1 ,i _h done all ,i c\ld to come to an agreem5t ) him long be=e he ask$ me to d x4 ,b ,i fe> t hav+ also lopp$ (f ! ,absolute itself1 ,i did too mu* ( a good ?+1 = ,mr4 ,peirce c>efully records 8 opposition to all philosophies :i* d5y ! reality ( ! ,absolute4 7,see #ah47 ,i wi% to improve ?is occasion = conciliation1 by turn+ ! tables4 ,mr4 ,peirce's views w\ld1 ^u ! :ole1 (f] no viol5t opposition to my op9ions if he w\ld only cons5t to lop (f ! absolute-prop]ty ( 8 absolute *ance4 ,i w\ld ev5 swall[ 8 ,absolute if he w\ld promise to designate by t "n "s real quality ( ! _w1 or ! _w itself z a :ole1 or some?+ t is ?9kable )\t mak+ "o's head swim4#abi ,e pr$ication ( absolute1 *anges a real & useful idea into its c>icature4 ,to1 say t a complicat$ calculation is 8absolutely true10 t is1 true )\t /ipulat+ ! condition t ! me?ods are "r1 & t ! execution is made )\t any mi/ake1 is ridicul\s2 & ?us ! phrase 89 a ,pickwickian s5se0 7:i* we gratefully borr[ f ,mr4 ,peirce7 w\ld always =m a dra/ic b adequate sub/itute = ! t]m absolute4 8,absolutely true0 is 8true 9 a ,pickwickian s5se0 only4 ,!re are no absolute tru?s :i* are 9 ?is s5se unconditionally true4 ,9 ! same way1 8absolute *ance0 is diff]5t f t real *ance kn[n to u 9 exp]i5ce & in/anc$ by ! ?r[ ( ! dice4 ,absolute *ance is 8*ance 9 a ,pickwickian s5se40 ,/range ,mr4 ,peirce speaks ( real *ance :5 he means an imag9>y absolute *ance4 ,he app>5tly uses ! ^w 8real0 9 ?is connection n to d5ote some?+ t is a fact ( exp]i5ce b to express ! idea ( its be+ p]fect or complete4 ,?us we may speak ( a 8real0 p]petual motion1 /at+ at ! same "t t x is nei!r real nor realisable4 #h4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,probable ,,inf]5ce4 ,mr4 ,peirce applies 8 !ory ( probable inf]5ce to ev]y?+2 also to ^? cases :i* are unequivocally det]m9$4 ,he grant$ 9 a private conv]sation t #b #b #d admits ( no exception4 ,b ( o!r purely =mal /atem5ts :i* are 9 ! same pr$icam5t1 = in/ance1 t ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle 9 a plane measures #ahj1 he /ates z probable t !y are ei!r some:at less or some:at m ?an #ahj1 add+1 8t !y are exactly t am\nt is :at nobody c ev] be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+40 ,to det]m9e ! sum ( ! angles ( a plane triangle by measur+ ! p>allaxes ( />s re/s ^u a fundam5tal misconception ( ! pr9ciples ( =mal sci5ces4 ,x w\ld be consi/5t = ,mr4 ,peirce to say1 t #b #b #d is true only accord+ to ! def9itions or axioms ( ari?metic4 ,b 9 ord] to "k :e!r #b #b #d 9 reality1 we ought to apply ! !ory ( probable inf]5ce4 ,until we _h v]ifi$ ! /atem5t #b #b #d by apply+ ?is =mula to ! f>!/ sol> sy/ems1 we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t x is exactly true4 ,! !ory ( probable inf]5ces is suppos$ to help u out ( ?is p]plexity1 8& )9 ano!r c5tury our gr&*ildr5 w surely "k :e!r ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are great] or less ?an #ahj40acj ,!re is always dang] 9 ! application ( ab/ract ratioc9ation2 & ! !ory ( probable inf]5ce =ms no exception to ! rule4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is especially liable to lead "o a/ray4 ,!re is ! case ( ! doctor :o said to 8 pati5t3 8,i am sure y w be cur$1 = ,i _h n9ety-n9e pati5ts :o di$ dur+ ! op]ation1 & /ati/ics prove beyond d\bt t "o among a hundr$ w survive x4 ,y are ! hundr$?40 ,! !ory ( probable inf]5ces is (t5 misappli$1 b c x be worse misappli$ ?an by introduc+ x into ! prov9ce ( t :i* is c]ta98 ,!re is no s5se 9 apply+ ! !ory ( probabilities to :at is c]ta94 ,we may d\bt :e!r ! rays ( light travel 9 exactly /raight l9es1 b we _c d\bt ! /raightness ( l9es 9 plane geometry4 ,we _c d\bt t all ! radii 9 a circle are equal1 or t ! sum ( ! angles ( a ,euclidean triangle are #ahj4 #i4 ,,zweideutig ,,be/immt4 ,mr4 ,peirce v k9dly in=ms me t ! t]m e9deutig be/immt is a translation ( a ,fr5* phrase4 ,v well1 ,i d n d5y x4 ,i "k v well t ! phrase has a long hi/ory1 b ,i d n consid] myself b\nd to pres5t ! :ole p$igree ( e t]m ,i use4 ,does ,mr4 ,peirce p]haps suppose t ! ,fr5* phrase is ! orig9al8 ,if we h to g back to ! orig9al beg9n+ at all1 :y does he n tell u t ! ,fr5* univoque is a translation f ! m$ival ,lat9 univoce1 :i* 0 co9$ & us$ by ! s*oolm5 9 opposition to quivoce4 ,nei!r ! t]m e9deutig1 z ,mr4 ,peirce ass]ts1 nor its s*ola/ic orig9al univoce1 is an exclusively ma!matical expression4 ,al?\gh ! t]m e9deutig is a translation ( ! ,fr5* univoque1 !re is aft] all a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fr5* t]m & ! ,g]man t]m1 & ,i h a good reason to pref] ! ,g]man expression4 ,! ,fr5* t]m is nom9ali/ic or ev5 vocali/ic1 ! ,g]man "o is reali/ic4 ,univoque & univocal mean t !re is only "o "n or "o vox1 :ile e9deutig lays no /ress on ! "n b on ! mean+ ( ! "n1 d5ot+ t :i* admits ( b "o int]pretation4 ,?is is a suffici5t reason = me to pref] x1 & x ought to appeal to ,mr4 ,peirce's reali/ic m9d4#aca ,mr4 ,peirce1 ma9ta9+ t e9deutig be/immt is only a ma!matical t]m1 adduces two equations1 ea* "o ( :i*1 tak5 s+ly1 admits1 he says1 ( two possible det]m9ations4#acb ,mr4 ,peirce uses ^! equations z an argum5t aga9/ my application ( ! t]m1 add+1 s>ca/ically3 8,?is %[s h[ mu* t argum5t am\nts to40 ,b 8 example proves at be/ only t !re are incomplete det]m9ations2 "s problems all[ ( sev]al solutions4 ,9 a ,g]man t[n%ip 9 :i* blue huss>s are g>rison$1 *ildr5 us$ to propose to ano!r ?is pr(\nd problem3 8,x lies "u a plum-tree & is blue2 :at is x80 ,if ! *ild que/ion$ argues1 8,x is a plum10 he is correct$ 8,no1 x is a huss>40 ,b if he argues1 8,x is a huss>10 he is correct$1 8,no1 x is a plum40 ,s he has no *ance ( guess+ "r4 ,! result ( ,mr4 ,peirce's fir/ equation1 :i* may be ei!r #aadgg or #aaebc1 is l ! conundrum ( ! plum-tree3 x am\nts to ! same1 viz4 to no?+1 & proves only t !re are det]m9ations :i* are zweideutig be/immt4 #aj4 ,,explanation4 ,! diff]5ces ( me?od become v s]i\s :5 we disagree on ! v mean+ ( 8explanation0 itself4 ,h[ c two debat]s accept or reject "o ano!r's argum5ts1 if _! ideas ( explanation are radically diff]5t8 ,mr4 ,peirce's def9ition ( ! t]m 8explanation0 appe>s to me v unsatisfactory4 ,he says 7p4 #eg73 8,i _c admit t explanation is description ( ! fact expla9$4 ,x is true t 9 ! sett+ =? ( "s explanations x is conv5i5t to re/ate ! fact expla9$ s z to set x "u ano!r aspect1 b ev5 9 ^! cases ! /atem5t ( o!r facts is ess5tial4 767 ,9 all cases x is o!r facts1 767 usually hypo!tical1 :i* con/itute ! explanation2 767 & ! process ( expla9+ is a process by :i* f ^? o!r facts ! fact to be expla9$ is %[n to foll[ z a consequ5ce by virtue ( a g5]al pr9ciple or o!rwise40 8,to expla9 a fact is to %[ t x is a necess>y or at lea/ a probable result f ano!r fact 767 kn[n or suppos$40 ,my def9ition ( 8explanation10 z a description 9 :i* ! process describ$ is recognis$ z a trans=mation is sne]$ at4 ,says ,mr4 ,peirce 7p4 #eeh73 8,a magician trans=ms a wat* into a dove4 ,recognise x z a trans=mation & ! trick is expla9$1 is x8 ,?is is delightfully facile40 ,inde$1 ! magician's trick is expla9$ z soon z we "k all ! *anges t h tak5 place4 ,take ! :ole numb] ( objects h&l$ by ! magician1 ^? :i* he %[s & ^? :i* he conceals4 ,let u obs]ve h[ he hides ! wat* & h[ he produces ! dove1 & ! trick is expla9$4 ,is x n8 ,explanation is1 z ! ^w sugge/s1 a mak+ pla91 s t we c look ov] ! :ole field be=e u1 & leave no?+ hidd5 f sight4 ,?is :ole field1 ! survey ( :i* is ne$$ = ! recognition ( ! trans=mation1 is call$ ! sy/em ( ! explanation4 ,aft] we h se5 h[ ! *anges take place1 & aft] we h describ$ 9 exact =mulas _! modes ( action1 our desire = explanation is completely satisfi$4 ,! in/ances adduc$ by ,mr4 ,peirce prove pla9ly t 8 objections _c be ma9ta9$4 ,e "o ( !m is an in/ance ( trans=mation 7) ! exception ( ! em]ald ve/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n /at$ ) suffici5t complet5ess74 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ example adduc$ by ,mr4 ,peirce 7p4 #eeg73 8,a #8special process ( nature1' call+ = explanation1 is ! circum/ance t ! planet ,m>s1 :ile mov+ 9 a g5]al way f we/ to ea/ among ! fix$ />s1 yet retrogrades a "p ( ! "t1 s z to describe loops 9 ! heav5s4 ,! explanation is1 t ,m>s revolves 9 "o approximate circle & we 9 ano!r40 ,c any "o d5y t ?is explanation is a description8 ,we draw ! two orbits z correctly z possible = ! requir$ demon/ration & comb9e ! po9ts repres5t+ ! e>? ) ^? repres5t+ ,m>s at _! successive positions4 ,consid]+ ! fact t we d n p]ceive ! motion ( ! e>?1 we h to con/ruct a diagram 9 :i* ! directions ( ^! l9es are describ$ z view$ f a /ation>y po9t4 ,?is is a description ( *anges t take place4 ,x is a portrayal ( ! transpositions ( two bodies1 & ! appe>ance :i* ! *ange ( ?is relation pres5ts to "o ( !m4 ,mr4 ,peirce has nei!r ! grace nor good-w to1 und]/& my proposition1 t explanation is always a trac+ ( =m4 ,he says 7p4 #eeh73 8,=ms may indulge 9 :atev] ecc5tricities !y please1 9 ! _w ( dreams1 )\t responsibility40 ,9 ! _w ( dreams1 yes6 ,b n 9 ! _w ( reality4 ,& ev5 ! irresponsible ecc5tricities ( dreams take place accord+ to law4 ,feel+ t he mi/akes my position1 ,mr4 ,peirce adds3 8,%\ld ,dr4 ,c>us reply t ,i mi/ake 8 mean+1 t x is only #8be+ 9 g5]al' 7 #ff71 t he holds unacc\ntable1 ,i reply t ?is is simply express+ scepticism z to ! possibility & ne$ ( philosophy40 7,p4 #eeh47 ,( c\rse1 ,i mean 8be+ 9 g5]al40 ,z to ! scepticism imput$ to me1 ,i answ]1 t any attempt at expla9+ h[ matt] & en]gy1 :i* ,i take to be et]nal1 came into be+1 is a wrongly =mulat$ problem4 ,mr4 ,peirce might z well call me a sceptic1 because ,i recognise t we _c squ>e ! circle4 7,comp>e 8,fundam5tal ,problems10 #b;d ed41 pp4 #bhc-bhe & #bia47 ,mr4 ,peirce's grave/ mi/ake is 8 belief t 8,9 all cases x is o!r facts :i* con/itute ! explanation40 7,p4 #eeg47 ,! practical application ( ?is mi/ake becomes fatal to 8 philosophy4 ,x is by no means necess>y to pass beyond t sy/em ( facts :i* conta9s ! ph5om5on to be expla9$4 ,we mu/1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 keep complet+ ! facts ( a ph5om5on until we h acquir$ a survey ( :at we call ! :ole sy/em ( ! facts1 b we h nev] to resort to o!r facts4 ,we are confront$ e day ) hundr$s ( facts ( :i* we nev] see ! :ole sy/em to :i* !y belong1 b we readily supply ^! defici5cies f ! /ock ( our exp]i5ce4 ,we ref] ! unkn[n to ! kn[n4 ,! s+le case "u obs]vation is ref]r$ to some?+ ) :i* we are famili>4 ,^? sy/ems ( explanation :i* are kn[n to u s]ve z patt]ns = o!rs t are only p>tially kn[n1 & we fill out1 ) _! assi/ance1 ! gaps ( our obs]vation4 ,! read9ess & reliability ( our explanation ?us dep5ds ^u ! /ock ( k we h4 ,! m we "k1 ! easi] %all we conqu] ! unkn[n2 ! m incomplete our k is1 ! great] ! numb] ( hypo!tical facts t w h to be introduc$2 & ?is always weak5s ! reliability ( our explanations4 ,hypo!tical facts %\ld be introduc$ only 9 cases ( urg5t necessity4 ,h[ev]1 if !y are admitt$ at all1 !y h to be ?\ght ( z p>ts ( ! sy/em "u inve/igation1 = !y h be5 inv5t$ only because we are compell$ to assume t )\t !m x w\ld be incomplete4 ,mr4 ,peirce adduces ! foll[+ example to prove t 8o!r facts0 are requir$ 9 an explanation3 8,x has be5 /at$ t a w>m spr+ 9 ,europe is usually foll[$ by a cool autumn1 & ! explanation has be5 (f]$ t s _m m iceb]gs ?an usual are lib]at$ dur+ a w>m spr+1 t !y subsequ5tly l[] s5sibly ! temp]ature ( ,europe4 ,i c>e little :e!r ! fact & ! explanation are correct or no4 ,! case illu/rates1 at any rate1 my po9t t an explanation is a special fact1 suppos$ or kn[n1 f :i* ! fact to be expla9$ foll[s z a consequ5ce40 7,p4 #eeg47 ,:51 z 9 ?is in/ance1 we recognise t "o fact is ! necess>y result ( ano!r fact1 we view !m bo? z p>ts ( "o set or sy/em ( facts 9 :i* a trans=mation is tak+ place1 &1 unless we see ! connection ( ! two facts z con/itut+ "o process ( trans=mation1 we _c say t ! problem is expla9$4 ,:5 we obs]ve *anges :i* are ! results ( trans=mations tak+ place beyond ! horizon ( our k1 we are1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 unable to give an explanation4 ,mr4 ,peirce _h p]haps 9 m9d a special & m complex k9d ( explanation1 :i* we def9e z 8compreh5sion40 ,he says 7p4 #eeg73 8,! fact to be expla9$ is %[n to foll[ z a consequ5ce1 by virtue ( a g5]al pr9ciple or o!rwise40 ,take z an in/ance ! law ( gravitation4 ,!re are ! facts ( fall+ /ones & ! motions ( cele/ial bodies4 ,bo? sets ( facts are expla9$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 8by virtue ( a g5]al pr9ciple10 i4 e4 gravitation1 :ile we say1 bo? sets ( facts are compreh5d$ "u a common =mula4 ,mr4 ,peirce's conception ( 8explanation0 re/s on ! antiquat$ view t gravitation is a pr9ciple beh9d ! gravitat+ masses :i* compels ! /one to fall4 ,gravitation1 h[ev]1 is n 8ano!r fact0 =eign to ! facts "u consid]ation4 ,x is n a pr9ciple call$ 9 f ! outside4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is ! ess5ce & extract ( ! v facts t are to be expla9$4 ,pr9ciples :i* h n be5 d]iv$ ei!r f ! facts to be expla9$1 or f ! additional facts :i* belong to _! sy/em1 d n & _c expla9 ! ph5om5a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,compreh5sion is1 z x 71 an explanation ( a high] degree4 ,! t]m means a grasp+ toge!r1 & x actually consi/s 9 view+ two or sev]al facts 9 su* a way z to recognise _! common features4 ,compreh5sion is a r$uction ( our patt]ns ( explanation2 x unites two or sev]al ( !m 9 "o =mula4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 obs]v$ t c]ta9 objects float 9 wat] :ile o!rs s9k to ! bottom4 ,! obs]vations d n seem to agree1 !y pres5t two incoh]5t facts4 ,:5 we f9d out t ! weight ( a float+ body is equal to ! weight ( wat] :i* x displaces1 we und]/& at once :y bodies ^: specific gravity is great] ?an wat] s9k :ile ^? ( a light] specific gravity float4 ,compreh5sion1 9 ?is z 9 e o!r case1 is ! description ( a process :i* comprises all ! facts t belong to a special class 9 a common =mula4 ,! description mu/ be applicable to all s+le cases h[ev] diff]5t !y may be4 ,?is conception ( compreh5sion has a great advantage ov] ,mr4 ,peirce's view4 ,:ile he has to br+ 9 "s 8o!r fact0 f ! outside1 we ne$ n introduce any =eign elem5t4 ,compreh5sion1 z we und]/& x1 c rise f ! /atem5t ( p>ticul> facts to m & m g5]al =mulations1 until f9ally we arrive at univ]sal laws4 ,all ! laws ?us =mulat$ to satisfy our crav+s = compreh5sion1 are f\nd to belong to "o great sy/em ( laws1 & our sci5ti/s are con/antly engag$ n only 9 wid5+ ! range ( our exp]i5ce by new discov]ies1 b also 9 revis+ our /atem5ts ( ! uni=mities ( nature &1 :]e !y appe> to be 9 collision1 9 br++ !m into h>mony4 ,?is conception ( compreh5sion is moni/ic1 ,mr4 ,peirce's is duali/ic4 ,we ne$ n1 9 ord] to expla9 ! facts ( exi/5ce1 g beyond !m into a sup]natural realm4 ,mr4 ,peirce mu/ g outside ( ! _w into non-exi/5ce :5 he attempts to und]/& ! _w by ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r explanations1 ! 8ess5tial0 nature ( :i* is to consi/ ( 8o!r facts usually hypo!tical10 w be satisfactory to anybody except himself4 ,o!rness makes any fact unfit to s]ve z a factor ( an explanation & inde$ ,i _c ?9k ( any in/ance1 real or imag9>y1 9 :i* ! explanatory facts1 be !y real or hypo!tical1 d n =m p>ts ( ! sy/em "u consid]ation4 ,!re is only "o in/ance to :i* ,mr4 ,peirce's me?od ( explanation has be5 appli$1 & ,i am "u ! impression t x has be5 inv5t$ solely = ?is purpose4 ,mr4 ,peirce's philosophy is too orig9al to be expla9$ by ! usual me?ods2 x mu/ h an orig9al me?od ( its own4 ,9 ord] to expla9 8law0 ,mr4 ,peirce calls 9 8*ance40 ,8 explanation mu/ be an 8o!r fact0 & ! only fact diff]5t f law is n-law1 lawlessness1 or absolute *ance4 ,accord+ to my idea ( explanation1 law c nev] be expla9$ by *ance4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 x is ! only possible ?+ t c be call$ 9 z t 8o!r fact0 :i* is suppos$ to be ! ess5tial con/itu5t ( an explanation4 ,if ,mr4 ,peirce's me?od ( explanation 7 s\nd1 we %\ld h to expla9 ord] f *aos1 possibility f impossibility1 & s5se f nons5se4 ,,ii4 ,,mr4 ,,peirce',s ,,philosophy4 ,mr4 ,peirce's con/ant ref]5ces to s*ola/ic philosophy rem9d me ( happy ye>s long pa/ :5 ,i 0 extremely int]e/$ 9 ! !ories ( su* m5 z ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,duns ,scotus1 ,occam1 ,abel>d1 ,taul]1 & o!rs4 ,toge!r ) my *um1 n[ a sob] ,pr(essor ( physics at a ,g]man ,univ]sity1 ,i freely indulg$ 9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s _w-!ories1 :i*1 alas6 7 quickly ov]?r[n "o aft] ano!r by ! slighte/ puff ( w9d4 ,i h n lo/ my int]e/ 9 ! s*oolm51 b x is consid]ably weak5$4 ,mr4 ,peirce's repeat$ praise ( s*ola/ic realism & 8 condemnation ( any !ory t he br&s z nom9ali/ic1 seems to me l ! me?od ( "s ( our politicians :o1 eag] to revive toryism1 %\ld c5sure all evils ( ! politics ( to-day z :iggi%4 ,?is comp>ison is n exagg]at$1 = !re are a few ,hamiltonians :o miss ! ref9+ influ5ce ( an ari/ocratic class & regret t ! hi/orical tradition ( toryism has be5 s completely brok54 ,i w\ld n d5y t !re is "s tru? 9 x1 & !re is "s tru?1 too1 9 m$ival realism1 :i* has be5 neglect$ by !1 fir/ viol5tly suppress$ & !n triumphant1 nom9alism4 ,b 9 reviv+ realism ! ,scoti/s %\ld be v c>eful to avoid a resurrection ( its errors4 #a4 ,,duns ,,scotus ,,z ,a ,,philosophical ,,patron ,,sa9t4 ,johannes ,duns ,scotus1 a ,franciscan1 honor$ s9ce 8 successful def5se ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9's ,immaculate ,conception by ! title ,doctor ,subtilis1 & ! v same man aft] :om1 on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ness ( 8 lat] disciples dur+ ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 a blockhead is to-day call$ a dunce1 0 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic figures ( s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,he liv$ at ! end ( ! ?irte5? ,c5tury :5 ! au?ority ( ! philosophy ( ,?omas ,aqu9as :o _h di$ ,m>* #g?1 #abgd1 0 all b univ]sally recognis$4 ,scotus appe>$ z ! mo/ p[]ful oppon5t ( ,?omas4 ,+5i\s1 orig9al1 bold1 & buoyant 9 8 attacks he _h a %ort b brilliant c>e] & di$ comp>atively "y at ,cologne1 9 ,novemb]1 #acjh4 ,:ile ,?omas1 surnam$ ,dr4 ,univ]salis1 or ,dr4 ,angelicus1 is reg>d$ by 8 ord]1 ! ,dom9icans1 z ! greate/ au?ority 9 philosophical matt]s1 ,scotus succe$$ 9 impress+ 8 mode ( ?\ght ^u ! ,franciscans2 yet ,?omas is univ]sally reg>d$ 9 ! ,roman *ur* & also among ,prote/ant !ologians z ! m or?odox ,*ri/ian4 ,almo/ all ! ideas ( ,scotus 7 set =? 