,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,deprecat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,web/]',s ,,practical ,,=e/ry ,a ,,popul> ,,h&book ,,on ,,! ,,re>+ ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,trees ,,= ,,pr(it ,,or ,,ornam5t ,,by ,a4 ,d4 ,,web/] ,au?or ( 8,h>dy ,ornam5tal ,fl[]+ ,trees & ,%rubs0 7#c ,editions71 8,=e/]s' ,di>y0 7#ae ,editions71 8,h>dy ,conif]\s ,trees0 7#b ,editions71 8,t[n ,plant+10 8,tree ,w\nds & ,diseases10 8,briti% ,timb] & ,timb]-,produc+ ,trees10 etc41 etc4 ,,fif? ,,edition ,,enl>g$ ,,& ,,revis$ ,,london ,,william ,,rid] ,,son1 ,,limit$ ,,ca!dral ,,h\se1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,e4,c4 #d #aiag ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,! ,,fif? ,,edition ,,( 8,,practical ,,=e/ry0 ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,preface ,,to ,,fif? ,,edition ,to ! ,au?or at lea/1 x is gratify+ to "k t f\r editions ( ,practical ,=e/ry h be5 sold out1 & t a fif? is urg5tly call$ =2 no o!r "w on ,briti% ,=e/ry hav+ a*iev$ a l popul>ity4 ,! :ole has n[ be5 completely revis$ & sev]al important *apt]s add$1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ,timb] & ! ,w>1 ,briti% ,timb] & ,timb] ,trees1 ,af=e/+ ,wa/e ,l&s1 & ,! ,education ( ,=e/]s1 on bo? ( :i* latt] que/ions ! ,au?or _h ! hon\r ( giv+ evid5ce be=e ! ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,=e/ry ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,web/]4 ,,reg5t',s ,,p>k1 ,june1 #aiag4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,fif? ,,edition ,9 my long exp]i5ce ( ,briti% ,=e/ry1 :i*1 9 a practical way1 has ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( =ty ye>s1 ,i h become m & m conv9c$ t 9 ord] to place x on a sy/ematic & s\nd economic foot+1 ,/ate aid & ! af=e/+ ( l>ge areas ( comp>atively wa/e l&s are fir/ necessities4 ,= ! pa/ ?irty ye>s ,i h n fail$ to urge ^u ! ,/ate1 z well z private own]s ( suitable l&1 ! press+ necessity ( af=e/ation2 & ?\gh 9 ?is matt] a />t has be5 made1 yet ?is c only be look$ ^u z a fa9t1 half-he>t$ attempt q unwor?y ( our c\ntry & ! va/ int]e/s at /ake4 ,z e>ly z #ahhc1 ,i drew att5tion to ?is matt] 9 ,woods & ,=e/s1 & at lat] p]iods 9 mo/ ( ! lead+ j\rnals & pap]s ( ! day2 :ile 9 my evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,=e/ry1 & 9 a pap] contribut$ by special reque/ to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ,i w5t fully into ! "q1 & po9t$ out :at a boon to ! unemploy$1 & h[ great a sav+ to ! c\ntry w\ld be effect$ by a well-organiz$ s*eme ( tree plant+4 ,ye>s ago ,i urg$ ! ,gov]nm5t to take up ! "q ( ! ,l>* disease1 ! ravages ( :i* ,i !n describ$ z be+ little %ort ( a national calamity4 ,to ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,royal ,scotti% ,arboricultural ,society1 ,i h contribut$ tw5ty-?ree pap]s on diff]5t topics connect$ ) =e/ry1 = :i* special m$als h be5 aw>d$1 :ile my ,practical ,=e/ry has n[ pass$ into a fif? edition4 ,9 connection ) ! af=e/+ ( wa/e l&s1 ,i h travell$ ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & h exam9$ mu* ( ! gr\nd t c\ld be set aside = ?is purpose1 includ+ ! peat bogs ( ,irel&2 :ile at altitudes up to #a1ajj ft4 ,i h =m$ plantations on ! b>e & w9d-swept hillsides ( ,wales & ,scotl&1 :i* to-day are prov+ n only a boon to ! f>m]s 9 ! way ( ! %elt] !y af=d1 b also a consid]able s\rce ( pr(it to ! own]s4 ,! above inve/igations1 comb9$ ) ! exam9ation ( & reports on sev]al ( ! l>ge/ woodl& prop]ties 9 ?is c\ntry1 made at ! reque/ ( ! own]s1 h giv5 me a wide insight into ! =e/ry problem g5]ally1 b p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to our requirem5ts 9 ! ne> future1 9 view ( ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is by f> ! l>ge/ timb]-import+ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,a4 ,d4 ,w4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,w> #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,collect+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,tree ,,se$s #h ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,propagat+ ,,trees ,,& ,,%rubs #ae ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,home ,,nurs]y3 ,,its ,,=mation ,,& ,,managem5t #bd ,,*apt] ,v ,,=mation ,,( ,,plantations #cb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,trees ,,= ,,economic ,,plant+ #dg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,plant+ ,,expos$ ,,gr\nd #fh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,seaside ,,plant+ #gc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,t[n ,,plant+1 ,,& ,,! ,,trees ,,& ,,%rubs ,,t ,,are ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,)/&+ ,,smoke #hg ,,*apt] ,x ,,trees ,,suitable ,,= ,,h$g][ ,,& ,,field ,,plant+ #aaj ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ornam5tal ,,plant+ #aaf ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,trees ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,soils #abh ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,transplant+ ,,l>ge ,,trees #aci ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,?9n+ ,,plantations #ada ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,tree-,,prun+ ,,9 ,,economic ,,=e/ry #aea ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,brac+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,trees #aei ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,coppice ,,& ,,und]wood #agj ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,game ,,cov]ts3 ,,_! ,,=mation ,,& ,,managem5t #agd ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,h$ges3 ,,_! ,,=mation ,,& ,,managem5t #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,%rubs ,,= ,,%ady ,,situations #aia ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,insect ,,enemies ,,( ,,trees #aic ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,fungus ,,gr[? ,,on ,,trees #bab ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,b>k+ ,,oak #bbj ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*>coal #bbf ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,prices ,,( ,,home-,,gr[n ,,timb] #bcg ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,briti%-,,gr[n ,,timb] ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,uses #bdj ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,will[s ,,= ,,basket-,,mak+ #bdc ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,utiliz+ ,,wa/e ,,=e/ ,,produce #bej ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,f5c+ ,,plantations #beg ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,timb] ,,measur+ #bfh ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,bla/+ ,,& ,,burn+ ,,tree ,,roots #bgc ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,prices ,,( ,,contract ,,or ,,piecework #bgg ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,=e/ ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,_w #bhj ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,af=e/+ ,,wa/e ,,l&s ,,& ,,! ,,f9ancial ,,returns ,,!refrom #bhb ,,index #bie ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,arrangem5t ( ,plantations #cc ,b& & ,connect+-,rod #aff ,b>k+ ,tools #bbb ,beam ,tree 9 ,london #ajc ,bee* ,tree #ej ,bla/+ & ,burn+ ,tree ,roots #bgc ,brac+ a ,tree #afe ,cricket ,bat ,will[ #ee ,elm ,tree ,de/roy] #aii ,faulkn]'s ,transplant+ ,ma*9e #adj ,fell+ ,tools #adc ,goat ,mo? #bja ,h$g+ ,tools #ahe ,l>* ,cank] #bac ,measur+ ! ,height ( ,trees #bga ,me?od ( ,levell+ #ci ,oak ,f5ces #bfb ,plan ( ,nurs]y #bg ,plane ,tree 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k #ii ,polyporus ,sulphureus #bai ,polyporus ,squamosus #baf ,prun+ ,tools #aec ,prun+1 ,bad effects ( #aee ,ru/ic ,wood5 ,f5ce1 ,/rong ,mortis$ ,f5ce1 ,/rong ,pal+ ,f5ce #bfb ,sawn ,wood5 ,f5ce #bfa ,section ( ,*>coal ,pit #bbi ,sav9 ,junip] z a ,t[n ,%rub #ajh ,slate ,f5ces #bei ,_s-,level #ci ,/one & ,wire ,f5ce #beg ,tools us$ 9 ,plant+ #dc ,tools us$ 9 ,dra9+ #cg ,tools requir$ 9 ,nurs]y #bi ,tools = ,f5c+ #bfd ,tree ,gu>ds #bff ,weym\? ,p9e at ,gwydyr ,ca/le #fa ,wire ,f5ce ) ,wood5 ,po/s #bfc ,will[ ,beetle #aig ,wood ,leop>d ,mo? #bjc ,wit*'s ,broom on ,will[ #bji1 #baj ,,web/]',s ,,practical ,,=e/ry ,,*apt] ,i ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,w> ,dur+ ! w>1 & = long aft]w>ds1 !re is b\nd to be a de>? ( =eign timb]1 ) ! result t our home supplies w be tax$ to ! utmo/4 ,?is1 inde$1 is already ! case1 & nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry has ! dem& = ,briti%-gr[n timb] be5 great] or prices high] ?an at ! pres5t "t4 ,plantations 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& are be+ cut d[n :olesale by ! ,gov]nm5t1 :ile fell+ on private e/ates is go+ on ) su* rapidity t 9 a c\ple ( ye>s at mo/ !re is b\nd to be a de>? ( all home-gr[n timb]1 & ( pitwood 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ! aggregate1 our supplies are by no means great1 ! total area at pres5t "u woodl&s be+ only a little ov] ?ree million acres1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be add$ ! am\nt ( field & h$g][ timb]--a by no means inconsid]able quantity4 ,( ,plantation timb] mu* is1 h[ev]1 ( v inf]ior quality & only suitable = r\gh f5c+ & m9+ purposes1 & ?is applies g5]ally to t gr[n ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ,wales & ,irel&4 ,9 ,scotl&1 h[ev]1 !re are l>ge areas ( conif]\s woods t 7 plant$ = purely economic purposes :i* w yield a c]ta9 am\nt ( valuable timb] = pit-props & o!r imm$iate requirem5ts4 ,! fell+ ( ,scot*1 ,spruce1 & conif]\s trees w1 h[ev]1 be a bless+ 9 disguise1 = ( late ye>s bo? dem& & price = ?is p>ticul> class ( timb] h be5 by no means great & h h>dly w>rant$ ! own]s ( vacant l& 9 und]tak+ ! mu*-ne$$ ext5sion ( our woodl&s4 ,l>*1 on ! o!r h&1 is sc>ce & always 9 dem& at a highly remun]ative price1 z also are ,a%1 ,oak & ,bee* ( l>ge size & good quality4 ,x is useless to g into ! "q ( h[ long our home supplies ( timb] w la/1 ?is dep5d+ l>gely on ! volume ( =eign importations & ! duration ( ! w>1 b1 judg+ f pres5t dem&s1 ?ree ye>s w f9d our plantations 9 a m or less deplet$ condition4 ,! ma9 "q we h to consid] & decide1 )\t delay1 is h[ our cut-ov] plantations are to be replac$ by ! replant+ ( exhau/$ woodl&s & af=e/+ "s ( ! wa/e l&s ( our c\ntry4 ,cont95tal exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t1 f a comm]cial po9t ( view at lea/1 ,/ate-own$ =e/s are pref]able to su* z are own$ ei!r by public bodies or by private individuals4 ,! res\rces & cont9uity ( a nation w always make ! ,/ate ! be/ cu/odian ( =e/ prop]ty2 inde$1 only ! ,/ate c acquire ! necess>y l& on ! mo/ fav\rable t]ms1 & 9 suffici5t quantity = ! purposes ( ext5sive af=e/ation4 ,private individuals--or1 inde$1 public bodies--lab\r "u _m disadvantages 9 ?is respect1 n ! lea/ be+ ! long p]iod requir$--9 mo/ cases f fifty to sixty ye>s--be=e ! money exp5d$ 9 plant+ c be ev5 p>tially recov]$4 ,contr>y to ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! rais+ ( agricultural crops1 long p]iods h to elapse be=e ! =e/ry h>ve/ c be reap$4 ,x w be obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ext5sive tree plant+ is q beyond ! p[] ( ! private individual unassi/$4 ,x is a ,/ate bus9ess1 9 :i* sy/ematic me?ods ( cultivation1 & l>ge wood$ areas are fir/ necessities2 &1 un=tunately1 9 ?is c\ntry comm]cial =e/ry is b little und]/ood--9 fact1 x may be describ$ z an unkn[n indu/ry4 ,ext5sive plantations ( f a ?\s& to sev]al ?\s& acres ea*1 9 compact blocks1 are requir$1 = x is only 9 deal+ ) su* areas t ! plant+1 t5d+1 ?9n+1 & conv]sion ( ! timb] c be mo/ economically & pr(itably c>ri$ out4 ,f ! purely economic po9t ( view1 ! _m small plantations dott$ ov] ! face ( our c\ntry are worse ?an useless1 ?\gh exceptions might be not$1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 :]e a few woods are plant$ & manag$ on a comm]cial basis4 ,) compact blocks ( =e/ #b1jjj to #d1jjj acres 9 ext5t1 & ) timb] crops ( ma9ly ! same species 9 ea*1 a cont9uity ( supplies c\ld be gu>ante$1 :i* "u exi/+ circum/ances is q out ( ! "q4 ,9 _m outly+ di/ricts all ov] ! c\ntry t are f> remov$ f road & rail x is difficult--9 "s cases impossible--to dispose ( ! usually small am\nt ( timb] t is p]iodically cut d[n2 b 7 l>ge quantities ( ! same k9d & a cont9uity ( supply ensur$1 m]*ants w\ld be tempt$ to make special transit & o!r arrangem5ts1 z well z to (f] a remun]ative price = ! timb]1 :ile railway companies w\ld no d\bt provide *eap] facilities = its transport4 ,m ?an once ,i h be5 ask$ by own]s ( woodl&s to recomm5d buy]s ( good ,l>*1 ,a%1 & o!r timb]1 ! dem& = :i* f> exce$s ! supply2 b aft] negotiat+ h inv>iably be5 told by ! m]*ants t ! quantity (f]$ 0 too small to all[ ( special facilities = deliv]y be+ provid$1 ! timb] be+ f> remov$ f road & rail1 b t if a specifi$ numb] ( trees c\ld be gu>ante$ annually = a numb] ( ye>s !y 7 q prep>$ to buy4 ,su* cases occurr$ 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ ( ,irel&1 & 9 remote p>ts ( ,wales & ,scotl&4 ,^!1 !n1 are cases 9 :i* a cont9uity ( supply--su* z w\ld be q possible if an ext5sive s*eme ( af=e/+ 0 c>ri$ out--w\ld ensure spe$y sales at fair rates 9 places :]e at pres5t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to dispose ( ! small quantities ( timb]1 ev5 at ru9\sly l[ prices4 ,! "q1 !n1 be=e ! nation is3 ,h[1 & by :om1 is af=e/ation to be c>ri$ out on a scale comm5surate ) our necessities z by f> ! l>ge/ timb]-import+ c\ntry 9 ! _w8--l>g]1 inde$1 ?an all ! c\ntries ( ,europe put toge!r4 ,9 answ]1 & )\t ! slighte/ hesitation1 ,i w\ld say t ! ,/ate %\ld acquire & plant suitable l&s at ! rate ( #dj1jjj acres annually = a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 or #a1jjj1jjj 9 all4 ,:5 we consid] t ! total area ( woodl&s 9 ?is c\ntry is only a little 9 excess ( #c1jga1jjj acres1 t fully #ag1jjj1jjj acres ( wa/e l&s exi/1 & t we annually import ov] #aj1jjj1jjj tons ( timb] at a co/ ( ab\t #be1jjj1jjj1 ! necessity = an increas$ area ( woodl&s1 s t a portion at lea/ ( ?is va/ sum may be kept at home1 w be app>5t to all1 ! m s z a de>? ( timb] is imm95t & outside supplies are be+ rigidly cons]v$1 :ile our home dem&s are ev] on ! increase4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out my propos$ s*eme ( plant+ a million acres dur+ ! next five ye>s1 at ! rate ( #bjj1jjj acres annually1 pr(itable & heal?y employm5t w\ld at once be f\nd = sev]al ?\s& workm54 ,! "q ( transport+1 h\s+ & o!rwise deal+ ) ^! workm5 has be5 br\ght =w>d z ! mo/ s]i\s drawback to ! s*eme1 b1 p]sonally1 hav+ _h to deal ) su* cases ,i c see no insup]able difficulty 9 ! und]tak+4 ,surely1 if our railway & wat] companies1 z also private l&[n]s1 c deal ) hundr$s ( m5 9 remote m\nta9 di/ricts t are f> remov$ f road & rail1 ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld make ! necess>y arrangem5ts = ! v>i\s bodies ( workm5 t w\ld be employ$ = af=e/+ purposes4 ,nor mu/ tree plant+ be consid]$ z a new dep>ture = unemploy$ lab\r1 z 9 ! =mation ( a l>ge plantation on a dre>y expos$ hillside 9 ,wales1 ! :ole ( ! "w1 includ+ cle>+ ! gr\nd ( r\gh surface gr[?1 dra9+1 pitt+ & plant+1 0 mo/ successfully c>ri$ out by deta*m5ts ( ! unemploy$4 ,! g5]al physique ( ,army & ,navy m5 & ! discipl9e & h>d "w to :i* !y h be5 subject$ dur+ ! w> w r5d] !m peculi>ly suitable = c>ry+ out ! v>i\s op]ations connect$ ) ! =mation ( plantations4 ,convalesc5t soldi]s & sailors c\ld also f9d heal?y employm5t 9 ! v>i\s light] tasks :i* g h& 9 h& ) af=e/ation1 su* z cle>+ ! gr\nd ( r\gh gr[+ vegetation & lift+ & di/ribut+ ! "y trees4 ,sev]al sugge/ions h be5 made = provid+ employm5t = our return$ soldi]s & sailors1 b mu* ( ?is propos$ "w is1 s to speak1 inv5t$ = ! purpose1 & w\ld probably nev] be s]i\sly consid]$ except = ! exig5cies ( ! case4 ,n[ ,i am q ( op9ion t af=e/+ wa/e l&s (f]s a s5sible sy/em ( employm5t1 = x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t a l>gely increas$ area ( our woodl&s is an imp]ative & press+ necessity1 & :at is ( equal importance1 ! und]tak+1 if wisely ent]$ ^u1 w\ld n only increase ! value ( su* l&s f\rfold b =m ! nucleus ( an ev]-increas+ rev5ue ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ?is is n all1 = ap>t altoge!r f ! "q ( imm$iate lab\r1 :at an indu/ry w\ld be op5$ up 9 ye>s to come by ! plant+ ( wa/e gr\nds6 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance !re w\ld arise ! necessity = cle>+1 f5c+1 dra9+1 & plant+ ! gr\nd1 subsequ5tly ! t5d+ ( ! plantations 9 v>i\s ways w\ld give employm5t4 ,?9n+ w\ld comm5ce ab\t ! t5? ye>1 aft] :i* ! erection ( sawmills & ! conv]sion ( ! timb] w\ld op5 a va/ & ev]-increas+ indu/ry1 provid+ highly remun]ative "w to ?\s&s ( ! unemploy$4 ,!re are o!r ways 9 connection ) =e/ry 9 :i* ! unemploy$ c\ld be usefully & pr(itably set to "w1 su* z 9 prep>+ osi] b$s1 plant+ dogwood = gunp[d] *>coal1 & 9 ! =mation & /ock+ ( tree nurs]ies1 ! produce ( :i* c\ld ) advantage be us$ 9 ! =mation ( plantations4 ,osi]s = basket-mak+1 *>coal = gunp[d] & heat+ purposes1 & se$l+ plants = af=e/ation w all be greatly 9 dem& aft] ! w> :5 =eign supplies w n be =?com+4 ,reg>d+ ! mo/ desirable c5tres at :i* to comm5ce plant+ op]ations1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ^? c\nties :]e ! greate/ areas ( wa/e l&s exi/1 & :]e1 9 addition1 advantages are (f]$ 9 ! matt] ( *eap l& pur*ase1 z well z 9 a dem& = & easy removal ( ! produce4 ,?us we h3-- ,engl& ,york%ire & ,nor?umb]l& ) #a1jaj1ibd acres4 ,scotl& ,inv]ness & ,argyle%ire ) #c1jhg1cab acres4 ,wales ,brecon%ire & ,m]ione?%ire ) #dfa1cbj acres4 ,irel& ,donegal & ,k]ry ) #feg1ccg acres 7exclusive ( #agb1dcf acres ( bogl&74 ,f ^! figures x w be se5 t 9 case ( necessity we c\ld get all ! gr\nd requir$ = ?is af=e/+ s*eme 9 two ( ! c\nties ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 or 9 ?ree ( ,wales & ,irel&4 ,! co/ ( procur+ suitable l& = af=e/+ purposes ne$ n be consid]$ z any ob/acle to ! s*eme4 ,f ext5sive inquiries made ! price on an av]age w\ld n be great] ?an #b p] acre4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ag5t on ! ,gwydyr ,e/ate1 9 ,c>n>von%ire1 ,i h be5 all[$ to look ov] ! sale contracts on sev]al ( ! prop]ties1 & f ^! ,i f9d t #g1dab acres 7 dispos$ ( at an av]age price ( #b #bs4 #c;d4 p] acre4 ,! gr\nd 0 excell5t = ! production ( timb]1 z ! ,l>* on adjo9+ l&s cle>ly evid5c$4 ,aga91 ! ,cr[n rec5tly pur*as$ #ab1ejj acres 9 ,scotl& at ! mode/ r5tal ( #b p] acre4 ,_m o!r in/ances c\ld be quot$1 b ! above suffice to %[ t l& 9 e way suitable = ! production ( high-grade timb] c be b\ght at probably less ?an #b p] acre4 ,! co/ ( =m+ plantations has be5 v c>efully consid]$1 & = all practical purposes may be put d[n at #e p] acre1 tak+ ! ,briti% ,isles z a :ole4 ,reg>d+ f9ancial returns f tree plant+1 !re is ov]:elm+ pro( t l& wor? only f #as4 to #cs4 #f;d4 p] acre has be5 made to realise z mu* z #bjs4 p] acre = fifty or sixty ye>s1 ) a f9al crop wor? f #ej to #ge p] acre4 ,tak+ all ! above po9ts into consid]ation--! price ( l&1 ! co/ ( plant+ & ! f9ancial returns--x w amply repay ! ,/ate to plant up uncultivat$ & wa/e l&s4 ,!re %\ld be no loss ( "t 9 sett+ ab\t ?is "w if we are to provide suitable employm5t = our return$ soldi]s & sailors & avoid ! ?reat5$ timb] fam9e :i*1 accord+ to well-in=m$ qu>t]s1 is fa/ approa*+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,collect+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,tree ,,se$s ,ow+ to ! w> !re is little d\bt t = sev]al ye>s to come adequate supplies ( se$s & "y =e/ trees w n be available f _! usual s\rces on ! ,cont95t4 ,va/ quantities ( bo? are annually s5t to ?is c\ntry f ,g]many alone1 :ile f o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t conif]\s se$s 9 p>ticul> are l>gely import$--9 fact1 we are almo/ :olly dep5d5t = bo? se$s & se$l+s on =eign supplies4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x behoves ! own]s ( woodl&s 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry to collect se$s1 p>ticul>ly ( su* trees z our plantations are ma9ly compos$ (4 ,aft] ^! h be5 prop]ly h>ve/$1 !y %\ld be /or$ away 9 suitable places till se$-s[+ "t 9 ! spr+4 ,to "s ext5t ?is w be a new =e/ indu/ry1 ?\gh = long1 ! se$s bo? ( ,scot* ,p9e & v>i\s h>d-wood$ trees1 p>ticul>ly ! ,oak1 ,a% & ,elm1 h be5 annually collect$ on v>i\s e/ates ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ! "y plants rais$ f su* /ock h giv5 e satisfaction :5 plant$ out p]man5tly4 ,= sev]al reasons1 h[ev]1 we _c compete ) =eign]s ei!r 9 ! production ( se$s or 9 rais+ "y =e/ /ock4 ,= "s ye>s to come1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty ( supplies f abroad1 bo? se$s & se$l+s are b\nd to be sc>ce & exp5sive4 ,9 ! pa/1 f> too little att5tion has be5 be/[$ on ! collect+ & h>ve/+ ( ! se$s ( trees & %rubs1 ! result1 9 n a few cases1 be+ weak & unheal?y plants & an unev5 & irregul> crop4 ,! be/ se$s1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 are ^? collect$ f heal?y trees 9 ! prime ( life1 & gr[n "u conditions fav\rable to _! p]fect developm5t4 ,an unheal?y tree w (t5 be> a heavy crop ( se$1 b al?\gh ! inducem5ts to collect su* are great1 !y %\ld be disc>d$1 ^? f ! mo/ robu/ specim5s 9 ! prime ( life be+ *os5 9 pref]5ce4 ,reg>d+ ! be/ way ( collect+ tree se$s little ne$ be said1 ! exig5cies ( ! case det]m9+ ! be/ me?od to be adopt$4 ,! se$s ( n a few trees may be collect$ z !y fall1 & ?is is especially ! case ) ^? ( ! ,oak1 ,bee*1 ,elm1 etc41 all ( :i* may be swept into heaps & ga!r$ 9 quantity f b5ea? desirable trees4 ,9 ! case ( ! v>i\s ,conif] ?is me?od ( se$ collect+ w n answ]--inde$1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ! se$ %\ld be ga!r$1 or r pick$1 f ! trees j be=e !y became fully ripe1 z 9 fall+ !y get loose f ! cone-scales & are lo/4 ,:5 collect+ ! cones ( conif]\s trees1 a long1 light hook$ /aff ) :i* to draw ! bran*es t[>ds "o c conv5i5tly be us$ to procure an abundant supply4 ,a bag or sat*el %\ld also be 9 possession ( ! se$ collector1 into :i* may be put su* k9ds ( cones z fall readily ap>t1 z ! se$s f ^! are easily lo/4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( r>e se$s1 & :5 only a few cones are borne ne> ! top ( ! tree1 ! se$ collector mu/ h rec\rse to climb+2 b1 9 su* cases1 9 ord] to avoid injury to ! b>k1 he %\ld be provid$ ) a pair ( ela/ic %oes or slipp]s4 ,great c>e is requir$ 9 ! collection ( su* se$s z ^? ( ,abies nobilis & ,a4 nordmanniana1 ! cones1 :5 fully ripe1 fall+ to pieces on ! slighte/ t\*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 applies equally to almo/ e species ( ,abies1 :]eas1 ) ! ,p9es & ,spruces1 ! cones rema9 intact = an almo/ indef9ite p]iod ( "t1 ev5 ?\gh ! se$s may h fall5 out on becom+ ripe4 ,! prop] h>ve/+ ( tree se$s r>ely1 except 9 ! case ( exp]i5c$ nurs]ym51 receives suffici5t att5tion1 al?\gh ?is op]ation %\ld be z c>efully att5d$ to z 9 ! case ( ! se$s ( any o!r =m ( crop4 ,aft] be+ collect$1 ! se$s ( all trees1 unless su* z are mix$ ) s& = ! purpose ( rott+1 %\ld be ?9ly & ev5ly spread out 9 a sunny spot1 until ?or\ghly dry4 ,!y may !n be deposit$ 9 a cool1 airy place1 & 9 ?9 lay]s1 until want$ = s[+4 ,an occasional turn+ is all-important & %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,! small] & less common se$s may1 = conv5i5ce sake1 be hung up 9 calico bags1 b !y1 too1 %\ld be occasionally exam9$ to prev5t dampness & heat+4 ,! numb] ( plants ( v>i\s k9ds t may be expect$ f a bu%el ( se$ ( av]age quality v>ies v mu*1 & may be approximately giv5 z foll[s3 ,horse ,*e/nut1 #b1ejj2 ,oak1 #f1jjj to #h1jjj2 ,spani% ,*e/nut1 ab\t #c1jjj2 ,walnut1 #e1jjj2 ,norway ,maple1 #ab1jjj2 ,sycamore1 ab\t #ab1jjj2 ,a%1 #ad1jjj2 ,bee*1 #aj1jjj2 ,elm1 #a1jjj2 ,bir*1 fully #af1jjj2 ,holly1 #ag1jjj2 ,scot* ,fir1 #i1jjj4 ,to #a lb4 ( se$3 ,spruce ,fir1 ab\t #i1jjj2 ,l>*1 #c1jjj2 & ! ,clu/] ,p9e1 ,silv] ,fir1 & "s o!rs1 f ab\t #ejj upw>ds4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 regulat+ ord]s = s[+1 ! foll[+ table w %[ at a glance ! approximate & relative numb] ( se$s ( ! v>i\s commonly cultivat$ =e/ trees conta9$ 9 #a lb4 weight3-- ,abies nobilis ab\t #ai1djj ,abies nordmanniana 0 #aj1jjj ,a% 0 #f1hjj ,bee* 0 #b1gjj ,d\glas ,fir 0 #ie1bjj ,horse ,*e/nut 0 #cf ,hornbeam 0 #i1ifh ,l>* 0 #fe1jjj ,lawson's ,cypress 0 #aca1djj ,lebanon ,c$> 0 #aj1hjj ,norway ,maple 0 #d1fjj ,oak 0 #ajj ,p9us ,au/riaca 0 #ce1jjj ,p9us ,l>icio 0 #dc1jjj ,p9us ,p9a/] 0 #ab1jjj ,p9us ,sylve/ris 0 #ge1jjj ,spruce 0 #fd1ejj ,silv] ,fir 0 #ad1ifj ,sycamore 0 #d1fbd ,walnut 0 #cf ,^! figures mu/ only be tak5 z approximate1 ! se$ ( v>i\s trees ( ! same species seem+ to v>y 9 ! numb] to ! p\nd 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,! results ( c>eful analysis ( "o or two k9ds may be cit$ z examples4 ,9 "o case ! numb] ( se$s 9 #a lb4 weight ( ,scot* ,fir 0 #fi1fjj1 :ile 9 ano!r x _h increas$ to #ij1fjj2 & 9 ! ,l>* ! numb]s 7 #cc1ijj & #fh1jjj4 ,^! diff]5ces are1 h[ev]1 ma9ly due to ! individual se$s be+ weighti] 9 "o case ?an 9 ano!r1 probably ow+ to ! age & heal? ( ! tree f :i* !y 7 collect$1 ! situation & exposure to :i* x 0 subject$1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 = all nurs]y purposes ! above figures may be accept$ z a fair /&>d4 ,! "t ( collect+ & ! aft]-managem5t ( ! diff]5t =e/ se$s v>y s mu* t a brief description ( ^? k9ds mo/ commonly plant$ w be f\nd useful3-- ,ald] se$ %\ld be ga!r$ f ! trees 9 ,octob] & s[n 9 spr+1 say ,may4 ,a% se$s are ripe 9 ,octob]1 :5 !y %\ld be collect$ & kept 9 moi/ s& dur+ ! w9t]1 & s[n 9 ,m>*4 ,au/rian1 ,corsican & ,weym\? ,p9e se$s are treat$ 9 e respect l ^? ( ,scot* ,fir1 v>y+ ! kiln heat accord+ to ! loos5ess ( ! cone-bracts4 ,bee* se$s are collect$ 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 plac$ 9 s&1 & s[n 9 ,april4 ,! "y plants are readily affect$ by fro/1 & ! se$ %\ld1 !re=e1 n be s[n e>li] ?an ! "t m5tion$4 ,bir* se$ mu/ be collect$ f ! trees j be=e x becomes ripe 9 ,augu/1 o!rwise x is scatt]$ broadca/ & lo/ = cultivation4 ,m>* is ! "t = s[+4 ,cupressus ,lawsoniana se$ is usually ready = collect+ 9 ,octob]1 b %\ld n be s[n be=e ! fir/ week 9 ,april4 ,d\glas ,fir se$ is1 9 mo/ cases1 readily remov$ f well-rip5$ cones by ?re%+ or by pull+ ! cone to pieces1 b1 9 "s in/ances1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! quantity is l>ge1 kiln-dry+ is resort$ to4 ,! se$s are ripe 9 ,decemb] & %\ld be g5tly wat]$ & s[n 9 ,may4 ,elm se$s are ripe 9 ,june1 :5 !y may ei!r be s[n at once1 or dri$ & kept 9 /ock = plant+ 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,haw?orn se$1 or b]ries1 may be s[n :5 collect$1 or ! out] coat+ rott$ (f by keep+ !m dur+ ! w9t] 9 moi/ s&4 ,hazel nuts may be collect$ 9 autumn & s[n at once1 or kept till spr+4 ,holly b]ries require to be plac$ 9 s& = ab\t eighte5 mon?s s z to rot (f ! fle%y out] coat+1 & may be s[n 9 ,m>*4 ,! mixture ( s& & b]ries1 :i* %\ld be ab\t 9 equal proportions1 mu/ be turn$ frequ5tly4 ,!y are usually s[n ) ! s& 9 :i* !y h be5 ly+4 ,horse & ,spani% ,*e/nut se$s may be tak5 toge!r1 ! me?od ( collect+ & s[+ be+ v simil> 9 bo? cases4 ,!y are ripe by ! middle ( ,octob]1 & may ei!r be s[n at once or kept till spr+4 ,"o se$ to #d squ>e 94 w be close en\gh4 ,l>* cones1 :5 ripe1 are ( a r bright br[n col\r & require to be collect$ f ! trees4 ,?is %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be done till spr+1 ?\gh occasionally !y are ga!r$ 9 ,decemb]4 ,!y "p ) ! se$s f> m readily ?an ^? ( ! ,scot* ,fir1 & consequ5tly require less heat :5 9 ! kiln4 ,maple se$s are ready = collect+ ab\t ,octob]1 & %\ld n be s[n till ! beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,m\nta9 ,a%1 inde$1 all ! ,pyrus family & o!rs ( a l k9d1 require ! b]ries to be plac$ 9 s&1 & :5 ! out] fle%y coat+ has rott$ away !y may be s[n ei!r 9 autumn or spr+4 ,oak4--,! acorns may be ga!r$ or swept f ! gr\nd 9 ,novemb]1 & ei!r s[n at once or /or$ away 9 a cool1 dry place till ,spr+4 ,"o acorn to e #d squ>e 94 w be ample 9 ! se$-b$4 ,s[ 9 spr+ or autumn4 ,scot* ,fir cones are bett] n collect$ till e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 & ! "t may ev5 be ext5d$ till ,m>*4 ,:5 q ripe !y h *ang$ f blui%-gre5 to a light1 grey col\r4 ,z ! cones "p t>dily ) ! se$s1 artificial means h to be resort$ to1 ! cones be+ plac$ ?9ly ov] a kiln heat$ to a temp]ature ( f #ge to #aab4 ,!y %\ld be turn$ e ?ird h\r1 & aft] ab\t ?irty h\rs ! kiln %\ld be cool$ d[n & ! cones extract$ z quickly z possible4 ,by beat+ ) a flail ! se$s are readily remov$ f ! cones1 b x is be/ to d ?is be=e ! cones h cool$ d[n or imm$iately !y are remov$ f ! kiln4 ,! se$s are !n swept toge!r & collect$1 & /or$ away until want$ = s[+4 ,:5 n requir$ = s[+ at once1 ! se$s %\ld be ?9ly spread out on ! floor & slightly moi/5$ ) wat] f a f9e rose wat]+-c4 ,!y %\ld !n be turn$ ab\t until p]fectly dry be=e be+ /or$ away4 ,silv] ,fir se$ does n require mu*1 if any1 artificial heat to cause x to "p f ! cone4 ,by plac+ ! cones 9 ! sun%9e1 & heat+ & turn+ freely1 ! se$s come out )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 :]ev] possible1 x is wise policy to disp5se ) artificial heat or kiln-dry+ z1 unless ?is is c>ri$ out mo/ c>efully1 ! vitality ( ! se$s is greatly impair$ !reby4 ,sycamore se$s are ready = ga!r+ 9 ,octob]1 b %\ld n be s[n till ! end ( ,m>* or beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,walnuts are collect$1 :5 ripe1 9 autumn1 & s[n 9 late spr+4 ,yew se$s are usually wa%$ ( ! pulpy matt] be=e be+ s[n4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge se$s1 su* z ^? ( ,arauc>ia imbricata1 ,p9us sab9iana1 & ,p4 macroc>pa1 ! be/ way is to cut ! cones to pieces & c>efully remove ! se$s4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ ) great c>e1 s t ! h>d se$ coat+ may n be injur$4 ,) conif]s 9 g5]al ,i h inv>iably f\nd x ! be/ plan to all[ ! se$ to rema9 9 ! cones until want$ = s[+4 ,by keep+ ! cones 9 a cool1 dry place1 & occasionally turn+ !m ov]1 !re ne$ be little fe> b t ! se$s w turn out well4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,propagat+ ,,trees ,,& ,,%rubs ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( propagat+ trees & %rubs3 su* z by se$-s[+1 f cutt+s or lay]s1 & by budd+ & graft+4 ,f ,se$4--,?is natural process ( reproduction is t mo/ commonly adopt$ :]e l>ge numb]s ( trees are requir$--inde$1 c]ta9 species1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,conif]1 _c successfully be rais$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! prep>ation ( ! se$-b$s is a po9t t des]ves f> m att5tion ?an x usually receives1 & t n only on economic gr\nds1 b 9 view ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! nurs]y bord]s z well4 ,to tumble ! se$s indiscrim9ately into ! gr\nd z if !y _h fall5 9 %[]s f ! trees is highly objectionable2 & j z c5surable is ! too-(t-repeat$ practice ( s[+ ^! 9 r\gh1 cloddy1 & ill-prep>$ gr\nd4 ,sy/ematic arrangem5t 9 ! lay+ out ( ! b$s1 z to ! numb] & requirem5ts ( ! future se$l+s1 %\ld also be att5d$ to4 ,! gr\nd int5d$ = se$-b$s %\ld be tr5*$ or deeply dug up2 b ?is op]ation w\ld1 = ! mell[+ & clean+ ( ! soil1 be bett] p]=m$ ! autumn be=e ?an at ! "t ( s[+ d[n4 ,9 any case1 j be=e s[+1 ! gr\nd %\ld be c>efully turn$ ov]1 all h>d clods be+ brok5 d[n1 & l>ge /ones rak$ (f1 ! surface soil to ! dep? ( #c 94 or #d 94 be+ made z f9e z possible4 ,dry wea!r mu/ be *os5 = ! =mation ( se$-b$s1 z also1 inde$1 = ! s[+ ( ! se$s4 ,! b$s are m>k$ (f & prep>$ z foll[s3--,a light1 /rong l9e is /ret*$ along ! gr\nd at1 say1 #c ft4 f ! b\nd>y f5ce or pa?1 &1 aft] be+ fix$ at ea* end1 ! fir/ alley1 or pa?1 is m>k$ out by tread+ ! soil alongside ( ! l9e4 ,! l5g? ( ! b$ ?us m>k$ (f on "o side is q immat]ial1 b ! wid? is ( great importance1 & %\ld nev] exce$ #d ft42 #c ft4 #f 94 is ne>] ! m>k4 ,adjo9+ ?is fir/ l9e1 a b$ ! above wid? is m>k$ (f ) a peg or /ake at ea* end1 ! l9e reset & a second alley m>k$ (f4 ,! alley1 or pa?1 betwe5 ea* c\ple ( b$s ne$ n exce$ #ae 94 9 wid?1 ?is be+ = ! sake ( conv5i5ce 9 s[+1 we$+1 wat]+1 %ad+1 & o!rwise att5d+ to ! b$1 & its occupants4 ,outside ?is foll[s a second b$1 & s on1 until ! desir$ numb] has be5 =m$4 ,"s p]sons raise ! se$-b$s a little above ! level ( ! pa?s1 b1 except 9 v ret5tive or damp soils1 ?is is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! b$s %\ld 9 no in/ance1 h[ev]1 be bel[ ! level ( ! pa?s4 ,!re are two me?ods employ$ 9 op5+ up & prep>+ ! b$s = ! reception ( ! se$s ei!r ( :i*1 if c>efully gone ab\t1 is well suit$ = ! exig5cies ( ! case4 ,my own way has always be5 to level & smoo? ! surface ( ! b$ ) a small-too!d rake1 & aft] s[+ ! se$s to cov] lightly ) f9e soil & a%es c>efully sift$ ov] ! b$ by means ( a small-me%$ riddle4 ,?is plan has _m advantages1 n ! lea/ important be+ ! cov]+ ( ! se$s to an equal dep?1 & ! employ+ ( only ! f9e/ class ( soil4 ,! o!r me?od is by us+ :at is t]m$ a 8cuff+-bo>d0--t is1 a bo>d ab\t #h 94 wide1 plac$ on a h&le1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! c5tre1 t[>ds ! back1 ! h&le be+ fully #e ft4 long4 ,a skill$ p]son is requir$ to use ?is tool1 :o /&s 9 ! alley1 fir/ on "o side ( ! b$1 & !n on ! o!r1 pu%+ or draw+ t[>ds him f ! surface ( ! b$ a ?9 coat+ ( soil along its full l5g? & f ab\t two-?irds ( its surface4 ,z to ! am\nt or dep? ( soil tak5 (f1 ?is is regulat$ by ! p>ticul> k9d ( se$ to be s[n1 z well z ! nature ( ! soil4 ,! next matt]1 ! dep? at :i* ! se$ %\ld be s[n1 is "o ( great importance4 ,usually se$s are s[n unnecess>ily deep4 ,9 ! majority ( cases a safe guide is to place ! se$1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 ab\t ?ree diamet]s bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! conditions mo/ fav\rable to g]m9ation are mod]ate dampness1 abundance ( air1 & a temp]ature ( ab\t #de4 ,9 ord] to ensure ^! conditions1 ! dep? at :i* ! se$s are plac$ w be se5 to be ( ! greate/ mom5t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! less se$s are cov]$1 consi/5tly ) _! receiv+ a suffici5t supply ( moi/ure1 ! bett]1 & b = _! de/ruction by birds1 _m ( ! small] se$s w\ld vegetate j z well if ca/ ^u ! gr\nd-surface1 & press$ 91 z by be+ cov]$ ) soil4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) ,scot* fir se$s h be5 made3-- 8,^? buri$ "o-fif? ( an in* came up fir/1 b 7 subsequ5tly less vigor\s--!y soon1 h[ev]1 acquir$ vig\r2 8,^? cov]$ f "o-?ird to "o-half ( an in* came up m sl[ly1 b ev5ly & /rong2 8,^? buri$ f two-?irds ( an in* to "o in* came up 9 defici5t numb]s2 & 8,^? buri$ f "o to two in*es nev] %[$ any signs ( g]m9ation40 ,^! /atem5ts are equally applicable to ! s[+ ( se$s 9 g5]al b especially if _! relative size & ! h>dness ( _! cov]+ are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,imm$iately aft] ! b$ is prep>$ ! se$ %\ld be s[n1 ! am\nt us$ v>y+ accord+ to quality1 :i* latt] may readily be te/$ by exam9+ ! embryos ( a doz5 se$s pick$ up at r&om f ! heap4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r se$s are good1 ! simple/ way is to cut ! %ea? op5 ) a %>p p5knife1 :5 ! k]nel ought to completely fill ! entire coat+ or %ell4 ,small se$s might be cru%$ by ! nail1 & if good1 w leave traces ( moi/ure or emit an od\r ( turp5t9e4 ,ano!r me?od is to place1 "o aft] ! o!r1 say a doz5 se$s tak5 at haphaz>d f ! heap1 on a r$-hot iron4 ,if good !y w turn ab\t ) a crack+ report2 b if o!rwise1 combu/ion is sl[ & smoke is giv5 (f4 ,se$ may1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ good if ! g]m9at+ te/ gives1 say1 #gj p] c5t4 ,! quantity ( se$ to be s[n on a giv5 area w dep5d ma9ly on ! quality & p>ticul> species4 ,:5 s[n broadca/1 ab\t a p\nd weight ( l>*1 & full half a p\nd ( ,scot*1 is all[$ p] #ajj squ>e ft4 ( se$-b$4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 drill s[+ is resort$ to1 & 9 ?is case ! foll[+ may be consid]$ z ab\t an av]age ( ! quantity us$ p] #ajj squ>e ft43 ,ald] #g ozs4 ,a% #e 0 ,au/rian ,p9e #d 0 ,bir* #f 0 ,elm #c 0 ,hornbeam #b 0 ,l>* #g 0 ,maple #e 0 ,scot* fir #b 0 ,silv] 0 #ac 0 ,spruce 0 #c 0 ,sometimes a small quantity ( guano or o!r manure is spr9kl$ ov] ! se$s1 aft] :i* !y are g5tly press$ d[n ) a light roll]1 & ! soil1 :i* 0 tempor>ily deposit$ along ! m>g9 ( ! b$1 replac$ by ! 8cuff+-bo>d0 or riddle4 ,:5 se$s are s[n e>ly1 & ) c>e1 on well-prep>$ gr\nd1 wat]+ is seldom necess>y2 b /ill1 ) small se$s & 9 v dry gr\nd1 an occasional spr9kl+ ! la/ ?+ at night is highly b5eficial4 ,great c>e is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to ensure ! soil be+ ?or\ghly moi/5$4 ,protection f mice & birds mu/ be af=d$ 9 "s su* mann] z by coat+ ! se$s ) r$ lead2 & an occasional %ad+ ( ! b$ 9 v w>m wea!r might be advocat$4 ,!re are n a few k9ds ( se$s1 su* z ^? ) a h>d cov]+1 t x is almo/ imp]ative to /eep 9 wat] be=e s[+4 ,l>* se$1 9 p>ticul>1 c be soak$ = a week )\t fe> or h>m1 & _m legum9\s se$s = two or ?ree days ) great advantage4 ,"s se$s d n come up until ! second ye>1 su* z ! a%1 pyrus1 ?orn1 etc41 & 9 ^! cases x is b a wa/e ( gr\nd to s[ !m z collect$4 ,!y %\ld be mix$ ) s&1 z be=e direct$1 & /or$ away = a ye> be=e be+ s[n4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t1 z a rule1 ! soon] se$s are s[n aft] be+ collect$1 ! /rong] w be ! "y plants4 ,soon aft] g]m9ation1 h& we$+ mu/ be comm5c$1 & ?is may mo/ successfully be p]=m$ aft] a %[] ( ra91 z ! "y plants !n suff] less f loos5+ ( ! soil1 consequ5t on pull+ out ! we$s1 ?an w\ld be ! case 9 dry & w>m wea!r4 ,! above me?od ( rais+ plants f se$s w be f\nd suitable 9 mo/ cases1 b 9 respect ( *oice or half-h>dy trees ! %elt] af=d$ by a frame is usually provid$4 ,9 ?is case ! se$s are s[n 9 pots or %all[ boxes1 accord+ to quantity1 & plac$ 9 an unheat$ frame4 ,! be/ "t = se$-s[+ is f ! fir/ to ! fifte5? ( ,april4 ,transplant+ ! "y se$l+s may be tak5 9 h& usually aft] ! fir/ ye>1 b no h>d & fa/ l9e c be laid d[n1 s mu* dep5d+ on ! season & rate ( gr[? ( ! "y plants4 ,! exp]i5c$ eye c always tell :5 se$l+s %\ld be l9$ out4 ,! be/ "t = ?is op]ation is aft] ! spr+ fro/s are at an end1 =1 if plant$ out 9 ! autumn1 ! fro/ is apt to lift ! t9y se$l+s :olesale f ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ?is !y %\ld be transplant$ at lea/ e second ye> until plant$ out p]man5tly4 ,by ,cutt+s4--,propagat+ trees & %rubs f cutt+s is at once a simple & inexp5sive way ( gett+ up a /ock ( su* k9ds z may be increas$ 9 t way4 ,! be/ mon?s are ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 at :i* "t ! temp]ature ( ! e>? & air are equal1 & roots are mo/ readily emitt$4 ,*oose a %elt]$ & p>tially %ady bord] = ! ins]tion ( ! cutt+s1 & be sure t ! soil is n /iff & wat]-logg$1 b f9e1 r incl9$ to s&y1 & mod]ately dry4 ,x %\ld be well =k$ ov] & clean$ ( we$s1 l>ge /ones be+ also remov$4 ,! cutt+s may be made ( ! pres5t ye>'s gr[?1 ) a small portion--8heel0 x is g5]ally t]m$--( ! old wood1 & cut clean across b5ea? :]e a bud or %oot has protrud$4 ,until a suffici5t quantity has be5 made1 !y %\ld be /uck loosely 9 a heap ( s& or soil1 & 9 ! %ade4 ,cutt+s %\ld be tak5 f ! sunny side ( a tree or %rub4 ,9 plant+ ! cutt+s1 /ret* a g>d5 l9e along ! previ\sly prep>$ gr\nd1 &1 hav+ remov$ a tr5* ab\t #f 94 deep1 by cutt+ 9 a p]p5dicul> mann] ) a spade along ! front ( ! l9e1 proce$ to place ! cutt+s n too closely toge!r1 & lean+ some:at backw>ds 9 ! tr5* cut out4 ,?is be+ done1 x is always well1 s z to ha/5 ! =mation ( roots1 to spr9kle a small quantity ( s& or grit along at ! base ( ! cutt+s1 at ! same "t regulat+ ^! z to _! di/ances ap>t & upw>d incl9ation1 ! rema9+ portion ( ! tr5* be+ fill$ up ) ! soil =m]ly remov$4 ,firm tramp+ is "o ( ! *ief po9ts to be obs]v$1 z cutt+s w n take at all quickly 9 loose soil4 ,! l9e %\ld !n be mov$ =w>ds ab\t #ab 94 & ! same me?od ( proc$ure foll[$ until ! :ole ( ! cutt+s are ins]t$4 ,= su* %rubs z ! common & ,portugal laurel1 privet1 box1 euonymus1 laure/9us1 aucuba1 etc41 ! above me?od w be f\nd ! quicke/ & be/ = rais+ "y plants f cutt+s4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t cutt+s tak5 f ! sunny side ( a tree or %rub always root m freely1 & turn out a great] numb] ( plants1 ?an su* z h be5 cut f ! %ady side--inde$1 ?is po9t %\ld be c>efully borne 9 m9d & act$ ^u4 ,conif]s1 su* z ! v>i\s species ( ,cupressus1 ,junip]us1 ! ,well+tonia1 etc41 are also readily rais$ f cutt+s ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd out ( doors4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well to put su* cutt+s 9 boxes1 s t !y h ! advantage ( be+ plac$ 9 an unheat$ frame1 ?is greatly enhanc+ ! spe$y =mation ( roots4 ,two or ?ree l>ge frames are always useful 9 ! nurs]y = ! reception ( *oice cutt+s1 se$s1 etc41 & if boxes1 say1 #bd 94 by #ad 94 by #e 941 are made j to suit ! dim5sions ( ! frames1 a great numb] ( "y plants1 cutt+s1 & se$s ( ! less common k9ds w f9d a b5eficial protection4 ,! boxes %\ld be made ( /\t wood1 & h six holes bor$ 9 ! bottom ( ea*1 s t ! excess wat] may readily pass away4 ,be=e plant+ ^!1 fill ea* ) a mixture ( half s&1 half soil1 brok5 f9ely d[n1 ! cutt+s be+ ins]t$ 9 small holes made by a %>p-po9t$ /ick4 ,a ?9 coat+ ( s& plac$ on ! surface w greatly facilitate ! process ( root+4 ,cutt+s ( conif]\s trees %\ld h #b 94 ( rip5$ wood atta*$ to !m1 & be ins]t$ #d 94 deep 9 ! gr\nd2 :ile1 = mo/ o!rs1 ! cutt+s may be #h 94 long1 #c 94 be+ ins]t$ 9 ! soil4 ,f ,lay]s4--,= increas+ game cov]ts1 %rubb]ies1 or "s ( ^? trees & %rubs t _c well & spe$ily be rais$ f cutt+s or se$1 lay]+ w be f\nd a conv5i5t & *eap me?od4 ,!re are sev]al o!r advantages too1 z no protection ( any k9d is necess>y1 & ! risk ( loss is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally resort$ to z a means ( increas+ su* plants z _c readily be rais$ f cutt+s1 & applies ) greate/ =ce to ! rhodod5drons & azaleas1 ! magnolias1 conif] ( v>i\s k9ds1 & sev]al species ( our h>dy decidu\s trees4 ,! op]ation ( lay]+ is v simple1 & consi/s m]ely 9 b5d+ d[n ! out] bran* ( a tree or %rub & br++ x 9 contact ) ! soil1 x be+ !re held 9 position by means ( a hook$ peg4 ,be=e fa/5+ ! lay] ) ! peg1 x is well1 h[ev]1 to remove a portion ( ! b>k f t "p ( ! lay] t is to be br\ght 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 ?is arre/+ ! fl[ ( sap & ha/5+ ! =mation ( roots4 ,! soil b5ea? ! tree or %rub %\ld be fir/ loos5$1 &1 if f\nd h>d & /iff1 a small quantity ( s& & leaf soil might ) advantage be add$4 ,! same pr9ciple is c>ri$ out 9 all k9ds ( lay]+1 b ! position ( ! plant w alt] ! me?od ( b5d+ ov] & br++ 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,9 ! case ( lay]+ conif] x is n only necess>y to b5d ov] & peg d[n ! bran*1 b1 s z to =m a lead] & assi/ 9 ga9+ an upright position1 x %\ld also be ti$ or /ak$ 9 a v]tical position4 ,g5]ally speak+1 trees & %rubs require two ye>s be=e ! bran*es t are lay]$ are suffici5tly well root$ to be remov$ f ! p>5t1 b a few k9ds require ne>ly d\ble t "t be=e !y c be sev]$ ) safety4 ,a good plan is1 aft] ! second or ?ird ye>1 to cut ?r\gh ! lay]$ bran* beh9d ! po9t t is br\ght 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 & to let x rema9 9 position = ano!r ye>4 ,x may !n1 except 9 a v few cases1 be lift$ & l9$ out ) o!rs 9 ! nurs]y bord]1 ! object be+ to get x into a good habit ( gr[? be=e be+ f9ally plant$ out4 ,mo/ v>ieties ( trees & %rubs c readily be increas$ by lay]+ ! side bran*es 9 ! way above describ$1 & x is a good plan to cov] ov] ) a spadeful ( e>? t "p ( ! bran* br\ght 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,by ,graft+4--,?is may be/ be describ$ z a make%ift me?od ( increas+ trees & %rubs4 ,x has only a few advantages1 & _m disadvantages1 z is well kn[n to e "o on a l>ge e/ate :o goes 9 = collections ( ! less common k9ds ( trees & %rubs4 ,if a plant _c be increas$ conv5i5tly by any ( ! above me?ods graft+ may be resort$ to1 b ! "w %\ld only be entru/$ to ^? :o h great practical k ( ! art1 & :o h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! evils att5d+ injudici\s graft+4 ,"s ( ! errors 9 graft+ may be cit$ z foll[s3 ,work+ on too tall /ocks :]eby an unnatural appe>ance & cont9ual s\rce ( dang] 9 w9dy wea!r are br\ght ab\t2 graft+ small scions on l>ge /ocks1 & graft+ ev]gre5 on decidu\s species--all ( :i* h t5d$1 9 a m>k$ degree1 to l[] ! art 9 ! op9ion ( horticulturi/s g5]ally4 ,! graft+ ( conif]s may be p]=m$ at "o ( two seasons3 ei!r e>ly 9 spr+ or ab\t ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,two-ye>-old /ock are mo/ly to be pref]r$1 s t ! /ock & scion may be ( z ne> a size z possible4 ,sev]al me?ods ( graft+ are adopt$1 b t g5]ally practis$ is :at is kn[n z 8side graft+40 ,?is consi/s 9 mak+ a clean cut 9 ! /em1 d[nw>ds1 = ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,a transv]se cut is made at ! t]m9ation ( ?is fir/ cut1 :]eby a piece ( ! b>k wood is remov$ f ! side ( ! /ock4 ,! scion is next prep>$ by be+ cut (f squ>e at ! end1 & "o side ( ! wood %av$ (f = ab\t an equal l5g? to ! cut on ! /ock4 ,place ! scion 9 ! not* made on ! /ock1 & be c>eful t ! b>ks1 on "o side at lea/1 come neatly toge!r1 = on ?is hangs ! :ole fate ( successful graft+4 ,! scion %\ld1 inde$1 be made to fit z ne>ly z possible & replace ! w$ge cut f ! /ock4 ,tie firmly & c>efully ) ba/ matt+1 & cov] ov] ) prep>$ clay or graft+ wax4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s 9 mak+ an incision obliquely 9 ! /ock1 ! scion be+ s prep>$ t "o side ( x =ms a %>p edge1 9 ord] t x may be readily ins]t$ !re91 ! b>k ( ! scion & /ock com+ neatly toge!r4 ,tie ) matt+ z be=e direct$1 & cov] ov] ) clay or graft+ wax4 ,in>*+1 or graft+ by approa*1 consi/s 9 br++ ! scion into union ) ! /ock )\t deta*+ x f its own /em1 & ! sep>ation is n made until ! new connection has be5 =m$4 ,budd+4--,?is is usually p]=m$ 9 ,july1 & 9 ! case ( c]ta9 %rubs has be5 f\nd useful4 ,! bud %\ld1 9 addition to its /rip ( b>k1 h a portion ( ! cambium atta*$1 z unless ?is be pres5t to unite ) ! cambium ( ! /ock ! op]ation w fail4 ,! b>k ( ! /ock is cut into a ,t %ape1 op5$ ) ! end ( ! budd+ knife1 & ! bud slipp$ neatly 94 ,ba/ matt+ w s]ve = ty+1 until a junction takes place1 :i* is usually effect$ 9 five or six weeks4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,home ,,nurs]y3 ,,its ,,=mation ,,& ,,managem5t ,9 ! c\rse ( my exp]i5ce on l>ge e/ates :]e plant+ has be5 ext5sively engag$ 91 few ?+s h be5 m p>ticul>ly impress$ ^u me ?an ! importance ( hav+ a well-manag$ & well-/ock$ home nurs]y1 :]e ! propagat+ & rais+ ( trees & %rubs requir$ = =e/ & ornam5tal plant+ may be tak5 9 h&4 ,! num]\s advantages ( a home nurs]y1 especially :]e plant+ is ext5sively c>ri$ out1 are n[ s well kn[n & appreciat$ by e proprietor ( l>ge e/ates t comm5t on ?is subject seems almo/ unnecess>y4 ,:]e ornam5tal plant+1 ! =mation ( woods & plantations1 game cov]ts1 or h$g+ is p]=m$ on an ext5sive scale1 ! conv5i5ce ( a home nurs]y _c be ov]-valu$1 ! plants be+ at h& :5 want$1 ( ! size & 9 ! quantity requir$1 & kn[n to be well root$1 /urdy1 & free f disease4 ,! advantages 9 ^! cases are too well kn[n to require comm5t1 & plants1 m especially ^? ( a l>ge size1 s5t f ev5 a %ort di/ance by ei!r road or rail1 _c be expect$ to succe$ equally ) ^? rais$ & plant$ on ! same day4 ,! extra soil1 or ball1 ) :i* l>ge plants c be remov$ = a %ort di/ance is also mu* 9 _! fav\r1 b x is next to impossible to reta9 ?is :]e pack+ & transit h to be resort$ to4 ,x is well kn[n t too sudd5 a *ange f ri*1 well-%elt]$ nurs]y bord]s to b>e1 expos$ hillsides (t5 proves fatal to "y plants2 &1 :5 we consid] t few public nurs]ies are at a great] elevation ?an ab\t #ejj ft41 ! necessity ( proprietors re>+ _! own /ock1 ^: plantations are1 p]haps1 upw>ds ( #a1jjj ft4 above sea-level1 w ! m readily be se54 ,!re are c]ta9 difficulties to cont5d ) 9 plant+ high-ly+ gr\nd1 m especially if ! soil is poor & ?91 & ! situation expos$1 & 9 ^! cases ! advantage ( us+ h>dy plants t h frequ5tly be5 transplant$ 9 a well-*os5 home nurs]y at a fair altitude is v noticeable1 especially :5 contra/$ ) o!rs t h be5 gr[n "u m fav\rable circum/ances & 9 a %elt]$ position4 ,"s plants seem bett] adapt$ ?an o!rs = ?is removal1 b 9 ! majority ( cases ! %ock su/a9$ by transf]r+ f l[-ly+ gr\nd to t at a great elevation is only too app>5t1 & "o f :i* ! plants seldom recov]4 ,! same holds good 9 ! case ( seaside & t[n plant+4 ,( late ye>s 9 p>ticul>1 a good deal ( comm5t has tak5 place z to ! necessity ( re>+ trees f se$ s[n on ! site ( ! future plantation1 & al?\gh ! sugge/ion has _m po9ts 9 its fav\r1 /ill artificial plant+ is bett] adapt$ to ! wants ( our c\ntry1 & is n at all likely to be sup]s$$ by natural reproduction1 :i* is m fitt$ = c\ntries diff]5tly situat$ f our own4 ,! nurs]y treatm5t ( plants is1 !re=e1 sure to rema9 a prom95t feature ( ,briti% =e/ry1 & ?is be+ ! case1 ! soil & situation1 z well z ! mo/ successful treatm5t ( ^!1 ) a view to produc+ plants suitable = ! positions !y are int5d$ to occupy1 w require due consid]ation4 ,?is w v>y mu* accord+ to ! situation ( ! e/ate & gr\nd to be plant$4 ,9 *oos+ ! site ( a home nurs]y1 a great deal w dep5d on ! g5]al elevation & exposure ( ! e/ate4 ,! situation %\ld nei!r be too mu* expos$ nor yet too %elt]$1 & %\ld h a s\!rn or we/]n aspect2 =1 al?\gh too sudd5 a *ange f %elt]$ to expos$ gr\nd (t5 proves fatal to "y trees1 ?is %\ld n altoge!r =m a crit]ion = re>+ !m 9 situations unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( /rong1 heal?y plants4 ,! soil %\ld be good1 friable loam1 on an op51 por\s subsoil2 b ! quality ( gr\nd requir$ = diff]5t se$l+s is s div]sifi$ t x is next to impossible to suit all )9 ! small b\nds requir$ = a home nurs]y4 ,z wat] is indisp5sable :]e se$l+s are rais$1 z well z = num]\s o!r purposes 9 ! nurs]y1 x is well to h provision made = a cont9u\s supply1 ei!r by a /ream runn+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 or 9 close contiguity to x1 or by hav+ a pipe laid on f ! ma9 wat]-supply4 ,f six acres to t5 or ev5 fifte5 acres w be f\nd suffici5t nurs]y gr\nd = mo/ e/ates1 b x is always advisable to add a little m ?an is really requir$1 s t ! brakes may n be all "u =e/ trees at ! same "t1 b und]go1 :5 f\nd necess>y1 a c\rse ( gre5 crops1 :i* w n only enri*1 b clean1 ! gr\nd & leave x 9 good condition = replant+ ) se$l+ =e/ plants1 be>+ 9 m9d t f>my>d manure %\ld always be appli$ fir/ to ! gre5 crop1 & nev] directly to ! plants !mselves4 ,:5 a plot has become impov]i%$ by repeat$ cropp+s ( =e/ trees1 a heavy coat+ ( well-decompos$ f>my>d manure %\ld be appli$1 & ! gr\nd plant$ ) potatoes1 or s[n d[n ) turnips4 ,?is has an almo/ magical effect 9 improv+1 reg5]at+1 & clean+ ! gr\nd1 & leav+ x 9 ! be/ possible condition = receiv+ a crop ( =e/ plants4 ,l& int5d$ = nurs]y gr\nd %\ld be ?or\ghly tr5*$ to ! full dep? ( ! soil1 tak+ c>e1 at ! same "t1 t ! be/ soil is kept )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ! surface1 &1 :]e necess>y1 heavily manur$ or enri*$ by ! addition ( lime1 vegetable soil1 or loam z ! case may be4 ,9 lay+ out ! gr\nd into brakes x w be f\nd conv5i5t to h ^! ei!r squ>e or rectangul> 9 %ape &1 if possible1 p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,! brakes %\ld be ( diff]5t sizes1 & divid$ f ea* o!r by walks or h$ges1 b ! few] ( ! latt] ! bett]4 ,x is well = conv5i5ce sake to h a bord]1 say f #ab-ae ft4 wide1 runn+ ar\nd ! nurs]y1 :i* may be /ock$ ) su* trees & %rubs z are only limit$ 9 dem&4 ,a n>r[ bord] l ?is is ( great value1 too1 = plant+ out se$l+ /ock ( ! less common k9ds1 = ! ins]tion ( cutt+s ( ! r>] %rubs1 z well z = any odds & ends t may be collect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,nurs]y4 ,roadway1 #i ft4 wide2 ,pa?s1 #d ft4 wide2 ,bord]1 #ab ft4 wide4 ,! site *os5 = ! se$-b$s %\ld be naturally %elt]$1 or fail+ ?is1 su* artificial %elt] z is f\nd necess>y %\ld be provid$1 z exposure ( ! "y plants to cold1 cutt+ w9ds causes !m to become /unt$ & b>k-b\nd4 ,!re %\ld be a few cold frames = rais+ *oice se$s & cutt+s1 b1 z a rule1 ! less glass ! bett]4 ,9 /ock+ ! home nurs]y1 x is always pref]able to buy "y plants ( ! k9ds mo/ ne$$1 z also a few old] specim5s ( su* k9ds z x may be deem$ advisable to propagate f lay]s or by cutt+s4 ,se$l+s ( _m trees & %rubs c be procur$ f plantations on ! e/ate1 & :5 su* are gr[n on1 & c>efully transplant$ = two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s 9 ! nurs]y bord]s1 !y soon =m /\t1 bu%y1 & well-root$ specim5s ( ! greate/ value = =e/-plant+4 ,?is is a good & comp>atively inexp5sive way ( gett+ up a /ock ( _m trees & %rubs1 b p>ticul>ly su* z are reproduc$ pl5tifully 9 a wild /ate4 ,9 ! managem5t ( a home nurs]y ! am\nt ( c>e & att5tion requir$ is c]ta9ly great2 b any tr\ble1 z well z exp5se1 connect$ ) />t+ & keep+ x 9 good condition aft]w>ds w be amply repaid by ! increas$ value & sup]iority ( ! /ock obta9$4 ,9 ! work+ ( ! home nurs]y no h>d & fa/ l9es c be laid d[n1 ! nature ( ! season hav+ mu* to d ) ! "t at :i* ! v>i\s op]ations may be tak5 9 h&4 ,a wet spr+ ret>ds se$-s[+1 a damp summ] ! kill+-out ( we$s & clean+ ( ! gr\nd1 & e>ly autumn fro/s transplant+4 ,= ! v>i\s seasons ! nurs]y-"w might1 h[ev]1 be sket*$ z foll[s3-- ,spr+4--,by ,febru>y1 all tr5*+1 digg+1 manur+1 top-dress+1 & su*-l "w %\ld be complet$4 ,l>* & ?orn %\ld be plant$ at once1 z !y />t e>ly into gr[?1 foll[+ up ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( h>dwoods & p9es4 ,lay]s %\ld be plant$ out & trees = graft+ & budd+ made ready4 ,collect l>* & p9e cones1 & :5 q dry /ore away 9 a cool1 airy place1 until want$ = s[+4 ,dur+ ,m>* & ,april g5]al graft+ may be tak5 9 h&4 ,ornam5tal conif] may be prun$ & transplant$1 & t[>ds ! middle ( ,april plants f ! se$-b$s may safely be l9$ out 9 a %elt]$ "p ( ! nurs]y4 ,tree se$s ( all k9ds %\ld be collect$ z opportunity (f]s4 ,9 ,febru>y s[ yew1 holly & ?orn2 9 ,m>*1 bir*1 bee* & ald]2 9 ,april1 l>*1 silv] fir1 ,scot*1 ,au/rian & ,corsican p9es2 & se$s ( ! less h>dy conif] may be s[n 9 pans or boxes & plac$ 9 a cool frame4 ,g5]al nurs]y-"w %\ld be f9i%$ up by ! end ( ,april4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tools ,,requir$ ,,9 ,,nurs]y4 ,summ]4--,! keep+ d[n ( we$s1 wat]+ & %ad+ se$-b$s1 & turn+ ov] & mix+ ( compo/-heaps w be ! pr9cipal "w = ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june & ,july4 ,hollies %\ld be plant$ out 9 ,may1 & se$l+s ( ! same k9d l9$ out 9 ! nurs]y bord]s4 ,elm se$s may be collect$ z !y rip51 & "s ( ^! s[n 9 well-pulv]iz$ b$s 9 ,june4 ,autumn4--,we$s w /ill require att5tion1 p>ticul>ly 9 se$-b$s1 & among/ "y trees t h be5 rec5tly plant$ out4 ,g5]al transplant+ ( %rubs1 p>ticul>ly ev]gre5s1 may n[ g on1 & se$l+s be l9$ out4 ,cutt+s %\ld be ins]t$ 9 light s&y soil by ! middle ( ,augu/1 or :5 ! temp]ature ( ! e>? & air is mo/ ne>ly equal4 ,trim nurs]y f5ces1 cut grass1 clean walks & roads1 & att5d g5]ally to neatness & ord]4 ,look ov] ! brakes ( p9es1 & remove & burn su* z are attack$ by any ( ! v>i\s insect & fungus pe/s to :i* !y are liable4 ,! se$s ( a%1 hornbeam1 yew & ?orn %\ld be collect$ & plac$ 9 b>rels ) ab\t an equal bulk ( s&1 to ha/5 ! decomposition ( ! out] coat+4 ,w9t]4--,! e>ly w9t] mon?s w be a busy "t 9 ! nurs]y1 ! lift+ & dispat*+ ( trees = =e/-plant+ be+ "o ( ! pr9cipal op]ations--at lea/1 s long z ! wea!r rema9s mild & op54 ,z "t p]mits1 two & ?ree ye> old plants %\ld be l9$ out1 well-root$ cutt+s lift$ & transplant$1 & lay]s f old /ools c>efully cut away & plac$ 9 ! bord]s = a ye> or two be=e be+ f9ally plant$ out4 ,turn manure-heaps1 & add a small quantity ( fre% lime to ha/5 g5]al decomposition1 to sweet5 ! soil1 & deprive ! se$s ( we$s ( _! g]m9ative prop]ties4 ,sloe1 holly1 & simil> b]ries may be collect$ z !y rip51 & /or$ 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 horse *e/nut1 oak & hazel may be s[n 9 well-pulv]iz$ b$s ( good1 ri* soil4 ,a% & hornbeam are sometimes s[n 9 ,janu>y4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,=mation ,,( ,,plantations ,lay+ out ! ,b\nd>y4--,be=e comm5c+ actual plant+ op]ations sev]al prelim9>ies mu/ be att5d$ to4 ,^! w include 7#a7 lay+ out ! b\nd>y1 7#b7 cle>+ ! gr\nd ( r\gh-gr[+ vegetation1 7#c7 dra9age :]e necess>y1 7#d7 f5c+1 & 7#e7 lay+ out su* roads z may be necess>y = ! effici5t work+ ( ! plantation4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! trees1 = %elt] purposes1 & = ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! l&scape1 x w\ld be well 7 m att5tion paid to ! lay+ out ( ! sites = new plantations4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 !re is no *oice 9 ! matt]1 ! proprietor say+1 ,"h is a field t is ( no great value = agricultural purposes1 plant x up4 ,b 9 ! case ( hillside or moorl& plant+ ! matt] is usually diff]5t1 ! *oice ( gr\nd1 size ( plantation1 & me?od ( plant+ be+ left entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! =e/]4 ,_m consid]ations w t5d to det]m9e ! position ( b\nd>ies--b\nds ( prop]ty1 proximity to roads1 public pa?s1 & ! exi/5ce or future probabilities ( modes ( transit1 all be+ m or less significant factors4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 x is advisable to take into consid]ation :5 plant+ hillside or moorl&1 ! %elt] to be af=d$ to cultivat$ l& 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b a comb9ation ( ?is ) ! a=em5tion$ consid]ations w be all-important4 ,! =m ( ! outl9e mu/ also be laid out ) due reg>d to ! prevail+ w9d1 & %\ld always pres5t a convex side t[>ds x1 z x is obvi\s t on /rik+ su* a curve ! =ce ( ! w9d w\ld be divid$ & exp5d itself 9 two opposite directions1 !reby los+ mu* ( its de/ructive p[]4 ,bl5d+ "o curve ) ano!r %\ld be /rictly obs]v$1 & cont9u\s /raight l9es %\ld be avoid$1 n only = appe>ance sake1 b z x is well kn[n t ! mo/ de/ructive =ce ( ! w9d conc5trates on su* outl9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hillside ,,) ,,plant+ ,,arti/ically ,,arrang$ ,illu/ration3 ,,same ,,hillside ,,) ,,/iffly ,,arrang$ ,,plantation ,woodl& ,roads4--,^! are necess>y = access to ! wood :5 ?9n+1 ! removal ( timb] & firewood1 & = sport+ purposes4 ,!y %\ld ei!r be pegg$ out or =m$ be=e plant+ op]ations h be5 comm5c$1 & ne$ nei!r be ( an elaborate "* nor att5d$ ) great exp5se 9 con/ruction4 ,accord+ to ! area ( ! plantation1 s %\ld ! roads be arrang$1 & a consid]able sav+ is effect$ by lay+ out ! roads & leav+ !m unplant$4 ,usually !y are made #cj ft4 wide1 & only require to h ! surface equalis$ & any /agnant moi/ure remov$ by dra9age4 ,x is a good plan1 s z at all times to keep ! drives 9 a passable1 dry condition1 to cut a dit* along ea* side ( ! ride1 p>allel to x1 &1 say1 #ah 94 wide by #ae 94 deep4 ,! soil s remov$ w come 9 = fill+ up inequalities on ! road surface4 ,/eep roads %\ld be avoid$ by foll[+1 9 quickly slop+ woodl&s1 ! curve ( ! gr\nd41 ,= s[+ d[n woodl& drives1 bridle-pa?s1 etc41 ! foll[+ mixture ( grass se$s is to be recomm5d$3-- lbs4 ,timo?y grass1 h>d fescue1 tall fescue1 & mead[ foxtail1 #b lbs4 ea* #h ,smoo? /alk$ mead[ & r\gh cocksfoot1 #d lbs4 ea* #h ,r\gh /alk$ mead[ & sweet-sc5t$ v]nal1 #d lbs4 ea* #h ,wood mead[ grass #h -------- ,total #cb ,9 s[+ d[n gravelly or s&y rides1 ,i h f\nd ! ,lyme or s& grass--,elymus ar5>ius--& ! ,sea ,matwe$--,psamma ar5>ia--to answ] well1 ! se$s ( ea* be+ s[n 9 equal proportions4 ,be=e s[+ d[n woodl& rides ! soil %\ld be well consolidat$1 & all surface inequalities levell$4 ,f5c+4--,local circum/ances w (t5 det]m9e ! mode ( f5c+ new plantations4 ,:]e /ones are abundant ^! may be utiliz$ 9 ! =mation ( walls1 :ile 9 di/ricts :]e slate ab\nds excell5t f5ces ( ?is k9d may be erect$ at a *eap co/4 ,turf walls & dit*es are sometimes =m$ z plantation b\nd>ies1 b unless c>efully look$ aft] !y are r>ely v successful4 ,/one & turf walls are n[1 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by iron f5c+1 x be+ n only readily convey$ to any desir$ po9t1 b quickly erect$ & mod]ately *eap4 ,to recomm5d any p>ticul> sy/em ( wire f5c+ w\ld1 = v>i\s reasons1 be out ( place1 = among/ ! num]\s k9ds n[ (f]$ almo/ any desir$ patt]n c be obta9$4 ,9 any case ! f5ce ne$ n exce$ #c ft4 #f 94 9 height1 ) sev5-/r& wires1 two ,no4 #f & five ,no4 #g2 &1 z ?is is plac$ 9 position at s mu* p] mile by ! mak]s1 x is always well1 s z to avoid bad erection & keep d[n exp5se1 to h x s put up4 ,:]e an abundance ( l>* timb] is gr[+ on ! e/ate1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be unwise to employ iron1 b 9 ! majority ( cases x w be f\nd *eape/ 9 ! end to h ! f5ces erect$ :olly ( iron & wire4 ,! /ra9+-po/s %\ld be ( s\nd1 well-season$ l>* or oak1 & #g ft4 long by #f 94 squ>e1 or if r\nd #g 94 9 diamet]4 ,! int]m$iate po/s are usually ( l>*1 #e ft4 long by #c 941 by #c 941 or if r\nd1 n less ?an #c 94 diamet] at small end4 ,! /ra9+-po/s are plac$ 9 ! gr\nd at #aej y>ds ap>t1 ) an additional /rong po/ at e angle or curve t occurs 9 ! l9e ( f5ce4 ,! int]m$iate po/s are po9t$ & driv5 into ! gr\nd along ! l9e ( f5ce at #f ft4 ap>t4 ,9 ord] to make a f5ce pro( aga9/ ! inroads ( %eep & cattle n less ?an six wires %\ld be erect$1 & galvaniz$ /r& wire is pref]able4 ,! total height ( ! f5ce ne$ n exce$ #c ft4 #f 941 & ! top wires %\ld be plac$ f>!r ap>t ?an ^? l[] d[n4 ,9 tight5+ ! wires a /ra9+ ma*9e is usually employ$1 b brackets = ! same purpose are pref]able1 ^! be+ atta*$ to ! /ra9+-po/s4 ,!y are ( p>ticul> value1 z ! wire c be tight5$ or slack5$ at w4 ,! po/s %\ld be r\nd$ on ! top or sawn ) a slant1 s t ! ra9 may run (f4 ,dra9+ ! ,gr\nd4--,effici5t dra9age mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations 9 ! =mation ( a plantation4 ,e portion ( ! gr\nd may n1 probably1 require to be dra9$1 b :]e x is at all sur*>g$ ) moi/ure ! removal ( su* w be a /ep 9 ! "r direction if ! future welf>e ( ! trees is a po9t ( fir/ importance4 ,9 comm5c+ dra9+ ! position ( ! ma9 outlet mu/ fir/ be det]m9$1 & 9 do+ s e fall ( ! gr\nd %\ld be tak5 advantage (4 ,x is q impossible to lay d[n rules z to ! numb]1 sizes1 & di/ances ap>t ( ! v>i\s dra9s1 ^! be+ po9ts t c only be satisfactorily settl$ on ! spot1 & :5 ! nature ( ! soil1 lie ( ! gr\nd1 & am\nt ( ra9fall to be c>ri$ (f are det]m9$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 dra9s %\ld be f #b ft4 #f 94 to fully #c ft4 wide at ! top or surface1 f #aj 94 to #ab 94 wide at ! bottom1 & ab\t #c ft4 deep4 ,! m9or dra9s may be less 9 proportion to ! ma9s1 & are usually #b ft4 deep1 #b ft4 wide at top1 & ! wid? ( ! dra9+ spade at bottom4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd s w ! di/ances at :i* ! dra9s %\ld be cut v>y1 b 9 mo/ cases f #ae ft4 to #cj ft41 sometimes ev5 less1 & sometimes consid]ably m4 ,! m9or dra9s %\ld nev] run at "r angles to ! ma91 b at ab\t #de1 :i* w prev5t ! m\?s becom+ *ok$ up :5 !re is a ru% ( wat] 9 ! ma94 ,! soil remov$ f ! dra9s %\ld be ev5ly spread out ov] ! gr\nd-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tools ,,us$ ,,9 ,,dra9+ ,levell+4--,9 ! c>ry+ out ( dra9age op]ations 9 connexion ) ! =mation ( new plantations1 b p>ticul>ly :]e ! l& is ne>ly level1 "o ( ! mo/ necess>y implem5ts is ! _s-level or !odolite4 ,!re are _m o!r op]ations1 z well z 9 connexion ) dra9+1 :]e ! level & ! k ( its work+ are all-important = ! =e/]4 ,?us 9 ! =mation ( roads & pa?s1 levell+ ( gr\nd inequalities1 lake & pond =m+1 etc41 ! level w be f\nd an almo/ indisp5sable in/rum5t--9 fact1 x _c well be done )\t4 ,( levell+ in/rum5ts !re are v>i\s descriptions1 b ! simple/ ( any is ! ord9>y _s-level1 x be+ *eap1 easily c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! pocket1 & :5 erect$ on a tempor>y /aff w fall 9 ) mo/ requirem5ts 9 connexion ) g5]al =e/ "w4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #a7 w give a good idea ( ! simple in/rum5t4 ,:5 9 use ! _s-level is fix$ 9 a frame ( brass1 ! :ole be+ screw$ into a /aff or support1 e4 ,! brass screw1 d1 s]ves to adju/ ! level z requir$4 ,!re are two eyesights1 a & b1 ! latt] be+ a squ>e op5+1 ) a f9e hair wire cross+ x 9 ! middle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,_s-,,level4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,levell+4 ,! relative heights ( a s]ies ( po9ts are obta9$ by means ( _! v]tical di/ances f o!rs :i*1 on ! supposition ( ! e>? be+ a sph]e1 are equally di/ant f its c5tre1 & ^!1 :i* are call$ level-po9ts1 mu/ be f\nd by an in/rum5t con/ruct$ = ! purpose--_s-level1 !odolite1 etc4 ,g5]ally *oice is made ( any conv5i5t /ations1 a1 b1 c1 d1 on ! l9e ( op]ation 7see ,fig4 #b71 & ! di/ances betwe5 !m are det]m9$ by actual ad-measurem5t4 ,! in/rum5t is !n set up & adju/$ at1 or ne>1 ! middle ( ! int]val betwe5 e two su* po9ts 9 succession4 ,:5 ! level ?us plac$1 z at f1 has be5 r5d]$ horizontal by means ( ! adju/+ screw1 an assi/ant at ea* ( ! /ations a & b1 hold+ :at is call$ a /ation-/aff 9 a v]tical position1 moves an index along ! /aff1 up or d[n1 z dictat$ by ! obs]v] ( ! level1 till x co9cides ) ! int]sect+ wire z se5 9 ! eyesight or telescope4 ,! po9ts ?us det]m9$ on ! /ave are repres5t$ by e & g1 & ^! are t]m$ level-po9ts1 or po9ts equally di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e ! heights a1 e1 & b1 g1 be+ read on ! graduat$ /aves1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m w give ! relative heights ( ! gr\nd at a & b4 ,simil> processes are repeat$ ) respect to ! po9ts b & c1 & c & d1 ! in/rum5t be+ plac$ at i & m1 midway betwe5 !m4 ,usually ! heights b g1 c l & d n are ins]t$ 9 a column head$ 8,=esights10 & ! heights a e1 b h1 c k & d n 9 a collat]al column head$ 8,backsights40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sums ( ! numb]s 9 ^! two columns w be equal to ! height ( "o extremity 7a7 ( ! l9e1 above ! o!r 7d74 ,:5 a numb] ( levels h to be tak5 9 succession1 x w be f\nd a sav+ ( "t to use ! surveyor's level or !odolite in/ead ( ! ord9>y _s-level illu/rat$4 ,) reg>d to ! use ( ! in/rum5t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 x may be necess>y to /ate t ! height ( ! eyesight b f ! gr\nd mu/ be d$uct$ f ! po9t obs]v$4 ,z an example3 if ! object-pole or /aff be m>k$ 9 feet or in*es1 & ! hair wire 9 tak+ a sight /rike ! same at1 say1 #h ft41 !n1 if ! eyesight be #d ft4 f ! gr\nd1 ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! two /ations 7in/rum5t & /ation7 w be #d ft41 t is1 !re w be #d ft4 ( a fall f ! _s-level /ation to t ( ! /ation :]e ! /aff 0 plac$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %\ld ! hair wire /rike ! object-pole at1 say1 #b ft4 f ! gr\nd1 ^! #b ft4 mu/ be d$uct$ f ! height ( ! eyesight1 :i*1 z we h said1 0 #d ft41 !n ! gr\nd at ! /ation-pole mu/ be #b ft4 high] ?an t at ! _s-level4 ,cle>+ ! ,gr\nd4--,co>se-gr[+ h]bage1 :i* (t5 includes hea?1 gorse1 & r\gh grasses1 t w\ld int]f]e ) plant+ op]ations1 %\ld be remov$1 b n indiscrim9ately1 z x may prove ( ine/imable value "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,on expos$ & high-ly+ gr\nd1 ! hea? & grasses w prove ( great advantage to ! "y trees1 & usually !y are n too luxuriant or apt to cause damage at high altitudes4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! gr[? ( su* %rubs or grasses w\ld be detrim5tal to ! "y trees1 by all means h !m remov$4 ,! be/ way is ei!r to cut !m ov] or grub out by ! root1 & burn on ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ a cont9uance ( dry wea!r x may be possible to burn )\t ei!r cutt+ or uproot+1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 removal ( ! roots is to be enc\rag$4 ,pitt+4--,! advantages ( pitt+ ov] any me?od ( plant+ _c be que/ion$1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) gr\nd t has hi!rto be5 uncultivat$4 ,comp>$ ) not* plant+1 ?is sy/em is1 no d\bt1 m exp5sive1 b t ! future b5efits to ! plants are greatly enhanc$ is admitt$ by all practical arboriculturi/s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be inf]r$ t1 ?