,,! ,,false ,,assumptions ,,( 8,,democracy40 ,by ,,an?ony ,m4 ,,ludovici 7,au?or ( 8,a ,def5ce ( ,ari/ocracy10 8,man's ,desc5t f ! ,gods10 etc41 etc47 ,) an ,,introductory ,,lett] f ! ,"r ,hon4 ,"l ,will\ghby de ,broke4 ,,hea? ,,cranton1 ,,ltd41 ,fleet ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 #d4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,love ,malcomson ,ltd41 ,london & ,r$hill4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introductory ,,lett] ,,f ,,"l ,,will\ghby ,,de ,,broke vii4 ,,preface ix4 ,,introduction ,,! ,,confusion ,,( ,,language ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,revolution #aa ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,private ,,prop]ty #bg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ju/ice #dd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,equality #fa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,fre$om #gg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,socialism ,,& ,,communism #ie ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,education #abf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,social ,,re=m #aec ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,social ,,unre/ #agi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,great ,,alt]native ,,to ,,social ,,re=m #aii ,,index #bag p4 vii ,,introductory ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,"l ,,will\ghby ,,de ,,broke #ab1 ,wilton ,cresc5t1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 #a4 ,may #a/1 #aiba4 ,de> ,mr4 ,ludovici1-- ,?ank y v mu* = lett+ me see ! pro(s ( y\r book4 ,x seems to me to be writt5 at a v opportune mom5t1 & to sugge/ a l9e ( ?\ght :i* c\ld be foll[$ ) great advantage4 ,9 ^! days ( 8propag&a10 :5 our f9e old language is be+ wre/$ e h\r ( ! day 9 spee*es1 pamphlets & leaflets1 to illu/rate ! views ( political p>ties1 x is m ?an ev] important t we %\ld h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! true mean+ ( words4 ,nor is ! vague use ( phrases conf9$ to ! pione] ( political causes4 ,our v w> memorials are utilis$ to in=m u t ! brave fell[s ^: hon\r !y commemorate di$ = 8fre$om40 ,if t 7 true1 !y inde$ di$ 9 va94 ,no?+ c be fur!r f ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y conception ( fre$om ?an ! pres5t condition ( society 9 ^! isl&s4 ,b ! pi\s & dev\t p :o wrote ^? inscriptions are possibly n to blame4 ,long be=e ! w> ! nation _h be5 s cont5t to be gov]n$ by phrases t p4 viii we 7 actually ask$ to enli/ = su* phrases z 8,! rights ( small nations10 8,self-det]m9ation10 & ! l1 :]eas 9 v tru? we 7 =c$ to fight to save our own sk9s4 ,y\r sugge/ions op5 up s _m consid]ations t ,i _c explore !m all4 ,b y\r proposition t ! quality ( our in/itutions may1 aft] all1 be s\nd] ?an ! quality ( ! m5 :o h fail$ to "w !m1 seems especially wor?y ( notice4 ,if y\r book s]ves to direct att5tion to ! wisdom ( our ance/ors1 x w be a great b5efit to ! public4 ,y\rs v truly1 ,will\ghby de ,broke4 p4 ix ,,preface4 ,! ,great ,w> has left ! _w1 & p>ticul>ly poor old batt]$ ,europe1 ) _m a high ideal %att]$ & _m a respect$ pr9ciple de/roy$4 ,n only ! beliefs ( our gr&fa!rs1 b also ! convictions ( our fa!rs1 seem n[ old-fa%ion$ & no long] seawor?y4 ,c]ta9ly an old era is dead2 b has a new era be5 born8 ,a new era sugge/s new ideals1 new lead+ pr9ciples2 x sugge/s a brea/ful ( new & /\t convictions4 ,h we ( ?is dawn+ era any new ideals or pr9ciples8 ,h we any new & /\t convictions8 ,x seems z if we _h be5 plung$ into ?is new _w unclo!d4 ,true en\gh1 millions h d(f$ _! khaki2 b ! citiz5 clo?+ !y h donn$ 9 ex*ange--is x all make-believe1 all eye-wa%8 ,are we really nak$8 ,at all ev5ts1 be=e we c possibly tell :]e we are1 or h[ we /&1 ! mo/ necess>y prelim9>y /ep w\ld seem to be a g5]al /ock-tak+ ( our ideals1 pr9ciples & convictions--a re-def9ition ( ! big words t once l$ u1 & ( ! great phrases ) :i* we 7 once inspir$4 ,only !n1 only :5 ?is re-def9ition %all h be5 accompli%$1 does x seem possible t we %all be able to p4 x clo! ourselves 9 ! ideology ( our new & brightly illum9at$ age4 ,?is book is a mode/ attempt at ?is spade "w ( re-def9ition4 ,x does n pret5d to be ei!r exhau/ive or exp]t4 ,x takes up j a few ( ! old words & phrases1 & by re-exam9+ !m 9 ! new light1 hopes r to po9t ! way ?an to cov] ! :ole di/ance to ! de/9ation4 ,al>m+ s\nds fill ! air4 ,!re are w>s & rum\rs ( w>s :]ev] y turn4 ,inde$1 !re are rum\rs abroad & at home ( ! wor/ k9d ( w>1 ! cruelle/ & mo/ deva/at+ k9d ( w>--civil w>4 ,c x be possible t a good deal ( ?is ?reat ( civil w> arises f ! v ne$ :i* ?is book und]takes h[ev] imp]fectly to supply8 ,c x be possible t revolution & ev5 ,bol%evism may arise out ( ?is ne$ = a re-def9ition ( t]ms8 ,at all ev5ts1 ev5 if ?is ne$ is only a small contributory cause1 x is s]i\s en\gh & _c be lightly pass$ ov]4 ,x is = fe> le/ ?is ne$ may be some?+ m s]i\s ?an a small contributory cause1 t ! au?or has sugge/$ ! rem$y ( re-def9ition outl9$ bo? 9 precept & example 9 ?is book4 ,if 8 pione] ef=t1 h[ev] limit$ 9 range1 may lead o!rs to produce m ?or\gh examples ( 8 me?od1 he w consid] t 8 pa9s h be5 m ?an adequately repaid4 ,an?ony ,m4 ,ludovici4 ,london1 ,augu/1 #aiba4 p4 #aa ,,! ,,false ,,assumptions ,,( 8,,democracy40 ,,introduction4 ,,! ,,confusion ,,( ,,language ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,revolution4 8,babble1 babble2 our old ,engl& may g d[n 9 babble at la/40 ,t5nyson 7,locksley ,hall--,sixty ,ye>s ,aft]74 ,no?+ on e>? leads m c]ta9ly to disunion ?an a division ( tongues4 ,:5 x became necess>y to disp]se ! iniquit\s build]s ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 we "k ! exp$i5t to :i* ! ,"l resort$1 & h[ effective x prov$ to be4 ,b :]eas unity is a desirable condition1 & a common tongue is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t means ( realis+ x1 p n infrequ5tly =get t a common tongue presupposes a common uni=m culture4 ,x dep5ds ^u a common view ( human life & ! _w4 ,?is common culture provides ! frame1 s to speak1 to ! design ( life1 9 :i* e ^w ( a language fits l a piece ( mosaic4 ,remove ! frame1 di/urb ! arrangem5t1 & ! odd pieces ( mosaic fall all ab\t y & lose _! significance & _! necess>y association4 ,!y c be us$ only z--missiles4 p#ab ,:atev] weight ! usual argum5ts aga9/ ! ,middle ,ages may possess1 at lea/ ?is is pla91 t 9 m$ival times a common culture prevail$ among ! lead+ nations ( ,europe4 ,inde$1 if we wi%$ to sum up ! effect ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 "o s5t5ce1 we c\ld n express ourselves m cle>ly ?an by say+1 t 9 ^? days ! lead]s ( m5 attempt$ to conv]t ,europe into a s+le nation4 ,?is ef=t1 ?\gh only p>tially successful1 at lea/ l$ to ! magnific5t result t mo/ m51 ( :at nation soev]1 und]/ood "o ano!r--und]/ood "o ano!r p>ticul>ly 9 _! use ( ab/ract or g5]al t]ms4 ,= t is ! te/4 ,9 ! end ! names ( ?+s rema94 ,! words repres5t+ common objects are usually z p]man5t z ^? objects !mselves4 ,fa%ion may de/roy ! object & ?us r5d] ! ^w obsolete2 b = hundr$s ( ye>s none w dispute ! prop] connotation ( ! ^w 8*air10 8table10 8basket10 = in/ance2 :ile 9 ! realm ( ab/ract & g5]al t]ms su* sev]e fluctuations may h tak5 place z to make ! same ^w mean some?+ diff]5t to ea* g5]ation4 ,n[ ! supreme importance ( ab/ract or g5]al t]ms lies 9 ! fact t !y are ! words ) :i* we guide our lives1 m>k out our goals & direct our ef=t4 ,x is !re=e urg5tly necess>y t !y %\ld /& = v precise ideas1 & t z ! curr5t co9age ( spee* !y %\ld mean ! same ?+s to all m5 ( ! same gr\p1 body1 or nation4 p#ac ,z oppos$ to ! ef=t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 h[ev]1 ! ef=t ( ?is ,age1 or ! ,muddle ,age1 seems to be direct$ t[>ds turn+ e nation into a ,europe--into a unit1 t is to say1 )\t unity4 ,& ?is lack ( unity is n[h]e m acute & m app>5t ?an 9 ! realm ( ab/ract or g5]al t]ms4 ,p ( ! same nation1 n[adays1 no long] speak ! same language4 ,!y no long] mean ! same ?+s1 or convey ! same ideas1 :5 !y speak ( ,happ9ess1 ,beauty1 ,ord]1 ,"r1 ,fre$om1 ,lib]ty1 ,ju/ice1 etc4 ,! frame has gone4 ,! common culture has be5 replac$ by a cong]ies ( pseudo-cultures1 all 9 active conflict4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! all-important words ( ?is class h fall5 out ( place 9 ! design ( life2 !y h no unify+ :ole 9 :i* !y c f9d a /able position1 !y are at a loose end1 s to speak1 & !y c be us$ n z intellig5t missives1 b only z missiles betwe5 isolat$ gr\ps & p>ties t are doom$ to et]nal conflict4 ,a ^w at a loose end1 h[ev]1 is a ^w devoid ( def9ite associations & !re=e ( mean+4 ,c a ^w devoid ( mean+ be us$ z a missile8 ,c]ta9ly x c1 provid$ t x be giv51 despite its loss ( an intellectual appeal1 suffici5t motive p[] to provoke an emotion4 ,b ( ?is anon4 ,!re c be no d\bt t we h rea*$ a condition 9 mod]n ,europe1 9 :i* ea* nation is1 z x 71 a complex ( nations--a complex 9 :i* ! majority ( ! mo/ important words 7! ab/ract p#ad & g5]al t]ms7 n only mean diff]5t ?+s to diff]5t gr\ps & cot]ies1 b also convey no precise mean+ :atsoev] to anybody4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 con/itutes a /ate ( complete confusion1 & !re=e a v grave dang]4 ,j z "o _c help appe>+ /upid :5 "o is try+ & fail+ to und]/& a =eign tongue1 "o really is /upid :5 "o _c und]/& "o's own tongue4 ,if /upidity seems to be increas+--& !re surely _c be mu* d\bt conc]n+ at lea/ ?is =m ( 8,progress10--x is due *iefly to m5's gr[+ incapacity to und]/& _! "m tongue4 ,ab/ract & g5]al t]ms are no long] compreh5sible ev5 to ! mo/ lit]ate2 to ! illit]ate !y are simply fireworks1 flags or flag/ones4 ,n[ ?is w\ld be all v well if x end$ 9 /upidity4 ,b t is n ! f9al b\rne ( ! pres5t confusion ( language4 ,! f9al b\rne is some?+ mu* m s]i\s1 mu* m disa/r\s4 ,x is revolution4 ,all ^? :o may be tempt$ to reg>d ?is conclusion z extreme1 w\ld d well to pause a mom5t "h1 9 ord] to dwell ^u ! possible consequ5ces ( a confusion ( language4 ,is x n cle> t at all times & 9 all climes :]e a confusion ( language has exi/$1 man has be5 doom$ n only to be mislead+ & misl$1 b also to be incapable ( lead+8 ,t is ! wor/ dang]4 ,a lack ( precision am\nt+ almo/ to incompreh5sibility is sure 9 any case to mislead2 b :at if x makes x no long] possible to lead8 p#ae ,!re w always be ?\s&s ( m5 prep>$ to mislead _! fell[s4 ,ev5 9 ! heydey ( e culture ?is has be5 s4 ,ev5 ) language at its brighte/ & be/ 9 precision & adequacy ?is is always s4 ,b h[ ab\t ^? :o are prep>$ to lead _! fell[s1 & :o are admirably equipp$ = s do+8 ,:at are !y to d if ! only m$ium :i* lies to h& is s corrupt1 s devoid ( mean+1 t !y _c use x )\t ! tragic c]ta9ty ( be+ misund]/ood8 ,& yet :o w\ld und]take to /& up & speak to-day1 ev5 be=e an educat$ audi5ce1 )\t feel+ c]ta9 be=eh& t he w\ld be misund]/ood if he us$ ! words ,lib]ty1 ,fre$om1 ,"r1 ,democracy1 ,patriotism1 etc48 ,t is ! dang]4 ,:ile !re is a h>ve/ prep>$ = ^? :o w\ld mislead 9 days l ! pres5t2 = ! r>e individual :o w\ld lead1 :o is suffici5tly gift$ to lead1 & ^: lead]%ip is ne$$1 !re c be b disappo9tm5t & b>r5ness4 ,?is is ! pass to :i* our pres5t confusion ( language has br\ght u4 ,x makes revolution possible1 because x makes ! pursuit ( false ideals inevitable1 & conflict & misund]/&+ a c]ta9ty4 ,! causes ( our pres5t condition are to be s\ght1 fir/ & *iefly1 9 ! decl9e ( a common & uni=m culture1 secondly 9 ! *eap lit]ature t has come into be+ s9ce ! ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 & ?irdly 9 mod]n j\rnalism4 ,9 mod]n j\rnalism ! di/ortion & abuse ( t]ms1 ! crippl+ ( words has p#af become almo/ a habit4 ,cata*resis1 or ! =c+ & /ra9+ ( words1 is ! rule2 n[h]e is ! sacr$ duty ( precision less obs]v$ ?an 9 ! v qu>t] :]e its sway %\ld be mo/ unconte/$4 ,! j\rnali/1 int5t only on s5sation1 is ! fir/ to debase words into missiles or empty symbols4 ,he x is :o sets ! example to ! cr[d1 by pick+ up ^! un=tunate fall5 pieces ( mosaic1 9 ord] to fl+ !m ab\t ) ! wantonness ( a s*oolboy4 ,he x is :o %akes ! %oddy frame ( mod]n culture 9 ! hope ( mak+ ev5 m ( ^! sp>kl+ fragm5ts fall out ( ! design ( life1 until ultimately :5 "s "o does arise :o w\ld *oose to con/ruct r ?an to de/roy1 he f9ds no?+ to h& b %apeless & irrecognisable mon/rosities1 *ipp$ into m]e /ones by ! mad fury ) :i* !y h be5 hurl$ ab\t4 ,matt]s w\ld n be s bad if x 7 possible to po9t to "o class1 "o /ratum ( society 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* language 0 treat$ ) m respect4 ,un=tunately ?is is no long] possible4 ,ev5 among speak]s ( good education ?is misuse ( language is all too common4 ,! pres5t writ] once he>d ! ,bi%op ( ,london address a cultivat$ audi5ce on ! subject ( ,recon/ruction1 & 0 compell$ to take exception at lea/ a doz5 times to t dignit>y's illegitimate use ( ! ^w 8,democracy40#a ,! reality ( ! dang]1 its imm95ce1 w p]haps /rike ! mo/ incr$ul\s :5 x is po9t$ out to !m t ! p#ag ,fr5* ,revolution itself 0 ! outcome ( a confusion ( language2 nor c !re be any d\bt t ! ,russian ,revolution _h a simil> orig94 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution c be trac$1 & has be5 trac$1 ev5 by writ]s q fri5dly to 8democracy10 to ! radical misund]/&+ ( ?ree words--,nature1 ,fre$om1 & ,man--by ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4 ,?is writ]1 z is well kn[n1 aft] hav+ =m$ a totally fanta/ic & false concept ( ,nature1 began to speculate ^u ! unhappy contra/ t human civilisation pres5t$ 9 comp>ison ) ?is fairylike figm5t ( 8 m9d4 ,he comp>$ man 9 ! /ate ( ,nature--,r\sseau's 8,nature0--) civilis$ man 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 & !n proce$$ to %[ h[ impure1 immoral & corrupt1 0 ! second k9d ( man z comp>$ ) ! =m]4 ,! fact t ! :ole comp>ison 0 vitiat$ by ! absurd impossibility ( ?is s-call$ 8?9k]'s0 arbitr>y def9ition ( ,nature1 0 only discov]$ scores ( ye>s lat]1 :5 ! untold damage to :i* 8 insane misund]/&+ l$1 _h long be5 pa/ repair4 ,= ! 8,nature0 ( ,r\sseau 0 ! ,nature ( our mo/ successful ,victorian poets--all smil+ mead[s1 babbl+ brooks1 nodd+ fl[]s & innoc5ce4 ,he _h nei!r ! pr(undity nor ! hone/y to see ,nature z %e really is--immoral1 h>d1 m]ciless & ta/eless4#b ,l our ,victorian poets :5 ,r\sseau gaz$ ^u a ru/ic sc5e1 he ?\ght nei!r ( ! /oat 9 ! h$ge quietly dev\r+ its field m\se1 nor ( ! />l+ 9 ! coppice solemnly & me?odically hamm]+ a snail to a pulp be=e swall[+ x4 ,he gave no ?\ght ei!r to ! pitiless & et]nal conflict ( all ! vegetation at 8 feet1 or to ! /ruggle probably go+ on 9 ! adjo9+ village betwe5 a beautiful *ild & ! microbe ( tub]culosis4 ,he dwelt only on t some?+ :i* 0 n ,man & proce$$ to end[ t some?+1 :i* 0 n ,man1 ) all ! qualities t 8 fev]i% imag9ation reg>d$ z desirable4 ,:51 !re=e1 he proce$$ to plant 8 8natural man0 d[n 9 ?is utt]ly fanciful sc5>io ( ,r\sseau-esque 8,nature10 he p]=ce drew a picture ev5 m di/ort$ ( humanity ?an he _h already drawn ( ,nature1 & ?us proce$$ to 8 ultimate fatu\s conclusion t 8,man 0 born free & ev]y:]e he is 9 *a9s40 ,absurd & mean+less z ?is phrase 01 x succe$$1 z ,"l ,morley has po9t$ out1 9 ?rill+ ! g5]ation to :i* x 0 utt]$ 9 two cont95ts2 & x 0 n until a hundr$ ye>s lat] t someone appe>$ :o demon/rat$ t ,r\sseau 0 n only a li> b a p]nici\s li>4 ,mean:ile1 ,napoleon _h prov$ to ! ,fr5* p1 9 de$s if n 9 words1 h[ ludicr\sly fanta/ic 7 ! rav+s ( ?is ,g5evan firebr&2 b ! philosophic demon/ration ( 8 radical misund]/&+ ( ! ?ree words1 8,fre$om10 p#ai 8,nature10 & 8,man10 _h to be left to a lat] g5]ation4 ,! fact t ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ! outcome ( ?is radical misund]/&+ is n[ no long] conte/$ by any s]i\s ?9k]4 ,a se>*+ & =cible re-def9ition ( 8,nature10 8,fre$om10 & 8,man10 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 biology1 psy*ology1 & a s\nd outlook on life & humanity1 if x _h be5 rapidly prep>$ & widely circulat$ 9 ,r\sseau's lifetime1 might h defeat$ ! ef=ts ( ?is ,ar*-*>latan to poison 8 own c\ntry & ! _w2 b1 9 ^? days1 :o dreamt t ! misund]/&+1 or ! delib]ate mis9t]pretation1 ( ?ree su* simple words z ,fre$om1 ,nature1 & ,man1 c\ld lead to s mu* horror & blood%$8 ,! _w at t "t 0 only fa9tly aw>e ( ! f>-rea*+ practical effect ev5 ( s\nd ideas2 h[ c\ld x ju/ly e/imate ! consequ5ces ( false or uns\nd ideas8 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we "k4 ,!re is no long] any excuse = u2 our lesson is be=e u4 ,&1 alas6 to-day1 we are confront$ n by ! m]e misund]/&+ ( ?ree simple words1 we are confront$ by ! v mu* m =midable fact t !re is sc>cely "o g5]al or ab/ract t]m 9 ! :ole ( our language t has any def9ite mean+4 ,we are confront$ by ! imm95t m5ace ( no long] hav+ any language at all ) :i* to appeal ei!r to ! reason or ! unreason ( man4 ,all ! words by :i* our life1 our p#bj aspirations & our en]gy c be direct$1 h long ago become s mean+less1 z ! result ( repeat$ falsification1 mutilation & c\nt]feit+1 t we may soon be r$uc$ to ! exp$i5ts ( animals & savages1 9 ord] to make ourselves cle>1 & dr[n our voices 9 ! cla% ( arms4 ,& yet x c be %[n t ^! ab/ract & g5]al t]ms1 :i* no long] h any def9ite mean+1 or :i* h acquir$ an utt]ly mislead+ mean+1 d provoke emotions & feel+s :i* are none ! less h>mful = be+ indef9ite & vague4 ,h[ is ?is possible8 ,if x is claim$ t a ^w has ceas$ to make any intellectual or rational appeal1 ow+ to repeat$ cata*resis or misund]/&+1 h[ c x /ill provoke dang]\s feel+s & emotions8 ,if x fails1 ow+ to ! v>iety ( ways 9 :i* x is und]/ood1 f meet+ ) uni=m int]pretation1 h[ c x provoke uni=m action8 ,a ^w may h ceas$ f mak+ any intellectual appeal1 & yet be =cibly associat$ by ^w-c\nt]feit]s & o!r agitators ) c]ta9 vague desid]ata :i* defy analysis4 ,= in/ance1 suppose a c]ta9 adult ,a4 repeat aga9 & aga9 to a *ild ,b4 t "o day1 if x is ob$i5t & am5able1 x w be tak5 to 8,*ekko's40 ,! *ild may press = a description ( 8,*ekko's02 b all ,a4 does is to nod 8 head1 smile ) prophetical good hum\r1 & say3 8,ah1 y'll see4 ,x's wond]ful6 ,x's magic60 ,"h we h a case ( a *ild to :om ! ^w 8,*ekko's0 means lit]ally no?+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 associat$ vaguely p#ba ) some?+ my/]i\sly desirable4 8,*ekko's0 may h no real exi/5ce1 b c]ta9 emotions are nev]!less suscitat$ 9 ! *ild by ! s\nd ( ! ^w1 because x has be5 l$ to believe t some?+ dimly pleasant is associat$ ) ! "n4 ,ultimately ev5 a flag inscrib$ ) ! ^w 8,*ekko's0 w make ! *ild %\t ) joy2 a signpo/ ) ! direction3 8,to ,*ekko's0 w make x leap ) excitem5t1 & a m]e pass+ ref]5ce to ! 8,*ecko-,slovaks0 w lead x to suspect t ^! p mu/ be a v pleasant & happy nation4 ,a correct def9ition ( 8,*ekko's0 giv5 by someone :om ! *ild tru/s1 w\ld suffice ei!r to dispel ! emotion provok$ by ! s\nd1 or else to confirm x1 accord+ to :e!r x _h or _h n a real exi/5ce1 & t exi/5ce correspond$ ) ! *ild's fo/]$ m5tal image ( x4 ,b 9 any case ! process ( dissuasion w\ld take "t1 & ! re-def9ition w\ld h to be inculcat$ ^u ! *ild z assidu\sly z ! false & hazy orig9al association _h be54 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 to provoke dynamic emotions by means ( an absolutely mean+less s\nd1 ev5 :5 ! intellect ( ! li/5] receives no appeal :atsoev]4 ,9 view ( ?is elem5t>y fact 9 psy*ology1 ! extreme dang] ( hav+ a v l>ge numb] ( bo? mean+less & inflammable words 9 our curr5t spee* w p]haps beg9 to be obvi\s4 ,! fact t ! ^w 8,fre$om0 has n[ become practically mean+less--ev5 m mean+less ?an ,r\sseau made x1 p#bb because n[ x has n ev5 a fictiti\s mean+--does n r5d] x a :it less pot5t 9 provok+ *e]s & wild en?usiasm :5 x is %\t$ f ! my/ic em95ce ( a public plat=m4 ,presumably :5 ,r\sseau spoke ( 8,fre$om0 he meant a c]ta9 lack ( compulsion reg>d+ actions :i* are peculi> to civilisation1 a c]ta9 abs5ce ( con/ra9t 9 reg>d to conv5tions t d n h>ass ! savage4 ,! savage does n require to we> clean l951 he does n require to we> a hat1 he may if he *oose eat ) 8 f+]s1 or come to breakfa/ un%av52 he may h ?ree or f\r wives1 he may eat human fle%1 he may live 9 ! op5 & %oot d[n 8 prey )\t consid]+ :e!r x belongs to ! squire or to ! "l ( ! manor4 ,r\sseau _c h meant any?+ b ?is by 8,fre$om40 ,if ,r\sseau _h be5 told t :ile x 0 true t ! savage does n require to p]=m mu* t ! civilis$ man has to p]=m1 ! civilis$ man1 on ! o!r h&1 is 8free0 f _m a duty t is incumb5t on ! savage1 he w\ld h p]ceiv$ t to drop ! con/ra9ts ( civilisation = ^? ( b>b>ism m]ely am\nt$ to ex*ang+ "o =m ( bondage = ano!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! savage ( c]ta9 climes has to tattoo 8 fle%1 sometimes ) great pa92 he has to obs]ve c]ta9 rigid taboos1 he has to hunt = 8 food1 he has to fight e day ( 8 life aga9/ wild animals & ! ho/ile tribe ( 8 neighb\rhood into ! b>ga92 he has to "w h>d dur+ boyhood & e>ly p#bc manhood to acquire effici5cy 9 ! arts ( ! *ase & ( w>2 he is oblig$ to recognise a *iefta91 etc4 ,9 fact1 x c\ld be %[n t ,man 9 a 8/ate ( nature0 is p]haps ev5 m con/ra9$ by conv5tions & laws ?an civilis$ man4 ,only by delib]ately falsify+ ! evid5ce--t is to say1 by giv+ a ?or\ghly di/ort$ notion ( ,nature1 w\ld x be possible to cont5d t man 89 a /ate ( nature0 is m 8free0 ?an civilis$ man4 ,r\sseau1 z we h se51 h[ev]1 did n hesitate to falsify ! evid5ce4 ,h5ce he 0 able to say3 8,man is born free & ev]y:]e he is 9 *a9s40 ,b if we turn to ! mod]n idea ( ,fre$om1 we %all f9d t x is ev5 m difficult to und]/& ?an ,r\sseau's4 ,= at lea/ ,r\sseau's 8,fre$om0 c be trac$ to a romantic di/ortion ( ! true attributes ( 8,nature02 ! mod]n idea ( 8,fre$om0 c be trac$ to no?+4 ,9 its two =ms1 ! alleg$ desid]atum ( mod]nity4 ,fre$om & ,lib]ty1 means lit]ally no?+4 ,if we put ! que/ions--fre$om & lib]ty f :at8 & fre$om & lib]ty = :at8--x w be se5 imm$iately t !re is no def9ite idea :atsoev] beh9d ! words4 ,fre$om or lib]ty z an aim1 presupposes emancipation f a yoke4 ,:at is ! yoke f :i* mod]n man wi%es to be free8 ,is x "w8 ,is x tim$ "w8 ,fre$om or lib]ty z an aim presupposes emancipation f a yoke = a def9ite purpose4 ,:at is ?is purpose8 ,is x a high] or a l[]8 ,is x m ent]ta9m5t p#bd or m usefulness8 ,is x desirable or undesirable8 ,to none ( ^! que/ions is !re any answ]1 because ! mod]n words ,fre$om & ,lib]ty connote no?+4 ,& ! same applies to su* words z ,equality1 ,"r1 ,ju/ice4 ,^! m]e s\nds h ceas$ to be words4 ,b !y all imply "s my/]i\s desid]atum :i* x may be wor? :ile fight+ =4 ,!y are missiles1 fireworks1 unmusical *ords--any?+6 ,all !y h reta9$ ( _! orig9al nature1 is ! p[] ( direct+ en]gy4 ,!y no long] call up any def9ite or expressible idea4 ,n[ :5 ! mo/ hortatory & inspirit+ words ( a language h ceas$ to h any def9ite mean+1 ! nation us+ t language is 9 imm95t dang] ( int]nal discord & rupture1 & ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( indol5ce & in]tia alone c av]t a cata/rophe4 ,! only "q is1 h we suffici5t native indol5ce & in]tia to tide ov] ?is crisis 9 our language8 ,ev5 if we h1 ! ,cont95t has n1 & ultimately by infection or contagion1 our in]tia & indol5ce1 too1 w be ov]come4 ,:at is ! rem$y8 ,:at is ! corrective8 ,:at is ! be/ means ( resi/+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,cont95t & ( ! corrosive elem5ts at home )\t rely+ too confid5tly ^u our negative qualities alone8 ,/range z x may s\nd1 ! pres5t writ] sugge/s1 z "o ( ! mo/ direct roads to a recov]y ( political & national p#be heal?1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! disease ( language %\ld be cur$4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 ! :ole ( ! civilis$ _w1 disease ( language is rampant4 ,t c\ntry alone w resi/ & survive ! revolution>y epidemic1 :i* fir/ cures its disease ( language4 ,b h[ is ?is to be done8 ,! gr& me?od1 ! be/ me?od1 w\ld ( c\rse consi/ 9 re-creat+ a common & uni=m culture1 9 :i* ! spiritual words & phrases ( ! national language w\ld f9d a new & def9ite place1 a fre% & unmi/akable association4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is p]haps a c\nsel ( p]fection4 ,= :]e are ! m5 to-day :o w\ld be prep>$ to emb>k on ?is gigantic und]tak+1 ev5 if !y 7 equipp$ = x8 ,x is possible1 & ! mat]ial = its accompli%m5t lies close at h&4 ,b :]e are ! free spirits :o h ! c\rage1 & :o are capable ( ! solid>ity1 t w\ld be requir$ = su* a task8 ,! second be/ me?od1 & ! "o m compatible ) ! p[] ( our be/ m5 ( to-day1 w\ld consi/ 9 rescu+ ! mean+less t]ms ( our language--& !re are ?\s&s ( !m--f _! po9tless1 unatta*$ & almo/ disreputable exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld consi/ 9 re-def9+ !m 9 ! reali/ic light ( hi/ory1 biology & psy*ology1 & 9 ! light ( a sane & s\nd outlook on humanity & ! _w4 ,x w\ld consi/1 fur!r1 9 creat+ a conv5tion z rigor\s z ! exi/+ conv5tion reg>d+ all ref]5ce to sexual que/ions & organs1 accord+ to :i* p#bf x w\ld be reg>d$ z an act ( gross immorality & indec5cy to commit ! s9 ( cata*resis or abuse aga9/ any ( ! words ?us re-def9$1 & x %\ld be incumb5t ^u ! ord9>y citiz5 to report to ! ne>e/ police /ation any su* brea* ( dec5cy :i* he might happ5 to discov] :ile read+ 8 daily pap]1 or a novel1 or any treatise pr9t$ aft] ! promulgation ( ! law4 ,h[ _m false ideals1 false aspirations1 & p]nici\s cre$s & doctr9es w\ld !n be disp]s$8 ,h[ _m agitators1 tub-?ump]s1 self-seek+ bell-we!rs1 w\ld !n be put to flight6 ,h[ _m politicians w\ld !n />ve6 ,b h[ fre% & crisp ! air ( e debat+ *amb] w\ld !n become6 ,?is is a possible & highly practical me?od ( deal+ ) our pres5t situation4 ,!re is no excuse = its n be+ adopt$4 ,:5 once x _h a*iev$ all x c\ld a*ieve1 ! masses %\ld be made to b5efit f ! results ( ! und]tak+4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be m or less futile if !y 7 n made to b5efit 9 ?is way4 ,!y w\ld !n become ! al]t & m]ciless critics ( p :o n[ sway !m z easily z if !y 7 corn 9 ! w9d2 & sev5-eigh?s ( our pres5t-day lit]ature w\ld cease f be+ publi%$4 ,x is ! sure/1 ! spe$ie/1 & ! mo/ fruitful me?od ( sav+ :at /ill rema9s ( ,ord] & ,culture4 ,b x is a /up5d\s und]tak+ & "o t w exact a heavy toll f all ^? :o emb>k ^u x4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,he us$ ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( ! 8prolet>iat0 or ! 8masses40 ,footnote #b3 ,p]haps ,t5nyson %\ld be hon\rably except$ "h 7see ,9 ,memoriam ,,lvi41 l9e #ae72 b :ile ! reali/ic e/imate ( ,nature is c]ta9ly h9t$ at 9 ! l9es ref]r$ to1 x c\ld n be claim$ t ,t5nyson consi/5tly upheld ?is attitude4 p#bg ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,private ,,prop]ty 8,!re is no?+ wrong ei!r 9 great weal? or 9 ext5sive prop]ty1 provid$ t x be wisely adm9i/]$40--,william ,cobbett 7,rural ,rides74 ,beh9d mo/ ( ! mod]n ho/ility t[>ds e/abli%$ & traditional in/itutions1 x is n only a matt] ( m]e caution1 b also ess5tially sci5tific to suspect a c]ta9 am\nt ( physical z well z psy*ical exhau/ion4 ,mod]n mank9d is tir$1 bo? bodily & spiritually4 ,! pale fireless eyes ( our urban adults alone ought to make u suspect ! tru? ab\t ?is matt]4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ( ! increas+ complication ( ,life1 dur+ :i* man's att5tion has _h ev] m & m detail to occupy x1 toge!r ) a feel+ ( v g5u9e disillusionm5t on ! "p ( ! mo/ enlight5$ reg>d+ ! highe/ ideals ( ! pa/2 two ?\s& ye>s1 moreov]1 ( progressive debilitation1 dur+ :i* ! resi/+ p[]s ( exub]ant heal? h gradually & /eadily be5 worn d[n--mu/ h _h _! effect ^u rec5t g5]ations1 & mat]ially impair$ _! ability to face ! in/itutions ( _! =efa!rs ) _! =efa!rs' _s1 heal? & und]/&+4 ,x _c be repeat$ too (t5 t x w\ld be gravely unsci5tific1 nay imprud5t1 to proce$ to an exam9ation ( ! mod]n ho/ility to traditional ideas & pr9ciples )\t tak+ into acc\nt p#bh ! attitude ( m9d1 ! tone ( m9d1 & ! degree ( heal?1 ( ^? :o repres5t ?is ho/ility4 ,! fact t mod]n books on political que/ions usually take z _! data ! v conclusions to :i* ?is ho/ility has l$1 )\t previ\sly det]m9+ ! validity ( ! :ole /&po9t1 or discov]+ ! k9d ( m9ds t are responsible = x1 ne$ n det] u f dep>t+ f ! cu/om>y me?od4 ,nor c our sup]ior caution 9 ?is respect be fairly int]pret$ z bias4 ,x mu/ surely be cle> to mo/ ( u t1 n only we ourselves1 b all our contempor>ies z well1 are radically & incurably we>y4 ,our physical resi/ance aga9/ disease is z s]i\sly 9 p]il z is our spiritual resi/ance aga9/ error1 or aga9/ ^? ideals & desires t c appeal only to invalids4 ,:]e life is ebb+1 h[ev]1 h] mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples1 h] mo/ inexorable dem&s1 mu/ be los+ ! =ce ( _! appeal4 ,an e> is !re=e l5t ev] m will+ly & eag]ly to doctr9es & precepts :i* are non-vital1 :i* already h ab\t !m ! bitt] effluvia ( dea?2 & x becomes ev] m & m difficult to )/& ! fasc9ation ( ?is new p]suasiv5ess4 ,b because ,man has rea*$ a degree ( lassitude t induces him to li/5 m pati5tly & submissively ?an ( yore1 to doctr9es & precepts ( decl9e & decay1 x does n foll[ t ^! doctr9es are irresi/ible ei!r 9 _! rational or emotional appeal4 ,x does n ev5 foll[ t _! rational dress+ is any m p#bi above suspicion ?an !y are !mselves4 ,! attempt intellectually to ju/ify & bol/] up a sickly t5et may be z unheal?y z t t5et itself4 ,x is suspicion1 above all1 t is ne$$ :]ev] we turn 9 our mod]n /oreh\se ( ideals & panaceas--suspicion c\pl$ ) ! conviction t man is desp]ately we>y 9 body & s\l4 ,n[ !re is a /ate ( we>9ess & apa?y 9 :i* ?+s t h become out ( ge> are no long] readju/$ or repair$1 b delib]ately & ru?lessly de/roy$4 ,ea* ( u c picture 9 our m9d's eye1 ! behavi\r ( ! n]v\s invalid :o1 too exhau/$ to repair a p]si/5tly clang+ bell1 te>s d[n ! :ole fitt+1 wires & all1 s t ! di/urb+ s\nd may cease = ev]4 ,su* an act is typical ( exhau/ion4 ,x am\nts to a deep-seat$ surr5d] ( ! p[] ( repair4 ,bra9 & body tissues t are n !mselves regul>ly repair$ or recreat$ c h>dly be expect$ to devise ! means ( repair+ or recreat+ o!r ?+s4 ,?us we %\ld expect ! mod]n & exhau/$ m9d to proce$ 9 its corrective lu/1 n by means ( readju/m5t1 b by amputation1 n by !rapeutic art1 b by extirpation4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( bells clang+ discordantly 9 ! h\se ( civilisation to-day4 ,! temptation ( ! mod]n man is !re=e to te> !m d[n1 wires & all4 ,:5ev] any?+ goes wrong--& ?+s _c always "w smoo?ly 9 society1 p>ticul>ly 9 va/ & complex communities l ^? ( ,we/]n ,europe--x is p#cj natural = a c]ta9 l>ge elem5t 9 ! population to proce$ by means ( suppression & amputation1 by lopp+ (f "s creation ( ! pa/1 & advanc+ ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5ts = s do+4 ,if ! ,lords fail u1 ! simple/ me?od is to d away ) !m4 ,if individual ent]prise falls %ort ( its promise1 a clam\r is rais$ = its abolition4 ,family life goes wrong1 m>ri$ life goes wrong1 & ! rem$y sugge/$ is to make ! dissolution ( ! m>riage tie easi]4 ,x does n matt] :e!r y are de/roy+ a portion ( y\r organism & !re=e impov]i%+ y\rself !reby1 = y are simplify+ y\r task1 & ?is = an invalid is an a*ievem5t ( maximum importance4 ,ev]y?+ ?us falls into a process ( g5]al dis9tegration1 all tr\blesome app5dages are sl\gh$ (f1 & ! body ( civilisation is gradually truncat$ or dissolv$4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 s9ce e /ep 9 ?is process ( decomposition receives ! mo/ conv9c+ intellectual support1 no "o suspects t !re are o!r & bett] me?ods ( sett+ to "w4 ,x nev] occurs to ! typical mod]n m9d t if in/itutions are to be aboli%$ z fa/ z deg5]ate p %[ !mselves unable to uphold !m1 !n an imm$iate & f> m spe$y way ( refut+ & aboli%+ all civilisation w\ld be to fill all its lead+ positions1 & to inve/ all its in/itutions1 ) raw savages f ! ,cannibal ,isles4 ,e in/itution & tradition w\ld !n break d[n1 & presumably ! mod]n m9d w\ld be satisfi$ t ! only rem$y p#ca w\ld consi/ 9 ! abolition ( all in/itutions & traditions4 ,long ago ! pres5t writ] po9t$ out t to set a buffoon on ! ?rone is n to confute mon>*y1 & yet ?is is ! pr9ciple we "w ^u 9 all our re=ms4 ,we nev] once "q :e!r x may n be mod]n man himself :o is wrong or decad5t4 ,?is at lea/ might lead u to look 9 ! prop] direction = improvem5t4 ,we m]ely assail ) savage fury e in/itution t mod]n man c no long] run to 8 & our own satisfaction4 ,?us ! in/9ctive & morbid indol5ce ( sickness1 to :i* amputation & suppression are naturally ! mo/ tempt+ corrective me?ods1 becomes ! /&>d ( judgm5t = all ills2 & :]e ignorant m9ds are add$ to sick m9ds1 ! natural bankruptcy ( ignorance jo9s h&s ) ! de/ructive lu/ ( ! sick1 & ! two toge!r1 hat*et 9 h&1 set out to 8re=m0 ! _w4 ,c anyone d\bt t ?is is inde$ :at we are witness+ on all sides8 ,& does n ! v speci\s s$uctiv5ess ( ! ,sociali/ & ,bol%evi/ propag&a lead u to suspect t "h1 at lea/1 we are invalids li/5+ to invalids8 ,! pr9ciple ( ,private ,prop]ty is be+ assail$ on all sides4 ,x is n[ ! fa%ion to talk glibly ( ! evanesc5ce ( private prop]ty1 j z x is ! fa%ion to be suff]+ f pyorrha or c>ies4 ,private prop]ty is ano!r ( ! features ( anci5t societies :i* 9 ?is ,muddle ,age has got out ( ord]2 & ! consequ5ce is1 z we %\ld expect1 t x is beg9n+ p#cb to be sugge/$--nay1 x has already be5 l\dly proclaim$--t private prop]ty1 z ! root ( all evils1 %\ld be aboli%$4 ,n[ 9 ?is new project ( v&alism1 we h n only "o symptom ( disease1 b two4 ,=1 :ile we h our old fri5d1 ! morbid indol5ce ( ! sick1 :i* _c recreate or repair1 b mu/ suppress1 we also h a frontal attack on ,life itself1 press$ by ! =ces ( decay & dis9tegration disguis$ z ,utopians4 ,= private prop]ty is a pr9ciple ( ,life4 ,! fact t ?is is ev]y:]e app>5t1 does n1 ( c\rse1 prev5t ! myopic f ov]look+ x2 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 prev5t ! multitude f be+ deceiv$1 & we believe ! multitude are /ill n deceiv$4 ,= x is obvi\sly ! multitude1 ! va/ mass ( mank9d1 :o h ! lea/ ( ?is _w's goods1 :o %\ld be ! fir/ to be dup$ ab\t ?is matt]2 & yet h[ long x is tak+ to conv9ce !m6 ,h[ t5aci\s !y seem ( ! old pr9ciple6 ,h[ deeply mu/ !y believe 9 private prop]ty 9 ord]1 ) _! h&ful ( h\sehold /icks & baubles1 to resi/ ! morbid lie :i* is be+ reit]at$ by a ?\s& moribund voices all r\nd !m1 t private prop]ty is wrong4 ,x has be5 said t private prop]ty is a pr9ciple ( ,life4 ,:at1 !n1 is its biological value8 ,its biological value is ! same z ! biological value ( ! be/ life itself4 ,to be q pla91 ,life z a :ole does n repres5t a g5]al movem5t upw>ds1 f ! /&po9t ( quality4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,! great majority ( ,life's activities p#cc h a gravitat+ or desc5d+ t5d5cy--t is to say1 9 a l>ge numb] ( organisms1 acquir$ embelli%m5ts or acquir$ faculties & qualities m frequ5tly h to be dropp$ ?an reta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations4 ,sp5c] has %[n conclusively t by f> ! great] numb] ( exi/+ organisms are ! deg5]ate desc5dants ( high] species 7see ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cgi74 ,! laws ( evolution1 !re=e1 cov] millions ( cases ( retrograde metamorphosis1 or *ange consi/+ ( ! loss ( complex qualities or memb]s = ! purpose ( survival4 ,& 9 all ^! cases ( retrograde metamorphosis1 in/ead ( ! id5tity ( ! individual becom+ ext5d$1 x is actually dim9i%$ or r$uc$4 ,developm5t is1 !re=e1 really ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,x cov]s only ^? cases 9 :i* a cumulative or =w>d metamorphosis has tak5 place4 ,x is *>act]i/ic only ( ^? species 9 :i* id5tity has be5 ext5d$4 ,inde$1 developm5t might be call$ ! law ( high] life1 or ( t life :i* advances by gradual /eps f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5\s1 :i*1 9 fact1 unfolds itself only to reveal & to p]petuate ev] fre% & new attributes & activities4 ,developm5t is a "n :i*1 ?