9 opposition to ! views ( o!rs & ma9ly ( ,?omas4 ,?omas 0 a det]m9i/1 ,scotus an outspok5 indet]m9i/4 ,?omas says t man's action is necess>ily det]m9$ by :at he ?9ks is be/4 ,scotus av]s t man ?9ks 9 a c]ta9 way because he wills 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,man's ideas are fa%ion$ to suit 8 "*4 ,8 motto is1 8voluntas sup]ior e/ intellectu0 & 8 idea ( w is id5tifi$ ) ! indet]m9$ arbitr>9ess ( a p]fect lib]um arbitrium4 ,accord+ to ,?omas1 ,god comm&s u to d ! good because x is good4 ,scotus calls good t :i* ,god comm&s simply because ,god comm&s x4 ,! w ( ,god1 l ! w ( man is1 9 ,scotus's op9ion1 undet]m9$1 x is arbitr>y4 ,?us ,god creat$ ! _w n because 8 w 0 det]m9$ by "s motive1 b because x s pleas$ him2 & ,*ri/'s passion & dea? 7 n really an atonem5t2 !y simply 7 accept$ z su* by ,god4 ,)\t ent]+ into ?is controv]sy ( anno olim we might say t we side nei!r ) ,?omas nor ) ,scotus1 b w\ld modify ! /atem5t ( ! =m] by ! criticism ( ! latt]4 ,?omas goes too f> :5 he says t :atev] is recognis$ z ! be/ w ( necessity be done4 ,he ov]looks ! p[] ( passions4 ,?omas's /atem5t w\ld be "r1 if e passion 7 reg>d$ z a w :i* has its own & indep5d5t b mi/ak5 ideas ab\t good4 ,a s\l ^: passions are m p[]ful ?an rational consid]ations w necess>ily be incl9$ to obey its irrational impulses4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ,scotus's criticism1 b 8 view is no improvem5t4 ,9 speak+ ( w z sup]ior to ! intellect1 did he ev] ask himself ! "q1 ,:at 8 own w w\ld be indep5d5t ( 8 intellect8 ,fur!r1 :5 ,god is said to comm& ! good because x is good1 ,?omas sep>ates 9 a logical consid]ation two ideas :i* are id5tical4 ,scotus is "r 9 def9+ good z ! w ( ,god4 ,f our /&po9t we %\ld say1 ! w ( ,god1 viz41 ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se1 is ( a def9ite k9d :i* c be asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,to speak ( ! w ( ,god z good is an an?ropomorphic expression4 ,good is t :i* agrees ) ! w ( ,god2 bad1 t :i* opposes x4 ,suppose ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se 7 diff]5t1 goodness & badness w\ld *ange ) x4 ,we h sket*$ ! views ( ,scotus only to %[ ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 him & ,mr4 ,peirce4 ,mr4 ,peirce is also an outspok5 indet]m9i/4 ,he id5tifies feel+ ) *ance1 & 8 free w is a lib]um arbitrium4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 l ,scotus1 also sep>ates !ology1 &1 ) x1 religion1 f philosophy4#acc ,scotus ridicules ^? :o conf\nd bo?1 cle>ly indicat+ t he is aim+ at ,?omas1 to ^: f]v5t fai? _! conciliation 0 a matt] ( mom5t\s & all important consequ5ce4 ,scotus goes s f> z to av] t some?+ might be true 9 philosophy :i* is wrong 9 !ology 7see ,ed4 8,wadd+0 ,fol4 #d1 p4 #hdh7--;a /atem5t t to an hone/ se>*] = tru? mu/ almo/ appe> z frivol\s4#acd ,h[ mu* m imbu$ ) true religiosity 0 8 great namesake ,john ,scotus ,erig5a ! v5]able f\nd] ( s*ola/icism :5 say+3 8,non e/ alia philosophia1 i4 e4 sapi5tiae /adium1 et alia religio40 #b4 ,,mr4 ,,peirce',s ,,orig9al ,,!ories4 ,mr4 ,peirce z a controv]sali/ & critic is l ,scotus1 brilliant1 v]satile1 & p[]ful4 ,b he is m2 he is also con/ructive4 ,mr4 ,peirce's /yle ( ar*itecture rem9ds u ( neo-,platonism1 & ?is is q 9 h>mony ) ,scotism1 = ,scotus1 ?r\gh ,avicebron1 d]iv$ _m ( 8 ideas f ! ,neo-,platoni/s4 ,mr4 ,peirce proposes a mod]n view ( emanation1 :i* />ts ! _w f t ( no?+ness :i* at ! same "t is ! womb ( all exi/5ce4 ,! primeval /ate ( be+1 says ,mr4 ,peirce1 8,0 m]e no?+ f a physical aspect10 b1 if x 0 n really no?+1 :at1 !n1 0 x8 ,x 0 *ance4 ,"h lies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,peirce & ! neo-,platoni/s4 ,! neo-,platoni/s 7^: speculations1 if !y are treat$ n z philosophy1 b z poetical effusions1 are v pr(\nd & ?\ghtful7 look to ! ,logos1 or _w-reason1 z ! beg9n+ ( ! _w emanation1 :ile ,mr4 ,peirce %[s a c]ta9 contempt = reason4 ,to ! neo-,platoni/1 reasons are explanations1 :ile to our mod]n ,scoti/1 reasons expla9 no?+4 ,he says3 8,reasons expla9 no?+1 except ^u "s !i/ic hypo!sis :i* may be p>don$ to ! ye>n+ he>t ( man1 b mu/ be d\btful 9 ! eyes ( philosophy44440 7,p4 #efg47 ,mr4 ,peirce goes s f> z to speak ( 8! dullness ( ratioc9ation's self40 ,mr4 ,peirce's gospel w\ld deviate 9 ! v fir/ v]se f t ( ,/4 ,john1 = x w\ld read 4--,9 ! ,beg9n+ 0 ,*ance6 ,& ?is *ance :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+ actually is1 to ,mr4 ,peirce1 ,god1 a p]sonal ,god1 an an?ropomorphic deity end[$ ) consci\sness4 ,he says3 8,t primeval *aos 9 :i* !re 0 no regul>ity 0 m]e no?+ f a physical aspect4 ,yet x 0 n a blank z]o2 = !re 0 an int5sity ( consci\sness !re1 9 comp>ison ) :i* all t we ev] feel is b z ! /ruggl+ ( a molecule or two to ?r[ (f a little ( ! =ce ( law to an endless & innum]able div]sity ( *ance utt]ly unlimit$40 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ai47 ,& 9 ano!r passage he says ( *ance3 8,t x is a be+ liv+ & consci\s is :at all ! dullness t belongs to ratioc9ation's self c sc>ce mu/] h>dihood to d5y40 7,p4 #efj47 ,mr4 ,peirce's argum5t t all ! dullness t belongs to ratioc9ation's self c sc>cely mu/] h>dihood to d5y 8 proposition1 s\nds /range 9 ! m\? ( a sci5ti/4 ,b x is n /range2 = ,i h f\nd t en?usia/ic def5d]s ( improbable !ories always fill ! holes ( _! argum5tation ) abuse ( ^? :o d>e to discov] ^! holes4 ,call a p]son :o d\bts ! tru? ( y\r /atem5ts dull1 & y w fright5 _m a weak m9d into a pati5t acceptance ( y\r view4 ,we may re/ assur$ t :5ev] a philosoph] scolds he is at 8 wit's end4 ,= :y %\ld he lose pati5ce if he c prove 8 proposition8 ,?us diatribes are always symptoms t !re is "s flaw 9 "o's logic & ! l\d] "o *ides ! sor] is ! spot4 ,mr4 ,peirce is s]i\s 9 ! /atem5t t *ance is a consci\s be+4 ,he actually id5tifies *ance & feel+4 ,he says3 8,*ance is b ! outw>d aspect ( t :i* )9 itself is feel+40 ,! primordial *ance1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 8calls = no explanation10 has 8a primordial habit-tak+ t5d5cy40 ,:5ce ?is t5d5cy gets into ! univ]se ( absolute *ance1 ,mr4 ,peirce is unable to disclose4 ,! deviations f ! me*anical ord] 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( ?+s1 :i*1 by ! by1 are by no means prov$1 sugge/ to him & ju/ify1 9 8 op9ion1 ?is assumption4 ,?us1 assumes he1 primordial *ance ceas$ to be *ance2 x *ang$ by a gradual habit-tak+ into regul>ities4 ,consci\sness ceas$ to be consci\sness & became cry/allis$ into natural laws4 ,m9d ceas$ to be an arbitr>y sport+1 & by becom+ effete x begot1 ?r\gh a summation ( m9ute effects1 ?is mat]ial univ]se ( ours4 ,accord+ly1 real exi/5ce or ?+-ness consi/s m]ely 9 ! regul>ities ?us produc$1 & 8physical ev5ts are b ! degrad$ 444 =ms ( psy*ical ev5ts40 ,?is is 9 brief ,mr4 ,peirce's cosmogony1 :i*1 z ! prophet ( ,ty*ism1 he reveals to u 9 axiomatic aphorisms4 ,by gradual habit-tak+1 ,mr4 ,peirce decl>es 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #agf71 m9d w at la/ be 8cry/allis$ 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future40 ,?is r sad outlook is1 9 ano!r passage1 modifi$ by a c\nt]-oracle1 :i* ann\nces t 8an elem5t ( pure *ance survives40 ,:y1 he does n say4 ,irregul>ities1 n be+ entirely suppress$1 c increase aga91 & z su* !y are 8undevelop$ =ms ( psy*ical ev5ts40 ,says ,mr4 ,peirce 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ah73 8,!re are almo/ ins5sible =tuit\s dep>tures f regul>ity2 ^! w produce1 9 g5]al1 equally m9ute effects4444 ,protoplasm is 9 an excessively un/able condition4444 ,9 ! protoplasm ^! habits are to "s slight ext5t brok5 up1 s t1 accord+ to ! law ( m9d1 444 feel+ becomes int5sifi$4 8,?is break+ up ( habit & r5ew$ =tuit\s spontaneity w1 accord+ to ! law ( m9d1 be accompani$ by an int5sification ( feel+40 ,?is is ! gi/ ( ,mr4 ,peirce's m5tal philosophy1 :i* proclaims t 8consci\sness is n to be re9/at$ )\t ty*ism40 ,! reappe>ance ( *ance is said to expla9 ! orig9 ( m9d6 ,our conception ( m9d is diff]5t4 ,we see m9d develop out ( s5ti5cy by ! recognition ( ! regul>ities ( ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,reason is almo/ a synonym ( man's ability to =m g5]alisations1 ( 8 hav+ & op]at+ ) concepts1 ( 8 ?9k+ ideas4 ,n ! arbitr>9ess ( a wilful m9d is ! prop]ly m5tal ( man's s\l1 b 8 reason2 & man's reason orig9ates "u ! influ5ce ( ! uni=mities ( ! surr\nd+ _w1 :i* impress !mselves1 9 :at we call exp]i5ce1 ^u 8 exi/5ce4 ,! m a creature recognises ! regul>ities ( exi/5ce1 & ! m its s\l becomes an image ( ?is _w-ord]1 :i* is ! prototype ( 8 reason1 ( ! div9e ,logos1 ! high] x rises 9 ! scale ( evolution4 ,if *ance1 z ,mr4 ,peirce decl>es1 is b ! outw>d aspect ( t :i* )9 is feel+1 we %\ld h5ce=? h to look ^u ! r\lette & dice z s5ti5t be+s4 #c4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,positive ,,argum5ts ,,( ,,ty*ism ,,insuffici5t4 ,mr4 ,peirce adduces f\r positive argum5ts = believ+ 9 absolute *ance4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ! preval5ce ( gr[?2 7#b7 ! v>iety ( ! univ]se2 7#c7 ! necessity ( expla9+ law2 & 7#d7 ! exi/5ce ( feel+4 ,by gr[?1 ,mr4 ,peirce does n und]/& ! gr[? ( cry/als1 or trees1 or organisms4 ,t k9d ( gr[? is a m]e trans=mation4 ,mr4 ,peirce's idea ( 8real0 gr[? is 8oppos$ to ! cons]vation ( en]gy40 ,x is n an increase ( ! ?+ gr[+ ?r\gh ! assimilation ( sub/ances tak5 f ! surr\nd+ _w2 x is an actual increase ( en]gy1 n a m]e *ange2 x is a gr[? ( ! univ]se itself4 ,grant$ ! possibility ( ?is s-call$ 8real0 gr[?1 & we c easily expla9 ! evolution ( ! _w out ( ! t9ie/ beg9n+4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 "o ?+ has to g3 ei!r ! cons]vation ( en]gy or 8real gr[?40 ,mr4 ,peirce lets g ! =m]1 ,i ! latt]4#ace ,! v>iety ( ! univ]se is1 9 my _w-conception1 suffici5tly expla9$ by ! v>iety ( =ms1 = =m is inde$ ! pr9cipium individuationis2 a doctr9e1 :i*1 b = ,mr4 ,peirce's philosophy1 ,i %\ld reg>d z almo/ univ]sally accept$4 ,among its advocates we f9d also ,mr4 ,peirce's great ma/]1 ,duns ,scotus1 & ,scotus's tea*]1 ,avicebron4 ,9 s f> z v>i\s =mations are possible1 7exactly z ! die c %[ six diff]5t surfaces17 *ance plays an important "p 9 ! div]sification ( nature1 b ?is *ance is n to be ?\ght ( z a violation ( ! law1 b appe>s to be a special case only1 & a true manife/ation ( ! law "u complicat$ conditions4 ,*ance & probability are n m]e subjective ideas1 creatures ( our ignorance1 play+ a rle simply 9 our limit$ k ( ! _w4 ,! words signify a c]ta9 condition ( objective exi/5ce4 ,= in/ance1 ! probability ( ?r[+ #a ) "o die is #a_/f4 ,?is means1 ! die is s con/ruct$ t x c %[ six diff]5t positions1 "o among !m be+ #a2 & ^! six possibilities are z real a quality ( ! die1 z its weight or its color4 ,! die has six possible positions4 ,n[ ,i take a die & ?r[ #c4 ,are we n entitl$ to believe t ! ?r[ 0 suffici5tly det]m9$ by all ! innum]able conditions :i* accompany ! act8 ,we confid5tly ?9k s1 & feel no ne$ ( assum+ any absolute *ance4 ,n[ ,i ?r[ aga94 ,:at is n[ ! probability ( ?r[+ #a8 ,we answ] aga91 #a_/f4 ,&1 lo6 !re x is6 ,x came at ! second ?r[1 & we ask1 0 our /atem5t ( ! probabilities wrong8 ,we say1 no6 x 0 n wrong1 = x rema9s true ev5 n[4 ,! /atem5t does n mean t we %all ?r[ a #a at ea* six? ?r[1 b t 7suppos+ ! die to be p]fect7 #a_/f among all ! possible ?r[s w be #a1 s t suppos+ all ! possible ?r[s realis$ 9 an inf9ite s]ies ( ?r[s1 ! av]age numb] ( #a's among !m w be ! "o-six? "p ( ! :ole4 ,! enorm\s importance ( *ance 7viz41 ( t real *ance :i* is no violation ( ! law7 has be5 recognis$ s9ce ,democritus & has receiv$ a fre% illu/ration f ! inve/igations ( ,d>w91 :i* ,i ne$ n "h recapitulate4 ,! !ory ( probabilities tea*es1 t :atev] c happ5 9 ! long c\rse ( an inf9ite numb] ( ev5ts1 actually w happ51 & t :atev]1 accord+ to ! nature ( ?+s1 has a great] probability1 w 9 an inf9ite numb] ( cases occur ) proportionately great] frequ5cy4 ,! lesson :i* we h to draw f ?is /atem5t is1 t t :i* we wi% n to happ51 %\ld be made impossible4 ,& ?is c be done1 p]haps n p]fectly1 b approximately4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 ! evolution ( m9d is due to ! reappe>ance ( *ance2 we say t ! evolution ( m9d is m>k$ by man's increas+ p[] 9 ! re/riction ( *ance4 ,! id5tification ( *ance ) feel+1 or ev5 ) m9d1 is to me an idea s grotesque1 t ,i am incl9$ to reg>d x z a relic ( gno/ic speculations4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 in/ead ( attempt+ to compreh5d laws1 z we d1 seeks to trace _! orig94 ,he tries to expla9 _! exi/5ce by gr[?1 z if !y 7 be+s t evolve l ! =ms ( planet>y sy/ems or ! organisms ( liv+ creatures4 ,consid]+ ! fact t ,mr4 ,peirce is a reali/ only 9 "n1 & t 8 philosophy is soak$ ) nom9ali/ic traditions1 we %\ld say 7& ,mr4 ,peirce w p>don me t ,i quote ! expression f him7 t3 8,! puzzle = him is simply ! usual difficulty t plagues nom9alism :5 x f9ds itself confront$ ) a reality :i* has an elem5t ( g5]ality40 ,! assumption ( absolute *ance might be us$ to acc\nt = any o!rwise inexplicable ev5t1 b ,mr4 ,peirce does n c\nt5ance ?is idea4 ,he w>ns u to be cauti\s 9 its use1 l ! druggi/ :o labels 8 poisons 8h&le ) c>e02 8,i only use *ance10 he says1 8to give room = ! developm5t ( law40 ,hav+ us$ absolute *ance to />t ! _w )1 he dismisses x4 ,s ,fiesco dis*>ges 8 negro aft] he has done 8 "w3 8,d] ,mohr hat se9e ,s*uldigkeit ge?an1 d] ,mohr kann geh540 ,9 my criticism ( ,mr4 ,peirce's !ory ,i said 7,! ,moni/1 ,,ii1 p4 #egd73 8,h[ little1 aft] all1 we c escape ! det]m9ism ( law z be+ a feature ( ! _w1 w be se5 f ! fact t ! explanation = ! evolution ( law is pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,peirce z be+ itself a law1 i4 e41 a =mula describ+ a regul>ity suppos$ to obta9 9 facts40 ,mr4 ,peirce replies3 8,is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 a law1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is to be inviolable 444 & t m5tal law1 ! violation ( :i* is s includ$ 9 ! ess5ce t unless x 7 violat$1 x w\ld cease to exi/8444 ,?us ,i cle>ly escape ! contradiction attribut$ to me40 7,p4 #efa47 ,mr4 ,peirce's escape is l ! disappe>ance ( a m$ium f a room )\t doors4 ,he mu/ h got out ?r\gh ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,! argum5t is s subtle t ,i _c see x1 & ,i feel tempt$ to retort 9 a s5t5ce quot$ f my pr(\nd adv]s>y3 8,i confess1 ,i c f9d only words )\t ideas 9 ! objection40 7,p4 #efa47 ,mr4 ,peirce speaks ( law z hav+ develop$ out ( *ance1 b he himself1 9 fact1 aft] a fa%ion1 expla9s ! orig9 ( ^? laws ( nature :i* repres5t its pres5t uni=mities by a law ( habit-tak+4 ,t ! cons]vation ( en]gy %\ld leave no room = feel+ is to me an obscure proposition4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy decl>es only t ! sum ( all en]gy 9 ! _w1 pot5tial z well z k9etic1 rema9s con/ant4 ,if a liv+ & feel+ be+ r5ews its wa/e & /ores up new en]gy 9 its tissues1 x mu/ take x out ( ! g5]al /oreh\se ( nature2 x mu/ trans=m x1 & _c produce x out ( no?+4 ,:y %\ld feel+ become impossible1 if ! cons]vation ( en]gy is true8 ,! id5tification ( *ance ) feel+ is1 to my m9d1 a vag>y4 ,x is true t feel+ develops m9d2 m9d makes delib]ation possible1 & delib]ation implies *oice4 ,b *oice is n *ance4 ,! *oice :i* a man makes is det]m9$ by 8 "*4 ,!re is m resemblance betwe5 logical id5tity & a pun1 ?an betwe5 feel+ & *ance4 #d4 ,,! ,,negative ,,argum5t ,a ,,logical ,,fallacy4 ,! f\r positive argum5ts = believ+ 9 absolute *ance are unt5able4 ,b ,mr4 ,peirce1 kn[+ t he _h to wea!r a /orm ( criticisms1 has tak5 along a %eet-an*or1 consi/+ ( a negative argum5t1 :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld make ! f\r positive argum5ts r$undant4 ,:at %all we say to ! /atem5t1 t *ance ne$ n be expla9$8 ,mr4 ,peirce says3 8,*ance1 accord+ to me1 or irregul>ity--t is1 ! abs5ce ( any co9cid5ce1--calls = no explanation4 ,if law calls = explanation1 z ,dr4 ,c>us admits x does1 surely ! m]e abs5ce ( law calls = no fur!r explanation ?an is af=d$ by ! m]e abs5ce ( any p>ticul> circum/ance necessitat+ ! result40 7,p4 #eei47 ,mr4 ,peirce is a great logician1 b ! logical argum5ts ( 8 philosophy are n s\nd4 ,if ! abs5ce ( law1 ( co9cid5ces1 ( regul>ities1 did n require explanation1 ! sci5ti/ w\ld 7z is b "r7 /ill h to expla9 ! uni=mities ( nature1 b ! miracle mong] w\ld h a good "t2 = he c\ld tell u boldly t1 accord+ to ! rules ( mod]n logic he is n b\nd to give any explanation4 ,x is true t :ile ev]y?+ mu/ be expla9$1 ! abs5ce ( ev]y?+ 7i4 e4 no?+7 ne$ n be expla9$2 b we _c use ?is patt]n z a s*$ule :i* c be fill$ out at our pleasure4 ,! ideas 8abs5ce (10 8no10 8no "o10 & 8no?+0 play a "p 9 logic analog\s to t ( z]o 9 ma!matics4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d ! read] ( ! puzzl+ demon/ration1 t s9ce "o cat has "o tail m ?an no cat1 & s9ce no cat has eight tails1 "o cat mu/ h n9e tails4 ,op]ations ) z]o act l dea? 9 ! realm ( human conv5tionalities4 ,dea? makes ! begg> equal to ! k+4 ,multiply any equation t is wrong ) z]o1 & x w be correct4 ,op]ations ) z]o r5d] ! impossible possible4 ,b let u look clos] at ,mr4 ,peirce's proposition4 ,he av]s t 8! m]e abs5ce ( any p>ticul> circum/ance necessitat+ ! result calls = no explanation40 ,%\ld x ev] happ5 t ! abs5ce ( any p>ticul> circum/ance necessitates ! result1 ,i d n see :y ?is abs5ce %\ld rema9 unexpla9$4 ,say = in/ance1 a c]ta9 /ronghold is tak5 because ! enemy discov]s ! abs5ce ( gu>ds 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! walls4 ,if ?is abs5ce ( gu>ds be c\nt$ z an important circum/ance helpful 9 ! conque/ ( ! citadel 7& !re is no reason :y we %\ld n c\nt x z su*7 c we say t :ile ! pres5ce ( gu>ds on all o!r spots ( ! wall has to be & c be expla9$ z an endeavor to secure ! place aga9/ a c\p de ma91 ! m]e abs5ce ( gu>ds calls = no explanation8 ,! abs5ce ( gu>ds 9 a p>ticul> spot ( ! ,capitol dur+ ! siege by ! ,gauls1 0 acc\nt$ = by ! /eepness ( ! place4 ,?is p>ticul> spot 0 reg>d$ z safe on acc\nt ( its inaccessibility4 ,simil>ly1 ! abs5ce ( gu>ds 9 ! citadel ( ! ,mess5ians is expla9$ by ! idea t ! ,sp>tans w\ld make no attack because 9 t p>ticul>ly /ormy night a cl\dbur/ seem$ to prev5t all approa*4 ,obvi\sly ! necessity ( expla9+ a rule1 does n conf] ! privilege ( neglect+ to expla9 its exceptions4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ,mr4 ,peirce's argum5t 7ev5 if x 7 =mally faultless7 c h no =ce ) a necessit>ian4 ,su* a "o1 aft] hav+ expla9$ & prov$ to 8 satisfaction t ,gesetzmssigkeit 7or regul>ity su* z c be =mulat$ 9 laws7 is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! univ]se1 is n only ask$ to believe t !re are aft] all exceptions to law1 b is ev5 told t accord+ to "s p>agraph 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's unwritt5 logic ( relatives no fur!r argum5t is ne$$ to prove ! non-exi/5ce ( law4 ,only ,mr4 ,peirce's extreme love ( 8 pet !ories c make him bl9d to su* palpable fallacies4 ,b su* are ! f\ndations ( 8 philosophical ar*itecture4 ,,iii4 ,,mr4 ,,peirce ,,z ,a ,,critic4 ,a good g5]al1 :o has to mask ! weak po9ts ( 8 position1 uses ! /rategem ( mak+ demon/rative sallies ^u 8 enemy4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 al?\gh app>5tly q unconsci\s ( ! fact t 8 basic doctr9es are unt5able1 in/9ctively imitates ?is maxim ( w>f>e4 ,8 def5ce is mo/ly aggressive4 ,in/ead ( reply+ to my argum5ts he endeavors to repres5t my views z incohesive & contradictory4 ,! pres5t issue is n :e!r my views are t5able1 b :e!r ,mr4 ,peirce's are4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am glad to h ! b5efit ( ! se>*+ criticism ( s subtle a ?9k] z ,mr4 ,peirce4 ,!re=e1 ,i will+ly appe> be=e 8 tribunal to expurgate myself ( 8 *>ges4 #a4 ,,! ,a ,,priori ,,& ,,positivism4 ,mr4 ,peirce is greatly puzzl$ ) my position4 ,he quotes sev]al /atem5ts ( m9e :i* appe> to him contradictory4 ,i said3 7#a7 t millions ( s+le exp]i5ces _c e/abli% a belief 9 necessity1 7#b7 t necessit>ianism mu/ be f\nd$ ^u ! a priori1 & 7#c7 t ! a priori mu/ be f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce4#acf ,to him :o ov]looks ! "h italicis$ ^w 8s+le0 ?is may1 inde$1 seem to be a vici\s circle4 ,all k beg9s ) exp]i5ce4 ,we def9e exp]i5ce z ! effects ( ev5ts ^u s5ti5t be+s1 & ^! effects are s5se-impressions ( c]ta9 =ms & int]relations4 ,at an advanc$ /age ( evolution1 ! =mal & relational are fir/ unconsci\sly1 z1 = in/ance1 9 c\nt+1 & !n consci\sly1 ) sci5tific delib]ation1 ab/ract$ f ! s5sory4 ,sy/ems ( pure =ms are con/ruct$ out ( ! purely =mal elem5ts1 ?us ga9$ f exp]i5ce by ab/raction1 su* z our sy/em ( numb]s & ! logical categories4 ,n[ ! laws ( ^! =ms ( ?