\gh pitt+ is pref]able1 not*+ is to be ab&on$1 = !re are _m precipit\s1 rocky places :]e x w\ld be ! only practice feasible1 & plants s ins]t$ h (t5 succe$$ admirably4 ,! pits %\ld 9 all cases be op5$ = "s "t be=e plant+--inde$1 9 unfav\rable soils & situations1 x is a good practice to h su* "w p]=m$ 9 autumn & ! plants ins]t$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,by s do+1 ! e>? t has be5 remov$ f ! pits w lie fully expos$ to ! mell[+ influ5ces ( fro/ & sun%9e1 s t :5 ! "t = replac+ x comes r\nd1 x w be 9 ! be/ possible condition = apply+ to ! roots ( ! "y trees4 ,! pits 9 uncultivat$ l&s %\ld be made circul>1 ab\t #ah 94 9 diamet] & fully #ab 94 deep1 & ! sides & bottom well loos5$ up ) a pick4 ,9 loose or rec5tly cultivat$ soil ! pits may be mu* small]4 ,take (f ! surface turf 9 halves1 plac+ ^! on "o side ( ! pit1 & ! soil on ! o!r1 = ease & conv5i5ce 9 plant+4 ,:5 ! gr\nd slopes quickly ! soil remov$ f ! pits %\ld1 s z to facilitate quick replac+1 be deposit$ on ! high] side4 ,plant+4--,?is may be successfully c>ri$ out dur+ all op5 wea!r f ab\t ! end ( ,septemb] to ! beg9n+ ( ,april1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 autumn plant+ is to be recomm5d$4 ,!re are sev]al exceptions h[ev]3 su* z :5 we h to deal ) peat bog1 wat]-logg$ soil1 expos$ hillsides1 or l& by ! sea-coa/4 ,:]e ! newly-ins]t$ plants h to cope ) prolong$ /orms1 su* z we get on hillsides or by ! sea1 or cont5d ) v uncong5ial soils1 x is always a wise policy to def] plant+ until spr+1 or j :5 ! trees are ab\t to make a />t to gr[?1 z !y1 ) _! fre%ness & vig\r undim9i%$ by ! *ange f ! nurs]y bord] to ! m try+ surr\nd+s j ref]r$ to1 are m likely to take hold at once & succe$4 ,! batt]+ & sway+ t autumn plant$ trees receive :5 expos$ to ! hurricanes ( our hillsides or seaside sites s enfeeble !m t1 9 spr+1 :5 gr[? %\ld comm5ce1 ! majority w be f\nd to be 9 a v unsatisfactory /ate1 :]eas1 by ins]t+ 9 spr+1 :5 gr[? w soon be at its full activity1 ! *ances ( succe$+ are greatly enhanc$4 ,9 peat bog ! antiseptic prop]ties ( ! soil act dang]\sly on ! roots ( "y trees if all[$ to rema9 !re9 = "s "t be=e active gr[? has comm5c$4 ,h[ev]1 ) ! exceptions cit$1 tree plant+ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isles g5]ally %\ld be tak5 9 h& z soon z ! leaves ( ! h>dwood species h fall51 :i* usually takes place ab\t ! second or ?ird week ( ,octob]1 mu* dep5d+ on ! p>ticul> season4 ,lift ! plants v c>efully f ! nurs]y brakes1 & d n1 on any acc\nt1 tol]ate ! too-(t5-enact$ practice ( te>+ ! trees f ! gr\nd1 & be=e !y h be5 prop]ly loos5$ on bo? sides ( ! l9es ) a =k4 ,to lift nurs]y /ock prop]ly--& ! extra exp5se incurr$ 9 s do+ is money well sp5t--a tr5* %\ld be ?r[n out along ea* side ( ! l9e & ! soil und]m9$ f b5ea? ! roots1 s t ! plants c be lift$ )\t te>+ or /ra9+ ! t5d] rootlets4 ,x is n important1 if ! plants are ins]t$ soon aft] be+ lift$1 t soil %\ld accompany ea*1 ! roots be+ pl5tiful & unmutilat$ mak+ up = ! want ( ?is4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! plants h n to be convey$ f> f ! home nurs]y to ! plantation !re is no ne$ to remove mu* ( ! soil1 = if left intact ! "y tree is f> m likely to />t away freely into gr[? ?an if ?is 0 %ak5 clean (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tools ,,us$ ,,9 ,,plant+ ,imm$iate plant+ aft] be+ lift$ is to be /rongly recomm5d$1 ! evil ( all[+ plants to lie ab\t expos$ to w9d & wea!r be+ well kn[n4 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 n be conv5i5t to plant at once1 ! nurs]y-/ock %\ld be /ood closely toge!r1 & "s damp /raw1 leaves1 or soil heap$ ar\nd ! roots ( ! out] or expos$ specim5s 9 ! lot4 ,9 any case1 ! roots mu/ nev] be all[$ to become dry & p>*$1 or be subject$ to fro/y w9ds1 z ^! act mo/ p]nici\sly1 & soon de/roy ! t5d] fibres & r5d] !m almo/ useless = ! purpose int5d$4 ,9 plant+1 spread ! roots to _! full ext5t 9 ! pits1 avoid+ all cramp+ & b5d+1 plac+ ! l>ge/ to ! mo/ expos$ side1 & cov] ) e>?1 ! f9e/ soil be+ plac$ next ! roots1 & ! r\gh] & grassy on ! top4 ,plac+ ! turf 9 ! bottom ( ! pit1 cutt+ x well up ) ! spade1 putt+ a little e>? on ! top ( ?is1 & !n plant+ ! trees1 has its advantages1 ! rott+ turf act+ z manure by ! "t ! roots h got d[n to x4 ,slit or ,not* ,plant+4--,?is is done by simply cutt+ ! sod or surface by two /rokes ( ! spade1 & to ! dep? ( ab\t #e 943 ?us ,l or ,t4 ,) ! fir/ /roke ! spade is ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 an almo/ p]p5dicul> mann]2 x is !n )drawn & ins]t$ at "r angles to ! fir/ not* & at ! end ( x1 & by press+ d[n ! h&le ( ! spade ! turf is op5$ up1 ! plant be+ ins]t$ f ! blade ( ! spade t[>ds ! fur!r end2 ! spade is !n c>efully )drawn & ! turf trampl$ s z to cause ! not*es to close completely4 ,?is latt] %\ld be /rictly att5d$ to1 z %\ld ! not* be left p>tially op51 ! plant w suff] f ! admission ( an undue quantity ( air4 ,! op]ation requires two p]sons--a man to op5 ! not*1 & a boy to ins]t ! plant4 ,x is *iefly employ$ 9 b>e & hilly gr\nd1 & l>ge tracts ( gr\nd 9 ,scotl& h be5 v successfully op]at$ ^u 9 ?is way4 ,) ! not* sy/em !re are advantages & disadvantages4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we h r$uc$ co/1 exp$ition1 & firm ins]tion2 :il/ 9 ! second small plants only c be us$1 ! soil rema9s unbrok51 & ! root sy/em pres5ts an unnatural position4 ,! plants us$ ) ! not* sy/em %\ld n exce$ #i 94 9 height4 ,! ,plant+-iron has be5 f\nd ( great value = ins]t+ small =e/ trees 9 rocky gr\nd1 :]e x w\ld be almo/ impossible to d s 9 any o!r way4 ,x is #ag 94 long1 weighs #c lbs41 & c be conv5i5tly us$ ) "o h&4 ,hold+ ! 8iron0 slackly1 ! plant] /rikes x into ! gr\nd ) a =ce suffici5t to drive ! %>p1 he>t-po9t$ blade 9 ab\t #c 94 or #d 94 ,by press+ x d[n & t[>ds ! plant]1 ) a slight twi/ to ! "r1 ! left corn] ( ! turf is op5$ up1 ! plant be+ c>efully ins]t$ ) all ! roots b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,! iron is !n )drawn1 & ! loos5$ turf made firm by tramp+4 ,only a small plant %\ld be ins]t$ ) ! plant+-iron1 & great c>e tak5 to insure ! soil & turf be+ firmly press$ ar\nd ! /em ( ! "y tree4 ,plant+ ,trees too deep4--,fully #ej p] c5t4 ( ! dea?s among/ newly-plant$ trees may be directly attribut$ to ! p]nici\s practice ( too deep plant+4 ,cases come be=e u frequ5tly :]e1 ow+ to bury+ ! roots ( ! trees & %rubs at too great a dep? 9 ! soil1 !y h ei!r di$ out or gradually become unheal?y ow+ to /rangulation & want ( air4 ,x is a mi/ak5 idea t by plac+ ! roots at an excessive dep? 9 ! soil ! "y tree w be bett] enabl$ to )/& w9d1 & s rema9 9 an erect position4 ,mo/ workm5 q ignore ! orig9al m>k on ! tree /em z to ! dep? x /ood :il/ 9 ! nurs]y1 & g to an opposite extreme by cov]+ up bo? root & /em to an unnecess>y dep?4 ,l>ge trees suff] q z mu* f be+ plant$ too deep z ^? ( small] gr[?4 ,q rec5tly we 7 ask$ to look at a l>ge numb] ( lime trees ab\t #af ft4 9 height t _h be5 plant$ = sev]al ye>s )\t a sign ( upw>d gr[?4 ,! reason = ?is 0 n h>d to discov]1 = on une>?+ "o ( ! trees x 0 f\nd t ! roots 7 cov]$ ) fully #b ft4 9 dep? ( soil4 ,! trees 9 "q _h nev] budg$ an in*1 & 7 f ye> to ye> gradually on ! decl9e ow+ to ! ru9\s practice ( too deep plant+4 ,no bett] guide z to ! dep? at :i* a tree %\ld be plant$ c be _h ?an ! di/9ct m>k on ! /em %[+ ! dep? at :i* x /ood :il/ "u nurs]y managem5t4 ,9 ord] to keep newly-plant$ trees f be+ damag$ by rock+ ) ! w9d1 & to pres]ve !m 9 an upright position1 firm trampl+ is all t is requir$4 ,9 v expos$ situations x may sometimes be f\nd necess>y to place a small piece ( turf aga9/ ! /em on ! opposite side f :i* x is lean+1 & to make ?is firm by means ( ! foot4 ,/ak+1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( small transplants1 is nev] necess>y1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( l>g] trees & :]e ! situation is expos$1 light poles ?ru/ into ! gr\nd to :i* ! /ems are made fa/ may be f\nd necess>y4 ,( c\rse1 x is a mi/ake to all[ trees to rock ab\t 9 ! w9d to su* an ext5t t ! roots become /ra9$ & b>k$1 & holes work$ ar\nd ! /ems1 b ?is c readily be prev5t$ by p]iodical exam9ations ( ! newly-plant$ trees4 ,/ones %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 ! holes ref]r$ to1 z !y damage ! roots1 a piece ( /iff turf or heavy soil be+ f> pref]able4 ,) a l>ge exp]i5ce ( tree plant+ ,i f9d t ! g5]al t5d5cy is to plant too deep--an evil t x is hop$ ^! notes w be ! means ( rem$y+1 9 "s cases at lea/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,trees ,,= ,,economic ,,plant+ ,f a comm]cial po9t ( view ! be/ trees to plant are su* z w produce ! l>ge/ volume ( ! mo/ valuable timb] 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t4 ,among/ ! sev]al hundr$ species ( trees t are cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry x is a rem>kable fact t less ?an tw5ty c be recomm5d$ = pr(itable plant+4 ,( c\rse _m o!rs are valuable z %ade & %elt] produc]s1 b f a /rictly economic po9t ( view1 t is to say :]e ! value ( ! timb] is a po9t ( fir/ consid]ation1 only ab\t t5 h>d-wood$ & eight conif]\s species c be includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,among/ h>dwoods we h ! oak1 a%1 bee*1 sycamore1 elm1 ,spani% *e/nut1 will[1 popl>1 ald] & bir*2 :ile conif]\s trees w\ld include ! l>*1 ,scot* & ,corsican p9es1 common & ,sitka spruce1 silv] & ,d\glas firs1 & possibly ! giant ,arborvit & ,weym\? p9e4 ,! ,oak4--,?an ! timb] ( ! oak none o!r produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry is m la/+ or valuable--inde$1 9 few o!r trees are ! qualities ( /r5g? & durability1 h>dness & ela/icity comb9$ to su* an ext5t4 ,z might be expect$1 h[ev]1 ! value ( oak timb] is greatly influ5c$ by soil1 t produc$ on deep1 heavy loam or clay l&s be+ ( sup]ior quality4 ,! col\r ( ! wood also v>ies greatly ) age f a d>k grey to a deep ri* br[n & ev5 gre54 ,br[n oak1 :i* is almo/ conf9$ to ! ,midl& c\nties ( ,engl&1 is consid]$ to be wood 9 ! fir/ /age ( decay1 & attack$ by a fungus1 & is g5]ally associat$ ) trees t are long pa/ _! prime & ^: l>g] limbs h become holl[$ & unheal?y4 ,! f9e/ examples ,i h se5 ( br[n oak 7 produc$ at ,amp?ill 9 ,b$=d%ire1 & on ! ,welbeck ,e/ate 9 ,notts4 ,! beautiful vivid gre5 col\r assum$ by oak timb] "u c]ta9 conditions is due to ! action ( ! fungus ,peziza rug9osa4 ,z ?is col\r+ matt] 9 ! timb] is q p]man5t & _c be de/roy$1 wood s affect$ is eag]ly b\ght up by ! mak]s ( fancy furniture4 ,unheal?y or dead trees 9 damp %ady positions are mo/ (t5 attack$ by ! fungus1 & we h kn[n timb] ( ! oak :5 left ly+ ab\t 9 ! woodl&s to assume ?is col\r4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city & value ( gre5 oak timb] exp]im5ts h be5 und]tak5 to produce ! col\r+ by artificial means1 b z f> z we are aw>e ! results 7 n satisfactory4 ,! be/ examples ( gre5 oak timb] t we h se5 7 produc$ 9 ,k5t1 & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&4 ,! ,a%4--,:5 view$ 9 a purely economic s5se ! a% mu/1 next to ! oak1 be consid]$ z our mo/ valuable =e/ tree4 ,! massive1 deeply flut$1 or cyl9drical trunk1 ! weighty swell+ bran*es1 & ! usually p5dant masses ( ! fre%e/ pea-gre5 foliage1 all comb9e to r5d] ?is tree "o ( ! mo/ maje/ic = ornam5tal plant+1 b p>ticul>ly s :5 associat$ ) o!rs t are ( a d>k] %ade ( gre54 ,! a% is indig5\s to ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 :ile ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isles x is widely disp]s$4 ,x ?rives tol]ably well 9 mo/ soils & situations1 b ! f9e/ timb] is produc$ 9 fairly %elt]$ sites1 & :]e ! soil is ri* & op5 or freely int]sp]s$ ) loose rock or /ones4 ,9 ord] to produce clean1 spr+y timb]1 su* z is 9 reque/ = ! mak+ ( tool-h&les1 a]oplanes & agricultural implem5ts1 ! a% %\ld be plant$ ?ickly 9 ord] to induce /raight /ems t are = ! great] "p de/itute ( bran*es4 ,= black1 peaty soils1 or t ( a dampi%1 loamy "* ! sapl+ a% is peculi>ly suit$1 9 :i*1 aft] be+ cut ov]1 x w reproduce itself freely4 ,at f ?irty to =ty ye>s' gr[? ! a% is mo/ valuable = h&le wood & = agricultural implem5ts4 ,! timb] is h>d1 heavy1 & flexible1 & ?\gh rapidly gr[n x is t\gh & ela/ic above t ( any o!r tree gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 h5ce its univ]sal employm5t = ma*9]y & o!r special purposes :]e great /r5g?1 comb9$ ) yield+ p[]s1 are po9ts ( fir/ consid]ation4 ,few timb]s become useful at su* an e>ly age z does ! a%4 ,at f f\r to six ye>s' gr[? x is fit = walk+ /icks1 = spade h&les at t5 ye>s1 :ile aft] t age ! uses to :i* x is appli$ are v num]\s & div]se4 ,= ! c>twright1 ! agricultural implem5t mak]1 c>p5t]1 coop] & turn]1 x is ( special value4 ,no timb] has be5 f\nd to equal x = ! mak+ ( o>s1 pulleys1 blocks1 ladd]s1 hoops1 & crates4 ,ow+ to its saw+ )\t spl9t]+ x is us$ = milkpails1 kit*5 tables1 /aircases1 & simil> purposes1 :ile :5 ( l>ge size x is greatly 9 dem& = furniture mak+4 ,= smok+ h]r+s a% wood has a c]ta9 local dem&4 ,pota% is procur$ f ! a%es ( ! bran*es1 & ! b>k has a special value 9 ! tann+ ( nets4 ,! ,bee*4--,= pr(itable plant+ ! bee* is "o ( our mo/ valuable trees1 :ile x has ! extra recomm5dations t x gr[s rapidly1 succe$s well 9 ! %ade1 & reproduces itself freely4 ,! f9e/ bee* timb] is produc$ on *alky or deep s&y soils1 ! =m] be+ pref]able z may be in/anc$ by ! comp>atively high price obta9$ = t gr[n on ! ,*ilt]n ,hills & *alky =mations ( p>ts ( ,k5t & ,h]ts4 ,! gr[? ( ! bee* is rapid & x atta9s its prime at f sixty to sev5ty ye>s1 aft] :i* age ! timb] (t5 becomes black at ! he>t & accompani$ by rott5ness & %akes :i* r5d] x almo/ useless = con/ructive purposes4 ,x is bett] suit$ = indoor ?an outdoor use & is ext5sively us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ,w9dsor *airs1 = millwright & eng9e]+ purposes1 = ! h&les ( c>p5t]s' tools1 = bobb9s &1 :5 clean & ( l>ge size1 = ! cal5d> ma*9es ( clo? manufactures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&>d ,,bee* ,,tree ,gr[+ on comp>atively poor soils :]e o!r species w n produce pr(itable timb] ! bee* is p>ticul>ly valuable on acc\nt ( its reproduc+ itself freely f se$ & )/&+ a great] am\nt ( %ade ?an p]haps any o!r species4 ,x associates well ) ! oak "u cultivation4 ,! ,sycamore = pr(itable plant+ c be recomm5d$ ow+ to ! high price :i* c be obta9$ = timb] ( l>ge size1 ?\gh ev5 :5 ( ?irty ye>s' gr[? x f9ds a ready m>ket = bobb9 mak+ & o!r turn]y purposes4 ,! mo/ suitable soil = ! sycamore is a dry s&y loam or ev5 deep s&4 ,! tree is peculi>ly suitable = plant+ 9 expos$ or seaside situations & also = /&+ alone z a field or h$g][ tree4 ,! timb] is :ite1 smoo? & free f gra94 ,x is us$ = curta9 r+s1 *urns1 butt] pr9ts1 backs ( viol9s1 f\nd]s' patt]ns1 cutt+ bo>ds1 & 9 ! mak+ ( wood5 vessels & furniture4 ,= cal5d> ma*9es x is especially valuable4 ,! ,sweet or ,spani% ,*e/nut is l>gely cultivat$ = ! value ( ! timb] x produces4 ,x ?rives be/ on deep gravelly soil or on granite or s&/one ) a dry subsoil1 & ) a s\!rn or we/]n exposure4 ,! timb] is ( excell5t quality & la/s well ei!r 9 wat] or above or bel[ gr\nd4 ,x is (t5 sub/itut$ = t ( ! oak1 & is ext5sively employ$ = mill timb]1 bridges1 f5c+ ( all k9ds1 po/s1 /akes1 casks1 & = hop poles4 ,! ,spani% ,*e/nut is a tree ( rapid gr[? & :5 ! timb] is ( fair size x f9ds a ready m>ket1 ?\gh at a l[] figure ?an t ( ! oak4 ,un=tunately ! timb] produc$ on c]ta9 soils & situations is mu* r$uc$ 9 value ow+ to cup %ake4 ,elm1 bo? ,engli% & ,scot*1 are ext5sively plant$ = ! value ( timb] produc$4 ,! timb] ( ! ,engli% elm is ( a ri* br[n col\r1 h>d1 t\gh & usually twi/$ 9 ! gra94 ,ow+ to ! /r5g? ( its lat]al fibre ! timb] is mu* 9 reque/ = mak+ blocks = %ip's rigg+s1 :ile x furni%es naves = :eels1 c(f9 bo>ds1 furniture1 pumps1 piles1 & is employ$ l>gely by ! :eelwright4 ,= us+ "u wat] x is ! be/ wood cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! wood ( ! ,scot* or ,wy* elm is consid]$ to be m valuable ?an t ( ! ,engli% species1 & is us$ = simil> purposes & also z a sub/itute = a%4 ,x is v liable to become rott5 at ! core4 ,! ,ald] & its ,uses4--,:e!r view$ f a /rictly comm]cial /&po9t1 = its ju/ly recogniz$ capacity = ?riv+ luxuriantly :]e few o!r trees c\ld exi/1 or = its ornam5tal qualities1 ! common ald] w be f\nd to rank high among ,briti% =e/ trees4 ,x usually atta9s to a height ( f #ej ft4 to #fj ft41 ) a /\t1 well bran*$ trunk t is m or less gn>l$ & flut$4 ,! bran*es h an upw>d incl9ation1 & are well clo!d ) r\ndly w$ge-%ap$ leaves t are ( a deep1 d>k gre5 col\r4 ,) age ! b>k usually assumes a d>k br[n1 or almo/ black1 col\r4 ,! ald] is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 & f ,asia to ,japan4 ,= plant+ 9 wet1 ev5 swampy1 situations1 :]e only a v limit$ numb] ( trees c\ld eke out an exi/5ce1 ! ald] is ( p>ticul> value1 & x is 9 su* situations t x atta9s to ! l>ge/ size & produces ! greate/ quantity ( timb]4 ,ev5 9 situations :]e ! popl> & will[ f9d a difficulty 9 battl+ ) ! excessive & /agnant moi/ure ! ald] ?rives luxuriantly & reproduces itself freely f se$4 ,z an ornam5tal tree ! ald] is n mu* 9 reque/1 al?\gh ! /ately habit & ample deep-gre5 foliage r5d] x ( value 9 t respect4 ,! f9e old specim5s by ! riv] & /ream sides at ,e%] ,place 9 ,surrey1 h a beauty t is q _! own1 & x is 9 su* tranquil situations t ! tree is se5 to p]fection--! beauty ( =m & picturesque appe>ance caus+ x to be unrivall$ 9 riv] & lake sc5]y4 ,! tree is readily propagat$ & comp>atively *eap 9 consequ5ce1 gr[s rapidly aft] becom+ e/abli%$1 & is n subject to disease or premature decay4 ,?\gh s(t1 ! timb] ( ! ald] is 9 mu* reque/1 & 9 consequ5ce num]\s wants are suppli$ by x4 ,x is v durable "u wat]1 & = ?is reason is l>gely employ$ = piles1 bridge f\ndations1 wat] pipes1 & = l9+ ! banks ( rapid runn+ /reams & riv]s4 ,! celebrat$ bridge ( ! ,rialto1 at ,v5ice1 01 accord+ to ,evelyn1 built on piles ( ald] wood1 :ile ! city ( ,rav5na 0 /at$ to h likewise be5 built on piles ( ! same wood4 ,= h]r+ b>rel /aves ! wood is also 9 reque/1 z x is = mill bobb9s & turn]y "w4 ,9 cab9et "w & = *eap furniture ald] wood is l>gely us$1 :ile z x does n readily split1 bo>ds = ! bottoms ( c>ts & :eelb>r[s are frequ5tly made ( ! same wood4 ,! beautiful pale p9k col\r :i* ! timb] p]man5tly reta9s causes knotty planks to be 9 great dem& = v5e]+ purposes4 ,9 ,wales1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,midl& c\nties1 l>ge quantities ( ald] timb] are consum$ 9 ! mak+ ( clog soles1 :i*1 aft] be+ r\ghly =m$ 9 ! woodl&s :]e ! trees h be5 fell$1 are s5t by rail to sev]al ( ! ,lanca%ire t[ns to be f9i%$ (f4 ,?r\gh\t ,irel&--*iefly ! nor?--l>ge numb]s ( clog soles1 made ( ald]1 are annually employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *eap boots2 inde$1 9 _m p>ts ! mak+ ( clogs is q an indu/ry4 ,! b>k ( ! ald] is us$ 9 tann+ lea!r1 ?\gh 9 mu* small] quantities at pres5t ?an 0 ! case half a c5tury ago1 :5 oak b>k fet*$ z mu* z #aj a ton1 & :5 none ( ! *emicals t are n[ s commonly employ$ 7 (f]$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,excell5t gunp[d] is made ( ! wood1 said to be second only 9 quality to t prep>$ f ! dogwood4 ,! "y %oots1 accord+ to ! peculi> way 9 :i* !y are prep>$1 are employ$ 9 dye+ r$1 br[n1 yell[1 & black4 ,ald] is g5]ally 9 good dem& at all /ages ( its gr[?1 & is seldom gr[n to v l>ge dim5sions4 ,= ! clogg]1 turn]1 or *>coal burn] x is ( greate/ value up to ab\t ?irty ye>s' gr[?1 :ile by cutt+ x ov] at t age a second crop spr+s rapidly f ! /ools4 ,! ,bir*4--,x is h>dly necess>y to speak ( ! h>d9ess ( ! bir*1 = no o!r native tree1 n ev5 ! ,scot* p9e1 asc5ds to su* elevations 9 ,brita94 ,! high] ! tree asc5ds ! m %rub-l x becomes1 until on v expos$ rocky sites at great altitudes x h>dly exce$s a y>d 9 height4 ,z reg>ds soil1 ! bir* is by no means p>ticul>1 = we f9d x succe$+ well ev5 on t ( a poor rocky or gravelly "*4 ,! l>ge/ individual specim5s always1 h[ev]1 occur at n too high an altitude1 & on soil ( a light1 loamy nature1 an abundance ( moi/ure be+ /ill fur!r fav\rable to quick developm5t4 ,= plant+ on expos$ gr\nd = %elt]-giv+ purposes1 b p>ticul>ly :]e ! soil is ?9 & poor1 ! bir* is a mo/ valuable tree4 ,its gr[? is fairly rapid1 & x does n suff] to any appreciable ext5t ei!r f insect or fungoid attacks4 ,z a coppice tree x is also valuable4 ,! timb] ( ! bir*1 ?\gh ( little value = g5]al e/ate purposes1 is l>gely employ$ 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,x is mu* us$ = ?read bobb9s1 turn]y "w1 %oe pegs1 hoops1 & fi% b>rels1 :ile x makes excell5t firewood1 & yields sup]ior *>coal = smelt+ purposes4 ,9 ,wales l>ge quantities ( bir* wood are cut into clog soles1 :ile ! sabots us$ by ! ,fr5* peasantry are also made ( t wood4 ,:5 ( l>ge size & good figure1 furniture & v5e]s are made ( ! wood1 & on ! ,cont95t felloes = c>riage :eels4 ,brooms & swit*es are made ( ! small] bran*es or sprays1 :ile ! b>k is us$ = tann+1 & an oil express$ f x is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! well-kn[n & fragrant ,russian lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/em ,,( ,,! ,,true 8,,cricket ,,bat0 ,,will[ 7,salix crulea7 ,! ,:ite or ,hunt+don ,will[ 7,salix alba74--,:e!r = ornam5t or utility ! ,:ite or ,hunt+don ,will[ mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( our mo/ valuable trees4 ,! timb] sells readily at all prices up to #ajs4 p] cubic foot1 & :5 x is consid]$ t ! tree w succe$ 9 dampi% gr\nd :]e mo/ o!r species decl9e to gr[1 & t x is ( rapid gr[?1 atta9+ maturity 9 less ?an =ty ye>s1 its value 9 economic plant+ w be recogniz$4 ,at ! outset x may be well to po9t out t ! wood ( ! p>ticul> will[ f :i* ! be/ class ( cricket bats are manufactur$ sells at a high] rate ?an any o!r timb] t is cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( will[s f\nd gr[+ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isles1 b "o alone produces ! p>ticul> class ( wood f :i* fir/-class bats are turn$ out4 ,until q lately ! timb] ( ! ,:ite or ,hunt+don ,will[ 7,salix alba7 0 l>gely us$ 9 ! mak+ ( cricket bats1 b x has be5 f\nd t a cross betwe5 t species & ! crack will[ 7,s4 fragilis71 & nam$ ,s4 crulea1 produces by f> ! be/ wood = ! manufacture ( high-grade cricket bats4 ,9 ! trade ! 8,cricket ,bat ,will[10 z x is n[ kn[n ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 is popul>ly designat$ z ! close-b>k$ will[ 9 ord] to readily di/+ui% x f ! op5-b>k$ or crack will[4 ,confusion g5]ally exi/s 9 det]m9+ ! v>i\s =ms ( will[1 b 9 ,s4 crulea ! bran*es incl9e upw>ds2 inde$1 ! tree has a semi-fa/igiate =m ( gr[?1 & ! bran*es also h an upw>d t5d5cy4 ,! b>k is a d>k grey1 ) long1 /raight1 n>r[ fissures closely arrang$ & f :i* ! t]m 8close-b>k$0 is d]iv$4 ,! leaves are ( a blui% t9t or cov]$ ) blui%-grey hairs b5ea? & long & n>r[ 9 %ape1 :ile an un]r+ po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! hybrid & o!r will[s is t ! tree produces only female fl[]s4 ,x may be well to m5tion 9 connexion ) ! crack will[ t ! b>k fissures are f> m rugg$ & plac$ f>!r ap>t ?an is ! case ) ! true cricket bat will[1 ,s4 crulea4 ,! great importance ( recogniz+ & gr[+ = purely economic purposes ! true v>iety w be app>5t :5 x is m5tion$ t mak]s ( cricket bats w h no?+ to d ) any b ! true 8close-b>k$0 tree1 & ! ,engli% bat-mak] is ke5 to recognize ! *>act]i/ics ( ! timb] he requires1 & w n /ick at pay+ exorbitant prices = trees ( ! "r k9d4 ,z %[+ ! value 9 ,engl& ( ! timb] ( ! true bat-mak+ will[1 x might be m5tion$ t 9 _m in/ances t h come "u my notice z mu* z #afs4 p] cubit ft41 or six times ! price ( ! be/ oak1 has be5 paid = trees ( ! true ,s4 crulea4 ,a s+le tree gr[+ 9 ,london lately sold at #aj1 & 9 ,h]t=d%ire elev5 trees fet*$ ! h&some sum ( #ha1 :ile #bj 0 refus$ = f\r trees gr[+ 9 a wood 9 ,essex4 ,su* prices are1 h[ev]1 exceptional1 ?\gh on a visit to two ( ! l>ge/ bat-mak+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! metropolis ,i 0 told t = sev]al ye>s pa/ ! av]age price paid = will[ work$ out at #fs4 p] cubit foot4 ,a well-kn[n gr[] tells u t if plant$ 9 suitable soil a 8set0 or cutt+1 :i* usually co/s #as4 #f;d41 w 9 fifte5 ye>s be wor? ab\t #f4 ,! home ( ! true bat-mak+ will[ is 9 ! ,ea/]n ,engli% c\nties1 & x is !re t ! manufactur] goes :5 wi%+ to pur*ase ! mo/ valuable timb] = 8 special "w4 ,! propagation ( ! bat-mak+ will[ is simple1 ei!r by root$ cutt+s or 8sets10 ! latt] be+ ! be/ & *eape/ me?od4 8,sets0 are usually f #ab to #bj ft4 long1 ) a basal diamet] (1 say1 #c ins41 ! be/ be+ got f poll>d$ trees1 & /raight1 clean1 bran*less %oots are pref]able4 ,!y %\ld be /ripp$ ( all side bran*es = ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( _! l5g? & only cut 9 spr+4 ,by plac+ ^! sets toge!r 9 a dit* or pond = ab\t a mon? rootlets w be emitt$1 :5 !y may be plant$ 9 previ\sly prep>$ holes1 :i* are =m$ by driv+ an iron rod or /ake 9 ! gr\nd = a di/ance (1 say1 #b ft4 ,! ,popl>4--,sev]al species ( popl> are valuable = ! timb] !y produce1 z also = _! rapidity ( gr[? & succe$+ 9 l[-ly+1 damp gr\nd4 ,:5 clean gr[n & ( l>ge size ! timb] sells readily at prices :i* v>y f #as4 to #as4 #f;d4 p] ft4 ,probably ! mo/ valuable species is ! :ite popl> 7,populus alba71 ?\gh ! black ,italian 7,p4 monilif]a7 produces excell5t timb] = :i* !re is g5]ally a dem&4 ,f a purely comm]cial po9t ( view ! above h>d-wood$ trees are ! only k9ds t c be recomm5d$ = plant+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! timb] ( ! lime1 hornbeam1 walnut & "o or two o!rs at times sells at a fair price1 b ! small quantity (f]$ %[s t !y h n be5 consid]$ wor?y ( att5tion :]e ! economic value ( ! plantations 0 be+ consid]$4 ,,conif]\s ,,trees ,among/ ! _m conif]s t h be5 introduc$ to ?is c\ntry dur+ ! la/ c5tury v few c be recomm5d$ z suitable = pr(itable plant+4 ,! foll[+1 s f> z is kn[n1 are ! only species to be recomm5d$3-- ,! ,l>* 7,l>ix europa74--,bo? = & aga9/ ! l>* mu* has be5 writt5 & said1 p>ticul>ly ( late ye>s2 b1 h[ev] mu* has be5 said 9 comm5dation ( x1 !re c be no d\bt t to ov]/ate its value z a timb] tree 9 ! economy ( ,briti% =e/ry w\ld be a task ( "s difficulty4 ,:5 we comb9e its great1 almo/ peculi>1 aptitude to suit itself to ne>ly all conditions ( soils1 altitudes1 & div]sities ( climate1 its long-e/abli%$ value z a timb] tree1 rapidity ( gr[? & ease ( culture1 x is cle> t no o!r tree cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry c be rank$ on a p> ) ! l>*4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ( late ye>s ! l>* has suff]$ mu* f disease1 ! pr$ispos+ causes ( :i* may ma9ly be attribut$ to ! v>iabl5ess ( our spr+ wea!r1 & ! rapidly deg5]at+ /ate ( ! tree--! latt] *iefly br\ght ab\t by an injudici\s selection ( se$4 ,by f> too little att5tion has be5 paid to ?is important matt]1 ! result be+ t weakness & t5d]ness h got into ! con/itution ( ! tree1 & x is ?us unable to )/& ev5 a few degrees ( fro/4 ,s weak5$1 blight1 fungus1 & ulc]ation f9d a foot+1 & ?us ! fell disease is g5]at$ ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 said & writt5 ( late ye>s4 ,9 my own op9ion1 /r5g!n$ by c>eful inve/igation & rese>*1 induc$ t5d]ness 9 ! con/itution ( ! l>* is ! prim>y cause ( disease1 cold w9ds & fro/ be+ ! de/ructive ag5ts1 & ulc]ation ! direct consequ5ce4 ,injury to ! roots ( ! l>* 9 transplant+ is att5d$ ) mo/ injuri\s results4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is1 x may be /at$ t natural or self-s[n trees are1 9 ?is c\ntry1 almo/ exempt f disease4 ,! v>iabl5ess ( our spr+ wea!r is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! pr$ispos+ causes ( disease1 = al?\gh no degree ( cold exp]i5c$ 9 ?is c\ntry c injure ! tree :5 leafless1 yet few are m s5sitive :5 9 "y foliage4 ,! durability ( ! wood ( ! l>* is well kn[n1 & ?is peculi>ity is ev5 noticeable :5 ( only a few ye>s' gr[?4 ,z comp>$ ) ,scot* & spruce firs1 ! wood ( ! l>* is ab\t twice z durable--a f5ce ( ! latt] cut at f tw5ty to ?irty ye>s' gr[? la/$ f sev5te5 to tw5ty ye>s1 :ile t ( ! spruce la/s ab\t elev5 ye>s1 & ! ,scot* sev5 ye>s4 ,?is ref]s especially to rails1 n to po/s1 :i* decay 9 ab\t half t "t4 ,= m9+ & railway purposes ! durability ( l>* wood makes x mu* s\ght aft]1 ?is be+ fur!r enhanc$ by its extreme lightness1 ! weight ( a cubic foot :5 season$ be+ only #cd lbs4 ,x takes a beautiful poli%1 works ) great fre$om1 &1 :5 fully season$1 is n at all liable to twi/ or w>p4 ,sub/itutes = ! l>* h (t5 be5 recomm5d$1 b1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 !re are practically none1 al?\gh1 d\btless1 "s ( ^? ^: claims h be5 set =? might to a c]ta9 ext5t reflect "o or m ( its valuable qualities4 ,sitka or ,silv] ,spruce 7,picea ,sit*5sis74--,f a purely comm]cial po9t ( view ! ,sitka or ,silv] ,spruce is probably ! mo/ valuable ( any ( ! family to :i* x belongs4 ,x is a tree ( noble gr[? 9 ?is c\ntry1 sev]al specim5s be+ well ov] #ajj ft4 9 height & ) boles t gir? fully #aj ft4 at a y>d f ! gr\nd1 ^! dim5sions be+ atta9$ 9 sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,:5 us$ z a /&>d1 ! tree is "o ( great beauty1 ! /iff & r irregul>ly dispos$ bran*es be+ ?ickly beset ) vivid blui%-gre5 foliage t is silv]y on ! "u side4 ,x delights 9 a cool1 moi/ loam & n too expos$ situation1 b :5 gr[n on gravel or any w>m soil ! foliage is di/9ctly meagre & affect$ by r$ spid]4 ,! timb]1 :i* is rem>kably light = its bulk1 /rong & flexible1 is ( great value 9 ! mak+ ( a]oplanes1 & special logs f9d a ready m>ket at highly remun]ative prices 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,! ,corsican ,p9e 7,p9us l>icio74--,?is is1 und\bt$ly1 "o ( ! be/ all-r\nd conif]s t has f\nd its way into ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x is ( v rapid gr[?1 & well suit$ = plant+1 ev5 9 ! mo/ expos$ & w9d-swept situations2 a non-fa/idi\s subject z to soil1 & a valuable timb]-produc]4 ,z to its adaptability = )/&+ long-cont9u$ cold bla/s at high altitudes1 ample evid5ce c be adduc$ on _m an ,engli% & ,scot* e/ate :]e ! p9e has be5 introduc$ into ! woodl&s 9 su* quantity z 9 c]ta9 places to =m ! ultimate or /&+ crop4 ,9 ,nor? ,wales1 on "o ( ! ,sn[don range ( hills1 ,i h plant$ ! ,corsican p9e 9 great quantity4 ,! plantation 01 = ! great] "p1 fully expos$ to ! dread$ s\?-we/]ly w9d1 :i* at times bl[s h>d & long1 & sweeps ! hillsides ) t]rific fury2 yet1 "u su* conditions1 ! ,corsican p9e has done rem>kably well--9 fact1 prov$ itself to be well suit$ = plant+ at high altitudes on our ,engli% hillsides4 ,ev5 at ! highe/ po9t ( ! woodl&s 9 "q1 ?is p9e has ?riv5 9 a mann] t is q surpris+1 & ?r[n its /\te/ bran*es out into ! v tee? ( ! bla/1 & t :]e h>dly a h>dwood tree c\ld survive1 & ev5 ! ,scot* fir %rank f ! cold & almo/ unceas+ /orms4 ,o!r notable in/ances ( h[ well ! ,corsican does on expos$ gr\nd & high altitudes might be po9t$ out--su* z at ,blair ,a?ol1 9 ,p]?%ire1 at #gjj ft41 :]e x is ?riv+ amaz+ly2 & aga9 9 ,york%ire1 "o ( ! mo/ b>r5 & w9d-swept ( ,engli% c\nties1 :]e 9 p>ts1 x gr[s ) a luxuriance t is almo/ unp>allel$ 9 any o!r "p ( ,brita94 ,! timb] produc$ by ! ,corsican p9e 9 ?is c\ntry is /rong1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 v res9\s1 & easily work$2 ?is is speak+ ( trees ( fully fifty ye>s' gr[?4 ,x ?rives well on gravelly soil1 "s ( ! l>ge/ specim5s ( ! tree 9 ?is c\ntry gr[+ along ! m>g9 ( a disus$ gravel-pit4 ,x may be said t ! ,corsican p9e is p]fectly h>dy1 peculi>ly well suit$ = plant+ 9 expos$ situations1 a rapid & valuable timb]-produc]1 a tree t is *eaply & easily rais$ f se$1 & "o ( ! mo/ non-exact+ conif]s z reg>ds *oice ( soil t c\ld be nam$--all qualities ( ! highe/ value 9 a timb]-produc+ tree & a comb9ation t is r>ely f\nd 9 any o!r species4 ,9 ,france ext5sive plantations ( ! ,corsican h be5 =m$1 :ile x has also be5 introduc$ ext5sively into ! ,/ate =e/s by ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,weym\? ,,p9e ,,at ,,gwydyr ,,ca/le ,! ,weym\? ,p9e 7,p4 ,/robus71 :e!r view$ 9 an ornam5tal or economic aspect1 mu/ be consid]$ z ano!r ( ! mo/ valuable p9es t h be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,admit1 we mu/1 t 9 c]ta9 situations ! cultivation ( ?is h&some tree has be5 att5d$ ) no v promis+ results2 b !n x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 l mo/ o!r trees1 ! ,weym\? p9e has its likes & dislikes ( soil1 z well1 inde$1 z ( aspect & altitude4 ,t x has succe$$ well1 & produc$ an unusually l>ge quantity ( clean & firm wood 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry _c be d5i$2 b !n 9 su* places its peculi> wants h be5 att5d$ to4 ,at ,gwydyr ,ca/le1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 ! tree succe$s admirably1 specim5s fully #ij ft4 9 height1 /raight z arr[s1 bran*less = ?ree-f\r?s _! l5g?1 & fully #h ft4 9 gir? at brea/-high1 be+ n uncommon4 ,! soil is rocky debris1 l>gely int]mix$ ) vegetable refuse1 fairly moi/ at all times1 b )\t /agnant moi/ure4 ,on ! we/]n bord]s ( ,ross-%ire1 at ,/ra?kyle1 :]e ! altitudes v>y f #ajj ft4 to #a1bjj ft41 ! ,weym\? p9e is mak+ rapid progress4 ,we d n wi% x to be inf]r$ t ! ,weym\? p9e alone is suitable = plant+ at high altitudes & on expos$ situations2 b t x w gr[ rapidly & produce useful timb] 9 p>tially-%elt]$ di/ricts has be5 prov$ by ^? :o h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! value ( ! m rec5tly introduc$ conif]s z pr(itable timb]-produc]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a comp>ison ( ! wood produc$ by ! ,weym\? p9e 9 ?is c\ntry ) t s5t to ! late ,colonial & ,indian ,exhibition %[$ b slight diff]5ces1 & no?+ m ?an c\ld naturally be expect$ betwe5 a mature & an only p>tially-develop$ tree4 ,! ,scot* ,p9e 7,p4 sylve/ris7 mu/ on no acc\nt be omitt$ f our li/2 z1 especially = plant+ 9 expos$ situations :]e few o!r trees c\ld succe$1 x is "o ( ! be/4 ,probably ! pr9cipal reason :y ?is tree has n be5 m g5]ally cultivat$1 is on acc\nt ( ! l[-pric$ timb] x produces1 =1 ( late ye>s1 x has be5 difficult1 except 9 c]ta9 fav\r$ di/ricts1 to get rid ( x at a remun]ative price4 ,) ! w>1 matt]s are q diff]5t4 ,! f9e/ quality ( ,scot* p9e timb]1 su* z t produc$ 9 "s ( ! nor!rn ,scotti% c\nties1 no d\bt1 is ev5 n[ fairly remun]ative2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 t gr[n ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,scotl&1 ,engl& z a :ole1 & also ,irel&1 is ( s inf]ior a quality z h>dly to fet* a remun]ative price4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ?is p9e w cont9ue to be l>gely plant$ :]ev] %elt] & ornam5t are ( fir/ importance3 & rightly s1 = few o!rs are s well able to )/& cold1 cutt+ bla/s at high altitudes4 ,! ,d\glas ,fir 7,pseudotsuga ,d\glasii7 is1 9 c]ta9 situations1 a valuable timb]-produc+ tree--inde$1 z reg>ds ! actual production ( timb] 9 a giv5 "t1 x is1 p]haps1 ahead ( any o!r tree gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f measurem5ts we h tak51 ! actual production ( timb] dur+ fifty ye>s 0 #bdj ft41 or ne>ly #e ft4 p] ye> = half a c5tury4 ,9 a plantation ( ! ,d\glas fir 9 ,wales1 plant$ tw5ty-two ye>s1 we f\nd ! av]age dim5sions to be z foll[s3 ,height1 #gf ft42 gir? ( /em at #bd ft41 #d ft42 cubic cont5ts1 fully #ej ft4 ,! timb] produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry is ( excell5t quality1 be+ light b /rong1 works v readily1 has a pleasant yell[i% t+e1 & takes on a good poli%4 ,t ! ,d\glas fir is a tree t is em95tly adapt$ = cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry is already well kn[n2 b to gr[ x 9 any?+ l a satisfactory way x mu/ be plant$ 9 %elt]$ holl[s1 = ext5sive exp]i5ce has long ago prov$ to u t x is ill-adapt$ = brav+ ! /orm1 ev5 at a few feet above ! sea-level4 ,long ago we /rongly advocat$ ! =m+ ( plantations ( ,p4 ,d\glasii alone1 or ) "s o!r tree ( ab\t equally rapid gr[?1 =1 :5 mix$ up ) ! g5]al run ( our =e/ trees1 ! lead]1 on ov]topp+ ^? ( its neighb\rs1 soon gets brok5 ov]1 or o!rwise pres5ts an almo/ bran*less1 :ip-h&le-l appe>ance4 ,we d n wi% to say "o ^w aga9/ ?is our fav\rite fir3 b ! tru? mu/ be told1 & our own exp]i5ce1 ga9$ pr9cipally on a l[-ly+ seaside e/ate1 :]e ! tree 0 annually plant$ by ! ?\s&1 is t ,p4 ,d\glasii mu/ occupy a %elt]$ situation if ei!r ornam5t or utility be consid]$ z po9ts ( fir/ importance4 ,! ,giant ,arborvit 7,?uja gigantea7 is fa/ com+ to ! front z a ,briti% timb] tree1 & has already1 at ! h&s ( f>-see+ plant]s1 receiv$ a fair am\nt ( att5tion4 ,aft] a fair & imp>tial trial on our "p1 we h f\nd x to be p]fectly h>dy1 ev5 at high altitudes1 a fa/ gr[] & rapid timb]-produc]1 a non-fa/idi\s subject z reg>ds ! quality ( soil 9 :i* x is plant$1 & "o ( ! mo/ easily manag$ & mo/ accommodat+ ( trees4 ,! quality ( timb] produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry is su* z to w>rant u 9 speak+ highly ( x1 x be+ ( a desirable yell[ col\r1 f9e-gra9$1 easily work$1 rem>kably durable1 & light 9 proportion to its bulk4 ,f ! measurem5ts ( fully tw5ty-f\r specim5s scatt]$ ov] an ,engli% p>k1 we h f\nd t ! av]age annual rate ( gr[? is #bb 941 b ev5 ?is is exce$$ by "y trees4 ,! ,norway ,spruce 7,picea excelsa74--,:e!r z a h>dy1 %elt]-giv+ tree1 or = ! quantity ( fairly good timb] x produces1 ! common or ,norway spruce mu/ ev] rank high 9 ! li/ ( useful trees t h be5 f\nd suitable = culture 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,t x is a tree 9 e s5se ( ! ^w admirably suit$ = ext5sive plant+ is ackn[l$g$ by all1 z x luxuriates at high altitudes1 & :]e fully expos$ to our wor/ w9ds1 & at ! same "t produces a great quantity ( timb] t has be5 f\nd ( excell5t quality1 well suit$ = g5]al con/ructive purposes4 ,z a %elt] tree few o!rs c equal ! spruce1 & :5 plant$ along ! outskirts ( expos$ plantations ! am\nt ( w>m? & protection x af=ds is q surpris+4 ,! ,silv] ,fir 7,abies pect9ata7 is ano!r ( ^? trees t h ( late ye>s fall5 into disrepute1 ma9ly ow+ to ! increas$ importation ( =eign timb]4 ,t x is an excell5t & highly remun]ative tree is unque/ionable1 & ! v fact ( its ?riv+ luxuriantly on soils :]e ! l>* decl9es to gr[ %\ld make x1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 ( great value z a =e/ tree4 ,) ! mo/ satisfactory results has ! timb] be5 us$ = railway sleep]s--9 fact f\r sleep]s laid exp]im5tally h /ood ! we> & te> q z well z ^? ( ,baltic timb]1 alongside ( :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,= ro(+ purposes ! wood has likewise atta9$ great fame1 z x is f\nd to /& vicissitudes ( dry & damp alt]nately bett] ?an almo/ any o!r home-gr[n timb]4 ,! conif]\s trees j treat$ ( are ab\t ! only k9ds t c be recomm5d$ = pr(itable plant+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,atlantic ,c$> & ,japanese ,l>* might be add$ to ! li/1 b pres5t exp]i5ce w n ju/ify u 9 br++ any ( ^! prom95tly to notice4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 at ! in/igation ( ! !n ,e>l ( ,d]by1 ! writ] =m$ sev]al plantations on ! ,holwood ,e/ate 9 ,k5t4 ,at ! outset x may be well to /ate t ^! plantations 7 n =m$ ) ! object ( produc+ valuable timb]1 b r = ! ornam5tation & privacy ( ! newly-acquir$ prop]ty4 ,! trees us$ 7 ! ,scot*1 ,corsican1 ,au/rian & ,weym\? p9es1 ,d\glas fir1 ! l>*1 & sev]al species ( h>dwoods4 ,z all h succe$$ well "u exactly simil> conditions1 ! foll[+ notes z to ! rate ( gr[? & production ( timb]1 bo? ( :i* are unusually great1 dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s may be in/ructive4 ,previ\sly to be+ plant$ ! l&1 :i* may be/ be describ$ z a hungry loam on a gravelly subsoil & %elt]$1 0 let out = r\gh graz+ & ! cultivation ( /rawb]ries & o!r fruit4 ,! co/ p] acre ( =m+ ^! plantations 03-- s4 d4 ,pitt+1 #b1gbb at #as4 p] #ajj #a #g #b ,plant+ #a #a #j ,trees1 at #djs4 p] #a1jjj #e #h #j ------------------------------ #g #af #b ,?is price may appe> bo? high & l[1 b 9 connexion ) ! =m] x %\ld be expla9$ t ! conif]\s trees :5 plant$ 7 ab\t #af 94 high1 ! o!rs ab\t #c ft41 all be+ plac$ #d ft4 ap>t4 ,ow+ to ! l& hav+ rec5tly be5 "u cultivation & lab\r at t "t be+ *eap 9 ! di/rict1 ! op5+ ( pits 0 c>ri$ out by contract at q a nom9al rate1 ! size ( ea* be+ #ab 94 squ>e & #i 94 deep4 ,aft] be+ plant$ ! trees requir$ little att5tion = ! fir/ six ye>s1 at :i* p]iod !y av]ag$ #h ft4 9 height1 & ! %ade occasion$ by ! bran* spread _h kill$ out mo/ ( ! grassy und]gr[?4 ,z ! plantations 7 prim>ily int5d$ = ornam5t & %elt]1 ! ret5tion ( ! l[] bran*es ( ! trees1 at lea/ along ! m>g91 0 imp]ative1 & 9 ord] to ensure ?is1 e>ly ?9n+ 0 engag$ 9 & c>ri$ out at regul> int]vals up to ! pres5t "t1 always be>+ 9 m9d to all[ ! b\nd>y trees pl5ty ( room = bran* developm5t1 ^? inw>ds1 9 ord] to induce clean gr[?1 be+ left mu* clos] on ! gr\nd4 ,?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! volume ( timb] produc$ is comp>atively less ?an along ! m>g9s1 yet x is ( great] value ow+ to ! trees be+ /raight & clean-/emm$1 ! only exception be+ ! ,corsican p9e :i*1 ev5 :5 isolat$1 has little incl9ation to =m /\t side bran*es4 ,! soil be+ light & re/+ on gravel 0 peculi>ly suit$ = ! gr[? ( ! p9es1 none ( :i* suff]$ f disease or insect attack1 ?\gh ! ,weym\? _h occasional pat*es ( ! aphis ) :i* x is usually attack$ ar\nd ,london4 ,! l>* 0 practically free f cank]4 ,dur+ rec5t ?9n+ op]ations a good opportunity 0 af=d$ ( tak+ ! actual measurem5ts :5 fell$ ( ! v>i\s species ( trees1 ^! be+ z foll[s3-- ,au/rian p9e1 av]age height1 #df ft42 cubic cont5ts1 #i ft4 ,corsican 0 0 0 #ea ft42 0 0 #aa ft4 ,scot* 0 0 0 #de ft42 0 0 #h ft4 ,weym\? 0 0 0 #db ft42 0 0 #f ft4 ,l>* 0 0 #dg ft42 0 0 #h ft4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! ,corsican p9e has surpass$ all ! o!rs bo? 9 height & 9 ! quantity ( timb] produc$2 & 9 view+ ! plantations f a di/ance ! lead]s ( ! ,corsican p9es so> q #f ft4 above ^? ( _! neighb\rs4 ,! ,au/rian comes next 9 ! quantity ( timb] produc$1 b n 9 height2 & ! l>* & ,scot* are ( ab\t equal size1 ! ,weym\? be+ equal to ! latt] 9 height b n 9 bulk ( /em4 ,b ! l>* beats all 9 value ( timb]1 =1 :ile t ( ! v>i\s species ( p9e 0 difficult to sell at a remun]ative figure1 ! l>* wood 0 readily dispos$ ( at a fair valuation4 ,my exp]i5ce is t timb] m]*ants fight %y ( pur*as+ any ( ! p9e family except+ ! ,scot*4 ,?is may be ow+ to prejudice or want ( k z to ! value ( timb] produc$ by ! ,corsican & ,weym\?2 b :atev] ! cause1 ! fact rema9s t ! timb] ( bo? ^! species is difficult to dispose ( at any b firewood rates4 ,t ( ! ,scot* be+ bett] kn[n f9ds a ready m>ket at ab\t half ! price ( l>*1 :i* latt]1 aft] all1 is ! mo/ useful & pr(itable ( any conif]\s tree cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & "o = :i* ! dem& always exce$s ! supply4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,plant+ ,,expos$ ,,gr\nd ,z ! majority ( plantations = purely economic purposes are =m$ on ! w9d-swept moor or hillside1 ! successful managem5t ( ^! is a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,!re are _m difficulties to enc\nt] 9 plant+ high-ly+ & expos$ gr\nd t "o w\ld nev] h to ?9k ab\t 9 l[-ly+ & %elt]$ situations4 ,plant+1 = in/ance1 %\ld n be comm5c$ until ,febru>y or ,m>*1 z1 by def]r+ x till t "t1 ! newly-ins]t$ plants w be fre% & vigor\s1 & ready = an imm$iate />t 9 gr[?1 :i* w\ld n be ! case if !y _h be5 put out 9 autumn & subject$ dur+ w9t] to ! inevitable w9d %ak+ t is always to be reckon$ ) on expos$ gr\nd4 ,! *oice ( trees1 too1 = plant+ on w9d-swept gr\nd is a matt] ( f> m mom5t ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 = t !re are c]ta9 species ( trees peculi>ly suitable = )/&+ prolong$ /orms is well kn[n to ^? :o h _h to d ) ! =m+ ( woods & plantations at high altitudes4 ,! size ( trees plant$ has also mu* to d ) ! aft] success ( ! woods1 & x may be well at ! outset to say t ^! %\ld n exce$ ab\t #ab 94 9 height on ! mo/ fav\r$ sites to ab\t f #f 94 to #i 94 on ! m expos$ gr\nds4 ,!y %\ld also be prop]ly prep>$ by frequ5t c>eful transplant+ = ! situations !y are int5d$ to occupy1 z x c h>dly be expect$ t a "y & immature tree c1 aft] be+ br\ght f a probably %elt]$ l[l& nurs]y--z n9e-t5?s ( ^? 9 ?is c\ntry are--to a high piece ( gr\nd1 :]e at times ! w9d bl[s ) t]rific fury1 & :]e "o c sc>cely /& upright1 h suffici5t /am9a to /& aga9/ su* odds & diff]5ce z mu/ & d exi/ betwe5 ! two po9ts at pres5t "u consid]ation4 ,sometimes x is well to tr5* ov] a piece ( gr\nd on p>tially-expos$ l&1 & ins]t !re9 = a c\ple ( ye>s be=e ! propos$ plantation is to be =m$1 ! "y trees int5d$ = plant+ out4 ,?is has a wond]ful effect 9 h>d5+ & inur+ !m to sev]e cold & a w9d-swept situation4 ,by =m+ a nurs]y ( "y trees by ! sea-coa/1 ,i h kn[n great success att5d ! =mation ( woods & plantations 9 m>itime situations1 & l results are sure to att5d ! plant+ out ( trees 9 any uncong5ial & unfav\rable situation4 ,ab\t ! trees to be plant$1 be+ su* z are suffici5tly h>dy to )/& prolong$ /orms1 we w n[ say a few words4 ,9 ! out] l9e--or1 r l9es--! ,scot*1 ,au/rian1 & ,corsican ,p9es 7,p9us sylve/ris1 ,p4 au/riaca1 & ,p4 l>icio7 are ( fir/ value1 s9ce !y are able to /& aga9/ ! /orms ( ! hillside & produce a great am\nt ( %elt] to o!r less h>dy k9ds4 ,x is (t5 only necess>y to make a w9d-b>ri]1 z x 7--t is1 to plant well-tri$ ev]gre5 k9ds1 f :i* %elt] c be obta9$ next ! mo/ w9dy position1 !n to foll[ up ) o!r k9ds t are second h>dy 9 nature1 & s on inw>ds2 :ile1 9 ! v c5tre ( ! plantation1 almo/ any k9d ( tree c be us$4 ,! ,au/rian ,p9e has be5 successfully plant$ at high altitudes1 & 9 ! mo/ expos$ situations1 & on ! ,cont95t x has prov$ itself ( great value = breezy sites & m>itime situations4 ,! ,/ate =e/s are compos$ ( n a few ,au/rian p9es1 & !y are greatly valu$ = ! %elt] & w>m? !y af=d to o!r less h>dy k9ds ( trees4 ,! be/ results are to be obta9$ if plant$ :5 "y1 = :5 remov$ at a great] age1 ) roots l>ge & rampant ( gr[?1 x is ) great difficulty t !y c be got to keep upright4 ,un=tunately ! timb] is ( no special value4 ,! ,corsican ,p9e is equally z good z ! latt] = us+ :]e w9ds are ( common occurr5ce1 prov+ /\t & /rong1 root+ well1 & pres5t+ a broad surface ( h>dy ev]gre5 foliage to ! bla/4 ,x is a good timb]-produc]1 &1 be+ well fitt$ = gr[+ 9 pat*es close toge!r1 w yet be l>gely us$ = =e/ "w 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ab\t ! ,scot* ,p9e x is1 p]haps1 ne$less to speak1 = e "o :o has travell$ 9 ,scotl&1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m expos$ nor!rn p>ts1 mu/ h made himself acqua9t$ ) ! capabilities ( ?is valuable native tree4 ,x c gr[ & fl\ri% almo/ any:]e--on pure gravel1 on ! rocky m\nta9-slope1 or by ! ru%+ brookside1 & 9 all ^! positions x seems to feel q happy & cont5t$1 z ! beautiful silv]y glauc\s foliage1 ! upright1 rampant gr[?1 & ! *e]y c9namon or t]ra-cotta b>k cle>ly indicate4 ,) ^! ?ree excell5t /orm-resi/+ trees = an out] b>ri] almo/ any k9d ( plant+ c be engag$ 91 = ! %elt] !y af=d is amply suffici5t to />t away into rapid gr[? ev5 our only second-class h>dy k9ds ( trees4 ,! ,sycamore is a good tree = plant+ :]e ! /orms bl[ l\d & long1 be+ able to )/& 9 a v comm5dable way ! fir/ brunt ( ! hillside w9ds4 ,x is also a good timb]-produc]1 ! wood at all times be+ easily dispos$ (1 & at a v remun]ative price4 ,! ,eld] & ,m\nta9 ,a% are o!r valuable small-gr[+ trees = plant+ on expos$ gr\nd1 bo? fl\ri%+ apace ev5 9 v high & expos$ woodl&s4 ,9 ! ,scot* or ,m\nta9 ,elm 7,ulmus montana7 we h a fir/-class tree = plant+ z %elt]1 :ile ! ,ald]1 ,will[s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ! ,hornbeam %\ld all receive att5tion 9 ! =mation ( woodl&s on expos$ & /orm-swept sites4 ,! ,am]ican ,w+$ ,elm 7,ulmus alata7 has few equals = )/&+ long-cont9u$ /orms at high altitudes1 = x s5ds out its cork-cov]$ bran*es )\t fe> ( h>m into ! v tee? ( ! bla/4 ,i h notic$ h[ well suit$ ?is elm is = plant+ on expos$1 high-ly+ gr\nd by ! few examples t occur at consid]able elevations 9 "s ( ! scre5-belts t h be5 =m$ on ! flanks ( ! ,sn[don range ( hills1 :]e ! tree looks q z heal?y & happy z at l[] elevations 9 a %elt]$ p>k4 ,! ,l>*1 be x rememb]$1 is a good tree = plant+ on expos$ gr\nd1 =1 ?\gh x gets twi/$ ab\t & untidy ( appe>ance1 x has a wond]ful recup]ative nature1 & w succe$ well ev5 :5 plant$ on ! m>g9s ( expos$ woodl&s4 ,by tak+ advantage ( natural tree or %rub gr[? :5 =m+ plantations at high altitudes mu* good may be br\ght ab\t4 ,a "y tree plant$ to ! leew>d ( a clump ( gorse1 broom1 junip]1 or bir* has a mu* bett] *ance ( succe$+ ?an ano!r plant$ :]e x has no %elt] f ! wor/ w9ds ( ! p>ticul> di/rict4 ,^! wild clumps ( natural %rubs %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 e way1 = !y w n only give a great am\nt ( %elt]1 b help to ?ick5 up ! plantations z well4 ,9 expos$ woodl&s x is a good plan to plant up ! m>g9s ) su* h>dy wild %rubs z ! gorse1 broom1 ?orn1 junip]1 black?orn1 etc41 all ( :i* w af=d a great am\nt ( %elt] to ! "y plants :5 newly ins]t$1 & help !m to />t away freely4 ,! ,common ,bee* is a good all-r\nd tree = plant+ 9 expos$ sites1 b especially :]e ! soil is poor1 or1 9 o!r words1 compos$ pr9cipally ( *alk or gravel4 ,"s ( ! highe/ gr\nds 9 sev]al ( ! ,engli% c\nties are occupi$ by ?riv+ bee* plantations1 ^! act+ z l&m>ks = _m miles ar\nd1 z notably at ,knockholt & on ! ,*ilt]n ,hills4 ,! ,oak & ,a% %\ld bo? f9d places 9 high-ly+ & expos$ woodl&s1 =1 al?\gh !y _c be plant$ successfully along ! m>g9s1 yet !y ?rive well :]e a little %elt] is af=d$1 & :]e ! soil is fairly deep & ri*4 ,! ,bir* _c be pass$ by 9 any li/ ( trees = plant+ 9 expos$ places2 x ?rives well at high altitudes1 & :]e only a small quantity ( soil ov]lies ! rock4 ,! ,wild & ,bird ,*]ries 7,c]asus vulg>is & ,c4 ,padus7 are excell5t ornam5tal trees = expos$ gr\nds1 :]e !y gr[ to a l>ge size & fl[] freely4 ,!y c bo? subsi/ :]e b a small dep? ( soil is pres5t4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,gr\nd & ,plant+4--,z reg>ds ! pits = plant+1 ^! %\ld be well prep>$--t is1 ! soil loos5$ up & made free = ! roots to run 91 :i* w greatly help ! trees to become quickly e/abli%$--a po9t ( great importance on expos$ gr\nd4 ,! top turf may be *opp$ up & plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pit1 ?is s]v+1 :5 decompos$1 z manure to ! roots1 & assi/+ to promote vigor\s gr[?4 ,9 plant+1 place ! be/-root$ sides ( ! trees to ! w9dw>d or mo/ expos$ site1 & d n cov] ) ! soil to a great] dep? ?an t 9 :i* ! plant /ood :il/ 9 ! nurs]y bord]4 ,on v expos$ sites1 & :]e ! soil is ?91 not* plant+ & ins]t+ ) ! plant+ iron are to be recomm5d$4 ,x w be well1 at /at$ int]vals1 to exam9e "y plantations =m$ on high-ly+ & expos$ gr\nd1 to see t ! plants d n get %ak5 ab\t ) ! w9d & holes =m$ ar\nd ! /ems4 ,?is latt] is highly injuri\s to ! welf>e ( ! plants1 z ! air pass+ d[n ! /em side causes ! roots to get dry to an inord9ate degree4 ,w9d-sway+1 :]e ^! holes h be5 =m$ ar\nd ! /em1 is also hurtful1 z ! t5d] roots get /ra9$ & b>k$1 & ill fitt$ = ma9ta9+ a heal?y condition ( ! "y trees4 ,! holes =m$ by sway+ ( ! /ems %\ld be fill$ up ) f9e soil--n /ones1 z is sometimes ! case--& a small piece ( /iff1 grassy turf tramp$ firmly aga9/ ! /em on ! side opposite t f :i* ! wor/ w9ds may be expect$4 ,%\ld rank vegetation1 :i*1 is1 h[ev]1 r>ely met ) at high altitudes & on expos$ gr\nd1 int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! "y trees1 x w\ld be well to h su* cut ov] & ei!r burn$ or spread ev5ly ov] ! gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,seaside ,,plant+ ,few p]sons o!r ?an ^? :o h actually be5 engag$ 9 ! "w h ! remote/ idea ( ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! =mation ( belts & plantations on expos$ & w9d-swept seaside gr\nd4 ,to plant "y trees ar\nd _m p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 p>ticul>ly :]e wide /ret*es ( op5 seabo>d are to be dealt )1 )\t fir/ erect+ a %elt]-scre5 ( "s k9d or o!r1 is useless "w1 & only productive ( ! mo/ unsatisfactory results4 ,t !re are n a few di/ricts1 h[ev]1 :]e su* a prelim9>y w\ld be ne$less is well kn[n1 all t is requir$ 9 c]ta9 in/ances be+1 fir/ ( all1 to prep>e ! gr\nd1 & secondly1 to suit ! trees to ! soil & situation1 see+ t "s v>ieties succe$ bett] ?an o!rs 9 c]ta9 soils & sites4 ,f exp]i5ce ,i h f\nd out h[ useless x is to plant 9 a haphaz>d way1 at lea/1 on ! m expos$ seabo>ds along ! we/ coa/1 :]eas1 by c>eful manipulation1 ,i h be5 successful 9 gett+ up %elt] :]e be=e x 0 deem$ almo/ an impossibility4 ,! *ief consid]ation 9 seaside plant+ is unque/ionably %elt]1 be x only ( a tempor>y k9d1 = x may be notic$ any:]e along our coa/ t1 :]ev] ! direct =ce ( ! hurricane is brok51 !re trees & %rubs are gr[+ be/4 ,ano!r evil--a great "o1 too--) :i* ! plant] has to cont5d is ! injuri\s effect on trees1 b m p>ticul>ly on ev]gre5 %rubs1 ( ! sal9e p>ticles :i* are driv5 & deposit$ ) su* =ce on ! leaves & bran*es z 9 _m in/ances to give !m ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 scor*$ or cut ov] :5 9 full vig\r by an untimely fro/4 ,w9d-%ak+1 al?\gh a m9or evil1 mu/ also be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 s t at ! outset x is well to h ! trees1 except su* z are ( dw>f size1 securely /ak$ & ti$1 s z to obviate ! dire results occasion$ to ! roots ( newly-plant$ trees :5 ! /ems are all[$ to rock to & fro ) ! w9d4 ,be=e comm5c+ plant+ op]ations on ! s&y & expos$ sea-coa/1 ! prelim9>y /ep is to erect a b>ri] ( "s k9d1 :i* w int]cept ! viol5ce ( ! w9d1 & act z a scre5 or %elt] to ! "y plants4 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s k9ds ( erections are equally suitable1 b t usually adopt$1 especially :]e loose s& alone is pres5t1 is a /rong pal+ f5ce ?at*$ ) bru%wood4 ,! po/s %\ld if possible be #f ft4 above gr\nd & ab\t #ab ft4 ap>t1 ! pal+-rails1 two 9 numb]1 be+ securely nail$ to ^! at #b ft4 & #e ft4 f ! gr\nd2 aga9/ ?is are plac$ spruce or gorse trimm+s1 ^! be+ #f ft4 long if possible1 9 an upright mann]1 & firmly ti$ to ! crossb>s by means ( b9d+ wire or /rong t>r$ rope4 ,?is may be/ be describ$ z a dead f5ce1 b x is1 nev]!less1 q z valuable = ! purpose requir$ z a p]fectly develop$ liv+ h$ge4 ,by means ( ?is a great advantage is ga9$ & a fav\rable />t = ! newly-plant$ trees is secur$4 ,!n1 comp>$ ) a /one wall1 or1 9 fact1 a wall ( any k9d1 ?is scre5-f5ce is greatly sup]ior1 ! w9d be+ brok5 up 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 &1 :at is ( z mu* value1 also reliev$ ( its sal9e p>ticles1 at lea/ to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,:]e ! %ore is almo/ de/itute ( s&1 & :]e c]ta9 k9ds ( vegetation subsi/1 ,i f9d x to be a capital plan to sub/itute = ! dead f5ce j describ$ t compos$ ( turf & e>?4 ,! rais$ m\nd %\ld be n less ?an #e ft4 9 height1 & ( suffici5t wid? at top to all[ ( ! plant+ ( a d\ble l9e ( su* plants z h be5 f\nd mo/ suitable = ! w9d-swept m>itime situation 9 :i* !y are to be us$4 ,= ?is purpose few plants equal1 & c]ta9ly none surpass1 ! ,sea ,buck?orn 7,hippoph rhamnoides71 ,tam>isk 7,tam>ix gallica71 ! common eld]1 hazel1 :ite?orn1 & at lea/ ?ree species ( will[--,salix ,caprea1 ,s4 helix1 & ,s4 alba4 ,imm$iately beh9d ?is scre51 pits ( n less ?an #b ft4 9 diamet] & ab\t #ah 94 9 dep? may be =m$1 & x w be all ! bett] if "s "t is all[$ to elapse be=e !y are plant$4 ,! bottom & side ( ea* pit %\ld1 :]e f\nd necess>y1 be loos$ ) a pick1 & if ! soil is f\nd to be ( v inf]ior quality1 x w be well1 m especially :]e su* c be readily obta9$1 to add a spadeful or two f "s adjo9+ field4 ,plant+ %\ld n be comm5c$ be=e ,m>* or ,april1 an e>ly />t at gr[? be+ mu* 9 fav\r ( "y trees t h rec5tly be5 transf]r$ to ! sea-coa/4 ,! plants to be us$ %\ld n exce$1 say1 #ab to #ae 94 9 height1 b ( /rong gr[? 