,,! ,,moni/ ,a ,,qu>t]ly ,,magaz9e ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,*icago3 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #ahia-ahib ,,copyright ,,by ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #ahia-ahib4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,page4 ,,articles4 ,am]ican ,politics4 ,by ,?omas ,b4 ,pre/on #da ,ans*auung1 ,:at ,does ---- ,mean8 ,editor #ebg ,artificial ,selection & ! ,m>riage ,problem4 ,by ,hiram ,m4 ,/anley #ea ,clif=d on ! ,s\l 9 ,nature1 ,pr(essor4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e #bji ,cons]vation ( ,_s & ! ,orig9 ( ,consci\sness1 ,!4 ,by ,francis ,c4 ,russell #ceg ,crim9al ,sugge/ion1 ,on4 ,by ,j4 ,delbuf #cfc ,e?nological ,jurisprud5ce4 ,by ,alb]t ,h4 ,po/ #ca ,evolution1 ,! ,cont9uity (4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,language v]sus ,! ,sci5ce ( ,life1 z repres5t$ by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] & ,pr(4 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes4 ,editor #gj ,facts & ,m5tal ,symbols4 ,by ,ern/ ,ma* #aih ,littr1 mile4 ,a ,sonnet4 ,by ,l\is ,belrose ,jr4 #aaj ,logical ,!ory1 ,! ,pres5t ,position (4 ,by ,john ,dewey #a ,magic ,squ>e1 ,!4 ,by ,h]mann ,s*ub]t #dhg ,me*anical ,inv5tion1 ,! ,new ,civilisation ,dep5ds on4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris #agh ,m5tal ,evolution4 ,an ,old ,speculation 9 a ,new ,light4 ,by ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan #afa ,m9d1 ,! ,law (4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #ecc ,monism1 ,our4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( a ,consi/5t1 ,unit>y ,_w-,view4 ,by ,ern/ ,haeckel #dha ,necessity1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce's ,onslaught on ! ,doctr9e (4 ,editor #efj ,necessity1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ---- ,exam9$4 ,by ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce #cba ,psy*ical ,monism4 ,by ,edmund ,montgom]y #cch ,religion & ,progress4 ,int]pret$ by ! ,life & ,la/ "w ( ,wa!n ,m>k ,wilks ,call4 ,by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway #ahc ,sp5c]1 ,mr41 on ! ,e?ics ( ,kant4 ,editor #eab ,?+s 9 !mselves1 ,are ,!re ----8 ,editor #bbe ,?\ght & ,language4 ,by ,george ,john ,romanes #ef ,w & ,reason4 ,by ,b4 ,bosanquet #ah ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce4 ,france4 ,by ,luci5 ,arrat #bff1 #chf1 #ehc ,france4 ,! ,intellectual ,awak5+ ( ! ,langue ,d',oc4 ,by ,!odore ,/anton #ie ,g]many4 ,*ri/ian ,uf] #ajc1 #bgb1 #cif1 #eic ,,div]se ,,topics4 ,,criticisms ,,& ,,discussions4 ,cl]gy's ,duty ( ,allegiance to ,dogma & ! ,/ruggle betwe5 ,_w-,conceptions4 ,editor #bgh ,comte & ,turgot4 ,pr(4 ,s*a>s*midt #faa ,evolution & ,language1 ,comm5t on ! ,discussion on4 ,by ,f4 ,max ,mll] #bhf ,haeckel's ,monism1 ,pr(essor4 ,editor #eih ,james's ,psy*ology1 ,obs]vations on ,"s ,po9ts 94 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,worce/] #dag ,littr1 ,a ,def5se (4 ,by ,l\is ,belrose ,jr4 #djc ,littr's1 mile1 ,positivism4 ,a ,reply4 ,editor #daj ,logical ,!ory1 ,! ,future ,position (4 ,edw>d ,t4 ,dixon #fjf ,m9d1 ,! ,nature ( ---- & ! ,mean+ ( ,reality4 ,editor #dcd ,monism & ,me*anicalism3 ,comm5ts ^u ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,haeckel's ,position4 ,editor #dch ,peirce1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s41 on ,necessity4 ,editor #ddb ,religion ( ,sci5ce1 ,!4 ,editor #fjj ,?\ght & ,language4 ,a lett] by ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes #djb ,?\ght-=ms1 ,! ,orig9 (4 ,editor #aaa ,,book ,,reviews4 ,av5>ius1 ,ri*>d4 ,d] m5s*li*e ,weltbegriff #dea ,baldw91 ,james ,m>k4 ,h&book ( ,psy*ology #dfg ,b]nheim4 ,hypnotisme1 ,sugge/ion1 ,psy*o!rapie #dfe ,cornill1 ,c4 ,h4 ,e9leitung 9 das alte ,te/am5t #ddc ,curtis1 ,mattoon ,monroe4 ,an ,outl9e ( ,locke's ,e?ical ,philosophy #cjj ,delab>re1 ,edmund ,burke4 ,ueb] ,bewegungsempf9dung5 #big ,delbuf1 ,j4 ,les ,ftes de ,montpelli] #aca ,dillmann1 ,edmund4 ,e9e neue ,d>/ellung d] ,leibnizis*5 ,monad5lehre auf ,grund d] ,quell5 #dfj ,dixon1 ,edw>d ,t4 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,geometry #abf ,erh>dt1 ,franz4 ,d] ,satz vom ,grunde als ,pr9zip des ,s*liess5s #fca ,grub]1 ,h]mann4 ,d] ,positivismus vom ,tode ,augu/ ,comte's bis auf uns]e ,tage 7#aheg-ahia7 #acc ,holzmann1 ,h4 ,j4 ,synoptik]4 ,apo/elges*i*te #bhg ,hbbe-,s*leid54 ,das ,dase9 als ,lu/1 ,leid und ,liebe #dfh ,huss]l1 ,e4 ,g4 ,philosophie d] ,ari?metik #fbg ,ko5ig1 ,edmund4 ,die ,entwickelung des ,causalproblems 9 d] ,philosophie seit ,kant #deg ,lasswitz1 ,kurd4 ,seif5blas5 #dga ,loeb1 ,jacques4 ,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie d] ,?i]e #dfh ,lombroso1 ,c4 ,l4 ,n\velles ,re*]*es de ,psy*iatrie et ,d',an?ropologie ,crim9elle #fah ,lyons1 ,daniel4 ,*ri/ianity & ,infallibility #fbi ,ma*1 ,e4 ,grundriss d] ,naturlehre fr die ob]5 ,class5 d] ,mittels*ul5 #fag ,mn/]b]g1 ,hugo4 ,s*rift5 d] ,gesells*aft fr psy*ologis*e ,=s*ung #bhi ,paszk[ski1 ,wilhelm4 ,die ,b$eutung d] !ologis*5 ,vor/ellung5 fr die ,e?ik #dec ,pe>son1 ,k>l4 ,! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce #fbc ,pellegr9i1 ,pietro4 ,diritto ,sociale ,t5tativo 9 ,bozza #bih ,rob]ty1 ,e4 de4 ,agno/icisme #fca ,rob]ty1 ,e4 de4 ,la ,philosophie du ,sicle #bic ,romanes1 ,george ,john4 ,d>w9 & ,aft] ,d>w9 #fab ,s*midkunz1 ,hans4 ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion #dfd ,s*rd]1 ,ern/4 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,algebra d] ,logik #fah ,s*urmann1 ,jacob ,g\ld4 ,belief 9 ,god #aba ,s*w>z1 ,h]mann4 ,das ,wahrnehmungsproblem vom ,/&punkte des ,physik]s1 des ,physiolog5 und des ,philosoph5 #dee ,scripture1 ,e4 ,w4 ,ueb] d5 associativ5 ,v]lauf d] ,vor/ellung5 #acg ,se?1 ,&rew4 ,! ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces #dej ,toy1 ,craw=d ,h[ell4 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity #abc ,van ,bemmel51 ,p4 ,le ,nihilisme ,sci5tifique #bih ,:itney1 ,william ,dwight4 ,max ,mll] & ! ,sci5ce ( ,language #dfi ,wise1 ,isaac ,m4 ,pronaos to ,holy ,writ #abd ,zieh51 ,?4 ,leitfad5 d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie 9 #ad ,vorlesung5 #dfa ,,p]iodicals #adj-afj2 #cjc-cbj2 #dgb-dhj2 #fcd-fdj ,,app5dix4 ,kant & ,sp5c]4 ,repr9t$ articles relative to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s e/imate ( ,kant4 7,9 ,no4 #d ( ?is volume47 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,octob]1 #ahia4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,logical ,,!ory4 ,! rem>kable fact 9 ! intellectual life ( to-day is ! contradiction 9 :i* x is entangl$4 ,on "o h& we h an enorm\s developm5t ( sci5ce1 bo? 9 specialisation ( me?od & accumulation ( mat]ial2 its ext5sion & ?or\gh-go+ application to all ranges ( exp]i5ce4 ,:at we %\ld expect f su* a movem5t1 w\ld seem to be confid5ce ( intellig5ce 9 itself2 & a correspond+ organisation ( k1 giv+ "s guide & support to life4 ,! /range ?+ is t in/ead ( ?is we h1 probably1 ! greate/ app>5t disorganisation ( au?ority z to intellectual matt]s t ! _w has ev] se52 :ile ! preval5t attitude & cre$ ( sci5tific m5 is philosophic agno/icism1 or disbelief 9 _! own me?od :5 x comes to fundam5tal matt]s4 ,su* a typical repres5tative ( mod]n sci5ce z ,mr4 ,huxley virtually laughs to scorn ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison t sci5ce %\ld or c\ld become s organis$ z to give any support1 any au?oritative /ay1 to life4 ,n[ ,i d n int5d to discuss ?is app>5t contradiction4 ,x seems to me obvi\s en\gh t ! contradiction is due to ! fact t sci5ce has got f> en\gh along s t its negative attitude t[>ds previ\s codes ( life is evid5t1 :ile its own positive pr9ciple ( recon/ruction is n yet evid5t4 ,b )\t urg+ ?is view ^u ! read]1 ,i wi% to ask h[ & :]e 9 ! prevail+ confusion logical !ory1 z a synopsis ( ! me?ods & typical =ms ( intellig5ce1 /&s4 ,logical !ory at once reflects & trans=ms ! exi/+ /atus ( matt]s intellectual at any p]iod4 ,x reflects x1 = logical !ory is only ! express1 ! ov]t consci\sness on ! "p ( intellig5ce ( its own attitude1 prevail+ _s4 ,x trans=ms x1 because ?is express consci\sness makes intellig5ce "k :]e x /&s1 makes x aw>e ( its /r5g? & ( its weakness1 & by def9+ x to itself =ces x to take up a new & m adequate place4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t z ! prevail+ influ5ce 9 ! intellectual _w to-day is sci5ce1 s ! prevail+ influ5ce 9 logical !ory mu/ be ! endeavor to acc\nt =1 to ju/ify1 or at lea/ to reckon ) ?is sci5tific _s4 ,& yet if !re is su* confusion z we h indicat$1 !n !re is also manife/$ "s *aos 9 logical !ory1 z to ! true nature & me?od ( sci5ce4 ,7 x o!rwise1 7 !re at pres5t a logical !ory adequate to ! specific & detail$ practical results ( sci5ce1 sci5ce & sci5tific m5 w\ld be consci\s ( !mselves1 & w\ld be confid5t 9 _! "w & attitude4 ,! especial problem ( logic1 z ! !ory ( sci5tific me?od1 is ! relation ( fact & ?\ght to ea* o!r1 ( reality & ?\ght4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 diff]5tiat$ f ! metaphysical !ory ( k4 ,logic does n inquire into ! ultimate mean+ ( fact & ?\ght1 nor into _! ultimate relations to "o ano!r4 ,x simply takes !m f ! attitude ( sci5ce itself1 its bus9ess be+1 n ! ju/ification nor refutation ( ?is attitude1 b its developm5t into explicit doctr9e4 ,fact means to logic no m1 b c]ta9ly no less1 ?an x means to ! special sci5ces3 x is ! subject-matt] "u inve/igation1 "u consid]ation2 x is t :i* we are try+ to make out4 ,?\ght too means to logic :at x means to sci5ce3 me?od4 ,x is ! attitude & =m :i* intellig5ce takes 9 ref]5ce to fact--to its subject-matt]1 :e!r 9 inquiry1 exp]im5t1 calculation1 or /atem5t4 ,logic1 !n1 w\ld h = its ess5tial problem ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s typical me?ods & guid+ pr9ciples :i* ?\ght assumes 9 its ef=t to detect1 ma/]1 & report fact4 ,x is presuppos$ "h t !re is "s sort ( fruitful & intr9sic connection ( fact & ?\ght2 t ?9k+1 9 %ort1 is no?+ b ! fact 9 its process ( translation f brute impression to luc5t mean+4 ,b ! mom5t su* a presupposition is /at$1 n9ety-n9e p]sons out ( a hundr$ ?9k t we h plung$1 ex abrupto1 f ! c]ta9ty ( sci5ce into ! cl\dl& ( metaphysic4 ,& yet j ?is conception ( ! relation ( ?\ght 7me?od7 to fact 7subject-matt]7 is tak5 = grant$ 9 e sci5tific inve/igation & conclusion4 ,"h1 !n1 we h 9 outl9e ! pres5t position ( logic4 ,x is t any attempt to /ate1 9 g5]al1 or to "w out1 9 detail1 ! pr9ciple ( ! intr9sic & fruitful relation ( fact & ?\ght :i* sci5ce1 )\t consci\s reflection1 con/antly employs 9 practice1 seems 8metaphysical0 or ev5 absurd4 ,:y is ?is8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w give ! fill+-up ( ! outl9e j pres5t$4 ,! *ief cause is t sup]/ition :i* /ill holds en?rall$ s mu* ( mod]n ?\ght--,i mean =mal logic4 ,& if ?is seems l apply+ a h>d "n to :at1 at be/ & at wor/1 is only an intellectual gymna/ic1 ,i c only say t =mal logic seems to me to be1 at pres5t1 fons et origo malorum 9 philosophy4 ,x is true en\gh t nobody n[ takes ! te*nical subject ( =mal logic v s]i\sly--unless "h & !re "s belat$ 8pr(essor40 ,x is true t x is g5]ally relegat$ to ! position ( a subject :i*1 = "s uncle> reason1 is reg>d$ z 8discipl9>y0 9 a "y man's education2 j z c]ta9 o!r bran*es are reg>d$ z elegant accompli%m5ts 9 a "y woman's f9i%+4 ,b :ile ! subject itself z a doctr9e or sci5ce h>dly ranks v high1 ! conception ( ?\ght :i* is at ! bottom ( =mal logic /ill dom9ates ! ,zeitgei/1 & regulates ! doctr9e & ! me?od ( all ^? :o draw _! inspiration f ! ,zeitgei/4 ,any book ( =mal logic w tell u :at ?is conception ( ?\ght is3 t ?\ght is a faculty or an entity exi/+ 9 ! m9d1 ap>t f facts1 & t x has its own fix$ =ms1 ) :i* facts h no?+ to d--except 9 s f> z !y pass "u ! yoke4 ,jevons puts x ?is way3 8,j z we ?us famili>ly recognise ! diff]5ce ( =m & sub/ance 9 common tangible ?+s1 s we may obs]ve 9 logic1 t ! =m ( an argum5t is "o ?+1 q di/9ct f ! v>i\s subjects or matt] :i* may be treat$ 9 t =m40#a ,pr(essor ,/ock v>ies ! good old tune 9 ?is way3 8,9 e act ( ?\ght we may di/+ui% two ?+s--7#a7 ! object ?\ght ab\t1 7#b7 ! way 9 :i* ! m9d ?9ks ( x4 ,! fir/ is call$ ! ,matt]2 ! second ! ,=m ( ,?\ght4 ,n[ =mal 444 logic is conc]n$ only ) ! way 9 :i* ! m9d ?9ks1 & has no?+ to d ) ! p>ticul> objects ?\ght ab\t40#b ,x is assum$1 9 f9e1 t ?\ght has a nature ( its own indep5d5t ( facts or subject-matt]2 t ?is ?\ght1 p] se1 has c]ta9 =ms1 & t ^! =ms are n =ms :i* ! facts !mselves take1 v>y+ ) ! facts1 b are rigid frames1 into :i* ! facts are to be set4 ,n[ all ( ?is conception--! notion t ! m9d has a faculty ( ?\ght ap>t f ?+s1 ! notion t ?is faculty is con/ruct$1 9 & ( itself1 ) a fix$ framework1 ! notion t ?9k+ is ! impos+ ( ?is fix$ framework on "s unyield+ matt] call$ p>ticul> objects1 or facts--all ( ?is conception appe>s to me z highly s*ola/ic1 z ! la/ /ruggle ( m$ivalism to hold ?\ght 9 subjection to au?ority4 ,no?+ is m surpris+ ?an ! fact t :ile x is fa%ionable to reject1 ) great scorn1 all ! results & special me?ods ( s*ola/icism1 its f\ndation-/one %\ld /ill be accept$ z ! corn]-/one ( ! edifice ( mod]n doctr9e4 ,x is /ill m surpris+ :5 we reflect t ! f\ndation-/one is coh]5t only ) ! m$ival sup]/ructure4 ,! s*ola/ics :5 !y held t ! me?od ( ?\ght 0 a faculty pursu+ its own me?od ap>t f ! c\rse ( ?+s1 7 at lea/ consi/5t4 ,!y did n conceive t ?\ght 0 free1 t intellig5ce _h rights1 nor t !re 0 possible sci5ce indep5d5t ( data au?oritatively laid d[n4 ,really believ+ :at !y pr(ess$1--t ?\ght 0 some?+ 9 se1--!y held t x mu/ be suppli$ ) a fix$ body ( dogmatic fact1 f tradition1 f revelation--f ext]nal au?ority4 ,!y held t ?\ght 9 its work+s is conf9$ to extract+ f ?is dogmatic body ( fact :at is already conta9$ 9 x1 & to re>rang+ ! mat]ial & its implications4 ,to exam9e ! mat]ial1 to te/ its tru?2 to suppose t intellig5ce c\ld cut loose f ?is body ( au?ority & g /raight to nature1 to hi/ory itself1 to f9d ! tru?2 to build up a free & indep5d5t sci5ce--to ?is po9t ( incoh]5cy m$ival s*ola/icism nev] atta9$4 ,to proclaim ! fre$om ( ?\ght1 ! rejection ( all ext]nal au?ority1 ! "r & ! p[] ( ?\ght to get at tru? = itself1 & yet cont9ue to def9e ?\ght z a faculty ap>t f fact1 0 res]v$ = mod]n enlight5m5t6 ,& 7 x n some:at out ( my pres5t scope1 ,i %\ld l to %[ t mod]n culture is ?us a prep>$ victim = ! skilful dialectician ( ! reaction>y army4 ,if ! mod]n ,zeitgei/ does n fall a prey to ! cohorts ( ! army ( ext]nal au?ority1 x is n because x has any recognis$ me?ods or any recognis$ crit]ion by :i* x c ju/ify its rais+ ! 8bann] ( ! free _s40 ,x is simply ! ob/9ate bulw>k ( out] fact1 built up piecemeal by sci5ce1 t protects x4 ,! two ma9 =ces1 :i* h be5 at "w aga9/ ! =mul ( =mal logic1 are 8inductive0 or empirical logic on "o side1 & ! s-call$ 8transc5d5tal0 logic1 on ! o!r4 ,( ^! two1 ! influ5ce ( inductive logic 9 sapp+ 9 practical fa%ion & popul> results ! au?ority ( syllogi/ic logic has und\bt$ly be5 mu* ! great]4 ,i propose1 briefly1 to give c]ta9 reasons = hold+1 h[ev]1 t ! inductive logic does n furni% u ) ! ne$$ !ory ( ! relation ( ?\ght & fact4 ,to %[ ?is adequately w\ld dem& ! criticism ( inductive logic 9 ! detail ( its me?ods1 9 ord] to %[ :]e x comes %ort4 ,z ?is is impossible1 ,i %all n[ conf9e myself to a c\ple ( g5]al consid]ations4 ,to beg9 )1 !n1 ! empirical logic virtually cont9ues ! conception ( ?\ght z 9 itself empty & =mal :i* *>act]izes s*ola/ic logic4 ,x ?us has really no !ory :i* diff]5tiates x1 z reg>ds ! nature ( ?\ght itself1 f =mal logic4 ,i _c see1 = example1 :at qu>rel ! mo/ /r+5t uphold] ( =mal logic c h ) ,mill z to ! latt]'s !ory ( ! syllogism4 ,mill's !ory is virtually simply a !ory reg>d+ ! =mation ( ! major premiss--reg>d+ ! process by :i* we =mulate ! /atem5t t ,all ,s is ,p4 ,n[1 if we once accept ! syllogi/ic position1 ?is process lies outside ! scope & problem ( =mal logic4 ,x is n an affair ( :at ,jevons calls ! =m ( argum5t at all1 b simply ( ! matt]1 ! p>ticul> facts :i* make ! fill+ ( ! argum5t4 ,i d n see t x is any "p ( ! bus9ess ( =mal logic to tell :]e ! major premiss comes f1 nor h[ x is got4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x comes to ! manipulation ( ! data conta9$ 9 ! premiss1 ,mill mu/ fall back ^u ! syllogi/ic logic4 ,mill's !ory1 s f> z ! ?\ght-elem5t is conc]n$1 presupposes ! syllogi/ic !ory4 ,& if ?is !ory1 on its side1 does n presuppose some?+ l ,mill's inductive !ory1 x is simply because ! logician1 z a philosoph]1 may pref] 8intuitionalism0 to 8empiricism40 ,he may hold1 t is1 t ! cont5t ( "s major premisses is giv5 by direct 8intuition0 r ?an ga!r$ f exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ?is consid]ation ( ! s\rce ( ! cont5t ( ! premiss belongs n to =mal logic1 b to metaphysics4 ,if1 !n1 ! !ory ( ! syllogism is incorrect 9 its assumptions z to ! relation ( fact & ?\ght1 ! inductive logic mu/ be simil>ly 9 error4 ,its great advantage ov] ! old s*ola/ic logic lies n 9 its logic z su*1 b 9 some?+ back ( ! logic--9 its acc\nt ( ! d]ivation ( ! mat]ial ( judgm5t4 ,:atev] ! defects ( ,locke's or ,mill's acc\nt ( exp]i5ce1 any !ory :i* someh[ presupposes a fir/-h& contact ( m9d & fact 7?\gh x be only 9 isolat$1 atomic s5sations7 is surely pref]able to a !ory :i* falls back on tradition1 or on ! deliv]y ( dogma irresponsible to any intellectual criticism4 ,b 9 its acc\nt ( ! d]ivation ( ! mat]ial ( judgm5t1 inductive logic is /ill hamp]$ by ! s*ola/ic conception ( ?\ght4 ,?\ght1 be+ conf9$ to ! rigid framework 9 :i* ! mat]ial is manipulat$ aft] be+ obta9$1 is exclud$ f all %>e 9 ! ga!r+ ( mat]ial4 ,! result is t ?is mat]ial1 hav+ no intr9sic ?\ght-side1 %r9ks into a m or less accid5tal association ( m or less %ift+ & transitory m5tal /ates4 ,i %all n /op to argue t1 on ?is gr\nd1 ! 8inductive0 logic deprives sci5ce ( its mo/ di/9ctive sci5tific features--! p]man5ce & objectivity ( its tru?s4 ,i ?9k no "o c d5y t !re is at lea/ an app>5t gap betwe5 ! actual results ( concrete sci5ce & ^! results z !y /& aft] ! t\* ( ! inductive logic--t ! necessity & g5]ality ( sci5ce seem r to h be5 expla9$ away1 ?an expla9$4 ,i ?9k mo/ ( ! inductive logicians !mselves 7:ile endeavor+ to acc\nt = ?is app>5t necessity z g5]at$ ?r\gh association7 w\ld admit t some?+ ( sci5ce seems1 at lea/1 to h be5 lo/1 & t ! great reason = putt+-up ) ?is loss is t ! inductive logic is ! sole alt]native to a dogmatic intuitionalism & to arbitr>y sp9n+-out ( a priori concepts4 ,c]ta9ly z long z ?\ght is conceiv$ aft] ! fa%ion ( syllogi/ic logic1 z a s*eme furni%$ & fix$ 9 itself1 ap>t f reality1 s long sci5tific m5 mu/ prote/ aga9/ all[+ ?\ght any "p or lot 9 sci5tific proc$ure4 ,s long "s su* modus op]&i z t giv5 by ,mill mu/ be resort$ to 9 ord] to expla9 sci5tific me?ods & results4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! s*ola/ic idea ( ?\ght z ?is some?+ hav+ its "* ap>t f fact is once giv5 up1 ! cause :i* at pres5t cramps ! logic ( sci5ce into ! logic ( s5sationalism & empiricism is also giv5 up4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! o!r po9t 9 g5]al reg>d+ ! inductive or empirical logic4 ,x is n /rictly a logic at all b a metaphysic4 ,x does n beg9 ) ! fact ( sci5ce1 ! fact ( ! fruitful inquiry into fact by intellig5ce1 at all4 ,x does n1 />t+ f ?is fact analyse ! v>i\s me?ods & types :i* ?\ght mu/ take ^u itself 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is fruitful inquiry4 ,on ! contr>y1 x beg9s ) s5sations1 & endeavors by a !ory ( k on ! basis ( s5sationalism to build up ! /ructure ( cognition1 ord9>y & sci5tific4 ,i am n conc]n$ "h ) ! tru? ( s5sationalism z a metaphysical !ory ( k1 nor ) ! adequacy ( ! notion ( s5sation advanc$ by ,mill4 ,x is en\gh f ! logical po9t ( view to po9t out t su* a !ory is n logic--t logic does n deal ) some?+ back ( ! fact ( sci5ce1 b ) ! analysis ( sci5tific me?od z su*4 ,& is x =c+ matt]s to indicate t ?is retreat f logic to metaphysic is also caus$ by ! syllogi/ic notion ( ?\ght8 ,=mal ?\ght1 ) its =mul = simply unfold+ a giv5 mat]ial1 is ( no use 9 sci5ce4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ! ne$ ( "s ma*9]y to take ! place ( ?\ght4 ,& ?is is f\nd 9 s5sation & 9 8exp]i5ce0 accord+ to ! peculi> notion ( exp]i5ce curr5t 9 ! inductive logic4 ,9 a ^w1 !n 7)\t attempt+ to %[ ! insuffici5cy ( inductive logic z ! !ory ( sci5ce by ref]5ce to its treatm5t ( specific po9ts7 inductive logic does n meet our ne$s because x is n a free1 unprejudic$ inquiry into ! special =ms & me?ods ( sci5ce1 />t+ f ! actual sci5ces !mselves4 ,x is f\nd$ & built up ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! s*ola/ic notion ( ?\ght4 ,:]e x is n affect$ positively by x1 x is /ill affect$ by its reaction f x4 ,in/ead ( d5y+ once = all validity or ev5 s5se to ! notion ( ?9k+ z a special1 ap>t process1 & !n beg9n+ a free1 unhamp]$ exam9ation ) an eye s+le to ! fact ( sci5ce itself1 x reta9s ?is conception ( ?\ght z valid 9 a c]ta9 dep>tm5t1 & !n sets out to f9d some?+ to supply ! gap 9 ano!r dep>tm5t4 ,& ?us we h ! usual division ( inductive & d$uctive logic1 inductive be+ int]pret$ z empirical & p>ticul>1 d$uctive z syllogi/ic & =mal4 ,!y are c\nt]p>t & correlative !ories1 ! two sides ( ! notion ( ! sep>at5ess ( fact & ?\ght2 !y /& & fall toge!r4 8,transc5d5tal0 logic1 :ile usually conceiv$ z utt]ly oppos$ 9 _s & 9 results to inductive logic1 has yet be5 "o ) x 9 endeavor+ to aboli% =mal logic z ! suffici5t me?od & crit]ion ( sci5tific tru?4 ,i say ?is al?\gh well aw>e t inductive logic is usually conceiv$ z specifically 8sci5tific10 :ile ! transc5d5tal movem5t is reg>d$ z ! especial foe ( sci5ce--z a belat$ attempt to re/ore an a priori s*ola/icism1 & to f9d a s*eme = evolv+ tru? out ( pure ?\ght4 ,?is is because :5 ! 8transc5d5tal0 s*ool talks ( ?\ght1 ( ! syn!tic & objective "* ( ?\ght1 ( ! possibility ( atta9+ absolute tru? ?r\gh ?\ght1 & ( ! ontological value ( ?\ght1 x is und]/ood z mean+ ?\ght 9 ! old1 s*ola/ic s5se1 a process ap>t & fix$ 9 itself1 & yet someh[ evolv+ tru? out ( its own inn] be+1 out ( its own enclos$ rum9ations4 ,b on ! contr>y1 ! v mean+ ( 8transc5d5talism0 is n only t x is impossible to get valid tru? f ! evolution ( ?\ght 9 ! s*ola/ic s5se1 b t !re is no su* ?\ght at all4 ,processes ( intellig5ce :i* h _! nature fix$ 9 !mselves1 ap>t f fact & hav+ to be ext]nally appli$ to fact1 are pure my?s to 8 s*ool4 ,types ( ?\ght are simply ! v>i\s =ms :i* reality progressively takes z x is progressively ma/]$ z to its mean+1--t is1 und]/ood4 ,me?ods ( ?\ght are simply ! v>i\s active attitudes into :i* intellig5ce puts itself 9 ord] to detect & grasp ! fact4 ,in/ead ( rigid m\lds1 !y are flexible adaptations4 ,me?ods ( ?\ght fit fact m closely & responsively ?an a worn glove fits ! h&4 ,!y are only ! ideal evolution ( ! fact1--& by 8ideal0 is "h meant simply ! evolution ( fact into mean+4 ,if ?is is a fair description ( :at ! 8transc5d5tal0 s*ool means by ?\ght1 x is evid5t t x is a co-work] ) ! _s & int5t ( 8inductive0 logic4 ,its sole attempt is to get hold ( & report ! presupposition & rationale ( sci5ce2 its practical aim is to lay b>e & exhibit ! me?od ( sci5ce s t ! true seat ( au?ority--t is1 ! au?ority1 ! back+1 ( tru?--%all be =ev] manife/4 ,x has simply gone a /ep fur!r ?an 8inductive0 logic1 & ?r[n ov]bo>d once = all ! s*ola/ic idea ( ?\ght4 ,?is has enabl$ x to />t anew1 & to =m its !ory ( ?\ght simply by foll[+ ! pr9ciples ( ! actual processes by :i* man has1 ?us f> 9 hi/ory1 discov]$ & possess$ fact4 ,i %all n attempt "h any def5ce ( ! 8transc5d5tal0 logic2 ,i %all n ev5 attempt to %[ t ! int]pretation ( x :i* ,i h giv5 above is correct4 ,x mu/ g1 = ! pres5t1 simply z my individual und]/&+ ( ! matt]4 ,simply tak+ ?is view ( 8transc5d5tal0 logic = grant$1 ,i wi%1 9 ord] to complete our notion ( ! pres5t position ( logic1 to consid] ! reasons :i* h ?us f> prev5t$1 say1 ! ,hegelian logic f gett+ any popul> hold--f gett+ recognition f sci5tific m5 z1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 a fair /atem5t ( _! own basic presupposition & me?od4 ,! fir/ ( ^! reasons is t ! popul> compreh5sion ( ! 8transc5d5tal0 movem5t is arre/$ at ,kant & has nev] gone on to ,hegel4 ,hegel1 x is true1 ov]%ad[$ ,kant entirely = a consid]able p]iod4 ,b ! ,hegelian rgime 0 p>tly pyrote*nical r ?an sci5tific 9 "*2 &1 p>tly1 s f> z x 0 sci5tific1 x exhau/$ itself 9 /imulat+ v>i\s detail$ sci5tific movem5ts--z 9 ! hi/ory ( politics1 religion1 art1 etc4 ,9 ^! l9es1 if we tru/ ev5 to ^? :o h no fai? 9 ! ,hegelian me?od or pr9ciples1 ! movem5t f\nd "s practical excuse = be+4 ,b ! result ( ! case 0--& its pres5t /atus is--t because ! pr9ciple ( ,hegel 01 = ! "t1 lo/ ei!r 9 display ( dialectical fireworks1 or 9 application to specific subjects1 ! pr9ciple itself has nev] met ) any g5]al inve/igation4 ,! imm5se am\nt ( labor sp5t on ,kant dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s has made me?od & pr9ciple famili>1 if n acceptable1 to ! body ( m5 call+ !mselves educat$4 ,& ?us1 s f> z its outcome is conc]n$1 ! transc5d5tal movem5t /ill halts ) ,kant4 ,n[1 at ! exp5se ( seem+ to plunge myself deep] 9 absurdity ?an ,i h already gone1 ,i mu/ say t ! ,kantian pr9ciple is by f> m 8transc5d5tal0 9 ! usual int]pretation ( t t]m--m a priori1 m giv5 to emphasis+ "s special function ( "s special ?\ght-p[]--?an ! ,hegelian4 ,z aga9/ ! usual op9ion t :ile "s compromise betwe5 sci5ce & ,kant is possible1 ! sci5tific _s & ,hegel are at antipodes1 x appe>s to me t x is ,kant :o does viol5ce to sci5ce1 :ile ,hegel 7,i speak ( 8 ess5tial me?od & n ( any p>ticul> result7 is ! qu9tess5ce ( ! sci5tific _s4 ,let me endeavor to give "s reasons = ?is belief4 ,kant />ts f ! accept$ s*ola/ic conception ( ?\ght4 ,kant nev] dreams1 = a mom5t1 ( que/ion+ ! exi/5ce ( a special faculty ( ?\ght ) its own peculi> & fix$ =ms4 ,he /ates & re/ates t ?\ght 9 itself exi/s ap>t f fact & occupies itself ) fact giv5 to x f )\t4 ,kant1 x is true1 gives ! dea?-bl[ to s*ola/icism by po9t+ out t su* a faculty ( ?\ght is purely analytic--t x simply unfolds ! mat]ial giv51 :e!r t mat]ial be true or false1 hav+ no me?od ( arriv+ at tru?1 & no te/ = det]m9+ tru?4 ,?is fact once cle>ly recognis$1 dogmatic rationalism1 or ! attempt to get tru? f ! 8logical0 analysis ( concepts 0 =ev] de/roy$4 ,! way 0 op5$ = an indep5d5t exam9ation ( ! actual me?od ( sci5ce4 ,b :ile ,kant reveal$ once = all ! impossibility ( gett+ tru?1 ( lay+ hold ( reality1 by ! s*ola/ic me?od1 he /ill reta9$ t conception ( ?\ght4 ,he d5i$1 n its exi/5ce1 b its wor? z relates to tru?4 ,:at 0 ! result8 ,j ?is3 :5 he came to 8 exam9ation 7criticism7 ( k1 x fell ap>t at once into two sep>ate factors1 an a priori & a po/]iori4 ,= if ,kant f9ds1 z aga9/ ! dogmatic rationali/1 t =mal ?\ght _c give k1 he also f9ds1 z aga9/ ! sceptical empirici/1 t unrelat$ s5sation _c give k4 ,"h too1 in/ead ( d5y+1 9 toto1 ! exi/5ce ( unrelat$ s5sation1 he cont5t$ himself ) d5y+ its functional value = k4 ,unrelat$ s5sation & =mal ?\ght are simply ! complem5t>y halves ( ea* o!r4 ,admit ! "o1 & ! o!r is its necess>y c\nt]p>t4 ,kant mu/ n[ piece toge!r 8 two sep>at$ factors4 ,s5sation1 unrelat$ manifold ( s5sation1 is !re1 ?\ght1 isolat$1 analytic ?\ght1 is "h4 ,nei!r is k 9 itself4 ,:at m natural ?an to put !m toge!r1 & hold t k is ! union ( a matt] or /uff1 ( s5sations1 atomic 9 !mselves1 on "o h&1 & a =m1 or regulat+ pr9ciple ( ?\ght1 empty 9 itself1 on ! o!r8 ,we h two elem5ts1 bo? exi/+ 9 isolation1 & yet bo? useless = all purposes ( k4 ,comb9e !m1 & pre/o1 !re is sci5ce4 ,su* a 8transc5d5talism0 z ?is may well /ick 9 ! crop ( sci5tific m54 ,= consid] :at is involv$ 9 x3 an a priori factor1 on "o side1 & an a po/]iori1 on ! o!r4 ,kant1 f "o po9t ( view1 seems ?us to h simply comb9$ ! weaknesses ( empiricism & rationalism4 ,he /ill cont9ues to talk ( exp]i5ce itself z p>ticul> & cont+5t1 & d5ies t x gives a basis = any univ]sal laws4 ,aside f 8 ef=t 9 ! 8,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft0 to ov]come 8 orig9al sep>ation1 special sci5tific laws are to him only m or less ext5sive g5]alisations f exp]i5ce--z mu* s to him z to ,locke1 or ,mill4 ,sci5tific m5 inde$1 h accu/om$ !mselves to ?is d]ogation ( _! own me?ods & results1 &1 z 8inductive0 logicians1 indulge 9 x q freely !mselves4 ,b an a priori elem5t1 suppli$ by a ?\ght fix$ & sep>ate1 sci5tific m5 _c d away )4 ,nor d ,i "k any reason :y !y %\ld4 ,x is com+ %ort1 9 my op9ion1 ( ! full /ature ( sci5ce to treat x z a quantitative & v>y+ g5]alisation ( cont+5t p>ticul>s1 b ?is1 at lea/1 leaves :at sci5ce !re is free & unh9d]$4 ,b a priori elem5ts suppli$ f outside ! fact itself1 a priori elem5ts someh[ ent]+ into ! fact f )\t & controll+ x--?is is to give up ! v _s ( sci5ce4 ,= if sci5ce means any?+1 x is t our ideas1 our judgm5ts may 9 "s degree reflect & report ! fact itself4 ,sci5ce means1 on "o h&1 t ?\ght is free to attack & get hold ( its subject-matt]1 &1 on ! o!r1 t fact is free to break ?r\gh into ?\ght2 free to impress itself--or r to express itself--9 intellig5ce )\t vitiation or deflection4 ,sci5tific m5 are true to ! in/9ct ( ! sci5tific _s 9 fight+ %y ( a di/9ct a priori factor suppli$ to fact f ! m9d4 ,apriorism ( ?is sort mu/ seem l an ef=t to cramp ! fre$om ( intellig5ce & ( fact1 to br+ !m "u ! yoke ( fix$1 ext]nal =ms4 ,n[ 9 ,hegel !re is no su* conception ( ?\ght & ( a priori1 z is f\nd 9 ,kant4 ,kant =mulat$ ! conception ( ?\ght z objective1 b he int]pret$ ?is z mean+ t ?\ght subjective 9 itself becomes objective :5 syn!tic ( a giv5 s5se-manifold4 ,:5 ,hegel calls ?\ght objective he means j :at he says3 t !re is no special1 ap>t faculty ( ?\ght belong+ to & op]at$ by a m9d exi/+ sep>ate f ! out] _w4 ,:at ,hegel means by objective ?\ght is ! mean+1 ! significance ( ! fact itself2 & by me?ods ( ?\ght he und]/&s simply ! processes 9 :i* ?is mean+ ( fact is evolv$4 ,!re has be51 ( late1 consid]able discussion ( ! place & function ( 8relations0 9 k4 ,?is discussion 9 ,engli% speculation1 at lea/1 t5ds to turn l>gely ab\t ,?omas ,hill ,gre5's recon/ruction ( ,kantianism4 ,i consid] x un=tunate t ?is discussion has tak5 ! =m ( a debate betwe5 empiricism & ,kantianism4 ,! "q ( k has ?us come to be :e!r or n c]ta9 relations are suppli$ by ?\ght to s5sations 9 ord] to make an ord]ly :ole out ( ! latt]1 *aotic 9 !mselves4 ,n[ :5 ,hegel talks ( relations ( ?\ght 7n t he makes mu* use ( j ?is t]m7 he means no su* sep>ate =ms4 ,relations ( ?\ght are1 to ,hegel1 ! typical =ms ( mean+ :i* ! subject-matt] takes 9 its v>i\s progressive /ages ( be+ und]/ood4 ,& ?is is :at a priori means f a ,hegelian /&po9t4 ,x is n "s elem5t 9 k2 "s addition ( ?\ght to exp]i5ce4 ,x is exp]i5ce itself 9 its skeleton1 9 ! ma9 features ( its framework4 8,refutations0 ( ,hegel1 !n1 :i* attempt to %[ t 8?\ght0 9 itself is empty1 t x waits = cont5t f exp]i5ce1 t x _c by any manipulation evolve tru? out ( itself are1 if tak5 z hav+ relevance to ,hegel1 simply mean+less4 ,hegel beg9s :]e ^! argu]s leave (f4 ,accept+ all t !y c say1 he goes "o /ep fur!r1 & d5ies t !re is any su* 8?\ght0 at all any:]e 9 exi/5ce4 ,! "q ( ! relations or 8categories ( ?\ght0 is j ! "q ( ! broad & ma9 aspects ( fact z t fact comes to be und]/ood4 ,= example1 ,kant w\ld prove ! a priori "* & validity ( ! pr9ciple ( causation by %[+ t )\t x sci5ce is impossible1 t x helps 8make exp]i5ce40 ,n[1 9 t]ms1 ,hegel's ju/ification ( ?is relation w\ld be ! same2 he too w\ld %[ t ! fabric ( exp]i5ce implies & dem&s ! causal relation4 ,b 9 ,kant's case1 ! ju/ification ( ! pr9ciple ( causality by ref]5ce to ! possibility ( exp]i5ce means t ?\ght mu/ cont9ually inject ?is pr9ciple into exp]i5ce to keep x f disappe>+3 t exp]i5ce mu/ be con/antly brac$ & re9=c$ by ! syn!tic action ( ?\ght or x w collapse4 ,9 %ort1 ! ne$ ( exp]i5ce = ?is pr9ciple ( causation means its ne$ = a c]ta9 support outside itself4 ,b ,hegel's demon/ration ( ! validity ( ! causal pr9ciple is simply po9t+ out t ! :ole supports ! "p1 :ile ! "p helps make ! :ole4 ,t is to say1 ,hegel's ref]5ce is n to "s outside action ( ?\ght 9 ma9ta9+ fact z an object ( k2 x is to ! entire /ructure ( fact itself4 ,8 cont5tion is simply t ! /ructure ( fact itself1 ( ! subject-matt] ( k1 is su* t 9 "o ( its phases x pres5ts necess>ily ! aspect ( causality4 ,& if ?is ^w 8necess>ily0 gives pause1 x mu/ be rememb]$ :at ! s\rce ( ?is necessity is4 ,x does n lie 9 ! pr9ciple ( causation p] se2 x lies 9 ! :ole fact1 ! :ole subject-matt] ( k4 ,x is ! same sort ( necessity z :5 we say t a complete man mu/ h an eye2 i4 e41 x is ! nature ( ! human organism to develop & su/a9 ?is organ1 :ile ! organ1 9 turn1 contributes to & ?us helps con/itute ! organism4 ,x is !n evid5t t ! "q ^u :i* ! 8refutation0 ( ,hegel turns is n 9 %[+ t =mal 8?\ght0 _c give bir? to tru? except ?r\gh ! fructify+ t\* ( exp]i5ce4 ,! "q is simply :e!r fact--! subject-matt] ( k--is su* z ,hegel pres5ts x4 ,is x1 9 g5]al1 a connect$ sy/em z he holds x to be8 ,&1 if a sy/em1 does x1 9 p>ticul>1 pres5t su* phases 7su* relations1 categories7 z ,hegel %[s =?8 ,^! are objective que/ions pure & simple2 que/ions id5tical1 9 k9d1 ) ! "q :e!r ! con/itution ( glucose is :at "s *emi/ claims to h f\nd x4 ,?is1 !n1 is :y ,i conceive ,hegel--entirely ap>t f ! value ( any special results--to repres5t ! qu9tess5ce ( ! sci5tific _s4 ,he d5ies n only ! possibility ( gett+ tru? out ( a =mal1 ap>t ?\ght1 b he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any faculty ( ?\ght :i* is o!r ?an ! expression ( fact itself4 ,8 cont5tion is n t 8?\ght10 9 ! s*ola/ic s5se1 has ontological validity1 b t fact1 reality is significant4 ,ev51 !n1 if x 7 %[n t ,hegel is pretty mu* all wrong z to ! special mean+s :i* he f9ds to make up ! significance ( reality1 8 ma9 pr9ciple w\ld be unimpea*$ until x 7 %[n t fact has n a sy/ematic1 or int]connect$1 mean+1 b is a m]e hodgepodge ( fragm5ts4 ,:e!r ! sci5tific _s w\ld h any int]e/ 9 su* a hodgepodge may1 at lea/1 be que/ion$4 ,hav+ dealt at su* l5g? ) ! fir/ reason :y z yet ! 8transc5d5tal0 movem5t has f\nd no ov]t coalesc5ce ) ! sci5tific1 we may deal briefly ) ! rema9+ reason4#c ,9 ! second place1 !n1 ! rationality ( fact _h n be5 suffici5tly realis$ 9 detail 9 ! e>ly decades ( ! c5tury to admit ( ! pr9ciple ( ! 8transc5d5tal0 movem5t be+ o!rwise ?an misund]/ood4 ,t is to say1 ! developm5t &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ! application ( sci5ce to ! specific facts ( ! _w 0 !n comp>atively rudim5t>y4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is lack ( sci5tific discov]y & application1 ! _w pres5t$ itself to man's consci\sness z a blank1 or at lea/ z only /uff = mean+1 & n z itself significant4 ,! result 0 t ,hegel mu/ be int]pret$ subjectively4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( conceiv+ a _w1 ^u :i* sci5ce _h n yet exp5d$ its en]gies 9 detail1 z an organism ( significant relations & be>+s 7 s great1 t ,hegel's attempt to po9t out ^! significant types & functions z imman5t 9 reality 0 inevitably miscon/ru$ z an attempt1 on ,hegel's "p1 to prove t a sy/em ( purely 8subjective0 ?\ghts c\ld someh[ be s manipulat$ z to give objectively valid results4 ,hegel1 9 o!r words1 anticipat$ some:at ! actual outcome ( ! sci5tific movem5t4 ,h[ev] significant fact may be1 h[ev] true x may be t an ap>t faculty ( ?\ght is an absurdity1 h[ev] c]ta9 x may be t !re are no real types or me?ods ( ?\ght at all except+ ^? ( ! object-matt] itself z x comes to be und]/ood1 yet to man ?is objective significance _c be real till he has made x out 9 ! details ( sci5tific processes1 & made x appli$ sci5ce 9 inv5tion4 ,hegel's /&po9t 01 !re=e1 ( necessity obscure4 ,:5 ! significant "* ( fact 0 n yet op5$ up 9 detail1 a me?od :i* work$ ^u ! basis t ! only possible ?\ght is ! reflection ( ! significance ( fact1 _h no *ance ( fair int]pretation44 ,& ?us x 0 7& l>gely is7 t :5 ,hegel speaks ( objective ?\ght & its relations1 he is und]/ood z hav+ ! ord9>y conception ( ?\ght 7t is1 ( ?\ght z a purely sep>ate & subjective faculty71 & yet z try+ to prove t ?is ap>t faculty has "s my/]i\s p[] ( evolv+ tru?4 ,! "q :i* n[ confronts u1 !re=e1 z to ! pres5t place ( logic is j ?is3 ,has ! application ( sci5tific ?\ght to ! _w ( fact gone f> en\gh s t we c speak1 )\t seem+ /ra9$1 ( ! rationality ( fact8 ,:5 we speak ( ! rationality1 ( ! intr9sic mean+ ( fact1 c ^! t]ms be und]/ood 9 _! direct & obvi\s s5se1 & n 9 any remote1 or m]ely metaphysical s5se8 ,has ! !oretical consid]ation ( nature 9 its detail$ /udy1 has practical inv5tion1 z ! manife/ation ( ! rationality ( fact1 gone f> en\gh s t ?is significance has become1 or c\ld become ) "s ef=t1 z real & objective a mat]ial ( /udy z are molecules & vibrations8 ,x seems to me t we are already at ?is /age1 or are at ! po9t ( gett+ to x4 ,)\t argu+ ?is "q1 h[ev]1 7:i*1 inde$1 c be prov$ only by act+ ^u x1 only ambul&o17 ,i w\ld po9t out t ! con/ant detail$ "w ( sci5ce ^u ! _w 9 !ory & 9 inv5tion1 mu/ 9 "t give t _w an evid5t mean+ 9 human consci\sness4 ,:at prev5ts sci5tific m5 f n[ realis+ ?is fact1 is t !y are /ill afraid ( c]ta9 8transc5d5t0 entities & =ces2 afraid t if !y relax _! ho/ility to metaphysic1 "s "o w spr+ ^u !m ! old s*ola/ic s*eme ( ext]nal1 sup]natural unrealities4 ,to ^? :o take ! prevail+ agno/icism n z a ?+1 b z a symptom1 ?is agno/icism means j ?is3 ,! :ole set ( ext]nal1 or non-imman5t entities1 is n[ on ! po9t ( fall+ away1 ( dissolv+4 ,we got j s f>1 popul>ly1 z hold+ t !y are unkn[able4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are cr[d$ to ! extreme v]ge4 ,"o pu% m1 & (f !y g4 ,! popul> consci\sness w hold n only t !y are unkn[able1 b t !y are n4 ,:at !n8 ,sci5ce fre$ f its fe> ( an ext]nal & dogmatic metaphysic1 w lose its fe> ( metaphysic4 ,hav+ unque/ion$ & free possession ( its own doma91 t ( k & ( fact1 x w also be free to build up ! intr9sic metaphysic ( ?is doma94 ,x w be free to ask aft] ! /ructure ( mean+s :i* makes up ! skeleton ( ?is _w ( k4 ,! mom5t ?is po9t is rea*$1 ! speculative critical logic work$ out 9 ! developm5t ( ,kantian ideas1 & ! positive1 specific "w ( ! sci5tific _s w be at "o4 ,x w be se5 t ?is logic is no reviv$1 r$eck$ s*ola/icism1 b a complete ab&onm5t ( s*ola/icism2 t x deals simply ) ! inn] anatomy ( ! realm ( sci5tific reality1 & has simply endeavor$1 ) h[ev] mu* ( anticipation1 to dissect & lay b>e1 at l>ge & 9 g5]al1 ! features ( ! same subject-matt]1 :i* ! positive sci5ces h be5 occupy+ !mselves ) 9 p>ticul> & 9 detail4 ,t we are almo/ at ! po9t ( su* conflux1 a po9t :]e ! g5]al1 & !re=e some:at ab/ract l9es ( critical logic w run 9 to ! p>ticul>1 & !re=e some:at isolat$1 l9es ( positive sci5ce1 is1 9 my op9ion1 ! pres5t position ( logical !ory4 ,,john ,,dewey4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,jevons1 ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,logic1 p4 #e4 #b ,/ock1 ,d$uctive ,logic1 p4 #c4 #c ,x %\ld be und]/ood t 9 ! previ\s discussion s f> z x relates to ,kant1 ,i h tak5 him at 8 l[e/ t]ms--^? ( logical self-consi/5cy4 ,s f> z ,kant does n succe$ 9 free+ himself f 8 orig9al position--! exi/5ce ( a =mal1 or ap>t1 faculty ( ?\ght--s f> 8 emphasis ( ! a priori 9 ! s5se already attribut$ to him is inevitable4 ,b t ! t5d5cy ( ,kant is to make ! ?\ght-relations a priori simply 9 ! s5se ( be+ fact's own anatomy & physiognomy ,i %\ld n d5y4 ,,w ,,& ,,reason4 ,x has always be51 ,i ?9k1 ! practice 9 civilis$ society to speak ( reason or good s5se z 9 "s way influ5c+ action4 ,& ( c\rse x mu/ d s1 if1 z we suppose1 x =ms ! radical di/9ction betwe5 man & ! l[] animals4 8,be reasonable10 we say1 9 ref]5ce to action no less ?an to speculation4 8,wisdom & blood10 says ,%akespe>e1 8combat+ 9 s t5d] a body1 we h t5 pro(s to "o t blood ha? ! victory40 ,blood "h means passion4 ,h[ does wisdom or k combat passion8 ,i d n say t wisdom & k mean ! same ?+1 b if !y d n1 we %\ld l to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 ?is preval5t notion ( ! conflict betwe5 reason & desire1 x may be obs]v$ t reason is1 z a rule1 suppos$ to be negative or prohibitive4 8,be reasonable0 g5]ally means 8give up some?+ y want v mu*40 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! inw>d monitor ( ,socrates 0 always negative1 & ?r\gh\t moral philosophy1 & especially ?r\gh\t moralis+ philosophy1 :i* is n q ! same ?+1 y f9d ! po9t ( view t reason conflicts ) desire1 & has 9 fact = its function v mu* to prev5t y do+ or c>+ ab\t :atev] y v p>ticul>ly want to d or incl9e to c>e ab\t4 ,?is is :at gives rise to ! /ate ( ?+s satiris$ 9 ! old say+ 8,any "y man w\ld r face an imputation on 8 moral "* ?an an imputation on 8 horseman%ip40 ,if moral "* means a sort ( deta*m5t f ev]y?+1 ?is feel+ is bo? natural & ju/ifiable4 ,! popul> int]pretation ( ,ari/otle leans 9 ! direction ( ?is idea ab\t reason1 9 s f> z ! conception ( ! reason seems to be connect$ ) commonplace notions ab\t ! evils ( excess1 /rongly repres5t$ 9 ,greek prov]bial philosophy4 ,x 0 easy to add to ^! ideas ! conception ( ! evils ( defect1 :i* is little m ?an a v]bal ref9em5t on ! o!r4 ,^! quantitative expressions h n mu* mean+ 9 morality4 ,unque/ionably1 ,i ?9k1 ! popul> aspect ( ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e is an idea t y ought n to ?r[ y\rself v deeply into any?+4 ,reason is1 9 %ort1 accord+ to ^! morali/ic conceptions1 ?\gh n accord+ to ,ari/otle's fundam5tal view1 a sort ( *eck ^u desire & little m4 ,?is negative "* ( reason w1 ,i hope1 expla9 itself away z we proce$4 ,! prim>y po9t on :i* ,i want to insi/ is n :y reason is ?us treat$ z negative1 b h[ x comes t reason c be suppos$ to conflict ) or control desire at all4 ,i speak = ! pres5t ( ,desire1 n ( ,w1 because ! mean+ ( desire is cle>]2 :]eas x is a d\bt1 until we h expla9$ ! nature ( active reason1 :at ,w is1 & :e!r x is di/+ui%able f desire4 ,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a s5t5ce ( ,ari/otle 8,intellig5ce z su* moves no?+10 & ?is seems to come home to u q z naturally z ! idea t reason controls action4 ,all pla9 or unambigu\s in/ances ( reason or reason+ or intellig5ce1 seem to deal ) discov]y ( fact1 c\*$ 9 a =m :i* is capable ( tru? & falsehood4 ,= our purpose we may treat x z elaborate p]ception1 :e!r direct or assi/$ ?r\gh inf]5ce1 su* z calculation4 ,calculation is ! old mean+ ( reason+1 bo? 9 ,greek & ,lat94 ,h[ d we get across f p]ception or calculation to any?+ t c int]f]e ) desire8 ,( c\rse !re is a meet+-po9t 9 ! idea t att5ds desire4 ,human desire1 at lea/1 is n bl9d4 ,x is desire ( some?+1 :i* is be=e ! m9d z an idea2 & 9 ! case ( desire :i* issues 9 action ?is some?+ mu/ be m5tally specifi$ 9 respect ( ! p>ticul> means ne$$ to br+ x ab\t4 ,& also1 ! end or purpose :i* is desir$ = its own sake1 is1 9 ! connection ( cause & effect1 itself de facto a means to o!r results ad inf9itum1 m or less ( :i* are =ese5 by ! p]son :o acts4 ,?us ! act1 z fully pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 idea1 is a complication ( ext]nal circum/ances1 :i* are ideally di/+ui%$1 suppos+ ! act to be reflect$ on1 z means1 realisation ( ! purpose1 & =ese5 consequ5ces bo? ( ! means & ( ! realisation ( ! purpose4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 all-important to rememb]1 t ^! di/9ctions are di/9ctions ( relation to ! act+ subject1 drawn v lightly by ! act+ subject on ! %ift+ surface ( a complicat$ set ( results pres5t$ 9 idea1 & are n at all complete di/9ctions1 & l5d !mselves v readily to self-deception4 ,we %all see ! importance ( ?is rem>k directly4 ,9 ! meantime1 "h we h "o way 9 :i* reason+s ab\t fact d help to modify our actions4 ,if we "k di/9ctly :at we desire1 say1 a week's holiday1 !n x is reason+ ab\t matt]s ( fact t w tell u :at we mu/ d to get x1 &1 9 "p1 :at ! results w be bo? ( our gett+ x & ( :at we d to get x4 ,n[ = philosophical purposes we ne$ n consid] ! =ese5 consequ5ces sep>ately4 ,!y mu/ rank1 morally1 z means4 ,t is to say1 !y are some?+ :i* y h to take into ! b>ga9 9 ord] to get :at y want4 ,!y come 9 ) all ! o!r circum/ances 9 det]m9+ :e!r y l ! action or n4 ,n[ is ?is connection betwe5 action & reason :at we h 9 m9d :5 we say t a p]son ought to act reasonably1 or t reason combats desire8 ,d we und]/& by act+ reasonably1 t assum+ "s "o "p ( ! imag9$ circum/ances to repres5t ! purpose1 ! ag5t has got all ! means to x1 & ! =ese5 consequ5ces ( x1 & ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts ( ! purpose itself1 set out 9 a connection :i* is truly p]ceiv$ or sci5tifically inf]r$8 ,we d sometimes appe> to mean ?is4 ,we say3 x is unreasonable to ask me to be at ! /ation at n9e :5 ! tra9 does n />t till t54 ,x is unreasonable1 y may say1 on ! gr\nd t ! means dem&$ ( me are n1 sci5tifically speak+1 necess>y to ! end agre$ ^u4 ,/ill m we %\ld pron\nce x unreasonable to adopt any means :i* actually defeats y\r purpose2 :i* c\ld only happ51 "o w\ld ?9k1 ei!r f moral self-deception1 or 9 complicat$ matt]s :]e ! means are disputable4 ,?is second case does n matt] to u2 ! fir/ c>ries u a little fur!r1 because x sugge/s t :at y call ! means may really conta9 y\r purpose1 or "o ( y\r purposes1 p]haps inconsi/5t ) ano!r4 ,! hackney$ example ( selfi% *>ity is z good a case ( ?is unreasonabl5ess z c be f\nd4 ,! gift1 :i* is pr(ess$ to be m]ely a means to ! good ( ano!r1 is1 "u all ! conditions1 a means contr>y to t good1 & is giv5 because x gratifies an impulse ( ! donor4 ,x might seem1 9 ?is case aga91 a fair explanation to pron\nce su* conduct unreasonable m]ely because ! means adopt$ are sci5tifically speak+ inconsi/5t ) ! end propos$4 ,we might be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t we seem to h detect$ "h a probable conflict ( ends1 n m]ely ( means to an end4 ,admitt+1 !n1 = ! mom5t1 t we hold conduct to be unreasonable if ! p]ception1 impli$ 9 x1 ( ! relation betwe5 means1 ends1 & consequ5ces is flagrantly false1 d we admit conduct to be reasonable simply because ! intellectual p]ception 9 "q is cle> & true8 ,tak+ tru? 9 its ord9>y s5se1 z tru? ( simple fact1 we mu/ d5y ?is4 ,i may "k p]fectly well t s mu* w9e w make me drunk1 & may dr9k x ) t object & ) t result1 & yet no "o w pron\nce ?is a reasonable action1 ?\gh my judgm5t ( facts & results 0 z true & reasonable z c\ld be4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t 9 a l>g] s5se true judgm5t involves reasonable action4 ,?us x does n seem t tru? ( p]ception or correctness ( calculation z to ! connection ( ! circum/ances :i* are pres5t$ 9 ! idea ( an act are suffici5t to make ! act reasonable1 al?\gh s]i\s blund]s 9 ! p]ception or calculation seem to make ! act :i* implies !m unreasonable4 ,i ev5 d\bt :e!r ! la/ clause 0 rightly /at$4 ,i 0 oblig$ to say flagrant errors1 s]i\s blund]s4 ,= x seems d\btful :e!r a purely intellectual error1 or blund] ( p]ception1 does make an act 8unreasonable10 :i* ow+ to su* a blund] misses its m>k4 ,i incl9e to ?9k t ! reason :y we are =c$1 9 su* cases z ,i h in/anc$1 to lay /ress on ! flagrancy ( ! blund]1 is t x makes u suspect self-deception or moral neglect on ! "p ( ! ag5t1 makes u suspect1 9 o!r words1 t ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 means & ends 0 n ow+ to m]e intellectual misjudgm5t1 b 0 adopt$ ) op5 or p>tially op5 eyes4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i %\ld call my fri5d unreasonable = want+ to meet at ! /ation an h\r be=e ! dep>ture ( ! tra91 if he c\ld %[ me bona fide gr\nds :i* made him imag9e t x 0 necess>y to arrive s e>ly4 ,i might 9 t case ?9k him mi/ak51 b %\ld n v5ture to call him unreasonable1 unless 8 mi/ake seem$ s obvi\s t ,i ?\ght x 0 committ$ on purpose1 t is1 0 n an intellectual mi/ake at all4 ,:5 ,i call him unreasonable1 p]haps ,i really suspect he is mak+ a claim on my "t to meet "s private conv5i5ce ( 8 own--to avoid a cr[d or to make sure ( "s p>ticul> c>riage1 :i* ,i d n c>e ab\t--& !re=e p]haps x may aft] all be 8 purpose t ,i ?9k unreasonable4 ,b !re is "o great doctr9e ( reasonabl5ess :i* does r$uce x to a "q ( means & ends1 & t is1 ! doctr9e t ev]y?+ else is a means to pleasure1 :e!r t ( ! ag5t or t ( all s5ti5t be+s4 ,i d n want to discuss ,h$onism psy*ologically j n[1 ,i only want to use x z an illu/ration ( "o way 9 :i* intellig5ce may be alleg$ to control action4 ,! ultimate !ory w\ld !n be t ?is uni=m purpose1 pleasure1 is a natural or obvi\s1 or1 s to speak1 a giv5 purpose1 & t all def9ite action is or has be5 prescrib$ by ! intellig5ce deal+ ) matt] ( fact1 z a means to ! realisation ( ?is giv5 purpose4 ,!n reasonable action w\ld mean :at our reason+ & p]ceptive p[]s1 deal+ ) matt]s ( fact1 pron\nce to make = pleasure1 & unreasonable action w\ld be all t does n4 ,"h1 ?\gh ,i wi% to avoid hackney$ criticism1 ,i mu/ note t !re is a c]ta9 difficulty 9 gett+ across f ! idea ( "o's own pleasure to t ( o!r p's pleasure z a natural purpose1 & sometimes we f9d ! cont5tion t any p]son's pleasure is a reasonable purpose to any p]son1 :i*1 l sev]al indications be=e1 takes u out ( ! connection betwe5 reason & ! m]e calculation ( means to an end4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ,i h1 = our object1 only to ref] back to ! suspicion ) :i* we reg>d$ ^! di/9ctions betwe5 means1 ends1 & consequ5ces1 9 ! pres5t$ idea ( an action4 ,! burd5 ( pro( lies on ^? :o limit ! aspects 9 & = :i* activities or results c be or ought to be desir$4 ,if we say t ! :ole complex ( our moral life is a means to a p>tial ?\gh necess>y incid5t 9 x1 x seems to me t we are putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,if y c\ld really say 8moral life is ! means1 & pleasure is ! end0 !n x w\ld foll[ t1 %\ld calculation tell y t moral life 0 n ! mo/ effectual means1 y w\ld n pref] x4 ,n[ ?is old argum5t may be pron\nc$ unfair on ! gr\nd t x puts an impossible case2 j l ! c\nt]-"q :i* is ask$ by ! opposite side1 8,if morality l$ only to increas$ pa91 w\ld y pref] x !n80 ,/ill1 if ^! two que/ions toge!r br+ out ! fact t pleasure is an incid5t ( a :ole complex ( functions & activities :i* we _c suppose to be sep>at$ f x1 we d get ?is mu* result1 t !re is no firm gr\nd = di/+ui%+ "p ( ! complex z ! end f ! re/ z ! means4 ,& x seems cle>1 also1 t we diff]5tiate pleasures 9 k9d accord+ to ! activities :i* !y accompany1 j z we h con/antly f\nd t ! s-call$ means diff]5tiates & qualifies ! s-call$ purpose4 ,?us ,i d n ?9k t x is possible to repres5t ! reasonabl5ess ( action z consi/+ 9 its guidance by "r calculation ( ! means to an end1 n ev5 to ! alleg$ simple & univ]sal end ( pleasure4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is view has "o ess5tial elem5t ( tru?1 t is ! recognition t a positive impulse or claim c only be combat$ or defeat$ by a positive impulse or claim4 ,! view goes s f> inde$ z to say t "o =m ( a g5]al impulse c only be combat$ by ano!r =m ( t same impulse ?r\gh ! discrepancy ( ! alt]native means to its atta9m5t4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 s mu* does seem cle>1 viz4 t reasonabl5ess _c be1 z popul> language t5ds to make x1 some?+ purely negative & prohibitive4 ,its negative aspect mu/ be second>y1 & accord+ to ! sugge/ions furni%$ by ! notions we h be5 exam9+1 mu/ arise out ( a discrepancy betwe5 two sets ( means to ! same ackn[l$g$ or accept$ end4 ,?is ,i ?9k is solid gr\nd1 s f> t we are b\nd to d$uce ! negative side ( reasonabl5ess f a positive nature1 :e!r a g5]al relation to "o & ! same purpose1 or relations to diff]5t purposes4 ,we h le>nt1 on ! o!r h&1 to di/ru/ ! absolute di/9ction betwe5 means & end4 #b4 ,n[ ,i turn = a mom5t to :at ,i may describe z maxims ( reasonabl5ess4 ,i w n call !m 8,a priori pr9ciples10 because su* an expression raises a "q ab\t ! nature ( exp]i5ce :i* does n conc]n ! po9t be=e u4 ,b ,i d treat !m z *>act]i/ic ( a view :i* expla9s reasonabl5ess r by rules ?an by purposes2 & x seems to foll[ f ?is t ! rule mu/ be alleg$ to be self-evid5t1 because if !y 7 d]ivative1 !y w\ld mo/ naturally be d]ivative f purposes4 ,b 9 ! hi/ory ( speculation ( c\rse ! same pr9ciple may be recomm5d$ at "o "t z analog\s to an axiom ( ! reason+ p[]1 & at ano!r "t z involv$ 9 ! purposes :i* are recognis$ z good4 ,ev5 ! same writ] may comb9e bo? views4 ,n[ if su* pr9ciples are support$ z con/itut+ ! reasonabl5ess ( action1 ei!r because connect$ ) ! pr$om9ance ( ! speculative intellig5ce1 or because ( an analogy betwe5 su* pr9ciples & any axioms acceptable to ! speculative intellig5ce1 ,i believe t ?is support ( !m is due to a %e] confusion4 ,i take two only1 z illu/rations1 "o ( ea* type ,i h m5tion$4 ,plato1 x seems to me1 con/antly fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ! reasonabl5ess ( conduct1 & ! reasonabl5ess ( ab/ract reason+1 t is1 ( ! sci5tific intellect4 ,to ! moral philosoph]1 sci5tific or !oretical int]e/ & activity are "o int]e/ & activity among o!rs2 & ! reasonabl5ess ( activity is n insur$ by pursu+ an activity ( reasonabl5ess4 ,x may be q unreasonable1 9 ! moral s5se1 to pursue ab/ract reason+ z a vocation 9 life4 ,:5 we say t 9 e man ! reason %\ld be upp]mo/1 we d n mean t e man %\ld devote himself to intellectual pursuits4 ,plato kn[s ?is1 z1 9 a s5se1 he kn[s ev]y?+2 b he uses all argum5ts = 8 purpose1 & among o!rs ,i ?9k he all[s x to be suppos$ t occupation ) intellectual matt] is 9 a moral s5se a pr$om9ance ( ! reason4 ,i may in/ance 8 attempt to prove t intellectual pleasures are ! pleasante/1 m especially ) ref]5ce to 8 aim 9 mak+ ! attempt1 :i* is1 ,i suppose1 to recomm5d intellectual occupation z pre-em95tly reasonable 9 ! moral s5se4 ,to ?is ,i say ,no2 if & 9 z f> z ! inf]5ce is meant to re/ ^u an id5tification ( sci5tific ) moral reasonabl5ess1 ,i ?9k x a %e] confusion4 ,x is l say+ t because a doctor has to d ) ! promotion ( heal?1 !re=e x is a heal?y pr(ession to be a doctor4 ,b ,plato's argum5t %[s h[ /rongly ?is idea appeal$ to him1 because he ev5 recomm5ds intellectual pleasures on ! score ( _! %e] pleasantness1 imply+ n only t intellectual occupation is reasonabl5ess 9 ! moral s5se1 b t intellectual occupation1 ev5 :5 *os5 by way ( self-indulg5ce1 is /ill reasonabl5ess 9 ! moral s5se4 ,( c\rse ! matt] is complicat$ by a sub/antive connection1 ! degree ( :i* is matt] ( op9ion1 betwe5 ! two ?+s1 l t betwe5 be+ a physician & lead+ a heal?y life4 ,intellectual ex]cise & ambition h a def9ite influ5ce on c]ta9 capacities conc]n$ 9 ! reasonable w4 ,b x _c be made out1 t a t5d5cy to ! m intellectual occupations is 9 itself a t5d5cy to moral reasonabl5ess4 ,moral reasonabl5ess mu/ be a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( moral action1 n gu>ante$ by ! special cont5t ( any =m ( activity4 ,next ,i h to discuss a pr9ciple :i* is advocat$ z an expression ( ! morally reasonable1 on ! gr\nd ( hav+ a sort ( analogy to sev]al maxims or axioms ( ! intellectual _w4 ,x us$ to be said t ju/ice is l a squ>e2 or t ! rightness ( an action consi/s 9 its con=mity to c]ta9 et]nal proportions impress$ ^u ! _w by ,god4 ,i take "o m mod]n =m ( ^! pr9ciples z a type ( !m all4 ,b5?am said1 8,"o is only to c\nt = "o10 & x is a m]e amplification ( ?is :5 ,mr4 ,sidgwick ma9ta9s1 if ,i und]/& him1 t x is objectively reasonable n to pref] my own int]e/ or pleasure simply because x is my own1 to t ( "s "o else4 ,?is pr9ciple seems to me a comm5dable expression ( moral judgm5t1 & ,i d n ?9k t x is ne$less or empty4 ,!re is a fam\s passage 9 ,middlem>* :]e ! h]o9e1 9 a matt] :i* acutely t\*es h] own feel+s1 ?9ks to h]self1 8,n[ h[ %\ld ,i act if ,i c\ld compel my own pa9 to be sil5t1 & m]ely consid] :at is be/ = ! lives ( all ! p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! situation80 ,t ,i suppose is a concrete r5d]+ ( :at ?is pr9ciple means4 ,b if we look clos]1 we see its weak side4 ,x is negative1 & consequ5tly ab/ract4 ,y are n to he$ y\r own feel+s unless !y are su* t y w\ld he$ !m if !y 7 "s "o's else 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,?is am\nts to no m ?an say+1 8,we believe !re is always1 "u all circum/ances1 a "r c\rse40 ,x is /rictly p>allel to ! !oretical pr9ciples ( ,uni=mity or ,causation4 8,we believe t !re is an explanation = ev]y?+2 t no?+ *anges )\t "s reason40 ,^! are useful maxims if !y make u look = ! explanation1 & s ! o!r is a useful maxim1 if x makes u look = ! "r c\rse4 ,b x really falls betwe5 two /ools4 ,x is n capable1 z intellectual !orems are1 ( accurate developm5t & application by measurem5t & analysis4 ,yet on ! o!r h& x makes no special appeal to any special cont5t1 or t5d5cy ( reasonabl5ess embodi$ 9 def9ite ends4 ,x is nei!r !oretically f]tile1 nor is x a description ( a practical influ5ce4 ,x is a well-kn[n ph5om5on t ^? :o sugge/ maxims or moral axioms ( ?is k9d z def9+ moral reasonabl5ess are apt to be r$uc$ to assum+ a p>ticul> impulse1 told (f to assi/ or obey ! reason4 ,su* are ,plato's 8,spirit$0 elem5t 9 ! s\l1 ,kant's rev]5ce1 ,mr4 ,sidgwick's g5]al desire to d :at is reasonable4 ,?is seems to me to be creat+ a rule :i* has no positive cont5t1 & !re=e has n ! "* ( a human purpose1 & !n imag9+ an impulse to obey x ! nature ( :i* is n acc\nt$ = 9 ref]5ce to any plan ( life1 b mu/ simply be prop\nd$ z an isolat$ fact4 ,x kept sugge/+ itself to u above t reasonabl5ess c\ld n be ?or\ghly expla9$ on ! basis ( a di/9ction betwe5 means & end1 because actual ends are n simple & uni=m1 b are obvi\sly qualifi$ by ! s-call$ means1 or context ( circum/ance4 ,we agre$1 h[ev]1 t :at is reasonable mu/ be s 9 virtue ( a positive cont5t1 :e!r z means or p]haps z end1 & t its negative or prohibitive aspect mu/ arise f ! conflict ( two su* positive cont5ts4 ,we h 9 ?is section look$ at two int]pretations ( moral reasonabl5ess app>5tly sugge/$ by analogies ) intellectual reason+s or pr9ciples1 & we c\ld n d5y t ea* ( !m _h a c]ta9 appe>ance ( tru?1 b "o seem$ to confuse ! cont5t ) ! =m1 ! o!r to consi/ ( a =m )\t any cont5t4 #c4 ,x sugge/s itself !re=e t moral reasonabl5ess mu/ be a *>act]i/ic :i* we ascribe to purposes ( action4 ,!n we get a v>iety ( positive cont5t1 )\t rely+ on ! di/9ction betwe5 means & end2 :ile ! ab/ract pr9ciples :i* we feel to be reasonable fall into _! "r place z v g5]al descriptions ( a purpose or s*eme ( life :i* c be call$ reasonable4 ,b ! idea ( a reasonable purpose requires explanation4 ,fir/1 x is irreconcilable ) ab/ract ,h$onism4 ,y _c h any relations )9 a s+le & uni=m purpose1 & reason always involves relations4 ,secondly1 x is n ! mo/ intellectual purpose1 ! purpose t has mo/ to d ) reason+4 ,i h tri$ to expla9 ?is above4 ,?irdly1 x is su* a life or purpose z possesses a self-consi/5t relation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,?is is ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( any reasonable totality qua reasonable1 & x is ?is :i* =ms ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( reasonable purpose qua reasonable4 ,!n :at is ! mean+ ( ! self-consi/5t relation ( p>ts to ! :ole 9 ! case ( a human s*eme ( life8 ,we _c dem& t our specific purposes %\ld be relat$ consci\sly to ! purpose ( ! univ]se2 because ! univ]se z a :ole is ! object ( !oretical k only1 & ?is does n furni% u ) ! idea ( a concrete purpose at all4 ,x seems !n t ! :ole1 by consi/5cy ) :i* human purpose is or is n reasonable1 mu/ be ! :ole ( exi/+ human purpose1 tak5 ( c\rse z mov+ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 ow+ to ! modification cont9ually introduc$ ?r\gh ! progressive realisation ( purposes4 ,i d n see t m ?an ?is c be said )\t ent]+ ^u ! analysis ( ! actual /ructure ( ! moral _w1 ( society & ( hi/ory4 ,:at is important seems to me to be t we _c con/ruct ! reasonable _w ( morality f a !oretical view ( m5 9 g5]al & ( nature4 ,we h to take x z x is1 & are !n p]haps able to %[ t x is an organis$ movem5t 9 ! direction ( self-consi/5cy ( purpose4 ,is !re n m ?an "o k9d or type ( self-consi/5cy possible1 z :5 self-indulg5ce is re/rict$ simply )9 ! b\nds ( heal? & dec5cy8 ,?is is ! "q :e!r consi/5cy dem&s complet5ess1 i4 e4 :e!r m]e omission de/roys consi/5cy4 ,x has (t5 be5 discuss$1 & ,i suppose ! g5]al answ] is t assum+ ! unity ( ! total moral movem5t1 any elem5ts omitt$ 9 any portion ( ! movem5t mu/ ultimately h _! rev5ge by produc+ di/urbance4 ,!n if we ask :at aft] all is ! relation ( ! !oretical reason to ! reasonable w or moral reason1 ! only answ] seems to be t ! moral reason1 9 ! individual or 9 ! race1 is ! body ( intellectual ideas :i* are 9 fact pr$om9ant z purposes 9 ei!r1 hav+ become pr$om9ant by ! p[] !y h %[n ( cru%+ out or adju/+ to !mselves ! active associations ( all o!r ideas4 ,& ! p[] is :at might be describ$ z logical p[]2 t is to say x dep5ds on ! range & dep? :i* enables "o idea to include 9 itself z 9 a sy/em a great v>iety ( m9or purposes4 ,! intellect z su* is = morality 9 ! fir/ in/ance simply ! m$ium 9 :i* ! moral _w or cont5t ( ! moral _w exi/s2 & :i* !re=e conveys to t cont5t its own peculi> "* ( sy/em & totality4 ,!n1 fur!r1 9 !oretical reflection on ! moral _w1 ,i imag9e t we notice ?is pr$om9ance ( ideas :i* h organis+ p[]1 & we frame to express ?is pr$om9ance su* pr$icates z important1 "r1 good4 ,& ! :ole ( ^! judgm5ts we mu/ call wisdom z oppos$ to k4 ,b ,i _c myself see h[ ^! or any judgm5ts c be judgm5ts ( ! moral reason4 ,!y seem to me to be1 z judgm5ts1 necess>ily judgm5ts ( ! !oretic reason deal+ ) ! facts ( ! moral _w4 ,b !n !re is ! fur!r complication t ^! judgm5ts !mselves1 =m+ ! cont5t ( intellectual ideas1 may1 if !y h organis+ p[]1 become actively pr$om9ant1 & !n aga9 !y w =m a portion ( ! actual moral _w z g5]al ideas or clues1 incit+ to ! active se>* = concrete ideas :i* are concordant ) !m4 ,9 ?is case !y are n act+ z judgm5ts1 :i* are true & false1 b only z dom9ant cont5ts4 ,x is "o ?+ to judge t !re is a "r 9 ! moral _w1 & ano!r ?+ to be ma/]$ by ! "r 9 "o's own m9d4 ,if ,i am ask$1 :at ,i mean by ! pr$om9ance ( dom9ant ideas1 :i* ,i allege to =m ! cont5t ( ! reasonable w1 ,i />t f ! position t e idea w\ld produce action if un*eck$1 simply by sugge/ions :i* ?r\gh associative reproductions call up ! necess>y movem5t4 ,desire may1 ,i believe1 or may n int]v5e1 z a /ate ( t5sion betwe5 a pa9 ( want & a pleasure produc$ by an idea4 ,all t is ess5tial1 x appe>s to me1 is ?is idea :i* c sugge/ an action4 ,9 ! =m$ life ( a civilis$ man ! organis+ ideas h long ass]t$ _! pr$om9ant p[]1 & 9 e mom5t cru% out c\ntless intrud]s ea* ( :i* has 9 itself sugge/ions q capable ( lead+ to action4 ,9 *ildhood or insanity ! yield+ to e sugge/ion is a m>k ( :at is call$ abs5ce or loss ( w2 t is1 n ! loss ( a g5]al p[] to *eck m9or sugge/ions1 b ( p]fectly def9ite habitual purposes :i* *eck !m z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is view s\nds no d\bt l an iron ,det]m9ism1 & ,i am n mu* conc]n$ to def5d x f t imputation4 ,aft] all1 if we are det]m9$ by ! cont5t ( our own m9ds1 :y !n ,i suppose we det]m9e ourselves4 ,& trivial examples ( indiff]5t alt]natives su* z 8,i c bl[ out ?is c&le or n z ,i please0 seem to me v poor repres5tatives ( ! moral w1 comp>$ ) ! necess>y pressure ( an ov]-ma/]+ idea :i* drives ! man up to ! po9t ( say+1 8,?is is :at mu/ be decisive ) "o l me1 & ,i h no alt]native40 ,we feel1 z we say1 t 8we %all h to d x40 ,almo/ all really s]i\s action1 x seems to me1 is ( ?is type4 ,& if ,i h read at all correctly ?is lesson ( ! new psy*ology :i* owes its orig9 l>gely to ,h]b>t1 x is an in/ructive meet+ ( extremes1 t ! mo/ analytic ( psy*ologies %\ld m ?an ev] repres5t ! individual z ! inc>nation ( a progressive ord] 9 ideas4 ,b4 ,,bosanquet4 ,,e?nological ,,jurisprud5ce4#d ,!re is 9 ! hi/ory ( jurisprud5ce no m significant ev5t ?an ! f\ndation ( ! hi/orical s*ool by ,gu/av ,hugo & ,c>l von ,savigny4 ,jurisprud5ce1 up to t "t1 0 n a sci5ce1 at lea/ n a sci5ce 9 ! mod]n acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,x 0 an art1 :i* ! practical lawy] le>n$ & employ$ 9 /rict con=mity ) practical traditions1 )\t reflect+ on ! reasons 9 virtue ( :i* a legal norm or a social in/itution exi/$4 ,! only "p ( jurisprud5ce ( a sci5tific t5d5cy 0 ! philosophy ( law4 ,?is latt] bran* _h1 s9ce ,hugo ,grotius1 emancipat$ itself f ! *ur*1 b x _h advanc$ no f>!r ?an to sub/itute = ! w ( ,god1 to :i* =m]ly "r & wrong _h be5 trac$1 ! pr9ciple ( human nature1 & to f\nd ^u ! social in/9cts ( man a sy/em ( natural law1--an ideal jurisprud5tial /ate by ref]5ce to :i* positive laws 7 te/$ 9 respect ( _! con=mity ) ! ideally "r & ! ideally wrong4 ,?is fundam5tal conception ( ! ess5tial "* ( law 0 only slightly modifi$ by ! sub/itution ( ! human reason = human nature4 ,! rational sy/ems ( jurisprud5ce also d]iv$ ! /ate & ! law f ! individuality ( man1 especially f ! social traits ( ?is individuality1 & def9ite notions & pr9ciples 7 ?us enunciat$ f :i* /ate & law 7 d$uctively con/ruct$4 ,! hi/orical s*ool fir/ introduc$ a *ange 9 all ?is4 ,x af=d$ ! legal practition] ! possibility ( see+ t ! law :i* he appli$ 0 ! sl[ly rip5$ product ( a c\rse ( developm5t t ext5d$ ov] _m c5turies1 & x af=d$ ! philosophical juri/ic inquir] ! possibility ( und]/&+1 t ! law 0 n f\nd$ on immutable ideas & pr9ciples1 b t x 0 a product ( ! creative m9d ( a nation1 t ?is product 0 subject$ to processes ( trans=mation & developm5t1 & did n admit ( regulation by ! individual reason ( a s+le philosophical inquir]4 ,b :ile ! hi/ory ( law has become a univ]sally recognis$ discipl9e 9 ! sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce1 ! application ( its und]ly+ pr9ciples to ! philosophy ( law has z yet by no means be5 univ]sally c>ri$ out4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! reason /ill plays an ext5sive rle z f\ndation & evolution>y pr9ciple2 & to a great ext5t ! hi/ory ( law & ! philosophy ( law /ill pursue _! solit>y ways z indep5d5t bran*es ( k4 ,9 rec5t times1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( e?nology1 jurisprud5ce has ent]$ on a new epo*4 ,a new bran* ( ! sci5ce ( law has aris5 9 ,europe1 ! s-call$ e?nological jurisprud5ce1 & has already f\nd 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,italy1 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,holl&1 en?usia/ic support]s4 ,e?nology1 z x is kn[n1 is ! sci5ce t has = ! subject ( its inve/igations ! totality ( ph5om5a ( social life ( all ! peoples ( ! e>?1 & :i* makes use1 9 ?is inve/igation1 ( ! me?ods ( inductive inquiry exclusively employ$ by physical & natural sci5ce4 ,aft] ! sci5ce ( e?nology _h advanc$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! ext5sion ( e?nological inquiry to ! doma9 ( jurisprud5ce foll[$ z ( c\rse4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! inve/igations ( ! hi/ory ( law _h prep>$ ! way = e?nological jurisprud5ce4 ,! inductive me?od 0 common to bo?4 ,! idea ( a hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( law 0 no long] /range to jurisprud5ce4 ,only ! c\rage 0 want+ to all[ ! eye to range ov] ! legal sy/ems ( all ! peoples ( ! globe1 in/ead (1 z be=e1 re/rict+ x to v n>r[ limits4 ,! hi/orical inve/igation ( law began 9 ,europe ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman law4 ,!reupon x 0 imm$iately ext5d$ to ! ,g]manic laws ( ,europe1 s t n[ all ,we/-,european peoples possess a highly develop$ hi/ory ( law ( _! own4 ,rec5tly1 also1 ! hi/ory ( ,slavonic law has be5 assidu\sly treat$4 ,:]eas 9 e case "h x 0 a "q ( ! s\rces ( ! laws t /ood 9 imm$iate hi/orical connection ) ! prevail+ sy/ems ( ,europe1 jurisprud5tial inve/igation 0 sl[ly ext5d$ to m remote e?nical fields4 ,! fir/ impulse 9 ?is direction came f comp>ative philology4 ,?is sci5ce _h succe$$ 9 trac+ ! languages ( ext5d$ gr\ps ( peoples back to common primitive tongues4 ,among ^! primitive tongues ! ,aryan1 ! common orig9al language ( ! ,indo-,g]manic gr\p ( nations1 fir/ occupi$ ! att5tion ( inquir]s1 & ! law ( ?is gr\p ( nations ?us became ! fir/ object ( inve/igation ( a comp>ative jurisprud5ce ext5d+ beyond ! m re/rict$ prov9ces ( ! hi/ory ( law4 ,! prov9ces ( ,grco-,italic1 ,g]manic1 ,slavic1 ,celtic1 ,iranic1 & ,indian law 7 inve/igat$ ) respect to a common orig91 & v>i\s agreem5ts & v>i\s deviations 7 discov]$4 ,9 v rec5t times ! laws ( ! ,arm5ians & ! ,ossetes 9 ! ,caucasus h be5 add$ to ! laws ( ! ,aryans1 & ! laws ( ! ,afghans w probably soon foll[ ^!4 ,a numb] ( m remote prov9ces ( law h also be5 ent]$ ^u1 9 connection ) !ological1 philological1 & connate inquiries4 ,?us1 p>ticul>ly1 9 connection ) biblical inve/igation ! ,israelitic law1 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ,arabic ! ,islamitic1 9 connection ) ! deciph]m5t ( ! hi]oglyphic writ+s ! ,old-,egyptian1 9 connection ) ! deciph]m5t ( ! cunei=m inscriptions ! ,s\m]ian & ! ,assyrian-,babylonian1 & 9 connection ) s9ology ! law ( ,*9a4 ,9 v rec5t times ! ,japanese law has also be5 treat$4 ,9 ! laws ( all ^! peoples1 by ! side ( _m peculi>ities1 7 also f\nd _m ph5om5a ( frequ5t & univ]sal recurr5ce4 ,aft] ! sci5ce ( law _h s f> ext5d$ its activity 9 ?is direction1 x 0 a f9al /ep only t e?nological jurisprud5ce took :5 x decl>$ t ! subject ( juri/ic sci5ce 0 ! inve/igation ( ! laws ( all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,& yet ?is /ep 0 p]haps a m important "o ?an all t _h hi!rto be5 tak54 ,= a consid]able gr\p ( peoples _h up to !n be5 entirely neglect$ by ! sci5ce ( law1 namely ! uncivilis$ peoples1 ! s-call$ primitive peoples or ,naturvlk]4 ,& j ! laws ( ^! savages furni%$ ! mo/ rem>kable disclosures4 ,!y exhibit$ ev]y:]e ! mo/ s+ul> p>allel ph5om5a1 & made x possible to op5 up a complete e>ly hi/ory ( ! law1 & to br+ to light p]iods ( jural developm5t ( :i* ! hi/ory ( civilis$ peoples has pres]v$ b a few un9telligible rema9s4 ,e?nological jurisprud5ce is ?us able to supply complem5t>y in=mation at a po9t :]e ! ?reads ( ! hi/ory ( law are lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( e>ly times4 ,! condition ( jural life 9 ^! primitive p]iods is v s+ul>4 ,no juri/ic philosoph] has ev] light$ on ! idea t primitive man c\ld exi/ ) su* jural conceptions z he actually does4 ,t :i* e?nological jurisprud5ce has br\ght to light 9 ?is connection is some?+ absolutely new & a/oni%+1 some?+ t no brood+ bra9 c\ld h ev] develop$ out ( any idea or pr9ciple4 ,inde$1 x is s /range t x c\ld n be conceiv$ at all if we did n h x be=e our eyes to-day among savage tribes4 ,! collect+ ( ! laws ( uncivilis$ peoples con/itutes an indep5d5t task ( e?nological jurisprud5ce4 ,9 ?is way ! latt] sci5ce w fill up ! gaps :i* hi/orical jurisprud5tial inquiry left op5 9 our k ( ! jural life ( man4 ,b m important ?an all1 p]haps1 w e?nological jurisprud5ce become = ! future developm5t ( ! philosophy ( law4 ,9 ?is connection x goes h& 9 h& ) ! sociological t5d5cy :i* dom9ates our "t & has its sure/ f\ndation 9 e?nology4 ,! prime significance ( e?nological jurisprud5ce lies 9 ! fact t x is an e?nological sci5ce4 ,at fir/ e?nology 0 a purely empirical sci5ce4 ,x ga!r$ toge!r all ! atta9able ph5om5a ( e?nic exi/5ce1 & sep>ately1 at fir/1 among s+le peoples & tribes4 ,aft] an ext5sive /ore ( mat]ial _h accumulat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! discov]y 0 made t 9 _m prov9ces ( e?no-social life1 especially 9 ! prov9ces ( religion1 law1 & morals1 especially also 9 all prov9ces ( social cu/om1 ph5om5a ( ess5tially simil> "* pres5t$ !mselves among a great numb] ( peoples 9 ! case ( :om nei!r any orig9al tribal relation%ip nor any infusion f "o nation into ! o!r c\ld be assum$2 &1 curi\s to say1 ^! 7 frequ5tly ! mo/ s+ul> ph5om5a1 ( :i* "o w\ld h ?\ght at fir/ t !y _h sprung f ! individuality ( a det]m9ate p4 ,?is discov]y ( univ]sal e?nographic p>allels 0 all ! m surpris+ 9 view ( ! fact t hi/orical special inquiry1 ^: prov9ce up to !n _h be5 ess5tially national life1 _h plac$ especial emphasis on outw>dly prom95t ev5ts occurr+ 9 a diff]5t =m 9 e nation1 :]eas ph5om5a t appe>$ uni=mly among ! diff]5t nations 7 little notic$4 ,p _h !re=e gr[n accu/om$ to reg>d e nation z some?+ exi/+ by itself & peculi> to itself1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 _h also decl>$ x z inadmissible to employ ph5om5a ( ! life ( "o nation to expla9 correspond+ ph5om5a ( ! life ( ano!r nation4 ,! discov]y ( e?nographical p>allels l$ to :olly diff]5t ideas4 ,x became cle> t a great portion ( human e?nical exi/5ce 0 n f\nd$ 9 ! peculi> "* ( p>ticul> peoples1 b 9 ! "* ( ! human race1 9 ! univ]sal nature ( man4 ,& x became 9 addition cle> t t :i* repeat$ itself ev]y:]e on ! e>?1 :i* 0 !re=e an expression ( ! univ]sal human1 0 some?+ entirely diff]5t f t :i* previ\s philosophy _h decl>$ to be ! actual human4 ,x also became cle>1 at ! same "t1 t ! nations ?\ght q diff]5tly f :at ! individual man did4 ,) ?is1 h[ev]1 ! f\ndation ( ! entire previ\s philosophy 0 %ak54 ,if ! axiom ( mod]n e?nology is correct1 namely t x is n we t ?9k1 b x t ?9ks 9 u1#e we %all no long] be able to expla9 our nature f our consci\sness1 f our ego1 f our reason1 b we %all h to pursue ?is mom5t\s 8,x0 t ?9ks 9 u1 & s9ce we _c f9d x 9 u we %all h to se>* = x outside ( u 9 ! expressions ( ! human s\l 9 ! life ( ! race4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal idea ( mod]n e?nology4 ,x seeks to collect all ! expressions ( ! human s\l 9 ! life ( ! species1 & f !m to d]ive its inf]5ces z to ! nature ( man4 ,x reg>ds e?nic exi/5ce z ! precipitate ( human psy*ical exi/5ce1 & n m]ely ( t "p ( x :i* is consci\s1 b also ( t "p ( x :i* is unconsci\s1 t :i* is inaccessible to introspective obs]vation1 t :i* is n ?\ght1 b is m]ely liv$4 ,x enl>ges accord+ly ! doma9 ( psy*ology1 :i* 0 re/rict$ hi!rto to ! analysis ( ! human consci\sness1 by ! incorporation ( an additional doma9 unmeasur$ 9 ext5t4 ,^! g5]al conceptions ( e?nology are also det]m9ative = ! sci5ce ( e?nological jurisprud5ce1 & f ?is results its peculi>ity z contra/$ ) ! o!r bran*es ( juri/ic k4 ,e?nological jurisprud5ce places ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sci5ce ( law n l ! previ\s juri/ic philosophy 9 ! individual jural consci\sness1 b 9 ! law view$ z a prov9ce ( e?nic exi/5ce4 ,x reg>ds ! laws ( ! nations z ! precipitates ( t :i* is n[ active & has be5 active z jural in/9ct 9 ! entire human race4 ,x assumes t :5 all ! ph5om5a ( law 9 ! life ( ! nations h be5 fix$1 an inf9itely m valuable mat]ial w be drawn !refrom adapt$ to ! disclosure ( ! nature ( law ?an c\ld h ev] 9 ! _w be5 acquir$ by an analysis ( ! individual jural consci\sness4 ,x does n reg>d ! individual jural consci\sness z some?+ innate 9 man & exempt f ! alt]+ effects ( "t1 b z a product ( ! social conditions 9 :i* ! individual has gr[n up4 ,x assumes1 !re=e1 t ! individual jural consci\sness *anges ) a *ange ( ! social conditions1 s t a man :o gr[s up "u diff]5t social conditions possesses a diff]5t jural p]ception4 ,?is assumption1 if we comp>e ! expressions ( ! jural consci\sness ( races l[ 9 ! scale ( culture ) ^? ( civilis$ peoples1 is "o t _c be escap$4 ,we h only to recall to m9d ! irresi/ible =ce ) :i* ! jural s5se ( peoples t live "u clan-con/itutions dem& v5geance ( blood1 :]eas ?is species ( retaliation no long] exi/s 9 our jural consci\sness ( to-day4 ,?us !re are hundr$s & ?\s&s ( jural in/9cts & conceptions :i* are pres5t at c]ta9 /ages ( civilisation & disappe> entirely at o!rs4 ,e?nological jurisprud5ce !re=e assumes1 t ! juri/ic philosoph] :o lays at ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em ess5tially 8 own jural consci\sness1 simply enunciates !re) a sy/em ( law t answ]s p]haps to ! curr5t conceptions ( 8 "t & 8 p1 b :i* c 9 no s5se lay claim to a value beyond t4 ,q diff]5t1 on ! o!r h&1 are matt]s condition$ :5 ! inquir] has be=e him ! laws ( all ! peoples ( ! e>? f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,"h he has 9 8 possession a picture ( ! jural consci\sness ( ! m9d ( humanity1 :i* is no long] subject to alt]ation1 b :i*1 to ! ext5t t ! developm5t ( human jural life has advanc$1 is complete4 ,= ! execution ( its task e?nological jurisprud5ce fir/ requires a collection ( ! laws ( all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,ea* "o ( ^! laws is ( equal value to e?nological jurisprud5ce 9 s f> z ! jural consci\sness ( humanity has f\nd expression 9 x 9 any =m4 ,especially des]v+ ( consid]ation are ! laws ( ! s-call$ savage peoples t h be5 s mu* neglect$ & contemn$ hi!rto2 s9ce !y br+ to light ! jural consci\sness ( humanity 9 its g]m9al /ages1 & s9ce high] =mations are inv>iably be/ und]/ood :5 we "k _! fir/ beg9n+s4 ,! solide/ basis = e?nological jurisprud5ce w\ld be furni%$ by a monographic treatm5t ( ! law ( e s+le tribe & p ( ! e>?4 ,by su* monographic treatm5ts ! entire social organisation ( a giv5 tribe or p w\ld be exhibit$ 9 all its complicat$ reciprocal relations1 & we %\ld be able to foll[ ! law 9 all ! ?\s&s ( m9ute ramifications t connect x ) ! rema9+ prov9ces ( national life4 ,b su* a monographic treatm5t ( ! law ( all ! nations ( ! e>? is accompani$ ) great difficulties1 & ?is "p ( ! task ( ! sci5ce ( law has z yet be5 und]tak5 only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! condition ( affairs is be/ 9 ?is respect :]e ! nations !mselves h collect$ & compil$ _! legal cu/oms 9 books ( laws4 ,b su* collections are f\nd only among peoples t des]ve to "s ext5t ! appellation ( civilis$ peoples4 ,among ! great majority ( peoples ! law is simply practis$ & h&$ d[n by oral tradition1 s t "h ! legal cu/oms mu/ be collect$ by memb]s ( =eign civilis$ nations1--a v difficult labor & "o t c be accompli%$ only by p]sons :o take up _! abode p]man5tly among ! races 9 "q & become ?or\ghly famili> ) _! language & habits ( life4 ,collections ( ?is "* we possess un=tunately only to a v limit$ ext5t1 & our k accord+ly ( ! law ( uncivilis$ peoples is /ill v meagre4 ,ev5 ! books ( law possess$ by ! v>i\s peoples h n all be5 made available to juri/ic sci5ce4 ,9 "p !y h n yet be5 pr9t$1 & 9 "p !y h n yet be5 translat$ into a g5]ally und]/ood language4 ,consid]able "t w yet be requir$ be=e ! exi/+ mat]ial has be5 made :olly accessible4 ,n be=e ! legal cu/oms ( all ! peoples ( ! e>? h be5 collect$ w e?nological jurisprud5ce be 9 a position to furni% a successful solution ( ! task x has set itself1--! task namely ( a causal analysis ( all ! ph5om5a ( ! jural life ( ! human race4 ,yet to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is task may be und]tak5 at pres5t1 ev5 ) a relatively limit$ /ore ( mat]ial4 ,! />t+-po9t = ! e?no-juri/ic inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( jural life is furni%$ by ! e?no-juri/ic p>allels1 legal cu/oms t are f\nd uni=mly appe>+ among ! nations1 )\t !re be+ any reason to assume t "o nation has receiv$ !m f ano!r4 ,legal cu/oms ( ?is "* are 9 "p s univ]sally diffus$ ov] ! e>? t !y may be *>act]is$ z a common possession ( mank9d2 9 "p !y appe> sporadically among unrelat$ peoples2 9 "p !y are re/rict$ to m limit$ doma9s4 ,! mo/ important legal cu/oms are ^? t h univ]sal dissem9ation2 = "h x may be assum$ t !y are a necess>y emanation ( ! social side ( human life4 ,legal cu/oms t occur only sporadically1 b appe> uni=mly among unrelat$ peoples1 mu/ likewise be reg>d$ z ! products ( ! univ]sal nature ( man1 yet only z su* t c arise "u def9ite conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,legal cu/oms t occur only 9 limit$ e?nological doma9s w h to be ref]r$ to ! peculi> "* ( def9ite peoples & tribes4 ,legal in/itutions ( univ]sal "* are1 = example1 ! =ms ( m>riage by capture & pur*ase ( ! bride1 blood-v5geance1 ! "r ( refuge1 ! sy/ems ( composition1 ordeals1 oa?s1 & s =?4 ,almo/ univ]sal are ! levirate1 & ! betro?al ( *ildr54 ,sporadically among unrelat$ peoples appe>3 ! seizure ( ! corpse ( ! debtor = debt2 execution by fa/+1 :]eby ! cr$itor br+s pressure to be> ^u 8 debtor by hav+ him fa/ a def9ite p]iod ( "t be=e 8 dwell+2 ! cu/om ( ! *ief do+ combat ) 8 gr[n up son1 to :om ! comm& ( ! tribe passes if he conqu]s 8 fa!r2 & s =?4#f ,frequ5tly x is ! mo/ curi\s cu/oms t ?us recur1 among peoples t are completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r by oceans & inaccessible m\nta9 ranges & h unque/ionably nev] be5 9 communication ) ea* o!r4 ,! explanation ( ^! e?no-juri/ic p>allel ph5om5a is 9 "p n v difficult1 inasmu* z _m ( !m c be trac$ back to fix$ =ms ( social organisation4 ,?us1 = example1 a :ole gr\p ( univ]sally recurr+ legal cu/oms is associat$ ) ! peculi> =mation ( ! clan-con/itutions & clan-law :i* regul>ly appe>s among uncivilis$ peoples & *>act]i/ically diff]s f ! =m ( political organisation famili> to ! pres5t age4 ,_m legal cu/oms are also bas$ on religi\s conceptions & social cu/oms1 & _! explication 9 su* cases is frequ5tly v difficult4 ,a complete explanation ( all ! legal cu/oms ( all ! peoples ( ! e>? ) respect to _! social causes w\ld exhau/ ! "w ( e?nological jurisprud5ce z an e?nological discipl9e4 ,b 9 ! same way t ! acquisitions ( e?nology are 9 _! turn utilisable t[>ds ! con/itution ( a univ]sal philosophy1 to :i* !y w imp>t p]haps an entirely diff]5t "*1 s w ! results ( e?nological jurisprud5ce be 9 _! turn utilisable t[>ds ! con/itution ( a univ]sal sci5ce ( law & = ! philosophy ( law1 9 :i* probably1 ?r\gh its means also1 a p[]ful *ange w be inaugurat$4 ,^! are ! ideas1 trac$ 9 _! mo/ g5]al *>act]s1 t may be reg>d$ z ! fundam5tal ones 9 8e?nological jurisprud5ce40 ,,alb]t ,,h]mann ,,po/4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,translat$ f ! manuscript ( ,dr4 ,alb]t ,h]mann ,po/ by ,?omas ,j4 ,mc,cormack4 #e ,ba/ian4 #f ,! read] w f9d a brief survey ( ! e?no-juri/ic p>allels appe>+ among ! v>i\s peoples ( ! e>?1 9 a treatise ( m9e entitl$ ,ueb] die ,aufgab5 e9] allgeme95 ,re*tswiss5s*aft 7#ahia71 pp4 #bg to #gb4 ,,am]ican ,,politics4 ,no?+ 9 ?is c\ntry appe>s to ! /rang] m intricate & inexplicable ?an our politics4 ,! diff]5t p>ties1 two big ones & sev]al little ones1 ! v>i\s ma*9es1 c\nty1 /ate1 & national1 ! 8bosses10 8heel]s10 & 8work]s0 pres5t su* a confusion ( ideas & a t]m9ology s v>i$1 t x is only aft] _m ye>s t ! =eign] beg9s to compreh5d our sy/em ( gov]nm5t & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ our political movem5ts4 ,inde$1 ! majority ( ,am]icans !mselves are no bett] (f & h no cle> p]ception ( ! "p !y are play+ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs or ! e?ical effects ( ! ballot :i* !y ca/4 ,ask ! ord9>y vot] :y he supports ! c&idates ( a c]ta9 p>ty & y w f9d t 8 reasons are r$ucible to a few concrete facts1 & are r>ely gov]n$ by any g5]al pr9ciples4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates ! va/ majority ( ! :ites are democrats ?r\gh opposition to ! republican p>ty :i* f\ght ! w> & depriv$ !m ( _! slaves4 ,! negroes on ! o!r h& are republicans because x is to t p>ty !y owe _! fre$om1 & f x !y expect protection = !mselves 9 ! ex]cise ( _! political rights & ! bless+s ( opportunity = education4 ,! political "q !re becomes a race "q1 utt]ly reg>dless ( ! pr9ciples :i* ! two great p>ties repres5t4 ,let !re be a complete *ange ( plat=ms & ! result w\ld be precisely ! same z x has be5 = ! pa/ g5]ation--! ,s\? w\ld /ill rema9 democratic1 & ! votes ( _! presid5tial electors w\ld /ill be ca/ = ! c&idates ( t p>ty4 ,!re is a m9or race "q 9 ! feel+ aga9/ =eign]s1 m especially ,iri%1 ,italians1 & ,g]mans1 influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( ^! =eign]s are ,roman ,ca?olics & t !re is an uneasy suspicion on ! "p ( "s ,am]icans t ! ,ca?olic *ur* is ho/ile to ! _s ( democracy1 a suspicion n entirely unf\nd$ if "o %\ld judge solely by ! say+s & do+s ( "s ( ! prelates ( t *ur* = ! pa/ =ty ye>s4 ,?is 8,"k-no?+0 s5tim5t at "o "t ?reat5$ to create a solid =eign vote 9 opposition4 ,g]mans & ,iri% unit$ "u ! protect+ w+s ( ,tammany ,hall &1 aid$ by cl]gym5 :o hop$ to obta9 "p ( ! /ate educational fund = _! private p>o*ial s*ools1 =m$ a /rong ally to ! national democratic p>ty4 ,happily prejudices ( race & religion are dy+ out & nei!r p>ty c n[ claim a monopoly ( ! =eign vote4 ,/range z x may seem1 h[ev]1 ! ,iri% & ,g]man elem5ts1 s rec5tly ! objects ( proscription !mselves1 h 9 late ye>s become embitt]$ aga9/ ! ,*9ese4 ,to ! pati5t indu/ry ( ! ,mongolian immigrants is due ! build+ ( ! ,pacific railroads1 :5 x w\ld h be5 impossible to obta9 :ite labor1 & ! cultivation & developm5t ( ! ,pacific coa/ /ates4 ,congress 0 t]roris$ into pass+ ! law exclud+ all ,*9ese labor]s4 ,x 0 m ?an race prejudice :i* contribut$ to ?is hatr$ ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! *ief reason = ,*9ese exclusion 0 an economic "o4 ,great masses ( labor]s fe>$ t ! ,*9ese by immigrat+ 9 va/ numb]s w\ld deprive !m ( "w by tak+ _! places at l[] wages1 &1 hav+ ! ballot1 !y dictat$ to ,congress ! t]ms ( ! ,anti-,*9ese ,act4 ,! ali5 contract labor law is a measure conceiv$ 9 ! same _s & direct$ aga9/ ! hir+ ( labor]s abroad by ,am]ican contractors1 :o c\ld ?us displace _! employs at l[] wages by ,hung>ians1 or ,poles1 or ,russians1 ignorant ( ! language ( ?is c\ntry & ^: comp5sation c\ld be ! m easily r$uc$ to a b>e ma9t5ance1 & :o 9 sickness or old age c\ld be turn$ out on ! roads to die )\t co/+ ! contractor any contraction ( 8 bank acc\nt4 ,!re 0 "s excuse = ?is law1 or at lea/ = ! feel+ :i* prompt$ x1 :5 ! m9]s ( a :ole section c\ld be evict$ & !y & _! families made to suff] ! pangs ( sl[ />vation because ! own]s ( ! coal l&s f\nd !y c\ld obta9 human ma*9es at a less co/ f abroad4 ,x 0 natural t ! labor]s %\ld dem& a law :i* (f]$ "s imm$iate relief ev5 at ! risk ( meet+ wrong ) wrong1 r ?an t !y %\ld attempt to regulate affairs on ab/ract pr9ciples ( ju/ice :ile _! /oma*s 7 empty & _! wives & *ildr5 7 dy+ = want ( suffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,t feel+1 h[ev]1 is also vani%+ & ,am]ican work+m5 are beg9n+ to see t ! increase 9 population1 native-born z well z t import$ by contract1 is /eadily add+ to ! numb] ( competitors & l[]+ ! rate ( wages4 ,_! att5tion is becom+ m & m direct$ to ! op5+ ( new opportunities = "w r ?an to ! re/rict+ ( ! numb] ( work]s4 ,ano!r class ( m51 if !y vote at all1 d s on no g5]al pr9ciple ( public welf>e1 b solely = _! own advantage at ! exp5se ( _! fell[ m54 ,^! are to be f\nd among ! ri* manufactur]s1 ! coal1 & iron1 & railway k+s1 & ! manipulators ( ! crops ( ! nation4 ,r>ely ca/+ a ballot 9 p]son1 !y give notice to _! ?\s&s ( employs t if ! latt] d n support ! c&idates or ! p>ty :i* !y happ5 to favor1 ! employs' places w be giv5 to m pliant s]vants4 ,^! m5 are z non-p>tisan z ! mo/ ard5t re=m] c\ld wi%4 ,"o ( !m1 a few ye>s ago :5 que/ion$ by an inve/igat+ committee ( ! ,new ,york /ate legislature1 said3 8,9 a republican di/rict ,i 0 a /rong republican2 9 a democratic di/rict ,i 0 democratic2 & 9 d\btful di/ricts ,i 0 d\btful1 b 9 politics ,i 0 an ,erie railroad man e "t40 ,ano!r fam\s man ( ! same type said he _h no politics2 t he f\nd x *eap] to buy up "o set ( legislators aft] !y 7 elect$ ?an to pur*ase two sets ( c&idates be=e election4 ,^! corrupt m51 c\nt+ _! weal? by t5s ( millions1 influ5c+ /ate legislatures & ! national ,congress1 & ?r[+ _! weight into ,presid5tial campaigns1 con/itute ! *ief 8dang]\s class0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 f> m ?reat5+ to ! p]man5cy ( free in/itutions ?an ! an>*i/s :o 7 hang$ at ,*icago4 ,!n !re are ! illy-paid employs ( ^! m5 :o d _! bidd+ at ! polls1 vot+ = ! c&idates ( _! ma/]s4 ,promise ( (fice or patronage lures o!rs into ! support ( "o p>ty or ! o!r4 ,la/ly come ! poore/ ( ! poor :o live 9 ! mo/ mis]able t5em5t h\ses1 or :5 s+le hive 9 ! big lodg+-h\ses :i* are f\nd *iefly 9 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,a ton ( coal or a b>rel ( fl\r is ! bribe to ! =m]1 frequ5tly effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! poor wret*'s wife :o does n c>e = politics b sees a v mat]ial advantage 9 ! food or fuel (f]$ by ! w>d work]4 ,! lodg+-h\se vot]s1 paid by dr9ks ( :iskey or doll> bills1 until rec5tly 9 ,new ,york 7 m>%all$ 9 squads ( tw5ty or ?irty e>ly on ! morn+ ( election day1 giv5 _! ballots & compell$ to hold !m al(t betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h& s t ! heel] or paid s]vant ( "s political faction might wat* !m f ! mom5t !y took _! place 9 ! l9e ( vot]s until _! ballots 7 h&$ to ! election inspectors & dropp$ 9 ! box4 ,bo? p>ties w9k at su* frauds & _! h5*m5 directly c\nt5ance & assi/ 9 !m b ! p>ty t happ5s to be 9 ! majority 9 any locality is usually ! "o mo/ guilty4 ,! result is t ! m9ority affects great virtue & l\dly d5\nces ! corruption ( its oppon5ts4 ,among ^? :o d vote on pr9ciple are ! prohibitioni/s1 ! gre5back]s1 ! adh]5ts ( ephem]al labor p>ties & ! sociali/s4 ,! an>*i/s g5]ally refra9 f vot+ because !y d n believe 9 any gov]nm5t by =ce & say t an enlight5$ public op9ion w lead ! p to disp5se ) su* ?+s z ! army & navy & police & law c\rts4 ,! sociali/s occasionally vote = ! m5 ( o!r p>ties :om !y ?9k repres5t ! wor/ measures1 9 ord] ! soon]1 z !y frankly av[1 to produce revolution>y conditions1 :i* !y expect w\ld assi/ !m greatly 9 _! propag&a4 ,! prohibitioni/s1 gre5back]s1 & labor m5 ea* take a p>tial view ( political economy4 ,! fir/ see ! evils & degradation aris+ f intemp]ance & ?9k t ev]y?+ else mu/ yield to ! "o consid]ation ( ! abolition ( ! liquor traffic4 ,! panacea ( ! gre5back]s consi/s 9 ! de/ruction ( ! monopoly ( ! curr5cy n[ enjoy$ by ! national banks4 ,! labor m5 h diff]5t %ibbole?s at diff]5t times su* z ! prev5tion ( *ild labor 9 factories1 an eight-h\r "w-day & ! l--measures :i* might effect "s relief b are m9or matt]s comp>$ ) ! great social problem ( ! increase ( pov]ty 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ productive en]gies :i* ! _w has ev] se51 a problem :i* is rapidly com+ to ! front & ov]%ad[+ all o!rs4 ,b ^! m9or movem5ts h>dly produce a ripple on ! surface ( our political wat]s4 ,!re are only two p>ties wor?y ( ! "n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 z !re h be5 b two ev] s9ce ! days ( ,?omas ,jeff]son & ,alex&] ,hamilton4 ,^! p>ties g on =m+ plat=ms *iefly on ! !ory ( (f5d+ ! lea/ numb] ( vot]s & phras+ _! decl>ations 9 vague t]ms :i* may be expla9$ "o way 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry & ano!r way 9 ano!r "p4 ,su* is a cursory view ( ! field ( ,am]ican politics to-day4 ,x may seem t ,i h made out a pretty bad indictm5t ( corruption aga9/ our politics & t ! view ( ! cynic is correct t ,am]ican politics are desp]ately wick$ & !re is no heal? 9 !m4 ,b ! moral =ces :i* are op]at+ 9 ! _w are =tunately n dep5d5t ^u ! *angeable me?ods or ! selfi% objects ( m54 ,x is "h 9 ,am]ica1 p]haps m ?an any:]e else1 t ! natural laws ( social developm5t h fulle/ play4 ,x is "h t ! evolution ( politics is work+ itself out freely1 untrammell$ by tradition or cu/om4 ,x is "h t ! ultimate ideal ( politics w fir/ be rea*$4 ,:5 ! fram]s ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce =mulat$ _! proposition t gov]nm5ts d]ive _! j p[]s f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$1 a /ep 9 ! "r direction 0 tak5--a /ep t 0 9 accordance ) our old ,saxon traditions1 yet = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory made on an ext5d$ scale1 to base human gov]nm5t on ! pr9ciples ( natural law4 ,& ?r\gh all ! vicissitudes ( our c\ntry1 its /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 its w> = ! lib]ation ( its comm]ce1 its civil conflict :i* w\ld h dismemb]$ any o!r nation1 or w\ld h left "o section ! subjugat$ s]fs ( ! o!r1 ?r\gh a disput$ presid5tial election :i* /ra9$ ! writt5 con/itution to its utmo/1 ! great moral =ce ( natural law has be5 work+1 n[ ?r\gh "o p>ty1 n[ ?r\gh ano!r1 ga!r+ impetus z x goes & giv+ promise always ( bett] times to come4 ,x is 9 ?is broad view t all ! petty ?iev]ies & /riv+ = place & p[] s9k into utt] insignificance4 ,! p d /ill rule4 ,!y may sleep = a "t b are sure1 soon] or lat]1 to ass]t _! rights 9 accordance ) ! in/9cts ( ! human m9d1 :i* are good & n bad4 ,z long z ! suffrage %all exi/ x is reasonably c]ta9 t ?is ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 8( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p10 %all n p]i% f ! e>?4 ,if ! weal?y monopoli/s c\ld control ! suffrage1 ! prospects might be diff]5t4 ,! fre$om ( ! vot] has be5 impair$ to a c]ta9 ext5t b ! ,am]ican p ) quick in/9cts h awak5$ to ! dang]4 ,! ,au/ralian sy/em ( vot+1 :i* secures secrecy & fre$om f intimidation & almo/ ext+ui%es brib]y is n[ becom+ v popul>4 ,fifte5 ( ! /ates h adopt$ x & ! o!r tw5ty-n9e w1 no d\bt1 foll[ _! example 9 a few ye>s4 ,b ! introduction ( measures = its e/abli%m5t pres5t$ ! curi\s anomaly ( be+ oppos$ by democrats 9 "s localities & by republicans 9 o!rs1 bo? = p>tisan reasons1 con/itutional & high moral pretexts be+ ( c\rse advanc$4 ,:5 x becomes ! g5]al law1 x w d m ?an any?+ else to purify electoral me?ods4 ,entirely above ! "q ( me?ods1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples involv$ 9 ,am]ican politics :i* x becomes ( ! highe/ importance to compreh5d & :i* furni% ! key to ! app>5tly inexplicable confusion4 ,^! pr9ciples1 x seems to me1 are r$ucible to two1 :i* may be lik5$ to ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces 9 nature4 ,z bo? are ne$$ = ! /ability ( ! physical univ]se1 s bo? ! c5tralis+ & dec5tralis+ t5d5cies 9 politics are necess>y = ! co-ord9ation ( ! /ate4 ,x is 9 ! free play ( ^! =ces1 ea* 9 its prop] sph]e1 t lies ! assurance ( ! p]petuity ( ,am]ican in/itutions4 ,b z ! ideal has n yet be5 rea*$1 ! practical result is t "o t5d5cy beg9s to act1 at fir/ legitimately1 !n f ! aggr&isem5t ( p[] & ! 8cohesive =ce ( public plund]0 ! adm9i/rators ( gov]nm5t attempt to /ret* x unduly1 ! opposition comes to p[] & ! same /ory is repeat$4 ,9 ea* case ! lib]al p>ty succe$s ! cons]vative1 acts at fir/ wisely1 !n corrupt$ by ! subtle temptations ( place & p[]1 & wi%+ to reta9 bo?1 x becomes oppos$ to *ange & begets a new cons]vatism1 :ile new lib]als arise on a high] plane ( evolution to cont9ue ! nev]-end+ /ruggle4 ,& x mu/ be recollect$ t ! cons]vative p>ty ( ea* g5]ation is f> m lib]al ?an ! "o :i* x displac$1 ?us giv+ assurance ( p]petual progress4 ,?is has be5 ! epitome ( all ,am]ican hi/ory2 ea* p>ty gov]nm5t1 by :atev] "n x may h be5 kn[n1 has be5 lib]al 9 comp>ison ) its pr$ecessor & cons]vative z to its successor4 ,:5 ,wa%+ton organis$ 8 adm9i/ration x 0 no d\bt reg>d$ 9 ,europe z highly revolution>y & an>*i/ic4 ,b su* a class gov]nm5t1 ) laws ( entail & slav]y1 & cruel puni%m5ts = petty (f5ces1 z exi/$ !n1 w\ld n be tol]at$ = a s+le ye> at ! pres5t "t4 ,?omas ,jeff]son :o f\nd$ ! democratic p>ty1 !n call$ ! republican1 0 a consi/5t oppon5t ( ari/ocracy & p]sonally 0 a man f> 9 advance ( 8 "t1 b mo/ ( 8 foll[]s w\ld be horrifi$ if !y %\ld n[ come back to e>? & see ! p[]s possess$ by ! g5]al gov]nm5t to-day1 necess>y1 legitimate p[]s1 )\t :i* ! affairs ( ! nation c\ld n be adm9i/]$ = a s+le week4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates soon got rid ( laws ( entail & ! e/abli%$ *ur*es4 ,! democracy came to p[] & held x ne>ly sixty ye>s4 ,long cont9uance 9 (fice ende>$ its possession to t p>ty :ile ! v gr[? ( ! nation1 f five millions to ?irty-"o millions1 dem&$ *anges 9 int]nal policy :i* 7 n =?com+4 ,!re 7 n lack+ signs ( popul> discont5t4 ,9 #ahdj ! democrats met _! fir/ defeat1 & = ?ree or f\r presid5tial t]ms ! votes vibrat$ betwe5 ! democrats & ! :igs4 ,b ! latt] 7 n unit$ on a consi/5t policy4 ,!y ne$$ a pr9ciple4 ,! pr9ciple 0 %ap+ itself4 ,slav]y1 :i* _h be5 aboli%$ 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates1 0 gradually /r5g!n+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! democrats =got1 or r mo/ ( !m nev] le>n$1 t true democracy kn[s no di/9ction ( color4 ,! abolitioni/s 7 d5\nc$ by press & pulpit z sociali/s1 z ! di/urb]s ( public ord]1 z blasphem]s aga9/ ! v law ( ,god conta9$ 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,! p1 h[ev]1 return$ to p[] ^! same sociali/s & ! in/itution ( *attel slav]y 0 doom$4 ,t w\ld h be5 ! case 9 any ev5t1 b ! civil w> precipitat$ x1 j z _m o!r unju/ w>s 9 hi/ory h result$ 9 dise/abli%+ ! v in/itutions to p]petuate :i* ! w>s 7 made4 ,! republican p>ty gr&ly & patriotically fulfill$ its mission4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 ! enorm\s de/ruction ( weal? dur+ ! w> & ! heavy debt entail$ by x1 creat$ a burd5some sy/em ( taxation :i* sub/itut$ self-int]e/ = patriotism4 ,duties 7 laid ^u imports f abroad heavi] ?an ^? :i* =m$ "o ( ! *ief causes = ! revolt ( ! colonies aga9/ ,great ,brita94 ,^! duties enabl$ ,am]ican manufactur]s to make on ,am]ican soil ! same class ( goods t 7 import$ & *>ge ! same price z ! import$ goods enhanc$ by ! duty1 ( c\rse pocket+ = !mselves ! extra pr(it :i* ! t>iff aid$ !m to obta9 f consum]s4 ,! quicke/ way to weal? 0 to />t "s manufacture1 get ! gov]nm5t to put a tax on simil> articles import$ & pocket ! diff]5ce1 or to get an int]nal rev5ue measure pass$ tax+ a c]ta9 l9e ( dome/ic goods1 pay ! tax 9 ! fir/ in/ance & !n *>ge x to ! consum]s ) ( c\rse a good commission add$ = patriotic s]vices4 ,z long z ! gov]nm5t _h "w = e man :o c\ld %\ld] a musket1 ! p]nici\s effect ( ! sy/em 0 n cle>ly se54 ,b :5 ! w> 0 ov] & "o million m5 return$ to productive avocations1 wages began to fall4 ,!n ! "q ( taxation inevitably came to ! front & has n[ become ! liv+ issue ( ! h\r4 ,! ne$le ( ! suffrage is aga9 vibrat+1 ! republican p>ty has be5 depriv$ ( p[] = f\r ye>s & ! democratic ,presid5t emphasis$ ! issue by pu%+ ! "q ( t>iff re=m to ! =egr\nd4 ,8 re-election 0 defeat$1 b ! "q is debat$ ) m vigor ?an ev]1 & all signs po9t to absolute free trade z "o ( ! c]ta9ties ( ! future4 ,judg+ f ! la/ ,congressional elections1 ! p h at la/ turn$ _! faces 9 ! "r direction4 ,x w be notic$ t two elem5ts1 :i* ,i h call$ ! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal1 h be5 pr$om9ant 9 %ap+ ,am]ican politics4 ,!y may be t]m$ ! sociali/ic & ! an>*i/ic =ces4 ,socialism claims ! direction ( ev]y?+ by a /rong c5tralis$ gov]nm5t4 ,an>*i/s say ) ! democrats1 8,t gov]nm5t is be/ :i* gov]ns lea/10 & logically argue = ! abolition ( all gov]nm5t4 ,n[1 ! "r or wrong ( ^! pr9ciples dep5ds ^u _! application4 ,only ! mo/ rabid an>*i/ w\ld object to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 = in/ance1 & few sociali/s w\ld claim t ! /ate has a "r to regulate a man's clo?+ or 8 religion4 ,x is on ! "q z to :at subjects ^! pr9ciples %\ld be appli$ t all our ,am]ican p>ties arise4 ,! e>ly f$]ali/s 7 sociali/ic 9 t !y believ$ 9 a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t & 9 relegat+ z few ?+s z possible to ! /ates4 ,presid5t ,jeff]son introduc$ ! an>*i/ic or c5trifugal pr9ciple ( dec5tralisation & individualism4 ,b z ! nation grew1 x 0 se5 t ?is wr\ght inju/ice1 especially 9 ! matt] ( slav]y :i* 0 a violation ( human rights1 h[ev] ! diff]5t /ates might reg>d x4 ,!n ! sociali/ic or c5tripetal pr9ciple began to act & slav]y disappe>$4 ,n[ x seems likely t ! individuali/ic pr9ciple w aga9 become dom9ant 9 an attempt to aboli% all fiscal re/rictions ^u trade4 ,aft] ?is may foll[ ! sociali/ic pr9ciple ( /ate own]%ip ( railways & telegraphs4 ,p]haps ?is w be ! "w ( ! new political =ces evid5tly ga!r+1 z =e%ad[$ by ! ,f>m]s' ,alliance1 aft] ! break+-up ( p>ties & aft] ! democrats1 hav+ giv5 u free trade1 w h resum$ _! natural position ( cons]vatives4 ,!n1 9 ! remot] future1 may come ! an>*i/ic pr9ciple ( ! removal ( ! re/rictions aga9/ female suffrage4 ,& s x w g on1 fir/ "o pr9ciple act+ & fulfill+ its mission1 !n ! o!r1 ea* br++ ! nation to a high] plane ( progress & unit+ x m & m closely ) ! gr& upw>d m>* ( ! human race4 ,:at is ?is1 aft] all8 ,x is n socialism4 ,x is n an>*y4 ,x is nei!r democracy nor republicanism4 ,x is ,,evolution4 ,x does n dep5d on ! tempor>y success ( p>ty gov]nm5ts = its action4 ,x does n ev5 solely result f our unique position or our indep5d5ce wre/$ f ,great ,brita94 ,back ( x lie ! broad pr9ciples ( ,briti% lib]ty1 ( common law1 ( ,magna ,*>ta won f ,k+ ,john on ! pla9s ( ,runnym$e4 ,back ( x is ! great wave ( democracy aris+ out ( ! d>kness ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,back ( x are ! injunctions ( ,him ( ,galilee :o taught ! natural law z no man ev] taught be=e4 ,back ( x is ,roman jurisprud5ce & ,greek art & culture & ! e>ly ef=ts ( ! days :5 ,cadmus br\ght ! alphabet to ,europe ) 8 ,phnician colony4 ,inde$1 back ( x lies ! primeval impulse ( ! fir/ man1 ,god-end[$1 ape-desc5d$1 :o /ood ^u 8 feet & began to ?9k4 ,we may c>ry our ?\ghts /ill fur!r to ! times :5 ! r$ sunlight fir/ filt]$ ?r\gh ! ?ick cl\ds ^u an un9habit$ _w1 & /ill fur!r may we g 9 ?\ght into ! ages ( et]nity1 & ass]t ) fulle/ confid5ce t ! pr9ciples ( progress to-day work+ !mselves out 9 politics are b ! reflection ( ! div9e ideals f\nd$ 9 ! laws ( nature4 ,c ! c\rse ( su* progress be turn$ back8 ,c we despair ( ! future 9 ! light ( all ! pa/8 ,is n ! g5]al movem5t onw>d & upw>d8 ,w n ! sne]s at ephem]al phases ( our ,am]ican politics pass away ) ! incid5ts :i* !y ju/ly condemn1 :ile ! pr9ciples ( progress rema9 =ev]8 ,,?omas ,b4 ,,pre/on4 ,,artificial ,,selection ,,& ,,! ,,m>riage ,,problem4#g ,by artificial selection ,i mean all consci\s & purposive arrangem5ts betwe5 m5 & wom5 :i* h 9 view "* ( (fspr+4 ,?is is oppos$ to natural selection :i* is m]ely in/9ctive unteleological union ) "o ( ! opposite sex z impell$ by animal passion or romantic love4 ,all sexual union among ! l[] animals is by natural selection2 !y d n =eca/ consequ5ces1 & by con=m+ to kn[n laws det]m9e consequ5ces4 ,among ! l[] races ( m5 natural selection is ! sole or at lea/ dom9ant factor 9 m>ital matt]s1 b z civilisation advances artificial selection becomes a m & m p[]ful elem5t4 ,a truly ?\ghtful & intellig5t man 9 our day 9 view ( m>riage w mo/ c>efully consid] 8 own life hi/ory & t ( 8 p>5ts & ance/ors1 & also t ( 8 int5d$ p>tn] & h] ance/ors1 z to physical or m5tal disease1 :i* might be h&$ d[n to ! issue ( ! propos$ union4 ,he w\ld n1 = in/ance1 m>ry into a family :i* has a t5d5cy to consumption or insanity1 = ?is w\ld be a crime aga9/ 8 possible desc5dants4 ,fur!r1 ?is gr[? ( artificial selection ) ! progress ( society is manife/ n only z reg>ds individual action b by /ate regulation4 ,ev5 9 b>b>\s /ates x soon becomes evid5t to ! lead]s t if /rong heal?y m5 are to be _h to def5d & ma9ta9 ! nation1 /rict att5tion mu/ be paid to ! "* ( ^? :o m>ry4 ,9 ,sp>ta & o!r anci5t /ates ?is pr9ciple 0 recognis$1 & mod]n gov]nm5ts seek 9 _m m or less indirect ways to enc\rage m>riage betwe5 ! mo/ fit1 s t good citiz5s & w>riors may be rais$ up to s]ve ! /ate4 ,all ?is regulation ( m>riage by ei!r individual or /ate action :i* looks to ! "* ( (fspr+ ,i t]m artificial selection4 ,9 ! evolution ( man z a rational animal artificial selection w m & m prevail1 & human bre$+ w become a well def9$ art4 ,man is always artificial1#h & x is 8 goal to become 9 all 8 life unnatural & ?or\ghly artful4 ,!re c ultimately be no laissez-faire policy z to m>riage or any o!r in/itution4 ,! hi/ory ( m>riage is ! hi/ory ( ! gradual retirem5t ( natural selection2 b art has come 9 "h m sl[ly ?an 9 o!r relations ( life ow+ to trem5d\s cons]vatism & ! p[] ( human passion4 ,b ! "t has n[ come :5 man mu/ m ?an ev] be=e att5d by artificial selection--t is1 purpos$ c>e--to ! p]petuation ( ! species 9 ! l9e ( its true advancem5t1 spiritual a*ievem5t4 ,i d n n[ see h[ ! necessity ( artificial selection c be ga9said by any "o :o takes a broad view ( ! evolution ( ! race4 ,! me?ods ( artificial selection are ei!r negative1 :i* re/ra9 ! unfit f propagat+1 or positive1 :i* enc\rage ! fit to propagate4 ,! mo/ radical negative me?od is mutilation1 & is employ$ by man ) ! l[] animals & ) slaves1 b ?is plan c\ld h>dly be us$ by civilis$ society = human bre$+4 ,imprisonm5t tempor>ily re/ra9s "s classes ( society f p]petuat+ !mselves4 ,prev5tion ( conception is at pres5t mo/ly a volunt>y means1 b accompli%es ! elim9ation ( bo? fit & unfit4 ,celibacy ( monk & nun1 ( ba*elor & maid1 works also 9 bo? directions4 ,9 _m indirect ways society disc\rages f m>riage ^? :om x supposes to be unfit z te/$ by weal?1 rank1 or bir?4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* by ! ext5sion ( any negative me?ods1 b r by positive means t artificial selection may be be/ employ$4 ,i w m5tion ?ree =ms by :i* human bre$+ might be mat]ially advanc$4 ,by common law & cu/om ! wife surr5d]s h]self physically to submit & morally to obey ! husb&4 ,?is is n = ! mo/ "p h>%ly & lit]ally c>ri$ out 9 civilis$ c\ntries2 /ill !re is a va/ deal ( oppression :i* is hidd5 f all eyes1 & :i* is (t5 passively receiv$ by wom5 z h] rightful lot4 ,?is aga9 is a subject ^u :i* delicacy--p]haps unwise--=bids free discussion1 b its be>+ is manife/4 ,if wom5 h ! *oice to be> or n to be>1 & %e ) educat$ consci5ce *oose by fitness ( (fspr+1 a l>ge & p[]ful elem5t ( artificial selection may be introduc$4 ,aga9 all gov]nm5ts h laws conc]n+ m>riage :i* act 9 g5]al t[>d enc\rag+ ! fit4 ,c]ta9 conditions z to age1 etc41 be+ fulfill$1 ! /ate grants a m>riage lic5ce1 & public op9ion might easily be l$ to make ! requirem5ts m /r+5t4 ,z a physician has sugge/$ to me a c]tificate ( heal? f an approv$ m$ical exam9] might be requir$ ( all applicants = legal m>riage4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly be a /rong measure ( artificial selection1 & w\ld save mu* mis]y spr++ f ignorance & vice4 ,x surely seems sc>cely fitt+ t ^? :o _c pass an exam9ation = life insurance freely contract m>riage ) view to issue4 ,b ! plan ( artificial selection :i* seems to me mo/ feasible at ! pres5t "t w\ld be volunt>y associations ( m5 & wom5 :o b9d !mselves to le>n & apply ! laws ( h]$ity 9 _! m>riage relations1 to seek = exp]t guidance1 & 9 all _! life to live n m]ely purely1 b accord+ to reason & sci5ce4 ,h]$ity societies ( ?is /amp :i* %\ld favor m>riages only betwe5 memb]s w\ld ultimately become a rational ari/ocracy1 & true & good blood w\ld be p]petuat$ 9 ! be/ mann]4 ,!re is mu*1 inde$1 to be done 9 ! sci5ce ( h]$ity1 especially z reg>ds laws ( transmission ( m5tal & moral qualities1#i b /ill we h ev5 n[ a suffici5t basis ( k to make ! exp]im5t well wor? try+4 ,_m objections c be rais$ to su* s*emes4 ,= in/ance1 x w be said t !y might assure u ( obta9+ m5 ( tal5t1 b we %\ld =ev] lose m5 ( g5ius4 ,if su* societies 7 91 vogue 9 ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 we might nev] h _h a ,%akespe>e4 ,:at likelihood t a sci5tific exp]t w\ld advise ! m>riage ( ,john ,%akespe>e & ,m>y ,ard56 ,i answ] t we %\ld h _h a doz5 ,%akespe>es in/ead ( "o4 ,! law ( ! production ( g5iuses is n beyond human k54 ,maud ,s4 is truly a g5ius 9 horsefle%1 b %e came into ! _w 9 no =tuit\s or in/9ctive way1 b by sci5tific bre$+4 ,! applicability ( simil> =esight 9 bre$+ m5 w\ld produce g5iuses 9 abundance4 ,x may n be accompli%$ 9 an exactly analog\s mann]1 an exp]t lead+ ar\nd em95t m5 to 8make ! season10 b ! analog\s practical results w nev]!less be obta9$4 ,ano!r objection :i* might be urg$ is t any su* s*eme w\ld s]i\sly dim9i% population4 ,true2 b :at ?\ghtful man applies ! num]ical te/ to ! progress ( ! race6 ,x is n quantity ( citiz5s b quality1 :i* con/itutes ! true greatness ( /ates4 ,! c\nt+ ( heads in/ead ( :at is 9 heads1 is a mi/ake into :i* democracies are peculi>ly apt to fall4 ,7 all m5 exactly equal a c5sus w\ld be a true te/1 b consid]+ ! trem5d\s inequalities 9 humanity x is %e] folly = a c\ntry to glory 9 ! numb] ( its adh]5ts1 or a sect 9 ! numb] ( its adh]5ts1 or a city 9 ! numb] ( its citiz5s4 ,civilisations are weigh$ d[n & ultimately cru%$ by ! dead weight ( ! masses4 ,! b>b>ian is n )\t b )9 ! civilisation4 ,by rec5t inquiries 9 ,new ,york & ,*icago ! slums appe> to be five times z prolific z ! mo/ ari/ocratic portions2 & :ile good may come f ! l[e/ born1 & bad f ! highe/ born1 /ill ! *ances are decid$ly 9 favor ( ! high born4 ,a few rise above ! level ( _! bir?1 a few s9k bel[ x1 b ! great majority ( m5 rema9 = _! lives on ! g5]al level ( society 9 :i* !y 7 born4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be a great] nation ) #aj1jjj1jjj *oice inhabitants ?an ) t5 times #aj1jjj1jjj ( ! ill br$ & l[ br$4 ,a!ns by ! vulg> te/ ( numb]s 0 b a small & mean city1 b 9 true greatness z reveal$ 9 f> rea*+ spiritual p[]1 %e /&s 9 ! v =efront4 ,aga9 x w be object$ t sci5tific s*emes = human bre$+ w\ld inevitably de/roy t beautiful fl[] ( ,*ri/ian civilisation1 ! poetry & romance ( love4 ,s5tim5t & *ivalry w\ld )]1 & brutality & cold calculation w\ld supplant all t5d] & ref9$ emotion4 ,i %\ld answ] t ! true ref9em5t :i* refuses to obtrude ! ?+s ( s5se1 & true purity :i* refuses to dwell on !m salaci\sly1 are p]fectly compatible ) ! fulle/ k & ! consequ5t action4 ,lubricity bre$s be/ ^u a half k acquir$ 9 dubi\s ways4 ,a s]i\s practical sci5tific treatm5t ( ?is subject w n glorify ! fle% ) ! fi]ce gu/o ( ,walt ,:itman1 nor1 ) ! ,zola s*ool1 dwell ^u animalism ) ! morbid detail ( a heat$ imag9ation2 b x w br+ into ! cle>e/ light ! laws ( sex & ! rules = ! developm5t ( ! human race into ! p]fect man4 ,^! laws ( nature1 :i* sci5ce reveals1 are laws ( duty & laws ( ,god1 & :5 once appropriat$ z su* by ,e?ics & ,religion1 !y w become ! basis = all t is high 9 emotion & *ivalr\s 9 action4 ,9 t mo/ vital ( matt]s1 human bre$+1 man is f> beh9d 8 progress 9 all o!r sph]es ( action2 b "h z else:]e ,sci5ce mu/ ent]1 n to de/roy b to fulfil1 to build up manhood & womanhood into ! p]fect$ relations :i* c only come f rational action1 illum9at$ by complete k1 & sanction$ by noble/ s5tim5t4 ,,hiram ,m4 ,,/anley4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,9 an article 9 ,! ,ar5a = ,june1 #ahij1 ,i endeavor$ to pla9ly set =? ! r5ewal ( society f its l[e/ elem5ts z ! greate/ disease 9 our social life1 & to %[ t ! rem$y lies 9 a ?or\gh application ( sci5ce to human bre$+4 ,j h[ ?is application 0 to be made ,i did n /ate1 = ,i did n include ?is 9 ! scope ( my discussion4 ,mr4 ,/ead 9 8 ,review ( ,reviews = ,july1 #ahij1 & ,mr4 ,wallace 9 ! ,septemb] ,=tnightly ,review & ,octob] ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #ahij1 h drawn inf]5ces on ?is po9t :i* ,i am n prep>$ to all[4 ,mr4 ,/ead speaks 9 headl9es & 9 text ( 8murd]1 mutilation1 or imprisonm5t0 z ! me?ods :i* ,i h9t at1 & ,mr4 ,wallace rem>ks ^u my views 8t su* int]f]5ce ) p]sonal fre$om 9 matt]s s deeply affect+ individual happ9ess w nev] be adopt$ by ! majority ( any nation1 or if adopt$ w\ld nev] be submitt$ to by ! m9ority )\t a life-&-dea? /ruggle40 ,x seems incumb5t !n on me to /ate m cle>ly :at ,i und]/& by artificial selection1 & :at =ms ( x are mo/ exp$i5t at ! pres5t "t4 #h ,by artificial ,i und]/& n :at is unnatural or aga9/ nature b t :i* is aft] consci\s delib]ation m 9 accord ) ! laws ( nature4 ,x is a high] degree ( ! natural4 #i ,see my rem>ks on ?is po9t 9 ,nature1 ,oct4 #ca1 #ahhi4 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language4 ,i h read ) int]e/ ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s pap] on ! above subject 9 ! curr5t issue ( ,! ,moni/1 n only because x is 9 l>ge "p devot$ to a consid]ation ( my own "w on 8,m5tal ,evolution10 b /ill m because ! explanations :i* x supplies t\*+ c]ta9 po9ts ( disagreem5t betwe5 u appe> to %[ t ,i h n misrepres5t$ 8 /atem5ts1 ev5 if1 z he alleges1 ,i h misappreh5d$ 8 mean+s4 ,! "w to :i* allusion has j be5 made 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhh1 &1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 x is only n[ t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has s\ght to meet my views z !re express$4 ,h5ce we may take x t 8 answ] is1 at all ev5ts1 well matur$4 ,fur!rmore1 we may take x1 f ! tone 9 :i* 8 answ] is convey$1 t he cr$its me ) hav+ _h at lea/ an hone/ desire to und]/&1 & accurately to repres5t1 8 mean+ 9 all ! places :]e ,i h v5tur$ to criticise x4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t at all ev5ts 9 "o important respect ,i h betray$ 8a complete misappreh5sion0 ( 8 mean+--viz4 ) ref]5ce to 8 8!ory ( ! orig9 ( roots0 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehb72 & x is = ! purpose ( correct+ ?is misappreh5sion t he has publi%$ ! latt] half ( 8 pres5t pap]4 ,my reply1 !re=e1 mu/ take ! =m ( excus+ myself = ! complete misappreh5sions :i* are alleg$4 ,x is desirable at ! outset to emphasise a di/9ction :i* ,i 0 c>eful to draw 9 my "w on 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man0--t1 namely1 betwe5 philology & philosophy4 ,a man may be an excell5t au?ority on ! 8,sci5ce ( ,language10 & yet b a v indiff]5t writ] on ! 8,sci5ce ( ,?\ght40 ,on ! o!r h&1 a man may "k no?+ at fir/ h& t\*+ ! special prov9ce ( a philologi/1 & nev]!less be fully capable ( criticis+ :at a philologi/ has publi%$ 9 ! way ( !oretical d$uctions f 8 facts--especially :]e ^! d$uctions quit ! sph]e ( philology1 & so> into t ( ,d>w9ian1 or anti-,d>w9ian1 speculation4 ,?is di/9ction1 inde$1 betwe5 ! p>ticul> sci5ce ( philology & ! g5]al scope ( philosophy1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] himself recognises :]e he says3 8,:ile ! /ud5t ( language seems to me to h a p]fect "r to treat ! roots ( language z ultimate facts1 x is difficult = ! philosoph] n to look beyond40 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #egi47 ,nev]!less he compla9s ( me because1 :ile accept+ all 8 philological facts ^u 8 au?ority z a philologi/ 7save 9 s f> z !y are n accept$ by o!r philologi/s71 ,i h be5 oblig$ to express diss5t f n a few ( 8 !oretical d$uctions--especially1 z ,i h already indicat$1 :]e ^! h ref]5ce to ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution z appli$ to ! m9d ( man4 ,b h[1 ,i may ask1 c\ld a treatise be writt5 on 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man10 or 8,! ,orig9 ( ,human ,faculty10 )\t consid]+ ! results :i* h be5 ga9$ by ! sci5ce ( comp>ative philology8 ,or h[ c x be ma9ta9$ t1 9 ord] to deal ) ^! results 9 relation to ! g5]al !ory ( desc5t1 a writ] mu/ fir/ ( all himself become an au?ority 9 t p>ticul> sci5ce8 ,at any rate1 ,i deem$ x en\gh = ! only purposes :i* ,i _h 9 view1 to read att5tively all ! lead+ au?orities 9 ?is sci5ce1 &1 aft] extract+ f !m ! in=mation ^u matt]s ( fact :i* _! rese>*es _h e/abli%$1 to %[ :at ,i reg>d$ z ! be>+ ( ^! facts ^u ! !ory ( m5tal evolution4 ,nor c ,i plead guilty to ! *>ge ( arrogant presumption1 :i* ! foll[+ words appe> to convey3 8,we see 9 8 case h[ dang]\s x is = a man :o c claim to speak ) au?ority on 8 own special subject1 to v5ture to speak ) au?ority on subjects n 8 own4 ,pr(essor ,romanes has1 no d\bt1 read sev]al books on philology & philosophy1 b he is n suffici5tly ma/] ( 8 subject to h ! slighte/ "r to speak ( m5 l ,noir1 ,huxley1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to say no?+ ( ,hobbes1 ) an air ( sup]iority4 ,t is entirely out ( place40 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #chc47 ,n[ t any su* 8air ( sup]iority0 occurs 9 my book1 ,i mu/ d5y--& ?is is a matt] ( fact4 ,noir is allud$ to only ) ref]5ce to 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( language1 :i* ,i g fur!r 9 accept+ ?an does any 8philosoph]0 or 8philologi/10 ) ! s+le exception ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] himself4 ,huxley is m5tion$ 9 sev]al places z a lead+ au?ority on anatomical matt]s1 :]e my argum5t requires an au?oritative /atem5t ^u !m4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 curi\sly en\gh1 is nev] m5tion$ at all2 :ile ,hobbes is nam$ only once1 & !n z su/a9+1 by a 8%rewd analysis10 an op9ion :i* ,i am advocat+ by quotations f recognis$ au?orities 9 philosophy4 ,truly1 !re=e1 x w\ld be well = my critic 8to say no?+ ( ,hobbes02 & bett] /ill if he _h look$ at my index be=e condemn+ my suppos$ treatm5t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 & ,noir4 ,z x is1 8 allusion to ^! names 8is entirely out ( place40 ,b ev5 ap>t f ?is p>ticul>ly un=tunate allusion1 8 m g5]al *>ge z to my 8v5tur+ to speak au?oritatively on subjects n 8 my own10 is equally out ( place4 ,! foll[+ is my introduction to ! *apt] on ,comp>ative ,philology1 & ,i _c see t x betok5s any 8air ( sup]iority03 8,9 n[ turn+ to ?is important bran* ( my subject1 ,i may rem>k1 9 lim9e1 t1 l all ! sci5ces1 philology c be cultivat$ only by ^? :o devote !mselves specially to ! purpose4 ,my function1 !re=e1 w "h be t ( m]ely putt+ toge!r ! ma9 results ( philological rese>*1 s f> z ?is has hi!rto proce$$1 & s f> z ^! results appe> to me to h any be>+ ^u ! #8orig9 ( human faculty4' ,be+ ?us myself oblig$ to rely ^u au?ority1 :]e ,i f9d t au?orities are 9 conflict1 ,i w ei!r avoid ! po9ts ( disagreem5t1 or else /ate :at has to be said on bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,b :]e ,i f9d t all compet5t au?orities are 9 sub/antial agreem5t1 ,i w n burd5 my exposition by tautological quotations40 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us dispos$ ( a m]ely p]sonal matt]1 ,i may pass on to my ju/ification ( ! 8complete misappreh5sion0 into :i* ,i h fall5 ) respect to ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s "w on ! 8,sci5ce ( ,?\ght40 ,9 ! fir/ place he tells u3 8,on page #bfg ,mr4 ,romanes says t ,i pr(ess1 z a result ( m rec5t rese>*es1 to h r$uc$ ! numb] ( ,sanskrit roots to #aba4 ,i wi% ,i _h4 ,b ! numb] ( roots 9 ,sanskrit /&s z yet at ab\t #hjj3 ! numb] #aba ( :i* he speaks is ! numb] ( concepts express$ by ^! roots1 _m ( !m convey+ ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 idea40 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehc47 ,n[ x is q true t on page #bfg ,i made ! /atem5t :i* is "h *all5g$2 b z ,i imm$iately g on to speak repeat$ly ( ! 8numb] #aba0 z be+ 8! numb] ( concepts express$ by ! roots10--& actually quote at l5g? ! :ole #aba concepts ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s own head+1--,i am n sure t ! po9t is wor? ! /ress :i* is n[ laid ^u x4 ,nev]!less1 ,i may expla9 :y 9 ?is "o passage ,i us$ ! ^w 8roots10 in/ead ( ! ^w 8concepts40 ,briefly1 ! only reason 0 because1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s !ory ( ! orig9 ( roots1 x seem$ to me virtually ! same ?+1 f a psy*ological po9t ( view1 :e!r we speak ( ! r$uction 9 "q z p]ta9+ to roots or to concepts4 ,=1 accord+ to ! !ory1 8e root embodies a concept10 or is ! obv]se side ( a concept4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! ,sanskrit language pres5ts "s #hjj roots1 :ile x is expressive ( only #aba concepts1 ! balance ( ! #hjj roots mu/ be conc]n$ 9 convey+ ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 ideas--z ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] himself expressly ass]ts 9 ! above quotation f ,! ,moni/4 ,inde$1 ! :ole object ( 8 psy*ological analysis ( l+ui/ic roots 0 to prove t su* is ! case2 &1 !re=e1 t ! #aba roots :i* s]ve to convey ! #aba concepts are ! only roots requir$ = ! purposes ( communication 9 ,sanskrit spee*4 ,no d\bt x w\ld h be5 bett] if ,i _h /at$ all ?is 9 my book2 b ev5 if its omission l$ to obscurity1 ,i c sc>cely see t on ?is acc\nt !re c\ld h be5 a 8misrepres5tation0 :]e !re 0 c]ta9ly no 8misappreh5sion40 ,=1 z already /at$1 ,i spoke ( 8#aba roots0 only once1 :ile ,i allud$ to 8#aba concepts0 _m times--& usually1 moreov]1 9 inv]t$ commas4 ,la/ly1 x may be obs]v$ t1 foll[+ 8 !ory conc]n+ ! 8orig9 ( roots10 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] himself s f> id5tifies roots ) concepts z to head "o ( 8 li/s1 9 l>ge capitals--,,roots ,,or ,,concepts4 ,!re=e 9 say+ t he pr(ess$ to h r$uc$ ! psy*ologically effici5t elem5ts ( ,sanskrit spee* to #aba con/itu5ts1 x did n appe> to me t ,i 0 dep>t+ f 8 own t]m9ology :5 9 "o passage ,i spoke ( ^! #aba con/itu5ts z roots1 :ile ev]y:]e else ,i spoke ( !m z concepts4 8,give u10 he says1 8ab\t #hjj roots1 & we c expla9 ! l>ge/ diction>y2 give u ab\t #aba concepts1 & we c acc\nt = ! #hjj roots40 78,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 p4 #eea47 ,well1 if ?is is s1 ! #hjj roots 7i4 e4 phonetically sep>able elem5ts7 h be5 r$uc$ to ! #aba 8concepts or roots0 7i4 e4 psy*ologically sep>able elem5ts74 ,my critic _c bo? h 8 cake & eat x4 ,ei!r he mu/ abide by ! philological mean+ ( a root1 z ! ultimate result ( philological analysis2 or else he mu/ abide by 8 own philosophical mean+ ( a root1 z ! embodim5t ( a concept4 ,"u ! =m] def9ition !re w be ab\t #hjj roots ( ,sanskrit2 "u ! latt] def9ition1 & accord+ to 8 analysis1 !re w be only #aba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next po9t ) reg>d to :i* 8complete misappreh5sion0 is alleg$ may be/ be pres5t$ by my critic's own words1 ?us3 8,pr(essor ,romanes ?9ks x necess>y to rem>k t #8^! concepts d n repres5t ! ideation ( primitive man'6 ,i nev] said !y did4 ,i nev] pret5d$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! ideation ( primitive man4 ,all ,i ma9ta9$ 0 t1 mak+ all[ance = obscure words1 e ?\ght1 t ( ! l[e/ savage z well z ( ! mo/ m9ute philosoph]1 c be express$ ) ^! #hjj roots1 & trac$ back to ^! #aba concepts40 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehd47 ,n[1 x is p]haps ne$less to say1 ,i am extremely glad to le>n t su* 0 ! mean+ int5d$2 b ,i tru/ t ! foll[+ quotations w furni% a suffici5t excuse = my misund]/&+ ( x3 8,i hope t ^? :o w c>efully exam9e ! results at :i* ,i h arriv$1 w admit t !y prove by ov]:elm+ evid5ce t ! mean+s ( roots are really :at we expect$ !m to be1 & t !y express ! primitive social acts ( primitive social man1 & ! /ates m or less closely associat$ ) su* acts40 78,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 p4 #djc47 ,f ?is x appe>s t if ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] nev] pr(ess$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! ideation ( primitive man1 he did pr(ess to h prov$1 by ov]:elm+ evid5ce1 a v l>ge acqua9tance1 n only ) ! ideation1 b also ) primitive acts ( primitive social man4 ,possibly 8 acqua9tance ) bo? ^! matt]s is v mu* m intimate ?an m9e2 b z ,i h always tak5 x to be virtually c]ta9 t 8primitive man0 0 8social0 9 8 habits1 ,i %\ld l to le>n ! reasons :i* h induc$ my critic to believe 9 a /ill m 8primitive man10 :o 0 addict$ to a solit>y mode ( life4 ,=1 o!rwise1 ! only di/9ction on :i* 8 criticism appe>s to re/ is a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce4 ,aga9 he says3 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght assures u t e ?\ght t ev] cross$ ! m9d ( man c be trac$ back to ab\t #aba simple concepts40 7,ibid41 p4 #dah47 ,& t ! ^w 8man0 "h is n int5d$ tacitly to exclude 8primitive man0 7:e!r 8social0 or solit>y71 ,i ga!r$ f ! fact ( ! #aba concepts 9 "q be+ tabulat$ "u ! head+1 9 l>ge capitals1 ,,! #aba ,,orig9al ,,concepts4 ,=1 if ! ^w 8orig9al0 "h 0 int5d$ to mean orig9al only ) ref]5ce to ! ,sanskrit language1 :y did ! writ] foll[ x up ) 8 /atem5t ab\t ! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 assur+ u t e ?\ght :i* _h ev] cross$ ! m9d ( man c\ld be trac$ back to ^! #aba orig9al concepts8 ,la/ly1 n only by su* p>ticul> passages 0 ,i l$ to suppose t ! writ] 0 ref]r+ to 8primitive man0 :5 he 0 writ+ ab\t 8primitive social man10 etc42 b /ill m 0 ,i l$ to suppose ?is by ! :ole drift & t5or ( 8 "w4 ,= :at w\ld be ! s5se ( all 8 disquisitions ^u ! importance ( l+ui/ic sci5ce 9 its relation to ! !ory ( evolution1 if he int5d$ to re/rict 8 inf]5ces to ! semi-civilis$ condition ( man1 :i* 7z he all[s7 mu/ h be5 ! condition ( ! speak]s ( ,sanskrit8 ,cle>ly1 if ?is 7 8 int5tion1 !re w\ld h be5 no s5se 9 all ^! disquisitions2 & !re=e1 "h aga91 my critic _c bo? pres]ve 8 cake & consume x4 ,ei!r let him adopt ! position :i* he takes up 9 ,! ,moni/1 z a philologi/ pure & simple1 :o 8nev] pret5d$ to be acqua9t$ ) ! ideation ( primitive man10 :o refuses to g beyond ! 8facts0 ( ! 8,sci5ce ( ,language10 or to speculate ^u _! !oretical relations to ! 8,sci5ce ( ,?\ght03 or else let him d z he does 9 8 publi%$ works--sup]impose ^u 8 functions z a 8,/ud5t ( ,language0 ! functions ( a 8,philosoph]10 freely speculate ^u 8! orig9 ( roots10 elaborately argue ! :ole psy*ology ( 8concepts10 & /r5u\sly endeavor to %[ t 8language is ! ,rubicon ( m9d10 :i* n only n[1 b at all times1 has sep>at$ man f ! l[] animals1 z a be+ my/]i\s 9 orig91 if n unique 9 k9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,next we are told3 8,pr(essor ,romanes dwells on :at he calls ! int]e/+ feature ( all roots be+ v]bs4 ,?is is simply a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,9 giv+ ! mean+ ( roots s*ol>s g5]ally employ ! inf9itive or ! p>ticiple1 8to g10 or 8go+02 b !y h /at$ aga9 & aga9 t a root ceases to be a root z soon z x is us$ 9 a s5t5ce40 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehd47 ,n[1 by a 8v]b0 ,i und]/& a ^w t signifies ei!r an action or a /ate2 & by a 8root0 ,i und]/&--"h agree+ ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] himself--8an elem5t ( human spee*10 s f> z ?is has be5 hi!rto r$uc$ by philological analysis4 ,aga91 ,i hold--9 ?is also agree+ ) him--t 8z soon z a root is us$ = pr$ication x becomes a ^w1 :e!r outw>dly x is *ang$ or n40 78,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 p4 #ddj47 ,well1 if we are agre$ ^u ^! po9ts1 ,i d n see h[ !re c be any 8contradiction 9 t]ms0 :5 ,i /at$ ! fact 8( all roots be+ v]bs40 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if "o 7 to agree ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] himself 9 hold+ t orig9ally e root 0 8some?+ real1 some?+ t 0 actually us$ 9 conv]sation0 7,ibid4 p4 #dbj71 !re c be no contradiction 9 t]ms if we translate ?is into say+ t orig9ally e root 0 a ^w--= ! m]e quibble t n until x 0 spok5 did ! root become a ^w does n affect ! matt]1 any m ?an if we 7 to say ! same ( any ^w n[ 9 use1 :i* has giv5 bir? to a prog5y ( o!r words4 ,b ev5 if we disagree ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 & suppose t roots are m]ely 8phonetic elem5ts10 or ! residual extract ( a gr\p ( orig9ally alli$ words1 we %\ld /ill be correct 9 say+ t ! 8concepts0 :i* !y 8embody0 are all concepts :i* n[ admit ( be+ express$ 9 equival5t words4 ,s mu* = ! 8contradiction 9 t]ms10 :i* is alleg$ to arise if we speak ( roots z words4 ,t\*+ ! second po9t1 or ! accuracy ( say+ t ! words :i* roots express are always v]bs1 my def5ce is suffici5tly easy4 ,= to say1 z my critic says1 t 89 giv+ ! mean+ ( roots s*ol>s g5]ally employ ! inf9itive or ! p>ticiple10 appe>s to me a mo/ unphilosophical obs]vation1 s9ce x appe>s to indicate t 9 ! op9ion ( its writ] ! significance ( a v]b is b conv5tionally giv5 to a root by ! v]bal =m into :i* x is ?r[n by s*ol>s4 ,b ! fact is t1 ev5 if !y tri$1 s*ol>s c\ld r>ely deprive a root ( its significance z a v]b1 no matt] into :at v]bal =m !y might *oose to ?r[ x4 ,take any root at r&om1 su* z ,,ha to g4 ,h[ev] mu* we may r+ ! *anges1 z 8to g10 8go+10 8go]10 x is impossible to get rid ( ! fundam5tal significance ( ! root z a v]b4 ,& al?\gh x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to select a root :i* pres5ts a m equivocal int]pretation1 ! cases 9 :i* ?is c be done are1 comp>atively speak+1 n num]\s1 & app>5tly nev] su* z to exclude ! probability ( its hav+ prim>ily convey$ ! =ce ( a v]b4 ,= in/ance1 ,,hur to fall1 may be reg>d$ ei!r z a v]b or a n\n-sub/antive2 b we _c say t !re is any?+ to r5d] m probable ! view ( ! root hav+ be5 orig9ally expressive ( a fall ?an ( ! act ( fall+2 & inasmu* z !re d n appe> to be any roots :i* c only h orig9ally _h ! =ce ( n\ns or adjectives1 :ile !re are s _m :i* c only h orig9ally _h ! =ce ( v]bs1 we may fairly conclude t 9 ! accid5tally m equivocal cases ! roots 7 likewise orig9ally expressive ( actions or ( /ates4 ,=1 if n1 :y are !re n z _m roots :i* convey su* mean+s z sky1 or blue 7:i* nev] c h _h equival5ts 9 ! =ms ( v]bs71 z !re are roots l ,,ha1 :]e we _c d\bt t ! mean+ f ! fir/ mu/ h be5 ! mean+ ( a v]b8 ,i am ! m surpris$ at ?is head ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s criticism1 because x belongs to ! v ess5ce ( 8 own !ory t\*+ 8! orig9 ( roots10 t !y mu/ all orig9ally h convey$ ! mean+ ( v]bs4 ,!re=e f end to end ( 8 own book he con/antly alludes to roots z expressive ( 8actions02 nev] z expressive ( objects or qualities4 ,= in/ance3 8,all1 or ne>ly all1 ! roots ( ,sanskrit1 or r ( ! ,aryan family 9 g5]al1 express1 z we %all see1 acts1 & m p>ticul>ly ! commone/ acts p]=m$ by memb]s ( a primitive society40 78,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 p4 #bgb47 ,& ev5 9 ,! ,moni/ article itself ! same ?+ is /at$ ?us3 8,let u rememb] t a mo/ c>eful psy*ological analysis _h l$ ,noir to ! conclusion t ! g]ms ( all conceptional ?\ght 7 to be f\nd 9 ! consci\sness ( our own repeat$ acts4 ,& let u place by ! side ( ?is1 ! well-asc]ta9$ fact t ! g]ms ( all conceptional language1 :at we call roots1 express ) few exceptions ! repeat$ acts ( m540 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehj47 ,aga93 8,we beg9 ) ! fact t ! great bulk ( a language consi/s ( words1 d]iv$1 accord+ to ! /ricte/ rules1 n f cries1 b f articulate roots4 ,no "o d5ies ?is4 ,we foll[ ?is up ) a second fact1 t ne>ly all ! roots express acts ( m54 ,no "o d5ies t40 7p4 #ehh47 ,v well !n1 ,i submit t ! only real di/9ction betwe5 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s r5d]+ ( ?is 8fact10 & my own r5d]+ ( x1 consi/s 9 my hav+ add$ 8/ates0 to 8acts10 & obs]v+ t !n ! comp>atively few out/&+ roots may be includ$ ) ! 8ne>ly all0 "u ! "o category ( 8v]bs40 ,= ! di/9ction :i* he draws 9 ,! ,moni/ is n a real di/9ction3 x is m]ely a v]bal di/9ction4 ,"h x is3 8,if ,pr(essor ,romanes approves ( my say+ t roots /ood = any "p ( spee*1 j z ! monosyllabic expressions ( *ildr5 d1 ,i c only say t1 if ,i ev] said s1 ,i express$ myself incorrectly4 ,a root nev] /&s = any "p ( spee*1 because z soon z x is a "p ( spee* x is no long] a root40 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehe47 ,?is1 z ,i h previ\sly obs]v$1 is m]ely a quibble4 ,if orig9ally e root 0 8some?+ real1 some?+ us$ 9 conv]sation10 orig9ally all roots 7 words1 9 j ! same s5se z 8! monosyllabic expressions ( *ildr50 are words4 ,& if 8ne>ly all ^! roots express ! acts ( man10 :ile mo/ 7if n all7 ! out/&+ residuum 7 app>5tly expressive ( /ates1 x foll[s t ! roots 9 "q 7 n only words1 b v]bs4 ,& 9 /at+ ?is 8fact0 ,i suppos$ t ,i 0 b foll[+ ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s /atem5t ( x1 :]e he con/itutes x ! philological basis ( 8 !ory on ! 8orig9 ( roots0--viz4 t all roots sprang f s\nds made by 8primitive social man0 :5 engag$ 9 _! 8social acts40 ,b1 :ile accept+ ?is fact1 ,i object$ to ! !ory rais$ ^u x1 because ! latt] did n consid] t roots :i* orig9ally _h ! =ce ( v]bs mu/ h be5 m likely to h surviv$1 & s to h come d[n to u1 ?an ^? :i* may orig9ally h _h ! significance ( any o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,& x 0 only 9 ord] to supply ?is fur!r consid]ation t ,i allud$ to ! 8fact0 at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come next to "s disp>ag+ rem>ks ^u 8babies10 8p>rots10 & ! l[] animals g5]ally 7,! ,moni/1 pp4 #ehf-g74 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] 8refuses to argue0 ) me1 8or any o!r philosoph]1 ei!r 9 ! nurs]y or ! m5ag]ie40 ,s be x4 ,z a philologi/1 ( c\rse1 he is assur$ly "r2 no "o w\ld expect him s to argue4 ,b z a philosoph]1 :o has writt5 a l>ge book on ! 8,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 he is no less assur$ly wrong4 ,& "o may be p>don$ = wond]+ at ?is int5tionally o/ri*-l attitude on ! "p ( a philosoph]--:o is 8go+ beyond ! orig9 ( roots0--) respect to ! fundam5tal g]ms ( ! sign-mak+ faculty4 ,aga91 my critic appe>s to imag9e t ,i am a support] ( ! onomatopoetic !ory--to ! ext5t ( reg>d+ all human language z hav+ orig9at$ 9 imitations ( natural s\nds4 7,! ,moni/1 pp4 #ehf-g47 ,b ov] & ov] aga9 ,i h /at$ t ?is is n my view4 ,i believe1 inde$1 t !re is a v l>ge am\nt ( tru? 9 ?is !ory2 b ,i deem x on all gr\nds mo/ improbable t ! pr9ciple ( imitation has be5 ! only pr9ciple conc]n$ 9 ! orig9 ( spee*4 ,i h argu$ t probably _m o!r pr9ciples mu/ h be5 conc]n$1 includ+ ! 8syn]ga/ic0 pr9ciple sugge/$ by ,noir1 & en?usia/ically adopt$ by my critic z alone suffici5t to expla9 ! :ole problem ( ! orig9 ( spee*--& ?is al?\gh x is cle>ly b a p>ticul> bran* ( ! g5]al onomatopoetic !ory4 ,h5ce1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 x does n signify "o iota :e!r any giv5 root ow$ its orig9 to ! pr9ciple ( imitation1 or to "s o!r ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* ,i believe to h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! bir? ( articulate language4 ,&1 if possible1 /ill less does x signify :e!r or n 9 ! developm5t ( any giv5 ^w1 su* z 8?und]10 ! orig9al root-s\nd has be5 aft]w>ds imitatively modifi$1 8f a feel+ t x %\ld be s40 ,^! matt]s are no d\bt ( importance )9 ! f\r corn]s ( philology2 b 9 relation to ! 8biological !ory0 ( desc5t !y pres5t no importance at all4 ,yet ,i am told3 8,^? :o _c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man1 or = all t1 betwe5 a mock+-bird1 say+ ,cuckoo1 & a :ole community fix+ on ! s\nd ( ,,tan1 z diff]5tiat$ by v>i\s suffixes & prefixes1 & express+ ! concept ( /ret*+ 9 su* words z tonos1 tone1 tonitru1 ?und]1 tanu1 t5uis1 ?91 %\ld n m$dle ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,language40 7,! ,moni/1 pp4 #ehh-i47 ,d\btless4 ,b z no ^w ( ?is applies to me1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to obs]ve t if any "o :o has read my book c possibly suppose t x does1 he %\ld n m$dle ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 conclusion1 if x be ! case t ,i h completely misappreh5d$ ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] ) reg>d to ! po9ts :i* he has m5tion$1--& all ( :i* ,i h n[ consid]$1--h ,i n furni%$ suffici5t ju/ification8 ,ev5 n[ ,i _c see 9 :at respects x is possible to am5d any subsequ5t edition ( my book1 s z to correct ! misappreh5sions :i* are alleg$4 ,b al?\gh my 8mi/akes0 are ?us f> f 8cle>10 ,i am glad to h _h ?is opportunity ( publicly discuss+ !m ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 if only = ! sake ( add+ ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,be x obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! =ego+ 8ju/ification10--:e!r x be held t ! misappreh5sions are due to ambiguity on ! "o side or to obtus5ess on ! o!r1--at lea/ x is c]ta9 t ! misappreh5sions compla9$ ( all h ref]5ce to po9ts ( no importance :atsoev] z reg>ds ! g5]al !ory ( desc5t1 ev5 al?\gh "s ( !m are n altoge!r )\t importance z reg>ds ! p>ticul> sci5ce ( philology4 ,?us x is q immat]ial1 s f> z ! doctr9e ( ,m5tal ,evolution is conc]n$1 :e!r we say t ! roots ( ,sanskrit are #hjj1 philologically speak+1 or #aba1 psy*ologically speak+4 ,aga91 z soon z x is expla9$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] t by 8 8#aba orig9al concepts0 he means ! numb] ( concepts 8orig9al0 only z reg>ds ! ,sanskrit language2 t by 8primitive social man0 he means only ! semi-civilis$ prog5itors ( ! ,indo-,european race2 t by 8e ?\ght t ev] cross$ ! m9d ( man0 admitt+ ( be+ 8trac$ back to ab\t #aba simple concepts10 he means no m ?an t su* is ! case z reg>ds ! rec5t & highly evolv$ ,aryan bran* ( ! human species2--:5 once all ?is is expla9$1 x becomes evid5t t ?us f> !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 u4 ,= 9 t case he is n deal+ ) 8! ,orig9 ( ,human ,faculty10 ei!r 9 reg>d to language or to ?\ght3 he is consid]+ m]ely ! high] infloresc5ce ( bo?4 ,once m1 :e!r all1 or ne>ly all1 ! roots ( ,sanskrit c prop]ly be call$ words1 &1 if s1 :e!r we mu/ n g /ill fur!r & call !m v]bs1--^! are que/ions ( m]e t]m9ology4 ,if ! roots 7 orig9ally 8us$ 9 conv]sation10 & if1 z ?us us$1 !y 71 ) b few d\btful exceptions1 all expressive ( 8acts0 or 8/ates10 x becomes m]e v]bal hair-splitt+ to *all5ge ! propriety ( say+ t ! roots 7 orig9ally v]bs4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! matt] has no?+ to d ) ! g5]al "q ( man's d]ivative orig94 ,la/ly1 ! same has to be said ( ! purely philological "q z to h[ f> ! pr9ciple ( imitation has obta9$ 9 ! fir/ =mation ( ^! ar*aic 8words10 or 8roots40 ,=1 ar*aic ?\gh !y be 9 a philological s5se1 9 a phylological s5se !y are ?+s ( ye/]day1 & s c sc>cely be said to h any direct relation at all to 8! orig9 ( spee*10 or ! rise ( articulate sign-mak+4 ,?is has to be inf]r$ f obs]vations 9 ! 8m5ag]ie10 z di/+ui%$ f rese>* 9 ! libr>y2 & ! fact t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] expressly refuses to give me ! pleasure ( 8 company :]e ! be/ mat]ials = /udy+ ! really 8primitive0 condition ( ! sign-mak+ faculty are to be met )1 m]ely r5d]s m impossible ?an ev] any real collision betwe5 8 l+ui/ic /udies on ! "o side1 & my 8biological !ory0 on ! o!r4 ,b al?\gh x ?us appe>s suffici5tly evid5t t my 8misappreh5sions0 ( 8 l+ui/ic conclusions are z unimportant 9 relation to ! !ory ( desc5t z !y are few--&1 ,i ?9k1 also excusable--9 !mselves1 x is impossible to d\bt t f> bel[ ! level ( ,sanskrit roots1 & f> beyond ! range ( philological sci5ce1 !re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 u4 ,= :5 he passes f ! 8,sci5ce ( ,language0 to ! 8,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10--:5 he quits 8 sph]e z a philologi/ to ent] t ( ! philosoph]1--he p]si/5tly & consi/5tly affirms t :at he calls 8! old b>ri] betwe5 man & bea/0 rema9s1 & t he is z yet unable to p]ceive h[ x c ev] be remov$4 ,?is b>ri] ( c\rse is pr$icative language--! obv]se side ( conceptional ?\ght2 & ! firm op9ion ?us express$ by s em95t a philologi/ is n only ( weight p] se1 b is r5d]$ m s on acc\nt ( ! manife/ fre$om f prejudice ) :i* x is associat$4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,i devot$ s mu* space 9 my book on 8,m5tal ,evolution0 to a consid]ation ( 8 views2 & !re=e ,i am sorry t 8 pres5t reply has n be5 direct$ to meet+ my criticisms on ?is really important matt] ( philosophical doctr9e1 r ?an to indicat+ 8misappreh5sions0 ) reg>d to su* m]ely trivial matt]s ( a purely philological k9d z ^? :i* ,i h "h be5 deal+ )4 ,b p]haps at "s future "t he may give me ! b5efit ( 8 criticism ^u my "w z a :ole1 or n m]ely on ! fr+es ( su* details z really h no be>+ on ! objects ( t "w4 ,&1 if he %\ld ev] see 8 way to do+ ?is1 ,i am q sure t ! discussion w\ld be "o ( a fri5dly "*4 ,= ! po9ts at issue w\ld all h ref]5ce to t l>ge & vague doma9 ( speculative !ory t\*+ 8! orig9 ( human faculty10 :]e x is inevitable--&1 9 my judgm5t1 ev5 desirable--t wide diff]5ces ( op9ion %\ld obta94 ,we are b at ! comm5cem5t ( a great & obscure problem1 :i* only 9 our own g5]ation has be5 pres5t$ by ! sci5ce ( biology to ! contemplation ( philosophy4 ,!re=e x w\ld be folly inde$ if any man 7 to reg>d 8 own op9ions ^u x z o!r ?an provisional--& ev5 m fooli% if he 7 to introduce any 8meum & tuum into ^! discussions40 ,?us ,i invite ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] to /ate ! gr\nds ( 8 ass]tion 9 ,! ,moni/1 t 8all ! facts ( real language are aga9/0 me z an advocate ( :at he calls ! biological !ory ( ! developm5tal orig9 ( man4 ,?is !ory1 he says1 8d]ives no support :atev] f ! ,sci5ce ( ,language40 ,i believe1 on ! o!r h&1 t ^! are :olly unw>rant$ /atem5ts2 & t ! ,sci5ce ( ,language does support ! !ory 9 "q to z high a degree z is possible f ! nature ( ! case4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is great diff]5ce ( op9ion1 ,i felt1 :5 writ+ my book1 t ,i %\ld be do+ b scant ju/ice to ! matur$ judgm5t ( s em95t a philologi/ if ,i did n c>efully consid] all t he _h writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,& s1 z ,i h said1 ,i devot$ m ( my book to a consid]ation ( 8 views ?an to ^? ( any o!r philologi/2 & :ile accept+ 8 sci5tific facts on 8 au?ority z a philologi/1 ,i nev]!less felt x incumb5t on me to %[ :y 8 philosophical d$uctions1 :]e !y _h ref]5ce to ! !ory ( desc5t1 appe>$ to me by no means ( equival5t value4 ,?is di/9ction1 z ,i obs]v$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t article1 is surely a legitimate di/9ction2 & ,i %\ld be sorry inde$ if any?+ t ,i h ev] said c appe> inconsi/5t ) ! g5u9e admiration :i* is due to ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] z 8a /ud5t ( language10 or ) ! no less g5u9e e/eem :i* ,i h ! be/ reason = kn[+ is due to him z a fri5d4 ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes4 ,,! ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,language ,,v]sus ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,life1 ,,z ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll] ,,& ,,pr(4 ,,george ,,john ,,romanes4 ,all ! sci5ces =m1 or at lea/ ought to =m1 "o great sy/em1 culm9at+ 9 ! sci5ce ( sci5ces4 ,!re=e x is m ?an d\btful h[ any sci5ce c\ld exi/ )\t be+ someh[ 9 contact ) o!r sci5ces2 & all ( !m mu/ /& 9 "s relation to philosophy4 ,x is necess>y t ea* sci5ce %\ld develop 9 relative indep5d5ce ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,we _c expect to decide1 = in/ance1 *emical problems by physical or purely me*anical laws be=e we h c>efully se>*$ ! nature & conditions ( *emical processes4 ,b z soon z ?is has be5 done we c expect t a comp>ison betwe5 ! results ( two or m sci5ces w ?r[ new light ^u ! subject-matt] on bo? sides4 ,solomon says3 8,to ev]y?+ !re is a season & a "t to e purpose "u ! heav540 ,?us ! sci5ces h to gr[1 ea* "o on its own gr\nds1 & :5 !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 /ate ( maturity1 !y w coalesce ) ea* o!r4 ,& two sci5ces w by _! coalesc5ce f]tilise ! "o ! o!r s z to produce a new dep>tm5t :i* may by & by develop into a special sci5ce4 ,n[ x appe>s to ! un9itiat$ z if ! spiritual _w ( sci5ce 7 9 e respect diff]5t f ! _w ( objective realities ar\nd u4 ,:ile 9 ! _w ( bodily realities ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is f\ght et]nal peace is suppos$ to reign 9 ! sacr$ halls ( intellectual aspirations4 ,says ! ,g]man poet3 8,hrt 9 dem ,raume /oss5 si* die ,krp]1 ,lei*t bei e9&] wohn5 die ,g$ank540 ,?is is true only 9 a v limit$ s5se4 ,ideas are ! mo/ intol]ant be+s imag9able4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is rag+ z fi]cely 9 ! intellectual realm z 9 ! _w ( realities1 & !re also ! law t ! fitte/ w survive holds good4 ,f> be x f u to d5\nce ?is /ate ( g5]al w>f>e1 = al?\gh x is h>d on ^? :o succumb1 x is ! means by :i* evolution becomes possible2 & evolution 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce means a ne>] approa* to tru?4 ,if 9 ! evolution ( ?\ght two neighbor+ sci5ces h develop$ s f> z to meet1 a /ruggle w ensue4 ,! ideas on ! two sides w h to fight be=e !y coalesce4 ,x is natural t diff]5t sci5ti/s look at ?+s f diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,!y h develop$ a t]m9ology :i* exactly suits _! purpose & ?us ! repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t sci5ces are (t5 l p ( a diff]5t nationality4 ,!y d n und]/& ea* o!r because !y speak diff]5t languages4 ,moreov] !y h n unfrequ5tly a diff]5t religion2 t means1 _! ideas ab\t tru? & ! te/ ( tru? appe> to be diff]5t & sometimes !y reg>d "o ano!r z no bett] ?an hea!ns4 ,! battle is unavoidable1 & consid]+ all 9 all1 ! battle is desirable1 x %\ld n be avoid$4 ,! fitte/ to survive be+ ! true/1 ! :ole progress ( sci5ce ?r\gh ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among ideas consi/s 9 ! approa* to tru?4 ,x may be object$ t !re are peacemak]s :o w reconcile ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,true4 ,& x is fur!r true t ! aim ( e w> is peace4 ,b a peacemak] c be successful only if 8 m9d is broad en\gh to let ! :ole battle be f\ght out )9 himself4 ,! battle itself is & w rema9 unavoidable4 ,idea /&s aga9/ idea1 & ! m5tal process ( reflection is no?+ b a /ruggle ( conflict+ ideas :i* takes place 9 "o & ! same m9d4 ,! aim ( all reflection is ! settlem5t ( ! conflict1 s t all ideas w agree4 ,! two p>ties disappe> 9 "o2 errors are giv5 up1 & t :i* is consi/5t only w rema94 ,9 o!r words ,dualism makes room = ,monism4 ,x is a good sign ( ! times t a battle has begun to rage betwe5 ! s-call$ natural sci5ces & ! sci5ce ( language4 ,! old ,hegelian di/9ction betwe5 ! ,gei/eswiss5s*aft5 & ! ,naturwiss5s*aft5 has be5 surr5d]$2 & ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] 0 among ! =emo/ to inculcate ! tru? t philology is a natural sci5ce4 ,if philology is a natural sci5ce x _c be b t its subject ( inve/igation is a "p ( nature & z su* x /&s 9 close relation to o!r p>ts ( nature4 ,"o & ! same ?+ may be ! subject ( inve/igation ( diff]5t sci5ces4 ,"o & ! same plant may be an object ( obs]vation to ! physiologi/1 to ! botani/1 to ! druggi/1 to ! physician1 & to ! *emi/4 ,_! /&po9ts & _! purposes be+ diff]5t1 !y w br+ to light v diff]5t results1 & if ^! results are contradictory among ea* o!r ! conflict is at h&4 ,x _c be %irk$ b mu/ be decid$ by an hone/ & squ>e fight4 ,we h witness$ ( late a conflict betwe5 philology & an?ropology conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ,aryas & x looks z if ?is conflict w contribute mu* to promote our k ( ! olde/ hi/ory ( mank9d1 al?\gh ! la/ ^w has n z yet be5 spok53 adhuc sub judice lis e/4 ,we are n[ confront$ ) a conflict betwe5 ,philology & ,biology4 ,! fir/ skirmi%es h be5 f\ght by two m5 :o are entitl$ to speak1 ea* "o 9 behalf ( 8 sci5ce4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] /&s up = philology & ,pr(4 ,george ,john ,romanes = biology4 ,pr(essor ,romanes takes x = grant$ t ! rational m9d ( man has develop$ gradually f ! l[] /age ( ! brute4 ,he says 9 8 book 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man10 p4 #bgf3 8,! :ole object ( ^! *apt]s has be5 to %[1 t on psy*ological gr\nds x is abundantly intelligible h[ ! conceptual /age ( ideation may h be5 gradually evolv$ f ! receptual--! p[] ( =m+ g5]al1 or truly conceptual ideas1 f ! p[] ( =m+ p>ticul> & g5]ic ideas4 ,b if x c\ld be %[n--or ev5 r5d]$ 9 any degree presumable--t ?is di/9ctly human p[] ( =m+ truly g5]al ideas arose de novo ) ! fir/ bir? ( articulate spee*1 assur$ly my :ole analysis w\ld be de/roy$3 ! human m9d w\ld be %[n to pres5t a quality diff]5t 9 orig9--&1 !re=e1 9 k9d--f all ! l[] ord]s ( intellig5ce3 ! law ( cont9uity w\ld be int]rupt$ at ! t]m9al phase3 an impassable gulf w\ld be fix$ betwe5 ! brute & ! man40 ,& ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] criticises ! position ( ,pr(essor ,romanes 9 an article on ,?\ght & ,language 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d1 p4 #ehb72 he says3 8,my le>n$ fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,romanes1 labors to %[ t !re is an unbrok5 m5tal evolution f ! l[e/ animal to ! highe/ man4 ,b he sees v cle>ly & confesses v hone/ly t ! *ief difficulty 9 ?is evolution is language & all t language implies4 ,he tries v h>d to remove t b>ri] betwe5 bea/ & man4444 ,pr(essor ,romanes is1 ,i believe1 a mo/ em95t biologi/1 & ! mantle ( ,d>w9 is said to h fall5 on 8 %\ld]s4 ,f> be x f me to v5ture to criticise 8 biological facts4 ,b we see 9 8 case h[ dang]\s x is = a man :o c claim to speak ) au?ority on 8 own special subject1 to v5ture to speak au?oritatively on subjects n 8 own40 ,x is n at all my int5tion to appe> on ! battle-field z a peacemak] betwe5 ^! two g5]als1 or to settle ! problems t arise f ! conflict betwe5 philology & biology4 ,t w be bett] done by ! p>ties conc]n$1 & ,i am r incl9$ to speak ) ,s*ill] :5 he ?\ght ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! transc5d5tali/ philosoph] & ! empirical naturali/3 8,enmity be betwe5 y6 ,y\r alliance w\ld n be 9 "t yet4 ,?\gh y may sep>ate n[1 ,tru? w be f\nd by y\r se>*40 ,i look =w>d ) great int]e/ to fur!r discussions :i* w br+ out ) m cle>ness ! positions ( bo? p>ties1 & x is n impossible t bo? p>ties z soon z !y h bett] und]/ood ea* o!r1 w agree mu* bett] ?an ei!r ( !m expect$4 ,b x may be p]mitt$ me to make a few comm5ts ^u a proposition t is involv$ 9 ?is conflict1 :i*1 h[ev]1 prop]ly consid]$1 is nei!r ( a philological nor a biological nature4 ,?is is ! idea ( ! cont9uity ( evolution4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] says some:]e t1 if a ,d>w9ian means an evolutioni/1 he _h be5 a ,d>w9ian long be=e ,d>w94 8,h[ a /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( language10 he says1 8c be any?+ b an evolutioni/ is to me utt]ly un9telligible40 ,s !re is no d\bt ab\t 8 be+ an evolutioni/ z mu* z ,pr(essor ,romanes4 ,b ! "q is1 ,:at means evolutioni/8 ,is he an evolutioni/ :o believes 9 a piecemeal evolution int]rupt$ "h & !re by acts ( special creation8 ,9 my conception ( ! t]m1 an evolutioni/ believes 9 evolution :]ev] !re is life & ?is involves ! :olesale rejection ( special-creation acts z well z ( ! idea t any be+ or organism 7! organism ( language includ$7 c\ld ev] h made its appe>ance 9 full gr[? & maturity or t any ph5om5on ( life c\ld pres5t a break 9 ! cont9uity ( evolution4 ,! ,greek my? tells u t ! ,goddess ( ,reason1 ! blue-ey$ ,pallas ,a!ne1 0 n born l o!r gods & mortals 9 ! natural way ( a sl[ developm5t4 ,%e jump$ out ( ! head ( ,zeus full-arm$ 9 all h] beauty & gift$ ) ! p[]s ( h] unusual accompli%m5ts4 ,is ?is my? true aft] all8 ,does ! ,logos ( rational ?\ght pres5t u ) an in/ance 9 :i* ! developm5t process has be5 int]rupt$8 ,if s1 we %all h to ab&on ! evolution !ory z a !ory & return to ! old-fa%ion$ view ( special-creation acts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two views is n ( degree1 b ( k9d4 ,he :o accepts ! pr9ciple ( evolution z ! law ( life ab&ons =ev] ! idea ( special & unconnect$ beg9n+s z mu* z t ( special-creation acts4 ,he _c ) consi/5cy believe 9 an evolution ) int]ruptions1 = ! !ory ( evolution is s]viceable only if evolution is conceiv$ z cont9u\s4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] ( c\rse has a "r to def9e & use ! ^w evolutioni/ z he sees fit1 b if he excludes cont9uity f ! idea ( evolution1 we decl>e t he has tak5 out ! qu9tess5ce ( its mean+ & ! core ( its tru?4 ,:y ?is is s1 we %all n[ briefly discuss4 ,! evolution !ory has be5 gradually develop$ by empirical inve/igations & x owes its all b univ]sal acceptance to ! great mass ( a po/]iori evid5ce furni%$ by ! natural sci5ces4 ,x re/s nev]!less ^u a bett] & saf] f\ndation ?an isolat$ in/ances ( hap-haz>d exp]i5ce4 ,its f\ndation is qu>ri$ out ( ano!r & m reliable mat]ial4 ,! evolution !ory re/s ^u ! gr\nd ( a priori argum5ts4 ,by a priori we d n und]/& any?+ my/]i\s1 b simply su* cognition z possesses univ]sality & necessity4 ,t cognition :i* is 9 possession ( univ]sality & necessity is also call$ =mal cognition4 ,! =mal sci5ces 7= in/ance ari?metic1 ma!matics1 pure logic1 & pure me*anics7 give u in=mation ab\t su* tru?s z are applicable1 because !y are purely =mal1 to ! =mal conditions ( any?+ & ev]y?+ possible4 ,because we "k be=eh& t ! purely =mal laws w hold good "u all conditions ,kant call$ _! =mulat$ !orems 8a priori40 ,all ! objections to ! idea ( apriority made by ,john ,/u>t ,mill & o!r empirici/s are due to _! mis9t]pretation ( ! t]m4#aj ,mr4 ,mill 0 mi/ak5 :5 he ?\ght ,kant meant a priori cognitions 7 innate ideas :i* came to man f sph]es unkn[n4 ,! v fir/ s5t5ce ( ,kant's 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 proves t ,kant knew ( no o!r k ?an t :i* beg9s ) exp]i5ce4 ,kant says1 8,t all our k beg9s ) exp]i5ce !re c be no d\bt40 ,b our k consi/s ( two elem5ts1 viz4 ! empirical & ! =mal4 ,! =m] be>s always ! "* ( ! special & incid5tal1 ! latt] ( ! univ]sal & necess>y4 ,! =m] is s5sory1 be+ furni%$ by ! s5ses1 ! latt] is prop]ly m5tal orig9at+ 9 & ) ! action ( ! m9d 9 deal+ ) s5se-mat]ials1 9 arrang+ !m & br++ !m into c]ta9 relations4 ,=mal k is diff]5t 9 k9d f empirical k4 ,! rule 8twice two is f\r0 w hold good = all possible cases1 b ! /atem5t 8,a swan is :ite0 does n hold good = all possible cases4 ,european swans z a rule are :ite1 b ,au/ralian swans are black1 & = all we "k1 we might f9d swans t are blue1 or r$1 or yell[4 ,empirical k is full ( exceptions1 =mal k is rigid1 !re is no exception to any rule ( =mal k4 ,all =mal k has develop$ by degrees4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 ( ma!matics1 logic1 ari?metic1 & also ( ! natural sci5ces furni%es suffici5t evid5ce4 ,! =mal "p ( ! natural sci5ces1 by ,kant call$ re9e ,naturwiss5s*aft1 consi/s ( su* cognitions z ! law ( cause & effect & ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,! =mulation ( ^! laws has be5 accompli%$ aft] mu* & c>eful empirical inve/igation4 ,& x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,! latt] law 0 elaborat$ 9 its full cle>ness long aft] ,kant4 ,! law ( causality & ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy are purely =mal1 !y are n s5se-impressions & d n conta9 any s5sory elem5ts4 ,!y are g5]al rules ( univ]sal applicability :i* be+ rigidly univ]sal & )\t exceptions are necess>y "u all conditions4 ,be=e we make any exp]im5t we c "k t !y w hold good 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,inde$ all our exp]im5t+ is bas$ ^u ! supposition t ! law ( causation holds good & t !re c be nei!r an increase nor a decrease ( matt] & en]gy4 ,! mi/ake made by ! s-call$ transc5d5tali/s is ?is1 t !y consid] =mal ?\ght z hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 be+ ready at h& be=e cognition is possible1 :ile 9 fact x is a "p ( cognition :i* at lea/ 9 its g]m is pres5t 9 e actual exp]i5ce4 ,! !ory ( evolution is n m & n less a =mal pr9ciple ?an ! law ( causation & ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,inde$ x is no?+ b ! same ?+ appli$ to a special case4 ,! !ory ( evolution is ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy appli$ to ! prov9ce ( life4 ,! !ory ( evolution d5ies ! possibility ( special acts ( creation4 ,!re _c come some?+ out ( no?+4 ,& ! new creations t actually orig9ate daily be=e our eyes are n creations f no?+1 !y are simply trans=mations4 ,!re 0 a "t on e>? 9 :i* no liv+ be+ exi/$1 nei!r plant nor animal4 ,h[ did life orig9ate8 ,our answ] is1 ,x did n orig9ate out ( no?+1 b x evolv$4 ,non-organis$ matt] organis$4 ,t non-organis$ matt] mu/ conta9 ! elem5t>y conditions ( organis$ life is a conclusion :i* we _c escape f our po9t ( view2 & :i* is fully & satisfactorily corroborat$ by our daily exp]i5ce t wat]1 e>?1 & air "u ! sun's influ5ce are *ang$ into :eat2 & :eat is manufactur$ into ! bread :i* n\ri%es man & su/a9s 8 life4 ,non-organis$ p>ticles ( matt] are con/antly be+ organis$ 9 liv+ organisms & displace ! worn-out mat]ials 9 _! tissues--n "o atom ( ! latt] rema9+ = good 9 a heal?y liv+ body4 ,! !ory ( evolution may be call$ an hypo!sis1 an assumption1 a presumption4 ,b 9 t case we mu/ say ) ,mill t ! rule twice two is f\r is also a m]e assumption4 ,! evid5ce = ! latt] is n /rong] ?an t = ! =m]4 ,mill decl>es t aft] all twice two might some:]e be five4 ,exactly s & n o!rwise evolution might be some:]e int]rupt$1 s t some?+ w\ld orig9ate out ( no?+ in/ead ( evolv+ f o!r ?+s ?r\gh trans=mation4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] speaks v s>ca/ically ab\t ! spee*less man1 ! homo alalus :o is suppos$ to be ! ance/or ( ! pres5t man4 ,he says 7l4 c41 p4 #ehe73 8,( ! ,homo alalus1 ! spee*less prog5itor ( ,homo sapi5s1 ) :om ,pr(essor ,romanes seems s intimately acqua9t$1 /ud5ts ( human spee* naturally "k no?+40 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] also condemns all ef=ts ( approa*+ ! problem ( ! orig9 ( language ?r\gh obs]vation ( *ildr5 & animals4 ,! =m] he calls 8nurs]y philology0 ! latt] 8m5ag]ie psy*ology40 ,& x is c]ta9ly true t ! problem ( ! orig9 ( language _c be solv$ f obs]vations ( *ildr5 or animals1 because ! problem lies 9 ano!r field4 ,! problem is n h[ a ready made language is transf]r$ ^u ! gr[+ m9d ( a baby b h[ spee*less be+s develop$ into speak+ be+s4 ,& all ! intellig5ce ( clev] animals is /ill v diff]5t f ! rational ?\ght ( man4 ,?is is true1 b x is also true t good obs]vations ( animal psy*ology & also ( nurs]y philology w ?r[ "s light ^u ! evolution ( rational ?\ght4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] says3 8,h[ c we attempt to realise :at passes )9 ! m9d ( an animal8444 ,we c imag9e any?+ we l ab\t :at passes 9 ! m9d ( an animal1--we c "k absolutely no?+40 ,we are fully aw>e ( ! fact t ! problem ( ! orig9 ( language is q diff]5t f ! problems ( animal psy*ology4 ,a solution ( ! latt]1 :i* are extremely complex & difficult1 w\ld n help u to solve ! =m]4 ,?is be+ conc$$ we c nev]!less see no reason :y animal psy*ology %\ld be condemn$ & giv5 up z a hopeless task4 ,x is n true t 8we c "k absolutely no?+ ab\t :at passes 9 ! m9d ( an animal40 ,x is true we _c see ! animals' feel+s & ?\ghts1 b we c see _! actions :i* reveal _! feel+s z mu* z & sometimes ev5 pla9] ?an ! spee* ( our bro!r man reveals 8 ?\ghts4 ,might we n say ) ! same reason1 8,we see only ! pr9t$ book ( a sci5ti/ 7:i* is an expression ( 8 views z mu* z ! behavior ( an animal is ( its feel+s7 b we c "k absolutely no?+ ab\t :at passes 9 ! m9d ( t sci5ti/4 ,all we c d is to judge f analogy08 ,& %\ld we on t acc\nt give up all read+ & /udy+ & also all argu+ ) o!rs8 ,animal psy*ology is n only ju/ifi$ z a sci5ce1 b we c ev5 hope t correct obs]vations ( animal intellig5ce w assi/ u 9 correctly und]/&+ ! high] intellig5ce ( human ?\ght4 ,& 8t "s useful h9ts may be tak5 f wat*+ *ildr5 is n d5i$0 by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] ei!r1 al?\gh ?is little concession appe>s only 9 ! %ape ( a %ort foot-note4 ,! homo alalus is by no means a m]ely my?ical figure1 = accord+ to ! law ( evolution man mu/ h develop$ out ( a be+ l[] ?an ! pres5t man4 ,8 fir/ ance/or mu/ h be5 simple life-sub/ance some?+ l t ( ! amba4 ,he mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a long p]iod 9 :i* he 0 n capable ( articulate spee*4 ,t we "k no?+ p>ticul> ab\t ! homo alalus is no pro( aga9/ 8 exi/5ce4 ,moreov] e infant is an actual real homo alalus1 a spee*less man1 or %\ld we accord+ to ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] class our babies among ! brutes8 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] says 7,! ,moni/1 p4 #ehe73 8,if1 l ,pr(essor ,romanes1 we beg9 ) ! #8imm5se presumption t !re has be5 no int]ruption 9 ! developm5tal process 9 ! c\rse ( psy*ological hi/ory1' ! prote/ ( language c\nts = no?+2 ! v fact t no animal has ev] =m$ a language1 is put aside simply z an un=tunate accid5t40 ,! !ory ( evolution rightly und]/ood is no presumption 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is no m a presumption ?an to say t some?+ _c come f no?+4 ,& :at is 8! prote/ ( language0 :i* w\ld disprove ! cont9uity ( evolution8 ,t rational or human ?\ght is some?+ sui g5]is1 t x is diff]5t 9 k9d & n 9 degree f brute intellig5ce2 t language is an impassable b>ri] betwe5 man & brute1 be+ ! ,rubicon :i* no o!r animal has cross$4 ,v well4 ,we agree entirely ) all ^! propositions4 ,human reason is diff]5t 9 k9d f brute intellig5ce & human reason has develop$ su* z x is ?r\gh language only4 ,nay reason is language4 ,noir is "r :5 he says1 ,man ?9ks because he speaks4 ,b ! ,rubicon ( language 0 n an absolutely impassable b>ri]4 ,! spee*less ance/or ( man1 :e!r we call him homo alalus or an?ropoid1 or ev5 man-ape1 has cross$ x1 & hav+ cross$ x he became ! ,cs> ( ! animal creation4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s !ory ( ! id5tity ( language & ?\ght#aa is s valuable because x bridges ! gap betwe5 ! rational sph]e ( man & ! n-yet rational sph]e ( ! brute creation4 ,x expla9s ! orig9 ( reason4 ,! orig9 ( reason 9 ! _w ( liv+ be+s is expla9$ z soon z ! orig9 ( language is und]/ood1 = reason develops ) language & rational ?\ght is no?+ b rational spee*4 ,if ! orig9 ( language 7 an unfa?omable my/]y1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s view ( ! id5tity ( language & ?\ght w\ld lose all practical importance4 ,! proposition ( ! id5tity ( language & ?\ght is a v radical idea2 x is ! fundam5tal idea ( monism4 ,9 a m g5]al =m x 0 fir/ pron\nc$ by ,giordano ,bruno1 :o says some:]e t1 if we c\ld put ! s\l ( a man into ! organism ( an animal1 say ( a snake1 x w\ld cease to be a human s\l & become ! s\l ( a snake4 ,spee* w\ld be *ang$ into a hiss+1 9 accordance ) ! snake's organs = utt]+ s\nds4 ,& 9 ! same way all ! feel+s1 all ! concepts1 all ! desires & incl9ations--9 %ort ! :ole psy*ical life w\ld be t ( a snake4 ,?\ght is ! s\l ( language4 ,z !re are no gho/-s\ls1 s !re are no gho/-?\ghts4 ,& ! s\l is n some?+ di/9ct f ! organism1 x is ! =m ( ! organism4 ,x happ5s 9 fairy-tales t ! ,pr9ce is trans=m$ into a frog1 b if a fairy c\ld trans=m a man into a frog1 8 s\l w\ld c]ta9ly also become a frog-s\l4 ,language is ! visible organism ( ! invisible ?\ght1 & z is language1 exactly s is ?\ght4 ,! problem h[ language has develop$ 0 fir/ answ]$ by ! onomatopoetic !ory1 8! b[-w[ !ory0 z ,max ,mll] calls x4 ,language 0 conceiv$ z an e*o ( nature1 z a reflex action t takes place 9 a liv+ & feel+ be+4 ,yet ?is !ory _h to be ab&on$1 because an hi/orical inve/igation ( language prov$ t words ) v few exceptions 7 n imitations ( ext]nal s\nds4 ,yet ! _s ( inve/igation 0 n daunt$ by ?is defeat1 & ! b[-w[ !ory reappe>$ 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,language 0 /ill consid]$ z a reflex action2 h[ev]1 x 0 conceiv$ to be a reflex :i* re-e*o$ ! impressions ( natural ph5om5a z !y _h affect$ man4 ,?is 0 ! exclamation !ory :i* seeks ! orig9 ( language 9 ! 8ohs & ahs10 ! sighs & %\ts ( a feel+ m9d4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] calls ?is !ory 8! pooh-pooh !ory40 ,?is !ory _h also to be disc>d$ because x 0 9 conflict ) ! actual facts ( ! evolution ( language4 ,next ,noir & ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] came ) _! !ory1 call$ by ,noir 8! syn]ga/ic !ory10 :i* conceives language z ! expression ( common "w1 also call$ by ,noir ! ,logos !ory1 ! sympa!tic !ory1 & ! causality !ory4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] 9 ord] to =e/all any d]id]s ( ?is !ory sugge/s call+ x 8! yo-he-ho !ory10 yo-he-ho be+ ! sailors' song :5 engag$ 9 "s common "w z hoi/+ or haul+4 ,?is yo-he-ho !ory actually expla9s ! orig9 ( language1 & x is1 s f> z we c see1 n 9 conflict ) any hi/orical or philological facts4 ,b 9 honor ( ! inv5tors ( ! onomatopoetic !ory x mu/ be recognis$ t ! ma9 idea ( ! yo-he-ho !ory is ! same z t ( ! b[-w[ !ory4 ,! ma9 idea is ?is3 ,language did n orig9ate 9 man's m9d out ( itself 9 "s my/]i\s way repres5t+ a break 9 ! cont9uity ( evolution1 b x is a c]ta9 reflex-action ( liv+ & feel+ be+s tak+ place 9 consequ5ce ( ext]nal /imuli4 ,?is reflex-action h[ev] is n direct1 b indirect4 ,x is n t ( a s+le be+1 x is ! reflex-action ( a :ole society1 engag$ 9 common "w4 ,x develop$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! common activity & ?r\gh _! want ( int]communication4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] *>ges aga9/ ! evolutioni/1 t 8! v fact t no animal has ev] =m$ a language is put aside simply z an un=tunate accid5t40 ,is ?is a fair repreh5sion8 ,is n ! fact t no animal1 except man1 cross$ ! ,rubicon ( language q a di/9ct problem8 ,& accept+ ,pr(essor ,noir's !ory ( ! orig9 ( language :i* consid]s spee* z ! product ( a common activity accompani$ by :at may be call$ clamor concomitans1 ,i see v good reasons :y o!r animals did n develop language4 ,fir/1 !re is no animal1 ) ! sole exception p]haps ( ants & bees1 t lives 9 societies4 ,"s ( !m live 9 h]ds1 b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a h]d & a society4 ,?is diff]5ce is fir/ a diff]5ce ( degree1 b gradually x becomes a diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,secondly1 animals h no organs to "w )1 :ile man has 8 h&s1 & we may add1 ?irdly1 t no animal1 n ev5 ! p>rot1 has ! same p[] ( articulation4 ,pr(4 ,ludwig ,noir accepts )\t equivocation ! idea t ! spee*less ance/or ( man became a rational be+ by develop+ language & ,i 0 always "u ! impression t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] agre$ ) 8 late fri5d n only conc]n+ ! id5tity ( language & reason1 b also conc]n+ ! orig9 ( reason4 ,b if ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] agrees ) ,noir1 :y does he object to ! cont9uity ( evolution :i* z he /ates 9 a private lett] to u is 8only a beautiful po/ulate08 ,n[ !re are inde$ facts :i* prove t ! ,rubicon ( reason is n s impassable to animals z ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] makes u believe4 ,let u he> ,noir on ! subject4 ,he expla9s mo/ logically t man p]=ms 8 _m labors & has become a civilis$ be+ only ) ! help ( language1 by nam+ ?+s & h&l+ !m 9 8 m9d4 ,noir says3 8,x c be graphically %[n1 h[ ideas may repres5t = man ! rle ( ?+s real2 h[ man has acquir$ ! p[] ( comb9+ 9 8 repres5tative faculty ! mo/ remote objects1 & !reby has be5 able to accompli% ! great miracles ( human indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,b all ?is w\ld be utt]ly inconceivable )\t concepts1 :i* imp>t to p]cepts _! unity & self-dep5d5ce1 br+ ab\t & multiply _! rational connection4 ,h5ce also1 no animal c ev] advance a s+le /ep beyond pres5t p]ceptive repres5tation1 c nev] escape f ! con/ra9t ) :i* ,nature circumscribes ! n>r[ sph]e ( its wants4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 app>5t contrav5tion ( ?is rule1 ants to ! pres5t day c>ry on a regul> & me?odical species ( agriculture1 keep live/ock & dome/ics l we6 ,nay1 !y h be5 caught 9 conv]sations & social ent]ta9m5ts ( a qu>t] ( an h\r's duration--,god save ! m>k60#ab ,?is passage is full ( humor1 & ! humor is slightly m+l$ ) a comical ang] & self-irony4 ,!re is a f9e !ory excell5t 9 e respect work$ out 9 all its details by ! ,pr(essor & n[ he f9ds a few trifles ( facts :i* possess ! impud5ce n to adapt !mselves to ! !ory4 8,gott bess]'s10 sighs ,noir1 = x is n 8 fault t ! ants accompli% ?+s :i* !y ought n to1 & ! good ,"l is call$ ^u to adapt nature ) m rigidity to ! ,pr(essor's !ories4 ,is !re n an obvi\s reason :y ants /& s high 9 _! p]=mances8 ,are n ants social be+s1 m s ?an any o!r animal8 ,we are ignorant /ill ( all _! means ( communication4 ,b t !y h "s means ( communication seems to be an e/abli%$ fact4 ,:5 ants f diff]5t hills b ( ! same k9d give ea* o!r battle1 x happ5s n unfrequ5tly t a w>rior attacks ano!r w>rior ( ! same p mo/ fi]cely1 b bo? let g z soon z !y t\* ea* o!r ) _! feel]s4#ac ,i refra9 f tell+ /ories ab\t ! life ( ^! wond]ful creatures p>tly because "o well-au!nticat$ report is suffici5t = our purpose & p>tly because ,i mu/ suppose t mo/ ( my read]s are famili> ) ! facts z pres5t$ by ,d>w91 ,lubbock1 ,=el1 ,hub]1 & _m o!rs4 ,i w add only "o obs]vation :i* is s f> z ,i "k undisput$4 ,if ants ( a special k9d rob ! l>v ( ano!r k9d & educate !m z _! slaves1 ! slaves w 9 case ( w> or dang] /& by _! ma/]s ev5 aga9/ _! own folks4 ,!y evid5tly speak ! language ( ! hill 9 :i* !y h be5 rais$4 ,pr(essor ,=el successfully made ! exp]im5t1 ) ! assi/ance ( ant-nurses1 ( rais+ toge!r sev]al k9ds ( ants f ! l>v ( ho/ile species4 ,! f]oci\s ,amazons & ! ,sangu9e did n %[ any enmity t[>d _! comrades ( ! ,prat5sis & ,rufa4 ,:5 set at lib]ty & transf]r$ to a new resid5ce !y rema9$ toge!r & behav$ exactly z if !y naturally belong$ toge!r4 ,& ?is exp]im5t may be quot$ to corroborate ! proposition ( ,pr(4 ,max4 ,mll] t 8?\ght is ?ick] ?an blood40#ad ,n[ x w\ld be a desp]ate case = ,pr(essor ,noir to ma9ta9 8 !ory 9 ! face ( ^! facts1 if by language we h to und]/& vocal signs only4 ,yet ! idea ( 8 & also ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s !ory consi/s 9 ! tru? t ?\ghts _c walk ab\t l gho/s 9 bodiless nudity3 !y are a sy/em ( notation4 ,z su* !y are symbolis$ 9 signs & are insep>able f _! signs4 ,^! signs are s\nds ) m51 & by words we und]/& usually s\nd-symbols4 ,b !re are o!r sy/ems ( notation besides vocal signs & !y are = t reason n less language ?an spee*4 ,we h reason to believe t ants are 9 possession ( symbolical signs & t mo/ ( !m are communicat$ ?r\gh _! feel]s4 ,pr(essor ,romanes describes ! orig9 ( ideas 79 ! second *apt] ( 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man10 p4 #bc7 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,j z ,mr4 ,galton's me?od ( sup]impos+ on ! same s5sitive plate a numb] ( individual images gives rise to a bl5d$ photograph1 :]e9 ea* ( ! individual con/itu5ts is p>tially & proportionally repres5t$2 s 9 ! s5sitive tablet ( memory1 num]\s images ( previ\s p]ceptions are fus$ toge!r into a s+le conception1 :i* !n /&s z a composite picture1 or class-repres5tation1 ( ^! its con/itu5t images4 ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( a s5sitive plate x is only ^? p>ticul> images :i* pres5t m or less num]\s po9ts ( resemblance t admit ( be+ ?us bl5d$ into a di/9ct photograph2 & s 9 ! case ( ! m9d1 x is only ^? p>ticul> ideas :i* admit ( be+ run toge!r 9 a class t c g to con/itute a cle> concept40 ,pr(essor ,romanes calls su* a composite picture ( s5se-impressions z mu/ be suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! animal bra9 8a recept0 & he di/+ui%es x f 8! concept0 ( man4 ,he says3 8,reception means a tak+ aga94444 ,! ^w #8recept' is se5 to be appropriate to ! class ( ideas 9 "q1 because 9 receiv+ su* ideas ! m9d is passive40 ,by 8concept0 h[ev] he und]/&s 8t k9d ( composite idea :i* is r5d]$ possible only by ! aid ( language or by ! process ( nam+ ab/ractions z ab/ractions40#ae ,we agree ) ,pr(essor ,romanes 9 ! ma9 po9t1 viz4 t ! process ( evolution mu/ be consid]$ z un9t]rupt$1 b we _c agree ) him on sev]al m9or po9ts4#af ,we mu/ express our d\bt conc]n+ ! propriety ( call+ ! m9d passive :5 receiv+ impressions4 ,e s+le s5sation is an active process1 j z mu* z a reflex motion1 & x may be consid]$ z a reaction t takes place 9 response to ! /imulus ( ! impression4 ,conception ( c\rse is also an active process1 & concepts1 ! products ( conception1 e/abli% a new dep>tm5t 9 ! m9d4 8,noir1 quot$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]1 says3 #8,all trees hi!rto se5 by me leave 9 my imag9ation a mix$ image1 a k9d ( ideal pres5tation ( a tree4 ,q diff]5t f ?is is my concept1 :i* is nev] an image4'0#ag ,& ?is is true4 ,we h on ano!r occasion expla9$ t s5sations are s5se-impressions :i* h acquir$ mean+4#ah ,rays ( light are reflect$ f an object & fall ^u ! ret9a ( an eye4 ,"h !y produce a di/urbance ( n]v\s sub/ance :i* is transmitt$ to ! bra9 :]e x is felt z ! image say ( a tree4 ,n[ ! e!r-waves are n sight1 b a c]ta9 =m ( e!r-waves corresponds to a c]ta9 =m ( sight1 & ! latt] comes to /& = ! =m]4 ,! m5tal picture ( a tree becomes a symbol = a special object outside ( u & x is project$ to ! place :]e exp]i5ce has taught u to expect t object4 ,9 nam+ objects we repeat ! process ( express+ by symbols4 ,s5sations are symbols1 & names are symbols ( symbols4 ,! "n & concept tree is n ! composite picture ( all ! trees ,i h se51 b x is ! symbol ( ?is composite picture ( s5se-impressions4 ,s5sations are l ! *ords ( a piano & ! concepts are l ! keys4 ,! key is diff]5t 9 k9d f ! *ord :i* belongs to x4 ,:5 ,i t\* ! key ! *ord w s\nd3 :5 ,i pron\nce a "n ! composite s5sation ( all its analog\s memories w be awak5$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c !re be any "q t diff]5ce 9 k9d c orig9ate by degrees8 ,pr(essor ,romanes uses ! phrase 8diff]5t 9 k9d0 z synonym\s ) 8diff]5t 9 orig90 & !re=e decl>es t human reason & animal intellig5ce are 8diff]5t 9 degree0 only4 ,! ^w 8k9d10 x is true1 is at lea/ z vague z ! ^w species & a naturali/ may (t5 be d\btful :]e to draw ! l9e4 ,man & monkey are diff]5t 9 k9d1 & !y are also m diff]5t 9 orig9 ?an ,c>l ,vogt assum$1 = man is n ! desc5dant ( any ( ! monkey families n[ exi/5t4 ,b ?is does n disprove t !y are ( a /ill remot] common orig9 or at lea/ t !y orig9at$ 9 ! same way 9 "s amboid =m z simple life-sub/ance4 ,new =mations :i* orig9ate ?r\gh comb9+ are z mu* new creations1 i4 e4 ?+s new 9 k9d1 z if !y 7 produc$ ?r\gh special-creation acts ( ,god :i* are said to be creations out ( no?+ & n m]e trans=mations4 ,man builds h\ses out ( bricks & timb]s4 ,is n ! h\se some?+ diff]5t 9 k9d f ! trees & ! clay f :i* ! mat]ials h be5 tak58 ,is n ! boil] ( a /eam-eng9e diff]5t 9 purpose & accord+ly also diff]5t 9 k9d f a tea-kettle8 ,is n e inv5tion some?+ diff]5t 9 k9d8 ,& is n ! same true ( ! products ( ?\ght8 ,is n a triangle some?+ diff]5t 9 k9d f a l9e8 ,& ! orig9 ( ! =m] is n m miracul\s ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,a triangle is m complex ?an a l9e1 b its exi/5ce 9 ! m9d is n m ( a my/]y ?an ! exi/5ce ( ! l9e4 ,diff]5ce 9 k9d ne$ n include diff]5ce ( orig94 ,h>mony is diff]5t 9 k9d f melody4 ,notes 9 succession produce melody1 :ile simultane\s notes produce h>mony4 ,9 ei!r case x is simply a matt] ( comb9ation4 ,pr(essor ,romanes :5 speak+ ( ! passivity ( s5se-impressions seems to ?9k ( ! unconsci\sness ( ! process4 ,we are n consci\s ( ! trans=mation ( impressions into s5sations :ile we c become aw>e ( our ef=ts to *ange ! s5se-mat]ial into concepts4 ,yet ! nature ( m9d is ?r\gh\t activity4 ,& no "o has p]haps insi/$ m /rongly on ! activity ( m9d ?an ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]4 ,b ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] di/+ui%es betwe5 ! activity ( ! m9d & ! ego :i* z he supposes p]=ms t activity4 ,he says 78,sci5ce ( ,?\ght10 p4 #fc73 8,we ?9k ( a m9d dwell+ 9 a body1 & we soon f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( psy*ological my?ology4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood1 !re=e1 t by ,m9d ,i mean no?+ b t work+ :i* is go+ on )91 embrac+ s5sation1 p]ception1 conception1 & nam+1 z well z ! v>i\s modes ( comb9+ & sep>at+ ! results ( ^! processes = ! purpose ( new discov]y4 8,b if ,m9d is to be ! "n ( ! "w1 :at is to be ! "n ( ! work]8 ,x is n yet ! ,self1 = ! ,self1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 is a spectator only1 n a work]2 b x is :at we may call ! ,ego1 z p]sonat+ ! ,self2 x is :at o!r philosoph]s mean by ! ,monon1 ( :i*1 z we %all see1 !re are _m4 ,let u call !re=e ! work] :o does ! "w ( ! m9d 9 its v>i\s aspects1 ! ,monon or ! ,ego40 ,& 9 ano!r passage 7l4 c41 p4 #eeb7 he speaks ( ! simplicity ( ! monon3 8,if !n ! process ( ?\ght is s simple z we saw1 n less simple1 at lea/1 ?an t ( spee*1 x foll[s1 t ! complicat$ app>atus :i* _h be5 po/ulat$ by mo/ philosoph]s = ! p]=mance ( ?\ght 9 its v>i\s sph]es ( manife/ation1 mu/ make room = mu* pla9] ma*9]y4 ,in/ead ( intuition1 intellect1 und]/&+1 m9d1 reason1 g5ius1 judgm5t1 & all ! re/1 we want really no?+ b a self-consci\s ,monon1 capable ( *ang+ all t is suppli$ by ! s5ses into p]cepts1 concepts1 & names4 ,^! *anges may be repres5t$ z some?+ v m>vell\s1 & we may imag9e any numb] ( p[]s & faculties = ! p]=mance ( !m40 8,grant a ,monon consci\s ( itself1 & consci\s !re=e ( ! impacts made ^u x or ! *anges produc$ 9 x by o!r ,mona :i* x resi/s1 & we require little m to expla9 all t we are accu/om$ to call ,?\ght40 ,! cont9uity ( evolution naturally holds good accord+ to ,max ,mll] = ! natural man1 b n = ! ,self4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,is ! monon p]haps conceiv$ z n-natural or outside ( nature4 ,h>dly4 ,= ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] speaks ( ! object also z be+ a monon4#ai ,if ! objects are z mu* mona z ! subjects ! same laws mu/ hold good = bo?1 & ! subject-monon mu/ be suppos$ to be an object-monon if consid]$ 9 its relation to o!r object-mona4 ,if ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s prote/ aga9/ ! cont9uity ( evolution is n bas$ ^u ! dualism ( natural & extra-natural mona1 :at c x mean :5 he says t evolution does n hold good = ! ,self8 ,if ! ,self is conceiv$ z a monon1 i4 e4 some?+ 8alone0 l an atomic unit1 x c h no evolution4 ,evolution is *ange ( =m ?r\gh ! production ( new configurations4 ,a monon or an isolat$ unit consid]$ by itself _c evolve4 ,x is z x ev] has be5 & w be--a monon4 ,if ?is is ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s mean+1 we mu/ ask1 ,h[ does he "k t ! self is a monon & t objects are mona8 ,d !y n1 if s conceiv$1 become highly my/]i\s entities8 ,new mona are con/antly born into ?is ,_w4 ,:5ce d !y come8 ,is e bir? ( a *ild ! new creation ( ano!r monon by ! creator1 :o s di/ributes ! babes 9 ! _w t l babes are giv5 to l p>5ts ?us produc+ ! wrong impression ( h]$ity z well z ( a cont9uity ( evolution8 ,! idea ( expla9+ all ! activities ( ! m9d by ! po/ulate ( a consci\s monon is v simple inde$1 b ! problems :i* w\ld arise f ?is po/ulate are extremely complex1 & x seems to u t aft] all ! proposition ( evolution is by f> ! simple/ solution ( all ! difficulties4#bj ,m9d z we conceive x is ! product ( evolution4 ,m9d has be5 evolv$ 9 a _w :i* 7judg+ f its product7 mu/ be conceiv$ z be+ freight$ n only ) en]gy b also ) ! pot5tiality ( feel+4 ,m9d1 z we "k x 9 exp]i5ce1 is no monon1 no indivisible unit1 b a unit>y sy/em ( feel+s & ?\ghts produc$ ?r\gh ext]nal impressions ^u "o "p ( ! _w by ! re/ ( ! _w :i* surr\nds x4 ,m9d is an ab/ract t]m2 x does n d5ote a "p ( ! _w1 b a c]ta9 quality ( a "p ( ! _w1 viz4 ! feel+s & ?\ghts ( special k9ds ( organisms4 ,m9d is produc$ ?r\gh ext]nal impressions1 b x does n consi/ m]ely ( ext]nal impressions4 ,m9d1 z we h /at$ be=e1 is n passive2 x is active4 ,x consi/s ( ! reactions :i* take place 9 response to impressions & also ( ! accumulat$ products ( ^! reactions4 ,?us e m9d is ! conc5trat$ effect ( ! :ole cosmos ^u "o special "p ( ! cosmos1 n z x takes place 9 "o mom5t1 b z x has tak5 place 9 a def9ite & cont9u\s p]iod up to date4 ,! accumulation ( ^! effects makes ! m9d gr[ & exp& & ! sy/em ( ! gr[? con/itutes its specific "*4 ,we c z little ?9k ( ! m9d z appe>+ sudd5ly by an act ( special creation z we c ?9k t an oak tree c be creat$ out ( no?+ or t x c exi/ )\t previ\s gr[?4 ,! law ( cont9uity holds good z mu* 9 ! realm ( ! human m9d z 9 ! doma9 ( animal & plant-life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> we h borne 9 m9d ! philosophical & sci5tific aspect only ( ! cont9uity ( evolution4 ,!re is ano!r aspect h[ev] ( no less importance1 t is ! religi\s view ( ! subject4 ,we d n believe t sci5ce & religion are two diff]5t sph]es ( ?\ght & t some?+ may be true 9 sci5ce :i* is n true 9 religion4 ,s9ce ! !ory ( evolution has revolutionis$ almo/ all our sci5ces1 we ask1 :at influ5ce mu/ ?is *ange ( ?\ght ex]cise ^u religion8 ,is n ! religi\s idea ( ,god de/roy$ & ! :ole sy/em ( religion ov]turn$8 ,we ?9k n4 ,an old & v p[]ful sy/em ( !ology :i* has be5 consid]$ z or?odox = c5turies w become unt5able z soon z ! idea ( evolution & ! cont9uity ( evolution are recognis$ 9 _! sweep+ importance2 b religion itself w ent] into a new phase ( evolution & ! idea ( ,god w n be ca/ aside z a m]e sup]/ition ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 x w be purifi$ & appe> 9 a great] & sublim]1 9 a nobl]1 high]1 & 9 a tru] conception ?an ev] be=e4 ,! idea ( ,god is an hi/orical heirloom ( pa/ ages4 ,! religi\s man & ! philosoph] ( all times h tri$ to put into x _! highe/1 _! be/1 _! gr&e/1 & _! pure/ emotions z well z ?\ghts4 ,& ^! ?\ghts 7 n mean+less1 !y 7 n m]e fancies4 ,!y conta9$ ! qu9tess5ce ( _! conception conc]n+ t feature ( reality :i* has produc$ u z liv+1 ?9k+1 & aspir+ be+s1 & :i* /ill prompts u to aspire to high] aims4 ,! _w :i* has produc$ o!r be+s & ourselves1 _c be & is n a mean+less cong]ies ( mat]ial p>ticles 9 motion4 ,x is a liv+ cosmos4 ,x is a gr& h>moni\s univ]se pregnant ) m9d1 & no?+ 9 x is suff]$ to exi/ = any l5g? ( "t b t :i* con=ms to its laws2 & t :i* con=ms to its laws we call moral4 ,! idea ( ,god1 h[ev]1 z x is commonly taught 9 our s*ools is full ( pagan notions1 & ! v paganism ( ! pres5t ,god-idea is (t5 suppos$ to be its deepe/ & holie/ mean+4 ,no wond] t a!ism increases ) ! progress ( sci5ce6 ,& :y %\ld n a!ism increase1 if x is tru] ?an a sup]/iti\s !ism8 ,a!ism ,i believe w increase m & m until !ism is cleans$ ( its pagan notions4 ,b a!ism w n come to /ay1 = a!ism is a m]e negative view & negations h no /r5g? to live4 ,!y h p[] to criticise & !y w s]ve z a leav5 9 ! d\gh4 ,_! purpose is ! purification ( ! positive views4 ,negations w pass away z soon z _! purpose is fulfill$4 ,! old pagan conception 7n[ consid]$ z or?odox7 places ,god 9 ! d>k nooks & crevices ( our k4 ,:]ev] sci5ce fails & :]ev] our inquir+ m9d is entangl$ 9 problems :i* we _c hope to solve1 :]ev] ! cont9uity ( nature & ( ! ord] ( nature is hidd5 f our intellectual sight1 ! s-call$ or?odox believ] comes =? & decl>es3 8,?is is a holy place4 ,"h is ! f+] ( ,god's special int]f]5ce60 ,consid] :at a degrad+ view ( ,god ?is is6 ,! place ( d>kness is conceiv$ z an actual break 9 ! ord] ( ! _w & ?is break is suppos$ to be a special revelation ( ,god6 ,if we tru/ 9 tru?1 we ne$ n %un ! light ( sci5ce & ! ,god ( sci5ce--9 contradi/9ction to ! pagan notion ( ,god--reveals himself 9 ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,god lives n 9 d>kness b 9 light1 & 8 exi/5ce is prov$ n ?r\gh ! breaks 9 nature 7:i* we c be sure d n exi/1 & :]ev] !y appe> are due to our ignorance7 b ?r\gh ! ord] ( nature1 = ,god is ! ord] ( nature4 ,god is t p[] ?r\gh :i* we exi/ z liv+1 ?9k+1 & aspir+ be+s1 & to :i* we h to con=m 9 ord] to live4 ,:5 ,d>w9 speaks ( 8life z hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d into a few =ms or into "o by ! ,creator10 he ei!r uses allegorical language or he means t ! beg9n+ ( life 0 an act ( special creation4 ,he app>5tly means ! latt] & is 9 ?is respect n a consi/5t evolutioni/4 ,d>w9 0 great z a re=m] ( natural sci5ce1 b 9 !ology he /ill /ood ^u ! old /&po9t4 ,he calls ,god to rescue :]e sci5ce fails4 ,! ,creator did n orig9ally brea! life into ! organism1 b 8 brea? is con/antly ens\l+ all liv+ be+s4 ,n[ suppose !re 7 or !re c\ld be exceptions to ! law ( causation1 to ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy1 or to ! cont9uity ( evolution1 w\ld t n r be a drawback 9 nature8 ,are ! pat*es on a coat bett] pro( t x 0 made by a tailor ?an ! :ole coat8 ,any k9d ( !ology :i* /ill recognises special-creation acts1 or miracles1 or breaks 9 evolution1 we d n hesitate to say1 is n yet free f paganism1 = x /ill /icks to ! religi\s conception ( ! m$ic9e-man t ,god is a great magician4 ,! ,god ( ! m$ic9e-man lives 9 ! realm ( ! unkn[n & he appe>s 9 man's imag9ation :]e ! light ( sci5ce fails4 ,! ,god ( sci5ce h[ev] is ! ,god ( tru?1 & evid5ce ( 8 exi/5ce is n f\nd 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance b 9 ! light ( k4 ,god's be+ is n recognis$ 9 ! seem+ exceptions to natural laws1 b 9 ! natural laws !mselves4 ,god's exi/5ce is n prov$ by our inability to trace "h or !re ! ord] ( cause & effect1 z if a disord] 9 ! _w made x div9e2 on ! contr>y ! only rational gr\nd ( a fai? 9 ,god is ! irrefragable cosmic ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,x is true t we h to give up ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god1 b is n a sup]p]sonal ,god great] ?an ! idol :i* we h made unto our own lik5ess8 ,! ,god ( sci5ce is p]haps m 9 agreem5t ) ! biblical ,god ?an ! ,god ( dogmatic !ology4 ,! int]pretations ( biblical passages :i* are at pres5t g5]ally consid]$ z or?odox are 7m]ely f ! /&po9t ( imp>tial exegetics7 unt5able4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis has n "o ^w ab\t special-creation acts4 ,nei!r ! ,elohim nor ! ,jahveh-,adonai acc\nt decl>es t 9 ! beg9n+ !re _h be5 ,no?+4 ,bo? acc\nts 7,g54 ,*ap4 ,i4 #a to ,,ii4 #c1 & ,,ii4 #c et seqq47 agree t ,god 8%ap$0 ! _w4 ,! ^w b>ah 7to %ape1 to =m1 to make7 is n[h]e us$ 9 ! s5se ( creat+ out ( no?+4 ,! ,psalmi/ says1 8,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made10 :i* 0 s int]pret$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t x meant 8by ! logos10 & ! gospel ( ,/4 ,john adds 1 i4 e4 & ! ^w 0 ,god4 ,logos means rational spee* or reason1 & ! _w-reason ?r\gh :i* ! heav5s 7 made c mean only ! cosmic ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,?is idea ( ,/4 ,john's ?\ght out to its ultimate conclusions means monism4 ,!re is a common error t sci5tific progress is dang]\s to religion4 ,sci5tific progress is dang]\s to sup]/ition only4 ,religion 7i4 e4 true religion7 is n bas$ ^u our ignorance1 b ^u our k2 x is n a *ild ( ! d>kness b ( ! light1 & fai? f> f be+ a m]e belief1 i4 e4 ! imp]fect k ( an op9ion = :i* no pro( is =?com+1 is appli$ k1 x is k plus ! confid5ce t ?is k c be made ! basis ( e?ics & ! supreme rule = regulat+ our conduct 9 life4 ,! hi/ory ( religion has be5 & is /ill a con/ant purification ( our religi\s ideas1 & ! crucible 9 :i* ! religi\s ideas are purifi$ is sci5ce4 ,we are sl[ly b con/antly progress+ t[>d a high religi\s ideal & ?is ideal is a cosmical religion free f ! pagan notions s sev]ely criticis$ by ,*ri/ & yet s c>efully pres]v$ by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,?is cosmical religion w be ! religion ( sci5ce4 ,x w n consi/ ( religi\s indiff]5ce nor ( a tol]ation ( any & e op9ion z is s (t5 errone\sly proclaim$ z ! ideal ( lib]alism4 ,on ! contr>y x w be 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! mo/ or?odox religion1 = its maxim w be to /& on ! tru? & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,& ! tru? is n at all indiff]5t or tol]ant4 ,! tru? is extremely intol]ant & suff]s no error beside x1 al?\gh1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! tru? is v tol]ant 9 s f> z x sanctions no viol5ce b employs only ! spiritual sword ( conviction by argum5t & logical pro(4 ,we h giv5 up ! idea ( special acts ( creation z ! call+ =? disconnect$ly ( some?+ out ( no?+4 ,we conceive ! :ole _w z an ord]ly cosmos1 well regulat$ by laws & evolv+ ! =ms ( life 9 agreem5t ) its laws4 ,is !re less div9ity 9 a cosmos ?an 9 a half *aotic _w 9 :i* ,god makes exceptions & c\nt]acts 8 own ord9ances8 ,is ! idea ( creation less religi\s if x ceases to mean an orig9ation ( some?+ out ( no?+8 ,is n man at lea/ j z wond]ful if evolv$ /ep by /ep out ( ! du/ ( ! e>? ?r\gh innum]able /ages 9 ! long process ( evolution z if he 7 made directly out ( clay8 ,& is !re less div9ity 9 8 s\l1 is he any less %ap$ unto ! image ( ,god because 8 gr[? took place accord+ to natural laws8 ,natural laws1 9 ! conception ( purifi$ religion1 ( ! religion ( sci5ce1 are no?+ b ! ideas ( ,god1 et]nal & immutable1 & =mulat$ by sci5ti/s n on ! gr\nd ( special revelations b on ! gr\nd ( ! univ]sal & un*angeable1 & ?r\gh\t consi/5t revelation ( ,god 9 8 works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sci5ce ( language & ! sci5ce ( life are two important highroads to ! cognition ( tru?4 ,t bo? sci5ces w be consi/5t ) ea* o!r1 t _! results w f9ally be se5 to h>monise p]fectly is beyond all d\bt & also t _! be>+ ^u religi\s ideas w contribute mu* to _! purification4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] & ,pr(4 ,george ,john ,romanes are two great s*ol>s1 ea* "o is a lead] 9 8 own bran* ( k1 & :]e !y come 9 conflict1 x appe>s to u1 t !y r complem5t ?an refute ea* o!r4 ,bo? are /rong ,moni/s1 al?\gh emphasis+ diff]5t sides ( ,moni/ic tru? & we feel conv9c$ t _! v diff]5ces w help u to elaborate m fully & cle>ly & m compreh5sively ! great tru? ( ,monism--( t ,monism :i* w m & m be recognis$ z ! corn]-/one ( sci5ce & also ( ! religion ( sci5ce4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,comp>e ! article ,! ,orig9 ( ,?\ght-,=ms 9 ! pres5t numb]1 "u ! caption 8,div]se ,topics40 #aa ,i %\ld pref] to speak ( ! on5ess or insep>abl5ess ( ?\ght & language1 b s9ce ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has suffici5tly expla9$ himself1 ,i use "h 8 t]m 8id5tity0 9 ! s5se ( insep>abl5ess z x is us$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]4 #ab ,! ,logos ,!ory1 by ,ludwig ,noir4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 iii4 p4 #baif4 ,engli% translations ( ,noir's mo/ important articles conc]n+ ! orig9 ( language1 h appe>$ 9 ,nos4 #cc1 #acg1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 #ac ,t ants communicate ) ea* o!r ?r\gh _! ant5n is an und5iable fact4 ,b ,l&ois believes t !y communicate also ?r\gh s\nds4 ,"s ants possess 9 _! /ridulation-organ a k9d ( a rattle ! s\nd ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is p]ceptible to ! human e> only 9 ! ,pon]a ants4 #ad ,see ,?ree ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 p4 #dg4 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 ,*icago4 #ae ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan introduces sev]al new t]ms1 :i* seem well co9$4 ,! m5tal product :i* is call$ ! object ( s5se he calls 8con/ruct02 ! mo/ prom95t feature 9 a composite s5se-image1 he calls ! 8pr$om9ant02 & if ! pr$om9ant is nam$ & isolat$ by ab/raction he calls x an 8isolate40 #af ,an imp>tial criticism ( ,pr(essor ,romanes's position has be5 made by ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan 9 8 rec5t "w ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce4 #ag ,?is quotation is requot$ f ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #cbe4 #ah ,! orig9 ( ,m9d1 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 ,i4 #ai ,l4 c41 p4 #bha4 8,s mu* ab\t ! subject or ! monon4 ,:at n[ ab\t ! objects or ! mona80 #bj ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] is a great admir] ( ,kant & s am ,i4 ,b x appe>s to me t we diff] greatly 9 :at we accept z ! ess5tial tea*+s ( ! ma/]2 & ,i grant will+ly t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has pres]v$ ! doctr9es ( ,kant m fai?fully ?an ,i4 ,i h attempt$ to mod]nise ,kant4 ,if ,i am call$ a ,kantian 7& ,i d n object to ! "n1 on ! contr>y ,i am pr\d ( x7 x is because ,i proce$ f ,kant & ,i attempt to pres]ve ! _s ( ,kant's philosophy r ?an 8 doctr9es4 ,= ! sake ( ! _s ( ,kantian philosophy ,i h se5 myself urg$ to surr5d] ! idea ( ! ?+-9-itself z some?+ unkn[able4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has pres]v$ 9 8 philosophy 7= su* is ! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght7 ! ,d+-an-si* !ory4 ,believ+ 9 ?+s-9-!mselves he mu/ consi/5tly believe 9 a self or monon1 = ?is monon is no?+ b ! ?+-9-itself ( ! s\l4 ,i h limit$ myself 9 ! pres5t article to ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity 9 evolution z a po9t ( div]g5ce betwe5 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] & ! views def5d$ by ,! ,moni/4 ,if ,i attempt$ at pres5t to ent] into ! philosophical problem ( ?+s-9-!mselves1 ,i %\ld be oblig$ to tax too mu* ! pati5ce ( my read]s4 ,b z ,i am conv9c$ t ! reason ( our diff]5ce ) ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] conc]n+ ! cont9uity ( evolution lies deep] /ill1 ,i int5d to treat ! subject ( ?+s-9-!mselves 9 a future numb]4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce ,i4 ,,france4--,,! ,,intellectual ,,awak5+ ,,( ,,! ,,langue ,d',,oc4 ,i h nev] se5 m5tion$ 9 y\r p]iodical publications ! ,revue des ,pyrnes2 & p]haps ,i %\ld nev] h he>d ( ! p]iodical myself if ,i _h n be5 9 ?is int]e/+ old city1 & if my eye _h n *anc$ on ! title ( "o ( ! articles ( a rec5t numb] adv]tis$ 9 a local j\rnal4 8,un ,arigeois snateur des ,etats-,unis d',amrique3 ,pi]re ,s\l0 0 ! title t attract$ my att5tion & caus$ me to procure a copy1 :i* ,i h f\nd int]e/+ 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! publication is a well-pr9t$ qu>t]ly ( #aej pages1 & has complet$ "s "t s9ce ! second ye> ( its exi/5ce4 ,its full title is z foll[s3 ,revue des ,pyrnes et de la ,france m]idionale1 ,organe de l',association ,pyrnenne et de l'union des ,socits ,savantes du ,midi4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! p]iodical are ! late ,,juli5 ,,sacaze1 a savant mu* v5]at$ 9 ^! p>ts1 & ,,dr4 ,f4 ,,g>rig\1 its pres5t editor4 ,! ,association ,pyrnenne1 ( :i*1 z we h j se51 ! ,revue is ! organ1 is an active & significant organisation4 ,"h are "s ( its aims4 ,:ile x recognises ! greatness ( ! ,capital1 ,p>is1 x advocates dec5tralisation1 by 8%[+ t work]s liv+ 9 ! prov9ces are z capable z o!rs1 ?