\ght are applicable to all =mal & relational conditions ( reality4 ,! =mal & relational ( reality are kn[n to u ev5 9 ^? regions ( ! univ]se & 9 ^? prov9ces ( sci5tific inve/igation :i* h n z yet be5 explor$4 ,! sci5ti/ kn[s !m a priori1 ev5 be=e he inve/igates objects :i* he nev] saw be=e4 ,he is acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 ( _! qualities1 viz41 ) ! laws ( _! =mal & relational conditions4 ,?us ! a priori1 or1 z ,i pref] to call x1 =mal ?\ght1 is a product ( exp]i5ce1 & is aga9 applicable to exp]i5ce4 ,s+le exp]i5ces1 isolat$ obs]vations1 innum]able p>ticul> cases _c directly yield or reveal ! laws ( =mal ?\ght4 ,s long z !y rema9 s+le & isolat$ !y w nev] develop into m5tal factors2 b su* is ! nature ( reality t ! s+le exp]i5ces w be built up & arrang$ 9 feel+ sub/ance z sy/ematically z1 = in/ance1 ! =mation ( cry/als or ! h>moni\s gr[? ( cells 9 organisms8 ,:5 s5ti5t creatures become consci\s n only ( ! s5sory elem5t ( _! exp]i5ce1 b also ( ?is sy/em ( _! s\l1 ( ! =mal ( _! psy*ical exi/5ce1 !y become rational be+s2 & ! =mal :i* gr[s ) _! s5ti5cy is n an exclusive & peculi> quality ( !irs2 x is n purely subjective1 b x has be5 imp>t$ to !m1 piecemeal1 toge!r ) ! s+le data ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,x con/itutes a "p ( _! ,ans*auung2 x is f\nd 9 ! objective _w & is a g5]al feature ( reality4 ,out ( ! =mal elem5ts ( our ,ans*auung51 ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 t organ ( cognition is develop$ :i* ,kant calls 8pure reason40 ,exp]i5ce is (t5 us$ to d5ote s5se-exp]i5ce only2 ?us ,kant contra/s exp]i5ce or s5se-p]ception1 :i* he calls a po/]iori1 ) pure reason & =mal ?\ght1 :i* he calls a priori4 ,we use exp]i5ce 9 ! s5se def9$ above1 s z to include ! =mal elem5t4 ,i am unable to =m a cle> conception ( ,mr4 ,peirce's view ( ! a priori4 ,^? sy/ems ( =mal ?\ght :i* ,i reg>d z con/ructions he reg>ds z products ( analysis4 ,he says1 8,!y are results dep5d5t ^u ! action ( reason 9 ! dep?s ( our own consci\sness40 ,he only grants t 8_! ab/ract & di/9ct =mulation comes v late40 ,he /ill holds t ! a priori is innate4 ,9 my conception1 ma!matical ideas1 l t ( ! contrivance ( log>i?ms1 are inv5tions2 & !y are con/ructions z mu* z ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e by ,james ,watt4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ab\t ! purely =mal :i* is n f\nd 9 ! s5sory elem5ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,our k ( ! v>i\s sph]es ( ! purely =mal is ( a g5]al nature2 x applies to any =m ( ! same k9d4 ,?is gives sy/em to our =mal conceptions1 & enables u to make /atem5ts :i* are rigidly & unequivocally det]m9$4 ,x is ?is quality :i* makes !m available z an organ ( cognition :5 deal+ ) facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y furni% u ) me?ods1 s*$ules ( ref]5ce1 & plans :i* l blanks h to be fill$ out4 ,sci5ce beg9s ) ! application ( =mal ?\ght1 viz41 ) c\nt+1 measur+1 & classify+4 ,only ) ! assi/ance ( ! =mal sci5ces c we ma/] ! mat]ial ( ! s5sory data ( exp]i5ce2 & ?us x happ5s t ! =mal is ! condition1 n ( any k9d ( exp]i5ce1 b ( e sy/ematic exp]i5ce4 ,! =mal sci5ces are ! tools ( cognition4 ,t to :i* !y _c be appli$ rema9s unexpla9$1 & ?is is ! ultimate reason :y processes ( nature c be reg>d$ z expla9$ only :5 recognis$ z processes ( trans=mation4 ,cognition is ! trac+ ( =m4 ,we c und]/& a *ange only if x is a *ange ( =m4 ,we _c und]/& h[ any?+ real c disappe> into1 or orig9ate out (1 no?+4 ,we h no explanation = any actual increase or decrease ei!r ( matt] or en]gy4 ,:5ev] we see some?+ entirely new we reg>d x z a new comb9ation1 ! elem5ts ( :i* exi/$ be=e4 ,if !re 7 processes 9 ! univ]se :i* c\ld positively be prov$ n to be trans=mations we %\ld be confront$ ) an unfa?omable my/]y2 & x is a matt] ( c\rse t we mu/ n be dup$ s easily by ! appe>ance ( problems :i* _c be solv$ at fir/ sight4 ,! advance ( sci5ce :i* has resolv$ s _m my/]i\s ph5om5a into pla9 in/ances ( trans=mation gives u confid5ce t ?is me?od is ! only reliable maxim ( inquiry4 ,x has help$ u s f>1 & x w help u 9 ! future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i call my views positivism1 because l ! ,fr5* positivi/s & also l ,locke & 8 s*ool ,i ma9ta9 t all k is to be d]iv$ f ! positive facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,b my positivism is n ( ! old k9d2 x is nei!r s5sationalism nor mat]ialism nor ,comtism4 ,x is a new positivism broad5$ by a /udy ( ,kantian philosophy & ,kant's problem ( ! a priori2 & ?is new positivism1 ,i hope1 des]ves ! att5tion ( ! ?9k]s ( mank9d4 ,mr4 ,peirce calls x a 8/raddl+ ( ! "q10 by :i* he means t a man is 8on bo? sides ( ! f5ce10 & has le>n$ s to =mulate ! issues1 8t bo? p>ties c readily subscribe to 8 propositions40 #b4 ,,det]m9ism ,,& ,,fatalism4 ,fatalism & det]m9ism mu/ n be conf\nd$4 ,we def9e det]m9ism z t view1 accord+ to :i* e ev5t is det]m9$ by its conditions4 ,! decision ( a man ^: lib]ty is n curtail$ by any compulsion1 s t he c act z he pleases exactly 9 agreem5t ) 8 "*1 is det]m9$ objectively by ! motive & subjectively by 8 "*4 ,a man ( a c]ta9 "* 9 a giv5 situation w act 9 a way t is p]fectly det]m9able4 ,det]m9ism1 z ,i take x1 does n exclude free-w4 ,nor does x exclude su* *ance z is1 = in/ance1 ! incid5tal turn+ up ( ! v>i\s faces ( a die4 ,det]m9ism is ! basis ( sci5ce1 & also ( e?ics z a sci5ce4 ,if ! decision ( a free w 7 m]ely ! result ( *ance1 :y %\ld our tea*]s & prea*]s take s mu* tr\ble to =m "*8 ,:ile det]m9ism is a s\nd doctr9e1 fatalism is a sup]/ition4 ,fatalism excludes ! idea ( free w4 ,we def9e fatalism z t view :i* reg>ds ! fate ( a man1 :atsoev] he may d1 z fix$4 ,= in/ance1 we call ! or?odox ,mohamm$an a fatali/2 he looks at ! flame )\t qu5*+ x1 because he argues1 8if x is ,allah's w t my h\se burn d[n1 x w burn d[n1 :atev] ,i may d40 ,9 my reply to ,mr4 ,peirce 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #egb7 ,i approv+ly quot$ f him a passage conta9+ ! ^w 8fate10 add+ t "h 8! ^w #8fate' mu/ be und]/ood z ,mr4 ,peirce und]/&s x40 ,9 spite ( ?is w>n+1 ,mr4 ,peirce employs ?is quotation made f 8 writ+s z if x 7 m9e1 & calls att5tion to ! inconsi/5cy involv$ 9 ! diff]5t application ( ! ^w4 ,?is *>ge ( inconsi/5cy is nei!r judici\s nor fair6 ,we def9e 8necess>y0 z 8t :i* is det]m9$40 ,det]m9$ means describable4 ,necessity is t feature ( ?+s :i* makes x possible t we c1 9 proportion to our k1 describe be=eh& or pr$ict ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,kant's def9ition ( 8necess>y10 z giv5 9 8 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 is n>r[]4 ,he says3 8,t ! coh]5ce ( :i* ) ! real is det]m9$ accord+ to univ]sal conditions ( exp]i5ce is necess>y1 or exi/s necess>ily40 ,?is means 9 our phraseology1 8t feature ( ! real :i* is det]m9$ by ! laws ( =m40 ,! ^w 8det]m9ism0 has be5 inappropriately us$ 9 ! s5se ( fatalism1 9 :i* s5se x has to be condemn$ z a sup]/ition4 ,! t]m is ne$$1 h[ev]1 to d5ote a basic pr9ciple ( great value4 8,det]m9ism10 if us$ 9 ! s5se :i* ! ^w lit]ally indicates1 means 8t view :i* reg>ds all ev5ts z det]m9$ by its conditions40 ,det]m9ism does n mean t ev]y?+ is decre$ by "s fate1 t "s ,deity or o!r p[] has det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,x means t def9ite conditions produce def9ite results1 & t ! results c be asc]ta9$ & describ$1 if all ! conditions are kn[n4 ,fatalism is a peculi> k9d ( det]m9ism1 &1 inde$1 an obvi\sly errone\s "o4 ,fatalism re/s ^u a duali/ic conception1 reg>d+ necessity z a =eign =ce resid+ outside & above ?+s & compell+ !m to act 9 a special way4 ,x is ! ,moira ( ! anci5ts & ! ,kismet ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,! moni/ic view kn[s no?+ ( a =eign =ce or sup]mundane fatum enact+ a special c\rse ( affairs4 ,necessity1 9 ! moni/ic conception1 simply d5otes ! det]m9$ness ( results by its conditions2 x signifies t ,gesetzmssigkeit1 or regul>ity accord+ to law1 is a feature ( reality4 ,we ne$ n repeat aga9 t ! moni/ic view ( det]m9ism excludes nei!r *ance nor free-w4 ,x only excludes 8absolute0 *ance & t indet]m9able arbitr>9ess :i* is sometimes said to be free-w4 ,if ev5ts 7 n det]m9$1 if "u ! v same conditions ! same causes c\ld br+ ab\t diff]5t results1 s t no regul>ities =mulable 9 laws exi/$1 ! _w w\ld be a *aos & no cosmos1 absolute *ance w\ld prevail1 & sci5ce w\ld be impossible4 ,mr4 ,peirce n only conf\nds fate & necessity1 b he also id5tifies !m ) resi/ance1 & ) reality4 ,my idea ( necessity has z little to d ) ! exp]i5ce (1 reaction z1 = in/ance1 ) ! idea ( d5sity1 or ) pleasure & pa94 ,to conf\nd su* het]og5e\s concepts mu/ be productive ( confusion4 ,no wond] t ,mr4 ,peirce makes ! confession t ^! ideas seem to him 8( a mix$ nature40 ,t my pres5tation ( ! case ( ,det]m9ism v]sus ,free-w results 9 8a doctr9e to :i* ! advocates ( free-w w g5]ally subscribe z readily z _! oppon5ts10 is us$ z a reproa*2 b ,i d n take x z su*1 = my int5tion is n to side ) "o p>ty1 b to br+ out ! tru? ( bo? views4 #c4 ,,natural ,,laws1 ,,descriptions4 ,mr4 ,peirce makes ! foll[+ allegation ( inconsi/5cy4 ,he says ( me3 8,! decl>ation 7 #aih7 t #8natural laws are simply a description ( nature z nature is1' & t #8! facts ( nature express ! "* ( nature1' are nom9ali/ic4 ,b 9 ano!r place 7#ajg-aaf7 he says di/9ctly t uni=mities are real40 7,p4 #eca47 ,i am unable to detect any inconsi/5cy 9 ^! expressions4 ,! gi/ ( ^! ?ree /atem5ts is ?is3 ! =mulas usually call$ natural laws describe c]ta9 uni=mities ( reality4 ,! expression 8description ( nature0 is by no means nom9ali/ic4 ,if law is said to be a description1 x is n a m]e "n1 b presupposes ! exi/5ce ( "s objective reality = ! description ( :i* x has be5 =mulat$4 #d4 ,,causation4 ,mr4 ,peirce's usage ( ! ^w 8cause0 is v unsettl$4 ,he says 7p4 #ech73 8,! orig9al idea ( an effici5t cause is t ( an ag5t1 m or less l man40 ,! orig9al idea ( 8cause0 is ! /ruggle ( rea*+ an end or br++ ab\t a c]ta9 /ate ( ?+s4 ,! ,lat9 causa means 8a lawsuit40 ,9 a simil> way1 ! ,g]man ,ursa*e does n mean ! orig9al ?+1 b a 8seek+40 ,sa*e is ! ,engli% sake & ,go?ic sakj1 mean+ 8/ruggle10 or 8qu>rel40 ,x is d]iv$ f ! same root z ! v]b 8to seek40 ,l causa1 ! ^w ,ursa*e 0 us$ z a legal t]m4 ,mr4 ,peirce fur!r /ates3 8,! mod]n me*anical conception1 on ! o!r h&1 is t ! relative positions ( p>ticles det]m9e _! accel]ations at ! in/ants :5 !y occupy ^? positions40 7,p4 #ech47 8,9 dynamics1 x is ! fix$ =ce1 gravitation1 or :atev] else1 toge!r ) ^? relative positions ( ! bodies t det]m9e ! int5sity & direction ( ! =ces1 t is reg>d$ z ! cause40 7,p4 #edj47 8,! practice :i* ,i endeavor to foll[ 9 reg>d to ! ^w cause is1 to use x 9 ! ,ari/otelian s5se ( an effici5t cause 9 all its crud5ess40 7,p4 #eda47 8,:5 my idea is a m g5]al & logical "o1 ,i pref] to speak ( ! explanation40 7,p4 #eda47 ,no wond] t "s causes are prior to _! effects1 o!rs simultane\s1 & t effects may ev5 be prior to _! causes6 ,us+ ! ^w 9 v>i\s s5ses1 ,mr4 ,peirce becomes s entangl$ ab\t causation1 t 9 mu/]+ ! ideas =ce1 position1 reason1 law1 cause1 & explanation1 he no long] kn[s :i* is :i*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,peirce be+ unable to br+ any consi/5cy into ! usage ( ! t]m 8cause10 drops x entirely z a philosophical ^w4 ,?is is ,dr4 ,ironbe>d's me?od1 :o kills 8 pati5t to save him pa94 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,i felt incl9$ to foll[ t plan ( deal+ ) words 9 ?is pr$icam5t4 ,b ,i f\nd out v soon t !re is n "o difficult ^w 9 philosophical language :i* is n or 0 n at "s "t or o!r almo/ univ]sally maltreat$ by ! pr(essional ?9k]s ( mank9d4 ,:at1 !n1 is to be done8 ,%all we eradicate all old t]ms t are errone\sly us$ & create a philosophical ,volapk1 :i* w h ! advantage ( be+ un9cumb]$ ) ! errors ( a long hi/orical inh]itance1 b ! disadvantage ( be+ n[h]e spok5 & n[h]e und]/ood1 except by its inv5tors8 ,dr4 ,ironbe>d's me?od ( deal+ ) t]ms is radical4 ,x imitates ! me?od ( ! social re=m]s :o1 on f9d+ some?+ wrong 9 society g5]ally1 propose to te> d[n ! entire social /ructure1 & beg9 ! _w ov] aga9 f its beg9n+4 ,mo/ ( ! t]ms :i* h be5 9 use = c5turies & ev5 mill5niums1 ,i h f\nd to correspond to a special want ( express+ "s def9ite reality or con/ant gr\p ( realities or important relation among realities4 ,! misuse ( diff]5t words almo/ inv>iably has its orig9 9 a consid]ation ( ! "n alone1 to ! neglect ( ! reality d5ot$ by ! "n4 ,& misuses c be m5d$ only by c>efully inve/igat+ ! realities !mselves = ! d5otation ( :i* ! words h be5 inv5t$4 ,if we 7 to make a clean sweep ( ! 8sup]/itions10 s\l1 ,god1 cause1 natural law1 etc41 because 9 _m m9ds !re are sup]/iti\s notions connect$ ) ^! ideas1 we %\ld soon h to inv5t new t]ms = ! realities :i* necessitat$ ! =mation ( ! old ones4 ,! great bulk ( religi\s & philosophical words orig9at$ because 9 ea* case !re 0 an actual want ( a phrase to d5ote "s specific reality4 ,! errors ( ! v>i\s t]ms arise because our ideas conc]n+ ! nature ( ^! realities h n z yet be5 matur$1 & x is ! (fice ( ! philosoph] to contribute 8 mite t[>d _! cl>ification4 ,causation1 9 my conception1 is trans=mation4 ,take any sy/em ( conditions & let x someh[ be *ang$4 ,! ev5t :i* />ts ! *ange is call$ ! cause1 ! new configuration produc$1 ! effect4 ,! v>i\s factors ( ! sy/em are ! conditions or circum/ances4 ,tak+ ?is view1 ,i d n say t ! effect is ! cause trans=m$4 ,! total effect is ! cause plus all ! circum/ances trans=m$4 ,! effect is some?+ radically diff]5t f ! cause4 ,! cause is always an ev5t1 t is a motion ( "s k9d2 ! effect1 a new arrangem5t1 a new =mation1 a new /ate ( ?+s1 or p]haps ! dissolution ( an old /ate ( ?+s4 ,:ile cause & effect are diff]5t1 ! :ole process ( causation1 includ+ cause1 circum/ances1 & effect1 is to be view$ z "o fact1 or1 r1 z "o sy/em ( facts2 & a process ( causation is expla9$1 7z we h se5 above7 z soon z x is s describ$ t we recognise x z a trans=mation4#acg ,!re is a popul> usage :i* calls ! cause ( ! fall+ /one gravitation4 ,?is k9d ( cause is n an ev5t1 n a motion1 b a law ( nature1 & ,i pref] to call x 8! reason0 = ! /one's fall4 ,mr4 ,peirce def9es a reason z foll[s3 8,a reason1 9 "o s5se1 is ! replacem5t ( a multiple-subject ( an obs]vational proposition by a g5]al subject1 :i* by ! v conditions ( ! special exp]i5ce is pr$icable ( ! multiple subject40 7,p4 #eeh47 ,?is some:at /ilt$ def9ition seems ^u ! :ole to agree ) :at ,i also call 8a reason40 ,all ! reasons by :i* we compreh5d nature are =mulat$ 9 /atem5ts :i* describe ^? g5]al features ( reality :i* we call 8laws ( nature40 ,:o does n see t causes 7i4 e41 ev5ts :i* produce effects7 & reasons 7i4 e41 ! =mulas by :i* we compreh5d ! uni=mities ( nature7 are two radically diff]5t ideas1 & :o c d5y t ! d5otation ( ^! two radically diff]5t ideas1 by "o & ! same t]m1 mu/ & actually does br+ ab\t lam5table confusion 9 ! m9ds ( philosoph]s6 ,accord+ly1 let u call !m by diff]5t names2 nev] m9d :at we call !m1 b let u di/+ui% !m4 ,i reg>d ! usage /at$ "h z ! mo/ appropriate4 ,we call 8! cause0 ( ! /one's fall t ev5t :i* remov$ its support2 b :5 we inquire aft] ! reason :y ! /one falls1 we want to "k ! law ( nature :i* describes 9 a g5]al =mula t quality ( /ones :i* makes !m fall4 #e4 ,,! ,,future ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,causation4 ,x seems z if "s evil g5ius _h caus$ ,mr4 ,peirce to cross my position ev]y:]e1 ev5 :]e ,i %\ld expect to f9d him 9 p]fect agreem5t4 ,conc]n+ m5tal & me*anical causation he fir/ />tles me ) an italicis$ proposition :i* decl>es3 8,!re is no me*anical tru? 9 say+ t ! pa/ det]m9es ! future r ?an ! future ! pa/40 7,p4 #eci47 ,mr4 ,peirce app>5tly int5ds to discr$it ! belief t ! pa/ det]m9es ! future4 ,he adds3 8,we cont9ue1 = conv5i5ce1 to talk ( me*anical ph5om5a z if !y 7 regulat$1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* our int5tions regulate our actions1 7:i* is ess5tially a det]m9ation ( ! future by ! pa/17 al?\gh we are q aw>e t x is n really s40 7,p4 #eci47 ,9 o!r words1 ,mr4 ,peirce cont5ds t our view ( me*anical causation is bas$ ^u an analogy ) m5tal causation2 ! latt] be+ a det]m9ation ( ! future by ! pa/1 we conclude t ! =m] is regulat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,?is is an old error :i* re/s on ! supposition t cognition beg9s ) introspection or self-k4 ,! tru? is t all cognition beg9s ) objective obs]vation4 ,we h to say1 7#a7 t man's view ( me*anical causation has n be5 fa%ion$ aft] ! model ( m5tal causation1 & 7#b7 t ! future actually ent]s z a factor 9 m5tal causation4 ,we d n believe t ! future det]m9es ! pa/1 b x does det]m9e ! pres5t4 ,%\ld we judge ( ! causation ( me*anical motions f our own m5tal exp]i5ce1 we %\ld c]ta9ly rea* o!r conclusions ?an we d1 = ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( m5tal causation1 t :i* ess5tially di/+ui%es x f me*anical causation1 is ! fact t ! future actually ent]s into x z ! ma9 factor4 ,we z rational be+s1 & ! l[] animals also on a small] scale1 d "k to "s ext5t ! future4 ,we "k by exp]i5ce ! effects ( c]ta9 actions4 ,?is fact ( ! future's be+ p>tly kn[n1 makes x possible = ! future to ent] z a factor 9 m5tal causation4 ,i g s f> z to ma9ta9 t !re is no m5tal causation except "s consid]ation ( ! future be conta9$ 9 ! motive cause4 ,! pres5ce ( a plan1 ( an end kept 9 view1 ( an aim to be rea*$ 9 ! future1 is exactly :at di/+ui%es ! purposive action ( ?9k+ be+s f me*anical ev5ts4 #f4 ,,m5tal ,,causation4 ,mr4 ,peirce has discov]$ 9 my expositions ( me*anical & m5tal action :at he believes to be a flagrant contradiction1 &1 z if x 7 ! exhibition ( my scalp1 displays x triumphantly 7 #bg7 9 capitals & italics4 8,no objection c be made10 ,i said1 8to ! possibility ( expla9+ ! motions 444 ( ! bra9 by ! laws ( mol> & molecul> me*anics40 ,& 8yet ! simple/ psy*ical reflexes _c be expla9$ f me*anical or physical laws alone40 ,is ?is really a contradiction1 or is x ,mr4 ,peirce's inability to discov] ! agreem5t betwe5 ! two /atem5ts8 ,let u see4 ,take a little toy fi% ( t9 ) a small iron rod 9 its sn\t1 float+ 9 ! wat]1 & pu% ! fi% s t x %oots =w>d ) a c]ta9 velocity 9 a /raight l9e4 ,n[ take a magnet & hold x at a %ort di/ance f ! prolong$ pa? ( ! fi%4 ,! fi% at once *anges its c\rse2 x n[ describes a curve :i* accord+ to ! laws ( me*anics is det]m9$ 7omitt+ any o!r possible modify+ circum/ances7 by ! mom5tum ( ! pu%1 ! velocity ( :i* is gradually dim9i%$ by ! friction ( ! wat]1 & ! attraction ( ! magnet4 ,^! are ! data1 & f ^! data ! motion ( ! fi% is unequivocally det]m9$ by ! laws ( me*anics4 ,n[1 :5 we speak ( ! motion ( ! fi%1 we mean ! motion1 & n ! iron rod1 or ! qualities ( ! iron rod1 9 its sn\t4 ,:ile speak+ ( motion or ! laws ( motion1 & :ile calculat+ ! curve ( a motion1 our ideas move 9 a p]fectly def9$ sph]e ( ab/raction f :i* all o!r ?