9 proportion to _! size1 & suppli$ ) an abundance ( fibr\s roots4 ,lanky1 ill-gr[n1 & coddl$ plants h b a poor *ance ( succe$+ "u su* adv]se circum/ances4 ,9 plant+1 keep ! /ronge/ roots seaw>d1 & d n place ! trees at a great] dep? 9 ! soil ?an t at :i* !y /ood :il/ 9 ! nurs]y bord]4 ,! failure to use ?is precaution is a mi/ake1 & is productive ( any?+ b fav\rable results4 ,imm$iately beh9d ?is rais$ m\nd ( turf1 or ! dead f5ce ( bran*es above describ$1 ! be/ trees = )/&+ ! fir/ brunt ( ! sea-breeze are ! sycamore1 elm1 eld]1 & will[ among/ h>dwoods1 & ! ,au/rian & clu/] p9es 7,p9us au/riaca & ,p4 ,p9a/]71 to :i* might be add$ ,p4 l>icio1 ,p4 sylve/ris1 & ,p4 montana1 among/ conif]s4 ,^! are all well-tri$ subjects1 & may be reli$ ^u z peculi>ly suit$ = do+ battle ) h>d-bl[+ & long-cont9u$ /orms on ! sea-coa/4 ,reg>d+ ! m]its ( ! clu/] p9e = seaside plant+1 x w\ld be almo/ sup]flu\s = me to speak2 :ile ! elm & sycamore s5d out _! /\t bran*es into ! v tee? ( ! bla/1 & are kn[n z peculi>ly well suit$ = su* situations4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes su* trees & %rubs z h1 f long exp]i5ce1 be5 f\nd well suit$ = plant+ on cold & w9d-swept %ores1 & ! trees are arrang$ accord+ to _! value 9 ?is respect4 ,,h>dwoods ,! ,sycamore 7,ac] ,pseudo-platanus7 is1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ valuable h>d-wood$ tree ( timb] size t ,i h come across = plant+ 9 expos$ seaside situations4 ,x succe$s well1 ev5 at highwat] m>k1 ! /\t1 twiggy bran*es be+ ?r[n out into ! v face ( ! bla/4 ,ev5 dur+ w9t]1 & 9 a leafless /ate1 ! am\nt ( %elt] af=d$ by ?is tree is q surpris+4 ,tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation--its great h>dihood1 & suitability to v>i\s soils & situations1 ,i consid] ! sycamore ! mo/ valuable ( any decidu\s tree t ,i h yet tri$ = seaside plant+4 ,! ,eld] 7,sambucus nigra7 is1 among/ small-gr[+ trees1 ! be/ = plant+ 9 expos$ seaside di/ricts4 ,its p[]s ( endurance are ev5 great] ?an ^? ( ! sycamore1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( %elt] x af=ds is by no means s great4 ,:]e its bran*es are con/antly expos$ to ! sal9e-lad5 breeze1 & its roots among/ almo/ pure s&1 x gr[s & ?rives 9 a mann] t is q surpris+4 ,) ! greate/ advantages h ,i us$ ! eld] z a w9d-break on "s ( ! mo/ expos$ & desolate coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,ev5 :]e gr[n z a s+le specim51 x seems to disreg>d ! angry bla/ & sal9e p>ticles ) :i* x is almo/ con/antly pelt$--a fact t may be v]ifi$1 9 n "o1 b sev]al /ations along ! coa/4 ,!n1 :at tree is ( readi] culture ?an ! eld]1 succe$s bett] 9 poor1 s&y soils1 or spreads ab\t to an equal ext5t8 ,! ,norway ,maple 7,ac] platanoides7 /&s ! fir/ brunt ( ! sea-breeze 9 a mo/ comm5dable way--inde$1 x may be recomm5d$ z "o ( ! mo/ h>dy & valuable trees = ! purpose "u consid]ation t c\ld be nam$4 ,on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,engl&1 & 9 a v expos$ & w9d-swept di/rict1 ,i h us$ x ) ! greate/ success 9 ! =mation ( plantations1 z x is ( rapid gr[? & soon =ms an excell5t %elt] to ! o!r less h>dy k9ds ( trees4 ,x is by no means p>ticul> z to soil1 b succe$s all ! bett] if ?is is fairly ri*4 ,! ,w+$ ,elm 7,ulmus alata74--,f a long exp]i5ce ( ?is1 at pres5t1 little-kn[n tree1 ,i h e confid5ce 9 recomm5d+ x z "o ( ! mo/ valuable trees = plant+ 9 cold1 w9d-tortur$1 & m>itime di/ricts t h yet f\nd _! way into ?is c\ntry4 ,:]e _m ( our h>die/ trees are b5t & %r9k+ f ! bla/1 ?is elm /&s nobly out1 & seems to defy bo? w9ds & /orm4 ,! ,hunt+don ,will[ 7,salix alba7 & ,b$=d ,will[ 7,s4 ,russelliana71 b p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 are excell5t trees = w9dy %ores4 ,9 _m places along ! coa/ ! ,hunt+don will[ may be se5 9 a mo/ fl\ri%+ & happy condition1 & t1 too1 :]e ! surr\nd+s are ! rev]se ( fav\rable4 ,x is a tree ( quick gr[?1 & w succe$ well 9 any class ( soil if x be n too damp4 ,9 "o in/ance t came "u my notice1 ! trees 7 plant$ on a promontory ov]hang+ ! sea & 9 su* a situation t !y 7 almo/ con/antly subject$ to r\gh-bl[+ w9ds com+ 9 f ! ,iri% ,sea1 & yet !y h gr[n ) ! greate/ fre$om1 & to-day look z heal?y & happy z if plant$ 9 "s %elt]$ inl& situation4 ,! ,beam ,tree 7,pyrus ,aria7 is ano!r excell5t small-gr[+ tree = plant+ 9 sites :]e1 f cold sal9e bla/s1 few o!rs c\ld eke out ev5 a mis]able exi/5ce4 ,on ! lime/one cliffs ( ! ,great ,orme's ,head ?is h&some & h>dy tree gr[s 9 a mo/ surpris+ way--inde$1 ) ! exception ( "o or two species ( will[1 ,i "q v mu* :e!r any o!r tree c\ld exi/ "u ! try+ circum/ances4 ,! h>d & lea!ry leaves seem z if specially con/ruct$ = be>+ /orms1 &1 be+ pl5tifully produc$1 r5d] a great am\nt ( %elt] to o!r trees4 ,! ,goat ,will[ 7,salix ,caprea71 = plant+ 9 almo/ pure s& on ! sea-coa/1 is a mo/ valuable small-gr[+ tree1 & x is s h>dy t1 )\t ! lea/ risk ( h>m1 x may be plant$ at great altitudes1 & 9 v expos$ situations4 ,9 sev]al ( ! m>itime plantations t ,i h =m$1 ?is will[ 0 us$ ) rem>kable success 9 ! out] l9e or scre54 ,! ,asp5 7,populus tremula7 is an excell5t %ore-tree1 "o t c )/& a great am\nt ( r\gh usage1 & z h>dy & fa/-gr[+ a subject z c\ld well be desir$4 ,9 ! =mation ( sev]al expos$ seaside woods on ! we/ coa/ ( ,engl& ,i plant$ ! asp5 l>gely1 &1 ,i may add1 ! results h be5 mo/ satisfactory4 ,p4 canad5sis1 ,p4 alba1 & ,p4 nigra are likewise wor?y ( ext5d$ culture1 = !y succe$ well by ! seaside4 ,!y all /& ! breeze f ! sea1 are p]fectly h>dy1 & af=d a great am\nt ( %elt]4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,a% 7,pyrus ,aucup>ia74--,al?\gh valueless1 or ne>ly s1 = ! quantity ( timb] x produces1 yet1 z a h>dy1 free-gr[+ tree1 ! m\nta9 a%1 or r[an tree1 m]its att5tion f plant]s ( expos$ seaside l&4 ,all along ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita9 ?is pretty tree may be f\nd gr[+ luxuriantly1 & 9 su* situations af=d+ a great am\nt ( %elt] to o!r less h>dy k9ds ( trees & %rubs4 ,x may be plant$ )\t fe> ( h>m1 d[n ev5 to highwat] m>k1 & :]e ! soil is ( ! poore/ description4 ,x is ?us "o ( ! mo/ useful ( trees = plant+ z %elt] along ! r\ghe/ & mo/ w9d-tortur$ p>ts ( ! coa/4 ,! ,ho>y ,ald] 7,alnus incana7 & ! ,common ,ald] 7,a4 glut9osa7 c h>dly be excell$ = plant+ 9 wet portions ( cold1 w9d-swept gr\nd1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea4 ,bo? trees gr[ ) ! greate/ fre$om1 & are p]fectly h>dy1 /&+ ! fir/ brunt ( ! sal9e bla/s 9 a mo/ comm5dable & praisewor?y mann]4 ,i h f\nd x to be a good plan :]e %elt] is want$ on b>e coa/-tracts1 if ! quality ( soil be at all suitable1 to plant ! ald]s pretty closely1 & :5 !y h atta9$ to #ae ft4 or #bj ft4 9 height1 to cut e alt]nate "o ov] at gr\nd level4 ,by s do+ a numb] ( /\t %oots are ?r[n out e>ly 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 :i*1 z !y gr[ ) great rapidity1 soon fill up ! blanks occasion$ by cutt+ ov] ! "y trees4 ,aft] ^! h _h sev]al ye>s' gr[? ! rema9+ half ( ! orig9al crop %\ld be cut ov]1 & :5 all h />t$ f ! /ools a fir/-class %elt] is obta9$4 ,( c\rse1 damp portions ( ! gr\nd %\ld be select$ on :i* to plant ! ald]4 ,! ,engli% ,maple 7,ac] campe/re7 c well hold its own z a tree = plant+ on expos$ seaside gr\nds4 ,x is "o ( ! h>die/ trees ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 gr[+ on expos$ hillsides & at consid]able elevations 9 a way t seems to attract ! att5tion ( e "o4 ,h$ges or fr+e f5ces ( ! native maple h succe$$ amaz+ly 9 sev]al m>itime woods 9 :i* x 0 plant$1 & 9 places1 too1 :]e ! w9d blew l\d & long4 ,! ,scot* ,elm 7,ulmus montana7 comes next on ! li/ ( su* trees z ,i w\ld recomm5d = ! purpose "u consid]ation4 ,x af=ds pl5ty ( %elt]1 z x gr[s freely f ! root-/ock1 s5d+ up num]\s suck]s1 & is s h>dy & pro( aga9/ damage f /orms t x may safely be plant$ 9 w9d-swept di/ricts by ! seaside4 ,bir* 7,betula alba7 & ,a% 7,frax9us excelsior7 are o!r trees t repeat$ exp]im5ts h prov$ to be well suit$ = )/&+ ! ocean's bla/ & = plant+ 9 poor1 rocky soils4 ,! ,turkey ,oak 7,qu]cus ,c]ris71 ) j a small am\nt ( %elt]1 w be f\nd a mo/ valuable tree = plant+ )9 ! influ5ce ( ! sea4 ,x ?rives well 9 v poor soils1 & :5 9 full leaf is capable ( af=d+ a great am\nt ( %elt]4 ,! ,ev]gre5 ,oak 7,q4 ,ilex7 has prov$ itself to be peculi>ly fitt$ = plant+ z %elt] 9 expos$ & m>itime di/ricts4 ,9 ! =mation ( seaside plantations1 b p>ticul>ly :]e1 f ! frequ5cy & =ce ( ! /orms1 few trees c succe$1 ,i h plant$ ! ev]gre5 oak ) ! greate/ success4 ,! trees j treat$ ( h no equals1 among su* z h yet be5 introduc$1 = )/&+ cold seaside w9ds1 a trial ( _m o!r v>ieties only result+ 9 prov+ _! unfitness = plant+ 9 su* situations4 ,two or ?ree o!rs1 su* z ! ,engli% ,oak1 ,hornbeam1 ,bee* & ,engli% ,elm1 might be add$ to ! li/1 b !y c only be recomm5d$ = plant+ :]e at lea/ p>tial %elt] is af=d$4 ,,conif] ,=emo/ among/ ^! ,i mu/1 f long p]sonal exp]i5ce & a fair trial ( sev]al k9ds "u exactly simil> conditions 9 e way1 place ! ,au/rian ,p9e 7,p9us au/riaca74 ,x gr[s ) unusual fre$om1 & af=ds a great] am\nt ( %elt] ?an any o!r tree ) :i* ,i am at pres5t acqua9t$4 ,t x w succe$ equally well ) ! ,p4 ,p9a/] :5 subject$ to ! sea-breeze1 ,i am n[ fully conv9c$1 :ile ! am\nt ( %elt] x af=ds1 & rapidity ( gr[?1 place x f> ahead ( t species = ! purpose we are n[ consid]+4 ,x may n succe$ s well z ! ,p9a/] :5 plant$ 9 pure s&1 on ! sea-coa/1 & ?is is ! only po9t t c be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] species ov] ,p4 au/riaca4 ,9 =m+ _m l>ge woods along ! coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,engl& ,i us$ ! ,au/rian p9e 9 pref]5ce to sev]al o!rs1 & happily1 too1 = x has succe$$ 9 a surpris+ mann]1 trees ( t5 ye>s' gr[? be+ fully #ac ft4 9 height1 & ne>ly z mu* 9 diamet] ( bran* spread4 ,) su* a scre5 z t af=d$ by ! h>dy ,au/rian1 _m half-t5d] trees c be plant$ f>!r inl&2 & ?is is ! me?od ( proc$ure t ,i h f\nd to be mo/ successful 9 gett+ up %elt] along b>e & fully expos$ p>ts ( ! %ores ( ,we/]n ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,! ,clu/] ,p9e 7,p4 ,p9a/]7 & its small]-gr[+ v>iety ,p4 m>itima h a _w-wide reputation = _! suitability = plant+ on expos$ seaside tracts ( gr\nd4 ,t !y are ( great value = plant+ on s&y wa/es is a fact t _c be ga9said--inde$1 few o!r trees c\ld succe$ or eke out an exi/5ce 9 pure s& & :]e ! roots come 9 contact ) ! salt wat]4 ,a great drawback to ?is p9e is its long tap-root & want ( fibr\s roots2 x transplants ) difficulty1 b ?is1 z 9 v>i\s o!r species ( p9e1 may be greatly obviat$ by c>eful nurs]y managem5t4 ,9 my own op9ion ! typical tree is h>dly equal to ! v>iety m>itima ei!r = %elt] or )/&+ ! sea-breeze4 ,! v>iety1 too1 is1 if any?+1 ! mo/ valuable = %elt]-giv+1 x hav+ a mu* great] incl9ation to reta9 ! l[] bran*es intact4 ,! ,corsican ,p9e 7,p4 l>icio7 q equals ! ,au/rian 9 its p[]s ( )/&+ long-cont9u$ & cold w9ds4 ,t x does n succe$ s well on ! sea-coa/ is a fact ( :i*1 f repeat$ exp]im5ts1 ,i am fully aw>e4 ,! ,corsican p9e1 too1 is a valuable timb]-produc]--a fact t is well wor?y ( consid]ation 9 ext5sive plant+4 ,9 ! ,giant ,arborvit 7,?uja gigantea7 we h ano!r excell5t addition to ! li/ ( trees t h be5 f\nd suitable = plant+ on expos$ m>itime gr\nds4 ,x gr[s ) great rapidity1 & ,i h nev] f\nd ev5 a solit>y example ( ?is tree hav+ be5 uproot$ or injur$ dur+ ! mo/ sev]e /orms4 ,on ! sea-coa/ ( ,wales ,i h us$ ! giant arborvit l>gely 9 ! =mation ( woods & plantations1 & ) great success4 ,x transplants well1 ev5 :5 ( l>ge size1 & is readily propagat$4 ,p9us montana may also be recomm5d$ = af=e/+ tracts ( gr\nd by ! sea-coa/4 ,x is a tree ( und\bt$ h>dihood1 )/&+ cold & cutt+ w9ds 9 a wor?y mann]4 ,! ,scot* ,p9e 7,p4 sylve/ris71 ?\gh by no means equal to ! above = plant+ by ! seaside1 mu/ on no acc\nt be omitt$ f our li/1 = x is a h>dy1 fa/-gr[+ specim51 & "o t c d battle ) v sev]e & long-la/+ /orms4 ,x %\ld n be plant$ :]e x w meet ! fir/ brunt ( ! /orm1 b giv5 a little %elt]1 su* z t af=d$ by ! above-nam$ k9ds4 ,! v>ieties ( p9e j nam$ may all be reli$ ^u z peculi>ly well fitt$ = ! purpose "u consid]ation4 ,! ,l>ge-fruit$ ,cypress 7,cupressus macroc>pa7 & ,p9us insignis might be add$ to ! li/1 bo? be+ well suit$ = m>itime plant+--inl&1 h[ev]1 !y _c be reli$ ^u4 ,p9us insignis gr[s ) unabat$ vig\r on ! w9d-swept coa/ ( ! ,isle ( ,anglesey1 & /&s ! breeze 9 a mo/ surpris+ & praisewor?y mann]4 ,! ,atlantic ,c$> 7,c$rus atlantica7 & ,swiss ,/one ,p9e 7,p9us ,cembra7 d fairly well z seaside trees4 ,,%rubs ,! ,sea ,buck?orn 7,hippophea rhamnoides7 is unque/ionably ! be/ all-r\nd %rub = plant+ z a %elt] by ! sea-coa/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,to see x 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,scotl&1 gr[+ among/ almo/ pure s&1 & :]e con/antly expos$ to fi]ce bla/s1 %[s h[ valuable a %rub x is = expos$ m>itime situations4 ,= af=d+ %elt] x is "o ( ! be/ %rubs t ,i "k (1 ! unusually twiggy bran*es sift+ & divid+ up ! w9d 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,tam>ix gallica & ,t4 g]manica are two excell5t seaside %rubs1 & su* z are well suit$ = plant+ on expos$ places4 ,!y gr[ ) great fre$om1 transplant well1 & are readily propagat$4 ,ev5 9 pure s& !y seem q at home1 gr[+ freely1 & produc+ a ri* abundance ( _! %[y fl[]s4 ,9 v expos$ p>ts ( ! coa/1 & :5 fully op5 to direct sea-bla/s1 we h frequ5tly se5 ! tam>isk fully a doz5 feet 9 height1 & ne>ly z mu* 9 bran*-spread4 ,?\gh little kn[n ,t4 g]manica is a mo/ valuable seaside %rub1 ab\t #f ft4 9 height1 ) small leaves1 & spikes ( conspicu\s r$ fl[]s4 ,! ,box ,?orn 7,lycium europum7 may be introduc$ )\t fe> ( h>m to ! seaside woods1 = x is n only p]fectly h>dy 9 su* situations1 b x be>s con/ant exposure to w9d z well z any %rub ,i "k (4 ,h$ges ( ?is plant h be5 =m$ 9 _m m>itime p>ts ( ,engl& & ,wales1 ! only support be+ a few /akes driv5 9 "h & !re along ! l9e ( f5ce4 ,x w gr[ 9 pure s&1 & :5 la%$ by ! waves4 ,! ,sn[b]ry 7,symphoric>pus racemosus7 comes next on ! li/ ( %rubs t h be5 f\nd suitable = ! purpose "u consid]ation4 ,x is a plant ( extraord9>y h>dihood1 "o t increases rapidly f ! root-/ock & af=ds a fair am\nt ( %elt]4 ,! ,tree ,mall[ 7,lavat]a arborea7 c h>dly be surpass$ = %ore plant+1 :]e x frequ5tly atta9s to a height ( #aj ft4 ,x has be5 f\nd ( great utility 9 "s ( ! isl&s along ! coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,spirea ,adiantifolia is a fitt+ companion = ! latt]1 gr[+ & fl[]+ v freely 9 w9d-swept g>d5s along ! ,scotti% coa/4 ,grisel9ia littoralis has /ood a sev]e te/ z to its capability = )/&+ cold w9ds bl[+ 9 f ! sea4 ,! ,dogwood 7,cornus sangu9ea7 & ,fl[]+ ,currant 7,ribes sangu9eum7 are1 likewise1 excell5t seaside %rubs1 ( p]fect h>dihood & readily propagat$4 ,! ,tree ,purslane 7,atriplex halimus7 is also a really valuable %rub t is totally indiff]5t to ! salt spray1 & f its dw>f1 ev]gre5 nature1 & silv]y-scaly leaves1 is also m or less ornam5tal4 ,x does n seem to m9d ei!r w9d bl[+ direct f ! sea1 or :e!r ! soil 9 :i* x is plant$ is ( only mod]ate quality4 ,! ,lauru/9us 7,viburnum t9us74--,:]e ! situation is n too expos$1 ?is is a mo/ valuable & ornam5tal %rub4 ,lilac ( v>i\s species are well adapt$ = plant+ by ! seaside1 ! two k9ds mo/ to be recomm5d$ be+ ! ,common & ,p]sian 7,syr+a vulg>is & ,s4 ,p]sica74 ,! ,spani% ,broom 7,sp>tium junceum7 has be5 us$ ) ! greate/ success all along ! coa/1 be+ p]fectly h>dy1 & an excell5t subject = cold1 draughty positions4 ,! ,tree ,gr\ndsel 7,bac*>is halimifolia7 is n only a %rub ( great beauty1 b "o t is p]fectly h>dy1 & well adapt$ = plant+ by ! seaside4 ,x w ?rive 9 almo/ pure s&1 b x is all ! bett] = a poor gravelly loam1 & seems to delight 9 ! ozone ( ! seaside atmosph]e4 ,bo? ! ,portugal ,laurel 7,prunus lusitanica7 & ,sweet-,bay 7,laurus nobilis7 are valuable ev]gre5 %rubs = seaside plant+4 ,f _! l>ge size & compact habit1 !y af=d a great am\nt ( %elt]4 ,! ,common ,holly 7,ilex aquifolium7 & its gold5 =m bo? d well at ! seaside1 & ?is may also be said ( ! ,common & ,scot* ,laburnums4 ,!y may be us$ ) be/ advantage :]e ! direct =ce ( ! bla/ is brok5 up4 ,! ,common ,gorse 7,ulex europu7 & ! ,broom 7,cytisus scop>ius7 %\ld on no acc\nt be omitt$ f our li/ ( %rubs t are valuable = m>itime wa/es :]e ! w9d ex]ts its full p[]4 ,! above %rubs include ! pr9cipal ( su* z c be recomm5d$ = plant+ along ! sea-coa/1 b :]e good %elt] is af=d$ by ! trees nam$ 9 ?is *apt]1 a few o!rs might be recomm5d$ = trial4 ,^! include ! ,/rawb]ry ,tree 7,arbutus un$o71 ,euonymus japonicus1 ,b]b]is ,d>w9ii1 ,ligu/rum ,ovalifolium1 ,daphne ,mez]eon1 & ,d4 laureola1 ,ruscus aculeatus1 ,hyp]icum calyc9um1 ,v9ca major & ,v4 m9or1 & sev]al k9ds ( ?orn4 ,! ,m>am1 or ,sea ,matwe$ 7,psamma ar5>ia7 is "o ( ! mo/ useful grasses ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ = b9d+ %ift+ s&s on ! sea-coa/4 ,n only s1 b by us+ x z a pione]1 ! am\nt ( %elt] x af=ds r5d]s o!r m difficult subjects by no means h>d to cultivate4 ,x usually atta9s to a height ( f #b ft4 to #b ft41 mu* dep5d+ on ! situation1 :e!r p>tially %elt]$ or fully expos$4 ,! root-/ock creeps widely1 "s specim5s t h be5 foll[$ up 9 ! s& be+ ( ! amaz+ l5g? ( #ce y>ds4 ,among/ loose & drift+ s& ! runn+ roots f9d :at is mo/ suitable = ! welf>e ( ! plant1 & x is a/oni%+ ) :at p]si/5cy !y b9d 9 an unusually %ort space ( "t ^! %ift+ hills ( almo/ du/-dry s&4 ,9 plant+1 place ! plants 9 p>allel l9es1 ab\t #af 94 ap>t1 & at a di/ance ( #ab 94 f ea* o!r4 ,l>ge plants may be subdivid$ to almo/ any ext5t4 ,a g>d5 l9e is /ret*$ along ! gr\nd1 a not* #aj 94 deep tak5 out1 ! grass ins]t$ !re9 & fill$ ) s&1 & aft]w>ds firmly trodd54 ,t ! sea matwe$ is a mo/ useful plant = fa/ ga9+ a foot+ on s&y tracts ( sea-coa/1 & ?us all[+ ( foll[+ up ) ! %elt]-giv+ trees1 _c be disput$4 ,! ,lymegrass 7,elymus ar5>ius7 is also valuable = gr[+ 9 almo/ pure s& on ! sea-coa/4 ,x is ( tall1 elegant gr[?1 & is readily increas$ f root divisions4 ,! foll[+ trees & %rubs1 alphabetically arrang$1 are recomm5d$ = seaside plant+3-- ,,trees ,,= ,,! ,,sea-,,coa/4 ,ac] campe/re ,p9us ,p9a/] m>itima ---- creticum ,populus canad5sis ---- ,pseudo-platanus ---- nigra ,alnus glut9osa ---- nigra ---- incana ,pyrus ,aucup>ia ,betula alba ---- ,aria ,c>p9us betulus ,qu]cus ,ilex ,c$rus atlantica ---- ,robur ,cupressus macroc>pa ,salix alba ,fagus sylvatica ---- ,caprea ,frax9us excelsior ---- ,=/]iana ,p9us au/riaca ---- ,russelliana ---- l>icio ,?uja gigantea ---- montana ,ulmus alata ---- ,p9a/] ---- campe/ris ---- montana ,,%rubs ,,= ,,! ,,sea-,,coa/4 ,atriplex halimus ,lavat]a arborea ,aucuba japonica ,lycium europum ,c]asus lusitanica ,rhamnus frangula ---- ,padus ,ribes sangu9eum ,cytisus ,laburnum ,rosa sp9osissima ---- scop>ius ,%eph]dia arg5tea ,euonymus japonicus ,spirea adiantifolia ---- europu ,syr+a p]sica ,fabiana imbricata ---- vulg>is ,grisel9ia littoralis ,symphoric>pus racemosus ,hippoph rhamnoides ,tam>ix gallica ,ilex ,aquifolium ---- g]manica ---- ,aquifolium aurea ,ulex ,europu ,laurus nobilis ,viburnum t9us ,,grasses4 ,elymus ar5>ius ,psamma ar5>ia ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,t[n ,,plant+1 ,,& ,,! ,,trees ,,& ,,%rubs ,,t ,,are ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,smoky ,,localities ,probably no "w connect$ ) horticulture requires m judgm5t & good managem5t ?an ! plant+ ( trees & %rubs 9 urban di/ricts4 ,! mat]ials & soil ( :i* /reets & t[n g>d5s are usually =m$ are ill-fitt$ = ma9ta9+ a heal?y condition 9 trees & %rubs = any l5g? ( "t4 ,?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ! impurities ( ! atmosph]e 9 d5sely populat$ c5tres1 has to be con/antly borne 9 m9d4 ,9 m fav\rable di/ricts all t is necess>y is to op5 a pit ( suffici5t size to conta9 ! roots ( ! tree or %rub to be plant$2 b 9 t[ns ! soil1 (t5 z h>d z iron & compos$ ma9ly ( refuse build+ mat]ials1 conta9s b little plant food4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ c>eful obs]vations h be5 made1 n only 9 ,london1 b 9 ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 ,w>r+ton & ,dubl91 z to :i* trees & %rubs succe$ be/ 9 ! smoky localities ( ea* t[n1 & x is ma9ly by tabulat+ ^! diff]5t exp]i5ces t satisfactory in=mation on ! subject has be5 obta9$4 ,coal smoke f ! *imneys 9 ! l>g] & m cr[d$ c5tres ( indu/ry is no d\bt bad en\gh1 b1 :5 we h to cont5d ) an atmosph]e t is l>gely impregnat$ ) ! outcome f *emical1 gas1 or iron works1 ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ are correspond+ly increas$4 ,! injuri\s effects ( smoke h become mu* m pron\nc$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 & ,sir ,william ,ri*mond1 ,r4,a41 told ! annual meet+ ( ! ,coal ,smoke ,abatem5t ,society t ,we/m9/] ,abbey _h suff]$ f m rapid decay 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ?an 9 all ! previ\s c5turies ( its exi/5ce4 ,! *ief cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! /onework has be5 %[n to be ! pres5ce 9 ! air ( sulphur acids3 ! /one is conv]t$ into sulphate ( lime2 9 ! process ( its =mation ?is dis9tegrates ! /one by expansion4 ,! connexion betwe5 smoke & /one decay appe>s to lie 9 ! action ( invisible gases emitt$ f ! smoke p>ticles4 ,if /onework suff]s s at ! h&s ( smoke & sulphuric & o!r acids1 :at1 x may be ask$1 mu/ ! effect be on ! foliage ( trees & %rubs--p>ticul>ly su* z are plant$ 9 ! mo/ smoke-infe/$ p>ts ( our great t[ns & cities8 ,:5 comp>$ ) ,cont95tal cities--,p>is1 ,brussels or ,b]l9--:]e tree-culture is c>ri$ out mo/ successfully1 ! atmosph]e ( ,briti% t[ns is impregnat$ to a f> great] ext5t ) noxi\s fumes4 ,dry l[-ly+ & conf9$ areas1 p>ticul>ly :]e excessive heat & atmosph]ic impurities are pres5t1 are decid$ly ! wor/1 :ile op5 & high-ly+ di/ricts1 ?\gh 9 ! c5tre ( a t[n1 (f] few] difficulties4 ,t c]ta9 trees & %rubs succe$ be/ 9 p>ticul> t[ns is a well kn[n fact1 & ! smoke-pro( ,london ,plane is by no means ! be/ tree = "s ( ! colli]y di/ricts2 9 ,%effield1 = in/ance1 its place is l>gely tak5 by ! ,canadian ,popl>4 ,9 ,man*e/]1 ! ,lime w\ld appe> to ?rive be/1 aft] :i* ! ,eld]1 ,?orn & ,plane succe$ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! v>iegat$-leav$ ,sycamore & ! horse *e/nut are fav\rites :]e ! smoke f colli]ies is mo/ (f5sive4 ,b _m su* cases c\ld be po9t$ out1 & ev5 9 ! case ( b$d+ plants c]ta9 species succe$ be/ 9 p>ticul> localities4 ,9 ! g>d5s ab\t ! ,royal ,m9t1 :]e !y are expos$ to ! delet]i\s fumes f gold-ref9+ works1 ,fu*sias d rem>kably well2 inde$1 ! dw>f edg+ v>iety1 ,gold5 ,treasure1 ?rives s well t advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! fact to propagate "s ( ! /ock t is annually requir$ = "o ( ! ,london p>ks f cutt+s tak5 at ! ,m9t4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london ! ,creep+ ,j5ny 7,lysima*ia7 ?rives well z a w9d[ plant1 :ile 9 ! *emically impure atmosph]e ( ,lambe? "o ( ! ,v]onicas is ! fav\rite plant = indoor culture4 ,! ,/4 ,john's ,worts 7,hyp]icum7 d n z a rule ?rive well 9 ,london2 yet ar\nd ! ,tate ,gall]y1 :i* is only divid$ by ! riv] f ! ,lambe? pott]y di/rict--! wor/ 9 ! metropolis = atmosph]ic impurities--"o species at lea/ fl\ri%es amaz+ly1 & has produc$ fl[]s 9 abundance = _m ye>s pa/2 :ile at ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 ! less] ,p]iw9kle 7,v9ca m9or7 has become q e/abli%$ & runs ab\t freely4 ,9 ,*anc]y ,lane1 at ! ,record ,(fice1 ! common ,ivy1 ,bladd] ,s5na1 & ,yucca d be/4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,london1 too1 well kn[n v>ieties ( ,campanula are l>gely gr[n z pot plants4 ,x is a some:at /range fact1 too1 t "s v>ieties ( trees & %rubs succe$ bett] ?an ! type species 9 smoky localities1 z witness ! ,london ,plane 7a v>iety ( ,platanus ori5talis71 v>iegat$-leav$ ,sycamore1 fa/igiate ,popl>1 two v>ieties ( ,pyrus1 ,weep+ ,elm1 ,weep+ ,a%1 & sev]al v>ieties ( ,acacia1 notably ,rob9ia pseudo-acacia in]mis & ,r4 pseudo-acacia ,bessoniana4 ,simil>ly1 among/ %rubs1 we h ! dw>f ,holly1 gold5 v>iegat$ ,euonymus1 gold5 ,privet1 ,ribes1 d\ble-fl[]$ ,gorse1 ,euonymus radicans v>iegata1 & o!rs4 ,) ,grasses1 too1 "s curi\s exp]i5ces might be relat$4 ,at ! ,briti% ,museum ! ,y>r[ completely ou/$ ! ,grasses f ! plots 9 front ( t build+1 & 9 ! moat ( ! ,t[] ( ,london sev]al ,grasses t succe$ 9 less smoky p>ts ( ! metropolis quickly die out4 ,ne> ! ma9 entrance to ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & close to ,bill+sgate ,fi% ,m>ket1 consid]able difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! ,plane trees e/abli%$2 ?\gh 9 ! matt] ( soil1 & *oice ( /rong /urdy specim5s1 e possible c>e 0 tak54 ,at la/ x 0 f\nd t ! drip f ! fi% c>ts 0 ! cause ( ! evil1 & a rem$y 0 quickly f\nd4 ,9 ano!r g>d51 :]e du/1 smoke1 & soot are pl5tiful1 ! ,bladd] ,campion 7,sil5e inflata71 ,sapon>ia (fic9alis1 ! common ,m>igold1 & ,rye ,grass seem positively to revel4 ,9 situations almo/ con/antly subject$ to ! sulphur\s fumes ( ! railway eng9es ne> ,camd5 ,t[n1 & 9 ! poore/ ( soils1 ,poa annua w\ld appe> to be q at home4 ,! *emical fumes f ! pott]y works at ,lambe? are well kn[n to act injuri\sly on vegetation g5]ally1 b ! ,mulb]ry1 ,fig1 ,sycamore1 ,turkey & ,ev]gre5 ,oaks ?rive z well !re z !y d 9 any "p ( ! metropolis4 ,! fumes giv5 (f f _m ( our city manufactories act mo/ p]nici\sly on vegetation g5]ally--a fact t 0 br\ght to my notice by ! behavi\r ( "s ( our mo/ valuable smoke-resi/+ trees & %rubs plant$ 9 ! gravey>d at ,/4 ,giles-9-!-,fields4 ,meet+ ! g>d5] !re ,i rem>k$ on ! wret*$ condition ( ! trees & %rubs g5]ally1 8 quick reply be+1 8,well6 ) ,crosse ,blackwell's on ! "o side1 & ,nixey's ,black ,lead ,works on ! o!r1 x's a wond] !re's a liv+ plant left60 ,"h ! common ,fig & ,black ,popl> seem$ bett] able to )/& ! atmosph]ic conditions ?an ei!r ! ,london ,plane or ,acacia4 ,) ! l>gely increas$ use ( coal gas = cook+ purposes1 improv$ grates1 & ! bett] combu/ion ( fuel1 ! atmosph]e ( c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,london1 has1 h[ev]1 become mu* less smoky ?an 0 ! case a few ye>s ago1 & 9 consequ5ce vegetation g5]ally succe$s bett]4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 "s ( ! l[-ly+ di/ricts adjo9+ ! ,?ames :]e ! 8slot0 sy/em ( provid+ gas = cook+ purposes has caus$ a great decrease 9 ! consumption ( coke & coal1 ) a correspond+ r$uction ( ! att5d+ evils ( smoke & soot4 ,9 "o ( ! poore/ p>i%es _m ( ! inhabitants h tak5 advantage ( ! facilities (f]$ by ! ,gas ,company 9 ! matt] ( cook+ by means ( gas provid$ by ! 8slot0 sy/em1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) coal1 has be5 f\nd n only *eap]1 b clean] & h&i] to use4 ,accord+ to a compet5t au?ority ! smoke nuisance has1 9 consequ5ce1 greatly abat$1 & ) ! pur] air1 ! cultivation ( w9d[ & o!r plants1 z well z ( trees & %rubs1 has be5 to "s ext5t simplifi$4 ,! electrification ( ! ,und]gr\nd ,railway has also _h a b5eficial effect on vegetation4 ,al?\gh we _c prev5t fog1 :i* is an atmosph]ic condition1 yet mu* c be done to prev5t x be+ a dirty fog1 & dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s mu* has be5 done 9 t direction4 ,bett] roads ) less du/ also assi/ l>gely 9 keep+ ! atmosph]e ( ,london 9 a pure condition4 ,) ! rage = conif]\s trees :i* 0 at its height ab\t half a c5tury ago1 x is n surpris+ t sev]al species ( ,cypress & ,c$>1 ! /ately ,p9es & ,arbor vits1 z also ! ,arauc>ia & ,junip]s1 f\nd _! way into our t[n g>d5s & squ>es4 ,ho/s ( ev]gre5s1 too1 f almo/ e "p ( ! _w 7 introduc$ into ,london1 b few h be5 able to survive ! smoky & o!rwise impure atmosph]e ( ! great metropolis4 ,decidu\s trees & %rubs1 bo? fl[]+ & ornam5tal-leav$1 %\ld c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z ! s9e qua non ( ! ,london plant]4 ,among/ ev]gre5 trees few are suitable = t[n plant+1 &1 ?\gh a limit$ numb] ( ev]gre5 %rubs may succe$ = a "t1 yet ! li/ ( decidu\s species is f> m ext5sive4 ,we h only to take notice ( su* ev]gre5s z ! ,holly1 ,rhodod5dron1 ,laurel & all ! conif]s1 ) probably "o exception1 to f9d h[ useless x is to plant !m 9 expectation t !y w give satisfaction4 ,?is is n h>d to acc\nt =1 z 9 w9t]1 :5 ! fires are all alight & smoke & soot ! ord] ( ! day1 ! leaves ( ev]gre5s are fully develop$ & 9 ! be/ possible condition = reap+ ! att5d+ disadvantages4 ,) decidu\s species ! case is q diff]5t1 = ^! are1 s to speak1 asleep :5 ! deadly smoke & vap\rs are mo/ abundant 9 our t[ns & cities4 ,i am q aw>e t "o occasionally sees ev]gre5 %rubs & trees 9 a fairly ?riv+ condition2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ! majority ( su* cases !y 7 plant$ :5 conditions 7 mu* m fav\rable ?an at pres5t4 ,x is1 p]haps1 to be regrett$ t ev]gre5 %rubs d n succe$ bett] 9 smoky localities1 be+ plant$ pr9cipally = _! refre%+ col\r 9 w9t]2 b if our atmosph]ic conditions utt]ly preclude ! use ( su*1 !n x is folly to ?r[ away money on useless plant+1 & ! w9t] aspect ( decidu\s trees & %rubs is inf9itely pref]able to t ( unheal?y ev]gre5s4 ,! bur/+ into leaf ( ! decidu\s tree or %rub is n %>$ to a l ext5t by ev]gre5s1 :i* lack t delightful *angeabl5ess & ! int]e/ t is atta*$ to spr+ gr[?4 ,x is difficult to def9e accurately ! b\nd>ies ( a t[n or ! wor/ smoke-infe/$ areas1 z f> z tree & %rub gr[? is conc]n$4 ,9 ,london1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 trees & %rubs :i* positively refuse to live 9 ! he>t ( ! city d fairly well 9 ! suburbs1 :ile /ill fur!r out1 :]e ! atmosph]e is comp>atively pure1 !y may ?rive 9 q a satisfactory way4 ,^! ?riv+ & non-?riv+ areas are sometimes v %>ply def9$1 & ?is has giv5 rise to a false idea reg>d+ c]ta9 trees & %rubs t w r>ely succe$ 9 ! m smoky p>ts :5 comp>$ ) ! same species :i* are f\nd to d well 9 ! out] suburbs4 ,high-ly+ & fairly op5 p>ts ( a t[n are also f> m conducive to plant gr[? g5]ally ?an ^? t are close & conf9$4 ,9 t[n plant+ !re is1 h[ev]1 no necessity = ! almo/ monoton\s repetition ( su* trees z ! ,plane & ,lime1 or among/ %rubs1 ( ! ,privet & ,lilac1 = !re are _m o!rs t w d almo/ equally well1 & t are q z ornam5tal4 ,probably ! fact t su* are n well kn[n w\ld =m an excuse = _! abs5ce1 & x is to be hop$ t at lea/ "o object to be accompli%$ by ! writ+ ( ?is book w be a great] int]e/ 91 & wid] k (1 ! v>i\s species ( trees1 %rubs1 & plants g5]ally t f long exp]i5ce h be5 f\nd suitable = plant+ 9 ! t[n g>d54 ,prep>ation ( ! ,gr\nd4--,g5]ally speak+1 ! mat]ials ) :i* roadways are made are n only unsuitable = tree cultivation1 b positively de/ructive to vegetation ( almo/ e description4 ,?is also applies to our squ>es1 t]races1 & op5 gr\nds ar\nd h\ses1 ! soil ( :i* is little o!r ?an refuse build+ mat]ials1 & ma9ly compos$ ( brok5 bricks & /ones1 gravel1 old mort>1 iron1 wood & %av+s4 ,9 su* a m$ium x is p]fectly useless to look = t heal?y & vigor\s gr[? :i* is s ess5tial 9 /reet trees1 t are /ill fur!r h&icapp$ by hav+ to d battle above gr\nd ) ! impurities ( a t[n atmosph]e4 ,hav+ = a numb] ( ye>s _h to plant trees & %rubs 9 _m p>ts ( ,london1 x 0 f\nd t 9 ne>ly e in/ance sub/itut+ good soil = t f\nd naturally 0 a fir/ necessity4 ,_m failures 9 /reet plant+ f ?is neglect ( provid+ suitable soil c\ld be po9t$ out1 ! result be+ t a section ( ! public has become tir$ ( ! subject 9 consequ5ce ( ! initial exp5se & subsequ5t failures4 ,too (t51 also1 ! important op]ations ( prep>+ ! gr\nd & plant+ ! trees are left 9 ! h&s ( ! surveyor or build]1 :o has little or no k to fit him = ! "w1 ! op]ation be+ c>ri$ out by lab\r]s :o are also entirely ignorant ( :at is requir$ or ! conditions necess>y = successful tree & %rub culture4 ,! consequ5ce is t failure is almo/ c]ta91 & ! trees :i* 7 /rong & heal?y :5 plant$ gradually become unheal?y & ultimately succumb to a comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* 7 br\ght ab\t by ! ignorance ( ! op]ators4 ,ano!r s\rce ( failure 9 /reet plant+ is ! g5]ally p5t-up condition ( ! roots1 = 9 sev]al cases t h come "u our notice lately ! plant] seem$ to ?9k t x 0 q en\gh to cut a small hole 9 ! pavem5t or /reet ( suffici5t size to hold ! roots ( ! tree to be ins]t$4 ,7 ! soil free1 z we f9d 9 a field1 ?is sy/em might answ]2 b :]e ! roadway is h>d z iron & compos$ ma9ly ( cl9k]s & gravel1 ! case is totally diff]5t4 ,ano!r fruitful s\rce ( failure 9 /reet plant+ is plac+ ! pavem5t 9 too close proximity to ! /em ( ! tree1 & num]\s in/ances c\ld be po9t$ out :]e ev5 old & e/abli%$ specim5s h suff]$ irrep>able damage 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ ! pav+ br\ght up too close to ! /ems4 ,! roots %\ld always be all[$ pl5ty ( brea?+ room1 & to affect ?is a good-siz$ space %\ld be rail$ (f ar\nd ea* tree & no pavem5t laid )9 x4 ,grat+s may be plac$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd ar\nd ! tree1 %\ld circum/ances compel su* a c\rse4 ,by adopt+ ei!r plan1 a d\ble b5efit to ! trees is br\ght ab\t by all[+ free access ( wat] to ! roots & prev5t+ an accumulation ( noxi\s gases 9 ! soil1 z w\ld ensue if ! flag/one or pavem5ts 7 us$4 ,:]e /reet trees are to be plant$1 ! gr\nd-surface %\ld 9 e in/ance be ?or\ghly brok5 up = a space ( n less ?an #h ft4 squ>e1 & to a dep? (1 say1 #d ft41 ! inf]ior soil remov$ & replac$ by t ( good quality1 pref]ably ( a loamy description1 or loam & leaf soil 9 ab\t equal proportions4 ,be=e plac+ ! fre% soil 9 position1 ! sides & bottom ( ea* pit %\ld be ?or\ghly loos5$ ) a pick or =k4 ,by und]m9+ ! sides ( ea* pit1 a mu* l>g] & fre] root run w be provid$1 & ?is w n necessitate s mu* ( ! /reet or pavem5t be+ torn up z if ! pits 7 ( equal wid? at ! top & bottom4 ,we h f\nd1 9 ,london at lea/1 t ! addition ( a small quantity ( leaf soil to ! loam is highly b5eficial to ! gr[? ( trees by reta9+ dampness & enc\rag+ root spread4 ,! newly add$ soil %\ld be firmly trampl$ 9 ! pit be=e plant+ is engag$ 94 ,sometimes1 :]e ! orig9al soil is n ( too inf]ior quality1 a small proportion has be5 mix$ ) ! loam & leaf soil1 b1 speak+ g5]ally1 ?is c\rse _c be adopt$4 ,9 squ>es & g>d5s :]e %rub plant+ is to be engag$ 91 a g5]al r5ovation ( ! soil is also imp]ative1 & ?is c be/ be done by ?or\ghly tr5*+ ! soil to a dep? (1 say1 #d ft4 & add+ a l>ge proportion ( fre% loam or o!r soil4 ,deep tr5*+ & ?or\ghly break+ up & loos5+ ! soil is a mo/ important factor 9 t[n plant+1 & %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,manure is sometimes add$ to ! soil1 b x is objectionable f sev]al po9ts ( view1 &1 if us$ at all1 %\ld be ?or\ghly decompos$ & incorporat$ 9 small quantity4 ,good loam & leaf soil is inf9itely pref]able1 &1 :]e necess>y1 s&y soil makes a good addition4 ,a little fre% lime add$ to ! soil has be5 f\nd mo/ b5eficial 9 t[n plant+1 & 9 old & exhau/$ bord]s1 :]e ! soil has become ta9t$ ) *emical impurities1 ! value ( lime or *alk z a cleans+ ag5t is n suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,( c\rse1 :]e s-call$ ,am]ican %rubs are to be plant$--:i* is1 h[ev]1 r>ely attempt$ 9 ,london--nei!r *alk nor lime %\ld be add$ to ! soil4 ,?is "q ( soil is s important t no "o plant+ /reet trees or %rubs c af=d to ignore x1 & :ile ! extra co/ 9 provid+ x is b little1 ! advantages ga9$ are great4 ,prep>+ ! ,trees & ,plant+4--,trees int5d$ = plant+ 9 t[ns1 & especially alongside /reets & footpa?s1 %\ld be specially prep>$ 9 ! matt] ( transplant+ & prun+4 ,z tree gu>ds are a necessity 9 protect+ trees by ! sides ( /reets1 ! trees mu/ h _! /ems free ( bran*es2 !re=e ! buds & bran*es on ! /ems ne$ to be remov$ = a di/ance ( #f or #g ft41 :il/ surplus lead+ %oots & unga9ly bran*es %\ld at ! same "t receive att5tion 9 prun+4 ,! tree also ne$s to be frequ5tly transplant$ 9 ord] t an abundance ( fibr\s roots may be produc$1 & e ef=t made to produce heal?y1 vigor\s specim5s suitable = ! uncong5ial surr\nd+s ( _! p]man5t qu>t]s4 ,9 /reet plant+ x is advisable to use trees t are f #ab to #ad ft4 9 height2 & if ^!1 = "s ye>s previ\sly to _! f9al %ift1 h be5 specially prep>$ 9 ! way ( frequ5t transplant+ & c>eful prun+1 little fe> = _! future welf>e ne$ be ent]ta9$4 ,autumn or e>ly spr+ plant+ is to be recomm5d$1 ! =m] "t be+ 9 mo/ cases pref]able4 ,z little "t z possible %\ld be all[$ to elapse betwe5 ! lift+ ( ! tree 9 ! nurs]y & its be+ transplant$ 9 ! new position4 ,spread ! roots out to _! full ext5t ar\nd ! /em & avoid plant+ too deeply2 ! nurs]y m>k on ! /em s]ves z ! be/ guide z to ! dep? at :i* to plant4 ,plant+ too deeply "u ! mi/ak5 idea t do+ s w secure ! tree 9 ! gr\nd is a fruitful s\rce ( decay & ultimate dea? ( _m /reet trees plant$ 9 ! metropolis1 & x is n uncommon to see :ole av5ues ( trees t h made little or no progress = _m ye>s ow+ to ?is cause4 ,aft] a tree has be5 plac$ 9 an upright position on ! prep>$ site & ! roots prop]ly dispos$1 ! soil %\ld be fill$ 9 & trampl$ firmly bo? among/ & ov] ! roots4 ,x may be well to w>n plant]s aga9/ ! p]nici\s practice ( all[+ leaves1 pack+ mat]ials1 or grassy turf to come 9 contact ) ! roots ( newly-plant$ trees4 ,9 dry situations a sauc]-%ap$ holl[ may be left ar\nd ! /em ( ! newly-plant$ tree1 :ile mul*+ appli$ dur+ dry & w>m summ]s is to be recomm5d$4 ,! plant+ ( %rubs %\ld be c>ri$ out ) z mu* c>e z is us$ 9 ! case ( trees4 ,x is pref]able to tr5* l& 9 :i* %rubs are to be plant$ r ?an to make a sep>ate pit = ea* %rub4 ,/reet trees %\ld be c>efully mat*$--t is1 ^? ( simil> height & %ape us$ 9 ! same /reet4 ,too (t5 ?is pr9ciple is n obs]v$1 z 9 a new /reet ne> ! ,/r&1 :]e "s ( ! specim5s are ab\t #aj ft4 high1 o!rs1 #ae ft4 & #bj ft4 high--=m+ a v irregul>1 badly mat*$ r[4 ,_m newly-plant$ t[n trees are de/itute ( lead+ %oots & h unga9ly side bran*es--faults t %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ :5 *oos+ specim5s = su* an important purpose4 ,9 *oos+ trees = /reet plant+1 ! foll[+ rules %\ld be obs]v$3-- #a4 ,/\t1 heal?y1 well-root$ & rec5tly transplant$ trees %\ld alone be *os54 #b4 ,!y %\ld1 = ! same /reet1 be ( ne>ly equal height & bran* spread4 #c4 ,/raight-/emm$ trees1 ) /\t lead+ %oots1 are to be pref]r$4 #d4 ,! height %\ld range f1 say1 #ab ft4 to #ad ft4 or ov]1 & ! /r5g? ( /em %\ld be proportionate to ! height4 #e4 ,trees ) w&-l1 crook$1 or cank]$ /ems %\ld be avoid$ 9 /reet plant+4 #f4 ,!y %\ld be beautiful1 %ade-giv+1 & easy ( culture4 ,f5c+ & ,/ak+4--,9 ord] to prev5t damage1 newly-plant$ trees %\ld be f5c$ & /ak$ at once4 ,( f5ces or gu>ds !re are _m k9ds3 !y are made ( wood1 wire or iron4 ,! iron tree gu>d has _m advantages ov] ^? ( wood or exp&$ metal1 &1 be+ made 9 two sections1 x c be readily plac$ 9 position aft] ! tree has be5 plant$4 ,= trees f #ab to #ad ft4 high ! gu>ds ne$ n exce$1 say1 #g ft4 9 height1 & pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ^? 9 :i* ! uprights are b5t outw>ds at ! top2 = ?is n only less5s ! risk ( int]f]5ce ) ! bran*es1 b is pleas+ 9 appe>ance4 ,sometimes x may n be consid]$ necess>y to protect t[n trees1 p>ticul>ly su* z are gr[+ 9 side /reets1 or 9 squ>es1 b 9 e case firm /ak+ is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t damage f w9d4 ,wood5 tree gu>ds consi/ ( ab\t half a doz5 poles or uprights1 ab\t #g ft4 long1 jo9$ toge!r ar\nd ! tree trunk by means ( wire4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ^? ( iron1 !y h1 h[ev]1 sev]al disadvantages2 = !y may be climb$ ) ease & !y d n la/ long4 ,:]e x is f\nd suffici5t to /ake ! trees )\t hav+ rec\rse to gu>ds1 a% poles1 f #b 94 to #c 94 9 diamet]1 & #aj ft4 high1 %\ld be driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd z close to ! /em z possible4 ,! tree %\ld be ti$ ) specially prep>$ t> rope1 :i* %\ld be cross$ betwe5 ! /em & /ake to prev5t damage by *af+4 ,f "t to "t x w be necess>y to see t ! b& ( /r+ does n become too tight4 ,on r>e occasions only is x necess>y to /ake %rubs1 b ?is is sometimes advisable 9 expos$ positions or 9 ! case ( %rubs ( unusually l>ge size4 ,wat]+ & ,aft]-,managem5t4--,= a few ye>s aft] be+ plant$1 trees & %rubs w require a c]ta9 am\nt ( att5tion 9 ! matt] ( wat]+ & mul*+ dur+ ! prolong$ heat & dr\ght1 & also 9 prev5t+ ! evils att5d+ excessive w9d-sway+ ow+ to ! /akes & moor+s becom+ defective4 ,! goat & wood leop>d mo?1 z also num]\s k9ds ( cat]pill>s1 attack newly-plant$ t[n trees1 p>ticul>ly ! v>i\s species ( ,pyrus1 ,?orn1 ,will[ & ,popl>4 ,! =m] tunnel into ! ma9 /em & r5d] x s weak at ! po9t attack$ t x readily breaks across dur+ w9dy wea!r1 :ile ! cat]pill>s fe$ on ! foliage & greatly impair ! heal? ( ! trees attack$4 ,spray+1 h&-pick+ & %ak+ are to be recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( ! cat]pill>s1 :ile1 to combat ! goat & leop>d mo?1 a small quantity ( cyanide ( potassium c be ins]t$ 9 ! m\? ( ! tunnel 9 ord] to dislodge or kill ! insect4 ,wat]+ %\ld pref]ably be p]=m$ 9 ! ev5+1 ! gr\nd ar\nd ! roots be+ ?or\ghly soak$1 :ile mul*+ ) fre%ly-m[n grass or old /raw w prev5t ! too rapid evaporation ( ! moi/ure4 ,9 extreme cases b9d+ ! /em ) a hay rope is to be recomm5d$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t /ra9+ ( ! roots & b>k *af+1 ! moor+s ( trees %\ld receive a p]iodical exam9ation4 ,! foll[+ trees & %rubs are to be recomm5d$ = t[n plant+3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,plane ,,tree ,,9 ,,reg5t',s ,,p>k ,,trees ,! ,ori5tal or ,common ,london ,plane 7,platanus ori5talis ac]ifolia74--,?is v>iety ( ! ori5tal plane /&s fir/ 9 ! category ( select t[n trees4 ,n only does x gr[ vigor\sly 9 t[ns1 b x is peculi>ly well adapt$ = )/&+ smoke & o!r impurities ( ! atmosph]e4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts h cle>ly prov$ t 9 ,london ?is tree fl\ri%es bett] ?an any o!r1 & a visit to ! ,?ames ,embankm5t & sev]al ( ! urban di/ricts w sub/antiate ! /atem5t2 :ile ! f9e old tree :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,*eapside1 & ! equally beautiful specim5 :i* has h>dly room = p]fect developm5t 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,ludgate ,hill1 af=d o!r examples ( h[ well suit$ ?is h&some tree is = do+ battle ) ! adv]se conditions peculi> to ! great metropolis4 ,z a div]sity ( op9ion has exi/$ ab\t :i* v>iety ( plane x is t gr[s ) su* vig\r 9 & ar\nd ,london1 x may be /at$ t1 on a c>eful exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( specim5s1 ! v>iety ,p4,o4 ac]ifolia 0 f\nd n only m commonly di/ribut$1 b1 likewise1 bett] suit$ = t[n plant+ ?an ! typical ,p4 ori5talis4 ,?is valuable v>iety is readily di/+ui%$ f ! normal plant by ! less deeply divid$ leaves1 & f ! ,am]ican plane 7,p4 occid5talis71 ) :i* x is sometimes conf\nd$1 by ! _m fruit 8balls0 :i* are atta*$ to ea* p$uncle1 ! f]tile catk9s ( ,p4 occid5talis be+1 = ! great] "p1 produc$ s+ly4 ,b n only = its value z a t[n tree is ! ori5tal plane mu* s\ght aft]1 b ! giant proportions to :i* x atta9s1 c\pl$ ) ! h&some1 f9ely-cut leaves & easy habit ( gr[?1 r5d] x "o ( our mo/ desirable ornam5tal trees4 ,fur!r1 x is ( ! easie/ culture1 succe$+ extremely well 9 soils ( v opposite qualities4 ,tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 we "q :e!r any o!r ( our =e/ trees is equal 9 value to ! plane = purposes ( t[n plant+4 ,! ,maid5hair ,tree 7,g9kgo biloba74--,! maid5hair or g9kgo tree is "o ( ! mo/ valuable t c be plant$ 9 ! impure atmosph]e ( a t[n g>d54 ,few trees c comp>e ) ! "o 9 "q = )/&+ ! delet]i\s effects produc$ on vegetation g5]ally by com+ 9 too close contact ) ! impurities ( our great c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,! ample delicate-gre5 foliage betrays--ev5 late 9 ! season1 & :5 ab\t to be ca/ (f--little evid5ce ( ! fi]ce /ruggle t mu/ almo/ con/antly g on betwe5 vegetation & ! smoke & fil? ( our t[ns & cities4 ,t ! ?ick1 lea!ry leaves & /rong con/itution ( ! tree play an important "p 9 keep+ x free f disease is cle>ly evid5t1 :ile ! annual r5ewal ( ! leaves enables x to ca/ (f ! sooty nodules :i* "w su* havoc on ! t5d] foliage ( mo/ ev]gre5 trees4 ,at sev]al places 9 & ar\nd ! great metropolis--& 9 places1 too1 :]e "o is almo/ /ifl$ ) ! fumes f *imneys--?is tree may be se5 9 almo/ z fre% a condition z ^? 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,! ,ailan?us or ,tree ( ,heav5 7,ailan?us gl&ulosa7 may be se5 9 a v fl\ri%+ condition 9 _m ( ! l>ge/ c5tres ( indu/ry 9 ,s\!rn ,engl&4 ,x has be5 l>gely plant$ 9 _m ,cont95tal cities1 & has prov$ itself "o ( ! few trees t is capable ( )/&+ ! impurities ( a t[n atmosph]e4 ,! ,black ,italian ,popl> 7,populus monilif]a74--,next to ! plane among/ =e/ trees ,i consid] ! black ,italian ,popl> to be ! mo/ valuable = plant+ 9 smoky t[ns4 ,z a pro( ( ?is !re are to be se5 num]\s f9e specim5s ( ?is tree 9 a fl\ri%+ condition1 & clo!d ) ! mo/ heal?y foliage1 9 "s ( our l>ge cities--to wit1 ,london1 ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,! ,canadian ,popl> 7,p4 canad5sis71 & its v>iety1 ,p4,c4 nova1 are excell5t trees = plant+ 9 smoky localities4 ,! =m] succe$s admirably 9 ! v c5tre ( ,%effield1 9 ! old p>i% *ur*y>d1 :]e = hundr$s ( y>ds ar\nd n a p>ticle ( liv+ vegetation is to be se54 ,! v>iety nova is a v sup]ior tree = /reet plant+1 x be+ f> m ornam5tal1 & ( m rapid gr[? ?an ! black ,italian popl>1 & equally noticeable = reta9+ a heal?y & fl\ri%+ condition "u ! adv]se circum/ances connect$ ) a t[n atmosph]e4 ,! ,abele ,popl> 7,p4 alba7 gr[s ) great fre$om :5 subject$ to smoke & f\l air4 ,9 ! v he>t ( our l>ge/ t[ns x may be se5 fl\ri%+ 9 a mann] t is almo/ incr$ible4 ,! ,lomb>dy ,popl> 7,p4 fa/igiata7 is ano!r tree t has be5 plant$ ) "s success 9 & ar\nd _m ( our l>ge/ cities1 b x _c equal any ( ! =ego+ = )/&+ ! baneful effects ( a ta9t$ atmosph]e4 ,9 ! outskirts ( t[ns1 :]e air is pur] ?an amid *imneys p\r+ =? _! volumes ( smoke1 ! ,lomb>dy popl> succe$s fairly well1 & imp>ts an air ( gr&eur t c\ld h>dly o!rwise be obta9$4 ,! ,cucumb] ,tree 7,magnolia acum9ata74--,few plant]s are aw>e ( h[ valuable ?is tree is = )/&+ ! g]ms & soot ( l>ge t[ns4 ,exp]im5ts h1 h[ev]1 result$ 9 ?is highly ornam5tal tree be+ add$ to ! li/4 ,! ,tulip ,tree 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a74--,excell5t examples are n want+ ( h[ valuable a tree ?is is = t[ns & /reets4 ,x seems to h a wond]ful recup]ative p[]1 =1 scor*$1 black5$1 & encru/$ z may appe> ! fall+ foliage1 yet 9 ! foll[+ spr+ x aga9 puts =? a g>b ( ! fre%e/ & ri*e/ gre5]y4 ,! rem>kable f\r-lob$1 truncate leaves r5d] ! tree almo/ )\t an equal = ornam5tal plant+1 :ile its und\bt$ smoke-resi/+ qualities place x high 9 ! rank among t[n trees4 ,! ,indian ,bean 7,catalpa bignonioides74--,= v>i\s reasons ?is fa/-gr[+ tree is to be recomm5d$ = plant+ 9 smoky localities4 ,x gr[s ) great vig\r 9 _m smoky c5tres ( indu/ry1 is a tree ( h&some proportions1 &1 :5 fully e/abli%$1 fl[]s freely4 ,a valuable trait 9 ! "* ( ! ,indian bean is t %\ld accid5t befall x1 & ! /em get injur$1 num]\s /rong suck]s are produc$1 :i*1 z !y gr[ ) great rapidity1 soon take ! place ( ! orig9al4 ,! ,common ,mulb]ry 7,morus nigra7 & ! :ite-fruit$ ,mulb]ry 7,m4 alba7 may be se5 gr[+ satisfactorily 9 sev]al ( ! old g>d5s & nurs]ies ( ! metropolis1 :]e !y are n[ buri$ alive1 z might be said1 9 /ones & mort>4 ,t !y are excell5t t[n trees w be admitt$ by e "o :o sees ! f9e specim5s 9 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,! ,honey ,locu/ 7,gl$its*ia triacan?os7 is a v suitable subject = plant+ 9 smoky localities4 ,9 _m ( ! wor/ smoke-infe/$ p>ts ( ,london & ,man*e/] are se5 goodly specim5s ( ?is h&some tree--n poor1 mis]able trees1 b1 f _! great size1 weal? ( foliage1 & g5]al appe>ance1 betok5+ p]fect heal? amid _! r adv]se surr\nd+s4 ,! ,false ,acacia 7,rob9ia ,pseudo-acacia74--,almo/ by ! hundr$ c ! false acacia be se5 9 ,london & _m o!r ,engli% t[ns1 ?us prov+ t x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable trees t we possess = )/&+ ! injuri\s effects ( an impure atmosph]e4 ,:at r5d]s ?is acacia ( greate/ value z a t[n tree is t x reta9s its ri* v]dure till well on 9 autumn4 ,! v>ieties kn[n z ,decaisneana1 in]mis1 microphylla1 macrophylla1 sophorfolia1 & ! upright-habit$ are mo/ to be desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,beam ,,tree ,,9 ,,london ,! ,:ite ,beam ,tree 7,pyrus ,aria74--,9 _m ( ! conf9$ spaces 9 ,glasg[ ! :ite beam tree gr[s luxuri\sly1 & produces annually great quantities ( its brightly-t9t$ b]ries4 ,! ,lime 7,tilia europa74--,:]e ! situation is n too conf9$1 & :]e soot & smoke d n ab\nd1 ! lime may1 & does1 succe$2 b 9 ! wor/ p>ts ( ! metropolis x soon %[s signs ( di/ress1 ! tops ( ! bran*es dy+ (f1 & ! :ole tree soon] or lat] %[+ ! fi]ce /ruggle x has to endure ) smoke & fumes4 ,z an av5ue tree 9 ! m airy & pure p>ts ( a t[n1 ! lime has c]ta9ly few equals1 its g5]al cont\r & ! pleas+ %ade x af=ds be+ po9ts ( special recomm5dation4 ,! ,sycamore 7,ac] pseudo-platanus74--,?is tree may be class$ z among/ ! mo/ useful = plant+ 9 smoky t[ns4 ,9 ,w>r+ton1 :]e ! noxi\s emanations f alkali & o!r *emical works are mo/ disa/r\s 9 _! effects on vegetation1 ! sycamore is "o ( ! few trees t gr[ satisfactorily4 ,be+ a rapid & /rong gr[]1 x is ?us se5 to be1 = a c]ta9 "t at lea/1 unaffect$ by its inimical surr\nd+s4 ,! v>iegat$ v>iety w\ld seem f rec5t exp]im5ts to be pref]able1 & bett] adapt$ = smoky localities ?an ! normal =m4 ,! ,weep+ ,a% 7,frax9us excelsior p5dula7 w\ld seem to be sup]ior to ! common a% = plant+ 9 t[ns4 ,x ?rives satisfactorily 9 _m ( our l>ge/ c5tres ( indu/ry--to wit1 ,london1 ,liv]pool1 ,glasg[ & ,man*e/]4 ,! ,horse ,*e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum7 may be se5 9 a fairly satisfactory way 9 _m t[n p>ks1 b only :]e x is n expos$ to smoke & soot to any great ext5t4 ,9 conf9$ spaces bo? x & ! ,engli% ,elm 7,ulmus campe/ris7 soon %[ signs ( di/ress1 ! po9ts ( ! bran*es gradually becom+ unheal?y1 & ! trees dy+ (f prematurely4 ,tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 nei!r ( ^! trees c be recomm5d$ = plant+ 9 smoky di/ricts4 ,! ,bir*1 ,walnut1 ,hornbeam1 & "o or two k9ds ( ,will[ w succe$ 9 ! less smoky p>ts ( a t[n2 b !y are n to be recomm5d$ = plant+ :]e ! air is con/antly impregnat$ ) soot & du/4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,a%1 or ,r[an ,tree 7,pyrus aucup>ia7 & ,bird ,*]ry 7,c]asus ,padus7 are bo? good t[n trees1 & excell5t examples ( bo? may be se5 9 ! back /reets & slums ( ,london4 ,sophora japonica is well wor?y ( recomm5dation z a tree t is admirably suit$ = plant+ 9 t[ns4 ,x is ( l>ge & rapid gr[?1 ) elegant d>k gre5 p9nate leaves4 ,be+ a native ( ,*9a & ,japan1 x may n be p]fectly h>dy 9 ! nor!rn portions ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 b x succe$s well 9 ,s\!rn ,engl&1 & ?rives admirably 9 ! mo/ smoke-infe/$ p>ts ( ,london4 ,?orns ( v>i\s k9ds succe$ well 9 t[ns1 b !y mu/ n be recomm5d$ = ! mo/ smoky & conf9$ localities4 ,! ,tansy-leav$ ,?orn 7,cratgus tanacetifolia7 is an excell5t memb] ( ! family = t[n plant+4 ,,%rubs ,( ^! !re is r a long li/ ( k9ds t are suitable = plant+ 9 smoky localities4 ,evid5tly decidu\s species possess an advantage ov] ev]gre5 k9ds 9 ! total annual r5ewal ( _! leaves1 & h5ce x foll[s t1 z ) trees1 decidu\s %rubs %\ld h ! pref]5ce4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes only su* k9ds z h be5 prov$ suitable = t[n plant+3-- ,osman?us ilicifolius is "o ( ! h&some/ ( ev]gre5 %rubs1 & also "o ( ! few t succe$1 9 a satisfactory way1 :5 subject$ to ! impurities ( a t[n atmosph]e4 ,9 ! smokie/ di/ricts ( bo? ,london & ,liv]pool x is unque/ionably ! be/ all-r\nd %rub4 ,ligu/rum coriaceum is a fitt+ companion to ! la/1 s f>1 at lea/1 z its p[]s ( )/&+ ! effects ( an impure atmosph]e are conc]n$4 ,be+ an ev]gre51 x is peculi>ly well suit$ = plant+ 9 ! t[n g>d51 :]e x gr[s ) great fre$om4 ,ole>ia ,ha/ii & ,o4 macrodonta are excell5t %rubs = ! ,london g>d54 ,aucuba japonica4--,?is well-kn[n ev]gre5 %rub is ( great value = plant+ 9 urban di/ricts1 x be+ able to d battle ) a m ?an ord9>y am\nt ( atmosph]ic impurities4 ,= ?is reason x has be5 l>gely plant$ 9 t[n squ>es & g>d5s1 9 ! mo/ cr[d$ & d5sely populat$ p>ts4 ,grisel9ia littoralis4--,al?\gh a little-kn[n ev]gre51 ?is is well suit$ = t[n plant+1 exp]im5ts hav+ prov$ x to be a mo/ valuable addition to ! limit$ numb] ( %rubs suitable = su* a place4 ,hibiscus ,syriacus is "o ( ! few %rubs t c successfully battle ) an impure atmosph]e4 ,x is a %rub :i* t[n resid5ts %\ld plant freely if !y h a bit ( gr\nd t !y want to look pretty4 ,! ,w>f>+ ,tree 7,viburnum lantana7 does n receive t am\nt ( att5tion to :i* on its m]its x is entitl$4 ,x succe$s well 9 "s ( ! mo/ fil?y & smoky di/ricts ( our l>ge/ cities4 ,! ,v5etian ,suma* 7,rhus cot9us7 is a mu*-neglect$ %rub1 b = g5]al usefulness x c h>dly be surpass$4 ,x is peculi>ly suitable = plant+ 9 cities4 ,! ,/ag's ,horn ,suma* 7,rhus typh9a7 mu/1 on no acc\nt1 be omitt$1 z x is a %rub ( curi\s appe>ance & "o t ?rives well 9 soot & dirt4 ,leyce/]ia =mosa is a capital t[n plant2 ?is may also be said ( ! ,fl[]+ ,currant 7,ribes sangu9eum7--inde$1 too mu* praise c h>dly be be/[$ on ^! %rubs = plant+ 9 ! t[n g>d5 & %rubb]y4 ,skimmia japonica & ! ,sn[y ,mespilus 7,amelan*i] ,botryapium71 too1 succe$ well 9 smoke-infe/$ di/ricts2 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,lilac--p>ticul>ly ! ,common & ,p]sian--h few equals z t[n %rubs4 ,9 ! ,k5tucky ,c(fee-,tree 7,gymnocladus canad5sis7 & ,bladd] ,s5na 7,colutea arboresc5s7 w be f\nd two mo/ useful %rubs = ! t[n g>d54 ,phillyrea ,vilmor9iana1 ,=sy?ia viridissima1 & ! ,/rawb]ry ,tree 7,arbutus un$o7 are all m or less suitable = t[n plant+ :]e ! atmosph]ic conditions are n too s]i\sly affect$ by smoke & du/4 ,! ,d\ble ,furse 7,ulex europu florepl5o7 is "o ( our h&some/ fl[]+-%rubs1 & a good addition to ! li/ ( su* z are suitable = plant+ 9 t[n g>d5s & squ>es4 ,! ,spurge ,laurel 7,daphne laureola7 gr[s freely 9 _m a t[n g>d5--inde$1 x is no uncommon ?+ to see l>ge & well-balanc$ specim5s :]e smoke & fil? are ! ord] ( ! day4 ,cotonea/]s ( v>i\s k9ds succe$ well z t[n plants4 ,^? to be p>ticul>ly not$ are ,c4 frigida1 ,c4 ,simonsii1 & ,c4 vulg>is4 ,euonymus japonicus is ano!r excell5t %rub1 be+ almo/ smoke-defy+4 ,! d\ble-fl[]$ =ms ( ,prunus s95sis & ! equally ornam5tal ,p4 triloba all succe$ well z t[n plants2 :ile ! ,almonds are q z good4 ,koelreut]ia paniculata1 ! ,lauru/9us 7,viburnum t9us71 ,weigelia rosea1 ,w4 amabilis1 ,deutzia scabra1 ! common ,gre5 ,box1 ,gum ,ci/us 7,c4 ladanif]us71 ,mahonia aquifolia1 ,m4 ,bealii1 & ,m4 japonica are all m or less suitable = t[n g>d5s1 b n = ^? 9 ! mo/ smoke-infe/$ p>ts4 ,! ,japan ,qu9ce 7,cydonia japonica71 ,hyp]icum ,nepal5se1 & ,euonymus radicans all d well :5 subject$ to ! t[n atmosph]e4 ,,climb]s ,( %rubs suitable = cov]+ walls1 trellises1 & arb\rs1 & able to resi/ ! dire influ5ces ( smoke & soot1 !re are a few valuable & well-tri$ k9ds4 ,! ,virg9ian ,creep] 7,ampelopsis h$]acea7 has few equals z a t[n plant1 ?riv+ successfully 9 ! mid/ ( our busie/ c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,_m in/ances c\ld be po9t$ out 9 :i* ?is h&some climb] gr[s ) ! greate/ fre$om 9 ! mo/ impure & smoke-lad5 atmosph]e4 ,! ,common ,ivy 7,h$]a helix7 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ valuable ( all climb+ plants = us+ 9 smoke-infe/$ localities4 ,9 "s ( ! c\rts ne> ,ludgate ,hill1 a di/rict ( ,london t is by no means free f smoke & du/1 ! ivy climbs h\ses to a height ( #fj ft41 & surprises "o by its fre% appe>ance 9 su* localities4 ,! ,ev]gre51 or ,trumpet1 ,honeysuckle 7,lonic]a semp]vir5s7 is ano!r %rub ( great m]it = t[n plant+1 z x ?rives well 9 conf9$ spaces1 & :]e ! atmosph]e is v impure4 ,cratgus ,pyracan?a is a mo/ valuable wall %rub = ! t[n g>d54 ,x is ( free gr[?1 /&s smoke well1 & is "o ( ! h&some/ b]ry-be>+ plants 9 cultivation4 ,jasm9um nudiflorum ne$s little description1 z x is "o ( our h&some/ wall-plants4 ,= smoky di/ricts x is invaluable1 bloom+ freely :5 fl[]s are sc>ce1 & seem+ to he$ b little ! impurities ( a t[n atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sav91 ,,or ,,junip]1 ,,z ,a ,,t[n ,,%rub ,! ,v9e 7,vitis v9if]a7 mu/ n be omitt$ f our li/1 x be+ an excell5t plant = )/&+ soot1 smoke1 du/ & heat4 ,,conif]\s ,,trees ,few ( ^!1 if any1 succe$ 9 a satisfactory way1 :5 con/antly subject$ to ! impurities ( a t[n atmosph]e4 ,:]e ! conditions are at all fav\rable ! ,au/rian ,p9e 7,p9us au/riaca71 ,?yiopsis ,dolabrata1 ,toxodium di/i*um1 & ,cupressus ,lawsoniana d fairly well1 b !y are n to be recomm5d$ = g5]al t[n plant+4 ,ret9ospora plumosa aurea has /ood = _m ye>s 9 "o ( ! mo/ smoky di/ricts ( ,glasg[1 & at pres5t looks almo/ z well z x did :5 br\ght f ! c\ntry1 :ile ! ,sav9 7,junip]us ,sab9a7 may g5]ally be reli$ ^u4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,trees ,,suitable ,,= ,,h$g][ ,,& ,,field ,,plant+ ,! well-f\nd$ compla9t t h$g][ & field trees h>b\r birds to ! s]i\s de/ruction ( ! gra9 crops is l>gely c\nt]balanc$ by _! ornam5tal appe>ance & ! %elt] !y af=d bo? to man & bea/4 ,9 proce$+ to consid] ! trees t are mo/ suitable = h$g][ & field plant+ f\r important po9ts mu/ be kept 9 view4 7#a7 ,t ! spread ( bran*es is1 comp>atively speak+1 small 9 proportion to ! tree's height2 7#b7 t ! roots h a d[nw>d t5d5cy1 or d n ramify to too great an ext5t2 7#c7 t ! tree is well adapt$ = expos$ situations & /&+ s+ly2 & 7#d7 t ! timb] value is su* z to comp5sate 9 "s degree = ! co/ ( plant+ & aft]-managem5t 9 ! matt] ( prun+ & f5c+4 ,al?\gh we r>ely f9d all ^! qualities conc5trat$ 9 "o tree1 /ill1 ) c>eful *oice & good aft]-managem5t1 mu* may be done to produce ! desir$ effect1 ev5 9 trees ( a p>tially opposite "*4 ,t ! wrong class ( timb] is (t5 plant$ 9 our h$g][s & fields is pa9fully app>5t to e "o :o has paid att5tion to ! subject--trees ( wide-spread+ habit bo? 9 root & bran* occupy+ positions & do+ irrep>able damage1 :]e o!rs ( less obtrusive nature c\ld ) advantage h be5 select$ to take _! place4 ,timely & judici\s prun+ is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! production ( h$g][ timb]3 b to be productive ( ! be/ results1 ! "w mu/ be att5d$ to e>ly1 & prosecut$ at int]vals1 z by skilfully %ort5+ ! bran*es f "t to "t1 ! spread ( root is also *eck$1 !reby secur+ a d\ble b5efit to ! f>m] & ! l&4 ,! ,corni% ,elm 7,ulmus cornubi5se71 un=tunately1 is f> too seldom se5 ei!r z a /&>d or 9 our woodl&s1 = :i* ! propagator is greatly to blame1 !re n be+ (f]$ any?+ l a suffici5t quantity to meet ! dem&4 ,z a p>k or h$g][ tree ?is di/9ct & well-m>k$ v>iety ( ! elm has mu* to recomm5d x--su* z a n>r[ bran*-spread 9 proportion to ! height1 suitability = expos$ situations1 & ! v decid$ ornam5tal "* x imp>ts to ! l&scape :5 prop]ly plac$4 ,! pr9cipal advantages ( ?is tree = h$g][ or field plant+ are t no prun+ is requir$ to keep ! bran*es 9 b\nds1 t ! spread ( bran*es is v small 9 proportion to ! tree's height1 & t ! roots d n approa* too ne> ! surface1 or ramify to any great ext5t1 s z to become injuri\s to crops 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,! ,engli% ,elm 7,ulmus campe/ris7 is ano!r tree ( value = h$g][ plant+1 & is1 p]haps1 m commonly us$ = t purpose ?an any o!r4 ,l ! ,corni% v>iety1 ?\gh 9 v mu* less degree1 x has an upw>d incl9ation1 ! ramification ( its bran*es be+ n>r[ 9 proportion to its height1 :ile z an ornam5tal tree & valuable timb]-produc] x is held 9 high e/eem4 ,z a %elt] tree x is ( great value1 & z ! bran*es1 p>ticul>ly ! l[]1 seldom spread to a great ext5t1 ! injury caus$ to ! adjo9+ crop is usually n v s]i\s4 ,! ,briti% ,oak 7,qu]cus ,robur7 is ( ab\t equal value ) ! elm = h$g][ plant+--inde$ by c>eful manipulation x is ev5 sup]ior to t tree1 be+1 p]haps1 less injuri\s to ! h]bage b5ea? x1 & ! roots hav+ a great] d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,z an ornam5tal tree & valuable timb]-produc] ! oak requires no praise f u1 ^! qualities hav+ be5 recognis$ f ! e>lie/ date4 ,x be>s prun+ ) impunity1 s t all unga9ly or f>-spread+ bran*es c be cut back or =e%ort5$ at pleasure2 :ile ^? ne> ! gr\nd1 :i* 9 any way int]f]e ) ! f5ce or crop1 c1 by judici\s managem5t1 be altoge!r remov$4 ,sev]al ( ! fa/igiate =ms ( ! oak are equally1 if n bett]1 suit$ = h$g][ plant+4 ,! ,lomb>dy ,popl> 7,populus fa/igiata74--,al?