\gh n descriptive ( all organic evolution1#c c]ta9ly describes ! *anges ( a species t has gr[n ?r\gh its ?\s&s ( g5]ations--gr[n1 t is to say1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ become m & m--m & m capable ( multif>i\s activities & adaptations4 ,developm5t 9 ?is correct & re/rict$ s5se ( 8gr[?10 ?us implies 8becom+ m10 8ext5d+ id5tity40 ,becom+ m1 !re=e1 is a pr9ciple ( high] life4 ,n[ :at does ?is conclusion necess>ily involve 9 ! t]ms ( humanity8 ,x means t ! asc5d+ l9e ( life 9 ! g5us ,homo ,sapi5s1 at lea/1 has n only become m & m1 b mu/ also h be5 *>act]is$ by ! spiritual c\nt]p>t ( ?is physical /riv+1 :i* consi/s 9 desir+ to become m & m--t is to say1 to ext5d id5tity4 ,any slack5+1 any rev]sal1 any p>alysis ( ?is desire to become m & m1 may ?us be reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( ! o!r movem5t--! movem5t ( retrograde developm5t1 ( decl9e4 ,9 ea* heal?y individual ( a truly develop+ species1 we %\ld !re=e expect to f9d ! consci\s c\nt]p>t ( ! pr9ciple ( high] life1 :i* w be ! desire to become m & m1 to ext5d id5tity4 ,to assail ?is desire to become m & m is !re=e tantam\nt to a conspiracy aga9/ life1 x is tantam\nt to a d5ial ( ! heal?ie/ in/9ct ( ! species4 ,x is ! h& ( dea? out/ret*$ across ! asc5d+ road ( ! animal man4 ,call ?is adv]se criticism or ho/ility p#ce :at y w--,socialism1 ,communism1 or ,bol%evism1 x is all "o4 ,x is ! cry ( ^? :o h lo/ asc5d+ or develop+ life's /ronge/ in/9ct aga9/ ^? :o /ill possess x4 ,or else x is ! cry ( ! envi\s 9 life's battle1 :o pret5d to h lo/ life's /ronge/ in/9ct1 9 ord] to acquire p[] ov] ^? :o h n4 ,i %all h>dly be call$ ^u to draw ! obvi\s conclusion4 ,h[ does1 h[ c1 ! individual ( a species t falls naturally "u ! head ( ,developm5t manife/ ?is incessant /riv+ to become m1 :i* is ! consci\s c\nt]p>t ( ! physical evolution ( ! race1 except by means ( private prop]ty8 ,h[ c he a*ieve ?is becom+ m :i*1 z we h se51 con/itutes an ext5sion ( 8 id5tity1 )\t private prop]ty8 ,i d n ref] "h to ^? exceptional individuals :o are cont5t ) a non-mat]ial expression ( ?is 8becom+ m10 b to ! mass ( mank9d1 9 :i* individual ext5sion mu/ take a mat]ial =m4 ,private prop]ty is ! only means1 & ?is private prop]ty is s closely id5tifi$ ) individual ext5sion t1 z we "k1 9 c]ta9 ,ages & climes1 wives & *ildr5 h be5 includ$ 9 ! category4 ,x con/itutes ! gratification1 nay ! v necessity1 ( "o ( ! deepe/ in/9cts ( man4 ,x is indi/+ui%able1 insep>able1 f ! law ( gr[?2 h5ce ! ob/9ate atta*m5t ev5 ! poore/ /ill reveal 9 reg>d to x2 h5ce ! uphill "w :i* ! prea*]s ( ,dea? & ,decay1 /ill f9d _! propag&a to be4 ,! v morality ( developm5t says p#cf 8,yea0 to ?is desire to be & to become m4 ,! v morality ( developm5t id5tifies gr[?1 9 ! individual s5se1 ) ! g5]al gr[? ( ! species1 & !re=e sanctifies & hall[s ! in/9ct ( self-ext5sion :i* is ! in/9ct ( private prop]ty4 ,only ! s9c]e & :ole-he>t$ pessimi/ c logically assail ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty1 = he alone c hone/ly desire to cripple 8 fell[s1 p>alyse _! life in/9ct1 & curtail _! exi/5ce on ! globe4 ,x is h>dly necess>y "h to ref] to ! dawn ( ! s5se ( private prop]ty 9 ! l[] animals4 ,?is has be5 done (t5 en\gh4 ,suffice x to po9t out1 h[ev]1 t 9 !m also x is mo/ app>5t :]e ! v>iety ( activities & adaptations is mo/ complex--among ! bees1 ! ants1 ! dogs & ! cats4 ,true1 ! private prop]ty 9 "q is only food1 or matt] :i* w "o day be us$ z food4 ,b is ?is n true ( all prop]ty8 ,has n ! revolution 9 ,russia %[n t all prop]ty is m]ely s mu* froz5 food1 s mu* weal? t c ultimately be b>t]$ = n\ri%m5t8 ,& does n ?is aga9 po9t to its deep relation%ip to ! highe/ law ( gr[?8 ,! important outcome ( ?is inquiry into ! ultimate relation ( private prop]ty to biology & to ! highe/ laws ( life1 h[ev]1 is t x enables "o to recognise ! ,sociali/1 ! ,bol%evi/1 & ! ,communi/ 7:]e !y are mo/ s9c]e & f]v5t7 9 _! true guise--t is to say1 z ! conv9c$ & det]m9$ oppon5ts1 n only ( a p>ticul> class1 b ( ,life p#cg itself2 z pessimi/s & bitt] misan?ropi/s1 :o d n scruple to conceal _! ho/ility to an important life-pr9ciple b5ea? ! mo/ engag+ & mo/ unctu\s ( altrui/ic poses4 ,b !n is all well ) ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty to-day8 ,& are ! ,sociali/s1 ,bol%evi/s & ,communi/s all wrong8 ,all is c]ta9ly n well ) ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty z x is all[$ to "w 9 our societies at ! pres5t day4 ,h5ce ! col\rable w>rant t is giv5 to ! attacks ( ! ,sociali/s & ,communi/s ^u x4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! plausibility ( _! claims4 ,= x is ! simple/ ( feats to confuse an issue1 & 9 societies :]e ! "r ( private prop]ty is abus$1 x is easy to conv9ce ! ?\ghtless t ! ?+ abus$1 & n ! abuse itself1 is ! real curse4 ,x is1 !re=e1 readily admitt$ t !re is a good deal t is wrong ab\t private prop]ty z a pr9ciple practis$ by mod]n man2 ! wrong1 h[ev]1 is no m inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple itself1 ?an cruelty to *ildr51 because x happ5s to occupy ! att5tion ( a l>ge & weal?y society 9 ,engl&1 is inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( p>5?ood4 ,& x is because ! pres5t evils ( ! di/ribution ( weal? are n inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty1 t x is ridicul\s--n only ridicul\s1 b also highly suspici\s--to wi% to sweep away ! in/itution itself 9 ord] to rem$y ! evils t n[ unque/ionably acc\nt = its disrepute4 ,x has be5 %[n :y ?is desire to p#ch sweep away ! in/itution is d\bly suspici\s3-- 7a7 ,because x is ! natural resort ( sick & exhau/$ p1 :o are incapable ( repair+ or recreat+ any?+4 7b7 ,because x is ! action ( p :o are ho/ile n m]ely to private prop]ty1 b to ,life 9 g5]al4 7,! fact t !y are usually completely unconsci\s ( ?is ho/ility only r5d]s !m all ! m dang]\s47 ,! recognition ( ! "r ( private prop]ty is probably ! olde/ ( all human pr9ciples4 ,x is se5 9 all great civilisations4 ,e great culture has be5 built ^u x4 ,all societies1 h[ev]1 h n creat$ ! evils ( mod]n ,we/]n civilisation4 ,?is alone ought to h provid$ a h9t 9 ! "r direction4 ,x ought to h be5 se5 t ! evils att5d+ ! di/ribution ( weal? to-day1 are evils m or less peculi> to ! k9d ( culture we h evolv$4 ,:at are ^! evils8 7#a7 ,! *ief evil ( all is t by our pres5t me?od ( weal? di/ribution1 ! be/ p are n infrequ5tly ! mo/ sorely oppress$1 ! mo/ sev]ely *a/is$ by pov]ty & lack ( p[]4 ,! correlative evil to ?is is t ^? :o are p[]ful to-day ?r\gh weal?1 are frequ5tly s hopelessly unfitt$ to hold _! position t ! sy/em :i* elevates su* p to _! pres5t em95ce seems z if x mu/ be bad to ! root4 7#b7 ,! next 9 importance is t life at pres5t is organis$ 9 su* wise t pov]ty does n mean m]ely humbl5ess p#ci ( /ation2 = :i* ( u w\ld object to t8 ,x means be+ compell$ to p]=m "s ( ! mo/ he>t-r5d+1 mo/ unheal?y1 mo/ besott+ & *>act]less "w t ! economy ( ! community has to (f]4 ,society %\ld be organis$ 9 su* a way t ei!r fil?y & besott+ lab\rs %\ld n be necess>y or else t :]e !y are necess>y1 !y %\ld entail comp5sat+ advantages4 7#c7 ,! next 9 importance is t1 z society is organis$ at pres5t1 pov]ty1 :i* might be readily & *e]fully accept$ by ?\s&s ( u1 aye1 actually pref]r$ 9 "s cases--n[ almo/ necess>ily signifies bad air1 ugly surr\nd+s1 poor food1 & consequ5tly an unsecur$ bill ( heal?4 ,accessibility to conditions 9 :i* good air & beauty are1 z x 71 happily w$d$1 is becom+ ev] m & m ! re/rict$ privilege ( ! weal?y4 7#d7 ,ow+ to a misund]/&+ ( ! true nature ( social unity1 weal?1 or ext5sive private prop]ty1 n[ gives c]ta9 classes ! p[] ( trespass+ ^u ! life-ne$s ( _! fell[s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ am5able to law--corn]+ m>kets1 levy+ undue pr(its1 de/roy+ beautiful sites1 support+ a ho/ ( societies :i* are simply p>asitic pe/s on ! nation's back1 unwise disposal ( =tunes1 etc4 7#e7 ,ow+ to ! educational advantages associat$ ) weal?--an association :i* is q uness5tial & arbitr>y--mod]n society imposes a c]ta9 measure ( b5ight$ness & ignorance z an inevitable inh]itance ^u pov]ty1 :i* is n 9 ! lea/ ess5tial to pov]ty p] se4 p#dj ,aft] ?is brief enum]ation ( "s ( ! lead+ evils ( our pres5t sy/em ( weal? di/ribution1 is x n1 h[ev]1 m ?an ev] cle> t none ( ^! evils is inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty itself8 ,:o w\ld v5ture to prove t any "o ( ! wrongs enum]at$ 0 7a7 ei!r inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty1 or 7b7 irrem$iable )\t ! sacrifice ( t pr9ciple8 ,if we consid] ! fir/ & *ief wrong :i* consi/s 9 ! fact t private prop]ty at ! pres5t day frequ5tly elevates to p[] p :o are totally unfitt$ to wield any p[] at all1 :ile x z frequ5tly condemns to impot5ce1 obscurity & ignom9y1 p :o w\ld be em95tly fitt$ to wield p[]1 we realise at once t ! fault does n lie 9 ! am\nt ( prop]ty held by ^! p1 b ^u ! significance :i* curr5t op9ion & ! prevail+ e/imate ( weal? atta*es to ! accid5t ( great or small possessions 9 ei!r case4 ,x is well kn[n1 ev]ybody inde$ has he>d ( x1 t 9 c]ta9 cultures t h exi/$ & /ill exi/1 ! significance ( great possessions has n be5 ! same z t :i* ,we/]n civilisation has *os5 to atta* to !m4 ,! ,brahm9 ( ,india1 = in/ance1 al?\gh he is doom$ to pov]ty 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 is ! mo/ highly respect$ among ri* & poor alike4 ,he rules & directs op9ion1 nei!r because he is ri*1 nor because he is poor1 b because he is pr(\ndly wise1 & because p[] does n happ5 to be connect$1 9 ! enlight5$ ,h9du m9d1 p#da ) great possessions4 ,x c be %[n1 & has be5 %[n (t5 en\gh1 t ! fam\s m5dicant monks ( ! ,middle ,ages did n increase _! p[]1 b actually =feit$ x1 :5 !y acquir$ ri*es & became z ! o!r holy ord]s4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! equation ,weal? ,importance ,p[]1 is n an inevitable "o4 ,x does n dep5d ^u ma!matical necessity4 ,x is a p]fectly arbitr>y association ( ideas1 :i* is ! result ( a s+ul> & q gratuit\s valuation4 ,! fact t x is deeply seat$ 9 ! prejudices & prepossessions ( all ,we/]n peoples1 appe>s to give x ! sanction almo/ ( a social law4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 con/itute ! acme ( imprud5ce & sup]ficiality to all[ oneself to be l$ by ?is app>5t unanimity into ! belief t x ei!r d5otes or implies an ord9ance ( ,fate4 ,! unanimity ) :i* rev]5ce is n[ felt = weal? alone1 is only "o ( ! _m in/ances :i* x w\ld be possible to give1 ( ! /ubborn & det]m9$ mann] 9 :i* an arbitr>y valuation /rikes root 9 ! he>t ( :ole nations1 :5 once x has be5 sy/ematically & pa9/ak+ly inculcat$ ^u !m4 ,x is "o ( ^? cases :i* inspire ) hope all ^? :o may be confront$ ) ! app>5tly ?ankless task ( alt]+ ! prejudices & prepossessions ( a p4 ,=1 if x has be5 possible errone\sly to raise weal? to ! highe/ among our valuations1 )\t a trace ( social law to help u1 x is cle> t x mu/ be possible to alt] t valuation1 to 8transvalue0 x1 p#db z ! te*nical phrase has x1 & to br+ mank9d back to a m rational und]/&+ ( ! prop] equipm5t ( p[]1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( wisdom1 virtue1 "* & resolution4 ,nobody d5ies1 ( c\rse1 t :5 once wisdom1 virtue1 "* & resolution1 happ5 to comb9e 9 ! same individual1 ! addition ( weal? may make t individual exceptionally preci\s2 b weal?1 z we frequ5tly see x to-day1 end[+ ) p[] p :o are nei!r wise1 virtu\s1 *>act]ful nor resolute1 is little less ?an a national curse4 ,= :at does weal? mean8 ,x means simply t ! own] ( x has a pur*as+ p[] ov] ! s]vices ( 8 fell[s4 ,x by no means signifies t ?is pur*as+ p[] w ( necessity be wisely1 virtu\sly or pr(itably ex]cis$4 ,:]ev] x is n wisely1 virtu\sly & pr(itably ex]cis$1 !re=e1 x becomes a sc\rge4 ,! p[] itself becomes viol5ce2 & x is incumb5t ^u ! laws ( all well-regulat$ communities to suppress at lea/ man-made viol5ce4 ,! besett+ vice ( all ,we/]n societies1 :e!r ,mon>*ies1 ,ari/ocracies1 ,republics1 or 8,democracies10 has be5 & is /ill t !y h nev] tak5 adequate /eps to suppress ?is p>ticul> k9d ( viol5ce4 ,b ! rem$y = su* viol5ce w\ld n consi/ 9 aboli%+ ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty4 ,y might j z well aboli% knives because !y are frequ5tly us$ by homicidal maniacs4 ,! rem$y consi/s 9 s modify+ ! life ( ! nation1 & ! prejudices & prepossessions ( ! p#dc nation1 t weal? may n necess>ily mean p[]1 & t pov]ty may n necess>ily mean ignom9y1 ignorance & ill-heal?#d2 also t x %\ld be difficult = mat]ial success to be a*iev$ by p :o are frequ5tly ! mo/ contemptible memb]s ( ! community bo? 9 spiritual & physical gifts4 ,all ^? :o "q ! possibility ( su* an a*ievem5t 9 ! reca/+ ( values1 are invit$ to dwell ^u ! g5esis & gr[? ( ! preval5t rul+ equation1 ,weal? ,importance ,p[]4 ,!y are invit$1 fur!rmore1 to discov] ! mom5t 9 hi/ory :5 ano!r valuation %[$ signs ( becom+ preval5t1 & to asc]ta9 by :at means1 f\l or o!rwise1 x 0 made to fail4 ,!n only1 9 ! light ( :at !y f\nd1 w !y be able to decide :e!r a new equation & a new valuation h n ev5 n[ a *ance ( be+ initiat$1 accept$1 & univ]sally believ$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,an enorm\s am\nt ( confusion has be5 caus$ by ! loose application ( ! t]m 8,developm5t10 to all processes ( *ange 9 life4 ,/rictly speak+1 developm5t means unfold+4 ,b ! process by :i* ! tape-worm has deg5]at$ f ! high] species to :i* x once belong$ is n a process ( unfold+ or developm5t1 b "o ( loss & r$uction1 "o ( gradual truncation & limitation4 ,footnote #d3 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 a society 9 :i* success really did dep5d ^u ! possession ( ! highe/ moral & bodily qualities t ! community c\ld display1--:i* is by no means ! case at pres5t1--pov]ty or failure w\ld und\bt$ly h a c]ta9 inexpungeable /igma ^u x2 & q rightly too4 ,t :i* removes ! /igma f pov]ty or failure to-day1 9 ! eyes ( ! enlight5$1 is ! fact t ri*es & success are frequ5tly a*iev$ by p :o c\ld n possibly lay claim to any high moral & bodily qualities1--n to m5tion ! highe/4 p#dd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ju/ice 8,si nos coeurs batt5t1 c'e/ dans ce b 444 c'e/ p\r que n\s puissions compt] sur l'av5ir et savoir s'il y a dans les *oses d'ici bas une ju/ice imman5te qui vi5t son j\r et son heure#e40--,l4 ,gambetta 7,*]b\rg spee*4 ,augu/ #i?1 #ahhj74 ,a discussion ( ! idea ( ju/ice almo/ necess>ily prec$es ! subject ( ! next *apt]1 = ! k9d ( ju/ice :i* is ! object ( public clam\r outside ! law & police-c\rts1 & beyond ! deal+s ( man ) man1 provides "o ( ! pr9cipal argum5ts to ^? :o believe 9 human equality4 ,9 ?is essay1 !n1 x is cle> t we %all n be conc]n$ ei!r ) ! ju/ice :i* includes ! adm9i/ration ( ! law1 & ! incid5ce ( ! law ( any c\ntry1 or ) ! ju/ice :i* relates to ! unwritt5 rules ( conduct gov]n+ ! comm]ce ( m5 & wom52 b r ) t idea ( equity :i*1 :ile x enjoys a fa/ hold ^u ! imag9ation ( all ,we/]n peoples1 is suppos$ to h an exi/5ce ap>t f /atutes1 codes1 regulations & by-laws1 & human conv5tions4 ,x is an ab/raction1 some:at l ! idea ( equality2 b x is n a ma!matician's ab/raction1 x is ! ab/raction ( a morali/4 ,x arises out ( ! idea ( a moral ord]--t is to say1 ( a suppos$ univ]sal t5d5cy to arrive at a p]fect equilibrium betwe5 des]ts & rew>ds1 & x assumes t ! mom5t ?is p]fect balance is di/urb$1 a violation ( ?is ab/ract ju/ice--,gambetta's 8ju/ice imman5te10--is suppos$ to h occurr$4 ,to take an in/ance :i* illu/rates ?is notion ( ju/ice1 x is popul>ly suppos$ t = a *ild1 :o c h committ$ no crime suffici5tly great to des]ve sev]e puni%m5t1 to be born 9 a sordid home1 9 a /ill m sordid city-qu>t]1 ( drunk5 p>5ts1 "s di/urbance ( ! balance ( ju/ice mu/ h occurr$--a di/urbance :i*1 if x is to be correct$1 mu/ require "s k9d ( comp5sation4 ,if ! comp5sation _c be conceiv$ z =?com+ 9 ?is life1 ano!r life is po/ulat$1 9 :i* ! prop] equilibrium betwe5 des]ts & rew>ds2sic w be re/or$4 ,x is n en\gh to say t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs are visit$ ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation4 ,al?\gh ! anci5t ,jewi% view ( univ]sal ju/ice d\btless requir$ "s su* explanation1 & f\nd x satisfactory1 ! mod]n view ( 8imman5t ju/ice0 is n satisfi$ by ?is me?od ( settl+ ! "q4 ,inde$1 ! v idea t *ildr5 %\ld expiate _! p>5ts' s9s is abhorr5t to ! mod]n m9d1 /eep$ z x is 9 ?is notion ( ju/ice4 ,x only cons5ts to x z a fact 9 ! face ( ov]:elm+ p#df physiological & biological evid5ce1 &1 ev5 !n1 takes refuge f ! app>5t h>%ness ( ! law1 9 ! settl$ conviction t some:]e1 some:51 comp5sation w be provid$ = ! expiatory suff]+4 ,x is ! suff]+ t c be trac$ to no p>ticul> transgression on ! "p ( ! individual1 t *iefly outrages ! mod]n man2 t is :y x seems fair to conclude t ?is notion ( imman5t ju/ice has a moral f\ndation4#f ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no?+ m unju/ ?an ?is notion ( ju/ice1 b its inju/ice is by no means obvi\s4 ,!re is no outcry :5 a murd]] is hang$1 al?\gh psy*ology1 h]$ity & ev5 sociology1 may be call$ to witness t 8 act 0 z inevitable z is ! crippl$om ( ! *ild born ( ta9t$ blood4 ,!re is no outcry :5 a vici\s reprobate dies 9 pov]ty & pa94 ,!re is no outcry :5 an habitual crim9al ends 8 days on ! treadmill4 ,morality "h receives its tribute4 ,*emi/ry1 physiology1 biology1 & ! laws ( h]$ity t d]ive f !m are sup]s$$ by ! moral bias1 & !re appe>s to be no violation ( t 8imman5t0 ju/ice :5 "o ( ,nature's born ne'er-d-wells comes to a sad end 9 a prison quadrangle4 ,9 cases ( suff]+ :i* are less easily trac$ to an app>5tly delib]ate transgression ( moral laws1 h[ev]1 a misc>riage ( univ]sal ju/ice is suppos$ to h occurr$1 & ! sympa?y ( all1 & ev5 ! indignation ( "s1 are imm$iately ar\s$4 ,x is true t attempts h be5 made to )hold ev5 ?is sympa?y1 z 9 ! case ( ! second comm&m5t already ref]r$ to above2 b ! be/ in/ance is t ( ,david's fam\s obs]vation 9 ! #cg? ,psalm3 8,i h be5 "y1 & n[ am old2 yet h ,i n se5 ! righte\s =sak5 nor 8 se$ begg+ bread40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is s obvi\sly a desp]ate endeav\r to squ>e a moral read+ ( ! univ]se1 or ! conception ( an et]nal ju/ice beh9d all ph5om5a1 ) ! spectacle ( mis]y & indig5ce1 t its transp>5cy (f5ds ! dulle/ vision4 ,x is n unlike ! attitude ( "s ,eug5i/s :o w\ld argue t ! poorly remun]at$ ( to-day %\ld be prev5t$ f multiply+ because !y are n only ! unfit1 b ! undesirable4 ,to call !m unfit is biologically correct2 = x m]ely am\nts to say+ t !y are unadapt$ to _! environm5t4 ,! idea ( undesirability is1 h[ev]1 smuggl$ 9 gratuit\sly1 only 9 ord] to try to acc\nt = :at w\ld o!rwise appe> an inju/ice4 ,if ! poor be made to appe> z ly+ "u a /igma1 p#dh ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! app>5t inju/ice ( _! position is easily remov$4#g ,9 ! same way ! necessity ( condol+ ) an invalid is unconsci\sly res5t$ by mo/ ( u :5 we endeav\r1 p>ticul>ly to ! invalid's face1 to ascribe 8 or h] tr\ble to "s gl>+ imprud5ce or violation ( rational liv+1 ?r\gh :i* we inf] t ! illness or indisposition has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,we ?us r$uce x to a pa9 or p5alty t ! suff]] has des]v$1 & 9 ?is way we release our m9ds f ! con/ant preoccupation conc]n+ ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,wom51 :o are v mu* less social 9 _! in/9cts1 &1 !re=e1 mu* h>d] ?an m51 repeat$ly behave 9 ?is way1 ev5 ) _! own *ildr52 & be=e !y make a movem5t to relieve suff]+1 _! lips w h pron\nc$ innum]able reasons :y ! p>ticul> indisposition or pa9 confront+ !m is ! suff]]'s own fault4 ,:y did ,david say t he _h nev] se5 ! righte\s =sak5 nor 8 se$ begg+ bread8 ,:y d c]ta9 ,eug5i/s try _! h>de/ to atta* "s /igma to pov]ty1 or to :at !y call ! poorly remun]at$8 ,& :y d p sudd5ly heap all k9ds ( blame ^u ! head ( an un=tunate man1 woman or *ild1 :o has sudd5ly contract$ an illness8 ,x is sugge/$ t ! reason is because ! acceptance ( ! view t !re is a moral ord] to ! univ]se1 implies two conditions3 7a7 ,t no?+ occurs t is n j2 7b7 t1 !re=e1 !re is no suff]+ t is n 9 "s way retribution or p5alty4 ,:5 confront$ ) any =m ( suff]+1 !re=e1 ! fir/ impulse ( ev]ybody tra9$ 9 ?is s*ool ( ?\ght is an attempt1 at once1 to squ>e ! p>ticul> example ( unhapp9ess be=e !m ) ?is notion ( univ]sal ju/ice2 & if x w n squ>e1 )\t suppos+ "s ultimate comp5sation t w balance x1 or "s pa9 or crime t is suffici5t to acc\nt = x1 "s su* ultimate comp5sation or "s su* transgression is quickly imag9$1 :i* seems to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( 8imman5t ju/ice40 ,if x is q impossible to discov] a s9 or a crime 9 ! individual t w acc\nt = ! individual's suff]+--z1 = in/ance1 :5 a *ild is born ( diseas$ or drunk5 p>5ts--:51 moreov]1 d\bts are beg9n+ to be felt1 z !y are to-day1 9 a l>ge numb] ( m9ds1 reg>d+ ! possibility ( comp5sation 9 ano!r _w = undes]v$ mis]ies 9 ?is _w--!n a gross inju/ice is suppos$ to h occurr$1 & ev]ybody :o looks at ! univ]se ?r\gh moral glasses1 feels acutely uncom=table4 8,:y %\ld ,tommy ,jones10 !y say1 8be born ( diseas$ or drunk5 p>5ts1 :5 ,?omas ,v]e de ,v]e 0 born ( heal?y or sob] p>5ts6 ,x is unju/60 ,!y are indignant1 & !y look indignant1 & ^? among !m :o _c believe 9 an aft]-life 9 :i* ?is app>5tly p#ej mon/r\s misc>riage ( 8imman5t ju/ice0 w be rectifi$1 become social re=m]s :o are prep>$ to fight1 & lead o!rs to fight =--ju/ice6 ,^? p1 on ! o!r h&1 :o are p]suad$ t _! religion c expla9 any?+1 & :o enjoy ! mo/ det]m9$ optimism :]e ! suff]+ ( o!rs is conc]n$1 h yet ano!r loophole ( escape f ! disagreeable c]ta9ty t a misc>riage ( univ]sal ju/ice has occurr$4 ,nodd+ _! heads gravely & wisely1 !y say3 8,:o c tell8 ,provid5ce move? 9 my/]i\s ways4 ,may n ^! suff]]s be ! mo/ sorely tri$ because !y are ! mo/ lov$8 ,= :om ! ,"l love? ,he *a/5e?40#h ,ev]y?+ is done1 e exp$i5t is tri$ 9 ord] to escape f ! madd5+ c]ta9ty t suff]+ is possible )\t a s9 or a crime hav+ be5 committ$4 ,:5 f9ally x is discov]$ t su* ?+s z pa9 & mis]y d co-exi/ ) innoc5ce1 or at lea/ ) a lack ( guilt1 !n ! feel+ arises t an inju/ice has be5 p]petrat$ :i* mu/ at all co/s be correct$4 ,& s9ce et]nal1 or univ]sal1 or imman5t ju/ice _c be held responsible1 man himself & 8 civilisation are frequ5tly accus$ ( hav+ be5 guilty ( an inju/ice ( :i* nei!r is 9 any way capable4 ,:at is x t has =c$ ?is conviction ^u mank9d8 ,fail+ ! com=t+ assurances ( religion1 :i* po/ulates a heav5 9 :i* ! unev5 balance ( pa9 & pleasure is adju/$1 & a deity :o *a/5s ^? :om he mo/ loves1 :y is x t at ! sight ( une>n$ mis]y & pa9 ! av]age man has a feel+ ( revolt1 z if a prim>y law ( ! univ]se _h be5 wantonly outrag$8 ,i h sugge/$ t ! av]age man reads morality into ph5om5a1 t he imag9es t ! _w is a moral _w1 & t consequ5tly pa9 & pleasure alike mu/ h a moral explanation or cause4 ,x is ?is t creates ! idea ( an 8imman5t0 ju/ice4 ,b1 if we contemplate ! _w z a :ole1 :at ju/ification h we = po/ulat+ a moral ord] ( ph5om5a8 ,:y %\ld we expect some?+ s ess5tially peculi> to human society to p]vade ! design ( ?+s 9 g5]al8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 f ! /&po9t ( civilis$ human society1 ,nature is utt]ly immoral1 ,life is hopelessly unju/4 ,x is n only ! s9ful "y rabbit t provides ! fox ) 8 meal4 ,x is n only ! guilty m\se t dies an agonis+ dea? 9 ! cat's jaws4 ,x is n only ! dissipat$ sp>r[ t is torn to fragm5ts by ! "y ( ! sp>r[-hawk4 ,nei!r is x only ! vici\s worm t gets ration$ out piecemeal to ! "y ( ! mole4 ,& :at ( ! antelopes t fall victims to lions & tig]s1 ! %eep & cattle t fall victims to man1 ! pheasants t fall victims to our sportsm51 ! fi% t fall victims to _! l>g] fell[s8 ,:]ev] we look1 we see suff]+--undes]v$ suff]+--aye1 undes]v$ agony4 ,! _w & ,life are !re=e ess5tially unmoral1 !y p#eb are n conc]n$ ) ju/ice4 ,! ra9 falls bo? on ! j & on ! unju/4 ,! hurricane kills ! j & ! unju/ alike4 ,! lightn+ burns ! h\se ( ! j or unju/ indiff]5tly4 ,microbes fe$ on ! pure & undefil$ virg9 j z rav5\sly z ^u ! pollut$ jade4 ,tub]culosis does n pick & *oose2 x kills :]e x c4 ,virtue is no safegu>d aga9/ x1 nei!r is g5ius4 ,:]ev] we look1 ei!r 9 ! jungle or ! prairie1 we see ! blood-r$ fangs & ! c>m9e claws ( ! bully rampant6 ,fair play8 ,:]e is ! fair play betwe5 ! cat & ! m\se8 ,:]e is ! fair play betwe5 ! /oat & ! %rew8 ,:]e is ! fair play betwe5 ! wolf & ! lamb8 ,ju/ice8 ,:at is ju/ice1 :]e is ju/ice 9 ,life & ,nature8 ,9 ! vegetable _w1 :i* is said to be inanimate1 ! fi]ce unev5 /ruggle is n ev5 mitigat$ by ! 8sport+ *ance0 ( escape4 ,tru? to tell1 ! ^w ju/ice--:e!r imman5t or o!rwise--is mean+less :5 appli$ to ! univ]se4 ,nobody has ev] dream$ ( ?9k+ out ! billions & billions ( po/-mortem comp5sations :i* w\ld be necess>y to adju/ ! balance ( only "o ye>'s rap9e & slaught] 9 ! _w ( nature4 ,nobody has ev] dreamt t su* a calculation w\ld ev5 be possible4 ,inju/ice1 if x h any mean+ at all 9 ?is respect1 is !re=e writt5 l>ge all ov] ! face ( ,life & ,nature4 ,s5tim5tali/s1 l ,wordswor? & ,r\sseau1 by wilfully turn+ _! backs ^u p#ec ! cruel suff]+s ( animals & insects 9 ,nature1 h be5 able to pres5t a picture ( ,life to ! _w z attractive z x is false4 ,b al?\gh pleasant lies ( ?is sort are b\nd ultimately to d a good deal ( damage1 & h actually done a good deal ( damage1 !y are also b\nd ultimately to be f\nd out1 & x is to be hop$ t !re is !n an end to !m1 once & = all4 ,x is n accurate1 !re=e1 to read a moral ord] into ! ,univ]se4 ,life & ,nature are ess5tially amoral4 ,!y are n conc]n$ ev5 ) ! ,a4,b4,c4 ( morality4 ,all life outside human society1 !re=e1 kn[s no?+ ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 8,life is appropriation1 injury1 conque/ ( ! /range & weak1 suppression1 sev]ity1 obtrusion ( its own =ms1 incorporation1 &1 at ! v lea/1 exploitation40 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a natural balance ( virtue & rew>d1 crime & puni%m5t--ev5 9 ! realm ( social ju/ice ?is balance is difficult en\gh to a*ieve4 ,mis]y is frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 ,nature--9 fact1 univ]sally s1 divorc$ f s94 ,to p]ceive any?+ else 9 ,nature is to contemplate h] ?r\gh r smoky human spectacles--an?ropomorphically4 ,if1 !n1 ?is notion ( ju/ice exi/s at all1 x is only 9 ! fancy ( ! morally prejudic$4 ,morality arises only 9 human society2 !re=e ju/ice is exclusively a social ph5om5on1 a social exp$i5t4 ,x is n a univ]sal law1 b a concept ( ! social human be+4 ,x is n a pr9ciple transc5d+ social life2 x is ! creation p#ed ( social life1 & means no?+ outside x2 x is man-made1 man-ma9ta9$4 ,9 ! light ( ?is conclusion1 :at is meant1 !re=e1 :5 ,mrs4 ,jelleby-,jones1 ( ,hamp/ead1 :o is a welf>e work]1 exclaims ov] h] d9n] to h] husb& t x seems s 8unju/0 t ! poor little diseas$ babies %e has be5 inspect+ t aft]noon %\ld h be5 born ) su* a heavy h&icap8 ,^: inju/ice1 :at inju/ice does %e mean8 ,does %e "k :at %e means1 & does %e mean any?+8 ,we h se5 t if h] /atem5t is to h any mean+ at all1 x mu/ signify t mank9d is unju/1 t human society is unju/1 & t1 !re=e1 h] p>ticul> =m ( human society is unju/2 consequ5tly t %e & h] husb&1 z =m+ "p ( t society1 are unju/4 ,tru? to tell1 %e w mean no?+ half z intelligible z t2 b s9ce ?is is ! only mean+ h] rem>k c h1 let u exam9e x calmly4 ,%e supposes an inju/ice to h be5 p]petrat$ because--say--?ree babies %e has se5 7 born diseas$4 ,?is happ5s 9 e class1 irrespective ( bank+ acc\nt1 & ! poor are n m unheal?y ?an ! ri*4 ,%e says ! babies w be h&icapp$4 ,_! disease is an ob/acle 9 _! road2 !re=e x is unju/4 ,%e is p]fectly "r1 9 a s5se1 :5 %e says t disease is an ob/acle4 ,b x might be po9t$ out to h] t to be born ( /upid or crim9ally dispos$ p>5ts w\ld also con/itute an ob/acle4 ,psy*ologi/s n[ tell u t ev5 to be born ( p>5ts p#ee :o disagree con/itutes a grave ob/acle 9 life4 ,x might be argu$ t to be born ( p :o c af=d to keep c>s also con/itutes an initial ob/acle1 because great com=t & luxury r$uces moral fibre1 p>alyses en]gy1 & de/roys eag]ness = ! fray4 ,x might be po9t$ out to h] t to be born ! son ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl& is an ob/acle 9 life1 because x limits fre$om2 a man _c aspire to becom+ ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol if he is de/9$ to become 8 ,britannic ,maje/y4 ,if be+ born ( sick or /upid p>5ts is an inju/ice1 all ^! cases are inju/ices also4 ,mrs4 ,jelleby-,jones might reply t illness or disease is at lea/ an ob/acle t c\ld be avoid$1 :]eas to h z fa!r ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 is n a fate t c\ld s easily be circumv5t$4 ,agre$6 ,b only flagrant cases ( illness or disease are ev5 noticeable4 ,:at ab\t ^? m subtle gradations ( heal? or ill-heal? :i* ?\gh !y are frequ5tly suffici5tly virul5t to conv]t a pot5tial g5ius into a m]ely tal5t$ man1 or a pot5tially tal5t$ man into a fool1 are nev]!less n suffici5tly gl>+ to be obs]v$ or gu>d$ aga9/8 ,w\ld ,mrs4 ,jelleby-,jones argue t to be born ( ugly p>5ts1 = in/ance1 is an inju/ice8 ,to be ugly is c]ta9ly a great disadvantage1 p>ticul>ly to ! wom5 ( any ta/eful c\ntry4 ,is x also an inju/ice8 ,look at x h[ we w1 inju/ice1 or inequality ( end[m5t & ( *ances ( survival1 is root$ 9 ! v he>t ( ,nature4 ,society endeav\rs to mitigate ,nature's h>% rule by means ( prev5t+ p#ef or assuag+ unnecess>y suff]+1 succ\r+ indig5ce1 & try+ to make ugly & bot*$ p =get _! ugl9ess2 b society _c divorce h]self completely f ,nature4 ,%e is b\nd to act ) ,nature & all[ natural laws to op]ate ) comp>ative fre$om 9 h] mid/4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is s ) reg>d to ! act ( pro-creation4 ,"h is a natural process1 & a natural passion1 on :i* society c only impose a c]ta9 modicum ( ord]2 %e _c d away ) x4 ,n[1 z we h se51 ! sort ( inju/ice t we are exam9+ 9 ?is *apt]1 is root$ 9 ! v act ( procreation1 :i* is ess5tially a natural act4 ,two p1 male & female1 decide to procreate a ?ird creature 7m frequ5tly !y d n give ! ?ird creature a ?\ght7--a *ild1 :o c h no voice 9 decid+ :e!r x %\ld be born or n1 :e!r x %\ld be born ( precisely ^? p>5ts or n1 or :e!r x %\ld be _! daught] or _! son1 _! legitimate or illegitimate (fspr+4 ,x _c ev5 *oose :i* p>5t x w resemble4 ,:at c\ld be m unju/8 ,x is obvi\sly "o ( ^? manife/ations ( ,nature1 ( ,life1 :i* l all ^? we h be5 exam9+1 is completely & hopelessly unju/4 ,x is ! amoral "* ( ,nature & ,life p]si/+ 9 spite ( moral or social conditions4 ,?is am\nt ( ,nature's1 or ,life's1 inevitable inju/ice mu/ be accept$1 or includ$ ) ! b>ga9 :i* is life4 ,:at1 !n1 d ^! p really mean :o rail aga9/ ?is s-call$ inju/ice--?is necess>y survival ( natural & vital p#eg amorality )9 a moral society8 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 extravagantly /upid4 ,!y read _! own back-p>l\r e?ics into ,nature's s*eme1 conclude errone\sly t %e is j1 & !n :]ev] ?is k9d ( inju/ice appe>s1 !y ?r[ ! responsibility ( x on to man in/ead ( on to ,nature4 ,!y rightly assume t 8inju/ice0 c be only man-made1 & imag9e t 9 rail+ aga9/ ?is 8inju/ice0 ( _! fancy1 !y are really oppos+ some?+ sub/antial1 "s grievance t c\ld1 or ought to be1 r$ress$1 if society or ! gov]nm5t 7 m moral4 ,?is 8inju/ice0 ( _! fancy1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 is built up ^u an idea ( univ]sal & et]nal ,ju/ice :i* is a pure my?4 ,ju/ice exi/s n[h]e outside civilis$ man's own in/itutions1 & lea/ ( all 9 ,nature4 ,:5ev] & :]ev]1 !re=e1 ,nature1 pure & undefil$1 peeps out ev5 9 our civilis$ societies1 z x does 9 procreation1 !re also appe>s1 & _c fail to appe>1 :at ^! p call 8inju/ice40 ,civilis$ man has done 8 utmo/ to mitigate ,life's natural 8inju/ices0--to use ^! p's language--b s9ce 9 ord] to survive he is b\nd to all[ ,nature a c]ta9 modicum ( free-play )9 8 societies1 a c]ta9 modicum ( s-call$ 8inju/ice0 _c be remov$ f ev5 ! mo/ ideal & p]fect community4#i ,?us1 f> f ?is 8inju/ice0 ( ! /upid s5tim5tali/s la ,gambetta1 etc41 etc41 be+ man-made1 or man-contriv$1 x is man :o has done1 & /ill does1 8 utmo/ to mitigate its asp]ities4 ,b because he _c sweep x away )\t also sweep+ away ,life itself1 or )\t tamp]+ ) a v sacr$ function ( 8 fell[s1 x is prepo/]\s to hold him responsible = x4 ,ap>t f ! creation & adm9i/ration ( law 9 an organis$ society1 !re=e1 & ! accept$ rules :i* control ! treatm5t ( "o man by ano!r1 or ( a *ild by its p>5ts1 or vice v]s1 ju/ice has no g5u9e exi/5ce at all4 ,to compla9 ab\t ! abs5ce ( a purely fanta/ic conception1 !re=e1 is an absurdity4 ,z well might y compla9 t y\r son is born )\t w+s1 or t y y\rself d n possess sev5-league boots4 ,9 its ess5ce1 h[ev]1 ?is act ( sett+ up an impossible ideal1 :i* is suppos$ to belong to ! v s*eme ( ! univ]se1 am\nts to an attitude ( ho/ility to life1 because x is tantam\nt to a refusal to accept life z %e is--t is to say1 amoral4 ,x is equival5t to sett+ up a false scale ( measurem5t1 9 ord] to depreciate human society & its value4 ,:5 once ^! p are conv9c$ t ! 8inju/ices0 ab\t :i* !y compla9 really are root$ 9 ,life & ,nature1 !y cry out desp]ately3 ,look h[ dreadful ,life is1 %e is unju/6 ,b x is only 9 _! b5ight$ bra9s t ! ideal ( ju/ice 0 ev] conceiv$ z inh]5t 9 ph5om5a1 z a possible attribute ( life ,life is amoral2 !re=e %e is ess5tially beyond or b5ea? ju/ice4 ,y c only p#ei love h] or loa! h] z %e is4 ,& x is a pro( ( deg5]acy to loa! h] z %e is4 ,h5ce deg5]ates inv>iably clo! h] ) false attributes1 & talk ab\t a 8ju/ice imman5te02 !y are n brave en\gh1 or pr\d en\gh1 to love h] )\t try+ to pa9t h] 9 ! light ( _! back-p>l\r morality4 ,all ,life's light & %ade1 all h] excitem5t1 all h] incitem5t to man to compete ) en]gy & _s 9 h] game1 dep5ds = m ?an half its *>m precisely on ! fact t %e is amoral--t is to say1 t %e produces inequalities1 contra/s & div]g5t types1 indiff]5tly1 lavi%ly1 )\t tak+ ?\ght1 )\t m]cy4 ,h] call is to ! brave1 to ! /\t ( he>t1 & to ! adv5tur\s & spirit$4 ,^? :o 9 ! mid/ ( ?is great adv5ture cry out 8,inju/ice60 ei!r misund]/&1 or wilfully misrepres5t ! :ole s*eme4 ,! alleg$ 8inju/ices0 ( ,life1 c nev] be put "r by man4 ,!y are beyond 8 p[] to rem$y1 h[ev] j 8 laws may be4 ,all he c d is to mitigate ! asp]ity ( life = ^? ( ,nature's less =tunately end[$ (fspr+1 :o _c aspire to ! highe/ ridge2 b ev5 9 do+ ?is1 he mu/ be c>eful n to make x too easy = ,nature's failures to multiply ov] abundantly1 o!rwise ! race mo/ c]ta9ly det]iorates4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy1 !re=e1 :i* consi/s 9 delib]ately conf\nd+ ! issue1 by po9t+ to a numb] ( ,nature's own 8inju/ices0 z if !y 7 ! outcome ( man-made law1 man-made conditions1 p#fj & clam\r+ = !m to be r$ress$1 is :olly vici\s4 ,x deceives ! multitude1 madd5s !m into a false s5se ( _! grievances1 & frequ5tly leads to di/urbances :i*1 ?