+s & consid]ations are exclud$4 ,?is me?od ( ab/raction :i* is ! ess5ce ( human ?\ght & also ( t special k9d ( human ?\ght call$ sci5ce1 is ! way by :i* alone we are enabl$ to arrive at cle> di/9ctions & lucid explanations4 ,we h to keep our v>i\s ab/ractions /or$ 9 an ord]ly mann] 9 our m9d1 ea* "o 9 a special box4 ,if we d n di/+ui% ! diff]5t sph]es ( ab/raction & _! limits1 we %all soon conf\nd all issues 9 a hopeless *aos4 ,b we f9d1 on fur!r exam9ation1 t 9 ?is limitation ( ! description to ! ab/ract sph]e ( pure motion only a "p ( ! process be=e u is describ$4 ,! description expla9s fully1 exhau/ively1 & satisfactorily ! me*anical aspect ( ! case1 b x does n expla9 :y ! magnet attracts iron4 ,! attraction ( ! magnet consi/s 9 ! def9ite qualities ( 7#a7 ! magnet1 7#b7 ! iron1 & 7#c7 ! m$ium betwe5 !m4 ,:5 we inquire aft] an explanation ( ! physical qualities ( ?+s1 we ent] into ano!r sph]e ( ab/raction1 viz41 t ( physics4 ,t physics w h to be expla9$ z a doma9 ( molecul> me*anics may be m5tion$ incid5tally4 ,take ano!r & simpl] in/ance3 ! fall ( a /one4 ,! motion ( ! /one1 its increas+ velocity dur+ ! fall c be expla9$ accord+ to ! laws ( me*anics2 b t quality ( ! /one call$ gravity1 :i* is ! reason ( its fall1 _c be d$uc$ f ! laws ( me*anics4 ,! gravity ( a mass is treat$ 9 me*anics z ! giv5 fact or datum1 an inve/igation into ! nature ( :i* is exclud$ f ! sph]e ( me*anics4 ,he :o dem&s ( me*anics an explanation ( gravity se>*es 9 ! wrong box4 ,:5 we come to ! inve/igation ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 we /rike a feature :i* is entirely abs5t 9 me*anics1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 ,x is ! appe>ance ( feel+4 ,feel+s v>y accord+ to ! v>i\s impressions made by surr\nd+ objects4 ,! same objects mak+ ! same impressions1 special k9ds ( feel+s come to /& = or to repres5t _! respective k9ds ( objects1 & ?us feel+s acquire mean+1 feel+s become ideas4 ,?is peculi>ity ( s5ti5cy1 t x has acquir$ mean+1 is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( 8m9d40 ,:5 speak+ ( m9d ,i ref] to all ^? ph5om5a ( mean+-freight$ feel+s :i* ens\l ?9k+ be+s2 & ! doma9 ( psy*ology is ?us aga9 q a di/9ct doma9 ( ab/raction4 ,n[ let u return to ! contradiction ( :i* ,mr4 ,peirce accuses me4 ,an idea :i* physiologically consid]$ is a special bra9-/ructure or comb9ation ( bra9-/ructures1 reacts ^u a giv5 /imulus1 :i*1 let u say1 is ! s\nd ( a c]ta9 ^w4 ,! ^w is a s\nd-symbol & ! ^w possesses a c]ta9 mean+4 ,! ^w spok5 hav+ ! same mean+ z a special idea t is ?\ght1 :ile its bra9-/ructure is agitat$1 possesses a quality comp>able to *emical aff9ities4 ,?is peculi> ^w w s]ve z a /imulus = ?is peculi> idea4 ,x w n 7at lea/ n directly7 /imulate o!r ideas--z little z a *emical t has no aff9ity = ! +r$i5ts ( ano!r *emical w cause a reaction4 ,:y ! motion takes place calls = a psy*ical explanation1 b ! motion itself takes place 9 /rict accord ) ! laws ( me*anics4 ,b are n ! laws ( me*anics annull$ by ! laws ( physics1 & ^? ( physiology by ! laws ( psy*ology8 ,no1 !y are n annull$1 b modifi$4 ,a piece ( iron t falls to ! gr\nd ) ! same velocity z a /one ( equal weight w be held up by a magnet /rong en\gh to hold x4 ,?is is n an annulm5t ( ! gravity ( ! iron2 x is n a rev]sion ( ! law ( gravitation2 gravitation holds 9 ?is case z good z 9 any o!r4 ,x is only a modification & a complication4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! law ( gravity does n say1 ! non-support$ piece ( iron or /one w drop1 x says t all bodies are attract$ by ! e>? ) a def9ite =ce dep5d+ ^u _! mass & position4 ,& ?is attraction takes place 9 our example2 ! iron support$ by ! magnet reta9s all its inh]5t gravity1 :i* is con/antly ass]t+ itself1 al?\gh c\nt]act$ by ! =ce ( ! attraction ( ! magnet4 ,s9ce ! me*anical1 *emical1 psy*ical1 etc4 qualities repres5t reality 9 v>i\s ab/ract aspects1 we %\ld "k t !re are no purely me*anical1 no purely *emical1 no purely psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,e real ph5om5on1 i4 e4 ! orig9al :ole f :i* ! ab/ractions h be5 made1 pres5ts a complex /ate ( ?+s ( :i* _m v>i\s aspects c & mu/ be tak54 ,i repeat n[ )\t fe> ( contradiction or miscompreh5sion1 t bra9-motions are p]fectly expla9able by ! laws ( mol> & molecul> me*anics1 :ile psy*ical reflexes1 n be+ purely me*anical processes1 _c be expla9$ by me*anical laws4 ,! prop]ly psy*ical & ! prop]ly m5tal are o!r elem5ts ( an entirely diff]5t nature f ! me*anical & ! physical4 ,!y belong to a radically diff]5t sph]e ( ab/raction4 ,he :o tries to expla9 ! psy*ical by ! me*anical1 looks = 8 explanation 9 ! wrong box4 ,& he :o reg>ds ! proposition t ! me*anical laws hold good = all motions )\t any exception1 b t !y _c be call$ ^u to expla9 t :i* is n motion1 z a contradiction1 has n z yet le>n$ practically to apply ! me?od ( ab/raction4 ,x is /range t we h to give ?is little lesson 9 ! elem5ts ( ab/raction lore to s prom95t a logician z ,mr4 ,peirce4 ,we feel incl9$ to exclaim3 8,art ?\ a ma/] ( ,israel & kn[e/ n ^! ?+s80 ,,/ray ,,%ots4 ,!re are a numb] ( incid5tal comm5ts aim$ at scatt]$ po9ts ( my position4 ,i call !m 8/ray %ots02 !y h explod$ )\t h>m4 ,:ile go+ ov] ! battle-field ,i %all pick !m up & w ?r[ "s ( !m back into ,mr4 ,peirce's camp1 :5ce !y came4 ,mr4 ,peirce is 9 ! habit ( call+ e approa* to 8 views 8deep10 :ile div]g5cies are br&$ z 8%all[40-- ,hume's scepticism is call$ ,leibnitz's pr9ciple1 by :i* latt] ,mr4 ,peirce app>5tly means t innum]able s+le cases ( exp]i5ce alone d n con/itute c]ta9ty4 ,:y ,mr4 ,peirce dem&s t ,hume's conclusion :i* ,leibnitz nev] w\ld h c\nt5anc$1 %\ld be id5tifi$ ) ,leibnitz's pr9ciple f :i* x is d]iv$ is n app>5t4-- ,h[ easily ,mr4 ,peirce *anges 8 op9ion6 ,v5n's 8,logic ( ,*ance10 :i* ,mr4 ,peirce s mu* admir$ =m]ly1 has become 8a blund]+ little book40-- ,syne*ism & agapa/icism1 viz41 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity & ! idea ( love z ma9 factors ( evolution are no?+ new4 ,i h always def5d$ !m1 al?\gh n 9 ! peculi> way t ,mr4 ,peirce does4#ach ,9 8 article 8,evolution>y ,love0 he appe>s to me unju/ t[>d ,d>w94 ,i d n ?9k t ,i %\ld improve my propositions1 :i* are 9 _! way syne*i/ic z well z agapa/ic1 by adopt+ ei!r ,mr4 ,peirce's t]ms or 8 pres5tation ( ^! pr9ciples4-- ,mr4 ,peirce says1 he does n d\bt t my idea ( m5tal causation 0 int5d$ to be an improvem5t on 8 molecul> !ory ( protoplasm4 ,i c assure ,mr4 ,peirce t ,i _h no su* int5tions4 ,i held my view long be=e ,i ev] _h a *ance ( kn[+ ,mr4 ,peirce's molecul> !ory ( protoplasm4 ,moreov]1 ,i am unable to discov] any simil>ity betwe5 8 views & m9e4-- ,i took pa9s to expla9 t1 if we disreg>d ! notion ( =m1 e trans=mation1 t is1 e case ( causation1 w appe> z a mo/ miracul\s & inexplicable ev5t4 ,to illu/rate my view ,i said t 8suppos+ we _h no idea ( ! laws ( =m or only an incoh]5t & fragm5t>y k ( !m10 x w\ld be 8a v wond]ful ?+0 t two congru5t regul> tetrah$rons :5 put toge!r w =m a hexah$ron--a body :i* is some?+ new4 ,& ,i add$ to ?is /atem5t1 8b ! laws ( =m d p]fectly & satisfactorily expla9 x40 ,h[ great 0 my a/oni%m5t to see ,mr4 ,peirce ) great complac5cy take up ! problem & expla9 x6 ,inde$1 x is true4 ,t ! comb9ation ( two congru5t regul> tetrah$rons w make a hexah$ron1 is wond]ful only to him :o does n und]/& ! laws ( =m4 ,o!rwise1 x is n wond]ful4 ,i 0 amus$ at ,mr4 ,peirce's +5uity to prove to me t x is a case ( #h-bf4-- ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! comb9ation ( two tetrah$rons & ( ! atoms ,h,o4 ,mr4 ,peirce tells me1 t ! "o is ideal1 ! o!r real--8a diff]5ce :i* to 8 ,scoti/ic m9d is v important40 ,did ,mr4 ,peirce ?9k1 inde$1 t ,i 0 n aw>e ( ?is diff]5ce1 or does he mean to e/abli% a rule nev] to comp>e ! relations z develop$ 9 ! sci5ces ( pure =ms to ! relations t obta9 9 reality8-- ,says ,mr4 ,peirce 9 "o passage1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideal & ! real1 :i* to 8 ,scoti/ic m9d is v important4 ,9 ano!r passage he decl>es t 8! nom9ali/ alone makes a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! ab/ract & ! concrete40-- ,mr4 ,peirce smiles at ! endeavor ( reconcil+ religion ) sci5ce4 ,= he ?9ks3 8,x is a ?+ :i* w come to pass ( itself :5 "t is ripe1 & t our ef=ts to ha/5 x h j t slight effect t our ef=ts to ha/5 ! rip5+ ( apples on a tree may h40 7,p4 #ede47 ,mr4 ,peirce =gets t ! religi\s fruits ( ! conciliation betwe5 religion & sci5ce are our own s5tim5ts4 ,he :o says t man %\ld be indiff]5t ab\t work+ out ! tru?1 on ! plea t tru? w take c>e ( itself1 is comp>able to ! apple-tree1 t refuses to "w out ! rip5+ ( ! apples4 ,! proposition to let religion & sci5ce "w out _! de/9ies1 "o ( :i* is _! mutual agreem5t1 ( !mselves1 is irreligi\s & also unsci5tific4 ,tru? w n take c>e ( itself if we d n /ra9 all our ef=ts to f9d tru?2 & ! k+dom ( heav5 w nev] come unless 7z ,*ri/ taught1 ,matt4 #aa1 #ab7 8x suff]e? viol5ce1 & ! viol5t take x by =ce40-- ,! same ,mr4 ,peirce :o says t our ef=ts to ha/5 ! conciliation ( religion ) sci5ce are useless1 believes 9 miracles & proposes a !ory t pray] c "w miracles4-- ,sev]al philosoph]s1 su* z ,locke & ,hegel1 h compla9$ ( ! uselessness ( ! logical law ( id5tity ,a ,a1 & also ( its b>r5ness = any practical purpose4 ,! law ( id5tity has be5 inv5t$ nev]!less1 because !re is a want = x2 & ?is want1 9 my op9ion1 0 felt because ! /atem5t ( sam5ess 7z set =? 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gj1 et seqq47 is "o ( ! mo/ elem5t>y & important =ms ( reason+1 be+ indisp5sable1 = in/ance1 9 ma!matics :]e x appe>s z equations4 ,we may simply laugh at ! old logicians 8,:o :irl 9 n>r[ circl+ trails1 ,l kitt5s play+ ) _! tails40 ,we may impati5tly disc>d ! :ole proce$+ z empty talk1 yet ,i submit t we _h bett] try to und]/& ! mean+ ( _! unpr(itable ex]tions & ! drift ( _! app>5tly mean+less argum5tations4 ,if we reg>d ! pr9ciple ( absolute id5tity z ! =mula ( sam5ess 79 ! s5se expla9$ 9 ! quot$ passage1 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #gj1 et seqq47 empti$ ( its cont5ts we %all und]/& :y logicians wa/$ s mu* en]gy on an entirely b>r5 subject4 ,we %all readily condone _! mi/akes 9 consid]ation ( ! importance ( ! subject4 ,x is difficult to say h[ mu* we h pr(it$ by _! blund]s4-- ,mr4 ,peirce uses ! t]ms analytical & syn!tical 9 a new s5se = reasons :i* he expla9s at great] l5g? 9 8 8,!ory ( ,probable ,inf]5ces40 ,he says1 8analytical reason+ dep5ds ^u associations ( simil>ity2 syn!tical reason+ ^u associations ( contiguity40 ,i will+ly grant to ! sci5ti/ & ! philosoph] ! lib]ty to *ange ! hi/orical mean+ ( t]ms if ! traditional usage is n helpful 9 our deal+s ) ! facts :i* !y 7 inv5t$ to describe4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ n *ange a t]m )\t good & suffici5t reasons4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ,i /ill pref] ! traditional usage ( ! t]ms 8analytical0 & 8syn!tic40-- ,mr4 ,peirce takes ! lib]ty ( *ang+ t]ms = himself1 b he res5ts x 9 o!rs4-- ,mr4 ,peirce disapproves ( ! usage ( ! ^w 8con/ruction0 9 ! s5se ( sy/ems ( =mal ?\ght1 su* z ! decimal sy/em1 etc41 etc4 8,because10 he says1 8! ^w is imp]atively requir$ 9 ! !ory ( cognition to d5ote a ma!matical diagram fram$ accord+ to a g5]al precept40 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is argum5t we might z well disapprove ( call+ *ur*es1 mosques1 h\ses1 cottages1 or any k9d ( edifice1 8build+10 because ! ^w 8build+0 is imp]atively requir$ to d5ote bus9ess-build+s4-- ,mr4 ,peirce says t accord+ to my /atem5t 79 #afc7 8e elem5t ( compulsion is to be exclud$ f ! conception ( necessity40 ,hav+ nev] made su* a /atem5t1 ,i look$ up ! passage1 :i* is ! la/ b "o p>agraph 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 page #hf1 & f9d t ,mr4 ,peirce mu/ h misread ! s5t5ce1 8compulsion excludes free w1 & necessity does n10 :i*1 ( c\rse1 has an entirely diff]5t mean+4-- ,mr4 ,peirce id5tifies evolution ) real gr[?1 reg>d+ x z oppos$ to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,he reg>ds ev]y?+ z a product ( su* gr[?1 or ,erzeugung1 & adds1 8,i fancy x is ?is cauti\s reflectiv5ess ( my proc$ure :i* especially displeases ,dr4 ,c>us40 ,mr4 ,peirce does n use ! ^w 8bold40 ,he says1 8cauti\s reflectiv5ess40-- ,i did n say t causation is to be expla9$ f ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,i said 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #eff7 t ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy ?r[s light ^u ! problem ( causation4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy & ! law ( causation describe ! same ?+ "u two diff]5t aspects4 ,if we und]/& ! "o1 x w help u to und]/& ! o!r4-- ,kant's *apt] on ! ,ar*itectonic ( ,pure ,reason is well kn[n to me1 b ,i ?9k t ,kant 0 possess$ ( a peculi> love ( ar*itectonic :i* has contribut$ n a little to r5d]+ ! sy/em ( 8 philosophy unnecess>ily labyr9?9e4-- ,x is surpris+ to f9d a man :om ,i always reg>d$ z a ,kant s*ol> ( fir/ degree say+ t 8,kant makes space a necess>y =m ( ?\ght40 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,kant does n make space a =m ( ?\ght1 b ( ,ans*auung or intuition4 ,we _c und]/& ,kant unless we und]/& ?is di/9ction4#aci-- ,kant conceives ( causation z a necess>y sequ5ce4 ,mill1 :o objects to ! idea ( necessity1 replaces ,kant's words 8univ]sal0 & 8necess>y0 by 8inv>iable0 & 8uncondition$10 a sub/itution :i* 0 made ) ! outspok5 int5tion ( radically *ang+ ! mean+ ( ! phrase4 ,mill's t]ms are n 8m exact10 z ,mr4 ,peirce says1 b diff]5t4 ,!y are worse ?an less exact to a ,kantian1 & c appe> m exact only to ^? :o take ,mill's view1 :i* is nom9ali/ic4 ,& ?is sub/itution ( ,mill's is reg>d$ by reali/ic ,mr4 ,peirce z a m]e 8reword+ ( ,kant's def9ition06-- ,mr4 ,peirce makes too mu* ( ! idea ( 8,erzeugung1 :i*10 z he correctly says1 8is ,kant's ^w = ! sequ5ce ( effect f cause40 ,yet ,kant's idea ( ,erzeugung does n conflict ) 8! mod]n me*anical doctr9e40 ,kant says 9 t v same *apt]1 8,all] ,we*sel 7,succession7 d] ,ers*e9ung5 i/ nur ,v]nd]ung10 i4 e41 8,all *ange 7succession7 ( ph5om5a is only trans=mation40 767 ,does n ,mr4 ,peirce "k t ,kant calls e _w-conception t /&s 9 contradiction to ! me*anical pr9ciple 8a philosophy ( indol5ce10 or 8faule ,weltwei%eit08-- ,! same ,kant :o propos$ a me*anical explanation ( ! evolution ( ! />ry heav5s1 object$ v /rongly to t k9d ( explanations 8:i* d]ive all ord] f *ance02 & speak+ ( ,epicurus's 8absolute *ance0767 he adds3 8,epicurus 0 ev5 s reckless 7s unv]s*mt7 z to dem& t ! atoms %\ld deviate f _! /raight c\rse )\t any cause40 ,mr4 ,peirce has ei!r ov]look$ 9 ,kant ^! passages1 or1 if he has read !m1 he has nev] tak5 !m to he>t4-- ,mr4 ,peirce objects to my /atem5t t accord+ to 8 philosophy ! doma9 ( m9d is *>act]is$ by abs5ce ( law4 ,he argues3 8,is n "o ( my pap]s entitl$ #8,! ,law ( ,m9d8'0 ,yet ?is law ( m9d1 he /ates two l9es fur!r on1 8requires its own violation40 7,p4 #eeb47-- ,! 8sport+0 ( ! primeval *ance1 ,mr4 ,peirce says on page #eeb ( ?is numb]1 is 8n undet]m9$ & indet]m9able10 because 8its ultimate result mu/ be an entire elim9ation ( *ance f ! univ]se40 ,%all we und]/& t ! 8arbitr>y sport+0 ( ! primeval *aos1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,peirce 7accord+ to ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #age7 beg9s 8 cosmogony1 0 det]m9$8 ,if absolute *ance is det]m9$1 :y n call su* a philosophy 8det]m9$ ,indet]m9ism08 ,we try h>d to und]/& ,mr4 ,peirce1 b sometimes we really h to give x up4-- ,physiology tea*es t memory alone *anges feel+ into consci\sness1 b ! consci\sness ( ,mr4 ,peirce's orig9al ,*ance is )\t memory & habit4-- ,*ance1 a be+ liv+ & consci\s1 has1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce1 creat$ ! _w1 b ! ultimate result ( evolution mu/ be an entire elim9ation ( ,*ance f ! univ]se4 ,?us x appe>s t ! creation ( ! _w is an act ( div9e suicide4 ,! _w-process is a sl[ deg5]ation ( ,god1 f9ally end+ 9 8 complete annihilation4 ,,retrospect4 ,9 summ+ up ! result ( ! :ole battle1 we f9d t !re is n a s+le "q on :i* we h to yield or ev5 modify our position4 ,our position rema9s ! same1 :ile ,mr4 ,peirce's position has become gl>+ly unt5able4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ju/ice dem&s t we %\ld recognise t he is "r4 ,i %\ld n h call$ ,hamilton 8,mr410 b 8,sir ,william40 ,i c1 h[ev]1 assure ,mr4 ,peirce t ?is mi/ake ( m9e 7:i* 9 all my allusions to ,hamilton occurs only once7 0 a m]e slip ( ! p52 x 0 n ignorance on my "p & /ill less 0 x any disreg>d ( ! rules ( polit5ess4 ,we are oblig$ to reject ! favorite ideas ( ,mr4 ,peirce1 & h only to add t our e/eem = him has n be5 less5$1 9 spite ( all disagreem5ts1 & not)/&+ ! flaws we h detect$ 9 8 reason+4 ,on ! contr>y1 our admiration = him z a dialectitian has be5 greatly increas$1 =1 9 tru?1 we h nev] be=e se5 propositions s unt5able 9 _! nature1 s odd & almo/ biz>re1 z ^? ( 8absolute *ance10 ( 8matt] z effete m9d10 ( 8feel+ z be+ ! inn] aspect ( *ance10 & ( 8real gr[? z oppos$ to ! cons]vation ( en]gy10 def5d$ ) great] adroitness4 ,mr4 ,peirce is unusually famili> ) c]ta9 bran*es ( le>n+1 ( :i* he has made a specialty1 & also ) g5]al philosophy2 b he has orig9al ideas1 & he prizes !m too highly4 ,:]e he makes no use ( 8 orig9ality1 he does extraord9>ily good ,"w4 ,?us1 mo/ ( 8 pap]s on logic1 publi%$ 9 sundry magaz9es1 are1 9 _! critical z well z con/ructive p>ts1 /rictly sci5tific & almo/ free f apocryphal speculations4 ,only slight h9ts 9 !m h be5 a puzzle to me & o!r read]s ( 8 essays4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,peirce has come out m explicitly ) 8 peculi> philosophy1 & we regret to say t ! m he all[s 8 orig9al ideas to ent] into 8 ?\ghts1 ! m w>p$ are 8 !ories4 ,:ile we reg>d ,mr4 ,peirce's orig9al ideas z errone\s1 we mu/ say t !y are nev]!less highly int]e/+ & /imulat+4 ,8 propositions are pres5t$ s vigor\sly1 s attractively1 s brilliantly1 t :ile p]us+ 8 articles1 we f9d !m rem>kably sugge/ive2 we enjoy !m z we d poetry4 ,!y read l a romance ( ! orig9 ( ! _w or a fairy-tale ( metaphysics4 ,mr4 ,peirce's views %\ld receive ! consid]ation ( all e>ne/ /ud5ts ( philosophy2 = he goes to ! root ( its ma9 problems1 & 8 v errors are in/ructive4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #abe ,kepl]'s s*eme is1 t all ! regul> solids1 icosah$ron1 dodecah$ron1 octoh$ron1 tetrah$ron1 & cube %\ld be plac$ "o )9 ! o!r at su* di/ances t sph]es c\ld be describ$ betwe5 !m s z to t\* ! corn]s ( ea* respective int]ior & ! planes ( ea* respective ext]ior solid4 ,he f\nd1 by plac+ ! sun 9 ! c5tre & all[+ ! planets to move 9 great circles on ! sph]es1 7mak+ ! circle betwe5 ! icosah$ron & dodecah$ron equal to ! orbit ( ! e>?17 t !n ! di/ances betwe5 ! planets w\ld1 ^u ! :ole1 agree ) a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,?is !ory is z +5i\s1 z fasc9at+1 & z orig9al z ,mr4 ,peirce's propositions4 ,x has only "o little fault2 x does n agree ) facts4 ,& ,kepl] aft]w>ds ab&on$ 8 orig9al !ory4 #abf ,l ,mr4 ,peirce1 ,kepl] _h1 9 8 days1 too1 ?