\gh enjoy+ less support & funds1 to aid 9 ! build+ up ( ! great sci5tific edifice ( ,france40 ,! importance & boldness ( ?is decl>ation c sc>cely be appreciat$ by ^? :o h n brea!d = "s "t ! excessively monopoli/ic atmosph]e ( ! ,fr5* capital1 :i* has be5 s baneful to s _m national int]e/s4 ,! ,association w\ld also act z a means ( union betwe5 ! v>i\s le>n$ societies ( ! ,s\?1 ! ,midi1 & ?us r5d] x possible to organise an annual ,congress 8= ! discussion & def5se ( ! gr& sci5tific1 indu/rial1 & comm]cial que/ions :i* conc]n ,s\!rn ,france40 ,"h we see br\ght out /ill m precisely t rivalry betwe5 ! ,s\? & ,nor?1 *>act]i/ic ( mo/ nations1 & :i* pres5ts su* curi\s aspects 9 ! pa/ & pres5t hi/ory ( ,france4 ,i nev] we>y ( quietly not+1 :ile 9 ! ,s\?1 ! delightful contempt :i* ! mridionaux %[ = _! ,p>isian fell[ c\ntrym54 ,! o!r day at d9n]1 = in/ance1 ,i he>d a le>n$ pr(essor ( "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,univ]sities def5d+ ! ,s\!rn acc5t & pref]r+ x to 8! ,p>isian acc5t10 z he put x4 ,b ,i w\ld ne$ pages ( y\r space to develop ?is l9e ( ?\ght4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! ,association ,pyrnenne & its organ ! ,revue des ,pyrnes int5d to prove1 & h succe$$ 9 prov+1 if we may judge by ?is numb] ( ! ,revue & by ! acc\nt ( ! proce$+s ( ! fir/ ,congress ( ! ,association1 plac$ at ! head ( ! numb]1 t !re are cr$itable savants & s\nd le>n+ outside ( ! walls ( ,victor ,hugo's 8,ville ,lumire40 ,ano!r object ( ! ,association w\ld be de> to ,ca/el>'s he>t4 ,i give x 9 full3 8,to remove morally ! gr& ,pyr5eean curta9 & to (f] ! h& ( fri5d%ip to a nation ju/ly pr\d ( its pa/1 ^: int]e/s t\* our own1 & :i* has ! "r1 because ( ! illu/ri\s sons ( ,catalonia1 ,aragon1 & ,nav>re1 to take "p 9 an intellectual & ,pyr5eean association bas$ on sci5ce40 ,?is is a p>aphrase ( ,l\is ,,xiv's fam\s rem>k conc]n+ ! ,pyr5ees1 :5 he plac$ 8 gr&son on ! ?rone ( ,spa94 ,nor c "o be surpris$ at ! /rong affection :i* b9ds ,s\!rn ,france to ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,! gr& m\nta9s1 ! 8,pyr5eean curta910 :i* sep>ate ! two c\ntries1 are always 9 sight1 _! sn[-capp$ peaks glitt]+ 9 ! sun2 ! v>i\s patois1 especially ! dialect ( ,pau1 resemble ! ,spani% m ?an !y d ! ,fr5* tongue2 ,spani% money is foi/$ on y at ! %ops1 & picturesque ,spani% m\nta9e]s l5d a peculi> *>m to ! c\ntry fairs1 :ile ! nation is ev] on ! eve ( a pronunciam5to1 de/9$ to give to ,spa9 ! republican in/itutions ( ,france4 ,b to return to ,,pi]re ,,s\l :o is ! cause & />t+ po9t ( ?is lett]4 ,comm&ant ,trespaill's eulogi/ic biographical sket* is ( slight int]e/ to ,am]ican read]s1 :o c f9d else:]e a full] & m exact acc\nt ( ! brilliant b r disappo9t+ c>e] ( ! once fam\s ,franco-,l\isiana /atesman4 ,m4 ,trespaill's ref]5ce to 8,old ,hickory0 z 8! immortal ,jackson10 8 /atem5t t ! ,am]ican p is full ( prejudices aga9/ ! ,fr5* race1 8 metamorphos+ ,new ,hamp%ire's only ,presid5t into ,pi]re ,franckl91 & "s o!r simil> slips c be ov]look$1 = ?is essay (f]s a /rik+ example ( ! dom9ant idea ( ! ,revue1 ! ,association & patriotic ,s\!rn]s g5]ally1--! glorification ( ! great m5 & great actions ( ! sunny ,s\?1 ! 8,midi ensoleill40 ,& ,i mu/ admit1 =eign] ?\gh ,i am1 t ,i %>e mu* ( ?is en?usiasm = p]sons & ?+s m]idional1 & especially = ! latt]4 ,:at a l& ?is is = hi/orical & ar*ological /udy6 ,take ?is numb] ( ! ,revue des ,pyrnes1 = in/ance2 x is full ( x4 ,"h1 = example1 are ! titles ( ?ree ( ! pap]s read at ! fir/ ,congress ( ! ,association ,pyrnenne1 to :i* ,congress ,i ref]r$ above3 8,! ,domitian ,road f ,n>bonne to ,p]pignan10 8,! ,?ird ,c5tury ,s*ool ( ,sculpture 9 ,s\!rn ,gaul10 & 8,! ,roman ,road f ,n>bonne to ,c>cassonne40 ,!re are sev]al articles 9 ! ,revue ab\t ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se1 :i* is /at$ to be ! olde/ 9 ,france aft] t ( ,p>is1 hav+ be5 f\nd$ 9 #abbi1 m ?an two hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! law s*ool ev5 ant$ates #abbi & its f\ndation is lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,ano!r article beg9s ! publication ( a li/ ( ! pr(essors at ! law s*ool4 ,! fir/ record$ "n dates f #abea4 ,:5 "o f9ds su* !mes z ^! on e h&1 ,rome1 ,gaul1 ! ,middle ,ages1 & feudalism become almo/ liv+ realities4 ,& h[ inexhau/ibly ri* ,langu$oc is 9 ^! rem9d]s ( ! di/ant pa/4 ,& ! patois or dialects ( ?is "p ( ,france are n ! lea/ anci5t & int]e/+ subjects = /udy4 ,wond] is (t5 express$ t ! ,engli% ( ,am]ica diff]s s slightly f ! ,engli% ( ,engl&1 ) ?ree ?\s& miles ( ocean sep>at+ ! two c\ntries4 ,! wond] increases :5 y f9d t "h 9 ,langu$oc ! same patois diff]s 9 "s p>ticul>s f t[n to t[n4 ,let me fir/ m5tion "s big diff]5ces & !n t\* ^u "s m9or ones4 ,if y take ! tra9 :i* leaves ,t\l\se at ab\t half pa/ elev5 9 ! morn+1 y w arrive at ,pau at half pa/ f\r4 ,dur+ ^! five h\rs on a pretty sl[ tra9 y h pass$ f "o patois to ano!r4 ,! l[] classes ( ,t\l\se _c und]/& ! l[] classes ( ,pau4 ,& if y cont9ue 9 ! same tra91 at ab\t half pa/ eight y rea* ,maulon1 9 ! ,fr5* ,basque ,prov9ces1 :]e ! populace ( nei!r ,t\l\se nor ,pau c\ld c>ry on a conv]sation ) ! populace ( ,maulon4 ,?us a n9e h\rs' ride ( ab\t #age miles on an accommodation tra9 c>ries y ?r\gh a region :]e ,fr5* is ! v]nacul> ( ! educat$ classes & is ! (ficial language1 b :]e ! great mass ( ! population is divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 ea* speak+ a diff]5t dialect4 ,! modifications :i* ! same patois und]goes 9 neighbor+ localities is n less curi\s ?\gh ( c\rse n s radical4 ,r\ghly speak+ x may be said t ! same patois is spok5 f ,montpelli] to ,bordeaux & f ,t\l\se well up into ! c5tre ( ,france1 :i* embraces ! region :]e prevail$ ! ,langue d'oc f :i* ! pres5t patois is d]iv$4 ,b1 :ile a peasant c\ld make himself und]/ood ?r\gh\t ?is wide t]ritory1 8 e> w\ld (t5 be p]plex$ by m ?an "o /range ^w & phrase4 ,i 0 once told on ! ,rivi]a t ! patois ( ,m5ton diff]$ consid]ably f t ( ,nice & t ?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case be=e ! con/ruction ( ! ,corni*e road & ! railway1 :5 a d5iz5 ( ! =m] place c\ld rea* ! latt] city only by d\bl+ ,cape ,m>t9 "u sail4 ,i d n "k h[ true ?is /atem5t is1 b ,i believe x to be correct1 aft] a sup]ficial /udy on ^! same l9es :i* ,i h j made 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,t>n1 "o ( ! mo/ isolat$ portions ( ,upp] ,langu$oc4 ,i f9d t ! patois ( t[ns z ne> toge!r1 z are ,new ,york1 ,new>k1 ,patt]son1 ,nyack & ,t>ryt[n1 = example1 diff]s1 n1 p]haps1 9 its con/ruction b 9 its vocabul>y4 ,let me give "s examples4 ,?us1 potato1 :i* is truffet at ,cordes1 becomes truffo at ,ca/res4 ,patano1 ! ^w employ$ 9 ! ,s\? ,ea/ end ( ! ,dep>tm5t is also he>d at ,ca/res1 b nev] at ,cordes1 :i* is 9 ! ,nor? ,we/ end ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 ,ca/res be+ ab\t 9 ! c5tre4 ,dog is cagnot & c at ,cordes1 & g\s at ,ca/res4 7,at ,montpelli]1 9 a contigu\s ,dep>tm5t x is ts*i1 :ile at ,pau !y say c1 :i* approa*es v ne> ! ,lat947 ,pig is p\rcel at ,ca/res & tess\ at ,cordes4 ,broom engranicro at ,ca/res & balatso at ,cordes4 ,i h also not$ ! foll[+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,t>n patois & t ( ,pau4 ,! f ( ! =m] always becomes an aspirat$ h 9 ! latt]4 ,?us1 femo1 woman 7,ca/res7 is h5no at ,pau2 f\rco1 pit*=k 7,ca/res7 h\rco 7,pau72 f\n f\nta9 7,ca/res7 h\n 7,pau74 ,a comp>ison ( ?is patois ) ! ,fr5* z reg>ds ! spell+ ( geographical names reveals a fact t w\ld some:at damp5 ! ardor ( our fri5d ,colonel ,%eph>d1 ( ,new ,york1 9 8 ef=t to =ce ! gazete]s to give geographical names z !y are writt5 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y are f\nd4 ,"o might h ?\ght t su* ne> neighbors z ! ,langue d'oil & ! ,langue d'oc w\ld h come to "s rational und]/&+ on ?is po9t & t ! ,ile-de-,france w\ld h accept$ ! spell+ ( ,langu$oc4 ,b n s4 ,! t[ns & riv]s ( ?is "p ( ,france look z diff]5t 9 ,fr5* & patois pr9t$ pages & s\nd z diff]5tly :5 pron\nc$ by educat$ & peasant m\?s1 z d ! t[ns & riv]s ( ,italy :5 se5 9 ,italian & ,engli% books or :5 spok5 by ,am]icans & ,italians4 ,?us ,t\l\so became ,t\l\se2 ,ca/ros1 ,ca/res2 ,d\rgnos1 ,d\rgne2 ,c>cass\no1 ,c>cassonne2 ,n>b\no1 ,n>bonne2 ,bill(ranco1 ,villefran*e2 ,laba\1 ,lavaur2 ,bibi]s1 ,vivi]s2 ,bo\1 ,v\r2 ,abrayr\1 ,aveyron2 ,cordos1 ,cordes1 etc4 ,^! patois1 ^! dialects ( ! old ,langue d'oc1 are awak5+ j n[ increas+ int]e/ 9 ! lit]>y circles ( ! ,midi1 = x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t ! ,fr5* has appe>$ to ?reat5 _! ext9ction4 ,! spread ( ! railroad sy/em & especially ! wide developm5t ( ! prim>y s*ool s9ce ! adv5t ( ! ,?ird ,republic1 are deal+ deadly bl[s at ^! popul> dialects4 ,b !y are /ill f> f moribund4 ,i h frequ5tly be5 told t ev5 to-day "o /umbles n[ & !n on old peasants liv+ up 9 ! isolat$ ,black ,m\nta91 a spur ( ! ,cv5nes1 & :i* divides ,upp] f ,l[] ,langu$oc1 :o cl+ to oc1 al?\gh obe or ope1 or ! ,fr5* oui & si1 are ! common affirmative p>ticles ( ! patois4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ to me :5 tak+ a con/itutional to ask my way & discov] t ,i am address+ a p]son :o nei!r und]/&s nor speaks ,fr5*1 ?\gh1 z a rule1 all peasants und]/& ,fr5* & ! va/ majority c speak ! language too1 b aft] a r sorry fa%ion4 ,a =eign] f9ds at lea/ "o com=t 9 all ?is3 9 ,langu$oc he uses ! national tongue m correctly ?an ?\s&s ( native born ,fr5*m56 ,nor is ! k ( patois conf9$ to ! peasantry or ! work+ classes ( ! t[ns4 ,! b\rgeoisie1 ) exce$+ly r>e exceptions1 are q at home 9 x1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! nobility (t5 prattle ) _! peasant nurse m easily 9 patois ?an 9 ! poli%$ spee* ( _! p>5ts4 ,dur+ a political campaign1 x is a v common ?+ = a w\ld-be deputy to address c\ntry vot]s 9 _! famili> dialect1 !reby ga9+ ! favor n alone ( ! flibres2 :ile1 dur+ ?is same p]iod ( electoral excitem5t1 ! local pap]s publi% almo/ daily editorials writt5 9 patois4 ,9 hundr$s ( rural *ur*es ! %ort s]mon aft] e>ly mass is prea*$ 9 patois1 & _m a "t ,i h f\nd myself turn+ ) surprise :5 ,i he>d ,fr5* spok5 9 ! /reets ( ,langu$ocian t[ns ( consid]able size4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! gov]nm5t & ! rul+ classes ( ,langu$oc itself /rove to eradicate ^! dialects & to sub/itute ,fr5* = !m4 ,! aim 0 a patriotic "o2 great] national unity1 x 0 believ$1 w\ld ?us be secur$4 ,b t p]iod has gone by1 & at pres5t !re is a /rong t5d5cy to pres]ve f de/ruction ^! l+ui/ic s\v5irs ( a rapidly fad+ pa/4 ,:at ! en?usia/ic flibres w\ld d = ,prov5al1 !y & _! disciples & imitators 9 ,langu$oc w\ld d = ! dialects ( ,s\? ,we/]n ,france4 ,at ! ,congrs d',etudes ,langu$oci5nes1 held rec5tly at ,montpelli]1 "o ( ! memb]s propos$ t ! ,fr5* language %\ld be taught 9 ! prim>y s*ools ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! langue d'oc4 ,! sugge/ion is n s *im]ical z x appe>s to be at fir/ blu%1 = "o ( ! greate/ & nev]-end+ difficulties ( ! c\ntry s*oolma/] 9 ?is "p ( ,france is to tea* 8 s*ol>s ! ?ree ,r's by means ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* is a =eign tongue to n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ ( !m4 ,"o is n surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d t "o ( ! resolutions pass$ by ?is same ,congress takes up ! plan propos$ 9 ! pap] j ref]r$ to1 & decl>es 9 favor ( 8! utilisation ( ! langue d'oc = tea*+ ,fr5* 9 ! prim>y s*ools40 ,at a rec5t sitt+ ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,bordeaux ,univ]sity a resolution 0 pass$ call+ = ! creation ( a *air ( 8,s\!rn languages40 ,9 explanation ( ?is t]m1 ! ,gironde1 ! lead+ ,bordeaux newspap]1 says3 8,besides giv+ in/ruction 9 ,spani%1 "o ( ! labors ( ! pr(essor w\ld be to tea* our ,s\? ,we/]n dialects 9 :i* ! mo/ important hi/orical docum5ts ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry 7 drawn up dur+ sev]al c5turies40 ,! editor !n goes on to say3 8,if ! ,/ate does n feel able to f\nd ?is *air1 w n "s private individual come =w>d & imitate ! example ( ,james ,e4 ,cl>k1 :o rec5tly e/abli%$ at ,worce/]1 ,mass41 a univ]sity end[$ ) a capital ( #ab1ejj1jjj80 ,speak+ ( prim>y s*ools rem9ds me ( a curi\s fact :i* has frequ5tly attract$ my att5tion 9 ,langu$oc ?is w9t]4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ,france p]haps 0 x s common = a t[n to gr[ up ar\nd a ca/le2 = ?is region 0 t]ribly h>ri$ by ! ,w>s ( ,religion1 & ! poor peasants 7 =c$ to seek ! protection ( "s "l4 ,9 ord] to r5d] !m m impregnable1 ^! ca/les 7 g5]ally built on "s high hill4 ,s n[ "o sees on e h& decay+ hamlets surr\nd+ ru9$ ca/les left almo/ des]t$ on ! v cr[n ( "s pyramidal m\nt1 :ile ! busy t[n ( to-day has desc5d$ to ! m accessible base ( ! hill4 ,b s9ce ! adv5t ( ! ,?ird ,republic & ! gr& impetus giv5 to prim>y in/ruction1 ^! ab&on$ ca/les h tak5 a new lease ( life1 & be5 conv]t$ into s*ool build+s4 ,! o!r day dur+ an h\r's drive 9 ,upp] ,langu$oc ,i saw two ( ^! old useless feudal piles consecrat$ to popul> n9ete5? c5tury education4 ,:at a tra9 ( reflections is ?us sugge/$6 ,)9 ! v same walls :]e "s pr\d ignorant seignior once lord$ x ov] 8 humble vassals1 ! desc5dants ( ^! s]fs1 /ill speak+ ! tongue ( _! oppress$ ance/ors1 b enjoy+ all ! lib]ties !n usurp$ by _! ma/]s1 are n[ be+ in/ruct$ 9 bran*es ( k ( :i* ! feudal knight _h sc>cely an inkl+4 ,:at a revolution 0 t ( '#hi6 ,,!odore ,,/anton4 ,,ii4 ,,g]many4--,,rec5t ,,publications ,,9 ,,! ,,doma9 ,,( ,,pa?ological ,,psy*ology4 ,! sci5ce ( an?ropology claims1 z we "k1 to h discov]$1 t ! v>i\s epo*s ( hi/ory are m>k$ n only by *>act]i/ic religi\s1 political1 social1 & lit]>y conditions1 b n unfrequ5tly also by p>ticul> =ms ( disease2 & x is ! op9ion ( em95t m$ical au?orities t n]v\s & m5tal diseases con/itute ! 8pa?ological feature0 ( mod]n civilisation4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n to be und]/ood z mean+ t diseases ( ?is "* h n appe>$ 9 previ\s epo*s1 b simply t !y occur ) unusual frequ5cy at ! pres5t day & 9 unusually grave =ms4 ,a book treat+ ( ! affliction ( ! age ought to c\nt on a l>ge circle ( read]s1 & x w be all ! m des]v+ ( su* if x ?or\ghly & skilfully fulfils its purpose ( hold+ up ! mirror to ! "t & ( imp>t+ ! light & advice requir$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,?is has be5 done 9 an excell5t mann] by ! "w ( ! ,brem5 ali5i/ ,dr4 ,,s*olz1 entitl$ ,die ,ditetik des ,gei/es--,e9 ,fhr] zu praktis*] ,leb5swei%eit1 :i* has j appe>$ 9 its second & enl>g$ edition1 ,leipsic1 ,e4 ,h4 ,may]4 ,?is book is di/+ui%$ f ! majority ( simil> rec5t publications int5d$ = a great] public by its relative ?or\ghness4 ,x mu/ be *>act]is$ z ?or\gh & compreh5sive1 also1 9 comp>ison ) ! old] & m celebrat$ "w1 :i* its title at once sugge/s1 ,,feu*t]leb5',s ,ditetik d] ,seele4 ,! "* ( ! book is n 8purely psy*ological10 ov]look+ ! high importance ( ! influ5ce ( ! body1 z 0 ! case ) ,b5eke2 nor does x lean t[>ds ! moralis+ ( a ,he9ro? & ,idel]2 nor does ! au?or treat 8 subject f an exclusively m$ical po9t ( view3 ! "w1 9 fact1 is an?ropological 9 "*4 ,its cont5ts possess *iefly 9 two respects great int]e/3 7#a7 f a univ]sal human po9t ( view1 9 t x af=ds u a glance into ! awful abysses ( life1 9 ! company ( an exp]t guide :o tells u h[ ^! dep?s are to be avoid$1 or at lea/ gives consolation to ^? ^: way leads necess>ily ?r\gh !m2 & 7#b7 f a p$agogical po9t ( view1 9 t x directs att5tion to ! h]$ity ( ! morbid con/itutions & abnormalities t oppose ob/acles to education or may become su* if improp]ly treat$4 ,x is obvi\s t morbid m5tal dispositions mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 all "w ( education & in/ruction1 if we wi% to avoid an egregi\s violation ( ! univ]sally recognis$ requirem5t to reg>d individuality4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view ! book ( ,dr4 ,s*olz w awak5 9 read]s :o h any?+ to d at all ) education1 ! desire to le>n m ab\t ! nature ( morbid m5tal life 9 ! "y ?an is pres5t$ 9 ?is treatise de/9$ = a l>ge public4 ,su* a wi% w\ld h _h to rema9 unsatisfi$ six ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,ditetik des ,gei/es fir/ appe>$4 ,x is true1 ,engli% physicians p>ticul>ly1 l ,we/1 ,conolly1 ,maudsley1 & o!rs1 _h a long "t previ\sly direct$ att5tion to ! morbid ph5om5a ( infant psy*ic life1 b _! "w1 l t ( _! ,fr5* & ,g]man pr(essional associates1 lies buri$ 9 m$ical magaz9es & volumes n easily accessible4 ,! fir/ to apply himself to ! "w ne$$ 9 ?is condition ( affairs 0 ,pr(essor ,,emm+haus1 :o dige/$ & collect$ all ! mat]ial1 ?us suppli$1 9 a comp5di\s "w be>+ ! title ,die psy*is*5 ,/rung5 des ,k9desalt]s1 ,tb+51 ,laupp1 #ahhg4 ,! fact inde$ is n to be left unrecognis$ t ! book1 9 s f> z x may be us$ by ^? :o h n _h a m$ical tra9+1 possesses two defects1--defects1 h[ev]1 = :i* ! au?or _c be c5sur$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is int5d$ = physicians only1 & is !re=e1 on acc\nt ( ! _m te*nical t]ms x uses1 at times n uni=mly intelligible4 ,to ! s]i\s /ud5t1 h[ev]1 :o possesses ! previ\s psy*ological & physiological k mo/ indisp5sable1 x pres5ts no difficulties ( too great magnitude4 ,! second defect likewise spr+s f ! purpose ( ! "w4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fact t1 except+ a few occasional ref]5ces & h9ts1 ! p$agogical aspect ( ! "q is n consid]$4 ,p$agogi/s1 "h1 are confront$ ) a problem :i* mu/ be solv$1 & ( :i* ! solution w c]ta9ly n be a ?ankless task4 ,! writ] ( ^! l9es has approa*$ "o aspect ( ?is "q 9 a treatise ( 8 entitl$ ,n]vositt & ,md*5]ziehung1 ,wiesbad51 #ahij1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* /udy he has arriv$ at ! conviction t an important factor is lack+ 9 mod]n p$agogics & ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,?is conviction he has put into words 9 ano!r treatise1 ,gei/es/rung5 9 d] ,s*ule1 ,wiesbad51 #ahia1 ) :at success x rema9s = ! future to say4 ,two ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,emm+haus's "w a translation 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many ( a ,fr5* book ( a simil> "*4 ,d] ,irrs9 im ,k9desalt]1 by ,dr4 ,,paul ,,moreau1 au?oris$ edition by ,dr4 ,demetrio ,galatti1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhi1 ,f]d9& ,enke1 publi%]4 ,un=tunately1 ,moreau1 z 8 own preface reveals1 did n "k1 :5 he wrote 8 book1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,g]man "w1--a circum/ance t has n be5 )\t regrettable consequ5ces4 ,tak5 9 conjunction ) ! "w ( ,emm+haus1 h[ev]1 ,moreau's book possesses1 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s morbid cases x gives1 a high value2 al?\gh x _c be> comp>ison ) ! =m] "w 9 ri*ness ( mat]ial & famili>ity ) ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 & mu* less s 9 ! psy*ological treatm5t ( ! subject1 :]e ,emm+haus is incomp>ably subtl] & m pr(\nd4 ,a treatise t is closely relat$1 9 po9t ( subject-matt]1 on ! "o h& to ! works ( ,emm+haus & ,moreau1 & on ! o!r to ! books ( ,prey] 7,die ,seele des ,k9des7 & ,prez 7,les trois premires annes de l'enfant & ,l'enfant de trois sept ans7 on ! developm5t ( *ildr51 has j be5 publi%$ by a ,leipsic tea*] "u ! title ( ,die ,p]iodicitt 9 d] ,entwickelung d] ,k9desnatur1 ,neue ,gesi*tspunkte fr ,k9d]=s*ung und ,jug5d]ziehung1 by ,,gu/av ,,sieg]t1 ,leipsic1 #ahia1 ,r4 ,voigtlnd]4 ,! au?or endeavors1 9 a v int]e/+ mann] we mu/ admit1 to %[ t1 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ild1 la/+ /ates 9 regul> alt]nate succession occur ( m5tal & physical buoyancy on ! "o h& & depression on ! o!r1 ( moral exaltation1 likewise1 & moral subsid5ce4 ,! fundam5tal cause ( ?is p]iodical alt]nation1 ( ! g5]al exi/5ce ( :i* num]\s pro(s are adduc$1 is suppos$ to lie 9 ! alt]nate /r5g!n+ & relaxation ( ! individual's =ces ( action1 br\ght on by ! exp5diture & reproduction ( en]gy2 additional det]m9ative causes1 accel]ative z well z ret>datory1 are f\nd 9 int]c\rse ) ! _w & ) o!r human be+s4 ,we may call ! =m] ! individual & ! latt] ! social cause ( ! ph5om5a ( p]iodicity4 ,9 ! application ( 8 results to juv5ile education ! au?or arrives at "s f>-rea*+ propositions ( re=m1 ! consid]ation ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we %all h to leave to ! p$agogical press4 ,we %all h to pres]ve ! same attitude ) reg>d to a new "w ( ! well-kn[n ,leipsic pr(essor ,dr4 ,,/rumpell--,die pdogogis*e ,pa?ologie od] die ,lehre von d5 ,fehl]n d] ,k9d]1 ,leipsic1 #ahij1 ,v]lag von ,georg ,bhme ,na*folg]4 ,we mu/ ref] "h to ?is o!rwise highly des]v+ book only 9 "o respect1 :]e we h occasion = c5sure4 ,! au?or does n 9 8 expositions suffici5tly take acc\nt ( ! intimate connection betwe5 physical & m5tal ph5om5a1 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is is among o!r ?+s t he excludes pa?ological m5tal conditions 7! physical causes ( :i* he is =c$ to admit7 z a matt] ( pr9ciple f ! p$agogic sy/em & consigns !m entirely into ! *>ge ( ! physician4 ,9 our treatise m5tion$ we h expla9$ :y ?is is n all[able1 z well z1 9 addition1 :at portion ( duty devolves on ! tea*] 9 ! consid]ation ( ^! pa?ological m5tal conditions4 ,/rumpell's mi/ake spr+s f ! fact t he conceives ) ,h]b>t ! ess5tial object ( education to be intellectual culture4 ,all[+ t ,h]b>t _c be tak5 to task = ent]ta9+ ?is conception1 we may yet dem& ( ,/rumpell ! recognition ( ! results ( rec5t physiological psy*ology to ! ext5t at lea/ ( p]ceiv+ t psy*ical & physical ph5om5a are "o if n ! same4 ,ev5 ! oppon5ts ( ,monism d>e n ov]look ?is tru?1--a tru? moreov] t admits v well ( reconciliation ) ! ,h]b>tian pluralism to :i* ,/rumpell is devot$4 ,we might cite "h num]\s pa?ological conditions ( m9d t v pla9ly spr+ f physical causes & to :i* ! in/ructor has to give att5tion j z mu* z ! physician4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( cit+ p>ticul> cases1 we w ref] to ?ree little treatises t are 9 ! highe/ degree in/ructive on ?is po9t1 n only = tea*]s exclusively b also = all :o h to d ) *ildr54 ,dr4 ,,maximilian ,,bresg51 speciali/ 9 diseases ( ! nose & ?roat at ,frank=t on ! ,ma91 has publi%$ at ! h\se ( ,leopold ,voss 9 ,hamburg 7#ahij7 a bro*ure entitl$ ,ueb] die ,b$eutung beh9d]t] ,nas5a?mung neb/ besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] d>aus h]vorgeh5d5 ,g$*tniss- und ,gei/ess*w*e4 ,a treatise ( l "* is t ( ,dr4 m$4 ,,l5zmann ( ,duisburg1 entitl$ ,ueb] d5 s*dli*5 ,e9fluss d] beh9d]t5 ,nas5a?mung auf die krp]li*e und gei/ige ,entwickelung des ,k9des1 ,bielefeld1 #ahij1 ,&]s ,v]lag4 ,bo? treatises conta91 among o!r ?+s n to be consid]$ "h1 in/ructive examples ( ! rise & disappe>ance ( t morbid m5tal condition to :i* ,hack fir/ direct$ notice 9 ,g]many b :i* else:]e became kn[n ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ! ,dut* physician ,guye by ! "n ( ,aprosesia nasalis4 ,! ?ird treatise is by ,dr4 m$4 ,,ralf ,,wie*mann1 speciali/ = n]v\s diseases at ,brunswick1 & be>s ! title ,e9e sog5annte ,veit/anzepidemie 9 ,wildbad1 ,leipsic1 #ahij1 ,v]lag von ,georg ,?ieme4 ,by ,/4 ,vitus's dance 7,g]4 ,veit/anz7 we und]/& ! disease ( :i* ! well-kn[n symptoms are involunt>y muscul> twit*+s usually accompani$ by sev]e or light psy*ical di/urbances1 kn[n 9 m$ic9e by ! "n ( *orea m9or & *orea rhy?mica1 & sometimes occurr+ 9 epidemics4 ,at ! s*ool 9 ,wildbad ! numb] ( ! afflict$ *ildr5 rose 9 ! c\rse ( "t to tw5ty-six4 ,wie*mann expatiates at l5g? 9 8 book on ! "* ( ! contagion1 & arrives ?r\gh an exhau/ive use ( ! exi/+ lit]ature on ! subject at ! result1 t !re 0 pres5t 9 ! individual *ildr5 attack$ sub/antially a physical pr$isposition1 an un/able n]v\s sy/em4 ,z ! fir/ *ildr5 attack$ 7 n remov$1 ! convulsive motions 7 se5 & p]ceptually tak5 up by ! o!r *ildr51 :o 7 j approa*+ ! p]iod ( pub]ty & labor$ "u h]$it>y pr$ispositions4 8,once ^! images _h ent]$ p]ceptually into ! un/able bra91 !y became compet5t to op]ate z /imuli & to be translat$ into involunt>y muscul> motions40 ,! conclusion ( my lett] may be tak5 up ) ! discussion ( a treatise t des]ves a some:at m detail$ consid]ation4 ,! director ( ! ,royal ,wrtemb]gian ,/ate ,insane ,asylum at ,zwiefalt51 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,a4 ,ko*1 :o already possesses em95t repute 9 ! doma9 ( psy*iatry1 has j publi%$ ! fir/ "p ( a new "w call$ ,die psy*opa?is*5 ,m9d]w]tigkeit5--,er/e2 ,abteilung3 ,e9leitung1 ,die angebor55 &au]nd5 psy*opa?is*5 ,m9d]w]tigkeit51 ,rav5sburg1 #ahia1 ,v]lag von ,otto ,mai]4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or ext5ds ! developm5t ( ! ideas he "s "t previ\sly outl9$ 9 8 ,rudim5ts ( ,psy*iatry1 second edition1 #ahhi4 ,9 ! expression 8psy*opa?is*e ,m9d]w]tigkeit50 7psy*opa?ical second>y factors7 ,ko* embraces all ^? psy*ical irregul>ities1 be !y natural or acquir$1 affect+ ! life ( ! human p]sonality1 :i* ?\gh 9 ! sev]e/ cases ev5 n am\nt+ to actual m5tal disord]s1 yet 9 ! mo/ favorable in/ances s affect ! p]sons afflict$ ) !m t !y appe> z lack+ ! full possession ( m5tal normality & capacity4 ,prim>ily1 ( c\rse1 ! treatise is int5d$ = physicians1 & ! au?or c\nts on ! gratitude ( ?is pr(ession 9 s f> z he has und]tak5 to put 9 indep5d5t =m ! sep>ate facts =m]ly scatt]$ ov] ! :ole doma9 ( psy*iatry1 to free !m f o!r neuro- & psy*o-pa?ological subjects1 & to unite !m into "o special gr\p ( pa?ological /ates4 ,b ! au?or also c\nts on 8 book be+ us$ by ! repres5tatives ( o!r pr(essions1 by pa/ors1 tutors1 tea*]s1 juri/s1 sociologi/s1 hi/orians1 & ! l1 & inde$ ) p]fect ju/ice4 ,! sav]s ( s\ls1 if !y _h ma/]$ to a slight degree ev5 ! compreh5sion ( ! psy*opa?ical second>y factors1 w\ld be a/oni%$ to see h[ _m p !re are 9 ! case ( :om m$ic9e is m effective aga9/ 8spiritual0 vexations ?an pa/oral advice1 & t (t5 su* advice1 be+ "o-sid$ & />t+ f false assumptions1 does h>m only4 ,!y w\ld see 9 ! peculi>ity ( ! religi\s ne$s & tribulations ( _m a man a psy*o-pa?ological abnormality2 !y w\ld come to und]/& h[ ! o!rwise un9telligible badness ( _m ano!r has its s\rce 9 a pa?ological basis3 !y w\ld n reg>d & hail z absolutely good1 moreov]1 _m 8good impulses02--all ?is !y w\ld f9d out if !y _h le>n$ to note & compreh5d :at ! import is ( su* p]sons be+ desc5d$ f neurotic ance/ors1 ( _! exhibit+ palpable indications ( deg5]ation1 & hav+ also p]haps insane1 idiotic1 :imsical1 & epileptical bro!rs & si/]s4 ,!y w\ld fur!rmore p]fectly compreh5d1 t 9 ! case ( p :o are desc5d$ f heal?y p>5ts1 b :o f be+ 9 times pa/ happy & joyful ,*ri/ians are n[ /ruggl+ ) di/ractions ( s\l1 x 7 (t5 bett] fir/ to inquire aft] ! /ate ( _! organs ( dige/ion4 ,& !y w\ld be able to deal q diff]5tly f =m]ly ) _m a s\l entru/$ to _! c>e1 p]haps also m easily to conqu]1 or at lea/ to endure1 "s secret burd5 ( _! own lives4 ,! import ( ! book = ! educator is easily inf]rible f ! rem>ks made4 ,= ! juri/1 :o has to deal ) ! problems ( acc\ntability & ! adm9i/]+ ( puni%m5t1 its importance is manife/4 ,sociology1 too1 ! deep] x ent]s into its problems1 w n be able to disp5se ) psy*opa?ology1 & 9 ?is field x is precisely ! psy*opa?ical second>y factors t em95tly dem& att5tion4 ,9 t :i* conc]ns its connection ) hi/ory we ne$ only m5tion ! names ( ,lombroso1 ,emm+haus 7,allgeme9e ,psy*opa?ologie7 & ,mbius 7,r\sseaus ,krankheitsges*i*te71 to po9t out ! importance ( a "w l t be=e u4 ,we recomm5d x )\t res]ve to all :om x t\*es4 ,,*r4 ,,uf]4 ,alt5burg1 ,july1 #ahia4 ,,mile ,,littr4 ,"s debts !re are t make ! debtor pr\d2 ,s ours to him1 :o c\ld philosophise ,) common-s5se1 & sweep f />ry skies ,! bra9-spun webs t d>k5 l a cl\d4 ,we lov$ him1 = 8 highe/ ?\ghts av[$ ,our own ak9 & less ?an ours allies2 ,born ( ! common soil b born to rise ,& light ! labor ( ! laurel-br[$4 ,ju/ice he trac$ to tru?2 morality1 ,back to ! bruti% primal ne$s ( man2 ,& /ood himself = all ! be/ might be4 ,he wr\ght 9 words1 a fai?ful artisan2 ,& liv$ to %ame _! l\ti% mock]y ,^: virtue end$ :]e 8 own began4 ,,l\is ,,belrose1 ,,jr4 ,,div]se ,,topics4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,?\ght-,,=ms4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,potoni1 ! editor ( ! ,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,b]l91 advances 9 "o ( its rec5t numb]s 7,vol4 vi4 #ae7 ! foll[+ proposition conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! =ms ( ?\ght3 8,all ! =ms ( ?\ght h orig9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = life n o!rwise ?an ! =ms ( organisms40 ,?is is fur!r expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,^? conceptions :i* are call$ a priori1 are inh]it$2 !y h be5 necess>ily us$ by ! primitive ?9k+ organisms & are n[ 9 _! disposition imm$iately pres5t4 ,yet !y h be5 ga9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,)\t any k1 = in/ance1 ( space & "t1 no action is possible2 accord+ly _! conception is p]haps ! olde/ & !re=e x appe>s apriori/ic40 ,i4 ,,?\ght-,,=ms ,,& ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 ,we agree ) ,dr4 ,potoni t ?\ght-=ms gr[ naturally & t !y gr[ su* z !y are1 ( necessity4 ,9 our op9ion =mal ?\ght1 ) its s-call$ a priori !orems1 is d]iv$ f ! ?\ght-=ms by ab/raction4 7,see 8,fundam5tal ,problems0 pp4 #bf-fj1 ! *apt] ,=m & ,=mal ,?\ght47 ,if x _h be5 possible = o!r ?\ght-=ms to h orig9at$ toge!r ) ^? :i* we possess at pres5t1 & x may be p>5!tically rem>k$ t we d n consid] x z possible2 b if x _h be5 possible1 we d n d5y t all ! o!r ?\ght-=ms w\ld h gone to ! wall1 !y w\ld h p]i%$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & our pres5t ?\ght-=ms alone w\ld h surviv$4 ,9 ?is we agree ) ,dr4 ,potoni1 & a naturali/ may be satisfi$ ) ?is /atem5t1 because x suffices = 8 purposes4 ,! recognition ( ! objective validity ( ! laws ( =mal ?\ght is all t ! speciali/ wants = ?is or t bran* ( sci5ce4 ,b ?is recognition is n suffici5t = ! philosoph]4 ,he has to und]/& ! problem :y ! subjective laws ( purely =mal ?\ght possess an absolute & an objective validity = ! _w ( real exi/5ces4 ,he mu/ und]/& n only h[ ?\ght-=ms orig9at$1 b also :y & on :at gr\nd ! laws ( =mal ?\ght are consid]$ z necess>y & univ]sal tru?s4 ,! "q ( _! orig9 & gr[? is ( second>y importance comp>$ ) ! "q ( _! rigidity & apriority4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has made ! same proposition z ,dr4 ,potoni & 8 view briefly express$ is ?is3 8,! laws ( =mal ?\ght are a priori to ! individual1 b a po/]iori to ! race40 ,9 o!r words apriority mu/ be expla9$ by h]$ity4 ,a dog _c c\nt1 because none ( 8 ance/ors h ev] c\nt$1 b a *ild has ! faculty to le>n c\nt+ because innum]able ance/ors ( 8 h c\nt$ & 8 bra9 possesses a pr$isposition to le>n c\nt+ easily4 ,conc]n+ our appreh5sion ( space-relations :i* express$ z ma!matical !orems appe> to u necess>y & are call$ a priori1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,we _c ?9k o!rwise because dur+ t adju/m5t betwe5 ! organism & ! environm5t :i* evolution has e/abli%$1 ! inn] relations h be5 s m\ld$ ^u ! out] relations t !y _c by any ef=t be made n to fit !m4 ,j 9 ! same way t an infant's h&1 con/ruct$ s z to grasp by b5d+ ! f+]s inw>ds1 implies ance/ral h&s :i* h ?us grasp$1 & implies objects 9 ! environm5t to be ?us grasp$ by ?is infant9e h& :5 x is develop$1 s ! v>i\s /ructures fitt+ ! infant = appreh5sion ( space-relations1 imply su* appreh5sions 9 ! pa/ by its ance/ors & 9 ! future by itself40 ,man's ability to le>n c\nt+ is inh]it$1 & !re may be m or less ( x 9 diff]5t p4 ,ma!matical tal5t is inh]it$ j z mu* z musical tal5t or o!r faculties4 ,b ! philosophical "q conc]n+ ! apriority ( ma!matical !orems has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! orig9 ( ma!matical tal5t4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,sp5c] decl>es t apriority is b an inh]it$ apo/]iority1 ?is is equival5t & is int5d$ to be equival5t to an actual d5ial ( all apriority4 ,8 v explanation proves t he does n see ! real problem1 & 9 ! same way ,dr4 ,potoni ov]looks x entirely4 ,! philosophical problem ( ! apriority is n an hi/orical problem1 x _c be solv$ by trac+ ! evolution ( ?\ght-=ms4 ,! philosoph] does n ask h[ did ?\ght-=ms orig9ate1 b :y d we attribute to ! laws ( =mal ?\ght necessity & univ]sality & on :at gr\nd c we ju/ify our assumption8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] comp>es our appreh5sion ( space-relations to our inh]it$ habit to grasp ) our h&s & to walk ) our feet4 ,?is comp>ison is mislead+ & inappropriate4 ,t we grasp ) our h&s & walk ) our feet is incid5tal4 ,!re are animals :o h develop$ o!r limbs = ! same purposes4 ,!re are monkeys :o grasp ) _! tails & ! elephant grasps ) 8 nose4 ,!re is no necessity & no univ]sality 9 our pr$isposition ( grasp+ ) our h&s4 ,yet !re resides necessity & univ]sality 9 ! laws ( =mal ?\ght s t :]ev] animals develop rational ?\ght we are sure t to !m twice two w always equal f\r j z mu* z x does to u4 ,h[ev] !y may be diff]5t 9 o!r respects3 !y may be w+$ creatures or may be some:at l our ants1 !y may h develop$ o!r bodily /ructures ?an we c dream (1 nev]!less _! ari?metic1 _! logic1 & _! ma!matics w 9 all ess5tials be exactly ! same z ours4 ,!re are animals ^: ?\ght-=ms are n z highly develop$ z 9 man1 b !re are no animals 9 :om !y are develop$ diff]5tly4 ,we mu/ consid] x z impossible ev5 t on o!r />s rational creatures c be f\nd ^: reason diff]s f ours4 ,to !m also twice two w be f\r4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,apriority4 ,kant did n call ! =mal laws a priori 9 ord] to *>act]ise !m z innate ideas1 b simply to d5ote t _! validity is necess>y & univ]sal4 ,if ,i h to walk twice a di/ance ( two miles1 ,i "k 8be=eh&0 7i4 e4 a priori7 t ,i %all h to walk f\r miles--ev5 be=e ,i h made ! actual exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is wond]ful quality ( giv+ in=mation be=eh& is *>act]i/ic ( all ! laws ( =mal ?\ght4 ,x is c]ta9 t our ability ( apply+ ! laws ( =mal ?\ght has be5 acquir$ by exp]i5ce 9 ! race z well z 9 ! individual4 ,b _! necessity has to d ) exp]i5ce 9 s f> only z its recognition is ! indisp5sable condition ( all me?odical exp]i5ce--i4 e4 ( sci5ce4 ,! laws ( =mal ?\ght & our recognition ( _! necessity & univ]sality 7alias1 8apriority07 are ! organ ( any & all sci5tific cognition4 ,! me?ods ( ! sci5ces are exact measur+ & c\nt+ bas$ ^u ! fai? t ! laws ( measur+ & c\nt+ are unalt]able & unfail+ly reliable4 ,we "k be=eh& t !y w hold good = all possible cases4 ,our exp]i5ce ( mill5niums suffices to prove t ! laws ( =mal ?\ght agree ) ! laws ( actual exi/5ce1 & ,kant's view to consid] !m z m]ely subjective & n objective appe>s to me unt5able4 ,we may fairly consid] ,kant's subjectivism z a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,& ! agreem5t ( ! =ms ( objectivity ) ! =ms ( subjectivity is easily expla9$ :5 we be> 9 m9d t ! ?9k+ subject is a "p ( ! objective _w4 ,x is b natural t ! =ms ( exi/5ce are impress$ ^u ! ?9k+ subject z =ms ( ?\ght4 ,yet ! "q ( ! necessity & univ]sality ( ! laws ( =m rema9s4 ,c we compreh5d :y ! =m ( objective reality z well z ( subjective ?\ght mu/ be su* z !y are1 & might !y n j z well be diff]5t8 ,is ?is "q legitimate & c x be answ]$8 ,we say ,yes1 ! "q is legitimate & c be answ]$4 ,all ! laws ( =mal ?\ght are products ( ?\ght-op]ations :i* are bas$ on no o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( id5tity 7,a ,a74 ,z soon z ?9k+ be+s h develop$ to t degree ( ?\ght-ability 9 :i* !y are able to deal ) ! ab/ract idea ( pure =m1 !y c make con/ructions ( pure =ms4 ,s long z ^! con/ructions ( pure =ms are made consi/5tly & correctly 7i4 e4 9 /rict agreem5t ) ! pr9ciple ( id5tity71 !y w be f\nd to hold good 9 reality & we c a priori--be=e we h made ! actual exp]i5ce--rely on _! applicability4 ,! laws ( pure =ms 7=ms ( ?\ght z well z =ms ( exi/5ce7 c satisfactorily be prov$ to anyone :o ackn[l$ges ! pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,! pr9ciple ( id5tity is n an assumption b x is ! g5]alis$ /atem5t ( ! simple/ ?\ght-op]ation1 :i*1 if employ$ ) consi/5cy1 c s]ve z a rule = o!r & m complex ?\ght-op]ations4 ,consi/5cy is ! condition ( ?\ght4 ,consi/5cy produces ord]1 & ord] is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ?\ght4 ,we create "s pure =m 9 "s def9ite way1 = in/ance 9 c\nt+ we posit a unit 7we call x 8"o074 ,n[ we create 9 ! same def9ite way aga9 a pure =m1 we aga9 posit a unit 7we aga9 call x 8"o074 ,9 s f> z ^! two 8ones0 are ! product ( ! same op]ation !y w be ! same & we express ?is tru? 9 ! s5t5ce #a #a or ,a ,a4 ,:51 = ! sake ( assi/ance 9 ! process ( ab/ract ?\ght1 we use real objects to repres5t our pure =ms1 simil>ly z an abacus is employ$ = assi/+ ! "y m9d ( a *ild 9 le>n+ ari?metic1 ! dissimil>ity ( ! objects is ( no acc\nt4 ,! proposition ( _! id5tity has no ref]5ce to ! mat]ial objects1 b to ! op]ation4 ,two op]ations be+ accord+ to "s special & def9ite me?od exactly ! same1 _! products are also exactly ! same1 & ! re/ is n to be m9d$1 because we h 9 our ab/raction purposely exclud$ ev]y?+ else4 ,"h is n ! place to %[ ! palpable advantages ( ! me?ods ( ab/ract ?\ght & especially ( ! ab/ract ?\ght-op]ations ) pure =ms4 ,x is suffici5t to *>act]ise its ma9 pr9ciple ( proc$ure4 ,we may also p>5!tically rem>k t f our position we are no long] 9 ne$ ( axioms ei!r 9 ma!matics or 9 any o!r =mal sci5ce4 ,! data ( =mal sci5ces are c]ta9 m5tal op]ations1 viz4 posit+ pure =ms1 & comb9+1 sep>at+1 & recomb9+ !m4 ,! subject matt] ( =mal sci5ces consi/s 9 ! products ( ^! op]ations4 ,to =mulate "s ( ! simple/ products 9 axioms is a mi/ake :i* has be5 po9t$ out by ,h]mann ,grassmann 9 8 ,ausdehnungslehre4 ,we are /ruck & ov]aw$ ) ! cosmic ord] ( all natural ph5om5a :i*1 z sci5ce tea*es1 is produc$ ?r\gh ! rigidity ( ! =mal laws ( exi/5ce4 ,! planet>y sy/em ) its regul>ity ( motion :i* 9 spite ( its _m complications has be5 =mulat$ by ,kepl] 9 mo/ simple laws is an object ( wond] to u4 ,?is ord] ( nature is ! same ord] z ! gr& h>mony t prevails 9 ma!matics & all ! o!r =mal sci5ces4 ,! mo/ complicat$ laws ( bo?1 =ms ( nature & =ms ( ?\ght1 are no?+ b g5]alisations ( special applications ( ! pr9ciple ( id5tity 9 "s k9d ( action t takes place4 ,:ile ! ord] ( ! objective _w excites our wond] we c und]/& ! ord] ( ! subjective _w ( ?\ght-=ms & "k t1 be+ ! product ( c]ta9 m5tal op]ations accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( id5tity1 x mu/ be a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?us ! intr9sic necessity ( ! laws ( our ?\ght-=ms gives u a clue to ! intr9sic necessity ( ! laws ( nature4 ,,iii4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,matt] ,,& ,,en]gy1 ,,& ,,causation4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy is no?+ b an application ( ! pr9ciple ( id5tity to nature z a :ole4 ,& ! law ( cause & effect is aga9 a coroll>y only ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,! law ( causation is a =mula :i* ma9ta9s t !re is id5tity 9 diff]5ce4 ,"s motion produces a *ange ( =m4 ,!re is accord+ly a diff]5t /ate aft] ! motion ?an be=e4 ,yet ! total am\nt ( matt] & en]gy rema9s ! same4 ,?is is ! id5tity 9 ! *ange4 ,david ,hume & ) him ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ! empirici/s misund]/ood ! problem ( causation4 ,in/ead ( consid]+ cause & effect z "o cont9u\s process t %\ld be analys$1 !y consid]$ cause & effect sep>ately & attempt$ a syn!sis4 ,9 addition to ?is mi/ake1 causes z well z effects 7 def9$ to be objects4 ,hume says cause & effect are objects foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,cause h[ev] is a process2 x is a motion1 a *ange t takes place1 an ev5t t happ5s2 x is n a ?+4 ,& effect is ! product ( su* a process4 ,effect is a special =m1 a special /ate ( ?+s1 a special configuration1 b n ! mat]ial ( :i* ?is configuration consi/s4 ,a c]ta9 poison introduc$ into ! /oma* ( a liv+ be+ produces c]ta9 motions 9 ! b[els1 call$ cramps1 :i* may f9ally prove fatal4 ,"o *ange produces o!r *anges & _! product is a new /ate ( ?+s :i* is accompani$ ) pa9 & ends 9 dea?4 ,x is wrong to call /ry*n9e ! cause & a dead m\se ! effect4 ,b if we call /ry*n9e ! cause & a dead m\se ! effect1 we mu/ =ev] despair ( solv+ ! problem ( causation by a r$uction to ! pr9ciple ( id5tity1 = /ry*n9e is n at all id5tical ) a dead m\se4 ,no cause is ! same ?+ z its effect1 & we c by no means id5tify cause & effect4 ,& yet ! pr9ciple ( id5tity holds good4 ,! id5tity 9 causation is ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy 9 a *ange ( =m4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! law ( cause & effect c\ld nev] be prov$2 x is ei!r an innate idea prior to exp]i5ce 7,s*op5hau] & ,s*op5hau]'s int]pretation ( ,kant7 or x is an assumption d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ( :i* 7s9ce exp]i5ce is n z yet exhau/$7 we _c "k :e!r x w hold good =ev] 7,j4 ,s4 ,mill74 ,9 contradi/9ction to ^! views we ma9ta91 t ! law ( cause & effect c satisfactorily be prov$ to anyone :o accepts ! pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,s f> z ! pr9ciple ( id5tity is recognis$1 all ! =mal laws are unequivocally det]m9$1 or popul>ly express$ !y are z !y are1 !y w rema9 s & _c be o!rwise1 !y are necess>y4 ,all ! det]m9+ factors & also ! proc$ure ( an op]ation are set =?1 no un=ese5 ev5ts are possible1 = ! non-=mal elem5ts are exclud$1 & !re=e ! result w be 9 "o case j z x is 9 any o!r4 ,?us x c a priori be /at$ t =mal laws w always hold good4 ,! "q has be5 rais$3 ,:e!r or n our k ( ! apriority ( =mal laws is indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,we answ]3 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se x is dep5d5t ^u exp]i5ce1 9 ano!r x is n4 ,hi/orically & evolution>ily x is dep5d5t ^u exp]i5ce4 ,a /ore ( innum]able exp]i5ces has to be ga9$ be=e a rational creature w be able to make ! ab/raction ( pure =ms4 ,z soon z ?is /age is atta9$1 man possesses a _w 9 himself4 ,he c n[ exp]im5t )9 himself ) m5tal images1 = in/ance ) numb]s3 he c calculate4 ,8 m5tal op]ations ) pure =m are call$ 8pure ?\ght0 & 8pure ?\ght0 is n[ oppos$ to 8exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! s5ses40 ,! ^w 8exp]i5ce0 accord+ly is us$ 9 two ways2 x has a broad & a n>r[ mean+4 ,9 its broad s5se x means any acquisition ( k g5]ally1 9 its n>r[ s5se x means k acquir$ ?r\gh ! s5se-activity alone4 ,our k ( ! apriority ( =mal laws re/s ^u exp]i5ce 9 its broad s5se1 b n ^u exp]i5ce 9 its n>r[ s5se4 ,we c nev] d]ive ! idea ( necessity f s5se-impressions4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 reject+ innate ideas saw no o!r way ?an to d]ive ! =mal laws f exp]i5ce 7tak+ "h exp]i5ce 9 ! broad s5se74 ,yet he did n make a di/9ction betwe5 =mal ?\ght & s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,he consid]$ ! nature ( s5se-exp]i5ce z typical = all exp]i5ce4 ,& ?us1 aga91 tak+ exp]i5ce 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! t]m1 he 0 f 8 premises p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 reject+ ! idea ( necessity4 ,if ! process ( cause & effect is really a syn!sis ( two ?+s repres5t$ 9 two diff]5t s5se-impressions foll[+ ea* o!r1 !n inde$ we h no gu>antee t ! same sequ5ces w always be obs]v$2 & !re may be worlds 9 :i* ! law ( causality does n op]ate4 ,mill saw all ! consequ5ces ( 8 mi/ake1 he conc$$ freely t we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t twice two w always be f\r3 _m ?\s&s ( exp]i5ces are 9 its favor1 b we _c be at all sure t no case w ev] happ5 9 :i* twice two makes five4 ,! ideas ( causality & ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy are n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w1 n f s5se-exp]i5ce1 b f exp]i5ce 9 ! wid] s5se ( ! ^w1 i4 e4 f s5se-exp]i5ce arrang$ ) ! assi/ance ( =mal laws4 ,we %\ld n =get t m]e s5se-exp]i5ce exi/s only 9 our ab/ract ?\ght4 ,9 reality all s5se-exp]i5ce is relational1 x is insep>able f its =m4 ,=m & ! laws ( =m are n some?+ purely m5tal :i* is transf]r$ to ! _w ( reality1 =m is some?+ real1 x is objective1 x is a quality ( ! facts & ! ?\ght-=ms ( m9d are a "p & a product ( ! =mal /ructure ( ! univ]se4 ,! ideas ( causation & ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy are n prior to exp]i5ce1 !y are a "p ( exp]i5ce1 i4 e4 exp]i5ce 9 ! wid] s5se4 ,!y are n "p ( ! s5se-exp]i5ce1 b ! results ( our exp]im5ts ) purely =mal ?\ght-op]ations1 & be+ ! vital in/rum5t or organ ( cognition !y are ! condition ( all me?odical exp]i5ce4 ,,iv4 ,,:y ,,is ,,mr4 ,,mill',s ,,proposition ,,unt5able8 ,9 practical life we all expect t #b #b w "u all circum/ances make #d1 & n #e4 ,we reject ,mr4 ,mill's idea t !re may be ev5 a possibility ( ! latt]4 ,is our expectancy really due to a po/]iori exp]i5ce :i* hav+ be5 repeat$ s (t5 9 ! lives ( our ance/ors is n[ s firmly root$ 9 our m9ds t we imag9e x to be necess>y & a priori8 ,no6 c]ta9ly n4 ,! exp]i5ces ( our race 9 ! /ruggle = life has produc$ our ability ( ?\ght1 b x has no?+ to d ) ! apriority ( ! products ( =mal ?\ght-op]ations4 ,a /atem5t ( =mal ?\ght su* z 8twice two makes f\r10 _c be comp>$ to /atem5ts ( s5se-exp]i5ce su* z t sug> has a sweet ta/e4 ,!re may be a mom5t 9 :i* ! ta/e ( sug> w be bitt] to our tongue4 ,?is is q possible4 ,b to say t twice two might 9 ! future or 9 any o!r _w1 z ,mr4 ,mill ma9ta9s1 make five is nons5sical1 & ! possibility ( ?is assumption _c be plac$ 9 "o l9e ) ! possibilities ( extraord9>y & exceptional s5se-exp]i5ces4 ,:at does 8twice two makes f\r0 mean8 ,two means #a #a1 & twice two means #a #a plus #a #a4 ,?is sum is call$ 8f\r02 & :at we call five is #d #a4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! op]ation #b #b might produce ! result #e1 is to admit conditions :i* h be5 exclud$4 ,pure =ms are n l animals :i* multiply2 !y are & rema9 su* z !y h be5 posit$4 ,:5 we put two ambas into a glass & !n add two o!r ambas1 x is q possible t 9 ! mean "t "o ( ! fir/ set has divid$ into two4 ,9 t case we w\ld h five ambas4 ,b ! op]ation #b #b _c bre$ any additional units1 s z to produce a great] numb] ?an ! sum ( #a #a #a #a4 ,nor c we let any ( ^! units disappe> into naught1 s z to produce ! result #c1 )\t committ+ "s inconsi/5cy 9 our ?\ght-op]ations1 = ! products ( our ?\ght-op]ations are rigid & mu/ rema9 su* z !y h be5 posit$4 ,!y are n animals bless$ ) f]tility b pure =ms & no?+ b pure =ms4 ,h[ c\ld ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill ov]look s palpable a contra/ z t betwe5 =mal k & s5se-exp]i5ce8 ,he 0 app>5tly prejudic$ aga9/ ! t]m 8a priori10 :i* z we freely confess is a v poor & inadequate expression4 ,mr4 ,mill himself /ates ! cause ( 8 prejudice 9 8 autobiography4 ,he says3 8,!re is n any idea1 feel+1 or p[]1 9 ! human m9d1 :i*1 9 ord] to acc\nt = x1 requires t its orig9 %\ld be ref]r$ to any o!r s\rce ?an exp]i5ce40 ,mr4 ,mill 0 ju/ly exasp]at$ aga9/ any?+ a priori1 = 9 8 "t1 x _h become cu/om>y among c]ta9 philosoph]s to classify all pet sup]/itions :i* c\ld n be prov$ by exp]i5ce z a priori4 ,mr4 ,mill cont9ues3 8,:atev] may be ! practical value ( a true philosophy ( ^! matt]s1 x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate ! mis*iefs ( a false "o4 ,! notion t tru?s ext]nal to ! m9d may be kn[n by intuition or consci\sness1 indep5d5tly ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 is1 ,i am p]suad$1 9 ^! times ! great intellectual support ( false doctr9es & bad in/itutions4 ,by ! aid ( ?is !ory e invet]ate belief & e int5se feel+1 ( :i* ! orig9 is n rememb]$1 is enabl$ to disp5se ) ! obligation ( ju/ify+ itself by reason1 & is erect$ into its own all-suffici5t v\*] & ju/ification4 ,!re nev] 0 su* an in/rum5t devis$ = consecrat+ all deep-seat$ prejudices40 ,we appreciate ! cause ( ,mr4 ,mill's prejudice1 b we _c agree ) him4 ,& ,mr4 ,mill is mi/ak5 :5 he imag9es t a rejection ( apriority w aboli% false doctr9es & sup]/itions4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,! recognition ( absolute necessity bas$ ^u ! univ]sality ( =mal ?\ght w alone be a safe basis ( sci5ce ?r\gh :i* we c reject prima facie ! wrong pret5sions ( sup]/itions & pseudo-sci5ce4 ,if we assume ) ,mr4 ,mill t all =mal k p>takes ( ! nature ( s5se-exp]i5ce1 t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 no g5]al judgm5t w\ld be all[able & ! idea ( necessity w\ld be inadmissible4 ,^! consequ5ces are accept$ by ,mill4 ,9 t case sci5ce w\ld lose its value & philosophy w\ld be )\t f\ndation4 ,! mo/ absurd sup]/ition c\ld n be reject$ (f-h& on ! gr\nd ( be+ contr>y to t :i* ?r\gh logic & o!r =mal sci5ces has be5 f\nd to be necess>y & a condemnation ( any sup]/ition on ! "p ( sci5ce w\ld be m]e arrogance4 ,pseudo-sci5ce w\ld h ! same "r ) true sci5ce4 ,x is obvi\s t )\t be+ oblig$ to consid] ! apriority ( =mal laws z innate1 we ne$ n accept ! consequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,mill's philosophy4 ,we c & we d reta9 ! idea ( necessity & we consid] x z ! corn]-/one ( all sci5ce4 ,v4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( 8,,necess>y40 ,we h to be on our gu>d le/ we introduce "s my/ical elem5t into ! idea ( necessity4 ,!re is no?+ my/ical ab\t necessity4 ,necess>y means t a c]ta9 op]ation1 if x is exactly ! same op]ation z ano!r "o1 w produce exactly ! same result4 ,:5 we posit two units twice1 we %all h ! same result z :5 we posit "o unit f\r times2 & we call ?is result f\r4 ,we %all rea* ! same product :5ev] we repeat ! same op]ation4 ,kn[+ t we %all always rea* ! same result1 we c1 a priori 7or be=eh&7 & ) c]ta9ty1 det]m9e ! result ( c]ta9 op]ations aft] we h m5tally gone ?r\gh ! same op]ations = all possible cases & "u any imag9able conditions4 ,t a p]fect apriority ) an unfail+ c]ta9ty is possible only 9 ! doma9 ( =mal ?\ght is natural4 ,! reason is t we "k our ?\ght-=ms exhau/ively4 ,!y conta9 no?+ b t :i* has be5 pr$icat$ ab\t !m4 ,our s5se-exp]i5ce h[ev] is always piecemeal & nev] exhau/ive4 ,compreh5sion is actually a trac+ ( =m relations & a =mulat+ !m 9 concise /atem5ts4 ,! sci5ti/'s "w is bas$ ^u ! me?ods ( measur+ & c\nt+ 7i4 e4 ! me?ods ( =mal sci5ces7 & he und]takes to %[ t c]ta9 ph5om5a1 diff]5t 9 "s respects1 are ! same 9 o!r respects1 t _! sam5ess c be /at$ 9 a compreh5sive & exact =mula4 ,9 ?is way he m>ks out _! det]m9+ factors 9 t]ms ( =mal ?\ght 7= in/ance 9 numb]s71 s t we c compute !m & pr$ict !m accord+ to _! det]m9+ factors1 s t we c "k1 accord+ to _! conditions1 t !y w be always z !y are4 ,! importance ( =mal ?\ght is p>am\nt 9 sci5ce & ! problem ab\t ! necessity :i* atta*es to ! laws ( =mal ?\ght is ! fundam5tal problem ( philosophy4 ,!re are _m philosoph]s1 /ill1 tr\bl+ !mselves to solve ! problem 9 ! fa%ion ( ,s*op5hau] or ( ,mill or look+ ^u ! problem z insolvable4 ,we d n d\bt t ! solution "h pres5t$ is ! only possible solution :i* z soon z x is und]/ood w f9d a g5]al acceptance4 ,mu/ x be add$ t ! solution ( ?is fundam5tal problem does n involve ! ready solutions ( all o!r m9or problems8 ,oh no6 ,we all "k t ! solution ( "o problem is only a /epp+-/one = attack+ o!r problems4 ,! possibilities ( progress are z unlimit$ z ! scope ( cognition4 ,light on ?is g5]al subject gives u hope t we %all succe$ 9 ?r[+ light also ^u o!r subjects :i* are /ill %r\d$ to ! philosophical inquir] 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,,vi4 ,,mod]n ,,logic4 ,! problem ( mod]n logic is at bottom no o!r problem ?an t ( =mal ?\ght & ( ! orig9 ( ?\ght-=ms4 ,pr(essor ,dewey 9 ! excell5t essay :i* appe>s z ! lead+ article ( ?is numb] says3 8,any book ( logic w tell u :at ?is conception ( ?\ght is3 t ?\ght is a faculty or an entity exi/+ 9 ! m9d ap>t f facts & t x has its own fix$ =ms ) :i* facts h no?+ to d--except 9 s f> z !y pass "u ! yoke40 ,?is is ! old conception ( ?\ght1 rightly criticis$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey1 =1 closely consid]$1 x turns out to be duali/ic4 ,h[ev]1 z soon z a proposition is recognis$ to conta9 or to re/ ^u dualism1 x becomes a problem4 ,! problem ( mod]n logic is1 ,h[ c we arrive at a moni/ic conception ( logic1 h[ c we rid ourselves ( ! dualism on ! "o side ( facts n yet rationalis$ by ! me?od ( ?\ght-=ms & on ! o!r side ( m9d ) its empty ?\ght-=ms assimilat+ facts to its own nature4 ,our solution ( ! difficulty has be5 propos$1 9 ! s5se outl9$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey1 9 8,fundam5tal ,problems40 ,pr(essor ,dewey1 accord+ to our op9ion1 is "r :5 he says !re is no su* a ?+ z transc5d5tal ?\ght1 or pure ?\ght1 ?\ght by itself4 ,& !re is no su* a ?+ ei!r z fact1 crude irrational *aotic fact4 ,! _w ( fact1 inde$1 is a cosmos & no *aos2 !re nev] 0 a *aos & nev] w be a *aos1 = ! laws ( =m are an ess5tial & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! _w4 ,c !re be any "q h[ ! ord] f\nd 9 ?\ght-=ms orig9ates 9 a _w 9 :i* ! inorganic & unfeel+ m9]al cry/allises 9 a regul> %ape accord+ to /rict ma!matical laws1 i4 e4 ! laws ( =m8 ,a _w 9 :i* ! plant gr[s n o!rwise ?an accord+ to /rict ma!matical laws build+ up roots & /em & leaves & petals & /am5s & all o!r organs ob$i5t to a c]ta9 plan :i* w v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 b ?r\gh\t consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( =mal laws8 ,c !re be any "q t 9 ?is _w ( cosmic h>mony ?\ght-=ms w develop 9 feel+ be+s z a microcosm exhibit+ ! same regul>ity & con=mity to law z d 9 ?is _w all o!r ?+s animate & inanimate8 ,our pure1 i4 e4 m]ely =mal1 ?\ght is an ab/raction :i* s]ves ! purpose ( compreh5sion4 ,& s is ! concept 8matt]10 be+ t :i* produces s5se-impressions4 ,!re are no su* gho/s z pure matt] or pure ?\ghts 9 reality4 ,mod]n logic1 s f> z we conceive x to be "r1 is by no means an ov]?r[ ( ! old =mal ,logic1 g5]ally call$ ,ari/otelian4 ,x is simply an am5dm5t made 9 ord] to exclude an errone\s int]pretation4 ,& s is mod]n ma!matics n s mu* a revolution z an ext5sion ( ! old ,euclidian sy/em4 ,x is a revolution only aga9/ a c]ta9 uncle> conception ( ma!matics accord+ to :i* ?is sci5ce is said to re/ ^u axioms1 ^! axioms repres5t+ absolute tru?--unprovable1 incompreh5sible1 & my/]i\s4#ba ,! ma9 tru? ( monism is t reality =ms "o indivisible :ole & all our concepts are m]e ab/ractions repres5t+ c]ta9 p>ts or c]ta9 features ( ! :ole4 ,z soon z we try to ?9k ( any ( !m z ?+s 9 !mselves we become involv$ 9 inextricable contradictions4 ,x appe>s z if ! =mal sci5ces conta9$ "s tru?s :i* 7 absolute & indep5d5t ( actual reality4 ,b let any "o ?9k ( any numb]1 ( #b or #c1 & he w soon f9d t conceiv$ z absolute be+s !y are mean+less & un?9kable4 ,?is is n to say t numb]s are phantoms1 b t conceiv$ z absolute be+s !y are phantoms4 ,numb]s & all =mal concepts repres5t some?+ real1 !y repres5t pure =ms4 ,& =m is z mu* a "p & feature ( reality z is matt] & en]gy4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,h]mann ,grassmann1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n ma!matics1 has call$ att5tion to ! fact t ,euclid _h a cle>] conception ( ! fundam5tal concepts ( ma!matics ?an 8 ill-in=m$ translators & int]pret]s4 ,grassmann says 9 8 ,ausdehnungslehre3 8,f ! imputation ( conf\nd+ axioms ) assum$ concepts ,euclid himself1 h[ev]1 is free1 ,euclid incorporat$ ! =m] among 8 po/ulates 77 :ile he sep>at$ ! latt] z common concepts 7 7--a proce$+ :i* ev5 on ! "p ( 8 comm5tators 0 no long] und]/ood1 & likewise ) mod]n ma!maticians1 un=tunately = sci5ce1 has met ) little imitation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ab/ract me?ods ( ma!matical sci5ce "k no axioms at all40--,quot$ f ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #gg1 ,a ,flaw 9 ! ,f\ndation ( ,geometry1 by ,h]mann ,grassmann1 translat$ f 8 ,ausdehnungslehre by 4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,belief ,,9 ,,god4 ,its ,orig91 ,nature1 & ,basis4 ,be+ ! ,w9kley ,lectures ( ! ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y = ! ,ye> #ahij4 ,by ,jacob ,g\ld ,s*urmann4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #ahij4 ,! le>n$ ,sage ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 aft] trac+ ! hi/orical orig9 & developm5t ( ! belief 9 ,god1 expresses 8 conviction t ! problem ( ! mod]n !i/ consi/s 9 ! union ( ! ,aryan & ,semitic modes ( int]pret+ exi/5ce4 ,we %all !n h 8a syn!sis ( ! ,fa!r ( all spirits ) ! gr\nd ( all nature40 ,?is is ! hypo!sis develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! lectures deliv]$ by ,pr(essor ,s*urmann la/ ye> be=e ! ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y on ! ,w9kley f\ndation1 t =m ! cont5ts ( ! pres5t volume4 ,! !ism embodi$ 9 t hypo!sis is call$ by ! au?or an?ropocosmic1 because1 :ile x is bas$ on ! facts ( ! univ]se & ^? ( human nature1 ! univ]se mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! t]ms ( man1 & n man 9 ! t]ms ( ! univ]se4 ,! key to ! univ]se is ! self-consci\s spirituality :i* makes u selves & p]sons4 ,h5ce an?ropocosmic !ism is ! doctr9e ( a ,supreme ,be+ 8:o is gr\nd bo? ( nature & ( man1 b ^: ess5ce is n natural b spiritual40 ,be=e consid]+ ! evid5ce = ?is hypo!sis1 let u see :at ! au?or has to say ) ref]5ce to ! logical "* ( ! belief 9 ,god4 ,he %[s t agno/icism--( :i* he treats "u its ?ree significations z ref]r+ to ! me?od ( k1 ! object ( k1 & ! subject ( k--is n consi/5t ) ! insight into nature & ! con/itution ( k ga9$ by ! ,newtonian me?od ( hypo!ses & v]ifications4 ,sci5ce1 z oppos$ to pure ph5om5alism1 assumes t :at has n orig9at$ 9 ! p]cipi5t subject is objectively real1 & x po/ulates ! univ]sality ( law 9 nature1 a po/ulate :i* is ! expression ( a conviction ( 8! unity & univ]sal inn] connection ( all reality40 ,! objective _w _c be und]/ood )\t ref]5ce to our own consci\s exp]i5ce1 & z ! only reality we "k f ! inside is a spiritual ego1 self-consci\s _s mu/ be ascrib$ to ! "o ultimate reality ^: exi/5ce sci5ce assumes1 z t :i* w alone satisfy ! requirem5t ( unity 9 ! mid/ ( *ange4 ,x might be object$ "h1 t ! exi/5ce 9 man ( a spiritual ego requires pro( be=e t ( a univ]sal _s or _w-s\l c be inf]r$ f x4 ,! au?or takes ! exi/5ce ( ! ego = grant$1 a c\rse :i* is q all[able f ! !i/ic /&po9t1 al?\gh1 9 ! face ( :at is n[ kn[n z to ! dissolution ( ! ego "u abnormal conditions ( ! organism1 n sci5tific4 ,hav+ made t assumption & inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god f t ( ! human _s1 ! au?or expla9s ! nature ( ! "o by ref]5ce to t ( ! o!r4 ,he tells u1 t ! f9ite _s is id5tical1 )9 ! limits ( its range1 ) ! inf9ite _s1 because x is an ego1 & t 9 ! ego we h1 n m]ely a mode ( ! div9e activity1 b a "p ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! au?or has no difficulty 9 inf]r+ ! attributes ( ,god f ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by man4 ,?us ,god is a ,god ( righte\sness because ! moral capacity 9 ! human _s mu/ h its gr\nd 9 ! inf9ite ,_s4 ,aga9 univ]sal b5evol5ce or love is ! ideal ( :i* human morality is ! realisation2 h5ce we mu/ conceive ( ! ,_s ( ! univ]se z a ,god ( love4 ,we d n ?9k ! au?or's f9al conclusion1 t 8! ph5om5a bo? ( ! univ]se & ( human life require ! ?9k+ m9d to po/ulate a ,supreme ,gr\nd ( ?+s :i* we are entitl$ to describe z self-consci\s ,_s & lov+ ,fa!r10 is w>rant$ by 8 premises4 ,b we c accept ! /atem5t t our k ( ,god mu/ cont9ue to gr[ ) our k ( man & nature4 ,?r\gh ^! alone c we "k ,him1 b ! difficulty is to int]pret ! revelation4 ,let x be admitt$ also t ! end ( nature is ! production ( man1 & t :at is ref]r$ to by ! au?or z ! human _s is 8! organ ( t communication ( ,god :i* is ! end ( ! univ]se40 ,?is does n 9 reality ?r[ any light on ! nature ( ,god4 ,! utmo/ t c be said is t1 z man is an organism possess+ c]ta9 functions1 ! univ]se1 view$ z ,god1 mu/ h an organic exi/5ce ) functions correspond+ to ^? exhibit$ by ! human organism4 ,! au?or's reason+ 9 support ( ! belief 9 ,god z cause or gr\nd ( ! _w1 & z realis+ purpose 9 ! _w is v +5i\s4 ,he affirms t ! creational =m ( ! argum5t f causality is insuffici5t4 ,x satisfies ! devotional ne$s ( a c]ta9 class ( wor%ip]s1 b :at ! religi\s1 z well z ! sci5tific1 consci\sness dem&s is a ,god 8"h 9 ! _w1 n !re outside ( x or mak+ x40 ,x has n yet be5 %[n t ! univ]se has _h a beg9n+ 9 "t1 & ! argum5t 9 favor ( ! et]nity ( matt] ends ) an assurance ( ! et]nity ( _s alone4 ,_s is ! et]nal reality1 & nature its et]nal manife/ation1 ! latt] be+ no m sep>able f ! =m] 8?an ! spok5 ^w f ! ?\ght x symbolises40 ,! causal relation is1 h[ev]1 absolutely necess>y = our appreh5sion ( ! facts ( ! univ]se1 & z x _c be int]pret$ )\t contradiction z an action betwe5 indep5d5t be+s1 x mu/ be expla9$ z ! et]nal dep5d5ce ( ! _w ^u ,god4 ,?is implies t ,god mu/ be volitional z well z self-consci\s2 8= )\t w !re c\ld be no activity1 no effici5t causation1 no mat]ial univ]se40 ,! univ]se is ?us ! et]nal expression ( ! div9e w4 ,b :at is ! purpose realis$ 9 creation8 ,! activity ( ! div9e w precludes ! notion ( a bl9dly work+ nature4 ,z creation is ! et]nal self-revelation ( ,god1 ! supreme & preconceiv$ end ( all ?+s mu/ be ! glory ( ,god4 ,b man is indisp5sable = ! atta9m5t ( ,god's glory1 & !re=e ! end ( nature z a realis$ s*eme ( div9e ideas is ! production ( man4 ,! volitional & teleological argum5ts z ?us /at$ by ! au?or are consi/5t ) ! !ory ( evolution develop$ by ,d>w91 b !y may be combatt$ on o!r gr\nds connect$ ) ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god z "o ) ,nature4 ,) ?is obs]vation1 we mu/ leave ,pr(essor ,s*urmann's v ?\ghtful book :i*1 al?\gh = ! reasons we h /at$1 n conclusive1 pres5ts ! !i/ic argum5t ) great cle>ness & 9 its /ronge/ =m4 4 ,,judaism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ,?\ght f ,old ,te/am5t to ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ,craw=d ,h[ell ,toy4 ,bo/on3 ,little1 ,br[n ,co4 #ahij4 ,?is "w is ano!r contribution to t g5u9e hi/ory :i* is alone compet5t to imp>t any true in/ruction4 ,9 x ! au?or und]takes to give an acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( ,*ri/ianity z a *ild ( ,judaism4 ,x seems to be ! !sis ( ! au?or t ^? conceptions & beliefs t *>act]ise any =m ( religion are r det]m9$ by ! social evolution ?an t ! social progress & its features are det]m9$ by ! evolution ( ideas among :i* ! religi\s ideas are specially influ5tial4 ,9 8 introduction ! au?or sket*es out 8 view ( ! g5]al laws ( social progress z ! same are relat$ to religi\s ?\ght4 ,he notices 9 hi/ory ! t5d5cy ( e?nic religions to give way to or to develop into univ]sal religions1 & argues t ,*ri/ianity is de/9$ to ov]come all its rivals & prevail univ]sally4 ,?is k9d ( a conclusion is a natural "o to foll[ f ! !ory t ! "* ( ?\ght is det]m9$ by social circum/ances & progress4 ,b if x be true t ! special c\rse ( ! evolution ( ?\ght & its *>act]i/ic =m at any epo* is det]m9$ by causes t are uncontroll$ by social conditions1 t z betwe5 ?\ght & society ?\ght is ! ma/]ful factor1 !n q ano!r conclusion may ensue4 ,b ! dubitable nature ( ! ma9 !sis ( ! "w does n mu* detract f ! great excell5ce ( ! "w 9 g5]al4 ,z a hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ,jewi% religi\s conceptions & beliefs f ! v fir/ until ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,aft] a discussion ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,jews & ! =mation ( ! canon1 ! au?or proce$s to describe 9 full detail ! nature g5esis & mutations ( ! c>d9al religi\s doctr9es z !y reveal$ !mselves to ! ,israelite1 ,jewi%1 & e>ly ,*ri/ian insight4 ,! entire body ( ! data are int]pret$ 9 consonance ) ! mod]n sci5tific idea ( ! organic nature ( society4 ,jesus is reg>d$ z ! ma/] _s t creat$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ,paul :om _m w\ld in/all z ! real au?or ( ! same is accord+ly giv5 only a second place4 ,altoge!r x may be said t ,pr(essor ,toy has giv5 u a mo/ valuable contribution to religi\s hi/ory & to ! sci5tific int]pretation ( ! same4 4 ,,pronaos ,,to ,,holy ,,writ4 ,e/abli%+1 on ,docum5t>y ,evid5ce1 ! ,au?or%ip1 ,date1 ,=m1 & ,cont5ts ( ea* ( its ,books1 & ! ,au!nticity ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,by ,isaac ,m4 ,wise4 ,c9c9nati3 ,rob]t ,cl>ke ,co4 #ahia4 ,rabbi ,isaac ,wise1 ! presid5t ( ! ,hebrew ,union ,college ( ,c9c9nati & ! ,ne/or ( ,or?odox ,judaism 9 ,am]ica1 pres5ts 9 ! 8,pronaos to ,holy ,writ0 a review ( ! ,biblical books ) comm5ts z to _! au!nticity & ! times 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,hav+ read ^! 8books & e ^w !re( 9 ! orig9al = a t]m ( sixty-six ye>s1 i4 e4 f boyhood up to 8 sev5ty-second bir?day10 & hav+ 8acqua9t$ himself ) all ! anci5t v]sions & comm5t>ies & a l>ge portion ( ! mod]n translations & comm5t>ies ( ! ,bible10 ! au?or is entitl$ to be he>d4 ,rabbi ,wise is a /]n mono!i/ & he decl>es3 8,god only did create light out ( d>kness2 man _c produce tru? out ( fiction1 unless 9 8 self-delusion problematic tru? satisfies him4 ,all s-call$ gems ( tru? buri$ "u ! quicks& ( fiction & deception are problematic at be/1 if n support$ by au?oritative corroborants40 ,?is is true4 ,all tru? dep5ds ^u v]ification4 ,we _c make tru?1 b mu/ f9d x1 we mu/ be able to corroborate x1 & ! corroborants ( tru? are its au?ority4 ,dr4 ,wise's idea ( a corroborant is diff]5t f ours1 he says3 8,no "o c speak consci5ti\sly ( ,bible tru? be=e he kn[s t ! ,bible is true1 & especially 9 its hi/orical data40 ,?is seems to indicate t we mu/ h a belief 9 ! tru? ( ! ,bible be=e we inve/igate x & t moral tru?s1 ! e?ics1 ! philosophy ( ! ,bible dep5d ^u its hi/orical data4 ,we _c g s f> ) ! au?or ( ! ,pronaos4 ,dr4 ,wise says3 8,! sci5ce commonly call$ ,mod]n ,biblical ,criticism1 actually ,negative ,criticism :i* ma9ta9s on ! /r5g? ( unsci5tific me?ods t ! ,p5tateu* is n compos$ ( orig9al ,mosaic mat]ial1 no ,psalms are ,davidian1 no ,prov]bs ,solomonic1 ! hi/orical books are unhi/orical1 ! prophecies 7 writt5 po/ fe/um1 !re 0 no revelation1 inspiration1 or prophecy1 mu/ also ma9ta9 t ! ,bible is a comp5dium ( pi\s or ev5 impi\s frauds1 wilful deceptions1 unscrupul\s misrepres5tations40 ,dr4 ,wise ?\ght x necess>y to meet ,negative ,criticism ) ! docum5t>y evid5ce & = ?is purpose he wrote 8 ,pronaos1 :i* is to be an entrance-hall to ! ,temple ( ,biblical ,tru?4 ,we d n side ) ! negativism ( c]ta9 biblical critics1 = we believe t hi/orical inve/igations h prov$ l>ge portions ( ! ,p5tateu* to be ,mosaic1 sev]al psalms to be ,davidian1 & ! hi/orical books to conta9 z mu* hi/ory z _m old hi/orical books conta94 ,we believe t !y h to be judg$ & se>*$ & comm5t$ j z mu* & 9 ! same _s ( sci5tific inquiry z our philologi/s treat ,h]odotus or ,livy4 ,b ! value ( ! ,bible1 9 our op9ion1 does n dep5d ^u ! acceptance or rejection ( ^! or ^? hi/orical data2 nor is x necess>y to consid] ! ,hebrew prophets z special revelations ( ,god1 9 contradi/9ction to ! div9e revelation 9 nature & ! hi/ory ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,x may be true en\gh t ! or?odox ,god-idea ( ,mono!ism dep5ds ^u ! belief 9 special revelation & prophecies1 & x is also true t mo/ ( ! ,biblical criticism has be5 de/ructive & negative4 ,b !re is a way possible betwe5 bo? /&po9ts :i* may be call$ positive criticism4 ,?is positive criticism attempts to und]/& ! v life & mean+ ( ! old religion1 x attempts to compreh5d ! belief ( ! or?odox & con/rue x 9 ! t]ms ( sci5ce--i4 e4 ( rational & cle> ?\ght4 ,religion is c]ta9ly n a m]e fraud or a va9 illusion1 x is an ideal :i* develop$ naturally out ( c]ta9 ne$s ( man & ! conditions ( society4 ,t religi\s ideas1 especially ! idea ( ,god z ! cosmic p[] :i* repres5ts ! moral au?ority1 are no m]e fictions1 is prov$ by _! survival1 & ^? :o believe 9 evolution %\ld n be bl9d to ! fact t !re is some?+ good1 some?+ true1 some?+ well adapt$ to surr\nd+s 9 religion4 ,to f9d ^! elem5ts ( tru? & goodness :i* con/itute ! life ( religion is n m]e negative criticism1 b positive criticism1 & x is n at all necess>y = ^? :o aspire 9 ?is direction1 to believe 9 any hi/orical data1 or 9 special revelations1 or 9 prophecies1 or 9 ! p]sonality ( ,god1 b simply to tru/ 9 tru?4 ,tru? is ! only way ( salvation ev5 ?\gh x may %att] ! mo/ sacr$ idols ( a v5]able or?odoxy4 ,! cont5ts ( ! book %[ t ! /&po9t ( ! au?or does n bl9d him to ! f9] traits ( ! natural developm5t ( 8 religion4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ,solomon's rationalism is excell5tly contra/$ ) ! _s :i* manife/$ itself 9 ! ,judges z well z ! ,prophets4 ,! au?or ( ! ,judges 0 an outspok5 !ocratic democrat4 8,he lit]ally p\rs out 8 abhorr5ce ( ! mon>*ical anti-!ocratic in/itution 9 n>rat+ ! /ory ( ! fir/ usurp] ,abimele*1 ! son ( ,gideon4444 ,entirely diff]5t are ! language & t5d5cy ( ! two app5dices1 evid5tly writt5 by ano!r au?or1 :o ev9ces 8 animosity to ! democratic =m ( gov]nm5t by say+ f\r times3 #8,9 ^? days !re 0 no k+ 9 ,israel1' to :i* he adds twice #8e man did :at seem$ "r 9 8 sight'0 7p4 #df74 8,! ,solomonic e?ics is a comm5t>y on ! ,mosaic e?ics1 z by reason und]/ood4444 ,man's k ( e?ical doctr9e is id5tical ) 8 k ( ,god's moral attributes1 & all moral obligation has its root 9 ! ,mosaic ,god-idea44440 ,accord+ to ,solomon 8wisdom bas$ ^u & root$ 9 ! fe> ( ,jehovah ) ! reveal$ mat]ial be=e !m 0 all-suffici5t1 )\t any fur!r special oracles ( any prophets4 ,?is peculi> rationalism br\ght ^u him ! ire ( prophets & rabbis0 7p4 #aaa74 ,"s review]s ( ,dr4 ,wise's book w probably f9d fault ) him t he has tak5 little if any acc\nt ( ! results ( mod]n biblical inve/igations4 ,& ?is is a griev\s fault 9 our times :]e x seems to be ess5tial = a s*ol> & au?or to h read ! v late/ ?+s publi%$ on a subject :ile an acqua9tance ) ! views ( ! classical old au?orities is consid]$ unnecess>y4 ,x appe>s t ,dr4 ,wise did n int5d to pres5t 8 views or criticisms ( & 8 answ]s to ! late/ biblical inve/igations4 ,x may ev5 be t he is n famili> ) _m ( !m4 ,grant+ ?is to be a fault ( 8 book x is1 nev]!less1 refre%+ to u to f9d an au?or :o has actually read & is excell5tly famili> ) all ! old s\rces ( ! subject he is writ+ ^u4 4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,geometry4 ,by ,edw>d ,t4 ,dixon4 ,cambridge 7,eng473 ,deighton1 ,bell ,co4 #ahia4 ,?is "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! fir/ conta9+ su* doctr9es ( psy*ology & logic z ! au?or deems s\nd & useful = 8 purposes1 ! second exhibit+ ! au?or's 8subjective !ory ( geometry d$uc$ f ! two fundam5tal concepts position & direction10 & ! ?ird 8on ! applicability ( ! =ego+ subjective geometry to ! geometry ( mat]ial space40 ,9 8 preface ! au?or expresses 8 desire t ^? :o criticise 8 "w %all 8consid] categorically0 c]ta9 que/ions relat+ to 8 !ory ( def9ition1 to ! def9itions & axioms prescrib$ by him1 to 8 pro(s ( propositions & to ! 8objective applications0 ( 8 ?ree axioms4 ,geometry may be /udi$ = two di/9ct purposes1 nei!r ( :i* necess>ily involves ! o!r4 ,unless ! aim is ma9ly ! discipl9e ( ! logical faculty1 x is pla9ly a poor me?od ( /udy to pore ov] ! def9itions1 axioms1 po/ulates1 !orems1 problems1 & demon/rations ( ,euclid or any simil> text-book4 ,practical res\rces & geometrical in=mation c be acquir$ mu* bett] & m rapidly by a c\rse ( me*anical draw+ ) "h & !re a m or less loose explanation ( ! gr\nds & reasons t w>rant ! geometrical doctr9es1 ?an by means ( ! ,euclidian c\rse4 ,"u su* a me?od ( in/ruction ! /ud5t w\ld r>ely feel any real d\bt z to ! tru? ( 8 geometrical k4 ,b :]e ! p>am\nt aim is ! tra9+ ( ! reason ! ,euclidian rigor is all important4 ,h5ce ! p]fection ( t me?od by ! discov]y & c]tification ( ! ultimate gr\nds on :i*1 & ! pr9ciples by :i*1 x may be unfold$ sy/ematically & 9 necess>y & suffici5t sequ5ce )\t presumption or fallacy1 is an object ( ! mo/ mom5t\s conc]n to sci5ce1 to philosophy1 & to culture 9 g5]al4 ,= x is well kn[n t h[ev] good an acc\nt elem5t>y geometry may give ( its sup]/ructure ! reports giv5 ( its f\ndations are all v f> f satisfactory4 ,repeat$ & /r5u\s ef=ts h be5 made1 & by ! mo/ compet5t ( our race1 to discov] & c]tify ! true /ate ( ! case 9 respect to ! geometrical f\ndations1 9 ord] t ! :ole edifice ( t sci5ce %all display ?r\gh\t ! same ?or\gh-go+ necessity & suffici5cy t di/+ui%es x 9 g5]al4 ,! au?or ( ! "w "u review is p]suad$ t he is n[ able to p]=m ?is s desirable s]vice4 ,he av]s 8 belief t ! sy/em ( geometry he 8has set =? 9 ?is book is logically s\nd & t consequ5tly ! m x is discuss$ & criticis$1 ! m firmly w x become e/abli%$40 ,he takes 8 /& ^u two fundam5tal concepts1 position & direction1 :i* he def9es n explicitly b 8implicitly40 ,?is leads u to consid] 8 fir/ "q & 8 !ory ( def9ition4 ,! emb>rassm5ts t involve ! f\ndations ( elem5t>y geometry are ma9ly1 if n :olly1 ^? :i* involve ! g5]al problems ( def9ition4 ,n[ a def9ition is ! c]tification ( ! purport ( a "n by means ( a /atem5t or a conspiracy ( /atem5ts necess>y & suffici5t to t end4 ,b names are con/itu5ts absolutely necess>y = ! =mation ( any /atem5t1 s t ! above def9ition ( a def9ition may be re/at$ ?us3 ,a def9ition is ! c]tification ( ! purport ( "o "n by means ( o!r names1 necess>y & suffici5t to c]tify ! purport ( ! "o def9$4 ,evid5tly !n1 def9ition c only lead u f "n to "n 9 un5d+ process1 or to "s undef9able "n1 or to "s "n t we *oose to leave undef9$2 & ! "q arises1 on :at sort ( names %all we take our /& z ultimate gr\nds8 ,our au?or answ]s ?is "q z foll[s3 8,! prop\nd] ( a sci5tific !ory is n ( c\rse expect$ to tea* 8 read]s to speak1 x is only necess>y = him to def9e ! t]ms peculi> to 8 sci5ce1 or ^? to :i* he wi%es to atta* peculi> mean+s4 ,he may !re=e assume t ! mean+s ( all o!r words are kn[n to 8 read]s40 ,he !n prop\nds t 8all t is logically requir$ = a def9ition is "o or m ass]tions ) reg>d to ! ^w to be def9$ or1 its attributes10 provid$ 8!y are n demon/rably incompatible ) ea* o!r40 ,al?\gh our au?or conceives t logical compet5ce requires no m ?an ?is = a good def9ition1 he yet goes on to rem>k1 t 8if ! def9ition is to =m ! basis ( a d$uctive sci5ce x is fur!r advisable t ! ass]tions %\ld be indep5d5t10 & t 8:]e x is requir$ to def9e a t]m ^: d5otation is already kn[n1 x is fur!r necess>y n only t ! ass]tions %\ld be commonly accept$ z true ) respect to x1 b t !y %\ld re/rict ! mean+ ( ! t]m exactly to its accept$ d5otation1 nei!r m nor less1 & %\ld d s 9 ! simple/ mann] t c be devis$40 ,x is ^u ?is !ory ( def9ition t our au?or reque/s ( 8 critics a 8categorical0 answ] to 8 fir/ "q1 8,d y accept ! requirem5ts ,i h laid d[n = a logical def9ition8 7,if n please /ate :i* ( !m y object to1 :y y object to x1 & :at y w\ld propose to sub/itute = x470 ,s9ce x is a 8categorical0 answ] t is reque/$ & s9ce also x is ! matt] ( def9ition t is put 9 issue1 we wi% t our au?or _h be5 m def9ite & _h made 8 propositions bett] issuable1 = we mu/ prote/ t we reg>d ourselves oblig$ to answ] to :at we c be/ conceive to be ! au?or's true mean+s r ?an to :at he has explicitly said4 ,we d n conceive t he reg>ds x z necess>y to a def9ition t ! def9+ ass]tions %\ld be express$ 89 ! simple/ mann] t c be devis$40 ,we h also to take 8 use ( ! ^w 8re/rict0 z import+ completion z well z limitation1 & 8 use ( ! ^w 8requirem5ts0 z int5d+ conditions t toge!r are suffici5t z well z necess>y4 ,if we are "r 9 our und]/&+ ( ! mean+s ( our au?or he contemplates f\r cases1 fir/1 ! def9ition ( a "n t has no d5otation already kn[n & t is n to =m ! basis ( a d$uctive sci5ce1 second1 ! def9ition ( a "n t has no d5otation already kn[n b :i* is to =m ! basis ( a d$uctive sci5ce1 ?ird1 ! def9ition ( a "n t has a d5otation already kn[n b :i* is n to =m ! basis ( a d$uctive sci5ce1 & f\r? ! def9ition ( a "n t has a d5otation already kn[n & is to =m ! basis ( a d$uctive sci5ce4 ,9 ?is f\r? case our au?or deems x requisite = a logical def9ition t !re %all be made "o or m ass]tions ab\t ! subject ( def9ition t are n demon/rably incompatible ) "o ano!r1 t are indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 t are commonly accept$ z true 9 respect to ! subject def9$ & t 8re/rict0 ! mean+ ( ! "n "u def9ition exactly to its accept$ d5otation4 ,x seems to u t ?is la/ requirem5t disp5ses ) ! necessity ( all ! re/4 ,if we h provid$ an ass]tion or a set ( ass]tions t d 9 fact complete & limit ! mean+ ( ! subject ( def9ition exactly to its prop] d5otation t is a def9ition 9 full4 ,x implies t ! def9+ ass]tions are all consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 & 9 case any ass]tion is dep5d5t ^u "o or m ( ! re/ t is a circum/ance :olly immat]ial4 ,utile p] inutile non nocetur4 ,aga91 :at is x to be commonly accept$ z true8 ,does logical compet5ce dep5d on ! alt]+ /ates ( our k or on ! fluctuations ( op9ion8 ,0 a :ale logically def9$ z a fi% be=e we le>n$ t x 0 a mammal8 ,! ?ird case all[s ( ! application ( ! same comm5t z t made ^u ! f\r?4 ,b 9 ! fir/ & second cases ! doctr9es ( ! au?or z well z 8 suppositions are v notable4 ,he supposes ! anomaly ( names )\t any kn[n d5otation1 by :i* he may mean ^? :i* h no application :atev]4 ,9 respect to su* he prop\nds t !y may be giv5 a logical def9ition by mak+ "o or v>i\s consi/5t ass]tions z applicable to !m or to _! attributes4 8,! pro( ( ! pudd+ w be f\nd 9 ! eat+10 z our au?or says4 ,s let u say t a tr(t may be p]ceiv$ :5ev] our att5tion is excit$1 & t tr(ts are ( multitud9\s v>iety4 ,d ^! ass]tions con/itute a logical def9ition8 ,x is a prime requisite = a def9ition t ! def9+ ass]tion or ass]tions %all h a mean+1 :i* is ! same z to say t names mu/ be employ$ t are already significant4 ,^! significant names mu/ be s us$ t ! intellectual s5sibility %all be excit$ to p]ceive 9 a det]m9ate way t :i* is int5d$ to be def9$4 ,9 o!r words1 s5se & n nons5se mu/ be produc$ 9 ! m9d t consid]s ! def9ition4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 our au?or int5ds su* words z electricity1 or _s1 or en]gy4 ,because ( ! consid]ations above indicat$ & o!rs we _c accept ! au?or's requirem5ts = a logical def9ition z a :ole4 ,"s ( !m are 9 "s ( 8 cases unnecess>y1 :ile tak5 toge!r !y supply no new means :]eby to solve ! sev]al problems ( def9ition4 ,! au?or's subjective !ory ( geometry is pla9ly ! outgr[? ( 8 confid5ce 9 ! solv5t p[] ( ! concept ( direction z a prime datum ( geometry4 ,ev]y?+ ( consequ5ce 9 8 essay dep5ds ^u ! wor? ( ?is concept z a geometrical f\ndation4 ,consid]+ ! disp>agem5t t has be5 visit$ ^u t concept by num]\s writ]s ( good geometrical rank we naturally look = consid]ations t5d+ to remove ! discr$it t has befall5 t notion4 ,in/ead h[ev] ( ?is we f9d ! mo/ palpable set ( circul> def9itions4 ,direction is def9$ by direction 9 ! mo/ di/ract+ way1 ?us3 87a7 ,a direction may be conceiv$ to be indicat$ by nam+ two po9ts z ! direction f "o to ! o!r40 ,! inaptitude ( ! t]m direction = use 9 geometry is root$ 9 its ambigu\s purport4 ,z commonly us$ x means at lea/ ?ree di/9ct b closely associat$ notions :i* become confus$ 9 ?\ght & expression unless ! mo/ solicit\s c>e is tak5 to di/+ui% !m4 ,:5 we speak ( ! direction ( "o po9t f ano!r or ( ! direction f "o po9t to ano!r we mean ! /raight (f-ness or f-ness or to-ness :i* "o be>s to ! o!r2 9 o!r words a relation ( sep>ation & /raight m$iation4 ,:5 aga9 we speak ( ! direction ( a motion we int5d ! indef9ite /raight s5se ( its procession1 :i* is n a relation b an attribute ( ! motion4 ,:5 /ill aga9 we speak ( ! direction ( a l9e we mean its /raight lay z comp>$ or z comp>able ) o!r actual or possible correlates :i* is aga9 a relation b n necess>ily ! same relation z t t obta9s betwe5 two po9ts4 ,9 all ^! mean+s ! notion ( /raightness is involv$1 & c\ld we say 9 lieu ( /raightness fir/ directness & !n direction & hold+ fa/ 9 ?\ght ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 make a n\n ( x1 s t a direction w\ld int5d ! same z a /raightness & no m1 x might obta9 a useful geometric t]m & notion4 ,to def9e x we might fir/ def9e a l9e ?us3 ,a l9e is a space b\nd>y t is indef9itely long b n o!rwise ( any ext5t4 ,!n1 a direction is a l9e su* t betwe5 ! po9ts t b\nd any assign$ p>cel ( x no copy ( said p>cel is possible4 ,b direction purports to our au?or ! second ( ! mean+s above set =?1 namely1 ! indef9ite /raight s5se ( ! procession ( a motion4 ,def9ite p>cels ( a direction ?us und]/ood are id5tical ) vectors4 ,n[ ! notion ( /raightness is aft] ! notions ( po9t & l9e ! mo/ fundam5tal "o ( geometry & ! "o :i* is altoge!r ! mo/ prom95t & useful4 ,x is ! necess>y means = any def9ition ( a vector or ( ! notion :i* our au?or deems s important4 ,z /raightness is attributable only to l9es & long ?+s :i* a l9e may repres5t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we def9e /raightness or a /raight l9e1 b a ma/]ful p]=mance ( ?is def9ition is absolutely necess>y be=e ! f\ndations ( geometry c be abid+ly c]tifi$4 ,our au?or def9es a /raight l9e ?us3 8,a /raight l9e is a cont9u\s s]ies ( po9ts ext5d+ f ea* ( !m 9 ! same two directions40 ,:at k9d ( a ?+ a cont9u\s s]ies ( po9ts may be we are n told b z a po9t is def9$ to be 8a portion ( matt] s small t = ! purpose 9 h& v>iations ( positions )9 x may be neglect$0 we take x t a /raight l9e is a cont9u\s s]ies ( p>ticles ( matt]4 ,! 8purpose 9 h&0 9 ?is case mu/ ( c\rse be ! purpose ( geometry4 ,9 def9+ an angle our au?or fir/ lays d[n t 8,! diff]5ce betwe5 two directions is call$ _! incl9ation to "o ano!r0 & !n 8,! measure ( an incl9ation is call$ an angle40 ,consid]+ t x is ! doctr9e ( ! au?or t e /raight l9e has two contr>y directions ! measure ( ^: incl9ation is an angle ( "o hundr$ & eighty degrees1 we imag9e a nor!a/ s\?we/ l9e cutt+ an ea/ we/ l9e & wond] if ! "r h& upp] angle is really two angles accord+ to :e!r or n ! directions bo? pass to ! left or bo? pass to ! "r or pass "o to ! left & ! o!r to ! "r4 ,7 ?is an ord9>y "w we might reg>d x z due to ! au?or to notice ! _m excell5cies :i* *>act]ise x1 9 spite ( ! defects :i* we notice4 ,b z our au?or evid5tly realises1 ! em95t dignity ( ! topic *all5ges & its s+ul> importance dem&s unsp>+ criticism4 ,he :o (f]s to in/ruct ! _w on ! f\ndations ( geometry draws 8 sword & ?r[s away ! scabb>d1 & l a d\ghty *ampion he w scorn to accept any favor1 priz+ only su* success z he %all take at ! po9t ( an efficacy ( treatm5t t conqu]s all compet5t & c&id criticism4 ,/r+5t z are su* t]ms ( conte/ an au?or :o is a wor?y competitor 9 ! field ( geometric rese>* c be well cont5t ) !m 9 ! p]ception t ! v same conditions apply 9 full =ce to ! comm5ts ( 8 critics4 ,! au?or is und\bt$ly an able man & a close ?9k]4 ,he has conc5trat$ 8 m9d ^u a "w t is wor? ! en]gy ( a lifetime4 ,b we mu/ confess our judgm5t to be t 9 spite ( 8 capacity & evid5t devotion he has come %ort ( ! high result to :i* he has aspir$4 4 ,,les ,f,,tes ,,de ,,montpelli]4 ,,prom5ade ,a ,,trav]s ,,les ,,*oses1 ,,les ,,hommes ,,et ,,les ,,idees4 ,by ,j4 ,delbuf4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 ,we h "h a *>m+ n>rative by ! well-kn[n ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige ( 8 visit to ! ftes ( ,montpelli]1 und]tak5 9 great measure to make ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( ,m4 ,dauriac1 ! critic 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique ( ! au?or's "w 8,la matire brute et la matire vivante40 ,! description giv5 ( ! ftes1 :i* m>k$ ! six? c5t5>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli]1 is v ent]ta9+1 z is ! acc\nt ( ! j\rney ?r\gh ! ,s\? ( ,france2 b z ,m4 ,delbuf says t he 0 m curi\s to become acqua9t$ ) m5 ?an ) places1 :at he tells u ab\t ! =m] w be ! m int]e/+4 ,! au?or1 ) ! companions ( 8 t\r1 c\ld n pass ,nancy )\t /opp+ to see 8! ma/]s 9 ! sci5ce ( hypnotism0 !re4 ,an acc\nt ( :at he saw & he>d gives ! au?or ! opportunity ( repeat+ 8,t he does n reg>d =getfulness on awak+ z *>act]i/ic ( pr(\nd hypnosis1 & t exp]i5ce is aga9/ ! efficacity ( crim9al sugge/ion unless ! subject is crim9ally incl9$40 ,! ftes at ,montpelli] comm5c$ ) a religi\s s]vice 9 ! ,ca!dral1 dur+ :i* ! ,bi%op1 ,m4 de ,cabrires1 prea*$ a s]mon s lib]al 9 tone1 t ,m4 ,delbuf ?9ks ! "t is arriv+ :5 ! *ur* w demon/rate t ,moses 0 ! precursor ( ,d>w94 ,at ! ,univ]sity reception :i* foll[$1 ,m4 ,delbuf s\ght out among ! pr(essors = 8 fri5d ,m4 ,dauriac1 :om he _h figur$ :5 fir/ he he>d f him z small1 ?9 & d>k1 b n[ f\nd1 9 accordance ) ! usual rule 9 su* cases1 t he 0 tall1 robu/ & fair4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! subsequ5t conv]sations ! two ,pr(essors made mutual confid5ces1 ,m4 ,dauriac confess+ t 8 true vocation 0 music1 & t he 0 prep>+ a "w on ! psy*ology ( ! musician2 :ile ,m4 ,delbuf in=m$ 8 fri5d t he 0 ab\t to reply to 8 criticism ( 8,la matire brute et la matire vivante10 & t he w\ld ?r[ ! greate/ light on ! orig91 :i* 0 /ill obscure1 ( life & dea?4 ,if ! g5ial ,lige ,pr(essor c d ?is1 he may be ! fir/ to reap ! b5efit ref]r$ to 9 8 own words3 8,! discov]y ( ! cause ( dea? c\ld n fail to assure ! immortality ( its au?or & its inspir]1 & soon] or lat] t ( humanity at l>ge40 ,=1 accord+ to a m$ical adage1 if ! cause ( a disease is kn[n x is already conqu]$4 ,montpelli] 0 honor$ dur+ ! ftes ) ! pres5ce ( ,helmholtz1 to :om b = national jeal\sy w\ld h be5 confid$ ! "p ( speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! =eign univ]sities4 ,nev]!less he 0 ! true h]o ( ! occasion1 & :5 at ! (ficial reception1 on ! ,presid5t ( ! ,republic %ak+ 8 h& & say+ a few graci\s words someone feebly hiss$1 ,helmholtz receiv$ 9 response a p]fect ovation ( applause4 ,m4 ,delbuf met ) a cong5ial _s 9 ! ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,m4 ,sabati]1 :o has a laboratory at ,cette4 ,_! views on free-w 7 9 sympa?y4 ,!y agre$ 9 all[+ fre$om n only to ! sup]ior animals1 & to inf]ior animals & plants1 b ev5 to s call$ inorganic matt]4 ,m4 ,sabati] is a ,*ri/ian & at ! same "t a conv9c$ trans=mi/2 hav+ arriv$ at 8 views f religi\s consid]ations4 ,he cit$ ,m4 ,dauriac z say+1 8,! reign ( det]m9ism is n 9 ! objective _w2 its empire ext5ds itself ov] nature only aft] hav+ be5 ex]cis$ ov] ?\ght4 ,!re is no o!r necessity ?an t ( logic or ma!matics40 ,m4 ,delbuf is evid5tly an 8indet]m9i/0 by nature4 ,he he>tily sympa?is$ ) ! /ud5ts 9 all _! demon/rations ( fre$om1 al?\gh "o ( !m assum$ a some:at s]i\s "*4 ,d9+ 9 ! op5 air ) ,m4 ,milhaud ! au?or ( an article 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique on non-,euclidian geometry1 he 0 prep>$ to talk ma!matics4 ,! surr\nd+s 7 too mu* = him1 h[ev]1 & 9 recall+ ! sc5e he cries1 8,to ! devil ) philosophy & ma!matics6 ,i _c recall :at we said2 9 my remembrances1 ,i see only bloom+ faces1 ,i he> only ! indi/9ct bur/s ( gaity40 ,m4 ,delbuf's sympa!tic nature is %[n 9 ! fact1 :i* he records1 t wild animals 9 conf9em5t soon become famili> ) him4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( ! au?or's j\rney 0 to see ,m4 ,gabriel ,t>de1 8"o ( ! mo/ prolific & orig9al publici/s 9 ,france1 if n 9 ,europe10 :o resides at ,s>lat4 ,aft] quot+ passages f an article ( ,m4 ,t>de on ,social ,d>w9ism1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,m4 ,delbuf rem>ks t no?+ is m attractive & at ! same "t m fatigu+ ?an ! read+ ( 8 works4 ,m4 ,t>de is 8! locomotive t c>ries y to ! end ( y\r j\rney across c\ntries by turns wild1 agricultural1 indu/rial1 picturesque2 b )\t giv+ y "t to reg>d & admire40 ,ref]r+ to ,m4 ,t>de's acute criticisms ( ,lombroso & 8 !ories1 ! au?or says1 8,x is n t he /rikes ! pseudo-?9k] ) =midable bl[s1 b he makes him drop g5tly to ! gr\nd40 ,! ,fr5* publici/ sees 9 imitation ! s\rce ( social life1 & he has be5 long engag$ 9 develop+ ! idea1 to ! great importance ( :i* ,m4 ,delbuf be>s witness2 al?\gh he objects to ! use :i* ,m4 ,t>de makes ( t]ms tak5 f ma!matics1 physics1 & biology1 to express 8 sociological views4 ,on ! "q ( free-w !re 0 no agreem5t4 ,al?\gh ! latt] is a det]m9i/1 he believes 9 p5al responsibility1 on ! gr\nd ( p]sonal id5tity2 ! diseas$ p]son or ! madman is no long] himself1 9 :i* !y diff] f ! crim9al4 ,we c say no?+ ( ,m4 ,delbuf's visit to ! canons ( ! ,t>n4 ,"h 0 captur$ a liz>d :i* display$1 :5 comp>$ ) a ,spani% liz>d 9 captivity ) x1 z mu* diff]5ce 9 "* z c\ld be f\nd betwe5 two m5 *os5 at haz>d4 ,! au?or concludes an amus+ description ( ! habits ( ! two captives by recomm5d+ _! hi/ory to ! politicians & ! hi/orians ( ,france & ,spa91 z likely to ?r[ light on t ( ! peoples !mselves4 ,we leave ,m4 ,delbuf1 ^: book ( sev5ty-five pages may be said to be z full ( int]e/+ matt] z an egg is ( meat1 ) quot+ 8 po/script3 8,on ! day t ^! l9es appe> 7,m>* #ahia7 ! ,spani% liz>d has f9ally ca/ (f 8 savage "* & foll[s 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,fr5*4 ,effect ( imitation40 4 ,,d] ,,positivismus ,,vom ,,tode ,,augu/ ,,comte',s ,,bis ,,auf ,,uns]e ,,tage 7#aheg-ahia74 ,by ,h]mann ,grub]1 ,s4 ,j4 ,freiburg im ,breisgau3 ,h]d]'s*e ,v]lag%&lung4 #ahia4 ,?is pamphlet ( #aid pages is ! cont9uation ( ano!r pamphlet on ,augu/ ,comte1 ! f\nd] ( ,positivism1 :i* 0 review$ 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,no4 #acd4 ,! au?or is a ,jesuit & x is a matt] ( c\rse t all ! facts he relates1 all ! doctr9es he expla9s are repres5t$ f ! /&po9t ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,! booklet is ( great importance 9 s f> z we le>n ?r\gh x :at an erudite ,ca?olic m9d ?9ks ( t rec5t movem5t ( philosophy :i* has be5 call$ by ! collective "n ,positivism4 ,! me?od pursu$ by ,h]mann ,grub] is mo/ recomm5dable4 ,he /ates facts & quotes abundantly s z to let ! v>i\s philosoph]s speak = !mselves4 ,he is economical ) ! salt ( 8 own op9ion1 yet he uses x ) su* a discretion t ,roman ,ca?olics c become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) infidel views )\t suff]+ 9 _! fai?4 ,! book consi/s ( two p>ts3 7,i7 ,! ,positivism ( ! s*ools 9 connection ) ,comte & ( ! ,positivi/ic movem5t outside ( ^! s*ools4 ,! fir/ "p beg9s ) a discussion ( ,littr4 ,littr1 8! voice1 ! _s & ! s\l ( ,positivism10 z ,b\rdon calls him1 is *>act]is$ z a philological g5ius4 ,al?\gh he _h *os5 ! m$ical pr(ession1 :i* h[ev] he ab&on$ e>ly1 & al?\gh he reg>d$ ! propag&a ( ! positive philosophy z 8 life-"w1 all 8 tal5ts lay 9 ! direction ( special inve/igation 9 ! lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & l+ui/ic fields1 & ! edit+ ( ! ,fr5* diction>y rema9s 8 ma9 a*ievem5t4 ,comte _h n nom9at$ a successor :o %\ld 9 8 place be ! ,directeur du positivisme4 ,littr _h =feit$ ?is honor on acc\nt ( 8 qu>rels ) ,comte 9 :i* he /rongly sid$ ) ,madame ,comte aga9/ h] husb&4 ,aft] ,comte's dea? ,p4 ,lafitte 0 elect$ z a tempor>y director & he has kept ?is (fice ev] s9ce1 :i* he conducts ) rem>kable devotion & unselfi%ness4 ,al?\gh )\t prop]ty himself he propos$ n to use ! positivi/ic funds until he _h %[n himself ?r\gh 8 "w wor?y ( us+ !m4 ,he ekes out a scanty liv+ = himself by giv+ lessons 9 ma!matics1 & devotes all ! re/ ( 8 "t to ! managem5t ( & ! propag&a = ! ,positive ,*ur*4 ,8 co-work]s are ,audiffr5t1 ,anto9e1 ,rob9et1 & o!rs--all ( !m z ! review] ?9ks /range p1 vision>y en?usia/s1 &1 to use an expressive ,am]icanism1 regul> cranks4 ,lack ( space prev5ts u f recapitulat+ _! c]emonies1 _! sacram5ts1 fe/ivals1 pilgrimages1 memorials1 & o!r =ms ( s]vice4 ,_! :ole behavior proves t !y are & w rema9 infidel ,roman ,ca?olics & x w\ld h be5 wis] if !y _h n left ! *ur* at all4 ,! positivi/ic or?odoxy culm9ates 9 ! positivi/ic my/]y ( ,comte's idea ( a 8,virg9-,"m0 7,vi]ge-,mre7 :i* accord+ to ,lafitte is de/9$ to elevate ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes1 :ile ,audiffr5t1 ,lag>rigue1 & ! ,brasilian ,lemos /ick closely to ,comte's view 8to repres5t positivism z directly conceiv$ "u ! ,utopia ( a virg9-"m40#bb ,g5]al ,lemos goes s f> z to say 8,we pref] to be look$ ^u ) ,/4 ,paul = ! sake ( our fai?fulness t[>d ,comte z fools ?an to be prais$ by ! contempor>y frivolity z sages40 ,& ,audiffr5t def5ds aga9/ ,lafitte ! diplomatic action ( ,comte's ) ! ,g5]al ( ! ,jesuits conc]n+ an alliance betwe5 ,positivism & ,ca?olicism4 ,positivism1 he says1 invites all :o h ceas$ to believe 9 ,god to become positivi/s1 b x induces all ^? :o /ill believe 9 ,god to turn ,ca?olics1 ?us mak+ an alliance possible ( ! discipl9$ aga9/ ! non-discipl9$4 ,if ! ,jesuit ,g5]al ev] has s]i\sly consid]$ ! (f]1 he w\ld p]haps h accept$ x1 = !re is no d\bt t he w\ld h made ! bett] b>ga9 z all ! discipl9e we %\ld say is on 8 side4 ,! ,engli% gr\p ( ,comtean ,positivi/s consi/s ma9ly ( ,fr4 ,h>rison1 ,ri*>d ,congreve1 ,george ,eliot & ,james ,cott] ,morison4 ,! second "p ( ! book :i* treats ( ! positivi/ic movem5t outside ( ! positivi/ic s*ools 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries w be less int]e/+ to ,engli% & ,am]ican read]s p>tly because ! subject is bett] kn[n to !m p>tly because our au?or is app>5tly m famili> ) 8 ,fr5* ?an ) 8 ,engli% s\rces4 ,! second "p beg9s ) ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,x m5tions ,ba91 ,lewes1 ,clif=d1 ,maudsley1 ,d>w91 ,sully1 ,romanes1 ,huxley1 ,tyndall4 ,clif=d's view is sket*$ 9 sixte5 l9es b 9 su* a way t x appe>s grotesque4 ,z ,fr5* positivi/s outside ! s*ools are m5tion$ ,ta9e1 ,ribot1 ,f\ille1 ,guyau1 ,*>les ,ri*et1 ,j4 ,luys1 ,cl4 ,b]n>d1 & ,rob]ty4 ,x is correctly said ( ,ribot t 8 doctr9e ( p]sonality is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 views4 ,! unity ( a p]sonality 9 ! ego does n gr[ f above d[nw>ds b f bel[ upw>ds1 b ,grub] is mi/ak5 9 say+ ( ,*>les ,ri*et1 ! editor ( ! ,revue ,sci5tifique1 t he repres5ts ab\t ! same views z ,?4 ,ribot4 ,ri*et's publication on telepa?ic exp]im5ts 9 :i* he confid5tly believes1 w\ld nev] be c\nt5anc$ by ,ribot4 ,z ! fir/ ,g]man positivi/ is m5tion$ ,eug5 ,dhr+4 ,riehl1 ,laas1 ,lange1 ,vaih+] & ,av5>ius are dispos$ ( toge!r 9 ! next foll[+ *apt]4 ,sev]al pages are devot$ to ,wundt4 ,! little *apt] head$ ,nord-,am]ica 7p4 #aga7 consi/+ ( two & a half pages beg9s ) ! words3 8,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,g4 ,/anley ,hall philosophy 9 ! new _w is 9 its swaddl+-clo!s /ill 79 d5 ,k9d]s*uh574 ,philosoph]s ov] !re are z r>e z snakes 9 ,irel& 7,s*lang5 9 ,norweg574#bc ,= sci5tific in/ruction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are us$ z guid+ />s ,sp5c]1 ,lewes1 ,d>w91 ,huxley1 & ,haeckel40 ,z a repres5tative ,a!i/ is nam$ ,ludek+1 a man unkn[n to fame1 :ile ,colonel ,+]soll is n m5tion$ at all4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ,j4 ,d4 ,bell1 a pr(essor 9 ,new ,york _h proclaim$ ! same confession ( fai? z ,comte 9 ,! ,mod]n ,?9k]--a j\rnal :i* we h nev] se5 nor ev] he>d (4 ,! societies = e?ical culture are *>act]is$ z av[+ 8a purely natural religion0 :ile 9 fact natural religion1 ! religion ( sci5ce & philosophy1 z a basis ( e?ics is z rigor\sly reject$ by ,pr(essor ,adl] z any dogmatic religion1 & m ?an half ( ! two & a half pages is fill$ ) a masonic proclamation ( ! ,sov]eign ,gr& ,comm&]1 ,alb]t ,pike1 ( ,wa%+ton1 :i* prea*es ! belief 9 an unkn[able ,god & d5\nces ,a!ism4 ,! booklet closes ) ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 8,! full & true positivism is embodi$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! div9e revelation :i* %e repres5ts is t :i* is truly real 444 truly sure 444 truly precise 444 truly organic 444 truly useful4 ,! deepe/ root1 h[ev]1 & ! mo/ ess5tial nature ( all true positivism 7?is is v\*$ = by reason z well z by revelation7 is n ! relative b ! absolute40 ,"h we conclude our review ( ! book4 ,we h h[ev] to add a few words :i* conc]n ,! ,moni/ z well z all ! publications ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co4 ,h]mann ,grub] m5tions 9 8 book ,! ,op5 ,c\rt & its editor toge!r ) ! societies = e?ical culture4 ,we h1 ourselves1 *>act]is$ our views z positivism & z monism1 b we /at$ at ! same "t t our positivism _h no?+ to d ) ,comte or ) any "o ( ,comte's disciples4#bd ,!y h 7) ! sole exception ( ,ribot & ,i %\ld hesitate to call him a ,comtean7 contribut$ little if any?+ to ! =mation ( our views4 ,! "n ,positivism is a good & expressive ^w & we h adopt$ x because tak5 9 its prop] mean+ x repres5ts ! true pr9ciple ( mod]n philosophy4 ,h[ev] we _c agree ) any ( ! fundam5tal t5ets ei!r ( ,comte or ( 8 mo/ positivi/ic & mo/ sci5tific disciple ,littr4#be ,comte z well z ,littr are radical agno/ics !y repeat aga9 & aga9 t 8,we c "k no?+ ab\t fir/ & f9al causes4 ,positive philosophy d5ies no?+ & ma9ta9s no?+40 ,accord+ to our view ( ! subject ?is attitude is r negativism ?an positivism4 ,b x is n ev5 negativism2 x is worse1 x is m]e scepticism lead+ to indiff]5tism4 ,x s\nds v philosophical to speak ( ! inscrutability ( fir/ & f9al causes b ! v t]ms 8fir/ causes0 & 8f9al causes0 are mo/ nons5sical & self-contradictory concepts4 7,see 8,fundam5tal ,problems10 pp4 #hh-ij1 & #aja47 ,comte & ,littr imag9e to h conqu]$ metaphysics1 b 9 fact !y are ! wor/ k9d ( metaphysicians4 ,!y believe 9 ! gho/s ( metaphysics z /rongly z "s m$ival m9ds believe 9 devils b are afraid to wre/le ) !m1 because1 z !y ma9ta9 ^! metaphysical gho/s _c be conqu]$4 ,comtean ,positivism1 especially z x is repres5t$ by ,littr1 consi/s ma9ly if n exclusively ( ! doctr9e to 8let metaphysics alone0 7:i* latt] includes ! object ( religi\s wor%ip7 & limits sci5ce to positive issues4 ,?us ! on5ess ( ! sci5ces1 a unit>y _w-conception is lo/1 = ! hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces :i* are to s]ve z a sub/itute = philosophy is r a summ+ up ( ! /ock ( k ?an a sy/em ( ! sci5ces exhibit+ _! organic gr[?4 ,x is an inv5tory r ?an a plan to guide sci5ce 9 its fur!r evolution4 ,x is an anatomy r ?an a physiology1 = ! v life & _s ( ! sci5ces is miss+4 ,& outside ! pale ( ! hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces !re is loom+ ar\nd an awful some?+ q diff]5t 9 its nature1 l an inf9ite ocean surr\nd+ a =lorn isl&1 ! unkn[able fir/ & f9al causes6 ,t :i* is call$ by =m] philosoph]s 8metaphysics10 :i* is at ! same "t ! ess5ce ( religion1 is by no means ei!r unkn[able or indiff]5t4 ,x is n some?+ beyond1 some?+ extramundane1 x is ! v life ( ! _w & our religi\s & philosophical op9ions are n only ( a !oretical int]e/4 ,!y are ! ma9 factors ( our lives :i* 9 ! long run w det]m9e ! direction ( our developm5t4 ,t ?is is s1 has n be5 suffici5tly recognis$1 & we w\ld sugge/ 9 ?is connection t a hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be writt5 to po9t out t ! political lib]ty ( ! c\ntry & its republicanism are no?+ b ! application ( its religi\s pr9ciples & ( ! ,puritan conviction ( religi\s indep5d5ce4 ,! hi/oric gr[? ( ! colonies rema9$ fai?ful to ?is maxim4 ,! religion ( a man & ( a nation is ! mo/ important ?+4 ,9 ! same way ! /ructure ( a se$ pr$et]m9es ! :ole plant1 & ! angle ( cry/allisation toge!r ) ! %ape ( ! cry/al-nucleus f :i* ! process ( cry/allisation />ts1 w det]m9e ! =mation ( ! :ole cry/al4 ,8 sceptical attitude l$ ,littr to :at he & 8 fri5ds call 8tol]ance40 ,littr's wife 0 a dev\t ,ca?olic & 8 daught] 0 educat$ 9 h] "m's fai?4 ,he _h int5d$ to expla9 to h] 8 views ( ! subject :5 %e _h rea*$ maturity1 & leave ! *oice to h]4 ,b :5 ! mom5t came1 he decl>$ t 8! exp]im5t 0 n wor? ! te>s :i* x w\ld cause40 ,our view ( 8tol]ance0 is radically diff]5t4 ,:atev] ! tru? may be x %\ld be /ruggl$ =1 co/ x ev] s _m te>s or pa9s4 ,we _c sympa?ise ) ,littr's me?od ( con/ruct+ e?ics ^u ! nutritive & sexual in/9cts1 ! =m] produc+ egotism1 ! latt] altruism4 ,emotions are1 says ,littr1 z mu* z ideas1 ! result ( bra9-processes 9 consequ5ce ( ext]nal impressions & 8! /ruggle betwe5 bo? k9ds ( emotion make up ! moral life40 ,littr rejects ! evolution !ory & its attempts to expla9 e?ics4 7,see ,grub]'s book p4 #bj47 ,hav+ expla9$ our views ( e?ics on o!r occasions1 x is suffici5t "h to /ate t we consid] ,littr's attempt z a failure4 ,we _c ev5 adopt ! s-call$ 8positive me?od10 ( :i* ,littr says3 8,:oev] adopts ?is me?od is a positivi/ & :e!r he ackn[l$ges ! fact or n1 also a disciple ( ,comte4 ,:oev] employs ano!r me?od is a metaphysician4 ,x is ! sure/ m>k by :i* a c>eful m9d w discrim9ate :at belongs to ! positive philosophy & :at is =eign to x40 ,:at is ?is me?od8 ,says ,littr3 8,x is an ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple ( positive sci5ce t no?+ real c be /at$ ?r\gh reason+ 7raisonnem5t74 ,! _w _c be guess$40 ,littr is oppos$ to s-call$ a priori argum5ts4 ,h]mann ,grub] says 9 ! preface3 8,?is positive me?od is embrac$ by all ! repres5tatives ( ! l9es ( ?\ght "h discuss$4 ,all ( !m int5d to build up _! sy/ems ) ! exclusion ( s*ola/ic1 respectively ( ,kantian1 ,hegelian1 or any a priori speculations aft] purely #8sci5tific' me?ods ^u ! f\ndation ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce40 ,we c]ta9ly int5d to build our _w conception 8^u ! facts ( exp]i5ce0 b ! mo/ important facts among !m are _! =mal relations & ^! =mal relations :5 repres5t$ 9 ?\ght are exactly t elem5t :i* ,kant call$ a priori4 ,! s5se-elem5t af=ds u ! build+ /ones1 b ! a priori elem5t repres5ts ! mort> )\t :i* we c\ld n build4 ,s mu* d we oppose ?is "o-sid$ philosophy :i* takes its /& ^u :at is wrongly call$ ! purely sci5tific me?od1 t our views h be5 call$ ! ,philosophy ( ,=m1 & ju/ly1 = ,=m is t feature ( ! _w :i* makes ( x a cosmos & =mal ?\ght is ! organ ( our compreh5sion4 4 ,,ueb] ,,d5 ,,associativ5 ,,v]lauf ,,d] ,,vor/ellung54 ,inaugural-,diss]tation4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,scripture1 ,m4 ,a41 ,fell[ ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,leipzig3 ,wilhelm ,engelmann4 #ahia4 ,?is essay ( #ajb pages *>act]ises mo/ excell5tly "s ( ! proce$+s & me?ods ( ,pr(essor ,wundt's psy*ological laboratory4 ,! au?or1 a disciple ( ,wundt1 is a native ,am]ican :o /udi$ 9 ,b]l91 ,zri*1 & ,leipzig1 & took 8 degree ( ,doctor on ! gr\nd ( ?is diss]tation4 ,! object ( ! treatise is n s mu* to solve z to =mulate ! problem ( ! associative c\rse ( concepts1 & ! au?or hopes t 9 a future treatise he w be able to prop\nd 8 !ory bas$ ^u ! facts "h relat$4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! assi/ance ( sev5 fri5ds1 among !m ,g]man /ud5ts1 a doctor ( philosophy1 a doctor ( m$ic9e1 & a tea*]4 ,!y 7 ( diff]5t nationality1 ?ree ,g]mans1 "o ,belgian1 "o ,japanese1 "o ,engli%man f ! ,cape1 & two ,am]icans1 ! au?or includ$4 ,! app>atus us$ 0 s arrang$ t ! p]son op]at$ ^u sat 9 ! d>k1 be=e him 0 a plate ( gr\nd glass int]cept+ f a cam]a an image :i* 0 expos$ = f\r seconds4 ,pictures ( all k9ds1 colors1 & pla9ly pr9t$ words 7 us$4 ,= o!r s5se-impressions ! obs]v] 0 also seat$ 9 ! d>k4 ,sev]al in/rum5ts = produc+ s\nds 7 ready on a table4 ,ta/es 7 effect$ by liquids :i* ! p]son op]at$ ^u _h to dr9k1 & ! s5se ( t\* 0 inve/igat$ ?r\gh h&+ him c>ds to :i* "s small objects _h be5 atta*$4 ,! au?or 0 p>tly op]ator1 p>tly obs]v]1 i4 e4 ! p]son op]at$ ^u4 ,! ideas evok$ ?r\gh ! s5se-impressions produc$ 9 ?is way1 are enum]at$ 9 tabul> =m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y arose4 ,among ! exp]im5ts made 9 ?is way we f9d "o k9d :i* is ( special int]e/4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton made ! rem>k 9 8 ,lectures on ,metaphysics t unconsci\s ideas may s]ve z connect+ l9ks betwe5 two ideas o!rwise unassociat$4 ,he repres5t$ 8 view 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 be ?ree ideas1 ,a does n sugge/ ,c1 b bo? are associat$ ) ,b4 ,x happ5s t ,a is directly foll[$ by ,c 9 consci\sness4 ,9 su* a case ,a may recall ,b & ,b may recall ,c1 b ,b be+ a m9imum visibile or m9imum audibile does n ent] consci\sness4 ,?us ! idea ( ! m\nt ,b5 ,lomond call$ into ,hamilton's m9d ! sy/em ( ,prussian education4 ,subsequ5t reflection taught him t he _h met on ,b5 ,lomond a ,g]man4 ,! recollection ( ! place 0 associat$ ) ! ideas--a ,g]man1 ,g]many1 ,prussia4 ,^! ideas 7 too weak to ent] consci\sness yet !y reawak5$ ano!r idea :i* did ent] consci\sness1 ! sy/em ( ,prussian education4 ,?is is a m]e sugge/ion ( ,hamilton's b ,dr4 ,scripture prov$ its tru? by actual exp]im5t4 ,he took c>ds conta9+ "s simple words1 su* z ,,m5s*1 ,,geh51 ,,komm51 ,,blume1 etc41 & also ,japanese words 9 ,roman *>act]s ,,hana1 ,,hito1 ,,iuku1 ,,kuru4 ,to e ^w 0 atta*$ ano!r ,japanese ^w 9 ,japanese *>act]s s t ! same "* appe>$ on ,,hana & ,,blume2 ,,hito & ,,m5s*2 ,,juku & ,,geh52 ,,kuru & ,,komm54 ,! words 7 %[n twice s z to give a /rong] impression4 ,! ,japanese g5tleman 0 exclud$ f ^! exp]im5ts1 & inde$1 ! unkn[n ,japanese *>act]s :i* 7 only dimly or n at all rememb]$1 evok$ ! correspond+ words3 ,,hito--,,m5s*2 ,,kuru--,,komm52 ,,blume--,,hana1 etc4 ,dr4 ,scripture adds3 8,^! associations 7 involunt>y1 ! obs]v] imag9$ !m to be wrong1 & c\ld f9d no reason = ! involunt>y appe>ance ( ! words4 ,he _h n ?\ght at all ( ! connect+ l9ks40 ,x appe>s t ! l9ks 9 a *a9 ( concepts ne$ n be all consci\s & ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e is =mulat$ by ,dr4 ,scripture z foll[s3 ,a concept app]ceiv$ c br+ ano!r concept into ! focus ( consci\sness al?\gh x 0 nev] associat$ ) x1 if !re are o!r psy*ic elem5ts ( l[] degrees or ev5 outside ( consci\sness :i* are connect$ ) bo?--provid$ t !re are no o!r elem5ts /rong] ?an ^!4 ,! effect ( ! unconsci\s l9k h[ev] is mu* weak] ?an t :i* 0 consci\s4 ,pages #ga-aja are devot$ to ! inve/igations ( ! aft]-effect ( concepts4 ,! ph5om5a ( ideation be+ extremely complex1 we _c assume t ! process ( a s-call$ reproduc$ concept is analog\s to ! orig9al idea4 ,a s5sation *anges dur+ its pres5ce ) ref]5ce to ! degree ( consci\sness ( its p>ts & ev5 ! concepts z a :ole may be alt]$4 ,! process is diff]5t accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! r5ew$ concepts diff] f _! orig9als1 7#a7 9 ! degree ( ! consci\sness ( ! :ole idea1 7#b7 9 ! degree ( ! consci\sness ( its p>ts among !mselves1 7#c7 9 =m1 color1 relations1 etc41 7#d7 9 duration4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! metaphysical influ5ce ( hypo!tical !ories we ought to avoid all k9ds ( t]ms sugge/ive ( a !ory & /ick closely to a simple description ( facts4 ,!re=e ,dr4 ,scripture proposes to disc>d su* words z 8ret5tion1 reproduction1 revival10 etc41 & sugge/s ! t]m 8aft]-effect40 ,yet he adds1 quot+ f ,wundt1 8^! aft]-effects !mselves are z little ideas z ! effects produc$ ^u n]ves & muscles by ex]cise c be call$ actions ( w40 ,dr4 ,scripture avoids expla9+ :at he conceives ^! aft]-effects to be4 ,we see no reason = disagreem5t & %\ld say t ! result ( ! aft]-effects is :at g5]ally goes by ! "n ( 8disposition40 ,& a c]ta9 disposition is produc$ accord+ to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( =m 9 liv+ /ructures4 7,see 8,! ,s\l ( ,man10 pp4 #dah-dbd47 ,dr4 ,scripture is l$ by a consid]ation ( 8 obs]vations to ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,ea* concept is condition$ ?r\gh ! effects ( ! elem5ts ( ! pres5t /ate ( consci\sness & ! aft]-effects ( _m 7if n ( all7 previ\s elem5ts ( consci\sness40 ,?is result is n compatible ) ! !ory ( reproduction n[ almo/ univ]sally accept$ by ! association-psy*ology4 ,wundt says3 8,if only c]ta9 s+le concepts 7 r5ew$1 we might p]haps expla9 :y 9 ! memory-picture c]ta9 elem5ts ( a =m] reproduction are miss+3 b we c\ld n expla9 :y ! elem5ts ( a concept *ange s (t5 qualitatively z is inde$ ! case4 ,?is1 x appe>s1 is possible only because a memory-picture & o!rs ( a k9dr$ nature affect ea* o!r mutually40 ,?is w f9d explanation 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,! obs]v] sees a dog1 & ?9ks ( a circus1 :i* he saw a ye> ago4 ,!re is no direct association betwe5 ! picture ( ! dog & ! special rem9isc5ce ( t circus visit$ a ye> ago4 ,! association 0 =m$ at ! mom5t4 ,=m] s5sations ( dogs _h _! aft]-effects & ?is special rem9isc5ce 0 localis$4 ,dr4 ,scripture ma9ta9s t ,hffd+'s association !ory conta9s too _m hypo!tical elem5ts2 x presupposes faculties ( ! s\l to jo9 l ) l & to comb9e simultane\s or consecutive ev5ts4 4 ,,footnotes3 #bb 444 8,a represnt] le positivisme comme directem5t rsumm p> l'utopie de la ,vi]ge-,mre0--,comte to ,audiffr5t1 ! #h? ( ,/4 ,paul #fi 7,may #bh1 #aheg47 #bc ,good philosoph]s1 x is true1 are r>e 9 ,am]ica1 p]haps r>] ?an 9 ,europe4 ,nev]!less ! int]e/ 9 philosophy is exce$+ly /rong "h4 ,!re are metaphysical & philosophical clubs all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ! crop ( philosophical dilettanti is at lea/ z great on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic z 9 ,p>is4 #bd ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t we are 9 /rong sympa?y ) _m philosoph]s & sci5ti/s :om ,h]mann ,grub] classes among ! positivi/s outside ( ! positivi/ic s*ools1 n only ,?4 ,ribot1 b also ,guyau1 ,f\ille1 ,rob]ty1 & o!rs4 ,h[ mu* !y 7 influ5c$ by ! ,comte-,littr or ! ,comte-,lafitte ,positivism is difficult to say4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m ( !m w\ld h accompli%$ ! same "w 9 ! same way ) or )\t ,comte4 ,rob]ty 0 fir/ a f]vid disciple ( ,comte1 b he soon combat$ n only ,comte's law ( ! ?ree /ages 7:i* latt] by ! bye 0 accord+ to ,s*a>s*midt fir/ pron\nc$ by ,turgot7 b also 8 agno/icism1 decl>+ t ,comte 0 /ill entangl$ 9 metaphysicism1 & t ! la/ bulw>k1 ! idea ( ! unkn[able1 _h to be conqu]$ also4 #be ,we publi% 9 ?is numb] a sonnet by ,l\is ,belrose1 ,jr4 to mile ,littr4 ,mr4 ,belrose is a positivi/ :o att5d$ toge!r ) ,mr4 ,fr$4 ,h>rison positivi/ic lectures 9 ,france4 ,we publi% ,mr4 ,belrose's poem z an expression ( 8 gratitude & admiration t[>d a ma/] m9d b n z an expression ( our view ( ,littr4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,m9d4 ,july1 #ahia4 ,no4 ,,lxiii4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,scripture4 ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 ,i4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all4 ,,s*op5hau]',s ,,criticism ,,( ,,kant4 ,by ,w4 ,caldwell4 ,,discussion3 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,music4 7#a7 ,by ,r4 ,wallas*ek2 7#b7 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,mc,k4 ,cattell2 ,! ,coeffici5t ( ,ext]nal ,reality4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m>k ,baldw94 ,,critical ,,notices3 ,james's 8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology02 ,pfleid]]'s 8,developm5t ( ,!ology 9 ,g]many02 ,keynes's 8,scope & ,me?od ( ,political ,economy02 ,lehmann's 8,die ,hypnose und die damit v]w&t5 normal5 ,zu/nde40 ,z all sci5ces treat1 to a great ext5t1 ( ! same objects1 !y c be sep>at$ only accord+ to h[ !y treat ?+s4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 ,mr4 ,scripture divides sci5ces into ,special ,sci5ces1 ,g5]al or ,philosophical ,sci5ces1 & ,didactic ,sci5ces4 ,! ,special sci5ces are1 ,i1 ! ,ma!matical ,sci5ces1 treat+ ! =ms ( all exp]i5ce2 ,,ii1 ! ,ph5om5al ,sci5ces1 treat+ ( ! cont5ts ( all exp]i5ce2 ! second class is divid$ into ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 :i* treat exp]i5ce f its objective side1 & ,m5tal ,sci5ces1 :i* treat exp]i5ce f its subjective side4 ,! gr\p ( ,m5tal ,sci5ces is be/ divid$1 accord+ to ,wundt's s*eme1 into ! sci5ces ( m5tal processes1 ,psy*ological ,sci5ces2 ! sci5ces ( m5tal products1 ,philological ,sci5ces2 & ! ,sci5ces ( m5tal developm5t1 ,hi/orical ,sci5ces4 ,psy*ology z a sci5ce ( m5tal ph5om5a has a two-fold relation to ! physical sci5ces3 x is complem5t>y to !m1 a necess>y auxili>y2 !y are complem5t>y to x1 accessories 9 psy*ological inve/igation4 ,/ates ( m9d always rema9 /ates ( m9d2 !y _c be resolv$ into motions ( p>ticles ( matt]1 & x is a fundam5tal axiom t m5tal ph5om5a _c influ5ce or be influ5c$ by mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,b we are ju/ifi$ 9 talk+ ab\t a n]v\s /imulation becom+ a p]cept1 a muscul> contraction foll[+ an act ( w1 z long z we rememb] t ^! are only sub/itutes = unkn[n quantities4 ,physiology inve/igates n]v\s *anges2 ,psy*ology1 m5tal *anges2 ,physiological ,psy*ology1 ! relations betwe5 ! two4 ,m5tal ph5om5a are ( two k9ds1 m5tal processes & m5tal products4 ,psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( m5tal processes2 x seeks ! exact description & explanation ( ! op]ations ( our inn] exp]i5ce4 ,! relation ( ,psy*ology to ,philosophy is a burn+ "q4 ,metaphysics1 or ,philosophy 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 seeks f ! agreem5t ( ! results ( all o!r sci5ces to e/abli% a sy/em ( ! pr9ciples t und]lie all exi/5ce1 i4 e4 a !ory ( ! univ]se1 mat]ial & m5tal4 ,aft] ! g5]al pr9ciples h be5 det]m9$ by metaphysics1 philosophy has ! duty ( correct+ ! special sci5ces :5 !y set up "o-sid$ hypo!ses1 & ( help+ :]e !y are unable to proce$ alone4 ,psy*ology is consid]$ a "p ( philosophy1 b z a special sci5ce1 treat+ m5tal processes f its own /&po9t1 x is di/9ct f psy*ology z a g5]al sci5ce treat+ m9d1 relations ( m9d & matt]1 etc41 f ! /&po9t ( philosophy4 ,! latt] %\ld be t]m$ ,philosophical ,psy*ology4 ,! relation ( ,psy*ology to ,logic dep5ds on :at ! latt] is4 ,logic is a sci5ce ( ?\ght1 b ?\ght is also a subject ( psy*ology4 ,psy*ology treats ?\ghts z we ?9k !m2 ,logic1 z we ought to ?9k !m4 ,ea* ( ! sci5ces1 ,epi/emology1 ! doctr9e ( k1 & ,me?odology1 ! doctr9e ( me?ods1 treats ( ?\ght = its own di/9ct purpose4 ,! =m] det]m9es :at ! tru? is2 ! latt] det]m9es h[ we ought to ?9k4 ,! didactic sci5ces are ( two k9ds3 ! sci5ces ( ! g5]al pr9ciples or ends to be obta9$1 & ! sci5ces ( ! means to atta9 ^! ends4 ,among ! =m] is ,g5]al ,p$agogy1 :i* det]m9es ! ends to be s\ght = 9 education4 ,psy*ology furni%es ! f\ndation ( fact2 ! sci5ce ( g5]al p$agogy judges :i* ( ^! facts are desirable1 9 mu* ! same way z epi/emology judges :i* are true4 ,9 a =m] article 7,m9d ,no4 #ef7 ,mr4 ,m>%all %[$ t ,pleasure & ,pa9 are primitive qualities :i*1 "u prop] conditions1 may appe> ) any psy*osis1 :atev] be its cont5t4 ,he n[ f9ds t all ! mo/ notable pleasure-pa9 !ories may 9 ! fir/ in/ance be plac$ 9 f\r gr\ps1 det]m9$ by ! emphasis ( c]ta9 k9ds ( pleasure or pa94 ,an exam9ation ( pleasure-pa9 !ories %[s1 fir/ t !re is a g5]al agreem5t1 ) b few diss5t+ voices1 t all pleasure is at bottom ! same ?+1 & t all pa9 9 its ess5ce is a s+le psy*ological ph5om5on1 & fur!r t pleasures & pa9s are unifiable2 second1 t !re are c]ta9 facts s m>k$ 9 exp]i5ce z to h become ! basis ( ! majority ( pleasure-pa9 !ories4 ,mr4 ,m>%all proce$s to consid] ! !ory t 8! activity ( ! organ ( any cont5t if effici5t is pleasurable1 if ineffici5t is pa9ful40 ,he concludes t pleasures & pa9s are involv$ ) ! nutritive conditions ( ! active organ1 & lays d[n ! pr9ciple t 8all pleasure-pa9 ph5om5a are det]m9$ by ! action 9 ! organs concomitant ( ! consci\s /ate1 z relat$ to ! nutritive conditions ( ! organs at ! "t ( ! action40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hyp]normality ( pa9 & ( pleasure1 turns ^u ! fact t pleasure is obta9$ :]e ! organ has be5 re/$4 ,re/ 9 an organ :i* is sometimes active means /orage ( en]gy d]iv$ f blood supply2 & action aft] re/ means ! use ( /or$ en]gy4 ,b z action ( an organ aft] re/ gives a psy*ic cont5t :i* is pleasurable1 we h ! work+ hypo!sis3 8,pleasure is exp]i5c$ :]ev] ! physical action :i* det]m9es ! cont5t involves ! use ( /or$ =ce--! resolution ( pot5tial into actual en]gy2 or1 9 o!r words1 :5ev] ! en]gy involv$ 9 ! reaction to a /imulus is great] 9 am\nt ?an ! en]gy ( ! /imulus40 ,by a simil> process ( reason+ we obta9 ! hypo!sis3 8,pa9 is exp]i5c$ :5ev] ! physical action :i* det]m9es ! cont5t is s relat$ to ! supply ( nutrim5t t ! en]gy involv$ 9 ! reaction to ! /imulus is less 9 am\nt ?an ! en]gy ( ! /imulus40 ,we may also say 9 g5]al1 8,pleasure & pa9 are primitive qualities ( psy*ic /ates :i* are det]m9$ by ! relation betwe5 activity & capacity 9 ! organs1 ! activities ( :i* are concomitants ( ! psy*osis40 ,mr4 ,m>%all !n supplies ! psy*ological int]pretation ( ! physiological ph5om5a att5dant on ! pleasures ( ,re/ & ( ,relief1 & ( ! pa9 ( ,ob/ruction or h9d]$ activity4 ,he concludes ! pres5t article ) ! /atem5t t ! physical concomitants ( pleasure-pa9 ph5om5a are to be f\nd 9 g5]al qualities common to all processes :i* are at ! basis ( our consci\s life2 & t ?is is corroborat$ by introspective analysis ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,mr4 ,m>%all's idea does n appe> to u z a happy solution ( ! problem4 ,! object ( ,mr4 ,caldwell's pap] is to expla9 ,kantism ?r\gh ,s*op5hau]1 :o claim$ to be ,kant's only true successor 9 philosophy4 ,s*op5hau] came to ! conclusion t ,kant's only real discov]y1 giv5 9 ! 8/hetic10 0 t ,space & ,"t 7 kn[n by u a priori4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,causality is ! only elem5t ( value he f9ds 9 ! 8,analytic10 & a mu* simpl] acc\nt c\ld h be5 giv5 ( x4 ,! 8,dialectic0 repres5ts ! ,negative side ( ! ,critical ,philosophy1 :i* al?\gh conclusive1 might h be5 /at$ m simply4 ,9 ,e?ics ,kant r5d]$ ! immortal s]vice ( %[+1 by 8 attribution ( a n\m5al fre$om to man1 comp5sat+ = 8 ph5om5al necess>y det]m9ation1 8t ! k+dom ( virtue is n ( ?is _w02 al?\gh ! ,k4 d4 prakt4 ,v4 is only an application to e?ics ( ! pr9ciples already rea*$ 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,pure ,reason4 ,s*op5hau] f9ds ! ,k4 d4 ,ur!ilskraft to conta9 ! *>act]i/ic defect ( ,kant's :ole ,philosophy--! />t+ f indirect in/ead ( direct k4 ,la/ly1 ! criticism ( ! ,teleological ,judgm5t only %[s :at ! ,k4 d4 r4 ,v4 already %[$1 ! subjectivity ( :at we may call ! ontological categories4 ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 ! *ief t5d5cy ( ! ,kantian philosophy is to e/abli% 8! total div]sity ( ! real & ! ideal40 ,! ,ideal he expla9s z 8! visible1 spatial appe>ance ) ! qualities t are p]ceiv$ on x10 & ! ,real z ! 8?+-9-&-=-itself10 :i* is ! reality und]ly+ & det]m9+ ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 &1 z su*1 a real & n a hypo!tical entity4 ,s*op5hau] nev] speaks ( x 9 ! plural1 z ,kant does1 & s keeps consi/5tly to a moni/ic po9t ( view4 ,he says1 8,! way 9 :i* ,kant introduc$ su* a ?+-9-itself & s\ght to reconcile x ) 8 philosophy 0 faulty40 ,?is conc]ns ,kant's me?od1 aga9/ :i* ,s*op5hau] directs ! full =ce ( 8 criticism4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,kant's me?od ,s*op5hau] takes to be ! />t+ f indirect reflective k3 ,philosophy is = ,kant a sci5ce ( conceptions1 :ile = himself x is a sci5ce 9 conceptions2 philosophy be+ a conceptualis$ or g5]alis$ /atem5t ( our k4 ,s*op5hau] sees all ,kant's errors conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ! ,k4 d4 r4 ,v43 8,if ,i take away all ?\ght0 7?r\gh ! categories71 8f empirical k1 !re rema9s absolutely no k ( an object1 = ?r\gh m]e p]ceptions no?+ at all is ?\ght40 ,9 endeavor+ to con/ruct a philosophy out ( pure conceptions ,kant fail$ to solve ! problem1 9 hav+ ! ?+-9-itself left on 8 h&s4 ,?is prov$ to ,s*op5hau] t ! pa? ( ab/ract reflection 0 clos$ z ! pa? ( philosophy4 ,mr4 ,caldwell demurs to ,s*op5hau]'s /atem5t t ! 8/hetic0 is ,kant's only discov]y1 yet z ! 8/hetic0 %[s ! t5d5cy to conceptual ab/raction1 8 view ( ,space & ,"t is ( extreme importance4 ,x is ( ! 8,logic0 ( ! ,k4 d4 r4 ,v4 t ,s*op5hau]'s criticism is mat]ially & =mally mo/ radical4 ,he gives a diff]5t acc\nt ( ! functions ( ! ,s\l1 reject+ altoge!r ! faculty-di/9ctions ( ,kant3 he associates ,kant's faculty ( ,und]/&+ m ) ,s5se & ! category ( ,cause ) ! spatio-temporal or p]ceptual con/ruction ( ! _w1 & holds ! o!r elev5 categories to be m]e bl9d w9d[s put into a s*eme ?r\gh ,kant's love ( symmetry2 &1 secondly1 he holds ,kant's acc\nt ( ,reason to be utt]ly false1 & sub/itutes 8 own doctr9e ( ! ?+-9-itself = ,kant's ?ree ,ideas ( ,reason4 ,by ,reason ,s*op5hau] means ! p[] ! m9d has ( =m+ g5]al conceptions & ( kn[+ by way ( conception or idea1 ! matt] = conceptions & ideas be+ ( c\rse d]iv$ f ,p]ception4 ,reason$ k is an ab/raction f p]ceiv$ k1 & all k1 z ,s*op5hau] says1 is orig9ally & 9 itself p]ceptive4 ,! confusion 9 ,kant's acc\nt ( ! elem5ts ent]+ into k1 is ,s*op5hau]'s reason = hold+ t ,kant c only h _h ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 me?od imp]fectly pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,8 :ole difficulty 9 relat+ ! elem5ts ( k to ea* o!r arose f ! fact t he 9 8 ?\ght lik5$ ! categories to conceptions ?r\gh want ( an explicit & p]si/5t recognition ( ! nature ( conception4 ,s*op5hau] himself classifies ! categories accord+ to ! planes or /ages ( exp]i5ce !y *>act]ise3 ! p]ceptual1 ! ma!matical1 ! logical1 & ! e?ical 9 ord]4 ,! categories are all ab/ractions1 b n conceptions or notions4 ,conceptions are a p>ticul> k9d ( ab/ractions1 & s are categories3 to conceptions mat]ial entities correspond1 b to categories only relations or =ms4 ,k consi/s 9 ! detection ( relations exi/+ betwe5 ! diff]5t planes or sections ( ! p]ceptual cont9uum1 ! diff]5ce 9 p]ceiv$ ?+s be+ t "s are imm$iately & o!rs only m$iately p]ceiv$4 ,! true reason ( ,s*op5hau]'s revolt f ! me?od ( conceptions is to be f\nd 9 ! difficulties 9 :i* he felt himself involv$ by ! !ory ( ,subjective ,idealism4 ,philosophy1 he says1 is a se>* = ! ,?+-9-itself1 b he tells ,kant t f ! idea no?+ b ! idea foll[s1 & t ! pa? ( ,reflexion or ,k is clos$ z ! pa? ( philosophy4 ,_h ,s*op5hau] kept m true to 8 rul+ t k is orig9ally & 9 itself p]ception1 he w\ld n h ma9ta9$ t ! _w is my idea4 ,! ,?+-9-itself is ! %ad[ ca/ by ! ,reflective or ,ab/ract+ ,und]/&+4 ,) bo? ,kant & ,s*op5hau] x is prim>ily inv5t$ to get rid ( ! difficulty br$ ( a belief 9 an ab/raction or unreality1 & z x is a pure m5tal fiction1 we may safely d5y t !re is any su* ?+ 9 reality4 ,mr4 ,wallas*ek f9ds ! orig9 ( music 9 a rhy?mical impulse 9 man4 ,! s5se ( rhy?m arises f ! g5]al appetite = ex]cise1 :i* recurs 9 rhy?mical =m ow+ to sociological z well z psy*ological conditions4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is ! social "* ( primitive music1 compell+ a numb] ( p]=m]s to act 9 conc]t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our p]ception ( "t-relations involves a process ( intellection1 by means ( :i* ! m9d is able to compreh5d !m z a :ole4 ,s9ce music is produc$ n m]ely z an auditory impression & expression1 b also 9 ord] to evoke reflexion1 x mu/ conta9 ! qualities ( "t-ord] & rhy?m4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! g5]al appetite = ex]cise is said to af=d ! mo/ valid explanation4 ,x is ! surplus vigor 9 m highly evolv$ organisms1 exce$+ :at is requir$ = imm$iate ne$s1 9 :i* play ( all k9ds takes its rise4 ,we owe our musical faculty to ! "t-s5se r ?an to our s5se ( he>+4 ,! p]ception ( p>ticul> tones & tunes plays a v l[ "p1 if any1 9 primitive music4 ,9 almo/ all ! examples furni%$ by e?nology1 we see t music is ! expression ( emotion1 :i* is also "o ( ! s\rces ( human language4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is said to be wrong1 h[ev]1 9 ?9k+ t musical modulation orig9ates 9 ! modulations ( spee* ,music & spee* h a reciprocal influ5ce1 & primitive human utt]ance1 us+ s\nd-metaphors & onomatopia1 may resemble primitive musical tones4 ,nev]!less1 an e>ly sep>ation ( di/9ct tones & indi/9ct s\nds seems to h tak5 place1 n z a transition f ! "o z prior to ! o!r z succe$+1 b z a div]g5ce f a primitive /ate :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 nei!r ( ! two4 ,pr(essor ,cattell objects t ! !ories ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] on ! orig9 ( music1 describe :at probably took place1 r ?an expla9 :y x 0 necess>y t x %\ld h tak5 place4 ,z to ,sp5c]'s explanation ( h>mony1 he affirms t x am\nts to say+ t h>mony gives pleasure because x is pleasant4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! connection ( h>mony ) ! exi/5ce ( ov]tones1 ,pr(4 ,cattell /ates t music is n1 z commonly suppos$1 a creation ( ! imag9ation1 fre] ?an ! o!r arts f a physical basis1 b is r a discov]y & a developm5t4 ,all ! comb9ations ( music are lat5t 9 ! s\nds ,( nature1 & ! hi/ory ( music be>s witness to ! gradual adoption ( su* z are m remote4 ,! diff]5ce 9 voices re/s on ! ov]tones pres5t1 & ! imm5se emotional effects ( music are due to ! fact t music expresses ! emotion ( ! human voice1 us+ & develop+ ^? comb9ations ( tones :i* ! voice uses :5 mov$ by sorr[ & joy1 despair & exultation4 ,by ! ,coeffici5t ( ,ext]nal ,reality1 ,pr(essor ,baldw9 means ! some?+ :i* atta*es to "s pres5tations 9 virtue ( :i* we attribute reality to !m2 :ile o!rs1 n hav+ ! coeffici5t1 are discr$it$4 ,diametrically oppos$ solutions ( ?is "q are held4 ,to "o class ( writ]s1 ! coeffici5t ( ! reality ( an image is its indep5d5ce ( ! w2 to ano!r class1 ! coeffici5t is subjection to ! w4 ,if we make a di/9ction betwe5 a memory-coeffici5t ( reality--t is1 ! some?+ ab\t a memory :i* leads u to believe x repres5ts a real exp]i5ce--& a s5sational coeffici5t1 t is1 ! crit]ion ( pres5t s5sational reality1 we see t ^? two k9ds ( reality diff] 9 _! relation to ! w4 ,a pres5t s5sible reality is n "u ! control ( any w1 b a memory coeffici5t is subject$ to w1 9 ! s5se t we are able to get ! image aga9 z a s5sation by repeat+ ! s]ies ( volunt>y muscul> s5sations :i* 7 associat$ ) x 9 its fir/ exp]i5ce4 ,?is memory-coeffici5t ( ext]nal reality mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! coeffici5t ( memory itself2 ! latt] be+ ! feel+ t an image has be5 9 consci\sness be=e1 i4 e4 recognition1 or s5se ( famili>ity4 ,a true memory is an image :i* ,i c get at w by a tra9 ( memory-associates1 & :i*1 :5 got1 is fur!r subject to my w4 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,july1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,no4 #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,religion4 ,by ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,caird4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,e?ical ,,!ory4 ,by ,pr(4 ,james ,h4 ,hyslop4 ,,! ,,morality ,,( ,,nations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,sorley4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill',s ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,e?ology4 ,by ,james ,w>d4 ,,vice ,,& ,,immorality4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,black4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,political ,,economy ,,s9ce ,,adam ,,smi?4 ,by ,francis ,w4 ,newman4 ,,programme ,,( ,,s*ool ,,( ,,appli$ ,,e?ics4 ,,discussions3 ,! ,moral ,aspect ( 8,tips0 & 8,gratuities40 ,by ,*ri/9e ,ladd ,frankl94 ,ideas & facts1 says ,pr(essor ,caird1 are cont9ually be+ wov5 toge!r z w>p & wo(1 into ! web ( man's intellectual life4 ,! idea ( ! unity ( mank9d has )9 ! la/ c5tury become an almo/ in/9ctive presupposition ( all civilis$ m54 ,x has special application to ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,9 a man's religion we h express$ 8 ultimate attitude to ! univ]se4 ,ev5 a!ism or agno/icism involves a def9ite attitude t[>ds ! ultimate problem ( human life4 ,! mod]n ideas ( ! organic unity & ! organic evolution ( man inevitably compel u to seek = ! "o pr9ciple ( life :i* is /riv+ t[>ds ! full realisation ( itself4 ,pr(essor ,hyslop rem>ks1 t two que/ions may be ask$3 7#a7 ,:y is x t any di/urbance 9 e?ical speculation at once br+s m5 up 9 arms ab\t ! consequ5ces8 7#b7 ,:y is !re su* a t5d5cy ev5 9 speculative e?ics to br+ its !ories into h>mony & sympa?y ) 8practical0 problems8 ,! prelim9>y answ] is ! di/9ction betwe5 sci5ce & art4 ,! aim ( sci5ce is to f9d causes2 ! aim ( art to produce ends by means ( ^! causes4 ,b art may be divid$ into productive & practical art4 ,e consid]ation ( ! scope & aim ( e?ics %[s x to be bo? a sci5ce & an art4 ,z a sci5ce x endeavors to expla9 some?+2 z an art1 to realise some?+4 ,its complications are ?us two-fold4 ,e?ics may be a sci5ce 9 two di/9ct relations4 ,fir/1 x aims to %[ ! g5]al conception :i* w r$uce ! v>i\s motives actually gov]n+ human conduct to unity4 ,secondly1 x aims to %[ ! end t ought ideally to gov]n conduct1 & ?is is ! supreme object ( e?ics z a sci5ce4 ,9 relation to ! ,morality ( ,nations1 ,pr(essor ,sorley says t ! relations ( ! /ate1 diplomatic or milit>y1 ) o!r /ates may be comp>$ ) ! relations ( "o individual to ano!r1 b ! two sets ( relations are n ! same4 ,a crime is an act puni%able by law1 & x is absurd !re=e to speak z if ! /ate1 act+ legally1 c\ld commit a crime4 ,b if !ft ceas$ to be a crime x w\ld be z mu* an (f5se aga9/ morality z be=e4 ,taxation to :i* ! tax$ h n cons5t$ & unfair taxation _c be reg>d$ z !ft1 z "s suppose4 ,individual morality becomes mix$ ) national morality :5 ^? ?r\gh :om ! /ate acts act = !mselves & = _! own int]e/s1 in/ead ( = ! common good4 ,)9 a nation ! /ate is above all individuals1 b !re is no correspond+ sup]ior p[] ov] nations4 ,:at rema9s is a g5]al obligation ^u /ates to obs]ve ju/ice 9 _! deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,national morality diff]s f individual morality 9 t a nation's fir/ duty may be said to be to itself4 ,!re is no selfi%ness1 !re is only patriotism1 9 its recognis+ ! fact & act+ ^u x4 ,! int]c\rse ( nations c only rea* a full measure ( developm5t "u a common moral law1 :i* recognises ! rights ( "o nation z ( equal value ) ! rights ( any o!r4 ,mr4 ,w>d po9ts out1 t ,mill1 9 8 exposition ( :at he call$ ,e?ology1 or ! ,exact ,sci5ce ( ,human ,nature1 repeat$ 9 all ! issues ( 8 8,logic10 rem>ks t ,e?ology mu/ fir/ proce$ d$uctively4 ,! laws ( ! =mation ( "* 8are d]ivative laws1 result+ f ! g5]al laws ( m9d1 & are to be obta9$ by d$uc+ !m f ^? g5]al laws40 ,!re 0 a want ( cle>ness 9 ,mill's conception ( an individual4 ,! notion ( a ,self prov$1 on 8 own admission1 8! real /umbl+ block0 to 8 psy*ological !ory4 ,9 discuss+ ! influ5ce ( rem>kable m51 ,mill all[s t 8:atev] dep5ds on ! peculi>ities ( individuals1 comb9$ ) ! accid5ts ( ! positions !y hold1 is necess>ily incapable ( be+ =ese540 ,:5 we attempt to e/imate ! influ5ce ( circum/ances on individuals1 we mu/ (t5 "k h[ ! circum/ances appe> to !m1--?is p]sonal equation s to say is frequ5tly incalculable4 ,9 ! ma91 says ,mr4 ,black1 s9 exi/s intimately 91 or z an insep>able affection or pot5tiality (1 ! p]son z a :ole1 & to disc\rage x is to disc\rage ! p]son1 & tantam\nt1 !re=e1 to disc\rag+ 8 goodness z well4 ,at ?is po9t ! division ( s9 into vice & immorality becomes ess5tial to a rational solution4 ,immorality is crime aga9/ liv+ moral ag5ts4 ,vice may be def9$ z ! sp5d+ ( ! =ces ( "o's own life to ! detrim5t ( its moral capabilities4 ,mr4 ,francis ,w4 ,newman1 :o began ! /udy ( ,political ,economy sev5ty ye>s ago1 :5 he 0 sixte51 gives 9 ?is article 8 views on ! evils ( l& t5ure 9 ,engl&4 ,mrs4 ,frankl9 ?9ks 8! subjective feel+ ( wor? & dignity0 :i* di/+ui%es ! p ( ?is c\ntry w be injur$ by 8giv+ fees to our inf]iors :5 !y p]=m "s s]vice = :i* !y are 7or ought to be7 o!rwise well paid40 ,t ! matt] is n 8absolute e?ics0 is app>5t f ! fact t 9 ,japan a totally diff]5t s5tim5t prevails4 ,! editor1 ,pr(4 ,josiah ,royce 7"u ! signature ( ,j4 ,r47 9 comm5t+ on ,mrs4 ,frankl9's communication aft] ref]r+ to ! evils ( ! ,g]man cu/om ( ,tr9kgeld z detail$ by v4 ,ih]+1 says t if x h>ms ! manhood ( our writ]s to 8tip0 !m ! mis*ief %\ld be met by organis$ devices su* z v4 ,ih]+ proposes1 & n by individual action4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #afjb ,*e/nut ,/reet47 4 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,june1 #ahia4 ,no4 #ahf4 ,,les ,,resultats ,,des ,,!ories ,,contempora9es ,,sur ,l',,association ,,des ,,idees4 ,by ,b4 ,b\rdon4 ,,comm5t ,,la ,,s5sation ,,devi5t ,,idee4 ,by ,j4 ,payot4 ,,notes ,,et ,,discussions4 ,,qu',,e/-,,ce ,,que ,,la ,,physiologie ,,g5]ale8 ,by ,dur& 7de ,gros74 ,,cont5ts3 ,july1 #ahia4 ,no4 #ahg4 ,,la ,,notion ,,de ,,limite ,,en ,,ma!matiques4 ,by ,g4 ,milhaud4 ,,c\p ,d',,oeil ,,sur ,l',,hi/oire ,,de ,,la ,,philosophie ,,en ,,russie 7,i74 ,by ,f4 ,lannes4 ,,les ,,s\rces ,,de ,,la ,,philosophie ,,de ,l',,inde4 ,by ,p4 ,regnaud4 ,m4 ,b\rdon reviews ! modes ( association propos$ by v>i\s psy*ologi/s1 & ! factors :i* int]v5e to give =ce to associations4 ,wundt alone2 among psy*ologi/s has ! great m]it ( n plac+ ideas & s5sations 9 actual opposition4 ,! laws ( ideology are almo/ ! same z ^? ( physics2 & ! law ( association ought to be true n only = ideas1 b = s5sations & = objects4 ,m4 ,b\rdon's conclusion is t ! !ory ( ! association ( ideas has hi!rto be5 treat$ f a too subjective & ideali/ic po9t ( view4 ,he w\ld sub/itute = ! !ory ( association ( idea a !ory ( a society ( ph5om5a1 :i* conception he ?9ks bett] expla9s ! process4 ,9 a prec$+ contribution to ! ,revue ,philosophique 7,may1 #ahij7 ,m4 ,payot %[$ t s5sation is ! translation into t]ms ( consci\sness ( t :i*1 consid]$ f ! objective po9t ( view1 is a reaction ( ! organism1 z a :ole1 to an ext]nal impression4 ,s5sations are ! irr$ucible elem5t ( ! psy*ic life4 ,!y contribute ! mat]ials :i* ! m9d modifies1 comb9es1 & classes accord+ to _! relations1 v>iable or inv>iable4 ,?is is *ronologically po/]ior to s5sation1 :i* has an affective orig94 ,! reactions correspond+ to ! mo/ frequ5t s5sations become m & m rapid until consci\sness1 8:i* translates only physiological /ates ( a suffici5t duration10 has n "t to appe>4 ,"h we h a reflex-act4 ,9 an int]m$iate zone :]e reactions take a "t suffici5t = !m to be consci\s1 ! intellectual /ates1 to :i* ! ab/ract "n ( ! intellectual faculty has be5 giv51 h bir?4 ,diff]5tiation op]ates betwe5 s5sible & intellectual facts1 until !y seem to belong to two irr$ucible faculties2 b ! intellectual /ates are graft$ on ! s5sible /ates1 & al?\gh ! graft develops s greatly t ! s5sibility appe>s l a p>asite1 ! latt] is ! primitive trunk & ?r\gh x ! graft exi/s by a k9d ( cont9u$ creation4 ,s5sations are conv5i5t ab/ractions b no?+ m4 ,a s5sation nev] pres5ts itself 9 ! adult consci\sness )\t a cr[d ( in/antane\sly evok$ relations4 ,!re is nev] absolute exclusion betwe5 p]ception & s5sation3 ^! are two /ates :i* dissolve into ea* o!r1 :i* h no diff]5ce 9 nature1 & :i* are sep>able only 9 gross4 ,prop]ly speak+ !re are no s5sations1 only p]ceptions m or less complex4 ,9 s5sation ! /ate ( m9d is consid]$ 9 itself )\t ref]5ce to its relations2 9 p]ception att5tion is paid *iefly to ! relations4 ,b s5sation exi/s only = consci\sness1 z x c nev] ent] directly into intellectual con/ructions1 b only ?r\gh ! /ate ( remembrance4 ,e s5sation s f> z we are s5sible ( x is purely felt1 & we effectuate our m5tal con/ructions n ) s5sations1 b ) our remembrances ( s5sations4 ,b ! rle ( s5sation is /ill m re/rict$4 ,h[ev] rapid its flight across consci\sness x in/antane\sly provokes ! remembrance ( num]\s s5sations ( diff]5ces & resemblances ) ant]ior s5sations4 ,x is an occasion = ?is1 & no?+ m4 ,to be p]ceiv$1 a s5sation mu/ be foll[$ by s5sations diff]5t f itself4 ,! m9d seizes relations ( resemblance betwe5 s5sations & resemblances betwe5 relations3 x classes !m1 ! *aos unravels & organises itself4 ,! organisation has be5 progressive1 b at all /ages ! proc$ure is alike2 x consi/s 9 dis5gag+ remembrances m or less mask$ by dissimil>ities3 ?is is ! univ]sal proc$ure ( ! m9d & ! condition s9e qua non ( ?\ght4 ,9 8 article on ,g5]al ,physiology1 ,m4 ,dur& 7de ,gros7 9 criticism ( ,m4 ,*4 ,ri*et's article on ?is subject :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,april numb] ( ! ,revue ,philosophique1 po9ts out t ,ri*et 9 apply+ ! t]m 8g5]al anatomy0 to ! anatomy ( ! tissues1 & 8special anatomy0 to ! anatomy ( ! organs1 ov]look$ ! fact t g5]ality & speciality :5 us$ to express ! two opposite sides ( a sci5ce express relations ( ab/ract1 nom9al ext5sion & n real ext5sion4 ,?us1 by g5]al *emi/ry is int5d$ ! consid]ation ( ! high] laws gov]n+ ! molecul> actions ( bodies1 ! "o on ! o!r1 :atev] t may be1 & ! modes ( composition :i* result !refrom = ea* ( !m4 ,g5]al physiology %\ld be1 !re=e1 ! philosophy ( ! sci5ce ( ! functions ( life1 t is to say1 ! high] laws embrac+ all ^! v>i\s p>ticul> functions2 special physiology hav+ = its object ^! p>ticul> functions 9 :at is prop] to ea* ( !m & di/+ui%es x f ! o!rs4 ,physiology has ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! o!r animals z well z man1 & also to plants1 & h5ce ! t]m g5]al physiology has be5 appli$ to ! physiology common to all liv+ be+s1 & special physiology to t :i* conc]ns ! v>i\s animal & vegetal species tak5 sep>ately4 ,b ?is is 9 reality comp>ative physiology1 & ?us positive physiologi/s h made a false use ( ! t]m g5]al physiology1 & h left ! true g5]al physiology unrecognis$ & unnam$4 ,9 conclusion1 ,m4 ,dur& pres5ts 8 conception ( 8organology40 ,9 ! =m ( a dialogue ,m4 ,milhaud meets ! objections made to ! notion ( limit 9 ,ma!matics4 ,! "q :e!r to h a limit1 = any?+ v>iable1 is n synonym\s ) atta9+ a limit1 is consid]$ 9 connection ) ,z5o's problem ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise1 ! /rict solution ( :i* is1 n t ,a*illes w nev] ov]take ! tortoise1 b t he w n ov]take x on ?is side ( a spot situat$ at a di/ance ( #aj_/i ( a metre f ! />t+-po9t1 )9 a p]iod equal to #aj_/i ( a second comm5c+ at ! in/ant ( />t+4 ,to ! objection t by its v nature ! limit _c be atta9$1 z :]e ! limit & ! v>iable elem5t :i* indef9itely approa*es x are ess5tially diff]5t1 x is repli$ t :5 a v>iable elem5t has a limit1 ?is elem5t is a quantity & ! limit is a quantity ( ! same k9d1 quality be+ neglect$4 ,9 ! proposition3 ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce is ! limit ( ! p]imet]s ( ! inscrib$ polygons1 ! limit is a quantity ( ! same k9d1 t ( l5g?4 ,x is n necess>y to "k :e!r ! def9ition accords ) reality4 ,m4 ,milhaud !n %[s by ref]5ce to ! prop]ties ( an unlimit$ s]ies ( inscrib$ polygons & ! correspond+ circumscrib$ polygons1 t two su* s]ies ( geometrical l5g?s satisfy+ ! requir$ conditions c always be consid]$ z def9+ a new l5g?1 sup]ior to all ! fir/ & inf]ior to all ! o!rs4 ,z to its exi/5ce1 x c be said only t a l5g? exi/s only z det]m9$1 z limit$2 & a /ate ( l5g?1 or a p>ticul> l5g? has a "r to exi/1 provid$ t ! prop]ties ( quantity :i* condition x are n contradictory4 ,! ess5ce ( ma!matical space1 bread?1 l5g? is only ! cont5t ( _! def9itions4 ,ma!matics owes its exi/5ce to ! condition ( creat+ = itself a _w ( fictions4 ,!re is a div]g5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r incomm5surables %\ld be repres5t$ by l5g?s or by num]ical symbols1 b ! div]g5ce is a la/ e*o ( ! endless discussions :i* ! notions ( inf9ity & cont9uity h rais$ among ma!maticians4 ,philosophic ?\ght1 says ,m4 ,lannes1 pres5ts1 9 ,russia1 9 its pa/ hi/ory1 a v poor condition4 ,philosophy does n exi/1 unless t "n be giv5 to su* moral precepts1 or dome/ic recomm5dations z we f9d 9 8! in/ruction0 ( a ,vladimir ,monomaque or 9 ! 8,domo/ro40 ,! ,russian m9d 0 easily gu>d$ aga9/ ! lib]ties ( ?\ght1 reg>d+ sci5ce & philosophy ) contempt & holy dread4 ,!re1 z dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! re/ ( ,europe1 ! end to atta91 to :i* all o!rs 7 subord9at$1 0 ! safety ( ! s\l4 ,x 0 only ) ,pet] ! ,great t ?\ght took a fre] flight1 not)/&+ ! re/rictions t x _h /ill to support4 ,! ,little ,russians 7 ! fir/ to turn t[>ds we/]n in/ruction4 ,9 ord] to meet ! ,jesuits1 :o appe>$ 9 ,russia ab\t ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 ) ! arms !y us$1 s*ola/ic philosophy 0 introduc$ into ! college ( ,pi]re ,mohila1 at ,kief4 ,ari/otle 0 tak5 z guide & ! tea*+ 0 9 ,lat94 ,"u ,alexis ,mikhalovit*1 rational1 natural1 & moral philosophy began to be taught 9 a =mal mann] at ! ,academy ( ,mosc[4 ,pet] ! ,great ord]$ an important place to be giv5 to rhetoric & dialectics1 & ! m5tion ( logic1 psy*ology1 & metaphysics 9 ! programme ( ! ,academy4 ,9 #agee logic1 metaphysics1 & morality ent]$ into ! tea*+ ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury two curr5ts ( ideas manife/$ !mselves1 ( :i* "s are connect$ ) my/icism1 o!rs ) ! influ5ce ( ,fr5* philosophy4 ,! =m] became associat$1 ?r\gh ,novik( & ,s*w>tz1 ) free-masonry1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z a means ( acquir+ a k ( ,god1 ( nature1 & ( man1 ( becom+ a bett] ,*ri/ian1 a bett] citiz51 & a bett] family head4 ,novik( & ,s*w>tz f\nd$ ! 8,society ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,in/ruction10 & ?r\gh _! zeal a mass ( moral & religi\s books 7 publi%$ = di/ribution 9 places ( in/ruction4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* 8philosoph]s0 ( ! #ah? c5tury 0 prepond]ant 9 ,russia 9 ! second half ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,voltaire enjoy$ ! greate/ favor1 & 8 r5[n 0 univ]sal4 ,free?\ght p5etrat$ ! middle classes1 & ev5 cons]vative & religi\s m5 d5i$ miracles 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 consid]$ religion z a political in/rum5t1 & attack$ ! ignorance & cupidity ( ! cl]gy4 ,on ! happ5+ ( ! ,fr5* revolution ,ca!r9e 0 fright5$ & took rigor\s measures aga9/ ^? :o wi%$ to use fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,que/ions ( p$agogy held a great place 9 ! ?\ghts ( ,ca!r9e4 ,%e confid$ ! c>e ( p$agogic re=ms to ,betski1 :o %[$ t true education is t :i* unites ! developm5t ( ! body1 ( ! m9d1 & ( ! he>t2 b ! moral elem5t ought to h ! fir/ place4 ,alex&] ,i4 re-e/abli%$ philosophic lib]alism & s\ght to excite int]e/ 9 social1 economic1 & political que/ions4 ,! univ]sity ( ,mosc[ 0 reorganis$1 & "o ( ! faculties includ$ dogmatic & moral !ology1 !oretical & practical philosophy1 natural1 political & popul> rights4 ,philosophy also e/abli%$ itself 9 ! new univ]sities ( ,kh>k(1 ,kazan1 & ,pet]sburg4 ,b m9ds 7 possess$ ) m liv+ ideas & v>i\s t5d5cies1 political1 moral1 religi\s1 sceptical1 l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( num]\s secret societies ^: />t+ po9t 0 ! masonic alliance4 ,ab\t #ahaf1 ,s*rd] _h introduc$ into ! =eign lodges a _s ( cosmopolitan humanity4 ,fessl] saw 9 ! lodges a means ( moral education1 ! basis ( civic education4 ,9 ord] to be receiv$ z a mason1 x 0 necess>y to pass ?r\gh c]ta9 8consecrations10 to obta9 c]ta9 8degrees ( k40 ,among ^? 8consecrat$0 by ,fessl] 0 ,spranski :o1 not)/&+ 8 my/icism1 0 imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,revolution4 ,on ! reaction "u ,pr9ce ,galitzyn1 ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 sci5ce 0 giv5 a my/ical end1 & religion 0 decl>$ to be ! supreme sci5ce4 ,! sci5ces :i* c\ld d injury to religion1 z geology1 7 ei!r disc>d$1 or direct$ to be taught accord+ to ! _s ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,z to philosophy1 ! tea*+ ( moral philosophy1 :i* does n sep>ate morality f ! fai?1 0 alone all[$4 ,! treatises ( ! ,kantian ,jacob 7 =bidd51 z conta9+ sc&al\s !ories4 ,9 g5]al1 9 ! univ]sities1 dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! objects ( philosophic /udy 7 some:at vague4 ,! utility ( ! sci5ces1 ( education1 ( ! individual *>act]s ( peoples1 en?usia/ic disc\rses on free w1 on ! rights ( reason1 on ! _s & =ces ( nature4 ,fessl] & ,vellanski introduc$ ! ,g]man philosophy & pr9cipally t ( ,s*ell+1 :i* became 9 "s sort ! lev] :i* put 9 movem5t ideas on ! indep5d5ce & ! nationality ( civilisation4 ,! mo/ ard5t *ampion ( ,s*ell+'s doctr9e 0 ,odoievski1 ^: ext]nal p]sonality m>ks curi\sly ! idea ent]ta9$ ( philosophy & philosoph]s betwe5 #ahbj & #ahde4 ,a philosoph] 0 repres5t$ z a sort ( romantic ,fau/1 lead+ a k9d ( life diff]5t f common mortals4 ,if he occupi$ himself ) physical sci5ces1 ! philosoph] 0 reg>d$ z ! equal ( a sorc]] ) t]rible p[]s4 ,m4 ,lannes concludes 8 pres5t article ) a sket* ( ! life & philosophy ( ,galit*1 :o on 8 return to ,/4 ,pet]sburg f a ?ree ye>s t\r ?r\gh ,europe wrote a diss]tation on philosophy1 9 :i* he expla9$ ! developm5t ( be+s by ! d\ble action ( activity & passivity1 ! "o be+ cause1 ! o!r product4 ,9 #ahai ,galit* taught 9 ! ,univ]sity logic1 psy*ology1 & metaphysics1 & lat] he receiv$ au?ority to tea* ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 to :i* he gave an eclectic "*1 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions ( 8 hi]>*ical sup]iors4 ,9 8 esot]ic tea*+ he initiat$ 8 fri5ds into ! philosophy ( ,s*ell+4 ,9 t ye> he publi%$ a 8,hi/ory ( ,philosophic ,sy/ems10 ! appe>ance ( :i* 0 a r>e novelty 9 ! ,russian ,sci5tific ,_w4 ,he subsequ5tly publi%$ sev]al o!r works1 b ! manuscript ( "o on ! 8,philosophy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity10 :i* co/ him mu* labor 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,! m]it ( ,galit* is to h wi%$ to e/abli% 9 ,russia philosophy z sci5ce4 ,he assign$ to ! /udy ( philosophy ! :ole encyclop$ia ( ! sci5ces1 b true philosophic k is ! k ( ! unity f :i* ext]nal ph5om5a fl[4 ,m4 ,lannes gives an analysis ( ,galit*'s 8,picture ( ,man10 :]e1 be=e ,m4 ,r5\vi]1 he says ( fre$om1 8x c itself beg9 an entire s]ies ( ph5om5a1 :i* are !n l9k$ toge!r 9 ! relations ( dep5d5ce1 t is to say are ! necess>y acts ( a volunt>y pr9ciple40 ,galit* des]ves to occupy a small place 9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! philosophy ( humanity4 ,if !re exi/$ be=e him a sci5ce ( ! relations ( ! s\l & ! body1 he 0 at lea/ "o ( ! fir/ to elaborate a programme ( :at is call$ to-day comp>ative psy*ology4 ,m4 ,regnaud f9ds ! s\rces ( ! philosophy ( ,india 9 ,india itself1 z !y appe> 9 all _! simplicity & primitive "* 9 ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! v anci5t collection ( liturgical hymns ( ! ,brahmans4 ,! :ole doctr9e impli$ by bo? ! ,v$ic cult & ! text ( ! hymns is resum$ 9 a v]se ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 8,ea* day ! same liquid rises & desc5ds2 ! ra9s vivify ! e>?1 ! fires ( ! sacrifice vivify ! sky40 ,! libations de/9$ to fe$ ! fire ( sacrifice & :i* consi/$ ( inflammable liquids1 su* z ! ghrita or cl>ifi$ butt]1 7 p\r$ out ea* "t t ! sacrifice 0 celebrat$ into ! atmosph]e 7or ! sky7 ^: life !y ma9ta9$1 9 l mann] z liquid & solid foods su/a9 ! life ( man4 ,! :ole religi\s conception ( ! ,v$ic epo* consi/s !n 9 ! idea ( an endless circulus1 ( a p]petual ex*ange ( ! elem5ts ( life1 9 an imm5se body :i* is ! univ]se1 ^: art]ial c5tre is ! sacrifice1 & ! fire ! motor1 ! di/ribut]1 & s to say ! bra94 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 4 ,,revue ,,de ,l',,hypnotisme4 ,april1 #ahia4 ,no4 #aj4 #e? ,,ye>4 ,,cont5ts3 7#a7 ,,acc\*em5t ,,dans ,l',,hypnotisme4 ,by ,dr4 ,fraipont & ,m4 ,j4 ,delbuf4 7#b7 ,,acc\*em5t ,,p5dant ,,le ,,sommeil ,,hypnotique4 ,by ,dr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,k+sbury4 7#c7 ,,memoire ,,relatif ,a ,,c]ta9es ,,radiations ,,p]ques ,,p> ,,less5sitifs4 ,by ,b>on de ,rei*emba*4 7#d7 ,,discussions ,,et ,,polemique3 ,la ,nutrition dans l'hypnotisme4 ,by ,gilles de la ,t\rette & ,h4 ,ca!l9eau4 7#e7 ,,recueil ,,de ,,faits3 ,contribution l'application de la ?rapeutique sugge/ive4 ,by ,dr4 ,p4 ,van ,vels54 ,huit obs]vations d'acc\*em5t sans d\leur s\s l'influ5ce de l'hypnotisme4 ,by ,dr4 ,m>ie ,dobrovosky4 ,,revue ,,bibliographique4 ,dr4 ,fraipont t]m9ates 8 int]e/+ memoir ) ! rem>k t save "u v exceptional circum/ances1 z :5 ! subject is v s5sitive or has be=e suff]$ a sort ( trance1 hypnotism c sc>cely h any practical importance 9 acc\*m5t4 ,m4 ,delbuf ref]s 9 a po/script to ! case ( a pati5t describ$ 9 8 writ+s by ! initial ,j4441 & /ates t h] acc\*m5t confirms him 9 8 view ( ! rle ( ! bra91 :i* he reg>ds z a mod]at+ & inhibit+ organ1 & consequ5tly 9 ! op9ion express$ by him 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique z to ! ess5ce ( fre$om1 :i* he reg>ds z hav+ an arre/+ & n an incit+ effect4 ,,mm4 de la ,f\rette & ,ca!l9eau confirm ! conclusion drawn f rese>*es made by !m = ,pr(essor ,*>cot1 t nutrition is affect$ dur+ ! hypnotic sleep1 & !re=e t hypnotism is a pa?ological condition4 7,p>is3 #agj ,rue ,sa9t-,anto9e47 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 ,nos4 #i & #aj4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,goe!s ,,v]haeltniss ,,zu ,,sp9oza ,,und ,,se9e ,,philosophis*e ,,weltans*auung4 ,by ,g4 ,s*neege4 ,i4 ,,wilhelm ,,wundt',s 8,,sy/em ,,d] ,,philosophie40 ,by ,johannes ,volkelt4 ,i4 ,,rec5sion53 7#a7 ,a4 ,f\ille1 ,l',av5ir de la mtaphysique fonde sur l'expri5ce4 ,by ,c4 ,s*a>s*midt4 7#b7 ,?4 von ,v>nbl]1 ,wid]legung d] ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,by ,e4 ,knig4 7#c7 ,b]i*t b] neu]e ,ers*e9ung5 aus dem ,gebiete d] ,ges*i*te d] /hetik4 ,by ,e4 ,khnemann4 7#d7 ,c4 ,baeumk]1 ,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie 9 d] grie*is*5 ,philosophie4 ,by ,p4 ,natorp4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,johannes ,volkelt cont9ues 8 review ( ,wilhelm ,wundt's 8,sy/em ( ,philosophy40 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,s*a>s*midt criticises ,f\ille's view ( a future metaphysics z bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 f ! ,kantian /&po9t4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,knig expla9s ) suffici5t /r5g? ! futility ( ,v>nbl] 9 8 bold attempt ( refut+ ,kant's 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 & ,dr4 ,paul ,natorp1 ! editor1 devotes an article to ,pr(4 ,clem5s ,baeumk]'s book 8,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie 9 d] ,grie*is*5 ,philosophie10 9 :i* ! au?or sets =? t ! problem ( matt] is n a limit$ problem1 b ! sum total ( all ^? que/ions :i* h ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( "s cause ( s5sory ph5om5a :i* 9 its nature is diff]5t f consci\sness4 ,! problems ( psy*o-physics & ( ! !ory ( cognition are mod]n & 7 unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,_! /&po9t rema9$ ?r\gh\t t ( realism4 ,a rsum ( ! views ( ,greek philosoph]s f ,?ales d[n to ! ,new ,platoni/s foll[s4 ,! lead+ article is devot$ to ,goe!'s relation to ,sp9oza & 8 philosophical _w-conception4 ,goe!'s philosophical & religi\s op9ions are naturally ( ! greate/ int]e/1 because ,goe!1 ! *ild ( nature 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 repres5ts a g5ius n su* z our great contempor>y ,ces>e ,lombroso conceives him to be1 i4 e4 a species ( ! abnormal man & a k9d ( insane p]son1 b su* z g5ius is conceiv$ by ! layman1 i4 e4 an abnormally normal man1 a man ^: excell5cies lie 9 a r>e h>mony ( highly develop$ p]fections--n 9 ecc5tricities4 ,goe!'s ecc5tricities 7 n worse or m ext5d$ ?an ^? ( av]age p1 b he _h m s5se1 m humor1 m dep?1 & m _s4 ,well1 ,goe! z a son ( man & z a type ( an unusually p]fect man 0 a poet1 a philosoph]1 a sci5ti/1 an hi/orian1 an arti/1 a man ( ! _w1 & a man ( practical life1 all 9 "o1 & ! op9ions ( ?is man 9 ! religio-philosophical field %[ at lea/ t !y accord ) man z a *ild ( nature4 ,goe!'s philosophical views 7 /rongly influ5c$ by ,sp9oza yet n s z if ,sp9oza _h impress$ 8 view ^u ,goe!4 ,goe! happ5$ to read ,sp9oza's 8,e?ics0 :ile /ill immature 9 m9d & felt himself p[]fully attract$ by ! _s ( ! book4 8,:at ,i may h read out ( or into t "w10 he writes1 8,i c\ld give no acc\nt4 ,yet ,i f\nd a pacification ( my passions4 ,a great & free vi/a ^u ! s5sual & moral _w seem$ to op5 be=e my eyes4 ,t /range s5t5ce #8,he :o loves ,god mu/ n dem& ( ,god to love him 9 return1' ) all its premises & conclusions fill$ all my ?\ghts4 ,to be unselfi% 9 ev]y?+ & mo/ s 9 love & fri5d%ip 0 my highe/ delight1 my maxim1 my practice1 s t ! bold expression ( lat] ye>s #8,if ,i love !e1 x is none ( ?y bus9ess' came "r f my he>t4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x mu/ be recognis$ t ! mo/ intimate comb9ations result f contr>ies4 ,! all-p]vad+ calmness ( ,sp9oza contra/$ ) my excit$ aspirations1 8 ma!matical me?od 0 a c\nt]p>t ( my poetical ?\ghts & habits40 ,9 ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( necessity ,goe! f\nd com=t conc]n+ man's dep5d5ce ^u ! out] _w :i* caus$ him s mu* pa94 ,x is probable t ! fam\s s5t5ce ( ! lib]ation f passions ?r\gh a cle> compreh5sion ( !m 0 v sympa!tic to ,goe!1 = x is a *>act]i/ic feature ( 8 poetry t !y 7 confessions z well z lib]ations ( all t mov$ & di/urb$ him4 ,z soon z ,goe! 0 able to give to himself a cle> acc\nt conc]n+ t :i* _h affect$ 8 s\l & z soon z he c\ld give a poetical =m to x s t x became some?+ indep5d5t & outside ( him1 he ga9$1 9 ! s5se ( ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( lib]ation f passions1 ! peace & lib]ty ( 8 s\l4 ,yet ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( necessity 0 a metaphysical conception4 ,goe! transf]r$ x into ! doma9s ( practical e?ics1 ?us giv+ rise to 8 idea ( resignation4 ,goe! writes 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? book ( 8,wahrheit und ,di*tung03 8,our physical z well z our social life1 cu/oms1 habits1 worldly wisdom1 philosophy1 religion1 ev5 _m incid5tal ev5ts1 ev]y?+ dem&s ( u t we %\ld resign ourselves4 ,s _m ?+s :i* mo/ intr9sically belong to u we are n all[$ to develop4 ,t ( ! out] _w :i* we want z a complem5t ( our nature is tak5 away & _m ?+s :i* are =eign to u & disagreeable are ?r[n ^u u4 ,we are depriv$ ( ev]y?+ t we h ) difficulty acquir$1 ( ev]y?+ t is fri5dly & be=e we fully compreh5d x we f9d ourselves oblig$ to surr5d] our v p]sonality1 fir/ piecemeal & f9ally 9 its entirety40 ,pr(essor ,s*neege says t ,goe!'s practice ( resignation gave him solace :5 he felt l[-spirit$ conc]n+ ! limits ( human will+ & wi%+ & hop+1 & 8 resignation 0 z a matt] ( pr9ciple a total resignation4 ,a p>tial resignation leads to ! pessimi/ic outcry 8,all is vanity10 yet ! total resignation af=ds an inn] peace & produces t 8air ( peace10 die ,fri$5sluft z ,goe! calls x1 :i* surr\nds u :5 read+ ,sp9oza4 ,"o ( ,goe!'s maxims is q ,sp9ozi/ic4 ,goe! says 7,max4 und ,refl4 ,ab?4 v473 8,he :o decl>es himself to be free w feel himself at once dep5d5t b he :o d>es to decl>e himself dep5d5t1 feels himself free40 ,goe! reject$ ! idea ( a p]sonal & transc5d5t ,deity :i* 0 urg$ s /rongly ^u him by ,lavat]4 ,reject+ ,lavat]'s view1 he says 7,wahrh4 und ,di*t4 xiv473 8,i assur$ him 9 accord ) my ,realism :i* is inborn z well z acquir$ t s9ce x _h pleas$ ,god & ,nature to make me z ,i am1 ,i mu/ rema9 s40 ,! expression 8,god & ,nature0 savors /rongly ( ,sp9oza's 8,deus sive natura40 ,accord+ to ,eck]mann 7,gesp4 m4 ,g4 ii1 p4 #afi7 ,holba*'s ,sy/me de la nature _h also made a /rong impression ^u ,goe!4 ,nev]!less he 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! _s ( ,fr5* mat]ialism4 ,he says3 8,h[ empty & holl[ is ?is sad a!i/ic twilight1 9 :i* ! e>? ) all its =ms & ! heav5 ) all its />s disappe>4 ,matt] only is said to exi/1 be+ 9 motion f et]nity to et]nity1 ?us produc+ to ! "r & to ! left )\t fur!r ado all ! innum]able ph5om5a ( be+40 ,goe!'s view ( 8,god & nature10 did n d5y ! ,deity z su*1 b id5tifi$ bo? 9 ! s5se ( ,sp9oza4 ,9 ?is s5se ,goe! int]pret$ ! s5t5ce3 ,qui deum amat con>i n pote/1 ut ,deus ipsum contra amet--si homo id con>etur1 cup]et ergo ut ,deus quem amat1 non esset ,deus4 ,! latt] idea1 8if a man wi%$ t ,god %\ld love him 9 return1 he w\ld wi% t ,god be n ,god0 is a coroll>y only to ! imp]sonal conception ( ,sp9oza's non-an?ropomorphis$ ,deity4 ,we _c & we mu/ n ?9k ( ,god z a human be+ :o l a mon>* makes favorites ( ^? :o are fai?ful n s mu* to ! div9e laws ( e?ics b to ,god p]sonally4 ,goe! agre$ 9 8 views ( ,sp9oza ) ,h]d]1 :o 9 a lett] to ,jacobi writes3 8,! 1 my de> ,jacobi1 9 all anti-sp9ozi/ic sy/ems is t ,god is suppos$ to be ! great ens entium1 ! cause ( all ph5om5a1 a cyph]1 an ab/ract idea :i* we h =mulat$4 ,h[ev]1 t is n s accord+ to ,sp9oza2 ,god is to him ! mo/ real & active unity :i* says to itself #8,i am t ,i am1 & %all be 9 all ! *anges ( my ph5om5a t :i* ,i %all be4' ,:at y mean1 my de> fell[s1 by an exi/5ce outside ( ! _w1 ,i d n und]/&4 ,if ,god does n exi/ 9 ! _w1 & inde$1 ev]y:]e unlimit$ 9 8 totality & entirety1 he does n exi/ at all4 ,! limitation ( p]sonality does n belong to ! inf9ite be+1 s9ce a p]son orig9ates ) u by limitation z a k9d ( modus or z an aggregate ( be+s ^: activity is end[$ ) ! illusion ( unity40 ,a modification ( ,sp9oza's view consi/s 9 ! recognition ( ! creative activity :i* ,h]d] attributes to ,god4 ,9 ano!r lett] to ,jacobi1 ,h]d] writes3 8,y wi% ,god 9 ! %ape ( man l a fri5d :o ?9ks ( y4 ,consid] t 9 t case he mu/ ?9k humanly ( y4 ,if he is p>tial to y he w be p>tial aga9/ o!rs4 ,expla9 to me :y y ne$ him to be human4 ,he speaks to y1 he affects y ?r\gh all noble m5 :o are 8 organs & mo/ s ?r\gh 8 organ ( organs1 ! core ( 8 spiritual creation1 8 only begott54 ,i mu/ confess t ?is philosophy makes me exce$+ly happy4 ,goe! has read ,sp9oza s9ce y\r dep>ture & x is a te/ case to me t he has conceiv$ him exactly z ,i d40 ,h]d] 0 a cl]gyman & he held ! highe/ position ( 8 *ur*1 be+ ,sup]9t5d5t ,g5]al4 ,w\ld ! prote/ant /ate *ur*es ( to-day ei!r 9 ,engl& or 9 ,g]many h room = a man l ,h]d]8 ,goe! concurr$ ) ,h]d]1 t ! idea ( an extramundane ,deity has no s5se1 an outside ,god is p[]less & an imman5t ,god alone is a reality4 ,he puts 9 ! m\? ( ,fau/ ! foll[+ l9es3 8,! ,god t 9 my brea/ is own$ ,c deeply /ir ! inn] s\rces4 ,! ,god above my p[]s en?ron$ ,he _c *ange ext]nal =ces40 ,fau/ ,i1 ,sc5e #d1 ,tr4 ,bay>d ,taylor4 ,sp9oza makes a diff]5ce betwe5 natura naturans & natura naturata4 ,a simil> contra/ is made by ,goe! 9 ! foll[+ l9es :i* are f\nd among ! ,zahme ,x5i51 ,"p vii4 8,life dwells 9 ea* cele/ial body ,& on its self-select$ roads ,x likes to travel ) ! o!rs4 ,!re are 9 our e>?'s deep abodes ,! =ces1 %r\d$ n[ 9 night ,& ris+ up aga9 to light ,if ) et]nal repetition ,"s circles inf9itely roam1 ,if ?\s& /ones 9 /rong con/ruction ,toge!r build life's glori\s dome1 ,!n ?r\gh all ?+s is pleasure ?rill+1 ,! great1 ! little1 bo? are bless$1 ,yet all ?is ye>n+1 all ?is /riv+ ,9 ,god ! ,"l1 is et]nal re/40#bf ,accord+ to ,s*neege1 ,goe! 0 an agno/ic4 ,fau/ says3 8,my/]i\s ev5 9 op5 day ,nature reta9s h] veil1 despite our clamors4 ,t :i* %e do? n will+ly display1 ,_c be wr5*$ f h] ) lev]s1 screws & hamm]s40 ,i1 #a4 ,tr4 ,bay>d ,taylor4 ,?is quotation h[ev] expresses ,fau/'s despair & n ,goe!'s philosophical view4 ,x is true t ,goe! has made a few utt]ances :i* savor ( agno/icism1 b mo/ ( !m are expressive ( ! idea t we c nev] be ?r\gh ) our wisdom2 e new solution proposes new problems4 8,w mi* j$o* des ,worts ni*t s*m53 ,wir ta/5 ewig an ,problem540 ,zahme ,x5i51 vii4 ,w n be a%am$ ( ! confession3 ,we are deal+ ) problems )\t int]cession4 ,h[ little ,goe! 0 9 accord ) ! view ( mod]n agno/icism or ph5om5alism1 t we "k ! outside ( nature only & n h] inside1 c be le>n$ f 8 opposition to ,hall]'s fam\s l9es3 8,nature's ,)9 f mortal m9d ,mu/ ev] lie conceal$4 ,?rice bless$ e'en he1 to :om %e has ,h] out] %ell reveal$40 ,9 answ] to ! agno/ic s5tim5t ( ! fam\s naturali/1 ,goe! answ]$ ) ! foll[+ v]ses 7quot$ 9 ! translation giv5 9 8,fundam5tal ,problems10 p4 #adb73 8,nature's #8)9' f mortal m9d0 ,phili/9e1 saye/ ?\1 8,mu/ ev] lie conceal$80 ,to me1 my fri5d1 & to my k9d ,repeat ?is n4 ,we tr[ ,:]e'er we are t we ,)9 mu/ always be4 8,?rice bless$ e'en he to :om %e has ,h] out] %ell reveal$80 ,?is say+ sixty ye>s ,i he>d ,repeat$ o'er & o'er1 ,& 9 my s\l ,i curs$ ! ^w1 ,yet secretly ,i swore4 ,"s ?\s& ?\s& times or m ,unto myself ,i witness bore3 ,gladly gives ,nature all h] /ore1 ,%e kn[s n k]nel1 kn[s n %ell1 ,= %e is all 9 "o4 ,b ?\1 ,exam9e ?\ ?9e own self well :e!r ?\ art k]nel or art %ell4 ,we ought to be> 9 m9d t ,goe! 0 no philosoph] 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w & did n attempt to h a sy/em t %\ld be free f contradictions4 ,s we read 9 "o place3 8,man is n born to solve ! problem ( ! _w1 b to seek = ! limit ( ! incompreh5sible & !n to rema9 )9 ! limits ( ! compreh5sible10 & 9 ano!r place 8,man mu/ hold fa/ to ! belief t :at seems incompreh5sible is compreh5sible1 = o!rwise he w\ld cease to inve/igate40 ,! idea ( evolution 0 ! basis ( ,goe!'s idea ( immortality4 ,"h also he rema9s 9 accord ) ,h]d] :o _h propos$ 9 8 8,ideas = a ,philosophy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d0 8 views ( ! developm5t ( be+s by degrees4 ,goe! wrote f ,rome 7,see 8,h]d]'s ,na*lass10 ed4 ,dntz]1 ,frank=t1 #agef1 i1 p4 #ag473 8,h[ mu* ,i enjoy ,h]d]'s #8,ideas1' ,i c sc>cely express4 ,s9ce ,i expect no ,messiah1 ?is viz4 ! prospect ( fur!r evolution is to me ! de>e/ ,gospel40 ,goe!'s idea ( ! s\l is n cle>ly work$ out 9 its philosophical aspect4 ,he speaks ( s\ls z ( monads & believes 9 a migration ( ! s\l4 8,i am sure10 ,goe! said to ,falk1 8,i h be5 "h "s ?\s& times & expect to come aga9 "s ?\s& times40 ,goe! 0 v decid$ 9 practical & e?ical respects4 ,goe! deviat$ f ,sp9oza by introduc+ a /rong trait ( individualism into ,sp9oza's cosmism4 8,zweck se9 selb/ i/ jegli*es ,?i]40#bg ,e creature has its purpose 9 itself4 ,& man is ! la/ product ( con/antly high] evolv+ ,nature--das letzte ,product d] si* imm] /eig]nd5 ,natur4 ,nature's int5tion accord+ to ,goe!'s view is to produce con/antly m p]fect creatures4 ,he says3 8,imag9e ,nature /&+ z a game/] be=e ! r\lette table con/antly %\t+ au d\ble4 ,) all %e has won ?r\gh all ! phases ( h] activity %e cont9ues to play on into inf9ity4 ,/one1 plant1 animal1 ev]y?+ is risk$ 9 su* haz>d+ v5tures aga9 & aga91 & :o c tell :e!r man himself is n b a v5ture = a high] aim40 ,dea? 0 to ,goe! no de/ruction b a dissolution4 ,a de/ruction or annihilation appe>$ z an impossibility to him4 ,& 8 idea ( immortality 0 n "o ( exi/5ce aft] dea? b ( a cont9u$ activity4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbe ,goe! decl>$ to ,*ancellor von ,mll] 78,gespr*e m4d4 ,kanzl] von ,mll]10 p4 #ii71 t he %\ld n "k :at to d ) an immortality 9 :i* he w\ld n f9d new tasks to d & new difficulties to conqu]4 7,heidelb]g3 ,georg ,weiss47 4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,zur ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,komplexion5 ,,und ,,relation54 ,by ,e4 ,me9ong4 ,,wundt',s ,,antikritik4 ,by ,c4 ,/umpf4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,unt]s*i$sempf9dli*keit ,,fu] ,,kle9e ,,zeitgroess54 ,e9e vorlufige ,mitteilung4 ,by ,f4 ,s*umann4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,me9ong discusses ,*4 v4 ,ehr5fels's article 8,ueb] ,ge/altqualitt50#bh add+ ! results ( 8 own inve/igations sugge/$ to him by ?is essay4 ,ehr5fels />ts f ,pr(essor ,ma*'s consid]ation ( figure & melody 7see ,ma*'s ,beitrge zur ,analyse d] ,empf9dung57 & proposes ! "q1 ,:at are figure & melody 9 !mselves8 ,are !y m]ely a comb9ation ( elem5ts or are !y some?+ 9 contradi/9ction to _! elem5ts1 some?+ entirely new8 ,melodies & figures1 says ,ehr5fels1 c be s transpos$ t n any "o ( _! orig9al elem5ts w rema94 ,?us ! simil>ity ( figures 9 space z well z ( tones is some?+ diff]5t f ! simil>ity ( _! elem5ts2 !y mu/ be some?+ diff]5t ?an _! m]e sum4 ,?is is 8! figure-quality0 or ,ge/altsqualitt1 & ,ehr5fels di/+ui%es betwe5 two k9ds1 7#a7 ^? ( "t 7#b7 ^? ( space1 :i* he calls 7#a7 ,tonge/alt5 & 7#b7 ,raumge/alt54 ,9 addition to ^! are discuss$ ! figure-qualities ( s5sations & ( inn] app]ception4 ,ehr5fels proposes ! psy*ological "q :e!r ^! figure-qualities are imm$iately giv5 toge!r ) _! f\ndations or :e!r !y mu/ be consid]$ z ! product ( a special activity1 & he decides 9 favor ( ! =m] possibility4 ,pr(essor ,me9ong ^: "w has be5 9 simil> l9es1 ref]s to 8 article 8,phantasievor/ellung und ,phantasie0#bi & criticises ! t]m 8figure-quality10 propos+ 9 its /ead ! words fundi]5d & fundi]t1 us+ ! ,g]man t]m ,fundam5t z a correlative expression ( 8relation40 ,!re is no relation )\t complexity & psy*ological exp]i5ce has actually to deal ) complex facts only4 ,melody & figure are names = ! totality ( ! f\ndations includ+ _! 8f\nd$0 cont5ts4 ,x may be t we are unduly prejudic$ 9 favor ( our own t]m9ology1 b x seems to u t ! expression 8=m0 w prove to be ! mo/ appropriate ^w4 ,=m is nei!r quality nor quantity1 b =m c produce qualities4 ,let ! same qualities1 say ( *emical elem5ts1 comb9e 9 diff]5t =ms1 & we %all obta9 sub/ances ) diff]5t qualities4 ,figure & melody are special k9ds ( =m4 ,=ms consi/ 9 & orig9ate ?r\gh comb9ation1 & ! unity produc$ ?r\gh a special =m-comb9ation is actually some?+ new1 z mu* s z if x 7 a special-creation act4 ,?is wond]ful p[] ( =m makes ! /udy ( =m all-important 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,a neglect ( ! /udy ( =m w lead ei!r to mat]ialism :5 matt] & motion are conceiv$ z ! only quality-produc+ factors1 or to agno/icism z soon z a deep] inquiry proves t matt] & motion are n suffici5t to expla9 ! mo/ ess5tial prop]ties ( ! objects ( inve/igation4 ,we _c judge f ! pres5t article h[ mu* ,ehr5fels & ,me9ong are 9 sympa?y ) our /&po9t1 b we c see t _! ef=ts are 9 ! same direction4 ,! second article is a rejo9d] by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,/umpf ( ,muni* to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,wundt's reply to 8 critic4 ,pr(essor ,/umpf compla9s ( ,wundt t he ignor$ ! po9ts rais$ 9 8 criticism & t 8 8,antikritik0 consi/$ only ( 8a *a9 ( di/ortions & ins9uations40 ,f4 ,s*umann publi%es 8 results reg>d+ s5sibility = ! diff]5ce betwe5 smalle/ quantities ( "t4 ,he employ$ a *ronograph modifi$ 9 two respects f ,wundt's *ronograph4 ,fir/ he replac$ ! exp5sive *ronomet] by a tread+-:eel & introduc$ ,pfeil's "t-m>k]1 :i*1 z he ?9ks1 is h&i] z well z m precise ?an ,wundt's "t-m>k]4 ,s*umann's results agree ) ! results ( ,pr(essor ,ma* %[+ a maximum ( #j4c-j4d seconds1 ! relation ( ! p]ceptible diff]5ce to ! normal "t be+ 9 diff]5t p]sons only #j4jbb4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,l4 ,voss47 4 ,,philosophis*es ,,jahrbu*4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #c4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,en?aelt ,,die ,,*emis*-,,physikalis*e ,,atom!orie ,,wid]sprue*e8 ,by ,s4 ,j4 ,l9smei]4 ,,no* ,,e9mal ,,zu ,,platon',s ,,timaeus p4 #ea ,e-p4 #eb ,b4 ,by ,clem5s ,baeumk]4 ,,das ,,gesetz ,,von ,,d] ,,erhaltung ,,des ,,leb5s4 7,zusatz d] ,r$action47 ,by ,w4 ,frye4 ,,die ,,logis*5 ,,ga5ge ,,des ,,d5k5s4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,grupp4 ,w4 ,,wundt',s ,,sy/em ,,d] ,,philosophie4 ,by ,c4 ,gutb]let4 ,,rec5sion5 ,,und ,,ref]ate4 ,! publi%]s & editors ( ,! ,moni/ are n ,roman ,ca?olics & we suppose t ! majority ( our read]s are n ei!r4 ,b all ! m x appe>s to u necess>y to /ate z a matt] ( ju/ice t ! ,roman ,ca?olic publications 7i4 e4 ^? :i* av[$ly & confess$ly repres5t ,roman ,ca?olic ?\ght7 are f> sup]ior to _! analog\s ,prote/ant contempor>ies4 ,! latt] are debat+ _! p>ticul> sect>ianisms & d n seem to be int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( _! times4 ,!y d n he$ ! discov]ies ( sci5ce or ! views ( philosoph]s1 !y live 9 a _w ( _! own4 ,x is diff]5t ) ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! pres5t magaz9e proves t !y h ?9k]s among !m :o keep abrea/ ( ! "t4 ,x is true t !re is m discipl9e 9 ! camp ( ,roman ,ca?olics :i* %uts _! *ampions out f free enquiry 9 a c]ta9 direction conc]n+ "s fundam5tal t5ets1 b ) all ?is discipl9e goes along a broad-m9d$ness 9 attack+ ! diff]5t problems ( mod]n sci5ce & philosophy & br++ !m into h>mony ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?4 ,! ,philosophis*es ,jahrbu* is publi%$ by ! ,grres-,gesells*aft & edit$ by ,dr4 ,con/4 ,gutb]let4 ,jacob ,joseph ,grres is ! well-kn[n *ampion ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7#aggf-ahdh7--;a re/less _s :o began 8 public c>e] z an en?usia/ic def5d] ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution = ! propagation ( :i* he publi%$ a fanatical j\rnal ,das ro! ,blatt4 ,) ! rise ( ,napoleon he despair$ ( ! cause ( lib]ty1 b he took c\rage aga9 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce 7#ahac-ahae74 ,9 8 j\rnal ,d] ,rhe9is*e ,m]kur he d5\nc$ bitt]ly ^? ,g]mans :o /ill held to ! ,fr5*2 he recomm5d$ 8 c\ntrym5 to h m love = _! language1 cu/oms1 & traditions & exhort$ ! pr9ces to /& unit$ aga9/ ! common foe & re-in/itute ! empire4 ,! w> ov] he 0 p]secut$ by ! ,prussian gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( 8 r5ew$ int]e/s 9 revolution>y affairs 7he _h publi%$ 9 #ahbj a pamphlet 8,g]many & ! ,revolution07 & %[+ a decid$ incl9ation to my/icism 78,emanuel ,s*w$5borg1 8 ,visions & 8 ,relation to ! ,*ur*10 #ahbg7 he jo9$ ! ,ultramontane p>ty 9 ! conviction t 8 ideals c\ld be realis$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! re/ ( 8 life he rema9$ fai?ful to ,rome & 0 ! mo/ active1 ! mo/ vigor\s1 & also ! able/ def5d] ( ,roman ,ca?olic views & int]e/s4 ,! pres5t magaz9e is a ,qu>t]ly conduct$ ) s*ol>%ip & tact1 al?\gh z a matt] ( c\rse n )\t t prejudice :i* necess>ily results f ! pr9ciple ( giv+ all ?\ghts into captivity "u a special & =$et]m9$ fai?4 ,! la/ volume 7vol4 iii7 is ri* 9 int]e/+ articles4 ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,hayd1 /range en\gh1 def5ds ! lib]ty ( inve/igat+ ! au?ority ( fai?1 :i* ! editor1 h[ev]1 )\t reject+ ! idea (f-h& consid]s z bold 7gewagt74 ,!re are articles on ! fre$om ( w1 on ! inf9ite numb] ( possibilities1 mongolian cosmology1 ,pascal's position t[>d scepticism1 analogies betwe5 cognition ( ,god & cognition ( nature ) special ref]5ce to ,kant's criticism ( ! evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! pres5t numb] ( vol4 iv conta9s an article on ! *emico-physical !ory ( atoms4 ,! "q is propos$ :e!r or n ?is !ory conta9s contradictions4 ,! au?or />ts f ,dalton's ,def9ition1 :om he reg>ds toge!r ) ,walla/on z ! f\nd] ( mod]n atomism4 ,! f\r weightie/ objections are consid]$1 b ! au?or arrives at ! conclusion t all ( !m are bas$ ^u misconceptions4 ,he sums up3 8,*emi/s & ,physici/s d n repudiate eyes & s5ses :5 propos+ & def5d+ ! atomi/ic !ory4 ,on ! contr>y !y use = _! view & build x ^u an exce$+ly ri*] mat]ial ( obs]vation ?an is employ$ by _! antagoni/s4444 ,?is d5ial ( ! validity ( ! mo/ important objections1 h[ev]1 does n imply t ! atomi/ic !ory is )\t difficulties1 gaps1 unexpla9$ details1 etc4 ,x is n z yet s c]ta9 a fact z = in/ance ! helioc5tric _w-conception4 ,x is an hypo!sis /ill & w h to rema9 su* = q a long "t4 ,yet we c confid5tly ass]t t ! difficulties are by f> less ?an ^? (f]$ to ! acceptance ( ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis at ! "t ( ! fir/ condemnation ( ,galileo 7#afaf7 :i* 7 solv$ aft]w>d by ,galileo 9 ! ye> #afcb4 ,we h fur!r to /ate t ! atomi/ic !ory has be5 develop$ m & m s9ce ,dalton1 ! numb] & ! importance ( ! explanations (f]$ 9 x h con/antly increas$40 ,dr4 ,frye ( ,j5a discusses ,prey]'s late/ view ( 8,! ,self-,gub]nation ( ,life--,die ,selb//eu]ung des ,leb5s0 :i* appe>$ 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,wo*5s*rift 7,b]l974 ,prey] consid]s 8 newly discov]$ law z a coroll>y to ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy & ma9ta9s t ! total am\nt ( life 9 ! _w is z mu* con/ant z are matt] & en]gy4 ,liv+ mass 7,mz7 plus inanimate mass 7,mn7 are con/ant 7,c72 ,mz ,mn ,c4 ,s f> sci5ti/s w agree1 b ,prey] adds t ea* sep>ate item is con/ant = itself4 ,he decl>es t 8! total am\nt ( protoplasm 9 ! _w rema9s un*ang$ 9 quantity40 ,x is h>dly probable t ,prey]'s view w be adopt$ by sci5ce4 ,dr4 ,grupp discusses ! logical pa?s ( ?\ght1 & ! editor1 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,gutb]let expla9s & criticises ,wundt's ,sy/em ( ,philosophy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable features = ,ca?olic read]s mu/ be consid]$ ! book reviews4 ,"h ! ?\ghts ( ! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s are z x 7 dige/$ = ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,! mat]ial is c>efully sift$ b ! exposition ( h]etic op9ions is n evad$4 ,! criticisms f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,gutb]let are (t5 tr5*ant & %\ld n be left unhe$$ by ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ur*4 7,fulda3 ,v]lag d] ,fulda] ,akti5-,druck]ei47 4 ,,rivi/a ,,italiana ,,di ,,filos(ia4 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,la ,,sci5za ,,dell',,educazione ,,nelle ,,scuole ,e ,,nelle ,,rivi/e ,,italiane4 ,by ,f4 ,cic*itti-,suriani4 ,,la ,,filos(ia ,,di ,,emp$ocle4 ,by ,s4 ,f]r>i4 ,,sci5ze ,,filos(i*e ,e ,,sociali3 ,,relazione ,,sul ,,concorso ,,ai ,,premii ,,m9i/]iali4 ,by ,a4 ,*iappelli4 ,,alcune ,,consid]azioni ,,sull',,eclettismo4 ,by ,l4 ,f]ri4 ,,bibliografia1 ,,etc4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,education 9 ,italian ,s*ools & 9 ,italian ,reviews4 ,e nation is said to possess a peculi> physiognomy ( its own1 ?r\gh :i* x is di/+ui%$ f e o!r nation2 & consequ5tly any nation w adopt a sy/em ( education t is be/ suit$ to its own national g5ius1 to its racial1 religi\s1 & hi/orical traditions4 ,?is may be true 9 a purely practical s5se2 b on ! o!r h&1 education1 !oretically1 z sci5ce or p$agogics1 passes ! n>r[ limits ( any /ate or =m ( gov]nm5t1 & ought to be rul$ by pr9ciples & g5]al laws common to ! entire human family4 ,hi/orically1 ev] s9ce ! #af? c5tury1 ! educational movem5ts 9 ,italy h be5 directly call$ =? by ! ,ca?olic revival & reaction dur+ & imm$iately foll[+ ! p]iod ( ! r5aissance4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,filipp9i1 ,ignorantelli1 ,b>nabiti1 ,ignaziani1 ,calasanziadi1 ,somas*i1 & ( _m o!r religi\s tea*+-bodies t h made ,italy until rec5tly a bu/l+ ar5a ( ecclesia/ical educational sy/ems4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,emp$ocles4 ,?is fir/ in/alm5t ( ,signor ,f]r>i's /udies deals ) ! cosmological ideas ( ! great ,agrig5t9e poet-philosoph]s4 ,f ! =mation ( ! fir/ elem5ts to ! highe/ functions ( ! human s\l ?r\gh\t1 we p]ceive t ev]y?+ is gov]n$ by ! same laws1 & t :i* is be/1 all happ9ess 9 fact1 is only f\nd 9 unity & h>mony1 evil & pa9 9 disagreem5t & 9 sep>ation4 ,! law ( evolution1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 prevails ev]y:]e 9 ! physical sy/em ( ,emp$ocles4 ,yet 8 philosophy did n exclusively consi/ 9 me*anical evolution4 ,to 8 cosmological doctr9es 7 add$ moral & religi\s t5ets1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n evolv$ cont9u\sly ) ! =m]4 7,rome4 ,tipografia delle ,t]me ,diocleziane di ,g4 ,balbi--#afj ,via ,cav\r1 #afb47 4 ,,voprosui ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #d4 ,may1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,e?ics ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,free ,,ideal4 ,by ,k4 ,v5tzel4 7,9 ?is article ! writ] expla9s & criticises ! well-kn[n e?ical !ories ( ! late ,fr5* ?9k] ,m4 ,guyau47 ,,! ,,pessimi/ ,,!ories ,,( ,,k3 ,,criticism1 ,,positivism4 ,by ,e4 de ,rob]ti4 ,,religi\s ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,! ,,moslem ,,ori5t4 7,conclusion47 ,by ,s4 ,umanetz4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,c\nt ,,tol/o',s ,,book4 8,on ,life40 7,conclusion47 ,by ,a4 ,kozl(f4 7,! writ] concludes 8 lett]s to ,mr4 ,n4 ,n4 ) rem>ks to ! effect t c\nt ,tol/o's philosophy 9 all its aspects & phases is manife/ly *>act]iz$ by a pr9ciple ( dualism4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple ?r\gh ! diff]5t phases ( 8 sy/em & 9 8 !ory ( k ?is dualism might assume ! "n ( rationalism1 9 metaphysics1 t ( idealism1 & 9 e?ics ! "n ( ascetical1 quieti/ic eudemonism4 ,,on ,,det]m9ism ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,ma!matical ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,n4 ,%i%k94 ,lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 ,febru>y1 #ahia4 ,,! ,,doma9 ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,sugge/ion4 ,by ,n4 ,baj5(f4 ,lecture deliv]$ at ! annual session ( ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,,an5t ,,! ,,fictions ,,( ,,pr(ess$ ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,vladimir ,solovieff4 7,?is article has appe>$ 9 an ,engli% translation 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,nos4 #bjf & #bjh1 "u ! title 8,*ri/ianity3 ,its ,_s & its ,errors40 ,x is a rem>kable contribution to ! lit]ature ( to-day4 ,pr(essor ,nicolas von ,grote ( ,mosc[ writes ab\t its au?or3 8,vladimir ,solovieff is at pres5t1 besides ! ,c\nt ,tol/o1 our mo/ em95t ?9k]2 he is a di/+ui%$ philosoph] z well z !ologian4444 ,y ,am]icans %\ld be famili> ) 8 works on religi\s & ecclesia/ical #8que/ions'40 ,vladimir ,solovieff is ! au?or ( ! foll[+ works3 8,! ,religi\s ,f\ndations ( ,life10 8,! ,dogmatic ,developm5t ( ! ,*ur*10 8,judaism & ! ,*ri/ian ,"q40 7,^! titles are translat$ f ! ,russian47 ,o!r writ+s ( 8 are 8,l'ide russe10 8,la ,russie et l'glise univ]selle10 8,ges*i*te d] ,!okratie407 ,,special ,,dep>tm5t4 7#a7 ,hegel's ,ontology4 ,a ,po/hum\s ,diss]tation4 ,by ,n4 ,p4 ,h4 ,platon(f4 7#b7 ,! ,influ5ce ( fatigue ^u ! intuition ( special relations4 ,by ,nik4 ,m>n4 7#c7 ,fundam5tal mom5ts 9 ! evolution ( ! new philosophy4 ,ma9 t5d5cies ( ! new philosophy4 ,empiricism & ,naturalism4 ,bacon & ,hobbes4 ,by ,n4 ,grote4 7,mosc[47 4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,specially translat$ = ,! ,moni/4 #bg ,metamorphose d] ,?i]e4 #bh ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,phil4 #ahij4 #c1 p4 #bdi-bib4 #bi ,zeits*rift fr ,phil4 n4 philos4 ,kritik4 ,vol4 #ie1 p4 #agc4 #ahhi4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,janu>y1 #ahib4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,m5tal ,,evolution4 ,,an ,,old ,,speculation ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,light4 ,! !ory ( organic evolution1 n[ g5]ally accept$1 ne$s to be supplem5t$ by a !ory ( m5tal evolution4 ,on a sup]ficial exam9ation ( ! matt] ! necessity = su* a supplem5t>y !ory does n p]haps /rike "o z obvi\s1 ! m5tal seem+ naturally to arise out ( ! organic & to be "p ( "o cont9u\s developm5t4 ,b clos] inve/igation & a m rigid & exact treatm5t br+ to light c]ta9 important & peculi> features1 & disclose ! necessity ( "s su* hypo!sis z x is my purpose to set =? briefly 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,by organic evolution ,i mean ! natural developm5t1 :e!r by 8selection0 alone or by ?is 9 co-op]ation ) o!r natural processes1 ( ! organisms :i* live ^u ! surface ( ?is e>?2 & by m5tal evolution ,i mean ! natural developm5t ( ! m5tal faculties 9 at lea/ ! high] animals among ^! organisms4 ,n[ ) reg>d to organic evolution !re is no common & g5]al agreem5t 9 respect ( ! fir/ orig9 ( primitive life on ! e>?4 ,"s evolutioni/s believe t ! liv+ 0 some:51 someh[1 & some:]e evolv$ f ! n-liv+4 ,o!rs d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ ?is view1 & deem x wis] to re/rict _! speculations z to natural g5esis )9 ! limits ( ! organic4 ,s too at ! o!r end ( ! developm5tal curve2 !re is no common & g5]al agreem5t z to ! evolution ( ! m5tal faculties or spiritual be+ ( man4 ,"s evolutioni/s believe t bo? 9 body & 9 m9d1 man is ! product ( natural developm5t2 o!rs d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ ?is view1 & reta9 un%ak5 ! conviction t man 9 8 spiritual ess5ce is no "p nor product ( ! common elem5ts ( nature4 ,see+ !n t on ei!r side !re is want ( agreem5t1 on ! "o h& z to ! orig9 ( life1 on ! o!r z to ! orig9 ( man1 ,i %all deal = ! mo/ "p ) t l>ge area conc]n+ :i* !re is a m unanim\s cons5sus ( op9ion1 & 9 ! ma9 conf9e my speculations )9 ! field ( m5tal evolution 9 animals1 rang+1 say1 f ! amba to ! dog4 ,few w be f\nd to d5y or ev5 to "q ! fact t our dumb companions & f\r-foot$ fri5ds h m5tal faculties :i* enable !m accurately to adju/ _! actions to ! v>i$ circum/ances 9 ! mid/ ( :i* _! lives are pass$4 ,ev5 if we see cause to hesitate1 z ,i myself hesitate1 be=e we ascribe to !m self-consci\sness & reason1 9 ! n>r[] s5se 9 :i* ?is ^w is us$2 /ill we mu/ ackn[l$ge t _! in/9cts are p[]ful1 _! intellig5ce wond]fully ke5 & active2 & t !y are capable ( /rong emotional feel+ bo? ( affection & ( antipa?y4 ,%\ld we s welcome !m z our companions & fri5ds if we reg>d$ !m z unconsci\s1 ins5ti5t automata8 ,b :5 we turn to ! o!r end ( ! scale ( life1 to ! amba & all ! myriad m9utiae t sw>m 9 ponds & /agnant pools1 we are wont to speak ) less confid5ce4 ,_! consci\sness1 if s we c call x1 is ( s simple an ord]1 _! s5ti5ce ( s l[ a grade1 t we c h>dly ) any accuracy use ! phrase 8m5tal faculties0 ) ref]5ce to organisms s l[ly4 ,we feel unc]ta9 :e!r 9 _! case unconsci\s automatism does n aft] all pretty accurately express ! facts4 ,at any rate x w\ld tr\ble u little or n at all if "s "o prov$ _! automatism to-morr[4 ,& yet1 on ! !ory ( evolution1 out ( su* l[ly beg9n+s h sprung ! sagacity & affectionate devotion ( ! dog4 ,b if ! amba & 8 tribe are ins5ti5t automata1 at :at /age ( ! developm5t did consci\sness creep 98 ,& :5ce came x8 ,or put :at is fundam5tally ! same "q 9 ano!r way4 ,9 ! common c\rse ( g5]ation ! dog is develop$ f a m9ute egg-cell1 "o hundr$? ( an in* or less 9 diamet]1 ) :i* a yet m m9ute sp]m has ent]$ into f]tile union4 ,suppli$ ) %elt]1 w>m?1 & nutrim5t by t mat]nal self-sacrifice :i* is a deeply significant fact ( organic progress1 ?is little speck ( liv+ /uff passes1 by a process /rictly cont9u\s1 ?\gh pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! cata/rophe ( bir?1 into ! dog ) its weal? ( intellig5ce & affection4 ,x is surely impossible )\t extravagance to speak ( ! f]tilis$ ovum z consci\s4 ,:]e !n 9 ! cont9u\s process ( developm5t does consci\sness come 98 ,h[1 & :5ce8 ,we are n n[adays to be put (f ) ! ambigu\s ass]tion t consci\sness & intellig5ce are 8pot5tially0 pres5t 9 ! g]m4 ,we ask3 ,:at is actually pres5t !re9 z ! basis ( ?is pot5tiality8 ,or are we told t consci\sness dawns at or %ortly aft] ! cata/rophe ( bir?8 ,!n aga9 we ask3 ,:5ce comes ?is dawn+ consci\sness1 & by :at means does x become associat$ ) ! puppy's bra98 ,9 yet ano!r =m does a "q ( l g5]al implication sugge/ itself4 ,grant$ t 9 ! ovum !re is pres5t some?+ :i* we may call ! g]m ( consci\sness someh[ associat$ ) ! protoplasmic mat]ial ( :i* t ovum is con/itut$4 ,h[ comes x t1 9 ! adult dog1 consci\sness is associat$ ) ! bra98 ,:y is ! association ( consci\sness conc5trat$1 s to speak1 9 ?is "o tissue ( ! _m :i* arise dur+ ! diff]5tiation ( developm5t8 ,t ! association is s conc5trat$ or specialis$ is n[ g5]ally admitt$ to be ! fact4 ,we speak inde$ ( ! sk91 ! palate1 ! nose1 ! eye1 ! e>1 z ea* 9 its k9d s5sitive4 ,b none ! less we believe t ! seat ( consci\sness is ! bra9 or "s "p ( x4 ,only :5 ! n]ves runn+ inw>ds f sk91 palate1 nose1 eye1 or e>1 h convey$ _! appropriate /imuli to ! bra91 does t organ t+le ) ! accompanim5t ( consci\sness4 ,!re & !re only does consci\sness 8em]ge02 n 9 p]iph]al s5se-organ or +o+ n]ve4 ,b :y8 ,h[ comes x t !re is ?is peculi> association ( consci\sness ) ! function+ ( a p>ticul> organ8 ,p]haps we are told t consci\sness is ! special product ( bra9-tissue4 ,b let u note t ! ^w 8product0 is "h us$ 9 an unwont$ s5se4 ,we are n likely1 x is to be hop$1 to fall into ! crude & demon/rably false mat]ialism express$ 9 ! =mula1 8z ! liv] secretes bile1 s does ! bra9 secrete consci\sness40 ,consci\sness be+ immat]ial1 ! second & f\r? t]ms are incomm5surable1 & ! =mula is %e] nons5se4 ,nor are we likely 7?\gh "h !re is great] dang]7 to fall into ! m subtle error ( reg>d+ consci\sness z a mode ( en]gy4 8,grant$10 says ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 8t a def9ite ?\ght & a def9ite molecul> action ( ! bra9 occur simultane\sly2 we d n possess ! intellectual organ1 nor app>5tly any rudim5t ( ! organ1 :i* w\ld enable u to pass by a process ( reason+ f ! "o to ! o!r3 ! *asm betwe5 ! two classes ( ph5om5a w\ld /ill rema9 intellectually impassable40 ,consci\sness is some?+ sui g5]is4 ,x is nei!r matt] nor en]gy4 ,x may accompany ! trans=mations ( en]gy 9 ! dog's bra92 b to ! category ( ^! trans=mations ( en]gy x does n1 &1 = any cle> ?9k]1 c n belong4 ,& if we are told t ! ^w 8product0 is us$ 9 ! s5se impli$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley :5 he speaks ( ph5om5a ( consci\sness be+ 8call$ into exi/5ce0 by physical processes2 !n we mu/ aga9 ask :5ce !y are call$ into exi/5ce4 ,we d n n[ speak ( matt] or en]gy be+ call$ into exi/5ce f a %ad[y n[h]e4 ,:5 a cl\d is call$ into exi/5ce on a m\nta9 peak we "k t ! mat]ial p>ticles h only assum$ a new =m4 ,:5 ! electrical curr5t is call$ into exi/5ce or g5]at$ z we phrase x1 we "k t we are deal+ ) "o ( ! _m trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,& :5 ph5om5a ( consci\sness are said to be call$ into exi/5ce1 we h a "r to ask3 ,d y mean1 by ?is phrase1 creation ex nihilo8 ,or d y mean1 orig9 by trans=mation8 ,& if ! latt]1 trans=mation ( :at8 ,hav+ ?us op5$ up ^! sev]al que/ions1 all ( l implication1 let u n[ endeavor to set =? ! answ] :i* seems mo/ philosophical & mo/ closely 9 accordance ) sci5tific analogies4 ,& to ?is end let u consid] ! liv+ dog4 ,8 frame is pulsat+ ) life & re/less activity1 & someh[ associat$ ) ! trans=mations ( en]gy 9 t bra9 ( 8 !re is consci\sness--or :at 9 ! dog is ! analogue ( t consci\sness ) :i* alone ,i c claim any acqua9tance at fir/ h&1 my own4 ,7 8 sk9 & ! walls ( 8 skull z transp>5t z glass2 did ! molecul> vibrations ( 8 bra9 lie op5 to ! ke5e/ scrut9y ( ! physical inve/igator2 c\ld we trace 9 detail all ! v>i$ & ord]ly trans=mations ( en]gy ( :i* t bra9 is ! !atre2 ! accompany+ consci\sness w\ld /ill be beyond our rea*4 ,we might foll[ ! *anges ( en]gy2 he alone w\ld feel ! /ates ( consci\sness4 ,b suppose t ! dog dies4 ,8 body lies be=e u /iff ) ! rigor mortis4 ,if we _h weigh$ x previ\s to dea?1 & if we 7 to weigh x aga9 aft] dea?1 ! scales w\ld give u no in=mation ( ! dep>ture ( any?+ mat]ial4 ,all signs ( consci\sness1 h[ev]1 are gone4 ,& c\ld we see ?r\gh sk9 & skull into ! bra91 :i* dur+ life 0 ! !atre ( s complex & ord]ly a sequ5ce ( trans=mations ( en]gy1 we %\ld f9d t x 0 /ill & motionless4 ,x is true t we _c actually d ?is4 ,b we "k t1 :]eas1 dur+ life1 ! functional action ( ! bra9 gives rise to c]ta9 mat]ial products1 at dea? ! production ( ^! sub/ances ceases4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t1 omitt+ m9or qualifications1 ! ord]ly trans=mations ( en]gy 9 ! bra9 & ! concomitant consci\sness cease toge!r at dea?4 ,closely associat$ dur+ life1 v>y+ toge!r 9 heal? & sickness1 ceas+ toge!r at dea?1 :at is ! nature ( _! connection8 ,on ! hypo!sis ( sci5tific monism x is believ$ t !y are diff]5t aspects ( ! same ph5om5a3 t :at objectively to ! physical inve/igator are trans=mations ( en]gy 9 ! bra91 are subjectively to ! dog /ates ( consci\sness8 ,let u look into ?is hypo!sis4 ,let u see :i!r x w lead u2 & if x w 9 any way help u ov] "s ( our difficulties4 ,b fir/ let u pay a mom5t's att5tion to ! impati5t exclamation :i* "s may feel incl9$ to int]pose1 t ?is assumption ( ! ultimate id5tity ( bra9-en]gy & consci\sness1 ! two be+ respectively ! objective & subjective aspects ( ! same occurr5ces1 does n 9 ! lea/ d away ) ! my/]y ( ! matt]4 ,t ! same two occurr5ces %\ld h diff]5t aspects1 objective & subjective1 is1 x w be said1 j z my/]i\s z t two sep>ate exi/5ces en]gy & consci\sness %\ld be associat$ toge!r4 ,( c\rse x is4 ,i %\ld be %all[ & pret5ti\s inde$ if my object 7 by any hocus pocus to attempt to hide ! s-call$ my/]y4 ,all ultimate facts are my/]i\s4 ,! fall ( a /one to ! gr\nd is to-day z my/]i\s z x 0 9 ! days be=e ,newton2 ! ph5om5a ( life1 z my/]i\s z 9 ! days be=e ,d>w94 ,our advances 9 sci5ce & 9 ?\ght may d away ) m9or my/]ies1 b !y leave ! great ultimate facts ( nature z my/]i\s z be=e4 ,! end ( our explanations is always to br+ u face to face ) ! inexplicable4 ,n1 !re=e1 9 any hope ( do+ away ) an ultimate my/]y d ,i sugge/ t we look into & foll[ out "s implications ( ?is s call$ id5tity hypo!sis4 ,let u reg>d ! matt] f ! objective aspect fir/1 f ! side to :i* ! occurr5ces pres5t !mselves z trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,! /ate ( consci\sness be+ ex hypo!si accompani$ or 8call$ into exi/5ce0 by c]ta9 complex & ord]ly molecul> vibrations 9 ! bra9 or "s "p !re(1 we h to note t f ! physical po9t ( view ^! molecul> vibrations con/itute an exce$+ complex & ord]ly mode ( en]gy4 ,x is ^u ?is en]gy t we mu/ fix our att5tion2 ! mat]ial /ructure ( ! bra9 be+ :at we may call ! vehicle ( its manife/ation4 ,i am anxi\s t ! read] %\ld c>efully foll[ me "h4 ,we are too apt to reg>d ! /ructure z ! ess5tial ?+ on :i* to conc5trate our m5tal gaze1 p>tly no d\bt because1 ?r\gh ! invaluable labors ( microscopi/s1 we "k s mu* t is def9ite ab\t ?is /ructure4 ,b a m p5etrat+ insight enables u to see t ! /ructure is m]ely ! necess>y basis ( :at is ! really important ?+--! manife/ation ( en]gy4 ,! mat]ial /ructure ( a /eam-eng9e is ( importance4 ,b :y8 ,because x is ! vehicle = ! p]=mance ( "w4 ,t is ! really ess5tial "p ( ! bus9ess4 ,9 l mann] n]ve-/ructure is ( importance4 ,b :y8 ,because x is ! vehicle = :at ,pr(essor ,huxley happily t]m$ ! neurosis1 ! complex & ord]ly manife/ation ( en]gy4 ,! ess5tial importance ( look+ at ! go+ ma*9e1 at ! p]=mance ( "w1 at ! en]gy ( ! matt] 9 motion1 n m]ely ! mat]ial /ructure t is mov$--! ess5tial importance1 ,i say1 ( fix+ our att5tion on ?is1 be+ fairly grasp$1 we may n[ proce$ to enquire f :at ! complex & ord]ly vibrations ( ! dog's bra9 h be5 evolv$4 ,9 ! f]tilis$ ovum f :i* ! dog 0 develop$1 7& ! same is true ( ! amboid ance/or f :i*1 hypo!tically1 ! race ( dogs has be5 evolv$17 !re is c]ta9ly no?+ approa*+ ! ord]ly complexity ( ^! molecul> vibrations4 ,b !re are simpl] organic modes ( motion f :i* ^! complex molecul> vibrations h aris5 by a cont9u\s process ( developm5t4 ,x is f ^! simpl] modes ( en]gy 9 ! simpl] organic sub/ance ( ! ovum t ! m complex modes ( en]gy :i* *>act]ise ! work+s ( ! dog's bra9 h be5 evolv$4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! ovum into ! embryo1 & !nce into ! puppy & ! dog1 we may trace /ep by /ep all ! /ages ( ! evolution ( ^? mat]ial /ructures :i* are ! vehicles ( ^! special manife/ations ( organic en]gy4 ,we may wat* ! fur!r & fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! n]v\s tissue1 & ! fa%ion+ ( ! bra9 & its p>ts4 ,x is true t we _c indicate ! exact mom5t :51 9 ! increas+ complexity ( ! tissues1 ! simpl] =ms ( organic en]gy pass into ! high] =m ( bra9 en]gy accompani$ by consci\sness4 ,b t is j because x is a cont9u\s developm5t1 an evolution4 ,t ! passage f ! "o into ! o!r does actually take place we are b\nd1 by all ! canons ( logical reason+1 to admit4 ,x is only dur+ life1 h[ev]1 t neurosis occurs or is possible4 ,a great numb] ( modes ( organic en]gy proce$ side by side 9 ! pulsat+ tissues ( ! liv+ dog1 _! ord]ly cont9uance be+ :at we t]m life4 ,& only 9 & ?r\gh _! ord]ly cont9uance is ! ma9t5ance ( ! /ructure ( ! tissues r5d]$ possible4 ,! organic /ructure is l a sp9n+ top4 ,only s long z x sp9s & manife/s its prop] en]gy is its /ability ma9ta9$4 ,all ar\nd x are =ces :i* t5d to make x tott] to its fall4 ,b s long z x sp9s freely x c resi/ all m9or attempts to upset its /ability4 ,& :5 ! dog dies2 :at happ5s !n8 ,! molecul> vibrations ( ! bra9 9 common ) all o!r =ms ( organic en]gy cease4 ,! top no long] sp9s2 & ! /ructure tott]s to its fall4 ,decomposition sets 94 ,! ord]ly organic *anges :i* *>act]ise life1 give place to ! de/ructive *anges :i* *>act]ise decay4 ,b accord+ to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 al?