\gh !y prove sadly de/ructive ( life & treasure1 mu/ leave ?+s m or less z !y 71 because ! grievances *iefly compla9$ (1 are frequ5tly root$ 9 ,life itself4 ,?is does n mean t !re are n man-made inju/ices 9 ! creation & adm9i/ration ( law4 ,un=tunately !y are too (t5 z pl5tiful z ^? ( ,life itself4 ,b by f> ! grosse/ s-call$ inju/ices are ^? ( ,nature & ,life1 :i* _c by any means be remov$1 & lea/ ( all c !y be ev5 mitigat$ 9 a c\ntry ^: population di/+ui%es s imp]fectly betwe5 grievances :i* c be rightly br\ght home to man1 & ^? t are inh]5t 9 ! natural ord] ( exi/5ce1 t :ile !y bl9dly clam\r = ! removal ( ! latt]1 ! =m]1 :i* might be correct$ & are )9 man's p[] to correct1 are g5]ally left /udi\sly alone4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #e3 8,if our he>ts beat1 x is ) ?is object 444 x is 9 ord] t we may rely on ! future & "k :e!r !re is an all-p]vad+ ju/ice 9 ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 :i* ultimately has its day & comes to light at its appo9t$ "t40 ,footnote #f3 ,! pres5t writ] has ev5 he>d wom5 decl>e t ! lot ( ! female human be+1 ) all its disabilities & physical burd5s1 con/itutes an 8unju/0 apportionm5t ( pa9 & pleasure :5 comp>$ ) ! lot ( ! male4 ,x is difficult to discov] :at inju/ice is meant "h1 unless we conclude t wom5 :o speak 9 ?is way h acquir$ f _! /upid m5-folk ideas ab\t a c]ta9 ju/ice beh9d ph5om5a or 9 ,nature1 :i* 9 _! p>ticul> exi/5ce appe>s to be transgress$4 ,9 any case we are q safe 9 assum+ t x _c be an infr+em5t ( man's ju/ice t is meant "h4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be ! imag9>y ju/ice :i* is ! subject ( ?is essay1 & :i* moral p read into ! univ]se4 ,footnote #g3 ,x w\ld only be correct to say t ! poor are ! undesirable z well z be+ ! biologically unfit1 if successful adaptation to mod]n conditions dem&$ ! highe/ virtues & abilities ( :i* ! community is capable4 ,footnote #h3 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,*apt] xii4 #f4 ,footnote #i3 ,s long1 t is to say1 z free mat+ is n made a crim9al (f5ce1 & ev5 !n ! h>%ness ( ! natural law w only be p>tially mitigat$4 p#fa ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,equality 8,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t2 t all m5 7 creat$ equal2 t !y 7 end[$ by _! ,creator ) inali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess40--,?omas ,jeff]son 7#aj;,decl>ation by ! ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates74 ,f :i*ev] qu>t] ! pr9ciple ( human equality is approa*$1 x appe>s to rec$e into ev] deep] dimness & obscurity ! m hotly x is pursu$4 ,:at does ?is elusiv5ess signify8 ,has ! pr9ciple any reality at all8 ,t is to say1 is x some?+ t c be realis$8 ,or is x ! mo/ unscrupul\s lie t has ev] be5 sewn z a device ^u ! bann] ( a faction8 ,9 any case x seems to provoke v real emotions4 ,?ump y\r fi/ h>d en\gh1 & %\t f a public plat=m3 8,ladies & g5tlem51 :at we want m ?an any?+ else to-day1 t :i* our bir?1 our common orig91 our common %ape & /ature--aye1 ev5 our common sp>k ( ,div9e ,_s--mo/ surely gu>antees u1 is ,equality1 ladies & g5tlem51 ! bless$ condition ( ,equality60 ,pron\nce ! words emphatically en\gh1 z y\r exordium1 & y\r :ole audi5ce w *e] & applaud z ) "o voice4 ,n "o ( ! assembl$ cr[d w prote/ indignantly t y h be5 talk+ nons5se4 ,ev]ybody w really believe t y\r words h "s mean+1 & a beautiful mean+4 ,we h already se51 h[ev]1 t a ^w does n require to h any precise mean+1 or any def9ite association :atev]1 9 ord] to excite pleasurable feel+s 9 ^? :o he> x pron\nc$1 or 9 ord] to provoke ^! p to en]getic action4 ,is ,equality p]haps "o ( ^! empty1 inflammatory words8 ,x is orig9ally a t]m borr[$ f ma!matics4 ,! ma!matician says3--8,two & two are equal2 ?is triangle & t are equal2 ?is l5g? & t l5g? are equal2 ?is weight & t weight are equal40 ,he is deal+ ) m]e ciph]s1 symbols or ab/ractions1 & consequ5tly ! ma!matician has ev]y?+ 8 own way1 & s long z he abides by ciph]s1 symbols & ab/ractions we h no wi% to int]f]e4 ,he c c>ry 8 egalit>ian pr9ciple "r ?r\gh ! ,engli% weights & measures1 vi ! decimal sy/em1 into geometry4 ,he is speak+ ( pure ab/ractions1 arbitr>ily suppos$ to be id5tical1 & if x amuses him to po/ulate equality z _! *>act]i/ic1 nobody c>es4 ,!y are 8 ab/ractions1 8 ciph]s1 he c po/ulate :at he likes ab\t !m4 ,we h ! feel+ t x does n matt]4 ,x is only :5 ! ma!matician1 :o1 z a rule1 is a hopeless psy*ologi/1 beg9s to apply p#fc ! lifeless notions he has le>nt 9 8 /udy1 to ! _w ( activity & reality2 x is only :5 he beg9s to speak ( ?+s t are n 8 own ab/ractions--?+s t really h an exi/5ce kn[n to u--t we imm$iately beg9 to feel t he is tak+ lib]ties ) reality4 ,= in/ance1 if he say t a c]ta9 #b1jjj pe> leaves are equal to ano!r #b1jjj pe> leaves1 we :o "k t no two leaves h ev] be5 kn[n to be exactly ! same1 /raightway call him to ord] & say3 8,no1 sir1 abide by y\r ab/ractions6 ,t /atem5t ( y\rs is n true40 ,likewise1 if he say t a c]ta9 #b1jjj c[s are equal to ano!r #b1jjj c[s1 we feel t he is ei!r tak+ too mu* = grant$1 or else t he %\ld try to enli/ our confid5ce by specify+ ! precise weight & individual qualities ( ea* c[ 9 ea* set1 be=e invit+ u to acquiesce 9 8 ass]tion4 ,& ev5 if ! two sets ( #b1jjj c[s weigh$ exactly ! same am\nt & 7 ( ! same race1 we %\ld /ill feel t !re 7 diff]5ces 9 ! quality & supply ( milk 9 ea* set1 z also 9 ! vitality ( ! respective c[s 9 ea* set1 etc41 :i* ought to be tak5 into acc\nt & :i* x w\ld h>dly be possible to e/imate ) p]fect accuracy4 ,b let u ?9k ( ?+s :i* h less individual div]g5ce f ! common type4 ,let u ?9k ( screws1 bolts1 plates1 *a9 l9ks1 etc4 ,aft] ^! h be5 made ) ! utmo/ c>e by means ( ma*9es capable ( almo/ ma!matical precision1 & :5 once !y h be5 accurately weigh$ & f\nd equal bo? p#fd z reg>ds size & pond]ability1 y w\ld ?9k t y _h gr\ps ( ?+s or individual ?+s z betwe5 :i* y w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 po/ulat+ ! attribute equality4 ,b if y %\ld ask anyone accu/om$ to deal+ ) su* ?+s1 he w\ld tell y t "o bolt 9 t5 or 9 tw5ty usually splits1 t "o screw 9 a hundr$ or 9 a ?\s& usually /rips1 & t "o plate 9 fifty usually cracks4 ,?us "h & !re1 ev5 :5 enorm\s pa9s h be5 tak5 to atta9 uni=mity1 m>k$ diff]5ces become app>5t4 ,:at ab\t ^? diff]5ces t are n suffici5tly m>k$ to be noticeable until "s consid]able "t has elaps$8 ,c equality be po/ulat$ ( no two objects on e>? !n8 ,provid$ t ! ma!matical ab/racts1 or arbitr>y id5tities1 size1 weight1 bulk & numb]1 alone1 are 9 "q1 equality c be po/ulat$2 b ! mom5t ma!matical ab/ractions are dep>t$ f1 x is n only unsafe1 x is positively di%one/ to speak ( equality4 ,= in/ance1 y c say t ^! hundr$ rails are equal to ^? hundr$ rails 9 numb]1 9 weight1 or 9 l5g?4 ,y c\ld n say t ^! hundr$ rails are equal to ^? hundr$ rails 9 durability1 resili5ce1 or frangibility4 ,y might say !y are approximately equal 9 ^! attributes1 or z ne>ly z possible equal2 b ap>t f ! arbitr>y id5tities or ab/ractions ( ! ma!maticians1 y c\ld n po/ulate p]fect equality4 ,does ! t]m 8,equality0 mean any?+ at all ap>t f ^! ma!matical p#fe ab/ractions !n8----,absolutely no?+6 ,:at1 !n1 are ^? p :o e>ne/ly & w>mly claim & advocate equality among m5--m5 :o are s diff]5t 9 _! ance/ry1 size1 %ape1 end[m5ts1 beauty1 desires1 appetites1 & _s1 ^: v features proclaim _! inequality z !y approa* u8 ,are su* clam\r]s = equality all li>s8 ,!y are c]ta9ly li>s1 b ! majority ( !m are probably p]fectly unconsci\s li>s4 ,f *ildhood onw>ds !y may h he>d ! ^w 8,equality0 pron\nc$ z if x impli$ a v c]ta9 reality1 a v mu* covet$ desid]atum4 ,deep emotions ov] :i* !y h no control1 & conc]n+ :i* !y h ev5 less und]/&+1 are !re=e /irr$ e "t !y he> ! ^w1 or see x writt5 or pr9t$2 & ?us !y live & die e>ne/ly believ+ t ?is mean+less pr9ciple 8,equality10 if x c\ld be realis$1 w\ld be an unqualifi$ boon4 ,h[ ! equality is to be a*iev$1 :e!r by ble$+ ! too sangu9e1 truncat+ ! too tall1 delib]ately debilitat+ ! too heal?y1 delicately injur+ ! bra9s ( ! too intellig5t1 or sy/ematically fatt5+ ! too ?91 nobody tr\bles def9itely to specify4 ,egalit>ians h a vague notion conc]n+ a /ill m vague desid]atum1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) ! ^w 8,equality10 t is utt]ly mean+less outside ! ab/ractions ( ! ma!maticians1 completes ! cont5t ( _! halluc9ation4 ,b1 x may be object$1 ! _w is surely n s fooli%4 ,:at m5 mean p#ff :5 !y dem& equality1 is equality be=e ! law--t is to say1 t ! law-(fic]s %\ld reg>d !m1 = ! purposes ( law-adm9i/ration z equal to "o ano!r 9 _! *ances ( be+ "r4 ,?is may be true ( a few cases 9 :i* ! cry 8,equality0 is set up2 b is x true ( all8 ,d all egalit>ians c\rt equality because at "s "t or ano!r !y may h to confront ! (fic]s ( ! law8 ,no1 says ! objector1 b ! law is n m]ely felt :5 two litigants face ea* o!r1 or :5 a crim9al is appreh5d$2 x is felt 9 ! home ( ! j z well z 9 t ( ! unju/2 x is felt 9 ! life ( ! city1 9 ! village & 9 ! factory4 ,b x is precisely 9 su* circum/ances t ! law w\ld be mo/ h>%1 if x assum$ equality4 ,x is compell$ to assume inequality 9 legislat+ = l>ge communities1 o!rwise x c\ld n be j at all4 ,! v symbol ( ju/ice--a bl9dfold female ) a pair ( scales 9 "o h&--is a ma!matical symbol1 :i* c h no relation to human affairs1 b only to ! ma!matical ab/raction1 weight4 8,a good law %\ld be good = all m510 said ,condorcet1 8ev5 z a proposition is true = all m540 8,! capital error ( ! :ole ,fr5* ,revolution10 says ,l\is ,madel91 8lies 9 ! dogma ?us proclaim$ by ,condorcet40#aa ,yes1 b ,condorcet 0 n a political ?9k]1 he 0 "o ( ! =emo/ ma!maticians ( 8 "t6 ,& ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ^: words head ?is *apt]1 0 8 disciple4 ,! dang] to :i* ! ma!matician1 l ! eng9e] exposes u1 beg9s :5 he pret5ds to apply 8 pr9ciples to human affairs4 ,b1 cont9ues ! objector1 al?\gh x is admitt$ t initial equality1 z betwe5 human be+s1 or any liv+ ?+s = t matt]1 is an impossibility1 see+ t nature's products are all div]se & unequal2 & al?\gh subsequ5t equality is h>d to a*ieve )\t behav+ unju/ly & b>b>\sly to all ^? :o dep>t f a c]ta9 norm or /&>d--t is to say1 )\t ble$+1 debilitat+1 truncat+1 or o!rwise injur+ all ^? :o v>y f an arbitr>ily select$ patt]n--!re surely c be su* a ?+ z ,equality ( ,opportunity4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! discussion x is only fair to say t mo/ oppon5ts ( ,egalit>ianism promptly capitulate1 & eag]ly conc$e t equality ( opportunity is a g5u9e desid]atum capable ( practical realisation4 ,at ! risk ( appe>+ capti\s & sophi/ical1 h[ev]1 x c no m be admitt$ "h t ,equality ( ,opportunity has any actual possibilities ( realisation ?an has ! pr9ciple ( equality itself4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an illusion r m complex & m s]i\s ?an ! latt]4 ,= x presupposes1 n only equality among m51 b equality ( opportunity--two equalities in/ead ( "o--& among a class p#fh ( ?+s :i* c be made equal only by a miracle4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be assum$1 )\t any fur!r discussion1 t a mom5t's calm reflection is en\gh to dispel ev5 f ! meane/ intellig5ce1 ! illusion t m5 c ev] be equal4 ,on ?is score1 alone1 !n1 opportunities _c be equal1 because1 h[ev] accurately _! equality may be e/abli%$1 9 reg>d to a suppos$ /&>d man1 ! mom5t !y are plac$ 9 relation to ! multitude ( unequal m51 !y1 too1 become unequal4 ,= an opportunity is n a ?+ 9 itself2 x only becomes some?+ 9 relation to ! creature :o seizes x4 ,giv5 an equal means ( access to a p>ticul> ridge or hill-top1 ! opportunity to rea* t hill-top or ridge1 is ! equal means ( access plus ! k9d ( creature to :om x is af=d$4 ,! introduction ( an unequal elem5t on ! "o h&--! m5--makes ! o!r elem5t1 ! means ( access1 n unequal z means ( access 9 ! ab/ract1 b unequal z opportunity 9 ! concrete4 ,suppose z mu* inequality betwe5 ?ree m5 z exi/s betwe5 a h51 a h>e1 & a hippopotamus--& z reg>ds fleetness & swimm+ p[] su* inequality is n unusual betwe5 m5--h[ c\ld y devise equal opportunities :i* w\ld enable all ?ree m5 to rea* a c]ta9 objective at ! same mom5t ( "t1 if a /rip ( wat]1 a high wall1 & a rav9e /ood betwe5 ! />t+ po9t & ! objective8 ,y might d x by fir/ hold+ a rehe>sal1 9 :i* y w\ld accurately "t p#fi ea* man & note 8 abilities1 & !n h&icap ! fleete/ accord+ly4 ,b un=tunately life _c be rehe>s$1 a life-h&icap _c be calculat$4 ,besides1 x is to ! advantage ( society n to h&icap h] fleete/ & h] be/4 ,z ,"l ,morley v rightly says3 8,! well-be+ ( ! community dem&s ! allotm5t ( high function 9 proportion to high faculty40#ab ,b suppose our objector replies3 ,v well1 b t is all we ask4 ,we d n dem& a h&icap2 we simply dem& an equal means ( access to a p>ticul> objective1 no matt] :e!r ultimately ^? means prove unequal or n1 ow+ to ! inequality ( ! m5 to :om !y are op54 ,x may !n be ask$ :e!r ev5 ?is equality 9 means ( access is n 9 itself utt]ly fanciful & fanta/ic4 ,giv5 ! radical inequality ( m5 at bir?1 toge!r ) ! highly complex arrangem5t ( mod]n society1 ) its enorm\s v>iety ( prizes1 x may reasonably be que/ion$ :e!r x be ev5 possible1 n to m5tion practicable4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p _c all travel along ! same n>r[ pa?4 ,sev]al n>r[ pa?s all exactly alike w\ld h to be con/ruct$4 ,! accid5ts1 vicissitudes1 fatalities t w\ld att5d "s ( ! e>ly travell]s along ! roads--fa9tness1 loss ( luggage1 spra9s1 dea?s1 etc4--w\ld ei!r imp$e or facilitate ! way ( ! lat] travell]s4 ,?us1 9 life1 ! means ( access !mselves1 h[ev] equal at ! />t1 w\ld quickly acquire un=ese5 inequalities4 ,let u select an example f life 9 ,engl&4 ,two boys1 ,a & ,b1 "o liv+ at ,:it/able1 ! o!r 9 ,london1 are q unequal 9 gifts1 ance/ral tradition1 build & ta/es4 ,nev]!less1 x is desir$ to give !m an equal opportunity1 say1 ( e>n+ #a1jjj a ye> :5 !y are =ty4 ,! fa!r ( ,a wi%es ,a to h ! same opportunities z ,b1 & ,b's fa!r holds ! same view ab\t ,b 9 8 relation to ,a4 ,v well1 ,a1 hav+ le>nt ! art ( oy/] fi%+1 :i* is ! pr9cipal indu/ry ( ,:it/able1 is s5t to ,london to le>n to be a cl]k1 & ,b is s5t f ,london to ,:it/able1 aft] tra9+ z a cl]k1 9 ord] to h an opportunity ( be+ an oy/] fi%]man4 ,mean:ile1 ,a's fa!r has he>d t ,b is also /udy+ agriculture at a s*ool ( agriculture some:]e ne> ,:it/able4 ,a1 aft] hav+ tra9$ z a cl]k1 is !re=e recall$ to ,:it/able & made to und]go a c\rse ( agriculture1 & ,b hav+ acquir$ a k ( oy/]-fi%+ & agriculture1 is s5t back to ,london to le>n ,fr5*1 :i* ,a acquir$ !re4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ,a's fa!r1 rememb]+ t a bro!r ( 8 did extremely well z an eng9e]1 prevails ^u ,b's fa!r to cons5t to ! plan ( s5d+ bo? boys ,a & ,b to ,arm/rong ,:itwor?'s or to ,vick]s4 ,we c imag9e bo? ,a's fa!r & ,b's fa!r dy+ long be=e ,a & ,b _h _h e opportunity t society n[ (f]s p#ga to ! aspirant = success2 we c also picture ,a & ,b !mselves becom+ grey-hair$ octog5>ians be=e !y f9ally settl$ d[n4 ,no1 says ! objector4 ,t is n :at opportunity egalit>ians mean4 ,!y mean n t ev]ybody %\ld h an equal *ance ( succe$+ 9 all ! c>e]s t lie op51 b t !y %\ld h an opportunity ( succe$+ 9 life4 ,b :at is meant by success "h8 ,does x consi/ 9 becom+ ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl&1 or ,comm&]-9-,*ief 9 ,india1 or ,"l ,mayor1 or ,editor ( ,john ,bull8 ,9 any case opportunities = becom+ any "o ( ^! f\r _c be made equal4 ,p]haps success consi/s 9 becom+ a millionaire8 ,b :o is go+ to det]m9e ! equality ( opportunity = ?is a*ievem5t8 ,pullitz]1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,am]ican millionaires ( ! fir/ decade ( ?is c5tury1 crawl$ a%ore 9 ,am]ica z a p5niless fugitive1 aft] hav+ swum f ! %ip t _h convey$ him z an emigrant f ,europe6 ,moreov]1 suppos+ t a boy's opportunity-egalit>ianism ext5ds beyond ! %ores ( 8 native l&1 & he says3 ,i wi% to h ! same opportunity z ! ,fr5*man1 or ! ,canadian1 or ! ,*9aman4 ,:at !n8 ,is !re any valid reason :y opportunity-egalit>ianism %\ld be conf9$ to a s+le c\ntry1 or ev5 to a s+le cont95t8 ,:at1 !n1 is left ( ?is cry = equality ( opportunity8 ,simply ! /+ ( res5tm5t :i* gives rise to x2 & ?is we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e4 p#gb ,:at k9d ( p]son is x :o clam\rs = ?is mean+less desid]atum1 equality8 ,c]ta9ly n ! beautiful p]son1 because to him equality1 if x c\ld be a*iev$1 w\ld result 9 br++ him d[n to ! common level4 ,nei!r c x be ! p]son specially gift$ 9 any ( ! arts & sci5ces2 =1 aga91 equality1 if x c\ld by "s miracle be wr\ght1 w\ld am\nt to wip+ out ! advantage ( su* special gifts4 ,! self-reliant1 ! /rong1 ! skilful1 ! able & ! desirable1 9 all walks ( life1 are nev] /irr$ by ?is cry = equality2 because !y look d[n f _! em95ce1 & _c !re=e conceive t levell+ c\ld possibly prove an advantage4 ,x mu/ !re=e be ! undesirable1 ! unskilful1 ! incompet5t1 ! ugly1 ! ungift$1 9 all walks ( life1 ! incapable ( all classes1 :o want equality4 ,& !y want x because1 look+ up f _! position ( *af+ m$iocrity & unga9l9ess1 & behold+ _! m gift$ bre?r51 !y realise t equality mu/ r$\nd to _! b5efit4 ,a mom5t's reflection w\ld tell !m t x is an impossible ideal2 _! mortifi$ vanity1 h[ev]1 is /rong] ?an _! reason1 & urges !m to believe 9 x1 ridicul\s z x may be4 8,envy we>s ! mask ( ,love1 &1 laugh+ sob] fact to scorn1 ,cries to weake/1 z to /ronge/1 #8,ye are equals1 equal-born4'0#ac 8,:at made ! ,revolution8 ,vanity6 ,lib]ty 0 no?+ b a pretext60 ,?us spoke ,napoleon1 ! greate/ & probably ! deepe/ man s9ce ,cs>4#ad ,b1 h[ev] fanta/ic ! cry = equality may seem1 x is a dang]\s cry1 because x is /ill capable ( /imulat+ & direct+ en]gy4 ,x is1 !re=e1 /ill a weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! unscrupul\s agitator & demagogue4 ,x means no?+4 ,we h se5 t x has only a ma!matical value4 ,b until ! ignorant1 ! arrogant1 & ! rev5geful among ,nature's 7n society's7#ae failures are brave & hone/ en\gh to realise t ! app>5t inju/ice ( ! radical inequality ( man1 is irrem$iable & inevitable1 until !y realise t x _c be correct$ )\t resort+ to ! mo/ savage extreme ( ,procru/ean b>b>ity1 ! lie ,equality1 z a high explosive1 z a g5]ator ( social p]turbations & upheavals1 z a weapon & a w>-cry1 w cont9ue to give rise to mean+less hopes1 & to sugge/ utt]ly false claims to ! ov]we5+ ambition ( all discont5t$ humanity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r factor 9 ?is clam\r = ! impracticable ideal ( equality1 & t is our old fri5d ! natural indol5ce ( ! we>y & ! exhau/$4 ,if all 7 equal--no matt] h[ ?is equality is to be a*iev$--x is felt t ?+s w\ld be easi]4 ,n only w\ld ! %ame ( ! ugly & ! repulsive 9 ! pres5ce ( ! beautiful & ! gift$ be sp>$1 b ! uphill race ( ! poor runn]s beside ! fleet & endur+ runn]s1 w\ld also be r5d]$ less /r5u\s4 ,! ineffective bra9-crack+ ( ! fools beside ! swift & effici5t ?\ght ( ! intellig5t w\ld be less he>t-r5d+1 & s on4 ,f9ally1 ! notion ( ,ju/ice1 ( 8imman5t0 ,ju/ice1 con/ra9s ^? :o hold x1 to assume a s*eme ( life1 accord+ to :i* all human be+s are at lea/ equal at bir?4 ,su* p v easily argue z foll[s3 ,if all human be+s 7 n equal at bir?1 x w\ld n be j1 8imman5t0 ,ju/ice w\ld be caught r$-h&$ 9 an act ( flagrant inju/ice at ! v portals ( life4 ,b ?is is inconceivable1 !re=e all mu/ be born equal4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t ?is notion ( ju/ice is q z my?ical z ! idea ( equality itself4 ,g5]at$ 9 ?is way1 by innum]able p[]ful wi%es1 ! idea ( equality beg9s to take %ape & assume ! appe>ance ( a realisable object 9 ! m9ds ( ! we>y & ! exhau/$2 & )\t tr\bl+ to ask !mselves :at ! m]its or possibilities ( _! idea may be1 !y are prep>$ to advocate x1 applaud x--aye p#ge & ev5 fight = x1 at ! co/ ( all ! re/ ( ! _w--s long z !y cont9ue to be assur$ by unscrupul\s p t x w effect all !y want x to effect4 ,s f>1 !n1 x has be5 impossible to trace any sub/antial measure ( reality beh9d ?is notion & ?is cry ( equality4 ,is x conceivable t a ^w %\ld give rise to su* int5se feel+ & yet be> no relation :atev] to practical life8 ,0 ,presid5t ,jeff]son rav+ :5 he1 foll[+ ! lead ( almo/ ?irty millions ( ,fr5* p1 also spoke ( equality z a desid]atum t c\ld be gravely & confid5tly plac$ on a political programme8 ,= x seems only fair to presume t he c\ld n h be5 s]i\s :5 he ma9ta9$ t all m5 7 creat$ equal4 ,x is possible t at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury equality z a cry _h a v def9ite mean+4 ,x probably meant 9 its be/ & mo/ rational int]pretation1 t e citiz5 _h an equal "r to h 8 int]e/s safegu>d$ by ! laws ( 8 society1 t is to say1 by ! gov]nm5t ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?is 0 n recognis$ z a pr9ciple by ! rul]s ( ,france be=e ! ,revolution1 & x is at lea/ conceivable t ! sub/antial reality beh9d ?is cry = equality 0 precisely ! dem& on ! "p ( all t ea* man's int]e/s %\ld be protect$ ) equal vig\r & consci5ti\sness by ! /ate4 ,b 9 ?is s5se has ! cry = equality any mean+8 ,9 s f> z c]ta9 sections ( ! community may /ill believe t _! int]e/ is n s p]fectly safegu>d$ z t ( p#gf o!r sections1 ! cry = equality ( treatm5t has z mu* mean+ to-day z x _h 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! #ah? c5tury1 b beyond ?is "o claim1 x is difficult to discov] any mean+ 9 x :atsoev]4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?is v necess>y & incontrov]tible limitation ( ! idea ( equality1 is n likely to det] ^? ^: base purpose may be/ be s]v$ by ext5d+ ! significance ( ! ^w beyond its prop] b\nds1 :5 appeal+ to ! lea/ desirable elem5ts 9 e nation2 & unless 9 ! mass ( ! p ( all c\ntries !re is t und]/&+ ( ! t]m :i* alone be>s any resemblance to reality1 mank9d w cont9ue at int]vals to be incit$ to en]getic ?\gh fruitless viol5ce 9 ! pursuit ( a phantom :i* c h no practical or effective exi/5ce outside ! calculations ( a ma!matician's bra94 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aj3 ,p]haps x is only fair to rem9d ! read] t ,jeff]son 0 ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] pl5ipot5ti>y 9 ,p>is 9 #aghe1 & t he _h1 !re=e1 imbib$ deeply mu* ( ! nons5se t 0 curr5t 9 ,france at ! "t4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,! ,fr5* ,revolution1 by ,l\is ,madel91 p4 #ae4 ,! au?or cont9ues3 8,he ,condorcet & 8 co-religioni/s1 :o knew no?+ ( true sociology1 :i* has its f\ndations 9 psy*ology1 "h prove !mselves /ill m ignorant ( hi/ory40 ,footnote #ab3 ,r\sseau4 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,t5nyson1 ,locksley ,hall1 ,sixty ,ye>s ,aft]4 ,footnote #ad3 ,see also ,h4 de ,balzac4 ,le ,cab9et des ,antiques3 8,en ,france1 ce qu'il y a de plus national1 e/ la vanit4 ,la masse des vanits blesses y a donn soif d'galit40 ,footnote #ae3 ,nature's failures & society's failures are n id5tical4 ,nature's failure is frequ5tly a creature bel[ p>1 he is frequ5tly bot*$ & undesirable4 ,society's failure may be an extremely desirable p]son1 to :om mod]n conditions are s loa?some t he _c adapt himself to !m & become successful4 ,t is :y ! ,eug5i/s1 :o are prone to class ! unsuccessful ( ! age ) ! undesirable1 /ill h a good deal to le>n4 ,! unsuccessful n[-a-days are c]ta9ly ! biologically 8unfit02 b ! "q t mu/ be decid$ be=e y conclude t !y are also 8undesirable0 is :e!r pres5t conditions dem& desirable or undesirable qualities 9 ^? :o become successfully adapt$ to !m1--9 ^?1 t is to say1 :o are 8fit40 p#gg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fre$om 8,fre$om su* z ,god ha? giv5 ,unto all b5ea? ,8 heav51 ,) _! brea?1 & f _! bir?1 ,?\gh guilt w\ld sweep x f ! e>?40 --,byron 7,poems on ,napoleon74 8,man 0 born free1 & ev]y:]e he is 9 *a9s40--,?is mean+less1 b highly inflammatory /atem5t ( ,r\sseau's is probably at ! root ( mo/ ( ! misund]/&+ t prevails to-day 9 reg>d to ! subject ( lib]ty4 ,j z p eag]ly accept1 )\t a mom5t's ?\ght1 ! lie t m5 are born equal1 s !y are only too ready to embrace a doctr9e accord+ to :i* !y may lay claim to a sort ( primitive1 or natural fre$om1 :i* has be5 /ol5 f !m by _! rul]s1 _! civilisation1 or by invad+ hordes4 ,on exam9ation1 ( c\rse1 ! proposition 8m5 are born free0 proves to be :olly & wildly fanta/ic4 ,fre$om implies1 "o w\ld suppose1 ! "r1 ! capacity1 & ! opportunity to *oose "o c\rse f ano!r1 "o k9d ( life f ano!r4 ,b h[ mu* c a man really *oose8 ,at bir?1 = in/ance1 all k9ds ( conditions are impos$ ^u ! future adult--conditions :i* are b\nd to det]m9e ! :ole ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( 8 or h] p#gh c>e]1--ov] :i* !re is no possibility ( control :atsoev]4 ,x may be assum$1 = in/ance1 t a baby might l to *oose its nationality & ! language t x w speak 9 lat] life4 ,c x d s8 ,x may reasonably be tak5 = grant$ t a baby might l to *oose its p>5ts1 its bro!rs & si/]s1 & its o!r relatives4 ,c x d s8 ,its v con/itution & heal? are dep5d5t ^u ! k9d ( "m & fa!r x has2 its v happ9ess & success z an adult may dep5d ^u ! way 9 :i* x is treat$ z an infant4 ,has x any *oice1 any fre$om1 9 reg>d to any ( ^! matt]s8 ,x is n fanciful to suspect t ! baby might l to *oose its p>ticul> =m & features1 its ultimate height z an adult1 etc41 etc4 ,! mo/ vital & important issues w hang ^u ?is "q ( its face & =m :5 x is gr[n up4 ,b x has no p[] :atsoev] to det]m9e any "o ( ^! mo/ vital & important conditions4 ,an imag9ative baby1 realis+ ! inexorable fate :i* hangs ov] c]ta9 gifts1 c]ta9 end[m5ts1 & a p>ticul> sex1 might reg>d x z all important to be able to select ^! freely4 ,b ! rigidity ( natural law1 ! impossibility ( controll+ any ( ^! matt]s1 orda9 t at bir? a baby has all its important ultimate *>act]i/ics1 & !re=e all its proclivities1 ta/es1 vices1 virtues1 & ev5 aspirations settl$ = x4 ,its nationality1 its language1 its p>5ts1 its o!r relatives1 its con/itution1 its degree ( beauty1 its /ature1 its physical & m5tal end[m5ts1 its sex1--all ^! ?+s1 ^u :i* ! p#gi figure x w ultimately cut 9 ! _w mo/ surely dep5d1--are fix$ by an iron necessity :i* all[s ( no *oice1 no pref]5ce1--aye1 & sc>cely any modification ei!r4 ,if ?is is fre$om1 !n :at does con/ra9t1 :at does oppression mean8 ,x may be object$ t ?is is n :at ,r\sseau meant2 t ,r\sseau ma9ta9$ t man 0 born free1 because 9 a savage /ate he w\ld really be free f ! conv5tions1 laws1 & con/ra9ts ( civilisation4 ,?is appe>s conv9c+ en\gh4 ,! savage is c]ta9ly free f ! laws & con/ra9ts ( civilisation1 b ! savage race has yet to be f\nd t is free f all conv5tions1 laws & con/ra9ts1 nor is x by any means c]ta9 t ^! ob/acles to fre$om are ! m pleasant = be+ b>b>\s in/ead ( civilis$4 ,b ev5 if we suppose t ,r\sseau's alleg$ fre$om ( babies is a reality1 at :at po9t1 x may be ask$1 is x ex*ang$ = bondage8 ,mo/ p w\ld reply3 :5 ! *ild goes to s*ool4 ,x is at s*ool t ! %ackles ( civilisation are fir/ fa/5$ on ! free infant's wri/s4 ,x is ! "w t civilisation ultimately holds 9 /ore = ! *ild t necessitates 8 be+ tra9$ & 8educat$40 ,to ?is ! naturali/ & an?ropologi/ might reply3 is !re n[1 or has !re ev] be51 a race ( m5 or animals t did n h to und]go "s process ( tra9+ 9 *ildhood 9 ord] to le>n to be effici5t adults8 p#hj ,( c\rse !re nei!r is1 nor ev] 0 any su* race4 ,iron necessity aga9 precludes ! possibility ( ?is alleg$ fre$om ev5 9 *ildhood4 ,9 manhood1 aga91 fre$om is purely a w-o'-!-wisp4 ,no man :o wi%es to cont9ue liv+ is free4 ,he is b\nd to procure food & clo?+ = himself ev5 9 ! cannibal isl&s4 ,if he h passions1 he is b\nd to f9d "s means ( gratify+ !m4 ,?is means %\ld]+ responsibilities2 = no community1 ev5 ( animals1 und]takes to re> ! fruits ( o!r p's passions4 ,he _c ev5 select 8 call+1 = 8 call+ w dep5d ^u 8 special aptitudes4 ,9 fact1 ! m gift$ he is1 & ! m m>k$ 8 capabilities1 ! less w he be able to *oose h[ to e>n a liv+4 ,only a man ( m$iocre & insignificant gifts is really free to *oose 8 call+1 because he feels no irresi/ible impulse 9 a giv5 direction4 ,b ^! m$iocre p :o are free to *oose _! call+1 don't really *oose a 8call+0 at all--! v idea ( *oos+ some?+ to :i* "o is call$ is absurd--:at !y *oose is a m or less *>act]less & humdrum means ( e>n+ a liv+1 :i* requires nei!r v special gifts nor any m>k$ proclivities4 ,to be free to *oose :at "o w be1 is always a sign ( hopelessly humble ta/es & end[m5ts4 ,putt+ x at its l[e/1 h[ev]1 we might conc$e ! po9t t z f> z *oos+ a means ( livelihood is conc]n$1 !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( v m$iocre m5 ^: gifts are s indi/9ct & feeble1 & ^: p#ha ta/es are s wav]+ & undef9$1 t !y are 8free40#af ,ap>t f ^! unhappy individuals1 !n1 if ,r\sseauesque fre$om exi/ at all1 x exi/s only betwe5 ! h\r ( bir? & ! h\r :5 ! *ild fir/ goes to s*ool4 ,we h se5 t ev5 ?is is untrue4 ,b has x ev5 a semblance ( tru? z a conclusion8 ,surely no?+ c\ld be cle>] ?an ! fact t ev5 9 ^? ye>s fre$om is z remote z ev]2 = q ap>t f ! reasons already adduc$ above1 x w easily be se5 t ! infant is z mu* ! victim ( conv5tion & =m z any adult c\ld possibly be4 ,x has a home1 its life is subject$ to rules1 to a "t-table1 x _c eat or d :at x likes1 except )9 v well-def9$ limits sev]ely impos$4 8,x c ?9k :at x likes10 somebody may object4 ,b ev5 ?is is n /rictly true4 ,its ?\ghts are z mu* necessitat$ by its environm5t & its con/itution z is its food4 ,if x is born 9 ,engl& or ,france1 = in/ance1 x w be br\ght up to believe 9 8imman5t ju/ice10 9 8equality10 9 8fre$om40 ,x _c escape ^! imbecilities4 ,!y are its fate4 ,x w be taught ! inanity t 8e man has a "r to 8 own op9ion10 & t 8,britons nev] nev] nev] %all be slaves10--:atev] t means1 if x means any?+ at all4 ,lat] 9 life x may claim ! idea t 8e man has a "r to 8 own op9ion0 z its own4 ,x w h =gott5 h[ x c\ld n help hold+ ?is idea1 any m ?an x c\ld help le>n+ ! ,engli% language4 ,r\sseau !n 0 talk+ nons5se :5 he said t m5 7 born free2 b bo? 8 read+ & 8 education 7 s pool t x is d\btful :e!r he knew t he 0 talk+ nons5se4 ,ap>t f ,r\sseauesque fre$om1 h[ev]1 has ! ^w no mean+8 ,x w be se5 t1 9 ! end1 x has v little4 ,volunt>y actions1 or actions t are p]=m$ z ! result ( a free *oice betwe5 two or m alt]natives1 are n kn[n4 ,!y nev] occur4 ,ev5 :5 !y appe> to occur1 !y are g5]ally1 if n always1 associat$ ) a weak or useless p]sonality4 ,/rong natures h no *oice2 !y h no alt]native2 !y h !re=e no fre$om4 ,!y are driv5 to _! de$s by an iron necessity4 ,if !y speak or write1 x is out ( ! fulness ( _! he>ts4 ,x is a ph5om5on ak9 to ! me*anical ov]fl[ ( a flood$ bas94 ,if !y g 9 se>* ( big und]tak+s & ( va/ responsibilities1 9 ord] to %\ld] !m1 x is because !y h a /ore ( accumulat$ en]gy :i* mu/ dis*>ge itself ov] a l>ge area1 ov] a l>ge mass ( mat]ial4 ,:5 ,napoleon took leave ( 8 comrades 9 ,egypt1 be=e emb>k+ on t gigantic ent]prise1 ! recon/itution ( an>*ical ble$+ & deva/at$ ,france1 he said3 8,i am go+ to drive out ! lawy]s40 ,8 /r5g? dem&$ a gigantic task1 j p#hc z ! nasal horn ( ! rh9oc]os drives ! animal :o possesses x to uproot ! soil4 ,he c\ld n help himself4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r likewise _h no *oice4 ,be=e ! fam\s ,diet ( ,worms1 he op5ly av[$ ?is lack ( fre$om4 ,he said3 8,"h ,i /&4 ,i _c act o!rwise4 ,god help me40 ,inde$ ! "* ( all /r5g? is precisely t x gives ^? :o possess x no *oice1 no 8fre$om40 ,! mom5t *oice ent]s into ! doma9 ( action1 ! mom5t !re is app>5t fre$om or self-det]m9ation1 weakness1 or a lack ( native impetus may be suspect$4 ,?omas de ,qu9cey1 t pr(\nd psy*ologi/ ( ! arti/'s s\l1 expla9$ ! matt] v well 9 8 ,autobiography4 ,discuss+ ! nature ( true poetry1 he said3 8,by f> ! l>g] proportion ( :at is receiv$ 9 e age = poetry1 & = a season usurps t consecrat$ "n1 is n ! spontane\s ov]fl[ ( real unaffect$ passion1 deep1 & at ! same "t orig9al1 & also =c$ into public manife/ation ( itself f ! necessity :i* cleaves to all passion40#ag ,x w be se5 t de ,qu9cey "h speaks ( a 8spontane\s ov]fl[0 :i* is 8=c$ into public manife/ation ( itself f ! necessity :i* cleaves to all passion40 ,!re is no fre$om ab\t x1 no *oice4 ,x fl[s f an impetu\s & imp]i\s abundance4 ,9 ! light :i* ?is ?r[s on all human greatness or /r5g?1 :at does ! value ( fre$om appe> to be8 ,does x n seem z if fre$om & ! app>5t lib]ty to *oose belong ess5tially to a lack ( /r5g?1 to an abs5ce ( necessity 9 ! *>act]i/ic action ( man8 ,to be able to weigh & select ei!r "o ( two alt]natives1--say action or inaction1--implies t no ov]:elm+ native impetus =ces a man to ! "o & bl9ds him to ! o!r4 ,is x possible !n t ! v cry ( 8fre$om0 belongs ess5tially to weakness8 to feebl5ess ( "*8 ,let ano!r example be tak54 ,a "y man ,a4 has j rea*$ ! age ( "o & tw5ty )\t hav+ _h a s]i\s affair ( ! he>t4 ,8 fri5ds reg>d him z free to pursue any pa/ime1 any sport4 ,:5 once he has dis*>g$ ! duties by means ( :i* he e>ns 8 livelihood1 he is always free to jo9 a t5nis p>ty1 a cricket team1 a bridge p>ty1 or a debat+ circle4 ,8 m9d c devote itself to ! task ( *oos+ :at he %all d1--is x to be t5nis1 cricket1 bridge1 or argum5t8 ,he has no ov]p[]+ incl9ation = any?+ p>ticul>1 consequ5tly he is free to *oose4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 he meets a "y lady ,b1 :o /ra9s a c]ta9 fibre 9 8 be+ almo/ to snapp+ po9t4 ,! t5sion ( ?is /ra9 is s p[]ful t1 l ! ma9 spr+ ( a wat*1 x presses its ho/ to con/ant activity 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,! direction 9 ?is case is ,b's p]son4 ,n[ *oice falls out ( ! "q altoge!r4 ,x is no long] a matt] ( dwell+ critically ^u cricket1 t5nis1 bridge or argum5t1 & select+ t :i* seems = ! mom5t ! mo/ allur+ pa/ime4 ,! t5sion 9 ,a's be+ relaxes only at "o s\nd1 at "o p#he call4 ,x is ,b ,b ,b --,b recurr+4 ,:5 urg$ by 8 :ilom t5nis companions to jo9 !m1 ^! fri5ds n[ enc\nt]1 n hesitat+ fre$om1 b =midable resi/ance1 immovable decision1 det]m9$ refusal4 ,:5 approa*$ by 8 debat+ society1 he decl>es t all 8 sp>e "t is n[ tak5 up4 ,he is 9 fact no long] free4 ,some?+ /rong 9 him has be5 r\s$4 ,he _c help himself4 ,8 actions are no long] volunt>y4 ,b :o w\ld long = fre$om 9 su* circum/ances8 ,:o longs = fre$om :5 bondage is sweet8 ,x may be tak5 = grant$1 !n1 t /r5g? & greatness "k no?+ ( fre$om4 ,! /rong man is n free2 ! great man is n free2--nor = t matt]1 z hi/ory or ! obs]vation ( our fell[s c %[1 d !y wi% to be free4 ,only weakness is app>5tly free1 or is consci\s ( desir+ fre$om2 because1 hav+ no /rong native impetus to drive x willy nilly 9 any giv5 direction1 x appe>s to be able to *oose its own direction4 ,?us only weakness c ev5 desire fre$om4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce w\ld be t z fa/ z ! mass ( mank9d decl9e 9 /r5g? & greatness1 ! l\d] w\ld become ! cry = fre$om4 ,is ?is conclusion valid8 ,x is only p>tially s2 = !re are cases :5 fre$om is dem&$ n f weakness1 b f /r5g?4 ,let u abide by ! examples we h *os54 ,napoleon1 driv5 by ! iron necessity ( 8 native /r5g?1 leaves ,egypt to make p#hf himself ma/] ( ,france4 ,b suppose t he _h be5 conqu]$ & kept z a h>em s]vant 9 ,egypt1 or re/ra9$ 9 "s o!r way f ex]t+ 8 /r5g?1--:at !n8 ,x is conceivable1 9 t case1 t he w\ld h long$ = ! fre$om :i* w\ld h all[$ him to fall into ! bondage ( 8 own ov]p[]+ impulses to rule & to direct ! de/9y ( ,france4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! idea ( 8fre$om0 beg9s to assume a def9ite %ape4 ,x beg9s to acquire ! appe>ance ( a g5u9e reality4 ,judg+ by ,napoleon's case1 !re=e1 we may say ( ! desire = fre$om1 t al?