\gh ( b little value z a timb]-produc]1 yet1 z an ornam5tal tree ( s+ul> habit & appe>ance1 ! ,lomb>dy popl> is almo/ unique among/ our h>dy decidu\s trees4 ,:5 plant$ 9 judici\sly-arrang$ clumps 9 ! corn]s ( fields1 or h$g][s1 ?is popl> produces a mo/ pleas+ effect 9 ! l&scape3 &1 be+ ( close1 fa/igiate gr[?1 x is n 9 ! lea/ injuri\s to crops 9 its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,no tree is1 h[ev]1 m readily misplac$ ?an ! "o 9 "q2 & 9 plant+ x is well to avoid ! preval5t mi/ake ( plac+ 9 l9es1 squ>es1 r\nd or oval =ms1 or ev5 9 s+le specim5s1 ^! me?ods be+ highly objectionable & devoid ( good ta/e--t is1 if we desire to pres]ve 9 ! l&scape a natural appe>ance4 ,! ,sycamore 7,ac] pseudo-platanus71 z a /&>d tree1 ei!r 9 field or f5ce1 is wor?y ( att5tion1 n only = its well-kn[n ornam5tal "*1 b also on acc\nt ( ! great value ( ! wood produc$1 z x is 9 ?is latt] respect1 p]haps1 second to none4 ,z a f>m]'s tree x is1 also1 n "o ( ! wor/2 =1 al?\gh ! bran*es incl9e to spread1 /ill1 by c>eful manipulation 9 ! way ( prun+1 ?is may be correct$ )\t do+ injury to too great an ext5t to ! ornam5tal qualities ( ! tree4 ,= imp>t+ bo? %ade & %elt] to f>m /ock ! sycamore may be us$ ) ! be/ advantage4 ,few trees produce su* valuable timb] :5 gr[n s+ly or 9 clumps 9 ! corn]s ( fields & paddocks z ! sycamore1 & no o!r repays s fully ! damage x occasions to f5ces & ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,! ,hornbeam 7,c>p9us betulus71 = expos$ situations & poor soils1 has few1 if any1 equals4 ,! roots d n run ne> ! surface1 b1 l ^? ( ! oak1 d]ive su/5ance at a consid]able di/ance f x1 & ?is quality1 comb9$ ) its some:at upright incl9ation ( gr[? & h>dy nature1 r5d]s x well adapt$ = h$g][ or field plant+1 :]e %elt] comb9$ ) effect is requir$4 ,! ,lime 7,tilia ,europa71 al?\gh "o ( our mo/ ornam5tal trees1 c h>dly be recomm5d$ z suitable = situations 9 :i* ! und]ly+ h]bage is at /ake4 ,= ?is latt] reason alone1 h[ev]1 c x be omitt$ f our li/1 &1 z x be>s prun+ well1 does n to any great ext5t impov]i% ! adjo9+ gr\nd4 ,x is at all times a pleas+ object 9 ! l&scape1 & x w !re=e be se5 t ! evil done by %ade is 9 a great degree comp5sat$ =4 ,among/ conif]\s trees1 if we except ! ,l>* & ,scot* ,fir1 few are at all suitable = ! end 9 "q4 ,! l>* is a mu*-neglect$ f5ce & p>k tree1 ?is be+ attributable to an errone\s impression t x is ( too /iff & cold an appe>ance1 ei!r = /&+ s+ly or giv+ effect to ! l&scape4 ,no?+ c1 h[ev]1 be f>!r f ! facts1 z :5 plac$ s t its f9e =m is se5 to advantage1 few decidu\s trees are m picturesque ?an ! l>*1 or (f] a bett] contra/ to ! ord9>y run ( our =e/ trees4 ,x also occasions less damage to ! und]gr[+ h]bage ?an mo/ trees1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x enri*es ! soil to a great ext5t by ! annual %$d+ ( its leaves4 ,! ,scot* ,fir1 especially = %elt]-giv+ purposes1 has mu* to recomm5d x = be+ ext5sively plant$ z /ock-%elt] 9 ! corn]s ( expos$ fields4 ,z x usually rises to a great height )\t bran*es1 x _c be consid]$ z extremely injuri\s to its surr\nd+s1 al?\gh ! %all[-runn+ roots c h>dly be spok5 ( z non-injuri\s to ! gre5sw>d4 ,plant+ & ,f5c+4--,:e!r = plant+ 9 ! h$g][ or s+ly 9 ! fields1 good1 /rong1 well-root$ specim5s %\ld always be us$--inde$1 x is well :5 a home nurs]y is on ! e/ate to h ^! specially prep>$1 by frequ5t transplant+s = a few ye>s previ\s to _! f9al plant+ out4 ,! nurs]y managem5t w require bo? c>e & exp]i5ce1 s t trees ) /rong1 fibr\s roots equally di/ribut$ ar\nd ! /em may be produc$2 lanky1 ill-gr[n1 & ill-root$ plants hav+ b a poor *ance ( succe$+ "u ! circum/ances4 ,f #aj ft4 to #ad ft4 w be f\nd ! mo/ suitable size = ! purpose "u consid]ation4 ,! pits = _! reception %\ld be op5$ ( suffici5t size to admit ! roots )\t cramp+ or b5d+1 ! bottom & sides be+ made loose & free ) a pick--x w be all ! bett] if ! pits h be5 op5$ = "s "t previ\sly to plant+1 ! w9t] fro/s hav+ a b5eficial effect 9 cle>+ & pulv]iz+ ! soil4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 seldom conv5i5t1 z1 if 9 ! field1 !y become fill$ 91 & trampl$ on by cattle1 :ile gaps 9 ! f5ces occasion$ by ^! _c well rema9 op5 = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! bett] plan--at lea/1 we h f\nd x s--is to op5 ! pits1 plant ! trees1 & h ^! f5c$ 9 on ! same day1 z by ?is me?od no "p ( ! "w has ev] to be done a second "t1 ev]y?+ be+ f9i%$ up z ! "w proce$s4 ,9 plant+1 be c>eful to spread ! roots out 9 an ev5 mann] ar\nd ! /em1 z1 by s do+1 ! tree is n only m firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 b is enabl$ to collect food f all qu>t]s4 ,f5c+ %\ld foll[ up at once ! "w ( plant+1 z1 if ! "y trees are all[$ to rema9 unprotect$ = any l5g? ( "t1 !y get injur$ by ! f>m /ock4 ,! f5ces may be ( any desir$ k9d1 b1 z !y are only requir$ = a few ye>s1 a simple erection made ( small l>* poles ab\t #h ft4 long1 driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd 9 a circle ar\nd ! tree1 say1 #ah 94 f ! /em1 & made fa/ to hoops ( wood at top1 & half-way up1 w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,wood5 erections are1 p]haps1 pref]able to ^? made ( iron = f5c+ h$g][ trees1 z !y seldom require r5ew+1 = by ! "t ! f5ce has decay$ ! trees w1 9 mo/ cases1 be out ( h>m's way4 ,= %elt] & %ade clumps 9 fields probably ! be/ trees to use are ! oak & sycamore1 ! value ( timb] produc$ be+ also a valuable asset4 ,prun+ & ,aft]-,managem5t4--,= at lea/ ! fir/ t5 ye>s aft] plant+1 c>eful & regul> prun+ ( h$g][ & field timb] %\ld 9 all cases be att5d$ to1 be>+ 9 m9d t timely att5tion 9 ?is way w alone obviate ! necessity = heavy prun+s at any future /age ( ! tree's gr[?4 ,e>ly & judici\s prun+ is necess>y to ! trees 9 "q2 = x is well kn[n t if bran*es are all[$ to ramify at w1 great] injury to ! und]ly+ h]bage mu/ be committ$ ?an :]e timely prun+ & %ort5+ ( all /raggl+ bran*es has be5 att5d$ to4 ,e>ly summ] prun+1 say1 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 is to be recomm5d$1 z at t "t1 ow+ to ! active circulation ( ! sap1 ! w\nds heal up mu* m quickly ?an :5 ! op]ation is p]=m$ at any o!r season ( ! ye>4 ,! prun+ %\ld be p]=m$ by a p]son :o is ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! "w1 haphaz>d cutt+ & hew+1 by an inexp]i5c$ h&1 & at any season1 be+ injuri\s4 ,if ! "y trees h be5 well att5d$ to 9 ! matt] ( prun+ :il/ 9 ! nurs]y bord]1 little or no att5tion w aft]w>ds be requir$--at lea/ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! ma9 object 9 prun+ bo? h$g][ & field trees is to develop a valuable ma9 /em :i* is only to div]ge into bran*es at a giv5 height f ! gr\nd1 & to prev5t ! ov]gr[? ( /raggl+ bran*es f>!r up1 s z to ma9ta9 a symmetrical & r fa/igiate head4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ornam5tal ,,plant+ ,z ! beauty & picturesqu5ess ( an e/ate are s dep5d5t on ! disposition ( its s+le trees1 gr\ps & plantations1 ! =e/] %\ld nev] lose sight ( ! fact1 ev5 :5 deal+ ) plantations t are ma9ly int5d$ = ! value ( ! timb] produc$4 ,9 ornam5tal plant+ "o ( ! pr9cipal ?+s to be> 9 m9d is to all[ suffici5t space = ea* ( ! p]man5t /&>ds to develop its true & natural "*4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( plant+ indiscrim9ately & 9 a sort ( haphaz>d way1 h a fix$ idea1 & only plant on a regul> & well-matur$ plan4 ,%\ld ! individual /&>ds be consid]$ /iff or unsightly = ! fir/ few ye>s1 a good plan is to fill up ! spaces betwe5 !m ) small-gr[+ trees & %rubs1 ^! be+ remov$ subsequ5tly z necessity dem&s1 b always be=e damage to ! p]man5t specim5s has be5 br\ght ab\t by too close contact4 ,! habit ( ! tree or %rub1 & ! size to :i* x w ultimately atta9 are po9ts t %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 ornam5tal plant+4 ,f> too (t5 ! mi/ake is made ( plant+ specim5 trees too ne> roads & build+s1 or1 q z bad1 too close to ea* o!r4 ,?is is a mo/ un=tunate mi/ake1 z x soon] or lat] necessitates ! sacrifice ( specim5s :5 _! full beauty is probably develop$1 or :5 !y c lea/ be sp>$4 ,9 ! case ( bo? h>d-wood$ & conif]\s1 ! latt] 9 p>ticul>1 ! trees are plant$ :5 "y & small1 & ample room is suppos$ to be giv5 to !m2 b1 z !y gr[ up & ne> p]fect developm5t1 ! spread ( bran*es soon po9ts out t a great mi/ake has be5 made 9 ! space ( gr\nd allott$1 & t ! ultimate size to :i* ! p>ticul> specim5 w\ld atta9 _h nev]1 at ! "t ( plant+1 be5 duly consid]$4 ,!re is little left !n to be done b ei!r to put up ) cr[d$ & ill-=m$ specim5s1 or to attempt _! removal to m suitable qu>t]s4 ,! latt]1 9 ! case ( trees t h be5 left undi/urb$ = _m ye>s1 & :5 tap & side roots h be5 s5t d[n to a great dep? = safe an*orage1 is q out ( ! "q1 ! only rema9+ way out ( ! evil be+ to sacrifice ! specim5 by hav+ x /ubb$ out & remov$4 ,9 any case1 9 ! ev5t ( "o tree encroa*+ too closely on ano!r1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 decid+ :i* is to be remov$1 =1 if !y cr[d into & int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 ! bran*es on t side w get ?9 & die (f1 & ! tree w ?us lose ! uni=mity ( appe>ance on :i* its :ole beauty dep5ds4 ,%\ld cr[d+ ( specim5 trees be p]mitt$ = ev5 a few ye>s1 p>tial disfiguration ( ! trees w h be5 br\ght ab\t1 & x w take ye>s ( c>eful managem5t to re/ore !m to _! orig9al beauty4 ,9 ord] to plant ) any degree ( c]ta9ty z to future results1 x is absolutely necess>y to become fir/ ( all well acqua9t$ ) ! nature & habit ( e tree plant$1 z also ! prop]ties & peculi>ities ( ! v>i\s soils1 & aspect & position ( ! gr\nd to be plant$4 ,probably no o!r bran* ( =e/ry requires s\nd judgm5t & correct ideas to su* an ext5t z ! lay+ out ( p>ks & gr\nds1 or1 9 o!r words1 l&scape & ornam5tal plant+--& ?is k c only be atta9$ by p]sev]ance1 inve/igation1 & /udy4 ,9 select+ sites = ! v>i\s trees1 x w be well to be> 9 m9d t c]ta9 species are bett] suit$ ?an o!rs = plant+ 9 expos$ places1 = us+ 9 p>ticul> soils1 & = ins]t+ 9 ei!r dry or damp gr\nd4 ,by ! lake or pond side ! ,decidu\s ,cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um71 ! ,bhoton ,p9e 7,p9us excelsa71 ! beautiful cut-leav$ ,imp]ial ,ald] 7,alnus glut9osa imp]ialis71 ! ,gold5 & ,purple ,will[s may all be plant$ ) ! be/ *ances ( success2 :]eas none ( ^! w\ld ?rive well on dry or s&y soils4 ,%\ld *alk or calc>e\s soil crop up1 we h good subjects 9 ! ,f]n-leav$ ,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica aspl5ifolia71 ! ,cephalonian & ,spani% ,silv] ,firs 7,abies cephalonica & ,a4 ,p9sapo7 & _m ( ! ,pyrus family2 :ile1 :]e only a small quantity ( loam ov]lies ! gravel1 ! ,scot* & ,clu/] ,p9es 7,p9us sylve/ris & ,p4 ,p9a/]71 ! pretty & f> f common ,manna ,a% 7,frax9us ,ornus71 & _m o!rs may be successfully plant$4 ,9 good1 ri* soil1 & :]e ! position is fairly %elt]$1 !re are no end ( ornam5tal trees1 bo? h>d-wood$ & conif]\s1 t may be plant$4 ,"s ( ! ,magnolias1 b p>ticul>ly ,magnolia /ellata1 ,m4 acum9ata1 & ,m4 ,umbrella %\ld f9d a place1 :ile ! ,juneb]ry 7,amelan*i] canad5sis71 ! ,cornelian ,*]ry 7,cornus ,mas71 & v>i\s ,?orns %\ld n be neglect$4 ,9 expos$ places plant clumps ( ! ,corsican & ,au/rian ,p9es 7,p9us l>icio & ,p4 au/riaca71 foll[+ up ) ! h>dy ,spruces & ,cypresses4 ,su* da9ty conif]s z ! ,japanese ,cryptom]ia 7,c4 japonica71 ! ,elegant ,cryptom]ia 7,c4 elegans71 ,fitzroya patagonica1 ,pr9ce ,alb]t's ,fir 7,tsuga ,m]t5siana17 & ,umbrella ,p9e 7,sciadopitys v]ticillata7 mu/ h cosy corn]s & good soil to %[ _! beauty to p]fection4 ,pitt+ & ,plant+4--,! pits = ! reception ( ornam5tal trees %\ld be well =m$3 t is to say1 %\ld be made ( suffici5tly l>ge size = ! specim5s to be plant$--inde$1 x is always pref]able to dig out pits ( a great] size ?an are requir$1 ?us all[+ ( a quantity ( brok5-up soil be+ plac$ b5ea? & ar\nd ! roots4 ,9 any case1 h ! bottom & side ( ea* pit ?or\ghly brok5 up1 & %\ld ! soil be f\nd to be ( inf]ior quality1 x is be/ to sub/itute t ( a m desirable k9d su* z is kn[n to be suitable = ! wants ( ! p>ticul> specim54 ,9 remov+ l>ge specim5 trees great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$--fir/1 t ! roots are un9jur$1 or if at all1 9 a v small degree2 second1 t a good ball ( e>? is atta*$2 &1 ?ird1 t replant+ is delay$ z %ort a "t z possible4 ,h ! pit1 = ! reception ( ! tree1 dug out & prep>$ be=e ! specim5 is lift$4 ,lift c>efully by und]m9+ ! roots1 & digg+ out a deep tr5* at a reasonable di/ance f ! /ems1 ! di/ance f ! /em to be regulat$ by ! root spread1 size ( ! specim51 etc4 ,9 ord] to avoid fall+ ap>t1 ! ball ( e>? %\ld be b\nd ) a /rong mat or t>paul91 ! ends be+ made fa/ ar\nd ! /em4 ,a /\t l[-:eel$ truck has be5 f\nd a mo/ conv5i5t appliance = remov+ ! specim52 b 9 ! case ( l>ge & heavy trees ! common timb] :eels1 or jank]1 may be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,! truck to :i* we ref] %\ld be specially made1 & %\ld be ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 l5g?1 #e ft42 wid?1 #c ft42 on :eels #a ft4 #c 94 9 diamet]1 ^! be+ plac$ s z to be bel[ ! level ( ! body1 ?us avoid+ contact ) ! load :5 t is ei!r long] or broad] ?an ! specifi$ dim5sions4 ,! framework %\ld be ( /\t oak1 & ! bottom #c 94 ?ick bo>d+4 ,! timb] :eels1 or jank]1 be+ an adjunct ( =e/ appliances1 is always at h&1 & does away ) ! necessity ( procur+ any ( ! elaborate & co/ly c>riages usually recomm5d$ = transplant+ l>ge trees & %rubs4 ,! tree be+ plac$ 9 ! pit op5$ = its reception1 ! roots %\ld be spread out & ! soil replac$ & trampl$ firmly1 & aft]w>ds well wat]$4 ,/ak+ ! ,trees4--,next to c>eful plant+ & wat]+ a matt] ( ! mo/ vital importance--b "o t1 un=tunately1 is too (t5 lo/ sight (--is ! effici5t /ak+ or o!rwise secur+ ( l>ge transplant$ trees4 ,! great /ra9 & consequ5t damage to ! roots ( l>ge transplants :5 all[$ to rock ab\t ) e gu/ ( w9d is n only highly injuri\s1 b1 view+ ! matt] f a po9t ( neatness1 few ?+s 9 =e/ry h a m unsightly or neglect$ appe>ance ?an trees almo/ bl[n ov] by ! w9d4 ,v>i\s are ! me?ods usually adopt$ 9 /ak+ & ty+ newly-transplant$ trees4 ,z no h>d & fa/ l9es c be laid d[n1 z a rule1 ! size ( ! trees & ! exposure ( ! positions 9 :i* !y are plant$ mu/ det]m9e ! me?od ( proc$ure to be adopt$4 ,x may be t :5 gr[+ 9 a l[-ly+1 %elt]$ valley1 trees ( ev5 #h or #aj ft4 9 height may be p]fectly safe )\t /ake or tie ( any k9d1 :]eas o!rs ( simil> or ev5 small] size1 gr[+ 9 an op5 position & expos$ to ! prevail+ w9ds ( ! di/rict1 w require a moor+ ( ! mo/ secure description1 & adju/$ 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann]4 ,= trees & %rubs up to #f ft4 9 height1 a /rong1 %>p-po9t$ /ake %\ld be driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd1 )9 ab\t #i 94 ( ! ma9 /em1 & on ! mo/ expos$ side4 ,! /ake %\ld be fully #g ft4 long1 & driv51 n p]p5dicul>ly1 b ) ! head slightly incl9$ f ! tree1 & 9 ! direction f :i* ! prevail+ w9ds usually bl[4 ,a /rong ligature ( "s k9d1 su* z t>r$ rope or ?ick matt+1 is !n plac$ r\nd ! /em ( ! tree requir+ support1 at ab\t #d ft4 f ! gr\nd1 & made fa/ to ! /ake at a simil> height4 ,by cross+ ! tie betwe5 ! tree & /ake1 a m effici5t job results1 z !re is !n less room = ! tree to "w 9 :5 rock+ ) ! w9d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! ne>] to ! /em ( ! tree ! /ake is plac$1 ! great] w be ! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,:5 ! trees & %rubs are f #h ft4 9 height & upw>ds1 b especially 9 ! case ( ev]gre5 species1 /rong] moor+s ?an ^? j describ$ w h to be employ$1 & ! foll[+ plan we h f\nd suitable = almo/ any em]g5cy4 ,a /rong b& ( lea!r1 or sev]al /r&s ( t>r$ rope1 are plac$ loosely ar\nd ! /em ( ! tree to be /ak$1 & at1 say1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( its height4 ,?ree wires--ord9>y f5c+ wire does well--are !n jo9$ to ?is coll>1 two on ! mo/ expos$ side & "o on ! o!r1 & made fa/ to /\t /akes driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd1 at a di/ance f ! ma9 /em proportionate to ! tree's height4 ,9 ! case ( v l>ge trees1 or ^? t h be5 re9/at$ f a fall5 position1 d\ble wires are us$ 9 a mann] simil> to t j describ$1 ! coll>1 h[ev]1 be+ unusually /rong4 ,! advantages ( d\ble wires are extra /r5g?1 & ! fact t !y admit ( be+ twi/$ at any "t to ! tightness requir$4 ,! above may be consid]$ ! two pr9cipal ways ( /ak+ l>ge transplants1 b occasionally cases w crop up 9 :i* x may be necess>y to resort to o!r me?ods1 b su* are peculi> cases1 & mu/ be dealt ) 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,,cut-,,leav$1 ,,weep+ ,,& ,,fa/igiate ,,trees ,^! h _! own place 9 l&scape g>d5+1 & :5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a skilful plant] are capable ( produc+ ! mo/ beautiful & pleas+ effects4 ,! majority are graceful 9 outl9e1 di/9ct & impressive 9 appe>ance2 9 fact1 possess all ^? qualities :i* r5d] !m specially valuable = ! embelli%m5t ( p>k or g>d54 ,great c>e is1 h[ev]1 necess>y 9 plant+ ^! trees1 = if n us$ ) ! greate/ discretion1 ! good effects !y are s capable ( produc+ 9 ! h&s ( a tra9$ plant] are de/roy$4 ,weep+ ,trees4--,bo? picturesque & beautiful is a well-develop$ specim5 ( ! ,weep+ ,bee*1 & p>ticul>ly s :5 associat$ ) trees ( a light & airy appe>ance1 = ! g5]al "* ( ! tree is some:at massive & lumpy4 ,be+ ( l>ge gr[?1 ! ,weep+ ,bee* wants pl5ty ( room = developm5t4 ,!re is also a desirable weep+ =m ( ! purple ,bee*4 ,! ,kilm>nock ,weep+ ,will[ 7,salix caprea p5dula7 is "o ( ! mo/ popul> & widely cultivat$ ( weep+ trees4 ,x orig9at$ ne> ,ayr1 9 ,scotl&1 & 0 s nam$ to di/+ui% x f two o!r well-kn[n v>ieties1 ! common ,weep+ ,will[ & ! ,am]ican ,weep+ ,will[--two desirable =ms = wat]side plant+4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,f\nta9 ,will[ we h ano!r excell5t weep+ tree1 :ile ! r+$-leav$ ,will[ 7,s4 ,babylonica annul>is or crispa7 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & picturesque ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,among/ ! ,bir*es are at lea/ two desirable weep+ =ms 9 ! cut-leav$ 7,betula p5dula ,y\ngi71 ,"y's weep+ ,bir*1 & ! weep+ :ite ,bir* 7,b4 alba p5dula71 bo? ( :i* are admirably adapt$ = lawns1 ev5 :]e space is re/rict$4 ,! ,bir* w ?rive on poor1 light soil1 & is1 !re=e1 peculi>ly suitable = plant+ 9 gravelly or rocky =mations4 ,! di/9ct habit ( ! ,weep+ ,m\nta9 ,a%1 or ,r[an tree1 has made x a fav\rite 9 ! embelli%m5t ( small gr\nds1 & ! weal? ( conspicu\s fruit produces a tell+ effect1 especially if ! tree is back$ up by d>k] foliag$ trees or %rubs4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( ,pyrus well wor?y ( att5tion1 su* z ! p5dul\s ,sib]ian ,crab 7,p4 prunifolia p5dula7 & ,salicifolia p5dula1 ! latt] 9 p>ticul> be+ a di/9ct & graceful small-gr[+ tree4 ,! ,weep+ ,mulb]ry 7,morus alba p5dula7 is occasionally se5 9 good =m :5 x is a desirable acquisition1 s is ! ,weep+ ,laburnum 7,l4 vulg>e p5dulum7 & ! curi\s & sc>ce ,gl$its*ia triacan?os excelsa p5dula4 ,9 ! silv]-leav$ ,weep+ ,holly we h "o ( ! be/ ( ev]gre5s = conf9$ situations2 & ,cornus florida p5dula is a /rik+ly beautiful tree 9 :i* ! weep+ habit is decid$ly pron\nc$4 ,among ,weep+ ,elms "s v>ieties are mo/ pron\nc$1 b !re are sev]al o!rs all equally wor?y ( culture4 ,( ! ,engli% ,elm1 probably ! be/ is ,ulmus campe/ris ,pet]sii p5dula1 :ile ( ! ,m\nta9 or ,scot*1 t kn[n z ,u4 montana p5dula is ! mo/ desirable4 ,weep+ ?orns are by no means common1 b !y are probably ! mo/ natural & graceful ( all droop+ trees ( mod]n gr[?4 ,9 ! fl[] g>d5 at ,reg5t's ,p>k is gr[+ a beautiful specim5 ( ?is tree4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common ( weep+ trees is ! ,weep+ ,a% 7,frax9us excelsior p5dula71 & its /rong1 vigor\s gr[? causes x to be employ$ :]e o!rs w\ld n succe$4 ,ev5 9 smoky localities x is q at home1 z _m f9e old trees ?r\gh\t ,london cle>ly prove t ! delet]i\s effects ( an impure atmosph]e h b little effect on its h>dy con/itution4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( weep+ trees = =m+ an arb\r1 & z a di/9ctly ornam5tal specim5 = ! p>k or l>ge lawn x has few equals4 ,among/ conif]\s trees we h sev]al di/9ct & beautiful p5dul\s trees or %rubs1 su* z ,abies excelsa inv]ta & ! well-kn[n & mu* appreciat$ ,a4 ,smi?ian or mor9da4 ,! p5dul\s ,hemlock spruce 7,a4 ,canad5sis p5dula7 is "o ( ! prettie/ & mo/ natural 9 appe>ance ( all weep+ trees4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct & beautiful =ms ( ! ,cypress1 p>ticul>ly ,c4 ,lawsoniana gracilis p5dula & ,c4 ,lawsoniana alba p5dula4 ,! ,weep+ ,*9ese ,junip] 7,junip]us ,*95sis p5dula7 & ,virg9iana p5dula are well wor?y ( att5tion :]e ?is p>ticul> class ( trees or %rubs is 9 reque/4 ,?an ! weep+ =m ( ! common ,l>*1 p]haps no tree is m beautiful1 ! fea!ry pea-gre5 foliage be+ di/9ct f t ( e o!r tree4 ,cut-leav$ ,trees4--,( ! ,maples we h sev]al cut-leav$ =ms1 su* z ! beautiful ,ac] palmatum lac9iatum & dissectum1 :ile ( ! ,norway ,maple1 ! v>iety kn[n z ,platanoides dissectum is p>ticul>ly valuable on acc\nt ( ! freely divid$ & beautifully col\r$ leaves4 ,9 ! cut-leav$ ,bir* 7,betula alba lac9iatum p5dula71 we h at once "o ( ! mo/ graceful & di/9ct ( h>dy trees4 ,n only are ! leaves cut up & divid$1 b ! weep+ sprays ( foliage1 ow+ to ! f9e1 :ipcord-l bran*lets1 produce a mo/ beautiful & graceful effect4 ,9 addition1 ?is ,bir* is a tree ( neat1 clean gr[?1 & w succe$ 9 a satisfactory way ev5 on poor gravelly soils & upl& situations4 ,among/ ! ,beam trees 7,pyrus7 we f9d sev]al good cut-leav$ =ms1 su* z p9natifida & salicifolia1 bo? highly desirable m$ium-siz$ trees & valuable = woodl& m>g9s or /eep1 undulat+ gr\nds4 ,num]\s =ms ( ! ,oak h appe>$ ) incis$ leaves1 su* z ,qu]cus d5tata & ! f]n-leav$ v>iety ( ! ,turkey ,oak 7,qu]cus ,c]ris aspl5ifolia71 a decid$ly beautiful & wor?y =m4 ,( ! ,engli% ,oak 7,q4 ,robur7 we h at lea/ two good cut-leav$ =ms 9 ,p$unculata aspl5ifolia & pect9ata4 ,!re are o!r v>ieties ( ! ,oak 9 :i* ! foliage diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! species 9 be+ mu* m freely divid$4 ,rhus glabra lac9iata has become widely kn[n ( late ye>s on acc\nt ( its neatly divid$ foliage & z be+ a good t[n %rub4 ,! leaves are ( a delicate pea-gre5 & ! fl[]s inconspicu\s & succe$$ by fea!ry lawns4 ,! common ,ald] has at lea/ two =ms t are mu* s\ght aft] = dampi% gr\nd by ! pond or lake side1 9 ,alnus glut9osa lac9iata & its well-m>k$ & di/9ct v>iety imp]ialis4 ,bo? atta9 to a goodly size1 & :5 suitably plac$ :]e ! abundant1 ri* gre51 deeply divid$ leaves c be readily se51 are di/9ctly valuable = contra/ & wat]side effect4 ,! incis$ or cut-leav$ ,hornbeam 7,c>p9us ,betulus incisa7 is r>ely se51 b x is ( s di/9ct a type t its inclusion 9 ?is li/ is consid]$ desirable4 ,9 ?is case ! almo/ entire bee*-l leaf is f9ely divid$ & ! :ole tree pres5ts a comp>atively light & airy appe>ance4 ,( ! common ,haw?orn !re is a specially elegant cut-leav$ =m 9 t nam$ lac9iata1 b its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics are be/ reveal$ :5 plant$ 9 conjunction ) ! species4 ,sev]al ( ! ,v9e family are r5d]$ highly ornam5tal = cov]+ walls & p]golas by reason ( _! beautifully col\r$ & divid$ leaves4 ,vitis het]ophylla dissecta is "o ( ! be/ 9 ?is way1 b o!rs ( ! less-incis$ =ms are well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,v4 v9if]a purpurea has mu* to recomm5d x z an ornam5tal-leav$ v>iety1 & is specially suitable = cov]+ m\nds ( e>?1 /ones or tree /umps4 ,we mu/ n omit to include ! cut or f]n-leav$ v>iety ( ! ,lime 7,tilia platyphillos lac9iata71 :i* = neat habit ( gr[? & di/9ct "* f ! species m]its special att5tion4 ,! cut-leav$ ,japan ,maples are exce$+ly beautiful1 b _! sl[ gr[? & difficult propagation w always be aga9/ ext5sive plant+1 & r5d] !m r>e & exp5sive4 ,o!r int]e/+ cut-leav$ trees are ! will[-leav$ ,a%1 laurel-leav$ ,will[1 sc>let ,oak1 ,maid5hair tree1 & t mo/ beautiful ( all1 ! f]n-leav$ =m ( ! gold5 ,eld]4 ,?\gh some:at /iff ( outl9e ! cut-leav$ ,horse ,*e/nut 7sculus71 9 ! =m kn[n z lac9iatum1 is n to be despis$1 & af=ds a /rik+ contra/ to ! species4 ,! f]n-leav$ ,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica aspl5ifolia7 is probably ! mo/ commonly di/ribut$ ( cut-leav$ trees1 & rightly s1 = x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & di/9ct ( ! type4 ,f4 sylvatica qu]cifolia1 ! ,oak-leav$1 is also wor?y ( att5tion1 b _c comp>e ) ! =m] 9 po9t ( beauty4 ,ev5 ( ! common ,walnut 7,juglans ,regia7 !re is a cut-leav$ v>iety1 :i* is di/9ct & wor?y ( culture z an ornam5tal tree4 ,x is nam$ lac9iata & is fairly common4 ,( ! num]\s v>ieties ( ! ,sweet or ,spani% ,*e/nut1 ! mo/ desirable is t :i* be>s ! r cumbr\s "n ( ,ca/anea vesca het]ophylla dissecta4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( h>dy trees1 9 :i* ! long1 n>r[ leaves ( ! upp] p>ts ( ! bran*es droop 9 a graceful mann] & r5d] x s mu* s\ght aft] 9 ornam5tal g>d5+4 ,fa/igiate ,trees4--,! ,lomb>dy ,popl> 7,populus fa/igiata7 is at once "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s & picturesque ( tap]+ trees4 ,?\gh x c h>dly be describ$ z a beautiful tree1 yet = l&scape effect ! tall1 spiry1 column-l appe>ance r5d]s ! ,lomb>dy ,popl> ( p>ticul> value = c]ta9 well-*os5 positions 9 our p>ks & gr\nds4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( a t[n or c\ntry village x produces an effect almo/ ak9 to ar*itectural embelli%m5t1 :ile 9 flat or l[-ly+ di/ricts1 & p>ticul>ly ne> wat]1 x is mo/ at home & probably looks be/4 ,x also associates k9dly ) old ru9s & has a pleas+ effect :5 ris+ out ( po9t$-head$ ,cypresses or ,yews1 b 9 all cases x is a tree t %\ld be us$ sp>+ly & ) extreme caution4 ,=m+ av5ues or l9es ( ! tree is n good ta/e1 :ile plant+ s+le specim5s 9 op5 situations %\ld be avoid$4 ,( ! ,popl>s !re are sev]al upright-gr[+ v>ieties 9 addition to ! ,lomb>dy1 su* z ! beautiful ,p4 alba ,bolleana1 a desirable fa/-gr[+ tree ) a "* ( its own4 ,! ,oak1 too1 has its decid$ly upright =m 9 ,qu]cus p$unculata fa/igiata1 :i* 9 old p>ks is a fairly common tree4 ,a decid$ly beautiful small-gr[+ tree is ! upright =m ( ! dw>f ,acacia 7,rob9ia ,pseudo-acacia in]mis fa/igiata7 :i* = conf9$ spaces & weal? ( delightful pea-gre5 foliage is a valuable small-gr[+ v>iety4 ,! ,elms are n want+ 9 upright-gr[+ =ms1 bo? ! ,engli% & ,scot* be+ repres5t$1 ! =m] 9 ,dampi]i aurea1 & ! latt] 9 ,montana fa/igiata4 ,a beautiful & di/9ct tree ( upright habit w be f\nd 9 ! fa/igiate v>iety ( ! ,tulip tree 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a fa/igiata74 ,cupressus semp]vir5s1 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 b p>ticul>ly by ! coa/1 =ms a beautiful tap]+ ev]gre5 tree ) ! d>ke/-gre5 foliage4 ,= clump plant+ x is p>ticul>ly desirable1 b x is n q h>dy 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r conif]\s tree ( naturally erect gr[? is ! r$ or ,virg9ian ,c$> 7,junip]us ,virg9iana71 :i* 9 %elt]$ sites is a mo/ desirable memb] ( ! family4 ,two o!r ,junip]s are ( decid$ly /rict gr[?1 ,j4 drupacea & ,j4 ?urif]a4 ,! ,iri% ,junip] 7,junip]us hib]nica7 orig9at$ 9 ,irel&1 mo/ probably z a *ance se$l+4 ,x is a mo/ desirable %rub1 & on acc\nt ( its s+ul> habit ( gr[+ 9 a compact1 sl5d] & graceful column1 has prov$ itself a mo/ valuable ev]gre5 = almo/ any position1 b p>ticul>ly :]e geometrical g>d5+ is c>ri$ out4 ,! silv]y glauc\s hue ( ! ?ickly produc$ foliage is extremely beautiful4 ,! ne>ly alli$ b mu* small] gr[+ ,j4 hib]nica compressa =ms a compact sl5d] pyramid ( bright-t9t$ foliage & is an excell5t plant = rockwork or small g>d5s4 ,among/ ! ,cypresses are sev]al upright-gr[+ =ms1 probably ! be/1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ widely di/ribut$1 be+ ,lawson's erect ,cypress 7,cupressus ,lawsoniana erecta viridis71 ( d5se1 erect habit & ) vivid gre5 foliage4 ,cupressus macrocorpa lutea1 rais$ by ,messrs4 ,dicksons1 ( ,*e/]1 has a decid$ly neat & upright habit ( gr[?1 :ile ! di/9ct gold5 t9t ( ! foliage r5d]s x a desirable acquisition = ornam5tal plant+4 ,?an ! ,iri% ,yew 7,taxus baccata fa/igiata7 ) its d>k sombre foliage & neat column> outl9e1 few ev]gre5s are m conspicu\s & effective4 ,?is fav\rite & f>-di/ribut$ v>iety orig9at$ at ,flor5ce ,c\rt1 9 ,irel&1 a c5tury & a qu>t] ago4 ,cupressus macroc>pa fa/igiata is a well-m>k$ v>iety 9 :i* ! bran*es closely press to ! ma9 /em4 ,! foliage is ( ! brighte/ gre51 & ! long :ip-cord-l %oots ) ! conspicu\s r$di% back1 imp>t a peculi> grace to heal?y specim5s4 ,c4 torulosa1 = plant+ :]e space is conf9$1 is a decid$ acquisition1 ! easy ?\gh column> habit ( gr[?1 sl5d] bran*lets & bright glauc\s foliage be+ all po9ts ( recomm5dation4 ,! upright =m ( ! ,bir* 7,betula alba fa/igiata7 has a peculi>ity ( habit t1 associat$ ) ! sl5d] weep+ %oots1 is highly ornam5tal2 :ile ,cornus /ricta & ! upright v>iety ( our common ,haw?orn h bo? po9ts ( recomm5dation4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,trees ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,soils ,!re is1 p]haps1 no soil s bad & b>r5 t x may n be r5d]$ ei!r pr(itable or ornam5tal by judici\s plant+2 b1 z might be expect$1 !re is (t5 a great want ( k z to ! prop] k9d ( trees to be *os5 to suit a p>ticul> soil4 ,9 look+ ov] a l>ge ext5t ( woodl& "o w (t5 be /ruck ) ! great disproportion 9 size ( ! individual trees ( a species2 b x w g5]ally be notic$ t :]e ! l>ge/ & heal?ie/ occur ! tree is usually gr[+ ^u its own soil1 & is f\nd to be fl\ri%+ at ! exp5se ( all ar\nd x4 ,?us ! f9e/ oaks w be f\nd :]e ! soil is deep & loamy1 re/+ on clay2 bee*1 & ! ,au/rian p9e 7,p9us au/riaca7 ^u a calc>e\s gravel1 re/+ on a b$ ( *alk2 a% & elm on a dampi%1 loamy gravel2 bir* 9 a light1 black loam1 ) a gravelly sub/ratum2 ,spani% *e/nut1 9 a good loamy or gravelly soil1 n too damp2 ! ,scot* & ,corsican p9es 7,p4 sylve/ris & ,p4 l>icio7 at fairly high altitudes1 & 9 gravelly1 well-dra9$ soils2 & ! ,clu/] & ,aleppo p9es 7,p4 ,p9a/] & ,p4 halep5sis71 9 almo/ pure s& on ! sea-coa/4 ,"s trees gr[ rapidly = a few ye>s 9 almo/ any soil1 b :]e ! soil is unsuitable !y g5]ally %[ signs ( di/ress aft] a "t1 make little or no progress1 & ultimately become /unt$ & ill-gr[n4 ,%\ld ! soil be v unfav\rable1 !y die outright4 ,in/ances ( ?is are1 un=tunately1 f> too common :]ev] "o travels ov] ! c\ntry1 ow+ to trees ( a k9d t are utt]ly unfitt$ = ! p>ticul> class ( soil be+ plant$ 9 a haphaz>d k9d ( way1 )\t any consid]ation ( _! individual requirem5ts4 ,= all practical purposes ) ref]5ce to tree-culture1 soils1 g5]ally speak+1 may be divid$ into six di/9ct classes--peaty1 *alky or limey1 gravelly1 clayey1 loamy1 & su* z conta9 iron/one1 coal1 etc4 7#a7 ,peat4--,few trees w succe$ well on an unreclaim$ peat bog1 b1 :]e dra9+ & soil+ h be5 att5d$ to at ! outset1 ! numb] t gr[ & produce a fair am\nt ( valuable timb] is almo/ )\t limit among our g5]ally cultivat$ species4 ,among conif]s t h prov$ !mselves suitable = bog plant+ are ! l>*1 ,scot* p9e1 & common & black spruces 7,picea excelsa & ,p4 nigra74 ,! l>* gr[s rapidly1 & is less subject to disease on peaty ?an any o!r soil--inde$1 up to a few ye>s ago1 ,i _c rememb] hav+ se5 a trace ( any ( ! diseases :i* h r5d]$ ! life ( ! tree s prec>i\s ( late ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ?9n+ a l>* plantation ( fully sixty ye>s' gr[? ,i f\nd ! trees fell$ to be p]fectly heal?y1 & ( exceptional quality1 )1 on an av]age1 #gb ft4 ( wood 9 ea*4 ,! subsoil 9 ?is case 0 clay1 & ! bog1 previ\s to be+ plant$1 _h be5 cut ov] = fuel4 ,! ,scot* p9e gr[s almo/ z freely z ! l>*--! av]age 9 ov] fifty trees measur$ be+ ab\t an eigh? less--"u simil> conditions4 ,natural reproduction ( ! ,scot* p9e goes on s rapidly t x mu/ be consid]$ "o ( ! v be/ trees = plant+ on peat bog4 ,! spruces are excell5t trees = plant+ on reclaim$ peat bog1 :]e !y produce a fair am\nt ( timb] & af=d excell5t %elt] to o!r trees4 ,( h>dwoods1 ! bee* is "o ( ! be/ = bog plant+1 z x gr[s rapidly & produces a l>ge am\nt ( clean timb]4 ,! ald] gr[s luxuri\sly on peaty soils1 & %[s no traces ( disease or cank]4 ,ano!r excell5t bog tree is ! ,gean or ,wild ,*]ry1 & ?is may likewise be said ( ! holly4 ,a% & oak are n g5]ally ( l>ge size1 nor are !y always heal?y on peat bog1 ev5 :5 x has receiv$ a great am\nt ( att5tion 9 ! way ( reclaim+4 ,bir*1 lime & popl> ( v>i\s k9ds are all suit$ = plant+ on well-dra9$ bog4 ,among conif]\s trees1 a l>ge numb] are well suit$ = plant+ 9 reclaim$ peat bog4 ,by way ( exp]im5t ,i h plant$ specim5s ( v>i\s k9ds 9 newly-=m$ plantations1 & 9 ne>ly e case ! trees h gr[n well1 p>ticul>ly :5 p>tially %elt]$4 ,cupressus macroc>pa is "o ( ! be/1 & n "o :it beh9d x are ,c4 ,lawsoniana & ,c4 gov5iana4 ,well+tonia gigantea & ,sequoia semp]vir5s h done well1 :ile ,p9us l>icio & ,p4 au/riaca gr[ freely4 ,i f9d t ! majority ( ! rec5tly introduc$ conif]s d well on prep>$ peat bog--t is1 :]e a quantity ( loam has be5 incorporat$ ) ! bog & all sup]flu\s moi/ure dra9$ away4 7#b7 ,*alky ,soils4--,! bee* is peculi>ly well suit$ = plant+ 9 *alk di/ricts1 = x w gr[ & produce a l>ge quantity ( excell5t timb] :]e b a few in*es ( loam ov]lie ! *alk4 ,x is a fact t1 9 ,s\!rn ,engl& p>ticul>ly1 9 ord] to f9d :]e ! *alk b$s lie1 "o has only to be guid$ by ! l9e trac$ out by ! l>ge/ & mo/ luxuriant bee*es4 ,! bee* w gr[ freely en\gh on almo/ pure *alk1 b x c]ta9ly fl\ri%es be/ :]e loam1 say1 f #a ft4 to #c ft4 9 dep?1 ov]lies ! *alk1 or is incorporat$ ) x1 z on ! ,*ilt]n ,hills4 ,! ,norway maple 7,ac] platanoides7 revels 9 a *alky soil1 & s does ,a4 col*icum rubrum4 ,^! are bo? h&some1 h>dy1 l>ge-gr[+ trees1 & well suit$ = ext5sive =e/-plant+ "u c]ta9 conditions ( soil4 ,:ite popl> 7,populus alba7 is an excell5t tree = plant+ 9 *alky di/ricts--inde$1 x is surpris+ to see to :at an imm5se size x atta9s on almo/ pure *alk4 ,o!r popl>s t d almo/ equally well on ! *alk =mation are ,p4 monilif]a & ,p4 canad5sis1 bo? excell5t1 free-gr[+ trees4 ,elms1 p>ticul>ly ! ,hunt+don & ! ,am]ican1 gr[ rapidly1 & atta9 to a l>ge size1 :]e b a small quantity ( loam is pres5t 9 ! *alk4 ,! wy* elm gr[s freely 9 *alky di/ricts1 & ?is may also be said ( ! common & silv]-leav$ lime4 ,false acacia 7,rob9ia ,pseud-acacia7 is an excell5t tree = *alky soils1 & !re atta9s to a great] size ?an 9 ev5 ! ri*e/ ( loams4 ,! ald] & bir* also ?rive ) vig\r on *alky soils4 ,inde$1 mo/ trees :i* 9 a /ate ( nature gr[ 9 damp or m>%y soils1 are well suit$ = plant+ :]e *alk is ! compon5t ( ! ma9 soil1 & ?is is expla9$ z foll[s3--,*alk1 al?\gh suffici5tly por\s to all[ wat] to p]colate ?r\gh x1 has1 l all o!r calc>e\s matt]1 a /rong attraction = wat]1 & acts l a sponge 9 hold+ x 9 consid]able quantity = a v long "t4 ,among ! conif]s t are suitable = *alky soils ! ,spani% fir 7,abies ,p9sapo7 is "o ( ! be/4 ,9 ! *alky di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,engl& x ?rives ) unusual luxuriance4 ,! ,m\nt ,enos fir 7,abies cephalonica7 is1 likewise1 well adapt$ = gr[+ 9 *alky di/ricts4 ,( ev]gre5 trees t succe$ well on *alk ! numb] is well kn[n to be limit$1 & x is important t two su* beautiful conif]s z ! ,spani% & ,m\nt ,enos firs %\ld !re f9d _! mo/ cong5ial home4 ,bo? ! ,scot* & ,weym\? p9es 7,p9us sylve/ris & ,p4 ,/robus7 are well suit$ = plant+ on *alk1 & _m f9e examples ( bo? may be se5 on ! *alky reefs ( ,k5t & ,surrey4 ,! common ,yew gr[s freely :]e h>dly a p>ticle ( soil ov]lies ! *alk =mation4 ,! ,giant ,arborvit 7,?uja gigantea7 is peculi>ly suitable = plant+ 9 *alky soils3 & ! ,lebanon ,c$> 7,c$rus ,libani7 is nev] f\nd 9 great] p]fection ?an :5 gr[+ 9 ! *alk ) a fair dep? ( loam atop4 ,well+tonia gigantea also does well4 7#c7 ,gravelly & ,s&y ,soils4--,! ,corsican p9e is an excell5t tree = plant+ on gravelly soils1 & "s ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ specim5s 9 ?is c\ntry are gr[+ 9 a disus$ gravel-pit1 & ?is may also be said ( ! ,d\glas fir 7,pseudo?uga ,d\glasii74 ,! ,scot* p9e is well kn[n to be "o ( ! be/ conif]s = plant+ 9 gravelly soils1 :]e x reproduces itself 9 great numb]s1 :5 ! conditions ( gr[? are at all fav\rable4 ,p9us ,p9a/]1 ! clu/] p9e1 is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable conif]s = plant+ ei!r 9 gravelly or s&y soils4 ,! great value ( ! tree 9 reclaim+ s&y tracts1 bo? at home & abroad1 has be5 s (t5 describ$ t fur!r ref]5ce "h is n requir$4 ,! ,aleppo p9e is a good companion to ! ,p9a/]1 & gr[s ) great fre$om 9 a s&y or gravelly soil1 )9 ! influ5ce ( ! sea4 ,gravelly soil also suits ! ,weym\? p9e1 on :i* x produces a fair quantity ( v res9\s timb]4 ,bo? ! bee* & oak produce a l>ge volume ( timb] on poor gravelly & s&y soils4 7#d7 ,clay ,soils4--,! soil "h ref]r$ to is g5u9e clay1 devoid ( /ones1 & )\t a p>ticle ( s& or loam 9 x4 ,x occurr$ on ! slopes1 & = "s consid]able di/ance along ! sides ( "o ( ! p>k roads on an e/ate 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is record$ simply to %[ :at species ( trees are be/ able to succe$ :5 plant$ 9 pure clay4 ,! pits1 9 ?is case1 x may be well to m5tion1 7 dug & ! soil ?r[n loosely up = a mon? previ\s to plant+1 b no soil 0 add$ to ! /iff clay4 ,ne>ly "o hundr$ k9ds ( trees & %rubs 7 us$1 b out ( all ^! n m ?an eight are do+ well1 ! o!rs hav+ gradually di$ out1 or become s ru/y & mis]able look+ t _! removal 0 compulsory4 ,fir/ among ! trees t h succe$$ is ! giant arborvit 7,?uja gigantea71 :i* seems to revel 9 :at is g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ unk9dly ( soils4 ,cryptom]ia japonica has also done well1 b ! trees ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh bu%y & well-furni%$1 h gr[n at a comp>atively sl[ rate4 ,cupressus macroc>pa also has done fairly well3 ! gr[? c]ta9ly has n be5 rapid1 b = all t ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! trees is ! rev]se ( :at "o might expect f ! unfav\rable nature ( ! soil4 ,! ,indian ,c$> 7,c$rus ,deod>a7 we h f\nd to be peculi>ly well suit$ = plant+ 9 clayey soils1 ! bright silv]y t9t t is s *>act]i/ic ( ?is c$> :5 well gr[n be+ disc]nible 9 ! clay-gr[n specim5s4 ,p9us au/riaca has1 9 a few in/ances1 done well1 ! foliage be+ ample & ( ! usual d>k yew-gre54 ,among/ %rubs ! d\ble-fl[]$ gorse 7,ulex ,europu1 fl4 pl47 has done be/ ( any--inde$1 x has gr[n & increas$ freely1 & w\ld seem to be q z mu* at home z 9 its natural elem5t--a dry1 gravelly bank4 ,^! may be consid]$ z ! trees t h succe$$ be/ 9 /iff1 clayey soil4 ,few ( ! p9e tribe did well1 & ?is may also be said ( ! spruces1 cypresses1 yews1 junip]s1 arbutus1 dogwood1 cotonea/]1 hollies1 & o!rs plant$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 f> f advisable to plant trees or %rubs 9 su* unk9dly soil )\t fir/ add+ o!r ( bett] quality2 b x is ( great value to "k t !re are a few trees & %rubs t w ?rive almo/ 9 defiance ( ! /ubborn & unk9dly nature ( a /iff clay soil4 7#e7 ,iron/one ,soils4--,! p>ticul> class ( soil to :i* ,i ref]1 & :i* 9 sev]al di/ricts occurs 9 pl5ty1 is on ! coal & iron/one =mation1 :]e ! top soil is usually %all[1 & ! subsoil consi/s ( a loose1 yell[i% rag t is l>gely impregnat$ ) iron4 ,9 mo/ places b a v small quantity ( soil exi/s1 & t is ( ! poore/ description1 v>y+ 9 dep? accord+ to ! lie ( ! measure4 ,! ,spani% ,*e/nut is "o ( ! v be/ trees = ?is soil1 gr[+ ) fre$om1 & produc+ a fair am\nt ( good timb]1 :ile its appe>ance indicates p]fect heal?4 ,bir* & bee* d well1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m atta9s to a l>ge size4 ,! latt] reproduces itself freely f se$s1 & soon spreads :]ev] a foot+ c be got4 ,sycamore gr[s freely1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! pan is brok5 up1 & produces a small quantity ( good timb]4 ,ano!r tree t seems p]fectly at home on ! coal & iron/one is ! wild *]ry1 = !re x gr[s to a fair size1 fl[]s freely1 & produces excell5t timb]4 ,l>* _c be recomm5d$ = ?is soil1 b 9 places :]e a small quantity ( loam ov]lies ! coal & iron/one x gr[s ) great fre$om = a numb] ( ye>s1 & ! timb]1 if cut e>ly1 is ( good quality4 ,! common spruce soon dies out1 al?\gh x may gr[ freely en\gh = a numb] ( ye>s aft] be+ plant$1 & we> a heal?y appe>ance4 ,oak & a% d fairly well1 b !y r>ely atta9 to a l>ge size or produce fir/-class timb]4 ,rhodod5drons almo/ revel 9 ?is soil1 & "s ( ! l>ge/ & heal?ie/ are gr[+ ) _! roots 9 close contact ) ! coal & iron/one4 ,%rubs = ,hot & ,dry ,soils4--,! ,bladd] ,s5na 7,colutea arboresc5s7 is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( %rubs = plant+ 9 poor1 hot1 dry soils1 & n only w x succe$ & fl[] well 9 ^!1 b x is equally valuable = us+ :]e ! air is *emically impure1 & = t reason has few equals = ! t[n or city %rubb]y4 ,c4 cru5ta is also valuable 9 a simil> way4 ,! ,sea ,purslane 7,atriplex halimus7 is ano!r valuable %rub = plant+ 9 hot & dry situations z is ,c>agana arboresc5s1 ! native ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is71 _m =ms ( ,g5i/a & ,cytisus1 ,sp>tium junceum1 & ! d\ble fl[]+ ,gorse4 ,ano!r excell5t %rub is ! ,box ,?orn or ,tea ,tree 7,lycium ,europum7 :i* is useful = cov]+ an arid hot bank1 sev]al species ( ,cotonea/]1 p>ticul>ly ,c4 horizontalis & ,c4 microphylla1 & ! neat & curi\s ,mu*l5beckia complexa4 ,helian!mums also d well1 s does ! ,v5etian ,suma* 7,rhus cot9us71 & sev]al v>ieties ( bramble1 b especially ! d\ble p9k fl[]+ =m4 ,! ,re/ ,h>r[ 7,ononis arv5sis71 a native %rubby plant ( great floral beauty1 also does well2 :ile ! little kn[n ,cela/ris articulatus %\ld n be neglect$ 9 hot & dry situations4 ,o!r good %rubs = hot dry banks are ,pot5tilla fruticosa1 ! ,tam>isk & ,junip]us tam>iscifolia4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4--,9 conclusion1 x may be po9t$ out t x is only by a c>eful selection ( soil t we may expect tree plant+ to be successful1 & ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t _m failures c be cle>ly trac$ to errors ( judgm5t 9 ! selection ( trees = plant+ on p>ticul> soils4 ,! subject is a wide & complicat$ "o1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t v p]plex+ div]sities occur ) ! same k9ds ( trees on :at1 to all appe>ance1 is ! same class ( soil4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r consid]ations beyond ! soil itself :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 su* z aspect1 elevation1 & :e!r ! gr\nd is inl& or on ! coa/4 ,) ref]5ce to "s ( ! new] conif]s x mu/ be admitt$ t soil & situation h a wond]ful influ5ce on _! successful culture1 & ?is applies 9 p>ticul> to su* k9ds z are n p]fectly h>dy & liable to injury by unseasonable fro/4 ,! too common practice ( select+ w>m & %elt]$ spots = su* is1 9 ! ma91 to be condemn$4 ,x may be said t ,abies cephalonica & ,a4 ,p9sapo are n wor? gr[+1 & 9 _m places !y are n1 b :5 plant$ on lime/one or *alk !y are highly ornam5tal4 ,! same holds good 9 ! case ( ,tsuga ,m]t5siana1 ,picea ,sit*5sis1 & ,p4 excelsa1 :i* are r>ely se5 9 good =m except on soil ( a peaty description4 ,e "o at all int]e/$ 9 trees & %rubs kn[s t !re are c]ta9 k9ds :i* 9 a /ate ( ,nature are only f\nd gr[+ 9 a peaty soil1 mix$ x may be m or less ) s&1 & any attempt to cultivate !m 9 o!r soils is productive ( v unsatisfactory results4 ,:o w\ld ev] ?9k ( plant+ ! s-call$ ,am]ican or peat plants1 ,cape ,hea?s1 etc41 among/ gravel or *alk1 or ,rhodod5drons :]e lime is pres5t 9 ! soil8 ,& ^! facts %[ u t !re is some?+ 9 ! composition ( c]ta9 soils only suitable = ! requirem5ts ( a c]ta9 class ( plants4 ,ano!r curi\s fact is ?is1 t :5 gr[+ on c]ta9 soils ! timb] ( "o species ( tree is f\nd to be f> m durable ?an 9 o!rs4 ,deep loamy soil & s(t peat produce timb] t is usually ( a second-rate description1 be+ defici5t 9 firmness4 ,by /udy+ ! geological /rata ( a di/rict mu* useful in=mation may be le>nt reg>d+ ! trees be/ suit$ = plant+4 ,! foll[+ alphabetical table w s]ve to %[ at a glance ! trees t h be5 f\nd be/ suit$ = plant+ 9 ! class ( soil "u :i* !y are enum]at$3-- ,,reclaim$ ,,peat ,,bog4 ,h>dwoods4 ,alnus glut9osa ,populus alba ---- ---- imp]ialis ---- balsamif]a ---- ---- lac9iata ---- canad5sis ,betula alba ,qu]cus ,robur1 & v>s4 ,c]asus ,padus ,salix fragilis ---- vulg>is ,tilia europe ,fagus sylvatica ,ulmus alata ---- ---- purpurea ---- montana ,conif]s4 ,abies concolor ,l>ix ,kmpf]i ---- bracteata ,p9us au/riaca ---- nobilis ---- excelsa ---- ,nordmanniana ---- l>icio ,c$rus ,deod>a ---- sylve/ris ,cryptom]ia japonica ,ret9ospora ericoides ,cupressus ,gov5iana ---- plumosa ---- ,lawsoniana ---- ---- aurea ---- macroc>pa ,taxus baccata ,junip]us *95sis ,?uja gigantea ---- recurva ---- occid5talis ---- ,sab9a ,?ujopsis borealis ,l>ix europe ,well+tonia gigantea ,,*alky ,,or ,,calc>e\s4 ,h>dwoods4 ,ac] col*icum rubrum ,c]asus ,padus ---- dasyc>pum ,cratgus 7ne>ly all7 ---- ,negundo ,cytisus ,laburnum ---- platanoides ,fagus sylvatica ---- ,pseudo-platanus ---- ---- purpurea sculus ,hippoca/anum ,frax9us excelsior ---- rubicunda ---- ,ornus ,alnus glut9osa1 & v>s4 ,gl$its*ia s95sis ,amelan*i] ,botryapium ---- triacan?os ,amygdalus communis ,koelreut]ia paniculata ,betula alba ,populus alba ,ca/anea vesca ---- balsamif]a ,catalpa bignonioides ---- canad5sis ,populus monilif]a ,qu]cus ,turn]i ---- tremula ,rob9ia ,pseud-acacia1 & v>s4 ,pyrus ,aria ,salix alba ---- ,aucup>ia ,tilia arg5tea ---- ,malus floribunda ---- europe ---- spectabilis ,ulmus alata ,qu]cus ,ilex ---- glabra ---- ,mirebecki ---- montana ---- rubra ,virgilia lutea ,conif]s4 ,abies ,amabilis ,p9us au/riaca ---- magnifica ---- ,cembra ---- nobilis ---- excelsa ---- ,nordmanniana ---- l>icio ---- ,p9sapo ---- ,p9a/] ---- ,webbiana ---- ,/robus ,c$rus atlantica ---- sylve/ris ---- ,deod>a ---- tub]culata ---- ,libani ,ret9ospora ericoides ,cupressus ,lawsoniana ---- filicoides ---- macroc>pa ---- plumosa ,junip]us *95sis ---- ---- aurea ---- communis ,salisburia adiantifolia ---- ,sab9a ,taxus baccata1 & v>s4 ---- ---- tam>iscifolia ,?uja gigantea ,l>ix europe ---- ,lobbii ---- ,kmpf]i ---- occid5talis ---- leptolepis ---- ,w>reana ,picea excelsa ,?ujopsis borealis ,,gravelly ,,& ,,s&y4 ,h>dwoods4 ,alian?us gl&ulosa ,morus nigra ,alnus cordata ,platanus occid5talis ,betula alba ,populus ,bolleana ,c>p9us betulus ,qu]cus ,robur1 & v>s4 ,fagus sylvatica ---- sub] ---- ---- purpurea ,rob9ia ,pseud-acacia ,frax9us ,ornus ,sambucus nigra ,gl$its*ia horrida ,tilia europe ,ilex1 _m v>s4 ,ulmus alata ,juglans c9]ea ---- campe/ris ---- nigra ---- montana ,magnolia acum9ata ,virgilia lutea ,conif]s4 ,junip]us communis ,p9us ,p9a/] ---- ,sab9a ---- pumilio ,p9us au/riaca ---- sylve/ris ---- halep5sis ,taxus baccata ---- l>icio ,?uja gigantea ,,clay4 ,c>p9us betulus ,qu]cus ,ilex ,ca/anea vesca ---- pannonica ,cryptom]ia elegans ---- ,robur ---- japonica ,?uja gigantea ,gl$its*ia triacan?os ---- ,lobbii ,,iron/one ,,& ,,coal4 ,ac] ,pseudo-platanus ,l>ix europe ,betula alba ---- ---- p5dula ,ca/anea vesca ,p9us ,cembra ,c]asus ,padus ---- ,montana ,cupressus ,lawsoniana ,qu]cus ,robur ,frax9us excelsior ,?uja gigantea ,junip]us communis ,ulmus montana ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,transplant+ ,,l>ge ,,trees ,:]e imm$iate effect is requir$1 ! transplant+ ( l>ge trees & %rubs w be an op]ation ( consid]able importance1 & ?\gh x is fraught ) bo? tr\ble & exp5se1 ! results obta9$ h l$ to an increas$ adoption ( ! sy/em dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,!re is h>dly a limit to ! size or weight ( ! tree to be remov$ :5 ! op]ator is provid$ ) suitable appliances1 & success has cr[n$ ! ef=t ( sev]al rec5t op]ations ( ?is nature 9 our ,royal & o!r p>ks4 ,( late ye>s sev]al appliances = remov+ l>ge & weighty trees & %rubs h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket2 among/ ^! "o ( ! be/ is c]ta9ly t made & pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,faulkn]s ,ltd4 ,its pr9cipal recomm5dations are simplicity ( /ructure1 ! ease ) :i* x may be work$1 & lightness1 comb9$ ) su* /r5g? t ev5 ! weightie/ tree c be remov$4 ,b n only is ?is tree-lift] valuable :]e transplant+ is be+ engag$ 91 = 9 remov+ l>ge tree roots1 logs ( timb]1 blocks ( /one1 & heavy mat]ials g5]ally1 x has be5 f\nd mo/ useful4 ,! app>atus is made some:at 9 ! =m ( a f\r-:eel$ lorry1 hav+ a /eel frame only4 ,! frame at ! back is made movable to admit ( ! app>atus be+ plac$ s t ! tree to be mov$ /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e4 ,two /\t planks ) guide rails are laid across ! tr5*1 & ! ma*9e is back$ on to ^!4 ,! ma*9e is con/ruct$ ) f\r iron roll]s1 ly+ along ov] ! side frame & p>allel ) ! frame4 ,ar\nd ! roll]s a *a9 is w\nd1 ! loose end be+ fa/5$ to ! plank+ :i* has be5 plac$ "u ! ball ( e>? conta9+ ! roots ( ! tree4 ,! roll]s are work$ ) a specially made screw-ge>1 :i* is self-su/a9+1 & c be mov$ to draw up or l[] at w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,faulkn]',s ,,transplant+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! illu/ration giv5 cle>ly %[s ! app>atus ) ! tree be+ lift$ = transportation4 ,b>ron's transplant+ ma*9e is also well kn[n1 & ) ?is mu* valuable "w 9 ! removal ( l>ge & heavy trees & %rubs has be5 accompli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,?9n+ ,,plantations ,9 ! successful re>+ ( timb] trees = pr(it !re is1 p]haps1 no o!r bran* ( m importance ?an a good k ( ! art ( ?9n+1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o on :i* s great a div]sity ( op9ion exi/s4 ,?9n+ plantations1 be !y old or "y1 mu/ always be subject to great modification1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! trees & soil1 or ultimate design ( ! plantation be+ op]at$ ^u1 & is a matt] requir+ great tact1 =e?\ght1 & discrim9ation1 & ?is c only be acquir$ by long exp]i5ce & by ^? hav+ a good insight into ! peculi>ities & prop]ties ( our =e/ trees4 ,! same rule z reg>ds ?9n+ w n apply to1 say1 fir1 h>dwood1 & mix$ plantations2 & f> less w x hold good 9 ! case ( an ornam5tal & a pr(itable wood4 ,no univ]sal rule c1 h[ev]1 be laid d[n = ?9n+1 b g5]al pr9ciples c be giv5 t w be suffici5t = ! guidance ( ^? :o h to und]take su* "w4 ,9 ?9n+ any plantation two important po9ts are to be borne 9 m9d--fir/1 cut away all diseas$1 dead & dy+ trees2 second1 /udy ! relation%ip ( trees & soil1 & act accord+ly4 ,to be m explicit1 we might say t 9 ! fir/ case1 ! removal ( all dead & dy+ trees is a necessity1 & t be+ done1 "o c proce$ ) ! disposal ( ! /&>ds to be left4 ,9 ! second case1 by suit+ ! trees to ! soil1 at lea/ z f> z possible1 great b5efit results1 & an in/ance ( ?is t came "u our own obs]vation lately w be giv5 z an example4 ,a plantation #acj acres 9 ext5t 0 compos$ ( oak1 l>* & ,spani% *e/nut1 plac$ at regul> di/ances ap>t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! wood4 ,n[1 ! soil 0 gravelly = a consid]able di/ance d[n1 &1 consequ5tly1 fairly well suit$ = ! *e/nut1 b j ! rev]se = ! l>*1 :i*1 on su* a soil1 g5]ally becomes 8pump$10 or rott5 at ! core4 ,9 ?9n+ ?is p>ticul> plantation1 x w\ld h be5 v unwise to cut away ! *e/nut & ! oak & leave ! l>*1 & ?is _h happ5$ to "s ext5t be=e ! prop] sy/em ( managem5t & adaptability ( soil to tree 0 ?\ght (4 ,l>* may look heal?y en\gh1 & %[ b small indications ( disease1 ev5 :5 gr[+ on gravel up to tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( age1 s t x is ) difficulty t ! inexp]i5c$ become aw>e ( ! p5d+ doom t usually awaits ?is tree :5 plant$ on su* a soil4 ,?is example is m]ely giv5 to po9t out h[ c>efully ?9n+ %\ld be gone ab\t1 & t 9 all cases x is a wise policy to /udy soil 9 relation to ! future crop ( timb] be=e an axe is laid to ! tree4 ,at ! outset ( ^! rem>ks on ?9n+ plantations x %\ld be di/9ctly borne 9 m9d t !re are two *ief objects = :i* trees may be gr[n1 ea* requir+ a special mode ( managem5t1 9 ord] t ! be/ results may be obta9$4 ,! fir/ is _! managem5t 9 a purely economical s5se or ) a view to pr(it2 ! second1 _! managem5t ) a view to ornam5t4 ,!re is also a ?ird object t is well wor?y ( consid]ation1 & t is ! gr[+ ( timb] 9 "o & ! same wood1 bo? = ornam5t & utility comb9$1 & ?is is v frequ5tly ! case ) home woodl&s t are visible f roads & drives1 ) /rips b\nd+ p>ks or pleasure-gr\nds1 & on small prop]ties4 ,to produce ornam5tal trees ( natural appe>ance is by no means difficult1 z by all[+ ! individual specim5s ample room = bran* developm5t1 ! desir$ effect is gradually br\ght ab\t4 ,f> great] difficulty1 h[ev]1 att5ds ! production ( ! greate/ quantity ( ! mo/ valuable trees on a giv5 space ( gr\nd4 ,"h _m que/ions ( ! greate/ mom5t1 on :i* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s1 crop up3 su* z at :at age ?9n+ %\ld be comm5c$1 to :at ext5t %\ld x be engag$ 91 :at "t %\ld elapse betwe5 ea* ?9n+1 & :i* trees %\ld be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fell+ ,,tools4 ,any "o at all int]e/$ 9 ! managem5t ( our woods & plantations mu/ h notic$ t trees hav+ an abundance ( room & light on all sides make comp>atively %ort & ?ick trunks t are well furni%$ ) bran*es2 :]eas su* z are gr[n up 9 a circumscrib$ space & among/ o!rs are tall & /raight1 ) clean1 well-=m$ /ems de/itute ( bran*es = ! great] "p ( _! height4 ,all species1 or ne>ly all1 are gov]n$ by ! same laws1 t is to say1 ^? t h ! lea/ room lat]ally )9 c]ta9 prescrib$ limits1 :i* w be describ$ h]eaft]1 produce ! talle/1 cleane/ & /raighte/ trunks1 & vice v]sa4 ,! influ5ce ( light has n1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 be5 suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! re>+ ( timb]1 b x has ev]y?+ to d 9 direct+ ! gr[? ( trees1 & %\ld be reckon$ z a mo/ important factor by ! =e/]4 ,?us1 if x be all[$ 9 excess1 z :5 ! trees /& f> ap>t1 ! gr[? ( lat]al %oots & l>ge bran*es w be greatly induc$1 ! result be+ %ort & ?ick boles1 t are r\gh & knotty1 & ill-adapt$ = con/ructive purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by keep+ ! trees ?ick on ! gr\nd1 light is1 to a great] or less ext5t1 exclud$1 & ! trees gr[ tall1 /raight & bran*less = ! great] "p ( _! height1 & are ( ! greate/ economic value4 ,b "h ano!r & v important "q crops up4 ,to :at ext5t 9 a wood1 manag$ solely = ! value ( ! timb] x produces1 w x be pr(itable to ?98 ,9 deal+ ) ?is1 two di/9ct be>+s %\ld be kept 9 m9d--! fir/1 t too small a quantity ( bran*es & consequ5tly ( leaves1 mu/1 to a great] or less ext5t1 *eck ! gr[? ( ! trees1 & s dim9i% ! production ( timb]2 &1 second1 t by hav+ too l>ge a quantity1 ! value ( ! timb] is greatly r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce1 & ! numb] ( trees to ! acre mu* dim9i%$ z well4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a m$ium betwe5 ^! two1 by adopt+ :i*1 ! greate/ quantity ( ! mo/ valuable timb] w be produc$2 al?\gh1 at ! same "t1 x is a/oni%+1 :5 look$ at f a physiological po9t ( view1 :at a small quantity ( foliage is requir$ to keep a plantation tree 9 a heal?y1 gr[+ condition1 & to produce a trunk ( useful dim5sions4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ by ! fact t ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( l>ge limbs & bran*es1 :i* 9 "s cases w\ld am\nt to "o-fif? ! total bulk ( ! tree1 r5d]s ! am\nt ( sap1 & consequ5tly ( leaves1 requir$ proportionately less1 ! nutrim5t be+ ma9ly elaborat$ 9 ! build+ ( ! trunk4 ,indep5d5t altoge!r ( ! =e/s ( nor!rn ,europe1 ,canada1 etc41 :i* h gr[n up naturally1 examples might be giv5 9 our own c\ntry--! native ,fir =e/s 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ! valuable ,bee* woods on ! ,*ilt]n ,hills1 & a few ,l>* plantations 9 ,york%ire & ,b$=d%ire--:]e trees av]ag+ #gj ft4 9 height1 gr[+ at f #d to #f y>ds ap>t1 & ) only a tuft ( foliage atop1 may be se54 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 by long & c>eful /udy & att5tion to diff]5t trees at diff]5t /ages ( _! gr[? t any idea c be =m$ ( ! am\nt ( bran*es & foliage requir$ = prep>+ ! sap t w be necess>y = ! pr(itable ye>ly increase ( ! trunk until maturity is arriv$ at4 ,! que/ions n[ to be dealt ) 9 gr[+ timb] = purely economical purposes are3 7#a7 ,at :at age %\ld ?9n+ be comm5c$8 7#b7 ,to :at ext5t %\ld x be engag$ 98 7#c7 ,:at "t %\ld elapse betwe5 ea* ?9n+8 ,& 7#d7 ,:i* trees %\ld be remov$8 ,at ! outset1 x may be well to m5tion1 t 9 s f> z any ( ! above que/ions are conc]n$1 no h>d & fa/ l9e c be laid d[n z to ! univ]sal managem5t ( plantations1 ea* tract ( wood1 & ev5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same wood1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> species ( tree1 quality ( soil1 altitude1 & exposure1 be+ dealt ) on its own peculi> foot+4 ,_m s]i\s mi/akes h be5 committ$1 & irrep>able damage done1 by treat+ e plantation alike & accord+ to ! rule-(-?umb me?od4 ,^u ! mann] 9 :i* ?9n+ is p]=m$1 mu* ( ! ultimate success ( a plantation w dep5d1 & x is a matt] requir+ great tact1 =e?\ght1 & discrim9ation1 :i* c only be acquir$ by long exp]i5ce1 & an intimate k ( trees & _! surr\nd+s4 ,! quality z well z quantity ( timb] produc$ %\ld be c>efully consid]$ 9 ! managem5t ( e plantation4 ,9 deal+ ) ! foll[+ que/ions reg>d+ ?9n+1 x may be well to /ate t ! av]age plantation w alone =m ! basis ( rem>ks4 #a4 ,at :at age %\ld ?9n+ be comm5c$8--,! necessity ( ?9n+1 few practical arboriculturi/s w c>e to d5y1 & t :e!r ! plantation be compos$ ( conif]\s or h>d-wood$ trees4 ,x is ! abuse ( ! practice t1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 is s to be condemn$1 & ,i entirely diss5t f ^? :o consid] t a conif]\s plantation %\ld be left to ,nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 %\ld ?9 itself4 ,! argum5t t ! natural =e/s ( ,am]ica1 ! s\rce f :i* we d]ive ! f9e/ & be/ quality ( timb]1 ?9n$ !mselves1 is (t5 quot$2 b x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! conditions ( su* =e/s are widely diff]5t f ^? ( our own1 & t ! wa/e ( timb] is imm5se1 great quantities be+ de/roy$ 9 procur+ :at is requir$4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 we _c adopt all ! details ( ,nature's practice1 we c & we %\ld admit ! correctness ( ! pr9ciple on :i* %e acts1 & by /udy+ ?is we le>n mu*1 & x is by acquir+ a k ( h] economy1 & :]e & :5 to apply assi/ance1 t ! po9t ( ! :ole argum5t re/s4 ,natural reg5]ation1 unless x be 9 a limit$ numb] ( cases1 & p>ticul>ly ) our lea/ valuable classes ( timb]1 is nev]1 9 ?is c\ntry1 likely to sup]s$e artificial plant+1 & x has be5 conclusively prov$ 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 t ) our mo/ valuable timb]-produc+ tree1 ! ,oak1 ! latt] sy/em is mo/ to be enc\rag$4 ,no ?9n+ ( "y trees %\ld take place until a complete gr\nd %ade has be5 e/abli%$2 & x is mo/ important = ! welf>e ( ! plantation1 t a complete ov]head foliage cov]+ be br\ght ab\t at z e>ly a date z possible aft] plant+4 ,at :at age ?is may take place w dep5d ma9ly on ! size ( ! plants us$ & ! di/ance ap>t at :i* !y 7 ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & to a less] ext5t on ! quality ( soil & o!r consid]ations4 ,at a %ort p]iod aft] a complete leaf canopy has be5 e/abli%$1 ! individual trees beg9 to press aga9/ ea* o!r1 & lat] on a /ruggle = exi/5ce comm5ces1 ! /rong] specim5s ga9+ ! supremacy ov] ! weak]4 ,"h x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t h>d-wood$ trees require proportionately m room = _! heal?y developm5t ?an conif]\s k9ds1 :ile l5g? & cle>ness ( /em1 produc$ by a due proportion ( %ade1 is an object ( prime importance4 ,x might1 z "s suppose1 d little h>m1 to let ! /ruggle = exi/5ce g on un*eck$1 b !re c be no "q t = sev]al reasons x is wise policy to all[ ! /rong] trees e *ance ( succe$+1 & to cut away ! weak]4 ,! object %\ld be to provide = ! trees left /&+ t am\nt ( room or gr[+ space be/ suit$ = br++ ab\t ! p>ticul> conditions aim$ at1 & 9 ?9n+1 x mu/ be ! aim ( ! =e/] to arrive at ! happy mean--nei!r ov] nor und]do+ ! "w1 ! =m] 9 p>ticul>4 ,b :ile ov]cr[d+ is n to be tol]at$1 ! dang] ( sudd5ly expos+ ! trees to curr5ts ( air1 to :i* !y h hi!rto be5 unaccu/om$1 mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 & x %\ld be di/9ctly borne 9 m9d t to ?9 trees 9 an abrupt mann] is "o ( ! greate/ mi/akes t x is possible to make4 ,/ati/ics compil$ f a heal?y ,l>* plantation1 gr[+ on fair soil1 & 9 a mod]ately %elt]$ position 9 s\!rn ,engl&1 w n[ be giv51 f :i* a good idea c be =m$ z to ! age & size :5 ?9n+ %\ld be comm5c$4 ,! trees :5 plant$ 7 #b ft4 high1 & pitt$ at #c ft4 ap>t4 ,9 f\r ye>s ! out] bran*es began to t\* ea* o!r1 & 9 six ye>s f "t ( plant+ ! av]age height ( trees 0 #g ft4 #aj 94 & ! %ade occasion$ _h kill$ out mo/ ( ! grassy und]gr[?4 ,at ?is p]iod ( gr[?1 ! disproportion 9 ! size ( ! trees 01 z is usually ! case1 consid]able1 & left no d\bt ab\t :i* to remove :5 ! fir/ ?9n+ took place4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 or 9 eight ye>s f "t ( plant+1 ?9n+ 0 fir/ engag$ 91 ! tall] trees at t "t av]ag+ ne>ly #aa ft4 9 height1 b _m ( ! suppress$ & weakly 7 little m ?an half t size4 ,ano!r ?9n+ took place dur+ ! twelf? ye>1 & 9 #aiaa ! trees av]age #dj ft4 9 height & 7 /&+ at a di/ance ( #i ft4 ap>t4 ,! plantation ref]r$ to is on ! ,e>l ( ,d]by's prop]ty ( ,holwood1 9 ,k5t4 #b4 ,to :at ext5t %\ld ?9n+ be engag$ 98--,9 foll[+ up ! latt] case1 ! talle/ & heal?ie/ trees 7 res]v$2 all di/ort$1 sickly1 & /unt$ specim5s be+ remov$2 b 9 ! case ( two or m proportionately small trees gr[+ 9 close proximity1 ! mo/ promis+ 0 left1 & ! o!rs cut away1 ?us avoid+ gaps 9 ! plantation4 ,at ! fir/ ?9n+ x w be f\nd q impossible to leave ! trees any?+ l regul> ov] ! gr\nd1 al?\gh ?is %\ld be /udi$ z mu* z possible1 & b>e spaces are to be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,) ! vigor\s gr[? ( ! trees1 & ! int]lac+ ( bran*es previ\s to ! fir/ ?9n+1 no great op5+s w require to be made1 & no?