\gh !re is decomposition ( ! tissues ( :i* ! body 0 compos$ !re is no de/ruction or annihilation ( en]gy4 ,! p>ticul> modes ( en]gy ?r\gh :i* ! body 0 in/9ct ) life pass away2 b only to give rise to _! equival5ts 9 o!r modes ( en]gy4 ,j z ! puddle 9 ! road disappe>s1 b only to give orig9 to an equival5t mass ( invisible wat]-vapor2 j z ! c&le disappe>s1 b only to give rise to its equival5t mass 9 ! products ( combu/ion2 s ?r\gh\t life & 9 dea? ! en]gy :i* ?robs 9 ! tissues nei!r appe>s nor disappe>s except at ! exp5se (1 or to ! ga9 (1 o!r modes ( en]gy4 ,life is l a vortex 9 a rapid /ream2 on surr\nd+ en]gy x is dep5d5t = its cont9u$ exi/5ce2 into surr\nd+ en]gy x melts away4 ,& ?is is true n only ( individual life b ( life 9 its entirety4 ,"s believe t ! vortex _h a natural orig91 ! organic be+ evolv$ f ! inorganic4 ,o!rs hold t x 0 ?r\gh ! direct int]position ( ! f+] ( ,god t ! t9y vortex ( primitive life 0 set a twirl+4 ,be ?is z x may1 once initiat$ ! vortex ( life is dep5d5t on surr\nd+ /ores ( en]gy4 ,turn+ n[ f ! objective aspect to ! subjective aspect we pass f neural processes to /ates ( consci\sness4 ,9 ! language ( ! id5tity hypo!sis1 "h provisionally adopt$1 ! /ates ( consci\sness 9 ! dog's m9d1 are ! subjective aspect ( :at1 f ! objective aspect1 are ! molecul> vibrations ( 8 bra9-tissues4 ,& z 9 consid]+ ! matt] objectively1 s n[ 9 reg>d+ ! m5tal aspect1 we mu/ ask f :at ! complex & ord]ly /ates ( consci\sness ( ! dog's m9d h be5 evolv$4 ,9 ! f]tilis$ ovum f :i* ! dog is develop$1 7& ! same is true ( ! amboid ance/or f :i*1 hypo!tically1 ! race ( dogs has be5 evolv$17 no?+ s complex z a /ate ( consci\sness is to be f\nd4 ,f :at !n h ! /ates ( consci\sness be5 evolv$8 ,d we n seem =c$ by p>ity ( reason+ to answ]3 ,f some?+ m simple ?an consci\sness b ( ! same ord] ( exi/5ce1 :i* answ]s subjectively to ! simpl] organic en]gy ( ! f]tilis$ ovum8 ,su*1 at any rate1 is ! hypo!sis :i* appe>s to me ! mo/ philosophical & ! mo/ logically consi/5t4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 no little ef=t ( ?\ght to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ^? elem5t>y /ates f :i* consci\sness may h _h its orig94 ,we may be aid$ 9 do+ s1 p]haps1 if we fix our att5tion on ! close association ( bra9-en]gy & /ates ( consci\sness1 reg>d+ !m z di/+ui%able b n sep>able4 ,n[ ! n]v\s en]gy ( ! bra9 is extraord9>ily complex2 & yet we believe t x arises by a process ( cont9u\s developm5t f ! mu* less complex en]gy ( ! f]tilis$ ovum4 ,9 ! ovum !re is no bra9-en]gy2 !re is only ! f> simpl] g]m9al en]gy f :i* x is evolv$4 ,s too1 ! consci\sness 9 ! dog's m9d is wond]fully complex2 b if x has aris5 by a process ( developm5t1 x mu/ h be5 evolv$ f some?+ ( l nature only indef9itely simpl]4 ,may we n fairly suppose1 !re=e1 t 9 ! f]tilis$ ovum1 ?\gh !re is no consci\sness1 !re are ! g]m9al /ates f :i* consci\sness may be evolv$8 ,or to put ! matt] t]sely1 may we n say3 ,z ! complex molecul> vibrations ( ! bra9 are to ! simpl] molecul> vibrations ( ! ovum2 s are ! complex /ates ( consci\sness associat$ ) ! =m] to ! simpl] /ates ( infra-consci\sness1 if we may s call !m1 associat$ ) ! latt]8 ,x is ! association ( consci\sness & infra-consci\sness ) en]gy--its objective manife/ation--t is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! view :i* ,i am endeavor+ to set =?4 ,concomitant ) ! evolution ( high] modes ( organic en]gy f ^? l[ly modes :i* alone obta9 9 ! ovum or ! amba1 is ! evolution ( consci\sness f l[ly modes ( infra-consci\sness4 ,x is true t x is only ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ! conceptual faculty ( reason1 nev] ?r\gh ! s5ses or by direct p]ception1 t we c rea* ?is sugge/$ infra-consci\sness4 ,b ?is w h>dly be reg>d$ z a valid objection by ^? :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! e!r1 or by ^? :o adopt ! atomic !ory1 nei!r ( :i* c\ld be rea*$ by ! s5ses or by p]ception alone4 ,/ill less w x be reg>d$ z an objection by ^? :o h grasp$ ! di/9ction betwe5 en]gy z manife/$ 9 ! objective _w1 & consci\sness z inevitably subjective4 ,( no consci\sness o!r ?an our own h we direct & fir/-h& exp]i5ce4 ,& yet c]ta9 manife/ations ( en]gy z exhibit$ by o!r liv+ be+s =ce ^u u ! conviction t we are n alone 9 possess+ ! subjective attribute ( consci\sness4 ,t n only ! dog & ! elephant1 b ! bee also & ! spid] are end[$ ) ?is attribute & are consci\s1 ?\gh n self-consci\s1 few ( u d\bt = a mom5t4 ,b _! consci\sness is presumably f> simpl] ?an ours4 ,c>ry+ ?is simplification yet f>!r d[n ! scale ( animal life1 we rea* 9 ! jelly-fi%1 ! sea-anemone1 & ! sponge1 =ms ( life :i* c h>dly be said to be consci\s at all ) a consci\sness comp>able to our own4 ,yet !y w\ld seem to be end[$ ) ! dim =e%ad[+s ( su* consci\sness4 ,f9ally 9 ! amba & ! monad we h ^! dim =e%ad[+s r$uc$ to ! l[e/ t]ms t are sugge/$ by ! /udy ( organic life4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! s]ies ( organic =ms1 d[n ev5 to ! l[e/1 we admit consci\sness or its =e%ad[+1 ?\gh x lies & mu/ ev] lie beyond ! rea* ( our s5ses1 :y %\ld we hesitate to g5]alise our belief 9 logical & sci5tific =m1 & hold t all organic modes ( en]gy are associat$ ) consci\s or infra-consci\s /ates8#cj ,x may p]haps1 be object$ t su* a view1 c>ri$ to its logical conclusion involves ! supposition t all ! tissues ( ! body are consci\s or at lea/ infra-consci\s1 :]eas x is a well-e/abli%$ sci5tific conclusion t consci\sness is specially associat$ ) ! n]v\s tissue ( ! bra94 ,i see no reason1 h[ev]1 :y ?is conclusion %\ld n be accept$4 ,if ! organic trans=mations ( en]gy 9 ! ovum are associat$ ) :at = lack ( a bett] t]m ,i h "h call$ infra-consci\sness1 !n !re are two possibilities4 ,ei!r ! accompany+ consci\sness is entirely conc5trat$ 9 association ) ! molecul> vibrations ( ! bra92 or x m]ely becomes dom9ant 9 ! function+ ( t tissue & cont9ues 9 ! dim infra-consci\s condition 9 ! o!r tissues ( ! body4 ,n[ to judge f our own exp]i5ce x is only ! dom9ant molecul> vibrations 9 ! bra9 t are accompani$ by ! cle> light ( consci\sness4 ,! sub-dom9ant neural *anges are inde$ accompani$ by a dim sub-consci\sness4 ,b !re are _m molecul> *anges 7ev5 9 ! c]ebral hemisph]es !mselves :]e consci\sness is 8call$ into exi/5ce07 :i* d n rise to ! level ( consci\sness at all or are q lo/ 9 ! gl>e ( t consci\sness4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s ,i am n prep>$ to say4 ,x seems to be a law ( our m5tal be+4 ,c]ta9ly x is conv5i5t t x is s2 & x may h be5 fo/]$ or e/abli%$ by natural selection4 ,we all "k ! s5se ( confusion t arises :51 9 c]ta9 /ates ( int5se n]v\s excitem5t1 a ho/ ( ideas are cr[d+ up into dom9ance & jo/l+ ea* o!r = supremacy4 ,an organism s con/itut$ t su* a /ate ( ?+s 0 normal1 w\ld1 we may suppose1 /& b a poor *ance ( survival4 ,h5ce p]haps !re has aris5 t due subord9ation ( consci\s1 sub-consci\s1 & infra-consci\s /ates :i* *>act]ises ! normal life ( consci\s be+s4 ,hav+ reg>d1 !n1 to ! c]ebral hemisph]es :]e consci\sness em]ges1 n all ! molecul> *anges !re transpir+ rise to ! level ( full consci\sness4 ,!re is n a little ( :at ,dr4 ,c>p5t] us$ to call unconsci\s c]ebration4 ,we seem =c$ to admit ! exi/5ce ( subm]g$ /ates ( consci\sness2 /ates :i* are infra-consci\s1 b :i* may become consci\s at any mom5t by ris+ into dom9ance4 ,& if 9 ! c]ebral hemisph]es !re are infra-consci\s /ates1 :y %\ld !re n be associat$ ) e molecul> ?rill ( ! liv+ body yet l[] /ates ( infra-consci\sness too deeply subm]g$ ev] 9 man to become dom9ant8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ?+ to %[ t !re is no insup]able objection to accept+ ! exi/5ce ( su* infra-consci\s /ates1 if su* exi/5ce be o!rwise probable1 & ano!r ?+ to e/abli% ?is probability4 ,& ?is leads u back aga9 to ! gr\nds on :i* _! exi/5ce may fairly be reg>d$ z probable4 ,we are told t ! m5tal faculties ( ! dog 9 common ) 8 physical or organic frame1 h aris5 9 ! c\rse ( ages by a process ( developm5t4 ,x is cle> t su* a /atem5t is int5d$ to apply to ! liv+ dog ) active faculties2 to a go+ me*anism1 or r organism :i* is also consci\s4 ,well & good4 ,! mat]ial /ructure has be5 evolv$ f l[] =ms ( matt]3 ! organic modes ( en]gy 79 virtue ( :i* he lives71 f l[] =ms ( en]gy1 ! m5tal /ates 79 virtue ( :i* he is consci\s71 f--:at8 ,i sugge/ 9 cont9uation & conclusion ( ?is s5t5ce--f l[] =ms ( infra-consci\sness2 t is to say1 ( :at is ( ! same ord] ( exi/5ce z consci\sness1 b has n yet ris5 to ! level ( consci\sness4 ,_m p w no d\bt see no necessity = su* a conclusion4 ,x is mak+ an unnecess>y bo!r1 !y w say1 ab\t a v simple matt]4 ,at "s undef9$ /age ( organic evolution--p]haps :5 n]v\s tissue _h its g5esis1 p]haps e>li]--consci\sness began to dawn & has s9ce develop$ 9 cle>ness & brightness dur+ ! evolution ( high] & high] organisms4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! asc5d+ curve ( evolution is divisible at "s undef9$ po9t into two portions3 ( :i* "o repres5ts organic evolution previ\s to ! dawn ( consci\sness2 ! o!r organic evolution subsequ5t to ! dawn ( consci\sness4 ,b ! "q at once sugge/s itself3 ,f :at did consci\sness dawn at ?is undef9$ po9t8 ,9 answ] to :i* !re are "s :o d n hesitate to reply t ! consci\sness arose out ( ! physical conditions2 t :5 ! rhy?mic dance ( organic molecules rea*$ a c]ta9 int5sity & intricacy consci\sness 0 develop$4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a c]ta9 class ( n]ve-physiologi/s1 or ( m$ical m5 :o write on n]ve-physiology1 :o1 if !y d n hold t /ates ( consci\sness are g5]at$ f ! en]gy :i* accompanies ! work+ ( ! bra9-tissues1 at any rate write z if ?is 0 _! belief4 ,b su* a view is q unt5able4 ,if !re is "o ?+ cle>ly e/abli%$1 bo? by ^? :o h approa*$ ! matt] f ! sci5tific side1 & by ^? :o h approa*$ ! matt] f ! metaphysical side1 x is t ! di/9ction betwe5 en]gy & consci\sness is radical & absolute4 ,no conceivable increase 9 ! ord]ly complexity ( ! molecul> vibrations ( bra9-tissue c\ld give rise to t consci\sness :i* diff]s toto clo f any manife/ation ( en]gy4 ,& yet ?\gh /at$ 9 a =m t is philosophically false1 & !re=e mislead+1 ! conclusions ( ^! e>ne/ /ud5ts ( n]ve-physiology are practically s\nd4 ,grant1 = ! mom5t1 t ! /ates ( consci\sness 9 ! dog's m9d are ! subjective aspect ( ! molecul> en]gy ( 8 bra94 ,!n ! foll[+ diagram 7,fig4 #a47 w repres5t ! asc5d+ curve ( developm5t :i*1 f ! objective aspect1 is a developm5t ( modes ( en]gy1 & f ! subjective aspect is a developm5t ( modes ( consci\sness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,n[ :at ! n]ve-physiologi/s are sometimes apt to d is1 at "s mom5t ( developm5t say a1 to *ange _! po9t ( view1 f ! subjective aspect :i* deals ) consci\sness to ! objective aspect :i* deals ) en]gy4 ,_! conclusions are practically s\nd because !y are /ill deal+ ) ! same developm5tal curve4 ,!y /ate ^! conclusions 9 language :i* is philosophically mislead+ because !y sudd5ly jump f ! subjective aspect to ! objective aspect & ignore ! great di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,:5 !y say t consci\sness em]ges f ! physical conditions at a1 !y presumably mean t at ?is po9t we are fir/ ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( consci\sness or ! subjective aspect 9 any?+ l a human s5se4 ,b is x n m logical to hold t1 j z f ! objective /&po9t ! complex en]gy ( ! dog's bra9 has be5 develop$ f ! simpl] en]gy ( ! ovum1 s f ! subjective /&po9t1 ! complex consci\sness ( ! dog's m9d has be5 develop$ f ! simpl] infra-consci\sness ( ! ovum8 ,& if we d n accept ?is view1 d we n seem committ$ to ! unevolution>y doctr9e t ! consci\s aspect sudd5ly makes its appe>ance1 )\t ^? l[ly g]m9al beg9n+s :i* x is ( ! ess5ce ( any !ory ( developm5t to po/ulate8 ,x w p]haps be said t all ?is assumes an id5tity hypo!sis1 ) its suppos$ d\ble aspect1 :i* is n accept$ by ! majority ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,let u look at ! matt]1 !re=e1 f :at w\ld seem ! only o!r po9t ( view op5 to "o :o accepts ! !ory ( developm5t z applicable alike to ! dog's m9d & to ! dog's body4 ,if /ates ( consci\sness & ! molecul> transactions 9 ! bra9 are n diff]5t aspects ( ! same occurr5ces1 !y are p>allel1 concomitant1 or associat$ ph5om5a4 ,our diagram w ?us become t giv5 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,"h ! p>allel or associat$ ph5om5a occur toge!r at ! high] end ( ! developm5tal curve1 &1 at a1 ! consci\sness is suppos$ to em]ge4 ,on ?is view !re is less ju/ification = ! n]ve-physiologi/s' ass]tion t x arises out ( physical processes2 = x is n simply ano!r aspect ( ^! processes1 b some?+ :olly diff]5t arbitr>ily associat$ ) !m4 ,ev5 on ?is view x w\ld seem m logical to suppose t s9ce ! association ( m5tal /ates ) ! dom9ant neural en]gy is ( normal occurr5ce f a onw>ds1 ! consci\sness !re em]g+ has be5 evolv$ f infra-consci\sness p>allel & concomitant ) ! physical processes 9 ! ovum4 ,if ?is be n s1 we may once m ask3 ,f :at has ! p>allel l9e to ! "r ( ! diagram be5 evolv$8 ,we _c say f ! neural conditions )\t *ang+ our po9t ( view & ignor+ ! great di/9ction betwe5 matt] & en]gy on ! "o h& & consci\sness on ! o!r4 ,f :at !n has ! consci\sness be5 evolv$1 if n f some?+ ( l nature only indef9itely simpl] :i* has "h be5 spok5 ( z infra consci\sness8 ,we mu/ n[ take a fur!r /ep1 "o h[ev] 9 :i* all evolutioni/s w n be prep>$ to foll[ u4 ,att5tion has already be5 drawn to ! fact t ^? :o accept ! !ory ( evolution are n agre$ 9 _! fai?--= x is on ei!r side a matt] r ( belief ?an ( demon/ration--) respect to ! orig9 ( life4 ,"s believe t ! primitive organic g]ms 7 n produc$ by natural developm5t nor ?r\gh any process ( evolution4 ,= su*1 ! hypo!sis ,i am advocat+ mu/ be submitt$ 9 ! foll[+ =m--:5 fir/ ! life-en]gy 0 />t$ by ! direct int]position ( ! f+] ( ,god x 0 end[$ ) "s dim =m ( infra-consci\sness :i* 9 ! c\rse ( evolution develop$ into consci\sness4 ,& presumably ^? :o see 9 ! amba & ! f]tilis$ ovum "s dim =e%ad[+s ( consci\sness may foll[ me ?us f>4 ,b = ^? :o believe t ! organic has aris5 on ?is e>? by process ( natural developm5t f ! inorganic1 ! hypo!sis mu/ be m sweep+ 9 its range4 ,we mu/ say t all modes ( en]gy ( :atev] k9d :e!r organic or inorganic h _! consci\s or infra-consci\s aspect4#ca ,/>tl+ z ?is may s\nd !re is1 ,i believe1 no o!r logical conclusion possible = ! evolutioni/ pur sang4 ,= :]e are we to draw ! l9e8 ,! /ates ( consci\sness ( ! high] animals h be5 evolv$ f l[] =ms ( infra-consci\sness 9 ! amba-l or yet m simple protoplasmic g]ms 9 ! dawn ( life4 ,b if ^? l[ =ms ( organic infra-consci\sness 7 !mselves evolv$1 f :at c\ld !y arise if !y 7 n develop$ f yet m l[ly =ms ( infra-consci\sness simil> 9 k9d b inf]ior 9 degree associat$ ) inorganic trans=mations ( en]gy8 ,9 any case x is "h submitt$ t ?is doctr9e t infra-consci\sness is associat$ ) all =ms ( en]gy is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! phrase m5tal evolution = all ?9k]s :o h grasp$ ! di/9ction betwe5 consci\sness & en]gy4 ,& if ?is be admitt$ !re is disclos$1 by implication1 an answ] beh9d & beyond t ord9>ily giv5 to a "q :i* has aga9 & aga9 be5 ask$--! "q3--,is !re a cons]vation ( consci\sness analog\s to ! cons]vation ( en]gy8 ,! negative answ] g5]ally giv5 to ?is "q results f ! fact t ! "q itself has always be5 put 9 a =m :i* does n admit ( a satisfactory solution4 ,!re is n a cons]vation ( consci\sness any m ?an !re is a cons]vation ( neural en]gy or a cons]vation ( electricity4 ,!re is no cons]vation ( neural en]gy because ?is is only "o mode ( en]gy :i* may be trans=m$ into o!r modes4 ,n until we h g5]alis$ en]gy s z to include all its modes c we speak ( cons]vation 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,s too n until we h g5]alis$ t univ]sal =m ( exi/5ce1 ( :i* consci\sness is only ! highe/ & mo/ develop$ mode1 s z to include all modes1 c we speak ( cons]vation 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,b s g5]alis$ ,i submit t !re is a cons]vation ( t =m ( exi/5ce :i* includes bo? consci\sness & infra-consci\sness1 co-ord9ate & coext5sive ) ! cons]vation ( en]gy4#cb ,j z ! dom9ant neural trans=mations 9 ! dog's bra9 are l a special vortex 9 ! onw>d-fl[+ /ream ( ! _w's en]gy1 s are ! /ates ( consci\sness 9 8 m9d l a special vortex 9 ! onw>d fl[+ /ream ( t mode ( exi/5ce :i*1 :e!r x h ris5 to ! level ( consci\sness or n1 is /ill ( ! consci\s ord]4 ,= ! believ] 9 sci5tific monism !re is b "o vortex1 objectively pres5t$ z en]gy1 subjectively felt 9 consci\sness4 ,= ! duali/ !re are two vortices1 7#a7 an objective vortex & 7#b7 a subjective vortex associat$ ) ! o!r & 8call$ into exi/5ce0 by x4 ,9 ei!r case ! vortex is dep5d5t = its cont9ual exi/5ce on surr\nd+ /ores ( t out ( :i* x has aris52 & 9 ei!r case ! mod]n t5d5cies ( sci5tific ?\ght sugge/ cons]vation :i* is b ! anti!sis ( creation ex nihilo4#cc ,9 conclusion x %\ld be not$ t ?is hypo!sis is b a new pres5tation ( an old speculation4 ,x diff]s z x "h /&s f any !ory ( 8m9d-/uff0 9 t x reg>ds ! "q r f ! dynamical ?an f ! /atical po9t ( view4 ,n 8m9d-/uff0 answ]+ to matt] b a univ]sal consci\s ord] or aspect ( exi/5ce answ]+ to univ]sal en]gy is ! lead+ idea ,i h s\ght to develop4 ,9 its new] =m1 aga91 ?is hypo!sis diff]s f ! view t 8all =ce is w-p[]10 or ! view t 8all matt] is consci\s10 or ! !ory ( 8intellig5t monads10 9 endeavor+1 n to c>ry any?+ l our consci\sness d[n into association ) ! simpl] manife/ations ( en]gy1 b r to seek 9 association ) ^! l[] manife/ations ! g]m9al /ates indef9itely simpl] ?an consci\sness1 f :i* nev]!less consci\sness has be5 develop$4 ,f9ally ! keynote ( ?is new] pres5tation is t :i* is ! keynote ( all mod]n !ories ( life & ( ?\ght--! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,i h else:]e 7,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #dfg7 sugge/$ ! t]m k9esis = ! manife/ation ( en]gy1 & ! t]m metak9esis = its consci\s or infra-consci\s aspect4 #ca ,9 ! phraseology ,i h else:]e sugge/$1 !re is no k9esis unaccompani$ by its metak9etic aspect4 #cb ,t is to say1 a cons]vation ( metak9esis co-ord9ate & coext5sive ) ! k9etic cons]vation ( en]gy4 #cc ,! be>+ ( ?is cons]vation ( consci\sness & infra-consci\sness 7metak9esis7 on ,ea/]n conceptions ( immortality & on transmigration w\ld be an int]e/+ !me to foll[ out b is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,,! ,,new ,,civilisation ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,me*anical ,,inv5tion4 ,by reason ( 8 physical nature man is hamp]$ by ?ree wants--he ne$s food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,9 8 fir/ & l[e/ /age ( civilisation man lives 9 a /ate ( en?rallm5t to nature4 ,he dreads & wor%ips ! cruel =ces ( matt]4 ,b by ! aid ( sci5ce1 & inv5tion :i* fl[s f sci5ce1 man atta9s dom9ation or control ov] ?+s & =ces & directs !m into ! s]vice ( humanity = use or = beauty4 ,! s\l conqu]s nature by sci5ce & ma*9]y & !n x next desires to see ?is conque/ ov] nature reflect$ 9 works ( art4 ,h5ce x creates ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 & poetry1 all ( ^! f9e arts portray+ man's victory ov] wants & necessities4 ,if ! spectacle ( paup]ism & crime1 ! savag]y t /ill l+]s 9 ! slums ( our cities1 /]nly rem9ds u ( ! yet feeble hold :i* our civilisation has obta9$ ev5 9 cities--if ! c5sus ( mank9d proves t ?ree-f\r?s are yet c\nt$ z bel[ ! l9e t sep>ates ! half-civilis$ f ! civilis$--yet we are wont to console ourselves by ! promise & pot5cy :i* we c all disc]n 9 productive indu/ry aid$ by ! might ( sci5ce & inv5tion4 ,?is view is always hopeful4 ,we see t !re is a sort ( geometric progress 9 ! conque/ ov] ?+s & =ces4 ,! ability ( man to create weal? cont9ually accel]ates4 ,! m he obta9s ! m he c obta94 ,! m ea* "o gets ! m 8 neighbor also c get4 ,ev5 ! weakl+ ( society1 ! paup] or begg>1 ! insane1 & ! crim9al all f>e bett] 9 ! c5tres ( weal? ?an !y d at a di/ance f !m :]e !re is no weal? to beg or /eal & no asylums creat$ & su/a9$ by weal? to %elt] & heal _! diseas$ bodies4 ,weal? 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 f> m ?an 9 its anci5t s5se1 is self-productive4 ,x is capital1 & capital is weal? t g5]ates weal?4 ,capital repres5ts conqu]$ =ces & ?+s--conqu]$ = ! supply ( human wants4 ,capital consi/s ( natural =ces yok$ & set to "w = food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 & ! facilities ( human culture4 ,! ?ree physical wants 7food1 clo?+1 & %elt]7 are produc$ by nature--!y are ! *a9s & fett]s :]eby nature ass]ts h] "r to enslave humanity--to keep man 9 a /ate ( ?ralldom4 ,b ! ,prome!an cunn+ ( man1 realis$ fir/ 9 sci5ce & next 9 useful ma*9es1 has succe$$ 9 subdu+ ! p[]s ( nature & impos+ on !m ! task ( supply+ & gratify+ ! v ne$s :i* nature creates 9 u4 ,nature _h *a9$ man to ! task ( daily toil = food1 clo?+1 & %elt]4 ,b man turns back ^u nature & compels h] to take ! place ( human drudg]y & produce an abundance ( ^! ne$$ supplies & br+ !m :]ev] !y are ne$$ = consumption4 ,?is is accompli%$ by me*anical comb9ations t secure ! s]vice ( /eam1 electricity1 & v>i\s devices ( e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]4 ,?is self-g5]at+ weal? t exi/s 9 ! %ape ( capital is s mu* on ! increase t x fills all classes ( our population ) hopes or if n ) hopes at lea/ ) discont5ts--& discont5t is c]ta9ly ! product ( hope /ruggl+ up f ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,)\t ! vivid p]ception ( a high] ideal & )\t ! feel+ t x is atta9able1 !re w\ld n be any su* ?+ z discont5t4 ,! av]age production ( man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ 9 ! ?irty ye>s betwe5 #ahej & #ahhj f ab\t #be c5ts p] day to #dj c5ts p] day--an increase ( ov] #fj p] c5t4 ,?is means ! production ( f> m sub/antial improvem5ts = human com=t4 ,mu* m weal? is creat$ t possesses an endur+ "* & may be h&$ d[n to ! next g5]ation4 ,f9] dwell+s1 bett] roads & /reets1 f5ces = l&s1 dra9+s & level+s1 & ! processes necess>y to br+ wild l& "u cultivation1 artificial supplies ( wat] & gas1 ! w>eh\ses & elevators1 & ! appliances ( comm]ce--& f9ally ! build+s & furni%+s ( culture1 includ+ *ur*es1 s*ools1 libr>ies1 museums1 asylums1 & all mann] ( public build+s4 ,great ,brita91 ! lead+ nation 9 comm]ce & manufactures1 accord+ to ! returns = #ahhh 7see ,mulhall's 8,dict4 ,/ati/ics10 new edition7 di/ribut$ com=table incomes ( #ajjj & upw>ds to ea* family ( #cj p] c5t4 ( ! entire population1 & ! rema9+ #gj p] c5t4 av]ag$ #dhe p] annum 7= ea* family74 ,france provid$ incomes ( #acjj p] annum = #bd p] c5t4 ( its families4 ,?is %[s :at great capitali/s are do+ = ! creation & di/ribution ( weal?4 ,italy %[$ by its income returns t less ?an #b p] c5t4 receiv$ incomes ( #ajjj & upw>ds1 :ile #ih p] c5t4 ( ! families av]ag$ less ?an #cjj income4 ,italy makes little use ( /eam p[] & labor sav+ ma*9es4 ,if sci5ce progresses & its concomitant1 useful inv5tion1 progresses z fa/ = ! next hundr$ ye>s z x has done = ! pa/ =ty ye>s1 ! vision ( ,edw>d ,bellamy ( com=t = all w be realis$ )\t ! necessity ( any =m ( socialism4 ,!re w be com=t & ev5 luxury = all :o w labor a mod]ate am\nt ( "t4 ,sci5ce inv5tories nature & discov]s prop]ties & possible comb9ations4 ,inv5tion uses ^! comb9ations to meet me*anical problems4 ,c any "o d\bt :o looks into ! /ate ( sci5ce & its cont9ually improv+ me?ods t ! conque/ ( nature w be m rapid 9 ! com+ c5tury ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/ c5tury8 ,b we are *all5g$ by ! "q3 ,:at is ! good ( annihilat+ ! necessity = bodily toil8 ,w n man deg5]ate spiritually z he comes to possess luxury at *eap] & *eap] rates8 ,^! mat]ial advantages ga9$ by useful inv5tion :i* create a /eady & p]man5t supply ( food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 are !y n m]e sumptu>y provisions & d !y imply progress 9 civilisation8 ,to ?is *all5ge we reply by po9t+ out ! relation ( inv5tion to ! communication ( intellig5ce & ! diffusion ( k by newspap] & book4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is obvi\s t ! ?ree classes ( employm5ts devot$ *iefly to ! supply ( ! physical wants--namely agriculture1 manufactures1 & comm]ce--are und]go+ *ange by aid ( me*anic inv5tion 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! labor] ev]y:]e m & m into relation ) 8 fell[ m54 ,9 o!r words comm]ce increases m & m1 & becomes a "p ( all employm5ts4 ,9 ex*ang+ goods ea* gets some?+ t he ne$$ m ?an :at he p>t$ )4 ,b ! be/ result ( ! ex*ange is ! acqua9tance =m$ betwe5 produc] & consum]4 ,ea* has le>n$ some?+ ( ! o!r's ideas1 modes ( look+ at ! _w & habits ( action4 ,ea* "o's life is enri*$ by ! addition ( ! k ( ! life ( ! o!r4 ,man z a spiritual be+ has = 8 problem ! exploration ( ! two worlds--! worlds ( nature & man4 ,! problem is too great = ! individual & he mu/ avail himself ( ! "w ( o!rs4 ,ea* man may inv5tory a small portion ( nature diff]5t f all o!rs4 ,ea* "o may live a life diff]5t f ano!r's4 ,b ! individual gets a v small glimpse ( nature by ! aid ( 8 own s5ses4 ,he gets a v small arc ( ! total ( human life 9 8 survey ( 8 own biography4 ,b by int]communication ea* "o may ext5d & supplem5t 8 own obs]vations ( nature & ( ! exp]i5ce ( life1--he may avail himself ( ! aid ( ! s5se-p]ceptions ( o!rs & /ill m ( ! aid ( ! ?\ghts & reflections ( o!rs4 ,we see at once t man is man because he possesses & uses ?is means ( re-en=c+ 8 individual obs]vations & reflections by ^? ( ! race4 ,man is an individual end[$ ) ! p[] ( absorb+ ! results ( ! race4 ,we h ) ?is a def9ition ( civilisation & a /&>d ( measurem5t by :i* we may det]m9e ! rate ( progress4 ,advancem5t means t !re are improv$ means realis$ by :i* ea* individual c give to ! re/ ( mank9d ! results ( 8 liv+ & do+ & ?9k+ & at ! same "t %>e 9 ! lives1 ?\ghts1 & de$s ( o!rs4 ,look$ at 9 ! light ( ?is def9ition we %all be enabl$ to claim progress 9 civilisation on sub/antial gr\nds4 ,we %all be able to see some?+ m hopeful 9 ! mat]ial progress promis$ u 9 ! com+ c5tury ?an ! *eap supply ( bodily com=ts4 ,we see a progressive increase ( int]communication :i* w enable ea* individual to comm& ! results ( ! rational intellig5ce ( all mank9d4 ,man is fir/ a speak+ animal & next a writ+ animal4 ,ea* ^w t he uses expresses a g5]al mean+4 ,ea* ^w !re=e /ores up an indef9ite am\nt ( exp]i5ce4 ,all m5 may p\r into x _! exp]i5ce & by x recognise ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,! art ( writ+ at once increases inf9itely ! possibility ( int]communication because x pres]ves ! exp]i5ce record$ = p]sons widely sep>at$ 9 space & f> remov$ 9 "t4 ,x r5d]s e :]e 9 "s s5se a "h & e :5 a n[4 ,b me*anic inv5tion comes to ! aid ( spee* & ! elem5t>y arts ( writ+ by pr9t+ ) movable types4 ,pr9t+ & gunp[d] are two great elem5t>y arts bo? attribut$ to ! ,g]manic race--! two :eels ( mod]n civilisation s to speak4 ,b ! ,anglo-,saxon has add$ ! /eam eng9e & ! telegraph4 ,! "o makes locomotion possible to an increas+ degree & ! o!r makes in/antane\s int]communication ) all places possible4 ,arm$ ) ^! in/rum5talities our mod]n civilisation lives 9 a sort ( spiritual bord] l&4 ,x looks across ! fronti] & is 9 a con/ant process ( int]action ) all o!r nations4 ,! great in/rum5t ( ?is process is ! daily newspap]4 ,our p are becom+ f ye> to ye> a travell$ p--9 a %ort "t ! p] c5t4 ( ! population t has cross$ ! ocean has d\bl$4 ,! p] c5t4 t has visit$ ! we/]n bord] l& has quadrupl$4 ,b ! numb] ( p :o live 9 con/ant daily int]relation ) all mank9d by aid ( ! daily newspap] has increas$ a hundr$ fold )9 a s+le g5]ation4 ,! te/ ( a civilisation is its effici5cy 9 re-en=c+ ! endeavors ( ea* individual s z to give him access to ! labors ( ! _w4 ,we are approa*+ a spiritual civilisation z well z an era ( ! g5]al di/ribution ( weal?4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris4 ,,religion ,,& ,,progress4 ,,int]pret$ ,,by ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,la/ ,,"w ,,( ,,wa!n ,,m>k ,,wilks ,,call4 ,on ,augu/ #bj1 #ahij1 di$ ,wa!n ,m>k ,wilks ,call1 ,m4 ,a41--a _s f9ely t\*$ to f9e issues4 ,! po/hum\s "w be=e me revives ! s5se ( p]sonal b]eavem5t1 b soo!s x ) ! satisfaction ( hold+ ano!r int]view ) ! belov$ s*ol> on !mes t ?r\gh _m ye>s engag$ our conv]sation4 ,"h is a casket ( gold5 ?\ghts ca/ up f ! deep :]e w5t d[n ! :ite-w+$ %ip freight$ ) su* treasures4 ,! g5]al _w is unconsci\s t x is poor]2 its ports & m>ts _h little welcome = ! da9ty w>es ( ?is unfamili> b>k4 ,_m an ,am]ican ?9k] w ?r\gh ?is specim5 ( ! sunk5 treasures realise ! _w's loss :5 x is irrep>able2 & "s :o us$ to hov] ar\nd ! silv] sail n[ vani%$1 & come a%ore lad5 ) its gifts1 h wond]$ t ?is writ]1 valu$ by ,mill1 ,george ,eliot1 & ! s*ol>ly ,engli% circle1 %\ld h c\rt$ obscurity r ?an fame4 ,he 0 n indol5t1 ?\gh 8 publi%$ volumes 7 few3 8,lyra ,hell5ica0 7#ahdb71 8,rev]b]ations0 7#ahdi1 second edition #ahgf71 8,gold5 ,hi/ories0 7#ahga74 ,besides 8 poems1 8 contributions 9 ! reviews1--"s1 l 8,! ,n]o ,saga0 7,!ological ,review1 ,july1 #ahga71 equal to volumes1--w\ld make a sub/antial & important collection4 ,!re is en\gh ?\ght & le>n+ 9 8 poems & anonym\s articles1 to h e>n$ fame = an ambiti\s & pu%+ au?or4 ,:y !n did ! _w get s mu* less ?an x ought to h got f ?is f9e & active bra91 & :y is he s little kn[n8 ,_m ye>s ago ,i he>d f 8 own lips ! /ory ( 8 life1 :i* is p>tly told 9 ! fifty pages t introduce ?is book1 "u ! title 8,a ,*apt] f my ,autobiography40 ,x w !re be se5 t ev5 s late z ?irty-six ye>s ago ! f9e/ m9ds & he>ts t c\ld n accept cre$-dogmas might be almo/ mortally w\nd$4 ,f t "t he liv$ & wrote z f a retreat4 ,! actual case1 z he told x me1 0 t 8 si/]1 a wid[1 left him executor ( h] la/ w & te/am5t1 & ! gu>dian ( h] *ildr54 ,he 0 t5d]ly atta*$ to ?is si/] & to h] *ildr54 ,%e knew 8 op9ions & 8 d\bts4 ,:5 he w5t into ! c\rt = confirmation ( 8 tru/ he 0 confront$ by ! po/script ( a lett] he _h writt5 to a suppos$ fri5d intimat+ 8 8diss5t f ! cre$s ( ! *ur*es40 ,= ?is mild & vague h]esy he 0 prev5t$ f act+ z ! gu>dian ( 8 si/]'s *ildr51 & fulfill+ a sacr$ tru/4 ,at ?is "t he 0 a cl]gyman 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :i* to-day conta9s _m m9i/]s m unor?odox ?an ,mr4 ,call 0 :5 he receiv$ ?is cru%+ legal bl[4 ,?is public disgrace ( a s5sitive s*ol>1 ! loss ( position1 ! ali5ation ( fri5ds1 add$ to ! grief ( see+ 8 si/]'s *ildr5 c>ri$ to /rang]s1 p>t$ him f ! _w4 ,he seem$ to h no place 9 x4 ,/unn$1 lac]at$1 he _h no he>t to ent] on any new pr(ession4 ,b f 8 retreat came ! poems1 pa!tic b hopeful1 entitl$ 8,rev]b]ations10 "s ( :i* are sung 9 ! lib]al *apels ( ,engl&4 ,deifi$ egotism & v5geance _h br\ght home to him all _! he>tlessness3 all nature 0 ov]ca/ ) ?is *ill+ cl\d4 ,sil5tly be>+ 8 grief1 he gave himself to ! se>* = tru? 9 ^? matt]s :i* _h be5 pr$et]m9$ = him by a ?\s& subtle influ5ces & associations4 ,born 9 #ahag1 he _h graduat$ at ,cambridge1--! *ief poet ( its ,magaz9e1--_h pass$ ?r\gh 8 ,%elleyan phase ( scepticism1 & ent]$ ! *ur* 7#ahde7 ?r\gh "o ( ! _m casui/ical bl9d-ways provid$ 9 t old m9/] = ^? :o hesitate at ! ma9 portal4 ,elev5 ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 pass+ f "o to ano!r !oretical cloi/] or t[] ( ! v5]at$ *ur* be=e he f9ally discov]$ t x _h no place = him4 ,nor 0 !re any *ur* :i* he c\ld hone/ly ent]4 ,he mu/ be ! h]mit ( 8 tru?4 ,b 9 t retreat1 :]e ! lonely s*ol> mu/ eat 8 own he>t1 ! heal+ h& ( a true div9ity f\nd him4 ,love f\nd him4 ,he m>ri$ 7#aheg7 a lady ^: beauty 0 ! expression ( h] g5ius4 ,h] fa!r 0 ,dr4 ,brabant1 ! fri5d ( ,/rauss1 & f\nd] ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,9 e>ly life %e m>ri$ ,c4 ,c4 ,h5nell1 au?or ( 8,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity10--a "w :i* made a deep impression on ,!odore ,p>k]1 :o made x ! subject ( an article 9 ! old ,dial4 ,miss ,brabant1 v]s$ 9 anci5t & mod]n languages1 did excell5t "w on ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 assi/$ by h] fri5d ,m>ian ,evans1 aft]w>ds kn[n z 8,george ,eliot40 ,^! two ladies1 z ,i h he>d1 und]took toge!r ! translation ( ,/rauss's 8,leb5 ,jesu10 & 7 m ?an half ?r\gh x :5 ,miss ,brabant m>ri$4 ,by a contrivance ( ,mrs4 ,h5nell ! "n ( ,m>ian ,evans alone1 & to h] regret1 appe>$ on ! title-page4 8,george ,eliot0 !reby ga9$ a reputation helpful to h]1 ?\gh some:at emb>rass+1 imply+ z x did a k ( ,hebrew & ,greek :i* %e did n possess4 ,mr4 ,call's m>riage 0 mo/ happy4 ,! ,calls 7 reg>d$ by _! circle ( k9dr$ spirits z repres5t+ ! true ideal union4 ,!y _h toge!r %>$ ! fri5d%ip ( ! f9e/ intellects1 & _h mov$ abrea/ 9 intellectual progress1 = m ?an ! life ( a g5]ation :5 p>t$ by dea?4 ,ab\t sev5 ye>s ago tr\ble = ! fir/ "t ent]$ ?is almo/ sacr$ h\sehold4 ,a =midable consumption ( "o lung set 91 ?reat5+ ,mr4 ,call's life4 ,i h always believ$ t ?is 0 ! long lat5t beque/ ( pi\s cruelties suff]$ 9 e>li] life4 ,six ye>s ago ! case became hopeless1 9 its normal c\rse1 & ! physicians said t ! only possibility ( recov]y lay 9 a r>e & difficult op]ation1 imp]ill+ ! few mon?s ( life t might rema94 ,! pati5t & 8 devot$ wife resolv$ to incur ?is risk4 ,a tube 0 ins]t$ ?r\gh ! back2 ?r\gh x ! pus 0 dra9$ f ! ulc]at$ lung2 & little by little ! tube 0 )drawn1 by inf9itesimal degrees1 z ! heal+ process w5t on beh9d x4 ,x 0 a pa9ful anxi\s process ( _m weeks4 ,at ?is "t1 :5 he 0 kept motionless1 ,i m>vell$ at 8 *e]ful _s2 ?\gh ! slighte/ misc>riage 9 ! we>isome op]ation might prove fatal1 ! pati5t 0 always s]5e4 ,"o ( 8 physicians1 by no means sure ( ! result1 approa*$ him on ! subject ( religion1 & ! condition ( 8 s\l4 ,soon aft] ,mr4 ,call gave me an acc\nt ( ! conv]sation4 ,9 religi\s matt]s ! doctor _h dabbl$ :]e ,call _h div$2 x end$ 9 ! physician's be+ compell$ to consid] ! condition ( 8 own s\l1 & :y he %\ld be hold+ ! religion ( primitive man along ) a sci5ce almo/ able to raise ! dead4 ,! wond]ful op]ation 0 p]fectly successful4 ,love _h heal$ ! "y man's brok5 he>t2 sci5ce _h heal$ ! mature man's dy+ frame4 ,! real miracles t supplant fictiti\s ones1 & fulfil _! fables1 _h be5 br\ght home to him4 ,five happy ye>s 7 add$ to 8 life1 dur+ :i* he wrote ! important "w to be h]eaft] consid]$4 ,on a summ] ev5+ la/ ye> he pass$ a pleasant ev5+ at home1 end$ ) a game ( cribbage ) 8 wife4 ,dur+ ! night he di$ pa9lessly ( he>t disease2 a po/ mortem exam9ation prov$ ! lungs q s\nd4 ,my fri5d's body & m9d & affections 7 s comb9$ 9 organic unity t 8 v ailm5ts _h = me symbolical significance4 ,! unsuspect$ failure ( ! he>t1 = in/ance1 seems a la/ sequel ( ! spiritual lesion giv5 him by ,dogma z a p>t+ bl[3 its c\nt]p>t is to me visible 9 ! fact t aft] writ+ ?is "w he h>dly _h he>t to publi% x4 ,! sub/ance ( x 0 complet$ 9 #ahhg2 x 0 entirely f9i%$ 9 #ahhi2 x lay 9 8 libr>y "o ye>4 ,8 wife wi%$ him to publi% x--s %e told me--b he ?\ght ! _w w\ld n be int]e/$ 9 8 views4 ,s deep _h bigotry be5 able to s5d ?is man into ! vale ( ,humiliation2 & :at an intellect 0 ?us disc\rag$ may be p>tly e/imat$ by ^? :o %all read ?is book on 8,f9al ,causes0 publi%$ by 8 wid[4 ,9 ! la/ g5]ation _m "y m51 awak5$ by ! song ( ,byron & ,%elley1 />t$ out on a new spiritual pilgrimage4 ,_! pa? 0 at fir/ fr+$ ) poetic fl[]s1 & 9 ! di/ance %one ! city call$ ,beautiful4 ,b ! pa? at l5g? became fl9ty1 ! city became m dim ) progress t[>ds x1 & _m a pilgrim turn$ back4 ,^? :o press$ on 7 unique m51 s t !y came to p>t+ ways1 & ea* _h to advance on 8 individual & lonely pa?1 albeit !y 7 travell+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! records ( ^! pilgrimages1 :]ev] f\nd1 are *apt]s 9 ! scriptures ( _! g5]ation4 ,!re is "o ?+ common to !m all1--! t5acity ) :i* !y h clung to _! old fai?1 & aft] x to _! old *ur*1 until beat5 (f by bigotry or by consci5ce4 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me80 ,x 0 no m]e cry1 b a "q rea*+ f> into ! ages1 & /irr+ innum]able crucifi$ he>ts t h f\nd no voice4 ,m5 d n =sake _! ,god2 _! ,god =sakes !m4 ,!y h inve/$ "s anci5t "n ) all ! pe>ls ( _! he>t2 !y h idealis$ him z wisdom1 ju/ice1 love1 compassion2 b no soon] d !y ?9k an hone/ ?\ght1 or ma9ta9 ju/ice & love aga9/ unju/ & he>tless dogmas1 ?an _! ,good ,%eph]d beats su* t5d] lambs ) 8 crook & sets ! wolves on !m4 ,yet ev5 !n1 s long z !y c1 !y keep 9 ! fold1 & lift _! lac]at$ h&s 9 pray]4 ,!y w ev5 practice "s self-deception t !y may cont9ue ! old =mulas aft] ! tru? has =sak5 ^!4 ,mr4 ,call's y\?ful scepticism1--a spell wr\ght by ,byron & ,%elley1--be+ *iefly ! expression ( o!rs' exp]i5ces1 & ) b little root 9 8 own1 c>ri$ him no fur!r ?an ! /udy ( philosophy & !ology4 ,x 0 n deep en\gh to prev5t 8 ent]+ on resid5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ) a view ( becom+ a cl]gyman4 ,! /ruggle be+ n yet 9 ! ar5a ( 8 own life & he>t1 b a combat = 8 s\l betwe5 ! ,humes & ! ,j]emy ,taylors1 poetic s5tim5t easily c>ri$ ! day4 ,8 nature clamor$ = a realis$ ideal1 & ! ,*ur* captivat$ him4 8,! *ur*1 z ! embodim5t ( cele/ial tru?1 z ! aggregate ( noble & beautiful spirits1 dead or liv+1 appe>$ a sublime conception40 ,:5 a y\? falls 9 love does he consid] :e!r 8 beautiful lady's bloom may n be hectic1 or h]$it>y canc] be hov]+ ne> ! fair brea/8 ,our "y s*ol> w$s our ,lady ( ! ,litany amid ! light ( /a9$ w9d[s1 & ! :ite-rob$ *ori/]s4 ,he pres5tly f9ds t ! lovely creature insi/s on 8 prea*+ ! doctr9e t all :o d n yield to h] *>ms are to be burnt at ! /ake et]nally4 8,human philosophy _h fail$ to expla9 to me ! my/]y ( exi/5ce2 ,*ri/ian philosophy expla9$ x to be ! p]petuation ( s9 & mis]y1 int5sifi$ by omnipot5t int]v5tion40 ,recoil+ f ?is ! "y cl]gyman w5t ?r\gh ye>s ( critical inve/igation2 he ma/]$ ! exegesis ( ! ,g]mans & ! ,fr5*2 & at l5g? f\nd himself a simple believ] 9 ! religion ( ,humanity4 ,he1 a cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&6 ,9 ! fifty prelim9>y pages ( ?is po/hum\s book1 compris+ 8,a ,*apt] f my ,autobiography10 we h a succ9ct & useful summ>y ( ! crucial criticisms "u :i* biblical au?ority & sup]naturalism h be5 relegat$ to pr(essional casui/ry4 ,?is we w n /udy "h--pr(\ndly int]e/+ z x is--b dwell = a little on ! situation 9 :i* ! s*ol> f\nd himself4 8,:ile ,i _h ?us be5 work+ my way ?r\gh d>kness into light--! sob] light ( sad reality--life _h be5 br++ to all :o belong$ to me1 z well z to myself1 v>i$ exp]i5ces ( pa9 & sorr[4 ,= _! sake ,i _h already done viol5ce to my bett] nature4 ,0 ,i n[ to r5d] ! previ\s sacrifice nugatory8 ,0 ! black %ad[ ( my unbelief to enfold ^? :o _h already m ?an _! %>e ( ! burd5 ( life to su/a98 ,sympa?is+ fri5ds _h e>ly enc\rag$ me to reta9 my position 9 ! *ur*4 ,a b5efic$ cl]gyman1 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 ^: /udies _h end$1 l my own1 9 ! ab&onm5t ( dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 _h drawn up a /atem5t ( ! motives :i*1 z he argu$1 ju/ifi$ him 9 ! ret5tion ( 8 pref]m5t4 ,?is /atem5t 0 =w>d$ to me4 ,a celebrat$ & v5]able ,g]man pr(essor _h s5t me a message deprecat+ ! ab&onm5t ( a po/ :i*1 he ?\ght1 ,i might cont9ue to occupy )\t di%onor to myself & ) pr(it to o!rs4 ,i _h hi!rto def]r$ to ! judgm5t ( p]sons :om ,i reg>d$ z sup]ior to myself 9 k ( life & 9 ability to det]m9e que/ions ( moral obligation2 b ! progress ( unbelief & enl>g$ exp]i5ce decid$ me1 at la/1 on ! adoption ( an indep5d5t c\rse ( ?\ght & action4 ,tak+ c\nsel ( my own he>t1 ,i resolv$ to t]m9ate a conflict :i* _h become intol]able4 ,pa9ful & s+ul> complications prec$$1 accompani$1 & foll[$ my retirem5t f ! ,engli% ,*ur*40 ,"h is ! 8,rob]t ,elsm]e0 ( real life4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,call left ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ?irty-five ye>s ago1 x has become a l>gely rationali/ic in/itution4 ,legal prosecutions ( cl]gym5 = h]esy h result$ 9 prov+ t ! evangelical & or?odox h no m "r to ! ,*ur*1 9 ,law1 ?an ! lib]als4 ,!y 7 usurp]s ( au?ority n gu>ante$ by ! con/itution1 9 :i* !re is no?+ requir+ a cl]gyman to believe 9 hell1 or ! devil1 or miracles1 or ! infallibility ( ! ,bible4 ,_m cl]gym5 are n[ hone/ly prea*+ a simple !i/ic & humanit>ian religion1 & :5 told !y ought to leave ! ,*ur* ne$ only reply1 8,if y ?9k s y h a "r to prosecute me40 ,! ,engli% *>latan :o calls himself 8,fa!r ,ignatius10 :o c\ld only make himself ridicul\s z a h]esy-hunt] abroad1 seems to h f\nd ! ,episcopal ,*ur* 9 ,new ,york prov9cial en\gh to take him s]i\sly4 ,he w\ld nev] v5ture to sugge/ ! prosecution ( a ,broad ,*ur*man at home4 ,8 ignorant tribe h too ke5 a recollection ( _! sev]e falls 9 grappl+ ) ,bi%op ,col5so1 & ! au?ors ( 8,essays & ,reviews40 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to deal ) ,am]ica1 :]e ! sects1 by dep>ture ( "s ( _! be/ bra9s1 seem fall+ m & m "u control ( _! illib]al con/itu5ts1 ?\gh ! consecration ( ,bi%op ,phillips ,brooks %[ t reactioni/s w n h x all _! own way4 ,! passage ,i h quot$ above be>s ^u a moral problem :i* has already become urg5t among u1 & 9 ! progress ( inquiry mu/ inevitably become ( v s]i\s importance to l>ge numb]s ( m9i/]s & _! families4 ,i !re=e introduce "h a little digression on ?is subject4 ,:at is ! moral duty ( a "y m9i/] :o f9ds himself occupy+ ! pulpit ( a d5om9ation 9 ^: g5]ally accept$ doctr9es he has ceas$ to believe8 ,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/ rec5tly decl>$ ?is to be a pla9 moral "q4 ,if--?us x argues--a man has volunt>ily ent]$ ! m9i/ry ( a *ur*1 & aft]w>ds =ms op9ions :i*1 if kn[n1 w\ld h prev5t$ 8 admission1 he is morally b\nd to resign4 ,b ! "q is mu* m complex ?an t4 ,9 a majority ( cases ! m9i/] has n ent]$ 8volunt>ily10--)9 ! g5u9e moral scope ( t t]m4 ,8 or?odox p>5ts1 abett$ by _! prea*]1 h kept light f him1 repress$ 8 reason1 imprison$ him 9 ,sunday s*ools & pray]-meet+s2 he has be5 accord$ no free *oice2 he has be5 l$ z a captive1 be=e 8 intellect 0 capable ( judgm5t1 artificially t]rifi$ ab\t 8 s\l1 & ! _w's dang] ( damnation1 & at l5g? f\nd himself 9 ! pulpit4 ,:5 ! victim f9ds himself disabus$ ( ^! fictions1 :at is 8 duty8 ,9 my belief x w\ld be immoral = him to resign )\t hav+ fir/ secur$ a public decision ( 8 *ur* on ! issue4 ,8 p>am\nt obligations are to ! community 9 :i* he lives4 ,he is morally b\nd to prea* ! tru? z he sees x1 op5ly1 hone/ly1 pla9ly4 ,he _c utt] ! discr$it$ cre$s1 pray]s1 or dogmas4 ,b he has a "r1--nay he is b\nd1--to ?r[ ^u ! *ur* :i* has entrapp$ him ! responsibility ( repudiat+ 8 pr9ciples & doctr9es4 ,he %\ld say to 8 *ur*3 8,y are responsible = ! unhappy situation 9 :i* ,i f9d myself4 ,by y\r zeal\s propag&a y fright5$ or p]suad$ my p>5ts1 my fri5ds1 myself1 into acceptance ( dogmas ,i n[ f9d false4 ,! logical result ( tak+ y s]i\sly 0 to turn f all worldly occupations1 & devote my life to ! "w ( sav+ mank9d f a t]rible doom4 ,n[1 awak5$ f ! nightm>e sup]9duc$ by y1 ,i f9d myself pa/ ! opportunities ( y\?1 ! "t = prep>ations 9 o!r pr(essions irrecov]ably lo/1 & a family dep5d5t on me4 ,! situation conc]ns n only y & me1 b o!rs we h involv$4 ,= ye>s ,i h be5 labor+ ) y to try & p]suade o!r y\?s into ! same situation z my own4 ,some?+ is due to !m4 ,i h deceiv$ !m & mu/ undeceive !m4 ,y say ,i mu/ be true1 b y mu/ be true also4 ,i h innoc5tly rea*$ a position :i* enables me to compel y to publi% to ! _w exactly :]e y /&4 ,i w cle>ly def9e my convictions3 if y _c tol]ate !m 9 y\r pulpit ! y\? w "k ! precise limits to _! fre$om !y agree to 9 ent]+ y\r m9i/ry4 ,if y c tol]ate !m !y w "k y\r lib]alism4 ,!re=e ,i rema9 "h proclaim+ my tru?1 & w n help y to cov] ! tru? up by a resignation reliev+ y ( ! duty ( proclaim+ y\r position ) equal cle>ness4 ,y h got me "h1 & if ,i g n[ y mu/ turn me out4 ,s %all ! cause ( tru? be advanc$40 ,:ile ?is may be affirm$1 ,i ?9k1 z a g5]al e?ical pr9ciple1 x is equally true t ea* case mu/ be judg$ by itself4 ,! above pr9ciple dep5ds on ! condition t ! m9i/ry has be5 hone/ly ent]$ f religi\s motives1 !re be+ no m5tal res]vations at t "t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,call ! consid]ation ent]$ t he _h pass$ ?r\gh a phase ( ,%elleyan scepticism 9 e>ly y\?4 ,?is _h to be weigh$1 & p]haps may h _h mu* to d ) 8 det]m9ation to retire volunt>ily f ! m9i/ry4 ,he nev] conceal$ 8 views1 h[ev]1 & x is well kn[n t great ef=ts are made by old] prea*]s to beat d[n ! scepticism t (t5 arises 9 ! m9ds ( "y c&idates = ! m9i/ry4 ,9 su* case ^! unwise advis]s assume a l>ge %>e ( responsibility = ! ev5t1 :e!r en\gh to ju/ify ! subsequ5t h]etic 9 compell+ a conflict mu/ dep5d on ! m9i/]'s consci5ce4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,call decid$ rightly1 9 accordance ) 8 moral consci\sness1 x 7 by no means fair to ma9ta91 ) ! au?or ( 8,rob]t ,elsm]e10 t m9i/]s :o f9d !mselves m lib]al ?an ! majority ( prea*]s 9 _! *ur* %\ld surr5d] to su* m]e sup]iority ( physical =ce )\t te/+ its legality & lay+ on x responsibility = its ex]cise ( p[]4 ,rob]t ,elsm]e %\ld1 on moral pr9ciples1 h rema9$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,by s rema9+ ,col5so1 ,dean ,/anley1 ,*>les ,k+sley1 ,max ,mll]1 ,pr(essor ,j[ett1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & o!rs1 h reveal$ ! fact t1 9 _! *ur*1 ?\ght is n deliv]$ up by law to ! despotism ( a majority4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is some:at diff]5t aga9 :]e ! new op9ions adopt$ by a m9i/] am\nt to an ab&onm5t ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( 8 *ur*4 ,t may n exon]ate him f dem&+ a =mal & public decl>ation ( ! *ur*1 b ?is be+ secur$1 x mu/ affect 8 relation to ! g5]al _w4 ,%\ld x be prov$ t he may be legally tol]at$1 he mu/ !n consid] :e!r x is 8 legitimate means ( influ5ce1 or :e!r he w\ld be sub/itut+ = 8 own expression ! mask ( an ext9ct fai?4 ,! e?ical pr9ciple above affirm$ relates to ! fir/ practical /ep ( ! m9i/] ^: beliefs h *ang$4 ,! progressive & inquir+ m9d t cont9ues 9 a *ur* :]e x is b>ely tol]at$ does s at great p]il4 ,:]e ! swift foot agrees to m>* ) ! halt ! pace mu/ be t ( ! halt4 ,sceptical m9ds occupy+ pulpits ev5 ( lib]al d5om9ations are likely to discov]1 %\ld su* engagem5ts end1 t !y h be5 unconsci\sly arre/+ _! own developm5t 9 f9d+ a conciliatory modus viv5di ) ! reaction>y bre?r54 ,!re is1 inde$1 a class ( f9e intellects1 l ! great ,engli% ,broad ,*ur*m5 already nam$1 ^: comp>atively advanc$ views are ! result ( l>g] le>n+2 !y h discov]$ t two & two are f\r1 & ga!r$ c\rage to d5y t ! am\nt is five4 ,^! con/itute ! "r leav5 by :i* great organisations are rais$ to high] /&>ds ( k & v]acity4 ,b !re are orig9al & philosophic inquir]s ^: p>ticul> p[] 7 only buri$ 9 su* organisations1 )\t elevat+ !m4 ,^! are due to ! corps ( pione]s 9 ! direction :i!r ! organisations are advanc+4 ,_! task is orig9al rese>*4 ,^! _c wisely we> ! uni=m ( any religi\s or political p>ty4 ,mr4 ,call 0 su* an orig9al m9d1 & aft] he _h left ! ,engli% *ur* 8 c\rse 0 to ! maturity repres5t$ 9 ?is ripe book on 8,f9al ,causes40 ,b _h he n pass$ elev5 ( 8 be/ ye>s 9 ! *ur*1 out ( 8 true habitat1 we %\ld h m fruit ( ?is f9e flavor4 ,x is !re=e a voice f 8 exp]i5ce t "h rea*es u1 z f 8 grave3 8,scepticism has be5 vigor\sly advanc+ 9 ! nation--,i might say1 9 ,europe4 ,& n only has x ext5d$ its sph]e1 b x includes )9 t sph]e "s ( ! l(tie/ & pr(\nde/ intellects ( ! age--m5 r5[n$ = va/ & exact erudition1 = sci5tific rese>* or critical acum54 ,philosoph]s1 poets1 hi/orians1 noveli/s1 op5ly or sil5tly disav[ ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 palaces1 9 lordly mansions1 9 college halls1 9 seclud$ home/eads1 & "h & !re 9 rectory or vic>age1 scepticism1 if x has n a bold & fe>less utt]ance1 at lea/ expresses itself 9 a gu>d$ :isp]4 ,x becomes d\bly a duty1 !n1 :5 not)/&+ ! g5]al diffusion ( av[$ or lat5t unbelief1 we trace ev]y:]e ! pres5ce ( a cons]vatism t conceals & hesitates & trembles at ! d\bts :i* x _c suppress1 t individual diss5ti5ts %\ld c&idly disclose _! !ological div]g5ces4 ,*ri/ianity1 inde$1 :i* has _h its triumphs 9 ! pa/1 w long cons]ve a portion ( its p[]1 & cont9ue to furni% guidance n only = ! unreason+ multitude1 b = ?\s&s ( excell5t m5 & wom5 :o _c ab&on ! old religi\s ideal4 ,b !re is no f9al arre/ = ! intellectual progress ( mank9d40 ,we n[ turn to ,mr4 ,call's "w on 8,f9al ,causes40 ,9 an introductory *apt] ( eight pages he compresses ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ,design 9 nature f ,anaxagoras1 ,b4 ,c4 #ejj1 to our own "t1 /at+ its modifications1 criticisms1 d5ials4 ,9 ! second *apt] a brief acc\nt is giv5 ( 8,natural ,!ology10 ^: mod]n =m is f\nd to re/ fundam5tally on ,newton's g5]alisation1 t a body at re/ cont9ues at re/ unless act$ ^u by "s ext]nal =ce2 & on ! geometrical ord] ( planet>y revolutions4 ,/>t+ anew f ?is po9t ! human m9d has discov]$ 9 ! v>i$ realms ( nature app>5t evid5ces ( a sup]s5su\s ,intellig5ce4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 is br\ght to criticise ,newton4 8,kant notes ) delight t ! #8h>monical relations :i* excite ! feel+s 9 a m sublime mann] ?an ev5 ! cont+5t beauties ( nature orig9ate 9 ! prop]ties ( space'2 & ?is inevitable congruity he ref]s ultimately1 inde$1 to ,div9e ,wisdom1 b directly to a common dep5d5ce on a s+le sov]eign gr\nd1 to a unity ( possibilities :i* x is no m difficult to conceive z self-exi/5t ?an x is to conceive an ,intellig5t ,cause z self-exi/5t40 ,matt] is n1 !n1 naturally in]t1 b an aggregate ( =ms & =ces1 & nature a self-adju/+1 self-evolv+ p[]4 ,9 a *apt] on 8,ord] & ,g5]al ,adaptation0 x is %[n t nature conta9s va/ realms ( ,disord]2 & alleg$ 8special adaptations0 are %[n too z (t5 z o!rwise = cruelty & agony4 8,) :at feel+s10 asks ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 8c we contemplate ! de/ruction ( su* an organism z t ( man = ! sake ( "s microscopic animal made to live ^u x8 ,) :at feel+s c we ?9k ( a human be+ sacrific$ to ! gr[? ( canc]-cells8 ,:at is ! contrivance & b5evol5ce "h80 ,p>ticul> illu/rations ( design on :i* teleologi/s h dep5d$1--! eye1 ! bee's cell1 ! bird's w+--are exam9$ ) critical & sci5tific c>e1 & imp]fections1 gratuit\s & cruel if ascrib$ to omnipot5t wisdom1 f\nd ev]y:]e4 8,to ass]t t ! ,creator ( ! _w is inf9itely p[]ful & inf9itely wise 7 to d5y t he is inf9itely good40 ,to escape ! dilemma j /at$1 "s !i/s po/ulate a 8limit$ or con/itutional deity40 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's idea ( a 8mat]ial datum objective to ,god0 is an ef=t to relieve ! deity ( responsibility = ! evils ( nature1 b ,mr4 ,call decl>es ! selection ( 8p[]0 z ! limit$ attribute is arbitr>y4 ,we h1 he ?9ks1 no m logical "r to limit ! deity's p[] ?an 8 intellig5ce1 or 8 b5evol5ce4 7,?is is d\btful1 h[ev]1 & requires m consid]ation ?an is "h giv5 x47 8,! ,evolution>y ,god0 is next consid]$1 & disprov$ by ! uselessness & unfitness ( "s /ructures 9 v>i\s organisations1 ! (t5 injuri\s "* ( o!rs1 7e4g4 ! inte/9al canal call$ ! v]mi=m process17 :ile ! moral s5se is /ill (f5d$ by ! g5]al pr$atory me?od ( natural selection4 ,! validity ( ! ,design argum5t dispos$ (1 ,mr4 ,call leaves to ! !i/ :atev] evid5ces ( a deity he may f9d 9 8 ideals1 emotions1 aspirations1 intuitions4 ,he po9ts out t ! ,design] ?us disprov$ has nev] be5 able to satisfy ! intellect or he>t1 ! l be+ true ( ! 8,unkn[able40 ,! sole sacr$ ideal left u is t ( humanity2 n ( ! :ole race b ( ! pur]1 nobl] con/itu5ts ( x4 8,z ,humanity w be ! sole ,ideal ,object to :i* dutiful obligation & exalt$ s5tim5t w be ref]r$1 s ! _w ( ,humanity w be ! _w reveal$1 n by div9e inspiration or metaphysical intuition1 b by ,positive ,sci5ce ,! %ad[y ab/ractions ( ! speculative rationali/1 ! fanciful conceptions ( ! !ologian1 w gradually pass away4 ,to ! ,semitic explanation ( ! _w & ( man w succe$ t ( ,laplace & ,d>w94 ,! great & maje/ic tru?s ( ! /ell> univ]se1 ! my/]ies ( life1 ( light1 ( heat1 ( s\nd2 ! wond]s ( natural hi/ory1 ! magic ( geologic lore1 ! epic ( man's progression 9 "t2 ! exaltation1 ! solace1 ! delight :i* fl[ f poetry1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture2 ! int]e/ 9 ! arts1 indu/rial no less ?an /hetic2 9 ! fell[%ip ( "w :i* ameliorates ! common lot2 9 fri5d%ips ( man & woman1 %ort ( passionate love1 & 9 ! happi] pr(\nd] affection ( wife & husb&2 9 all home *>ities & patriotic activities1 & 9 ! id5tification ( p]sonal #8feel+s ) ! entire life ( ! human race'2--all ^! incid5ts ( ?\ght & v>ieties ( emotion & action w possess ! intellect & fill ! he>t ( future g5]ations1 9 a mode & degree :i* we c n[ only imp]fectly realise1 & :i*1 9 ! end1 w leave m5 b little reason to regret t ! raptures ( sa9t or prophet1 or ! spl5d\rs ( anci5t !ocracy1 or ! p[] & glory ( ! ,m$ival ,*ur*1 or ! impos+ premise ( ,hell5ic or ( ,teutonic speculation1 are z ! dreams ( a night t has pass$ =ev] away40 ,h we1 9 ?is prophetic conclusion1 ! aft]gl[ ( a fai? sunk b5ea? ! horizon8 ,:y %\ld we suppose t su* beautiful ?+s w come to pass 9 ! future8 ,su* prophecies h hi!rto be5 inspir$ by belief 9 an ov]rul+ & omnipot5t ,love4 ,b we are n[ br\ght by sci5ce & philosophy to ! misgiv+ ( ,solomon1 8,we are born at all adv5ture40 ,?+s1 ! sceptic may say1 w gr[ bett] if man compels !m s1 o!rwise !y c z easily gr[ worse4 ,x appe>s to me t 9 ! old dogma ( ,jehovah's curse on ! _w & its r$emption by ,jesus !re is buri$1 z 9 a s>cophagus1 a skeleton ( human nature1 & ( moral hi/ory1 resembl+ ! man ( to-day1 & ! hi/ory we are mak+4 ,!re 0 an appeal ( ! human he>t f ,jehovah to ,jesus1--f ! curs+ to ! sav+ deity4 ,! t]rible arraignm5ts ( nature writt5 by "s ( ! greate/ m5 s9ce ,d>w9's discov]y h n f\nd any "o to answ] !m4 ,! sev]e/ indictm5t ( ! _w1 p]haps1 is t by ! late ,c>d9al ,newman1 :o decl>es1 8,ei!r !re is no ,creator1 or ?is liv+ society ( m5 is 9 a true s5se disc>d$ f 8 pres5ce4444 ,s9ce !re is a ,god1 ! human race is implicat$ 9 "s t]rible aborig9al calamity40 ,f a deity :o hav+ creat$ 8 own mat]ials1 built up a creation liable to su* calamity1 mank9d are once m appeal+4 ,! anci5t case 0 ,jesus vs4 ,jehovah2 ! pres5t case is ,humanity vs4 ! ,creator ( ,nature4 ,?is rebellion ( ! moral s5tim5t & ( compassionat5ess is n intellectually consci\s2 x goes on1 & = a long "t mu/ g on1 ) c]emonial respect to ! ,f9al ,cause ( all ! evils humanity tries to heal2 b x appe>s to me c]ta9 t ! he>t & en?usiasm :i* once w5t out to a p]sonal ,god are aga9 turn+ to a crucifi$ humanity4 ,! humanit>ian movem5ts ( our "t h aris5 simultane\sly ) ! ov]:elm+ evid5ces ( nature's cruelty & imp]fections reveal$ by ,sci5ce4 ,! e>li] dei/s appeal$ f biblical sup]/itions & ecclesia/ical cruelties to ! ,god visible 9 ! ord] & beauty ( ! univ]se4 ,) ! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ext]nal nature !y nev] grappl$4 ,bi%op ,butl]'s 8,analogy0 fir/ /at$ ! problem4 ,he answ]$ dei/ic objections to ! inhumanities ( ! ,bible by po9t+ out ! l 9 nature4 ,in/ead ( answ]+ ! dei/s he set !m on a new dep>ture :i* has end$ 9 results summ$ up 9 ,mr4 ,call's book4 ,! omnipot5t creator ( nature is foll[+ ! biblical ,jehovah into ext9ction4 ,b ! in/9cts & aspirations ( ! human he>t & m9d rema9 ! same2 ! religi\s s5tim5t rema9s4 ,! /ream t is damm$ up 9 "o direction or ano!r does n lose any =ce !reby2 x /reams into o!r *annels if x c f9d su*1 or floods field & village if x f9ds none4 ,x w beat e>?w>d z /rongly z x once beat heav5w>d2 x w1 if *annels be n provid$1 c>ry away in/itutions z x has c>ri$ away gods & goddesses4 ,x has become !re=e ( great importance to recognise if possible ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance along ! mighty /ream ( religi\s en?usiasm1 & provide t its en]gies %all n be de/ructive b cons]vative ( human welf>e4 ,at pres5t ! mo/ cons]vative =ce 9 ! e>? is ignorance3 7 ! suff]+ masses ( ! _w to discov]1 sudd5ly & univ]sally1 t ! old cre$s are fictions1 _! evils n provid5tial1 _! heav5ly hopes va91 e nation w\ld be fill$ ) convulsions4 ,=tunately ! sun is n %ot up into ! heav5s4 ,b enlight5m5t progresses rapidly1 & we h begun none too soon turn+ ! ris+ flood ( light & fire into ! human *annels long ob/ruct$ by sanctifi$ inhumanities4 ,mr4 ,call's little book1 :i* ,i hope w f9d publication & wide circulation 9 ,am]ica1 sums up succ9ctly & cog5tly ! pres5t religi\s situation1 & ! /eps by :i* x has be5 rea*$4 ,x rema9s = u all to sweep ! new horizon ) eye & telescope1 to comp>e our obs]vations & to cat* ! fir/ ray ( ! /> t %all po9t wise m5 to ! new inc>nation4 ,to my own m9d ?is book is "o ( ! _m signs & promises t ! div9e w be /eadily m]g$ into & id5tifi$ ) ! human4 ,n ) humanity z an objective & hi/orical entity1 z ,comte believ$1 b ) ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( humanity1 ! supreme qualities ( reason & love3 ?is w become ! ideal ( ! reason]s & ! lov]s2 x w !n become ! creat+ ,^w1 in/ruct+ all2 x w f9ally be made fle% & dwell among u1 & all %all behold 9 x ! glory ( ! k+dom ( ,man4 ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,,facts ,,& ,,m5tal ,,symbols4 ,i p]ceive f ,dr4 ,c>us's answ] to my lett] 9 ,no4 #c ,vol4 ,i ( ,! ,moni/1 t amid all ! agreem5t ( our mutual endeavors a mat]ial diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s betwe5 u on an important "q ( special "*4 ,z ,i 0 n successful 9 r5d]+ my ?\ght cle> on ?is po9t1 ,i %all endeavor on ! pres5t occasion to expla9 :at x 0 t =c$ me to ab&on my old position 7#ahfc71 :i* is v ne> to t ( ,dr4 ,c>us1 & to assume a new "o4 ,! supposition t our diff]5ce ( op9ion is m]ely app>5t & c be adju/$ by a precise agreem5t z to ! t]ms employ$ is a v natural "o 9 philosophical discussions4 ,x is h>dly t5able1 ?\gh1 :5 ! div]g5t views 9 "q arise subsequ5tly to "o ano!r 9 ! same p]son4 ,i mu/ /ate1 9 />t+1 t ,i pursu$ 9 my y\? physical & philosophical /udies1 p>ticul>ly psy*ology1 ) equal ardor4 ,!re 0 h>dly ! "q at t "t ( an exp]im5tal psy*ology1 ( a relation ( psy*ological to physiological rese>*4 ,no m s did physics at t day ?9k ( a psy*ological analysis ( ! notions x 0 con/antly employ+4 ,h[ ! notions ( 8body10 8matt]10 8atom10 etc41 7 come by1 0 n inve/igat$4 ,objects 7 giv5 ( :i* physici/s nev] que/ion$ ! inviolability & ) :i* !y unconc]n$ly pursu$ _! labors4 ,! fields ( physical & psy*ological rese>* ?us /ood unconciliat$ ! "o by ! side ( ! o!r1 ea* hav+ its own p>ticul> concepts1 me?ods1 & !ories4 ,no "o que/ion$1 inde$1 t ! two dep>tm5ts 7 connect$ 9 "s way4 ,! way1 h[ev]1 appe>$ an insoluble riddle2 z x yet appe>s to ,dubois-,reymond4 ,n[ al?\gh ?is condition ( ?+s 0 n su* z to satisfy my m9d1 x 0 nev]!less natural t z a /ud5t ,i %\ld seek to acquire t5tatively ! prevail+ views ( bo? prov9ces & put !m into consi/5t connection ) "o ano!r4 ,i ?us =m$ provisorily ! view t ,nature has two sides--a physical & a psy*ological side4 ,if psy*ical life is to be h>monis$ at all ) ! !ories ( physics we are oblig$1 ,i ?\ght1 to conceive ( ! atoms z feel+ 7ens\l$74 ,! v>i\s dynamic ph5om5a ( ! atoms w\ld !n repres5t ! physical processes1 :ile ! int]nal /ates connect$ !re) w\ld be ! ph5om5a ( psy*ic life4 ,if we accept 9 fai? & s]i\sness ! atomi/ic speculations ( ! physici/s & ( ! e>ly psy*ologi/s 7on ! unity ( ! s\l71 ,i /ill see h>dly any o!r c\rse to arrive at a half-way supportable moni/ic conception4 ,x is unnecess>y to set =? at l5g? "h :at a prom95t place ! artificial scaffold+ we employ 9 ! con/ruction ( our k assumes 9 ^! monadic !ories z contradi/+ui%$ f ! facts t des]ve k1 & h[ poorly su* !ories satisfy 9 ! long run a vigor\s m9d4 ,z a fact1 employm5t ) ?is cumbr\s artifice 0 9 my case ! means t effect$ v soon ! appe>ance ( my bett] conviction1 already lat5tly pres5t4#cd ,9 ! fur!r progress ( my physical "w ,i soon discov]$ t x 0 v necess>y %>ply to di/+ui% betwe5 :at we see & :at we m5tally supply4 ,:51 = example1 ,i imag9e heat z a sub/ance 7a fluid7 t passes f "o body into ano!r1 ,i foll[ ) ease ! ph5om5a ( conduction & comp5sation4 ,?is idea l$ ,black1 :o e/abli%$ x1 to ! discov]y ( specific heat1 ( ! lat5t heat ( fusion & vaporisation1 & s =?4 ,?is same idea ( a con/ant quantity ( heat-sub/ance prev5t$ on ! o!r h& ,black's successors f us+ _! eyes4 ,!y no long] m>k ! fact :i* e savage kn[s1 t heat is produc$ by friction4 ,by ! help ( 8 undulatory !ory ,huyg5s foll[s ) ease ! ph5om5a ( ! reflexion & refraction ( light4 ,! same !ory prev5ts him1 = he ?9ks solely ( ! longitud9al waves ) :i* he 0 famili>1 f m>k+ ! fact ( pol>isation :i* he himself discov]$1 b :i* ,newton on ! o!r h&1 undi/urb$ by !ories1 p]ceives at once4 ,! conception ( fluids act+ at a di/ance on conductors *>g$ ) electricity facilitates our view ( ! behavior ( ! objects *>g$1 b x /ood 9 ! way ( ! discov]y ( ! specific inductive capacity1 :i* 0 res]v$ = ! eye ( ,f>aday undimm$ by any traditional !ories4 ,valuable !re=e z ! conceptions may be :i* we m5tally 7!oretically7 supply 9 our pursuit ( facts1 br++ to be>1 z !y d1 old]1 ri*]1 m g5]al1 & m famili> exp]i5ces on facts t /& alone1 ?us af=d+ u a broad] field ( view1 nev]!less1 ! same conceptions may1 z classical examples & our own exp]i5ce demon/rate1 lead u a/ray4 ,= a !ory1 inde$1 always puts 9 ! place ( a fact some?+ diff]5t1 some?+ m simple1 :i* is qualifi$ to repres5t x 9 "s c]ta9 aspect1 b = ! v reason t x is diff]5t does n repres5t x 9 o!r aspects4 ,:5 9 ! place ( light ,huyg5s m5tally put ! famili> ph5om5on ( s\nd1 light itself appe>$ to him z a ?+ t he knew1 b ) respect to pol>isation1 :i* s\nd-waves lack1 z a ?+ ) :i* he 0 d\bly unacqua9t$4 ,our !ories are ab/ractions1 :i*1 :ile !y place 9 relief t :i* is important = c]ta9 fix$ cases1 neglect almo/ necess>ily1 or ev5 disguise1 :at is important = o!r cases4 ,! law ( refraction looks ^u rays ( light z homog5e\s /raight l9es1 & t is suffici5t = ! compreh5sion ( ! geometrical aspect ( ! matt]4 ,b ! propositions t relate to refraction w nev] lead u to ! fact t ! rays ( light are p]iodical1 t !y int]f]e4 ,j ! contr>y1 ! favorite & famili> conception ( a ray z a smoo? /raight l9e w r r5d] ?is discov]y difficult4 ,only 9 r>e cases w ! resemblance betwe5 a fact & its !oretical conception ext5d fur!r ?an we ourselves po/ulate4 ,!n ! !oretical conception may lead to ! discov]y ( new facts1 ( :i* conical refraction1 circul> pol>isation1 & ,h]tz's electric waves furni% examples t /& 9 opposition to ^? giv5 above4 ,b z a g5]al rule we h e reason to di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 our !oretical conceptions ( ph5om5a & t :i* we obs]ve4 ,! =m] mu/ be reg>d$ m]ely z auxili>y in/rum5ts t h be5 creat$ = a def9ite purpose & :i* possess p]man5t value only ) respect to t purpose4 ,no "o w s]i\sly imag9e = a mom5t t a real circle ) angles & s9es actually p]=ms functions 9 ! refraction ( light4 ,e "o1 on ! contr>y1 reg>ds ! =mula s9_/s9 n z a k9d ( geometrical model t imitates 9 =m ! refraction ( light & takes its place 9 our m9d4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,i take x1 all ! !oretical conceptions ( physics--caloric1 electricity1 light-waves1 molecules1 atoms1 & en]gy--mu/ be reg>d$ z m]e helps or exp$i5ts to facilitate our view+ ?+s4 ,ev5 )9 ! doma9 ( physics itself ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 transf]r+ !ories f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r1 & above all m in/ruction is n to be expect$ f a !ory ?an f ! facts !mselves4 ,b in/ances 7 n lack+ t demon/rat$ to me1 h[ mu* great] ! confusion 0 :i* 0 produc$ by ! direct transf]5ce ( !ories1 me?ods1 & inquiries t 7 legitimate 9 physics1 into ! field ( psy*ology4 ,all[ me to illu/rate ?is by a few examples4 ,a physici/ obs]ves an image on ! ret9a ( an excis$ eye1 notices t x is turn$ upside d[n ) respect to ! objects imag$1 & puts to himself v naturally ! "q1 ,h[ does a lum9\s po9t situat$ at ! top come to be reflect$ on ! ret9a at ! bottom8 ,he answ]s ?is "q by ! aid ( dioptrical /udies4 ,if1 n[1 ?is "q1 :i* is p]fectly legitimate 9 ! prov9ce ( physics1 be transf]r$ to ! doma9 ( psy*ology1 only obscurity w be produc$4 ,! "q :y we see ! inv]t$ ret9a-image upright1 has no mean+ z a psy*ological problem4 ,! light-s5sations ( ! sep>ate spots ( ! ret9a are connect$ ) s5sations ( locality f ! v beg9n+1 & we "n ! places t correspond to ! p>ts d[n1 up4 ,su* a "q _c pres5t itself to ! p]ceiv+ subject4 ,x is ! same ) ! well-kn[n !ory ( projection4 ,! problem ( ! physici/ is1 to seek ! lum9\s object-po9t ( a po9t imag$ on ! ret9a ( ! eye 9 ! backw>d prolong$ ray pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( int]section ( ! eye4 ,= ! p]ceiv+ subject ?is problem does n exi/1 z ! light-s5sations ( ! ret9al spots are connect$ f ! beg9n+ ) det]m9ate space-s5sations4 ,! entire !ory ( ! psy*ological orig9 ( ! 8ext]nal0 _w by ! projection ( s5sations outw>ds is f\nd$ 9 my op9ion on a mi/ak5 transf]5ce ( a physically =mulat$ inquiry into ! prov9ce ( psy*ology4 ,our s5sations ( sight & t\* are b\nd up )1 are connect$ )1 v>i\s diff]5t s5sations ( space1 t is to say ^! s5sations h an exi/5ce by ! side ( "o ano!r or outside ( "o ano!r1 exi/ 9 o!r words 9 a spatial field1 9 :i* our body fills b a "p4 ,t table is ?us self-evid5tly outside ( my body4 ,a projection-problem does n pres5t itself1 is nei!r consci\sly nor unconsci\sly solv$4 ,a physici/ 7,m>iotte7 makes ! discov]y t a c]ta9 spot on ! ret9a is bl9d4 ,he is accu/om$ to associat+ ) e spatial po9t an imag$ po9t1 & ) e imag$ po9t a s5sation4 ,h5ce ! "q arises1 :at d we see at ! po9ts t correspond to ! bl9d spots1 & h[ is ! gap 9 ! image fill$ out8 ,if ! unf\nd$ influ5ce ( ! physici/'s me?od ( proc$ure on ! discussion ( psy*ological que/ions be exclud$1 x w be f\nd t no problem exi/s at all "h4 ,we see no?+ at ! bl9d spots1 ! gap 9 ! image is n fill$ out4 ,! gap1 moreov]1 is n felt1 = ! reason t a defect ( light-s5sation at a spot bl9d f ! beg9n+ c no m be p]ceiv$ z a gap 9 ! image ?an ! bl9dness say ( ! sk9 ( ! back c be s p]ceiv$4 ,i h *os5 int5tionally simple & obvi\s examples1 su* z r5d] x cle> :at unnecess>y confusion is caus$ by ! c>eless transf]5ce ( a conception or mode ( ?\ght :i* is valid & s]viceable 9 "o doma91 into ano!r4 ,9 ! "w ( a celebrat$ ,g]man e?nograph] ,i read rec5tly ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,?is tribe ( p deeply degrad$ itself by ! practise ( cannibalism40 ,by its side lay ! book ( an ,engli% inquir] :o deals ) ! same subject4 ,! latt] simply puts ! "q :y c]ta9 ,s\?-,sea isl&]s eat human be+s1 f9ds out 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiries t our own ance/ors also 7 once cannibals1 & comes to und]/& ! position ! ,h9dus take 9 ! matt]--a po9t ( view t occurr$ once to my five-ye>-old boy :o :ile eat+ a piece ( meat /opp$ sudd5ly %ock$ & cri$ out1 8,we are cannibals to ! animals60 8,?\ %alt n eat human be+s0 is a v beautiful maxim2 b 9 ! m\? ( ! e?nograph] x sullies ! calm & noble lu/re ( unprepossession by :i* we s gladly discov] ! true inquir]4 ,b a /ep fur!r & we w say1 8,man mu/ n be desc5d$ f monkeys10 8,! e>? %all n rotate10 8,matt] ought n ev]y:]e to fill space10 8,en]gy mu/ be con/ant10 & s on4 ,i believe t our proc$ure diff]s f t j *>act]is$ only 9 degree & n 9 k9d1 :5 we transf] views rea*$ 9 ! prov9ce ( physics ) ! dictum ( sov]eign validity into ! doma9 ( psy*ology1 :]e !y %\ld be te/$ anew ) respect to _! s]viceability4 ,9 su* cases we are subject to dogma1 if n to t :i* is =c$ ^u u by a p[] f )\t l our s*ola/ic =efa!rs1 yet to t :i* we h made ourselves4 ,& :at result ( rese>* is !re t c\ld n become a dogma by long habit ( use1 s9ce ! v skill :i* we h acquir$ 9 famili> intellectual situations1 deprives u ( ! fre%ness & unprepossession :i* are s requisite 9 a new situation4 ,n[ t ,i h set =? 9 g5]al outl9es ! position ,i take1 ,i may be able p]haps to e/abli% my opposition to ! dualism ( feel+ & motion4 ,?is dualism is to my m9d an artificial & an unnecess>y "o4 ,! way x has aris5 is analog\s to t 9 :i* ! imag9>y solutions ( c]ta9 ma!matical problems h aris5--by ! improp] =mulation ( ! que/ions involv$4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( purely physical processes we g5]ally employ notions s ab/ract t z a rule we only ?9k cursorily or n at all ( ! s5sations t lie at & con/itute _! f\ndation4 ,= example1 :5 ,i e/abli% ! fact t an electric curr5t ( #a ,ampre develops #aj cubic c5timetres oxyhydrog5 gas at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm m]cury pressure 9 a m9ute1 ,i am easily dispos$ to attribute to ! objects def9$ a reality :olly indep5d5t ( my s5sations4 ,b ,i am oblig$ 9 ord] to arrive at :at ,i h det]m9$ to conduct ! curr5t ?r\gh a circul> wire hav+ a def9ite measur$ radius1 s t ! curr5t1 ! int5sity ( t]re/rial magnetism be+ giv51 %all turn ! magnetic ne$le at its c5tre a c]ta9 angul> di/ance out ( ! m]idian4 ,! int5sity ( t]re/rial magnetism mu/ h be5 disclos$ by a def9ite obs]v$ p]iod ( vibration ( a magnetic ne$le ( measur$ dim5sions1 kn[n weight1 & s =?4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! oxyhydrog5 gas is no less intricate4 ,! :ole /atem5t1 s simple 9 its appe>ance1 is bas$ ^u an almo/ un5d+ s]ies ( simple s5sory obs]vations 7s5sations71 p>ticul>ly s :5 ! obs]vations are add$ t gu>antee ! adju/m5t ( ! app>atus1 :i* may h be5 p]=m$ 9 "p long be=e ! actual exp]im5t4 ,n[ x may easily happ5 to ! physici/ :o does n /udy ! psy*ology ( 8 op]ations1 t he does n 7to rev]se a well-kn[n say+7 see ! trees = ! woods1 & t he slurs ov] ! s5sory elem5ts at ! f\ndation ( 8 "w4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta91 t e physical notion is no?+ m ?an a def9ite connection ( ! s5sory elem5ts :i* ,i d5ote by ,a ,b ,c 4441 & t e physical fact re/s !re=e on su* a connection4 ,^! elem5ts--elem5ts 9 ! s5se t no fur!r resolution has = ! pres5t be5 effect$ ( !m--are ! mo/ ultimate build+ /ones ( ! physical _w t we h z yet be5 able to seize4 ,physiological rese>* also may h a purely physical "*4 ,i c foll[ ! c\rse ( a physical process z x propagates itself ?r\gh a s5sitive n]ve to ! sp9al column & bra9 ( an animal & returns by v>i\s pa?s to ! muscles ( ! animal1 ^: contraction produces fur!r ev5ts 9 ! environm5t ( ! animal4 ,i ne$ n ?9k1 9 s do+1 ( any feel+ on ! "p ( ! animal2 :at ,i inve/igate is a purely physical object4 ,v mu* is lack+1 x is true1 to our complete compreh5sion ( ! details ( ?is process1 & ! assurance t x is all motion c nei!r console me nor deceive me ) respect to my ignorance4 ,long be=e !re 0 any sci5tific physiology p p]ceiv$ t ! behavior ( an animal confront$ by physical influ5ces is mu* bett] view$1 t is und]/ood1 by attribut+ to ! animal s5sations l our own4 ,to t :i* ,i see1 to my s5sations1 ,i h to supply m5tally ! s5sations ( ! animal1 :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( my own s5sation4 ,?is contr>iety appe>s /ill m abrupt to ! sci5tific inquir] :o is inve/igat+ a n]v\s process by ! aid ( colorless ab/ract notions1 & is requir$ = example to add m5tally to t process ! s5sation gre54 ,?is la/ c actually appe> z some?+ entirely novel1 & we c ask ourselves h[ x is t ?is miracul\s ?+ is produc$ f *emical processes1 electrical curr5ts1 & ! l4#ce ,psy*ological analysis has taught u t ?is surprise is unju/ifi$1 s9ce ! physici/ deals ) s5sations 9 ev]y?+ on :i* he employs himself4 ,?is analysis is also able to r5d] x cle> to u t ! m5tal addition by analogy ( s5sations & complexes ( s5sations :i* at ! "t be+ are n pres5t 9 ! field ( s5se or _c ev5 come into x1 is also daily practis$ by ! physici/1 z :5 = example he imag9es ! moon an in]t heavy mass al?\gh he _c t\* ! moon b only see x4 ,! totally /range "* ( ! intellectual situation above describ$ is !re=e an illusion4 ,! illusion disappe>s :5 ,i make obs]vations 7psy*ologically7 on my own p]son :i* are limit$ to ! s5sory sph]e4 ,be=e me lies ! leaf ( a plant4 ,! gre5 7,a7 ( ! leaf is unit$ ) a c]ta9 optical s5sation ( space 7,b7 & s5sation ( t\* 7,c71 ) ! visibility ( ! sun or ! lamp 7,d74 ,if ! yell[ 7,e7 ( a sodium flame takes ! place ( ! sun1 ! gre5 7,a7 w pass into br[n 7,f74 ,if ! *lorophyl granules be remov$1--an op]ation repres5table l ! prec$+ "o by elem5ts1--! gre5 7,a7 w pass into :ite 7,g74 ,all ^! obs]vations are physical obs]vations4 ,b ! gre5 7,a7 is also unit$ ) a c]ta9 process on my ret9a4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t me 9 pr9ciple f physically inve/igat+ ?is process on my own eye 9 exactly ! same mann] z 9 ! cases previ\sly set =?1 & f r$uc+ x to its elem5ts ,x ,y ,z4444 ,if ?is 7 n possible 9 ! case ( my own eye1 x might be accompli%$ ) t ( ano!r1 & ! gap fill$ out by analogy exactly z 9 physical inve/igations4 ,n[ 9 its dep5d5ce ^u ,b ,c ,d 4441 ,a is a physical elem5t1 9 its dep5d5ce on ,x ,y ,z 444 x is a s5sation4 ,! gre5 7,a7 h[ev] is n alt]$ at all 9 itself1 :e!r we direct our att5tion to ! "o or to ! o!r =m ( dep5d5ce4 ,i see1 !re=e1 no oppositions ( physical & psy*ical1 no duality1 b simply id5tity4 ,9 ! s5sory sph]e ( my consci\sness ev]y?+ is at once physical & psy*ical4 ,! obscurity ( ?is intellectual situation has aris5 accord+ to my conviction solely f ! transf]5ce ( a physical prepossession into ! doma9 ( psy*ology4 ,! physici/ says3 ,i f9d ev]y:]e bodies & ! motions ( bodies only1 no s5sations2 s5sation !re=e mu/ be some?+ entirely diff]5t f ! physical objects ,i deal )4 ,! psy*ologi/ accepts ! second portion ( ?is decl>ation3 ,to him1 x is true1 s5sation is giv51 b !re corresponds to x a my/]i\s physical some?+ :i* con=mably to physical prepossession mu/ be diff]5t f s5sation4 ,b :at is x t is ! really my/]i\s ?+8 ,is x ! ,physis or ! ,psy*e8 or is x p]haps bo?8 ,x w\ld almo/ appe> s1 z x is n[ ! "o & n[ ! o!r t is intangible4 ,or does ! :ole reason+ involv$ re/ on a fallaci\s circle8 ,i believe t ! latt] is ! case4 ,= me ! elem5ts designat$ by ,a ,b ,c 444 are imm$iately & indubitably giv51 & = me !y c nev] aft]w>ds be volatilis$ away by any consid]ations :i* are aft] all bas$ 9 e case on _! exi/5ce4#cf ,to ! dep>tm5t ( special rese>* hav+ = its subject ! s5sory1 physical1 & psy*ical prov9ce :i* is n made sup]flu\s by ?is g5]al ori5tation & ,:i* _c be =e/all$1 ! relations ( ,a ,b ,c 444 only rema9 to be asc]ta9$4 ,?is may be express$ symbolically by say+ t x is ! purpose & end ( special rese>* to f9d equations ( ! =m f7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 4447 #j4 ,i hope ) ?is to h designat$ ! po9t 9 :i* ,i am 9 opposition to ,dr4 ,c>us1 ) :om ,i agree s mu* 9 o!r respects4 ,i am oblig$1 not)/&+ ! latt] fact1 to reg>d ?is po9t z ess5tial1 inasmu* z my :ole mode ( ?9k+ & direction ( inquiry h be5 *ang$ by ! view x involves1 & because1 moreov]1 ,i d n believe t ! diff]5ce 9 "q c be dissipat$ by any v]bal explanations h[ev] exact4 ,?is :ole tra9 ( reason+ has = me simply ! significance ( negative ori5tation = ! avoidance ( pseudo-problems4 ,i re/rict myself1 moreov] int5tionally "h1 to ! "q ( s5se-p]ceptions1 = ! reason t at ! />t exact special rese>* w f9d "h alone a safe basis ( op]ations4 ,,ern/ ,,ma*4 ,,footnotes3 #cd ,a ,greek philosoph] to :om *ange ( spatial configuration1 pressure1 & p]cussion 7 probably ! only natural processes ( :i* he _h any intimate k1 ?\ght out ! atomi/ic !ory4 ,?is !ory we reta9 to-day1 ?\gh x be 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,& 9 fact natural ph5om5a really d exi/ t act z if ! pressure & impact ( v small p>ticles 7 involv$ 9 _! production 7! dynamical !ory ( gases71 ph5om5a t admit !re=e by ?is conception ( be+ m cle>ly view$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is conception1 l t ( caloric1 possesses value only 9 c]ta9 fields4 ,we "k to-day t pressure & impact are by no means simpl] ph5om5a ?an are = example ! ph5om5a ( gravitation4 ,! cont5tion t 9 physics ev]y?+ c be r$uc$ to ! motion ( smalle/ p>ticles is1 tak5 at its be/1 a m ?an improp] draft on ! future4 ,utt]ances ( ?is k9d af=d no assi/ance to ! solution ( burn+ special que/ions1 b only conf\nd1 & h ab\t ! same explanatory value z ! utt]ances ( ! late physical philosophy ( ,ok5 :i* prescribe = example ) ! greate/ ease ! c\rse ( ! creation ( ! _w by a division ( z]o-quantities into a & -a 7#j a -a74 ,! motion ( a s+le body z a totality does inde$ appe> simpl] at fir/ glance ?an any o!r process1 & ?is is ! ju/ification ( attempts at a physical monadic !ory4 ,! ?\ghts ( a s+le man are connect$ toge!r2 ! ?\ghts ( two diff]5t m5 are n4 ,h[ c ! processes ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra9 ( "o man be connect$8 ,9 ord] to make ! connection v intimate1 we collect ev]y?+ :i* requires to be psy*ically connect$ 9 a s+le po9t1 al?\gh ! connection is n expla9$ by ?is proc$ure4 ,?us ! psy*ological monadic !ory is creat$ on ! basis ( a motive & ( an illusion simil> to t on :i* ! physical re/s4 ,let u assume = a mom5t ! proposition 9 ! text2 viz41 t ! atoms are end[$ ) feel+4 ,by ! space cord9ates x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z 444 ( ! atoms are det]m9$ 9 ! atoms int]nal conditions 1 1 1 1 1 444 & vice v]sa4 ,= we feel by our s5ses our physical environm5t1 & our physical invasions ( our environm5t are condition$ by our s5sations4 ,! idea is !n at h&1 1 1 444 alone be+ directly giv51 to set up by ! elim9ation ( x1 y1 z 444 equations directly betwe5 1 1 1 1 1 4444 ,?is latt] po9t ( view w\ld be v ne> to my pres5t "o1 aside f ! fact t ! latt] :olly rejects metaphysical consid]ations4 #ce ,! foll[+ is a legitimate "q3 ,to :at k9d ( n]v\s processes is ! s5sation gre5 to be m5tally add$4 ,su* que/ions c be solv$ only by special inquiry1 & n by a ref]5ce 9 a g5]al way to motion & electric curr5ts4 ,h[ disadvantage\s our rema9+ satisfi$ ) su* g5]al conceptions is1 c be se5 f ! fact t inquir]s h be5 repeat$ly on ! br9k ( ab&on+ ! specific en]gies1 "o ( ! greate/ acquisitions we h made1 simply because !y 7 unable to discov] any diff]5ce 9 ! curr5ts ( diff]5t s5sory n]ves4 ,i 0 impell$ z e>ly z #ahfc 9 my lectures on psy*o-physics to call att5tion to ! fact t ! mo/ div]se k9ds ( n]v\s processes c conceal !mselves 9 a curr5t4 ,curr5t is an ab/raction & places 9 relief b "o feature ( ! process--! passage ( en]gy ?\gh a transv]se section4 ,a curr5t 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid is some?+ entirely diff]5t f a curr5t 9 copp]4 ,we mu/ !re=e also expect t a curr5t 9 ! ac\/ic n]ve is some?+ entirely diff]5t f a curr5t 9 ! optic n]ve4 #cf ,x is ! transitor9ess ( s5se-p]ceptions t s easily leads u to reg>d !m z m]e appe>ances z contra/$ ) p]man5t bodies4 ,i h repeat$ly po9t$ out t uncondition$ p]man5t /ates d n exi/ 9 nature1 t p]man5ces ( connection only exi/4 ,a body is = me ! same complex ( sight-&-t\*-s5sations e "t t x is plac$ 9 ! same circum/ances ( illum9ation1 position 9 space1 temp]ature1 & s =?4 ,! suppos$ con/ancy ( ! body is ! con/ancy ( ! union ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c 444 or ! con/ancy ( ! equation f7,a1 ,b1 ,c 4447 #j4 ,,pr(essor ,,clif=d ,,on ,,! ,,s\l ,,9 ,,nature4 ,no "o c read ,clif=d's ,lectures & ,essays1 )\t feel+ t1 if _! au?or is less kn[n & valu$ z an orig9al ?9k] ?an z a ma/] ( ma!matical analysis1 x is only because hav+ turn$ ! =ce ( 8 g5ius onto ma!matics fir/ he _h "t to complete "s "w 9 t direction1 :]eas 8 premature dea? 9 #ahgi only all[$ him to give u an e>ne/ ( ! philosophical "w :i* he _h x 9 him to p]=m4 ,! %ort biography :i* ,pr(4 ,f4 ,pollock contribut$ to ! fir/ edition ( 8 lectures & essays gives an int]e/+ sket* ( ! phases ( op9ion ?r\gh :i* ,clif=d pass$4 ,x appe>s t be=e he took 8 degree 9 #ahfg & = a little "t aft] he 0 a high *ur*man2 b1 says ,pollock1 8!re 0 an intellectual & speculative activity ab\t 8 belief :i* made x impossible t he %\ld rema9 p]man5tly at t /age40 8,he nev] slack5$ 9 ! pursuit ( sci5tific k & ideas10 & consci\s ( a hiatus betwe5 or?odox views & "s ( ! results ( sci5ce he yet held t religi\s beliefs are outside ! region ( sci5tific pro( & t !re is a special !ological faculty or insight1 analog\s to ! sci5tific1 poetic1 & arti/ic faculties1 ! p]sons 9 :om ?is g5ius is exceptionally develop$ be+ ! f\nd]s ( new religions & religi\s ord]s4 ,?is is n unlike ! solution ( religi\s d\bts :i* ,hume playfully sugge/$ & :i* ,john ,h5ry ,newman has s]i\sly adopt$1 namely t 8div9ity1 or !ology1 has a f\ndation 9 reason s f> z x is support$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b its be/ & mo/ solid f\ndation is fai? & div9e revelation40 8,:5 or h[10 cont9ues 8 biograph]1 8,clif=d fir/ came to a cle> p]ception t ?is position ( quasi-sci5tific ,ca?olicism 0 unt5able ,i d n exactly "k2 b ,i "k t ! discov]y co/ him an intellectual & moral /ruggle1 ( :i* traces may be f\nd "h & !re 9 8 essays4 ,mo/ read]s ( ^! essays w\ld consid] t ,clif=d is v unfair to ! ,*ri/ian beliefs :i* he _h ab&on$ & beyond d\bt he felt a c]ta9 grudge aga9/ !m = hav+ s long dup$ him40#cg ,! !ories ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] took ! place 9 ,clif=d's m9d ( ! old fa%ion$ cre$2 ,natural selection 0 to unriddle ! univ]se1 to yield a new sy/em ( e?ics & education4 ,we read t ,clif=d _h an extraord9>y p[] ( tak+ up a !ory provisionally1 ( ?r[+ himself into x1 accept+ x1 apply+ x1 & ( reject+ x 9 case x 0 n satisfactory2 & ?is may acc\nt p]haps = 8 some:at dogmatic ass]tion 9 _m cases ( crude views4 ,!re is "o *>act]i/ic ( ,clif=d h[ev] :i* all may emulate1 & t is ! c&or & fe>lessness ( 8 ?9k+ & speak+4 ,let me quote a few words f "o ( ! be/ & mo/ /irr+ ( ^! essays3 8,if ,i let myself believe any?+ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 !re may be no great h>m done by ! m]e belief2 x may be true aft] all1 or ,i may nev] h occasion to exhibit x 9 outw>d acts4 ,b ,i _c help do+ ?is great wrong t[>ds man1 t ,i make myself cr$ul\s4 ,! dang] to society is n m]ely t x %\ld believe wrong ?+s1 ?\gh t is great en\gh2 b t x %\ld become cr$ul\s1 & lose ! habit ( te/+ ?+s & inquir+ into !m2 = !n x mu/ s9k back into savag]y4444 ,if a man1 hold+ a belief :i* he 0 taught 9 *ildhood or p]suad$ ( aft]w>ds1 keeps d[n & pu%es away any d\bts :i* arise ab\t x 9 8 m9d1 purposely avoids ! read+ ( books & ! company ( m5 t call 9 "q or discuss x1 & reg>ds z impi\s ^? que/ions :i* _c easily be ask$ )\t di/urb+ x--! life ( t man is "o long s9 aga9/ mank9d40 ,! essay on ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves m>ks ! fur!/ limit at :i* ,clif=d's speculation arriv$4 ,9 x ,clif=d beg9s by disc>d+ ! ord9>y di/9ction betwe5 reality & ideas1 et]nal object & et]nal subject1 ( feel+ & ?+4 ,! di/9ction is really betwe5 two ord]s ( feel+2 !re is ! subjective or inn] ord]1 9 :i* sorr[ succe$s ! he>+ ( bad news1 & ! objective or outw>d 9 :i* ! feel+ ( lett+ g is foll[$ by sight ( fall+ object4 ,x is ) ! latt] ord] t physical sci5ce conc]ns itself1 & all ! inf]5ces ( natural sci5ce are inf]5ces ( my real or possible feel+4 ,s9ce an object is a set ( *anges 9 my consci\sness & n any?+ out ( x1 is j my feel+ real or possible & !re=e "p ( me1 x might seem z if we 7 %ut up 9 ourselves & exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 any o!r reality4 ,s we %\ld be1 says ,clif=d1 if we made no o!r inf]5ces beside ^? ( physical sci5ce2 b :5 ,i come to ! conclusion t y are consci\s & t y h objects 9 y\r consci\sness simil> to ^? 9 m9e1 ,i am n inf]r+ any actual or possible feel+s ( my own1 b y\r feel+s1 :i* are n & c nev] be objects 9 my consci\sness4 ,to feel+s & consci\sness ?us inf]r$ to exi/ 9 ano!r1 ,clif=d gives ! "n ( eject1 because 9 ! v act ( inf]5ce !y are ?r[n out ( my consci\sness1 recognis$ z outside ( x1 z n be+ a "p ( me4 8,! exi/5ce ( my conception ( y 9 my consci\sness c>ries ) x a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( y outside ( my consci\sness4444 ,h[ ?is inf]5ce is ju/ifi$1 h[ consci\sness c te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( any?+ outside ( itself ,i d n pret5d to say2 ,i ne$ n untie a knot :i* ! _w has cut = me long ago40 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gc47 ,?us1 objects 9 ! s5se ( ?+s pres5t$ 9 my consci\sness1 my ph5om5a1 are n ! sole or *ief reality2 ejects are equally real & my conviction ( y\r exi/5ce z a consci\s be+ l myself is coeval & ( equal weight ) my belief 9 my own consci\s exi/5ce4 ,y & y\r feel+s are /rictly speak+ ! only ?+s :i* are real outside ( myself & my consci\sness4 ,= ?\gh my objects or ph5om5a are ext]nal to my body !y are n outside my consci\sness1 b "p & p>cel !re(4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is an individual object1 i4 e4 an object :i* is m9e & m9e only1 nev] exi/s at all1 accord+ to ,clif=d1 9 ! m9d ( man2 = ) ea* object z x exi/s 9 my m9d is b\nd up ! ?\ght ( simil> objects exi/+ 9 o!r m5's m9ds4 ,all ! objects 9 fact ( :i* we are ev] consci\s are objects ( consci\sness 9 g5]al1 are 9 ,clif=d's phrase social objects4 8,a fix$ habit causes an object z x is f\nd 9 my m9d to be =m$ z a social object & ins5sibly embodies 9 x a ref]5ce to ! m9ds ( o!r m540 ,?is belief 9 ejects is moreov] ! root ( all language & all morals3--( language1 because any s\nd :i*1 becom+ a sign to my neighbor1 becomes !reby a m>k to myself1 mu/ by ! nature ( ! case be a m>k ( ! social object & n ( ! individual object3 ( morals1 because ! 8fir/ great comm&m5t1 evolv$ 9 ! light ( day by heal?y processes :]ev] m5 h liv$ toge!r1 is1 #8,put y\rself 9 8 place4'0 ,s f> !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ,clif=d's !ory f ord9>y ,idealism1 :i* d5ies t ! univ]se is real except z a ph5om5on or appe>ance be=e a ,self consci\s !re(4 ,! future c\rse ( ,clif=d's argum5t turns ^u two assumptions4 ,"o ( ^!1 borr[$ f ! curr5t physiology ( ! bra91 is ?is3 t ! *anges 9 my consci\sness--ejective facts he calls !m--run p>allel ) ! *anges 9 my bra91 :i* are objective facts4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 !m is "o ( complexity1 an analogy ( /ructure4 ,! complex ejective facts are ! same sort ( complication ( simple ejects z ! complex motions ( ! bra9 are ( simple molecul> movem5ts4 ,clif=d illu/rates ! po9ts f ! relation ( spee* to writ+1 ! s5t5ce spok5 is ! same function ( ! elem5t>y s\nds z ! same s5t5ce writt5 is ( ! correspond+ lett]s4 ,9 l mann] ! complex human m9d is ! same function ( simple feel+s z ! bra9 is ( prim>y atoms4 ,! o!r assumption is bas$ ^u ! curr5t doctr9e ( evolution4 ,our bodies h be5 evolv$ /ep by /ep out ( inorganic matt]1 & we h be=e our eyes a l9e ( organisms connect+ man ) ! simple/ atom ( matt]4 ,9 ?is s]ies !re is no hiatus betwe5 "o =m & ano!r1 no brea* ( morphological cont9uity1 b "o species arises by ins5sible gradation out ( its pr$ecessors4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( organisms ( a c]ta9 complexity we _c help inf]r+ consci\sness1 & z we g back along ! l9e we n only see ! complexity ( ! organism & ( its n]v\s sy/em ins5sibly dim9i%+1 b = ! fir/ "p ( our c\rse we h reason to ?9k t ! complexity ( consci\sness ins5sibly dim9i%es also4#ch ,! conclusion is =c$ ^u u t nature is animate f top to bottom & t ! humble/ atom has an elem5t>y feel+ or eject ( its own z simple 9 comp>ison ) ! complex intellig5ce ( man z ! atom is itself simple 9 comp>ison ) 8 v complex bra94 ,unless we admit ?is we are 9 a dilemma4 ,! ejective facts :i* we _c help inf]r+ 9 ! case ( all animals mu/ ext5d fur!r d[n ?r\gh vegetables to inorganic ph5om5a1 or else !re mu/ be a po9t at :i* we c\ld say3 "h ! object beg9s to h an inn] or ejective fact correspond+ to x z my m9d corresponds to my body4 ,b ! s]ies ( objective =ms pres5ts no sudd5 break any:]e1 n ev5 betwe5 animals & vegetables1 su* z to w>rant our suppos+ t ejective facts ext5d ?us f> d[n 9 ! s]ies & no fur!r4 ,clif=d is n q z explicit ab\t ! nature ( ! elem5t>y ejects1 :i* answ] to mov+ molecules1 z we %\ld l him to be4 ,( "o ?+ h[ev] he is q c]ta92 !y are elem5t>y feel+s :i* yet are nei!r modifications ( a consci\sness nor yet imply a consci\sness 9 :i* alone !y c exi/4 ,e feel+ may be "p ( a consci\sness1 b x ne$ n be s4 ,consci\sness is only a d]ivative & second>y result1 foll[+ on ! arrangem5t ( feel+ 9 a p>ticul> way & x is evolv$ at a v late p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,9 itself a feel+ is an absolute ,d+-an-si*1 ^: exi/5ce is n relative to any?+ else4 ,s5titur is all t c be said ( x4 ,?us /rictly speak+ x is n consci\sness :i* ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( objective =ms f man d[n to ! molecule4 ,x is only feel+4 ,consci\sness prop] only belongs to ! lat] & high] memb]s ( ! s]ies4 8,if we make a jump f man say to ! tunicate mollusks1 we see no reason !re to inf] ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness at all40 ,!re=e ! doctr9e ( evolution itself =bids u to reg>d all ejects z be+ ( ! same sub/ant z m9d4 ,!y are only ( l sub/ance n 1 only quasi-m5tal#ci & n 9 !mselves ei!r rational1 intellig5t1 or consci\s4#dj ,besides ! evolutioni/'s reason t x is absurd to attribute consci\sness & p]sonality to tunicate mollusks !re is ano!r reason drawn f human introspection = ass]t+ elem5t>y feel+s to be absolute & unrelat$ exi/5ce4 8,a feel+1 at ! in/ance :5 x exi/s1 exi/s an und fr si* & n z my feel+40#da ,! self-p]ception ( ! ego1 ! s5se t 9 all my v>i\s feel+s x is ,i :o am consci\s1 ?is 8unity ( app]ception0 does n exi/ 9 ! in/antane\s consci\sness :i* x unites1 b only 9 subsequ5t reflection ^u x4 ,x consi/s fur!r 9 ! p[] ( e/abli%+ a c]ta9 connexion betwe5 ! memories ( any two feel+s :i* we _h at ! same in/ant4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t ( extreme importance to be notic$ 9 ,clif=d's acc\nt ( ! elem5t>y feel+s or ejects4 ,!y are connect$ toge!r 9 _! sequ5ce & coexi/5ce by c\nt]p>ts ( ! physical laws ( matt]4 ,7 x n s _! correspond5ce ) motions ( matt] c\ld n be kept up4 ,t !y %\ld be ?us connect$ ) "o ano!r militates at fir/ sight ) ! *>act]i/ic ( absolut5ess above ascrib$ to !m by ,clif=d4 ,we mu/ suppose !re=e t :5 ,clif=d says t _! exi/5ce is n relative to any?+ else1 he means no m ?an t !y are n ultimately relat$ to a p]sonal consci\sness4 ,we mu/ suppose t x is ^! laws ( ! sequ5ce & coexi/5ce ( elem5t>y feel+s :i*1 8:5 molecules are s comb9$ toge!r z to =m ! film on ! "u side ( a jelly-fi%1 s comb9e ! elem5ts ( m9d-/uff :i* g along ) !m z to =m ! fa9t beg9n+s ( s5ti5ce4 ,! same laws comb9e feel+s s z to =m "s k9d ( consci\sness1 :5 ! molecules are s comb9$ z to =m ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em ( a v]tebrate0 7p4 #he74 ,we are n[ aft] ^! prelim9>y explanations 9 a position to appreciate :at is ! gi/ & core ( ,clif=d's speculations4 ,x is ?is1 t ! reality ext]nal to our m9ds :i* is repres5t$ 9 our m9ds z matt] is 9 itself m9d-/uff or elem5t>y feel+s4 ,! univ]se consi/s entirely ( m9d-/uff4 ,"s ( ?is is wov5 into ! complex =m ( human m9ds conta9+ imp]fect repres5tations ( ! m9d-/uff outside !m & ( !mselves also1 z a mirror reflects its own image 9 ano!r mirror1 ad inf9itum4 ,su* an imp]fect repres5tation is call$ a mat]ial univ]se4 ,! two *ief po9ts !re=e ( ! doctr9e z summ$ up by ,clif=d himself are3 #a7 ,matt] is a m5tal picture 9 :i* m9d-/uff is ! ?+ repres5t$4 #b7 ,reason1 intellig5ce1 & volition are prop]ties ( a complex :i* is made up ( elem5ts !mselves n rational1 n intellig5t1 n consci\s4 ,we %all d ,clif=d an inju/ice if we int]pret ! =ego+ !ory z a duali/ic & n z a moni/ic view1 i4 e4 z a view :i* po/ulates two ultimate pr9ciples ( reality r ?an "o4 ,clif=d h[ev] (t5 speaks z if feel+ & matt] 7 two cord9ate aspects ( reality1 irr$ucible to "o ano!r4 ,= example he all[s himself to speak ( m9d-/uff z go+ along ) ! mat]ial object1 ( laws connect+ ! elem5ts ( m9d-/uff :i* are only c\nt]p>ts ( ! physical laws ( matt] & n ^? laws !mselves4 ,aga9 he writes 7p4 #gh7 z foll[s3 8,! di/9ction betwe5 eject & object1 =bids u to reg>d ! eject1 ano!r man's m9d1 z com+ into ! _w ( objects 9 any way1 or z /&+ 9 ! relation ( cause or effect to any *anges 9 t _w40 ,su* language rem9ds u ( ,sp9oza's doctr9e t body alone c det]m9e body to move & only ?\ght det]m9e ?\ght to ?9k1 b we mu/ n !re=e suppose t = ,clif=d z = ,sp9oza ! two rival k+doms ( ?\ght & ext5d$ matt] are irreconcilably sev]$ or nom9ally unit$ by ! figm5t ( a s+le sub/ance ( :i* !y are attributes3 ,:at ,clif=d means is t ! ?+ is a feel+ s f> z x is any?+ at all & t1 if ?+s coexi/ or succe$ ea* o!r accord+ to laws1 !y only coexi/ & foll[ z feel+s & con=mably to laws ( feel+4 ,n only is ! elem5t>y feel+ a ?+ itself1 b ?+s-9-!mselves are elem5t>y feel+s4 ,x is incumb5t !re=e on u to ask if an elem5t>y feel+ is equal to ! d\ble burd5 put ^u x by ?is !ory ( be+ ! real univ]se ( ?+s & ( creat+ ! human intellig5ce4 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q we mu/ be c>eful to dive/ feel+s be=eh& ( any *>act]i/ics :i* !y only possess z ga!r$ up into ! unity ( a self1 = at ! /age 9 :i* we are consid]+ reality selves h n yet aris54 ,x is h>d to conceive :at is left ( feel+ aft] ^! *>act]i/ics h be5 remov$1 nor does introspection help u "h1 =1 z ,clif=d v truly says1 ! fundam5tal deliv]ance ( consci\sness affirms its own complexity & x seems impossible1 z ,i am at pres5t con/itut$1 to h only "o absolutely simple feel+ at a "t4 ,elem5t>y feel+s h[ev] c\ld h>dly con/itute ! cosmos )\t !y foll[ "o ano!r1 coexi/1 & connect !mselves toge!r 9 _! gr\p+s accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 i4 e4 by "s inh]5t necessity always take up ! same attitudes t[>d ea* o!r1 & ?is mu* ,clif=d assumes t !y d4 ,yet ^! assumptions w n be> exam9ation4 ,let u exam9e fir/ ! po/ulate t feel+s foll[ 9 a fix$ ord]2 call !m a b c d1 b succe$s a & prec$es c & x makes a diff]5ce1 :i* comes aft] or be=e ! o!r4 ,n[ be+ absolute feel+s1 n only is a pa/ & non-exi/5t be=e b beg9s to be1 s b be=e c1 b ea* is 9 turn ! entire reality & !re is no consci\sness be=e :i* !y pass 9 procession4 ,! real w\ld ?us fall into disconnect$ & mutually indiff]5t mom5ts a b c d2 & z ea* ( ^! 9 turn exhau/s reality & is also unconsci\s ( :at goes be=e & aft]1 !re w\ld be no real succession at all4 ,9 a real succession x makes a diff]5ce :e!r b comes be=e or aft] a1 b 9 ! case we suppose x c\ld make no diff]5ce4 ,9 tru? !re c be no relation ( be=e & aft] betwe5 two t]ms except = a self1 :i* takes note ( ! "o disappe>+ & ( ! o!r appe>+2 & :5ev] we speak ( ?+s foll[+ "o ano!r we tacitly presuppose a self be=e :om ! procession passes4 ,x is ev5 m difficult to und]/& h[ elem5t>y feel+s c be gr\p$ & complicat$ 9 a fix$ ord] ( coexi/5ce4 ,m9d has n yet em]g$1 s we mu/ suppose t ! gr\p+ takes place 9 space4 ,9 t case "o feel+ mu/ be "r or left1 above or bel[ ano!r4 ,! futility ( su* speculation w come home to anyone :o w try to realise h[ a feel+ ( smell c be above or bel[ "o ( ta/e4 ,we h next to consid] ,clif=d's acc\nt ( ! g5esis out ( elem5t>y feel+s ( p]sonal consci\sness4 ,! hypo!sis ( m9d-/uff1 we mu/ rememb]1 0 fram$ 9 ord] to pres]ve ! same cont9uity ( ejective facts z we see to exi/ 9 ! case ( objective facts1 to provide1 t is1 a gradual developm5t ( ! human m9d out ( ! simpl] feel+s ( amb & ev5 ( atoms4 ,x mu/ be d5i$ h[ev] t ! hypo!sis is a success if we reta9 ! usual mean+s ( ! words cont9uity & developm5t4 ,prop]ly speak+ a ?+ c only be said to gr[ or develop :5 x rema9s ! same ) itself all ?r\gh ! process & unfolds !re9 capacities :i* 7 anyh[ lat5t 9 x to />t )4 ,?us a tadpole develops into a frog1 a grub into a butt]fly1 & ! *ild gr[s into ! man4 ,b 9 ! s]ies ( ejects :i* beg9s f atoms & aft] runn+ ?r\gh amba & ape f9ally culm9ates 9 ! human intellig5ce !re is no po9t ( id5tity1 no community betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ t]ms4 ,! eject :i* is ! molecule is d5i$ by ,clif=d to be ei!r consci\s or rational1 nor has x ev5 w1 l ! philosophical factotum ( ,s*op5hau] or ,von ,h>tmann4 ,x is a purely negative conception1 ! ab/ract opposite ( t m9d into :i* x is to ultimately develop4 ,! hiatus betwe5 our intellig5ce & a ?+ 9 itself1 :i* call x feel+1 or m9d-/uff1 or :at we w1 is m]ely all t our intellig5ce is n1 is none ! less ( a hiatus1 because x is1 ) ! help ( apes & amb1 spread out ?91 s to speak4 ,x w\ld be bett] frankly to av[ ! *asm t exi/s ?an to gloss ov] x ) words l evolution & developm5t4 8,:5 a mat]ial organism10 writes ,clif=d1 8has rea*$ a c]ta9 complexity ( n]v\s /ructure1 ! complex ( ejective facts :i* goes along ) its action rea*es t mode ( complication :i* is call$ consci\sness4 ,:5 a /ream ( feel+s is s compact$ toge!r t at ea* in/ant x consi/s ( 7#a7 new feel+s1 7#b7 fa9t] repetitions ( previ\s ones1 & 7#c7 l9ks connect+ ^! repetitions1 ! /ream is call$ a consci\sness4 ,consci\sness is ?us a relative ?+1 a mode ( complication ( c]ta9 elem5ts1 & a prop]ty ( ! complex s produc$40 ,if we look into ?is /atem5t we see t x only am\nts to ?is3 t feel+s con/itute a consci\s self :5 !y become ! feel+s ( a consci\s self & n be=e1 = except z ga!r$ up 9 ! unity ( a self :i* has memory & rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t its diff]5ces feel+s c be nei!r new nor repeat$ nor jo9$ by l9ks4 #a7 ,t a feel+ is new means t ,i att5d to x1 contra/ x ) =m] ones1 & decide t ,i h n felt x be=e4 #b7 ,t a feel+ is a previ\s feel+ n[ repeat$ means t ,i recognise x z hav+ already occurr$4 #c7 ,if feel+s are jo9$ by l9ks ( :at nature are ^! l9ks8 ,clif=d does n say t !y also are feel+s1 s presumably !y are n2 9 t case no l9k is left save a connect+ self4 ,b ev5 if ! l9k is a feel+ x _c be less ?an a feel+ ( ! toge!rness ( two o!r feel+s1 b su* a feel+ w\ld involve memory ( ^? feel+s & memory involves self-hood4 ,x is really1 h[ev]1 an abuse ( words to apply ! t]m feel+ 9 su* a case4 ,we might ) ,hume ask ( ?is feel+ :i* l9ks o!r feel+s 8,is x a ta/e1 a smell1 a s\nd1 an impression ( sight or t\*80 ,clif=d makes a ref]5ce to ,haeckel's treatise ^u 8,zellseel5 und ,seel5zell540#db ,haeckel's view is t e protoplasmic cell has a s\l ( its own & t :5 a numb] ( ^! are comb9$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 z 9 ! human bra91 !y g5]ate z _! resultant ! human s\l4 ,he helps out 8 !ory by po9t+ to su* phrases z national _s1 a nation's consci5ce1 a p's w4 ,no?+1 he cont5ds1 c\ld be m real ?an ^! entities1 :i* are yet only resultants ( ! wills1 spirits1 & consci5ces ( ! sep>ate individuals :o compose ! nation4 ,?is is an int]e/+ speculation1 :i* x w\ld be a pity to dismiss abruptly m]ely because x is gr\ndless4 ,no d\bt our bodies & bra9s may be reg>d$ z colonies ( protoplasmic units ( :i* ea* has an indep5d5t life ( its own1 ( :i* ea* is born1 n\ri%es itself1 reproduces itself1 & at la/ breaks up & dies4 ,! colorless cells especially 9 our blood are su* units & h z good a claim to be call$ individuals z ! amba :i* we f9d swimm+ ab\t by itself 9 any pond4 ,^! units are c]ta9ly alike & mu/ be all[$ to h inn] /ates ( _! own4 ,x may also be freely conc$$ t ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 inw>d /ates 9 ^! cells ( :i* my bra9 & n]ves are compos$ is ! condition ( c]ta9 /ates ( feel+ & emotion aris+ 9 me4 ,b all ^! admissions fail to advance u a /ep t[>d ,haeckel's conclusion4 ,t any numb] ( atoms ( protoplasm h s\ls & s\l-/ates is n en\gh p] se to produce an extra s\l :i* is none ( !m1 yet l _! s\ls & possess$ ( a life ( its own4 ,ev5 if ! molecules ( my bra9 7 ea* 9 possession ( a self-consci\sness z ample z my own1 _! m]e juxtaposition c\ld n give rise to my self-consci\sness4 ,f fir/ to la/ _! s\l-/ates rema9 !irs1 m9e rema9 m9e4 ,! reason+ employ$ by ,haeckel involves a fallacy ( composition3--because ea* ( a colony ( cells a1 b1 c1 d1 has a s\l ( its own1 !re=e ! colony z a :ole has a s\l ( its own1 :i* is n ! s\l ( any "o ( !m4 ,nor d ! analogies ,haeckel invokes help him at all1 = ! life ( a nation does n exi/ at all except z ! lives ( ! individuals compos+ t nation1 nor d we expect to f9d any traits 9 our s-call$ national _s :i* are n ultimately contribut$ by individuals2 ,haeckel h[ev] w\ld h u believe t ! m]e composition ( ! primitive & simple s\ls ( sep>ate amb results 9 a human s\l ) its weal? ( intuitions & int]e/s4 ,! utmo/ we are entitl$ to say is t giv5 a c]ta9 collocation ( cells 9 ! bra9 !re may by an entirely new act ( ! inf9ite be g5]at$ a human s\l4 ,x is only by play+ fa/ & loose ) words t we c d$uce ?is new s\l f an aggregate ( o!r s\ls ei!r l or unlike itself4 ,x is surpris+ t ,clif=d %\ld h recognis$ t ! reality und]ly+ s-call$ matt] is ak9 to m9d & yet h id5tifi$ x r ) ! quasi-m5tal facts ( an amba or ( an atom ?an ) ! intellig5ce ( man4 ,! argum5t by :i* he arrives at ?is conclusion is z foll[s3 ,y z a face1 a voice1 a t\*1 z an object to my s5ses 9 %ort1 are a m]e phantasm or appe>ance 9 my consci\sness1 "p & p>cel ( myself & n di/9ct f me 9 any way4 ,b ,i _c help inf]r+ an eject1 to wit feel+s & a consci\sness l my own1 beh9d ! s5sible %[ ( y\r p]son2 & ?is consci\sness ( y\rs :i* ,i address z y1 is ! tru? ( ! object or appe>ance1 :i* ,i h4 ,y are ! reality :i* ,i really p]ceive1 s f> z ,i p]ceive any?+ m ?an my own feel+s4 ,simil>ly :5 ,i wat* an amba1 :at ,i p]ceive z a some:at =mless mass ( protoplasm is really 9 itself ! /ruggl+ life )94 ,la/ly :at ,i h&le & p]ceive z a cry/al or metal is really ! eject4 ,if "h we read =ce or unconsci\s w in/ead ( eject or m9d-/uff1 ,clif=d's view w\ld practically co9cide ) ,s*op5hau]'s2 = =ce is truly an eject 9 ,clif=d's s5se1 n an object or appe>ance to me4 ,n[ ! human intellig5ce arises late 9 ! hi/ory ( ?+s & is altoge!r a second>y & d]ivative ?+4 ,consequ5tly ! _w is n really :at x is = my consci\sness4 ,my ,weltans*auung is false 9 proportion z my m9d is complex & d]ivative4 ,conv]sely1 ! ,weltans*auung ( ea* be+ approximates to tru? & becomes less & less illusive 9 proportion z ! eject :i* x 9 reality is approa*es ! primitive simplicity ( m9d-/uff4 ,i am really v little ( :at ,i am consci\sly4 ,if y want a tru] expon5t ( ! tru? ( ?+s y mu/ g to ! amba or l[] /ill4 ,x1 z comp>$ ) me1 is consci\sly mo/ ( :at x is really4 ,! absolutely simple atom is probably ! only be+ :o is q free f delusions4 ,! conclusion !n to :i* ,clif=d conducts u is ?is3 t ! univ]se is n really su* z x appe>s to our intellig5ce1 /ill less1 ,i presume1 su* z x w\ld appe> to a high] intellig5ce ?an ours4 ,x is really su* & su* only z x w\ld appe> to ! be+ ^: eject is ! l[e/ rung 9 ! ladd] ( m9d-/uff4 ,our univ]se spread out 9 space & "t1 ) all its spl5d\rs & h>monies1 is a delusion2 nay1 m1 ! human s\l ) its /hetic & moral s5sibilities1 its fe>s & aspirations1 is ! p>5t delusion :i* bre$s ! delusion ( a cosmos4 8,we are su* /uff z dreams are made (40 ,! loose way 9 :i* ,clif=d us$ ! ^w feel+1 z equival5t to any =m ( consci\sness1 bl9d$ him to ! fact t a qualifi$ ?+ z su* is n giv5 9 feel+ at all & l$ him to suppose t ! univ]se z we "k x w\ld cont9ue to /& 9 ! abs5ce ( all complex ejects :atev]4 ,mr4 ,gre5 has %[n t all !ories ( ! object :i* ignore ! workman%ip ( ?\ght manife/ !re9 & id5tify ! esse ( ?+s ) _! p]cipi lead /raight to nihilism4 ,to su* nihilism ,clif=d's doctr9e1 l ,hume's :i* x resembles1 imm$iately br+ u4 ,b ,hume did n take s]i\sly ! demolition ( reality involv$ 9 8 !ory t ?+s are only real z !y are felt & t feel+s are 8entirely loose & sep>ate0 7,treatise ,i1 #eei7 :ile ! solid framework ( reality is an illusion br$ ( a prop5sity ( our m9ds to feign connections & relations :]e !re are none4 ,hume tells u t he reg>d$ 8 own speculations z 8philosophical melan*oly & delirium10 z 8cl\ds to be dispell$0 7,treatise ,i1 #eja74 ,he writes 8,i d9e1 ,i play a game ( backgammon1 ,i conv]se & am m]ry ) my fri5ds2 & :51 aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs' amusem5t1 ,i w\ld return to ^! speculations1 !y appe> s cold1 & /ra9$1 & ridicul\s1 t ,i _c f9d x 9 my he>t to ent] into !m any fur!r40 ,b ,clif=d1 l ,huxley1 took ,hume au gr& s]ieux1 =gett+ t feel+ z su* does n reveal an object at all4 ,!re is a passage 9 a lett] ( ,clif=d's writt5 to ,pr(essor ,pollock 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 propos ( ,gre5's introduction to ,hume1 :i* ev9ces pretty cle>ly t ,clif=d did n disc]n ! true drift ( ,hume's speculations 9 ! way ,hume did himself4 8,i hope10 he writes1 8y h se5 ,sidgwick's rem>ks on ! introduction2 he po9ts out t to prove ,hume insuffici5t is n to d mu* at ! pres5t day4444 ,gre51 = in/ance1 po9ts out t ,hume has no complete !ory ( ! object2--to f9d fault ) ,hume = ! omission is l blam+ ,newton = n includ+ ,maxwell's electricity 9 ! ,pr9cipia40 ,"h ,clif=d h>dly writes z if he saw t 8 own !ory ( ! object z e4 g4 an unrelat$ feel+ is op5 to exactly ! same criticisms z ,hume's1 z if he und]/ood1 :at ,hume _h an inkl+ (1 t1 9 prov+ ! ego to be a relative ?+ in/ead ( ! he>t & c5tre ( reality1 y dissipate ! univ]se into no?+4 ,!re are sev]al o!r features 9 ,clif=d's doctr9e t call = criticism4 ,x %\ld = example be po9t$ out t ! entire view t ejects are ! tru? ( objects is 9 ! fir/ in/ance a deliv]ance ( consci\sness itself4 ,i only transc5d my individual feel+s1 says ,clif=d1 s f> z ,i inf] a consci\sness m or less l my own to und]lie !m2 & ?is und]ly+ eject is ! sole reality4 8,h[ ?is inf]5ce is ju/ifi$1 h[ consci\sness c te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( any?+ outside ( itself1 ,i d n pret5d to say2 ,i ne$ n untie a knot :i* ! _w has cut = me long ago40 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gc47 ,b if consci\sness is b ! prop]ty ( a tempor>y conjunction ( unconsci\s feel+s1 :at value %all we atta* to its assurances8 ,!y are c]ta9ly n valid except = itself2 !y d n hold good = ! atomic feel+s ( :i* ! _w ultimately consi/s4 ,b my belief t ! real is 9 ! la/ resort an atom ( feel+ is simply an ext5sion ( my conviction t ejects are ! tru? ( my feel+s4 ,prove ?is conviction an illusion--& ,clif=d does prove x to be su*1 :5 he decl>es consci\sness to be a relative ?+--& y prove ! entire !ory an illusion4 ,?us ! tail ( ,clif=d's !ory is bitt5 (f by ! head4 ,! hypo!sis t feel+s c be felt1 )\t be+ felt z my feel+s1 is a v notewor?y "o4 8,a feel+ at ! in/ant :5 x exi/s1 exi/s an und fr si*1 & n z my feel+40 ,?is is :y a ,greek said 9 ! s5se ( ,i see1 because ! act ( p]ception is necess>ily ov]1 :5 we become consci\s ( x4 8,:510 cont9ues ,clif=d1 8,i rememb] ! feel+ z my feel+1 !re comes up n m]ely a fa9t repetition ( ! feel+1 b inextricably connect$ ) x a :ole set ( connections ) ! g5]al /ream ( my consci\sness40 ,?is is v truly & acutely obs]v$ b x is an admission t ! unrelat$ feel+ is no elem5t 9 our exp]i5ce1 t 9 our cosmos at lea/ !re is no :atev]1 b t e corn] ( x is illum9$ by ! pres5ce ( a relat+ self4 ,my consci\sness nev] directly te/ifies at all to ! exi/5ce ( an absolute feel+4 ,to be my feel+ a feel+ mu/ already be br\ght by connections ( cont5t into ! web ( my exp]i5ce1 b :at d ,i "k ( feel+s :i* are n m9e4 ,are n 8absolute feel+s0 an inf]5ce bas$ on obs]vation ( l[ organisms l ! amba1 :i* we are conv9c$ h no self & yet feel8 ,x %\ld be also notic$ t ?is supposition t we are n directly b only ex po/ facto consci\s ( our feel+s 4 ,?us ,clif=d writes3 8,?is memory 7( a feel+ :i* exi/$ an und fr si* z my feel+7 is1 qua memory1 relative to ! pa/ feel+1 :i* x p>tially recalls2 b 9 s f> z x is itself a feel+1 x is absolute1 ,d+ an si*40 ,t is to say1 ,i am n directly b only ex po/ facto consci\s ev5 ( :at ,i rememb]4 ,to be consci\s ( ! cont5t ( a memory ,i mu/ rememb] t ,i rememb] x4 ,surely ?is new memory 9 turn _c be kn[n ex po/ facto & s ,i mu/ rememb] t ,i rememb] t ,i rememb] et sic ad inf9itum1 be=e ,i become really consci\s ( any?+ at all4 ,"o o!r po9t might be rais$4 ,:at is ! nature & orig9 ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! sequ5ce & coexi/5ce ( feel+s4 ,we h already se5 t feel+s z su* nei!r foll[ nor coexi/ ap>t f a self4 8,^! laws are c\nt]p>ts ( ! laws :i* gov]n physical ph5om5a40 ,clif=d 9 writ+ ?us conducts 8 speculation ,)\t prejudice to 8 common-s5se belief 9 a _w ( necess>ily & rationally relat$ ?+s4 ,he does n see t ) ! r$uction ( ! real to a feel+ physical facts disappe> & ) ^! facts ! laws to :i* laws ( feel+ %all correspond4 ,he is evid5tly confus+ ! laws ( feel+ ) ! psy*ological laws ( association :i* dep5d ^u ! environm5t ( ! individual's s5ses by a _w already real4 ,he does n see t ! problem he really imposes on himself is ?is3 />t+ f no _w at all to arrive at "o1 or />t+ f ! _w z x may be suppos$ to picture itself 9 ! feel+s ( an amba to arrive at x z x exi/s = ! human intellig5ce4 ,we mu/ n conc$e to ,clif=d any m ?an to ,hume ?is po/ulate ( a real cosmical ord] :i* %all give ! cue to feel+s :5 & h[ to foll[ & coexi/4 ,huxley only all[s x to ,hume1 because n hav+ pass$ ! ?re%old ( ,ideali/ic philosophy he _c dive/ himself ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is po/ulate be d5i$1 !n ! doctr9e t ! esse ( ?+s lies 9 _! p]cipi w recomm5d itself to no "o4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,conybe>e4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is probable t 9 deal+ su* h>d bl[s z he did at prie/s & dogmas he 0 actuat$ by %e] love ( tru?1 & ^? :o knew him be/ assure u t he 0 entirely free f bitt]ness & f ! vanity :i* sets "s p ^u beat+ _! gr&mo!r 9 public by way ( %[+ t !y are gr[n up 9 _! op9ions4 #ch ,clif=d's ,essays1 ,vol4 ii1 p4 #hc4 #ci ,vol4 ii1 p4 #fa4 #dj ,vol4 ii1 p4 #hg4 #da ,p4 #hj4 #db ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,july1 #ahgh4 ,,are ,,!re ,,?+s ,,9 ,,!mselves8 ,! proposition t ?+s 9 !mselves _c be kn[n1 has (t51 & p]haps ju/ly1 be5 proclaim$ z ! c5tral idea ( ,kant's philosophy4 ,kant concludes ! fir/ section ( 8 8,transc5d5tale ,elem5t>lehre0 ) ?is 8critical admonition03 8,t 9 g5]al no?+ :i* is intuit$ 9 space is a ?+ 9 itself1 & t space is n a =m :i* belongs z a prop]ty to ?+s2 b t objects are q unkn[n to u 9 !mselves1 & :at we call outw>d objects are no?+ else b m]e repres5tations ( our s5sibility1 ^: =m is space1 b ^: real correlate1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 is n kn[n by means ( ^! repres5tations1 nor ev] c be40 78,kritik d4 r4 ,v40 #d47 ,! t]m 8?+ 9 itself0 means orig9ally ! object z x is1 indep5d5t ( ! ?9k+ subject's cognition4 ,= in/ance3 ,a ra9b[ appe>s 9 ! cl\ds2 ! ra9b[ is n a ?+ 9 itself1 b ! appe>ance ( a ?+ 9 itself4 ,! ra9b[ exi/s 9 man's s5sibility only4 ,! colors ( ! spectrum1 inde$ all colors1 ! colors ( ! sky1 ( ! cl\ds1 ( trees1 ( liv+ be+s1 are s5sations only2 !y are subjective ph5om5a1 !y are c]ta9 k9ds ( feel+s repres5t+ objective realities1 b !y are n ^! objective realities !mselves4 ,!y are p]ceiv$ 9 ! bra9 & are project$ to a place outside ! organism4 ,! ra9b[1 z x is se51 is n a ?+1 b x is some?+ se51 x is an appe>ance only4 ,& ?is is true ( all ?+s se5 & he>d & p]ceiv$ by any "o ( ! s5ses4 ,! s5se-pictures are localis$ 9 space1 !y are project$ outside to a spot :]e ! comb9$ exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses has taught a s5ti5t be+ to expect !m4 ,b all ! objects ( ! objective _w z !y are p]ceiv$ are & rema9 subjective s5se-p]ceptions4 ,! _w ( our s5ses ar\nd u is wov5 ( our s5sations4 ,x is m]e appe>ance4 ,?is is n a "q conc]n+ :i* !re is any d\bt1 ?is is simply a matt] ( fact4 ,b ! "q arises1 8,c we "k ?+s z !y are indep5d5t ( s5sation8 ,c we "k ?+s 9 !mselves80 ,! physici/ & e sci5ti/ is engag$ ) ! problem1 ,:at are natural ph5om5a indep5d5t ( s5sation8 ,light is a s5sation ( vision1 b :at is ! objective process t takes place :5 a human eye p]ceives light8 ,! physici/ answ]s ?is problem by elim9at+ 9 8 m9d ! s5se-elem5t & by describ+ ! facts ( ! process 9 t]ms ( matt] & motion4 ,8 answ] is t light1 objectively consid]$1 is a c]ta9 vibration ( ! e!r4 ,if we c rely ^u physical sci5ce1 ! ?+ 9 itself ( a ra9b[ w\ld be a c]ta9 refraction ( e!r-waves4 ,^! vibrations ( ! e!r-waves are transmitt$ f ! sun1 & be+ brok5 9 ! fall+ ra9drops actually take place indep5d5t ( cognition1 !y are real :e!r we look at !m or n4 ,! ultimate aim ( sci5ce is a description ( ! natural ph5om5a n 9 t]ms ( s5se-elem5ts1 b 9 t]ms ( =m4 ,t feature ( a ?+ :i* we call its matt]1 con/itutes its reality1 b ! =m ( a ?+1 ( a motion1 or ( a process makes ! ?+ t :i* x is2 e act ( causation is a *ange ( =m1 & ! =ms ( ?+s are det]m9$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! op]ations ( purely =mal ?\ght1 i4 e4 ?r\gh measur+ or c\nt+4 ,su* is sci5ce1 n only z x ought to be1 b also z x actually is4 ,all our sci5ti/s1 ea* "o 9 8 field1 are consci\sly or unconsci\sly work+ out a solution ( ?is problem4 ,& a solution ( ?is problem means1 9 our conception1 ! objective cognition ( ! _w--i4 e41 a description ( ! natural processes z !y are indep5d5t ( s5sibility4 ,kant knew v well t a description ( ?+s & ( natural processes 9 t]ms ( =m 0 possible4 ,he clung1 nev]!less1 to ! proposition t ?+s 9 !mselves are unkn[able4 ,& :y8 ,a description ( ?+s & ( natural processes 9 t]ms ( =m 0 9 8 op9ion n z yet a description ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 =--& "h we are confront$ ) ! orig9al idea & ! fundam5tal error ( ,kantian ?\ght--,kant did n consid] ! =ms ( ?+s z an objective quality ( !irs1 he ma9ta9$ t ! =mal elem5t is purely m5tal & m]ely subjective4 ,! ?9k+ m9d1 he decl>$1 attributes !m to ! object4 ,space & "t1 ! pure =ms ( exi/5ce1 toge!r ) all o!r =ms1 su* z causation1 are1 accord+ to ,kant1 n qualities ( ! objective _w1 b ( ! ?9k+ subject4 ,! ?9k+ subject _c help view+ ! _w 9 ! =m ( its own cognition1 x transf]s ^! =ms to ! objects4 ,!re=e ! ?+ 9 itself accord+ to ,kant w\ld n be repres5t$ 9 a description ( ! ?+ purely 9 t]ms ( =m1 ! ?+ 9 itself w\ld mean ! ?+ z x w\ld be1 indep5d5t ( "t & space4 ,let u "h po9t out a di/9ction betwe5 ! ?+ 9 itself & n\m5on4 ,n\m5on means 8a ?+ ( ?\ght40 ,! n\m5al _w is ! _w ( ?\ghts 9 a ?9k+ be+'s m9d4 ,! n\m5on mu/ n be id5tifi$ ) ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,! two t]ms are (t5 conf\nd$1 b !y h to be di/+ui%$4 ,! idea ( reflect$ e!r-vibrations is a 8n\m5on10 b ! reflect$ e!r-vibrations !mselves1 ! objective process are a ?+1 i4 e4 an objective reality1 & 9 s f> z !y are a reality1 consid]$ z be+ indep5d5t ( s5sation1 we may call !m 8a ?+ 9 itself40 ,n[ :5 ,kant d5ies ! objectivity ( "t & space1 he mu/1 implicitly1 also d5y ! objective validity ( a description made 9 t]ms ( measur+ & c\nt+4 ,! pictorial _w ( our s5se-p]ception is subjective1 x is built up ( s5sations1 x is n objective2 & ! _w ( ?\ght is ! attempt to r$uce ! subjective _w ( s5se-imag]y to t]ms ( objective validity1 i4 e4 to t]ms ( =m4 ,b ?is _w ( ?\ght is accord+ to ,kant purely m5tal1 x is purely n\m5al1 or1 9 o!r words1 n\m5a d n repres5t ?+s indep5d5t ( cognition1 !y repres5t ?+s z our m9d ?9ks !m4 ,! s5sory _w is m]e appe>ance1 x is a subjective ph5om5on1 b ! _w ( ?\ght1 says ,kant1 is no less subjective1 x is a _w ( ?\ght :i* describes ?+s 9 t]ms ( purely m5tal prop]ties & n 9 prop]ties ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?is is tantam\nt to ! proposition1 t ?+s 9 !mselves _c be kn[n4 ,! t]m 8?+ 9 itself10 9 ! s5se ( a ?+ z x is indep5d5t ( s5sibility1 w\ld bett] be call$ 8! objective ?+10 & we %all s call x :5 we wi% to di/+ui% x f ,kant's ?+ 9 itself4 ,! objective ?+ is ! ?+1 n express$ 9 t]ms ( subjective elem5ts1 su* z feel+s or s5sibility1 b 9 t]ms ( objective elem5ts1 i4 e4 9 t]ms ( =m4 ,t a description ( ?+s 9 t]ms ( =ms is possible has nev] be5 d5i$ ei!r by ,kant or by any ,kantian2 b !y d5y t ^! descriptions are any?+ m ?an m]e n\m5a2 ,kant & ! or?odox ,kantians d5y t !y repres5t ! ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves4 ,?us ! t]m ?+ 9 itself 9 ! ,kantian s5se comes to mean ! ?+ z x is indep5d5t ( space & "t4 ,t e n\m5on is a m5tal sign is a matt] ( c\rse2 ! n\m5al _w is ideal4 ,b we ma9ta9 t ^! m5tal signs repres5t real qualities ( ! objective _w2 !y h a mean+2 ! ?+s repres5t$ by !m are actual features ( reality4 ,kant d5ies ?is4 ,to him ! n\m5al _w is purely n\m5al4 ,to ,kant !re is no space outside ! space-conception1 & s he decl>es t space is ideal2 x is n an objective quality ( ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 we ma9ta91 t our space-conception describes1 i4 e4 depicts1 or repres5ts space1 our space-conception is ideal1 yet space is n ideal b real2 x is an objective quality ( ! _w4 ,kant's view is duali/ic1 or at lea/ necess>ily leads to dualism1 & x appe>s to re/ on an unpron\nc$ duali/ic assumption4 ,kant treats 8! subject0 z some?+ q di/9ct & sep>ate f 8! object40 ,if he _h borne 9 m9d t ! subject is always at ! same "t an object1 he w\ld h treat$ bo? subject z well z object z m]e ab/ractions ( "o & ! same reality4 ,re/+ ^u ?is errone\s presupposition1 ,kant's mo/ consequ5tial mi/ake1 9 our op9ion1 0 8 conception ( :at he call$ 8! ideality ( "t & space40 ,if "t & space 7 purely ideal1 purely m5tal1 purely subjective1 !n inde$1 ! ?+s z !y are w\ld =ev] rema9 unkn[n to u1 !n inde$ ! ?9k+ m9d w\ld be z if %ut up )9 a holl[ globe out ( :i* x c\ld nev] escape1 !n inde$ ! _w w\ld be divid$ into two p>ts1 ! objective _w1 & ! subjective _w2 & ! gap betwe5 bo? c\ld nev] be bridg$ ov]4 ,! ?9k+ m9d w\ld h )9 itself a n\m5al _w built ^u ! subjective elem5ts ( s5se-impressions4 ,?is subjective _w w\ld possess no objective value1 x w\ld n describe realities1 & ! objective _w w\ld ?us be unkn[able1 inscrutable1 & my/ical4 ,! idea ( a ?+ 9 itself f\nd ano!r support 9 a mi/ak5 conception ( ! unity ( c]ta9 ?+s1 especially ( organisms4 ,! unity ( a comb9ation ( p>ts is n m]ely ! sum ( ! p>ts1 x consi/s 9 _! peculi> comb9ation :i* makes an h>moni\s co-op]ation possible4 ,?is unity is an additional elem5t2 x is an entirely new creation :i* exhibits features n conta9$ 9 any ( its p>ts4 ,!re is no lat5t wat* conta9$ 9 a heap ( little :eels & cogs1 ! wat* is creat$ ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( ^! :eels & cogs4 ,! unity ( a ?+ is its =m1 consi/+ 9 a special arrangem5t ( its p>ts2 & ?is =m al?\gh n mat]ial is nev]!less real4 ,! mat]iali/ic conception ov]looks ! importance ( =m2 b ! spirituali/ & also ! transc5d5tali/ mat]ialise x z "s spiritual sub/ance1 z entities or indep5d5t exi/5ces4 ,!y are 9 ?is way z mu* mat]iali/ic z ! mat]iali/4 ,! "q has s]i\sly be5 ask$1 ,:at is a melody 9 itself4 ,! "q has s5se :5 we und]/& by x1 ,:at are ^? new qualities :i* appe> ?r\gh a c]ta9 comb9ation ( s\nds8 ,^? qualities are n no?+1 !y are some?+ q peculi>4 ,we call "o ( !m rhy?m1 ano!r "o is ! fix$ succession ( notes ( a diff]5t pit*4 ,! qualities ( a melody z a :ole are n qualities ( its sep>ate p>ts2 yet !re=e ! melody is n a ?+ 9 itself4 ,we might j z well speak ( a wat* 9 itself1 mean+ !reby t peculi> unity ( ! comb9ation ( its p>ts :i* makes ( !m a wat*4 ,b if we ?us speak ( 8! wat* 9 itself10 we mu/ be aw>e t ?is idea has n some:]e 9 a transc5d5tal fairy-l& an indep5d5t exi/5ce above space & "t1 & outside ( its p>ts4 ,! unity ( a c]ta9 int]act+ gr\p ( p>ts is1 on ! "o h&1 no m]e addition ( ! ?9k+ subject1 x is n purely n\m5al1 x is real & objective2 on ! o!r h& x is n a ?+ 9 itself1 indep5d5t ( its p>ts1 x is ! product ( ! relations 9 :i* its p>ts affect "o ano!r4 ,is n p]haps ! basis ( ^! vag>ies a mi/ak5 conception ( language8 ,we call a c]ta9 s5sory picture a tree & we say1 ! tree has roots1 a /em1 bran*es1 leaves1 & fruits4 ,autumn sets 9 & ! w9d %akes ! leaves (f ! bran*es4 ,n[ we speak ( a leafless tree4 ,we cut ! tree d[n & we speak ( a rootless tree4 ,we burn ! trunk & ! bran*es1 & ! tree z a ph5om5on is gone1 all its prop]ties are tak5 away4 ,:at rema9s8 ,! tree 9 itself is left1 b ! tree 9 itself does n exi/4 ,if all ! prop]ty ( a p]son is tak5 f him1 ! p]son himself is /ill left4 ,! prop]ties ( a tree1 h[ev]1 are n prop]ties 9 ! same s5se2 !y are qualities4 ,if all ! qualities & p>ts ( a tree are gone1 if only ! tree 9 itself is left--!n !re is left no?+ b ! empty ^w tree1 ! idea ( a tree4 ,,ii4 ,,kant',s ,,view ,,( ,,space ,,& ,,"t4 ,let u briefly consid] ! gr\nd ^u :i* ,kant bases 8 view ( ! ideality ( space & "t4 ,kant asks3 8,:at !n are "t & space8 ,are !y real exi/5ces8 ,or are !y m]ely relations or det]m9ations ( ?+s1 su* h[ev] z w\ld equally belong to ^! ?+s 9 !mselves1 ?\gh !y %\ld nev] become objects ( intuition2 or are !y su* z belong only to ! =m ( intuition1 & consequ5tly to ! subjective con/itution ( ! m9d1 )\t :i* ^! pr$icates ( "t & space c\ld n be atta*$ to any object80#dc 7,kr4 d4 r4 ,v4 #b2 8,meiklejohn10 p4 #bc47 ,we %\ld say1 to /ate our op9ion briefly1 t space & "t are n 8real exi/5ces10 i4 e4 !y are n concrete objects1 b !y are real nev]!less2 !y are n mat]ial ?+s2 n ?+i% realities1 yet !y are objective prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,!y are ! =ms ( ?+s & processes1 & belong to ! ?+s :e!r !y become objects ( cognition or n4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !y actually belong to ! ?+s 9 !mselves1 viz4 to ! objective ?+s4 ,kant argues t space & "t are n conceptions d]iv$ f outw>d exp]i5ce2 !y h n be5 ab/ract$ f s5se-impressions4 ,!y are necess>y repres5tations a priori1 !y are n discursive ideas or g5]alisations1 = !re is b "o space & "o "t1 space be+ repres5t$ z inf9ite & "t z et]nal4 ,f ^! argum5ts ,kant draws ! conclusions t space & "t d n repres5t qualities ( an object b t !y are ! =m ( all s5sory ph5om5a1 space be+ ! =m ( ! ext]nal1 "t ( ! int]nal s5se4 ,9 o!r words1 space & "t belong to ! subjective condition ( ! s5sibility & n to ! objective _w4 ,we answ] t our conceptions ( space & "t are aft] all d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,space & "t are ab/ractions4 ,!re is no "t 9 itself4 ,!re is no space 9 itself4 ,space & "t are n directly d]iv$ f outw>d exp]i5ce1 nor are !y d]iv$ f ! s5se-elem5ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,inn] exp]i5ce1 i4 e4 reflection to ! exclusion ( s5se-impression1 ! exp]im5t+ ) pure =ms1 w lead to ! con/ruction ( ! concepts ( space z well z ( "t4 ,space & "t1 magnitudes & numb]s hav+ be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! m9d ( a ?9k+ subject are appli$ to practical exp]i5ce4 ,:5 c\nt+ ?ree trees we d n ab/ract ! numb] 8?ree0 f ! ?ree trees1 b we apply to !m ! sy/em ( numb]s 9 our possession4 ,says ,kant3 8,we nev] c imag9e or make a repres5tation to ourselves ( ! non-exi/5ce ( space1 ?\gh we may easily en\gh ?9k t no objects are f\nd 9 x4 ,x mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z ! condition ( ! possibility ( ph5om5a & by no means z a det]m9ation dep5d5t ^u !m & is a repres5tation a priori1 :i* necess>ily supplies ! basis = ext]nal ph5om5a40 ,space be+ ! g5]alis$ concept ( ext5d$ =m1 & "t t ( motion )\t ref]5ce to any cont5ts1 x is naturally impossible to ?9k ! non-exi/5ce ( space & "t4 ,?9k+ is an act1 x is a process2 & any act1 any process1 any ev5t1 is a reality :i* implies or presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ! =ms ( reality4 ,we c ?9k ( matt] )\t ref]5ce to =m1 i4 e4 we c h ! ab/ract idea ( matt]2 b we _c ?9k t !re is any matt] void ( =m4 ,?is does by no means prove t =m has no?+ to d ) matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x proves t =m & matt] are insep>able4 ,! =m ( exi/5ce ne$ n !re=e be call$ 8! basis0 ( exi/5ce1 x is simply "o univ]sal feature ( exi/5ce4 ,& ! =m ( exi/5ce be+ b\nd up ) exi/5ce itself1 x is necess>y t any ?9k+ exi/5ce 9 s f> z x is real1 9 s f> z x is at ! same "t an object & "p ( ! objective _w %\ld also be 9 possession ( ! conditions to evolve ! idea ( =m out ( itself ?r\gh inn] exp]i5ce4 ,?is inn] exp]i5ce ( exp]im5t+ ) pure =ms is also a k9d ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is n a purely subjective process2 x is a subjective process to ! ?9k+ subject1 :i* to o!r subjects1 h[ev]1 w\ld appe> z an objective process4 ,! laws ( pure =m z /at$ 9 ! sci5ces ( purely =mal ?\ght1 are n m]ely subjective2 !y possess objective validity4 ,x is true & f our /&po9t a matt] ( c\rse t ! laws ( =m are a priori1 :i* means1 !y hold good = any pure =m4 ,mod]n positivism1 su* z we def5d x1 is moni/ic4 ,we consid] ! entire _w z "o great :ole & d n =get t all n\m5al repres5tations ( c]ta9 features ( ! _w1 ( matt]1 m9d1 =m1 ev5 ( ?+s & our own s\ls includ$1 are m]e ab/ractions4 ,reality itself rema9s undivid$ & indivisible4 ,ab/ract concepts are m5tal symbols inv5t$ to repres5t c]ta9 features ( reality4 ,b al?\gh we c 9 our m9d sep>ate ^! features & di/+ui% !m f o!r features1 9 ! _w ( reality !y _c be cut out or ?\ght ( z ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,grant+ ! on5ess ( reality :i* dawns ^u u in/9ctively be=e consci\sness is fully matur$1 we are inevitably l$ to ! conception t !re is b "o =m ( reality1 :i* implies t !re is b "o space & "o "t4 ,,iii4 ,,=m ,,n ,,import$ ,,by ,,! ,,m9d ,,into ,,reality4 ,kant says1 & 9 ?is we agree ) ,kant1 t 8all ?\ght mu/ directly by means ( c]ta9 signs relate ultimately to ,ans*auung540 ,! ^w ,ans*auung 7! 8onlook+10 g5]ally translat$ by 8intuition07 means ! imm$iate pres5ce ( s5se-p]ception4 ,says ,kant3 8,! effect ( an object ^u our faculty ( repres5tation is call$ s5sation1 & t intuition :i* ref]s to an object by means ( s5sation is call$ empirical intuition40 ,= in/ance1 ,i see a rose3 ,! image ( ! rose :i* ,i see is ! appe>ance or ! ph5om5on4 ,kant cont9ues3 8,t :i* 9 ! ph5om5on corresponds to ! s5sation ,i t]m its matt]1 b t :i* effects t ! cont5ts ( ! ph5om5on c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1 ,i call its =m40 ,9 o!r words matt] is t :i* affects ! s5ses & =m is to be express$ 9 relations4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =mal & ! mat]ial is obvi\s4 ,! =mal is ( great importance1 nay1 x is ( p>am\nt importance1 b ! =mal is nei!r any?+ ap>t f ! mat]ial nor is x a sub/ance4 ,bo? concepts are disp>ate1 b !y h be5 d]iv$ by m5tal ab/raction f ! same reality4 ,we fully agree ) ,kant :5 he cont9ues3 8,t 9 :i* our s5sations are m]ely arrang$1 & by :i* !y are susceptible ( assum+ a c]ta9 =m1 _c be itself s5sation40 ,b we d n agree ) ,kant :5 f ?is proposition he d]ives ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,x is1 !n1 ! matt] ( all ph5om5a t is giv5 to u a po/]iori2 ! =m mu/ lie ready a priori = !m 9 ! m9d1 & consequ5tly c be reg>d$ sep>ately f all s5sation40 ,"h lies ! great fallacy ( ,kant1 :i* re/s ^u an errone\s /atem5t & an actual di/ortion ( fact4 ,! ph5om5on ( a rose :i* ,i see be=e me is n m]ely s5sory1 b also =mal4 ,! ph5om5on1 i4 e4 ! image ( ! rose 7die ,ans*auung7 is a s5sation ( a special =m4 ,! t]m s5sation z x is g5]ally us$ implies its hav+ a special =m4 ,accord+ly ! =m does n1 at lea/ n f ! beg9n+1 lie ready a priori 9 ! m9d2 ! =m is giv5 toge!r ) ! s5sation4 ,kant speaks ( 8t :i* is annex$ to p]ception by ! conceptions ( und]/&+10 z if our und]/&+ add$ ! =mal out ( ! m9d to ! s5sory elem5ts giv5 by exp]i5ce4 ,:at is ! m9d8 ,! m9d is a product ( ! _w2 x is a sy/em ( symbols repres5t+ ! ?+s ( ! _w & _! relations includ+ su* possible relations z are wor?y ( aspir+ =4 ,9 %ort1 ! m9d consi/s ( ideas & ideals4#dd ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! m9d is ! creator ( ! s5sory & n\m5al _w4 ,?is is incorrectly express$1 = m9d is ! s5sory & n\m5al _w itself4 ,! s5se-pictures1 ! ?\ght-symbols1 & ! ideals ( a man are actual p>ts ( 8 m9d4 ,!y are n products b con/itu5ts ( 8 m9d4 ,_! organis$ totality is 8 m9d itself4 ,! activity :i* takes place 9 a m9d1 i4 e4 ! comb9+1 ! sep>at+1 & recomb9+ ( memories1 ?\ghts1 & ideals are ! actual realities1 & if we speak ( a man's und]/&+1 or reason1 or any o!r s-call$ faculty1 we h to deal ) ab/ractions4 ,! activity ( m5tally sep>at+ =m & matt] might be call$ by ! g5]al t]m und]/&+4 ,h[ev] ! faculty ( und]/&+ is n a di/9ct m5tal organ1 x consi/s 9 ! s+le acts ( und]/&+1 & ! ^w und]/&+ is a m5tal symbol repres5t+ !m all toge!r z if !y 7 "o ?+4 ,& c]ta9ly ^! acts ( und]/&+ z little import ! =mal into ! _w ( s5sation z ! m9] c>ries ! metals into ! m9es4 ,! =mal1 ! relational1 or ! a priori1 is fir/ extract$ out ( ! data ( exp]i5ce n o!rwise ?an iron is ga9$ out ( ! ores4 ,! ore is n iron b x conta9s iron1 ! ph5om5on ( a rose is n purely a s5se-impression1 x is a s5se-impression ( a c]ta9 =m4 ,we are aw>e ( ! fact t m9d is an entirely new creation diff]5t f ! non-m5tal _w1 yet at ! same "t we ma9ta9 t ! elem5ts f :i* m9d develops are ! same z ! elem5ts ( ! non-m5tal _w4 ,nature furni%es ! entire raw mat]ial & :atev] new creation ! product ( a new developm5t is1 no?+ c be add$ to ! raw mat]ial1 ( :i* ! =mal is ! mo/ indisp5sable "p4 ,! raw mat]ial ( s5sory ph5om5a z soon z x is work$ out1 & also ! activity ( work+ x out are call$ m9d4 ,m9d accord+ly orig9ates ) ! appe>ance ( s5ti5t sub/ance z ! organisation ( feel+s & ! memories ( feel+s--^! memories be+ condition$ ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( ! =m ( s5ti5t sub/ance4 ,m9d is n some?+ diff]5t f ! _w b mu/ be consid]$ z its product & highe/ effloresc5ce4 ,m9d is made ( ! same sub/ance z ! univ]se & ! m9d-=ms are ! =ms ( objective exi/5ce4 ,z soon z a sy/em ( =ms has develop$ 9 a s5ti5t be+1 ?us con/itut+ its m9d1 ?is sy/em c aga9 be ref]r$ to ! objective =ms ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is s5se we c say ) ,kant1 t ! und]/&+ imports =m into ph5om5a2 & ?is re-importation1 ?is ref]r+ ! objectively =mal to ! subjective sy/em ( =mal ?\ght1 is an ess5tial elem5t 9 cognition4 ,,iv4 ,,pr(essor ,,jodl',s ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,?+ ,,9 ,,itself4 ,! idea ( a ?+ 9 itself indep5d5t ( space & "t & ! unkn[abl5ess ( ! ?+ 9 itself are ! basis ( all agno/icism4 ,& an agno/ic t5d5cy is at pres5t pr$om9ant ev5 among positive work]s & ?9k]s4 ,agno/icism is /ill ! philosophy ( ! day ev5 among ^? :o h surr5d]$ its basis 7:i* is ,kant's transc5d5tal idealism7 & accept ! moni/ic _w-conception4 ,fri$ri* ,jodl1 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague & au?or ( ! well-kn[n 8,hi/ory ( ,e?ics10 9 answ] to a lett] ( m9e =mulates 9 concise t]ms ?is mod]nis$ view ( a ?+ 9 itself4 ,he writes3 8,y are "r4 ,! ?+ 9 itself is a dang]\s idea1--"o t easily leads a/ray4 ,b s long z we h no bett] expression to repres5t ! relation = :i* x /&s we %all h to use x4 ,y also accept ! foll[+ ?ree mom5ta3 7#a7 ,objective exi/5ce or reality4 7#b7 ,effectiv5ess ( ,reality ^u consci\sness1 i4 e4 s5sation4 7#c7 ,effectiv5ess ( s5sation ^u consci\sness & reproduction ( s5sation 9 consci\sness1 i4 e4 repres5tation4 ,nobody1 h[ev]1 c ma9ta9 t 9 s5sation1 & /ill less 9 repres5tation1 ! :ole ( reality w appe> 9 consci\sness4 ,fir/ we le>n f hi/ory :at progress has be5 made 9 ! cognition ( reality & secondly x is obvi\s t we are inf9itely f> f an actual compreh5sion ( reality4 ,we h /rong reasons to suspect t !re are _m processes 9 reality :i* 9 no way affect our s5sibility & _c ent] into consci\sness1 & we "k = sure t we d n compreh5d--i4 e4 recon/ruct f !m assum$ causes--_m ?+s1 inde$ mo/ ?+s1 :i* we obs]ve 9 _! effects4 ,our cognition ( nature1 if we beg9 to con/ruct1 always leads u to "s x4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is x is an unkn[n or an unkn[able4 ,9 my op9ion x is bo?--anyh[ we _c elim9ate x4 8,i am conv9c$ t _m ?+s :i* are unkn[n to-day & appe> z unkn[able w be kn[n & kn[able 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ,i d\bt :e!r ! total mass ( ! ,unkn[able has be5 noticeably dim9i%$4 ,= ! ,unkn[able is inf9ite & ! inf9ite if divid$ by any f9ite numb] c nev] produce a f9ite numb]4 ,e solv$ problem conta9s new & great] problems4 ,:at %all we call ?is8 ,i believe t ! t]m 8?+ 9 itself0 is aft] all ! be/ expression4 ,:oev] wants to turn a my/ic on acc\nt ( x _c be prev5t$4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s c be br\ght out ( exi/5ce by an act ( viol5ce only40 ,x is mo/ c]ta9ly true1 z ,pr(essor ,jodl says1 t s5sations d n depict ! :ole ( reality4 ,b :y %\ld !y8 ,cognition is possible only by limit+ ! att5tion to a special po9t4 ,e s5se organ is an organ ( ab/raction4 ,e s5se depicts ! effects ( reality 9 its own way & 9 ?is way alone4 ,x may freely be grant$ t !re are _m processes 9 reality :i* d n affect our s5sibility4 ,yet !re is no?+ 9 reality :i* does n affect some?+ 9 "s way4 ,if x did n1 x c\ld n be said to exi/4 ,! *emical rays ( light d n affect our eye1 !y are invisible & 7 = t reason n notic$4 ,b ^! rays are n )\t any effects4 ,if we _c obs]ve !m directly1 we c inv5t s5sitive plates or o!r in/rum5ts = obs]v+ _! effects indirectly4 ,indirect obs]vation makes x possible t ! limitation ( our s5ses does n result 9 a limitation ( k4 ,says ,pr(essor ,jodl3 8,our cognition ( nature if we beg9 to con/ruct always leads u to "s x40 ,?is s5t5ce indicates t ,pr(essor ,jodl's & our conception ( cognition are diff]5t4 ,cognition is n a recon/ruction ( assum$ causes2 x is a unification ( our repres5tative s5sations or ideas4 ,some?+ is aga9 notic$1 x is re-cognis$1 to be ! same ?+4 ,cognition is adaptation ( new facts to our pres5t /ock ( k2 x is ! prop] arrangem5t ( new data 9 our sy/em ( m5tal repres5tations4 ,cognition1 accord+ly1 is ! r$uction ( ! unkn[n to t]ms ( ! kn[n4 ,h[ c x ev] lead to an x8 ,! positive conception ( cognition is1 z ,kir*(f def9es1 x 8an exhau/ive & mo/ simple description ( facts40 ,x is a recon/ruction ( facts or1 z ,ma* says1 ,e9 ,na*bild5 d] ,?atsa*54 ,cognition is bas$ ^u ,ans*auung52 x w lead to an ultimate x1 only 9 case we expect t cognition in/ead ( be+ a description ( facts w h to give u in=mation ab\t h[ x happ5s t facts exi/1 h[ !y orig9at$ out ( no?+4 ,pr(essor ,jodl's ?+ 9 itself is n outside ( ,space & ,"t 7z is ,kant's ?+ 9 itself7 b x is ! ov]:elm+ inf9itude ( problems to be solv$ ) :i* we _c hope to get ?r\gh ev5 ?\gh our life la/$ billions ( light-ye>s4 ,let me repeat "h :at ,i said 9 ! second edition ( 8,fundam5tal ,problems10 8,a philosophy :i* />ts f ! positive data ( exp]i5ce1 & arranges !m 9 ! sy/em ( a moni/ic conception ( ! _w1 w meet ) _m great problems & 9 solv+ !m w aga9 & aga9 be confront$ ) new problems4 ,x w always grapple ) some?+ t is n yet kn[n4 ,! unkn[n seems to exp& be=e u l an inf9ite ocean ^u :i* ! %ip ( k advances4 ,b ! unkn[n con/antly *anges into ! kn[n4 ,we %all f9d no real unkn[able :]ev] we proce$4 ,! idea ( ! unkn[able is l ! horizon--an optic illusion4 ,! m we advance1 ! f>!r x rec$es4 ,! unkn[able is no reality2 ! unkn[able c n[h]e prev5t k nor c ! horizon deb> a %ip 9 h] voyage1 f fur!r progress40 7p4 #bga47 ,man's k has value z positive in=mation conc]n+ ! facts he has to deal )1 & ! inf9itude ( ! n kn[n1 ! inf9itude ( o!r problems & ?+s :i* he w nev] face1 is ( no consequ5ce :atev]4 ,positivism comm5ces & has to comm5ce ) ! positive facts ( ! giv5 exp]i5ce & n ) ! inf9itude ( possibilities :i* lie beyond our horizon4 ,comp>e k to prop]ty & suppose a man is to buy a f>m4 ,%all we disc\rage him ) ! idea t ! :ole am\nt ( soil on ! surface ( ! e>? & ( o!r planets is inf9ite1 & ?is inf9itude ( all exi/5ces if divid$ by 8 f9ite little possession c nev] result 9 a f9ite numb]4 ,ev5 if x 7 d\bl$1 if x 7 multipli$ a ?\s& times1 x rema9s z good z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! re/ ( ! _w :i* he _c acquire4 ,h[ev]1 8 possession is some?+ to him1 :atev] ! relation ( inf9ite possibilities may be 9 proportion to x4 ,! concept ( inf9itude s]ves a good purpose 9 its place1 b we _c use x = analogies 9 o!r fields or br+ x 9 relation to concrete realities4 ,we produce confusion & drop into my/icism z soon z we h&le ! idea ( inf9itude z if x 7 a positive ?+4 ,! inf9ite is a function :i* is ma!matically express$ by #a_/j 1 & :5ev] we br+ any?+ 9 relation to ! inf9ite1 we at once dw>f ! greate/ numb] no less ?an ! smalle/ numb] into z]o4 ,cle>ness ( ?\ght is ! indisp5sable me?od ( s\nd philosophy = con/ruct+ a positive _w-conception1 :i* 9 great outl9es is a description ( ! facts ( reality4 ,by suff]+ my/icism z a legitimate conception ei!r 9 sci5ce or 9 philosophy1 we enhance ! int]e/s ( ^? :o pref] ! *i>oscuro ( vague notions to cle> ?\ght4 ,v4 ,,clif=d',s ,,& ,,s*op5hau]',s ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,?+ ,,9 ,,itself4 ,:5 ,clif=d speaks ( ?+s 9 !mselves he does n mean ,kant's ?+ 9 itself1 he means nei!r ! object indep5d5t ( ! ?9k+ subject nor ! ?+ indep5d5t ( space & "t4 ,he means ! ?+ z x w\ld be if view$ f ! ?+ itself4 ,a man appe>s to o!r ?9k+ be+s z an active body1 z an organism t is 9 motion2 b to himself he appe>s z a feel+ be+4 ,! subjectivity ( ?+s z !y appe> to ! ?+s !mselves consi/s 9 our own case ( /ates ( aw>5ess1 & ?is subjectivity is call$ by ,clif=d ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,a c]ta9 bra9 motion is 9 its subjective aspect a feel+4 ,?is feel+ is accord+ to ,clif=d ! ?+ 9 itself ( ! visible1 obs]vable1 & measurable motion4 ,! ?+ 9 itself ( s-call$ inanimate be+s is n feel+1 b elem5ts ( feel+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! _w-sub/ance is ev]y:]e 9 itself pot5tiality ( feel+ & ,clif=d !re=e calls x 8m9d-/uff40 ,s*op5hau] arrives at 8 conception ( ! ?+ 9 itself practically 9 ! same way4 ,!re is ! _w z x appe>s to u1 ! objective _w ( motion 9 space & "t4 ,:at ! k]nel ( ?is _w may be1 we c "k f self-obs]vation4 ,! k]nel ( ourselves1 ,s*op5hau] says1 is ,w2 & ! w is also ! k]nel ( ?+s2 ! w is ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,we und]/& by w ! passage into action1 i4 e4 an incipi5t motion ( ! organism if accompani$ ) ! psy*ical elem5t ( consci\sness1 & ?is consci\sness is a /ate ( aw>5ess ( ! w includ+ its direction & aim4 ,w1 z ! t]m is g5]ally us$1 is always consci\s4 ,s*op5hau] h[ev] speaks ( ! w z be+ bl9d1 i4 e4 )\t k1 )\t aw>5ess ( itself & its aim4 ,?is indicates t he uses ! ^w n 9 its orig9al b 9 a figurative mean+4 ,! fall ( a /one may be *>act]is$ z a bl9d motion )\t aw>5ess & )\t ! /one's hav+ a consci\sness z to its direction or aim2 & 9 a simil> 7al?\gh n 9 ! same7 way ,clif=d speaks ( ! elem5ts ( feel+ z be+ n rational4 ,we agree ) ,s*op5hau] t t factor 9 a /one :i* makes x fall :5 plac$ 9 a c]ta9 position is z mu* a natural process z ! act ( a man1 only ( a l[] grade & a simpl] k9d4 ,s*op5hau] calls t :i* bo? h 9 common 8w40 ,yet 9 common language we call ! objective aspect ( t :i* bo? processes h 9 common1 8motion40 ,:at !n is ! subjective aspect ( a fall+ /one8 ,x is n a /ate ( aw>5ess1 x is no feel+1 b x is ! pot5tiality ( a /ate ( aw>5ess1 x is pot5tial feel+4 ,!re is a subjective aspect1 b ?is subjective aspect is s f> z we c judge ( no acc\nt to ! /one4 ,t some?+ 9 ! /one :i* corresponds to man's consci\sness1 viz4 ! /one's subjectivity1 is n m9d1 b x is pot5tial m9d4 ,& pot5tial m9d is n z ,mr4 ,conybe>e expresses x 8m9d dilut$10 pot5tial m9d is no m9d at all4 ,! _w-sub/ance z x exi/s 9 inorganic matt] is n m9d4 ,b ! univ]se tak5 z a :ole1 ! ,all1 is = t reason n less ?an m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is inf9itely m ?an m9d4 ,! ,all is n brute =ce & in]t matt] only1 ! univ]se is a cosmos1 & its subjectivity necess>ily develops1 accord+ to ! laws ( =m :i* *>act]ise ! cosmos ?r\gh\t1 into m9d4 ,we disagree ) ,pr(essor ,clif=d mo/ emphatically :5 he describes ! m9d-/uff ( :i* accord+ to 8 t]m9ology ! _w consi/s1 z n rational4 ,! _w x is true is n rational 9 its elem5ts1 b ! _w z a :ole1 ! entire cosmos ) its laws & especially 9 its =mal ord]1 is ! prototype ( all rationality4 ,human reason is rational only 9 s f> z x con=ms )1 z x reflects1 z x describes ! ord] ( ! cosmos4 ,! human m9d is a microcosm4 ,we d n call ! macrocosm1 9 ^: image ! microcosm has be5 creat$1 a m9d1 because we und]/& by ! t]m m9d n reality itself b reality pictur$ 9 symbols ( feel+4 ,we und]/& by m9d ! individual conception ( ! _w z x is mapp$ out 9 ! bra9 ( a s5ti5t be+1 & n ! univ]se itself1 n ! all-be+4 ,we und]/& by m9d a creature & n ! creator1 a s\l & n ,god4 ,! cosmos1 ! ,all1 ,god1 t :i* creates ! m9d1 is n dead1 n irrational1 & n inf]ior to m5tality4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all life1 x is ! condition ( all ord]1 x is ! /&>d ( all morality4 ,all ! m9ds t exi/ are b p>ts ( x4 ,9 x1 ) x1 & ?r\gh x we live & %all live =ev]4 ,= al?\gh we %all die1 our be+ c nev] be blott$ out4 ,exi/5ce kn[s no annihilation & life kn[s no dea?4 ,:at we call dea? is a dissolution ( life 9 a special "p1 b ! cont5ts ( a life1 ! ?\ghts1 ! ideas1 & ! ideals are pres]v$ & transmitt$1 !y are implant$ into o!r m9ds2 ! s\l cont9ues to live4 ,& ?is cont9uance ( ! life ( ! s\l is n a m]e dissolution 9 ! ,all1 x is n ! immortality ( =ce & matt]2 x is ! pres]vation ( its special exi/5ce1 ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic & individual features = an immeasurably long p]iod h5ce1 :i* w la/ z long z ! conditions ( life rema9 favorable ^u e>?4 ,yet ev5 if a :ole sol> sy/em 7 brok5 to pieces1 life w reappe>2 m9d w be born aga9 to /ruggle = tru? & to aspire to live 9 con=mity ) tru?4 ,,vi4 ,,?+s ,,& ,,relations4 ,! proposition t ?+s 9 !mselves are unkn[able f9ds a /rong argum5t 9 ! /atem5t t we c "k relations only1 t all k is relative4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t all k is relative & k is a k ( relations4 ,b :at is a relation8 ,:5 ,i once propos$ ?is "q1 ,i 0 answ]$3 8,a relation is ! connection betwe5 two ?+s2 x is t some?+ 9 :i* ! "o /&s to ! o!r1 9 %ort1 x is ! betwixtness ( ?+s40 ,?is is exactly :at a relation is n4 ,f su* a def9ition ( relation agno/icism w necess>ily foll[4 ,x is a mis/atem5t ( ! case1 & :5 we come to foll[ out ! idea1 we %all be l$ into inextricable contradictions1 & unless we revise ! :ole argum5t1 we %all h to confess t we are at our wit's end4 ,! "q1 :at is a relation8 0 "o ( ! issues betwe5 ! two great m$ival s*ools ( philosophy1 ! ,nom9ali/s & ! ,reali/s4#de ,! ,nom9ali/s answ]$3 8,a relation is a m]e product ( ! m9d10 :ile ! ,reali/s decl>$ t 8a relation )\t :i* ! ?+ _c be1 is 9 ! ?+40 ,bo? s*ools reli$ ^u ,ari/otle's au?ority4 ,ari/otle _h decl>$ t matt] is m]e possibility ( exi/5ce 7x is 7 & =m is t :i* makes x real1 ! =mal is ! real1 =m is exi/5ce or be+ 774 ,! metal ( a /atue1 ,ari/otle says1 is its matt]1 ! idea ( ! /atue is its =m1 bo? toge!r make ! real /atue4 ,! metal hav+ _h ano!r =m be=e1 did n exi/ ) ! inh]5t purpose ( be+ ?is metal ( ! /atue4 ,! metal is ! m]e pot5tiality ( becom+ a /atue4#df ,h5ce1 says ,ari/otle1 n ! matt] b ! =m con/itutes ! reality ( ! /atue1 ! =m is t :i* is real1 or t :i* makes actual1 1 x is ! be+ 9 complet5ess or actuality1 1 i4 e4 t :i* makes a ?+ exi/ 9 its purpose 7 74 ,if ! =mal alone is & makes real1 relations mu/ be real4 ,?is is 9 favor ( ! ,reali/s4 ,yet ,ari/otle's philosophy is n 9 e respect cle>ly work$ out4 ,9 fact !re are two ,ari/otles1 ! "o be+ a ,platoni/1 ! o!r a naturali/1 ! "o believ+ 9 univ]sals1 ! o!r inve/igat+ concrete ?+s & tak+ individuals z real be+s4 ,b bo? ,ari/otles & ) !m bo? p>ties ( ! s*oolm5 _h no cle> conception ( ! nature ( ideas1 :at !y are1 & :at !y purport1 & h[ we c discrim9ate betwe5 _! subjective & objective elem5ts4 ,ideas h a mean+4 ,is _! mean+ purely m5tal or has x an objective value8 ,we say t x has4 ,! same ,ari/otle :o consid]$ ! =mal z t :i* makes real1 d5i$ ! objective exi/5ce ( relations4 ,he said t su* qualities z great]1 or small]1 d\ble or half1 inde$ all relations 7! ( ?+s7 did n belong to ! ?+s1 b 7 add$ to !m by ! ?9k+ subject4 ,ergo relations are m]e products ( ! m9d1 !y h no objective value4 ,?is 0 9 favor ( ! ,nom9ali/s4 ,n[ x is true t "s relations are purely m5tal 9 s f> z ! comp>ison ^u :i* !y re/ is purely imag9>y4 ,an answ] to ! "q1 ,:o 0 ! great]1 ,alex&] or ,cs>8 dep5ds ^u ! /&>d ( measurem5t :i* we create = ! special purpose4 ,"s su* relations h no objective value1 !y are n facts b a play ( imag9ation dep5d5t on ! recognition ( ! /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,b h[ is x1 if we express ! relation betwe5 ! gravity ( a /one & ! :ole mass ( ! e>? z x manife/s itself 9 ! /one's fall8 ,is t also a m]e product ( ! m9d8 ,c]ta9ly ,newton's laws describ+ gravitation 9 exact & ma!matical =mulas are a product ( ! m9d1 b ?is product ( ! m9d has an objective value1 x has a mean+1 x describes facts1 & ^! facts are c]ta9 relations betwe5 c]ta9 ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fault ( ! mod]n misconception ( relativity lies 9 ! assumption t ! two or m ?+s are consid]$ z ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,we are apt to consid] ! gravity ( two masses1 ( a /one & ( ! e>?1 z a relation betwe5 two indep5d5t ?+s4 ,"h is ! /one & !re is ! e>? & ! relation is consid]$ z "s ?ird item1 be+ ! connection 9 :i* ! "o /&s to ! o!r4 ,9 reality !re are n two ?+s &1 9 addition to !m a betwe5ness ( ! two ?+s4 ,! _w is n a sum ( ?+s1 n ev5 a sy/em ( ?+s1 b a :ole indivisible entirety & :at we call ?+s are ab/ractions :i* s]ve special purposes 9 ! h\sehold ( cognition4 ,all ?+s consi/ z x 7 ( innum]able relations to all o!r ?+s4 ,:5 we ab/ract "o special process :i* takes place 9 ! prov9ce ( :at we are wont to call two ?+s1 we h to deal ) a relation4 ,!re are no relations ( !mselves & !re are no ?+s ( !mselves4 ,relations describe c]ta9 features ( reality obta9+ betwe5 :at we call two or m ?+s1 & 9 ?is description all o!r features ( :i* ! real ?+s consi/ are purposely omitt$4 ,!re is no quality ( ?+s b x is at ! same "t a quality ( relation4 ,e quality ( a ?+ *>act]ises x "u a c]ta9 condition2 x appe>s z an effect ^u some?+ & ?us x is actual z a relation4 ,cognition analyses ?+s into bundles ( relations & all ^! relations toge!r make up ! ?+s4 ,! mod]n idea t we c "k relations only & t !re are ?+s 9 !mselves :i* are unkn[able is an old error inh]it$ f m$ival s*ola/icism1 & its roots c be trac$ back to ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle4 ,! difficulty disappe>s z soon z we consid] ! :ole _w 7ourselves includ$7 z an int]act+ :ole1 & t ! conceptions 8?+s0 & 8relations0 h be5 inv5t$ = describ+ c]ta9 ( its p>ts & c]ta9 ( its int]actions or int]connections4 ,if we pu% ! idea ( ?+s 9 !mselves to ! ultimate extreme we arrive at ! atomi/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,atoms are ! ?+s 9 !mselves r$uc$ to ! po9t sy/em4 ,if we consid] ! _w z a heap ( innum]able atoms1 we are at a loss h[ to expla9 ! int]action among ^! atoms4 ,! atomi/ univ]salises ! sub/ance-ab/raction & w be disappo9t$ aft]w>ds n to be able to d$uce f 8 univ]salisation o!r qualities :i* are f\nd 9 reality1 su* z ! relations ( ?+s1 _! int]connections1 _! spontaneity ( motion1 ! life ( organis$ be+s1 & ! m9d ( ?9k+ creatures4 ,ideas are symbols & symbols h a mean+4 ,! :ole realm ( m5tal repres5tations may be view$ 9 _! symbolism or 9 _! significance4 ,consid]+ _! symbolism1 ideas ( ?+s z well z ( relations1 are products ( ! m9d1 consid]+ _! mean+1 ideas repres5t realities2 9 o!r words3 _! cont5ts or t :i* !y signify is real4 ,x appe>s t nei!r ,nom9alism nor ,realism is "r2 yet if we /ret* !m only a little1 if we are all[$ to int]pret !m 9 ! light ( a moni/ic _w-conception1 bo? are "r4 ,!y cease to be contradictory & become complem5t>y4 ,univ]sals are real1 say ! ,reali/s1 i4 e4 ! =ms & relations ( ?+s are actualities4 ,univ]sals are names1 say ! ,nom9ali/s1 i4 e4 ! relations & =ms 9 :i* we describe ! _w are m5tal symbols4 ,! ,reali/s _h ! mis=tune to defeat ! ,nom9ali/s entirely1 & ?us _h a *ance to insi/ ^u be+ "r 9 e respect4 ,all opposition hav+ ceas$1 ! errors ( ,realism grew 9 extraord9>y exub]ance4 ,nom9alism 9 ! mean "t rais$ its head 9 opposition to ! recognis$ au?ority ( ! *ur* z well z ! s*ools1 sl[ly yet p[]fully & irresi/ibly4 ,! errors & ! tyranny ( ,realism gave /r5g? to ! ,nom9ali/ic movem5t :i* rea*$ its height 9 ,kant's philosophy4 ,! ,reali/s _h gone to ! extreme ( decl>+ t univ]sals 7 ?+s1 real sub/ances1 indep5d5t ( s+le & concrete objects1 & ! ,nom9ali/s on ! o!r h&1 repres5t$ by ,kant1 w5t s f> z to decl>e t all relations1 "t & space includ$ 7 m]e products ( ! m9d4 ,if ! relations are m]e products ( ! m9d1 all k be+ a k ( relations1 k becomes impossible4 ,t la/ consequ5ce 0 drawn by ,kant & is emphatically insi/$ ^u by agno/icism4 ,!re is b "o _w-conception t c disp5se ) ^! conclusions3 x is t ,view :i* conceives ( ! ,all z a :ole2 & ( k z a description ( its p>ts1 qualities1 & relations1 ev] m9dful on ! "o h& t ! p>ts are p>ts1 t qualities & relations are c]ta9 features only1 n entire realities1 or isolat$ entities1 & t ! symbols !re( frequ5tly ov]lap ea* o!r2 on ! o!r h& t !re is no?+ absolute1#dg & t !re are no ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,! relativity ( k1 :e!r we conceive ( x z ! relativity ( ! object to ! subject 9 g5]al or z an appreciation ( ! fact t all k gives & c give in=mation ( relations only1 does n lead to ! conclusion t k is impossible4 ,relativity is a fundam5tal feature ( k1 & we %all und]/& t x mu/ be s if we consid] t reality itself is a great sy/em ( relations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! int]connection ( all ?+s ) all ?+s appe>s to be s complete1 t if we int5d$ to expla9 or und]/& "o s+le fact fully & exhau/ively 9 all its relations1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 we %\ld be oblig$ to give a complete description ( ! univ]se4 ,says ,t5nyson3 8,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies2-- ,hold y "h1 root & all1 9 my h&1 ,little fl[]--b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is40 ,we might address 9 ! same way any?+ else1 an atom ( hydrog51 a gra9 ( s& z well z ! sun1 ! action ( a t9y speck ( irritable protoplasm z well z ! s\l ( man4 ,,vii4 ,,is ,,! ,,ego ,a ,,?+ ,,9 ,,itself8 ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan 9 8 excell5t "w 8,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce0 uses repeat$ly ! ^w 8m9d0 z if x 7 a ?+ 9 itself4 ,pr(essor ,morgan is a moni/ & he does n int5d ! ^w to mean a ?+ 9 itself2 yet su* is ! influ5ce ( language t we1 all ( u1 unless we are con/antly on our gu>d1 w inadv]t5tly slip into duali/ic expressions4 ,pr(essor ,morgan says1 ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 s5sations ( animals 7p4 #cji73 #8,f ^! /ippl$ s5sations ! m9d 9 all cases elaborates a cont9uum4' ,! unity :i* arises out ( /ippl$ s5sations & :i* ?r\gh _! int]action becomes a cont9uum is call$ m9d4 ,to speak ( m9d z work+ out ! cont9uum is my?ological language1 x is ! trans=mation ( ! ab/ract idea 8m9d0 into a real & indep5d5t ?+ ^: exi/5ce is conceiv$ to be indep5d5t ( ! reality f :i* x has be5 ab/ract$4 ,aga91 ,pr(essor ,morgan says3 8,our con/ructs are lit]ally our h&iwork40 ,our con/ructs1 i4 e4 our m5tal signs con/ruct$ to repres5t realities1 con/itute our s\l2 !y are we ourselves4 ,pr(essor ,morgan1 z ,i und]/& him1 does n believe 9 a m9d beh9d ! psy*ical facts ( m5tal activity1 he does n assume ! pre-exi/5ce ( m9d to ! cont9uum elaborat$4 ,8 view ( m9d appe>s to be ! same z ours4 ,! m notewor?y1 !n1 is 8 usage ( ! t]m 8m9d40 ,x is a rem>kable in/ance ( h[ language naturally inveigles u into a belief 9 ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,words seem to d5ote concrete exi/5ces & z soon z we use words 9 ?is way we are entangl$ 9 dualism4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] z well z ! late ,pr(4 ,?omas ,hill ,gre51 ! f\nd] ( ! ,ox=d transc5d5tali/ s*ool1 />t f ?is assumption1 t man's m5tal activity is p]=m$ by a some?+ :i* is q di/9ct f x4 ,?is some?+ is ! ?+ 9 itself ( ! human s\l4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll] says3 8,if m9d is ! "n ( ! "w1 :at is ! "n ( ! work]8444 ,x is :at we may call ! ego z p]sonat+ ! self2 x is :at o!r philosoph]s call ! monon4 ,let u call !re=e ! work] :o does ! "w ( ! m9d 9 its v>i\s aspects1 ! ,monon or ! ,ego40 ,?is conception :i* asks = ! work] ( ! "w is bas$ ^u a mat]iali/ic view ( ! human organism4 ,an organism is n a dead ma*9e :i* mu/ be set a-go+ by somebody :o att5ds to x4 ,organisms are active & n passive1 !y are liv+ & n dead4 ,e "p ( an organism is a work] & s is ! :ole4 ,& if we speak ( its 8life0 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 8life0 is an ab/ract :i* d5otes a c]ta9 insep>able quality ( ! organism4 ,! "w & ! work] are two ab/racts ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,! reality f :i* ^! t]ms h be5 ab/ract$ is 8some?+ work+40 ,?is some?+ work+ does n consi/ ( a work] & 8 "w1 b ! work] is 9 e "p ( 8 "w4 ,! work] ( our m5tal activity is ! "w itself4 ,bo? are id5tical4 ,! objection is made3 8,:5ce does ! activity come :i* appe>s 9 ! realm ( organis$ life40 ,! answ] is3 ,activity is a univ]sal quality ( all exi/5ce4 ,!re is no su* a ?+ z absolutely in]t matt]4 ,e *emical elem5t comb9es ) o!r elem5ts spontane\sly1 accord+ to its inh]5t nature & n ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a work] manipulat+ its atoms4 ,spontaneity is a univ]sal feature ( reality4 ,nature is ?r\gh\t self-work+ activity4 ,& ?is its mo/ rem>kable "* is pres]v$ 9 its highe/ effloresc5ce 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,! pres5t numb] ( ,! ,moni/ conta9s a lucid pres5tation ( ! transc5d5tali/ position by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 an ,ox=d s*ol> & a p]sonal disciple ( ,pr(essor ,gre51 ) special ref]5ce to ! views ( ,pr(4 ,william ,k+don ,clif=d4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e1 l ,pr(4 ,f4 ,max ,mll]1 assumes a ,self indep5d5t ( ! reality f :i* ! idea ( self has be5 ab/ract$1 & he attempts to prove ! exi/5ce ( ?is self z foll[s3 8,9 tru? !re c be no relation ( be=e & aft] betwe5 ! two t]ms except = a self :i* takes note ( ! "o disappe>+ & ( ! o!r appe>+2 & :5ev] we speak ( ?+s foll[+ "o ano!r we tacitly presuppose a self be=e :om ! procession passes40 ,! transc5d5tali/ adopts1 9 ! realm ( psy*ology1 ! error ( atomism4 ,if we accept ! view t ! _w consi/s ( isolat$ atoms1 we are at a loss h[ to br+ ! atoms into relations2 ! unity ( e gr\p ( atoms1 e ?+ & e sy/em ( ?+s w become a my/]y4 ,& if we look ^u feel+s z unrelat$ ?+s 9 !mselves1 _! connection becomes a deep problem4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e solves ?is problem ( ! connection t obta9s among ! feel+s suppos$ to be atomical1 by po/ulat+ a relation-produc+ entity1 call$ ! self4 ,he says3 8,no l9k is left1 save a connect+ self40 ,& ?is assum$ entity ( a connect+ self or ego is tak5 to be 8! he>t & c5tre ( reality40 ,reality1 t :i* we h to deal ) 9 real life & :at is commonly call$ reality1 appe>s z a second class ( reality 9 comp>ison ) ?is assum$ ?+ 9 itself ( our exi/5ce4 ,! ?+ 9 itself is ?us reg>d$ z some?+ real] ?an real2 x is conceiv$ to be a reality ( a high] degree4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e is v explicit 9 ! explanation ( 8 transc5d5tal 8self40 ,he says3 8,feel+s con/itute a consci\s self :5 !y become ! feel+s ( a consci\s self & n be=e1 = except z ga!r$ up 9 ! unity ( a self :i* has sic6 memory & rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t its diff]5ces1 feel+s c be nei!r new1 nor repeat$1 nor jo9$ by l9ks40 ,:at does 8self0 mean8 ,:at c x mean8 ,:at is ! 8unity ( ! self08 ,^! are que/ions :i* h n be5 answ]$ to our satisfaction by ! transc5d5tali/s4 ,:5ev] !y speak ( ! self1 !y lose !mselves 9 my/icism4 ,_! 8self0 is an assum$ entity :i* !y h c>efully dive/$ ( ev]y?+ real & actual4 ,_! self is transc5d5tal & n a be+ ( ! _w2 x is a my?4 ,let u describe ! simple/ possible in/ance ( psy*ical activity4 ,an irritation takes place 9 "s s5ti5t sub/ance4 ,?is irritation produces an extra-commotion4 ,we mu/ say 8extra-commotion0 because all s5ti5t sub/ance is 9 a /ate ( con/ant activity4 ,?is extra-commotion causes ! s5ti5t sub/ance to assume a c]ta9 =m1 & :ile x la/s1 a c]ta9 & special feel+ takes place 9 "s "p ( ! s5ti5t sub/ance4 ,?is c]ta9 & special feel+ ceases1 z soon z ! extra-commotion1 caus$ ?r\gh ! irritation1 abates4 ,!re c be no d\bt t c]ta9 effects ( ?is extra-commotion rema94 ,its trace is left 9 ! s5ti5t sub/ance & ?is trace is pres]v$ 9 ! con/ant :irl ( ! s5ti5t be+'s normal activity4 ,n[1 we suppose t an irritation ( ! same k9d takes place 9 ! same s5ti5t sub/ance4 ,?is second irritation f9ds ! sub/ance no long] 9 ! same condition4 ,x f9ds ! s5ti5t sub/ance prep>$ to receive x4 ,! feel+ :i* n[ appe>s is no long] a simple feel+4 ,! second irritation causes a commotion z mu* z ! fir/1 & ?is commotion acts z a /imulant ^u ! trace left by ! fir/ irritation4 ,?is trace be+ aga9 9 a /ate ( extra-commotion is reviv$ & ! same k9d ( feel+ appe>s4 ,?us ! second irritation is accompani$ by a /ate ( aw>5ess 9 :i* two feel+s are bl5d$1 ! revival ( ! =m] feel+ & ! feel+ ( ! pres5t irritation4 ,! pres]vation ( traces left 9 s5ti5t sub/ance is ! condition ( memory4 ,we und]/& by memory ! psy*ical aspect !re(1 & ! act ( reviv+1 s t _! correspond5t feel+s w reappe>1 is call$ recollection4 8,memory0 has be5 ! greate/ /umbl+-block to our psy*ologi/s z well z to our philosoph]s4 ,ev5 mod]n works writt5 f a positive /&po9t treat memory frequ5tly z a my/]i\s faculty ( ! m9d4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e speaks ( ! self z hav+ memory1 :ile 9 fact1 memory is "o ( ! features1 inde$ ! mo/ important feature1 ( m9d-activity4 ,says ,mr4 ,conybe>e3 8,su* a feel+ ( ! toge!rness ( two feel+s w\ld involve memory & memory involves self-hood40 ,memory does n involve any transc5d5tal self-hood4 ,true self-hood1 viz4 t :i* c reasonably be und]/ood by self-hood1 is n prior to1 n ! cause ( memory2 self-hood1 i4 e4 ! p]sonality ( a man1 ! organis$ unity ( ! psy*ical aspect ( a human organism1 is consequ5t ^u1 x is ! effect (1 memory4 ,self-hood is ! product ( memory4#dh ,! self is also call$ ! ego4 ,:at is ! ego8 ,! ego is a ,lat9 t]m us$ 9 philosophical language to d5ote ! pron\n 8,i10 & ! pron\n 8,i0 is q a def9ite n]ve-/ructure situat$ 9 q a def9ite place ( ! c5tre ( language4 ,z all words1 s also ! t]m 8,i0 is a symbol4 ,its g5]al mean+ is unequivocal2 x /&s = ! "n ( ! speak]4 ,x /&s = ,mr4 ,br[n1 if ,mr4 ,br[n speaks ( himself1 = ,mr4 ,smi?1 if ,mr4 ,smi? speaks ( himself1 etc4 ,:at does ,mr4 ,br[n mean :5 he says1 8,i speak1 ,i act1 ,i w1 ,i feel pa91 ,i feel pleasure1 ,i int5d10 etc48 ,:5 ,mr4 ,br[n speaks1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^w-/ructures 9 ! c5tre ( language are 9 a /ate ( commotion1 inn]vat+ ! muscles ( spee*4 ,correspond5t to ?is physiological process1 a /ate ( consci\sness obta9s1 :i* is an aw>5ess ( ! situation4 ,:5 he adds3 8,i say ?is10 x is aga9 a special n]ve-/ructure t is irritat$ into action & he might j z well say3 8,mr4 ,br[n says ?is40 ,! idea ( ,mr4 ,br[n1 viz4 ( 8 own p]sonality1 is j z mu* an idea z 8 idea ( ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! fact t ! idea ( "o's own p]sonality is v mu* m important ?an ! ideas repres5t+ o!r p]sonalities4 ,! n]v\s /ructure repres5t+ ! feel+ ( ! idea 8,i0 mu/ be ! c5tre ( innum]able n]v\s tracts connect+ x ) all ^? activities :i* :5 p]=m$ are ?\ght ( z done by ourselves4 ,! 8,i d ?is0 is almo/ con/antly ready to fill ! pres5t /ate ( consci\sness & to accompany any action p]=m$ ?r\gh ! inn]vation ( o!r bra9 /ructures4 ,s5ti5t sub/ance is n always actually feel+4 ,x is feel+ only :5 9 a /ate ( extra-commotion4 ,sy/ems ( s5ti5t sub/ance are call$ organisms2 all its /ructures are int]connect$ & mo/ s ^? /ructures 9 :i* s5ti5cy z well z motory impulses are diff]5tiat$--viz4 ! n]v\s /ructures4 ,! extra-commotions :i* agitate ! diff]5t n]v\s /ructures1 ! memories ( =m] s5se-p]ceptions1 ( s\nds1 ( words1 ( ideas dep5d ^u ! conditions ( ! mom5t4 ,n[ ?is & n[ ano!r /ructure w repres5t ! summit ( commotion & ! feel+ ( ! /ronge/ commotion at a giv5 "t w "u normal conditions appe> z ! cont5ts ( consci\sness4 ,x is z x 7 ! focus 9 :i* ! att5tion ( ! :ole organism is c5tralis$4 ,t :i* appe>s 9 ! focus is cle> & di/9ct1 :ile ! o!r weak] feel+s rapidly disappe> into ! undi/+ui%able g5]al feel+ ( ! organism z a :ole1 commonly call$ cn/hesis or ,geme+efhl4 ,! c5tre ( att5tion is con/antly *ang+2 yet :5ev] a ?9k+ creature /ops to ask himself1 :o is do+ ?is8 ,:o is will+ ?is8 ,:o is ?9k+ ?is8 ! answ] is giv53 8,i am do+ ?is2 ,i am will+ ?is2 ,i am ?9k+ ?is40 ,! /ructure ( ! little pron\n 8,i0 seems to be ! mo/ tickli% ( all2 x is always ready to =ce itself into ! =egr\nd4 ,! answ]1 8,i am do+ ?is10 proposes ! totum pro p>te4 ,! :ole p]sonality is suppos$ to d :at a "p ( x is p]=m+4 ,! h&s are execut+ ?is "w2 ^! h&s ( c\rse are inn]vat$ f c]ta9 regions ( ! bra94 ,"s p>ts ( ! p]sonality are 9 a relative re/ & h no?+ to d ) ! "w pres5tly on h&4 ,a commotion 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( bra9-/ructures repres5ts ! physiological aspect ( a delib]ation1 p]haps ! plann+ ( "s action4 ,psy*ologically consid]$ c]ta9 ideas appe> successively & sometimes simultane\sly 9 ! focus ( consci\sness4 ,! ideas disagree & o!r ideas replace !m until a comb9ation is =m$ 9 :i* ! ideas d agree4 ,?is /ate ( agreem5t br+s a tempor>y peace into ! tumult ( conflict+ ideas2 ! plan is ready2 x may pass into action at once1 or1 p]haps1 ! ego-/ructure w appe> 9 consci\sness & w quietly ?9k3 8,i w d x40 ,:5 c]ta9 motory n]ve-/ructures are inn]vat$1 !y cause "u normal conditions _! respective muscles to contract1 !y produce motion4 ,"u normal conditions ! n]v\s process accompany+ ! idea 8,i w raise my arm0 s]ves z an irritation ^u ! cortical c5tre ( arm-rais+1 yet x is n ! 8,i0 t 9 "s my/ical way raises ! arm4 ,! idea 8,i0 has z little & z mu* to d ) ?is dis*>ge ( en]gy z any o!r idea4 ,! idea 8,i0 is n ! p[] beh9d ! veil t produces ! w4 ,:at is w8 ,z soon z "s plan ( action is jo9$ ) ! idea t x %\ld be execut$1 suppos+ x be n c\nt]act$ by any /rong] idea t x %\ld n be done1 ?is comb9ation repres5ts a w4 ,a w accord+ly is ! psy*ological aspect ( an incipi5t action1 & x is usually1 or if x is n x c always be accompani$ ) ! ?\ght 8,i w x40 ,b ?is accompany+ ?\ght h[ev] is n ! en]gy display$ 9 ! act ( will+4 ,! 8,i w x10 or 8,i d x10 or 8,i p]ceive x0 be+ always ready to appe> toge!r ) ! /ronge/ idea 9 ! field ( consci\sness1 ! t]m 8ego0 has acquir$ a specialis$ mean+4 ,x means t "p ( a man's p]sonality :i* at ! "t is ! cont5ts ( ! 8,i w10 or 8,i ?9k10 i4 e4 x is 8 pres5t /ate ( consci\sness4 ,e organism is a coh]5t sy/em & ?us all ! feel+s ( an organism naturally bl5d into a unity4 ,! /ronge/ feel+ h[ev] appe>s 9 ! normal /ate ( wak+ 9 a di/9ct cle>ness ?us repres5t+ a c5tre ( consci\sness4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r we use ! t]m 8ego0 9 ! s5se ( ! idea 8,i0 mean+ ! :ole p]sonality ( ! speak]1 or 9 ! s5se ( ! pres5t c5tre ( consci\sness1 x designates 9 ei!r case a def9ite reality1 ! orig9 & action ( :i* are natural facts & z pla9 z any o!r psy*ological ph5om5a4 ,nei!r ! ego-idea nor ! c5tre ( consci\sness are transc5d5tal4 ,! =m] is z little my/ical z are ! ideas dog1 horse1 man1 etc42 ! latt] no less miracul\s ?an any o!r feel+ or display ( s5ti5cy4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,ego-,,c5tric ,,view ,,ab&on$4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! old & ! new psy*ology appe>s /ronge/ 9 _! conceptions ( ! ego4 ,! =m] believes t ! ego is 8! ?+ 9 itself0 ( man's s\l & takes x to be ! c5tre ( all psy*ical ph5om5a1 :ile ! latt] looks ^u ! ego-idea z "o idea among _m o!r co-ord9at$ ideas & consid]s ! c5tre ( consci\sness z ! /ronge/ feel+ at a giv5 "t1 :i* z su* naturally pr$om9ates ov] & eclipses ! o!r feel+s ( ! organism4 ,! new psy*ology br+s ab\t a *ange ( /&po9t simil> to t effect$ by ! ,cop]nican sy/em 9 a/ronomy4 ,9 a/ronomy ! geo-c5tric1 & 9 psy*ology ! ego-c5tric /&po9t _h to be ab&on$4 ,& all ?+s seem to be upset to ^? :o are /ill accu/om$ to ! old conception4 ,to !m ! physical & moral _w-conceptions appe> to become impossible4 ,if ! new view 7 correct1 s !y imag9e1 ! entire univ]se w\ld break to pieces4 ,all our modes ( spee* are =m$ 9 accord ) ! old view4 ,we speak ( sunset & sunrise1 & s 9 our daily conv]sation ! little pron\n 8,i0 plays a "p :i* makes x seem z if ! ego-idea 7 ! c5tre ( all s\l-life & z if ?is 8,i0 7 ! active ag5t 9 all acts ( will+ & do+4 ,! advantage ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em lies 9 ?is1 t we c ?9k ( ! motions ( ! sun & ! planets 9 a sy/ematic & unit>y conception )\t be+ ei!r involv$ 9 contradictions or oblig$ to inv5t my/]i\s qualities 9 ! />s = expla9+ ! velocities1 directions1 or o!r ph5om5a ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,! mo/ important advantage h[ev] is ! practical applicability ( ! new !ory4 ,! old !ory ( ! s\l necess>ily leads to my/icism4 ,fictiti\s facts ( a transc5d5t "* mu/ be inv5t$ 9 addition to ! facts obs]v$1 9 ord] to expla9 ! latt]4 ,! new !ory aft] ab&on+ ! ego-c5tric /&po9t ( ! ?+ 9 itself ( a s\l %[s ! facts ( psy*ic life 9 an h>moni\s & unit>y conception4 ,all facts agree among !mselves & we are n 9 ne$ ( supplem5t+ !m ) my/]i\s inv5tions4 ,x mu/ be emphasis$1 at ! same "t1 t ! new conception ?r[s a new light ^u e?ics2 x %[s ! error & p]v]sity ( all egotism1 = x w\ld be a mi/ake to act z if ! ego 7 really ! c5tre ( s\l-life4 ,"h ! new psy*ology comes 9 contact ) religion4 ,:at is ! practical aim ( all ! great religions ( ! _w b a surr5d] ( ! ego1 a r5unciation ( ! self z ! c5tre ( our be+1 & ! acceptance ( ! moral law z ! regulative p[] ( our actions8 ,! new psy*ology gives a ju/ification & a sci5tific explanation ( ,*ri/ian e?ics :ile ! latt] f ! /&po9t ( ! old psy*ology necess>ily appe>s z my/ical & sup]natural4 ,,ix4 ,,p]sonality ,,& ,,evolution4 ,! ego1 i4 e4 ! c5tre ( consci\sness1 is con/antly %ift+1 :ile ! p]sonality ( a man is relatively con/ant1 c]ta9 important ideas be+ /able & ?us l5d+ "* to ! :ole sy/em ( ?\ghts & int5tions4 ,! t]m p]sonality indicat+ ! self-hood ( a man is us$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 we und]/& by a man's p]sonality 8 bodily appe>ance2 secondly ! :ole sy/em ( 8 m5tality1 viz4 8 k1 8 temp]am5t1 8 "*2 ?irdly ! hi/ory ( 8 life1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future2 f\r?ly 8 position 9 life1 8 possessions1 8 connections1 8 influ5ce1 or at la/ we mean by x all ^! f\r items toge!r4 ,9 all ^! applications ! man & 8 p]sonality are conceiv$ z a unity4 ,& !y are a unity4 ,:]ev] ! t]m unity is applicable1 x is mo/ c]ta9ly applicable "h4 ,all ! _m facts ( ! hi/ory ( 8 life are "o cont9u\s process2 all ! p>ts ( 8 body are p>ts ( a sy/em1 & ! _w ( 8 ideas also w "u normal conditions be> a c]ta9 h>moni\s "*4 ,:]ev] 9 any s\l ! concord among ! ideas has be5 di/urb$1 a /ate ( unre/ w ensue until ! peace ( s\l is re/or$ 9 "o or ano!r way4 ,b ) ! same necessity z e wat] surface t5ds to pres5t a smoo? level1 s ! ideas 9 "o & ! same s\l t5d to come to a /ate ( agreem5t4 ,z e wat] surface has its ripples s ev5 t m9d :i* has atta9$ an undi/urb$ peace ( s\l is con/antly confront$ ) "s problems--be !y ev] s trifl+--produc+ "s slight di/urbances 9 8 life4 ,! unity ( a self1 x is app>5t1 is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( giv5 conditions4 ,x is n some?+ :i* exi/s outside ! p]sonality & its con/itu5t p>ts1 x is 9 ! p]sonality & x develops toge!r ) x4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e supposes t 8! unity ( a self rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t40 ,?is is an error1 & ?is error vitiates ,mr4 ,conybe>e's :ole conception ( gr[? & evolution4 ,he says3 8,prop]ly speak+ a ?+ c only be said to gr[ or develop :5 x rema9s ! same ) itself all ?r\gh ! process & unfolds !re9 capacities :i* 7 anyh[ lat5t 9 x to />t )40 ,! tru? conta9$ 9 ?is proposition may be express$ ?us3 ,:5 a ?+ develops1 "s "p ( x rema9s ! same dur+ ! *ange1 s t a cont9uity is pres]v$4 ,yet e *ange ( a "p ( an organism--su* is ! intimate int]connection ( all its p>ts--produces an alt]ation1 be x ev] s small1 ( ! :ole unity4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( evolution ! "* ( ! :ole ?+ may be *ang$4 ,?9k ( ! gr[? ( a cat]pill> into a butt]fly1 or ( an egg-cell into a man4 ,h[ev]1 ! *anges 9 ! "* ( an adult man w become slight] & slight] ! /rong] c]ta9 features ( 8 exi/5ce pres]ve _! sam5ess1 al?\gh ! mo/ /able p]sonality w1 nev]!less1 be subject to1 at lea/1 unimportant *anges z long z life la/s4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e1 l 8 ma/] ,pr(essor ,gre5 & all ! transc5d5tali/s1 is /ill "u ! influ5ce ( a belief 9 ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,! unity ( an organism :i* is ! product ( ! co-op]ation ( its p>ts1 is n "s indep5d5t ?+ ^: bus9ess x is to ga!r up _! s+le activities & br+ !m into relation ) "o ano!r4 ,! unity ( a self is ! comb9ation ( all ^? relations :i* make ( its p>ts a sy/ematis$ :ole1 & ?is unity is *ang+ toge!r ) its con/itu5ts2 z a matt] ( fact1 we h to /ate t x does n rema9 con/ant or ! same ) itself4 ,m>k t ,i d n d5y ! unity ( ! s\l1 nor d ,i und]rate ! enorm\s importance ( ?is unity4 ,b ,i d d5y t ?is unity exi/s indep5d5t ( its p>ts4 ,x is z mu* imman5t 9 its p>ts z is a melody 9 its notes4 ,!re is z little a transc5d5tal self-hood z a melody 9 itself indep5d5t ( its s\nds4 ,! assumption ( a transc5d5tal unity :i* ?r\gh\t ! process ( evolution rema9s ! same ) itself naturally leads to a wrong conception ( :at ,mr4 ,conybe>e calls 8lat5t capacities40 ,! t]ms pot5tial exi/5ce & lat5t qualities are f]tile & useful ideas b we mu/ bew>e n to employ !m incorrectly4 ,any heap ( iron ore c be call$ a pot5tial sword4 ,?is is a mode ( speak+ :i* expresses ! possibility t ! ore c be *ang$ someh[ into a sword4 ,b ! sword does n exi/ at all1 n ev5 z a lat5t quality ( ! ore4 ,! ore has no lat5t qualities ( t k9d4 ,^? qualities ( ! ore :i* repres5t ! pot5tial sword are v pat5t to ev]ybody :o kn[s ! art ( us+ !m prop]ly & *ang+ !m into an actual sword4 ,we may say t ! h5's egg conta9s a pot5tial *ick2 b ?is is a m]e mode ( spee* devis$ to say t ! egg c be *ang$ into a *ick "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,!re is no *ick at all conta9$ 9 ! egg & no?+ t is l a *ick4 ,evolution is n1 z ! "n sugge/s1 a process ( unfold+2 evolution is1 z ,*ri/ian ,fri$ri* ,wolff calls x1 an 8epig5esis10 i4 e4 ! process ( ! additional gr[? ( new =mations4 ,! *ick is some?+ diff]5t 9 k9d f ! egg4 ,! unity ( ! egg-cell organism 9 ! yolk is radically diff]5t f ! unity ( ! full-fl$g$ *ick4 ,! =m] %[s traces ( irritability b n ( consci\sness1 :ile ! latt] exhibits unmi/akable symptoms ( psy*ical activity4 ,! =mation ( ! *ick5-s\l is a new =mation z mu* z ! gr[? ( fea!rs4 ,! fea!rs ( ! *ick are an additional gr[?2 !re are no lat5t fea!rs 9 ! egg4 ,we might express ourselves to ! effect t ! egg conta9s ! pot5tial exi/5ce ( fea!rs1 b ) ! same logic we might say ! egg conta9s a pot5tial *ick5 bro?4 ,x is h[ev] true t some?+ rema9s con/ant 9 ! process ( gr[?4 ,!re is a pres]vation ( =m 9 ! con/ant *ange ( mat]ial p>ticles & ?is is ! physiological basis ( memory1 s t a man ( eighty may say 8,i rememb] :5 ,i 0 a *ild10 al?\gh n "o p>ticle ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ! *ild consi/$ is left 9 him4 ,! cont9uity produc$ ?r\gh ?is pres]vation ( =m makes gr[? & evolution possible4 ,! pres]vation ( memory-/ructures con/itutes ! possibility ( reviv+ ! feel+s ( ! pa/1 x con/itutes a pres]vation ( s\l4 ,! mat]ial p>ts ( ! body are ?r[n out b ! =m be+ pres]v$1 ! s\l rema9s4 ,& ?is pres]vation ( ! s\l is ! basis ( its additional gr[? ?r\gh new & enl>g$ exp]i5ce4 ,! s\l ( ! *ild is n lo/ 9 ! man1 x is pres]v$4 ,x has lo/ c]ta9 features & at ! same "t x has ga9$ new features1 x has develop$1 & ! unity ( ! s\l has m or less *ang$ ) ! developm5t4 ,:at is true ( ! individual is also true ( mank9d4 ,mank9d z a :ole is diff]5t 9 ! savage & 9 civilis$ society4 ,nev]!less ! latt] has develop$ f ! =m]4 ,c]ta9 traits h be5 dropp$1 o!r radically new features h appe>$4 ,t :i* 0 valuable 9 ! s\l ( primitive man is n lo/4 ,! bett] "p ( 8 s\l /ill lives 9 ! highe/ develop$ man ( to-day2 ! cont9uity is pres]v$4 ,& to-day all our moral in/ruction aims at ?is1 s to live t our s\ls also w be pres]v$ 9 ! future evolution ( humanity4 ,! gi/ ( e?ics is to make ! s\l immortal4#di ,x4 ,,pr(essor ,,ma*',s ,,position4 ,! problem1 8,are !re ?+s 9 !mselves80 is closely connect$ ) ! subject ( my discussion ) ,pr(essor ,ma*4 ,pr(essor ,ma* z well z myself are aspir+ to arrive at a consi/5t & h>moni\s or unit>y _w-conception4 ,bo? ( u recognise t ?+s 9 !mselves h no room 9 a moni/ic philosophy1 bo? ( u recognise t concepts are means only ( ori5tation1 !y are ! m5tal tools ( liv+ be+s develop$ z an assi/ance 9 deal+ ) ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,!y are symbols 9 :i* ! processes ( nature are copi$ & imitat$ & :i* c s]ve = plann+ or model+ & ?us pr$et]m9+ ! c\rse ( nature4 ,s f> we agree1 b !n !re appe>s a diff]5ce :i* x is difficult = me to und]/& or =mulate 9 precise t]ms4 ,pr(essor ,ma* objects to ! dualism ( motion & feel+1 :i* he decl>es he conceives z a unity n z a duality4 ,b s d ,i4 ,x appe>s to me t we mu/ diff] someh[ 9 ! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! unity4 ,i see inde$ a contra/ ( physical & ( psy*ical4 ,?is contra/1 h[ev]1 9 my conception does n belong to ! object b to ! subject4 ,x is a contra/ ( our conception ( ?+s1 b x is n a contra/ exi/+ objectively 9 ! real ?+s !mselves4 ,! _w is n compos$ ( ! psy*ical & ! physical1 b c]ta9 features ( ! _w are call$ physical1 & o!rs psy*ical4 ,bo? t]ms are ab/racts4 ,pr(essor ,ma* said 9 8 fir/ article & repeats x aga9 9 ! pres5t article t 8 =m] /&po9t resembles v closely my pres5t /&po9t4 ,:5 read+ ,pr(essor ,ma*'s lectures ( #ahfc1 ,i took pa9s to look = ! simil>ity1 & f9d+ _m ?+s 9 :i* ,i c\ld agree ,i dropp$ ! diff]5ces tak+ ! agreem5ts z ! ess5tial po9ts4 ,9 read+1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s rsum ( 8 =m] position z /at$ 9 ?is pres5t article1 ,i f9d t he atta*es prom95ce to sev]al po9ts :i* ,i _c endorse4 ,i d n accept ! !ory t atoms feel1 t !y are end[$ ) consci\sness4 ,i h nev] spok5 ( atoms :5 deal+ ) psy*ological problems4 ,! t]m 8atom0 is a *emical t]m inv5t$ z a help = ?9k+ ! equival5ce ( ! weight ( ! elem5ts :i* always comb9e 9 def9ite proportions4 ,! t]m 8atom0 has 9 my op9ion no s5se if appli$ to o!r ph5om5a4 ,! t]m 8atom0 has n be5 ab/ract$ f psy*ical ph5om5a nor has x be5 inv5t$ = describ+ !m4 ,!re is accord+ly no probability t x c f9d !re any appropriate application4 ,we might z well expect t ma!matical t]ms su* z l9es1 po9ts1 circles1 etc41 are applicable 9 psy*ology4 ,! idea ( consci\s circles or po9ts c n 9 my m9d be m absurd ?an t ( consci\s atoms4 ,! rule mu/ be obs]v$ t we c use ab/ractions made = a special purpose = t purpose only2 !y w n s]ve any o!r purpose z well4 ,x is true t !y are (t5 employ$ z analogies1 b 9 su* cases1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we are deal+ ) m]e analogies4 ,9 addition to ! impropriety ( us+ ! t]m atoms 9 psy*ology1 x appe>s to me errone\s to attribute feel+ or any?+ l feel+ to physical processes ( any description4 ,natural processes are s con/itut$1 t "u c]ta9 conditions1 su* z take place 9 animal organisms1 !y w develop feel+s4 ,clif=d speaks 9 ?is s5se ( ! elem5ts ( feel+4 ,lloyd ,morgan calls x metak9esis1 & ,i f9d t feel+s be+ simply /ates ( aw>5ess repres5t ! subjectivity ( natural processes4 ,we h reasons to suppose t 9 ! processes ( unorganis$ nature ?is subjectivity is nei!r feel+ nor any?+ l feel+3 b ! subjectivity ( ! natural processes is z x 7 ! /uff out ( :i* our own feel+s are =m$4 ,i accept all ! argum5ts ( ,pr(essor ,ma* t our ideas are artificial products2 & ,i am also anxi\s to di/+ui% 9 our ideas betwe5 t :i* describes facts & t :i* has be5 add$ to ! description ( facts 9 %ape ( !ories or conjectures4 ,! s5se-pictures ( objects & ideas also are n ?+s b images & symbols ( ?+s creat$ = ! purpose ( repres5t+ ?+s2 !y are z ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan says1 8con/ructs40 ,b ^! con/ructs are n m]e fancy1 !y are n air-ca/les4 ,!y are con/ruct$ 9 ord] to imitate c]ta9 realities4 ,n[1 9 build+ ^! con/ructs z an imitation or a copy ( reality1 we are (t5 at a loss h[ to build !m4 ,!re is = in/ance 9 ! objective reality obs]v$1 a some?+ some:]e high 9 ! air1 ! basis ( :i* is invisible1 & be+ limit$ 9 our means ( acquir+ in=mation we are ignorant ( ! real /ate ( ?+s4 ,s 9 recon/ruct+ or imitat+ ! facts1 we build scaffolds to support x1 & we are too apt to =get t ^! scaffolds d n repres5t objective facts b are artifices to make c]ta9 facts1 :i* we "k 9 p>ts only1 ?9kable1 i4 e4 repres5table )\t breaks 9 m5tal con/ructs4 ,,xi4 ,,tru? ,,9 ,,my?ology4 ,!re is "o po9t :i* ,i h emphasis$ & :i* x appe>s to me ,pr(essor ,ma* neglects1 namely t our n\m5al _w ( ideas has an objective mean+4 ,! ideal con/ructs repres5t realities4 ,!y d n consi/ ( scaffolds alone & !re is no scaffold :i* has n be5 erect$ to help 9 build+ up repres5tations ( facts4 ,let u call ! repres5tation ( facts positive sci5ce or simply tru? & ! scaffold+ ! my?ology ( sci5ce1 & we %all see t ! road to tru? leads ev]y:]e ?r\gh my?ology4 ,c]ta9 facts ( ! surr\nd+ _w impress !mselves ^u a s5ti5t be+ & ^! impressions come to repres5t facts4 ,^! facts are n se5 at once 9 _! causal connection1 !y appe> unconnect$ among !mselves1 & 9 ! attempt to =mulate !m1 to repres5t !m1 to con/ruct !m 9 m5tal images1 we fill out ! gaps ( our k ) su* inv5tions z are suppli$ by analogy4 ,my?ology is1 9 religion z well z 9 sci5ce1 ! indisp5sable ladd] to tru?4 ,we _c build )\t scaffolds4 ,s we _c con/ruct tru? )\t my?ology4 ,we h to introduce allegorical expressions 9 ord] to fill out gaps ) analogies4 ,my?ology becomes fatal to ! build+ up ( tru?1 z soon z we consid] x z tru? itself4 ,! scaffold is erect$ simply z an assi/ance = build+ & if ! build+ is f9i%$ ! scaffold %\ld be torn d[n4 ,! progress ( sci5ce :i* is s mu* help$ by my?ology has p]iods ( purification 9 :i* ! my?ology is disc>d$4 ,?is is sometimes a difficult task1 because ! v t]ms ( sci5ce are mo/ly bo? at ! same "t tru? & my?ology1 build+-/ones & scaffold4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! t]m atom4 ,! *emi/ obs]ves t ! elem5ts always comb9e 9 c]ta9 proportions & =mulates ! law ( ! equival5ce ( _! atomic weights4 ,9 ord] to ?9k ?is process1 to recon/ruct x 9 m5tal images1 he imag9es t matt] consi/s ( inf9itely small p>ticles ( con/ant weight4 ,?is is a fiction useful = its purpose b x may be j z errone\s z ! me?od employ$ 9 ! inf9itesimal calculus ( ?9k+ ( a cont9u\s curve z consi/+ ( a brok5 l9e ( inf9itely small p>ts1 or ( ?9k+ ( a c]ta9 =ce z be+ compos$ ( a p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,! p>allelogram ( =ces is a scaffold helpful = repres5t+ 9 m5tal symbols ! coexi/5ce ( diff]5t ab/ractions ( ! same k9d 7e4 g4 motions ( a diff]5t velocity & direction74 ,b ?is scaffold is n a m]e scaffold1 x is n erect$ )\t any purpose1 its f9al aim is ! description ( facts4 ,! proposition to consid] light z rays travel+ 9 /raight l9es is a scaffold1 x is my?ology2 b ?is analogy conta9s a tru?1 x conta9s a real build+-/one :i* %\ld n be torn d[n ) ! scaffold4 ,?is tru? is "o-sid$2 x repres5ts "o feature ( light & disreg>ds o!r features4 ,x disreg>ds entirely ! transv]sal oscillations ( ! e!r1 yet x describes ano!r feature--viz41 ! transmission & refraction ( light = ! compreh5sion ( :i* we ne$ n take into consid]ation ! undulation !ory4 ,! physici/ calculates ) 8 =mula s9_/s9 n ! angle ( refraction4 ,!re is c]ta9ly nei!r a s9e nor a s9e 9 reality1 b !re are c]ta9 relations ( reality :i* are describ$ 9 ^! expressions & ! action ( ! light has a def9ite quality :i* c be det]m9$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! =mula s9_/s9 n4 ,if ! sci5ti/ succe$s 9 det]m9+ su* real qualities ( ?+s1 ev5 ?\gh x be done ) ! assi/ance ( my?ology1 he discov]s a tru?4 ,he has ) ! help ( 8 scaffolds succe$$ 9 plac+ a build+-/one :]e x belongs4 ,"s scaffolds h to be torn d[n because !y h9d] fur!r build+2 o!r scaffolds mu/ rema9 because !y assi/ u 9 model+1 & plann+1 & pr$et]m9+ c]ta9 processes ( nature4 ,!y are l /aircases :i* enable u to rea* ) ease o!rwise inaccessible places on t[]s or domes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! idea t sci5ce is full ( my?ology appe>s /range to ! non-sci5tific1 & x is (t5 ov]look$ by sci5ti/s !mselves4 ,b ! idea t religi\s my?ology 9 spite ( its _m irrational sup]/itions & wrong analogies beams ) tru? is also little he$$ by ! _m4 ,9 fact1 man's me?od ( rea*+ tru? is ! same 9 religion z 9 sci5ce4 ,! religi\s ideas su* z ,god & s\l are m5tal con/ructs :i* copy c]ta9 realities2 b ^! v t]ms1 su* z !y are us$1 are my?ological expressions2 !y are /ill surr\nd$ by _! scaffolds4 ,_m p "k by _! own exp]i5ce ! usefulness & indisp5sability ( ! scaffold4 ,)\t ! scaffold !y w\ld nev] h _h an inkl+ ( ! tru?1 = ! repres5tation ( :i* x 0 built1 & x is natural t !y consid] ! scaffold z ! build+ itself4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! n>r[-m9d$ or?odox d5\nce anyone :o w\ld lay h& on or te> d[n any "p ( ! scaffold1 :i* has become a h9drance to ! fur!r developm5t ( religi\s ideals4 ,positivism1 i4 e4 ! repres5tation ( facts )\t any admixture ( !ory or my?ology1 is an ideal :i* 9 its purity p]haps w nev] be realis$4 ,nev]!less x is no ignis fatuus1 no w-o'-!-wisp t leads u a/ray4 ,our sci5ce is con/antly m & m approa*+ ?is ideal & ! progress ( humanity is intimately connect$ ) x4 ,sci5ce has n m]ely a !oretic value1 its aim & purpose consi/ 9 its application to practical life4 ,sci5ce is ?r\gh\t e?ical4 ,?us e?ics has also its my?ological phase4 ,9 agreem5t ) ,pr(essor ,ma* 7p4 #bjd71 we %\ld f9d x ridicul\s if "o :o presumes to be an e?ical tea*] ( mank9d w\ld say3 8,man mu/ n be desc5d$ f monkeys10 8,! e>? %all n rotate10 8,matt] ought n ev]y:]e to fill space10 8,en]gy mu/ be con/ant10 & s on4 ,:y is x ridicul\s8 ,because we _c prescribe a c]ta9 deportm5t to facts4 ,x is h[ev] n ridicul\s to let a precise & c>efully sift$ k ( facts det]m9e our own deportm5t4 ,sci5ce has to tea* e?ics4 ,b "h also we %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 positive facts & my?ology4 ,e?ics bas$ ^u m]e !ories1 ^u our int]pretations ( nature :i* we add to facts1 is my?ological2 positive e?ics is simply t deportm5t :i* is sugge/$ by a compreh5sion ( ! facts !mselves4 ,my?ological e?ics may be q correct1 j z mu* s z ! application ( a my?ological !ory ( sci5ce may be )9 c]ta9 limits reliable z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,b x is desirable to und]/& ! nature ( my?ological e?ics 9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & fiction4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,ma* speaks ( s5sations z be+ ! elem5ts ( ! _w & ( ?+s z be+ complexes ( ^! elem5ts he app>5tly does n use ! ^w s5sation 9 its usual s5se4 ,x has ceas$ to be an ab/ract t]m :i* repres5ts "o feature only ( a process ( nature & has become a symbol = an entire reality4 ,& is n su* a usage ( t]ms z if !y 7 n ab/racts b ! ?+s !mselves liable to lead to misconceptions8 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s 8elem5ts10 x seems to me1 are only elem5ts1 i4 e4 ultimate & unanalysable mat]ials1 if consid]$ z t]ms ( a psy*ological view ( ! _w2 !y are n elem5ts 9 ! doma9s ( o!r ab/ractions1 su* z are made by physiology or physics4 ,moreov]1 al?\gh ?is me?od elim9ates ! duality ( s\l & body1 m9d & matt]1 feel+ & motion1 x does n expla9 ! problem4 ,pr(essor ,ma* might answ] t ! problem z to ! duality ( m9d & matt] is a %am problem1 j z mu* z ! problem :y d we see ?+s upright :5 ! ret9a picture ( ! eye %[s ! ?+s inv]t$8 ,b a problem is to him :o has solv$ ! problem always a %am problem4 ,e problem disappe>s z a problem z soon z x is solv$4 ,x is true t we see z little ) ! bl9d spot ( ! eye z ) ! sk9 ( our back4 ,! problem ( ! bl9d spot is n :y d we n see ) ! bl9d spot1 7:i* is simply a matt] ( fact17 b :y d we n notice1 :5 us+ only "o eye1 its lack ( sight 9 a spot surr\nd$ ) sight-see+ /ructures8 ,we h to employ artificial means to conv9ce ourselves t we are really bl9d 9 t spot6 ,all problems are m]ely subjective2 !y are a conflict betwe5 two conceptions & z ,pr(essor ,ma* himself says1 ! solution ( problems consi/s 9 ! adaptation ( ?\ght to facts1 i4 e4 to new facts or new views ( facts4 ,by an adaptation ( our ?\ght to ! enl>g$ field ( vision ! problem vani%es2 x has ceas$ to be a problem4 ,9 fact x nev] exi/$ z an objective ph5om5on4 ,!re are no problems 9 nature4 ,!re are problems only to ! inve/igat+ m9d4 ,b ev5 ! =mulation ( problems is a problem to be solv$1 & p]haps ! mo/ difficult & subtle k9d ( problems is to discov] ! flaw 9 wrongly =mulat$ problems4 ,! problem ( ! duality ( body & s\l1 matt] & m9d1 feel+ & motion1 ceases to be a problem to him :o has work$ 8 way ?r\gh to a moni/ic conception1 b to ^? :o h n z yet succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a unit>y view ( ^! ideas1 because !y take !m to be sep>ate & di/9ct exi/5ces1 x is a problem ( great importance4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,on5ess ,,( ,,subjectivity ,,& ,,objectivity4 ,! _w is n rigid be+1 b activity1 n absolute exi/5ce b a sy/em ( *ang+ relations1 n an ab/ract ,se9 b a concrete ,wirkli*keit--a con/ant work+ ( cause & effect4 ,!re is no dualism 9 ?is1 = ! ,wirkli*keit is "o & undivid$4 ,yet e relation admits ( two /&po9ts1 j z ! l9e ,,ab1 :i* may s]ve to repres5t a c]ta9 & def9ite relation1 is det]m9able f bo? ends1 ,a z well z ,b4 ,let u call ,a ! subject & ,b ! object4 ,nei!r ,a nor ,b is a reality1 a :ole complete ,wirkli*keit4 ,a ?+ 9 ord] to be real mu/ be active1 x mu/ "w1 x mu/ /& 9 relation to some?+ else4 ,a is a m]e ma!matical po9t1 b ,,ab repres5t+ a process does some?+1 x p]=ms "w1 x is real4 ,a ?+ 9 itself1 if x c\ld exi/ at all1 w\ld be tantam\nt to non-exi/5ce1 x w\ld repres5t a ,se9 )\t be+ ,wirkli*keit4 ,:5 be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 x appe>s natural t ! on5ess ( exi/5ce1 repres5table 9 su* relations z is t ( ,,ab -,,ba w admit ( two /&po9ts1 ,,ba repres5t+ subjectivity1 & ,,ab repres5t+ objectivity4 ,we c consid] ! relation ( ! _w at l>ge to "o special po9t 7:i* latt] may 9 its turn /& = a :ole sy/em ( relations7 or vice v]sa ! relation ( ?is po9t to ! _w at l>ge4 ,! =m] /&po9t is t ( ! microcosm1 or ! s\l1 ! latt] t ( ! macrocosm or ! univ]se2 ! =m] results 9 aw>5ess1 ! latt] appe>s z matt] 9 motion4 ,! =m] is subjectivity1 ! latt] objectivity4 ,reality mu/ n be conceiv$ ( z be+ a comp\nd ( ! elem5ts ( feel+ & ( motion1 ( subjectivity & objectivity or ( k9esis & metak9esis4 ,i d n ?9k !re are atoms "o-half ( :i* conta9s ! pot5tiality ( s5ti5ce :ile ! o!r half is freight$ ) en]gy4 ,i conceive ( reality z be+ "o ?r\gh\t1 b1 be+ ?r\gh\t resolvable 9 relations1 x w z a matt] ( c\rse h two sides4 ,:at ^! two sides are l c be kn[n ?r\gh exp]i5ce only1 & exp]i5ce tea*es t "u c]ta9 conditions ! subjective side develops into feel+ & consci\sness1 :ile ! objective side is repres5t$ 9 ! feel+ ( consci\s be+s z motions4 ,?is view expla9s ! duality ( our conception ( psy*o-physical facts1 b x is c]ta9ly n dualism4 ,! duality belongs to ! scaffold n to ! facts !mselves4 ,! facts c only be ?\ght ( z be+ "o & undivid$1 & no conception c /& except x be moni/ic4 ,subjectivity & objectivity are t]ms t express relations & n ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 philosoph]s :o %[ a great grief unless ei!r ! subjectivity ( be+1 or ! objectivity ( be+1 or ! unities 9 :i* ?+s or p]sonalities are ga!r$ up1 are consid]$ z ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,all ^? features ( reality :i* appe> to _! conception unexpla9able1 su* z ! relations t obta9 among ?+s & especially ! ?\ghts ( ?9k+ be+s are suppos$ to be ! effects ( "s transc5d5tal entity1 ( a ?+ 9 itself4 ,& if a philosophy d5ies ! exi/5ce ( transc5d5tali/ic ?\ght-entities or ( any su* ?+s 9 !mselves1 :i* s]ve z cem5t to comb9e ! disjecta membra ( _! _w-conception1 x is g5]ally decl>$ to lead /raight on to nihilism--n because ! _w itself b because _! _w-sy/em w\ld !reby be annihilat$4 ,all ?+s t exi/1 if consid]$ z sep>ate ?+s1 w pass away2 b if consid]$ z p>ts ( ! all-exi/5ce ( reality1 !y are et]nal4 ,9 fact ?+s are n sep>ate ?+s1 9 ! s5se ( isolat$1 absolute1 or ab/ract be+s1 al?\gh we may speak ( !m z su* = our ephem]al purposes4 ,all ?+s t exi/1 ! human s\l includ$1 are & w rema9 p>ts ( ! ,"o & ,all4 ,?is de/roys _! individuality z little z a brick ceases to be a brick because x s]ves its "p 9 ! build+ ( a dome4 ,! s\l ( a man if 8 life be well sp5t1 is n annihilat$ 9 dea?1 8 s\l has become a liv+ /one 9 ! temple ( humanity4 ,x cont9ues to live & m>*es on 9 ! g5]al progress ( ! race4 ,we are p>ts ( a great :ole n[1 & we %all rema9 p>ts ( ! same great :ole =ev]4 ,we h nev] be5 & %all nev] be transc5d5tal selfhoods or metaphysical egos1 or any k9d ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,our p]sonality is real life1 x is actual be+4 ,z su* x is b\nd up 9 ! univ]sal life ( ! ,"o & ,all & no p>ticle ( x w be lo/4 ,we ne$ n fe> dea?1 = ! air we brea! is immortality4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #dc ,italics are ours4 ,kant affirms ! italicis$ "q4 #dd ,! problem ( 8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,m9d0 hav+ be5 ! subject ( a =m] pap] ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,see ,! ,moni/1 ,vol i1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #fi-hf1 & ,! ,s\l ( ,man1 pp4 #bc-df4 #de ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t m$ival ,realism is diff]5t f mod]n ,realism4 #df ,ari/otle's idea ( matt] be+ pot5tial exi/5ce is a fiction4 ,fictions ( t k9d are useful = c]ta9 purposes1 b we mu/ n =get t !y are fictions4 ,we might j z well introduce any o!r sy/em ( fictions4 ,= in/ance we might ) c]ta9ly n less propriety look ^u ! idea 9 ! m9d ( an arti/ z pot5tial reality :ile its appe>ance 9 a mat]ial %ape is conceiv$ to produce actual reality4 #dg ,! t]m 8absolute0 is = t reason nei!r mean+less nor r$undant4 ,x d5otes a c]ta9 me?od ( view+ ?+s1 b is n an objective quality ( ?+s4 #dh ,see ! *apt] 8,s\l ,life & ! ,pres]vation ( ,=m0 9 ,! ,s\l ( ,man1 p4 #dah4 #di ,! ab&onm5t ( ! ego z a metaphysical be+ is n1 z x appe>s to _m1 a surr5d] ( ! s\l or ( its immortality4 ,t ! immortality ( ! s\l f ! /&po9t ( mod]n psy*ology is pres]v$1 t x appe>s 9 a new light1 gr&] & nobl] ?an be=e1 & t ?is conception ( immortality is ( an enorm\s practical importance1 h be5 ! ma9 inc5tives ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,hegel] 9 f\nd+ ,! ,op5 ,c\rt & ,! ,moni/4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce ,i4 ,,france4 ,! rec5t "w ( ,m4 ,f4 ,,paulhan1 ,le ,n\veau ,my/icisme1 places u 9 ! pres5ce ( a feature ( mod]n life1 if n extremely important1 at lea/ v curi\s4 ,we assi/ at ! =mation ( a new _s4 ,b :at is x8 ,:at is its value8 ,a reply to ?is "q w\ld exact a long & m9ute analysis ( all social facts4 ,m4 ,paulhan does n flatt] himself t he has exhau/$ x1 & he (f]s u only portions1 al?\gh excell5t & in/ructive1 ( ! requir$ "w4 ,he %[s u 9 rapid review1 ! dissolution ( ! anci5t _w1 ! intellectual & moral an>*y :i* has to-day rea*$ its highe/ possible po9t2 he seeks1 9 ! ru9s amid/ :i* we tread1 ! con/ructive elem5ts ( a new ord] ( ?+s1 & makes an ef=t to =esee :at x w be4 8,! sci5tific m9d10 writes he1 8! religi\s _s1 pity = suff]+1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 social my/icism1 ! attraction = my/]i\s p]haps dang]\s facts t we beg9 to h a glimpse (1 ! k9d ( new p[] :i* ! k ( !m c give u1 a g5]al ne$ ( univ]sal h>mony3 su* are ! pr9cipal *>act]s ( ! _s :i* is =m+ itself40 ,!y are n1 he himself says1 all new4 ,x is n ! pres5ce ( ^! elem5ts :i* is significant1 b r ! s+ul> comb9ation 9 :i* !y occur1 & we c\ld say1 ! precipitate t !y give 9 ! p>ticul> *emical solution :]e !y f9d !mselves ?r[n4 ,9 e case1 ! ph5om5on does n affect entirely1 x seems to u1 ! same *>act]s1 accord+ to :e!r we obs]ve x 9 ! philosophic or sci5tific ord]1 9 ! practical ord]1 or 9 t ( s5tim5t1 :i* lit]ature repres5ts4 ,! "n ( my/icism does n belong to e "p ( ! new _s equally2 or m exactly1 ! _s :i* is produc$ c\ld well n be truly my/icism1 b only a side ph5om5on1 & ! v evid5t resurrection ( ! _s :i* is disappe>+4 ,m4 ,paulhan1 if ,i d n deceive myself1 sometimes all[s himself to be too mu* influ5c$ by a c]ta9 lit]ature1 to :i* ,i d n all[ a v great value1 & ( :i* ev5 ! s9c]ity may be suspect$4 ,x repres5ts at fir/1 to my m9d1 individual conditions1 & x evid5tly impea*es "s au?ors ( a morbid dia!sis4 ,_m ( our prophets1 z is kn[n 9 ! ,qu>ti] ,lat91 h or affect vices :i* exclude by !mselves all g5]at+ p[]4 ,!n1 x is v difficult1 9 our age1 to appreciate exactly ! relations ( lit]ature to ! public m9d1 see+ ! div]sity ( romantic books1 & ! correlation ( "o to ! o!r is p]haps n s /rict1 s pr(\nd z x has be5 9 o!r junctures ( hi/ory4 ,9 %ort1 ! mod]n romance is a docum5t ! relative value ( :i* ne$s to be e/abli%$ by a mo/ sev]e critic4 ,"s facts dom9ate ! "q1 view$ z a :ole4 ,x is necess>y to %[ ! "w ( ! sci5tific m9d1 :i* has ! result ( creat+ new m5tal habits4 ,x is necess>y to consid] also t ! disord]1 ! _s ( evil1 s f9ely analys$ by ,m4 ,paulhan1 corresponds *iefly to ! int]pretations ( ignorance1 to ! exagg]ations ( s5tim5t1 & to ! dreams1 m or less mon/r\s1 ( inv5tive fantasy4 ,x is necess>y1 f9ally1 if !y wi% to augur ( ! future1 to endeavor to dis5gage ! laws ( con/ruction1 /ill badly def9$1 ( our political fabrics4 ,! ?