\gh x nev] arises 9 normal conditions1 x beg9s to make a def9ite appeal :5 x signifies a release f bondage t is incompatible & inh>moni\s ) /rong innate impulses1 = a bondage t is compatible & h>moni\s ) /rong innate impulses4 ,! bondage consi/+ 9 be+ a h>em s]vant is incompatible ) innate impulses ( a /rong] ord]2 !re=e1 al?\gh ! ob$i5ce to impulses ( a /rong] ord] also con/itutes bondage1 ,napoleon1 z a h>em s]vant1 w\ld h long$ = ! fre$om to fall into ! bondage ( 8 /rong] impulses1 because x 0 !re t 8 8call+0 lay4 ,rev]t+ to ! case ( ! "y man ,a :o became enam\r$ ( a "y lady ,b1 we are confront$ by a case t is some:at diff]5t2 because1 al?\gh ,a 0 app>5tly 8free0 be=e meet+ ,b1 he nev]!less p#hg pref]s ! bondage ( 8 atta*m5t to ,b to 8 =m] fre$om4 ,:y1--obvi\sly because 8 =m] app>5t fre$om1 0 fre$om = no?+1 a /ate ( be+ con/ra9$ to no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 a lack ( bondage to any?+1 :i* 0 tantam\nt to a lack ( ev]y?+4 ,he f9ds 8 /r5g? on meet+ ,b4 ,he f9ds "o ( 8 p[]ful impulses tak+ possession ( him4 ,he is !re=e happy1 because1 ?\gh he is 9 bondage1 a vital impulse is direct+ 8 life1 a necessity ( 8 be+ has f\nd a pursuit = him4 ,if 8 cricket club n[ kidnap him & imprison him 9 ! cricket field1 9 ord] to play 9 a cricket mat*1 he w make a det]m9$ attempt to escape4 ,he w endeav\r to obta9 fre$om4 ,fre$om = :at8--,fre$om f a bondage incompatible ) ! p[]ful impulses ( 8 be+1 = ! purpose ( fall+ into a bondage compatible ) ! p[]ful impulses ( 8 be+4 ,has ! 8lib]ty0 ( our political agitators ?is mean+8 ,has x any mean+8 ,we "k t man c nev] be free4 ,we h se5 t f 8 v bir? conditions are impos$ ^u him :i* direct 8 subsequ5t c>e] z inevitably z railway l9es direct ! c\rse ( a tra94 ,no?+ t lives 9 f9ite conditions c be free4 ,& no o!r conditions are kn[n4 ,life ev5 9 ! animal _w means "w1 battle1 /ruggle1 ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 v /rict habits4 ,human life means "w1 ! obs]vance ( social conv5tions2 ev5 ! necessity ( eat+1 dr9k+1 brea?+ & p]=m+ ! o!r bodily functions entails responsibility4 p#hh ,"w may be alt]$1 ! p>ticul> social conv5tions ( a nation may be *ang$2 b x is m]ely a matt] ( alt]+ "o k9d into ano!r k9d1 ex*ang+ "o rule = ano!r rule4 ,:at !n does ! political agitator mean :5 he (f]s 8,lib]ty0 to ^? :om he w\ld induce to support or foll[ him8 ,x has be5 se5 t ! only s5se 9 :i* lib]ty z an idea be>s any relation to reality1 is :5 x signifies ! opportunity t c be giv5 to a man to enable him to ex*ange a bondage incompatible ) 8 /ronge/ impulses = a bondage t h>monises ) !m4 ,is ?is ! mean+ ( ! cry = fre$om to-day8 ,:5 ! newspap]s told u t ! ,great ,w> 0 f\ght by u 9 ! cause ( 8fre$om01 is ?is ! fre$om !y meant8 ,h[ _m ( ^? :o believe !y aspire to some?+ def9ite & real :5 !y aspire to 8fre$om10 fully und]/& ! limitations ( _! ideal8 ,h[ _m ( !m really possess /rong] impulses ?an ^? t actually f9d expression 9 _! daily "w8 ,"s p might reply1 8v few40 ,i reply t ! numb] ( m5 & wom5 to-day1 :o ye>n = fre$om vaguely1 fretfully1 & insi/5tly1 because !y realise dimly t !y seek a k9d ( bondage 9 :i* _! /rong] impulses w\ld h m scope1 is v mu* great] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,"o ( ! results ( ! indu/rial revolution1 & ( ! va/ increase ( me*anical p#hi appliances & ma*9]y g5]ally1 has be5 ! creation ( occupations by ! hundr$ ?\s&1 :i* are 9 e way besott+1 he>tr5d+1 & depress+4 ,sometimes x is _! as99e simplicity & _! monotony1 t de/roy ! he>t ( ^? employ$ 9 !m1 frequ5tly x is _! extreme disagreeabl5ess1 nois9ess or unheal?9ess4 ,! p>ticul> objection t is common to almo/ all ( !m1 h[ev]1 is t ! natural impulses :i* mo/ /rongly animate a human be+ at 8 "w1 ! impulse to make 8a good job0 ( ! task he is occupi$ ^u1 ! impulse to excel 8 neighb\r 9 8 skill1 c>e or =esight1 ! impulse to e>n ! praise ( ^? = :om he is produc+ ! "w1 ! impulse to improve day by day 9 8 own speciality & to d]ive fair pr(it f ?is improvem5t1--all ^! natural impulses sc>cely ev] get an opportunity ( express+ !mselves 9 ! :ole ( ! week's r\nd2 & :5 ! weekly wage is receiv$1 x is felt t x has be5 e>n$ by a species ( pro/itution r ?an by an occupation ( :i* ! wage-e>n] c ju/ly feel pr\d4 ,?is1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! cry = fre$om to-day4 ,9 any case x is ! only mean+ x c h4 ,= fre$om 9 ! s5se ( non-relation1 non-dep5dance1 abs5ce ( duties1 abs5ce ( "w1 & abs5ce ( responsibilities or conv5tions1 is utt]ly impossible4 ,n only is x utt]ly impossible to-day1 b x has always be5 impossible4 ,ev5 animals 9 a /ate ( nature _c a*ieve t condition4 ,x behoves all ^?1 !re=e1 :o n[adays p#ij feel ?is crav+ = lib]ty1 & :o are tempt$ to foll[ :]ev] & :5ev] x is upheld be=e !m z a cause1 ?or\ghly to und]/& :at x is !y are invit$ to fight =4 ,!y mu/ n all[ !mselves to be l$ a/ray by ^? :o w\ld promise !m uncon/ra9$ fre$om ( action1 = t is a physical impossibility1 a lie1 an illusion1 & a mirage only ( ! ignorant4 ,!y mu/ n be deceiv$ by agitators :o lead !m to imag9e t ?is 8fre$om0 = :i* !y are invit$ to /rive1 is a sort ( p>adise ( fairies1 f :om ! natural c>es & responsibilities ( ?is _w h be5 miracul\sly lift$4 ,nor mu/ !y suppose t x has mu* to d ) ! k9d ( gov]nm5t :i* _! c\ntry enjoys1--:e!r mon>*ical1 ari/ocratic1 plutocratic or ,bol%evik4 ,mod]n gov]nm5ts 9 _! nature c d little = ! spiritual requirem5ts ( ! work+ man4 ,z f> z t fre$om is conc]n$ :i* consi/s 9 f9d+ expression 9 "o's daily duties = ! /ronge/ impulses ( "o's be+1 ! masses ( ! work+ p 9 ?is c\ntry 7 inf9itely m 8free0 "u ! despotic ,tudors ?an !y are at pres5t "u ! b5ign rule ( ! p's elect$ repres5tatives4 ,?us ! only k9d ( fre$om t ! mo/ hone/ politician c def9itely promise1 political fre$om--is 9 itself "o ( ! mo/ wanton deceptions ev] practis$ ^u humanity4 ,= :at does ?is political fre$om consi/ (8--,x beg9s & ends ) ! vote4 ,b 9 :at mann] does ?is con/itute fre$om8 ,to :at ext5t does p#ia ! vot] at ! poll secure or realise 8 own fre$om by ! vote he regi/]s8 ,he gives 8 vote on a programme :i* frequ5tly has only a v remote relation to 8 private life or int]e/s4 ,:at c 8 vote accompli% !n 9 ! cause ( 8 own fre$om8 ,9 regi/]+ 8 vote he is b\nd to *oose "o out ( two or ?ree m5 :o /& z c&idates = 8 con/itu5cy4 ,he may he>tily dislike e "o ( !m1 & yet be driv5 to vote = ,a because ,a's programme is a little less p]nici\s ?an t ( ,b or ,c4 ,aft] hav+ vot$ = ,a1 if our vot] is lucky1 ,a may get into ,p>liam5t4 ,e "t ,a votes 9 ! ,h\se itself1 h[ev]1 he may be out-vot$ by o!r memb]s1 s ! v reason = :i* our vot] elect$ ,a may be fru/rat$ :5 once ,a is an ,m4,p4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our vot] does n succe$ 9 gett+ ,a into ,p>liam5t1 he may be "o ( six or ev5 t5 ?\s& 9 8 con/itu5cy :o w n be repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t = f\r or five :ole ye>s4 ,e ,p>liam5t t sits 9 ,engl& fails 9 ?is way to be repres5tative ( millions ( vot]s4 ,9 :at mann] h ^! millions ( vot]s a*iev$ _! own fre$om1 or 9 :at mann] are !y safegu>d+ x8 ,= ev5 if we grant t x is "r t millions ( vot]s %\ld n be repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t because !y belong to ! out-vot$ m9ority1 c we reasonably speak ( ?is va/ m9ority z hav+ secur$ _! political fre$om by _! vote8 ,b ! case is 9 fact worse ?an ?is2 = ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 t :ole-he>t$ believ] 9 8democracy10 has %[n1 n only t ! m9ority 9 ! l& is b\nd to be unrepres5t$ 9 e ,p>liam5t1 p#ib b t x is also possible = ! majority 9 ! l& to be unrepres5t$4#ah ,h[ !n ! promise ev5 ( political fre$om1 :i* is ! only promise ( fre$om t an hone/ politician may make1 c ev5 appe> to possess any reality1 s long z x is dep5d5t entirely ^u ! vote1 x is difficult to discov]4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( fre$om t be>s any relation to reality1 only "o k9d ( fre$om !re=e t c be /riv5 aft]1 t c be realis$2 & t is ! fre$om to ex*ange a bondage incompatible ) our /ronge/ impulses = a bondage t h>monises ) !m4 ,no?+ else has any mean+4 ,! v success ) :i* volunt>y recruit+ proce$$ directly aft] ! decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,g]many 9 #aiad is "o ( ! be/ demon/rations ( ! tru? ( ?is conclusion4 ,= x 0 ! opportunity to ex*ange an occupation incompatible ) ! /ronge/ impulses ( _! be+1 = an occupation t h>monis$ ) ^? /ronge/ impulses1 t l$ ! majority ( ^? "y m5 to emb>k = ! %ambles 9 ,france4 ,i mix$ ) !m1 s ,i ought to be able to speak ) "s k ( ! subject4 ,n[ ! fight = ?is fre$om1 = ! fre$om t1 z we h se51 has "s mean+1 really is wor? :ile4 ,x is a noble fight1 & a dec5t fight4 ,b x is a fight ) :i* no mod]n ,gov]nm5t1 ,lib]al1 ,sociali/1 or ,bol%evik1 c possibly h any sympa?y4 ,= ,lib]al policy has always meant comm]cial & indu/rial expansion2 ,sociali/ policy mu/1 if x is hone/1 include 9 its programme1 compulsory lab\r1 :e!r compatible or incompatible ) ! /ronge/ impulses ( our be+2 & ,bol%evik policy1 z we h already se51 insi/s ^u ?is k9d ( lab\r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 precisely ! ,lib]als1 ! ,sociali/s1 & ! ,bol%eviks :o h be5 l\de/ 9 _! cries = fre$om4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is humble attempt at inve/igat+ ! mean+ & limitations ( ! idea ( fre$om has done no?+ m ?an demon/rate ! holl[ness ( ?is ,lib]al cat*word1 x _c h be5 writt5 or read 9 va94 p#id ,?us1 x is n m]ely a matt] ( caution1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree wise1 to te/ e ye>n+ & e dem& = fre$om1 ev5 9 "o's own brea/1 ) ! practical "q1 8,:at =80--8,:at is ! /ronge/ impulse t w\ld f9d expression if ! bondage ( ! pres5t task 7 ex*ang$ = ! bondage ( a new occupation80 ,only ^? :o c answ] t "q satisfactorily1 only ^? :o feel t !y w\ld increase ! fullness ( _! lives1 & ?us add to ! sum ( beauty & happ9ess 9 ! _w1 h any "r to 8fre$om10 or h any und]/&+ ( ! only s5se 9 :i* ! idea ( fre$om c h "s mean+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #af3 ,b ev5 ?is am\nt ( fre$om 9 ! m$iocre is limit$ by ! fact t ! m$iocre _c *oose a means ( livelihood 9 :i* sup]-m$iocre end[m5ts w\ld be necess>y4 ,footnote #ag3 ,collect$ ,writ+s4 7,london3 ,a4 ,c4 ,black74 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see ,consid]ations on ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 ,*apt] ,,vii41 p>4 #d3--8,!re is n equal suffrage :5 e s+le individual does n c\nt = z mu* z any o!r s+le individual 9 ! community4 ,b x is n only a m9ority :o suff]4 ,democracy ?us con/itut$ does n ev5 atta9 its o/5sible object1 t ( giv+ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t 9 all cases to ! num]ical majority4 ,x does some?+ v diff]5t2 x gives !m to a majority ( ! majority1 :o may be1 & (t5 are1 b a m9ority ( ! :ole4 ,all pr9ciples are mo/ effectually te/$ by extreme cases4 ,suppose !n t 9 a c\ntry gov]n$ by equal & univ]sal suffrage1 !re is a conte/$ election 9 e con/itu5cy1 & e election is c>ri$ by a small majority4 ,! ,p>liam5t ?us br\ght toge!r repres5ts little m ?an a b>e majority ( ! p4 ,?is ,p>liam5t proce$s to legislate & adopts important measures by a b>e majority ( itself4 ,:at gu>antee is !re t ^! measures accord ) ! wa%es ( ! majority ( ! p8 ,ne>ly half ! electors1 hav+ be5 out-vot$ at ! hu/+s1 h _h no influ5ce at all 9 ! decision2 & ! :ole ( ^! may be1 a majority ( !m probably are1 ho/ile to ! measures1 hav+ vot$ aga9/ ^? by :om !y h be5 c>ri$4 ,( ! rema9+ electors ne>ly half h *os5 repres5tatives :o1 by supposition1 h vot$ aga9/ ! measures4 ,x is possible !re=e1 & n at all improbable t ! op9ion :i* has prevail$ 0 only agreeable to a m9ority ( ! nation1 ?r\gh a majority ( t portion ( x :om ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry h erect$ into a rul+ class40 p#ie ,,*apt] ,v ,,socialism ,,& ,,communism 8,!re is at ! pres5t day too great a t5d5cy to believe t x is impossible to resi/ ! progress ( a new idea40 ,disraeli's spee* on ! ,comp5sation = ,di/urbance ,bill4 7,augu/1 #ahhj74 ,a c]ta9 fatalism seems to h ov]tak5 ! p ( ,europe1 a mood "u ! dom9ion ( :i* !y are prep>$ to reg>d ev5 _! own vag>ies & :imsicalities z h]et(ore mo/ m5 h reg>d$ ! wea!r1 t is1 z some?+ inevitable & =e-orda9$ :i* no?+ c modify1 resi/ or av]t4 ,if a p>ticul> gr\p manife/ a disposition = w>1 !n x is w> to :i* !y resign !mselves2 if x is female suffrage1 !n lo6 ,votes = ,wom5 come ^u !m ) ! c]ta9ty ( ! monsoon or ! mi/ral4 ,nobody moves1 nobody holds up a h& to w>d (f ! approa*+ sc\rge1 because ev]ybody is ei!r too indol5t to make an ef=t1 or too ?or\ghly p]suad$ be=eh& t no?+ c avail1 to attempt to int]f]e ) :at he calls 8! natural c\rse ( ev5ts40 ,! scrub on a w9d-swept moor (f]s m resi/ance to ! elem5ts ?an does mod]n man to 8 fell[s' re/less t9k]+ at ! social /ructure2 & z = ! g5tle f9e ra9 :i*1 fall+ a?w>t ! fi]ce/ bla/1 ultimately con/ra9s x to abate its fury1 & to die d[n1 mod]n man has no k ( su* tactics1 & ev5 p#if if he _h a k ( !m he w\ld n put x into practice4 ,despite ! enorm\s am\nt ( app>5t ho/ility ar\s$ by ! imm5se progress t ,socialism & ,communism h made s9ce ! w>1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ) reg>d to !m mod]n m5 are feel+ any m actively indignant ?an !y h felt t[>ds any o!r imp5d+ *ange4 ,! ho/ility1 z we h po9t$ out1 is only app>5t4 ,=1 9 _! he>t ( he>ts ! m5 ( ! pres5t day are j z mu* prep>$ to resign !mselves to ,socialism z to civil w>1 class w>1 or any o!r k9d ( social upheaval4 ,! factor 9 ! ?reat5+ re=m :i* makes c]ta9 sections ( ! public /& z if !y really meant to (f] resi/ance1 is un=tunately n _! intellectual conviction t ,socialism or ,communism is s palpably wrong t x mu/ be resi/$ at all co/s2 b r ! negative quality ( in]tia1 :i* 9 ?is case assumes ! appe>ance ( positive resi/ance because1 z x happ5s1 ,socialism & ,communism propose to ou/ f positions ( ease a great numb] ( p :o h n only gr[n accu/om$ to ease1 b to :om life )\t ease pres5ts few if any attractions4 ,o!rwise1 ,socialism1 ,communism1 ,bol%evism1 ,nihilism--:o c>es8 ,!y appe> "r because s _m millions seem to believe 9 !m4 ,any 8ism0 seems to be "r to mod]n man1 provid$ a suffici5t numb] ( p raise _! h&s 9 fav\r ( x4 ,9 ?is s5se1 be he a ,tory1 a ,cons]vative1 or a ,mon>*i/1 mod]n man is ess5tially democratic 9 _s4 p#ig ,9 ! circum/ances1 ) ?is v d\btful weight ( in]tia alone on 8 side1 t man may v easily be suspect$ ( quixotic c&\r1 :o at ?is late h\r ( ! day pret5ds to /& up 9 face ( ! approa*+ w9d1 n only to resi/ x1 b also to beat x d[n4 ,& yet ?is is :at ! pres5t writ] proposes to d1 provid$ only he c demon/rate ! validity ( 8 /&po9t 9 a suffici5t numb] ( conv9c+ ways to emulate t f9e g5tle ra9 :i* ultimately beats d[n any w9d4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to d ?is1 x w n be necess>y to exam9e ! proposals ( ,socialism & ,communism 9 detail1 b simply to conc5trate ^u _! basic pr9ciples1 & to %[ h[ entirely unt5able are ! v fir/ positions !y take up4 ,/at$ 9 ! faire/ possible way1 _! position is z foll[s3-- ,! lead+ ,sociali/ & ,communi/ ?9k]s are m5 z a rule ^: he>ts h be5 mov$ by ! spectacle ( sorr[ & h>d%ip :i* is ! lot ( a l>ge numb] ( _! fell[-creatures on e>?2 & !y are e>ne/ly desir\s s to modify ! organisation ( society z to r5d] t burd5 ( sorr[ & h>d%ip light] = ! mass ( mank9d4 ,!y see all ab\t !m inequalities ( ! crude/ k9d1 %>p contra/s1 & abysmal *asms1 & !y wi% to a*ieve great] ev5ness among m54--,:y8--,n because ! spectacle ( mank9d ?us ev5$ up w necess>ily be m picturesque or m h>moni\s to behold2 b because on ! :ole x w be less he>tr5d+1 less revolt+1 less inequitable4 p#ih ,!y detect 9 society1 z x is at pres5t con/itut$1 an elem5t :i* !y ma9ta9 has no bus9ess to be !re1 an elem5t :i* !y hone/ly believe is n human2 & !y feel confid5t ( be+ able to elim9ate x if only !y are all[$ to effect c]ta9 readju/m5ts & re-arrangem5ts ( ! :ole :i* w radically *ange ! relation ( e memb] ( ! community to e o!r memb]4 ,?is elem5t1 :i* ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ detect 9 mod]n society & :i* !y wi% to elim9ate because x is n human1 is ,viol5ce4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t writ]'s belief ?is is1 9 a few words1 a fair /atem5t1 if n ! faire/ possible /atem5t1 ( ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/'s position4 ,assum+ at all ev5ts t x is correct1 x is n[ possible to exam9e x & to call att5tion to ! am\nt ( error x conta9s4 ,=1 let ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ say :at !y w1 let !m wi% r to sub/itute ! ^w ,pr$ator9ess1 or ,oppression1 or ,exploitation1 or ,slav]y1 = ! ^w ,viol5ce1 or = ! p>ticul> quality 9 mod]n society :i* !y w\ld fa9 elim9ate1 x does n signify mu*4 ,all ^! words 9 _! ess5ce are r$ucible to ! "o notion ,viol5ce1 & ,viol5ce we %all !re=e "n ! feature t ,sociali/s & ,communi/s propose to remove f human communities1 & :i* we propose n[ to exam9e4 ,viol5ce z a ph5om5on is n pres5t$ to u *iefly 9 our own societies4 ,:]e we recognise its sway to be mo/ g5]al & mo/ rigor\s1 is 9 ,nature h]self1 & all p#ii life outside human communities4 ,! life ( ! jungle1 ! life ( ! prairie1 ! life ( ! ocean1 9 all ^! dep>tm5ts ( life1 ,viol5ce reigns supreme4 ,inde$ we are s famili> ) its exi/5ce !re t we %\ld be a/oni%$ if we fail$ to f9d x4 ,we op5 ! /oma* ( a %ot leop>d & we f9d 9 x ! mangl$ rema9s ( "s o!r animal or bird4 ,:5 we kill a bird & inspect its visc]a1 we discov] ! rema9s ( insects1 small quadrup$s1 or small] birds4 ,life outside human societies is little less ?an a process ( prey+ & mutual suppression & incorporation4 ,e species behaves z if x alone _h ! "r to prevail1 & x endeav\rs by e means 9 its p[]--self-pres]vation1 propagation1 rap9e & p>isitism--to make its own k9d pr$om9ate on e>?4 ,we ourselves are guilty ( viol5ce t[>ds ! l[] animals1 & !re are few p :o1 ^u dy+ a sudd5 dea?1 w\ld n betray ?is viol5ce by ! cont5ts ( _! /oma*s or inte/9es4 ,viol5ce1 !re=e1 con/itutes no novelty to ! human be+4 ,he kn[s ( x 9 ,nature & he kn[s he is guilty ( x t[>ds ^? l[] animals :i* he consumes z food4 ,at a fir/ glance !n x w\ld appe> t viol5ce ( a sort is an ess5tial factor 9 all life1 ev5 9 human life4 ,! k9d ( viol5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ wi% to elim9ate f human society is n ! viol5ce :i* m5 p]petrate aga9/ ! l[] animals2 ?\gh !re are c]ta9ly "s ,sociali/s :o w\ld wi% to elim9ate t also2 b *iefly ! viol5ce betwe5 man & man1 p#ajj man & woman1 adult & *ild1 or *ild & *ild3 viol5ce by means ( :i* "s man1 woman1 or *ild is made ! in/rum5t or ! tool or ! *attel ( "s o!r man1 woman1 or *ild4 ,?is y may prote/ is :at all societies s9ce ,moses1 & ev5 be=e him1 h tri$ _! utmo/ to suppress4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is true4 ,murd] & assault h be5 prohibit$ by mo/ moral codes4 ,! k9d ( viol5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ wi% to suppress is ! viol5ce t is at pres5t tol]at$ by law1 t receives its sanction f society at l>ge1 & t m5 n[ p]petrate ) clean consci5ces4 ,h[ does ?is viol5ce *iefly arise8 --,by means ( ! inequalities ( human advantages4 ,"o man ,a f9ds himself by bir? or by 8 own ef=ts 7frequ5tly ! outcome ( 8 end[m5ts at bir?7 9 possession ( some?+ t somebody else ,b v mu* requires2 & be=e ,a rel9qui%es a p>ticle ( x1 conv5tion all[s him to exact "s s]vice f ,b4 ,accord+ to ! urg5cy ( ,b's ne$s & ! quality ( ,b's gifts t s]vice is ei!r v /r5u\s or comp>atively light4 ,= in/ance1 if ,a happ5s to be a man ( r>e g5ius1 hold+ 9 8 m9d ! secret ( 8 c\ntry's salvation ,b1 ! c\ntry1 may volunt>ily (f] him fabul\s weal? f h] own c(f]s to divulge 8 secret k1 & may ev5 involve h]self 9 a cru%+ debt 9 ord] to d s4 ,or ,a may be simply a produc] ( corn1 & ,b an impecuni\s />v+ man begg+ corn ( ,a because he ne$s x z food4 ,9 ! latt] case1 %ort ( an act ( immorality p#aja or "o involv+ ! c]ta9ty ( ,b's imm$iate injury or demise1 !re is sc>cely any?+ ! law =bids ,a f exact+ f ,b4 ,! s]vice may involve ,b's gradual injury4 ,to ?is ! law says no?+4 ,! s]vice may be debas+ or degrad+ f an intellectual or spiritual po9t ( view2 x may det]iorate ,b's eyesight1 impair 8 physique or 8 good spirits3 to all ^! ?+s ! law says no?+4 ,:ile ! s]vice is be+ p]=m$ & ,b is obta9+ corn f ,a1 ,b :o _c pay ca% = ! corn1 may be ask$ to d pretty well any?+1 ) ! gloomy alt]native be=e him ( go+ )\t corn altoge!r4 ,?is ,i take x is ! mean+ ( ! ^w viol5ce 9 ! m\? ( ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/3 x is ! p[] t "o man c ex]cise ov] ano!r1 9 det]m9+ 8 occupation & 9 exact+ s]vice or else )hold+ food f him4 ,! ,sociali/ w\ld admit t s]vice mu/ be exact$ f all at "s "t or o!r1 b he sugge/s t ! ,/ate %\ld exact x1 s t ! p[] may be ex]cis$ corporately1 & ! pr(it1 if any1 allott$1 n to individuals1 b to ! :ole body4 ,! ext5t to :i* an elem5t ( viol5ce adh]es ev5 to ! proposition t ! ,/ate %\ld exact s]vice & n ! individual1 w\ld be an int]e/+ speculation2 = ! fact t "s viol5ce /ill rema9s implicit 9 ! proposition ev]ybody w see at a glance4 ,b ! pres5t writ] hopes to po9t to o!r means by :i* viol5ce mu/ inevitably ent] into ! ,sociali/ic ,/ate1 j z =cibly z x does n[ into any well ord]$ capitali/ic ,/ate4 p#ajb ,q ap>t !n f ! viol5ce :i* is inh]5t 9 ! proposition t ! ,/ate mu/ exact s]vice "u ! ,sociali/ic rgime1 x is sugge/$ t no "o1 :o has be5 foll[+ ! analysis ( ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/'s fir/ pr9ciples giv5 above1 c up to ! pres5t be satisfi$ t viol5ce w\ld be elim9at$ f society "u _! rgime any m ?an x c be "u ! pres5t rgime1 & = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,s f> ! ,sociali/'s proposals appe> to conta9 no measures = ridd+ human /ock ( its pron\nc$ inequalities4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f inequalities t app>5t inju/ices & viol5ce ultimately arise4 ,m5 ( great tal5t & m5 ( ! mo/ mis]able end[m5ts1 w cont9ue to be born 9 any ,/ate1 :e!r ,sociali/ic or capitali/ic4 ,s long z ! individual "r to procreate be admitt$ !re w cont9ue to be press$ into ! community1 n only ! (fspr+ ( ! virtu\s man1 ! sage1 & ! craftsman1 b also ! (fspr+ ( ! knave1 ! m$iocre & ! fool4 ,s long z ! individual's "r to p>5?ood is accept$ z inviolable1 society w !re=e cont9ue to be p]turb$ z x is n[ by an un9vit$ access ( "o1 two or ev5 half a doz5 to a doz51 new m\?s1 f c]ta9 individuals1 ! l[ quality ( ^: accompany+ bodies may be out ( all proportion 79 reg>d to ! s]vices !y c r5d]7 to ! high quantity ( food & o!r supplies !y c acc\nt =4 ,new memb]s w be =c$ into ! community by procreation :i*1 accord+ to ! quality ( p#ajc _! end[m5ts w ei!r consid]ably enhance its effici5cy or consid]ably cripple x4 ,if !y are to enhance x1 & x is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! community t !y %\ld enhance x1 !n !y w require to be enc\rag$ = s do+2 on ! o!r h&1 if !y are go+ to cripple x1 _! crippl+ influ5ce w recoil on ea* memb] ( ! social body1 & ea* w suff] f ! pres5ce ( ! new arrivals4 ,fur!r to elucidate ?is po9t1 let two extreme examples be giv53-- 7#a74 ,a man ( s+ul>ly high gifts1 ,c by "n1 presses ^u ! community 9 8 lifetime eight *ildr5 all ( :i* take m or less aft] him4 ,_! end[m5ts are s conspicu\s t !y pla9ly ov]%ad[ all ! o!r high] m5 ( ! community4 ,x happ5s1 moreov]1 t ! community has rea*$ a crisis 9 its affairs :5 x urg5tly ne$s m5 ( ,c's type4 ,obvi\sly !n ,c1 by pres5t+ ! community ) eight s+ul>ly gift$ replicas ( himself1 has pr(\ndly affect$ its life & its con/itution4 ,by elevat+ ! /&>d ( ! adm9i/rative "w1 "s ( ! :ilom adm9i/rators w h be5 driv5 f (fice & =c$ to take up an inf]ior =m ( s]vice4 ,a p]turbation w h occurr$4 ,9 its ultimate analysis x w h am\nt$ to a co]cive act1 an act :i* ?\gh tol]at$ by ! ,/ate 7assum$ 9 ?is case to admit ! individual's "r to procreate7 ?us turns out to be an act ( viol5ce4 ,x 0 n delib]ate1 or ( a k9d sav\r+ ( malice a=e?\ght1 b x is nev]!less an act :i* =ces a *ange on ! community at l>ge1 & a m>k$ *ange ( position on a p#ajd c]ta9 numb] ( ! community's memb]s4 ,x is !re=e tantam\nt to an act ( viol5ce3 x is 9 fact an act ( viol5ce4 7#b7 ,n[ suppose ! case ( a man :o is ! butt ( ev]ybody's ridicule = 8 /ubborn /upidity & intractable indol5ce4 ,suppose 8 condition ( utt] unwor?9ess1 f ! intellectual & moral po9t ( view1 to be moreov] aggravat$ by poor heal?4 ,?is man1 too1 we presume1 claim+ by law ! "r ( p>5?ood1 =ces ^u ! community half-a-doz5 new memb]s 9 ! =m ( 8 (fspr+1 :o are s f> l him t ! compet5t au?ority c sc>cely cov] ! co/ ( _! clo!s & food by ! produce ( _! lab\rs1 & has to encroa* ^u o!r res\rces ( ! ,/ate 9 ord] to provide = !m4 ,"h aga9 we h a pr(\nd p]turbation1 result+ f ! press+ ( a new set ( memb]s ^u ! community by ! act ( procreation4 ,nobody ask$ = !m1 nobody want$ !m4 ,b n[ !y h come1 ev]ybody has to "w a little m or a little long] 9 ord] to provide = !m4 ,9 its ultimate analysis ?is is once m a co]cive act1 an act :i*1 ?\gh tol]at$ by ! ,/ate t admits ! individual's "r to p>5?ood1 ?us turns out to be an act ( viol5ce4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 n delib]ate1 or design$ p>ticul>ly to h>ass ! community2 b x =ces an extra burd5 on ! social body1 x is !re=e tantam\nt to an act ( viol5ce3 x is 9 fact an act ( viol5ce4 ,n[ "h we h two extreme in/ances ( viol5ce ent]+ a sociali/ic society aga9/ :i* x w\ld appe> to be impossible p#aje to take any prev5tive measures4#ai ,& h[ did ! viol5ce ent]8--,9 ! same way z x ent]s all life1 all ,nature1 all societies3 ?r\gh ! act ( procreation4 ,betwe5 ! two extreme cases giv5 ! imag9ative read] w easily be able to supply a va/ numb] ( int]m$iate cases1 :i* ?\gh p]haps less p[]ful 9 ! ultimate viol5ce ( _! effect on ! community w\ld nev]!less p>take ea* 9 its way ( ! nature ( viol5ce4 ,! act ( procreation is ?us an act :i* 9 ! long run am\nts to a means ( press+ any numb] f "o to a doz5 7sometimes m7 ( new memb]s ^u a community1 :i* memb]s may1 9 "o way or ano!r1 cause a pr(\nd p]turbation ( ! balance ( t community4 ,! act ( procreation is1 !re=e1 an act ( viol5ce1 ( trespass1 ( invasion4 ,! cont9uity ( a species 9 ,nature is secur$ by procreation2 b ! balance ( ,nature is con/antly made to fluctuate ar\nd a mean by ! act1 not)/&+ loss f pr$atory & o!r causes4 ,9 human society ! cont9uity ( ! species is secur$ by procreation2 b s9ce reciprocal de/ruction does n occur to ne>ly ! same ext5t among human be+s z x does among ! l[] animals#bj1 9 a heal?y society1 :i* is an increas+ society1 ! balance ( ! community1 f> f fluctuat+ ar\nd a mean1 t5ds to be ?r[n ev] m s]i\sly out ) ea* successive g5]ation4 ,?us 9 a heal?y society1 :i* is an increas+ society1 procreation is n m]ely a transitory b a p]petual s\rce ( viol5ce4 ,! pres5t writ] is n argu+ t ?is is "r or wrong2 he is only try+ to /ate a fact4 ,:e!r x be a pleasant fact1 or a desirable fact1 is = ! mom5t beside ! po9t4 ,x is at all ev5ts a fundam5tal tru? ( life1 & z su* x w\ld be idle to devise any new s*eme ( society 9 :i* x is n all[$ =4 ,x may be object$ t ! :ole ( a man's (fspr+ 9 mod]n society may elude _! de/9y ( imp++ viol5tly aga9/ t society by becom+ emigrants4 ,?is appe>s to be =cible en\gh4 ,b is n emigration 9 itself m]ely a means ( po/pon+ ! act ( viol5ce by "o /age8 ,besides1 is n emigration--say to ! colonies--possible to-day only because we happ5 to be liv+ at a p]iod subsequ5t to an act ( viol5ce on a gr& scale1 by :i* ! l& con/itut+ ! colonies1 :e!r ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,holl&1 or ,italy1 0 wre/$ f o!r p8 ,& ev5 s1 h we n se5 rec5tly1 dur+ a "t ( s]i\s unemploym5t 9 ,engl&1 c]ta9 politicians object to ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george's s*emes ( emigration on ! gr\nd t1 to s5d our unemploy$ to ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 or ,new ,zeal&1 :]e lab\r conditions 7 also unfav\rable1 w\ld be an act ( provocation to ^? colonies8--,:y an act ( provocation8--,because to impose a numb] ( extra m\?s on a community unless !re is a g5u9e indu/rial dem& 9 t community = ! able bodies possess+ ^? m\?s1 is an act ( gratuit\s viol5ce4 ,x s]ves no purpose to revile life & ! _w because we happ5 to h light$ ^u a fundam5tal fact t is unpleasant to our cultivat$ s5sibilities4 ,life is z x is1 & ,nature is z x is1 & no bewail+ or revil+ on our p>ts w alt] !m4 ,! brave attitude1 ! heal?y attitude1 inde$ ! only dignifi$ attitude1 is to accept life & ,nature z !y are1 & to endeav\r to discov] ! mo/ desirable me?od ( deal+ ) bo? ( !m4 ,?is prim>y act ( viol5ce1 :i* is procreation1 _c be cancell$ out or annull$2 x _c be expung$ f ! ess5tial "* ( exi/5ce4 ,x mu/ be accept$4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 %\ld be imm$iately und]/ood2 y _c h at ! v portals ( life an act ( viol5ce1 & hope to build ^u x a =m ( society 9 :i* viol5ce 9 "s =m1 h[ev] att5uat$1 p#ajh w n appe>4 ,to make any promises to ?is effect is ! pla9e/ humbug4 ,x may appe> an allur+ prospect2 x may s\nd an attractive picture2 x may deceive & x may delude2 b x is an impossible und]tak+ not)/&+2 & ^? :o decl>e t !y are prep>$ to emb>k ^u x are ei!r too ill-in=m$ to realise ! true data ( _! problem1 too di%one/ to admit t !y "k ^! true data1 or too inept prop]ly to deal ) !m4 ,/>t+ out !n ) ?is orig9al act ( viol5ce :i* is root$ 9 life & 9 ,nature & ent]s into e =m ( human society willy nilly1 x is obvi\s t its rev]b]ations mu/ proce$ rhy?mically ?r\gh\t all ! sections ( any human community :atsoev]1 be its organisation :at y w4 ,?us inequalities1 app>5t inju/ices & ev5 bondage1 appe> only z ! necess>y ultimate rep]cussions ( ! orig9al p]turb+ influ5ce4 ,& 9 e society hi!rto1 su* regrettable rep]cussions ( ! orig9al act ( viol5ce h always be5 reg>d$ z inevitable4 ,z a rule ! au?orities h1 accord+ to _! lights1 endeav\r$ to mitigate ! asp]ity ( ^! p]turbations2 b to elim9ate !m completely !y h always kn[n is an impossible a*ievem5t1 because !y are n man-made1 b creat$ by ! laws ( life itself4 ,all societies hi!rto appe> to h recognis$ ) v>y+ degrees ( lib]ality ! sacr$ness ( man's "r ov] 8 procreative p[]s4 ,b :at a l>ge numb] ( rec5t sociological ?9k]s appe> to h =gott5 is1 t s9ce procreation & its p#aji consequ5ces are "p ( ! orig9al elem5ts ( life & nature1 :i* are all[$ to p]si/ 9 ! m or less artificial arrangem5t call$ society1 ?is artificial arrangem5t mu/ p>take ( ! h>%ness1 ! inequalities & ! app>5t inju/ices ( life & nature1 to ! ext5t to :i* x all[s ^! orig9al elem5ts ( life & nature to op]ate freely 9 its mid/4 ,to *eck procreation1 or limit x by law1 w\ld involve ! violation ( ! sanctity :i* has hi!rto be5 accept$ z ! "o attribute %ield+ e man's "r ov] 8 procreative p[]s4#ba ,acquiesc+ 9 ! inviolability ( ?is "r1 !n1 ! utmo/ society c\ld d1 0 to mitigate ! wor/ consequ5ces ( its free op]ation1 by ord]+ z f> z possible ! union ( c\ples1 & by prop]ly allocat+ ! g5]al burd5 ( responsibility = ! support ( ! (fspr+ aris+ f ^! unions4 ,albeit no am\nt ( ord] introduc$ into ! jo9+ ( c\ples1 c\ld possibly place a *eck ^u man's procreative p[]s :5 once he _h fulfill$ all ! =malities t ! ,/ate dem&$2 consequ5tly1 despite all its attempts to regulate ! relations ( ! sexes1 society's ultimate control ov] ! act ( procreation & its results rema9 m or less ineffectual1 & 9 s f> z x attempts to e/abli% any reasonable proportion betwe5 a man's p[]s ( procreat+ & 8 p[]s ( provid+ = ! consequ5ces ( 8 act--or = t matt] 8 *ildr5's p[] ( provid+ = !mselves 9 aft] life--! outcome ( all society's ef=ts h be5 practically nil4 ,evid5tly mank9d seems to h come to ! conclusion fairly e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation t if !re is "o k9d ( int]f]5ce1 "o k9d ( control or ( con/ra9t t 8 fell[s c ) difficulty brook1 x is t :i* w\ld presume to m$dle ) _! "r ov] _! procreative p[]s4 ,b ! consequ5ces ( ?is attitude 9 reg>d to s vital a function z procreation %\ld n be ov]look$ by %all[ political ?9k]s & o!r romantici/s4 ,?is consequ5ce1 :i* _c be repeat$ too (t51 is t ) ! free op]ation ( ! "r to p>5?ood e society hi!rto has incorporat$ 9 its organisation a piece ( life & nature1 raw & unmitigat$ by any s(t5+ influ5ce4 ,&1 hav+ done ?is1 x _c hope to elim9ate f its organisation t modicum ( viol5ce1 h>%ness & inexorability :i* atta*es to ! free op]ation ( all natural & vital laws4 ,! lack ( c&\r & brav]y 9 ! ,sociali/'s & ,communi/'s position1 is t !y d n ref] to ?is basic natural elem5t 9 all human societies1 & fur!rmore t !y propose a =m ( society 9 :i* ?is basic natural elem5t is n ev5 reckon$ )4 ,= x mu/ be cle> t to hope on su* a basis to build up a social /ructure t w be all mutual help1 mutual give & take1 p#aaa & mutual good w--q ap>t f ! kn[n "* ( human be+s--is simply romantic rev]ie2 & 9 refus+ to recognise t m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! app>5t inju/ices1 asp]ities & disabilities ( human society1 are ! inevitable rep]cussions ^u individuals ( ! incessant work+ ( ! primitive act ( viol5ce at ! base ( ! social edifice1 ! proclaim] & prea*] ( a ,utopia free f viol5ce publi%es broadca/ ei!r 8 own ineptitude or 8 own di%one/y4 ,b ?is is n ! only =m 9 :i* ! di%one/y ( ,sociali/ & ,communi/ propag&a manife/s itself4 ,= ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ n only refuse to recognise ! viol5ce inh]5t 9 ! consequ5ces ( ! free op]ation ( ! "r to p>5?ood1 !y also lay to ! score ( man's legislation ! inju/ices & inequalities :i* are cle>ly ! outcome ( t "r alone4 ,9 all societies1 h[ev] wisely controll$ & direct$1 !re are c]ta9 to be ?\s&s ( malcont5ts4 ,^? malcont5ts :o owe _! position ( failure1 obscurity1 or impot5ce to circum/ances ov] :i* no organis$ community ev] has _h or ev] c h control1 are h[ev] easily won ov] to an attack ^u society1 if !y c be %[n by unscrupul\s or incompet5t ?9k]s t _! position is due1 n to an ess5tial law ( life or nature1 b to ! peculi> conv5tions or rules regulat+ ! community ( :i* !y happ5 to =m a "p4 ,m5 :o are cong5itally ineffici5t1 b5ea? ev5 m$iocre atta9m5ts 9 _! intellig5ce1 _! physical /r5g? or _! heal?1 v naturally f9d p#aab !mselves relegat$ to inf]ior responsibilities1 subord9ate places & m5ial tasks4 ,9 any community 9 :i* !re is a high appreciation ( quality1 or a consci\s ef=t t[>ds good qualitative results--& no o!r community is wor? consid]+--?is mu/ be s4 ,n[ no?+ is easi]1 nev]!less1 ?an to conv9ce ?is class ( malcont5ts t _! subord9ate positions & m5ial tasks are ! result ( a social r ?an ( a natural inju/ice1 & ! di%one/y ( ,communi/ic propag&a1 consi/s v l>gely 9 ! fact t x w n scruple to delude ?is class ( malcont5ts into believ+ t 9 a p]fectly realisable ideal /ate ( society _! disabilities w\ld be remov$4 ,nay1 x goes fur!r ?an t1 x adds to ! small li/ ( rem$iable inju/ices :i* are really ( man's creat+1 ! long li/ ( gross inju/ices :i* are ! "w ( life & nature1 & fl++ ! :ole sum ( ^! inju/ices at ! head ( society1 leads ! ignorant & ! ?