+ m ?an w be canopi$ ov] dur+ ! next two ye>s4 #c4 ,:at "t %\ld elapse betwe5 ea* ?9n+8--,?is c only be correctly decid$ aft] a c>eful inspection ( ! p>ticul> wood4 ,g5]ally speak+1 aft] ! fir/ ?9n+1 :5 ! trees 7 eight ye>s old1 ! l[] bran*es gradually began to give way1 & z ! trees increas$ 9 height1 ?is became m & m app>5t1 & =m$ a good guide z to ! "t :i* %\ld elapse be=e ! second ?9n+ might pr(itably be engag$ 94 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! v>i\s ?9n+s %\ld = ! fir/ ?irty ye>s 9 ! case ( ,l>*--&1 inde$1 mo/ o!r trees--be comp>atively %ort1 b become long] ) advance ( age2 b heavy ?9n+s mu/ be c>efully avoid$1 especially if ! be/ class ( conif]\s timb] is to be produc$4 ,a well-manag$ ,l>* plantation ( tw5ty ye>s' gr[? %\ld h ! trees bran*less = ab\t "o-half ( _! height1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 br\ght ab\t by cr[d+1 & at =ty ye>s ?ree-f\r?s ( ! trunk %\ld be cle> ( bran*es4 ,i h purposely ab/a9$ f giv+ ! numb] ( feet ap>t at :i* trees ought to /& at v>i\s /ages ( _! gr[?1 & ! numb] ( ?9n+s !y require1 z be+ likely to prove mislead+4 #d4 ,! "q z to :i* trees %\ld be remov$ ne$ cause little or no anxiety1 z ! dead1 dy+1 diseas$1 & badly-=m$ w naturally receive fir/ att5tion4 ,9 ?9n+1 ! foll[+ %ort rules %\ld be obs]v$3-- #a4 ,?9 n at all until ! und]gr[+ vegetation has be5 completely kill$ out by ! ov]head foliage1 ! gold5 rule ( sylviculture be+ to keep ! sun%9e (f ! gr\nd until ne> ! end ( ! tree's c>e]4 #b4 ,?9n+ %\ld be p]=m$ 9 su* a mann] z n to r$uce ! value ( ! crop1 b s z to t5d to ! production ( ! greate/ quantity ( ! mo/ valuable timb] 9 ! %orte/ possible space ( "t4 #c4 ,by ?9n+ all[ ( suffici5t light & air to prev5t ! trees becom+ drawn up & lanky1 b avoid too mu* space1 :i* induces ! gr[? ( side bran*es & detracts f ! value ( ! timb]4 #d4 ,keep up ! numb] ( trees to ! highe/ possible pit* until !y are tall1 /raight & clean1 & ?9 gradually4 #e4 ,! dang] ( sudd5ly expos+ ! trees to curr5ts ( cold air to :i* !y h hi!rto be5 unaccu/om$ mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ & x is a s]i\s mi/ake to ?9 9 an abrupt or unequal mann]4 #f4 ,9 ?9n+ remove all dead & dy+ trees fir/1 !n ! di/ort$ & /unt$1 ! be/ gr[n & heal?ie/ be+ pres]v$ = ! p]man5t crop4 #g4 ,h>d-wood$ trees require proportionately m space = developm5t ?an conif]s1 & ! annual r+s 9 ! timb] ( ! latt] %\ld be n>r[ 9 proportion to ^? ( ! =m]1 good quality ( h>d-wood$ timb] be+ indicat$ by broad annual r+s1 b ) conif]\s wood ! rev]se is ! case4 #h4 ,?9n+ %\ld be comm5c$ at ! c5tral or mo/ %elt]$ po9t ( a plantation1 or section ( same1 s t ! out] intact b\nd>y may cont9ue to =m a b>ri] to cold w9ds1 :i* might prove injuri\s to trees t _h hi!rto /ood 9 close ord]4 #i4 ,9 economic =e/ry1 timb] trees %\ld be cut d[n :5 !y h arriv$ at maturity or h ceas$ to gr[4 ,) conif]\s trees ?is g5]ally occurs at f sev5ty to n9ety ye>s2 b ) h>dwoods1 except+ ! a% & *e/nut1 :i* are ( mo/ value1 say1 up to fifty ye>s' gr[?1 ! p]iod may be greatly ext5d$4 #aj4 ,?9n+ is usually p]=m$ 9 autumn & e>ly w9t]1 b x may be well to rememb] t at ! latt] p]iod ! l[e/ p]c5tage ( moi/ure 7ab\t #dg p] c5t47 is pres5t1 & ! timb] consequ5tly ( ! greate/ value = con/ructive purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,tree-,,prun+ ,,9 ,,economic ,,=e/ry ,:]e trees are gr[n = pr(it1 !y w1 if prop]ly manag$1 prune !mselves1 & :]e = ornam5t ! natural outl9e is f> bett] ?an any ( ! contortions & symmetrical %apes t h be5 recomm5d$ by v>i\s writ]s on ! subject4 ,a brok5 or dead bran* may be remov$1 a rival lead+ %oot cut away1 or an unga9ly or dang]\s limb amputat$1 b "h all prun+ %\ld cease1 ! practice be+ :olly wrong & unreasonable1 & )\t "o recomm5dation to be adduc$ 9 its fav\r4 ,9 an economic way ! f9e/ plantations ( ei!r conif]\s or h>d-wood$ trees 9 ?is c\ntry are ^? :]e ! individual specim5s are gr[+ s ?ickly toge!r t ! bran*es are kill$ outright = fully "o-half ( _! height4 ,"h ! /ems w be /raight & clean1 & ! timb] :5 conv]t$ free f ! knots & w>p+ t are s *>act]i/ic ei!r ( /&>d specim5s or su* z h be5 gr[n too ?9ly on ! gr\nd4 ,e "o kn[s t an ,oak gr[+ alone or along ! m>g9s ( a wood is 9 n9e cases out ( t5 bran*$ almo/ to ! gr\nd1 & ! bole 9 consequ5ce r\gh & ill-fitt$ = any p>ticul> con/ructive purpose1 & ! same may be said ( e o!r tree1 be x h>d-wood$ or conif]\s4 ,l>* & ,scot* ,fir trees gr[+ along ! m>g9s ( plantations are r\gh & knotty1 & sell at a consid]ably l[] figure comp>$ ) ^? fur!r 91 :]e ! bran*es h be5 kill$ back gradually z ! trees increas$ 9 size4 ,! same ?+ is m>k$ly ! case 9 "y woods ( a%1 oak & *e/nut1 :]e !y h be5 gr[n suffici5tly ?ick on ! gr\nd to kill (f ! l[] bran*es1 & also to cause ! trees to rise /raight1 clean & tap]+4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 too1 t ! timb] ( trees s gr[n is f> m ela/ic & realizes a mu* high] price ?an t ( ! same age gr[n "u conditions :]e prun+ might h be5 a necessity4 ,a case ( ?is k9d came "u my own notice only a %ort "t ago 9 :i* "o-half ( a plantation ( h>d-wood$ trees realiz$ fully "o-f\r? m ?an ! rema9+ half4 ,x came ab\t 9 ?is way4 ,bo? ends & a l>ge pat* 9 ! c5tre ( ! wood _h be5 ?9n$ out sev]ely = ! purpose ( plant+ game cov]t4 ,! trees1 /&+ ?9ly on ! gr\nd1 bran*$ out & soon cov]$ ! op5 spaces :]e und]wood _h be5 plant$4 ,9 ?9n+ ! :ole plantation ! trees on ^! p>ticul> p>ts 7 v r\gh & knotty1 & bore no comp>ison to ^? :]e !y _h be5 left mod]ately ?ick on ! gr\nd1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! boles 7 /raight1 clean & tap]+4 ,?is case is specially notewor?y1 inasmu* z ! trees ov] ! :ole area 7 gr[+ "u exactly simil> conditions z to soil1 %elt]1 etc41 & 7 ( ! same age & species4 ,great & irrep>able damage has be5 done to woods & plantations 9 ?is c\ntry by too heavy ?9n+s1 by comm5c+ ! ?9n+s at too e>ly a p]iod1 & by adopt+ ! book me?od ( leav+ ! trees at measur$ di/ances ap>t & a /at$ numb] to ! acre accord+ to ! age ( ! plantation4 ,su* rules c nev] be expect$ to "w satisfactorily1 ! size ( trees dep5d+ s mu* on ! "* ( ! soil1 exposure ( ! woodl&1 & o!r peculi>ities ( ! p>ticul> di/rict 9 :i* !y are plant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prun+ ,,tools ,timely & judici\s ?9n+ %\ld nev] be neglect$1 b x is ! ov]-?9n+1 :]eby bran*es & knotty trunks are produc$ & ! suppos$ ne$ = prun+ foll[s1 t ,i wi% to deprecate & entirely diss5t f4 ,gr[ y\r timb] trees s ?ickly on ! gr\nd t ! /ems are induc$ to become /raight1 clean & bran*less = ! great] "p ( _! height1 & on no acc\nt admit suffici5t light & air to cause ! l[] bran*es to be reta9$ intact1 or1 9 o!r words1 at all times reta9 an unbrok5 leaf canopy4 ,! necessity = prun+ w !n be entirely done away )1 & a m valuable class ( timb] produc$4 ,! losses su/a9$ ?r\gh injudici\s plant+ & ! unnecess>y & ru9\s practice ( prun+ h taught a lesson t is fraught ) good = ! tree plant] ( ! future4 ,:5 ,prun+ is ,admissible4--,!re are a few cases1 h[ev]1 :]e prun+ is q ju/ifiable1 & :]e ! abuse ( a sy/em %\ld furni% no argum5t aga9/ its legitimate use4 ,h$g][ & field timb]1 = ! sake ( ! live f5ces1 ! grass1 or ! gra9 crop 9 ! vic9ity1 may require att5tion 9 ! way ( judici\s prun+4 ,aga91 prun+ is sometimes a necessity :]e /&>d trees are gr[n 9 conjunction ) coppice wood1 z by %ort5+ ! l[] bran*es ! und]gr[? 9 consequ5ce becomes mu* improv$4 ,9 ! case ( t[n trees1 too1 :]e x is necess>y to re/rict ! spread ( bran*es1 prun+ is resort$ to1 z also ) old & heavy-head$ elms & o!r trees 9 our p>ks & public g>d5s4 ,prun+ ,live ,bran*es4--,9 & ar\nd ,london1 z well z _m o!r l>ge c5tres ( indu/ry1 ! hack+ & hew+--prun+ we _c call x--to :i* trees are subject$ is b>b>\s 9 ! extreme1 & calls = ! /ronge/ d5unciation4 ,to annually prune & elb[ 9 su* noble =e/ trees z ! lime & plane1 9 ord] t ! re/rict$ gr[? may r5d] !m suitable = ! cramp$ positions 9 :i* !y h be5 unwisely plant$1 is little %ort ( v&alism4 ,! lime & plane1 p]haps1 suff] mo/ 9 ?is way1 = z soon z !y h ov]gr[n ! allott$ space an annual sy/em ( prun+ back ! bran*es is resort$ to1 ! result be+ great mop-head$ protub]ances at ! po9ts :]e amputation took place1 :i* n only rob ! tree ( its graceful natural appe>ance1 b r5d] x susceptible to disease & insect pe/s4 ,!re is no ne$ to specialize cases :]e ?is mo/ objectionable sy/em is c>ri$ out1 = a walk ar\nd our squ>es & g>d5s w un=tunately reveal h[ preval5t is ! maltreatm5t ( trees 9 ! way ( prun+4 ,!re might be "s excuse = plant+ our noble/ =e/ trees 9 cramp$ & unsuitable positions 7 !re no o!r species ( small] gr[? t w\ld take _! place1 b ! ,pyrus1 ,cratgus1 dw>f ,acacia1 ,mulb]ry1 ,catalpa & ,suma* surely give u suffici5t scope = *oos+ trees ( re/rict$ gr[? = conf9$ positions & s d away ) ! b>b>\s sy/em ( prun+ :i* ! use ( l>ge-gr[+ species necessitates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bad ,,effects ,,( ,,prun+ ,ev5 9 ! case ( dw>f av5ues & scre5s x is q unnecess>y to use su* l>ge-gr[+ trees z ! lime & plane :]e prun+ mu/ (t be resort$ to1 = an av5ue or scre5 ( ?orn or mulb]ry1 ! beam tree or m\nta9 a% w\ld be m suitable1 & 9 ! end f> m natural & arti/ic 9 appe>ance4 ,to sum up 9 a few words1 my cont5tion is t no tree %\ld be plant$ 9 a position :]e1 9 ord] to keep x )9 due b\nds1 a sy/ematic clipp+ & prun+ has to be resort$ to4 ,prun+ ,dead ,wood4--,op9ions diff] greatly z to :e!r or n dead bran*es %\ld be remov$ f p>k & woodl& trees4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ma9ly a matt] ( ta/e1 & a po9t on :i* two ( ! l>ge/ own]s ( woodl&s 9 ?is c\ntry hold di/9ctly opposite op9ions1 ?\gh at ! same "t x _c be d5i$ t ! c>eful removal ( all dead & dy+ wood f a tree is highly b5eficial4 ,prun+ %\ld1 h[ev]1 only be ext5d$ to su* trees z are 9 a fairly heal?y condition1 ) well-develop$ heads1 & conta9+ only a mod]ate quantity ( dead wood1 !re be+ _m f9e old specim5s t w\ld be r5d]$ unsightly 9 ! extreme & receive no b5efit f removal ( ! dead & dy+ timb]1 b ?is has direct ref]5ce to trees /&+ s+ly ?r\gh\t ! p>k1 & n to specim5s 9 ! woodl&4 ,9 _m ( our p>ks & woodl&s at ! pres5t "t !re exi/s an undue quantity ( dead & dy+ wood1 :i* may be attribut$ to natural decay1 ! quality ( ! soil1 & 9 "s in/ances to long-/&+ neglect 9 ! matt] ( non-att5tion to w\nds :i* h be5 caus$ by w9d-brok5 limbs & bran*es4 ,su* trees w\ld be greatly improv$1 bo? 9 heal? & appe>ance1 by judici\s removal ( ! dead bran*es & att5tion to old w\nds 9 ord] to prev5t ! +ress ( wat]1 ! decay ( _m bran*es be+ directly attributable to ?is cause4 ,t an undue quantity ( dead wood w induce injuri\s insect pe/s1 su* z ! goat & wood leop>d mo?s1 :i* attack heal?y trees1 is well kn[n1 & 0 exemplifi$ 9 "o ( our ,london p>ks rec5tly :]e num]\s "y ?orns & v>i\s species ( ,pyrus 7 injur$ by ! latt]4 ,9 remov+ dead bran*es cut !m well back into ! liv+ wood 9 ord] to induce fre% gr[? at ! po9t :]e amputation takes place4 ,! removal ( l>ge dead limbs f old specim5 trees is an op]ation t requires a great am\nt ( skill1 & %\ld only be entru/$ to ^? :o h _h practical exp]i5ce ( prun+ 9 its v>i\s phases4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! removal ( dead wood is m]ely a matt] ( s5tim5t1 ?\gh ( its practical utility !re c be no d\bt1 & 9 all cases :]e ! /ag-head$ trees are conspicu\s1 ! removal ( ! dead wood is to be recomm5d$4 ,prun+ ,%rubs4--,g5]ally speak+1 %rubs are prun$ ) little or no consid]ation z to :e!r !y w be b5efit$ by ! op]ation4 ,:ile symmetry & regul>ity ( outl9e are to be admir$ 9 a %rub1 ^! qualities %\ld nev] be ga9$ at ! exp5se ( natural grace & production ( fl[]s4 ,! judici\s prun] w1 !re=e1 aim at pres]v+ ! peculi> habit ( ea* %rub z f> z possible1 :ile int]f]+ b little ) ! production ( fl[]s4 ,! v>i\s species ( ,deutzia1 ,=sy?ia1 ,philadelphus & ,weigela fl[] on ! wood ( ! previ\s ye>'s gr[?2 !re=e su* %rubs %\ld be prun$ imm$iately aft] ! fl[]+ season--say 9 ,june1 b nev] 9 spr+ or w9t]--at lea/1 if ! production ( fl[]s is to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,aga91 ! v>i\s species ( ,syr+a1 ,spira1 ,lonic]a & ,hibiscus may safely be prun$ dur+ w9t]1 ! fl[]s be+ produc$ on ! "y wood2 :ile ,hydrangea paniculata gr&iflora mu/ be sev]ely prun$ 9 e>ly spr+1 = only by s do+ w ! greate/ weal? ( fl[]s be produc$4 ,*imonan?us fragrans %\ld be prun$ 9 ,febru>y2 :ile ! v>i\s species ( ,ceano?us %\ld n be t\*$ till all dang] ( fro/ is pa/4 ,k]ria japonica %\ld be prun$ 9 autumn1 :5 old wood may be cut away4 ,all prun+ op]ations %\ld be c>efully c>ri$ out ) a %>p knife & n ) ! prun+ %e>s1 ! po9t ( amputation be+ always close to an eye or bud4 ,too sev]e prun+ %\ld be avoid$1 a judici\s ?9n+ out ( ! bran*es be+ f> pref]able to indiscrim9ate %e>+ & cutt+ back4 ,h[ & :5 to ,prune4--,! latt] "p ( ,may or beg9n+ ( ,june is und\bt$ly ! be/ season = prun+ ! majority ( h>d-wood$ trees1 z dur+ t "t ! motion ( ! sap is mo/ vigor\s1 & 9 consequ5ce ! w\nds caus$ by amputation heal mo/ quickly4 ,!re are a few exceptions--! bir*1 sycamore & maple--:]e1 on acc\nt ( pr(use ble$+1 prun+ _h be/ be po/pon$ till aft] full foliage has be5 atta9$4 ,mu* mis*ief has be5 done by ! prun+ knife1 & /ill m by ! h&bill & saw :5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( inexp]i5c$ workm5--a fact t is app>5t to any int]e/$ p]son :o visits v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 conduct$ ) c>e1 on s\nd pr9ciples1 ! effect ( prun+ on ! class ( timb] ref]r$ to is highly b5eficial1 :]eas1 :5 done 9 a haphaz>d way & by an inexp]i5c$ h&1 x is (t5 att5d$ ) great dang] & grave results4 ,9 cutt+ or =e%ort5+ small bran*es1 a %>p pocket-knife w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t1 b :5 l>ge limbs h to be remov$ ! prun+ saw %\ld be br\ght into reque/4 ,! bran* to be remov$1 especially if ( l>ge size & weighty1 %\ld fir/ be cut ?r\gh at any conv5i5t di/ance f ! ma9 /em1 ?us prev5t+ splitt+ & te>+ ( ! b>k1 aft] :i* ! /ump may be neatly sawn ?r\gh z close to ! bole ( ! tree z possible4 ,und]cutt+ by a few draughts ( ! saw w "h also g f> 9 prev5t+ te>+ ( ! wood & b>k4 ,s z to r5d] ! saw-cut smoo? & prev5t wat] lodg+ on ! surface1 ! face & edge %\ld be neatly dress$ ) an adze or %>p prun+ knife1 & !n pa9t$ ) t>4 ,:5 cutt+ ov] an upright-gr[+ bran*1 su* z 9 poll>d+ trees1 etc41 nev] cut on ! horizontal1 b always 9 a slop+ direction1 s t ! ra9 may pass (f quickly4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,brac+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,trees ,?\gh occasionally resort$ to 9 old5 times1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( or*>d trees1 x is only ( late ye>s t ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( tree w\nds & diseases has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 ! fill+ ( holl[ trunks1 brac+ ( heavy & diseas$ bran*es & att5tion to insect & fungoid pe/s are r>ely engag$ 9 & b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,:5 ! value ( old trees 9 an ornam5tal or utilit>ian s5se is tak5 into acc\nt1 x is rem>kable :at a small am\nt ( att5tion !y receive :5 subject$ to accid5t or disease4 ,z a g5]al rule1 cavities or holl[s 9 a tree /em1 if left to !mselves1 gradually increase 9 size until ! asc5d+ sap is entirely cut (f1 :5 ! crumbl+ /em ei!r falls to pieces or is brok5 ov] by ! w9d4 ,a bran* requires to be brac$ or /r5g!n$ :5 f its weight & %ape x is likely to get wr5*$ f ! ma9 /em dur+ /ormy wea!r & s injure ! tree or man its natural beauty4 ,bo? insect & fungoid pe/s d a consid]able am\nt ( damage to trees1 bo? "y & old1 b z special *apt]s are devot$ to _! depr$ations !y ne$ only receive a pass+ notice "h4 ,holl[ ,trunks & _! ,treatm5t4--,h[ev] desirable x may be to repair holl[ trunks1 yet a great deal ( discrim9ation is necess>y 9 decid+ :i* trees %\ld be op]at$ ^u1 especially 9 ! case ( su* z are r$uc$ to m]e %ells & are n likely to d]ive any b5efit comm5surate ) ! lab\r & co/ ( mat]ials involv$ 9 brac+ & fill+4 ,"y1 heal?y1 vigor\s gr[+ trees1 t h become damag$ or diseas$1 %\ld 9 ! majority ( in/ances be att5d$ to2 b 9 ! case ( old specim5s on :i* a great am\nt ( lab\r & money w\ld necess>ily h to be exp5d$1 sev]al important be>+s mu/ be consid]$ be=e works ( repair are tak5 9 h&4 ,hi/oric & valuable trees1 ^? occupy+ prom95t positions on a lawn or p>k1 t[n trees :]e vegetation is sc>ce1 & su* z are n too old & fragile1 may be dealt ) )9 c]ta9 b\nds1 b to doctor all diseas$ & holl[ trees on ! mo/ approv$ pr9ciple 9 su* places z ,epp+ ,=e/ or ,burnham ,bee*es w\ld be highly imprud5t1 :e!r 9 view ( ! little b5efit :i* 9 _m in/ances w\ld accrue by s do+ or ( ! great exp5se involv$ 9 su* an op]ation4 ,! fill+1 too1 mu/ be adapt$ to circum/ances1 & to deal ) ! entire trunk ( a holl[ tree is 9 mo/ cases q out ( ! "q1 bo? f ! po9t ( utility & exp5se4 ,%ort-liv$ trees1 su* z ! ,ald]1 ,bir* & ,popl>1 or su* z are liable to sudd5 attacks ( insect & fungoid pe/s1 & ^? t are unfav\rably situat$ 9 m9+ & *emical areas1 %\ld be scantily dealt )1 b ! practical woodman w see at a glance :i* trees are be/ wor?y ( 8 att5tion & treatm5t4 ,probably ! simple/1 & c]ta9ly ! *eape/ me?od ( deal+ ) diseas$ & holl[ trunks is to clean out ?or\ghly all dead & decay+ matt]1 ! int]ior be+ scrap$ & swept ) a r\gh bru%1 s t ! loose rott+ wood & b>k is remov$4 ,:5 q dry1 ! int]ior ( ! trunk %\ld be pa9t$ ) "o1 or pref]ably ) two coats ( creosote or c>bol9eum1 & fill$ up ) a composition ( "o "p ( ,portl& cem5t to ?ree ( clean gravel & s&1 ! surface coat+ at ! orifice conta9+ ! l>ge/ quantity ( cem5t4 ,a coat ( coal t> on top ( ! dry creosote goes f> 9 mak+ ! concrete adh]e firmly to ! wood4 ,:5 a fairly heal?y tree is be+ op]at$ ^u1 & :5 ! b>k is likely to gr[ ov] ! expos$ surface1 ! concrete %\ld only be br\ght up on a level ) ! und]side ( ! liv+ b>k2 9 o!r words1 ! cambium %\ld be left free = expansion4 ,sometimes1 brickbats1 brok5 small1 are us$ in/ead ( gravel1 b = v>i\s reasons concrete is pref]able4 ,! concrete surface may be prev5t$ f crack+ by apply+ annually a coat ( pa9t1 :i*1 = appe>ance sake1 may be ( a simil> col\r to t ( ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,9 ! case ( a l>ge tree 9 :i* ! trunk is q holl[1 usually ) a basal & top op5+1 ! am\nt ( cem5t requir$ to fill ! cavity precludes ! possibility ( x be+ employ$ on ! score ( economy1 b :]e ! holl[ only ext5ds = a comp>atively %ort di/ance upw>ds & inw>ds ! composition is to be recomm5d$4 ,:5 a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial is requir$ to fill a holl[ /em1 clean bricks brok5 to ab\t ! size ( a golf ball may be us$1 b !y mu/ be pack$ firmly & ! surface1 :]ev] x comes 9 contact ) ! wea!r1 glaz$ ov] ) cem5t 9 ord] to effectually %ut out dampness4 ,asphalt has ( late ye>s be5 employ$ 9 ! fill+ ( holl[ /ems1 & is to be recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its ela/icity & la/+ prop]ties4 ,sometimes1 ! int]ior ( a l>ge1 holl[ tree /em is /r5g!n$ by crossbeams ( timb]1 any holes :i* ext5d to ! outside be+ c>efully cov]$ ) %eet lead or z9c s z to prev5t ! +ress ( wat]4 ,a %eet ( lead or z9c is1 h[ev]1 only a sup]ficial rem$y & %\ld be disp5s$ ) :]e fill+ ! cavity is at all practicable4 ,lead1 9 "s cases1 is pref]able to z9c = cov]+ w\nds 9 trees1 z x fits into position m readily & is easily fix$4 ,! treatm5t ( holl[ /ems )\t fill+ ! cavity is 9 c]ta9 in/ances q p]missible1 & c be c>ri$ out at a comp>atively small co/4 ,broadly speak+1 ?is me?od consi/s 9 clean+ out all decay$ & decay+ matt]1 pa9t+ ! int]ior ) c>bol9eum or t>1 &1 :]e possible1 brac+ ! trunk f ! int]ior by means ( /\t crossb>s ( wood & cov]+ surface holes ) lead1 z9c or %eet copp]4 ,:5 a tree trunk is holl[ f top to bottom ?is me?od is to be recomm5d$1 & /\t /ruts plac$ )9 ! cavity at v>i\s ( ! weak] po9ts w g f> t[>ds pres]v+ _m an ag$ specim54 ,:5 ! cavity 9 a holl[ /em is s l>ge t a p]son c ent] x1 ! "w ( ei!r fill+ ) a suitable composition or support+ ) wood5 /ruts is greatly simplifi$4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h prov$ ! value ( a mixture ( sawdu/ & asphalt = fill+ cavities4 ,x is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 cases :]e concrete is too rigid & unyield+1 su* z 9 deal+ ) trunks & bran*es t are apt to be sway$ ab\t 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,! mat]ials are dry sawdu/1 t ( ,oak1 ,*e/nut & ,bee* be+ pref]able1 & solid asphalt d]iv$ f ! ref9+ ( petroleum1 :i* is at pres5t 9 use = fill+ ! int]/ices ( /reet pavem5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! metropolis4 ,= fill+ cavities 9 heavy1 sway+ bran*es1 "o "p ( asphalt to f\r ( clean1 dry sawdu/ w =m a mixture t is non-rigid & yields ) ! motion ( ! bran* 9 :i* x is ins]t$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! trunk1 :i* is m rigid & less affect$ 9 /ormy wea!r1 a l>g] quantity ( sawdu/ %\ld be us$4 ,! fill+ is made by /irr+ dry sawdu/ into boil+ asphalt until ! desir$ consi/5cy is rea*$1 & be=e ! composition has cool$1 x %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! previ\sly prep>$ cavity4 ,z 9 cem5t fill+1 ! prep>ation ( cavities to be fill$ ) sawdu/ & asphalt %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to1 ! decay$ wood & all s(t & rott5 mat]ial be+ remov$1 & ! int]ior surface r5d]$ /]ile by an application ( c>bol9eum or k]os5e4 ,= w\nd dress+s1 gas t> & liquid asphalt is to be recomm5d$1 ?is comb9ation =m+ a m cont9u\s & ela/ic cov]+ ?an is ! case :5 t> or pa9t alone is us$4 ,:]e ! cavity is small &1 z is (t5 ! case1 fill$ ) wat] & decay$ & decay+ vegetable matt]1 ! foll[+ c\rse is recomm5d$3--,:5 only a few in*es deep1 ! wat] c usually be got rid ( by mopp+ x out ) a sponge atta*$ to a conv5i5t h&le1 b :5 ! hole is too deep = ?is me?od ! wat] may be extract$ by tapp+1 t is by bor+ a hole ) an aug] ?r\gh ! trunk to ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,a half-in* aug] w suffice1 & ! correct spot to bore c usually be asc]ta9$ by measur+ ! dep? ( ! hole4 ,aft] ! wat] has be5 remov$ ! cavity mu/ be ?or\ghly cle>$ ( all decay+ tissue & accumulat$ vegetable matt]1 & 9 ord] t ?is may be done effectually1 x may sometimes be necess>y to enl>ge ! op5+ s t a suitable tool c be ins]t$4 ,:5 ! cavity has become q dry--a matt] ( consid]able importance--x %\ld be treat$ ) creosote or c>bol9eum & aft]w>ds fill$ ) concrete 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( cem5t to f\r ( clean gravel4 ,ram ! concrete firm s t ! cavity is p]fectly fill$1 & f9i% (f at ! orifice ) pure cem5t 9 su* a way t ! cambium may be induc$ to =m a gr[? ov] ! edge ( ! fill+4 ,a *eap b tempor>y me?od ( deal+ ) small holl[s & cavities 9 fruit & o!r trees1 is to fill ^! ) a mixture ( clay & c[-dung 9 ! proportion ( two ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,knead well & apply :5 9 ! consi/5cy ( putty1 clean+ & dis9fect+ ! holl[s be=e fill+4 ,support+ ,heavy & ,diseas$ ,bran*es4--,a limb requires to be brac$ or /r5g!n$ :5 f its weight & %ape x is likely to get wr5*$ f ! ma9 /em dur+ /ormy wea!r1 :5 ! weight ( ! m9or bran*es & foliage is too great = ! /r5g? ( ! limb1 :5 ! wood ( ! tree is unusually brittle1 :5 trunk or limb is decay$1 & :51 f accid5t1 ! tree has become "o-sid$ & lo/ its natural appe>ance4 ,=k$ trees (t5 require /ay+1 z also d su* z h sudd5ly become expos$ to /orms to :i* !y h hi!rto be5 unaccu/om$4 ,b probably 9 ! matt] ( brac+ & /r5g!n+1 ! mo/ important ( all trees are ^? 9 our public p>ks & su* z are contigu\s to or ov]%ad[ dwell+-h\ses4 ,p>k trees %\ld receive special att5tion 9 ! way ( mak+ sure t limbs are secure & n likely to cause injury to visitors2 :ile 9 ! case ( heavy bran*es hang+ ov] dwell+-h\ses ^! %\ld be c>efully & p]iodically exam9$ & made secure :5ev] x is f\nd necess>y4 ,%\ld !re be any d\bt z to :e!r a limb is insecure & dang]\s1 a decision %\ld be made 9 fav\r ( brac+ or r$uc+ ! weight by prun+4 ,unwieldy & heavy limbs are mo/ commonly to be f\nd on isolat$ trees1 or su* z h _h pl5ty ( room = ! p]fect developm5t ( /em & bran*4 ,z ! loss ( "o or m ( ! l>g] bran*es (t5 m>s ! ornam5tal appe>ance ( a specim5 tree1 e reasonable means %\ld be employ$ to prev5t su* a disfigurem5t4 ,by r$uc+ ! weight ( a bran* by prun+1 or by giv+ support to any t are heavy & diseas$ by means ( wires1 *a9s or light iron b&s & connect+-rods1 ! tr\ble may be av]t$4 ,9 all cases ! object %\ld be to unite ! bran*es 9 su* a way t !y may (f] ! greate/ am\nt ( resi/ance to ! /orm1 & at ! same "t be nei!r conspicu\s nor clumsy 9 appe>ance ow+ to ! op]ation4 ,*a9s1 ?\gh (t5 us$1 probably ow+ to _! be+ readily obta9able & *eap1 are = v>i\s reasons to be avoid$1 ! flat iron b& l9$ ) lea!r or rubb] be+ pref]able1 m readily adju/$1 & less likely to cut into ! b>k & wood4 ,! b&s1 :i* c be made by any blacksmi?1 are usually #b 94 wide1 & ( ! %ape ( ! bran* to be encircl$1 ea* be+ 9 two p>ts to facilitate fix+ & to all[ ( slack5+ at any future "t %\ld ! necessity arise4 ,! b& is made ( a l>g] size ?an ! bran* to be encircl$1 s z to all[ ( ! ins]tion ( a lea!r or rubb] coll> betwe5 x & ! wood1 ! purpose ( ! pack+ be+ to prev5t undue friction & *af+ ( ! b>k ow+ to ! movem5t ( ! tree4 ,! b&s1 :e!r plac$ ar\nd two opposite bran*es or ! ma9 /em & a bran*1 are connect$ toge!r by a light iron rod &1 accord+ to ! /ra91 may be f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is rod1 l ! b&s1 is divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* are connect$ by a swivel & screw = conv5i5ce 9 loos5+ or tight5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brac+ ,a ,,tree ,great c>e is necess>y 9 *oos+ ! po9t at :i* a b& %\ld be plac$1 & 9 decid+ :i* bran*es or bran* & /em %\ld be jo9$ toge!r1 s t ! greate/ resi/ance may be obta9$ & 9 ord] t ! "o may act z a support to ! o!r4 ,! %ape ( ! tree & disposition ( ! /em & bran*es c alone be ! guides 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! use ( a *a91 ! advantages ( ?is me?od ( support+ heavy bran*es are pr9cipally ease ( fix+1 great] rigidity1 less friction1 adaptability = loos5+ or tight5+ z may be requir$1 & bett] results4 ,accurate measurem5ts z to ! size & %ape ( ! limb to be op]at$ ^u mu/ be tak5 & ! girdl+ hoops made accord+ly4 ,! be/ way to take ^! is to asc5d ! tree1 &1 aft] decid+ z to ! po9ts :]e brac+ is to take place1 encircle ea* bran* ) a /rip ( hoop-iron1 :i* w n only give ! size b %ape ( ! p>ticul> limb1 a mo/ important po9t :]e neatness is /udi$ & aft]-*af+ ( ! b>k & wood is to be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b& ,,& ,,connect+-,,rod ,9 ! case ( old trees1 or su* z are n likely to greatly increase 9 size1 ! b&s ne$ n be mu* l>g] ?an ! actual size ( ! bran*es to :i* !y are to be affix$1 b :]e ! tree is "y & vigor\s1 room = expansion %\ld be provid$4 ,fix+ ! b&s & connect+-rods is readily accompli%$ ei!r by ! use ( ladd]s or by climb+ ! trunk & sl++ ! portions into position by means ( ropes4 ,! exig5cies ( ea* case w po9t out ! be/ means ( c>ry+ out ! "w1 z also ! height at :i* ! supports c mo/ effectively be plac$4 ,:5 damag$ or diseas$ bran*es are be+ dealt )1 great c>e is necess>y to ensure t ! b&s are plac$ 9 su* positions t ! greate/ lev]age aga9/ w9d is af=d$1 & s z to m9imize ! risk ( ! bran* be+ brok5 across at ! weak5$ po9t dur+ /ormy wea!r4 ,frequ5tly1 :]e ! ma9 trunk divides into two or m portions ne> gr\nd level1 x w be f\nd t a split or crack has be5 caus$ by ! sway+ ( ! divid$ /ems4 ,9 su* cases ! split betwe5 ! /ems %\ld be c>efully clean$ out1 treat$ ) an antiseptic & fill$ ) asphalt4 ,! limbs %\ld !n be brac$ toge!r by means ( a b& & connect+-rod1 &1 z ! asphalt becomes set1 ! brace may be tight5$ up z may be f\nd necess>y4 ,r>ely is x f\nd necess>y to place a b& ar\nd ! /em ( a tree to prev5t splitt+4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 appe>ances po9t to ! likelihood ( ?is tak+ place1 z 9 ! case ( =k$ trees1 especially :5 ! /em divides abruptly into two or ?ree heavy limbs1 x is a wise precaution to encircle ! bole ) a wide b& ( iron4 ,?is b& %\ld be plac$ at su* a height t ! greate/ possible resi/ance to splitt+ ( ! /em is af=d$4 ,su* b&s are usually proportionate to ! /ra9 ( ! /em to :i* !y are to act z support4 ,a b& ( lea!r or rubb] betwe5 ! iron & b>k ( ! tree to all[ = expansion ( ! /em is necess>y4 ,support+ tree bran*es by *a9s is n to be recomm5d$1 = ! simple reason t1 h[ev] c>efully !y may be adju/$1 friction & *af+ ( ! b>k & wood is soon] or lat] b\nd to ensue4 ,connect+ ! flat iron b&s1 already ref]r$ to1 by means ( *a9s or /r& wire1 is1 h[ev]1 n s op5 to objection nor att5d$ ) su* ill effects z is ! case :5 ! *a9 or wire is plac$ 9 direct contact ) ! bran*1 = ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful adju/+ & pack+1 ! unev5 surface ( a *a91 ) its saw-l action dur+ /ormy wea!r1 soon r5d]s ! belt+ useless = ! purpose int5d$1 & bo? b>k & wood suff] 9 consequ5ce4 ,occasionally we see holes bor$ ?r\gh ! live bran* or trunk 9 ord] to fix ! b9d+ rod or *a9--a mo/ repreh5sible practice t1 =tunately1 has few support]s among/ ^? :o h ev5 _h a cursory k ( trees & _! gr[?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally admitt$ t !re are sev]al disadvantages connect$ ) brac+ trees ) iron rods t pass ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 ! trunk or bran*4 ,h[ev] c>efully ?is op]ation may be p]=m$1 !re are grave risks f insect & fungoid attacks 9 holes t h be5 made 9 liv+ wood1 z ! friction caus$ by ! movem5t ( ! tree r5d]s heal+ ( ! w\nd q problematical4 ,fur!r1 ! movem5t ( an emb$d$ iron rod is n only apt to cause friction ) ! wood b ! /ra9 mu/ (t5 be 9 an opposite direction to t :i* 0 int5d$1 ?is increas+ ) ! diamet] ( ! /em or bran*4 ,ano!r untidy1 slip%od & mo/ objectionable me?od ( /ay+ a tree is by us+ wire z a b& ar\nd ! trunk4 ,?is c]ta9ly has ! virtue ( *eapness1 b 9 s f> z effici5cy is conc]n$1 & especially 9 ! case ( old trees1 x is to be deprecat$4 ,9 ! repair+ & /r5g!n+ ( tree limbs x %\ld consi/5tly be borne 9 m9d t any girdle or b& t ei!r p>tially or :olly con/ricts ! gr[? ( a bran* defeats its own object by prev5t+ ! un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( sap & impair+ ! /r5g? ( ! limb4 ,) c>e 9 =m+ ! b& & a prop] me?od ( adju/+ x1 !re is no reason :y ! desir$ object ( /r5g!n+ a /em or bran* may n be atta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a badly =m$1 n>r[ b&1 too tightly appli$ & )\t ! requisite pack+1 may 9 a %ort space ( "t be productive ( ! mo/ unsatisfactory results1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( "y & fa/-gr[+ trees4 ,! ma9 po9t is t ! b&s %\ld be fix$ 9 su* a way t friction to ! b>k is avoid$ & ! fl[ ( sap un9t]rupt$4 ,un=tunately 9 ! pa/ ?is has n 9 all cases be5 c>efully provid$ aga9/1 ) ! result t ! b&s1 ow+ to _! be+ too small1 gradually became emb$d$ 9 ! wood &1 by injur+ ! cambium & prev5t+ ! fl[ ( sap1 defeat$ ! object = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,= full] in=mation on doctor+ trees1 ! read] is ref]r$ to my book on ,tree ,w\nds & ,diseases4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,coppice ,,& ,,und]wood3 ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,coppice ,,wood ,al?\gh coppice wood has det]iorat$ consid]ably 9 value dur+ late ye>s1 yet 9 c]ta9 di/ricts & on suitable soils its cultivation is /ill to be recomm5d$4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! uses to :i* coppice wood are 9 ! ma9 appli$ are mu* localiz$1 & ?is1 ) ! bulky nature ( ! commodity1 w to a v consid]able ext5t re/rict its sale to ! localities 9 :i* x is us$4 ,?us 9 p>ts ( ,k5t & ,sussex hop poles f9d a ready m>ket1 pea & bean /akes 9 ! g>d5+ di/ricts ar\nd ,london1 crate wood 9 ! neighb\rhood ( pott]ies1 will[ & a% 9 basket-mak+ localities1 & faggot wood :]ev] kilns ab\nd1 or 9 ! environs ( popul\s di/ricts g5]ally4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be se5 t next to ! "q ( soil probably ! mo/ important is t ( local dem&1 s t 9 =m+ a coppice plantation only su* und]wood %\ld be us$ z !re is a dem& = 9 ! p>ticul> di/rict4 ,=eign importations & pref]5tial c>riage rates h also dealt h>dly ) ! pr(itable cultivation ( coppice wood4 ,coppice wood may ei!r be gr[n alone or 9 company ) l>ge /&>d trees1 b ! latt] mu/ at all times be kept suffici5tly ?91 s z n to ov]%ad[ & kill out ! und]gr[?4 ,!re are advantages1 too1 9 employ+ /&>ds = ! protection !y af=d to ! "y %oots 9 spr+1 z also 9 ! am\nt realiz$ = ! p]iodical ?9n+s to :i* !y may be subject$4 ,= ?is purpose ! oak is to be recomm5d$1 b su* wide-spread+ trees z ! a%1 elm & bee*1 :i* produce s d5se a %ade z to kill out or s]i\sly injure all vegetation t might spr+ up b5ea? !m1 are to be avoid$4 ,g5]ally :]e ! heal? & vig\r ( ! coppice wood are po9ts ( fir/ consid]ation1 x w n be advisable to all[ ! /&>d trees to occupy altoge!r m ?an ab\t "o-fif? ( ! wood$ area2 & ev5 !n ! l[] bran*es %\ld be prun$ (f1 s t ! effects ( %ade w be mitigat$ z mu* z possible4 ,z to ! woods :i* coppice mo/ freely1 ! a%1 oak & hazel occupy ! fir/ rank1 at lea/ 9 a pr(itable s5se1 ! elm1 will[1 bee*1 bir*1 hornbeam1 ald] & sycamore occupy+ a second1 b1 z be=e /at$1 ! nature ( ! soil1 & less s ! altitude & exposure1 h ev]y?+ to d ) ! p>ticul> species t w succe$ be/4 ,?us a% w d well :]e ! soil is moi/ & loamy1 ! ,spani% *e/nut 9 s&y or gravelly di/ricts1 = ri* pla9s & holl[s ! oak w be mo/ remun]ative1 ! ald] & will[ 9 m>%y gr\nd1 & :]e b>e & expos$1 ! bir*1 hazel1 bee* & hornbeam w succe$ be/4 ,! prep>ation ( ! l& & plant+ = coppice are simil> 9 all respects to t adopt$ = ! gr[+ ( an ord9>y timb] crop4 ,:]e ! gr\nd is too wet1 dra9+ %\ld be judici\sly engag$ 91 :ile tr5*+1 al?\gh exp5sive at fir/1 is amply comp5sat$ = 9 ! increas$ gr[? & vig\r ( ! und]wood4 ,! pits = plant+ may be made f #c ft4 to #d ft4 ap>t1 &1 if ! gr\nd 0 previ\sly tr5*$1 ( suffici5t size to hold ! roots )\t undue cramp+4 ,x is always well to keep ! /ools tol]ably close toge!r1 z ! %oots take a m erect habit & are /raight] & m valuable ?an :5 all[$ too mu* space & side room4 ,two ye>s aft] be+ plant$1 or at ! end ( ! second autumn1 ! "y trees1 except+ su* z x may be ?\ght advisable to leave z /&>ds1 %\ld be cut ov] ne> gr\nd level4 ,?is cutt+ is a mo/ important op]ation1 & %\ld only be p]=m$ by skill$ workm51 ) tools ( ! be/ description well %>p5$4 ,! cut %\ld be clean & direct$ upw>ds1 all splitt+ ( ! /ems & te>+ ( ! b>k be+ assidu\sly gu>d$ aga9/ z conducive to decay & e>ly dea? to ! /ools4 ,aft] f\r ye>s' gr[? ! %oots %\ld be ?9n$ out1 leav+1 say1 f\r on ea* /ool1 & ^! pref]ably ! /ronge/1 ! "w be+ c>ri$ out at any "t f ,novemb] to ! end ( ,m>*1 b n dur+ fro/y wea!r4 ,^u ! k9d ( wood gr[n & uses = :i* x is design$ w dep5d v mu* ! l5g? ( rotation pursu$1 = :ile osi]s might pr(itably be cut at ! end ( ! second ye>1 a%1 oak & *e/nut w\ld n usually1 ev5 on ! be/ quality ( soil1 be fell$ soon] ?an f t5 to twelve ye>s1 & ! poor] classes ( coppice wood1 especially on light soil1 at f twelve to sixte5 ye>s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! duration ( ! /ool is usually proportionate to ! l5g? ( ! rotation adopt$1 & ) good managem5t on fair soil ! be/ class ( coppice wood has a duration ( ne>ly a c5tury4 ,9 fell+ ! coppice wood x is always advisable to cut z ne> ! gr\nd level z possible1 ! %oots s5t up hav+ ! advantage ( root+ 9 ! gr\nd & s ext5d+ ! area ( ! /ool4 ,! sy/em ( all[+ ! /ools1 by c>eless cutt+1 to rise 9 "s in/ances sev]al feet f ! gr\nd is contr>y to ! me?ods adopt$ "u ! be/ managem5t4 ,a %>p billhook %\ld be us$ = all small] %oots1 a light well-gr\nd axe = ^? f #c to1 say1 #f in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! cross-cut saw = all ov] t size4 ,! coppice wood is usually sort$ out aft] be+ cut d[n1 ! be/ poles be+ laid aside = ! use ( ! hop gr[]1 ! next size = pit props1 or f5c+ accord+ to ! dem& ( ! mom5t1 & s on until e pole has be5 sort$ accord+ to ! use = :i* x may be int5d$1 ! lop & bran*es be+ b\nd into faggots = fire or ov5-light+4 ,! foll[+ are ! v>i\s uses to :i* und]wood is appli$3 hoops1 hurdles1 crate rods1 pea /akes1 sp>s = ?at*+1 )es = faggot-ty+1 %eep cages1 hop poles1 brooms1 broom h&les1 skew]s = but*]s1 *isel h&les1 plant /akes1 :ip h&les1 gunp[d] wood & faggots4 ,pr(its w v>y f #aes4 to #bes4 p] acre1 exclusive ( ! /&>ds :i* are left1 & ! crop1 accord+ to age & quality1 w realize f #e p] acre d[nw>ds4 ,great c>e is necess>y to avoid damage to ! /ools :5 remov+ ! fall1 :i* is n usually done until j be=e ! "y buds are %oot+ out1 & consequ5tly at ! "t :5 injury is mo/ easily br\ght ab\t4 ,! trampl+ ( horses & passage ( :eels are mo/ injuri\s1 :ile ! br[s+ ( cattle %\ld be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,good roads are always a great advantage 9 a coppice plantation1 & to ^! z mu* ( ! produce z possible %\ld be c>ri$ = load+1 ?us avoid+ damage to ! /ools4 ,al?\gh ! gr[? ( coppice wood has its disadvantages1 p>ticul>ly 9 p>k sc5]y1 yet x is valuable 9 ?is way1 t %\ld ! crop f local circum/ances n be f\nd remun]ative1 ! plantation c at any "t be conv]t$ into a /&+ wood by all[+ ! be/ & /ronge/ %oots f ! /ools to =m ! p]man5t crop4 ,! approximate co/ ( =m+ a coppice wood p] acre is z foll[s3-- s4 d4 ,tr5*+ at #bs4 p] rod #af #j #j #e1jjj trees at #ces4 p] #a1jjj #h #ae #j ,pitt+ & plant+ #b #e #j -------------------------------- #bg #j #j ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,=mation ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,game ,,cov]ts ,:5 we consid] t on n a few e/ates 9 ?is c\ntry ! value ( ! plantations z game cov]ts is wellnigh ( z mu* importance z t ( ! timb] produc$1 x w be readily se5 t ! successful =mation & managem5t ( ^! is a matt] ( no small mom5t to ^? entru/$ ) ! "w4 ,t game-re>+ & economic =e/ry c be advantage\sly c>ri$ on 9 ! same woods is1 h[ev]1 a cont5tion we by no means feel incl9$ to uphold1 & f :i*1 be+ ap>t f ! subject matt] ( ! *apt]1 we w = ! pres5t /& alo(4 ,game cov]ts may be divid$ into two k9ds1 natural & artificial--natural :5 ! woods are kept suffici5tly ?9 to admit ( ! free gr[? ( bramble1 brack5 or o!r native vegetation2 & artificial :5 ! plant+ ( su* %rubs z are suitable = und]wood is resort$ to4 ,natural game cov]ts1 :i*1 by mo/ sportsm51 are consid]$ sup]ior to ^? artificially =m$1 c only exi/ :]e ! plantations are kept well & regul>ly ?9n$1 s z to admit abundance ( bo? light & air--! two pr9cipal requisites = ! successful gr[? ( natural und]wood4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! =mation ( natural cov]ts has seldom to be help$1 al?\gh occasionally x is f\nd necess>y to assi/ ,nature by ! s[+ ( su* se$s z ^? ( gorse1 broom1 etc41 9 ! ?9n] & m op5 portions ( ! woodl&s4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ an exception to ! rule1 z :]e ! woods are kept suffici5tly ?91 spontane\s und]gr[? is usually pretty abundant1 & requires nei!r c>e nor managem5t1 beyond prev5t+ its too free incursions along ! m>g9s ( roads & %oot+ drives4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 b>e pat*es d occur1 ! s[+ ( se$ may be reli$ ^u z n only a spe$y b mo/ effectual me?od ( increas+ ! cov]4 ,:]e se$s are int5d$ to be s[n1 ! soil %\ld be dug ov]1 & all h>d clods or lumps brok5 d[n1 & ! :ole made smoo? & f9e ) a rake4 ,! se$s may be s[n 9 spr+1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ ov] ) h>dwood bran*es z a pres]vative aga9/ ! depr$ations ( small birds & game4 ,! be/ natural game cov]ts are ^? compos$ ( bramble1 gorse1 hea?1 hazel1 holly1 black?orn1 eld]1 blackb]ry1 brack5 or ! /rong] gr[+ grasses1 ^! be+ arrang$ accord+ to m]it1 & ea* possess+ "s peculi> feature1 specially recomm5d+ x = plant+ 9 c]ta9 soils1 altitudes or situations4 ,9 ! =mation ( artificial game cov]ts1 :5 n only %elt] & protection = game are requir$1 b ornam5tal effect z well1 ! judici\s gr\p+ ( ! diff]5t %rubs %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (1 m especially :5 ! cov]ts are )9 ! p>k or policy gr\nds1 & visible f drives & roads4 ,=mality & /iffness are s (t5 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pres5t /yle ( %rub plant+1 t 9 _m cases our woodl&s seem utt]ly de/itute ( t v>iety ( outl9e & contra/ ( light & %ade s ess5tial to picturesque beauty4 ,9 plant+ ev]gre5 %rubs = ! two-fold purpose ( cov]t & ornam5t1 ! be/ me?od is to plant ea* v>iety 9 sep>ate gr\ps or clumps4 ,no h>d & fa/ l9es c be laid d[n z to ! di/ribution or numb] ( plants to be us$ 9 ! clumps1 :i*1 to a great ext5t1 mu/ dep5d on ! size & %ape ( ! gr\nd z well z ta/e ( ! op]ator4 ,! clumps %\ld1 h[ev]1 be plac$ at irregul> di/ances ap>t1 be irregul> 9 size & outl9e1 & ) f =ty or fifty to "o hundr$ plants 9 ea*--be>+ 9 m9d t game ( all k9ds delight 9 small pat*es ( %rubs ) abundance ( op5 space ar\nd ea*1 b dete/ 9 a mo/ m>k$ mann] cont9u\s masses or jungles ( und]wood4 ,9 select+ sites = ! v>i\s gr\ps1 be c>eful to *oose ! mo/ op5 positions1 avoid+ z mu* z possible plant+ imm$iately "u ! spread ( trees2 &1 if practicable1 s arrange t 9 view+ ! wood f any po9t1 ! eye may n pass along a /raight b>e unplant$ space1 b become arre/$ by ! v>i\s clumps 9 pass+ to ! f>!r side4 ,hav+ arrang$ ! positions ( ! v>i\s clumps1 ! pits %\ld be op5$ ( a size1 & at a di/ance ap>t suitable = ! plants int5d$ to be us$1 tak+ c>e t !y are suffici5tly l>ge to avoid cramp+ or b5d+ ( ! roots1 :i* 9 all cases %\ld be spread out to _! full ext5t4 ,9 mak+ ! pits1 x is well to ?or\ghly loos5 ! soil 9 ! bottom & sides ) a pick1 s z to give ! t5d] rootlets a free c\rse :5 />t+ into gr[? 9 spr+4 ,%\ld ! soil be f\nd ( inf]ior quality1 a few loads ( leaf-m\ld1 road-scrap+s or loam f an adjo9+ field w be f\nd to "w wond]s 9 ! way ( giv+ ! plants a />t1 & also 9 produc+ a /rong1 heal?y gr[?4 ,dra9age %\ld also h be5 att5d$ to previ\s to op5+ ! pits1 & all /agnant wat] or sup]flu\s moi/ure remov$ by ! =mation ( op5 dit*es4 ,9 giv+ a li/ ( ! be/ ev]gre5 %rubs = cov]t purposes1 ,i w\ld call att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! m]its ( laurel1 box1 privet1 lauru/9us1 rhodod5dron1 holly & yew1 z ^! h be5 v ext5sively us$ = und]wood1 & ) ! be/ possible results4 ,z to :i* ( ! above %rubs %\ld receive pre-em95ce z an ornam5tal cov]t plant ,i _c decide1 ea* hav+ "s peculi> m]it r5d]+ x valuable 9 its own p>ticul> place4 ,we w = ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 consid] all alike 9 ?is respect1 & briefly describe ! value ( ea* sep>ately1 beg9n+ ) ! laurel4 ,! ,common & ,col*ic laurels are among/ our be/ %rubs = und]wood1 & %\ld be plant$ ext5sively2 !y are ( free gr[?1 be> cutt+ & prun+ well1 & ?rive "u ! %ade & drip ( o!r trees4 ,= cov]t plant+ ! ,col*ic is p]haps pref]able to ! normal =m1 z x is ( a m d5se & procumb5t habit1 p]fectly h>dy1 & less liable to injury f h>es & rabbits4 ,! common laurel requires frequ5t & heavy prun+ to keep x 9 b\nds1 z1 if all[$ to ramble at w1 x soon becomes b>e ne> ! gr\nd1 & useless ei!r z game cov]t or ornam5t4 ,"s ye>s ago we lay]$ a great numb] ( ?is plant t _h ?r\gh neglect become useless = ! purpose int5d$1 _m be+ f #ab ft4 to ov] #bj ft4 9 height1 ) simply a tuft ( foliage ne> ! top4 ,9 lay]+1 ! /ems 7 sawn half ?r\gh ne> ! gr\nd1 to assi/ 9 b5d+1 & laid flat on _! sides1 a c\ple ( /\t pegs be+ driv5 alongside1 ! crook$ heads ( :i* s]v$ to keep ! plants 9 _! procumb5t position4 ,a spadeful ( soil 0 !n plac$ on ! top ( ea* peg to assi/ ! lay] 9 root+4 ,! result at ! pres5t "t is ev]y?+ t c\ld be desir$1 ea* /em hav+ ?r[n up quantities ( "y %oots1 & ?us =m$ a jungle ( und]wood1 :i* ye> by ye> w increase 9 value4 ,9 plant+ ! laurel = cov]t avoid ov]cr[d+1 z1 be+ ( quick gr[?1 ! plants1 ev5 al?\gh plac$ at a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 soon unite & =m a cont9u\s und]gr[?4 ,no rule c be laid d[n z to ! di/ance :i* %\ld be all[$ betwe5 individual plants1 ?is dep5d+ entirely on _! size1 z well z on ! quality ( ! soil 9 :i* !y are to be plant$4 ,we n unfrequ5tly plant d\ble ?ick1 ei!r = imm$iate effect1 or to produce cov]t at once1 & :5 ! plants beg9 to encroa* on ea* o!r e alt]nate "o is remov$1 ?us giv+ ! rema9+ plants ample room = develop+ side bran*es & !reby induc+ a dw>f-spread+ habit4 ,hav+ a t5d5cy1 especially :5 conf9$1 to increase m 9 height ?an wid?1 ! laurel1 aft] a few ye>s' gr[?1 %\ld h all ! lead+ & /raggl+ upp] bran*es cut ov]1 by :i* n only w ! "u %oots be increas$ b ! plants w be prev5t$ f runn+ up into tall1 bran*less specim5s4 ,! ,gre5 ,tree ,box 7,buxus semp]vir5s7 =ms a v pretty z well z desirable cov]t plant1 & ?rives well b5ea? ! %ade ( decidu\s trees4 ,x is also ( sl[1 d5se gr[?1 & well adapt$ = plant+ 9 v>i\s soils & situations1 al?\gh pref]r+ a light loam & a %ady position4 ,ano!r recomm5dation is its immunity f ! attacks ( game1 h>es & rabbits hav+ su* an av]sion to ?is plant t ev5 dur+ ! mo/ sev]e wea!r ,i _c rememb] hav+ se5 x badly injur$4 ,few plants suff] m f ov]cr[d+ ?an ! box1 & = ?is reason x %\ld be plant$ at wide di/ances ap>t1 ! plants soon gett+ top-heavy & fall+ ov] ( _! own accord4 ,:]e ! plants are n ( l>ge size1 & imm$iate effect or cov]t is requir$1 !y may be plant$ pretty close1 & 9 a few ye>s1 :5 encroa*+ on ea* o!r1 e alt]nate "o may be remov$4 ,x is well adapt$ = transplant+1 ! almo/ solid mass ( matt$ roots hold+ ! ball ( e>? firmly toge!r1 ?us r5d]+ ! plant "o ( our easie/ z well z safe/ to remove4 ,! box w\ld seem at "o "t to h be5 m abundant 9 our own l& ?an x n[ is2 ?us1 ,boxley 9 ,k5t1 ,boxwell 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,boxhill 9 ,surrey1 7 nam$ f ! quantity ( ?is plant :i* 0 =m]ly f\nd 9 _! neighb\rhoods4 ,privet1 z a cov]t plant1 has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,on ! "o h& x is *eap1 easily gr[n1 & n at all fa/idi\s ab\t soil4 ,:5 plant$ among/ trees1 h[ev]1 x g5]ally assumes a loose1 /raggl+ habit1 & z ! %ade increases x usually dies out altoge!r4 ,:]e ! plantations are well ?9n$ & regul>ly kept s1 privet1 if a little c>e & tr\ble be exp5d$ on its cultivation1 w succe$ & =m capital und]wood4 ,9 plant+ privet ! greate/ c>e is necess>y to prev5t its be+ ov]done4 ,close plant+ is always productive ( ! mo/ unsatisfactory results1 n only z reg>ds ! heal? ( ! plants1 b managem5t ( ! woods z well4 ,in/ead ( fill+ up ! :ole gr\nd1 z is n unfrequ5tly done1 plant 9 small clumps1 & ^! at wide di/ances ap>t1 z ?is w n only all[ ! privet to gr[ m heal?y & compact b also admit ( space = prun+ & lay]+--two necess>ies = ! successful cultivation ( privet z und]wood4 ,! lay]+ ( privet1 :i* is a simple & inexp5sive ?\gh effectual me?od ( increase1 is p]=m$ z foll[s3--,cut (f all ! bran*es1 except ^? int5d$ = lay]+1 :i* are !n laid flat on ! gr\nd equidi/ant ar\nd ! ma9 /em or root & kept fa/ by hook$ pegs driv5 firmly d[n4 ,a spadeful or two ( soil %\ld !n be plac$ on ! top ( ea* peg1 :i* w p>tly exclude air & ha/5 ! =mation ( roots4 ,! pegs may be made ( any refuse bran*es--h>d wood1 su* z a% or oak1 be+ pref]able--ab\t #aj ins4 9 l5g?1 "o end be+ hook$ = hold+ ! bran*es 9 position1 & ! o!r %>ply po9t$ = ease 9 driv+4 ,z sev]al =ms ( privet h crept into circulation ( late1 x is well to be sure t none b ! true ev]gre5 are us$ 9 ! =mation ( game cov]ts4 ,! oval-leav$ privet1 ?\gh a mo/ desirable ev]gre5 plant & well suit$ = ornam5tal h$ges1 is f its too luxuriant gr[? & upright =m h>dly to be comm5d$ = und]wood2 at lea/1 its m]its 9 ?is respect are inf]ior to ^? ( ! common =m4 ,aucuba ,japonica & ! ,lauru/9us are two ( our h&some/ ev]gre5 %rubs1 b1 unlike ^? already describ$1 !y w n succe$ 9 ! d5se/ %ade4 ,9 op5 places or along woodl& drives !y ?rive well1 & are excell5t = v>iety & contra/4 ,! lauru/9us _c1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z p]fectly h>dy 9 ?is c\ntry1 = ev5 9 m>itime situations :]e ! air is to "s ext5t ameliorat$1 x suff]s sev]ely f fro/1 & dur+ sev]e w9t]s x is ev5 kill$ completely to ! gr\nd4 ,x1 h[ev]1 spr+s v freely f ! root1 & 9 a few ye>s q rega9s its orig9al size & luxuriance4 ,f _! bu%y1 well-furni%$ habit ( gr[? bo? ! above plants are excell5t z game cov]t1 m especially ar\nd ! outskirts ( woods & plantations4 ,!y %\ld be all[$ pl5ty ( room = developm5t ( bo? root & bran*1 ?\gh !y may1 :5 necess>y1 be prun$ ) ! greate/ advantage4 ,mahonia aquifolia1 ,b]b]is ,d>w9ii & ,b4 ,/5ophylla are frequ5tly recomm5d$ z cov]t plants & = us+ 9 simil> situations to ^? fav\r$ by ! laurel & box4 ,along ! m>g9s ( plantations or 9 v op5 places !y may & d succe$1 b f practical exp]i5ce ( ^! plants we f9d !m next to useless z und]wood 9 %ady positions4 ,:]e _m ?\s&s ( cov]t plants are us$ annually1 we h entirely disc>d$ !m f use except 9 ! mo/ op5 situations4 ,^! plants are highly ornam5tal1 bo? 9 foliage & fl[]2 produce b]ries :i* are mu* s\ght aft] by game1 are q h>dy1 & n at all fa/idi\s ab\t soil--qualities :i* specially recomm5d !m = ext5sive use 9 positions at all suit$ = _! gr[?4 ,! b>b]ry1 m especially :5 plant$ out 9 ri* soil1 & :5 at all conf9$1 is apt to lose ! compact1 bran*y nature s recognizable a feature ( ! plant :5 all[$ ample room 9 ! nurs]y bord]1 & to assume a m upright habit ( gr[?1 :i* is any?+ b desirable 9 und]wood g5]ally4 ,to *eck ?is & keep ! plant 9 b\nds1 frequ5t light prun+s w h to be resort$ to1 & ?is _h be/ be effect$ dur+ dull1 damp wea!r1 z ! b>b]ry is n a good subject = ! prun+ %e>s4 ,nei!r ! b>b]ry nor mahonia are adapt$ = plant+ 9 v high or expos$ situations--at lea/ :]e su* has be5 tri$ ! results h be5 any?+ b satisfactory1 ! plants soon pres5t+ a mis]able1 half-/>v$ appe>ance4 ,bo? plants are readily propagat$--! mahonia1 :5 plant$ 9 loose soil & an op5 situation1 soon cov]+ a consid]able space ( gr\nd1 ! runn+ roots be+ especially active "u su* circum/ances4 ,rhodod5dron ponticum1 al?\gh useful 9 an ornam5tal po9t ( view1 _c be consid]$ a fir/-class plant = game %elt]4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 sev]al good qualities :i* recomm5d x = und]wood1 su* z ease ( culture1 dw>f-spread+ habit1 & immunity f ! attacks ( game--inde$1 9 ?is latt] respect1 x is n equall$ by any o!r plant1 if we except "o or two species ( ,daphne4 ,x is seldom resort$ to by pheasants1 ! bottom be+ n only damp1 b su* a tangl$ mass ( bran*es t x =ms any?+ b pleasant qu>t]s = game4 ,= ornam5tal effect along ! outskirts ( plantations1 ! rhodod5dron is invaluable1 & is by no means s fa/idi\s ab\t soil z is g5]ally suppos$1 peat be+ n at all ess5tial to its gr[? & successful cultivation4 ,few plants c be made to increase 9 l proportion ) ! rhodod5dron1 & = ?is reason x %\ld be plant$ 9 small pat*es2 & :5 x is desirable to increase ! cov]1 ! out] bran*es may be pegg$ d[n or lay]$4 ,?is plant also be>s prun+ ) impunity1 s t old plants t h1 ?r\gh neglect1 become lank & /raggl+1 may )\t fe> or risk be lay]$ or prun$ 9 ) advantage4 ,! ,common ,yew & ,holly _c be too ext5sively us$ 9 ! =mation ( game cov]ts1 bo? be+ unrivall$ = beauty & h>d9ess4 ,!y ?rive 9 a great v>iety ( soils1 & b5ea? ! d5se/ %ade ( our woodl& trees4 ,9 plant+ ! yew x is well1 h[ev]1 to be> 9 m9d t its bran*es are highly delet]i\s to f>m /ock t may br[se ^u !m1 & = ?is reason x %\ld nev] be plant$ along ! outskirts ( a wood1 or 9 any position to :i* su* h access4 ,! ,/4 ,john's ,wort1 z a l[-spread+ %rub1 is unsurpass$1 & ?rives be/ 9 a light s&y or peaty soil4 ,x is readily propagat$ by division ( ! roots2 & :5 plant$ out 9 small pat*es a foot or two ap>t1 ! creep+ /ems soon cov] a consid]able surface ( gr\nd1 & =m a d5se ev]gre5 mass1 cov]$ 9 summ] ) bright gold5 fl[]s4 ,gaul!ria ,%allon1 ano!r plant ( creep+ habit1 is1 not)/&+ its _m good qualities1 seldom plant$ to any ext5t 9 our woodl&s2 b ?is may1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 be acc\nt$ = by ! high price ( ! plants1 & ! small size ( ^? pur*aseable f our nurs]ym54 ,l mo/ o!r ,nor? ,am]ican plants1 ! ,gaul!ria pref]s a r damp1 peaty soil1 & is "o ( ! few %rubs f\nd to ?rive 9 p9e plantations4 ,! b]ries1 :i* are borne 9 great abundance1 are gre$ily dev\r$ by pheasants1 & 9 _! native c\ntry are n unfrequ5tly us$ z food4 ,! ,but*]'s ,broom is a f9e glauc\s gre5 %rub d5sely cov]$ ) %>p1 prickly1 leaves & invaluable = plant+ 9 %ady places--inde$1 9 su* positions x seems to be q at home4 ,!re x fl[]s & fruits freely b5ea? half-/&>d rhodod5drons :]e few o!r plants c\ld exi/1 f> less succe$4 ,! twigs ( ?is %rub 7 =m]ly us$ by but*]s = sweep+ _! blocks2 h5ce ! ,engli% "n4 ,"s ( ! above plants1 notably ! ,/4 ,john's ,wort & ,gaul!ria1 may be consid]$ z c>pet plants1 :i*1 9 contradi/9ction to g5]al und]wood1 may be class$ z ev]gre5s1 :i*1 f _! l[1 procumb5t mode ( gr[?1 are sc>cely 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w suit$ = game cov]ts4 ,to cle>ly def9e ! diff]5ce w\ld1 h[ev]1 be no easy matt]1 &1 ev5 7 x possible to d s1 w\ld 9 ! end be productive ( b little good1 z ! habits ( diff]5t plants v>y s mu* t :at is us$ 9 "o place = c>pet+ purposes might 9 ano!r & m fav\rable situation be equally valuable = game cov]t4 ,a good example ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! ,/4 ,john's ,wort1 :i*1 :5 plant$ out & all[$ to ramble at w among/ bramble1 privet1 etc41 =ms a capital cov]t2 :]eas1 :5 us$ 9 op51 airy situations--su* z alongside %rubb]y walks--x soon =ms a d5se ev]gre5 c>pet1 ( s compact a gr[? z to be almo/ imp5etrable ev5 to gr\nd game4 ,9 addition to ! above-nam$ plants1 ! foll[+ are well adapt$ = giv+ %elt] to game3--,dogwood1 ,hazel1 ,eld]1 ,arbutus1 ,cotonea/] ( sorts1 ,junip] ( sorts1 ,p]nettya mucronata1 ,rubus nutkanus1 ,taxus adpressa1 ,phot9ia s]rulata1 ,kalmia latifolia1 ,g>rya elliptica1 etc4 ,^! %\ld be plant$ out 9 small gr\ps--! m valuable k9ds 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s position1 su* z alongside or )9 view ( woodl& drives & %oot+-roads4 ,protection f ,rabbits1 etc4--,x may seem some:at absurd to speak ( plant+ cov]ts1 & !n to protect !m f ! depr$ations ( game2 b t ?is is highly necess>y = ! fir/ two ye>s1 at lea/1 is well kn[n to all plant]s4 ,few ( ! %rubs treat$ ( 9 ?is pap] are exempt f ! attacks ( h>es & rabbits1 m especially :5 9 a "y /ate & newly transf]r$ f ! nurs]y2 & = ?is reason x is always f\nd necess>y to protect !m 9 "s way or o!r until fairly />t$ into gr[? & beyond ! rea* ( game4 ,= ?is purpose wire nett+ is ! *eape/ & mo/ effectual pres]vative ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! nett+ %\ld be ab\t #d ft4 9 height1 n m ?an #a 94 me%1 & ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd #d 941 to prev5t rabbits f work+ und]nea?4 ,x may be fix$ to po/s driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd at a di/ance ( #e ft4 ap>t along ! l9e ( f5ce4 ,?is precaution aga9/ ! depr$ations ( game may n be necess>y = all ! clumps1 b x is especially s = ^? ( lauru/9us1 b>b]ry1 & laurel4 ,= ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s aft] plant+1 ! %rubs %\ld be kept free ( grass & we$s1 z ?is w enc\rage ! plants to />t into gr[? m quickly & ?rive mu* bett] ?an !y c d if ! gr\nd is impov]i%$ & light & air exclud$ by we$s4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,h$ges3 ,,_! ,,=mation ,,& ,,managem5t ,/rictly speak+1 h$ges are divid$ into two k9ds--useful & ornam5tal--! =m] be+ employ$ = keep+ f>m /ock 9 b\nds1 & ! latt] 9 ! subdivision ( private g>d5s & = lawn & p>k purposes g5]ally4 ,:]e ! f5ces are int5d$ purely = protective purposes ! ?orn1 bee*1 hornbeam or holly are ! plants usually employ$1 :ile = ornam5tal g>d5 subdivisions almo/ any %rub may be us$1 ! *oice ( :i* w lie ) ! op]ator4 ,among/ all ! trees & %rubs t h be5 f\nd suitable = ! climate ( ,brita91 none equals ! common :ite?orn1 or ,quick1 = h$ge-=mation1 :]e /r5g? & %elt] are po9ts ( fir/ consid]ation4 ,! bee* & hornbeam c]ta9ly c ?rive bett] on expos$ & high-ly+ gr\nd & :]e ! soil is poor & ?91 b nei!r =ms s durable a protection aga9/ f>m /ock z ! ?orn4 ,:5 prop]ly treat$ ! ?orn is a fa/ gr[]1 & z a f5ce plant x is ornam5tal1 smoo?1 /ubborn1 & long liv$4 ,x is also n at all subject to disease1 & is v readily propagat$4 ,few soils come amiss to ! ?orn--t is1 if !y are n ov]*>g$ ) moi/ure1 b x delights 9 a ri* hazelly loam4 7#a7 ,plantation ,h$ges--,prep>ation ( ! ,gr\nd & ,plant+4--,?or\gh prep>ation ( ! gr\nd :]e live f5ces are =m$ %\ld take prec$5ce ( all o!r op]ations--inde$1 no?+ c repay ! plant] m satisfactorily ?an ! previ\s suit+ ( ! l&1 9 ! way ( dra9+ & tr5*+1 to ! plants int5d$ to be ins]t$4 ,9 all cases we h f\nd x well to h ! gr\nd along ! l9e ( f5ce tr5*$ to a dep? ( #b ft41 & ab\t #c ft4 9 wid?1 & a quantity ( manure incorporat$ at ! same "t4 ,if ?is c be done "s mon?s be=e plant+ ! ?orns or o!r f5ce plants1 s mu* ! bett]1 z x gives "t = ! loosely upturn$ soil to get mell[$ & sweet5$1 z also = ! manure to get well decompos$4 ,9 all cases x may n be necess>y to apply manure1 b1 :]e ! soil is at all poor1 ! addition ( a quantity ( well-rott$ manure has a wond]ful effect 9 /imulat+ ! quick into active & /rong gr[?4 ,! vigor\s & rapid gr[? ( a h$ge1 :5 ! soil has be5 well work$ & manur$1 is rem>kable1 & 9 all cases ! lab\r & outlay exp5d$ on ! f5ce is amply repaid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h$g+ ,,tools ,x is well to plant r above ?an bel[ ! g5]al gr\nd level1 s t 9 tr5*+ ! soil a slight m\nd %\ld be rais$ along ! int5d$ l9e ( f5ce1 :i* w n only mat]ially assi/ 9 keep+ ! plants f excessive moi/ure1 b aid 9 ! clean+ & g5]al managem5t ( ! h$ge4 ,:]e sup]flu\s moi/ure is pres5t 9 ! soil ! h$ge-&-dit* sy/em is to be recomm5d$1 :i* consi/s 9 digg+ out a dit* p>allel ) ! l9e on :i* x is int5d$ to place ! f5ce4 ,x %\ld be #c ft4 deep1 #e ft4 wide at top1 & #a ft4 at bottom1 & ! soil remov$ 9 s do+ is ?r[n ^u t side :]e ! h$ge is to be plant$1 ?us =m+ a m\nd1 or r ridge1 on :i* ! plants are to be plac$4 ,9 wet soils su* a dit* is indisp5sable1 b1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 x is to be condemn$1 & = ! simple reasons t x is exp5sive & r aga9/ ?an 9 fav\r ( ! free gr[? ( ! f5ce4 ,?orn or ,quick4--,! be/ "t to plant ! :ite?orn is j aft] ! fall ( ! leaf 9 autumn2 b ! op]ation is usually ext5d$ f t "t until e>ly spr+1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case p]haps ) less satisfactory results4 ,9 select+ ! plants a great am\nt ( c>e is necess>y1 z also 9 ! lift+ & aft]-plant+4 ,f\r-ye>-old plants are be/ suit$ = h$ge-=mation1 & !y %\ld be /\t ( gr[? & well root$4 ,! size ( ! plants is ( m importance ?an ! age1 & ^? ) /ems z ?ick z "o's f+] are to be pref]r$ to o!rs ( great] height1 b lank & small ( /em4 ,frequ5t transplant+ :ile 9 ! nurs]y bord] %\ld h be5 paid att5tion to1 z !n ! roots are bu%y & fibr\s & well suit$ = plant+ out p]man5tly4 ,great damage is frequ5tly done to ?orn plants by c>eless lift+1 &1 worse /ill1 by bundl+ ! plants 9 lots ready = ! plant]4 ,?is %\ld nev] be tol]at$1 z x is q evid5t t :5 ti$ up 9 bundles & cov]$ ov] ) soil1 ! plants 9 ! c5tre ( ea* bundle get du/-dry & fall a prey to ! se>*+ w9ds ( spr+4 ,plants %\ld 9 all cases1 :]e x is possible1 be lift$ & replant$ )9 ! week1 b1 mu* bett] /ill--& ?is is readily effect$ :]e a home nurs]y is on ! e/ate--on ! same or ! foll[+ day4 ,9 plant+1 /ret* a l9e along ! c5tre ( ! prep>$ gr\nd1 & close to ! l9e take out a p]p5dicul> tr5* ) ! spade ( suffici5t size to all[ ( ! roots ( ! plants be+ spread out to _! full ext5t4 ,f #f 94 to #h 94 w be f\nd a conv5i5t di/ance ap>t to place ! ?orns1 & !y %\ld n be plant$ deep] ?an !y /ood :il/ 9 ! nurs]y bord]1 :i* w readily be se5 by ! m>k on ! /ems4 ,a small quantity ( f9e soil %\ld n[ be plac$ next ! roots1 & ?is firmly trodd51 ! rema9d] ( ! soil be+ add$ aft]w>ds4 ,dibbl+ ! plants is sometimes recomm5d$1 b1 9 our own op9ion1 x is a dang]\s practice & to be avoid$1 ! roots necess>ily be+ ?us conf9$ to small space & plac$ 9 an unnatural position4 ,plant+ 9 s+le l9e is 9 mo/ cases pref]able to ins]t+ 9 d\ble l9e1 z x is by ! =m] me?od t ! /ronge/ & mo/ durable f5ces h be5 =m$4 ,"s plant]s cut back ! "y ?orns to )9 #b 94 ( ! gr\nd1 & ! practice1 al?\gh n readily reconcil$ ) physiological pr9ciples1 is to be recomm5d$4 ,x is unque/ionable t head$-back ?orns %oot out ) great] vig\r1 & become ?ick]1 ?an su* z h be5 left unt\*$1 b ! fact t !y are !n gre$ily dev\r$ by gr\nd game has some:at caus$ ! practice to fall into disuse1 at lea/ :]e game is abundant & ! co/ ( f5c+ _c be ent]ta9$4 ,! ,bee*1 z a h$ge-plant1 mu/ n be despis$1 be+ a rapid gr[] on mo/ soils1 & soon =m+ a v valuable f5ce4 ,9 ri* soils x reta9s a great proportion ( its leaves dur+ w9t]1 & is1 !re=e1 an excell5t %elt]-plant4 ,x1 h[ev]1 lacks ! rigidity ( ! ?orn1 & = t reason is n v suitable = plant+ :]e f>m /ock h access4 ,x may be plant$ 9 a mann] simil> to t recomm5d$ = ! ?orn1 only ! individual plants %\ld /& f>!r ap>t4 ,! ,hornbeam makes a good live f5ce1 & w gr[ readily 9 any fairly good soil & n too expos$ gr\nd4 ,x may be treat$ simil>ly to ! bee*4 ,privet--bo? ! common & oval-leav$--h be5 l>gely us$1 ei!r alone or ) o!r plants1 9 ! =mation ( h$ges1 = :i* !y are peculi>ly suitable4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 want /iffness1 s z to be able to cope ) f>m /ock1 & = ?is reason are pr9cipally us$ 9 ornam5tal g>d5 subdivisions4 ,gorse or ,furze4--,/rik+ly beautiful z well z useful h$ges may be =m$ ( gorse4 ,x is well adapt$ = plant+ on light dry or s&y soils1 or on ! top ( a dyke or sunk f5ce4 ,se$ s[+ is to be recomm5d$ 9 ! =mation ( gorse f5ces1 & aft] prep>+ & well work+ ! soil1 #a lb4 ( se$ to e #ajj l9eal y>ds w be f\nd suffici5t = s[+ d[n4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ord] to keep ! f5ce full & bu%y1 prun+ %\ld take place imm$iately aft] fl[]+ & be=e se$s are produc$4 ,cutt+ ov] ! h$ge at gr\nd level e ?ird ye> w be v b5eficial to ?is f5ce4 7#b7 ,ornam5tal ,h$ges--,holly4--,?is makes an excell5t ornam5tal f5ce1 & x is occasionally ?