\ght ( ,m4 ,paulhan is good at bottom1 & ! mat]ials ) :i* he con/ructs ! possible future are tak5 f ! positive conditions ( our m5tal & social life3 9 ! practical ord]1 8co-op]ation0 is add$ to ! social sy/ems already exi/+1 al?\gh di/urb$1 su* z ! family & ! nation2 9 ! ideal ord]1 ! conception1 beyond t ( humanity1 ( a 8cosmical :ole10 & a 8univ]se10 :i*1 to repeat x aft] ,comte1 w be favorable to man1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 see+ t he causes x to exi/4 ,we recomm5d ! read+ ( ?is book4 ,"o's "t is nev] lo/ ) a ?9k] ( ! /amp ( ,m4 ,paulhan2 he has ! m]it ?is "t ( disclos+ to u 9 a few pages a va/ horizon1 :]e "s po9ts are del9eat$ ) cle>ness4 ,logicism has caus$ mu* evil 9 our c\ntry4 ,let u n[ bew>e ( my/icism6 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s episodes ( ?is new my/icism is assur$ly ! ,buddhi/ prea*+1 begun 9 ,france by a small gr\p ( writ]s4 ,m4 ,,augu/9 ,,*aboseau1 "o ( ! repres5tatives ( ?is religi\s t5d5cy1 publi%es a "w1 ,essai sur la philosophie b\dhique1#ej :i* x is exp$i5t to m5tion4 ,m4 ,*aboseau has ?\ght x w\ld be ( int]e/ to sum up 9 a volume ! results ( ! /udies on ,buddhism1 & to pres5t x 8su* z sci5ce has prov$ x1 t is to say v diff]5t f :at ,*ri/ian polemi/s1 worldly amus]s1 !osophic fanatics1 endeavor to dissem9ate40 ,he has _h ! ambition to write ?is volume1 & = my "p1 ,i d n refuse him my curiosity4 ,b t ,buddhism truly conta9s a religi\s =mula capable ( attract+ to x ! s\ls ( our ,occid5t1 ,i h difficulty 9 believ+4 ,?is ,india is v f> f u1 & its confus$ philosophy is beh9d u4 ,i d n ?9k t ! nations ( to-day w return to a by-gone mode2 & !n1 ?is doctr9e ( ,sakya-,muni has some?+ aga9/ x1 t ,i hesitate to say1 z x might seem pu]ile3 its god is too fat4 ,its god or its sage1 z y wi%4 ,yes1 t bread? ( =m1 t opul5ce ( fle%1 tak5 z a m>k ( goodness & p[]1 %ocks our arti/ic ta/e4 ,d n =get t e religion :i* claims our w ought to satisfy our /hetic s5tim5t3 x is "o ( ! ess5tial factors ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 a comp\nd s5tim5t :]e all ! emotions ( a race ought to f9d _! h>mony4 ,! opposition ( ,india to u1 s /rik+ 9 ! ideal ( ! beautiful1 /ill cont9ues 9 metaphysical speculation4 ,we are too mod]ate1 too sob]1 = ! debau*es ( imag9ation 9 :i* x delights4 ,buddhism w be to u only a pass+ excresc5ce1 & ,i ask myself if x lives well 9 ! s\ls :]e x has s9c]ely p5etrat$4 ,i %\ld h mu* to d to speak1 9 ! briefe/ mann]1 ( all ! books or treatises1 :i* 9 a direct or indirect mann] relate ei!r to ! w> ( ,aryanism aga9/ ,semitism1 & pr9cipally aga9/ ! ,*ri/ianism 9 :i* c]ta9 au?ors see ! mo/ disa/r\s conque/ ( ,semitic g5ius2 or to ! reviv+ ( my/ic traditions1 /range dreams1 & mon/r\s desires2 or to a religi\s re/oration1 ( :i* ! mo/ ord9>y prejudice is to assure ! immortality ( ! s\l & to reop5 ! beyond to man4 ,^! works are 9 g5]al ( slight value2 !y are ! multiplication ( decays1 & we are compell$ to consid] !m z social wa/es1 ( :i* ! abundance betrays unque/ionably ! bad heal? ( ! organism1 or at lea/ a difficult crisis ( its evolution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b let u return to ! works ( philosophy prop]ly s-call$4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( t ( ,m4 ,f4 ,,rauh8 ,i deceive myself mu* if 8 ,essai sur le fondem5t mtaphysique d] la morale is consid]$ ( mu* s]vice 9 8 own circles4 ,m4 ,rauh1 :o belongs to ! philosophic y\?1 ! y\? ( ! age1 c be well assur$ t ! p>tisans ( sci5tific morality w n upbraid him = 8! admiration ( high metaphysical ?\ghts0 ) :i* he does himself honor1 b he c fe> le/ ! metaphysicians accuse him ( fur!r compromis+ metaphysics by ! d5s] obscurities he ca/s on x4 ,"o is /upefi$ to f9d aga9 9 a mod]n book a phraseology s made up ( ab/ract words1 ( sub/antives ) capitals1 & logical %ad[s :i* affect ! po/ure ( realities4 ,mu* /udy1 mu* "w1 )\t advanc+ "o /ep1 & /ill worse1 9 ord] to ?r[ u aga9 into ! culs-de-sac f :5ce we h _h s mu* difficulty to dis5gage ourselves4 ,all ! pr(it "o c d]ive f ?is dialectic is to contemplate at ! end ! vague %ad[ ( its own body t is p]ceiv$ on ! wall4 ,! metaphysicians ( a c]ta9 s*ool are n only reluctant to h to accept t morality is a natural =mation1 a social product1 an hi/orical fact2 !y wi% fur!r t ! exi/5ce ev5 ( moral society %\ld dep5d on ! intellig5ce t !y h ( x1 or ( ! explanation t !y give ( x4 ,!y affirm boldly1 & ^! are ! words ev5 ( ,m4 ,rauh1 t 8! fate ( morality is unit$ to t ( metaphysics0--_! metaphysics4 ,?is is a pret5sion z exorbitant z w\ld be t ( a naturali/ :o %\ld ref] ! reality ( ! animal _w to ! idea he =m$ ( zological types1 or t ( a *emi/ :o %\ld subject ! value ( ! positive results ( sci5ce to a p>ticul> hypo!sis z to ! con/itution ( bodies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are c]ta9 difficulties ( language to criticise 9 ! "w ( ,m4 ,,isidore ,,maus1 b>ri/] 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals at ,brussels1 ,de la ju/ice pnale1 tude philosophique sur le droit de punir4 ,a curi\s spectator1 he tells u1 ( ! battle wag$ betwe5 ! new s*ool ( an?ropology & ! anci5t p5al jurisprud5ce1 he seeks to div9e ! issue ( x4 ,x w probably end1 accord+ to him1 9 ! =mation ( a m$ium p5al jurisprud5ce1 :i* w accept limit$ responsibilities1 & :i*1 :ile protect+ society1 w d its be/ 8to give to puni%m5t all ! advantages x c40 ,x w\ld be exagg]at$ no d\bt1 ,i will+ly grant x1 to take away f repression e m>k ( moral rep>ation1 all weight ( 8re=mative p[]02 b ,i am always %ock$ to he> p>tial responsibilities spok5 (4 ,f ! social po9t ( view1 ! responsibility rema9s p]fect2 x is unit$1 inde$1 to ! v act ( hav+ caus$ injury1 beyond all appreciation4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual1 ! ^w responsibility has ! grave inconv5i5ce ( imply+ t ! quantity ( lib]ty or free-w attributable to ! del9qu5t is measur$4 ,x w\ld be less compromis+ & m exact1 to value simply ! quality1 ! wor? ( ! del9qu5t1 accord+ to ! totality ( 8 affective1 intellectual1 volunt>y1 & pa?ological "*1 accord+ to ! nature & ! conditions ( ! act ( :i* he is accus$1 etc4 ,we %\ld ?us escape contradictions ( words :i* easily become contradictions ( fact2 we %\ld no m /umble at ?is lat5t difficulty ( free-w1 9 m$ium cases--= s]i\s cases are nev] difficult4 ,words ex]cise a tyranny :i* juri/s w\ld d well to di/ru/4 ,is n ?is1 moreov]1 j ab\t :at ,m4 ,maus means by 8 favorite =mula--t ju/ice ought 8to individualise z mu* z possible08 ,x is a pity only t he does n pres5t 8 conclusions ) ! requisite cle>ness4 ,8 exposition is n di/9ct & frank4 ,he has m5tal habitudes1 subtilities ( reason+1 :i* are ( value at ! ,palais1 b :i* x is suitable to rid oneself ( :5 writ+ a book3 8 w\ld ga9 mu* by be+ entirely remodel$1 made cle> & dis5tangl$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,e4 ,,de ,,laveleye (f]s to ! public a f\r? edition1 revis$ & consid]ably augm5t$1 ( 8 great "w1 ,de la proprit et de ses =mes primitives4 ,we h n to recall ! num]\s facts :i* ?is "w conta9s & ! k ( :i* has become suffici5tly g5]al2 nor to comm5d ,m4 de ,laveleye1 :o no long] expects fre% praises = x4 ,i h only to express ! regret t he %\ld h reta9$ ! !ory ( prop]ty exp\nd$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 book1 or r ! metaphysical conception ( "r ) :i* he connects x4 ,x seems z if he wi%$ to excuse himself f r$uc+ prop]ty to ! simple value ( a fact1 modifiable 9 its =ms1 by indicat+ z a fix$ po9t an 8ord]0 :i* %all be ! be/1 :i* %all be kn[n & wi%$ ( ,god1 s\ght & realis$ by man4 ,m4 de ,laveleye kn[s x z well z any "o4 ,"r is only a rule1 an expression ( ! relations ( m5 among !mselves1 9 a det]m9$ geographical & hi/orical m$ium4 ,its *anges dep5d1 9 "p on ext]nal conditions1 9 "p on ! *>act]s ( man himself1 ! /ate & v>iable equilibrium ( 8 passions & ( 8 m5tality4 ,if c]ta9 =ms ( "r e/abli% !mselves proportionally1 9 ! c\rse ( ! life ( nations1 ! fact is expla9$ by ! con/ancy & ! univ]sality ( c]ta9 conditions1 ei!r physical or m5tal2 ! repetition ( social arrangem5ts1 :i* produces ultimately a m /able /ructure & con/itutes a sort ( axis ( developm5t1 is some:at analog\s1 if we may be p]mitt$ ?is comp>ison1 to ! repetition ( ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 all ar*itecture1 or ( ! primitive =ms 9 all ! products ( ! c]amic art4 ,:at is ! good ( envelop+ ) my/]y ! ideal we create ourselves1 & ( r5d]+ obscure a notion t we c positively expla98 ,b let u leave "h ?is little qu>rel1 = x does n t\* ! solid gr\ndwork ( ! book4 ,/ill to signalise are3 ,premi]s pr9cipes mtaphysiques de la sci5ce de la nature1 translat$ f ,kant by ,m4 ,m4 ,,*4 ,,&l] & ,,ed4 ,,*avannes1 :o h writt5 an int]e/+ introduction ,on ! philosophy ( nature 9 ,kant2 & ,l',anne philosophique1 ,i anne #ahij1 publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,f4 ,,pillon1 =m] manag] ( ,la ,critique philosophique4 ,!re w be f\nd 9 ?is la/ volume two pr(\nd /udies1 "o by ,m4 ,r5\vi] on ! ph5om5i/ me?od1 ! o!r by ,m4 ,pillon on ! criticism ( ! inf9ite1 an excell5t article by ,m4 ,l4 ,dauriac on philosophy & p>ticul>ly on ! /hetics ( ,guyau1 f9ally a bibliography ( ,fr5* works :i* appe>$ 9 #ahij4 ,i wi% good success to ?is publication2 x w become valuable1 & x w be /ill m s1 9 my op9ion1 if ,m4 ,pillon1 w n recoil be=e ! fatigue1 no d\bt suffici5tly great1 ( add+ to ! ,bibliography a critical sket* ( ! review articles publi%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,georges ,c>r1 publi%]4 ,! o!r works m5tion$ 9 ?is article belong to ! ,libr>ie ,alcan4 ,,ii4 ,,rec5t ,,g]man ,,works ,,9 ,,psy*ology4 ,a well-kn[n ali5i/1 ,pr(essor ,pelman ( ,bonn1 9 a rec5tly publi%$ "w1 advanc$ ! ass]tion t ! lit]>y ta/e ( ! day po9t$ to a consid]able decl9e ( ! intellectual heal? ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,to him :o assumes ) ,pelman "s causal f\ndation ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 x is inde$ an al>m+ sight to pass 9 review ! %[ w9d[s ( our great book c5tres ,leipsic & ,b]l9 & to discov] ! great numb] ( editions t ! products ( ! lit]ature ( a c]ta9 class are pass+ ?r\gh4 ,among ! books t are at pres5t all ! vogue1 ,tol/o's 8,kreutz] ,sonata0 /&s 9 ! front rank4 ,numb]less articles 9 ! newspap]s & ! magaz9es h already made ?is wond]ful "w ! subject ( discussion1 bo? f ! /hetical & f ! moral po9t ( view4 ,n[ comes a physician1 :o discusses ! psy*ological aspect ( ! /ory1 & discusses x 9 a mann] :i* mu/ claim our int]e/ & to :i* 9 ! ma9 po9ts x emphasises we _c d5y our ass5t4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,,beck has publi%$ at ! h\se ( ,rau]t & ,rocco ( ,leipsic1 a bro*ure be>+ ! title ,des ,graf5 ,leo ,tol/o ,kreutz] ,sonate vom ,/&punkte des ,irr5>ztes1 & arrives on ! basis ( a c>eful analysis at ! result t ,tosdnis*ew is a decid$ly neuropa?ical "*4 ,n[ z ,tol/o1 on 8 own express decl>ation 9 8 conclud+ rem>ks1 places 8 own views 9 ,tosdnis*ew's m\?1 ?is judgm5t respect+ ! pr9cipal "* ( ! /ory also holds good 9 great measure ( its au?or4 ,g5]ally1 inde$1 ,beck is v consid]ate t[>ds ,tol/o's p]son1 9 ! expression ( 8 op9ions2 b he is nev]!less v pla9ly outspok5 :5 he says at ! conclusion ( 8 little book3 8,let u *>act]ise ?is mon/r\s product1 ! #8,kreutz] ,sonata1' z t :i* x appe>s to e p]son ( s\nd s5tim5ts--z ! emanation1 namely1 ( a diseas$ bra91 ( a deg5]at$ ,psy*e40 ,! ,muni* physician ,dr4 ,pus*mann1 :o 9 ! ye> #ahgc 9 a special treatise repres5t$ ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 !n /ill alive1 z psy*ically diseas$1 has ?us f\nd1 z we see1 9 a c]ta9 s5se a successor 9 ,dr4 ,beck4 ,b :ile ,pus*mann's pamphlet1 hav+ be5 occasion$ by c]ta9 conditions ( affairs 9 ,muni*1 0 writt5 9 a ho/ile _s1 & :ile ! little book ( ,beck's makes no secret ( its au?or's av]sion to ,tol/o & 8 works1 a notori\s repres5tative ( unheal?y 8"y ,g]many10 ! noveli/ ,wilhelm ,wallo?1 meets at o!r h&s ) an uncommonly t5d] treatm5t4 ,!re is inde$ no?+ rem>kable 9 ?is1 = if anyone is 9 ne$ ( t5d] treatm5t x is a man :o is sick4 ,b x is v rem>kable t ! diseas$ /ate ( a n]v\s sy/em %\ld be accr$it$ to ! writ] ,wallo? z a great poetic excell5ce4 ,g4 ,,ludwigs1 ! au?or ( ! treatise ,wilhelm ,wallo?1 ,leipsic1 #ahia1 ,v]lag von ,wilhelm ,fri$ri*1 _h 9 s f> ! advantage ( ,pus*mann & ,beck1 t he 0 n plac$ "u ! necessity ( orig9ally demon/rat+ :at ! actual /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( 8 h]o 01 f 8 works4 ,?is condition _h already be5 e/abli%$ by exp]t physicians 9 a mu* talk$ ( trial be=e ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,leipsic = circulat+ obsc5e publications4 ,ludwigs 0 able !re=e to proce$ imm$iately ) 8 problem ( asc]ta9+ ! ext5t to :i* a diseas$ /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em _h effect 9 ,wallo?'s novels & poems4 ,8 discussion ( ?is la/ "q possesses great int]e/ = ! psy*ologi/1 al?\gh ! read] w f9d consid]able difficulty 9 accommodat+ 8 ?\ghts to ,ludwigs's occasionally v s+ul> /yle4 ,sett+ aside ! odd expressions ( ,ludwigs1 we may say t !re is exhibit$ 9 a pre-em95t degree 9 ! writ+s ( ,wallo?1 fir/1 :at ! physicians call hyp]/hesia1 & by ?is is meant n only an excessive s5sitiv5ess ( ! s5ses b also--a condition t is connect$ ) ! la/--an extraord9>y int5sity ( ! emotional activity4 ,secondly1 are f\nd numb]less bold associations ( ideas :i* are mu* bett] kn[n to ! physician ?an to ! /hetician4 ,un=tunately ,wallo? is n ! only "o ( ! repres5tatives ( 8"y ,g]many10 9 ^: works ! *>act]s ( disease appe> 9 su* int5sity1 & ! circum/ance t books ( ?is class are b\ght 9 su* numb]s & read 9 /ill great]1 places ! ta/es & s5tim5ts ( a l>ge portion ( ! educat$ ,g]man public 9 a que/ionable light4 ,if we turn our glance away f ! s5sational ph5om5a ( lit]ature to ! ph5om5a ( ord9>y life1 :i* are n uncommonly enact$ 9 ! halls ( ju/ice1 x is 9 fir/ rank ! incorrigible sw9dl]s & %>p]s t excite our att5tion4 ,we h receiv$ on ?is subject f ,dr4 ,,anton ,,delbrueck1 a physician ( a ,swiss insane asylum1 an int]e/+ little "w be>+ ! title ,die pa?ologis*e ,lge und die psy*is* abnorm5 ,s*w9dl]1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahia1 ,v]lag von ,f]d9& ,enke4 ,9 ?is book ! au?or makes an inve/igation ( ! gradual transition ( a normal psy*ological process into processes exhibit+ pa?ological symptoms1 & %[s1 9 s do+1 by ample mat]ial1 t 9 e k9d ( int5tional deception ! consci\sness ( int5tion c exhibit v diff]5t degrees ( int5sity & c imp]ceptibly s9k 9 a succession ( cases to z]o4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ,delbrck's treatise is prim>ily ( int]e/ to m$ical exp]ts & lawy]s1 b x w also be ( int]e/ 9 a second>y degree to all circles t devote _! att5tion to psy*ological /udies g5]ally1 p>ticul>ly s to educators :o h n infrequ5tly to d ) pa?ological lies1 z ,g4 ,/anley ,hall q rec5tly po9t$ out 9 a v in/ructive article 9 ,! ,am]ica ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology on ! ly+ ( *ildr51 & z is develop$ 9 ! "w ( ,dr4 ,solli]1 be=e m5tion$ 9 ,! ,moni/1 entitl$ ,la psy*ologie de l'idiot et l'imbcile1 :i* is also to be _h 9 a v good ,g]man edition1 translat$ by ,paul ,brie1 "u ! title ,d] ,idiot und d] ,imbecille1 publi%$ by ,leopold ,voss ( ,hamburg4 ,9 ! ,g]man edition ( ,solli]'s book ,pr(essor ,pelman1 :om we h above m5tion$1 has writt5 an introduction 9 :i* he speaks ( ! "w 9 words ( praise simil> to ^? express$ by ,luci5 ,arrat 9 ,! ,moni/4 8,solli]10 says he1 8has put u into ! possession ( a psy*ology ( m5tal imbecility1 9 a complet5ess 9 :i* hi!rto x 0 n at our disposal40 ,!n foll[s ano!r passage :i* we w also quote1 z x =ms an important supplem5t to ! rem>ks ( ,arrat4 ,x is ?is3 8,imbecility _h rema9$ ! /ep-*ild ( ! sci5ce ( psy*iatry & has n by any means met ) ! consid]ation :i* 9 view ( its social importance is due to x4 ,if we g ?r\gh ! works1 z great 9 numb] z !y are 9 volum9\sness1 :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ! /yle ( ,lombroso on crim9als & _! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 we %all be unable to escape ! impression produc$ 9 our m9ds t ! *>act]i/ics ( imbeciles portray$ by ,solli] recur po9t = po9t 9 ! typical crim9al4 ,"h z !re1 ! same insuffici5cy ( all e?ical developm5t1 ! same frivolity1 & ! same incapacity = be+ ( use 9 society exi/4 ,t :i* 9 ,solli]'s explanation decides ! :ole an?ropological position ( ! imbecile--8 anti-social1 society-ho/ile attitude--is emphasis$ by all writ]s z ! *>act]i/ic trait common to all crim9als1 & ! description ( imbeciles & crim9als co9cides z completely 9 ?is respect z if ! same individual _h sat = bo? pictures4 ,! conclusions t foll[ f ?is c only enli/ new adh]5ts 9 ! ranks ( ! an?ropological s*ool1 & ?is result also ,i %\ld place to ! pr(it-acc\nt ( ! pres5t book40 ,h[ev] pr(itable & necess>y employm5t ) ! diseas$ /ates ( ! human s\l may be1 p]sonally at lea/ x is an unpleasant subject = u1 & we are glad !re=e t we may ab&on ?is doma9 = ! pres5t lett]4 ,! occasion ( ?is is af=d$ by a valuable gift f ,pr(4 ,w4 ,,prey]1 =m]ly ( ,j5a1 n[ ( ,b]l94 ,pr(essor ,prey] has pres5t$ u ) a r l>ge volume be>+ ! title ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,briefe von ,gu/av ,!odor ,fe*n] und ,w4 ,prey]4 ,neb/ e9em ,briefwes*sel zwis*5 ,k4 von ,vi]ordt und ,fe*n] sewie mehr]5 ,beilag54 ,mit dem ,bildnisse ,fe*n]'s und vi] ,holzs*nitt54 ,hamburg und ,leipsic1 #ahij4 ,v]lag von ,leopold ,voss4 ,! "w conta9s a correspond5ce ext5d+ f ! ye> #ahgc to ! ye> #ahhc1 9 :i* ! two di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s discuss 7*iefly7 myo-physical & psy*o-physical que/ions1 & w be ( great int]e/ to _m read]s ( ,! ,moni/1 especially z x makes its appe>ance simultane\sly ) ! issu+ ( a new edition ( ,fe*n]'s ,elem5te d] ,psy*ophysik by ,wilhelm ,wundt4 ,! mu* f\ght ov] & mu* disput$ prov9ce ( psy*o-physics has also be5 ent]$ on by a y\ng] psy*ologi/1 :o has already acquir$ a consid]able "n1--by ,hugo ,mn/]b]g1 doc5t at ! univ]sity ( ,freiburg 9 ,bad54 ,9 8 ,beitrge zur exp]im5tell5 ,psy*ologie1 :i* are publi%$ 9 p>ts at indef9ite p]iods by ,mohr ( ,freiburg 9 ,bad5--?ree p>ts h already be5 publi%$--,mn/]b]g raises1 9 ! fir/ place1 a vigor\s prote/ aga9/ ,wundt2 repudiat+ on ! basis ( ! results ( indep5d5t exp]im5t ! app]ception hypo!sis :i* has be5 prop\nd$ by ! sci5ti/ m5tion$1 & produc+ pro( t all k9ds ( s-call$ app]ception are r$ucible to associations ( ! repres5tative activity4 ,secondly1 he (f]s u 9 ! ?ird "p a new f\ndation on :i* to base psy*o-physics4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible1 9 s difficult a subject1 to reproduce briefly yet cle>ly ! developm5ts to :i* ,mn/]b]g devotes "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two pages4 ,b we w at lea/ supply a few h9ts ) reg>d to :at ?is new f\ndation ( psy*o-physics is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,mn/]b]g rejects ! notion t prevails ) ,fe*n] & 8 s*ool1 t a p[]ful s5sation is a multiple ( a weak] "o1 by :i* ! fir/ c be measur$4 ,! /rong] s5sation is1 says he1 9 comp>ison ) ! weak] "o some?+ :olly new2 =1 accurately consid]$1 ! int5sity ( a s5sation is also ( a qualitative nature4 ,h[ev]1 we are n by any means at lib]ty to inf] f ?is t ! measurem5t ( psy*ical quantities is impossible4 ,to appreciate ?is1 x is fir/ requisite t we %\ld get cle> ideas ) respect to ! psy*ological f\ndation ( our physical measurem5ts4 ,! only f\ndation ( ^! la/ is our muscul> feel+1 to ?is ext5t1 t all measurem5t is f\nd$ on ! measurem5t ( quantities ( space1 "t1 & mass1 & any e/imate ( ! latt] is only possible on ! basis ( ! muscul> feel+ t ent]s z a factor 9 ! conceptions involv$4 ,all physical measurem5t re/s on ! e/abli%m5t1 & !re=e reproduction1 ( l muscul> s5sations2 on exactly ! same f\ndation re/s also all measurem5t ( psy*ical quantities1 ( int5sities ( s5sation1 & s9ce ?is f\ndation is ! same1 = ?is v reason ! same ju/ification is due to ! measurem5t ( psy*ical int5sity z is due to physical measurem5ts4 ,?is is ! f\ndation on :i* ! psy*o-physics ( ,mn/]b]g is rais$1 :i* = a full] view mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ! 8,beitrge0 itself4 ,,*r4 ,,uf]4 ,alt5burg1 ,novemb]1 #ahia4 ,,div]se ,,topics4 ,,! ,,cl]gy',s ,,duty ,,( ,,allegiance ,,to ,,dogma ,,& ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,betwe5 ,,_w-,,conceptions4 ,a late numb] ( ! ,geg5w>t ( ,b]l9 7,vol4 xl1 ,no4 #cj7 conta9$ an article by ,mr4 ,eug5e ,s*iff]1 a ,g]man ju/ice1 on ! subject 8,_w-,conception & ! ,(fice ( ,judge10 9 :i* att5tion 0 call$ to ! fact t ! p]=mance ( duties1 n only 9 ! pulpit b 9 all ! pr(essions1 & prem95tly 9 ! disp5sation ( ju/ice ?r\gh ! c\rts1 dep5ds ^u & /&s 9 a m or less close connection ) "s def9ite _w-conception2 ?us %[+ t religion ( "s k9d =ms & mu/ =m ! backgr\nd ( ! practical life ( society4 ,he says3 8,! ,*ur* dem&s ( its disciples z an indisp5sable condition ( s]v+ h] ! confession ( a c]ta9 _w-conception2 %e requires t e "o :o int5ds to take ^u himself h] rights & duties1 %\ld 9 8 inmo/ he>t agree ) h] conc]n+ ! cont5ts ( h] fai?1 especially conc]n+ ! dogmas on es*atology1 on ,god & _w1 body & s\l1 ! orig9 & end ( ?+s2 & ?is is b a matt] ( c\rse1 = ! ess5tial "p & also ! f\ndation ( h] activity lie 9 ^! v doctr9es & 9 _! propagation4 ,x is a h>d & a sev]e dem&4 ,al?\gh on ! "o h& ! morally free fulfilm5t ( h] reque/s conta9s ! g]m ( an h>moni\s developm5t ( life & promises an extraord9>y conc5tration & elevation ( all faculties1 x leads on ! o!r h& to s]i\s conflicts1 ( :i* ! pages ( hi/ory n less ?an ! exp]i5ces ( our daily life exhibit innum]able & sad in/ances4 ,we recollect ! t]rible spiritual /ruggles 9 ! s\ls ( ^? :o comm5c$ to d\bt1 & ! outcome is g5]ally a pitiful cata/rophe1 ei!r submission & hypocrisy ) ! weak1 or tribulation1 r5unciation1 & ru9 ) ^? :o ?\ght high] ( tru? ?an ( _! worldly emolum5ts4 8,mo/ ( ! o!r pr(essions & trades "k no?+ ( ! indisp5sability ( a c]ta9 _w-conception4 ,! m]*ant1 ! me*anic1 ! lawy]1 ! soldi]1 ! tea*]1 ! labor]1 c ^u ! :ole ?9k conc]n+ ^! highe/ problems ( life z !y please4 ,an inn] & ideal conflict betwe5 _! views & _! call+ seems def9itely exclud$4 ,out] & practical conditions--su* z adm9i/rative injunctions ( a c]ta9 k9d1 ! aspiration ( progress1 ! ambition to be bett] (f1 etc4--may sometimes produce conflicts4 8,yet ?is "* ( indiff]5ce conc]n+ a g5]al _w-conception :i* is f\nd 9 ! secul> pr(essions & trades does n be> ! /amp ( p]man5ce4 ,= ultimately ! entire do+ & a*iev+ ( e ?9k+ man1 s f> z x rises above ! m]e vegetative functions1 is intimately connect$ ) t common _w-conception :i* ev]y:]e influ5ces & guides him4 ,?is is unnoticeable s long z ! h>mony ( ! connection rema9s undi/urb$1 b x manife/s itself 9 consci\sness z soon z its h>mony is ?reat5$ ?r\gh "s important *ange ( any ( its p>ts4 ,ev5 to-day a deep-go+ *ange is prep>+ itself2 ev5 n[ ! /ruggle ab\t ! _w-conception is f\ght m sev]ely & m bitt]ly ?an ev] & a new doctr9e goes f> en\gh to uncov] ! ultimate roots ( our civilisation1 ( our position 9 life1 ( our call+2 x attacks & %akes ! pres5t _w-conception4 8,?is implies ! possibility ( a conflict betwe5 ! old & ! new fai? ev5 outside ! pale ( ! *ur*1 & ?is conflict may influ5ce ! *oice ( a call+4 ,?is possibility has become an imm95t probability conc]n+ ! (fice ( judge1 especially ! judge ( a crim9al c\rt4 8,! disp5sation ( ju/ice re/s to a great ext5t ^u ! presupposition ( guilt & ! crim9al law ( to-day is almo/ ?r\gh\t built ^u ?is idea ( guilt4 ,x is true t ?is view has n always be5 tak54 ,! ,greek law & ! old ,g]manic law int]f]$ ev5 9 ! grave/ cases exclusively on acc\nt ( ! objective /ate ( ?+s )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! crim9al int5t ( ! def5dant4 ,b ?is view 0 sup]s$$ 9 ! =m] case by ! ,roman1 9 ! latt] by ! canonical law1 bo? requir+ ! conception ( a moral & a subjective guilt1 & at pres5t ! crim9al law ( e civilis$ nation 7) ! sole exception ( ! ,*9ese :o ?reat5 ) capital puni%m5t him :o accid5tally kills no less ?an ! int5tional murd]]7 re/s ^u ! f\ndation ( a belief 9 guilt4 8,b !re is no room = guilt 9 ! mat]iali/ic _w-conception4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s1 ! activity ( ! human s\l includ$ is to be expla9$ accord+ to me*anical pr9ciples & ?us ! view t man's w is n free is propos$ z "o ( its fundam5tal doctr9es4 ,:ile 9 ?is way !re is no possibility left t a man might h act$ diff]5tly ?an he actually did1 ?is view takes away 8 responsibility4 ,& ?is movem5t :i* ei!r cancels or weak5s ! mom5tum ( guilt1 has tak5 hold ( ! m9ds ( m5 f> beyond ! circle ( decid$ mat]iali/s4 8,! f\ndation ( our crim9al law /&s or falls ) ! idea ( guilt4 ,) x /&s & falls also ! (fice ( ! judge1 ^: duty is ! disp5sation & utilisation ( ju/ice4 ,he :o does n believe 9 ! possibility ( guilt _c )\t inconsi/5cy pron\nce any "o guilty4 ,he :o z a matt] ( pr9ciple or at lea/ )9 c]ta9 n well def9$ limits d5ies ! fre$om ( ! human w c no long] s]ve z a judge1 c]ta9ly n z a crim9al judge40 ,ju/ice ,eug5e ,s*iff] is a cons]vative man4 ,he dem&s t = ! protection ( ! old _w-conception ! (fice ( judge %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ su* intrud]s z are n 9 sympa?y ) ! pres5t _w-conception4 ,he says3 8,exactly z ! *ur*1 9 ord] to pres]ve h]self & to gu>d aga9/ h] !ology be+ dilut$ into a wat]y philosophy ( religion1 is b\nd n to sep>ate ! conditions ( h] life f a def9ite _w-conception1 s also ju/ice1 9 ord] to des]ve its "n1 %\ld oblige its s]vants to take a def9ite position t[>d ! ultimate _w-problems4444 ,he :o does n accept 9 8 conviction ! moral f\ndations ( a c]ta9 call+1 mu/ n *oose x1 or if he has *os5 x1 he mu/ r5\nce x--or he mu/ 9 8 pr(ession act aga9/ 8 conviction--unless he risks be+ dis*>g$ f 8 (fice on acc\nt ( a neglect ( duties40 ,we agree ) ,ju/ice ,s*iff] 9 "o mo/ important po9t1 viz41 ! intimate connection ( religion ) practical life & ( our _w-conception ) all our do+ & a*iev+4 ,b we diff] f him 9 ano!r no less important po9t1 viz41 9 ! proposition to prev5t ! pres5t _w-conception f und]go+ a fur!r gr[? & high] evolution4 ,8 proposition is no?+ less ?an to make humanity & all its in/itutions /ation>y4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s has a natural "r to def5d its exi/5ce1 & s has ! pres5t _w-conception4 ,b t :i* gr[s & develops out ( ! conditions ( ! pres5t exi/5ce has also a natural "r to atta9 exi/5ce4 ,! ideal _w ( ! 8is to be0 is n a non-exi/5ce1 z x might appe> to ! unkn[+1 b a g]m exi/5ce1 & if !re is no room = bo? ! actual exi/5ce ( ! pres5t /ate & ! g]m exi/5ce ( a new /ate1 a /ruggle w ensue4 ,!re are at pres5t & always h be5 _m spuri\s _w-conceptions :i* if !y ov]came ! pres5t _w-conception w\ld lead humanity backw>d to ! beg9n+ ( civilisation4 ,inde$ mo/ propositions ( re=m are rev]sals :i* w\ld undo ! results ( evolution & r$uce mank9d to primitive conditions4 ,! f]m5t+ m9ds ( ^? :o /ill hope to cure all ! ills & woes ( society by "o /roke1 h n yet outgr[n ! idea ( ! p]fection1 nobility1 & happ9ess ( ! s-call$ orig9al /ate ( nature1 8,:5 wild 9 woods ! noble savage ran40 ,yet among all ! plans ( re=m !re is "o :i* is correct1 answ]+ ! wants ( ! "t2 & among all ! _w-conceptions :i* /ruggle to exi/ !re is also "o :i* is ! legitimate outcome ( ! pres5t _w-conception4 ,x is ! pres5t _w-conception enl>g$ ?r\gh additional exp]i5ce & purifi$ ( c]ta9 errors4 ,& x is an (t5 repeat$ occurr5ce 9 hi/ory t ! old & ! new1 fa!r & son1 h to fight ) ea* o!r4 ,! heir app>5t ei!r does n "k t he is ! *ild ( 8 antagoni/1 or ! latt] ! def5dant ( ! pres5t /ate does n "k t he fights ) 8 own son4 ,?is (t5 repeat$ fact has f\nd a my?ological expression 9 ! old ,teutonic song ( ,hildebr& meet+ 9 combat 8 son ,hadubr&1 a leg5d :i* 9 simil> v]sions appe>s aga9 9 o!r ,aryan sagas1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is ! tale ( ,ru/em's /ruggle ) ,sohrab 9 ,firdus's great ,iranian epic4 ,c ! /ruggle betwe5 ! old & ! new _w-conception be avoid$8 ,no1 x _c & %\ld n1 = ! new has to prove its legitimacy by %[+ its intr9sic /r5g?2 x mu/ %[ t x has ! p[] to exi/4 ,! /ruggle _c be avoid$1 b ! bitt]ness1 ! sev]ity1 ! b>b>ity ( ! /ruggle c be avoid$4 ,let ,hildebr& & ,hadubr& measure swords 9 a spiritual enc\nt]1 let ! vanqui%$ ideas yield to ! /rong] ideas1 & !y w prep>e ! gradual *ange ( an evolution in/ead ( ! sudd5 rupture ( a revolution4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght is always ! be/ soil = a peaceful evolution b any sy/em t b9ds ! consci5ces ( m5 & ties _! ideas d[n to ! av]age level ( a c]ta9 age w be z dang]\s z a boil] )\t a valve4 ,!re are p]iods ( in/ability 9 hi/ory :5 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! cons]vative _s by impos+ fett]s ^u ! consci5ces ( m5 appe>s useful & almo/ a condition = ! developm5t ( "s k9d ( a civilisation4 ,?is f\nd expression 9 ! hi/oric leg5ds ( ,lycurgus & ,solon1 b9d+ _! c\ntrym5 by oa? n to alt] ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,b ^! p]iods are aft] all ephem]al1 & we ought to "k by ?is "t t we _c bid ! sun /& /ill or *eck ! _s ( progress & ! gr[? ( mank9d4 ,!re are nations :i* develop sl[ly because !y ru% into innovations1 b !re are o!r nations :i* h gone to ! wall because ( ov]-cons]vatism ?r\gh :i* !y 7 induc$ to suppress ! fre$om ( ?\ght & to d5y ! "r ( d\bt+ ! absolute validity ( ! prevail+ _w-conception4 ,! proposition ( ,ju/ice ,s*iff] to b9d ! consci5ce ( ! judge by an oa? ( allegiance to t _w-conception :i* is at pres5t recognis$ z or?odox1 is actually a law 9 ! con/itution ( ! *ur*1 & conflicts 9 ! consci5ces ( cl]gym5 are ( a common occurr5ce4 ,! op9ion t a cl]gyman :o has ceas$ to believe 9 c]ta9 dogmas ( 8 *ur* has to resign ?is position is v common among free?9k]s z well z or?odox believ]s4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems to be ! only *oice left to a man ( hone/y & a lov] ( tru?4 ,i held ?is op9ion myself = a long "t4 ,!re is nev]!less ano!r view ( ! subject :i* caus$ me to *ange my op9ion entirely1 & ,i am glad to p]ceive t su* a man z ,mr4 ,moncure ,d4 ,conway :o held himself a position 9 ! *ur* & hav+ gr[n m & m lib]al has retir$ f active s]vice1 decl>es mo/ emphatically t a cl]gyman :o has gr[n lib]al %\ld n resign b /ay 9 ! *ur* & wait till ! *ur* =ces him to leave 8 position4 ,?is is an hone/ c\rse1 a cl]gyman has a "r to pursue x & he w !reby op5 ! eyes ( 8 fell[-m52 he w fur!r ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 & p w ?us be enabl$ to judge bett] :e!r or n x is j to impose ^! burd5s ^u ! pa/ors ( ! *ur*4 ,let u consid] ! case m closely4 ,fir/1 ! oa? :i* a "y cl]gyman gives at 8 ord9ation is a promissory oa?1 & l all promissory oa?s x holds good on ! supposition t all ! ma9 conditions rema9 ! same4 ,if a man promises & b9ds himself by an oa? to />t to-morr[ morn+ on a j\rney he does s on ! supposition t x w be possible4 ,s f> z he c =esee x is possible1 b incid5ts may happ5 :i* w make x impossible to-morr[4 ,a promissory oa? w be a weight on ! consci5ce if x has to be brok51 b x has no legal =ce4 ,?us soldi]s swe> an oa? ( allegiance to _! k+1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances !re w be no cause = d\bt z to ! propriety ( rema9+ fai?ful to ! oa?4 ,b _m cases ( great p]plexity w appe> :5 a civil w> splits a nation 9 twa9 s t bro!r /&s aga9/ bro!r & fai?fulness to ! k+ may be ! mo/ degrad+ felony t[>d "o's highe/ & holie/ ideals1 p]haps also t[>d "o's bodily p>5ts & ne>e/ k94 ,:o does n recollect ! sad end ( ,ludwig ,,ii1 k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,:5 ! m9d ( ! un=tunate mon>* 0 too mu* d]ang$ to leave him 9 possession ( 8 royal p[]1 a commission ( sev]al au?oris$ m5 w5t to ! ca/le :]e he resid$ to place him "u ! c>e ( a physician4 ,! k+ refus$ to receive ! commission & ord]$ 8 fai?ful gu>ds by :om he 0 surr\nd$ to seize ! commission1 g\ge out _! eyes & treat !m o!rwise 9 ! mo/ outrage\s way4 ,! commission n be+ protect$ 7 = a mom5t 9 great dang]1 b happily ! gu>ds p]ceiv+ ! s]i\sness ( ! situation did n execute ! k+'s ord]s & we might say1--broke _! oa?4 ,did !y really break _! oa?8 ,no1 !y did n1 = :5 !y 7 sworn to obey _! sov]eign ma/] & "l1 x 0 suppos$ t ! k+ 0 & w\ld rema9 9 8 "r m9d4 ,he became insane & ?is *ang$ ! situation entirely4 ,! oa? ( allegiance :i* ! m9i/]s ( a *ur* swe> at _! ord9ation is made 9 ! bona fide conviction on bo? sides1--! *ur* on ! "o side & ! man t takes ord]s on ! o!r side1--t ! dogmas to :i* he pl$ges 8 tro? are ! tru?4 ,! oa? holds good s long z a m9i/] believes t ! dogmas ( ! *ur* are ! tru?2 x /ill holds good s long z he consid]s x possible t !y may be true4 ,b ! oa? to believe !m ceases to b9d 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 dem&$ z soon z a m9i/] sees cle>ly t !y are n true & t _! tru? is an actual impossibility4 ,x ranks 9 ! same category z ! oa? ( allegiance to a sov]eign :o has become insane4 ,b ! case is m complex /ill4 ,if promissory oa?s h no legal =ce because 9 c]ta9 cases a man w\ld h to act aga9/ ! lett] ( ! oa?1 h ^! oa?s no b9d+ p[] :atev]1 z soon z a m9i/] recognises ! incongruity ( ! *ur* belief ) tru?8 ,i %\ld say t !y h a b9d+ p[]1 yet ?is b9d+ p[] mu/ be s\ght n 9 ! lett] b 9 ! _s ( ! oa?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( juridical au?orities1 ,pr(4 ,rudolf von ,jh]+1 has writt5 a book entitl$ 8,d] ,zweck im ,re*t40 ,he f9ds t all laws1 all wills1 all decrees h a purpose1 & ?is purpose is _! _s4 ,!re are laws word$ s badly t ob$i5ce to ! lett] ( ! law w\ld "u c]ta9 & un=ese5 circum/ances en=ce exactly ! contr>y ( t :i* ! law 0 made =4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are ( n an uncommon occurr5ce especially ) reg>d to wills2 te/ators & _! legal advisors be+ (t5 unable to =mulate _! int5tions 9 a logical %ape4 ,jh]+ ma9ta9s t a judge 9 con/ru+ a w1 a decree1 or a law has to f9d out ! int5tion & purpose ( ! te/ator1 ! magi/rate t gave ! decree1 or ! legislator1 & x is ?is int5tion or purpose ) :i* 8 decisions h to agree4 ,suppos+ h[ev] t ?is purpose ( a w or a law is wrong 9 itself or nons5sical1 a judge has to con/rue x s t x w h s5se4 ,if ! purpose is crim9al ! :ole transaction is illegal1 if x is irrational or illogical1 x has to be int]pret$ s z to make x rational & logical4 ,if x has ref]5ce to antiquat$ views1 cu/oms or in/itutions x has to be adapt$ to ! correspond+ mod]n views & to exi/+ conditions4 ,an in/ance f practical life w expla9 ! la/ po9t4 ,!re are _m in/itutions 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many :i* 7 f\nd$ z cloi/]s or mona/]ies4 ,! nuns & monks h be5 engag$ p>tly 9 tea*+1 p>tly 9 att5d+ to ! sick1 & 9 o!r useful purposes4 ,! funds ( ^! in/itutions exi/ /ill1 & s]ve n[ ^? purposes directly :i* !y h s]v$ =m]ly indirectly ?r\gh ! s]vice ( nuns & monks4 ,mo/ ( !m are employ$ = ! ma9t5ance ( s*ools1 "s ( !m z hospitals1 o!rs z homes = unm>ri$ daught]s ( gov]nm5t (ficials or = homeless ari/ocratic ladies )\t means1 etc4 ,^! *anges h be5 wr\ght by hi/ory z ! natural consequ5ce ( new conditions4 ,_m ( !m 7 made 9 actual violation ( ! lett] ( ! te/ators' w2 yet !y 7 made bona fide ) ! int5tion to rema9 fai?ful to its _s8 ,! "q is n :at a te/ator int5d$ 8 w to be half a mill5nium ago1 b :at he w\ld int5d x to be 9 ! liv+ pres5t1 kn[+ all ! *anges :i* ! progress ( ! times h wr\ght & hav+ progress$ ) ! times4 ,be=e we answ] ! "q1 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! m9i/]'s oa?8 we %\ld fir/ see cle>ly1 :at is ! purpose ( ! *ur*4 ,is ! purpose ( ! *ur* really to be s\ght 9 ! propag&a ( "s absurd dogmas8 ,or does n r ! prea*+ ( ^! dogmas itself s]ve a purpose8 ,! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity 7 "s "t ago suppos$ to be ! indisp5sable in/rum5ts ( e?ical in/ruction4 ,all ! *ur*es are educational in/itutions to inculcate ! moral ought on ! basis ( a popul> _w-conception4 ,! *ur* ( ,engl& = in/ance is a national in/itute & x is n true t "o *ur* p>ty has ! "r to impose its religi\s conception ^u ! re/ ( ! nation4 ,:5 ! *ur* 0 f\nd$ "s crude notions 7 tak5 to be absolute tru?s & no man c at ! pres5t "t be requir$ to believe ^! crudities4 ,all in/itutions are cons]vative b mo/ cons]vative are ! c\rts ( ju/ice & ! *ur*4 ,! cons]vatism ( jurisprud5ce is *>act]is$ 9 ! say+ :i* appe>s to be its lead+ pr9ciple fiat ju/icia et p]eat mundus4 ,jurisprud5ce too (t5 =gets t ! disp5sation ( ju/ice s]ves ! purpose ( su/a9+ life1 ( promot+ ! g5]al welf>e & enhanc+ ! prosp]ity ( ! community2 x ov]looks ! _s & cl+s to ! lett]4 ,our ju/ices are incl9$ to believe t if a new _w-conception arises1 7:i* by ! bye w z we believe n be mat]iali/ic nor w x de/roy ! idea ( moral responsibility1 al?\gh x may *ange our views ab\t guilt17 _! :ole sy/em ( jurisprud5ce w break d[n4 ,!y are afraid ( a p]eat ju/icia et vivat mundus4 ,ju/ice ,s*iff] is n at all anxi\s to prove ! tru? ( ! old _w-conception1 he is satisfi$ ) prov+ t ! new _w-conception is incompatible ) ! old view ( ju/ice4 ,crim9al law means puni%m5t & puni%m5t presupposes ! idea ( guilt4 ,he argues3 8,! "q rema9s :e!r ! conflict betwe5 ! new & ! old _w-conception c\ld be avoid$ by adapt+ our views ( ju/ice to ! new _w-conception2 yet ?is "q is to be d5i$1 = ! notions ( guilt & puni%m5t belong to ea* o!r accord+ to logical1 e?ical1 & moral pr9ciples4 ,to puni% )\t assum+ guilt is z nons5sical z x is immoral40 ,x w\ld lead u too f> "h to %[ t moral responsibility /ill subsi/s on ! supposition ( a /rict det]m9ism & t ! crim9al law ) its puni%m5ts w n be aboli%$ 9 ! future4 ,yet !re is no d\bt t our views ( puni%m5t w h to be *ang$2 inde$ !y h *ang$ & h[ mu* !y h *ang$1 c be le>n$ by a comp>ison ( an execution ( to-day ) "o ( a few hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! idea ( puni%m5t 9 ! s5se ( inflict+ pa9 z a retribution has gone & x has gone =ev]4 ,!re is no m burn+ ( ! crim9al ) hot irons1 or twit*+ ) hot tongs1 or te>+ out 8 tongue1 or /ret*+ on ! :eel4 ,! crim9al is execut$ ) z little pa9 to him z possible4 ,:y ?is *ange8 ,because a new _w-conception has entirely alt]$ our views ( puni%m5t & x is go+ to alt] !m /ill m4 ,p5ology is n to be bas$ ^u s5tim5tality z "s s-call$ philan?ropi/s int5d to d2 nev]!less x is to & x w become humane because we h ab&on$ ! old conception ( guilt :i* z ,ju/ice ,s*iff] correctly /ates 0 a fundam5tal idea 9 ! old jurisprud5ce1 & ?is antiquat$ conception ( guilt has p>tly b n z yet entirely be5 ov]come4 ,! *ur* is 9 a position simil> to t ( ! crim9al law c\rts4 ,a *ange ( our _w-conception has set 9 & ! *ur* is n z yet adapt$ to ! *ange4 ,! *ur* hav+ f\nd x necess>y = its purpose ( prea*+ e?ics to insi/ on ! belief 9 a _w-conception :i* demon/rates a moral _w ord]1 n[ attempts to p]petuate c]ta9 errors ( our ance/ors' conception ( ?is moral _w-ord]4 ,! oa? ( a cl]gyman hav+ be5 ask$ & giv5 bona fide on ! supposition t ! dogmas ( ! *ur* 7 ! tru?1 holds good /ill1 b x mu/ be con/ru$ z 9 simil> cases a judge w\ld h to con/rue a faulty w or an ill-word$ law4 ,x has to be con/ru$ 9 ! _s & n 9 ! lett]4 ,cl]gym5 :o h gr[n lib]al %\ld n leave ! *ur*4 ,x is _! duty to /ay 9 ! *ur* & to make _! influ5ce felt to broad5 ! _s ( ! *ur*4 ,if ! *ur* removes !m f _! position1 !y yield to ! au?ority at pres5t 9 p[]1 b !y %\ld n yield )\t a /ruggle1 to be conduct$ on _! "p mode/ly b firmly1 ) rev]5ce t[>d _! au?orities1 ) tact & dec5cy1 b fe>lessly & bravely1 = !y are fight+ n only = _! p]sonal int]e/s b = ! progress ( mank9d1 !y are fight+ = ! holie/ treasures ( ! *ur*--= tru?4 ,! abolition ( ^! burd5s on ! consci5ces ( ! cl]gy w\ld be a natural consequ5ce ( repeat$ /ruggles4 ,let a pa/or be b\nd to respect 8 *ur* au?orities1 to obey !m 9 all matt]s ( adm9i/ration1 let him be b\nd to rev]e ! ecclesia/ical traditions ( :i* he %\ld nev] speak lightly1 b d n prescribe to him a belief ( any k9d4 ,pl$ge him to s]ve ! tru?1 to speak ! tru? & to live ! tru?2 & t simple pl$ge w h m weight ?an ! requirem5t to believe dogmas :i*1 8 sup]iors "k b too well c no long] be believ$ lit]ally b mu/ be tak5 cum grano salis4 ,*ri/ says conc]n+ ! obs]vances insi/$ ^u by ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees3 8,!y b9d heavy burd5s & griev\s to be borne3 & lay !m ^u m5's %\ld]s40 ,?is passage is applicable also to ! pres5t sy/em ( ord9ation4 ,*ri/'s say+ is read 9 ! *ur*es & x is1 z mo/ ( 8 words are1 z new to-day z x 0 at 8 "t1 b :o ?9ks ( its application to our pres5t sy/em ( burd5+ ! consci5ces ( m58 ,p4 ,c4 ,a ,,comm5t ,,by ,,pr(4 ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll] ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,discussion ,,on ,,evolution ,,& ,,language4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/3 ,i mu/ ?ank y & ,pr(essor ,romanes = ! frank & se>*+ criticism to :i* y h bo? subject$ my article on 8,?\ght & ,language10 publi%$ 9 ,! ,moni/4 ,y h %[n t y c>e = tru? & n = victory1 & y h c>efully ab/a9$ f any p]sonal rem>ks :i* are s apt to embitt] sci5tific controv]sy & 9 consequ5ce to r5d] its *ief object1 ! discov]y ( m tru?1 illusory4 ,we all h ! same object1 we all want to "k :at is true--:y !n %\ld we n all "w toge!r1 li/5 to fri5dly criticism1 accept useful advice1 confess our mi/akes1 & "w z h>d z we c 9 ! special field allott$ to ea* ( u4 ,z soon z ,i f9d a little m leisure1 ,i %all n fail to reply fully to bo? y\r articles4 ,at pres5t ,i only write to y to def5d myself aga9/ an undes]v$ *>ge br\ght aga9/ me by ,pr(essor ,romanes4 ,i _h said t ,pr(essor ,romanes _h no "r to speak ( m5 l ,noir1 ,huxley1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to say no?+ ( ,hobbes1 ) an air ( sup]iority4 ,pr(essor ,romanes replies t he nev] m5tion$ ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] at all1 t x w\ld h be5 well = me1 if1 be=e condemn+ 8 suppos$ treatm5t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 & ,noir1 ,i _h look$ at 8 ,index4 ,?is is a s]i\s *>ge4 ,x w\ld %[ a want ( accuracy unp>donable 9 a s*ol>4 ,x is true1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s "n does n occur 9 ! ,index4 ,b on p4 #bcj we read3 8,s "h aga9 we meet ) additional pro(1 7 any requir$1 ( ! folly ( reg>d+ ! copula z an ess5tial +r$i5t ( a proposition40 ,n[ x is well kn[n t x is ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] :o reg>ds ! copula z an ess5tial +r$i5t ( a proposition4 ,i h %[n t ! facts ( language are aga9/ ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 b ,i %\ld n !re=e ?9k x "r to *>ge him ) folly4 ,?is w %[ t if ,i wrote )\t ,index1 ,i did n write )\t book4 ,y\rs truly1 ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,ox=d1 ,oct4 #bh1 #ahia4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,synoptik]4 ,,apo/elges*i*te4 ,be>beitet von ,pr(essor ,h4 ,j4 ,holzmann4 ,zweite v]bess]te und v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,freiburg1 i4 ,b43 ,akademis*e ,v]lagsbu*h&lung von ,j4 ,c4 ,b4 ,mohr4 #ahib4 ,?is book is ! fir/ volume ( ! 8,h&-,comm5t> zum ,neu5 ,te/am5t0 edit$ by ! ,pr(essors ,h4 ,holtzmann1 ,r4 ,a4 ,lipsius1 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el1 & ,h4 v4 ,sod54 ,no bett] man c\ld h be5 select$ = ! fir/ "p ( ?is great "w ?an ,pr(4 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann1 :o is n only a !ologian ( mo/ compreh5sive s*ol>%ip b also has devot$ 8 en]gies to ?is special subject4 ,he has lectur$ regul>ly = a numb] ( ye>s at ! univ]sity ( ,/rassburg six or eight times weekly on ! synoptic gospels & ?ree times weekly on ! ,acts4 ,! pr9ciple ( 8 me?od has be5 laid d[n 9 a =m] "w ( 81 viz4 8,lehrbu* d] hi/oris*-kritis*5 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t40 ,! pres5t book conta9s an enorm\sly volum9\s mat]ial cond5s$ into a comp>atively small space ( #ddh pp4 l>ge octavo4 ,! au?or be+ a !ologian 8 attitude t[>d 8 subject is naturally rev]5t1 pay+ an unres]v$ homage to ! greatness ( ,jesus4 ,yet at ! same "t 8 inve/igations are /rictly sci5tific & 9 accordance ) ! rules ( criticism z employ$ 9 any hi/orical inve/igation4 ,x is no exagg]ation to consid] ,pr(essor ,holtzmann's "w z repres5tative 9 ! highe/ degree2 x embraces ! mo/ complete k at pres5t atta9able & t too 9 a mo/ concise =m z a practical h&book ) p>allel tables & indexes ( ref]5ce = /ud5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! au?or fir/ =mulates 8! synoptic problem10 :i* has be5 solv$ aft] innum]able va9 attempts by ! s-call$ 8,m>cus-,hypo!sis10 :i* is at pres5t consid]$ z satisfactory1 because x alone fulfils e condition & expla9s all ! difficulties4 ,holtzmann reg>ds ! figure ( ,*ri/ z hi/orical4 ,! impression ( 8 p[]ful p]sonality 0 a liv+ pres5ce 9 ! fir/ congregation at ,j]usalem4 ,b all ! int]e/ c5tr$ 9 8 words4 ,! words ( _! ,"l 7 fai?fully pres]v$ by oral tradition4 ,s5t5ces s %ort & yet s pregnant ) mean+ z 8,bless$ are ! peacemak]s10 or 8,ye are ! salt ( ! e>?10 8,b let y\r communication be1 ,yea1 yea3 ,nay1 nay1 etc410 are s impressive t :oev] has he>d !m once1 w nev] =get !m4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! ^w 0 soon complem5t$ by an int]e/ 9 facts & ev5ts :i* 0 mu* lat] foll[$ by an int]e/ 9 dogma4 ,! fir/ diff]5ces among ! ,*ri/ians orig9at$ ?r\gh ! mission among ! hea!ns4 ,! g5tile ,*ri/ian became indiff]5t conc]n+ ! ,jewi% traditions & clung ) all 8 religi\s en?usiasm to ! ,*ri/ z 8 savi\r4 ,*ri/ianity became a cosmic religion :ile ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians /ill look$ ^u ,*ri/ z ! ,messiah ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,! ,jewi% view ( ,*ri/ianity is repres5t$ by ,mat!w1 ! g5tile view by ,luke4 ,m>k h[ev] does n %[ any developm5t ( dogma4 ,accord+ to ,papias1 ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,pet] _h :5ev] x became necess>y = an explanation ( ! words ( ,*ri/1 occasionally told c]ta9 ev5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus2 :i* 7 aft]w>ds writt5 d[n by ,m>k4 ,we f9d 9 ,m>k1 ,mat!w1 & ,luke ! same build+ /ones1 b h[ diff]5tly arrang$6 ,m>k %[s evid5ce ( relat+ real facts ( hi/ory1 he beg9s ) ,john ! ,bapti/1 tells u h[ ,jesus became baptis$1 h[ he prea*$ ! k+dom ( ,god2 accord+ to ,m>k1 ,jesus does n decl>e himself z ! ,messiah f ! beg9n+4 ,8 activity gr[s by degrees1 8 disciples increase1 he heals ! sick1 & x is f ! m\? ( ^! t he 0 fir/ proclaim$ z ! ,messiah4 ,he becomes a p[] among ! p & makes himself (f5sive to ! au?orities :o consid] him z dang]\s & attempt to take 8 life4 ,jesus =bids ^? :om he heals to proclaim t he is ! ,messiah4 ,he s5ds out 8 disciples n to prea* him z ! ,messiah1 b to proclaim ! k+dom4 ,at la/ 9 ,pet] ! idea dawns t prompts him to decl>e3 8,?\ art ! ,*ri/40 ,yield+ be=e ! p]secution ( 8 enemies1 ,jesus travels ,nor? & ,ea/ & "h he accu/oms himself to ! idea ( a suff]+ son ( man4 ,8 self-confid5ce increases & he travels c\rage\sly to ,j]usalem :]e1 z he c\ld =esee1 he w\ld meet 8 fate4 ,! drama ( 8 life culm9ates 9 8 ^w 8 0 7#adfb7 9 :i* he reveals 8 self-consci\sness z be+ ! ,messiah4 ,be+ triumphantly hail$ 9 ,j]usalem by p ( ,galilee & su* z believ$ 9 him he ha/5$ 8 doom4 ,x is n likely t ,jesus c\ld h publicly be5 held to be ! ,messiah = any l5g? ( "t1 = ! ,roman police 0 wont to suppress su* movem5ts )\t discrim9ation4 ,!y did n /op to inve/igate ! case z to ! "* or motive ( ! movem5t :e!r or n x 0 purely religi\s or political4 ,!y nev] tol]at$ any 8son ( ,david0 or 8k+ ( ,israel0 :o held any influ5ce ov] l>ge masses ( ! p4 ,:ile ,m>k /ill pres]ves ! developm5t ( ,jesus's messianic consci\sness1 ,luke z well z ,mat!w h entirely oblit]at$ x4 ,accord+ to ,m>k1 ,jesus proclaims ! k+dom2 ,mat!w & ,luke make him prea* 8 p]son4 ,!y make ,jesus proclaim himself z ! ,messiah f ! v beg9n+ & 8 comm& n to speak x out op5ly giv5 to ^? :om he heal$ & also to 8 disciples has no s5se "h4 ,mat!w has a lik+ = cabali/ic numb]s1 !re are ?ree times sev5 g5]ations ! names ( :i* are n )\t do+ viol5ce to hi/orical facts adju/$ to ! patt]n1 !re are ?ree temptations1 sev5 p>ables1 etc4 ,?r\gh\t we notice reflection1 purposive selection ( ! mat]ial1 & artificial adju/m5t to a plan4 ,! book has a t5d5cy to %[ t ,jesus 0 ! ,k+ ( ,israel pr$ict$ by ! prophets & 9 ! psalms4 ,luke on ! o!r h& has also a dogmatic programme4 ,x is ! gospel ( g5tile ,*ri/ianity z f\nd$ by ,paul4 ,! critical s*ool f9ds adv]s>ies among !ologians z well z un*ri/ian ?9k]s1 bo? ( :om are apt to speak ( fraud :5 religi\s books are writt5 ) c]ta9 dogmatic t5d5cies4 ,pr(essor ,holtzmann objects to su* a view ( ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he says t a religion :i* did n r\se suffici5t en?usiasm to develop a religi\s poetry w\ld be v poor & lifeless4 ,ev5 ! apocrypha ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are evid5ce ( ! vigor ( ! new religion1 al?\gh we mu/ be aw>e ( ! fact t ! ,*ur* %[$ good judgm5t :5 adopt+ its canon to accept ^? :i* 7 full ( moral mean+ & to reject ^? :i* 7 m]e my? )\t any deep] significance4 ,we h giv5 ?is ab/ract ( "o "p ( ,holtzmann's "w ) ! omission ( all ! le>n$ by-"w = ^? n famili> ) !ological inve/igation4 ,simil> results are obta9$ by an inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! ,acts4 ,! apo/les 7 ! fir/ & liv+ repres5tatives ( ! ,*ri/4 ,out ( ! int]e/ 9 ! apo/les' words grew an int]e/ 9 _! actions & lives1 & !re are a great _m writ+s ( ?is subject pres]v$4 ,"o only has be5 receiv$ into ! canon4 ,x is impossible to foll[ ,pr(essor ,holtzmann into ! details ( 8 "w1 b we c w>mly recomm5d x z ! be/ comp5dium exi/+1 n only = ! /ud5t ( !ology b = ev]ybody :o is int]e/$ 9 ! results ( ! sci5tific criticism ( ! synoptic gospels & ! ,acts4#ea 4 ,,s*rift5 ,,d] ,,gesells*aft ,,fu] ,,psy*ologis*e ,,=s*ung4 ,heft #b4 ,ueb] ,aufgab5 und ,me?od5 d] ,psy*ologie4 ,by ,hugo ,mn/]b]g4 ,leipsic3 ,ambr4 ,abel4 #ahia4 ,9 ?is monograph ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g prep>es ! way = great] & m important "w4 ,8 aim is to def9e ! prov9ce ( psy*ology & to inve/igate ! me?ods :i* h to be employ$4 ,psy*ology is n philosophy2 accord+ly ! consid]ation :e!r !re is a reality ( an outside _w does n belong "h4 ,! psy*ologi/ is n b\nd to wait till ?is & o!r metaphysical que/ions are decid$ ) c]ta9ty2 ! reality ( ! outside _w has simply to be assum$ toge!r ) its cognisability4 ,:at means #8to expla9'8 8,to expla9 means simply to r5d] cle> t :i* is n cle> or to r$uce ! unkn[n to ! kn[n1 ! complex to ! simple 7p4 #ajd74444 ,x is an indisp5sable presupposition ( any natural sci5ce to consid] nature z be+ capable ( explanation 7erklrb>71 & ?is presupposition means t natural processes c be p]fectly sep>at$ into mo/ simple me*anical processes4 ,?is presumption c be realis$ to-day only on ! basis ( ! atom-conception4 ,x is accord+ly n an exp]i5ce1 b a po/ulate ( natural sci5ce to d]ive ! :ole mat]ial _w-process f ! me*anism ( atoms4 ,a description becomes an explanation 9 ! measure 9 :i* x approa*es ?is aim0 7p4 #aje74 ,! "q is1 :e!r 9 psy*ology1 description c be supplant$ by explanation1 :e!r laws c be /at$ in/ead ( m]e rules4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g takes t gr\nd 9 psy*ology :i* z x appe>s to u is ! only t5able gr\nd1 viz4 t feel+s are n motions & _c be expla9$ z conv]t$ physical processes4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g says3 8,a s5sation1 a feel+1 a w c nev] fill ev5 ! v smalle/ space4 ,:at is ext5d$ 9 space c nev] itself be a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,to ! psy*ologi/ ?is di/9ction is n[ a matt] ( c\rse1 s mu* s t x is difficult to call to "o's m9d h[ mu* tr\ble x co/ to acquire ?is insight4 ,! object ( psy*ology accord+ly c nev] be an object 9 space1 x c nev] be a process ( motion1 accord+ly1 ev5 bra9-irritation c "u no circum/ances ev] become ! object ( psy*ology0 7p4 #ig74 ,psy*ology has to inve/igate ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( ! individual consci\sness 7p4 #ajb71 x has to sep>ate x into its elem5ts1 i4 e4 ^? +r$i5ts :i* are no long] divisible2 :i* be+ done1 psy*ology se>*es = ! rules = ! comb9ations ( ^! psy*ical elem5ts & %[s u ! diff]5t complex cont5ts :i* are =m$ 9 ?is way by ! elem5ts up to t totality ( s+le comb9ations :i* is giv5 u z ! cont5ts ( our spiritual p]sonality 7p4 #ajc74 8,! "q is1 7#a7 ,are !re psy*ological processes 9 u1 ! developm5t ( :i* pres5ts itself ) imm$iate c]ta9ty z necess>y1 & 7#b7 c we r$uce all ! individual & ) !m all ! spiritual ph5om5a to su* spiritual processes recognis$ z necess>y8 ,! fir/ "q c be affirm$1 al?\gh only 9 a limit$ s5se1 & ! second "q mu/ be unequivocally d5i$1 ?us mak+ an imm$iate explanation ( psy*ical ph5om5a impossible0 7p4 #ajg74 ,! fir/ "q is to be affirm$ 9 a limit$ s5se1 because 8if c]ta9 premises are ?\ght1 ! conclusion1 x appe>s to u z a necessity1 c be ?\ght ?us & n o!rwise0 7p4 #ajh74 ,b ?is is 8a logical & n a psy*ological necessity40 ,to actually ?9k ! conclusion dep5ds ^u ! w to ?9k x4 ,! w actually exi/+1 ! logical necessity becomes a psy*ological1 = 8! connection betwe5 ! will+ & ! will$ 7zwis*5 ,will5 und ,gewolltem7 always appe>s to u z necess>y4444 ,:]e !re is inn] w !re is an inn] necessity40 ,n[1 9 ord] to make explanations 9 ! physical _w1 we supplem5t t :i* has be5 actually obs]v$ ) n-obs]v$ connections4 ,b we _c1 accord+ to ,mn/]b]g1 9 an analog\s way supplem5t 9 ! _w ( psy*ical ph5om5a ! consci\s /ates ) any o!r k9d ( /ates :i* are n consci\s1 ?us ref]r+ our spiritual life & acts ( w to unconsci\s processes1 = 8! v nature ( psy*ical /ates is consci\sness1 i4 e4 a /ate ( be+ consci\s4 ,ihr ,se9 i/ das bewus/-se94444 ,a /ate ( consci\sness1 says ,mn/]b]g1 :i* is n consci\s1 is comp>able n to a body :i* is n p]ceiv$1 b to "o :i* does n exi/4 ,accord+ly unconsci\s psy*ical ph5om5a d n exi/4 ,all psy*ical ph5om5a are directly giv5 & ! r$uction ( _! comb9ations 9 a c]ta9 way ?r\gh hypo!tical psy*ological supplem5ts is once = all exclud$0 7p4 #aaj74 ,we agree 9 all ! ma9 positions ) ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 b 9 ! la/ m5tion$ po9t we disagree4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g limits psy*ical /ates or feel+s to /ates ( consci\sness )\t consid]+ t !re are subconsci\s & ev5 unconsci\s feel+s4 ,by consci\sness we und]/& ^? feel+s alone :i* are conc5trat$ s z to be connect$ ) ! ego1 i4 e4 ! pres5t c5tre ( consci\sness4 ,we assume t ev5 ! sp9al ganglions ( ! bra9less frog are feel+ if ! sk9 is irritat$1 b ?is feel+ c nev] become consci\s1 x c no m be telegraph$ to ! c5tral /ation s z to become co-ord9at$ ) o!r feel+s :i* are regi/]$ 9 ! bra94 ,! objection may be rais$1 ,we d n "k :e!r ! ganglion is feel+2 & ,i %\ld answ]1 ,i call feel+ any?+ t is ( ! same nature z ! elem5ts ( :i* consci\sness consi/s1 & we h all reasons to assume t !re is su* an elem5t>y psy*ical accompanim5t ( ! ganglionic irritations1 & t consci\sness rises f _m su* elem5ts ?r\gh _! co-ord9ate comb9ation 9 ! bra94 ,isolat$ feel+s are nev] consci\s1 & consci\sness is a co-op]ative sy/em ( feel+4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 consci\sness & feel+ is a m]e matt] ( t]m9ology4 ,if we f9d ano!r t]m9ology m practical we are will+ to surr5d] ours4 ,yet su* a di/9ction betwe5 consci\sness & feel+ seems to be necess>y = a prop] description ( ! psy*ical facts4 ,! assumption ( subconsci\s /ates & ev5 ( unconsci\s feel+s is a great help 9 expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness4 ,b unless we are grossly mi/ak51 our disagreem5t is m]ely app>5t1 = ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 reject+ ! idea ( a psy*ological explanation1 believes 9 ! p>allelism ( psy*ical & physical ph5om5a4 8,! physical acts0 7he says on p4 #abe7 8r$ucible to me*anical axioms c be expla9$ ?r\gh causation1 ! psy*ical acts foll[ "o ano!r )\t inn] necessity4 ,if we connect bo?1 we are enabl$ to transf] ! necessity-connection ( ! physical ^u ! psy*ical & (f] ?us an explanation :]e o!rwise description only 0 possible40 ,b 9 do+ ?is1 h we n supplem5t$ ^? psy*ical elem5ts :i* appe> z consci\s /ates by o!r psy*ical elem5ts :i* h n ent]$ into t comb9ation :i* makes !m actually consci\s8 ,x is an hypo!tical addition = ! sake ( explanation1 a ,hilfscon/ruction j z mu* z ! supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( atoms or electric curr5ts or o!r physical ph5om5a :i* are n directly obs]v$1 b indirectly 9 _! effects only4 ,supplem5ts are necess>y = explanation :]ev] ! imm$iate facts d n conta9 all ! elem5ts ( a c]ta9 process4 ,if an obs]vable ph5om5on has n its conditions 9 obs]vable facts we hypo!tically assume unobs]vable facts z its causes4 ,b we may incid5tally rem>k t description & explanation are n diff]5t 9 k9d1 b 9 degree4 ,explanation is an exhau/ive description set =? 9 its greate/ possible simplicity4 ,an exhau/ive description enum]ates all ! det]m9ative factors ( a process & x drops ev]y?+ t is ( no acc\nt1 s t in=mation is imp>t$ ) ! greate/ economy z well z complet5ess4 ,an exhau/ive description is a reliable guide to preasc]ta9 ! outcome ( a process1 & reveals 9 ?is way ! id5tity 9 ! *ange1 ! cont9uity ( ! process & ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy 9 _! trans=mations1 or1 9 o!r words1 x reveals ! necessity ( ! result4 ,!re is p]haps no natural sci5ce 9 :i* ! processes c be exhau/ively describ$ )\t hypo!tical supplem5ts & s ! sci5ce ( psy*ology =ms no exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,! aim ( psy*ology 9 its wid] s5se w be 8to sep>ate all ! cont5ts ( consci\sness into _! elem5ts1 to /ate _! laws ( comb9ation1 & to seek 9 an empirical way = ! div]se elem5t>y psy*ical cont5ts1 _! correspond5t physiological irritations1 9 ord] to expla9 9 ?is way m$iately f ! coexi/5ce & succession ( physiological irritations ! purely psy*ological laws ( comb9ations :i* z su* are unexpla9able0 7p4 #abg74 ,our objection to ?is view resembles mu* "s ( ! objections :i* ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g himself makes :5 speak+ ( ! availability ( ! ma!matical me?od s-call$4 ,he says3 8,measur+ & c\nt+ ( psy*ological ph5om5a h be5 made repeat$ly1 directly z well z indirectly1 & x has be5 prov$ t ma!matics c be appli$ to psy*ology4444 ,nev]!less x w\ld be a misuse ( ! ^w if we nam$ ^! num]ical descriptions an #8application ( ! ma!matical me?od4' ,if an hi/orian ( lit]ature c\nts ! poems & dramas ( au?ors1 if he also calculates h[ long x took !m to write _! lit]>y products1 :o w\ld call 8 "w a ma!matical hi/ory ( lit]ature8 ,ev5 a/ronomy w\ld be no ma!matical sci5ce if we c\nt$ only ! />s 9 ! sky40 ,if ! aim ( psy*ological explanation 7 z ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g "h ass]ts to be rea*$ ?r\gh ! explanation ( physiological /ates only1 we %\ld say1 t ! physiological me?od 7 alone admissible 9 psy*ology1 a pr9ciple to :i* our au?or rightly objects4 ,psy*ical /ates sometimes dem& a physiological explanation1 & we _c und]/& psy*ology )\t hav+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( physiological k4 ,nev]!less1 ! explanation ( psy*ical /ates & ! necessity ( c]ta9 connections mu/ be und]/ood ma9ly f ! psy*ical elem5ts !mselves4 ,psy*ical elem5ts1 i4 e4 feel+s1 z has be5 expla9$ on o!r occasions1 h acquir$ & con/antly d acquire mean+4 ,?is mean+ :i* appe>s 9 s5sation-symbols & ?\ght-symbols & :i* is diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( feel+ 7correspond5t to diff]5t =ms ( n]v\s action71 creates a new doma91--! doma9 ( _s1--& ?us psy*ical /ates are *ang$ into spiritual facts4 ,suppose = in/ance t a m]*ant receives 8 mail2 he op5s a lett] conta9+ "s important news :i* sets at once all 8 n]ves into irritation1 makes him neglectful ( all o!r ?+s 9 ord] to att5d ) great ha/e to "o special affair4 ,h[ c we expla9 ?is in/ance1 or any o!r spiritual act ?r\gh a consid]ation ( physiological conditions4 ,is x n ! mean+ alone :i* special s5se-impressions convey t produces ! extraord9>y effects8 ,! physiologi/ w\ld z little be able to detect ?is mean+ ?r\gh an analysis ( ! s5se-impressions1 z an electrician w\ld be to und]/& ! import ( a telegram :5 measur+ ! /r5g? ( ! electric curr5t 9 ! telegraph wires4 ,! comb9ations ( ! purely psy*ical /ates may aft] all n be q unexpla9able1 :ile _! physiological concomitants are 9 _m cases insuffici5t to acc\nt = spiritual int]connections4 ,9 discuss+ ! me?ods ( psy*ology ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g rejects ! speculative & ! ma!matical me?ods2 he claims a great importance 7& we agree ) him7 = self-obs]vation4 ,b self-obs]vation is no easy task2 x requires a high degree ( tra9+4 8,he :o does n und]/& botany _c make obs]vations ( plant-life4 ,! same ?+s :i* call into play c]ta9 associations 9 ! botani/ are also se5 by ! layman1 b !y rema9 unobs]v$4 ,self-obs]vation is 9 a simil> way 444 n )\t its presuppositions2 x is dep5d5t ^u a ri* /ore ( ready associations0 7p4 #afd74 ,psy*ological inve/igations "u natural conditions are classifi$ by ,mn/]b]g accord+ to _! objects1 z ^? ( ! normal man1 ! *ild1 ! savage1 ! insane1 ! animal1 etc4 ,9 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 psy*opetal1 psy*(ugal1 & psy*oc5tral processes are di/+ui%$4 ,= psy*o-physiological inve/igations we h besides1 7#a7 ! imm$iate exp]im5t 9 ! laboratory1 7#b7 ! me?od ( anatomy1 7#c7 ( comp>ative anatomy1 7#d7 & ( physiology4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g concludes ) an appeal to in/itute special pr(essor%ips ( psy*ology1 :i* is at pres5t a m]e bran* ( philosophy4 ,x takes all ! en]gy ( "o man to keep abrea/ ) ! progress ( psy*ological inve/igation4 8,no m$ical man1 no lawy]1 no !ologian1 or educator %\ld ent] into practical life )\t hav+ pass$ an exam9ation 9 psy*ology 444 ! gr[+ g5]ation ( *ildr51 ! sick1 ! crim9al1 & ! com=t-seek+ s\ls ( mank9d h to suff] if tea*]s1 physicians1 judges1 & prea*]s are ignoramuses 9 ! matt] ( human s\l-life4444 ,b "h also ! gods h plac$ sweat be=e virtue40 4 ,,la ,,philosophie ,,du ,,si,,cle4 ,by ,e4 de ,rob]ty4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* =ms a volume ( ! ,libr>y ( ,contempor>y ,philosophy1 is "o ( ^? disciples ( ! f\nd] ( ,fr5* positivism :o1 :ile foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps to a c]ta9 po9t1 d n hesitate to div]ge f ! beat5 track :5 !y ?9k _! lead] has gone a/ray 9 8 philosophic que/4 ,m4 de ,rob]ty speaks ( ,comte ) rev]5ce z 8 fir/ guide & 8 be/ ma/]1 & he f9ds 9 ! v contradictions ( ! ,ma/] ! g]m ( 8 own conception ( ! g5]al tr5d ( philosophic developm5t4 ,! fundam5tal !sis ( ! pres5t "w is t ! ?ree contemporane\s philosophic sy/ems1 ^? ( ,criticism1 ,positivism1 & ,evolutionism1 are m]ely v>ieties ( a s+le species1 z /rictly p>allel manife/ations ( a common /ock ( beliefs & g5]al hypo!ses4 ,! basic id5tity ( ! ?\ght ( ?is c5tury is %[n by ! ev] increas+ conv]g5ce ( ! great lead+ ideas1 z exhibit$ 9 ! prevail+ !ories ( k1 by ! prepond]ance ( relativism1 & ( agno/icism4 ,x reveals itself1 especially 9 ! simil> conceptions =m$ by ! mo/ v>i$ sy/ems1 n only ( ! ess5tial *>act]s ( philosophy1 its me?od1 & ! ends x ought to pursue1 b also ( ! sci5tific laws :i* gov]n its evolution4 ,we _c foll[ ! au?or ?r\gh 8 discussion ( all ^! po9ts & we mu/ !re=e re/rict ourselves to ! mo/ sali5t features ( 8 argum5t4 ,mod]n philosophy is repres5t$ by ?ree pr9cipal s*ools3 ,criticism :i* orig9at$ ) ,kant1 ,positivism f\nd$ by ,comte1 & ,evolutionism introduc$ by ,sp5c]4 ,^! ?ree sy/ems _h a common ance/ry1 t ( s5sualism4 ,! critical philosophy is ! legitimate heir ( s5su\s idealism1 & ! positive philosophy ! imm$iate desc5dant ( s5su\s mat]ialism4 ,! evolution philosophy is itself root$ 9 s5sualism1 b x is really a conciliator ( ! two great philosophies :i* prec$$ x1 ,criticism & ,positivism4 ,?is conclusion1 :i* appe>s to u j1 is support$ by v>i\s consid]ations to :i* ref]5ce "h is n necess>y4 ,m4 de ,rob]ty be>s te/imony to ! influ5ce ( ! philosophy ( ,kant ov] ! developm5t ( ! evolutioni/ conception1 :i* c\ld be appli$ to society only by giv+ an app>5t univ]sality to ! me*anical hypo!sis4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ,sp5c]1 z x _h be5 done to "s ext5t by ,comte4 ,! popul>ity ( ! evolution philosophy is expla9$ by ! au?or z due to its admixture ( agno/icism ) a monism :i* captivates ! masses 8by ! audaci\s ass]tion t x has rais$ all veils & resolv$ all enigmas40 ,kant1 ,comte1 & ,sp5c] h equally seiz$ ?is *>act]i/ic trait ( ! g5ius ( our c5tury4 ,!y ea* treat1 says ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 ( ! mo/ transc5d5t problems ( metaphysics1 & place !m c>efully "u ! cov] ( ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,let u add t !y are ea* diff]5t expressions ( t g5ius1 :i* m>ks ! progress ( ! m5tal evolution ( mank9d4 ,! second "p ( ,m4 de ,rob]ty's "w deals 9 ! fir/ place ) ! conceptions ( philosophy1 its nature & its end1 fram$ by ! ?ree great mod]n sy/ems4 ,! confusion g5]ally made betwe5 philosophy & sci5ce is fir/ po9t$ out1 ! evil ( :i* arises f ! fact t all[ance is n made = ! progress ( sci5tific k4 ,! au?or is /rongly incl9$ to favor ! idea ( ! g5]al equival5ce ( sci5ce & philosophy1 9 ! s5se t e effect is id5tifi$ ) its cause4 ,b z ! effect is always modifi$ ) its cause1 nei!r ! cont5t n ! g5]al conception ( philosophy c rema9 un*angeable4 ,philosophy becomes ?us ! co-ord9ation ( ! sci5ces 9 view ( _! g5]al & ab/ract f9ality--by :i* is meant simply ! la/ t]m ( an evolution--a conception ( ! _w4 ,9 :at d ! conceptions ( philosophy held by ! critici/1 ! positivi/1 & ! evolutioni/1 diff] f t =mulat$ by ,m4 de ,rob]ty8 ,he affirms t !y all ent]ta9 c]ta9 errors ( me?od d]iv$ *iefly f anci5t metaphysics4 ,! prototype is f\nd 9 ,kant1 :o says t philosophy is a sy/em ( univ]sal acquirem5ts =m$ ( ab/ract notions1 & t x has = its aim ! passage ( our und]/&+ f s5sible to supras5sible k4 ,! latt] is ! a priori1 ! p]man5t & v]ifiable hypo!sis1 = ea* ( !m4 ,x is ! transc5d5tal elem5t :i* all mod]n philosophy has d]iv$ f ! pa/1 & :i* =ms ! bond ( alliance betwe5 fai? & k4 ,( ! ?ree po/ulates ( ,sp5c]1 ! univ]sal hypo!sis is 9 ! fir/1 an ,unkn[able ,=ce4 ,! o!r two belong to psy*ology1 prov+ t ! ,engli% evolutioni/1 l ,comte1 conf\nds sci5ce ) philosophy1 :i* to him1 z to 8 pr$ecessors1 is a simple !ory ( k4 ,philosophy is a me?od :i* conducts to a conception ( ! _w4 ,b1 says ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 mod]n philosophies fail 9 t !y deal ) hypo!ses4 ,n[1 al?\gh hypo!sis is ! s\l ( ! special sci5ces1 = philosophy x mu/ always be a purely m5tal recreation4 ,to r5d] valid ! univ]sal hypo!sis con/ruct$ by philosoph]s1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! sum ( ! f9al tru?s ( sci5ce %\ld include ! sum ( ! ph5om5a :i* con/itute nature4 ,we _c foll[ ! au?or ?r\gh 8 +5i\s criticisms ( ,sp5c]'s great syn!tic =mula1 to :i* he devotes ! twelf? *apt] ( ! pres5t "w1 & :i* he *>act]ises z ! p]fect type ( ! univ]sal unv]ifiable hypo!sis4 ,nor c we d m ?an give a pass+ glance at 8 views ( ! psy*ology ( ! ?ree mod]n sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,he affirms t ! metaphysical trans=mation by criticism ( psy*ology into philosophy left h>dly any?+ to ! special sci5ce4 ,to positivism is due ! conception ( psy*ology z =m+ an integral "p ( biology1 :i* has l$ to ! important psy*o-physical exp]im5ts ( ! pres5t day4 ,b ! biological analysis ( ! individual %\ld be foll[$ by social analysis1 ! /udy ( m5tal manife/ations 9 society1 9 connection ) :i* %\ld be creat$ a special concrete sci5ce to embrace ! high] psy*ology1 z po9t$ out by ! au?or 9 8 "w 8,la ,sociologie40 ,sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry are a projection into ! ext]nal _w ( ! ?9k+1 feel+1 act+ subject1 & psy*ology ought also to be ?us project$ by fusion ) biology1 or ) biology & sociology1 :i* x is necess>y to /udy if we w\ld discov] psy*ic laws4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,supremacy ( ,sci5ce1 ! au?or affirms t ! philosophy :i* w result f ! progress ( psy*ology & sociology w pres5t a /rik+ contra/ ) all kn[n metaphysical =ms1 b x w always rema9 a _w-conception1 & x w h to submit to ! law ( correlation :i* expla9s ! "* & de/9ies ( its pr$ecessor4 ,agno/icism1 :i* invites m5 to b5d be=e ! ,deus ignotus ( all religions1 m>ks ! fatal t]m9ation ( anci5t an?ropomorphism1 influ5c$ by a progressive k1 & ?us appe>s z ! f9al integration ( all !ology4 ,x also repres5ts1 h[ev]1 ! condition ( incognisance to :i* ! opposite /ate w succe$ :5 ! cycle ( ab/ract sci5ces is complet$ & a really sci5tific psy*ology =m$4 ,!n hypo!ses z to univ]sal causes w receive _! psy*ological solution1 & x w rema9 = philosophy only to confront & co-ord9ate !m ) ! g5]al results ( o!r sci5ces4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is po9t ,m4 de ,rob]ty =mulates ! conclusion t ,philosophy & ,sci5ce are t]ms :i* connote two pr9ciple species 9 ! va/ g5us designat$ by ! s+le t]m k4 ,! mo/ m>k$ trait ( future philosophy w be ! di/9ction ( ^! two species1 z _! confusion 0 ! mo/ g5]al "* ( ! philosophy ( ! pa/4 ,philosophy & sci5ce w !n be p]fectly id5tifi$1 b ! id5tity w be g5]al & n specific4 ,?us philosophy w n be positive 9 ! s5se ( ,comte1 x w nev] completely id5tify itself ) sci5ce4 ,9 8 la/ *apt]1 entitl$ 8,! ,intellectual ,s]ies10 ,m4 de ,rob]ty cont9ues 8 criticism ( ! views ( ,comte z to ! law ( ! evolution ( philosophy4 ,he %[s t1 s f> f ?is be+ ! mo/ g5]al law ( intellectual evolution1 & !re=e ! supreme law ( all social ph5om5a1 philosophy is only "o ( ?ree int]m$iate t]ms1 ! o!rs be+ art & indu/ry1 by ! aid ( :i* ! evolution ( sci5tific ideas acts on ! ensemble ( ! social evolution4 ,! intellectual evolution is ! direct consequ5ce ( ! social fact1 b ! social evolution is subject to ! laws ( intellectual evolution1 :i* embrace f\r great classes ( conceptions1 answ]+ to ! f\r well recognis$ gr\ps ( facts kn[n z sci5ce1 philosophy1 art1 & indu/ry4 ,we h "h ! same s]ies ( special evolutions z ^? suppos$ by ,comte1 ) ! important *ange1 h[ev]1 m>k$ by ! inv]sion ( ! fir/ two memb]s ( ! s]ies4 ,9 ?is relation1 ! au?or affirms t ,comte's law ( ! ?ree /ates is false s f> z conc]ns ! evolution ( ! sci5ces1 & is ( v second>y importance z reg>ds ! evolution ( philosophy & ! two succe$+ evolutions4 ,! au?or concludes 8 "w ) a criticism int5d$ to %[ t ! pr9cipal defects ( ,comte's sy/em arise f ! confusion previ\sly insi/$ on 9 relation to ! fir/ t]ms ( ! intellectual s]ies1 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,t confusion is exhibit$ 9 ! /atem5t t among ! anci5ts philosophy 0 develop$ be=e sci5ce & art4 ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 moreov]1 decl>es ,comte's !ory t ! indu/rial developm5t is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( mod]n civilisation1 leads to a complete subv]sion ( ! logical & hi/orical4 ,in/ead ( ! useful or ! prop] be+1 z t !ory w\ld require1 ! f\ndation ( ! good & ?is1 9 its turn1 ! g]m ( ! true1 ! true is ! f\ndation ( ! beautiful1 & ( ! good & ! useful4 ,b ! true is m complex ?an suppos$ by ,comte4 ,x possesses at lea/ two aspects1 sci5ce & philosophy1 :i* may be really di/+ui%$1 al?\gh ! l9e :i* sep>ates !m is yet undet]m9$4 ,we h giv5 a summ>y ( ,m4 de ,rob]ty's g5]al argum5t1 in/ead ( ref]r+ to p>ticul> propositions :i* may be op5 to criticism1 because 8 "w appe>s to u a v valuable contribution t[>ds ! elucidation ( ! important "q z to ! position ( philosophy 9 relation to sci5ce4 ,we %all look ) mu* int]e/ = ! appe>ance ( ! au?or's two fur!r works :i* he ann\nces z supplem5t>y to ! pres5t "o4 ,t on ,agno/icism is already 9 ! press4 ,! subject ( ! o!r "w is ,monism1 :i* ,m4 de ,rob]ty *>act]ises z 8! *im]ical pursuit :i* has essay$1 ?r\gh ! ages1 to fix ! s-call$ unity ( ?+s1 ! extra or supralogical id5tity ( ph5om5a40 ,?is hypo!tical monism ( philosophy is dealt ) incid5tally 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,! 8supralogical id5tity ( ph5om5a0 is a diff]5t k9d ( monism f t ( ,! ,moni/4 4 ,,ueb] ,,bewegungsempf9dung54 ,inaugural-,diss]tation zur ,erlangung d] ,doctorwrde vorgelegt d] hoh5 philosophis*5 ,facultt d] ,alb]t-,ludwigs-,univ]sitt zu ,freiburg i4 ,b4 ,by ,edmund ,burke ,delab>re ( ,massa*usetts4 ,freiburg 9 ,bad53 ,h*4 ,ep/e91 #ahia4 ,dr4 ,edmund ,burke ,delab>re introduces himself to ! _w ( sci5ce ) an excell5t monograph on motion-s5sations1 bas$ ^u c>eful obs]vations :i* 7 made 9 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g's psy*ological laboratory at ,freiburg i4 ,b4 ,! subject ( ! diss]tation is ( great importance & !re is mu* confusion preval5t at pres5t ev5 among ! mo/ prom95t au?orities4 ,x appe>s to u t ,dr4 ,delab>re has adopt$ ! "r view & he c]ta9ly def5ds x ) great ability4 ,pr(essor ,wundt rejects 9 8 ,physiological ,psy*ology all ! !ory ( ! s-call$ 8muscle-s5se0 & admits t !re is "s tru? 9 ! ?ree explanations devis$ z an explanation ( our consci\sness ( p]=m$ motions1 :i* ?us w\ld be a complex ( 7#a7 pressure-s5sations1 7#b7 specific muscle-s5sations1 & 7#c7 inn]vation-s5sations4 ,?is ?ird k9d ( s5sations is ( a v hypo!tical nature4 ,! t]m signifies t1 :5 muscles are inn]vat$ we are suppos$ to h a direct s5sation ( ! inn]vation 9 ! c5tral n]ve-organs2 & ?is view is object$ to by ,mn/]b]g1 :o says t 8a bra9 irritation :i* is n accompani$ ) c5tripetal effects or c5tral aft]-effects ( =m] muscul> activity has its physiological consequ5ces b excites no consci\s /ates40 ,?us1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,delab>re1 )\t ! motion ( ! s5se-organs1 i4 e4 muscul> activity1 !re is no consci\sness2 all consci\sness d]ives its data f ! p]iph]y4 ,dr4 ,delab>re goes ov] ! :ole field ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject & weighs all pros & cons4 ,he f9ds t all cases are intelligible )\t ! supposition ( c5tral inn]vation-s5sations4 ,he admits t ! t]m muscle-s5se is vague1 b he believes t ! t]m hav+ be5 g5]ally introduc$ may be reta9$4 ,he def9es x z t complex ( s5sations :i* results f muscul> activity4 ,! second "p ( ! diss]tation conta9s ! reports ( ! exp]im5ts1 describ+ ! in/rum5ts us$ & ! me?ods employ$4 ,we are in=m$ t ,dr4 ,delab>re has be5 appo9t$ to ! *air ( psy*ology 9 ,br[n ,univ]sity4 4 ,,le ,,nihilisme ,,sci5tifique4 ,i4 ,dialogue entre le ,doctor ,oudn et ,l',etudiant ,ti son ,neveu4 ,rapport p> ,p4 ,van ,bemmel54 ,leide3 ,e4 ,j4 ,brill1 #ahia4 ,dr4 ,oudn's nephew ?us summ>ises ! sci5tific1 or r 8philosophic0 views ( 8 uncle3 8,!re is no ,god1 b !re is ! _w4 ,9 ?is _w !re are nei!r s\ls1 nor m9d1 nor life2 !re is only matt] & its elem5t>y =ces4 ,nev]!less ^! =ces d n exi/2 !re is only movem5t1 ! sole function ( matt]1 :i* is in]t4 ,9 its turn1 matt] has no reality2 x is compos$ ( geometrical po9ts :i* are susceptible ( movem5t4 ,b z !re is nei!r "t nor space1 !re is no movem5t40 ,no?+ness is ?us rea*$1 b beyond is illusion1 ! maja ( ! ,h9doos1 :i* expla9s all our conceptions ( nature includ+ t ( our own be+4 ,?is sci5tific maja is n ! semblance ( a real _w1 b t ( a _w :i* does n exi/1 s t illusion & no?+ness are ! same ?+4 ,f :i* x foll[s t !re is no illusion & no m9d to be deceiv$6 ,mr4 ,van ,bemmel5's opuscule is an +5i\s jeu d'esprit1 evid5tly int5d$ to exhibit a c]ta9 phase ( speculation z a r$uctio ad absurdum4 4 ,,diritto ,,sociale ,,t5tativo ,,9 ,,bozza4 ,dell',avv4 ,pietro ,pellegr9i4 ,borga a ,mozzano4 #ahia4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! activity ( ! /atesm5 & s*ol>s ( mod]n ,italy 9 ! cause ( radical1 social recon/ruction &1 z rem>k$ by a rec5t travell] 9 ,italy1 9 ! 8build+ up aga9 a ,commonweal?1 f\nd$ on high pr9ciples ( "r & equality40 8,diritto ,sociale10 9 ,italian jurisprud5ce1 ( c\rse1 relates to municipal & positive law1 9 its social-economical & social-political aspects4 ,b1 9 a c\ntry ) ! municipal & political traditions ( ,italy1 ?is 8,diritto ,sociale10 ev5 9 mod]n times1 exhibits a t5d5cy to cry/allise into a k9d ( concrete1 social religion4 ,! ,avvocato ,signor ,pietro ,pellegr9i1 ! le>n$ au?or ( ?is book1 appe>s to feel deeply conc]n+ ! pres5t condition ( ?is bran* ( jurisprud5ce 9 ,italy4 ,9 8 preface ! au?or says1 t dur+ ! pres5t c5tury legal sci5ce has n made any v sub/antial progress2 t ! revolution ( ! la/ c5tury1 :ile ass]t+ ! fam\s rights ( man1 =got ! rights ( juridic p]sons1 ( corporations1 & law became an individuali/a--or1 individualis]4 ,on ! /r5g? ( 8 juridic p]sonality man !reupon engag$ 9 a /ruggle = 8 rights on ! va/ social field1 b he f\nd himself alone--an individual & no?+ m4 ,z su*1 he c\ld n =m a juridic1 social organism1 b he m]ely s\ght to adapt himself to an actual1 ext]nal juridic organisation1 diff]+ b slightly f old-"t despotism4 ,on ?is basis ! ,/ate /ill cont9ues to create municipal & positive laws1 m or less adapts !m to ! facts ( reality1 arbitr>ily creat+ juridic p]sons & adm9i/rative bodies1 su* z ! m&am5ti1 circond>ii1 prov9cie ( ! mod]n ,italian k+dom--all ( :i* are only hybrid adm9i/rative entia1 t d n 9 ! lea/ satisfy a numb] ( local public ne$s2 & !re=e1 !re is no h>mony betwe5 individual m5 & ! juridic p]sons1 betwe5 ! public adm9i/rative entia & ! ,/ate1 & !re is bloody w> among ! ,/ates !mselves4 ,! ultimate cause ( all ?is conflict is to be ascrib$ to ! individualism ( ! law1 9 n recognis+ organic1 juridic relations2 & ?is1 moreov]1 necess>ily call$ =? ! reaction ( an exagg]at$ socialism4444 ,p]son has a mu* wid] significance ?an individual2 p]son _c be isolat$1 individual1 because1 juridically1 p]son implies an ex*ange ( relations ) o!rs2 h5ce1 juridic p]sons ought to enjoy a great] legal au?ority ?an !y actually enjoy 9 our mod]n jurisprud5ce4 ,! plasma sociale1 or ! orig9al social m\ld1 is develop$ by degrees into a vital1 practically real1 organism1 end[$ ) a physical body1 t ne$s ! mat]ial means ( nutrition1 9 ord] to live1 to pres]ve1 & develop itself4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 d n exi/2 because nature furni%es only suffici5t means to pres]ve man 9 a purely savage1 animal condition4 ,b1 at lea/1 !re exi/ ! s\rces1 or f\nta9-heads1 f :i* x is possible to d]ive ! desir$ nutritive mat]ials2 on condition ( mold+ or trans=m+ ^? f\nta9-heads1 & ( assum+ _! efficaci\s1 practical direction4 ,9 ! individualis$ or individual sy/em !re takes place a /ruggle among ! individuals = ! possession ( t n\ri%m5t1 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 ! s\rces !mselves are appropriat$ r ?an ! nutritive mat]ials !y conta94 ,su* is ! exclusive nature ( ! social means ( nutrition1 pres5t & future1 ?r\gh :i* a l>ge numb] ( individuals w be at ! m]cy ( a few1 :ile ! notori\s 8rights ( man10 rema9 p[]less4444 ,! rights emanat+ f ! organic concept ( p]sonality1 toge!r ) ! physico-economical laws ( ! f\nta9-heads ( social n\ri%m5t1 spontane\sly furni% ! equitable di/ribution ( ! nutritive mat]ials to ea* organic memb]1 s t !re is no monopolis+ ( ^? natural f\nta9-heads1 b a normal nutrition ( all ! organs1 accord+ to _! ne$s1 & _! actual capacity z juridically display$4444 ,^? f\nta9-heads1 besides be+ limit$1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh space1 because x is impossible to unite or conc5trate !m on any p>ticul> po9t ( ! globe4 ,h5ce ?is plasma sociale or social mold is di/ribut$ ?r\gh space accord+ to imp]ative laws1 t result f ! comb9$ capacities ( ! respective juridic1 t is1 social p]sons1 ) ! capacities ( ! respective s\rces ( social n\ri%m5t--( diff]5t municipal organisations1 ( cities1 t[n%ips1 & villages4 ,all ^! are pre-em95tly juridic & social p]sons1 ea* "o possess+ its peculi> functions1 t _c be ex]cis$ by o!r p]sons4 ,! pres5t "w conta9s a l5g?y b valuable introduction 9 f\r *apt]s1 discuss+ ! g5]al concept ( law2 & !reupon ! book is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 9 :i* are expla9$ ! pr9ciples & developm5t ( positive law 9 its respectively civil-social1 social-economical1 & social-political aspects4 ,?is "w1 ?r\gh\t1 pres5ts a numb] ( equally important & novel po9ts ( view1 ?r\gh :i* ! au?or's concept ( an organic municipal & social law ev]y:]e becomes ! sure/ means ( creat+ unity & h>mony1 n only )9 ! g5]al dep>tm5t ( law1 b also )9 ! sph]e ( practical legislation4 4 ,,an ,,outl9e ,,( ,,locke',s ,,e?ical ,,philosophy4 ,by ,mattoon ,monroe ,curtis1 ,m4 ,a4 ,leipsic3 ,gu/av ,fock1 #ahij4 ,?is excell5t /udy 0 pres5t$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic z ! ,inaugural ,diss]tation = ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy1 & x is well des]v+ ( publication1 if = no o!r reason ?an ! ne$ ( su* a "w4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 hi!rto no complete acc\nt ( ,locke's ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 :i* does n ev5 f9d a place 9 ,mack9to%'s 8,diss]tation on ,e?ical ,philosophy40 ,! au?or has n be5 able to discov] any trace ( ! treatise on ,e?ics :i* ,locke propos$ to write1 b 8 publi%$ works 8ab\nd 9 e?ical obs]vation & sev]ally took _! rise f e?ical consid]ations10 s t !re is no defici5cy ( mat]ials f :i* to asc]ta9 8 ideas on t subject4 ,mr4 ,curtis v ju/ly rem>ks t x is important to asc]ta9 an au?or's views be=e criticis+ !m1 a truism :i* is n always act$ on1 z inde$ 0 ! case ) ,locke's own critics4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 pr(ess to criticise b1 z ! title ( 8 "w %[s1 to give an outl9e ( ,locke's ,e?ical ,philosophy4 ,9 8 ,preface he /ates t 8 au?or adopt$ ! ,/oic division ( ,philosophy into ,physics1 ,e?ics1 & ,logic4 ,! object ( ,e?ics1 is describ$ by ,locke1 9 8 not$ 8,essay10 z ! seek+ out ( ^? rules & measures ( human actions1 :i* lead to happ9ess1 & ! means to practice !m4 ,! end ( ?is1 is n b>e speculation1 & ! k ( tru?2 b "r1 & a conduct suitable to x4 ,9 ! application ( its pr9ciples ,locke may be said to h gone fur!r ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors & ( mo/ ( 8 successors4 ,z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,curtis1 he ma9ta9s t ! in/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 religion1 & education are1 9 ess5ce1 e?ical & t all are p>ts ( a sy/em :i* mu/ be bas$ ^u1 & be 9 h>mony )1 ! fundam5tal physiological & psy*ological pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,?is foll[s f ,locke's pr9ciple t ! ,individual1 & n ! ,family1 is ! real social unit4 ,man is a rational1 social1 religi\s1 & political be+1 &1 !re=e1 89 ! individual is conta9$1 pot5tially1 all in/itutionalism40 ,x mu/ be notic$1 h[ev]1 t to ,locke ! moral dynamic 9 human society is ! concept ( ,god4 ,he reg>ds ?is idea 8z a natural1 =mal1 necess>y & transc5d5tal pr9ciple at ! root ( human nature & in/itutions1 & consi/5tly decl>es t ! d5ial ( x dissolves all10 z x alone gives a suffici5t explanation & sanction to ! pr9ciples ( morality4 ,?is br+s u to ! v f\ndation ( e?ics4 ,all dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on our conception ( ,god4 ,locke ma9ta9$ t duty 8_c be und]/ood )\t a law1 nor a law be kn[n or suppos$ )\t a law giv]1 or )\t rew>d or puni%m5t40 ,8 conception ( ,god1 !re=e1 0 t ( a law-giv]1 & he believ$ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god c\ld be demon/rat$ n only by teleological argum5t1 b also by psy*ological pro( drawn f ! be+ & nature ( man4 ,locke 0 s ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! dep5d5ce ( morality on ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 t1 not)/&+ 8 g5]al lib]ality ( ?\ght1 he exclud$ a!i/s f tol]ation4 ,he writes3 8,promises & ,cov5ants1 & ,oa?s1 :i* are ! bonds ( human society1 c h no hold ^u an ,a!i/40 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t1 because ,locke believ$ morality to be f\nd$ 9 our conception ( ,god1 he consid]$ ! moral law ref]able simply to ! div9e w1 & !re=e to be arbitr>y & *angeable4 ,s f> f ?is1 he reg>d$ ! moral law z et]nal & immutable1 & affirm$ t its c>d9al pr9ciples c\ld be discov]$ & laid hold ( by ! light ( nature4 ,z says ,pfleid]]1 :5 speak+ ( ,locke & ,wolff1 8,locke also consid]s a sup]natural revelation to be possible1 & to h actually tak5 place 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b he insi/s z /rongly z ,wolff does1 & ev5 m logically1 t ?is revelation mu/ n 9 any way contradict ! natural revelation giv5 u by ,god 9 our reason40 ,locke expressly decl>es1 t ! reason is natural revelation1 :ile revelation is natural reason enl>g$4 ,! latt] he reg>d$ z necess>y because1 al?\gh reason is suffici5t = ! virtu\s1 p5alties mu/ be reli$ ^u = influ5c+ ! multitude2 & 9 revelation ! doctr9e ( immortality ) future rew>ds & puni%m5ts is made kn[n4 ,:e!r ?is revelation is true or false1 ! fe> ( future puni%m5t has und\bt$ly _h a re/ra9+ influ5ce ov] ! vici\s4 ,b reason w\ld n be suffici5t = ! virtu\s )\t an incl9ation natural or acquir$1 to virtue4 ,x is a "q ( disposition1 & ?is w be virtu\s or vici\s1 accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* ! individual has come into be+ & be5 8educat$10 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ?is t]m4 ,reason =ms "p ( ^! conditions :i*1 s f> z !y are n purely objective1 are dep5d5t on or ref]able to human nature2 z1 inde$1 mu/ be ! suppos$ revelation ( enl>g$ natural reason4 ,9 relation to ! e?ical life1 ,locke decl>es t happ9ess is ! only idea :i* reason takes up out ( ! sph]e ( pleasure & pa91 & yet t if we aim directly at happ9ess1 we %all miss x4 ,:at !n has to be done is to seek out 8! rules & measures ( human actions :i* lead to happ9ess40 ,?is is ! (fice ( e?ics1 ! end ( :i* is virtue1 & ?us happ9ess & virtue are "o4 ,) ,locke moral actions are only ^? t dep5d 8^u ! *oice ( an und]/&+ & free ag5t40 ,! ag5t "h int5d$ is1 z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,curtis1 ! man1 & n ! w4 ,locke says t ! prop] "q 9 connection ) fre$om1 is n 8:e!r ! w be free1 b :e!r ! man be free40 ,! w is det]m9$ by ! m9d1 & lib]ty is 8a p[] to act1 or n to act1 accord+ z ! m9d directs40 ,9 8 8,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education0 ,locke affirms t 8! result ( our judgm5t1 ^u exam9ation1 is :at ultimately det]m9es ! man1 :o c\ld n be free1 if 8 w 7 det]m9$ by any?+ b 8 own desire1 guid$ by 8 own judgm5t40 ,! position ( ,locke is1 says ! au?or1 t ( ,plato & ,kant3 ,reason is giv5 z ! gov]nor ( ! w1 by its sway to con/itute x good4 ,!nce we may rightly conclude1 t ^? :o are n gov]n$ by reason h n true fre$om4 ,we h n space to consid] ! views ent]ta9$ by ,locke on ,in/itutional ,e?ics1 beyond ref]r+ to 8 doctr9e t prop]ty rights are giv5 only by labor1 & n by occupation1 & t labor is ! s\rce ( all values4 ,! latt] doctr9e _c n[ be accept$ z s\nd1 :atev] may be said z to ! =m]1 b ,locke des]v$ly holds a high place z a political economi/4 ,he seems inde$ to h be5 a k9d ( univ]sal g5ius4 ,mr4 ,curtis ref]s to ! rem>k made ( him 8t no philosoph] s9ce ,ari/otle has made & record$ s _m valuable obs]vations1 or giv5 s great a /imulus to human ?\ght40 ,any fre% light t c be ?r[n on ! op9ions ent]ta9$ by s pr(\nd a ?9k]1 especially on ! important "q ( e?ics1 is ( value & h5ce we welcome ! pres5t "w z an acceptable addition to philosophic lit]ature4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,b4--,ow+ to lack ( space1 reviews ( a numb] ( new works h be5 cr[d$ out ( ! pres5t numb] ( ,! ,moni/2 among :i* ! foll[+ w appe> 9 ,no4 #c3 ,die ,entwickelung des ,causalproblems 9 d] ,philosophie seit ,kant1 by ,dr4 ,edmund ,ko5ig2 ,sp9oza's ,erk5ntnisslehre 9 ihr] ,beziehung sur mod]n5 ,naturwiss5s*aft und ,philosophie1 by ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,b]5dt & ,dr4 ,julius ,fri$lnd]2 ,leitfad5 d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1 by ,dr4 ,?4 ,zieh52 ,h&book ( ,psy*ology1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw92 ,an ,essay on ,reason+1 by ,edw>d ,t4 ,dixon2 ,das ,dase9 als ,lu/1 ,leid und ,liebe1 by ,hbbe-,s*leid52 ,die ,b$eutung d] !ologis*5 ,vor/ellung5 fr die ,e?ik1 by ,wilhelm ,paszk[ski2 & ,e9leitung 9 das ,alte ,te/am5t1 by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,cornill4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,a companion "w on ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 writt5 by ,pr(essor ,cornill4 ,we %all review x 9 our next numb]4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,voprosui ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4#eb ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #f4 ,septemb]1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,positive ,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,b4 ,t*it*]94 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,!ocracy ,,9 ,,! ,,fif? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,cosmic ,views ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 ,g5esis4 ,by ,pr9ce ,e4 ,trubetzkoi4 ,,e?ics ,,( ,,life ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,free ,,ideal 7conclusion74 ,by ,k4 ,n4 ,v5tzel4 ,,op9ions ,,conc]n+ ,l4 ,n4 ,,tol/o4 ,by ,n4 ,/ra*(f4 ,,f ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,by ,vladimir ,solovieff4 ,,special ,,"p3 7#a7 ,fundam5tal ,mom5ts 9 ! ,evolution ( ! ,new ,philosophy4 ,metaphysical ,philosophy3 ,desc>tes & ,occasionali/s4 ,by ,n4 ,grote4 7#b7 ,measurabl5ess ( ! ,simple/ ,m5tal ,acts4 ,by ,e4 ,t*elpan(f4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,bibliography4 ,review ( ,philosophical ,p]iodicals4 ,book ,reviews4 ,,app5dix3 #a7 ,rec5t ,publications4 #b7 ,transactions ( ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 ,positive ,philosophy & ! ,unity ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is article is made up ( extracts f a l5g?y competitory diss]tation pres5t$ by ! au?or to ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 ,! writ] po9ts out ! fallacy ( ! 8fundam5tal law0 ( ! ,comti/ philosophy--! suppos$ gradual evolution ( human ?\ght ?r\gh ?ree successive phases1--! !ological1 metaphysical1 & positive /age ( developm5t4 ,! writ] cont5ds1 t ! s-call$ 8positive /age10 z conceiv$ by ,comte1 is really nei!r positive1 nor ev5 sci5tific1 if we exam9e its ma9 f\ndations4 ,z all ! _w kn[s1 ,comte 0 n satisfi$ ) ! results ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces1 b wi%$ to effect _! compreh5sive unity4 ,! writ] lays /ress on ! fact t ,comte fail$ to p]ceive ! inw>d contradiction ( 8 :ole sy/em4 ,8 foll[]s1 9 ord] to ov]come ?is difficulty1 7 compell$ to advance /ill ano!r /ep4 ,despite ! tea*+ ( ,comte1 !y recognis$ 9 ma!matics ! :ole ( a sci5ce t d]iv$ its pr9ciples f exp]i5ce4 ,?is is %[n by ,littr 9 8 criticism ( ! sy/em ( ,comte 7,aug4 ,comte et la ,philosophie positive1 page #efg71 :]e ,littr ref]s himself to ! analysis ( ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 ,logic4 ,! au?or1 9 ord] to rea* a def9ite & satisfactory solution ( ?is important problem1 9 8 next1 conclud+ article1 w inve/igate ! nature & alleg$ solidity ( ! ma!matical pr9ciple4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cl]gy 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury4 ,9 analys+ ! :ole lit]>y activity ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 we obs]ve1 9 ! evolution ( 8 doctr9e1 ?ree /ages1 t closely correspond to 8 own p]sonal /ruggle aga9/ ! ?ree h]esies ( 8 "t--,mani*eism1 ,donatism1 & ,pelagianism4 ,yet all ( ^! ?ree /ages are *>act]is$ by "o & ! same pr9ciple--! ideal unity ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,?is ideal aspiration reveals itself z a k9d ( con/ructive pr9ciple ( ! univ]se2 z ! supreme pr9ciple ( a social organisation ( humanity1 z ! sub/ance & cont5ts ( subjective1 human fre$om4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,hippona1--aft] ?us hav+ develop$ ! sev]al aspects ( 8 doctr9e aga9/ ! h]esies1--sums up1 & conc5trates 8 tea*+1 9 its wide/ be>+s1 aga9/ ! hea!n4 ,"h ?is ,*ri/ian ideal atta9s its fulle/ & f9al expression1 & is =mulat$ z a ,civitas ,dei1 z ! unity ( a univ]sal1 div9e ,sov]eignty4 ,e?ics ( ,life & ( ! ,free ,ideal4 ,9 conclud+ 8 exhau/ive reflections on ! subject ( ,guyau's sy/em ( e?ics1 9 :i* ! writ] frequ5tly has occasion to cite ! critical p>allel views ( ,a4 ,f\ill & ( o!r ,engli% & ,russian philosoph]s1 ,mr4 ,v5tzel rem>ks1 t 8 aim has be51 n only to introduce ,m4 ,guyau's sy/em ( e?ics to 8 ,russian read]s1 b also & ma9ly to %[ ! relations ( ?is sy/em ( e?ics to moral obligation4 ,! writ] wi%es to say 9 conclusion a few words ab\t ,guyau's relation to e?ical sanction4 ,guyau reject$ any moral sanction1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 t 0 di/+ui%$ or deta*$ f social sanctions1 z su*4 ,9 ?is s5se he conceives moral sanction & moral obligation 9 8 ,e?ics ( ,life1 9 8 ,equisse d'une ,morale4 ,if life1 ( itself1 creates an obligation to "w1 simply1 on ! /r5g? ( our capacity to "w1 9 su* case life also w create its own e?ical sanction4 ,ev5 :5 g5]\sly giv+ itself away1 life w )\t fail1 aga9 & aga91 f9d itself4 ,no matt] h[ x be cut %ort1 life w pres]ve a vivid consci\sness ( its fulness & significance & w reappe> 9 "s o!r place & "u o!r conditions2 =1 truly1 no?+ 9 ?is _w lives & works 9 va94 ,op9ions ,conc]n+ ,leon ,n4 ,tol/o4 ,mr4 ,/ra*(f's psy*ological /udy w\ld d\btless possess an additional int]e/ to we/]n read]s if ! writ] _h really giv5 an exclusively ,russian e/imate ( ,tol/o's "* & intellectual activity4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n expect to f9d any v m>k$ deviation f ! well-kn[n curr5t views ( ! read+ public ( o!r nations4 8,! ma9 cause10 ,mr4 ,/ra*(f obs]ves1 8:y p are inc5s$ aga9/ ,tol/o1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t1 ( all m51 ,tol/o has mo/ widely deviat$ f univ]sally receiv$ e?ical notions1 & t he antagonises 8 c5tury1 ev5 9 c]ta9 delicate problems1 t w always be ! de>e/ to mank9d4 ,y _c help feel+ ?is1 :5 y li/5 to ! clam\r1 reproa*1 & vitup]ation1 t h be5 rais$ aga9/ him ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w4 ,= ! re/1 x seems r odd1 t1 at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re %\ld h ris5 su* a numb] ( deadly foes aga9/ an in(f5sive writ] & ?9k] l ,tol/o2 & yet1 long ago1 we _h be5 accu/om$ to ! intemp]ate utt]ances ( a ho/ ( enrag$ free?9k]s1 :om we h endur$ ) pati5ce & meekness4 ,:y1 accord+ly1 h we all ( a sudd5 lo/ our pati5t tol]ance1 & :y are we almo/ ready to />t a sy/ematic p]secution aga9/ ! ?\ghts & words ( a book l ! ,vasnaya ,polyana 7,cle> ,field78444 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 t !re is a c]ta9 orig9ality 9 8 writ+s4 ,e l9e possesses a fre%ness & novelty t are entirely 8 own2 & yet 8 language is tame1 & ! subjects ev5 m common ?an 9 o!r writ]s4 ,he frequ5tly describes ! bir? & dea? ( v pla9 p4 ,he tells u h[ ^! same p amuse !mselves1 eat1 dr9k1 & dance on fea/-days1 cut ! hay1 g to *ur*1 to confession1 & s =?4 ,occasionally he tells h[ a jeal\s husb& kills 8 wife1--a fact1 t has be5 told 9 s _m o!r lit]atures4 ,b 9 any?+ he relates1 he has ! art ( ?r[+ a /rong1 cle> light ^u 8 subject1 s t x seems to u1 z if ^? "t-worn sc5es 7 se5 & he>d = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! real orig9ality ( ,tol/o's art4 ,& he is ! same 9 8 e?ical tea*+s4 ,!y /rike u by _! directness1 vigor1 s9c]ity2 & = ?is v reason !y p[]fully ar\se our love & our ye>n+ = ^? deep1 spiritual crav+s t invite man to lead a high] life--8to live a god-l life40 ,"h also1 at times1 x appe>s to u1 t we he> ab\t ^? l(ty aspirations = ! fir/ "t2 b :5 y pay close att5tion1 y w f9d t 8 doctr9e is really bas$ on ! e?ics ( ! pa/1 & y meet ) traits ( t self-same ,*ri/ian doctr9e ) :i* y h be5 famili> f e>ly *ildhood40 ,f ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,solovieff1 ?is "t also1 has *os5 a title t sc>cely conveys a def9ite idea ( ! aim & cont5ts ( 8 article1 :i* describes ! specific relations ( ! ,*ri/ian idea to ! hi/orical evolution & political ideal ( ! nations ( antiquity4 7,mosc[1 #ahia7 4 ,,m9d4 ,octob]1 #ahia4 ,no4 ,,lxiv4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,belief4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t4 ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 7,,ii47 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all4 ,,! ,,fe/al ,,orig9 ,,( ,,human ,,spee*4 ,by ,j4 ,donovan4 ,,induction ,,& ,,d$uction4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se4 ,,discussion3 7#a7 ,dr4 ,mn/]b]g & ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,tit*5]4 7#b7 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,music4 ,by ,h4 ,sp5c]4 ,,val$ictory4 ,"u 8,belief0 ,mr4 ,/\t includes e mode & degree ( ass5t or diss5t4 ,to disbelieve a proposition is to believe its contradictory4 ,d\bt is belief 9 a disjunctive judgm5t4 ,9 a =m] article he dealt ) ! 8,g5esis ( ! ,cognition ( ,physical ,reality40 ,he n[ treats ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( real exi/5ce2 z foll[s4 ,! ,real 9 ,s5sation4 ,! real z imm$iately appreh5d$ 9 s5sation mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! p]cipi5t m9d4 ,s5sation z su* is real 9 s f> z x limits & controls ! movem5t ( att5tion1 by re/rict+ ! range ( subjective selection4 ,! ,real 9 ,judgm5ts ( ,comp>ison4 ,9 & ?r\gh ! peculi> movem5t ( att5tion 9 endeavor+ to keep x fix$ on ,a 9 ! v act ( fix+ x on ,b1 ! po9ts ( agreem5t & diff]5ce betwe5 ,a & ,b gradually em]ge into cle> consci\sness4 ,objective ,attributes ( ,pres5tation4 ,dr4 ,pikl]'s !ory ( ! psy*ology ( ,objective ,exi/5ce fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* are m]ely obs]v$ by volunt>y att5tion & ^? :i* are actually produc$ by x4 ,! act ( introspection modifies m or less ! m5tal processes :i* x exam9es4 ,_! pre-exi/+ /r5g? & mode ( op]ation c be asc]ta9$ only by elim9ation ( ! peculi> re9=cem5t or enfeeblem5t :i* !y acquire by em]g5ce into di/9ct consci\sness4 ,! ,objectivity ( ,space & ,spatial ,relations4 ,al?\gh we c produce *ange ( place by mov+ our bodies1 accord+ to our w1 ?is fre$om ( selective selection has rigid limits impos$ on x by ! v nature ( space4 ,?is control impos$ on our fre$om by ! nature ( ! object con/itutes its objectivity4 ,! con/ant possibility ( transition f "o position to ano!r is appreh5d$ z inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( space indep5d5tly ( our w4 ,:5ev] ,i di/9ctly att5d to ! nature ( a spatial limit1 ,i mu/ ( necessity admit t space is b\ndless4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! objectivity ( space 9 g5]al applies mutatis mut&is to ! objectivity ( space-relations z treat$ by ! geometrician4 ,! psy*ological conditions ( my subjective c]titude lie ultimately 9 ! impassable b>ri]s1 aris+ f ! v nature ( space1 :i* conf9e ! fre$om ( my con/ructive movem5t4 ,reality 9 ! ,association ( ,ideas4 ,association is a cause ( belief4 ,if c]ta9 cont5ts ( consci\sness h once be5 copres5t$ 9 a c]ta9 relation to ea* o!r1 ! reproduction ( ! "o t5ds to br+ ab\t ! reproduction ( ! o!r 9 ! same relation 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally copres5t$4 ,a comp>atively feeble association may comm& belief m]ely f ! abs5ce ( c\nt]-associations4 ,?is is ! basis ( ,ba9's doctr9e ( primitive cr$ulity4 ,subconsci\s ,conditions ( ,belief4 ,! pres5tations :i* successively em]ge into ! =ms ( consci\sness are only fragm5t>y portions ( ! total m5tal sy/em4 ,_m1 if n mo/1 ( our beliefs dep5d on ! op]ation ( subconsci\s elem5ts :i*1 9 massive comb9ation1 co-op]ate to support a c]ta9 connection ( ideas :i* appe>s 9 consci\sness z an object ( att5tion4 ,b su* massive support may arise f ! connexion ( ! belief ) practical int]e/s or /hetic enjoym5ts1 or ) "s p[]ful organic s5sation4 ,app]ception & ,belief4 ,ideal comb9ations may be sep>able or insep>able accord+ z ?is or t app]ceptive sy/em happ5s to be pr$om9ant4 ,?is is be/ se5 9 its pa?ological exagg]ation 9 ! case ( sugge/ible pati5ts4 ,"u normal conditions ! necess>y alt]nation ( diff]5t app]ceptive masses produces a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! conditions ( belief4 ,! ,real 9 ! ,products ( ,con/ructive ,imag9ation4 ,! "w ( imag9ation ei!r imposes an illusion on ! m9d1 or x does n4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a c]ta9 ref]5ce to reality4 ,illusion is a tempor>y & (t5 m or less imp]fect belief 9 ! product ( con/ructive imag9ation2 a belief :i* c be indirectly produc$ or dissipat$ at w4 ,! ,real z ,physical ,resi/ance4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! irregul> int]ruption ( o!rwise cont9u\s s]ies ( muscul> s5sation1 :i*1 ap>t f ?is re/riction1 are producible at w1 we appreh5d real exi/5ce4 ,! reality1 h[ev] toge!r ) t ( s5sation z su*1 be+ communicat$ to ! int]pretations :i* we are con/ra9$ to put bo? ^u s5sations & _! ord]1 gives rise by a v complex process to ! pres5tation ( a physical _w4 ,conclusion4 ,! law ( conflict is ! psy*ological c\nt]p>t ( ! logical law ( contradiction4 ,9 ! pres5t pap] ,mr4 ,m>%all exam9es 9 detail 8 !sis t ,pleasure & ,pa9 are det]m9$ by ! relations betwe5 ! am\nt ( activity 91 & ! nutritive conditions ( ! organ :i* det]m9es ! consci\s cont5t 7,m9d ,no4 #fc74 ,he /ates ! psy*ological conditions = ,pleasure to be3 8,a cont5t :i* appe>s normally at regul> int]vals w t5d to be indiff]5t4 ,if x appe> ) hyp]normal int5sity or frequ5cy sudd5ly 9 ! c\rse ( ! normal regul>ity1 x w = a relatively %ort "t appe> z pleasurable1 b ?is pleasurabl5ess w soon fall away into indiff]5ce40 ,! psy*ological condition ( ,pa9 is said to be3 8,if a cont5t :i* has already (t5 appe>$ 9 consci\sness appe> ) unusual frequ5cy or exceptional int5sity1 x w ord9>ily be accompani$ at fir/ by pleasure1 :i* usually w wane until ! cont5t appe>s indiff]5t4 ,if ! hyp]normal /imulus cont9ue 7except z aft] describ$7 ! cont5t w become pa9ful1 & ?is pa9 w increase 9 am\nt1 & hav+ rea*$ a maximum w decrease gradually until x disappe>s1 b 9 g5]al ) x w also gradually disappe> ! cont5t itself1 n to reappe> 9 consci\sness = a consid]able "t1 if ev]4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 if ! cont5t be n ov] int5se1 we may look = a gradual decrease ( ! pa9 felt at ! beg9n+ until a condition ( indiff]5ce is rea*$40 ,"t is an ess5tial factor 9 ! process ( organic repair4 ,= ea* organ !re w be a c]ta9 "t aft] action has ceas$ at :i* recurr5t activity w be mo/ effective4 ,"h we h ! physical basis ( ! gratifications obta9$ ?r\gh rhy?ms4 ,!re is also a relation ( rhy?m to pa94 ,! ?robb+ ( acute pa91 s f> z x is n directly traceable to pressures ( blood-supply1 is probably indirectly traceable to ! rhy?m ( blood-supply4 ,turn+ to ,psy*ology prop]1 ! laws ( ,pleasure-,pa9 may be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ,att5tion4 ,pleasure1 z involv+ ! use ( /or$ =ce1 implies a cont9uance ( activity 9 ! organ ( pleasurable cont5t1 & !re=e a t5d5cy to cont9uance ( ,att5tion ^u t cont5t4 ,pa91 on ! o!r h&1 implies a t5d5cy to cessation ( activity 9 ! organ ( ! pa9ful cont5t1 & !re=e ! disappe>ance ( ! cont5t4 ,! notion t pleasure is m]e abs5ce ( pa9 is d5i$ by ?is !ory1 :i* acc\nts = ! connexion1 9 a broad way1 betwe5 ,pleasure & ,pa9 & activities respectively advantage\s & disadvantage\s4 ,9 relation to ,e?ics ?is !ory tea*es t ! act ( w1 p] se1 is pleasurable z ! outcome ( ! conditions ( opposition :i* are ant]ior to ! w-act4 ,fur!r1 action 9 ! direction ( ! greate/ desire is ! mo/ pleasant action4 ,b ?is does n %[ t ! effect ( habit may n be su* z to lead to action aga9/ ! /ronge/ desire & away f ! greate/ pleasure4 ,fur!r1 ! object ( desire1 :il/ x may be1 is n necess>ily ! atta9m5t ( pleasure4 ,a scrut9y ( ! psy*ological aspect ( musical pleasure1 says ,mr4 ,donovan1 w lead to ! conviction t its orig9 requir$ simpl] psy*ological ma*9]y ?an ! orig9 ( spee*1 :i* 0 possible only ?r\gh ! aid ( t ma*9]y4 ,! e> is sup]ior to ! eye 9 respect ( _! relative contributions t[>d mak+ up our m5tal life & activity4 ,! sup]iority ( ! e> re/s on its functional passivity4 ,?is all[$ auditory impressions to =ce !mselves into consci\sness 9 season & out ( season4 ,! facts ( hi/ory & e?nology :i* may be giv5 a new aspect :5 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! analysis ( music cov] a v wide field1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ & rude/ ve/iges ( communal sympa?y & tribal glorification1 & ext5d+ up to ! national song or epic4 ,x is peculi> to man to give expression to communal int]e/ 9 a way :i* has no?+ to d ) life-c>+ in/9cts4 ,t int]e/ f9ds its fir/ & rude/ expression 9 bodily play-excitem5t3 7#a7 bodily play-movem5ts 9 imitation ( actions1 7#b7 rhy?mic beat+1 7#c7 "s approa* to song1 & 7#d7 "s degree ( communal int]e/1 display !mselves z ! mo/ con/ant elem5ts ( all fe/al celebrations4 ,if we />t f ! g5]ally-accept$ explanations ( play-movem5ts 9 animals1 & grasp ! ultimate reason :y play-excitem5t became infus$ ) ! communal _s1 !re w be no difficulty 9 trac+ evid5ce ( ?is _s ev5 :]e !y are mo/ hidd5 by accompany+ habits4 ,success 9 a common ent]prise t5ds to pres]ve x4 ,! natural modes ( expression ( ! communal elation foll[1 i4 e4 ! bodily play-movem5ts 9 imitation ( ! successful actions & ! rhy?mic beat+4 ,^! movem5ts give to consci\sness pres]vative elem5ts ( s5sation4 ,e /ep ( tonal developm5t 0 made 9 ord] to prove ! effectiv5ess ( ! elem5ts ( s5sation :i* c\ld pres]ve ! cont5t ( consci\sness spr++ out ( play-excitem5t & communal elation4 ,! att5tion-draw+ p[] a musical tone possess$ 0 enhanc$ by ! conditions ( its production :i* ensur$ repetition 9 a p]si/5t temporal succession4 ,animals' excit$ cries 7 bo? be=e & aft] ! /imulat+ rhy?mic beat+--produc$ tones4 ,! same excitem5t :i* impell$ to ^! cries also impell$ to rhy?mic beat+1 & ?us produc$ a p]si/5t auditory model = ! cries4 ,! philologi/ says t roots are elem5ts ( words :i* analysis c r$uce no fur!r4 ,! psy*ologi/ c trace !m back to ! musical tones :i* became reproductive ag5ts ( ! vague pres5tative elem5ts ( actions z !y _h be5 repeat$ly held toge!r 9 consci\sness by ! psy*ological ma*9]y ( nasc5t musical pleasure4 ,9 a previ\s article 7,m9d1 ,no4 #fb7 ,mr4 ,hobh\se aim$ at prov+ t all reason+ involv$ g5]alisation f obs]v$ facts1 & t all su* g5]alisation c\ld be %[n to proce$ on a def9ite pr9ciple4 ,!re are two ma9 ways 9 :i* ,induction & ,d$uction may be di/+ui%$4 ,fir/ we may di/+ui% ! ass]tion ( a univ]sal f its application4 ,! application ( a univ]sal to a p>ticul> case is repres5t$ by ! syllogism 9 :i* ! major is a g5]al judgm5t & ! m9or a p>ticul> judgm5t ( p]ception4 ,:5 two judgm5ts are comp>$ !y are f\nd to be 7#a7 ,tautolog\s--! same ass]tion ( ! same fact4 7#b7 ,diff]5t /atem5ts ( ! same fact4 7#c7 ,ass]tions ( diff]5t facts4 ,a judgm5t expresses a relation betwe5 two t]ms1 & h5ce two judgm5ts may be said to ass]t ! same fact :5 !y ass]t ! same relation betwe5 ! same t]ms4 ,b if ei!r ( ! t]ms or ! relation diff]s1 !n !y ass]t diff]5t facts4 ,g5]alisation involves a univ]sal pr9ciple connect+ diff]5t facts4 ,syllogism does n4 ,syllogism appe>s z simply ! opposite side ( g5]alisation4 ,9 ! latt] we ass]t a univ]sal = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! =m] we apply a univ]sal already ass]t$4 ,b 9 bo? we are deal+ ) ! same relation ( univ]sal & p>ticul>4 ,:e!r we ass]t or apply our univ]sal1 ! same ultimate logical fact1 express$ 9 ! axiom ( ,induction1 is at ! bottom ( ! process4 ,b a diff]5t di/9ction may be drawn betwe5 ,induction & ,d$uction4 ,! :ole process ( br++ p>ticul> facts "u univ]sals by obs]vation ( simil> p>ticul>s may be call$ ,induction1 :ile ! comb9ation ( sev]al univ]sals 9 a *a9 ( reason+ is call$ ,d$uction4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,g5]alisation1 we ass]t a univ]sal on ! gr\nd ( a p>ticul>1 or a p>ticul> on ! gr\nd ( a simil> p>ticul>4 ,9 ! second1 ,con/ruction1 we ass]t a relation betwe5 two univ]sals on ! gr\nd ( ! relation ( ea* to "o or m int]m$iate relations4 ,con/ruction involves g5]alisation at e /ep1 & is a true reason+ process4 ,! nature ( ! g5]alisation may be %[n by ! typical ,d$uctive axiom4 ,if1 :]e two t]ms are 9 any way relat$ to a ?ird1 a relation betwe5 ! two is obs]v$1 !n :5 any o!r two t]ms are simil>ly relat$ to any ?ird1 ! relation betwe5 ^! two w be simil> to t obs]v$ betwe5 ! fir/ two4 ,! simple/ con/ruction on :i* o!rs re/ is t ( two relations to ! same type1 & ?is axiom applies to relations s und]/ood4 ,! axioms po/ulat$ by ,reason+ lay d[n ! conditions "u :i* facts n pres5t$ may be kn[n to exi/1 & !y are ?us di/+ui%$ f ^? pr9ciples call$ ! 8,laws ( ,?\ght40 ,mr4 ,tit*5] sev]ely criticises ,dr4 ,mn/]b]g's exp]im5tal psy*ology1 po9t+ out v>i\s errors1 & concludes t 8:e!r ! !ories ( ! ,beitrge /& or fall1 _! exp]im5tal f\ndation has v little positive wor?40 ,9 reply to ! criticisms 9 ,m9d1 ,no4 #fc1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] po9ts out t ,dr4 ,wallas*ek has ov]look$ a passage 9 :i* ! =m] recognises rhy?m z an ess5tial compon5t ( music4 ,he does n co9cide ) ,dr4 ,wallas*ek's view1 h[ev]1 s9ce x reg>ds music z acquir+ its ess5tial "* by a trait :i* x has 9 common ) o!r ?+s1 in/ead ( by a trait :i* x has ap>t f o!r ?+4 ,x is f ! emotional elem5t ( spee* t music is evolv$--n f its intellectual elem5t4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! fact t h>mony1 z ord9>ily und]/ood & z spok5 ( by him1 is conc]n$ ) ! fundam5tal tones & ignores ! ov]tones1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] /ates t he _c accept ,pr(4 ,cattell's view t h>mony has be5 develop$ f melody4 ,to e/abli% ! evolution ( ! "o f ! o!r1 !re mu/ be f\nd "s id5tifiable transitions betwe5 ! comb9ations ( tones con/itut+ timbre1 :i* d n con/itute h>mony to our p]ception1 & ^? comb9ations ( tones :i* d con/itute h>mony to our p]ception4 ,9 8 ,val$ictory on retir+ f ! ,editor%ip ( ,m9d1 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ref]s to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,review 9 #ahgf1 on ! initiative ( ,pr(essor ,ba91 by :om x has s9ce be5 su/a9$1 & he m5tions t mo/ ( ! exp]im5tal rese>* has be5 contribut$ by ! ,am]ican h&s 8t h be5 or are n[ organis+ psy*ological laboratories ov] all ! bread? ( _! own l&40 7,london3 ,williams & ,norgate47 4 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,octob]1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,anci5t ,,greece4 ,by ,pr(4 ,leopold ,s*midt4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,unsect>ian ,,moral ,,in/ruction4 ,by ,felix ,adl]1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,puni%m5t4 ,by ,rev4 ,ha/+s ,ra%dall4 ,,an ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,our ,,"t4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,crime4 ,by ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,tnnies4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,sophokles4 ,by ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,fairbanks4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,private ,,prop]ty ,,9 ,,l&4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,platt]4 ,,discussions4 ,pr(4 ,s*midt's article is a reply to a criticism ( 8 "w on ! e?ics ( ! anci5t ,greeks :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics4 ,dr4 ,adl]'s article is ! introductory lecture ( 8 c\rse on ,moral ,in/ruction be=e ! ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,e?ics at ,plym\?4 ,he ref]s fir/ to ! difficulty 9 ! way ( comb9+ moral & religi\s in/ruction 9 ! public s*ools aris+ f ! diff]5ce 9 religi\s belief ( ! tax pay]s1 & to ! devices sugge/$ to circumv5t ! difficulty4 ,! fir/ ( ^! devices is t ,ca?olics1 ,diss5t]s1 & ,jews1 %all =mulate a common plat=m ( belief4 ,!re are two obvi\s objections to ?is proposal4 ,x w\ld leave out ( acc\nt ! p>ty ( ! agno/ics & be a gross inju/ice to !m1 & x w\ld nev] cont5t ! really religi\s m9ds ( any d5om9ation4 ,x w\ld be acceptable only to ! comp>atively small class ( s-call$ rationali/s or !i/s pure & simple1 & !y h no "r "u ! speci\s plea ( reconcil+ ! v>i\s cre$s1 9 effect1 to =ce _! own cre$ ^u ! re/ ( ! community4 ,! second device is t religi\s & moral in/ruction comb9$ %all be giv5 9 ! public s*ools by p]sons ( ! sev]al d5om9ations4 ,! high au?ority ( ,g]many is invok$ 9 favor ( t sy/em b ,dr4 ,adl] /ates t ! example ( ,g]many _c be quot$ z a prec$5t ow+ to ! relation betwe5 ! /ate & ! s*ools 9 t c\ntry4 ,! sy/em1 moreov] is n a happy "o z1 agreeably to ,pr(essor ,smi?'s propositions t sci5tific in/ruction mu/ be unsect>ian & religi\s in/ruction mu/ be sect>ian1 ! latt] ought to h no place 9 /ate s*ools1 at lea/ 9 a c\ntry :]e ! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate is complete4 ,to ! ?ird arrangem5t propos$1 t ea* sect %\ld build its own s*ools1 & draw ^u ! fund suppli$ by taxation accord+ to ! numb] ( *ildr5 :i* x educates1 !re are two objections4 ,ow+ to ! p[] ( sects & _! influ5ce1 direct & indirect1 ! rules & regulations prescrib$ by ! /ate = ! s*ools to con=m to w\ld n be en=c$4 ,& secondly1 ! purpose = :i* ! public s*ool exi/s w\ld be defeat$1 z ! sect>ian s*ools t5d to prev5t ! gr[? ( t national unit :i* x is ! v bus9ess ( ! public s*ool to create & fo/]4 ,! correct answ] to ! "q z to ! way 9 :i* to imp>t moral in/ruction s z to satisfy all p>ties w be ! solution ( ! problem ( unsect>ian moral education4 ,! answ] is3 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! moral in/ructor 9 ! s*ool to deliv] to 8 pupil ! subject matt] ( morality1 b n to deal ) ! sanctions ( x2 to give 8 pupils a cle> und]/&+ ( :at is "r & :at is wrong1 b n to ent] into ! "q :y ! "r %\ld be done & ! wrong avoid$4 ,! consci5ce c be enlight5$1 /r5g!n$1 & always )\t once rais+ ! "q :y4 ,pr(essor ,adl]1 x appe>s to u1 ov]looks ! intimate connection betwe5 ! two que/ions ( :at is wrong1 & :y is x wrong4 ,) ! 8:y10 :i* is ! moral sanction s-call$1 he excludes ! crit]ion ( "r & wrong & conf9es himself to conv5tional morality4 ,pr(essor ,adl] proposes1 t ! mat]ial = ! moral lessons %\ld be 8! /ock ( moral tru?s accept$ by all good m540 ,?is w\ld be a v simple solution ( ! e?ical problem4 ,mank9d ne$ no long] rema9 9 d\bt z to :at good & bad is4 ,we h only to accept ! propositions ( 8all good m540 ,b :]e is ! judge t %all decide :o are to be consid]$ z good m58 ,ei!r ,pr(essor ,adl] consid]s 8 own views ( moral goodness z au?oritative & ultimate or 8 reason+ moves 9 a vici\s circle4 ,pr(essor ,tnnies & ! ,rev4 ,ha/+s ,ra%dall discuss puni%m5t z a prev5tive ( crime4 ,pr(essor ,adams f9ds t ! g5ius ( inv5tion e/abli%$ ! factory sy/em replac+ ! old dome/ic sy/em ( indu/ry4 ,! *ange ( a society bas$ ^u tools into a society bas$ ^u ma*9]y means t ! work] has lo/ control ov] ! conditions ( labor :i* he n[ tries to rega94 ,ar?ur ,fairbanks says t accord+ to ! e?ics ( ,sophokles1 consci5ce 0 s5se ( con=mity to an /hetic ideal4 ,j4 ,platt] ( ,zri* rejects ,h5ry ,george's !ory z 8nons5se40 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #afjb ,*e/nut ,/reet47 4 ,,rivi/a ,,italiana ,,di ,,filos(ia4 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahia4 ,,cont5ts3 ,l',,immag9azione ,,nelle ,,sue ,,relazioni ,,normali ,e ,,morbose ,,colla ,,s5sibilita4 ,by ,l4 ,ambrosi4 ,l',,orig9e ,,indiana ,,del ,,pitagorismo ,,secondo ,l4 ,,von ,,s*r,,d]4 ,by ,p4 ,d',ercole4 ,,luigi ,,vives1 ,,p$agogi/a ,,del ,,r9ascim5to4 ,by ,a4 ,piazzi4 ,,la ,,filos(ia ,,di ,,emp$ocle4 ,by ,s4 ,f]r>i4 ,imag9ation 9 its normal & diseas$ relations to s5sibility4 ,! writ] calls our att5tion to ! endless v>iety ( diff]5t & app>5tly contradictory ?+s t are usually attribut$ to ! faculty ( imag9ation4 ,to "s ?is faculty ( ! human m9d is ! ma9 cause ( human errors1 & ) ,montaigne !y call x 8la folle du logis02 b to o!rs1 imag9ation plays a r important "p 9 ! discov]y ( great sci5tific !ories4 ,all unanim\sly admit1 t imag9ation l5ds fuel to ! flames ( all k9ds ( evil passions2 b on ! o!r h& x _c be d5i$1 t imag9ation su/a9s ! w 9 e "w ( great /ress1 or great sacrifice1 by ! vivid repres5tation ( an expect$ f9al success4 ,all human vot>ies & possessors ( ?is fleet+1 incon/ant m5tal faculty are by turns 8happy1 unhappy1 sane1 sick1 weal?y or poor2 x makes u believe1 d\bt1 or d5y reason2 x makes fools & sages40 7,pascal1 ,p5ses1 ,art4 #c1 #c74 ,yet h[ c ! psy*ologi/ reconcile all ?is2 h[ c he f9d ! diff]5t circum/ances1 ?r\gh :i* "o & ! same cause produces su* an endless v>iety & discrepancy ( facts8 ,sev]al psy*ologi/s1 :o h tri$ to foll[ ! flights ( imag9ation ?r\gh\t all its diff]5t manife/ations by ! sole aid ( /yle & language1 h be5 poets r ?an true philosoph]s4 ,su* 0 ,delille 9 8 poem l',imag9ation2 & su* 0 ev5 ,pr(essor ,mantegazza himself1 9 t *apt] ( 8 ,physiology ( ,pleasure1 :i* he has d$icat$ to ! 8,gioie della fantasia10 :]e he describes ?is faculty ) f> m en?usiasm ?an sci5tific precision4 ,bon/ett51 9 8 ,re*]*es sur la nature et lois de l'imag9ation1 ,g5ve1 #ahjg1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ to give a m9ute & exclusively psy*ological analysis ( imag9ation2 b 8 inve/igations seem to prove1 t a delicate subject ( ?is k9d1 l c]ta9 volatile ess5ces1 evaporates at ! mom5t we wi% to analyse x1 & _c be def9$ by any /rict sci5tific =mulas & classifications4 ,& yet1 if we really wi% to /udy ! psy*ology ( imag9ation1 we mu/ n be fright5$ by ^! difficulties1 or reg>d !m z insurm\ntable4 ,we may n be able to r$uce all ^! v>i$ ph5om5a to v def9ite & limit$ categories1 b x does n foll[ f ?is1 t we h only to make a simple1 empirical regi/ration ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,z ,mi*aut obs]ves 7,l',imag9ation1 ,introduction73 8,:]ev] we f9d a g5]al elem5t1 !re also we %all f9d room = sci5ce40 ,despite ! incon/ancy ( ! ph5om5a1 x rema9s true1 t also 9 ! facts ( imag9ation !re is some?+ con/ant & regul>2 t !y are subject to laws1 :i* might be probably sev]$ f ! ph5om5a1 & be r$uc$ to a c]ta9 unity & uni=mity1 )\t =gett+1 at ! same "t1 t ?is fleet+ & delicate subject is n always r$ucible to absolutely /rict classification4 ,h[ are we1 accord+ly1 to obta9 t h>mony & unity ( view1 t w unite & gr\p all ^? div]sifi$ manife/ations8 ,m9d _c be conceiv$ z a collection ( diff]5t /ates1 b we h to assume1 t )9 ! ,psy*e !re is some?+ sub/antial2 !re is unity1 con/ancy 9 its en]gy2 & t ?is side ( its be+ is also ! pr9ciple ( its transitory actions4 ,we recognise !re=e ! exi/5ce ( two di/9ct s\rces ( spiritual en]gy1 t w bett] make u und]/& ! div]sity ( its products3 on ! "o side1 ! s\l itself1 ) ! =mal laws ( its simple be+1 &1 on ! o!r side1 ! p[] or =ce ( its s5sible repres5tations1--( its reactions4 ,?is di/9ction1 appli$ to ! pres5t problem1 w on ! "o h& cause u to consid] images z ! products ( an activity ( an inf]ior ord]1 call$ psy*e s\l1 b we %all behold on ! o!r1 t same s\l1 :5 x has fre$ itself f ! tyranny ( ! s5ses1 itself becom+ prop]ly :at is call$ m9d1 its emancipation ris+ to ! high] function ( arrang+ & organis+ ! images produc$ by ! aid ( ! s5ses4 ,h5ce foll[s1 t ! relations ( ei!r conflict or h>mony :i* ^! products ( ! s\l h among ea* o!r1 & to m9d prop]1 w s]ve z a crit]ion ( a classification1 9 :i* we h to take note3 7#a7 ( ! reciprocal action betwe5 s5sations & images2 7#b7 ( t betwe5 images & images2 79 bo? ( :i* in/ances ! p[] ( ! products possesses an advantage ov] ! p[] ( m9d27 & 7#c7 ( ! action ( m9d ^u images4 ,by ?is road x w be possible to foll[ all ! phases ( ! evolution ( m9d f ! mom5t :5 ov]come by ob/9ate images x is r$uc$ to a life ( disord]1 incoh]5cy1 or1 z x 71 to dea? ( m9d1 until ! mom5t :5 9 its own turn m9d takes hold ( ! num]\s images by :i* x is besieg$1 & by subject+ !m to its own laws--to laws ( unity & h>mony--x creates out ( t disord]ly *aos ( images ! wond]ful syn!sis ( sci5ce & works ( art4 ,f t in/ant we behold m9d rise ?r\gh a s]ies ( int]m$iate /ages1 f abject s]vitude to ! l(tie/ heights ( fre$om1 f a /ate ( humiliat+ impot5cy to an unhamp]$ display ( its true1 inw>d activity1--f folly to g5ius4 ,9 o!r words1 x is *iefly ?is psy*ic activity1 9 all its diff]5t /ages ( developm5t & p[]1 t mu/ be our guid+ crit]ion 9 ! /udy ( ! phases & ph5om5a ( imag9ation4 ,! writ]1 !reupon1 seeks to expla9 ! nature ( ?is psy*ic activity 9 its application to images4 ,he briefly inve/igates ! orig9 ( images1 _! imm$iate d]ivation f ! s5sations1 & _! intimate reciprocal connection1 by virtue ( :i* ! "o _c be produc$ )\t ! o!r2 & :5ce !re arise _m diff]5t relations1 t n only expla91 b ev5 enable u to classify a l>ge numb] ( facts relat+ to ?is m5tal faculty4 ,! writ] concludes ) "s g5]al rem>ks on ! diseases ( imag9ation4 ,! ,h9du ,orig9 ( ,py?agorism accord+ to ,l4 von ,s*ro$]4 ,?is article 0 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,l4 v4 ,s*ro$]'s monograph3 ,py?agoras und die ,ind]4 ,e9e ,unt]su*ung b] die ,h]kunft und ,ab/ammung d] ,py?agoris*5 ,lehr54 ,! discussion ab\t ! local orig9 ( ,py?agorism began ) ! anci5ts !mselves1 is be+ cont9u$ 9 our own "t1 &1 f ! nature ( ! subject itself1 bids fair to be protract$ = an indef9ite p]iod /ill4 ,9 rec5t times ?is ardu\s problem has invad$ ! doma9 ( comp>ative e?nology1 comp>ative religion1 philology1 9 brief1 ( all ! hi/orical sci5ces1 receiv+1 d\btless1 /rik+ & copi\s illu/rations f all ^!1 yet at ! risk ( almo/ los+ sight ( itself4 ,9 ,py?agorism1 z 9 c]ta9 o!r products ( ! human m9d1 x is difficult to discrim9ate ) absolute hi/orical c]ta9ty betwe5 8m9e0 & 8?9e40 ,! real solution ( ! problem may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! orig9al unity ( ! evolution ( ! ,indo-,european m9d4 ,! writ]1 h[ev]1 views ! problem simply z "o ( comp>ative religion & ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! anci5ts advocat$ ! ,italic1 or ,tyrrh5ian orig9 ( ! ,py?agorean sy/em1 & among mod]n ,italians1 ,vico & ,giob]ti h done ! same4 ,! ,*9ese orig9 0 def5d$ by ,gladis*4 ,! ?ird1 ! ,egyptian orig91 also dates f antiquity1 & 9 mod]n times has be5 ard5tly def5d$ by ,ro?4 ,! f\r?1 ! suppos$ ,hell5ic orig91 has _h ! greate/ numb] ( foll[]s1 & has be5 ably *ampion$ by ,dr4 ,edw4 ,zell] 9 8 "w1 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*54 ,z reg>ds ! la/1 ! alleg$ ,h9du orig91 ?is 0 sugge/$ ( c\rse by ! num]\s /rik+ analogies f\nd betwe5 ,h9du & ,py?agorean doctr9e4 ,/ill1 all t has be5 said on ! subject by ,s*ro$]1 ,max ,mll]1 ,web]1 & o!rs1 has fail$ to ?or\ghly conv9ce ! writ]4 ,9 8 next article he promises to %[1 t ev]y?+ has induc$ him to believe t ! ,h9dus !mselves r borr[$ _! doctr9e ( transmigration f ! philosophical sy/em ( ,py?agoras4 ,luigi ,vives4 ,a ,p$agogi/ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! int]e/+ subject ( ?is article is probably to ?is day b little und]/ood or appreciat$ by ! p$agogi/s ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,to ?is day1 _m among !m seem ignorant ( ! fact1 or1 p]haps1 are unwill+ to frankly admit1 t along ) ! ,ca?olic revival1 & ! intellectual r5aissance ( ! ,lat9 nations1 !re 0 initiat$ ! tradition ( really humane p$agogics1 f\nd$ on ! nature ( man1 &1 9 its aim & work+s1 va/ly sup]ior to ! educational sy/ems ( ! nations beyond ! ,alps4 ,x 0 an e>ne/1 lib]al1 ref9+ educational sy/em1 t pr(ess$ an affectionate reg>d = y\?4 ,x bani%$ corporal puni%m5t1 & address$ itself directly to ! he>t & ! intellig5ce4 ,! ,jesuit maxim3 8debetur pu]is maxima rev]5tia10 /ill recalls ! orig9al _s ( ?is humane sy/em ( education4 ,x is p]haps n an exagg]ation to ma9ta91 t1 9 ! _s ( ! "t1 x also aim$ at ! beautiful 9 education4 ,x 0 a decl>$ enemy to any ?\ght1 spee* or action 9 bad =m4 ,to ! subject ( ?is article1 ! ,spani% bi%op ( ,val5cia1 ,l\is ,vives1 is due ! honor ( hav+ be5 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t & successful promot]s ( ?is new educational sy/em1 & to h be5 ! ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau ( 8 "t4 ,vives 0 born 9 ! ye> #adib1 & di$ 9 ! ye> #aedj4 ,he _h /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam4 ,he is moreov] ! au?or ( a numb] ( valuable educational works4 ,bi%op ,vives1 h[ev]1 mu/ also be reg>d$ z a cl]gyman1 :o 9 8 practical c>e] w\ld at times f9d x difficult to reconcile 8 broad-m9d$ s*ola/ic ideals ) ! duties ( 8 call+1 & ) ! exagg]at$ ascetical t5d5cies by :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 a %ort "t ! *ur* is se5 practically to ov]ride all ?is lib]al educational movem5t ( ! r5aissance4 ,)9 ! college- & conv5t-walls1 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries1 ! humane pat]nal p$agogics ( ! r5aissance soon & easily deg5]at$ into oppressive1 injuri\s1 p]sonal surveillance1 & an odi\s !ocratic tyranny4 ,) all our s9c]e admiration = ! "w initiat$ by m5 l ,l\is ,vives1 we mu/ nev]!less ma9ta91 t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! ecclesia/ic educational sy/ems ( ! ,lat9 c\ntries dur+ ! foll[+ c5turies1 c sc>cely lay valid claims to a place )9 ! pale ( true p$agogical sci5ce4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,emp$ocles4 ,9 ?is conclud+ article ! writ] exhau/ively discusses ! religi\s t5ets & e?ical precepts ( ,emp$ocles1 z bo? appe> 9 ! ,promium1 9 ! ?ird book on ,physics1 & 9 ! poem ( ! 80--or expiatory atonem5ts4 ,bibliography4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t we notice a l5g?y review ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,dal ,pozzo di ,mombello's ,lectures on ,monism1 deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p]ugia4 ,9 ?is numb] are also conta9$ ! ,bollett9o ,p$agogico ,filos(ico1 ,critical ,notices1 & ,rec5t ,publications4 7,rome4 ,tipografia delle ,t]me ,diocleziane4 #ahia47 4 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,novemb]1 #ahia4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,les ,,orig9es ,,de ,,notre ,,/ructure ,,intellectuelle ,,et ,c,r,,brale4 ,i4 ,le ,kantisme4 ,by ,a4 ,f\ille4 ,,du ,r,,le ,,de ,,la ,,volont ,,dans ,,la ,,croyance4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,g\rd4 ,9 discuss+ ! "p ( ! w play$ 9 belief1 ,m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,g\rd consid]s our belief 9 an ultra-ph5om5al reality :i* he calls 8metaphysical belief40 8,all ?\ght10 he says1 8involves a relation1 viz4 a relation betwe5 subject & object4 ,e relation presupposes a comp>ison ( its t]ms & ?is comp>ison is n e/abli%$ if ! subject & object belong to diff]5t worlds4 ,! subject is und\bt$ly f\nd 9 consci\sness1 ! object mu/ be !re also4 ,all ! +5i\s argum5ts to escape ?is conclusion are va94 ,accord+ly1 "o may well believe 9 ! tru? ( ! metaphysical belief1 b ?is belief is n true40 ,m4 ,g4 ,t>de1 ! great crim9ologi/ & an oppon5t ( ,pr(essor ,lombroso's s*ool reviews ! p5ological & crim9ological lit]ature ( rec5t times 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,belgium4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille revises 9 ! article on 8! orig9 ( our intellectual & c]ebral /ructure0 sev]al solutions ( ! problem ( ! nature ( ?\ght-=ms1 especially ,kant's view ( ! a priori4 ,/rongly influ5c$ by ,s*op5hau]1 he makes ( ! great pessimi/'s w-!ory q an orig9al & peculi> application & f9ds t ! "q ( 8ides-=ces0 is also at ! bottom ( ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ideas4 ,9 comp>+ ! orig9 ( ideas to ! orig9 ( sol> sy/ems1 he says3 8,ideas are ! cond5sation ( t :i* exi/s ev]y:]e 9 a nebul\s /ate into lum9\s c5tres & consci\s focuses4 ,s5sation is desire40 ,& he sums up 8 view 9 ! s5t5ce3 8,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non prius fu]it 9 s5su et voluntate40 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #e4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,die ,,s9ne ,,d] ,,v]bre*]4 ,by ,c4 ,lombroso & ,s4 ,ottol5ghi4 7,mit #d ,figur547 ,,ueb] ,,v]glei*ung5 ,,von ,,tondi/anz54 ,by ,gu/av ,engel4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,ces>e ,lombroso & 8 assi/ant ,s4 ,ottol5ghi communicate ! results ( _! inve/igations ( ! s5ses ( born crim9als 9 a simil> way z ! =m] ( ! two _h done 9 8 8,/udies 9 ,crim9al ,an?ropology10 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 i1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #agg et sqq4 ,our au?ors say3 8,s9ce ! days ( ! fam\s ,greek sage :o said t no?+ came into ! intellect save ?r\gh ! gateway ( ! s5ses1 x c\ld be =ese5 t a /udy ( ! s5ses w\ld become ! gateway to e?ics40 ,&1 x is a fact recognis$ = "s "t b n z yet prov$ by exact me?ods t a lack ( moral s5se is (t5 accompani$ ) an obtusity ( ! s5se-organs4 ,dr4 ,azam's fam\s ,felida %[$ an entire abs5ce ( ! moral s5se :5 %e 0 9 a /ate ( analgesia2 ,romanes has po9t$ out t ! s5sitiv5ess to pa9 is great] 9 tame animals ?an 9 wild bea/s1 ?is is especially noticeable 9 ! dog4 ,x is notewor?y also t savage peoples are almo/ ins5sible to pa9 :ile civilisation (t5 increases s5sibility till x becomes hyp]/hesia4 ,obtusity ( ! s5se-organs 9 crim9als %\ld n be conf\nd$ h[ev] ) ! an/hesia ( crim9als1 because ! r>ity ( lat]ality1 ! abs5ce ( isolat$ ins5sible places1 ! lack ( motory anomalies1 etc41 exclude ! supposition ( hy/]ia4 ,our au?ors f\nd among #ae crim9al boys betwe5 #aj & #ad ye>s no less ?an t5 cases ( absolute analgesia1 :i* proves t ?is symptom _c be ! effect ( alcoholism1 syphilis1 m>asmus1 or ov]work ( a special trade4 ,sev]al anecdotes are told ab\t ! ins5sibility to pa94 ,an old ?ief _h 8 leg amputat$ ) ! greate/ apa?y3 ! op]ation done1 he took ! limb into 8 h& & jok$ ab\t x4 ,an invet]ate murd]]1 8 p5al s]vitude be+ end$1 0 dismiss$ out ( ! bagnio ( ! isl& ,s4 ,he ask$ ! w>d5 to be reta9$1 because he did n "k h[ to get food & %elt]4 ,8 dem& be+ refus$1 he op5$ 8 b[els ) ! h&le ( a spoon1 w5t to b$ z usual1 & di$ )\t ev5 a sigh4 ,m&r91 a crim9al1 %ortly be=e 8 execution all[$ himself to be cut 9 eight places )\t giv+ a sign ( pa92 crim9al ,r4 flay$ ! sk9 ( 8 face ) a piece ( glass4 ,9 ! p5it5ti>y at ,*a?am dur+ ! ye>s #ahga & #ahgb1 #hda volunt>y w\nds & injuries 7 made4 ,among !m #bg convicts _h mutilat$ "s limb1 & 9 #ag cases ! limb _h to be amputat$4 ,?is obtusity ( ! s5sory organs 9 crim9als is suppos$ to be ( a cortical orig9 & be+ simil> to ! ph5om5a ( savage life is int]pret$ z atavism4 ,crim9als %[ defici5cies 9 ! s5ses ( t\*1 smell1 ta/e1 & he>+1 b n ( sight4 ,& ?is is analog\s to ! savage 9 :om ! s5se ( sight is naturally v /rong1 & no crim9al c\ld execute num]\s !fts or escape ! arm ( ju/ice )\t a high developm5t ( ! s5se ( sight4 ,9 ! second article on comp>isons ( tone-di/ances ,gu/av ,engel1 ,pr(essor at ! ,royal ,high-s*ool ( ,music 9 ,b]l91 takes occasion to expla9 8 views ( ! subject ) ref]5ce to ! sev]e criticism ( ,c4 ,/umpf on ,c>l ,lor5z's !ory4 ,wilhelm ,wundt _h tak5 "p 9 ! discussion 9 favor ( ,lor5z4 ,! subject ( ! article lies 9 ! bord]-l& betwe5 ! physiology ( he>+ & music2 & ,pr(essor ,engel comes to ! conclusion t aff9ity ( tones1 i4 e4 ! int]val-s5se 9 a melodi\s succession does n lead to ! same accuracy & reliability ( he>+ z _! concord4 ,he objects to ! idea ( an ari?metical diff]5ce z propos$ by ,lor5z & ,wundt1 & proves x ?r\gh ! fact t ! ,py?agorean ti]ce 9 ! unaccompani$ scale makes a less noticeable di/urbance ?an 9 a concord1 :ile ! approximately pure ti]ce 7:i* is too l[ only by a small fracture ( a comma7 is excell5t 9 ! concord :ile x causes a slight di/urbance 9 ! melody4 ,musical int]vals are n id5tical ) ! geometrical int]vals1 yet !y are bas$ ^u !m z a selection made among innum]able possibilities = c]ta9 purposes4 ,_! acceptance is e/abli%$ only 9 h>monic music1 b ?is fact too adds "s difficulties to ! inve/igations made 9 ?is field1 = if two tones s\nd toge!r1 we c no long] di/+ui% !m sep>ately1 z w\ld be requir$ = ! inve/igation2 & if we let ! "o succe$ ! o!r _! geometrical relation is no long] disc]n$ ) ! same precision4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss47 4 ,,vi]teljahrss*rift ,f,r ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,philosophie4 ,vol4 ,,xv4 ,nos4 #c & #d4 ,,cont5ts ( ,no4 #c3 ,,psy*is*e ,,und ,,physis*e ,,activit,t4 ,by ,h4 ,hffd+4 ,,ueb] ,,spra*reflex1 ,,nativismus ,,und ,,absi*tli*e ,,spra*bildung4 7,a*t] ,artikel47 ,by ,a4 ,m>ty4 ,,zur ,,philosophie ,,d] ,,ma!matik4 ,by ,*r4 v4 ,ehr5fels4 ,,d] ,,folg]ungscalcul ,,und ,,die ,,inhaltslogik4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,huss]l4 ,,cont5ts ( ,no4 #d3 ,,die ,,gesetzm,,ssigkeit ,,d] ,,physis*5 ,,activit,t4 ,by ,h4 ,hffd+4 ,,e?nologie ,,und ,,/hetik4 ,by ,e4 ,grosse4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,=ts*reit5de ,,entwicklung ,,des ,,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 7,er/] ,artikel47 ,by ,f4 ,ros5b]g]4 ,,ueb] ,,spra*reflex1 ,,nativismus ,,und ,,absi*tli*e ,,spra*bildung4 7,neunt] ,artikel74 ,by ,a4 ,m>ty4 ,,ueb] ,,f]nwirkung ,,und ,,anormale4 ,,wahrnehmungsf,,khigkeit4 ,me?odologis*e ,r&gloss54 ,by ,m4 ,(fn]4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,hffd+'s article on psy*ical & physical activity is an answ] to a criticism by ,pr(essor ,kroman4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ _h propos$1 conc]n+ ! relation ( ! psy*ical to ! physical1 a !ory :i* he call$ ! 8id5tity hypo!sis10 accord+ to :i* ! physical & psy*ical activities are n diff]5t 9 _! nature b only 9 _! ph5om5al appe>ance4 ,k4 ,kroman1 a c\ntryman & colleague ( ,h4 ,hffd+--bo? are pr(essors at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5--reject$ 9 8 rec5t "w 8,logic & ,psy*ology0 ! id5tity hypo!sis & *>act]is$ x z 8,duplicism10 a "n aga9/ :i* ,hffd+ prote/s4 ,kroman's objections are z foll[s3 a7 ,natural sci5ce kn[s ( no reason to conceive ( ! relation ( ! psy*ical to ! mat]ial 9 ! way express$ by ! id5tity-hypo!sis4 b7 ,on ! basis ( ! id5tity-hypo!sis x rema9s unexpla9$ h[ we c "k any?+ ab\t ! ext]nal _w4 c7 ,x is inexplicable h[ an id5tity c obta9 ( two s diff]5t ?+s z are ! bodily multiplicity & ! psy*ical unity4 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ inve/igates ^! ?ree objections sep>ately & comes to ! conclusion t 8 id5tity-hypo!sis %[s ! relation betwe5 ! psy*ical & mat]ial nature 9 a cle> & simple light4 ,x excludes on ! "o h& mat]ialism & on ! o!r h& spiritualism4 ,! "q :e!r ei!r ph5om5on1 _s or matt]1 repres5ts ! absolute nature ( exi/5ce1 _c1 accord+ to ,hffd+1 be answ]$4 ,x appe>s to u t ,pr(essor ,hffd+'s position is s\nd 9 all ma9 po9ts & may be consid]$ z t view :i* is mo/ preval5t among mod]n psy*ologi/s4 ,h[ev]1 conc]n+ ! "q :e!r _s or matt] repres5ts ! absolute nature ( exi/5ce1 we ref] ! read] to ! editorial article 8,are !re ,?+s 9 ,!mselves80 section ,,xii1 8,! ,on5ess ( ,subjectivity & ,objectivity40 ,9 our op9ion ! "q itself is illegitimate4 ,nei!r ! subjectivity ( _s1 nor ! objectivity ( matt] repres5ts ! absolute nature ( exi/5ce2 bo? toge!r =m ! nature ( exi/5ce2 & we omit "h ! ^w 8absolute0 purposely4 ,! "q z to :i* ab/ract1 matt] or _s1 repres5ts ! absolute nature ( exi/5ce seems to u simil> to ! "q :i* ( ! two t]ms ,a & ,b repres5ts 9 ! relation ,a3,b ! absolute nature ( ! relation4 ,! obvi\s answ] is nei!r4 ,! eigh? article ( ,a4 ,m>ty ( ,prague on ,language-reflex is ma9ly ( a controv]sial nature direct$ aga9/ ,l4 ,tobl]'s article on ! orig9 ( language 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]-,psy*ologie4 ,by ,nativism1 ,m>ty und]/&s ! !ory t c]ta9 involunt>y articulate s\nds are associat$ ) c]ta9 ideas1 :ile ! s-call$ empirical !ory attempts to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ words )\t su* innate me*anical relations betwe5 s\nds & concepts4 ,m>ty repres5ts ! empirical solution ( ! problem & objects to ! extreme nativism1 b he grants t ,tobl]'s modifi$ nativism approa*es v mu* to 8 own position4 ,! longe/ article ( ! pres5t numb] 7#fc pp47 is an essay full ( valuable h9ts by ,*r4 v4 ,ehr5fels on ! ,philosophy ( ,ma!matics4 ,! epi/emological basis ( ma!matics dem&s a psy*ological inve/igation ( its cont5ts4 ,accord+ly ! au?or proposes to pres5t a psy*ological *>act]isation ( ! numb]-conceptions1 f :i* he d]ives "s conclusions conc]n+ ! !ory ( cognition4 ,he inve/igates ! orig9 ( ! unity conception :i* is g5]ally def9$ z 8posit+ a unit0 or z 8conceiv+ z a unit40 ,we usually believe t we ab/ract numb]s directly f ! objects1 :5 we look = in/ance at "o h\se ) two doors & five w9d[s4 ,b ?is process ( ab/raction is n q s direct z x seems4 ,! numb]-conception is n tak5 f ext]nal obs]vation1 b c>ri$ into ! same2 yet ?is is done involunt>ily & inadv]t5tly s t x appe>s z if !y 7 eo ipso conta9$ 9 x4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! concepts 8unity0 & 8multiplicity08 ,two me?ods pres5t !mselves3 #a7 ,! conc5tration ( att5tion & 7#b7 ! act ( br++ into relation4 ,! =m] produces a unity &1 :5 successively direct$ to sev]al objects1 a s]ies ( units4 ,! latt] appe>s to be requir$ by ! consid]ation t ! conception ( a numb] is condition$ by acts ( di/+ui%+4 ,! numb] 8two0 requires two acts ( di/+ui%+1 8?ree0 requires ?ree1 8f\r0 requires six & ! numb] n requires n_/#b7n-#a7 acts ( di/+ui%+4 ,?is expla9s :y we c h cle> & direct conceptions only ( v l[ figures4 ,! idea t a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods w expla9 ! facts is by no means exclud$4 ,b !re is a ?ird s\rce :i* may be us$ to expla9 ! unity conception1 viz4 inn] exp]i5ce4 8,! unity ( consci\sness10 ,ehr5fels says1 8has be5 misus$ 9 philosophy to demon/rate ! sub/antiality1 simplicity1 & inde/ructibility ( ! s\l40 ,nev]!less !re is "s tru? 9 ! unity idea1 = ! pres5t psy*ical ph5om5a pres5t !mselves 9 a peculi> amalgamation1 :i* admits ( a comp>ison betwe5 two elem5ts :ile x erects a b>ri] betwe5 ! ego & ! tu4 ,our psy*ical cont5ts w always appe> to u z a unit2 & on ?is basis we might decl>e t ! unity conception is d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,"h ,ehr5fels does n see t ! conc5tration ( att5tion is practically ! same z ! unity ( consci\sness1 = att5tion means consci\sness1 & conc5tration produces unity4 ,numb]-conceptions orig9ate by c\nt+4 ,we disjo9 ?+s2 = in/ance1 we ?r[ a numb] ( apples into a basket1 or we let ! f+] slide ov] ! division l9es ( a measur+ /ick nam+ ea* unit :ile proce$+ 9 ! act4 ,f su* processes ! function ( c\nt+ c be ab/ract$ :ile ! details are neglect$ z unimportant4 ,mo/ ( ! high] numb]s are nev] directly b only indirectly realis$4 ,s = in/ance tw5ty is to _m t numb] :i* w be rea*$ by c\nt+ up to tw5ty1 yet ! s+le units ( ! numb] are lo/ sight ( entirely4 ,su* numb]-conceptions belong to ! class ( 8indirect concepts0 :i* repres5t objects n ?r\gh m>ks belong+ to ! object itself1 b orig9at+ ?r\gh its relation to o!r objects4 ,! basis ( su* indirect concepts _h be5 call$ by ,ehr5fels ,ge/altsqualitt51 i4 e4 figure qualities1 & by ,me9ong fundi]te ,inhalte or f\nd$ cont5ts4 ,?us indirect conceptions are p>ts cont+5t ^u "s su* basis4 ,numb]-conceptions are n always cle>ly ?\ght out & !re are "s helps to repres5t high] or m complex numb]s4 ,?us we c ?9k ( t5 z repres5t$ by ! outside & inside corn]s ( a p5tagram1 twelve z ! edges ( a cube1 etc41 & common among all nations is ! usage ( ! f+]s to repres5t numb]s up to t54 ,su* helps are q diff]5t f indirect numb]-conceptions & may be call$ figurative numb]-conceptions4 ,t !re are ma!matical conceptions ( magnitudes :i* h no objective analogon is q natural1 = !re is ev5 9 an indirect conception no w>rant = its objective reality2 & we ought to consid] h[ _m ^w- & idea-comb9ations are possible )\t _! possess+ "s analog\s reality4 ,yet ! s-call$ irrational _c prop]ly be call$ a numb]1 x is ! dem& ( a numb] :i* 9 fractions c suffici5tly = c]ta9 purposes b nev] fully be realis$4 ,negative numb]s always presuppose a contra/ & su* conditions arise naturally :]ev] ! fundam5tal ideas imply two opposite directions1 = in/ance pa/ & future 9 "t1 cr$it & debit 9 bus9ess1 etc4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t !re are 9 reality z little ei!r positive or negative numb]s1 z !re are positive or negative colors or s\nds4 ,conc]n+ ! necessity idea1 ,ehr5fels says3 8,nobody w consid] x z possible t five plus sev5 w 9 "s cases make any o!r numb] ?an twelve4 ,we are confid5t t ! same addition w "u all circum/ances yield ! same sum40 ,ehr5fels grants ! psy*ical c]titude ( ?is b n ! ma!matical1 & ?9ks t on ?is po9t !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion all[able4 ,"h we disagree f ,ehr5fels & ref] ! read] to =m] articles on k9dr$ subjects 9 ,! ,moni/1 especially ! article on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,?\ght-=ms10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaa4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 ma!matics we are mov+ 9 a realm ( pure =ms & ! /atem5t #g #e #ab is1 z ! ,g]mans express x1 e9deutig be/immt1 i4 e4 x is det]m9$ exhau/ively 9 "o & ! only "o possible way4 ,! numb]s #g & #e be+ rigid1 _! sum & _! product w also be rigid4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion may be cont+5t ^u a diff]5ce ( ! conception ( ! a priori4 ,ehr5fels def9es z 8a priori0 su* judgm5ts :i* hav+ come into our possession1 are readily accept$ )\t pro(4 ,we foll[ ,grassmann 9 reject+ ! acceptance ( any?+ )\t pro(1 includ+ ! idea ( ma!matical axioms4 ,! a priori 9 our t]m9ology becomes id5tical ) t :i* p]ta9s to =mal ?\ght3 & x w\ld make no diff]5ce :e!r ! in/ance pres5t$ is z simple z #a #a #b or extremely complex z are ! diff]5tial calculus & log>i?ms4 ,accord+ly we disagree also f ,ehr5fels :5 he f9ds ev5 9 su* additions z = in/ance #hbe #bag #ajdb ve/iges ( an a po/]iori "*4 ,! employm5t ( ! log>i?ms accord+ly appe>s to ,ehr5fels also apo/]iori/ic because ! fruits ( o!r peoples' labors are utilis$6 ,conc]n+ ,john ,/u>t ,mill's view ( ! subject1 ,ehr5fels says t 8x is /ill deeply entangl$ 9 ! errors ( t conception :i* x s bitt]ly opposes1 viz4 9 ! =malism ( ! old purely a priori conception4 ,= only he :o adh]es to ! view t all ma!matics are d$uc$ f a few axioms c ?9k ( attribut+ to ^? axioms ! highe/ degree ( plausibility :i* is assum$ = !m on ! gr\nd ( compreh5sive d$uction40 ,we agree ) ,ehr5fels's objection to ,mill1 b we _c agree ) 8 view t ma!matics d]ives any elem5ts f a po/]iori elem5ts1 al?\gh we grant t q new dep>tm5ts are creat$ simply by a diff]5t employm5t ( c]ta9 functions4 ,accord+ly ma!matics _c be d]iv$ f a few axioms only b is ! products ( c]ta9 functions4 ,ehr5fels calls att5tion to ! fact t ! ma!matician op]at+ ) symbols (t5 =gets entirely :at he has to ?9k ( 9 connection ) ^! symbols4 8,?is is n /range10 he adds1 8= ?\ghtless ^w-comb9ations pres5t analog\s in/ances1 yet x is /range t ! result almo/ )\t exception comes out "r2 es /immt60 ,we object "h2 op]ations ) ma!matical symbols are n ?\ghtless comb9ations1 at lea/1 !y are n mean+less4 ,!y are op]ations n ) ?+s1 b ) symbols repres5t+ c]ta9 relations among ?+s4 ,:5 gambl]s play ) *ips repres5t+ real money1 !y ne$ n ?9k dur+ ! game ( ! value repres5t$ by a *ip1 & yet :5 ! acc\nt is made1 ! result atta9$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! *ips w come out "r4 ,!re is no reason to wond] at x4 ,*ips l ma!matical symbols might 9 a c]ta9 s5se be call$ ?\ghtless1 = c]ta9ly !y d n ?9k2 b !y are n ?\ghtless 9 ! s5se t !y are mean+less1 t no?+ is ?\ght by !m4 ,ehr5fels app>5tly sees a problem :]e !re is none & ?is is closely connect$ ) ano!r po9t4 ,he looks ^u ! ma!matician's inability ( ?9k+ out 9 e respect ! objective mean+ ( ma!matical symbols z a %ortcom+ ( man's intellect4 ,:ile x appe>s t we _c ?9k any?+ by _m ma!matical symbols 7= in/ance by a #a7 except ! symbol itself1 ! enorm\s success ( ma!matical ?\ght is evid5ce t !y mu/ h "s def9ite mean+ al?\gh x is to be excogitat$ only by ^? be+s :o w transgress ! av]age intellig5ce ( to-day1 ! fir/ g]ms ( ^: exi/5ce are ! ma!matical g5iuses ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,x appe>s to u t und\bt$ly e ma!matical symbol has a def9ite mean+1 repres5t+ ! result ( "s function4 ,t ! result w sometimes be unatta9able or unrealisable1 t especially all op]ations ) z]o make ! :ole calculation indef9ite 7:i* naturally arises f ! nature ( z]o7 does n alt] ! tru? ( ?is proposition 9 ! lea/4 ,we h to make "o additional rem>k4 ,! peculi>ity ( ma!matics t we d n ?r\gh\t our op]ations ?9k out ! mean+ ( ! symbols is n a %ortcom+ ( our intellig5ce1 b ! /r5g? ( ma!matical sci5ce4 ,! advantage ( all ! =mal sci5ces & especially ( ma!matics consi/s 9 ?is t we ne$ n ?9k out e detail1 b t we c1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ma!matical symbols1 p]=m ! mo/ intricate op]ations ) ma*9e-l exactness4 ,! economy ( ?\ght produc$ 9 ?is way is n a defici5cy ( man's m9d1 b a virtue4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,hffd+ 79 ,no4 #d7 insi/s ^u ! causal law z be+ indisp5sable 9 psy*ology4 ,!re are "s p & among o!rs 8 colleague ,pr(essor ,kroman :o reg>d moral motives z an exception4 8,yet10 says ,pr(essor ,hffd+1 8%\ld ! decisive mom5t ( a decision n be det]m9$ by ! causal law1 ! w c\ld nev] be det]m9$ ?r\gh a reflection on ! possible effects ( ! action & ?us e reason w\ld be miss+ to attribute to man any responsibility40 ,e4 ,grosse expatiates on ! proposition to apply ! comp>ative me?od ( e?nology to /hetics4 ,f]d4 ,ros5b]g] proposes ! foll[+ programme3 8,k is p[]2 activity bas$ ^u su* p[] is ! cause ( happ9ess4 ,!re=e ) ! increase ( k1 !re is an increase ( happ9ess1 successful activity h[ev] is impossible )\t virtue4 ,!re=e we conclude t an increase ( happ9ess w be accompani$ ) an increase ( virtue40 ,a4 ,m>ty 9 ?is 8 n9? article blames ,/e9?al = hav+ misrepres5t$ ! eighte5? c5tury !ories ( ! orig9 ( language4 ,m4 ,(fn] reviews ,dr4 ,*>les ,ri*et's reports ( 8 telepa?ic exp]im5ts1 b ! review] _c ass5t to ,ri*et's op9ion 8t ^! facts possess a /range co9cid5ce & t !y are1 probably1 ! result ( a relation & n ( pure *ance40 7,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&47 4 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,zum ,,begriff ,,d] ,,unbewus/5 ,,vor/ellung4 ,by ,e4 v4 ,h>tmann4 ,,ueb] ,,das ,,gebet4 ,,e9 ,,religionsphilosophis*es ,,fragm5t4 ,s5ds*reib5 an ,h]rn ,e4 ,r5an 9 ,p>is4 ,by ,m4 ,j4 ,monrad4 ,,w]ke ,,zur ,,philosophie ,,des ,,social5 ,,leb5s ,,und ,,d] ,,ges*i*te4 ,er/] ,artikel 7,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,sociologie1 ,bd4 ,,iii74 ,by ,f4 ,tnnies4 ,,rec5sion53 ,h4 ,mn/]b]g1 ,beitrge zur exp]im5tell5 ,psy*ologie ,no4 #c4 ,neue ,grundlegung d] ,psy*ophysik4 ,by ,?4 ,zieh54 ,w4 ,eno* ,d] ,begriff d] ,wahrnehmung4 ,by ,p4 ,natorp4 ,*4 ,bn>d4 ,l'e/htique d',ari/ote et de ses successeurs4 ,by ,a4 ,dr+4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,! well-kn[n philosoph] ,edw>d von ,h>tmann def9es 8 position ) ref]5ce to ! idea ( an unconsci\s repres5tation4 ,grant+ t !re are no unconsci\s s5sations1 p]ceptions1 conceptions or memories1 because feel+ ei!r is consci\s or n at all1 he introduces ! idea ( unconsci\s repres5tations aga9 z ! mo/ adequate det]m9ation4 ,he says1 8,ei!r we mu/ r5\nce all speak+ & ?9k+ ( non-s5sual objects or we mu/ be satisfi$ ) us+ figurative expressions40 ,m4 ,j4 ,monrad1 a ,norwegian1 argues1 9 ! second article aga9/ ,m4 ,e4 ,r5an's !ory ( pray]1 :om he _h visit$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,p>is1 t pray] has aft] all an effect ^u ! objective _w & x is n limit$ to a m]ely subjective & psy*ological influ5ce4 ,monrad presupposes a belief 9 ,god1 pray] br++ ! individual 9 unison ) ,god1 *anges ! w ( ! individual into a co-ord9ate will+ ( ,god & ?us r5d]s ! individual a co-work] ( ,god4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be conceiv$ to take place by magic & 9 contradiction to nature1 b ?r\gh nature1 man us+ ! laws ( nature4 ,f4 ,tnnies ( ,kiel gives an exposition ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s social views :i* are1 briefly express$1 8! f9al victory ( society ov] ! /ate40 ,pr(essor ,tnnies answ]s t 8we all want a high] civilisation1 b ! developm5t ( a high] civilisation is n condition$ by ! f9al victory ( society ov] ! /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be said t x dep5ds ^u a victory ( ! /ate ov] society 9 s f> z public rights w sup]s$e private rights4444 ,! tru? is t /ate & society are cont+5t1 ! "o ^u ! o!r & also limit+ ea* o!r40 7,b]l93 ,dr4 ,r4 ,sal+]47 4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,9 ! ,russian language4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,april1 #ahib4 ,,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity ,,exam9$4 ,9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y1 #ahia1 ,i endeavor$ to %[ :at elem5t>y ideas ought to ent] into our view ( ! univ]se4 ,i may m5tion t on ^? consid]ations ,i _h already gr\nd$ a cosmical !ory1 & f x _h d$uc$ a consid]able numb] ( consequ5ces capable ( be+ comp>$ ) exp]i5ce4 ,?is ,comp>ison is n[ 9 progress1 b "u exi/+ circum/ances mu/ occupy _m ye>s4 ,i propose "h to exam9e ! common belief t e s+le fact 9 ! univ]se is precisely det]m9$ by law4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is is a doctr9e accept$ ev]y:]e & at all times by all rational m54 ,its fir/ advocate appe>s to h be5 ,democritus ! atomi/1 :o 0 l$ to x1 z we are in=m$1 by reflect+ ^u ! 8imp5etrability1 translation1 & impact ( matt] 7 740 ,t is to say1 hav+ re/rict$ 8 att5tion to a field :]e no influ5ce o!r ?an me*anical con/ra9t c\ld possibly come be=e 8 notice1 he /raightway jump$ to ! conclusion t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se t 0 ! sole pr9ciple ( action1--a /yle ( reason+ s usual 9 our day ) m5 n unreflect+ z to be m ?an excusable 9 ! infancy ( ?\ght4 ,b ,epicurus1 9 revis+ ! atomic doctr9e & repair+ its def5ces1 f\nd himself oblig$ to suppose t atoms sw]ve f _! c\rses by spontane\s *ance2 & !reby he conf]r$ ^u ! !ory life & entele*y4 ,= we n[ see cle>ly t ! peculi> function ( ! molecul> hypo!sis 9 physics is to op5 an entry = ! calculus ( probabilities4 ,already1 ! pr9ce ( philosoph]s _h repeat$ly & emphatically condemn$ ! dictum ( ,democritus 7especially 9 ! 8,physics10 ,book ,,ii1 *apt]s iv1 v1 vi71 hold+ t ev5ts come to pass 9 ?ree ways1 namely1 7#a7 by ext]nal compulsion1 or ! action ( effici5t causes1 7#b7 by virtue ( an inw>d nature1 or ! influ5ce ( f9al causes1 & 7#c7 irregul>ly )\t def9ite cause1 b j by absolute *ance2 & ?is doctr9e is ( ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ,ari/otelianism4 ,x af=ds1 at any rate1 a valuable enum]ation ( ! possible ways 9 :i* any?+ c be suppos$ to h come ab\t4 ,! fre$om ( ! w1 too1 0 admitt$ bo? by ,ari/otle & by ,epicurus4 ,b ! ,/oa1 :i* 9 e dep>tm5t seiz$ ^u ! mo/ tangible1 h>d1 & lifeless elem5t1 & bl9dly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( e o!r1 :i*1 = example1 impugn$ ! validity ( ! inductive me?od & wi%$ to fill its place ) ! r$uctio ad absurdum1 v naturally became ! "o s*ool ( anci5t philosophy to /& by a /rict necessit>ianism1 ?us return+ to ! s+le pr9ciple ( ,democritus t ,epicurus _h be5 unable to swall[4 ,necessit>ianism & mat]ialism ) ! ,/oics w5t h& 9 h&1 z by aff9ity !y %\ld4 ,at ! revival ( le>n+1 ,/oicism met ) consid]able favor1 p>tly because x dep>t$ j en\gh f ,ari/otle to give x ! spice ( novelty1 & p>tly because its sup]ficialities well adapt$ x = acceptance by /ud5ts ( lit]ature & art :o want$ _! philosophy drawn mild4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! great discov]ies 9 me*anics inspir$ ! hope t me*anical pr9ciples might suffice to expla9 ! univ]se2 & ?\gh )\t logical ju/ification1 ?is hope has s9ce be5 cont9ually /imulat$ by subsequ5t advances 9 physics4 ,nev]!less1 ! doctr9e 0 9 too evid5t conflict ) ! fre$om ( ! w & ) miracles to be g5]ally acceptable1 at fir/4 ,b meantime !re arose t mo/ widely spread ( philosophical blund]s1 ! notion t associationalism belongs intr9sically to ! mat]iali/ic family ( doctr9es2 & ?us 0 evolv$ ! !ory ( motives2 & lib]t>ianism became weak5$4 ,at pres5t1 hi/orical criticism has almo/ explod$ ! miracles1 great & small2 s t ! doctr9e ( necessity has nev] be5 9 s great vogue z n[4 ,! proposition 9 "q is t ! /ate ( ?+s exi/+ at any "t1 toge!r ) c]ta9 immutable laws1 completely det]m9e ! /ate ( ?+s at e o!r "t 7= a limitation to future "t is indef5sible74 ,?us1 giv5 ! /ate ( ! univ]se 9 ! orig9al nebula1 & giv5 ! laws ( me*anics1 a suffici5tly p[]ful m9d c\ld d$uce f ^! data ! precise =m ( e curlicue ( e lett] ,i am n[ writ+4 ,:oev] holds t e act ( ! w z well z e idea ( ! m9d is "u ! rigid gov]nance ( a necessity co-ord9at$ ) t ( ! physical _w1 w logically be c>ri$ to ! proposition t m9ds are "p ( ! physical _w 9 su* a s5se t ! laws ( me*anics det]m9e ev]y?+ t happ5s accord+ to immutable attractions & repulsions4 ,9 t case1 t in/antane\s /ate ( ?+s f :i* e o!r /ate ( ?+s is calculable consi/s 9 ! positions & velocities ( all ! p>ticles at any in/ant4 ,?is1 ! usual & mo/ logical =m ( necessit>ianism1 is call$ ! me*anical philosophy4 ,:5 ,i h ask$ ?9k+ m5 :at reason !y _h to believe t e fact 9 ! univ]se is precisely det]m9$ by law1 ! fir/ answ] has usually be5 t ! proposition is a 8presupposition0 or po/ulate ( sci5tific reason+4 ,well1 if t is ! be/ t c be said = x1 ! belief is doom$4 ,suppose x be 8po/ulat$03 t does n make x true1 nor s mu* z af=d ! slighte/ rational motive = yield+ x any cr$5ce4 ,x is z if a man %\ld come to borr[ money1 & :5 ask$ = 8 security1 %\ld reply he 8po/ulat$0 ! loan4 ,to 8po/ulate0 a proposition is no m ?an to hope x is true4 ,!re are1 inde$1 practical em]g5cies 9 :i* we act ^u assumptions ( c]ta9 propositions z true1 because if !y are n s1 x c make no diff]5ce h[ we act4 ,b all su* propositions ,i take to be hypo!ses ( individual facts4 ,= x is manife/ t no univ]sal pr9ciple c 9 its univ]sality be compromis$ 9 a special case or c be requisite = ! validity ( any ord9>y inf]5ce4 ,to say1 = in/ance1 t ! demon/ration by ,ar*im$es ( ! prop]ty ( ! lev] w\ld fall to ! gr\nd if m5 7 end[$ ) free-w1 is extravagant2 yet ?is is impli$ by ^? :o make a proposition incompatible ) ! fre$om ( ! w ! po/ulate ( all inf]5ce4 ,consid]+1 too1 t ! conclusions ( sci5ce make no pret5ce to be+ m ?an probable1 & consid]+ t a probable inf]5ce c at mo/ only suppose some?+ to be mo/ frequ5tly1 or o!rwise approximately1 true1 b nev] t any?+ is precisely true )\t exception ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 we see h[ f> ?is proposition 9 tru? is f be+ s po/ulat$4 ,b ! :ole notion ( a po/ulate be+ involv$ 9 reason+ app]ta9s to a by-gone & false conception ( logic4 ,non-d$uctive1 or ampliative inf]5ce is ( ?ree k9ds3 induction1 hypo!sis1 & analogy4 ,if !re be any o!r modes1 !y mu/ be extremely unusual & highly complicat$1 & may be assum$ ) little d\bt to be ( ! same nature z ^? enum]at$4 ,= induction1 hypo!sis1 & analogy1 z f> z _! ampliative "* goes1 t is1 s f> z !y conclude some?+ n impli$ 9 ! premises1 dep5d ^u "o pr9ciple & involve ! same proc$ure4 ,all are ess5tially inf]5ces f sampl+4 ,suppose a %ip arrives 9 ,liv]pool lad5 ) :eat 9 bulk4 ,suppose t by "s ma*9]y ! :ole c>go be /irr$ up ) great ?or\ghness4 ,suppose t tw5ty-sev5 ?imblefuls be tak5 equally f ! =w>d1 mid%ips1 & aft p>ts1 f ! />bo>d1 c5tre1 & l>bo>d p>ts1 & f ! top1 half dep?1 & l[] p>ts ( h] hold1 & t ^! be+ mix$ & ! gra9s c\nt$1 f\r fif?s ( ! latt] are f\nd to be ( quality ,a4 ,!n we inf]1 exp]i5tially & provisionally1 t approximately f\r fif?s ( all ! gra9 9 ! c>go is ( ! same quality4 ,i say we inf] ?is exp]im5tally & provisionally4 ,by say+ t we inf] x exp]i5tially1 ,i mean t our conclusion makes no pret5sion to k ( :eat-9-itself1 our 1 z ! d]ivation ( t ^w implies1 has no?+ to d ) lat5t :eat4 ,we are deal+ only ) ! matt] ( possible exp]i5ce1--exp]i5ce 9 ! full acceptation ( ! t]m z some?+ n m]ely affect+ ! s5ses b also z ! subject ( ?\ght4 ,if !re be any :eat hidd5 on ! %ip1 s t x c nei!r turn up 9 ! sample nor be he>d ( subsequ5tly f pur*as]s1--or if x be half-hidd51 s t x may1 inde$1 turn up1 b is less likely to d s ?an ! re/1--or if x c affect our s5ses & our pockets1 b f "s /range cause or causelessness _c be reason$ ab\t1--all su* :eat is to be exclud$ 7or h only its proportional weight7 9 calculat+ t true proportion ( quality ,a1 to :i* our inf]5ce seeks to approximate4 ,by say+ t we draw ! inf]5ce provisionally1 ,i mean t we d n hold t we h rea*$ any assign$ degree ( approximation z yet1 b only hold t if our exp]i5ce be indef9itely ext5d$1 & if e fact ( :atev] nature1 z fa/ z x pres5ts itself1 be duly appli$1 accord+ to ! inductive me?od1 9 correct+ ! inf]r$ ratio1 !n our approximation w become indef9itely close 9 ! long run2 t is to say1 close to ! exp]i5ce to come 7n m]ely close by ! exhau/ion ( a f9ite collection7 s t if exp]i5ce 9 g5]al is to fluctuate irregul>ly to & fro1 9 a mann] to deprive ! ratio s\ght ( all def9ite value1 we %all be able to f9d out approximately )9 :at limits x fluctuates1 & if1 aft] hav+ "o def9ite value1 x *anges & assumes ano!r1 we %all be able to f9d t out1 & 9 %ort1 :atev] may be ! v>iations ( ?is ratio 9 exp]i5ce1 exp]i5ce indef9itely ext5d$ w enable u to detect !m1 s z to pr$ict rightly1 at la/1 :at its ultimate value may be1 if x h any ultimate value1 or :at ! ultimate law ( succession ( values may be1 if !re be any su* ultimate law1 or t x ultimately fluctuates irregul>ly )9 c]ta9 limits1 if x d s ultimately fluctuate4 ,n[ our inf]5ce1 claim+ to be no m ?an ?us exp]i5tial & provisional1 manife/ly involves no po/ulate :atev]4 ,= :at is a po/ulate8 ,x is ! =mulation ( a mat]ial fact :i* we are n entitl$ to assume z a premise1 b ! tru? ( :i* is requisite to ! validity ( an inf]5ce4 ,any fact1 !n1 :i* might be suppos$ po/ulat$1 mu/ ei!r be su* t x w\ld ultimately pres5t itself 9 exp]i5ce1 or n4 ,if x w pres5t itself1 we ne$ n po/ulate x n[ 9 our provisional inf]5ce1 s9ce we %all ultimately be entitl$ to use x z a premise4 ,b if x nev] w\ld pres5t itself 9 exp]i5ce1 our conclusion is valid b = ! possibility ( ?is fact be+ o!rwise ?an assum$1 t is1 x is valid z f> z possible exp]i5ce goes1 & t is all t we claim4 ,?us1 e po/ulate is cut (f1 ei!r by ! provisionality or by ! exp]i5tiality ( our inf]5ce4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 said t induction po/ulates t1 if an indef9ite succession ( samples be drawn1 exam9$1 & ?r[n back ea* be=e ! next is drawn1 !n 9 ! long run e gra9 w be drawn z (t5 z any o!r1 t is to say po/ulates t ! ratio ( ! numb]s ( times 9 :i* any two are drawn w indef9itely approximate to unity4 ,b no su* po/ulate is made2 = if1 on ! "o h&1 we are to h no o!r exp]i5ce ( ! :eat ?an f su* draw+s1 x is ! ratio t pres5ts itself 9 ^? draw+s & n ! ratio :i* belongs to ! :eat 9 its lat5t exi/5ce t we are endeavor+ to det]m9e2 :ile if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is "s o!r mode by :i* ! :eat is to come "u our k1 equival5t to ano!r k9d ( sampl+1 s t aft] all our c>e 9 /irr+ up ! :eat1 "s exp]i5tial gra9s w pres5t !mselves 9 ! fir/ sampl+ op]ation m (t5 ?an o!rs 9 ! long run1 ?is v s+ul> fact w be sure to get discov]$ by ! inductive me?od1 :i* mu/ avail itself ( e sort ( exp]i5ce2 & our inf]5ce1 :i* 0 only provisional1 corrects itself at la/4 ,aga91 x has be5 said1 t induction po/ulates t "u l circum/ances l ev5ts w happ51 & t ?is po/ulate is at bottom ! same z ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal causation4 ,b ?is is a blund]1 or bevue1 due to ?9k+ exclusively ( inductions :]e ! conclud$ ratio is ei!r #a or #j4 ,if any su* proposition 7 po/ulat$1 x w\ld be t "u l circum/ances 7! circum/ances ( draw+ ! diff]5t samples7 diff]5t ev5ts occur 9 ! same proportions 9 all ! diff]5t sets1--a proposition :i* is false & ev5 absurd4 ,b 9 tru? no su* ?+ is po/ulat$1 ! exp]i5tial "* ( ! inf]5ce r$uc+ ! condition ( validity to ?is1 t if a c]ta9 result does n occur1 ! opposite result w be manife/$1 a condition assur$ by ! provisionality ( ! inf]5ce4 ,b x may be ask$ :e!r x is n conceivable t e in/ance ( a c]ta9 class de/9$ to be ev] employ$ z a datum ( induction %\ld h "o "*1 :ile e in/ance de/9$ n to be s employ$ %\ld h ! opposite "*4 ,! answ] is t 9 t case1 ! in/ances exclud$ f be+ subjects ( reason+ w\ld n be exp]i5c$ 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 b w\ld be among ^! lat5t individuals ( :i* our conclusion does n pret5d to speak4 ,to ?is acc\nt ( ! rationale ( induction ,i "k ( b "o objection wor? m5tion3 x is t ,i ?us fail to d$uce ! full degree ( =ce :i* ?is mode ( inf]5ce 9 fact possesses2 t accord+ to my view1 no matt] h[ ?or\gh & elaborate ! /irr+ & mix+ process _h be51 ! exam9ation ( a s+le h&ful ( gra9 w\ld n give me any assurance1 suffici5t to risk money ^u1 t ! next h&ful w\ld n greatly modify ! conclud$ value ( ! ratio "u inquiry1 :ile1 9 fact1 ! assurance w\ld be v high t ?is ratio 0 n greatly 9 error4 ,if ! true ratio ( gra9s ( quality ,a 7 #j4hj & ! h&ful conta9$ a ?\s& gra9s1 n9e su* h&fuls out ( e t5 w\ld conta9 f #ghj to #hbj gra9s ( quality ,a4 ,! answ] to ?is is t ! calculation giv5 is correct :5 we "k t ! units ( ?is h&ful & ! quality inquir$ into h ! normal indep5d5ce ( "o ano!r1 if = in/ance ! /irr+ has be5 complete & ! "* sampl$ = has be5 settl$ ^u 9 advance ( ! exam9ation ( ! sample4 ,b 9 s f> z ^! conditions are n kn[n to be compli$ )1 ! above figures cease to be applicable4 ,r&om sampl+ & pr$esignation ( ! "* sampl$ = %\ld always be /riv5 aft] 9 inductive reason+1 b :5 !y _c be atta9$1 s long z x is conduct$ hone/ly1 ! inf]5ce reta9s "s value4 ,:5 we _c asc]ta9 h[ ! sampl+ has be5 done or ! sample-"* select$1 induction /ill has ! ess5tial validity :i* my pres5t acc\nt ( x %[s x to h4 ,i d n ?9k a man :o comb9es a will+ness to be conv9c$ ) a p[] ( appreciat+ an argum5t ^u a difficult subject c resi/ ! reasons :i* h be5 giv5 to %[ t ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal necessity _c be def5d$ z be+ a po/ulate ( reason+4 ,b !n ! "q imm$iately arises :e!r x is n prov$ to be true1 or at lea/ r5d]$ highly probable1 by obs]vation ( nature4 ,/ill1 ?is "q ought n long to arre/ a p]son accu/om$ to reflect ^u ! =ce ( sci5tific reason+4 ,= ! ess5ce ( ! necessit>ian position is t c]ta9 cont9u\s quantities h c]ta9 exact values4 ,n[1 h[ c obs]vation det]m9e ! value ( su* a quantity ) a probable error absolutely nil8 ,to "o :o is beh9d ! sc5es1 & kn[s t ! mo/ ref9$ comp>isons ( masses1 l5g?s1 & angles1 f> surpass+ 9 precision all o!r measurem5ts1 yet fall beh9d ! accuracy ( bank-acc\nts1 & t ! ord9>y det]m9ations ( physical con/ants1 su* z appe> f mon? to mon? 9 ! j\rnals1 are ab\t on a p> ) an uphol/]]'s measurem5ts ( c>pets & curta9s1 ! idea ( ma!matical exactitude be+ demon/rat$ 9 ! laboratory w appe> simply ridicul\s4 ,!re is a recognis$ me?od ( e/imat+ ! probable magnitudes ( errors 9 physics1--! me?od ( lea/ squ>es4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ?is me?od makes ! errors small] ?an !y really are2 yet ev5 accord+ to t !ory an error indef9itely small is indef9itely improbable2 s t any /atem5t to ! effect t a c]ta9 cont9u\s quantity has a c]ta9 exact value1 if well-f\nd$ at all1 mu/ be f\nd$ on some?+ o!r ?an obs]vation4 ,/ill1 ,i am oblig$ to admit t ?is rule is subject to a c]ta9 qualification4 ,namely1 x only applies to cont9u\s#ec quantity4 ,n[1 c]ta9 k9ds ( cont9u\s quantity are discont9u\s at "o or at two limits1 & = su* limits ! rule mu/ be modifi$4 ,?us1 ! l5g? ( a l9e _c be less ?an z]o4 ,suppose1 !n1 ! "q arises h[ long a l9e a c]ta9 p]son _h drawn f a m>k$ po9t on a piece ( pap]4 ,if no l9e at all c be se51 ! obs]v$ l5g? is z]o2 & ! only conclusion ?is obs]vation w>rants is t ! l5g? ( ! l9e is less ?an ! smalle/ l5g? visible ) ! optical p[] employ$4 ,b indirect obs]vations1--= example1 t ! p]son suppos$ to h drawn ! l9e 0 nev] )9 fifty feet ( ! pap]1--may make x probable t no l9e at all 0 made1 s t ! conclud$ l5g? w be /rictly z]o4 ,9 l mann]1 exp]i5ce no d\bt w\ld w>rant ! conclusion t !re is absolutely no indigo 9 a giv5 e> ( :eat1 & absolutely no att> 9 a giv5 li*54 ,b su* inf]5ces c only be r5d]$ valid by positive exp]i5tial evid5ce1 direct or remote1 & _c re/ ^u a m]e inability to detect ! quantity 9 "q4 ,we h reason to ?9k !re is no indigo 9 ! :eat1 because we h rem>k$ t :]ev] indigo is produc$ x is produc$ 9 consid]able quantities1 to m5tion only "o argum5t4 ,we h reason to ?9k !re is no att> 9 ! li*51 because ess5tial oils seem to be 9 g5]al peculi> to s+le species1 if ! "q _h be5 :e!r !re 0 iron 9 ! :eat or ! li*51 ?\gh *emical analysis %\ld fail to detect its pres5ce1 we %\ld ?9k "s ( x probably 0 !re1 s9ce iron is almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,)\t any su* in=mation1 "o way or ! o!r1 we c\ld only ab/a9 f any op9ion z to ! pres5ce ( ! sub/ance 9 "q4 ,x _c1 ,i conceive1 be ma9ta9$ t we are 9 any bett] position ?an ?is 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce ( ! elem5t ( *ance or spontane\s dep>tures f law 9 nature4 ,^? obs]vations :i* are g5]ally adduc$ 9 favor ( me*anical causation simply prove t !re is an elem5t ( regul>ity 9 nature1 & h no be>+ :atev] ^u ! "q ( :e!r su* regul>ity is exact & univ]sal1 or n4 ,nay1 9 reg>d to ?is exactitude1 all obs]vation is directly oppos$ to x2 & ! mo/ t c be said is t a good deal ( ?is obs]vation c be expla9$ away4 ,try to v]ify any law ( nature1 & y w f9d t ! m precise y\r obs]vations1 ! m c]ta9 !y w be to %[ irregul> dep>tures f ! law4 ,we are accu/om$ to ascribe ^!1 & ,i d n say wrongly1 to errors ( obs]vation2 yet we _c usually acc\nt = su* errors 9 any antec$5tly probable way4 ,trace _! causes back f> en\gh1 & y w be =c$ to admit !y are always due to arbitr>y det]m9ation1 or *ance4 ,b x may be ask$ :e!r if !re 7 an elem5t ( real *ance 9 ! univ]se x mu/ n occasionally be productive ( signal effects su* z c\ld n pass unobs]v$4 ,9 answ] to ?is "q1 )\t /opp+ to po9t out t !re is an abundance ( great ev5ts :i* "o might be tempt$ to suppose 7 ( t nature1 x w be simple/ to rem>k t physici/s hold t ! p>ticles ( gases are mov+ ab\t irregul>ly1 sub/antially z if by real *ance1 & t by ! pr9ciples ( probabilities !re mu/ occasionally happ5 to be conc5trations ( heat 9 ! gases contr>y to ! second law ( !rmodynamics1 & ^! conc5trations1 occurr+ 9 explosive mixtures1 mu/ sometimes h trem5d\s effects4 ,"h1 !n1 is 9 sub/ance ! v situation suppos$2 yet no ph5om5a ev] h result$ :i* we are =c$ to attribute to su* *ance conc5tration ( heat1 or :i* anybody1 wise or fooli%1 has ev] dream$ ( acc\nt+ = 9 t mann]4 ,9 view ( all ^! consid]ations1 ,i d n believe t anybody1 n 9 a /ate ( case-h>d5$ ignorance respect+ ! logic ( sci5ce1 c ma9ta9 t ! precise & univ]sal con=mity ( facts to law is cle>ly prov$1 or ev5 r5d]$ p>ticul>ly probable1 by any obs]vations hi!rto made4 ,9 ?is way1 ! det]m9$ advocate ( exact regul>ity w soon f9d himself driv5 to a priori reasons to support 8 !sis4 ,^! receiv$ su* a sockdolog] f ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 t hold+ to !m n[ seems to me to d5ote a high degree ( imp]vi\sness to reason2 s t ,i %all pass !m by ) little notice4 ,to say t we _c help believ+ a giv5 proposition is no argum5t1 b x is a conclusive fact if x be true2 & ) ! sub/itution ( 8,i0 = 8we10 x is true 9 ! m\?s ( sev]al classes ( m9ds1 ! bl9dly passionate1 ! unreflect+ & ignorant1 & ! p]son :o has ov]:elm+ evid5ce be=e 8 eyes4 ,b t :i* has be5 inconceivable to-day has (t5 turn$ out indisputable on ! morr[4 ,inability to conceive is only a /age ?r\gh :i* e man mu/ pass 9 reg>d to a numb] ( beliefs1--unless end[$ ) extraord9>y ob/9acy & obtus5ess4 ,8 und]/&+ is enslav$ to "s bl9d compulsion :i* a vigor\s m9d is pretty sure soon to ca/ (f4 ,"s seek to back up ! a priori position ) empirical argum5ts4 ,!y say t ! exact regul>ity ( ! _w is a natural belief1 & t natural beliefs h g5]ally be5 confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is "s reason 9 ?is4 ,natural beliefs1 h[ev]1 if !y g5]ally h a f\ndation ( tru?1 also require correction & purification f natural illusions4 ,! pr9ciples ( me*anics are und\bt$ly natural beliefs2 b1 = all t1 ! e>ly =mulations ( !m 7 exce$+ly errone\s4 ,! g5]al approximation to tru? 9 natural beliefs is1 9 fact1 a case ( ! g5]al adaptation ( g5etic products to recognisable utilities or ends4 ,n[1 ! adaptations ( nature1 beautiful & (t5 m>vell\s z !y v]ily are1 are nev] f\nd to be q p]fect2 s t ! argum5t is q aga9/ ! absolute exactitude ( any natural belief1 includ+ t ( ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,ano!r argum5t1 or conv5i5t commonplace1 is t absolute *ance is inconceivable4 ,?is ^w has eight curr5t significations4 ,! ,c5tury ,diction>y enum]ates six4 ,^? :o talk l ?is w h>dly be p]suad$ to say 9 :at s5se !y mean t *ance is inconceivable4 ,%\ld !y d s1 x w\ld easily be %[n ei!r t !y h no suffici5t reason = ! /atem5t or t ! inconceivability is ( a k9d :i* does n prove t *ance is non-exi/5t4 ,ano!r a priori argum5t is t *ance is un9telligible2 t is to say1 :ile x may p]haps be conceivable1 x does n disclose to ! eye ( reason ! h[ or :y ( ?+s2 & s9ce a hypo!sis c only be ju/ifi$ s f> z x r5d]s "s ph5om5on intelligible1 we nev] c h any "r to suppose absolute *ance to ent] into ! production ( any?+ 9 nature4 ,?is argum5t may be consid]$ 9 connection ) two o!rs4 ,namely1 in/ead ( go+ s f> z to say t ! supposition ( *ance c nev] prop]ly be us$ to expla9 any obs]v$ fact1 x may be alleg$ m]ely t no facts are kn[n :i* su* a supposition c\ld 9 any way help 9 expla9+4 ,or aga91 ! allegation be+ /ill fur!r weak5$1 x may be said t s9ce dep>tures f law are n unmi/akably obs]v$1 *ance is n a v]a causa1 & ought n unnecess>ily to be introduc$ into a hypo!sis4 ,^! are no mean argum5ts1 & require u to exam9e ! matt] a little m closely4 ,come1 my sup]ior oppon5t1 let me le>n f y\r wisdom4 ,x seems to me t e ?r[ ( sixes ) a pair ( dice is a manife/ in/ance ( *ance4 8,:ile y w\ld hold a ?r[ ( deuce-ace to be br\ght ab\t by necessity80 ,! oppon5t's suppos$ rem>ks are plac$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,cle>ly "o ?r[ is z mu* *ance z ano!r4 8,d y ?9k ?r[s ( dice are ( a diff]5t nature f o!r ev5ts80 ,i see t ,i mu/ say t all ! div]sity & specificalness ( ev5ts is attributable to *ance4 8,w\ld y1 !n1 d5y t !re is any regul>ity 9 ! _w80 ,t is cle>ly und5iable4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge !re is an approximate regul>ity1 & t e ev5t is influ5c$ by x4 ,b ! div]sification1 specificalness1 & irregul>ity ( ?+s ,i suppose is *ance4 ,a ?r[ ( sixes appe>s to me a case 9 :i* ?is elem5t is p>ticul>ly obtrusive4 8,if y reflect m deeply1 y w come to see t *ance is only a "n = a cause t is unkn[n to u40 ,d y mean t we h no idea :atev] :at k9d ( causes c\ld br+ ab\t a ?r[ ( sixes8 8,on ! contr>y1 ea* die moves "u ! influ5ce ( precise me*anical laws40 ,b x appe>s to me t x is n ^! laws :i* made ! die turn up sixes2 = ^! laws act j ! same :5 o!r ?r[s come up4 ,! *ance lies 9 ! div]sity ( ?r[s2 & ?is div]sity _c be due to laws :i* are immutable4 8,! div]sity is due to ! div]se circum/ances "u :i* ! laws act4 ,! dice lie diff]5tly 9 ! box1 & ! motion giv5 to ! box is diff]5t4 ,^! are ! unkn[n causes :i* produce ! ?r[s1 & to :i* we give ! "n ( *ance2 n ! me*anical law :i* regulates ! op]ation ( ^! causes4 ,y see y are already beg9n+ to ?9k m cle>ly ab\t ?is subject40 ,does ! op]ation ( me*anical law n increase ! div]sity8 8,prop]ly n4 ,y mu/ "k t ! in/antane\s /ate ( a sy/em ( p>ticles is def9$ by six times z _m numb]s z !re are p>ticles1 ?ree = ! co-ord9ates ( ea* p>ticle's position1 & ?ree m = ! compon5ts ( its velocity4 ,?is numb] ( numb]s1 :i* expresses ! am\nt ( div]sity 9 ! sy/em1 rema9s ! same at all times4 ,!re may be1 to be sure1 "s k9d ( relation betwe5 ! co-ord9ates & compon5t velocities ( ! diff]5t p>ticles1 by means ( :i* ! /ate ( ! sy/em might be express$ by a small] numb] ( numb]s4 ,b1 if ?is is ! case1 a precisely correspond+ relation%ip mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! co-ord9ates & compon5t velocities at any o!r "t1 ?\gh x may d\btless be a relation less obvi\s to u4 ,?us1 ! intr9sic complexity ( ! sy/em is ! same at all times40 ,v well1 my oblig+ oppon5t1 we h n[ rea*$ an issue4 ,y ?9k all ! arbitr>y specifications ( ! univ]se 7 introduc$ 9 "o dose1 9 ! beg9n+1 if !re 0 a beg9n+1 & t ! v>iety & complication ( nature has always be5 j z mu* z x is n[4 ,b ,i1 = my "p1 ?9k t ! div]sification1 ! specification1 has be5 cont9ually tak+ place4 ,%\ld y condesc5d to ask me :y ,i s ?9k1 ,i %\ld give my reasons z foll[s3 #a7 ,"q any sci5ce :i* deals ) ! c\rse ( "t4 ,consid] ! life ( an individual animal or plant1 or ( a m9d4 ,glance at ! hi/ory ( /ates1 ( in/itutions1 ( language1 ( ideas4 ,exam9e ! successions ( =ms %[n by paleontology1 ! hi/ory ( ! globe z set =? 9 geology1 ( :at ! a/ronom] is able to make out conc]n+ ! *anges ( /ell> sy/ems4 ,ev]y:]e ! ma9 fact is gr[? & increas+ complexity4 ,dea? & corruption are m]e accid5ts or second>y ph5om5a4 ,among "s ( ! l[] organisms1 x is a moot po9t ) biologi/s :e!r !re be any?+ :i* ought to be call$ dea?4 ,races1 at any rate1 d n die out except "u unfavorable circum/ances4 ,f ^! broad & ubiquit\s facts we may fairly inf]1 by ! mo/ unexceptionable logic1 t !re is probably 9 nature "s ag5cy by :i* ! complexity & div]sity ( ?+s c be increas$2 & t consequ5tly ! rule ( me*anical necessity meets 9 "s way ) int]f]5ce4 #b7 ,by ?us admitt+ pure spontaneity or life z a "* ( ! univ]se1 act+ always & ev]y:]e ?\gh re/ra9$ )9 n>r[ b\nds by law1 produc+ inf9itesimal dep>tures f law cont9ually1 & great ones ) inf9ite infrequ5cy1 ,i acc\nt = all ! v>iety & div]sity ( ! univ]se1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ! really sui g5]is & new c be said to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! ord9>y view has to admit ! inexhau/ible multitud9\s v>iety ( ! _w1 has to admit t its me*anical law _c acc\nt = ?is 9 ! lea/1 t v>iety c spr+ only f spontaneity1 & yet d5ies )\t any evid5ce or reason ! exi/5ce ( ?is spontaneity1 or else %oves x back to ! beg9n+ ( "t & supposes x dead ev] s9ce4 ,! sup]ior logic ( my view appe>s to me n easily controv]t$4 #c7 ,:5 ,i ask ! necessit>ian h[ he w\ld expla9 ! div]sity & irregul>ity ( ! univ]se1 he replies to me out ( ! treasury ( 8 wisdom t irregul>ity is some?+ :i* f ! nature ( ?+s we mu/ n seek to expla94 ,aba%$ at ?is1 ,i seek to cov] my confusion by ask+ h[ he w\ld expla9 ! uni=mity & regul>ity ( ! univ]se1 :]eupon he tells me t ! laws ( nature are immutable & ultimate facts1 & no acc\nt is to be giv5 ( !m4 ,b my hypo!sis ( spontaneity does expla9 irregul>ity1 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 t is1 x expla9s ! g5]al fact ( irregul>ity1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 :at ea* lawless ev5t is to be4 ,at ! same "t1 by ?us loos5+ ! bond ( necessity1 x gives room = ! influ5ce ( ano!r k9d ( causation1 su* z seems to be op]ative 9 ! m9d 9 ! =mation ( associations1 & enables u to und]/& h[ ! uni=mity ( nature c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,t s+le ev5ts %\ld be h>d & un9telligible1 logic w p]mit )\t difficulty3 we d n expect to make ! %ock ( a p]sonally exp]i5c$ e>?quake appe> natural & reasonable by any am\nt ( cogitation4 ,b logic does expect ?+s g5]al to be und]/&able4 ,to say t !re is a univ]sal law1 & t x is a h>d1 ultimate1 un9telligible fact1 ! :y & :]e=e ( :i* c nev] be inquir$ into1 at ?is a s\nd logic w revolt2 & w pass ov] at once to a me?od ( philosophis+ :i* does n ?us b>ricade ! road ( discov]y4 #d7 ,necessit>ianism _c logically /op %ort ( mak+ ! :ole action ( ! m9d a "p ( ! physical univ]se4 ,our notion t we decide :at we are go+ to d1 if z ! necessit>ian says1 x has be5 calculable s9ce ! e>lie/ times1 is r$uc$ to illusion4 ,inde$1 consci\sness 9 g5]al ?us becomes a m]e illusory aspect ( a mat]ial sy/em4 ,:at we call r$1 gre51 & violet are 9 reality only diff]5t rates ( vibration4 ,! sole reality is ! di/ribution ( qualities ( matt] 9 space & "t4 ,bra9-matt] is protoplasm 9 a c]ta9 degree & k9d ( complication1--a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( me*anical p>ticles4 ,its feel+ is b an inw>d aspect1 a phantom4 ,=1 f ! positions & velocities ( ! p>ticles at any "o in/ant1 & ! k ( ! immutable =ces1 ! positions at all o!r times are calculable2 s t ! univ]se ( space1 "t1 & matt] is a r\nd$ sy/em un9t]f]$ ) f else:]e4 ,b f ! /ate ( feel+ at any in/ant1 !re is no reason to suppose ! /ates ( feel+ at all o!r in/ants are ?us exactly calculable2 s t feel+ is1 z ,i said1 a m]e fragm5t>y & illusive aspect ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is ! way1 !n1 t necessit>ianism has to make up its acc\nts4 ,x ent]s consci\sness "u ! head ( sundries1 z a =gott5 trifle2 its s*eme ( ! univ]se w\ld be m satisfactory if ?is little fact c\ld be dropp$ out ( sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by suppos+ ! rigid exactitude ( causation to yield1 ,i c>e n h[ little1--be x b by a /rictly inf9itesimal am\nt1--we ga9 room to ins]t m9d into our s*eme1 & to put x into ! place :]e x is ne$$1 into ! position :i*1 z ! sole self-intelligible ?+1 x is entitl$ to occupy1 t ( ! f\nta9 ( exi/5ce2 & 9 s do+ we resolve ! problem ( ! connection ( s\l & body4 #e7 ,b ,i mu/ leave undevelop$ ! *ief ( my reasons1 & c only adumbrate x4 ,! hypo!sis ( *ance-spontaneity is "o ^: inevitable consequ5ces are capable ( be+ trac$ out ) ma!matical precision into consid]able detail4 ,mu* ( ?is ,i h done & f9d ! consequ5ces to agree ) obs]v$ facts to an ext5t :i* seems to me rem>kable4 ,b ! matt] & me?ods ( reason+ are novel1 & ,i h no "r to promise t o!r ma!maticians %all f9d my d$uctions z satisfactory z ,i myself d1 s t ! /ronge/ reason = my belief mu/ = ! pres5t rema9 a private reason ( my own1 & _c influ5ce o!rs4 ,i m5tion x to expla9 my own position2 & p>tly to indicate to future ma!matical speculators a v]itable goldm9e1 %\ld "t & circum/ances & ! abridg] ( all joys prev5t my op5+ x to ! _w4 ,if n[ ,i1 9 my turn1 inquire ( ! necessit>ian :y he pref]s to suppose t all specification goes back to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 he w answ] me ) "o ( ^? la/ ?ree argum5ts :i* ,i left unansw]$4 ,fir/1 he may say t *ance is a ?+ absolutely un9telligible1 & !re=e t we nev] c be entitl$ to make su* a supposition4 ,b does n ?is objection smack ( nave impud5ce8 ,x is n m9e1 x is 8 own conception ( ! univ]se :i* leads abruptly up to h>d1 ultimate1 inexplicable1 immutable law1 on ! "o h&1 & to inexplicable specification & div]sification ( circum/ances on ! o!r4 ,my view1 on ! contr>y1 hypo!tises no?+ at all1 unless x be hypo!sis to say t all specification came ab\t 9 "s s5se1 & is n to be accept$ z unacc\ntable4 ,to und]take to acc\nt = any?+ by say+ boldly t x is due to *ance w\ld1 inde$1 be futile4 ,b ?is ,i d n d4 ,i make use ( *ance *iefly to make room = a pr9ciple ( g5]alisation1 or t5d5cy to =m habits1 :i* ,i hold has produc$ all regul>ities4 ,! me*anical philosoph] leaves ! :ole specification ( ! _w utt]ly unacc\nt$ =1 :i* is pretty ne>ly z bad z to boldly attribute x to *ance4 ,i attribute x altoge!r to *ance1 x is true1 b to *ance 9 ! =m ( a spontaneity :i* is to "s degree regul>4 ,x seems to me cle> at any rate t "o ( ^! two positions mu/ be tak51 or else specification mu/ be suppos$ due to a spontaneity :i* develops itself 9 a c]ta9 & n 9 a *ance way1 by an objective logic l t ( ,hegel4 ,?is la/ way ,i leave z an op5 possibility1 = ! pres5t2 = x is z mu* oppos$ to ! necessit>ian s*eme ( exi/5ce z my own !ory is4 ,secondly ! necessit>ian may say !re are1 at any rate1 no obs]v$ ph5om5a :i* ! hypo!sis ( *ance c\ld aid 9 expla9+4 ,9 reply1 ,i po9t fir/ to ! ph5om5on ( gr[? & develop+ complexity1 :i* appe>s to be univ]sal1 & :i* ?\gh x may possibly be an affair ( me*anism p]haps1 c]ta9ly pres5ts all ! appe>ance ( increas+ div]sification4 ,!n1 !re is v>iety itself1 beyond comp>ison ! mo/ obtrusive "* ( ! univ]se3 no me*anism c acc\nt = ?is4 ,!n1 !re is ! v fact ! necessit>ian mo/ insi/s ^u1 ! regul>ity ( ! univ]se :i* = him s]ves only to block ! road ( inquiry4 ,!n1 !re are ! regul> relation%ips betwe5 ! laws ( nature1--simil>ities & comp>ative *>act]s1 :i* appeal to our intellig5ce z its c\s9s1 & call ^u u = a reason4 ,f9ally1 !re is consci\sness1 feel+1 a pat5t fact en\gh1 b a v inconv5i5t "o to ! me*anical philosoph]4 ,?irdly1 ! necessit>ian may say t *ance is n a v]a causa1 t we _c "k positively !re is any su* elem5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,b ! doctr9e ( ! v]a causa has no?+ to d ) elem5t>y conceptions4 ,pu%$ to t extreme1 x at once cuts (f belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial univ]se2 & )\t t necessit>ianism c\ld h>dly ma9ta9 its gr\nd4 ,besides1 v>iety is a fact :i* mu/ be admitt$2 & ! !ory ( *ance m]ely consi/s 9 suppos+ ?is div]sification does n ant$ate all "t4 ,moreov]1 ! avoidance ( hypo!ses involv+ causes n[h]e positively kn[n to act--is only a recomm5dation ( logic1 n a positive comm&4 ,x _c be =mulat$ 9 any precise t]ms )\t at once betray+ its unt5able "*1--,i mean z rigid rule1 = z a recomm5dation x is :olesome en\gh4 ,i believe ,i h ?us subject$ to fair exam9ation all ! important reasons = adh]+ to ! !ory ( univ]sal necessity1 & h %[n _! nullity4 ,i e>ne/ly beg t :oev] may detect any flaw 9 my reason+ w po9t x out to me1 ei!r privately or publicly2 = if ,i am wrong1 x mu* conc]ns me to be set "r spe$ily4 ,if my argum5t rema9s unrefut$1 x w be "t1 ,i ?9k1 to d\bt ! absolute tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal law2 & :5 once su* a d\bt has obta9$ a liv+ root 9 any man's m9d1 my cause ) him1 ,i am p]suad$1 is ga9$4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,footnotes3 #ec ,cont9u\s is n exactly ! "r ^w1 b ,i let x g to avoid a long & irrelevant discussion4 ,,psy*ical ,,monism4 ,9 mod]n ?\ght1 ev] s9ce ,desc>tes introduc$ into ! conception ( all-compris+ nature t p]plex+ di/9ction betwe5 ?9k+ & ext5d$ sub/ance1 ! problem ( reconcil+ s radical a dualism has =m$ ! ma9 task ( ^? :o h busi$ !mselves ) philosophical int]pretation4 ,9 ! light ( ! ,c>tesian sy/em !re seem$ to exi/ two entirely disp>ate1 indep5d5t worlds2 ! "o 9 individual consci\sness1 ! o!r outside ( x2 ! "o made ( m5tal1 ! o!r ( mat]ial /uff4 ,h[ to conceive ^! two anti!tical worlds1 z int]dep5d5t con/itu5ts ( "o & ! same unit>y nature is1 aft] _m disc>d$ attempts1 /ill ! pr9cipal endeavor ( sy/ematic ?9k+4 ,e /ud5t ( philosophy kn[s h[ ,desc>tes himself ascrib$ ! evid5t concordance & int]communication ( ! two worlds to ! miracul\s decree & int]v5tion ( ! ,deity2 h[ ,sp9oza s\ght to ov]come ! di/ract+ dilemma by prov+ t ! two sub/ances are b attributes ( "o s+le absolute sub/ance2 h[ ,leibnitz made bo? realms1 t ( inw>dness & t ( outw>dness1 =m a consi/5t univ]se & keep consonant "t by means ( a div9ely pre-e/abli%$ h>mony2 & h[ numb]s ( less illu/ri\s devices likewise fail$ to ga9 g5]al acceptance4 ,a m important "p 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n ?\ght 0 play$ by ^? o!r attempts1 :i* /rove to rea* a moni/ic int]pretation by %[+ t nature 9 all its manife/ations is con/itut$1 ei!r solely by m9d & its orig9al end[m5ts2 or1 on ! contr>y1 solely by matt] & its orig9al end[m5ts4 ,?9k]s v]s$ 9 physical sci5ce felt incl9$ to look ^u ! mat]ial _w z ! matrix ( all natural occurr5ces2 :ile ^? v]s$ 9 psy*ical sci5ce 7 apt to conceive ! m5tal _w z conta9+ )9 itself all !re is ( nature4 ,! physical hypo!sis has prov$ its em95t effici5cy by lead+ to a va/ly m correct & fai?ful k ( ! p]ceptible univ]se ?an _h ev] be5 previ\sly atta9$4 ,/ill1 f ! psy*ical /&po9t x became nev]!less evid5t beyond cont5tion1 t all s-call$ qualities ( matt]1 all t 9 any way ent]s into our p]ception ( x1 is compos$ ( no?+ b m5tal con/itu5ts4 ,& ?is means simply1 t1 :atev] we are actually consci\s (1 mu/ ( necessity =m "p ( our own consci\sness1 & n ( any?+ outside ( x4 ,z to ! tru? ( ?is fundam5tal psy*ological conception !re is no long] any dispute among philosoph]s4 ,b !re rema9s to be solv$ ! all-important "q1 :e!r or n !re exi/s outside ?is consci\sness ( ours1 ei!r beyond its p]iph]al1 p]ceptual range1 or beyond its c5tral1 conceptual sph]e1 ano!r _w :i* x m]ely symbolically reveals4 ,& 9 case su* ano!r extra-consci\s _w is f\nd actually to exi/1 h[ x comes to con/itute1 toge!r ) ! _w ( consci\sness1 t unit>y sy/em ( be+ ( :i* we m5tally & bodily seem to =m "p4 ,pr(essor ,dewey 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ,m9d 7,nos4 #da1 #db1 #di1 #eg7 & 9 "o rec5tly publi%$ 9 ?is j\rnal 7,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a7 advocates--m pr(\ndly & consi/5tly ?an has be5 done be=e by any ,neo-,kantian or ,neo-,hegelian--! view1 t consci\sness itself intuits all ph5om5a ( nature by =ce ( its own intr9sic activity1 imp>t+ to !m _! significance z k by discrim9at+ _! specific position & value )9 its own all-compris+ organic totality ( be+4 ,he believes ?us 9 no o!r _w ?an t ( self-consci\sness2 ass]t+ t nei!r its p]ceptual nor its conceptual cont5t are significative ( any reality beyond4 ,! editor1 ?\gh an ard5t def5d] ( cosmic ,monism1 is by no means a conv]t to su* purely psy*ical monism4 ,he ma9ta9s1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! same issue ( ,! ,moni/ 7p4 #he71 t1 8,! m5tal picture ( a tree becomes a symbol = a special object outside ( u1 & is project$ to ! place :]e exp]i5ce has taught u to expect t object40 ,consequ5tly1 ! m5tal picture ref]s z k to some?+ outside ( u1 to some?+ n =m+ "p ( our consci\sness4 ,! pres5t writ] believes likewise1 t ! p]ceptual tree is m]ely a m5tal symbol signalis+ an extra-m5tal1 s5se-/imulat+ exi/5t2 & t ! value ( ?is symbol z k consi/s altoge!r 9 its implication ( ! exi/5ce ( an entity subsi/+ outside our own be+ & its consci\sness1 & hav+ p[] to affect our s5sibility 9 def9ite m or less recognis$ ways4 ,! editor & ! pres5t writ] ass]t !n1 t ! cont5t ( p]ceptual consci\sness =ms m]ely a symbolical repres5tation ( a correspond+ reality subsi/+ outside consci\sness2 :ile ,pr(essor ,dewey ackn[l$ges z really exi/5t only self-consci\sness1 & no?+ outside ( x1 ei!r p]iph]ically /imulat+ ! s5ses1 or c5trally imp>t+ univ]sality to individual intellig5ce4 ,! =m] view frankly admits duality 9 nature1 s f> z consci\s & extra-consci\s exi/5ce are conc]n$4 ,& 9 ord] to ov]come ?is dualism ( ordo ide>um & ordo r]um--ess5tially ! same dualism z bequea!d to u by ,desc>tes--x has to %[ h[ ! _w )9 consci\sness ) its 8m5tal picture10 & ! _w 8outside ( u0 conta9+ ! exi/5t symbolically repres5t$2 h[ ^! totally disp>ate worlds come to con/itute a unit>y nature1 ^: div]s modes ( exi/5ce are ?r\gh\t int]dep5d5tly connect$4 ,x is cle> t ! reality symbolis$ by ! 8m5tal picture0--if any su* reality actually exi/s--c be kn[n to u solely z ?us m5tally symbolis$1 & n kn[n to u 9 any way z x subsi/s extra-m5tally 8outside ( u10 z x subsi/s 9 itself :5 n ?us symbolically repres5t$ by our casual & int]mitt5t p]ception ( x4 ,! m5tal picture be+ a m]e repres5tative symbol mu/ ne$s diff] toto g5]e f ! non-m5tal exi/5t symbolis$ !reby4 ,we "k only :at z m5tal repres5tation is =m+ "p ( our consci\sness4 ,we _c possibly "k any?+ we are n consci\s (4 ,! entity 8outside ( u10 ! 8?+ 9 itself0--if x at all exi/s--is !re=e z su* ( necessity unkn[n to u4 ,?is confession ( ontological ignorance is unavoidably involv$ 9 ! acceptance ( a symbolis$ reality 8outside ( u40 ,! complex & prodigi\s difficulties 9 ! way ( a moni/ic int]pretation1 :5 we />t ) ! duali/ic presupposition ( a consci\s & an extra-consci\s _w1 are all effectively circumv5t$1 z soon z ) ,pr(essor ,dewey we d5y altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( 8?+s-9-!mselves0 or s5se-affect+ exi/5ts1 & r\ndly ass]t t consci\sness z su* con/itutes1 comprises1 & has direct k ( ultimate reality2 t x is 9 fact itself ! absolute all-suffici5t & all-effici5t entity4 ,to und]/& ! philosophical /r5g? & influ5ce ( a position s /rangely at v>iance ) t ( curr5t common s5se1 :i* holds z self-evid5t ! exi/5ce ( body z well z m9d1 we h some:at to probe its deep-laid f\ndations 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,x 0 r5d]$ plausible ?r\gh ,desc>tes's1 ,locke's1 ,b]keley's1 & ,hume's philosophical argum5tation1 t :at we are consci\sly aw>e (1 :at is actually pres5t to u z p]ception or 8idea10 & !re) z ! _w at l>ge1 is altoge!r made up ( a m or less complex comb9ation ( our own actual & rememb]$ s5sations4 ,! consci\s cont5t itself 0 ?us necess>ily held to con/itute ! exclusive object ( philosophical rese>*4 ,& by />t+ ) s5sations z its primordial elem5ts1 & tak+ all 8ideas10 or facts ( memory1 to be b fa9t reproductions ( su* elem5ts1 x became ! task ( inve/igators 8( ! human m9d0 to analyse ! giv5 cont5t ( consci\sness into ^! its assum$ elem5ts1 & to discov] ! 8laws0 or g5]al ways ( _! comb9ation4 ,pr\d ( its purely exp]i5tial me?od1 conc]n$ ab\t no?+ b :at is actually f\nd pres5t 9 consci\sness1 ?is mode ( philosophis+ disclaim$1 9 consequ5ce1 all k ( any 8p[]0 giv+ rise f )\t to s5sorial 8impressions0 & _! ord] ( consci\s em]g5ce4 ,& x ignor$ likewise ! exi/5ce ( any 8p[]0 comb9+ & sy/ematis+ !m f )92 &1 moreov]1 ( any entity = :om ! s5sorially con/itut$ exp]i5ce _h intellig5t significance4 ,su* nom9ali/ic1 s5sorial idealism has until lately reign$ supreme 9 ,engli% philosophy4 ,previ\s to ! new dep>ture introduc$ by x philosophical int]pretation _h always foll[$ ! me?od ( conceptual evolution1 c>ri$ on accord+ to ! rules ( =mal or d$uctive logic4 ,x took "s widely inclusive1 ready-made concepts z its />t+ po9ts or major premises1 & extract$ !refrom all k t seem$ to be implicitly conta9$ 9 !m4 ,ev5 ,kant 9 8 y\ng] days _h no idea t valid k or tru? c\ld possibly be atta9$ 9 any o!r way ?an by logically d$uc+ x f ready-made premises4 ,at a lat] p]iod he le>n$ f ,hume to di/+ui% betwe5 :at he t]m$ analytical & syn!tical propositions1 & :at _h be5 call$ by ! =m] ?9k] connection betwe5 vivid impressions or matt] ( fact on ! "o side1 & connection betwe5 _! fa9t copies or ! s-call$ ideas on ! o!r side4 ,! discov]y on ! "p ( ,kant1 t our k ( ! actual connection ( matt]s ( facts has 9 e in/ance to be le>n$ f direct exp]i5ce & _c be ratioc9atively d$uc$ f ready-made g5]al notions1 0 a complete revelation to him4 ,x *ang$ 8 entire way ( ?9k+1 & became ! />t+-po9t ( 8 sy/em ( critical or transc5d5tal philosophy4 ,he saw cle>ly1 t1 if all in/ructive cognition is ga9$1 & has always be5 ga9$1 solely by means ( actual exp]i5ce1 if x has be5 syn!tically built up bit by bit z directly giv5 to u1 )\t our be+ able to con/ruct a valid sy/em ( k transc5d+ 9 any way actual exp]i5ce2 t reason !n z a k-con/itut+ faculty is impot5t1 & t metaphysics1 z ! sci5ce ( a realm ( intelligible exi/5ce1 mu/ be ev] m reject$ z a pure illusion4 ,kant's ?\ght1 l t ( mo/ ( our own rationali/ic ?9k]s1 0 h[ev] pr$om9antly sway$ by ! belief 9 an intelligible _w1 ! v]itable home ( man's spiritual be+1 :]e x et]nally abide? 9 close communion ) a supreme creative intellig5ce4 ,aft] a brief attack ( ,humian scepticism1 ! !ologically tra9$1 ?