\ghtless to believe t ! gr& total ( ! acc\nt c legitimately be *>g$ aga9/ man & 8 in/itutions4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! next /ep 9 ! argum5t4 ,s f> we h se53-- 7a74 ,t procreation acts z a p]turb+ =ce 9 society1 & t 9 its consequ5ces x is !re=e an act ( viol5ce4 7b74 ,t tradition & rec5t inve/igation lead u to believe t x is n advisable to m$dle ) ! individual's sacr$ "r ov] 8 procreative p[]s4 7c74 ,t !re=e 9 any community :]e p#aac ! individual's "r to p>5?ood is reg>d$ z inviolable1 viol5ce mu/ rev]b]ate ?r\gh\t ! :ole social /ructure & 9 its rep]cussions mu/ imp+e ) m or less sev]ity aga9/ individuals4 ,! next /ep 9 ! argum5t is ! consequ5ce ( 7c7 & x is t :]e !re is viol5ce1 h[ev] slight or h[ev] c>efully regulat$1 its results mu/ r$\nd ) m or less sev]ity to ! disadvantage ( c]ta9 individuals1 t is to say1 !re mu/ be someone or "s gr\p t suff]s4 ,& ?is appe>s to be ano!r ( ! fundam5tal social tru?s )\t all[+ = :i* x seems hopeless to set =? to rebuild society4 ,to d5y x may s\nd pleasant1 k9d1 humane1 *>itable1 & *ivalr\s2 b x is n c&id2 & al?\gh to ! ignorant1 to ! s5tim5tal & ! ?\ghtless1 t :i* is pleasant frequ5tly makes ! appeal ( tru? itself1 9 ! end t man or p>ty :o is n /raight=w>d ab\t ^! matt]s is b\nd to be discov]$ & revil$4 ,^? !re=e :o wi% to re=m all future societies1 & :o wi% to make x unnecess>y = suff]]s or suff]+ to exi/ 9 ! _w1 except at ! w ( ! legislature1 c d s only 9 "o ( two ways4#bb ,ei!r !y mu/ close ! backdoor ?r\gh :i* ! viol5ce ( nature & life ent]s ! community--t backdoor be+ ! free op]ation ( ! "r to p>5?ood--or else !y mu/ d :at no society hi!rto has v5tur$ to d1 i4e41 !y mu/ det]m9e by law be=eh& :o is & :o is n to be sacrific$4 ,! suff]+ :i* 9 society is ! necess>y outcome ( ! act ( viol5ce :i* is procreation1 t suff]+ :i* is ! only means ( balanc+ ?is viol5ce1 does n necess>ily fall on ! heads ( all4 ,x selects its victims z x 7 ) a c]ta9 caprice4 ,& hi!rto1 :ile endeav\r+ to mitigate ! sev]ity ( x z f> z possible1 society has be5 cont5t to leave its incid5ce m or less to *ance1 to ! bl9d =ces :i* ultimately det]m9e1 z !y d 9 nature1 ! fate ( all individual be+s4 ,x is only 9 w> "t1 :5 ! k9d ( p]son to be sacrific$ = ! :ole is def9itely indicat$1 t society proce$s by legislation to select ^? :o %\ld suff] f ^? :o %\ld be sp>$4 ,& ev5 !n1 a c]ta9 elem5t ( *ance rema9s ov] by means ( :i* x is possible = l>ge numb]s ( "y m5 to escape ! ultimate price4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is propos$ to re=m society s t x %all ei!r conta9 no viol5ce1 or t ! effects ( t viol5ce %all be annull$ = ! majority by legislative means1 !n :atev] ! ,sociali/ or ,communi/ may h to say to ! contr>y1 ?is c be done only 9 "o ( two ways3 7a7 ,ei!r man's "r to p>5?ood mu/ be violat$4 7b7 ,or ! section ( society :i* is to be sacrific$ to balance ! orig9al act ( viol5ce mu/ be delib]ately decid$ ^u by legislative means4 p#aae ,& s9ce ^! are ! only two alt]natives1 ! ,sociali/1 ! ,communi/1 & ! ,bol%evi/1 are j z hopelessly committ$ to !m z any o!r advocate ( a new social s*eme1 f :i* ! inequalities & inju/ices insep>able f all human communities h]et(ore are to be abs5t4 ,! fact t !y are impossible alt]natives invalidates ! :ole ( ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/'s position4 ,to promise a ,utopia f :i* inequalities & inju/ices w h be5 remov$1 )\t /at+ frankly t "o or ! o!r ( ! above alt]natives is necess>y1 is !re=e ! acme ( di%one/y2 & 9 ?is respect ! pres5t writ] has reluctantly to admit t ! ,sociali/1 ,communi/ & ,bol%evi/1 :e!r f ignorance1 ineptitude or design1 appe> to be radically di%one/4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t _! di%one/y does n /op at ?is4 ,9 addition !y fa/5 ! few rem$iable inju/ices :i* are ( man's own creat+1 on to ! gross] & m flagrant inju/ices 9 mod]n society :i* are only ! inevitable rep]cussions f ! orig9al act ( viol5ce we h be5 exam9+1 & !n proce$ to decl>e t ! :ole sum ( inju/ices are ( man's own mak+4 ,?is is _! greate/ p]fidy1 _! mo/ mislead+ & mo/ dext]\s feat ( leg]dema94 ,! ignorant & ! ?\ghtless are v naturally deceiv$1 & x is always too late :5 !y discov] h[ clumsily & h[ cruelly !y h be5 deceiv$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t x is an indisp5sable portion ( life & ( nature :i* p#aaf 9 all our societies introduces ! elem5t ( viol5ce & leads to inequalities & inju/ices2 b ?is aspect ( ! matt] is ! d>ke/ & mo/ displeas+ t c\ld possibly h be5 put =w>d1 & 9 deal+ ) x fir/ ! pres5t writ] has po/pon$ to ! end ( ! discussion ! m grateful duty ( consid]+ x on its m valuable & deeply attractive side4 ,true 9 its rep]cussions x leads to "s ( ! *ief asp]ities ( human life2 b is x n acc\ntable = mo/ ( humanity's pr9cipal joys z well8 ,on its %ad[ side x may appe> h>%1 b s]i\sly w\ld we h x o!rwise8 ,& are n ^? :o pret5d t x c be o!rwise m]ely romantici/s :o want all life to be ! p]petual :ite gl>e ( a noonday sun )\t any %ad[8 ,consid]1 to beg9 )1 ! sanctity ( ! individual's "r ov] 8 procreative p[]s4 ,h[ _m ( humanity's f9e/ emotions & mo/ treasur$ virtues arise out ( x8 ,?is is n s5tim5t1 b psy*ological fact4 ,& :at does society expect to become if x succe$s 9 suppress+ ! s\rce ( ^! virtues & emotions8 ,h[ _m sob]-m9d$ m51 actually fac$ ) "o ( ! two alt]natives /at$ above1 z ! ess5tial fir/ measure to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,utopia )\t viol5ce or accid5tal suff]+1 w\ld give t ,utopia a second ?\ght8 ,!re is no?+ ! pres5t writ] deprecates m s9c]ely ?an an appeal to ! emotions alone4 ,he is aw>e t 9 ! above p>agraph he has made a frank appeal to ! emotions4 ,b surely 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance x is amply ju/ifi$8 ,hav+ made p#aag 8 pr9cipal intellectual appeal1 he n[ confronts 8 read]s ) ! /hetic aspect ( ! alt]natives propos$4 ,= is n life & ! enjoym5t ( life l>gely a "q ( /hetics8 ,is n our emotional nature compet5t !re=e to decide ^u a "q ( ta/e or pleasure8 ,life (f]s _m alt]natives2 human life pres5ts hundr$s ( possibilities4 ,9 ! end x is our emotional nature & our /hetic s5se t decide :i* road leads to ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess1 al?\gh ! intellect may h direct$ u all along4 ,c we really suppose !n1 t a *ange t c cut at ! root ( s mu* virtue & s mu* traditional s5tim5t1 c possibly be "o t is go+ to br+ u happ9ess8 ,& ev5 9 its inevitable rep]cussions--! inequalities & inju/ices ( :i* s mu* has be5 said above--has ! free op]ation ( ! individual's "r to p>5?ood n also imm5se advantages8 ,9 nature x is ! viol5ce & inexorable "* ( ! =ces at play t give life its manifold beauties & contra/s1 ! m\nta9s & ! valleys1 ! riv]s & ! lakes1 ! tablel& & ! gorge1 ! =e/ & ! op5 pla94 ,9 ! animal _w x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! tig] & ! antelope1 ! vulture & ! h>e1 ! lion & ! jackal1 t l5ds to life t panoramic *>m ( v>iegat$ virtue & adaptation to ends4 ,:ile 9 ! doma9 ( plants x is ! div]g5ces ( ! oak f ! %rub1 ( ! palm f ! cactus1 ( ! popl> f ! plum tree1 t comb9e to produce t h>mony & dissonance :i* ! l&scape pa9t] conv]ts into graphic music4 p#aah ,is x n[ cont5d$ t 9 human society we c disp5se ) inequalities & inju/ices )\t also sacrific+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( its beauties8 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! fact t x is utt]ly impossible to a*ieve ?is end1 w\ld x be desirable8 ,h[ mu* ( ! joy ( life does n spr+ f ! ?ir/ & ?rill ( adv5ture1 f ! consci\sness ( be+ an individual try+ to e/abli% "o's "r ( citiz5%ip among p :o are suffici5tly unlike "o 7unequal to "o7 to introduce an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty1 ( sport if y w1 into ! und]tak+8 ,h[ mu* ( ! *>m ( life does n arise f ! va/ rep]tory ( diff]5t p[]s & virtues :i* inequality alone makes possible8 ,a beautiful m$al has its rev]se side4 ,& is n s-call$ inju/ice m]ely ! rev]se side ( ! m$al ( inequality8 ,! multif>i\sness :i* l5ds social life its v>iety & its incid5ts1 ! pron\nc$ div]g5ces f life :i* give x its light & its %ade3 all ^! ?+s h hi!rto con/itut$ ! ess5tial conditions out ( :i* ! ?+ we "k z human society has gr[n4 ,ev5 if we c\ld alt] ^! conditions we _c ev5 picture ! k9d ( result we %\ld obta94 ,we "k ( no society :]e9 inequalities & _! consequ5t inju/ices d n exi/4 ,we _c imag9e su* a society4 ,?is is n empty imag]y & gr&iloqu5t s5tim5t1 x is ! pla9e/ tru?4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a society at all unless we presuppose among its memb]s ! pres5ce ( ^? p>ticul>ly happy results ( inequality :i* are high] m54 ,ev5 ! l[e/ =ms ( greg>i\sness--! wolf p#aai pack & ! h]d ( antelopes--b5efit f ?is k9d ( inequality by ! function t x enables _! lead]s to p]=m4 ,= a society implies cohesion1 x implies unity ( purpose & desire2 x also implies a m or less uni=m outlook on life4 ,b h[ are ^! ?+s possible )\t high] m58 ,:5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w h ^! results be5 a*iev$ )\t ! help ( sup]ior be+s8 ,b ! idea ( some?+ sup]ior imm$iately sugge/s inequality1 & inequality "r d[n to ! l[e/ man2 b ) ?is inequality we mu/ z we h se5 accept s-call$ inju/ices & consequ5tly suff]+4 ,to inveigh aga9/ ! necess>y consequ5ces ( life is n to op5 a 8class w>10 z ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ claim to h done1 b to op5 w> aga9/ life itself2 & ?is conclusion supplies me ) ! t]ms ( my la/ *>ge aga9/ !m4 ,! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ d n really "k _! true objective2 !y d n really "k aga9/ :om !y are m>*+ & levell+ _! attacks4 ,9 addition to be+ di%one/1 !re=e1 !y are utt]ly confus$4 ,x is life itself t causes ! *ief among ! grievances t !y propose to r$ress1 & ?us _! description ( _! campaign z a class w> is ! outcome ( a mo/ complete misund]/&+4 ,!y are ! advocates ( a pr9ciple ( dea?1 or putt+ x m mildly1 at lea/ ( a movem5t ho/ile to life1 & !y d n "k x & nev] h kn[n x4 ,_! bann]s are sewn ) false & mean+less devices calculat$ to delude only ! ignorant p#abj & ! ?\ghtless1 & !y are n ev5 frank ab\t ! necess>y logical conclusions ( _! own fir/ pr9ciples4 ,if !y really wi% to put an end to viol5ce 9 human society1 !y w\ld sew on _! =emo/ bann] ! device3 8,d[n ) procreation40 ,?is might prove unpopul>1 x might ev5 s\nd less allur+ ?an 8,d[n ) ! b\rgeoisie60 b at lea/ x w\ld be hone/ & might help !m to a*ieve _! real aim4 ,! pres5t writ] does n sugge/ t ! mass ( ! p ( ,engl& or ,france und]/& ! real errors 9 ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/'s position4 ,he does n ev5 believe t :5 once ^! errors h be5 made kn[n to !m !y w be able to grasp or und]/& !m2 b c]ta9ly ! capacity :i* v l>ge numb]s ( !m are %[+ = resi/+ ! s$uctive appeal ( ^! s-call$ 8class-w>0 doctr9es1 po9ts to a c]ta9 in/9ctive insight on _! "p :i* does !m cr$it1 & may possibly be a sign t !y are mov$ by a vague1 b none ! less p[]ful1 suspicion t all is n z gold5 z x glitt]s 9 ! ,sociali/ic cre$1 & !re=e t !re is /ill a *ance = ^? :o w\ld w9 !m back to a wisely controll$ capitalism1 & to a future 9 :i* re=m r ?an revolution is ! g5]al programme4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,is ! case aga9/ ,socialism z /rong z ?is8 ,is !re really no?+ to be said = ! position t ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ assume8--,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ to be said = x4 ,!n :at gives x its s$uctive plausibility8 ,:at is x t makes ?ree-qu>t]s p#aba ( ^? :o h int]e/$ reasons = oppos+ x1 suspect 9 _! he>t ( he>ts t ,socialism & ,communism may be "r aft] all8 ,^? among ! possess+ classes :o1 :ile oppos+ active ,sociali/ propag&a1 yet believe 9 _! he>t ( he>ts t ,socialism is "r1 are usually z confus$ z ! ,sociali/s & ,communi/s !mselves1 & z incapable ( trac+ political propositions back to fir/ pr9ciples4 ,!y make ! same mi/akes z ! ,sociali/s1 & conf\nd life & nature's inju/ices ) ! rem$iable inju/ices :i* are ! outcome ( human legislation1 & aft] add+ ! two toge!r *>ge ! :ole sum to ! acc\nt ( society or civilisation4 ,!y belong to ! class ( ?\ghtless p :o are 9 ! habit ( say+ 9 ! face ( e imp5d+ re=m good or bad1 8,! ?+ mu/ come02 & _! attitude ( =e/all$ acquiesc5ce (f]s s little opposition1 t z a rule ! ?+ to :i* !y ref] does come4 ,b ! reason :y ! claims & proposals ( ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/ succe$ 9 display+ a c]ta9 modicum ( plausibility is n because1 on exam9ation1 !y impel ! inquir] to agreem5t2 =1 z we h se51 ! m ?or\ghly !y are inve/igat$1 ! m impossible does x become to accept !m2 x is r because 9 mod]n ,european society c]ta9 unnecess>ily gross evils :i* are truly ! creation ( man & :i* seem to l5d a col\rable w>rant to ! revolutioni/'s position1 are too gl>+ to be ov]look$4 ,we h se5 t :]e !re is viol5ce p#abb "s "o or "s gr\p mu/ ultimately be victimis$ or sacrific$4 ,?is does n necess>ily involve dea? or annihilation1 x may simply am\nt to failure1 failure to hold _! own4 ,n[ x is ! fir/ duty ( rul]s1 z we h se51 to wat* vigilantly t ! viol5ce is n ( man's mak+1 = t c be help$1 b only ( life's mak+1 = t _c be help$4 ,! second duty ( rul]s1 h[ev]1 mo/ c]ta9ly is to assuage z f> z possible ! asp]ities result+ f ! viol5ce t is life's mak+4 ,*>les ,i4 0 an ideal mon>* 9 ?is respect2 n only did he suppress fraud1 pr(ite]+1 & ! exploitation ( ! poor] classes1 all means by :i* viol5ce ( man's mak+ breaks loose 9 society2 b he also %elt]$ ^? :om natural disa/] _h ov]tak54#bc ,n[ ! gross evils ( mod]n ,european society :i* l5d a col\rable w>rant to ! o!rwise absurd proposals ( ! ,communi/ & ,sociali/1 are ! multif>i\s de$s ( viol5ce ( man's mak+1 t h be5 all[$ to break loose on ! community4 ,among ^? de$s ( viol5ce we may m5tion3 7#a7 ,sweat+4 7#b7 ,! act ( invit+ ! prolet>iat to engage 9 unheal?y occupations1 frequ5tly result+ 9 p]man5t ill-heal? or premature dea?4 7#c7 ,pr(ite]+ & ! turn+ ( any =m ( tempor>y di/ress to advantage4 7#d7 ,speculat+ 9 ! fir/ necess>ies ( life4 7#e7 ,unwise & wa/eful disposal ( prop]ty aft] dea?3 z = in/ance = ! support ( cranky & faddi/ societies1 ( useless & non-productive p 9 unnecess>y afflu5ce2 ! end[m5t ( in/itutions t h a deg5]at+ effect on ! g5]al /&>d ( heal? ( ! nation4 7#f7 ,class cleavage & snobb]y4 7#g7 ,! enc\ragem5t by ! legislature ( ! gr[? ( l>ge urban c5tres1 & ! ill-heal? & g5]al un:olesom5ess ( ! poor] qu>t]s ( su* c5tres4 7#h7 ,! purvey+ ( inf]ior food to ! masses1 & ( food t is n /rictly life-support+1 su* z vegetable m>g>9e1 dri$ fruit & vegetables1 adult]at$ be]1 t9n$ foods ( all k9ds 7except possibly t9n$ tomatoes71 dirty milk & adult]at$ bread4 7#i7 ,! lack ( protection af=d$ to ! masses aga9/3 7a7 usuri\s money l5d+ 7a p5ny a week p] %ill+ is n uncommon71 7b7 pollution & demoralisation ?r\gh inf]ior & p]nici\s lit]ature1 7c7 pollution & demoralisation ?r\gh ali5 immigration4 7#aj7 ,! failure to imp>t to ! masses by means ( education any ?or\gh grasp ( any bran* ( k :i* might ennoble _! outlook1 add dignity to _! *>act]s1 & l5d support to _! self-e/eem4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 n a s+le item ( :i* deals ) any evil t is n susceptible ( re=m1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t mod]n we/]n civilisation has 9 "s way fail$ s mis]ably to m\ld h] values p#abd s t ! successful 9 life's /ruggle %\ld 9 all cases be ! mo/ virtu\s1 ! mo/ intellig5t1 & ! mo/ desirable1 9 ! m9ds ( ta/eful p1 t a c]ta9 /igma n[ atta*es to ! mat]ially successful--p>ticul>ly ^? :o h atta9$ mat]ial success 9 comm]ce & indu/ry--:i* _c be said to be altoge!r unm]it$1 & :i* ! ,communi/ & ,sociali/ naturally exploit to ! utmo/ 9 _! propag&a4 ,! greate/ indictm5t ( mod]n society is p]haps ! frequ5cy ) :i* vulg>ity & ! meane/ atta9m5ts 9 virtue & intellect a*ieve ph5om5al mat]ial success2 & s9ce ?is is ! outcome ( values1 & ! laws gov]n+ comm]ce & indu/ry1 x is obvi\s t 9 ?is direction re=ms mu/ be effect$1 if ! ,communi/ & ,sociali/ are to be depriv$ ( ! small am\nt ( validity :i* appe>s to atta* to _! sweep+ condemnation ( society & civilisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile we h se5 t ! orig9al act ( viol5ce at ! base ( all society1 mu/ lead to suff]+ some:]e & some:51 ! *>act]i/ic ab\t mod]n we/]n civilisation :i* l5ds s mu* col\r to ! ,sociali/ & ,communi/'s s*emes1 is ! frequ5cy ) :i* ?is suff]+ seems to be borne by p :o are by no means ! unwor?ie/ 9 ! community4 ,! values ( mod]n society h become s vulg> & m]c5>y t aga9 & aga9 x happ5s t ! section ( ! social body :i* ! *ance play ( =ces selects = sacrifice1 is sup]ior to ! section :i* is p#abe sp>$1 & :i* n infrequ5tly wields ! mo/ p[] 9 ! community4 ,?us x is n ! suff]+ 9 mod]n society t l5ds support to ! s-call$ class-w> doctr9es2 = z we h se5 suff]+ ( "s k9d is inevitable :]e !re is inequality & inju/ice2 b x is ! fact t ! suff]+ 9 "q (t5 falls ^u ! mo/ desirable memb]s ( ! community1 or at lea/ ^u ^? :o are capable ( ! greate/ virtue & ! greate/ indu/ry1 & ?is is ! outcome purely ( ! vulg>ity & co>s5ess ( our values :i* are q z susceptible to modification & re=m z any o!r man-made feature ( our lives4 ,! fact t aft] all ^! re=ms1 h[ev]1 !re w /ill rema9 a residuum ( viol5ce 9 all civilisation1 :i* x w be impossible altoge!r to elim9ate1 s long z nations recognise ! individual's inviolable "r to p>5?ood1 %\ld nev]!less be c>efully rememb]$ & reckon$ )2 =1 bo? z a *eck ^u any too romantic s*emes ( our own1 z well z a means ) :i* to criticise our enemies' proposals1 ! recollection ( ?is unpleasant b ineluctable pr9ciple is "o ( ! mo/ valuable measures ( caution by :i* x is possible = u to abide2 & he :o1 by =gett+ x1 fancies he has discov]$ a royal road to 8 ,utopia1 w f9d p]haps too late t life1 nature & society are n easily made ! sport ( false ideals & %all[ fantasies1 b are rul$ by inexorable & frequ5tly unpleasant laws ! rig\r ( :i* x is saf] to ackn[l$ge ?an to ignore4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,! pres5t writ] has purposely avoid$ r$uc+ ! viol5ce to an act ( depr$ation 9 reg>d to food1 air & space2 al?\gh 9 a /eadily increas+ community1 :i* is ! only heal?y community1 surr\nd$ by o!r /eadily increas+ communities1 ?is aspect ( ! "q w\ld h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 su* a community e baby born may rightly be said to con/itute a m5ace to e o!r baby's food1 air & space4 ,nor has any m5tion be5 made ( ! multiplication ( p :o become a burd5 to ! re/ ( ! community by ! %e] inf]iority ( _! physique4 ,b aga9 9 _! case provision w\ld h to be made by ! adm9i/rators ( a ,sociali/ic ,/ate1 j z x is made by capitali/ic ,/ates2 & ! p>5ts ( su* physically inf]ior p w\ld ?us1 by ! act ( procreation alone1 h press$ a burd5 ^u _! fell[ citiz5s :i* w\ld virtually am\nt to an act ( viol5ce aga9/ !m4 ,?\gh ! p>5ts ( su* physically inf]ior p might scruple to put _! h&s 9 _! fell[ memb]s' pockets = food or money1 by means ( _! (fspr+ !y ?us indirectly p]petrate a pr$atory act aga9/ !m4 ,footnote #bj3 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t ,sociali/s promise to make x cease altoge!r among human be+s4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! wisdom ( anci5t societies 9 nev] *eck+ or limit+ ?is "r is n[ becom+ m ?an ev] app>5t 9 ! light t psy*o-analysis has ?r[n ^u ! disa/r\s effects ( int]f]+ too dra/ically ) ?is function 9 human be+s4 ,footnote #bb3 ,suff]]s & suff]+ are to be und]/ood "h z ( a k9d :i* ! inequalities ( life & nature alone br+ ab\t--n ! suff]]s & suff]+ result+ f ord9>y human passions & ! accid5ts ( _! manife/ation3 love1 hate1 indiff]5ce1 *ildlessness1 sp9/]hood1 etc42 = x is presum$ t no re=m] has ev] be5 s fooli% z to pret5d t he c\ld elim9ate ^!4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is ,i h demon/rat$ ) suffici5t detail else:]e4 ,see my ,def5ce ( ,ari/ocracy1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 p#abf ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,education 8,a city c be virtu\s only :5 ! citiz5s :o h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t are virtu\s1 & 9 our /ate all ! citiz5s %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t40--,ari/otle 7,politics4 ,bk4 ,,vii41 #ac74 ,education1 z organis$ by ! /ate1 c h b "o object--! re>+ ( p :o are fit to be dec5t & wor?y citiz5s4 ,a man may educate himself privately 9 vice1 9 jazz+1 9 motor+1 or 9 crime2 he is at lib]ty to d ?is at 8 own exp5se & 9 8 own "t2 b if he is educat$ at ! exp5se ( 8 fell[-m51 ! int5tion ( ^! fell[-m5 mu/ be to tra9 him into a desirable memb] ( society4 ,only ?us c ! huge outlay be made wor? :ile4 ,n[ a desirable citiz5 is above all a well conduct$ citiz54 ,he may "k ,fr5* & f5c+1 & be able to beat all com]s at billi>ds or biology1 m>bles or ma!matics2 b he is only a nuisance if he is n1 9 addition1 well conduct$--t is to say1 reliable1 s5sible1 und]/&+1 & hone/4 ,x is m important t he %\ld ?or\ghly grasp ! fir/ pr9ciples ( s\nd conduct & ?\ght1 ?an t he %\ld "k ! :ole ( c\nt]po9t or con*ology4 ,:5 once he has ma/]$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( s\nd conduct & ?\ght1 he is prep>$ to d well at any?+1 accord+ p#abg to 8 gifts2 :]eas ! mo/ exhau/ive k ( c\nt]po9t & con*ology w1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 only make him a good musician or a good classifi] ( %ells4 ,9 %ort1 happ9ess & h>mony are m easily a*iev$ by a p hold+ deep & s\nd views conc]n+ ,life & ,humanity1 ?an by p deeply v]s$ 9 sci5ce1 & top-heavy ) in=mation4 ,happ9ess has be5 a*iev$ aga9 & aga9 ^u e>? by p possess+ n a billion? "p ( ! k t has be5 accumulat$ by mod]n man4 ,a s\nd in/9ct 9 reg>d to food1 a correct und]/&+ ( "o's self & "o's fell[s & a dec5t appreciation ( ! limits ( individual caprice 9 a social community1 are1 aft] all1 m preci\s ?an a l>ge accumulation ( facts4 ,& ?us education1 if x is to be valuable1 %\ld consi/ v mu* m 9 a tra9+ 9 mann]s1 s\nd views1 & means ( int]c\rse1 ?an 9 ! acquisition ( k ab\t facts4#bd ,all adults "k h[ v few ( ! facts !y le>n$ at s*ool are ev] rememb]$ 9 lat] life1 & h[ only ^? elem5ts ( ! s*ola/ic curriculum are turn$ to practical acc\nt1 or ev5 rememb]$1 :i* come into daily use ?r\gh\t life4 ,?us1 a boy ( ! work+ classes may rememb] a little elem5t>y ari?metic & a little geography--ap>t f t1 all he recalls is ! trick ( read+1 because he practises x e day ( ! ye>4 ,n[1 s9ce ! masses ( ! p =m ! bulk ( ! nation1 & are ultimately ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! nation's "* & a*ievem5ts1 no?+ c\ld possibly be m important ?an work+-class education4 ,/ate education ( ! masses1 !re=e1 (f]s ! f9e/ opportunity t ! legislature c\ld obta91 to express its conc]n ab\t ! nation's welf>e1 & to secure t welf>e by inculcat+ ^u ev]yone1 except ! m9ority con/itut+ ! well-to-d1 :o _c matt] ne>ly z mu*1 dec5t mann]s1 s\nd views1 & a prop]1 adequate means ( int]c\rse4 ,x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ ugly features ( our elem5t>y education 9 ?is c\ntry1 t mann]s--:i* ought to be ! fir/ among ! =emo/ objects ( all education--are entirely omitt$ f ! curriculum4 ,z if1 =soo?1 x 7 bett] = ma/] ,tommy & 8 si/] ,jane1 to "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! trade w9ds1 ?an to "k h[ to behave :5 an adult addresses !m6 ,9 ?is way ! legislature imposes q an unnecess>y burd5 ( discom=t & sorr[ ^u ! poor1 because )\t good mann]s life is made s v mu* m difficult & wret*$1 & s v mu* less smoo? & h>moni\s4 ,h[ ! idea ( education ev] came to be divorc$ f mann]s1 x is h>d to expla92 b t x has be5 ?us divorc$ is unque/ionable4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is gross p#abi initial error fall ) great] sev]ity ^u ! poor1 or ! masses1 ?an ^u ! ri*2 p]haps t is :y s little is done to correct x4 ,! reason ( ?is unfair incid5ce ( ! evils result+ f a lack ( mann]s1 is n1 h[ev]1 due to ! fact t ! ri* are necess>ily good mann]$1 or bett] educat$ 9 mann]s ?an ! poor2 = !re is ample evid5ce to ! contr>y2 b t ! lack ( mann]s ( ! ri* is n s ke5ly felt by ^? 9 _! imm$iate circle1 because !y live 9 l>g] rooms1 l>g] h\ses1 l>g] areas1 & !y are ?us able to get away f "o ano!r's bad mann]s--an escape :i* is d5i$ ! poor4 ,b :ile no att5tion is giv5 to mann]s 9 elem5t>y education1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t tra9+ 9 s\nd views1 :e!r conc]n+ ,life or ,humanity1 is ! subject ( m c>eful att5tion4 ,ap>t f copy-book maxims1 no?+ :atev] is done = ! masses ( ! p 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is true t ! ,*ur* & its tea*+ are suppos$ to cov] precisely ?is gr\nd 9 ! m5tal upbr++ ( ! nation1 b ev5 if we admit t ! ,*ur* is capable ( tea*+ s\nd views conc]n+ ,life & ,humanity1 h[ _m ( ! work+ classes /ill believe 9 ,*ri/ianity to-day8 ,h[ _m ( !m believe s f]v5tly z to insi/ ^u _! *ildr5 obs]v+ all ! t5ets ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,moreov]1 x is only fair to judge ?is dep>tm5t ( education by its fruits4 ,:]e is ! evid5ce at pres5t1 aft] g5]ations ( ,*ur* tea*+1 t ! mass ( ! p h be5 taught any views at all p#acj ab\t ,life & ,humanity--n to m5tion s\nd views8 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is is obvi\sly a factor 9 education t ought nev] to h be5 left to an indep5d5t & uncontroll$ body--p>ticul>ly a religi\s body4 ,x ought to h be5 includ$ z an ess5tial elem5t 9 any s*eme ( secul> education t 0 devis$4 ,:at1 inde$1 c\ld be m important ?an ! necessity ( imp>t+ to y\r gr[+ citiz5 s\nd views ab\t himself1 8 k9d1 society1 & life 9 g5]al8 ,:at c\ld be m vital 9 ! =mation ( 8 "*1 8 outlook1 & ! m\ld+ ( 8 ultimate conduct8 ,x sc>cely requires to be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t1 l mann]s1 ?is is a factor 9 education :i* ! ,/ate s*ools leave entirely aside4 ,p w tell y t !re is no "t = su* a bran* ( le>n+4 ,no "t--to att5d to "o ( ! mo/ important pr]equisites ( a s\nd education6 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! weal?y & well-to-d classes are any bett] (f ?an ! poor 9 ?is respect4 ,on ! :ole1 !y are a little worse (f4 ,=1 :ile ! *ildr5 ( ! work+ classes are suffici5tly 9 t\* ) life's realities to h a numb] ( fundam5tal tru?s =c$ ^u _! att5tion1 ! *ildr5 ( ! weal?y & well-to-d classes live 9 an atmosph]e s p]fectly tru?-pro(1 s f> remov$ f life's realities1 & _! s*ools d s little to correct ! b5ight+ influ5ce ( _! homes1 t !re is probably no creature on e>? m hopelessly devoid ( s\nd views on any subject ?an ! public s*oolboy ( sev5te54 p#aca ,ev]y?+ has be5 done1 no pa9s h be5 sp>$1 to inculcate ^u him e false doctr9e & valuation ( :i* ! pres5t age c boa/4 ,9 a complicat$ society l ours1 ! means ( int]c\rse 9 education cov] practically ev]y?+ t does n come "u ! head ( 8vocational tra9+40 ,m5 & wom5 mu/ "k h[ to und]/& o!r p & h[ to make !mselves und]/ood4 ,!y mu/ "k h[ to c\nt money1 h[ to read & compreh5d a lett] or a book1 & comm& su* g5]al in=mation z w protect !m f deception1 f go+ a/ray1 or f o!rwise fail+ to hold _! own among _! fell[ be+s4 ,n[ x is precisely 9 ?is dep>tm5t t ! ,/ate education ( ,engl& really does pret5d to accompli% all t is desir$2 & yet n[h]e is ! inadequacy ( its a*ievem5t m conspicu\s4 ,we h se5 t x does n ev5 pret5d to tea* mann]s1 & t x does n claim to inculcate s\nd views ^u ! masses :om x pr(esses to educate2 b x does claim to tea* !m ! means ( int]c\rse4 ,c\ntless millions are sp5t ^u ?is in/ruction annually4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( *ildr5 are bor$ to /ultification :ile !y are suppos$ to be acquir+ x1 & ! net result is t #ii out ( #ajj ( !m nei!r "k h[ to und]/& o!r p1 nor h[ to make !mselves und]/ood4 ,!y d n ev5 "k h[ to und]/& :at !y read4 ,& no?+ is done to equip !m 9 ?is all-important bran* ( k4 p#acb ,anybody w\ld h ?\ght t "o ( ! fir/ conc]ns ( any educational body deal+ ) 8national0 education w\ld h be5 to secure to all citiz5s ( ! same nation1 irrespective ( rank1 at lea/ a ?or\gh k ( _! native tongue4 ,= :at1 inde$1 c\ld be m vital8 ,x is ! fir/ pre-requisite ( all satisfactory communication1 :e!r f or to ! subject2 x is ! fir/ ess5tial weapon ( ! rational faculties4 ,a p>ticul> native language may h faults & %ortcom+s z comp>$ ) o!r native languages2 x may be poor] 9 words1 m complicat$ 9 syntax1 less copi\sly suppli$ ) racy idiom1 etc41 b surely any national s*eme ( education t fails to make ! ma/]y ( ?is native language--su* z x is1 p]fect or imp]fect--! =emo/ object on its programme1 is guilty ( a gross d]eliction ( duty4 ,= :atev] its faults may be1 ! masses1 at lea/1 h no o!r means ( communication1 & if !y are go+ to be made articulate1 !y mu/ be taught _! native tongue4 ,at pres5t ! situation ( ! ,engli% work+ classes is 9 ?is respect1 pa!tic 9 its helpless & infantile humility4 ,_! talk is ! babble ( babes1 _! vocabul>y ! means ( expression = creatures ^: feel+s & ?\ghts are no m complicat$ ?an ^? ( primitive savages4 ,n only are !y incapable ( und]/&+ complex /ates ( feel+ or complex ?\ghts :5 !y he> !m accurately & c>efully express$1 b !y are also utt]ly unable to give expression to at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( _! own ?\ghts & emotions4 p#acc ,9 reg>d to a v l>ge numb] ( ?\ghts & emotions1 :i*1 to ! cultivat$ man1 are commonplace matt]s1 ! masses ( ,engl& are !re=e lit]ally in>ticulate4 ,! same ^w answ]s = a hundr$ mean+s 9 _! conv]sation1 all ( :i* x b inadequately expresses2 :ile = ^? emotions & ?\ghts = :i* !y h no words1 !re c exi/ only mute & my/ifi$ suspicion4 ,?is is bad en\gh4 ,life is suffici5tly tragic = millions ( creatures to-day1 )\t its be+ ei!r necess>y or desirable to aggravate x ) ! additional affliction ( dumbness4 ,& yet ! fact t ?is in>ticulat5ess1 :i* ignorance imposes1 is equival5t to dumbness1 or at lea/ to p>tial dumbness1 is surely inconte/able4 ,b !re is a consequ5ce ( ?is ignorance :i* is ev5 m s]i\s ?an t discuss$ above4 ,& t is ! dang] to :i* x exposes its suff]]s ( fall+ "u false guidance1 misdirection & pollution f outside4 ,:]eas dumbness1 al?\gh a sad affliction1 is (t5 m]ely ano!r =m ( con/ra9t2 misund]/&+1 mis9t]pretation1 or ! inability to criticise & to reject ! express$ ?\ghts ( o!rs1 may be a s\rce ( pollution1 a s\rce ( grave error1 & a spe$y means ( complete & incurable p]v]sion4 ,if p are to be protect$ f misconceptions1 false lead]s1 demagogues1 & all ^? sm>t & slipp]y unemploy$ :o are ev] ready to exploit ignorance1 & take advantage ( simplicity1 !y mu/ be 9 a position to li/5 critically to an address or an appeal made to !m 9 _! p#acd own language4 ,!y mu/ be 9 a position to tell to :at ext5t _! propos$ lead] or mislead] und]/&s :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,h[ mu* false s5tim5t1 false doctr9e1 inflammatory tea*+1 is simply an abuse ( language1 a =c+ ( t]ms1 9 fact1 cata*resis6 ,h[ mu* ( x w\ld be detect$ & expos$1 if ! majority ( ! nation possess$ t precision & und]/&+ 9 ! use ( words1 :i* w\ld come ) a prop] k ( _! native tongue4 ,to-day ! man :o is ev] ready to mislead1 to confuse1 & to inflame1 ! m9ds ( ignorant p1 enc\nt]s no *eck1 no critical scrut9y ( 8 pron\ncem5ts1 = 8 li/5]s are h>dly able to und]/& correctly ! simple/ words he uses4 ,! temptation1 !re=e1 to use language loosely & ev5 unscrupul\sly is z p[]ful z x is repeat$ly unresi/$4 ,! huge & flatul5t press1 t has gr[n up )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 c>es z little = accuracy ( expression1 or = sob] precision 9 language1 z x c>es = any o!r ideal :i* =m]ly seem$ wor? /riv+ aft]4 ,! p[] ( ! press is enorm\s4 ,x guides op9ion1 x influ5ces ! he>ts ( ! p1 x has ! unit$ ef=t ( nations "u its direction2 & yet :]e does x %[ any signs ( be+ *a/5$ by ! awful duties :i*1 x is true1 x may nev] delib]ately h int5d$ to %\ld] at ! outset ( its c>e]8 ,! traditions ( ! ,middle ,ages1 at lea/1 includ$ c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* l$ to ! protection ( ! poor] & m ignorant classes2 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,middle p#ace ,ages also protect$ ! poor & ! ignorant accord+ to its lights4 ,x may be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is new =ce1 ! press1 has z yet ev5 consid]$ ! function ( protect+ ! ignorant z among its mo/ sacr$ privileges4 ,& by ?is protection !re is no int5tion "h to imply a conspiracy to )hold tru? f ! uncultivat$1 or to di/ort facts = _! dige/ion2 :at is meant is t necess>y vigilance & caution :i*1 if obs]v$ by all editors & publi%]s ( j\rnals & p]iodical lit]ature1 w\ld induce !m to reg>d z a public crime1 z an unsocial act1 ! inculcation ^u ^? :o are ill-equipp$ = self-guidance1 ( any notions1 s5tim5ts1 or po9ts ( view conc]n+ life & human relation%ips t 7 n s\nd1 prop]1 or heal?y--n to m5tion noble4 ,unlike t o!r =ce1 ! ,*ur*1 ! press 0 u%]$ 9 ) scant c]emony1 almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,x grew to omnipot5ce ) b a fraction ( ! solemnity & pomp :i* att5d$ ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*2 h5ce1 too1 x has come to rip5ess1 to ! z5i? ( its p[]1 )\t any ( t c5tralis$ organisation1 )\t any ( t self-consci\s adm9i/ration ( its enorm\s p[]s = good & evil1 & assur$ly )\t any ( t insight into ! imm5sely sacr$ responsibility ( its functions1 :i* *>act]is$ ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+4 ,n[ its %riek+ headl9es1 its cat*p5ny exagg]ations1 its hy/]ical falsehoods1 d n ev5 sav\r ( sanity4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld x be suspect$ ( a s5se ( p#acf responsibility8 ,s5sationalism z a moneymak+ me?od1 ru?less & frequ5tly ?\ghtless attacks on ! exi/+ ord]1 )\t any gu>antee ( be+ able to supply a bett] ord] 9 ! place ( ! "o attack$1 abuse ( language z a me?od1 z ! j\rnali/ic te*nique = all occasions1 & ! det]m9ation n to enlight51 b to dazzle1 dumbf\nd1 sc>e1 ?rill & excite at all co/s1 willy nilly--aprs moi le deluge1--^! are among ! *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n press1 & indicate ! direction 9 :i* its p[] is t5d+4 ,to ov]?r[ or to curb ?is p[] has aga9 & aga9 prov$ too great a task ev5 = ! mo/ popul> gov]nm5t4 ,x is inv9cible1 impregnable4 ,! 