\gh r>ely us$ = plantation purposes4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be ?or\ghly prep>$1 &1 if necess>y1 enri*$ by a dress+ ( /rong loam1 & ! plants ins]t$ 9 ,may4 ,! holly c be plant$ :5 ( almo/ any height1 if previ\s transplant+ 0 att5d$ to4 ,yew4--,= purposes simil> to ! latt]1 ! yew is g5]ally 9 use4 ,x may be plant$ at any "t1 b %\ld be kept well wat]$ until x has become e/abli%$4 ,lauru/9us4--,z a fl[]+ h$ge = g>d5 or lawn purposes few %rubs are ( great] value ?an ! lauru/9us1 p>ticul>ly 9 m>itime di/ricts4 ,9 sev]e w9t]s x suff]s consid]ably1 ?\gh g5]ally fre% gr[?s are s5t up f ! root-/ock4 ,prun+ %\ld be c>efully done1 s t ! fl[]+ %oots are n cut away4 ,box4--,v neat & s]viceable g>d5 f5ces are made ( ?is %rub4 ,x gr[s freely & /&s prun+ well4 ,rosa rugosa & ,r4 rubig9osa 7,sweet ,bri>74--,bo? ^! species ( rose h come greatly into fav\r = g>d5 subdivisions1 = :i* !y are peculi>ly suitable4 ,!y make *>m+ h$ges1 are ( easy gr[?1 & /& prun+ ) impunity4 ,( c\rse1 :]e !y are want$ to fl[] great c>e 9 prun+ is necess>y4 ,laurel4--,bo? ! common & ,col*ic laurels make fairly good h$ges1 b !y are apt to get gappy by portions dy+ out4 ,?is c1 h[ev]1 easily be rem$i$ by fill+ up ) o!rs in/ead4 ,!y be> trimm+ well4 ,aucuba japonica =ms a useful & ornam5tal h$ge1 /&s prun+ well1 & la/s = a long "t4 ,b]b]is ,d>w9ii & ,b4 /5ophylla are bo? highly ornam5tal h$ge %rubs1 & :5 n prun$ too sev]ely fl[] ) great fre$om4 ,%ort5+ ! long %oots ) a pocket-knife is be/4 ,clean+ & ,prun+4--,an annual clean+ ( ! gr\nd alongside h$ges mu/ nev] be neglect$1 z we$s rob ! soil ( its n\ri%m5t1 *oke ! "y plants1 & to a great ext5t prev5t ! free access ( ra9 to ! roots ( ! h$ge plants4 ,! common hoe is1 = ?is purpose1 to be recomm5d$1 & any we$s t _c be got at ar\nd ! /ems mu/ be remov$ by ! h&4 ,ivy1 eld] & honeysuckle %\ld all be treat$ z we$s1 = !y are highly injuri\s to h$ges1 be ^! "y or old4 ,v little1 if any1 prun+ or swit*+ %\ld be done till ! ?ird ye> aft] ! f5ce has be5 =m$1 & !n only ! long] twigs cut back1 s z to get by degrees a g5]al uni=mity ( %ape4 ,! swit*+-knife is alone to be recomm5d$ = prun+ f5ces1 %e>s nev] mak+ a clean cut1 & press+ & loos5+ ! b>k at ! po9t :]e amputation took place4 ,a well-%>p5$ swit*+-knife 9 ! h&s ( a dext]\s h$g] turns out beautiful & comm5dable "w4 ,unless x be an annual clean+ & trimm+1 a well-=m$ h$ge %\ld require b little att5tion = _m ye>s4 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 :5 old1 beg9 to %[ signs ( di/ress & become gappy1 a top-dress+ ( ri* f>my>d manure w g a great way t[>ds ?r[+ fre% en]gy into ! plants4 ,?is %\ld be appli$ 9 w9t]1 & lightly =k$ 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 & be=e gr[? has comm5c$4 ,%\ld gaps occur by reason ( dea?s 9 ! old plants ^! %\ld be remov$1 & o!rs ( "y gr[? sub/itut$1 ! soil at ! same "t be+ dug out & o!r fre% f a field or roadside us$ in/ead4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ t ! roots ( liv+ plants are n injur$ :il/ remov+ ! dead & sub/itut+ ! live specim5s4 ,specially-prep>$ plants & su* z are unusually /\t & bu%y %\ld alone be us$ 9 h$ge-repair+4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,%rubs ,,= ,,%ady ,,situations ,! li/ ( procumb5t or c>pet+ %rubs t h be5 f\nd to succe$ :5 plant$ b5ea? ! %ade & drip ( =e/ trees is by no means a long "o1 & z ! clo?+ ( su* b>e places is (t5 a po9t ( ! greate/ importance1 p>ticul>ly 9 p>k or ornam5tal gr\nds1 ! foll[+ notes may prove useful4 ,by c>eful manipulation mu* may be done to c>pet su* places ) suitable %rubs1 b ! task 9 "s in/ances is by no means an easy "o1 & mu/ be set ab\t 9 a common-s5se & practical way4 ,evid5tly decidu\s trees h an advantage ov] ev]gre5 k9ds 9 t ) ! extra light & great] am\nt ( surface dampness und]gr[? succe$s bett] b5ea? _! %ade4 ,! common ,ivy is probably ! be/ ev]gre5 c>pet = %ade plant+ ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,x runs ab\t & roots freely1 soon cov]+ a l>ge space ( gr\nd ) its neat1 deep-gre5 foliage4 ,propagation is br\ght ab\t ei!r by means ( cutt+s or suck]s1 & is simple & inexp5sive4 ,! ,p]iw9kles 7,v9ca major & ,v4 m9or7 are well adapt$ = plant+ b5ea? our l>g] trees1 :]e1 unless ! %ade is v d5se1 !y succe$ admirably1 soon =m+ l>ge bread?s ( ev]gre5 c>pet & produc+ _! deep blue fl[]s 9 abundance4 ,!y are readily increas$ by lay]+ or subdivision1 & :5 once e/abli%$ soon spread ab\t unhe$$4 ,! ,/4 ,john's ,wort 7,hyp]icum calyc9um7 c confid5tly be recomm5d$ = plant+ z a gr\nd cov]+ b5ea? our l>g] trees4 ,x increases readily1 & if occasionally cut ov]1 %oots out all ! m freely & ?ickly4 ,= ! %[y yell[ fl[]s x is also a desirable %rubby plant4 ,! ,mez]eon & ,spurge ,laurel 7,daphne ,mez]eum & ,d4 ,laureola7 are excell5t1 m$ium-siz$ %rubs = plant+ 9 %ady positions1 :]e !y n only succe$ well1 b fl[] freely4 ,!y are bo? increas$ by lay]+4 ,euonymus ,radicans ,v>iegata is a useful1 procumb5t %rub = plant+ 9 ! %ade1 & succe$s well 9 smoky localities4 ,! ,but*]'s ,broom 7,ruscus aculeatus7 gr[s ) great fre$om b5ea? ! d5se/ %ade ( our =e/ trees1 & be+ an ev]gre5 is to be recomm5d$ = su* situations4 ,gaul!ria ,%allon & ,g4 ,procumb5s may also be recomm5d$ = plant+ :]e ! %ade is n too d5se2 !y bo? fl[] & fruit freely1 & are ( neat procumb5t gr[?4 ,among/ tall] gr[+ subjects = plant+ 9 ! %ade1 m5tion may be made ( ! holly & yew1 bo? ( :i* ?rive b5ea? ! %ade & drip ( =e/ trees & :]e !y (t5 assume a dw>f1 procumb5t habit ( gr[?4 ,two at lea/ ( ! rec5t %rubs introduc$ f ,*9a h j claims to be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( suitable species = plant+ 9 ! %ade4 ,^! are ,s>coccos humile & ,s4 ruscifolia4 ,!y are ( p>ticul>ly neat gr[?1 ) p]si/5t leaves & be> yell[i%-:ite fl[]s4 ,! ,common ,l+ or ,hea!r1 ,blackb]ry1 & ,&rom$a ,catesbi all succe$ well 9 ! %ade ( trees1 p>ticul>ly if ! soil be incl9$ to peat4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! soil b5ea? l>ge trees is ?or\ghly exhau/$1 & t ! small1 fibr\s rootlets are s abundant z to r5d] plant+ almo/ impossible4 ,"u su* conditions x is advisable to fir/ g5tly loos5 ! soil1 )\t di/urb+ ! l>g] roots1 & add a top-dress+ (1 say1 ?ree or f\r in*es ( good friable loam4 ,?is1 ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! exi/+ soil1 w give ! "y plants a />t & all[ ( _! becom+ /rong & e/abli%$ be=e ! encroa*+ roots rob ! gr\nd ( its n\ri%m5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,insect ,,enemies ,,( ,,trees ,:e!r view$ f a comm]cial or sylvicultural po9t ( view1 ! widespread damage caus$ to timb] f insect attacks c sc>cely be ov]rat$4 ,! depr$ations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( our own c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 "y plantations1 are bad en\gh1 b :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,europe & ,am]ica !y appe> insignificant4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many :ole woods h be5 wip$ out by insect pe/s1 :ile ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bav>ia 7 mulct$ 9 some?+ l #ajj1jjj by ! de/ruction ( its spruce =e/s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates f>es no bett]1 = we f9d t ov] a p]iod ( t5 ye>s ! am\nt ( timb] kill$ & r$uc$ 9 value 0 calculat$ at fully #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! c(fee plantations ( ,ceylon suff]$ mu* f ! attacks ( a fungus1 & we c\ld g on multiply+ cases4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! ravages ( ! p9e beetle & ( ! l>* disease h caus$ incalculable damage2 inde$1 9 ! latt] case !re is h>dly a plantation ( l>* :]e ! pres5ce ( ! fell disease _c be di/9ctly trac$1 :ile ! p9e beetle has ru9$ :ole plantations bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,?\gh ! adult b>k & wood-bor+ beetles d a great am\nt ( damage1 yet t inflict$ by ! cat]pill> or grub f ! egg is great] /ill1 & 9 ! case ( fungi we h a typical example ( _! de/ructive prop]ties 9 ! case ( ! well-kn[n l>* disease4 ,! ,p9e ,beetle 7,myelophilus ,hylurgus p9ip]da7 is a dread$ enemy to n a few species ( ,p9us1 b p>ticul>ly ,p4 sylve/ris1 ,p4 l>icio1 ,p4 au/riaca & ,p4 ,/robus4 ,! injury done by ?is beetle consi/s 9 its de/ruction ( ! lead+ %oots ( ! tree x attacks4 ,x ent]s by bor+ a hole into ! side ( ! %oot until x rea*es ! pi?1 aft] :i* its c\rse is direct$ upw>ds1 & an exit made at ! t]m9al bud4 ,?is tunnell+ ( ! %oot s weak5s x t frequ5tly dur+ /ormy wea!r x is brok5 across at ! po9t :]e ! beetle ent]$4 ,n only are unheal?y trees attack$ by ! p9e beetle1 b "y & robu/-gr[+ specim5s frequ5tly fall a prey to its insidi\s depr$ations4 ,june1 ,july & ,augu/ are ! mon?s :5 x is mo/ commonly f\nd4 ,! only rem$y is to collect & burn ! affect$ %oots--"w t requires to be done ) ! utmo/ c>e to prev5t ! escape ( ! w>y insect4 ,burn+ all bru%wood 9 plantations is a great prev5tive4 ,! ,p9e ,weevil 7,curculio ,hylobius ,abietis7 is ano!r de/ructive insect1 :i* diff]s f ! =m] 9 wag+ its attacks aga9/ ! buds ( ! lead]s & bran*es1 z also by eat+ pat*es ( ! b>k "h & !re on ! /ems & bran*es4 ,! v>i\s species ( ,abies suff] mo/1 b ! p9es are occasionally attack$ z well4 ,x is always mo/ de/ructive 9 "y plantations gr[+ on ! m>g9s ( old woods1 & equally bad among/ trees t h be5 plant$ on ! site ( a =m] p9e plantation4 ,! beetle is ab\t half an in* long1 & ne>ly black4 ,"o rem$y1 probably ! be/1 is to place fre% pieces ( p9e b>k on ! gr\nd1 b5ea? ! infe/$ trees4 ,by %ak+ ! trees & exam9+ ! traps ! foll[+ morn+1 _m may be de/roy$4 ,bo/ri*us typographus is ano!r pe/ ( our woodl&s1 & may frequ5tly be se51 l f9e :ite wool1 spread+ ov] ! /em & bran*es ( ! silv] & o!r firs4 ,x spreads ) t]rible rapidity1 fir/ appe>+ 9 small pat*es "h & !re on ! bole1 & p>ticul>ly on ! "u sides ( ! bran*es4 ,! tree infe/$ soon becomes unheal?y1 & frequ5tly dies (f prematurely4 ,trees gr[+ 9 l[-ly+1 heavy gr\nd w\ld seem to fall a fir/ prey to ?is insect4 ,bo/ri*us l>icis is ne>ly alli$ to ! =m]1 b its deva/ations1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 n v deadly1 are pr9cipally conf9$ to ! l>*4 ,x is usually kn[n z ! 8l>* blight40 ,! ,p9e ,%oot ,mo?s 7,ret9ia buoliana & ,r4 turionella7 w\ld seem to be m num]\s 9 ?is c\ntry ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,q lately ,i visit$ a l>ge plantation ( "y ,scot* fir1 ! t]m9al buds ( :i* 7 greatly injur$ by ! cat]pill>s ( ?is elaborately-col\r$ mo?4 ,! mo? lays its eggs at ! base ( ! buds1 & into ^! ! cat]pill>s ent] by holl[+ out ! c5tre1 ?us de/roy+ _! vitality & caus+ !m to take on a )]$ appe>ance & to feel s(t & empty to ! t\*4 ,trees infe/$ by ?is insect resemble greatly 9 _! /unt$ %oots & exudation ( res9 su* z h become a prey to ! ,p9e beetle 7,myelophilus p9ip]da71 only 9 ! latt] case x is ! fre% "y %oot & n ! bud t is attack$4 ,! ,ret9ia w\ld seem1 f all my notes & obs]vations1 to be mo/ abundant 9 :at might be t]m$ neglect$ fir plantations1 t is1 :]e ! trees h suff]$ f ov]cr[d+1 or f unfav\rable conditions z to soil1 etc41 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! wood is compos$ entirely ( "o species4 ,!re is no me?od ( deal+ ) l>ge infe/$ areas1 = ! attack$ trees h repeat$ly be5 cut ov] & remov$ )\t any seem+ dim9ution 9 ! numb]s ( ! insect4 ,"o exp]im5t ) a small infe/$ corn] has be5 rew>d$ ) good results1 viz4 ! light+ ( a fire to w9dw>d1 & caus+ ! smoke ( coal t> to pass ov] ! infect$ area4 ,?is might be wor? try+ 9 ! case ( fruit trees infe/$ by p>ticul> insects4 ,! ,l>* ,m9] 7,coleophora l>icella74--,few1 o!r ?an ^? specially int]e/$ 9 tree diseases1 h ! remote/ idea t ! yell[1 )]$ appe>ance ( _m ( our ,engli% l>* plantations is due to ! l>v ( ! above t9y mo?4 ,x usually attacks "y trees1 say1 f five to tw5ty ye>s old1 & al?\gh x may n kill !m out1 yet ! repeat$ onslaughts ye> aft] ye> t5d to keep ! trees 9 an unheal?y condition1 & s r5d] !m liable to o!r & m deadly diseases4 ,un=tunately ! attacks ( ! l>* m9] are by no means conf9$1 z is usually suppos$1 to trees gr[+ "u unfav\rable conditions1 = ,i h ?is season notic$ 9 an unusually heal?y1 fa/-gr[+ plantation 9 ,sussex t almo/ e tree 0 m or less affect$4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ano!r l>ge ext5t ( l>* 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire :i* ,i exam9$ lately1 :]e n9e-t5?s ( ! trees 7 be+ ru9$ by ! ,peziza1 ! l>* m9] 0 v abundant2 b1 ,i ?9k1 t "y trees1 :atev] may be _! /ate ( heal?1 suff] alike1 al?\gh :]e h>d-wood$ trees =m a portion ( ! crop ! l>* c]ta9ly suff]s less ?an :5 gr[n 9 pure woods4 ,! mo? lays its eggs at ! end ( ,june on ! ne$les ( ! l>*2 ! cat]pill> m9+ into & fe$+ ^u ! int]ior ( ! ne$le causes x to turn fad$ & yell[4 ,x lives 9 ! tube ?us =m$ dur+ ! w9t]1 *ang+ to a pupa1 & ultimately to a mo?4 ,x is a mo/ difficult matt] 9 ! case ( ?is insect1 z1 inde$1 ( all o!rs t are fairly abundant1 to sugge/ a rem$y1 & ,i h look$ ov] & exam9$ l>* plantations t are diff]5tly situat$ 9 _m respects to f9d out "u :at condition ! attacks are mo/ p]si/5t1 b ) little or no success--heal?y & unheal?y1 native or ,tyrolese1 f>+ alike :5 gr[n z a pure crop4 ,:]e ! l>*es are int]mix$ ) h>d-wood$ trees--sycamore1 oak & bee*--! attacks are c]ta9ly less frequ5t1 z ,i h notic$ 9 a numb] ( cases4 ,trees gr[+ at high altitudes d n seem to suff] less ?an ^? only a few feet above sea-level1 & ?is po9t ,i h paid p>ticul> att5tion to4 ,:e!r ! w\nds caus$ by ?is insect w s]ve z a nidus = ! spores ( ,peziza ,willkommii has yet to be det]m9$1 b special importance %\ld be atta*$ to all l>*-fe$+ insects1 & _! depr$ations m9imiz$ to z great an ext5t z possible4 ,! ,p9e ,sawfly 7,lophyrus ,p9i74--,=tunately1 ?is insect is n abundant 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ?\gh on ! ,cont95t ! damage x does 9 ! p9e =e/s is by no means inconsid]able4 ,! insect may readily be recogniz$ by its wide1 flatti% body1 & usually d>k appe>ance4 ,hav+ atta9$ to full size 9 ! trees1 !y =m cocoons among ! foliage or on ! /ems1 & rema9 9 ?is condition until ! foll[+ spr+1 :51 9 ,april or ,may1 ! p]fect insects make _! appe>ance4 ,! male is consid]ably small] ?an ! female1 :ile ! full-gr[n cat]pill>1 :i* is ( a gre5i%-yell[ col\r1 ) a r[ ( black spots on ei!r side1 is ab\t an in* long4 ,! rem$ial measures are n at all easy1 especially :5 a l>ge numb] ( trees are attack$1 b s+le specim5s may be entirely cle>$ by %ak+ ! cat]pill>s into a %eet plac$ b5ea? ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,,will[ ,,beetle 7,phyllodecta vulgatissima71 ,,& 7b7 ,,its ,,l>va4 ,! ,l>* ,aphis 7,adelgis l>icis7 & ,giant ,sirex 7,sirex gigas7 are bo?1 m or less1 h>mful to ! l>*4 ,! latt] is a =midable & spl5did insect1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n v abundant 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,g5]ally fell$ trees1 or su* z are some:at sickly1 are *os5 by ! female 9 :i* to lay h] eggs4 ,^! are deposit$ b5ea? ! b>k by means ( ! p[]ful ovipositor1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ! :iti% cyl9drical maggots make an appe>ance1 & ) _! /rong jaws =m l>ge bor+s 9 ! affect$ tree4 ,cutt+ d[n & burn+ infe/$ trees is ! only practical rem$y4 ,! ,will[ ,beetle 7,phyllodecta vulgatissima7 causes consid]able damage to osi] plantations1 & w\ld appe> to be greatly on ! increase ( late ye>s4 ,mu* damage has be5 done to osi] holts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 nor!rn ,irel& ! ravages ( ?is beetle 7 p>ticul>ly noticeable dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s4 ,! insect1 :i* is metallic gre5 or blue 9 col\r1 passes ! w9t] 9 ! adult /ate1 at :i* "t x may be f\nd among/ refuse ( ! osi] b$s1 su* z ! heaps ( b>k1 & also at ! base ( old /ools & b5ea? /ones or o!r %elt]4 ,! l>v h a t\gh yell[i% cuticle ) conspicu\s br[n bri/les1 ! head & pro?orax be+ black & h>d4 ,! eggs are laid on ! und]sides ( ! leaves 9 spr+1 & :5 ! l>v are hat*$ !y fe$ on ! leaves1 eat+ holes q ?r\gh to ! upp] surface4 ,burn+ all rubbi% 9 ! osi] b$s is to be recomm5d$1 & spray+ ) ,p>is gre5 or lead ars5ate has be5 f\nd useful4 ,! ,l>* ,sawfly 7,nematus ,eri*sonii74--,?is is a species ( sawfly ! l>v ( :i* be> consid]able resemblance to ^? ( ! cat]pill> ( ! p9e sawfly1 & also to t ( ! bett] kn[n gooseb]ry cat]pill>4 ,! l>v are ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & possess tw5ty feet4 ,f ,july to ,augu/ !y fe$ on ! leaves ( ! l>*1 & a plantation t has be5 attack$ pres5ts a p>tially leafless condition ) quantities ( ! br[n cyl9drical cocoon cases ly+ among/ ! grass b5ea? ! trees4 ,!re h be5 sev]al notable in/ances 9 :i* l>* plantations h suff]$ sev]ely f ! attacks ( ?is insect1 & 9 nor!rn ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly ,cumb]l&1 :ole areas ( plantation h be5 attack$4 ,burn+ all bru%wood & grass b5ea? ! trees 9 infect$ plantations is probably ! be/ means ( less5+ ! numb]s ( ?is dread insect 9 our l>* plantations4 ,! ,spruce ,gall ,aphis 7,*]mes abietis74--,?is is a common insect1 & "o t r5d]s _m f9e "y spruce trees v unsightly by reason ( ! cone-l excresc5ces t are =m$ by ! action ( ! insect on ! %oots ( ! infe/$ specim54 ,! =mation ( ?is excresc5ce is br\ght ab\t by ! female aphis pi]c+ ) h] beak1 or suck]1 "o ( ! buds1 & draw+ (f ! sap1 ! consequ5ce be+ an unusual gr[? at t "p4 ,:5 ! "y l>v appe>1 !y also1 by pi]c+ ! gall1 extract ! juices1 & ! gall enl>g+ soon causes ! l>v to become emb$d$ at ! bases ( ! leaves1 :i*1 by ?is "t1 h become curi\sly mal=m$4 ,! insects are sc>cely "o-t5? ( an in* long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elm ,,tree ,,de/roy] ,a4 ,entrance ( ,p>5t ,tube4 ,b4 ,insect 9 ,tube4 ,c4 ,an imp]fect ,tube arre/$ f want ( n\ri%m5t4 ,d4 ,scolytus ,de/ructor4 ,natural size4 ,e4 ,lat]al ,tubes ) ,l>v1 "s *ang+ to ! ,pupa /ate4 ,! only rem$y is to collect ! cone-l excresc5ces & h !m de/roy$1 except 9 ! case ( badly infe/$ trees1 :i* %\ld be cut d[n & burn$4 ,! ,elm ,tree ,de/roy] 7,scolytus de/ructor7 is ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* long1 /\t & cyl9drical1 & usually conf9es its depr$ations to ! elm4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june ?is beetle bores into ! inn] b>k1 :]e x =ms gall]ies1 along ! m>g9s ( :i* are laid ! eggs4 ,cutt+ d[n & burn+ badly-attack$ trees is ! be/ rem$y1 b promot+ exub]ant heal? ( ! infe/$ specim5s by means ( enri*+ ! soil has be5 att5d$ ) promis+ results4 ,! ,goat ,mo? 7,cossus lignip]da7 is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd on ! will[1 oak1 lime & o!r trees4 ,be+ n only "o ( our l>ge/ native mo?s1 b also "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive1 its ravages are mu* dread$1 ! holes or tunnels made by ! mo? be+ ( l>ge size--l>ge en\gh to admit ! little f+]4 ,fill+ up ! tunnels ) a mixture ( soot1 lime & c[ manure is an excell5t rem$y4 ,! ,lackey ,mo? 7,clisiocampa neu/ria71 s call$ f ! gay col\rs ( ! cat]pill>1 is ano!r de/ructive woodl& pe/1 eat+ :olesale ! leaves ( ! oak1 elm1 bee*1 popl> & mo/ fruit trees4 ,9 ,april & ,may ! cat]pill>s are hat*$1 :5 ! leaves are j unfold+4 ,!y =m a ne/ or web ( silk5 hairs1 g5]ally among/ ! small] bran*es1 9 :i* !y live dur+ ! day1 sally+ =? 9 ! ev5+ to fe$ on ! t5d] foliage4 ,be+ v pl5tiful1 !y are usually difficult to deal )1 b h&-pick+ & de/roy+ ! cocoons are ! only practicable me?ods ( meet+ ! evil4 ,! ,w9t] ,mo? 7,*eimatobia brumata7 & ! ,lime ,loop] ,mo? 7,hyb]nia defol>ia74--,! cat]pill>s ( bo? ^! mo?s are v de/ructive to ! leaves ( elms1 limes & will[s1 b p>ticul>ly to ! buds ( ! apple tree4 ,:5 full gr[n !y desc5d to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y cov] !mselves & become *rysalides1 f :i* ! mo?s appe> f ,octob] to ,decemb]4 ,be+ almo/ w+less1 x is by no means difficult to prev5t _! asc5d+ ! trees by pa9t+ a b& ( any /icky sub/ance ar\nd ! /ems ( ! trees t x is expect$ !y might attempt to crawl up4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,l>va ( ! ,cossus ,lignip]da1 ?ree ye>s old1 ready to *ange into ! ,*rysalis /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,cossus ,mo?4 ,b4 ,*rysalis f :i* ! p]fect ,insect has escap$4 ,c4 ,clu/] ( ,eggs4 ,d4 ,magnifi$ ,ovum4 ,,! ,,goat ,,mo? ,! ,r$ ,spid] 7,tetrany*us74--,9 hot & dry summ]s trees suff] mu* f ?is memb] ( ! mite family4 ,limes & popl>s1 z also _m o!r trees1 are greatly injur$1 ! foliage turn+ to a russety br[n col\r1 & fall+ (f long be=e ! usual "t4 ,!re are sev]al rem$ies1 su* z fumigat+ & spray+ ) a solution ( s(t soap1 b none ( ^! are applicable to a plantation ( trees1 or ev5 a s+le specim5 ( l>ge size4 ,! ,?orn ,fly 7,aphis ,cratgi7 attacks :ole h$ges or brakes ( ,quick1 especially ^? 9 ! nurs]y bord]2 z a rule1 ! y\ng] & m heal?y plants fir/ fall a prey to its depr$ations4 ,spong+ ) tobacco wat]1 or almo/ any ( ! prescrib$ solutions w rapidly ext]m9ate ! fly2 b su* "w is labori\s :5 a l>ge brake or long h$ge ( ! ?orn has to be gone ov]4 ,! ,cock*af] 7,melolon?a vulg>is7 is usually pretty abundant1 & does mo/ damage by eat+ ! leaves ( ! sycamore1 bee*1 oak1 *]ry & _m o!r trees4 ,x w also eat ! roots ( mo/ "y trees1 b ^? ( p9e 9 p>ticul>4 ,! insect is ab\t #a 94 long1 & ( a *e/nut-br[n col\r on ! upp] "p ( ! body1 :ile ! head & "s o!r p>ts ( ! body are ( a bronzy gre51 & ?ickly cov]$ ) yell[i%-:ite hairs4 ,9 ,april & ,may ! eggs are laid 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd ab\t #e 94 deep1 & ! grubs are hat*$ 9 ,july4 ,!y are ( a dirty-:ite col\r & mu* wr9kl$4 ,9 ?is /ate1 h[ev]1 !y d b little h>m2 b1 aft] hav+ *ang$ _! sk9s & rema9$ 9 a torpid /ate dur+ w9t]1 come to ! surface 9 spr+ & eat ! roots ( almo/ any plant t comes 9 _! way4 ,!y aga9 burr[ deep] at ! approa* ( w9t]1 com+ to ! surface aga9 9 spr+1 &1 :5 full gr[n1 are ab\t #a 94 long1 & almo/ 94 9 diamet]4 ,! p]fect insects d n live m ?an ab\t twelve days1 & are easily kn[n by _! heavy1 awkw>d flight t[>ds ! ev5+4 ,! ,laburnum ,mo? 7,cemio/oma laburnella7 is fairly abundant--9 ,engl&1 at lea/2 &1 9 "s in/ances1 e leaf ( a tree has be5 eat5 almo/ :olesale by ! cat]pill>s ( ?is pretty mo?4 ,! insect is ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ?ree-t5?s ( an in* across ! fully exp&$ w+4 ,x is ( a silv]y-:ite col\r4 ,! gre5i%-grey cat]pill>s are ab\t 94 long4 ,by burn+ ! attack$ leaves great numb]s ( ! cat]pill>s may be de/roy$1 :ile1 by %ak+ ! trees 9 ,may & ,augu/1 ! mo?s w fly out1 & may be caught 9 a butt]fly net4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood ,,leop>d ,,mo? 7,zeuz]a sculi7 7,v de/ructive to trees1 p>ticul>ly ar\nd ,london7 ,wood ,leop>d ,mo? 7,zeuz]a sculi74--,! cat]pill> ( ?is beautiful mo? is v de/ructive to ! bee*1 a%1 bir*1 elm1 walnut1 privet1 etc41 :i* x bores into1 eat+ & liv+ on ! wood4 ,usually "y trees or ! bran*es ( old specim5s are attack$1 & ! tunnell+ is conf9$ 9 ! =m] ei!r to ! pi?y c5tre or ! s(t wood ne> ! b>k4 ,! mo?s appe> ab\t mid-,july1 & ! female1 by pi]c+ ! b>k ) h] p[]ful ovipositors1 deposits h] eggs1 "o 9 ea* hole4 ,?ree ye>s are requir$ = ! cat]pill> to arrive at maturity :5 x is ne>ly #b 94 long4 ,bo? 9 =m & col\r ! leop>d mo? is p>ticul>ly elegant1 ! head & ?orax be+ cov]$ ) a ?ick :ite pile1 ! body ) a black d[n1 fr+$ ) :ite at ea* jo9t4 ,! w+s are :ite ) yell[i%-br[n ve9s1 a r[ ( r\nd$ blui% spots runn+ betwe5 e two4 ,by /uff+ a piece ( t[ 9 gas t>1 or plac+ cyanide ( potassium 9 ! hole & clos+ ! ap]ture1 ! cat]pill> may be ov]p[]$ & de/roy$4 ,a b5t wire has (t5 be5 successfully us$ 9 dislodg+ ! cat]pill>4 ,! ,holly ,fly 7,phytomyza aquifolia74--,! foliage ( ! holly is frequ5tly v mu* disfigur$ by ! grubs ( ! holly fly1 :i* burr[ b5ea? ! upp] sk9 ( ! leaves1 fe$+ on ! int]nal sub/ance4 ,?is imp>ts a bli/]$ & discol\r$ appe>ance1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ornam5tal v>ieties1 is any?+ b desirable4 ,probably no great damage to ! infe/$ trees is br\ght ab\t1 b ! :olesale de/ruction ( ! leaves1 z is (t5 ! case1 _c b weak5 ! plant4 ,9 ,may & ,june ! flies make _! appe>ance1 & lay _! eggs b5ea? ! upp] sk9 ( ! leaf1 f :i* ! grubs1 ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* long1 are hat*$4 ,^! "w _! way b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! leaves1 =m+ small tracks ( a m or less circul> %ape1 ?us caus+ ! l>ge & unsightly bli/]s4 ,!y quit ! leaves ab\t ,m>*1 by mak+ small holes 9 ! sk9 ( ! leaf1 & aft]w>ds become *rysalides4 ,! fly is small & inconspicu\s4 ,pick+ (f & de/roy+ affect$ leaves1 or cru%+ ! grub by p9*+ ! bli/]s are ! only ways ( less5+ ! attacks4 ,! ,oak ,leaf ,roll] ,mo? 7,tortrix viridana74--,! widespread de/ruction caus$ to oak-woods 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry by ! cat]pill>s ( ?is little mo? w\ld seem to be on ! increase f ye> to ye>4 ,b x is n ! oak alone t suff]s1 = numb]s ( ! hornbeam & bee* are 9 an equally pitiable condition4 ,hav+ closely wat*$ ?is insect = sev]al ye>s1 ma9ly ) ! view ( /riv+ to keep x 9 *eck or devise "s means ( de/ruction1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t a few individual trees may1 at consid]able exp5se1 be rid ( ! pe/1 b 9 ! case ( :ole woodl&s artificial treatm5t is q out ( ! "q4 ,_m obs]v]s are "u ! impression t ! cat]pill> is mo/ abundant :]e ! trees gr[ close/ toge!r1 & :5 we consid] t bo? w9d & ra9 de/roy numb]s ( ^!1 ! fact ( isolat$ trees1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 are mo/ expos$ to /orms1 be+ comp>atively free f attack is n to be wond]$ at4 ,s f> z we "k at pres5t1 ! only way to dim9i% 9 any appreciable degree ! numb]s ( ?is insect is by enc\rag+ z mu* z possible its enemies4 ,! rook1 jackdaw1 />l+1 ?ru% & sp>r[ help imm5sely 9 de/roy+ ! cat]pill>s1 & ! occupants ( a rook]y w frequ5tly 9 a few h\rs cle> ! pe/ f ! trees ov] a consid]able area ( woodl&4 ,! same has be5 not$ ) reg>d to ! />l+1 & ,i h frequ5tly se5 ! trees ov] an infe/$ area almo/ black ) ?is p>ticul> bird :5 9 ! act ( fe$+ on ! cat]pill>s4 ,9 support ( ?is recomm5dation x may be /at$ t insects are f> less num]\s 9 ! =e/s ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 ,s5>t & ,fonta9ebleau ?an 9 ! ,bois de ,b\logne1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 small birds are sc>c]4 ,sometimes ) ! oak leaf roll] mo? its excessive numb] proves ! means ( its ext9ction1 ! foliage be+ dev\r$ be=e ! cat]pill>s are fully f$2 :ile1 z is usual at ! season ( attack1 p>asitic flies & i*neumons de/roy !m :olesale1 & a box ( cat]pill>s s5t to me ! o!r day reveal$ ! fact t ea* "o _h succumb$ to ! attacks ( "o ( ^! enemies4 ,! life hi/ory ( ?is mo? is full ( int]e/1 & ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* x rolls up ! leaves is well wor?y ( /udy4 ,! ,felt$ ,bee* ,coccus 7,cryptococcus ,fagi74--,judg+ f ! num]\s specim5s ( ! bee* coccus t are be+ =w>d$ to me = id5tification1 & ! inquiries z to h[ ?is insect pe/ may be dealt )1 its pres5ce 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry is indicat$4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahfb t ,dr4 ,balf\r report$ ! pres5ce ( ?is coccus 9 ,scotl&1 & ,i rememb] well h[ ! beautiful bee* h$ges on ! ,p5icuik ,e/ate1 ,mid-,lo?ian1 7 ravag$ by ! insect 9 #ahge4 ,9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ! bee* coccus 0 notic$ z e>ly z #ahdi4 ,x is probable t ! bee* coccus also ext5ds to ! ,weym\? p9e1 z at ,ke/on1 ,"l ,d]by's e/ate 9 ,k5t1 sev]al ( ^! trees 7 badly affect$ ) an insect t appe>$ to me id5tical ) ?is pe/1 & o!r in/ances ( ! ,weym\? p9e be+ simil>ly attack$ h be5 record$4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! insect 9 ,scotl& x has spread s\?w>ds rapidly1 b x is only ( late ye>s t its ravages h be5 felt sev]ely1 & t own]s ( woodl&s h be5 driv5 to d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to combat its injuri\s effects4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[h]e se5 ! insect s abundant z on ! ,burnham bee*es1 :i* ,i visit$ 9 company ) sev]al memb]s ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society at ! reque/ ( ! ,"l ,mayor & ! ,corporation ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,"h1 speak+ broadly1 all ! trees are affect$ 9 a great] or less degree1 indep5d5t altoge!r ( ! age or heal? ( ! trees4 ,among/ ! beautiful bee* woods ( ,h]t=d%ire1 :]e ! timb] produc$ comm&s a high] price ?an t f any o!r /ation 9 ,brita9 except+ ! ,*ilt]n ,hills1 ! trees are suff]+ sev]ely4 ,aft] a c>eful inspection ( _m bee* woods1 ,i am at a loss to acc\nt = ! spread ( ?is insect4 ,usually1 9 ! case ( injuri\s =e/ insects1 ! pres5ce ( dead & dy+ wood & ! g5]al heal? ( ! plantations h mu* to d ) ! attack1 b ?is w\ld n appe> to be ! cause 9 ! case ( ! bee* coccus4 ,ev5 old & diseas$ trees d n appe> to suff] m ?an ! "y & heal?y specim5s1 & at ,burnham "s ( ! y\nge/ & fa/e/ gr[+ specim5s 7 by f> ! wor/ affect$1 appe>+ 9 p>ts z if coat$ ) drift$ sn[4 ,nei!r w\ld soil appe> to h any?+ to d ) ! spread ( ! insect1 z on *alky1 s&y & loamy soils1 z well z on %ale rock1 ! trees are all m or less affect$4 ,i _c say t unheal?y trees are m liable to be attack$ ?an vigor\s ones1 = ,i h obs]v$ diseas$ trees to be sometimes q free f ! coccus1 :il/ heal?y specim5s 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood 7 badly infe/$4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly noticeable on "s p>k trees on two e/ates t ,i visit$ lately2 9 ea* in/ance ! maje/ic boles rose to a height ( fully #ij ft4 & conta9$ ab\t #ajj cubic ft4 ( wood4 ,at "o "t ,i _h an idea t bee* trees :5 gr[n too ?ickly 7 mo/ liable to be attack$1 b m ext5sive obs]vations h disprov$ ! hypo!sis4 ,by "s x has be5 sugge/$ t ! dra9age ( gr\nd on :i* ! bee* is gr[+ w facilitate ! spread ( ! insect by br++ ab\t an unheal?y /ate ( ! trees4 ,to "s ext5t ?is has be5 notic$ at ,burnham1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 :]e a lake _h be5 =m$ contigu\s to a bee* plantation4 ,9 ano!r in/ance t came "u my notice ! burr[+ ( rabbits to an unusual ext5t 0 blam$ = ! appe>ance ( ! insect & ! gradual dea? ( ! trees1 ! soil 9 ?is case be+ s& & gravel4 ,x is a /range fact1 too1 t a badly infe/$ tree may be /&+ among/ o!rs t are p]fectly free f ! attack4 ,"u a magnify+ glass ! insect appe>s ( a yell[i% col\r1 irregul>ly globul> 9 %ape1 & almo/ transp>5t4 ,x is ?ickly cov]$ ov] by a secretion f ! body1 :i* looks l f9e wax5-:ite ?reads or cotton wool1 :i* effectually scre5s ! insect f obs]vation4 ,) its proboscis x sucks up ! juices1 :i* are readily rea*$ ?r\gh ! ?91 smoo? b>k4 ,:5 badly attack$1 ! foliage becomes meagre & has a burnt appe>ance1 !n ! tips ( ! bran*es1 & f9ally :ole bran*es die (f4 ,aft]w>ds ! b>k becomes dry & cracks1 usually longitud9ally1 fall+ (f 9 flakes ) ! dea? ( ! tree4 ,! timb] ( trees t h be5 kill$ by ! coccus is dry1 %ort-gra9$1 & by no means comp>able ) t ( heal?y specim5s4 ,f :atev] cause1 ! pres5ce ( ! insect 9 our plantations is mu* to be deplor$1 & already _m f9e old trees 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry h succumb$ to ! attack4 ,x is a curi\s fact t c]ta9 trees fall victims to ! attack ( ?is insect v rapidly1 (t5 9 ! %ort space ( two ye>s1 :ile o!rs ( equal age & vig\r1 &1 z f> z c be se51 simil>ly situat$1 live = _m ye>s4 ,fully gr[n trees are1 9 my op9ion1 m liable to be kill$ quickly ?an y\ng] specim5s4 ,z reg>ds rem$ies1 ^! c only conv5i5tly be appli$ to s+le specim5s & are sc>cely practicable on a l>ge scale4 ,t success has1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ! application ( c]ta9 rem$ies ,i am q conv9c$1 = sev]al valuable ornam5tal trees on a lawn 9 ,buck+ham%ire t 7 badly affect$ by ! pe/ are n[1 twelve mon?s aft] be+ treat$1 q free f ! insect1 & d n appe> to h suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 ?is case ! rem$y 0 simple1 & consi/$ m]ely 9 scrubb+ ! tree /ems :]e affect$ ) a /iff bru% dipp$ 9 an emulsion ( s(t soap1 ?is be+ rubb$ well into all crevices ( ! b>k4 ,only "o application 0 giv51 b z ! trees 7 ne>ly #ajj ft4 high ) _m l>ge limbs1 :i* also %[$ ! pres5ce ( ! coccus1 ! "w took a consid]able "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! results well repaid ! exp5se ( lab\r4 ,ano!r excell5t rem$y is to mix toge!r equal portions ( p>aff9 & s(t soap1 & :5 requir$ = use add tw5ty times _! bulk ( hot wat]1 /irr+ all well toge!r4 ,?is may be appli$ ei!r ) a scrubb+ bru% or syr+$ on to ! affect$ p>ts4 ,o!r measures ( a m dra/ic nature h be5 f\nd to be b5eficial1 b ^? giv5 are probably ! simple/ & be/4 ,?ree or f\r h&fuls ( lime to a bucket ( wat] is an excell5t application1 ! only drawback be+ ! unpleasant col\r imp>t$ to ! trees4 ,?is is a simple rem$y1 & may be appli$ ) a pa9t]'s or scrubb+ bru%4 ,x has sav$ _m trees on an e/ate ne> ,london4 ,wireworms4--,^! occasionally d a great deal ( damage 9 b$s ( se$l+ trees1 p>ticul>ly conif]s1 & 9 "s in/ances !y attack & de/roy ! se$s be=e g]m9ation4 ,9 ! case ( "y conif]s !y are gnaw$ completely ?r\gh j above or at ! gr\nd level1 ! b$s 9 _m in/ances be+ /rewn ) ! cut-ov] plants4 ,abies nobilis & ,a4 ,nordmanniana suff] to a great ext5t1 & ,i h frequ5tly be5 at my wit's end to put a /op to ! repeat$ depr$ations4 ,9 ! case ( a newly-=m$ nurs]y or fre%ly-made-up se$-b$s ! attack ( ! wireworm is always mo/ pron\nc$4 ,9 ! case ( fre% nurs]y gr\nd1 p>+ (f & burn+ a c\ple ( in*es ( ! top soil 9 ! autumn has be5 att5d$ ) excell5t results1 z has also dress+ ! gr\nd ) gas lime4 ,:5 se$l+s are attack$1 h&-pick+1 ) ! use ( slic$ c>rots1 mangold or potatoes1 v>i$ ) pieces ( oilcake z a bait1 are to be recomm5d$4 ,dress+ ! se$s ) r$ lead is v advantage\s to prev5t birds & mice f attack+ fre%ly-s[n quantities4 ,injury f wireworm is n likely to cause any s]i\s consequ5ces aft] ! fir/ ye>'s gr[? ( ! plants1 especially if ! gr\nd has be5 kept clean & free f we$s dur+ ! egg-lay+ season 9 ,june4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wit*',s ,,broom ,,on ,,! ,,will[ 7,,summ] ,,appe>ance7 ,! above are only a few ( ! _m insects t injure our =e/ trees2 b ^? treat$ ( are ! mo/ famili> to ! =e/]1 & ^? ^: attacks he has mo/ frequ5tly to wage w> aga9/4 ,will[ trees all ov] ,london are suff]+ sev]ely f attacks ( a mite insect4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8,wit*'s ,broom0 on ! ,will[ 7,eriophyes triradiatus74 ,rem$ial measures are frequ5tly ( little avail1 m p>ticul>ly :5 a :ole wood or plantation is attack$2 b ) s+le specim5s ! numb]s may readily be less5$ by ! me?ods sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wit*',s ,,broom ,,on ,,! ,,will[ 7,,w9t] ,,aspect7 ,keep+ ! woodl&s free ( dead & dy+ trees & bran*es is a prev5tive ( insect attacks t %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,z %[+ ! injury t c be inflict$ on our =e/ trees by "s ( ^! insect pe/s1 ! foll[+ cases may be m5tion$3-- ,dur+ fifte5 ye>s 7betwe5 #ahec-fh7 ! spruce 9 ,ea/ ,prussia1 ,pol& & ,russia 0 kill$ ov] an area ( #g1jjj squ>e ,g]man miles2 :ile 9 ! ,bav>ian =e/s1 ! loss to ! ,rev5ue 9 "o ye> 0 #dj1jjj4 ,9 bo? cases ! de/ructive insect ,lip>is mona*a 0 ! cause ( injury4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,fungus ,,gr[? ,,on ,,trees ,"s fungi attack liv+ wood1 "s dead1 & "s bo?2 &1 :ile ! majority are f\nd gr[+ on ! /em1 o!rs attack ! twigs1 leaves or root4 ,!y are ( all sizes1 f ! almo/ microscopical to ! beef/eak fungus1 :i* (t5 exce$s a c\ple ( feet 9 diamet]4 ,"s are jelly-l 9 consi/5cy1 o!rs lea!ry or almo/ woody 9 texture2 & :ile c]ta9 k9ds spr+ up & disappe> 9 a few days1 o!rs rema9 intact on ! tree /em = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 %ape1 too1 !y v>y consid]ably1 f ! curi\s ,jew's e> fungus1 :i* greatly resembles ! human organ1 to ! giant puff-ball1 t sometimes measures f\r feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,!n ! cup-%ap$ & p>asol fungi are appropriately nam$1 :ile ! flat1 %elf-l arrangem5t ( a species t frequ5ts ! oak & elm has int]e/$ _m a casual obs]v]4 ,except+ p]haps gre51 !y are f\nd ( almo/ all col\rs f dull br[n to ! brighte/ crimson1 :ile beautifully spott$ & mottl$ k9ds are n uncommon4 ,heal?y trees gr[+ "u normal conditions are little affect$ by fungi1 :]eas su* z are pr$ispos$ to infection1 by unsuitable soil1 excessive dr\ght or dampness1 injury by accid5t or o!rwise--9 fact1 ^? 9 a weak5$ condition h[ev] br\ght ab\t--are1 ( c\rse1 f> m liable to attacks4 ,?\gh c]ta9 species ( fungi only attack dead & decompos+ wood1 & are1 !re=e1 ! consequ5ce & n ! cause ( disease1 !re are o!rs1 =tunately few] 9 numb]1 t attack heal?y liv+ trees & are ! direct cause ( disease & dea?4 ,! prev5tion & ext]m9ation ( fungus pe/s is by no means an easy matt]1 b by keep+ ! woods free f dead & dy+ trees & bran*es1 & by giv+ imm$iate att5tion to outbreaks ( ! malady1 mu* h>m may be av]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>* ,,cank] ,9 ! foll[+ notes1 only ! mo/ s]i\s cases are dealt )1 or1 9 o!r words1 su* fungi ref]r$ to z are commonly met ) & cause mo/ damage to our woodl& trees4 ,l>* ,disease4--,9 all probability ! l>* disease or l>* cank] owes its orig9 to ! m9ute spores =m$ 9 ! fructification ( ! n[ well-kn[n fungus--,peziza ,willkommii4 ,x has be5 pretty conclusively prov$ t ^! spores c only f9d a foot+ :]e ! r9d ( ! b>k has become 9 "s way injur$1 su* z might be occasion$ by ! puncture ( an insect1 by w9d1 fro/ or f _m o!r causes4 ,! spores s5d d[n _! g]m tubes into ! cambium1 betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood1 :]e ! moi/ure & n\ri%m5t af=d$ causes rapid developm5t ( ! fungus4 ,?is soon spreads to ! cells ( ! wood1 & ! annual lay]s ei!r entirely cease to gr[1 or become disorganiz$ & crippl$ 9 gr[?1 caus+ a holl[ appe>ance ( ! /em at ! po9t ( attack4 ,! surr\nd+ b>k1 by its attempts to heal ov] ! w\nd1 causes a ?ick5$ or burly appe>ance ( ! trunk1 ?us imp>t+ to affect$ trees ! cank]$1 swoll5 & di/ort$ look t is s di/+ui%$ a *>act]i/ic4 ,! disease appe>s 9 ?is c\ntry on ! l>*1 bo? common & ,tyrolese1 at all /ages ( gr[? up to ?irty ye>s1 b r>ely aft] t age4 ,i h exam9$ a plantation ( only f\r ye>s' gr[? sadly infe/$ by ! ,peziza :]eas1 9 o!r cases1 ! trees may be fully tw5ty ye>s old be=e be+ attack$4 ,cause4--,"u :at conditions ( gr[? ! l>* is mo/ susceptible to ! ,peziza is /ill a matt] ( vague unc]ta9ty1 b !re c be little d\bt t an enfeebl$ con/itution1 z fully expla9$ 9 ! article on ! l>* 8,trees = ,economic ,plant+01 aid$ by our peculi>ly erratic climate1 has mu* to answ] =4 ,! v>iabl5ess ( our spr+ wea!r is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! pr$ispos+ causes ( disease1 =1 al?\gh no degree ( fro/ exp]i5c$ 9 ?is c\ntry c injure ! tree :5 leafless1 yet few are m s5sitive :5 9 "y foliage4 ,be>+ on ! subject ( ! l>* disease1 ,i h communications f almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry1 & h p]sonally visit$ & exam9$ _m ( ! wor/ infe/$ plantations1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,soil1 if we exclude peaty1 w\ld seem to h little or no?+ to d ) enc\rag+ ! disease1 z ,i h f\nd x equally virul5t on dry1 s&y & heavy damp soils1 b worse on *alk4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! disease is h>dly kn[n 9 ! peat bogs ( ,irel&1 & !re ! ra9fall is excessive4 ,x is equally /range t x fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ! ,ea/]n & dri] p>ts ( ,engl&1 & gradually proce$$ to ! m humid ,we/4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 notic$ x 9 c]ta9 l[-ly+ /ill1 & damp portions ( "s woodl&s1 & :]e fro/s w\ld be mo/ preval5t1 b su* cases are n g5]al4 ,rem$y4--,sev]al rem$ies h be5 m or less successfully tri$ ) a view to gett+ rid ( ! disease on trees1 su* z by cutt+ & scrap+ out ! injur$ portions1 & apply+ a suitable dress+2 b su* rem$ies1 al?\gh suit$ = s+le specim5s1 _c be appli$ to a :ole area ( infe/$ trees4 ,"u exceptionally fav\rable conditions1 ,i h f\nd ! l>* to outgr[ ! disease1 ?\gh ! cank]$1 swoll5 /ems are nev] aft]w>ds ( great value = con/ructive purposes4 ,prev5tion 9 ! pres5t case is und\bt$ly ! be/ measure1 = :5 once x has made headway1 ! l>* disease is mo/ difficult to cope )4 ,by plant+ only s\nd1 heal?y trees1 ) un9jur$ roots 9 ! mo/ suitable soils & situations1 & reta9+ ^! 9 z heal?y a condition z possible1 c we gu>d aga9/ attacks ( ! disease4 ,h>dwoods mix$ ) ! l>* are to be recomm5d$4 ,polyporus squamosus attacks ! elm & o!r h>d-wood$ trees & rapidly br+s ab\t decay4 ,x is "o ( our commone/ species on diseas$ trees4 ,! ,sycamore ,fungus 7,rhytisma ac]9um74--,e "o int]e/$ 9 trees mu/ be famili> ) ! conspicu\s black1 pit*-l spots :i* s m> ! appe>ance ( sycamore leaves4 ,^! are due to ! above-nam$ fungus :i*1 appe>+ z small yell[i% spots on ! und]sides ( ! leaves t[>ds ! end ( ,june1 gradually increase 9 size & int5sity ( col\r until !y atta9 to fully half an in* 9 diamet] & are inky black1 ) a m>g9 ( dirty yell[4 ,! attack$ portion ( ! leaf becomes wr9kl$ & mu* ?ick5$ 9 texture1 :ile all ! affect$ foliage drops (f prematurely4 ,aft] ly+ on ! gr\nd dur+ ! w9t]1 ! ?read-l spores are produc$ 9 l>ge quantities at ! "t :5 ! foliage ( ! sycamore is appe>+ 9 ,may & ,june4 ,! sycamore is n ! only tree affect$ by ?is fungus1 = ! ,norway ,maple & our native ,ac] campe/re are equally liable to attack1 & h 9 "s in/ances suff]$ v sev]ely f ?is cause4 ,! fungus is becom+ m pl5tiful1 & x disfigures ! maple & sycamore leaves to a wide ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,polyporus ,,squamosus 7,,on ,,elm ,,tree7 ,rhytisma punctata may at once be di/+ui%$ f ! above species by ! _m small black spots /udd$ ?ickly toge!r1 :i* comb9e to =m ! l>ge conspicu\s blot*es = :i* affect$ trees are rem>kable4 ,bo? species are sometimes f\nd on ! same leaf4 ,z ! attacks ( ?is fungus cont9ue f ye> to ye>1 & cause almo/ e leaf to drop (f prematurely1 ! heal? ( ! trees is greatly impair$1 & !y become an easy prey to ! /ill m de/ructive coral spot fungus1 ,nectria c9nab>9a4 ,by burn+ ! leaves affect$ ) ,rhytisma be=e ! spores are lib]at$ 9 spr+1 ! spread ( ! fungus is prev5t$ 9 a simple & effective mann]4 ,! sycamore fungus is v pl5tiful on trees ar\nd ,london4 ,! cank] ( h>d-wood$ trees is br\ght ab\t by "o ( ! ,nectria 7,n4 ditissima71 & is v common 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 affect+ ! oak1 bee*1 a%1 sycamore & fruit trees g5]ally4 ,! a% p]haps suff]s mo/1 ! timb] turn+ black & be+ q unfitt$ = /ructural purposes4 ,x is /rictly p>asitical1 gr[+ on w\nd$ portions ( ! /em & bran*1 & spreads ) great rapidity1 attack+ trees ( all ages4 ,we h kn[n ! trees 9 a plantation ( a% to be q de/roy$ by ?is cank]1 :i* attacks mo/ freely ^? gr[+ on wet1 s\r l&4 ,?is %\ld be a w>n+ to plant]s to avoid su* soil4 ,! ,r$-rot ,fungus 7,fomes annosus or ,trametes radicip]da7 attacks ! roots ( sev]al species ( p9e1 p>ticul>ly ! ,scot*1 ,corsican & ,weym\?1 z also ! ,spruce & ,silv] ,fir4 ,x is probably ! mo/ de/ructive ( ! family1 attack+ liv+ roots & spread+ rapidly f tree to tree4 ,! trees1 :5 affect$1 quickly turn sickly & die1 ! wood becom+ spongy & ( a br[ni% col\r1 ) di/9ct black spots4 ,! only rem$y is to take out affect$ trees & burn !m root & bran*1 replant+ ! gr\nd ) bee* or elm4 ,?\gh "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive fungi 9 conif]\s woodl&s1 its attacks are by no means conf9$ to ^! alone1 s9ce x is f\nd on ! roots ( sev]al h>d-wood$ species1 su* z ! filb]t1 hazel1 bir* & bee*4 ,q rec5tly a nut plantation 9 ,k5t suff]$ sev]ely f ! attacks ( ?is fungus1 :ole l9es ( trees be+ kill$ outright be=e ! cause 0 detect$4 ,x spreads quickly und]gr\nd f tree to tree1 & unless eradicat$1 z x may easily be by uproot+ affect$ trees & c>efully de/roy+ ! mycelium1 mu* damage may result4 ,! ,:ite-rot ,fungus 7,fomes igni>ius7 is usually f\nd on h>d-wood$ trees1 & takes possession ( w\nds t may h be5 occasion$ by ! accid5tal break+ ( a bran* or /em injury4 ,oak trees suff] mo/ f ! attacks ( ?is fungus1 :i* is (t5 z l>ge z a foot across1 & ( a br[ni% col\r4 ,x is nam$ igni>ius on acc\nt ( ! inn] surface be+ us$ z t9d]1 :5 prep>$ ) saltpetre1 especially 9 ! old days ( fl9t & /eel4 ,by remov+ ! fungus & att5d+ to ! w\nd by clean+ away all dead & dy+ matt]1 & coat+ ) t>1 mu* b5efit w ensue4 ,! ,leaf-%$d+ ,fungus or ,p9e-leaf ,scurf 7,lophod]mium p9a/re7 is a well-kn[n & widely di/ribut$ species1 & is usually f\nd on ! ,scot* & ,au/rian ,p9es4 ,! leaves1 :5 attack$1 )] sudd5ly & fall (f1 ! fungus be+ mo/ preval5t aft] unusually dry wea!r1 or 9 e>ly spr+ succe$$ by a fro/y w9t]4 ,x occurs bo? z a saprophyte on dead p9e leaves & a p>asite on ! liv+ foliage4 ,we h be5 mo/ successful 9 combat+ ! attacks & prev5t+ ! spread ( ! pe/ by spray+ ! affect$ p>ts ) 8,bordeaux mixture40 ,"y trees "u t5 ye>s ( age are mo/ commonly attack$1 & :5 ?is occurs 9 ! nurs]y bord]s1 ! plants %\ld be root$ out & burn$4 ,on sev]al ,scotti% & ,engli% e/ates1 ?\s&s ( ,scot* ,p9es h be5 kill$ out by ! attacks ( ! leaf-%$d+ fungus4 ,"o ( ! commone/ fungi on old /umps is ,ag>icus melleus4 ,x has no p>ticul> ho/1 be+ f\nd alike on conif]\s & h>d-wood$ trees1 & on bo? root & /em4 ,kn[n z ! honey fungus1 & edible1 ?is toad/ool is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( a yell[i%-br[n or ru/y col\r4 ,x spreads ) great rapidity bo? 9 ! soil & betwe5 ! b>k & wood ( ! affect$ tree4 ,! only rem$y is digg+ out & de/roy+ ! fungus1 &1 9 ! case ( heal?y "y trees1 collect+ & burn+ ! mycelium4 ,next to ! l>* cank]1 "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive diseases ( =e/ trees is caus$ by attacks ( ! ,bladd]-ru/ or ,clu/]-cup 7,p]id]mium p9iacicola74 ,x is a w\nd fungus & attacks almo/ e species ( p9e1 ! ,scot* 9 p>ticul>1 especially :5 ! trees are gr[+ on light1 poor soils4 ,"y trees up to1 say1 tw5ty ye>s old are mo/ commonly attack$ by ?is fungus1 :i* appe>s l bli/]s1 emitt+ bright r$di%-col\r$ spores4 ,root+ up & burn+ all affect$ trees is ! be/ rem$y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,polyporus ,,sulphureus 7,,on ,,:ite ,,popl>7 ,polyporus sulphureus attacks _m species ( trees--yew1 popl>1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,b>k+ ,,oak ,previ\s to ! w> ! price ( oak b>k--ab\t #b #ajs4 p] ton--r5d]$ x que/ionable :e!r f a purely f9ancial po9t ( view ! op]ations ( /ripp+ & h>ve/+ %\ld be und]tak54 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) b>k at fully ?ree times t figure1 ! op]ation is to be recomm5d$4 ,! p]iod ( b>k-/ripp+ & h>ve/+ is "o ( ! mo/ anxi\s seasons ( ! ye> ) ! =e/]1 z ! quality ( ! b>k is s l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! wea!r dur+ ! "t t int]v5es betwe5 ! /ripp+ & /ack+1 or deliv]y1 & n less s ^u ! c>ry+ out ( ! "w at ! prop] "t1 to secure easy & exp$iti\s peel+4 ,9 mo/ cases ! "t :5 ! bud is j exp&+ into leaf is t :i* gives ! greate/ weight ( b>k ( ! be/ quality1 ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( lab\r4 ,by def]r+ ! "w1 ev5 = a few days1 !re is (t5 a loss 9 weight am\nt+ to z mu* z #aj p] c5t41 & a great det]ioration 9 quality4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\r$ situations x is seldom t ! season = /ripp+ ext5ds beyond tw5ty-eight days4 ,! advantages ( e>ly /ripp+ are s well kn[n t any comm5t on ! subject is unnecess>y2 suffice x to say t1 imm$iately ! b>k comm5ces to 8run0 freely1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 mak+ a />t1 & ! "w %\ld be prosecut$ ) vig\r & dispat* until complet$4 ,! prop] "t to comm5ce b>k+ _c1 h[ev]1 be fix$ ) any am\nt ( c]ta9ty1 mu* dep5d+ on ! season1 :e!r e>ly or late1 z well z on ! di/rict ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! op]ation is to be p]=m$4 ,dur+ ord9>y seasons1 & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 b>k-/ripp+ comm5ces dur+ ! ?ird week 9 ,april & cont9ues = ab\t a mon?1 or until su* "t z ! trees are 9 full leafage1 :]eas 9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 especially ! nor?1 ! op]ation is frequ5tly ne>ly a mon? lat]4 ,no mi/ake c1 h[ev]1 arise z to ! "r "t to />t b>k+ 9 any locality1 z 9 all cases ! p]iod :5 ! bud is fir/ bur/+ into leaf w be f\nd ! prop] "t = fell+ to insure easy /ripp+ & ! be/ quality ( b>k4 ,z ! season ( b>k-/ripp+ is1 !re=e1 ( %ort duration1 e prep>ation %\ld be made be=eh&--trees m>k$ & numb]$1 tools 9 read9ess1 & squads arrang$--s t an e>ly />t may be made1 z1 by def]r+ ! "w beyond ! "t /at$ above1 !re is n only a p]ceptible loss 9 weight1 b consid]able det]ioration 9 ! quality ( b>k z well4 ,elaborate directions reg>d+ ! arrangem5ts ( squads & tools to be us$ are unnecess>y1 z almo/ e di/rict has its own peculi>ities 9 ?is way4 ,! tools g5]ally 9 use are heavy axes & ! cross-cut saw = fell+1 h&-bills & saws = prun+1 peel+-irons or *isels = remov+ ! b>k1 scrap]s = remov+ moss1 & light wood5 mallets = beat+ refractory b>k or su* z _c be remov$ by ! peel+-irons alone4 ,previ\sly to fell+ ! trees a man or /\t lad is s5t be=e1 :o removes ! b>k f ! root upw>ds = a di/ance ( #b ft4 or #c ft42 ?is n only prev5ts its be+ injur$ :5 lay+ 9 & fell+ ! tree1 b is conv5i5t = aft]-/ripp+ z well4 ,:5 ! /ools are int5d$ = reproduction great c>e is necess>y to avoid te>+ or loos5+ ! b>k f ! roots4 ,aft] be+ ?us prep>$ ! trees are fell$ 9 ! usual mann]1 ^? "u #f 94 9 diamet] be+ cut ) ! axe2 above t size x is f\nd an economy ( "t & timb] to fell ) ! cross-cut saw4 ,foll[+ 9 ! re> ( ! cutt]s %\ld be a squad ( m51 to cle> ! trunk & l>g] limbs ( all bran*es d[n to #a 94 9 diamet]1 leav+ ! limbs to be peel$ z "p ( ! tree4 ,heavy timb] & l>ge bran*es are usually peel$ :]e !y fall1 b x w be f\nd conv5i5t to h ! small] trees & bran*es c>ri$ out to "s op5 space adjo9+ ! /ack+ gr\nd1 & peel$ :ile "o end is support$ by means ( two =k$ /icks plac$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! b>k ( small bran*es _c readily be remov$ by ! peel+-iron1 a smoo? & flat /one is br\ght into use1 beside :i* ! peel] sits1 & ) "o h& holds ! bran* on ! /one1 mov+ x along f "o end to ! o!r1 at ! same "t apply+ ! mallet ) ! o!r h& until ! b>k becomes loos5$ f ! wood4 ,"h x may be well to issue a caution aga9/ a too frequ5t use ( ! mallet1 :i* %\ld nev] be br\ght into reque/ :5 ! b>k c be o!rwise remov$ f ! wood1 z all hamm]+ & beat+ n only dim9i%es ! quality ( tann91 b has a t5d5cy to black5 ! fle%y "p ( ! b>k & cause rapid decay 9 a bad season4 ,! body1 or trunk b>k1 is remov$ 9 l5g?s ( f #cj 94 to #cf 941 & 9 z l>ge pieces z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>k+ ,,tools ,a dry1 op5 & airy situation1 conv5i5t to ! "w1 b )\t ! wood1 %\ld be select$ on :i* to h>ve/ ! b>k1 & r ?an ?is %\ld be done 9 a %elt]$1 humid spot1 ! b>k %\ld be c>t$ to "s di/ance (f4 ,! dry+ racks1 or ranges1 may be fully #b ft4 high1 droop+ some:at to "o side1 & =m$ ( =k$ /icks driv5 firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 :ile /\t rods are plac$ transv]sely ^u ^!4 ,x %\ld also be s arrang$ z t n only may ! ra9 be ?r[n (f1 b s t ! ends ( ! b>k may be fac+ ! prevail+ w9d1 !reby insur+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh & b5ea? ! mass4 ,aft] be+ c>t$ or c>ri$ to ! dry+-gr\nd1 ! small b>k is spread out loosely on ! /age to a dep? ( ab\t #f 941 & ?at*$ or cov]$ ov] ) ! l>g] pieces z a means ( protection aga9/ ra94 ,ea* day's b>k %\ld be cle>$ up1 & put on ! range ! same ev5+1 & (t5]1 if f\nd necess>y1 dur+ damp %[]y wea!r1 keep+ ! :ite or fle%y "p d[nw>ds & us+ ! l>g] pieces z cov]s to run (f ! ra94 ,dur+ fav\rable wea!r ! b>k w be ready = /ack+ 9 ab\t a =tnight f ! "t x 0 plac$ on ! /age1 b %\ld close damp wea!r int]v5e1 x may be f\nd necess>y to turn ! b>k occasionally1 ?us add+ to ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = h>ve/+4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! less turn+ ! b>k receives aft] be+ plac$ on ! /age ! bett] w ! quality be4 ,well-season$ b>k has ! fle%y side ( a creamy col\r1 :]eas su* z has be5 expos$ to ! sun or ra9 is ( a dull br[n1 & is want+ 9 tann9 matt]1 & consequ5tly ( inf]ior value4 ,z soon z ! b>k is ?or\ghly dry & ready = /ack+1 :i* may readily be asc]ta9$ by its break+ freely across r ?an b5d+ or yield+ to pressure1 x %\ld be secur$ 9 a %$1 rick$1 or deliv]$ to ! tann]4 ,9 /ack+ b>k ! rick %\ld n be made too wide--say ab\t #i ft4--b well he>t$1 s t ! side pieces may h a good fall or declivity outw>ds to ?r[ (f ! ra94 ,! rick may be ( any l5g?1 accord+ to ! quantity ( b>k on h&1 & ( a height proportionate to ! wid?4 ,! l>ge/ pieces ( b>k %\ld be res]v$ = ?at*+ ! rick1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ov] by a t>paul9 or wat]pro( clo? ( "s k9d4 ,9 mo/ cases ! b>k is *ipp$ previ\sly to be+ sold1 b z ?is necessitates hav+ a l>ge %$ at comm&1 ! sy/em is n g5]ally adopt$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al advantages accru+ f ?is me?od1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is t ! b>k may be *opp$ up z x is remov$ f ! dry+-/&s1 ?us sav+ ! exp5se ( /ack+4 ,*opp+ ! b>k c also be done by ! workm5 dur+ wet wea!r1 & :5 n o!rwise engag$4 ,9 comput+ ! quantity ( b>k be=e /ripp+1 we h f\nd ! foll[+ data fairly reliable3-- #a4 ,a well-balanc$ tree ) a good head w yield ab\t #f cwt4 ( b>k = e ton ( measurable timb]1 if bran*es d[n to an in* 9 diamet] are peel$4 #b4 ,h$g][ trees usually yield ab\t a ton ( b>k to e ?ree tons ( timb]4 #c4 ,trees gr[+ 9 close woodl& are usually ?9 b>k$1 ! yield be+ ab\t a ton ( b>k to e #d tons ( timb]4 #d4 ,oak poles w av]age five tons ( timb] to a ton ( b>k4 ,tall1 clean /ems1 z are produc$ :5 ! poles are gr[n ?ickly toge!r1 ) small heads1 give ! smalle/ yield 9 proportion to ! quantity ( timb]1 & %ort /ems ) spread+ heads ! l>ge/4 ,! co/ ( production is z foll[s3-- s4 d4 ,lab\r1 peel+ & h>ve/+ #a #aj #j ,c>tage to railway /ation1 includ+ load+ 7?is is ! av]age f six di/ricts7 #j #g #f ,loss on f\r mon?s' delay 9 sell+ ! timb]1 :i*1 b = ! b>k1 w\ld h be5 fell$ 9 w9t] at #e p] c5t4 #j #e #j ,cu/om>y t]ms ( paym5t1 less #b p] c5t4 #j #b #j ,sup]9t5d5ce1 etc4 #j #a #f ---------------------- #b #f #j ,x has be5 c>efully e/imat$ t !re is a loss ( fully #ab p] c5t4 ( wood1 caus$ by fell+ ! oak dur+ ! b>k+ season4 ,9 o!r words1 ! proportion ( sap wood to ! :ole tree is ab\t #ad p] c5t41 :i*1 = ! majority ( purposes to :i* oak timb] is appli$1 is r5d]$ by ! peel+ ( little or no value4 ,we may say1 h[ev]1 t #b p] c5t4 c be pr(itably utiliz$1 :i* /ill leaves u ) a consid]able loss on ! :ole tree4 ,! av]age price ( ! be/ oak is #bs4 p] ft41 #ab p] c5t4 ( :i* is z ne>ly z possible #c;d4 p] ft41 or #a #ags4 #f;d4 p] ton ( b>k to #aej ft4 ( wood4 ,?is1 ) ! #b #fs4 p] ton co/ ( production1 br+s ! total to #d #cs4 #f;d41 leav+ a consid]able balance on ! wrong side at pre-w> prices4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*>coal ,among/ dead or dy+ indu/ries ( our woodl&s t h be5 reviv$ by ! w>1 none is at pres5t receiv+ a great] %>e ( att5tion ?an ! manufacture ( *>coal4 ,!re 0 a "t1 & n s long ago1 :5 ! m]ry voice & r+ ( ! *>coal burn]'s axe 7 famili> s\nds 9 "s ( ! ,k5ti% & o!r =e/s ( ,s\!rn ,engl&2 b ke5 =eign competition1 aid$ by pref]5tial c>riage rates1 h caus$ ?is "t-hon\r$ indu/ry to slip f our h&s2 inde$1 x 0 almo/ =gott5 till aga9 call$ into exi/5ce = ! battlefields ( ,france & ,fl&]s4 ,! tr5*es mu/ be w>m$ )\t appris+ ! enemy ( ! exi/5ce ( our m51 & 9 ord] to d ?is & prev5t so>+ signals ( smoke1 ! t5t brazi] is fill$ ) gl[+ *>coal4 ,except1 p]haps1 9 ,k5t & ,surrey & ! ,engli% ,lake di/rict1 :]e small quantities ( *>coal are annually produc$ = ! hop kilns & iron smelt+1 *>coal burn+ is a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! exp]t *>coal burn] is n[ a difficult man to f9d1 & an indep5d5t1 highly-paid workman :5 y h f\nd him4 ,successive memb]s ( ! same family 9 ,k5t h be5 kn[n to foll[ ! occupation ( *>coal burn+ = fully a c5tury & a half1 & x is di/9ctly a skill$ indu/ry1 & conf9$ to few4 ,usually ! m5 "w 9 ?rees1 &1 hav+ select$ a piece ( gr\nd %elt]$ f ! prevail+ w9ds & 9 a position to :i* easy access ) wood c be obta9$1 a r\gh hut is erect$ = ! accommodation ( ^! nocturnal workm54 ,wat]1 s& or sawdu/ & turf are o!r requisites t mu/ be provid$ z ! "w proce$s4 ,a c\ple ( l>ge t>paul9s & half a doz5 /raw-cov]$ hurdles are o!r necessities4 ,f ! po9t ( economy 9 c>t+ ! wood to ! kilns x may seem t %ift+ ! position ( burn+ f "o "p ( ! woodl& to ano!r is to be recomm5d$4 ,su* is1 h[ev]1 n ! case1 z ! h>d1 dry1 a%-cov]$ site1 :]e *>r+ has already be5 c>ri$ out1 has its advantages1 & ! co/ ( transf]r+ ! workm5's hut & tools f "o position to ano!r mu/ also be consid]$4 ,sev]al me?ods1 l>gely dep5d5t on ! quantity & quality ( *>coal to be obta9$1 are adopt$1 b 9 ord] to procure t ( ! be/ description ! foll[+ sy/em1 :i* has be5 successfully c>ri$ out on a l>ge e/ate = ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s at lea/1 is recomm5d$4 ,! timb] c>t$ to ! *>coal y>d consi/s ( all k9ds ( h>dwoods1 pref]ably n "u two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,firewood & r\gh1 unsaleable timb]1 z also inf]ior grades ( heavy coppice wood1 are ma9ly utiliz$ = ! production ( *>coal4 ,! wood is sawn into pieces ab\t #b ft4 long1 ?is be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t size = build+ ! kiln1 & ^! aga9 split if requir$ to "s #d 94 to ! side1 & :5 a suffici5t quantity = two pits has be5 cut up1 ! build+ ( ^! is proce$$ )4 ,x has be5 f\nd economical to burn two pits at ! same "t1 z bo? c be att5d$ to z conv5i5tly z "o1 & x is unnecess>y = ! m5 to sit up at night to wat* ea* sep>ately4 ,! *>coal pits1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ sket*1 are made ( a broadly conical %ape1 #ba ft4 9 diamet] & ab\t #i ft4 high1 & ! mode ( con/ruction is z foll[s3-- ,a /rong /ake is driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd & left protrud+ ab\t a foot4 ,ar\nd ?is are plac$ small pieces ( dry a% ( equal l5g?1 & /&+ z close to ! upright /ake z possible2 ar\nd ?is ano!r lay] is plac$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ?is is cont9u$ until a circle #e ft4 9 diamet] is obta9$4 ,a circle #a ft4 9 diamet]1 & hav+ ! top ( ! /ake previ\sly driv5 into ! gr\nd z c5tre1 is next made by plac+ ! wood horizontally on ! upright pieces & side by side1 ! ends ( ea* piece be+ plac$ at ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle already made1 & direct$ t[>ds its c5tre4 ,lay] ^u lay] is built 9 ?is mann] until ! pit is ( ! requir$ height1 ! wood us$ "h be+ dry pieces ( a% #b ft4 9 l5g?1 b split r small] ?an ! ord9>y pieces4 ,a sort ( *imney is ?us =m$1 by means ( :i* ! pit is fir$4 ,outside ! core ! wood is plac$ on end & recl9+ inw>ds1 ?is be+ cont9u$ until ! pits are ( ! requir$ size4 ,:5 ! build+ is complet$ ! pits are cov]$ ) newly cut turf1 ! grassy side plac$ inn]mo/1 beg9n+ at ! base & work+ t[>ds ! top1 ea* l9e ( turf ov]lapp+ ! previ\s "o by a few in*es4 ,! circul> hole or *imney is left op5 = fir+4 ,be=e turf+ ! top half ( ea* pit x is c>efully exam9$1 & any crevices betwe5 ! wood pack$ full ( small pieces ( turf & sawdu/ to exclude ! air4 ,! turfs are cut ab\t #a ft4 9 wid?1 & ( any conv5i5t l5g?4 ,! quantity requir$ = two pits ( ! dim5sions /at$ is sev5 loads4 ,:5 ! pit is satisfactorily cov]$ x is fir$ by dropp+ a c\ple ( %ovelfuls ( burn+ wood & "s dry pieces ( p9e or a% into ! op5+ left at ! top2 ! top turf is !n put on1 :i* effectually %uts up ! *imney1 & ! process ( *>r+ comm5ces4 ,! smoke is fir/ se5 issu+ f ! l[] half ( ea* pit1 :]e ! *9ks 7 n pack$ ) sawdu/1 & ultimately x escapes f ! :ole surface4 ,con/ant att5tion is requir$ day & night dur+ ! p]iod ( burn+1 especially %\ld ! wea!r be /ormy1 z ! w9d1 by /rik+ on a p>ticul> "p ( ! pit1 causes t side to burn m rapidly1 & fall 94 ,:5 ?is occurs ! hole mu/ at once be fill$ 9 ) r\gh logs1 :i* _h be5 set aside = ! purpose :5 splitt+ ! wood1 & re-cov]$ ) turf4 ,:5 ! wea!r is mild ! pits burn uni=mly1 require b little att5tion1 & produce ! f9e/ *>coal4 ,! "t requir$ = burn+ w v>y ) ! size ( ! pit1 quality ( wood1 me?od ( cov]+1 & meteorological conditions4 ,f six to sev5 days are usually requir$ = pits ( ! above dim5sions1 b small] kilns only cov]$ ) grass1 f]n & a little soil may be ready = uncov]+ 9 f two to f\r days4 ,long exp]i5ce has1 h[ev]1 prov$ t by ! sl[] process ( *>r+ ! be/ *>coal is produc$1 b ! co/ is high]4 ,by cov]+ ! pits ) grass & f]n1 z is (t5 done1 a consid]able sav+ is no d\bt effect$1 b :]e turf is available !re c be no "q z to its value ov] ! =m]1 & on ! b\nd>ies ( mo/ woodl&s x is readily procurable at ! co/ ( cutt+4 ,z ! *>r+ proce$s ! turf gradually disappe>s until only a slight cov]+ ( burnt e>? rema9s4 ,:5 ! pits h burn$ out & become cool1 x is f\nd t !y are r$uc$ to r less ?an half _! orig9al size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,*>coal ,,pit ,! *>coal is extract$ by means ( a specially con/ruct$ rake resembl+ a light drag1 b hav+ mu* f9] tee?1 :i*1 aft] x has become q cold1 is /or$ 9 a %$ until requir$ = use4 ,! v f9e/ *>coal1 sup]ior to :at is g5]ally sold1 is produc$ by ?is me?od4 ,! exp5ses connect$ ) mak+ x are1 h[ev]1 a little heavi] ?an usual1 ow+ to ! sl[] sy/em ( *>r+1 ! use ( l>g] wood1 & ! extra co/ ( cov]+ ) turf4 ,z to ! co/ ( produc+ *>coal by ! above me?od1 ?is w v>y greatly1 mu* dep5d+ on ! di/ance ! wood has to be c>t$ & on ! co/ ( lab\r 9 ! p>ticul> di/rict4 ,! price paid to ! *>coal burn]s is #g;d4 p] bu%el1 or ab\t f\r gu9eas p] ton1 :i* may seem high1 b :5 we consid] t x is specializ$ "w t is conf9$ to few & att5d$ ) grave risks & discom=t1 ! am\nt e>n$ is n excessive4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t1 previ\s to light+ ! kilns1 suffici5t r\gh1 n cord$1 wood has to be sawn & split & ! pits c>efully built & cov]$1 n to speak ( ! con/ant att5tion requir$1 bo? day & night1 wet or dry1 = f ?ree to sev5 days1 dur+ *>r+ process4 ,! usual price = burn+ *>coal :5 ! wood is cord$ is #ces4 p] ton4 ,fre%-fell$ wood is r>ely conv]t$ into *>coal1 ! great] portion ( t us$ be+ ?9n+s ( ! previ\s season4 ,! proportion ( wood to *>coal v>ies greatly1 mu* dep5d+ on ! size1 quality1 & maturity ( timb]4 ,hav+ _h occasion to pur*ase *>coal lately1 ,i f\nd ! price1 retail1 to be #bs4 #f;d4 p] bu%el1 or 9 quantities ( n less ?an a ton1 #ad1 = t ( fair quality4 ,f ab\t ! twelf? c5tury onw>ds ,scotl&1 :]e wood 0 abundant1 produc$ annually a l>ge quantity ( *>coal iron2 & 9 #affj ! ,navy ,commission]s nom9at$ ,john ,evelyn to inve/igate ! !n d5udation ( =e/s ow+ to ! manufacture ( *>coal = iron smelt+1 & ! foll[+ qua9t extract f 8 report w be int]e/+3--8,nature has ?