\ght ( ! possibility ( mak+ ! _w evolve f *ance4 ,:51 9 #afjd1 a new & brilliant fix$ /> sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ,ophiu*os1 he took up ! problem ( />-evolution4 ,we w let ,kepl] tell ! /ory 9 8 own words z x appe>s 9 8 treatise on ! new />3 8,ye/]day1 :ile pond]+ ov] ! problem1 ,i 0 call$ to d9n]1 & my "y wife s]v$ ! salad4 #8,d y ?9k1' ,i ask$ h]1 #8if s9ce ! orig9 ( creation1 pewt] platt]s1 salad leaves1 oil & v9eg>1 & also h>d-boil$ eggs _h be5 fly+ 9 a *aotic mixture ?r\gh space t ,*ance w\ld h be5 able to collect !m to-day 9 a salad8' #8,c]ta9ly n 9 su* a good mixture z ?is is1' 0 ! reply ( my beautiful wife40 ,kepl] reject$ ! idea t ! _w c\ld h evolv$ by *ance4 #abg ,! philosophical articles ( ! ,c5tury ,diction>y d n seem to be free ( p>ty _s4 ,an extraord9>y am\nt ( praise is giv5 to ! m$ival reali/s :i*1 consid]+ ! vag>ies ( _! propositions1 !y d n des]ve4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! blame = ! discr$it into :i* s*ola/icism has fall5 is heap$ ^u ! nom9ali/s4 #abh ,i said 9 ,fundam5tal ,problems1 page #adb1 8,! introduction ( ! ^w positivism into philosophy is ! m]it ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte4 ,al?\gh we _c accept mu* ( ,m4 ,comte's conception ( positivism we gratefully adopt ! "n40 ,!re are pl5ty ( o!r passages 9 :i* my usage ( ! t]m positivism1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,fr5* positivism1 is set =?1 s t !re c\ld be little dang] ( be+ misund]/ood4 #abi ,my ma9 objection to ! t]m ,absolute is to =e/all any hypo/atis+ ( a vague ab/ract notion :i* c only s]ve ! purpose ( my/ification4 ,i suff] ! t]m ,absolute 9 a loose s5se :5 x is und]/ood t x is us$ loosely4 ,i d n say1 z ,mr4 ,peirce seems to believe1 8absolutely univ]sal0 or 8absolutely necess>y40 ,! words univ]sal & necess>y are suffici5tly significant to me )\t any additional emphasis4 ,reality is relative ?r\gh\t4 ,absolute exi/5ces are1 if ! t]m is tak5 s]i\sly1 non5tities2 & ! expression 8,! ,absolute0 = ! :ole ( exi/5ce or = ^? features ( exi/5ce :i* are univ]sal & necess>y is1 to say ! lea/1 mislead+4 ,^! are my reasons = reject+ ! ,absolute z a philosophical t]m4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no objection to ! t]m 9 *emi/ry1 physics1 ma!matics1 & o!r sci5ces1 :]e x has acquir$ te*nical mean+s4 #acj ,mr4 ,peirce correctly says t ! axioms ( geometry are n[ explod$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n ov]?r[ ! reliability ( =mal ma!matics2 on ! contr>y1 x places x on a saf] basis ?an t ( unprovable assumptions1 :i* mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,we look ^u ! :ole sy/em ( geometry z a product ( m5tal op]ations4 ,we p]=m "s op]ations & note :at _! products are4 ,we d some?+ & m9d ! consequ5ces ( :at we d4 ,! problem ( mod]n geometry is to inv5t a me?od by :i* we c con/ruct 9 ! simple/ mann] possible a /raight l9e & a plane4 ,euclid /ill presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! plane & assumes x to be su* t p>allel l9es d n meet4 ,:5 we are able to con/ruct ! plane ( ,euclidean geometry1 we c disp5se ) ! axiom ( p>allels1 =1 9 t case1 ! plane w possess ! qualities x has by con/ruction4 ,we c v well execute o!r con/ructions 9 :i* p>allel l9es possess o!r qualities1 & we %all on ! basis ( su* an alt]$ plan ( op]ation be able to produce entirely diff]5t sy/ems ( geometry4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! space ( our ma!maticians & real space4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t real space has ?ree dim5sions :i* means t f a giv5 po9t e o!r po9t is det]m9able by ?ree magnitudes4 ,we might d\bt 7al?\gh ,i ?9k !re is little occasion to d s7 :e!r ! real space ( our exp]i5ce is truly ?ree-dim5sional1 b we _c d\bt t ! tru?s develop$ 9 ! "o-dim5sional sy/em ( numb]s1 9 ! two-dim5sional sy/em ( plane geometry1 9 ! ?ree-dim5sional sy/em ( solid geometry1 & also 9 n-dim5sional sy/ems ea* 9 _! respective doma9 are p]fectly reliable1 = !y are unequivocally det]m9$1 !y are e9deutig be/immt4 ,!re is no application ( ! !ory ( probabilities 9 a field :]e ! products are n due to *ance b result ) c]ta9ty4 #aca ,i wond] :y ! ,c5tury ,diction>y does n m5tion ! s*ola/ic usage ( ! ^w univocus z ! root ( univocal4 ,simil>ly we are n told t ! ^w incompossibilitas is an inv5tion ( ! s*oolm54 ,duns ,scotus1 ,mr4 ,peirce's favorite philosoph]1 uses ! t]ms univoce & incompossibilitas freely4 #acb ,we accept 9 ?is argum5t ,mr4 ,peirce's solutions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are 8 own4 ,a simpl] example w\ld h be5 m appropriate4 #acc ,! belief 9 a duality ( tru? appe>s q rational f ! duali/ic /&po9t ( ! middle ages1 & ! argum5ts ( ,scotus are clev]ly devis$1 be+ bas$ ^u ! supposition t ! fall ( man _h *ang$ ! entire ord] ( ! _w1 s t ! laws ( nature prior to ! ,fall 7 diff]5t to ^? :i* obta9 n[4 #acd ,duns ,scotus 0 a v zeal\s advocate ( ecclesia/ical supremacy1 ev5 advis+1 = in/ance1 ! prosecution ( ! ,jews 9 ord] to conv]t !m4 ,x is a /range irony ( fate t ! au?or ( ! ,fons vit1 ^u ^: au?ority ,scotus s l>gely dep5ds & f :om he d]iv$ "s ( 8 mo/ important ideas 0 an ,israelite4 ,scotus did n "k t ,avicebron 0 a pseudonym ( ! ,spani% ,jew ,salomon b5 ,gebirol4 #ace ,i omit "h a discussion z to :e!r or n ! cons]vation ( en]gy is true or n4 ,i ne$ n m5tion t ! views ( our physici/s1 su* m5 z ,helmholtz1 ,ma*1 ,maxwell1 ,tait1 & o!rs diff] widely f ,mr4 ,peirce's pres5tation ( ! subject4 ,mr4 ,peirce rejects ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 b reta9s ! cons]vation1 or 7z he pref]s to say7 p]duration ( matt]4 ,i waive ! "q1 :e!r ?is is consi/5t1 & call att5tion only to ano!r1 mo/ flagrant contradiction4 ,mr4 ,peirce /ates t1 8n only ! total am\nt ( matt] rema9s con/ant1 b all ! diff]5t p>ts pres]ve _! id5tity02 & yet he says t 8matt] is effete m9d40 ,?us :5 m9d becomes effete1 ! am\nt ( matt] increases2 h[ev]1 :5 ! habits ( matt] are brok5 up1 m9d orig9ates1 & ! am\nt ( matt] decreases4 ,?is1 x seems1 w\ld make any p]duration ( matt] & ( ! id5tity ( its diff]5t p>ts impossible4 #acf ,t my view ( ! a priori1 z ,mr4 ,peirce claims1 is 8,s*lei]ma*]ian0 is new to me4 #acg ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t frequ5tly sev]al ev5ts cop]ate to br+ ab\t an effect4 ,9 t case we h our *oice1 ei!r to speak ( sev]al causes1 or to treat ! cop]ation ( all ( !m z ! cause1 or to select "o ( !m to be call$ ! cause1 :ile ! o!rs may be c\nt$ among ! conditions4 ,! limitation ( a sy/em ( causation dep5ds entirely ^u ! purpose ( our inquiry1 & we mu/ "h1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 use discretion4 ,mr4 ,peirce concludes1 t accord+ to my view ( causation we c1 9 a relatively uni=m motion1 su* z ! flight ( a cannon ball1 reg>d ! motion ( e mom5t z ! cause = ! motion ( ! next mom5t4 ,i say 8relatively10 = absolutely uni=m motion does n exi/4 ,i grant ?is1 b ,i d n grant :at ,mr4 ,peirce reg>ds z a contradiction ( m9e1 t 9 t case ! cause w\ld be equal to ! effect4 ,a man :o kn[s ! artifices ( ! hair-splitt+ ,eleates & ! o!r conundrums ( logic1 %\ld "k t e second ( "t is diff]5t f e o!r second2 #ab o'clock is diff]5t f #a second pa/ #ab4 ,he :o d5ies ?is1 has only to miss a tra9 9 ord] to be conv]t$4 ,& h[ mu* m diff]5t ?an ! mom5ts ( "t are ! v>i\s mom5ts ( real motion1 = 9 e mom5t ! mov+ body is 9 ano!r place1 ) *ang$ relations2 & if t does n con/itute a diff]5ce1 we %\ld h to d5y ! exi/5ce ( motion4 #ach ,see my article on 8,! ,cont9uity ( ,evolution0 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no #a2 & also 8,monism & ,meliorism10 p4 #gc1 :]e 8! /ruggle = ! ideal0 is contra/$ ) 8! /ruggle = life40 #aci ,= details see1 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d1 page #eah1 et seqq41 & #ebg1 et seqq41 my articles1 8,mr4 ,sp5c] on ! ,e?ics ( ,kant10 head+ iv1 & 8,:at ,does ,ans*auung ,mean80 ,i n[ =give ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 = if a ,kant s*ol> l ,mr4 ,peirce c fall into ?is unp>donable mi/ake1 :y %\ld n ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ^: k ( ,kant's writ+s is1 z he confesses himself1 extremely limit$1 h ! same privilege8 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,!ism4 ,i4 ,,! ,,realism ,,( ,,!ism4 ,x is commonly alleg$ t !re is deeply seat$ 9 ! human m9d a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a supreme be+1 & t ! preval5ce ( su* belief is evid5ce t x has a basis 9 sup]natural revelation4 ,x is urg$ 9 reply to ?is ass]tion1 t ?is belief is n univ]sal1 & t 9 any case its pres5ce _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory evid5ce t is well f\nd$4 ,x is kn[n t ! disposition to wor%ip is ar\s$ by gr& & beautiful objects2 & z ,d>w9 well rem>ks 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 ! natural s5tim5ts ( ! sublime & ! beautiful easily assume a p]sonal direction4 ,sci5tific explanations1 moreov]1 pu% a p]sonal s\rce ( ?+s ev] fur!r f u1 & x is becom+ app>5tly m easy to d\bt or d5y any su* s\rce :atev]4 ,preval5t human in/9cts & intuitions are1 h[ev]1 ! result ( exp]i5ce imp]fectly or p]fectly dige/$1 z ! case may be4 ,9 mo/ in/ances !y yield to analysis some?+ ( value4 ,a m plausible explanation ( ! !i/ic in/9ct is ! an?ropomorphic "o4 ,man kn[s t he orig9ates _m movem5ts1 bo? ( 8 own body & ( o!r mat]ial ?+s1 & he kn[s ( no o!r real s\rce ( su* movem5ts4 ,he !re=e1 9 8 primitive /ate1 be=e sci5tific explanations are atta9$1 naturally ref]s motions 9 nature to an orig9al p]sonal s\rce4 ,?is1 x may be suppos$1 is ! natural habit ( ! unsophi/icat$ m9d1 & is at ! bottom ( !i/ic belief1 :e!r z unexpla9$ 9 consci\sness1 & !re=e an in/9ct1 or z a di/9ctly =mulat$ belief4 ,! ph5om5a ( nature mu/ h orig9at$ someh[1 & !re is no o!r conceivable s\rce ( motion ?an a p]sonal "o4 ,facts develop$ by sci5tific rese>* t5d to weak5 ?is an?ropomorphism4 ,! inde/ructibility ( matt] means t x has nev] be5 creat$4 ,! cons]vation ( en]gy /ates t matt] has always be5 9 motion4 ,! law ( organic evolution is suppos$ to d away ) ! necessity = creative int]v5tion 9 ! orig9ation ( plants & animals4 ,f9ally1 ! obs]v$ facts ( ! evolution ( m9d %[ t ?is1 ! light ( ! _w1 grew l ! organic be+s :i* x inhabits4 ,no?+ high] ?an man has be5 f\nd1 & !re seems to be no gr\nd = suspect+ ! exi/5ce ( any high] m9d4 ,& man himself dies & und]goes dissolution1 l o!r organic bodies4 ,! result ( ?is use ( ! facts ( sci5ce is agno/icism1 at lea/4 ,we "k ( no?+ beyond :at !y tea*1 & "s agno/ics g s f> z to say1 8ignorabimus10 we %all nev] "k4 ,agno/ics1 h[ev]1 h _! faces set 9 diff]5t directions4 ,"s re/ 9 x z a relief f m5tal toil1 z p]sons m !ologically incl9$ jo9 a *ur*4 ,o!rs1 believ]s 9 ! progressive evolution ( k z ( o!r ph5om5a1 set !mselves to explore ! unkn[n c\ntry1 believ+ t our opportunities 9 ?is direction are practically unlimit$4 ,let u look aga9 at ?is an?ropomorphism :i* is s deeply seat$ & s widely spread4 ,its ess5ce is ! fact t we control our own bodies 9 a great degree & t our mat]ial organs obey ! behe/s ( our m9d4 ,we d ?+s =1 to u1 satisfactory reasons1 & = satisfactory reasons we leave _m ?+s undone1 :i* we c\ld readily d4 ,:at has sci5ce done t[>ds expla9+ ?is mo/ ord9>y ph5om5on8 ,we may tru?fully say1 absolutely no?+4 ,x rema9s a fact t a majority1 if n all animals1 move _! bodies 9 _! entirety or 9 "p1 because !y h s5sations4 ,9 ! l[] animals ^! s5sations are m]ely ei!r s5se-impressions f )\t1 or !y are f )91 be+ produc$ by _! physical condition4 ,we rise b little 9 ! scale1 :5 effects ( memory are evid5t1 = we f9d t _m actions are due to exp]i5ce ( ! result ( =m] actions4 ,) /ill high] developm5t1 m5tal organisation becomes m app>5t1 & ! reason+ & emotional /ates h m & m di/9ct outcome 9 intellig5t acts4 ,b ! me*anism by :i* ! act is call$ =? by ! m5tal /ate1 has nev] be5 expla9$4 ,! difficulty lies "h4 ,a s5sation1 or a /ate ( m9d1 weighs no?+4 ,a mat]ial body1 let x be a cell or a mass ( cells1 z a muscle1 weighs some?+4 ,h[ !n c ! =m] move ! latt]8 ,f a me*anical po9t ( view1 x _c be done4 ,= t :i* has no weight to set 9 motion any?+ :i* has weight1 is to violate ! law ( ! cons]vation & correlation ( en]gy4 ,& ?is law is n only an a priori necessity1 b x has be5 demon/rat$ a po/]iori 9 s _m cases t exceptions _c be ?\ght (4 ,s a s*ool ( physiologi/s say t x is n done4 ,no animal eats because x is hungry1 or dr9ks because x is ?ir/y4 ,! man does n direct ! muscle ( 8 arm :5 he writes1 nor ^? ( 8 tongue :5 he speaks4 ,b x is easy to see :y su* a s*ool ( physiologi/s includes b an inf9itesimal "p ( mank9d4 ,!re is a s*ool ( evolutioni/s :o acc\nt = ! :ole matt] 9 h>mony ) ! views ( ! physiologi/s above m5tion$4 ,i ref] to ! ,po/-,d>w9ians1 :o acc\nt = evolution by natural selection exclusively4 ,t is1 animals orig9ally mov$ aimlessly 9 all directions4 ,^? ^: movem5ts 7 b5eficial to !m1 surviv$1 :ile ^? ^: movem5ts 7 n b5eficial1 or :i* 7 injuri\s1 p]i%$4 ,z frequ5t motions 9 a giv5 direction lead to habits1 s 7 inaugurat$ movem5ts :i* 7 habitually b5eficial to ! actors1 :i* h !re=e p]si/$ & multipli$4 ,?us 7 e/abli%$ ! multif>i\s habits ( animals & m54 ,consci\sness _h no?+ to d ) ! process4 ,x m]ely act$ ! "p ( ! onlook]1 be+ simply aw>e ( :at w5t on4 8,l ! locomotive :i/le10 says ,huxley1 8x made consid]able noise1 b did none ( ! "w40 ,to a p]son famili> ) ! facts ( ! evolution ( ! /ructures ( animals1 ?is seems l a mo/ inadequate !ory4 ,x is a commonplace t no k9d ( selection1 ei!r artificial or natural1 ev] orig9at$ any?+4 ,selection simply selects betwe5 exi/+ alt]natives4 ,! fundam5tal "q ( evolution is1 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ?+s8 ,:at is ! fate ( ?+s orig9at$8 is a second>y "q4 ,to ?is fir/ "q ! ,po/-,d>w9ian reply mu/ be1 t ev]y?+ possible has orig9at$ no "o kn[s yet h[1 s t :at has surviv$ 0 necess>ily to be f\nd 9 ?is emb>ras de ri*esse4 ,?is is an enorm\s assumption1 & "o to :i* ! hi/ory ( ! life ( pa/ & pres5t ages l5ds no support4 ,no su* multif>i\s & promiscu\s v>iation is kn[n to h occurr$ 9 liv+ or 9 ext9ct organic be+s4 ,b if ! v>iations h n be5 inf9ite1 !n ! *ance ( ! exi/+ "o hav+ be5 hit ^u becomes greatly r$uc$1 & ! *ance ( its hav+ occurr$ at ! same "t 9 individuals ( opposite sex is /ill small]4 ,f9ally1 ! *ance ( its n be+ imm$iately br$ out by ! ov]:elm+ numb]s ( individuals n possess+ x1 is inde$ inf9itesimal4 ,9 fact1 x is evid5t t v>iations ( /ructure mu/ h appe>$ 9 numb]s ( individuals ( a species at ! same "t1 9 ord] to secure survival4 ,?is indicates a common cause ( g5]al application4 ,t su* causes h exi/$ & be5 effective at all p]iods ( pa/ & pres5t "t is amply prov$ by ! facts ( geology & paleontology4 ,! mo/ influ5tial 9 effect+ *ange ( =m & /ructure has be5 ! motion ( ! body & ( its p>ts necess>y to secure its food1 to def5d or protect itself f dang]s1 & to reproduce its k9d4 ,! direct me*anical effects ( ^! motions on all ! mat]ials ( ! body may be trac$ 9 ! successive /ages ( ! =ms ( pa/ ages to ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! objections above made to ! !ory ( multif>i\s v>iation ( organic =ms1 apply ) equal =ce to ! !ory ( multif>i\s movem5ts ( organic be+s z furni%+ ! s\rce ( intellig5t habits4 ,an additional & especial objection to ! latt] hypo!sis is ! fact t x does n recognise ! well-kn[n adaptability ( animals to new situations & circum/ances4 ,if ! ev5ts ( life 7 a r\t9e mov+ ) ma!matical precision1 ! !ory ( orig9 f multif>i\s v>iations w\ld h a bett] f\ndation2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,food1 fri5ds1 & enemies d n appe> 9 /at$ p]iods1 quantities1 or qualities4 ,em]g5cies are common1 & v>iation ( circum/ance is ! rule4 ,)\t s5sation1 uni=m habits w\ld b lead to de/ruction4 ,ev]y?+ :i* %\ld n be pres5t$ 9 ! habitual =m & at ! habitual "t w\ld be neglect$4 ,food & dr9k w\ld be refus$1 or n obta9$2 def5se & reproduction w\ld n be attempt$ "u ! prop] conditions4 ,9 fact1 ! conduct ( liv+ be+s w\ld be no m intellig5t ?an t ( inorganic matt] 9 motion1 7 s5sation to h no %>e 9 ! process4 ,b z soon z we believe t ! habits ( animals are due to hung]1 ?ir/1 & ! p]ception ( temp]ature1 resi/ance1 etc41 _! acts become intelligible1 & ! =mation ( habits becomes a necess>y consequ5ce ( memory or ! faculty ( subsequ5t recognition ( s5sations exp]i5c$ at a previ\s "t4 ,x is1 9 ?is connection1 ( great int]e/ to recall ! div]se effects on our m5tal hi/ory ( s5se-impressions1 z comp>$ ) ! effect ( ?\ght4 ,s5se-impressions are n rememb]$ 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! repetition 9 memory is always va/ly m indi/9ct ?an ! orig9al /ate ( consci\sness2 s mu* s z to be a v diff]5t ?+4 ,?\ght1 on ! contr>y1 :5 rememb]$ at all1 is an exact repetition 9 quality ( its fir/ pres5ce4 ,! pres5tative consci\sness has "o quality2 ! repres5tative & re-repres5tative h ano!r quality4 ,?is %[s u t ! /ructural arrangem5t ( bra9 sub/ance conc]n$ 9 ! latt] =ms ( consci\sness h a f> m p]man5t quality ?an t due to ! =m]4 ,!y ?us con/itute m p]man5t acquisitions1 & ?is be+ ! case1 mu/ h a mo/ important be>+ on evolution4#adj ,?is is because x is a repres5tative /ate :i* det]m9es action4 ,! process ( det]m9ation may become s rapid z to be almo/ in/antane\s2 b x _h to be le>n$ & ! repres5tation 0 :at gave ! act its "* & :i* organis$ ! ma*9]y ( ! automatic or reflex act4 ,i "h ref] to ! l[ degrees ( consci\sness sometimes call$ subconsci\sness1 & ! expression1 8! sublim9al consci\sness10 introduc$ by ,f4 ,mey]4 ,all %ades ( consci\sness int]v5e betwe5 ! mo/ di/9ct =ms & ! unconsci\sness ( ! reflex /ate4 ,intellig5t subconsci\sness is a l[ /age 9 ?is evanesc5t s]ies4 ,/ages on ! passage to & f sleep1 & o!r =ms ( unconsci\sness due to physical causes1 are prop]ly t]m$ subconsci\s4 ,!re are reflexes :i* are due to me*anisms :i* we inh]it f our animal & human ance/ors1 :i* are sometimes accompani$ by consci\sness4 ,! am\nt ( intellig5ce display$ w dep5d on ! function involv$4 ,exp]im5ts on v]tebrate animals %[ t intellig5t adaptation ( ! movem5ts ( ! body h be5 transf]r$ =w>ds 9 ! bra9 dur+ ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,?us1 a fi% :i* reta9s ! m$ulla only1 w guide itself ?r\gh ! wat] s z to avoid dang]4 ,if ! c]ebellum & ?alami are left to a reptile1 x w avoid de/ructive acts4 ,b if a mammal is depriv$ ( its hemisph]es1 its actions are )\t design1 & x is incapable ( self-pres]vation4 ,x may be t 9 ! tempor>y abs5ce ( ! high] consci\sness1 ! l[] =ms :i* once exi/$ 9 our ance/ors may be reviv$1 z 9 "s ( ! elem5ts ( our dreams1 & 9 "s =ms ( c]ebral disease1 :5 mu* ( ! blood is )drawn f ! cortex or p>ts ( x4 ,! am\nt ( consci\sness necess>y to ! p]=mance ( intellig5t acts dep5ds on ! novelty ( ! situation4 ,_m ( ! !ories on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 take x = grant$ t intellig5t acts arise 9 prim>ily unconsci\s /ates4 ,?is is only cr$ible on ! supposition t su* acts h aris5 by natural selection only1 a view :i* ,i h combat$ on a previ\s page4 ,"s au?ors use expressions :i* c only imply unconsci\s consci\sness4 ,?is is ( c\rse absurd & self-contradictory4 ,no s\rce b s5sation c be f\nd = intellig5t acts4 ,x is true t !re are "s movem5ts ( organic bodies :i* h an intellig5t appe>ance1 to :i* we _c ascribe consci\sness4 ,su* are ^? ( ! sp]matozoids & ( ! leucocytes4 ,"s ( ! l[e/ animals & plants _c be yet prov$ to be consci\s4 ,we _c n[ expla9 ! nature ( ! movem5ts :i* ^! =ms exhibit1 b !y w probably yield to rese>*4 ,en\gh x is = our pres5t purpose to "k t ! majority ( animals are consci\s = a l>ge "p ( _! lives4 ,& we h abundant evid5ce to %[ t movem5ts inaugurat$ 9 consci\s /ates may be p]=m$1 s soon z le>n$1 9 unconsci\sness1 & become "p ( ! m5tal furniture ( ! animal4 ,x seems1 !n1 t ! control ( pond]able matt] by m5tal /ates is n ! exclusive pr]ogative ( man1 b is a ph5om5on ( common obs]vation 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! facts indicate t x is *>act]i/ic ( m9d to move resi/ant & tri-dim5sional matt] "u suitable conditions4 ,^! conditions are rigid1 b )9 ! limits :i* !y def9e1 ! sequ5ce is def9ite4 ,x is difficult to believe 9 any?