8,fre$om ( ! ,press0 may mean ! fre$om to abuse ! cr$ulity & ! ignorance ( ! masses2 b p[]ful claims are n fru/rat$ by exact def9ition1 h[ev] condemnatory4 ,!re is only "o way ( curb+ ! wantonness ( ! press & ( br++ x to a s5se ( ! responsibility ) :i* its p[] ought to h inspir$ x1 & t is to make ! masses :o are its read]s capable ( read+ x critically1 capable ( detect+ its flagrant abuse ( language1 & ( nail+ to ! c\nt] its flame-words1 its decoy cries1 its :ole app>atus ( s5sationalism4 ,& ! only means to ?is end is to give to ! masses a k ( _! own language4 ,:o d\bts t ! m\nta9s ( vulg>1 inept & ?or\ghly delet]i\s lit]ature t is be+ publi%$ to-day dep5ds :olly p#acg & exclusively ^u ^? c\ntless hordes to :om ! ,/ate has fail$ to imp>t t :i* is e man's dire/ ne$--a s\nd k ( 8 native tongue8 ,:o d\bts t all ?is lit]ature w\ld be swept away 9 an h\r if a g5]ation arose :i* 0 equipp$ to detect its solecisms1 its vulg>ity1 its false s5tim5t1 & its tumid claptrap8 ,! newspap] press1 & ! flood ( vulg> lit]ature :i* daily accompanies its productions into ! homes ( almo/ all ,briti% p1 are toge!r p>tly responsible = ! /eady enfeeblem5t ( ! nation's moral fibre & intellig5ce2 & ! s-call$ 8education0 ) :i* ! mass ( ! nation is equipp$ is "o ( ! necess>y conditions to ! success bo? ( ! pres5t newspap] press & ( ! vulg> lit]ature :i* supplem5ts x4 ,?us x am\nts to ?is1 t ! huge outlay :i* ?is c\ntry makes e ye> = ! purposes ( education1 is virtually a subsidy to its mo/ incompet5t1 mo/ unscrupul\s & mo/ despicable writ]s4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! outlay wor? :ile1 9 ord] to conv]t x into a pr(itable inve/m5t1 :i* at "o & ! same "t w\ld produce desirable citiz5s & lay ! f\ndations ( ord] among !m1 ! pres5t writ] sugge/s z a lead+ re=m1 to be plac$ at ! head ( e p>ty's programme1 t ! ,engli% language %\ld be made ! pr9cipal subject ( /udy 9 our ,/ate s*ools4 ,:at subject is !re t is n t\*$ ^u 9 ! le>n+ ( ! precise mean+ ( words8 ,& :at subject is ( any p#ach value :atsoev] if ! precise mean+ ( words has be5 neglect$ 9 tuition8 ,?is may s\nd revolution>y en\gh2 b on exam9ation x w be f\nd to gu>antee a mu* m /able & ord]ly =m ( society ?an ! pres5t sy/em4 ,= if x be ask$ :at a man1 educat$ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 rememb]s 9 aft] life ( all ! in=mation he has be5 giv5 z a *ild1 ! answ] is3 a little ari?metic--en\gh to make ! ev]yday reckon+s involv$ 9 buy+ & sell+--& ! trick ( conv]t+ signs into s\nds4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 precisely ^u ?is trick ( conv]t+ signs into s\nds t 8 p[]s ( subsequ5t self-education w *iefly dep5d4 ,=1 :5 once he has left 8 s*ool c>e] beh9d him1 ! work+ man :o wi%es to increase 8 k & grasp ( vital1 human & social pr9ciples1 w rely almo/ entirely ^u ! lit]ature he c obta9 & und]/&4 ,if1 !re=e1 he approa*es ?is lit]ature1 n equipp$ to und]/&1 criticise & te/ its s\ndness1 z matt]1 or ! c>e & accuracy ( its =m1 b only practis$ 9 ! trick ( conv]t+ signs into s\nds1 8 attempts at subsequ5t self-education w be a futile wa/e ( "t4 ,= !re is all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 ?is acquir$ trick ( deciph]+1 or conv]t+ signs into s\nds1 & true read+4 ,:at is precisely meant by ?is anti!sis8 ,by ! 8p[] ( read+0 mo/ p und]/& n m]ely ! p[] ( deciph]+ signs1 b also ! ability to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! deciph] once x is p#aci made4 ,read+ 9 ! anci5t ,anglo-,saxon s5se ( ! ^w 7rdan7 8to disc]n10 is ! only read+ t c possibly be ( any value1 8disc]n+0 !re=e is ! only valuable mean+ t ! ^w read+ c h4#be ,b read+ 9 ?is1 its true s5se1 implies an und]/&+ ( ! language deciph]$4 ,n[ c x be truly said ( ! *ildr5 t leave our elem5t>y s*ools t !y h be5 taught read+ 9 ?is s5se8 ,!y h c]ta9ly be5 taught to deciph]2 !y h c]ta9ly be5 giv5 ! ma/]y ( conv]t+ signs into s\nds2 b h !y be5 taught to 8read08 ,at ! mo/ x might be conc$$ t !y are p>tially taught to read--t is to say t !y h a p>tial k ( read+2 ! am\nt be+ limit$ by ! ext5t ( _! acqua9tance ) _! native tongue4 ,= ! re/ !y "k only a trick1 :i* consi/s 9 turn+ signs into s\nds4 ,?us ! neglect ( ,engli% 9 our elem5t>y s*ools to ! advantage ( o!r subjects1 mo/ ( :i* are entirely =gott5 by ! pupils 9 lat] life1 imposes ^u our work+ classes1 n only dumbness1 n only susceptibility to infection by uns\nd op9ion & doctr9e1 b also ! inability successfully to a*ieve self-education by means ( read+1 :5 once ! s*ool c>e] is done4 ,! "q rema9s1 are ^! di/ress+ results suffici5tly c\nt]balanc$ by ! advantages suppos$ to d]ive f ! /udy ( o!r subjects8 ,!re surely c be b "o answ] to ?is "q1 & t is an emphatic negative4 ,:at great] asset c a man h !n a s\nd k ( 8 native tongue8 ,:at sur] safegu>d c\ld be giv5 him aga9/ corruption1 pollution1 false doctr9e1 & inflammatory c\nsels8 ,:at m covet$ p[] c\ld he hope to acquire8 ,&1 above all1 9 ?is age ( loose ?9k+ & ev5 loos] spee*1 :at nobl] *eck c\ld he h ^u ! vag>ies ( 8 fancy or ! intemp]ance ( 8 tongue8 ,x w\ld con/itute 8 greate/ possession1 & x is ! nation's s\nde/ policy to end[ him ) x4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( ,/ate education be admitt$ at all1 x is incumb5t ^u a p to tea* its work+ classes to 8read0 be=e any?+ else1 because read+ 9 itself is at once a l(ty accompli%m5t & ! mo/ c]ta9 means to all o!r accompli%m5ts4 ,among ! ,/ate's =emo/ & ineluctable duties1 !re=e1 is ! tea*+ ( _! native tongue to ! masses4 ,=1 )\t ?is1 read+ is an impossibility4 ,we h se5 h[ social di/urbances--aye1 & ev5 revolutions1 h be5 ! outcome ( falsely int]pret+ a s+le ^w2 we h se5 h[ national disillusionm5t & depression c arise out ( ! pursuit ( ideals t are ultimately f\nd to be p#ada empty1 simply because ! words 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally fram$1 ?\gh capable ( creat+ mu* emotional activity nev] _h any precise mean+4 ,we h se51 moreov]1 h[ difficult x is to ascribe any g5u9e significance to su* popul> decoy words z ,ju/ice1 ,equality1 & ,lib]ty1 ?an :i* no words 9 ! ,engli% language c make a /rong] emotional appeal to a cr[d4 ,if ^! rem>ks h be5 c>efully consid]$1 c !re any long] be any "q conc]n+ ! mo/ vital1 ! mo/ urg5t re=m 9 our educational sy/em8 ,x n[ rema9s to discov] :at modifications w\ld h to be made 9 our elem5t>y s*ool tea*+ 9 ord] to effect ?is re=m4 ,! *ildr5 :o att5d our elem5t>y s*ools "w ab\t #bb h\rs a week--c]ta9ly n m--& !y />t _! s*ool c>e] at ab\t six ye>s ( age1 & f9i% x at f\rte54#bf ,! boys' curriculum at an av]age elem5t>y s*ool consi/s ( ! foll[+ subjects#bg3-- ,engli%1 ,ari?metic1 ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 ,nature ,/udy or ,hygi5e1 ,physics1 ,draw+1 ,s++1 ,physical ,ex]cise1 ,manual ,"w4 ,! read] w only ne$ to glance at ?is curriculum 9 ord] to realise h[ v>i$ ! programme is1 & h[ assidu\sly ! subjects w\ld require to be /udi$ 9 ! eight ye>s ( s*ool life1 9 ord] to leave 9 ! m9ds ( ! s*ol>s a suffici5t k ( !m to be ( use 9 lat] life4 ,eight ye>s1 ) #bb h\rs a week = =ty-f\r weeks#bh a ye>1 & su* a programme6 ,c x be possible = ! boys to acquire any?+ m ?an a m]e smatt]+ ( ea* subject8 ,subtract+ f ! total #bb h\rs1 ! h\r & =ty m9utes p] week allott$ to ,physical ,ex]cise1 !re rema9 tw5ty h\rs & tw5ty m9utes dur+ :i* ,engli%1 ,ari?metic1 ,geography1 ,hi/ory1 ,nature ,/udy or ,hygi5e1 ,physics1 ,draw+1 ,s++ & ,manual ,"w h to be taught to *ildr5 :o rea* s*ool n yet kn[+ h[ to read4 ,& elem5t>y s*ool tea*]s affirm t x is impossible to insi/ on ! *ildr5 do+ any homework4 ,( ^! #bj h\rs & #bj m9utes 9 ,/&>d ,,vii43--,engli% occupies #e h\rs #aj m9s4 p] week1 or #bbg h\rs #bj m9s41 i4e41 #cb sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,?is leaves #ae hrs4 #aj m9s4 p] week = o!r subjects1 & ( ?is total3-- ,ari?metic occupies #d hrs4 #bj m9s4 p] week1 or #aij hrs4 #dj m9s41 i4e41 ab\t #bg sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,geography occupies #b hrs4 p] week1 or #hh hrs41 i4e41 #ab sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,hi/ory occupies #a hr4 p] week1 or #dd hrs41 i4e41 #f sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,hygi5e occupies #cj m9s4 p] week1 or #bb hrs41 i4e41 #c sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,physics1 ! same z ,hygi5e4 ,s++1 ! same z ,hi/ory4 ,draw+ occupies #b hrs4 #de m9s4 p] week1 or #aba hrs41 i4e41 a little ov] #ag sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,recreation & ,regi/ration occupy ! rema9+ #c hrs4 #e m9s4 p] week1 or #aci hrs41 #bj m9s41 i4e41 a little ov] #ai sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,see+ t !re is little or no homework 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 x is obvi\s t none ( ^! subjects1 except1 p]haps1 ,ari?metic1 c be taught suffici5tly well to be ( any use :atev] to ! *ild 9 aft] life4 ,=1 9 ! l[] /&>ds1 al?\gh ! apportionm5t ( "t v>ies some:at1 ! v>iation is n mat]ial4 ,:51 moreov]1 x is rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! boys take #c h\rs a week = ,manual ,"w1 & t ^! h\rs h to be subtract$ f ! "t allott$ to o!r subjects1 x is cle> t ! ultimate result1 9 s f> z t k is conc]n$ :i* repres5ts a p]man5t asset to ! individual1 _c be v satisfactory4 ,9 fact1 take x h[ y w1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ )\t ei!r bitt]ness or malice t elem5t>y education is no?+ m ?an a v exp5sive & v elaborate f>ce4 ,x tea*es ! boys two ?+s t !y und\bt$ly rememb]3 ! trick ( deciph]+ lett]press1 :i* con/itutes !m pur*as]s & read]s ( ! l[e/ & mo/ fatu\s lit]ature t sweat$ lit]>y hacks c produce1 & en\gh ari?metic p#add = !m to ma/] ! ord9>y num]ical problems t may arise 9 ! daily r\t9e ( _! adult lives4 ,( ,hi/ory no?+1 lit]ally no?+1 is rememb]$1 except1 p]haps1 t !re 0 once a k+ :o spoilt "s t>ts 7!y are n q c]ta9 :e!r x 0 ,alfr$ ! ,great or ! ,k+ ( ,he>ts71 & t !re 0 once a mon>* call$ ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,( ,geography only ! vague/ notions are reta9$1 & ^! relate m (t5 to ! _w z a :ole ?an to _! native l&4 ,( ,hygi5e1 ,physics1 n a trace is left--n ev5 a recollection ( ! names ( ! subjects4 ,:ile ,s++ & ,draw+1 except to ! few1 are a pure wa/e ( "t4 ,x is safe to say t ?is is true ( ! majority ( ! s*ol>s1 & s9ce x is ! majority ( ! *ildr5 t con/itute ! great mass ( ! nation1 x is on !m we mu/ conc5trate our att5tion4 ,s9ce ! object ( all our exp5sive elem5t>y s*ool organisation ought to be to imp>t to !m "s valuable k t !y c reta9 ?r\gh\t _! lives1 "s valuable k1 moreov]1 9 ! acquisition ( :i* ! highe/ faculties ( _! m9d w\ld be discipl9$ & tra9$1 surely x w\ld be an advantage 9 ! fir/ place to conc5trate on a few] numb] ( subjects1 & secondly to select only ^? :i* c\ld be ( s]vice to !m 9 lat] life 7= !y are ! only subjects t are ev] rememb]$71 & ?irdly1 to conf9e ! /udy ( ! subject or subjects *os51 z f> z possible1 to ^? limits :i*1 :ile !y gu>antee a solid f\ndation ( le>n+1 all[ ( fur!r p#ade unassi/$ progress :5 once ! s*ool c>e] is ov]4 ,n[ x seems to ! pres5t writ] t no subject 9 ! :ole curriculum ( s*ools answ]s ^! requirem5ts m satisfactorily 9 e way ?an ,engli% itself4 ,x is at once an ideal means ( discipl9+ & tra9+ ! m9d1 ( cl>ify+ ?\ght & ( correct+ vagu5ess & loos5ess ( reason+2 x is an excell5t pres]vative ( natural nobility ( "*1 by op5+ up to ! /ud5t ! :ole treasury ( l(ty ?\ght & s5tim5t t ! language conta9s2 x is a m5tal weapon aga9/ bef\lm5t by pruri5t & o!r delet]i\s influ5ces2 x is an in/rum5t ( criticism t c be employ$ at any mom5t1 9 any cont+5cy1 aga9/ ! appeals ( demagogues1 agitators1 & corruptors ( all k9ds1 & x is a means ( lucid & logical communication1 )\t :i* no man c be said to be safe aga9/ misund]/&+ or confusion4 ,above all--& ?is is its pr9cipal value to-day--a k ( ,engli% is ess5tial to anyone :o wi%es to "k h[ to 8read40 ,n[ :at w\ld be ! ext5t ( ! re=ms requir$ 9 ord] to make our elem5t>y education *iefly a means ( imp>t+ a good & s]viceable k ( ,engli% to ! masses8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*] himself w\ld h to be select$ f a r high] grade ( educationali/s4 ,he w\ld h to be qualifi$ to tea* ,engli% n only by precept b also by example4 ,to-day1 9 ! majority ( cases1 he c\ld n tea* ,engli%1 ev5 if he _h p#adf ! "t4 ,z to express+ a ?\ght 9 good ,engli%1 ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*] & 8 boys are a case ( ! bl9d lead+ ! bl9d4 ,?is is n ! tea*]'s fault4 ,he does 8 be/1 & 9 view ( 8 tra9+1 8 be/ is sometimes v good4 ,:]ev] ! pres5t writ] has be51 moreov]1 he has be5 compell$ to recognise ! effici5cy & consci5ti\sness ( ?is class ( ,/ate (ficial1 & to applaud ! result he obta9s ) ! mat]ial at 8 disposal4 ,nev]!less1 able z he is )9 8 own limits1 ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*] is1 z a rule1 incapable ( tea*+ ,engli%1 & if x is ev] decid$ to ext5d ! programme on ! ,engli% side1 ! tea*] himself w h to be ! object ( ! fir/ re=ms4 ,z reg>ds ! curriculum1 ! *anges w\ld be m simple4 ,to beg9 )1 ! h\rs allott$ to ,ari?metic might well be r$uc$ to a maximum ( ?ree p] week4 ,?is w\ld be ample to enable ! lea/ pr(ici5t s*ol>s to ma/] all ! me?od !y c\ld ev] be expect$ to require 9 aft] life1 & at ! same "t w\ld af=d adequate opportunities = ! detection ( any ma!matical g5ius :o might be lurk+ 9 ! s*ool1 & = ^: case special provision might be made4 ,! "t = ,geography1 ! /udy ( :i* might ) advantage be conf9$ to ! g5]al relations ( ,engl& to ! re/ ( ! _w1 )\t any specialisation 9 home topography1 :i* is inv>iably =gott51 might be r$uc$ to half an h\r a week4 ,hi/ory might be cancell$ altoge!r1 p#adg & ! tea*+ ( ! subject conf9$ to su* hi/orical k z ! s*ol> c\ld n help acquir+ 9 le>n+ ! mean+ ( c]ta9 ,engli% words su* z3 ,pe]1 ,p>liam5t1 ,con/itution1 ,rebellion1 ,regicide1 ,suffrage1 ,re=mation1 ,prime ,m9i/]1 etc4#bi ,hygi5e1 ,physics & ,s++ might also be cancell$ ) advantage1 & ! detection ( specially good voices1 or musical tal5t1 left to t "p ( ! ,engli% lessons giv5 to ! le>n+ ( old ,engli% folk-songs1 canons & ballads4 ,) reg>d to draw+1 x seems ridicul\s t all boys %\ld devote two h\rs #de m9utes p] week to ?is subject4 ,to ?\s&s x mu/ mean ! mo/ intol]able drudg]y4 ,surely "o h\r p] week w\ld be en\gh to reveal any exceptional tal5t 9 ! s*ool1 & = ! tea*] to discov] all ^? :o c\ld n possibly pr(it f ! subject1 ev5 if !y cont9u$ at x to ! end ( _! lives4 ,! latt] c\ld !n be we$$ out ( ! class1 & ! h\r allott$ to draw+1 9 _! case1 c\ld be sacrific$ to ,manual ,"w4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! h\rs set aside = ,manual ,"w1 see+ t x is a =m ( ex]cise1 might be tak5 f ! "t all[$ = ,recreation#cj & ! "t all[$ = ,draw+ 79 ! case ( untal5t$ boys71 or f ! "t all[$ = ,recreation & ! "t all[$ = ,ari?metic 79 ! case ( arti/ic boys74 ,by ?is means x w\ld be possible to add #g hrs4 #dj m9s4 p] week to ! "t occupi$ 9 tea*+ ,engli%1 or #ccg hrs4 #bj m9s41 i4e41 #dh sev5-h\r days p] ye>1 mak+ a gr& total1 ) ! exi/+ h\rs allott$ to ,engli%1 ( #ab hrs4 #ej m9s4 p] week1 or #efd hrs4 #dj m9s41 i4e41 #hj sev5-h\r days p] ye>4 ,al?\gh ?is /ill appe>s to be an exigu\s all[ance1 9 view1 n only ( ! importance ( ! subject1 b also ( ! home influ5ces :i* = a g5]ation at lea/ w\ld prove a s]i\s ob/acle to progress1 x is suffici5t = mu* to be made ( x2 & 9 ?is p]iod1 = sev5 ye>s1 x ought to be possible to give ea* boy a v consid]able ma/]y ( ,engli%4 ,9 any case1 x w\ld enable a f\ndation to be laid ^u :i* subsequ5t self-education c\ld safely repose4 ,! tea*+ w\ld h to consi/ pr9cipally ( ex]cises 9 ! precise mean+ & prop] use ( words1 ! aim be+ to give ea* *ild1 n only a v mu* l>g] vocabul>y ?an t :i* he le>ns at s*ool to-day1 b also a ma/]y 9 ! use ( ea* ^w1 :i* w\ld prev5t bo? confusion 9 expression1 & misund]/&+ 9 read+ or li/5+4 ,good1 c>eful read+ w\ld !re=e be exact$ f all1 & ! excell5ce ( ! p]=mance ( ea* boy w\ld n be judg$ s mu* f ! /&po9t ( glibness or flu5cy1 z f ! ease & accuracy ) :i* he und]/&s ! mean+ ( :at he has read4 ,9 ! process ( tea*+ ! correct mean+ ( words1 ! boys w\ld necess>ily acquire _! /ock ( s\nd & prop] ideas ab\t life & humanity1 because x is impossible to tea* ! mean+ ( c]ta9 ab/ract words relat+ to society & life1 )\t imp>t+ true ideas4 ,?us1 )\t feel+ any ( ! natural repulsion t heal?y boys w\ld in/9ctly feel t[>ds a moral or philosophical lesson1 !y w\ld nev]!less be able to absorb a philosophy ( life1 ! lack ( :i* 9 _! education to-day is "o ( its pr9cipal blemi%es4#ca ,m /ress w\ld also be laid on ! tea*+ ( gramm> ?an is ! cu/om to-day4 ,! pres5t sy/em1 inspir$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 delib]ately neglects gramm>1 & ! results are noticeable 9 e s5t5ce t proce$s f ! lips ( a work+ class *ild4#cb ,s9ce logical expression1 & ! und]/&+ ( ! logical con/ruction ( a long s5t5ce are impossible )\t a complete ma/]y ( ,gramm>1 x is mo/ important t ,gramm> %\ld be prop]ly & specially taught4 ,& ) ,engli% z ! only big subject ( ! s*ool curriculum1 ?is ought to be p]fectly possible4 ,next 9 importance w\ld be ! /udy ( good au?ors 9 & out ( class4 ,! boys w\ld h to le>n to appreciate in/ances ( happy con/ruction1 or apt & vivid expression4 ,9 ,/&>d ,,vi4 & ,,vii41 !y w\ld also be enc\rag$ to call ! tea*]'s att5tion to :at !y ?\ght 0 a misuse or abuse ( words1 ei!r 9 _! fa!r's newspap]1 or 9 any lit]ature ( d\btful quality at home4 ,daily practice 9 accurate expression1 & 9 criticism ( o!r boys' spee*1 toge!r ) ! le>n+ by he>t ( long passages f ! be/ poets1 ! ,bible1 & "s ( ! be/ prose writ]s2 weekly ex]cises 9 composition1 & a rigor\s tra9+ 9 exact def9ition--^! ) a leisurely tra9+ 9 ! be/ old ,engli% songs1 canons & ballads1 w\ld complete a tra9+ t w\ld s5d e *ild =? into ! _w ) at lea/ "o subject ?or\ghly le>n$1 ) at lea/ "o weapon well ma/]$ = ! /ruggle ( life1 & above all ) a m or less c]ta9 gu>antee t he w\ld be immune to ! lure ( vulg> ta/e 9 lit]ature1 & to ! delib]ate deceptions & traps t all ^? quill-driv+ mon/]s1 :o to-day /& en?ron$ ov] ! m9ds & ! he>ts ( our work+ classes1 daily & h\rly prep>e = ! fur!r /ultification & corruption ( _! victims4 ,v soon a m>k$ *ange w\ld come ov] ! nation4 ,its pres5t highly /rung & hy/]ical condition1 :i* has be5 induc$ *iefly by ! s5sationalism ( its vulg> newspap]s & o!r *eap lit]ature1 w\ld yield be=e a m sob] & m dignifi$ /ate ( m9d4 ,n a *ild ^: spirits _h be5 br\ght into vivify+ contact ) ! noble/ ( ! nation's ?\ghts & s5tim5ts1 c\ld help manife/+ signs ( ?is invigorat+ int]c\rse 9 lat] life4 ,among ! meane/ ( !m x w\ld leave beh9d at lea/ ! dim recollection t !re 7 ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? t 7 great] ?an !mselves1 t !re 7 sacr$ & l(ty heights 9 ! intellectual productions ( _! nation1 :i* !y _h once gaz$ ^u z x 7 f af>1 & :ile ?is memory w\ld su/a9 !m 9 _! patriotism & =tify !m 9 _! self-respect1 x w\ld also t5d to *eck t _s ( irrev]5ce = all ?+s :i* is "o ( ! mo/ al>m+ features ( ! ,age4 ,aga91 in/ead ( op5+ ! s*ool gates to let loose a flood ( f\rte5-ye>-old hooligans1 ) no m5tal equipm5t except gutt] sm>tness1 *ildr5 taught 9 ?is p#aeb way w\ld be s5t =? into ! _w possess+ at lea/ a f\ndation ( s\nd k1 a basis ( valuable ideas & pr9ciples conc]n+ life & humanity1 ! b5efit ( :i* !y !mselves & _! neighb\rs w\ld feel at e mom5t ( _! lives4 ,& ?is imm5sely desirable result1 ?is cry+ ne$ ( ! pres5t day1 c\ld be obta9$ at :at co/8 ,at ! co/ ( small smatt]+s ( ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 ,draw+1 ,hygi5e1 & ,physics1 :i* are =gott5 )9 n9e mon?s ( leav+ s*ool1 :i* ev5 rememb]$ w\ld be ( little practical value1 & :i*1 s f> f hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! curriculum ) s]i\s int5t1 appe> r to h f\nd _! way !re by accid5t & to h be5 reta9$ purely f motives ( idle & fruitless display4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bd3 ,ev5 ,john ,locke1 :o1 z a ?9k] 01 9 _m respects1 surpris+ly sup]ficial1 exclaims ) reg>d to education3 8,y w wond]1 p]haps1 t ,i put le>n+ la/1 especially if ,i tell y ,i ?9k x ! lea/ "p40 7,"s ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education74 ,:ile ,ari/otle lays x d[n def9itely3 8,t !re is a sort ( education 9 :i* p>5ts %\ld tra9 _! sons1 n z be+ useful or necess>y1 b because x is lib]al or noble40 7,politics ,,viii41 #e74 ,footnote #be3 ,! ,g]man les5 & ! ,fr5* lire1 bo? h ! same implication4 ,!y bo? imply disc]nm5t1 und]/&+4 ,! old high ,g]man lsan meant to collect ) discrim9ation1 &1 ) ! ,fr5* lire 0 alli$ to ! ,lat9 leg]e1 :i* may mean to *oose1 to pick out1 to s+le out1 & to select1--all actions imply+ disc]nm5t & und]/&+4 ,footnote #bf3 ,!y may n[ cont9ue _! /udies at cont9uation ev5+ s*ools aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 if !y *oose1 & e>n money ! :ile 9 "s daily employm5t4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! girls' curriculum1 into :i* x w n be necess>y to ent] "h1 is v mu* ! same z ! boys'1 except t x excludes ,manual ,"w & ,physics1 & includes ,laundry1 ,cook+ & ,ne$lework4 ,footnote #bh3 ,all ! calculations t foll[ are bas$ ^u ! assumption t eight weeks are all[$ = holidays ea* ye>4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ow+ to ! great importance ( hi/ory 9 inspir+ *ildr5 to ma9ta9 ! traditions ( _! c\ntry1 x is only ) ! greate/ reluctance t ?is subject is n allott$ special h\rs to itself4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 felt t 9 view ( ! %ort space ( ye>s t elem5t>y education cov]s 9 ! life-"t ( ! work+-class *ild1 "s dra/ic prun+ ( ! curriculum mu/ at all co/s be made1 z any?+ 9 ! nature ( a compromise ins]ts ! ?9 edge ( ! w$ge ( sup]ficiality 9 ! tea*+4 ,moreov]1 see+ t ! ,engli% lesson w draw l>gely ^u hi/orical facts = ! explanation ( words1 ! subject _c be reg>d$ z entirely neglect$ 9 ?is programme4 ,footnote #cj3 ,z ! :ole week's "w am\nts only to #bb h\rs1 & !re is no home "w1 boys at an elem5t>y s*ool _c 9 any case be said to be ov]work$1 & !re w\ld be no h>d%ip involv$ 9 curtail+ ! "t all[$ = recreation1 or 9 cancell+ x altoge!r4 ,footnote #ca3 ,x is true t 9 its ,sugge/ions = ! ,consid]ation ( ,tea*]s 7p4 #bh7 ! ,bo>d ( ,education does lay d[n t3 8,"o ( ! fundam5tal purposes ( education is to ensure t ! *ild has an ample fund ( ideas ab\t ! _w 9 :i* x lives1 & t ^! ideas %\ld be1 z f> z may be1 full & exact02 b :at foll[s 7pp4 #bh1 #bi7 is s mean+less & reveals su* an inadequate appreciation ( ! value ( ideas 9 adult life1 t x /ultifies ! value ( ! =ego+4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ibid1 p4 #ci3 8,! m9uti ( ,p>s+ %\ld be completely omitt$4444 ,!re %\ld be no ,gramm> tea*+ ap>t f ! o!r ,engli% lessons1 x %\ld arise naturally out ( ! read+ & composition lessons40 ,"o headma/] ( an elem5t>y s*ool ) :om ! pres5t writ] discuss$ ! "q ( ,p>s+1 decl>$ t he greatly regrett$ t x _h be5 dropp$4 p#aec ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,social ,,re=m#cc 8,?+s are s bad t1 to h any g5u9e insight to-day1 any special human feel+ to-day1 means p]=ce to devote ^! gifts to ! social problem1 in/ead ( to art & beauty4 ,t is ! curse ( hav+ be5 born 9 ?is ,age40--,extract f a novel ( la/ ye>4 ,a c]ta9 unaffect$ hopelessness *>act]ises ! mood ( mod]n m51 = :i* x is difficult to f9d an adequate cause4 ,!re is a pessimism rife to-day1 :i*1 f> f be+ a pose or a pret5ce1 lies s deeply imb$d$ 9 ! he>ts ( mo/ p1 t x is _! con/ant ef=t to conceal1 r ?an to proclaim x1 :5 !y are 9 ! pres5ce ( _! fell[s4 ,a *e]ful smile1 a laugh t s\nds l m]rim5t1 a vivaci\s & buoyant mann]--^! outw>d signs ( unruffl$ gaiety may n[ be simulat$ by m5 :5 !y are 9 company2 !y may ev5 be enjo9$ ^u all z social etiquette2 b :5 once he is left to himself1 mod]n man smoo!ns out 8 laugh-wr9kl$ *eeks1 compresses 8 relax$ lips1 & ab&ons himself to t attitude ( m9d n[ p]haps z univ]sal z x is secret1 :i* = lack ( a bett] t]m we may describe z settl$ despond5cy4 ,among ! cultivat$ ?is attitude rema9s m or less a private conc]n ( ! individual4 ,! ?9k+ man1 unlike ! savage1 does n beat 8 wife & *ildr51 or blame 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s1 if he feels hopeless4 ,he kn[s ! cause is probably m remote ?an ! behavi\r ( 8 ki? & k91 or circle ( fri5ds2 & ?\gh he may be z incapable z ! savage ( f9d+ ! true cause1 he )holds 8 ang]1 or po/pones ! expression ( 8 gloomy ?\ghts until su* "t z _! true cause becomes app>5t to him4 ,among ! uncultivat$1 h[ev]1 ?is mood ( gloom or ( conv9c$ despair1 h>b\r+ z x does 9 m9ds t are less incl9$ to be philosophical1 r5d]s !m litigi\s & v9dictive4 ,"s "o or "s circum/ance n too remote mu/ be responsible1 x is ?\ght1 = _! peevi%ness2 !y !re=e become irascible & angry1 & seek to v5t _! sple5 on t p]son or ?+ :i*1 on ! /r5g? ( its proximity alone1 appe>s to be ! imm$iate cause ( _! ill-hum\r4 ,conditions t satisfi$ !m !ret(ore n[ become insuff]able & mu/ be *ang$2 prospects t smil$ ^u !m =m]ly n[ appe> too black to be fac$ ) calm4 ,pleasure--or r di/raction--is s\ght fev]i%ly1 glutton\sly1 until1 s9ce x leaves !m /ill ) ! old lang\r at _! he>ts1 x also is reject$ z "p ( ! g5]al conspiracy to depress _! spirits4 ,no?+ pleases1 no?+ beckons4 ,! same a*+ c]ta9ty ( discont5t always returns1 :atev] else may g4 ,:5 a nation feels l ?is1 :5 a p#aee :ole cont95t feels l ?is1 !re arises :at politicians are pleas$ to call a /ate ( 8social unre/40 ,by giv+ x a "n x is hop$ presumably t x w be expla9$ away4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev] accurate ! t]ms ( a description may be1 !y d no?+ t[>ds help+ to remove ! tr\ble !y describe4 ,b 9 ?is p>ticul> case x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! words 8social unre/0 =m ev5 an accurate description4 ,a society t is at re/ is n necess>ily ! ultimate desid]atum4 ,a society t is n at re/ _c !re=e be necess>ily bad4 ,on ! contr>y1 social unre/ has be5 *>act]i/ic ( all ! greate/ & mo/ f]tile mom5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,:at c\ld h be5 m unre/ful ?an ! p]iod t witness$ ! spread ( ! ,roman p[]1 or ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance8 ,to call ! pres5t p]iod simply "o ( social unre/ !re=e does n ev5 give u an inkl+ ( ! true & al>m+ symptom ( ! tr\ble--! settl$ despond5cy t is invad+ all he>ts4 ,by ! phrase 8social unre/10 we might1 = in/ance1 be l$ to suspect t ! second>y & p>ticul> symptoms ( ! tr\ble 7 ! prim>y & g5]al symptoms4 ,:at are ! second>y & p>ticul> symptoms ( ! tr\ble8 ,lab\r's g5]al & det]m9$ dissatisfaction ) ! conditions ( lab\r all ov] ,europe4 ,suppose we accept ! second>y z ! prim>y symptoms1 h[ c we !n acc\nt = ! deep pessimism & gloom ( ! cultivat$--n m]ely ^? among ! cultivat$ :o fe> !y may lose by p#aef ,lab\r's attitude1 b ^? :o are dis9t]e/$ en\gh to fe> no?+ except ! incurable cank] at _! he>ts8 ,c !y truly be said to %>e ,lab\r's g5]al & det]m9$ dissatisfaction ) ! conditions ( lab\r all ov] ,europe8 ,lab\r's dissatisfaction1 !re=e1 _c possibly be a prim>y symptom4 ,x is only ! prolet>iat's adaptation to ! prim>y symptom2 j z h$onism1 neura/h5ia1 lunacy & fr5zi$ int]e/ 9 new-fangl$ cre$s & movem5ts1 may be ! cultivat$ man's adaptation to ! prim>y symptoms4 ,to call ! pres5t /ate ( affairs simply social unre/ is to magnify unduly a second>y & p>ticul>1 into ! importance ( a prim>y & g5]al1 symptom4 ,:atev] ! subsequ5t adaptation to x may be1 ! true prim>y symptom mu/ be common to bo? classes1 ! lab\r+ & ! employ+ classes1 & t true prim>y symptom1 x is "h sugge/$1 is ! mood ( unaffect$ hopelessness t *>act]ises all mod]n m54 ,& s9ce1 z a prim>y symptom1 x is common to all m51 x mu/ h a common cause4 ,d\btless a good deal ( x may be easily acc\nt$ = 9 ! mann] outl9$ at ! op5+ ( ,*apt] ,i4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 physical & spiritual we>9ess d n ne$ to la/ v long 9 ord] to induce ! mo/ /ubborn dejection2 & s9ce !re c be no d\bt t1 z ! result ( life's pres5t unprec$5t$ complexity & breakneck spe$1 mod]n m5 ( all classes are suff]+ f physical & p>ticul>ly n]v\s exhau/ion1 we might reasonably p#aeg expect to f9d depression z "o ( its accompany+ features4 ,to ! pres5t writ]1 h[ev]1 ! recognition ( ?is modicum ( melan*oly t mu/ be f\nd ev]y:]e w$d$ to bodily & spiritual we>9ess1 al?\gh important1 does n seem suffici5t to expla9 ! univ]sality ( ! pres5t exi/5ce ( secret l[ spirits4 ,x seems to him t a deep] cause mu/ be s\ght2 = x has come to 8 own1 z x mu/ h come to o!r p's notice1 t ! l[ spirits 9 "q are to be f\nd ev5 :]e ! h>ass+ complications ( life & ! pres5t high spe$ ( life are lea/ (t5 & lea/ sev]ely felt4 ,x is z if a s5tim5t1 & n a mat]ial cause 7 ! *ief s\rce ( ! pessimism t we are n[ consid]+4 ,&1 s9ce ?is pessimism is ev]y:]e rife1 x mu/ be suppos$ t ! s5tim5t also is univ]sal1 & mu/ h prec$$ ! =m] 9 all m5's he>ts4 ,z to ! precise nature ( ?is suppos$ s5tim5t1 !re may be v>i\s & ev5 conflict+ op9ions2 ! hypo!sis fav\r$ "h1 h[ev]1 is ! foll[+3-- ,! s5tim5t t is n[ lodg$ 9 all ,european he>ts1 irrespective ( class or c\ntry1 & is responsible = ! gloom t has desc5d$ ^u all nations1 is a comp\nd ( deep & bitt] disappo9tm5t on ! "o h&1 ) ! suspicion ( hav+ be5 dup$ & left /r&$ on ! o!r4 ,!re is a feel+ t ! lead+ ideals by :i* our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs guid$ _! lives1 & to :i* we1 :o 7 born 9 ! la/ c5tury1 also aspir$1 h prov$ false ideals4 ,&1 c\pl$ ) ?is p#aeh feel+1 !re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! gr[+ conviction t we %\ld h done bett]1 & %[n ourselves m exp]t 9 manag+ our affairs1 if1 in/ead ( try+ to act up to ^? ideals1 we _h r5\nc$ !m altoge!r2 & secondly1 t n[ t we see ourselves compell$ to ab&on ^! old ideals1 we are /r&$ )\t any guid+ pr9ciples :atsoev]4 ,! old ideals h prov$ wor?less & ev5 dang]\s1 & we are !re=e ab&on+ !m2 b no new ideals h be5 creat$ to take _! place4 ,x is ?is feel+ t n[ con/itutes ! disease 9 all m5's he>ts--! feel+ ( ! enlight5$ *ild ( besott$ & deg5]ate p>5ts1 :o1 look+ back ^u !m calmly & dispassionately 9 8 maturity1 is a%am$ ( ! guileless filial passion he once felt = !m 9 8 *ildhood1 & yet kn[s himself to be t]ribly cold & alone 9 8 spiritual orphanage4 8,progress10 t t\ghe/ among our gr&fa!rs' & fa!rs' ideals1 has be5 ! la/ to p]i%2 b ) x p]haps w5t our /\te/ hopes & our firme/ beliefs4 ,we h n[ buri$ x1 to ! accompanim5t ( ! grave/ d\bts conc]n+ n m]ely :e!r we are bett]1 or bett] (f1 ?an ! m5 ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 b also :e!r we are bett]1 or bett] (f ev5 ?an ! ,cro-,magnon m5 :o liv$ ?irty ?\s& ye>s be=e ! pres5t era4 ,to ^? :o c\ld believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( an all-p[]ful1 b5efic5t deity--& :i* ( u _h gr&fa!rs or fa!rs :o did n8--!re 0 some?+ supremely p#aei logical & inevitable 9 ?is idea ( ,progress4 ,h[ c\ld life fail to improve see+ t a b5efic5t deity 0 controll+ x1 & mu/ !re=e be direct+ all ?+s t[>ds a common good8 ,b n[ ! objections to ?is belief sc>cely require to be /at$4 ,ev]ybody kn[s1 ev]ybody sees1 t x mu/ be wrong4 ,& ^? exceptional p ^: m9ds & eyes /ill ne$ "s assi/ance be=e !y feel able to reject x1 h only to exam9e c]ta9 /ati/ics 9 ord] to become assur$ t _! cons]vatism is )\t f\ndation4 ,& h[ _m ideals h n gone ! same way z 8,progress08 ,:o believes 9 8,democracy0 n[adays8 ,:o believes 9 ,p>liam5t>y ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ultimate triumph ( ,altruism1 9 ! ,bro!rhood ( mank9d1 9 ,univ]sal ,suffrage8 ,9 %ort1 :o believes 9 ! desirability ( ! :ole ( ,we/]n civilisation1 or ( its ext5sion to c\ntries t are /ill uncontam9at$ by x8 ,h[ c\ld ! contemplation ( su* a hecatomb ( p]v]t$ ideals fail to create despond5cy1 see+ t despite ! lack ( o!r ideals to take _! place1 & ev]ybody's horror at :at has occurr$1 e sane man 9 e civilis$ l& is conv9c$ t1 _h ! hecatomb n already be5 made1 he w\ld h be5 compell$ to pile x up ) 8 own h&s8 ,p]haps x may s\nd to "s an unw>rantable assumption to ma9ta9 t a complete negation ( ! beliefs ( a =m] c5tury--aye1 & 9 "s cases1 ( a =m] p#afj mill5ium--necess>ily con/itutes a /ate ( deep di/ress4 ,^? :o ent]ta9 ?is view c only be recomm5d$ to pond] ! enorm\s influ5ce t /rong1 deep-root$ beliefs play 9 ! lives ( l>ge communities1 p>ticul>ly :5 ^! beliefs con/itute ! v confid5ce1 tru/ & fai? :i* su* communities feel 9 ! wor?9ess & ! value ( _! common aims & endeav\rs4 ,%ake ^! beliefs1 & ! en]gy :i* !ret(ore _h be5 direct$ ev5ly t[>ds a c]ta9 b\rne1 a def9ite goal1 f9ds itself damm$ up or lo/ on ! high road2 remove !m altoge!r1 & x is n impossible t ! v g5]ation ( en]gy itself w cease4 ,p become li/less1 indol5t1 hopeless2 & ! acute /age ( dang] is soon rea*$ :5 ev]yone cries op5ly or 9 8 he>t3 8,:at is ! good ( x all8 ,cui bono80 ,! rep]cussion ( ?is /ate ( di/ress ^u language has already be5 discuss$4 ,x is cle> t1 ) ! loss ( guid+ ideals & beliefs1 ! important lead+ words connect$ ) ^! ideals & beliefs become entirely mean+less & devoid ( any di/9ct associations4 ,9 addition to f9d+ himself completely a/ray1 !re=e1 mod]n man's =lorn condition is complicat$ by s]i\s bewild]m5t4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! words :i*1 ow+ to _! long association ) deep-root$ beliefs & guid+ ideals1 /ill /imulate great emotional excitem5t 9 him1 h no correspond+ mean+ 9 reality--9 fact1 h no mean+ at all4 ,! s\nds rema91 & f %e] habit evoke c]ta9 s5sations2 b ! p#afa beliefs :i* gave ^! s\nds "s reality h dep>t$4 ,?us ev5 ! lea/ s5sitive man ( ! pres5t age1 has gradually become consci\s ( no long] hav+ any secure foot+4 ,! gr\nd "u 8 feet seems to be slipp+ away & he ?r[s out 8 arms desp]ately to cat* at "s support4 ,deep1 almo/ rancor\s disappo9tm5t1 c\pl$ ) ! suspicion t he has be5 dup$ & left /r&$--?is comp\nd1 x is sugge/$1 con/itutes ! s5tim5t :i* is n[ lodg$ 9 ! he>t ( e ,european4 ,& x is ?is s5tim5t :i* is ! cause ( ! pres5t univ]sal & /ubborn pessimism 9 all c\ntries :]e ,we/]n civilisation prevails4 ,un=tunately ! only cure = ?is k9d ( *ronic melan*oly is ! promulgation ( new beliefs1 new goals1 new values4 ,a new fai? is p]haps ! mo/ cry+ ne$ ( all4 ,b :]e are ! great m5 ( to-day :o c\ld und]take ?is task8 ,9 ! masses1 or prolet>iat1 ( all c\ntries1 ?is pessimism1 aris+ out ( ! s5tim5t analys$ above1 expresses itself1 z is only natural1 9 ! mo/ irreconcilable discont5t4 ,:at does ! man 9 ! /reet "k ( remote causes1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are spiritual8 ,z we h already h9t$ above1 mat]ial causes are ! fir/ he ?9ks (2 because !y are ! fir/ t lie to h&4 ,& :51 moreov]1 he f9ds e self-seek+ agitator ready to prove t mat]ial circum/ances are ! cause ( 8 tr\ble1 h[ c he any long] d\bt t "h inde$ he has trac$ 8 mis]y to its s\rce8 p#afb ,?us among ! masses1 ! prevail+ pessimism takes ! =m ( an economic /ruggle1 :i* has little or no?+ to d ) ! actual am\nt ( happ9ess or unhapp9ess t is to be ga9$4 ,& 9 ! leisur$ classes1 ! same affliction is lead+ to mad h$onism1 neura/h5ia1 lunacy1 & a ?ir/ = new religions & movem5ts1 :i* is frequ5tly out ( all proportion to ! sanity ( ! int]e/s ^! h to (f]4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! masses1 ow+ to ! m precise nature ( _! dem&s 7always conf9$ to ! economic field & nev] t\*+ ^u spiritual ne$s7 & also to ! great] volume ( _! clam\r1 h succe$$ 9 direct+ ! att5tion ( all w\ld-be re=m]s ^u !mselves1 ! cultivat$ also1 p>tly hypnotis$ by ! insi/5ce ( ! prolet>iat's outcry1 h made ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t 9 mat]ial re=ms alone c salvation be f\nd4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( new ideals1 s\nd beliefs1 & a great new fai?1 t w\ld once aga9 knit mod]n mank9d toge!r 9 a unit$ ef=t & a common aim1 n only ! prolet>iat1 b also l>ge numb]s ( ! cultivat$ classes1 h come to ! conclusion t x is 9 economic *anges t a recov]y ( ! joie de vivre is to be f\nd4 ,& su* ideals z ,communism1 ,socialism1 & ,bol%evism1 :i* are purely economic 7i4e41 mat]ial71 9 _! objects & me?ods1 are n[ held up z panaceas = ! ills ( ! :ole _w4 ,to suppose1 h[ev]1 t economic *anges alone w make any diff]5ce to ! pres5t p#afc deep depression ( man1 is to misund]/& ! :ole nature ( 8 tr\ble4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! analysis conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs2 if ! diagnosis ( mod]n pessimism :i* x (f]s is n entirely wrong & beside ! m>k1 x is obvi\s t economic *anges1 h[ev] dra/ic1 c & w d no?