\gh rationally wide-awake & pr(\nd ?9k]1 set out to exam9e ! faculties ( reason ) a view to discov] a philosophically legitimate +ress into t *]i%$ realm ( intelligible subsi/5ce4 ,hi!rto reason _h be5 effectively us$ 9 philosophy only z an analytic in/rum5t4 ,real k be+1 h[ev]1 z prov$ by ,hume1 a matt] ( syn!sis1 x w\ld evid5tly be mak+ prop] way t[>d a rationally conceiv$ intelligible _w1 if x c\ld be prov$ t reason is itself 9 possession ( syn!tical p[]s4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( pr(\nd m$itation 9 ?is direction1 ,kant gave its results to ! philosophical _w4 ,he _h become conv9c$ t ma!matical tru?1 in/ead ( be+ analytically d]iv$ z hi!rto believ$1 is on ! contr>y built up syn!tically by intellig5ce itself1 & ?is )\t ! aid ( ext]nally imp>t$ exp]i5ce2 t intellig5ce is !re=e effici5t to =m syn!tical propositions a priori4 ,x foll[$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t "t & space 9 :i* ma!matical figurations take %ape1 are n conditions ( exi/5ce outside ( u1 b orig9al =ms ( our own p]ceptive faculty1 & t intellig5ce by d9t ( its syn!tical p[]s con/ructs ma!matical figurations )9 ^! p]ceptual =ms4 ,& f9ally ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t "t & space1 ! empty =ms ( p]ception1 be+ !mselves :olly defici5t ( any k9d ( activity1 x mu/ be intellig5ce alone :i* possesses syn!tical effici5cy1 :i* ex]cises 9 fact :atev] activity is op]ative 9 ! consci\s _w4 ,b ?\gh ,kant en?ron$ intellig5ce z ! creator ( pure ma!matics1 & end[$ x ) ! exclusive gift ( syn!tical effici5cy1 he did n see 8 way to con/itute x also ! creator ( ! s5se-giv5 mat]ial t comes exp]i5tially to fill ! empty & passive =ms ( p]ception4 ,aga9/ all d5unciations ( 8 sy/em z purely ideali/ic1 he insi/$ t !re exi/s outside our be+ & its consci\sness a _w ( ?+s-9-!mselves1 hav+ p[] to affect our s5sibility1 s t "t & space1 its receptive =ms1 become fill$ ) exp]i5tial1 ?\gh :olly unsyn!tis$ mat]ial4 ,reluctantly1 ?\gh 9 fai?ful adh]5ce to ! unbiass$ results ( 8 inve/igation1 he 0 at la/ l$ to decl>e t intellig5ce or reason z an in/rum5t ( k--call$ by him !oretical reason 9 contradi/9ction to practical reason1 conceiv$ z ! lead+ pr9ciple ( moral conduct2--t su* !oretical reason has p[] only ov] s5sorially giv5 mat]ial1 & is incapable ( atta9+ k ( ! intelligible sph]e4 ,/ill ,kant reg>d$ 8 s-call$ categories or syn!tical functions ( reason z modes ( activity1 belong+ n only to individual reason1 b to reason 9 g5]al4 ,& on ! /r5g? ( ?is reali/ic g5]alisation he attribut$ to !m ! p[] ( imp>t+ necessity to syn!tical propositions1 su* propositions--o!rwise m]ely subjective or empirical--be+ r5d]$ !reby objective or univ]sally valid4 ,he %[$1 moreov]1 t ! relation ( e k9d ( k to a common c5tre ( all-inclusive aw>5ess1--t ?is 8syn!tic unity ( app]ception0 z he call$ x1--presupposes an intelligible ego1 ^: v]itable nature becomes h[ev] n[ise manife/ )9 our "t-&-space-condition$ exp]i5ce4 ,& he taught t an all-compreh5d+ intelligible be+ _h to be hypo/atis$ 9 ord] to complete ! totality ( rational k4 ,?us1 in/ead ( giv+ u a moni/ic philosophy1 ,kant's !oretical speculations disclos$1 on ! contr>y1 a trip>tite _w4 ,at ! c5tre ! non-manife/ intelligible ego 9 communion ) a sup]natural sph]e1 & conceiv$ z ! v]itable be>] ( ! syn!tical reason4 ,9 ! m$ian & only kn[n region ! syn!tical reason itself1 con/ruct+ & cognis+ nature1 by syn!tically elaborat+ ! *aotic manifold 9 "t & space4 ,& at ! p]iph]y1 beyond our own be+ & its p]ception1 an unkn[able realm ( ?+s-9-!mselves affect+ our s5sibility4 ,s complex an appe>ance did exi/5ce assume "u ,kant's critical inspection4 ,contemplative man1 h[ev]1 nev] ceases to hank] aft] a moni/ic _w-conception4 ,?\gh individualis$1 he feels himself "o ) univ]sal be+1 & /r5u\sly /rives to und]/& h[ ^? bonds ( union are e/abli%$1 & :at "p he 9 v]ity is play+ 9 ?is /up5d\s drama ( be+ & becom+4 ,to mo/ philosoph]s1 be=e ,kant1 k seem$ to be giv5 to u ready-made1 fir/ conceptually z innate ideas or univ]sal notions2 & !n p]ceptually z ! f9i%$ image ( an outside _w4 ,kant has ex]t$1 & /ill ex]ts1 a controll+ influ5ce ov] ?9k]s by hav+ sy/ematically demon/rat$1 t n only k1 b nature itself z we "k x1 is con/ruct$ by p[]s inh]5t 9 our own be+4 ,he taught t we ourselves1 by =ce ( our comb9+ & ord]+ intellectual organisation1 fa%ion out ( mean+less s5se-mat]ial ! wondr\s _w we "k4 ,&1 moreov]1 t by =ce ( our intelligible be+ we h p[] to b5d ! o!rwise rigor\sly me*anical c\rse ( nature 9 compliance ) moral injunctions4 ,no wond] t s inspirit+ a philosophy electrifi$ to new vigor & valiant self-reliance ! dogmatically slumb]+ life ( ,g]man ?\ght4 ,& x 0 ,fi*te1 above all o!r foll[]s ( ,kant1 :o by 8 f]v5t exposition k9dl$ 9 cr[ds ( he>]s ! vivify+ sp>k ( ?is 8new philosophy0 ( all-effici5t intellig5ce4 ,fi*te is ! real fa!r ( su* psy*ical monism z has rec5tly f\nd s pr(ici5t an exp\nd] 9 ,pr(essor ,dewey4 ,fi*te und]/ood1 :at ,kant fail$ to see1 t ! 8dynamical idealism0 ( nature-con/itut+ reason involves1 n m]ely ! elaboration ( s5se-giv5 mat]ial1 b ! out & out production )9 consci\sness ( ! entire _w ( p]ception4 ,= p]ception und5iably takes place )9 our own be+1 & mu/ !re=e be1 z reg>ds matt] z well z =m1 ! outcome ( p[]s inh]5t 9 ourselves4 ,betwe5 a consi/5t dream & ! app]ception ( reality ! diff]5ce lies m]ely 9 our feel+1 9 ! latt] in/ance1 compell$ 9 a peculi> mann] to p]ceive :at we p]ceive4 ,b ?is feel+ ( compulsion is likewise a con/itu5t ( our own consci\sness1 &1 moreov]1 "u ! influ5ce ( halluc9ations ev5 ?is te/ ( reality fails u4 ,accord+ to ,fi*te's matur$ ?\ght1 our be+ consi/s altoge!r 9 intellectual activity1 an activity r5d]+ explicit by means ( self-consci\sness :at x already implicitly conta9s4 ,& x is univ]sal be+ t becomes ?us self-consci\s 9 u4 ,inf9ite reason1 con/itut+ a sy/em ( ideas1 a spiritual organisation1 is ! f\nt & orig9 ( all exi/5ce1 its own self-revelation becom+ manife/ 9 f9ite be+s4 ,?us1 by =ce ( logical consi/5cy1 0 elim9at$ f ,kantian transc5d5talism ! _w ( ?+s-9-!mselves z sup]flu\s to all-con/itut+ intellig5ce4 ,& ! unification ( individual self-consci\sness ) univ]sal intellig5ce 0 e/abli%$ by consid]+ individual self-consci\sness z p>tak+ 9 ! self-reveal+ activity ( univ]sal intellig5ce4 ,hegel elaborat$ sy/ematically ! psy*ical or ideali/ic monism ?us =e%ad[$ 9 ,fi*te's lat] writ+s4 ,philosophical int]pretation turns pr9cipally ^u ! s\rce & import ( consci\sness4 ,& f ! recognition ( ! fact1 t all con/itu5ts ( p]ception =m "p ( ?is consci\sness ( ours1 x obvi\sly foll[s t objects1 & inde$ ! entire objective _w realis$ 9 p]ception & solely z p]ception2 t ! realisation ( ?is entire _w ( p]ceptual objects is 9 v]ity realisation ( a _w conta9$ 9 our own be+ or subject4 ,subject & object are !re=e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 at bottom id5tical2 ! objective _w--our human bodies includ$--be+ a self-revelation ( our all-compreh5d+ subject4 ,m9d z well z matt]1 t :i* we call m5tal & t :i* we call mat]ial1 are ?us m]e ab/ract t]ms d5ot+ ! subjective & objective sides ( "o & ! same reality4 ,?is reality transc5d5tal idealism decl>es to be 8intellectual activity40 ,x is intellectual activity :i*--f its po9t ( view--is reveal+ itself 9 ! consci\s cont5t1 becom+ ?us self-consci\s4 ,?is process ( recognition ( "o's self z subject-object1 z ! unit>y ess5ce & completion ( bo?1 is :at ,hegel calls ! 8,idea40 ,& ) him !oretical or logical self-recognition & practical or e?ical self-realization co9cide z 8,absolute ,idea40 ,= to ?9k absolute tru? & to w its realisation are b two sides ( "o & ! same activity4 ,?\ght1 intellig5ce1 reason1 kn[+ itself z 9 e s5se v]itable be+ is ?us ! absolute ,"o & ,all4 ,su* out & out psy*ical monism is ! legitimate outcome ( a conception :i* takes ! cont5t ( consci\sness to be ultimate reality1 signify+ no?+ beyond itself2 & :i* !n con/itutes a spiritually conceiv$ entity1 call$ ?\ght1 intellig5ce1 or reason1 z ! orig9ator & be>] ( su* consci\sness4 ,aft] a p]iod ( glori\s triumph ! ,hegelian philosophy ( self-evolv+ intellig5ce became a g5]al laugh+-/ock at home & abroad4 ,?is ignom9i\s fate ov]took x1 fir/ 9 consequ5ce ( its fawn+ pro/itution by ! ma/] himself to ! reaction>y s]vice ( ,*ur* & ,/ate2 & !n also 9 consequ5ce ( ! ridicul\s 8pyrote*nical0 abuse ( its dialectical me?od by ! 8,"y-,hegelians40 ,h[ev]1 by 8go+ back to ,kant10 ! tea*+s ( transc5d5tal idealism h 9 our "t once m ga9$ ! asc5d5cy1 & h succe$$ n only 9 conqu]+ mat]ialism1 b also 9 invad+ & almo/ supplant+ ,engli% exp]i5tialism4 ,9 ,g]many1 aft] a season ( complete e/rangem5t betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy1 a re-approa*m5t 0 effect$ by ! ,neo-,kantian movem5t4 ,x orig9at$ pr9cipally 9 ! recognition on ! "p ( sci5ce1 t s5se-p]ception is above all a psy*ical & n a purely physiological process1 a m5tal n a mat]ial fact2 t !re=e ! ef=t to arrive at a correct 8!ory ( k0 is by no means a va9 endeavor1 & t psy*ics z well z physics des]ves a place 9 ! hi]>*y ( sci5ces4 ,9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ! ,neo-,kantian movem5t ow$1 on ! o!r h&1 its success1 above all1 to su* !i/ic rationalism z f\nd popul> expression 9 8,rob]t ,elsm]e40 ,9 ,pr(essor ,caird's words x is said to af=d a means = ! 8v9dication ( ! religi\s consci\sness40 ,& ?is x accompli%es 8by an objective or absolute syn!sis10 :i* e/abli%es 8! indivisible unity ( ! intellig5ce & ! intelligible _w10 8! unity ( man z spiritual ) an absolute _s40 ,dr4 ,hut*ison ,/]l+'s 8,secret ( ,hegel0 gave ! fir/ effective impulse to ?is transc5d5tal mode ( ?9k+ among univ]sity m5 ( a speculative turn4 ,! late ,?omas ,hill ,gre5 ( ,ox=d & ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,caird ( ,glasg[ became its =emo/ expon5ts1 & made num]\s conv]ts4 ,! =m] by elaborately disclos+1 by =ce ( ,kant's pr9ciple ( syn!tical reason1 ! insuffici5cy ( ! s5sorial exp]i5tialism g5]ally accept$ 9 ,engl& s9ce ,locke's 8,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+40 ,! latt] by consi/5tly develop+ ! ideali/ic & transc5d5tal implications ( ?is same pr9ciple ( syn!tical reason4 ,z repeat$ly notic$1 & nev] to be lo/ sight (1 transc5d5tal idealism d]ives its conv9c+ =ce f ! und5iable tru?1 t :atev] we are directly aw>e ( =ms "p ( our own consci\sness4 ,?is involves ! indivisible unity ( su* fact z we are directly consci\s ( & ! faculty ?r\gh :i* we are consci\s ( x4 ,?is unity ( ! realis+ self & ! realis$ _w1 ( object & subject z cont5t ( consci\sness2 or r ! unity ( ! objective & subjective factors ( x1 ?is subject-object on5ess ( consci\s /ates & occurr5ces is an irrefutable tru?1 f :i* "o has to />t1 :atev] direction "o may take4 ,y ass]t1 !n1 t t :i* exi/s ?us int]bl5d$ z consci\sness is itself ultimate reality1 & y w enc\nt] b little difficulty 9 d$uc+ !refrom a pretty plausible psy*ical monism4 ,= ! p[] ?r\gh :i* & z :i* ?is ultimate reality exi/s is !n imman5t 9 u individually4 ,& :5 ?is p[] is conceiv$ z intellig5ce or _s1 & ! _w at l>ge z exi/+ solely z cont5t ( ?is _s's consci\sness1 or inde$ z su* consci\sness itself1 x is cle> t our own self-&-_w-aw>5ess mu/ be--accord+ to ?is view--id5tical 9 ess5ce ) ! spiritual p[] :i* is ultimate & univ]sal ,reality4 ,9 self-consci\sness1 :5 reg>d$ z a totality ( all actual & pot5tial aw>5ess1 our feel+s z well z ! p]ceptual objects compos$ ( !m con/itute an organically complet$ ord]4 ,!y all /& 9 def9ite & int]dep5d5t relations to our unit>y be+4 ,?is all-compris+ be+ has "t & space z modes ( gradual self-realisation1 b is n--accord+ to transc5d5talism--itself 9 "t & space4 ,& ?is is und5iably true1 s f> at lea/ z ! be+ t comb9es all transi5t ev5ts ( exp]i5ce into a unit>y sy/em ( p]man5t k _c possibly itself =m "p ( ! ephem]al flux ( consci\s /ates exp]i5c$ by x4 ,/ill ! multifold individuations ( ! ultimate reality into sep>ate p]sonal self-consci\snesses & decidu\s bodily organisms =ms ! great1 if n insup]able1 ob/acle 9 ! way ( psy*ical monism4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 we take ) ,gre5 & ,pr(essor ,caird individual self-consci\sness z a 8reproduction10 & n z a m]e phase ( univ]sal consci\sness2 & on ! o!r h& admit a natural & gradual developm5t 8( man z an animal organism10 in/ead ( prov+ su* natural developm5t to be a misconception ( our "t & space b\nd recognition1 we are f> f hav+ z yet succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a consi/5t psy*ical monism on ,kantian l9es4 ,8 trip>tite _w rema9s ununifi$4 ,to a*ieve its unification is1 h[ev]1 aft] a pr(\nd /udy & appreciation ( ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$1 ! ardu\s task ,pr(essor ,dewey has c\rage\sly und]tak54 ,to accompli% 8 purpose he has to %[ h[ individual consci\sness proves itself to be ultimate reality1 & z su* id5tical ) univ]sal consci\sness2 h[ man1 appe>+ among o!r p]ceptible objects 9 multifold individuat$ specim5s z a gradually develop$ organism1 is nev]!less 9 reality a complete1 all-compris+ entity1 n ess5tially subject to "t1 space1 or num]ical limitations4 ,& he has to make cle> h[ all consci\s cont5t1 includ+ ! ext]nal _w z well z ! feel+ & ?9k+ subject1 has no o!r exi/5ce & significance ?an 9 & = consci\sness4 ,pr(essor ,dewey ma9ta9s t individual consci\sness is 9 reality "o ) univ]sal consci\sness1 because x compreh5ds )9 itself subject-&-object-consci\sness2 ! abid+ consci\sness ( oneself z an ev]-*ang+ individual1 & t ( ! _w at l>ge1 ?\gh figur$ 9 transi5t gr\ps ( s5sations4 ,?is be+ s1 t :i* is ?us ! be>] & realis] ( all be+ & becom+ 9 nature1 _c itself =m "p ( ?is becom+1 b mu/--accord+ to ,pr(essor ,dewey's view--be et]nal & absolute4 ,! all-compreh5d+ consci\sness--& !re is no exi/5ce outside ( x--is ?us id5tical ) univ]sal intellig5ce1 id5tical ) t et]nally active intellig5ce :i* is ev]la/+ly creat+ ! organic syn!sis ( all be+ & becom+4 8,consci\sness ! ultimate fact reveals itself z reason40 ,s5sations h no self-exi/5ce1 no mean+ 9 !mselves4 ,!y exi/ only z intellectually appreh5d$ & = intellig5ce alone4 ,x is f intellectual int]pretation t !y receive _! entire significance4 ,on solicitation ( s5sations ! ideal cont5t ( univ]sal intellig5ce becomes p>tially & int]rupt$ly reveal$ to individual consci\sness4 ,! sole (fice ( s5sations is to give 9 u occasion to ?is self-realisation ( ! et]nal cont5t ( intellig5ce4 ,pr(essor ,dewey e/abli%es 8 psy*ical monism by discov]+ self-consci\sness z ! ,absolute1 ! ,"o & ,all4 ,individual idealism or s-call$ solipsism1 su* z exp\nd$ by ,fi*te 9 8 e>li] writ+s f ! side ( intellect1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,engli% exp]i5tiali/s f ! side ( s5sation1 ?is individual idealism pres5ts itself likewise z a psy*ical monism1 b z an absurdly n>r[ "o4 ,pr(essor ,dewey po9ts out h[ x fails to und]/& t by con/itut+ m9d1 z su*1 ! ego or subject = :i* all exp]i5ce exi/s1 x artificially divides our unit>y consci\sness into two sep>ate con/itu5ts1 & takes ! subjective con/itu5t to be ! be>] & realis] ( ! objective con/itu5t2 :ile 9 reality bo? con/itu5ts are b elem5ts ( consci\sness 9 g5]al2 are 9 fact completely unifi$ 9 et]nal & absolute consci\sness4 ,n[ x is p]fectly true1 t dur+ consci\s aw>5ess object & subject-consci\sness are inextricably int]bl5d$ s z to con/itute a unifi$ exp]i5ce4 ,x is true also1 t ! v]itable subject t ?us consci\sly exp]i5ces1 & t fur!rmore imp>ts intellig5t mean+ to su* exp]i5ce1 _c itself =m "p ( ^! its own fragm5t>y & transi5t mom5ts ( aw>5ess4 ,compreh5d+ !m all1 x mu/ evid5tly be an endur+1 at lea/ a relatively p]si/5t be+4 ,x is und\bt$ly to su* a p]si/5t be+ or subject t exp]i5ce gradually accrues1 & 9 :om x is all reta9$ & organis$ into m or less sy/ematic ord]4 ,b is !re ! lea/ w>rant = assum+ t ?is p]si/5t subject1 weav+ ?us intellig5t exp]i5ce out ( its transi5t consci\s /ates1 is itself 8consci\sness0 or 8intellig5ce08 ,intellig5t consci\sness is v obvi\sly only "o ( ! functions ( ! p]si/5t subject1 & by no means its be+ or ess5ce4 ,& ! exp]i5ce accru+ to x1 t at lea/ ( ! ext]nal _w1 be>s n[ise ! *>act]i/ics ( ,platonic rem9isc5ce1 does n[ise consi/ 9 self-revelation1 9 ! becom+ explicitly aw>e ( :at already implicitly exi/$ )9 itself4 ,we may inde$ say1 t our emotions1 :5 ar\s$1 con/itute su* self-revelation4 ,b1 = in/ance1 yond] visual figuration1 consi/+ ( no?+ b color$ =ms1 ?\gh intellig5tly int]pret$ z a l&scape ) pla9s1 woods1 & creeks2 int]pret$ ?us by ! aid ( no end ( =m] exp]i5ce2 ?is l&scape n[ p]ceiv$ by me = ! fir/ "t 0 c]ta9ly n implicitly imman5t 9 my consci\sness previ\s to all my individual exp]i5ce4 ,its consci\s realisation does assur$ly n r5d] explicit z objective exp]i5ce :at = ev] has be5 an organic memb] ( my self-consci\sness4 ,:at is imman5t 9 my be+--n 9 my consci\sness--is ! s5sorial faculty ( symbolically pictur+ :atev] s5se-affect+ ag5t is plac$ be=e me4 ,! consci\s picture itself is an evanesc5t ph5om5on1 hav+ no /eadfa/ exi/5ce or reality4 ,to ass]t--z is usually done by transc5d5tali/s & by ,pr(essor ,dewey among !m--t our individual exp]i5ce1 :5--z mo/ly occurs--n actually consci\s to ourselves1 exi/s !n nev]!less z consci\s cont5t ( a univ]sal be+2 to v5ture su* an utt]ly gratuit\s ass]tion1 ev5 :5 m]ely hypo!tically advanc$1 transc5ds all legitimate inf]5ce f giv5 facts4 ,:5 decl>$ to be positively ju/ifi$ by giv5 facts1 x all too obvi\sly betrays ! !ological bias by :i* x is inspir$1 ! set purpose ( v9dicat+ ! religi\s consci\sness :i* has fai? 9 8! unity ( man z spiritual ) an absolute _s40 ,?r\gh consci\sness we inde$ become aw>e ( ! div]s faculties ( our be+1 toge!r ) _! functionally accru+ exp]i5ce4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 rises into consci\s aw>5ess only at times1 :5 casually awak5$4 ,to give to ! va/ sy/em ( consci\sly lat5t be+ & exp]i5ce ! "n ( 8consci\sness10 to call t 8consci\sness0 ^: pr9cipal di/9ction is to con/itute a p]si/5t subject ) an organis$ sy/em ( exp]i5ce abid+ = ! mo/ "p 9 extra-consci\s lat5cy2 to d ?is only because all ?is extra-consci\s exi/5ce may & does at times become m or less consci\s2 ?is is surely committ+ ! fatal error ( d5ot+ a /ate ( ?+s by its outright opposite4 ,!re is no d5y+ t mo/ ( ! cont5t ( our be+ is usually n pres5t 9 consci\sness4 ,consequ5tly1 abid+ ?us outside consci\sness1 x _c possibly =m "p ( consci\sness ei!r individual or univ]sal4 ,no?+ c\ld be m to ! po9t ?an ,pr(essor ,dewey's /atem5t1 t 8only a liv+ actual fact 7let u say exi/5t in/ead ( fact7 c pres]ve )9 its unity t organic sy/em ( diff]5ces 9 virtue ( :i* x lives & moves & has its be+40 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt t ! subject1 :o at times is consci\s ( m or less ( 8 exp]i5ce1 is exactly su* an exi/5t z "h describ$4 ,b consci\sness1 ?\gh ! m$ium 9 :i* & ?r\gh :i* ev]y?+ is realis$1 is itself b an int]mitt5t function ( t liv+ actual subject :i* pres]ves )9 its unity ! organic sy/em ( diff]5ces 9 virtue ( :i* x lives & moves & has its be+4 ,! consci\sness ( ! subject conveys in=mation to x only int]rupt$ly & 9 brok5 bits4 ,^! become organically unifi$ into a m or less consi/5t totality ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is process ( unification takes place1 n 9 ! dream l /uff :i* makes up consci\sness1 b 9 ! p]si/5t1 extra-consci\s matrix :5ce our ev] laps+1 ev] r5ew$ mom5t ( consci\s aw>5ess em]ges ready-made4 ,! subject capable ( ?\ght & feel+ becomes ?9k+ly & feel+ly manife/ to itself1 :5 its functions ?r\gh :i* consci\sness arises are 9 op]ation2 becomes manife/ z bodily active to o!r s5ti5t be+s also1 :5 its functions ?r\gh :i* su* activity arises are 9 op]ation4 ,b if ! real nature ( ! exp]i5c+ subject is n self-consci\sness or intellig5ce1 :at !n c x be8 ,ideali/s1 & ) !m ,pr(essor ,dewey1 become su* by believ+ t ! p]ceptually realis$ objects are !mselves v]itable reality1 & n m]e symbols ( extra-consci\s reality4 ,n[ c !y 9 all s9c]ity br+ !mselves to believe t a baby--to use "o ( ,pr(essor ,dewey's illu/rations--:i* exp]i5ces a s5sation1 say a pa9 caus$ by ! prick ( a p91 t ?is pa9-exp]i5c+ baby is no o!r ?an t color$ =m )9 ! p]ceptual consci\sness ( may be half a doz5 spectators2 & t x is ! p]ceptual p9 )9 ! consci\sness ( ea* ( !m t has prick$ ! baby & caus$ ! pa98 ,does ! pa9-exp]i5c+ baby d]ive its exi/5ce f ! fact t ! intellect ( ! spectator int]prets ! p]ceptual =m )9 8 consci\sness to signify a baby1 :i* has =ev] implicitly =m$ "p ( ! organic cont5t ( 8 own self-consci\sness8 ,surely ! pa9 exp]i5c$ by ! baby is n exp]i5c$ by ! p]ceptually realis$ baby1 n by ! baby exi/+ z int]pret$ p]ception 9 ! consci\sness ( him :o p]ceives x4 ,! pa9 exp]i5c$ by ! baby does n[ise =m "p ( ! consci\sness ( ! p]ceiv]4 ,consequ5tly & inconte/ably1 ! subject t exp]i5ces ! s5sation1 t exp]i5ces 9 fact any k9d ( feel+ or ?\ght1 is itself an extra-consci\s be+1 a be+ only casually & symbolically realis$ 9 consci\sness4 ,& if ! p]ceptual baby is m]ely a consci\s symbol signalis+ an extra-consci\s exi/5t1 !n all p]ceptual exi/5ce1 all t con/itutes :at we p]ceptually realise z nature1 symbolises likewise an extra-consci\s reality1 a reality t has p[] s to affect our s5sibility z to ar\se 9 u p]ceptual repres5tations ( itself & its *>act]i/ics4 ,! matt] /&s !n exactly z d5i$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey4 ,x is inde$ ! 8baby ?+-9-itself :i* is affect$10 & x is 8a _w ?+-9-itself :i* calls =? ! s5sation40 ,x is n1 z ma9ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,dewey ! baby kn[n to him z 8 own p]ception :i* exp]i5ces ! s5sation by hav+ be5 prick$ )9 ! behold]'s consci\sness by a p]ceptually con/itut$ p94 ,b if ! entity1 :i* affects ! behold]'s s5sibility & awak5s 9 him ! p]cept ( a baby1 exi/s 9 v]ity outside 81 ! behold]'s1 consci\sness1 & is kn[n to him only z ?us symbolically pictur$ by 8 own p]cept2 su* s5se-affect+ entity is1 on ! o!r h&1 n[ise to be con/ru$ z ! unkn[able 8,fir/ ,cause10 n[ise z t protean ,p]si/5t ,=ce1 :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] imag9es capable ( assum+ e k9d ( m5tal or mat]ial appe>ance4 ,! s-call$ mat]ial or physical modes :i* con/itute 9 ! behold] ! p]ceptually realis$ baby1 & ! s-call$ immat]ial or m5tal modes :i* are exp]i5c$ by ! baby z 8 s5sations & emotions2 ^! mat]ial & m5tal modes are 9 no s5se ! manife/ation ( an 8,absolute ,=ce0 or 8inscrutable ,p[]10 z our ,sp5c]ians w\ld lead u religi\sly1 & almo/ !ologically to believe4#ed ,! mat]ial modes t con/itute ! p]ceptually realis$ baby are awak5$ 9 ! behold] by a def9ite s5se-affect+ exi/5t1 :i* is ?us reveal+ n only its b>e pres5ce1 b mo/ vividly & m9utely also its p]ceptible & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,& 9 ! same mann] x makes also kn[n t x is int]dep5d5tly connect$ ) ! va/ sy/em ( s5se-affect+ entities1 t con/itutes nature 9 g5]al4 ,all reality is int]dep5d5tly condition$4 ,! 8,uncondition$ ,reality0 ( ! ,hamiltons1 ,mansels1 & ,sp5c]s1 has n[h]e any exi/5ce1 ei!r 9 consci\sness or outside ( x4 ,x is altoge!r a fictiti\s1 sup]flu\s1 & mo/ mislead+ conception4 ,z reg>ds ! m5tal modes exp]i5c$ by ! baby1 !y are evid5tly exclusively 8 own affections z a highly & mo/ specifically organis$ be+1 & n by any means are !y modes ( appe>ance ( t mo/ empty ab/raction 8,! ,unkn[able10 t has ) s _m believ]s usurp$ ! ?rone ( _! =m] an?ropomorphic ,deity4 ,?is coil$ up ?+ ov] !re1 is x a rope or a snake8 ,i see x move1 & my intellect int]prets x to be a snake4 ,surely ! significance ( ! int]pretation does n consi/ 9 my realis+ :at 0 already implicitly conta9$ 9 my consci\sness1 b 9 kn[+ t 9 contact ) ! be+ out !re1 :i* =ms no "p :atev] ( myself ?\gh p]ceptually realis$ by me1 ,i %all become affect$ 9 c]ta9 additional ways taught by =m] exp]i5ce4 ,w any unbiass$ & compet5t judge ass]t t ! f>-fet*$ ideali/ic int]pretation is m 9 accordance ) :at we really exp]i5ce1 ?an ! v simple "o "h giv58 ,no d\bt ! imm$iate object ( physical obs]vation is n ! ?+-9-itself1 b its p]ceptual realisation4 ,x is su*1 h[ev]1 only z symbolical repres5tation ( some?+ subsi/+ outside consci\sness1 only z a consci\s affection awak5$ ) compulsory =ce 9 ! obs]v] f )\t4 ,! obs]v] (f]s 8 div]sely diff]5tiat$ & delicately attun$ s5sibilities to ! outside _w & c>efully notices its specific modes ( reaction ^u def9ite modes ( /imulation4 ,?is 9 tru? is ! me?od ( sci5tific obs]vation1 f :i* all conclusions reg>d+ ! *>act]i/ics ( nature are drawn4 ,! consci\s subject phylog5etically evolv$ 9 con/ant int]action ) ! m$ium 9 :i* he lives & moves & has 8 be+1 possesses realis+ faculties s adju/$ z to correctly subs]ve 8 ne$s 9 relation to su* a m$ium4 ,he !n fur!rmore uses ^! faculties 9 ord] to ga9 a full] & m accurate k ( fur!r p]ceptible *>act]i/ics ( ?is same m$ium4 ,a moni/ic int]pretation ( nature _c possibly be rea*$ by assum+ consci\sness or intellig5ce to be ultimate reality1 & z su* ! ,"o & ,all4 ,x c be rea*$ only by recognis+ t consci\sness is a function ( subjects t /& 9 def9ite relations to ! re/ ( nature1 & h p[] along ) ! o!r con/itu5ts ( nature s to affect ! s5sibility ( o!r s5ti5t be+s z to cause to arise !re9 ! symbolical repres5tation ( !mselves4 ,sy/ematis$ exp]i5ce consi/s 9 ! organis$ totality ( su* symbolical repres5tations4 ,& ?is organis$ totality ( exp]i5ce exi/s z pot5tial possession ( ! subject 9 extra-consci\s lat5cy1 9 :at we figuratively call memory4 ,em]g+ on occasion into consci\sness x reproduces m or less fai?fully ! ord] & connection ( ! manifold t con/itutes ! s5se-affect+ univ]se4 ,9 highly develop$ s5ti5t subjects self-realisation or ! 8inn] life10 :i* arises f ! activity ( _! emotional & above all _! social nature1 ga9s pr$om9ant influ5ce ov] _! s5sual & p]ceptual exp]i5ce1 urg+ !m s to trans=m ! giv5 aspect ( ! out] _w z to r5d] x subs]vi5t to ! aspirations ( t inn] life4 ,,edmund ,,montgom]y4 ,,footnotes3 #ed ,mr4 ,sp5c] grapples ) ! problem ( ultimate reality f ?ree diff]5t & widely div]g5t /&po9ts4 ,fir/1 by assum+ t our out & out condition$ nature & k presupposes ! exi/5ce ( an 8,uncondition$ ,reality10 he arrives at ! conception ( an 8,absolute ,cause40 ,second1 by attribut+--9 keep+ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 all physical & psy*ical activity to ! int]conv]tible play ( modes ( =ce1 he arrives at ! conception ( an 8,absolute ,=ce10 :5ce all ^! manife/ modes proce$2 h9t+1 moreov]1 t1 z our exp]i5ce ( =ce-manife/ation is ( a psy*ical nature1 ! 8,absolute ,=ce0 may r be conceiv$ z psy*ical ?an z physical4 ,?ird1 besides expla9+ at times t ! psy*ical & physical modes1 in/ead ( be+ int]conv]tible1 are only two diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same reality--& contr>y to 8 assumption ( ! int]conv]tibility ( psy*ical & physical modes proce$+ f an ,absolute ,=ce1 he advocates 9 8 ,transfigur$ ,realism ! view1 t our p]ceptual consci\sness figures repres5tatively ! correspond+ *>act]i/ics ( a _w ( ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,no wond] t ,sp5c]ians are gett+ some:at mix$1 z ! say+ is4 ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,_s ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,consci\sness4 ,! consid]ation ( ! relation t subsi/s betwe5 body & m9d is a topic t has l$ to sev]al !ories1 "o ( :i* has f\nd favor ) _m on acc\nt ( its suppos$ moni/ic implications4 ,dr4 ,c>us 9 8 "w 8,! ,s\l ( ,man0 seems to adopt t !ory1 & 8 me?od ( expla9+ ! matt] is "o ( notable sup]iority4 ,he says3 8,matt] & m9d 7! elem5ts ( feel+7 are to be consid]$ z "o--n ! same1 b "o4 ,!y are z insep>able z are ! two sides ( a %eet ( pap]4 ,if we look at x f ! m9d side its activity repres5ts itself z elem5ts ( feel+ & all k9ds & degrees ( actual feel+s4 ,if we look at x f ! matt] side its activity repres5ts itself z motions or z all k9ds ( pot5tial & k9etic en]gy40 ,?is doctr9e ( a d\ble-fac$ unity has no d\bt be5 favor$ because x has seem$ ! be/ & p]haps ! only refuge available aga9/ ! v>i\s =ms ( dualism4 ,/ill ?is same doctr9e is v f> f induc+ t f9al pacification ( m9d :i* we rightly expect f a compet5t !ory4 ,x is op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ arbitr>y1 & x br+s no access ( insight4 ,! expressions ( ^? :om we mu/ suppose to be well affect$ t[>ds any doctr9e t gives promise ( a moni/ic issue %[ ?is to be ! case4 ,?us ,tyndall says3 8,i d n ?9k t he 7i4 e4 ! mat]iali/7 is entitl$ to say t 8 molecul> gr\p+s & 8 molecul> motions expla9 ev]y?+4 ,9 reality !y expla9 no?+4 ,! utmo/ t he c affirm is ! association ( two classes ( ph5om5a ( ^: real bond ( union he is 9 absolute ignorance4 ,! problem ( ! connection ( body & s\l is z insoluble 9 its mod]n =m z x 0 9 ! prehi/oric ages40 ,& ,huxley prote/s t1 8,h[ any?+ s rem>kable z a /ate ( consci\sness comes ab\t z a result ( irritat+ n]v\s tissue is j z unacc\ntable z ! appe>ance ( ! ,dj9n :5 ,allad9 rubb$ 8 lamp40 ,9 tru? ^? :o might be expect$ to speak ) consid]able res]ve 9 reg>d to ! inabilities ( human atta9m5t h emphasis$ )\t due sobriety ! insup]able aspects ( ! problem4 ,! pa/ hi/ory ( culture %\ld h c\nsel$ caution1 especially 9 view ( ! c]ta9ty t consci\sness is someh[ dep5d5t ^u n]ve action4 ,x is submitt$ t ! rec5t progress ( sci5ce %\ld induce a hopeful temp] ( m9d on ?is "q4 ,n only h physiology & psy*ology br\ght to light m results 9 ! la/ decades ?an 9 c5turies pa/1 b 9 positive monism & =mal ?\ght philosophy has also atta9$ to a cle>ness ( me?od :i* w prove b5eficial to all special inve/igations4 ,a cle> & concise /atem5t ( ! new positivism is f\nd 9 ! *apt] ,=m & ,=mal ,?\ght ( 8,fundam5tal ,problems0 by ,dr4 ,c>us4 ,any "o :o has wat*$ ! developm5t ( ! algebra ( ?\ght & ! philosophy ( logic1 w naturally expect signal aid t[>ds ! solution ( ! _w-que/ions f a prop] consid]ation ( =m & ! laws ( =m4 ,9 ,dr4 ,c>us's book & especially 9 ! above m5tion$ *apt] w be f\nd a mo/ popul> exposition ( t subject4 ,^? :o hold t =m & =mal ?\ght is ! v con/itut$ means by :i* our in=mation ) respect to real exi/5ce may be improv$1 ought to reg>d x a decid$ /ep t[>ds ! solution ( any hi!rto app>5tly inexplicable problem1 if we only b f9d ourselves able to =mulate an idea or process t m$iates betwe5 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n1 & repres5ts to our insight h[ x is possible to ?9k ( a ph5om5on 9 accordance ) notions t yield p]ceptible imag]y4 ,riemann 9 :at has be5 well *>act]is$ z 8 8/up5d\s0 essay on 8,! hypo!ses t lie at ! basis ( geometry0 rem>ks3 8,we are q at lib]ty to suppose t ! metric relations ( space 9 ! inf9itely small d n con=m to ! hypo!ses ( geometry2 & we ought 9 fact to suppose x if we c !reby obta9 a simpl] explanation ( ph5om5a40 ,s also ,jevons 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce0 comm5t+ on 8,! ,"* ( ! ,exp]im5tali/0 ref]s to ! audacity ( speculation t *>act]is$ ,f>aday & t 0 ! lead+ ( 8 ef=ts t[>ds "s ( 8 mo/ brilliant discov]ies4 ,he says3 8,we h only to notice ! pr(\nd conviction 9 ! unity ( natural laws1 ! active p[]s ( inf]5ce & imag9ation1 ! unb\nd$ lic5se ( !oris+40 ,!ory mu/ prec$e exp]im5t4 ,we mu/ =mulate be=e we c v]ify4 ,! words ( ,f>aday3 8,let u enc\rage ourselves by a little m imag9ation prior to exp]im5t10 %[s u ! me?od he foll[$4 ,rec5t developm5ts 9 connection ) ! /udy ( electricity supply u ) at lea/ an analogy t may in/ruct u z to h[ we may suppose ! appe>ance ( consci\sness z a result ( n]ve action4 ,! nature ( electricity has long be5 an un=mulat$ !sis4 ,t x may be produc$ by ! motion ( matt] is prov$ by e dynamo 9 op]ation3 inde$ ! olde/ exp]im5ts 9 /atic electricity are to ! same effect4 ,at ! pres5t "t x seems to be an acceptable doctr9e or at lea/ a good work+ hypo!sis t electricity & magnetism are manife/ations ( t once hypo!tical m$ium call$ ! e!r4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,fitzg]ald 9 8 op5+ address be=e ,section ,a ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahhh made ^! v important rem>ks3 8,9 a presid5tial address on ! bord]l&s ( ! kn[n1 deliv]$ f ?is *air1 ! great ,cl]k ,maxwell spoke ( x z an undecid$ "q :e!r electro-magnetic ph5om5a are due to direct action at a di/ance or are due to ! action ( an int]v5+ m$ium4 ,! ye> #ahhh w ev] be memorable z ! ye> 9 :i* ?is great "q has be5 exp]im5tally settl$ by ,h]tz 9 ,g]many4 ,h5ce=? ,i hope no le>n] w fail to be impress$ ) ! !ory--hypo!sis no long]--t electro-magnetic actions are due to a m$ium p]vad+ all kn[n space40 ,t ! e!r really exi/s3 t x is a prov$ fact & t x is ! sub/antial basis out ( :i* electricity & magnetism arises1 are pret5sions too mom5t\s to rema9 un*all5g$ if !y lack$ good evid5ce 9 _! favor4 ,yet in/ead ( awak5+ diss5t among ! critical ho/s ( sci5ce1 ^! utt]ances ( ,pr(essor ,fitzg]ald h n only be5 receiv$ z voic+ ! convictions ( ! sci5tific _w b !y are confirm$ f "t to "t by ! sometimes tacit & sometimes express ass5t ( all :o disc\rse ^u ! matt]s involv$4 ,pr(4 ,oliv] ,lodge1 "o ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ,engl& & an ackn[l$g$ au?ority ^u ! subject has rec5tly publi%$ a "w entitl$ 8,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity40 ,9 8 preface he says3 8,few ?+s 9 physical sci5ce appe> to me m c]ta9 ?an t :at has s long be5 call$ electricity is a =m or r a mode ( manife/ation ( ! e!r40 ,he supposes ! e!r z a comp\nd ( two con/itu5ts correspond+ to positive & negative electricity4 ,ea* ( ^! con/itu5ts has aff9ities1 cohesions1 or entanglem5ts ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( matt]1 :i* aff9ities1 cohesions1 or entanglem5ts are great] or less accord+ to ! k9d ( matt] involv$1 s t by ! motions ( c]ta9 sorts ( matt] "u prop] conditions ! two con/itu5ts ( ! e!r are torn ap>t or sep>at$1 or 9 ! language ( dynamics1 /ra9$4 ,b at ! same "t ^! con/itu5ts also t5d ) unceas+ p]si/5ce to reunite & saturate "o ano!r into a /ate ( absolute neutrality4 ,sep>ate1 ^! con/itu5ts %[ an exi/5ce & an en]gy t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,unit$ nei!r ( !m %[s any exi/5ce at all nor any efficacy :atev]4 ,!y are z ?\gh !y did n exi/4 ,x is ( small mom5t to ! pres5t purpose :e!r or n ?is electrical !ory is well gr\nd$4 ,9 ei!r case its v =mulation supplies u ) a sugge/ion z to h[ x is possible to ?9k ( consci\sness z a product ( n]ve action4 ,j z ! e!r is suppos$ z ! sub/antial basis out ( :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! motion ( matt] electricity & magnetism becomes manife/1 s may we suppose an analog\s 7p]haps ! same7 basis surr\nd+ & p]meat+ all ?+s1 & out ( :i* 9 consequ5ce ( n]ve action1 consci\sness becomes manife/4 ,:y may we n suppose ?is consci\sness basis1 7:i* suppose we "n _s17 to be ! ultimate sub/ance :i* be+ v>i\sly modifi$ by en]gy manife/s 9 "o case ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 9 ano!r ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 magnetism1 etc41 & !n aga9 9 a ?ird case t ph5om5on1 mass1 or in]tia1 :i* is ! ess5tial attribute ( matt]8 ,z ) ! e!r 9 ! abs5ce ( any cause t sep>ates x s t electricity & magnetism become manife/1 s _s may be suppos$ to be utt]ly )\t manife/ation & neutral until n]ve action modifies its condition1 :5 l electricity 9 ! "o case1 s "h1 consci\sness becomes manife/4 ,:y may we n imag9e _s z compos$ ( two con/itu5ts correspond+ to feel+ & volition :i* unit$ saturate "o ano!r into neutrality1 b :i* sep>at$ by n]ve action manife/ feel+ t t5ds to pass into volition1 or volition t t5ds to pass into feel+8 ,?is w\ld be 9 accordance ) ! ph5om5a if ( reflex action :i* is suppos$ to be ! elem5t>y type ( m5tality4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! views ( ! au?or ( 8,! ,s\l ( ,man10 = he1 al?\gh = o!r reasons1 also expla9s ! orig9 ( consci\sness f t5sion4 ,he says3 8,consci\sness is an int5sifi$ /ate ( feel+ caus$ ?r\gh t5sion4 ,x lies betwe5 a want & its satisfaction4 ,satisfaction n be+ imm$iately atta9able1 feel+s are no long] 9 a /ate ( equilibrium1 & x is ?is t5sion :i* conc5trates & int5sifies feel+ into consci\sness4 8,x appe>s t consci\sness nev] arises )\t a c]ta9 t5sion4 ,days sp5t 9 an idyllic life fl[ away almo/ unconsci\sly2 !re is little friction1 !re are no problems to be solv$2 !re are no unsatisfi$ wants1 or if !re are any1 !y are quickly & easily att5d$ to4 ,!re is no ne$ ( consci\sness1 !re is n mu* t5sion to call x into play1 s life passes dreamlike z a tale t is told4 ,! m life is burd5$ ) problems t dem& a man's full c>e & delib]ation1 & ! /rong] are 8 attempts to solve ! problems ( 8 situation1 ! m int5se w 8 consci\sness be4 8,x appe>s to me v d\btful :e!r consci\s be+s c\ld exi/ 9 a _w--if su* a _w 7 possible at all--:]e ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 0 unkn[n2 = x is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce t pres5ts ! fir/ & mo/ imp]ative problems to liv+ & feel+ be+s40 ,_s or ! elem5t>y basis ( consci\sness consid]$ z a quantity1 w\ld on ?is supposition rema9 ! same1 b ! =ms ( its manife/ations w\ld *ange4 ,!re w\ld be m or less /ra9+ ( _s & accord+ly m or less manife/ation ( consci\sness4 ,or to =mulate x 9 "o s5t5ce1 we w\ld h to po/ulate ! cons]vation ( _s4 ,su* a supposition or "s simil> supposition if tol]able w\ld br+ our ideas into "s sort ( accord ) sci5tific cu/oms ( explanation1 & w\ld extricate our m9ds f t /ate ( utt] /ultification into :i* !y are ca/ :5ev] !y are confront$ ) ! relations ( body & m9d4 ,,francis ,c4 ,,russell4 ,,on ,,crim9al ,,sugge/ion4 ,a widely kn[n crim9al trial has br\ght be=e ?\ghtful m9ds1 on bo? sides ( ! wat]1 ?is "q1 viz43 ,:e!r a subject 9 a hypnotic condition possesses any free w1 & :e!r 9 su* a /ate1 x is possible to trans=m him into a crim9al or at lea/1 = ! "t be+ into becom+ an accomplice 9 crime6 ,x is n ! fir/ "t t ?is "q has be5 agitat$2 inde$ at ! v beg9n+ ( ,mesm]ism1 z x 0 !n call$1 ?is idea 0 br\ght =w>d4 ,x 0 cle>ly =mulat$ by ,dr4 ,*>pignon1 ^: own op9ion nev]!less is1 t x 0 8mu* easi] to re/ore moral rectitude to a somnambuli/ :o _h fall5 !refrom1 ?an to p]v]t ! integrity ( "* ( a woman ( high moral /&+40 ,9 #ahff ,dr4 ,libeault1 9 8 "w on1 8,sleep & ,k9dr$ ,/ates ( ,be+10 ( :i* at t "t !re 7 b six copies sold1 co9cides entirely ) ?is op9ion4 ,! passage is too noticeable1 n to be quot$ 9 its entirety4 7,p4 #ebd47 8,we may po/ulate1 z a fir/ pr9ciple1 t a subject dur+ ! /ate ( magnetic sleep1 is at ! m]cy ( ! hypnotis]4 ,i h made exp]im5ts t h confirm$ me 9 ?is op9ion2 ,i h _m a "t1 remov$ ! hats ( su* p]sons1 se>*$ _! pockets1 drawn (f ! r+s f _! f+]s1 unti$ _! %oes1 etc41 444 )\t _! hav+ notic$ ! action at all1 or hav+ made ! lea/ resi/ance1 ! isolation into :i* ,i _h ?r[n !m1 be+ ! cause ( ?is abs5ce ( all consci\sness4444 8,h[ v grave1 ! possibilities1 are :i* may ensue f ?is /ate ( be+1 we may readily conceive6 ,:at ,i h advanc$ "h1 is ! result ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* ,i made ^u a "y girl1 :o1 :ile be+ v intellig5t 9 h] natural wak+ condition1 became dur+ hypnotic sleep ! mo/ cross-gra9$ & wilful p]son ,i _h ev] _h to deal )4 ,nev]!less ,i always end$ by ma/]+ h] w4 ,i 0 able to excite 9 h] m9d ! mo/ crim9al resolves2 ,i r\s$ h] passions to a high degree4 ,i 0 able to cause h] to fall into a viol5t rage ) a p]son1 to fly out ^u h] ) a knife 9 h] h&2 hav+ displac$ 9 h] m9d ! s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip1 /ill arm$ ) t in/rum5t1 ,i s5t h] to /ab h] be/ fri5d1 :om ,i told h] %e saw 9 front ( h]2 %e obey$1 ! knife bury+ itself 9 ! wall opposite4 ,i almo/ prevail$ ^u ano!r "y girl1 :o 0 h[ev] less "u ! influ5ce1 to kill h] own "m1 & ?\gh %e wept1 %e actually prep>$ to d ! de$4 8,aft] all1 x has be5 kn[n = a fact1 t a man1 :o1 up to t mom5t1 0 ( s\nd m9d1 he>+ a voice cont9ually repeat+3 #8,kill y\r wife4 ,kill y\r *ildr5'--has obey$ ?is comm&1 incit$ !reto by an irresi/ible impulse2 & %all ! hypnotic subject already pr$ispos$ to halluc9ation1 escape ?is same involunt>y impulse8 ,i am firmly conv9c$1 aft] hav+ made _m o!r exp]im5ts1 t a subject to :om is sugge/$ ! commission ( any bad action1 w c>ry out ! crime aft] 8 awak5+1 by reason ( :at has n[ become 9 him a fix$ idea4 ,! mo/ moral w become vitiat$1 ! highe/-m9d$ p]v]t$4 8,if x has already be5 f\nd possible to re=m a woman ( loose morals & br+ h] to ab&on entirely h] evil c\rses1 :y _c ! rev]se be effect$ & by ! same means8 ,x w\ld be 9 ! p[] ( ! magnetis] to sugge/ to 8 subject1 n only to become a tale-be>]1 a calumniator1 a ?ief1 dissolute1 etc41 at "s p]iod subsequ5t to ! magnetic sleep1 b1 he might use him1 = example1 z ! in/rum5t ( 8 p]sonal v5geance & ! poor dream]1 unm9dful ( ! prim>y incitem5t to ! crim9al action1 w\ld commit on ano!r's acc\nt1 in/ead ( on 8 own1 ! evil de$1 prompt$ & =c$ on !reto1 by ! irresi/ible sugge/ion & w1 impos$ ^u him by ano!r p]son4 ,& :5 ! crime %all h be5 consummat$1 :]e %all he f9d ! m$ical juri/1 :o c hold up to ,ju/ice1 ! tor* :i* is to ?r[ ! ,light ( ,tru? ^u ! act1 & *all5ge ! innoc5cy ( a man1 :o1 up to ! mom5t ( ! crime nev] exhibit$ ! slighte/ sign ( insanity1 _h %[n e m>k ( a s\nd m9d & yet1 :5 convict$ ( ! dreadful de$1 /ates ) e app>5t sign ( good fai?1 t he has committ$ x ( 8 own accord8 ,& :o c tell :e!r su* cases h n already tak5 place40 ,^! mom5t\s words pass$ unnotic$4 ,at t "t1 ! _w did n believe 9 ,hypnotism4 ,m4 ,m4 ,ri*ot & ,*>cot re/or$ x to a place ( honor4 ,! ,s*ool ( ! ,salptrire made its adv5t1 & saw 9 ,hypnotism a pa?ological condition4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is s*ool ( ?\ght1 !re arose ! rival "o at ,nancy1 :i* foll[+ its lead]1 ,dr4 ,libeault1 saw 9 hypnotism1 only a psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,"o ( ! ma/]s 9 ?is s*ool1 ,m4 ,ligeois1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,faculty ( ,law1 9 #ahhd1 9 8 pamphlet on 8,hypnotic ,sugge/ion1 9 relation to ,civil & ,crim9al ,law0 also prop\nd$ to ! public ?is idea ( crim9al sugge/ion4 ,m4 ,ligeois1 l ,m4 ,libeault1 did n conf9e himself m]ely to !ory4 ,he w5t on to demon/rate & prove 8 !sis by conclusive exp]im5ts4 ,/range to say1 ! ,salptrire took issue on ?is po9t1 adopt+ & def5d+ ! opposite op9ion4 ,i w\ld n[ ask p]mission to raise my own voice 9 ?is debate1 & ,i am ! m embold5$ s to d1 inasmu* z my own p]sonal obs]vations & ! /udy :i* ,i h br\ght to be> on ?is matt]1 h caus$ me to pass1 s to speak1 f "o rival camp to ! o!r4 ,! !sis upheld by ! ,s*ool at ,nancy1 :ile x f\nd 9 me at fir/ an adh]5t1 f9ds me to-day an adv]s>y4 ,j a ^w ab\t myself to ! read]s ( ,! ,moni/4 ,i h always be5 a believ] 9 ,magnetism4 ,at ! outset1 & until t[>ds #ahge1 m]ely on ! fai? ( books1 lat]1 because ,i _h be5 pres5t at "o or two m or less public exhibitions4 ,& x appe>s s+ul> en\gh1 t ?\gh ?us imp]fectly tra9$ 9 ! k ( x1 ,i %\ld h expla9$1 z ,i did 9 #ahfi1 ! ec/asies & ! /igmata ( ! celebrat$ ,l\ise ,lateau1 z com+ simply f auto-sugge/ion2 & t ev5 to-day1 !re %\ld be nei!r jot nor tittle to subtract f :at ,i !n wrote1 reg>d+ x4 ,i only began practis+ magnetism at ! comm5cem5t ( #ahhf4 ,i 0 return+ f a visit to ! ,salptrire :i!r ,i _h be5 attract$ by my d\bts on ?is v transf]5ce ( ?\ght & f :i* ,i return$ ) my d\bts int5sifi$4 ,i h already rec\nt$1 9 a s]ies ( articles1 t appe>$ 9 less ?an a ye> 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique 78,^u ,memory 9 ,hypnotic ,subjects02 8,on ! influ5ce ( ,imitation & ,education 9 ,somnambulism1 z exhibit$ 9 ! s-call$ hypnotic sleep02 etc47 my exp]i5ces1 obs]vations1 & inductions4 ,n to speak ( my contributions to ! ,magaz9es1 & notably to ! ,revue de l',hypnotisme1 ,i introduc$ hypnotism into ! sci5ce c\rse ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,belgium by means ( two works4 ,"o1 on ! 8,orig910 ! o!r on ! 8,ext5t ( ! ,curative ,effects ( ,hypnotism0 7#ahhg-ahij74 ,besides _m o!r polemical writ+s 9 favor ( ! lib]ty ( hold+ public exhibitions 78,lett]s to ,m4 ,*iri>1 ,repres5tative10 #ahhh4 8,magnetis]s & ,physicians10 #ahij74 ,i relat$ at l5g? :at ,m4 ,*>cot & 8 pupils _h %[n me 9 ,p>is1 z well z :at ,m4 ,m4 ,libeault1 ,b]nheim1 & ,ligeois1 _h let me witness at ,nancy 78,a ,visit to ! ,salptrire10 #ahhf--8;,a ,visit to ! ,s*ool at ,nancy10 #ahhi74 ,at ! "t !n1 t ,i took ^u myself to hypnotise1 ,i firmly believ$ t ! subject became ! prop]ty ( ! magnetis]2 pass+ ov]1 z ( no importance1 ! manife/ resi/ances t ,i met ) at e po9t & 9 e =m on ! "p ( subjects1 :o1 9 all o!r respects ,i f\nd p]fectly adapt$ to su* exp]im5ts2 z = in/ance1 "o :o p]mitt$ 8 tongue to be pi]c$ ) a l>ge d>n+ ne$le by my sceptical colleague1 ,dr4 ,masius2 & to be burn$ sev]al times1 bo? ) a r$ hot iron & by !rmocaut]y1 by my colleague1 ! surgeon ,von ,w9iw>t]1 bo? ^! exp]im5ts hav+ ref]5ce to ! curative effects ( hypnotism4 ,?us1 adh]+ entirely to ! belief ( ,m4 ,m4 ,libeault & ,beaunis1 at ! close ( #ahhf 78,a ,visit to ! ,salptrire07 ,i wrote ^! words3 8,m4 ,beaunis's /atem5t is p]fectly exact4 ,! somnambuli/1 9 ! h&s ( ! hypnotis]1 is less ?an ! corpse1 :i* ! p]fect disciple ( ,loyola %\ld resemble4 ,he is a slave1 ) no w o!r ?an t ( 8 rul]1 & 9 ord] to fulfil ! comm&s laid ^u him1 he w pu% precaution1 prud5ce1 cunn+1 dissimulation & falsehood1 to _! extreme/ limits4 ,he w op5 & %ut doors noiselessly1 walk 9 8 /ock+s2 w li/5 & wat*1 ) :at ke5 sight1 :at acute he>+6 ,he w rememb] any?+ & ev]y?+ y want him to1 w =get all y desire him to =get4 ,he w1 9 good fai?1 accuse a p]fectly innoc5t man be=e a ,c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,he w h se5 ev]y?+1 t 9 reality he has nev] se51 if y comm& him s to d2 he w h he>d1 :at he nev] c\ld h he>d & done ev]y?+ t he nev] c\ld h done4 ,he w swe> by 8 ,h\sehold ,gods1 t he has act$ ?r\gh\t1 ( 8 own free w1 )\t any ext]nal pressure1 w inv5t motives if ne$ be1 & w completely protect & cov] 8 hypnotis]4 8,!oretically1 su* a p[] is ! mo/ dang]\s ?+ on ! face ( ! e>?6 ,i believe ?\gh1 t practically1 ) ! exception ( :at might relate to physical or moral abuses or tamp]+ ) te/am5t>y wills1 !re is actually little or no dang]4 ,x appe>s to me ! fe> ( ?is has be5 unduly exagg]at$40 ,9 a foot-note ( m9e1 :ile m5tion+ ) highe/ praise ! memoir ( ,m4 ,ligeois1 ,i add$ fur!r3 8,i d n express any al>m t ,i _c %[ a good reason =40 ,among o!r reasons1 ,i pond]$ on ! difficulty1 say r1 ! impossibility !re is1 ( obta9+ f ! subject an absolute abnegation ( w-p[]1 :il/ at ! same "t we all[ him to reta9 ! necess>y free w to cope ) any un=ese5 accid5ts :i* might occur to compromise ! fulfilm5t ( ! ?\ght & action sugge/$4 ,two or ?ree mon?s lat] ,i %\ld n h express$ myself ?us2 & h5ce ! rem>ks t accompany ! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 my articles on ,hypnotic ,consci\sness1 ,revue ,philosophique1 ,feb41 ,m>*1 #ahhg1 exp]im5ts :i* took place ab\t a ye> previ\s to ?is 7see ! note to ! contribut$ articles1 ,feb4 #ahhg1 p4 #aai74 ,x may !re be notic$ t my ass5t is temp]$ by c]ta9 m>k$ res]vations4 ,i 0 ev5 !n oppos+ practice to !ory1 i4 e4 ,i n>r[$ d[n ^! appreh5sions ( dang] to two legitimate causes ( al>m1 viz4 attempts aga9/ morals1 & tamp]+ ) te/am5t>y wills4 ,^u ^! two po9ts ,i am /ill ( ! same op9ion1 ) ?is exception1 t :at ,i !n fe>$ probable1 ,i n[ reg>d z exce$+ly problematic4 ,i mean to say1 t a villa9 :o 0 contemplat+ ! p]petration ( a crime1 w\ld n easily f9d an accomplice 9 a subject ( good moral /&+4 ,& 9 any case1 ,i /ill ?9k z ,i ?\ght !n1 t su* an accomplice w\ld n only be inapt1 b compromis+4 ,x is ?is latt] po9t1 ,i wi% to demon/rate to y1 by ! foll[+ criticism ^u an exp]im5t nev] be=e publi%$4 ,at ! end ( ,may1 ( la/ ye>1 ,i 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,nancy ) "s fri5ds1 among :om 0 ,dr4 ,l4 ,frdricq1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige4 ,we 7 sp5d+ ! ev5+ at ,m4 ,beaunis's h\se toge!r ) ,m4 ,m4 ,libeault1 ,b]nheim1 & ,ligeois4 ,naturally ?is "q ( ,crim9al ,sugge/ion came ^u ! tapis & 0 discuss$ 9 all its phases1 )\t advanc+ "o /ep t[>ds its solution4 ,we made an engagem5t to meet at ! hospital on ! foll[+ day1 :]e ,m4 ,b]nheim invit$ me to be pres5t at an exp]im5t1 :i* he ma9ta9$ w\ld conv9ce me4 ,i w relate at l5g? ! occurr5ce1 = 9 su* cases1 ! slighte/ details may acquire v great importance4 ,m4 ,b]nheim ?rew into ! magnetic sleep a great1 tall fell[1 q easily influ5c$1 & ^: illness did n prev5t him f walk+ ab\t 9 ! w>d4 8,pres5tly1 :5 y h wak$ up1 y w g & /eal an orange f ! pati5t t y see ov] !re1 9 t b$ opposite4 ,rememb] t :at y are go+ to d is v wrong2 x is /rictly =bidd5 by hone/y & by ! law1 & y w run ! risk ( be+ puni%$40 ,! man is wak$4 ,he appe>s to be collect+ 8 ?\ghts4 ,he rubs 8 =ehead1 he is visibly m$itat+ some?+4 8,:at is ! matt] ) y8 ,:at are y ?9k+ ab\t80 ,i ask him4 8,no?+40 8,y seem preoccupi$40 8,well1 yes1 ,i h to d some?+40 8,:at80 8,i am n oblig$ to r5d] y an acc\nt ( my actions40 8,ah6 "o w\ld almo/ say y 7 m$itat+ "s mis*ief1 :]e are y go+80 8,t's no bus9ess ( y\rs40 8,oh6 v well !n1 ,i %all wat* y & foll[ y40 ,i foll[ him2 he walks t[>ds 8 companion's b$1 glances at ! orange1 !n lean+ up aga9/ ! w9d[1 he calls me to admire "s *]ries gr[+ on a pott$ plant4 ,he keeps q /ill4 ,:y8 ,simply because ,i _h told him t ,i int5d$ to wat* him1 o!rwise my pres5ce w\ld n h tr\bl$ him 9 ! lea/4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ,m4 ,b]nheim _h acqua9t$ ! o!r pati5t ) ! int5d$ proce$+1 he nev]!less hav+ he>d ! :ole transaction4 8,i d n ?9k he w d x10 said he to ! ,doctor1 8he is "o ( my mates & he w\ldn't /eal f me40 ,i walk away & jo9 ! gr\p ( p]sons pres5t4 ,i say to ,m4 ,beaunis1 t ?is exp]im5t w prove no?+1 he answ]s me by a ge/ure ( surprise4 ,! subject1 z soon z he sees me g away & ?9ks t ,i am n wat*+ him any m1 /ret*es out 8 h&1 seizes ! orange t is beh9d 8 mate's pill[1 ! latt] mean:ile look+ full at him4 ,a score = ,m4 ,b]nheim1 b "o also = ,m4 ,delbuf6 ,i %\ld ne$ tw5ty pages at lea/ ( comm5t>y on ?is exp]im5t4 ,b ,i %all only all[ myself to po9t out ! ess5tial po9ts4 ,?is hypnotis$ subject !n1 or to speak m correctly1 ?is man to :om a ?\ght has be5 sugge/$1 aft] ,i _h w>n$ him t ,i 0 wat*+ him1 & f :om ,i nev] took my eye1 goes ) ! un]r+ness1 s to speak1 8( ! fall+ /one10 to c>ry out ! sugge/$ action1 n h[ev] )\t a c]ta9 di/ru/ ( me1 & ?is only1 because he _h be5 =ew>n$4 ,& moreov] 9 8 dim consci\sness1 x is ,i alone1 :om he is wat*+ 9 t clumsy fa%ion1 9 ord] to seize ^u "s mom5t>y =getfulness on my "p4 ,he has nev] notic$ at all1 t 8 mate is int5tly wat*+ him & foll[+ 8 e movem5t ) op5 eyes2 s he /eals ! orange f "u 8 v nose6 ,let u n =get t x 0 ,m4 ,b]nheim ! h\se physician1 :o sugge/$ to him to take ! orange4 ,b ,m4 ,frdricq himself w\ld equally well h fulfill$ t comm&1 ev5 prec$$ z x 0 by ! little homily1 record$ above4 ,:y %\ld he h disoblig$ ,m4 ,b]nheim8 ,b inde$1 ! logic ( my oppon5ts is v weak4 ,if1 say !y1 a somnambuli/ resi/s crim9al sugge/ion1 x is because he is n a susceptible subject1 or1 t ! exp]im5t has be5 ill conduct$1 or1 t ! sugge/ion has n be5 /rong en\gh4 ,at t rate1 x is useless to cont9ue exp]im5t+1 if failure is always to be expla9$ away4 ,on my side1 ,i might ) equal reason1 argue1 t !y _h be5 deal+ ) "s lic5ti\s m9d1 z yet all unkn[+ its inn] self1 or ) a born crim9al or a lat5t ?ief2 & ?\gh ,i object to ?is k9d ( argum5t1 x w\ld (t5 prove to be m legitimate reason+ ?an !irs4 ,:o among u is absolutely virtu\s8 ,h[ _m actions :i* ! law calls crim9al h we committ$1 or might we commit1 "u ! pressure ( circum/ances1 )\t a %ad[ ( remorse8 ,b let u fur!r exam9e ?is exp]im5t4 ,our subject !n put ! orange 9 8 tr\s]s' pocket :i* /uck out v noticeably4 ,?is man might be a crim9al1 b he 0 n a dissembl]4 ,look+ him /raight 9 ! face ,i said3 8,:at h y be5 do+80 8,no?+1 ,i h j done my err&40 8,y h /ol560 8,:at nons5se60 8,:at h y got 9 y\r pocket80 8,no?+0 7notice ! absurdity ( ?is reply74 8,:at d y mean80 8,no?+60 8,:at d y call t80 8,:y6 x's an orange6 x's a v f9e orange6 ,ma foi6 ,i c't imag9e h[ x came !re60 ,m4 ,b]nheim int]v5es3 8,y took x f a fell[-pati5t1 f a comrade6 ,t 0 v wrong40 8,yes1 t's s1 b ,i want$ x4 ,look6 did y ev] see su* a f9e orange8 ,i took a fancy to x & ,i det]m9$ to h x4 ,besides1 he hadn't se5 x767 ,x's n /eal+ :5 x isn't miss$40 ,!n ,i ask$3 8,:at is t y said80 8,:y1 yes1 x is n /eal+ to take :at nobody misses10 answ]s he1 ) a sc>ce p]ceptible cunn+ & significant w9k4 ,a few m9utes lat]1 aft] we _h ceas$ notic+ him1 he came up to ,m4 ,frdricq ( 8 own accord laugh+ly told him t he 0 9 ! habit ( ab/ract+ tobacco f 8 companions on ?is same gr\nd1 t if !y nev] miss$ x1 x 0 n /eal+4 8,x is all 9 fun1 y "k60 ,i conclude !re=e1 t ?is subject _h 9 him lat5t t5d5cies to !ft1 or if y pref] x1 to pilf]+4 ,& d>e any ( u1 hone/ly confess to himself t we h n1 deep d[n 9 ourselves1 ! g]ms ( any su* vices8 ,:o among ! mo/ upright ( u1 does n consid] himself p]fectly entitl$ to defraud ! gov]nm5t1 or to get ! bett] ( a ,railway ,company1 or quietly to appropriate an object :i* he may casually f9d8 ,m4 ,ligeois w v likely say to me3 8,we w grant t ?is exp]im5t has n fulfill$ ! desir$ requirem5ts2 ! subject has n v high moral qualities1 & he juggl$ a little4 ,b "h n[1 are "s exp]im5ts absolutely unimpea*able40 ,!reupon ,m4 ,ligeois relates ! hi/ories ( ,miss ,e4441 ( ,n4441 ( ,mme4 ,g4441 & ( ,mme4 ,c444 ,"h are ! facts z collat$ by him 9 ! ,g\ffe trial4 ,fir/ n>rative4 ,m4 ,ligeois believ$ t he _h produc$ 9 ,miss ,e444 su* absolute automatism1 s complete an annihilation ( moral s5se & ( all lib]ty ( action1 t he caus$ h]1 )\t mov+ a muscle1 to place ! muzzle ( a revolv] close to h] "m & fire ^u h]4 ,! y\?ful crim9al appe>$ completely awake & f> calm] ?an 7 ! witnesses ( ?is sc5e4 7,take notice ( ?is47 ,h] "m1 imm$iately reproa*+ h] & tell+ h] t %e might h kill$ h]1 ,miss ,e444 answ]s smil+1 ) a great deal ( common s5se3 8,i h n kill$ y1 s9ce y are speak+ to me n[40--8,is any "o likely to believe t ?is is m]ely pret5ce & act+10 adds ,m4 ,ligeois1 8t a daught] w amuse h]self by fir+ at h] "m ) a revolv]1 :i* %e does n "k is n load$1 simply to deceive ! public80 ,well1 %all ,i say x8 ,! hypo!sis ( simulation1 ! simulation :i* is practis$ 9 ! hypnotic /ate appe>s to me to be ! only plausible explanation4 ,! calm1 smil+ attitude ( ,miss ,e444 is an unansw]able pro( ( ?is4 ,i h no d\bt t if 9 a dream %e _h se5 h]self fir+ at h] "m1 %e w\ld h suff]$ z 9 a t]rible nightm>e4 ,lately1 x 0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 ,i dream$ ,i 0 pres5t at a sale ( pa9t+s4 ,among o!rs expos$ = sale1 !re 0 a long picture1 n9ete5 or tw5ty feet high & less ?an ?ree feet wide1 repres5t+ ! assumption ( "s sa9t4 ,h>dly _h ! auctione] m5tion$ ! price1 #f1jjj francs1 ?an ,i made a sign ( ass5t4 ,x is knock$ d[n to me4 ,i />t = home ) my pur*ase1 b on ! way ,i am seiz$ ) remorse4 ,:]e %all ,i hang ! religi\s picture8 ,& ev5 if ,i f9d a place = x on ! /aircase :at w x look l 9 my h\se1 ) its old black frame & its extraord9>y dim5sions8 ,& :at a price to h paid1 at su* a mom5t :5 ! h\se bills are p\r+ 96 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! reflections1 ,i woke up1 my he>t 0 beat+ tumultu\sly & dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! night ,i cont9u$ "u ! mo/ disagreeable impressions4 ,9 spite ( my kn[+ t ,i 0 awake & reason+ ) myself1 congratulat+ myself t x 0 no?+ b a dream1 ! enormity ( my absurd action weigh$ ^u my m9d & ,i kept cont9ually dread+ ! reproa*es ( my family1 :5 !y %\ld le>n ! /upid b>ga9 ,i _h made4 ,h[ widely diff]5t is ?is m5tal di/ress f ! placid1 smil+ condition ( ,miss ,e444 & h[ naturally "o is br\ght to suppose t dur+ ! hypnotic /ate ! subject is n ev5 "u ! sway ( ! ord9>y illusions ( dreaml&4 ,m4 ,ligeois affirms t ,miss ,e444 0 n aw>e t ! pi/ol 0 n load$4 ,i d n believe x4 ,^u :at gr\nds are we to inf] t a somnambuli/ is an imbecile8 ,y & ,i1 & ev]ybody w\ld easily surmise t ,m4 ,ligeois's revolv] 0 n load$6 ,!n :y %\ld n ,miss ,e444 surmise ! same8 ,is x n = ! v reason t he h&$ x to h]1 to fire at h] "m1 t %e w\ld op9e z mu*8 ,might %e n h ga!r$ ?is f ! attitude ( ! spectators1 full ( expectancy unmix$ by any appreh5sion8 & might %e n h wi%$ to a/oni% !m by h] docility & sang-froid8 ,all sorts ( suppositions are bo? rational & possible4 ,besides all ?is1 somnambuli/s :o are absorb$ 9 ! "w 9 h&1 g5]ally speak+1 %[ a quick] & sur] p]spicuity2 _! s5sibilities are f9]1 _! quickness1 _! memory1 ov]/ep ! ord9>y limits z exhibit$ 9 _! normal /ate4 ,d we n he> ( s*ol>s1 :o 9 ! hypnotic sleep1 le>n _! lessons 9 a v %ort "t & write _! essays admirably8 ,i h record$ 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,augu/1 #ahhf1 "s facts ab\t a subject1 ^u :om ,i exp]im5t$ be=e "o ( my classes4 8,! exp]im5t ,i am ab\t to give an acc\nt ( might s]ve v well z ! explanation ( _m a miracle4 ,b4#ee is 9 ! hypnotic sleep4 ,we wi% to give him "s peculi> ord]1 :i* he %all execute1 aft] he is awake1 at a special signal4 ,! signal is to be a knock giv5 by me on ! desk2 ! action1 to c>ry a glass ( wat] 7a c>afe ( wat] & glass be+ on a *air7 to ! /ud5t ,eu*]4 ,he does n "k any ( ! fifte5 /ud5ts pres5t1 nor has he yet he>d _! names4 ,! pupils take _! places1 )\t any special ord]1 "s /&+1 "s sitt+4 ,b4 is awak5$4 ,we *at a little4 ,i give ! signal4 ,b4 rises1 fills a glass1 & )\t ! slighte/ sign ( hesitation1 c>ries x to ! /ud5t m5tion$ be=e1 :o 0 sitt+ on "o ( ! back b5*es1 beside a fell[ /ud5t4 ,we look$ at ea* o!r ) /upefaction4 ,! int5tion ( ! exp]im5t _h be51 to see h[ he w\ld obey an obscure comm&4 ,!re 7 9 my audi5ce1 c]ta9 p]sons1 ) lean+s t[>d belief 9 second-sight4 ,?is result seem$ to ov]?r[ all my convictions4 ,i aga9 ?r[ him into ! sleep1 & ,i comm& him to c>ry a glass ( wat] to ! /ud5t ,gr>d2 we are all /&+1 await+ ) impati5t curiosity :at w take place4 ,b4 fills ! glass & ?is "t s5ds a que/ion+ look ov] all ! spectators1 pres5ts ! glass fir/ to "o1 !n to ano!r1 & f9ally ,i _h to po9t out ! /ud5t ,gr>d1 to :om he br\ght ! wat] & made him dr9k x4 ,i aga9 put him to sleep1 & ask$ him to :om he c>ri$ ! fir/ glass ( wat]4 ,to ,m4 ,eu*]--,did y "k him8 ,no--,h[ did y recognise him8--,by 8 attitude1 he look$ z if he want$ to hide away40 ,& ?is is h[ ! my/]y 0 solv$4 ,we _h unconsci\sly prep>$ ! sc5e1 & x 0 ?is prep>ation :i* betray$ u4 ,b x is none ! less a rem>kable example ( ! p]spicuity %[n by somnambuli/s4 ,?is goes to prove t hypnosis1 in/ead ( dull+ ! und]/&+1 %>p5s x4 ,! second ( ,m4 ,ligeois's exp]im5ts appe>s to me q z op5 to suspicion1 & exactly = ! same reasons4 8,i (f]$ ,n4 a :ite p[d]1 ( ! nature ( :i* he is ignorant2 ,i said to him3 #8,pay great att5tion to :at ,i am ab\t to tell y4 ,?is pap] conta9s ars5ic4 ,y w g pres5tly to su* a /reet to y\r ,aunt's ,mme4 ,m4 :o is "h n[4 ,y w take a glass ( wat]1 c>efully dissolve ! ars5ic 9 x & !n y w (f] x to y\r ,aunt4' #8,yes ,sir'--,t ev5+ ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ note f ,mme4 ,m43 #8,mme4 ,m4 begs leave to in=m ,m4 ,ligeois t ! exp]im5t succe$$ p]fectly4 ,h] nephew (f]$ h] ! poison4' ,! crim9al rememb]$ no?+ ab\t x1 & x 0 v difficult to p]suade him t he _h inde$ wi%$ to poison an ,aunt = :om he _h a deep affection4 ,! automatism _h be5 complete40 ,i _c help see+ "h an errone\s l9e ( reason+4 ,!y conclude1 f ! abs5ce ( all remembrance1 t ! somnambuli/ is an automaton1 & f ?is !y g on to d$uce t he swall[s ev]y?+ t is said to him4 ,b1 s9ce he li/5s to ! voice ( 8 hypnotis]2 s9ce he kn[s t to accompli% ! behe/1 he mu/ d ?+s t h n be5 expressly po9t$ out1 ?\gh !y are und]/ood 9 ! execution ( ! de$3--su* z to get ! wat] f a well or pump--:y d !y n all[ t he is able also to reflect ^u ! nature ( ! de$ :i* he is told to d8 ,:y is x t ,n4441 :o is aw>e t he is be+ us$ 9 an exp]im5t1 _c say to himself dur+ 8 hypnotic /ate1 t ?is is only an exp]im5t1 t ! pap] does n conta9 ars5ic1 t ,m4 ,ligeois nev] w\ld really want him to poison 8 aunt1 8 aunt :o is pres5t at ! "t1 & :o he>s e ^w8 ,i repeat aga91 a hypnotic subject is n an idiot--q ! rev]se4 ,all ! precaution :i* ,m4 ,ligeois takes to r5d] ! exp]im5ts reliable & conclusive1 turns aga9/ ! pro( desir$4 ,c y imag9e ! poison]1 ,dr4 ,ca/a+1 say+ to 8 s]vant be=e ,hypolite ,ballet1 :om he int5d$ to kill1 8,"h is "s poison$ w9e1 y w pres5tly give x to ! sick man1 :om y see ov] !re 9 t b$40 ,if he _h done ?is1 he w\ld n h be5 condemn$ to lose 8 head1 b !y w\ld simply h %ut him up 9 a lunatic asylum4 ,&1 z f> z t goes1 ! s]vant might easily1 )\t any suspicion be+ atta*$ to ! action1 h giv5 ! poison to ,hypolite ,ballet1 & ! latt] h drunk x4 ,b we h dalli$ long en\gh ov] ^! absurd suppositions4 ,let u pass on n[ to ! ?ird n>rative3 ,m4 ,ligeois caus$ ,mme4 ,g444 to fire at ,m4 ,p4441 an ex-magi/rate4 ,9 ord] to %[ cle>ly t ! revolv] 0 load$1 ,m4 ,ligeois fir$ a %ot 9 ! g>d5 & came 91 %[+ a piece ( c>d-bo>d1 ?r\gh :i* ! ball _h pass$4 8,) absolute unconsci\sness & p]fect docility ,mme4 ,g444 advances to ,m4 ,p444 & fires4 ,be+ que/ion$ on ! spot by ! ,*ief ,magi/rate 7:o 0 pres5t at ! sance7 %e av[s ! crime ) entire indiff]5ce4 ,%e has kill$ ,m4 ,p444 because he 0 n pleas+ to h]767 ,!y c arre/ h]2 %e kn[s q well :at awaits h]4 ,if !y take away h] life1 %e w pass into ! o!r _w l h] victim1 :om %e sees /ret*$ out1 & ba!d 9 8 own blood4 ,!y ask h] :e!r x 0 n ,i :o sugge/$ to h] ! idea ( ! murd]4 ,%e d5ies x1 & says %e did x spontane\sly2 t %e alone is guilty2 %e is resign$ to h] fate1 %e w accept )\t compla9t ! consequ5ces ( h] de$40 ,! m ,i m$itate to-day ^u ^! exp]im5ts1 ! less !y appe> to me to prove :at x is desir$ !y %\ld4 ,?is p]fect tranquillity ( ,mme4 ,g4441 h] g5]osity 9 n inculpat+ ,m4 ,ligeois2 h] resignation to ! fate t awaits h]1 e/abli% entirely ! fact t %e is pres5t 9 m9d & k ( ev5ts2 & j because ( ?is v attitude1 t %e possesses h] full pres5ce ( m9d4 ,%e nev] dream$ = an in/ant t %e w\ld really kill ,m4 ,p4444 ,%e plays h] "p consci5ti\sly1 %e fai?fully recites a lesson :i* %e has le>n$ by he>t & ) :i* %e int]m+les side play ( h] own1 *ildi% tricks1 z = in/ance1 say+ t h] victim _h displeas$ h]4 ,let u recall to m9d ! pati5t :o /ole an orange1 because x 0 a f9e "o4 ,t ,mme4 ,g4444 sees ,m4 ,p4444 ba!d 9 8 own blood1 is m ?an d\btful4 ,i c produce numb]less pro(s ( facts t g to prove t fictiti\s somnambuli/s are n dupes ( ! illusions sugge/$ to !m2 _! calmness proves ?is4 ,t x is possible to make !m commit an action dang]\s to !mselves or to o!rs1 ,i am n prep>$ to d5y4 ,i w expla9 myself lat] ^u ?is po9t4 ,b f ?is /ate1 to t ( crim9al p>ticipation1 !re is an incalculable di/ance4 ,t ! somnambuli/ repeats a lesson t he has le>n$1 is %[n =? by ,m4 ,ligeois's f\r? n>rative4 8,mme4 ,c4444 0 to give "s ars5ic 9 a liquid to ,m4 ,d4444 :o 0 ?ir/y4 ,b ,m4 ,d4444 ask$ a "q t ,i _h n =ese52 he ask$ :at 0 9 ! glass4 ,) a frankness t preclud$ all idea ( simulation ,mme4 ,c4444 answ]$ #8,ars5ic4' 8,i 0 !n oblig$ to am5d my sugge/ion1 & ,i said3 #8,if y are ask$ :at is 9 ! glass1 say x is sweet5$ wat]4' 8,mme4 ,c4444 answ]$ ! "q ! second "t1 #8,sweet5$ wat]4' 8,v c\rage\sly ,m4 ,d4444 swall[$ ! suppos$ poison4 ,que/ion$ by ! ,*ief ,magi/rate ,mme4 ,c4 rememb]s no?+2 %e _h se5 no?+1 done no?+1 giv5 no dr9k to any "o4 ,%e does n "k :at !y are talk+ ab\t40 ,aga9 all ?is is pro( to me1 t ,mme4 ,c4 feels t %e is be+ told to p]=m an innoc5t action4 ,x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ to h awak5$ h] 9 ! middle ( ! act1 to see :e!r %e w\ld h rememb]$ h] ?\ghts1 j at ! mom5t :5 %e 0 giv+ ! dr9k to ,m4 ,d4444 ,i am n sure b t %e w\ld h answ]$ l ,miss ,e444 t %e _h no d\bt ! poison 0 imag9>y1 & ! sc5e pre>rang$4 ,we h se5 ,m4 ,d444 ask an un=ese5 "q1 :i* upset ! c>ry+ out ( ! crime4 ,we h witness$ ,m4 ,b]nheim's pati5t /eal an orange "u ! nose ( its proprietor1 :o 0 look+ at him4 ,admitt+1 !re=e1 t all _h be5 =ese51 t ,m4 ,ligeois _h w>n$ ,mme4 ,c444 ( all ! possible que/ions t might be put to h]2 t ,m4 ,b]nheim _h /rongly recomm5d$ 8 subject to commit 8 !ft secretly1 & t e possible detail _h be5 p]fectly c>ri$ out--%\ld we h ev5 !n a fai?ful transcript ( a crime8 ,c we h ! un]r+ c]titude f ^! occurr5ces1 t a subject 9 ! hypnotic sleep1 a bona fide somnambuli/ w all[ himself to be us$ z an accomplice by a v]itable crim9al8 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ,i c>efully analys$ ! slighte/ details invalidat+ exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! hypnotic subject acts ! "p ( a crim9al1 9 a fictiti\s crime4 ,i 0 able to %[1 t 9 all ^! te/s1 !re _h be5 c]ta9 suspici\s traits sugge/+ d\bt z to ! complete illusion ( ! actor !re91 & ,i f9ally add$3 ,suppos+ t ev]y?+ _h work$ smoo?ly1 i4 e4 t ev]y?+ _h be5 =ese5 & t ! subject _h n be5 tripp$ up any:]e1 are we au?oris$ 9 ma9ta9+ t a subject ?us f> unimpea*able z reg>ds a fictiti\s crime1 w\ld accompli% ?is same de$ 9 reality8 ,i answ]1 ,no4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ?is d5ial1 x w be necess>y = u to ent] into ! ,psy*ology ( ,hypnosis4 ,a p]son 9 ! hypnotic sleep1 z well z 9 ! natural sleep1 is n s absolutely )drawn f ! real _w ab\t him z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! hypnotic subject ev5 less s1 ?an ! sleep]1 = ! =m] rema9s 9 intellig5t communication ) 8 magnetis]4 ,if ! latt] tells him to take a book f a table ^u :i* is an ink/&1 "s boxes1 a /atuette1 he w pick up ! book & n any ( ! o!r objects4 ,if he is enjo9$ to walk /raight be=e him 9 a room encumb]$ ) *airs he w manage to avoid !m1 & ev5 if ! illusion is pu%$ fur!r he may knock up aga9/ !m1 b ! action w be done q cauti\sly4 ,& ?is is :y1 9 public sances1 he nev] hurts himself1 9 spite ( ! wildness & app>5t excitem5t ( 8 movem5ts4 ,?is is also ! reason1 t 9 exp]im5ts int5d$ to demon/rate ?is absolute automatism1 ! prep>ation = ! propos$ crime1 ! attitude ( ! spectators1 :ile ! subject is c>ry+ out 8 "p1 ! integrity ( ! p]son :o is sugge/+ ! action1 ! calmness ( ! int5d$ victim2 all ^! ?+s1 r5d] ! sugge/ion less illusive ?an ev5 an ord9>y dream w\ld be4 ,m4 ,ligeois asks ?is "q at ! conclusion ( 8 fir/ n>rative3 8,:]e is ! spectator1 :o c\ld believe t ?is sc5e 0 only a melodrama ) clev] act+2 & t a daught] = h] amusem5t1 & solely to deceive an audi5ce1 w\ld fire an unload$ revolv] at h] "m80 ,to ?is ,i answ]3 ,& :y %\ld %e n play h] "p 9 ?is melodrama1 :5 %e sees ,m4 ,ligeois devise x1 h] "m l5d h] co-op]ation1 & ! audi5ce wat* x ) curiosity & int]e/8 ,"h aga9 we f9d ! same fallacy 9 ! argum5t3 ,because a subject does n reveal :at is go+ on )9 himself1 & only puts into visible spee* :at is sugge/$ to him1 x is tak5 = grant$ t he is go+ ?r\gh a m5tal process id5tical ) t ( 8 magnetis]4 ,b all[ me to ask 9 my turn3 ,w x be easily cr$it$1 t a daught]1 w\ld1 delib]ately & )\t a trace ( feel+1 %oot at h] "m1 unless1 %e fully believ$ ! action w\ld h no s]i\s consequ5ces1 & t ! p]son :o _h sugge/$ ?is impi\s de$1 0 only requir+ h] to act a "p8 ,hypnotic subjects d n take long to realise t !y are be+ us$ z te/s 9 exp]im5ts4 ,"s are always graci\s 9 respond+ to !m1 _m end by refus+ to l5d !mselves to be us$ 9 su* fa%ion1 especially 9 public sances4 ,all ^! details g f> to prove t 9 hypnosis1 ! subjects reta91 at lea/ a p>tial indep5d5ce4 ,if a sleep]1 :o dream$ he 0 murd]+ 8 "m1 %\ld behold h] t]rifi$1 besee*+1 invok+ ! pity ( h] son1 call+ = help to ! horrifi$ spectators1 he w\ld feel t he 0 induc$ to commit ?is de$ by "s sort ( motive1 :i*1 absurd or unlikely ?\gh x might be1 w\ld /ill be ! controll+ p[]2 9 a ^w1 ! dream w\ld be 9 reality a k9d ( incoh]5t & unreal drama1 ?\gh compos$ ( v real elem5ts1 9 :i* horror w\ld play a v pres5t "p4 ,b if he %\ld see 8 o/5sible victim smil+ & conv]s+ ) him amid/ a company animat$ only by a s5tim5t ( curiosity1 he might well suspect1 ev5 9 8 sleep1 t :at he sees & :at he is do+1 is a pure delusion4 ,& ?is is exactly :at he w\ld say to himself1 %\ld x come into 8 head to fire ^u a magi/rate1 & = ! reason t 8 looks displeas$ him4 ,^! pre>rang$ sc5es fail 9 v]isimilitude & no m deceive ! actors 9 !m1 ?an !y d ! spectators or ! au?or4 ,to ?is y may object3 ,b1 if ! pi/ol _h be5 load$1 ,miss ,e4 w\ld h %ot h] "m6 ,?is re/s ^u ! supposition t ! "m & ! spectators1 /ill believ$ x to be unload$1 o!rwise1 _! t]ror alone1 w\ld h be5 q suffici5t to call back ! subject to ! reality4 ,& ev5 ) ?is assumption1 ?is murd]-te/ w\ld h borne a great] resemblance to a simple homicide f imprud5ce4 ,by ?is ,i mean to say1 t s f> z ! spectators1 ! victim1 & ! assass9 7 conc]n$1 ! act w\ld n h be5 *ang$ 9 its "*1 simply because ! magnetis]1 _h by mi/ake1 giv5 a load$ in/ead ( an unload$ pi/ol to ! subject4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t a real crime w\ld nev] be p]petrat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,?or\ghly conv9c$ ?\gh ,i 01 ( ! impossibility ( mak+ exp]im5ts t w\ld entirely fa?om ?is "q1 circum/ances nev]!less1 all[$ me once m to make a te/ :i* is well adapt$ to %[ t x is n z easy z "s may ?9k1 to trans=m an hypnotic subject into a murd]\s automaton4 ,j444 is t excell5t somnambuli/ to :om my exp]im5ts h giv5 a c]ta9 notoriety4 ,x is %e toge!r ) h] si/]1 :om ,i made use ( 9 my /udies on 8,memory 9 ,hypnosis10 on 8,imitation10 & 8,hypnotic ,consci\sness40 ,%e x is1 :o ?ree sev]al times all[$ h]self to be exp]im5t$ ^u by bli/]+ on correspond+ p>ts ( ! body2 & notably 9 "o case :]e 9 accordance ) sugge/ion no inflammation took place4#ef ,%e is tall1 robu/1 intellig5t1 indu/ri\s1 heal?y4 ,%e is n[ m>ri$ & has _h a *ild4 ,! acc\*em5t took place 9 ! hypnotic sleep4 ,! case be+ 9 ! h&s ( ,m4 ,fraipont1 ,pr(essor ( ,ob/etrics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige2 & nev] 0 ! p[] ( hypnotism m rem>kably exhibit$4#eg ,9 ! case ( ?is pati5t !re rema9$ no trace ( remembrance :atev]1 aft] awak5+4 ,i h gone into ^! details m]ely to %[ ! read] t no bett] subject c\ld h be5 f\nd = my purpose4 ,i h 9 ano!r place 7see ,revue ,philosophique1 article on 8,hypnotic ,consci\sness07 po9t$ out c]ta9 traits 9 h] case1 :i* at my db1 7 /rongly calculat$ to make me a believ] 9 ! absolute s]vility ( ! hypnotic subject2 traits :i* ,i %all subsequ5tly recall to y\r att5tion & comm5t ^u4 ,to judge m fairly ( ! value ( ! exp]im5t1 ,i mu/ fur!r /ate1 t ,j4 is bo? resolute & c\rage\s4 ,dur+ sev]al summ]s %e rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! environs ( ,s]a+ 9 att5dance ^u my wife :o 0 9 ill-heal?1 & 9 ^: room %e slept4 ,aft] ! summ] vacation x (t5 happ5$ t %e sp5t ! :ole night alone ) h]4 ,at ! head ( ! b$ hung a six-b>rell$ revolv]1 load$2 a precaution t we _h tak5 on acc\nt ( ! well-kn[n /rikes :i* took place 9 #ahhf1 among/ ! workm5 ( ! num]\s factories 9 our neighborhood4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahhg ,i happ5$ to be abs5t4 ,a man came "o night1 pr[l+ r\nd ! g>d5 & fumbl+ at ! lock ( ! door1 :i* he ev5 tri$ to =ce4 ,! b>k+ ( ! dogs wak5$ ,j41 %e op5$ ! w9d[1 p]ceiv$ ! man1 took ! revolv] & w5t d[n into ! hall wat*+ = ! mom5t 9 :i* to fire at ! nocturnal visitor4 ,! man he>+ ! noise slipp$ away ) cel]ity4 ,& ! same ye> t ?is occurr5ce took place1 ,j4 slept on ! fir/ floor ) h] load$ revolv] hang+ on a nail beside h] b$4 ,! #bd? ,feb4 #ahhh1 )\t communicat+ my int5tions to anybody except to my daught]1 & t only at ! v mom5t ( beg9n+ ! exp]im5t1 ,i dis*>g$ ! revolv]4 ,x 0 six o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,a "y lady1 7h]self an hypnotic subject17 & my daught]1 7 seat$ at a table1 cutt+ out articles f a newspap]1 :i* !y aft]w>ds ti$ up 9 bundles4 ,i call$ ,j4 & at ! mom5t %e op5$ ! door1 ,i hypnotis$ h] by a motion4 ,i said to h] 9 an agitat$ tone--8,"h are "s ?ieves1 :o are c>ry+ (f pap]s40--,j4 came quickly =w>d & turn+ t[>ds me said3 8,no sir1 !y are play+ ) !m--,:y sure en\gh !y are tak+ !m40 ,!n %e walk$ resolutely up to !m & tore ! pap]s out ( _! h&s1 put !m on ! table 9 front ( h] & 9 an imp]i\s tone said3 8,don't y t\* !m any m40 ,i--8,y are nev] go+ to let ^? knaves rema9 9 ! h\se--run & fet* ! revolv]0 7x 0 9 ! adjo9+ room74 ,j4 ran )\t hesitation4 ,%e return$ hold+ ! weapon 9 h] h& & /ood on ! ?re%old4 8,fire10 cri$ ,i4 8,sir1 we mu/ n kill !m40 8,?ieves8 ,:y c]ta9ly60 8,no sir6 ,i w n kill !m40 8,y mu/40 8,i won't d x40 ,& %e walk$ backw>ds /ill hold+ ! revolv]1 ,i foll[+ h] & en]getically reit]at+ my comm&4 8,i won't4 ,i won't d x4 ,i w n murd]40 ,%e !n plac$ ! revolv] on ! floor b cauti\sly4 ,%e cont9u$ to g backw>ds1 ,i1 mean:ile insi/+ & foll[+ h]4 8,i w n d x40--,hav+ come to a dead /& 9 ! corn] ( ! room1 %e repuls$ me viol5tly & ,i ?\ght x prud5t to awak5 h]1 ^u :i* %e came to h]self smil+ 9 h] usual pleasant mann]4 ,%e rememb]$1 h[ev]1 no?+ :atev]1 al?\gh at ! sight ( ! revolv] ly+ on ! floor1 %e seem$ to h a k9d ( vague recollection4 ,%e did n seem at all discompos$ 9 mann]4 ,if ?is sc5e _h tak5 place 9 a dream1 %e w\ld c]ta9ly h exhibit$ m excitem5t4 ,?is is :at we may t]m conclusive evid5ce1 t is to say if ev] negative evid5ce c be call$ s4 ,let u comm5t n[ ^u ^! facts4 ,x w be notic$ t ,j4 is n ! dupe ( ! halluc9ation to :i* %e has be5 subject$4 ,%e does n take ei!r ( ! "y ladies = ?ieves1 nor ! newspap]s = valuable pap]s4 ,h] fir/ answ] is v significant--8,no sir1 !y are play+ ) !m40 ,besides :i* h] expression1 h] attitude1 ! mann] 9 :i* %e look$ at ! two reput$ ?ieves1 & tore ! newspap]s out ( _! h&s1 _h some?+ s ke5ly obs]vant1 s prep>$1 s !atrical1 t bo? my witnesses & myself c\ld n possibly believe h] actions +5u\s4 ,i h (t5 que/ion$ h] ab\t ! illusions t ,i sugge/$ to h]4 ,i ask$ h] = example1 if1 :5 ,i appe>$ to h] "u ano!r aspect1 = in/ance "u ! appe>ance ( a "y man1 ) clu/]+ locks & a black be>d1 %e ev] p]ceiv$ any?+ ( my real resemblance4 ,%e inv>iably answ]$1 t %e saw my actual p]son1 z x 7 9 a cl\d1 beh9d ! figure :i* ,i _h call$ up be=e h] m5tal vision4 ,x is v probable t %e recognis$ my daught] & h] fri5d 9 ! p]sons :om ,i po9t$ out z ! robb]s4 ,i might h assur$ myself ( ?is by caus+ h] to recall h] ?\ghts at ! "t4 ,i am aw>e t ! oppon5ts ( ?is op9ion *all5ge1 & n unreasonably1 te/s made 9 ?is mann] because !y h d\bts ab\t ! sugge/ion4 ,if !n ! facts 7 su* z are relat$1 ,j4 0 play+ a rle n p]haps /rictly 9 accordance ) ! rules ( ord9>y act+1 kn[+ t %e 0 recit+ a "p1 b feel+ nev]!less t %e _h a c]ta9 "p to play & mu/ ent] into ! _s ( x4 ,x is incontrov]tible t ! hypnotic subject really does play 8 "p 9 precisely ?is fa%ion4 ,:51 = example1 y ext5d 8 arm & defy him to put x d[n he seems to make an ef=t to l[] x1 b 9 reality he does n br+ ! requir$ muscles into play at all4 ,if y bid him keep 8 h& op51 he nev] dreams ( us+ ! flexor muscles4 ,aga91 if ! spectators try to *ange ! position ( ei!r h& or arm1 !y meet ) en]getic resi/ance4 ,y w ask me h[ x 0 t ,j4 did n c>ry out h] act+ all ?r\gh8 ,:y1 aft] %e _h gone = ! revolv] ) su* delib]ation1 %e did n fire x8 ,x 0 because1 ! action be+ s rapid 9 its developm5t1 %e _h no "t = reflection2 %e mu/ h ?\ght & %e actually did believe1 t ! revolv] 0 load$ z x always 04 ,?is is prov$ by ! precaution ) :i* %e h&l$ x & put x on ! floor4 ,x is evid5t t %e ?\ght x 0 a dang]\s game4 ,if ,i _h kn[n h[ ! affair w\ld t]m9ate1 ,i w\ld h tak5 ! pi/ol & told h] t ,i w\ld fire myself1 9 ord] to see :at h] ?\ght & action w\ld h be54 ,b not)/&+ all ?is1 suppos+ %e _h fir$ c\ld we h conclud$ f ?is1 t %e really _h lat5t murd]\s t5d5cies8 ,we c\ld n h drawn any legitimate conclusions ev5 yet4 ,= if1 z we h j /at$1 ,j4 0 n entirely )drawn f h] actual surr\nd+s1 %e might naturally suppose t ,i 0 only jok+1 & t ,i %\ld nev] make h] fire on my own *ild1 & on ?is acc\nt %e ne$ n feel any anxiety 9 fulfill+ ! ord] t ,i _h giv5 h]4 ,! problem is a s]i\s "o4 ,x is also a psy*ological problem4 ,i h already p>tially disclos$ ! solution :i* ,i myself am l$ to give to x1 & ,i c be/ translate my ?\ghts by ^! words & 9 ! foll[+ =mula3 ,p]sons 9 hypnosis w only execute acts simil> to ^? !y w\ld naturally p]=m 9 dreams4 ,i h ask$ a numb] ( p]sons1 among o!rs1 ^? connect$ ) ! law1 :e!r !y _h ev] dreamt !y committ$ murd]s or robb]ies1 & up to ! pres5t "t all h answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,& yet1 lawy]s int]rogate crim9als1 & x w\ld be q )9 ! realm ( possibility ?r\gh "o ( ^? duplications ( p]sonality :i* ,i po9t$ out 9 my "w on 8,sleep & ,dreams10#eh t !y %\ld take up = an in/ant ! rle ( an assass94 ,?is is n an impossible supposition4 ,does x ev] happ5 t ! noveli/ or ! actor1 9 portray+ or imp]sonat+ an infam\s "*1 ! creation ( 8 imag9ation1 does s id5tify himself = ! nonce1 ) 8 own inv5tion1 t ev5 9 sleep1 = a brief space1 he incorporates himself1 s to speak1 into ! fictiti\s p]sonage he has evok$4 ,!re are "s v curi\s inve/igations to make on ?is subject4 ,b ev5 if any positive facts c\ld be ga!r$ f ?is1 we %\ld /ill be left 9 d\bt1 z to :e!r by po/-hypnotic sugge/ion ! subject w\ld cont9ue to c>ry out ! same rle4 ,d\btless1 an anatomi/ may dream t he is dissect+ a body1 b c\ld we produce an hypnotic condition su* z to make him use ! knife z freely ^u a liv+ body8 ,c ,i make a but*] believe t a *ild is a %eep8 ,i consid] ! ?+ to be p]fectly feasible1 yet my !sis is n at all weak5$ by ?is concession4 ,we w take x = grant$ t1 animat$ by evil designs y proce$ to hypnotise be=eh&1 ! anatomi/ & ! but*]1 & !n br+ !m at a giv5 mom5t to ! victim6 ,& let u fur!r imag9e t ! comb9ation succe$s p]fectly4 ,h[ w y manage to veil 9 deepe/ secrecy all y\r previ\s manuvres & ca/ a semblance ( likelihood ov] ! culpability ( y\r accomplices8 ,w n ! old adage1 ,cui bono1 be quot$ aga9/ y8 ,9 ord] to insure p]fect impunity1 y w\ld h to ov]come su* an accumulation ( mat]ial imp$im5ta1 ! lighte/ ( :i* w\ld suffice to dissipate all appreh5sions 9 ! m9ds ( ^? 9 :om *im]ical fe>s h n entirely oblit]at$ _! common s5se4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t 9 s f> z we "k n[1 f exp]im5ts int5d$ to te/ ?is !ory & ^! possibilities ( ,crim9al ,sugge/ion1 no positive results c be obta9$4 ,^! crim9al actions1 s appositely nam$--,laboratory ,crimes--be> no resemblance to actual ones4 ,if ?is debate is ev] to be clos$ x c only be be=e a ,crim9al ,c\rt :5 a ,troppman1 a ,pranz9i1 or an ,eyraud1 %all h be5 ! op]ator1 & x %all h be5 cle>ly %[n1 :at int]e/ ! assass9 _h 9 mak+ use ( a s-call$1 unconsci\s & automatic accomplice4 ,!n only1 %all we be able to appreciate to :at degree hypnotism may become a dang]\s enemy to society at l>ge4 ,& ev5 !n1 we %all h to rem9d ourselves t all our m$ic9es are poisons & t !y h ! p[] ( de/roy+ ev5 m surely1 ?an t ( heal+4 ,?us ! problem is /ill unsolv$4 ,"h is a /ory told me by ,dr4 ,libeault4 ,he1 or p]haps x 0 ,m4 ,b]nheim1 or bo? toge!r1 hypnotis$ a workman & told him to /eal a c\ple ( little pla/] figures1 t 7 us$ z ornam5ts on ! mantel-piece 9 a h\se :]e he 0 work+4 ,he did s4 ,! affair _h be5 =gott5 = "s "t because ! sugge/ion _h n be5 c>ri$ out on ! spot4 ,ab\t ?ree mon?s aft] ! occurr5ce1 ?is same workman 0 arre/$ = /eal+ a pair ( tr\s]s f ! front ( a %op4 ,^u :i* ! previ\s hypnotic sugge/ion 0 rememb]$4 ,my op9ion is t ! workman--& h[ _m !re are ( ! same calibre--_h a v slight reg>d = meum & tuum4 ,?is rem9ds u ( t hospital pati5t1 :om we saw pilf]+ ! tobacco f 8 comrades1 & ,i d n ?9k x 0 at all necess>y to h ?r[n ! workman into ! hypnotic sleep 9 ord] to make him /eal ! /atuettes4 ,b f ano!r po9t ( view1 ?is exp]im5t1 :i* did n prove any?+1 might give rise to p>ty argum5ts f ^? :o deem x desirable to ma9ta9 t x 0 ! initiatory sugge/ion t fir/ gave ?is man ! ta/e = /eal+4 ,to sum up 9 a few words ?is portion ( my inve/igation2 ! result ( my exp]im5ts & ( my analyses is ?is3 t ! exp]im5ts ( my oppon5ts prove no?+4 ,= ! pres5t ,i %all conf9e myself to ?is purely negative conclusion4 ,b !re are o!r gr\nds besides exp]im5ts on :i* we may exam9e ?is "q4 ,we c d s by c>eful obs]vation & m9ute analysis ( ! actions ( hypnotis$ p]sons4 ,i h said be=e t ! degree ( morality obs]vable 9 ! dreams ( ! subject1 gives ! measure ( :at may be expect$ f him dur+ hypnosis4 ,accord+ to my op9ion1 hypnotism is less p[]ful 9 incit+ to actions ( grave moral import1 ?an ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( ^w or example1 ! love ( gold1 or ! excitem5t ( ! passions4 ,all truly sci5tific exp]im5ts h br\ght into prom95ce ! analogy betwe5 physiological & incit$ dreams1 & to-day we may say t ?is is ! doctr9e ( ! future4 ,?us if an hypnotic subject admits )\t opposition t he is made ( sug>1 or ( glass1 t he feels he is melt+ 9 ! ra91 or be+ brok5 to atoms by ! awkw>dness ( ! by/&]s2 if he ?9ks he is a lamp1 or all[s himself to be trundl$ along l a :eelb>r[2 if su* a subject1 ,i repeat1 refuses to /eal a purse1 or to receive an embrace1 ! conclusion =ces itself ^u "o t ! hypnotic subject has m p[] ov] himself ?an "s p]sons w\ld wi% u to believe2 9 spite ( 8 docility1 !re are "s ?+s he absolutely refuses to d4 ,if !n1 reason+ by analogy has ev] be5 legitimate1 x is surely s 9 ?is case1 :5 ! inf]5ce c be drawn t ! man :o refuses to give a bl[ w refuse to use a knife2 & t ! woman :o refuses to give a tok5 ( affection w c]ta9ly refuse to all[ ( s]i\s tamp]+ ) morals4 ,let u !n pay close att5tion to :at obs]vation may tea* u4 ,i %all hope to be able to demon/rate by actual facts1 t p]sons 9 an hypnotic condition1 pres]ve at lea/ a suffici5t portion ( _! intellig5ce1 _! reason1 toge!r ) fre$om ( action1 to prev5t !m f committ+ de$s t nei!r _! consci5ce nor _! habits approve (4 ,j4 ,,delb,,uf4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,a lad ( ab\t #ae1 v bright4 ,has be5 "o ( ,donato's subjects4 ,v susceptible & hav+ be5 hypnotis$ 9 a great _m public sances4 #ef ,see my pamphlet on ,! ,orig9 ( ,curative ,effects 9 ,hypnotism4 #eg ,see ,revue de ,l',hypnotisme4 ,april1 #ahia4 #eh ,sleep & ,dreams1 p4 #bd et seqq4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan74 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce ,i4 ,,france4 ,:51 "s t5 ye>s ago1 ,m4 de ,rob]ty publi%$ 9 ! ,review ( ,positive ,philosophy a s]ies ( articles1 "u ! title ( ! 8,new & ! ,old ,philosophy10 ,i 0 mu* impress$ by ! "w4 ,! conception ( ! ?ree types2 ! ideali/ic1 ! mat]iali/ic1 & ! s5suali/ic1 "u :i* nom5clature he rang$ ! v>i\s philosophic sy/ems1 seem$ to br+ ord] into ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,he also proce$$ to treat1 aft] ! same mann] & 9 a v happy way1 ! 8law ( ! ?ree /ates0 ( ,augu/e ,comte1 by ?is means rectify+ & ju/ify+ ! latt]4 ,! law ( ! ?ree /ates1 wrote ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 corresponds ) ! pres5t /ate ( philosophy1 :i* is aga9 expla9$ by sci5ce1 s t to :atev] measure k may atta9 to1 x w be equall$ by philosophy1 :i* borr[s its types & its *>act]i/ics f ! sequ5ce ( facts1 at ! po9t :]e x leaves ! sph]e ( explanatory hypo!ses4 ,s9ce !n ,m4 ,,de ,,rob]ty has complet$ by a new /udy1 8 fir/ "w on ?is subject4 ,9 ! 8,unkn[n0 he has laid 8 f+] on "o ( ! weak po9ts ( mod]n positivism2 p]haps by d9t ( se>*+ into details1 he has %[n himself a little too sev]e on ,comte 9 ! book ab\t :i* ,i am go+ to speak to-day1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,c5tury 7,la ,philosophie du ,sicle474 ,?is book conta9s a ?\ghtful criticism ( ! ?ree doctr9es t occupy contemporane\s ?\ght2 & :i* are3 criticism1 positivism1 & evolutionism4 ,he consid]s ^! 9 con=mance to 8 crit]ium1 z simply ! v>ieties ( "o s+le species & ! absolutely id5tical manife/ation ( a common fund ( beliefs & hypo!ses held g5]ally by all4 ,accord+ to him critical philosophy d]ives its direct orig9 f idealism4 ,positive philosophy1 f mat]ialism2 & ! philosophy ( evolution f s5sualism4 ,go+ fur!r /ill1 he consid]s critical philosophy z ! legitimate outcome ( s5suali/ic idealism2 & positive philosophy1 simil>ly1 z ! product ( s5suali/ic mat]ialism4 ,s5sualism is ?us ! common ance/or2 ! ?ree sy/ems int]-p5etrat+ ea* o!r4 ,b ! promot]s ( ^! sy/ems mu/ be judg$ ) equity1 put back into _! prop] places1 & rang$ accord+ to _! epo*s4 ,9 my op9ion1 a philosophical doctr9e is valuable1 n s mu* by ! cle> solutions x af=ds u1 z by its me?ods ( proc$ure1 may ,i say1 ev5 by ! color+ x gives to ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,i d n hesitate to recognise 9 ,kant1 ! /rong1 r\gh-h&$ workman ( mod]n philosophy2 9 ,comte1 ! mo/ utilit>ian2 9 ,sp5c] ! subtle/ z well z ! mo/ successful4 ,kant possesses ! greate/ speculative vigor2 ,comte1 ! cle>e/ sci5tific turn ( m9d2 ,sp5c]1 ! ke5e/ conception (1 & insight into1 psy*ological subjects4 ,tak+ ^! philosoph]s z a :ole1 ,sp5c]1 9 spite ( 8 m]its1 appe>s to me ! lea/ orig9al1 ! lea/ rem>kable ( ! ?ree4 ,8 univ]sal metaphysics has feet ( clay4 ,! classification ( ! sci5ces t he wi%$ to sub/itute = t ( ,comte is obscure1 devoid ( g5]al utility2 9 %ort ! influ5ce ( ,comte on succe$+ g5]ations w be m consid]able ?an ,sp5c]'s1 if inde$ !re are any philosoph]s :o w be bold en\gh to av[ !mselves delib]ately z ,comti/s4 ,?is contradiction %\ld n surprise u4 ,x n seldom happ5s t ! influ5ce ( a ma/] cont9ues ev5 :5 8 doctr9es h suff]$ %ipwreck4 ,we notice ?is 9 ! great s*ools ( ?\ght ( ! pres5t day4 ,we may say ) tru?1 t ! critici/s are incl9$ to dialectics2 ! positivi/s1 to me?ods & sy/ems2 ! evolutioni/s to facts4 ,! fir/ excel 9 ! analysis ( ideas1 b !y expose !mselves to be lo/ 9 ab/ractions4 ,! second endeavor to r$uce to a sy/em all sci5tific matt]1 b !y run ! risk ( be+ ei!r rigori/s or becom+ too elem5t>y4 ,! la/ :ile mak+ rapid /rides 9 ! g5esis ( ! subtl] ph5om5a ( life1 incur ! dang] ( accept+ arbitr>y liaisons1 or ( rema9+ 9 an in*oate condition4 ,ea* "o possesses mo/ valuable qualities1 :i* x w\ld be desirable inde$ to meet ) 9 ! same m9d4 ,ea* has r5d]$ s]vices :i* x is b j to recognise & :i* x w\ld be unwise to disreg>d4 ,! ma9 ?+ is always to be able to und]/& "o ano!r ^u ! "q ( :at philosophy means & its relation to sci5ce4 ,:at ,m4 de ,rob]ty c>es mo/ =1 9 all 8 writ+s1 is ! elucidation ( ?is problem4 ,we mu/ conc$e1 t x is "o :i* is wor? /riv+ aft]4 ,& x is surely n ask+ too mu* if we dem& ( e philosoph]1 t he %all "k1 m or less1 :at is meant by philosophis+4 ,philosophy w be1 9 ! future1 v mu* :at x has always be5 9 ! pa/1 a g5]al conception ( ! _w4 ,?is is a fix$ fact = ,m4 de ,rob]ty4 ,is x true t philosophy prec$$ sci5ce1 or1 t on ! contr>y x has always be5 & w cont9ue to be subsidi>y to x8 ,_m are1 we "k1 p>tisans ( ! fir/ op9ion2 x has seem$ to !m t ! sci5ces h sep>at$ little by little f ! hazy & indi/9ct conglom]ate :i* bore ! "n ( !ology1 metaphysics1 9 a ^w1 ( philosophy4 ,m4 de ,rob]ty does n hesitate to adopt ! contr>y op9ion4 ,philosophy1 accord+ to him1 has always sprung f sci5ce1 x has always be5 ! equal ( sci5ce4 ,b ?\gh he proclaims ?is equality z exi/+ betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy1 ?is does n 9 ! lea/ oblige him to recognise any equality 9 _! manife/ations 89 hi/ory40 ,! k ( a giv5 sci5ce1 implies a c]ta9 conception ( ! _w2 ?is is ! supreme law ( philosophical evolution4 ,philosophy is an ab/ract sci5ce ( g5]al int]e/1 hav+ = its end1 ! integration ( ! docum5t>y evid5ce furni%$ by ! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,comte 0 /rongly imbu$ ) ?is tru?4 ,sp5c] made x 8 own1 b he makes a m s]i\s mi/ake ?an 8 pr$ecessor1 :5 he ass]ts t philosophy is able to 8play an active "p0 9 sci5tific discov]y4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 x is nei!r ! antec$5t ( sci5ce1 nor is x ev5 to be call$ an art4 ,mu/ x !n be call$ a sci5ce8 ,or is x to be compreh5d$ 9 sci5ce8 ,nei!r ! "o1 nor ! o!r4 ,he pref]s r to reg>d x z a l9k 78un trait d'union07 betwe5 ^! two diff]5t k9ds ( intellectual activity1 sci5ce & art4 ,! m5tal faculties may1 he tells u1 aim at subjugat+ nature1 ei!r 9 a direct mann]1 ! result ( :i* w be call$ sci5ce2 or 9 an indirect way1 9 :i* case we "n x art2 or !y may h /ill a ?ird int5tion1 tak+ a k9d ( middle c\rse betwe5 ! utility ( sci5ce & ! indirect utility ( art1 :i* :ile actively p>ticipat+ 9 bo?1 facilitates z well ! transition f "o to ! o!r1 f :i* spr+s philosophy4 8,mo/ unmi/akably id5tical10 says he f9ally1 8are ! elem5ts :i* produce a p>ticul> comb9ation1 9 ! "o1 !y are call$ sci5ce1 9 ! o!r philosophy40 ,b we mu/ n conf\nd ! two propositions4 8,if a h\se is to be built ( brick1 does t mean t we are n to di/+ui% betwe5 ! mat]ials requir$ 9 its erection8--t we are to apply to its con/ruction1 ! +r$i5ts & ! proc$ures us$ 9 ! mak+ & fir+ ( bricks8 ,we nev] %\ld build a h\se if we act$ ?us40 ,let u n misund]/& ?is comp>ison6 ,! h\se "h spok5 ( is entirely figurative4 ,! hypo!sis :i* und]lies x is univ]sally accept$1 b its primal condition is always want+--i4 e4 univ]sal k4 ,x w\ld be presumptu\s inde$1 to draw1 to-day1 ! plans & def9e ! /yle ( ar*itecture :i* %all be us$ 9 our future philosophical habitation1 s9ce we d n yet possess ev5 ! mat]ials :]e) to build x4 ,we c only hope to erect su* a tempor>y %elt]1 a =t1 t may be swept away 9 a few h\rs1 :5ev] ! enemy %all h discov]$ an explosive p[]ful en\gh to bl[ x into atoms4 ,i d n c>e v mu*1 ,i confess1 = ! di/9ction spok5 ( 8betwe5 a direct & an indirect utility0 & ! idea ( philosophy =m+ a l9k betwe5 art & sci5ce4 ,?is way ( repres5t+ ! facts ( ! case1 seems to me bo? cumb]some & incomplete4 ,i w n /op "h to discuss x4 ,! ?\ghtful /udy ( ,m4 de ,rob]ty is n compromis$ by su* a small detail1 & ,i w\ld r rememb] ! positive tea*+ :i* is giv5 9 ! v /rik+ book t ,i h j be5 criticis+4 8,philosophy & sci5ce10 writes ! au?or1 8are t]ms :i* def9e two pr9cipal species ( ! va/ g5us designat$ "u ! "o "n1--k40 ,! mo/ m>k$ trait ( ! philosophy ( ! future1 w be ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two species1 z confusion 0 ! pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! philosophy ( ! pa/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "w ( ,m4 de ,rob]ty gave u a me?odic hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,t ( ,m4 ,f4 ,,picavet1 ,! ,ideologi/s--,an ,essay on ! ,sci5tific1 ,philosophic1 ,religi\s1 etc41 ideas & !ories 9 ,france s9ce #aghi1 /ret*es ov] a v va/ area ( descriptive hi/ory4 ,8 book conducts u f ,condorcet to ,de/utt de ,tracy1 & ,cabanis2 f ^! to ,degr&o & ,l>omiguire2 x embraces ?us ne>ly ! :ole ( ! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* x c>ries back to ! sev5te5?1 f !nce foll[+ ! ?read ( its hi/ory1 ?r\gh ! int]v5+ ye>s1 d[n to our own times4 ,! "n 8,ideologi/0 is vague1 z are all ! re/ ( ! battle-cries :i* are us$ by ! lead]s ( p>ties1 or t _! adv]s>ies may make use ( aga9/ !m4 ,ideology1 9 ! s5se us$ by ,de/utt de ,tracy1 signifies1 t philosoph]s mu/ conf9e !mselves to psy*ological rese>*1 m p>ticul>ly to t :i* conc]ns ! orig9 & ! =mation ( ideas1 an imm5se field1 embrac+ philology1 e?nology1 etc4 ,) reg>d to ! wrong s5se :i* ,napoleon atta*$ to ?is ^w1 x 0 ju/ifi$ 9 a c]ta9 measure by ! pret5sions ( ! philosoph]s 9 gov]n+ life1 politics1 & law1 by d\btful hypo!ses1 :i* did n (t5 accord ) practice4 ,x _c be d5i$ t s9ce ! "t ( ,r\sseau1 we pass mu* too easily f !ory to action1 & t we fall back too readily on our imag9ation1 to supplem5t our actual exp]i5ce4 ,we f9d 9 ,m4 ,picavet's book1 new & valuable in=mation ab\t all ! m5 :o h contribut$ to ! intellectual life ( ! ,fr5* nation1 dur+ & s9ce ! "t ( ! ,revolution4 ,we c trace !re ! orig9 ( c]ta9 doctr9es1 :i* h appe>$ to spr+ up sudd5ly be=e our eyes1 & %all (t5 be extremely surpris$ by :at we %all read !re4 ,x is a mo/ valuable & important "w1 %[+ an enorm\s am\nt ( erudition1 f9e critical acum51 & a r>e descriptive tal5t4 ,x is q volum9\s 7m ?an #fjj pp4 #hvo471 & "s might inde$ consid] t x c\ld h be5 m cond5s$4 ,b x is prim>ily a book ( ref]5ce1 9 ^: pages we %all surely n compla9 ( f9d+ a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation1 :5 we ref] to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! book ( ,m4 ,,b]n>d ,p,,rez1 ,le ,c>actre1 de l'enfant l'homme1 7,"*1 f ,*ildhood to ,manhood71 we leave ! doma9 ( philosophy & hi/ory to ent] into t ( psy*ology4 ,m4 ,prez mode/ly disclaims all pret5sion to f\nd+ a sci5ce ( "*4 ,nev]!less1 t :i* he has giv5 u & produc$ "h1 be>s ! /amp ( orig9ality 9 a subject 9 :i* au?ors h hi!rto only repeat$ "o ano!r4 ,8 "w is compos$ ( two p>ts1 ( :i* ! second =ms ! completion (1 or r a comm5t>y on1 ! fir/4 ,we f9d "h1 to />t )1 a classification ( *>act]s1 illu/rat$ by portraits :i* r5d] ! developm5ts m tangible2 secondly1 a /udy on ! common comb9ations ( ! pr9ciple traits ( p]sonality4 ,! classification ( ,m4 ,prez is f\nd$ on movem5ts1 t is to say x is display$ 9 suffici5tly complete gr\ps connect$ ) "s di/9ct mode ( expression1 su* z rapidity1 sl[ness1 & en]gy ( movem5ts4 ,x (f]s ! practical advantage ( sub/itut+ = ! f\r or six temp]am5ts ( ! old s*ools1 :i* are frequ5tly h>d to di/+ui%1 classes m flexible & di/+ui%$ by visible ge/ures :i* betray1 m or less cle>ly1 _! physiological f\ndation4 ,m4 ,prez has provisorily e/abli%$ six ( ^! classes4 ,he di/+ui%es ! vivaci\s1 ! vivaci\s-ard5t1 ! ard5t1 ! sluggi%1 ! sluggi%-ard5t1 & la/ly ! balanc$ type4 ,! la/ category is 9 my judgm5t a sort ( utility-box1 app>5tly design$ to receive specim5s :i* we are at a loss :]e else to put4 ,= "o ( two ?+s is c]ta9ly true1 ei!r ?is balance is an insignificant trait or x is "o t is dom9ant 9 ! p]son1 & x is absolutely necess>y to /ate :i*4 ,_m w und\bt$ly "q ?is doctr9e t ! movem5ts ( a p]son express all 8 "* & t consequ5tly !y are compet5t to reveal x to u4 ,we might ma9ta91 inde$1 t if ! movem5ts supply u ) ! labels ( ea* class1 x is n always to be di/9ctly se5 h[ ! diff]5t traits ( "* & ( intellig5ce 7! au?or does n sep>ate ! two1 & gives 8 reasons = s do+7 subord9ate !mselves to "o ano!r & v>y ) ! motor sign *os5 to express !m4 ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 t rapidity1 en]gy1 or sl[ness ( movem5t1 d n h c]ta9 actual & pr(\nd connections ) our visc]al & c]ebral functions1 & t ! motor sign is easy to be made use (1 al?\gh x does n rea* all ! facts :i* x is employ$ to describe1 & al?\gh ! explanation ( ^! facts /ill rema9s to be s\ght 9 ! physiological sub/ratum4 ,m4 ,prez has secondly attempt$ a sy/ematisation ( "*-traits1 by successively /udy+ ! relations ( gaiety & sadness1 irascibility & g5tl5ess1 c\rage & fe>1 k9dness & malevol5ce1 self-love & w1 ) ! pr9cipal emotional intellectual & volitional traits ( "*4 ,he has p]ceiv$1 in/9ctively z x 71 t ! po9t+ out ( g5]ic1 specific1 & individual m>ks does n possess its entire wor? except on ! condition t we also po9t out ! subord9ation ( ! same1 & he has giv5 ?is factor mu* prom95ce 9 ! la/ *apt]s ( 8 book4 ,?is portion ( ! "w is replete ) subtle obs]vations1 & +5i\s & pr(\nd reflections1 b x is fragm5t>y 9 "*1 a half-way production1 ,i might say1 betwe5 ! disconnect$ lit]ature ( ! morali/ & a reason$ & me?odical description su* z e?ology ought to furni% lat] on1 aft] ! mann]1 if possible1 ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! desid]ata :i* ,i "h briefly ref] to1 are n set =? to dim9i% ! value ( ! "w ( ,m4 ,prez4 ,x w 9 its pres5t =m r5d] great s]vices1 & ,i %\ld n be at all surpris$ if ! t]m9ology :i* he has inv5t$ %\ld pass into ! language ( ! day1 z x is conv5i5t & easily l5ds itself to ! description ( "*-portraits4 ,ev5 read]s :o %all f9d "h mu* to criticise1 w n refuse to accord to x real & solid m]it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! "w ( ,m4 ,prez1 a /udy ( my own naturally ranges itself--,la ,psy*ologie du pe9tre#ei--;conc]n+ :i* ,i ask p]mission to (f] a few rem>ks4 ,i h set myself ! problem1 9 ?is "w1 ( det]m9+ a pr(essional type1 & ,i h *os5 "o ( ^? :i* are c]ta9ly ! mo/ di/9ctly def9$4 ,if o!r au?ors c\ld give u ! psy*ology ( ! musician1 ( ! lawy]1 ( ! physician1 & ( ! geomet]1 su* a task w\ld n be an indiff]5t p]=mance 9 :at conc]ns our k ( "*1 & we %\ld arrive at ! con/ruction ( a natural hi/ory ( society f a diff]5t po9t ( view & by diff]5t me?ods f ^? at ! disposal ( ! noveli/4 ,we %\ld accompli%1 unque/ionably1 ! passage f g5]al & ab/ract psy*ology1 to concrete psy*ology4 ,d pr(essional types really exi/8 & if !y exi/1 :at are !y compos$ (8 ,! "q z ,i view x1 is n b]eft ( int]e/ = ! psy*ologi/4 ,we d1 no d\bt1 f9d among pa9t]s1 vivaci\s1 sluggi%1 & ard5t individuals1 & we may inde$1 9 /udy+ ?is or t p>ticul> pa9t]1 discov] 9 him "s "o or o!r ( ! comb9ations describ$ by ,m4 ,prez4 ,b t does n /& 9 ! way ( ! gr[? & con/itution ( social types1 & individuals may f9d a natural place 9 ! diff]5t categories ( a g5]al classification )\t ceas+ to belong to _! pr(essional category 9 consequ5ce ( a natural self-gr\p+ ( _! intellectual faculties1 & a def9ite t5d5cy ( ! traits ( _! emotional nature4 ,x w\ld be ju/ifiable to say1 at ! same "t simplify+ & enl>g+ a little ! facts1 t orig9ally our visc]a =m our "* b our c]ebral organism =ms our pr(ession2 & if x is true fur!rmore t a c]ta9 physiological /ate br+s ) x a def9ite intellectual mode ( op]ation1 x is none ! less true t ! same culture ( ! m9d & ! long-cont9u$ habits ( a pr(ession are apt to impose ^u "o's p]sonality a def9ite discipl9e & mean equilibrium ( t5d5cies & s5tim5ts2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t x has seem$ to me we are at lib]ty to speak ( a pr(essional type )\t equivocation or viol5ce4 ,^? :o w n accept ?is mann] ( look+ at ?is subject w f9d1 ,i hope1 "s additional int]e/ 9 my "w on ! score ( ! special que/ions :i* are treat$ ( !re3 ! h]$ity ( g5ius1 memory1 ! classification ( ! s5tim5ts 7impli$ r ?an =mulat$71 ! relations ( ! w to ! design consid]$ z writ+1 ! evolution ( art 9 its connection ) visual analysis1 & s =?4 ,!re is "h a suffici5tly abundant supply ( mat]ials capable ( be+ wr\ght up 9 social psy*ology & ! criticism ( art4 ,b x does n become me to be/[ praises on my own "w1 & x w\ld be too easy = me to subject x to criticism4 ,my read]s w f9d 9 x !mselves ! weak portions1 )\t my po9t+ !m out to !m2 & x w\ld be a s\rce ( great pleasure to me to h ! same assurance t !y w discov] 9 x qualities :i* ,i d n p]ceive !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re rema9s /ill to be m5tion$ ,la ,premire p>tie d'une tude sur la ?orie du droit musulman1#fj by ,,savvas ,,pa*a1 "o "t gov]nor & gov]nor g5]al1 "o "t m9i/] ( public works & =eign secret>y ( ,turkey4 ,savvas ,pa*a--a ,*ri/ian ( ,greek desc5t--has held high positions 9 ! ,ottoman ,empire & is e/eem$ z "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 9 ,islamic law :o h ev] liv$4 ,8 book !re=e dem&s ! greate/ consid]ation2 x w n possess less int]e/ = philosoph]s ?an = /atesm5 & juri/s4 ,9 my op9ion1 works ( ?is class %\ld be consult$ by psy*ologi/s z mu* z by sociologi/s2 we are too mu* incl9$ n[adays to neglect c]ta9 social /udies :i* (f] u valuable in=mation respect+ ! g5ius ( races & ! conditions ( _! moral exi/5ce4 ,! "w ( ,savvas ,pa*a w und\bt$ly contribute mu* t[>d ! elucidation ( "s moot$ po9ts ( v fir/ importance2 ,i %\ld l to m5tion--! hi/ory ( creation1 & ! exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( a law :i* rules m ?an a million human be+s & is intimately int]wov5 ) _! political life2 a m exact k ( ! ,semitic g5ius2 an e/imate ( ! relations :i* h exi/$ betwe5 ! juridical metaphysics ( ! ,semitic peoples & t ( ! s*ools ( ,greece1 betwe5 ! ,mohamm$an law & ! ,roman law 9 prov9ces once ,romanis$ b aft]w>ds subject$ to ! empire ( ! ,caliphs4 ,x does n seem at all d\btful t ! ontology ( ,ari/otle 9 p>ticul> has ex]cis$ an influ5ce on ! philosophy ( ! ,arabian jurisconsults4 ,a second truly rem>kable fact1 too1 is n ! new ontology :i* !y h produc$1 b ! use !y h made ( x 9 _! legislative fabrics4 ,x is impossible to ent] into details "h2 ,i limit myself to ! m]e po9t+ out ( ! facts4 ,) respect to ! orig9ality ( ! in/itutions t belong to ! p]iod ( ! fir/ ,abbassids1 ! same has be5 conte/$ by a numb] ( hi/orians4 ,m4 ,r5an1 among o!rs has ma9ta9$ t !y are ! "w ( ! ,iranian g5ius4 ,savvas ,pa*a refutes ?is op9ion 9 a p]emptory mann]1 & we %all no long] be able to d5y1 aft] hav+ read him1 t ! ,mohamm$an civilisation1 ) ! corpus juris :i* /&s = its mo/ p]fect production1 has really proce$$ f ! g5ius ( ! races t bore ! bann] ( ,islam f ! conf9es ( ,*9a to ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,%all ,i add t we may d$uce f ?is "w1 s le>n$ & s sugge/ive1 ! elem5ts ( an in/ructive comp>ison betwe5 two gr& divisions ( human hi/ory ^: evolution seems /ill to be pursu$ on l9es :olly ap>t--t :i* we call ,*ri/ianity & t :i* has sprung f ! tea*+s ( ,mohamm$8 ,i f]v5tly hope t ,savvas ,pa*a w n delay ! publication ( ! o!r works :i* he has promis$4 ,:5 !y appe> he w h furni%$ u ) ! mo/ consid]able "w :i* we possess on ! in/itutions ( a great division ( humanity1 /ill too little kn[n to u4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,all ! works s f> m5tion$ are publi%$ by ,f4 ,alcan4 #fj ,publi%$ by ,m>*al et ,bill>d1 ,p>is4 ,,ii4 ,,g]many4 ,productions ( a lit]>y-hi/orical "* are "u c]ta9 circum/ances also entitl$ to m5tion 9 a philosophical magaz9e1 especially if !y pres5t to u ! intellectual developm5t & physiognomy ( an individual or ( a community 9 a sci5tific mann]1 z is done 9 ! ,essays ( ,,k>l ,,weig& :i* h j be5 publi%$ by ,m]h(f1 ( ,muni*4 ,( ! l>g] essays conta9$ 9 ?is book we w especially m5tion ^? on ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,baudelaire1 & ,ta9e1 to :i* 9 psy*ological respects a high value is to be accord$1 & :i* al?\gh n exactly easy are nev]!less pleasant read+4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t ! ,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,lit]ature by ,,k>l ,,knortz 7,b]l91 #ahia1 ,lu/5d]7 h>dly admits ( consid]ation2 n ev5 ,edg> ,all5 ,poe1 :o 9 ! psy*ological po9t ( view is ( unexceptionally great importance1 is 9 any respect pr(\ndly treat$4 ,! "w is made up ( a s]ies ( well writt5 articles :i* fir/ no d\bt 7 publi%$ 9 newspap]s & magaz9es = ! public at l>ge4 ,we deem x prop]1 h[ev]1 to m5tion ! "w 9 ?is place1 because x conta9s a *apt] on ! philosophical lit]ature ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 :i*1 we mu/ admit1 philosophy does n appe> to ! be/ advantage4 ,! repres5tatives ( philosophy 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! au?or says1 are 9 ! ma9 doctors ( div9ity & securely in/all$ univ]sity pr(essors1 & ?is dep>tm5t ( /udy has !re=e no dang]\s connections2 ! g5tlem5 calmly w5d _! way along ! anci5t & well-trodd5 pa? ( ! apriori/ic philosoph]s & proscribe )\t any ado all mod]n innovations1 ,d>w9ism 9 p>ticul>4 ,z !y h n z yet consign$ ! belief 9 ,god & immortality & ! fre$om ( ! w to ! lumb]-room ( traditional op9ions1 & z !y are z a rule only sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) ! results ( ! exact sci5ces1 despite ! fact t _m assure u ( ! contr>y1 !y accord+ly fancy t !y are easily able to solve ! imag9$ *ief problem ( philosophy1 ! reconciliation ( religion & sci5ce4 ,?is judgm5t may conta9 mu* t is true1 b f ! little t we p]sonally "k ( ?+s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 is to be decid$ly re/rict$4 ,moreov]1 we by no means %>e ! l[ op9ion :i* ! au?or ent]ta9s ( all attempts to reconcile religion & sci5ce4 ,religion is a ph5om5on ( too great antiquity & its influ5ce 9 ! life ( nations is too ?or\ghly e/abli%$ to entitle u1 on ! gr\nd ( sci5ce ) :i* x is /ill involv$ 9 viol5t conflict1 summ>ily to disreg>d x2 & consequ5tly e attempt at reconciliation is wor?y ( ! be/ ef=ts ( ! noble/4 ,x is ( c\rse a "q :e!r we %all ev] arrive at ! po9t :]e we w completely und]/& all religi\s ?+s1 b we c]ta9ly mu/ ) "t arrive at a po9t :]e religion %all no long] conta9 inconsi/5cies1 conta9 no?+1 t is1 ( :i* ! absurdities are pat5t4 ,!re 0 inde$1 9 ,g]many also1 a "t :5 ! belief 0 v widely spread t religion z comp>$ ) sci5ce might be ignor$ completely2 x 0 ! "t :5 ,ludwig ,b*n] & ,k>l ,vogt 7 s mu* read1 :5 ! magaz9e ,g>t5laube c\nt$ its greate/ numb] ( read]s4 ,b ?is "t is long s9ce pa/1 & j z s9ce t "t employm5t ) philosophy1 especially ) e?ics1 has become m compreh5sive1 s also ! int]e/ 9 religio-philosophical que/ions1 :i* aim at a reconcilem5t ( ! two ho/ile p[]s1 has be5 consid]ably augm5t$4 ,aside f ! ,g]man productions :i* h be5 writt5 9 a conciliatory tone1 l ! book1 to give an example1 ( ,moriz ,c>rire on ,*ri/ianity & ! ,mod]n ,_w ,conception1 =eign works ( ?is same class h also be5 mu* read1 p>ticul>ly ,drummond's ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w1 to :i* inde$ 9 our judgm5t no p>ticul> value is attributable1 z x does n help u to any real k b cont5ts itself ) analogies :i* sci5tifically are absolutely wor?less4 ,rec5tly ! little treatise ,ern/e ,g$ank5 ( ! ,saxon (fic] ,,von ,,egidy 7,leipsic1 #ahia1 ,wilh4 ,wig&7 has be5 mu* talk$ ab\t4 ,! re=matory effect ( ?is bro*ure has1 inde$1 hi!rto be5 v slight & w h>dly become m ext5sive 9 ! future1 b ! response t x has met ) 9 ! wide/ circles ( ! ,g]man public1 proves t _m ard5t fri5ds ( religion anxi\sly desire t ! dogmatic %ackles & integum5ts %all be /ripp$ f ! body ( ! ,*ri/ian beliefs1 & t x %all appe>1 9 ! cle>e/ & pure/ light1 t :i* x is1 ! religion ( love4 ,!ological criticism has n tak5 an exactly favorable attitude t[>ds ! little book ( ,lieut4 ,egidy1 & ev5 ! lib]als1 :o pay ! fulle/ cr$it to ! good int5tions ( ! au?or call att5tion to ! fact t ! great] "p ( :at ,egidy advances has be5 said be=e & said bett]1 & t !re is an almo/ absolute lack ( positive proposals to be adopt$4 ,! ,egidy movem5t w ?us probably h1 !y conclude1 no la/+ effects4 ,we _c inde$ absolutely say t ^! critics are wrong1 if we are at all conv]sant ) ! developm5t ( prote/ant !ology4 ,a v in/ructive & opportune "w 9 ?is respect is a book ( ! well-kn[n ,b]l9 pr(essor ,,otto ,,pfleid]]1 :o1 z 8 religio-philosophical treatises evid5ce1 himself belongs to ! reconcil]s ( ,*ri/ianity & ! mod]n _w-conceptions4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhi1 at ! in/igation ( ! editor ( ! ,libr>y ( ,philosophy issu$ by ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e91 ,co4 ( ,london1 he publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% language a "w on ,! ,developm5t ( ,prote/ant ,!ology s9ce ,kant & 9 ,great ,brita9 s9ce #ahbe1 & ?is same "w has n[ j appe>$ 9 ,g]man 7publi%$ by ,mohr ( ,freiburg7 9 a some:at m ext5d$ =m4 ,z its title proclaims1 & z its belong+ to ! ,libr>y ( ,philosophy w\ld signify1 ! "w is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! influ5ce :i* philosophy has ex]cis$ on !ological ?\ght4 ,to make ?is influ5ce pla91 ! au?or pres5ts at ! />t1 9 ! =m ( an introduction1 a concise b extremely lucid exposition ( ! philosophical doctr9es t especially dem& consid]ation 9 ?is direction4 ,( ,g]man philosoph]s1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 & ( ,engli%1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] are treat$ ( at l5g?4 ,9 view ( ! great respect :i* ,hegel /ill enjoys 9 ,am]ica1 x w p]haps int]e/ _m ( ! read]s ( ,! ,moni/ if ,i give "h an utt]ance ( ,pfleid]]1 :i* 9 ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( religion is also des]v+ ( consid]ation1 at lea/ on ! "p ( ^? :o are recognis$ adh]5ts ( evolutionism4 8,no o!r bran* ( inquiry10 says ,pfleid]]1 8owes s mu* to ,hegel z ,hi/ory2 ! arbitr>y con/ruction ( details f ! philosophical concept :i* _h crept 9 by ,hegel & 8 imm$iate foll[]s1 has ( c\rse be5 disc>d$ by exact hi/orical inquir]s1 b !re has rema9$ t pr(\nd] conception ( hi/orical life g5]ally z a developm5t ( ! common m9d ( all ages & nations1 con=mable to law1 dom9at$ by ideas1 & aim+ at necess>y g5]al purposes2 !re has rema9$ t pr(\nd] insight into ! intricate play ( ph5om5a1 into ! k]nel ( ?+s & m51 into ! dom9at+ ideas t lie z guid+ impulses at ! f\ndation ( ev5 ! app>5t di%>mony ( individual passions2 !re has rema9$ t unprepossess$ und]/&+ = ! necessity ( ev5 ! contr>ieties & /ruggles1 = ! errors & passions ( m51 = conflict is ! fa!r ( all ?+s1 z ,hegel says ) ,h]aclitus1 & z x is only ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( p>tial rights & "o-sid$ tru?s t ! :ole tru? ( ! idea c =ce its way into exi/5ce2 !re has rema9$ f9ally t intellig5t respect = ! h]oic figures ( hi/ory 9 :i* ! g5ius ( a p & ( an age h be5 inc>nat$1 :i* z ! in/rum5ts ( a high] p[] h awak5$ ! ?\ght t slumb]$ 9 all s\ls1 giv5 x cle> expression1 & infus$ 9 x life by _! mighty de$s4 ,nei!r a ,leopold ,ranke1 nor a ,?omas ,c>lyle1 nor a ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,bau] w\ld be conceivable )\t ,hegel's philosophy ( hi/ory40 ,pfleid]] expresses himself "h v cauti\sly conc]n+ ,hegel1 & 9 o!r passages 8 caution is ext5d$ fur!r /ill4 ,nev]!less1 x w seem to _m z if t philosoph] has be5 too highly e/imat$ by ,pfleid]]4 ,especially w ! foll[]s ( ,h]b>t be dissatisfi$1 :o 0 involv$ 9 viol5t combat ) ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,x is n ! place "h to ent] m9utely into ?is subject2 b x is to be m5tion$ t ! "n ( ,h]b>t does n occur once 9 ?is l>ge book4 ,p]haps ,pfleid]] is ( ,edw>d ,zell]'s op9ion :o says 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy10 t ! philosophy ( ,h]b>t has prov$ itself unfruitful4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 inde$1 t ! philosophy ( ,hegel has prov$ itself = religi\s doctr9e v fruitful2 b :e!r we %\ld be satisfi$ ) its results is q a diff]5t "q4 ,be t h[ev] z x may2 /ill1 aft] ,s*oel has pres5t$ ,h]b>t's ideas conc]n+ religion 9 a special "w1 s9ce m5 l ,drobis*1 ,?ilo1 & ,/rumpell h fur!r elaborat$ ^! ideas2 s9ce p>ticul>ly ,zill] 9 8 ,e?ics has also pr(\ndly treat$ religi\s problems 9 ! s5se ( ,h]b>t1 x is no long] all[able to omit ! "n ( ,h]b>t :5 we treat ( ! mod]n philosophy ( religion4 ,9 o!r respects also we are n always 9 full accord ) ! au?or4 ,s1 = example1 9 ,hausra?'s ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te1 a "w to :i* we ourselves are v mu* indebt$1 ! p]fection ( ! =m ( ! pres5tm5t is ju/ly prais$1 z is also ! m]it ( hav+ ins]t$ into ! great] sett+ ( univ]sal hi/ory ! developm5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity2 b x is n m5tion$ t ,hausra? has (t5 all[$ himself to be misguid$ into comb9ations ^: flims9ess _c escape ! notice ev5 ( ! lay /ud5t4 ,b ^! are only slight defici5cies ( a "w t is o!rwise excell5t & full ( matt]1 clos+ ) ! words3 8,?is mu* is c]ta91 t ! labors ( ! be/ & wise/ ( all ! !ologians ( our c5tury1 :o h "h be5 pass$ 9 review be=e ! eyes ( ! read]1 h[ev] diff]5t ! pa?s may be :i* individually !y h ent]$ ^u1 h yet be5 all direct$ to ! "o end t ,*ri/ianity %all /rip itself ( its dogmatic cov]+s & fett]s & ev9ce its _w-conqu]+ p[] 9 ! e?ical idealism ( a love t unites u ) ,god & jo9s toge!r ! h&s ( humanity into ! f$]ation ( bro!rhood40 ,if ?is aim 7 univ]sal1 t is if x 7 also recognis$ by ! !ologians1 a n inconsid]able portion ( ! dispute betwe5 religion & sci5ce w\ld be done away )1 & ! sole "q w\ld !n turn on ! contr>iety ( !ological & philosophical e?ics4 ,b ev5 respect+ ?is po9t a settlem5t w\ld be mu* soon] br\ght ab\t1 if ^? conc]n$ w\ld ev9ce ! same _s ( reconciliation z ,,hans ,,gallwitz1 city pa/or ( ,sigm>+51 has rec5tly done 9 8 book ,das ,problem d] ,e?ik 9 d] ,geg5w>t 7,gtt+51 #ahia1 ,v&5hoeck & ,rupre*t74 ,! au?or1 x is true1 deals critically n only ) ! philosophical e?ics ( a ,pauls5 & a ,wundt1 b also ) ! !ological e?ics ( a ,h]mann & a ,kaftan2 /ill ! settlem5t ( ?+s ) ! philosoph]s =ms ! bulk ( ?is r ext5sive "w1 ! cont5ts ( :i* we _c ( c\rse give "h4 ,gallwitz also speaks 9 consid]able detail ( ,kant1 :om he opposes 9 respect ( ! psy*ological que/ions "h involv$1 :olly reject+ any?+ l a transc5d5tal w4 ,if we mu/ agree ) him 9 ?is respect1 we c nev]!less n foll[ him 9 8 assumption ( a special e?ical con/itution ( ! s\l4 ,9 conclusion let me note ! titles ( two works to :i* ,i %all rev]t 9 a subsequ5t lett]4 ,on ,! ,psy*ology 9 ,kant's ,e?ics ,dr4 ,,alfr$ ,,hegl] ( ,tb+5 pres5ts a m]itori\s & comp5di\s treatise ( #cjj pages 7,freiburg1 #ahia1 ,mohr71 & ,pr(essor ,,ho/9sky ( ,prague publi%es an exposition & int]pretation1 bas$ on ! s\rces1 ( ,h]b>t's /hetics1 9 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 e?ics & /hetics 9 ! re/rict$ s5se are :olly sev]$ f psy*ology4 ,,*r4 ,,uf]4 ,,criticisms ,,& ,,discussions4 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/3 ,,sir--,i am glad to he> t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] int5ds to answ] our d\ble-b>rell$ criticism ( 8 article on ! above subject4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld l to say a few words ) reg>d to ! po9t :i* he selects = imm$iate response 7see ,! ,moni/1 ,jan4 #ahib1 p4 #bhf74 ,& my object 9 say+ ^! few words is to remove f 8 m9d ! idea t ) reg>d to ! po9t 9 "q ,i _h ! smalle/ int5tion ( br++ aga9/ him 8a s]i\s *>ge ( want ( accuracy1 unp>donable 9 a s*ol>40 ,on ! contr>y1 z reg>ds ?is po9t ,i 0 simply def5d+ myself f 8 *>ge aga9/ me--to wit1 ! *>ge ( arrogance4 ,9 8 article on 8,?\ght & ,language0 he obs]v$1 8,pr(essor ,romanes has no "r to speak ( m5 l ,noir1 ,huxley1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to say no?+ ( ,hobbes1 ) an air ( sup]iority40 ,9 answ] to ?is *>ge ,i /at$ ! b>e facts ( ! case1--viz4 t 9 my book ,i _h allud$ to ,noir m]ely = ! sake ( /at+ 8 !ory z to ! orig9 ( spee*1 & ( express+ my l>ge measure ( agreem5t !re)2 t ,i _h quot$ ,huxley only 9 places :]e my argum5t ne$$ au?oritative op9ions on matt]s ( comp>ative anatomy2 t ,i _h only once m5tion$ ,hobbes1 & !n 9 ord] to back by 8 au?ority a philosophical doctr9e = :i* ,i 0 cont5d+2 &1 la/ly1 t ,i _h nev] m5tion$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] at all4 ,n[1 if my critic feels t a m]e /atem5t ( ^! facts am\nts to a s]i\s *>ge aga9/ him z a s*ol>1 ,i c only express my regret t he %\ld h impos$ on me ! necessity ( /at+ !m4 ,b :at n[ is 8 reply to ?is simple /atem5t ( facts8 ,briefly1 he drops 8 own 8s]i\s *>ge0 z reg>ds ,noir1 ,huxley1 & ,hobbes1 & takes 8 /& ^u ! case ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 8,x is true10 he says1 8,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "n does n occur 9 ! index4 ,b on p4 #bcj we read3 #8,s "h aga9 we meet ) additional pro(1 7 any requir$1 ( ! folly ( reg>d+ ! copula z an ess5tial +r$i5t ( a proposition4' ,n[ x is well kn[n t x is ,h]b]t ,sp5c] :o reg>ds ! copula z an ess5tial +r$i5t ( a proposition40 ,z if x 7 "o man alone :o takes ?is view1 & t man ,h]b]t ,sp5c]6 ,or z if ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s "n 7 s specially id5tifi$ ) x1 t 9 call+ x a philosophically fooli% view ,i expect$ my read]s to und]/& a disrespectful allusion to him6 ,surely my critic kn[s z well z ,i d t ?is "q t\*+ ! function ( ! copula is "o :i* has be5 debat$ = c5turies2 & !re=e t ) mu* m %[ ( reason he might accuse me ( mak+ an attack on ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! gr\nd t ,i _h express$ a decid$ op9ion 9 favor ( free trade4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,s f> is x f be+ 8well kn[n t x is ,h]b]t ,sp5c] :o reg>ds ! copula z an ess5tial +r$i5t ( a proposition10 t ,i am "u ! necessity ( ask+ ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] = ref]5ces 9 pro( ( su* a /atem5t4 ,*apt]s ,x & ,,xi ( ! 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology0 7,vol4 ,,ii7 are ^? :i*1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 mo/ ne>ly approa* ! subject4 ,yet ! ^w 8copula0 does n once occur 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 ) all t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has !re said ^u ! nature & /ructure ( propositions ,i am1 & always h be51 9 full agreem5t4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes4 ,ox=d1 ,feb4 #ab4 ,a ,,def5se ,,( ,,littr4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/4 ,if all ! read]s ( ,! ,moni/ = ,octob] 7 acqua9t$ ) ! life & writ+s ( ,littr ,i %\ld n h to def5d him aga9/ y\r criticism1 z ev]yone c\ld see t !re is m tru? ?an poetry 9 my sonnet4 ,b ,i fe> t 8! voice1 ! _s1 & ! s\l ( ,positivism0 is n s well kn[n z he des]ves to be1 & ,i v5ture to ask = space to reply4 ,proce$+ 9 ord]1 ,i %\ld l to correct ! impression left by ! foll[+ passage3 8,comte _h n nom9at$ a successor :o %\ld 9 8 place be ! ,directeur du positivisme4 ,littr _h =feit$ ?is honor on acc\nt ( 8 qu>rels ) ,comte 9 :i* he /rongly sid$ ) ,madame ,comte aga9/ h] husb&40 ,! misund]/&+ betwe5 ! two m5 _h a m s]i\s orig9 ?an ^! family squabbles & arose f ! fact t ,littr w\ld n foll[ ,comte ?r\gh ! my/ic vag>ies ( ! ,politique ,positive4 ,he admits t be+ "u 8 intellectual asc5d5cy he w5t too f> on ! new way1 b he soon f\nd t ! ma/] 0 violat+ 8 own me?od &1 hav+ to *oose betwe5 !m1 he held to ! me?od4 ,littr's refusal to jo9 ,comte 9 8 adhesion to ! rgime ( ! c\p d'tat ( #ahea 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! rupture4 ,8 8excessive tol]ance0 did n ext5d to ! ,bonap>tes1 :om he dete/$ cordially4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! man t he cont9u$ 8 ye>ly subscription to ! fund t he _h creat$ = 8 fri5d's support not)/&+ ?is break 9 _! relations4 ,z to 8 tol]ance1 ,i ?9k ) y t he c>ri$ x a little too f> 9 8 own family4 ,great] firmness might h sp>$ u ! vision ( prie/s b$evil+ him 9 8 agony & dragg+ 8 body 9 triumph to holy gr\nd4 ,b ! case t y take z an example does n seem to me conclusive4 ,x 0 n necess>y to possess 8 k ( hi/ory 9 ord] to appreciate ! difficulties att5dant ^u int]f]5ce ) 8 ca?olic wife 9 ! education ( _! daught]1 & z success 0 impossible he wisely limit$ 8 endeavor to fields unob/ruct$ by ! 8et]nal fem99e40 ,s]i\sly1 we admit t ,littr 0 tol]ant to excess1 b n t ! attitude ( 8 philosophy is1 z y say1 8m]e scepticism lead+ to indiff]5tism40 ,9 ! words ( ,m4 ,wyr\b(f1 :o aid$ him = _m ye>s 9 edit+ ! magaz9e call$ ,la ,philosophie ,positive1 8m51 no matt] h[ sup]ior !y may be1 are nev] ab/ract =mulas int]pret+ ) equal facility all ! p>ts ( a m5tal conception2 !y always repres5t a mixture ( /r5g? & weakness 9 v>iable proportions4444 ,x seem$ z if intellectual activity _h absorb$ all ! liv+ =ces ( 8 7,littr's7 be+1 leav+ 9 ! place ( physical activity only ! faculty ( passive resi/ance to ! w ( o!rs40 ,?is ref]s to ! man 9 8 old age b 9 y\? he 0 an a?lete ( rem>kable /r5g?4 ,r5an said ( him3 8,:ile 8 temp]am5t 0 calm 8 m9d 0 revolution>y1 & !re=e he nev] gave way4 ,9 ,july #ahcj1 he 0 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ^? :o broke into ! place du ,c>r\sel & ,george ,f>cy 0 %ot ?r\gh by 8 side40 ,i am tempt$ to quote a little m f ?is ma/] ( words4 8,s great 0 8 love ( tru? t1 p]haps alone 9 our c5tury1 he c\ld retract )\t less5+ himself4 ,tru? l$ him l a *ild4444 ,x is n well to be too p]fect4444 ,8 app>5t negations 7 only ! extreme res]ve ( a m9d t dreads haz>d\s appreciations4 ,he 0 s mu* afraid ( go+ beyond :at he saw cle>ly t he (t5 /opp$ %ort ( x4 ,hesitation t implies a ?\s& times m delicate wor%ip ( ! et]nal ideal ?an ! ra% solutions t satisfy sup]ficial m9ds40 ,ev5 9 old age !re 7 no signs ( 8indiff]5tism0 9 8 conduct4 ,9 ! words ( ,pa/eur1 8,at ! ,mesnil he 0 consult+ physician = ! :ole village 7always gratuit\sly74 ,cont9u+ 8 labors till ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ! light ( 8 lamp %one af> dur+ ! night l a beacon t reassur$ ! sick4 ,x 0 kn[n t at ! fir/ call1 ,m4 ,littr w\ld leave 8 "w & g :]ev] 8 aid 0 ne$$40 ,^! are ! words ( m5 t knew him1 b my fir/-h& op9ion ( him 0 =m$ solely f 8 writ+s & 8 public acts z s5ator1 etc42 fancy su* a man 9 our s5ate6 ,! note 9 :i* y say t ,i att5d$ positivi/ic lectures 7,comte's87 9 ,france toge!r ) ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison is a flatt]+ ana*ronism4 ,littr's fa!r receiv$ a sword ( honor :ile 9 ! navy = beat+ (f an ,engli% %ip ( sup]ior =ce1 & ! son's philosophy prompts n only to action b to action1 if necess>y1 9 ! good old fa%ion$ positive way4 ,my second objection ref]s to ! l9e :]e y say t y\r positivism 8has no?+ to d ) ,comte or ) any ( ,comte's disciples10 &1 leav+ ,comte aside1 ,i hope to %[ t y & ,littr are mu* bett] fri5ds ?an y imag9e4 ,a view not$ by him on p4 #bg1 ,vol4 #a1 ( 8 magaz9e1 ,la ,philosophie ,positive1 ought to assure ?is happy result4 ,9 ! preface ( y\r valuable "w entitl$ 8,fundam5tal ,problems0 y draw p>ticul> att5tion to ! "p t treats ( 8,=m & ,=mal ,?\ght10 :i*1 y say1 discusses a subject ( fundam5tal importance4 8,a correct conception ( =m & ! laws ( =m w cle> away _m my/]ies2 x w af=d a satisfactory explanation ( causality & %$ a new light on all ! o!r problems ( philosophy40 ,! "p ref]r$ to beg9s ?us3 8,9 ! introduction to 8 #8,critique ( ,pure ,reason1' ,immanuel ,kant proposes ! "q3 ,h[ are syn!tical ,judgm5ts a priori possible8 on ! solution ( ?is problem ! :ole /ructure ( 8 philosophy re/s1 :i* he *>act]ises z ,transc5d5tal ,idealism40 78,a priori1 z us$ 9 ! limit$ s5se by ,kant1 is purely =mal k1 :ile a po/]iori is id5tical ) exp]i5ce407 ,fur!r on ,i read1 8,our own views grew out ( a /udy ( ,kant's ,transc5d5talism02 & ! fir/ words ( y\r 8,conclusion0 are ^!3 8,al?\gh ,kant's ,transc5d5tal ,idealism _c be consid]$ z a f9al solution ( ! basic problem ( philosophy1 x nev]!less pursues ! "r me?od & has ?us actually l$ u to a solution :i*1 we hope1 w 9 "t be recognis$ z f9al40 ,9 look+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two solutions to f9d ! "p 9 y\rs t belongs to y alone1 ,i see on p4 #ej ( 8,fundam5tal ,problems0 t 8,kant ?9ks x is a /range & wond]ful fact t our =mal ?\ght 7! rules ( ari?metic1 ma!matics1 logic1 etc41 :i* are a priori7 agrees s precisely ) ! highe/ 7i4 e4 ! mo/ g5]al7 laws ( nature1 :i* c be asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,kant sees only two ways ( solution4 ,ei!r ! laws ( pure reason1 he says1 h be5 ga!r$ by exp]i5ce f nature1 or1 on ! contr>y1 ! laws ( nature h be5 d$uc$ f our a priori rules4 ,! =m] solution is impossible1 s9ce ! =mal sci5ces are prov5 to h be5 =mulat$ ) ! exclusion ( all s5sory exp]i5ce4 #8,!re=e1' says ,kant1 #8! second solution only rema9s4 ,reason dictates its laws to nature'2 i4 e4 444 ! s5sory impressions are ! raw mat]ial only f :i* ! well-ord]$ :ole ( nature1 z an object ( sci5ce1 is creat$ by ! syn!tic faculty ( reason4444 ,kant has tak5 into consid]ation two ways only4 ,he ov]looks ! ?ird & mo/ obvi\s explanation4444 ,! ?ird possibility is t :i* has be5 prop\nd$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,accord+ to our explanation1 ! =mal 7! highe/ or mo/ g5]al7 laws ( nature & ! =mal laws ( ?\ght are id5tical4 ,_! agreem5t is n wond]ful b inevitable z bo? are expressions ( ! =ms ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al40 ,?is !n is y\r 8solution ( ! basic problem ( philosophy40 ,turn+ back to page #cd1 ,i f9d "u ! title 8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,a ,priori03 8,kant answ]s ! "q #8,h[ are syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible8' by %[+ t su* syn!tic judgm5ts und\bt$ly exi/40 8,he might h v5tur$ a /ep fur!r by propos+ ano!r "q3 #8,:at is ! orig9 ( ! a priori8' ,only by answ]+ ?is "q c\ld he h %[n h[ syn!tic judgm5ts a priori are possible4 ,?is he did n d1 & ! omission has produc$ great confusion among ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% ?9k]s40 ,on ! next page1 #cf1 ,i f9d 8,accord+ to our view1 =m is a prop]ty ( reality z well z ( our cognition4 ,=mless matt] does n exi/4 ,=m & matt] z !y exi/ 9 reality1 are insep>able4444 ,k also 9 its primitive %ape1 :5 x is1 s to say1 natural & crude1 is an intimate comb9ation ( s5se-p]ceptions & =mal cognition4 ,! s5se-p]ceptions are ! real sub/ance ( k1 :ile =mal cognition is ! pr9ciple :i* arranges & sy/ematises s5se-exp]i5ces40 444 8,logic does n create ord] & sy/em 9 our bra91 b x makes u consci\s ( ! ord] t naturally grew 9 our m9d40 ,9 ! division entitl$ 8,! ,ord] ( ,nature0 y say t 8,=mal ?\ght repres5ts ! m]e laws ( ?\ght 9 _! ab/ractness1 & has be5 acquir$ by ab/raction4 ,! m]e =ms ( ?\ght exhibit a wond]ful regul>ity4444 ,?is regul>ity ( =mal ?\ght1 :i* is express$ 9 all logical laws1 ari?metical calculations1 & 9 all ma!matical conceptions1 has naturally gr[n 9 our m9d z ! psy*ical expression ( a physical regul>ity 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s bra9-/ructures & _! comb9ations4 ,! arrangem5t ( bra9-/ructures 9 c]ta9 regul> =ms has be5 effect$ 9 accordance ) ! same laws t gov]n ! developm5t ( =ms g5]ally40 ,?is answ] to ! "q1 8,:at is ! orig9 ( ! a priori0 is :at y call ! corn]-/one ( y\r positivism1 :i*1 y say1 8x is to be hop$1 w prove ! only true ,monism40 ,n[ ,i give my translation ( ,littr's view1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahfg1 9 an article entitl$ 8,! ,?ree ,philosophies40 8,! effective c]ta9ty t ! ma!matical laws ( numb]1 ( figure & ( motion are at ! base ( physical ph5om5a1 & ! inductive belief t !y are equally at ! base ( *emical & ( biological ph5om5a induce me to note "h a view ^u ! relation t mu/ be f\nd betwe5 subjective ph5om5a & objective ph5om5a1 t is to say ^u ! relation t causes ! subject to draw f ! object a sci5ce & laws4 ,! n]v\s sub/ance1 :i* is ! organ ( all intellig5ce1 is made up ( mat]ial elem5ts :i* arrive ) _! conditions2 & :5 ?is sub/ance becomes capable ( ?9k+1 x passes "u ! conditions prop] to ! elem5ts t =m x2 :i* results 9 7se traduit p>7 a sci5ce & its laws4 ,! mat]ial "w t takes place 9 ! bra9 :ile x fulfils its (fice1 is1 z is kn[n1 a "w ( nutrition1 :i* consi/s ( a *emical ex*ange ( molecules4 ,e *emical action is1 9 turn1 equival5t to a c]ta9 quantity ( heat2 & aga91 ?is heat is equival5t to a c]ta9 quantity ( motion4 ,?us ?\ght1 no matt] h[ we repres5t to ourselves ! relation to n]v\s sub/ance1 is connect$ ) ma!matical modes ( :i* x becomes consci\s :5 x becomes lum9\s4 ,n t ,i w\ld 9 any way h x und]/ood t ?\ght is b an equival5t ( heat or ( motion4 ,f> f t1 equival5ce is n id5tity2 & :5ev] we *ange f "o degree to ano!r 9 ! natural & sci5tific ord] we meet a new unkn[n :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is degree4 ,! induction t leads u to connect ?\ght ) ma!matical conditions1 leads u also to connect x ) physical1 *emical1 & biological conditions1 ( :i* x is necess>ily p>ticipant4 ,f9ally1 :51 at ! highe/ po9t1 x arrives face to face ) itself1 x /udies itself exp]im5tally l ! re/1 & =ms its own doctr9e4 ,if x attempts to g out metaphysically into space1 x is r$uc$ to comb9+ subjectively its own elem5ts1 turns 9 a circle )\t issue & falls back ^u itself4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x makes ! same attempt t[>ds nature f :i* x emanates1 !n ! ways op51 sci5ce is e/abli%$1 & positive philosophy appe>s4 ,! mat]ial con/itution ( ! n]v\s sub/ance is ! po9t ( junction betwe5 ! human m9d & laws or g5]al facts4 ,if ,i _h be5 y\ng]1 ,i %\ld h made a "w ( ?is view1 n a p>agraph2 b old age mu/ ha/540 ,i h translat$ m ?an 0 necess>y s z to give ! 8view0 z a :ole4 ,does x n conta9 ! answ] to y\r "q1 8,:at is ! orig9 ( ! a priori08 ,?\gh ,littr solv$ y\r 8basic problem ( philosophy0 he did n atta* s mu* importance to ?is solution z y d because 8 philosophy is bas$ ^u a g5]alisation f all facts & n ^u any "o fact1 h[ev] important x may be4 8,positive ,philosophy is ! conception ( ! _w t results f ! sy/ematis$ ensemble ( ! positive sci5ces0 & does n dep5d ^u ! solution ( any psy*ological problem1 al?\gh x recognises ! importance ( all psy*ological facts4 ,y\r orig9ality lies 9 y\r application ( ,littr's discov]y4 ,! read] has 8 *oice betwe5 ,littr's positivism & y\r neo-,kantism1 b if he side ) y he mu/ at lea/ ?ank ,littr = ! solution on :i* y\r philosophy is bas$4 ,y say t 8,comtean ,positivism1 especially z x is repres5t$ by ,littr1 consi/s ma9ly if n exclusively ( ! doctr9e to #8let metaphysics alone4'0 ,is ?is fair to ! man t solv$ y\r 8basic problem ( philosophy0 9 a p>agraph8 ,positivism z repres5t$ by ,littr gives due importance to ! subjective elem5t4 ,he recognis$ t ?ree ess5tials 7 necess>y to ! completion ( ,comte's philosophy3 a political economy1 a c]ebral !ory1 & :at1 = want ( a bett] "n he t]m$ ! subjective !ory ( humanity4 ,?is la/ compris$ e?ics1 /hetics1 & psy*ology4 ,speak+ ( a confusion t obscures ! :ole discussion relative to psy*ology1 he says3 8,c]ebral !ory1 m5tal or psy*ological !ory are tak5 9 two v diff]5t s5ses1 :i* are nev] di/+ui%$4 ,^! t]ms signify sometimes ! organic conditions "u :i* intellig5ce manife/s itself1 sometimes ! =mal conditions "u :i* ! intellect op]ates4 ,z soon z ^! two significations are sep>at$ we p]ceive ! means ( settl+ ! debate z to ! place ( psy*ology2 = to ! "q3 ,:]e %\ld ^! two ord]s be /udi$8 x w be answ]$ t ! fir/ %\ld be /udi$ 9 anatomy1 physiology1 zology1 ! evolution ( ages1 pa?ology1 x belongs !re=e )\t conte/ to biology2 b x w be answ]$ t ! second %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! total developm5t ( hi/ory & 9 ! application to all ! modes ( cognition2 x belongs inconte/ably to philosophy4 ,?us !re are two psy*ologies1 "o biological1 ! o!r philosophical1 "o relat+ to ! individual man1 ! o!r to ! collective man1 "o furni%+ :at is necess>y 9 ord] to pass f biology to sociology1 ! o!r exam9+ ! subjective in/rum5t by ! light ( all positive k4 ,b ?is complem5t ( philosophy ,i d n call psy*ology1 ,i call x ! subject-!ory ( humanity2 because :ile includ+ psy*ology1 x includes mu* m40 ,t is to say2 e?ics & /hetics4444 8,9 ! ord] ( ! positive me?od x is at fir/ by means ( ! object t human k is built up1 & we end ) ! subject40 8,! !ory ( ! subject is ! indisp5sable complem5t ( ! !ory ( ! object40 ,( positive philosophy ,littr says3 8,:ile x con/ructs ! s]ies ( ! p>tial philosophies & ?us embraces all objective k1 x con/ructs at ! same "t ! s]ies ( effective me?ods & ?us embraces all logical p[]4 ,i borr[ ?is expression f ,m4 ,comte1 :o s happily nam$ ^! effective me?ods ! logical p[]s ( ! human m9d4 ,:5 x has t]m9at$ its fir/ s]ies x is f\nd to h also t]m9at$ ! second4 ,?us ! ensemble ( ! me?ods repres5ts ! function ( ! subject2 ! ensemble ( ! p>tial philosophies1 ! function ( ! object40 ,is ?is :at y call a 8"o-sid$ philosophy08 ,y say t ,littr is ! wor/ k9d ( a metaphysician because he ma9ta9s t we c "k no?+ ab\t fir/ & f9al causes2 ,i quote him to %[ 8 position3 8,positive philosophy is at ! same "t a sy/em t comprises all t is kn[n ( ! _w1 ( man & ( society1 & a g5]al me?od includ+ all ! ways by :i* ?+s h be5 le>n$4 ,:at is beyond1 ei!r1 mat]ially1 ! dep?s 7fond7 ( b\ndless space1 or1 intellectually1 ! endless en*a9m5t ( causes1 is absolutely inaccessible to ! human m9d4 ,b inaccessible does n mean null or non-exi/5t4 ,imm5sity1 bo? mat]ial & intellectual1 holds by a n>r[ tie to :at we "k & becomes by ?is alliance a positive idea ( ! same ord]2 ,i mean to say t by t\*+ & bord]+ x1 ?is imm5sity appe>s 9 its d\ble "*1 reality & inaccessibility4 ,x is an ocean t wa%es our %ore1 & = :i* we h nei!r b>k nor sail1 b ^: cle> vision is z salut>y z x is =midable40 ,aug4 ,comte et la ,phil4 ,pos41 #b;d ,ed41 p4 #eai4 ,z ,littr _h f\nd ?is %ore encumb]$ ) ! wrecks ( exp$itions t _h />t$ out 9 se>* ( fir/ causes & f9al causes1 x is no wond] t he 0 a little timid4 ,8 metaphor ne$s explanation 9 ! light ( o!r passages1 o!rwise x might seem to disc\rage pursuit ( ! unkn[n4 ,he did n disc\nt5ance hypo!ses b he 0 v mu* afraid ( our incl9ation to take guesses = tru?2 & ?is1 by ! way1 is ! reason :y he is n appreciat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e we are s fond ( guess+4 ,:at he really did 0 to disc\rage ^? navigators :o w\ld g 9 se>* ( ! ,jump+-(f-place1 = ! be/ t c befall !m is to come back to :]e !y />t$4 ,! m5 t "k ! e>? is r\nd are ! only m5 t f9d new worlds4 ,9 answ] to y\r /atem5t t ,littr's philosophy 8is an inv5tory r ?an a plan to guide sci5ce 9 its fur!r evolution0 ,i w only repeat 9 8 words1 :at he has %[n s well1 t 8positive philosophy is ! ensemble ( human k1 dispos$ accord+ to a c]ta9 ord] :i* enables u to grasp its connections & its unity1 & to draw f x ! g5]al directions = ea* "p & = ! :ole40 ,y say t 8,littr rejects ! evolution !ory & its attempts to expla9 e?ics40 ,i quote him f ,la ,philosophie ,positive1 ,m>*1 #ahhj3 8,positive philosophy does n d5y ! evolution ( e?ics2 f> f do+ s1 x ma9ta9$ & inculcat$ ?is evolution long be=e ! utilit>ian doctr9e made x its e?ical pivot404444 8,g5]al morality1 born ( ! gradual culture ( ! s5tim5tal basis ( ! human s\l "u ! social protection ( progressive c5tres1 is entirely dis9t]e/$1 & ?is is :at makes its purity & its =ce40 ,9 y\r philosophy y h a god & a religion1 9 8 we h ! same ?+s1 b z !y are s diff]5t f :at is g5]ally und]/ood by ^! t]ms1 we use o!rs4 ,"h are "s ( ! ,p>oles de ,philosophie ,positive3 8,9 ! eyes ( hi/ory1 !re are no false religions1 !re are only incomplete religions :i* make _! way ?r\gh "t & p]fect !mselves4444 ,! def9ition ( religion is tak5 f its (fice1 :i* is3 to put education1 & consequ5tly moral life1 en rapport ) ! conception ( ! _w at ea* phase ( humanity4 ,:oev] exam9es ?is def9ition w f9d t x satisfies all ! conditions ( religion1 ei!r 9 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 or ! future4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t !ology is n inh]5t 9 ! religi\s idea4 ,x 0 n always !re 9 ! pa/2 = we _c give ! "n ( !ology to primordial feti*ism1 :i* address$ its wor%ip to neighbor+ objects1 nor to ! religions t adore natural ag5ts1 su* z air1 w9d1 night1 dawn2 x is ) poly!ism t !ology beg9s4 ,z = ! future1 g5]al sci5ce1 conceiv+ ! _w diff]5tly f ! way 9 :i* x 0 conceiv$ dur+ ! reigns ( ! successive religions1 takes an (fice equival5t to ! religi\s (fice1 & mu/ 9 its turn place education & moral life 9 accord ) ! univ]se z x appe>s to u404444 8,we d n outrage ! old doctr9e1 ^: pa/ is glori\s & v5]able2 b !re is a public = :i* x is a dead lett]2 & x is to ?is public t we address ourselves & = ?is public t we labor40 ,is ?is n aspiration to be 9 unison ) 8! ord] ( ! _w10 :i* y call ,god8 ,& :5 ,littr traces ?is aspiration back to its organic orig9 is he n expla9+ :at y affirm8 ,our philosophies are n p]fect1 b we mu/ apply !m1 su* z !y are1 to ! ne$s ( ! day4 ,! mo/ press+ ( all ^! ne$s1 9 my op9ion1 is unity ( action among ^? :o are animat$ ) ! new _s4 ,let u pull toge!r4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,,l\is ,,belrose1 ,,jr4 ,,mile ,,littr',s ,,positivism4 ,an editor _c make x a rule to accept criticisms ( consid]able l5g? :i* h ref]5ce to a rem>k incid5tally made 9 a book review4 ,! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 al?\gh x belongs 9 ?is category1 is ( a peculi> nature4 ,fir/1 ! rem>k on ,littr 0 made by ! editor himself1 & accord+ly he feels p]sonally responsible = x2 secondly1 x conta9s a brief del9eation ( ,littr's "* z a man & z a philosoph] 9 ! way 9 :i* he is usually reg>d$ by ! mo/ prom95t hi/orians ( philosophy4 ,mr4 ,belrose pres5ts ,littr 9 q a new light & quotes passages 9 corroboration ( 8 conception ( ,littr :i* are p]haps n g5]ally kn[n1 = !y are buri$ 9 articles ( ! positivi/ic j\rnal ,la ,philosophie ,positive1 & ?is j\rnal enjoy$ nei!r a long life nor a l>ge circulation2 nor is x to be _h 9 any ( ! libr>ies accessible to me4 ,sev5te5 editorial articles 7 republi%$ 9 book=m1 7,la ,sci5ce4 ,au po9t de vue philosophique1 p> 4 ,,littr4 ,p>is1 #ahgc71 b ! article 8,! ,?ree ,philosophies0 is n among !m4 ,if ,mr4 ,belrose's conception ( ,littr proves to be true1 ,i %all n only gladly correct my own wrong view ( ,littr1 b ,i wi% also to call att5tion to ! fact t he has be5 misrepres5t$ by almo/ all & c]ta9ly by ! be/ & mo/ pa9/ak+ philosophical hi/orians4 ,i _c h[ev] 9 ! ma9 po9ts acc$e to ,mr4 ,belrose's view & w h to su/a9 my =m] op9ion t ,m4 ,littr 0 an agno/ic4 ,he made x a matt] ( pr9ciple to susp5d 8 op9ion on "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal philosophical problems1 :i* he consid]$ z inaccessible4 ,8 positivism1 accord+ly1 diff]s toto clo f ! positivism pres5t$ 9 ,! ,moni/4 ,8 philosophy1 l t ( ,comte1 is s f> z ,i und]/& x1 a policy ( let-metaphysics-alone4 ,x gives up ! /ruggle ) metaphysics z a hopeless und]tak+4 ,!re=e1 ,i %\ld say1 ,littr's positivism has n conqu]$ metaphysics1 & al?\gh x lets metaphysics alone1 metaphysics plays an important "p 9 x4 ,littr is an agno/ic & l e agno/ic t believes 9 ! unkn[able1 a metaphysician )\t kn[+ x4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ?ree /ages ( k1 viz41 ! !ological1 metaphysical1 & positive /ages1 appe>s to me ( less importance4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ?ree /ages is at ! same "t n prop]ly a ,comtean idea2 ,comte adopt$ x f ,turgot1 ! great /atesman & "o ( ! greate/ m5 z a ?9k] & also z a "* t ev] liv$ & :o is too little appreciat$ z su*4 ,! ma9 doctr9e ( ,comte's positivism is ! doctr9e t fir/ & f9al causes _c be kn[n1 & we mu/ ab&on our se>* = !m2 t human k is limit$ to ! middle1 :ile ! two ends are inaccessible4 ,^! insoluble que/ions1 he decl>es1 h made no progress f ! beg9n+4 ,mr4 ,lewes 9 8 book 8,comte's ,philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces0 expresses ?is agno/icism 9 ! foll[+ words 7p4 #ca73 8,our prov9ce is to /udy h] nature's laws1 to trace h] processes1 &1 ?ankful t we c s f> p5etrate ! div9e significance ( ! univ]se1 be cont5t--z ,locke wisely & mode/ly says--to sit d[n 9 quiet ignorance ( all transc5d5t#fa subjects40 ,?is idea has s f> z ,i am aw>e nev] be5 giv5 up by ,littr2 x rema9$ ! basis ( 8 belief 9 ! unkn[able & 8 works ab\nd 9 expressions t conc]n+ ! ma9 problems ( life1 8! positive philosophy w nei!r ass]t nor d5y any?+40 ,littr concludes ! la/ article ( 8 volume 8,la ,sci5ce0 ) ! foll[+ words3 8,le doma9e ultrieur e/ celui des *oses qui ne peuv5t pas tre connues4 ,la sci5ce positive pr(esse de n'y ri5 ni]1 de n'y ri5 affirm]2 en un mot1 elle ne connat pas l'inconnaissable1 mais elle en con/ate l'exi/5ce4 ,l e/ la philosophie suprme2 all] plus lo9 e/ *imrique1 all] mo9 lo9 e/ ds]t] notre de/9e40 ,?is quotation alone1 ,i ?9k1 settles ! fir/ ma9 po9t at issue4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t ,comte's view ( causation :]e he ref]s to fir/ & f9al causes is fundam5tally wrong2 causation is trans=mation & causality is ! =mula "u :i* we compreh5d ! *anges ( matt] & en]gy t take place4 ,! expressions fir/ & f9al causes are misnom]s 7see 8,fundam5tal ,problems10 ! *apt] ,! ,problem ( ,causality74 ,fir/ cause is ei!r ! />t+ po9t ( a s]ies ( "s long] *a9 ( causes & effects1 or z ! t]m is g5]ally appli$ or r misappli$1 /&s = ! la/ gr\nd or reason1 i4 e4 ! answ] giv5 to ! ultimate "q :y81 :i* is ! mo/ g5]al raison d'tre t w\ld expla9 & conta9 all ! o!r & less g5]al raisons d'tre reg>d+ ! nature ( exi/5ce4 ,! t]m f9al cause1 aga91 means ei!r ! la/ cause 9 a s]ies ( causes or 7& s x is g5]ally us$7 x is a misnom] = purpose2 & ! f9al cause suppos$ to be inaccessible to human compreh5sion is ! purpose ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,i object to !re be+ ?ree k9ds ( causes4 ,!re is "o k9d ( causality only1 & ! causes ( ?is causality 9 all ! causal processes ) :i* we are confront$ are p]fectly intelligible4 ,! problem ( ! fir/ cause ( ! orig9 ( our _w1 viz4 ! sol> sy/em & ! milky way1 0 attack$ fir/ by ,kant & lat] by ,laplace1 & ! latt]1 )\t kn[+ ( ,kant's solution1 solv$ x 9 ! ma9 9 ! same way4 ,all rec5t inve/igations /& ^u ?is ,kant-,laplace hypo!sis s call$1 hav+ add$ corrections only z to details4 ,%all we decl>e t ^! labors are va9 & gratuit\s ef=ts ( vague speculations8 ,littr says1 ) ref]5ce to su* speculations1 conc]n+ ! pa/ & future /ates ( ! _w 7le monde73 8,la dissm9ation primordiale de la matire qui devait le compos]1 la dissm9ation future de la matire qui le compose1 dpassant t\te expri5ce1 dpass5t t\te conjecture40 ,if ,i misund]/& ,littr1 x appe>s to me a p>donable mi/ake4 ,yet is n ! problem z to ! orig9 ( ! _w at l>ge1 :y matt] & en]gy exi/ at all1 insolvable8 ,littr says t ! positive cosmogonies1 su* z ! doctr9e ( evolution d n t\* ! absolute2 !y h no?+ to d ) fir/ & f9al causes4 ,he says3 8,les cosmogonies positives la i4 e4 la place des cosmogonies religieuses rempliss5t1 non pas qu'elles ai5t la prt5tion ni le p\voir de pntr] dans l'absolu et d'embrass]1 les causes premires et f9ales40--l4 c41 p4 #efj4 ,t k9d ( causality :i* is sometimes call$ 8ontological10 hav+ ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce1 n ( s+le ?+s z trans=mations f o!r ?+s1 b ( ! _w at l>ge & =mulat$ 9 su* que/ions z h[ did ! univ]se itself1 ! _w z a :ole1 orig9ate1 is prop]ly speak+ no causality1 x is n a "q conc]n+ a cause1 b conc]n+ a raison d'tre4 ,h[ev] )\t haggl+ ab\t ! words cause & raison d'tre1 ?is ontological causality s call$ is by no means beyond human compreh5sion4 ,! ontological "q has f\nd a v def9ite answ] 9 ! =mulation ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy2 :i* decl>es t exi/5ce at l>ge did n orig9ate1 ! total am\nt ( matt] z well z ( en]gy exi/$ always & w exi/ always4 ,x has n be5 creat$2 x is uncreatable & inde/ructible2 x is et]nal4 ,littr is q explicit 9 decl>+ t ! positive philosophy lets alone all !ological & metaphysical problems4 ,x is nei!r a!i/ic nor !i/ic1 & does n side ) ei!r mat]ialism or spiritualism4 ,he says3 8,ni spirituali/e1 ni matriali/e1 la philosophie positive c>te de la sci5ce gnrale les dbats que la sci5ce p>ticulire a depuis long temps et son gr& pr(it rejets40--,preface d'un disciple 9 ,comte's 8,c\rse de ,phil4 pos40 p4 xxvii4 ,littr *>act]ises z ! ma9 object ( ! positive philosophy1 8to give to philosophy ! positive me?od ( ! sci5ces1 to ! sci5ces ! idea ( ! unity ( philosophy40 ,he says3 8,a9si fut accompli ce qu'on doit appel] l'uvre philosophique du dix-neuvime sicle1 donn] la philosophie la m?ode positive des sci5ces1 aux sci5ces l'ide d'ensemble de la philosophie40 ,preface1 p4 viii4 ,i am 9 p]fect agreem5t ) ,littr t ?is is ! object ( positivism2 b1 if ,i und]/& ,littr correctly1 ,i disagree f 8 conception ( ! positive me?od4 ,he limits ! positive me?od to :at he calls 8exp]i5ce10 & excludes e notion ( ! a priori4 ,littr app>5tly misund]/ood ! prop] mean+ ( ,kant's idea ( ! a priori1 = he us$ z a matt] ( c\rse ! a priori me?od :]ev] x 0 indisp5sable1 s = in/ance 9 ma!matics & 9 ! application ( ma!matics4 ,mr4 ,belrose says3 ,littr 8solv$ y\r basic problem ( philosophy i4 e4 :at is ! orig9 ( ! a priori 9 a p>agraph40 ,! problem ( ! a priori reason+ is ! "q 8,:y c we "k c]ta9 ?+s be=e we h te/$ !m by exp]im5t8 ,man has n arriv$ by exp]i5ce b by pure reason+ at ! conclusion t ! sum ( ! angles ( e plane triangle has #ahj degrees4 ,h[ is he ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ a priori t ! angles ( a c]ta9 plane triangle make up #ahj degrees1 al?\gh he has n measur$ !m80 ,?is problem is ! fundam5tal problem ( ! sci5tific or positive me?od2 x is ! same problem :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce discusses 9 8 article 7see pp4 #cba et seqq4 ( ! pres5t numb] ( ,! ,moni/71 = ! problem ( apriority is id5tical ) ! "q ( necessity4 ,littr has1 s f> z ,i "k1 nev] discuss$ ! problem ( apriority & necessity4 ,he has simply reject$ ! idea ( ! a priori z ! me?od ( a false metaphysics1 :i* is incompatible ) ! a po/]iori me?od ( positive sci5ce4 ,! passage quot$ by ,mr4 ,belrose mo/ c]ta9ly does n conta9 a solution ( ! problem4 ,littr decl>es !re9 t e *emical action is equival5t to a c]ta9 quantity ( heat2 & aga9 ?is heat is equival5t to a c]ta9 quantity ( motion4 ,?us1 he says1 ?\ght is connect$ ) ma!matical modes ( :i* x becomes consci\s4 ,?\ght1 he adds1 is n an equival5t ( heat or motion1 = equival5ce is n id5tity1 b x is connect$ ) ma!matical conditions4 ,?is means t t k9d ( bra9-action :i* repres5ts consci\s ?\ght1 dep5ds ^u def9ite proportions4 ,b :at 9 all ! _w has ?is idea to d ) ! problem ( apriority8 ,! phrase 8ma!matical modes0 7:i* is mislead+ 9 ?is passage7 is an un=tunate expression = 8proportions0 & we mu/ add t ,littr is mi/ak5 :5 he says t ! n]v\s sub/ance :5 x becomes lum9\s1 becomes consci\s ( ^! ma!matical modes ) :i* x is connect$4 ,aside f 8lum9\s0 be+ simply an allegorical expression = consci\s1 x is wrong to say t ! n]v\s sub/ance becomes consci\s ( ! ma!matical modes ( heat z !y are proportion$ 9 ! bra94 ,a s5ti5t be+ kn[s ?r\gh s5sation no?+ ab\t ! me*anism or ! me*anical proportions ( its own s5ti5t /ructure4 ,s5sation is ! act ( a becom+ consci\s n ( ! s5ti5t /ructure itself b ( ! mean+ :i* ?is s5ti5t /ructure has acquir$1 & a consci\sness ( ! ma!matical modes :i* accord+ to ,comte's hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces ought to be ! beg9n+ ( k develops at a v late p]iod4 ,any explanation ( ! orig9 ( a priori1 be x ev] s brief1 w\ld lead u too f> away f ! po9ts ( our controv]sy4 ,x is suffici5t "h to po9t out t ! passage quot$ by ,mr4 ,belrose1 conta9s no solution ( ! problem ( our k & c]titude ( ma!matical1 ari?metical1 & o!r purely =mal laws4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is v passage is replete ) error2 x is a mis/atem5t ( facts & does n ev5 br+ to light ! difficulties ( ! problem4 ,littr 0 prejudic$ aga9/ ! a priori1 & 8 prejudice induc$ him to und]rate its importance4 ,i read 9 "o ( ,littr's passages quot$ by ,mr4 ,belrose3 8,if x ?\ght attempts to g out metaphysically into space1 x is r$uc$ to comb9+ subjectively its own elem5ts1 turns 9 a circle )\t issue & falls back ^u itself40 ,! a priori me?od ( ?\ght subjectively comb9+ its own elem5ts1 is by no means a turn+ 9 a circle )\t issue s t 9 ! end x w fall back ^u itself4 ,! a priori me?od ( ?\ght subjectively comb9+ its own elem5ts is employ$ by ari?metic1 ma!matics1 & logic1 & we are confront$ ) ! a/oni%+ fact t rules1 or =mulas1 or calculations :i* 7 made by pure ?\ght subjectively comb9+ its own elem5ts1 are applicable & hold good z reliable guides 9 our exp]im5ts4 ,if !re 7 no a priori1 h[ c\ld we =etell or1 :at is m /ill1 h[ c\ld we pr$et]m9e ! c\rse ( nature8 ,! a priori has be5 wrongly employ$ by ! s-call$ metaphysical philosoph]s to give u in=mation ab\t ! sub/ance & ess5ce ( ! _w4 ,b ! misapplication ( ! a priori is no reason = d5\nc+ x z radically wrong4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! a priori is an und5iable fact4 ,kant 0 "r 9 recognis+ x 9 its sweep+ importance1 yet he 0 wrong 9 8 int]pretation ( ! a priori1 :i* accord+ to 8 transc5d5talism 0 bas$ exclusively ^u a peculi>ity ( ! m9d & n ^u ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! positivi/s 9 ,france did n only object to ! wrong int]pretation ( ! transc5d5tali/s b also d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! a priori4 ,accept+ ! pr9ciple t e k mu/ ultimately be a /atem5t ( facts1 ! "q ,h[ is ! a priori to be bas$ ^u facts8 became 9 my conception ( philosophy ! burn+ problem :i* 0 next 9 ord] z a conciliation betwe5 ,kant & ,comte4 ,! ,fr5* positivi/s1 =emo/ among !m ,comte & ,littr1 h n giv5 u an explanation ( :at is true & false 9 ! !ological & metaphysical notions ( fir/ & f9al causes1 ( ! a priori ( ,god1 ( sub/ance1 ( =ce1 etc42 !y h simply ab&on$ ! inve/igation ( ^! ideas :i* are aft] all ! mo/ important tools 9 ! h\sehold ( ! human m9d = sci5tific & e?ical purposes2 & ?us !y h1 9 spite ( _! positivism 9 que/ions ( detail1 reta9$ ! metaphysical me?od ( a priori reason+ :i* is q legitimate 9 ! =mal sci5ce b out ( place conc]n+ facts4 ,take = in/ance ! foll[+ argum5t conc]n+ ! mat]iality ( ?+s3 8,l1 c'e/ dire dans les sci5ces positives1 on ne connat aucune proprit sans matire1 non po9t p>ce que1 a priori1 on y a l'ide prconue qu'il n'exi/e aucune sub/ance spirituelle indp5dante1 mais p>ce que1 a po/]iori1 on n'a jamais r5contr la gravitation sans corps pesant1 la *aleur sans corps *aud1 l'lectricit sans corps lectrique1 l'aff9it sans sub/ances de comb9aison1 la vie1 la s5sibilit1 la p5se1 sans tre vivant1 s5tant et p5sant40--,la ,sci5ce1 p4 #cjg4 ,i d n mean to say t !re are immat]ial or spiritual sub/ances1 b ,i %\ld say t any purely a po/]iori argum5t 9 favor ( _! non-exi/5ce is insuffici5t4 ,w\ld ,littr mean t a ,zulu %\ld decl>e t ice _c exi/ because he has nev] se5 wat] froz5 z h>d z a /one8 ,any am\nt ( exp]i5ce1 i4 e4 all a po/]iori evid5ce1 is 9 p>ts & w out ( itself nev] acquire univ]sal validity4 ,h[ /rongly ,littr is /ill implicat$ 9 ! metaphysical me?od ( apply+ a priori ideas to a po/]iori exp]i5ces c be le>n$ f ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,le monde e/ con/itu p> la matire et p> les =ces de la matire3 la matire dont l'orig9e et l'ess5ce n\s sont inaccessible2 les =ces qui sont imman5tes la matire4 ,au del de ces deux t]mes1 matire et =ce1 la sci5ce positive ne connat ri540 ,preface1 p4 ix4 ,! metaphysical ideas1 matt] & =ce1 are a priori notions ( my/ical entities or ?+s 9 !mselves1 & ?us x appe>s natural t exp]i5ce %\ld "k no?+ ( !m4 ,b real matt] & actual =ce are n unkn[able exi/5ces4 ,!y c be kn[n4 ,we "k some?+ ( !m & positive sci5ce is engag$ 9 broad5+ & deep5+ ?is k4 ,says ,littr3 8,les proprits physiques sont manife/es en t\te sub/ance1 dans quelque tat qu'elle soit1 isole ou non isole1 et s'ex]c5t sur les masses2 les proprits1 n'app>aiss5t qu'entre deux sub/ances1 ont beso9 de la b9>it et s'ex]c5t sur les molcules2 enf9 les proprits vitales dpassant la b9>it1 ne sont compatibles qu'avec un tat molculaire plus compos40 ,preface1 p4 x4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( positivism1 z ,i conceive x1 is ! def9ition ( k z a description ( facts or ( _! prop]ties4 ,we call c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! facts 7i4 e4 ! objects ( our exp]i5ce7 matt] & o!rs =ce4 ,:5 we say t we d or d n "k a c]ta9 ph5om5on we mean t we h or h n z yet succe$$ 9 plac+ !m prop]ly 9 t sy/em ( ?\ght-symbols ( :i* our m9d consi/s4 ,yet !re is no s5se 9 speak+ ( matt] & =ce z be+ unkn[able :ile ! prop]ties ( matt] & =ce are said to be manife/ & appe>+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,i h pres5t$ ! ma9 reasons :y ,i /ill hold t !re is a radical diff]5ce betwe5 ,littr's view ( positivism & my own4 ,littr is an agno/ic & he 0 an agno/ic be=e t "n _h be5 inv5t$4 ,8 objection to metaphysicism consi/s 9 ! doctr9e n t ! object ( metaphysics is a *im]ical non-exi/5ce1 b t ! object ( metaphysics exi/s yet x _c be kn[n4 ,?us ,littr is z mu* a metaphysician z ^? philosoph]s :om he c5sures = _! metaphysical views4 ,he does n c5sure !m = believ+ t ! metaphysical exi/s1 b = believ+ t x is kn[able & attempt+ to inve/igate its nature4 ,z to ! hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces ,i %all simply quote a few extracts f ,eug5 ,dhr+'s criticism ( ,comte4 ,dhr+ says 7,krit4 ,ges*4 d] ,phil41 p4 #dhf73 8,if ,comte's positivism 7 no?+ m ?an :at we h "h laid d[n1 its ma9 cont5ts w\ld1 /range en\gh1 consi/ 9 negativity4 ,! criticism ( a c]ta9 k9d ( metaphysics1 viz4 ( an ontology phanta/ical to a great] or less] ext5t1 w\ld =m its mo/ significant "*4 ,! o!r elem5t :i* consi/s 9 pres5t+ a hi]>*y & unit>y conjunction ( "s ( ! sci5ces :i* are call$ positive 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m1 _c pret5d to be philosophy 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w or ev5 to be useful = sci5ce4 ,a g5]al view ( k1 :e!r x consi/s ( six or sixty volumes1 does n add ! lea/ iota to ! cont5ts ( our k4444 ,we _c expect t a speciali/ %\ld be pleas$ ) a hi]>*ical sket* ( 8 sci5ce1 especially if ! del9eations are fill$ out ) details ( :i* he w\ld be a bett] judge40 ,x is true1 & ,i concur 9 ?is ) ! ,fr5* positivi/s1 t a positive philosophy mu/ be a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( k4 ,b ,i conceive x to be ! philosoph]'s "w1 n to take an inv5tory ( ! sci5ces1 b to def9e ! fundam5tal concepts ( sci5tific enquiry & to elucidate ! me?ods ( cognition4 ,su* fundam5tal concepts are ! ideas1 tru? & crit]ion ( tru?1 cause & effect1 m9d1 ?\ght1 k1 e?ics1 etc4 ,concepts are ! tools ( ?\ght & ! practice ( us+ !m correctly has to be le>n$4 ,positivism is n ! orig9al inv5tion ( a _w-sy/em1 b ! sy/ematis+ ( /atem5ts ( facts s z to produce a _w-sy/em4 ,! old philosoph]s gave u fir/ a _w-sy/em1 f :i* & 9 accord ) :i* !y def9$ _! views ( tru?1 cognition1 cause1 etc4 ,!y began to build _! philosophy f ! top d[n4 ,positivism beg9s f ! bottom & is build+ up to ! top ) ! assi/ance ( ! special sci5ces4 ,a positive philosophy is insep>able f1 b x _c be replac$ by1 ! sci5ces4 ,! field ( philosophy is to sup]9t5d ! me?od & ! plan ( build+1 s z to comp>e ! details & be> 9 m9d ! unity ( ! :ole4 ,9 ?is s5se ,dhr+ says 9 criticis+ ,comte 7p4 #dhf73 8,h[ev]1 conc]n+ ! =m ( ! connections ( me?odical reflections1 some?+ c be done4 ,yet x mu/ be possible to sep>ate ev]y?+ ( su* a k9d & also new insights1 s z to con/itute a special bran* ( k4 ,o!rwise !y w escape ! speciali/s' att5tion4444 ,n only ,comte b all philosoph]s giv5 to ! idea ( sy/ematisation & con/ruction ( p>ticul> k h made attempts 9 ?is direction :i* at mo/ may range z sket*es or popul> pres5tations 9 a high] s5se40 ,conc]n+ ,littr's view ( ,comte's religi\s vag>ies ,dhr+ says 7p4 #dhc73 8,8 ,comte's biograph]1 ! ,academician ,littr ( ,p>is1 & also ,/u>t ,mill are "r 9 consid]+ #8,! ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy' z ! ma9 & fundam5tal "w :i* is decisive z a contribution ( 8 & a s\rce ( in/ruction to ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 !y are v "o-sid$ :5 !y ov]look t ! philosoph] ev5 9 8 vag>ies exhibit$ a univ]sality ( m9d :i* rema9s sup]ior to ! /&po9t ( ei!r ,littr or ,mill40 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,belrose t ,comte's religion z he conceiv$ x consi/s ( vag>ies1 b ! ma9 idea ( develop+ ! religions ( ! pa/ :i*1 z ,littr says1 are n false b only incomplete religions1 into a religion t %all be 9 accord ) ! sci5ce ( our day is no vag>y1 b a great & an important ideal4 ,f> be x f me to belittle ,littr because ,i disagree f him 9 "s fundam5tal que/ions4 ,he 0 9 8 "t1 he is /ill1 & w rema9 = ev] a /> ( fir/ magnitude 9 our philosophical galaxy4 ,t :i* ,i consid] z 8 errors does n detract f 8 greatness4 ,7 n ,kant's mi/akes 9 a simil> way closely int]wov5 ) 8 greate/ m]its8 ,x is flatt]+ to me t ,mr4 ,belrose f9ds an agreem5t betwe5 8 ma/]'s & my views conc]n+ ! basic problem ( philosophy1 b ,i _c discov] x4 ,yet ,i gladly ackn[l$ge t !re exi/s an agreem5t ( aim1 & ?is agreem5t ( aim :i* f9ds its true/ expression 9 ! ^w 8positivi/ic0 is p]haps ( great] importance ?an ! agreem5t ( views4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,italics are n m9e4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,"s ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,james',s ,,psy*ology4#fb ,9 call+ att5tion to "s objections to ! views advanc$ by ,pr(essor ,james on ! subjects ( ,belief1 ,emotion1 & ,w1 x is only ju/ice to myself to express ! admiration ,i feel = 8 "w z a :ole4 ,! ?or\ghly sci5tific _s :i* p]vades x1 ! au?or's c&or 9 admitt+ & 8 skill 9 surm\nt+ difficulties1 8 le>n+ & 8 orig9ality1 8 aptness 9 illu/ration1 & ! en]gy & vivacity ( 8 /yle comb9e to make x full ( int]e/ z well z in/ruction4 ,x is because x %\ld be1 & d\btless w be widely influ5tial1 t x is important t any d\btful positions assum$ 9 x %\ld be subject$ to a c>eful exam9ation4 ,i %all endeavor to avoid any misrepres5tation ( ! views :i* ,i combat1 b space w n all[ me to d full ju/ice to ! argum5ts by :i* !y are support$1 if su* a ?+ is possible = an antagoni/4 ,= ?is1 ,i mu/ ref] ! int]e/$ read] to ! orig9al book4 ,if :at ,i h to say %\ld h ! effect ( increas+ ! numb] ( its read]s1 ,i %all n h writt5 altoge!r 9 va91 :e!r ,i succe$ or fail 9 sett+ ! tru? 9 a cle>] light4 ,i4 ,,belief4 ,pr(essor ,james entitles ! *apt] devot$ to ?is subject 8,! ,p]ception ( ,reality10 & def9es belief to be 8! m5tal /ate or function ( cognis+ reality40 ,he expla9s t1 8,z us$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 #8,belief' w mean e degree ( assurance1 includ+ ! highe/ possible c]ta9ty & conviction0 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhc74 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 errone\s beliefs1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! belief t ! e>? is flat1 /ation>y1 & ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 or ! delusion ( an insane man t he is ,jesus ,*ri/1 are cognitions ( reality4 ,pr(essor ,james w\ld probably say t !y are realities to ! m9d ent]ta9+ !m1 & x is true t ! feel+ ( belief is ! same1 :e!r ! ?+ believ$ be true or false4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x is m cu/om>y to use ! v]b :i* he employs 9 connection ) beliefs :i* agree ) ! objective facts1 & t ! 8feel+0 or 8s5se0 ( reality w\ld be a bett] t]m ?an 8p]ception0 or 8cognition40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n1 to my m9d1 ! mo/ s]i\s objection to ! def9ition4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,james does n use ! ^w 8k0 9 ?is connection1 x seems evid5t1 f ! passage quot$ above1 & f :at he says else:]e1 t he consid]s all k9ds1 z well z all degrees ( c]ta9ty to be beliefs4 ,x seems to me evid5t1 on ! o!r h&1 t _m ( our cognitions ( reality are n prop]ly call$ beliefs4 ,z an in/ance1 ,i w quote ! illu/ration ) :i* he op5s ! discussion ( 8,! ,v>i\s ,ord]s ( ,reality0 7p4 #bhg74 8,suppose a new-born m9d1 entirely blank & wait+ = exp]i5ce to beg94 ,suppose t x beg9s 9 ! =m ( a visual impression 7:e!r fa9t or vivid is immat]ial7 ( a light$ c&le aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 & no?+ else1 s t :il/ ?is image la/s x con/itutes ! entire univ]se to ! m9d 9 "q4 ,suppose1 moreov] 7to simplify ! hypo!sis71 t ! c&le is only imag9>y1 & t no #8orig9al' ( x is recognis$ by u psy*ologi/s outside4 ,w ?is halluc9atory c&le be believ$ 91 w x h a real exi/5ce = ! m9d8 8,:at possible s5se 7= t m9d7 w\ld a suspicion h t ! c&le is n real8 ,:at w\ld d\bt or disbelief ( x imply8 ,:5 we1 ! onlook+ psy*ologi/s1 say ! c&le is unreal1 we mean some?+ q def9ite1 viz4 t !re is a _w kn[n to u :i* is real1 & to :i* we p]ceive t ! c&le does n belong2 x belongs exclusively to t individual m9d1 has no /atus any:]e else1 etc4 ,x exi/s1 to be sure1 9 a fa%ion1 = x =ms ! cont5t ( t m9d's halluc9ation2 b ! halluc9ation itself1 ?\gh unque/ionably x is a sort ( exi/+ fact1 has no k ( o!r facts2 & s9ce ^? o!r facts are ! realities p> excell5ce = u1 & ! only ?+s we believe 91 ! c&le is simply outside ( our reality & belief altoge!r4 8,by ! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ! m9d :i* sees ! c&le c sp9 no su* consid]ations z ^! ab\t x1 = ( o!r facts1 actual or possible1 x has no inkl+ :atev]4 ,t c&le is its all1 its absolute4 ,its entire faculty ( att5tion is absorb$ by x4 ,x is1 x is t2 x is !re2 no o!r possible c&le1 or quality ( ?is c&le1 no o!r possible place1 or possible object 9 ! place1 no alt]native1 9 %ort1 sugge/s itself z ev5 conceivable2 s h[ c ! m9d help believ+ ! c&le real8 ,! supposition t x might possibly n d s is1 "u ! suppos$ conditions1 un9telligible40 ,i readily grant t x is1 "u ! suppos$ circum/ances1 un9telligible t ! c&le %\ld be ?\ght to be unreal1 b x seems to me equally s t x %\ld be believ$ to be real4 ,:at does ,pr(essor ,james mean by a belief 9 ! reality ( ! c&le "u su* conditions8 ,no?+ m ?an t ! m9d is consci\s ( a s5sation :i* we "k1 b x does n1 is l t produc$ by ! sight ( a c&le4 ,?is s5sation is c]ta9ly a reality1 & ! only possible reality to t m9d4 ,pr(essor ,james mu/1 !n1 be und]/ood z ma9ta9+ t a s5sation1 pure & simple1 is a belief 9 an object excit+ ! s5sation4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ consci\sness ( ! suppos$ m9d 7 ! odor ( a rose1 or ! :i/le ( a locomotive1 he mu/ admit t ! m9d w\ld believe 9 ! rose or ! locomotive4 ,if ,i h a heada*e1 or am hungry or tir$1 ,i n only h beliefs ab\t ^! s5sations1 b ! heada*e1 ! hung]1 ! we>9ess1 are !mselves beliefs4 ,n[ ,i submit t ?is is contr>y to all ord9>y use ( language4 ,x is1 p]haps1 impossible = an adult1 ) 8 m9d full ( memories ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 to h a s5sation )\t "s sort ( a belief ab\t x1 b al?\gh ! s5sation & ! belief may be insep>able1 !y are n indi/+ui%able1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 e "o does di/+ui% betwe5 8 s5sations & 8 beliefs ab\t !m4 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be q correct to say ev5 ( an adult :o _h nev] se5 or he>d ( a c&le1 t1 on see+ "o = ! fir/ "t1 he w\ld believe 9 ! reality ( ! c&le1 al?\gh d\btless he w\ld believe he saw some?+ real--a real flame1 = in/ance4 ,if x be admitt$ t s5sations are entitl$ to be call$ beliefs1 x seems impossible to /op %ort ( ! conclusion t all /ates ( consci\sness are beliefs4 ,emotions & volitions are z mu* realities z s5sations1 & are kn[n z su* by ! m9d t exp]i5ces !m4 ,t memory & imag9ation involve belief1 is too evid5t to ne$ discussion4 ,b if ?is be ! case1 ! *apt] on belief c\ld h be5 v greatly abbreviat$--ne$ n 9 fact1 conta9 m ?an f\r words4 ,to say t all consci\sness is belief w\ld p]haps simplify matt]s1 b x w\ld n advance our k v mu*1 nor w\ld x accord ) ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 :i* has ref]5ce to a p>ticul> k9d ( consci\sness1 :i* e "o kn[s1 h[ev] h>d he may f9d its def9ition4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t ,pr(essor ,james's def9ition ( belief is defective 9 two ways4 ,!re are beliefs :i* are n cognitions ( reality1 & !re are cognitions ( reality :i* are n beliefs4 ,especially 9 reg>d to ! latt] class1 ,i ?9k t ! def9ition confuses a di/9ction t is real & important1 betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( k4 ,we "k our s5sations1 emotions & volitions 9 a way :i* diff]s n only 9 degree b 9 k9d f any usual1 or1 ,i ?9k1 legitimate s5se ( ! ^w 8,belief40 ,p]haps x w\ld be ! saf] c\rse to re/ cont5t ) po9t+ out ! objections to ! au?or's def9ition )\t lay+ myself op5 to retaliation by attempt+ "o ( my own1 b x does n seem to me impossible to give "o :i* w include all t is und]/ood by ! t]m & no?+ m4 ,i %\ld say t belief is ! s5se or feel+ ( relation betwe5 m5tal objects4 ,t we h belief :5ev] we h ?is feel+1 seems to me too pla9 to require argum5t1 & ,i am unable1 aft] a good deal ( reflection1 to call to m9d any belief t is n includ$ 9 ! def9ition4 ,if ,i see1 or imag9e t ,i see a light$ c&le1 x may excite 9 my m9d a great v>iety ( beliefs1 z1 t ! flame is hot1 t ! light & heat are caus$ by ! *emical union ( oxyg5 ) c>bon & hydrog51 t ! mat]ial ( :i* ! c&le is compos$ is wax1 p>aff9e or tall[1 t x has a cotton wick1 t x is ( a c]ta9 size1 weight1 & color1 & s on indef9itely4 ,all ( ^! are evid5tly ideas ( relation4 ,to say 8flame10 or 8hot0 does n express a belief1 unless some?+ else is und]/ood1 b to say 8flame is hot0 does s4 ,if ,i say t ! color r$ is equal to ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 ,i fail to express a belief because ! m9d p]ceives no relation betwe5 ! objects1 & ! answ] to su* a /atem5t w\ld be1 n t x is or is n true1 b t x has no mean+4 ,! only cases :i* occur to me 9 :i* x might be plausibly argu$ t a belief did n involve ! feel+ ( relation are su* imp]sonal expressions z 8x ra9s10 or1 8x is cold40 ,! exception1 h[ev]1 is only app>5t1 aris+ f ! errone\s idea t ev]y?+ :i* is impli$ 9 language mu/ be express$4 ,:5 we say1 8x ra9s10 we mean1 8ra9 is fall+40 ,9 ei!r =m ( language1 ! ?\ght convey$ is t ( ! relation ( ! drops ( wat] & _! motion4 ,! /ock-brok]1 ) 8 pre>rang$ code1 may communicate ! ideas ( a long s5t5ce 9 a s+le ^w1 or ! ,freemason may d ! same to ! initiat$ by a ge/ure4 ,9 su* a case1 x w\ld be absurd to cont5d t no relation is felt or communicat$ because !re is no =mal subject or pr$icate4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! suffici5cy ( my def9ition1 ,i risk ! ass]tion t x includes all beliefs t c be affirm$1 d5i$ or d\bt$4 ,we nev] "q our s5sations1 emotions or volitions--we h !m1 are aw>e ( !m1 & t is ! end ( ! matt]4 ,x is ! relations ( our s5sations to ea* o!r1 & to our pleasures & pa9s1 our *oices & rejections1 t involve u 9 all sorts ( p]plexities4 ,! :ole "q ( ! gr\nds ( belief 9 g5]al1 & ! tru? or falsehood ( p>ticul> beliefs is a "q ( relations4 ,x is1 !n1 9 ! s5se indicat$ above t ,i %all use ! ^w h]eaft]4 ,hav+ settl$ ! def9ition1 x may be wor? :ile to consid] = a mom5t :e!r ?is feel+ ( relation1 :i* c only be kn[n by exp]i5ce1 is en\gh l any o!r m5tal /ates to be class$ ) !m4 ,on ?is po9t ,pr(essor ,james says3 8,9 its inn] nature1 belief1 or ! s5se ( reality1 is a sort ( feel+ m alli$ to ! emotions ?an to any?+ else4 ,mr4 ,bagehot di/9ctly calls x ! #8emotion' ( conviction4 ,i j n[ spoke ( x z acquiesc5ce4 ,x resembles m ?an any?+ else :at 9 ! psy*ology ( volition we "k z cons5t4 ,cons5t is recognis$ by all to be a manife/ation ( our active nature4 ,x w\ld naturally be describ$ by su* t]ms z #8will+ness' or ! #8turn+ ( our disposition4' ,:at *>act]ises bo? cons5t & belief is ! cessation ( !oretic agitation ?r\gh ! adv5t ( an idea :i* is inw>dly /able1 & fills ! m9d solidly to ! exclusion ( contradictory ideas4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 motor effects are apt to foll[4 ,h5ce ! /ates ( cons5t & belief1 *>act]is$ by repose on ! purely intellectual side1 are bo? intimately connect$ ) subsequ5t practical activity4 ,?is inw>d /ability ( ! m9d's cont5t is z *>act]i/ic ( disbelief z ( belief4 ,b we %all pres5tly see t we nev] disbelieve any?+ except = ! reason t we believe some?+ else t contradicts ! fir/ ?+4 ,disbelief is ?us an incid5tal complication to belief1 & ne$ n be consid]$ by itself40 7,p4 #bhc74 ,i am unable to satisfy myself :e!r1 9 ! above passage1 ,pr(essor ,james has 9 m9d ! feel+ ( belief or o!r feel+s :i* (t5 accompany x4 ,! 8cessation ( !oretic agitation10 8will+ness10 8turn+ ( our disposition10 are accompani$ by feel+s :i* ,i %\ld say are n only l1 b id5tical ) emotion4 ,9 ! case ( old1 confirm$ beliefs1 h[ev]1 !oretic agitation ceas$1 & ! turn+ ( ! disposition occurr$1 if at all1 long ago1 & ,i am unable to recognise any?+ resembl+ emotion 9 my belief t two & two make f\r1 t c[s eat grass1 t iron is a metal1 & _m o!rs t might be m5tion$4 ,nor d ^! beliefs1 at ! pres5t "t1 give rise to motor effects1 :i*1 s f> z ,i am able to see1 only result f su* beliefs z are1 directly or indirectly1 associat$ ) emotion4 ,if su* beliefs z ,i h m5tion$ are n purely intellectual1 z di/+ui%$ f emotional ph5om5a1 ,i %\ld be at a loss to "k :]e ! di/9ction is to be made betwe5 8! head0 & 8! he>t40 ,! s5se ( relation seems to me to be ! mo/ purely intellectual ( all ! m5tal functions1 &1 al?\gh x may give rise to all sorts ( emotions1 ! m settl$1 undi/urb$ & unque/ion+ ! belief1 ! less likely is x to give rise to any b ! feel+ ( calm1 :i* seems to me to be ! anti!sis ( emotion4 ,i %\ld say t belief is a feel+ sui g5]is1 )\t en\gh analogy ) any o!r to ju/ify class+ !m toge!r4 ,i h already quot$ ! illu/ration ) :i* ,pr(essor ,james op5s ! discussion ( ! subject ( ,reality4 ,aft] quot+ f ,sp9oza1 to ! same effect1 ! suppos$ case ( a horse ) w+s imag9$ to be real 9 ! abs5ce ( any contradictory ?\ght1 he goes on to say3 8,! s5se t any?+ we ?9k ( is unreal c only come1 !n1 :5 t ?+ is contradict$ by "s o!r ?+ ( :i* we ?9k4 ,any object :i* rema9s uncontradict$ is ipso facto believ$ & posit$ z absolute reality40 7,p4 #bhh74 ,else:]e he says3 8444 all propositions1 :e!r attributive or exi/5tial1 are believ$ ?r\gh ! v fact ( be+ conceiv$1 unless !y cla% ) o!r propositions believ$ at ! same "t1 by affirm+ t _! t]ms are ! same z ! t]ms ( ^? o!r propositions40 7,p4 #bij74 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is /at$ too /rongly1 at lea/1 9 ! latt] quotation4 ,a proposition t is uncontradict$ w be believ$1 b x is n necess>y t ! contradictory proposition %\ld be believ$ 9 ord] t ! fir/ may fail ( belief4 ,i believe no?+1 at pres5t1 contradictory ( ! proposition t x is n[ ra9+ 9 ,bo/on4 ,i ?9k x n improbable t su* may be ! case1 b at ! same "t ! contr>y proposition is pres5t to my m9d1 t x may n be ra9+ 9 ,bo/on1 & ! result is ! /ate ( m9d :i* ,pr(essor ,james v prop]ly reg>ds z ! opposite ( belief--d\bt4 ,b suppos+ t a proposition is pres5t$ to ! m9d1 :i*1 be+ = ! "t uncontradict$1 is believ$1 & t subsequ5tly ano!r1 contr>y proposition is pres5t$1 is x c]ta9 t ! latt] w be disbeliev$8 ,may n a /ate ( d\bt replace belief 9 ?is case also8 ,or suppos+ t two propositions1 :i* h be5 believ$ indep5d5tly1 are br\ght into juxtaposition 9 su* a way z to %[ t !y are inconsi/5t1 h[ are we to det]m9e :i* if ei!r1 %all be believ$8 ,pr(essor ,james seems to tea* t x is a matt] ( *oice4 8,t we c at any mom5t ?9k ( ! same ?+ :i* at any =m] mom5t we ?\ght ( is ! ultimate law ( our intellectual con/itution4 ,b :5 we n[ ?9k ( x incompatibly ) our o!r ways ( ?9k+ ( x1 !n we mu/ *oose :i* way to /& by1 = we _c cont9ue to ?9k ( x 9 two contradictory ways at once4 ,! :ole di/9ction ( real & unreal1 ! :ole psy*ology ( belief1 disbelief & d\bt1 is ?us gr\nd$ on two m5tal facts--fir/1 t we are liable to ?9k diff]5tly ( ! same2 & second1 t :5 we h done s1 we c *oose :i* way ( ?9k+ to adh]e to & :i* to disreg>d4#fc ,! subjects adh]$ to become real subjects1 ! attributes adh]$ to real attributes1 ! exi/5ce adh]$ to real exi/5ce2 :ile ! subjects disreg>d$ become imag9>y subjects1 ! attributes disreg>d$ errone\s attributes1 & ! exi/5ce disreg>d$ an exi/5ce 9 no man's l&1 9 ! limbo #8:]e footless fancies dwell4'0 7,p4 #bij74 ,! doctr9e t belief is1 9 ! la/ analysis1 a matt] ( *oice is a prom95t feature ( ,pr(essor ,james's tea*+1 to :i* ,i %all h occasion to ref] aga94 ,x seems to me to involve him 9 "s inconsi/5cies4 ,= ! pres5t1 x %\ld be not$ t he admits ! reality ( e m5tal object 9 its prop] relations4 8,if ,i m]ely dream ( a horse ) w+s1 my horse int]f]es ) no?+ else & has n to be contradict$4 ,t horse1 its w+s1 & its place are all equally real4 ,t horse exi/s no o!rwise ?an z w+$1 & is moreov] really !re1 = t place exi/s no o!rwise ?an z ! place ( t horse1 & claims z yet no connection ) ! o!r places ( ! _w4 ,b if ) ?is horse ,i make an inroad into ! _w o!rwise kn[n1 & say1 = example1 #8,t is my old m>e ,maggie1 hav+ gr[n a pair ( w+s :]e %e /&s 9 h] /all1' ! :ole case is alt]$2 = n[ ! horse & place are id5tifi$ ) a horse & place o!rwise kn[n1 & :at is kn[n ( ! latt] objects is incompatible ) :at is p]ceiv$ ( ! =m]4 #8,maggie 9 h] /all ) w+s6 ,nev]6' ,! w+s are unreal1 !n1 vision>y4 ,i h dream$ a lie ab\t ,maggie 9 h] /all40 7,p4 #bhi74 ,"h1 ! dream is a reality1 & ! w+$ horse is z really a "p ( x z ! m>e ,maggie is ( ! outside _w4 ,! reality ( ! w+$ horse 9 ! "o case1 & 8 unreality 9 ! o!r1 dep5d on 8 relations to o!r m5tal objects4 ,s1 = in/ance1 if any "o %\ld say t a m]maid 0 a creature ) ! portion ( a man f ! wai/ up unit$ to ! body & limbs ( a horse1 ,i %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 contradict+ him1 & say+ t x 0 n a m]maid b a c5taur t he _h 9 m9d4 ,x w\ld n be a valid answ] to say t !re 7 really no su* ?+s z m]maids & c5taurs4 ,9 my?ology1 a c5taur has z def9ite a /ructure z a giraffe has 9 zology1 & x is z inexcusable to conf\nd ! "o z ! o!r ) any?+ else4 ,?is po9t is amplifi$ by ! au?or 9 a section on 8,! ,_m ,worlds10 9 :i* ! v>i\s objects ( ?\ght are f\nd 9 _! prop] relations1 & out ( :i* ea* "o selects a _w ( practical realities1 accord+ to 8 dom9ant habits ( att5tion4 ,9 ! relative s5se1 9 :i* we contra/ reality ) unreality1 or consid] "o object m real ?an ano!r1 8,reality means simply relation to our emotional & active life 444 9 ?is s5se1 :atev] excites & /imulates our int]e/ is real40 7,p4 #bie74 8,:atev] ?+s h intimate & cont9u\s connection ) my life are ?+s ( ^: reality ,i _c d\bt40 7,p4 #bih74 ,?is p[] ( excit+ & /imulat+ our int]e/1 ,pr(essor ,james f9ds to be possess$ 9 a pre-em95t degree by s5sations1 :i* ?us become1 directly or indirectly1 our te/s ( reality1 & among :i* ^? :i* are pleasurable or pa9ful hold ! fir/ rank4 ,next to !m1 if n ( equal p[]1 are emotions4 8,! greate/ pro( t a man is sui compos is 8 ability to susp5d belief 9 ! pres5ce ( an emotionally excit+ idea4 ,to give ?is p[] is ! highe/ result ( education4 ,9 untutor$ m9ds ! p[] does n exi/4 ,e excit+ ?\ght 9 ! natural man c>ries cr$5ce ) x4 ,to conceive ) passion is eo ipso to affirm40 7,p4 #cjh74 ,pr(essor ,james's acc\nt ( ! gr\nds ( belief seems to me inadequate 9 t x fails to %[ ! connection betwe5 our s5sations & emotions & o!r m5tal /ates & our beliefs4 ,:y is x t ! sight ( ! heav5ly bodies1 = in/ance1 awak5s 9 diff]5t m9ds su* div]se beliefs z ! ,ptolemaic & ! ,cop]nican sy/ems ( a/ronomy8 ,:at does a man :o is fright5$ believe8 ,:at belief w\ld necess>ily result f a colic8 ,x is n en\gh to say t s5sations & emotions are connect$ ) belief2 we want to "k h[ !y are connect$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! def9ition ( belief z ! s5se ( relation betwe5 objects1 ! "q resolves itself into ! orig9 ( feel+s ( relation4 ,z relations are ( v>i\s k9ds1 !y may be sugge/$ to ! m9d by diff]5t circum/ances4 ,!y may1 ,i ?9k1 be divid$ into ?ree classes3 #a7 ,relations ( lik5ess & unlik5ess4 ,^! result f ! comp>ison & discrim9ation ( objects4 ,all ! beliefs involv$ 9 ! recognition & classification ( objects arise 9 ?is way4 ,:51 on see+ a c]ta9 object1 ,i say t x is a bay horse1 & w weigh ab\t elev5 hundr$ p\nds1 ,i give expression to relations ( comp>ison4 ,! comp>ison may be imm$iate1 betwe5 objects simultane\sly pres5t to ! s5ses1 or alike pres5t only to memory or imag9ation1 or betwe5 a pres5t object & a rememb]$ "o1 or m$iate1 by comp>ison ( two or m objects ) "s o!r4 ,all ma!matical tru?s are ( ?is k9d4 #b7 ,relations ( cause & effect1 ( sub/ance & quality1 ( :ole & compon5t p>ts1 ( ord] 9 "t & space1 are due to association4 ,:5 ,i say ( ! horse t 8 movem5ts are caus$ by muscul> contractions1 t he is ( a g5tle disposition1 t he has a bony skeleton & r$ blood1 t he is five ye>s old & is h>ness$ to a c>riage1 ,i express relations ( association4 ,9 8 *apt] on ,association ,pr(essor ,james says3 8,belief 9 any?+ n pres5t to s5se is ! v lively1 /rong1 & /eadfa/ association ( ! image ( t ?+ ) "s pres5t s5sation1 s t z long z ! s5sation p]si/s ! image _c be exclud$ f ! m9d40 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eih74 ,i d n ?9k x is a fact t ! image ( ! ?+ believ$ 9 ne$ be associat$ ) any pres5t s5sation4 ,i am n aw>e1 = in/ance1 t !re is1 at pres5t1 any su* association 9 my belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! city ( ,con/ant9ople1 or t ,que5 ,victoria is reign+ 9 ,engl&4 ,! associations 9 ^! & simil> cases are ) objects ( memory & n ) pres5t s5sations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at we mean by belief 9 a pres5t object always involves memory ( ! pa/4 ,:5 we say t we believe 9 any?+1 we ei!r mean t x is l o!r ?+s ( ! same sort ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce1 or t x /&s 9 "s o!r relation to !m4 ,complete loss ( memory w\ld n only de/roy all our pa/ beliefs1 b1 if x 7 p]man5t1 w\ld prev5t our ev] =m+ any new ones4 ,! univ]se1 9 su* a case1 w\ld be a m]e *aos ( s5sations4 ,9 ord] t ?+s may be associat$1 !y mu/ fir/ be discrim9at$1 o!rwise1 z ,pr(essor ,james has %[n1 9 8 *apt] on ,discrim9ation & ,comp>ison1 !y are ?\ght (1 n z associat$ ?+s1 b z "o ?+4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 discrim9at$ ?+s h once be5 associat$1 ! t5d5cy is1 9 ! abs5ce ( contr>y exp]i5ce1 to ?9k ( !m z belong+ toge!r4 ,a *ild1 attract$ by ! brightness ( ! teapot1 t\*es x & burns 8 f+]s4 ,he naturally expects ! teapot to be hot ! next "t he sees x4 ,he is told t 8 ,*ri/mas gifts 7 br\ght d[n ! *imney by ,santa ,claus4 ,until ! /atem5t is contradict$1 he believes x4 ,:y %\ld he n8 ,or ! association ( ?+s 9 ! m9d may come ab\t )\t any ext]nal sugge/ion4 ,i rememb] t ! fir/ "t t ,i ev] he>d a p]son snore1 ! ?\ght came into my m9d t ! /range noise 0 made by a be>1 & ,i lay awake mo/ ( ! night1 9 fe> ( be+ dev\r$4 ,! t5d5cy is to ?9k ( ?+s z relat$ 9 ! way 9 :i* !y are fir/ pres5t$ to ! m9d1 until !y come up 9 "s diff]5t relation4 ,?is seems to be ! explanation ( ! t5d5cy to 8believe z mu* z we c10 to 8affirm imm$iately ! reality ( all t is conceiv$10 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,james speaks4 ,) increas$ exp]i5ce1 we f9d t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! uni=mity ( associations1 & accord+ly ! co9cid5ce ( two or m ?+s is associat$ ) ! d\bt :e!r or n ! association is a con/ant "o4 #c7 ,9 addition to ! relations consid]$ above1 !re are "s :i*1 al?\gh express$ 9 t]ms ( association & comp>ison1 seem to me to h a diff]5t orig94 ,t ! :ole is great] ?an any ( its p>ts is a relation ( comp>ison2 t a ?+ _c be 9 two diff]5t places at ! same "t1 t e ev5t has a cause1 t !re is an ext]nal _w1 are relations ( association4 ,al?\gh !y d n arise indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce1 !y conta9 m ?an is giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 & ! uni=mity & firmness ) :i* !y are believ$ c1 x seems to me1 only be acc\nt$ = by ! assumption ( an innate prop5sity to look ^u ?+s z relat$ 9 ^! ways4 ,s f> z ,i am able to judge1 beliefs always arise 9 "o or ano!r ( ^! ?ree ways4 ,b a /ill m int]e/+ "q1 f ! practical po9t ( view1 ?an t ( ! orig9 ( beliefs1 is t ( ! comp>ative validity ( ! v>i\s gr\nds ( belief4 ,are !y all ( equal wor?1 & if n1 is !re any way ( det]m9+ :i* are to be giv5 ! pref]5ce1 or is belief1 l ta/e1 a matt] ab\t :i* 8non disput&um08 ,pr(essor ,james does n g v deeply into ! discussion ( ?is "q4 ,z we h se51 he assigns to s5sation ! greate/ efficacy 9 produc+ belief1 & discusses ! comp>ative p[] ( v>i\s sorts ( s5sations 9 ?is respect4 ,emotion he makes a close second4 ,b ! "q :i* gives u ! m reliable in=mation1 9 cases 9 :i* !y conflict1 he does n discuss at all4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no d\bt t a man "u ! influ5ce ( /rong emotion (t5 draws diff]5t conclusions f ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses f ^? at :i* he w\ld arrive 9 its abs5ce4 ,is he w>rant$ 9 do+ s8 ,w\ld any degree ( p]sonal int]e/ w>rant a man 9 believ+ or disbeliev+ ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation1 ! ,newtonian !ory ( gravitation1 ! ,mosaic or ! ,d>w9ian view ( ! orig9 ( species8 ,!re is no d\bt t belief on su* subjects z ^! is influ5c$ by our int]e/1 real or suppos$1 9 "o or ! o!r view1 & p]haps ,pr(essor ,james w\ld say t he deals ) ! work+ ( m9ds z !y are1 n z we imag9e t !y ought to be1 b ! g5]al k t a class ( consid]ations is reliable or ! rev]se is ano!r ?+ t n only ought to1 b actually does affect our beliefs1 & ! "q ( ! me?od to be pursu$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! actual relations ( ?+s1 ( =m+ true beliefs in/ead ( false ones1 is "o :i* h>dly ought to be ignor$ 9 a discussion ( ! subject4 ,ref]r+ to ! ?ree classes ( relations already consid]$1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 evid5t t !re are diff]5ces 9 ! way 9 :i* !y affect our belief4 ,9 comp>ison1 ! ess5tial ?+ is ! accuracy ( ! obs]vation4 ,"o :o has once fully compreh5d$ ! pro( t ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle is equal to two "r angles1 is z sure ( x z he c\ld be aft] any am\nt ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 comp>+ s5sible objects1 we may1 x is true1 & our belief confirm$ by repetition1 b ?is is only 9 case t we d\bt :e!r ! comp>ison 0 rightly made 9 ! fir/ place4 ,t r$ does n look l blue1 nor sweet ta/e l s\r1 we are z c]ta9 on "o trial z a hundr$4 ,if we apply a foot measure to an object eight in*es long1 no?+ c add to our c]ta9ty t !y are n ( ! same l5g?4 ,9 matt]s ( association1 on ! o!r h&1 a great deal dep5ds on ! uni=mity ( ! association--! numb] ( times t we h exp]i5c$ x )\t contr>y exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,i he> a cr[1 = in/ance1 ,i believe t x is black1 because all ! cr[s t ,i h ev] se5 h be5 s4 ,a %eep ,i assume to be :ite1 b ) a less degree ( confid5ce1 because black %eep are m num]\s ?an :ite cr[s4 ,9 ! case ( a horse1 ,i h no belief 9 reg>d to ! color )9 a c]ta9 range1 unless ,i h "s means ( kn[+ ab\t ! p>ticul> animal 9 "q4 ,if ,i 7 told t my fri5d _h b\ght a horse1 ,i %\ld h no idea :e!r x 0 bay1 or black1 or :ite1 or "s mixture ( ^! colors4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i 7 told t ! natural color ( my fri5d's horse 0 gre51 ,i %\ld be mu* m confid5t t ! /atem5t 0 false ?an if ! same p]son %\ld tell me he _h se5 a :ite cr[1 =1 ! same reason t ,i %\ld m readily believe 9 a black %eep ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ! cu/om>y use ( ! ^w1 ,i might say ,i knew x 0 n s4 ,9 ! case ( intuitive judgm5ts exp]i5ce has little or no?+ to d ) ! /r5g? ( belief4 ,! adult man is no m firmly conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ext]nal to himself ?an ! *ild1 &1 al?\gh he may come to d\bt x on speculative gr\nds1 he no m fails ?an ! *ild to %[ by 8 actions t he has a practical fai? 9 x4 ,9 _m1 if n mo/ ( our beliefs1 all ( ^! elem5ts are pres5t4 ,if ,i see an orange1 = in/ance1 ,i h ! intuition ( ext]nality1 ! comp>ison ) o!r oranges t ,i h already se51 & associations ( int]nal /ructure1 ta/e1 smell1 & ! l4 ,all ( ^!1 & v possibly "s emotion1 z1 = in/ance1 a desire to eat x1 may arise1 simultane\sly or s ne>ly s z n to be di/+ui%$ 9 "t1 z p>ts ( a s+le m5tal /ate4 ,!re is "o k9d ( association1 ( importance en\gh to des]ve m5tion1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,james makes no m5tion4 ,! beliefs1 or alleg$ beliefs ( o!r p h an influ5ce on our m9ds :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 n inf]ior to t ( emotion4 ,! man :o c1 )\t misgiv+1 ma9ta9 an op9ion :i* contradicts all t he le>n$ 9 *ildhood & all t is held by ^? ^: good op9ion he mo/ values is1 ,i fancy1 q z r>e z he :o c susp5d judgm5t 9 ! pres5ce ( an emotionally excit+ idea4 ,mo/ ( u take our religi\s1 political1 sci5tific1 & practical beliefs at second h&1 f ! fri5ds ) :om we associate or ! books & pap]s we read4 ,take a "y man out ( 8 home & put him1 = in/ance1 9 college1 & x w probably "w a *ange 9 8 moral /&>ds1 n necess>ily = ! bett]4 ,at home1 if he knew ( a !ft1 or an assault1 he w\ld v probably be ready to br+ ! (f5d] to ju/ice1 b if ! (f5d] is 8 classmate1 & ! suff]] a memb] ( ! succe$+ class1 he w v probably ?9k x a m %ameful ?+ to report ! wrong ?an to d x4 ,at ! same "t1 he d\btless consid]s x utt]ly repreh5sible t ignorant ,italian peasants %\ld feel 9 ! same way ab\t betray+ _! neighbors :o are guilty ( robb]y or murd]4 ,com+ n[ to ! influ5ce ( emotion on belief1 x w n1 ,i presume1 be disput$ t x comes ab\t by way ( association4 ,pr(essor ,james1 z we h se51 holds t 8e emotionally excit+ ?\ght1 9 ! natural man1 c>ries cr$5ce ) x40 ,i suspect t ?is is true only 9 ! s5se t1 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce1 n only e excit+ ?\ght1 b e ?\ght is believ$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 respect to ! natural man1 ,i ?9k x is pretty c]ta9 t1 9 ! case ( su* artificial be+s z ^? :o reflect on ! causes ( _! emotions & beliefs1 x w be f\nd t 9 ord] = an idea to excite our emotions1 a c]ta9 degree ( belief is necess>y4 ,pr(essor ,james illu/rates 8 position by ! fact t a man c walk along a curb/one )\t any appreh5sion ( fall+1 because ! ?\ght ( fall+ awak5s no emotion ( dread1 :ile on ! edge ( a precipice ! emotion caus$ by ! ?\ght ( ! consequ5ces ( a mis-/ep may q ov]come 8 belief 9 8 ability to keep 8 balance4 ,b a *amois-hunt] or an acrobat w pass along ! same place )\t ! slighte/ appreh5sion1 n because he does n ?9k ( :at w\ld happ5 if he %\ld fall1 nor because he has m lik+ ?an any "o else = be+ da%$ to pieces1 b because he has :at ! inexp]i5c$ man lacks1 entire confid5ce 9 8 ability to avoid ! dang]4 ,s9ce ,i began writ+ ! la/ p>agraph1 a numb] ( ?\ghts h pass$ ?r\gh my m9d1 any "o ( :i* w\ld be suffici5tly excit+ if ,i believ$ 9 !m1 z1 t ,i may die )9 ! next half h\r2 t ,i may fall heir to a =tune1 & ! l1 none ( :i* h produc$ any emotional di/urbance1 because ,i d n believe t !re is any probability ( _! be+ true4 ,:y 0 x t n only ! m$ical pr(ession b ! public 9 g5]al became s mu* int]e/$1 rec5tly1 9 ! ann\ncem5t t ,dr4 ,ko* _h discov]$ a sub/ance t promis$ to be a cure = tub]culosis8 ,p>tly on acc\nt ( ! int]e/s involv$1 b at lea/ equally because 8 reputation 0 su* z to inspire confid5ce 9 :at he said4 ,!re are pl5ty ( m$ic9es adv]tis$ 9 ! newspap]s = :i* great] claims are made ?an ,dr4 ,ko* made = 8 discov]y1 :i* fail to ar\se any su* g5]al int]e/4 ,^! examples are probably en\gh = illu/ration ( ! famili> fact t belief is ! mo/ common cause ( emotion1 & t a ?\ght t is n believ$ is apt to leave u unmov$4 ,nev]!less1 x is a notori\s fact t emotion has a great deal to d ) det]m9+ ! sort & degree ( evid5ce :i* is satisfactory to u4 ,love & hate1 respect & contempt1 affect our beliefs 9 reg>d to ! "* ( _! objects 9 matt]s entirely indep5d5t ( ! qualities :i* orig9ally inspir$ ! feel+s4 ,we f9d x an easy matt] to believe t a man ^: religi\s or political op9ions we ?9k p]nici\s is a bad man 9 matt]s :i* h no?+ to d ) 8 op9ions1 & may f9d x almo/ incr$ible t "o :om we l p]sonally %\ld ?9k diff]5tly f ourselves on matt]s 9 :i* we are deeply int]e/$4 ,b :at p>ticul> evil we %all believe ( ! p]son :om we dislike1 or good ( ! "o :om we l1 dep5ds entirely on circum/ances4 ,a man1 = in/ance takes a dislike to a /rang] on acc\nt ( "s lack ( good mann]s4 ,:e!r he %all suspect him ( be+ a cl]gyman or an infidel1 a dr9k] or a prohibitioni/1 a ,sunday-s*ool tea*] or a gambl]1 or bo?1 is likely to dep5d v l>gely on 8 own ta/es & pr9ciples 9 reg>d to su* matt]s4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 8 views 9 reg>d to religion1 temp]ance & gambl+1 are probably due 9 great measure to ! practice ( ! p :om he likes4 ,a woman :o has be5 br\ght up ) a horror ( drunk5ness he>s t a man ) :om %e is viol5tly 9 love is a dr9k]4 ,%e w probably disbelieve x at fir/1 b if %e becomes conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! report1 %e w v likely come to ?9k t a drunk>d ne$ n be su* a bad fell[ aft] all4 ,if !re is any "o ?+ t m affects our beliefs ?an :at ! p we l say1 x is :at !y d4 ,9 l mann]1 emotional /ates )\t any def9ite object1 su* z we call moods if !y are transi5t1 & disposition or temp]am5t if !y are habitual1 color our belief1 n by orig9at+ any def9ite propositions1 b by mak+ u receptive to ^? t t5d to confirm !m4 ,x is n :5 a man is brok5 9 _s by repeat$ calamities t he is mo/ ready to believe t 8:]e !re's a w !re's a way10 nor 9 ! flu% ( y\?1 heal? & triumph t ! doctr9e t 8all is vanity10 comes home to 8 he>t4 ,9 :atev] way su* /ates ( m9d come ab\t1 :e!r z a result ( orig9al con/itution1 or ( exp]i5ce1 or ( disease1 !y make ! m9d inhospitable to :atev] does n h>monise ) !m4 ,9 ! case ( insanity1 ?is disposition may outweigh ! pla9e/ evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 s t a man may believe t he is roll+ 9 weal? & luxury :5 he is de/itute ( ! ord9>y com=ts ( life1 or t 8 wife & *ildr5 are dead :5 !y are pres5t be=e 8 eyes4 ,9 a l[] degree1 mo/ ( u probably h exp]i5ce ( some?+ ( ! sort 9 8fits ( ! blues10 b :ile ! g5]al "* ( ! belief may be decid$ by ! emotional tone ( ! m9d1 its precise =m is det]m9$ by ! man's int]e/s4 ,l[ spirits w\ld n be likely1 = in/ance1 to effect a man's op9ion z to ! probable c\rse ( ! /ock m>ket1 unless he 7 9 "s way int]e/$ 9 /ocks1 & ! view favor$ by 8 emotional condition w\ld dep5d on ! side ( ! m>ket on :i* 8 int]e/ lay4 ,beliefs :i*1 9 our ord9>y /ate ( m9d1 are n associat$ ) any /rong feel+1 su* z ma!matical tru?s & ! physical & *emical laws ( matt]1 rema9 unaffect$ 9 all k9ds & degrees ( emotional di/urbance4 ,x seems cle>1 !n1 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 emotions affect our beliefs ?r\gh association4 ,x is n difficult to see h[ ?is comes ab\t4 ,emotions t5d to p]petuate !mselves4 ,a man :o is 9 high spirits w laugh at vexations :i*1 if he 7 9 an irritable frame ( m9d w\ld seem intol]able4 ,we all[ lib]ties to our fri5ds :i* w\ld (f5d u 9 p]sons to :om we are indiff]5t4 ,! same in]tia ( ! m9d :i* is %[n 9 ^! cases (f]s a resi/ance to any ?\ght t t5ds to di/urb x4 ,if ,i l a man & hate di%one/y1 evid5ce t ! man is di%one/ calls up at ! same "t two contr>y emotional /ates1 :i* _c subsi/ toge!r4 ,"o ( ?ree ?+s mu/ happ52 ei!r ! association ( ! feel+ ( lik+ ) ! p]son ( ! man1 or ( t ( repugnance ) di%one/y1 or ( ! quality ( di%one/y ) ! man mu/ be giv5 up1 or at lea/ impair$4 ,b ! feel+ ( affection = my fri5d & t ( hatr$ = ! alleg$ fault are old e/abli%$ associations1 :ile t ( di%one/y ) 8 p]sonality is a new "o1 :i*1 9 ord] to f9d lodgem5t1 mu/ expel ! orig9al inhabitant4 ,al?\gh ,i may h =m$ no def9ite association ( hone/y ) him1 ! difficulty is ( precisely ! same sort z if ,i _h4 ,9 ei!r case x is ! break+ up ( an habitual association4 ,su* be+ ! way 9 :i* emotion affects belief1 its value z a gr\nd ( belief mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ! same way z 9 o!r cases ( association4 ,if any emotion is s exclusively connect$ ) "s def9ite object t ! "o is nev] pres5t )\t ! o!r1 we are w>rant$ 9 inf]r+ ! exi/5ce ( ! object f ! pres5ce ( ! emotion1 z ,rob9son ,crusoe inf]r$ f ! human footpr9ts on ! s& t m5 _h be5 !re4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is comp>atively little uni=mity 9 associations ( ?is k9d4 ,! same ?+s affect diff]5t p]sons diff]5tly1 & ! same p]sons diff]5tly at diff]5t times4 ,our hopes & fe>s are sometimes realis$ & sometimes disappo9t$1 & p to :om1 on slight acqua9tance1 we feel attract$1 (t5 develop qualities ( a diff]5t k9d f :at we expect$ z we come to "k !m bett]4 ,if ,i am fond ( money1 & also ( idl5ess1 or ( fri5d%ip1 & also ( hav+ my own way at all times1 x does n foll[ t tak+ my ease is ! way to get ri*1 nor t always insi/+ on my own way is ! c\rse to make fri5ds4 ,! mo/1 ,i ?9k1 t c be said 9 favor ( emotion z a gr\nd ( belief is1 t its exi/5ce presupposes ! exi/5ce ( "s object adapt$ to excite x4 ,av>ice may be said1 9 a s5se1 to prove ! exi/5ce ( weal?--if !re 7 no weal? !re w\ld d\btless be no av>ice--b n t a p>ticul> av>ici\s man w be weal?y4 ,fe> implies ! exi/5ce ( h>m1 b n necess>ily t h>m is com+ ^u ! "o t fe>s4 ,^! are matt]s 9 :i* we c apply ! te/ ( exp]i5ce to our beliefs1 & x seems evid5t t emotion adds no?+ to our k4 ,we "k ! ?+s indep5d5tly ( ! emotions !y excite1 & e "o recognises t to expect a ?+ m]ely because we ei!r desire or fe> x is1 9 matt]s :i* we c te/ by exp]i5ce1 utt]ly fallaci\s4 ,b !re are matt]s ly+ outside ! range ( our exp]i5ce 9 reg>d to :i* x is (t5 confid5tly ass]t$ t our desires & fe>s are suffici5t pro( ( _! reality--a view 9 :i* ,i _c agree4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t we long = some?+ ( an entirely diff]5t k9d f any?+ we h kn[n1 t might p]haps be an argum5t 9 favor ( its exi/5ce1 b su* is n ! case4 ,! wi% = immortality1 = in/ance1 is no?+ m ?an ! wi% = life4 ,probably !re are b few :o w\ld n r h immortality )\t dea? ?an aft] x1 b exp]i5ce has at la/ conv9c$ ! mo/ hopeful t ?is is n to be expect$1 & ! se>* = f\nta9s ( y\? & elixirs ( life has few devotees4 ,we want life1 & we h life2 we want happ9ess1 & we "k happ9ess1 :e!r we ourselves h x or n1 b to say t ! fact t we want m ?an we get ( bo? is a reason = suppos+ t we %all ev] h all t we want ( ei!r is to reason 9 a way :i* we %\ld all see to be fallaci\s if appli$ to ?