+ :i* is 9 direct violation ( me*anical necessity1 & a m]e hypo!sis to t effect w\ld n des]ve a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,b ! belief t ! body1 or p>ts ( x1 are mov$ 9 direct ob$i5ce to m5tal /ates is f\nd$ on m num]\s obs]vations ?an are mo/ ( ^? beliefs :i* we hold to be true4 ,9 fact !re is no sci5tific doctr9e bett] support$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce ?an ?is "o4 ,on ?is gr\nd alone1 !n1 we are compell$ to believe 9 some?+ 9 ! univ]se :i* is sup]me*anical1 or extrame*anical4 ,we may call ?is sup]naturalism1 or occultism1 or :at we l1 b ! fact rema9s4 ,we h 9 x ! g]m ( !ism1 an?ropomorphic1 if y w1 b "o :i* gr[s 9 importance z we come to exam9e fur!r into ! *>act]i/ics ( m5tal action4 ,be=e go+ into ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i w ref] to ! "p play$ by m9d 9 evolution4 ,f :at has gone be=e1 x is evid5t t ?is "p has be5 an important "o4 ,if /ructures are produc$ by motions1 x is cle> t habits produce /ructures1 & vice v]sa2 & t "u ! law ( natural selection only ! useful & h>mless ones h surviv$4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t progressive evolution ( =m is secur$ by ! pres5ce ( consci\sness1 & mu/1 soon] or lat]1 fail )\t x4 ,) developm5t ( intellig5ce ! progress mu/ become m cont9u\s & rapid4 ,! facts ( paleontology confirm su* a hypo!sis2 s9ce ! m intellig5t animals 7,mammalia7 h g5]ally supplant$ ! less intellig5t1 7,reptilia & ,batra*ia71 :5ev] br\ght into conflict ) !m4 ,! supremacy ( ! intellig5t ov] ! un9tellig5t ,mammalia is also cle>ly %[n by rese>* into _! pa/ hi/ory4 ,! modification ( type1 or evolution1 has also become m & m rapid z "t has advanc$ & intellig5ce develop$4 ,!re is ano!r reason :y ! int]v5tion ( sup]me*anics into ! process has be5 necess>y to secure su* results z we obs]ve 9 ! evolution ( life4 ,! law ( inorganic evolution is1 z ,sp5c] epitomises x1 8! integration ( matt] & ! dissipation ( en]gy40 ,natural *emical reactions :5 n int]f]$ ) by human intellig5ce1 produce solids & give out heat4 ,9 o!r words1 !y result 9 dea? & n 9 life4 ,to produce life some?+ diff]5t f *emical en]gy has be5 necess>y4 ,& z ! case is a p>allel "o to ! evolution ( ! types ( life1 we may suspect t ! ag5cy at "w has be5 a relat$ "o4 ,x is "s =m ( en]gy ( ! vital class :i* is able to ov]come ! bonds :i* hold dead matt] 9 _! adamant9e grasp2 & x is evid5t t su* an en]gy c\ld h be5 organis$ only 9 "s region :]e me*anics ( a sup]*emical ord] prevail4 ,if we take a l>ge view ( ! univ]se ! alt]natives ( life & dea? pres5t !mselves cle>ly be=e u4 ,! law ( ! latt] is ! integration ( matt] & dissipation ( en]gy4 ,! law ( ! =m] is ! conv]se2 ! loos+ ( ! bonds ( matt]1 & ! production ( me*anism = ! rais+ ( ! type ( en]gy4 ,! fir/ is catag5esis1 ! latt] is anag5esis4 ,! end ( catag5esis is ! ext9ction ( all m9d & all life4 ,anag5esis su/a9s bo?4 ,! be/ f\ndation = our belief 9 anag5esis is t x exi/s4 ,catag5esis has n de/roy$ x1 & ?is fact mu/ lead u to suspect t x is ! product ( an ag5cy :i* is sup]*emical2 & ! only su* t we "k is consci\sness4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* a f>-rea*+ hypo!sis we are call$ ^u to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! relations ( m9d to its physical basis4 ,! ess5tial condition ( ! exi/5ce ( m9d z we "k x1 is metabolism4 ,! sub/ance#ada ( ! n]v\s cells mu/ be 9 a /ate ( decomposition & recomposition2 old mat]ial loos+ its *emical bonds & giv+ =? en]gy1 & new mat]ial arriv+ to und]go ! same process4 ,! en]gy ?us produc$ displays ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 & z su* diff]s widely f ! inorganic en]gies ( heat1 light1 etc4 ,! ext5t to :i* x displays habits dep5ds on ! "p ( ! n]v\s /ructure :]e x is produc$4 ,9 ! sp9al cord x is /rictly automatic1 & z we approa* ! hemisph]es ! s-call$ volunt>y elem5t becomes m app>5t1 until a region is rea*$ :]e conception1 delib]ation1 & judgm5t h _! seat4 ,9 ?is region en]gy is purely m5tal 9 its attributes1 & x unlocks ! executive me*anism ( ! body1 & puts x 9 action 9 accordance ) ! ne$s ( consci\sness4 ,s f>1 me*anical laws expla9 ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,! sup]me*anical resides 9 ! m5tal cont5t & its effects on ! outgo+ en]gy4 ,no quantitative relation c be %[n to exi/ betwe5 ! results ( ! m5tal processes ( classification1 conception1 judgm5t1 etc1 & ! am\nt ( incom+ or outgo+ en]gy4 ,inde$ x is pla9 t none c exi/1 if ! /atem5t already made be true1 viz41 t ?\ghts are )\t weight4 ,?is "p ( ! subject requires critical treatm5t1 b ! g5]al result is includ$ 9 ! above /atem5t1 :i* is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose4 ,s9ce consci\sness possesses su* extraord9>y relations to matt] we may well suspect t x has a wid] di/ribution ?an comes )9 ! purview ( our pres5t limit$ k54 ,:y %\ld x n protect & n\ri% itself "u conditions diff]5t f ^? :i* prevail 9 our planet8 ,! "o condition necess>y to x is metabolism--:i* means free en]gy4 ,! k9d ( physical basis _c be important1 provid$ x be capable ( exhibit+ ?is k9d ( non-automatic en]gy4 ,automatism & all its reflex consequ5ces are ! dea? ( consci\sness1 z e "o kn[s4 ,f su* a type ( en]gy all ! fix$ types ( en]gy mu/ h be5 d]iv$1 & ) !m ! types ( bo? m5tal & physical /ructures4 ,9 its free/ =m x %\ld h z a physical basis a =m ( matt] :i* %\ld be )\t habits1 b always ready to und]go a catag5etic *ange into r\t9e en]gy & ultimate unconsci\sness4 ,su* a m$ium %\ld be unspecialis$ matt]1 & ! consci\sness inhabit+ x w\ld be a creator4 ,su* consci\sness w\ld be readily transmitt$ :]ev] ! physical basis %\ld be suitable1 & "o su* sub/ance is our protoplasm4 ,! probable inf]iority ( protoplasm z a physical basis is indicat$ by ! long & t$i\s education :i* has be5 necess>y to enable be+s made ( x to atta9 a high ord] ( intellig5ce4 ,9 su* a basis anag5esis is sl[1 & catag5esis is easy4 ,o!r bases might be imag9$ :]e ! rev]se w\ld be ! case4 ,no assumption c be made z to a con/ant & limit$ am\nt ( consci\sness 9 ! univ]se4 ,t su* is ! case is supposable2 b x is also supposable t ! am\nt ( suitable physical basis may be increas$ by a process ( assimilation ( non-consci\s matt]1 z is done by animals 9 dige/ion & reproduction4 ,?is process might cont9ue until all matt] %\ld be br\ght into t g5]alis$ condition :i* is necess>y to ! cont9uance ( consci\sness4 ,! entire univ]se w\ld !n be consci\s1 & a maximum limit w\ld be rea*$4 ,9 ! primitive consci\sness1 :atev] its ext5t 9 space 9 ! ,univ]se1 we h ! ,supreme ,be+ or ,p]son4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,idealism ,,( ,,!ism4 ,:at ,i mean by ! above expression is ! !ism :i* is suppos$ to be demon/rat$ by ideali/ic metaphysics4 ,!re are two =ms ( ?is alleg$ demon/ration1 bo? ( :i* h = _! />t+-po9t ! basis ( ! ideali/ic philosophy4 ,?is basis is ! fact t we "k no?+ ( matt] except+ z s5se-impressions4 ,f ?is x is inf]r$ t 7 consci\s be+s to become ext9ct1 matt] w\ld no long] exi/4 ,x is also a consequ5ce ( ?is belief t :at we obs]ve ( ! conduct ( matt]1 :i* we call by ! "n ( natural law1 is ( purely m5tal orig94 ,if n[ ! univ]se consi/ :olly ( m9d1 ! totality ( x1 ei!r z r$uc$ to a body ( g5]al laws1 or to a s+le compreh5sive g5]alisation1 or concept1 is "o =m ( ideali/ic ,god4 ,! o!r demon/ration is z foll[s4 ,s9ce matt] exi/s z m5tal /ates1 & s9ce ^! m5tal /ates are common to mank9d1 :o are mortal2 s9ce ^! m5tal /ates reproduce !mselves f g5]ation to g5]ation1 x is inf]r$ t a p]man5t m5tal /ate exi/s1 :i* possesses ! p]man5t s5sations we call matt]4 ,& ?is common m9d ( humanity is ,god4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! deities is ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ case he is an ab/raction ( ! human m9d & !re=e n a p]son ap>t f su* m5 z are capable ( ! g5]alisations ( :i* he consi/s4 ,9 ! second case he is a p]son ap>t f humanity4 ,! validity ( ei!r demon/ration to ! ?9k] dep5ds on 8 po9t ( view4 ,to e "o b ! ideali/1 ! fir/ proposition is a!ism4 ,! evid5ce = ! second is metaphysical an?ropomorphism1 & w\ld be a demon/ration1 7 ! !ory ( idealism well f\nd$4 ,! fact t we only "k matt] z s5se-impressions does n1 9 ! op9ion ( reali/s1 prove t x does n exi/ z ! resi/ant & ext5d$4 ,resi/ance ( ea* "p to ! movem5ts ( o!r p>ts 7en]gy71 & ext5sion 9 space1 are conditions ab\t :i* we h a great deal ( in=mation4 ,our lives are sp5t 9 ov]com+ ! "o1 & 9 gett+ r\nd ! o!r4 ,our me?ods ( deal+ ) x repres5t ! anti!sis ( ^? employ$ 9 ?\ght-processes4 ,! latt] are be/ p]=m$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! muscul> ex]tion :i* is s necess>y 9 deal+ ) ! =m]4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! well-kn[n diff]5ce 9 consci\sness betwe5 s5se-impressions & ! repres5tation & re-repres5tation ( !m4 ,! diff]5ce c]ta9ly implies a diff]5ce 9 ! imm$iate s\rces ( ! respective k9ds ( consci\sness4 ,! "o is produc$ by some?+ diff]5t f t :i* produces ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 ! "o is produc$ by ! contact ( matt] ext]nal to our physical basis1 & ! o!r is produc$ by a modification ( bra9-/ructure2 & 9 ! fir/ place by t simple/ =m ( x :i* is ! cause ( memory4 ,! effect ( su* obs]vation is ! conviction t matt] exi/s z some?+ outside ( consci\sness or m9d1 9 spite ( ! fact t we only "k x 9 consci\sness4 ,9 a ^w1 consci\sness & k imply ! exi/5ce r ?an ! non-exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* is kn[n4 ,! fundam5tal actualities are1 !n1 subject & object2 or1 9 popul> language1 m9d & matt]4 ,philosophy includes ! sci5ces :i* embrace ! k ( bo? subject & object2 b ! practical philosophy is ! sci5ce ( ! mutual relations ( ! two4 ,x may be said t subject & object are opposite sides ( ! same reality1 b ?is =m ( expression appe>s to me to be no m accurate ?an ! /atem5t t en]gy & matt] are opposite sides ( ! same ?+4 ,z en]gy is ! motion ( matt]1 m9d is ! intellig5ce ( matt]2 & bo? may be call$ prop]ties ( matt] ) equal propriety1 s9ce bo? are impossible )\t a physical basis4 ,m9d1 h[ev]1 diff]s f en]gy 9 possess+ "s intr9sic qualities :i* are 9 ess5ce indep5d5t ( ! qualities ( ! physical basis2 & ^! intr9sic qualities are ! =ms ( logic4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 b a "p ( ! totality ( m9d1 al?\gh !y und]lie or p5etrate all its repres5tative activities4 ,:ile m9d !n _c exi/ )\t a physical basis1 x rema9s to be consid]$ :e!r any o!r objective _w is necess>y to its exi/5ce4 ,x is sometimes alleg$ t consci\sness c\ld n exi/ )\t an objective1 ext]ior to its physical basis4 ,if1 h[ev]1 consci\sness is a necess>y attribute ( free en]gy1 ! latt] purely metaphysical speculation has no f\ndation4 ,! 8intuition ( ,be+0 7,rosm9i7 w\ld exi/1 albeit n mu* specialis$1 9 ! abs5ce ( multif>i\s objects2 b ! =ms ( logic w\ld *>act]ise x nev]!less4 ,x is alleg$ t we c nev] "k matt] z x is1 because our obs]vation is re/rict$ to ! mutual relations ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,9 ?is ass]tion our intellig5ce necess>ily concurs1 b ?is ne$ n cause u to relax our ex]tions 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,! practical philosophy is1 z already rem>k$1 ! k ( ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 m9d & matt]1 s t our mo/ valuable acquisition w be 9 ! end ! laws ( a relation4 ,we may well po/pone our endeavors aft] ! absolute1 ev5 if we c ev] atta9 a k ( x4 ,! reali/ is cont5t to believe t if we d n "k 8?+s z !y are 9 !mselves10 x is because1 ( ! imp]fection ( our s5ses4 ,b we are con/antly discov]+ new aids to rese>*1 & we c put no limit to our p[] 9 ?is direction4 ,! rese>* into ! relations ( subject & object1 means to !ology1 an inve/igation z to ! exi/5ce & nature ( ,deity1 & z to an exi/5ce = consci\s be+s 9 o!r ?an t]re/rial life4 ,! pure ideali/ rea*es an affirmative answ] to ^! problems by a %ort & easy r\te1 bas$ on a /udy ( ! intr9sic nature ( m9d alone4 ,! pure reali/ rea*es a negative conclusion by an equally %ort cut1 by consid]+ ! prop]ties ( matt] alone4 ,n a few ?9k]s ent]ta9 bo? doctr9es at "o & ! same "t1 al?\gh !y are mutually exclusive & contradictory4 ,no wond] t !y rea* :at ,montgom]y well t]ms 8! puzzle ( puzzles40 ,b ! rational conclusion f ?is deadlock mu/ be1 t !re is some?+ wrong ) ! me?ods ( bo? sides4 ,to ! practical m9d x seems t ! vice 9 bo? me?ods is ! failure to h>monise prop]ly ) _! own1 ! facts adduc$ by ! opposite side 9 ! discussion4 ,& x is inde$ evid5t t t _c be ! f9al philosophy :i* re/ricts itself to a consid]ation ( m9d alone2 or t :i* re/ricts itself to a consid]ation ( matt] alone4 ,t m5 %\ld pursue diff]5t l9es ( rese>* is natural4 ,^? ^: m9ds are capable 9 ! fields ( conception naturally pref] ideali/ic /udies2 :ile ^? ^: especial g5ius lies 9 ! direction ( me*anics1 easily pursue-mat]iali/ic rese>*4 ,:at is ne$$ is a comb9ation ( ! two fields ( ability 9 ! same m9d4 ,a consid]able class ( s]i\s p1 obs]v+ ! div]sities betwe5 ! s*ools ( philosophy1 reg>d su* /udies z useless4 ,s9ce !y h n ! disposition or ability to solve ! "q = !mselves1 !y f9d x be/ to re/ 9 unc]ta9ty1 :i* has optimi/ic or pessimi/ic t5d5cies accord+ to temp]am5t & education4 ,! optimi/ has fai? t all is1 & all w be1 well2 :ile ! pessimi/ takes ! opposite view4 ,bo? are su/a9$ 9 _! position by ^? tea*]s :o tea* ! impot5ce ( our faculties & ! uselessness ( k4 ,su* appeal 9 support ( _! position to ! facts already cit$2 ! imp]fection ( our s5ses2 ! relativity ( k2 ! inscrutable nature ( m9d & matt]1 etc4 ,?is position is1 h[ev]1 a plea ( avoidance1 & x w be "t en\gh to li/5 to x :5 ! av5ues ( ! increase ( human k are p]man5tly clos$4 ,?is !y are n at pres5t4 ,! key to ! position is ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,"h we behold ! int]action ( subject & object1 bo? 9 our own p]sons & 9 ! inf]ior be+s :i* are ) u1 & :i* h prec$$ u on e>?4 ,t m9d has n sprung full-fl$g$ ^u ?is planet1 is cle>2 & t x has made wond]ful progress 9 p[]1 is equally cle>4 ,:y did x n appe> ) all its p[]s 89 ! beg9n+08 ,! answ] obvi\sly is1 8! intractability ( matt]40 ,:y has x progress$ 9 face ( ?is ob/acle8 ,! answ] is1 ! tractability ( matt]4 ,m9d1 ?r\gh its intr9sic quality1 has corc$ matt]1 9 ev] increas+ degree1 & ! limit ( its capacity 9 ?is direction pla9ly has n yet be5 rea*$4 ,its mo/ important conque/ has be5 t ( its own physical basis1 & next to x is ! conque/ ( ! _w ( objects by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,its la/ conque/ w be ! k ( its de/9y1 z a projection ( its kn[n pa/4 ,to ?is end ! k ( its own con/itution is ess5tial1 b ?is is n all1 z ! pure ideali/ w\ld h u believe4 ,! k ( ext]nal relations is also ess5tial1 = we c 9 no /ate ( be+ escape !m4 ,psy*ic life is an 8int]nal adju/m5t to ext]nal relations10 q z mu* z is ! physical life1 z x is def9$ by ,sp5c] 9 ! phrase j quot$4 ,! ,deity ( evolution indicat$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is pap]1 w n satisfy ! pure ideali/4 ,he is n an absolute1 s9ce ,he is compell$ to respect relations4 ,b we f9d ,him to be j1 :i* he evid5tly is n if absolute4 ,he is an?ropomorphic1 & n an ab/raction ( ! human m9d4 ,& yet z ! seat ( rationality1 & z ! director ( free en]gy1 ,he possesses ! function ( creator ( :atev] is possible4 ,! evolution ( indep5d5t human m9ds has be5 only possible ?r\gh education1 & "h z else:]e1 tea*able /ud5ts h met ) great] success ?an ! /olid4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t ! process ( evolution may be ei!r progressive 7,anag5esis7 or retrogressive 7,catag5esis74 ,?is is well kn[n to be ! case ) organic types1 :]e deg5]ate phyla are common4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t 9 ! ord] ( ?+s deg5]acy has occurr$ :]ev] x has be5 possible2 t is1 "u circum/ances :i* p]mitt$ vegetative life ?r\gh lack ( /imuli to en]getic motion4 ,!re has always be5 8room at ! top02 b only :5 all ! l[] fields ( exi/5ce h be5 = ! "t be+ fill$1 has !re be5 room at ! top only4 ,! hi/ory ( m5tal evolution has accompani$ t ( g5]al /ructural evolution1 & = simil> reasons4 ,x is well illu/rat$ 9 human society to-day4 ,^! facts sugge/ t ?is has be5 ! hi/ory ( all evolution1 s9ce !y h>monise ) ! ord] ( evolution obs]v$ 9 our sol> sy/em1 9 :i* ! inorganic has prec$$ ! organic1 or ,catag5esis has prec$$ ,anag5esis4 ,if ! =ms ( non-vital en]gy repres5t a result ( ,catag5esis1 we are n b\nd to look on m9]als z 9 any s5se liv+1 z has be5 sugge/$ by ,haeckel & o!rs4 ,mo/1 if n all1 =ms ( *emical en]gy h sunk bel[ ! vital level1 & c]ta9ly f> bel[ ! possibility ( display+ consci\sness4 ,we are "h look+ ov] unexplor$ t]ritory1 & "o ^: elucidation is entirely 9 ! future1 b we may put our ideas 9 ord]1 if we d no?+ m4 ,besides 8 relations to ! imp]sonal mat]ials t surr\nd him1 man has ess5tial relations to 8 fell[-man4 ,! laws ( ^! relations are e?ics4 ,mu* is writt5 & spok5 aga9/ ! utilit>ian or evolution>y !ory ( e?ics4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 escape ! conviction t ?is !ory (f]s ! true explanation ( ! rise ( ! e?ical s5tim5t 9 mank9d4 ,b to und]/& x aright1 we mu/ include ! gr[? ( ! social s5tim5t1 z well z t ( ! rational elem5t1 9 ! evolution ( ju/ice or "r4 ,! oppon5ts ( ?is view sometimes commit ! error common to all ^? :o d n und]/& ! nature ( m5tal evolution4 ,"s ( !m imag9e t x is necess>y to suppose t1 9 h>mony ) ?is !ory1 e man decides 8 e act solely 9 accordance ) :at appe>s to him at ! "t to subs]ve ! l[e/ =m ( selfi%ness ( :i* he is capable4 ,! doctr9e1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9s t habits ( hone/y & ju/ice are ! result ( ! education ( ! ages1 & t m5 obey su* motives accord+ to _! developm5tal /atus2 t is1 9 accordance ) ! evolution ( ! habit ( pref]r+ ! high] to ! l[] =ms ( utility4 ,! fur!r "q ( :at x is t has rais$ ! /&>d ( utility1 is answ]$ by :at we see go+ on ar\nd u4 ,! fe> ( ! law2 ! love ( ! approbation ( our fell[s2 ! sympa?y ) our fell[-m52 ! fe> ( _! indignation2 all ^! are educators ( great pot5cy1 :i* h always be5 active4 ,^! motives1 organis$ z "*1 are compulsory1 & x w\ld be /range if !y h n be5 effective 9 produc+ results4 ,practical e?ics has to d ) mat]ial be+s & _! mat]ial possessions1 i4 e4 ) p]son & prop]ty4 ,)\t ! objective1 ! cont5t ( e?ics is purely ideal1 consi/+ ( love & hate1 & ! ju/ice & inju/ice ( op9ion :i* might be ! outcome ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,^! s5tim5ts are realities ( ! subjective1 repres5t+ ! affections1 z ! =m ( ?