\ght fit to produce ?is wa/+ ore m pl5tifully 9 woodl&s ?an any o!r po9t1 & to enri* our =e/s to _! own de/ruction--a deep execration ( iron mills & ironma/]s also40 ,! ,lorn ,works1 9 ,argyll%ire1 7 />t$ 9 #agec1 & annually consum$ upw>ds ( #c1jjj tons ( lump *>coal4 ,! ,sussex & ,k5ti% =e/s at "o "t support$ _m ( ! famili> *>coal burn]s1 & "r brawny & ?rifty 7 ^! d5iz5s ( ! woodl& ) _! ru/ic wood5 huts & piles ( rift$ firewood1 b ! indu/ry 0 almo/ a ?+ ( ! pa/ till aga9 call$ into active exi/5ce by ! exig5cies ( ! w>4 ,kiln burn+4--,! kiln is made ( brick1 "o c\rse be+ suffici5t1 if b&s ( iron be add$ to /r5g!n ! brickwork4 ,x is usually conical 9 %ape1 #bd ft4 9 diamet]1 ) an equal height1 & holds ab\t =ty cords ( wood4 ,! wall ( ! kiln is c>ri$ up ne>ly /raight = ab\t #f ft41 :5 x is gradually drawn 9 & made a blunt cone %ape4 ,a plate ( iron is fa/5$ on ! top 9 ! mann] ( a /one to an ar*4 ,?ree-in* hoop-iron b&s1 ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 are plac$ ar\nd ! kiln & drawn toge!r by means ( screw-bolts & nuts4 ,at ! base1 & ne> ! top1 are d\ble %eet-iron doors1 by :i* x is fill$ ) wood or empti$ ( *>coal4 ,! "t requir$ to fill1 burn & empty is ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,pit-burn+1 = e/ate purposes1 is1 h[ev]1 mo/ commonly pursu$1 & has ?is advantage--t ! *>coal c be made at any place :]e timb] is be+ fell$1 )\t extra exp5se1 save t ( ! c>tage ( ! *>coal1 :]eas 9 us+ ! kiln or retort ! wood mu/1 9 mo/ cases1 be convey$ to ! place :]e x is erect$4 ,comp>ative ,value ( ,woods = ,*>coal mak+4--,among/ home-gr[n timb]1 oak1 a%1 & bee* are g5]ally pref]r$ = *>coal mak+1 b ! foll[+ table w %[ pretty correctly ! proportionate relative values ( ! v>i\s descriptions ( wood = gunp[d] *>coal3-- ,p] ,c5t4 ,rhamnus frangula conta9s #bg ,laburnum #be ,boxwood #bd ,sweet ,*e/nut #bc ,oak #bb ,holly #bj ,walnut #bj ,bee* #ai ,sycamore #ai ,elm #ai ,will[ #ah ,popl> #ah ,bir* #ag ,ald] #ag ,a% #ag ,hazel #ag ,m\nta9 ,a% #ag ,scot* fir #af ,l>* #af ,uses ( ,*>coal4--,! uses ( *>coal = e/ate purposes are v num]\s1 = horticultural1 agricultural & o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,f remote antiquity *>coal has be5 us$ z a fuel1 & = _m purposes x is /ill unsurpass$4 ,x is by f> ! cleane/ solid fuel kn[n2 x burns /eadily1 gives out a great am\nt ( heat1 & la/s well4 ,on acc\nt ( its smokelessness x is invaluable = cook]y1 & x is also admirably suit$ = use 9 gre5-h\se & o!r /oves4 ,x is n adopt$ = heat+ ap>tm5ts on acc\nt ( ! poison\s gas 7c>bonic oxide7 produc$ 9 its combu/ion1 & ! dang]1 mo/ app>5t :5 ! *>coal is burnt 9 an op5 *auff]1 is n obviat$ by us+ x 9 a /ove1 z c>bonic oxide has ! p[] ( diffus+ ?r\gh r$-hot iron4 ,9 g>d5+1 *>coal is l>gely us$ = pott+ purposes1 = v9e bord]s1 & = fl[] b$s2 & 9 ! =m ( du/ x is ! be/ mat]ial = pack+ bulbs = transmission to a di/ance4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! uses to :i* *>coal c be put ab\t a h\se or e/ate is t dep5d+ on its extraord9>y p[] ( absorb+ gases4 ,x is a p]fect deodorant1 a pres]vative ( food & all animal sub/ances & a valuable dis9fectant4 ,! gases mo/ readily absorb$ by *>coal are ^? :i* are mo/ prejudicial to heal? & mo/ frequ5tly produc$ by putrefactive *anges4 ,9 ! pores ( ! *>coal !y are de/roy$ by union ) ! oxyg5 cond5s$ f ! air4 ,! fact ( its be+ absolutely non-poison\s & p]fectly od\rless puts x be=e all o!r dis9fectants4 8,dogwood0 = ,gunp[d] ,*>coal4--,! ald] buck?orn1 b]ry-be>+ or black ald] 7,rhamnus frangula7 is a native %rub t is fairly pl5tiful 9 ,s\!rn ,engl&1 ?\gh r>e 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,confusion sometimes arises f ! same popul> "n be+ appli$ to widely diff]5t species ( plants1 & ?is1 un=tunately1 is ! case ) ! %rub 9 "q4 ,:at is kn[n among gunp[d] manufactur]s z dogwood is 9 reality ! pres5t %rub 7,rhamnus71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is q di/9ct f ! true dogwood 7,cornus7 & belongs to an entirely diff]5t family4 ,to ^? :o contemplate gr[+ *>coal wood = ! mak+ ( explosives1 ?is di/9ction is ( ! utmo/ importance1 z ,i h se5 ,cornus sangu9ea cultivat$ = ! mak+ ( gunp[d]4 ,! ald] buck?orn is p]fectly h>dy1 gr[+ freely ev5 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 :]e x rip5s its se$s4 ,x is usually f\nd z an erect-gr[+ bu% f #h ft4 to #aj ft4 9 height1 ?\gh 9 suitable situations 9 ,s\!rn ,engl& specim5s fully #bj ft4 high1 ) /ems #f 94 9 diamet]1 are to be met )4 ,! bright gre5 leaves are oval 9 %ape & v>y1 accord+ to conditions ( gr[?1 f #b 94 to #c 94 9 l5g?1 :ile ! fl[]s are ( a dull yell[i% gre5 & are succe$$ by d>k purple b]ries ea* ab\t ! size ( a pea4 ,f a v e>ly date ! ald] buck?orn has be5 cultivat$1 ?\gh n ext5sively1 9 ?is c\ntry = *>coal mak+1 & ! price1 upw>ds ( #ae p] ton1 t is paid = ! wood1 %[s t ! gr[+ ( ?is %rub is a pr(itable und]tak+4 ,at "o "t l>ge quantities ( ! wood 7 produc$ 9 ,sussex & o!r c\nties1 ! sell+ price be+ #ad p] ton :5 peel$ & ti$ 9 bundles4 ,! cultivation ( ! ald] buck?orn is ne>ly simil> to t ( ! osi] = basket-mak+1 & ! produce is dealt ) & dispos$ ( 9 l mann]4 ,= soil any good loam incl9$ to be dampi% w suit x well1 & an op51 b n w9d-swept1 situation %\ld be *os5 = its cultivation4 ,! l& int5d$ = gr[+ ! ald] buck?orn %\ld be tr5*$ ! w9t] be=e plant+1 & a top-dress+ ( leaf soil or ?or\ghly decompos$ manure1 ! =m] pref]ably1 w greatly assi/ ! gr[? ( ! "y plants & prev5t too spe$y evaporation ( moi/ure f ! soil4 ,"y plants are n (f]$ 9 quantity 9 our nurs]y catalogues1 & 9 ord] to obta9 a /ock suffici5t to =m a plantation1 se$-s[+ or lay]+ old plants mu/ be resort$ to4 ,=tunately1 by ei!r me?od ! plant is readily obta9$ 9 quantity1 & z ! se$s are produc$ 9 fair abundance & rip5 freely ?is me?od ( gett+ up a /ock is to be recomm5d$4 ,! b]ries1 aft] be+ collect$ 9 ! e>ly w9t]1 are treat$ mu* z we treat ^? ( ! yew & holly4 ,!y are mix$ ) s& 9 ord] to sep>ate ! se$ & fle%y cov]+1 & ! :ole is s[n dur+ e>ly spr+ 9 previ\sly prep>$ b$s4 ,! se$ b$s may be prep>$ 9 any %ady situation out ( doors1 ! soil be+ l>gely compos$ ( light s&y loam mix$ ) f9ely riddl$ leaf-m\ld4 ,sometimes ! se$s are s[n 9 boxes & plac$ 9 a cool frame1 b we h f\nd cultivation out ( doors m satisfactory4 ,:5 two ye>s old1 ! se$l+s %\ld be transplant$ into l9es #ah 94 ap>t & #i 94 f plant to plant4 ,"h !y may rema9 = ano!r two ye>s1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be plant$ out p]man5tly & head$ back ! foll[+ season4 ,r ?ick f9al plant+ is to be recomm5d$1 z ! %rub be+ ( upright gr[?1 requires comp>atively small room = developm5t1 & ! be/ w&s are produc$ by a close ord] ( gr[?1 say #e ft4 f plant to plant4 ,lay]+ does n produce su* upright-habit$ %rubs z ^? gr[n f se$1 & ! yield ( wood p] acre "u exactly simil> conditions ( gr[? is greatly 9 fav\r ( se$l+s4 ,aft] plant+1 ! gr\nd %\ld be kept free f r\gh-gr[+ se$s = ! fir/ two ye>s1 ! crop be+ cut at f six to sev5 ye>s' gr[?1 :5 ! w&s are f #a 94 to #b 94 diamet] at butt end4 ,cutt+ & bundl+ is usually done by contract1 b1 z ) ! osi]1 x is imp]ative t ! crop be cut ov] ne> gr\nd level & %ort 8/umps0 )\t 8spurs0 enc\rag$4 ,z 9 ! case ( ord9>y coppice wood1 ! buck?orn = *>coal mak+ may be cut e six? or sev5? ye>1 ! /raighte/ %oots :5 sort$ 9 ab\t #e ft4 l5g?s be+ ti$ 9 bundles :i* are ab\t a y>d 9 gir?4 ,! buck?orn be+ a gross fe$]1 manur+ ! l& aft] ! removal ( a crop has be5 f\nd advantage\s4 ,al?\gh l>gely import$ f ,holl&1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 home-gr[n wood is pref]r$1 z x produces a mu* sup]ior *>coal = ! manufacture ( explosives4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 home supplies are s limit$ t =eign wood is import$ 9 consid]able quantity1 & z !re 0 a sc>city be=e ! w>1 ! probabilities are t1 ) our greatly increas$ consumption ( *>coal explosives1 a de>? ( suitable wood is n[ be+ felt4 ,) ! pres5t small remun]ation atta*+ to ! cultivation ( coppice or und]wood1 :i* "u ord9>y circum/ances does n exce$ #d p] acre1 ! cultivation ( ! ald] buck?orn is to be recomm5d$1 p>ticul>ly z ! price is at lea/ quadrupl$4 ,! cultivation ( ?is is q simple1 :ile ! quality ( soil requir$ ne$ n be bett] ?an t :i* produces a crop ( *e/nut or hazel4 ,9 cultivat+ ! ald] buck?orn = *>coal purposes ! foll[+ rules %\ld be obs]v$3-- #a4 ,x w n succe$ satisfactorily 9 s&y1 poor or wat]-logg$ soils2 ri*1 well-manur$ loam be+ pref]r$4 #b4 ,! gr\nd %\ld ei!r be tr5*$ or pl\gh$ & cle>$ ( all r\gh-gr[+ we$s ! w9t] be=e plant+4 #c4 ,plant se$l+s or lay]s 9 ! spr+ 9 l9es ab\t #e ft4 ap>t & ! same di/ance f plant to plant4 #d4 ,an annual cle>ance ( we$s & loos5+ ( ! soil betwe5 ! r[s ( plants is recomm5d$ :]e a heavy crop is expect$4 #e4 ,induce ! gr[? ( /\t clean %oots by lib]al fe$+ & clean cultivation4 #f4 ,cut ! %oots close to ! gr\nd s z to prev5t ! =mation ( long spurs & m9imize ! numb] ( (f-%oots4 ,clean cutt+ ) a %>p tool is imp]ative4 #g4 ,aft] ! removal ( a crop1 /irr+ & enri*+ ! soil is to be recomm5d$4 #h4 ,?\gh f\nd mix$ ) und]%rubs & 9 ! %ade ( trees :5 9 a wild /ate1 yet ! greate/ quantity ( ! mo/ valuable wood = *>coal mak+ is produc$ 9 op5 situations4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,prices ,,( ,,home-,,gr[n ,,timb] ,^! v>y s mu* 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry t x is almo/ impossible to give a li/ t w\ld apply g5]ally to ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,local dem& & ! situation ( ! plantations :]e ! timb] is to be sold h to be consid]$1 :ile ! quantity available & quality ( ! p>ticul> timb] are also important factors 9 det]m9+ ! price4 ,9 _m in/ances woods & plantations are f> remov$ f road & rail1 consequ5tly ! co/ ( deliv]+ to ! consum+ c5tre is proportionately high1 :ile 9 ! vic9ity ( coal m9es or manufactur+ t[ns almo/ e class ( timb] w f9d a ready & pr(itable m>ket4 ,!n ! quality ( ! timb] 7its reputation1 we might almo/ say7 is a p[]ful factor 9 assess+ its value1 z w be se5 9 ! case ( oak produc$ 9 ,surrey & ,sussex1 or bee* f ! *alky di/ricts ( ,k5t & ,h]t=d%ire4 ,no timb] m]*ant ?9ks twice z to :e!r he %\ld1 on acc\nt ( quality1 pur*ase oaks at ,rock+ham1 ,a%ridge1 ,welbeck or o!r well-kn[n c5tres1 & s x is ) ! bee* timb] on ! ,*ilt]n ,hills1 at ! ,*5ies1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 or ) ,scot* p9e f ! fam\s ,ab]de5%ire plantations4 ,b !re is ano!r factor t frequ5tly affects ! price ( good timb]1 & t is1 t 9 inaccessible positions ! quantity (f]$ is too small4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) excell5t l>* timb] 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! quantity (f]$ 0 n suffici5t to induce ! timb] m]*ant to lay d[n plant & arrange = deliv]y to ! ne>e/ railway or port4 ,!re are o!r causes ( a m9or nature t greatly affect ! price ( home-gr[n timb]1 & x is a curi\s fact t 9 adjo9+ c\nties1 sometimes ev5 9 ! same c\nty1 ! prices ( v>i\s timb]s v>y sev]al p5ce p] cubic foot4 ,) all woodl& products ! same is ! case1 & locality & local dem& det]m9e ! price ( faggots1 firewood & o!r commodities4 ,previ\s to ! w>1 ! foll[+ 7 ! av]age prices ( home-gr[n timb]1 fell$ & ly+ 9 ! wood2 also ( o!r woodl& produce4 ,! prices at pres5t are g5]ally mu* high]4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,a% f #a #f to #b #f p] cubic foot4 ,ald] 0 #j #g 0 #j #aj 0 0 ,bee* 0 #j #aj 0 #a #d 0 0 ,bir* 0 #j #g 0 #j #aj 0 0 ,*e/nut 7,spani%7 0 #a #c 0 #a #f 0 0 0 7,horse7 0 #j #h ---- 0 0 ,*]ry 0 #j #i 0 #a #b 0 0 ,elm 0 #j #g 0 #a #f 0 0 ,l>* 0 #j #aj 0 #a #d 0 0 ,lime 0 #j #aj 0 #a #f 0 0 ,oak 0 #a #c 0 #b #f 0 0 ,oak1 br[n 0 #c #f 0 #aj #f 0 0 7b ^! trees are usually sold at s mu* = ea*7 ,popl> f #j #i to #a #f p] cubic foot4 ,scot* ,p9e 0 #j #e 0 #j #aj 0 0 ,spruce ,fir 0 #j #e 0 #j #i 0 0 ,will[ 0 #a #f 0 #aj #f 0 0 ,walnut 0 #a #j 0 #b #f 0 0 ,sycamore 0 #a #c 0 #b #f 0 0 ,firewood 0 #e #j p] c>t load4 0 0 #ab #j to #af #j p] cord4 ,faggots 7l>ge7 0 #ad #j 0 #ba #j 0 #ajj4 0 7small7 0 #b #f p] #ajj4 ,oak b>k 0 #eb #j 0 ton4 ,*>coal 0 #a #j 0 bu%el4 ,s9ce ! w> comm5c$ sev]al k9ds ( timb] h increas$ greatly 9 value1 notably a%1 popl>1 ,scot* p9e & spruce fir4 ,= ! latt] z mu* z #as4 #d;d4 p] cubic foot 0 obta9$ 9 ,bucks1 :ile 9 sev]al cases fir/-class a% timb] realiz$ upw>ds ( #ds4 p] cubic foot4 ,pitwood1 also1 has increas$ 9 price4 ,,prices ,,( ,,timb] ,,p] ,,ton ,,weight ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly ,irel&1 timb] is regul>ly sold by weight & ! foll[+ prices 7 realiz$ previ\s to ! w>3-- s4 d4 s4 d4 ,a% & sycamore ---- #ah #j p] ton4 ,bee* #e #j to #aj #j 0 ,l>* #ab #j 0 #bj #j 0 ,scot* p9e1 spruce & silv] fir ---- #h #j 0 ,spruce #h #j 0 #aj #j 0 ,oak ---- #ae #j 0 ,elm & bee* ---- #aj #j 0 ,h>dwoods ( pitwood size ---- #f #j 0 ,l>* poles & pitwood 7,wales7 #i #j 0 #aj #j 0 ,t ! heavy importation ( =eign woods has _h a prejudicial influ5ce on ! value ( home-gr[n timb]s is realiz$ by all ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! trade4 ,! depreciation 9 price has1 h[ev]1 be5 s gradual t x is difficult to realize ?is unless by comp>+ ! prices ( to-day ) ^? (1 say1 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,sev]al ( ^! comp>isons cle>ly indicate t oak1 at lea/1 has become mu* r$uc$ 9 value1 less s a% & elm1 & ! foll[+ li/ ( prices obta9$ 9 #ahjg = timb] on two e/ates 9 ,hants w s]ve to %[ t = trees ( equal size ! price to-day is f> beh9d t ( a c5tury ago4 s4 d4 ,oak av]ag+ #i cubic feet #d #j p] foot4 ,a% 0 #g 0 #b #c 0 ,elm 0 #bb 0 #a #i 0 ,bee* 0 #ad 0 #a #f 0 ,sycamore 0 #ai 0 #a #c 0 ,fir 0 #aa 0 #a #c 0 ,on ano!r e/ate trees ( ab\t ! same size br\ght3 oak1 #ds42 a%1 #as4 #f;d42 elm1 etc41 #as42 bee*1 #as42 & firs1 #as4 p] cubic foot4 ,:5 ! small size ( ! individual trees is tak5 into acc\nt1 & ev5 admitt+ t only ! be/ portion ( ea* trunk 0 measur$1 ! prices1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( to-day1 are exce$+ly high1 p>ticul>ly = oak1 a% & fir4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,briti% ,,timb] ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,uses ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! _m uses to :i* home-gr[n timb] is appli$3-- ,ald] is us$ ext5sively = clog soles1 b>rel /aves1 mill bobb9s1 & occasionally 9 furniture mak+4 ,x makes excell5t *>coal = cook+ & heat+1 z well z t us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,! wood ( ! ,apple1 ,*]ry & ,pe> tree1 :5 ( l>ge size1 is us$ = cab9et purposes1 & /a9$ 9 imitation ( o!r woods4 ,= v5e]s1 golf clubs1 b[ls1 etc41 ^! woods are ( value1 z also = weav+ %uttles4 ,a% timb] is l>gely us$ by agricultural implem5t mak]s on acc\nt ( its possess+ great ela/icity & be>+ consid]able cross-/ra94 ,x is ! be/ wood = %afts ( all k9ds1 = tool h&les & wood5 rakes1 & is l>gely us$ by furniture mak]s4 ,bee* wood is ! *ief con/itu5t ( cane-bottom$ *airs1 & is l>gely employ$ = ! h&les ( jo9]s'1 c>p5t]s' & o!r wood-work]s' tools4 ,= gun/ocks1 saddle-trees = heavy h>ness1 :eel-felloes & bobb9s x is also l>gely employ$4 ,:5 ( l>ge size & clean gr[?1 x is us$ = cal5d> ma*9es1 & = eng9e]+ purposes 9 sp9n+ & blea*+ di/ricts4 ,x makes excell5t *>coal4 ,bir* wood is l>gely us$ = turn]y "w1 ?read bobb9s1 clog soles1 %oe pegs1 furniture1 hatt]s' blocks2 x is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( bru%es & 9 toy mak+4 ,*e/nut 7,spani%7 timb] m ne>ly approa*es t ( oak ?an any o!r species1 & :5 /a9$ is n only sub/itut$ = x1 b = ! walnut z well4 ,= piano sides x is l>gely us$1 z also = raft]s 9 op5-ro( *ur*es1 = furniture & cab9et "w1 %ip fitt+s1 sign-bo>ds1 & po/ & rail f5c+4 ,elm wood is ext5sively us$ = ! bo>d+ & floor+ ( c>ts & wagons1 9 c(f9 mak+1 = ! framework & f\ndations ( bridges1 = naves = :eels1 & = ! keels ( boats & %ips4 ,x makes /rong furniture1 & is (t5 sub/itut$ = a% 9 mak+ agricultural implem5ts4 ,holly is us$ by ma!matical in/rum5t mak]s1 = fancy turn]y & inlaid "w4 ,x is (t5 sold z ebony :5 8eboniz$40 ,hornbeam timb] = cogs 9 mill ge>+ is well kn[n1 also 9 8bu%+0 = sawmill roll]s1 & = skittle p9s4 ,horse ,*e/nut4--,! timb] is l>gely us$ = pack+ boxes1 m\ld+ patt]ns = ca/+s1 cutt+ bo>ds1 manufacture ( bru%es1 & occasionally = cov]+ tempor>y build+s4 ,l>*4--,! wood ( ?is tree is l>gely us$ = f5c+1 boat build+1 p]man5t /ag+1 & pitwood4 ,lime4--,! wood is :ite & v f9e ( gra91 & us$ = c>v$ "w1 s\nd+ bo>ds = musical in/rum5ts1 wagon brakes1 pack+ boxes1 toys1 dome/ic ut5sils1 & = %oemak]s' & saddl]s' cutt+ bo>ds4 ,*>coal = gunp[d] is made f ?is wood4 ,maple is employ$ 9 ! turn+ ( b[ls1 = toys1 & 8bird's-eye0 maple = furniture4 ,oak has long be5 associat$ ) our national def5ce z ! *ief elem5t 9 %ipbuild+1 b al?\gh iron & /eel h to a great ext5t tak5 its place1 yet = b>ges & small boats ! timb] is /ill l>gely us$4 ,wagons = railway m9]al traffic are l>gely made ( oak1 :ile ! build] f9ds 9 x 8 be/ mat]ial = ! /rong frames ( domes1 spires & ro(s ( public build+s4 ,x is also us$ = ! bottoms ( c>ts & wagons1 c>t:eel spokes1 f5c+1 furniture mak+1 railway 8spraggs10 *>coal1 etc4 ,popl> wood is woolly & t5aci\s1 & = ?is reason is us$ = ! bottoms ( /one c>ts & b>r[s4 ,x is well adapt$ = mak+ pack+ cases1 railway brakes1 wea!r bo>d+1 & = purposes :]e lightness is ( great] importance ?an durability4 ,! ,abele1 or :ite ,popl>1 produces p]haps ! mo/ valuable timb] ( any ( ! num]\s species4 ,scot* ,spruce & ,silv] ,fir may all be class$ "u ! same head+1 be+ ( ab\t equal value & applicable to simil> purposes1 viz41 = sleep]s & pitwood1 bo>d+ "u slates1 head+s = b>rels1 soap boxes1 tempor>y f5c+1 also = conv]sion into plank+ = lead works1 & = all erections ( a tempor>y k9d4 ,sycamore timb] is peculi>ly :ite & smoo? & free f gra91 :i* makes x v valuable4 ,x is us$ = curta9 r+s1 *urns1 butt] pr9ts1 = ! backs ( viol9s1 = f\nd]s' patt]ns & cutt+ bo>ds1 & 9 ! mak+ ( wood5 vessels & furniture4 ,= cal5d> ma*9es & 9 cotton & jute factories x is mu* employ$4 ,walnut timb] is mu* 9 dem& = gun & rifle /ocks1 = ! be/ class ( furniture1 & = v5e]+ purposes4 ,will[ is fam\s = ! production ( ! be/ class ( cricket bats & = artificial limbs & crut*es4 ,x also makes good *>coal4 ,yew wood is valuable :5 employ$ = v5e]+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,will[s ,,= ,,basket-,,mak+ ,previ\s to ! w>1 pref]5tial railway & boat rates1 aid$ by ke5 =eign competition1 wellnigh r5d]$ ! "t-hon\r$ indu/ry ( basket-mak+ a ?+ ( ! pa/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! be/ classes ( osi]s1 clean$ & ready = manipulation1 7 deliv]$ to our pr9cipal m>kets f ,cont95tal s\rces at s l[ a price t competition on our "p 0 almo/ out ( ! "q4 ,!re are /ill1 h[ev]1 a few /ations1 su* z ^? 9 ,b$=d%ire1 ! f5 di/ricts ( ,l9coln & ,cambridge1 & along c]ta9 rea*es ( ! ,?ames1 :]e will[ culture is engag$ 91 ?\gh n 9 ! same en]getic way z 0 ! case "s half a c5tury ago4 ,ab\t #g1jjj acres1 produc+ r\ghly #bj1jjj tons ( osi]s1 are cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t "t1 _m small plantations hav+ be5 grubb$ out & ! l& laid d[n 9 o!r crops dur+ ! pa/ five & tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is fall+ (f is mu* to be regrett$1 z ! sort+ & h>ve/+ ( osi]s & basket-mak+ gave light & remun]ative employm5t to a l>ge numb] ( resid5ts1 bo? "y & old1 ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* ! will[-b$s 7 situat$4 ,l& t 0 damp & c\ld n well be br\ght "u o!r cultivation )\t ! exp5se ( dra9age1 gave a good return "u a crop ( osi]s4 ,tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 & judg+ f talks t ,i h _h rec5tly ) ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! osi] indu/ry1 ! =mation ( will[-b$s1 "u ! plea t consid]able pr(its att5d ! und]tak+1 is n to be recomm5d$4 ,no d\bt 9 "s fav\r$ di/ricts :]e c>riage is r$uc$ to a m9imum & local dem& is consid]able1 osi] cultivation gives a fair return = capital inve/$2 b until we c get back ! once lucrative trade 9 baskets = fruit & o!r simil> commodities f ! h&s ( our ,cont95tal rivals1 pr(its ( any magnitude are q preclud$4 ,!re is little d\bt t on soil :i* is unsuit$ = f>m+ purposes will[ culture c be made fairly pr(itable1 b x is a mi/ake to suppose t any m>%y piece ( /iff gr\nd w gr[ osi]s1 or t ! plant+ & t5d+ are matt]s ( small import4 ,q ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! will[ w n ?rive = long 9 wat]-logg$ soils1 ?\gh p]iodical inundations1 p>ticul>ly dur+ w9t] & e>ly spr+1 are highly b5eficial4 ,9 addition1 ! soil mu/ be well work$1 ! cutt+ ( rods c>efully & sy/ematically c>ri$ out1 & ! cle>+ ( ! gr\nd mu/ receive /rict att5tion1 else det]ioration ( ! crop w quickly ensue4 ,previ\sly to plant+ ! cutt+s or sets1 ! gr\nd %\ld be pl\gh$1 h>r[$ & consolidat$1 all objectionable we$s be+ de/roy$4 ,= "s consid]able "t to come !re is b\nd to be a de>? ( will[s = basket-mak+1 z our ma9 supplies h come f ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,"h1 !n1 is a *ance = ! own]s ( suitable l& 9 ?is c\ntry to set to "w at once & revive a "t-hon\r$ indu/ry by plant+ up suitable gr\nds ) ! mo/ approv$ k9ds ( will[ = basket-mak+4 ,t ! und]tak+1 if wisely c>ri$ out1 w\ld be a remun]ative "o is beyond "q1 & ! excell5t results atta9$ at su* places z ,leice/] & ,b$=d cle>ly prove t will[ culture is a mo/ pr(itable way ( utiliz+ naturally dampi% l& 9 any b ! mo/ expos$ situations4 ,= ! pa/ few ye>s ! dem& 9 ?is c\ntry = high-grade will[s has be5 greatly 9 excess ( ! supply1 9 fact1 h>dly "o-fif? ( our requirem5ts are produc$ at home4 ,g]many1 previ\s to ! w>1 export$ will[s & rods to ! value ( ab\t #db1jjj1 ?is be+ an increase 9 five ye>s ( fully "o-half2 :ile ( ! manufactur$ articles 9 ! way ( baskets & basket w>e h] total value exce$$ #db1jjj4 ,b z giv+ "s idea ( our wants 9 ?is direction x may be /at$ t ! total value ( will[ rods annually s5t to ?is c\ntry f ! ,cont95t is 9 r\nd figures ab\t #ajj1jjj1 & ( baskets & basket w>e fully #agj1jjj4 ,:at a contra/ ) ! p]iod 9 our hi/ory :5 an important export trade 9 will[s 0 done by ?is c\ntry6 ,! will[ work+ indu/ry is a rapidly exp&+ "o4 ,ow+ to ! increas+ dem&1 ! value ( peel$ will[s is gradually on ! increase1 & pres5t prices range f #bd to #ch p] ton = ^? ( be/ size & quality4 ,^! are 9 ! ma9 export$ & us$ = high-class "w 9 ! basket trade1 r\gh] unpeel$ will[s t are l>gely 9 use = *eap pack+ hamp]s & f>m purposes br++ 9 a mu* l[] price4 ,fruit baskets 9 imm5se numb]s are annually import$ f ! ,cont95t1 "o firm alone hav+ s5t ov] #aej1jjj2 :ile at ,lei? basket works1 :i* ma9ly cat]s = ! agricultural & fi%+ indu/ries1 ?\s&s ( h]r+ baskets alone are s5t out e mon?1 :ile ! pack+ hamp] dep>tm5t is ( great int]e/ & a special feature ( ?is ent]pris+ firm4 ,previ\s to ! w> will[ or osi] culture 0 ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* = rods ( good quality1 ! ,belgians & ,g]mans supply+ a *eap] k9d probably ow+ to ! quality ( soil & inf]ior v>ieties t are cultivat$4 ,!re are n a few p]sons :o consid] t 9 ord] to cultivate will[s successfully1 any neglect$1 damp piece ( gr\nd1 :i* is unsuit$ = o!r crops1 may be utiliz$1 & ! cutt+s simply /uck 9 )\t gr\nd prep>ation ( any k9d4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a great mi/ake1 z exp]i5ce has long ago demon/rat$ t 9 ord] to make osi] cultivation at all pr(itable1 a l[ level1 & a naturally r moi/ situation mu/ be *os51 & fur!r1 t ! soil %\ld be deep1 well dra9$ & ?or\ghly prep>$4 ,?or\ghly dra9 ! gr\nd fir/1 !n /eam-pl\gh or tr5* ! soil to a dep? ( ab\t #ah 941 remov+ c>efully all we$s1 p>ticul>ly su* tr\blesome k9ds z ! b9dwe$1 c\* grass & dock4 ,x is always pref]able to take a crop ( potatoes fir/ f ! l& int5d$ to be laid d[n = osi] culture1 z x n only sweet5s & enri*es ! soil1 b all[s ( ! eradication ( all obnoxi\s we$s4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 x is n practicable to crop ! l& fir/ ) potatoes1 ! soil %\ld be well & r\ghly brok5 up & left s = a ye>1 or = a w9t]1 at lea/1 be=e be+ plant$ ) ! osi]s4 ,! be/ "t to plant is f ,octob] to ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,! sets1 or cutt+s1 %\ld be ab\t #ae 94 long1 & =m$ ( well-rip5$ rods1 ( "o ye>'s gr[?1 & ! /raighte/ & cleane/ portion ( ! rod only us$4 ,?ree or f\r buds %\ld1 if possible1 be on ! top end ( ea* set4 ,9 plant+1 ins]t ! cutt+s f #i to #ab 94 into ! gr\nd1 leav+ #c 94 above soil1 :i* =ms ! /ool t be>s ! future crops4 ,x is well to ex]cise great caution :ile ins]t+ ! cutt+s1 z1 if ! "w has be5 delay$ till ! sap is ris+1 ! b>k readily /rips away f ! wood1 & ?is is v objectionable1 z ! plants 9 su* a /ate usually die4 ,! sets may be plac$ ab\t #ae 94 ap>t1 & ! r[s1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 %\ld be l9$ (f /raight1 ab\t #cj 94 f ea* o!r4 ,( c\rse1 z reg>ds di/ances1 ^! w dep5d to a great ext5t on ! quality ( ! soil & ! p>ticul> k9d ( will[ be+ plant$1 b ! above are good av]age di/ances4 ,= basket-mak+1 etc41 ! be/ k9ds ( osi]s to use are ,salix tri&ra & ,s4 vim9alis1 b !re are o!rs4 ,a good basket-will[1 be x ( :atev] k9d1 %\ld1 :5 gre51 twi/ f end to end )\t break+4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ pr(its f will[ culture1 only ! v be/ k9ds %\ld be plant$--inde$1 next to prep>+ ! gr\nd1 a judici\s selection %\ld be "o ( ! ma9 consid]ations4 ,= ! fir/ ye>1 at lea/1 aft] be+ =m$1 osi] b$s mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to 9 ! way ( clean+ & we$+4 ,hoe+ w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( gett+ rid ( we$s1 b1 9 ! case ( b9dwe$1 h&-pick+ ar\nd & among/ ! sets w be f\nd necess>y4 ,cutt+ ! osi]s mu/ be done :ile ! crop is dormant1 or n lat] ?an ! middle ( ,febru>y1 b n dur+ fro/1 :i* w injure & kill (f p>ts ( ! /ool4 ,! cutt+ is done by means ( a rod-hook1 :i* resembles a m9iature sickle2 ?is %\ld always be kept %>p1 s t ! cuts may be made clean4 ,tie ! rods toge!r :5 dry1 9 bundles ( ?ree or f\r sizes1 & ei!r h\se or /ack !m4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t rods are easily spoil$ by be+ ti$ up or /ack$ :il/ 9 a wet /ate1 z !y v soon become heat$1 :i* makes !m brittle & utt]ly valueless = ! purpose int5d$4 ,:at is kn[n 9 ,engl& z 8bolt+0 is simply tak+ a numb] ( osi]s1 z ne>ly ( a size z possible1 & lay+ !m on a twi/$ w&1 at ! same "t keep+ ! butts all "o way1 & level1 !n draw+ !m tightly toge!r--n1 h[ev]1 to su* an ext5t z to injure ! b>k--) a rope & two lev]s1 & f9i%+ (f by ty+ ! w&4 ,! w& %\ld be at #ad 94 f ! butts4 ,a bolt ( rods %\ld measure #dj 94 r\nd ! b&4 ,9 =m+ a will[ b$1 ! foll[+ %ort rules %\ld be obs]v$3-- #a4 ,will[s w n succe$ well 9 peaty1 s&y1 or wat]-logg$ soils2 ri*1 well-dra9$ loam1 t c be flood$ at w is ! mo/ suitable4 #b4 ,tr5* or pl\gh1 & ?or\ghly clean or pulv]ize ! gr\nd be=e plant+4 #c4 ,plant only ! be/ k9ds1 /udy+ soil & m>ket1 & avoid a mix$ crop4 #d4 ,f ,novemb] to ,m>* ins]t ! cutt+s ab\t n9e in*es deep1 avoid+ su* z are b>k-*af$1 & tramp firmly4 #e4 ,keep ! b$s clean & free f we$s4 #f4 ,cut ! crop close to ! gr\nd2 poll>d will[s soon decay & 9 t /ate h>b\r injuri\s insects4 ,! foll[+ e/imate ( ! approximate co/ p] acre ( osi] culture1 & ! returns !refrom = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s w be ( int]e/3-- ,,fir/ ,,ye>4 s4 d4 ,pl\gh+ ! gr\nd & plant+ #d #aj #j ,hoe+ & o!r att5tion #a #e #j #ae1gjj will[ cutt+s 7,salix vim9alis7 #aj #j #j ,r5t1 rates1 & #e p] c5t4 int]e/ on capital #b #ab #j ,h>ve/+ #j #ah #j ------------------------ #ai #e #j ,yield fir/ ye> #c tons1 value #i #j #j ------------------------ ,loss #aj #e #j ,,second ,,ye>4 s4 d4 ,r5t1 rates & incid5tals #b #aj #j ,hoe+ & clean+ #a #h #j ,h>ve/+ #a #aj #j ------------------------ #e #h #j ,yield ab\t #e tons4 #bj #j #j ------------------------ ,pr(it #ae #h #j ,,?ird ,,& ,,subsequ5t ,,ye>s4 ,exp5diture #f4 ,yield #bd4 ,pr(it #ah4 ,if ! gr\nd is prop]ly cultivat$ & losses made good1 ! plantation %\ld give a yield simil> to ! ?ird ye> = fully a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 ! l[-ly+ di/rict betwe5 ,taunton1 ,bridgwat] & ,langport1 9 ,som]set1 will[ or osi] culture is l>gely engag$ 94 ,! sy/em g5]ally adopt$ is t ! own] or t5ant ( ! l& plant$ to will[s keeps ! l& free f we$s to prev5t ! )ies be+ *ok$4 ,?is entails an outlay ( ab\t #bes4 p] acre p] annum if prop]ly done4 ,! crops are measur$ & m>k$ out 9 half-acre lots & sold 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]4 ,! pur*as]s cut & remove !m1 & 9 "s cases conv]t !m into baskets1 basket-*airs1 & su* l4 ,9 o!r cases ! pur*as]s select & bundle ! crop 9 ! regulation sizes & sell !m to deal]s4 ,! results ( "s rec5t sales are z foll[s3 ,"o field ( #aa acres realiz$ #acb & ! fir/ two half-acres1 be+ rem>kably good )ies1 made #ai #ajs4 ,?ree o!r fields1 conta9+ #af acres 9 all1 made #afa #ajs42 & ?ree o!rs1 conta9+ #bb acres1 #bbb #bs4 #f;d4 ,! agricultural annual r5tal value ( ?is l& :5 pa/ure1 be=e x 0 plant$ to will[s1 0 "u #b p] acre4 ,f ! above x w be se5 t if prud5tly ent]$ ^u & economically c>ri$ out ! cultivation ( will[s = basket-mak+ is a pay+ indu/ry1 & z = "s ye>s to come =eign supplies w be b>r$ to our m>kets1 ! ent]prise %\ld prove highly remun]ative4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,utiliz+ ,,wa/e ,,=e/ ,,produce ,t ! production ( timb]1 9 common ) o!r trades1 has ( late ye>s be5 r5d]$ f> less remun]ative ?an =m]ly1 ow+ pr9cipally to ke5 =eign competition1 is a fact t is n[ well kn[n1 ev5 to ! mo/ casual obs]v]4 ,9 face ( ?is x behoves u to ask ourselves ! "q3 ,d we utilize to ! fulle/ ext5t ! by-products ( ! =e/ & woodl&1 & s dim9i% wa/e1 &1 at ! same "t1 add to ! g5]al rev5ue ( ! =e/ dep>tm5t8 ,by wa/e produce1 or by-products1 is meant any?+ o!r ?an wood 9 ! condition 9 :i* x is g5]ally us$1 & includes b>k1 *>coal1 firewood1 h\se & kiln faggots1 t>1 wood-_s1 turp5t9e1 sawdu/1 wood-a%es1 leaf soil1 etc4 ,t mu* may be done1 bo? 9 economy ( production & 9 utilization ( wa/e produce1 is well kn[n to ^? 9 *>ge ( woods & =e/s 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,:]e ! by-products _c well be utiliz$ 9 any ( ! above-nam$ ways1 x w\ld be bett]1 p]haps1 to r$uce !m to a%es2 =1 by s do+1 insect & fungus life are less5$1 & a valuable manure is obta9$1 p>ticul>ly ri* 9 pota%1 :e!r = grassl& or c]ta9 f>m or g>d5 crops4 ,! =e/ by-products ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& are1 9 ! ma91 appli$ 9 ! f\r foll[+ ways3-- 7#a7 ,firewood4 7#b7 ,*>coal1 = heat+ purposes1 etc4 7#c7 ,b>k = tann+4 7#d7 ,faggots1 = h\se & kiln purposes4 ,al?\gh ! ,briti% =e/] has usually little or no?+ to d ) :at we might t]m ! volatile products ( ! =e/--t>1 pit*1 turp5t9e1 ros91 wood-_s1 acetic acid1 etc4--nor1 inde$1 ) pap]-pulp1 x may n be out ( place to po9t out briefly ! m9or uses to :i* wa/e timb] & by-products g5]ally may be appli$4 ,t>1 :i* at pres5t is l>gely import$ f ! ,baltic ports & ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 is obta9able pr9cipally f ?ree species ( ,p9us3 ,p4 palu/ris1 ,p4 ,p9a/]1 & ,p4 sylve/ris4 ,pit* is simply t> depriv$ ( ! volatile oils1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by boil+4 ,turp5t9e comes f incisions made 9 ! /ems ( "s ( ! p9es1 pr9cipally ,p9us palu/ris1 ,p4 sylve/ris1 & ,p4 tda4 ,! common silv] fir 7,abies pect9ata7 produces ! fam\s ,/rasburg turp5t9e1 :ile ! l>* is ! s\rce ( ! ,v5ice turp5t9e ( comm]ce4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! :ole ( ! y\ng] sapl+ p9es--/em1 bran*es1 b>k & leaves--are made into pa/ebo>d1 :ile 9 o!r c\ntries ! lime & popl> are conv]t$ into pap]-pulp ( great value4 ,t ! great & ev]-increas+ dem& = pap] ( all qualities w cause a correspond+ dem& = ! mat]ial us$ 9 its production _c be d\bt$1 & att5tion has already be5 direct$ to ?is matt] 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,f ! sap ( ! l>* & ,scot* firs 8conif]90 is obta9$1 :ile 8rubb]10 a valuable product = mix+ ) gutta-p]*a1 :i* is v durable1 is got f ! b>k ( ! common bir* by di/illation4 ,! value ( gorse z a food = horses & %eep is well kn[n ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile 9 ,italy popl> leaves h long be5 us$ z cattle-food1 & gr\nd fir-ne$les 9 ,/yria = ! same purpose4 ,dri$ leaves make excell5t litt]1 & !y are valuable z manure4 ,sawdu/1 ?\gh )\t manurial value1 absorbs liquid manure1 & is ?us us$ z an excell5t top-dress+4 ,leaf-m\ld is well kn[n = its _m uses 9 ! g>d51 z = top-dress+ & mix+ ) o!r poor] soils 9 ! mak+ ( compo/s = plant+4 ,^! are "s ( ! _m uses to :i* ! m9or by-products ( ! =e/ c be appli$1 b1 z ^! h>dly come )9 ! scope ( ! =e/]1 special att5tion w be devot$ to ! major by-products--firewood1 *>coal1 b>k & faggots--) :i* ! ,briti% =e/] is mo/ intimately associat$4 7#a7 ,firewood4--,nev]1 p]haps1 0 ! subject ( ,engli% firewood m wor?y ( consid]ation ?an at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! price ( o!r fuels is excessively high4 ,_m p]sons w ma9ta9 t 9 di/ricts :]e coal is abundant1 x is v que/ionable :e!r !re is any advantage to be obta9$ f burn+ wood4 ,we h satisfi$ ourselves t ev5 if wood c\ld be procur$ at less ?an its pres5t price--firewood price--x is ne>ly z exp5sive z coal1 z sold previ\s to ! w>1 9 mo/ ( our l>ge t[ns4 ,no d\bt1 on _m l>ge e/ates :]e !re is a sup]fluity ( unsaleable wood1 x w\ld be utt] folly n to h x conv]t$ into firewood1 m p>ticul>ly z su* "w gives employm5t to ! woodm5 :5 ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r puts a /op to g5]al outdoor "w4 ,b ?is 9 itself is no pro( t ! firewood :5 prep>$ & ready = ! grate is n z exp5sive z coal2 =1 :5 ! r5t ( gr\nd on :i* ! wood 0 gr[n1 & ! co/ ( fell+ & conv]t+ x into firewood is tak5 into acc\nt1 x w be f\nd ne>ly z co/ly z h\sehold coal ( ord9>y quality4 ,:at w x co/ to prep>e a ton ( firewood8 ,?is is a "q t is n readily answ]$1 ! co/ ( lab\r 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry v>y+ s widely4 ,9 ,engl&1 g5]ally speak+1 ! cutt+ up & /ack+ ( a cord ( fairly clean firewood--t is to say :5 l>ge knotty pieces1 :i* require ! mallet & w$ge = _! manipulation1 are exclud$--co/s f #es4 to #fs4 ,aga91 h[ _m cords ( wood w make a ton ( firewood8 ,?is is ano!r "q t is m readily ask$ ?an answ]$1 = ! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 equal-siz$ logs (1 say1 oak & bir* is consid]able4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 we may /ate t ab\t "o & a half cords ( wood g to ! ton ( firewood1 ?us mak+ ! co/ ( prep>+ & h\s+ ! latt] ab\t #ajs4 ,! l[e/ price at :i* we h sold a ton weight fre% cut 0 #hs41 b #ajs4 is ne>] ! usual price1 or ab\t "o-half ( :at is g5]ally obta9$ = firewood4 ,! c>tage ( ?is ton ( wood _c be less ?an #cs4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! di/ance x mu/ be c>t$1 no d\bt1 b x is usually deliv]$ )9 a radius ( two miles = ! price quot$4 ,! :ole matt]1 !re=e1 /&s some?+ l ?is3 ,l[e/ co/ ( a ton ( wood1 #hs41 cutt+ same into firewood & /ack+1 #hs42 co/ ( deliv]y1 #cs4--total #ais4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 a ton ( firewood & "o ( coal is inconsid]able1 & e "o kn[s :i* ( ! two z fuel la/s ! long] & imp>ts ! great] am\nt ( heat4 ,( c\rse1 :]e ! firewood is cut up dur+ wet wea!r by ! e/ate workm5 & consum$ on ! e/ate1 ! matt] w /& some:at diff]5tly1 ! two pr9cipal items1 ! co/ ( prep>+ & cutt+ be+ consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! firewood _c readily be sold1 & w\ld only rot 9 ! woods1 x is a wise policy to h x cut into firewood1 n only = ! sav+ effect$ 9 ! coal bill1 b also = pres]vation ( ! heal? ( ! plantations4 ,9 m9+ di/ricts1 or on ! outskirts ( l>ge t[ns1 !re is usually little difficulty 9 gett+ rid ( all surplus wood = fir+ & o!r purposes1 b 9 ?9ly-populat$1 outly+ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! co/ ( transit is excessive1 ! actual diff]5ce betwe5 ! price ( a ton ( coal & "o ( firewood has to be consid]$4 7#b7 ,*>coal4--,! foll[+ are ! *ief uses to :i* *>coal is put 9 ?is c\ntry3 ! manufacture ( gun & bla/+ p[d]s1 ! heat+ ( hall-/oves1 cook+1 boil+ pres]ves1 & ! smelt+ ( iron4 ,x is also employ$ z a filt]+ & deodoriz+ ag5t4 ,fur!r1 x occupies an important place 9 ! mak+ ( black pa9t1 ink1 ivory- & lamp-black1 & is valuable z a horticultural requisite 9 ! pack+ ( bulbs & = pott+ purposes4 ,9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 = :i* a highly inflammable quality is requir$1 ! ?ree pr9cipal woods us$ are ! s-call$ dogwood 7,rhamnus frangula71 ! :ite will[ 7,salix alba71 & ! common ald] 7,alnus glut9osa71 ?\gh n infrequ5tly ! hazel1 *e/nut & our native ,rhamnus ca?>ticus are sub/itut$4 ,*>coal produc$ f ! dogwood is1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ to any o!r1 z ?is =ms a v explosive p[d]1 us$ = milit>y small-arms & = sport+ purposes4 ,= ?is purpose ! dogwood is cut :5 an in* 9 diamet]1 &1 if possible1 :5 n m ?an ( t5 ye>s' gr[?4 ,al?\gh iron cyl9d]s or retorts are m economical 9 ! mak+ ( *>coal1 yet = v>i\s reasons ! primitive me?od ( pit-burn+ is to be recomm5d$ = g5]al e/ate purposes4 ,! manufacture ( *>coal 9 ?is way hav+ receiv$ due att5tion else:]e 9 ?is book1 x ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t small wood is m pr(itable = *>coal mak+ ?an t ( a l>g] size1 n only because ! =m] requires little or no cutt+ & splitt+1 b = ! ma9 reason t x c be procur$ at less co/1 & produces m *>coal1 weight = weight4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t l[ price ( *>coal--ab\t #as4 p] bu%el--!re is a fair pr(it atta*$ to ! mak+ ( x1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ figures1 :i* may be tak5 z fairly repres5tative4 ,a cord ( ord9>y mix$ wood1 :i* %\ld measure1 aft] be+ /ack$1 #ab ft4 long1 #c ft4 wide1 & #c ft4 high1 w usually1 :5 prop]ly burn$1 yield #ce bu%els ( *>coal1 & ?is1 at ! l[ price ( #aj;d4 w realize #bis4 #b;d4 ,! co/ ( cutt+ ?is cord ( wood1 :i* is g5]ally p]=m$ by contract1 w be at ! lea/ #es41 & t ( burn+ #gs42 ?us leav+ a cle> pr(it ( #ags4 #b;d4 p] cord = ! wood4 ,ev5 roots are made into *>coal1 & we h se5 :ole woods grubb$ up free ( exp5se1 ! roots be+ giv5 9 return = ! lab\r2 b su* "w is usually p]=m$ dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 lab\r is at a disc\nt4 ,p9ewood is n ne>ly s valuable = *>coal mak+ z h>dwood1 b ! =m] is n infrequ5tly made to realize a pr(it ( f #hs4 to #ajs4 p] cord ( wood4 7#c7 ,b>k4--,9 ! pa/1 ! annual home supply ( b>k 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #cjj1jjj tons1 b1 9 addition to ?is "s #cj1jjj tons 7 import$ f ! ,cont95t2 b ( late ye>s1 ow+ to ! employm5t ( *emical sub/itutes1 ! am\nt us$ is mu* small]4 ,= tann+ purposes1 oak1 & occasionally l>*1 b>k is pr9cipally 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh bo? will[ & ald] are l>gely us$ = ! same purpose 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 m especially 9 ,russia4 ,al?\gh n at pres5t a valuable product1 a small m>g9 ( pr(it1 ev5 at ! pres5t l[ price1 w accrue ?r\gh c>eful & judici\s managem5t ( ! b>k crop4 ,( ?is we are fully conv9c$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n s well kn[n z x %\ld be t ( our two v>ieties ( oak1 ,qu]cus ,robur p$unculata & ,q4 ,r4 sessiliflora--! =m] conta9s #ae & ! latt] only #ac p] c5t4 ( tann94 ,! bran*es1 too1 d[n to an in* 9 diamet]1 conta9 a relatively high] proportion ( tann9 ?an ! b>k ( ! /em4 ,! /ripp+ & h>ve/+ ( oak b>k hav+ receiv$ notice 9 a sep>ate pap]1 no?+ fur!r ne$ be said ( ^! "h4 7#d7 ,faggots4--,^! are made ( ! small] bran*es or spray1 ! rema9s ( *>coal wood1 etc41 & ti$ into bundles simil> 9 size to a %eaf ( :eat4 ,!y are ei!r left ly+ on ! gr\nd or /&+ upright 9 ?rees or f\rs toge!r = a few days aft] be+ made1 previ\s to be+ /ack$1 z !y always are = ab\t six mon?s be=e be+ us$4 ,9 ?9n+ a woodl& ! faggots are usually b\nd up by contract at #ds4 #f;d4 p] hundr$1 except :5 ! wood is exceptionally r\gh & crook$1 :5 ano!r %ill+ is add$4 ,:5 /ack$ & dry !y realize ab\t #afs4 p] hundr$ 9 ! wood1 ?us giv+ a cle> pr(it ( #aas4 #f;d41 if we d$uct #ds4 #f;d41 = b9d+1 p] hundr$4 ,9 ,engl& ! dem& = ^! faggots is consid]able1 !y be+ us$ ei!r = kiln purposes1 or1 :5 *opp$ up into small] bundles1 = fire-light+4 ,^! latt] are ab\t #i 94 long1 & half t 9 diamet]1 & are b\nd tightly r\nd ! c5tre ) t>r$ rope4 ,previ\s to ! w> !y 7 sold at #cs4 #f;d4 p] hundr$4 ,?is is a good & pr(itable way ( gett+ rid ( all sup]flu\s spray & bran*es4 ,bru% or kiln faggots1 :i* are l>gely us$ = brick-burn+1 consi/ ( all refuse woodl& scrub1 & :5 ti$ up & dry c be sold at f #es4 to #fs4 p] hundr$ = ! brick-kilns4 ,!y are made by contract at #bs4 #f;d4 p] hundr$4 ,by ! utiliz+ ( ?is o!rwise wa/e-product1 e twig & bran* is c>efully ga!r$ toge!r1 & ! woodl&s are ?us kept 9 a neat & heal?y condition4 ,m9or ,products4--,9 addition to firewood1 *>coal1 faggots1 etc41 :i* may be consid]$ z ! ma9 by-products ( ! =e/ & woodl&1 !re are o!r m9or products1 su* z are to be met ) l>gely :]e coppice wood is gr[n to any ext5t1 :i* w repay ! co/ ( s+l+ out f among/ ! above4 ,^! may include fl[]-/akes1 tool-h&les1 walk+-/icks1 b>rel-hoops1 *isel-rods1 etc41 all ( :i* sell readily 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry & f :i* consid]able pr(its are realiz$4 ,9 cutt+ ! coppice wood1 ! longe/ & /raighte/ poles are select$ = hop-/akes1 ! next size = bean /akes1 pea-b\ghs1 etc41 & s on until e "p ( ! wood is utiliz$4 ,leaf soil1 too1 sells readily at #es4 p] c>t load--inde$1 ne> l>ge t[ns ! dem& = ?is & peat (t5 exce$s ! supply4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 x may n be a wise policy to remove ?is valuable soil f ! woodl&s1 ev5 at ! high price (f]$4 ,half-decay$ leaves1 too1 are mu* s\ght aft] :]e m>ket g>d5+ is l>gely c>ri$ on1 be+ us$ to =m =c+-b$s1 & to pres]ve plants & roots f sev]e fro/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,f5c+ ,,plantations ,_m diff]5t me?ods ( f5c+ are adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ea* "o1 no d\bt1 possess+ peculi> advantages accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* x may happ5 to be requir$4 ,9 hilly di/ricts v effici5t f5ces ( /ones may be made :]e ^! are abundant4 ,turf dykes may be con/ruct$ on high-ly+ gr\nds :]e /ones _c be readily procur$1 & iron or wood us$ :]ev] fancy dictates4 ,! t]m 8dead f5ce0 may be appli$ to ^! 9 contradi/9ction to 8live f5ce0 or h$ge1 to :i* a special *apt] is devot$4 ,to describe ev5 a few ( ! v>i\s wood or iron f5ces erect$ n[adays w\ld be by no means an easy task1 b typical examples ( sev]al k9ds w be expla9$4 ,illu/ration ,/one ,walls4--,^! make capital plantation f5ces1 b !y are at fir/ r exp5sive1 & unless well built require a good deal ( att5tion 9 ! way ( repair+ brea*es4 ,!y possess a great advantage ov] mo/ o!r f5ces 9 ! am\nt ( %elt] af=d$ to ! "y trees4 ,two me?ods ( build+ are usually adopt$3 fir/ly1 :]e /ones are abundant1 ! entire wall may be ( ^!2 &1 secondly1 :]e only a limit$ quantity are available1 ! wall is built to a c]ta9 height & wires plac$ atop4 ,! dry /one wall z ?is is usually t]m$1 is built )\t mort>1 ) ! exception ( ! cope-/one1 :i* 9 all cases %\ld be b$d$ 9 & po9t$ ) lime4 ,f #d ft4 to #e ft4 is ! usual height1 ! f\ndations be+ f #bb 94 to #bd 94 wide1 & ! wall #ad 94 across b5ea? ! cope-/one1 ! latt] be+ ab\t #aj 94 high & plac$ on edge4 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 build+ to see t ! 8?r\ghs0 or b9d+-/ones are plac$ 9 position1 z on ?is dep5ds ma9ly ! effici5cy ( ! f5ce4 ,:]e wires are us$ atop1 ! wall ne$ only be #c ft4 high1 #bb 94 wide at base1 & #ab 94 "u ! cope-/one4 ,! latt] are b$d$ 9 mort>1 & an extra l>ge /one is plac$ e #f ft4 = receiv+ ! iron /&>d1 to :i* ! wires are atta*$4 ,slate slabs1 :]e ^! are readily procur$1 may be us$ = ! same purpose z ! iron /&>ds1 b !y %\ld be built firmly into ! wall1 & rea* f ! base ( ! f\ndation4 ,two1 & sometimes ?ree1 wires are us$ atop ( ! wall4 ,slate ,f5ces4--,^! are commonly 9 use ?r\gh\t ,wales2 9 fact1 :]ev] slate qu>ries are work$4 ,:5 well erect$ & ( fairly regul> siz$ slates1 ?is f5ce is c]ta9ly n to be despis$1 & x may be consid]$ z practically inde/ructible4 ,! exp5ses incurr$ = keep+ ^! f5ces 9 repair are also v little1 z !y seldom become damag$1 & :5 an upright *ances to get brok51 ano!r :ole "o c easily be sub/itut$1 & )\t int]f]+ ) any o!r portion ( ! f5ce4 ,! size ( slate pale1 or slab1 z usually t]m$1 is #e ft4 long1 #d 94 to #f 94 wide1 & ab\t #a 94 9 ?ickness4 ,9 erect+ ! f5ce a tr5* is cut ab\t #ab 94 wide & #h 94 deep1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! tr5* is cut p]p5dicul>1 s z to ensure ! pales /&+ 9 a simil> position4 ,^! are plac$ upright 9 ! tr5*1 ab\t #c 94 ap>t1 ) _! flat side close to ! p]p5dicul> cut & ! soil replac$ 9 ! tr5* & made firm ) a ramm]4 ,a d\ble wire is !n tightly int]lac$ ab\t #c 94 f ! top ( ! pales1 & giv5 a d\ble twi/ betwe5 ea*1 !reby ensur+ great /ability by unit+ ! f5ce & keep+ ! pales at equal di/ance ap>t4 ,! /ra9+-po/s are also ( slate1 #f ft4 long1 #f 94 wide1 & #c 94 ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slate ,,f5ces ,turf ,dykes4--,^! 7 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 moorl& & outly+ di/ricts1 :]e /ones are n abundant1 & :]e1 f ! nature ( ! soil & situation1 h$ges w\ld n succe$4 ,!y are1 at be/1 tr\blesome f5ces to keep 9 repair1 & require "s adjunct ei!r 9 ! way ( wires atop1 or1 fail+ ?is1 !y mu/ be plant$ ) gorse or o!r suitable %rubs4 ,"o advantage is ! great am\nt ( %elt] !y af=d to ! "y plants1 :ile !y are1 comp>atively speak+1 *eap ( erection4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( build+ turf dykes1 ! be/ be+ to cut or p>e ! turf #c 94 9 ?ickness 9 "o or m l5g?s to suit ! wid? ( ! dyke1 & ( a conv5i5t bread?3 ^! are laid cross-wise "o above ! o!r4 ,bo? sides ( ! dyke %\ld be built at once1 giv+ ! necess>y batt] z ! "w proce$s1 & ! grassy surface ( ! turf plac$ to ! outside4 ,! dyke is usually made #c ft4 9 height1 #c ft4 wide1 & drawn gradually 9 to #ab 94 at top4 ,a two-rail f5ce surm\nts ! dyke1 br++ ! total height to #d ft4 or #e ft4 ,sometimes a dit* is cut alongside ! dyke #c ft4 wide1 ab\t #b ft4 deep1 & #i 94 wide at bottom1 s z to prev5t ! f>m /ock gett+ at & damag+ x1 ! soil remov$ be+ us$ 9 =m+ ! f5ce4 ,by s[+ gorse & broom se$s on top ( ! dyke an excell5t %elt] f5ce is obta9$4 ,wood ,f5ces4--,^! are common on almo/ e e/ate ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 especially su* z are well wood$1 &1 ow+ to ! l[ prices obta9able = home-gr[n timb]1 x is well t su* %\ld be employ$ z widely z possible4 ,wood5 f5ces are also mu* pref]r$ by _m own]s ( prop]ty to ^? erect$ ei!r ( /one or iron on acc\nt ( _! ru/ic appe>ance4 ,wood5 f5ces are1 !re=e1 sure to be l>gely employ$ :5 ! appe>ance ( ! prop]ty & n too-exact+ f9ancial results are po9ts ( importance4 ,!re are _m =ms ( wood5 f5ces adopt$1 ^! v>y+ *iefly accord+ to ! p>ticul> use to :i* !y are appli$4 ,! foll[+ descriptions are ( su* k9ds z are g5]ally 9 use = woods & plantations4 ,"h x might be well to m5tion 9 pass+ t only matur$ & season$ timb] %\ld be us$ 9 f5c+1 ! co/ ( erection1 :e!r ! timb] be good or inf]ior1 be+ ! same1 & e "o kn[s :i* w la/ ! long]4 ,a good /rong f5ce is erect$ z foll[s3--,po/s1 #e ft4 #i 94 long1 #d 94 broad1 & #b 94 ?ick2 b>s or rails1 #i ft4 long1 by #c 94 by #a 94 ,f\r holes are mortis$ into ! po/s = ! reception ( ! b>s1 ! ends ( :i* are s =m$ z to ov]lap ea* o!r tightly4 ,! f5ce is usually #d ft4 high1 & s z to /r5g!n ! horizontal b>s a /ake is driv5 into ! gr\nd midway betwe5 ! l>g] po/s1 & to ?is ! rails are securely nail$4 ,9 "s cases ! po/s are n to be mortis$1 s t ! b>s require to be atta*$ by nails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sawn ,,wood ,,f5ce ,= p>k clumps1 p>ticul>ly :]e a sub/antial & neat f5ce to keep back horses1 cattle or de] is requir$1 ! foll[+1 ?\gh r exp5sive at fir/1 is l>gely employ$4 ,! entire f5ce is made ( oak or ,spani% *e/nut1 & is %[n on foll[+ page4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,oak ,,f5ces ,po/s #g ft4 long1 #f 94 by #d 941 & run out ) ! circul> saw4 ,rails triangul>1 ab\t #c 94 to ! side4 ,! uprights are r5t f oak or *e/nut trees ( /raight gra91 & are usually ab\t _/ ( an in* ?ick1 & #e ft4 high4 ,! po/s are erect$ #f ft4 ap>t1 ! rails be+ mortis$ into ^!1 & ! r5t uprights fa/5$ ab\t #b 94 ap>t by pat5t rose nails to ! horizontal rails4 ,a f5ce ( ?is k9d1 :5 prop]ly erect$1 w la/ = upw>ds ( =ty ye>s1 especially if ! butts ( ! po/s are *>r$ be=e be+ ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire ,,f5ce ,,) ,,wood5 ,,po/s ,ru/ic f5ces = small tree clumps may be ( almo/ any design1 b ! foll[+ is *eap & easily erect$4 ,x is =m$ ( l>* po/s #f ft4 long1 & ab\t #d 94 diamet]1 driv5 into ! gr\nd at #f ft4 ap>t4 ,two flat or r\nd$ rails ab\t #c 94 by #a 94 are nail$ horizontally to ^!1 ! l[] at #i 94 f ! gr\nd & ! o!r flu% ) ! tops ( ! po/s1 :i* :5 driv5 9 are #d ft4 f gr\nd level4 ,! uprights are also ( l>*1 split up ! c5tre & nail$ on ! horizontal b>s at #b 94 ap>t4 ,!y ext5d above ! top rail = #g 941 & are %>ply po9t$ s t !y _c be climb$ ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tools ,,= ,,f5c+ ,wire ,f5ces4--,^! may be erect$ ei!r ) iron or wood5 /&>ds & /ra9+-po/s4 ,! =m mo/ commonly 9 use = enclos+ woods is t ) wood5 po/s & /ra9]s1 ^! be+ made ( mature & ?or\ghly season$ l>* or oak4 ,! /ra9]s are #g ft4 long & #f 94 squ>e1 or1 if r\nd1 ab\t #g 94 9 diamet]1 :ile ! int]m$iate po/s are #e ft4 long1 & #c 94 by #c 941 or1 if r\nd1 #c 94 diamet] at smalle/ end4 ,! /ra9]s %\ld be fitt$ into ! gr\nd at #aej y>ds ap>t1 & ! po/s driv5 firmly at #f ft4 f ea* o!r4 ,at e %>p curve along ! l9e ( f5ce a /\t po/1 say #e 94 9 diamet]1 %\ld be us$4 ,9 ord] to make a /\t f5ce pro( aga9/ cattle & %eep1 six wires %\ld be us$1 ! two top ,no4 #f1 & ! o!rs ,no4 #g gauge1 ! di/ances betwe5 ea* pair1 beg9n+ at ! top1 be+ #h1 #g1 #f1 #e & #e 941 ! l[] be+ #e 94 f ! gr\nd4 ,brackets = /ra9+ ! wires %\ld be atta*$ to ea* ( ! /ra9]s1 ^! hav+ ?is advantage ov] ! old] sy/em ( us+ ! /ra9+ ma*9e1 t ! wires c be loos5$ or tight5$ at w1 :5 repairs are f\nd necess>y4 ,! tops ( ! po/s %\ld be r\nd$ (f or sawn on angle s z to prev5t ! lodgm5t ( wat]4 ,iron & wire f5ces comb9$ are n[ commonly 9 use1 & !re are s _m excell5t sy/ems t x w\ld be invidi\s to recomm5d "o k9d m ?an ano!r4 ,iron box f5c+1 :i* consi/s ( /&>ds ) d\ble prong$ feet = fix+ 9 ! gr\nd & r\nd or flat horizontal b>s run ?r\gh !m1 has be5 l>gely us$ & looks neat1 be+ also1 if prop]ly erect$1 v effici5t4 ,wr\ght-iron hurdles are sometimes us$ = f5c+ p>k clumps1 & !y possess at lea/ ?is advantage1 t !y c be lift$ at any "t & re-erect$ %\ld x be f\nd necess>y to remove !m f "o place to ano!r4 ,unclimbable iron f5c+1 usually 9 hurdles #g ft4 long1 are n[ mu* 9 use = p>k f5c+1 b = g5]al plantation purposes ?is class ( f5c+ is too exp5sive4 ,tree ,gu>ds4--,^! may ei!r be erect$ ( wood or iron2 ! =m] is1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ on mo/ l>ge e/ates :]e timb] is pl5tiful1 & w receive fir/ att5tion4 ,= l>ge trees ^: bran*es sweep ! gre5sw>d an elaborate /ructure is requir$1 :i* may take ! =m ( almo/ any ( ^? describ$ "u wood5 f5c+4 ,t entirely =m$ ( oak is to be recomm5d$1 or split l>* = uprights1 ) oak po/s & rails may be consid]$ m ru/ic 9 appe>ance4 ,9 any case ! gu>d %\ld be suffici5tly high & wide to prev5t cattle & horses rea*+ ov] to damage ! bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree ,,gu>ds ,:5 ! trees are de/itute ( bran*es = a consid]able di/ance up ! /em1 say #h ft4 or #aj ft41 a v neat & effici5t gu>d is made z foll[s3--,procure a numb] ( l>*1 oak or ,spani% *e/nut poles1 #g ft4 high1 & ab\t #b 94 diamet] at small end4 ,?read ^! on wires by bor+ holes 9 ! poles at #b ft4 & #e ft4 f ! butt end1 keep+ ea* c\ple sep>ate by #c 9-long pieces ( ! same size ( pole1 also ?read$ on ! wires4 ,^! c be =m$ on ! level1 & :5 suffici5t to embrace ! tree h be5 got toge!r1 ! :ole may be lift$ up & plac$ 9 position closely ar\nd ! trunk4 ,ano!r me?od is to b9d ! poles toge!r ) f5c+ wire1 giv+ a d\ble twi/ betwe5 ea* to keep !m at a suitable di/ance ap>t4 ,:5 a m elaborate f5ce or gu>d is requir$1 f\r po/s #g ft4 long1 #d 94 squ>e1 & sawn f crook$ oak bran*es are us$4 ,! po/s are q /raight = #e ft4 9 l5g?1 ! upp] #b ft4 be+ incl9$ outw>ds1 :i* n only gives ! gu>d a neat appe>ance1 b is a great prev5tive aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( f>m /ock4 ,! po/s are ins]t$ ne>ly #b ft4 9 ! gr\nd1 & s z to =m a squ>e ar\nd ! /em ( #d ft4 to ! side1 f\r b>s1 ea* #c 94 by #a 941 are nail$ horizontally on ! /raight portions ( ! po/s1 & at equal di/ances ap>t f :]e ! angle occurs d[nw>ds2 upw>ds f t ?ree hoop-iron rails are nail$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! top "o be+ "o in* bel[ ! level ( ! cr[n ( ! po/s4 ,iron has a light & neat appe>ance :5 us$ = ! top b>s1 b wood is (t5 sub/itut$4 ,ano!r *eap & neat tree gu>d = us+ ) ! r>] trees1 to :i* horses & cattle h n access1 is made z foll[s3--,pales #c ft4 long1 #b 94 wide1 by 94 ?ick1 are sawn out & po9t$4 ,!y are driv5 into ! gr\nd r\nd ! tree to be protect$1 ! tops slop+ outw>ds & #a 94 ap>t4 ,/\t ty+ wire is !n int]lac$ at two heights f ! gr\nd4 ,oak or *e/nut b>k plac$ loosely ar\nd clean-/emm$ "y trees w prev5t damage by gr\nd game1 & is *eap & looks unobtrusive4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,timb] ,,measur+ ,to ^? :o are n practically acqua9t$ ) ! measur+ ( home-gr[n timb] ! foll[+ brief rem>ks 9 elucidation ( ! subject w be useful4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be well to m5tion t timb] measur+ is r a vex$ "q1 "s foll[+ :at is kn[n z ,hoppus's sy/em1 & o!rs advocat+ t ( ,horton4 ,! =m] be+ t g5]ally 9 use among/ timb] m]*ants 9 ?is c\ntry1 & consequ5tly ( greate/ value to ! =e/]1 ! foll[+ details ( ?is sy/em may prove s]viceable4 ,reg>d+ ! timb]-measur]'s equipm5t x may fir/ be necess>y to say a few words4 ,?is consi/s ( a #ff ft4 ,*e/]man's tape-l9e1 or in/ead ( ?is a #e ft4 wood5 rod1 /&>d girt-/rap1 or f9e cord1 scrib+ knife1 & b5t piece ( iron1 ) eye at end = draw+ ! girt-/rap b5ea? su* trees z ! arm _c readily pass "u4 ,= gir?+ timb] a piece ( ?9 :ipcord or /r+ is frequ5tly us$1 b z ! ela/icity ( ?is v>ies greatly1 & has 9 _m in/ances l$ to dispute1 a mu* fair] plan & "o t is liable to no abuse is to use ! #ab ft4 girt-/rap1 ^u :i* e in* 9 l5g? is reckon$ 4 ,z ! prop] qu>t]-gir? c be se5 at a glance on ?is /rap1 its adoption w at once remove any *ance ( trick]y1 :i* may be possible 9 ! use ( ! /r+ & rule4 ,= ent]+ measurem5ts ! mo/ conv5i5t book is t #i 94 by #d 941 ) /iff pa/ebo>d cov]s1 rul$ ) horizontal l9es1 & divid$ into f\r v]tical columns4 ,to measure proce$ z foll[s3--,m>k a numb] ) ! scribe on ! butt end ( ! tree1 & ent] a simil> numb] 9 ! fir/ column ( ! book2 ?is w n only s]ve to id5tify ! p>ticul> log1 b prev5t any risk ( measur+ twice4 ,%\ld ! tap] ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! tree be tol]ably gradual1 set d[n ! l5g? 9 ! second column ( ! book1 opposite ! numb] already ent]$4 ,at exactly "o-half ( ! l5g? ( ! portion measur$1 take ! gir? by pass+ ! girt-/rap tightly ar\nd ! /em4 ,put ?is d[n 9 ! ?ird column on ! same horizontal l9e z ! numb] & l5g?4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! trunk tap] n be fairly uni=m ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g?1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 sev]al measurem5ts may require to be tak54 ,= example1 a tree may be #cf ft4 9 l5g?1 runn+ ) regul> tap] = p]haps #ab ft41 aft] :i* x bran*es out1 r$uc+ ! size ( ! rema9+ "p v consid]ably =1 say ano!r #ab ft41 :]e x aga9 bran*es & leaves ! la/ #ab ft4 ( a relatively small size4 ,) su* a tree x w\ld be q impossible to obta9 any?