+s ( e-day life4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t ! emotions :i* a belief excites are utt]ly valueless z a te/ ( its tru?1 & t we may expect t1 bo? ) individuals & ! race1 emotion w play a small] & small] "p 9 belief z true k & culture increase4 ,?is is n say+ t1 9 cases ( d\bt1 x is unreasonable to hope t ?+s may turn out z we wi%4 ,z to innate beliefs1 x is en\gh to say t we _c altoge!r rid our m9ds ( !m1 & t !y answ] p]fectly ! purpose ( work+ hypo!ses4 ,a man may "q ! reality ( an ext]nal _w to 8 he>t's cont5t1 b if he runs 8 head aga9/ a wall1 or drops a brick on 8 toe1 x w hurt him j z mu* z ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ mat]iali/4 ,! consequ5ce is t su* a d\bt does n affect our conduct4 ,ab/ractly1 ^! beliefs d n all impress u ) ! same degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,t ! same ?+ _c be 9 two diff]5t places at once1 is1 ,i ?9k1 felt to be m absolutely & necess>ily true ?an t !re is su* a necessity 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts z is impli$ 9 ! idea ( causation1 b = all practical purposes we are z sure ( ! "o z ( ! o!r4 ,i h already quot$ ,pr(essor ,james's ass]tion ( our ability to *oose :i* among diff]5t ways ( ?9k+ ( ! same we %all adh]e to & :i* disreg>d4 ,p]haps ! mo/ prom95t feature ( 8 tea*+ on ! subject ( belief is t x is an active1 n a passive /ate ( ! m9d--a *oice1 n a necessity4 ,"o or two m quotations on ?is po9t w make ?is pla94 8,z b>e logical ?9k]s1 )\t emotional reaction1 we give reality to :atev] objects we ?9k (1 = !y are really ph5om5a1 or objects ( our pass+ ?\ght1 if no?+ m4 ,b1 z ?9k]s ) emotional reaction1 we give :at seems to u a high] degree ( reality to :atev] ?+s we select & emphasise & turn to ,,) ,a ,,w4 ,^! are our liv+ realities1 & n only ^!1 b all ?+s t are intimately connect$ ) ^! 7p4 #big74 8,n[ ! important ?+ to notice is t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects ( belief & w is entirely immat]ial1 z f> z ! relation ( ! m9d to !m goes4 ,all t ! m9d does is 9 bo? cases ! same2 x looks at ! object & cons5ts to its exi/5ce1 esp\ses x1 says #8x %all be my reality4' ,x turns to x1 9 %ort1 9 ! int]e/$ emotional way0 7p4 #cbj74 ,al?\gh ! doctr9e is /at$1 9 ^! & o!r passages1 )\t qualification1 x is h>d to reconcile x ) "s o!r /atem5ts4 ,he devotes a *apt] to 8,necess>y ,tru?s10 & says3 8,we mu/ atta* ! pr$icate #8equal' to ! subject #8opposite sides ( a p>allelogram' if we ?9k ^? t]ms toge!r at all0 7p4 #fag74 ,i d n "k t x makes mu* diff]5ce :e!r we say t1 9 a case l ?is1 we _c ?9k diff]5tly ( ! same1 or t1 hav+ ?\ght s1 we _c *oose :i* way ( ?9k+ to adh]e to & :i* to disreg>d4 ,! proposition t a horse is a v]tebrate animal _c be call$ a necess>y1 a priori tru?1 b ,i f9d x z impossible to ?9k ( a horse t is n a v]tebrate animal z ( a p>allelogram ) ! opposite sides unequal4 ,a figure ) ! opposite sides unequal w\ld n be a p>allelogram1 & any?+ t 0 n animal & v]tebrate w\ld n be a horse4 ,:e!r ! difficulty 9 ! two cases is ! same or n1 x is cle> t1 by ,pr(essor ,james's admission1 "h is a re/riction ( our *oice z to :at we w believe4 ,aga91 he speaks ( pleasurable & pa9ful s5sations z 8belief-compell+40 ,compulsion1 s f> z x exi/s1 excludes *oice1 & if ?is expression is ju/ifi$ x implies ano!r limitation on ! fre$om ( belief4 ,) reg>d to pa9ful s5sations1 x seems to me t ! fact is t !y1 & _! associations1 =ce !mselves on our att5tion1 r ?an t we 8select1 & emphasise & turn to !m ) a w40 ,if ,i h a too?a*e1 ,i may believe t if ,i reta9 ! too? x w keep me 9 pa9 = a long "t1 & if ,i h x extract$1 t w also be a pa9ful process4 ,x does n seem to me t ! expressions quot$ above accurately describe my /ate ( m9d 9 reg>d to ei!r ( ^! beliefs4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,james1 :5 a man becomes conv9c$ t he is f9ancially bankrupt1 or t he has lo/ 8 good "n1 or t he is suff]+ f an incurable & fatal disease1 x is because he 8esp\ses0 ?is view ( ! matt]1 8cons5ts to its exi/5ce10 says 8x %all be my reality40 ,?is not)/&+ t su* a belief may drive him to det]m9e t1 s f> z 9 him lies1 all exi/5ce1 all reality %all cease2 to cons5t to dea? & esp\se ! grave4 ,w\ld n ! crim9al :o he>s 8 dea?-s5t5ce pron\nc$ pref]1 if he c\ld1 to disbelieve 8 eyes & e>s1 & to feel t x 0 all a bad dream8 ,s f> z ,i c judge ) reg>d to _m unwelcome beliefs1 !y are n l ! highwayman :o (f]s ! alt]native ( 8y\r money or y\r life10 b l him :o ?r[s y d[n1 b9ds & robs y )\t (f]+ any *oice4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! view "u consid]ation is f\nd 9 a foot-note on p4 #cah1 9 :i*1 aft] quot+1 ) approval1 a /atem5t ( ,royce t 8,! ultimate motive ) m5 ( e-day life is ! w to h an ext]nal _w10 he goes on to say3 8,?is immixture ( ! w appe>s mo/ flagrantly 9 ! fact t al?\gh ext]nal matt] is d\bt$ (t5 en\gh1 m9ds ext]nal to our own are nev] d\bt$4 ,we ne$ !m too mu*1 are too int5sely social to disp5se ) !m4 ,semblances ( matt] may suffice to react ^u1 b n semblances ( commun+ s\ls4 ,a psy*ic solipsism is too hide\s a mock]y ( our wants1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] be5 s]i\sly ent]ta9$40 ,leav+ aside ! "q :e!r any "o :o really disbeliev$ t !re 0 any reality1 outside ( 8 own m9d1 9 objects ( s5se1 c\ld believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( t :i* he only inf]s f ! conduct ( ^? objects1 x seems to be di/9ctly /at$ t ! reason ( ^! beliefs is1 n t we _c help believ+ s1 b t we *oose to believe s1 & n o!rwise1 & t we are able1 hav+ s *os51 to believe z we wi%4 ,t !re may be no d\bt z to ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m 8,w0 is us$1 ,i w quote ! explanation ) :i* he op5s 8 *apt] on t subject3 8,we desire to feel1 to h1 to d1 all sorts ( ?+s :i* at ! mom5t are n felt1 _h1 or done4 ,if ) ! desire !re goes a s5se t atta9m5t is n possible1 we simply wi%2 b if we believe t ! end is 9 our p[]1 we w t ! desir$ feel+1 hav+ or do+ %all be real2 & real x pres5tly becomes1 ei!r imm$iately ^u ! will+ or aft] c]ta9 prelim9>ies h be5 fulfill$0 7p4 #dhf74 ,n[ ea* "o mu/ judge = himself :e!r ?is1 or any?+ l ?is is ! way 9 :i* he came to believe 9 an ext]nal _w4 ,judg+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i %\ld say t ! reason we orig9ally h su* a belief is t x arises spontane\sly 9 our m9ds1 & t1 = a long "t1 x nev] occurs to u t x c be o!rwise4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,i am c]ta9 t :5 ! contr>y possibility 0 pres5t$ to my m9d1 x /ruck me z /range1 r ?an dreadful1 & t ,i firmly believe _m ?+s t seem to me f> m hide\s ?an ! doctr9e t ,i am ! univ]se4 ,s f> z society is conc]n$1 if ,i c be ,%akespe>e & ,milton & ,goe!1 ,plato & ,bacon1 ,newton & ,d>w91 ,lu!r & ,columbus & ,wa%+ton1 z well z all ! p ( my acqua9tance1 x /rikes me t ,i c be pretty good company = myself4 ,to use ! univ]sality ( ! belief z a pro( ( its volunt>y nature seems to me v mu* su* an argum5t z to say t because all bodies attract ea* o!r 9 ! ratio ( _! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! fall+ ( a /one mu/ be a purely volunt>y matt]4 ,i d n see :at /rong] argum5t1 9 a case l ?is1 c\ld be made = ! necessity ( a belief ?an ! alleg$ fact t no "o1 "u any circum/ances1 is free f x4 ,n[1 if we sub/itute ! t]m 8,prop5sity0 = 8,w0 9 ! passage quot$ above1 x w\ld seem to me an entirely accurate description ( ! facts1 & ,i c only und]/& h[ ! au?ors quot$ c\ld take ! gr\nd !y d except on ! assumption t all prop5sities1 or at lea/ all :i* prevail1 are *oices or volitions4 ,t su* is n ! case seems to me cle> en\gh 9 reg>d to belief f "s ( ! in/ances :i* ,i h already m5tion$1 b x w p]haps be /ill m evid5t f cases 9 :i* belief is n 9 "q4 ,! prop5sity to rememb] & con/antly ?9k ( pa9ful & di/ress+ ?+s1 :i* we w\ld gladly bani% f our ?\ghts1 or su* ?+s z silly rhymes & trifl+ tunes2 to tremble & lose our pres5ce ( m9d 9 dang]1 :5 we h mo/ ne$ ( ! full use ( all our faculties2 to express our emotions by muscul> movem5ts :5 we wi% to conceal !m1 & _m o!rs t might be m5tion$1 are examples ( ! fact t an inv9cible prop5sity may be q ! rev]se ( a *oice4 ,t belief is an activity ( ! m9d may be freely admitt$4 ,! m9d--:atev] ! sub/ratum ( our /ates ( consci\sness may be--is n a receptacle1 to hold indiff]5tly :atev] may be p\r$ into x nor a %eet ( blank pap]1 on :i* ?is or t may be writt5 by circum/ances2 x has a "* ( its own1 & reacts to its environm5t4 ,:at ! reaction %all be dep5ds bo? on ! "* ( ! m9d & :at is pres5t$ to x1 b x seems incorrect to assume t all ! dispositions ( ! m9d are ( ! nature ( desires or av]sions4 ,9 ! la/ analysis ( :i* we are capable1 our "* is probably due to our physical con/itution1 orig9al & acquir$1 & our beliefs may be pr(\ndly affect$ by a few glasses ( :iskey or an attack ( fev]4 ,:e!r ! reactions ( ! matt] ( :i* our bra9s are =m$ are z inv>iable z ^? ( inorganic matt] ne$ n be discuss$ "h2 ! pres5t po9t is t :ile belief is a s5se ( ! relations ( ?+s z !y are1 ! ess5ce ( w is ! desire to h !m o!rwise ?an z !y are4 ,to make belief a matt] ( *oice is ! same z to say t ,i may at ! same "t *oose t ?+s %all be z !y are & o!rwise4 ,pr(essor ,james closes ! *apt] ) a practical obs]vation3 8,if belief consi/s 9 an emotional reaction ( ! entire man on an object1 h[ c we believe at w8 ,we _c control our emotions4 ,truly en\gh1 a man _c believe at w abruptly4 ,nature sometimes1 & inde$ n v infrequ5tly1 produces in/antane\s conv]sions = u4 ,%e sudd5ly puts u 9 an active connection ) objects to :i* %e _h till !n left u cold4 #8,i realise = ! fir/ "t1' we !n say1 #8:at t means6' ,?is happ5s (t5 ) moral propositions4 ,we h (t5 he>d !m2 b n[ !y %oot into our lives2 !y move u2 we feel _! liv+ =ce4 ,su* in/antane\s beliefs are truly en\gh n to be a*iev$ by w4 ,b gradually our w c lead u to ! same results by a v simple me?od2 we ne$ only 9 cold blood act z if ! ?+ 9 "q 7 real1 & keep act+ z if x 7 real1 & x w infallibly end by gr[+ into su* a connection ) our life t x w become real4 ,x w become s knit ) habit & emotion t our int]e/s 9 x w be ^? :i* *>act]ise belief4 ,^? to :om ,god & ,duty are n[ m]e names c make !m mu* m ?an t1 if !y make a little sacrifice to !m e day4 ,b all ?is is s well kn[n 9 moral & religi\s education t ,i ne$ say no m0 7p4 #cba74 ,! above passage seems to me to illu/rate at ! same "t ! =ce ( ,pr(essor ,james's rhetoric & an occasional t5d5cy on 8 "p to be c>ri$ away by x into /atem5ts t are altoge!r too sweep+4 ,9 an imm5se proportion ( cases1 ! me?od t he recomm5ds is precisely ! sure/ way to conv9ce ourselves t ! ?+ 9 "q is n real4 ,x is ! me?od :i* ! small boy takes to conv9ce himself t ! gun is n load$2 ! drunk>d & sp5d?rift to satisfy !mselves t _! vices w n br+ !m into pov]ty & disgrace4 ,a man may sit all day at ! =k ( ! road1 & believe t ! broad way does n lead to de/ruction1 b :5 he puts 8 belief 9 practice he discov]s ! tru?4 ,s f> z practical matt]s1 capable ( be+ br\ght to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce1 are conc]n$1 x c only be said t if !y are real1 we %all conv9ce ourselves t su* is ! case by act+ z if !y 7 real4 ,d\btless ,pr(essor ,james _h n su* prosaic ?+s z ^! 9 m9d :5 he wrote ! passage1 b a me?od t w n s]ve u 9 reg>d to su* que/ions z :e!r wat] w wet u or fire burn u1 c h>dly be call$ infallible4 ,b ev5 9 reg>d to que/ions t mu/ always rema9 matt]s ( op9ion x is n true 9 ! unqualifi$ s5se 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,james puts x4 ,probably _m m51 br\ght up 9 ! belief t x 0 _! duty to obs]ve ! fir/ day ( ! week by religi\s wor%ip because ! ,hebrews 7 requir$ to ab/a9 f labor on ! sev5? day1 h come to modify _! belief )\t any mat]ial *ange 9 _! practice1 & ev5 ! belief 9 reg>d to ! nature & attributes ( ,god may be affect$ 9 advance ( a *ange 9 ! conduct bas$ ^u x4 ,! law ( association 9 ?is reg>d is subject to ! same limitations z we h already f\nd to hold 9 respect to o!r matt]s4 ,associations ( action ) belief h a t5d5cy to /r5g!n x1 b1 z 9 ! case ( emotion1 !y may be ov]come by o!r consid]ations1 & x is entirely possible = a man to g on = ! bett] "p ( a lifetime 9 punctili\s con=mity to usages :i* 9 8 he>t he despises1 & break out 9 op5 rebellion at la/4 ,f ! e?ical po9t ( view1 ! advice :i* seems to be impli$1 ( delib]ately *oos+ a way ( sett+ d\bts at re/ :i* is z efficaci\s on ! side ( error z ( tru?1 ( vice z ( virtue1 seems to me1 to say ! lea/1 ( d\btful t5d5cy4 ,we mu/ (t5 act 9 d\btful cases1 & take ! risk1 among/ o!rs1 ( ?us confirm+ ourselves 9 error1 b c]ta9ly !re c be no m solemn motive = weigh+ well our beliefs be=e committ+ ourselves to !m by action ?an ! fact t we may1 by habit1 p]v]t our moral s5se1 bl9d our judgm5t & /ifle our consci5ce4 ,to ! man :o believes t !re is a univ]se1 ( :i* he =ms an inf9itesimal "p1 & t all 8 int]e/s dep5d on 8 attitude t[>d ! p[] t works 9 x1 x is ( inf9itely m int]e/ to "k h[ he c "k ! tru? ?an h[ he c conv9ce himself ( ?is or t4 ,%all tru? be our ma/]1 to be foll[$ & obey$1 ?\gh he comm& u to give up all else t we hold de>1 or our s]vant1 to be employ$ z suits our passion or caprice1 & dismiss$ :5 he w no long] s]ve our purpose8 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ mom5t\s "q t we are call$ on to decide4 ,! man :o makes ! wrong *oice may or may n atta9 :at he seeks1 b ?\gh he ga9 ! :ole _w1 he w lose 8 own s\l4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,worce/]4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 by ,william ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,9 two volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,company1 #ahij4 #fc ,! italics1 9 ?is & my o!r quotations1 are ! au?or's4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,reality4#fd ,pr(essor ,william ,james's supposition ( 8an halluc9atory c&le0 se5 by a 8new born m9d entirely blank & wait+ = exp]i5ce to beg90 is an impossible & self-contradictory figm5t4 ,we might z well speak ( ! dry ,niag>a falls employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( "s mat]ial goods out ( no?+4 ,=1 fir/1 a m9d entirely blank is no m9d &1 secondly1 a blank m9d if x c\ld exi/ at all1 w\ld h no halluc9ations4 ,an halluc9atory c&le c be produc$ only out ( ! memories or ! comb9ation ( memories ( =m] c&le-s5sations4 ,a bl9d man sees 9 8 dream no colors1 & a deaf man he>s no symphonies4 ,a new-born babe is already 9 possession ( _m inh]it$ memories4 ,?us ! fir/ s5se-impressions aft] ! babe's bir? f9d ! organism1 especially its sk91 n]ves & muscles pr$ispos$ = _! reception4 ,! babe's organism accord+ly pres5ts an in/ance ( a relative b n ( an absolute blank2 an absolute blank ( a some?+ t is to develop into m9d c mean only a lump ( s5ti5t matt] at ! mom5t ( =mation4 ,z soon z x is =m$ x is expos$ 9 e second ( its exi/5ce to innum]able impressions :i* fill ! blank ) cont5ts & ^! cont5ts are ! m9d t is develop+4 ,s5ti5t sub/ance is n at re/1 b l a flame x is possess$ ( an incessant activity4 ,! =m ( ?is activity is bo? extraord9>ily pla/ic & /able4 ,x is pla/ic1 = e impression toge!r ) ! reaction ( ! impression modifies x & leaves a trace3 x is /able = ! traces ( all ! impressions & reactions are pres]v$4 ,! fir/ s5se-impression ( a lump ( s5ti5t sub/ance produces an irritation :i* objectively consid]$ is a commotion ( ! s5ti5t sub/ance & subjectively consid]$ a feel+1 ! sub/ance be+ s5ti5t ex hypo!si4 ,?is fir/ & primitive feel+ is mean+less1 = x has n1 & _c h1 any ref]5ce to any o!r feel+1 memory or m9d1 & mean+ is creat$ ?r\gh ! int]action ( feel+s ) memories ( feel+s4 ,"s lat] s5se-impression ( ! same k9d w n only produce ! same irritation b also s]ve z an irritation to awak5 ! memory-trace left by ! =m] s5se-impression4 ,! new feel+ w melt into "o ) ! reawak5$ memory ( ! =m] feel+4 ,9 ! long run _m traces ( ! same k9d :i* are1 z x 71 deposit$ 9 ! same place w con/itute an organ pr$ispos$ to receive ! correspond5t impressions2 & n[ a s5se-impression receiv$ by su* an organ may be call$ a s5sation4 ,a s5sation is n m]ely a feel+1 x is a feel+ ( a special k9d & x is felt to be ( a special k9d4 ,9 o!r words1 a s5sation is a feel+ t has acquir$ mean+2 & ?is mean+ is ! product ( ! int]action & cop]ation ( feel+s & memories4 ,s5sations h become symbols repres5t+ ! cause ( ! s5se-impression :i* produc$ ! s5sation1 & ideas are symbols ( a high] ord] repres5t+ ei!r :ole classes ( a c]ta9 k9d ( causes ( s5se-impressions or c]ta9 features !re(1 or c]ta9 relations among !m4 ,?us e m9d is a sy/em ( s5ti5t symbols4 ,^! symbols be+ z x 7 pictures int5d$ someh[ to repres5t or allegorically speak+ to portray ?+s are call$ 8ideas10 :ile ! ?+s symbolis$ are 9 _! totality call$ objective exi/5ce or 8reality40 ,consid]+ ! nature ( m9d1 x is obvi\s t !re _c be an entirely blank m9d4 ,we might z well speak ( an entirely blank picture4 ,b an entirely blank picture is a canvas & no picture at all4 ,t a m9d :i* is n z yet a m9d c h nei!r s5sations nor halluc9ations is almo/ self-evid5t4 ,simil>ly !re is no s5se 9 say+ t a picture t consi/s ( an utt] blank & ?us is prop]ly speak+ no picture at all b an empty canvas1 ei!r does or does n correctly repres5t a c]ta9 object4 ,! ^w 8real0 is us$ 9 two s5ses 7#a7 z a "n = ev]y?+ t exi/s & 7#b7 to signify t k9d ( exi/5ce :i* is ! object ( our s5sory & m5tal exp]i5ce1 i4 e4 ! objective _w s-call$4 ,! =m] ( ^! two def9itions is m compreh5sive2 = x includes ! realm ( m5tality1 ! ideal _w ( subjectivity4 ,! latt] is us$ 9 contra/ to ! subjective _w ( m5tal life & ?us expressly excludes ! ideal realm ( ! m9d & ( m5tal symbols4 ,! que/ions z to ,:at is reality8 & ,is !re any?+ real at all8 mu/ n be =mulat$ z !y are by ,pr(essor ,james1 9 t]ms ( belief b 9 a /atem5t ( facts & by def9+ c]ta9 facts z real4 ,an halluc9ation is real 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w2 x is an actual exi/5ce2 x is a feel+ tak+ place 9 ! m9d ( "s organism4 ,x is also real 9 ! second s5se ( ! ^w 9 s f> z x is a vibration ( a bra9 /ructure4 ,h[ev] an halluc9ation is n real 9 ! second s5se ( ! ^w 9 s f> z its mean+ has n its correspond5t analogue4 ,let ! mean+ ( a c]ta9 m5tal symbol be a c&le1 "u :i* "n we comprise a c]ta9 gr\p ( exp]i5ces1 & let ! c]ebral /ructure ( ?is m5tal symbol be awak5$ by ano!r /imulus ?an t :i* is g5]ally call$ a c&le4 ,^? exp]i5ces :i* z a gr\p are call$ a c&le are ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,if a piece ( pap] approa*es ! light$ c&le1 x w burn4 ,an halluc9atory c&le w leave ! pap] intact1 al?\gh ! p]son :o has ! halluc9ation may see ! pap] burn4 ,?us ! ideas or images ( objects are built up ( exp]i5ces :i* h taught u t "u c]ta9 conditions c]ta9 ev5ts happ52 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 actions !re are con/antly c]ta9 reactions tak+ place4 ,reality consi/s ( su* facts2 x is ! sum total ( all reactions2 reality is ! nature ( objects :i* react someh[4 ,^? :o jump at ! conclusion t our subjective s5sations1 su* z colors1 ta/es1 s\nds1 etc41 mu/ be reg>d$ z objective prop]ties ( ?+s1 are grossly mi/ak54 ,our s5sations are n qualities ( ?+s b subjective ph5om5a3 !y d n in=m u ab\t ! nature ( ?+s1 b reveal to u h[ ?+s affect our s5ses4 ,^? h[ev] :o d5y or d\bt objective exi/5ce are no less mi/ak54 ,! _w is n a subjective ph5om5on ( s5sations1 b an objective exi/5ce symbolis$ 9 s5sations4 ,! "q is n 8,does reality exi/80 b 8,:at is ,reality80 or 8,:at is ! mean+ ( #8real'80 ,:5 we say 8,objects are real10 we mean t !y resi/1 !y react1 _! pres5ce produces someh[ "s effect4 ,:5 we say1 ,we ourselves are real1 we mean t we react ^u ! objects ) :i* we come 9 contact1 we mean1 t 9 our bodily exi/5ce we are objects 9 an objective _w4 ,actions & reactions are tak+ place4 ,?is is a fact4 ,he :o d5ies x is l ! man :o decl>es t he is n at home2 he contradicts himself3 = ! d5ial ( a "q is a reaction ^u an action4 ,! t]m reality is ! symbol ( ! nature ( actions & reactions 9 _! efficacy1 x d5otes ! ess5ce ( facts & ?us ! "q 8,does reality exi/80 has no s5se4 ,we d5ote t :i* exi/s1 t :i* acts & reacts1 t :i* is a fact1 or h[soev] we may express x1 by ! ^w 8reality40 ,we might d5y t ! reactions ( ! objective _w are con/ant1 or t a c]ta9 idea ( a c]ta9 reaction is errone\s1 viz4 t ! reaction if put to ! te/ w\ld prove to be diff]5t f :at x 0 expect$--b all ^! d5ials & d\bts :i* are ( daily occurr5ce 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce presuppose t !re are reactions tak+ place & reality or objective exi/5ce is only a collective "n = ^! reactions & _! nature4 ,! "n object /ill pres]ves ! idea ( reaction1 = object is t :i* reacts ^u t\*1 :i* resi/s1 :i* is object$4 ,we %all lose ourselves 9 inextricable confusion by mak+ a matt] ( d\bt & belief :at is really a /atem5t ( facts4 ,to speak ( a d\bt or belief 9 ! reality ( ?+s 9 g5]al is tantam\nt to speak+ ( a belief 9 our exp]i5ces :i*1 :atev] _! p>ticul> nature may be1 are facts4 ,& to d\bt our exp]i5ces1 n ! correctness ( a p>ticul> exp]i5ce1 b exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 i4 e4 ! v exi/5ce ( exp]i5ce is tantam\nt to d\bt+ our own be+4 ,a consid]ation ( :at we mean by an halluc9ation c be/ make cle> :at we mean1 & rationally c only mean1 by reality4 ,a real c&le is a m5tal symbol ( some?+ :i* w "u c]ta9 conditions react 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,an halluc9atory c&le is also a m5tal symbol1 b ! ?+ :i* x purports to mean1 does n exi/2 i4 e4 !re is no?+ t w react4 ,! symbol is !re1 b n t some?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! symbol ( ! idea 8c&le0 w\ld indicate4 ,?is me?od ( deal+ ) ! problem ( ! old nave realism & ! pseudo-critical idealism ( =m] times is n bas$ ^u ! assumption ( ! reality ( ?+s 7:i* means1 ( ! reality ( reality72 x is simply a c>eful =mulation ( ! problem to prev5t our be+ entangl$ all ab\t ) contradictions2 x is ! me?od ( r5d]+ cle> ! basic pr9ciple ( positivism1 t all k is a description ( facts1 :i* description ( facts is made = ! purpose (1 deal+ ) facts4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 #fd ,?is article 0 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,worce/]'s criticism on ,pr(essor ,james's ,psy*ology4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,worce/] discusses ,pr(essor ,james's supposition ( an halluc9ation 9 a blank m9d1 say+ t x w\ld be 8! only possible reality ( t m9d10 he almo/ seems to adopt ,pr(essor ,james's views ( ! subject himself4 ,cle>ness ab\t su* fundam5tal t]ms z m9d & reality1 are s mu* ne$$ t ! foll[+ rem>ks may n be out ( place z a fur!r explanation ( ! subject4 ,exactness 9 fundam5tal & g5]al t]ms w save mu* labor 9 detail "w4 ,,monism ,,n ,,me*anicalism4 ,,comm5ts ,,^u ,,pr(4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel',s ,,position4 ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,haeckel's ,an?ropog5y1 ! f\r? edition ( :i* appe>$ ( late1#fe br+s aga9 into prom95ce t conception ( monism :i* id5tifies ! moni/ic view ) me*anicalism4 ,a review ( ?is book has appe>$ already 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,no4 #bca1 9 :i* we call$ att5tion to ! great m]its ( a "w :i* has become a h\sehold book1 n only = ! sci5ti/1 b = e educat$ read] :o is int]e/$ 9 man & ! orig9 ( man4 ,our k 9 ,an?ropog5y1 c]ta9ly1 w influ5ce n only our g5]al _w-conception1 b ?r\gh our g5]al _w-conception x w ext5d its influ5ce n only ov] e bran* ( sci5ce b also into ! broad] fields ( man's daily life & 8 practical morality4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel is ! mo/ popul> naturali/ ( to-day & !re is no "o1 p]haps1 :o has made a m effective propag&a = ! moni/ic _w-conception ?an he4 ,s x is almo/ a matt] ( c\rse t 8 def9ition ( monism is g5]ally accept$ z ! /&>d4 ,we h =mulat$ our view ( monism 9 a way :i* 9 pr9ciple & g5]al outl9es concurs ) ! commonly accept$ usage ( ! t]m1 yet x deviates f x 9 "s important po9ts :i* are p]haps n m]ely matt]s ( detail4 ,x w be difficult to say h[ f> we agree & h[ f> we disagree ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel's monism because ^? subjects 9 :i* we disagree1 h nev] be5 elaborat$ by him1 & we are incl9$ to believe t he w\ld modify "s ( 8 expressions1 if he devot$ a quiet h\r's ?\ght to ! objections we h to make to 8 def9itions4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's monism be+ me*anicalism savors /rongly ( mat]ialism4 ,he says 9 ! late/ edition ( 8 8,an?ropog5ie0 :i* is n[ be=e u1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hea3 8,!re c be no d\bt t a ?or\gh consid]ation & unprejudic$ delib]ation ( ^! facts w lead to a decisive victory ( t philosophical conception :i* ) "o ^w we call moni/ic or me*anical 9 opposition to ! duali/ic & teleological4 ,^u ! latt] are bas$ mo/ ( ! philosophical sy/ems ( antiquity1 ( ! m$ival times1 & also ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! me*anical or moni/ic philosophy decl>es t c]ta9 & immutable laws obta9 ev]y:]e 9 ! ph5om5a ( human life z mu* z 9 nature g5]ally1 t a necess>y causal connexus obta9s ev]y:]e 9 ph5om5a &1 accord+ly1 t ! kn[able _w =ms ?r\gh\t a unit>y :ole1 a monon4 ,monism moreov] ma9ta9s t all ph5om5a are produc$ alone ?r\gh me*anical causes 7caus effici5tes7 n ?r\gh prem$itat$ purposive causes 7caus f9ales740 ,& 9 ! fir/ lecture 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,evolution & ,philosophy10 7p4 #ae7 he says3 8,we %all cle>ly recognise 9 ! foll[+ inve/igations h[ ! mo/ wond]ful enigmas ( human & animal organisations1 h]et(ore consid]$ z inaccessible1 h become accessible to a natural solution ?r\gh ,d>w9's re=m 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution by a me*anical explanation ( purposeless effici5t causes40 ,9 agreem5t ) ^! views1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel reg>ds ! t]ms necessity & me*anicalism z equival5t t]ms4 ,he rejects any k9d ( teleology1 any k9d ( f9al causes1 & also ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,he opposes ! s-call$ moral _w-ord] z contradictory to ! idea t ! _w is regulat$ by me*anical law & he adopts ! latt] to ! exclusion ( ! =m]4 ,all ^! po9ts come out v /rongly & cle>ly 9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's lett] to ! editor ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 :]e 8 view ( monism is graphically pres5t$ 9 a concise tabul> =m4 ,we "h reproduce ?is table f ,no4 #bab ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 = ! conv5i5ce ( our read]s3 ,,monism4 ,,fundam5tal ,,concepts4 ,,dualism4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,insep>able4 ,matt] & =ce4 ,z a matt] ( ,god & _w4 pr9ciple di/9ct ,s\l & body4 entities4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,me*anicalism4 ,life4 ,vitalism4 ,necess>y evolution4 ,teleological creation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,univ]sal 7cons]vation ,immortality4 ,individual4 ( en]gy74 ,fre$om ( w4 ,a p]son's w be+ ,det]m9ism4 absolutely free4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,caus effici5tes4 ,causation4 ,caus f9ales4 7,effici5t causes47 7,f9al causes47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,regulat$ by me*anical ,_w-ord]4 ,s-call$ 8,moral40 law4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,insep>able & subject ,inorganic & organic ,z a matt] ( to ! same laws4 nature4 pr9ciple di/9ct & subject to diff]5t laws4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,n[ we agree ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 "o ma9 po9t1 viz4 8t c]ta9 & immutable laws obta9 ev]y:]e 9 ! ph5om5a ( human life z mu* z 9 nature g5]ally1 & t ! kn[able _w =ms ?r\gh\t a unit>y :ole1 a monon40 ,b we _c agree to 8 proposition t 8! wond]ful enigmas ( organis$ life are accessible to a natural solution by a me*anical explanation ( purposeless effici5t causes40 ,we grant will+ly t me*anical explanations w s]ve = all motions t take place 9 ! _w2 ev5 ! motions ( ! bra9 take place 9 /rict ob$i5ce to ! laws ( mol> & molecul> me*anics4 ,b a me*anical explanation is n applicable to t :i* is n motion4 ,if x 7 applicable x w\ld n be desirable1 = x w\ld be ( no avail4 ,me*anical explanations are to be limit$ to me*anical ph5om5a4 ,feel+ h[ev] is n a me*anical ph5om5on1 & an idea1 be+ a special & a v complex k9d ( a feel+1 or r & m accurately express$1 be+ ! special mean+ ( a v complex feel+1 is n a me*anical ph5om5on ei!r4 ,x is true t :5 a feel+ takes place & :5 an idea is ?\ght 9 ! bra9 ( an organis$ be+1 t a c]ta9 n]v\s action takes place4 ,! n]v\s action is a motion & ?is motion repres5ts a def9ite am\nt ( en]gy4 ,!re is no !oretical difficulty1 al?\gh !re are almo/ insurm\ntable practical difficulties1 9 measur+ ! def9ite am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy t is *ang$ into k9etic en]gy :5 a man ?9ks4 ,yet ! bra9-motion is n ! idea & by a me*anical explanation ( ! bra9-motion we h n ev5 t\*$ ! problem ( :at ! nature ( ! idea is1 :y ideas orig9ate & h[ !y act4 ,we "k t ,pr(essor ,haeckel :5 he s vigor\sly insi/s on me*anicalism1 opposes ^? philosoph]s :o believe t !re are motions :i* _c be expla9$ by me*anical laws4 ,we side ) ,pr(essor ,haeckel aga9/ any "o :o ma9ta9s t "s motions are me*anical 7mol> or molecul>7 & o!rs are exceptions to ! laws ( me*anics1 repres5t+ a k9d ( hyp]me*anics4 ,b we _c admit ! explanation by me*anical laws ( non-me*anical ph5om5a4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel speaks ( purposeless effici5t causes--zwecklos ?tige ,ursa*54 ,he speaks ( effici5t causes1 z exclud+ f9al causes4 ,he is "r 9 8 objection to f9al causes z ! t]m is commonly us$4 ,b :ile !re are causes t are zwecklos1 !re are no causes t are ziellos4 ,e process ( causation takes a def9ite c\rse1 x has a c]ta9 & def9able direction4 ,! end ( ?is direction ne$ n be a consci\s aim1 b x is an aim :atev] x be1 x is a ,ziel4 ,9 ?is s5se e effici5t cause is at ! same "t a f9al cause4 ,! gravitat+ /one has no purpose1 yet x has an aim4 ,s ! evolution ( organis$ life is a natural process hav+ a v def9ite aim4 ,& ?is aim ( ! evolution ( organis$ life is det]m9$ by factors ( a v complex nature4 ,"o ( ^! factors is almo/ imp]ceptible at ! beg9n+1 b x is ( a con/antly & rapidly gr[+ importance2 & ?is factor is ! psy*ical elem5t t appe>s ) organis$ life4 ,?is factor is no?+ supra-natural1 no?+ extra-natural1 & yet x is n some?+ mat]ial or me*anical4 ,x is ?is factor :i* 9 its highe/ effloresc5ce *anges aims into purposes1 & ) ?is *ange x creates aga9 a new factor ( evolution :i* is ! purposive aspiration to con=m to ! _w-ord] & ?us to advance ! fur!r progress ( mank9d4 ,?is aspiration is 9 "o ^w call$ morality4 ,:5 we speak ( a moral _w-ord] we mean t su* moral behe/s z 7 =mulat$ 9 prescripts by ,confucius1 by ,buddha1 by ,moses1 by ,jesus1 & o!r moral tea*]s ( mank9d h an objective & immutable f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! me*anical law 9 ! prov9ce ( motions1 ! logical law 9 ! realm ( ?\ght1 geometrical proportions 9 ma!matics1 ! regul>ity ( natural laws1 etc41 =m 9 our _w-conception a "p ( ?is moral _w-ord]4 ,! laws ( social life are n oppos$ to !m b correlative4 ,! purpose ( a man's action reveals 8 "*1 & ! "* ( ! man is 8 inn]mo/ nature4 ,9 an analog\s way ! aim ( evolution & especially ! aim ( ! evolution ( organis$ be+s reveals ! "*1 ! inn]mo/ nature ( ! univ]se4 ,psy*ic life is abs5t s f> z we c see 9 ! primordial _w sub/ance z x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a nebula2 x is abs5t /ill 9 ! primordial /ate ( planets4 ,x appe>s ) ! subjective /ates ( aw>5ess t rise into exi/5ce 9 organis$ life4 ,! subjectivity ( unorganis$ matt] is1 9 comp>ison ) man's subjectivity1 to be consid]$ z a blank2 i4 e41 if !re is 9 x a /ate ( aw>5ess1 :i* we h reasons to d\bt1 x is app>5tly )\t mean+2 x does n symbolise ext]nal objects2 x is no m9d2 x is1 z x 71 bl9d4 ,yet ! aim ( evolution be+ ! developm5t ( psy*ical life1 %[s t ! subjectivity ( unorganis$ matt] is spiritual 9 its inn]mo/ nature4 ,& ! aim ( psy*ical life be+ ! developm5t ( moral ideals1 we are v well ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( ! _w-ord] z moral4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! _w-ord] z moral we mean t ! moral prescripts ( ! great e?ical tea*]s ( mank9d are f\nd$ 9 & d]iv$ f ! _w-ord] ( nature4 ,!re is "o objection to call+ ! _w-ord] moral1 & we !re=e dislike to use ! phrase4 ,x is ?is3 ,morality means con=mity to a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,! /&>d is n moral1 b ^? :o d or d n con=m to x are moral or immoral4 ,!re=e if !re is any tru? 9 ! idea ( ,god x is ?is t !re is a /&>d = human conduct to con=m to1 !re is an au?ority :i* has to be obey$ & ?is au?ority is ,god4 ,to speak ( ,god z moral or immoral is an?ropomorphism4 ,if 8,god0 means any?+1 x means t p[] ( ! _w-ord] ob$i5ce to :i* is call$ morality4 ,if we say ,god is moral1 ,god ceases to be ,god1 ! moral au?ority above him to :i* he has to con=m w\ld be ! really true ,god4 ,?us logically ! p]sonal conception ( ,god leads to a sup]p]sonal conception ( ,god4 ,^! are 9 brief our objections to ,pr(essor ,haeckel's def9ition ( monism z be+ id5tical ) me*anicalism & p]haps also ) mat]ialism4 ,my op9ion t ,pr(essor ,haeckel may aft] all acc$e to our view ( monism is bas$ ^u an int]e/+ & fri5dly conv]sation :i* ,i enjoy$ ) him sev]al ye>s ago 9 ,j5a4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel is n ! "o-sid$ naturali/ t he is (t5 repres5t$ to be by or?odox cl]gym54 ,he does n see ! work+s ( ! natural laws only1 he sees also ! moral aspect to :i* a consid]ation ( ! natural laws leads4 ,t 8 books emphasise ! =m] )\t ent]+ into ! problems ( ! latt] is natural = a sci5ti/1 b he p]sonally is c]ta9ly ev5 broad] ?an are 8 books1 & ,i %\ld say t 8 v opposition to c]ta9 errors :i* h be5 foi/$ by an antiquat$ dogmatism ^u our religi\s in/itutions1 %[ ! deeply religi\s _s ( 8 "*4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,an?ropog5ie od] ,entwickelungsges*i*te des ,m5s*54 ,keimes-und ,/ammesges*i*te4 ,by ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,mit #bj ,tafeln1 #ddj ,holzs*nitt5 und #be g5etis*5 ,tabell54 ,vi]te1 umge>beitete und v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,leipzig3 ,engelmann4 ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,peirce ,,on ,,necessity4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce is "o ( ^? ?9k]s :o 9 ! inve/igation ( a subject g "r d[n to ! bottom ( ! problem4 ,?is appe>s to me ! m conspicu\sly s1 z ! result to :i* 8 inve/igations lead /& 9 a /rong contra/ to my own views4 ,yet ,i _c help admir+ ! boldness ( 8 tr5*ant critique :i* f9ds ! difficulties at ! po9t :]e really ! ma9 difficulty ( all philosophical inquiry lies buri$4 ,x lies buri$1 i4 e4 x does n appe> on ! surface ( ?+s4 ,if x lay on ! surface1 our mo/ sup]ficial ?9k]s w\ld naturally light on x2 b mo/ ( !m walk _! way 9 peace1 unmole/$ by ! "q1 ,is !re any tru? 9 ! idea ( necessity4 ,an editorial treatm5t ( ?is problem may be expect$ 9 a =?com+ numb] ( ,! ,moni/4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,e9leitung ,,9 ,,das ,,alte ,,te/am5t4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,cornill1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity at ,knigsb]g4 ,:5 ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s fir/ gave to ! _w ! a/oni%+ results ( _! /udies1 few 7 ^? :o at once recognis$ ! importance ( ! new !ories & /ill few] ^? :o readily accept$ !m4 ,b )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 gradually b /eadily ! numb] ( ^? :o h adopt$ z virtually true ! hypo!ses ( ! new s*ool1 has be5 increas+ until to-day ^? are 9 ! m9ority :o tea* a view diff]5t f ,d>w9 on ! orig9 & evolution ( ! univ]se4 ,! hi/ory & fate ( ! new /udies 9 ,biblical criticism be> a /rik+ analogy to ! reception accord$ to ,d>w9ian rese>*es4 ,at fir/ !y 7 met ) well nigh univ]sal opposition4 ,!y 7 decl>$ to be subv]sive ( ! holie/ int]e/s ( religion4 ,!y 7 held to rob ! ,bible ( its glory4 ,b by sl[ degrees ! fir/ passion yield$ to wis] c\nsel4 ,curiosity l$ to ! exam9ation ( ! new positions2 & 9 consequ5ce 9 ev] wid5+ circles ! conviction ga9$ gr\nd t f> f tak+ away f ! dignity ( ! old ,hebrew lit]ature1 ^! new inve/igations & ! me?od ^u :i* !y foot$1 l5t new lu/re to ! collection ( anci5t writ+s4 ,& to-day ! battle has be5 won by ! s*ool ( ,wellhaus5 & ,ku554 ,few are ^? :o to-day urge ! old views on ! au?or%ip date & hi/orical succession ( ! sev]al p>ts compos+ :at is call$ ! ,o4 ,t4 or ev5 on ! canonisation ( ! :ole collection4 ,! />tl+ assumptions ( ,wellhaus51 ,graf1 & _! ,dut* colleagues _h _! =]unn]s1 z _h ,d>w9 & ,wallace4 ,b :5 ,george & ,vatke 9 ! f\r? decade ( our c5tury & ,reuss1 9 8 fir/ academic lectures1 virtually anticipat$ ! l9es ( rese>* ( _! lat] successors1 ! _w 0 too busy ) o!r matt]s to give _! labors mu* att5tion4 7,cfr4 ?is "w1 p4 #h47 ,= all ?is1 primitive or?odoxy _h only few repres5tatives 9 ?is doma91 at lea/ 9 ,g]many4 ,:ile ,hv]nick & ,keil & ,h5g/5b]g1 are rang$ on ! extreme "r ( ! l9e def5d+ ) all ! res\rces ( a va/ erudition ! traditional views1 ! middle gr\nd is occupi$ by su* m5 z ,ewald1 & ,hitzig1 & ! tea*] ( ^! ,de-,wette1 a s*ool ( critics t to-day yet c\nts among its protagoni/s su* m5 z ,dillmann & ,s*rad] & ,kittel4 ,) ,graf1 a new era may be said to h begun = ,biblical criticism4 ,not)/&+ ! viol5t opposition enc\nt]$1 ! s*ool has won ! day4 ,its greate/ triumph 0 p]haps ! acquiesc5ce 9 its positions %ortly be=e 8 dea? by t ma/] ( ,biblical sci5ce1 ,pr(essor ,delitzs* ( ,leipzig4 ,:at ! c>d9al po9t ( cont5tion is betwe5 ! w>r+ camps1 is well kn[n4 ,x is ! relative age & position ( :at is te*nically designat$ z ! ,prie/ly code1 9 ! ,hexateu*4 ,accord+ to ! new s*ool ?is portion is ! capp+ /one ( ! edifice1 z x 74 ,= ,dillmann x is pre-exilic2 = ,wellhaus5 po/-exilic4 ,! book be=e u places itself )\t equivocation on ! /&po9t ( ?is late/ criticism4 ,x is ?us ano!r leaf 9 ! laurel wrea? cr[n+ ! m5 ( ! new disp5sation4 ,= ! "n ( ! au?or is gu>antee ( ! s*ol>ly "* ( ! "w2 & views :i* h ! endorsem5t ( a man ( ! r5[n & ! s*ol>%ip ( ,pr(essor ,cornill c>ry ! presumption ( hav+ tru? on _! side4 ,pr(essor ,cornill is h[ev]1 a new-com] 9 ?is special field4 ,8 life "w1 z he himself says1 lies 9 ano!r prov9ce ( ! va/ realm ( ,biblical critical /udies4 ,8 fame is associat$ ) 8 critical edition ( ! text ( ,ezekiel1 a "w :i* w =ev] /& z ! be/ guide = all :o w\ld v5ture on ! dang]\s gr\nd ( conjectural textual em5dations4 ,= ,cornill 0 ! fir/ to lay d[n ! me?od :i* above all mu/ be foll[$ 9 s v5turesome a task & 8 new v]sion is ! classic illu/ration ( ! correctness ( 8 me?od ( proce$+4 ,t a man :o has e/abli%$ = himself ! reputation ( be+ me?odic & pa9/ak+ almo/ to a fault1 a man :o is d[]$ ) critical acum5 ( ! highe/ ord]1 %\ld aft] go+ anew ov] ! :ole gr\nd ca/ ! weight ( 8 s*ol>ly au?ority 9 favor ( ! views ( ! new critical s*ool is a fact ! significance ( :i* _c be bl9k$4 ,we are inde$ glad t ! publi%]s entru/$ ?is numb] ( _! int5d$ s]ies ( manuals = !ological /ud5ts1 to a s*ol> :o _h hi!rto n writt5 ex ca!dra on ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,?us 0 ensur$ a new & imp>tial exam9ation ( all ! po9ts involv$4 ,! ends :i* ?is s]ies ( manuals is to s]ve1 decid$ ( c\rse ! /yle & scope ( ?is "w4 ,( introductions 7,e9leitung57 to ! ,o4 ,t4 !re 0 no sc>city2 b 7see preface7 !y 7 ei!r too bulky & too full & ?us did n answ] ! requirem5ts ( ! /ud5t1 n yet a s*ol>2 or !y 7 too brief1 m]e 8ponies0 z we "h 9 ,am]ica w\ld say1 int5d$ to be le>nt by he>t = ! purpose ( pass+ a good exam9ation4 ,! difficulty ?us consi/$ 9 comb9+ ?or\ghness ) ! necess>y brevity )\t sacrific+ lucidity4 ,no m]e results on ! o!r h& 7 to be /at$4 ,! /ud5t 0 to be initiat$ into ! c\rse ( ! inve/igations1 ! reasons = ! conclusions & ?us 8 int]e/ 0 to be awak5$ & ! way prep>$ = indep5d5t rese>* on 8 own "p4 ,t ! au?or has succe$$ 9 c>ry+ out ?is 8 programme1 e section ( ! book confirms4 ,8 fe> t ! full analysis 9 p>agraph #ab1 ( ! prie/ly code w be f\nd to be out ( place 9 an 8outl9e ( ?is k9d0 is gr\ndless4 ,we d n hesitate t ?is v section is ! gem ( ! :ole "w full z x is ( num]\s passages :i* _c b /ir to pr(itable reflection ! /ud5t4 ,none c lay ?is book aside )\t confess+ t he has ga9$ a 8,gesammtans*auung10 an insight into ! unity & coh]5ce ( ! new views1 apt to conv9ce all e>ne/ & unbias$ m9ds ( ! tru? t 9 ?is sci5ce 7,wiss5s*aft7 criticism is /&+ on firm gr\nd4 ,9 ! selection ( ! books nam$ at ! head ( ea* *apt]1 or 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion1 ! ,pr(essor has display$ mo/ consummate skill4 ,!re is sc>ce "o important "w :i* ) pr(it may be consult$ b is m5tion$2 & :at is m 9 ! "r connection4 ,?is feature is n ! lea/ valuable 9 ! :ole "w2 ! /ud5t ?us has at ready comm& a bibliography :i* excludes ! *aff & /ores ! :eat4 ,b let u dwell a little m specifically on ! plan & execution & ! cont5ts ( ?is book4 ,two plans may sugge/ !mselves to ! writ] ( an 8introduction0 ( ?is k9d4 ,he may attempt to give a picture ( ! rise ( lit]ature among ! anci5t ,hebrews & treat ( ! diff]5t writ+s :i* h come d[n to u1 (t5 ! fragm5ts ( l>g] works1 9 ! ord] ( _! composition & at ! same "t connect ) ?is discussion ! reasons = dep>t+ f ! traditional views z to _! dates & s =? & = assign+ !m to a new age4 ,?is w\ld be virtually writ+ a hi/ory ( ! lit]ature4 ,x is ?is plan :i* ,reuss adopt$4 ,b accord+ to our ,pr(essor1 inve/igation has n proce$$ f> en\gh to make su* a hi/ory possible4 ,he ev5 d\bts :e!r x ev] w 7p4 #b74 ,p]haps 8 v]dict is ju/ifi$4 ,at all ev5ts he is "r :5 he urges t 9 su* a sequ5ce mu* :i* belongs to ! bran* :i* he is to tea*1 w sc>cely f9d its prop] or organic place4 ,& !re=e x 0 a wise conclusion ( 8 to adh]e to ! second plan1 ! traditional1 = su* ,e9leitung5 :i* treats ( ! diff]5t books 9 ! ord] ( ! ,hebrew canon & f9ally takes up ! discussion ( su* que/ions z ! collection ( ! canon1 ! condition ( ! text1 ! diff]5t anci5t v]sions & _! value = ! recon/ruction1 if possible1 ( ! true orig9al4 ,b :at is an ,e9leitung8 ,x is t !ological 8discipl9e0 :i* conc]ns itself ab\t holy scripture z a book4 ,x is its bus9ess to fix ! "t :5 & ! mann] h[ ! sev]al writ+s 7 compos$1 :i* n[ collectively =m ! holy scriptures1 aga9 x is "o ( its ma9 objects to und]/& at :at p]iod & "u :at conditions ! sev]al writ+s 7 collect$ & also ! mann] ( ! tradition ( ?is collection d[n to u4 ,! me?od ( ?is inquiry c be none o!r b ! hi/oric critical4 ,to ?is def9ition ( ! "* ( ?is discipl9e1 to reta9 ?is ,g]man "n1 none w take exception4 ,x is bo? succ9ct & complete4 ,! second p>agraph gives a full survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! /udies 9 ?is field4 ,x cov]s )9 ! brief space ( t5 pages ! results ( s*ol>ly labors ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( ov] f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is n a dry enum]ation ( names & book titles4 ,"u ea* s*ol>1 ! sali5t elem5t ( 8 contribution is emphasis$4 ,! liv+ pr9ciple ( ^! /udies is ?us illu/rat$ 9 its gr[? & successive developm5t4 ,take = in/ance ?is description ( ,wellhaus5's me?od1 & 9 a simil> mann] t ( all o!r pr$ecessors or co-labor]s is br\ght out3 8,at ! h& ( ! hi/ory ( ! cultus & t ( tradition1 he %[s h[ ^! two l9es ( developm5t run p>allel to ea* o!r1 h[ ! religi\s process ( evolution at e halt & turn f9ds its expression & at ! same "t its corroboration 9 ! productions ( lit]ature3 ,israel & ,judaism are two concepts radically diff]5t f ea* o!r2 x is ! canon t diff]5tiates ,judaism f old ,israel40 ,p>agraph ?ree /ates ! au?or's reasons = treat+ ! s+le books fir/ be=e tak+ up ! discussion ( _! collection into a canon1 & also :y ! apocrypha are exclud$4 ,^! n be+ 9 ! canon1 are =eign to ! purposes ( an introduction into ! canon books4 ,none w d5y t ! ,pr(essor's argum5ts on ^! po9ts are irrefutable4 ,8 inquiry into ! age ( ! art ( writ+ among ! ,hebrews concludes ?is g5]al prelim9>y4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t z f> back z ! memory ( ! ,hebrews goes1 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ?is art z n[h]e !re is a sign t among !m !re 0 a dim recollection ( an analphabetic p]iod4 ,rec5t f9ds h made x pla9 t dur+ ! reign ( ! ,ph>aoh ( ! exodus a lively correspond5ce 0 kept up betwe5 ,pale/9e & ,egypt1 :ile = ! reign ( ,david ! names ( 8 c\rt (ficials is docum5t>y pro( t !re 7 writ]s at 8 c\rt4 ,! use ( ! p5 mu/ h be5 pretty g5]al among ! p z is %[n by ,judges viii1 a *apt] :i* belongs to ! olde/ lay] ( hi/orical compositions4 ,our space is too limit$ to ab/ract e *apt] ( ?is rem>kable book4 ,mu* z we %\ld l to d ?is1 & especially z 9 ?is mann] alone we c hope to d ju/ice to its m]its1 we mu/ conf9e ourselves1 n[ t we come to ! 8special introduction0 to a few selections tak5 f ! discussion ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 ref]5ce to books :i* h be5 ! c5tre ( critical /udy4 ,! ,p5tateu* z is natural receives ! lion's %>e ( ! au?or's att5tion4 ,we h no hesitancy 9 say+ t 8 is ! be/ exposition ( ! mod]n views :i* has yet come "u our notice4 ,! ,p5tateu* _c be ! "w ( ,moses2 int]nal evid5ce1 z already po9t$ out by ,ab5 ,esra1 ,hobbes1 ,peyr]ius1 & ,sp9oza1 r5d] ! traditional assumption ( ,mosaic au?or%ip unt5able4 ,b ! ,p5tateu* _c be ! "w ( "o au?or4 ,! critical labors ( "o & a half c5tury1 sket*$ mo/ skillfully1 has made x pla9 t ! ,p5tateu* has be5 8work$ toge!r0 f f\r indep5d5t orig9al writ+s1 7,quell5s*rift57 a yahwi/ic "w1 ,j4 an elohi/ic1 ,e4 a ,deut]onomi/ic ,d4 & a prie/ly :i* aft] ,ku55 is d5ot$ z ,p4 ,on ?is g5]al division ! s*ol>s are agre$1 ! relative age ( ! sep>ate p>ts alone is yet "u controv]sy4 ,9 p>agraph sev5 an analysis is giv5 ( ! fir/ f\r books z assign$ to ! ?ree s\rces4 ,deut]onomy occupies a position ( its own4 ,x is *>act]i/ically diff]5t 9 language & ?\ght f ! o!rs2 x is some?+ ess5tially new & is 9 itself homog5e\s4 ,9 ! ma9 ,deut]onomy is ! book ( ! cov5ant m5tion$ 9 ,,ii4 ,k+s xxiii2 ?is orig9al ,d4 is n[ incorporat$ 9 *apt]s xii1 xiii1 xiv-xvii1 :]e h[ev] c]ta9 v]ses & ev5 p>ts ( v]ses mu/ be elim9at$4 ,p]haps xxviii1 or z ,pr(essor ,cornill argues1 some?+ m succ9ct b ( ! same g5]al nature1 a curse1 may h belong$ to ! orig9al ,d4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! book publi%$ "u su* extraord9>y circum/ances 9 #fba4 ,:o is its au?or8 ,x pres5ts itself z ! "w ( ,moses4 ,b ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! t5d5cy ( ! age to take a great man z ! fa!r ( a new lit]>y production1 a t5d5cy :i* 0 p]fectly well und]/ood & 0 f> above ! level ( a lit]>y deception4 ,its e>ly manife/ation 9 ,d4 is m]ely pro( t ev5 !n ,moses 0 among ! p ! law-giv] p> excell5ce4 ,! au?or ( ,d4 mu/ be look$ = 9 ! circle ( ! pi\s :o 9 consequ5ce ( ,manasse's retrogression 7 b\nd all ! m closely unto ea* o!r4 ,9 o!r words among ! m5 ( ! prophetic p>ty1 :o mu/ h _h influ5ce also ov] c]ta9 prie/ly ord]s1 = ,d4 is a compromise & an alliance betwe5 ! prophets & ! prie/s4 ,besides ^! compon5ts ( orig9al ,d4 ! book conta9s 9 its pres5t =m additions & duplicates :i* p>tly are hi/orical & h5ce are d5ot$ by ,d4h1 p>tly p>5etic1 h5ce ,d4p2 b aga9 9 ^! are _m lat] int]polations4 ,= ! p>ticul>s 9 ?is reg>d1 we mu/ ref] to ! "w ( ,cornill itself4 ,8 analysis displays a ke5 eye & w on ! :ole be sure to be accept$ z f9al4 ,! date ( ,d4 be+ #fba1 :at is ! "t ( ! o!r great s\rces ( ! pres5t ,p5tateu*4 ,x is cle> t ,d4 is acqua9t$ ) ! 8book ( ! cov5ant0 ,ex4 xx1 #bc4-xxiii1 #cc4 & ) bo? ,decalogues 7874 ,?us x 0 acqua9t$ ) ,,je4 ,p4 on ! o!r h& is totally unkn[n4 ,! hi/orical portions ( ,d4 confirm ?is d$uction f ! legislative pieces4 ,,je is cle>ly kn[n to ,d4 :ile ( a k ( ,p4 !re is n ! lea/ trace4 ,h[ f> back ( #fba may we g to fix ! date ( bo? ,j4 & ,e48 ,! p]iod ( ! fir/ k+s seem to be ! limit1 or m p>ticul>ly ! reign ( ,david4 ,b :i* ( ! two is ! eld]1 ,j4 or ,e48 ,!re c be no "q t ,j4 is4 ,= he is m nave z appe>s f a comp>ison among o!rs ( *apt]s ,g54 xx1 #a-ag1 xxi #bb-cb :i* belong to ,e41 ) *apt] ,g54 xxvi4 #a-cc :i* is ,j4's4 ,e4 appe>s to be a !ological reca/+ ( ,j4 ,e4 is ! "w ( ! ,nor!rn k+dom4 ,joseph always appe>s z ! lead] ( 8 bro!rs & o!r features confirm ?is impression4 ,! ye> #gbb1 :5 9 ! ,nor!rn realm national consci\sness 0 at its high wat] m>k may !n be suppos$ to be ! t]m9us ad quem4 ,b is ,e4 z we h x a lit]>y unit8 ,ku55 has prov5 t x is n4 ,a c5tury aft] its orig9al composition a second edition s to speak mu/ h be5 made ) a view to meet ! requirem5ts & prejudices ( ! ,judaic population ( ! ,s\?4 ,ex4 *apt]s #cb-cc1 are ( great decisive importance 9 ?is connection4 ,!y are a rebuke = ! gold5 calf wor%ip at ,dan & ,be!l4 ,?us ,e4 is divid$ aga9 into two ,e4#a & ,e4#b1 to :i* come yet o!r lat] amplifications f4 i4 ,num4 xxi1 #cb-ce4 ,e4#a !n belongs to ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii 7#gej72 & ,e4#b is ! "w ( a lat] au?or liv+ 9 ,judah & "u ! influ5ce ( prophetic ideas4 ,! locality ( ,j4 is a po9t ( controv]sy4 ,cornill sides ) ^? :o ma9ta9 t 8 home is ! ,s\!rn k+dom ( ,judah4 ,! incid5ts 9 ! ,patri>*al biographies :i* seem to weak5 su* an assumption are expla9$ z orig9al traits ( tradition :i* ,j4 _h no int]e/ to *ange4 ,j4 aga9 is n a lit]>y unit2 x compromises ,j4#a1 ,j4#b1 & ev5 ,j4#c4 ,! reasons = ^! subdivisions are cle>ly giv5 9 ! book4 ,j4 mu/ h be5 compos$ 9 its diff]5t p>ts betwe5 #hej-fbe4 ,! prie/ly code occupies a :ole p>agraph1 ! signal m]it ( :i* we h notic$ above4 ,?is is inde$ ! ma/]-piece ( a great critical ma/]4 ,! _m po9ts :i* are involv$ 9 ! discussion ( ?is moot$ problem are treat$ ) a cle>ness & a calmness :i* c>ry conviction to ! mo/ sceptical4 ,p4 pres5ts a spiritual unity b n a lit]>y4 ,p4 is ! (fspr+ ( ,p4#a an old prie/ly record & ,p4#b a n>rative & legislative composition :i* is z x 7 ! sub/ance & skeleton ( ,p4 ar\nd :i* y\ng] accretions h ga!r$ at diff]5t times = :i* ,cornill 9 ord] to simplify 8 symbols proposes ! designation ( ,p4x4 ,j4 ,s4 ,vat] z e>ly z #ahje has prov5 t 9 ! s-call$ ,mosaism1 ( ! influ5ce 9 lit]>y & legislative respect ( our ,p4 !re is no evid5ce be=e ! captivity4 ,wellhaus5 & ,kays] & ,ku55 h demon/rat$ :at = ,vatke 0 a dim suspicion4 ,dillmann1 ,kittel1 & ,delitzs* z little z ,baudiss9 h succe$$ 9 sav+ ! pre-exilic "* ( ,p4 ,c]ta9 x is t be=e ,esra #deh 7#ddd71 ?is code _h no (ficial recognition4 ,f ,nehemiah we h ! pro( t our ,p4 corresponds to ! 8,book ( ! ,law ( ,moses0 :i* 0 read at ! great assembly 9 ,octob] #ddd4 ,on ! o!r h& ! book ( ,*ronicles is bas$ on ,p4 z x details hi/ory1 z x w\ld h be51 if ,p4 _h be5 ! law regulat+ life & liturgy & temple s]vice4 ,_h ,p4 be5 kn[n be=e ,d4 :at reason %\ld ! prie/ h _h :o promulgat$ x to sub/itute = x ano!r code less advantage\s = 8 own ord]8 ,p4 is cle>ly a developm5t ( ,d4 ,d4 pres5ts itself z some?+ new 9 all ( its dem&s1 9 its insi/5ce on c5tralisation1 9 "o sanctu>y & 9 "o prie/ly ord] on ! legitimacy ( ! tribe ( ,levi exclusively4 ,( ! tab]nacle !re is n "o syllable 9 ! :ole ( ! pre-exile lit]ature4 ,x is a cle> projection into antiquity ( ! ,deut]onomic ,c5tral sanctu>y4 ,! relations ( ,p4 to ,ezekiel make ?is /ill pla9]4 ,?is prophet is ! l9k ( transition betwe5 ,d4 & ,p4 ,! omissions 9 ! fe/al cycle ( ,e4 c only be expla9$ t ?is prophet-prie/ 0 unacqua9t$ ) ,p4 ,! captivity is ?us ! "t = ! composition ( ,p4 9 ! ma94 ,its emphasis on circumcision z ! sign ( ! cov5ant :i* decides ! connection ) ! *os5 se$ & nation1 is pro( ( ?is4 ,& ! *ronology f9ally corroborates all previ\s inf]5ces z ! *ronology ( ,g5esis :i* is s important a "p ( ,p4 is unmi/akably a recon/ruction aft] c]ta9 pr9ciples ( ! ,babylonian hi/ory ( ! beg9n+s4 7,opp]t47 ,p4 0 writt5 dur+ ! c5tury f ,ezekiel to ,esra 7#egj-deh74 ,x 0 n m]ely ,p4#b t ,esra read be=e ! assembl$ p4 ,p4#a & ,p4#b seem ?us to h be5 unit$ ev5 at ?is "t4 ,b x is n to be assum$ t "u ,esra ,p4 0 already a "p ( ! o!r portions ( our ,p5tateu*4 ,p4 itself conta9s p>ts :i* are lat] ?an ,esra4 ,p4x is und\bt$ly lat] & ^! additions are easily expla9$ on ! v assumption ( ! (ficial introduction ( ,p4 ,p4 is n ! "w ( an individual2 x is t ( a :ole s*ool1 a s*ool :i* naturally =m$ 9 ! captivity4 ,besides ^! 8s\rce-writ+s10 ! ,p5tateu* conta9s small] pieces ( great antiquity mo/ly ( a poetic "* :i* _h = a long "t an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,su* is ,g54 xlix1 ,exodus xv1 & o!rs4 ,exodus xxi-xxiii1 ! s-call$ book ( ! cov5ant1 requires also a treatm5t by itself4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is book t x ignores totally ! ,decalogue4 ,ku55 has solv$ ! difficulties 9 :i* ?is collection ( judicial prec$5ts is involv$ by po9t+ out t x is ! pr$ecessor ( ,d4 ,d4 is m]ely ! sub/itute = ?is4 ,z x is old] ?an ,e4 & is ! precipitate ( ! unwritt5 law ( ! e>li] k+ly p]iod1 we place its date 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,lev4 xvii-xxvi :ile betray+ 9 _m reg>ds aff9ity ) ,p4 is /ill di/9ct f x4 ,x /&s betwe5 ,ezekiel & ,p42 x is "o ( ! _m prie/ly ,?oro? :i* und\bt$ly 7 curr5t among ! class :om !y conc]n$4 ,h[ n[ did ^! compon5t p>ts f9ally comb9e8 ,?is is elucidat$ 9 p>agraph f\rte54 ,fir/ ,j4 & ,e4 7 put toge!r1 by an editor ( ,jehovi/ic lean+s1 :om ,wellhaus5 has /yl$ ,rj4 7,r4 /&+ = ,g]man ,r$acteur1 ,editor74 ,?is ,rj4 work$ ov]1 & t (t5 decid$ly1 8 mat]ials 9 keep+ ) 8 own convictions4 ,?is ,rj4 probably liv$ ab\t #fej4 ,8 position is pre-deut]onomic4 ,a second editor comb9$ ! "w ( ,rj4 ) ,d4 ,he is designat$ z ,rd4 ,8 0 ! plac+ ( ! old book ( ! cov5ant ne> ,s9ai 9 ord] to ga9 room = ,deut]onomy4 ,he ?us became ! cause ( mu* confusion4 ,he liv$ dur+ ! second half ( ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,,j$4 0 f9ally comb9$ ) ,p4 by a ?ird editor 7,rp47 :o is *>act]is$ by consid]able rev]5ce = ! old docum5ts4 ,he omitt$ mu* to gu>d aga9/ repetition b at ! same "t :]e ! relations diff]$ he pres]v$ !m mo/ fai?fully & endeavor$ to place !m into _! prop] position & connection4 ,rp4 0 ?us virtually ! au?or ( our ,p5tateu*4 ,b liv+ aft] ,esra ev5 ) him ! ,p5tateu* 0 n yet clos$4 ,_m y\ng] h&s _h a %>e 9 its f9al %ap+4 ,glosses 7 add$ or crept into ! text1 z is %[n by comp>ison ) ! lxx4 ,! book ( ,jo%uah is a necess>y cont9uation & complem5t ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b "h we mu/ /op quot+ 9 detail4 ,mu* z we %\ld desire to reproduce ,cornill's own words relat+ to o!r ,biblical books1 want ( space precludes ev5 ! attempt4 ,suffice x to say t z 9 8 treatm5t ( ! ,p5tateu*1 s e "q be>+ on ,biblical criticism is h&l$ ) ! skill ( ! ma/]4 ,at :atev] turn we ask in=mation ( ?is book we receive x mo/ abundantly4 ,?is is inde$ a /ud5ts book4 ,x /imulates :ile x in/ructs4 ,x leads :ile x describes ! road pass$ ov]4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! critical problems on ! ,psalms1 ! prophets ,isaiah & ,ze*>iah1 on ! f9al collection ( ! canon1 ! translation ( ! ,bible & ! relation ( ! diff]5t rec5sions to ea* o!r1 ! hi/orical books z di/9ct f ,*ronicles1 & ,esra1 & s =?1 e po9t is treat$ ) a lucidity ( /yle & a fulness ( mat]ial :i* is ! r>e gift ( a man :o is saturat$ ) 8 sci5ce & loves x = its own sake4 ,?is book is de/9$ to rank among ! classics4 ,its e>ne/ /udy & repeat$ consultation c !re=e be recomm5d$ to all :o wi% to in=m !mselves ab\t ! me?od & ! a*ievem5ts ( ! critical s*ools4 ,! k9dr$ book by ,driv]1 rec5tly publi%$ w n make a translation into ,engli% ( ,cornill's manual less desirable4 ,we take leave f ! au?or ) a feel+ ( great gratitude = ! pleasure & ! pr(it we d]iv$ f 8 contribution to ! lit]ature ( ,biblical s*ol>%ip4 ,! book is well pr9t$ & s+ul>ly free f typographical errors4 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,hirs*4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,philosophical ,,sci5ces4 ,an ,inaugural ,lecture4 ,by ,&rew ,se?1 ,m4 ,a4 ,ed9burgh & ,london3 ,william ,blackwood & ,sons4 #ahia4 ,z /at$ by ! au?or1 ?is lecture deals1 n ) ! circle ( ! philosophical sci5ces1 b only ) ! subjects traditionally associat$ ) a ,*air ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 ,scotl&4 ,^! subjects belong to ! ?ree-fold classification ( logical1 psy*ological1 & metaphysical1 or philosophical 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,!y !re=e embrace ! /udy ( ! conditions to :i* valid reason+ mu/ con=m1 ! inve/igation1 introspectively & o!rwise1 ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 & ! /udy ( ! two-fold "q ( kn[+ & be+1 :i* z epi/emology & metaphysics are includ$ "u ! designation ( ,philosophy4 ,^! ?ree l9es ( le>n+ are cognate1 & ! fir/ two are 9 a measure introductory to ! ?ird1 or at lea/1 says ,pr(essor ,se?1 if we g b5ea? ! surface !y lead u into ! v he>t ( philosophical difficulties4 ,! lectur] ref]s 9 8 sket* ( ! pres5t outlook 9 ^! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce to ! m>vell\s activity display$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( psy*ology4 ,all ! influ5ces at "w may be said to meet & come to fruition 9 ,mr4 ,w>d's 8ma/]ly treatise0 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 & 8! ri* & /imulat+ volumes0 ( ,pr(essor ,james1 ( ,h>v>d4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology is n[ widely spread 9 ,g]many & has be5 en?usia/ically tak5 up 9 ,am]ica1 8:]e e well-equipp$ college aims at ! e/abli%m5t ( a psy*ological or psy*o-physical laboratory40 ,pr(essor ,se? ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t ! exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s magnify _! (fice ov]mu*4 ,! field ( exp]im5t is necess>ily limit$ to ! facts ( s5sation1 ! ph5om5a ( movem5t1 & ! "t occupi$ by ! simpl] m5tal processes4 ,! results are (t5 s contradictory z to leave ev]y?+ 9 d\bt1 & :]e def9ite results are obta9able1 _! value is (t5 n app>5t4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! results are ( a purely physiological nature1 & are only by c\rtesy includ$ 9 psy*ological sci5ce4 ,we w\ld rem>k on ?is1 t )\t ! exp]im5ts ! results w\ld n h be5 obta9$ & t _! value w become app>5t :5 ! me?ods ( exp]im5t are p]fect$4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! critical function ( philosophy z a doctr9e ( k1 ,pr(essor ,se? /ates t z con/ructive x %\ld lay special /ress on a teleological view ( ! univ]se4 ,by ?is is meant1 t philosophical teleology %\ld conc5trate itself ^u ! pro( t !re is an end ( evolution1 8t !re is an organic unity or purpose b9d+ ! :ole process into "o & mak+ x intelligible--9 "o ^w1 t !re is evolution & n m]ely aimless *ange10 su* z is suppos$ 9 a purely me*anical view ( ! univ]se4 ,z to ! nature ( ! end1 al?\gh ! lectur] accepts ,hegel's view t all ?+s are relative to man z rational1 he _c accept 8! ab/raction ( ! race 9 place ( ! liv+ *ildr5 ( m540 4 ,,d] ,,m5s*li*e ,,weltbegriff4 ,by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,av5>ius1 ,ord4 ,pr(essor d] ,philosophie an d] ,univ]sitt ,zri*4 ,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&4 #ahia4 ,?is monograph is z x 7 a self-confession4 ,! au?or endeavors to atta9 cle>ness 9 8 own philosophical /&po9t4 ,he look$ back ^u ! pa? he has travel$ & feels t 8! solution ( ! problem-atta9$ is fundam5tally a p]sonal self-lib]ation0 7,preface1 ix74 ,?is book is mo/ comm5dable read+ to all ideali/s & agno/ics4 ,x is an int]e/+ & in/ructive little "w1 trac+ ) a ke5 psy*ological criticism ! vag>ies ( c]ta9 philosophical conceptions1 ?r\gh :i* n alone ! au?or b ! ?9k]s ( mank9d 9 g5]al h /ray$4 ,! philosoph] beg9s ) :at ,av5>ius calls ! 8natural _w-conception40 ,b ?is natural _w-conception leads to contradictions & ! evil _s ( speculation leads u 9 a circle ?r\gh ! b>r5 fields ( idealism4 ,av5>ius asks3 8,is ! _w really ( su* a nature t x appe>s unit>y & consi/5t only to ! sup]ficial ?9k]1 :ile x leads e "o a/ray :o attempts to grasp x m precisely 9 its entirety--! m s ! m consi/5tly ! ?9k] proce$s80 7p4 xiii47 ,! au?or proposes ! "q3 8,9 :at consi/s ! inevitabl5ess ( ! contradiction to :i* e g5]al _w-conception seems to h l$8 ,or1 if ! _w really be unit>y :at is ! evil _s t leads ^? a/ray :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] a true cognition ( ! _w80 ,! au?or has entirely ab&on$ ! ideali/ic /&po9t1 an incl9ation to :i* he %[$ 9 8 fir/ publication1 8,philosophie als ,d5k5 d] ,welt gemss dem ,pr9cip des kle9/5 ,kraftmasses40 ,he says3 8,d\bt ( ! correctness ( my way h]et(ore pursu$ 0 induc$ ?r\gh ! b>r5ness ( !oretical idealism 9 ! field ( psy*ology2 & yet cognition & exp]i5ce %\ld belong to ?is sci5ce z psy*ological ideas40 ,! au?or 9 expla9+ ! developm5t ( ?\ght z x takes place 9 man proce$s 9 a p]sonal way1 s mu* s t e ideali/ ought to be satisfi$4 ,!re are :ole pages :i* teem ) ,,me's & ,i's4 ,! me?od ( notation is :at might be call$ ,am]ican4 ,europeans (t5 compla9 ab\t our abbreviations1 ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ! ,s4 ,a4 ,s41 ! ,c4 ,b4 ,q4 ,ry41 etc41 :i* are great puzzles to ! un9itiat$ new-com]4 ,9 a simil> way ,av5>ius introduces su* algebraic signs z ,r & ,e1 :i* means reality & ! s5sations :i* our fell[-m5 are suppos$ to h4 ,m is ,man1 ,t is fell[-man4 ,t is ! bodily appe>ance ( ,t1 x is ,r2 :ile ,t is ! ,e ( ,t1 i4 e4 8 s\l or _s4 ,c is ! n]v\s c5tral organ1 etc4 ,?us ,av5>ius says 7p4 #ah73 8,i c 9 a relative consid]ation assume ,r to be ! condition ( *anges 9 ! ,e values1 suppos$ to exi/ 9 ,m1 only if ,m & 9 ,m ! sy/em ,c are p>ts ( my supposition10 & 9 a note 7p4 #aag7 he adds3 8,! skeleton 9 ,goe!'s poem1 #8,! ,dead's ,dance1' sc5ts )\t an organ ( smell1 sees )\t eyes1 ?9ks )\t a bra92 x also moves )\t muscles4 ,to consid] su* acts z true is n[ univ]sally decl>$ to be sup]/ition4 ,! "t w come :5 ! assumption ( psy*ical ph5om5a )\t ! cord9ation ( ! sy/em ,c w univ]sally be consid]$ 9 ! same way40 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s rem9d u v mu* ( ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d's article 8,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s 9 ,!mselves40 ,b ! article is n[h]e m5tion$ & x is mo/ probable t x is unkn[n to ! au?or4 ,if ,av5>ius _h kn[n ,clif=d's view1 he might h pres5t$ 8 ideas ) m economy ( space4 ,b if he did n "k ,clif=d's article1 ! co9cid5ces ( proc$ure & to a great ext5t also ( ! result atta9$ are ! m rem>kable4 ,:at ,av5>ius calls ! ,e values are t]m$ by ,clif=d 8ejects10 & ! =mation ( ejects is call$ by ,av5>ius 8introjection40 ,on page #eb we read ! foll[+ s5t5ce on ! ?ree phases ( ! cognition ( ! data ( exp]i5ce3 8,! fir/ phase alone1 t ( +5u\s empiricism1 cognises1 i4 e4 expla9s ! totality ( ^! facts )\t ! assi/ance ( a non-s5sible 444 ! second t ( +5u\s realism conceives ! non-s5sible z sup]s5sible1 & ! ?ird1 t ( +5u\s criticism1 z ! pre-s5sible4 ,! epi!t +5u\s has ref]5ce to ! f\ndation1 n to ! doctr9>y sy/em built ^u x4 ,t :i* makes ! said realism & criticism +5u\s is a survival ( ! +5u\s empiricism40 ,! !ory :i* conceives ! ext]nal cause ( an exp]i5ce z an object1 effect+ 9 ! subject s5sations1 passes successively ?r\gh ! foll[+ views4 ,! object is said to be 7#a7 n )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce1 7#b7 n )9 ! range ( cognition1 7#c7 n-exi/+4 ,?us x rea*es via agno/icism its climax 9 idealism & 8pure exp]i5ce becomes a some?+ t is nev] truly exp]i5c$1 x becomes ! totality ( m]e or pure s5sations0 7p4 #fb74 ,! ?ird "p ( ! pamphlet is devot$ to 8! re/itution ( ! natural _w-idea40 ,"h ! au?or comes1 at lea/ 9 "s expressions1 v close to ! solution editorially upheld 9 ,! ,moni/4 ,av5>ius says3 8,! task is 444 to describe ! :at ( my exp]i5ce s z to make a practical application ( x 9 my deal+s ) my fell[-m50 7p4 #gi74 ,pr(essor ,av5>ius sums up 8 conclusions 9 ! t]m 8empirio-critical pr9cipal-cord9ation0 :i* he def9es z ! insep>ability ( ! ego-exp]i5ce f ! surr\nd+ exp]i5ce4 8,! ego & ! surr\nd+ belong 9 ! same s5se to e exp]i5ce4 ,x is a co-ord9ation peculi> to all exp]i5ce0 7p4 #hc74 ,if we und]/& ,av5>ius correctly he means to say1 to express x 9 our t]ms1 t !re is no object b !re is a subjective aspect ( x1 no subject b x appe>s objectively4 ,?us !re is no subjectivity 9 itself & !re is no objectivity 9 itself4 ,?is is exactly our position1 :i* we call ,monism4 ,! 8introjection0 0 accord+ to ,av5>ius ! evil _s t l$ speculation a/ray4 ,to get rid ( ?is evil _s ! proposition is made to disc>d 8introjection0 & replace x by ! empirio-critical pr9cipal-cord9ation4 ,b closely consid]$ ! latt] is only an improv$ modification ( ! =m]1 & ?is plan w\ld bett] be *>act]is$ z disc>d+ ! error impli$ 9 t k9d ( introjection !ory :i* assumes t s5sations alone are giv54 ,! data ( exp]i5ce are n m]e feel+s1 n m]e subjectivity1 z is ma9ta9$ by ! ideali/2 nor are !y m]e objectivity1 z is ma9ta9$ by ! +5u\s reali/2 ! data ( exp]i5ce are /ates ( subject-objectness1 !y are feel+s ( a c]ta9 k9d possess+ objective significance1 & ! ideas subject z well z object are ab/ractions made 9 a late /age ( m5tal developm5t f ?is "o insep>able :ole ( subject-objectness 7see ,! ,moni/ ,i1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #gh-gi74 ,av5>ius says 9 a note 7p4 #acb71 8,! "q %\ld n be #8,:y d we believe 9 ! reality ( an ext]nal _w8' b #8,:y did we n believe t ! ext]nal _w is real8'0 ,we %\ld say t nei!r "q is admissible4 ,we %\ld fir/ ask3 ,:at d we mean by real8 ,reality is ! sum total ( our exp]i5ces1 includ+ ! mean+ ( s5sations & ideas1 & f9ds its special application 9 _! reliability4 ,! "q1 ,is ! c&le ,i see real8 means1 ,does x react 9 special ways8 ,e "n ( a special object signifies a c]ta9 gr\p ( actions or reactions obs]vable by ! subject4 ,?is is :at we call real & ! ideali/ w\ld h to d5y ! exi/5ce ( 8 own exp]i5ce to d5y ! reality ( objects 9 ?is s5se4 ,av5>ius's books are n easy read+ to ! ,engli% & ,am]ican /ud5t1 = 8 /yle is sometimes heavy & 8 con/ructions are involv$4 ,s are 8 ?\ghts4 ,b 8 ?\ghts %[ ! e>ne/ ?9k]2 ! evolution ( 8 views goes 9 ! "r direction & 8 works des]ve ! att5tion ( 8 co-work]s 9 ! philosophical field4 4 ,,die ,,b$eutung ,,d] ,,!ologis*5 ,,vor/ellung5 ,f,r ,,die ,,e?ik4 ,by ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,paszk[ski4 ,b]l93 ,may] ,mll]4 #ahia4 ,religion orig9ates ev]y:]e1 accord+ to ! au?or1 9 ! self-consci\sness ( man :o feels himself an act+ & will+ be+ limit$ by & dep5d5t ^u great] & high] p[]s4 ,! religi\s relation consi/s 9 ! regulation ( 8 actions z well z 8 w ) ref]5ce to ! ord9ances ( ^! p[]s4 ,dr4 ,paszk[ski lets all ! be/ kn[n religions pass 9 review be=e our eyes1 trac+ 9 all ( !m ! connection betwe5 ! prop]ly religi\s elem5ts & morality & s+l+ out ^? religi\s factors :i* are mo/ effective 9 det]m9+ man's w 9 a moral way4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! little volume he endeavors to %[ 9 h[ f> ! ecclesia/ical organisation ( religion 9 dogma & cult h /r5g!n$ & 9 h[ f> !y h weak5$ ?is result4 ,conc]n+ ! mo/ important dogma1 :i* is ! belief 9 immortality1 ,paszk[ski decl>es t x _h its und\bt$ effects favorable & unfavorable ^u ! social & moral life ( mank9d4 ,x has prev5t$ "s crimes :ile x has enhanc$ o!rs4 ,! "q is1 he says1 :e!r an individual immortality su* z ! religions usually picture x1 is t5able or n4 ,mod]n sci5ce & an?ropology seem to h prov$ x an illusion4 ,yet1 z ,pauls5 says1 ! belief 9 immortality is n a m]e imag9ation4 ,e reality & s also man's life is et]nal4 ,x is nons5sical to ?9k ( dea? z a f9ality4 ,t :i* has be5 alive is a necess>y1 an et]nal & inexpugnable "p ( reality & c nev] aga9 be blott$ out4 ,?r\gh dea? ! cont9uance ( a man's life is cut (f1 b ! cont5ts ( 8 life c nev] aga9 be annihilat$4 ,! real is 9 its v nature et]nal4 ,paszk[ski adds to ,pauls5's rem>ks t man %\ld f9d ! norm ( moral action 9 8 relation to 8 fell[-m5 & po/]ity1 s t morality ne$ n dep5d ^u any religi\s views4 ,he w also h to act morally aft] he has resign$ ! belief 9 ! reality ( ! beautiful immortality-dream z x is pres5t$ by en?usia/ic religiosity4 ,x appe>s to u t if ! usual conception ( immortality is sci5tifically unt5able x devolves ^u ! moral tea*] to pres5t an immortality conception t is t5able4 ,! true immortality conception w nev] enhance crimes1 x w always h a favorable effect ^u ! morality ( mank9d4 ,fur!rmore man's relation to mank9d & also to ! univ]se is ( a religi\s nature4 ,! social ord] to :i* man has to con=m is "o "p ( ^? p[]s a recognition ( :i* con/itute religion4 ,if ^! p[]s are conceiv$ to be outside ! _w we h a sup]natural deity1 if !y are ! highe/1 be/1 & greate/ (1 & 9 ! _w itself1 we h an imman5t deity & e?ics /ill rema9s intimately connect$ ) & dep5d5t ^u religion4 ,?is x appe>s mu/ be aft] all ! au?or's mean+1 = he says 9 prom95t pr9t1 p4 #hi3 8,s long z !re are m5 religion w n cease1 = x is "o ( ! con/itutional elem5ts ( human nature40 8,9 ! same measure z religion becomes spiritual1 ! moral conceptions also w be purifi$1 ! m]e c]emonial & ! cult-elem5t w lose _! importance 9 religion0 7p4 #ib74 8,to divide ! e?ical factor f ! religi\s1 z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 w be se5 to be impossible4 ,we c only conciliate ! "o ) ! o!r1 bo? hav+ orig9at$ out ( ! same s\rce ( emotions0 7p4 #ij74 4 ,,das ,,wahrnehmungsproblem ,,vom ,,/&punkte ,,des ,,physik]s1 ,,des ,,physiolog5 ,,und ,,des ,,philosoph54 ,beitrge zur ,erk5ntnis/heorie und empiris*5 ,,psy*ologie4 ,by ,dr4 ,h]mann ,s*w>z4 ,leipsic3 ,dunck] ,humbolt #ahib4 ,dr4 ,h]mann ,s*w>z treats ! mo/ fundam5tal problem ( philosophy--viz4 t ( p]ception4 ,he says 9 ! preface3 8,!re is a triple /ate ( facts to :i* obvi\s yet /range z x appe>s to ?\ght1 ! att5tion ( ! naturali/ & ! philosoph] is drawn3 ! physical1 ! physiological1 ! psy*ical40 ,! physical is ! empire ( me*anical motion t c be obs]v$ ) great accuracy to take place ev]y:]e4 ,! physiological is ! fact t :5 c]ta9 impressions produce me*anical effects ^u ! n]ves1 ! result consi/s 9 c]ta9 s5se-data2 n]v\s action is accompani$ ) s5sation4 ,! psy*ical /ate ( ?+s exhibits ! fact t :e!r or n we want x to be s1 colors1 s\nds1 odors1 ta/es1 & t\*es are always ref]r$ to ext]nal ?+s1 nev] to ! own int]nal /ates ( ! m9d4 ,e "o ( ^! facts is /range 9 itself1 = e "o repres5ts ! contr>y ( :at might be expect$ a priori4 ,:o w\ld expect t ! ma*9e-l _w ( jo/l+ atoms & ! glori\s _w ( colors & s\nds %\ld h any?+ 9 common8 ,& ! s5se-organs appe> to ! physiologi/ z m]e physical app>atuses modify+ ! e!r-vibrations someh[4 ,we d n see on ! "o h& h[ consci\sness c acquire in=mation conc]n+ ! ext]nal _w & on ! o!r h&1 h[ motions c develop some?+ s het]og5e\s z is consci\sness4 ,if we 7 confront$ ) "o set ( facts only1 ev]y?+ w\ld be pla91 b ?is triple set ( facts produces a problem1 x makes an explanation necess>y & to ?is explanation ,dr4 ,s*w>z has devot$ a c>eful inve/igation ( "s f\r hundr$ & odd pages4 ,s*w>z di/+ui%es two elem5ts 9 :at he calls 8+5u\s realism10 7#a7 its me?odology & 7#b7 its metaphysics4 ,! me?odology ( physical sci5ce consi/s 9 arrang+ ! s5se-data1 :ile ! metaphysics assume t ! objectivity ( ! s5se-data is correctly repres5t$ z 8?+s1 qualities1 & effects40 ,natural sci5ce arriv$ at a scepsis ( ! usual metaphysics ( nave realism by a correction ( ! +5u\s-reali/ic me?od1 & ,kant by critically inve/igat+ ! backgr\nd or frame ( its !ory ( cognition4 ,! "q is1 ,:at is alt]$ by physical sci5ce 9 ! conception ( +5u\s realism1 :at by physiology1 :at by philosophy & :y8 ,9 ! consci\sness ( an +5u\s reali/ ! data ( t\* receive a pref]5ce ov] ^? ( ! o!r s5ses1 :i* is due to _! great] /ability4 ,! color ( an object disappe>s1 ! s\nds cease1 :ile ! objects rema9 comp>atively ! same ?+s to ! s5se ( t\*4 ,?us !y are consid]$ z ! real objects hav+ c]ta9 qualities :i* produce ! ph5om5a ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,?is view is call$ by ,s*w>z ! fir/ me?odological dogma ( +5u\s realism4 ,! second dogma is ! conception t s5se-data are consid]$ z relatively p]man5t4 ,s colors are conceiv$ to exi/ objectively 9 ! d>k1 an error :i* has be5 suffici5tly expla9$ by ,helmholtz 9 8 8,physiological ,optics10 #bf4 ,! ?ird dogma completes ! second2 x is ! view t ! relative p]man5ce or disappe>ance ( ! qualities ( objects dep5ds ^u causes4 ,fire is said to be ! cause :i* makes a wire r$-hot4 ,! +5u\s reali/ kn[s no reciprocal causation1 no action & reaction1 no ,we*selwirkung4 ,he assumes 9 addition to ! objects c]ta9 =ce-be+s :i* are reg>d$ z ! causes ( all *ange4 ,! sun is said to produce light4 ,s*w>z expla9s v well h[ ?is view ( +5u\s realism naturally arises & also h[ 9 ! progress ( ?\ght x naturally corrects itself4 ,suppose !re 7 ?9k+ be+s ) :om smell took ! place ( t\* & sight1 w\ld n _! _w-conception be bas$ ^u ! data ( ! s5se ( smell z is ours ^u ! data ( me*anical motions8 ,if ! females ( a c]ta9 butt]fly 7,fro/spann]7 are caught 9 ! c\ntry & plac$ at a great di/ance 9 "s h\se ( ! city1 ! males w be se5 on ! next morn+ 9 great numb]s flutt]+ be=e ! w9d[ ( ! room 9 :i* ! females are kept4 ,:at a p]fection ( ! s5se ( smell :ile ! s5ses ( t\* & sight are v poorly develop$6 ,! dog owes 8 intellig5ce ma9ly to ! developm5t ( ! s5se ( smell4 ,w\ld n be+s ^: intellig5ce is ma9ly due to ! s5se ( he>+ r attempt to he> ! _w ?an to grasp or compreh5d x1--to behor*5 r ?an to begreif58 ,+5u\s realism is n consi/5t1 & its me?odology leads to alt]ations ( its metaphysics4 ,we %all h to attribute ei!r to all ! s5se-data objective reality or to none ( !m4 ,! data ( t\* _c be treat$ z exceptions & ?us we h ! alt]native ei!r to return f our scepsis to realism1 n to ! +5u\s b to a critically modifi$ view ( x1 or to adopt ! extreme/ =m ( idealism1 be x t ( ,b]keley or ! subjectivism ( ,fi*te4 ,! au?or 7n unlike ,pr(essor ,av5>ius 9 8 book 8,d] m5s*li*e ,weltbegriff07 takes ! =m] view4 ,he says 9 ! conclud+ *apt] 7,die ,mngel d] ,d+-an-si*-,hypo!se73 8,?is view1 viz4 t ( +5u\s realism1 w 9 ! end ( our inquiry be se5 to be n only ! mo/ natural1 & practically consid]$ ! mo/ useful metaphysical !ory1 b also t conception :i* is free/ f all !oretical obscurities0 7p4 #cha74 ,we believe t ! book :i* conta9s mu* valuable mat]ial1 w\ld h be5 m useful ?an x actually is1 if a *apt] _h be5 add$ conta9+ a summ>y ( ! :ole inquiry & del9eat+ 9 great outl9es ! critically modifi$ =m ( realism ^: mo/ appropriate "n we %\ld say is monism--n mat]ialism or me*anicalism :i* all[s all facts to be swall[$ up by ! conception t ! _w consi/s only ( matt] 9 motion1 b t monism :i* is a unit>y view ( ! :ole1 m9dful ( ! fact t ! s5se-data z well z our concepts are "o-sid$ aspects only ( ! "o & all4 ,if we be> ?is tru? 9 m9d we %all avoid f ! beg9n+ ! ?ree dogmas 7alias errors7 ( +5u\s mat]ialism4 4 ,,die ,,entwickelung ,,des ,,causalproblems ,,9 ,,d] ,,philosophie ,,seit ,,kant4 ,/udi5 zur ,ori5tirung b] die ,aufgab5 d] ,metaphysik und ,erk5ntnisslehre4 7,"p ,,ii47 ,by ,dr4 ,edmund ,ko5ig4 ,leipsic3 ,otto ,wig&4 ,! pres5t "w =ms ! conclusion ( a volume publi%$ by ,dr4 ,ko5ig 9 #ahhh1 entitl$ ,die ,entwickelung des ,causalproblems von ,c>tesius bis ,kant4 ,?is same subject is "h pursu$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy s9ce ,kant4 ,! problem ( causality1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,ko5ig1 has two aspects1 an epi/emological & a metaphysical4 ,! pre-,kantian ef=ts dealt *iefly ) ! latt]1 ! po/-,kantian m pr9cipally ) ! =m]4 ,! latt]1 ! metaphysical "q1 is1 ,h[ d ?+s 9 ! _w ( reality produce effects 9 "o ano!r8 ,! =m]1 or t :i* relates to ! !ory ( k1 is1 7#a7 ,:at is ! logical f\ndation ( ! idea ( causality1 :at d we imply :5 we set up two objects z cause & effect1 & 7#b7 ,by :at "r & to :at ext5t are we ju/ifi$ 9 imput+ to ! axiom ( causality an objective validity8 ,) respect to ! latt]1 ! epi/emological1 po9t ( view1 ,hume & ,kant believ$ !y _h e/abli%$ indisputably t exp]i5ce z giv5 does n furni% suffici5t gr\nds ei!r = ! idea or ! axiom ( causality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!rs1 l ,ma9e de ,biran1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ,tr5del5burg1 hold1 t causality is giv5 u 9 exp]i5ce1 t we appreh5d ! causal relation subsi/+ betwe5 ?+s1 toge!r ) ! ?+s4 ,h]b>t ma9ta9s t ! idea ( ! causal relation has be5 rea*$ by ! logical elaboration ( exp]i5ce 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al laws ( logical ?\ght4 ,mill & ,sp5c] see 9 ?is idea an elem5t t goes beyond exp]i5ce1 b ju/ify x only psy*ologically1 n logically4 ,accord+ to ,lotze1 ,riehl1 ,wundt1 v4 ,h>tmann1 ,volkelt1 ! idea is ei!r :olly or p>tly ( intellectual orig94 ,f9ally1 ,comte & a few mod]n sci5ti/s look ^u ! idea ( causality z logically valueless & sci5tifically sup]flu\s4 ,?is is1 9 brief1 ! op9ions ( ! greate/ ?9k]s :om ,ko5ig treats (1 respect+ ! logical composition ( ! idea ( causality4 ,b ano!r "q1 t namely z to ! "* ( ! relation 9 :i* 9 ! causal judgm5t ! notions ( ! concrete causes & _! effects exi/1 is "o closely alli$ ) ?is4 ,"s hold1 7,tr5del5burg1 ,go]+1 ,h]b>t1 ,hamilton1 ,sp5c]17 t ! relation is "o ( id5tity2 o!rs t x is syn!tical4 ,?is aspect is also develop$ 9 connection ) ! la/-nam$ ?9k]s4 ,) respect to ! axiom ( causality1 we f9d diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r ! doctr9es ( empiricism & apriorism2 b a numb] ( int]m$iate op9ions h also e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,( ! fir/1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,lotze1 & ,volkelt are repres5tatives1 b only ! !ory ( ! fir/-nam$ is develop$ at l5g?4 ,! empiricism ( ,mill & ,go]+ meets ) exhau/ive treatm5t1 z does ! oppos$ view ( ,laas1 ,riehl1 & ,wundt & ! conciliatory view ( ,sp5c]4 ,) respect to ! metaphysical aspect ( ! "q1 above-m5tion$1 we f9d ! modes ( conception ( ph5om5alism & realism oppos$4 ,! latt] only is1 9 ! nature ( its doctr9e1 requir$ to expla9 ontologically ! com+ ab\t ( ! causal relation 9 reality2 ! =m] does n recognise ,be+ 9 itself1 & h5ce !re c be no causal connection ( su*4 ,s*op5hau]'s attempt 7! view ( ! =ces ( nature z ! emanation ( a ,univ]sal ,w71 & ! spl5did ontological !ories ( ,h]b>t & ,lotze are reg>d$ by ,dr4 ,ko5ig z be+ no m a solution ( ! problem ?an 7 ! ef=ts ( _! fam\s pr$ecessors ,sp9oza1 ,malebran*e1 & ,leibnitz4 ,^! dogmatic reali/s1 z ,ko5ig calls !m1 proce$ f ! assumption ( ! kn[abl5ess ( ! absolute2 oppos$ to !m1 9 ?is reg>d1 are ,sp5c]1 ,von ,h>tmann1 & ,volkelt1 ! critical reali/s1 ! fir/ ( :om gives an ontology t is a vague & metaphysical r5d]+ ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ! two la/ ( :om impute a transc5d5tal ontological significance to ! idea ( causality4 ,! connection1 ,dr4 ,ko5ig concludes1 is ?us app>5t & def9ite betwe5 ! metaphysical & epi/emological divisions ( ! "q4 ,! ontologi/1 unless he proce$ dogmatically1 mu/ prove1 t ! notion ( causality 9 ! =m 9 :i* critical analysis has e/abli%$ x z a valid & indisp5sable empirical idea1 calls inevitably = ! notion ( an absolute reality & ( a /ate ( ?+s 9 t reality correspond+ to ! =ms ( ! connection giv54 ,!re=e1 ! logical analysis ( ! idea ( causality is 9 any philosophy1 pre-em95tly det]m9ative ( its :ole position & be>+4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! problem =m+ ! subject ( ?is "w1 f\r comp>atively indep5d5t views are f\nd oppos$ to "o ano!r & consid]$ 9 ?is opposition2 viz41 ,s5sualism & ,intellectualism1 ,positivism & ,rationalism1 ,empiricism & ,apriorism1 ,realism & ,ph5om5alism4 ,! au?or views ! result ( 8 rese>*es to be1 ! pro( ( ! unt5ability ( ,s5sualism1 ,rationalism1 ,empiricism1 & ,realism1 s f> z ?is1 by an hi/orico-critical analysis1 is possible4 ,?is is b a brief sket* ( ! treatm5t pursu$ by ! au?or4 ,! au?or's own view has be5 b>ely h9t$ at4 ,he is a ,kantian4 ,he calls himself a 8transc5d5tal ideali/40 ,dr4 ,ko5ig's developm5ts1 appreciative1 acute & po9t$ z !y are1 are too detail$ & exhau/ive to be sep>ately tak5 into discussion "h2 b we may illu/rate 8 po9t ( view by a summ>y ( a few rem>ks ( 8 on ! ontological problem z solv$ by physics4 ,!y are z foll[s4 ,! natural modes ( ?\ght cl+ irresi/ibly to ! notion ( a con/ant sub/ratum2 ?is be+ s1 h[ does process1 h[ does *ange spr+ f an inv>iability ( exi/5ce8 ,physical sci5ce answ]s1 by =ce2 :i* exi/s z a con/ant pot5tiality ( ! sub/ratum1 is n[ active1 n[ lat5t4 ,dr4 ,ko5ig ma9ta9s t 9 ?is physical sci5ce accompli%es no?+ t[>ds ! solution ( ! pres5t problem2 x does n by its notion ( =ce make intelligible ! act+ ( bodies on ea* o!r1 = :5 x comes to def9e ! mode ( action ( =ce x involves itself 9 hopeless difficulties4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce !n1 ( ?is dilemma ( sci5ce1 :]e x c nei!r r5d] pla9 ! 8nature0 ( ! mat]ial sub/ratum1 nor ! nature ( 8=ce10 :i* is1 s to speak1 ! s\rce ( ! activity ( ! sub/ratum8 ,x is ei!r agno/icism1 :i* places limits to our k1 & :i* ,dr4 ,ko5ig rejects z unbecom+ true ?\ght1 or x is t !ory :i* reg>ds ! ph5om5a alone z real & views ! concepts ( !oretical physics z ! m]e %ifts & helps ( ?\ght :]eby we br+ ! ph5om5a into connection ) "o ano!r4 ,?is latt] view also ,dr4 ,ko5ig _c accept4 ,8 express cont5tion is1 t we c int]pret1 ontologically1 ! ph5om5a ( reality by ! notions ( sub/ance1 =ce1 etc42 he holds t ! position ( transc5d5tal idealism is ! correct !ory "h1 ! position namely t matt] & =ce conceiv$ z transc5d5t1 indep5d5t entities _c be ?\ght away1 because sub/antiality & causality are =ms ( transc5d5tal app]ception1 :i* alone c make nature an object ( cognition2 matt] & =ce mu/1 = purposes ( empiric obs]vation1 ( necessity possess ! same reality z ph5om5a !mselves4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject ,dr4 ,ko5ig conte/s ,ma*'s doctr9e1 t natural laws are simple economical descriptions ( ph5om5a2 he cont5ds t 8law0 is ! f\ndation ( natural sci5ce1 & p>ticul>ly s ! law ( causality4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n say mu*4 ,= ! =mal laws 9 !mselves are empty4 ,! law1 ! axiom ( causality may1 a priori1 be )\t exception2 b ?is circum/ance1 ! conviction we may call x1 (f]s u no hold on nature4 ,:5 we inve/igate nature we h to p]ceive def9ite facts2 ab\t :i* we =mulate p>ticul> laws or /atem5ts4 ,! law ( causality1 h[ev]1 does n help u to disc]n ! det]m9ative facts or features ( any ph5om5on4 ,x simply says t if we h hit ^u ! det]m9ative facts & =mulat$ a law describ+ !m1 t law holds good ?r\gh\t all nature4 ,b :at is to tell u :at ! *>act]i/ic & det]m9ative features ( a giv5 ev5t are & :5 we h light$ on !m8 ,! law ( causality8 ,surely n4 ,! law ( causality _c tell u t = fall+ bodies v gt1 i4 e4 t t is decisive4 ,x simply says t :5 once ?is fact has be5 disc]n$ x holds univ]sally good4 ,b x w\ld h ass]t$ ! same ?+ ) reg>d to ,galileo's fir/ 7false7 assumption1 namely t v ,cs4 ,if1 !n1 ! law ( causality _c tell u :at ^? features are betwe5 :i* ! causal connection is assum$ to exi/1 :at is to tell u8 ,our obs]vation simply1 :i* mu/ be te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b our obs]vation has no limits plac$ to x except ?is1 t x %all select "s fact t repres5ts ! ph5om5on & be/ & mo/ easily enables u to repres5t x4 ,& !re is no?+ t requires t !re %\ld be only "o feature or "o aspect ( an ev5t by :i* x is repres5table2 !re may be sev]al1 z ! developm5t ( sci5ce proves4 ,accord+ly1 :at selection we make may dep5d on arbitr>y & hi/orical circum/ances4 ,& ?is1 z we take x1 is ,pr(4 ,ma*'s cont5tion4 ,if x is true1 ,dr4 ,ko5ig's criticism ( ,ma*'s view does n hold 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,dr4 ,ko5ig's treatm5t ( ! sep>ate repres5tative ?9k]s is exhau/ive & 9 an em95t degree sci5tific4 ,8 "w is di/+ui%$ by accuracy & po9t$ness ( *>act]isation1 & by special k ( great range4 ,x is a valuable contribution :i* he has giv5 u1 to ! /udy ( ! !ory ( k & metaphysics1 & he has be5 true to 8 promise1 z we judge1 critically to discuss & n summ>ily to dispose ( ! op9ions ( o!rs4 4 ,,e9e ,,neue ,,d>/ellung ,,d] ,,leibnizis*5 ,,monad5lehre ,,auf ,,grund ,,d] ,,quell54 ,by ,edu>d ,dillmann4 ,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&1 #ahia4 ,! au?or is an admir] ( ,leibnitz's monadology :i* he consid]s z 8! mo/ beautiful1 mo/ p]fect fruit ( philosophic ?\ght & ! mo/ glori\s sy/em to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy40 ,?is en?usiasm h[ev] is n %[n 9 panegyrics b 9 a c>eful inve/igation ( ! great ma/]'s "w & we %\ld sc>cely "k ! attitude ( ! au?or t[>d ! philosoph] ^: ?\ghts he discusses1 if he did n give v5t to 8 feel+s 9 a few s5t5ces ( ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,! re/ ( ! book consi/s ( purely critical & hi/orical /udies by a sob] & cool-head$ s*ol>4 ,leibnitz's sy/em z x is repres5t$ 9 our hi/ories ( philosophy & z x is curr5tly conceiv$ lacks a unit>y & lead+ idea1 s t _m ( its mo/ fundam5tal propositions appe> to be at v>iance4 ,mr4 ,dillmann ma9ta9s t ,leibnitz's philosophy z x really is does n lack ?is unity2 he has made an ext5sive & mo/ dilig5t /udy ( ,leibnitz's works & proves ) great plausibility ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( _m p]t95t quotations ! ju/ice ( 8 cause4 ,leibnitz's monadology is accord+ to ,dillmann ess5tially a conciliatory sy/em4 ,x attempts to reconcile ! _w-conceptions ( 8 "t4 ,! me*anical explanation ( nature z x 0 propos$ 9 mod]n times & accord+ to :i* all processes %\ld be conceiv$ z motions ( bodies is h>monis$ ) ! =mali/ic views ( classical antiquity & ( ! s*oolm5 :i* seeks = ! causes ( all ph5om5a 9 sub/antial =ms4 ,9 aim+ at su* a comb9ation1 he _h to %[ t all s+le ph5om5a ( bodies & also _! qualities _h "s gr\nd & t ! pr9ciple ( ! body itself consi/$ 9 a sub/antial =m4 ,?is l$ him to conceive ( bodies & ( all ?+s n z ph5om5a ( an ext]nal _w b z repres5tations 9 ! m9d1 & ?us an entirely new /&po9t 0 ga9$ 7p4 #eaa74 ,repres5tations are ! inn] /ates ( ,monads 7p4 #cah74 ,monads are sub/ances because repres5tations are units2 = repres5tations are ! _m express$ 9 a unity 7p4 #cai74 ,e monad is a conc5tration ( ! univ]se 7p4 #cac74 ,x is z if ,god _h multipli$ ! univ]se z (t5 z !re are s\ls 7p4 #cad74 ,e sub/ance is a little _w 9 itself1 express+ ! great _w ( ! univ]se4 ,! sub/ance imitates 9 its little _w :at ,god does 9 ! univ]se 7p4 #cac74 ,leibnitz's ,god-idea has suff]$ mo/ f a misconception ( ! fundam5tal idea ( 8 sy/em4 ,dillmann decl>es t ! traditional view1 especially ,fis*]'s1 is 9 conflict ) ! philosoph]'s own words4 ,:ile ,fis*] says t ,leibnitz's ,god has creat$ ! sub/ances & arbitr>ily end[$ !m ) _! natures1 ,dillmann ma9ta9s on ! gr\nd ( ample quotations t ,leibnitz consid]s ! =ms ( all possible exi/5ces z giv53 n ev5 ,god c alt] !m4 ,god h[ev] c & did comp>e all possible worlds1 & !n creat$ t :i* 8 wisdom f\nd to be ! be/ _w4 8,god10 says ,leibnitz1 8does n select a g5]al ,adam1 b su* a "o10 i4 e4 an individual ,adam1 8^: p]fect repres5tation is f\nd among all ! possible be+s :i* exi/ 9 ! ideas ( ,god4 ,! nature ( e creature is det]m9$ by et]nal tru?s :i* are 9 ! und]/&+ ( ,god indep5d5t ( 8 w40 8,god's decree consi/s alone 9 ! decision arriv$ at aft] hav+ comp>$ all possible worlds & hav+ admitt$ into exi/5ce t "o :i* is ! be/ ( all40 4 ,,leitfad5 ,,d] ,,physiologis*5 ,,psy*ologie ,,9 #ad ,,vorlesung54 ,by ,dr4 ,?4 ,zieh51 ,doc5t 9 ,j5a4 ,mit #ba ,abbildung5 im ,text4 ,j5a3 ,gu/av ,fis*]4 #ahia4 ,! m]its ( ^! #ad lectures on physiological psy*ology are ?or\ghness1 lucidity1 & concis5ess2 ! :ole book is a pamphlet ( #agd pp4 only4 ,! me?od ( pres5tation is 9 all its detail "w positive1 /at+ ! facts z !y h be5 f\nd to be by exp]i5ce & z !y are corroborat$ by exp]im5t4 ,^u ! :ole x is a good rsum ( ! pres5t /ate ( k4 ,a translation w\ld be v desirable & x is to be hop$ t "s ( our psy*ologi/s w und]take ! "w4 ,! cont5ts are briefly z foll[s3 ,i4 ,cont5ts & scope ( psy*ology4 ,,ii4 ,s5sation1 association1 action4 ,,iii4 ,/imulus1 s5sation4 ,,iv4 ,ta/e1 smell1 t\*4 ,v4 ,he>+4 ,,vi4 ,vision4 ,,vii4 ,affective aspect ( s5sation 7pleasure & pa974 ,,viii4 ,s5sation1 memory1 concept4 ,,ix4 ,association ( ideas4 ,x4 ,judgm5t & syllogism4 ,,xi4 ,att5tion1 volunt>y ?\ght1 ! ego 7,zieh5 says3 8psy*ologically consid]$ ! simple ego is a !oretical fiction10 p4 #aci74 ,,xii4 ,diseas$ ?9k+1 sleep1 hypnosis4 ,,xiii4 ,action1 expressive motions1 language4 ,,xiv4 ,w1 g5]al conclusions4 ,al?\gh ,dr4 ,zieh5's pamphlet is ^u ! :ole an excell5t treatise1 we _c agree ) ! au?or 9 sev]al que/ions :i* are ( great importance 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,dr4 ,zieh5 ackn[l$ges t ! specifically n]v\s processes1 a s5sible /imulus & a reaction1 :i* latt] is a motory effect1 _c be expla9$ f physical laws alone 7p4 #d74 ,yet at ! same "t he d5ies t ! fact t ! reflexes are adapt$ to a purpose 7,zweckmssigkeit7 proves ! pres5ce ( a psy*ical p>allelism4 8,pflg]10 he says1 80 wrong 9 attribut+ = ?is reason to ! sp9al cord a sp9al-cord-s\l40 ,! ,zweckmssigkeit ( reflexes 7i4 e4 _! be+ adapt$ to a purpose7 has orig9at$ n o!rwise ?an ! ,zweckmssigkeit ( ! color ( ! bird's plumage1 i4 e4 ?r\gh natural selection & inh]itance4 ,?is argum5t might be admissible1 if we _h n to acc\nt = ! gradual orig9 ( consci\sness also4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 our p]sonal consci\sness did n exi/1 & !re 0 also a "t :5 no consci\s be+ liv$ ^u ! e>?4 ,unless we assume t consci\sness sudd5ly appe>$1 creat+ out ( its own subjectivity alone ! objective _w :i* appe>s to u z :at we call matt] 9 motion1 we %all h to adopt "s moni/ic view ( ! subject4 ,to consid] ! psy*ical /ates z kn[n & ! objectivity ( exi/5ce z utt]ly unkn[n is no monism4 ,dr4 ,zieh5 is oppos$ to ! idea ( psy*ical p>allelism :i* he conceives to be dualism1 b he proposes a spiritual monism 9 its /ead1 ! difficulties ( :i* he does n expla94 ,x is to be regrett$ t ,dr4 ,zieh5 has n und]/ood ! ma9 idea ( ! p>allelism doctr9e4 ,he says 9 a foot-note 7p4 #f73 8,9 ! mo/ extreme way1 b ) q insuffici5t reasons ,lewes has ma9ta9$ ! omnipres5ce ( consci\sness40 ,?is is a mis/atem5t ( ,lewes's view1 :i* by ! bye is held by ! review] also1 al?\gh he confesses t ! t]m p>allelism is inappropriate & leads to misund]/&+s4 ,! !ory ( p>allelism1 7at lea/ z ! review] holds x7 is n duali/ic b moni/ic4 ,x implies t ! subjectivity & objectivity ( exi/5ce are two diff]5t ab/ractions ( "o & ! same reality4 ,its p>allelism is a p>allelism ( ^! two sets ( ab/raction1 :ile ! reality f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$ is "o ?r\gh\t4 ,!re exi/ no subjects t are n objects to o!r subjects1 & e object admits ( a subjective aspect4 ,!re is a some?+ suppos$ to be pres5t ?r\gh\t nature :i* "u c]ta9 conditions appe>s z consci\sness4 ,?is c]ta9 some?+ is call$ by ,clif=d elem5ts ( feel+1 by ,lloyd ,morgan metak9esis1 x has be5 *>act]is$ 9 ! editorials ( ,! ,moni/ z ! subjectivity ( exi/5ce1 & ! pres5ce ( ?is some?+ 9 ! sp9al cord 0 call$ by ,pflg] ,rck5m>ksseele4 ,x appe>s to me t if we c\ld expla9 ! well adapt$ reaction ( n]v\s sub/ance )\t assum+ a psy*ical elem5t 9 x1 we c\ld expla9 ! :ole process ( evolution & ! hi/orical developm5t ( mank9d1 )\t ! assumption ( consci\sness4 ,yet x is obvi\s t ev5 ! explanation ( ! color ( ! bird's plumage by ! !ory ( natural selection & h]$ity presupposes ! pres5ce ( psy*ical elem5ts some:]e4 ,ei!r ! bird & 8 mates %[ a color s5se1 or 8 enemies d1 ^: p]secution he escapes1 or ! animals ^u :om he preys d4 ,man's entire exi/5ce1 physical & psy*ical1 includ+ 8 feel+s ( pleasure & pa91 c be expla9$ by ! !ory ( natural selection & h]$ity2 yet ?is is no pro( t psy*ical elem5ts d n exi/ 9 him4 ,x has become cu/om>y at pres5t to def9e 8psy*ical0 z t only :i* appe>s 9 /ates ( consci\sness1 & to exclude subconsci\s & unconsci\s /ates4 ,dr4 ,zieh5 says3 8,ev]y?+ giv5 9 consci\sness & t alone is consci\s0 7p4 #c74 ,yet he introduces aft] all ! expression 8psy*ically lat5t10 8lat5t memory pictures10 & simil> expressions4 ,dr4 ,zieh5 says1 8,we _c ev5 h a conception ( t :i* an unconsci\s idea c be02 yet :at is a lat5t memory-picture b an unconsci\s idea8 ,!re are two k9ds ( unconsci\s ideas3 7#a7 ,lat5t ideas4 ,e man's bra9 is full ( lat5t ideas1 i4 e4 ( memory-pictures :i* are at pres5t unconsci\s b c become consci\s at once if _! activity is r\s$ by an appropriate /imulus4 7#b7 ,ideas unrelat$ to ! c5tre ( consci\sness4 ,^? active ideas :i*1 al?\gh at pres5t 9 a /ate ( activity1 are unrelat$ to ! c5tre ( consci\sness t con/itutes ! ego ( ! man1 rema9 unconsci\s4 ,unconsci\s c]ebration 7:i* takes place 9 dreams1 9 diseas$ bra9s & also 9 c]ta9 phases ( heal?y bra9s be+1 z x 71 a by-play ( _! consci\s activity7 ne$ n be de/itute ( feel+4 ,any pa9 may be less5$ :5 our att5tion is call$ away f x4 ,! n]v\s disord] rema9s ! same1 ! feel+ sub/ance ( ! n]v\s /ructures 9 :i* ! pa9 0 p]ceiv$ also rema9s ! same1 its activity & ?robb+ pulsations d n cease4 ,yet if we succe$ 9 sep>at+ its imm$iate relation to ! c5tre ( consci\sness x s9ks d[n into subconsci\sness4 ,!re is no reason = assum+ t ! feel+1 no long] p]ceiv$1 is wip$ out entirely4 ,:ile ,dr4 ,zieh5's pamphlet is a pres5tation ( ! results ( positive sci5ce1 we 7 a/oni%$ to f9d 9 ! fir/ *apt] ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,lat] on we %all h to inve/igate :e!r !re are = all psy*ical ph5om5a su* mat]ial p>allel processes 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & our answ] w be decid$ly 9 ! negative40 ,& aga9 we f9d 9 ! s*$ule ( psy*ology a di/9ction betwe5 7a7 psy*ical processes n cont+5t ^u c]ebral functions 7transc5d5tal psy*ology71 & 7b7 psy*ical processes cont+5t ^u c]ebral functions 7physiological psy*ology74 ,^! /atem5ts are ! m p]plex+ z ! au?or jo9s ! opposition made by ,mn/]b]g aga9/ ,pr(essor ,wundt's idea ( app]ception1 :i* is reject$ z metaphysical1 my/ical1 & ev5 animi/ic4 ,:ile we _c 9 all po9ts agree ) ,pr(essor ,wundt's !ory ( app]ception1 :i* receiv$ a critical exam9ation by ,pr(essor ,delab>re 7see ,! ,moni/ ,,ii1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #big71 we c mo/ positively say t ,dr4 ,zieh5 9 s f> z he classes ,wundt's view among ! duali/ic !ories1 misund]/&s ,wundt's position4 ,wundt's physico-psy*ical p>allelism _c be id5tifi$ ) ! metaphysical fiction ( a subject1 be ?is subject call$ ego or s\l4#ff ,wundt says 9 a late publication ( 83 8,psy*ology ( to-day1 s9ce ,kant has %[n ! way1 seeks ! nature ( ! s\l aga91 z did ,ari/otle ( yore1 9 ! facts ( ! spiritual life !mselves & n 9 an unkn[able #8?+ 9 itself'44440 ,deuts*e ,runds*au ( #ahia1 p4 #bjc4 ,wundt's 8app]ception0 is no metaphysical be+1 b simply means ! focus ( p]ception1 ! c5tre ( consci\sness4 ,wundt is c]ta9ly n infallible & we are incl9$ to believe t 9 "s details he is mi/ak54 ,he is nev]!less "o ( ! v greate/ lead]s among ! inve/igators ( ! s\l & 8 monism z well z 8 antimetaphysical t5d5cies _c be d\bt$4 ,zieh5 rea*es 8 monism by consid]+ objective exi/5ce1 z x appe>s to u & :i* we call matt]1 z 8some?+ utt]ly unkn[able40 ,he says1 8,! psy*ical s]ies alone is giv54444 ,?us ! psy*o-physical dualism or p>allelism is app>5t only4 ,consid]+ t ! psy*ical s]ies alone is giv51 we %all und]/&1 t we _h repeat$ly to face 9 our inve/igations su* factors 9 :i* ! mat]ial f\ndations are miss+4 ,i "h rem9d y ( ! projection ( our s5sations into space & "t1 = :i* we c\ld n f9d a psy*o-physical explanation40 ,we hope t ,dr4 ,zieh5 w soon f9d occasion to expla9 8 philosophical views4 ,su* an explanation may ?r[ light on 8 psy*ological !ory4 ,we d n z yet see h[ he c solve )\t inconsi/5cy ! _m difficulties 9 :i* 8 philosophical /&po9t w involve 8 psy*ology4 4 ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,sugge/ion4 ,by ,dr4 ,hans ,s*midkunz4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib1--pp4 #dbe4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,! rapidly increas+ devotion to ! /udy ( ,hypnotism has yield$ _m valuable results1 bo? practical & !oretical4 ,its application to ! cure ( disease--psy*o!rapeutics--has be5 mo/ ext5sively introduc$ & bids fair to become ! repres5tative 9 sci5tific =m ( ! g]m ( tru? buri$ among/ ! va/ rubbi%-heap ( suspici\s practices & pseudo-sci5tific 8isms40 ,new light has be5 ?r[n on ! que/ions ( responsibility & ! legal aspects ( slightly abnormal /ates4 ,education & e?ics1 x has be5 m ?an h9t$1 are to f9d practical aids 9 hypnotism2 :ile 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5tifically recognis$ ph5om5a1 _m ( ! ev5ts influ5tial 9 ! developm5t ( religions f9d a rationali/ic int]pretation4 ,b ! sci5ce :i* m ?an all o!rs1 ! /udy ( hypnotism is de/9$ to enri*1 is t ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology2 & x is ?is phase ( ! subject to :i* ,dr4 ,s*midkunz has devot$ 8 volume4 ,! c5tral core ( ! :ole subject is ! fact ( sugge/ion1--a fact s compreh5sive t x is almo/ easi] to say :at x is n ?an :at x is4 ,if we make all[ance = t portion ( our conduct t is bas$ ^u individual acquisitions & proce$s by logically reason$ /eps1 all ! re/ is m or less ! result ( sugge/ions1 ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,to appreciate ! psy*ology ( ?is process x is necess>y to appreciate its v>ieties & univ]sality4 ,we receive sugge/ions f ?+s & de$s2 ! sight ( food makes u hungry2 ! sight ( our neighbor consult+ 8 wat* induces a /rong desire to "k :at "t x is4 ,words are p[]ful implem5ts ( sugge/ion2 we accept ^? doctr9es t we he> ab\t u & are influ5c$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an we are conv9c$4 ,! p]sonal factor 9 sugge/ion is important2 to "s we feel attract$ & accept z lead]s1 :ile o!rs excite repulsion & antagonism4 ,! indirectness ( ! process ( sugge/ion is to be not$2 9 mo/ cases we are q unconsci\s ( ! influ5ces ex]t$ ^u u & by :i* our conduct is guid$1 & ?is ignorance ( ! motives ( our acts1 ,sp9oza tells u1 is ! cause ( ! illusion ( free w4 ,sympa?y1 imitation1 ! contagion ( masses1 ! action ( ! m9d ^u ! body1 ! =mation ( public s5tim5t1--all exemplify ! process ( sugge/ion & add _! te/imony to its p[] & doma94 ,we mu/ recognise1 too1 t our sugge/ibility is a v>iable ph5om5on2 at "s mom5ts we are self-ass]tive & det]m9$1 at o!rs passive & readily foll[+ ano!r's lead4 ,sometimes we take ! re9s 9 our own h&s1 & aga9 all[ ! vehicle to f9d its way z x w4 ,e night we pass into a condition 9 :i* consci\s control is ab&on$ & logic gives way to sugge/ion4 ,a trifl+ illness1 a dose ( m$ic9e may increase our sugge/ibility1 & place u 9 a position alli$ to t ( ! hypnotic subject4 ,all ?is prep>es ! way = recognis+ z ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! hypnotic condition1 an exagg]at$ sugge/ibility4 ,n alone is !re a ready yield+ to e sugge/ion ( ! op]ator1 b functions normally n "u volitional control may be appeal$ to & utilis$ by ! slight] & subtl] processes ( hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,! v>iable ?re%old betwe5 ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y is %ift$ to a surpris+ ext5t4 ,t complex int]relation ( c5tres ) :i* ! s5se ( p]sonality is intimately connect$ yields to ! same influ5ces & makes possible an exp]im5tal /udy ( ?is vex$ problem4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! ,psy*ology ( ,sugge/ion1 ! contribution t ,hypnotism makes to ,psy*ology4 ,x lays /ress ^u ! great rle ?is process plays 9 e day m5tal life & ?us asks u to see 9 hypnotism a condition closely alli$ to ! normal1 & simply illu/rat+ 9 an unusually /rik+ way1 "o great factor 9 our m5tal composition4 ,x re>ranges ! hi]>*y ( m5tal faculties & f9ds a m important place = sugge/ion ?an has be5 be=e accord$ to x4 ,f a some:at obscure & sporadic ph5om5on occasionally ent]+ into m5tal /ates1 x is rais$ to ! dignity ( "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t1 mo/ important1 mo/ f]tile g5]alisations ( sci5tific psy*ology4 ,:e!r "o fully agrees ) ?is position or n1 x is c]ta9ly a s]vice to h x s compreh5sively1 ev5 if at times prolixly /at$1 & to be assur$ t ! /udy ( ,psy*ology is d]iv+ z mu* b5efit f ! rese>*es 9 hypnotism z are ! m practical sci5ces4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,hypnotisme1 ,,sugge/ion1 ,,psy*o!ropie4 tudes ,n\velles p> le ,dr4 ,b]nheim1 ,pr(esseur la ,facult de mdc9e de ,nancy4 ,p>is3 #ahia4 ,octave ,do91 pp4 #eah4 ,! lit]ature ( ! new sci5ce ( ,hypnotism cont9ues to increase ) unabat$ pace2 mo/ ( ! contributions consi/ ( /udies ( a few cases or a brief exposition ( a s+le po9t1 9 mo/ cases ( po9ts relative to ! application ( hypnotism to disease4 ,! pres5t volume1 h[ev]1 is ( special importance n alone because ( ! au?ority t ,dr4 ,b]nheim's "n br+s ) x1--b because ( ! compreh5siv5ess & ! skill & int]e/ ( ! exposition4 ,x is supplem5t>y to ,dr4 ,b]nheim's =m] volume1 8,sugge/ive ,psy*o!rapeutics10 7#ahhf-hg1 ,engli% translation1 #ahhi7 & reflects ! progress t has result$ f cont9u$ & sy/ematic obs]vation4 ,! !rapeutic int]e/ 9 x naturally f9ds mo/ complete repres5tation & ab\t half ! volume is devot$ to ! description ( cases cur$ or b5efit$ by sugge/ive treatm5t4 ,al?\gh n]v\s compla9ts pr$om9ate 9 ^! well arrang$ & well describ$ cases1 yet ! me?od is %[n applicable to all ! ills t fle% is heir to4 ,:ile ?is portion ( ! volume w be ( greate/ int]e/ to ! m$ical _w1 ! psy*ologi/ w f9d mo/ food = reflection 9 ! fir/ & m !oretical half ( ! book4 ,he w f9d !re an int]e/+ hi/orical sket* illu/rat+ h[ processes simil> to ^? n[ /udi$ z hypnotism h be5 9 use f anci5t times2 h[ all ! v>i\s heal]s1 & ! v>i\s processes & ag5cies us$ by !m1 involve diff]5t modes ( application ( ! "o pr9ciple ( sugge/ion4 8,x is ! human imag9ation t works miracles40 ,sugge/ion is def9$ z ! act by :i* an idea is introduc$ 9 ! bra9 & accept$ by x1 & ?us _m ( ! means by :i* "o p]son influ5ces ano!r "u e day1 normal circum/ances w\ld be includ$ 9 ! t]m4 ,hypnotism is simply "o ( ! mo/ important & effici5t me?ods ( produc+ a /ate ( increas$ sugge/ibility4 ,9 e day life we h abundant evid5ce ( ! t5d5cy ( ideas to be realis$ 9 actions2 ) e *ange 9 ?\ght & emotion !re is associat$ "s motor expression1 too subtle p]haps = analysis & description1 b /ill pres5t & significant4 ,"u excitem5t & n]v\s /ra9 ^! motor accompanim5ts ( ?\ght are increas$ & s]ve z ! basis ( ! muscle read]'s skill4 ,aga9 ! possibility ( disbelief & ( recognis+ ! illusory "* ( a s5sation involve ! control ( high] direct+ p[]s2 ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ passes s5t5ce ^u ! new c&idate4 ,if we imag9e a condition 9 :i* ?is =m ( control is aboli%$1 we %\ld h a subject accept+ z real almo/ any idea or s5sation t is sugge/$ to him1 & express+ freely & unres]v$ly 8 acceptance ( ! same4 ,& ?is x is t hypnotism does4 ,x builds ^u ! natural cr$ulity :i* x is ! difficult task ( reason to %ape & control1 & br+s into prom95ce ! automatic1 subconsci\s phases ( m5tal action4 ,x does n end[ subjects ) new faculties or deprive !m ( _! individuality1 b %[s 9 a /rangely p]v]t$ p]spective ! v>i\s faculties & processes t g to build ! endlessly complex elem5ts ( a p]sonality4 ,?is 8sugge/ion0 view ( hypnotism is ! contribution ( ! ,nancy ,s*ool1 & is fa/ becom+ ! recognis$ view ( sci5ce2 "o w n[h]e f9d a cle>] & m conv9c+ exposition ( x ?an 9 ,dr4 ,b]nheim's pages4 ,x is cle>ly impossible to summ>ise ! v>i\s details t make up ! body ( ! volume2 b all ! important topics are discuss$ & result 9 conclusions unusually free z well f vagu5ess z f n>r[ness4 ,! processes induc+ ! /ate1 ! proportion ( susceptible individuals1 ! v>i\s k9ds & /ages ( hypnotism1 its relation to sleep & o!r normal /ates1 ! rle ( memory 9 hypnotism1 ! int]e/+ po/-hypnotic1 negative & retroactive halluc9ations1 its relation to hy/]ia1 its possible use 9 crime1--^! are "s ( ! *ief topics treat$4 ,! volume is a valuable contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 reflects its mo/ rec5t acquisitions1 & w\ld well m]it a pres5tation 9 an ,engli% translation4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,9 two volumes2 ,s5ses & ,intellect1 &1 ,feel+ & ,w4 ,by ,james ,m>k ,baldw91 ,m4 ,a41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 #ahia4 ,^! are two books dilig5tly work$ out1 ! =m] ( #cdc1 ! latt] ( #cig pp4 ,!y cov] almo/ ! entire field ( psy*ology exclud+ h[ev] ! treatm5t ( su* abnormal /ates z are ,m5tal ,pa?ology & ,hypnotism4 ,! au?or is a disciple ( ,dr4 ,mc,cosh1 & is /rongly influ5c$ by ,wundt1 ( ,leipzig1 & ,rabi]1 ( ,p>is2 yet he has develop$ an indep5d5t view ( ! nature ( ! s\l :i* p]haps comes ne>e/ to t ( ,pr(4 ,william ,james1 ( ,h>v>d4 ,! two books are actually two p>ts ( "o "w1 ! "o complem5t+ ! o!r4 ,! =m] h[ev] is n1 z ! "n sugge/s1 an exposition ( ! nature ( ! s5ses 9 _! relation to or z ! basis ( ! intellect2 x is an inquisition into consci\sness1 s5sation1 p]ception1 association1 imag9ation1 rational ?\ght1 & k9dr$ subjects4 ,! latt]1 aft] an introduction ( #ej pp41 *>act]is+ ! me*anism ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 treats ( feel+ z s5sation1 z pleasure & pa91 z int]e/ & belief1 z emotion1 & passes ov] to ! subject ( a motor consci\sness1 or w1 end+ 9 a *apt] on volition4 ,pr(essor ,baldw9 /ates t 8aft] we ent] consci\sness we f9d a pr9ciple ( app]ception to :i* !re is no analogy 9 physiological integration10 add+ 9 a foot-note3 8,s9ce ! section ( ! #8,unity ( ,composition' !ory 0 writt51 ,pr(essor ,james has publi%$ an acute criticism 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) x1 & ! passage quot$ makes ref]5ce to ! six? *apt] ( ,pr(essor ,james's ,psy*ology 9 :i* he rejects ! s-call$ #8m9d-/uff1' !ory1 decl>+ a self-comp\nd+ ( m5tal facts to be inadmissible & proposes at la/ :at he calls #8s\l-!ory4'0 ,pr(essor ,james 9 ?is *apt] commits ! mi/ake indicat$ 9 ! editorial ( ! la/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/ 7p4 #bdh7 t he consid]s ?+s z ?+s 9 !mselves & !n looks = a relation produc+ pr9ciple4 ,he says3 8,9 ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 ! #8=ces' !mselves d n comb9e into ! diagonal resultant2 a body is ne$$ on :i* !y may imp+e1 to exhibit _! resultant effect40 8,take a s5t5ce ( a doz5 words1 & take twelve m5 & tell to ea* "o ^w4 ,!n /& ! m5 9 a r[ or jam !m 9 a bun*1 & let ea* ?9k ( 8 ^w z int5tly z he w2 n[h]e w !re be a consci\sness ( ! :ole s5t5ce40 ,?us ,pr(essor ,w4 ,james is 9 ne$ ( :at he calls a 8m$ium40 ,he says3 8,all ! #8comb9ations' :i* we actually "k are ,,effects1 wr\ght by ! units said to be #8comb9$1' ,,^u ,,"s ,,entity ,,o!r ,,?an ,,!mselves4 ,)\t ?is feature ( a m$ium or vehicle1 ! notion ( comb9ation has no s5se40 ,we obs]ve t feel+s :i* orig9ate ?r\gh ! impressions ( ! out] _w ^u "s s5ti5t organism1 ent] into relations to ea* o!r1 z naturally z ?+s are 9 relations1 or "u c]ta9 circum/ances w ent] m closely into relations ) ea* o!r4 ,! 8s\l0 accord+ly is po/ulat$ by ,pr(essor ,james z a m$ium to comb9e ! effects ( ! manifold bra9 processes 9 ord] to 8escape ! absurdity ( suppos+ feel+s :i* exi/ sep>ately & !n #8fuse toge!r' by !mselves4 ,! sep>at5ess is 9 ! bra9-_w1 on ?is !ory1 & ! unity 9 ! s\l _w1 & ! only tr\ble t rema9s to haunt u is ! metaphysical "o ( und]/&+ h[ "o sort ( _w or exi/5t ?+ c affect or influ5ce ano!r at all40 ,?is is dualism & we suppose t ,pr(essor ,james is consci\s ( x4 4 ,,unt]su*ung5 ,,zur ,,physiologis*5 ,,morphologie ,,d] ,,?i]e4 ,,ii4 ,,organbildung ,,und ,,wa*/hum4 ,by ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb4 ,mit #b ,tafeln 9 ,li?ographie und #i ,figur5 im ,text4 ,wrzburg3 ,georg ,h]tz4 #ahib4 ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb =m]ly ( ,zri* & lately return$ f ! ,zoological /ation at ,naples has be5 appo9t$ ,pr(essor at ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,=m] publications ( 8 7 review$ 9 ,! ,moni/ ,i1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cjj4 ,! pres5t pamphlet is a cont9uance ( 8 inve/igations 9 physiological morphology4 ,"s ( 8 exp]im5ts are made ) ,ant5nul>ia ant5n9a 7a hydroid polyp7 & ! au?or describes h[ )\t mutilation1 simply by giv+ ! creature a fix$ position he succe$$ 9 mak+ x develop c]ta9 organs 9 c]ta9 places1 ?us prov+ gravitation to be an important factor 9 det]m9+ ! gr[? ( c]ta9 limbs4 ,dr4 ,loeb adds a few articles on ! dep5d5ce ( ! longitud9al gr[? & also ( ! reg5]ation ( ,tubul>ia ^u ! conc5tration ( ! salt-wat]4 ,8 exp]im5ts ) ,ciona inte/9alis 7a solit>y ascidia7 prove t 7#a7 a section 9 ! side ( ! oral orifice z well z ( ! anus w cause ! =mation ( ocelli on ! m>g9 ( ! section1 7#b7 aft] an extirpation ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ! reflexes cont9ue al?\gh ) a high] ?re%old ( ! /imulus1 & 7#c7 ! ciona is capable ( develop+ ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em aga94 4 ,,das ,,dase9 ,,als ,,lu/1 ,,leid1 ,,und ,,liebe4 ,die alt9dis*e ,weltans*auung 9 neuzeitli*] ,d>/ellung4 ,e9 ,beitrag zum ,d>w9ismus4 ,mit #b ,tondruck51 #bd ,zei*nung5 und #aj ,tabell54 ,by ,dr4 ,hbbe-,s*leid54 ,brauns*weig3 ,c4 ,a4 ,s*wets*ke ,sohn1 #ahia4 ,! au?or ( ?is book is ,dr4 ,hbbe-,s*leid51 editor ( ,! ,sph9x1 a mon?ly magaz9e publi%$ 9 ,g]many :i* pr(esses to 8lay d[n hi/orically & exp]im5tally ! sup]s5sible ,_w-,conception ^u a moni/ic basis40 ,love ( ,my/icism is ! ma9 feature ( ,! ,sph9x z well z ,dr4 ,hbbe-,s*leid5's book4 ,! ,sph9x conta9s reports ( cases ( telepa?y & is q s]i\s 9 inve/igat+ ! spook ( a haunt$ h\se4 ,! pres5t book conta9s ! au?or's confession ( fai?4 ,! symbols by :i* he depicts 8 _w-conception reveal a cabali/ic ta/e1 & we believe t ! illu/rations w be r repugnant to ! man ( sci5ce1 z !y give ! impression ( fanta/icism4 ,! ma9 idea ( ! book is to mod]nise ! old ,h9doo view t 8,kama0 desire or ,lu/ is ! gr\nd ( all be+1 z is said 9 ! ,brihad-,aranyaka ,upani%ad 7,,iv1 #d1 #e73 8,man consi/s entirely ( desire 7,kama72 z is 8 desire1 s is 8 w 7,kratu72 z is 8 w1 s is 8 life 7,k>ma1 i4 e41 activity72 z is 8 life1 s is 8 fate40 ,dr4 ,hbbe-,s*leid5 rejects ! ,h9doo view ( a migration ( s\l 9 s f> z x sugge/s ! idea ( some?+ p]sonal2 he pref]s to speak ( a trans=mation ( s\l4 ,?is1 he says1 has be5 & x may be call$ 8metaphysical ,d>w9ism01 & we mu/ confess t ! nucleus ( ! idea t\*es ! mo/ vital po9t ( all ! problems ( life4 ,we _c expla9 e?ics & ! e?ical in/9ct ( man )\t tak+ into consid]ation t man lives & aspires = some?+ t w outla/ 8 individual exi/5ce4 ,! au?or says3 8,:y d y /rive = some?+ high]1 = p]fection1 = completion or :atev] y\r aim may be call$8 ,:y all t1 if y imag9e t y\r individuality has only ?is "o life ^u e>? & y c realise only a v small "p ( :at y /rive =8 ,:y all y\r tr\ble1 if ! ma9 ?+ is 9 va980 ,we agree ) ! au?or t our moral in/9ct1 our ideals & aspirations :i* are mo/ p[]ful realities 9 life po9t to a life beyond ! grave1 !y indicate t dea? is no f9ality & evolution tea*es u t our s\ls actually cont9ue to exi/4 ,our s\ls 9 _! individual features are p>ts only ( ! :ole evolution ( our race & ^! v individual features ( our s\ls c be & w be pres]v$ 9 ! future g5]ations4 ,dr4 ,hbbe-,s*leid5's book is *>act]i/ic ( a /range t5d5cy ( our "t to comb9e ! results ( mod]n sci5ce ) ! old notions ( occultism4 ,!re is 9 x a psy*ological & e?ical tru? ov]gr[n ) a fanciful imag9ation4 4 ,,max ,m,,ll] ,,& ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,language4 ,a ,criticism4 ,by ,william ,dwight ,:itney1 ,pr(essor 9 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 #ahib4 ,! ,pr(essors ,w4 ,d4 ,:itney & ,f4 ,max ,mll] are n on good t]ms4 ,!y d n only disagree on sev]al fundam5tal & _m m9or po9ts1 conc]n+ ! sci5ce ( language1 b _! w>f>e1 z is well kn[n1 is at ! same "t ( a p]sonal nature4 ,! pres5t little volume is a criticism ( ! new edition ( ,max ,mll]'s 8,sci5ce ( ,language40 ,! great ,yale philologi/ recognis+ t ?is "w ( 8 antagoni/ic ,ox=d colleague 8is /ill ! pr9cipal & mo/ au?oritative text-book ( t /udy10 & not+ t 8its au?or has ga9$ no new light f ! criticisms t h be5 made ^u 8 "w10 feels call$ ^u to w>n ! read] t 8x may n be tru/$ :]e x is untru/wor?y & s d h>m to ! sci5ce :i* x 0 int5d$ to help40 ,! title ( ! book1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,:itney1 ought to be 8,facts & ,fancies 9 ,reg>d to ,language & ,o!r ,relat$ ,subjects40 ,s*lei*] says3 8,languages are natural organisms :i*1 )\t be+ det]m9able by ! w ( man1 grew & develop$ !mselves 9 accordance ) fix$ laws4444 ,its me?od is on ! :ole & 9 g5]al ! same ) t ( ! o!r natural sci5ces40 ,pr(essor ,:itney c5sures ,max ,mll] = call+ ! fir/ "p ( ,s*lei*]'s proposition 8%e] my?ology10 & !n adopt+ ! inf]5ce made !refrom consid]+ ! sci5ce ( language z a physical sci5ce4 ,n[ x is true t ! expression 8organism0 mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally2 languages are n animals or plants1 b !y h "s quality t is comp>able to animals & plants4 ,_! life & ! developm5t ( _! life is 9 _m respects analog\s to ! life ( organisms4 ,pr(essor ,:itney reg>ds language z 8a body ( conv5tional signs = ideas0 & prote/s aga9/ ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s usage ( ! ^w 8conv5tional0 z if x impli$ 8a conv5tion ( p ga!r$ to discuss & decide on ! words & =ms by :i* conceptions %\ld be repres5t$40 ,9 contradi/9ction to ,max ,mll] :o holds t philology is a physical sci5ce1 ,pr(essor ,:itney reg>ds x z an hi/orical sci5ce4 8,physical sci5ce10 says ,max ,mll]1 8deals ) ! works ( ,god1 hi/orical sci5ce ) ! works ( man40 ,?us optics is a physical sci5ce1 pa9t+ an hi/orical sci5ce4 ,:itney decl>es t individuals initiate *anges & ! community ei!r accepts & uses !m1 mak+ !m language by its use or rejects & annuls !m by refus+ to use !m4 ,9 "o ^w ,max ,mll] says language is 1 a product ( nature1 & ,:itney says x is 1 an in/itution ( man4 ,we believe t ,pr(essor ,:itney /&s almo/ alone 9 8 conception ( language4 ,ano!r no less important po9t is ,pr(essor ,:itney's objection to ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]'s proposition ( ! ,id5tity ( ,language & ,?\ght4 ,"h ,pr(essor ,:itney w f9d _m support]s = 8 case2 b we mu/ add t ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] does n exactly mean :at he says4 ,he means by id5tity insep>abl5ess4 ,x is n s mu* ,max ,mll]'s position t %\ld be attack$ z 8 mislead+ t]m9ology4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( language ,pr(essor ,:itney f9ds an in/ructive p>allel 9 ! beg9n+s ( writ+ :i* 7 mutually intelligible signs1 or 9 ! writt5 language ( ma!matics4 8,s we d no long] see10 he says1 8! two & ?ree /rokes 9 our figures #b & #c1 al?\gh !y are really !re disguis$ f view40 ,?is is a good simile1 & und\bt$ly cum grano salis true4 ,b x is r /range t ,pr(essor ,:itney %\ld f9d ,noir's !ory ( ! orig9 ( language 8utt]ly fanta/ic40 ,^! are fundam5tal diff]5ces4 ,!re are "s m1 less important po9ts su* z ! etymology ( k+ be+ ! ,sanskrit janaka4 ,max ,mll] proposes a v improbable reason = ! *ange ( mean+ 9 ! ,lat4 fagus1 ,o4 ,g]m4 boka 7bee*71 ,greek phegos1 ,lat4 qu]cus1 & ,g]m4 =aha 7fir74 ,pr(essor ,:itney might h m5tion$ t a m probable reason = ?is *ange has be5 propos$ ( late by ^? :o seek ! home ( ! ,aryans 9 ,europe4 ,a migrat+ p w\ld naturally h call$ 9 _! old home ! bee*1 9 _! new ! oak 8a tree ) edible fruit40 ,! same me?od is applicable to expla9 ! *ange ( mean+ 9 =ah-a-qu]cus :i* means 9 nor!rn c\ntries a fir & 9 ,italy an oak4 ,pr(essor ,:itney sums up 8 case z foll[s 7p4 #gg73 he f9ds 8language /udy 444 decl>$ on transp>5tly false gr\nds1 to be a physical sci5ce1 & language an exi/5ce :i* man _h no "p 9 mak+ & *ang+2 dialectic gr[? misund]/ood1 families ( language reg>d$ z exceptional1 & a #8,turanian' b>a?rum arrang$ to cat* all little-kn[n v>ieties ( spee*2 antec$5t unity ( dialect taught 9 "o case & d5i$ 9 ano!r2 a ^w held to be kill$ by ! lea/ mispronunciation2 conv5tional expla9$ to mean #8vot$ by a conv5tion'2 ?\ght & its expression view$ z insep>able1 & ev5 id5tical2 ! orig9 ( language seem+ly ascrib$ to an in/9ctive d+-dong ( ! tongue--& s on2 to complete ! li/ w\ld be almo/ to give a table ( pr9cipal cont5ts ( ! two volumes--& a /yle ( discussion us$ ?r\gh\t :i* indicat$ t ! au?or 0 play+ ) 8 subject r ?an inve/igat+ x s]i\sly4444 ,! book is n sci5ce1 b lit]ature4 ,tak5 z lit]ature1 x is ( high rank1 z ! admiration ( ! public suffici5tly te/ifies2 its au?or has a special gift = int]e/+ /atem5t & illu/ration1 = l5d+ a *>m to ! subjects he discusses2 & he c>ries captive ! judgm5ts ( 8 he>]s & ( _m ( 8 read]s4 ,he is a born littrateur40 ,pr(essor ,:itney concludes3 8,n[ z h]et(ore1 ,i re/ my def5se on n ! j int5t alone1 b ! real sub/antial ju/ice ( my criticisms2 if !y are unf\nd$1 ,i des]ve repreh5sion = mak+ !m2 if !y are "r1 !n !re is no?+1 ei!r 9 ! degree ( importance ( ! subjects to :i* !y relate1 or 9 ! p]sonality aga9/ :om !y are direct$1 to call = _! condemnation40 4 ,,seif5blas54 ,mod]ne ,mr*54 ,by ,kurd ,lasswitz4 ,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss4 #ahij4 8,mr*510 9 ! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 we are incl9$ to believe are a prize problem = our mod]n poets4 ,:o w solve x8 ,kurd ,lasswitz has made an attempt & consid]+ ! great difficulty ( ! problem1 we are n incl9$ to criticise him4 ,! au?or1 :o has work$ 9 sci5tific fields & has prov$ 8 ability z a close /ud5t1 exhibits 9 ^! 8soap-bubbles0 a f]tile imag9ation & poetic inv5tion4 ,mo/ ( 8 sket*es fall %ort ( ! ideal mr*5 ( sci5ce z we conceive x1 b _! read+ is sugge/ive & des]ves ! att5tion ( ^? ^: disposition favors ! creation ( a middle gr\nd betwe5 sci5ce & poetry4 4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,zieh5 decl>es 7p4 #abi7 t ! problem ( physiological psy*ology consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! diff]5t =ms ( ?9k+ up to ! mo/ complex argum5tation to simple associations ( ideas & its laws4 ,wundt says1 t !re are _m psy*ical idea-comb9ations :i* _c be expla9$ simply by association ( ideas4 ,s1 ,zieh5 cont9ues 7p4 #acj71 ,wundt assumes above idea associations a special faculty ( ! s\l call$ app]ception1 :i* s]ves n[ z att5tion1 n[ z w1 b is 9 ei!r case a metaphysical faculty ( ! s\l1 ! active subject :i* indep5d5t ( me*anical causality is said to be ! cause ( ^! ph5om5a4--,i d n ?9k t anyone :o kn[s ,wundt w accept ?is z a fair repres5tation ( 8 views4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,no4 #aib ,,un ,,probl,,me ,d',,ac\/ique ,,psy*ologique4 ,by ,l4 ,dauriac4 ,,les ,,orig9es ,,de ,,notre ,,/ructure ,,intellectuelle ,,et ,c,r,,brale4 ,,ii4 ,l',,volutionnisme4 ,by ,a4 ,f\ille4 ,l,,on>d ,,de ,,v9ci ,,arti/e ,,et ,,savant4 ,by ,g4 ,sailles4 ,,sur ,,les ,,dess9s ,d',,enfants4 ,by ,j4 ,passy4 ,,sur ,,un ,,cas ,d',,inhibition ,,psy*ique4 ,by ,a4 ,b9et4 ,,cont5ts3 ,janu>y1 #ahib4 ,no4 #aic4 ,,le ,,probl,,me ,,de ,,la ,,vie4 ,by ,dunan4 ,,la ,,maladie ,,du ,,pessimisme4 ,by ,b4 ,prez4 ,,philosophes ,,espagnols ,,de ,,cuba3 ,f4 ,,v>ela1 ,j4 ,,de ,,la ,,luz4 ,by ,j4-,m4 ,gu>dia4 ,,v>i,t,s3 ,,le ,,probl,,me ,d',,a*ille4 ,by ,j4 ,m\ret4 ,,cont5ts3 ,febru>y1 #ahib4 ,no4 #aid4 ,,les ,,m\vem5ts ,,de ,,man,,ge ,,*ez ,,les ,,insectes4 ,by ,a4 ,b9et4 ,,le ,,probl,,me ,,de ,,la ,,vie 7#bnd article74 ,by ,dunan4 ,,philosophes ,,espagnols ,,de ,,cuba 7conclud$74 ,j4-,m4 ,gu>dia4 ,,revue ,g,n,,rale3 ,,ju/ice ,,et ,,socialisme1 ,d',,apr,s ,,les ,,publications ,r,,c5tes4 ,by ,belot4 ,"o ( ! problems ( ! unique & great "w ( ,c>l ,/umpf's 8,tonpsy*ologie0 is ! subject ( ,l4 ,dauriac's essay4 ,! "q is :5 sev]al s\nds ent] ! e> at ! same "t1 ! plurality ( :i* is n directly kn[n1 d y h y\r in=mation ?r\gh an inn] s5se8 ,does e unit ( ! irritation correspond to a di/9ct unit ( s5sation8 ,is !re 9 consci\sness a simultane\sness ( s5sations simil>ly z outside ( consci\sness !re is a simultane\sness ( vibrations8 ,m4 ,dauriac ma9ta9s t ,/umpf's "q c be answ]$ only on ! gr\nd ( metaphysical po/ulates1 & if preconceiv$ solutions are to be exclud$1 x mu/ be consid]$ z insoluble4 ,alfr$ ,f\ille1 9 8 second article on ! orig9 ( our intellectual & c]ebral /ructure1 :i* treats on evolutionism1 comes to ! conclusion t ! hypo!sis :i* 9 ! mo/ simple way expla9s ! agreem5t ( ?\ghts & objects is ! doctr9e ( a radical unity g5]ally call$ ,monism4 ,j4 ,passy notes c]ta9 *>act]i/ic & psy*ologically int]e/+ features ( ! draw+s ( *ildr54 ,m4 ,a4 ,b9et pres5ts two physiognomical pictures ( ! same face1 "o repres5t+ disgu/ or scorn1 ! o!r a good-humor$ & happy smile4 ,! upp] p>ts ( bo? faces are exactly alike & yet ! eyes ( ! =m] look disda9ful :ile ! v same eyes ( ! latt] are full ( je/ & m]rim5t4 ,?is is ! fact4 ,m4 ,b9et psy*ologically int]prets ! fact z a ph5om5on ( automatic inhibition4 ,! fact is int]e/+1 b its int]pretation seems d\btful4 ,*>les ,dunan discusses ! metaphysical aspect ( ! problem ( life4 ,b4 ,prez's article is a contribution to pa?ological psy*ology ) special ref]5ce to ,m4 ,magalhes's "w on ! subject4 ,pessimism1 ,m4 ,prez says1 is a disease only if exagg]at$1 yet he believes t m$ico-psy*ological /udies :i* consid] ! relation betwe5 ! physical sy/em & morality are v helpful ev5 if c>ri$ too f>4 ,m4 ,j4-,m4 ,gu>dia's article w h a special int]e/ = ,am]icans4 ,?ree m5 arose 9 ,spa9 ( late1 ,val5t9 ,almirall1 ,m4 ,l4 ,mallada1 & ,j4-,m4 ,escudor1 :o spoke bold & h>d words ( tru? to _! c\ntry4 ,cuba is ! h5 t lays gold5 eggs = ,spa91 b ! ,cubans are treat$ ) great contempt 9 ,spa92 & yet ! ,spani>ds are by no means _! intellectual sup]iors1 = :ile ,spa9 is poor 9 philosophy1 ,cuba is ! only c\ntry ( ,lat9 ,am]ica :]e philosophy has tak5 root4 ,m4 ,gu>dia sket*es 9 ! fir/ article ! hi/ory & philosophy ( ,don ,flix ,v>lay y ,morals :o is ! h>b+] ( ! o!r ,spani%-,cuban philosoph]1 ,jos de la ,luz4 ,! second article 9 ! ,febru>y numb] treats ( ! latt] 7#ahjj-ahfb7 :om ,gu>dia calls ! ma/]4 ,george ,m\ret ) ref]5ce to ,front]a's book on ,z5o's argum5t aga9/ motion makes a few rem>ks conc]n+ ! ,eleatic sophism ab\t ,a*illes & ! tortoise4 ,an injury ( a ?alamus opticus produces 9 horses & o!r animals ! effect ( _! mak+ rotatory movem5ts :5 int5d+ to walk /raight on4 ,=el prov$ t a simil> effect is produc$ 9 ants by a lesion ( "o ( _! lobes4 ,m4 ,b9et publi%es 9 ! pres5t essay 8 exp]im5ts on c]ta9 wat]-beetles1 exhibit+ diagrams ( _! normal & abnormal walk4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 4 ,,zeits*rift ,,fur ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vols4 ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,,cont5ts3 ,novemb]1 #ahia4 ,no4 #f4 ,,ueb] ,,br,,ckes ,,!orie ,,des ,k,,rp]li*5 ,,seh5s4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 du ,bois-,reymond4 ,,me9 ,,s*lusswort ,,geg5 ,,wundt4 ,by ,c4 ,/umpf4 ,,erwid]ung4 ,by ,o4 ,flgel4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,,cont5ts3 ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,no4 #a4 ,,v]su*1 ,,das ,,psy*ophysis*e ,,gesetz ,,auf ,,die ,,f>b5unt]s*i$e ,,tri*romatis*] ,,aug5 ,,anzuw5d54 ,by ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz4 ,,unt]su*ung5 ,,b] ,,b9okul>es ,,seh5 ,,mit ,,anw5dung ,,des ,,h]+s*5 ,,fallv]su*s4 ,by ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,greeff4 ,,bem]kung5 ,,zu ,,dem ,,aufsatze ,,von ,,dr4 ,,somm] 8,,zur ,,psy*ologie ,,d] ,,spra*e40 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,pick4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,dr4 ,c4 du ,bois-,reymond believes t corporeal vision is ei!r produc$ by "o eye runn+ 9 succession ov] sev]al places or two eyes view+ two aspects ( ! object4 ,ma*'s !ory ( ! influ5ce ( %ade ^u ! production ( ! ?ird dim5sion 9 vision :i* af=ds q a new & a bett] explanation ( ! ph5om5on is n m5tion$4 ,/umpf closes 8 controv]sy ) ,wundt ) a few rem>ks 9 answ] to ,wundt's reply 79 ,philos4 ,/udi5 ,,vii1 pp4 #bih-cbg72 & ,flgel objects to ,pr(essor ,rehmke's proposition made 9 a criticism ( ,flgel's book 8,die ,seel5frage10 t ,h]b>t's psy*ology1 be+ atomism1 is at bottom mat]ialism4 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,greeff describes ,h]+'s app>atus = inve/igat+ ! cause ( b9ocul> vision4 ,:eat/one believes t ! p]spective ( ! two ret9a pictures produces ! effect ( corporeality :ile ,brcke decl>es t x is ma9ly due to muscle-s5sations4 ,h]+ sides ) ,:eat/one1 & ! exp]im5ts z describ$ by ,greeff prove t ! ?ird dim5sion is unfail+ly p]ceiv$ :5ev] ! ocul> axes div]ge1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! same result is n atta9$4 ,dr4 ,somm] _h pres5t$ 9 a =m] article ! facts ( an int]e/+ case ( aphasia1 7see ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #fbi7 :]e ! pati5t1 8 "n is ,voit1 c\ld rememb] & pron\nce words only :5 writ+ !m4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,pick objects to ,dr4 ,somm]'s reg>d+ ! case z contr>y to our pres5t exp]i5ce & foll[+ two ,fr5* au?orities ,ballet & ,b]n>d1 adduces cases ( ,aphasia by "r-sid$ hemiphlegia :]e pati5ts c\ld read only :5 !y 7 able to write or repres5t to !mselves ! writ+ motions ( _! h&4 ,?us "o pati5t ( ,*>cot c\ld only read pr9t1 & n writt5 words 8because10 z he said1 8x 0 easi] = him to reproduce 9 8 m9d ! writt5 lett]40 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ! case a deaf-mute :o said3 8,i feel :5ev] ,i ?9k ( ! motions ( my f+]s al?\gh !y are p]fectly at re/4 ,i see int]nally an image ( my mov+ f+]s40 ,pr(essor ,pick concludes t ! case ,voit is a good argum5t aga9/ ,max ,mll]'s proposition ( ! id5tity ( language & ?\ght4 ,max ,mll] h[ev] includes 9 8 conception ( ^w any symbol ( an idea4 ,! f+] motion ( a deaf-mute is a ^w1 & ! writ+ motion ( ,voit is also a ^w1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s !ory4 ,pr(4 ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz publi%es ! tables ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 apply+ ! psy*o-physical law ^u color diff]5ces ( tri*romatic eyes1 & pres5ts ! ?ree fundam5tal colors diagrammatically 9 an equilat]al triangle 9 ! c5tre ( :i* lies :ite4 ,a curve w9d+ r\nd ?is c5tre %[s ! relation ( ! ra9b[ spectrum 9 ! sy/em ( ?ree fundam5tal colors4 ,! results d n z yet agree ) ! inve/igations ( ,a4 ,knig & ,c4 ,dit]ici :o make simil> inquiries ) bi*romatic eyes4 7,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&47 4 ,,vi]teljahrss*rift ,f,r ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,philosophie4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,no4 #a4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,beitr,,ge ,,zur ,,logik4 7,er/] ,artikel47 ,by ,a4 ,riehl4 ,,die ,,dim5sion5 ,,d] ,,wahrs*e9li*keit ,,und ,,die ,,evid5z ,,d] ,,ungewis%eit4 ,by ,ad4 ,nits*e4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,=ts*reit5de ,,entwicklung ,,des ,,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 ,,ii4 ,by ,f4 ,ros5b]g]4 ,,ern/ ,,platn]',s ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,/ellung ,,zu ,,kant ,,9 ,,erk5ntnis/heorie ,,und ,,moralphilosophie4 ,i4 ,by ,b4 ,seligk[itz4 ,,ueb] ,,spra*reflex1 ,,nativismus ,,und ,,absi*tli*e ,,spra*bildung4 ,x4 ,by ,a4 ,m>ty4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,riehl beg9s 9 ?is numb] a s]ies ( articles on logic4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s are 7#a7 concepts & def9itions4 ,riehl di/+ui%es betwe5 a def9ition & a pr$icat+ s5t5ce 7,aussage71 = in/ance1 8,space has ?ree dim5sions10 is a m]e def9ition1 b 8,space is ! =m ( our intuition10 is an ,aussage4 7#b7 ,conceptual s5t5ces & judgm5ts4 ,! =m] are m]ely repres5tative & _c z ! latt] be said to comb9e or sep>ate ideas4 ,ad4 ,nits*e criticises ,johannes v4 ,kries's idea t ! calculus ( probabilities is admissible only if ! *ances are equival5t4 ,equival5t ,*ances 7glei*e ,spielrume71 he objects1 are app>5tly impossible1 yet he admits t ^u ! degree ( a k ( ! conditions w dep5d ! reliability ( ! probability4 ,! ,object ( ,b4 ,seligk[itz's article is to rescue f oblivion a philosoph] :o especially z a critic ( ,kant des]ves to be bett] kn[n ?an he is1 ,ern/ ,platn] 7#agdd-ahah47 ,! t5? & conclud+ article ( ,a4 ,m>ty on ! orig9 ( language reviews ,paul ,regnaud's "w ,orig9e et philosophie du langage4 7,leipsic3 ,o4 ,r4 ,reisl&47 4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,a ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,psy*ology ,,among ,,! ,,greeks4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,/rong4 ,,/udies ,,f ,,! ,,laboratory ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons94 ,by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,ja/r[1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,sev]al ,,cranial ,,n]ves ,,9 ,,man ,,z ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,! ,,areas ,,( ,,_! ,,cross-,,sections4 ,by ,h5ry ,h4 ,donaldson1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,visualisation ,,z ,a ,,*ief ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,hobbes1 ,,locke1 ,,b]keley1 ,,& ,,hume4 ,by ,alex&] ,fras]1 ,b4 ,a4 ,,anatomical ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,sev]al ,,s5se-,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,bl9d ,,deaf-,,mute1 ,,laura ,,dewey ,,bridgman4 ,,ii4 ,by ,h5ry ,h4 ,donaldson1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,psy*ological ,,lit]ature4 ,i4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson4 ,a ,,laboratory ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,physiological ,,psy*ology4 ,,ii4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,san=d4 ,,psy*iatry4 ,,psy*oses ,,foll[+ ,,acute ,,surgical ,,& ,,m5tal ,,affections ,,& ,,9 ,,multiple ,,neuritis4 ,by ,william ,noyes1 ,m4 ,d4 ,! po/ mortem exam9ation ( ,laura ,bridgman %[s a bra9 9 :i* ! olfactory bulbs & n]ves1 ! optic n]ves1 ! auditory n]ves1 & possibly ! glossoph>yngeal1 _h all be5 m or less de/roy$ at _! p]iph]al ends4 ,?is de/ruction caus$ a deg5]ation--mo/ m>k$ 9 ! optic n]ves--:i* ext5d$ t[>ds ! c5tres & involv$ !m indirectly4444 ,?is case repres5ts a maximum loss 9 ^! defective s5ses ) a m9imum am\nt ( c5tral di/urbance1 ?us (f]+ ! v be/ sort ( opportunity = education by way ( ! surviv+ s5ses4444 ,m5tal association 0 = ,laura ,bridgman limit$ to v>i\s phases ( ! d]mal s5sations & ! m9or & imp]fect s5ses ( ta/e & smell4444 ,! motor c5tre !re _h lo/ "s1 b n all its associative connections4 7,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass47 4 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,janu>y1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,papal ,,encyclical4 ,by ,bro!r ,az>ias4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,religions4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,hegel4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,macbride ,/]rett4 ,a ,,palm ,,( ,,peace ,,f ,,g]man ,,soil4 ,by ,fanny ,h]tz4 ,,au?ority ,,9 ,,! ,,sph]e ,,( ,,conduct ,,& ,,intellect4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,nettle%ip1 ,ox=d4 ,,discussions ,,& ,,reviews4 ,bro!r ,az>ias p>aphrases & praises ! e?ics ( ! ,papal ,encyclical4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie />ts f ,kant's fam\s rem>ks t two ?+s fill our m9ds ) rev]5ce1 ! />ry1 heav5s above & ! moral law )94 ,! wor%ip ( ^! two sep>ately & ! wor%ip ( !m 9 comb9ation are set =? z ! ?ree great religions ( ! _w4 ,fanny ,h]tz pleads = ! aboli%m5t ( w>4 ,%e quotes l>gely f ,b]?a ,suttn]'s novel1 8,die ,waff5 ni$]10 & f ,fri$]i*'s lett]s4 ,au?ority1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,nettle%ip1 is 8! p[] :i* 9 ! sph]e ( conduct1 9 ! long run det]m9es our practice & 9 ! sph]e ( intellect 9 ! long run det]m9es our ass5t40 ,!re are r\ghly speak+ f\r k9ds ( au?ority3 7#a7 ! au?ority ( law1 7#b7 ! au?ority ( religi\s bodies1 7#c7 ! au?ority ( society or public op9ion & 7#d7 ! au?ority ( great m54 ,:]e is ! seat ( au?ority8 8,= ea* individual10 ,pr(essor ,nettle%ip ma9ta9s1 8! absolute guide c1 9 ! long run be no o!r ?an 8 own consci5ce40 ,! orig9 ( consci5ce & ! crit]ion :e!r ! voice ( consci5ce be true or n are n expla9$4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #aah ,s4 ,twelf? ,/reet47 4 ,,m9d4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,no4 #a4 ,janu>y1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,prefatory ,,rem>ks4 ,! ,editor4 ,,! ,,logical ,,calculus4 7#a7 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,johnson4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,value4 ,by ,s4 ,alex&]4 ,,! ,,*anges ,,( ,,me?od ,,9 ,,hegel',s ,,dialectic4 7#a7 ,by ,j4 ,ellis ,mc,taggart4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,psy*og5esis4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan4 ,,discussions3 ,! ,feel+-,tone ( ,desire & ,av]sion4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,sidgwick4 ,sur la ,di/9ction entre les ,lois ou ,axiomes et les ,notions4 ,by ,george ,m\ret4 ,,critical ,,notices4 ,w4 ,e4 ,johnson says3 8,z a mat]ial ma*9e is an in/rum5t = economis+ ! ex]tion ( =ce1 s a symbolic calculus is an in/rum5t = economis+ ! ex]tion ( intellig5ce4 ,&1 employ+ ! same analogy1 ! m p]fect ! calculus1 ! small] w\ld be ! am\nt ( intellig5ce appli$ z comp>$ ) ! results produc$40 ,he cont9ues3 8,b z ! ex]tion ( "s =ce is necess>y = work+ ! ma*9e1 s ! ex]tion ( "s intellig5ce is necess>y = work+ ! calculus40 ,"h we feel incl9$ to /op our au?or4 ,t :i* makes ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( metal1 brass1 & wood a ma*9e1 is ! =m 9 :i* !y are compos$1 & ?is =m is in/rum5tal 9 us+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy = do+ a c]ta9 k9d ( "w4 ,intellig5ce is n analog\s to =ce b to ! =m ( =ce4 ,n intellig5ce is necess>y to run ! in/rum5t ( intellig5ce1 b "s p[]1 "s =ce1 "s en]gy1 & ?is p[] ne$$ = runn+ ! in/rum5t ( intellig5ce1 z x exi/s 9 man1 is g5]ally call$ w4 ,s we are at v>iance ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,johnson f ! outset4 ,mr4 ,johnson f 8 /&po9t consid]s x 8important to exam9e ! k9d & degree ( intellig5ce t are dem&$ 9 ! employm5t ( any symbolic calculus4 ,x w appe> t ! logical calculus /&s 9 a unique relation to intellig5ce2 = x aims at exhibit+1 9 a non-intellig5t =m1 ^? same intellig5t pr9ciples t are actually requir$ = work+ x40 ,we ab/a9 "h f discuss+ ! details ( ?is highly sugge/ive article :i* conta9s mu* t is ( int]e/ to logicians4 ,! au?or claims especially ) reg>d to 8 int]pretation ( ! univ]sal & p>ticul> t 8 results exactly correspond ) ! int]pretation giv5 by ,dr4 ,v5n & ,mr4 ,peirce1 & work$ out by ,dr4 ,keynes4 ,! ,g]mans di/+ui% betwe5 ,ur!il & ,beur!ilung1 ! fir/ be+ judgm5t 9 g5]al1 ! latt] a judgm5t t decl>es some?+ to possess value f ! view ( tru?1 beauty or goodness4 ,9 ?is s5se ,mr4 ,s4 ,alex&] deals ) ! idea ( value4 ,he /ates two ma9 pr9ciples4 7#a7 ,t value is 8! effici5cy ( a consci\s ag5t to promote ! effici5cy ( society0 & ?is1 ! au?or says1 0 ma9ta9$ indirectly 9 opposition to ! view t value 0 det]m9$ by pleasure4 7#b7 ,t value is itself no some?+ sep>able f o!r m5tal facts by a wide gulf1 b 0 itself a fact ( a purely natural ord]4 8,soll50 is "o k9d ( 8,se940 ,mr4 ,j4 ,ellis ,mc,taggart 9 discuss+ ! *anges ( me?od 9 ,hegel's ,dialectic arrives at a conclusion :i* accord+ to ! au?or mu/ be admitt$ to be q un-,hegelian4 ,hegel app>5tly reg>d$ ! procession ( ! categories ) its advance ?r\gh oppositions & reconciliations z pres5t+ absolute tru?4 ,f ?is ! au?or diss5ts1 8=10 he says3 8! true process ( ?\ght is "o 9 :i* ea* category spr+s out ( ! "o be=e x1 & n by contradict+ x1 b z ! expression ( its deepe/ nature1 :ile x1 9 its turn1 is se5 to h its deepe/ reality 9 aga9 pass+ on to ! "o aft] x4 ,!re is no contradiction no opposition1 & consequ5tly no reconciliation4 ,!re is only developm5t1 ! r5d]+ explicit :at 0 implicit1 ! gr[? ( ! se$ to ! plant4 ,9 ! actual c\rse ( ! dialectic ?is is nev] atta9$4 ,x is an ideal :i* is nev] q realis$1 & f ! nature ( ! case nev] c be q realis$4 ,9 ! dialectic !re is always opposition1 & !re=e always reconciliation4 ,we d n g /raight onw>d1 b m or less f side to side4 ,x seems inevitable1 !re=e1 to conclude t ! dialectic does n completely & p]fectly express ! nature ( ?\ght40 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan />t+ f ! proposition t 8! bus9ess ( consci\sness is ! control ( action0 %[s t 8we id5tify ourselves r ) ! action ( our control c5tres ?an ) our l[] animal in/9cts4 ,?r\gh exp]i5ce we le>n1 & habits be+ =m$ by individual repetition become innate40 ,pr(essor ,morgan reviews use-inh]itance natural selection1 sexual selection1 ! law ( beauty1 & conduct & v]ification ) reg>d to psy*og5esis4 8,our nature10 he says1 8is intellectual1 /hetic1 moral1 & s5sitive03 8,! false is reject$ z incongru\s to our nature z intellectual2 ! ugly is avoid$ z incongru\s to our nature z /hetic2 ! wrong is %unn$ z incongru\s to our nature z moral2 s is ! pa9ful1 s f> z possible1 avoid$ z incongru\s to our nature z s5sitive4444 ,! guidance ( pleasure & pa9 is ( great importance--s great t "s are f\nd to argue t 9 moral matt]s we are influ5c$ solely by consid]ations ( happ9ess4444 ,only by ext5d+ ! mean+ ( ! words pleasure & pa9 s z to be coext5sive ) :at ,i h "h t]m$ congru\s & incongru\s c x be said t our actions & our ?\ghts are det]m9$ by pleasure & pa940 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,review4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a4 ,janu>y1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts ( ,no4 #a4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,,! ,,critical ,,philosophy ,,& ,,idealism4 ,by ,pr(4 ,john ,watson4 ,,psy*ology ,,z ,,s-,,call$ 8,,natural ,,sci5ce40 ,by ,pr(4 ,george ,t4 ,ladd4 ,,on ,,"s ,,psy*ological ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,musical ,,sy/em4 ,by ,b5j4 ,ives ,gilman4 ,,reviews ,,( ,,books ,,& ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 ,,cont5ts ( ,no4 #b3 ,,psy*ology1 ,,epi/emology1 ,,& ,,metaphysics4 ,by ,pr(4 ,&rew ,se?4 ,a ,,plea ,,= ,,psy*ology ,,z ,a 8,,natural ,,sci5ce40 ,by ,pr(4 ,william ,james4 ,,on ,,"s ,,psy*ological ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,*9ese ,,musical ,,sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,by ,b5j4 ,ives ,gilman4 ,,discussions3 ,dr4 ,mn/]b]g's ,!ory ( ,m9d & ,body & its ,consequ5ces4 ,by ,*>les ,a4 ,/rong4 ,,reviews ,,( ,,books ,,& ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 ,?is is a new magaz9e :i* w be an additional pro( t ! philosophical int]e/ 9 ,am]ica is by no means s poor z ! inhabitants ( ! old _w g5]ally suppose x to be4 ,! "* ( ! j\rnal1 x is to be expect$1 w be 9 h>mony ) ! publications ( its s*ol>ly editor1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s*urmann1 ^: position is cle>ly set =? 9 a little volume ( 8 8,belief 9 ,god10 9 :i* he conceives ,god 9 ?ree ways 7#a7 z ! cause or gr\nd ( ! _w 7#b7 z ! realis+ purpose ( ! _w1 & 7#c7 z ! fa!r ( spirits4 ,pr(essor ,watson reviews 9 an elaborate article ,edw>d ,caird's "w 8,! ,critical ,philosophy ( ,emanuel ,kant40 8,! philosophy ( ,kant10 says ,watson1 80 accept$ at fir/ by submissive disciples1 b x _h aft]w>ds to submit to a sev]e process ( criticism :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,absolute ,idealism ( ,hegel4 ,! syn!sis ( ,kant1 z bas$ ^u an unt5able opposition ( ! ph5om5al & ! real1 0 weigh$ & f\nd want+4444 ,we mu/ be grateful to any "o :o helps u1 n m]ely to see ,kant1 b to see beyond him4 ,?is is ! task :i* ,pr(essor ,caird1 9 8 exhau/ive "w on ! ,critical ,philosophy1 has set himself to p]=m10 & adds ,watson1 8he has done x 9 a way t leaves no?+ to be desir$40 ,pr(essor ,ladd criticises ,pr(essor ,james's ,psy*ology z s-call$ natural sci5ce4 8,:at we wi% to h 9 ! "n ( c]ebral psy*ology1 is a description1 9 t]ms ( a compreh5sible !ory ( molecul> physics2 &1 also1 a /atem5t ( ! =mul :i* def9e ! relations betwe5 ! molecul> *anges & ! #8correspond+' ord]s ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,b ?is is precisely :at ,pr(essor ,james avoids do+1 ev5 to ! ext5t :i* s-call$ #8n]ve-physiology' makes possible4 ,&1 no?+ wor?y ( ! "n #8sci5ce' is possible = any "o 9 ?is bran* ( c]ebral psy*o-physics40 ,pr(essor ,james replies to ! criticism 9 ! second numb] ( ,! ,philosophical ,review4 ,he says3 8,psy*ology is to-day h>dly m ?an :at physics 0 be=e ,galileo1 :at *emi/ry 0 be=e ,lavoisi]4 ,x is a mass ( ph5om5al description1 gossip1 & my?1 includ+1 h[ev]1 real mat]ial en\gh to ju/ify "o 9 ! hope t its /udy may become wor?y ( ! "n ( natural sci5ce at no v di/ant day4 ,i wi%$1 by treat+ ,psy*ology l a natural sci5ce1 to help h] to become "o40 ,pr(essor ,ladd is a transc5d5tali/ & ,pr(essor ,james has great expectations ( ! "w inaugurat$ by ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,!oretically !y /& mu* ne>] ?an practically1 z well indicat$ by ,pr(essor ,james's rem>k3 8,9 ,pr(essor ,ladd's own book on #8,physiological ,psy*ology1' t #8real be+1 proce$+ to unfold p[]s t are sui g5]is1 accord+ to laws ( its own1' = ^: recognition he cont5ds1 plays no organic "p 9 ! "w1 & has prov$ a m]e /umbl+ block to 8 biological review]s40 ,he adds 9 a foot-note3 8,i mean t su* a be+ is q b>r5 ( p>ticul> consequ5ces4 ,its "* is only kn[n by its reactions on ! signals :i* ! n]v\s sy/em gives1 & ^! mu/ be ga!r$ by obs]vation aft] ! fact4 ,if only x 7 subject to successive re9c>nations1 z ! !osophi/s say x is1 s t we might guess :at sort ( a body x w\ld unite ) next1 or :at sort ( p]sons x _h help$ to con/itute previ\sly1 ^? w\ld be great po9ts ga9$4 ,b ev5 ^? ga9s are d5i$ u2 & ! real be+ is1 = practical purposes1 an entire sup]fluity1 :i* a practical psy*ology c p]fectly well d )\t40 ,&rew ,se?1 ! well-kn[n coryphu ( philosophy & psy*ology at ,ed9burgh1 presses ! importance ( di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t /&po9ts ( psy*ology1 epi/emology1 & metaphysics4 ,locke1 ,b]keley1 ,hume & o!r ,engli% z well z ,cont95tal ?9k]s 8speak sometimes f "o po9t ( view1 sometimes f ! o!r )\t be+ aw>e t ! two po9ts ( view are diff]5t40 8,psy*ology1 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a subject or m$ium ( consci\sness1 seeks to expla91 ma9ly by ! help ( association or processes practically simil>1 h[ out ( ! come-&-g ( consci\s /ates1 !re are evolv$ su* subjective facts z p]ceptions1 ! belief 9 an indep5d5t real _w1 & ! idea ( ! ,ego or subject himself4444 ,metaphysics has to d ) ! ultimate nature ( ! reality :i* reveals itself alike 9 ! consci\sness :i* kn[s & ! _w :i* is kn[n4444 ,! epi/emological ?+-9-itself to be id5tifi$ ) ! metaphysical ess5ce4444 ,! problem ( k & ! ,real1 is ! "q :i* ,epi/emology has to face40 7,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago3 ,g9n ,co47 4 ,,voprosui ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4#fg ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #aa4 ,janu>y1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,positive ,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,"p ,v4 ,sociology4 ,by ,b4 ,t*it*]94 ,,c\nt ,,giacomo ,,leop>di ,,& ,,8 ,,pessimism4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,cont9u$ f ,no4 #aj ( ?is review4 7,conclusion47 ,by ,v4 ,/e94 ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,conceptions ,,( ,,nature4 7,conclusion47 ,by ,m4 ,m5zhir4 ,j4 ,v4 ,,kiryebskii ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,muscovite ,,slavophilism4 ,public lecture deliv]$ ,novemb] #bj1 #ahia1 = ! b5efit ( ! rural di/ricts suff]+ f ! bad h>ve/s4 ,by ,paul ,v9ograd(f4 ,,f\ill ,,& ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,! ,,future4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,g5]al e/imate ( ,f\ill's views4 ,cont9u$ f ,no4 #aj ( ?is review4 7,conclusion7 ,by ,aleksei ,vn$5skii4 ,,telepa?y4 ,to be conclud$ 9 ! next numb]4 ,by ,m4 ,petrovo-,solovo4 ,?is is a review ( ! publications ( & ! "w done by ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* 9 ,engl&4 ,,special ,,"p3 7#a7 ,wundt's ,sy/em ( ,philosophy4 ,by ,k4 ,v5tzel4 7#b7 ,hegel's ,ontology4 ,by ,n4 ,p4 ,hily>(f-,platon(f4 ,new ,rese>*es on ,plato4 ,by ,a4 ,kozl(f4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,bibliography4 ,review ( ,russian & ,=eign ,p]iodicals4 ,book ,reviews4 ,bibliographical ,index ( rec5t ,philosophical works4 ,answ] to an anonym\s lett] receiv$ by ,n4 ,/ra*(f on ! subject ( 8 article3 8,op9ions conc]n+ ,l4 ,n4 ,tol/o40 ,by ,n4 ,/ra*(f4 ,transactions ( ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 7,mosc[1 #ahib47 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,july1 #ahib4 ,,no4 #d4 ,,! ,,moni/4 ,,our ,,monism4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,a ,,consi/5t1 ,,unit>y ,,_w-,,view4 ,! "q1 ,:at are ! ess5tial features ( ,monism8 0 br\ght home to me :5 ,i read 9 ! la/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/ ! critical rem>ks made ) ref]5ce to ! new edition ( my 8,an?ropog5y40 ,i %all "h endeavor briefly to draw up ! outl9es ( my conception ( ! _w 9 a mann] :i* w indicate ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( my views4 ,?us bo? ! agreem5ts ) & ! div]g5ces f ! position editorially upheld 9 ,! ,moni/ w pla9ly appe>4 ,z is ! case ) ! majority ( philosophical diff]5ces1 s also 9 ! pres5t in/ance ,i f9d t ! div]g5ces :i* exhibit !mselves 9 our respective unit>y conceptions ( ! _w are 9 "p only app>5t & 9 "p occasion$ by ! div]g5t significances ( our fundam5tal ideas4 ,b ?is w1 p]haps1 be made cle>] by ! foll[+ me?odically arrang$ eight !ses4 ,i4 ,,monism4 ,l all g5]al concepts ( fundam5tal scope1 t ( monism also is liable to diff]5t def9itions & div]g5t modifications1--! natural result ( individual diff]5ces ( subjective conception4 ,9 ! det]m9ate s5se 9 :i* monism is at pres5t employ$ by ! majority ( philosoph]s & physical inquir]s1 ! s5se :i* ,i believe ,i 0 ! fir/ to e/abli% 9 #ahff 9 my 8,g5]al ,morphology0 7,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aje71 x d5otes a unit>y or natural conception ( ! _w1 9 opposition to a sup]natural or my/ical "o1 t is1 9 opposition to dualism4 ,= u1 accord+ly1 !re exi/s 79 ! s5se ( ,goe!7 no opposition :atsoev] betwe5 nature & m9d1 betwe5 ,_w & ,god4 ,m5tal exi/5ces1 8spirits10 outside nature1 or 9 opposition to nature1 d n exi/4 ,:at are commonly t]m$ ! 8m5tal sci5ces10--= example1 philology1 hi/ory1 & philosophy1--are 9 reality simply a "p ( physical philosophy1 ( ,natur-philosophie4 ,! latt] discipl9e embraces1 9 our op9ion1 ! entire body ( human k2 x is bas$ ^u empiricism1 on ! exp]i5ces1 ! obs]vations1 & ! exp]im5ts ( physical inquiry2 b x does n become philosophy until x has br\ght toge!r & unit$ its empiric products1 ab/ract$ g5]al laws f its isolat$ exp]i5tial facts1 & syn!tis$ ! isolat$ results :i* analysis has empirically asc]ta9$4 ,,ii4 ,,me*anicalism4 ,s9ce an e>ly date1 ?is important fundam5tal concept has frequ5tly be5 us$ 9 ?ree diff]5t & div]g5t s5ses1 namely3 ,a4 ,9 its wide/ s5se1 z synonym\s ) monism2 :]e9 me*anical causes 7caus effici5tes71 9 ! s5se ( ,kant1 are assum$ z ! sole effective causes & are plac$ 9 opposition to ! teleological causes 7caus f9ales7 9 ! s5se ( dualism4 8,me*anical conception ( ! _w0 is 9 ?is s5se synonym\s ) 8moni/ic conception ( ! _w40 ,b4 ,9 its m re/rict$ s5se1 z a univ]sal motion-pr9ciple ( physics1 s t1 = example1 ! po/ulat$ e!r-vibrations ( optics1 ( electricity1 & s =?1 z well z ! gross] mat]ial oscillations ( ac\/ics1 heat1 & s =?1 are designat$ z me*anical processes subject to def9ite laws4 8,me*anical natural philosophy10 9 ?is s5se1 is id5tical ) physics4 ,c4 ,9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 z t bran* ( physics :i* deals ) ! gross] & visible processes ( motion2 z gravitation1 locomotion1 & ! phoronomy ( organisms4 ,me*anics1 9 ?is ! mo/ re/rict$ s5se1 is view$ z oppos$ to optics1 ac\/ics1 etc41 z ! usages ( ! s*ools indicate4 ,s9ce1 n[1 ! phrases 8me*anical laws0 & 8me*anical explanation10 at ! pres5t day ev51 are frequ5tly und]/ood 9 ^! ?ree di/9ct s5ses1 no end ( misund]/&+s arise4 ,su* misund]/&+s may be be/ avoid$1 p]haps1 by reta9+ ! notion ( me*anics 9 its n>r[e/ 7,c7 s5se1 & by sub/itut+ physics = ! next n>r[] s5se 7,b7 & monism = its mo/ ext5d$ s5se 7,a74 ,,iii4 ,,psy*ism4 ,9 exactly ! same way z ! idea ( me*anicalism1 s also t ( psy*ism is employ$ 9 a ?ree-fold div]g5t s5se4 ,z 9 ! =m] case motion1 s "h feel+ is conceiv$1 n[ z a univ]sal _w-pr9ciple1 n[ simply z a vital activity ( all organisms1 n[ simply z ! p>ticul> m5tal activity ( man4 ,a4 ,9 its wide/ s5se3 ,panpsy*ism4 ,all matt] is ens\l$1 because all natural bodies kn[n to u possess det]m9ate *emical prop]ties1 t is to say react uni=mly & by law :5 subject$ to ! det]m9ate *emical 7i4 e4 molecul>-me*anical7 influ5ces ( o!r bodies3 *emical aff9ity4 ,simple/ example3 sulphur & quicksilv] rubb$ toge!r =m c9nab>1 a new body ( entirely diff]5t prop]ties4 ,?is is possible only on ! supposition t ! molecules 7or atoms7 ( ! two elem5ts if br\ght )9 ! prop] di/ance1 mutually feel ea* o!r1 by attraction move t[>ds ea* o!r2 on ! decomposition ( a simple *emical comp\nd ! contr>y takes place3 repulsion4 7,emp$ocles's doctr9e ( ! 8love & hatr$ ( atoms407 ,b4 ,9 its m re/rict$ s5se3 ,biopsy*ism4 ,! organisms alone are reg>d$ z 8ens\l$10 because "h ! *emical processes are m complicat$ & m /rik+ 7produc+ motions 9 cyclically repeat$ succession7 ?an 9 ! case ( ! s-call$ 8dead matt]0 ( ! inorganic bodies4 ,9 p>ticul> does organic 8irritability0 appe> "h z a high] =m ( ! physical reaction call$ 8,auslsung0 ! sett+ free1 dis5gagem5t1 & 8s\l-activity0 7reflexes7 aga9 z a high] =m ( irritability4 ,h[ev]1 all ! ph5om5a ( organic life ultimately admit ( be+ r$uc$ to 8me*anical0 7or 8physico-*emical07 processes t diff] f ! processes ( ! inorganic _w only 9 po9t ( degree or quantitatively1 n qualitatively4 78,g5]al ,morphology10 ,i1 ,*ap4 ,v2 ,,vii1 pp4 #aji-bch4 8,natural ,creation10 ,,viii1 ,fir/ ,edition1 ,lecture ,,xv47 ,c4 ,9 its n>r[e/ s5se3 ,zoopsy*ism4 ,irritability1 or univ]sal organic s\l-activity1 su* z is ! attribute ( all organisms1 7id5tical ) 8life107 rea*es a high] /age ?r\gh ab/raction1 ?r\gh ! =mation ( ideas4 ,feel+ & w become m di/9ctly sep>at$4 ,?is real s\l-life1 :i* is ! attribute only ( ! high] animals1 passes ?r\gh a long succession ( diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 ! mo/ p]fect ( :i* is ! s\l ( man4 ,! s-call$ 8fre$om ( ! w0 is app>5t only1 z ea* s+le volitional action is det]m9$ by a *a9 ( prec$5t actions :i* ultimately re/ ei!r ^u h]$ity 7propagation7 or ^u adaptation 7nutrition74 ,z ^! la/ are 78me*anically07 r$ucible to molecul> motions1 ! same also holds true ( ! =m]4 ,,iv4 ,,!ism4 ,! idea ( god t alone appe>s to be logically compatible ) monism1 is pan!ism 7or 8cosmo!ism07 9 ! s5se ( ,goe! & ,sp9oza4 ,god accord+ to ?is view is id5tical ) ! sum-total ( ! =ce ( ! univ]se1 :i* is insep>able f ! sum-total ( ! matt] ( ! univ]se4 ,9 opposition to ?is view /&s an?ropo!ism4 ,?is is ! outcome ( dualism1 :i* places ,god z a p]sonal be+ 9 opposition to ! 8_w0 creat$ by him1 & consequ5tly is always =c$ 9 its reason+s to resort to an?ropomorphic exp$i5ts4 ,v4 ,,mat]ialism4 ,! mo/ important diff]5ces ( =m 9 :i* ?is mu* misund]/ood & v>i\sly int]pret$ movem5t ( philosophy has pres5t$ itself1 may be class$ z foll[s3 ,a4 ,9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se3 z synonym\s ) monism 7or ) me*anicalism74 ,all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w are f\nd$ ^u mat]ial processes1 ^u motions 7me*anicalism7 or ^u feel+s 7psy*ism71 bo? ( :i*1 z fundam5tal qualities1 are insep>able f matt]4 ,immat]ial =ces or immat]ial 8spirits0 7m9ds7 are unkn[n to u4 ,z ,goe! once said1 8,m9d c nev] exi/ & act )\t matt]1 matt] nev] )\t m9d40 ,b4 ,9 its m re/rict$ s5se3 orig9ally matt] alone exi/s & creates second>ily =ce 7or 8m9d074 ,! fallacy ( ?is view lies 9 its reg>d+ ! two ?+s 8matt] & =ce0 z disjo9t & sep>ate4 ,accord+ to our view ! two are insep>ably connect$1--unit$ 9 ea* atom f ! v fir/4 ,,vi4 ,,spiritualism4 ,?is phase also ( ! _w-conception has be5 ! subject ( ! same misund]/&+s & p]v]t$ conceptions z its app>5t opposite1 mat]ialism4 ,a4 ,9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se1 spiritualism is susceptible ( id5tification ) psy*ism--consequ5tly also ) monism4 ,= feel+ 7pleasure & pa97 is j z mu* a ?or\ghly univ]sal & fundam5tal prop]ty ( matt] 7( ea* atom67 z is motion 7attraction & repulsion74 ,e s+le 8_s0 is insep>ably unit$ ) "s 8matt]40 ,b4 ,9 its m re/rict$ s5se3 orig9ally =ce alone exi/s & creates second>ily matt]4 ,?is view1 :i* is v old & v widely spread 78creation ( ! _w071 is j z false & z "o-sid$ z its contr>y 7#e ,b74 ,,vii4 ,,immortalism4 ,! 8belief 9 immortality0 is sci5tifically 7critically7 t5able only z a g5]al proposition1 & is 9 ?is case id5tical ) ! mo/ univ]sal law ( physics1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy 7co9cid5tly1 ( c\rse1 ! cons]vation ( matt]74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! widely dissem9at$ dogmatic belief 9 a p]sonal immortality1 a belief support$ by ! mass ( ! ecclesia/ical religions1 & ( utmo/ importance z ! consci\sly or unconsci\sly assum$ base-axiom ( a great numb] ( philosophical sy/ems1 is1 sci5tifically1 absolutely unt5able4 ,! 8human s\l0 7i4 e4 ! sum-total ( ! individual life-activity3 feel+1 motion1--w1--& idea7 is simply a transi5t developm5t>y ph5om5on--a v highly develop$ 8v]tebrate-s\l40 ,,viii4 ,,cosmism4 ,! det]m9ate1 &1 z ,i believe1 logical1 =m ( ! conception ( ! _w1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* ,i h advocat$ = ?irty ye>s1 & ^: mo/ important aspects h be5 briefly outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 may also be designat$ cosmism1 to ! ext5t t x proce$s f ! fundam5tal idea t cosmog5y or ! 8_w-process10 z _w-developm5t1 is1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 7)9 ! limits namely ( a r$uction to ! basic notions3 matt] & its two insep>able fundam5tal qualities motion & feel+17 a kn[able natural process4 ,cosmism is oppos$1 ?us1 to agno/icism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o highly important pr9ciple ( my monism seems to me to be1 t ,i reg>d all matt] z ens\l$1 t is to say z end[$ ) feel+ 7pleasure & pa97 & ) motion1 or1 bett]1 ) ! p[] ( motion4 ,z elem5t>y 7atomi/ic7 attraction & repulsion ^! p[]s are ass]t$ 9 e simple/ *emical process1 & on !m is bas$ also e o!r ph5om5on1 consequ5tly also ! highe/-develop$ s\l-activity ( man4 ,= ! compreh5sion ( ?is graduat$ psy*ical developm5t ( matt] p]haps my ?ree /ages w be useful3 ,,iii ,a4 7,panpsy*ism71 ,,iii ,b4 7,biopsy*ism71 ,,iii ,c4 7,zoopsy*ism74 ,s too consci\sness1 z ! highe/ psy*ical action & ! "o mo/ difficult to be expla9$1 is 9 my views imply a high] /age ( bra9-activity1 bas$ ^u ! association1 ! ab/raction1 & c5tralisation ( gr\ps ( ideas4 ,p]haps ,i h express$ myself poorly 9 ^! expositions1 z ,i am little accu/om$ to deal+ ) philosophical axioms ab/ractly1 & am too exclusively engag$ 9 ! concrete activity ( my own special dep>tm5t4 ,i *]i% ! hope1 h[ev]1 ( be+ able )9 two or ?ree ye>s to devote m ( my "t to purely philosophical labors2 :5 my "w ) ! ,*all5g] mat]ial1 :i* has n[ absorb$ twelve ye>s ( unremitt+ toil1 is end$1 my special zoological activity w h be5 complet$2 & ,i %all !n f9d ! opportunity ( contribut+ m frequ5tly to y\r highly valu$ magaz9es ,! ,moni/ & ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,,! ,,magic ,,squ>e4 ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,among ! philosophies ( mod]n times !re is no o!r :i* emphasises s mu* ! importance ( =m & =mal ?\ght z ! monism ( ,! ,moni/4 ,an expression !re( is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passages3 8,! ord] t prevails among ! facts ( reality is due to ! laws ( =m4 ,^u ! ord] ( ! _w dep5ds its cognisability4 8444 ,! laws ( =m are no less et]nal ?an are matt] & en]gy & #8,v]ily ,i say unto y1 till heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot or "o tittle %all 9 no wise pass f ! law6' 8,! laws ( =m & _! orig9 h be5 a puzzle to all philosoph]s4 #8,ay1 !re's ! rub6' ,! difficulties ( ,hume's problem ( causation1 ( ,kant's a priori1 ( ,plato's ideas1 ( ,mill's me?od ( d$uction1 etc41 etc41 all arise f a "o-sid$ view ( =m & ! laws ( =m & =mal ?\ght40 ,consid]+ ! great results :i* eng9e]+ & o!r appli$ sci5ces accompli% ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ma!matics1 we mu/ confess t ! =ms ( ?\ght are wond]ful inde$1 & x is n at all a/oni%+ t ! primitive ?9k]s ( mank9d :5 ! importance ( ! laws ( =mal ?\ght 9 "s way or ano!r fir/ dawn$ on _! m9ds1 attribut$ magic p[]s to numb]s & geometrical figures4 ,we %all devote ! foll[+ pages to a brief review ( magic squ>es1 ! consid]ation ( :i* has made _m a man believe 9 my/icism4 ,& yet !re is no my/icism ab\t !m unless we ei!r consid] ev]y?+ my/ical1 ev5 t twice two is f\r1 or jo9 ! sceptic 9 8 exclamation t we c truly n "k :e!r twice two might n be five 9 o!r sph]es ( ! univ]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alb]t ,d,,r]',s ,,engrav+ ,,melan*oly ,,or ,,! ,,g5ius ,,( ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,me*anics ,! au?or ( ! %ort article on 8,magic ,squ>es0 9 ! ,engli% ,cyclopdia 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dae71 presumably ,pr(4 ,de,morgan1 says3 8,?\gh ! "q ( magic squ>es be 9 itself ( no use1 yet x belongs to a class ( problems :i* call into action a b5eficial species ( inve/igation4 ,)\t lay+ d[n any rules = _! con/ruction1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) de/roy+ _! magic quality1 & %[+ t ! non-exi/5ce ( su* squ>es w\ld be mu* m surpris+ ?an _! exi/5ce40 ,?is is ! po9t4 ,!re obta9s a symphonic h>mony 9 ma!matics :i* is ! m />tl+ ! m obvi\s & self-evid5t x appe>s to him :o und]/&s ! laws t produce ?is symphonic h>mony4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! wood-cut nam$ 8,melan*olia0#fh ( ! fam\s ,nuremb]g pa9t]1 ,albre*t ,dr]1 is f\nd among a numb] ( o!r emblems1 :i* ! read] w notice 9 our reproduction ( ! cut1 ! subjo9$ squ>e4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! sixte5 natural numb]s f #a to #af possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty t ! same sum #cd w always be obta9$ :e!r we add toge!r ! f\r figures ( any ( ! horizontal r[s or ! f\r ( any v]tical r[ or ! f\r :i* lie 9 ei!r ( ! two diagonals4 ,su* an arrangem5t ( numb]s is t]m$ a magic squ>e1 & ! squ>e :i* we h reproduc$ above is ! fir/ magic squ>e :i* is met ) 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,occid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 -------- #aadae #d -------- #ab #g #f #i -------- #haaaj #e -------- #ac #b #caf -------- ,l *ess & _m ( ! problems f\nd$ on ! figure ( ! *ess-bo>d1 ! problem ( con/ruct+ a magic squ>e also probably traces its orig9 to ,indian soil4 ,f !re ! problem f\nd its way among ! ,arabs1 & by !m x 0 br\ght to ! ,roman ,ori5t4 ,f9ally1 s9ce ,albre*t ,dr]'s "t1 ! s*ol>s ( ,we/]n ,europe also h occupi$ !mselves ) me?ods = ! con/ruction ( squ>es ( ?is "*4 ,! olde/ & ! simple/ magic squ>e consi/s ( ! quadratic arrangem5t ( ! n9e numb]s f #a to #i 9 su* a mann] t ! sum ( ea* horizontal1 v]tical1 or diagonal r[1 always rema9s ! same1 namely #ae4 ,?is squ>e is ! adjo9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 --- #bgf --- #iea --- #dch --- ,"h1 we w f9d1 #ae always comes out :e!r we add #b & #g & #f1 or #i & #e & #a1 or #d & #c & #h1 or #b & #i & #d1 or #g & #e & #c1 or #f & #a & #h1 or #b & #e & #h1 or #f & #e & #d4 ,! "q naturally pres5ts itself1 :e!r ?is condition ( ! con/ant equality ( ! add$ sum also rema9s fulfill$ :5 ! numb]s are assign$ diff]5t places4 ,x may be easily %[n h[ev] t #e necess>ily mu/ occupy ! middle place1 & t ! ev5 numb]s mu/ /& 9 ! corn]s4 ,?is be+ s1 !re are b #g additional arrangem5ts possible1 :i* diff] f ! arrangem5t above giv5 & f "o ano!r only 9 ! respect t ! r[s at ! top1 at ! left1 at ! bottom1 & at ! "r1 ex*ange places ) "o ano!r & t 9 addition a mirror be imag9$ pres5t ) ea* arrangem5t4 ,s too f ,dr]'s squ>e ( #d times #d places1 by transpositions1 a :ole set ( new correct squ>es may be =m$4 ,a magic squ>e ( ! #d times #d numb]s f #a to #af is =m$ 9 ! simple/ mann] z foll[s4 ,we inscribe ! numb]s f #a to #af 9 _! natural ord] 9 ! squ>es1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 -------- #a #b #c #d -------- #e #f #g #h -------- #iajaaab -------- #acadaeaf -------- ,we !n leave ! numb]s 9 ! f\r corn]-squ>es1 viz4 #a1 #d1 #ac1 #af1 z well also z ! numb]s 9 ! f\r middle-squ>es1 viz4 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 9 _! orig9al places2 & 9 ! place ( ! rema9+ eight numb]s1 we write ! complem5ts ( ! same ) respect to #ag3 ?us #ae in/ead ( #b1 #ad in/ead ( #c1 #ab in/ead ( #e1 #i in/ead ( #h1 #h in/ead ( #i1 #e in/ead ( #ab1 #c in/ead ( #ad1 & #b in/ead ( #ae4 ,we obta9 ?us ! magic squ>e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 #cd #cd _/ -------- #aaead #dcd -------- #ab #f #g #icd -------- #hajaa #ecd -------- #ac #c #bafcd -------- #cd #cd #cd #cd f :i* ! same sum #cd always results4 ,x is an int]e/+ prop]ty ( ?is squ>e t any f\r numb]s :i* =m a rectangle or squ>e ab\t ! c5tre also always give ! same sum #cd2 = example1 #a1 #d1 #ac1 #af1 or #f1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1 or #ae1 #ad1 #c1 #b1 or #ab1 #i1 #e1 #h1 or #ae1 #h1 #b1 #i1 or #ad1 #ab1 #c1 #e4 ,we may easily conv9ce ourselves t ?is squ>e is obta9able f ! squ>e ( ,dr] by int]*ang+ ) "o ano!r ! two middle v]tical r[s4 ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,me?ods ,,= ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,odd-,,numb]$ ,,squ>es4 ,s9ce e>ly times rules h also be5 kn[n = ! con/ruction ( magic squ>es ( m ?an #c times #c1 or #d times #d spaces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is easy to calculate ! sum :i* 9 ! case ( any giv5 numb] ( cells mu/ result f ! addition ( ea* r[4 ,we take ! det]m9ate numb] ( cells 9 ea* side ( ! squ>e :i* we h to fill1 multiply t numb] by itself1 add #a1 aga9 multiply ! numb] ?us obta9$ by ! numb] ( ! cells 9 ea* side1 &1 f9ally1 divide ! product by #b4 ,?us1 ) #d times #d cells or squ>es1 we get3 #d times #d are #af1 #af & #a are #ag1 & "o half ( #ag times #d is #cd4 ,simil>ly1 ) #e times #e squ>es1 we get3 #e times #e are #be1 & #a makes #bf1 & ! half ( #bf times #e is #fe4 ,analog\sly1 = #f times #f squ>es ! summation #aaa is obta9$1 = #g times #g squ>es #age1 = #h times #h squ>es #bfj1 = #i times #i squ>es #cfi1 = #aj times #aj squ>es #eje1 & s on4 ,! ,h9du rule = ! con/ruction ( magic squ>es ^: roots are odd1 may be enunciat$ z foll[s3 ,to />t )1 write #a 9 ! c5tre ( ! topmo/ r[1 !n write #b 9 ! l[e/ space ( ! v]tical column next adjac5t to ! "r1 & !n s inscribe ! rema9+ numb]s 9 _! natural ord] 9 ! squ>es diagonally upw>ds t[>ds ! "r1 t on rea*+ ! "r-h& m>g9 ! inscription %all be cont9u$ f ! left-h& m>g9 9 ! r[ j above1 & on rea*+ ! upp] m>g9 %all be cont9u$ f ! l[] m>g9 9 ! column next adjac5t to ! "r1 not+ t :5ev] we are arre/$ 9 our progress by a squ>e already occupi$ we are to fill out ! squ>e next b5ea? ! "o we h la/ fill$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 = example1 ! la/ prec$+ squ>e ( #g times #g cells is =m$1 9 :i* ! read] is reque/$ to foll[ ! numb]s 9 _! natural sequ5ce 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #age #age _/ --------------------- #cj #ci #dh #a #aj #ai #bh #age --------------------- #ch #dg #g #i #ah #bg #bi #age --------------------- #df #f #h #ag #bf #ce #cg #age --------------------- #e #ad #af #be #cd #cf #de #age --------------------- #ac #ae #bd #cc #db #dd #d #age --------------------- #ba #bc #cb #da #dc #c #ab #age --------------------- #bb #ca #dj #di #b #aa #bj #age --------------------- #age #age #age #age #age #age #age ,= ! next fur!r advancem5ts ( ! !ory ( magic squ>es & ( ! me?ods = _! con/ruction we are indebt$ to ! ,byzantian ,greek1 ,mos*opulus1 :o liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 also1 aft] ,albre*t ,dr] :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 to ! celebrat$ ari?metician ,adam ,riese1 & to ! ma!matician ,mi*ael ,/ifel1 :i* two la/ liv$ ab\t #aeej4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,ba*et de ,mziriac1 & ,a?anasius ,kir*] employ$ !mselves on magic squ>es4 ,ab\t #agjj1 f9ally1 ! ,fr5* ma!maticians ,de la ,hire & ,sauveur made consid]able contributions to ! !ory4 ,9 rec5t times ma!maticians h conc]n$ !mselves mu* less ab\t magic squ>es1 z !y h inde$ ab\t ma!matical recreations g5]ally4 ,b q rec5tly ! ,brunswick ma!matician ,s*effl] has put =? 8 own & o!r's /udies on ?is subject 9 an elegant =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 #g #f #ad #e #ac #ba #d #ab #bj #bh -------------------- #c #aa #ai #bg #ce -------------------------- #b #aj #ah #bf #cd #db ------------------------------- #a #i #ag #be #cc #da #di ------------------------------- #h #af #bd #cb #dj #dh -------------------------- #ae #bc #ca #ci #dg -------------------- #bb #cj #ch #df #bi #cg #de #cf #dd #dc ,! be/ kn[n ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( con/ruct+ magic squ>es ( an odd numb] ( cells is ! foll[+4 ,fir/ write ! numb]s 9 diagonal succession z 9 ! prec$+ diagram 7,fig4 #f74 ,aft] #be cells ( ! squ>e ( #di cells :i* we h to fill out1 h ?us be5 occupi$1 transf] ! six figures f\nd outside ea* side ( ! squ>e1 )\t *ang+ _! configuration1 into ! empty cells ( ! side directly opposite4 ,by ?is me?od1 :i* we owe to ,ba*et de ,mziriac1 we obta9 ! foll[+ magic squ>e ( ! numb]s f #a to #di3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 -------------- #dbiabcgbjdebh -------------- #ceaacfaiddbg #c -------------- #ajdbahdcbf #bcd -------------- #daagdibe #acc #i -------------- #afdhbd #gcb #hdj -------------- #dgbc #fcaadciae -------------- #bb #ecjacchbadf -------------- ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,modes ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,odd-,,numb]$ ,,squ>es4 ,! read] w ju/ly ask :e!r !re d n exi/ o!r correct magic squ>es :i* are con/ruct$ aft] a diff]5t me?od f t j giv51 & :e!r !re d n exi/ modes ( con/ruction :i* w lead to all ! imag9able & possible magic squ>es ( a def9ite numb] ( cells4 ,a g5]al mode ( con/ruction ( ?is "* 0 fir/ giv5 = odd-numb]$ squ>es by ,de la ,hire1 & rec5tly p]fect$ by ,pr(essor ,s*effl]4 ,to acqua9t ourselves ) ?is g5]al me?od1 let u select z our example a squ>e ( #e4 ,fir/ we =m two auxili>y squ>es4 ,9 ! fir/ we write ! numb]s f #a to #e five times2 & 9 ! second1 five times1 ! foll[+ multiples ( five1 viz43 #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj4 ,x is cle> n[ t by add+ ea* ( ! numb]s ( ! s]ies f #a to #e ) ea* ( ! numb]s #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 we %all get all ! #be num]als f #a to #be4 ,all t additionally rema9s to be done !re=e1 is1 s to inscribe ! numb]s t by ! addition ( ! two numb]s 9 any two correspond+ cells ea* comb9ation %all come out once & only once2 & fur!r t 9 ea* horizontal1 v]tical1 & diagonal r[ 9 ea* auxili>y squ>e ea* numb] %all once appe>4 ,!n ! requir$ sum ( #fe mu/ necess>ily result 9 e case1 because ! numb]s f #a to #e add$ toge!r make #ae1 & ! numb]s #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj make #ej4 ,we effect ! requir$ me?od ( inscription by imag9+ ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e 7or #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj7 arrang$ 9 cyclical succession1 t is #a imm$iately foll[+ ^u #e1 &1 />t+ f any numb] :atsoev]1 by skipp+ ea* "t ei!r none or "o or two or ?ree etc4 figures4 ,cycles are ?us obta9$ ( ! fir/1 ! second1 ! ?ird etc4 ord]s2 = example #c #d #e #a #b is a cycle ( ! fir/ ord]1 #b #d #a #c #e is a cycle ( ! second ord]1 #a #e #d #c #b is a cycle ( ! f\r? ord]1 etc4 ,! only ?+ !n to be look$ out = 9 ! two auxili>y squ>es is1 t ! same 8cycle0 ord] be horizontally pres]v$ 9 all ! r[s1 t ! same also happ5s = ! v]tical r[s1 b t ! cycle ord] 9 ! horizontal & v]tical r[s is diff]5t4 ,f9ally we h only additionally to take c>e t to ! same numb]s ( ! "o auxili>y squ>e n l numb]s b diff]5t numb]s correspond 9 ! o!r auxili>y squ>e1 t is lie 9 simil>ly situat$ cells4 ,! foll[+ auxili>y squ>es are1 = example1 ?us possible3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ---------- #c #d #e #a #b ---------- #e #a #b #c #d ---------- #b #c #d #e #a ---------- #d #e #a #b #c ---------- #a #b #c #d #e ---------- & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ---------- #jajbj #eae ---------- #eae #jajbj ---------- #ajbj #eae #j ---------- #ae #jajbj #e ---------- #bj #eae #jaj ---------- ,add+ 9 pairs ! numb]s :i* occupy simil>ly situat$ cells1 we obta9 ! foll[+ correct magic squ>e3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ---------- #cadbe #fag ---------- #ajaf #bacbd ---------- #abbc #ibj #a ---------- #ai #eaabb #h ---------- #ba #gah #dae ---------- ,x w be se5 t we are able ?us to con/ruct a v l>ge numb] ( magic squ>es ( #e times #e spaces by v>y+ 9 e possible mann] ! numb]s 9 ! two auxili>y squ>es4 ,fur!rmore1 ! squ>es ?us =m$ possess ! additional peculi>ity1 t e #e numb]s :i* fill out two r[s t are p>allel to a diagonal & lie on diff]5t sides ( ! diagonal also give ! con/ant sum ( #fe4 ,= example3 #c & #g1 #aa1 #bj1 #bd2 or #aj1 #ad & #ah1 #bb1 #a4 ,altoge!r !n ! sum #fe is produc$ out ( #bj r[s or pairs ( r[s4 ,on ?is peculi>ity is dep5d5t ! fact t if we imag9e an unlimit$ numb] ( su* squ>es plac$ by ! side (1 above1 or b5ea? an initial "o1 we %all be able to obta9 z _m quadratic cells z we *oose1 s arrang$ t ! squ>e compos$ ( any #be ( ^! cells w =m a correct magic squ>e1 z ! foll[+ figure w %[3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #bacbdajaf #bacbdajaf #b ---------------------- #ibj #aabbc #ibj #aabbc #i ------------ #aabb #hai #eaabb #hai #eaa ---------------------- #ah #daeba #gah #daeba #gah ---------------------- #be #fag #cadbe #fag #cadbe ---------------------- #bacbdajaf #bacbdajaf #b ------------ #ibj #aabbc #ibj #aabbc #i ------------ #aabb #hai #eaabb #hai #eaa ---------------------- #ah #daeba #gah #daeba #gah ---------------------- #be #fag #cadbe #fag #cadbe ---------------------- #bacbdajaf #bacbdajaf #b ------------ #ibj #aabbc #ibj #aabbc #i ---------------------- #aabb #hai #eaabb #hai #eaa ,e squ>e ( e #be ( ^! numb]s1 z = example ! two d>k-bord]$ ones1 possesses ! prop]ty t ! addition ( ! horizontal1 v]tical1 & diagonal r[s gives ea* ! same sum1 #fe4 ,z an example ( a high] numb] ( cells we w app5d "h a magic squ>e ( #aa times #aa spaces =m$ by ! g5]al me?od ( ,de la ,hire f ! two auxili>y squ>es ( ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,f ^! two auxili>y squ>es we obta9 by ! addition ( ! two numb]s ( e two simil>ly situat$ cells1 ! magic squ>e1 exhibit$ 9 ,diagram #ad1 9 :i* ea* r[ gives ! same sum #fga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 --------------------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa --------------------------------- #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #a #b --------------------------------- #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #a #b #c #d --------------------------------- #g #h #i #aj #aa #a #b #c #d #e #f --------------------------------- #i #aj #aa #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h --------------------------------- #aa #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj --------------------------------- #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #a --------------------------------- #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #a #b #c --------------------------------- #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #a #b #c #d #e --------------------------------- #h #i #aj #aa #a #b #c #d #e #f #g --------------------------------- #aj #aa #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i --------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 --------------------------------- #j #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj --------------------------------- #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj #j #aa #bb --------------------------------- #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj #j #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee --------------------------------- #iiaaj #j #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh --------------------------------- #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj #j --------------------------------- #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj #j #aa #bb #cc --------------------------------- #gg #hh #iiaaj #j #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff --------------------------------- #aaj #j #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #ii --------------------------------- #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj #j #aa --------------------------------- #ee #ff #gg #hh #iiaaj #j #aa #bb #cc #dd --------------------------------- #hh #iiaaj #j #aa #bb #cc #dd #ee #ff #gg --------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 --------------------------------- #a #ac #be #cg #di #fa #gc #he #igajiaba --------------------------------- #cf #dh #fj #gb #hd #ifajhabj #aa #ab #bd --------------------------------- #ga #hc #ieajgaai #aj #bb #bc #ce #dg #ei --------------------------------- #ajfaah #i #ba #cc #cd #df #eh #gj #hb #id --------------------------------- #bj #cb #dd #de #eg #fi #ha #icajeaag #h --------------------------------- #ee #ef #fh #hj #ibajdaaf #g #ai #ca #dc --------------------------------- #gi #iaajcaae #f #ah #cj #db #ed #ff #fg --------------------------------- #aad #e #ag #bi #da #ec #fe #gg #gh #ijajb --------------------------------- #bh #dj #eb #fd #gf #hh #hiajaaac #d #af --------------------------------- #fc #ge #hg #iiajjaab #c #ae #bg #ci #ea --------------------------------- #ihaajaaa #b #ad #bf #ch #ej #fb #gd #hf --------------------------------- ,,iv4 ,,ev5-,,numb]$ ,,squ>es4 ,( magic squ>es hav+ an ev5 numb] ( places we h hi!rto _h to deal only ) ! squ>e ( #d4 ,to con/ruct squ>es ( ?is description hav+ a high] ev5 numb] ( places1 diff]5t & m complicat$ me?ods mu/ be employ$ ?an = squ>es ( odd numb]s ( places4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is case also1 z 9 deal+ ) ! squ>e ( #d1 we />t ) ! natural sequ5ce ( ! numb]s & mu/ !n f9d ! complem5ts ( ! numb]s ) respect to "s o!r c]ta9 numb] 7z #ag 9 ! squ>e ( #d7 & also effect c]ta9 ex*anges ( ! numb]s ) "o ano!r4 ,to =m1 = example1 a magic squ>e ( #f times #f places1 we inscribe 9 ! #ab diagonal cells ! numb]s t 9 ! natural sequ5ce ( inscription fall into ^! places1 !n 9 ! rema9+ cells ! complem5ts ( ! numb]s t belong !re9 ) respect to #cg1 & f9ally effect ! foll[+ six ex*anges1 viz4 ( ! numb]s #cc & #c1 #be & #g1 #bj & #ad1 #ah & #ac1 #aj & #i1 & #e & #b4 ,9 ?is way ! foll[+ magic squ>e is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ------------ #acecd #ccb #f ------------ #cj #hbhbgaa #g ------------ #bdbcaeafadai ------------ #acagbabbbjah ------------ #abbf #iajbibe ------------ #ca #b #dcc #ecf ------------ ,?is squ>e may also be con/ruct$ by ! me?od ( ,de la ,hire1 f two auxili>y squ>es ) ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f & #j1 #f1 #ab1 #ah1 #bd1 #cj respectively4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! v]tical r[s ( ! "o squ>e & ! horizontal r[s ( ! o!r mu/ ea* s conta9 two same numb]s ?rice repeat$ t ! summation %all always rema9 #ba & #ij respectively4 ,9 ?is mann] we get ! magic squ>e la/ giv5 above f ! two foll[+ auxili>y squ>es3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ------------ #a #e #d #c #b #f ------------ #f #b #d #c #e #a ------------ #f #e #c #d #b #a ------------ #a #e #c #d #b #f ------------ #f #b #c #d #e #a ------------ #a #b #d #c #e #f ------------ & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ------------ #jcjcj #jcj #j ------------ #bd #fbdbd #f #f ------------ #ahahabababah ------------ #ababahahahab ------------ #fbd #f #fbdbd ------------ #cj #j #jcj #jcj ------------ ,x is to be not$ 9 connection ) ?is example t "h also z 9 ! case ( odd-numb]$ squ>es1 x is possible s to inscribe six times ! numb]s f #a to #f t ea* numb] %all appe> once & only once 9 ea* horizontal1 v]tical1 & diagonal r[2 = example1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ------------ #a #b #c #d #e #f ------------ #b #d #f #a #c #e ------------ #c #f #e #b #a #d ------------ #e #c #a #f #d #b ------------ #f #e #d #c #b #a ------------ #d #a #b #e #f #c ------------ ,b if we attempt s to ins]t1 9 a l mann]1 ! o!r set ( numb]s #j1 #f1 #ab1 #ah1 #bd1 #cj 9 a second auxili>y squ>e1 t ea* numb] ( ! fir/ auxili>y squ>e %all /& once & once only 9 a correspond+ cell ) ea* numb] ( ! second squ>e1 all ! attempts we may make to fulfil co9cid5tly ! la/ nam$ condition w result 9 failure4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to select auxili>y squ>es l ! two giv5 above4 ,x is notewor?y1 t ! fulfilm5t ( ! second condition is impossible only 9 ! case ( ! squ>e ( #f1 b t 9 ! case ( ! squ>e ( #d or ( ! squ>e ( #h1 = example1 two auxili>y squ>es1 su* z ! me?od ( ,de la ,hire requires1 are possible4 ,?us1 tak+ ! squ>e ( #d we get ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 -------- #a #b #c #d -------- #d #c #b #a -------- #b #a #d #c -------- #c #d #a #b -------- & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 -------- #j #d #hab -------- #hab #j #d -------- #ab #h #d #j -------- #d #jab #h -------- ,! read] may =m = himself ! magic squ>e :i* ^! give4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! two auxili>y squ>es furni%es a key to ! solution ( a pretty problem at c>ds4 ,if we replace1 namely1 ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d by ! ,ace1 ! ,k+1 ! ,que51 & ! ,knave1 & ! numb]s #j1 #d1 #h1 #ab by ! f\r suits1 clubs1 spades1 he>ts1 & diamonds1 we %all at once p]ceive t x is possible1 & mu/ be s necess>ily1 quadratically to arrange 9 su* a mann] ! f\r ,aces1 ! f\r ,k+s1 ! ,f\r ,que5s1 & ! f\r ,knaves1 t 9 ea* horizontal1 v]tical1 & diagonal r[1 ea* "o ( ! f\r suits & ea* "o ( ! f\r d5om9ations %all appe> once & once only4 ,! auxili>y squ>es above giv5 furni% ! app5d$ solution ( ?is problem3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 -------------------------------- ,,clubs ,,spades ,,he>ts ,,diamonds ,,ace ,,k+ ,,que5 ,,knave -------------------------------- ,,he>ts ,,diamonds ,,clubs ,,spades ,,knave ,,que5 ,,k+ ,,ace -------------------------------- ,,diamonds ,,he>ts ,,spades ,,clubs ,,k+ ,,ace ,,knave ,,que5 -------------------------------- ,,spades ,,clubs ,,diamonds ,,he>ts ,,que5 ,,knave ,,ace ,,k+ -------------------------------- ,to fix ! solution ( ! problem 9 ! memory1 obs]ve t1 />t+ f ! sev]al corn]s1 ea* suit & ea* d5om9ation mu/ be plac$ 9 ! spots ( ! move ( a ,knight4 ,if we fix ! positions ( ! f\r c>ds ( any "o r[1 !re w be only two possibilities left ( s plac+ ! o!r c>ds t ! requir$ condition ( hav+ ea* suit & ea* d5om9ation once & only once 9 ea* r[ %all be fulfill$4 ,( magic squ>es ( an ev5 numb] ( places we h up to ?is po9t exam9$ only ! squ>es ( #d & ( #f4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess we app5d "h "o ( #h & "o ( #aj places4 ,! mode ( con/ruction ( ^! squ>es is simil> to ! me?od above discuss$ = ! l[] ev5 numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ---------------- #afcfb #d #eeieh #h ---------------- #efajaaecebadaedi ---------------- #dhahaideddbbbcda ---------------- #becichbhbicecdcb ---------------- #cccacjcfcgbgbfdj ---------------- #bddbdcbabjdfdgag ---------------- #afejeaacabedee #i ---------------- #eg #g #ffjfa #c #bfd ---------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ------------------------------ #a #ii #c #ig #if #e #id #h #ib #aj ------------------------------ #ij #ab #hh #ad #hf #he #ag #hc #ai #aa ------------------------------ #hj #gi #bc #gg #be #bf #gd #bh #bb #ga ------------------------------ #ca #fi #fh #cd #ff #fe #cg #cc #fb #dj ------------------------------ #fj #db #eh #eg #de #df #dd #ec #di #ea ------------------------------ #ej #eb #dc #dg #ee #ef #ed #dh #ei #da ------------------------------ #fa #cb #ch #fd #cf #ce #fg #fc #ci #gj ------------------------------ #ba #bi #gc #bg #ge #gf #bd #gh #gb #cj ------------------------------ #bj #hb #ah #hd #ae #af #hg #ac #hi #ha ------------------------------ #ia #i #ic #d #f #ie #g #ih #b #ajj ------------------------------ ,! magic squ>es ( ev5 numb]s ?us con/ruct$ are n ! only possible ones4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are v _m o!rs possible1 :i* obey diff]5t laws ( =mation4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 = example1 t ) ! squ>e ( #d x is possible to con/ruct #hhj1 & ) ! squ>e ( #f1 sev]al million1 diff]5t magic squ>es4 ,! numb] ( odd-numb]$ magic squ>es con/ructible by ! me?od ( ,de la ,hire is also v great4 ,) ! squ>e ( #g1 ! possible con/ructions am\nt to #cfc1iaf1hjj4 ,) ! squ>es ( high] numb]s ! multitude ( ! possibilities increases 9 ! same enorm\s ratio4 ,v4 ,,magic ,,squ>es ,,^: ,,summation ,,gives ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,a ,,ye>4 ,! magic squ>es :i* we h s f> consid]$ conta9 only ! natural numb]s f #a upw>ds4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 easily to d$uce f a correct magic squ>e o!r squ>es 9 :i* a diff]5t law controls ! sequ5ce ( ! numb]s to be inscrib$4 ,( ! squ>es obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 we %all devote our att5tion "h only to su* 9 :i*1 al?\gh =m$ by ! inscription ( successive numb]s1 ! sum obta9$ f ! addition ( ! r[s is a det]m9ate numb] :i* we h fix$ ^u be=eh&1 z ! numb] ( a ye>4 ,9 su* a case we h simply to add to ! numb]s ( ! orig9al squ>e a det]m9ate numb] s to be calculat$1 t ! requir$ sum %all ea* "t appe>4 ,if ?is sum is divisible by #c1 magic squ>es w always be obta9able ) #c times #c spaces :i* %all give ?is sum4 ,9 su* a case we divide ! sum requir$ by #c & subtract #e f ! result 9 ord] to obta9 ! numb] :i* we h to add to ea* numb] ( ! orig9al squ>e4 ,if ! sum desir$ is ev5 b n divisible by #d1 we mu/ !n subtract f x #cd & take "o f\r? ( ! result1 to obta9 ! numb] :i* 9 ?is case is to be add$ 9 ea* place4 ,if1 = example1 we wi% to obta9 ! numb] ( ! ye> #ahij z ! result+ sum ( ea* r[1 we %all h to add to ea* ( ! numb]s ( an ord9>y magic squ>e ( #d times #d spaces ! numb] #dfd2 9 o!r words1 in/ead ( ! numb]s f #a to #af we h to ins]t 9 ! squ>es ! numb]s f #dfe to #dhj4 ,z ! numb] ( ! pres5t ye> #ahib is divisible by #aa1 x mu/ be possible to d$uce f ! magic squ>e con/ruct$ by u at ! conclusion ( ,section ,,iii a second magic squ>e 9 :i* ea* r[ ( #aa cells w give ! numb] ( ! ye> #ahib4 ,to d ?is1 we subtract f #ahib ! sum ( ! orig9al squ>e1 namely #fga1 & divide ! rema9d] by #aa1 :]eby we get #aaa & ?us p]ceive t ! numb]s f #aab to #bcb are to be inscrib$ 9 ! cells ( ! squ>e requir$4 ,we get 9 ?is way ! prec$+ squ>e1 f :i* "o & ! same sum1 namely #ahib1 c be obta9$ #dd times1 fir/ f ea* ( ! #aa horizontal r[s1 secondly f ea* ( ! #aa v]tical r[s1 ?irdly f ea* ( ! two diagonal r[s1 & f\r?ly tw5ty additional times f ea* & e pair ( any two r[s t lie p>allel to a diagonal1 h toge!r #aa cells1 & lie on diff]5t sides ( ! diagonal1 z = example1 #aif1 #abb1 #aeh1 #bje1 #aca1 #afg1 #bad1 #adj1 #ahg1 #bbc1 #adi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #aab #abd #acf #adh #afj #agb #ahd #aif #bjh #bbj #bcb #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #adg #aei #aga #ahc #aie #bjg #bai #bca #abb #abc #ace #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahb #aid #bjf #bah #bcj #aba #acc #acd #adf #aeh #agj #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bag #bbi #abj #acb #add #ade #aeg #afi #aha #aic #bje #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aca #adc #aee #aef #afh #ahj #aib #bjd #baf #bbh #aai #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aff #afg #agi #aia #bjc #bae #bbg #aah #acj #adb #aed #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aij #bjb #bad #bbf #aag #abi #ada #aec #afe #agg #agh #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bbe #aaf #abh #adj #aeb #afd #agf #ahh #ahi #bja #bac #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aci #aea #afc #age #ahg #aii #bjj #bab #bbd #aae #abg #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #agd #ahf #aih #baj #baa #bbc #aad #abf #ach #aej #afb #ahib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bji #bba #bbb #aac #abe #acg #adi #afa #agc #ahe #aig #ahib ---------------------------------------- ---- #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib #ahib ,,vi4 ,,conc5tric ,,magic ,,squ>es4 ,! acut5ess ( ! ma!maticians has also discov]$ magic squ>es :i* possess ! peculi> prop]ty t if "o r[ aft] ano!r be tak5 away f ea* side1 ! small] inn] squ>es rema9+ w /ill be magical squ>es1 t is to say1 all _! r[s :5 add$ w give ! same sum4 ,x w be suffici5t to give two examples "h ( su* squ>es1 7! laws = _! con/ruction be+ some:at m complicat$17 ( :i* ! fir/ has #g times #g & ! second #h times #h places4 ,! numb]s )9 ea* ( ! d>k-bord]$ frames =m ) respect to ! c5tre small] squ>es :i* 9 _! own turn are magical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ------------------ #d #e #f #dcci #ch #dj ---- #diae #afcccj #ca #a -------- #dhcgbbbgbfac #b -------------- #dgcfbibebaad #c -------------- #hahbdbcbhcbdb -------- #iai #cdagbj #ceda ---- #aj #de #dd #gaa #ab #df ------------------ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ------------------------ #a #ef #ee #aa #ec #ac #ad #eg ------ #fcae #dg #bb #db #bdde #b ---------- #fbdibe #dj #cdcaaf #c -------------------- #d #dhbh #cg #cecjag #fa -------------------- #e #ddci #bf #cbccba #fj -------------------- #eiaich #bg #bicfdf #f ---------- #ehbj #ah #dc #bc #daej #g ------ #h #i #aj #ed #ab #eb #ea #fd ------------------------ ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! two squ>es ! int]nal squ>e ( #c times #c places conta9s ! numb]s f #ba to #bi 9 su* a mann] t ea* r[ gives :5 add$ ! sum ( #ge4 ,?is squ>e lies )9 a l>g] "o ( #e times #e spaces1 :i* conta9s ! numb]s f #ac to #cg 9 su* a mann] t ea* r[ gives ! sum ( #abe4 ,f9ally1 ?is la/ squ>e =ms "p ( a squ>e ( #g times #g places :i* conta9s ! numb]s f #a to #di s t ea* r[ gives ! sum ( #age4 ,9 ! second squ>e ! inn] c5tral squ>e ( #d times #d places conta9s ! numb]s f #be to #dj 9 su* a mann] t ea* r[ gives ! sum ( #acj4 ,?is squ>e is ! middle ( a squ>e ( #f times #f places :i* s conta9s ! numb]s f #ae to #ej t ea* r[ gives ! sum #afe4 ,f9ally1 ?is la/ squ>e is aga9 ! middle ( an ord9>y magic squ>e compos$ ( ! numb]s f #a to #fd4 ,,vii4 ,,magical ,,squ>es ,,) ,,magical ,,p>ts4 ,if we divide a squ>e ( #h times #h places by means ( ! two middle l9es p>allel to its sides into #d p>ts conta9+ ea* #d times #d spaces1 we may prop\nd ! problem ( s ins]t+ ! numb]s f #a to #fd 9 ^! spaces t n only ! :ole %all =m a magic squ>e1 b also t ea* ( ! #d p>ts individually %all be magical1 t is to say1 give ! same sum = ea* r[4 ,?is problem also has be5 successfully solv$1 z ! foll[+ diagram w %[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ---------------- #a #dfcfb #e #heieh ---------------- #fdfa #b #cfjeg #f #g ---------------- #dbdcbdbacdcecbbi ---------------- #bcbbdaddcacjcccf #acafeaej #iabeeed ---------------- #ebdiadaeefecajaa ---------------- #chcibhbedfdgbjag ---------------- #bgbfcgdjaiahdedh ---------------- ,! #d numb]s 9 ea* r[ ( any "o ( ! sub-squ>es "h1 gives #acj2 s t ! sum ( ea* "o ( ! r[s ( ! l>ge squ>e w be #bfj4 ,f9ally1 9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is idea1 we w submit to ! consid]ation ( our read]s a v rem>kable squ>e ( ! numb]s f #a to #ha4 ,?is squ>e1 :i* w be f\nd on ! foll[+ page 7,fig4 #bh71 is divid$ by p>allel l9es into #i p>ts1 ( :i* ea* conta9s #i consecutive numb]s t sev]ally make up a magic squ>e by !