\ght con/itutes ! rational faculties4 ,b if we endeavor 9 ?\ght to deprive love & hate1 ju/ice & inju/ice1 ( all mat]ial consequ5ces & implications1 we deprive ^? s5tim5ts ( mu* ( _! value if we d n aboli% _! occasions altoge!r4 ,x appe>s to me at lea/ d\btful :e!r hate & inju/ice c\ld exi/ 9 a society consi/+ ( disembodi$ m9ds1 if su* be+s c\ld be imag9$2 a supposition :i* ,i _c ent]ta94 ,if e?ics _c exi/ )\t mat]ial expression1 x is cle> t1 on ! o!r h&1 !y _c exi/ )\t a subjective f\ndation4 ,?us e?ics is ! highe/ expression ( ! relation betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,e?ics is ! practical application ( ! m5tal p[]s to human relations1 & ! m complete ! evolution ( m9d1 ! m p]fect is ! e?ical practice4 ,?us ! evolution ( ! m9d is ! gu>antee ( e?ical progress1 & ! m intellig5t ! m9d1 ! m easy w ! evolution be4 ,z 9 all education1 ! lagg>ds exp]i5ce ! sev]ities ( compulsion1 :ile pa9s & p5alties are avoid$ by ^? :o p]ceive _! approa* & d n await _! arrival4 ,"h we h ! utilit>ian gr\nd ( our num]\s e?ical & religi\s organisations4 ,!y invite m5 to a priori subjective !ory1 & objective practice1 s z to pres]ve society f ! evils ( inf]ior & pa9ful me?ods ( compulsion1 :i* lie at ! basis ( e?ical evolution4 ,x is ! dread ( ?is me?od :i* r\ses a natural repugnance 9 ! m9ds ( _m m5 to ! doctr9e :i* tea*es ( x4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! in/rum5ts ( evolution *ange ) ! ?+ t is evolv+1 & ! conditions ( progressive e?ics are ! /ages ( progress ( ! m9d4 ,:at is necess>y = ! education ( ! l[] m9d is no long] necess>y = ! high]4 ,?is is n only a tru? ( philosophy1 b ! fact may be disc]n$ 9 ! religions :i* m5 h made = !mselves4 ,!y describe ! e?ical /ate ( _! au?ors1 & prescribe ! treatm5t appropriate to x4 ,our k ( "s p>ts ( evolution>y hi/ory is meagre1 & on "s ( its *apt]s we are absolutely 9 ! d>k4 ,?is is especially true ( ! causes ( ! appe>ance ( life & consci\sness on ! e>?4 ,spontane\s g5]ation has n be5 prov51 & ! imm$iate s\rce ( s5sation is unkn[n4 ,! conclusions enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ pages are d]iv$ f evid5ce pres5t$ 9 m or less complete fragm5ts4 ,b ! !sis rema9s true t m9d possesses a limit$ control ov] its physical basis1 b "o :i* is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ma9 direction ( ! evolution ( ^? organic =ms :i* possess x4 ,& x is also true t ! ess5tial =ms ( ! rational m9d are n due to correspond+ qualities ( ! physical basis4 ,^! =ms are3 ! pr9ciples ( id5tity1 ( ab/raction1 & ( g5]alisation or conception4 ,^! *>act]i/ics con/itute ! ideali/ic ess5ce ( ,!ism4 ,b we look to ! reali/ic elem5t ( ,!ism = ! demon/ration ( ! di/9ct p]sonality ( ,god4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,cope4 ,,footnotes3 #adj ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhi1 p4 #die #ada ,rec5t exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity %[ t ! cytoplasm ( cells1 :i* are exhau/$ by labor1 is vacuolat$4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,,g]many4 ,! "n ( ,ces>e ,lombroso is n[ m & m m5tion$ 9 ,g]many1 n only 9 psy*iatrical1 juridical1 & sociological works1 writt5 = ! le>n$ public1 b also 9 ! newspap]s & magaz9es4 ,by ! side ( occasional recognition ( 8 doctr9e ( ! born crim9al & g5ius1 we meet--& ^! are ! majority ( ! cases--) viol5t attacks on x1 :i* n seldom exhibit real ignorance ( ! views ( ! celebrat$ ,italian inve/igator4 ,lombroso himself is p>tly to blame = ?is un=tunate circum/ance1 = 8 writ+s1 ) _! m\nta9s ( undige/$ mat]ial1 are s lack+ 9 unity & p]spicuity t misconceptions are v apt to arise4 ,! ,g]man translator ( ,lombroso1 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,kurella1 psy*iatri/ 9 ,kreuzburg1 9 ,silesia1 has rec5tly giv5 to ! _w a synoptical exposition ( ,lombroso's !ory ( ! born crim9al1 "u ! title ,ces>e ,lombroso und die ,naturges*i*te des ,v]bre*]s1 ,hamburg1 #ahib1 ,ri*t]4 ,! au?or n only exp\nds ! doctr9es ( ,lombroso1 b also deals critically ) !m1 &1 al?\gh ^u ! :ole 8 sympa?ies are ) ! views ( ! ,italian sci5ti/1 he nev]!less believes t ! exi/5ce ( a fix$ type ( ! del9qu5te nato1 embrac+ all special =ms ( crim9ality1 is yet a "q ( d\bt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,,max ,,nordau1 a widely-read au?or ( ours1 gives unqualifi$ recognition to ! !ories ( ,lombroso1 fully accept+ ! idea ( 8deg5]ation10 fir/ introduc$ by ,morel into sci5ce & fur!r develop$ by ,lombroso1 &1 9 completion ( ! "w ( 8 ma/]1 ext5d+ ?is idea to art & lit]ature4 ,9 8 "w1 ,ent>tung1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* 0 rec5tly publi%$ by ,c>l ,dunck]1 ( ,b]l91 & is d$icat$ to ,lombroso1 88 de>1 admir$ ma/]10 he says3 8,deg5]ate types are n always crim9als1 pro/itutes1 an>*i/s1 & idiots4 ,!y are (t5 writ]s & arti/s1 & ^! exhibit ! same m5tal1 & frequ5tly also ! same physical1 traits z ^? memb]s ( ! same an?ropological family t satisfy _! diseas$ in/9cts by means ( ! murd]]'s knife or ! c>tridge ( ! dynamit>d1 in/ead ( ) p5 & p5cil40 ,p :o are acqua9t$ ) ,nordau's previ\s works w p]haps imag9e t ?is late/ book ( 8 is simply a mass ( j\rnali/ic ebullitions :i* c lay no claim to sci5tific value4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is wrong4 ,nordau is n only well acqua9t$ ) ! pa?o-psy*ological lit]ature ( ?is prov9ce--especially ) ! ,fr5*--b he also turns 8 k to sci5tific acc\nt1 :i* psy*iatri/s l ,pelman & o!rs h publicly admitt$4 ,tak+ x z a :ole1 ,nordau has pres5t$ 9 ?is fir/ volume ( 8 "w a good psy*ology ( my/icism--good1 t is1 = all :o accept ! association psy*ology4 ,nordau's expositions embrace all ! psy*ological !ories :i* belong 9 ?is prov9ce1 ) _! applications to individuals & to ! t5d5cies ( mod]n lit]ature & art4 ,) respect to ! fir/ po9t1 ! au?or is "r 9 say+ t he does n (f] "h any?+ new to ! pr(essional psy*ologi/1 b he is wrong 9 8 !ory t psy*ologi/s w read ?is *apt] ) impati5ce1 = 8 exposition is unque/ioniably elegantly writt54 ,( mu* great] int]e/ is ! second "p1 9 :i* a diagnosis ( imbecility is r5d]$ ^u ! ,engli% pre-,raphaelites1 ! ,fr5* symboli/s1 ! ,tol/ois1 & ,ri*>d ,wagn]s4 ,! *apt] on ,ri*>d ,wagn] w especially attract att5tion = its sev]ity4 ,nordau closes x ) ! words1 8( all ! ab]rations ( ! pres5t "t1 ,wagn]ism is ! mo/ widely diffus$ & ! mo/ important4 ,! playh\se at ,bayreu?1 ! ,bayreu!r ,bltt]1 ! ,p>isian ,revue ,wagn]i5ne1 are la/+ monum5ts by :i* ! future w measure 9 wond]m5t ! dim5sions ( ?is deg5]ation & hy/]ia ( our day40 ,nordau ?r[s light ^u num]\s moot$ ph5om5a ( mod]n art & lit]ature1 po9t+ out _! diseas$ features4 ,"o is really surpris$ at ! ext5t ( 8 "w4 ,all 9 all1 x may be =ese5 t ,ko*'s doctr9e ( ! 8psy*opa?ical m9or factors0--or ^? psy*ical factors :i* con/itute ! bord]-l9e betwe5 m5tal heal? & disease--w cle> up mu* m ext5sive fields ?an !y h1 :5 appli$ 9 ! direction indicat$ by ,nordau4 ,,ko* has n[ publi%$ ! ?ird "p ( 8 "w1 7:i* ,i h repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 ,! ,moni/7 & ?us complet$ x4 ,he concludes 8 la/ volume ) ^! words3 8,! doma9 ( ! #8psy*opa?ical m9or factors' is a wide & v int]e/+ "o4 ,:osoev] ent]s pr(\ndly into x w le>n to look at mu* 9 life ) diff]5t eyes f ^? ) :i* he began1 w und]/& _m m5 & _m human acts1 :i* be=e he did n und]/&4 ,!re are yet _m sci5tific treasures to be une>!d 9 ?is field1 & ,i hope t ,i %all w9 _m a coadjutor4 ,i hope1 also1 t qualifi$ m5 w make ?is !ory ( ! psy*opa?ical m9or factors fruitful 9 wid] fields & = great] problems40 ,x is a common belief t x is pre-em95tly 9 our "t t psy*ical disord]s & psy*ical m9or factors play s great a rle4 ,b t 9 ! s5se ( ,nordau !y are n ( s rec5t orig9 a c>eful read] w le>n f a new "w ( ,,ludwig ,,geig]1 ! well-kn[n hi/orian ( lit]ature & civilisation 7,paetel1 ,b]l974 ,its title is3 ,b]l91 #afhh-ahdj3 ,ges*i*te des gei/ig5 ,leb5s d] preussis*5 ,haupt/adt4 ,z yet1 only ! fir/ volume has appe>$1 :i* ext5ds to ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 w\ld obta9 an entirely wrong impression ( ! "w if he 7 to believe t psy*iatrical po9ts ( view are expressly dwelt ^u 9 ?is book4 ,to f9d !m he mu/ read betwe5 ! l9es4 ,! book is an extraord9>ily pa9/ak+ hi/ory ( ! civilisation ( ,b]l91 tak5 f ! s\rces1 & giv+ especial prom95ce to intellectual factors4 ,we %all res]ve ! detail$ discussion ( ?is important "w = ano!r occasion1 p]haps until x is fully complet$4 ,,*ri/ian ,,uf]4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,h&-,,comm5t> ,,zum ,,neu5 ,,te/am5t4 ,,iv4 ,,evangelium1 ,,briefl ,,und ,,(f5b>ung ,,des ,,johannes4 ,be>beitet von ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann4 ,zweite v]bess]te und v]mehrte ,auflage4 7,freiburg ,i4 ,b4 & ,leipsic3 #ahic4 ,j4 ,c4 ,b4 ,mohr47 ,! f\r? gospel1 ( all ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 has always be5 ! review]'s favorite book4 ,its pr(undity1 its weal? ( philosophical ideas1 ! f]vor ( its au?or's religi\s s5tim5t1 & ! spiritual grace t p]vades ! :ole book1 ex]cis$ an unspeakable *>m on my m9d4 ,?is gospel 0 ! fir/ to r\se my d\bts 9 ! belief ( lit]al inspiration1 & x 0 aga9 ! "o1 :i*1 aft] ! sev]e/ /orms ( infidelity _h bl[n ov]1 reconcil$ me to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us ! p]usal ( ,pr(essor ,holtzmann's comm5t>y aga9 ar\ses ! recollections ( =m] /ruggles1 & ,i f9d t ev5 to-day ! fir/ *apt] ( ! f\r? gospel has lo/ none ( its fasc9ation4 ,x is a wond]ful book1 & its au?or is a man :om ,i always long$ to meet & %ake h&s )1 ov] a span ( almo/ two mill5niums & a _w-wide abyss ( diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,only ^? :o are famili> ) ! difficulties ( ! ,/4 ,john lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c really appreciate ?is late/ "w ( ,pr(4 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann4 ,he pres5ts 9 a mo/ cle> & concise mann] ! problems involv$1 toge!r ) _! v>i\s solutions1 critically arrang$4 ,he c>efully avoids obtrud+ on ! read] 8 own views4 ,he /&s be=e u z a fai?ful compil] only4 ,i say 8only10 b ?is 8only0 means a great deal4 ,x does n mean t he suppresses or conceals 8 own views1 x means t he /ates ! facts ) scrupul\s imp>tiality4 ,if !re is any p>tiality app>5t 9 8 treatm5t ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 x is ! rev]5t attitude he pres]ves :5ev] love ( tru? obliges him to accept ! negative result ( critical inve/igations4 ,& :]e is !re a !ological s*ol> to-day1 :o is or?odox en\gh to d>e to accept ! !ory t ! gospel ( ,/4 ,john 0 writt5 by ! apo/le8 ,holtzmann c>ries 8 imp>tiality to ! ext5t ( n reject+ ?is old traditional idea1 conc]n+ ! au?or%ip ( ! f\r? gospel1 b ! evid5ce aga9/ x is ov]:elm+ly suffici5t to satisfy ! mo/ n>r[m9d$ believ]4 ,holtzmann tea*es u at ! same "t to und]/& ! _s ( ! fir/ & second c5tury ( our era1 & ?us excludes f ! beg9n+ ! old prejudice1 t if ! au?or 7 n ! man :om he imp]sonat$ 8 "w mu/ be reg>d$ z a fraud4 ,! hi/orical value ( ! book lies 9 ! revelations x gives u conc]n+ ! religi\s dem&s ( ! times 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,! f\r? gospel orig9at$ :5 ! ,jewi% religiosity ( gr[+ ,*ri/ianity began to exp& into cosmic univ]sality4 ,! au?or 0 und\bt$ly a ,jew-,*ri/ian1 ^: home mo/ likely 0 ,ephesus4 ,ephesus 0 ! place :]e we f9d ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian ,alex&rianism4 ,"h ! ,logos-idea 0 introduc$ into ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,philo1 ! ,alex&rian ,jew1 _h already repres5t$ ,moses z ! inc>nation ( ! div9e ,logos4 ,%\ld n n[ a ,*ri/ian famili> ) ,philo's philosophy apply ! same me?od to ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,"s "w adapt$ to satisfy ! wants ( ! "t & especially ! religi\s ye>n+s = k z a means ( edification 0 ne$$4 ,! ,*ri/-idea _h tak5 a def9ite %ape 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian congregations ( ,asia ,m9or1 consi/+ ( diaspora ,jews & ,g5tiles1 & _! ,*ri/-idea f\nd a wor?y expression 9 ! picture ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z we h x 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,! fact t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel 0 a ,jew-,*ri/ian1 appe>s f 8 read9ess to expla9 ,jewi% cu/oms4 ,he kn[s ,judaism1 & is famili> ) ,j]usalem z x appe>$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,! probability is t he wrote 8 gospel betwe5 #abj & #adj4 ,he is comp>able to ,mat!w 9 s f> z bo? are greatly int]e/$ 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,g5tiles v]sus ,jews1 yet ,mat!w's ,israel has gr[n into ! _w-wide cosmos4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! v ^w 8cosmos0 9 ! f\r? gospel is rem>kable4 ,9 ! same way ! ,greek t]m 7to "k7 appe>s besides ! old] t]m 7to believe71 :i* latt] is a translation ( a ,jewi% conception1 /ill employ$ s vigor\sly by ,/4 ,paul4 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel is n famili> ) ,galilee & does n seem to c>e = consi/5cy 9 ! details ( 8 acc\nts1 = he frequ5tly contradicts 8 own /atem5ts4 ,! mo/ important diff]5ces betwe5 8 & ! ?ree synoptic gospels are ! acc\nts z to ! ma9 field ( ,jesus's activity1 :i* accord+ to ,/4 ,john 0 ,judea1 accord+ to ! synoptic gospels ,galilee1 & ! day ( ,jesus's dea?1 :i* accord+ to ,/4 ,john is ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 accord+ to ! synoptic gospels ! #ae? ( ,nisan1 s t if we foll[ ! latt]1 ,jesus w\ld h be5 tri$ & condemn$1 aga9/ all ,jewi% cu/oms1 on "o ( ! greate/ fe/ival days4 ,holtzmann rightly w>ns ! read]1 t :atev] may speak 9 favor ( ! synoptic gospels z be+1 9 g5]al1 hi/orically m correct1 ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel might h _h "s special s\rce = ?is p>ticul> fact4-- ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john has giv5 m tr\ble to ! ,*ri/ian exegesis ?an any o!r book1 & light 0 n %$ ^u its plan & con/ruction1 until x 0 f\nd to be "o in/ance only ( a :ole class ( lit]>y productions4 ,:5 we consid] ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john 9 ! same l9e ) o!r apocalyptic works1 & :5 we und]/& ! m5tal disposition ( ! pi\s ,jews %ortly be=e & aft] ,*ri/1 we h a clew to ! enigmatic visions :i* are unroll$ be=e our eyes4 ,! expectations ( ! ,jews 9 ! times ( ! ,maccabees 7 disappo9t$ aga9 & aga94 ,! great ev5ts ( ! _w did n ju/ify ! national hopes1 & ,god did n seem to c>e ab\t fulfill+ 8 promises4 ,! la/ prophet1 :o call$ himself ,mala*i1 or 8! mess5g] ( ,god10 proclaim$ ! message ( ! ,"l1 8,yet ,i lov$ ,jacob10 & he com=ts ! fai?ful :o /ill endure 9 all _! tribulations1 t 8a book ( remembrance is writt5 be=e him = !m t fe>$ ! ,"l & t ?\ght ^u ,8 "n40 ,aft] ,mala*i1 a numb] ( revelations appe>$1 :i*1 to ! satisfaction ( ! ,messianic expectations1 expla9$ ! ev5ts ( ! _w1 & prophesi$ t ^? only :o %\ld p]sev]e until ! end w\ld be call$ ^u to rule1 toge!r ) ! 8,son ( ,man10 :o is to come to smite ! hea!ns & to rule !m ) an iron rod4 ,! fir/ apocalyptic au?or1 :o wrote 9 #afd ,b4 ,c41 imp]sonat$ ,daniel1 ! prophet1 :o _h liv$ ab\t #djj ,b4 ,c4 ,! p[]ful nations ( ! _w are repres5t$ z bea/s1 ! f\r? & la/ bea/ be+ ! ,mac$onian empire4 ,x has t5 horns1 t is1 rul]s1 ! la/ "o be+ ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,z soon z 8 p[] is brok51 ! p[] ov] ! e>? w be giv5 to ,israel1 :i* is call$ ! ,son ( ,man4 ,! p[] ( ! t5? horn 0 brok51 inde$1 yet ! ,messianic hopes rema9$ unfulfill$1 & ?us new prophecies 7 want$1 :i* %\ld aga9 expla9 ! plans ( ! ,almighty1 s t ! fai?ful w\ld /ill endure & hope4 ,?us1 ,h5o* 0 writt51 & aft] ,h5o* ! ,assumption ( ,moses1 ! book ( ,b>u*1 & o!r revelations4 ,! apocalyptic lit]ature is *>act]is$ by ,messianic expectations & es*atological reflections4 ,! end ( ! pres5t c\rse ( affairs is said to be ne> at h& & a new ord] w be e/abli%$ 9 :i* ! fai?ful %all rule = a :ole mill5nium & ! wick$ be torm5t$4 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john repres5ts ?is _s ( apocalyptic hopes among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x ?r[s mu* light ^u ! conditions & ! conceptions ( a p]iod conc]n+ :i* we h v little in=mation4 ,we "h see ,*ri/ianity 9 its beg9n+s4 ,! color+ ( ! ,revelation is /ill ,jewi%4 ,its au?or /&s 9 a consci\s contra/ to ! ,greek _s :i* is ab\t to *ange ! prop]ly ,jewi% "* ( ! new doctr9e4 ,! au?or ( ! ,/4 ,john revelation is a ,jew to ! backbone /ill2 he d5\nces ! ant9omi/ic ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,g5tiles z repres5t$ by ,nocolaitanes :om1 we are told1 ,god hate?4 ,he does n directly m5tion ! apo/le ,/4 ,paul1 b !re is little d\bt t he is allud$ to 9 ,*ap4 ,,ii1 #b1 z "o ( !m 8:i* say !y are apo/les & are n40 ,! m p[]ful ! ,greek _s grew 9 ! *ur*1 ! weak] became ^! orig9al features inh]it$ f ! diaspora ,jews until !y 7 dropp$ =ev] ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,orig5es :o made a decid$ & successful opposition to ! belief 9 ! mill5nium4 ,yet x took "s "t = ! traditional view ( ! ,messiah to *ange into ! pur] & m spiritual ,*ri/-ideal ,!re 7 two p>ties 9 ! e>ly *ur* :o spoke two radically diff]5t idioms2 ! "o /ill *]i%$ ! old *iliasm1 dream+ ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a mill5nium on e>?4 ,_! t]m9ology mov$ always 9 ! same allegories3 !y spoke ( gre5 & fat fields & ( sulphur\s abysses1 ( :ite horses & t]rible bea/s1 ( trees ( life1 ( gold5 cities & ( w> & blood%$1 :ile ! o!r p>ty spoke ( ,logos1 ( ! et]nal ,son ?r\gh :om ! _w _h be5 made1 ( 8! disp5sation ( ! fulness ( ! times 9 :i* ,god might ga!r toge!r 9 "o all ?+s 9 ,*ri/1 bo? :i* are 9 heav5 & :i* are on e>?10 ( ! pl]oma & ( aeons4 ,! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john is an expression ( ! =m] p>ty & x 0 natural t aft] a complete victory ( ! latt] p>ty1 ,*ri/ian tea*]s knew n :at to make ( ?is book :i* %[s ,*ri/ian views by ! side ( an irreconcilable ,judaism1 & a worldly empire 9 ,j]usalem1 ! belov$ city ) tw5ty-f\r ,jewi% eld]s repres5t+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,! re/ ( ,j]usalem is to be f9ally conv]t$ :ile !re is no hope = paganism4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,israelites & ,g5tiles rema9s a radical "o ev5 9 ! ,holy ,city :5 ! new heav5 & ! new e>? has be5 creat$4 ,! ,g5tile-,*ri/ians appe> z citiz5s ( a l[] ord]4 ,! ,israelites alone live 9 ! city :ile ! ,g5tiles only walk 9 ! light !re(1 & !y %all br+ ! glory & honor ( ! nations into x4 ,we h giv5 a few glimpses ( ! problems ( ! ,/4 ,john lit]ature only4 ,x is impossible to g ov] ! :ole field4 ,nor is x necess>y to d s4 ,pr(essor ,holtzmann has giv5 u s complete a pres5tation t we ne$ b ref] to 8 "w :i* is indisp5sable to all int]e/$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x w be ! m valuable & welcome z x is furni%$ ) an index1 a feature r>ely f\nd 9 ,g]man books4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,die ,,will5sfreiheit ,,und ,,ihre ,,gegn]4 ,by ,dr4 ,con/ant9 ,gutb]let4 ,fulda3 ,fulda] ,acti5druck]ei4 #ahic4 ,dr4 ,con/ant9 ,gutb]let reg>ds ! doctr9e ( free-w z a c>d9al doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! pres5t booklet he endeavors to %[ t all attacks made ^u x by un*ri/ian savants h fail$4 ,he criticises ,hffd+1 ,lombroso1 ,wundt1 ,mn/]b]g1 ,lotze1 ,p4 ,ree1 & ,s*op5hau]1 & e/abli%es z 8 own view a !ory ( free-w :i* he calls 8fre$om ( *oice40 ,he says3 8,!re is no decision )\t suffici5t reason1 b !re may be )\t rational reason4 ,! suffici5t reason is t a great] good may be recognis$ z possess+ #8bl9d' sides1 t we c d )\t x & ev5 reject x = ! sake ( ^! #8bl9d' sides4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a less] good may be giv5 z an object ( will+1 & our will+ by its own en]gy conditions ! free decision ( ! w0 7p4 #be74 ,fre$om ( w is n a rev]sal ( causation1 :i* latt]1 accord+ to ,gutb]let1 is 8an absolutely necess>y law0 7p4 #h & passim74 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,gutb]let1 tak+ ?is view1 c class himself among ! indet]m9i/s4 ,f 8 premises1 we %\ld expect him to take ! view :i* we h def5d$1 t fre$om ( w is n contradictory to det]m9ism4 ,if fre$om ( w means fre$om ( *oice1 9 :i* 8we ourselves1 z ! cont5ts ( our ideas1 feel+s1 & dispositions1 are ! cause n only ( our activities1 b also ( our free decision0 7p4 #ai71 !n our decisions are mo/ c]ta9ly det]m9$ by our "*4 ,gutb]let's criticism ( ,wundt 7pp4 #afg-aga71 :o def5ds fre$om ( w & det]m9ism1 is wide ( ! m>k1 & x seems t ,gutb]let is ei!r n cle> on ?is po9t himself or he does n draw ! consequ5ces ( 8 own /&po9t4 ,says ,gutb]let3 8,only on ! supposition t !re is no o!r ?an #8me*anical' causation ( natural =ces1 c ! det]m9i/ ma9ta9 t fre$om aboli%es ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,9 ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ,causation #8:at happ5s has a cause' to natural =ces1 ! pr9ciple c be inv]t$ ?us3 #8:5 all suffici5t causes are giv51 ! effect foll[s ) necessity4' ,yet if !re are spiritual ag5ts :i* /& above ! me*anical causation ( nature & natural =ces1 we _c a priori decl>e t _! effects foll[ ) ! same necessity f _! "* z is ! case ) nature4 ,accord+ly1 unless we assume ! que/ionable !ory t free causation is impossible1 we _c inv]t "h ! pr9ciple ( causation & use x aga9/ free decision0 7p4 #afh74 ,h[ does ?is s5t5ce agree ) ,mr4 ,gutb]let's /atem5ts t causation is an absolutely necess>y law & t 8we ourselves 444 are ! cause ( our free decision40 ,our decisions are det]m9$ by 8our ideas1 feel+s1 & dispositions10 & yet a suffici5t cause det]m9es its effect only if ! causation is me*anical1 n if x is spiritual4 ,gutb]let expla9s ! difficulty z foll[s3 8,c]ta9ly1 if we did n r$uce ! free decision once made 7die e+etret5e freie ,ents*eidung71 to an adequate cause1 we %\ld s9 aga9/ logic & psy*ology4 ,b we und]/& by #8adequate cause ( a decision' n only ! influ5ce ( motives1 b also ! en]gy ( a free w40 ,v well !n1 ,mr4 ,gutb]let w\ld be a det]m9i/ z mu* z ,wundt4 ,decisions are det]m9$ by two factors3 7#a7 by ! motives 7i4 e4 ! objects :i* act z /imuli ^u ! w7 & 7#b7 by ! "* ( ! ag5t4 ,n ev]ybody is affect$ by ! same /imulus 9 ! same way4 ,"o *ooses ?is & ano!r t motive1 & 8 "* det]m9es ! *oice2 & a man ( a c]ta9 "*1 "u def9itely giv5 conditions1 w freely & yet necess>ily *oose a c]ta9 motive4 ,dr4 ,gutb]let1 x appe>s to u1 says yes & no 9 "o brea?4 ,dr4 ,gutb]let is ! editor ( ! ,philosophis*es ,jahrbu*1 a ,roman ,ca?olic p]iodical4 ,he belongs to t class ( m5 :o by p>tisans ( free ?\ght are reg>d$ z especially dang]\s4 ,he is n z n>r[ z ! common type ( def5sores fidei4 ,he /udies ! works ( mod]n savants 8^: intellectual sup]iority10 z he confesses1 he 8admires 9 _m respects40 ,he is broad] ?an mo/ ( 8 confr]es1 & ?us he makes ! cre$ ( 8 *ur* appe> broad] ?an x practically is4 ,we c see no dang] 9 ! appe>ance ( su* m54 ,x is true1 he w make conv]ts among ! educat$1 or at lea/1 he w keep "s wav]+ elem5ts )9 ! pale ( ! *ur*2 = ! ,roman *ur* is1 ^u ! :ole1 /ill v ho/ile to progress4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 su* a man is 9 8 circles a mission>y ( sci5ce2 he w help to broad5 ! views ( 8 bre?r54 ,he is le>n+1 & !y w le>n f him4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,grundz,,ge ,,d] ,,physiologis*5 ,,psy*ologie4 ,by ,wilhelm ,wundt4 ,leipsic3 ,wilhelm ,engelmann4 #ahic4 ,wundt's 8,physiological ,psy*ology0 is p]haps ju/ly reg>d$ z 8 be/ & mo/ valuable "w4 ,we h j receiv$ ! fir/ "p ( ! f\r? edition & may expect t ! second "p w soon appe>4 ,we int5d to review ! :ole "w z soon z complet$1 & w /ate "h only t ?is new edition conta9s1 among _m em5dations & additions1 an explicit acc\nt ( ! mod]n me?ods ( psy*ological inve/igations1 ) descriptions & illu/rations ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts inv5t$ = t purpose4 4 ,,v]glei*5d-,,entwickelungsges*i*tli*e ,,und ,,anatomis*e ,,/udi5 ,,im ,,b]ei*e ,,d] ,,hirnanatomie4 #c4 ,,rie*app>at ,,und ,,ammon%orn4 ,abdruck aus ,anatomis*] ,anzeig]4 ,by ,dr4 ,l4 ,ed+]4 7,j5a3 #ahic4 ,gu/av ,fis*]47 ,dr4 ,ed+] proves 9 ?is essay t 9 ! c]ebral evolution ( animals ! cortex makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! =mation ( ! cornu ammonis4 ,?is convolution be+ ! c5tre ( smell1 x is m ?an m]ely probable t smell s5sations1 or some?+ analog\s to smell s5sations1 7 phylog5etically ! fir/ psy*ical functions4 4 ,,tat ,,m5tal ,,des ,,hy/,,riques ,,les ,,/igmates ,,m5taux4 ,by ,pi]re ,janet4 ,p>is3 ,rueff ,co4 #ahib4 ,m4 ,pi]re ,janet1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t disciples ( ,pr(essor ,*>cot1 pres5ts 9 ?is little volume ( two hundr$ & ?irty-?ree pages a summ>y ( ! results ( mod]n psy*ical rese>* z x is und]/ood at ! ,salptrire4 ,*>cot himself recomm5ds ! book to ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,janet inve/igates an/hesia 7,*ap4 ,i71 amnesia1 abulia1 ! diseases ( motion1 & ! modifications ( "*4 ,! au?or proposes to 8describe ! ph5om5a & endeavors to e/abli% a rigor\s det]m9ism ( _! relations4 ,! moral view ( a diseas$ p]son10 he says1 8ought to con/itute a "p ( ! cl9ical diagnosis :ile ! psy*ical /ate mu/ be closely inve/igat$ 9 its connection ) physiological facts4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* ! physician c ga9 a k ( ! entire man & und]/& ! diseases :i* affect 8 organism40 ,pr(essor ,*>cot /ates t ,pr(essor ,janet's rese>*es on ! m5tal /ate ( hy/]ical p]sons 7 begun long ago & complet$ "u 8 sup]vision2 t !y 7 exp\nd$ by ,m4 ,janet 9 ! ,spr+ ( #ahib 9 a few lectures at ! ,salptrire2 t !y t5d to confirm ! idea1 (t5 express$ 9 8 own tea*+s1 t hy/]ia is ^u ! :ole a m5tal disease4 ,hypnotism has long en\gh be5 reg>d$ n only z h>mless b ev5 z a panacea = almo/ all ! ailm5ts ( mank9d4 ,x w\ld be well to he$ ,*>cot's w>n+1 z hy/]ical diseases may be treat$ ) bett] success1 if ! my/]y t /ill surr\nds !m disappe>s be=e calm & sci5tific inve/igation4 4 ,l',,cole ,d',,an?ropologie ,,crim9elle4 ,by l',abb ,maurice de ,baets4 ,g&3 ,p4 van ,flet]54 #ahic4 ,dr4 de ,baets1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy ( ! ,gregorian ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 ,italy1 & ,secret>y to ! ,bi%op ( ,gh5t1 criticises 9 ?is elegantly pr9t$ little volume ! mod]n s*ool ( crim9al an?ropology4 ,he believes ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c] t1 if a great numb] ( p accept c]ta9 errors1 ^! errors mu/ conta9 a k]nel ( tru?4 ,pr(essor de ,baets says t he does n d5y crime to be an outgr[? ( ! organism1 to be inh]it$1 to be closely connect$ ) insanity1 etc41 b he _c approve ( crim9al unacc\ntabl5ess4 ,! d5ial ( responsibility1 he says1 is ! d5ial ( ! wrong1 & ! d5ial ( ! wrong is ! d5ial ( morality4 ,he sums up 8 view 9 italics on page #dh3 8,man is responsible = 8 acts 9 ! measure t 8 acts dep5d on a free w40 4 ,,aga9/ ,,dogma ,,& ,,free-,,w4 ,by ,h4 ,cr(t ,hill]4 ,london3 ,williams & ,,norgate4 #ahib4 ,! au?or has mu* to say aga9/ ecclesia/icism & sac]dotalism1 & :ile he repudiates su* m5 z ,wundt & ,ribot1 he 8begs to ?ank ,drs4 ,weismann1 ,luys1 & ,f]ri] f ^: labors ! views express$ 9 ?is treatise d]ive t sci5tific au!ntication )\t :i* !y w\ld be wor?less40 ,! book is app>5tly a fir/ v5ture into ! /ormy ocean ( lit]>y pursuits4 4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,individuality1 ,,or ,,! ,,"o ,,& ,,! ,,_m4 ,by ,anto9ette ,br[n ,blackwell4 ,new ,york & ,london3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahic4 ,! au?or tru/s t %e has 8demon/rat$ a consci\s immortality40 ,9 a =m] book ( h]s entitl$ 8,! ,physical ,basis ( ,immortality10 #ahgf1 %e prop\nd$ 8! !ory ( p]si/5t m9d-matt] individuals0 :i* are to be conceiv$ z ultimate atoms4 ,! pres5t volume ( five hundr$ & n9ete5 pages is writt5 to %[ t 8?is conception ( ! ultimate atoms c\ld consi/5tly expla9 & h>monise m5tal & mat]ial ph5om5a & by cord9at$ int]pretations ( ! mo/ div]se processes simplify & unify nature & h] manife/ations40 ,! !ory ( ! correlation ( matt] & m9d is accept$2 8,nature10 ! au?or says1 8is no?+ if n ma!matical10 & !re are _m passages to :i* no moni/ic ?9k] w\ld take exception4 ,along ) !m we f9d /atem5ts1 e4 g4 on ! rhy?mic motion ( atoms1 etc41 :i* x w be difficult to prove4 ,h] peculi> view is *>act]is$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,all ultimate individualities may be id5tical 9 k9d1 b no obvi\s necessity decides t !y mu/ be1 & 9 an ord] ( ?+s :]e o!r v>ieties are preval5t1 ! weight ( evid5ce = ! pres5t is on ! side ( v>ieties1 ev5 9 ! ultimate units40 ,! au?or's !ory 7if we rightly und]/& h]7 has be5 tri$ be=e4 ,"s sugge/ions ( ,goe!'s seem to indicate t he believ$ 9 s\l-monads1 & ! ,g]man psy*ologi/ ,h]b>t erect$ on ! assumption ( mat]ial s\l-atoms 8 sy/em ( a ma!matical psy*ology 9 :i* s\nd sci5ce 0 curi\sly m+l$ ) improbable vag>ies4 ,! au?or ( 8,! ,philosophy ( ,individuality10 al?\gh app>5tly q well in=m$ o!rwise1 has1 /range en\gh1 n tak5 notice ei!r ( ,goe! or ( ,h]b>t4 ,p]haps %e w\ld h ab&on$ h] !ory if %e _h be5 fully famili> ) ,h]b>tism & ! critique :i* x has receiv$2 = ,h]b>t's s\l-atoms are to-day reg>d$ z a ?+ ( ! pa/4 4 ,,die ,,grundbegriffe ,,d] ,,geg5w>t4 ,by ,pr(4 ,rudolf ,euck54 ,leipsic3 ,veit ,co4 #ahic4 ,pr(4 ,rudolf ,euck5 discusses 9 ?is volume su* topics z 8,subjective--,objective02 8,a priori--,a po/]iori02 8,monism--,dualism02 8,idealism1 ,realism1 & ,naturalism02 8,!oretical--,practical10 & s =?4 ,x seems to u t ,euck5 has n yet fully succe$$ 9 reconcil+ 8 philosophy ) natural sci5ce4 ,we are glad to notice t he has a critical eye = ! %ortcom+s ( naturali/s "u ^: me?ods ( classification & me*anical conceptions ! prop]ly spiritual ( man w\ld be elim9at$4 ,he is judici\s 9 8 exposition ( ! v>i\s problems1 b we miss a f9al solution1 su* z w\ld cle>ly /ate & recognise ! tru? 9 bo?4 ,nev]!less ! book is s\nd1 full ( valuable in=mation1 & its p]usal is to be recomm5d$ to e /ud5t ( philosophy4 4 ,,! ,,/hetic ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,morality4 ,by ,frank ,*apman ,%>p1 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,macmillan ,co4 #ahic4 ,! book conta9s *apt]s on3 7#a7 ! !ory ( altruism2 7#b7 ! intr9sic wor? ( "*2 7#c7 an analysis ( moral beauty2 7#d7 an exam9ation ( ! /hetic me?od ( e?ics2 & 7#e7 ! idea ( obligation 9 /hetics & e?ics4 ,! au?or's k ( e?ical !ories appe>s to be limit$4 ,duns ,scotus1 ! ,reali/1 is call$ a ?or\ghgo+ ,nom9ali/4 ,9 spite ( su* defects1 we f9d mu* t is good 9 ! book4 ,9 ! end ( 8 discussion ! au?or says ) tru?3 8,:5 ! elem5t ( ! good1 or t :i* is capable ( clo?+ itself 9 ! =m ( an ideal1 is tak5 out ( ! conception ( obligation1 ?is latt] deg5]ates into :at is no?+ m ?an m]e submission to an arbitr>y imp]ative4444,prome!us1 *a9$ to ! rocks = br++ ! gift ( fire to ! wret*$ b>b>\s inhabitants ( ! e>?1 9 defiance ( ! w ( ! #8,fa!r ( gods & m51' is "o ( ! gr&e/ productions ( ! human imag9ation1 & 7 ! ,supreme ,be+ su* a "o z ,augu/9e & ,calv9 imag9$ him1 we %\ld despise ! wret*$ slaves t lick$ ! du/ at 8 feet40 4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,,cont5ts3 ,vol4 ,v4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,die ,,/abilit,t ,,d] ,,raumw]te ,,auf ,,d] ,,netzhaut4 ,by ,franz ,hillebr&4 ,,ueb] ,,e9 ,,optis*es ,,p>adoxon4 7,second ,article47 ,by ,franz ,br5tano4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss47 ,?is second article1 8,on an ,optical ,p>adox10 is a rejo9d] ( ,franz ,br5tano ( ,vi5na to ,?4 ,lipps4 ,we gave an acc\nt ( ?is int]e/+ discussion 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #aec et seqq4 ,pr(essor ,br5tano insi/s on expla9+ ! optical illusion conc]n+ di/ances betwe5 two po9ts1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #a-c1 by an ov]e/imation ( small & an und]e/imation ( l>ge angles4 ,he compla9s ( be+ misund]/ood by ,pr(essor ,lipps :o sub/itutes 8acute0 = 8small0 & 8obtuse0 = 8l>ge02 =1 says he1 9 comp>isons bo? angles may be obtuse or bo? may be acute4 ,pr(essor ,br5tano adds "s m puzzl+ figures to prove 8 case2 &1 z 9 8 fir/ article1 8 propositions are +5i\s & ?\ght-/imulat+2 b 8 argum5ts d n suffice to conv9ce u ( ! validity ( 8 !ory4 ,we d n exactly int5d to d5y ! g5]al rule z to ! ov]e/imation ( l>ge & und]e/imation ( small angles1 b are incl9$ to believe t x w n s]ve z a suffici5t explanation4 ,we reproduce ! mo/ important figures devis$ by ,br5tano1 & take ! lib]ty ( add+ a few rem>ks & additional figures ( our own4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts two "r angles1 "o ( :i* is divid$ into n9e angles ( #aj ea*4 ,br5tano claims t we s ov]e/imate ! n9e small angles z to take ! undivid$ "r angle z an acute "o4 ,i c only say t h[ev] mu* ,i h tri$1 ,i am n subject to ! illusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ,fig4 #e we h on ! /raight l9e ,,ab a s]ies ( /ations :i* are connect$ ) a common c5tre4 ,! l9e ,,ab is n a curve1 b ?is figure rem9ds u ( a p]spective view ( ! sector ( a circle4 ,! draw+ appe>s z ! diagrammatic picture ( a %ield1 ! buckle ( :i* is 9 ,c4 ,?us ,,ab is conceiv$ z repres5t+ a curve4 ,x does n seem t a comp>ison ( ! angles has any?+ to d ) ! illusion4 ,h[ mu* p]spective int]f]es ) ! optical illusions "u discussion1 impresses itself ^u my m9d1 :5 ,i ?9k ( figure #e z ! diagram ( a m\nta91 ris+ above ! plane ,,ab4 ,if ,i imag9e ,i /& bel[ ! plane1 :i* may be a high table-l&1 ! l9e ,,ab appe>s to my eye /raight4 ,b :5 ,i imag9e ,i am look+ d[n ^u ! plane1 ! curvature ( ,,ab becomes v /rongly m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,9 ,fig4 #f we c detect no optical illusion4 ,! l9e ,,ab appe>s /raight to u4 ,! draw+ rem9ds u ( a sunrise on ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! same mu/ be said ab\t ,figure #g4 ,br5tano1 9 agreem5t ) ,lipps1 claims t we are incl9$ to reg>d ! di/ance betwe5 ! ends ( ! two l9es z l>g] ?an betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,if !re is any illusion at all1 x seems to me1 t on ! contr>y1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ends ( ! l9es appe>s %ort]4 ,& :y8 ,we measure ! di/ance by all[+ our eyes to run f "o po9t to ! o!r & !n comp>+ ! measurem5ts4 ,?is comp>ison is geometrically effect$ by comb9+ ! respective />t+ po9ts1 & ?us judg+ z to ! p>allelism ( ^! two l9es m5tally con/ruct$4 ,:e!r or n ! dots appe> equidi/ant1 dep5ds ^u ! execution ( all ^! op]ations4 ,:ile directly measur+ ! di/ances betwe5 ! po9ts1 we h an easi] measurem5t :]e ! l9es are atta*$4 ,! l9es give to ! po9ts a c]ta9 vim2 !y almo/ appe> to move ) a velocity indicat$ by ! l5g? ( ! little l9es1 :ile ! isolat$ dots pres5t a v phlegmatic appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,9 ord] to see :at effects o!r positions ( ! l9es produce1 let u comp>e 9 ,fig4 #i ! sev]al relations by cov]+ ! re/4 ,if !re is any illusion z to a & b1 we %\ld say t ! po9ts ( a appe> at a great] di/ance2 z to b & c1 we see ! great] di/ance 9 c1 z to c & d1 we feel d\btful1 :ile any comp>ison ) e1 t5ds /rongly to conv9ce u ( _! equal di/ance4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! l9es 9 e assi/ u 9 draw+ ! p>allels1 :i* we consci\sly or unconsci\sly con/ruct 9 ord] to comp>e ! di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a comp>ison l t ( & 9 ,fig4 #h1 :]e ! equal l5g? ( ! comb9+ l9es is v app>5t1 induc$ ,br5tano to reg>d ! illusion :i* is obs]v$ 9 ,figures #a-c z due to ! angles4 ,9 our op9ion he is mi/ak54 ,= ! illusion actually takes place 9 & 2 only x is quickly correct$ ) ! help ( ! p>allels1 :i*1 z 9 1 assi/ ! imag9ation 9 mak+ an exact comp>ison4 ,:5 we place & ei!r at a suffici5t di/ance1 or are someh[ prev5t$ f mak+ use ( ! p>allel l9es1 we %all h ! same illusion z appe>s 9 ,figures #a1 #b1 #c4 ,to prove ?is1 we h b to br+ ! figure 9 a slant+ position1 z is %[n 9 1 & ! illusion is s /rong t _m w f9d x difficult to believe t is an electrotyp$ duplicate ( 4 ,! moot$ illusions are n s5se-illusions1 b illusions ( judgm5t2 & we believe t ! explanation ( ^! curi\s ph5om5a mu/ be s\ght 9 ! elem5ts :i* unconsci\sly ent] into ! make-up ( our judgm5ts4 ,lipps says t l9es are felt to be movem5ts4 ,if a l9e is cont9u$1 albeit ) a slight decl9ation1 ! motion appe>s 8free & victori\s10 aspir+ beyond itself2 :ile1 if conf9$ 9 ! corn] ( an acute angle1 x seems cut (f & imp$$4 ,! victori\sly progressive motion is ov]e/imat$2 ! *eck$ motion is und]e/imat$4 ,br5tano1 9 ord] to meet ,lipps's objections1 proposes a few additional figures1 ( :i* we reproduce ! mo/ important ones 9 ,fig4 #aj-ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x seems to u t ! ma9 "p :i* ! angles play 9 ^! or any o!r simil> figures1 consi/s 9 lead+ our imag9ation a/ray4 ,! p>allel l9es :i* we attempt to con/ruct = our comp>ison1 swit* slightly (f ) an incl9ation t[>d ! angles4 ,b t is n all2 !re are o!r elem5ts t affect our judgm5t at ! v outset4 ,9 measur+ a di/ance we d some?+1 & 9 look+ at a diagram we ?9k some?+4 ,! diagram is sugge/ive ( "s reality to :i* we comp>e x4 ,all ^! ideas1 be !y consci\s1 subconsci\s1 or ev5 unconsci\s1 affect our judgm5t & are sometimes apt to lead x a/ray4 ,9 addition we h to m5tion two ?+s1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ^u our v]dict _c be d\bt$2 ! "o is ! size ( ! entire figure1 ! o!r ! vacuity ( ! di/ance to be measur$3 bo? t5d to make ! di/ance appe> long] ?an x really is4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 we add ! ?ree ,figures #ae1 #af1 #ag :i* conta9 no angles & yet %[ ! same illusions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts 9 ,figure #ag appe>s long] ?an 9 ,figure #af1 & 9 ,figure #af aga9 long] ?an 9 ,figure #ae4 ,! fact is1 t be=e />t+ on our measurem5t-j\rney1 we h 9 ,figure #ag already trav]s$ a good di/ance aft] hav+ not$ ! extraord9>ily l5g!n$ b\nd>y m>ks4 ,! t[n ,a may be exactly z f> z ! t[n ,b1 yet ! j\rney to ,a w appe> long]1 if ,i h to ride an h\r be=e ,i rea* ! /ation1 :ile ,i may live opposite ! t]m9us ( ! railroad to ,b4 ,:5 our eyes glide d[n f "o po9t to ! o!r1 we pass 9 "o case ?r\gh an empty des]t ! dre>9ess ( :i* is n int]rupt$4 ,we almo/ lose our way & become lonesome 9 its monotony4 ,if our way1 h[ev]1 is full ( v>iations1 we are pleasantly ent]ta9$ & reg>d our j\rney z s mu* %ort]4 ,! contra/ is mo/ obvi\s 9 figure #aj4 ,! 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