+ l a correct measurem5t by tak+ only "o l5g? & gir?4 ,! difficulty is1 h[ev]1 readily got ov] by fir/ measur+ ! l[] #ab ft41 !n ! second1 & !n ! ?ird1 m>k+ ! respective l5g?s & gir?s 9 ! v]tical columns z already describ$4 ,! measurem5t ( ^! trees1 s f> z ! field "w is conc]n$1 is n[ complet$1 ! cont5ts ( ea* tree be+ f\nd by ref]r+ to 8,hoppus's ,measur]0--a book ) :i* e =e/] %\ld be suppli$4 ,by squ>+ ! qu>t]-gir? 9 in*es1 multiply+ by ! l5g? 9 feet1 & divid+ by #add1 ! same result w be obta9$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a t$i\s me?od1 especially :]e l>ge numb]s ( trees h to be dealt )1 & %\ld only be adopt$ :5 ,hoppus is n at h&4 ,by committ+ to memory ! foll[+ %ort table ( qu>t]-gir?s mu* "t 9 calculat+ & consult+ au?orities w be sav$4 #f-;in* qu>t]-gir? w give cont5ts equal to ! entire l5g? 9 feet4 #g 0 0 0 #h 0 0 0 #aj 0 0 0 #ab 0 0 0 #a #ac 0 0 0 #a #ad 0 0 0 #a #af 0 0 0 #a #ag 0 0 0 #b #ai 0 0 0 #b #ba 0 0 0 #c #bb 0 0 0 #c #bd 0 0 0 #d #bg 0 0 0 #e #bi 0 0 0 #f #ca 0 0 0 #g #cd 0 0 0 #h #cf 0 0 0 #i ,! slid+ rule is also useful = det]m9+ cont5ts4 ,! prop] all[ance to be made = b>k is half an in* = e foot ( qu>t]-gir? = oak & elm "u #ab 94 qu>t]-gir?1 & an in* = all beyond1 b x is q impossible to fix ^u any "o uni=m scale t w meet ev5 ! majority ( circum/ances4 ,trees gr[+ 9 expos$ situations w frequ5tly h b>k almo/ d\ble ! ?ickness ( ^? ( a simil> size 9 ! woodl&4 ,my plan has be5 always to all[ = ! b>k ( ea* tree at ! "t ( measurem5t4 ,measur+ ,/&+ ,timb]4--,= ?is a pliable pole #ah ft4 long1 m>k$ 9 feet1 & ! girt-/rap already ref]r$ to are ! necess>y equipm5t4 ,9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( feet ( timb] ^u a l>ge area1 x is n always necess>y to measure ea* tree sep>ately1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! :ole situation is compos$ ( "o species1 & ! individual trees are ab\t ! same age & size1 z by multiply+ ! total numb] ( trees by ! av]age cont5t ( ^? select$ & measur$ a v j calculation w be arriv$ at4 ,great c>e 9 _! selection1 & consid]able judgm5t 9 tak+ ! av]age w1 h[ev]1 be requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,measur+ ,,height ,,( ,,trees ,:5 ea* tree is to be measur$ sep>ately two assi/ants w be requir$1 "o to c>ry ! #ah-;ft4 pole1 & ! o!r ! girt+-/rap4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! timb] is ( great height1 jo9t$ bamboos are us$1 & a light ladd] br\ght into requisition4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! "w 9 ?is way1 ! man ) ! pole decl>es ! height ( ! tree1 & ! "o ) ! tape ! qu>t]-gir?4 ,measur+ ! ,height ( ,trees4--,!re are sev]al me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! heights ( trees1 b ! two foll[+ are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ simple1 & ! appliances necess>y q inexp5sive3-- ,no #a4--,take ?ree la?s1 su* z bricklay]s use = til+1 & nail !m 9 ! %ape ( ! frame %[n2 a a mu/ be ( equal l5g?2 a & b be+ plac$ on ! gr\nd1 ! eye mu/ foll[ up ! l>g] la? d d until x is 9 a l9e ) e1 ! top ( ! tree or object y wi% to measure4 ,! frame mu/ be plac$ z level ) ! bottom ( ! tree z possible4 ,%\ld ! gr\nd be v unev5 y mu/ give & take accord+ly4 ,x w be se5 t b to c is ! same l5g? z c to e1 & ?is gives ! height ( ! tree4 ,no #b4--,susp5d ! triangle betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&1 knuckles d[n1 ^u ! po9t a a1 all[+ x to sw+ freely4 ,! edge b c w !n fall p]p5dicul>ly1 & c d w be horizontal4 ,! rema9+ edge d b w !n lie at an angle ( #de to ! horizon4 ,on ?is edge are two sights1 e & f4 ,look ?r\gh e until f is align$ ) ! tree-top1 advanc+ or retir+ till ! sights po9t exactly to x4 ,!n1 if ! obs]v]'s feet are level ) ! tree root1 ! height ( ! tree is ! di/ance f 8 feet to ! root1 plus ! height ( ! eye f ! gr\nd4 ,! d5dromet] is p]haps ! mo/ useful in/rum5t = tak+ ! height ( a tree & c be procur$ f "s ( our nurs]ym54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,bla/+ ,,& ,,burn+ ,,tree ,,roots ,illu/ration3 ,,bla/+ ,,& ,,burn+ ,,tree ,,roots ,bla/+ by gunp[d] or dynamite is n only ! mo/ exp$iti\s b also ! *eape/ me?od ( cle>+ away tree /umps & l>ge logs4 ,9 prep>+ to bla/ a /ump1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to bore ! hole 9 ! "r place & n to use too mu* explosive4 ,= bla/+ p[d] ! hole %\ld be #a 94 9 diamet]1 & %\ld p5etrate to ! c5tre ( ! /ump4 ,x mu/ n be too l[ d[n1 le/ ! bottom %\ld bl[ out & ! =ce be exp5d$ 9 %att]+ ! gr\nd in/ead ( ! /ump or log4 ,9 select+ ! spot to bore = ! p[d]1 *oose ! h>de/ "p ( ! root & ensure an equal ?ickness ( wood all r\nd1 & ev5 splitt+ ( ! log w be ! result4 ,! foll[+ is a good way ( putt+ 9 ! p[d]3--,= l>ge /umps ( f #b ft4 to #d ft4 9 diamet] ab\t #c 94 dep? ( co>se bla/+ p[d] %\ld be ins]t$ 9 a hole #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,! end ( ! fuse %\ld be put into ! c5tre ( ! p[d]1 & left protrud+ = #ae 94 outside ! hole1 :i* is fill$ ) dry s&1 consolidat$1 or pack$ ar\nd ! fuse by means ( a co>se iron wire4 ,! outside end ( ! fuse %\ld be teas$ out & light$ ) a mat*1 & z x w require ov] a m9ute = ! fire to rea* ! p[d]1 "t is giv5 = ! op]ator to f9d a place ( safety4 ,burn+ ,tree ,/umps4--,) a #b-;94 aug] bore a v]tical hole 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ump f ! top t[>ds ! bottom4 ,9 ! side ( ! /ump1 ne> gr\nd level1 bore a horizontal hole t[>ds ! c5tre1 s z to op5 into ! v]tical hole1 drop "s fire d[n ! v]tical hole1 & if ! wood is at all dry ! draught ( air ent]+ by ! horizontal hole w1 l ! draught ( a *imney1 ma9ta9 ! combu/ion ( ! fire 9 ! c5tre1 until ?is sl[ly spreads & ultimately burns away ! /ump4 ,ano!r & equally simple me?od ( de/roy+ /umps ( trees is z foll[s3--,9 autumn bore a hole #b 94 9 diamet] & #ah 94 deep1 put 9 #a oz4 ( saltpetre1 fill ) wat]1 & plug up close4 ,9 ! foll[+ spr+ put 9 ! same hole half a gill ( k]os5e oil & !n light4 ,! /ump w sm\ld] away )\t blaz+1 d[n to e "p ( ! roots4 ,am]ican ,me?od ( ,bla/+4--,at ,/udley ,horticultural ,college1 ,w>wick%ire1 ! ,am]ican me?od ( bla/+ 0 successfully c>ri$ out & report$ ^u by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,long z foll[s3-- ,a hole is bor$ ) a long aug] or cr[b> 9 a slop+ direction f "o side ( ! /ump to its base1 g5]ally f #b ft4 to #c ft4 deep4 ,! bore-hole is clean$ out1 & a numb] ( dynamite c>tridges ins]t$1 ea* be+ firmly press$ home by a wood5 rod4 ,a prim] c>tridge conta9+ a detonator is !n plac$ on ! top ( ^!1 & ! bore-hole is fill$ ) clay & tightly ramm$4 ,! prim] is ei!r connect$ directly ) a safety fuse1 or to a high-t5sion batt]y1 by a cable1 & is aft]w>ds fir$4 ,z dynamite /rikes d[nw>ds z well z upw>ds1 ! effect ( ! explosion is t ! roots & /ump are all ei!r eject$ or loos5$1 s t !y c be easily remov$ by h&4 ,! ,am]ican me?od is less co/ly & m spe$y ?an ! me?ods hi!rto us$ 9 ,engl& 9 remov+ /umps4 ,if !re is no man on ! e/ate qualifi$ to h&le explosives1 an exp]t mu/ be employ$ at ab\t #a p] day1 besides travell+ & hotel exp5ses4 ,?ree m5--an exp]t & two lab\r]s--c bore holes & bla/ ?irty s\nd /umps p] day easily4 ,if ! /umps are holl[ 9 ! c5tre1 two or ?ree bore holes are necess>y = ea* /ump1 & 9 t case tw5ty only c be bla/$ dur+ ! day4 ,tak+ ! pre-w> wages ( two lab\r]s at #bs4 #f;d4 ea* p] day1 ! co/ ( bor+ & fir+ av]ages #b;d4 p] /ump1 exclusive ( ! exp]t's fee4 ,! exp]t's fee increases ! co/ by ab\t #bs4 p] /ump4 ,! explosive us$ is ,nobel's dynamite1 9 ! =m ( c>tridges1 co/+ #i;d4 p] lb4 ,! av]age quantity us$ = ea* /ump is betwe5 #b lbs4 & #c lbs4 7ab\t tw5ty to ?irty c>tridges71 s t ! co/ ( ! explosive is n m ?an #bs4 #f;d4 p] /ump4 ,! detonators & fuses requir$ only co/ a few p5ce4 ,summ+ up1 ! co/ p] /ump is3-- s4 d4 ,exp]t's fee #b #j ,co/ ( bor+ #j #b ,co/ ( explosive #b #f ,detonators & fuse #j #i -------------- #e #f ,misfires & p>tial removal ( /ump may require fre% bor+s & fur!r *>ges ( explosive1 ?us increas+ ! co/4 ,by employ+ a skill$ e/ate h& capable ( us+ explosives in/ead ( an exp]t1 ! exp5se1 h[ev]1 is greatly dim9i%$4 ,by ! old me?od ( grubb+ & jack+1 /umps 7 remov$ at ,/udley "s "t ago at ! high co/ ( ab\t #b #es4 ea* butt1 & ev5 !n success 0 only p>tial4 ,9 ano!r case1 on an e/ate 9 ,norfolk1 :]e an old pa/ure 0 conv]t$ into a plantation ( mix$ trees1 tr5*+ at ! co/ ( #ah p] acre _h to be resort$ to on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( roots & /umps ( old trees4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld h be5 mu* *eap] to h remov$ ! /umps by bla/+4 ,! demon/rations at ,/udley %[$ t bo? s\nd & uns\nd /umps c\ld be successfully bla/$1 & :ole trees--an ,apple & an ,oak--7 also uproot$ by ! same me?od ) equal success1 us+ only "o bore-hole & ab\t ! same *>ge ( explosive4 ,! timb] ( ! trees s treat$1 h[ev]1 is v mu* split1 s t bla/+ is only advisable :5 ! timb] is consid]$ ( little value4 ,! p>ticul> explosives us$ are unaffect$ by damp1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! me?od is applicable 9 bo? wet & dry situations4 ,fir+ ! *>ges 0 done at ! demon/rations mo/ly by ladies1 & a photograph] 0 able to get suffici5tly ne> to obta9 photographs ( ! effect ( ! explosion )\t dang]4 ,! pr9cipal recomm5dations ( ?is me?od1 !re=e1 are *eapness1 effectiv5ess & safety4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,prices ,,( ,,contract ,,or ,,piecework ,! foll[+ prices may be tak5 z approximat+ to ^? paid g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry previ\s to ! w>4 ,x may be well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t 9 di/ricts :]e unusually high or l[ wages are paid1 s 9 proportion w be ! contract prices = ! v>i\s classes ( "w4 ,,b>k+ ,,oak3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,b>k+ oak p] ton #ba #j ,load+ b>k on wagons 0 #c #j ,b>k+ oak p] ton ( b>k #cj #j ,*opp+ b>k 0 #h #j to #aj #j ,,coppicewood3 ,cutt+ out hurdle rods p] score #j #a 0 hurdle /akes p] doz5 #j #a 0 rake /ems 0 #j #a 0 spade /ems 0 #j #a 0 spick gads 0 #j #a 0 dahlia /akes 0 #j #a 0 rose /akes p] two doz5 #j #a 0 besom h&les 0 #j #a 0 kidney-bean /akes #ej 9 bundle #j #b 0 pea /akes p] bundle #j #a 0 bir*wood = besoms 0 #j #a ,,dra9+3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,pipe dra9+1 ma9s1 #d ft4 #c 94 deep1 #d 94 or #f 94 pipes p] *a9 #c #j to #c #f 0 0 small1 #d ft4 deep1 #a 94 to #c 94 pipes 0 #b #j 0 #b #i 0 0 small1 #d ft4 deep1 #a 94 pipes 0 #a #i 0 #b #f ,dit*es1 op51 #cf 94 wide at top1 #cj 94 deep1 & #i 94 wide at bottom p] *a9 #c #j to #d #j ,sc\r+ out ditto 0 #j #i 0 #a #j ,small op5 dit*es1 #ae 94 to #ah 94 wide at top1 #ab 94 to #ae 94 deep1 & #i 94 wide at bottom 0 #a #f 0 #b #f ,sc\r+ out ditto 0 #j #f 0 #j #i ,,faggot-,,mak+3 s4 d4 ,mak+ faggots p] #ajj #d #f 0 ov5 faggots 0 #c #j 0 faggots = fire-light+ 0 #a #c ,cutt+ b&s = ty+ faggots 0 #j #d ,,fell+ ,,& ,,/ubb+ ,,timb]3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,fell+ oak timb] p] ton ( #dj ft4 #c #j 0 o!r h>dwoods 0 0 #b #f 0 p9ewood 0 0 #a #f to #a #i ,/ubb+ out timb] 0 0 #c #f 0 #d #j ,cutt+ und]wood f #ab to #ae ye>s' gr[? p] acre #i #f 0 #ab #j ,,f5c+3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,sett+ out & mortis+ #d-;hol$ po/s p] score #d #j 0 0 0 #c-;hol$ 0 0 #c #j 0 0 0 #b-;hol$ 0 0 #b #f 0 0 0 #a-;hol$ 0 0 #b #j 0 & cleav+ rails 0 #j #aj 0 0 0 /akes 0 #j #f 0 0 0 long poles 0 #j #f 0 0 0 %ort poles 0 #j #d ,hang+ field-gates ea* #d #j to #e #j ,fix+ /ile 0 #b #j ,prep>+ po/s1 rails & pails = tree gu>ds p] set #j #i ,fix+ ditto 0 #b #j ,six-wire f5ce l>* po/s & creosot$ p] *a9 #ce #j to #dj #j ,fix+ same 0 #d #f 0 #e #j ,,firewood3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,splitt+ firewood p] cord #d #j to #f #j 0 0 = *>coal 0 #b #f 0 #c #j ,cutt+ & /ack+ cordwood 0 #b #j 0 #c #j ,burn+ *>coal p] bu%el ( #bj lbs4 #j #b ,load+ & spread+ soil p] load #j #e 0 #j #f ,,gate-,,mak+3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,field gate1 oak #e-;b> #ag #j ,po/s p] pair #bc #j ,iron fa/5+ & ironwork complete #e #i 0 ,fix+ #d #f ,mak+ #e-;b> oak gate #b #f 0 half gate #a #i 0 r\gh wickets #b #j 0 wr\ght wickets #c #j ,saw+ h>dwood p] #ajj ft4 #c #f to #d #j 0 s(twood 0 0 #b #f 0 #c #j ,,h$g+3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,trimm+ h$ges1 ord9>y size p] *a9 #j #i to #a #f ,mak+ bank = quick h$ge1 digg+ dit* & plant+ quick 0 #g #f 0 #aj #f 0 h$ge1 )\t bank or dit*1 tr5*+ gr\nd1 prep>+ b$ & plant+ 0 #c #j 0 #d #j ,clean+ "y h$ges 0 #j #h 0 #j #i ,lay+ h$ge & sc\r+ out dit* 0 #b #j 0 #c #j ,,hurdle-,,mak+3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,mak+ hurdles p] doz5 #c #f to #d #j 0 cattle hurdles 7wattle7 0 #e #j 0 #f #j 0 ,wel% hurdles1 = %eep 0 #d #j 0 #e #j ,,pitt+3 ,digg+ out clay p] y>d #j #f 0 holes = tree plant+1 #ae 94 9 diamet] & #ae 94 deep p] #ajj #a #f to #b #f ,ins]t+ plants 0 #j #f 0 #a #j ,not* plant+ 0 #b #j 0 #c #j ,,prep>+ ,,road ,,mat]ial3 ,qu>ry+ /ones p] y>d #j #aj to #a #c ,break+ /ones = roads 0 #j #h 0 #a #j ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,=e/ ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,exclusive ( ! =e/s ( ,*9a1 ,corea & p>ts ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 = :i* !re are no available data1 ! =e/ area ( ! _w is approximately #c1hjj1jjj1jjj acres4 ,! =e/s ( ,europe total upw>ds ( #gej1jjj1jjj or1 r\ghly speak+1 ab\t #ca p] c5t4 ( ! total l& area ( ! ,cont95t2 :il/ among non-,european c\ntries ,canada comes fir/ ) #gii1jjj1jjj acres1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ede1jjj1jjj1 tropical ,s\? ,am]ica #ebh1jjj1jjj1 ,asiatic ,russia #cdh1jjj1jjj1 & ,c5tral ,africa #bbd1jjj1jjj4 ,f9l& is1 p]haps1 ! be/ wood$ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 ,bosnia1 ,h]zegov9a & ,sw$5 com+ next1 :il/ among/ ! lea/ wood$ areas are ,great ,brita9 & ,portugal1 ! =m] includ+ only ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! total area ( ! l&4 ,s f> z is at pres5t kn[n ! foll[+ are ! approximate areas ( woodl&s 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w3-- ,,c\ntry4 ,,total ,,=e/ ,,area4 7,acres47 ,russia-- ,european ,russia #dfa1faa1jjj ,f9l& #eb1ejj1jjj ,au/ria-,hung>y-- ,au/ria #bc1iif1jjj ,hung>y #ah1fib1jjj ,croatia & ,slavonia #c1gfi1jjj ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a #f1chj1jjj ,sw$5 #di1cij1jjj ,g]many #cd1iij1jjj ,france #bd1jba1jjj ,norway #af1hdh1jjj ,spa9 #af1jfe1jjj ,italy #aj1aae1jjj ,bulg>ia #g1fjc1jjj ,r\mania #f1cfg1jjj ,briti% ,isles #c1jga1cfa ,switz]l& #b1adj1jjj ,belgium #a1cjd1jjj ,s]via #c1hfe1jjj ,o!r ,c\ntries #d1dbg1jjj ------------ #gdg1aed1cfa ,asiatic ,russia #cdh1jcj1jjj ,india #adi1jjj1jjj ,ceylon #f1gfc1jjj ,japan #eg1gah1jjj ,philipp9e ,isl&s #di1jjj1jjj ,briti% ,au/ralasia #abf1gbj1jjj ,cape ,colony1 ,natal1 ,swazil& & ,transvaal #fda1jjj ,madagasc> #be1jjj1jjj ,b>b>y ,/ates #i1ebg1jjj ,c5tral ,africa #bbd1jjj1jjj ,s\? ,am]ica 7tropical7 #ebh1jjj1jjj ,we/ ,indies #db1ffi1jjj ,canada #gii1cfj1jjj ,mexico #be1jjj1jjj ,alaska #ajg1jjj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #ede1jjj1jjj ,o!r ,c\ntries includ+ ! ,/raits ,settlem5t1 ,java1 etc4 #f1hgj1jjj ------------------------ #c1jej1bih1jjj ,! approximate area ( woodl&s 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& are3-- ,acres4 ,engl& #a1gae1dgc ,scotl& #hfh1dji ,wales #ahd1cfa ,irel& #cjc1aah -------------------- #c1jga1cfa ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,af=e/+ ,,wa/e ,,l&s ,,& ,,! ,,f9ancial ,,returns ,,!refrom ,n[ t ! ,gov]nm5t is be+ urg$ s]i\sly to consid] ! "q ( af=e/ation1 x may be opportune on my "p1 z "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s on ! subject1 to briefly recall :at has already be5 done 9 ?is matt]1 & to (f] "s rem>ks on plant+ wa/e l&s1 ) special ref]5ce to co/ & ! f9ancial returns !refrom4 ,= ! pa/ ?irty ye>s ,i h n fail$ to urge on ! ,/ate & private own]s ( woodl&s ! press+ necessity = plant+ up "s at lea/ ( ! wa/e & unpr(itable l&s ( our c\ntry1 9 ord] to provide a suffici5cy ( timb] = ! future & leave u less dep5d5t on ! supplies t are annually s5t u f abroad4 ,z /at$ else:]e1 :5 we consid] t ! total area ( woodl&s 9 ?is c\ntry is only a little ov] #c1jbi1jjj acres1 t fully #ae1jjj1jjj acres ( wa/e l&s exi/1 & t we annually import ov] #aj1jjj1jjj tons ( timb]1 at a co/ ( ab\t #be1jjj1jjj1 ! necessity = an increas$ area ( woodl&s1 s t a portion at lea/ ( ?is va/ sum may be kept at home1 w be app>5t to all1 & ! m s z a de>? ( timb] is imm95t1 & outside supplies are be+ rigidly cons]v$1 :ile our home dem&s are ev] on ! increase4 ,engl& be+1 s to speak1 a resid5tial c\ntry1 ! ret5tion ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( hea?1 m\nta9 & common l&s1 = ! purpose ( de] =e/s1 gr\se moors1 game cov]ts & golf+ l9ks is imp]ative1 & w consid]ably r$uce ! acreage ( l& available = af=e/+ purposes4 ,b ,i ?9k t ,i am well )9 b\nds 9 allot+ out ( ! #ae1jjj1jjj acres ( wa/e l& #a1jjj1jjj to af=e/+ & #ad1jjj1jjj to game pres]ves1 de] =e/s & r\gh pa/ure4 ,hav+ p]sonally explor$ mu* ( ! m\nta9 & hea? l&s 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & "s ( ! va/ tracts ( bog l& 9 ,irel& 7! latt] ext5d+ to fully "o million acres71 ,i h c>efully comput$ t ( l& up to #a1bjj feet altitude1 :]e timb] w\ld gr[ p]fectly well1 ab\t #i1jjj1jjj acres are available = af=e/+ purposes4 ,z f> z ,i h be5 able to f9d out1 ! av]age r5tal ( ! gr\nd ref]r$ to is a fraction "u #cs4 p] acre1 & ,i am q confid5t t any l& :i* does n br+ 9 at lea/ ?ree times t am\nt = graz+ or agricultural purposes w\ld be m pr(itably employ$ 9 c>ry+ a crop ( timb]4 ,x is un=tunate t mu* ( ^! wa/e l&s are private prop]ty1 ! own]s ( :i*1 ev5 c\ld !y af=d x1 h little incl9ation to s9k1 = a p]iod ( say tw5ty ye>s1 ! necess>y capital requir$ to be exp5d$ on ! =mation ( woods & plantations4 ,equally un=tunate is x t ow+ to an injudici\s sy/em ( managem5t _m plantations 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 wrongly =m$--9 s f> z adaptation ( soil & trees are conc]n$1 ! results be+ t f9ancially speak+ ! woods are a failure1 & proprietors 9 consequ5ce fight %y ( fur!r plant+ op]ations4 ,i h exam9$ & report$ on sev]al ( su* woods 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 "o ( ! mo/ noticeable be+ 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 :]e a l>ge area ( gr\nd 0 plant$ ) a crop ( oak1 = :i* tree ! soil 0 q unsuitable1 ! result be+ t ov] ! :ole gr\nd ! av]age production ( timb] p] tree 0 "u #aj cubic feet 9 sixty ye>s4 ,:5 press+ home ! "q ( woodl& ext5sion ,i h frequ5tly be5 confront$ by ! argum5t t pa/ exp]i5ce does n w>rant fur!r exp5diture 9 t way4 ,t ?is is true _c be d5i$1 b let u hope t x w be rem$i$ 9 ! ne> future by ! bett] education ( our =e/]s & by great] att5tion be+ giv5 to ! relation ( trees & soil4 ,) ! :olesale fell+ ( timb] = w> purposes & ! dis9cl9ation ( own]s ( l& to engage 9 ext5sive plant+ op]ations1 ! "q naturally arises3 ,:at is ! mo/ feasible way ( ov]com+ ! difficulty8 ,9 answ]1 & )\t ! slighte/ hesitation1 ,i w\ld say t ! ,/ate %\ld acquire & plant suitable wa/e l&s at ! rate ( #dj1jjj acres annually = a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,su* l&s c\ld1 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,wales1 be gradually & *eaply acquir$ by ! ,/ate1 :ile 9 ,irel& !re are va/ tracts ( peat bog :i* _! own]s w\ld will+ly h& ov] to ! ,gov]nm5t at ! pres5t "t at a small co/ p] acre4 ,tak+ ! ,briti% ,isles z a :ole1 ! co/ ( procur+ suitable l&s w\ld be at an annual r5tal ( ab\t #cs4 p] acre1 or #djs4 p] acre = pur*ase4 ,on ! ,gwydyr ,e/ate1 ,c>n>von%ire1 #g1dab acres ( l&1 describ$ z r\gh graz+ & %eep walk1 7 lately sold by public auction = #ae1fgj1 or at ! rate ( #b #bs4 #c;d4 p] acre4 ,i h little fai? ei!r 9 ! ,/ate advanc+ money to l&$ proprietors t[>ds af=e/+1 or 9 municipalities com+ to ! front z plant]s ( woodl&s4 ,! ,/ate w\ld be ! be/ cu/odian ( =e/ prop]ty = ! simple reason t ! ,/ate only c readily acquire ! ne$$ l& 9 suffici5t quantity & on ! be/ t]ms1 & ,i am fully conv9c$ t plantations =m$ "u ,gov]nm5t sup]vision w1 9 an economic s5se at lea/1 be f> m successful ?an ^? plant$ ei!r by private p]sons or public bodies4 ,aga91 ! cont9uity ( own]%ip "u su* a s*eme1 toge!r ) ! ample res\rces gu>ante$ by ,/ate control1 w\ld bo? l>gely contribute t[>ds a successful issue 9 su* an und]tak+4 ,! difficulty ( h\s+ & provid+ = ! workm5 employ$ 9 af=e/+ out-(-!-way l&s has be5 br\ght to my notice1 b f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( simil> "w 9 ,scotl& & ,wales ,i anticipate little difficulty 9 t way4 ,9 ^! cases1 :]e a good deal ( ! "w 0 c>ri$ out by contract1 ! workm5 gladly walk$ to & f ! adjo9+ villages ea* day1 (t5 a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles1 br++ _! midday meal ) !m1 :i* 0 heat$ or cook$ on ! gr\nd4 ,!n1 z ! plantations increase 9 age & size1 & sawmills are requir$1 ! ev]-increas+ indu/ry s creat$ w cause hamlets to spr+ up 9 ! wood$ regions1 j z we f9d is ! case 9 m9+ & qu>ry+ di/ricts4 ,aft] c>eful computation ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t ! area ( plantations 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom c\ld at once be d\bl$ by ! plant+ ( wa/e l&s :i* at pres5t d n br+ 9 ov] #bs4 p] acre p] ye> ( r5tal1 ) inf9ite b5efit to ! c\ntry g5]ally & a va/ increase 9 ! value ( l& bo? to ! own] & f>m] :o cultivates x4 ,9 ! matt] ( af=e/+1 a gra9 ( practice is wor? a ton ( !ory1 & z ,i h p]sonally sup]vis$ e op]ation1 f m>k+ out ! plantation b\nd>y on ! expos$ hillside1 to dra9+1 f5c+1 plant+1 ?9n+ & dispos+ ( ! produce1 my op9ions on ! "q are at lea/ wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! ,approa*+ ,sc>city ( ,timb]4--,?an timb] no article is probably m indisp5sable to ! welf>e ( a nation1 ent]+ ext5sively z x does into almo/ e trade & indu/ry4 ,= ,engl&1 !re=e1 ) an ev]-increas+ import1 ! possibility ( a de>? ( timb] mu/ be reg>d$ ) ! ke5e/ anxiety1 m p>ticul>ly z ?is w\ld entail prohibitive prices & s]i\sly cripple ! trade ( ! c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ table1 z report$ to ! ,wa%+ton ,bureau ( ,manufactures1 w %[ at a glance ! annual imports ( timb] ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe3-- ,engl& #af1cdb1fjj cub4 yds4 ,g]many #aa1gff1ffg 0 ,france #h1dif1cjj 0 ,belgium #a1hig1ggg 0 ,italy #iae1adh 0 ,d5m>k #hdi1fcj 0 ,spa9 #cib1bbb 0 ,switz]l& #cac1ggh 0 ,9 face ( ?is x is only reasonable to suppose t ! ,gov]nm5t w act promptly 9 ! matt]1 rememb]+ t no s*eme ( af=e/+1 h[ev] ext5sive or well ord]$1 c br+ ! necess>y relief = at lea/ =ty ye>s aft] its inception4 ,= all ?is1 & 9 spite ( num]\s w>n+s z to ! press+ necessity = tree plant+ & ! om9\s signs ( a timb] fam9e1 little or no?+ has be5 done1 save ! hold+ ( meet+s by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ! pur*ase ( a few hundr$ acres ( wa/e l& 9 ,scotl&4 ,to sum up briefly1 ! situation is ?is3--,engl&'s imports be=e ! w> rapidly increas$ f a trifle "u #c million loads 9 #ahfd to fully #aj million loads 9 #aijf1 ?us %[+ an increm5t ( fully #g million loads 9 =ty-two ye>s4 ,mo/ ,european c\ntries h l>ge int]nal supplies ( timb]1 s t1 by a sy/em ( cons]v+ & protective t>iffs1 ! p9* ( want w\ld n be felt sev]ely = ye>s to come4 ,b n s ,engl&1 :i* is almo/ :olly dep5d5t on supplies f abroad4 ,accord+ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ( ,wa%+ton1 ! area ( =e/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #gjj million acres1 b ev5 n[ ! ,/ates are m or less dep5d5t on ,canada1 & actually receive ! entire surplus f t c\ntry4 ,b reg>d+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ex-,presid5t ,roosevelt said3 8,if ! pres5t rate ( =e/ de/ruction is all[$ to cont9ue ) no?+ to (fset x1 a timb] fam9e 9 ! future is inevitable4 ,rememb] t y c prev5t su* a fam9e occurr+ by wise action tak5 9 "t2 b once ! fam9e occurs !re is no possible way ( hurry+ ! gr[? ( trees necess>y to relieve x40 ,aga91 ! late ,mr4 ,lewis ,mill]1 :o _h va/ =e/s bo? 9 ,sw$5 & ,nova ,scotia1 told me t 9 tw5ty-five ye>s nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor ,canada w h mu* timb] left1 :ile ,sw$5 & ,f9l& are already play$ out4 8,i am also ( op9ion10 he said1 8t dur+ ! next tw5ty-five ye>s timb] w be d\ble its pres5t price1 & t x w n only pay to plant l& valu$ at #cs4 p] acre1 b t wor? #bjs4 p] acre40 ,^! are no idle words1 b ! records ( ^? :o "k well :at !y are talk+ ab\t2 nei!r are ! writ]s 9 any s5se pessimi/s4 ,) all ^! w>n+s f m5 ^: bus9ess x is to /udy ! "q & :o are fully qualifi$ to advance an op9ion1 surely x is "t t we took up s]i\sly ! "q ( af=e/ation4 ,x may be said by "s t ! timb] ( our =eign possessions w p>tly fill up ! gap1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,indian timb]1 pr9cipally teak1 is n 9 reque/ to any appreciable ext5t1 :ile ! great ,african =e/s are h>dwoods1 & z a rule unsuit$ to our wants4 ,! =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica are on a p> ) ^? ( ,india & ,africa1 :ile ,*9a & ,japan1 z also ,au/ralia1 require m timb] ?an !y possess4 ,co/ ( suitable ,l& = ,af=e/+4--,:5 9 ! pa/ ! "q ( af=e/+ has be5 br\ght =w>d1 ! usual outcry has be5 t suitable l& is too exp5sive to buy4 ,b ?is argum5t w no long] suffice1 =1 z ,i h be=e po9t$ out1 excell5t l& = ! cultivation ( high-class timb] c be procur$ 9 consid]able quantity at ab\t #b p] acre4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,"l ,anca/]'s e/ate ag5t1 ,i h be5 all[$ to look ov] ! sale contracts ( sev]al p>ts ( ! ,gwydyr ,e/ate1 9 ,c>n>von%ire1 & f ^! ,i f9d t #g1dab acres 7 dispos$ (1 at an av]age price ( #b #bs4 #c;d4 p] acre4 ,! gr\nd 0 excell5t = ! production ( timb]1 z ! l>* on o!r adjo9+ l&s cle>ly evid5c$4 ,aga9 ! ,cr[n rec5tly pur*as$ #ab1ejj acres 9 ,scotl& at ! mode/ r5tal ( ab\t #b p] acre4 ,o!r in/ances c\ld be quot$1 b ! above suffice to %[ t l& 9 e way suit$ = pr(itable tree plant+ c be b\ght at probably less ?an #b p] acre4 ,x is p]haps un=tunate t _m ( ^! wa/e l&s are private prop]ty1 ! own]s ( :i*1 ev5 if !y c\ld af=d x1 h little incl9ation to s9k = a p]iod (1 say1 tw5ty-five ye>s ! necess>y capital requir$ to be exp5d$ on ! =mation ( plantations4 ,b all ?is w\ld be obviat$ by ,/ate own]%ip ( ! woodl&s4 ,private individuals1 or1 inde$1 public bodies1 lab\r "u _m disadvantages 9 respect ( af=e/ation1 n ! lea/1 z be=e /at$1 be+ ! qu>t] ( a c5tury requir$ be=e ! money exp5d$ 9 plant+ c be ev5 p>tially recov]$1 :ile a sy/ematic me?od ( cultivation & l>ge wood$ areas are fir/ necessities to successful timb] culture4 ,x is !re=e pref]able 9 e way t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld take up ! "q ( tree plant+ on a l>ge scale1 ! necess>y l& be+ available at a mod]ate co/ p] acre4 ,co/ ( ,=m+ ,plantations4--,?is w v>y greatly ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w is c>ri$ out1 ! p>ticul> di/rict ( ! c\ntry1 nature ( soil & rate ( wages paid1 z also :e!r f5c+ & dra9+ h to be engag$ 94 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 8not*0 & 8pit0 plant+ is v consid]able1 & ! fact t ! =m] me?od is almo/ exclusively adopt$ on ! r\gh gr\nds ?r\gh\t ,scotl& acc\nts ma9ly = ! small] fir/ outlay on ,scotti% plantations4 ,?us at ,grant[n1 ,/ra?spey1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,seafield's e/ate1 ,mr4 ,?omson1 ! v capable wood manag]1 has plant$ dur+ ! pa/ =ty-sev5 ye>s upw>ds ( #bj1jjj acres ( woodl&s1 at a co/1 includ+ f5c+1 ( r "u #b p] acre4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 :]e1 = v>i\s reasons1 pit plant+ is adopt$1 & l>g] plants are us$1 ! co/ v>ies f #e to #f p] acre4 ,= all practical purposes1 h[ev]1 ! co/ ( =m+ plantations may be put d[n at1 say1 #e p] acre1 z an av]age tak5 f ! foll[+ figures w %[3-- ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4 s4 d4 ,york%ire1 at #fjj ft4 altitude1 co/ ( plant+ & f5c+ p] acre #d #ah #i ,k5t1 f5c+ & plant+ 0 #f #c #j ,l9coln%ire 0 0 0 #h #j #j ,gl\ce/]%ire 0 0 0 #g #aj #j ,c>n>von%ire 0 0 0 #e #b #j ,,scotl&4 ,inv]ness-%ire1 ,gl5gloy ,e/ate1 #hjj ft4 altitude1 co/ ( f5c+ & plant+ p] acre #c #aj #j ,ross-%ire1 up to #a1bjj ft4 altitude1 co/ ( f5c+ & plant+ p] acre #b #aj #j ,p]?%ire 7plant+ only7 0 #b #aj #j ,blair ,a?ol1 #c1ffe acres1 f5c+ & plant+ 0 #b #aj #j ,grant[n1 ,/ra?spey1 f5c+ & plant+ 0 #b #j #j ,,irel&4 ,wickl[1 #gjj-ijj ft4 altitude1 f5c+ & plant+ p] acre #d #ac #aa ,armagh 7bogl&71 f5c+ & plant+ 0 #e #b #j ,ano!r in/ance 9 ,scotl& may be record$1 9 :i* #eej acres 7 plant$ at a co/ ( #a1agh1 or at ! rate ( #b #bs4 #aj;d4 p] acre4 ,?is includ$ = f5c+1 #afd #ahs4 #d;d42 dra9age1 #abc #aes42 plants1 #ebj #ajs42 plant+1 #cfh #afs4 #h;d4 ,9 connexion ) ^! figures1 x may be reassur+ to /ate t 9 ea* case a /rict acc\nt ( ! exp5diture involv$ _h be5 c>efully not$1 & ! returns giv5 are practically correct4 ,! av]age co/1 !re=e1 tak+ ,great ,brita9 z a :ole1 w\ld be ab\t #e p] acre = f5c+ & plant+ ! gr\nd4 ,! above-nam$ plantations1 too1 7 =m$ on ! v class ( gr\nd ( :i* we h s mu* ly+ idle or br++ 9 only a few %ill+s r5tal p] acre1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,ross-%ire plantation ref]r$ to 0 a bleak & b>r5 moorl& :i* ! cr(t]s1 :o us$ x z a common = _! cattle & %eep1 refus$ to r5t at #as4 p] acre p] annum1 :ile at ,/ra?spey ! #bj1jjj acres ( l& 7 let out previ\s to plant+ at #h;d4 p] acre p] annum4 ,va/ tracts ( ! b>e hillsides ( ,wales are only br++ 9 a few %ill+s ( r5tal p] acre4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t all ! above-nam$ plantations 7 =m$ on bleak1 expos$ moorl&s--! v class ( wa/e l&s t ,i h s /rongly advocat$ z be+ suitable = ! woodl&s ( ! future1 & ( :i* at ! pres5t "t !re are ab\t #ae1jjj1jjj acres ly+ idle 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,!re=e ! co/ ( plant+ may be consid]$ z or ab\t #e p] acre4 ,?is1 ) #b #es4 = co/ ( pur*ase & #es4 = incid5tal exp5ses1 w\ld br+ ! initial total exp5diture to #g #ajs4 p] acre4 ,else:]e ,i h sugge/$ t #a1jjj1jjj acres %\ld be plant$ ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 at ! rate ( #dj1jjj acres p] ye>1 :i* w\ld entail an outlay ( #cjj1jjj annually--a small sum :5 comp>$ ) ! #be1jjj1jjj exp5d$ ea* ye> by ?is c\ntry on supplies br\ght f abroad4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t t ,i %\ld l to t\* ^u :il/ deal+ ) ! =mation ( plantations1 & t is t ! "w %\ld only be entru/$ to ! effici5t & practical wood manag]1 :o is fully conv]sant ) ! :ole r\t9e ( woodl& "w4 ,x is frequ5tly urg$ t =e/ry does n pay1 b :]e ?is holds good1 ! cause is always traceable to injudici\s plant+ & wrong me?ods ( managem5t4 ,no m c we expect ! g>d5]1 gamekeep]1 e/ate jo9]1 or ev5 ! l& ag5t to und]take economical timb] culture ?an we c\ld expect ! =e/] to c>ry out successfully ! duties ( any ( ^! individuals4 ,wrongly =m$ plantations are1 un=tunately1 f> too common1 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z adaptation ( soil & trees are conc]n$1 ! result be+ t1 f9ancially speak+1 ! woods are a failure1 & proprietors1 9 consequ5ce1 fight %y ( fur!r plant+ op]ations4 ,:5 press+ home ! "q ( ! ext5sion ( plantations1 ,i h m ?an once be5 confront$ by ! /atem5t t pa/ exp]i5ce does n w>rant fur!r exp5diture 9 t way4 ,t ?is is true _c be d5i$1 9 _m in/ances at lea/1 b1 !n1 z above /at$1 faulty me?ods ( managem5t are alone responsible = ! failure4 ,f9ancial ,returns f ,tree ,plant+4--,?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t1 9 ! majority ( cases at lea/1 ! f9ancial returns _c be accept$ z /rictly correct 79 mo/ cases !y are too l[71 ow+ to ! woods be+ treat$ = o!r ?an comm]cial purposes1 yet 9 n a few in/ances1 :]e nei!r game-re>+ nor ornam5tal effect h to be consid]$1 ! yield ( timb] & gross returns = a /at$ numb] ( ye>s are p]fectly reliable4 ,( c\rse1 :]e game cov]ts & und]wood1 or :]e ! p]fect developm5t ( ! trees1 z 9 ornam5tal plantations1 are matt]s ( fir/ importance1 & require t ! individual specim5s be scatt]$ ?9ly ov] ! gr\nd1 ! greate/ yield ( ! be/ quality ( timb] _c be expect$2 b :]e1 z on v>i\s ,scotti% & ,engli% e/ates1 ! trees are gr[n ?ickly toge!r & solely = _! economic value1 ! case is q diff]5t1 z ! returns giv5 bel[ w atte/4 ,"o hundr$ acres ( common l& 7 plant$ f #aheb to #ahfb4 ,l>* 0 ! pr9cipal crop1 ) a few bee*1 ,scot* p9e1 spruce & silv] fir4 ,! plantation 0 ?9n$ at int]vals f #ahga to #ahhd1 ! ?9n+s be+ sold = close on #ejj1 b _m trees 7 us$ = f5c+ & e/ate purposes g5]ally4 ,! :ole plantation 0 fell$ 9 #aijg1 & realiz$ fully #d1ejj1 or at ! rate ( #de p] acre4 ,! l>* on ! l[] portion av]ag$ #bc ft4 p] tree1 b on ! expos$ gr\nd ! trees 7 only ab\t "o-?ird ( t dim5sion4 ,?is plantation has a nor!rn aspect1 & is situat$ at f #hjj ft4 to #a1cjj ft4 above sea-level4 ,aft] all[+ = ! co/ ( plant+ & int]e/ on ! money exp5d$1 ! annual return p] acre comes to ab\t #bjs4 ,! adjo9+ hea?-cov]$ l&s let = ab\t #bs4 #f;d4 p] acre4 ,aga91 on ! ,c\ntess ( ,seafield's e/ates1 ,scotl&1 on graz+ l& :i* =m]ly br\ght 9 #h;d4 p] acre1 ,mr4 ,?omson1 ! woods manag]1 tells me t1 at ! age ( =ty-sev5 ye>s1 ,scot* fir realiz$ #dj p] acre2 :ile 9 ano!r wood ! individual trees br\ght #bds4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,a l>* plantation ( #bjh acres1 on a /eep hillside1 0 fell$ at ! age ( fifty ye>s4 ,! actual returns dur+ t p]iod 73 f ?9n+s1 #d1ejj2 f f9al fell+1 #ad1ejj2 or fully #ij p] acre4 ,! orig9al co/ ( plant+ 0 "u #e p] acre1 & ! value ( ! l& at ?irty ye>s' pur*ase #g #ajs4 p] acre1 ?us leav+ a balance ( fully #gh p] acre at ! age ( fifty ye>s4 ,! ext5sive hillside plantations =m$ by ! late ,"l ,p[]sc\rt 9 ,irel&1 ^? at ,gl5dal\gh 9 ! same c\ntry1 =m$ by ! ,duke ( ,a?oll betwe5 ,dunkeld & ,blair ,a?oll1 ^? at ,gl5goy1 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 at ,/ra?kyle 9 ,ross-%ire1 & at ,gwydyr & ,p5rhyn ,ca/le 9 ! ,pr9cipality ( ,wales--all ( :i* 7 =m$ ov] ?irty-five ye>s ago1 acc\nt ( ! co/ ( =mation & managem5t be+ /rictly kept--^! surely af=d suffici5t evid5ce n only ( ! pr(itable returns to be obta9$ f woodl&s1 b ( ! feasibility ( af=e/+ m\nta9 l&s ) va/ b5efit 9 ! way ( %elt] to ! dre>y1 treeless1 & bleak1 expos$ upl&s :]e ! plant+ has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,z f> z actual pr(its are conc]n$1 x w be prud5t to assume t = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s no return :atev] w be d]iv$ f hillside plantations1 ! sales ( ?9n+s up to t "t b>ely cov]+ ! exp5se ( cutt+ & int]e/ on fir/ co/4 ,f tw5ty-five to =ty ye>s an annual return ( fully #abs4 p] acre has 9 _m in/ances be5 =?com+1 :ile ! value ( ! /&+ crop at ! latt] age has be5 f\nd to v>y f #ej to #gj p] acre4 ,i d n ?9k t ^! figures w\ld be1 g5]ally speak+1 too high1 z at ,balf\r1 9 ,scotl&1 ! l>* at =ty-?ree ye>s' gr[? on a hillside 7 valu$ at #bjs4 ea*1 :ile a valuation ( #bas4 p] tree 0 made ( l>* on ! slopes ( ! ,sn[don range ( hills1 9 ,wales1 at ! age ( =ty ye>s4 ,b _m simil> in/ances c\ld be record$1 & are con/antly com+ be=e ^? :o h to d ) ! valu+ & fell+ ( timb]4 ,! late ,mr4 ,lewis ,mill]1 :o _h probably a l>g] exp]i5ce ( home woods ?an any o!r p]son1 has giv5 me "s valuable & int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ :at he has paid p] acre = l>* 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,scotl&4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s1 betwe5 #ahgj & #ahij1 ,mr4 ,mill] has cut d[n gr[+ timb] to ! value ( ov] #bej1jjj4 ,a great _m ( ! plantations 7 fifty ye>s old1 & yield$ ov] #ej p] acre :5 f9ally cut d[n1 ap>t f ! value ( ! ?9n+s tak5 out ( !m previ\sly to ! "t !y 7 cut d[n4 ,to "o proprietor 9 ,ab]de5%ire he paid #fj1jjj = plantations ab\t fifty ye>s ( age1 & ! price work$ out on an av]age at fully #ej p] acre4 ,"o p>ticul> plantation ( l>* 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s old1 yield$ #aej p] acre2 ano!r plantation1 all l>*1 ab\t =ty-f\r ye>s ( age gave ov] #ajj p] acre1 & ^! plantations 7 = ! mo/ "p gr[+ on :at 0 =m]ly pa/ure or wa/e l&1 & co/ = plant+ & f5c+ f #b to #b #ajs4 p] acre4 ,x w be ne$less to multiply cases 9 :i* poor l&s wor? only f #as4 to #cs4 p] acre h be5 made to realize by judici\s tree plant+ z mu* z #bjs4 p] acre = fifty or sixty ye>s ) a f9al crop wor? f #ej to #ge p] acre4 ,all ! plantations above ref]r$ to are excell5t object-lessons ( ! possibilities ( ! ,briti% ,isles = ! production ( high-class timb] if woods are prop]ly plant$ & manag$4 ,advantages ( ,tree ,plant+4--,n only f a /rictly f9ancial po9t ( view b also f a hygi5ic s5se /&po9t1 plantations are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,= %elt] = f>m /ock1 = improv+ ! agricultural value ( ! l[] ly+ l&s1 & = ! "p !y play 9 clo?+ & ornam5t+ our b>e commons & hillsides1 _! value c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ,i =m$ a plantation on a spur ( ! ,sn[don range ( hills1 9 ,wales1 :]e ! fi]ce1 long-cont9u$ & h>d-hitt+ bla/s 7 ( almo/ con/ant occurr5ce1 & ! am\nt ( %elt] & w>m? x n[ af=ds to ! f>m /ock & l[] ly+ l&s w\ld h>dly be cr$it$4 ,previ\s to ! =mation ( ?is p>ticul> plantation1 at altitudes v>y+ up to #fjj ft41 ! adjo9+ l&s 7 q incapable ( cultivation1 b n[ crops are gradually creep+ up ! hillsides1 :ile ! f>m /ock f9d ! mu*-ne$$ %elt] & w>m? t !y 7 =m]ly d5i$4 ,s great has be5 ! b5efit ( ?is wood bo? to man & bea/ t ! f>m] on ^: l& x 0 plant$ speaks ( x z 8a ,gods5d40 ,o!r simil> cases 9 ,wales might be m5tion$1 z = in/ance ! plantations on ! ,gwydyr & ,p5rhyn ,e/ates1 & also ^? ne> ,ab]gele1 :]e ! judici\s plant+ up ( rocky & almo/ wor?less l& has conv]t$ dre>y & inhospitable di/ricts into ! mo/ fa%ionable & exp5sive resid5tial prop]ty4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl&1 p>ticul>ly ,p]?1 ,inv]ness & ,ab]de5%ire1 equally good results h be5 obta9$ by judici\s tree plant+4 ,ano!r notable advantage ga9$ by ! plant+ ( trees lies 9 ! provision ( pr(itable "w = ! unemploy$4 ,z a special *apt] is devot$ to ?is important subject1 x ne$ only be m5tion$ "h4 ,x %\ld n be ov]look$ t excell5t results h foll[$ 9 ! wake ( plant+ bog l&s 9 ,irel&4 ,9 #ahfb my fa!r =m$ sev]al plantations !re1 a full acc\nt ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl& = #ahgc4 ,i exam9$ ^! woods & 0 agreeably surpris$ at ! height :i* ! trees _h atta9$1 ! cubic cont5ts ( ! timb]1 & ! price realiz$4 ,incid5tally1 x might be notic$ t ! gr\nd previ\sly to plant+ 0 a dre>y1 hea?-clad wa/e1 only suitable = snipe-%oot+ & ! production ( turf = fuel4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( ! num]\s advantages to be d]iv$ f a well-organiz$ sy/em ( tree plant+ c\ld be cit$1 n ! lea/ important be+ ! great] facilities t w\ld be af=d$ = dispos+ ( ! timb]4 ,9 _m outly+ di/ricts all ov] ! c\ntry f> remov$ f road & rail1 x is difficult to get rid ( ! small am\nt ( timb] t is p]iodically cut d[n1 b 7 l>g] quantities h&l$ & a cont9uity ( supply =?com+1 ,i feel c]ta9 t timb] m]*ants w\ld be prompt$ to make special transit arrangem5ts4 ,m ?an once ,i h be5 ask$ by ,iri% l&[n]s to recomm5d buy]s ( good l>* & oak timb]1 b1 aft] negotiation1 ,i h inv>iably be5 told by ! m]*ant t ! quantity (f]$ 0 f> too small to all[ ( special facilities = deliv]y be+ provid$1 s9ce ! timb] 0 f> away f road & rail4 ,!y /at$1 h[ev]1 t if a specifi$ numb] ( cubic feet ( good timb] c\ld be gu>ante$ annually = a numb] ( ye>s !y 7 q prep>$ to buy4 ,! same ob/acles to ! sale ( timb] h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ,scotl& & remote p>ts ( ,wales4 ,9 ^! cases a cont9uity ( supply1 su* z w\ld be =?com+ if my s*eme ( af=e/+ 0 c>ri$ out1 w\ld ensure spe$y sales at mod]ate prices 9 places :]e at pres5t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to dispose ( small quantities except at ru9\sly l[ prices4 ,,index ,a ,,page ,abele ,popl> = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,acacia1 ,false1 = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ,advantages ( ,tree ,plant+1 #bic ,af=e/+ ,wa/e ,l&s1 #bhb ,ag>icus melleus1 #bah ,ailan?us = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,ald] z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- ,common1 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #eb ---- ---- ,expos$ ,positions1 #eb ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ---- ---- ,seaside 0 #gh ---- ,ho>y1 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ,almond = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,am]ican ,w+$ ,elm = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ,&rom$a = ! ,%ade1 #aib ,apple z ,timb]1 #bdj ,appliances us$ 9 ,=e/ry1 #aec ,arauc>ia ,imbricata ,se$1 #ad ,area ( ,woodl&s1 #bhj ,arrangem5t ( ,plantations1 #cc ,a% z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #dh ---- ---- ,expos$ 0 #ga ---- ---- ,ornam5tal 0 #acb ---- ---- ,seaside 0 #gi ---- ---- ,t[n 0 #ajd ---- ,se$1 #aa ,aspect ( ,home ,nurs]y1 #bf ,asp5 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ,atlantic ,c$> = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ---- ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #fe ,aucuba ,japonica = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje ---- ---- ---- ,game ,cov]ts1 #agi ---- ---- ---- ,h$ges1 #ahi ,au/rian ,p9e = ,economic ,plant+1 #fe ---- ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #fi ---- ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajh ---- ---- ,se$1 #aa ,autumn-t9t$ ,foliage ,trees = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #abc ,autumn ,"w 9 ,home ,nurs]y1 #cj ,b ,b>k1 #bee ---- ,/ripp+----,tools us$1 #bbb ,b>k+ ,oak1 #bbj-bbb ,b>ron's ,transplant+ ,ma*9e1 #adj ,beam ,tree = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gg ---- ---- 9 ,london1 #ajc ,b$=d ,will[ = ,seaside ,plant+1 #he ,bee* ,coccus1 #bje ,bee* z ,timb]1 #bdf ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #di ---- ---- ,expos$ 0 #ga ---- ---- ,h$ge 0 #ahg ---- ---- ,ornam5tal 0 #ahh ---- ---- ,seaside 0 #hj ---- ,se$1 #aa ,beetle ,p9e1 #aic ,b]b]is ,d>w9ii = ,game ,cov]ts1 #ahj ---- ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahi ---- ---- ---- ,seaside1 #hd ,bhotan ,p9e = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ,bir* z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ec ---- ---- ,expos$ 0 #ga ---- ---- ,ornam5tal 0 #abb ---- ---- ,seaside 0 #gi ---- ---- ,t[n 0 #ajd ---- ,se$1 #aa ,bird ,*]ry = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #ga ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ,black ,italian ,popl> = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,blackb]ry = ! ,%ade1 #aib ,bladd] ,s5na = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ---- ,ru/ or ,clu/]-,cup1 #bai ,bla/+ ,tree ,roots1 #bgc ,bog ,soils1 ,trees =1 #acf ,bo/ri*us ,l>icis1 #aid ---- ,typographus1 #aid ,box = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ---- ,game ,cov]t1 #agg ---- ,?orn = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ,brac+ a ,tree1 #aei ,bri> = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ,briti% ,oak = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aaa ---- ,timb] & its ,uses1 #bdj ,broom = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,buck?orn1 ,sea1 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,burn+ ,tree ,/umps1 #bgd ,but*]'s ,broom = ,game ,cov]ts1 #ahb ---- ---- ---- ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ,by-products ( ! ,=e/1 #bej ,c ,canadian ,popl> = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,c$> = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,cephalonian ,fir = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,*alky ,soil = ,tree ,plant+1 #acj1 #acf ,*>coal1 #bec ---- ,mak+1 #bbf ---- ,comp>ative ,value ( ,wood1 #bca ---- ,pit1 #bca ---- ,kiln ,burn+1 #bca ---- ,uses (1 #bcb ,*]ry z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #ga ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,*e/nut z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ---- ,economic ,plant+1 #ea ,clay ,soil = ,tree ,plantations1 #ach ,clean+ & ,prun+ ,h$ges1 #ahi ,climb]s = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,clu/] ,p9e = ,plant+1 #ha ---- ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #ha ,cock*af]1 #bjb ,col*ic ,laurel = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahi ,collect+ ,tree ,se$s1 #h ,common ,ald] = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ---- ,gorse = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,common ,holly = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,ivy = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aia ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ---- ,laburnum = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,laurel = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahi ---- ,london ,plane = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ih ---- ,mulb]ry = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ,comp>ative ,value ( ,woods = ,*>coal ,mak+1 #bca ,conif]s suitable = ,*alky ,soil1 #aca ---- ---- ---- ,reclaim$ ,peat ,bog1 #abi ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #eg ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajh ---- ,se$s1 #i ---- ,seaside1 #hj ,contract ,"w1 ,prices (1 #bgg ,cont5ts1 xi ,coppice ,wood ,managem5t1 #agj ---- ,co/ (1 #agc ,cornelian ,*]ry = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ---- ,h$g][ ,plant+1 #aaa ,corsican ,p9e = ,economic ,plant+1 #ei ---- ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #ha ---- ---- ,se$s1 #aa ,co/ ( ,=m+ ,plantations1 #bhg-bhh ,cratgus ,pyracan?a = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajh ,cricket ,bat ,will[1 #ed ,cryptom]ia = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,cucumb] ,tree = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,cupressus ,lawsoniana1 ,se$ (1 #aa ---- ---- = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aji ,currant1 ,fl[]+1 = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,cut-leav$ ,trees1 #aba ,cutt+ ,osi]s1 #bdg ,cypress = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,d ,daphne ,laureola = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,mez]eon = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,d>w9's ,b>b]ry = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,decidu\s ,cypress = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ,d$ication1 v ,dogwood = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ---- ---- ,*>coal1 #bcb ,d\ble ,furze = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,d\glas ,fir = ,economic ,plant+1 #fc ---- ---- ,se$1 #ab ,dra9+----,tools us$1 #cg ---- & ,cle>+ ,gr\nd = ,plantations1 #cf ,dri$ ,leaves z ,litt]1 #bea ,e ,economic ,plant+1 #dg ---- ---- ,trees =1 #dh ,eld] = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gf ,elegant ,cryptom]ia = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,elm1 z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- ,engli% = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aaa ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ea ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ,scot*1 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #he ---- ,se$1 #ab ---- ,tree ,de/roy]1 #aii1 #bjj ,engli% ,elm = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aaa ---- ,maple = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ,euonymus ,japonicus = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,radicans ,v>iegata = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ,ev]gre5 ,honeysuckle = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ---- ,oak = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ,expos$ ,gr\nd1 ,plant+1 #gb ,f ,faggots1 #bee ,false ,acacia = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ,fell+----,tools us$1 #dc ,felt$ ,bee* ,coccus1 #bje ,f5c+1 #ig ---- ,plantations1 #beg ---- ,tools us$1 #bfd ,f]n-leav$ ,bee* = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,f9ancial ,returns ( ,plant+1 #bij ,firewood1 #beb ,fitzroya ,patagonica = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,fl[]+ ,currant = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ---- ,trees = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aaf ,=e/ ,area ( ! ,_w1 #bhj ,=e/ ,by-,products1 #bej ---- ,produce1 ,utiliz+1 #bej ,=e/ry & ! ,w>1 #a ,=mation ( ,game ,cov]ts1 #agd ---- ---- ,plantations1 #cb ,=sy?ia ,viridissima = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,f\nta9 ,will[1 #aba ,fruit ,trees = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aaf ,fungi on ,trees1 #bab ,furze = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,g ,game ,cov]ts1 ,=mation & ,managem5t1 #ahd ,gaul!ria ,procumb5s = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ---- ,%allon = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ---- ---- ---- ,game ,cov]ts1 #aha ,giant ,arborvit = ,economic ,plant+1 #fd ---- ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #ha ,goat ,mo?1 #bjj ---- ,will[ = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ,gold5 ,will[ = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ,gorse = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,grasses = ! ,sea-,coa/1 #hf ---- ---- ,woodl& ,drives1 #cd ,gravelly ,soil = ,tree ,plantation1 #aca-acg ,gre5 ,tree ,box = ,game ,cov]ts1 #agg ,grisel9ia ,littoralis = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje ,gr\ndsel ,tree = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,h ,h>d-wood$ ,trees = ,economic ,plant+1 #dg ,h>dwoods = ,*alky ,soil1 #acj ---- ---- ,clay ,soils1 #acb ---- ---- ,gravelly ,soil1 #aca ---- ---- ,iron/one ,soils1 #acc ---- ---- ,reclaim$ ,peat ,bog1 #abi ,haw?orn ,se$1 #ab ,hazel ,nuts1 #ab ,hea!r = ! ,%ade1 #aib ,heav51 ,tree (1 = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,h$ges z ,f5ces1 #ahe ---- ,=mation (1 #ahd ---- ,managem5t1 #ahd ---- ,ornam5tal1 #ahh ---- ,plant+1 #ahf ---- ,prun+1 #ahi ,h$g][ & ,field ,plant+1 #aaj ,h$g+ ,tools us$1 #ahe ,height ( ,trees1 ,measur+1 #bga ,ho>y ,ald] = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ,holly z ,timb]1 #bdj ---- ,b]ries1 #ab ---- ,fly1 #bjd ---- = ,game ,cov]ts1 #aha ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,home ,nurs]y1 #bd ---- ---- ,spr+ ,"w1 #bh ---- ---- ,summ] ,"w1 #cj ---- ---- ,autumn ,"w1 #cj ---- ---- ,w9t] ,"w1 #cj ,honeysuckle = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,hornbeam z ,timb]1 #bda ---- = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aac1 #afg ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hj ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ,horse ,*e/nut z ,timb]1 #bda ---- ---- = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ---- ,se$s1 #ab ,hot & ,dry ,soils1 ,%rubs =1 #acd ,h[ to ,prune1 #aeg ,hunt+don ,will[ = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gg ,hyp]icum ,calyc9um = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,i ,imp]ial ,ald] = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ,index1 #bie ,indian ,bean = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ,insects & ,diseases ,injuri\s to ,=e/ ,trees1 #aic ,introduction1 ix ,iron/one ,soil = ,plantations1 #acc1 #ach ,italian ,popl> = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,ivy = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aia ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,j ,japanese ,cryptom]ia = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,jasm9um ,nudiflorum = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajh ,juneb]ry = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,junip]1 ,sav9 = t[ns1 #aji ,k ,k5tucky ,c(fee-,tree = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,kilm>nock ,will[1 #aba ,kiln ,burn+ ,*>coal1 #bca ,l ,laburnum1 ,common1 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,mo?1 #bjb ---- ,scot*1 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,lackey ,mo?1 #bjj ,l& ,sale on ! ,gwydyr ,e/ate1 #bhg ,l>* ,aphis1 #aig ---- ,cank]1 #bac ---- ,cones1 #ab ---- ,disease1 ,cause & ,rem$y1 #bac ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #eg ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #ga ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aad ---- ,m9]1 #aie ---- ,sawfly1 #aih ---- ,timb]1 #bda ,l>ge-,fruit$ ,cypress = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,laurel ,spurge = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ,lauru/9us = ,game ,cov]ts1 #agi ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,leaf-,%$d+ ,fungus1 #bah ,levell+1 #ch ,leyce/]ia ,=mosa = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,ligu/rum ,coriaceum = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje ---- ,ovalifolium = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,lilacs = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #hd ,lime z ,timb]1 #bda ---- = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aac ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajc ,litt] ( ,dri$ ,leaves1 #bea ,lomb>dy ,popl> = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aab ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,london ,plane = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ih ,lymegrass = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,m ,magnolias = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,mahonia ,aquifolia = ,game ,cov]ts1 #ahj ,maid5hair ,tree = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajj ,manna ,a% = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,manufacture ( ,*>coal1 #bbf ,manure = ,home ,nurs]y1 #bf ,maple z ,timb]1 #bda ---- = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ,m>am = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,measur+ ,height ( ,trees1 #bgb ,measur+ ,/&+ ,timb]1 #bgj ,mez]eon ,laurel = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ,m9or ,products ( ,=e/ ,wa/e1 #bef ,m\nta9 ,a% = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ---- ,se$1 #ab ,mulb]ry = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ,n ,norway ,maple = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gf ---- ,spruce = ,economic ,plant+1 #fd ,not* ,plant+1 #dd ,nurs]y1 ,=mation & ,managem5t1 #bd ---- ,home1 its ,=mation & ,managem5t1 #bd ---- ,plan (1 #bg ---- ,tools us$ 91 #bi ---- ,"w = ! ,seasons1 #bh ,o ,oak z ,timb]1 #bda ---- ,ev]gre5 = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #dg ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #ga ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ---- ---- ,roll] ,mo?1 #bjd ---- ,se$1 #ac ,ole>ia ,ha/ii1 #aje ---- ,macrodonta1 #aje ,ori5tal ,plane = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ih ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aaf ---- ,weep+ ,trees1 #aba ,osman?us ,ilicifolius = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje ,p ,pap],pulp1 #bea ,peat ,soil1 #abi ,p]iw9kles = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aia ,phillyrea ,vilmor9iana = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,picia ,sit*5sis1 #ei ,p9e ,beetle1 #aic ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ei ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aba ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #ha ---- ,sawfly1 #aif ---- ,%oot ,mo?1 #aie ---- ,weevil1 #aid ,p9us ,insignis1 #hb ---- ,montana = ,seaside ,plant+1 #ha-he ---- ,macroc>pa ,se$1 #ad ---- ,sab9iana ,se$1 #ad ---- ,/ropus1 #aa ,pit*1 #bea ,pitt+1 #dj ,plane = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ii ---- ,tree 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k1 #ii ,plantations1 ,=mation & ,co/1 #cb ---- ,h$ges1 #ahd ,plant+1 #da ---- ,advantages ( ,tree1 #bic ---- ,expos$ ,gr\nd1 #fh ---- ,f9ancial ,returns (1 #bij ---- ,h$ges1 #ahd ---- ,iron1 #de ---- ,iron/one ,soils1 #acc ---- ,not*1 #dd ---- ,ornam5tal1 #aba ---- ,osi]s1 #bdc ---- ,tools us$ =1 #dc ,polyporus ,sulphureus1 #bai ---- ,squamosus1 #baf ,popl> z ,timb]1 #bda ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #eg ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ,populus ,canad5sis = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ---- ,alba = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ---- ,nigra = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ,portugal ,laurel = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,preface1 vii ,prep>ation ( ,gr\nd = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ib ---- ---- ---- ,h$ges1 #ahd ,prices ( ,contract ,"w1 #bgg ---- ( ,timb] p] ton1 #bci ---- ---- ---- p] cubic foot1 #bch ---- ---- ,=e/ ,produce1 #bcg ,pr9ce ,alb]t's ,fir = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,privet = ,game ,cov]ts1 #agh ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ,propagat+ ,trees & ,%rubs1 #ae ---- by ,cutt+s1 #ai ---- ---- ,graft+1 #bb ---- f ,budd+1 #bc ---- ---- ,lay]s1 #ba ---- ---- ,se$1 #ae ,prune1 ,h[ & ,:5 to1 #aeg ,prun+ ,bad ,effects (1 #aeb ---- ,dead ,wood1 #aee ---- ,h$ges1 #aeb ---- ,live ,bran*es1 #aed ---- ,%rubs1 #aeg ---- ,tools us$ 91 #aec ---- ,trees1 #aea ,purple ,will[ = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ,pyrus = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,q ,quick ,h$ges1 #ahf ,r ,r$-,rot ,fungus1 #bag ,r$ ,spid]1 #bja ,ret9ospora = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aji ,rhamnus ,frangula = ,*>coal1 #bcc ,rhodod5dron ,ponticum = ,game ,cov]ts1 #ahj ,rhytisma ,punctata1 #baf ,rosa ,rugosa = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ,rubig9osa = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ,r[an ,tree = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ,ruscus ,aculeatus = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,s ,/4 ,john's ,wort = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aia ---- ---- ---- ---- ,game ,cov]ts1 #ahb ,scot* ,elm = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ---- ,fir z ,timb]1 #bdb ---- ---- = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aac ---- ,laburnum = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,p9e = ,economic ,plant+1 #fb ---- ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,sea ,buck?orn = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,seaside ,plant+1 #gc ---- ---- ,h>dwoods =1 #gf ---- ---- ,%rubs =1 #hb ---- ---- ,li/ ( ,trees =1 #he ,se$1 ,be/ ,dep? = ,g]m9at+1 #ag ---- ,collect+ & ,h>ve/+1 #h ---- ( ,v>i\s ,trees conta9$ 9 a ,bu%el1 #aj ---- ,requir$ to plant #ajj sq4 ft41 #ah ---- ,tree1 numb] 9 a lb41 #aj ,select+ ,tree ,se$s1 #i ,%ade-lov+ ,%rubs1 #aia ,%rubs = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aia ,%rubs = ,hot & ,dry ,soils1 #acd ---- ---- ! ,sea-,coa/1 #hb-hf ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje-ajg ,silv] ,fir z ,timb]1 #bdb ---- ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #fd ---- ---- ,se$1 #ac ,sitka ,spruce = ,economic ,plant+1 #ei ,skimmia ,japonica = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,slate ,f5ces = ,plantations1 #beh ,slit ,plant+1 #dd ,sn[b]ry = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ,sn[y ,mespilus = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,soil = ,home ,nurs]y1 #bf ,sophora ,japonica = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ,spani% ,broom = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,*e/nut z ,timb]1 #ea ---- ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ea ---- ---- ,se$1 #ab ---- ,silv] ,fir = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,spid]1 ,r$1 #bja ,spirea ,adiantifola = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ,spr+ ,"w 9 ,home ,nurs]y1 #bh ,spruce ,fir z ,timb]1 #bdb ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ei ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ,gall ,aphis1 #aih ,spurge ,laurel = ,c>pet+ 9 ,%ade1 #aib ---- ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,/ag's ,horn ,suma* = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,/ak+ ,trees1 #aai ,/&+ ,timb] ,measur+1 #bgj ,/one ,walls = ,f5c+ ,plantations1 #beg ,/rawb]ry ,trees = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ---- ---- = ,seaside1 #hd ,summ] ,"w 9 ,home ,nurs]y1 #cj ,sweet-,bay = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,bri> = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ,*e/nut = ,economic ,plant+1 #ea ,sycamore z ,timb]1 #bdb ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ea ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #gj ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aab ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gf ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ,fungus1 #baf ,t ,tam>isk = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gf-hb ,tam>ix ,gallica = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ---- ,g]manica = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hb ,tansy-leav$ ,?orn = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje ,t>1 #bea ,taxodium ,di/i*um = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aji ,?9n+ ,plantations1 #ada ---- ---- ,rules =1 #adi ,?orn ,fly1 #bjb ---- = ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahf ,?orns = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #aje ,?ujopsis ,dolabrata = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aji ,timb]1 ,briti%1 & ,"s ( ,its ,uses1 #bdj ---- ,measur+1 #bhh ---- ,prices1 #bcg ,tools us$ 9 ,=e/ry1 #dc ,t[n ,plant+1 #hg-aji ---- ---- ,trees =1 #ih ,transplant+ ,se$l+s1 #ah ---- ,l>ge ,trees1 #aci ---- ,ma*9e1 ,faulkn]'s1 #adj ---- ,specim5 ,trees1 #aah ,tree ,gr\ndsel = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,gu>ds1 #bfe ---- ,mall[ = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ,tree ( ,heav5 = ,t[n ,plant+1 #aja ---- ,plant+1 ,advantages (1 #bic ---- ---- ,f9ancial ,returns (1 #bij ---- ,prun+ 9 ,economic ,=e/ry1 #aea ---- ,purslane = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hc ,trees & ,%rubs1 ,propagat+1 #ae ---- be/ adapt$ = ,v>i\s ,soils1 #abh ---- = ,*alky or ,calc>e\s ,soils1 #acj ---- ---- ,clay ,soils1 #acb ---- ---- ,economic ,plant+1 #dg ---- ---- ,expos$ ,plant+1 #fh ---- ---- ,gravelly & ,s&y ,soils1 #aca ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #aaj ---- ---- ,h$g][ & ,field1 #aaj ---- ---- ,iron/one ,soils1 #acc ---- ---- ---- & ,coal ,soils1 #acc ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aba ---- ---- ,peaty ,soils #abi ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #he ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ih ,trumpet ,honeysuckle = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,tulip ,tree = ,t[n ,plantations1 #ajb ,turf ,dykes = ,plantations1 #bfi ,turkey ,oak = ,seaside ,plant+1 #gi ,turp5t9e1 #bej ,u ,umbrella ,p9e = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aah ,und]wood1 #agj ,uses ( ,*>coal1 #bcb ,utiliz+ ,wa/e ,=e/ ,produce1 #bej ,v ,value ( ,woods = ,*>coal ,mak+1 #bca ---- ---- ,reclaim$ ,peat ,bog1 #abi ,v5etian ,suma* = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,v9ca ,major = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ---- ,m9or = ,seaside ,plant+1 #hd ,v9e = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajh ,virg9ia ,creep] = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajg ,w ,walnut z ,timb]1 #bdb ---- = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ,se$1 #ac ,wa/e ,=e/ ,produce1 ,utiliz+1 #bej ,wat] = ,home ,nurs]y1 #bf ,wat]+ ,trees1 #ig ,wayf>+ ,tree = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajf ,weep+ ,a% = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ,trees = ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aba ,weym\? ,p9e = ,economic ,plant+1 #fj ---- ,p9e ,se$s1 #aa ,:5 to ,prune1 #aeg ,:ite ,beam ,tree = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ---- ,fruit$ ,mulb]ry = ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajb ---- ,rot ,fungus1 #bah ,wild ,*]ry = ,expos$ ,plant+1 #ga ,will[ ,beetle1 #aig ---- ,culture1 #bdc ---- = ,economic ,plant+1 #ed ---- ---- ,ornam5tal ,plant+1 #aag ---- ---- ,seaside ,plant+1 #gh ---- ---- ,timb]1 #bdb ---- ---- ,t[n ,plant+1 #ajd ---- ,kilm>nock1 #aba ---- ,r+let1 #aba ,will[s = ,basket-,mak+1 #bdc ---- ,pr(its ( ,culture1 #bdh ---- ,rules = ,culture1 #bdg ,w+$ ,elm = ! ,seaside1 #gg ,w9t] ,mo?1 #baj ---- ,"w 9 ,home ,nurs]y1 #cj ,wire ,f5ces = ,plantations1 #bfc ,wireworms1 #bjh ,wit*'s ,broom or ,will[1 #baj ,wood ,f5ces = ,plantations1 #bfb ---- ,leop>d ,mo?1 #bjc ,woods = ,*>coal ,mak+1 #bca ,y ,yew z ,timb]1 #bdb ---- = ,game ,cov]ts1 #aha ---- ---- ,h$ge ,plant+1 #ahh ---- ,se$1 #ac ,butl] ,tann] ,frome & ,london