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 --------------------------- #ca #cf #bi #gf #ha #gd #ac #ah #aa --------------------------- #cj #cb #cd #ge #gg #gi #ab #ad #af --------------------------- #ce #bh #cc #hj #gc #gh #ag #aj #ae #bb #bg #bj #dj #de #ch #eh #fc #ef --------------------------- #ba #bc #be #ci #da #dc #eg #ei #fa --------------------------- #bf #ai #bd #dd #cg #db #fb #ee #fj #fg #gb #fe #d #i #b #di #ed #dg --------------------------- #ff #fh #gj #c #e #g #dh #ej #eb --------------------------- #ga #fd #fi #h #a #f #ec #df #ea --------------------------- ,wond]ful z ! prop]ties ( ?is squ>e may appe>1 ! law by :i* ! au?or con/ruct$ x is equally simple4 ,we h simply to reg>d ! #i p>ts z ! #i cells ( a magic squ>e ( ! numb]s f ,i to ,,ix & !n to inscribe by ! magic prescript 9 ! squ>e designat$ z ,i ! numb]s f #a to #i1 9 ! squ>e designat$ z ,,ii ! numb]s f #aj to #ah1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way ! squ>e above giv5 is obta9$ f ! foll[+ base-squ>e3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ------------ ,,iv ,,ix ,,ii ------------ ,,iii ,v ,,vii ------------ ,,viii ,i ,,vi ------------ ,,viii4 ,,magic ,,squ>es ,,t ,,involve ,,! ,,move ,,( ,,! ,,*ess-,,knight4 ,:at "o ( our read]s does n "k ! problems conta9$ 9 ! recreation columns ( our magaz9es1 ! requirem5ts ( :i* are to compose into a v]se #h times #h quadratically arrang$ syllables1 ( :i* e two successive syllables /& on spots s situat$ ) respect to ea* o!r t a *ess-knight c move f ! "o to ! o!r8 ,if we replace 9 su* an arrangem5t ! #fd successive syllables by ! #fd numb]s f #a to #fd1 we %all obta9 a knight-problem made up ( numb]s4 ,me?ods also exi/ inde$ = ! con/ruction ( su* dispositions ( numb]s1 :i* !n =m ! f\ndation ( ! con/ruction ( ! problems 9 ! newspap]s4 ,b ! majority ( knight-problems ( ?is class are ! outcome ( exp]im5t r ?an ! product ( me?odical creation4 ,if h[ev] x is a sev]e te/ ( pati5ce to =m a knight-problem by exp]im5t1 x /&s to reason t x is a /ill sev]] trial to effect at ! same "t ! additional result t ! #fd numb]s :i* =m ! knight-problem %all also =m a magic squ>e4 ,?is trial ( endurance 0 und]tak5 sev]al decades ago1 by a p5sion$ ,moravian (fic] nam$ ,w5zelides1 :o 0 sp5d+ ! la/ days ( 8 life 9 ! c\ntry4 ,aft] a s]ies ( trials :i* la/$ ye>s he f9ally succe$$ 9 s inscrib+ 9 ! #fd squ>es ( ! *ess-bo>d ! numb]s f #a to #fd t successive numb]s1 z well also z ! numb]s #fd & #a1 7 always remov$ f "o ano!r 9 di/ance & direction by ! move ( a knight1 & t 9 addition !reto ! summation ( ! horizontal & ! v]tical r[s always gave ! same sum #bfj4 ,ultimately he discov]$ sev]al squ>es ( ?is description1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,*ess ,j\rnal4 ,"o ( ^! is "h app5d$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ---------------- #dgajbcfddi #bei #f ---------------- #bbfcdh #ifj #eej #c ---------------- #aadffabd #aeb #geh ---------------- #fbbaabde #heg #dea ---------------- #aicfbedjacddeccj ---------------- #bfcibjccefbiaddc ---------------- #ceahcgbhdaafcaed ---------------- #chbgcdagcbeedbae ---------------- ,! move ( ! knight & ! equality ( ! summation ( ! horizontal & v]tical r[s1 !re=e1 are ! facts to be not$ "h4 ,! diagonal r[s d n give ! sum #bfj4 ,p]haps "s "o among our read]s :o possesses ! "t & pati5ce w be tempt$ to outdo ,w5zelides1 & to devise a num]al knight-problem ( ?is k9d :i* w give #bfj n only 9 ! horizontal & v]tical b also 9 ! two diagonal r[s4 ,,ix4 ,,magical ,,polygons4 ,s f> we h only consid]$ su* ext5sions ( ! idea und]ly+ ! con/ruction ( ! magic squ>e 9 :i* ! figure ( ! squ>e 0 reta9$4 ,we may h[ev] contrive ext5sions ( ! idea 9 :i* in/ead ( a squ>e1 a rectangle1 a triangle1 or a p5tagon1 & ! l1 appe>4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! consid]ation ( ! me?ods = ! con/ruction ( su* figures1 we w give "h ( magical polygons simply a few examples1 all suppli$ by ,pr(essor ,s*effl]3 #a7 ,! numb]s f #a to #cb admit ( be+ writt5 9 a rectangle ( #d #h 9 su* a mann] t ! long horizontal r[s give ! sum ( #acb & ! %ort v]tical r[s ! sum ( #ff2 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ---------------- #aajaabibhaiahaf ---------------- #i #bcjabbjbg #gbe ---------------- #bdca #cbaac #fbf #h ---------------- #cbbcbb #d #eadaeag ---------------- #b7 ,! numb]s f #a to #bg admit ( be+ s arrang$ 9 ?ree regul> triangles ab\t a po9t :i* =ms a common c5tre1 t ea* side ( ! out]mo/ triangle w pres5t #f numb]s ( ! total summation #if & ea* side ( ! middle triangle #d numb]s ^: sum is #fa2 z ! foll[+ figure %[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 #bf #c #f #aj #bd #bg #bj #i #aa #ba #ah #b #af #ag #ae #h #bb #e #ab #g #ac #d #bc #ai #a #ad #be #c7 ,! numb]s f #a to #hj admit ( be+ =m$ ab\t a po9t z common c5tre into #d p5tagons1 su* t ea* side ( ! fir/ p5tagon f )9 conta9s two numb]s1 ea* side ( ! second p5tagon f\r numb]s1 ea* ( ! ?ird six numb]s1 & ea* side ( ! f\r?1 out]mo/ p5tagon eight numb]s4 ,! sum ( ! numb]s ( ea* side ( ! second p5tagon is #abb1 ! sum ( ^? ( ea* side ( ! ?ird p5tagon is #bdh1 & t ( ^? ( ea* side ( ! f\r? p5tagon #bed4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sum ( any f\r corn] numb]s ly+ 9 ! same /raight l9e ) ! c5tre1 is also ! same2 namely1 #ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 #a #bf #ed #ca #di #aj #ae #hj #gf #cf #dd #i #ej #gj #gb #cb #ee #ga #af #ff #bg #e #de #be #fe #cg #b #aa #fa #fj #bd #ad #cj #bj #ag #ec #dj #ef #ei #dc #ce #ba #fd #dh #fi #eg #eh #gc #f #gi #gg #ge #fb #bc #fg #h #df #da #ai #bb #fc #ah #ch #cc #ea #ab #ci #fh #gd #db #ac #bh #d #bi #cd #g #gh #dg #eb #c #d7 ,! numb]s f #a to #gc admit ( be+ arrang$ ab\t a c5tre1 9 :i* ! numb] #cg is writt51 into ?ree hexagons :i* conta9 respectively #c1 #e1 & #g numb]s 9 ea* side & possess ! foll[+ pretty prop]ties4 ,ea* hexagon always gives ! same sum1 n only :5 ! summation is made along its six sides1 b also :5 x is made along ! six diamet]s t jo9 its corn]s & along ! six t are con/ruct$ at "r angles to its sides2 ?is sum1 = ! fir/ hexagon f )91 is #aaa1 = ! second #ahe1 & = ! ?ird #bei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 #a #e #f #gj #fj #ei #eh #fc #h #fb #ai #ec #df #bb #de #i #fa #bj #bd #fd #b #dh #ca #db #ch #di #eg #c #dg #ci #dj #dd #ef #fg #ea #da #cg #cc #bc #g #ff #ej #cd #ce #ed #aa #fe #be #cf #cb #dc #bf #ab #aj #cj #bg #ac #ag #bi #ba #bh #eb #ee #gb #ah #ga #af #fi #fh #d #ad #ae #gc ,x4 ,,magic ,,cubes4 ,sev]al inquir]s1 p>ticul>ly ,ko*ansky 7#afhf71 ,sauveur 7#agaj71 ,hugel 7#ahei71 & ,s*effl] 7#ahhb71 h ext5d$ ! pr9ciple ( ! magic squ>es ( ! plane to ?ree-dim5sion$ space4 ,imag9e a cube divid$ by planes p>allel to its sides & equidi/ant f "o ano!r1 into cubical comp>tm5ts4 ,! problem is !n1 s to ins]t 9 ^! comp>tm5ts ! successive natural numb]s t e r[ f ! "r to ! left1 e r[ f ! front to ! back1 e r[ f ! top to ! bottom1 e diagonal ( a squ>e1 & e pr9cipal diagonal pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cube %all conta9 numb]s ^: sum is always ! same4 ,= #c times #c times #c comp>tm5ts1 a magic cube ( ?is description is n con/ructible4 ,= #d times1 #d times #d comp>tm5ts a cube is con/ructible su* t any r[ p>allel to an edge ( ! cube & e pr9cipal diagonal give ! sum ( #acj4 ,to obta9 a magic cube ( #fd comp>tm5ts1 imag9e ! numb]s :i* belong 9 ! comp>tm5ts writt5 on ! upp] surface ( ! same & ! numb]s !n tak5 (f 9 lay]s ( #af f ! top d[nw>ds4 ,we obta9 ?us #d squ>es ( #af cells ea*1 :i* toge!r make up ! magic cube2 z ! foll[+ diagrams w %[3 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ ,lay] ,second ,lay] ,?ird ,lay] ,f\r? ,lay] f ! ,top4 f ! ,top4 f ! ,top4 f ! ,top4 -------- -------- -------- -------- #adhcbdi #fcahcdae #fbaicead #ddebieb -------- -------- -------- -------- #fjbacgab #fdcbged #gdbbfee #egbddj #i -------- -------- -------- -------- #efbeda #h #ajcibceh #aachbbbi #ecbhdd #e -------- -------- -------- -------- #accfbjfa #eacjdf #c #ejcadg #b #afccagfd -------- -------- -------- -------- ,! same sum #acj "h comes out n less ?an #eb times2 viz4 9 ! fir/ place f ! #af r[s f left to "r1 secondly f ! #af r[s f ! front to ! back1 ?irdly f ! #af r[s c\nt+ f ! top to ! bottom1 & la/ly f ! #d r[s :i* jo9 ea* two opposite corn]s ( ! cube1 namely f ! r[s3 #a1 #dc1 #bb1 #fd2 #di1 #bg1 #ch1 #af2 #ac1 #ci1 #bf1 #eb2 #fa1 #bc1 #db1 #d4 ,= a cube ) #e comp>tm5ts 9 ea* edge ! arrangem5t ( ! figures c s be made t all ! #ge r[s p>allel to any & e edge1 all ! #cj r[s ly+ 9 any diagonal ( a squ>e1 & all ! #d r[s =m+ any pr9cipal diagonal %all h "o & ! same summation1 #cae4 ,j z ! magic squ>es ( an odd numb] ( cells c\ld be =m$ ) ! aid ( two auxili>y squ>es1 s also odd-numb]$ magic cubes c be con/ruct$ ) ! help ( ?ree auxili>y cubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ ,lay] f ,top4 ,second ,lay] f ,top4 ,?ird ,lay] f ,top4 --------------- --------------- --------------- #aba #bg #hc #ad #gj #b #ehaad #de #if #cc #hi #bj #gaajb --------------- --------------- --------------- #aj #faaag #dh #gi #cf #ib #bc #edaaj #fgabc #bi #he #aa --------------- --------------- --------------- #ddajj #a #egaac #geaja #cb #hh #ai #gf #g #fcaai #ej --------------- --------------- --------------- #ecaji #dj #ia #bb #hd #ae #ffabb #bh #aae #da #ig #c #ei --------------- --------------- --------------- #hg #ah #gdaje #ca #aah #di #hj #f #fb #bd #eeajf #cg #ic --------------- --------------- --------------- ,f\r? ,lay] f ,top4 ,l[e/ ,lay]4 --------------- --------------- #fdabj #df #gg #h #ie #ba #ebajh #ci --------------- --------------- #ih #d #fjaaa #db #ajd #ce #hf #ag #gc --------------- --------------- #ajg #ch #id #be #ea #ac #fiabe #bf #hb --------------- --------------- #af #gbajc #cd #ij #dg #gh #i #feaaf --------------- --------------- #cj #ha #ab #fhabd #efaab #dc #ii #e --------------- --------------- ,9 ?is mann] ! prec$+ magic cube ( #e times #e times #e comp>tm5ts is =m$1 9 :i*1 x may be additionally notic$1 ! middle numb] betwe5 #a & #abe1 namely #fc1 is plac$ 9 ! c5tral comp>tm5t2 by :i* arrangem5t ! atta9m5t ( ! sum ( #cae is assur$ 9 ! f\r pr9cipal diagonals & ! #cj sub-diagonals4 ,! condition atta9$ 9 ! magic squ>es1 t ! diagonal-pairs p>allel to ! sub-diagonals also %all give ! sum #cae is n atta9able 9 ?is case b is s 9 ! case ( high] numb]s ( comp>tm5ts4 ,,conclusion4 ,mus+ on su* problems z are ! magic squ>es is fasc9at+ to ?9k]s ( a ma!matical turn ( m9d4 ,we take delight 9 discov]+ a h>mony t abides z an intr9sic quality 9 ! =ms ( our ?\ght4 ,! problems ( ! magic squ>es are playful puzzles1 inv5t$ z x seems = m]e pa/ime & sport4 ,b !re is a deep] problem und]ly+ all ^! little riddles1 & ?is deep] problem is ( a sweep+ significance4 ,x is ! philosophical problem ( ! _w-ord]4 ,! =mal sci5ces are creations ( ! m9d4 ,we build ! sci5ces ( ma!matics1 geometry1 & algebra ) our conception ( pure =ms :i* are ab/ract ideas4 ,& ! same ord] t prevails 9 ^! m5tal con/ructions p]meates ! univ]se1 s t an old philosoph]1 ov]:elm$ ) ! gr&eur ( law1 imag9$ he he>d its rhy?m 9 a cosmic h>mony ( ! sph]es4 ,h4 ,,s*ub]t4 ,,footnotes3 #fh ,! t]m melan*oly meant 9 ,dr]'s "t1 z x did also 9 ,%akespe>e's & ,milton's1 8?\ght or ?\ghtfulness40 ,says ,milton 9 ,il ,p5s]oso3 8,hail1 ?\ ,goddess1 sage & holy1 ,hail div9e/ melan*oly ,^: sa9tly visage is too bright ,to hit ! s5se ( human sight1 ,& !re=e to our weak] view ,o'erlaid ) black1 /aid ,wisdom's hue40--,i1 #ab4 ,?\ght t does n lead to action produces a gloomy /ate ( m9d4 ,?\ghtfulness :i* _c f9d a way out ( itself is t melan*oly :i* eng5d]s weakness1--a tru? :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,hamlet4 ,%akespe>e /ill uses ! words ?\ght & melan*oly z synonyms1 say+3 8,! native hue ( resolution ,is sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght40 ,dr]'s melan*oly does n repres5t ! gloom9ess ( ?\ght1 b ! p[] ( inv5tion4 ,sob]ness & ev5 a c]ta9 sadness are consid]$ only z an elem5t ( ?is melan*oly1 b on ! :ole ! g5ius ( ?\ght appe>s bright1 self-possess$1 & /rong4 ,dr] repres5ts ! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anical ,inv5tion z a w+$ female figure mus+ ov] "s problem4 ,scatt]$ on ! floor ar\nd h] lie "s ( ! simple tools us$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a ladd] leans aga9/ ! h\se1 t assi/s 9 climb+ o!rwise inaccessible heights4 ,a scale1 an h\r-glass1 a bell1 & ! magic squ>e are hang+ on ! wall beh9d h]4 ,at a di/ance a bat-l creature1 be+ ! gloom ( melan*oly1 hov]s 9 ! air l a d>k cl\d1 b ! sun rises above ! horizon1 & at ! happy middle betwe5 ^! two extremes /&s ! ra9b[ ( s]5e hope & *e]ful confid5ce4 ,,mr4 ,,sp5c] ,,on ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,kant4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] publi%$ 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july #ahhh & 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,augu/ ( ! same ye> an article on 8,! ,e?ics ( ,kant0 9 :i* he s /rangely misrepres5ts ,kant's position t ,kant to any un9itiat$ read] mu/ appe> n only z sup]ficial & %all[1 b ev5 z palpably nons5sical4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s article on 8,! ,e?ics ( ,kant0 is a sev]e criticism ma9ly ( ! nons5sical idea1 errone\sly imput$ to ,kant1 ( a w t has no end4 ,at ! same "t ,mr4 ,sp5c] reproa*es ,kant ) assum+ ! simplicity ( consci5ce & believ+ 9 a non-evolution>y orig9 ( ! m9ds ( liv+ be+s4 ,9 reply to ,mr4 ,sp5c] an editorial article appe>$ 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt "u ! caption 8,h]b]t ,sp5c] on ! ,e?ics ( ,kant0 7,nos4 #ea & #eb71 :i* 0 supplem5t$ by ano!r article entitl$ 8,kant on ,evolution0 7,no4 #aeh71 ! latt] be+ elicit$ by a r5ew$ attack ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] ^u ,kant's views 7:i* appe>$ 9 ,m9d1 ,no4 ,,lix1 p4 #cac74 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has republi%$ 8 article 8,! ,e?ics ( ,kant0 toge!r ) _m o!r old] articles 9 a "w ( ?ree volumes entitl$ 8,essays ,sci5tific1 ,political1 & ,speculative10 #ahia1 9 :i* he repeats ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,?us ! basis ( ! argum5t by :i* ,kant attempts to ju/ify 8 assumption t !re exi/s a good w ap>t f a good end1 disappe>s utt]ly2 & leaves 8 dogma 9 all its nak$ un?9kabl5ess40 ,to ?is s5t5ce he adds ! foll[+ foot-note z a reply to my criticisms3 8,i f9d t 9 ! above ?ree p>agraphs ,i h done ,kant less ?an ju/ice & m ?an ju/ice--less1 9 assum+ t 8 evolution>y view 0 limit$ to ! g5esis ( our sid]eal sy/em1 & m1 9 assum+ t he _h n contradict$ himself4 ,my k ( ,kant's writ+s is extremely limit$4 ,9 #ahdd a translation ( 8 #8,critique ( ,pure ,reason' 7!n ,i ?9k lately publi%$7 fell into my h&s1 & ,i read ! fir/ few pages enunciat+ 8 doctr9e ( ,"t & ,space3 my p]emptory rejection ( :i* caus$ me to lay ! book d[n4 ,twice s9ce !n ! same ?+ has happ5$2 =1 be+ an impati5t read]1 :5 ,i disagree ) ! c>d9al propositions ( a "w ,i c g no fur!r4 ,"o o!r ?+ ,i knew4 ,by indirect ref]5ces ,i 0 made aw>e t ,kant _h prop\nd$ ! idea t cele/ial bodies h be5 =m$ by ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]4 ,beyond ?is my k ( 8 conceptions did n ext5d2 & my supposition t 8 evolution>y conception _h /opp$ %ort ) ! g5esis ( sun1 />s1 & planets1 0 due to ! fact t 8 doctr9e ( ,"t & ,space1 z =ms ( ?\ght antec$+ exp]i5ce1 impli$ a sup]natural orig9 inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( natural g5esis4 ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us1 :o1 %ortly aft] ! publication ( ?is article 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,july1 #ahhh1 und]took to def5d ! ,kantian e?ics 9 ! ,am]ican j\rnal :i* he edits1 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 has n[ 7,sept4 #d1 #ahij71 9 ano!r def5sive article1 translat$ sundry passages f ,kant's #8,critique ( ,judgm5t1' 8 #8,presumable ,orig9 ( ,humanity1' & 8 "w #8,^u ! diff]5t ,races ( ,mank9d1' %[+ t ,kant 01 if n fully1 yet p>tially1 an evolutioni/ 9 8 speculations ab\t liv+ be+s4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 "s reason = d\bt+ ! correctness ( ,dr4 ,c>us's r5d]+ ( ^! passages into ,engli%4 ,:51 z 9 ! fir/ ( ! articles j nam$1 he fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 consci\sness & consci5ti\sness1 & :51 z 9 ?is la/ article1 he blames ! ,engli% = mi/ranslat+ ,kant1 s9ce !y h said #8,kant ma9ta9$ t ,space & ,"t are intuitions1' :i* is q untrue1 = !y h ev]y:]e describ$ him z ma9ta9+ t ,space & ,"t are =ms ( intuition1 "o may be excus$ = ?9k+ t possibly ,dr4 ,c>us has read into "s ( ,kant's expressions1 mean+s :i* !y d n rightly be>4 ,/ill1 ! g5]al drift ( ! passages quot$ makes x tol]ably cle> t ,kant mu/ h believ$ 9 ! op]ation ( natural causes z l>gely1 ?\gh n entirely1 in/rum5tal 9 produc+ organic =ms3 ext5d+ ?is belief 7:i* he says #8c be nam$ a d>+ v5ture ( reason'7 9 "s measure to ! orig9 ( ,man himself4 ,he does n1 h[ev] ext5d ! !ory ( natural g5esis to ! exclusion ( ! !ory ( sup]natural g5esis4 ,:5 he speaks ( an organic habit #8:i* 9 ! wisdom ( nature appe>s to be ?us arrang$ 9 ord] t ! species %all be pres]v$'2 & :51 fur!r1 he says #8we see1 moreov]1 t a g]m ( reason is plac$ 9 him1 :]eby1 aft] ! developm5t ( ! same1 he is de/9$ = social int]c\rse1' he implies div9e int]v5tion4 ,& ?is %[s t ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to him ! belief t ,space & ,"t1 z =ms ( ?\ght1 are sup]natural end[m5ts4 ,_h he conceiv$ ( organic evolution 9 a consi/5t mann]1 he w\ld necess>ily h reg>d$ ,space & ,"t z subjective =ms g5]at$ by conv]se ) objective realities4 8,beyond %[+ t ,kant _h a p>tial1 if n a complete1 belief 9 organic evolution 7?\gh ) no idea ( its causes71 ! passages translat$ by ,dr4 ,c>us %[ t he ent]ta9$ an impli$ belief :i* x "h specially conc]ns me to notice z be>+ on 8 !ory ( #8a good w4' ,he quotes approv+ly ,dr4 ,moscati's lecture %[+ #8t ! upright walk ( man is con/ra9$ & unnatural1' & %[+ ! imp]fect visc]al arrangem5ts & consequ5t diseases :i* result3 n only adopt+1 b fur!r illu/rat+1 ,dr4 ,moscati's argum5t4 ,if "h1 !n1 !re is a di/9ct admission1 or r ass]tion1 t v>i\s human organs are imp]fectly adju/$ to _! functions1 :at becomes ( ! po/ulate above quot$ #8t no organ = any purpose w be f\nd 9 x b :at is also ! fitte/ & be/ adapt$ = t purpose'8 ,& :at becomes ( ! argum5t :i* sets out ) ?is po/ulate8 ,cle>ly1 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,c>us = enabl+ me to prove t ,kant's def5ce ( 8 !ory ( #8a good w' is1 by 8 own %[+1 baseless40 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reply to my criticisms is surpris+ 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,fir/1 )\t ev5 m5tion+ ! objections ,i make he discr$its my argum5ts by ?r[+ d\bt ^u ! correctness ( ! translations ( ! quot$ passages4 ,secondly1 he alleges1 ) a view ( ju/ify+ 8 d\bt1 t 9 ! fir/ ( my articles ,i 8fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 consci\sness & consci5ti\sness40#fi ,?irdly1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] decl>es t ,i _h 8read into "s ( ,kant's expressions1 mean+s :i* !y d n rightly be>40 ,f\r?ly1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] bases ?is op9ion ^u a d\ble mi/ake3 he blames me = n di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ,kantian phrases t 8,space & ,"t are intuitions0 & t !y are 8=ms ( intuition40 ,fif?ly1 ackn[l$g+ aft] all t ,kant _h at lea/ 8a p>tial belief 9 organic evolution10 ,mr4 ,sp5c] accuses him ( inconsi/5cy4 ,six?ly1 sev]al /atem5ts conc]n+ ,kant's views are made n because ,kant held !m b because ,mr4 ,sp5c] assumes = trivial reasons t he is 8ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ !m to him40 ,sev5?ly1 ^! /atem5ts s vigor\sly set =? are accompani$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s rem>kably frank confession ( unfamili>ity ) ! subject "u discussion4 ,x may be add$ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls my criticisms 8def5sive articles40 ,he says t 8,i und]took to def5d ! ,kantian e?ics02 :ile1 9 fact1 my articles are aggressive4 ,kant ne$s no def5se = be+ misund]/ood1 & x w\ld n be my bus9ess to def5d him1 = ,i am n a ,kantian 9 ! s5se t ,i adopt any ( ! ma9 doctr9es ( ,kant4 ,on ! contr>y ,i diss5t f him on almo/ all fundam5tal que/ions4 ,9 e?ics ,i object to ,kant's views 9 s f> z !y c be consid]$ z pure =malism4#gj ,i am a ,kantian only 9 ! s5se t ,i respect ,kant z "o ( ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s1 t ,i rev]e him z t tea*] ( m9e ^: influ5ce ^u me 0 greate/1 & ,i consid] ! /udy ( ,kant's works z an indisp5sable requisite = und]/&+ ! problems ( ! philosophy ( our "t4 ,f> f def5d+ ,kant's position1 ,i only und]took to in=m ,mr4 ,sp5c] ( :at ,kant _h really ma9ta9$1 s t in/ead ( d5\nc+ absurdities :i* ,kant _h nev] ?\ght (1 he might criticise ! real ,kant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i %all n[ take up ! details ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reply3 ,i4 ,i am sorry to see t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 in/ead ( frankly ackn[l$g+ 8 errors1 has tak5 refuge 9 discr$it+ ! translations1 :i* might v easily h be5 exam9$ ei!r by himself or by fri5ds ( 82 especially z ! ,g]man orig9al ( ! mo/ important passages1 :]ev] any d\bt might arise1 & also ( ^? expressions on ! misconception ( :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] bases 8 unfavorable op9ion ( ,kant1 7 add$ 9 foot-notes4 ,,ii4 ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] adduces1 z if x 7 a fact1 an in/ance ( my grave mi/akes4 ,he says t ,i fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 8consci\sness0 & 8consci5ti\sness40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes mu* ( a small matt]1 :i*1 if x 7 z he assumes1 w\ld h to be consid]$ z a mispr9t4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s /atem5t is s positive t x mu/ make on any read] ! impression ( be+ indubitably true4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! :ole fir/ article ( m9e1 & inde$ 9 bo? articles1 8consci5ti\sness0 is n[h]e m5tion$ & x w\ld be wrong to replace ! ^w 8consci\sness0 9 any ( ! passages 9 :i* x occurs by 8consci5ti\sness40 ,i %\ld be glad if ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld k9dly po9t out to me ! passage :i* he _h 9 m9d :5 mak+ 8 /atem5t1 = s9ce !re is n ev5 s mu* z an occasion = conf\nd+ consci\sness & consci5ti\sness1 ,i /& "h be=e a psy*ological problem4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s /atem5t is a p]fect riddle to me4 ,ei!r ,i h a negative halluc9ation1 z psy*ologi/s call x1 s t ,i d n see :at is really !re1 or ,mr4 ,sp5c] mu/ h _h a positive halluc9ation4 ,t :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has read into my article1 0 nev] writt5 & x is n !re4 ,! alleg$ fact to :i* he ref]s1 does n exi/4 ,?is k9d ( errone\s ref]5ce into :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] has inadv]t5tly fall5 is a v griev\s mi/ake4 ,x appe>s m s]i\s ?an a simple slip ( ! p51 :5 we consid] t ,mr4 ,sp5c] uses ! /atem5t = ! purpose ( incrim9ation4 ,he ju/ifies ^u ?is exce$+ly sl5d] basis 8 d\bt conc]n+ ! correctness ( ! translations ( ! quot$ passages1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s d\bt conc]n+ ! correctness ( ^! translations is 8 ma9 argum5t = reject+ my criticisms 9 toto4 ,x is n impossible1 inde$ x is probable1 t ,mr4 ,sp5c] meant 8consci5ce0 in/ead ( 8consci5ti\sness40 ,!re is "o passage 9 :i* a sup]ficial read] might h expect$ 8consci5ce0 9 place ( 8consci\sness40 ,h[ev] t does n occur 9 any ( ! translations1 b 9 a p>agraph :]e ,i speak on my own acc\nt4 ,?is passage appe>s 9 ! app5d$ repr9t on page #bc1 l9e #ad4 ,:atev] anybody might h expect$ 9 t passage1 ,i c]ta9ly int5d$ to say 8consci\sness10 & only a ha/y read]1 only he :o might m]ely read ! fir/ l9e ( ! p>agraph1 w\ld consid] ! ^w 8consci\sness0 a mi/ake4 ,to avoid any equivocation1 h[ev]1 ev5 to ha/y read]s1 & to gu>d aga9/ a miscon/ruction su* z ,mr4 ,sp5c] possibly has giv5 to ! s5t5ce1 ,i propose to alt] ! passage by add+ a few words z foll[s3 8,x is q true t n only consci5ce1 b e /ate ( consci\sness is a feel+10 etc4 ,! italicis$ words are ins]t$1 simply to %[ t "h ,i mean 8consci\sness10 & n 8consci5ce40 ,= ! re/1 !y d n alt] 9 ! lea/ ! s5se ( ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ?is passage z ?r\gh\t ! :ole article ! t]ms 8consci\sness10 & 8consci5ce0 h be5 us$ prop]ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]v+ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] appe>s to h committ$ ! same mi/ake = :i* he errone\sly blames me1 ,i d n mean to say t he 8fail$ to di/+ui% betwe50 consci5ti\sness & consci5ce4 ,i %\ld r reg>d x z trifl+ on my "p if ,i drew ?is inf]5ce f :at is ei!r a slip ( ! p5 or an ov]sight 9 pro(-read+4 ,b x /rikes me t t knavi% rogue among ! fairies :om ,%akespe>e calls ,puck & sci5ti/s def9e z *ance or co9cid5ce play$ 9 a fit ( ang] & p]haps f a s5tim5t ( p>donable irony a humor\s trick ^u ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,! moral ( x is t :5 an au?or c5sures 8 fell[ au?ors ) undue sev]ity = ?+s t might be m]e mispr9ts1 he %\ld keep a close eye on 8 own pr9t]'s devil4 ,,iii4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] discr$its my k ( ,kant4 ,he says ( me3 8,"o may be excus$ = ?9k+ t possibly ,dr4 ,c>us has read into "s ( ,kant's expressions1 mean+s :i* !y d n rightly be>40 ,i did n give ,mr4 ,sp5c] any occasion = mak+ ?is p]sonal reflection4 ,i d n boa/ ( any extraord9>y famili>ity ) ,kant's writ+s4 ,!re are innum]able ,g]man & also ,engli% & ,am]ican s*ol>s & philosoph]s :o "k ,kant almo/ by he>t4 ,b ! "q at issue is n :at ,i conceive ,kant's ideas to be1 b :at ,kant has really said1 & ,i 0 v c>eful 9 lett+ ,kant speak = himself4 ,my criticism ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conception ( ,kant consi/$ almo/ exclusively 9 collat+ & contra/+ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s views ( ,kant ) quotations f ,kant's works4 ,h[ c ,i read any?+ into "s ( ,kant's expressions1 if ,i pres5t translations ( ! expressions !mselves1 add+ !reto 9 foot-notes ! orig9al :5ev] d\bts c\ld arise8 ,& ! g5]al drift ( ! quotations alone suffices to ov]?r[ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s conception ( ,kant4 ,! tru? is t ,mr4 ,sp5c] committ$ ! mi/ake himself1 = :i* he c5sures me unju/ly4 8,mr4 ,sp5c] has read into "s ( ,kant's expressions mean+s :i* !y d n rightly be>40 ,,iv4 ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c] adduces a fact1 :i*1 if x 7 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] repres5ts x1 w\ld %[ an inability on my "p ( mak+ important di/9ctions4 ,he says ( me3 8,he blames ! ,engli% = mi/ranslat+ ,kant1 s9ce !y h said #8,kant ma9ta9$ t ,space & ,"t are intuitions1' :i* is q untrue1 = !y h ev]y:]e describ$ him z ma9ta9+ t ,space & ,"t are =ms ( intuition40 ,?is is a d\ble mi/ake3 7#a7 ,kant & 8 translators did n make ! di/9ction ( :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] speaks1 & 7#b7 ! quotation ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes f my article is repres5t$ to mean some?+ diff]5t f :at x actually means 9 ! context4 ,be=e ,i speak = myself z to :at ,i actually said1 let u /ate ! facts conc]n+ ,kant's usage ( ! t]ms 8intuitions0 & 8=ms ( intuition40 ,kant def9es 9 #a ( 8 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 :at he und]/&s by 8,transc5d5tal /hetic40 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 8empirical intuition0 7empiris*e ,ans*auung7 & 8pure intuition0 7re9e ,ans*auung74 ,he says3 8,t sort ( intuition :i* relates to an object by means ( s5sation1 is call$ an empirical intuition40 ,repres5tations conta9 besides t :i* belongs to s5sation "s o!r elem5ts4 ,kant says3 8,t :i* effects t ! cont5t ( ! ph5om5on c be arrang$ "u c]ta9 relations1 ,i call its =m40 ,& lat] on he cont9ues3 8,?is pure =m ( s5sibility ,i %all call pure intuition40 ,^! are ,kant's phrases 9 ,j4 ,m4 ,d4 ,meiklejohn's well kn[n translation4 ,! t]m 8pure intuition0 is repeat$ aga9 & aga91 & we f9d frequ5tly add$ by way ( explanation ! phrases 8z a m]e =m ( s5sibility10 8! m]e =m ( ph5om5a10 8=ms ( s5su\s intuition10 & also 7z ,mr4 ,sp5c] emphasises z ! only correct way7 8=ms ( intuition40 ,kant says3 #a7 8,diese re9e ,=m d] ,s9nli*keit wird au* selb] re9e ,ans*auung heiss54 #a4 #b7 8,zweit5s word5 wir von dies] 7d] empiris*5 ,ans*auung7 no* alles abtr5n51 damit ni*ts als re9e ,ans*auung und die blosse ,=m d] ,ers*e9ung5 brig bleibe4 #a4 #c7 8,raum 444 muss ursprngli* ,ans*auung se94 #c4 #d7 8,d] ,raum i/ ni*ts &]es als nur die ,=m all] ,ers*e9ung5 uss]] ,s9ne4 #c4 #e7 8,d] ,raum ab] betrifft nur die re9e ,=m d] ,ans*auung4 7,?is passage appe>s 9 ! fir/ edition only1 ! p>agraph conta9+ x is omitt$ 9 ! second edition47 #c4 #f7 8,die ,zeit i/ 444 e9e re9e ,=m d] s9nli*5 ,ans*auung4444 #d4 #g7 8,es muss ihr#ga unmittelb>e ,ans*auung zum ,grunde lieg54 #d4 #h7 8,die ,zeit i/ ni*ts &]es als die ,=m des inn]5 ,s9nes4 #f4 #i7 8444 dass die ,vor/ellung d] ,zeit selb/ ,ans*auung sei4 #f4 #aj7 8,wir hab5 nun 444 re9e ,ans*auung a priori1 ,raum und ,zeit4 #aj4 ,bes*luss d] transc5d5tal5 /hetik40 ,^! quotations d n pret5d to be exhau/ive1 nor is t necess>y = ! pres5t purpose4 ,kant1 z we le>n f ^! quotations1 makes no di/9ction betwe5 re9e ,ans*auung & ,=m d] ,ans*auung4 ,he uses mo/ frequ5tly ! t]m re9e ,ans*auung & designates 9 sev]al places ,space & ,"t simply z ,ans*auung4 7,see ! quotations #c1 #g1 & #i47 ,s f> z ,i c ga!r f a r5ew$ p]usal1 ! expression propos$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 8=m ( intuition10 ,=m d] ,ans*auung1 occurs only once & t too 9 a passage omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 ,x is almo/ r$undant to add t ! ,engli% translators & int]pret]s ( ,kant foll[ ! orig9al pretty closely4 ,accord+ly x is actually incorrect 8t !y h ev]y:]e767 describ$ ,kant z ma9ta9+ t ,space & ,"t are =ms ( intuition40 ,9 addition to ! quotations f ,meiklejohn1 ,i call ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s att5tion to ,william ,flemm+'s 8,vocabul>y ( ,philosophy0 7#d? ed41 edit$ by ,h5ry ,cald]wood7 :i* reads sub voce 8,intuition10 p4 #bbh ) ref]5ce to ,kant's view3 8,space & "t are intuitions ( s5se40 ,to say 8,"t & ,space are =ms ( intuition0 is q correct accord+ to ,kantian t]m9ology4 ,no objection c be made to ,mr4 ,sp5c] on t gr\nd4 ,b to say 8,"t & ,space are intuitions0 is also q correct1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c] is wrong 9 c5sur+ ! expression4 ,:y does ,mr4 ,sp5c] rebuke me s sev]ely on a po9t :i* is ( no consequ5ce8 ,he appe>s confid5t t ,i h betray$ an unp>donable misconception ( ,kant's philosophy4 ,b hav+ po9t$ out by quotations f ,kant t ?is is n s1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to expla9 :y ! quotation :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes f my article1 al?\gh ! eight words 9 quotation m>ks are lit]ally quot$1 is a misquotation4 ,x is torn out ( its context4 ,i did n blame ! ,engli% translators ( ,kant at all1 b ,i blam$ 8 int]pret]s1 among :om ! ,engli% int]pret]s 7n all ,engli% int]pret]s1 b c]ta9ly "s ( !m7 are ! wor/1 = 8mutilat+ ,kant's be/ ?\ghts1 s t ?is h]o ( progress appe>s z a /ronghold ( antiquat$ views02 & z an in/ance ,i call$ att5tion to ! misconception ( ,kant's t]m ,ans*auung1 say+3 8,h[ diff]5t is ,kant's philosophy1 = in/ance1 if 8 position ) ref]5ce to "t & space is mi/ak56 #8,"t & ,space are our ,ans*auung1' ,kant says4 ,b 8 ,engli% translators decl>e #8,kant ma9ta9$ t space & "t are intuitions4' ,:at a diff]5ce x makes if intuition is int]pret$ 9 ! s5se appli$ to x by ! ,engli% intuitionali/ s*ool in/ead ( its be+ tak5 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w ,ans*auung40 ,! ^w 8intuition0 implies some?+ my/]i\s2 ! ^w ,ans*auung d5otes t :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 simply1 z x 71 by look+ at x4 ,s especially ! s5se-p]ceptions ( ! ?+s be=e u are ,ans*auung54 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 believ+ t he _h caught me 9 mak+ unaw>es a blund]1 te>s ! passage out ( its context1 ignores its purport1 makes a po9t ( an anti!sis :i* _h no?+ 9 ! _w to d ) ! topic "u discussion1 only to ?r[ on me ! opprobrium ( incompet5ce4 ,ev5 if ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s anti!sis ( 8intuition0 & 8=ms ( intuition0 7 ( any consequ5ce 7z1 un=tunately = ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 x is n71 x w\ld c\nt = no?+ aga9/ me because ,i did n speak ( 8=ms0 9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 ,i simply allud$ to "o mis9t]pretation ( ! t]m ,ans*auung1 :i* is q common among ,engli% ,kantians4 ,x 0 n requir$ by ! purpose ,i _h 9 view1 to ent] into any details z to :at k9d ( ,ans*auung ,i meant1 & an allusion to 8=m0 or to any o!r subject w\ld h s]v$ only to conf\nd ! idea :i* ,i int5d$ to set =? 9 ! p>agraph f :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] quotes4 ,misquotation ( ?is k9d1 into :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] 0 inveigl$ by a ha/y read+1 %\ld be avoid$ ) utmo/ c>e1 = x involves an ins9uation4 ,x leads away f ! ma9 po9t "u discussion to side issues1 & x misrepres5ts ! au?or f :om ! quotation is made4 ,x ins9uates a mean+ :i* ! passage does n be> & :i* 0 n ev5 ?\ght ( 9 ! context out ( :i* x is torn4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] quotes ! passage z if ,i _h pref]r$ ! t]m 8intuition0 to ! t]m 8=m ( intuition10 or at lea/1 z if ,i _h no idea t ,kant conceives ,"t & ,space z 8=ms40 ,yet ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 try+ to make out a po9t aga9/ me betrays 8 own lack ( in=mation4 ,kant insi/$ mo/ emphatically on call+ ! =ms ( our s5sibility 7i4 e4 space & "t7 8,ans*auung540 ,b ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s case is worse /ill4 ,:ile he insi/s ^u ! /atem5t t accord+ to ! translators ( ,kant space & "t are 8=ms ( intuition10 :i* is at lea/ correct1 he uses twice 9 ! v same p>agraph ! expression t accord+ to ,kant 8space & "t are =ms ( ?\ght10 :i* is incorrect4 ,! =ms ( ?\ght accord+ to ,kantian t]m9ology are n space & "t b ! doma9 ( ! transc5d5tal logic4 ,anyone :o conf\nds ! two t]ms 8=ms ( intuition0 & 8=ms ( ?\ght0 proves himself unable to =m a correct op9ion on ,kant's philosophy4 ,t is j *>act]i/ic ( ,kant t he reg>ds "t & space n z ?\ght1 nor z =ms ( ?\ght1 b z ,ans*auung5 & 9 contradi/9ction to s5se-intuitions 7i4 e4 s5sations7 he calls !m re9e ,ans*auung5 or ,=m5 d] ,ans*auung4 ,v4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] comm5t+ ^u 8 criticism ( ,kant's idea ( a ,good ,w1 says3 8,i f9d t 9 ! above ?ree p>agraphs ,i h done ,kant less ?an ju/ice & m ?an ju/ice--less1 9 assum+ t 8 evolution>y view 0 limit$ to ! g5esis ( our sid]eal sy/em1 & m1 9 assum+ t he _h n contradict$ himself4 8,cle>ly1 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,c>us = enabl+ me to prove t ,kant's def5ce ( 8 !ory ( #8a good w' is1 by 8 own %[+1 baseless40 ,kant's idea ( a good w has no?+ to d ) evolution1 & we c ab/a9 "h f discuss+ :e!r or n ,kant 0 an evolutioni/4 ,:e!r evolution is true or n1 :at diff]5ce does x make to ! proposition1 t a good w is ! only ?+ :i* c be call$ good )\t fur!r qualification 7ohne ,e9s*rnkung78 ,pleasure is good1 b x is n absolutely good1 !re are cases 9 :i* pleasure is a v bad ?+4 ,we mu/ qualify our /atem5t & limit x to special cases4 ,a good w1 h[ev]1 says ,kant1 is 9 itself good "u all circum/ances4 ,did ,mr4 ,sp5c] prove ! baselessness ( ,kant's proposition by prov+ evolution8 ,is x inconsi/5t to believe 9 evolution & at ! same "t to reg>d a good w z absolutely good1 z good )\t res]ve or limitation8 ,i ?9k n6 ,,vi4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 admitt+ t 8! g5]al drift ( ! passages quot$ makes x tol]ably cle> t ,kant mu/ h believ$ 9 ! op]ation ( natural causes 444 9 produc+ organic =ms10 adds3 8,he does n1 h[ev]1 ext5d ! !ory ( natural g5esis to ! exclusion ( ! !ory ( sup]natural g5esis40 ,h[ does ,mr4 ,sp5c] prove 8 /atem5t8 ,does he quote a passage f ,kant :i* expresses 8 belief 9 sup]naturalism8 ,no1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n quote ,kant1 & x w\ld be difficult to f9d a passage to suit t purpose4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] adduces a few unmean+ phrases glean$ at r&om & torn out ( _! context1 & f ^! phrases he concludes t ,kant believ$ 9 ! sup]natural4 ,kant spoke some:]e ( 8! wisdom ( nature0 :o has ?+s s arrang$ t ! species might be pres]v$4 ,if ! wisdom ( nature 9 pres]v+ ! species is to be tak5 lit]ally1 ! phrase might prove t ,kant believ$ nature to be a wise old woman4 ,kant spoke fur!r ( 8! g]m ( reason plac$ 9 man :]eby he is de/9$ to social int]c\rse40 ,does ! usage ( ! ^w 8de/9$0 really 8imply div9e int]v5tion10 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] adds3 8,& ?is viz4 ,kant's usage ( ^! phrases %[s t ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to him ! belief t ,space & ,"t1 z =ms ( ?\ght sic61 are sup]natural end[m5ts40 ,:at might we n prove by ?is k9d ( loose argum5tation6 ,kant did n introduce any sup]natural explanations2 on ! contr>y1 he propos$ to exclude 8sup]natural g5esis40 ,he says e4 g4 9 a passage ( ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t0 quot$ on page #da ( ! app5dix3 8,if we assume occasionalism = ! production ( organis$ be+s1 nature is !reby :olly disc>d$ 444 !re=e x _c be suppos$ t ?is sy/em is accept$ by anyone :o has _h to d ) philosophy40 ,& fur!rmore ,kant rejects ! p>tial admission ( ! sup]natural1 say+3 8,z ?\gh x 7 n ! same to make ! requir$ =ms arise 9 a sup]natural mann] at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w z dur+ its progress40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] *>ges ,kant ) inconsi/5cy4 ,we d n int5d to say t ,kant 0 9 all ! phases ( 8 developm5t consi/5t ) himself4 ,b we d say t ! *>ge ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] aga9/ ,kant consi/s 9 ?is3 ! real ,kant has said ?+s :i* are incompatible ) ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s view ( ,kant4 ,?is settles ! six? po9t4 ,,vii4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reply to my criticism is a v /range piece ( controv]sy & ,i h actually be5 at a loss1 h[ to acc\nt = x4 ,! situation c be expla9$ only by assum+ t ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 be+ an impati5t read]1 :5 f9d+ out t he disagre$ ) my propositions1 c\ld g no fur!r & wrote 8 reply to me )\t hav+ read my articles4 ,?is is v h>d on a critic :o1 c>efully avoid+ ev]y?+ t might look l fault-f9d+1 is pa9/ak+ly c>eful 9 giv+ to ! au?or criticis$ e means ( inve/igat+ ! tru? himself & helps him 9 a fri5dly way to correct 8 errors4 ,!re is only "o consolation = me1 :i* is1 t ,i am 9 good company4 ,! great ?9k] ( ,ko5igsb]g is v sev]ely c5sur$ 9 almo/ all ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s writ+s = ideas :i* he nev] held4 ,& n[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] confesses op5ly & ) +5u\s s9c]ity1 t 8 k ( ,kant's writ+s is extremely limit$4 ,b :y he condemns a man ( :om he kn[s s little ,mr4 ,sp5c] does n tell u4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,my k ( ,kant's writ+s is extremely limit$4 ,9 #ahdd a translation ( 8 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 7!n ,i ?9k lately publi%$7 fell into my h&s1 & ,i read ! fir/ few pages enunciat+ 8 doctr9e ( ,"t & ,space3 my p]emptory rejection ( :i* caus$ me to lay ! book d[n4 8,twice s9ce !n ! same ?+ has happ5$2 =1 be+ an impati5t read]1 :5 ,i disagree ) ! c>d9al propositions ( a "w ,i c g no fur!r4 8,"o o!r ?+ ,i knew4 ,by indirect ref]5ces ,i 0 made aw>e t ,kant _h prop\nd$ ! idea t cele/ial bodies h be5 =m$ by ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]4 ,beyond ?is my k ( 8 conceptions did n ext5d2 & my supposition t 8 evolution>y conception _h /opp$ %ort ) ! g5esis ( sun1 />s1 & planets 0 due to ! fact t 8 doctr9e ( ,"t & ,space1 z =ms ( ?\ght sic antec$+ exp]i5ce1 impli$ a sup]natural orig9 inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( natural g5esis40 ,kant has be5 a lead] 9 ?\ght = ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is v important to criticise 8 ideas :]ev] !y are wrong1 b 8 errors _c be conqu]$ by ex ca!dra d5unciations4 ,d>w9's habits 9 inve/igat+ & weigh+ ! pro & con ( a "q 7 v diff]5t f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s1 & ,d>w9's success is 9 no small degree due to ! /]nness ) :i* he adh]$ to c]ta9 rules ( read+ & /udy+4 ,we f9d 9 8 8,autobiography0 c]ta9 rem9isc5ces label$ 8important0 f :i* ! foll[+ is mo/ in/ructive3 8,i _h also1 dur+ _m ye>s1 foll[$ a gold5 rule1 namely1 t :5ev] a publi%$ fact1 a new obs]vation or a ?\ght1 came across me1 :i* 0 oppos$ to my g5]al results1 to make a memor&um ( x )\t fail1 = ,i _h f\nd by exp]i5ce t su* facts & ?\ghts 7 f> m apt to escape f ! memory ?an favorable ones40 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t we c le>n mo/ f ^? au?ors ) :om we d n agree4 ,! e?ics ( read+ & /udy+ dem& o!r habits ?an lay+ a book d[n :5 we disagree ) its c>d9al propositions4 ,su* habits prev5t progress & create prejudices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has n answ]$ my criticism at all4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] did n ev5 take into consid]ation ! passages quot$ f ,kant4 ,he republi%$ all ! false /atem5ts ( ,kant's views1 s inconsid]ately made1 toge!r ) all ! p]v]se op9ions bas$ ^u !m4 ,! assurance ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] makes /atem5ts :i* h no f\ndation :atev] is really p]plex+ ev5 to a man :o is well in=m$ on ! subject1 & x w g f> to conv9ce ! unw>y read]4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 %all become ( ! g5]al t5or ( philosophical criticism & controv]sy if a man ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reputation is s indiff]5t ab\t be+ in=m$ conc]n+ ! exact views ( 8 adv]s>y1 if he is s c>eless 9 pres5t+ !m1 if he makes positively errone\s /atem5ts on confess$ly m]e 8supposition10 & f9ally1 if 9 consequ5ce !re( he is flagrantly unju/ 9 c5sur+ errors :i* arise only f 8 own too prolific imag9ation8 ,we feel confid5t t ,mr4 ,sp5c] w expla9 8 side ( ! "q satisfactorily4 ,8 mi/akes be+ und5iable1 we d n believe t he w seek to d5y !m4 ,yet we tru/ t ,mr4 ,sp5c] z soon z he f9ds himself at fault1 w n ev5 make an attempt at palliation1 t he w n bl9k ! frank ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 mis/atem5ts & also ( hav+ treat$ ,kant ) inju/ice4 ,a man :o has devot$ 8 life to ! se>* = tru? w n suff] any blot to rema9 on 8 escut*eon4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #fi ,?is article 8,h]b]t ,sp5c] on ! ,e?ics ( ,kant0 0 electrotyp$ at ! "t x appe>$ 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,x is app5d$ to ?is numb] ( ,! ,moni/ z docum5t>y evid5ce ( ! fact1 t !re is n ev5 s mu* z an occasion 9 ! article = conf\nd+ 8consci\sness0 & 8consci5ti\sness40 #gj ,see ,fundam5tal ,problems1 pp4 #aig-bjf2 & ,! ,e?ical ,problem1 p4 #cb1 seq41 especially p4 #cc1 l9es #ah-bj4 #ga ,second edition reads 8ihn50 9 place ( 8ihr10 viz4 d] ,zeit4 ,! ^w 8ihn50 ref]s to ,!ilvor/ellung5 d] ,zeit4 ,,:at ,,does ,,ans*auung ,,mean8 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s errone\s /atem5t t ,kant conceives space & "t z =ms ( ?\ght in/ead ( =ms ( intuition induces me to make a few explanatory rem>ks conc]n+ ! t]m ,ans*auung4 ,kant means t space & "t are imm$iately giv5 9 exp]i5ce & n inf]5ces drawn f ! data ( exp]i5ce2 !y are n ?\ghts1 b objects ( direct p]ception4 ,s5se-impressions are data1 !y are prior to ideas1 ! latt] be+ con/ructions made out ( s5se-impressions4 ,s5se-impressions are facts1 b ideas are ( an inf]5tial nature2 !y are 7to use ,lloyd ,morgan's excell5t t]m7 con/ructs4 ,n[ ,kant claims t space & "t are 9 ! same pr$icam5t3 !y also are imm$iately giv51 !y also are ,ans*auung54 ,kant did n tr\ble himself mu* to prove t !y are =ms2 he seems to h tak5 t = grant$4 ,b he 0 v c>eful to %[ t !y are n ideas1 n ?\ghts1 n ab/ractions1 n g5]alisations1 b t !y are z direct data z are s5se-impressions & he calls ! k :i* man has by directly fac+ ! object ( k 8,ans*auung40 ,! conclusion :i* ,kant draws f ?is may be *>act]is$ z foll[s3 ,s5sations are n ?+s b appe>ances2 !y are subjective1 n objective1 !y are n ! objects !mselves b :at our s5sibility makes ( objects4 ,space & "t be+ ,ans*auung51 ,kant argues t !y are ( ! same k9d z ! s5se-data ( k1 t !y are inh]5t 9 our nature4 ,?us ,kant ma9ta9s3 8,s5sations are ! products ( our s5sibility1 & space & "t are ! =ms ( our s5sibility40 ,! ^w ,ans*auung has be5 a crux int]pretum s9ce translations h be5 made f ,kant1 & x is q true t no adequate ^w to express x1 exi/s 9 ,engli%4 ,i enjoy$ ( late a discussion on ! subject ) ,mr4 ,francis ,c4 ,russell :o call$ my att5tion to sev]al notes 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy4 ,! foll[+ is f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,h>ris 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aia73 8,?r\gh a s+ul> *ance1 ! pres5t numb] ( ! j\rnal conta9s two notes f two contributors on ! prop] translation ( ! ,g]man ^w ,ans*auung4 ,mr4 ,kroeg] holds t ! ^w ,ans*auung1 z us$ by ,fi*te & also by ,kant1 d5otes an act ( ! ,ego :i* ! ,engli% ^w ,intuition does n at all express1 b = :i* ! ,engli% ^w #8contemplation' is an exact equival5t4 ,mr4 ,peirce sugge/s t no p]son ^: native tongue is ,engli% w translate ,ans*auung by ano!r ^w ?an ,intuition4 ,:e!r !re is a failure to und]/& ,engli% on ! "o h& or ,g]man on ! o!r1 ! ,editor does n c>e to inquire4 ,x is c]ta9 t :ile intuition has be5 adopt$ g5]ally z an equival5t = ! ^w "u consid]ation bo? by ,engli% & ,fr5* translators1 yet x 0 a wide dep>ture f ! ord9>y ,engli% use ( ! t]m4 ,besides ?is1 we h no ,engli% v]b intuite 7at lea/ 9 ! ,diction>ies71 & ! read] w f9d t ! v]b us$ by ,meiklejohn 79 ! translation ( ,kant's ,kritik7 = x1 is contemplate1 & ! same r5d]+ is giv5 by ,smi? 9 8 excell5t translation ( ,fi*te's ,popul> ,works 7,london1 #ahdi740 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce says3 8,no p]son ^: native tongue is ,engli% w ne$ to be in=m$ t contemplation is ess5tially 7#a7 protract$ 7#b7 volunt>y1 & 7#c7 an action1 & t x is nev] us$ = t :i* is set =? to ! m9d 9 ?is act4 ,a =eign] c conv9ce himself ( ?is by ! prop] /udy ( ,engli% writ]s4 ,?us1 ,locke 7,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,,ii41 *ap4 #ai1 #a7 says1 #8,if x an idea be held !re 9 view long "u att5tive consid]ation1 'tis contemplation02 & aga91 7,ibid41 ,book ,,ii41 *ap4 #aj1 #a7 #8,keep+ ! ,idea1 :i* is br\ght into x ! m9d = "s "t actually 9 view1 :i* is call$ ,contemplation4' ,?is t]m is !re=e unfitt$ to translate ,ans*auung2 = ?is latt] does n imply an act :i* is necess>ily protract$ or volunt>y1 & d5otes mo/ usually a m5tal pres5tation1 sometimes a faculty1 less (t5 ! reception ( an impression 9 ! m9d1 & seldom1 if ev]1 an action4 8,to ! translation ( ,ans*auung by intuition1 !re is1 at lea/1 no su* insuff]able objection4 ,etymologically ! two words precisely correspond4 ,! orig9al philosophical mean+ ( intuition 0 a cognition ( ! pres5t manifold 9 t "*2 & x is n[ commonly us$1 z a mod]n writ] says1 #8to include all ! products ( ! p]ceptive 7ext]nal or int]nal7 & imag9ative faculties2 e act ( consci\sness1 9 %ort1 ( :i* ! imm$iate object is an individual1 ?+1 act1 or /ate ( m9d1 pres5t$ "u ! condition ( di/9ct exi/5ce 9 space & "t4' ,f9ally1 we h ! au?ority ( ,kant's own example = translat+ 8 ,ans*auung by ,intuitus2 &1 inde$1 ?is is ! common usage ( ,g]mans writ+ ,lat94 ,moreov]1 intuitiv frequ5tly replaces ans*au5d or ans*auli*4 ,if ?is con/itutes a misund]/&+ ( ,kant1 x is "o :i* is %>$ by himself & ne>ly all 8 c\ntrym50 7ibid4 p4 #aeb et seqq474 ,mr4 ,peirce adds ! foll[+ explanation conc]n+ ! t]m intuition 9 ano!r note 7ibid4 p4 #ajc73 8,! ^w intuitus fir/ occurs z a te*nical t]m 9 ,/4 ,anselm's ,monologium4 ,he wi%$ to di/+ui% betwe5 our k ( ,god & our k ( f9ite ?+s 7&1 9 ! next _w1 ( ,god1 also72 & ?9k+ ( ! say+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,videmus nunc p] speculum 9 nigmate3 tunc autem facie ad faciem1 he call$ ! =m] speculation & ! latt] intuition4 ,?is use ( #8speculation' did n take root1 because t ^w already _h ano!r exact & widely diff]5t mean+4 8,9 ! middle ages1 ! t]m #8intuitive cognition' _h two pr9cipal s5ses1 #a/1 z oppos$ to ab/ractive cognition1 x meant ! k ( ! pres5t z pres5t1 & ?is is its mean+ 9 ,anselm2 b #b;d1 z no intuitive cognition 0 all[$ to be det]m9$ by a previ\s cognition1 x came to be us$ z ! opposite ( discursive cognition 7see ,scotus1 ,9 s5t5t4 lib4 #b1 di/4 #c1 qu4 #i71 & ?is is ne>ly ! s5se 9 :i* ,i employ x4 ,?is is also ne>ly ! s5se 9 :i* ,kant uses x1 ! =m] di/9ction be+ express$ by 8 s5su\s & non-s5su\s4 7,see ,w]ke1 h]ausg4 ,ros5krantz1 ,?l4 #b1 ,s4 #gac1 #ca1 #da1 #ajj1 u4 s4 w47 8,an enum]ation ( six mean+s ( intuition may be f\nd 9 ,hamilton's ,reid p4 #gei40 ,if we h to *oose betwe5 ! two translations 8intuition0 & 8contemplation10 we %\ld ) ,mr4 ,peirce decid$ly pref] ! ^w 8intuition40 ,! ^w contemplation corresponds to ! ,g]man ,betra*tung & all t ,mr4 ,peirce says aga9/ x holds good4 ,b we mu/ confess t ! t]m intuition 7z ,mr4 ,peirce himself seems to grant7 is n a v good translation ei!r4 ,! t]m intuition has o!r mean+s :i* int]f]e ) ! correct mean+ ( ,ans*auung & 0 actually productive ( mu* confusion4 ,! ,engli% t]m intuition is /rongly t+$ ) ! same mean+ t is atta*$ to ! ,g]man ^w ,intuition4 ,x means an inexplicable k9d ( direct in=mation f "s sup]natural s\rces1 :i* my/ics claim to possess z ! means ( _! revelations4 ,9 ?is s5se ,goe! *>act]ises x satirically 9 ,fau/ 7,sc5e ,,xiv74 ,mephi/opheles describes ! process z foll[s3 ,a bless+ drawn f sup]natural f\nta96 ,9 night & dew to lie ^u ! m\nta9s2 ,all ,heav5 & ,e>? 9 rapture p5etrat+2 ,?yself to ,godhood haughtily inflat+2 ,to grub ) ye>n+ =ce ?r\gh ,e>?'s d>k m>r[1 ,compress ! six days' "w )9 ?y bosom n>r[1-- ,to ta/e1 ,i "k n :at1 9 haughty p[]1 ,?9e own ec/atic life on all ?+s %[]1 ,?9e e>?ly self beh9d !e ca/1 ,& !n ! l(ty intuition ) a ge/ure at la/4 ,! satire is good on ,intuition b x w\ld n apply to ,ans*auung1 = ! latt] ^w excludes rigidly any my/icism or sup]naturalism :i* ! =m] ess5tially involves4 ,to employ ! t]m 8intuition0 = bo? ideas mu/ necess>ily weak5 ! mean+ ( ,ans*auung4 ,besides we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! ,g]man ,ans*auung is v]nacul> & %\ld f9d a correspond5t ,saxon ^w4 ,su* ,lat9 words z intuition convey 9 ,engli% z mu* z 9 ,g]man ! impression ( be+ t]ms d5ot+ some?+ v ab/ract4 ,v]nacul> t]ms mu* m /rongly indicate ! imm$iat5ess & directness :i* is impli$ 9 ,ans*auung4 ,9 my conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,russell1 we tri$ to co9 a new ^w t %\ld cov] ! mean+ ( ,ans*auung z an act ( 8atlook+0 & ! ^w 8atsight0 readily sugge/$ itself4 ,! ^w 8atsight0 is an exact ,engli% equival5t ( ! ,g]man ,ans*auung4 ,x describes ! look+ at an object 9 its imm$iate pres5ce4 ,at ! same "t ! ^w is readily und]/ood1 :ile philologically consid]$1 its =mation is fully ju/ifi$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! words 8insight & =esight40 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ,kant's doctr9es is ! proposition t all ?\ght mu/ ultimately h ref]5ce to ,ans*auung1 i4 e4 to atsight4 ,?r\gh atsight only ! objects ( exp]i5ce c be giv5 u4 ,all speculations n f\nd$ ^u ?is bottom rock ( k are m]e dreams4 ,?is is ! maxim ( positivism & x is ! basis ( all s\nd philosophy4 ,says ,kant 9 ! 8,anhang0 to 8 ,prolegom5a 79 reply to a critic :o _h misund]/ood 8 idealism7 z a summ>y /atem5t ( 8 views3 8,d] ,satz all] e*t5 ,ideali/51 von d] eleatis*5 ,s*ule an bis zum ,bis*( ,b]kley1 i/ 9 dies] ,=mel en?alt53 #8alle ,erk5ntnis dur* ,s9ne und ,erfahrung i/ ni*ts als laut] ,s*e91 und nur 9 d5 ,ide5 des re95 ,v]/&es und ,v]nunft i/ ,wahrheit4' 8,d] ,grundsatz1 d] me95 ,idealismus dur*gngig regi]t und be/immt1 i/ dageg53 #8,alles ,erk5ntnis von ,d+51 aus blossem re95 ,v]/&e od] re9] ,v]nunft1 i/ ni*ts als laut] ,s*e91 und nur 9 d] ,erfahrung i/ ,wahrheit4'0 8,! doctr9e ( all g5u9e ideali/s f ! ,eleatic ,s*ool d[n to ,bi%op ,b]keley is conta9$ 9 ?is =mula3 ,all cognition ?r\gh ! s5ses & exp]i5ce is no?+ b illusion2 & 9 ! ideas ( ! pure und]/&+ & reason alone is tru?4 8,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 t rules & det]m9es my idealism ?r\gh\t is ?is3 ,all cognition out ( pure und]/&+ or pure reason is no?+ b m]e illusion & 9 exp]i5ce alone is tru?40 ,kant !n proposes 9 ord] to avoid equivocation to call 8 views 8=mal or critical idealism10 add+ t 8 idealism made any o!r idealism impossible4 ,criticism truly is ! beg9n+ ( philosophy z an objective sci5ce4 ,x gives ! c\p de grace to ^? wor?less declamations :i* /ill pass among _m z philosophy4 ,says ,kant3 8,s viel i/ gewiss3 w] e9mal ,kritik geko/et hat1 d5 ekelt auf imm] alles dogmatis*e ,gews*e40 8,t mu* is c]ta93 ,he :o has once ta/$ critique w be =ev] disgu/$ ) all dogmatic twaddle40 ,x is /range t 9 spite ( ,kant's explicit decl>ation1 :i* leaves no d\bt ab\t ! positive _s t p]vades ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy1 he is /ill misund]/ood by 8 oppon5ts no less ?an by ^? :o pr(ess to be 8 disciples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is no occasion n[ to treat ! subject exhau/ively1 b x may be p]mitt$ to add a few rem>ks on ,kant's proposition t space & "t are atsights4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% ?ree ?+s3 #a7 ,objective space4 #b7 ,space z atsight1 & #c7 ,space-conception4 ,space z atsight is ! datum4 ,x is ! imm$iate pres5ce ( relations among ! s5sory impressions4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n z yet t some?+ :i* we g5]ally call space4 ,t :i* g5]ally goes by ! "n ( space is a con/ruction built out ( ! relational data t obta9 9 exp]i5ce & we propose to call x space-conception4 ,our space-conception1 accord+ly1 7& "h ,i include ! ma!matician's space-conception7 is bas$ ^u space z atsight1 b x is m ?an atsight4 ,x is an inf]5ce made !refrom1 x is ! product ( exp]i5ce4 ,space-conception1 h[ev]1 is z are all legitimate n\m5a1 no m]e subjective illusion1 x possesses objective validity2 x describes "s real exi/5ce & ?is real exi/5ce repres5t$ 9 space-conception is :at may be call$ objective space4 ,objective space is ! =m ( reality4 ,space z atsight is ! =m ( s5sibility4 ,space z space-conception is a con/ruct ( an ab/ract nature & s]ves z a description or plan ( ! =m ( reality4 ,! same is true ( ,"t4 ,"t z atsight is ! relation ( succession obta9+ 9 ! *anges ( exp]i5ce4 ,"t z "t-conception is ! n\m5on con/ruct$ out ( ^! data to repres5t t feature ( reality :i* may = lack ( a bett] t]m be call$ objective "t4 ,briefly3 ,space & ,"t are n ?+s1 n ess5ces1 n entities1 b c]ta9 features ( exi/5ce4 ,!y are ! =ms ( reality4 ,:5 exi/5ce f9ds a repres5tation 9 ! feel+s ( a s5ti5t be+1 "t & space appe> z _! =ms1 & ^! =ms furni% ! mat]ial out ( :i* are built ! conceptions ( ,space & ,"t4 ,,editor4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,m9d4 ,9 an article publi%$ 9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y #ahia1 ,i endeavor$ to %[ :at ideas ought to =m ! w>p ( a sy/em ( philosophy1 & p>ticul>ly emphasis$ t ( absolute *ance4 ,9 ! numb] ( ,april #ahib1 ,i argu$ fur!r 9 favor ( t way ( ?9k+1 :i* x w be conv5i5t to *ri/5 ty*ism 7f 1 *ance74 ,a s]i\s /ud5t ( philosophy w be 9 no ha/e to accept or reject ?is doctr9e2 b he w see 9 x "o ( ! *ief attitudes :i* speculative ?\ght may take1 feel+ t x is n = an individual1 nor = an age1 to pron\nce ^u a fundam5tal "q ( philosophy4 ,t is a task = a :ole era to "w out4 ,i h begun by %[+ t ty*ism mu/ give bir? to an evolution>y cosmology1 9 :i* all ! regul>ities ( nature & ( m9d are reg>d$ z products ( gr[?1 & to a ,s*ell+-fa%ion$ idealism :i* holds matt] to be m]e specialis$ & p>tially dead5$ m9d4 ,i may m5tion1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are curi\s 9 /udy+ m5tal biographies1 t ,i 0 born & re>$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,concord1--,i mean 9 ,cambridge1--at ! "t :5 ,em]son1 ,h$ge1 & _! fri5ds 7 dissem9at+ ! ideas t !y _h caught f ,s*ell+1 & ,s*ell+ f ,plot9us1 f ,boehm1 or f ,god kn[s :at m9ds /rick5 ) ! mon/r\s my/icism ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ! atmosph]e ( ,cambridge held _m an antiseptic aga9/ ,concord transc5d5talism2 & ,i am n consci\s ( hav+ contract$ any ( t virus4 ,nev]!less1 x is probable t "s cultur$ bacilli1 "s b5ignant =m ( ! disease 0 implant$ 9 my s\l1 unaw>es1 & t n[1 aft] long incubation1 x comes to ! surface1 modifi$ by ma!matical conceptions & by tra9+ 9 physical inve/igations4 ,! next /ep 9 ! /udy ( cosmology mu/ be to exam9e ! g5]al law ( m5tal action4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i %all = ! "t drop my ty*ism out ( view1 9 ord] to all[ a free & indep5d5t expansion to ano!r conception signalis$ 9 my fir/ ,moni/-pap] z "o ( ! mo/ indisp5sable to philosophy1 ?\gh x 0 n !re dwelt ^u2 ,i mean ! idea ( cont9uity4 ,! t5d5cy to reg>d cont9uity1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i %all def9e x1 z an idea ( prime importance 9 philosophy may conv5i5tly be t]m$ syne*ism4 ,! pres5t pap] is int5d$ *iefly to %[ :at syne*ism is1 & :at x leads to4 ,i attempt$1 a good _m ye>s ago1 to develop ?is doctr9e 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy 7,vol4 ,,iii472 b ,i am able n[ to improve ^u t exposition1 9 :i* ,i 0 a little bl9d$ by nom9ali/ic prepossessions4 ,i ref] to x1 because /ud5ts may possibly f9d t "s po9ts n suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! pres5t pap] are cle>$ up 9 ^? e>li] ones4 ,,:at ,,! ,,law ,,is4 ,logical analysis appli$ to m5tal ph5om5a %[s t !re is b "o law ( m9d1 namely1 t ideas t5d to spread cont9u\sly & to affect c]ta9 o!rs :i* /& to !m 9 a peculi> relation ( affectibility4 ,9 ?is spread+ !y lose int5sity1 & especially ! p[] ( affect+ o!rs1 b ga9 g5]ality & become weld$ ) o!r ideas4 ,i set d[n ?is =mula at ! beg9n+1 = conv5i5ce2 & n[ proce$ to comm5t ^u x4 ,,individuality ,,( ,,ideas4 ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( ideas z reproduc$1 z pass$ f m9d to m9d1 z simil> or dissimil> to "o ano!r1 &1 9 %ort1 z if !y 7 sub/antial ?+s2 nor c any reasonable objection be rais$ to su* expressions4 ,b tak+ ! ^w 8idea0 9 ! s5se ( an ev5t 9 an individual consci\sness1 x is cle> t an idea once pa/ is gone =ev]1 & any suppos$ recurr5ce ( x is ano!r idea4 ,^! two ideas are n pres5t 9 ! same /ate ( consci\sness1 & !re=e _c possibly be comp>$4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t !y are simil> c only mean t an occult p[] f ! dep?s ( ! s\l =ces u to connect !m 9 our ?\ghts aft] !y are bo? no m4 ,we may note1 "h1 9 pass+ t ( ! two g5]ally recognis$ pr9ciples ( association1 contiguity & simil>ity1 ! =m] is a connection due to a p[] )\t1 ! latt] a connection due to a p[] )94 ,b :at c x mean to say t ideas :olly pa/ are ?\ght ( at all1 any long]8 ,!y are utt]ly unkn[able4 ,:at di/9ct mean+ c atta* to say+ t an idea 9 ! pa/ 9 any way affects an idea 9 ! future1 f :i* x is completely deta*$8 ,a phrase betwe5 ! ass]tion & ! d5ial ( :i* !re c 9 no case be any s5sible diff]5ce is m]e gibb]i%4 ,i w n dwell fur!r ^u ?is po9t1 because x is a commonplace ( philosophy4 ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,ideas4 ,we h "h be=e u a "q ( difficulty1 analog\s to ! "q ( nom9alism & realism4 ,b :5 once x has be5 cle>ly =mulat$1 logic leaves room = "o answ] only4 ,h[ c a pa/ idea be pres5t8 ,c x be pres5t vic>i\sly8 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p]haps2 b n m]ely s2 = !n ! "q w\ld arise h[ ! pa/ idea c be relat$ to its vic>i\s repres5tation4 ,! relation1 be+ betwe5 ideas1 c only exi/ 9 "s consci\sness3 n[ t pa/ idea 0 9 no consci\sness b t pa/ consci\sness t alone conta9$ x2 & t did n embrace ! vic>i\s idea4 ,"s m9ds w "h jump to ! conclusion t a pa/ idea _c 9 any s5se be pres5t4 ,b t is ha/y & illogical4 ,h[ extravagant1 too1 to pron\nce our :ole k ( ! pa/ to be m]e delusion6 ,yet x w\ld seem t ! pa/ is z completely beyond ! bonds ( possible exp]i5ce z a ,kantian ?+-9-itself4 ,h[ c a pa/ idea be pres5t8 ,n vic>i\sly4 ,!n1 only by direct p]ception4 ,9 o!r words1 to be pres5t1 x mu/ be ipso facto pres5t4 ,t is1 x _c be :olly pa/2 x c only be go+1 inf9itesimally pa/1 less pa/ ?an any assignable pa/ date4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! conclusion t ! pres5t is connect$ ) ! pa/ by a s]ies ( real inf9itesimal /eps4 ,x has already be5 sugge/$ by psy*ologi/s t consci\sness necess>ily embraces an int]val ( "t4 ,b if a f9ite "t be meant1 ! op9ion is n t5able4 ,if ! s5sation t prec$es ! pres5t by half a second 7 /ill imm$iately be=e me1 !n1 on ! same pr9ciple ! s5sation prec$+ t w\ld be imm$iately pres5t1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,n[1 s9ce !re is a "t1 say a ye>1 at ! end ( :i* an idea is no long] ipso facto pres5t1 x foll[s t ?is is true ( any f9ite int]val1 h[ev] %ort4 ,b yet consci\sness mu/ ess5tially cov] an int]val ( "t2 = if x did n1 we c\ld ga9 no k ( "t1 & n m]ely no v]aci\s cognition ( x1 b no conception :atev]4 ,we are1 !re=e1 =c$ to say t we are imm$iately consci\s ?r\gh an inf9itesimal int]val ( "t4 ,?is is all t is requisite4 ,=1 9 ?is inf9itesimal int]val1 n only is consci\sness cont9u\s 9 a subjective s5se1 t is1 consid]$ z a subject or sub/ance hav+ ! attribute ( duration2 b also1 because x is imm$iate consci\sness1 its object is ipso facto cont9u\s4 ,9 fact1 ?is inf9itesimally spread-out consci\sness is a direct feel+ ( its cont5ts z spread out4 ,?is w be fur!r elucidat$ bel[4 ,9 an inf9itesimal int]val we directly p]ceive ! temporal sequ5ce ( its beg9n+1 middle1 & end1--n1 ( c\rse1 9 ! way ( recognition1 = recognition is only ( ! pa/1 b 9 ! way ( imm$iate feel+4 ,n[ ^u ?is int]val foll[s ano!r1 ^: beg9n+ is ! middle ( ! =m]1 & ^: middle is ! end ( ! =m]4 ,"h1 we h an imm$iate p]ception ( ! temporal sequ5ce ( its beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 or say ( ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? in/ants4 ,f ^! two imm$iate p]ceptions1 we ga9 a m$iate1 or inf]5tial1 p]ception ( ! relation ( all f\r in/ants4 ,?is m$iate p]ception is objectively1 or z to ! object repres5t$1 spread ov] ! f\r in/ants2 b subjectively1 or z itself ! subject ( duration1 x is completely embrac$ 9 ! second mom5t4 ,! read] w obs]ve t ,i use ! ^w in/ant to mean a po9t ( "t1 & mom5t to mean an inf9itesimal duration4 ,if x is object$ t1 ^u ! !ory propos$1 we mu/ h m ?an a m$iate p]ception ( ! succession ( ! f\r in/ants1 ,i grant x2 = ! sum ( ! two inf9itesimal int]vals is itself inf9itesimal1 s t x is imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,x is imm$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! :ole int]val1 b only m$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! la/ two ?irds ( ! int]val4 ,n[1 let !re be an indef9ite succession ( ^! inf]5tial acts ( comp>ative p]ception2 & x is pla9 t ! la/ mom5t w conta9 objectively ! :ole s]ies4 ,let !re be1 n m]ely an indef9ite succession1 b a cont9u\s fl[ ( inf]5ce ?r\gh a f9ite "t2 & ! result w be a m$iate objective consci\sness ( ! :ole "t 9 ! la/ mom5t4 ,9 ?is la/ mom5t1 ! :ole s]ies w be recognis$1 or kn[n z kn[n be=e1 except only ! la/ mom5t1 :i* ( c\rse w be absolutely unrecognisable to itself4 ,inde$1 ev5 ?is la/ mom5t w be recognis$ l ! re/1 or1 at lea/ be j beg9n+ to be s4 ,!re is a little el5*us1 or appe>ance ( contradiction1 "h1 :i* ! ord9>y logic ( reflection q suffices to resolve4 ,,inf9ity ,,& ,,cont9uity1 ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,mo/ ( ! ma!maticians :o dur+ ! la/ two g5]ations h treat$ ! diff]5tial calculus h be5 ( ! op9ion t an inf9itesimal quantity is an absurdity2 al?\gh1 ) _! habitual caution1 !y h (t5 add$ 8or1 at any rate1 ! conception ( an inf9itesimal is s difficult1 t we practically _c reason ab\t x ) confid5ce & security40 ,accord+ly1 ! doctr9e ( limits has be5 inv5t$ to evade ! difficulty1 or1 z "s say1 to expla9 ! signification ( ! ^w 8inf9itesimal40 ,?is doctr9e1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is taught 9 all ! text-books1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m only z an alt]native view ( ! matt]2 x answ]s well en\gh ! purposes ( calculation1 ?\gh ev5 9 t application x has its difficulties4 ,! illum9ation ( ! subject by a /rict notation = ! logic ( relatives _h %[n me cle>ly & evid5tly t ! idea ( an inf9itesimal involves no contradiction1 be=e ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,georg ,cantor 7?\gh _m ( ^! _h already appe>$ 9 ! ,ma!matis*e ,annal5 & 9 ,bor*>dt's ,j\rnal1 if n yet 9 ! ,acta ,ma!matica1 all ma!matical j\rnals ( ! fir/ di/9ction71 9 :i* ! same view is def5d$ ) extraord9>y g5ius & p5etrat+ logic4 ,! preval5t op9ion is t f9ite numb]s are ! only ones t we c reason ab\t1 at lea/1 9 any ord9>y mode ( reason+1 or1 z "s au?ors express x1 !y are ! only numb]s t c be reason$ ab\t ma!matically4 ,b ?is is an irrational prejudice4 ,i long ago %[$ t f9ite collections are di/+ui%$ f inf9ite ones only by "o circum/ance & its consequ5ces1 namely1 t to !m is applicable a peculi> & unusual mode ( reason+ call$ by its discov]]1 ,de,morgan1 ! 8syllogism ( transpos$ quantity40 ,balzac1 9 ! introduction ( 8 ,physiologie du m>iage1 rem>ks t e "y ,fr5*man boa/s ( hav+ s$uc$ "s ,fr5*woman4 ,n[1 z a woman c only be s$uc$ once1 & !re are no m ,fr5*wom5 ?an ,fr5*m51 x foll[s1 if ^! boa/s are true1 t no ,fr5* wom5 escape s$uction4 ,if _! numb] be f9ite1 ! reason+ holds4 ,b s9ce ! population is cont9ually increas+1 & ! s$uc$ are on ! av]age y\ng] ?an ! s$uc]s1 ! conclusion ne$ n be true4 ,9 l mann]1 ,de,morgan1 z an actu>y1 might h argu$ t if an insurance company pays to its insur$ on an av]age m ?an !y h ev] paid x1 includ+ int]e/1 x mu/ lose money4 ,b e mod]n actu>y w\ld see a fallacy 9 t1 s9ce ! bus9ess is cont9ually on ! increase4 ,b %\ld w>1 or o!r cataclysm1 cause ! class ( insur$ to be a f9ite "o1 ! conclusion w\ld turn out pa9fully correct1 aft] all4 ,! above two reason+s are examples ( ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity4 ,! proposition t f9ite & inf9ite collections are di/+ui%$ by ! applicability to ! =m] ( ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity ought to be reg>d$ z ! basal "o ( sci5tific ari?metic4 ,if a p]son does n "k h[ to reason logically1 & ,i mu/ say t a great _m fairly good ma!maticians1--yea1 di/+ui%$ ones1--fall "u ?is category1 b simply uses a rule ( ?umb 9 bl9dly draw+ inf]5ces l o!r inf]5ces t h turn$ out well1 he w1 ( c\rse1 be cont9ually fall+ into error ab\t inf9ite numb]s4 ,! tru? is su* p d n reason1 at all4 ,b = ! few :o d reason1 reason+ ab\t inf9ite numb]s is easi] ?an ab\t f9ite numb]s1 because ! complicat$ syllogism ( transpos$ quantity is n call$ =4 ,= example1 t ! :ole is great] ?an its "p is n an axiom1 z t em95tly bad reason]1 ,euclid1 made x to be4 ,x is a !orem readily prov$ by means ( a syllogism ( transpos$ quantity1 b n o!rwise4 ,( f9ite collections x is true1 ( inf9ite collections false4 ,?us1 a "p ( ! :ole numb]s are ev5 numb]s4 ,yet ! ev5 numb]s are no few] ?an all ! numb]s2 an evid5t proposition s9ce if e numb] 9 ! :ole s]ies ( :ole numb]s be d\bl$1 ! result w be ! s]ies ( ev5 numb]s4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 etc4 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 etc4 ,s = e numb] !re is a di/9ct ev5 numb]4 ,9 fact1 !re are z _m di/9ct d\bles ( numb]s z !re are ( di/9ct numb]s4 ,b ! d\bles ( numb]s are all ev5 numb]s4 ,9 tru?1 ( inf9ite collections !re are b two grades ( magnitude1 ! endless & ! innum]able4 ,j z a f9ite collection is di/+ui%$ f an inf9ite "o by ! applicability to x ( a special mode ( reason+1 ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity1 s1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! pap] la/ ref]r$ to1 a num]able collection is di/+ui%$ f an innum]able "o by ! applicability to x ( a c]ta9 mode ( reason+1 ! ,f]matian inf]5ce1 or1 z x is sometimes improp]ly t]m$1 8ma!matical induction40 ,z an example ( ?is reason+1 ,eul]'s demon/ration ( ! b9omial !orem = integral p[]s may be giv54 ,! !orem is t 7xy71 :]e n is a :ole numb]1 may be exp&$ into ! sum ( a s]ies ( t]ms ( :i* ! fir/ is xy & ea* ( ! o!rs is d]iv$ f ! next prec$+ by dim9i%+ ! expon5t ( x by #a & multiply+ by t expon5t & at ! same "t increas+ ! expon5t ( y by #a & divid+ by t increas$ expon5t4 ,n[1 suppose ?is proposition to be true = a c]ta9 expon5t1 n ,m1 !n x mu/ also be true = n ,m #a4 ,= let "o ( ! t]ms 9 ! expansion ( 7xy7 be writt5 ,axy4 ,!n1 ?is t]m ) ! two foll[+ w be ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,unicode has no subscript q "*1 s ! ,greek subscript phi "* is us$ 9 ^! =mul to repres5t x4 ,italics h be5 remov$ = readability4 ,axy ,a77xy ,a7777xy ,n[1 :5 7xy7 is multipli$ by xy to give 7xy71 we multiply fir/ by x & !n by y in/ead ( by x & add ! two results4 ,:5 we multiply by x1 ! second ( ! above ?ree t]ms w be ! only "o giv+ a t]m involv+ xy & ! ?ird w be ! only "o giv+ a t]m 9 xy2 & :5 we multiply by y ! fir/ w be ! only t]m giv+ a t]m 9 xy1 & ! second w be ! only t]m giv+ a t]m 9 xy4 ,h5ce1 add+ l t]ms1 we f9d t ! coeffici5t ( xy9 ! expansion ( 7xy7 w be ! sum ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! fir/ two ( ! above ?ree t]ms1 & t ! coeffici5t ( xy w be ! sum ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! la/ two t]ms4 ,h5ce1 two successive t]ms 9 ! expansion ( 7xy7 w be ,a#a77xy ,a77#a77xy ,a77xy ,a774 77xy4 ,x is1 ?us1 se5 t ! succession ( t]ms foll[s ! rule4 ,?us if any integral p[] foll[s ! rule1 s also does ! next high] p[]4 ,b ! fir/ p[] obvi\sly foll[s ! rule4 ,h5ce1 all p[]s d s4 ,su* reason+ holds good ( any collection ( objects capable ( be+ rang$ 9 a s]ies :i* ?\gh x may be endless1 c be numb]$ s t ea* memb] ( x receives a def9ite integral numb]4 ,= in/ance1 all ! :ole numb]s con/itute su* a num]able collection4 ,aga91 all numb]s result+ f op]at+ accord+ to any def9ite rule ) any f9ite numb] ( :ole numb]s =m su* a collection4 ,= !y may be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ?us4 ,let ,f be ! symbol ( op]ation4 ,fir/ op]ate on #a1 giv+ ,f7#a7 ,!n1 op]ate on a second #a1 giv+ ,f7#a1a74 ,next1 introduce #b1 giv+ #crd1 ,f7#b72 #d?1 ,f7#b1a72 #e?1 ,f7#a1b72 #f?1 ,f7#b1b74 ,next use a ?ird v>iable giv+ #g?1 ,f7#a1a1a72 #h?1 ,f7#b1a1a72 #i?1 ,f7#a1b1a72 #aj?1 ,f7#b1b1a72 #aa?1 ,f7#a1a1b72 #ab?1 ,f7#b1a1b72 #ac?1 ,f7#a1b1b72 #ad?1 ,f7#b1b1b74 ,next introduce #c1 & s on1 alt]nately introduc+ new v>iables & new figures2 & 9 ?is way x is pla9 t e arrangem5t ( integral values ( ! v>iables w receive a numb]$ place 9 ! s]ies4#gb ,! class ( endless b num]able collections 7s call$ because !y c be s rang$ t to ea* "o corresponds a di/9ct :ole numb]7 is v l>ge4 ,b !re are collections :i* are c]ta9ly innum]able4 ,su* is ! collection ( all numb]s to :i* endless s]ies ( decimals are capable ( approximat+4 ,x has be5 recognis$ s9ce ! "t ( ,euclid t c]ta9 numb]s are surd or incomm5surable1 & are n exactly expressible by any f9ite s]ies ( decimals1 nor by a circulat+ decimal4 ,su* is ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle to its diamet]1 :i* we "k is ne>ly #c4adaeibf4 ,! calculation ( ?is numb] has be5 c>ri$ to ov] #gjj figures )\t ! slighte/ appe>ance ( regul>ity 9 _! sequ5ce4 ,! demon/rations t ?is & _m o!r numb]s are incomm5surable are p]fect4 ,t ! entire collection ( incomm5surable numb]s is innum]able has be5 cle>ly prov$ by ,cantor4 ,i omit ! demon/ration2 b x is easy to see t to discrim9ate "o f "s o!r w\ld1 9 g5]al1 require ! use ( an endless s]ies ( numb]s4 ,n[ if !y _c be exactly express$ & discrim9at$1 cle>ly !y _c be rang$ 9 a l9e> s]ies4 ,x is evid5t t !re are z _m po9ts on a l9e or 9 an int]val ( "t z !re are ( real numb]s 9 all4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 innum]able collections4 ,_m ma!maticians h incauti\sly assum$ t ! po9ts on a surface or 9 a solid are m ?an ^? on a l9e4 ,b ?is has be5 refut$ by ,cantor4 ,inde$1 x is obvi\s t = e set ( values ( cord9ates !re is a s+le di/9ct numb]4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! values ( ! cord9ates all lie betwe5 #j & #a4 ,!n if we compose a numb] by putt+ 9 ! fir/ decimal place ! fir/ figure ( ! fir/ cord9ate1 9 ! second ! fir/ figure ( ! second cord9ate1 & s on1 & :5 ! fir/ figures are all dealt out g on to ! second figures 9 l mann]1 x is pla9 t ! values ( ! cord9ates c be read (f f ! s+le result+ numb]1 s t a triad or tetrad ( numb]s1 ea* hav+ innum]able values1 has no m values ?an a s+le incomm5surable numb]4 ,7 ! numb] ( dim5sions inf9ite1 ?is w\ld fail2 & ! collection ( inf9ite sets ( numb]s hav+ ea* innum]able v>iations1 might1 !re=e1 be great] ?an ! simple innum]able collection1 & might be call$ endlessly inf9ite4 ,! s+le individuals ( su* a collection c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be designat$1 ev5 approximately1 s t ?is is inde$ a magnitude conc]n+ :i* x w\ld be possible to reason only 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 if at all4 ,al?\gh !re are b two grades ( magnitudes ( inf9ite collections1 yet :5 c]ta9 conditions are impos$ ^u ! ord] 9 :i* individuals are tak51 di/9ctions ( magnitude arise f t cause4 ,?us1 if a simply endless s]ies be d\bl$ by sep>at+ ea* unit into two p>ts1 ! successive fir/ p>ts & also ! second p>ts be+ tak5 9 ! same ord] z ! units f :i* !y are d]iv$1 ?is d\ble endless s]ies w1 s long z x is tak5 9 t ord]1 appe> z twice z l>ge z ! orig9al s]ies4 ,9 l mann] ! product ( two innum]able collections1 t is1 ! collection ( possible pairs compos$ ( "o individual ( ea*1 if ! ord] ( cont9uity is to be ma9ta9$1 is1 by virtue ( t ord]1 inf9itely great] ?an ei!r ( ! compon5t collections4 ,we n[ come to ! difficult "q1 ,:at is cont9uity8 ,kant conf\nds x ) inf9ite divisibility1 say+ t ! ess5tial "* ( a cont9u\s s]ies is t betwe5 any two memb]s ( x a ?ird c always be f\nd4 ,?is is an analysis beautifully cle> & def9ite2 b un=tunately1 x breaks d[n "u ! fir/ te/4 ,= accord+ to ?is1 ! entire s]ies ( rational fractions arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! magnitude1 w\ld be an inf9ite s]ies1 al?\gh ! rational fractions are num]able1 :ile ! po9ts ( a l9e are innum]able4 ,nay1 worse yet1 if f t s]ies ( fractions any two ) all t lie betwe5 !m be excis$1 & any numb] ( su* f9ite gaps he made1 ,kant's def9ition is /ill true ( ! s]ies1 ?\gh x has lo/ all appe>ance ( cont9uity4 ,cantor def9es a cont9u\s s]ies z "o :i* is concat5at$ & p]fect4 ,by a concat5at$ s]ies1 he means su* a "o t if any two po9ts are giv5 9 x1 & any f9ite di/ance1 h[ev] small1 x is possible to proce$ f ! fir/ po9t to ! second ?r\gh a succession ( po9ts ( ! s]ies ea* at a di/ance f ! prec$+ "o less ?an ! giv5 di/ance4 ,?is is true ( ! s]ies ( rational fractions rang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! magnitude4 ,by a p]fect s]ies1 he means "o :i* conta9s e po9t su* t !re is no di/ance s small t ?is po9t has n an inf9ity ( po9ts ( ! s]ies )9 t di/ance ( x4 ,?is is true ( ! s]ies ( numb]s betwe5 #j & #a capable ( be+ express$ by decimals 9 :i* only ! digits #j & #a occur4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t ,cantor's def9ition includes e s]ies t is cont9u\s2 nor c x be object$ t x includes any important or indubitable case ( a s]ies n cont9u\s4 ,nev]!less1 x has "s s]i\s defects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x turns ^u metrical consid]ations2 :ile ! di/9ction betwe5 a cont9u\s & a discont9u\s s]ies is manife/ly non-metrical4 ,9 ! next place1 a p]fect s]ies is def9$ z "o conta9+ 8e po9t0 ( a c]ta9 description4 ,b no positive idea is convey$ ( :at all ! po9ts are3 t is def9ition by negation1 & _c be admitt$4 ,if t sort ( ?+ 7 all[$1 x w\ld be v easy to say1 at once1 t ! cont9u\s l9e> s]ies ( po9ts is "o :i* conta9s e po9t ( ! l9e betwe5 its extremities4 ,f9ally1 ,cantor's def9ition does n convey a di/9ct notion ( :at ! compon5ts ( ! conception ( cont9uity are4 ,x +5i\sly wraps up its prop]ties 9 two sep>ate p>cels1 b does n display !m to our intellig5ce4 ,kant's def9ition expresses "o simple prop]ty ( a cont9uum2 b x all[s ( gaps 9 ! s]ies4 ,to m5d ! def9ition1 x is only necess>y to notice h[ ^! gaps c occur4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 a l9e> s]ies ( po9ts ext5d+ f a po9t1 ,a1 to a po9t1 ,b1 hav+ a gap f ,b to a ?ird po9t1 ,c1 & !nce ext5d+ to a f9al limit1 ,d2 & let u suppose ?is s]ies con=ms to ,kant's def9ition4 ,!n1 ( ! two po9ts1 ,b & ,c1 "o or bo? mu/ be exclud$ f ! s]ies2 = o!rwise1 by ! def9ition1 !re w\ld be po9ts betwe5 !m4 ,t is1 if ! s]ies conta9s ,c1 ?\gh x conta9s all ! po9ts up to ,b1 x _c conta9 ,b4 ,:at is requir$1 !re=e1 is to /ate 9 non-metrical t]ms t if a s]ies ( po9ts up to a limit is includ$ 9 a cont9uum ! limit is includ$4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is is ! prop]ty ( a cont9uum to :i* ,ari/otle's att5tion seems to h be5 direct$ :5 he def9es a cont9uum z some?+ ^: p>ts h a common limit4 ,! prop]ty may be exactly /at$ z foll[s3 ,if a l9e> s]ies ( po9ts is cont9u\s betwe5 two po9ts1 ,a & ,d1 & if an endless s]ies ( po9ts be tak51 ! fir/ ( !m betwe5 ,a & ,d & ea* ( ! o!rs betwe5 ! la/ prec$+ "o & ,d1 !n !re is a po9t ( ! cont9u\s s]ies betwe5 all t endless s]ies ( po9ts & ,d1 & su* t e o!r po9t ( :i* ?is is true lies betwe5 ?is po9t & ,d4 ,= example1 take any numb] betwe5 #j & #a1 z #j4a2 !n1 any numb] betwe5 #j4a & #a1 z #j4aa2 !n any numb] betwe5 #j4aa & #a1 z #j4aaa2 & s on1 )\t end4 ,!n1 because ! s]ies ( real numb]s betwe5 #j & #a is cont9u\s1 !re mu/ be a lea/ real numb]1 great] ?an e numb] ( t endless s]ies4 ,?is prop]ty1 :i* may be call$ ! ,ari/otelicity ( ! s]ies1 toge!r ) ,kant's prop]ty1 or its ,kanticity1 completes ! def9ition ( a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,! prop]ty ( ,ari/otelicity may be r\ghly /at$ ?us3 a cont9uum conta9s ! end po9t belong+ to e endless s]ies ( po9ts :i* x conta9s4 ,an obvi\s coroll>y is t e cont9uum conta9s its limits4 ,b 9 us+ ?is pr9ciple x is necess>y to obs]ve t a s]ies may be cont9u\s except 9 ?is1 t x omits "o or bo? ( ! limits4 ,our ideas w f9d expression m conv5i5tly if1 in/ead ( po9ts ^u a l9e1 we speak ( real numb]s4 ,e real numb] is1 9 "o s5se1 ! limit ( a s]ies1 = x c be indef9itely approximat$ to4 ,:e!r e real numb] is a limit ( a regul> s]ies may p]haps be op5 to d\bt4 ,b ! s]ies ref]r$ to 9 ! def9ition ( ,ari/otelicity mu/ be und]/ood z includ+ all s]ies :e!r regul> or n4 ,consequ5tly1 x is impli$ t betwe5 any two po9ts an innum]able s]ies ( po9ts c be tak54 ,e numb] ^: expression 9 decimals requires b a f9ite numb] ( places ( decimals is comm5surable4 ,!re=e1 incomm5surable numb]s suppose an inf9itie? place ( decimals4 ,! ^w inf9itesimal is simply ! ,lat9 =m ( inf9itie?2 t is1 x is an ord9al =m$ f inf9itum1 z c5tesimal f c5tum4 ,?us1 cont9uity supposes inf9itesimal quantities4 ,!re is no?+ contradictory ab\t ! idea ( su* quantities4 ,9 add+ & multiply+ !m ! cont9uity mu/ n be brok5 up1 & consequ5tly !y are precisely l any o!r quantities1 except t nei!r ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity1 nor ! ,f]matian inf]5ce applies to !m4 ,if ,a is a f9ite quantity & i an inf9itesimal1 !n 9 a c]ta9 s5se we may write ,a i ,a4 ,t is to say1 ?is is s = all purposes ( measurem5t4 ,b ?is pr9ciple mu/ n be appli$ except to get rid ( all ! t]ms 9 ! highe/ ord] ( inf9itesimals pres5t4 ,z a ma!matician1 ,i pref] ! me?od ( inf9itesimals to t ( limits1 z f> easi] & less infe/$ ) sn>es4 ,inde$1 ! latt]1 z /at$ 9 "s books1 involves propositions t are false2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! =ms ( ! me?od us$ by ,cau*y1 ,duhamel1 & o!rs4 ,z !y und]/& ! doctr9e ( limits1 x involves ! notion ( cont9uity1 & !re=e conta9s 9 ano!r %ape ! v same ideas z ! doctr9e ( inf9itesimals4 ,let u n[ consid] an aspect ( ! ,ari/otelical pr9ciple :i* is p>ticul>ly important 9 philosophy4 ,suppose a surface to be "p r$ & "p blue2 s t e po9t on x is ei!r r$ or blue1 &1 ( c\rse1 no "p c be bo? r$ & blue4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! color ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! r$ & ! blue8 ,! answ] is t r$ or blue1 to exi/ at all1 mu/ be spread ov] a surface2 & ! color ( ! surface is ! color ( ! surface 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! po9t4 ,i purposely use a vague =m ( expression4 ,n[1 z ! p>ts ( ! surface 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( any ord9>y po9t ^u a curv$ b\nd>y are half ( !m r$ & half blue1 x foll[s t ! b\nd>y is half r$ & half blue4 ,9 l mann]1 we f9d x necess>y to hold t consci\sness ess5tially occupies "t2 & :at is pres5t to ! m9d at any ord9>y in/ant1 is :at is pres5t dur+ a mom5t 9 :i* t in/ant occurs4 ,?us1 ! pres5t is half pa/ & half to come4 ,aga91 ! color ( ! p>ts ( a surface at any f9ite di/ance f a po9t1 has no?+ to d ) its color j at t po9t2 &1 9 ! p>allel1 ! feel+ at any f9ite int]val f ! pres5t has no?+ to d ) ! pres5t feel+1 except vic>i\sly4 ,take ano!r case3 ! velocity ( a p>ticle at any in/ant ( "t is its mean velocity dur+ an inf9itesimal in/ant 9 :i* t "t is conta9$4 ,j s my imm$iate feel+ is my feel+ ?r\gh an inf9itesimal duration conta9+ ! pres5t in/ant4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,"t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ab\t ! law ( m9d is t x makes "t to h a def9ite direction ( fl[ f pa/ to future4 ,! relation ( pa/ to future is1 9 ref]5ce to ! law ( m9d1 diff]5t f ! relation ( future to pa/4 ,?is makes "o ( ! great contra/s betwe5 ! law ( m9d & ! law ( physical =ce1 :]e !re is no m di/9ction betwe5 ! two opposite directions 9 "t ?an betwe5 mov+ nor?w>d & mov+ s\?w>d4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to analyse ! law ( m9d1 we mu/ beg9 by ask+ :at ! fl[ ( "t consi/s 94 ,n[1 we f9d t 9 ref]5ce to any individual /ate ( feel+1 all o!rs are ( two classes1 ^? :i* affect ?is "o 7or h a t5d5cy to affect x1 & :at ?is means we %all inquire %ortly71 & ^? :i* d n4 ,! pres5t is affectible by ! pa/ b n by ! future4 ,moreov]1 if /ate ,a is affect$ by /ate ,b1 & /ate ,b by /ate ,c1 !n ,a is affect$ by /ate ,c1 ?\gh n s mu* s4 ,x foll[s1 t if ,a is affectible by ,b1 ,b is n affectible by ,a4 ,if1 ( two /ates1 ea* is absolutely unaffectible by ! o!r1 !y are to be reg>d$ z p>ts ( ! same /ate4 ,!y are contemporane\s4 ,to say t a /ate is betwe5 two /ates means t x affects "o & is affect$ by ! o!r4 ,betwe5 any two /ates 9 ?is s5se lies an innum]able s]ies ( /ates affect+ "o ano!r2 & if a /ate lies betwe5 a giv5 /ate & any o!r /ate :i* c be rea*$ by ins]t+ /ates betwe5 ?is /ate & any ?ird /ate1 ^! ins]t$ /ates n imm$iately affect+ or be+ affect$ by ei!r1 !n ! second /ate m5tion$ imm$iately affects or is affect$ by ! fir/1 9 ! s5se t 9 ! "o ! o!r is ipso facto pres5t 9 a r$uc$ degree4 ,^! propositions involve a def9ition ( "t & ( its fl[4 ,ov] & above ?is def9ition !y involve a doctr9e1 namely1 t e /ate ( feel+ is affectible by e e>li] /ate4 ,,t ,,feel+s ,,h ,,int5sive ,,cont9uity4 ,"t ) its cont9uity logically involves "s o!r k9d ( cont9uity ?an its own4 ,"t1 z ! univ]sal =m ( *ange1 _c exi/ unless !re is some?+ to und]go *ange1 & to und]go a *ange cont9u\s 9 "t1 !re mu/ be a cont9uity ( *angeable qualities4 ,( ! cont9uity ( intr9sic qualities ( feel+ we c n[ =m b a feeble conception4 ,! developm5t ( ! human m9d has practically ext+ui%$ all feel+s1 except a few sporadic k9ds1 s\nd1 colors1 smells1 w>m?1 etc41 :i* n[ appe> to be disconnect$ & disp>ate4 ,9 ! case ( colors1 !re is a tridim5sional spread ( feel+s4 ,orig9ally1 all feel+s may h be5 connect$ 9 ! same way1 & ! presumption is t ! numb] ( dim5sions 0 endless4 ,= developm5t ess5tially involves a limitation ( possibilities4 ,b giv5 a numb] ( dim5sions ( feel+1 all possible v>ieties are obta9able by v>y+ ! int5sities ( ! diff]5t elem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 "t logically supposes a cont9u\s range ( int5sity 9 feel+4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 f ! def9ition ( cont9uity1 t :5 any p>ticul> k9d ( feel+ is pres5t1 an inf9itesimal cont9uum ( all feel+s diff]+ inf9itesimally f t is pres5t4 ,,t ,,feel+s ,,h ,,spatial ,,ext5sion4 ,consid] a gob ( protoplasm1 say an amba or a slime-m\ld4 ,x does n diff] 9 any radical way f ! cont5ts ( a n]ve-cell1 ?\gh its functions may be less specialis$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is slime-m\ld1 or ?is amba1 or at any rate "s simil> mass ( protoplasm feels4 ,t is to say1 x feels :5 x is 9 its excit$ condition4 ,b note h[ x behaves4 ,:5 ! :ole is quiesc5t & rigid1 a place ^u x is irritat$4 ,j at ?is po9t1 an active motion is set up1 & ?is gradually spreads to o!r p>ts4 ,9 ?is action1 no unity nor relation to a nucleus1 or o!r unit>y organ c be disc]n$4 ,x is a m]e amorph\s cont9uum ( protoplasm1 ) feel+ pass+ f "o "p to ano!r4 ,nor is !re any?+ l a wave-motion4 ,! activity does n advance to new p>ts1 j z fa/ z x leaves old p>ts4 ,r1 9 ! beg9n+1 x dies out at a sl[] rate ?an t at :i* x spreads4 ,& :ile ! process is go+ on1 by excit+ ! mass at ano!r po9t1 a second q indep5d5t /ate ( excitation w be set up4 ,9 "s places1 nei!r excitation w exi/1 9 o!rs ea* sep>ately1 9 /ill o!r places1 bo? effects w be add$ toge!r4 ,:atev] !re is 9 ! :ole ph5om5on to make u ?9k !re is feel+ 9 su* a mass ( protoplasm1--feel+1 b pla9ly no p]sonality1--goes logically to %[ t t feel+ has a subjective1 or sub/antial1 spatial ext5sion1 z ! excit$ /ate has4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 a difficult idea to seize1 = ! reason t x is a subjective1 n an objective1 ext5sion4 ,x is n t we h a feel+ ( bigness2 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,james1 p]haps rightly1 tea*es t we h4 ,x is t ! feel+1 z a subject ( inhesion1 is big4 ,moreov]1 our own feel+s are focus$ 9 att5tion to su* a degree t we are n aw>e t ideas are n br\ght to an absolute unity2 j z nobody n in/ruct$ by special exp]im5t has any idea h[ v1 v little ( ! field ( vision is di/9ct4 ,/ill1 we all "k h[ ! att5tion w&]s ab\t among our feel+s2 & ?is fact %[s t ^? feel+s t are n co-ord9at$ 9 att5tion h a reciprocal ext]nality1 al?\gh !y are pres5t at ! same "t4 ,b we mu/ n tax introspection to make a ph5om5on manife/ :i* ess5tially involves ext]nality4 ,s9ce space is cont9u\s1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be an imm$iate community ( feel+ betwe5 p>ts ( m9d inf9itesimally ne> toge!r4 ,)\t ?is1 ,i believe x w\ld h be5 impossible = m9ds ext]nal to "o ano!r1 ev] to become cord9at$1 & equally impossible = any cord9ation to be e/abli%$ 9 ! action ( ! n]ve-matt] ( "o bra94 ,,affections ,,( ,,ideas4 ,b we are met by ! "q :at is meant by say+ t "o idea affects ano!r4 ,! unravelm5t ( ?is problem requires u to trace out ph5om5a a little fur!r4 ,?ree elem5ts g to make up an idea4 ,! fir/ is its intr9sic quality z a feel+4 ,! second is ! en]gy ) :i* x affects o!r ideas1 an en]gy :i* is inf9ite 9 ! "h-&-n[ness ( imm$iate s5sation1 f9ite & relative 9 ! rec5cy ( ! pa/4 ,! ?ird elem5t is ! t5d5cy ( an idea to br+ along o!r ideas ) x4 ,z an idea spreads1 its p[] ( affect+ o!r ideas gets rapidly r$uc$2 b its intr9sic quality rema9s ne>ly un*ang$4 ,x is long ye>s n[ s9ce ,i la/ saw a c>d9al 9 8 robes2 & my memory ( _! color has become mu* dimm$4 ,! color itself1 h[ev]1 is n rememb]$ z dim4 ,i h no incl9ation to call x a dull r$4 ,?us1 ! intr9sic quality rema9s little *ang$2 yet m accurate obs]vation w %[ a slight r$uction ( x4 ,! ?ird elem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 has increas$4 ,z well z ,i c recollect1 x seems to me ! c>d9als ,i us$ to see wore robes m sc>let ?an v]milion is1 & highly lum9\s4 ,/ill1 ,i "k ! color commonly call$ c>d9al is on ! crimson side ( v]milion & ( q mod]ate lum9osity1 & ! orig9al idea calls up s _m o!r hues ) x1 & ass]ts itself s feebly1 t ,i am unable any long] to isolate x4 ,a f9ite int]val ( "t g5]ally conta9s an innum]able s]ies ( feel+s2 & :5 ^! become weld$ toge!r 9 association1 ! result is a g5]al idea4 ,= we h j se5 h[ by cont9u\s spread+ an idea becomes g5]alis$4 ,! fir/ "* ( a g5]al idea s result+ is t x is liv+ feel+4 ,a cont9uum ( ?is feel+1 inf9itesimal 9 duration1 b /ill embrac+ innum]able p>ts1 & also1 ?\gh inf9itesimal1 entirely unlimit$1 is imm$iately pres5t4 ,& 9 its abs5ce ( b\nd$ness a vague possibility ( m ?an is pres5t is directly felt4 ,second1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is cont9uity ( feel+1 nom9ali/ic maxims appe> futile4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t "o idea affect+ ano!r1 :5 we c directly p]ceive ! "o gradually modifi$ & %ap+ itself into ! o!r4 ,nor c !re any long] be any difficulty ab\t "o idea resembl+ ano!r1 :5 we c pass along ! cont9u\s field ( quality f "o to ! o!r & back aga9 to ! po9t :i* we _h m>k$4 ,?ird1 consid] ! insi/5cy ( an idea4 ,! insi/5cy ( a pa/ idea ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t is a quantity :i* is less ! fur!r back t pa/ idea is1 & rises to inf9ity z ! pa/ idea is br\ght up into co9cid5ce ) ! pres5t4 ,"h we mu/ make "o ( ^? inductive applications ( ! law ( cont9uity :i* h produc$ su* great results 9 all ! positive sci5ces4 ,we mu/ ext5d ! law ( insi/5cy into ! future4 ,pla9ly1 ! insi/5cy ( a future idea ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t is a quantity affect$ by ! m9us sign2 = x is ! pres5t t affects ! future1 if !re be any effect1 n ! future t affects ! pres5t4 ,accord+ly1 ! curve ( insi/5cy is a sort ( equilat]al hyp]bola4 ,see ! figure4 ,su* a conception is none ! less ma!matical1 t its quantification _c n[ be exactly specifi$4 ,illu/ration ,n[ consid] ! induction :i* we h "h be5 l$ into4 ,?is curve says t feel+ :i* has n yet em]g$ into imm$iate consci\sness is already affectible & already affect$4 ,9 fact1 ?is is habit1 by virtue ( :i* an idea is br\ght up into pres5t consci\sness by a bond t _h already be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 x1 & ano!r idea :ile x 0 /ill 9 futuro4 ,we c n[ see :at ! affection ( "o idea by ano!r consi/s 94 ,x is t ! affect$ idea is atta*$ z a logical pr$icate to ! affect+ idea z subject4 ,s :5 a feel+ em]ges into imm$iate consci\sness1 x always appe>s z a modification ( a m or less g5]al object already 9 ! m9d4 ,! ^w sugge/ion is well adapt$ to express+ ?is relation4 ,! future is sugge/$ by1 or r is influ5c$ by ! sugge/ions (1 ! pa/4 ,,ideas ,,_c ,,be ,,connect$ ,,except ,,by ,,cont9uity4 ,t ideas c n[ise be connect$ )\t cont9uity is suffici5tly evid5t to "o :o reflects ^u ! matt]4 ,b /ill ! op9ion may be ent]ta9$ t aft] cont9uity has once made ! connection ( ideas possible1 !n !y may get to be connect$ 9 o!r modes ?an ?r\gh cont9uity4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i _c see h[ anyone c d5y t ! inf9ite div]sity ( ! univ]se1 :i* we call *ance1 may br+ ideas into proximity :i* are n associat$ 9 "o g5]al idea4 ,x may d ?is _m times4 ,b !n ! law ( cont9u\s spread+ w produce a m5tal association2 & ?is ,i suppose is an abridg$ /atem5t ( ! way ! univ]se has be5 evolv$4 ,b if ,i am ask$ :e!r a bl9d _c br+ ideas toge!r1 fir/ ,i po9t out t x w\ld n rema9 bl9d4 ,!re be+ a cont9u\s connection betwe5 ! ideas1 !y w\ld infallibly become associat$ 9 a liv+1 feel+1 & p]ceiv+ g5]al idea4 ,next1 ,i _c see :at ! mu/ness or necessity ( ?is w\ld consi/ 94 ,9 ! absolute uni=mity ( ! ph5om5on1 says ! nom9ali/4 ,absolute is well put 92 = if x m]ely happ5$ s ?ree times 9 succession1 or ?ree million times 9 succession1 9 ! abs5ce ( any reason1 ! co9cid5ce c\ld only be attribut$ to *ance4 ,b absolute uni=mity mu/ ext5d ov] ! :ole inf9ite future2 & x is idle to talk ( t except z an idea4 ,no2 ,i ?9k we c only hold t :]ev] ideas come toge!r !y t5d to weld into g5]al ideas2 & :]ev] !y are g5]ally connect$1 g5]al ideas gov]n ! connection2 & ^! g5]al ideas are liv+ feel+s spread out4 ,,m5tal ,,law ,,foll[s ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,logic4 ,! ?ree ma9 classes ( logical inf]5ce are ,d$uction1 ,induction1 & ,hypo!sis4 ,^! correspond to ?ree *ief modes ( action ( ! human s\l4 ,9 d$uction ! m9d is "u ! dom9ion ( a habit or association by virtue ( :i* a g5]al idea sugge/s 9 ea* case a correspond+ reaction4 ,b a c]ta9 s5sation is se5 to involve t idea4 ,consequ5tly1 t s5sation is foll[$ by t reaction4 ,t is ! way ! h9d legs ( a frog1 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body1 reason1 :5 y p9* !m4 ,x is ! l[e/ =m ( psy*ical manife/ation4 ,by induction1 a habit becomes e/abli%$4 ,c]ta9 s5sations1 all involv+ "o g5]al idea1 are foll[$ ea* by ! same reaction2 & an association becomes e/abli%$1 :]eby t g5]al idea gets to be foll[$ uni=mly by t reaction4 ,habit is t specialisation ( ! law ( m9d :]eby a g5]al idea ga9s ! p[] ( excit+ reactions4 ,b 9 ord] t ! g5]al idea %\ld atta9 all its functionality1 x is necess>y1 also1 t x %\ld become sugge/ible by s5sations4 ,t is accompli%$ by a psy*ical process hav+ ! =m ( hypo!tic inf]5ce4 ,by hypo!tic inf]5ce1 ,i mean1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 o!r writ+s1 an induction f qualities4 ,= example1 ,i "k t ! k9d ( man kn[n & class$ z a 8mugwump0 has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,he has a high self-respect & places great value ^u social di/9ction4 ,he lam5ts ! great "p t r[dyism & unref9$ good-fell[%ip play 9 ! deal+s ( ,am]ican politicians ) _! con/itu5cy4 ,he ?9ks t ! re=m :i* w\ld foll[ f ! ab&onm5t ( ! sy/em by :i* ! di/ribution ( (fices is made to /r5g!n p>ty organisations & a return to ! orig9al & ess5tial conception ( (fice-fill+ w\ld be f\nd an unmix$ good4 ,he holds t monet>y consid]ations %\ld usually be ! decisive ones 9 que/ions ( public policy4 ,he respects ! pr9ciple ( individualism & ( laiss]-faire z ! greate/ ag5cy ( civilisation4 ,^! views1 among o!rs1 ,i "k to be obtrusive m>ks ( a 8mugwump40 ,n[1 suppose ,i casually meet a man 9 a railway-tra91 & fall+ into conv]sation f9d t he holds op9ions ( ?is sort2 ,i am naturally l$ to suppose t he is a 8mugwump40 ,t is hypo!tic inf]5ce4 ,t is to say1 a numb] ( readily v]ifiable m>ks ( a mugwump be+ select$1 ,i f9d ?is man has ^!1 & inf] t he has all ! o!r *>act]s :i* g to make a ?9k] ( t /ripe4 ,or let u suppose t ,i meet a man ( a semi-cl]ical appe>ance & a sub-ph>isaical sniff1 :o appe>s to look at ?+s f ! po9t ( view ( a r wood5 dualism4 ,he cites sev]al texts ( scripture & always ) p>ticul> att5tion to _! logical implications2 & he exhibits a /]nness1 almo/ am\nt+ to v9dictiv5ess1 t[>d evildo]s1 9 g5]al4 ,i readily conclude t he is a m9i/] ( a c]ta9 d5om9ation4 ,n[ ! m9d acts 9 a way simil> to ?is1 e "t we acquire a p[] ( cord9at+ reactions 9 a peculi> way1 z 9 p]=m+ any act requir+ skill4 ,?us1 mo/ p]sons h a difficulty 9 mov+ ! two h&s simultane\sly & 9 opposite directions ?r\gh two p>allel circles ne>ly 9 ! m$ial plane ( ! body4 ,to le>n to d ?is1 x is necess>y to att5d1 fir/1 to ! diff]5t actions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! motion1 :5 sudd5ly a g5]al conception ( ! action spr+s up & x becomes p]fectly easy4 ,we ?9k ! motion we are try+ to d involves ?is action1 & ?is1 & ?is4 ,!n1 ! g5]al idea comes :i* unites all ^? actions1 & !reupon ! desire to p]=m ! motion calls up ! g5]al idea4 ,! same m5tal process is _m times employ$ :5ev] we are le>n+ to speak a language or are acquir+ any sort ( skill4 ,?us1 by induction1 a numb] ( s5sations foll[$ by "o reaction become unit$ "u "o g5]al idea foll[$ by ! same reaction2 :ile by ! hypo!tic process1 a numb] ( reactions call$ = by "o occasion get unit$ 9 a g5]al idea :i* is call$ out by ! same occasion4 ,by d$uction1 ! habit fulfils its function ( call+ out c]ta9 reactions on c]ta9 occasions4 ,,unc]ta9ty ,,( ,,m5tal ,,action4 ,! inductive & hypo!tic =ms ( inf]5ce are ess5tially probable inf]5ces1 n necess>y2 :ile d$uction may be ei!r necess>y or probable4 ,b no m5tal action seems to be necess>y or inv>iable 9 its "*4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! m9d has react$ "u a giv5 s5sation1 9 t mann] x is ! m likely to react aga92 7 ?is1 h[ev]1 an absolute necessity1 habits w\ld become wood5 & in]adicable1 & no room be+ left = ! =mation ( new habits1 intellectual life w\ld come to a spe$y close4 ,?us1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! m5tal law is no m]e defect ( x1 b is on ! contr>y ( its ess5ce4 ,! tru? is1 ! m9d is n subject to 8law10 9 ! same rigid s5se t matt] is4 ,x only exp]i5ces g5tle =ces :i* m]ely r5d] x m likely to act 9 a giv5 way ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,!re always rema9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( arbitr>y spontaneity 9 its action1 )\t :i* x w\ld be dead4 ,"s psy*ologi/s ?9k to reconcile ! unc]ta9ty ( reactions ) ! pr9ciple ( necess>y causation by means ( ! law ( fatigue4 ,truly = a law1 ?is law ( fatigue is a little lawless4 ,i ?9k x is m]ely a case ( ! g5]al pr9ciple t an idea 9 spread+ loses its insi/5cy4 ,put me t>ragon into my salad1 :5 ,i h n ta/$ x = ye>s1 & ,i exclaim 8,:at nect> is ?is60 ,b add x to e di% ,i ta/e = week aft] week1 & a habit ( expectation has be5 creat$2 & 9 ?us spread+ into habit1 ! s5sation makes h>dly any m impression ^u me2 or1 if x be notic$1 x is on a new side f :i* x appe>s z r a bore4 ,! doctr9e t fatigue is "o ( ! primordial ph5om5a ( m9d ,i am mu* dispos$ to d\bt4 ,x seems a some:at little ?+ to be all[$ z an exception to ! great pr9ciple ( m5tal uni=misation4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i pref] to expla9 x 9 ! mann] "h indicat$1 z a special case ( t great pr9ciple4 ,to consid] x z some?+ di/9ct 9 its nature1 c]ta9ly some:at /r5g!ns ! necessit>ian position2 b ev5 if x be di/9ct1 ! hypo!sis t all ! v>iety & app>5t arbitr>9ess ( m5tal action ought to be expla9$ away 9 favor ( absolute det]m9ism does n seem to me to recomm5d itself to a sob] & s\nd judgm5t1 :i* seeks ! guidance ( obs]v$ facts & n t ( prepossessions4 ,,re/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,law4 ,let me n[ try to ga!r up all ^! odds & ends ( comm5t>y & re/ate ! law ( m9d1 9 a unit>y way4 ,fir/1 !n1 we f9d t :5 we reg>d ideas f a nom9ali/ic1 individuali/ic1 s5suali/ic way1 ! simple/ facts ( m9d become utt]ly mean+less4 ,t "o idea %\ld resemble ano!r or influ5ce ano!r1 or t "o /ate ( m9d %\ld s mu* z be ?\ght ( 9 ano!r is1 f t /&po9t1 %e] nons5se4 ,second1 by ?is & o!r means we are driv5 to p]ceive1 :at is q evid5t ( itself1 t in/antane\s feel+s fl[ toge!r into a cont9uum ( feel+1 :i* has 9 a modifi$ degree ! peculi> vivacity ( feel+ & has ga9$ g5]ality4 ,& 9 ref]5ce to su* g5]al ideas1 or cont9ua ( feel+1 ! difficulties ab\t resemblance & sugge/ion & ref]5ce to ! ext]nal1 cease to h any =ce4 ,?ird1 ^! g5]al ideas are n m]e words1 nor d !y consi/ 9 ?is1 t c]ta9 concrete facts w e "t happ5 "u c]ta9 descriptions ( conditions2 b !y are j z mu*1 or r f> m1 liv+ realities ?an ! feel+s !mselves out ( :i* !y are concret$4 ,& to say t m5tal ph5om5a are gov]n$ by law does n mean m]ely t !y are describable by a g5]al =mula2 b t !re is a liv+ idea1 a consci\s cont9uum ( feel+1 :i* p]vades !m1 & to :i* !y are docile4 ,f\r?1 ?is supreme law1 :i* is ! cele/ial & liv+ h>mony1 does n s mu* z dem& t ! special ideas %all surr5d] _! peculi> arbitr>9ess & caprice entirely2 = t w\ld be self-de/ructive4 ,x only requires t !y %all influ5ce & be influ5c$ by "o ano!r4 ,fif?1 9 :at measure ?is unification acts1 seems to be regulat$ only by special rules2 or1 at lea/1 we _c 9 our pres5t k say h[ f> x goes4 ,b x may be said t1 judg+ by appe>ances1 ! am\nt ( arbitr>9ess 9 ! ph5om5a ( human m9ds is nei!r altoge!r trifl+ nor v prom95t4 ,,p]sonality4 ,hav+ ?us endeavor$ to /ate ! law ( m9d1 9 g5]al1 ,i desc5d to ! consid]ation ( a p>ticul> ph5om5on :i* is rem>kably prom95t 9 our own consci\snesses1 t ( p]sonality4 ,a /rong light is ?r[n ^u ?is subject by rec5t obs]vations ( d\ble & multiple p]sonality4 ,! !ory :i* at "o "t seem$ plausible t two p]sons 9 "o body correspond$ to ! two halves ( ! bra9 w1 ,i take x1 n[ be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be insuffici5t4 ,b t :i* ^! cases make q manife/ is t p]sonality is "s k9d ( cord9ation or connection ( ideas4 ,n mu* to say1 ?is1 p]haps4 ,yet :5 we consid] t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple :i* we are trac+ out1 a connection betwe5 ideas is itself a g5]al idea1 & t a g5]al idea is a liv+ feel+1 x is pla9 t we h at lea/ tak5 an appreciable /ep t[>d ! und]/&+ ( p]sonality4 ,?is p]sonality1 l any g5]al idea1 is n a ?+ to be appreh5d$ 9 an in/ant4 ,x has to be liv$ 9 "t2 nor c any f9ite "t embrace x 9 all its fulness4 ,yet 9 ea* inf9itesimal int]val x is pres5t & liv+1 ?\gh specially color$ by ! imm$iate feel+s ( t mom5t4 ,p]sonality1 s f> z x is appreh5d$ 9 a mom5t1 is imm$iate self-consci\sness4 ,b ! ^w cord9ation implies some:at m ?an ?is2 x implies a teleological h>mony 9 ideas1 & 9 ! case ( p]sonality ?is teleology is m ?an a m]e purposive pursuit ( a pr$et]m9ate end2 x is a developm5tal teleology4 ,?is is p]sonal "*4 ,a g5]al idea1 liv+ & consci\s n[1 x is already det]m9ative ( acts 9 ! future to an ext5t to :i* x is n n[ consci\s4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! future is an ess5tial elem5t ( p]sonality4 ,7 ! ends ( a p]son already explicit1 !re w\ld be no room = developm5t1 = gr[?1 = life2 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no p]sonality4 ,! m]e c>ry+ out ( pr$et]m9$ purposes is me*anical4 ,?is rem>k has an application to ! philosophy ( religion4 ,x is t a g5u9e evolution>y philosophy1 t is1 "o t makes ! pr9ciple ( gr[? a primordial elem5t ( ! univ]se1 is s f> f be+ antagoni/ic to ! idea ( a p]sonal creator1 t x is really insep>able f t idea2 :ile a necessit>ian religion is 9 an altoge!r false position & is de/9$ to become dis9tegrat$4 ,b a pseudo-evolutionism :i* en?rones me*anical law above ! pr9ciple ( gr[?1 is at once sci5tifically unsatisfactory1 z giv+ no possible h9t ( h[ ! univ]se has come ab\t1 & ho/ile to all hopes ( p]sonal relations to ,god4 ,,communication4 ,consi/5tly ) ! doctr9e laid d[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]1 ,i am b\nd to ma9ta9 t an idea c only be affect$ by an idea 9 cont9u\s connection ) x4 ,by any?+ b an idea1 x _c be affect$ at all4 ,?is obliges me to say1 z ,i d say1 on o!r gr\nds1 t :at we call matt] is n completely dead1 b is m]ely m9d hide-b\nd ) habits4 ,x /ill reta9s ! elem5t ( div]sification2 & 9 t div]sification !re is life4 ,:5 an idea is convey$ f "o m9d to ano!r1 x is by =ms ( comb9ation ( ! div]se elem5ts ( nature1 say by "s curi\s symmetry1 or by "s union ( a t5d] color ) a ref9$ odor4 ,to su* =ms ! law ( me*anical en]gy has no application4 ,if !y are et]nal1 x is 9 ! _s !y embody2 & _! orig9 _c be acc\nt$ = by any me*anical necessity4 ,!y are embodi$ ideas2 & s only c !y convey ideas4 ,precisely h[ prim>y s5sations1 z colors & tones1 are excit$1 we _c tell1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( psy*ology4 ,b 9 our ignorance1 ,i ?9k t we are at lib]ty to suppose t !y arise 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z ! o!r feel+s1 call$ second>y4 ,z f> z sight & he>+ are 9 "q1 we "k t !y are only excit$ by vibrations ( inconceivable complexity2 & ! *emical s5ses are probably n m simple4 ,ev5 ! lea/ psy*ical ( p]iph]al s5sations1 t ( pressure1 has 9 its excitation conditions :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly simple1 are se5 to be complicat$ en\gh :5 we consid] ! molecules & _! attractions4 ,! pr9ciple ) :i* ,i set out requires me to ma9ta9 t ^! feel+s are communicat$ to ! n]ves by cont9uity1 s t !re mu/ be some?+ l !m 9 ! excitants !mselves4 ,if ?is seems extravagant1 x is to be rememb]$ t x is ! sole possible way ( rea*+ any explanation ( s5sation1 :i* o!rwise mu/ be pron\nc$ a g5]al fact absolutely inexplicable & ultimate4 ,n[ absolute inexplicability is a hypo!sis :i* s\nd logic refuses "u any circum/ances to ju/ify4 ,i may be ask$ :e!r my !ory w\ld be favorable or o!rwise to telepa?y4 ,i h no decid$ answ] to give to ?is4 ,at fir/ sight1 x seems unfavorable4 ,yet !re may be o!r modes ( cont9u\s connection betwe5 m9ds o!r ?an ^? ( "t & space4 ,! recognition by "o p]son ( ano!r's p]sonality takes place by means to "s ext5t id5tical ) ! means by :i* he is consci\s ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,! idea ( ! second p]sonality1 :i* is z mu* z to say t second p]sonality itself1 ent]s )9 ! field ( direct consci\sness ( ! fir/ p]son1 & is z imm$iately p]ceiv$ z 8 ego1 ?\gh less /rongly4 ,at ! same "t1 ! opposition betwe5 ! two p]sons is p]ceiv$1 s t ! ext]nality ( ! second is recognis$4 ,! psy*ological ph5om5a ( int]communication betwe5 two m9ds h be5 un=tunately little /udi$4 ,s t x is impossible to say1 = c]ta91 :e!r !y are favorable to ?is !ory or n4 ,b ! v extraord9>y insight :i* "s p]sons are able to ga9 ( o!rs f indications s slight t x is difficult to asc]ta9 :at !y are1 is c]ta9ly r5d]$ m compreh5sible by ! view "h tak54 ,a difficulty :i* confronts ! syne*i/ic philosophy is ?is4 ,9 consid]+ p]sonality1 t philosophy is =c$ to accept ! doctr9e ( a p]sonal ,god2 b 9 consid]+ communication1 x _c b admit t if !re is a p]sonal ,god1 we mu/ h a direct p]ception ( t p]son & inde$ be 9 p]sonal communication ) him4 ,n[1 if t be ! case1 ! "q arises h[ x is possible t ! exi/5ce ( ?is be+ %\ld ev] h be5 d\bt$ by anybody4 ,! only answ] t ,i c at pres5t make is t facts t /& be=e our face & eyes & />e u 9 ! face are f> f be+1 9 all cases1 ! ones mo/ easily disc]n$4 ,t has be5 rem>k$ f "t immemorial4 ,,conclusion4 ,i h ?us develop$ z well z ,i c\ld 9 a little space ! syne*i/ic philosophy1 z appli$ to m9d4 ,i ?9k t ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ x cle> t ?is doctr9e gives room = explanations ( _m facts :i* )\t x are absolutely & hopelessly inexplicable2 & fur!r t x c>ries along ) x ! foll[+ doctr9es3 #a/1 a logical realism ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ type2 #bnd1 objective idealism2 #crd1 ty*ism1 ) its consequ5t ?or\gh-go+ evolutionism4 ,we also notice t ! doctr9e pres5ts no h9drances to spiritual influ5ces1 su* z "s philosophies are felt to d4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,peirce4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,?is proposition is sub/antially ! same z a !orem ( ,cantor1 ?\gh x is enunciat$ 9 a mu* m g5]al =m4 ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,peirce',s ,,onslaught ,,on ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity4 ,! problem ( necessity lurks at ! bottom ( all problems1 & accord+ z we accept or reject ! idea ( necessity we %all be l$ to two entirely diff]5t _w-conceptions4 ,! conception ( indet]m9ism g5]ally (f]s itself fir/ to ! d\bt+ m9d2 & x is app>5tly a pleasant idea4 ,x promises fre$om1 x leaves room = ! imag9ation1 x makes ! _w & its possibilities wide1 mu* wid] ?an x c\ld be on ! plan ( det]m9ism4 ,det]m9ism is at fir/ sight an oppressive notion & we naturally %r9k f x4 ,x seems to de/roy ! fre$om ( ! w & all moral responsibility4 ,f inf9ite possibilities x n>r[s ! _w d[n to "o s+le actuality2 & ?us x seems to de/roy all ! *>ms ( life4 ,! =m] view may be repres5t$ z conceiv+ ! all-p[] ( ! :ole 9 :i* & ?r\gh :i* we live z a well mean+ & yield+ rul] or a k9d-he>t$ p>5t :o if /rongly pli$ ) pray]1 w = a trifle 9 ord] to please an importune favorite *ange 8 decisions4 ,! disp5sations ( 8 gov]nm5t w be full ( exceptions1 ( private cab9et decrees1 ( c\nt] ord]s & irregul>ities4 ,! latt] view1 h[ev]1 w\ld repres5t ! entirety ( ! ,all z an inexorable & uncompromis+ sov]eign1 or z a sev]e educator1 a /]n fa!r :o unfalt]+ly cl+s to 8 pr9ciples4 ,he leaves full indep5d5ce to 8 *ildr51 he does n prev5t _! mi/akes1 yet rigidly lets !m be> ! consequ5ces ( _! actions4 ,he nev] answ]s pray]s except t ! pray] itself has its educat+ effects ^u him :o prays2 b he nev] alt]s objective facts = ! sake ( him :o reque/s 8 int]f]5ce1 & he nev] makes exceptions ei!r 9 favor or disfavor ( anybody4 ,9 brief2 ! ,god ( him :o accepts ! =m] view1 w be ,*ance1 :ile ! ,god ( him :o accepts ! latt] view w be ,law4 ,! *oice betwe5 ! two views seems to rem9d u ( ! *oice left to ! h]oes ( our fairy tales4 ,he :o *ooses t :i* appe>s pleasant w be l$ into inextricable confusion1 he :o *ooses t :i* appe>s rigid & oppressive w be l$ on a pa? :]e 9 spite ( _m difficulties he w be able to make firm & c]ta9 /eps & w arrive at cle>ness z well z moral fre$om4 ,x is n ! gold5 casket t conta9s ,portia's picture4 ,sci5ce con/antly op]ates on ! basis ( ! maxim t !re is no *ance1 t ev]y?+ t happ5s1 happ5s z x does ) necessity4 ,! "q is1 ,is ?is maxim a m]e assumption1 a non-v]ifiable work+ hypo!sis2 or is !re any reliable evid5ce 9 its favor8 ,is x true1 & if x is1 h[ c x be prov$8 ,i4 ,,david ,,hume ,,r$ivivus4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce's article entitl$ 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity ,exam9$10 :i* appe>$ 9 ! la/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 mu/ h be5 a surprise to _m ?9k+ read]s4 ,x mu/ h affect$ !m 9 a some:at simil> mann] z ,hume's 8,treatise ( ,human ,nature0 affect$ ,kant4 ,x r\s$ him f 8 dogmatic slumb]3 ,he ab&on$ dogmatism b nev]!less did n accept ,hume's skepticism2 he rema9$ positive2 yet he prop\nd$ a bett] positive view ?an 0 ! old dogmatism2 he e/abli%$ 9 philosophy ! me?od ( critique4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 ,david ,hume1 :o d\bt$ ! validity ( our conception ( causation1 & ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce :o d5ies ! univ]sality ( ! doctr9e ( necessity1 is v m>k$ 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,x is1 9 spite ( _m diff]5ces1 a case ( close analogy1 & ! answ] :i* we %all h to give to ei!r1 w 9 _m respects be suit$ to bo?4 ,bo? %ake ! ultimate gr\nd ( sci5tific rese>* at its v root4 ,bo? call 9 "q ! mo/ fundam5tal concept ^u :i* all our me?ods ( inve/igation & philosophy re/4 ,bo? *all5ge ! reliability ( an idea ( :i* few w\ld hesitate to say t x is all b univ]sally accept$4 ,9 fact ! ideas 8causation0 & 8necessity0 are m ?an k94 ,if analys$1 _m ( _! elem5ts w be f\nd to be actually id5tical4 ,?us ! "o _c be ei!r e/abli%$ or d\bt$ )\t e/abli%+ or d\bt+ ! o!r4 ,accord+ly ,mr4 ,peirce1 9 "s respect1 repeats ,david ,hume's onslaught ^u ! curr5t conception ( ! basis ( human k ) ! m =midable weapons :i* a c5tury ( close ?\ght & sci5tific inve/igation h furni%$ him4 ,if ,kant's answ] to ,hume _h be5 satisfactory1 ,mr4 ,peirce probably w\ld n h r5ew$ ! attack or he w\ld h _h to modify x consid]ably4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 :om we bo?1 ,mr4 ,peirce z mu* z ,i myself1 admire z a ma/] ( philosophic ?\ght1 did n solve ! "q satisfactorily4 ,yet ,kant po9t$ out ! way ( solv+ x1 :i* 0 ! middle way betwe5 dogmatism & scepticism1 call$ by him & 8 foll[]s 8,criticism10 & x is ?is way on :i* we tru/ is safe/ travell+4 ,mr4 ,peirce is "r t ! doctr9e ( necessity _c be 8po/ulat$10 = 8to po/ulate a proposition is no m ?an to hope x w be true40 ,! doctr9e ( necessity is1 inde$1 usually treat$ z a po/ulate1 & ,mr4 ,peirce's attack appe>s =midable because he %[s ! weakness ( ! argum5ts :i* are commonly br\ght =w>d 9 its favor & :i* we grant to be insuffici5t4 ,mr4 ,peirce says 7,! ,moni/1 ,,ii1 #c1 p4 #ccj73 8,9 view ( all ^! consid]ations1 ,i d n believe t anybody1 n 9 a /ate ( case-h>d5$ ignorance respect+ ! logic ( sci5ce1 c ma9ta9 t ! precise & univ]sal con=mity ( facts to law is cle>ly prov$1 or ev5 r5d]$ p>ticul>ly probable1 by any obs]vations hi!rto made4 ,9 ?is way1 ! det]m9$ advocate ( exact regul>ity w soon f9d himself driv5 to a priori reasons to support 8 !sis4 ,^! receiv$ su* a sockdolog] f ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 t hold+ to !m n[ seems to me to d5ote a high degree ( imp]vi\sness to reason2 s t ,i %all pass !m by ) little notice40 ,mr4 ,peirce is "r :5 say+ t necessit>ianism mu/ be f\nd$ on some?+ o!r ?an obs]vation4 ,obs]vation is a po/]iori2 x has ref]5ce only to s+le facts1 to p>ticul>s2 yet ! doctr9e ( necessity1 if !re is any?+ 9 x at all1 is ( univ]sal application4 ,! doctr9e ( necessity1 let u n be afraid to pron\nce x cle>ly1 is ( an a priori nature4 ,! sci5ti/ assumes a priori1 i4 e4 ev5 be=e he makes 8 obs]vations or exp]im5ts1 z a g5]al law applicable to e process :i* takes place1 t1 :atev] happ5s1 happ5s ( necessity 9 consequ5ce ( a cause & 9 con=mity to law1 s t ! same cause "u ! same circum/ances w produce ! same effects4 ,if all ! a priori reasons1 z ,mr4 ,peirce ma9ta9s1 receiv$ a sockdolog] f ,/u>t ,mill1 !n inde$ we %all h to ab&on ! idea ( necessity z ! sup]/ition ( a pa/ & errone\s philosophy & we %all h to />t ! _w ( sci5ce ov] aga94 ,mr4 ,peirce d5ies ! /rict regul>ity ( natural law & introduces an elem5t ( *ance4 ,he says 7ibid4 p4 #ccf73 8,to und]take to acc\nt = any?+ by say+ boldly t x is due to *ance w\ld1 inde$1 be futile4 ,b ?is ,i d n d4 ,i make use ( *ance *iefly to make room = a pr9ciple ( g5]alization1 or t5d5cy to =m habits1 :i* ,i hold has produc$ all regul>ities4#gc ,! me*anical philosoph] leaves ! :ole specification ( ! _w utt]ly unacc\nt$ =1 :i* is pretty ne>ly z bad z to boldly attribute x to *ance4 ,i attribute x altoge!r to *ance1 x is true1 b to *ance 9 ! =m ( a spontaneity :i* is to "s degree regul>40 ,mr4 ,peirce is ! pa?f9d] ( a new & z yet untri$ road4 ,he /rikes out boldly into ! tumultu\s ocean ( *ance1 hop+ to f9d 9 8 j\rney ! connection betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 betwe5 contra/s t seem to him o!rwise unconnectible4 ,! confid5ce ( ! bold discov]] is set =? 9 ! w>n+s he gives to all seaf>+ p4 ,he attempts to fright5 ! ill-in=m$ m9ds :o might innoc5tly v5ture out 9 o!r directions2 & he w ?us naturally prev5t _m f fall+ ei!r into ! ,*>ybdis ( d\bt+ ! propriety ( apply+ ! logic ( probabilities to ! problem ( necessity & causation 9 g5]al1 or1 worse /ill1 into ! ,scylla ( ! a priori4 ,! =m]1 he tells u d5otes 8a /ate ( case-h>d5$ ignorance respect+ ! logic ( sci5ce10 ! latt] 8a high degree ( imp]vi\sness to reason40 ,mr4 ,peirce is well kn[n z "o ( ! ke5e/ logicians n[ liv+4 ,consid]+ ?is fact ,i am sl[ to take up arms aga9/ him 9 def5d+ a case :i* he s /rongly br&s be=eh&4 ,i mu/ f ! beg9n+ plead guilty to a belief 9 necessity1 & hav+ critically revis$ my view once m ,i _c help uphold+ x4 ,i am fully consci\s ( ! fact t hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 & millions ( s+le exp]i5ces 7:i* 9 ,kantian t]m9ology are call$ a po/]iori argum5ts7 _c e/abli% a solid belief 9 necessity1 nor c any imag9able numb] ( sequ5ces prove ! rigidity ( causation1 & ,i confess freely t ,i support my !sis ) a priori reasons4 ,yet at ! same "t att5tion mu/ be call$ to ! fact t nei!r ,mr4 ,hamilton nor ,mr4 ,mill _h any adequate conception ( ! a priori1 & ,mr4 ,mill's sockdolog] does n di/urb 9 ! lea/ ! assurance ( my view2 = ! a priori c1 9 my op9ion1 be bas$ ^u ! firm gr\nd ( exp]i5ce4 ,all ! _m s5se-exp]i5ces at our comm&1 if consid]$ s+ly1 _c con/itute k4 ,9 ord] to weave ! wo( ( ! a po/]iori into coh]5t clo? we want ! w>p ( ! a priori1 & ,i d n see h[ we c d )\t x4 ,b ! a priori is n t my/ical hocus-pocus ( absolute tru? ) its imp]t95t assumptions su* z x is pres5t$ by pseudo-,kantians & ju/ly d5\nc$ by ,mill2 x is n z ,mr4 ,peirce br&s x an 8,i _c help believ+10 x is n a 8natural belief10 nor is x z o!rs conceive x an innate idea4 ,x is1 briefly describ$1 simply & solely =mal k1 su* z #b #b #d1 to :i* we attribute univ]sality & necessity & ) ! assi/ance ( :i* we are enabl$ to pr$ict & pr$et]m9e c]ta9 results be=eh& 7i4 e4 a priori74 ,we might inv5t a new "n = ! a priori1 ! latt] hav+ become odi\s ?r\gh ! d5unciations ( its enemies & worse /ill1 hav+ be5 di/ort$ beyond recognition ?r\gh ! misuse to :i* x 0 put by its def5d]s & suppositional fri5ds4 ,yet t w\ld be ano!r "q1 & ! idea ( ! a priori1 i4 e4 ( =mal k involv+ univ]sality & necessity w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,! univ]sality & necessity ( =mal k are z a rule tak5 = grant$ by sci5ti/s4 ,b philosophy c take no?+ = grant$1 & ! problem rises3 ,h[ is ! belief 9 ! univ]sality & necessity ( =mal k to be ju/ifi$8 ,mr4 ,peirce's onslaught on ! doctr9e ( necessity is a *all5ge to answ] ?is "q4 ,,ii4 ,,causation ,,n ,,m]e ,,sequ5ce4 ,mr4 ,john ,v5n publi%$ "s tw5ty-five or six ye>s ago an excell5t treatise call$ 8,! ,logic ( ,*ance40 ,?is "w op5$ ! eyes ( _m to ! great importance ( ! calculus ( probabilities z a me?od ( sci5ce :i* 0 ( mu* wid] application ?an _h be=e be5 suspect$4 ,?is admirable "w we may boldly say m>ks a new epo* 9 ! /udy ( logic1 x op5$ new vi/as1 & _m expectations creat$ by x h s9ce be5 realis$4 ,yet x is to be regrett$ t ! au?or adopts ,hume's errone\s conception ( causality & ?us implicitly paves ! way :i* ,mr4 ,peirce has actually foll[$ & :i* leads to a d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,conc]n+ 8! doctr9e ( univ]sal causation0 ,mr4 ,v5n says1 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv3 8,we w employ ! ^w simply 9 ! s5se :i* is becom+ almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by sci5tific m51 viz4 t ( inv>iable unconditional sequ5ce4 8,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w cause is us$ by ,mr4 ,mill4444 8,?is mean+ ( ! t]m is rapidly becom+ ! popul>1 or r1 ! popul> sci5tific "o40 ,?is idea ( 8sequ5ce0 h[ev] 0 exactly ,hume's mi/ake1 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,mill & ?r\gh ,mr4 ,mill popul>is$ among ,engli% ?9k]s4 ,if ! nature ( cause & effect 7 really con/itut$ by inv>iable sequ5ce1 !n ! night might be call$ ! effect ( ! day because night is inv>iably consequ5t ^u day4 ,hume1 tak+ ! gr\nd t cause & effect con/itute a sequ5ce1 attempt$ a syn!sis ( bo?2 he se>*$ = a pro( ( _! id5tity & fail$4 ,& x 0 natural t he fail$1 = cause & effect are s radically diff]5t t we _c br+ !m into ! =mula ( an equation z 8cause effect40 ,!re is no cause t is equal to its effect4 ,hume %\ld h consid]$ causation z "o s+le process1 & in/ead ( attempt+ a syn!sis1 he %\ld h made an analysis4 ,! analysis w\ld h %[n t cause & effect are two ab/ract & correlative t]ms ( "o :ole & insep>able ev5t4 ,cause is n id5tical ) effect1 b ! :ole ev5t is id5tical ) itself4 ,if my f+] t\*es a key ( ! piano1 a *ord is /ruck2 ! *ord sw+s & produces c]ta9 air-vibrations4 ,9 ?is process f ! beg9n+ to ! end all ! en]gy employ$ & ! mass ( ! mat]ial p>ticles rema9 9 am\nt ! same1 yet !re is a *ange ( =m tak+ place4 ,causation is n m]e sequ5ce1 b a sequ5ce ( q a special k9d4 ,x is a sequ5ce ( two /ates :i* belong toge!r z an initial & a f9al aspect ( "o & ! same ev5t4 ,s long z we "k ( two ev5ts simply t !y foll[ "o ano!r1 al?\gh ! sequ5ce may 9 e case be inv>iable & unexceptional1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 call+ !m cause & effect4 ,no am\nt ( exp]i5ce is suffici5t to con/itute causation by a m]e syn!sis ( sequ5ces1 & to h appreciat$ ?is tru? is ! immortal m]it ( ! great ,scot*man :o boldly took ! consequ5ce ( ! argum5t & acquiesc$ 9 scepticism4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 is n s desp]ate z ,hume ?\ght4 ,if ,hume c\ld h consid]$ 8 argum5t 9 ! light :i* ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy %$s ^u x1 he w\ld mo/ likely h ab&on$ 8 scepticism2 = causality is p]fectly intelligible if conceiv$ n z a syn!sis ( two radically diff]5t ev5ts1 b z a process ( trans=mation1 ( :i* ! prior /ate is call$ cause & ! f9al "o effect4 ,t two radically diff]5t ev5ts1 :i* are n ?\ght ( z trans=mation1 inv>iably foll[ ea* o!r )\t our be+ able to discov] any connection betwe5 !m1 w naturally appe> z a my/]y2 b t two =ms are radically diff]5t ?+s1 al?\gh !y may be =ms ( ! same am\nt ( matt] & en]gy1 is no my/]y4 ,! effect is1 or may be1 some?+ entirely new4 ,! configuration ( ?+s z x appe>s 9 ! effect1 did n exi/ be=e4 ,b = t reason1 x is no creation out ( no?+1 x is n an incompreh5sible ev5t1 x is no miracle4 ,x is a v wond]ful ?+ t two congru5t regul> tetrah$rons1 :5 put toge!r1 w =m a hexah$ron1 b ! laws ( =m d p]fectly & satisfactorily expla9 x4 ,suppos+ we _h no idea ( ! laws ( =m or only an incoh]5t & fragm5t>y k ( !m1 %\ld we n look ^u ! result ( ?is comb9ation z a /range & incompreh5sible my/]y4 ,two heaps ( fl\r "o p\r$ ^u ! o!r w give "o heap ( ! same k9d & %ape b ( a l>g] size4 ,h[ev]1 ! comb9ation ( ! two f\r-sid$ bodies does n produce ano!r f\r-sid$ body d\bly z l>ge z any ( ! two f\r-sid$ bodies4 ,nor does x produce an eight-sid$ body4 ,x produces a six-sid$ body1 :i* is some?+ q new4 ,! result is n conta9$ 9 ! conditions s+ly1 = no "o c say t six-sid$ness is a quality implicitly conta9$ 9 f\r-sid$ bodies4 ,! process ( comb9+ hydrog5 ) oxyg5 into wat] 7,h,o7 is an imm5sely m complex case1 & ! qualities result+ f a diff]5ce ( d5sity z well z configuration are entirely unkn[n to u4 ,!re is nev]!less no reason :atev] to consid] ! process z diff]5t 9 pr9ciple2 x is a case ( trans=mation 9 :i* ! am\nt ( matt] & en]gy rema9s ! same4 ,:atev] ! value ( ! logic ( *ance may be = sci5tific reason+ 9 e/abli%+ gradations ( c]ta9ty & =mulat+ ! reliability ( a c]ta9 belief1 we d5y mo/ positively its applicability to ! pr9ciple ( causation 9 g5]al4 ,if we ask :at ! *ance is ( a comb9ation ( two congru5t tetrah$rons becom+ a hexah$ron1 we mu/ answ] t ! probability is exactly #a1 :i* means c]ta9ty1 & c]ta9ty is b ano!r "n = necessity4 ,mr4 ,peirce does n object to necessity 9 c]ta9 cases1 he objects to necessity be+ a univ]sal feature ( ! _w4 ,he objects to ! rigidity ( causation 9 s f> only z to all[ a trifle ( *ance to ent] into nature4 ,"o or two cases or ev5 a hundr$1 & a ?\s&1 nay millions ( millions ( cases 9 :i* causation is explicable z trans=mation is no pro( t ?is mu/ always be s4 ,mr4 ,peirce may grant & mo/ likely he does grant t causation 9 a def9ite set ( exp]i5ces is trans=mation1 yet :at gu>antee d we h = say+ t x is ! only k9d ( causation4 ,might !re n be room 9 ?is _w = ano!r causation :i* = lack ( a full compreh5sion ( its nature1 we may call ! causation ( *ance8 ,we answ] t =m is a quality ( ?is _w1 n ( "s samples ( x1 b ?r\gh\t1 s f> z we "k ( exi/5ce ev5 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial way1 & ?us we "k be=eh& or a priori t ! laws ( =m hold good s f> z our telescopes sweep ?r\gh space4 ,we are ignorant z to ! qualities dep5d5t ^u special =ms ( matt] or en]gy1 & we c acquire any k !re( only ?r\gh exp]i5ce2 b t is no reason to d\bt ! validity ( causation 9 g5]al1 or to surmise ! probability ( !re be+ some:]e a diff]5t arrangem5t ( nature4 ,?us we come to ! conclusion t ! calculus ( probabilities is n applicable to ! ord] ( ! _w z to :e!r x may or may n be univ]sal4 ,& 9 corroboration ( ?is our position we quote ! foll[+ passage f a high au?ority 9 ! sci5ce ( logic1 :o is no less ?an ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce himself4 8,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce10 7,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #ahgg1 p4 #gad73 8,! relative probability ( ?is or t arrangem5t ( ,nature is some?+ :i* we %\ld h a "r to talk ab\t if univ]ses 7 z pl5ty z blackb]ries1 if we c\ld put a quantity ( !m 9 a bag1 %ake !m well up1 draw out a sample1 & exam9e !m to see :at proportion ( !m _h "o arrangem5t & :at proportion ano!r4 ,b1 ev5 9 t case1 a high] univ]se w\ld conta9 u1 9 reg>d to ^: arrangem5ts ! conception ( probability c\ld h no applicability40 ,mr4 ,peirce is /ill m emphatic 9 ano!r passage :i* reads 7ib4 #ahgh1 p4 #bje73 8,if any "o has ev] ma9ta9$ t ! univ]se is a pure ?r[ ( ! dice1 ! !ologians h abundantly refut$ him4 #8,h[ (t51' says ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson1 #8might a man1 aft] he _h jumbl$ a set ( lett]s 9 a bag1 fl+ !m out ^u ! gr\nd be=e !y w\ld fall into an exact poem1 yea1 or s mu* z make a good disc\rse 9 prose6 ,& may n a little book be z easily made by *ance z ?is great volume ( ! _w8' ,! *ance _w "h %[n to be s diff]5t f t 9 :i* we live w\ld be "o 9 :i* !re 7 no laws1 ! *>act]s ( diff]5t ?+s be+ entirely indep5d5t2 s t1 %\ld a sample ( any k9d ( objects ev] %[ a preval5t "*1 x c\ld only be by accid5t1 & no g5]al proposition c\ld ev] be e/abli%$4 ,:atev] fur!r conclusions we may come to 9 reg>d to ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 ?us mu* may be reg>d$ z solidly e/abli%$1 t ! _w is n a m]e *ance-m$ley40 ,"h foll[s a close reason+ ( sev]al pages :i* ends 7on p4 #bjg7 ) a p>agraph beg9n+ ) ! words3 8,?is %[s t a contradiction is involv$ 9 ! v idea ( a *ance _w40 ,& a long p>agraph on p4 #bjh w9ds up ) ^! s5t5ces3 8,! actual _w is almo/ a *ance-m$ley to ! m9d ( a polyp4 ,! int]e/ :i* ! uni=mities ( ,nature h = an animal measures 8 place 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce40 ,?is is exactly ! position :i* ,i def5d4 ,if univ]ses 7 z pl5ty z blackb]ries we might talk ab\t ! ord] ( o!r univ]ses4 ,!y might be f\r- or five- or n-dim5sional4 ,yet ev5 9 all ^! cases !y w\ld n be void ( =m4 ,! f\r-dim5sional univ]se w\ld h ano!r arrangem5t1 b its laws w\ld be none ! less ord]ly1 none ! less regul>1 & a high] univ]se w\ld conta9 !m all4 ,suppos+ !re 7 f\r- or five-dim5sional space some:]e1 we c\ld /ate ) absolute precision all ! =mal laws by :i* bodies ( s _m dim5sions 7 gov]n$4#gd ,! ord] ( =m & ! rigidity ( =mal laws is z univ]sal & omnipres5t z ,god4 ,!y encompass our pa? & our ly+ d[n1 !y h beset our beh9d & be=e4 ,if we asc5d up into heav5 !y are !re1 if we make our b$s 9 hell1 behold !y are !re4 ,if we take ! w+s ( ! morn+ & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea1 ev5 !re !y %all lead u & hold u4 ,,iii4 ,,mr4 ,,peirce',s ,,logic ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,9 spite ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ce t obta9s betwe5 ,mr4 ,peirce's & our own _w-conception1 we mu/ /ate t !re are _m mo/ important po9ts ( agreem5t4 ,mr4 ,peirce says 9 8 article 8,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce10 7ibid4 p4 #c & #g73 8,! object ( reason+ is to f9d out1 f ! consid]ation ( :at we already "k1 some?+ else :i* we d n "k4444 8,! settlem5t ( op9ion is ! sole object ( inquiry40 ,!re are accord+ to ,peirce sev]al me?ods ( settl+ op9ion1 :i* sway$ humanity 9 an hi/oric succession3 7#a7 ,! me?od ( t5acity4 ,d\bt be+ an uneasy & dissatisfi$ /ate1 we cl+ t5aci\sly n m]ely to believ+1 b to believ+ j :at we d believe4 7#b7 ,! me?od ( au?ority1 :i* is t ( ! ,roman ,*ur* & ( all great political & religi\s in/itutions ( ! pa/4 7#c7 ,! a priori me?od1 by :i* ,mr4 ,peirce und]/&s ! fix+ ( belief agreeably to reason1 i4 e4 to ! subjective conviction ( ! individual ?9k]4 ,all ^! me?ods h _! m]its1 says ,mr4 ,peirce 7ibid4 p4 #ac73 8,! a priori me?od is di/+ui%$ = its com=table conclusions4 ,x is ! nature ( ! process to adopt :atev] belief we are incl9$ to1 & !re are c]ta9 flatt]ies to ! vanity ( man :i* we all believe by nature1 until we are awak5$ f our pleas+ dream by "s r\gh facts4 ,! me?od ( au?ority w always gov]n ! mass ( mank9d4444 ,b mo/ ( all ,i admire ! me?od ( t5acity = its /r5g?1 simplicity1 & directness40 ,x is app>5t t ! m]it ( ! a priori me?od s call$ is really a vice4 ,! a priori me?od s call$ is ! basis ( agno/icism4 ,if accord+ to my reason ?is1 & accord+ to y\r reason t1 may be ! tru?1 :]e does tru? rema98 ,if tru? is purely subjective1 tru? becomes impossible4 ,! me?od ( settl+ belief agreeably to our individual temp]s is ! dea? ( objective tru?1 ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,mr4 ,peirce fully recognises ! practical importance ( ?\ght4 ,he says3 8,! production ( belief is ! sole function ( ?\ght0 7ibid4 p4 #bhi74 8,our beliefs guide our desires & %ape our actions0 7ibid4 p4 #e74 8,:at is belief8 ,fir/1 x is some?+ t we are aw>e (2 second1 x appeases ! irritation ( d\bt2 & ?ird1 x involves ! e/abli%m5t 9 our nature ( a rule ( action1 or1 say = %ort1 a habit0 7ibid4 p4 #bia74 8,?us1 we come d[n to :at is tangible & practical1 z ! root ( e real di/9ction ( ?\ght1 no matt] h[ subtile x may be2 & !re is no di/9ction ( mean+ s f9e z to consi/ 9 any?+ b a possible diff]5ce ( practice0 7ibid4 p4 #bic74 ,mr4 ,peirce is v f> f consid]+ philosophy z a m]e matt] ( speculation or !ory )\t practical importance4 ,he says3 8,:at sort ( a conception we ought to h ( ! univ]se1 h[ to ?9k ( ! ensemble ( ?+s1 is a fundam5tal problem 9 ! !ory ( reason+40 ,! a priori me?od1 s call$ by ,mr4 ,peirce1 translat$ into practical life is n only ! dea? ( tru? b also ( morality4 ,! objective crit]ion ( tru? is gone1 & ) x goes ! objective /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,if t is true :i* seems s to my individual reason1 !n t is "r :i* pleases me be/4 ,:at is "r to me might be wrong to y4 ,?us ?is me?od leads ei!r to moral indiff]5ce1 or to bas+ e?ics ^u ! greate/ am\nt ( pleasure atta9able1 7,h$onism1 z repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr(4 ,h>ald ,hffd+1 ,pr(essor ,gizycki1 & o!rs17 or to rely+ ^u ! individual consci5ce z an absolute & ultimate au?ority4#ge ,! me?od ( settl+ op9ion agreeably to individual reason is at pres5t ! mo/ fa%ionable & widely spread conception1 & x %[s its influ5ce 9 ! almo/ univ]sal acceptation ( agno/icism to-day4 ,is t ! f9al decision ) :i* we h to re/ satisfi$8 ,if x 71 we w\ld bett] return to ! me?od ( au?ority or t5acity4 ,no1 x is n ! sum ( all wisdom4 ,! a priori me?od s call$ repres5ts a p]iod ( transition1 :i*1 if p]si/5tly pursu$1 w lead to ! bankruptcy ( ?\ght1 ! desp]ate appe>ance ( :i* is well disguis$ 9 ! big s\nd+ & mode/y-p>ad+ t]m agno/icism4 ,& "h we return to ! exposition ( ,mr4 ,peirce's views4 ,mr4 ,peirce does n accept ! a priori me?od1 he believes 9 8! logic ( sci5ce40 ,mr4 ,peirce says3 8,to satisfy our d\bts1 !re=e1 x is necess>y t a me?od %\ld be f\nd by :i* our beliefs may be caus$ by no?+ human1 b by "s ext]nal p]man5cy--by some?+ ^u :i* our ?9k+ has no effect4444 ,! me?od mu/ be su* t ! ultimate conclusion ( e man %all be ! same4 ,su* is ! me?od ( sci5ce0 7ibid4 p4 #aa47 8,t ^: *>act]s are indep5d5t ( h[ y or ,i ?9k is an ext]nal reality0 7ibid4 p4 #bih74 8,all ! foll[]s ( sci5ce are fully p]suad$ t ! processes ( inve/igation1 if only pu%$ f> en\gh1 w give "o c]ta9 solution to e "q to :i* !y c be appli$4444 ,!y may at fir/ obta9 diff]5t results1 b1 z ea* p]fects 8 me?od & 8 processes1 ! results w move /eadily toge!r t[>d a de/9$ c5tre4444 ,! op9ion :i* is fat$ to be ultimately agre$ to by all :o inve/igate1 is :at we mean by ! tru?1 & ! object repres5t$ 9 ?is op9ion is ! real0 7ibid4 pp4 #bii-cjj74 ,! ^w 8fat$0 mu/ be und]/ood z ,mr4 ,peirce und]/&s x4 ,he adds 9 a foot-note3 8,fate means m]ely t :i* is sure to come true1 & _c be avoid$40 ,,iv4 ,,necessity ,,9 ,,?\ght ,,presupposes ,,necessity ,,9 ,,facts4 ,i h ?us outl9$ ,mr4 ,peirce's views1 n only because 8 l9e ( reason+#gf is admirable & des]ves to be univ]sally kn[n & recognis$1 b also because x seems to me to h "s be>+ ^u ! "q at issue4 ,if ! ultimate conclusion ( e man conc]n+ reality %all be ! same1 !re mu/ be "s tru? 9 ! idea ( necessity4 ,if !re is an op9ion 8fat$ to be ultimately agre$ to10 we are confront$ 9 our repres5tation ( reality ) some?+ t is inevitable4 ,%all !re be necessity 9 ?\ght b n 9 t ( :i* all our ideas are b images & symbols8 ,we c conceive ( ! necessity 9 ! ideal realm ( ?\ght only z a reflection ( t necessity :i* p]vades ! orig9al & prototype ( our ?\ght1 :i* lives 9 reality4 ,v4 ,,mr4 ,,peirce',s ,,evolutionism4 ,i h tri$ to f9d an explanation ( ,mr4 ,peirce's position :i* appe>s to me self-contradictory & ,i believe ,i h f\nd ! key t w expla9 x4 ,i read some:]e a /ray rem>k ( ,mr4 ,peirce's 9 :i* he dem&$ t evolutionism %\ld be ?or\gh-go+4 ,! conception ( evolution 9 vogue at pres5t1 he said1 /ops %ort at a c]ta9 po9t1 & sub/itutes = an explanation ! unkn[able4 ,mr4 ,peirce says3 8,does n space call = "s explanation8 ,is n t a half-way philosophy :i* 9 ^! our days does n expla91 or at lea/ hold out "s promise ( expla9+1 :y space is cont9u\s1 :y x has su* a wond]ful uni=mity 9 all its p>ts1 :y !re are nei!r m nor less ?an ?ree dim5sions ev]y:]e1 :y e clos$ curve c1 by a cont9u\s *ange ( position1 size1 & =m1 be br\ght into co9cid5ce ) e o!r1 & :y ! ?ree angles ( a triangle make exactly "o hundr$ & eighty degrees1 or at lea/ s v closely s t we _c tell :e!r !y make m or less80 ,mr4 ,peirce does n int5d to halt be=e ^! problems1 b to expla9 !m & c>ries ! pr9ciple ( evolution to its ultimate conclusions1 s z to expla9 f x n only ! =ms ( liv+ organisms b also ! laws ( nature includ+ ! laws ( space4 ,mr4 ,peirce decl>es 9 8 article 8,! ,ar*itecture ( ,!ories0 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #afe73 8,uni=mities are precisely ! sort ( facts t ne$ to be acc\nt$ =4444 ,law is p> excell5ce ! ?+ t wants a reason40 ,& :at he means by x is fur!r elucidat$ 9 8 article 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity ,exam9$0 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #ccd73 8,t s+le ev5ts %\ld be h>d & un9telligible1 logic w p]mit )\t difficulty3 we d n expect to make ! %ock ( a p]sonally exp]i5c$ e>?quake appe> natural & reasonable by any am\nt ( cogitation4 ,b logic does expect ?+s g5]al to be und]/&able4 ,to say t !re is a univ]sal law1 & t x is a h>d1 ultimate1 un9telligible fact1 ! :y & :]e=e ( :i* c nev] be inquir$ into1 at ?is a s\nd logic w revolt2 & w pass ov] at once to a me?od ( philosophis+ :i* does n ?us b>ricade ! road ( discov]y40 ,x is p]fectly true t 8law is p> excell5ce ! ?+ t wants a reason10 & any explanation t expla9s x by ! assumption ( an unkn[able is unphilosophical4 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,peirce t we mu/ n halt "h2 b ,i h no confid5ce 9 8 me?od ( explanation4 ,mr4 ,peirce's orig9al idea1 !n1 & ,i %\ld add1 8 ma9 mi/ake1 is t he proposes to expla9 ! orig9 ( natural law by evolution4 ,9 8 legitimate anxiety to expla9 law1 ,mr4 ,peirce decl>es *ance to be exempt !refrom4 ,he says3 8,t a pit*$ co9 %\ld sometimes turn up heads & sometimes tails calls = no p>ticul> explanation40 7,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #afe47 ,b *ance 9 our op9ion ne$s exactly z mu* explanation z any?+ else4 ,mr4 ,peirce v improp]ly id5tifies 8t :i* _c be acc\nt$ =0 ) 8t :i* ne$ n be acc\nt$ =40 ,absolute *ance1 if x exi/$1 w\ld n s mu* n call = a p>ticul> explanation z actually be unexpla9able1 & be+ incapable ( explanation1 x w\ld h to be consid]$ z an un9telligible fact1 z inscrutable1 incompreh5sible1 & my/ical4 ,on ! assumption t *ance ne$ n be acc\nt$ =1 ,mr4 ,peirce builds ! ar*itecture ( 8 !ory4 ,he says3 8,*ance is fir/1 law is second1 ! t5d5cy ( habits is ?ird40 ,! application ( ?is g5]al /atem5t is set =? 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,9 psy*ology ,feel+ is ,fir/1 ,s5se ( reaction ,second1 ,g5]al conception ,?ird1 or m$iation4 ,9 biology1 ! idea ( arbitr>y sport+ is fir/1 h]$ity is second1 ! process :]eby ! accid5tal *>act]s become fix$ is ?ird40 ,h[ little aft] all we c escape ! det]m9ism ( law z be+ a feature ( ! _w w be se5 f ! fact1 t ! explanation = ! evolution ( law is pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,peirce z be+ itself a law1 i4 e4 a =mula describ+ a regul>ity suppos$ to obta9 9 facts4 ,does n ,mr4 ,peirce's =mula1 suppos+ x to be true1 des]ve ! same reproa* :i* he ca/s ^u natural law 9 g5]al1 viz41 t x is 8a h>d1 ultimate1 un9telligible fact1 ! :y & :]e=e ( :i* c nev] be inquir$ into08 ,,vi4 ,,_w-,,con/ructions4 ,!re are two me?ods ( philosophis+1 "o />ts ) ideas :i* are suppos$ n to ne$ any explanation1 ! o!r />ts f facts & uses facts z data4 ,! =m] is ! me?od ( ! con/ructioni/ or ontologi/1 ! latt] t ( ! positivi/4 ,! con/ructioni/ attempts to beget a _w-!ory 9 ! same way t ,god 0 suppos$ to h creat$ ! _w2 he attempts to br+ x into be+ ei!r out ( a real no?+ or out ( some?+ l no?+4 ,he con/ructs a _w-!ory out ( ! self-evid5t1 out ( ! absolute1 out ( ! indubitable1 or out ( t ! contr>y ( :i* is inconceivable4 ,! positivi/1 h[ev]1 employs facts z ! giv5 mat]ial1 :i* he works out into a consi/5t & sy/ematic :ole4 ,! =m] view is syn!tic & con/ructive1 ! latt] is analytic & descriptive4 ,! =m] view is ! me?od ( ,hegel1 ,ok51 & also ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ! latt] is ! me?od ( all sci5ti/s & ! ideal ( ! positive philosophy4 ,mr4 ,peirce al?\gh v positivi/ic 9 8 logic ( sci5ce1 mu/ 9 philosophy /ill be c\nt$ among ! con/ructioni/s4 ,*ance is to ,mr4 ,peirce z mu* absolute z 0 to ,hegel ! idea ( 8ab/ract be+10 :i* z su*1 ,hegel said1 is equival5t to 8non-be+40 ,non-be+ ne$ n be acc\nt$ =4 ,s ,hegel />ts ) ?is idea1 & f9d+ t 8becom+0 is ! oscillation betwe5 be+ & non-be+ laun*es 8 ab/ract ?\ght ^u ! t]ra firma ( reality4 ,9 ! same way & ) simil> +5i\s +5uity ,ok5 />ts ! _w ) z]o4 ,z]o or non-be+ ne$ n be acc\nt$ =4 ,its exi/5ce calls = no p>ticul> reasons4 ,:at is z]o8 ,we c conceive x z 8#j #a - #a40 ,?us we h 8#a0 & 8-#a10 two units4 ,! :ole _w1 accord+ to ,ok51 is only a dis9tegration ( ,no?+1 an equation ( enorm\s complexity b always equal to z]o4 ,& t expla9s ! _w6 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 adopts 8! pr9ciple ( sett+ out ) propositions ( :i* ! negations are unconceivable10 )\t be+ aw>e t any invet]ate belief or prejudice c be def5d$ f t /&po9t4 ,! pr9ciple is purely subjective4 ,x does n admit ( any objective v]ification & limits k to individual conception4 ,if ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s pr9ciple 7 admissible1 we c\ld n refute ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :5 !y decl>e t ! rotation ( ! e>? up on :i* we /& is inconceivable4 ,! maxim t t proposition is mo/ c]ta9 ! negation ( :i* is inconceivable might aft] all1 & x actually did v (t51 come into conflict ) facts4 ,_m propositions are n[ confid5tly accept$ :i* 7 =m]ly decl>$ to be positively inconceivable4 ,mr4 ,peirce1 ,i say1 />ts ! _w ) an ab/ract idea ( a some?+ ( :i* he assumes we ne$ n give any acc\nt1 z did ! great ontologi/s ( =m] times4 ,he con/ructs1 agreeably to 8 reason1 a !ory ( ! way 9 :i* ! _w might h orig9at$1 & ?us he falls into ! mi/ake criticis$ by himself z ! a priori me?od4 ,yet ! weake/ po9t ( ,mr4 ,peirce's sy/em is t 8 8absolute *ance0 begets ord]2 irregul>ity becomes law by practice1 z if by a suffici5tly prolong$ %ak+ ! dice w\ld by & by acquire ! habit ( turn+ up ! same faces ea* "t4 ,! pres5t _w-conception ( ! sci5ti/ reg>ds natural laws z et]nal4 ,! ord] t prevails 9 ^! laws con/itutes ! pr9ciple ( evolution & *anges ! *aos ( a nebula into a well-arrang$ planet>y sy/em4 ,?us ! orig9al *aos is prop]ly speak+ no *aos4 ,x is 9 all its p>ts regulat$ by law & only appe>s *aotic 9 comp>ison ) m advanc$ /ages ( evolution4 ,desir\s to acc\nt = ! regul>ities ( nature ,mr4 ,peirce proposes ! idea t nature 9 ! beg9n+ 0 a real1 true *aos1 )\t ord]1 )\t laws1 ! s+le actions ( reality tak+ place irregul>ly & 9 a sportive mann]4 ,absolute *ance prevail$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 undet]m9$1 exactly z mu* s z a man is undet]m9$ 9 8 action be=e 8 belief is settl$4 ,yet a man1 by & by1 =ms a belief & acts accord+ly1 n once or twice1 b (t51 until a habit is =m$4 ,?us ,mr4 ,peirce assumes1 ,nature's actions are fir/ undet]m9$1 !y may be ( ?is k9d or ( ano!r k9d4 ,! same p>ticle ( reality may "u ! same conditions act 9 diff]5t ways1 yet x acts someh[2 x acts aga91 & repeats a c]ta9 k9d ( action m frequ5tly ?an o!rs1 ?us =m+ habits4 ,laws accord+ to ,mr4 ,peirce are ! habits acquir$ by nature4 ,! proposition ( ,mr4 ,peirce's logic ( sci5ce po9ts out ano!r me?od ( con/ruct+ a _w-conception4 ,! recognition ( reality 9 ! s5se z he conceives x1 admoni%es u t our _w-conception %\ld be a pictur+1 a mirror+1 an imitation ( ! objective _w ( facts4 ,x %\ld n be ! ar*itecture ( a !ory1 b fir/ an analysis & !n a recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce2 x %\ld be a description ( facts1 me?odically arrang$4 ,,vii4 ,,facts ,,& ,,laws4 ,t :i* we call natural law is n ! description ( a c]ta9 special & concrete =m ( exi/5ce :i* is n[ or !n & "h or !re1 b ( "s g5]al quality ( facts :i* is ev]y:]e & always4 ,! =m]1 i4 e4 e special & concrete =m ( exi/5ce1 c be expla9$ by evolution1 ! latt]1 i4 e4 natural law1 _c4 ,! =m] has to be acc\nt$ = by ! law ( causation1 ! latt] by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,& x is ?is di/9ction betwe5 cause & reason :i* ,mr4 ,peirce does n seem to h reg>d$4 ,e special =m ( exi/5ce mu/1 at lea/ !oretically1 be traceable z ! effect ( "s cause & e law ( nature mu/ be expla9able by %[+ its connection ) o!r natural laws4 ,! only ?+ 9 ! _w ( :i* we _c & ne$ n give acc\nt is ! exi/5ce ( facts itself1 or be+ 9 g5]al1 :i* is ! /ubborn pres5ce ( reality 9 u ourselves & also outside ( u1 object$ to our own be+ z an indep5d5t p[] to :i* we h to adapt our conduct4 ,we ne$ n prove its exi/5ce1 = x exi/s4 ,if any?+ is ultimate1 facts are ultimate2 & cognition is no?+ b ! recon/ruction ( facts = ! purpose ( ori5tation among !m1 x is a me?odical description ( reality 9 ! symbols ( ! feel+s t exi/ 9 s5ti5t be+s4 ,a sci5ti/ hav+ obs]v$ a special process ( nature1 describes x1 if possible1 9 su* a way t x is recognis$ z a trans=mation4 ,a description ( ?is k9d is call$ an explanation4 ,x r5d]s ! process intelligible to u2 x is complete & exhau/ive4 ,9 ord] to make su* a description available = compreh5d+ o!r cases ( ! same or simil> k9d1 we h to introduce ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* is t ( economy4 ,we mu/ s+le out ^? features :i* are common to a c]ta9 class & remove all div]sity & specificalness4 ,all specificalness & div]sity are transi5t features due to special conditions2 !y disappe> ) ^! special conditions4 ,?us ! notion ( natural law involves z an ess5tial *>act]i/ic & fundam5tal quality ! abs5ce ( ! incid5tal & ! temporal4 ,natural laws describe ! facts ( nature sub specie aet]nitatis4 ,!y cease to be natural laws 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w z soon z !y are conceiv$1 l legal laws1 z products ( evolutions1 :i* h appe>$ 9 "t & may disappe> aga94 ,et]nity is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( a natural law1 x is its backbone1 ! ess5ce ( its be+1 its conditio s9e qua non4 ,?us 9 consid]+ a natural ph5om5on we are l$ to di/+ui% betwe5 its cause & its reason3 ,its cause is some?+ special1 x is an individual ev5t1 happ5+ 9 "t1 & accord+ly be+ transi5t2 x is an occurr5ce ( "s k9d1 x is a s+le & def9ite fact4 ,h[ev] its reason is n any?+ special1 x is some?+ g5]al2 x is n a s+le & def9ite fact1 b x is a law ( univ]sal application2 x is n transi5t1 b a conception ( ?+s 9 :i* ! incid5tal & temporal are elim9at$4 ,a reason is applicable to all cases ( ! same k9d & also to all cases ( any "t4 ,a cause1 i4 e4 a fact1 if x truly exi/s1 is real 7n true72 a law1 i4 e4 a reason1 if x really obta9s 9 nature1 is true 7n real71 & any attempt at expla9+ natural laws z a product ( evolution1 be+ bas$ ^u ! view t reg>ds !m z causes n z reasons1 z real n z true1 z a description ( temporal exi/5ces1 n z view+ facts sub specie aet]nitatis1 mu/ f ! outset be a failure4#gg ,mr4 ,peirce attempts to expla9 natural laws z if !y 7 s+le & concrete facts4 ,:]e we h to look = reasons he evid5tly employs ! me?od ( se>*+ = causes4 ,he treats t :i* 9 its v nature is et]nal1 z if x 7 temporal4 ,he reg>ds ! ev]la/+1 ! imp]i%able1 ! immutable z if x _h orig9at$1 z if x 7 transi5t1 z if x 7 ! product ( a developm5t4 ,,viii4 ,,laws ,,n ,,inexplicable4 ,b is n ,mr4 ,peirce ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ t law rema9s unexpla9$8 ,is law really z he says 8h>d1 ultimate1 inexplicable1 immutable08 ,law is to be reg>d$ z immutable b n z ultimate or inexplicable1 & ?us ,mr4 ,peirce's d5unciation ( natural law is n ju/ifi$4 ,all natural laws mu/ be conceiv$ z =m+ "o sy/em asc5d+ f ! l[] to ! high]1 f ! m special to ! m g5]al4 ,& ! m compreh5sive law repres5ts 9 ea* case ! reason = ! less compreh5sive law :i* is compris$ 9 x4 ,?us we mu/ f9ally rea* ! mo/ g5]al or all-compreh5sive law1 :i* is a description ( t :i* is a univ]sal quality ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is wrong notion preval5t among _m ?9k]s t ! mo/ compreh5sive description 7law or reason7 ( a c]ta9 k9d %\ld1 z 9 a nut%ell1 conta9 & imm$iately expla9 all t :i* x embraces1 s t if once 9 its possession1 we %\ld be omnisci5t z to all ! re/4 ,! mo/ univ]sal law is look$ ^u z ! c5tre ( exi/5ce--das ,inn]/e d] ,welt4 ,if we c\ld b get !re1 we %\ld solve all ! _w-problems by m]e intuition4 ,?is is ! old error ( ! /ud5ts ( magic1 ^: hope is express$ by ,fau/ :5 he says3 8,dass i* erk5ne1 0 die ,welt ,im ,inn]/5 zusamm5hlt40 ,t ,i may detect ! inmo/ =ce ,:i* b9ds ! _w & %apes its c\rse4--,bay>d ,taylor4 ,compreh5sion is n atta9$ simply by f9d+ out & /at+ ! mo/ g5]al feature ( a c]ta9 class ( facts2 compreh5sion does n alone consi/ ( g5]alisation b also ( discrim9ation4 ,! diff]5ces among less g5]al laws mu/ be recognis$ z results ( special conditions4 ,& any k ( a g5]al law reveals no?+ ab\t ! special conditions "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! same law w "w diff]5tly4 ,x is b too (t5 ov]look$ t ! m g5]al a /atem5t is1 ! less x w conta91 ! vagu] x w appe>1 ! empti] x mu/ be4 ,!re is no royal road to cognition & m]e g5]alisation is ( no avail4 ,we %all h to inve/igate ! details ( e case & view x 9 its relation to ! g5]al law4 ,! g5]al law mu/ be view$ "u ^? conditions :i* w inv>iably produce ! same special modifications4 ,b d n ! mo/ g5]al reasons rema9 uncompreh5d$8 ,d we n at la/ arrive at an ultimate law :i*1 !n1 mu/ be h>d & inexplicable8 ,^? laws :i* appe> 9 e respect to be univ]sal are ! =mal laws ( ma!matics1 ari?metic1 & _! k9dr$ sci5ces4 ,& all ^! =mal sci5ces are n only n my/ical1 un9telligible1 & inexplicable1 b !y are ! mo/ p]spicu\s1 mo/ reliable1 & mo/ c]ta9 k we possess4 ,all _! !orems admit ( ! mo/ rigid demon/ration1 & ! la/ %ad[ ( my/icism has be5 remov$ by ,h]mann ,grassmann4 ,ow+ to 8 se>*+ inve/igations we are no long] 9 ne$ ( axioms :i* 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be ! indisp5sable basis ( ma!matics4 ,!re is h[ev] a basis ( =mal ?\ght left :i* we _c disp5se )2 t is ! idea ( sam5ess1 g5]ally =mulat$ z ! law ( id5tity4 ,is p]haps ! law ( id5tity by :i* all ! regul>ities ( nature are to be acc\nt$ =1 inexplicable8 ,h>dly6 ,! idea ( sam5ess has a solid basis 9 ! facts ( exp]i5ce4#gh ,,ix4 ,,conclusion4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,det]m9ism & ,indet]m9ism is old1 yet ,mr4 ,peirce has work$ out q a new aspect ( ,indet]m9ism & places x ^u a basis t appe>s to be a m solid f\ndation ?an x ev] be=e possess$4 ,at ! same "t he succe$s 9 mak+ "s ( its consequ5ces s plausible1 t 9 ?is new g>b x w appeal m /rongly ?an be=e to sci5tifically tra9$ m9ds4 ,) all def]5ce to ! logical acut5ess ( ,mr4 ,peirce & ) all admiration = ! orig9ality & dep? ( 8 ?\ght1 we _c1 h[ev]1 acc$e to ! new philosophy :i* he proposes4 ,mr4 ,peirce's propositions g to ! core ( all problems1 !y upset ev]y?+ t has h]et(ore be5 consid]$ z firm gr\nd1 !y "q ! mo/ fundam5tal concepts ( ! _w-conception ^u :i* all sci5tific reason+ & ! me?ods ( ! positive philosophy re/4 ,?us !y set u a-?9k+ & w help u to atta9 great] cle>ness on po9ts :i* are to all ( u ( great] conc]n ?an may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,= ! fundam5tal problems ( philosophy h a deep practical importance4 ,_! importance is less noticeable1 less obvi\s1 b at ! same "t m sweep+ ! m fundam5tal !y are4 ,let u "h 9 conclud+ ?is article consid] only "o1 b ! mo/ /rik+ "o1 ( ! consequ5ces to :i* bo? views lead4 ,indet]m9ism leads to a conception ( ,god :i* al?\gh we may call x 8m9d0 & place x at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 is pure *ance or ! indet]m9at5ess ( an arbitr>y sport+4 ,det]m9ism on ! o!r h& leads to a recognition ( ,god z t some?+ 9 nature t is z x is1 t has be5 & w be4 ,sci5ce1 ^: me?od ( cognis+ ! tru? is & c only be to "k 9 p>ts1 attempts to describe ! p>tial qualities ( ?is some?+ 9 natural laws4 ,x is ( great consequ5ce 9 practical life :e!r ,god is :at ! "n ,jahveh int5ds to convey1 et]nal & unalt]able be+1 immutable sam5ess 9 ! p]petual flux1 irrefragable law 9 ! *anges ( evolution1 or :e!r x is ! ( ! pagans1 i4 e4 indet]m9able & absolute *ance1 unacc\ntable1 irregul>1 caprici\s1 & unc]ta94 ,! ,god-idea is ! basis ( e?ics4 ,x matt]s little :e!r we use or avoid ! "n ,god1 = ! a!i/ has also a ,god-idea 9 8 conception ( t exi/5ce 9 :i* he lives & moves & has 8 be+4 ,?is ,god-idea is always ! gr\nd f :i* we d]ive our rules ( conduct2 & :5ev] we *ange1 n our t]m9ology b our idea ( ,god1 we %all z a matt] ( consi/5cy h to *ange our views ( e?ics also4 ,,editor4 ,,footnotes3 #gc ,italics are ours4 #gd ,see ,fundam5tal ,problems1 p4 #ee4 #ge ,?is is ! position ( ! ,societies = ,e?ical ,culture :i* are n confess$ly b practically agno/ics4 ,pr(essor ,adl]'s position is *>act]is$ 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #efg1 #eii1 & ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,nos4 #bbe & #bcd4 ,mr4 ,salt] bases e?ics ^u 8! immovable rock ( consci5ce40 7,see 8 ,e?ical ,religion1 p4 #bie47 #gf ,ern/ ,s*ro$] 9 8 great "w ,vorlesung5 b] die ,algebra d] ,logik adopts 9 ! ma9 ! results ( ,peirce4 ,a sket* ( ,mr4 ,peirce's l9e ( ?\ght1 78 ,g$ank5gang1 z ,s*ro$] calls x17 is f\nd 9 ! ,e9leitung1 pp4 #ajg-aah4 #gg ,i laid d[n my views on ! subject 9 a %ort monograph ( only #hb pages1 entitl$ ,ursa*e1 ,grund und ,zweck1 e9e philosophis*e ,abh&lung zur ,klrung d] ,begriffe 7,dresd53 ,r4 von ,grumbk[1 ,h(4 ,v]lag1 #ahhc74 ,9 all ma9 po9ts ,i ma9ta9 ! same /&po9t /ill4 ,see also ,fundam5tal ,problems1 ! *apt] on ,causality1 pp4 #gi-ia & #if-aji4 ,s9ce ! publication ( my ,g]man pamphlet my confid5ce t we c1 7n only 9 ! special sci5ces su* z *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 botany1 etc41 b also 9 philosophy7 arrive at tru?1 has r be5 confirm$ ?an %ak54 ,we c create a common gr\nd on :i* all philosoph]s agree1 z mu* z ma!maticians agree conc]n+ ! ,py?agorean !orem4 ,b 9 ord] to a*ieve ?is ideal1 philosoph]s mu/ ab&on all attempts at orig9ality4 ,! hank]+ aft] orig9ality is an inh]it$ evil 9 ! family ( philosoph]s4 ,! fir/ philosoph]s 7 poets1 prie/s1 & prophets2 lat] on 9 ! natural evolution ( human culture1 a diff]5tiation ( _! comb9$ functions took place4 ,orig9ality is a virtue 9 ! poet b a vice 9 8 bro!r1 ! philosoph]4 ,! philosoph]'s ideal mu/ be to free himself ( all individualism1 subjectivity1 & orig9al conceptions2 he mu/ become /rictly objective4 ,he mu/ r5\nce 8 p]sonal likes & dislikes1 & make 8 s\l a mirror ( nature1 fai?fully & correctly to repres5t ! facts & no?+ b ! facts4 ,?is is ! e?ics ( philosophical inquiry1 & ! philosophy t takes its /& on ?is pr9ciple we call positivism4 ,almo/ all div]g5cies ( importance 9 ! diff]5t philosophical sy/ems c be trac$ to diff]5t conceptions or r misconceptions ( causation4 ,?is la/ c5tury s9ce ,kant has be5 ! mo/ f]tile age ( orig9al _w-!ories1 all diff]5t 9 /yle & mann] ( con/ruction1 b all alike 9 s f> z ! au?or ( ea* sy/em _h /ra9$ 8 utmo/ ef=ts to be orig9al4 ,?us all ^! _w-!ories 7 s _m beautiful poems on ontology1 !y 7 s _m gr& air-ca/les produc$ by ! magic w& ( a fairy-tale causation4 ,! philosoph]'s aspiration mu/ n be to pres5t orig9al ideas b to rea* t "o solution :i* any o!r unbiass$ ?9k] mu/ f9d1 to express t tru? :i* 9 ! end w h to be recognis$ univ]sally1 to =mulate facts 9 objective exactness4 ,! degree ( orig9ality 9 philosophic ?\ght m>ks ! degree ( ab]ration f ! common aim ( ! "o sole solution1 & ! greate/ s\rce ( orig9al ideas is ! confusion ( cause & reason1 ( ,ursa*e & ,grund1 ( ev5t & law1 ( fact & tru?4 #gh ,i expect to discuss ! problems ( sam5ess1 ( *ance1 ( me*anicalism1 & ! fre$om ( w 9 ! next numb] ( ,! ,moni/ "u ! caption ,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity3 ,its ,basis & its ,scope4 ,,lit]>y ,,correspond5ce ,i4 ,,france4 ,pr(essor ,lombroso is unremitt+ 9 br++ up new facts 9 support ( 8 doctr9es4 ,8 ,n\velles ,re*]*es de ,psy*iatrie et d',an?ropologie crim9elle 7,new ,rese>*es 9 ,psy*iatry & ,crim9al ,an?ropology7 comprise a good _m1 ga!r$ f ! late/ works relat+ to crim9ality4 ,9 add+ psy*iatry to an?ropology 9 ! title to ?is volume1 writes ! le>n$ au?or1 8,i return to my />t+ po9t & to ! true s\rce ( ^! /udies1 :i* is only a cl9ical demon/ration1 b a m p]fect "o1 ( :at is call$ 9 old psy*iatry1 moral insanity & mask$ epilepsy40 ,lombroso may be reproa*$ ) a c]ta9 exagg]ation1 a c]ta9 ha/e1 9 8 views respect+ crim9al man3 yet c we conceive ( an op9ionat$ inquir] :o w\ld n h fai? 9 8 "w1 & :o c\ld resi/ ! desire to g5]alise f ! facts already obta9$8 ,b ,i h little d\bt t ! works ( 8 s*ool w end 9 produc+ a precise conception1 :i* w =ce itself on ! att5tion ( legislators & juri/s4 ,i say precise1 because "o has a glimpse ( ! tru? 9 criticis+ ! evid5ce (f]$ to u 9 su* v>iety1 ?\gh :at "o p]ceives sometimes vani%es4 ,h[ c we conceive ( ! crim9al type8 ,?is is a prime "q on :i* x is n useless to insi/4 ,crime1 z ,m4 ,t>de tells u1 has become a real pr(ession 9 our mod]n societies4 ,al?\gh !re is "s tru? 9 x1 we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be deceiv$ by ! subtle =m ( ?is p>adox4 ,!re is no want ( del9qu5ts c>ry+ on a bus9ess2 ! army ( crime recruits itself f all classes1 x includes peasants & workm51 *emi/s & physicians1 lawy]s & m]*ants1 soldi]s & poets1 t is to say1 subjects possess+ "s "o at lea/ ( ! aptitudes :i* =m a call+4 ,we h "h1 !n1 on ! "o side1 wret*es de/itute ( all aptitude = a trade1 & on ! o!r m5 :o d n adh]e to ! ex]cise ( _! pr(ession1 al?\gh capable ( mak+ use ( x4 ,! del9qu5t appe>s to u1 9 %ort1 z /rick5 ) "s degree ( pr(essional incapacity1 & if crime has become a pr(ession 9 "s sort1 ! crim9als ( e category fir/ repres5t1 if ,i may ?us say1 a pr(essional or social wa/e4 ,! /udy ( ! causes & ! signs ( ?is wa/e is j :at has be5 und]tak54 ,! social causes ( crime h (t5 be5 put 9 prom95ce4 ,!y are num]\s1 & p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ^! que/ions are incl9$ to attribute ! l>ge/ proportion ( crimes & (f5ces to di/ress & mis]y4 ,b1 accord+ to ! inquiries ( ,morrison1 = example--& by ! confession also ( ,m4 ,troal1 ( :om ,i %all speak imm$iately--mis]y r>ely produces crime1 & if we exam9e c>efully1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! social causes ( crime1 we %all soon be conv9c$ t pov]ty1 drunk5ness1 etc41 fe$ crim9ality by produc+ deg5]acy ( ! race1 r ?an t !y directly ar\se ! crim9al4#gi ,we are compell$ !n to seek ! imm$iate reason = a crime 9 ! crim9al himself1 & to le>n to di/+ui% ! del9qu5t by means ( ! me?ods fix$ ^u by an?ropologi/s & physicians4 ,at fir/1 z we "k1 ,lombroso recognis$ only "o crim9al type4 ,he has s9ce f\nd t !re are _m4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ief & ! murd]] is classical4 ,b5$ikt has describ$ ! born vagabond2 ,br\>del1 ! fem99e type4 ,x is always necess>y 9 describ+ a type to resort to ! me?ods ( natural hi/ory1 to pass 9 review ! emotional & intellectual *>act]s1 ! physiological or functional *>act]s1 ! anatomical or morphological *>act]s1 & endeavor to seize c]ta9 con/ant correlations betwe5 ! signs "o has be5 successful 9 obs]v+4 ,! del9qu5t may be describ$ z abnormal f ! emotional /&po9t1 & z defici5t or p]v]t$ f ! intellectual po9t ( view4 ,we c\ld !n beg9 by describ+ exactly c]ta9 intellectual & emotional types1 & x is no exagg]ation to say t exp]i5c$ magi/rates 9 _! way h done s1 ^? ev5 :o1 ) ,m4 ,proal1 we %all see to be ! mo/ ho/ile to an?ropological !ories4 ,b !y are reluctant to admit any relations betwe5 ! moral ag5t & physical nature1 :]eas ! new s*ool1 on ! contr>y1 makes e ef=t to discov] & det]m9e !m4 ,h[ f> is x successful8 ,t is ! "q4 ,if we take ! ensemble ( ! emotional & intellectual *>act]s1 we %all affirm ) ,pr(essor ,pelman 7^: op9ion ,mr4 ,*ri/ian ,uf] has made kn[n 9 ,! ,moni/7 t ! portrait ( ! imbecile trac$ by ,solli] corresponds /rongly to t ( ! born crim9al ( ,lombroso4 ,we %all av] also t ?is portrait does n answ] equally well = all k9ds ( del9qu5ts1 & t we pass gradually f ! malignant imbecile to ! av]age or m$iocre man4 ,! same obs]vation applies :5 we /udy ! physiognomical *>act]s ( :i* ! little book ( ,lombroso furni%es a great v>iety4 ,we %all h evid5tly to consid]1 ) respect to physiognomical *>act]s & physical m>ks1 a /rong type 7c]ta9ly inborn71 a weak type1 &1 ,i w\ld add1 an acquir$ type4 ,if we take functional anomalies--^? ( t\*1 sight1 etc4--we %all be /ruck ) _! numb] z well z ) _! importance1 &1 ,i may say 9 pass+1 ! ali5i/ physicians :o cont9ue to be ! adv]s>ies ( ,lombroso discov] e day fre% examples ( !m1 :i* c\ld give to ! conception ( ! type1 ! reality !y /ill d5y x to possess4 ,! late/ discov]y1 & c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ /rik+1 is t :i* ,ottol5ghi has j made1 9 ! cl9ic ( ,lombroso himself1 respect+ ! visual field ( epileptics & ( ! morally insane4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,ottol5ghi1 ! visual field w be rem>kably limit$1 bo? ) epileptics n 9 p>oxysms1 & ) born del9qu5ts1 b m (t5 ) ! latt]4 ,!y pres5t a p>tial hemiopia1 v]tical & het]onym\s2 ! p]iph]y ( ! field is s9u\s & irregul>4 ,?is discov]y t5ds1 !n1 to confirm ! analogy ( epilepsy ) crim9al t5d5cies2 x w furni% a sign ( ! fir/ ord] = a well m>k$ category ( del9qu5ts4 ,let u pass on to morphological *>act]s4 ,! abundance ( evid5ce is truly extraord9>y1 & "o _c ab/a9 f rem>k+1 9 ?is relation1 t a c]ta9 numb] ( ! anomalies designat$ ought to be f\nd1 & inde$ are f\nd1 9 morally heal?y subjects1 & t !re=e !y d n alone suffice to furni% a gr\nd ( di/9ction f ! m$ium normal type4 ,z c]ta9 functional anomalies are n want+ ei!r 9 _m subjects ^: morality rema9s p]fect1 x w\ld be necess>y to aim1 x seems to me1 at e/abli%+ an approximate quantum = ! crim9al type1 or r = ! k9ds :i* ought to lead1 by s5sible gradations1 f ! mo/ pron\nc$ type to t :i* is ! lea/ s4 ,"s scatt]$ elem5ts ( ?is "w w be f\nd 9 ! book ( ,lombroso2 ! /udies ( ,cl\/on on ! palate 7de=mation ( ! palate exi/$ 9 #ai p] c5t4 ( ! g5]al population1 #fa p] c5t4 ( imbeciles1 #ce p] c5t4 ( crim9als1 & #cc p] c5t4 ( madm572 ! monographs ( ,ottol5ghi & ,roncoroni on ! pa?ological anomalies ( #ajj crim9als1 ) an indication ( ! numb] & ! nature ( ! anomalies1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 x _c be que/ion$ t ! new s*ool holds its gr\nd well1 s9ce x circumscribes & makes m & m precise ! object ( its rese>*es4 ,9 my humble op9ion1 x is ( importance = x to get rid ( haz>d\s or useless explanations1 = x to tell u z little z possible ( remote atavism--= if h]$ity is con/ant1 x is n possible to trace x l9k by l9k z f> z ! deluge6--& f9ally = pure an?ropologi/s & psy*iatri/s to bew>e ( !mselves draw+ practical conclusions f _! doctr9es4 ,! applications conc]n juri/s1 & con/itute a "q ( ano!r k9d1 into :i* o!r consid]ations also ent]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! juridical doma91 a ,fr5* magi/rate1 ,m4 ,,l\is ,,proal1 has j publi%$ a consid]able "w1 ,le ,crime et la ,pe9e 7,crime & ,puni%m5t7 :i* is truly ! p]=mance ( an adv]s>y1 b n ( su* an adv]s>y z ,m4 ,t>de4 ,m4 ,proal is an irreconcilable1 & all 8 dialectic--*>g$ a little too mu* ) citations ( :i* _m are useless or prove no?+--turns on ! absolute affirmation ( free-w4 ,he flatt]s himself to h demon/rat$ fre$om1 9 :i* he is wrong4 ,x is a matt] ( fai?1 z critici/s h v well p]ceiv$4 ,human sci5ce c "k only det]m9ism2 x proves only :at x f9ds4#hj ,m4 ,proal claims !n to f\nd on free-w ! two pr9ciples ( ! moral responsibility ( ! del9qu5t1 & ! moral "* ( puni%m5t1 9 opposition to ! purely social po9t ( view 9 :i* ! new crim9ali/s place !mselves4 ,! physical anomaly ( ! crim9al seems to him a *im]a1 & he goes s f> z to d5y1 or falls little %ort ( x1 ! relations ( fr5zi$ impulsion ) deg5]acy4 ,will+ly1 p]haps1 he w\ld accept z truly mad & irresponsible only ! insane1 ^? :o are %ut up =ev] 9 ! asylums6 ,c]ta9ly1 ,m4 ,proal possesses ! exp]i5ce ( ! magi/rate1 he has erudition & triumphs easily1 9 details1 by ! defects & defici5cies ( ! doctr9e he combats4 ,8 objections1 nev]!less1 d n t\* ! g5]al conception :i* connects crime1 9 a great numb] ( cases1 ) ! disord]s ( ! liv+ ma*9e4 ,he is n will+ = ! crim9al to diff] f ! hone/ man o!rwise ?an by 8 incl9ations & w1 z ?\gh w & incl9ations _h no dep5d5ce on ! /ate ( our organs1 & z ?\gh h]$ity ent]$ = no?+ into ! 8p]sonal factor0 ( "*6 ,he is n av]se to say+ t moral & physical decad5ce is always ! effect ( crim9ality1 z ?\gh x 0 nev] its cause6 ,he all[s ) t att5uations ( moral responsibility1 result+ f physiological & physical influ5ces1 z ?\gh a weak5$ responsibility 0 a true moral responsibility 9 ! s5se he und]/&s1 & z ?\gh ! judge _h ! means ( decid+ at :at mom5t morbid evolution involves irresponsibility6 ,^! absolute pr9ciples once e/abli%$1 he def9es an (f5se 8! violation ( a social duty10 & he grants t ! judge 8ought to take acc\nt ( ! importance ( ! social evil result+ f ! crime40 ,x is suffici5t = him t ! int5tion & ! responsibility is appreciat$1 9 ord] to atta* ! p5alty to morality4 ,9 default ( :i*1 writes he1 !re w\ld be no m ju/ice4 ,x is a noble solicitude1 t ( wi%+ to ju/ify puni%m5t 9 ! eyes ( ! guilty p]son himself1 & to inflict x on him z an expiation ( ! evil he has committ$4 ,b "h an error is fall5 into1 :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 to suppose t ! law puni%es 8morally40 ,! law has n ! p[] to inflict moral *a/isem5t4 ,x /rikes ! del9qu5t mat]ially1 9 8 goods1 9 8 p]son2 ! re/ dep5ds n on ! judge :o applies ! law1 b on ! judge :o is 9 ourselves1 ! av5g] m or less sev]e accord+ to ! complex incid5ces ( education & h]$ity4 ,moral *a/isem5t c exi/ only 9 ! consci5ce ( ! del9qu5t1 &1 if ?is consci5ce is want+1 or ne>ly s1 all ! affirmations ( ! judge _c cause ! puni%m5t to h ! quality ( moral expiation = ! guilty4 ,! crim9al w submit to x ?r\gh =ce1 & ! magi/rate w apply x by necessity4 ,su* is1 ,i ?9k1 ! true situation4 ,! new s*ool ( crim9ology w introduce re=ms 9 ! practice ( ! tribunals & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! p5al laws2 x w n *ange ju/ice & c\ld n compromise morality4 ,& n[ p>don me = add+ to ^! "s fur!r rem>ks1 9 connection ) ! books ( :i* ,i h /ill to speak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! int]e/s & ! passions ( m51 habits too long acquir$ to alt]1 c be consid]$ z ! imm$iate & con/ant motives ( societies1 ! vis t]go ( _! evolution4 ,political !ories "w on a pre-exi/+ social matt]1 & m or less 9 ! direction ( ! t5d5cies :i* h produc$ ! /ate ( ?+s t !y aspire to re=m or ov]turn4 ,9 a g5]al mann]1 !y possess !n nei!r ! p[] necess>y to create1 attribut$ to !m by utopi/s1 nor ! p[] to de/roy1 :i* makes !m appe> s =midable to cons]vatives4 ,)\t d5y+ all effici5cy to ! intellectual ideal1 x is p]missible to say t its action has a be>+ purely conditional1 & t ! revolutions ( gr[? ( social organisms nev] absolutely dep5d on ! !ori/ :o e/abli%es its diagnosis1 & endeavors to regulate its m>*4 ,we behold1 9 a ^w1 hi/ory mak+ itself1 r ?an t we make x ourselves & accord+ to our incl9ation4 ,x is h>dly possible = u to =esee ! remote effects ( our inv5tions1 ( our discov]ies4 ,9 sociology z well z 9 physics1 man rema9s ! s]vant & ! int]pret] ( nature4 ,!re is 9 ?is1 if ,i am n deceiv$1 a reason = reassur+ ourselves conc]n+ c]ta9 al>m+ pr$ictions z to ! future ( our civilisation4 ,9 8 book ,la ,civilisation et la ,croyance 7,civilisation & ,belief71 ! second edition ( :i* has j appe>$1 ,m4 ,,*>les ,,secr,,tan e/imates t our societies w s9k d[n1 at lea/ t !y w nei!r return to a purifi$ ,*ri/ianity--a ,*ri/ianity t has nev] yet be5 practis$--nor re/ore ! great pr9ciples ( ! free s\l & ( ,god4 ,m4 ,secrtan is a brilliant writ] & has a noble he>t1 & 8 book conta9s at lea/ "o tru? ( ! fir/ ord]1 always good to repeat1 :i* is t no?+ durable is f\nd$ on hatr$4 ,he d>e n flatt] himself1 h[ev]1 t 8 w>n+s w be li/5$ to1 8 lessons obs]v$4 ,p]haps he exagg]ates ! real dang]s :i* m5ace u1 because he enl>ges1 unkn[n to himself1 ! rle ( philosophic doctr9es1 & attributes to ! m9d a k9d ( discretion>y p[] ov] ! s5tim5ts & ! int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,"h we h ! intellectuali/ mi/ake4 ,x appe>s *iefly 9 ! revolutioni/ propag&a :i* agitates our ,europe1 & ( :i* ,m4 ,j4 ,,b\rdeau makes kn[n ! ideas & ! progress1 9 a cle> & int]e/+ mann]1 9 8 "w ,le ,socialisme allem& et le ,nihilisme russe 7,g]man ,socialism & ,russian ,nihilism74 ,x is a fact well wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! g5ial promot] ( ! !ories ( ,f\ri]1 ,/4 ,simon1 & o!rs--,i ref] to ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau--_h _h ! conjecture ( a social physiology3 fragm5ts ( 8 t h be5 publi%$ %[ well t he did n reg>d ! age ( gold z "o ( savag]y1 & t he =esaw ! "p t human nature _h to d 9 our calculations ( gov]nm5t4 ,:at is f\nd j 9 8 writ+s c\ld ev5 well be intimately connect$ ) ?is naturali/ po9t ( view4 ,b he liv$ 9 ! c5tury p> excell5ce ( rationalism1 :]e su* ideas c\ld be nei!r develop$ nor und]/ood2 he con/ruct$ ! political _w accord+ to reason+1 & ,i %all n be f> wrong 9 ?9k+ t socialism repres5ts 9 its turn1 def9itively1 at lea/ 9 its ess5tial features1 a la/ (f%oot f ?is rational s*ool :i* has already1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 made u ! villa9\s pres5t ( ,jacob9ism4 ,absolute communism has no *ance ( ev] realis+ itself4 ,nei!r ,k>l ,m>x1 nor ,engels1 has v5tur$ ev5 to indicate ! possible =m ( ! society ( :i* !y dream4 ,! action ( ! sociali/s1 9 turn1 c\ld h z its result ! sub/itution = our rgime ( excessive individualism & ( disord]$ democracy1 a rgime ( corporations & ( m regul> co-op]ation1 by "o ( ^? rev]sions to in/itutions anci5tly del9eat$ t hi/ory pres5ts to u1 & :i* respond to a sort ( 8law ( oscillation0 ( social ph5om5a4 ,!re is no occasion1 h[ev]1 to give x long consid]ation to e/abli% t ^! returns d n exclude novelty1 = ! app>5t =m ( social arrangem5ts is ( less mom5t ?an ! nature ( ! ideas & ( ! relations :i* su/a9 !m1 & "h is :at ,i w\ld readily call a 8law ( progressive repetition40 ,z to ! exact s5se ( ! evolution :i* !re manife/s itself1 ! great task ( dis5gag+ x falls to ! sociologi/s4 ,b ! s*ool ( ,m>x has wi%$ to see ?+s only f "o side1 & 8 !ory1 :i* is too simple1 does n embrace ! complexity ( ! ph5om5a4#ha ,)\t any pret5sion to r5ew ! face ( ! _w & to int]pret economic ph5om5a 9 favor ( an arbitr>y !sis1 ,m4 ,,ad4 ,,co/a1 9 8 opuscule ,alcoholisme ou p>gne 7,alcoholism or ,?rift7 places be=e u ! truly imm$iate "q ( socialism1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is 8social dilemma0 :i* re=m]s will+ly mask 9 _! disc\rses3 on "o side1 alcoholism1 life f day to day1 ! unreasonable & mom5t>y illusion t "o imbibes ) /imulants1 ! wa/+ ( daily res\rces1 f9ally ! paup]ism :i* leads to social s]vitude2 on ! o!r side1 ?rift "u all its =ms1 a provid5t life ord]$ ) intellig5ce1 ab/5tion f dang]\s /imulants1 progressive com=t & increas+ happ9ess1 m & m fre$om4 ,yes1 "h are ! two issues betwe5 :i* ! work]s h to *oose4 ,^? :o read ?is little book c le>n !re1 bo? :at milli>ds ( sal>ies alcohol has dev\r$1 & :at mis]y bo? physical & moral x eng5d]s1 & ! degradation t x br+s to ^? :o give !mselves up to x4 ,to _m ?is may be only ! small side ( a great problem4 ,)\t ?rift & ! qualities :i* r5d] x possible1 !re is nei!r family nor morality4 ,h[ c a man pret5d to possess in/rum5ts ( labor :5 he det]iorates ! *ief ( all1 8 own liv+ ma*9e8 ,h[ c a social class h ! illusion to believe t a revolution ev] pr(its him :o is nei!r able nor capable ( prep>+ & conduct+ x8 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ "w ( ,m4 ,e4 ,,de ,,laveleye1 ,le ,g\v]nem5t dans la ,dmocratie 7,democratic ,gov]nm5t71#hb publi%$ a few mon?s be=e 8 dea?1 treats *iefly ( ! organisation ( public p[]s4 ,?is "q has importance to-day1 writes ! le>n$ au?or1 only 9 relation to ! great que/ions :i* w agitate ! _w ( to-morr[1 ! social "q & ! religi\s "q4 ,cons]vatives make use ( gov]nm5t z a brake2 revolutioni/s seek to seize hold ( x z a lev]4 ,! fact is t our ,europe m>*es t[>ds democracy4 ,b w democracy give u fre$om8 ,on :at conditions c x =m an acceptable rgime & "o compatible ) high culture8 ,x is n necess>y = me to expla9 "h ! reason+s & conclusions ( ,m4 de ,laveleye4 ,8 book1 to speak ! tru?1 is less a book ?an a collection ( ,review articles & hi/orical sket*es4 ,! politics ( action w f9d 9 x too mu* !ory1 & philosoph]s w regret ! abs5ce ( ma/]-ideas4 ,x is well to read ?is "w = its practical advice & ! ri* details t x conta9s2 we mu/ n look !re = a real hi/orical or social conception4 ,! s5tim5t :i* is dom9ant1 f9ally1 9 all ! writ+s ( :i* ,i h j spok5 is inquietude1 & un=tunately x is only too well ju/ifi$4 ,we see1 9 our ,occid5t1 alcoholism increas+ ) sal>ies1 ! hatr$ ( classes ) weal?1 immorality ) enfran*isem5t1 public burd5s ) political progress1 ! aggregation ( individuals ) great indu/ry1 crim9ality ev5 ) education4 ,! weal? acquir$ is comp5sat$ = by new evils2 x seems t all our conque/s h ! result ( putt+ social ord] 9 p]il1 & t ! civilisation ( :i* we are s pr\d is b\nd1 9 a %ort "t1 to become bankrupt4 ,we h1 nev]!less1 a weighty capital ) :i* to re/ore ourselves1 & x is only "r to say t x is beg9n+ to be appli$4 ,b we mu/ give up "s errors z to :i* x is good "t to op5 "o's eyes4 ,"o ( ! grave/1 c]ta9ly1 is always to place in/ruction be=e education1 & ! m9d be=e ! he>t4 ,we h all[$ to drop1 at ! same "t ) religion1 ! difficult task ( =m+ moral habits4 ,let u und]/& 9 a ^w t1 9 a society1 ! mo/ valuable ?+ is nei!r ! /eam eng9e1 nor ! bank note1 b ! man himself1 & t 9 ! man ev5 x is n ability or special k b "*4 ,,luci5 ,,arr,,at4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,i res]ve1 z well und]/ood1 ! "q ( education1 9 ord] to simplify matt]s "h4 #hj ,a gr\nd ( mutual und]/&+ w\ld be suppli$ by accept+ ! di/9ction propos$ by ,p4 ,c>us betwe5 con/ra9t1 :i* alone excludes fre$om1 & necessity1 :i* leaves our w free )9 ! limits ( our "*4 ,already ,plot9us _h writt53 8,h[ c x be said ( ?is be+ 7he :o obeys 8 nature7 t he obeys1 if he is n con/ra9$ to foll[ some?+ ext]nal80 7#f? ,enn4 lib4 viii47--,i recomm5d to ! curi\s on ^! que/ions ! book ( ,m4 ,,b]tauld1 ,m?ode ,spirituali/e1 ,esprit et ,lib]t4 ,m4 ,b]tauld places fre$om 9 autonomy1 :i* is p]fectly reconcilable ) psy*ological det]m9ism2 !re is on ! contr>y1 he decl>es1 no radical contradiction betwe5 det]m9ism & free-w1 & indet]m9ism is an absurd conception4 ,! "w is well writt51 & ,i d n int5d to belittle x by m5tion+ x 9 a simple note4 #ha ,9 ?is relation1 ,i w p>ticul>ly ref] to ! great "w1 9 c\rse ( publication1 ( ,m4 ,b4 ,,malon1 ,le ,socialisme intgral1 & ,i recomm5d at ! same "t ! article ,ju/ice & ,socialism ( ,m4 ,belot1 :i* has be5 mu* spok5 (1 9 ! numb] = ,febru>y la/ ( ! ,revue ,philosophique4 #hb ,all ! works m5tion$ 9 ?is article are publi%$ by ,f4 ,alcan4 ,,ii4 ,,g]many4 ,9 ! ,janu>y numb] ( ,! ,moni/ ,i m5tion$ a treatise writt5 by ,g4 ,ludwigs1 9 :i* ! novels ( ,wilhelm ,wallo? 7 criticis$1 & express$ my surprise t 9 ! "w discuss$ a p]sonality unque/ionably diseas$ 0 /amp$ z a poet ( almo/ ! fir/ ord]4 ,mu* t !n /ruck me z /range & 0 uncle> to me1 0 lat] r5d]$ pla9 & intelligible2 & ! explanation 0 n long 9 =?com+4 ,z ! newspap]s %ortly aft]w>ds ann\nc$1 ,ludwigs 0 simply ! pseudonym ( a sixte5 ye> old gymnasium /ud5t ( ,d>m/adt1 :o _h already attract$ ! att5tion ( wid] circles by ! poems he _h writt54 ,x happ5s at times t individualities ( ?is description be> out 9 ! advanc$ ye>s ( _! life ! promise ( _! y\?4 ,extraord9>y ?+s 7 to be expect$1 ?\gh ,i _c say hop$1 ( ,ludwigs2 b ! expectation 0 n fulfill$4 ,he1 an in/ance ( real decad5ce1 yet a boy 9 ye>s1 volunt>ily took 8 own life1 deeply m\rn$ by 8 lit]>y associates1 ! 8,"y ,g]mans10 9 ^: magaz9e ,die ,gesells*aft a bro!r ( ! deceas$ is n[ publi%+ biographical notes & lit]>y rema9s--novels & poems--all m ( a psy*ological ?an lit]>y int]e/4 ,! biographical notes pla9ly m>k out a p]sonality smitt5 ) psy*osis & suff]+ 9 a m>k$ degree ) hyp]/hesia1 & ! lit]>y rema9s reflect ?is m5tal condition2 light-s5sations especially play+ an important rle4 ,8 n]v\s sy/em 0 too weak to ass]t itself p]man5tly aga9/ ! out] _w4 ,?is pressure1 :i* objectively consid]$ 0 n at all a p[]ful "o1 did n admit ( ! rise ( a p[]ful s5se ( life2 & especially oppressive to ! precoci\s y\? 0 ! life ( ! s*ool 9 ! mo/ v>i$ ways1 & 9 an unexpect$ mom5t ! flame ( 8 life w5t out4 ,z psy*ologi/s1 we %\ld f9d consid]able int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ?is ph5om5on ( ,ludwigs4 ,we mu/ admire 8 abilities & 8 capacity = "w1 :i* n only enabl$ him to p]=m 8 duties z a /ud5t ( ! gymnasium1 b also left him "t en\gh1 9 addition to 8 lit]>y "w1 to employ himself ) ! psy*ological writ+s ( ,wundt & ,mn/]b]g1 :i* he desir$ to turn to acc\nt 9 ! field ( poetry4 ,we mu/ m\rn too 8 sad fate4 ,b we h no reason to glorify su* a diseas$ p]sonality1 z is done on _m sides 9 ! ,april numb] ( ,die ,gesells*aft4 ,b ?is is a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! ,"y-,g]man writ]s & _! confrres abroad1 t !y make ! diseas$ take ! place ( ! s\nd1 & ! ugly ( ! beautiful1 & ?us help greatly to und]m9e ! heal? ( ! common m9d4 ,!re are x is true a goodly numb] ( tru/+ s\ls :o believe t we may reg>d ) security & composure1 ! endeavors & t5d5cies ( ! naturali/ic apo/les1 z our ta/e 9 lit]ature & art--a few cases except$--c surely n be rev]s$ into its opposite4 ,on ?is po9t1 p]haps1 ^? :o s ?9k are n wrong4 ,b ! /age may easily be rea*$ :]e lit]>y ta/e no long] rema9s det]m9ative1 & ! place ( ! /hetical int]e/ 9 ?+s is tak5 by ! sci5tific1 be=e ^: judgm5t-seat no diff]5ce ( ! beautiful & ! hide\s exi/s4 ,?is view is ! direct outcome ( philosophical mat]ialism4 ,! latt] doctr9e may at pres5t1 x is true1 be reg>d$ 9 all its ma9 po9ts z def9itively ov]?r[n1 s f> z philosophy is conc]n$2 b 9 ! doma9 ( belles lettres--a t]m n q all[able "h--! wave :i* x has creat$ /ill sweeps mightily onw>d4 ,two new works seek to break its =ce1 :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ! s]ies ,geg5 d5 ,mat]ialismus edit$ by ,dr4 ,s*midkunz 7,/uttg>t3 ,krabbe74 ,! fir/ treatise be>s ! title ,mat]ialismus und /hetik & has no less a p]son z au?or ?an ,,moriz ,,c>ri,,re2 ! second treats ( ,mat]ialism 9 ,lit]ature & is ! production ( ! nor!rn] ,,ola ,,hansson4 ,i am unable to say t ^! two treatises h especially satisfi$ me4 ,bo? au?ors look at ! subject too "o-sid$ly f ! po9t ( view ( /hetics1 & h n by f> giv5 a suffici5t recognition to ! psy*ological aspect ( ! subject4 ,i recognise inde$ ) ,c>rire1 9 spite ( all ! app>5t mutability ( ta/e1 a normative /hetics2 b t man be>s )9 him an ideal ( life1 z ! se$ does ! plant ) its blossom & its fruit1 ,i am unable = psy*ological reasons to conc$e4 ,i grant t ,i f9d ) ,ola ,hansson psy*ology is s f> poorly repres5t$ 9 ! naturali/ic lit]ature z ! gr[? & evolution ( "* is made to appe> a mu* too simple process2 & ,i conc$e fur!rmore t ! evolution ( "* 9 ! individual case is v f> remov$ f any?+ l resemblance to an example 9 ma!matics1 inasmu* z quantities may be lack+ u 9 su* a case :i* are absolutely necess>y to be tak5 acc\nt ( = a correct solution ( ! problem2 b ^! miss+ quantities ne$ n = t reason be at all matt]s ( my/]y1 9 _! true nature :olly unkn[n to u4 ,to :at limits ! doma9 ( my/]y has %runk & to h[ great an ext5t its expressions may be made intelligible & to a c]ta9 degree ev5 may be 8regulat$10 provid$1 equipp$ ) ?or\gh k1 we c\rage\sly look ! ?+s 9 ! face1 is exemplifi$ 9 a m>k$ degree by a volum9\s "w ( ! above m5tion$ ,dr4 ,s*midkunz4 ,! s-call$ ,sugge/ion pass$ = a long "t z some?+ wond]ful & _h to re/ its def5ce 9 ! h&s ( ! repres5tatives ( a psy*o-physical my/icism z oppos$ to a 8surface0-psy*ology :i* 9 ! words ( ,du ,prels occupi$ itself exclusively ) surface "w )\t p5etrat+ to ! dep?s4 ,,s*midkunz n[ po9ts out 9 8 ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion 7,/uttg>t1 #ahib3 ,f]d9& ,enke7 9 a v compreh5sive mann] :at o!rs _h v pla9ly h9t$ at be=e him1 namely1 t 9 ! case ( a v great numb] ( ph5om5a we h1 exactly view$1 to deal only ) "s v simple & q expla9able ?+s :i* unite 9 ! composition ( :at is commonly call$ sugge/ion4 ,! cont5ts ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 are n exhau/$ ) ?is2 "u ! influ5ce ( a trem5d\s scope ( read+1 ! au?or treats ! :ole doma9 ( sugge/ion1 & if he und]/ood m p]fectly ! art ( good writ+1 he w\ld h e>n$ a mu* great] gratitude ?an t :i* 9 any ev5t is 8 due4 ,s*midkunz t\*es repeat$ly 9 8 "w ^u a doma9 :i* /ill belongs to ! mo/ obscure ( ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 namely wit*craft & ! trials ( wit*es4 ,?is topic1 likewise view$ f a psy*ological po9t ( view1 =ms ! subject ( a special treatise by ,,snell1 entitl$ ,hex5processe und ,gei/es/rung 7,muni*1 #ahia3 ,j4 ,f4 ,lehmann74 ,9 ?is book no rle is ascrib$ to sugge/ion1 b z ! title indicates ! treatm5t c5tres ab\t ! "q ( :at significance m5tal disord]s g5]ally may h possess$ 9 ! trials ( wit*es4 ,! au?or conc$es t dem5t$ p]sons became ! victims ( ! trials = wit*craft ei!r because !y _h r5d]$ !mselves by _! "* op5 to ! suspicion ( a compact ) ! devil1 or because !y _h by self-obtrusion directly drawn ^u !mselves ?is p]secution1 b ass]ts nev]!less1 t ! numb] ( dem5t$ p]sons t fell victims to ! trials = wit*craft1 0 comp>atively v small4 ,m5tal disord] h[ev] play$ 9 s f> a great rle 9 ! trials = wit*craft z dem5t$ p]sons1 especially su* z suff]$ f hy/]ia1 became false witnesses & br\ght s\nd & heal?y p into ! h&s ( ! p]secut+ judges4 ,z ,i am n[ tread+ ! prov9ce ( psy*iatry1 ,i w m5tion1 t ,,wilhelm ,,gries+]',s celebrat$ "w ,pa?ologie und ,!rapie d] psy*is*5 ,krankheit5 has j be5 publi%$ 9 its fif? edition "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,lev9/e9-,s*legel1 ! director ( ! ,maison de ,sant 9 ,s*neb]g 7,b]l93 ,augu/ ,hirs*wald74 ,i d n ( c\rse specify ?is "w solely = ! sake ( ! physicians :o may be read]s ( ,! ,moni/1 b am r impell$ to ! act by a univ]sal psy*ological consid]ation1 = ,gries+] 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! "w also made a "n = himself z a psy*ologi/4 ,x appe>$ orig9ally 9 #ahde1 & possess$ a compass ( #cif pages2 ! fif? edition numb]s #aajj pages & has increas$ consid]ably 9 size z comp>$ ) ! f\r?4 ,:e!r ! augm5tations h add$ any?+ to ! value ( ! "w is a "q :i* mu/ fir/ be submitt$ = answ] to our physicians4 ,9 psy*ological respects its value has 9 s f> be5 v mu* increas$ z ! exp]i5tial data h assum$ mu* great] proportions3 ! psy*ological analysis h[ev] has be5 some:at neglect$4 ,psy*ological analysis 9 fact is n ! /rong side ( ! majority ( our psy*iatri/s4 ,:at ,gries+] & /ill m s ,spielmann s\ght aft] 9 ?is direction1 has be5 greatly =c$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,z a g5]al rule our inquir]s cont5t !mselves ) a description ( symptoms & ! con/ruction ( a m ?an copi\s nom5clature1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! connections are ,v easy to be ov]look$4 ,among ! comm5dable exceptions is to be nam$ 9 ?is respect ! well-kn[n ,vi5na pr(essor ,,!odor ,,meyn]t4 ,9 addition to 8 ext5sive psy*iatrical works he has also publi%$ a consid]able numb] ( lectures & disc\rses p>tly 9 magaz9es & p>tly 9 sep>ate bro*ures4 ,^! disc\rses are n[ pres5t$ 9 collect$ =m 9 a book entitl$ ,sammlung von populrwiss5s*aftli*5 ,vortrg5 b] d5 ,bau una die ,lei/ung5 des ,gehirns 7,vi5na1 #ahib1 ,wilhelm ,braumll]74 ,! mo/ noticeable disc\rses are ! foll[+3 ,! ,significance ( ! ,bra9 = ! ,_w ( our ,ideas2 ,! ,me*anics ( ! ,c]ebral ,/ructure2 ,on ! ,feel+s2 ,on ,illusion2 ,on ! ,significance ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,=ehead2 ,! ,me*anics ( ,physiognomy2 ,bra9 & ,culture2 ,! ,co-op]ation ( ! ,p>ts ( ! ,bra92 ,on ,artificial ,di/urbances ( ! ,psy*ic ,equilibrium4 ,no words ne$ be wa/$ 9 ! recomm5dation ( ! book ( ,meyn]t4 ,,*r4 ,,uf]4 ,,div]se ,,topics4 ,,pr(essor ,,haeckel',s ,,monism4 ,!re are two ,lat9 prov]bs :i* are bo? good rules = controv]siali/s :o seek = ! tru? on diff]5t roads4 ,! "o reads3 ,9 v]bis simus faciles dummodo conv5iamus 9 re1 ! o!r reads3 ,9 v]bis simus difficiles ut conv5iamus 9 re4 ,a diff]5ce ( t]ms (t5 prev5ts two ?9k]s f notic+ t !y actually agree4 ,!re=e let u be l5i5t 9 t]ms & nev] lose sight ( _! mean+ & purport4 ,on ! o!r h& t]ms are n indiff]5t1 & ! selection ( t]ms %\ld n be reg>d$ z arbitr>y4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a solid & p]man5t agreem5t1 p]man5t because x is bas$ ^u objectively demon/rable tru?1 we h to be scrupul\sly c>eful ) our t]m9ology2 & we mu/ n all[ ! arbitr>y employm5t ( t]ms :]e !y are inappropriate4 ,an inappropriate usage ( t]ms w lead u a/ray & involve u 9 confusion & error4 ,says ,pr(essor ,haeckel3 8,! div]g5ces :i* exhibit !mselves 9 our respective unit>y conceptions ( ! _w are 9 "p only app>5t & 9 "p occasion$ by ! div]g5t significances ( our fundam5tal ideas40 ,?is seems to me v true &1 inde$1 ,i h v good evid5ce t x is true4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel writes 9 8 lett] to me3 8,i h m>k$ 9 r$ ^? passages ( y\r k9d review ( my #8,an?ropog5y' 9 :i* ,i agree ) y & 9 blue ^? 9 :i* ,i diff]40 ,n[ ,i f9d all ^? passages :]e ,i %\ld h anticipat$ an objection on ,pr(essor ,haeckel's "p m>k$ r$1 :ile a blue m>k appe>s :]e 9 my op9ion !re is only a diff]5ce ( t]m9ology4 ,x is ! foll[+ s5t5ce on page #dda3 8,psy*ic life is abs5t s f> z we c see 9 ! primordial _w-sub/ance z x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a nebula2 x is abs5t /ill 9 ! primordial /ate ( planets4 ,x appe>s ) ! subjective /ates ( aw>5ess t rise into exi/5ce 9 organis$ life4 ,! subjectivity ( unorganis$ matt] is1 9 comp>ison ) man's subjectivity1 to be consid]$ z a blank2 i4 e41 if !re is 9 x a /ate ( aw>5ess1 :i* we h reasons to d\bt1 x is app>5tly )\t mean+2 x does n symbolise ext]nal objects2 x is no m9d2 x is1 z x 71 bl9d4 ,yet ! aim ( evolution be+ ! developm5t ( psy*ical life1 %[s t ! subjectivity ( unorganis$ matt] is spiritual 9 its inn]mo/ nature40 ,?is diff]5ce is probably a diff]5ce ( t]m9ology only1 = ,i insi/ mo/ /rongly on ! doctr9e t all nature is alive4 ,h[ev]1 ,i make a diff]5ce betwe5 8life0 & 8s\l40 ,nature is alive ?r\gh\t1 b x is n ens\l$2 ! action ( *emical elem5ts & ( ! fall+ /one are no psy*ical actions4#hc ,ano!r blue /roke appe>s at ! foll[+ passage3 8,we grant will+ly t me*anical explanations w s]ve = all motions t take place 9 ! _w2 ev5 ! motions ( ! bra9 take place 9 /rict ob$i5ce to ! laws ( mol> & molecul> me*anics4 ,b a me*anical explanation is n applicable to t :i* is n motion4 ,if x 7 applicable x w\ld n be desirable1 = x w\ld be ( no avail4 ,me*anical explanations are to be limit$ to me*anical ph5om5a4 ,feel+ h[ev] is n a me*anical ph5om5on1 & an idea1 be+ a special & a v complex k9d ( a feel+1 or r & m accurately express$1 be+ ! special mean+ ( a v complex feel+1 is n a me*anical ph5om5on ei!r40 ,! subsequ5t s5t5ces are aga9 approv$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel2 !y are m>k$ r$3 8,x is true t :5 a feel+ takes place & :5 an idea is ?\ght 9 ! bra9 ( an organis$ be+1 t a c]ta9 n]v\s action takes place4 ,! n]v\s action is a motion & ?is motion repres5ts a def9ite am\nt ( en]gy4 ,!re is no !oretical difficulty1 al?\gh !re are almo/ insurm\ntable practical difficulties1 9 measur+ ! def9ite am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy t is *ang$ into k9etic en]gy :5 a man ?9ks4 ,yet ! bra9-motion is n ! idea & by a me*anical explanation ( ! bra9-motion we h n ev5 t\*$ ! problem ( :at ! nature ( ! idea is1 :y ideas orig9ate & h[ !y act40 ,we d n und]/& h[ ,pr(essor ,haeckel c object to ! view t ideas & feel+s are no motions4 ,we fully grant t ! n]v\s action t takes place :5 an idea is ?\ght is a motion1 & t1 consid]$ z a bra9-action1 x is me*anically expla9able4 ,b by feel+ we und]/& n ! bra9-action b a /ate ( aw>5ess1 & /ates ( aw>5ess are n objective ph5om5a1 !y are subjective ph5om5a2 :]eby we d n at all d5y t !re are no feel+s :i* mu/ n 9 _! objective exi/5ce at ! same "t be suppos$ to be bra9-motions4 ,feel+s are n motions b ideas are /ill less motions4 ,ideas are ! mean+s :i* c]ta9 feel+s t are repres5tative ( c]ta9 sets ( exp]i5ces h acquir$4 ,is ! mean+ ( a ^w a motion8 ,c ! significance ( words be me*anically expla9$8 ,! mean+ ( ideas1 ! significance ( words1 ! repres5tativ5ess ( feel+s are ph5om5a :i* h no?+ to d ) motions b con/itute a doma9 ( _! own4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 our op9ion c mean only t !re are no feel+s 9 !mselves1 b all our feel+s are at ! same "t bra9-motions1 & z su* !y are me*anical ph5om5a4 ,we h to add1 h[ev]1 t an explanation ( ! me*anism ( bra9-action does n z yet expla9 ! significance ( m5tal op]ations4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel insi/s s /rongly ^u 8 view ( monism z be+ me*anicalism t ?is seems to m>k a diff]5ce 9 our conceptions :i* might be ( consequ5ce4 ,i 0 v glad to notice ! long /rokes ( r$ along ! passages :i* conta9 my proposition t 8! evolution ( organis$ life is a natural process hav+ a def9ite aim02 fur!r1 along ! p>agraphs conc]n+ ! _w-ord] z be+ moral 9 s f> z ! _w-ord] is ! basis ( morality1 & also ^? :i* repres5t ,god z be+ t p[] ( ! _w-ord] ob$i5ce to :i* is call$ morality4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's agreem5t ) ^! passages indicates t ^? expressions ( 8 to :i* we %\ld take exception1 & :i* he employs aga9 9 8 article ( ! pres5t numb]1 might n be reg>d$ z div]g5ces4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel's def9ition ( ,god appe>s to u insuffici5t1 & also 8 def9ition ( immortality4 ,god is n only ! sum-total ( matt] & =ce1 ,god is also t quality ( ! _w :i* ! naturali/ describes 9 natural laws4 ,god is ! life ( ! _w1 he is t feature ( exi/5ce :i* makes m9d & k possible4 ,9 addition he is t :i* m5 call progress1 ! ideal ( ! future t lives 9 our s\ls & ! pr9ciple ( evolution 9 nature4 ,!re is a deep] tru? too 9 ! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,!re is a cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy1 b !re is also a pres]vation ( s\l4 ,says ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 8! human s\l is a v highly develop$ v]tebral s\l40 ,if t is s1 ! s\l ( our fossil ance/ors cont9ues to live 9 u4 ,?is s\l has be5 alt]$1 x is true1 b ! alt]ations are n s mu* a loss z a ga94 ,! alt]ations consi/ 9 ! additional gr[? ( new p[]s & repres5t a high] developm5t4 ,all t :i* 0 wor? pres]v+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,& z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 s we c confid5tly expect t x w be 9 ! future4 ,all t is wor? pres]v+ ( our s\ls w be pres]v$ 9 ! ages to come4 ,our s\ls w live & develop to high] possibilities4 ,!y w be transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 advanc+ on ! unlimit$ pa? ( evolution>y progress4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,footnotes3 #hc ,we int5d to express our views m fully 9 a special article to be publi%$ 9 a subsequ5t numb] ( ,! ,moni/4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,!re 0 dur+ ! la/ w9t] great excitem5t 9 ,g]many1 conc]n+ a new s*ool-bill propos$ by ! *ancellor ,caprivi1 & ! late ,prussian m9i/] ( cultus1 ,z$litz-,trtzs*l]4 ,?is s*ool-bill propos$ to take ! direction ( ! public s*ools out ( ! h&s ( sci5tific m5 & transf] x to ! cl]gy4 ,! idea ( ! ,emp]or 0 to let ! education ( ! "y be guid$ 9 a religi\s _s4 ,he int5d$ to wage a w> aga9/ a!ism4 ,among ! pamphlets :i* 7 writt5 dur+ ! crisis1 is especially notewor?y ! monograph ( ! late m9i/] ( cultus1 ,h]r von ,gosl]1 :om we %\ld c\nt among ! mo/ cons]vative ( ,prussian (ficials4 ,8 opposition1 accord+ly1 is ! m rem>kable1 & 8 objections _h mu* weight ) ! ,emp]or4 ,! ,emp]or has )drawn ! bill4 ,nev]!less1 ! _s ( ultra-cons]vatism1 :i* %[s itself 9 an outspok5 ho/ility aga9/ sci5ce1 /ill rema9s /rong en\gh1 & new onslaughts ^u ! progressive policy 9 s*ool & *ur*1 may be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,! "q is timely /ill & w rema9 timely until !re be a common agreem5t conc]n+ ! pr9ciples ( education1 s t our s*ool politics may no long] be decid$ by & subject$ to p>tisan /rife4 ,attacks t are made ^u ! v _s ( ! in/itution ( our civilisation & ! political crises foll[+ !reupon are b5eficial 9 "o respect4 ,!y make p pause2 !y make !m reconsid] ! pr9ciples by :i* !y all[ _! conduct to be regulat$4 ,!y make m5 consci\s ( ! maxims t ought to und]lie _! lives & :i* g5]ally are accept$ by ! majority )\t mu* reflection4 ,! ,prussian s*ool-bill has inde$ ex]cis$ a :olesome influ5ce1 = x call$ att5tion to ! importance ( pr9ciples & r\s$ ! ,g]man nation f religi\s indiff]5ce4 ,dur+ ! conflict _m sci5ti/s & pr(essors ( univ]sities1 :o z a rule int]f]e little ) politics1 h rais$ _! voice 9 w>n+1 & _m valuable ideas 7 express$ t f\nd a /rong e*o 9 ! he>t ( ! p4 ,!re are two articles writt5 by ,g]man pr(essors :i* h comm&$ v wide att5tion inside & outside ( ,g]many4 ,! "o article 0 writt5 by ,pr(essor ,haeckel ( ,j5a1 9 ! ,freie ,bhne1 ! mo/ important passages ( :i* appe>$ at ! "t 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,no4 #bdc4 ,! o!r article 0 writt5 by ,fri$ri* ,jodl1 ( ,prague4 ,x appe>$ fir/ 9 ! ,augsburg] ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 & 0 republi%$ 9 pamphlet =m by ,cotta1 9 ,/uttg>t4 ,! =m] is an en?usia/ic appeal to let sci5ce1 :i* is ! basis ( our civilisation1 rema9 ! basis ( our educational maxims 9 s*ools & univ]sities4 ,! latt] discusses ! philosophical pr9ciples ( ! conflict4 ,we are greatly 9 sympa?y ) ! _s 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,jodl has treat$ 8 subject4 ,nay1 m1 we sub/antially agree ) him conc]n+ all ma9 facts1 & also conc]n+ ! s5se 9 :i* our future developm5t %\ld be direct$4 ,nev]!less !re are po9ts ( disagreem5t1 :i* we consid] ( suffici5t importance to po9t out & expla94 ,! ultra-cons]vative p>ty /&s ^u ! plat=m t !re c be no morality )\t religion1 & no religion )\t dogmatism4 ,= ?is reason dogmatism %\ld rule supreme 9 ! s*ools1 & sci5ce %\ld be subs]vi5t to religi\s cre$4 ,t ?is means curtailm5t ( ! fre$om ( inve/igation1 & ! suppression ( ! lib]ty ( sci5ce1 is und]/ood by all ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,! lib]als s appreh5d x1 & ! ultra-cons]vatives d n d5y x4 ,9 ! face ( ?is situation ,pr(essor ,jodl proposes ! "q1 8,is !re a humanit>ian morality possible80 7p4 #h ( ! pamphlet 8,moral1 ,religion1 und ,s*ule407 ,he says3 8,a m]e glance into ! num]\s an?ologies ( ! moral wisdom ( all times & c5turies1 %[s t ! agreem5t conc]n+ moral ideas & norms is mu* great]1 & x rec$es mu* m into ! dim pa/ ?an is usually assum$4 ,! writ+s ( ,laotse & ,confutse1 ! popul> lit]ature ( ,buddhism1 ! fragm5ts ( old ,egyptian law1 ! didactic poetry ( ,islam1 conta9 a great weal? ( moral wisdom1 & treasures ( ! noble/ e?ical s5tim5t :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,occid5t likes to reg>d z its own exclusive prop]ty4 ,especially ! anci5ts1 ^: civilisation1 9 spite ( mu* opposition1 is /ill ! basis ( our civilisation1 furni% u ) a s]ies ( ! mo/ beautiful moral types & ideals1 & !re we f9d1 beside _m valuable features ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 o!r no less valuable gems :i* we seek = 9 va9 9 ! old ,*ri/ian morality1 & :i* 7 n recognis$ until ,*ri/ianity came into contact ) ! ,teutonic nations ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,our ultra-cons]vatives argue t )\t cate*isms humanity w\ld /& helpless be=e ! "q ( :at is "r & wrong1 & :at ! gr[+ g5]ation %\ld be taught 9 ord] to make !m useful & honorable memb]s ( society40 ,9 opposition to ^! views ,pr(essor ,jodl urges t 8,if society ( to-day c at all tol]ate t su* doctr9es z ,*ri/ian morality are taught 9 our s*ools z ! f\ndation ( practical conduct ( life1 ?is is possible only because ! e?ics ( ! old biblical ,*ri/ianity has1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 gr[n to be some?+ q diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! ?r\gh\t communi/ic1 labor-abhorr+1 _w-hat+1 miracle-infatuat$ morality ( orig9al ,*ri/ianity1 con/antly dream+ ( ! collapse ( ! _w ne> at h&1 & suit$ only to ! dem&s ( ! paup]s ( ! "t1 c\ld only be *ang$ & adapt$ to ! conditions ( lat] p]iods ( radically diff]5t conditions1 ) great difficulty4 ,! ,ca?olic *ur* has done mu* to accompli% ?is purpose1 & 9 a /ill high] degree ,prote/antism has made _m concessions to humanit>ian e?ics & practical reason4 ,^! concessions1 h[ev]1 mu/ appe> f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 z adult]ations ( ! ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,exactly 9 ! degree t ,*ri/ian morality 9 mod]n times has rema9$ a liv+ p[]1 x has ceas$ to rema9 ,*ri/ian 9 ! hi/orical s5se4444 ,! t5d5cy ( ! :ole developm5t ( ! mod]n _w is to conceive ! moral norms z natural conditions ( human society1 & to und]/& !m 9 _! connection ( ! individual ) ! :ole4 ,?is ?\ght & s5tim5t mu/ become 9 ! *ild a liv+ p[]1 & morality _c expect 9 ?is respect help f religion4 ,religion kn[s only ! relation ( ! individual to ,god1 z x is express$ 9 ! my/ical ideas ( s9 & m]cy4 ,religion kn[s no duties & goals = humanity1 b only = ! egoti/ic desire ( salvation = ! individual4 ,religion kn[s no progress1 no evolution1 b only et]nal life or et]nal damnation4 ,! civilis$ nations ( ,europe _h to g ?r\gh ) _m h>d /ruggles 9 ord] to arrive at ! idea t !re is a humanit>ian1 & a natural1 morality1 9 comp>ison ) :i* all religi\s dogmatism mu/ be consid]$ z indiff]5t additions4 ,only on ! basis ( ?is conviction is x possible t !re exi/ to-day s _m religi\s confessions ( fai?1 & among !m also ^? :o are religi\s )\t hav+ any special confession4 ,"h lies ! great duty ( our "t = enlight5$ legislation1 = our s*ools1 to take c>e t ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian be develop$ f ! n>r[ dogmatism1 &1 fur!r1 ! univ]sal human ideal1 f ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian4 ,to expect ?is ( ! cl]gy ( ! diff]5t religi\s societies1 w\ld be a mi/ake4444 ,! !ological _s & ! pr9ciple ( free inve/igation1 are irreconcilable adv]s>ies4 ,e religion1 ( :atev] d5om9ation x may be1 is /able 9 its v nature4 ,x pret5ds to be et]nal tru?1 & :5ev] x compromises ) ! idea ( progress1 x does s reluctantly1 & 9 ! =m ( concessions40 ,we agree ) ,pr(essor ,jodl 9 8 op9ion t our pres5t dogmatic religions are entirely unfit to und]/& ! dem&s ( ! pres5t4 ,& x is true t ! humanit>ian ideas ( morality h be5 sl[ly develop$ f ! crude & immature notions ( ! apo/olic times4 ,! aim ( our moral developm5t mu/ be humanit>ian e?ics4 ,b we disagree ) pr(essor ,jodl t we _c expect a fur!r evolution ( our moral ideas f ! cl]gy4 ,x seems to me t "h lies ! important diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & ! new _w4 ,conditions favor religi\s progress 9 ,am]ica1 :ile ! conditions 9 ,europe cut (f all hope & produce an om9\s /agnancy4 ,! cl]gy ( ! old _w1 9 ,g]many z well z 9 ,engl&1 & 9 all ,ca?olic c\ntries1 are appo9t$ only on ! condition ( be+ ultra-cons]vative 9 religi\s matt]s1 z well z o!rwise4 ,no "y man ^: en?usiasm w\ld c>ry him s f> z to sugge/ re=ms on broad] humanit>ian pr9ciples1 w\ld be admitt$ 9 ! *ur* z m9i/]s4 ,& if he _h be5 admitt$ by mi/ake1 he w\ld meet ) a fate simil> to t ( ! ,abb ,lam5nais1 ^: exp]i5ces are admirably describ$ by ,george ,julian ,h>ney1 9 ,no4 #bac ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,! situation is greatly diff]5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,our cl]gym51 our congregations1 our *ur*es1 are p]haps m or?odox 9 _m respects1 & especially 9 _! belief1 ?an ^? ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 !y are m lib]al 9 pr9ciples1 & !y are less ob/9ate conc]n+ dogma4 ,mo/ ( our *ur*es "h d n ev5 possess dogmatic cre$s1 or confessions ( fai?4 ,! cl]gy ( ! ,bapti/s1 ! ,congregationali/s1 ! ,unit>ians1 are n b\nd by oa? be=e tak+ ord]s2 to believe 9 sundry articles & to prea* c]ta9 doctr9es :i* are suppos$ to be absolute tru?4 ,! ,bapti/s1 x is true1 are z a rule v or?odox & v dogmatic1 b !y are lib]al 9 spite ( x1 op5 to conviction1 & n av]se to go+ onw>d ) ! times4 ,?is attitude ( ! ,am]ican cl]gy mu/ appe> inconsi/5t to ,europeans :o c1 9 ecclesia/ical affairs1 only judge f _! own exp]i5ces4 ,& x may be t _! position is z mu* inconsi/5t z 0 = in/ance t ( ,newton1 :o consid]$ ! tra% he wrote on "s !ological que/ions conc]n+ ! apocalypse z inf9itely sup]ior to 8 ma!matical & a/ronomical works & did n see t ! recognition ( ! law ( gravitation w\ld g f> t[>d free+ humanity f _m ( ^? nons5sical ideas :i* he *]i%$ s highly4 ,9 =m] times ,i 0 incl9$ to blame ! cl]gy = ! lack ( progressiv5ess 9 ! *ur*es1 b ,i h come to ! conclusion t n ! cl]gy are to be blam$ = ret>d+ ! broad5+ ( ! religi\s _s1 b ! lay-memb]s ( ! *ur*es4 ,i am p]sonally acqua9t$ ) sev]al cl]gym5 ( diff]5t d5om9ations1 ,*ri/ian z well z ,jewi%1 :o conceive x _! duty to po9t out ! way ( progress & to fur!r ! _s ( a sci5tific _w-conception 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,!y advance exactly z quickly & exactly z f> z !y c 9 work+ out ( ! n>r[ dogmatism ( ! religi\s views ( _! flock ! ideas ( a broad humanit>ianism4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t cl]gym51 enc\rag$ by _! congregations1 h gr[n too broad 9 ! op9ion ( _! n>r[] bre?r51 & x 0 cu/om>y1 9 =m] ye>s1 to ca/ !m out accord+ to ! old fa%ion ( deal+ ) h]etics1 :i* is /ill cu/om>y 9 ,european *ur*es4 ,! *ur*es h become m c>eful "h1 =1 :5ev] su* a case happ5$1 ^! lib]al cl]gym5 71 z a rule1 n des]t$ by _! congregations4 ,?us e act ( remov+ a cl]gyman usually l$ to a s*ism1 & x seems t1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 ! *ur*es h ( late giv5 up _! policy ( remov+ h]etics )9 _! ranks4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t _m among ! ,am]ican cl]gy are ready to progress ) ! times1 & to accept ! tru? :]ev] !y f9d x4 ,9 ,europe religion is dictat$ to ! p f above by gov]nm5t & *ur* au?ority4 ,! cl]gym5 are s]vants ( ^! au?orities4 ,_! consci5ces are n b\nd1 z !y ought to be1 to tea* ! tru? & no?+ b ! tru?1 b to tea* ! doctr9es :i* _! employ]s bid !m tea*4 ,& ?is policy is /ill consid]$ "r & natural1 ev5 among lib]al m9d$ p4 ,9 ,am]ica ! cl]gy are expon5ts ( ! views ( _! congregations4 ,9 ,europe ! congregations are sep>at$ f _! pa/ors by a deep gap3 !re is no gap betwe5 ! congregation & ! cl]gy 9 ,am]ica4 ,bo? are 9 ! close/ contact4 ,our congregations are m or?odox ?an ,european congregations2 !re=e our cl]gy is m s9c]ely or?odox1 & m hone/ly n>r[1 ?an ! ,european cl]gy4 ,! ,european cl]gy are m s*ol>ly1 yet at ! same "t !re may be m hypocrites among !m 9 ,europe :o "k bett] ?an !y prea*4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ) a fur!r developm5t ( intellectuality & sci5tific insight1 our congregations w become broad] & m lib]al & m humanit>ian1 &1 ) ! congregations1 our cl]gy are b\nd to develop 9 ! same l9es4 ,european !ology is mu* sup]ior to ,am]ican !ology 9 s*ol>ly critique1 9 hi/orical inve/igation1 & 9 philosophical dep?4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n hope f ,european !ologians t !y w und]take ! great "w ( re=m t is s mu* ne$$ 9 our *ur*es1 :i* is no?+ less ?an to reconcile religion ) sci5ce2 to let religion develop into a religion ( sci5ce1 prea*+ boldly & unres]v$ly ^? humanit>ian e?ics :i* /& ^u ! pr9ciples ( tru?2 t is1 ( sci5tifically prov$ tru?1 :i* f9ds ! sanction ( ! moral 8ought0 9 ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,pr(essor ,jodl says3 8,! ma9 objection ( ! support]s ( dogmatism 9 s*ool politics is ?is3 ,!y propose x is n s mu* religion t is ne$$ 9 education2 n ! cont5ts ( ecclesia/ical doctr9es1 b to give to morality a f\ndation2 to give x :at sci5ce calls ! sanction ( e?ical rules4444 ,f ?is /&po9t1 e attempt t is liable to weak5 ! e?ics ( religi\s sanction mu/ appe> equival5t to ! attempt ( aboli%+ crim9al law & p5al in/itutes1 & to deliv] ! peaceful citiz5s into ! h&s ( murd]]s & robb]s40 ,pr(essor ,jodl cont9ues3 8,! nature ( religi\s sanction consi/s 9 ?is3 t ! moral rules are conceiv$ z ! behe/s ( an all-p[]ful1 omnisci5t be+1 t promises to immortal man = _! fulfilm5t1 et]nal rew>ds1 & = _! non-fulfilm5t et]nal puni%m5t 9 ! life beyond40 ,9 opposition to ?is view ,pr(essor ,jodl ma9ta9s t 8,man's morality1 on ! "o h&1 has nev] be5 pres]v$ f error by an outlook into ! beyond ( heav5 & hell1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re h nev] be5 miss+ ^? impulses t orig9ate 9 ! dep?s ( human nature work+ 9 ! l9e ( moral ideas40 ,^! impulses are1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,jodl1 ! purely moral sanction ( consci5ce4 ,& consci5ce is repres5t$ z1 & 9 ano!r place call$1 8! natural sanction ( morality40 ,?is view ( reg>d+ consci5ce z ! natural sanction ( morality does n appe> to u z a happy expression1 & x seems to u t ,pr(essor ,jodl did n int5d x z x might be und]/ood4 ,= ,pr(essor ,jodl speaks 9 ano!r passage ( 8! natural impulses ( morality z hav+ _! sanction 9 exp]i5ce40 ,if t be s1 consci5ce w\ld n be ! ultimate au?ority1 b consci5ce w\ld h to be regulat$ & correct$ by a rationalis$ exp]i5ce4 ,if 8! natural impulses ( morality h _! sanction 9 exp]i5ce10 ! ultimate au?ority w\ld be ! facts repres5t$ 9 exp]i5ce2 & ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 9 _! totality1 are no?+ m or less ?an ! :ole univ]se ) its natural laws & conceiv$ 9 its cosmical ord]4 ,! univ]se1 ! ,all1 nature1 or :atev] y call x1 is inde$ an omnipot5t reality :i* man _c resi/1 & 9 :i* he c live only by adapt+ himself to its laws4 ,if ?is ultimate au?ority ( ! natural laws be call$ by ! religi\s t]m 8,god10 we %all see at once t ! old dogmatic religions express a v deep tru? 9 my?ological language4 ,! ultimate sanction ( morality is n our consci5ce1 b t omnipot5t p[] :i* resides 9 ! objective _w ( realities1 9 ! cosmical ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,we might z well say t ev]ybody %all reg>d 8 wat* z ! ultimate /&>d ( "t z to make 8 consci5ce ! crit]ion ( morality4 ,may ev]ybody use 8 wat* wisely & regulate x well4 ,& s may ev]ybody revise 8 consci5ce & inve/igate dilig5tly :e!r x agrees ) ! laws ( t all-p[] ( :i* we are a small "p & ?r\gh :i* alone we exi/4 ,pr(essor ,jodl praises v highly ! ,fr5* in/itution ( a s-call$ purely moral in/ruction 9 ! public s*ools4 ,fa!r ,h4 ,grub]1 h[ev]1 po9ts out "s s]i\s %ortcom+s 9 ?is sy/em ( moral education1 result+ f a lack ( pr9ciple4 7,see ,/imm5 aus ,m>ia-,laa*1 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahib1 ,no4 #d47 ,x is app>5t t moral comm&s _c be bas$ ^u purely subjective notions or ideals1 !y mu/ be bas$ ^u "s objective au?ority :i* is a p[] t en=ces ob$i5ce4 ,su* a p[] exi/s4 ,x is ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,x is t ,all-be+ ( :i* we are a "p4 ,& t feature ( nature :i* en=ces t conduct :i* we call moral is nam$ ,god 9 ! t]m9ology ( religi\s language4 ,a consid]ation l ?is po9ts out ! way to a reconciliation betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,!re is a tru? 9 ! old religions1 & ?is tru? ne$ only be purifi$ f ! errors t clu/] ab\t x1 hid+ its gr&eur1 beauty1 & importance4 ,let ! *ur* & its au?orities recognise sci5ce & ! pr9ciple ( free inve/igation2 let !m be ready to accept ! sci5tific me?ods ( rese>*2 let !m be will+ to accept tru? z x c be prov$ by argum5ts & v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce z well z by exp]im5ts2 & we ne$ no long] worry ab\t dogmatism & ! n>r[ness ( _! sect>ian doctr9es4 ,all ^! accid5tal features ( religion w1 !n1 pass away1 & we %all h a religion :i* ! sci5ti/ & ! philosoph] c embrace4 ,?is is :at we call ! ,religion ( ,sci5ce2 & ! ,religion ( ,sci5ce is b\nd to be ! religion ( ! future4 ,! ,religion ( ,sci5ce w n aboli% ! religions ( ! pa/1 b x w develop !m1 broad5 !m1 p]fect !m1 into ! cosmical religion ( humanit>ianism4 ,to tea* an e?ics t ei!r has no sanction1 or ^: sanction is built ^u ! div]g+ op9ions ( individuals1 w n d4 ,e?ics mu/ be bas$ ^u ! sanction ( "s objective au?ority1 & ! recognition ( an objective au?ority1 ( a p[] :i* en=ces a c]ta9 k9d ( conduct1 be+ religion1 we say t no e?ics c be )\t a religi\s basis4 ,! problem at pres5t is n h[ to tea* irreligi\s e?ics--all su* attempts are failures at ! />t2 b to *ange ! my?ology ( ! old religions into a cle>1 sci5tific conception ( ! natural conditions :i* dem& ( man t he %\ld obs]ve ^? rules :i* we are wont to call moral4 ,p4 ,c4 ,,! ,,future ,,position ,,( ,,logical ,,!ory4 ,9 la/ ,octob]'s numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey gives a sket* ( :at 9 8 view is 8! pres5t position ( logical !ory40 ,accord+ to ?is ! basis ( ! position seems to be t 8! only possible ?\ght is ! reflection ( ! significance ( fact10 & t !re=e logic1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 re/s 9 reality on an objective basis4 ,he supports ,hegel 9 d5y+ 8! exi/5ce ( any faculty ( ?\ght :i* is o!r ?an ! expression ( fact itself40 ,n[ x is d\btless ! case t ?is is ! position at pres5t tak5 up by a l>ge numb] ( logicians1 b z ?is position seems to me to be fundam5tally errone\s ,i %\ld l to put be=e y\r read]s :at ,i hope w be 8! future position ( logical !ory40 ,i h else:]e work$ out 9 "s detail a !ory ( reason+ :i* diff]s f t commonly accept$ *iefly 9 ?is1 t x recognises n two1 b ?ree k9ds ( reason+1 :i* ,i call ,objective1 ,subjective1 & ,symbolic4 ,reason+ is commonly divid$ into two bran*es1 d5ot$ by v>i\s pairs ( t]ms1 su* z ,objective & ,subjective1 ,inductive & ,d$uctive1 ,empirical & ,=mal4 ,! l9es ( division indicat$ by ^! v>i\s pairs ( t]ms are n q id5tical2 b !y none ( !m indicate :at seems to me ! mo/ important di/9ction ( all1 namely t betwe5 real1 & symbolic argum5t4 ,!re does exi/ 7,i w n say a 8faculty ( ?\ght10 b7 a me?od ( argum5t :i* 8is o!r ?an ! expression ( fact itself10 :e!r ( objective or ( subjective fact4 ,! t]m 8=mal reason+0 is inde$ (t5 us$ to d5ote ?is k9d ( argum5t1 b ?is is a bad "n to give x1 s9ce x seems to imply1 & frequ5tly is held to imply1 t x deals ) ! =ms ( objective or subjective facts1 :]eas 9 reality x deals only ) symbols1 :i* are arbitr>ily def9$1 & :i* d n necess>ily correspond to any ?+s :atev]1 :e!r objective or subjective4 ,t ?is k9d ( argum5t n only exi/s1 b fl\ri%es is evid5t z soon z x is grasp$ t pure ma!matics is no?+ b a bran* ( symbolic logic4 ,x may be t !re exi/s some:]e a fact ( :i* any conceivable ma!matical =mula might be reg>d$ z ! reflexion1 b x mu/ surely be evid5t t x 0 n to ! reflexion ( su* facts t ma!matical =mul 9 g5]al owe _! exi/5ce or validity4 ,x may p]haps be true 8t fact1 reality is significant10 & ev5 t ?\ghts are !mselves su* significant realities1 b x is ! ?\ghts t are giv5 to u fir/1 or r s5sations :i* are ! elem5ts ( ?\ghts1 & we c only inf] ! realities f !m1 & n vice v]sa4 ,! ess5ce ( my !ory ( logic may be briefly /at$ ?us4 ,! mean+ ( a logical t]m conta9s two p>ts1 its d5otation & its connotation4 ,ei!r ( ^! p>ts may be laid d[n arbitr>ily z its def9ition1 leav+ ! o!r "p :i* ,i call its import to be f\nd out by exp]i5ce4 ,to und]/& bo? p>ts ( ! mean+ ( any t]m is !re=e to possess real k4 ,pure symbolic reason+ deals only ) ! def9itions ( t]ms1 & is n !re=e f\nd$ on real k1 nor c x alone ev] lead to real k4 ,?us if 9 any proposition ! def9itions ( ! t]ms are d$ucible f "o ano!r1 ! proposition may be prov$ symbolically & is :at ,i call a truism3 x gives no real in=mation4 ,b if ! def9itions ( ! t]ms are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & yet n inconsi/5t1 ! proposition c only be int5d$ to ass]t ! id5tity ( ! imports ( ! t]ms2 x !re=e ascribes import to ! t]ms & gives real in=mation1 :e!r true or false4 ,if any t]ms 9 a symbolic argum5t are h[ev] kn[n to h real import1 x may be ascrib$ to !m 9 real propositions1 & any conclusions ( ! argum5t :i* conta9 only su* t]ms w ipso facto be made to yield real in=mation1 :i* may be new 9 ! s5se t x 0 n be=e recognis$1 ?\gh x 0 ( c\rse impli$ 9 ! real ass]tion or ass]tions :i* ascrib$ import to ! t]ms ( ! symbolic argum5t4 ,x is 9 ?is way possible to sep>ate any sci5ce into two bran*es1 "o ( :i* consi/s purely ( symbolic argum5t f\nd$ on def9itions alone1 :ile ! o!r may be express$ 9 a s]ies ( propositions1 ! def9itions ( ^: t]ms are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & :i* ascribe real import 7:e!r objective or subjective7 to ! t]ms ( ! symbolic sci5ce1 or "s ( !m4 ,?is is z f> z pure logic c g4 ,! "q h[ ! tru? ( any real propositions comes to be kn[n is n1 9 my op9ion1 any "p ( logical !ory1 b belongs to metaphysics4 ,h[ev] t is no reason = n discuss+ x "h1 especially z x is ! *ief "q discuss$ 9 ,pr(essor ,dewey's pap]4 8,tru?0 means "s sort ( consi/5cy 9 a proposition4 ,we may comp>e a symbolic argum5t to a game ) c\nt]s1 ! rules ( :i* are laid d[n arbitr>ily1 & to say t a giv5 conclusion ( su* an argum5t is true only means t ! game has be5 8play$ fair40 ,b ! tru? ( a real proposition does n dep5d on any arbitr>y rules4 ,x expresses a consi/5cy betwe5 two real facts1 ei!r t two nam$ gr\ps ( ?+s possess c]ta9 common attributes1 or t c]ta9 ( ! ?+s possess+ nam$ gr\ps ( attributes are id5tical4 ,! ess5tial elem5t ( all real k is !n a connect+ l9k betwe5 a ?+ & an attribute1 su* z is af=d$ by a well-und]/ood ^w4 ,n[ ! only 8?+s0 :i* we c appreh5d directly are our subjective s5sations & conceptions4 ,we c comp>e two or m s5sations or conceptions1 & recognise 9 !m common attributes4 ,?us ,i c say ( my own k t ! s5sations ,i d5ote by 8! ta/e ( sug>0 & 8! ta/e ( lead acetate0 h a common attribute1 :i* ,i call 8sweetness40 ,?is is a real ass]tion1 = its tru? is n d$ucible f ! def9itions ( its t]ms1 & yet ,i "k1 by direct appreh5sion1 t x is true4 ,b x is only a subjective tru?4 ,! correspond+ objective ass]tion w\ld be sug> & acetate ( lead bo? produce1 :5 ta/$1 ! s5sation ( sweetness4 ,& ,i h no direct appreh5sion ( ?is fact4 ,t ! ta/es ref]r$ to 9 ! =m] proposition 7 produc$ by objective ?+s d5ot$ by ! t]ms sug> & acetate ( lead1 c only be inf]r$ by ! process call$ induction1 :i* c nev] lead to a positive or necess>y tru?4 ,?us we may f a pure symbolic sci5ce proce$ "o /ep fur!r1 to a subjective sci5ce1 by ! aid ( direct appreh5sion1 & ! results ( su* a subjective sci5ce may 9 c]ta9 cases atta9 ! position ( absolute1 or necess>y tru?s4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 all objective sci5ces mu/ re/ on induction4 ,n[ ! true nature ( induction is1 ,i am p]suad$1 commonly misappreh5d$1 because x is n realis$ suffici5tly cle>ly t ! prime data ( induction are n !mselves objective1 b subjective facts4 ,an 8objective fact0 is really only an hypo!sis1 po/ulat$ to acc\nt = c]ta9 ( our subjective s5sations4 ,! only ju/ification = mak+ su* an hypo!sis is t x actually does expla9 c]ta9 s5sations1 & ! measure ( its probability 7= we c nev] ass]t x z a necess>y c]ta9ty7 is ! numb] & complexity ( ! s5sations :i* x acc\nts =4 ,! fir/ ( all su* objective hypo!ses is t we h an objective environm5t to ^: action our s5sations1 or "s ( !m1 are due4 ,?is sugge/s at once a m g5]al hypo!sis1 commonly kn[n z ! law ( causation1 namely t ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! objective univ]se at any "o mom5t are ! effective causes ( ^? obta9+ at ! next1 & s at any subsequ5t mom5t4 ,^! two hypo!ses1 toge!r ) c]ta9 subsidi>y ones1 d suffice to acc\nt = an enorm\s numb]1 if n all1 ( our s5sations1 & s we are ju/ifi$ 9 ent]ta9+ !m4 ,b to leave out ! notion ( effective causation1 & to sub/itute a m]e rule ( sequ5ce1 is to remove ! only ju/ification we h = assum+ ! hypo!sis ( causation at all4 ,x is p]haps conceivable t ! hypo!sis may be false1 t our s5sations are n 8caus$ by0 an objective environm5t b if s :at reason rema9s = believ+ 9 t environm5t at all8 ,i c nev] "k any?+ :atev] ab\t an objective univ]se1 unless "s ( my s5sations ab\t :i* alone ,i "k any?+ directly1 are caus$ by t univ]se4 ,x is p]haps ?9kable t !re %\ld be an objective univ]se 9 :i* ev5ts occur :i* 9 no s5se cause my subjective s5sations1 b to :i* ^? s5sations nev]!less happ5 to correspond2 b if ?is is s ! s5sations af=d me no gr\nd :atev] = believ+ 9 ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5ts1 or ! objectivity ( ! univ]se4 ,well !n1 ! ess5ce ( induction is ! assumption ( an hypo!sis to acc\nt = obs]v$ facts--fir/ ( all ( directly obs]v$ s5sations1 & !n ( facts assum$ to be objective 9 virtue ( ! prim>y hypo!sis4 ,t ?is acc\nt ( induction is ! true "o is ,i ?9k p>ticul>ly en=c$ by ! consid]ation ( ^? cases to :i* at fir/ sight x does n seem to apply4 ,a common example ( induction is af=d$ by our belief t ! sun w rise to-morr[4 ,t x has ris5 e morn+ = ! la/ f\r ?\s& ye>s or m is no reason :atev] = believ+ t x w rise to-morr[1 unless x is held to po9t to "s explanatory hypo!sis4 ,su* an hypo!sis has actually be5 fram$ by a/ronom]s1 & no "o w\ld n[ pret5d to f\nd 8 belief 9 ! sun's ris+ to-morr[ on ! m]e fact t x has (t5 ris5 be=e1 b w\ld g on to expla9 t x mu/ rise unless ! e>? 7 to /op revolv+1 etc4 ,if at ,monte ,c>lo ! r$ turn$ up t5 times runn+1 w\ld t be any reason = expect+ x to turn up aga91 ! elev5? "t8 ,no1 x w\ld n unless ! succession ( r$s seem$ to po9t to "s explanatory hypo!sis1 su* z a defect 9 ! r\lette4 ,aga91 ! fact t 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ! dea? rate 9 ,london has be5 ab\t tw5ty-eight p] ?\s& w\ld be no reason = believ+ t x w be ab\t t figure ?is ye> except on ! assumption t ! con/ancy ( ! dea? rate indicat$ c]ta9 con/ant causes1 :i* we h no reason to believe h be5 alt]$ ?is ye>4 ,hav+ once assum$ t our environm5t is objective1 & z a coroll>y ! hypo!sis ( causation1 ! :ole ( physical sci5ce foll[s1 /ep by /ep4 ,subsidi>y hypo!ses are introduc$ at ea* /age & ju/ifi$ by ! way !y acc\nt = obs]v$ results4 ,to %[ h[ a s+le hypo!sis is capable ( expla9+ a l>ge numb] ( obs]v$ results1 ! full mean+ ( ! hypo!sis is elucidat$ by symbolic reason+4 ,by su* reason+ x is = example %[n t ! same hypo!sis1 ( univ]sal gravitation1 is capable ( acc\nt+1 n only = ! movem5ts ( ! />s1 b = ! tides1 ! fl[ ( riv]s1 ! fall+ ( unsupport$ bodies1 ! ris+ ( balloons1 ! movem5ts ( ! balance 9 ,cav5di%'s exp]im5t1 & s on4 ,t su* wide ext5sions ( an hypo!sis are possible t5ds greatly to confirm1 n only ! hypo!sis itself1 b ! fundam5tal hypo!ses ( objectivity & causation also4 ,b x does n prove ei!r ! "o or ! o!rs4 ,we _c "k any?+ ab\t ! objective univ]se ) absolute c]ta9ty1 b we may reasonably believe a c]ta9 hypo!sis ab\t x ) any degree ( conviction we ?9k suitable2 t is we may 7& ( c\rse we actually d7 act on all occasions z if we knew absolutely t !y 7 true4 ,we may !n believe1 & ,i = "o d believe1 n only 9 ! objectivity ( ! univ]se1 b t ev5 my own subjective s5sations are m]e bye-products ( t univ]se4 ,i believe t objective facts are1 if ,i may s express x1 m real ?an subjective s5sations2 t 9 fact ! objective univ]se might h exi/$1 & might exi/ aga9 )\t any subjective elem5t 9 x any:]e4 ,b ,i _c "k ?is1 x is ) me a matt] ( fai?4 ,?us ,i _c agree ) ,hegel1 t 8all possible ?\ght is ! reflexion ( ! significance ( fact0 7except p]haps 9 ! s5se t ?\ght is ! reflexion ( ! significance ( c]ta9 *anges 9 ! grey matt] ( ! bra97 = ?is w\ld seem to imply t /upid or contradictory ?\ghts reflect$ /upid or contradictory significance 9 c]ta9 facts4 ,b ,i believe t m5 ( sci5ce are gradually evolv+ a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* w m & m fai?fully reflect ! significance ( fact1 & t ?us sci5ce is actually build+ up tru?4 ,b all sci5ce mu/ beg9 )1 & be f\nd$ ^u1 subjective k1 & !re=e any !ory ( positivism contradicts itself = x mu/ be f\nd$ on fai?4 ,sci5ce is ?us f\nd$ on fai?1 fai? 9 ?+s n directly appreh5d$1 j z truly z religion is4 ,x is only because we unconsci\sly acquire ?is fai? 9 our infancy1 & t x is 9 mo/ cases amply ju/ifi$ by subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 t we d n ev5 recognise ! fact t x is fai?1 9 exactly ! same s5se t belief 9 ,god is4 ,b j z m5 h sometimes lo/ _! fai? 9 ,god1 s x may happ5 to a man to loose 8 fai? 9 reality1 & logic is q z incapable ( %ak+ a man out ( ! "o position z out ( ! o!r4 ,?is ,i take x is ! key to ! agno/icism ( su* m5 ( sci5ce z ,mr4 ,huxley4 ,i d n = a mom5t suppose t ,mr4 ,huxley believes less ?an mo/ m52 he probably has good gr\nds = believ+ a great deal m4 ,only he rightly refuses to say t he kn[s facts ( :i* he c h _h no direct appreh5sion & :i* he c only inf] m or less probably1 to be true4 ,hypo!ses :i* z we pu% our inve/igations are %[n to be capable ( expla9+ m & m facts1 t is1 ultimately1 m & m s5sations1 w 9 ! end come to be believ$ 9 )\t d\bt or hesitation4 ,if a man says he kn[s ! law ( gravitation to be true1 he commits a logical blund]2 b !re is no?+ to prev5t a sci5tific man f believ+ 9 any miracle or prodigy1 s long z ! acc\nt he gives ( x does n contradict itself4 ,n only may two equally reasonable m5 =m v diff]5t e/imates ( ! probability ( ! same ev5t1 ev5 ) ! same evid5ce be=e !m1 b "o man may put 8 fai? to a proposition ) admitt$ly mu* l[] degree ( probability ?an w\ld be requir$ to conv9ce ano!r4 ,only1 a sci5tific man w always di/+ui% betwe5 :at he kn[s & :at he believes1 & w admit t ?\gh he has made up 8 m9d to act z if he knew to be true ! propositions he only believes to be s1 yet ano!r man may reasonably take a diff]5t view ( any "o ( !m4 ,,edw>d ,t4 ,,dixon4 ,tr94 ,coll41 ,cambridge1 ,jan4 #h1 #ahib4 ,,comte ,,& ,,turgot4 ,on page #daj ( ! la/ numb] ( ,! ,moni/1 x 0 /at$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ?ree /ages ( k 0 n prop]ly a ,comtean idea b belong$ to ,turgot4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,pr(essor ,s*a>s*midt ( ,bonn in=ms u ( ! passages 9 ,turgot :]e ! /atem5t ( ! doctr9e is f\nd3 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,moni/3 ,to y\r note ( inquiry ( ! #bb;d ( la/ mon? ,i h ! honor to reply1 t ! ,comtean !ory ( ! trois tats may be trac$ back to utt]ances ( ,turgot made by him 9 8 ,second disc\rs sur les progrs successifs de l'esprit huma9 prononc le #bme dcembre #agej--namely 9 ! ,sorbonne4 ,y w f9d ! disc\rse ref]r$ to 9 ! edition ( ! works ( ,turgot :i* ,i n[ h be=e me1 namely t ( ,guillaum91 ,p>is1 #ahdd1 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 at pages #eig et seqq4 ,! passage 9 "q is f\nd at p4 #fjj-fja4 ,h[ev]1 x is highly probable t ! s-call$ loi des trois tats 0 directly transmitt$ to ,comte by ,/4 ,simon1 :o reproduc$ ! idea ( ,turgot 9 8 ,introduction aux travaux sci5tifiques du ,x,i,xme ,sicle1 at pages #fb-fc4 ,= ,comte 0 dep5d5t 9 _m respects on ,/4 ,simon1 :ile x is probable t he _h nev] /udi$ ,turgot4 ,to ,/4 ,simon1 9 fact1 is due ! expression 8philosophie positive10 z well z ! g]m-notion ( ! division ( ! ,sci5ces1 :i* ,comte fur!r elaborat$4 ,,s*a>s*midt4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,aft] ,,d>w94 ,i4 ,,! ,,d>w9ian ,,!ory4 ,by ,george ,john ,romanes1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co4 #ahib4 ,9 ! pres5t "w by ,pr(essor ,romanes1 :o may be reg>d$ z ! special expon5t ( ,d>w9's !ory ( organic evolution1 we h a complete & sy/ematic pres5tation ( 8,d>w9ism accord+ to ,d>w940 ,x is ! outcome ( a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or 9 #ahhi be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 & =ms only "p ( a mu* m ext5sive treatise on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 embrac+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( biology1 & a discussion ( ! fur!r developm5ts ( ! !ory subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ! great naturali/ :o gave x bir?4 ,! pres5t "p is limit$ to :at is di/9ctly ,d>w9ian1 deal+ ) x & ) ! ma9 objections rais$ aga9/ ! g5]al !ory ( organic evolution x en=ces4 ,! subject naturally divides into two p>ts1 & ,pr(essor ,romanes accord+ly deals ) x 9 two sections1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* he consid]s organic evolution z a fact1 /at+ ! ma9 evid5ces 9 support ( ! doctr9e1 :ile 9 ! second section he furni%es 8! evid5ces :i* ?us f> h be5 br\ght to light t\*+ ! causes ( organic evolution consid]$ z a process40 ,! au?or po9ts out 9 8 introductory rem>ks1 t 9 ord] to e/abli% a !ory ( a cont9u\s transmutation ( species1 :i* is :at is meant by organic evolution1 x is n necess>y to furni% pro( ( all ! natural causes :i* h be5 at "w4 ,! issue is betwe5 ! !ory ( a sup]natural cause1 z op]at+ imm$iately 9 numb]less acts ( special creation1 & ! !ory ( 8natural causes z a :ole :e!r ^! happ51 or d n happ51 to h be5 hi!rto discov]$40 ,moreov]1 ! discussion is conc]n$ only ) ! orig9 ( species1 & n ) t ( life1 z to :i* ! au?or says ) tru?1 8al?\gh 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ biologi/s x is a "q :i* we may well hope w "s day fall )9 ! range ( sci5ce to answ]1 at pres5t1 x mu/ be confess$1 sci5ce is n 9 a position to furni% s mu* z any sugge/ion ^u ! subject2 & !re=e our wisdom z m5 ( sci5ce is frankly to ackn[l$ge t su* is ! case40 ,! idea ( evolution implies cont9uity1 & ! au?or ref]s to ! fact t ! uni=mity ( nature's me?od 9 ! production ( ph5om5a to :i* cont9uity is due1 recognis$ 9 o!r fields ( sci5ce1 /rongly recomm5d$ ! !ory ( organic evolution = acceptance on m]ely antec$5t gr\nds4 ,!re is ano!r important fact1 f ! antec$5t po9t ( view1 to :i* ,pr(essor ,romanes draws att5tion4 ,he /ates x 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 :o lays d[n z a g5]al law t 8e species has come into exi/5ce co9cid5t bo? 9 space & "t ) a pre-exi/+ & closely alli$ species40 ,?is is a necess>y consequ5ce ( natural evolution1 b no reason c be assign$ = x on ! !ory ( special creation1 & ! exi/5ce ( su* a correlation may be reg>d$ z a te/-"q betwe5 ! two !ories4 ,! direct evid5ce 9 favor ( organic evolution br\ght toge!r 9 ! fir/ section ( ! pres5t "w is consid]$ "u ! sev]al heads ( classification1 ,morphology1 ,embryology1 ,palontology1 & ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! subjects1 ! object ( classification has be5 ! arrang+ ( organisms 9 accordance ) _! natural aff9ities4 ,organisms h be5 comp>$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :i* ( ! con/itu5t organs are ( ! mo/ inv>iable occurr5ce1 & !re=e ( ! mo/ typical significance1 & ! au?or %[s t 8all ! g5]al pr9ciples & p>ticul> facts app]ta9+ to ! natural classification ( plants & animals1 are precisely :at !y ought to be accord+ to ! !ory ( g5etic desc5t2 :ile no "o ( !m is su* z might be--& inde$1 us$1 to be--expect$ ^u ! !ory ( special creation40 ,9 connection ) ! important subject ( ,morphology1 ! au?or1 aft] %[+ t ! !ory ( desc5t ) cont9u$ adaptive modification fully expla9s all ! kn[n cases ( div]g5ce f ! typical /ructure :i* an organism pres5ts1 devotes himself especially to ! argum5t f rudim5t>y /ructures4 ,^! are ( su* g5]al occurr5ce t !y are f\nd 9 e species1 & su* obsolesc5t or ve/igial /ructures1 z ! au?or t]ms !m1 are ( great value z evid5ce = ! !ory ( evolution1 p>ticul>ly ^? f\nd 9 adult man4 ,to human ve/igial /ructures ! au?or pays p>ticul> att5tion1 8 obs]vations be+ accompani$ by excell5t illu/rations f nature4 ,x is notewor?y t he ab&ons ! flatt5+ ( ! tibia 9 man1 & ! disposition ( valves 9 human ve9s1 z argum5ts 9 support ( man's natural orig91 :i* is abundantly support$1 h[ev]1 by ref]5ce to o!r rudim5t>y organs4 ,! sci5ce ( ,embryology is ( special importance1 on acc\nt ( ! hi/ory x af=ds ( ! process ( evolution1 & ?us supply+ evid5ce ( ! fact1 al?\gh ! au?or rem>ks1 8! =e%ort5+ ( developm5tal hi/ory :i* takes place 9 ! individual lifetime may be expect$ (t5 to take place1 n only 9 ! way ( cond5sation1 b also 9 ! way ( excision40 ,to und]/& ! argum5t f embryology x is necess>y to trace ! fir/ beg9n+ ( individual life 9 ! ovum1 & = ?is purpose to consid] ! ph5om5a ( reproduction 9 _! mo/ simple =m4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 ,pr(essor ,romanes1 aft] exam9+ ! features 9 :i* ! cell-division ( protozoa diff]s f t ( metazoa1 & aft] consid]+ ! gr\nds on :i* x may be conclud$ t !re is a physiological cont9uity betwe5 gr[? & sexual reproduction1 po9ts out t ! con/ructive argum5t 9 favor ( evolution d]iv$ f embryology comm5ces ) ! f]tilisation ( ! metazoal ovum4 ,z ?is fir/ /age has n be5 adequately treat$ by any o!r writ]1 ! au?or deals ) x at consid]able l5g?4 ,! lat] /ages ( individual developm5t1 includ+ t ( ! v]tebrata1 on ! l9es ( ,haeckel's ideal primitive v]tebrate1 are m concisely treat$4 ,! sci5ce ( embryology1 cov]s ! :ole field ( animal life1 & x is n surpris+ !re=e t x is consid]$ by ! au?or & o!r evolutioni/s z furni%+ ! /ronge/ support to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,z to ! palontological evid5ce1 ,pr(essor ,romanes does n ascribe to x ! p>am\nt importance :i* x has 9 popul> judgm5t4 ,nev]!less he ass]ts t1 n only is no positive pro( aga9/ ! !ory ( desc5t to be drawn f a /udy ( palontology1 b x proves two v important g5]al facts 9 favor ( x4 ,^! are t f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times !re has be5 a con/ant & progressive increase 9 ! div]sity ( types bo? ( animals & plants1 & t 8?r\gh all ^! bran*+ l9es ( ev]-multiply+ types1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ea* ( !m to _! late/ kn[n conditions1 !re is ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( "o great law ( organic nature--! law ( gradual advance f ! g5]al to ! special1 f ! l[ to ! high1 f ! simple to ! complex40 ,^! g5]al facts are support$ by detail$ consid]ation ( fossil horns1 bones1 tee? & %ells1 :i* supply f\r special l9es ( evid5ce4 ,! evolution ( mammalian limbs ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! ho($ animals is treat$ ) a fulness its importance requires4 ,z ! geological argum5t is conc]n$ ) ! di/ribution ( species 9 "t1 s t bas$ on ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( animal & plant species is conc]n$ ) _! di/ribution 9 space4 ,?is1 al?\gh n reg>d$ by ! au?or z a crucial te/ betwe5 ! rival !ories ( creation & evolution1 is decl>$ to be "o ( ! /ronge/ l9es ( evid5ce 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,! g5]al facts reli$ on are1 ! discont9uity ( di/ribution ( c]ta9 species1 ! abs5ce ( any con/ant correlation betwe5 habitats & animals or plants suit$ to live ^u !m1 & ! pres5ce 9 e biological region ( species relat$ to o!r species 9 g5]a1 & usually also g5]a relat$ to o!r g5]a 9 families2 ?is correlation betwe5 a geographically re/rict$ habitat & ! aff9ities ( its fauna & flora be+ repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 ?r\gh\t ! e>?'s surface4 ,b fur!r1 ! correlation betwe5 habitats & _! animals & plants is n limit$ to ! n[ exi/+ species1 t is1 ! dead & liv+ species are alli$1 %[+ t ! latt] are modifi$ desc5dants ( ! =m]4 ,moreov]1 :]e ! areas ( di/ribution are n re/rict$1 ?r\gh species w&]+ away f _! native homes1 ! c\rse ( _! w&]+s is m>k$ by ! orig9ation en r\te ( new species4 ,ano!r important consid]ation is t a d\ble correlation exi/s 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( organic types4 ,t betwe5 ! geographical re/riction & natural aff9ity among inhabitants ( ! same areas has already be5 m5tion$4 ,! second is ! correlation betwe5 degrees ( geographical re/riction & degrees ( natural aff9ity4 ,?is is consonant ) ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 z 8! m di/ant ! aff9ity1 & !re=e1 ex hypo!si1 ! l>g] & ! old] ! orig9al gr\p ( organisms1 ! great] mu/ be ! *ance ( disp]sal40 ,^! g5]al consid]ations are support$ by detail$ illu/rations drawn f ! di/ribution ( aquatic & t]re/rial organisms4 ,! au?or %[s t an exam9ation ( ! faunas & floras ( oceanic isl&s e/abli%es ! g5]al law 8t :]ev] !re is evid5ce ( l&-areas hav+ be5 = a long "t sep>at$ f o!r l&-areas1 !re we meet ) a m or less extraord9>y pr(usion ( unique species1 (t5 runn+ up into unique g5]a40 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a con/ant correlation betwe5 ! degree ( ?is peculi>ity1 & ! "t dur+ :i* ! fauna & flora h be5 isolat$4 ,! au?or concludes ?is "p ( 8 argum5t by ! =cible obs]vation t 8if ! doctr9e ( special creation is tak5 to be true1 !n x mu/ be fur!r tak5 t ! "o & only pr9ciple :i* has be5 consi/5tly foll[$ 9 ! geographical disposition ( species1 is t ( s deposit+ !m z to make x ev]y:]e appe> t !y 7 n ?us deposit$ at all1 b came into exi/5ce :]e !y n[ occur by way ( g5etic desc5t ) p]petual migration & correlative modification40 ,! second "p ( ?is "w1 t :i* treats ( selection1 "u ! two heads ( ,natural ,selection & ,sexual ,selection1 al?\gh 9 "s respects ! mo/ important1 does n ne$ to be notic$ s fully z t :i* deals ) ! facts ( natural evolution4 ,aft] /at+ ! !ory ( natural selection1 ! au?or notices v>i\s fallacies connect$ ) x :i* are l>gely preval5t among ! adh]5ts ( ,d>w9ianism1 al?\gh n[h]e fall5 into by ,d>w9 himself1 & ! /ill great] fallacies f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s ,pr(essor ,romanes1 aft] /at+ ! ma9 argum5ts 9 favor ( ! !ory ( natural selection1 reviews ! ma9 objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ x4 ,! fir/ argum5t is t1 z a matt] ( obs]vation1 8! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 nature does lead to ! ext]m9ation ( =ms less fitt$ = ! /ruggle1 & ?us makes room = =ms m fitt$40 ,! second argum5t1 :i* ! au?or consid]s ( ov]:elm+ significance1 is t !re is n a s+le in/ance1 9 ei!r ! vegetable or ! animal k+dom1 ( a /ructure or an in/9ct :i* is develop$ = ! exclusive b5efit ( ano!r species4 ,its importance may be judg$ by ! fact t ,d>w9 consid]$ t a s+le in/ance to ! contr>y w\ld invalidate ! :ole !ory ( natural selection4 ,! ?ird argum5t is bas$ on ! facts connect$ ) ! v>iation ( animals & plants "u dome/ication4 ,ocul> evid5ce ( ! value ( ?is argum5t is furni%$ by a s]ies ( draw+s prep>$ = ! pres5t "w repres5t+ v>ieties ( pigeons1 & ( eight o!r animals4 ,z special illu/rations ( natural selection ! au?or consid]s ! subjects ( protective col\r+1 w>n+ col\rs1 & mimicry4 ,9 ref]r+ to 8 treatm5t ( ! criticisms ( ! natural selection !ory1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he deals ) ! ma9 objections1 we _c d m ?an m5tion t bas$ on ! possession by ! skate ( an electric organ1 :i*1 ow+ to ! weakness ( its dis*>ges1 _c app>5tly be ( any use to ! animal4 ,?is difficulty seems to be unexpla9able accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( natural selection1 & ,pr(essor ,romanes1 9 admitt+ ! fact1 rem>ks t x is ( a magnitude & importance 8altoge!r unequall$ by t ( any o!r s+le case--or any s]ies ( cases--:i* has hi!rto be5 enc\nt]$ by ! !ory40 ,! la/ *apt] ( ! "w is devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! !ory ( ,sexual ,selection1 :i* 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to furni% a sci5tific explanation ( ! wide g5]ality ( beauty 9 organic /ructures4 ,x is an obs]v$ fact t sexual selection does take place among ! high] animals1 & x is inf]r$ t1 ! selection has ref]5ce to an /hetic ta/e on ! "p ( ! animals !mselves2 & t ?is cause is adequate to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( beauty pres5t$ by su* animals4 ,aft] /at+ ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ^! conclusions1 ! au?or consid]s at l5g? ,mr4 ,wallace's views on ! subject4 ,^! con/itute ! objections urg$ aga9/ ! !ory ( sexual selection1 ( ! tru? ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,d>w9 %ortly be=e 8 dea? express$ himself z rema9+ firmly conv9c$4 ,pr(essor ,romanes concludes 8 pres5t volume ) a few g5]al rem>ks on ! philosophical relations ( ,d>w9ism to ! facts ( adaptation on ! "o h& & to ^? ( beauty on ! o!r4 ,9 none ( ^!1 says ! au?or1 d we meet ) any indep5d5t evid5ce ( sup]natural design1 al?\gh !re is abundant evid5ce ?r\gh\t organic nature ( natural causation4 ,& yet natural causation furni%es no dispro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,! :ole ( organic & inorganic nature is made subject to "o rule ( gov]nm5t1 b 8! ult]ior & ultimate "q t\*+ ! nature ( ?is gov]nm5t z m5tal or non-m5tal1 p]sonal or imp]sonal1 rema9s exactly :]e x 040 ,moreov]1 if !re be an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause1 ( ^: ,w all second>y causes are ! expression1 _! op]ation mu/ be uni=m1 s f> z ! ,w is consi/5t1 & !re=e x mu/ appe> z :at we call me*anical4 ,?us accord+ to ! pure logic ( ! matt]1 8! pro( ( organic evolution am\nts to no?+ m ?an ! pro( ( a natural process40 ,9 an app5dix to ,*apt] ,v1 ,pr(essor ,romanes (f]s sugge/ions z to ! imp]fection ( ! geological record1 & meets v>i\s objections aga9/ ! !ory ( organic evolution on t gr\nd4 ,b we mu/ n[ leave ?is excell5t "w1 :i* w und\bt$ly answ] ! expectation ) :i* x 0 prep>$1 ( be+ 8a comp5dium1 or h&book1 adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( a g5]al read] or biological /ud5t1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( a pr(ess$ naturali/40 ,x is enri*$ by a v good portrait ( ,d>w91 9 ^: foot/eps ! au?or has s\ght to tread by 8avoid+ dogmatism on ! "o h&1 & undue timidity z reg>ds g5]al reason+ on ! o!r40 ,9 8 introductory obs]vations he dwells on ! rem>kable influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,d>w9 ov] ! me?od ( inve/igation ( organic nature1 by treat+ ! discov]y or accumulation ( facts1 n z an end1 b z a means = g5]alisation1 ?us br++ natural hi/ory into a l9e ) o!r inductive sci5ces4 ,! value ( ! "w is mat]ially increas$ by ! addition ( num]\s well execut$ orig9al illu/rations1 besides v>i\s plates d]iv$ f ,haeckel's works & o!r s\rces1 "s ( !m ,am]ican4 ,x has also a good ,index :i* w add mu* to its usefulness4 4 ,,grundriss ,,d] ,,naturlehre ,f,r ,,die ,,ob]5 ,,class5 ,,d] ,,mittels*ul54 ,von ,dr4 ,e4 ,ma*4 ,ausgabe fr ,gymnasi54 ,mit #ceh ,abbildung54 #cae pp4 ,vi5na & ,prague3 ,f4 ,tempsky4 ,leipsic3 ,g4 ,freytag4 ,! pr9ciples t h guid$ ,pr(essor ,ma* 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! outl9es ( ,physics1 are 9 ! ma9 z foll[s3 ,! concepts & notions ( physical sci5ce %\ld n be set =? dogmatically1 b %\ld be pres5t$ z mu* z possible "u ! influ5ce ( ! actual natural facts t lead to !m4 ,hypo!ses & !ories %\ld be employ$ only :5 actually necess>y4 ,long ma!matical developm5ts & pages ( =mul only imp$e ! s*ol>'s total view ( 8 subject & af=d ( !mselves no insight4 ,logical f9i% %\ld n be s\ght aft] 9 elem5t>y pres5tations2 ! me?od ( ! inculcation ( tru?s %\ld1 s to speak1 be psy*ological3 ! me?od ( _! acquisition4 ,f ! brief /atem5t ( ^! guid+ pr9ciples1 ! read] w obs]ve t ,pr(essor ,ma*'s conception ( ! prop] =m ( an elem5t>y text-book1 diff]s greatly f t usually ent]ta9$4 ,! me?od ( pres5tation is n ! dogmatic1 ! 8logical10 :i* sets =? a sci5ce z a ready-made & p]fect$1 my/ically creat$1 product2 b ! g5etic1 ! hi/orical1 ! natural4 ,we are con/antly made aw>e1 9 ! /udy ( ?is book1 ( :at k really means & :at x does n4 ,we are n treat$1 9 its introductory *apt]1 z we are 9 mo/ ( ! text-books ( ,physics1 to disquisitions on ! insolubility ( ! que/ions ,:at is ,matt]1 ,:at is ,en]gy1 ,:at is ,=ce1 & to l pr(essions ( metaphysical ignorance1 :i* make u wond] h[ p c reque/ u to read hundr$s ( pages ab\t ?+s x is impossible to h k (2 b we are pres5t$ ?r\gh\t ) a simple /atem5t & description1 9 t]ms ( facts1 ( :at our fundam5tal1 z well z our d]iv$1 notions are1 & :at _! import4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ! ne$ ( su* a book is v great4 ,& x is pleasant1 con/antly to discov] h[ well its idea has be5 execut$4 ,concise1 unburd5$ by unnecess>y & self-evid5t developm5ts1 x is 9 our judgm5t a model ( elem5t>y exposition4 ,) *>act]i/ic mode/y1 ,pr(essor ,ma* disclaims all pret5sion to hav+ fully realis$ 8 conception1 & views 8 p]=mance simply z an attempt4 ,! book 0 submitt$1 be=e publication1 to a numb] ( compet5t educators1 ^: advice 9 reg>d to alt]ations 0 frequ5tly act$ ^u4 4 ,,n\velles ,,re*]*es ,,de ,,psy*iatrie ,,et ,d',,an?ropologie ,,crim9elle4 ,by ,c4 ,lombroso4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 #ahib4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,lombroso's activity rea*es a climax t is almo/ sup]human4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,italian ,ar*ives ( ,psy*iatry two articles1 "o ( :i* proves t1 at lea/ 9 ,italy1 ! s5se ( t\* is weak] 9 wom5 ?an 9 m52 x is /ill weak] & m irregul> 9 crim9al wom5 ?an 9 normal wom54 7,ar*iv4 di4 ,psi*iatr4 ,sc4 p54 ed4 ,antrop4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 #ahia1 p4 #a-f74 ,! o!r article 7l4 c4 p4 #eh-ajh7 is an inquiry conc]n+ ?\ght-transmission1 :i* conta9s besides a critical review ( ! usual rubbi% ( s-call$ telepa?ic ph5om5a two /range obs]vations4 ,! fir/ is ! case ( a l[-br$ hy/]ical lad :o does n possess ! faculty claim$ by him to und]/& telepa?ically ! int5tions ( :osoev] employs him1 b /range en\gh1 if suffici5tly *>g$ ) :iskey1 is able to read any writ+ ?r\gh ! envelope ) clos$ eyes4 ,! o!r case is a somnambuli/ic compositor1 :o sets type correctly 9 ! /ate ( somnambulism4 ,bl9dfold$ he draws ! figures drawn beh9d 8 back ^u a slate1 & hypnotis$ he guesses ! numb]s :i* ! exp]im5t] ?9ks4 ,lombroso is "o ( our greate/ psy*ologi/s1 b ^! exp]im5ts p]haps ) ! same subjects %\ld be repeat$ by o!r psy*ologi/s s z to make sure ( _! correctness4 ,lombroso concludes t !re seems to be "s f\ndation 9 ?\ght-transmission4 ,! pres5t little volume ( new rese>*es applies ,lombroso's !ories conc]n+ morphological abnormalities ( ! crim9al type 9 ! an?ropological field4 ,x appe>s natural t ! crim9al type %\ld %[ abnormal features1 b sometimes ,lombroso's eag]ness to discov] abnormal features1 ev5 9 political crim9als su* z ,*>lotte ,corday1 is exagg]at$4 ,at lea/ we mu/ confess t _m abnormalities appe> v frequ5tly among peaceful & law-abid+ citiz5s4 ,! ,corday skull1 al?\gh a trifle platycephalic1 is beautifully r\nd$ & normal4 ,m4 ,top9>d f9ds no abnormal features b ,lombroso ma9ta9s t its platycephaly is d\bly abnormal & he adds3 8,! capacity ( ! skull is #a4cfj cubic c5timet]s :ile ^? ( ,p>isian wom5 is #a4ccg4 ,mu/ we n conclude t its capacity exce$s ! av]age80 ,we read on p4 #abd & sq43 8,! m our wom5 w be =c$ to ent] ! economical /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! m w !y become crim9als4444 ,! result 7( lett+ !m ent] public life7 w be to l[] ! nature ( wom540 ,! booklet is v in/ructive ev5 to ^? :o disagree ) ! pr(essor1 = x is full ( facts & valuable obs]vations4 4 ,,vorlesung5 ,,b] ,,die ,,algebra ,,d] ,,logik4 7,exakte ,logik47 ,by ,dr4 ,ern/ ,s*rd]4 ,er/] ,b& mit viel ,figur5 im ,texte4 ,leipsic3 ,b4 ,g4 ,teubn]4 #ahij4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says1 8,! ess5ce ( sci5ce is economy ( ?\ght40 ,if t is s1 !re is no discipl9e m imbu$ ) ! _s ( sci5ce ?an algebra4 ,:5 op]at+ ) algebraic symbols we cease to ?9k out ! :ole calculation at e /age1 & we are enabl$ to keep track ( ! diff]5t factors1 & ( _! mutual relations dur+ ! op]ation f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,9 common ari?metic ^! factors are lo/ l riv]s 9 an ocean ( homog5e\s numb]s :i* increase & decrease )\t betray+ ! way by :i* !y 7 rea*$4 ,algebraic symbols g5]alise calculation1 & ?us we h ! advantage ( calculat+ f ! resultant =mula any p>ticul> example ) ma*9e-l exactness & )\t ! tr\ble ( go+ ov] ! :ole op]ation aga94 ,! ease ) :i* we c op]ate ) symbols br+s x ab\t t we sometimes out-run our ?\ght & ! correct result may be obta9$ by an op]ator :o only p>tially und]/&s ! op]ation1 j z an eng9e] is able to run a ma*9e ! me*anism ( :i* he b p>tially und]/&s4 ,ma!matics hav+ ga9$ s great advantages ?r\gh ! introduction ( algebraic symbols1 ! "q sugge/s itself :e!r ! same me?od might n ) "s advantage be introduc$ into ! o!r prov9ces ( =mal sci5ce1 especially 9 ! doma9 ( logic4 ,! fir/ logicians :o borr[$ signs f algebra & introduc$ !m into logic by g5]alis+ _! mean+s1 7 two ,g]mans1 ,gottfri$ ,pl\cquet & ,johann ,he9ri* ,lamb]t4 ,pl\cquet wrote 8,pr9cipia de sub/antiis et pha5om5is1 acc$it me?odus calcul&i 9 logicis ab ipso inv5ta1 cui praemittitur comm5tatio de arte *>act]i/ica univ]sali10 ,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #agec1 ed4 ,,ii4 #agfd4hd ,lamb]t's inve/igations on ! subject are f\nd 9 8 8,logis*e ,abh&lung540 ,pr(4 ,v5n1 9 8 8,symbolic ,logic10 p4 xxxii1 says ( ,lamb]t1 8,he fully recognis$ t ! f\r algebraic op]ations ( addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division1 h ea* an analogue 9 ,logic2 t !y may "h be respectively t]m$ aggregation1 sep>ation1 det]m9ation1 ab/raction1 & be symbolis$ by 1 -1 1 34 ,he also p]ceiv$ ! inv]se nature ( ! second & f\r? z comp>$ ) ! fir/ & ?ird2 & no "o c\ld /ate m cle>ly t we mu/ n conf\nd ! ma!matical ) ! logical signification40 ,! algebra ( logic :i* ?r\gh ! "w ( ^! +5i\s m51 _h receiv$ s favorable a />t1 0 v soon neglect$2 yet x 0 reviv$ aft] "s "t 9 ,engl& by ,boole1 ,de,morgan1 & ,jevons4 ,x rema9$ = q a :ile ! almo/ exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,engli% :]e at ! pres5t "t ,pr(4 ,v5n may be consid]$ z ! greate/ ,engli% au?ority on ! subject4 ,v5n's works 7 rivall$ by an ,am]ican s*ol>1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce1 ! same :o has contribut$ sev]al articles to ,! ,moni/4 ,! algebra ( logic :i* _h be5 s long neglect$ 9 ,g]many1 is n[ reviv+ 9 ! c\ntry ( its fir/ bir?4 ,! au?or ( ! "w1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* lies n[ be=e u = review1 is ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ! ,polyte*nicum ( ,k>lsruhe 9 ,bad54 ,! second volume is n yet work$ out 9 detail1 b its publication may be expect$ 9 "o or two ye>s4 ,! :ole "w1 :5 complet$1 w be ! mo/ compreh5sive treatise on ! algebra ( logic t has z yet appe>$4 ,! plan & treatm5t ( ,pr(essor ,s*rd]'s 8,vorlesung5 b] die ,algebra d] ,logik0 exhibit t uncommon ?or\ghness & exhau/iv5ess1 = :i* ,g]man s*ol>s are ju/ly fam\s4 ,! book1 9 "o ^w1 w be ! /&>d "w on ! algebra ( logic = a long "t to come4 ,x w\ld lead u "h too f> to review or to sket* ! ma9 cont5ts ( ,pr(essor ,s*rd]'s "w1 :i*1 x seems to u1 is difficult to expla9 )\t ent]+ into ! details & ?us go+ beyond ! scope ( m]e review4 ,b we %all briefly set =? ! *ief f\ndations ^u :i* ,s*rd] builds 8 algebra ( logic4 ,pr(essor ,s*rd] has inscrib$ two mottos on ! title page ( 8 book1 b we confess t we suspect at lea/ "o ( !m is int5d$ to be ironical2 x c]ta9ly seems to h be5 select$ :5 ! au?or 0 9 a mood ( humor4 ,be+ consci\s ( ! great value ( !oretical speculation1 he quotes f ,goe! ! foll[+ ,mephi/ophelian s5tim5t3 8,i say to !e1 a speculative wight ,is l a bea/ on moorl&s lean1 ,l$ circl+ !re by "s malici\s sprite ,:ile all ar\nd lie pa/ures fair & gre540 ,!re are two k9ds ( speculation3 fir/1 t :i* attempts to f9d out by pure ?\ght a sub/antial ext5sion ( k2 & secondly1 t :i* inve/igates ! me?ods ( inquiry4 ,! =m] is futile1 ! latt] is fruitful4 ,! =m] is t :i* ,goe! c5sures4 ,to c5sure ! latt] w\ld be a grave mi/ake4 ,! man :o w\ld try to =ge bread out ( iron mu/ meet ) disappo9tm5t1 b ! smi? :o inv5t$ & %ap$ ! pl[ did m = ! production ( bread ?an _m ?\s& f>m]s tak5 toge!r1 al?\gh x may be he did n raise a blade ( :eat4 ,speculation t attempts to f9d out ?+s by m]e brood+ is prima facie wrong2 b speculation t con/ructs ! me?ods ( inve/igation is ! basis ( all progress 9 sci5ce4 ,! o!r motto ( ,s*rd]'s book is ,goe!'s say+3 8,man is n born to solve ! problem ( ! _w1 b to seek = ! po9t :]e ! problem beg9s & !n to keep )9 ! limits ( ! compreh5sible40 ,x w\ld be well to comp>e ?is say+ ( ,goe!'s ) ano!r "o by ! same au?or :i* is 8,man %\ld hold fa/ to ! belief t t :i* seems incompreh5sible1 is compreh5sible4 ,o!rwise1 he w\ld n inve/igate40 ,s*rd] foll[s r ! _s ( ! second ?an t ( ! fir/ quotation4 ,he says on p4 #aje ( ! rec5t volume1 ) ref]5ce to "s critical rem>ks made by ! late ,pr(essor ,lotze ( ,gtt+51 :o 0 m brilliant & +5i\s ?an exact 9 8 philosophical views & :o %[$ an undisguis$ dislike = any sev]e me?od t has rec\rse to numb]s1 figures1 s*$ules1 or classifications1 z does ! algebra ( logic3 8,if ,lotze concludes 8 logic ) ! wi% t ,g]man philosophy %\ld rise to ! attempt at compreh5d+ ! c\rse ( ! _w in/ead ( m]ely calculat+ x1 we %\ld answ]1 ,c\ld we fir/ calculate x1 !n we %\ld c]ta9ly compreh5d x s f> z compreh5sion on e>? is possible40 ,b h[ is x possible8 ,simply by prop]ly limit+ & def9+ ! field ( inve/igation2 & "h we c see t ! fir/ say+ ( ,goe!'s %\ld n be con/ru$ 9 su* a way z to appe> contradictory to ! second4 ,e ?9k] />ts ) c]ta9 limits ( compreh5sion1 b he ext5ds !m s t ! /ock ( k increases 9 e g5]ation1 & !re is no probability t we %all ev] rea* ! limits ( an absolutely incompreh5sible4 ,!re is no solid progress to be made by mak+ wild raids 9 ! doma9 ( ! unkn[n1 a me?od :i* is pursu$ only by dream]s & metaphysicians4 ,we mu/ />t f ! b\nd>y ( ! pres5t /ock ( k1 & let our progress be conf9$ to s+le well def9$ & limit$ problems4 ,h[ a solution ( ! _w-problem is possible 9 ?is s5se1 is expla9$ by ,s*rd] on p4 #ajc3 8,! answ] is giv5 9 ! old p>able ( ! bundle ( arr[s1 :i* resi/s all attempts at break+ x4 ,z a :ole x )/ood1 b x yield$ to him :o unti$ ! bundle & broke ! arr[s s+ly4 ,! difficulties :i* pres5t !mselves to ! progress ( k c also only be ov]come s+ly1 & 9 _! "o-sid$ness4 ,9 ! division ( labor ?us produc$1 lies exactly ! advantage & ! /r5g? ( ! div]se discipl9es1--qui trop embrasse1 mal tre9t40 ,pr(essor ,s*rd] adv]tises 8 book ) ! foll[+ words3 8,f ! title ! read] w obs]ve t "h ! d$uctive or =mal logic alone is treat$4 ,! calculative treatm5t ( ! d$uctive logic1 ?r\gh :i* ?is discipl9e is r$eem$ f ! fett]s by :i* ?r\gh ! p[] ( habit1 ^w-language has b\nd ! human m9d1 %\ld des]ve1 m ?an any?+ else ! "n #8,exact ,logic'6 ,?is me?od alone c give to ! laws ( valid inf]5ce1 _! mo/ pregnant1 concise1 & cle> expression1 & is ?us enabl$ to reveal num]\s & important gaps1--:y n mi/akes1--9 ! old] pres5tations ( ! subject40 8,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! au?or's #8,op]ationskreis des ,logikkalkuls1' ?is me?od ( treatm5t has made progress ( highe/ importance1 especially ?r\gh ! works ( ! ,am]icans1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce & 8 s*ool4 ,to ,mr4 ,peirce1 m ?an to anybody else1 is due ! m]it ( hav+ built a bridge f ! old] & purely v]bal treatm5t ( our discipl9e to ! new calculative me?od2 a bridge :i* ! pr(essional philosoph]s rightly f\nd lack+ & to :i* lack is well to be ascrib$ ! fact t ! new me?od receiv$ only a p>tial & bewild]$ att5tion4 ,?r\gh ,mr4 ,peirce's works1 ^u :i* also ! au?or has _h "s influ5ce1 ! !ory is n[ s f> develop$ & p]fect$ t = ! fir/ & ma9 "p ( its :ole sy/em1 a f9al pres5tation & arrangem5t may be obta9$40 8,endeavor+ to (f] s f> z possible su* a f9al & compreh5sive pres5tation1 ! au?or desires to (f] at ! same "t & 9 a sy/ematic way a h&book ( ! mo/ valuable mat]ials ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject :i* especially 9 ! ,engli% language1 is q consid]able40 ,! book addresses two k9ds ( read]s :i* are ( a greatly diff]5t turn ( m9d1 & x w g f> 9 reconcil+ ! me?ods ( bo?1 ! ma!maticians & ! philosoph]s4 ,9 ! preface ,s*rd] says1 8,9 consid]ation ( ! =mul :i* appe> 9 ! book1 x may be wise to /ate1 t no ma!matical tra9+ or any specific k is presuppos$ to be kn[n by ! read]4 ,we might repeat ! words ( ,d$ek9d1 prefix$ to "o ( 8 books3 #8,ev]ybody c und]/& ?is "w :o is 9 possession ( :at is g5]ally call$1 common-s5se4' ,b we may add ano!r say+ f ano!r au?or3 #8,! beaux esprits c]ta9ly1 :o are n accu/om$ to ! sev]e dem&s ( ?\ght1 w v soon turn away f x4'0 ,! introduction is comp>atively long1 compris+ no less ?an #abe pages4 ,b1 consid]+ t x is m ?an an introduction1 t x expla9s ! f\ndation on :i* ! :ole "w re/s1 x is n too long1 = x =ms an ess5tial & inde$ ! mo/ important "p ( ! book4 ,s*rd] discusses 9 x ! "* & ! limitation ( 8 problem4 ,he expla9s induction1 d$uction1 contradiction & valid inf]5ce4 ,he consid]s ! nature ( signs & names4 ,he says1 on p4 #ch3 8,humanity1 x appe>s1 does n rise above ! absolute z]o ( civilisation & ! level ( animal life1 until x develops ! activity ( d5otation & symbolis+4 ,& !re is inde$ no?+ to :i* ! human m9d owes s mu* = its progress z to ! signs ( ?+s4 8,! sign :i* speaks 9 attitude & ge/ure to emotion1 speaks 9 ^w & s5t5ce to ! intellect4 ,& x possesses1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ! association ( ideas1 ! p[] ( produc+ 9 ! p]son address$ c]ta9 ideas4 8,:ile ! sign coalesces ) ! idea1 x reacts ^u ?\ght itself4 ,?r\gh signs ! ideas :i* o!rwise w\ld rema9 confus$ & vague1 are analys$ & !y become z sep>ate elem5ts1 a p]man5t possession ov] :i* ! ?9k+ m9d has =?) free control4 ,?r\gh ! sign we di/+ui%1 we fix diff]5ces & make !m ready = new peculi> comb9ations4 ,! sign1 is z x 71 ! h&le by :i* we take hold ( ! objects ( ?\ght4 ,?r\gh ! sign only1 ! idea is lib]at$ f ! elem5ts ( s5se1 :i* are atta*$ to x1 & is enabl$ to rise into ! sph]e ( g5]alisation4 ,?us ?9k+ is on ! "o h& lib]at$1 on ! o!r det]m9$ by ! sign4 8,fur!r1 ?r\gh ! sign alone :i* makes x possible t ! same idea ! same purpose c live 9 _m1 !re is "o w1 "o s\l1 & a community ( human aspirations exi/s ^u :i* is bas$ ! life ( mank9d z a life ( individuals 9 society4 ,& ?is aga9 is ! basis ( our morality & civilisation4 8,! efficacy ( ! sign spok5 is consid]ably increas$ by ! inv5tion ( writ+40 ,pr(essor ,s*rd] discusses ^? two me?ods ( logic :i* are kn[n by ! names3 ! ,logic ( ,int5sion & ! ,logic ( ,ext5sion4 7,logik des ,inhaltes1 & ,logik des ,umfangs47 ,?is leads to a discussion ( def9ition1 ! categories1 & conceptual writ+ :i* w\ld f9d its ideal 9 a sy/em ( pasigraphy1 or univ]sal language1 = ! p]fection ( :i* an algebra ( logic w\ld be indisp5sable4 ,! symbols employ$ by ,s*rd] are borr[$ to a great ext5t f ,peirce1 b !y are consid]ably improv$ & x is probable t ,s*rd]'s innovations w be univ]sally accept$4 ,we purposely refra9 "h f discuss+ ! p>ticul>s ( ,s*rd]'s "w1 /at+ only 9 a g5]al way t 8 proposition ( a new symbol = subsumption1 7he proposes to replace ! old symbol symbol by symbol to signify 8equal to or subsum$ "u071 8 treatm5t ( ! symbols #j & #a1 ! =m] repres5t+ an abs5ce ( c]ta9 m>ks1 or z x has be5 call$ _! 8incompossibility10 z be+ exclud$ by ! pres5ce ( o!r m>ks2 ! o!r ! univ]se ( ! :ole subject "u discussion1 & all ! o!r problems :i* he sep>ately treats 9 8 lectures are admirably pres5t$ & comm& almo/ ?r\gh\t ! read]'s cons5t4 ,we n[ conclude our review ) ! quotation ( ! la/ p>agraph ( ,s*rd]'s introduction on p4 #abe4 ,hav+ decl>$ t 8logical inquiry %\ld n be judg$ f ! %ort-sight$ or n>r[-m9d$1 n to say born1 utilit>ian /&po9t10 he po9ts out ! great practical importance ( 8 sci5ce1 say+3 8,simil>ly1 z ) o!r sci5ces1 s logic also may be expect$ to realise & produce undream$ ( results1 :i* may incid5tally br+ ab\t1 9 a mo/ surpris+ way1 incalculable advantages4 ,let me only po9t out "o ?+4 ,s9ce ! impulse :i* ?is sci5ce has ( late receiv$1 !re h be5 already con/ruct$ ?ree logical ma*9es :i* al?\gh we grant1 sc>cely des]ve _! "n1 because _! efficacy rema9s /ill v rudim5t>y1 may be comp>$ to ,pap9's pot t 9 a m advanc$ /ate became ! /eam-eng9e4 ,inde$1 nobody c presage :e!r aft] all a ?9k+ ma*9e might n be con/ruct$1 :i* w\ld be analog\s to1 b m p]fect ?an ! calculat+ ma*9es4 ,! latt] h reliev$ man ( a consid]able portion ( mu* fatigu+ ?\ght-"w1 j z ! /eam-eng9e has be5 successful 9 reliev+ him f physical labor4 8,to be sure we mu/ n expect to reap :ile we are /ill s[+1 & lea/ s 9 su* a case z ?is :]e ! h>ve/ is to be expect$ f trees40 4 ,,! ,,gramm> ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,k>l ,pe>son1 ,m4 ,a4 ,) #be figures 9 ! text4 ,london3 ,walt] ,scott1 #bd ,w>wick ,lane4 ,import$ by ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,we are greatly 9 sympa?y ) ! me?ods & pr9ciples ( ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son's 8,gramm> ( ,sci5ce40 ,! "w is a comp>atively popul> & also brief exposition ( ! mod]n ideal ( sci5tific inquiry4 8,! goal ( sci5ce is cle>--x is no?+ %ort ( ! complete int]pretation ( ! univ]se4 ,b t goal10 adds ! au?or1 8is an ideal "o--x m>ks ! direction 9 :i* we move & /rive40 ,! be/ "p ( ! book is 9 our op9ion ! introductory *apt] :i* sets =? 8! scope & me?od ( sci5ce0 & %[s ! ne$ ( a 8,gramm> ( ,sci5ce40 ,says ! au?or 9 ! summ>y ( ?is *apt]3 8,! scope ( sci5ce is to asc]ta9 tru? 9 e possible bran* ( k4 ,!re is no sph]e ( inquiry :i* lies outside ! legitimate field ( sci5ce4 ,to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! sci5tific & philosophical me?ods is obscurantism40 ,! pres5t g5]ation is 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation4 ,:ile "o man f9ds a re/lessness1 a di/ru/ ( all au?ority1 a que/ion+ ( ! basis ( all social in/itutions & long e/abli%$ me?ods1 ano!r pictures = u a gold5 age 9 ! ne> future4 ,"o tea*] prop\nds :at is flatly contradict$ by a second4 ,we require "s guide 9 ! det]m9ation ( our actions1 & n = our own private b also our public duties4 8,e citiz5 is ?ru/ into an appall+ maze ( social & educational problems2 & if 8 tribal consci5ce has any /uff 9 x1 he feels t ^! problems ought n to be settl$1 s f> z he has ! p[] ( settl+ !m1 by 8 own p]sonal int]e/s1 by 8 individual prospects ( pr(it or loss4 ,he is call$ ^u to =m a judgm5t ap>t f 8 own feel+s & emotions if x possibly may be--a judgm5t 9 :at he conceives to be ! int]e/s ( society at l>ge4 8,h[ is su* a judgm5t to be =m$80 ,! answ] is by sci5ce4 ,su* a judgm5t c only be bas$ on a cle> k ( facts1 on an appreciation ( _! sequ5ce & relative significance4 ,! judgm5t bas$ ^u !m ought to be indep5d5t ( ! individual m9d :i* exam9es !m1 & ?is frame ( m9d :i* is t ( ! sci5ti/ is an ess5tial ( good citiz5%ip4 ,n z if ! sci5ti/ 7 eo ipso a good citiz51 b society has an int]e/ 9 ! propagation ( ! me?ods ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,s\nd citiz5%ip w be promot$ by tra9+ ! m9d to an exact & imp>tial analysis ( facts4 ,h[ mu* a gramm> ( sci5ce is ne$$ c be le>n$ f ! confusion t prevails conc]n+ ! fundam5tal concepts ( sci5ce4 ,says ,pe>son3 8,any?+ m hopelessly illogical ?an ! /atem5ts ) reg>d to =ce & matt] curr5t 9 elem5t>y text-books ( sci5ce1 x is difficult to imag9e2 & ! au?or1 z a result ( "s t5 ye>s' tea*+ & exam9+1 has be5 =c$ to ! conclusion t ^! works possess little1 if any1 educational value2 !y d n enc\rage ! gr[? ( logical cle>ness or =m any ex]cise 9 sci5tific me?od4 8,! views express$ 9 ?is ,gramm> on ! fundam5tal concepts ( sci5ce1 especially on ^? ( =ce & matt]1 h =m$ "p ( ! au?or's tea*+ s9ce he 0 fir/ call$ ^u to ?9k h[ ! elem5ts ( dynamical sci5ce c\ld be pres5t$ free f metaphysics to "y /ud5ts40 ,pr(essor ,pe>son calls att5tion to ! dang] t arises f two modes ( ?\ght1 viz4 t ( ! metaphysician & t ( ! agno/ic4 ,he says3 8,! poet is a valu$ memb] ( ! community1 = he is kn[n to be a poet2 8 value w increase z he gr[s to recognise ! deep] insight into nature ) :i* mod]n sci5ce provides him4 ,! metaphysician is a poet1 (t5 a v great "o1 b =tunately he is n kn[n to be a poet1 because he clo!s 8 poetry 9 ! language ( app>5t reason1 & h5ce x foll[s t he is liable to be a dang]\s memb] ( ! community4 ,! dang] at ! pres5t "t t metaphysical dogmas may *eck sci5tific rese>* is1 p]haps1 n v great40 ,=tunately ! dang] t arises f metaphysicism is pa/4 8,=10 adds ,pe>son1 8,! day has gone by :5 ! ,hegelian philosophy ?reat5$ to /rangle infant sci5ce 9 ,g]many2--t x beg9s to langui% at ,ox=d is a pro( t x is practically dead 9 ! c\ntry ( its bir?4 ,! day has gone by :5 philosophical or !ological dogmas ( any k9d c ?r[ back1 ev5 = g5]ations1 ! progress ( sci5tific inve/igation40 ,! sci5ti/ w1 x is true1 (t5 h to confess3 8,!re ,i am ignorant40 ,b x w\ld be absurd to re/rict sci5ce to ! limit$ field ( ?\ght :i* x occupies to-day4 ,pr(essor ,pe>son cont9ues3 8,x is true t ?is view is n held by sev]al lead+ sci5ti/s1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,g]many4 ,!y are n cont5t ) say+1 #8,we are ignorant1' b !y add1 ) reg>d to c]ta9 classes ( facts1 #8,mank9d mu/ always be ignorant4' ,?us 9 ,engl& ,pr(essor ,huxley has inv5t$ ! t]m ,agno/ic1 n s mu* = ^? :o are ignorant z = ^? :o limit ! possibility ( k 9 c]ta9 fields4 ,9 ,g]many ,pr(essor ,e4 du ,bois-,reymond has rais$ ! cry3 #8,ignorabimus'--#8,we %all be ignorant1' & bo? 8 bro!r & he h und]tak5 ! difficult task ( demon/rat+ t ) reg>d to c]ta9 problems human k is impossible4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 note t 9 ^! cases we are n conc]n$ ) ! limitation ( ! sci5tific me?od1 b ) ! d5ial ( ! possibility t any me?od :atev] c lead to k4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to ?9k t !re is great dang] 9 ?is cry3 #8,we %all be ignorant4' ,to cry #8,we are ignorant1' is safe & heal?y1 b ! attempt to demon/rate an endless futurity ( ignorance appe>s a mode/y :i* approa*es despair4 ,consci\s ( ! pa/ great a*ievem5ts & ! pres5t re/less activity ( sci5ce1 may we n d bett] to accept z our wat*word t ( ,galilei3 #8,:o is will+ to set limits to ! human intellect8'--int]pret+ x by :at evolution has taught u ( ! cont9ual gr[? ( man's intellectual p[]s40 ,! introductory *apt] pres5ts ! g5]al plan ( ,pr(essor ,pe>son's book4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s conta9 ! detail$ "w ( ! plan4 ,! head+s ( ^! *apt]s are3 ,,ii1 ,! ,facts ( ,sci5ce2 ,,iii1 ,! ,sci5tific ,law2 ,,iv1 ,cause & ,effect--,probability2 ,v1 ,space & ,"t2 ,,vi1 ,! ,geometry ( ,motion2 ,,vii1 ,matt]2 ,,viii1 ,! ,laws ( ,motion2 ,,ix1 ,life2 ,x1 ,! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,pr(essor ,pe>son foll[s ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,ma* 9 8 expositions 7especially 9 ,*ap4 ,,ii7 v closely1 & especially ref]s to ! latt]'s contributions to ,! ,moni/4 ,pe>son emphasises ) ,ma* ! di/9ction betwe5 ! conceptual & p]ceptual1 betwe5 ideas or n\m5a & s5sations4 ,he rejects1 z does ,pr(essor ,ma*1 ! assumption ( unkn[ables beyond our gr\ps ( s5se-impressions1 say+3 8,x is idle to po/ulate %ad[y unkn[ables beh9d t real _w ( s5se-impression 9 :i* we live0 7p4 #hh71 & yet he says 9 ano!r passage on p4 #acd3 8,!re is my/]y en\gh 9 ! *aos ( s5sations & 9 its capacity = conta9+ ^? little corn]s ( consci\sness :i* project _! own products1 ( ord] & law & reason1 into an unkn[n & unkn[able _w40 ,x appe>s to u t ! deep] reason ( ?is app>5t inconsi/5cy c be trac$ to ! au?or's conception ( ! import ( k4 ,he foll[s ,kir*h(f 9 ! acceptance ( ! !ory t sci5tific law is a brief description ( facts 9 m5tal %or?&4 ,b at ! same "t he foll[s ,clif=d & ,ma* too closely2 ! =m] 9 ! respect t we c "k ! 8h[0 only & n ! 8:y10 & ! latt] 9 ov]look+ ! fact t concepts are symbols :i* /& = some?+ & h a mean+4 ,pe>son says on p4 #ade1 8,sci5ce describes h[ !y motions take place1 b ! :y rema9s a my/]y40 ,b %\ld we n1 we ask1 r supplant ! old & metaphysical conception ( ! 8:y0 7! s5se ( x z "h impli$7 by a bett] & m correct conception8 ,! metaphysical 8:y0 is n s mu* a my/]y z x is ! incorporation ( an illegitimate problem4 ,! 8:y0 ( positive sci5ce dem&s z answ] an exhau/ive description ( ^? conditions :i* z ! outcome ( a def9ite trans=mation inevitably produce a c]ta9 ph5om5on4 ,b "h we mu/ criticise ,pr(essor ,pe>son's view ( 8description10 z well also z 8 view ( causation4 ,cause & effect are to him1 z !y 7 to ,mill1 m]e sequ5ces2 necessity belongs exclusively to ! conceptual realm1 & is 8illogically transf]r$ to ! _w ( p]ceptions40 ,an exhau/ive description w trace ! process ( causation1 & :5ev] we succe$ 9 ?is we h answ]$ ! "q 8:y0 9 ! only s5sible mean+ x possesses4 ,s5se-impressions d n1 z ,pr(essor ,pe>son expresses x1 8%ut u 910 s t ! beyond rema9s a my/]y to u4 ,s5se-impressions repres5t ! beyond ( reality & !y repres5t x 9 su* a way z to enable u to deal ) x prop]ly4 ,?is repres5tation is k & ?us ! _w is n unkn[able4 ,! _w is full ( my/]y1 b k itself is n my/]i\s4 ,hav+ s5se-impressions & int]pret+ !m 9 our conceptual inf]5ces we "k some?+ ( ! _w4 ,we are n prep>$ to accept ,pr(essor ,pe>son's views t 8*ange is p]ceptual1 motion conceptual10 & also t 8we are n compell$ to po/ulate a space outside ( self = ph5om5a0 7p4 #aif74 ,we %\ld say t our concepts1 ! concepts motion & space includ$1 repres5t c]ta9 features ( reality4 ,we might give a special "n to ^? features ( reality :i* are repres5t$ by ! t]ms motion & space1 b we c\ld n d5y _! objective reality )\t at ! same "t d5y+ ! validity ( ! concepts4 ,says ,pr(essor ,pe>son1 8,all ?+s move--b only 9 conception0 7p4 #che74 8,:at moves 9 conception is a geometrical ideal1 & x moves because we conceive x to move40 ,^! propositions h no mean+ if pron\nc$ f our /&po9t4 ,obs]ve also t ,pr(essor ,pe>son inculcates ! conceptuality ( motion by unnecess>ily repeat+ ! ^w 9 ! =mula on page #cda :i* beg9s z foll[s3 8,e corpuscle 9 ! conceptual model ( ! univ]se mu/ be conceiv$ z mov+44440 ,:5 we conceive some?+ z mov+ we mean t n only 9 ! conceptual model1 b also 9 reality !re is an action tak+ place :i* we repres5t by ! concept motion4 ,to say t we h k only ( *anges b t we d n "k :e!r ^? *anges :i* we describe z me*anical are really motions1 appe>s to u idle subtlety4 ,! po9t is :e!r ?is me?od ( describ+ ^? ev5ts enables u to deal ) !m prop]ly4 ,if x does x answ]s ! purpose4 ,9 spite ( all our disagreem5ts we feel ourselves 9 close contact ) ! au?or ( 8,! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce10 = we agree ) respect to ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce & we c]ta9ly c leave ! settlem5t ( our diff]5ces to a common te/ on ! basis ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,moreov]1 ! attitude ( ! au?or seems to u v mu* l t :i* we take ourselves4 ,we quote f a =m] publication ( 81 ! foll[+ passage#he3 8,i set out f ! /&po9t t ! mission ( ,free?\ght is no long] to batt] d[n old fai?s2 t has be5 long ago effectively accompli%$1 & ,i1 = "o1 am ready to put a rail+ r\nd ! ru9s1 t !y may be pres]v$ f desecration & s]ve z a l&m>k4 ,inde$ ,i confess to h yawn$ ov] a rec5t vigor\s inditem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ,i promptly dispos$ ( my copy to a "y g5tleman :o 0 anxi\s t ,i %\ld read a "w entitl$3 ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w1 :i* he told me _h giv5 q a new wid? to ! fai? ( 8 *ildhood40 4 ,,philosophie ,,d] ,,ari?metik4 ,psy*ologis*e und logis*e ,unt]su*ung54 ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,huss]l4 ,er/] ,b&4 ,halle-,saale3 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]4 #ahia4 ,! pres5t volume does n pret5d to be a complete sy/em ( ! philosophy ( ari?metic1 b x attempts to prep>e1 9 a s]ies ( psy*ological & logical inve/igations1 ! sci5tific f\ndation = a future con/ruction ( ?is discipl9e1 :i* w\ld be ( equal value to ! ma!matician & philosoph]4 ,! fir/ volume :i* is n[ be=e u analyses 9 its fir/ "p ! ideas plurality1 unity1 & numb]1 s f> z !y are directly giv5 u & n 9 _! indirect symbolisation4 ,! second "p consid]s ! symbolical repres5tations ( plurality & numb]1 & ! au?or attempts to %[ t ! fact ( our be+ almo/ ?r\gh\t limit$ to symbolical ideas ( numb] det]m9es ! mean+ & ! purpose ( t view :i* ! au?or calls 8,anzahl5>i?metik40 ,! au?or criticises sev]al !ories :i* 9 diff]5t ways expla9 ! orig9 ( plurality & unity4 ,!re is "o !ory :i* expla9s ! orig9 ( ! unit f ! unity ( consci\sness2 !re is ano!r "o :i* expla9s ! orig9 ( numb] f a succession 9 "t4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange bases 8 !ory ( numb] ^u space-conception & ,bauman decl>es !re is some?+ ma!matical 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* corresponds to ! ma!matical 9 u4 ,! !ory ( diff]5ce held by ,jevons1 ,s*uppe1 & ,sigw>t1 is decl>$ to be sup]ior to all o!rs1 b ev5 t is reject$ by ! au?or4 ,jevons says1 8,numb] is b ano!r "n = div]sity4 ,exact id5tity is unity1 & ) diff]5ce rises plurality4444 ,ab/ract numb] !n1 is ! empty =m ( diff]5ce40 ,dr4 ,huss]l objects3 if numb]s are all empty =ms ( diff]5ce1 :at makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc48 ,! cont5ts ( ^! numb]s are v diff]5t4 ,! inability ( def9+ ?is diff]5ce %[s ! imp]fection ( ! !ory ( diff]5ce4 ,dr4 ,huss]l proposes :at he calls 8collection0 z a special me?od ( comb9ation by :i* unities are =m$4 ,al?\gh ! book conta9s _m valuable sugge/ions1 x is v h>d read+4 ,! au?or's views are n at all cle>ly set =?4 ,nei!r is ! table ( cont5ts s sy/ematically arrang$ z to give u a clue to ! plan ( ! book1 nor is !re any index t might give u assi/ance 9 f9d+ out ! mo/ *>act]i/ic passages4 ,! read] is suppos$ to read ! book "r ?r\gh1 9 ord] to und]/& deta*$ *apt]s or ev5 s5t5ces4 ,& ev5 !n we are n sure :e!r or n we h und]/ood ! au?or's propositions ! consi/5cy ( :i* is n z app>5t z x might be expect$4 ,=1 aft] hav+ criticis$ s _m attempts at expla9+ & analys+ ! ideas1 plurality1 unity & numb]1 & aft] hav+ propos$ def9itions1 explanations1 & analyses ( 8 own1 we f9d on p4 #acj a passage :]e ^! ideas are incid5tally decl>$ to be incapable ( def9ition4 ,speak+ ( ,frege's !ory1 ,dr4 ,huss]l says1 8,z soon z we come d[n to elem5t>y concepts1 all def9ition has an end4 ,su* concepts z quality1 int5sity1 place1 "t1 etc41 _c be def9$4 ,! same is true ( elem5t>y relations1 & ( ^? concepts ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,equality1 simil>ity1 gradation1 :ole & "p1 plurality & unity1 etc41 are concepts :i* are utt]ly incapable ( a =mal-logical def9ition4 ,all we c d 9 su* cases is to produce ! concrete ph5om5a f :i* !y h be5 ab/ract$1 & to expla9 ! me?od ( ?is process ( ab/raction4 ,"o c1 :]e x is necess>y1 exactly f5ce 9 7umgr5z57 by div]se circumscriptions1 ! concepts 9 "q1 & ?us prev5t confusion ) k9dr$ concepts40 ,we mu/ confess t we d n und]/& ! au?or's idea2 :at is an act ( def9+ if n an 8umgr5z510 a f5c+ 9 ( ! concept8 ,! book conta9s _m simil> passages1 :i*1 x seems to u1 are n prop]ly ?\ght out by ! au?or4 ,b ! subject is a difficult "o1 &1 z ! au?or says 9 ! preface1 8,a "w ( ?is k9d %\ld1 ) reg>d to ! difficulties ( ! problem x treats1 be judg$ ) l5i5cy40 4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,infallibility4 ,bo? or ,nei!r4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,daniel ,lyons4 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #ahia4 ,*icago3 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 ,?is little book ( ,dr4 ,lyons's is got up 9 a mu* m sub/antial & prepossess+ =m ?an ! majority ( ! works t come f ,ca?olic qu>t]s4 ,x conta9s #bhd pages & is suppli$ ) ! ,nihil ob/at ( a ,ca?olic 8c5sor deputatus0 & ) ! ,imprimatur ( ! ,bi%op ( ,d5v]4 ,9 ?is book1 !re=e1 ! read] may be sure t he possesses a correct exposition ( ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,! purpose ( ,dr4 ,lyons is to e/abli% ! !sis1--a !sis always insi/$ ^u by ! ,ca?olic *ur*1--8t ,*ri/ianity1 to ma9ta9 its rightful hold on ! reason & consci5ce ( m51 ne$s a liv+1 infallible ,witness to its tru?s & pr9ciples2 a liv+1 infallible ,gu>dian ( its purity & integrity1 & a liv+1 infallible ,int]pret] ( its mean+40 ,by ,*ri/ianity ,dr4 ,lyons means 8t body ( sacr$ tru?s :i* ! ,almighty reveal$ ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les40 ,we italicise ! ^w 8m9i/ry10 = on ?is ^w h+es 9 our judgm5t ! ma9 & unmi/akable argum5t ( ,dr4 ,lyons's advocacy4 ,if ! results ( mod]n ,biblical criticism are at all true1 ! 8,*ur*10 s-call$1 mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& 9 e/abli%+ ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 ! ,ca?olic !ologians reg>d & use ! ,bible m]ely z an 8hi/orical n>rative1 ^: tru/wor?9ess 7at lea/ 9 ! p>ts quot$7 c be prov$ 9 ! same way z t ( any o!r hi/ory1 sacr$ or pr(ane40 ,!y take _! argum5t 8= ! in/itution1 mission1 & au?ority ( ! ,*ur* f ! ,bible z a m]e human record ( ! say+s & do+s ( our ,div9e ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les40 ,:at is ! mission ( ! *ur*8 8,& he said unto !m4 ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* ! ,gospel to e creature4 ,he t believe? & is baptis$ %all be sav$1 b he t believe? n %all be damn$40 ,^! are awful p[]s1 & awful are ! sanctions plac$ by ! same ,div9e lett]-pat5t 9 ! h&s ( ! in/itution t disp5ses !m4 ,& 9 ! face ( ! great complexity & peculi> nature ( ! ,holy writ+s1 9 view ( _! recognis$ liability to manifold & multif>i\s int]pretation1 does n su* a great & fe>ful commission ( p[] z ?is necess>ily & logically imply a concession ( ,infallibility--( infallibility1 let u add1 z te*nically und]/ood4 8,:o c suppose t ,god w\ld =mally commission anybody to tea* 9 8 "n & comm& all to he> & accept ,8 tea*+ "u ! sev]e/ ( p5alties1 & at ! same "t n secure t tea*] aga9/ ! possibility ( tea*+ error = tru?8 ,suppose ! ,*ur* ?us commission$ by ,god did actually tea* error1 ev5 !n w\ld n all 7!re is no exception made71 by reason ( ! div9e comm&1 be b\nd to believe8 ,& 9 t case w\ld n ,god ,himself be acc\ntable = ! errone\s belief8 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t ! =mal commission to tea* ! ,gospel 9 ,god's "n1 & by ,8 au?ority1 jo9$ to ! express comm& to believe c>ries ) x a pl$ge ( ! div9e assi/ance ( ,infallibility z a gu>antee to all m5 t 9 yield+ ! ob$i5ce ( fai?1 !y are p]fectly secure aga9/ all dang] ( error40 ,?is inf]5ce is incorporat$ 9 a dogma1 a 8,ca?olic dogma10 ( infallibility1 :i* is ?is3 8t ! ,pope1 by virtue ( a special sup]natural assi/ance ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ,tru? promis$ to him1 9 & ?r\gh ,/4 ,pet]1 is exempt f all liability to err :51 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 ,apo/olic ,(fice ( ,supreme ,tea*] ( ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 he def9es or decl>es1 9 matt]s ( or app]ta9+ to ,*ri/ian fai? or morals1 :at is to be believ$ & held1 or :at is to be reject$ & condemn$ by ! fai?ful ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?is def9ition sub/antially embodies ! :ole ,ca?olic tea*+ on ! subject ( ,infallibility40 ,dr4 ,lyons's argum5ts are well put & well reason$ out4 ,he sees cle>ly :]e ! vuln]able po9t ( ! pres5t condition ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es lies1--:i* ! majority ( ,prote/ant !ologians d n see4 ,he sees cle>ly1 ?\gh he does n say x1 t ! rococo sup]/ructure ( neo-,*ri/ian dogmatism 0 long & long ago und]m9$ by sci5ce & t x is n[ toppl+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! unsci5tific g5]ally2 & he ju/ly advises all :o h set _! he>ts on ! pres]vation ( ! subtle & irrelevant ext]nalities ( religion1 to =sake _! anci5t dwell+-place & seek a safe & easy abode 9 ! gr&ly simple & gr&ly spaci\s1 ,roman temple ( ,papal infallibility4 ,t edifice is safe aga9/ ! artill]y ( sci5ce4 ,x has by "o simple act plac$ itself beyond ! rea* ( all sci5tific attacks4 ,= sci5ce1 or r ! me?od ( sci5ce1 directly owes its orig9 to ! consci\sness ( our individual liability to error & ! consequ5t aspiration ( man to e/abli% an objective crit]ion ( tru?4 ,if x attempt$ to demoli% doctr9es ( infallibility ( any k9d1 x w\ld simply seek to ju/ify its own f\ndations1 :i* x has long ago done4 ,9 s f> z ! doctr9e ( infallibility is ! only logical outcome ( a dilemma 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* has1 discreetly or indiscreetly1 implicat$ itself1 sci5ce has no objection to x2 or = t matt] to any o!r conclusion t logically results f premisses x does n grant4 ,! "q really mo/ wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! 8?\ghtful10 8tru?-seek+10 & 8religi\s0 m9d1 z ,dr4 ,lyons /yles x1 is n ! doctr9e ( infallibility1 b ! que/ions1 ,:at is religion1 ,:at is ,god1 etc41 etc42 & su* que/ions ! tru?-seek+ m9d w f9d x impossible to answ] arbitr>ily3 x mu/1 p]=ce1 answ] !m 9 con=mity ) t objective crit]ion ( tru? call$ sci5ce4 ,& su* subjects are z mu* ! object ( sci5ce z are motion & matt]4 4 ,,d] ,,satz ,,vom ,,grunde ,,als ,,pr9zip ,,des ,,s*liess5s4 ,by ,dr4 ,franz ,erh>dt4 ,halle a4 ,s43 ,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,pfeff]4 #ahia4 ,?is little pamphlet ( fifty-six pages1 writt5 & publi%$ to acquire = ! au?or ! v5ia leg5di at ! philosophical faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 treats ! sev]al figures ( ! syllogism f ! /&po9t t ! middle t]m ( ! premisses is1 logically consid]$1 ! consequ5ce 7,folge7 ( ! subject & ! reason 7,grund7 ( ! pr$icate 9 ! conclusion4 ,a few rem>ks are add$ on induction & analogy1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ent]+ into ! problem z to ! rle :i* ! me?od ( induction plays 9 ! evolution ( ! me?od ( d$uction4 4 ,,agno/icisme4 ,essai sur quelques ,?ories pessimi/es de la ,connaissance4 ,by ,e4 de ,rob]ty4 ,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan4 ,by ! publication ( ?is little book ,m4 de ,rob]ty r$eems a promise made 9 8 l>g] "w1 on ! philosophy ( ! pres5t c5tury1 already review$ 9 ,! ,moni/ 7,janu>y1 #ahib74 ,! pessimi/ !ories ( k ( :i* he treats are ! ?ree sy/ems1 ^? ( ,criticism1 ,positivism1 & ,evolutionism1 to :i* he r$uces contemporane\s philosophy4 ,z ^! sy/ems are reg>d$ z p>allel manife/ations ( a common /ock ( beliefs & g5]al hypo!ses1 !y mu/ equally adopt ! doctr9e ( ,agno/icism4 ,x is ! aim ( ! pres5t "w to po9t out ! sev]al =ms assum$ by ?is doctr9e & to %[ its falsity by an exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$4 ,! au?or prop]ly insi/s on ! importance ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! affirmation ( ! unkn[n & t ( ! unkn[able4 ,! recognition ( ! =m] is ess5tial to all progress 9 k1 b ! latt] is 8! direct negation ( all possibility :atev] ( utilis+ ! defici5cies ( k10 & leads infallibly to ! wor%ip ( ignorance4 ,! be/ def9ition ( ! m5tal ph5om5on ( agno/icism1 says ,m4 de ,rob]ty is ! pessimism ( ! !ory ( k1 & x is n = no?+ !re=e t ,kant prec$$ ,s*op5hau] 9 ! developm5t ( idealism4 ,mod]n agno/icism is bas$ on ! old notion ( ! sep>ation ( ! ph5om5on f ! n\m5on1 & x 0 ,kant :o cle>$ x f its e>ly !ological & metaphysical conceptions4 ,he affirm$ ! reality ( ! 8?+ 9 itself0 z a fundam5tal po/ulate1 & !n decl>$ t we c "k no?+ ( ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,among ! conceptions =m$ by ! human m9d ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( its imag9ative faculty are ?ree :i* exhau/ ! entire cont5t ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,?us x may be r$uc$ to ! idea ( a reality o!r ?an t ( :i* we are s5sible2 to ! idea ( a subject :i* p]ceives 9 a diff]5t mann] f ! real subject2 & f9ally to ! idea t our c]ebral organisation reveals ! _w to u "u delusive colors1 all ( :i* ,m4 de ,rob]ty decl>es to be simple fiction4 ,8 own ideas on ! subject w appe> lat] on4 ,positivism /&s t[>ds mat]ialism 9 ! same relation z criticism /&s t[>ds idealism1 ^: n\m5on becomes ! unkn[able ?+ 9 itself2 z ! simple matt] ( mat]ialism becomes ! unkn[n exi/5ce ab\t :i* positivism says we c nei!r affirm nor d5y any?+4 ,mod]n agno/icism may be reg>d$ ?us z repres5t+ ! long s\ght syn!sis ( ! pure/ mat]ialism & ! mo/ transc5d5t spiritualism1 & x (f]s a /rik+ demon/ration ( ! fundam5tal equival5ce ( ! hypo!ses hi!rto =mulat$ z to ! orig9 & ess5ce ( ?+s4 ,x proves also1 says ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 t ! great law ( ! id5tity ( contr>ies is applicable directly to all our v g5]al conceptions4 ,contradictory z !y seem to be1 univ]sal po/ulates mu/1 by virtue ( t law1 be fundam5tally id5tical4 ,?is introduces a discussion ( ! ant9omies1 develop$ b n inv5t$ by mod]n criticism1 :i* f\nd 9 !m ample ju/ification = its conclusion ( ! reality ( ! unkn[able4 ,! d\ble ant9omy ( "t & space is reg>d$ by ! au?or z always pres5t+ itself "u ! aspect ( a long *a9 ( contradictions :i* are manife/ly m]ely v]bal4 ,! opposition betwe5 f9ite & inf9ite may be resolv$ into ! di/9ction betwe5 concrete & ab/ract1 betwe5 p>ticul> & g5]al1 if inf9ity is tak5 z synonym\s )1 or ! p]fect sub/itute =1 g5]al & ab/ract quantity1 ! univ]sal attribute ( ?+s isolat$ f ! ?+s !mselves4 ,z to ! problems connect$ ) ! ideas ( a vacuum1 matt]1 =ce & motion1 ,m4 de ,rob]ty supposes !m to h a purely psy*ological solution4 ,su* ideas g beyond ! 8conceptive0 capacity ( me*anics & belong to psy*ology consid]$1 n z a bran* ( philosophy1 or z philosophy itself1 b z a sci5ce ( ab/ract concepts4 ,! philosophy ( evolution1 al?\gh moni/ic 9 ! s5se t x recognises ! law ( ! id5tity ( opposites1 %[s itself n to be s 9 reality by its doctr9e ( ! unkn[able4 ,9 ?is monism & agno/icism contradict ea* o!r1 z x is contr>y to reason 8to affirm at ! same "t ! id5tity ( e ph5om5on & _! unkn[ability4 ,! fir/ m>ks ! supreme t]m ( ! second4 ,id5tity 9 g5]al s]ves to def9e kn[abl5ess4 ,s t1 if we rema9 on ! elevat$ summits ( pure ab/raction too long1 we run ! dang] anticipat$ by ! law ( id5tity ( contr>ies4 ,we fall directly into ! error ( tak+ ! app>5t negation ( id5tity or ( pure k1 ! unkn[able1 = some?+ really di/9ct1 really sep>at$ f ! kn[able40 ,?is is ! illusion ( ,sp5c] & ( all ! philosoph]s :o h und]tak5 ! difficult task ( apply+ monism z a corrective ( agno/icism4 ,m4 de ,rob]ty concludes ! pres5t "w ) a discussion ( ! relation betwe5 idea & reality1 ! ?\ght & ! object ?\ght (1 9 :i* he gives u 8 op9ion on t disput$ po9t4 ,he says t :at philosophy calls 8! object0 is compos$ ess5tially ( ext]nal nature1 9 :i* is includ$ our own organism4 ,v complicat$ sy/ems ( motions are transmitt$ to ! grey nuclei or opto-/riat$ bodies ( ! c5tral regions ( ! bra94 ,"h ^! motions det]m9e new motions ( :i* ! totality is describ$ 9 psy*o-physics by ! t]m 8unconsci\s ideation40 ,b ?is int]nal motion1 cont9ually t5d+ to become aga9 an initial or ext]nal motion1 gives rise to unconsci\s reflex activity4 ,! motion passes by ! :ite n]ve-fibres to ! cortical p]iph]y ( ! bra9 :i* becomes 8! seat ( a ph5om5on1 an excitation1 a motion :i* prolongs or repeats ! imm$iately prec$+ ph5om5on1 excitation1 or motion1 :ile giv+ x a %ort] & m /eady action40 ,! s5sations & ! reflex-actions d]iv$ f !m trav]se ! opto-/riat$ nuclei )\t ret>dation & )\t giv+ rise to any sy/em ( ideas2 :ile consci\sness resides 9 ! sy/emisation or union ( ! same s5sations & reflex-actions4 ,! notion ( ! ego results f ! union or memory ( c]ta9 ideas1 s5sations1 & actions1 :i* be=e _! union & pres]vation by ! c]ebral cortex 7 unconsci\s4 ,b be=e becom+ unconsci\s ideas1 ^? 8intellectual virtualities0 7 9 e o!r "p ( ! organism1 & 9 all ! m$ia :i* surr\nd x1 z1 8manife/ations ( en]gy or ( motion1 x may be objective ph5om5a40 ,?us1 says ,m4 de ,rob]ty1 if ! univ]se is compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! ego & ! non-ego1 x c be affirm$ t !y =m an un9t]rupt$ circuit4 ,he supposes t :5 ! cosmical en]gy has produc$ ! ph5om5a ( unconsci\s m5tality 9 ! bra9-c5tres1 x is divid$ into two curr5ts1 "o ( :i* returns to its s\rce & becomes directly cosmic en]gy aga91 & ?is w be ! fate ( ! o!r curr5t also :5 ! life ( ! organism ceases4 ,?is view ! au?or supports by a consid]ation ( ! morphological & functional diff]5ce suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! facts :i* con/itute ! notion ( ! 8ego0 & ! primordial facts ( unconsci\sness compris$ "u ! g5]ic d5om9ation ( ! 8non-ego40 ,he reg>ds consci\s ideas z ! telegraphic alphabet1 ! /5ographic writ+ ( ! cosmos4 ,consci\sness s]ves to cord9ate ! incoh]5t cr[d ( ev5ts :i* at ea* in/ant invades ! normal bra94 ,9 ^! we may see effects ( ! cause call$ 8univ]se10 & !re=e its repres5tatives & sub/itutes1 :i* !y c\ld n be unless !re 0 id5tity betwe5 ! two4 ,?us ! 8ego0 c\ld be def9$ z ! f9al syn!sis ( ! 8symbolic abridgm5ts10 ( ! micrographical abbreviations1 ( ! 8non-ego40 ,?us ! ego s]ves only = ! purpose ( conc5trat+ or cond5s+1 s to say ! non-ego1 :i* x repres5ts 9 a mann] m or less durable & effici5t4 ,?is moni/ic !ory gets rid ( ! unkn[able & !re=e is a great improvem5t on t ( ! mat]iali/ or ( ! ideali/4 ,nev]!less x requires fur!r elaboration4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t cosmic motion may become trans=m$ )9 ! organism into a feel+4 ,?is /ill1 h[ev]1 leaves unacc\nt$ = ! exi/5ce ( ! organism itself4 ,a true monism w1 !re=e1 require t ! organism mu/ be 9 "s way id5tifiable ) ! cosmos4 ,?is is ! true problem t has to be solv$1 & its solution w be greatly aid$ by ! ov]?r[ ( agno/icism1 aga9/ :i* ,m4 de ,rob]ty has made s vigor\s & successful an attack 9 ! pres5t volume4 4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,see ,aug4 ,fri$r4 ,bck4 ,sammlung von ,s*rift51 wel*e d5 logis*5 ,calcul des ,pr(4 ,pl4 betreff51 ,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #agff4 #he ,! book f :i* we quote1 namely ,! ,e?ic ( ,free?\ght1 l ! book "h "u discussion1 conta9s mu* detail matt] 9 :i* we diff] mo/ emphatically f ! au?or2 7he is1 = in/ance1 9 our op9ion v unju/ to ,m>t9 ,lu!r27 b x seems to u t he pursues an aim t we h 9 common ) him4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,,zeits*rift ,f,r ,,psy*ologie ,,und ,,physiologie ,,d] ,,s9nesorgane4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,nos4 #b & #c4 ,,ueb] ,,die ,,empf9dli*keit ,,des ,,gr,,nbl9d5 ,,und ,,des ,,normal5 ,,auges ,,geg5 ,,f>b5,,nd]ung ,,im ,,spektrum4 ,by ,e4 ,brodhun4 ,k,,rze/e ,,l9i5 ,,im ,,f>b5sy/em4 ,by ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz4 ,,die ,,raumans*auung5 ,,und ,,die ,,aug5bewegung54 ,by ,?4 ,lipps4 ,,e9e ,,beoba*tung ,,b] ,,das ,,indirekte ,,seh54 ,by ,?4 ,w]!im4 ,,ueb] ,,e9ige ,,eig5t,,mli*keit5 ,,des ,,ta/s9ns4 ,by ,g4 ,s]gi4 ,,beitr,,ge ,,zur ,,v]glei*5d5 ,,psy*ologie4 ,i4 ,das ,v]halt5 wirbellos] ,ti]e auf d] ,drehs*eibe4 ,by ,k4 ,l4 ,s*aef]4 ,,geg5antwort ,,auf ,,die ,,erwid]ung ,,von ,o4 ,,fl,,gel4 ,by ,j4 ,rehmke4 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,! value ( ! fir/ article on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! gre5-bl9d & ! normal eye 9 p]ceiv+ color-v>iations 9 ! spectrum consi/s ma9ly 9 ! ?ree diagrams t exhibit ! results obta9$ 9 ! au?or's exp]im5ts4 ,pr(essor ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz publi%$ 9 a =m] numb] 8 attempt at prop\nd+ 8a =mula :i* %\ld play ! same "p 9 ! prov9ce ( color-s5sations z ! =mula ( ! l5g? ( ! l9e> elem5t plays 9 geometry40444 ,z geometry beg9s ) ! concept ( a %orte/ l9e betwe5 two po9ts1 s our fundam5tal =mula 9 ?is subject %all enable u to f9d t s]ies ( transitions betwe5 two giv5 colors = :i* ! sum ( ! p]ceptible diff]5ces is a m9imum4 ,helmholtz proposes to call !m 8%orte/ color-l9es0 & comes to ! conclusion t ! :ole doma9 ( ^! app>5tly irregul> ph5om5a are easily subsum$ "u a g5]alis$ =mulation ( ,fe*n]'s law4 ,pr(essor ,?4 ,lipps criticises ,wundt ) reg>d to ! latt]'s !ory ( measur+ ! visual field by ocul> motion4 ,wundt's !ory1 he decl>es1 is 9 ne$ ( sev]al auxili>y hypo!ses1 su* z ! assumption t c]ta9 ocul> motions are suppos$ to be m difficult ?an o!rs3 ! visual field is said to possess ! =m ( a sph]ical surface1 etc4 ,! au?or ma9ta9s t ocul> motions d contribute to ! con/ruction ( our space-conception1 b 9 a diff]5t way ?an ,wundt assumes4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! article appe>s to be ! discussion ( ! g5esis ( ! ?ird dim5sion :i* is n giv5 9 ! data ( s5sation b add$ to !m z a judgm5t conc]n+ ^! data4 ,x is an int]pretation ( ! data4 ,!re are /ill psy*ologi/s :o reg>d ! ?ird dim5sion z imm$iately giv54 ,pr(essor ,lipps ref]s z an in/ance to ,pr(4 ,william ,james's article 8,! ,p]ception ( ,space0 9 7,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xii71 :]e ! latt] decl>es t 8no argum5ts 9 ! _w c prove a feel+ :i* actually exi/s1 to be impossible40 ,:ile ,wundt says t to ! re/+ eye ! =m ( ! visual field is sph]ical because ! sky appe>s to u z sph]ical2 ,lipps decl>es t we might j z well say t ! visual field ( ! re/+ eye is a plane1 because ! e>? appe>s to u z a level surface4 ,we attribute to ! visual field ! =m :i* c]ta9 reasons prompt u to4 ,c]ta9 conv]g5ces ( ! eyes induce u to place c]ta9 po9ts at c]ta9 di/ances4 ,we read1 z x 71 ! di/ances out ( ! conv]g5ces ( ! ocul> axes4 ,accord+ly1 :5 we cease to feel any diff]5ce 9 our feel+ ( conv]g5cy we _c help attribut+ ! same 8dep?0 ?r\gh\t to all ! ?+s ) respect to :i* su* feel+ is want+1 & we place all objects beyond a c]ta9 range ^u a sph]ical surface4 ,?us ,lipps int]prets ! sph]ical =m ( ! firmam5t z ! result ( our us+ bo? eyes1 :i* use f habit has become ! =m ( monocul> vision also1 & n z ,wundt does f ! sph]ical =m ( ea* visual field1 :i* by habit has be5 transf]r$ to b9ocul> vision4 ,!re is a /range fact t di/ances on ! left side are ov]e/imat$ 9 comp>ison ) ^? on ! "r side2 & ?is fact is also claim$ by ,pr(essor ,lipps to be incompatible ) ,pr(essor ,wundt's !ory1 b 9 favor ( 8 own views4 ,?4 ,w]!im has made an obs]vation :i* t5ds to prove t positive z well z negative fluctuations ( light-int5sity1 cause ! disappe>ance ( objects indirectly se54 ,g4 ,s]gi publi%es ! results ( 8 inve/igations conc]n+ ! s5se ( t\* made 9 ! ,in/itute = ,an?ropology & ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome4 ,k>l ,l4 ,s*aef]'s results ( exp]im5ts ) inv]tebrate animals ^u ! rotatory table %[ t 9 ! beg9n+ a c\nt]-rotation takes place1 b n 9 all animals4 ,x does n take place 9 "s cat]pill>s2 x does take place 9 black beetles1 ants1 flies1 e>wigs1 provid$ !y are at ! "t 9 actual motion4 ,!re is no aft]-affect f ! rotation & ?us !y are n subject to v]tigo z are ! v]tebrates4 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss47 4 ,,vi]teljahrss*rift ,f,r ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,philosophie4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,no4 #b4 ,,beitr,,ge ,,zur ,,logik4 7,zweit] ,artikel4 ,s*luss47 ,by ,a4 ,riehl4 ,,ern/ ,,platn]',s ,,wiss5s*aftli*e ,,/ellung ,,zu ,,kant ,,9 ,,erk5ntnis/heorie ,,und ,,moralphilosophie4 7,zweit] ,artikel4 ,s*luss47 ,by ,b4 ,seligk[itz4 ,,ueb] ,,begriff ,,und ,,geg5/&4 ,by ,g4 ,frege4 ,,bem]kung5 ,,zu ,,ri*>d ,,av5>ius',s 8,,kritik ,,d] ,,re95 ,,erfahrung40 ,by ,r4 ,willy4 ,a4 ,riehl discusses 9 ! second in/alm5t ( 8 8,contributions to ,logic0 ! =ms ( judgm5t & ! diff]5t k9ds ( conclusion4 ,b4 ,seligk[itz concludes 8 article on ,ern/ ,platn]'s relation to ,kant1 sett+ =? ! =m]'s criticism ( ! latt]'s views ( syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 8 moral !ology1 8 psy*ological ideas1 & moral philosophy4 ,g4 ,frege expla9s 8 view ( 8concept & object0 ) ref]5ce to ! idea ( ,b5no ,k]ry1 :o does n recognise betwe5 ! two any absolute diff]5ce4 7,leipsic3 ,reisl&47 4 ,,philosophis*e ,,monat%efte4 ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ,nos4 #c & #d4 ,,cont5ts3 ,april1 #ahib4 ,no4 #c4 ,,die ,,wirkli*keit ,,als ,,ph,,nom5 ,,des ,,gei/es4 ,by ,a4 ,ros9ski4 ,,rec5sion54 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,,cont5ts3 ,may1 #ahib4 ,no4 #d4 ,,ueb] ,,das ,,absolute ,,geh,r4 ,by ,j4 v4 ,kries4 ,,die ,,zweit5 ,,purk9jes*5 ,,bild] ,,im ,,s*ematis*5 ,,und ,,im ,,wirkli*5 ,,auge4 ,by ,l4 ,mat?iess54 ,,bespre*ung54 ,,litt]aturb]i*t4 ,adolf ,ros9ski describes reality z a ph5om5on ( ! m9d &1 foll[+ ,qubick]1 he reg>ds 8! real z belong+ to t complex :i* is giv5 u 9 appe>ance4 ,be+ 7,wes57 is n beh9d or beyond appe>ance2 ,be+1 be+ t :i* exi/s1 exi/5ce is appe>ance4 ,appe>ance %[s no?+ b t :i* is 9 ,be+1 & !re is 9 ,be+ no?+ :i* is n manife/$40 7,b]l93 ,dr4 ,r4 ,sal+]47 ,!re are b few musicians :o are able to recognise directly & )\t ref]5ce to ano!r note1 ! pit* ( a s\nd4 ,?is ability is call$ by musicians 8absolutes ,gehr40 ,pr(essor ,kries inve/igates 9 a long article1 ! conditions ( ?is absolute musical e> s call$1 exhibit+ ! difficulties ( an explanation )\t arriv+ at a def9ite result1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be expect$ f fur!r inve/igations ( ! subject4 ,mr4 ,mat?iess5's article on ! second ,p]k9je-pictures1 9 ! ideal & ! real eye1 consi/s exclusively ( measurem5ts & calculations ( ! curvature ( ! l5s4 ,! same numb] conta9s an appreciative & long 7#cg pp47 review ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,james's 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology40 7,hamburg & ,leipsic3 ,leopold ,voss47 4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,april1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,no4 #c4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,! ,,knee-,,j]k ,,9 ,,sleep ,,9 ,a ,,case ,,( ,,t]m9al ,,dem5tia4 ,by ,william ,noyes1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,memory ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,*ildr54 ,by ,t4 ,l4 ,bolton1 ,a4 ,b4 ,,/udies ,,f ,,! ,,laboratory ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons94 ,by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,ja/r[1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,realism4 ,by ,alex&] ,fras]1 ,a4 ,b4 ,,psy*ological ,,lit]ature3 ,i4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity2 ,,ii4 ,association1 ,reaction4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,mc,k4 ,cattell1 ,columbia ,college2 ,,iii4 ,hypnotism & ,sugge/ion4 ,by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,ja/r[1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons92 ,,iv4 ,sight4 ,,lett]s ,,& ,,notes4 ,dr4 ,noyes's inve/igations seem to corroborate ! !ory t n only ! l[] b also 8! high] activities ( ! bra9 are also subject to a rhy?mic rise & fall syn*ron\s ) vascul> dilatation & contraction40 ,mr4 ,bolton publi%es ! results ( 8 exam9ation ( ! span ( memory 9 ! ,gramm> ,s*ools ( ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,! memory span measur+ ! p[] ( conc5trat$ & prolong$ att5tion1 increases ) age r ?an ) ! gr[? ( intellig5ce4 ,! girls h bett] memories ?an ! boys4 ,memory c be increas$ by practice4 ,! te/s made be=e & aft] s*ool d n %[ t ! pupils suff] fatigue f ! day's "w4 ,memory-images be=e !y are completely lo/ fir/ suff] a confusion ( ord]1 !n a loss ( c]ta9 ( its elem5ts :i* are (t5 replac$ by simil> elem5ts4 ,previ\s ideas be+ "o ( ! factors ( confusion4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s article pres5ts a description ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made 9 8 psy*ological laboratory4 ,he reproduces ! ,zlln] figures1 briefly summ>is+ _! diff]5t int]pretations by ,zlln]1 ,h]+1 ,aub]t1 ,class51 ,lipps1 ,hoppe1 ,wundt1 ,pisco1 & ,helmholtz4 ,he fur!r pres5ts a /udy ( involunt>y movem5ts ( ! h& on ! glass plate app>atus1 & describes ! exp]im5ts ( "t measurem5t 9 classify+ ideas1 & 9 f9d+ a giv5 object )9 a giv5 field4 ,mr4 ,fras] def5ds ! ,natural ,realism ( ! ,scot* s*ool1 mak+ ! tactumotor s5se ! ultimate te/ ( reality4 7,worce/]1 ,mass43 ,cl>k ,univ]sity47 4 ,,revue ,,philosophique4 ,,cont5ts3 ,april1 #ahib4 ,no4 #aif4 ,,les ,,processus ,,n]veux ,,dans ,l',,att5tion ,,et ,,la ,,volition4 ,by ,*>lton ,ba/ian4 ,,la ,,responsabilit4 ,by ,f4 ,paulhan4 ,,revue ,g,n,,rale3 ,,le ,,spiritisme ,,contempora94 ,by ,janet 7,pi]re74 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus3 ,d] ,positivismus vom ,tode ,augu/ ,comte's bis auf uns]e ,tage4 ,by ,h4 ,grub]4 ,die ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion4 ,by ,h4 ,s*midkunz4 ,,travaux ,,du ,,laboratoire ,,de ,,psy*ologie ,,physiologique3 ,etude exprim5tale sur deux cas d'audition colore4 ,by ,beaunis & ,b9et4 ,etude sur un n\veau cas d'audition colore4 ,by ,b9et & ,philippe4 ,,cont5ts3 ,may1 #ahib4 ,no4 #aig4 ,,du ,,s5s ,,de ,l',,9,,galit4 ,by ,g4 ,mauret4 ,,la ,,responsabilit 7conclud$74 ,by ,f4 ,paulhan4 ,,le ,,probl,,me ,,de ,,la ,,vie 7?ird & la/ article74 ,by ,dunan4 ,,analyses ,,et ,,comptes ,,r5dus3 ,leons cl9iques sur l'hy/rie et l'hypnotisme ,by ,pitres4 ,corps et me4 ,essais sur la philosophie de ,/4 ,?omas4 ,by ,j4 ,g>dair4 ,agno/icisme4 ,by ,e4 de ,rob]ty4 ,la physique de ,/raton de ,lampsaque4 ,by ,rodi]4 ,das ,wahrnehmungsproblem vom ,/&punkte des ,physik]s1 des ,physiolog5 und des ,philosoph54 ,by ,h4 ,s*w>z4 ,,revue ,,des ,p,,riodiques ,,trang]s3 ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie4 ,,correspondance ,,et ,,in=mations4 ,! processes ( att5tion & volition lie at ! basis ( all our m5tal & physical activities4 ,mr4 ,*>lton ,ba/ian discusses _! n]v\s condition & comes to ! conclusion ,voluntas et intellectus unum et idem sunt4 ,m4 ,paulhan treats ! problem ( responsibility "u heal?y & morbid conditions1 9 two consecutive articles4 ,m4 ,m\ret1 ^: =m] articles on relations w be review$ 9 a future numb] by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,russell1 treats 9 a long article ( ! s5se ( inequality4 ,m4 ,*4 ,dunan concludes 8 essay on ! problem ( life1 view+ ! subject f a r metaphysical /&po9t4 ,m4 ,pi]re ,janet pres5ts u ) a v accurate review ( ! importance ( ! contempor>y spiritism & spiritualism4 ,he calls att5tion to ! fact t mod]n psy*ology owes to ! rese>*es ( ! spirituali/s1 _m new1 />tl+1 & int]e/+ facts4 ,he does n %>e _! /&po9t1 yet 8 review is k9d & sympa!tic4 7,p>is3 ,flix ,alcan47 4 ,,voprosui ,,filos(ii ,i ,,psi*ologii4#hf ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #ab4 ,m>*1 #ahib4 ,,positive ,,philosophy ,,& ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,sci5ce4 7,cont9uation74 ,by ,b4 ,n4 ,t*it*]94 ,article cr[n$ by ! ,psy*ological ,society ( ,mosc[4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,! ,,m9i/ration ,,to ,,! ,,g5]al ,,good ,,( ,,all ,,relate ,,to ,,! ,,c>e ,,= ,,! ,,salvation ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,s\l8 ,a lett] to ! ,editor4 ,by ! ,ar*im&rite ,antonii4 ,,huxley ,,z ,,repres5tative ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,sci5tific ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,,telepa?y4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,petrovo-,solovo4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,e?ical ,,obligation4 ,by ,n4 ,grote4 ,,special ,,dep>tm5t4 ,ab\t ,e?ical ,fragm5ts f ,democritus4 ,by ,j4 ,radl(f4 ,"o ( ! ,possible ,cosmic ,!ories4 ,a ,/udy4 ,by ,a4 ,wilk9s4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,bibliography4 ,i4 ,review ( ,p]iodicals4 ,,ii4 ,review ( ,rec5t ,publications4 ,transactions ( ! ,mosc[ ,psy*ological ,society4 7,mosc[1 #ahib47 ,,m9d4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,no4 #b4 ,april1 #ahib4 ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa94 ,by ,a4 ,ba94 ,,! ,,*anges ,,( ,,me?od ,,9 ,,hegel',s ,,dialectic4 ,,ii4 ,by ,j4 ,ellis ,mc,taggart4 ,,! ,,leipsic ,,s*ool ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,e4 ,brad=d ,tit*5]4 ,,! ,,logical ,,calculus4 ,,ii4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,johnson4 ,,discussions3 ,dr4 ,mn/]b]g & 8 ,critics4 ,by ,s4 ,alex&]4 ,,critical ,,notices4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,ba9 criticises ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all's !ory ( pleasure & pa9 z be+ det]m9$ by ! relation betwe5 ! en]gy giv5 out & ! en]gy receiv$1 say+ t x leaves a v l>ge region unt\*$ & inexplicable4 ,j4 ,ellis ,mc,taggart def5ds ! ,hegelian dialectic sy/em :i*1 he decl>es1 8is n s wond]ful or my/ic z x has be5 repres5t$ to be4 ,x makes no attempt10 he says1 8to d$uce exi/5ce f ess5ce2 x does n ev5 attempt to elim9ate ! elem5t ( imm$iacy1 9 exp]i5ce1 & to produce a self-suffici5t & self-m$iat+ ?\ght40 ,e4 ,brad=d ,tit*5] gives a g5]al survey ( ! rese>*es c>ri$ out 9 ,wundt's ,in/itute1 & ( ! o!r psy*ological cont5ts ( ! ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 f ! date ( ,pr(essor ,cattell's pap] on 8,! ,psy*ological ,laboratory at ,leipsic0 to ! pres5t "t4 ,w4 ,e4 ,johnson1 9 8 pap] on 8,! ,logical ,calculus10 br+s out "s ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciples & assumptions :i* belong equally to ! ord9>y ,=mal ,logic1 to ,symbolic ,logic1 & to ! s-call$ ,logic ( ,relatives4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,alex&] takes issue ) ,mr4 ,tit*5]'s criticism ( ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g's psy*ological inve/igations4 ,mr4 ,tit*5]'s article :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ,m9d1 #ahia1 leaves ! impression t ! :ole ( ! "w "u review is valueless4 8,_m ( 8 objections10 h[ev]1 says ,pr(essor ,alex&]1 8ref] to unimportant po9ts1 & ! grav] !oretical ones are really gr\ndless10 & ?us ! critic 8has contriv$ to give a "o-sid$ judgm5t by neglect+ ! o!r consid]ations :i* give ,dr4 ,mn/]b]g's "w its value & significance40 7,london3 ,williams ,norgate47 4 ,,?ree ,,am]ican ,,magaz9es4 ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics4 ,april1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #c4 ,,economic ,,re=m ,,%ort ,,( ,,socialism4 ,by ,e4 ,b5j4 ,&rews4 ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pa9 ,,9 ,,education4 ,by ,miss ,m4 ,s4 ,gillil&1 ,london4 ,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,buddhi/ ,,doctr9e ,,& ,,e?ics4 ,by ,pr(4 ,maurice ,bloomfield4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,religions4 7,conclud$47 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,discussions ,,& ,,reviews4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,appli$ ,,e?ics4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,review4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #c4 ,may1 #ahib4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,animal ,,e?ics4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,cald]wood4 ,,! ,,ultimate ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,au?ority4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,macbride ,/]rett4 ,,:at ,,is ,,reality8 ,by ,david ,g4 ,rit*ie4 ,,natural ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,nature4 ,by ,dr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,burt4 ,a ,,ma!matical ,,view ,,( ,,free ,,w4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,e4 ,oliv]4 ,,discussions3 ,pr(essor ,ladd's ,criticism ( ,james's ,psy*ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,gordy4 ,,reviews ,,( ,,books ,,& ,,summ>ies ,,( ,,articles4 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #a4 ,m>*1 #ahib4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,lyman ,abbott4 ,,! ,,hi/oric ,,& ,,! ,,ideal ,,*ri/4 ,by ,*>les ,c>roll ,ev]ett4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,lib]al ,,religion ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,s*urmann4 ,,! ,,common1 ,,! ,,commonplace ,,& ,,! ,,romantic4 ,by ,william ,r\nseville ,alg]4 ,,abraham ,,ku554 ,by ,craw=d ,h[ell ,toy4 ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,evolution ,,( ,,buddhism4 ,by ,j4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t]4 8,,betwe5 ,,! ,,te/am5ts40 ,by ,?omas ,r4 ,slic]4 ,,! ,,new ,,or?odoxy4 ,by ,edw>d ,h4 ,hall4 ,,!ological ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,?omas ,,hill ,,gre54 ,by ,*>les ,b4 ,upton4 ,,introductory ,,note4 ,,book ,,reviews4 ,!re h sprung up )9 ! la/ two ye>s n less ?an f\r ,am]ican magaz9es ( progressive ?\ght1 :i* n[ compete 9 ! proposition ( _! religi\s & philosophical conceptions to ! _w4 ,^! f\r magaz9es are1 9 ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd$1 ,! ,moni/1 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,! ,philosophical ,review1 & ,! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,moni/ repres5ts t _w-conception :i* takes its /& ^u facts & sy/ematises facts into a unit>y view4 ,?us x recognises ! me?ods ( sci5ce z ! me?ods ( all k1 to ! exclusion ( sup]natural revelation1 or intuitionalism1 or any k9d ( my/icism4 ,b ,! ,moni/ does n re/ satisfi$ ) ?is4 ,! ,moni/ prea*es a religion2 & ! prophets ( ?is religion are n only ! great e?ical tea*]s ( mank9d1 b ev]ybody :o reveals tru?1 ,kant & ,comte1 ,kepl]1 ,cop]nicus1 ,d>w91 & all liv+ repres5tatives ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,?us ,! ,moni/ is a magaz9e t po9ts out ! religi\s import ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics foll[s 9 ! same l9e 9 s f> only z x has no?+ to say to ! old or?odox conceptions ( religion4 ,x tries to tea* a high] morality1 b 9 e/abli%+ e?ics x pursues q ano!r c\rse4 ,x is ! organ ( ! ,e?ical ,societies & ! lead]s ( ! ,e?ical ,societies are confid5t t !y c h e?ics n only )\t !ology b also )\t religion1 sci5ce1 or philosophy4 ,!y consid] ! _w-conception ( a man z some?+ indiff]5t1 or uness5tial1 9 e?ics1 & by propos+ a non-committal policy ) respect to religi\s & philosophical views1 !y expect to be ! bett] fitt$ to prea* good conduct4 7,philadelphia3 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #aah ,s4 ,twelf? ,/reet47 ,! ,philosophical ,review repres5ts a philosophical conception :i* has /ill a /rong hold ^u ! ,univ]sities on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,transc5d5talism1 metaphysicism1 & t !ological philosophy :i* /ill op]ates ) sup]natural quantities1 or at lea/ has n disc>d$ ! duali/ic features ( sup]naturalism1 are repres5t$ 9 its columns4 ,c]ta9ly !y are well repres5t$ & by _! be/ uphold]s ( ! pres5t "t1 & au?ors ( m mod]n & positivi/ic views are n exclud$4 ,exactly s 9 ,! ,moni/1 ! repres5tatives ( metaphysicism & ^? :o /ill believe 9 ! dual exi/5ce ( man1 9 8 self1 or ego1 & 8 transc5d5tal exi/5ce are welcome2 b !re is nev]!less a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! _w-conception ( ! two magaz9es4 7,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago3 ,g9n ,co47 ,! ,new ,_w is ! late/ new-com] 9 ! field ( magaz9e lit]ature1 & we welcome its appe>ance mo/ cordially4 ,!re are /rongly m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ,! ,new ,_w & ,! ,moni/1 = ! =m] is a !ological magaz9e t deep5s religion ) ! assi/ance ( philosophy :ile ! latt]1 r ! rev]se1 is a philosophical magaz9e t wid5s philosophy & applies x to practical life s z to become a religion4 ,b = t v reason ,! ,new ,_w seems to meet ,! ,moni/ half way4 ,! ,new ,_w is an (f%oot ( mod]n !ology4 ,its contributors come l>gely f ! ranks ( ! mature/ unit>ian ?9k]s4 ,!y practically accept ! pr9ciples ( criticism & sci5tific inquiry & ?us !y are approa*+ rapidly t common goal ( human ?\ght1 :i* ,! ,moni/ prop\nds z ! lead+ maxim ( philosophy & religion1 namely1 to reg>d nature z ! only revelation & exp]i5ce z our guide 9 life2 to base religion ^u & to d]ive e?ics f a critically-sift$ /atem5t ( facts4 7,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co47 4 ,,footnotes3 #hf ,que/ions ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,! ,,moni/1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 ,,no4 #d ,,kant ,,& ,,sp5c] ,,two ,,articles ,,repr9t$ ,,f ,,nos4 #ea1 #eb1 ,,& #aeh ,,( ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt #a4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,kant #b4 ,,kant ,,on ,,evolution ,,by ,,dr4 ,,paul ,,c>us ,,*icago3 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,kant4 ,,9 ,,criticism ,,( ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,kantism4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has publi%$ 9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,augu/1 an essay on ! ,e?ics ( ,kant2 a translation ( ?is article _h appe>$ 9 ! ,july ,numb] ( ! ,revue ,philosophique1 & x _c fail to h be5 widely notic$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t unfamili>ity ) ! ,g]man language & p]haps also ) ,kant's t]m9ology has l$ ,mr4 ,sp5c] into errors to :i* att5tion is call$ 9 ! foll[+ discussion4#hg ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,if1 be=e ,kant utt]$ t (t5-quot$ say+ 9 :i*1 ) ! />s ( ,heav5 he c\pl$ ! consci5ce ( ,man1 z be+ ! two ?+s t excit$ 8 awe1 he _h kn[n m ( ,man ?an he did1 he w\ld probably h express$ himself some:at o!rwise40 ,kant1 9 8 fam\s dictum t two ?+s excit$ 8 admiration1 ! />ry heav5 above him & ! consci5ce )9 him1 contra/$ two k9ds ( sublimity4#hh ,! gr&eur ( ! ,univ]se is t ( size & ext5sion1 :ile ! consci5ce ( man comm&s respect = its moral dignity4 ,! univ]se is wond]ful 9 its expanse & 9 its ord] ( me*anical regul>ity2 ! consci5ce ( man is gr&1 be+ intellig5t volition t aspires to be 9 h>mony ) univ]sal laws4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] cont9ues3 8,n1 inde$1 t ! consci5ce ( ,man is n wond]ful en\gh1 :atev] be its suppos$ g5esis2 b ! wond]fulness ( x is ( a diff]5t k9d accord+ z we assume x to h be5 sup]naturally giv5 or inf] t x has be5 naturally evolv$4 ,! k ( ,man 9 t l>ge s5se :i* ,an?ropology expresses1 _h made1 9 ,kant's day1 b small advances4 ,! books ( travel 7 relatively few1 & ! facts :i* !y conta9$ conc]n+ ! human m9d z exi/+ 9 diff]5t races1 _h n be5 ga!r$ toge!r & g5]aliz$4 ,9 our days1 ! consci5ce ( ,man z inductively kn[n has none ( t univ]sality ( pres5ce & unity ( nature :i* ,kant's say+ tacitly assumes40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] app>5tly supposes t ,kant believ$ 9 a sup]natural orig9 ( ! human consci5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is errone\s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s error is excusable 9 consid]ation ( ! fact t "s disciples ( ,kant h fall5 into a simil> error4 ,pr(essor ,adl]1 ( ,new ,york1 :o attempts 9 ! ,societies = ,e?ical ,culture to c>ry into effect ! e?ics ( ,pure ,reason1 ma9ta9s t ! comm&m5ts ( ! ought & 8! light t %9es ?r\gh !m come f beyond1 b its beams are brok5 z !y pass ?r\gh our t]re/rial m$ium1 & ! full light 9 all its glory we c nev] see40 ,e?ics bas$ on an unkn[able p[]1 is my/icism2 & my/icism does n ess5tially diff] f dualism & sup]naturalism4 ,kant's reason+ is f> f my/icism & f sup]naturalism4 ,he 0 fully conv9c$ t civiliz$ man ) 8 moral & intellectual abilities _h naturally evolv$ f ! l[] /ate ( an animal exi/5ce4 ,we read 9 8 essay1 8,presumable ,orig9 ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d0 7,mu?massli*] ,anfang d] ,m5s*5ges*i*te4 ,editio ,h>t5/e91 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cba73 8,f ?is conception ( ! primitive hi/ory ( mank9d x foll[s t ! dep>ture ( man f ! p>adise repres5t$ to him by 8 reason z ! e>lie/ place ( soj\rn ( 8 race1 has be5 no?+ else ?an ! transition f ! rude condition ( a purely animal exi/5ce to ! condition ( a human be+2 a transition f ! lead+-/r+s ( in/9ct to direction by reason1 9 a ^w1 f ! protectorate ( nature to a /atus ( fre$om40 ,! view t ! consci5ce ( man is innate1 9 ! s5se ( a non-natural1 ( a my/]i\s1 or ev5 ( a sup]natural orig91 is unt5able4 ,^? disciples ( ,kant :o ent]ta9 su* views h c]ta9ly mis9t]pret$ _! great ma/]1 & ! passages adduc$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] f s _m s\rces are suffici5t evid5ce ( ! fact t 8!re are widely diff]5t degrees0 we %\ld r say k9ds 8( consci5ce 9 ! diff]5t races40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] cont9ues3 8,_h ,kant _h ^! & k9dr$ facts be=e him1 8 conception ( ! human m9d1 & consequ5tly 8 e?ical conception1 w\ld sc>cely h be5 :at !y 74 ,believ+1 z he did1 t "o object ( 8 awe--! /ell> ,univ]se--has be5 evolv$1#hi he might by evid5ce l ! =ego+ h be5 l$ to suspect t ! o!r object ( 8 awe--! human consci5ce--has be5 evolv$2 & has consequ5tly a real nature unlike its app>5t nature40 444 8,if1 in/ead ( assum+ t consci5ce is simple because x seems simple to c>eless introspection he _h ent]ta9$ ! hypo!sis t x is p]haps complex--a consolidat$ product ( multitud9\s exp]i5ces receiv$ ma9ly by ance/ors & add$ to by self--he might h arriv$ at a consi/5t sy/em ( ,e?ics40 444 8,9 brief1 z already impli$1 _h ,kant1 in/ead ( 8 incongru\s beliefs t ! cele/ial bodies h _h an evolution>y orig91 b t ! m9ds ( liv+ be+s on !m1 or at lea/ on "o ( !m1 h _h a non-evolution>y orig91 ent]ta9$ ! belief t bo? h aris5 by ,evolution1 he w\ld h be5 sav$ f ! impossibilities ( 8 ,metaphysics1 & ! unt5abilities ( 8 ,e?ics40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] believes t ,kant _h assum$ consci5ce to be 8simple1 because x seems simple to c>eless introspection40 ,b !re is no evid5ce 9 ,kant's works = ?is assumption4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,kant rev]s$ ! old view ( s-call$ 8rational psy*ology0 :i* consid]$ consci5ce z innate & :i* 0 bas$ on ! error t consci\sness is simple4 ,des ,c>tes's syllogism cogito ergo sum is bas$ on ?is idea1 :i* at ! same "t s]v$ z a philosophical evid5ce = ! inde/ructibility & immortality ( ! ego4 ,! simplicity ( consci\sness _h be5 consid]$ z an axiom1 until ,kant came & %[$ t x 0 a fallacy1 a p>alogism ( pure reason4 ,dr4 ,noah ,port] has writt51 f an app>5tly duali/ic /&po9t1 a sket* entitl$ 8,! ,e?ics ( ,kant10 9 :i* he says3 8,! skepticism & d5ials ( ,kant's speculative !ory 9 respect to n\m5a1 bo? mat]ial & psy*ical1 _h un=tunately cut him (f f ! possibility ( recogniz+ ! p]sonal ego z any?+ m ?an a logical fiction40 ,kant says 9 8 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason03#ij 8,9 ! int]nal intuition !re is no?+ p]man5t1 = ! ,ego is b ! consci\sness ( my ?\ght4444 ,f all ?is x is evid5t t rational psy*ology has its orig9 9 a m]e misund]/&+4 ,! unity ( consci\sness1 :i* lies at ! basis ( ! categories1 is consid]$ to be an intuition ( ! subject z an object2 & ! category ( sub/ance is appli$ to ! intuition4 ,b ?is unity is no?+ m ?an ! unity 9 ?\ght1 by :i* no object is giv52 to :i* !re=e ! category ( sub/ance _c be appli$40#ia ,conc]n+ ! /atem5t t ,kant _h believ$ 9 ! non-evolution>y orig9 ( liv+ be+s1 we quote f 8 essay on ,! ,diff]5t ,races ( ,m51 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 :]e ,kant speaks ( 8! imm$iate causes ( ! orig9 ( ^! diff]5t races40 ,he says3 8,! conditions 7,grnde7 :i*1 inh]+ 9 ! con/itution ( an organic body1 det]m9e a c]ta9 evolution>y process 7,auswickelung#ib7 are call$1 if ?is process is conc]n$ ) p>ticul> p>ts1 g]ms2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x t\*es only ! size or ! relation ( ! p>ts to "o ano!r1 ,i call x natural capabilities 7natrli*e ,anlag5740#ic ,& 9 a foot-note ,kant makes ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,ord9>ily we accept ! t]ms natural sci5ce 7,naturbes*reibung7 & natural hi/ory 9 "o & ! same s5se4 ,b x is evid5t t ! k ( natural ph5om5a1 z !y n[ are1 always leaves to be desir$ ! k ( t :i* !y h be5 be=e n[ & ?r\gh :at succession ( modifications !y h pass$ 9 ord] to h arriv$1 9 e respect1 to _! pres5t /ate4 ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* at pres5t we almo/ entirely lack1 w\ld tea* u ! *anges t h affect$ ! =m ( ! e>?1 likewise1 ! *anges 9 ! creatures ( ! e>? 7plants & animals71 t !y h suff]$ by natural trans=mations &1 aris+ !refrom1 ! dep>tures f ! prototype ( ! orig9al species1 t !y h exp]i5c$4 ,x w\ld probably trace a great numb] ( app>5tly diff]5t v>ieties back to species ( "o & ! same k9d & w\ld conv]t ! pres5t s intricate s*ool-sy/em ( ,natural ,sci5ce into a natural sy/em 9 con=mity ) reason40#id ,kant has n[h]e1 s f> z we "k1 made any objection to ! idea ( evolution4 ,b he oppos$ ! !ory t all life %\ld h orig9at$ f "o s+le k9d4 ,9 review+ & epitomiz+ ,joh4 ,gottfr4 ,h]d]'s "w1 8,ide5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit10 ,kant says3 444 8,book ,,ii1 treats ( organiz$ matt] on ! e>?4444 ,! beg9n+s ( vegetation4444 ,! *anges suff]$ by man & bea/ ?r\gh climatic influ5ces4444 ,9 !m all we f9d "o prevail+ =m & a simil> osse\s /ructure4444 ,^! transitional l9ks r5d] x n at all impossible t 9 m>9e animals1 9 plants1 &1 inde$1 possibly 9 s-call$ inanimate sub/ances1 "o & ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple ( organization may prevail1 al?\gh inf9itely crud] & m complex 9 op]ation4 ,9 ! sight ( et]nal be+1 :i* beholds all ?+s 9 "o connection1 x is possible t ! /ructure ( ! ice-p>ticle1 :ile receiv+ =m1 & ( ! sn[flake1 :ile be+ cry/alliz$1 be>s an analog\s relation to ! =mation ( ! embryo 9 a "m's womb4444 ,! ?ird book comp>es ! /ructure ( animals & plants ) ! organization ( man4444 ,x 0 n because man 0 orda9$ to be a rational creature t upright /ature 0 giv5 him = us+ 8 limbs accord+ to reason2 on ! contr>y he acquir$ 8 reason z a consequ5ce ( 8 upright /ature4444 ,f /one to cry/als1 f cry/als to metals1 f metals to plant-creation1 f !nce to ! animal1 & ultimately to man1 we h se5 ! =m ( organization advanc+1 & ) x ! faculties & in/9cts ( creatures becom+ m div]sifi$1 until at la/ !y all became unit$ 9 ! human =m1 9 s f> z ! latt] c\ld comprise !m4444 ,z ! body increases by food1 s does ! m9d by ideas2 inde$1 we notice "h ! same laws ( assimilation1 ( gr[?1 & ( g5]ation4 ,9 a ^w1 an inn] spiritual man is be+ =m$ )9 u1 :i* has a nature ( its own & :i* employs ! body z an in/rum5t m]ely4444 ,our humanity is m]ely a prelim9>y tra9+1 ! bud ( a blossom to come4 ,/ep by /ep does nature ca/ (f ! ignoble & ! base1 :ile x builds & adds to ! spiritual & cont9ues to fa%ion ! pure & ref9$ ) increas+ nic5ess2 ?us are we 9 a position to hope f ! arti/-h& ( nature t 9 t o!r exi/5ce our bud ( humanity w also appe> 9 its real & true =m ( div9e manhood40 444 ,h]d]'s idea ( evolution w\ld /& on ! :ole if 8 conception ( 8! spiritual0 did n imply a pret]natural ag5t4 8,! pres5t /ate ( man is probably ! l9k ( junction betwe5 two worlds4444 ,yet man is n to inve/igate himself 9 ?is future /ate2 he is to believe himself into x40 ,kant makes no objection :atev] to ! evolution>y ideas ( ,h]d]4 ,b ,h]d] 0 n free f sup]naturalism & f fanta/ic ideas 9 ref]5ce to ! future developm5t ( man4 ,he _h n yet dropp$ ! duali/ic conception ( ! #8duplicity' ( man & believ$ 9 ! immortality ( a di/9ct spiritual individual )9 8 body4 ,kant's objection1 !re=e1 is two-fold2 #a7 aga9/ ,h]d]'s sup]naturalism :i* leads him beyond ?is _w2 &1 #b7 aga9/ ! desc5t ( all species f "o & ! same g5us4 ,he says3 8,9 ! gradation betwe5 ! diff]5t species & individuals ( a natural k+dom1 nature %[s u no?+ else ?an ! fact t x ab&ons individuals to total de/ruction & pres]ves ! species alone4444 ,z conc]ns t invisible k+dom ( active & indep5d5t =ces1 we fail to see :y ! au?or1 aft] hav+ believ$ he c\ld confid5tly inf] f organiz$ be+s1 ! exi/5ce ( ! rational pr9ciple 9 man did n r attribute ?is pr9ciple directly to him m]ely z spiritual nature1 in/ead ( lift+ x out ( *aos ?r\gh ! /ructural =m ( organis$ matt]4444 ,z to ! gradation ( organiz$ be+s1 our au?or is n to be too sev]ely reproa*$1 if ! s*eme has n met ! requirem5ts ( 8 conception1 :i* ext5ds s f> beyond ! limits ( ?is _w2 = its application ev5 to ! natural k+doms "h on e>? leads to no?+4 ,! slight diff]5ces exhibit$ :5 species are comp>$ ) ref]5ce to _! common po9ts ( resemblance1 are1 :]e !re is su* great multiplicity1 a necess>y consequ5ce ( j ?is multiplicity4 ,! assumption ( common k9%ip betwe5 !m1 inasmu* z "o k9d w\ld h to spr+ f ano!r & all f "o orig9al & primitive species1 or f "o & ! same creative s\rce 7,mutt]s*oss7--! assumption ( su* a common k9%ip w\ld lead to ideas s /range t reason %r9ks f !m1 & we _c attribute ?is idea to ! au?or )\t do+ him inju/ice4 ,conc]n+ 8 sugge/ions 9 comp>ative anatomy ?r\gh all species d[n to plants1 ! work]s 9 natural sci5ce mu/ judge = !mselves :e!r ! h9ts giv5 = new obs]vations1 w be useful & :e!r !y are ju/ifi$4444 ,x is desirable t our +5i\s au?or :o 9 ! cont9uation ( 8 "w w f9d m t]ra firma1 may some:at re/ra9 8 bright g5ius1 & t philosophy 7:i* consi/s r 9 prun+ ?an 9 fo/]+ luxuriant gr[?7 may lead him to ! p]fection ( 8 labors n ?r\gh h9ts b ?r\gh def9ite conceptions1 n by imag9ation b by obs]vation1 n by a metaphysical or emotional phantasy b by reason1 broad 9 its plan b c>eful 9 its "w40 ,kant reject$ c]ta9 conceptions ( evolution1 b he did n at all %[ himself av]se to ! idea 9 g5]al4 ,he t\*$ ^u ! subject only incid5tally & x is c]ta9 t he did n especially favor or ent]ta9 ! belief 9 a non-evolution>y orig9 ( liv+ be+s4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! ma9 po9ts ( 8 criticism1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] calls att5tion to :at he designates z ,kant's abnormal reason+4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,some?+ mu/ be said conc]n+ abnormal reason+ z comp>$ ) normal reason+40 444 8,in/ead ( sett+ out ) a proposition ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable1 x sets out ) a proposition ( :i* ! affirmation is inconceivable1 & !refrom proce$s to draw conclusions0 444 8,! fir/ s5t5ce 9 ,kant's fir/ *apt] runs ?us3 #8,no?+ c possibly be conceiv$ 9 ! _w1 or ev5 out ( x1 :i* c be call$ good )\t qualification1 except a ,good ,w4'0 444 8,mo/ fallacies result f ! habit ( us+ words )\t fully r5d]+ !m into ?\ghts--pass+ !m by ) recognitions ( _! mean+s z ord9>ily us$1 )\t /opp+ to consid] :e!r ^! mean+s admit ( be+ giv5 to !m 9 ! cases nam$4 ,let u n re/ satisfi$ ) ?9k+ vaguely ( :at is und]/ood by #8a ,good ,w1' b let u int]pret ! words def9itely4 ,w implies ! consci\sness ( "s end to be a*iev$4 ,exclude f x e idea ( purpose1 & ! conception ( ,w disappe>s4 ,an end ( "s k9d be+ necess>ily impli$ by ! conception ( ,w1 ! quality ( ! ,w is det]m9$ by ! quality ( ! end contemplat$4 ,w itself1 consid]$ ap>t f any di/+ui%+ epi!t1 is n cognizable by ,morality at all4 ,x becomes cognizable by ,morality only :5 x ga9s its "* z good or bad by virtue ( its contemplat$ end z good or bad40 444 8,kant tells u t a good w is "o t is good 9 & = itself )\t ref]5ce to ends40 ,x is un=tunate t ,mr4 ,sp5c] misund]/ood ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ,kant's book 7,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt574 ,kant does n speak ( 8a good w )\t qualification10 nor does ! expression 8)\t qualification0 ref] to 8a w )\t ref]5ce to ends40 ,kant speaks ( good w 9 opposition to o!r good ?+s4 ,no?+1 he says1 c )\t qualification 7ohne ,e9s*rnkung7 be call$ good1 except a good w4#ie ,dr4 ,port] sums up ! fir/ page ( ,kant's essay 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! fir/ section ( ! treatise op5s ) ! memorable & (t5-quot$ utt]ance1 t #8no?+ c be possibly conceiv$ 9 ! _w1 or ev5 out ( x1 :i* c be call$ good )\t qualification1 except a good w4' ,if "* is comp>$ ) gifts ( nature1 z intellig5ce1 c\rage1 & gifts ( =tune1 z ri*es1 heal?1 or cont5tm5t1 all ^! are defective1 #8if !re is n a good w to correct _! possible p]v]sion & to rectify ! :ole pr9ciple ( act+1 & adapt x to its end4'#if ,a man :o is end[$ ) e o!r good c nev] give pleasure to an imp>tial1 rational spectator unless he possesses a good w4 #8,?us a good w appe>s to con/itute ! indisp5sable condition ( be+ wor?y ( happ9ess4' 444 #8,moreov]1 a good w is good n = :at x effects b = :at x int5ds1 ev5 :5 x fails to accompli% its purposes1 444 z :5 ! man wills ! good ( ano!r & is impot5t to promote x1 or actually effects j ! opposite ( :at he proposes or wills4'0 ,9 ! passages quot$ by ,dr4 ,port]1 ,kant speaks ( 8! end to :i* good w adapts o!r goods02 & 9 ano!r passage ( ! same book1 ,kant directly decl>es t 8x is ! end t s]ves ! w z ! objective gr\nd ( its self-det]m9ation40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] mu/ h ov]look$ ^! s5t5ces4 ,kant says3 8,! w is conceiv$ z a p[] ( det]m9+ itself to action 9 accordance ) ! conception ( c]ta9 laws4 ,& su* a p[] c only be met ) 9 rational be+s4 ,n[ x is ! ,,end t s]ves ! w z ! objective gr\nd ( its self-det]m9ation1 & ?is end1 if fix$ by reason alone1 mu/ hold equally good = all rational creatures40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,sp5c] int]rupts 8 essay on ! ,e?ics ( ,kant by a digression on ,kant's conception ( "t & space4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> at pres5t if we w\ld foll[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] on ?is gr\nd also4 ,a comp>ison ( ,sp5c]'s rem>ks on ! subject ) ,kant's 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 w %[ t ,kant's view ( space & "t is radically diff]5t f t view :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] repres5ts z ! ,kantian conception ( "t & space4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kant rejects ! idea t happ9ess is ! end & purpose ( life & at ! same "t he decl>es t e?ics mu/ be bas$ n on ! pursuit ( happ9ess b on ! categorical imp]ative or m popul>ly express$ on our s5se ( duty4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] argues3 8,"o ( ! propositions conta9$ 9 ,kant's fir/ *apt] is t #8we f9d t ! m a cultivat$ reason applies itself ) delib]ate purpose to ! enjoym5t ( life & happ9ess1 s mu* ! m does ! man fail ( true satisfaction4'0 444 8,t :i* ,kant %\ld h said is t ! exclusive pursuit ( :at are di/+ui%$ z pleasures & amusem5ts is disappo9t+40 444 8,x is n1 z ,kant says1 guidance by #8a cultivat$ reason1' :i* leads to disappo9tm5t1 b guidance by an uncultivat$ reason40 ,! passage quot$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] f ,kant1 reads 9 its context z foll[s3 8,9 ! physical con/itution ( an organiz$ be+ we take x = grant$#ig t no organ = any purpose w be f\nd 9 x b su* z is also ! fitte/ & be/ adapt$ = t purpose4 ,if 9 a be+ possess+ reason & w1 ! pres]vation1 ! prosp]ity1 9 a ^w1 ! happ9ess ( t be+1 con/itut$ ! actual purpose ( nature1 nature _h c]ta9ly adopt$ an extremely unwise exp$i5t to ?is end1 _h x made ! reason ( t be+ ! executive ag5t ( its purposes 9 ?is matt]4 ,= all actions t x _h to p]=m ) ?is end 9 view1 & ! :ole rule ( its conduct1 w\ld h be5 f> m exactly prescrib$ by in/9ct1 & ?is end w\ld h be5 f> m safely atta9$ by ?is means ?an c ev] take place ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( reason40 444 8,z a matt] ( fact we f9d t ! m a cultivat$ reason occupies itself ) ! purpose ( enjoy+ life & happ9ess1 ! f>!r does ! p]son possess+ x rec$e f ! /ate ( true cont5tm5t2 & h5ce !re arises 9 ! case ( _m1 & pre-em95tly 9 ! case ( ^? mo/ exp]i5c$ 9 ! ex]cise ( reason1 if !y are only frank en\gh to confess x1 a c]ta9 degree ( misology or hate ( reason2 = aft] weigh+ e advantage t !y d]ive1 ,i w n say f ! inv5tion ( all arts facilitat+ ord9>y luxury1 b ev5 f ! sci5ces1 7:i* aft] all are 9 _! eyes a luxury ( ! intellect17 !y /ill discov] t virtually !y h burd5$ !mselves m ) toil & tr\ble ?an !y h ga9$ 9 po9t ( happ9ess1 & ?us1 9 ! end1 !y are m apt to envy ?an contemn ! common] type ( m5 :o are m imm$iately subject to ! guidance ( natural in/9ct alone1 & :o d n suff] _! reason to influ5ce 9 any great degree _! acts & omissions40 ,kant uses ! expression 8cultivat$ reason0 n 9 opposition to 8uncultivat$ reason10 b to 8in/9ct0 z t inh]it$ faculty :i* tea*es a be+ to live 9 accordance ) nature & its natural conditions1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( ?\ght & reflection4 ,t uncultivat$ reason w\ld lead to disappo9tm5t1 ,kant nev] w\ld h d5i$4 ,he w\ld h add$3 8,x does m1 x leads to a spe$y ru940 ,b if reason does n produce happ9ess1 :at !n is ! use ( reason8 ,kant answ]s1 reason produces 9 man ! good w4 ,x is reason :i* enables man to =m ab/ractions1 to ?9k 9 g5]alizations & to conceive ! import ( univ]sal laws4 ,:5 8 w delib]ately & consci\sly con=ms to univ]sal laws1 x is good4 ,kant says3 8,?us w 7viz4 ! good w7 c n be ! sole & :ole ,good1 b x mu/ /ill be ! highe/ ,good & ! condition necess>y to ev]y?+ else1 ev5 to all desire ( happ9ess40 444 8,to "k :at ,i h to d 9 ord] t my volition be good1 requires on my "p no f>-rea*+ sagacity4 ,unexp]i5c$ 9 respect ( ! c\rse ( nature1 unable to be prep>$ = all ! occurr5ces transpir+ !re91 ,i simply ask myself3 ,c'/ ?\ s w1 t ! maxim ( ?y conduct may become a univ]sal law8 ,:]e x c n become a univ]sal law1 !re ! maxim ( ?y conduct is repreh5sible1 & t1 too1 n by reason ( any disadvantage consequ5t !reupon to !e or ev5 o!rs1 b because x is n fit to ent] z a pr9ciple into a possible enactm5t ( univ]sal laws40 ,if a maxim ( conduct is fit to ent] z a pr9ciple into a possible enactm5t ( univ]sal laws1 x w be f\nd 9 h>mony ) ! cosmical laws2 if n1 x mu/ come 9 conflict ) ! ord] ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,x !n _c /&1 & w1 if p]si/5tly adh]$ to1 lead 7p]haps sl[ly b inevitably7 to c]ta9 ru94 ,conc]n+ ! proposition t happ9ess may be reg>d$ z ! purpose ( life ,kant 9 8 review ( ,h]d]'s 8,ide5 zur ,philosophie d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit0 7,ed4 ,h4 ,,iv1 p4 #aij71 speaks ( ! relativity ( happ9ess & its insuffici5cy z a f9al aim ( life3 444 8,fir/ ( all ! happ9ess ( an animal1 !n t ( a *ild & ( a y\?1 & la/ly t ( man6 ,9 all epo*s ( human hi/ory1 z well z among all classes & conditions ( ! same epo*1 t happ9ess has obta9$ :i* 0 9 exact con=mity ) ! individual's ideas & ! degree ( 8 habituation to ! conditions amid :i* he 0 born & rais$4 ,inde$1 x is n ev5 possible to =m a comp>ison ( ! degree ( happ9ess nor to give prec$5ce to "o class ( m5 or to "o g5]ation ov] ano!r4444 ,if ?is %ad[-picture ( happ9ess 444 7 ! actual aim ( ,provid5ce1 e man w\ld h ! measure ( 8 own happ9ess )9 him4444 ,does ! au?or 7,h]d]7 ?9k p]haps t1 if ! happy inhabitants ( ,otaheite _h nev] be5 visit$ by m civiliz$ peoples & 7 orda9$ to live 9 peaceful indol5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s to come--t we c\ld give a satisfactory answ] to ! "q :y !y %\ld exi/ at all & :e!r x w\ld n h be5 j z well t ?is isl& %\ld be occupi$ by happy %eep & cattle z t x %\ld be inhabit$ by m5 :o are happy only ?r\gh pure enjoym5t80 ,conc]n+ ! mission or purpose ( humanity & its ultimate realization1 ,kant int]prets ,h]d]'s views z foll[s3 8,x involves no contradiction to say t no individual memb] ( all ! (fspr+ ( ! human race1 b t only ! species1 fully atta9s its mission 7,be/immung74 ,! ma!matician may expla9 ! matt] 9 8 way4 ,! philosoph] w\ld say3 ! mission ( ! human race z a :ole is unceas+ progress1 & ! p]fection 7,voll5dung7 ( ?is mission is a m]e idea 7al?\gh 9 e aspect a q useful "o7 ( ! aim t[>ds :i*1 9 con=mity ) ! design ( provid5ce1 we are to direct our endeavors40 ,we le>n f ! passages quot$ f ,kant t 8 idea ( good w is nei!r my/ical & sup]natural1 nor is x vague4 ,x is a conception z logically & def9itely def9$ z any ma!matical def9ition4 ,good w 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,kant def9es x1 is only possible 9 a reasonable be+ by ! p[] ( its reason4 ,! good w is ! int5tion ( con=m+ to univ]sal pr9ciples & ?us ( be+ 9 h>mony ) ! ,all4 ,?is good w is ! corn]-/one ( ,kant's e?ics2 x appe>s z ! categoric imp]ative ( duty1 s to act t ! maxim ( "o's conduct may be fit to become a univ]sal law4 ,x is =mulat$ 9 ano!r passage3 8,act s z if ! maxim ( ?y conduct by ?y volition 7 to become a natural law40 ,x is easily se5 t1 9 ,kant's conception1 ! ought ( morals 7viz4 ( ! categoric imp]ative7 does n /& 9 contradiction to ! mu/ ( natural laws4 ,kant's conception is moni/ic1 n duali/ic4 ,kant says3 8,! moral ought is man's inn]1 necess>y volition z be+ a memb] ( an intelligible _w & is conceiv$ by him z an ought only 9 s f> z he consid]s himself also z a memb] ( ! s5sory _w40#ih ,our way ( expla9+ x w\ld be3 ,man feels 9 8 activity ! categoric imp]ative z an ought4 ,s ! sn[ cry/al1 if x 7 possess$ ( s5sation1 w\ld feel its =mation z an 8ought40 ,b bo? are1 & to an outside obs]v] w appe>1 z a 8mu/40 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,sp5c]ian sy/em ( e?ics1 :i* is utilit>ianism1 ! moral maxim or ! idea ( duty is n di/+ui%$ f ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 t accompanies e?ical ?\ghts & acts1 & _! consequ5ces4 ,?is lack ( di/9ction induces ,mr4 ,sp5c] to consid] man's pursuit ( happ9ess z ! basis ( e?ics4 ,accord+ly ! aim ( e?ics1 he ma9ta9s1 is n ! p]=mance ( duty1 n ! realization ( ! good2 to ! utilit>ian ?is is only ! means4 ,! end ( e?ics is ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,x is /range t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s essay conta9s a passage :i*1 al?\gh int5d$ z a po9t ( objection to ,kant1 is a corroboration ( ,kant's e?ics1 & a refutation ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own views4 ,:ile d5y+ ! /atem5t t 8a cultivat$ reason1 if appli$ ) delib]ate purpose to ! enjoym5t ( life & happ9ess1 w fail to produce true satisfaction10 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,i ass]t t x is untrue on ! /r5g? ( p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my life !re h occurr$ _m int]vals1 av]ag+ a mon? ea*1 9 :i* ! pursuit ( happ9ess 0 ! sole object1 & 9 :i* happ9ess 0 successfully pursu$4 ,h[ successfully may be judg$ f ! fact t ,i w\ld gladly live ov] aga9 ea* ( ^? p]iods )\t *ange1 an ass]tion :i* ,i c]ta9ly _c make ( any portions ( my life sp5t 9 ! daily dis*>ge ( duties40 ,?is /atem5t1 if x proves any?+1 proves t happ9ess is "o ?+ & duty is ano!r2 x proves t ,kant's !ory ( e?ics1 :i* is bas$ on ! dis*>ge ( duty & n on ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 is correct1 & t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory :i* id5tifies duty ) ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 is wrong4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ 9 ?is place express our op9ion t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s /atem5t _c be q correct4 ,! dis*>ge ( duty1 unpleasant ?\gh ! drudg]y "p ( x may h be51 0 und\bt$ly accompani$ & foll[$ by a c]ta9 satisfaction1 :i* p]haps 0 less 9 quantity1 b c]ta9ly high] 9 quality ?an ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! m]e pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,& 9 ! valuation ( ! intr9sic & ( ! moral wor? ( pleasures1 ! quality alone %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation1 n ! quantity4 ,9 ?is s5se only c an e?ical h$onism or utilit>ianism be acceptable4 ,! man ^: pleasures & pa9s are ( a high] k9d1 ( a nobl] =m1 & ( a bett] quality1 is morally & g5]ally ! m evolv$ man4 ,& !n1 ! basis ( e?ics w\ld be1 n s mu* pleasure or happ9ess z ! quality ( pleasure or happ9ess2 x w\ld be an aspiration to evolve t[>d a high] plane ( life1 to %ape our lives 9 nobl] =ms1 & to enjoy nobl]1 great]1 & m spiritual pleasures1 or1 z ,kant says1 8unceas+ progress40 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ass]tion1 if tak5 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x /&s1 is a contradiction ( 8 e?ical !ory4 ,b ev5 if ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h decl>$ t ! dis*>ge ( duty af=ds a k9d ( happ9ess or satisfaction1 z x truly does1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 a deep gap betwe5 8 & ,kant's e?ics4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] r$uces e?ics to m]e worldly prud5ce2 he says t we mu/ d ! good 9 ord] to be happy1 & = ! sake ( its utility1 & ,kant says we mu/ act s z to be 9 agreem5t ) univ]sal law4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,b n[1 suppos+ we accept ,kant's /atem5t 9 full1 :at is its implication8 ,t happ9ess is ! ?+ to be desir$1 &1 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! ?+ to be a*iev$40 444 8,an illu/ration w be/ %[ h[ ! matt] /&s4 ,to a tyro 9 ar*]y ! in/ructor says3 #8,sir1 y mu/ n po9t y\r arr[ directly at ! t>get2 if y d1 y w inevitably miss x2 y mu/ aim high above ! t>get1 & y may !n possibly pi]ce ! bull's-eye4' ,:at n[ is impli$ by ! w>n+ & ! advice8 ,cle>ly t ! purpose is to hit ! t>get4 ,o!rwise !re is no s5se 9 ! rem>k t x w be miss$ if directly aim$ at2 & no s5se 9 ! rem>k t to be hit1 some?+ high] mu/ be aim$ at4 ,simil>ly ) happ9ess4 ,!re is no s5se 9 ! rem>k t happ9ess w n be f\nd if x is directly s\ght1 unless happ9ess is a ?+ to be someh[ or o!r obta9$40 444 8,s t 9 ?is pr(ess$ repudiation ( happ9ess z an end1 !re lies ! inavoidable implication t x is ! end40 ,! pursuit ( happ9ess is by no means repudiat$ by ,kant z wrong or immoral2 x is only ma9ta9$ to be insuffici5t z a f\ndation ( e?ics4 ,kant's rem>k t happ9ess w n be f\nd if x is directly s\ght has no ref]5ce to 8 own e?ics4 ,kant1 speak+ f ! /&po9t ( "o :o takes ! view ( utilit>ianism1 says t if a cultivat$ reason applies itself to ! sole purpose ( enjoy+ life & happ9ess1 x w meet ) a failure4#ii ,any o!r explanation ( ! moral ought ?an t f ! ,good ,w1 ,kant decl>es to be het]onomy4 ,w w\ld no long] be itself1 & ! pr9ciple ( action w\ld lie 9 some?+ =eign to ! w4 ,kant says3 8,w 9 su* a case w\ld n be a law to itself2 b ! object by its relation to ! w w\ld impose ! law ^u ! w4444 ,?is w\ld admit ( hypo!tical imp]atives only3 #8,i ought to d a c]ta9 ?+1 because ,i want some?+ else4' ,! moral & !re=e categorical imp]ative1 on ! contr>y1 says3 #8,i ought to act s or s1 ev5 if ,i _h no?+ else 9 view4' ,= in/ance3 ! hypo!tical imp]ative ( het]onomy says3 #8,i ought n to lie1 if ,i ev] wi% to pres]ve my honor4' ,! categorical imp]ative says3 #8,i ought n to lie ev5 if x w\ld n 9 ! lea/ br+ me to %ame4'0 ,mr4 ,sp5c] quotes ! foll[+ passage f ,kant3 8,i omit "h all actions :i* are already recogniz$ z inconsi/5t ) duty1 al?\gh !y may be useful = ?is or t purpose1 = ) ^! ! "q :e!r !y are done f duty c n arise at all1 s9ce !y ev5 conflict ) x4 ,i also set aside ^? actions :i* really con=m to duty1 b to :i* m5 h no direct incl9ation1 p]=m+ !m because !y are impell$ !reto by "s o!r incl9ation4 ,= 9 ?is case we c readily di/+ui% :e!r ! action :i* agrees ) duty is done f duty1 or f a selfi% view4 ,x is mu* h>d] to make ?is di/9ction :5 ! action accords ) duty1 & ! subject has besides a direct incl9ation to x4 ,= example1 x is always a matt] ( duty t a deal] %\ld n ov]*>ge an inexp]i5c$ pur*as]1 & :]ev] !re is mu* comm]ce ! prud5t tradesman does n ov]*>ge1 b keeps a fix$ price = e "o1 s t a *ild buys ( him z well z any o!r4 ,m5 are ?us hone/ly s]v$2 b ?is is n en\gh to make u believe t ! tradesman has s act$ f duty & f pr9ciples ( hone/y3 8 own advantage requir$ x2 x is out ( ! "q 9 ?is case to suppose t he might besides h a direct incl9ation 9 favor ( ! buy]s1 s t1 z x 71 f love he %\ld give no advantage to "o ov] ano!r64 ,accord+ly ! action 0 done nei!r f duty nor f direct incl9ation1 b m]ely ) a selfi% view4 8,on ! o!r h&1 x is a duty to ma9ta9 "o's life1 &1 9 addition1 e "o has also a direct incl9ation to d s4 ,b on ?is acc\nt ! (t5 anxi\s c>e :i* mo/ m5 take = x has no intr9sic wor?1 & _! maxim has no moral import4 ,!y pres]ve _! life z duty requires1 no d\bt1 b n because duty requires4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if adv]sity & hopeless sorr[ h completely tak5 away ! reli% = life2 if ! un=tunate "o1 /rong 9 m9d1 indignant at 8 fate r ?an despond+ or deject$1 wi%es = dea?1 & yet pres]ves 8 life )\t lov+ x--n f incl9ation or fe>1 b f duty--!n 8 maxim has a moral wor?4 8,to be b5efic5t :5 we c is a duty2 & besides ?is1 !re are _m m9ds s sympa!tically con/itut$ t )\t any o!r motive ( vanity or self-int]e/1 !y f9d a pleasure 9 spread+ joy ar\nd !m1 & c take delight 9 ! satisfaction ( o!rs s f> z x is _! own "w4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t 9 su* a case an action ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] prop]1 h[ev] amiable x may be1 has nev]!less no true moral wor?1 b is on a level ) o!r incl9ations40 7pp4 #ag-ai7 ,kant's metaphysics ( e?ics is to practical e?ics :at pure ma!matics is to appli$ ma!matics1 or :at logic is to gramm>4 ,kant's me?od ( reason+ 9 ab/racto ev]y:]e %[s ! ma!matical b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,9 a foot-note 7,editio ,h>t5/e91 ,,iv71 p4 #beh1 he says3 8,z pure ma!matics is di/+ui%$ f appli$ ma!matics & pure logic f appli$ logic1 s may ! pure philosophy 7! metaphysics7 ( e?ics be di/+ui%$ f ! appli$ philosophy ( e?ics1 t is1 z appli$ to human nature4 ,by ?is di/9ction ( t]ms x at once appe>s t e?ical pr9ciples are n bas$ ^u ! peculi>ities ( human nature b t !y mu/ be exi/5t by !mselves a priori1--:5ce1 = human nature1 j z well z = any rational nature1 practical rules c be d]iv$40 ,s*lei]ma*] says3 8,a good is any agreem5t 78unity07 ( def9ite sides c]ta9 aspects ( reason & nature4444 ,! end ( e?ical praxis is ! highe/ good1 i4 e41 ! sum ( all unions ( nature & reason4444 ,! moral law may be comp>$ to ! algebraic =mula :i* 79 analytical geometry7 det]m9es ! c\rse pa? ( a curve2 ! highe/ good may be comp>$ to ! curve itself1 & virtue1 or moral p[]1 to an in/rum5t arrang$ = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ ! curve accord+ to ! =mula40 7,quot$ f a translation ( ,ueb]weg47 ,kant decl>es 9 o!r passages t 9 examples tak5 f practical life1 x w be difficult to sep>ate cle>ly & unmi/akably ! s5se ( duty z ! real moral motive f o!r motives1 incl9ations1 habits1 etc4 ,b su* a di/9ction mu/ be made1 if ! moral value ( motives is to be consid]$ 9 ab/racto4 ,?is is necess>y = a cle> conception ( ! ess5tial features ( morality4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has on o!r occasions highly prais$ ! p[] ( g5]alization1 :i* inde$ is fundam5tally ! same faculty1 z ?9k+ 9 ab/racto2 "h1 h[ev]1 he does n foll[ ,kant's argum5t1 b decl>es 8t ! assum$ di/9ction betwe5 s5se ( duty & incl9ation is unt5able40 ,he says3 8,! v expression s5se ( duty implies t ! m5tal /ate signifi$ is a feel+2 & if a feel+ x mu/1 l o!r feel+s1 be gratifi$ by acts ( "o k9d & (f5d$ by acts ( an opposite k9d4 ,if we take ! "n consci5ce1 :i* is equival5t to s5se ( duty1 we see ! same ?+4 ,! common expressions #8a t5d] consci5ce1' #8a se>$ consci5ce1' indicate ! p]ception t consci5ce is a feel+--a feel+ :i* has its satisfactions & dissatisfactions1 & :i* incl9es a man to acts :i* yield ! "o & avoid ! o!r--produces an incl9ation10 7p4 #dgf74 ,x is q true t e /ate ( consci\sness is a feel+1 b we c & mu/ discrim9ate betwe5 consci\sness or feel+ & ! idea or ?\ght :i* becomes consci\s1 9 :i* ! feel+ appe>s1 & :i* is1 s to speak1 ! special =m ( a c]ta9 feel+4 ,! consci\sness & its special =m1 ! feel+ & ! m5tal object ( feel+1 are 9 reality "o & ! same4 ,yet !y are diff]5t & mu/ 9 ab/racto be well di/+ui%$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s me?od is t ( g5]alization1 b g5]aliz+ c lead to no satisfactory results1 if x is n con/antly accompani$ by discrim9ation4 ,we mu/ g5]alize & discrim9ate4 ,if a c]ta9 gr\p ( /ates ( consci\sness takes ! =m ( a logical syllogism1 x mu/ n be expect$ t logic w f9d its explanation 9 feel+1 al?\gh x _c be d5i$ t all ! /ates ( consci\sness are feel+s4 ,n ! feel+ 9 ?is case is to be expla9$1 b logic4 ,9 our g5]alizations we mu/ discrim9ate 9 ab/racto betwe5 ! feel+ & ! idea :i* feels4 ,we mu/ positively ab/ract f feel+ & _c consid] :e!r ! feel+ ( logical argum5ts is pleasant or unpleasant4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s me?od ( expla9+ e?ics1 if appli$ to logic1 w\ld be z foll[s3 8,man's logical s5se is a v complex feel+ & has develop$ f simple p]cepts su* z c be obs]v$ 9 ! l[e/ animals2 p]cepts are a high] evolv$ =m ( reactions aga9/ irritations su* z take place 9 protoplasm4 ,! old me?od ( expla9+ logic is t ( d$uction1 mod]n logic w be inductive4 ,=m]ly pure logic 0 consid]$ z a sci5ce a priori2 b ! evolution-philosophy %[s t logic is develop$ by /eps1 x appe>s a priori to ! individual n[1 b x is 9 reality a consolidat$ product ( multitud9\s exp]i5ces receiv$ ma9ly by ance/ors & add$ to by self4 ,logical s5se accord+ly f9ds its explanation 9 mo/ simple feel+s4 ,our conceptions ( logically incorrect feel+s w be m & m avoid$ because !y w ultimately be f\nd to be unpleasant2 logical correctness is /riv5 = because ( ! feel+ ( satisfaction t accompanies ! conception ( a logically correct conclusion40 ,s5se is feel+1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,logical s5se & ma!matical s5se are feel+s & if a p]son ?9ks a ma!matical axiom or a logical syllogism or an e?ical maxim1 he has a feel+4 ,logical s5se ( reason is ! product ( evolution1 & x _c be d5i$ ei!r t "o man has a m logical or ma!matical or moral s5se ?an ano!r4 ,b x does n foll[ t an explanation ( ma!matics1 or logic1 or e?ics1 mu/ be d]iv$ f feel+ pleasure & pa91 or happ9ess4 ,on ! contr>y we mu/ ab/ract f feel+ altoge!r & conc]n ourselves ) ! object ( feel+ only1 :i* is ! idea or ! special =m 9 :i* & z :i* feel+ appe>s4 ,/ates ( consci\sness 7nev] m9d :e!r !y are pa9ful or pleasurable7 mu/ be consid]$ z moral if _! m5tal object1 i4 e41 ! idea1 ! ?\ght1 ! motive1 ! =m 9 :i* feel+ becomes manife/1 is 9 h>mony ) ! univ]sal ord] ( ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,sp5c] decl>es t ! _w w\ld be intol]able 8if ,kant's conception ( moral wor? 7 display$ univ]sally 9 m5's acts40 ,& x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ,kant's e?ics 9 _! logical & irrefutable rigidity n only impress$ ! lit]>y _w ( 8 "t ) ! gr&eur & sublimity ( e?ics2 ,kant's e?ics also a/\nd$1 & ov]:elm$ 8 read]s ) awe4 ,virtue no long] appe>$ to be ! f]vid en?usiasm ( s5tim5ts2 x congeal$ into ! cold idea ( duty :i* c be fix$ 9 ab/ract rules & w op]ate l ! correctly calculat$ ge> ( a ma*9e4 ,objections h be5 rais$ by "s ( ,kant's own disciples2 b x mu/ be kn[n t ! ,kantian view ( e?ics does n suppress feel+s1 emotions & incl9ations1 x excludes !m only f an e/imation ( ! moral wor? ( actions4 ,kant gave ! c\p de grace to all s5tim5tality :i* _h tak5 ! lead 9 e?ical que/ions too long4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 8,if ^? acts only h moral wor? :i* are done f a s5se ( duty 444 we mu/ say t a man's moral wor? is great] 9 proportion z ! /r5g? ( 8 s5se ( duty is su* t he does ! "r ?+ n only ap>t f incl9ation b aga9/ incl9ation4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 !n1 ! mo/ moral man is ! man 444 :o says ( ano!r t :i* is true ?\gh he w\ld l to injure him by a falsehood2 :o l5ds money to 8 bro!r ?\gh he w\ld pref] to see him 9 di/ress40 ,s*ill]1 al?\gh an admir] ( ,kant1 makes 9 8 ,x5ions a simil> objection to ?is coroll>y ( ! e?ics ( pure reason4 ,he says3 8,will+ly s]ve ,i my fri5ds2 b 'tis pity1 ,i d x ) pleasure4 ,& ,i am really vex$1 t !re's no virtue 9 me60 ,& he answ]s 9 a second di/i*3 8,!re is no o!r advice ?an t y try to despise fri5ds1 ,&1 ) disgu/1 y w d :at su* a duty dem&s40 ,! difficulty is remov$ "u ! foll[+ consid]ation3 ,a man ) good incl9ations is less expos$ to temptation ?an a man ) bad incl9ations4 ,if bo? act morally "u conditions o!rwise ! same1 ! latt] has %[n great] /r5g? ( moral purpose ?an ! =m]4 ,! =m]'s "* 7viz41 8 inh]it$ incl9ations & habits :i* repres5t ! sum total ( ! moral en]gies ( 8 ance/ors17 is m moral ?an t ( ! latt]4 ,b ! latt] des]ves m cr$it ?an ! =m] = ov]com+ ! temptation2 he has 9 ?is special act %[n m moral /r5g? ( w ?an 8 m =tunate & morally high] advanc$ fell[-man4 ,to ^? :o h accept$ ! ,kantian view1 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s & ,s*ill]'s objection c s]ve z a w>n+1 n to lose sight ( emotions altoge!r4 ,man is n only a reasonable be+1 he is at ! same "t a feel+ creature4 ,! in/9ctive faculties ( man1 ! s-call$ subconsci\s /ates1 are ! basis ( 8 consci\sness4 ,!y =m ! roots ( 8 s\l f :i* spr+ ! cle> conceptions ( 8 reason4 ,! m man's habits & incl9ations agree ) morals1 ! m /r5g? ( purpose is left = fur!r e?ical advancem5t & moral progress4 ,simil> objections h also be5 made to ,kant's me*anical explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/ems & milky ways4 ,x seem$ z if ! div9ity ( nature 7 replac$ by ! rigid law ( gravity4 ,9 8 poem 8,! ,god's ( ,greece10 ,s*ill] compla9s3 8,fhllos selb/ fr ihres ,kn/l]s ,ehre1 ,glei* dem todt5 ,s*lag d] ,p5deluhr1 ,di5t sie kne*tis* dem ,gesetz d] ,s*w]e1 ,die entgtt]te ,natur40 8,dead ev5 to h] ,ma/]'s praise1 ,l lifeless p5dulum's vibration1 ,lo1 godless ,nature n[ obeys1 ,slave-l1 ! law ( gravitation40#ajj ,su* objections are always rais$ :5 a sci5tific explanation de/roys ! my/ic view t a _s or at lea/ some?+ unexpla9able is ! suppos$ cause ( c]ta9 ph5om5a4 ,our s5tim5ts are s closely connect$ & intimately int]wov5 ) our errors t tru? appe>s ho/ile to s5tim5t1 & x becomes difficult to "p ) errors sanctifi$ by emotion4 ,s5tim5tality always compla9s t cle> ?\ght is an enemy ( romanticism1 & romanticism is ! only possible poetry to ! ta/e ( ! s5tim5tal4 ,n[ x _c be d5i$ t a "o-sid$ k n only appe>s rigid1 x truly is s1 & w be de/ructive ( su* emotions z rev]5ce1 awe1 /hetic ta/e1 religion & art4 ,criticism is a mo/ ess5tial feature ( sci5ce & philosophy1 & h[ negative1 h[ desolate & melan*oly appe> ! results ( criticism6 ,b ! prun+ process ( criticism is v :olesome1 & true sci5ce w only pr(it by disc>d+ ! vagu5ess ( indi/9ct conceptions4 ,alp9e lakes t are really deep c only ga9 by lucidity4 ,?us ! cle>ness ( g5u9e sci5ce & broad philosophy w only %[ ! dep? ( tru? into :i* by all its lucidity our emotions c plunge )\t ev] f9d+ x %all[ or fa?om+ x 9 all its pr(undity4 ,kant's doctr9e ( e?ics is a tru? t c /& ! sev]e/ te/4 ,e?ics1 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w z us$ by ,kant1 c be f\nd 9 man only1 9 s f> z he is a reasonable be+4 ,a truly reasonable be+ does n all[ himself to be guid$ by impulses b is l$ by maxims4 ,incl9ations & habits are remnants ( in/9ct4 ,n he :o 9 in/9ctive good-natur$ness acts morally1 is ! e?ical man1 b he :o delib]ately & consci\sly consid]s himself a repres5tative ( ! g5]al ord] ( ?+s4 ,! man1 :o adopts su* maxims z c become univ]sal pr9ciples1 id5tifies 8 w ) ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,man's moral dignity mu/ n be s\ght 9 vague feel+s or 9 in/9ctive inspirations2 x is bas$ ^u 8 reason & is develop$ 9 s f> only z he makes use ( 8 reason4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,quotations f ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s essay w be di/+ui%$ by quotation-m>ks1 :ile ^? f ,kant w appe> 9 hang+ ind5tations4 #hh ,kant di/+ui%es two k9ds ( sublimity3 #a7 ! ma!matical1 & #b7 ! dynamical4 ,8 def9itions are3 #a7 sublime is t 9 comp>ison ) :i* ev]y?+ else is small2 & #b7 sublime is t ! m]e ability to conceive :i* %[s a p[] ( emotion 7,gem?71 ! latt] transc5d+ any measurem5t by ! s5ses4 #a7 ,erhab5 i/1 mit wel*em im ,v]glei* alles &]e kle9 i/4 #b7 ,erhab5 i/1 0 au* nur d5k5 zu knn5 e9 ,v]mg5 des ,gem?s bewei/1 das j$5 ,maas/ab d] ,s9ne b]trifft4 ,editio ,h>t5/e91 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #beg1 #beh4 #hi ,! /ell> ,univ]se1 ( c\rse1 has n be5 evolv$2 ,mr4 ,sp5c] means t accord+ to ,kant's me*anical explanation ! planet>y sy/ems & milky ways ( ! /ell> ,univ]se are 9 a /ate ( con/ant evolution4 #ij ,translation by ,j4 ,m4 ,d4 ,meiklejohn1 pp4 #bdd1 #bdi4 #ia ,comp>e also ,kant's 8,prol4 zu j$] knftig5 ,metaphysik10 #df4 #ib ,we call att5tion to ,kant's peculi> expression1 9 ?is passage1 ( ,auswickelung :i* has n[ yield$ to ! t]m ,entwickelung4 #ic ,die 9 d] ,natur e9es organis*5 ,krp]s 7,gew*ses od] ,?i]es7 lieg5d5 ,grnde e9] be/immt5 ,auswickelung heiss51 w5n diese ,auswickelung besond]e ,!ile betrifft1 ,keime2 betrifft sie ab] nur die ,grsse od] das ,v]hltniss d] ,!ile unt] e9&]1 s n5ne i* sie natrli*e ,anlag54 #id ,wir nehm5 die ,b55nung5 ,naturbes*reibung und ,naturges*i*te geme9igli* 9 e9]lei ,s9ne4 ,alle9 es i/ kl>1 dass die ,k5ntniss d] ,naturd+e1 wie sie jetzt s9d1 imm] no* die ,erk5ntniss von demj5ig5 wns*5 lasse1 0 sie eh$em gewes5 s9d und dur* wel*e ,reihe von ,v]nd]ung5 sie dur*gegang51 um an j$em ,ort 9 ihr5 geg5wrtig5 ,zu/& zu gelang54 ,die ,naturges*i*te1 woran es uns no* fa/ gnzli* fehlt1 wrde uns die ,v]nd]ung d] ,erdge/alt1 imglei*5 die d] ,erdges*pfe 7,pflanz5 und ,?i]e71 die sie dur* natrli*e ,w&]ung5 7sic6 ,i take x z a mispr9t = ,w&elung57 erlitt5 hab51 und ihre d>aus entsprung55 ,ab>tung5 von dem ,urbilde d] ,/ammgattung lehr54 ,sie wrde v]mu?li* e9e grosse ,m5ge s*e9b> v]s*i$5] ,art5 zu ,rac5 eb5d]selb5 ,gattung zurckfhr51 und das jetzt s weitluftigte ,s*ulsy/em d] ,naturbes*reibung 9 e9 physis*es ,sy/em fr d5 ,v]/& v]w&eln4 #ie ,! orig9al ( ! fir/ s5t5ce reads3 8,es i/ b]all ni*ts 9 d] ,welt1 ja b]haupt au* auss] d]selb5 zu d5k5 mgli*1 0 ohne ,e9s*rnkung fr gut knnte gehalt5 w]d51 als alle9 e9 gut] ,wille40 #if ,italics are ours4 #ig ,! phrase 8we take x = grant$0 79 ! orig9al 8nehm5 wir es als ,grundsatz an70 reads 9 ! translation quot$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]3 8we take x z a fundam5tal pr9ciple40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] objects to ! passage decl>+ t !re are _m organs 7su* z rudim5t>y organs7 9 ! con/ruction ( organiz$ be+s :i* s]ve no purpose4 ,?is h[ev] does n /& 9 contradiction to ,kant's assumption t organs ( organiz$ be+s s]ve a special purpose4 ,! rudim5t>y organs h "u o!r conditions s]v$ a purpose = :i* !y !n 7 fit & well adapt$ & are disappe>+ n[ because no long] us$4 #ih ,das moralis*e ,soll5 i/ also e9 eig5es no?w5diges ,woll5 als ,gli$es e9] intelligibl5 ,welt1 und wird nur s(]n von ihm als ,soll5 g$a*t1 als er si* zuglei* wie e9 ,gli$ d] ,s9n5welt betra*tet4 ,ed4 ,h>t5/e9 vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #cjc4 #ii ,! passage ref]r$ to is quot$ 9 full on page #af4 #ajj ,slightly alt]$ f ,b4 ,w4 ,,ball',s translation 9 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt1 p4 #hc4 ,,kant ,,on ,,evolution4 ,,9 ,,criticism ,,( ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]',s ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,kantism4 ,x is v /range t ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] w aga9 & aga9 attack ! philosophy & e?ics ( ,kant = views :i* ,kant nev] held4#aja ,x is possible t !re are disciples ( ,kant :o d5y ! !ory ( evolution4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ,kant himself is n guilty ( ?is mi/ake4 ,?9k]s :o reject ! !ory ( evolution are 9 ?is respect z little entitl$ to call !mselves disciples ( ,kant z1 = in/ance1 ! ,sadducees 7 to call !mselves foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,kantian philosophy 0 =emo/ 9 ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( evolution1 & t at a "t :5 public int]e/ 0 n z yet c5t]$ ^u x4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m]its 9 ! propagation ( ! !ory ( evolution are und5iable1 & he des]ves our w>me/ respect & ?anks = ! indefatigable zeal he has %[n 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is great "w1 = ! labors he has und]gone1 & ! sacrifices he has made = x4 ,yet recognis+ all t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has done1 we %\ld n be bl9d to ! fact t ,kant's conception ( evolution is ev5 at ! pres5t day m 9 con=mity ) ! facts ( natural sci5ce ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 al?\gh ! latt] commonly goes by ! "n ( ! philosophy ( evolution4 ,x is pa9ful to note t 9 _m places :]e ,mr4 ,sp5c] ref]s to ,kant's philosophy1 he does x slight+ly1 z ?\gh ,kant 7 "o ( ! mo/ irrational ( ?9k]s4 ,kant's reason+ is d5\nc$ z 8abnormal0 & 8vici\s40 ,i f9d su* phrases z1 8,x is a vice ( ,kant's philosophy 44410 8,if ,kant _h kn[n m ( ,man ?an he did 44410 etc4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] *>act]ises ,kant's me?od z foll[s3 8,in/ead ( sett+ out ) a proposition ( :i* ! negative is inconceivable1 x sets out ) a proposition ( :i* ! affirmation is inconceivable1 & proce$s to draw conclusions !refrom40 ,^! attacks ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] on ,kant are n ju/ifiable4 ,kant is n guilty ( ! faults = :i* he is arraign$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fair to /ate t ^! misund]/&+s appe> excusable if ! difficulties are borne 9 m9d ) :i* ! ,engli% /ud5t ( ,kant is confront$4 ,fir/1 ,kant _c be und]/ood )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! hi/orical developm5t ( 8 philosophy1 &1 secondly1 mo/ translations ( ! fundam5tal t]ms1 he employs1 are s mislead+ t errors c sc>cely be avoid$4 ,kant's philosophy is by no means a p]fect$ sy/em2 x r repres5ts 7z p]haps necess>ily all philosophies d7 ! developm5t ( a ?9k]'s m9d4 ,! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 especially %[s traces ( ! /ate ( ,kant's m9d at diff]5t p]iods1 & ?us x is t we discov] passages :i* closely consid]$ w be f\nd to be contradictory4 ,:5 read+ ?is rem>kable "w we feel l travel]s walk+ ov] ! petrifi$ relics ( a p[]ful eruption4 ,!re are /rata ( ideas ( ! olde/ =mation close to ! ?\ghts ( a rec5t date4 ,!re are also ve/iges ( int]m$iate phases4 ,"h !y /& 9 ! petrification ( pr9t$ words1 peacefully side by side1 z memorials ( a great revolution 9 ! developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,x is ?is /ate ( ?+s :i* m ?an any?+ else makes ( ,kant's writ+s su* difficult read+4 ,at ! same "t x is obvi\s t we _c simply take ! results ( ,kant's philosophy2 we mu/ foll[ him 9 ! pa?s by :i* he arriv$ at any giv5 proposition4 ,!re is no philosoph] t has be5 worse mis9t]pret$ ?an ,kant2 & ! ,engli% int]pret]s ( ,kant h succe$$ 9 mutilat+ 8 be/ ?\ghts s t ?is h]o ( progress appe>s z a /ronghold ( antiquat$ views4 ,mi/ranslations or misconceptions ( 8 t]ms are to a great ext5t ! cause ( ?is s+ul> fate4 ,z an in/ance we m5tion ! errors t atta* to ,kant's t]m ,ans*auung4 ,ans*auung is ! pres5t object ( our s5ses2 x is ! impression a man has f look+ at a ?+ & might h be5 translat$ by 8p]ception0 or p]haps 8s5sation40 ,x is usually translat$ by 8intuition40 ,! ,ans*auung ( objects comprises ! data ( k1 & !y are previ\s to our reflection ^u !m4 ,an intuition 9 ! s5se ( ! ,engli% ,intuitionali/s is def9$ z 8a pres5tation :i* c be giv5 previ\sly to all ?\ght10 yet ?is pres5tation is suppos$ to be a k9d ( revelation1 a k t comes to u )\t our contemplation1 a cognition ! "* ( :i* is imm$iate z well z my/]i\s2 9 %ort some?+ t is sup]natural4 ,h[ diff]5t is ,kant's philosophy1 = in/ance1 if 8 position ) ref]5ce to "t & space is mi/ak56 8,"t & ,space are our ,ans*auung10 ,kant says4 ,b 8 ,engli% translators decl>e3 8,kant ma9ta9$ t space & "t are intuitions40 ,:at a diff]5ce x makes if intuition is int]pret$ 9 ! s5se appli$ to x by ! ,engli% ,intuitionali/ ,s*ool in/ead ( its be+ tak5 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w ,ans*auung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any "o :o kn[s ,kant ?r\gh ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s repres5tations only1 mu/ look ^u him z hav+ ! mo/ p]v]se m9d t c\ld possibly exi/2 & yet x is ,kant f :om ,sp5c] has indirectly d]iv$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( 8 philosophy4 ,:at is ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s agno/icism b a popul>isation ( ,kant's view t ?+s 9 !mselves are unkn[able8 ,we conclude f ! animosity :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] %[s t[>d ,kant t he does n "k h[ mu* 9 ?is respect he agrees ) ,kant1 h[ mu* he has unconsci\sly imbib$ f ! ,zeitgei/ :i* 9 "p 0 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is huge error ( ! great philosoph]4 ,i feel confid5t t any cle> ?9k] :o /udies ,kant & arrives along ) him at ! 8?+ 9 itself0 w soon free himself f ?is error ( ,kantian ?\ght4 ,kant himself sugge/s to u ! me?od by :i* we are to f9d ! way out ( agno/icism4 ,z a pro( ,i quote ! views ( two indep5d5t ?9k]s2 bo? influ5c$ by ,kant's criticism b nei!r a bl9d foll[]4 ,pr(essor ,ma* says3 8,i h always felt x z a special good =tune1 t e>ly 9 my life1 at ab\t ! age ( fifte51 ,i happ5$ to f9d 9 ! libr>y ( my fa!r ,kant's #8,prolegom5a to ,any ,future ,metaphysic4' ,! book made at t "t a p[]ful1 ineffaceable impression ^u me t ,i nev] aft]w>ds exp]i5c$ to ! same degree 9 any ( my philosophical read+4 ,"s two or ?ree ye>s lat] ,i sudd5ly discov]$ ! sup]flu\s rle t #8! ?+ 9 itself' plays40 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #fe & #ff4 ,& ,s*ill] guid$ by simil> consid]ations says 9 "o ( 8 ,x5ions3 8,s9ce ,metaphysics1 ( late1 )\t heirs to h] fa!rs 0 ga!r$3 ,"u ! hamm] are n[ #8?+s 9 !mselves' to be sold40 ,! late/ attack ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] ^u ,kantism is 9 ! article 8,our ,space-,consci\sness10 9 ,m9d1 writt5 9 reply to ,pr(essor ,watson4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] !re repeats 8 misconception ( ,kantism1 s t ,i feel urg$ to utt] a few words ( prote/ aga9/ 8 gross misrepres5tation ( ,kant's views4 ,i %all conf9e myself ma9ly to quotations f ,kant's works--& ! passages quot$ w speak = !mselves4 ,%\ld !re inde$ be any disciples ( ,kant :o are1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] says1 8pr(\ndly av]se to t evolution>y view :i* contemplates m9d z hav+ _h a g5esis con=m+ to laws l ^? con=m$ to by ! g5esis ( ! body10 ^! quotations w suffice to prove t !y h miscon/ru$ ! views ( _! ma/]4 ,philosoph]s ho/ile to ! !ory ( evolution _h bett] select ano!r patron = _! ideas4 ,kant is too radical a m9d to protect ^? m5 :o 9 ! doma9s ( ?\ght give ! signal = retreat4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] adopt$ ! evolution !ory z x 0 pres5t$ by ,von ,ba]1 :o expla9s 8,entwickelung0 z a progress f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,ba]'s 8,developm5tal ,hi/ory ( ,animals0 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbh4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] adopt$ ! !ory 9 #ahed4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! !ory ( evolution is old] ?an ,von ,ba]'s book4 ,pr(essor ,ba] concludes 8 "w ) a few coroll>ies among :i* ne> ! end we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 8,if we survey ! cont5ts ( ! :ole ,s*olia1 !re foll[s f !m a g5]al result4 ,we f\nd t ! effect ( g5]ation cont9ues to advance f a "p to a :ole ,s*ol4 #b42 t 9 developm5t1 self-dep5d5ce increases 9 correspond5ce ) its environm5t ,s*ol4 #b41 z well z ! det]m9at5ess ( its /ructure ,s*ol4 #a42 t 9 ! int]nal developm5t special p>ts %ape !mselves =? f ! m g5]al1 & _! diff]5tiation increases ,s*ol4 #c42 t ! individual1 z ! possessor ( a fix$ organic =m1 *anges by degrees f m g5]al =ms into m special ,s*ol4 #e44 8,! g5]al result ( our inquiry & consid]ation c n[ well be decl>$ z foll[s3 8,t ! developm5tal hi/ory ( ! individual is ! hi/ory ( increas+ individuality 9 e relation2 t is1 ,individualisation4 8,?is g5]al conclusion is1 inde$1 s pla91 t x ne$s no pro( f obs]vation1 b seems evid5t a priori4 ,b we believe t ?is evid5tness is m]ely ! /amp ( tru?1 & !re=e is its gu>antee4 ,_h ! hi/ory ( developm5t f ! outset be5 p]ceiv$ z j express$1 x c\ld & %\ld h be5 inf]r$1 t ! individual ( a det]m9ate animal type atta9s to ?is by *ang+ f a g5]al into a special =m4 ,b exp]i5ce tea*es ev]y:]e1 t d$uctions are always saf] if _! results are discov]$ be=eh& by obs]vation4 ,mank9d w\ld h obta9$ a /ill great] intellectual possession ?an x really has1 _h ?is be5 o!rwise4 8,b if ?is g5]al conclusion has tru? & cont5ts1 x is "o fundam5tal idea :i* runs ?r\gh all =ms & degrees ( animal developm5t1 & gov]ns e s+le relation4 ,x is ! same idea t collect$ 9 space ! di/ribut$ p>ticles into sph]es & unit$ !m 9 sol> sy/ems2 :i* caus$ ! dis9tegrat$ du/ on ! surface ( our metallic planet to gr[ up into liv+ =ms2 b ?is idea is no?+ else ?an life itself1 & ! words & syllables 9 :i* x expresses itself1 are ! diff]5t =ms ( life40 ,^! coroll>ies 7 n ins]t$ by ,ba] because he int5d$ to proclaim a new tru?1 b simply to excite a popul> int]e/ 9 a /rictly sci5tific "w1 9 ord] to ext5d ! circle ( its read]s4 ,ba] says 9 ! preface3 8,s mu* ab\t ! fir/ "p4 ,9 ord] to procure = ! "w read]s & buy]s1 ,i h add$ a second "p 9 :i* ,i make "s g5]al rem>ks "u ! title ( ,s*olia & ,coroll>ies4 ,!y are int5d$ to be sket*es ( ! confession ( my sci5tific fai? conc]n+ ! developm5t ( animals1 z x 0 =m$ f ! obs]vation ( ! *ick & by o!r inve/igations40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 says ( ,ba] t he 8prep>$ ! way = ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s g5]alisation ( ! law ( organic evolution z ! law ( all evolution40#ajb ,ba] decl>es t individualisation is 8! "o fundam5tal idea t goes ?r\gh all ! =ms ( cosmic & animal developm5t40 ,! g5]ality ( ! law ( evolution is cle>] 9 ! language employ$ by ,ba]1 9 ! full context ( ! ,s*olia ?an appe>s f ! %ort /atem5t ( ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica40 ,nev]!less x is cle> en\gh 9 ! quot$ passage t ,ba] made a /atem5t ( univ]sal application4 ,h[ c su* a univ]sal /atem5t be made m g5]al8 ,we mu/ add "h t ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8 disciples ov]value ! importance ( g5]alisation4 ,x is n ! p[] ( g5]alisation t makes ! philosoph] & ! sci5ti/ b ! p[] ( discrim9ation4 ,! habit ( g5]alis+ :atev] comes "u our obs]vation is v common among ! un$ucat$ & uncivilis$1 & almo/ n9e t5?s ( human errors arise f unw>rant$ g5]alisations4 ,9 ,kant's "t ! int]e/ 9 ! !ory ( evolution 0 conf9$ to a few m9ds4 ,x is well kn[n t ,goe! 0 "o ( its mo/ en?usia/ic support]s4#ajc ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 ?ree views propos$ to expla9 ! orig9 & ! developm5t ( organis$ be+s3 7#a7 ,occasionalism1 7#b7 ! !ory ( ,evolution1 & 7#c7 ! !ory ( ,epig5esis4 ,occasionalism ma9ta9$ t ,god creat$ on ea* new occasion a new animal4 ,! ^w evolution 0 us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* x is n[ und]/ood3 evolutionism1 z ma9ta9$ by ,bonnet1 ,hall]1 & o!rs1 0 ! view t ! sp]ma conta9$ a v small specim5 ( ! animal t 0 to gr[ f x4 ,! h5's egg 0 suppos$ to conta9 an excessively m9ute b complete *ick54 ,! !ory ( epig5esis1 h[ev]1 prop\nd$ 9 #agei by ,casp> ,fri$ri* ,wolff 9 8 8,!oria ,g5]ationis10 expla9$ developm5t by additional gr[?1 & x is ?is !ory ( epig5esis :i* lat] on1 aft] ! total defeat ( ! old evolutionism1 0 call$ 7b improp]ly7 ! evolution !ory4 ,! ^w 8evolution0 has ?us aga9 admitt$ ! errone\s idea ( an unfold+4 ,9 ,kant's "t ! battle betwe5 ! occasionali/s1 ! evolutioni/s1 & ! adh]5ts ( ! epig5esis !ory 0 hot inde$2 & ,kant unque/ionably gave pref]5ce to ! epig5esis !ory4 ,! mo/ important passage on ! subject appe>s 9 8 8,critique ( ,judgm5t40 ,x is z foll[s3 8,if n[ ! teleological pr9ciple ( ! g5]ation ( organis$ be+s be accept$1 z x w\ld be1 we c acc\nt = _! int]nally adapt$ =m ei!r by ,occasionalism or by ,pre/abilism4#ajd ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! supreme _w-cause w\ld1 9 agreem5t ) its idea1 on ! occasion ( e coition directly give ! prop] organic =m to ! mat]ial !reby bl5d$2 accord+ to ! second1 x w\ld h implant$ into ! orig9al products ( its design+ wisdom m]ely ! p[] by means ( :i* an organic be+ produces its l & ! species itself is con/antly ma9ta9$ & likewise ! dea? ( individuals is cont9ually replac$ by _! own nature1 :i* is op]at+ at ! same "t = _! de/ruction4 8,if we assume occasionalism = ! production ( organis$ be+s1 nature is !reby :olly disc>d$1 & ) x ! use ( reason+ 9 det]m9+ ! possibility ( su* k9ds ( products2 !re=e1 x _c be suppos$ t ?is sy/em is accept$ by any "o :o has _h to d ) philosophy40 8,z to ,pre/abilism1 x c proce$ 9 a two-fold mann]1 namely1 x consid]s e organic be+ produc$ by its l1 ei!r z ! educt or z ! product ( ! fir/4 ,! sy/em :i* consid]s g5]at$ be+s z m]e educts is call$ t ( individual pre=mation1 or also ! !ory ( evolution2 t :i* makes g5]at$ be+s products is nam$ ! sy/em ( epig5esis4 ,! latt] c also be call$ a sy/em ( g5]ic pre=mation1 because ! productive p[] ( ^? g5]at+ 0 virtually pre=m$ to agree ) ! int]nal adapt$ arrangem5ts t fell to ! lot ( _! race4 ,! oppos+ !ory to ?is view %\ld be nam$ t ( individual pre=mation1 or /ill bett]1 ! !ory ( evolution40 8,! def5d]s ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :o exempt ea* individual f ! =mative p[] ( nature1 9 ord] to d]ive ! same directly f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 w\ld n d>e to p]mit ?is to happ5 9 accordance ) ! hypo!sis ( occasionalism1 s t coition w\ld be a m]e =mality1 a supreme national _w-cause hav+ decid$ to =m e p>ticul> ftus by direct int]f]5ce1 & to resign to ! "m only its developm5t & n\ri%m5t4 ,!y decl>$ !mselves 9 favor ( pre=mation1 z ?\gh x 7 n ! same to make ! requir$ =ms arise 9 a sup]natural mann] at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 z dur+ its progress2 & z if a great multitude ( sup]natural arrangem5ts w\ld n r be disp5s$ ) ?r\gh occasional creation :i* 7 necess>y 9 ord] t ! embryo =m$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w %\ld1 ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod up to its developm5t1 n suff] f ! de/ructive =ces ( nature1 b endure & ma9ta9 itself intact2 moreov]1 an imm5sely great] numb] ( su* pre=m$ be+s w\ld be made ?an ev] w\ld be develop$1 & ) !m z _m creations be ?us r5d]$ unnecess>y & purposeless4 ,!y /ill1 h[ev]1 resign at lea/ some?+ to nature1 9 ord] n to fall 9 ) complete hyp]physics1 :i* c disp5se ) explanation f nature4 ,!y /ill held fa/ inde$1 to _! hyp]physics2 ev5 f9d+ 9 mon/]s 7:i* x mu/ be impossible to reg>d z designs ( nature7 cases ( adaptation :i* call = admiration1 al?\gh ! only purpose ( t adapt$ness might be to make an anatomi/ take (f5ce at x z a purposeless adapt$ness1 & h a s5se ( melan*oly admiration4 ,yet !y c\ld n well fit ! g5]ation ( hybrids into ! sy/em ( pre=mation1 b 7 oblig$ /ill fur!r to end[ ! sp]m ( male creatures ) a design$ly act+ p[]1 :]eas !y _h o!rwise accord$ x no?+ except me*anical =ce to s]ve z ! fir/ means ( n\ri%m5t ( ! embryo2 yet ?is design$ly act+ =ce1 9 ! case ( ! products ( g5]ation betwe5 two creatures ( ! same k9d1 !y w\ld grant to nei!r ( !m4 8,if on ! contr>y ! great advantage 0 n at once recognis$ :i* ! !ory ( epig5esis possess$ ov] ! =m] 9 view ( ! exp]im5tal f\ndation on :i* ! pro( ( x re/$2 yet reason w\ld be especially favorably pr$ispos$ f ! outset = ?is mode1 ( explanation1 inasmu* z x reg>ds nature--) ref]5ce to ! ?+s :i* orig9ally c be conceiv$ z possible only 9 accordance ) ! !ory ( causality & design1 at lea/ s f> z propagation is conc]n$--z self-produc+ & n m]ely z develop+1 & ?us ) ! lea/ possible employm5t ( ! sup]natural1 leaves all t comes aft]w>ds1 f ! v beg9n+ on1 to nature3 )\t conc]n+ itself ) ! orig9al beg9n+1 ) reg>d to ! explanation ( :i* physics 9 g5]al misc>ries1 try ) :at *a9 ( causes x may40 ,kant recognises nei!r ! /ability ( species nor any fix$ limits betwe5 !m4 ,& ?is "o maxim alone suffices to prove t he 0 ( ! same op9ion z ! great biologi/ :o wrote ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,kant says 7,ed4 ,h>t4 ,,iii4 p4 #ddd73 8,non datur vacuum =m>um1 t is1 !re are n diff]5t orig9al & primitive species1 :i* 71 s to say1 isolat$ & sep>at$ by an empty space f "o ano!r1 b all ! manifold species are only divisions ( a s+le1 *ief1 & g5]al species2 & f ?is pr9ciple results aga9 ?is imm$iate inf]5ce3 datur cont9uum =m>um1 t is1 all diff]5ces ( species bord] on ea* o!r1 & all[ no transition to "o ano!r by a leap1 b only ?r\gh v small degrees ( diff]5ce1 by :i* we c arrive at "o f ano!r2 9 "o ^w1 !re are no species or sub-species :i*1 accord+ to reason1 w\ld be next ea* o!r 9 aff9ity1 b int]m$iate species are always possible1 ^: diff]5ce f ! fir/ & second is less ?an _! diff]5ce f "o ano!r40 ,9 ,kant's 8,critique ( ,judgm5t0 74 #hj7 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 8,! agreem5t ( s _m species ( animals1 ) ref]5ce to a def9ite1 common s*eme1 :i* appe>s n only to be at ! f\ndation ( _! bony /ructure1 b also ( ! arrangem5t ( _! o!r p>ts1 9 :i*1 by abridgm5t ( "o & prolongation ( ano!r1 by envelopm5t ( ?is & unfold+ ( t1 a wond]ful simplicity ( plan has be5 able to produce s great a div]sity ( species--?is agreem5t ca/s a ray ( hope1 al?\gh a weak "o1 9 ! m9d1 t "h1 inde$1 some?+ might be accompli%$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! me*anism ( nature1 )\t :i* 9 g5]al !re c be no physical sci5ce4 8,?is analogy ( =ms1 s f> z !y appe>1 not)/&+ all _! div]sity1 to be produc$ aft] ! model ( a common prototype1 /r5g!ns ! conjecture ( a real relation%ip betwe5 ! same by g5]ation f a common ance/ral s\rce1 ?r\gh ! gradual approa* ( "o animal species to ano!r1 f man1 9 :om ! pr9ciple ( design appe>s to be be/ prov$1 to ! polyp1 f ?is to ! moss & li*51 & f9ally to ! l[e/ /age ( nature p]ceptible to u1 to crude matt]1 f :i* & its =ces1 accord+ to me*anical laws 7l ^? :i* "w 9 ! production ( cry/als71 ! :ole te*nic ( nature 7:i* is s incompreh5sible to u 9 organis$ be+s t we imag9e ano!r pr9ciple is necessitat$ = _! explanation7 appe>s to be d]iv$4#aje 8,! ,ar*ologi/ ( nature is n[ free to make t great family ( be+s 7= su* we mu/ conceive x1 if ! un9t]rupt$ relation%ip is to h a f\ndation7 arise out ( ! extant ve/iges ( ! olde/ revolutions1 foll[+ e me*anism kn[n to him or :i* he c suppose40 ,kant adds 9 a foot-note3 8,an hypo!sis ( su* a k9d c be nam$ a d>+ v5ture ( reason1 & !re may be few ( ! mo/ sagaci\s naturali/s1 ?r\gh ^: m9ds x has n sometimes pass$4 ,= x is n absurd1 z ! g5]atio equivoca1 by :i* is und]/ood ! production ( an organis$ be+ ?r\gh ! me*anical action ( crude unorganis$ matt]4 ,b x w\ld /ill be g5]atio univoca 9 ! common und]/&+ ( ! ^w1 9 s f> only z some?+ organic 0 produc$ out ( ano!r organic body1 al?\gh specifically di/+ui%$ f x2 = in/ance1 if c]ta9 aquatic animals by & by =m$ into amphibia1 & f ^! aft] "s g5]ations into l& animals4 ,a priori ?is does n contradict ! judgm5t ( pure reason4 ,only exp]i5ce %[s no example !re(2 accord+ to x1 r1 all g5]ation :i* we "k is g5]atio homonyma 7n m]e univoca 9 opposition to production out ( unorganis$ mat]ial71 t is1 ! br++ =? ( a product homog5e\s 9 organisation1 ) ! g5]ator2 & g5]atio het]onyma1 s f> z our actual exp]i5ce ( nature goes is n[h]e met )40 ,! treatise 8,presumable ,orig9 ( ,humanity10 ,kant sums up 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,f ?is repres5tation ( ! e>lie/ human hi/ory x results1 t ! dep>ture ( man f :at1 z ! fir/ abode ( 8 k9d1 8 judgm5t repres5t$ z ,p>adise1 0 no o!r ?an ! transition ( m]e animal creatures out ( b>b>ism into man1 out ( ! lead+-/r+s ( in/9ct into ! guidance ( reason1 9 a ^w1 out ( ! gu>dian%ip ( nature into ! /ate ( fre$om40 ,9 8 "w 8,^u ! ,diff]5t ,races ( ,mank9d10 ,kant discusses ! orig9 ( ! species ( man 9 a way :i* w\ld d honor to a foll[] ( ,d>w94 ,x is writt5 9 a _s :i* recognises ! diff]5ce ( conditions z ! causes t produce diff]5t species4 ,we select a few passages f ?is "w4 ,9 a foot-note we read3 8,ord9>ily we accept ! t]ms natural sci5ce 7,naturbes*reibung7 & natural hi/ory 9 "o & ! same s5se4 ,b x is evid5t t ! k ( natural ph5om5a1 z !y n[ are1 always leaves to be desir$ ! k ( t :i* !y h be5 be=e n[1 & ?r\gh :at succession ( modifications !y h pass$ 9 ord] to h arriv$1 9 e respect1 at _! pres5t /ate4 ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* at pres5t we almo/ entirely lack1 w\ld tea* u ! *anges t h effect$ ! =m ( ! e>?1 likewise1 ! *anges 9 ! creatures ( ! e>? 7plants & animals7 t !y h suff]$ by natural trans=mations &1 aris+ !refrom1 ! dep>tures f ! prototype ( ! orig9al species t !y h exp]i5c$4 ,x w\ld probably trace a great numb] ( app>5tly diff]5t v>ieties back to a species ( "o & ! same k9d1 & w\ld conv]t ! pres5t s intricate s*ool-sy/em ( ,natural ,sci5ce into a natural sy/em 9 con=mity ) reason40 ,we adduce ano!r passage1 no less rem>kable 9 cle>ness1 :i* proves t ,kant has a v def9ite idea1 n only ( ! gradual evolution ( man1 b also ( ! survival ( ! fitte/3 8,! cry :i* a *ild sc>cely born utt]s1 has n ! tone ( mis]y1 b ( irritation1 & viol5t rage2 n ! result ( pa91 b ( vexation ab\t some?+2 probably = ! reason t x wi%es to move itself & feels its incapacity1 l a captive :5 fre$om is tak5 f him4 ,:at purpose c nature h 9 provid+ t a *ild %all come ) a l\d cry into ! _w1 :i* = x & ! "m is1 9 ! rude natural /ate1 full ( dang]8 ,s9ce a wolf1 a pig ev51 w\ld 9 ! abs5ce ( ! "m1 or ?r\gh h] feebl5ess ow+ to h] deliv]y1 be ?us attract$ to dev\r x4 ,b no animal except man z he n[ is ann\nces ) noise its new-born exi/5ce2 :i* 9 ! wisdom ( nature appe>s to be arrang$ 9 ord] t ! species %all be pres]v$4 ,we mu/ also assume t 9 :at 0 an e>ly epo* ( nature = ?is class ( animals 7namely 9 ! p]iod ( b>b>ism7 ?is outcry ( ! *ild at its bir? did n exi/2 consequ5tly only lat] on a second epo* appe>$1 aft] bo? p>5ts _h arriv$ at t degree ( civilisation :i* 0 requir$ = home-life2 yet )\t kn[+ h[ & by :at int]weav+ causes nature arranges su* a developm5t4 ,?is rem>k leads u f>2 = example1 to ! ?\ght :e!r aft] ! same epo*1 /ill a ?ird did n foll[ accompani$ by great natural revolutions1 dur+ :i* an orang-outang or a *impanzee p]fect$ ! organs :i* s]ve = walk+1 = feel+ objects1 & = spee*1 & ?us evolv$ ! limb-/ructure ( man2 9 :i* animals 0 conta9$ an organ = ! ex]cise ( ! function ( reason1 :i* by social cultivation 0 gradually p]fect$ & develop$40 ,kant's view conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! bip$ man f quadrup$ animal ance/ors is mo/ unequivocally /at$4 ,9 a review ( ,dr4 ,moscati's ,lecture ^u ! diff]5ce ( /ructure 9 animals & 9 m51 ,kant says3 8,dr4 ,moscati proves t ! upright walk ( man is con/ra9$ & unnatural2 t he is inde$ s con/ruct$ t he may be able to ma9ta9 & move 9 ?is position1 b t1 al?\gh by ne$ful & con/ant habit he =m$ himself ?us1 inconv5i5ce & disease arise !refrom1 :i* suffici5tly prove1 t he 0 misl$ by reason & imitation to deviate f ! fir/ animal arrangem5t4 ,man is n con/ruct$ int]nally diff]5t f o!r animals t g on all f\rs4 ,:5 n[ he raises himself 8 inte/9es1 p>ticul>ly ! embryo ( pregnant individuals1 come into a p5dul\s situation & a half rev]s$ condition1 :i*1 if x (t5 alt]nates ) ! ly+ position or t on all-f\rs1 _c precisely produce specially evil consequ5ces1 b1 by con/ant cont9uance1 causes de=mities & num]\s diseases4 ,?us1 = example1 ! he>t1 because x is compell$ to hang free1 elongates ! blood vessels to :i* x is atta*$1 assumes an oblique position s9ce x is support$ by ! diaphragm & slides ) its end aga9/ ! left side--a position :]e9 man1 especially at full gr[?1 diff]s f all o!r animals1 & !reby receives an inevitable incl9ation to aneurism1 palpitation1 a/hma1 *e/-dropsy1 etc41 etc4 ,) ! upright position ( man ! mes5t]y1 pull$ d[n by ! weight ( ! inte/9es1 s9ks p]p5dicul>ly !reund]1 is elongat$ & weak5$1 & prep>$ = num]\s ruptures4 ,9 ! mes5t]ic ve9 :i* has no valves1 ! blood moves sl[ly & ) great] difficulty 7x hav+ to asc5d aga9/ ! c\rse ( gravity7 ?an w\ld happ5 ) ! horizontal position ( ! trunk44440 8,we c\ld add consid]ably to ! reasons j adduc$ to %[ t our animal nature is really quadrup$al4 ,among all f\r-foot$ animals !re is n a s+le "o t c\ld n swim if x accid5tally fell into ! wat]4 ,man alone dr[ns1 except 9 cases :]e he has le>n$ to swim4 ,! reason is because he has laid aside ! habit ( go+ on all-f\rs2 = x is by ?is motion t he w\ld keep himself up 9 ! wat] )\t ! ex]cise ( any art1 & by :i* all f\r-foot$ creatures1 :o o!rwise %un ! wat]1 swim44440 8,x w be se51 accord+ly1 t ! fir/ c>e ( nature 0 t man %\ld be pres]v$ z animal = himself & 8 species1 & = t end ! position be/ adapt$ to 8 int]nal /ructure1 to ! lay ( ! ftus1 & to 8 pres]vation 9 dang]1 0 ! quadrup$al position2 we see1 moreov]1 t a g]m ( reason is plac$ 9 him1 :]eby1 aft] ! developm5t ( ! same1 he is de/9$ = social int]c\rse1 & by ! aid ( :i* he assumes ! position :i* is 9 e case ! mo/ fitt$ = ?is1 namely1 ! bip$al position1--?us ga9+ ^u ! "o h& inf9ite advantages ov] animals1 b also be+ oblig$ to put up ) _m inconv5i5ces t result f 8 hold+ 8 head s pr\dly above 8 old companions40 #ajf ,9 ! d\ble-lead$ quotation on pages #dc & #dd ,kant speaks ab\t ! explanation ( organis$ life f man d[n to ! polyp 8accord+ to me*anical laws l ^? :i* "w 9 ! production ( cry/als10 & he adds1 9 organis$ be+s ! :ole te*nic ( nature is s incompreh5sible to u 8t we imag9e ano!r pr9ciple is necessitat$ = _! explanation40 ,?is 8o!r pr9ciple0 w\ld be ! pr9ciple ( design1 or ! teleological explanation ( ph5om5a4 ,9 8 old age ,kant incl9$ m to teleology ?an 9 8 y\ng] ye>s1 & x is = ?is reason t ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,haeckel accuses ,kant ( inconsi/5cy4 ,aft] hav+ po9t$ out t 8,kant is "o ( ! few philosoph]s t comb9e a well-f\nd$ k ( ! natural sci5ces ) extraord9>y precision & dep? ( speculation0 & fur!r t 8he 0 ! fir/ :o taught #8! pr9ciple ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce' & #8! !ory ( selection4'0 ,haeckel says 9 8 8,natrli*e ,s*pfungsges*i*te10 #h? edition1 p4 #ia3 8,wir wrd5 dah] unb$+t 9 d] ,ges*i*te d] ,entwickelungslehre uns]em gewaltig5 ,knigsb]g] ,philosoph5 d5 er/5 ,platz e9rum5 mss51 w5n ni*t leid] diese bewund]nswrdig5 moni/is*5 ,ide5 des jung5 ,kant spt] dur* d5 b]wltig5d5 ,e9fluss d] duali/is* *ri/li*5 ,weltans*auung ganz zurckg$rngt word5 wr540 ,?is 8influ5ce ( ! duali/ic ,*ri/ian _w-conception0 is accord+ to ,haeckel1 ,kant's recognition ( a teleological causation 9 ! realm ( organis$ life4 ,haeckel says on ! same place3 8,er behauptet1 dass si* im ,gebiete d] anorganis*5 ,natur unb$+t smmtli*e ,ers*e9ung5 aus me*anis*5 ,ursa*51 aus beweg5d5 ,krft5 d] ,mat]ie selb/1 erklr5 lass51 im ,gebiete d] anorganis*5 ,natur dageg5 ni*t40 ,haeckel does n /& alone 9 d5\nc+ ! old ,kant4 ,s*op5hau] di/+ui%es betwe5 ! au?or ( ! fir/ & ! au?or ( ! second edition ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 reg>d+ ! =m] only z ! real ,kant4 ,^! accusations are n )\t f\ndation1 b we believe ) ,max ,mll] t !y h be5 unduly exagg]at$4 ,z to teleology = :i* ,kant's pref]5ce appe>s to be m /rongly m>k$ 9 8 lat] ?an 9 8 y\ng] ye>s we %\ld say t x is a problem t %\ld1 9 an hi/orical inve/igation1 z to :e!r or n ,kant 0 a consi/5t evolutioni/1 be treat$ indep5d5tly4 ,no "o c d5y t !re is an adaptation to ends 9 ! doma9 ( organis$ life4 ,x is n s mu* requir$ to d5y teleology 9 ! doma9 ( organis$ nature z to purify & critically sift our views ( teleology4 ,!re is a k9d ( teleology :i* does n /& 9 contradiction to ! causation ( effici5t causes s call$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s d5unciations ( ,kant w\ld h "s f\ndation1 if he _h ref]5ce to ! old ,kant alone4 ,b ev]yone :o c5sures ,kant = ! errors ( 8 lat] p]iod is b\nd to qualify 8 /atem5t1 & inde$ :5ev] su* /rictures ( ,kantism appe> ,i f9d !m expressly /at$ z hav+ ref]5ce to 8! old ,kant40 ,t ,kant :o is a liv+ p[] ev5 to-day is ! "y ,kant1 x is ! au?or ( ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason40 ,he is g5]ally call$ 8! "y ,kant10 al?\gh he 0 n "y2 he 01 z we say1 9 8 be/ ye>s4 ,! old ,kant :o proclaim$ t he 8mu/ aboli% k 9 ord] to make room = fai?0 is a dead weight 9 our colleges & univ]sities4 ,! "y ,kant is positive1 ! old ,kant is agno/ic4 ,! "y ,kant 0 an inve/igator & naturali/ ( ! fir/ degree2 he gave an impetus to inve/igation t x _h nev] be=e receiv$ f philosophy4 ,! old ,kant1 ,i %\ld n exactly say rev]t$ b c]ta9ly1 neglect$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 y\ng] ye>s & ?us became ! lead] ( a reaction>y movem5t f :i* sprang two (f%oots v unlike ea* o!r b *ildr5 ( ! same fa!r2 ! ,ox=d transc5d5talism z repres5t$ by ,gre5 & ! ,engli% agno/icism z repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,x is /range t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has s little k conc]n+ ! evolution ( ! views he holds4 ,if he 7 m famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ! idea 8t ! _w-problem is insolvable10 he w\ld %[ m rev]5ce t[>d ! old ,kant & 8 my/ical incl9ations2 = ,kant1 :atev] ,mr4 ,sp5c] may say aga9/ x1 is ! fa!r ( mod]n agno/icism4#ajg 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophical developm5t %[s t ! fir/ idea :i* took possession ( 8 m9d & =m$ ! c5tre ( cry/alisation = all 8 lat] views 0 ,m4 ,condorcet's optimism4 ,condorcet believ$ 9 progress2 he 0 conv9c$ t 9 spite ( all ! tribulations & anxieties ( ! pres5t1 man w\ld at la/ arrive at a /ate ( p]fection4 ,he saw a mill5nium 9 8 prophetic m9d1 :i* alas6--if ! law ( evolution be true--c nev] be realis$4 ,condorcet di$ a m>tyr to 8 ideals4 ,he poison$ himself 9 #agii to escape dea? by ! ,guillot9e4 ,! influ5ce ( ,condorcet's "w ,esquisse d'un tableau hi/orique des progrs de l'esprit huma9 is traceable n only 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s fir/ book1 8,social ,/atics10 publi%$ 9 #ahej1 b 9 all 8 lat] writ+s4 ,h[ c a true evolutioni/ believe 9 ! ,utopia ( a /ate ( p]fect adaptation8 ,does n ea* progress dem& new adaptations8 ,take z an in/ance ! *ange f walk+ on f\r feet to an upright gait4 ,did n ?is progress itself involve man 9 new difficulties1 to :i* he _h to adapt himself8 ,let a labor-sav+ ma*9e be inv5t$1 h[ _m labor]s lose _! "w & h[ _m o!rs are 9 dem&6 ,! transition f "o /ate to ! o!r is n easy1 & z soon z x is p]fect$ new wants h aris5 :i* inexorably drive humanity onw>d on ! inf9ite pa? ( progress :i* c nev] be limit$ by any /ate ( p]fection4 ,!re is a con/ant readju/m5t necess>y1 & if we really c\ld rea* a /ate ( p]fect adaptation human life w\ld drop into ! unconsci\sness ( m]e reflex motions4 ,any "o :o und]/&s ! pr9ciple ( evolution & its univ]sal applicability1 w recognise t !re c be no /&/ill 9 ! _w1 no /ate ( p]fect adaptation4 ,our sol> sy/em has evolv$1 z ,kant expla9$ 9 8 8,g5]al ,cosmogony & ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s10 out ( a nebula1 & is go+ to dissolve aga9 into a nebul> /ate4 ,s our social developm5t consi/s 9 a con/ant realisation ( ideals4 ,we may ?9k t if we b atta9 our next & de>e/ ideal1 humanity w be satisfi$ =ev]4 ,b z soon z we h realis$ t ideal1 we quickly get accu/om$ to its b5efits4 ,x becomes a matt] ( c\rse & ano!r ideal high] /ill ?an t j realis$ appe>s be=e our m5tal gaze4 ,h]d]1 9 8 8,ideas = a ,philosophy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d10 n unlike ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 0 also "u ! spell ( ! ,utopian ideal1 t humanity w rea* at la/ a /ate ( p]fect happ9ess4 ,kant1 9 8 review ( ,h]d]'s book1 discusses ! relativity ( happ9ess & its insuffici5cy z a f9al aim ( life4 ,he says3 8,fir/ ( all ! happ9ess ( an animal1 !n t ( a *ild & ( a y\?1 & la/ly t ( man6 ,9 all epo*s ( human hi/ory1 z well z among all classes & conditions ( ! same epo*1 t happ9ess has obta9$ :i* 0 9 exact con=mity ) ! individual's ideas & ! degree ( 8 habituation to ! conditions amid :i* he 0 born & rais$4 ,inde$1 x is n ev5 possible to =m a comp>ison ( ! degree ( happ9ess nor to give prec$5ce to "o class ( m5 or to "o g5]ation ov] ano!r4444 ,if ?is %ad[-picture ( happ9ess 444 7 ! actual aim ( ,provid5ce1 e man w\ld h ! measure ( 8 own happ9ess )9 him4444 ,does ! au?or 7,h]d]7 ?9k p]haps t1 if ! happy inhabitants ( ,otaheiti _h nev] be5 visit$ by m civilis$ peoples & 7 orda9$ to live 9 peaceful indol5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s to come--t we c\ld give a satisfactory answ] to ! "q :y !y %\ld exi/ at all1 & :e!r x w\ld n h be5 j z well t ?is isl& %\ld be occupi$ by happy %eep & cattle z t x %\ld be inhabit$ by m5 :o are happy only ?r\gh pure enjoym5t80 8,x involves no contradiction to say t no individual memb] ( all ! (fspr+ ( ! human race1 b t only ! species1 fully atta9s its mission 7,be/immung74 ,! ma!matician may expla9 ! matt] 9 8 way4 ,! philosoph] w\ld say3 ! mission ( ! human race z a :ole is unceas+ progress1 & ! p]fection 7,voll5dung7 ( ?is mission is a m]e idea 7al?\gh 9 e aspect a v useful "o7 ( ! aim t[>ds :i*1 9 con=mity ) ! design ( provid5ce1 we are to direct our endeavors40 ,x is indubitable t ,kant's views ( evolution agree bett] ) ! pres5t /ate ( sci5tific inve/igation1 ?an does ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy1 :i* has nev] be5 fre$ f ,condorcet's +5u\s optimism4 ,! assumption ( a f9al /ate ( p]fection by absolute adaptation is irreconcilable ) ! idea ( unceas+ progress1 :i* mu/ be true1 if evolution is a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,,footnotes3 #aja ,see ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s article 9 ,m9d1 ,no4 ,,lix1 p4 #cac4 #ajb ,! passage 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica on ,ba] runs z foll[s3 8,9 8 ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,?i]e1 p4 #bfd1 he di/9ctly tells u t ! law ( gr[+ individuality is #8! fundam5tal ?\ght :i* goes ?r\gh all =ms & degrees ( animal developm5t & all s+le relations4 ,x is ! same ?\ght :i* collect$ 9 ! cosmic space sol> sy/ems2 ! same :i* caus$ ! wea!r-beat5 du/ on ! surface ( our metallic planet to spr+ =? liv+ be+s4' ,von ,ba] ?us prep>$ ! way = ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s g5]alisation ( ! law ( organic evolution z ! law ( all evolution40 #ajc ,see ,haeckel1 ,goe! on ,evolution1 ,no4 #aca ( ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 #ajd ,pr/abilismus1 t is1 ! !ory t ! ph5om5a ( nature are ! result ( pre-e/abli%$ law4 #aje ,! proposition t ,kant is no easy read+ f\nd an unexpect$ & /rong opposition4 ,imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ?is article1 ,sept4 #d?1 #ahij1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce made ! foll[+ incid5tal rem>k 9 a lett] to ! au?or dat$ ,sept4 #f?1 #ahij3 8,i h he>d too mu* ( ,kant's be+ h>d read+4 ,i ?9k he is "o ( ! easie/ ( philosoph]s2 = he g5]ally kn[s :at he wants to say1 :i* is m ?an half ! battle1 & he says x 9 t]ms :i* are v cle>4 ,( c\rse1 x is q absurd to try to read ,kant )\t prelim9>y /udies ( ,leibnizian & ,engli% philosoph]s1 z well z ( ! t]m9ology ( :i* ,kant's is a modification or transmogrification4 ,b !re is a way ( mak+ out :at he meant1 :ile su* writ]s z ,hume & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ! m y /udy !m ! m !y puzzle y40 #ajf ,?is passage on pages #dh1 #di1 & #ej :i* is enclos$ 9 brackets did n appe> 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,x has be5 add$ s9ce & is publi%$ "h = ! fir/ "t4 #ajg ,9 ?is connection we call att5tion to a book1 ,kant und ,d>w91 e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,entwickelungslehre1 ,j5a1 #ahge1 by ,fritz ,s*ultze1 =m]ly ,privat doc5t 9 ,j5a1 n[ ,pr(essor ( philosophy at ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute 9 ,dresd54 ,?is little book is a collection ( ! mo/ important passages ( ,kant's views conc]n+ evolution1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! !ory ( selection1 & x is a/oni%+ to f9d h[ mu* ,kant _h to say on ! subject & h[ /rongly he agrees ) & anticipates ,d>w94 ,if ,kant _h n liv$ be=e ,d>w9 "o might be tempt$ to conclude t he 0 famili> ) 8 ,orig9 ( ,species & ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4