+ to alleviate ! /ate ( di/ress 9 :i* ev]ybody :o lives :]e ,we/]n civilisation prevails1 n[ f9ds himself4 ,improve ! conditions ( ! indig5t h[ y w1 elevate ! /&>d ( liv+ z high z y *oose1 y are nev]!less p[]less to r$uce ev5 by "o gu% ( te>s1 ! mis]y & discont5t t prevails among all classes 9 ! mod]n civilis$ _w1 unless y und]/& & c deal ) ! m pr(\nd & m complicat$ spiritual cause t lies at ! root ( ?is mis]y4 ,nobody 9 8 s5ses d5ies t !re is yet room = improvem5t 9 ! /&>d ( liv+ among l>ge sections ( ! prolet>iat2 nobody :o has /udi$ ! "q d\bts = "o in/ant t ! conditions ( ! indig5t are frequ5tly directly conducive to bo? physical & spiritual disease1 & !re=e t !y require modification2 b to suppose t ! ne$ = ?is dep>tm5tal improvem5t is suffici5tly press+ & promis+ ( good f>-rea*+ results1 to ju/ify ! upheaval ( ! :ole ( ! exi/+ sy/em ( life1 is to confess y\rself s completely fasc9at$ & hypnotis$ by a p>ticul> aspect alone ( mod]n unhapp9ess1 z x is manife/$ 9 "o p>ticul> section ( society1 z to h rema9$ bl9d p#afd to all o!r aspects ( x :i* are to be obs]v$ 9 o!r sections4 ,po/]ity w c]ta9ly look back ^u ?is ,age z an epo* 9 :i* !re exi/$ b "o really /rong obsession4 ,x w recognise t 9 matt]s ( religion we 7 indep5d5t1 individuali/ic1 disunit$1 & scatt]$4 ,x w also see t 9 ! doma9 ( art1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce1 div]g5ce ( op9ion1 to ! ext5t ( op5 civil w>1 0 g5]al & commonplace4 ,on "o "q1 h[ev]1 x w be compell$ to ackn[l$ge our complete unanimity & concord1 & t "q is ,social ,re=m4 ,all classes & all political p>ties at ! op5+ ( ! #bj? c5tury 9 ,great ,brita9 w be decl>$ to h be5 solidly b5t on a*iev+ ?is "o object2 & = "s obscure reason1 :i* p]haps w = ev] rema9 a my/]y ev5 to an enlight5$ po/]ity1 t social re=m w be *>act]is$ z hav+ _h 9 view always ! amelioration ( b "o section ( ! community--! poor] section1 f ! /&po9t ( mat]ial weal?--t is to say1 t x 0 c]ta9ly a d[nw>d glance1 a d[nca/ eye1 t con/itut$ ! attitude ( its mo/ f]v5t advocates & _! foll[]s4 ,subsequ5t g5]ations1 if !y are suffici5tly philosophical1 w p]ceive ! error "h1 )\t p]haps be+ able to expla9 x4 ,x may be possible n[1 h[ev]1 to =e/all _! speculations & to %$ ^u ! "q "s light t may be helpful to !m4 ,x has be5 said t mis]y is at pres5t p#afe g5]al1 t x runs ?r\gh all classes 9 all c\ntries4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is mis]y has its root 9 a s5tim5t :i* is a comp\nd ( rancor\s disappo9tm5t & ! feel+ t we h be5 dup$ & left /r&$4 ,?is s5tim5t has be5 trac$ to ! failure & demon/rat$ empt9ess ( all ! lead+ beliefs & ideals ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ev5 be=e t4 ,n[ ! p>ticul> expression ( ?is mis]y :i* is at pres5t giv5 by ! m indig5t sections ( ! community1 is discont5t ) _! condition1 lead+ to an economic /ruggle4 ,! expression ( ?is mis]y :i* is at pres5t giv5 by ! weal?i] sections ( ! community consi/s 9 an unusually fi]ce =m ( h$onism1 insanity1 neura/h5ia1 & religi\s mania4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 ! cure = ! mis]y :i* is be+ recomm5d$ by ! prolet>iat & 9 ! g5]al t]ms ( :i* l>ge numb]s ( ! plutocracy are already acquiesc+1 is ,social ,re=m1 :i*1 9 its m mod]ate guise1 aspires simply to ! elevation ( ! /&>d ( liv+ among ! lab\r+ classes2 & 9 its extreme =m 7z 9 ,russia1 = in/ance7 envisages ! ov]?r[ ( ! pres5t sy/em 9 fav\r ( ,communism1 ,socialism1 or ,bol%evism4 ,n[ ev5 if ! analysis ( mod]n mis]y giv5 above 7 only approximately accurate1 x mu/ be pla9 t3-- 7#a7 ,to set out to relieve ! mis]y ( only "o section ( ! community--! p#aff poor] section--:5 all ! community is unhappy1 am\nts obvi\sly only to attempt+ a p>tial cure1 9 fact to conc]n+ "o's self only ) "o aspect & second>y manife/ation ( ! g5]al tr\ble4 7#b7 ,to conc5trate ^u social re=m1 ev5 9 its mo/ mod]ate =m1 is to assume t :i* has yet to be demon/rat$3 t an improvem5t 9 ! mat]ial conditions ( ! prolet>iat is really all t ! _w wants 9 ord] to recov] happ9ess4 7#c7 ,to suppose t any su* purely mat]ial or economic re=m z ,communism1 c effect a complete cure all r\nd1 is to assume t ! causes ( mod]n unhapp9ess are purely mat]ial or economic--an assumption :i*1 s f> f be+ support$ by ! facts1 has all ! evid5ce ( ! unhapp9ess ( ! weal?y classes aga9/ x4 ,n[ let ^! objections be tak5 "o by "o 9 _! ord]1 & consid]$ m fully4 7#a7 ,is x1 or is x n a fact1 t all classes1 ri* & poor alike1 are n[ suff]+ f deep spiritual depression8 ,if x is a fact1 x is obvi\sly ridicul\s & unfair to attempt ev5 along economic l9es 7t is by mat]ial re=ms alone7 to alleviate ! pa9 only ( "o class2 & ! conc5tration ( att5tion ^u prolet>ian unhapp9ess1 con/itutes an absurd & utt]ly unju/ifiable obsession4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n a fact t all classes are suff]+ equally f deep spiritual depression1 a some:at =midable array ( unpleasant facts are left utt]ly unexpla9$ p#afg & unco-ord9at$4 ,^! are3 ! /eady spread ( apa?y1 cynicism1 li/lessness & recklessness--always signs ( great unhapp9ess--among ! weal?y classes2 ! fr5zi$ se>* = new cre$s1 new movem5ts1 new int]e/s1 h[ev] *ildi%1 always a sign ( despair2 & ! unceas+ pursuit ( pleasure among ! non-religi\s sections ( ! weal?y classes--a sign ( int5se bor$om1 we>9ess & gloom4 ,n[ x is only due to ! *>act]i/ic obtus5ess & %all[ness ( ?is ,age1 t no att5tion has be5 paid to ! unhapp9ess ( ! weal?i] classes1 :i* 9 _m in/ances is v sev]e inde$2 & x is due to ! absurdly exalt$ notion ( _! pre/ige1 & _! own extravagant e/imate ( _! dignity1 t !y !mselves h n made m clam\r to call ! att5tion ( ! community to _! mis]y4 ,lab\r+ "u ! utt]ly unsupport$ mod]n belief t :]e economic conditions are s\nd1 ev]y?+ is s\nd1 we d n f9d ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* organis+ missions to ! mansions ( ! weal?y 9 ord] to make sure t _! spiritual life is heal?y & free f ! blights ( gloom & despair2 obsess$ z ev]yone is by ! suppos$ inaccessibility ( weal? to ! common spiritual di/emp]s ( ! ,age1 we nev] he> ( *>itable *>wom5 und]tak+ a c\rse ( di/rict visit+ to ! wom5 ( ! weal?i] classes1 9 ord] to inve/igate ! cause ( _! despond5cy & to help !m to ov]come x4 ,& yet1 /range z su* a proc$ure w\ld s\nd to mod]n e>s1 is x really s palpably (f5sive to good s5se8 ,! v fact p#afh t mo/ p w\ld suspect a man ( jok+ :o recomm5d$ su* action1 %[s conclusively h[ f> we are f realis+ ! ext5t ( ! spiritual mis]y1 besott$ness & turpitude prevail+ among our weal?i] classes4 ,is ?is mis]y to be left entirely susp5d$ 9 ! air by ! propos$ economic re=ms ( ! com+ era8 ,z a symptom x has be5 %[n t ! unhapp9ess ( ! weal?i] classes is z important & significant z any o!r ph5om5on ( mod]n times4 ,d p really suppose t c]ta9 economic *anges1 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! poor1 are go+ to set ! :ole _w "r1 includ+ ! *ronic unhapp9ess ( ! pres5t weal?y classes8 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is unhapp9ess ( ! weal?y has a deep root1 & t at its root x jo9s ) ! unhapp9ess ( ! indig5t4 ,h[ c any t9k]+ at mat]ial conditions possibly be expect$ to rea* t root8 ,if social re=m]s _h _! way1 if 9 _! sup]ficial analysis ( mod]n mis]y1 !y 7 all[$ to proce$ ) _! 8improvem5ts10 ! *anges !y w\ld be able to br+ ab\t w\ld leave absolutely intact ! :ole ( ! major cause ( ! tr\ble t obsesses !m4 ,9 a trice ! 8improv$0 conditions w\ld become habitual conditions1 & !n1 once ! div]sion _h sp5t its =ce1 ! old unhapp9ess w\ld return ) possibly ev5 great] malignity4 ,anybody :o d\bts ?is is invit$ to dwell on ! economic improvem5ts already a*iev$ among ! poor] classes ( ! nation1 & to assess ! proportionate p#afi am\nt ( increas$ happ9ess t has accompani$ !m4 7#b7 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,george ,giss+1 ?an :om no ,engli% writ] 0 bett] qualifi$ to speak ) au?ority on ! "q ( ri* & poor1 made ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,a be+ ( sup]ior intellig5ce reg>d+ humanity ) an eye ( p]fect und]/&+ w\ld discov] t life 0 enjoy$ e bit z mu* 9 ! slum z 9 ! palace40 ,9 o!r words1 x mu/ h occurr$ to mo/ ?9k+ p t laught]1 if he>d at all1 is he>d q z frequ5tly 9 ! kit*5 z 9 ! draw+-room1--t is to say1 t happ9ess is relative1 & t ! possibility ( ultimate adaptation to all conditions makes ! degree ( happ9ess enjoy$ by ea* human be+ m or less uni=m4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! fact t mat]ial conditions are ! fir/1 :i*1 if con/ant1 cease to be notic$1 & !re=e cease to contribute actively to happ9ess1 mu/ h be5 obs]v$ by mo/ p ( ord9>y acum54 ,x w\ld !re=e con/itute a gross misund]/&+ bo? ( human nature & ( life 9 g5]al1 to suppose t /&>ds ( liv+1 ev5 v mu* l[] ?an ^? ( our pres5t unskill$ lab\r+ classes1 w\ld necess>ily de/roy happ9ess = ^? compell$ to endure !m4 ,&1 conv]sely1 x w\ld con/itute a grave misconception ( ! nature ( happ9ess to suppose t an improv$ /&>d ( liv+ necess>ily br+s happ9ess 9 its tra91 or has any?+ to d ) happ9ess4 ,all ^? :o1 = five ye>s ( ! ,great ,w>1 _h to live on indiff]5t food1 imp]fectly cook$1 s]v$ p#agj 9 inconv5i5t & frequ5tly fil?y qu>t]s1 & on unsightly & grubby ut5sils1 w be> ! pres5t writ] out 9 ?is1 & w agree ) him :5 he says t mat]ial conditions _c possibly be> ! deep causal relation to happ9ess t s _m ?\s&s ( solemn w\ld-be philosoph]s n[ allege4 ,beyond a c]ta9 po9t--t is to say1 :5 once ! possibility ( daily repletion ) :olesome food/uffs1 & suffici5t daily repose has be5 atta9$1 mat]ial conditions1 s f> f be+ conducive to happ9ess or unhapp9ess1 are n ev5 notic$4 ,to improve ! mat]ial conditions ( ! prolet>iat beyond ! /age ( com=table security1 !re=e1 w n & _c increase _! g5]al happ9ess by "o iota4 ,x may urge !m to ! mad h$onism ( ! ri*1 x may drive !m to ! surfeit$ apa?y & neura/h5ia ( ! plutocratic classes & /imulate _! appetite = new-fangl$ cre$s & movem5ts1 b x w n increase _! happ9ess1 nei!r w x d any?+ to alleviate ! mis]y t 0 analys$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ?is *apt]1 "u :i* !y1 l ! weal?i] classes1 are n[ groan+4 7#c7 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole ( ! above reason+ is hopelessly wrong & ev5 vici\s2 tak+ x = grant$1 z _m und\bt$ly w1 t ! mis]y "h alleg$ to be common bo? to ! mod]n ri* & ! mod]n poor1 :i* social re=m _c alt]1 is a pure my?1 an +5i\s fiction1 inspir$ by ! trump]y aims ( reaction alone2 x may /ill be ask$ :e!r ^? :o conc5trate s pa9/ak+ly p#aga ^u mat]ial & economic re=ms1 h satisfi$ !mselves t _! diagnosis ( ! tr\ble is ! correct "o4 ,! implication und]ly+ _! activities & _! programme1 is t mat]ial & economic conditions %\ld be ! pr9cipal conc]n ( all4 ,!y p9 _! fai? to ! amelioration ( ! /&>d ( liv+1 & :e!r !y wi% to a*ieve ?is end by ,communism1 ,socialism1 or ,bol%evism1 !y confess by ! pr9ciples !y adopt1 t !y recognise no o!r av5ue to salvation4 ,b x is surely no quibble to dem& ( !m "s pro( t _! propos$ cures h be5 conceiv$ z ! result ( a scrupul\sly c>eful inve/igation into ! causes ( ! disease4 ,)\t necess>ily incurr+ ! suspicion ( undue prejudice1 x is surely n unreasonable to reque/ !m1 be=e inaugurat+ _! subv]sive re=ms1 to give _! critics "s demon/ration ( ! accuracy ( _! diagnosis4 ,has ?is be5 done8 ,has any conclave ( accr$it$ psy*ologi/s1 ?9k]s & social re=m]s1 ev] sat to delib]ate ^u ! true causes ( mod]n mis]y8 ,& hav+ delib]at$1 h !y publi%$ to ! _w any conclusion to ! effect t ev]y?+ 9 mod]n society except only ! condition ( ! poor1 c be cont9u$ & ma9ta9$ ) impunity1 )\t fe>s ( a recurr5ce ( ! pres5t malady8 ,nobody c cont5d t ! advocates ( social re=m 9 s f> z ?is is conf9$ to mat]ial & economic *anges1 h ev5 satisfi$ !mselves--/ill less ! re/ ( ! _w--t economic causes are ! mo/ pot5t 9 acc\nt+ = ! p#agb mis]y prevail+ 9 ,we/]n ,civilisation4 ,nobody w\ld ev5 argue t !y _h begun to "q ! correctness ( _! mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( 8,social ,unre/10 & s9ce ! re=ms !y propose are dra/ic & de/ructive1 z witness ! ,utopia 9 ,russia1 ! _w has a "r1 & m p>ticul>ly h ! work+ masses 9 all c\ntries a "r1 to insi/ ^u ! disease ( mod]nity be+ ?or\ghly und]/ood be=e x is treat$4 ,x is n claim$ = an in/ant t ! analysis giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt] is necess>ily ! "r "o2 b x is c]ta9ly hop$ t by sugge/+ p]haps a new av5ue ( approa* to ^! problems1 x w n only %[ t !re are m ways ?an "o ( solv+ !m1 b also /imulate ?\ght along l9es n habitually foll[$ by social re=m]s4 ,! pres5t writ] himself is1 at any rate1 conv9c$ ( two ?+s3-- ,fir/1 t social re=m1 ei!r mod]ate or 9 its extreme expression z ,communism or ,bol%evism1 is a mod]n obsession1 result+ f a gratuit\s conc5tration ^u ! mat]ial conditions alone ( "o class only ( ! community2 & t all *anges t are inspir$ by ?is obsession are c]ta9 to be wrong & utt]ly disa/r\s1 see+ t x takes no cognisance ( ! great unhapp9ess t is unconnect$ ) ! /ate ( indig5ce4 ,second1 t ! relation ( happ9ess to mat]ial conditions is a subject ( su* deep misund]/&+ at ! pres5t day t1 at all ev5ts1 re=ms :i* rely too ob/9ately ^u ! accept$ & g5]al p#agc view ( ?is relation1 are sure to lead to ! mo/ di/ress+ blund]s1 )\t reliev+ by "o iota1 ! burd5 ( mis]y t is borne by ! :ole population1 ri* & poor alike4 ,9 conclusion1 ! foll[+ consid]ations may prove ( value 9 reg>d to ! g5]al "q ( social re=m1 & to ! p>ticul> "q ( happ9ess3-- ,! pres5t /ate ( settl$ despond5cy 9 all classes may be ! result ( a numb] ( ag5cies1 ) ! cont9u$ op]ation ( any "o ( :i* x might be fatal to />t a new era ) any hope ( a*iev+ great] happ9ess4 ,! _w has come to its pres5t pass by means ( ! obs]vance ( hundr$s ( values1 among :i* x is possible t ! mo/ unsuspect$ are ! mo/ p[]ful causes ( ! g5]al decl9e 9 ! joie de vivre4 ,= in/ance1 to make a few sugge/ions at r&om1 x is possible t ! g5]al ,european attitude ( tol]ation t[>ds disease1 crippl$om1 cong5ital debility & physical disabilities ( all k9ds1 may be totally wrong4 ,x may be t ! /eady infection ( ! heal?y mass ( ! p by ! c>eful p]petuation1 pres]vation & propagation1 ( ! population's unheal?ie/ elem5ts1 may h act$ z a gradual poison 9 f\r ways3 7a7 z a depress+ spectacle & !re=e z a de/roy] ( joy to ! s5sative2 7b7 z an unnecess>y burd5 ^u ! hale & ! he>ty1 exact+ too heavy a toll f _! en]gy & good spirits2 7c71 z a s\rce ( det]ioration to ! heal?ie/ elem5ts 9 ! race2 & 7d7 negatively1 by mak+ x difficult = ! desirable p]c5tage ( v successful creatures to be p#agd born1--^? creatures :o1 by _! beauty1 grace & wanton spirits1 ennoble life1 by hold+ up a l(ty example ( ,life's highe/ possibilities4 ,x is possible1 t is to say1 t ,humanit>ianism is m]ely an inv]t$ =m ( cruelty2 9 o!r words1 in/ead ( direct+ _! cruelty aga9/ ! undesirable1 humanit>ians direct x aga9/ ! desirable1 & *e]fully sacrifice ! hale & ! he>ty to ! physiologically bot*$4 ,x is also conceivable t democratic in/itutions1 by levell+ competition & rew>ds d[n to ! plane ( ! meane/ atta9m5ts1 h introduc$ a sort ( craft-apa?y1 or eag]ness-mute-/op1 into ! he>ts ( all ^? sup]ior workm5 :o1 along ord9>y unre/rict$ & uncon/ra9$ pa?s1 w\ld h delight$ 9 display+ ! high] gifts t diff]5tiate !m f _! fell[s1 & w\ld ?us h increas$ ! sum ( g5]al happ9ess by _! contribution ( triumphant spirits & ! expression ( _! gratifi$ ef=t4 ,x is possible1 too1 t life 9 v l>ge cities1 l ,london1 ,birm+ham1 ,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 ,ed9burgh1 etc41 by br++ ea* individual man & woman too con/antly into t\*1 9 fact into daily irritat+ contact1 ) ?\s&s ( _! fell[s1--s t 9 ! ?or\ghf>es ( ^! l>ge cities human be+s may truly be said to /& z rank z we$s1--has l$ to a k9d ( semiconsci\s misan?ropy1 :i* /eadily depresses ! joie de vivre1 by de/roy+ ! joy t all %\ld feel 9 ! contemplation & society ( _! fell[s4 ,! /ruggle = room1 = %e] air space1 is sometimes s acute 9 ^! l>ge cities1 & 9 ! fight p#age = unob/ruct$ progression ea* advantage is conte/$ ) s mu* malice & spite1 t x is n extravagant to suppose t a natural & p]fectly in/9ctive impulse to be fri5dly & philan?ropic1 may /ep by /ep1 be turn$ to ! mo/ irreconcilable hatr$ & contempt ( humanity4 ,x is n ev5 impossible = ?is *ange to occur )\t ! p]son 9 :om x has tak5 place be+ 9 ! lea/ consci\s ( ! true causes ( 8 m5tal trans=mation4 ,b ^u conv9c$ misan?ropy ( ?is sort x is impossible to build a happy & cont5t$ community4 ,h5ce possibly a goodly portion ( ! unhapp9ess ( mod]n times 9 l>ge cities4 ,aga9 9 reg>d to ! v alt]native ( philan?ropic or misan?ropic s5tim5t1 9 a well-kn[n passage ( ! moral tea*+ ( mo/ ,europeans1 !re occurs ! fam\s comm& 8,love ?y neighb\r40 ,& !re are n a few s5tim5tali/s :o1 accept+ ?is doctr9e z ! rem$y = all social evils1 proclaim ) full-?roat$ f]v\r1 t if only !re 7 m love 9 ! _w1 all w\ld be well4 ,n[ x mu/ surely h occurr$ to a l>ge numb] ( p1 t if !re is "o human impulse kn[n to all mank9d t responds ) difficulty to ! ^w ( comm&1 x is precisely ! impulse to love4 ,a man may1 by an ef=t ( w1 /op 8 brea?+ & die1--x is said t negro slaves con/antly did ?is 9 ! holds ( humane ,briti% seam5's %ips 9 ! #ah? c5tury2--a man may by an ef=t ( w obey ! comm& to kill himself & unhesitat+ly raise ! means ( suicide to 8 ?roat2--9 ,japan ?is comm& us$ p#agf frequ5tly to be giv5 & z frequ5tly obey$2--b by no ef=t ( w1 h[ev] sev]e ! comm&1 c a man be made to feel ! impulse to love 8 neighb\r4 ,love spr+s spontane\sly 9 ! human brea/4 ,its provocation is inv>iably1 n a ^w ( comm&1 n a behe/1 b ! *>m1 grace1 or o!r p]fection ( an object contemplat$4 ,!re is !re=e little psy*ological insight 9 ! comm& 8,love ?y neighb\r40 ,nobody w\ld d5y t to love "o's neighb\r is an excell5t prescription = happy social life2 b nobody :o 0 n sadly ignorant ( human nature1 or div9ely insul>1 w\ld dream ( attempt+ to a*ieve ?is end by comm&+ x4 ,! only way to set ab\t lov+ "o's neighb\r1 ) b5ignity a=e?\ght1 z x 71 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 to make him loveable4 ,= love is a spontane\s impulse spr++ up 9 ! brea/ ?r\gh contemplation or compreh5sion ( "s *>m+ or o!rwise allur+ object4 ,n[ x is possible t mod]n life1 ) all its besott+1 emasculat+1 & uglify+ occupations1 ) its total abs5ce ( any *eck ^u ! multiplication ( ! unsightly & unsav\ry1 its sickness1 & its second-rate1 ?ird-rate & f\r?-rate heal?9ess1 is pursu+ diametrically ! opposite aim4 ,x is de/roy+ ! /hetic basis ( ! impulse to love2 &1 except :]e sexual attraction is at "w1 r5d]s love ( "o's neighb\r a practical impossibility4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s1 & em95tly unsci5tific1 to ov]look ?is factor 9 ! gradual dis9tegration & unhapp9ess ( mod]n society4 ,= a community 9 :i* all ! p#agg elem5ts fly asund] :5 !y meet1 is unlikely to be ei!r h>moni\s or happy4 ,?us ! increas+ unloveabl5ess ( "o's neighb\r1 z ! result ( ! increas+ ugl9ess & unsav\r9ess ( mo/ ,european populations1 _c be altoge!r disreg>d$4 ,! above are only a few among ! unsuspect$ & possible contributory causes ( mod]n mis]y4 ,x w\ld be easy to cont9ue on ! same l9es at consid]able l5g?1 & fur!r sugge/ions w be made 9 ! la/ *apt]2 b surely1 ev5 at ?is /age1 en\gh has already be5 said1 to p]suade ! ?\ghtful read] t social re=m alone1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood1 bo? 9 its mod]ate & extreme guise1 might be completely & ev5 magnific5tly realis$1 & yet leave "s ( ! mo/ pot5t causes ( despond5cy z fl\ri%+ & z preval5t z ev]4 ,"s ( our mo/ respect$ values lie at ! root ( ! contributory causes j outl9$4 ,w\ld x n be wis]1 be=e />t+ on our wild goose *ase 9 se>* ( new _w ord]s1 to decide :e!r su* values z ^? :i* are radical to ! contributory causes1 are suffici5tly s\nd to be ma9ta9$8 ,= ^! contributory & unsuspect$ causes1 :i* h be5 outl9$ above1 are all supplem5t>y to ! pr9cipal cause analys$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,?us a good deal ( spade "w w\ld appe> to be bo? wise & ev5 indisp5sable1 be=e we c proce$ ) any confid5ce to ! facile solution ( mod]n mis]y1 consi/+ 9 alt]+ our economic p#agh conditions2#cd & ?is spade "w1 :i* seems to ! ?9k] to be little m ?an a measure ( ord9>y prud5ce1 ov]look$ ?\gh x has be5 by ! ,bol%evi/s1 may 9 ! end prove ! v means ( su/a9+ ! success & ensur+ ! p]man5ce ( :atev] economic modifications may subsequ5tly appe> necess>y & advisable4 ,at all ev5ts1 to proce$ along any o!r l9es1 w\ld c]ta9ly mean t a l>ge numb] ( ess5tial & pr9cipal elem5ts 9 ! g5]al causation ( mod]n mis]y1 w\ld run a grave risk ( be+ ov]look$2 x w\ld !re=e mean t ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ^! elem5ts w\ld rema9 to m> any measure ( success t any radical economic re=m might a*ieve1 & w\ld ?us demon/rate to ! :ole _w a fact :i*1 despite ! example ( ,russia1 is by no means suffici5tly cle>3 t social re=m l ,prote/antism 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 l ,puritanism 9 ! #ag?1 & l ,republicanism 9 ! #ah?1 is an obsession1 ! hypnotic p[] ( :i* is out ( all proportion to ! am\nt ( good x c possibly e/abli% by its successful fulfilm5t4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cc3 ,! ideas f :i* ?is essay has be5 develop$ 7 fir/ embodi$ 9 a %ort article call$ ,happ9ess & ,social ,re=m1 contribut$ by ! pres5t writ] to ! 8,ox=d ,=tnightly10 9 ,novemb]1 #aiac4 ,footnote #cd3 ,x w n h escap$ ! c>eful read]'s notice t ! reason :y social re=m & new economic programmes g5]ally h enjoy$ s mu* fav\r1 p>ticul>ly ) ! mass ( sup]ficial mank9d1 is t 9 ! mid/ ( mis]y1 !y seem to (f] imm$iate 8practical0 rem$ies4 ,t ^w 8practical0 is ! passport1 or r ! password1 ( mo/ ( ! /upide/ beliefs & practices t succe$ 9 becom+ popul>4 ,because deep] rem$ies1 & ! deep] causes ( unhapp9ess1 d n occur to ! sup]ficial m9ds ( ! masses 9 all c\ntries1 social re=m1 :i* is palpably obvi\s1 is call$ 8practical0 & !reby canonis$ by ! cr[d4 p#agi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,social ,,unre/ 8,he caus$ ! grass to gr[ = ! cattle1 & h]b = ! s]vice ( man2 t he may br+ =? food out ( ! e>?2 & w9e t make? glad ! he>t ( man 44444 & bread :i* /r5g!ne? man's he>t40 ,psalms1 #ajd1 #ad1 #ae4 ,"o day1 p]haps1 an enlight5$ g5]ation ( hi/orians w arise1 :o w reg>d x z _! mission to in=m mank9d conc]n+ ! repeat$ in/ances 9 ! pa/ :5 *]i%$ romantic illusions alone--q ap>t f economic conditions1 ! vag>ies ( mon>*s1 or ! vici\sness ( laws--h l$ to disa/r\s upheavals1 bo? national & univ]sal1 9 ! life ( ! race4 ,hi/ory has n be5 /udi$ suffici5tly f ! /&po9t ( ideology4 ,! tyranny ( ! individual1 :e!r mon>*1 /atesman or rebel1 /ill rema9s ! obsession ( our writ]s ( national annals4 ,we h yet to see a hi/orical "w 9 :i* ! tyranny ( an idea1 ( a pr9ciple1 & p>ticul>ly ( an illusion1 is trac$ ) meticul\s c>e ?r\gh\t its manifold ramifications2 & 9 :i* ! national1 or univ]sal h]o1 be he soldi]1 politician or insurrectioni/1 is depict$ reali/ically m]ely z ! victim ( t tyranny4 ,su* hi/ory w\ld fail 9 its pr9cipal object if x 7 n und]/ood to tea*1 among o!r ?+s1 ! useful lesson t words & ! ideas !y embody1 :e!r p#ahj false or true1 c become tyrants f> m dang]\s & he>tless ?an any human despot has ev] be51 & if x did n suffici5tly emphasise ! fact t1 a false idea t has be5 made a univ]sal possession1 & ! repres5tative t]m ( :i* has become a h\sehold ^w1 is frequ5tly a sc\rge m t]rible ?an any plague t has ev] yet decimat$ ! species4 ,a *ild w travel "s di/ance & we> itself out 9 ov]com+ any numb] ( ob/acles1 if x be />t$ (f 9 pursuit ( "s allur+ object by someone ^: ^w its exp]i5ce has n yet taught x to d\bt4 ,! allur+ object may be entirely my?ical--no matt]6 ,grant$ t ! object has be5 made to appe> suffici5tly desirable1 ! *ild w pursue its que/1 sometimes ) h]oic p]sev]ance4 ,b is !re anyone prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ! full-gr[n adult w\ld behave any diff]5tly "u ! influ5ce ( simil> inducem5ts8 ,all[+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 & ( adults1 & po/ulat+ = ! adult an object :i*1 ?\gh q z *im]ical z t *os5 = ! *ild1 is yet ( a k9d calculat$ to fire 8 imag9ation1 does anyone really "q :e!r ! adult's pursuit ( x w\ld be fully z eag] & t5aci\s z t ( ! *ild8 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! "t-hon\r$ me?od ( obta9+ vot>ies & adh]5ts = any anti-social s*eme4 ,c]ta9 /ates ( m9d or body are fir/ posit$ by ! agitators1 or w\ld-be re=m]s1 z highly desirable2 !y are !n %[n to be unrealisable 9 ! social s*eme :i* x is p#aha propos$ to de/roy2 & f9ally humanity is told t by de/roy+ ! social s*eme already exi/+1 ^? desirable /ates ( m9d or body w be procur$ & enjoy$4 ,^! hypo!tical /ates ( m9d or body :i* are unrealisable 9 ! social s*eme select$ = de/ruction may be entirely fanta/ic & unrealisable any:]e or h[1 b ?is objection ! agitators d n tr\ble to discuss2 all !y say is3 8,"h we hold up be=e y c]ta9 desirable /ates ( m9d or body0 7call !m1 if y w1 8e!realness0 & 8impond]ability10--qualities t w\ld enable ^? possess+ !m to ov]come gravitation & all its concomittant inconv5i5ces7 8^! desirable /ates ( m9d or body c be obta9$ only by break+ up c]ta9 traditions4 ,break up ^! traditions1 & y w possess !m40 ,x w be se5 at once t ! examples *os51 8e!realness0 & 8impond]ability10 are suffici5tly extravagant to /rike ev5 ! meane/ intellig5ce z be+ absurd1 & an anti-social agitator dep5d+ ^u su* desid]ata alone w\ld /& b a poor *ance ( ga9+ foll[]s4 ,sub/itute ! words repres5t+ ^! vapor\s qualities1 h[ev]1 by ano!r ^w :i*1 ?\gh repres5t+ a quality equally illusory1 nev]!less does n /rike ! av]age man imm$iately z be+ unrealisable1 & ! insidi\s op]ation ( false desid]ata /raightway becomes evid5t4 ,mo/ hone/ political ?9k]s h realis$ by n[1 = in/ance1 h[ vision>y & unreal is ! accept$ notion ( ! reign ( 8,ju/ice0--n ! ju/ice t is adm9i/]$ p#ahb 9 our ,c\rts ( ,law1 or :i* we /rive to ex]cise 9 daily life1 b ! ju/ice imman5te ( ,gambetta1 already discuss$1 9 :i* natural inequalities & _! accompany+ disabilities & inconv5i5ces w be = ev] remov$ or neutralis$4 ,b ! gl>+ impossibility ( ?is desid]atum1 & ! consequ5t mean+lessness ( ! ^w us$ to designate x1 does n seem to h9d] millions f decl>+ !mselves ready to fight & to lose _! blood & _! lives 9 try+ to effect its realisation4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! ideas embodi$ 9 ! words 8,lib]ty10 8,equality10 8,frat]nity10 etc4 ,giv5 suffici5t +5uity 9 ! agitator1 !re=e1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! gr& me?od ( fom5t+ social upheavals is3 7#a7 to po/ulate a /ate ( m9d or body t is impossible 9 ! society :i* x is int5d$ to de/roy--! fact t ! p>ticul> m5tal or bodily /ate w\ld be impossible 9 any society is ei!r judici\sly conceal$1 or else n kn[n to ! agitator2 7#b7 to make ! "n = t p>ticul> /ate ( m9d or body a h\sehold ^w repres5t+ a univ]sal desid]atum2 & 7#c7 to exploit any exi/+ disaffection1 f :atev] cause1 9 ord] to add mom5tum to ! g5]al desire to see ?is hypo!tical /ate ( m9d or body realis$ by fair means or f\l4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to make millions de/roy oppos+ millions1 & viol5ce outrival viol5ce1 )\t anyone becom+ aw>e1 until too late1 ( ! futility ( ! conflict & ( ! crim9ality ( ! hoax4 ,aye1 9 ! exhau/ion & confusion t p#ahc foll[1 p are necess>ily s busy ov]com+ ! multif>i\s difficulties t ! /ruggle has creat$1 t frequ5tly !y h n ev5 ! "t1 mu* less ! composure1 to ask !mselves :e!r !y h really obta9$ t = :i* !y de/roy$ _! fell[s1 _! own homes1 & _! civilisation4 ,x is 9 ?is way t false ideas (t5 escape condemnation & exposure4 ,! tyranny ( words & ! ideas !y repres5t1 :e!r s\nd or uns\nd1 is !re=e obvi\s en\gh2 &1 9 ! hi/ory ( peoples x is ! pr9cipal tyranny ( all4 ,beside x ! tyranny ( individual mon>*s is m]e *ild's play1 & ! de$s ( a national h]o only /age effect4 ,:]e ! ideas h be5 false1 h[ev]1 :]e ! desid]ata /riv5 & /ruggl$ = h be5 :olly *im]ical1 ?is tyranny /&s = ! mo/ prodigi\s romanticism ( human life1--a romanticism :i*1 l all romanticism1 has to be paid = v heavily1 & ! price ( :i* is frequ5tly ! peace1 happ9ess & ord] ( c5turies4 ,n[ ! extreme dang] ( ! exi/+ ideology ( ,europe & ,am]ica is t x is full to bur/+ ) romanticism precisely ( ?is k9d1 & t 9 its catalogue ( *im]ical hopes1 objects1 & desid]ata1 !re is also _m a belief ^u :i* x is impossible to base a s\nd code ( conduct4 ,! romanticism ( ! ideology ( ,we/]n ,civilisation c be se5 9 no feature ( mod]n life m pla9ly ?an 9 ! mann] 9 :i* mod]n man approa*es ! problems ( 8 ,age4 ,! simple1 ! obvi\s1 p#ahd ! elem5t>y solution1 ! solution ne>e/ to h&1 is nev] ! fir/ to be tri$2 frequ5tly x is n ev5 select$4 ,we/]n ,society believes 9 ma*9]y 9 e =m1 x !re=e approa*es ev5 its problems me*anically--t is to say1 ) in/rum5ts :i*1 f> f be+ primitive or human1 are frequ5tly s ?or\ghly unfitt$ to deal ) ! social wants & ailm5ts ( ! "t 7all ess5tially primitive & human 9 _! nature7 t !y actually aggravate & complicate ^! ailm5ts & wants4 ,mu* ( ?is sup]ficiality 9 /atesman%ip is due1 ( c\rse1 n s mu* to ! prodigi\s romanticism ( ! ,age1 z to ! m$iocrity ( ^? :om democratic repres5tation & ,p>liam5t>y me?ods br+ to ! =e4 ,a majority mu/ consi/ ( m$iocre p1 & m$iocre p _c ex]cise judgm5t except 9 a m$iocre way4 ,! p]son select$ by m$iocrities to repres5t !m mu/ !re=e be a man capable ( appeal+ to su* p1 t is to say1 a creature entirely devoid ( g5ius ei!r = rul+ or = any o!r function4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all he ne$ possess is a ?ird-rate actor's gift = h>angu+ 8 electors ab\t matt]s !y c easily grasp1 9 language calculat$ to /imulate _! emotions1 & he mu/ be gu>ante$ to hold or to express no orig9al or exceptionally intellig5t views4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is m$iocrity bo? ( insight & initiative1 obs]ve ! attitude ( ,we/]n ,gov]nm5ts to ! ph5om5on kn[n z ,social ,unre/4 ,x is ei!r "o ( complete my/ification1 or else economic p#ahe rem$ies alone are ?\ght ( & appli$4#ce ,) ! example ( ,bol%evik ,russia be=e !m1 ,we/]n ,gov]nm5ts h d\btless le>nt ?is easy lesson1 t a p :o h en\gh to eat are immune aga9/ revolution>y doctr9e1 & !re=e t all que/ions ( grave dome/ic disord] are prim>ily physical4 ,x might be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ?is fir/ /ep 9 wisdom w\ld h l$ !m /ill fur!r afield1 & ev5 direct$ _! att5tion to "s ( its less obvi\s consequ5ces4 ,=1 if ,bol%evik ,russia tea*es t a well-f$ prolet>iat does n rise 9 revolt1 x also proves1 by implication1 t ! condition ( ! human body is an all-important factor to be reckon$ ) 9 dome/ic tr\bles4 ,! unit 9 a population manife/+ signs ( acute unre/ may !re=e be exam9$ to "s purpose ) a view to asc]ta9+ 8 physical condition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /ubborn beliefs con/itut+ ! prodigi\s romanticism ( mod]n times1 is1 h[ev]1 a fatal ob/acle 9 ! road lead+ to ?is simple discov]y2 & ?is belief is t ! physical condition ( a man c be indep5d5t ( 8 attitude ( m9d1 & vice v]s4 ,ap>t f ! "o exception to ?is mod]n dogma1 :i* has rec5tly be5 le>nt f ,russia1 & :i* is to ! effect t />vation fom5ts revolt1 ! mod]n m9d is m or less conv9c$ t ! physical condition ( a population is n a v important factor 9 det]m9+ _! political op9ions4 ,true en\gh1 :5 we he> anyone make a false claim1 or pron\nce a h>ebra9$ /atem5t1 we may ask 9 je/1 8,is he well802 b n "o ( u latt]-day ,europeans1 or any creature l u1 is conv9c$ t ! "q is relevant4 ,s9ce we d n approa* ) suspicion any specim5 ( our lit]ature1 our poetry1 our art1 or our philosophy :i* hails f dyspeptics1 cripples1 dypsomaniacs1 or drug-maniacs1 h[ c\ld we reg>d su* a "q z relevant8 ,! absurd levity ) :i* we deal ) ! physical side ( our national life is only "o pro( ( ?is4 ,x requir$ a great w> to prove to our emotional & opportuni/ ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 t ! physical condition ( ! nation 0 inde$ 8appall+10 & x 0 only ! "w ( ! tribunals t br\ght home to him ! ext5t ( our national ill-heal?4#cf ,x may be presum$1 !re=e1 t _h n ! ,great ,w> made ! m$ical exam9ation ( our y\ng] m5 necess>y & imp]ative1 our popul> ,premi] w\ld /ill be 9 ignorance conc]n+ ?is all-important "q4 ,ap>t f actual />vation1 !re=e1 no physical condition is reg>d$ by mod]n man z an important factor 9 ! etiology ( a p's m5tal attitude4 ,& yet we h 9 ! acute social unre/ ( ,engl& alone1 a curi\s ph5om5on1 suffici5tly h>d to expla9 m]ely on economic l9es4 ,= x is n conf9$ to p :o are und]f$ or :o d n "k :]e to-morr['s loaf is com+ f4 ,x is n ev5 root$ 9 !m4 ,we f9d x manife/+ itself pr9cipally among well-paid & p]fectly com=table artisans & skill$ workm5--nay1 x actually orig9ates & draws its greate/ /r5g? f ^! elem5ts 9 ! population4 ,"h1 !n1 is a problem :i* no am\nt ( mat]ial improvem5t 9 liv+ conditions w\ld appe> to hold out any promise ( solv+4 ,& yet ev]yone believes--aye1 ev5 ! re/less prolet>ians !mselves are prep>$ to swe>--t ! tr\ble is *iefly economic2 :ile "s ( ! capitali/ class might sugge/1 9 addition to economic causes1 ,bol%evi/1 ,g]man or ,sociali/ic propag&a or gold4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ! pres5t writ] has h9t$ at a numb] ( causes1 n altoge!r obvi\s1 :i* may lie at ! bottom ( mod]n prolet>ian unre/2 he n[ wi%es to discuss t :i* he reg>ds z "o ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ fundam5tal causes2 & t he sugge/s /raightway is ill-heal? & debility4 ,a jaundic$ view ( life1 a pessimi/ic outlook1 & a g5]al mood ( dissatisfaction ) all ?+s1 may possibly 9 "o or two enlight5$ & pr(\nd ?9k]s1 h a purely intellectual basis4 ,9 su* m5 x may be ! outcome ( a dispassionate & labori\s survey ( mod]n conditions & mod]n aims1 & con/itute a consid]$ judgm5t bas$ ^u ! available data4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x *>act]ises a multitude1 p>ticul>ly a multitude consi/+ l>gely ( p :o nev] 9 any circum/ances =m any?+ b an emotional op9ion on any matt]1 x is simply wanton prejudice p#ahh & romanticism n to suspect & n to presuppose a p>tly physiological cause = ! condition4 ,! fact t ?is cause is n[h]e suspect$1 ei!r by j\rnali/s1 /atesm51 ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 or ! work+ m5 ( ,engl& !mselves1 does n make its op]ation any ! less conspicu\s2 b x does %[ ) :at /ubborn t5acity a false belief--a romantic belief p>ticul>ly--cl+s to ! m9ds ( a p :5 once x has be5 s$ul\sly inculcat$ ^u !m4 ,= ! fact t physiological causes are op]at+ 9 ! acute social unre/ n[ prevail+ 9 ,engl& alone1 c be asc]ta9$ 9 two m9utes by any "o :o wi%es to exam9e ?is unre/ at close qu>t]s 9 ! p]son ( any workman repres5t+ x4 ,any su* inve/igator w discov] v spe$ily t al?\gh ! masses are probably adequately provid$ ) food1 z reg>ds bulk1 !y are suff]+ f v>i\s =ms ( slight b suffici5tly di/urb+ debility1 ow+ to ! two foll[+ causes3-- 7a7 ,! inf]iority ( a good deal ( ! food & dr9k !y consume2 7b7 ,_! gross ignorance reg>d+ ! prop] way ( prep>+ x4 ,indep5d5t evid5ce po9t+ to ! conclusion t food is at ! bottom ( ! physiological causes ( unre/1 ap>t f an exam9ation ( t food itself1 may be ga!r$ f ! appall+ /ati/ics ( heal? rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,m9i/ry ( ,national ,s]vice4 ,! temptation 9 read+ ?is report is to conclude t p#ahi unheal?y urban & indu/rial conditions are ! cause ( ! g5]al debility1 ( :i* only ! acute cases are notic$ 9 ! report4 ,b ! compil]s ( ! docum5t itself c>efully w>n ! read] aga9/ ?is facile explanation ( ! tr\ble1 & call att5tion to ! fact t ill-heal? is also v great 9 rural di/ricts4 ,n[1 %ort ( a plague1 an epidemic1 or a condition ( univ]sal deg5]ation1 ! only factor t c possibly acc\nt = ill-heal? & debility be+ g5]al bo? 9 urban & rural c5tres1 is ei!r food or climate1 ei!r ( :i* is common to bo? k9ds ( population4 ,dismiss+ climate z hav+ be5 a m or less con/ant factor1 we are !re=e left ) food4 7a7 ,n[ x is ! pres5t writ]'s conviction t mu* ( ! pres5t debility ( ! masses1 or at lea/ en\gh ( x to acc\nt = "s discont5t & disaffection1 is to be ascrib$ to ! inf]iority ( ! food/uffs !y consume f _! e>lie/ infancy to ! v end ( _! days4 ,9 all cases :]e mo!rs _c nurse _! *ildr51 ! tr\ble beg9s at ! v dawn ( life1 & />ts by disord]+ a sy/em :i* is doom$ to cont9u\s di/urbances until x c f9d ultimate release only 9 dea?4 ,! ,baby ,welf>e ,c5tres rec5tly e/abli%$ are all do+ _! utmo/1 x is true1 to combat ?is evil1 b !y h to fight n m]ely aga9/ ! ignorance ( p>5ts & ( local doctors1 b above all aga9/ ! crim9al unscrupul\sness ( comm]cial food proprietors4 ,ev]y:]e adv]tisem5ts are to be read conc]n+ foods ( :i* x is claim$ p#aij t !y are an adequate sub/itute = "m's milk1 & !re is no law1 no regulation1 & no (ficial sy/em ( in/ruction1 to prev5t ignorant mo!rs f be+ tak5 9 by ^! means ( publicity4 ,! organisations1 small & inadequate z !y are1 :i* are attempt+ to fight ?is evil1 are entirely ! result ( private ent]prise4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry does no?+ to secure infants aga9/ ! d\ble & p]nici\s op]ation ( ^! two fir/ enemies ( life1 ,ignorance & its ,comm]cial ,exploitation4 ,z gr[+ *ildr5 & adults1 ^! infants cont9ue "u ! debilitat+ influ5ces ( _! e>lie/ days by be+ f$ on e k9d ( adult]at$ food1 f impure bread to fak$ jam2 & ev5 :5 !y h _h ! good =tune to h be5 re>$ at ! brea/1 _! regim5 ( inf]ior food 9 lat] life quickly und]m9es ! solid basis ( _! con/itutions4 ,x is impossible )\t "s exp]t k or advice to obta9 = love or money a pure loaf ( bread 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& to-day4 ,! fat t is eat5 ) t bread1 & :i* toge!r ) ! bread =ms a mo/ important "p ( ! food ( work+-class *ildr51 :5 x consi/s ( vegetable m>g>9e1 is almo/ useless to ! body4 ,! v>i\s t9n$ fruits & meats 7except p]haps tomatoes7 :i* are also mu* fav\r$ among work+-class wom51 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* !y c be prep>$ = table1 also con/itute inf]ior food1 ow+ to ! me?od by :i* !y are cann$4 p#aia ,! jams1 f> f conta9+ pure fruit1 frequ5tly conta9 no fruit at all4 ,add to ?is1 t ! liquor--tea--:i* is *iefly drunk ) ^! inf]ior foods1 is 9 e way delet]i\s1 be+ nei!r a food1 nor a tonic1 nor ev5 an innocu\s means ( qu5*+ ?ir/2 & debility1 f> f be+ an exceptional occurr5ce1 w\ld seem almo/ an inevitable /atic condition ( our masses4 7b7 ,b :at comm]cial adult]ation ( food1 & ! comm]cial production ( inf]ior food1 may sometimes fail to accompli%1 ! ignorance ( ! work+-class h\sewife usually manages to consummate 9 ! secret privacy ( h] kit*54 ,!re e imag9able error is p]petrat$1 ev5 9 deal+ ) fir/-class foods1 su* z but*]'s meat & fre% vegetables2 & ! result+ det]iorat$ comp\nds only confirm1 9 ! individual *ild or adult1 a condition :i* by ! adult]ation ( o!r food/uffs we are do+ our utmo/ to e/abli%4 ,! ignorance among ! female population ( ,engl&1 bo? ri* & poor1 reg>d+ ! "t dur+ :i* meat or vegetables1 or milk1 or fruit1 or fats1 c safely be all[$ to boil1 or to /ew1 or to simm]1 )\t los+ e p>ticle ( goodness !y ev] possess$1 is frankly a/oni%+4 ,"o wond]s h[ an occupation su* z cook+ c\ld possibly h rema9$ by tradition 9 ! h&s ( a p>ticul> sex = g5]ations1 )\t m k1 m wisdom--ev5 m rule-(-?umb wisdom--hav+ collect$ ar\nd x1 ?an has collect$ ar\nd ! dome/ic p#aib cul9>y practices ( ! ,briti% h\sewife4#cg ,n only is %e ignorant ( ! "r ?+2 %e is deeply1 firmly1 self-righte\sly & aggressively conv9c$ ( ! wrong4 ,x is a complim5t1 an act ( grace1 to give y\r husb&1 y\r elde/ daught]1 or y\r visitor 8a nice1 /rong cup ( tea40 ,mutton is nice/ :5 x has be5 boil$ to %r$s 9 an ef=t to atta9 t5d]ness4 ,curries are /imulat+ ev5 ) twice or ?rice cook$ meat z _! mo/ sub/antial +r$i5t4 ,cabbages &1 9 fact1 all gre5s1 %\ld nev] be eat5 raw 7ev5 ! fooli% local practition] adds 8 mite ( wisdom to ! h\sewife's 9 pron\nc+ ?is practice injuri\s to ! dige/ion71 ?\gh ?is is really ! only =m 9 :i* !y are useful & palatable to ! human organism2 !y mu/ be boil$ & boil$ 9 wat] s(t5$ ) soda1 until ! obnoxi\s /eam produc$ by ! process infects ! :ole h\se1 & ultimately :ole /reets & neighb\rhoods4 ,repletion be+ ! pr9cipal object aim$ at1 ! means ( effect+ x are n consid]$ too nicely1 & adequate quantities are provid$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c only gravely disorganise & di/urb ! alim5t>y canal ( all ^? :o cloy _! appetites by means ( !m4 ,9 adult life1 9 addition to /rong tea1 !re also ent]s ! fur!r di/urb+ influ5ce ( impure be] or spirits2 s t x is only ) ! mo/ extreme good luck t any man1 woman or y\? 9 ! work+-classes1 c ma9ta9 suffici5t heal? to rema9 at _! daily occupations1 n to m5tion resi/ & ?r[ (f disease1 enjoy life & keep good spirits4 ,no am\nt ( t9k]+ at work+-class *ildr5's tee?1 or ( c>eful sci5tific m$ical treatm5t1 c ultimately cope ) ! /eady det]ioration1 :i* ye> 9 & ye> out is be+ caus$ by ! incessant consumption ( inf]ior or badly prep>$ food 9 poor homes2 & yet x is 9 ! highe/ degree romantic to suppose t by leav+ ?is dep>tm5t ( life alone1 x w necess>ily "r itself4#ch ,9 fact1 no belief 9 ! :ole ideology ( 8,democracy0 is m p]nici\s & m crassly /upid ?an ! belief t errors & false practices mu/ 9 ! end "r !mselves4 ,! natural indol5ce ( mank9d 9 ! mass v soon makes a suppos$ pr9ciple ( ?is k9d a popul> & highly appreciat$ /&-by 9 ! face ( difficult problems1 b x does n make x true4 ,) ! hi/ory ( previ\s civilisations & races be=e u--civilisations & races :i* we are n[ conv9c$ pursu$ error & false practices ) ! he>tie/ & mo/ *e]ful conviction to _! ultimate doom--) ! evid5ce ( biology to h&1 :i* %[s u myriads ( creatures1 all ! p>asites 9 fact1 hav+ /eadily desc5d$ f sup]ior & m highly organis$ creatures1 m]ely ?r\gh hav+ foll[$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 x is difficult to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( ?is utt]ly /upid notion t evils & errors t5d to "r !mselves4 ,= ( ?is we c feel q c]ta91 t all ^? peoples & races :o d 9 fact believe1 & act on ! belief1 t _! errors w "r !mselves1 w suff] n only ext9ction 9 _! culture & civilisation1 b also ultimate evanesc5ce 9 !mselves4 ,?us1 z we h se51 q ap>t f ! inf]iority ( ! raw mat]ial %e has to deal )1 ! work+-class woman no long] kn[s ! simple/ rule ( s\nd cul9>y sci5ce1 & :atev] wisdom might /ill h surviv$ by pure tradition 9 ! kit*5s ( ! poor1 has be5 satisfactorily suppress$ by ! innovations ( comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,to d5y t ! exi/+ food conditions h any be>+ ^u ! _s & !re=e ! temp] & ! outlook ( ! nation1 is to support ! doctr9e t a man's physical condition c be indep5d5t ( 8 attitude ( m9d4 ,nobody w\ld claim t ! peculi> virul5ce ( mod]n ,social ,unre/ is entirely to be acc\nt$ = by ! debility ( ! masses1 or t ?is debility is entirely due to faulty n\ri%m5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be obvi\sly absurd to attempt to put an end to ,social ,unre/ )\t giv+ v s]i\s att5tion to ! p's debility1 or )\t exam9+ "o ( its *ief contributory causes1 :i* is bad food4 ,& any legislative measure1 or economic readju/m5t or re=m :i* p#aie is br\ght ab\t )\t "s dra/ic provisions calculat$ to meet ?is important factor 9 ! tr\ble1 is b\nd to end 9 failure4 ,! temp]ance movem5t is no?+ m ?an a helpless & non-/atesmanlike solution on ,puritan l9es ( ! liquor side ( ! food "q4 ,:at is requir$ is obvi\sly n ! abolition ( f]m5t$ liquor1 = t w\ld be tantam\nt to depriv+ ! p ( a necess>y food/uff1#ci b su* re=ms 9 ! liquor trade z w secure pure dr9ks to ! masses ( ! nation4 ,x is ! pres5t writ]'s conviction t if ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,europe c\ld secure absolutely pure bread & pure f]m5t$ dr9ks to _! v>i\s peoples1 ! gravity ( social unre/ w\ld imm$iately be reliev$4 ,grant$ t pure bread & pure f]m5t$ liquor w\ld only con/itute a beg9n+ 7= !re are numb]s ( o!r food/uffs t are adult]at$71 nev]!less1 x w\ld be a good beg9n+2 = bread is ! pr9cipal food ( ! work+ classes1 & a s\nd1 heal?y bev]age add$ to x w\ld g a long way t[>ds rehabilitat+ _! con/itutions4 ,! f]m5t$ liquor recomm5d$ by ! pres5t writ] w\ld be ! old ,engli% ale ( pre-,puritan days1 ! ale :i* besides be+ free f ! p]nici\s prop]ties ( hops1 0 made f pure unboil$ malt4 ,! vice ( mod]n be] does n consi/ only 9 ! fact t x conta9s prop]ties t are injuri\s to ! human body1 su* z hops or ! _m h>mful sub/itutes t are us$ in/ead ( hops1 & o!r +r$i5ts#dj2 b *iefly 9 ! fact t x is prep>$ f boil$ wort1 t is to say1 wort f :i* heat has remov$ all possible trace ( ! necess>y vitam9es s valuable to heal?4 ,! brew]s' objection to a re-introduction ( ! old ale ( pre-,puritan ,engl& w ( c\rse be ?is1 t x w n keep4 ,b :at does t matt]8 ,!re are hundr$s ( food/uffs t won't keep4 ,does t ju/ify our remov+ all _! mo/ vital prop]ties 9 ord] to make !m keep8 ,milk w n keep4 ,does t prev5t x f be+ purvey$ retail to e h\sehold] 9 ,engl& e day8 ,! imm5se value ( ! old ale ( ,engl& z a food & heal?-giv+ bev]age ought alone to ensure its sup]session ov] ! utt]ly wor?less 8be]0 t is univ]sal at ! pres5t day#da2 & ! fact t 9 comb9ation ) pure bread1 x w\ld re/ore to mod]n p ! /aple articles ( diet ( our mighty peasants ( ! ,poicti]s & ,ag9c\rt p]iod1 %\ld be en\gh to recomm5d x4 ,v soon aft] ! legal re/oration ( ^! two preci\s foods to ! masses1 ! legislation c\ld be ext5d$ to include o!r food/uffs1 & also to provide 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools = "s k9d ( in/ruction conc]n+ ! value & s\nd prep>ation ( ! pr9cipal foods4 ,& !n1 x is ! pres5t writ]'s firm belief1 ,gov]nm5ts w\ld f9d !mselves s appreciably reliev$ ( 8social re=m0 problems1 & ( ! incessant dem& = measures requir$ to r$ress "s grievances among ! lab\r+ classes1 t !y might f9d m "t to att5d to que/ions ( developm5t & recon/ruction1 all ( :i* rema9 adj\rn$ & neglect$ f "o g5]ation to ! next4 ,b1 = ?is 8physiology0 ( ,social ,unre/ to be und]/ood1 & = its problems to be tackl$1 ! physique ( our race w require to be reg>d$ v mu* m s]i\sly ?an x is at pres5t1 & prejudices w h to be ov]come :i* are z deep-root$ z !y are old4 ,!re are v few ( u to-day :o d n cl+ fanatically to t romantic ideology accord+ to :i* ! body ( man1 toge!r ) its condition1 seems out ( all proportion less important ?an 8 m9d & 8 s\l4 ,!re are few ( u to-day :o are suffici5tly primitive1 suffici5tly in/9ctive1 to feel ! same horror at ! sight ( sickness 9 a human be+ z we feel at ! sight ( sickness 9 an animal4 ,our bias1 !re=e1 is all aga9/ trac+ :at appe>s to be only a matt] ( discont5t1 l ,social ,unre/1 p>tly to a bodily cause4 ,b x is precisely = a false belief ( ?is k9d t mank9d always has paid1 & always w pay1 mo/ de>ly2 = ev5 9 ! uproot+ ( x1 ap>t f ! h>m x does1 mu* pa9 & frequ5tly mu* sorr[ is incurr$4 ,x p#aih behoves u1 !re=e1 to enquire :e!r we d n n[ "k too mu*1 :e!r we are n n[ suff]+ too mu*1 any long] to refuse to explore any av5ue ( re=m along :i* x c be %[n ) "s plausibility t we may f9d "s solution ( our tr\bles2 & ev5 if1 9 ord] to take ?is /ep1 we h to "q a v mu* *]i%$ ideology1 we may1 aft] all1 f9d ourselves none ! poor] = hav+ made ?is d>+ v5ture1 if 9 ! end we f9d t ideology to h be5 false4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ef=t p>tially to solve ! problem ( ,social ,unre/ on ! l9es sugge/$ 9 ?is *apt] _c 9 any circum/ances prove :olly fruitless2 = :ile ev]ybody may n agree t food conditions 9 ,engl& are al>m+ly bad1 none x may be presum$ w "q ! exp$i5cy ( improv+ !m1 ev5 if ?is be attempt$ simply ) ! object ( p]fect+ & develop+ ! race4 ,all ^?1 h[ev]1 :o realise ! deep & con/ant relation%ip betwe5 bodily conditions & m5tal outlook1 & :o are moreov] aw>e ( ! imm5se disadvantages to :i* mod]n indu/rial conditions1 q ap>t f ! inh]it$ debility ( _! pa/1 expose ! masses ( e ,we/]n p1 mu/ welcome any re=m :i* promises to remove ev5 "o among ! multitude ( adv]se circum/ances conspir+ to impov]i% & to und]m9e ! vitality ( mod]n nations1 & hail ) "s satisfaction a solution1 :i*1 :ile be+ practical1 yet involves no dra/ic upheaval ( our social organisation4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ce3 ,! possible spiritual causes ( ,social ,unre/ w be f\nd discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see 8 spee* at ,man*e/] on ,sept4 #ab?1 #aiah4 ,footnote #cg3 ,9 try+ to acc\nt = ?is /ate ( affairs1 h[ev]1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! entrance ( wom5 into indu/ry1 among ! prolet>iat1 & fem9ism 9 ! weal?i] classes1 h bo? accompli%$ a good deal 9 ! matt] ( break+ valuable dome/ic traditions among wom54 ,footnote #ch3 ,= a demon/ration ( ! damage done to food by unskilful cook+1 see ! pres5t writ]'s 8,man's ,desc5t f ! ,gods0 7,he9emann1 #aiba74 ,footnote #ci3 ,= pro(s 9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 see ! pres5t writ]'s "w already ref]r$ to on p4 #aic4 ,footnote #dj3 ,by ! ,free ,ma% ,tun ,act ( #ahhj ! regulations = *>g+ ! duty 7 s fram$ z to leave ! brew] practically unre/rict$ z to ! description ( malt1 or corn1 or sug>1 or o!r description ( sac*>9e sub/itutes :i* he might use 9 ! manufactur+ & col\r+ ( be]4 ,footnote #da3 ,= a confirmation ( ?is /atem5t1 see p4 #fa ( ! ,m$ical ,rese>* ,committee's ,report on ,accessory ,food ,factors4 ,= a m elaborate discussion ^u ! :ole subject ( old ,engli% ,ale1 see ! pres5t writ]'s ,def5ce ( ,ari/ocracy1 ,*apt] ,v4 p#aii ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,great ,,alt]native ,,to ,,social ,,re=m 8,ay1 if dynamite & revolv] leave y c\rage to be wise3 ,:5 0 age s cramm$ ) m5ace8 ,madness8 ,writt51 spok5 lies80 ,t5nyson--7,locksley ,hall1 ,sixty ,ye>s ,aft]47 ,x has be5 man's besett+ s91 almo/ ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 to trace :atev] evils might befall him1 r to 8 in/itutions1 8 social sy/ems & 8 conditions1 ?an to himself & 8 fell[s4 ,_m a preci\s s*eme ( life1 _m a s\nd sy/em1 has be5 brok5 up & ab&on$1 n because ( its inh]5t badness1 or ( ! incorrigible vices ( its design1 b ow+ to ! fact t ^? m5 :o attempt$ to c>ry x on 9 its la/ days1 7 nei!r z able nor z vigor\sly end[$ z ^? :o inaugurat$ x & laid its f\ndations4 ,in/itutions may ?us outlive ! quality ( m51 al?\gh ! rev]se ( ?is proposition1 t m5 outlive ! quality ( in/itutions1 is always tak5 = grant$4 ,if we saw a man ( our acqua9tance =sake h\se aft] h\se1 h[ev] p]fectly design$ & beautifully appo9t$2 if we saw him w&] f t[n to t[n1 f c\ntry to c\ntry1 & ev5 f cont95t to cont95t1 always leav+ ! be/ = some?+ else & yet nev] feel+ at ease2 fur!rmore1 if we notic$ t he dropp$ fri5d aft] fri5d1 relative aft] relative1 all p#bjj 9 bitt] enmity & ang]1 we might be excus$ if we felt tempt$ to suspect t 8 repeat$ *anges & upheavals 7 n ! fault ei!r ( 8 h\ses1 8 v>i\s adopt$ t[ns or c\ntries1 or 8 fri5ds & relatives1 b 7 due to "s obscure infirmity 9 ! man himself1 "s hidd5 ?\gh s]i\s hepatic affection1 :i* r5d]$ him radically unfit to be happy or cont5t$ any:]e4 ,& we %\ld arrive at ?is conclusion1 n necess>ily out ( any feel+ ( bitt]ness or ho/ility t[>ds him p]sonally1 b r because we %\ld consid] x irrational1 9 ! face ( su* *ronic re/lessness & irascibility1 to ascribe all ! blame consi/5tly & repeat$ly to 8 conditions1 & n occasionally to ! man himself4 ,n[ x is a mo/ rem>kable ?+ t 9 ! contemplation ( simil> repeat$ *anges 9 ! life ( a nation or a p1 ! av]age obs]v] is n ne>ly s prone to be guid$ by ! highe/ /&>ds ( rational ?9k+4 ,on ! contr>y1 z (t5 z *anges take place1 he is prep>$ to ascribe ! necessity = ! *ange1 n to ! inf]iority ( ! m5 :o u%]$ x 91 b always to ! inf]iority ( ! in/itutions or sy/ems t 7 sup]s$$4 ,! unsupport$ prejudice involv$ 9 ! idea ( 8,progress0 compels him1 z x 71 to assume t1 s9ce all *anges mu/ be = ! bett]1 any *ange t has occurr$ 9 our social sy/em or our in/itutions 9 ! pa/ mu/ ( necessity imply a j condemnation ( ! sy/ems or in/itutions t =m]ly exi/$4 ,nev] does ! av]age obs]v] dream ( suspect+ t ! propos$ *ange ( a sy/em or ( an in/itution may be ! sure/ p#bja possible pro( ( ! inf]iority ( ! m5 :o are try+ to c>ry x on4 ,inf]iority to :at8--,inf]iority to ! m5 :o orig9ally f\nd$ ! sy/em or in/itution4 ,n[ ! preval5ce ( ?is curi\s bias ought to make ev]yone pr(\ndly suspici\s ( all ^? :o clam\r = radical alt]ations 9 our e/abli%$ sy/ems & in/itutions4 ,9 any case x ought to make e ?9k+ man demur be=e he acquiesces too readily 9 ! conclusion t x is our in/itutions & sy/ems t are wrong1 & n man himself4 ,=1 suppose t ! m5 :o decl>e ?+s are wrong1 m]ely confess _! own inf]iority by ?is decl>ation1 h[ c _! recomm5dation reg>d+ a new ord] ( society be accept$ ) confid5ce8 ,h[ c anyone hope t _! s*emes c possibly be bett] ?an ^? !y h %[n !mselves incapable ( cont9u+8 ,at all mom5ts1 !n1 :5 !re is mu* l\d talk+ ab\t ! trans=mation ( society & ! modification or ov]?r[ ( h] in/itutions1 ! wise re=m]1 ! cauti\s innovator1 w turn 8 scrut9y ^u man himself1 & endeav\r to f9d out fir/ :at re=ms & improvem5ts mu/ take place 9 him1 be=e any s*eme ( society :atsoev]1 no matt] h[ p]fect1 c hope to be a success4 ,& x is 9 ?is direction t ! pres5t writ] hopes t rese>* & inquiry w be prosecut$ 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,! exam9ation ( in/itutions & sy/ems is n ne>ly z important at ! pres5t juncture z ! exam9ation ( mod]n man himself1 & if ?is exam9ation be conduct$ p#bjb on ! pr9ciple t x is possible = in/itutions to outlive ! quality ( man1 c]ta9 valuable & extremely fruitful discov]ies _c fail to be made4 ,= in/ance1 9 a previ\s *apt] x 0 po9t$ out t a mood ( /ubborn dejection _h fall5 ^u civilis$ man1 & x 0 sugge/$ t ?is 0 due to ! complete collapse ( ! ideals1 beliefs1 & pr9ciples1 by :i* he _h all[$ himself to be inspir$ & l$ = _m g5]ations4 ,n[ if ?is analysis be correct1 x might be pr(itable to inquire into ! orig9 & nature ( ideals1 beliefs & pr9ciples2 & if1 z ! pres5t writ] does n d\bt1 x 7 f\nd t man's ideals1 beliefs1 & guid+ pr9ciples are always creat$ = him by ! great examples ( 8 species1 x might be ask$ :y ! human species has ceas$ f produc+ great examples4 ,:at has come ov] man t he %\ld h suff]$ a collapse ( 8 lead+ ideals1 beliefs & pr9ciples1 & yet h no "o to give him o!rs 9 _! place8 ,has ! species suff]$ a g5]al decl9e8 ,has x s5t =? its highe/ %oots1 & is x n[ exhau/$8 ,&1 if ^! que/ions seem$ to be suffici5tly solemn & important to be pursu$ ) en]gy & resolution1 ! causes ( racial exhau/ion might possibly become ! subject ( special inve/igation4 ,a provisional "q m>k might be set aga9/ e mod]n ideal & value1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r p]haps x might n be responsible = ! social exhau/ion ( civilis$ man4 ,s f> f assum+ t all our in/itutional *anges h necess>ily be5 progressive1 p#bjc ! value to ! race ( e m or less rec5t innovation might be te/$ & prov$4 ,= in/ance1 ! nature ( 8democracy0 might be treat$ critically4 ,x might be que/ion$ :e!r !re is n 9 all democratic ord] a t5d5cy to r$uce & truncate ! ultimate gamut ( human capabilities4 ,:ile population has multipli$ z nev] be=e1 "u ! democratic rgime1 x might be que/ion$1 p]haps ) "s pr(it1 :e!r any section ( ?is increas+ mass ( humanity1 or any individual ( t section1 has atta9$ to t old magnitude1 9 volition1 intellect & heal?1 :i* human nature once reg>d$ z easily )9 ! compass ( its p[]s4 ,& if ! inve/igation ( ?is "q seem$ ultimately to po9t to a negative reply1 x might !n become necess>y to weigh ! alleg$ advantages ( democratic pr9ciples aga9/ ! consequ5ces to man ( ?is asc]ta9$ loss ( greatness & l(ty capabilities4 ,aga91 ! :ole ( our accept$ notions ( *>ity1 human5ess & compassion1 might be subject$ to a se>*+ inquiry4 ,s9ce x is a c]ta9 unkn[n b suspect$ infirmity ( man t may be ! cause ( 8 complete dissatisfaction ) 8 in/itutions & sy/ems1 no?+1 h[ev] sacr$1 %\ld be left unscrut9is$1 unte/$4 ,x might be ask$ :e!r we h n be5 wrong all ! "t to all[ our second-rate1 ?ird-rate1 f\r?-rate1 & x-rate fell[-creatures to multiply & to live 9 our mid/ unbr&$4 ,9 view ( ! al>m+ reports on ! nation's heal? rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,gov]nm5t2 9 view ( ! fact t a p#bjd ,briti% ,prime ,m9i/]1 & no society crank or faddi/1 has f\nd x necess>y to w>n u t an 8,a#a nation _c be built up out ( ,c#c m502 9 view1 moreov]1 ( ! imm5se burd5 t ! nation %\ld]s annually = ! ma9t5ance ( lunatics1 incurables1 cripples1 & o!r cong5ital deg5]ates1 x might be ask$1 almo/ ) trepidation1 :e!r ! heal?y sections ( ! nation are ev5 n[ pl5tiful en\gh & vigor\s en\gh to be sav$ & secur$ f fur!r infection4 ,s9ce we h be5 br\ght to ?is pass by ! mo/ sacr$ ideals & pr9ciples ( ! pa/1 ^! ideals & pr9ciples w\ld require to be rev]5tly tak5 up & exam9$4 ,aga9 ) reg>d to ! idea ( non-selective human multiplication1--ap>t f any suspicion x may h incurr$ ( increas+ disease or deg5]ation1--x might reasonably be que/ion$ :e!r any species ( animal c\ld = long all[ itself ! lib]ties t we h all[$ ourselves1 9 fo/]+ undesirable examples ( our k9d & 9 sci5tifically p]suad+ ev5 ! half-reluctant to live1 )\t ultimately hav+ to pay = x v sev]ely inde$4 ,:at bre$ ( %eep1 :at bre$ ( horses1 :at bre$ ( common b>n-f[l1 c\ld h be5 ab&on$ to ! promiscu\s mat+ alone 7n to m5tion o!r errors7 to :i* mod]n man has long be5 ab&on$1 )\t suff]+ ultimate deg5]ation8 ,a v fruitful me?od ( inquiry w\ld consi/ 9 inve/igat+ to :at ext5t mod]n society may h fail$ z an organism ?r\gh pursu+ too ard5tly survival values alone1 uncontroll$ by /hetic survival p#bje values4 ,9 pla9 ,engli%1 has mod]n man pursu$ survival at all co/s1 ev5 at ! co/ ( c>+ h[ he surviv$1 or :at mann] ( man he 0 :5 he did survive8 ,! *eck ( ! /hetic survival values might h prev5t$ _m a /ep1 :i* ?\gh x insur$ ! survival ( abundant numb]s1 yet remov$ "s grace1 "s desirable quality1 f ! =m or m9d ( man4#db ,biologi/s tell u t organisms frequ5tly survive 9 ! animal k+dom at ! co/ ( qualities1 :i*1 f ! human /&po9t may seem em95tly desirable4 ,?us ! tape-worm is said to be ! desc5dant ( a race t once l$ a nobl] & m indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,survival is ?us frequ5tly pur*as$ at too heavy a co/4 ,is x possible t by ! obs]vance ( survival values alone1 un*eck$ by /hetic values1 man has lo/1 or is rapidly los+1 valuable qualities t once made a high] & m la/+ k9d ( civilisation possible8 ,! daily lives1 ! food & ! dr9k ( ! :ole population1 p>ticul>ly its rural elem5ts1 might be advantage\sly criticis$ f ! /&po9t ( _! body-build+ & heal?-giv+ qualities2 also f ! /&po9t ( _! ultimate influ5ce 9 m\ld+ ! m9d & temp]+ ! he>t ( ! p4 ,aft] _m c5turies ( ov]emphasis ( ! s\l's importance1 att5tion might be be/[$ ) pre-,puritan f]v\r ^u ! body & its ne$s4 ,9 ^! v>i\s ways might ! scrut9y ( e>ne/ & pr(\nd re=m]s be pr(itably conc5trat$ ^u ! mo/ probable cause ( ! app>5t decay & disease ( mod]n in/itutions & sy/ems1--t is to say1 ^u man himself1 & ^u ! noble & /irr+ task ( mak+ him once m :ole1 if x is inde$ 8 infirmity f :i* civilisation is suff]+4 ,9 ?is direction alone is !re any hope2 9 ?is direction alone is !re any practical *ance ( a*iev+ la/+ success4 ,! imm5se difficulties t ! problem ( man himself imm$iately pres5ts1 ne$ n det] ev5 ! mo/ fa9t-he>t$ f emb>k+ ^u ! ent]prise2 = x is surely possibly ev5 = ! mo/ crav5 to be induc$ to *oose betwe5 two alt]natives4 ,& :at is ! alt]native to ! measures "h propos$8--,to cont9ue t9k]+ at mank9d's in/itutions & sy/ems1 z we h be5 do+ = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s8 ,to cont9ue tamp]+ ) society's laws & cu/oms in/ead ( ) h] units8 ,^! me?ods may s\nd m simple & m comm5surate ) ! p[]s ( blund]+ & *ildi% f+]s1 b is ! simpl]1 ! easi] me?od1 always to be ! m practical1 m]ely because x is simple & easy1 & q irrespective ( its ultimate effectiv5ess8 ,is 8practical0 synonym\s ) elem5t>y or infantile8 ,is a proc$ure 8practical0 because x appeals imm$iately & vividly to a room full ( babies8 ,precisely because ! true causes ( mod]n an>*y1 disaffection & disunion1 probably lie mu* deep] b5ea? ! surface ?an e/abli%$ social & economic conditions1 !re is a dang] t ! latt] w p#bjg be seiz$ ^u & %att]$1 9 ! endeav\r to a*ieve re=m4 ,! bl9de/ c appreh5d _! exi/5ce1 & to ! bl9d1 hold+ is see+4 ,b1 if ! infirmity is man's1 h[ c x be 8practical0 to re=m 8 in/itutions & sy/ems8 ,y might z well beg9 rebuild+ y\r palaces because y\r mon>*s h fail$ y4 ,nor c x be argu$ ) any cog5cy1 at ?is "t ( day1 ei!r t ! mat]ials are n to h& = pursu+ ! inquiries outl9$ above1 or t ! prescriptions = a recov]y ( man's lo/ quality h n be5 =e%ad[$ if n def9itely specifi$4 ,( mod]n & anci5t ?9k]s !re h be5 en\gh to %[1 at lea/ 9 broad outl9e1 ! me?ods t %\ld be adopt$ = almo/ any cont+5cy4 ,nobody w\ld d5y t ! und]tak+ bri/les ) imm5se difficulties1 b ev5 if ! sci5ce t w help u to accompli% x _h to be creat$ p>i passu ) our attempts at ov]com+ ^! difficulties x w\ld /ill be wor? :ile1 s9ce x is q possible t x is ! only great alt]native4 ,s mu* = man z ! suspect$ prim>y cause ( ! malady ( mod]n civilisation4 ,if n[ we turn to o!r details 7o!r ?an mat]ial & economic conditions ( c\rse7 9 ! fabric ( mod]n life1 :i* w\ld /rike ev5 ! mo/ myopic z requir+ in/ant correction1 !y spr+ 9 su* pr(usion be=e our eyes1 t x w\ld be impossible 9 ! compass ( ?is small & elem5t>y treatise1 to ref] to any except ! mo/ sali5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ sali5t is ! absurd p#bjh attempt t society has made dur+ ! la/1 or comm]cial & indu/rial era1 9 mod]n ,europe1 to build a h>moni\s & unit$ community ^u ! pr9ciple ( cleavage4 ,doom$ to failure f ! />t1 z x 01 ?is vice ( cleavage1 t is at ! root ( ! failure ( mod]n society1 has n yet1--no1 n ev5 at ?is late h\r1--be5 recognis$ & condemn$ by all4 ,let x be ?or\ghly und]/ood :at is "h meant by ! pr9ciple ( cleavage4 ,cleavage is n to be confus$ ) classification4 ,y may subject y\r *ildr5 or y\r p>5ts to classification1 :ile !y are all hang+ affectionately on ea* o!r's necks2 b if y gr\p !m by cleavage1 ! idea 8asund]10 is b\nd to foll[4 ,! classification ( a population1 !re=e1 does n necess>ily leave any clefts or *asms betwe5 ! classes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y proce$ by divid+ up y\r population on ! pr9ciple ( cleavage1 def9ite clefts or *asms betwe5 ! gr\ps are inevitable2 & ?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! comm]cial & indu/rial ,age has work$4 ,z ! result ei!r ( ! ridicul\s pomposity ( ^? :o h acquir$ ri*es by comm]ce or indu/ry1 or else ( ! que/ionable title to sup]iority t weal? alone conf]s1 a curi\s ph5om5on began to be noticeable 9 ,engl& dur+ ! c\rse ( ! latt] half ( ! #ag? c5tury1--& t 0 a c]ta9 artificial & as99e haught9ess among ! well-to-d1 :i* made !m unable to unb5d 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? ^: purses 7 less port5t\sly swoll54 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is became noticeable 9 ! latt] half ( ! #ag? p#bji c5tury2 b1 tru? to tell1 all ! causes ( x 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ! middle ( ! previ\s c5tury z ! result ( ,h5ry ,,viii4's vulg> & disa/r\s reign4 ,mo/ au?orities w\ld1 h[ev]1 admit t ! ph5om5on1 z a m>k$ innovation1 became noticeable only 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,!ret(ore1 weal? & good bre$+1 weal? & good family1 weal? & s\nd in/9ct1 weal? & good mann]s1 _h1 ) b few & notori\s exceptions1 be5 ! only k9ds ( weal? kn[n4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 ) ! capitali/ic exploitation ( ! l&1 ! nation's m9]al res\rces1 & h] p1 a new k9d ( weal? came into exi/5ce1 weal? utt]ly unconnect$ ) any?+ except ! mo/ solemn & mo/ self-complac5t vulg>ity 9 ^? :o possess$ x4 ,^! p1 unable to rely ^u ^? natural di/9ctions t ev]ybody recognises at once1 :i* compel ! inf]ior or ! fool in/9ctively to refra9 f importunacies1 & re/ra9 ! too famili> h&1 7 =c$ to adopt a new me?od ( hold+ _! bre?r51 s l !mselves 9 all b brass1 satisfactorily alo(4 ,h[ did !y accompli% ?is8 ,s9ce !y _h no natural dignity no innate di/9ction1 :i* might h all[$ !m to befri5d ! poor ) impunity1 )\t any fe> t is to say1 ( 8los+ ca/e02 s9ce !y c\ld n be classifi$ ap>t f _! poor] fell[s except by means ( ! ticket 8weal?02 !y inv5t$ b>ri]s & gulfs :i* 7 design$ to be z wide & insup]able z _! fe> ( be+ tak5 = _! poor] fell[s 0 great4 ,be+ unable to rely p#baj ^u classification1 !y proce$$ by means ( cleavage4 ,?is fooli% & foolh>dy exp$i5t on ! "p ( ! vulg> ri*1 :i* has surviv$ to ?is day1 has l$ to ! absurd anomaly ( a society1--a community if y please1--9 :i* a :ole complicat$ s]ies ( /ratifi$ gr\ps1 nev] meet1 nev] 9 any circum/ances communicate ) "o ano!r1 except ) ! mo/ ludicr\s grimaces1 compress$ lips1 :isp]s1 fr[ns1 emb>rassm5t1 fe>1 contempt1 & hatr$4 ,! wond] is1 n t society con/itut$ on ^! l9es is n[ fall+ to pieces2 ! miracle is t x %\ld h la/$ s long4 ,?9k ( x6 ,?9k ( ! advantage ( fri5dly & free communication6 ,?9k ( h[ mu* is ga9$1 ev5 among equals1 by con/ant & unre/ra9$ int]c\rse6 ,reckon ! ine/imable pr(it t a man ( m9or atta9m5ts c d]ive f free & easy association ) 8 sup]ior1 & vice v]s4 ,& !n pond] ! ?\s&s ( unbreakable l9ks t su* relation%ips w\ld h =g$ betwe5 ! classes 9 e village1 t[n1 city1 c\ntry & prov9ce ?r\gh\t ! ,empire6 ,:5 is x t a man ceases to believe 9 natural di/9ctions betwe5 m58 ,:5 is x he beg9s to suspect t !re is no?+ above him8--,only :51 = a v long "t1 he has be5 depriv$ ( any intimate k ( sup]iority1 or ( any association ) sup]iority 9 8 own =m4 ,c we wond] at ! absurd decoy cries ( mod]n ,europe1--at ! cry = ,equality above all8 ,c we m>vel any long] at class hatr$8 ,h[ does a man be/ le>n p#baa ! fundam5tal law ( natural inequality8--,only by mov+ out ( 8 circle & f9d+ a suffici5tly fri5dly welcome :5 he does s1 to be able to le>n f :at he sees4 ,! pr9ciple ( cleavage in/ead ( classification1--?is is "o ( ! vices = :i* we h to ?ank ! vulg> ri* ( ! pa/1 & _! ki? & k9 ( ! pres5t day4 ,b x is "o ( ! fir/ brutal /upidities t mu/ be aboli%$ if any?+ approa*+ an ord]ly & h>moni\s society is to be e/abli%$4 ,ano!r sali5t error ( mod]n society1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 has be5 ! consi/5t indiff]5ce %[n by successive ,gov]nm5ts t[>ds ! /eady encroa*m5t ( ! huge cities ( ! nation ^u _! rural environs4 ,l mon/] cank]s ^! va/ urban complexes ( ,engl& are all[$ to spread nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 ye> 91 ye> out1 z if = all ! _w1 x 7 an advantage1 a boon1 9 fact ! mo/ unspeakable bless+1 t e in* ( gre5 pa/ure l&1 ( gold5 cornfield1 %\ld be conv]t$ z quickly z possible into muddy1 smoky1 /uffy & hide\s ?or\ghf>es4 ,if t[n life 7 s em95tly desirable1 if ! k9d ( man & woman :o live & bre$ amid city & suburban %oddy1 7 )\t "q ! pr\de/ examples ( ! nation's blood2 if t[n occupations1 t[n temptations1 & t[n pa/imes 7 ! heal?ie/1 ! mo/ ennobl+1 ! mo/ productive ( useful virtues1 we might suspect ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5ts1 t h tol]at$ ! spread ( ?is urban miasma1 to h w9k$ _! eye kn[+ly at :at 01 p#bab aft] all1 only a s5tim5tal grievance1 a sort ( poet's pla9t1 an arti/'s loss ( picturesque compositions4 ,b see+ t n[adays "o is r$uc$ almo/ to w&]+ ab\t hat 9 h& begg+ = "o1--j "o1--r$eem+ po9t 9 fav\r n only ( t[n life1 t[n conditions & t[n *>ms1 b also ( "o's own fell[ t[nsm5 !mselves2 x mu/ /rike p z a little odd t ! accr$it$ au?orities = g5]ations %\ld h be5 s completely lack+ 9 any def9ite policy conc]n+ ?is all-important "q4 ,is ,engl& to become "o long ugly /reet1 full ( ugly1 too?less p1 pret5d+ t _! clammy urban passions are some?+ m exalt$ ?an ! rut ( rats8 ,y w\ld h ?\ght t a consid]ation ( ! food situation alone1 ap>t f any o!r aspect ( ! matt]1 w\ld h induc$ ! rul]s ( ! nation1 long ago1 to adopt "s means to enc\rage rural1 & to disc\rage urban life2 & yet1 z if ) malice prep5se1 all ! ef=ts ( pa/ ,gov]nm5ts h secretly be5 made 9 ! v opposite direction4 ,"o is almo/ incl9$ to cavil less at ! gr[? ( urban c5tres & _! unwieldy proportions1 ?an at ! absurd lack ( policy t[>ds ?is "q :i* cont9ues to be %[n by ! legislature4 ,if x be a desirable movem5t1 !n by all means promote x op5ly2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x c only fill e patriot's brea/ ) al>m1 !n1 be sure to frame a def9ite policy ab\t x1 & d s quickly4 ,! pres5t writ] c only see disa/] p#bac ahead1 if ^! l>ge urban c5tres are all[$ to spread any fur!r1 & he w\ld feel incl9$ to inaugurate imm$iately1 a movem5t = /rictly circumscrib+ _! area4 ,concurr5tly ) ?is dra/ic move1 he w\ld enc\rage by all means 9 8 p[]1 ! adoption ( rural occupations & homes by ! prolet>iat4 8,b :at ab\t ! increas+ population80 cry a hundr$ voices1--z if an increas+ population 7 a sort ( elem5tal ph5om5on l ! ris+ tide1 or ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon1 t no man c help4 ,! reply to ?is "q br+s ! au?or to ! la/ ( ! matt]s ( detail ) :i* he proposes to deal1 & !re=e to 8 conclud+ rem>ks4 ,! "q ( population1 l t ( ! relative desirability ( urban or rural life1 is "o to :i* x is madness to ma9ta9 an attitude ( indiff]5ce or unconc]n4 ,! rul]s ( ?is c\ntry c z little af=d to ignore ! consid]ation ( ! multiplication ( its inhabitants1 z !y c af=d to ignore ! consid]ation ( ! nation's f9ances4 ,& ! m ! ,/ate arrogates to itself ! rle ( a b5efic5t & div9e ,provid5ce1--t is to say1 ! m x int]f]es ) ! natural consequ5ces ( improvid5ce 9 ! matt] ( br++ =? *ildr51 ei!r by help+ indig5t p>5ts1 or by mitigat+ ! h>d%ips ( ! unm>ri$ "m1 ! m x is entitl$ to impose & to inflict p5alties ^u irresponsible & wanton procreators ( *ildr54 ,if ?is is true ( ! heal?y & ! s\nd1 h[ev]1 h[ mu* m true ought x to be p#bad ( ! unheal?y & ! deg5]ate6 ,aga91 9 reg>d to !m1 if ! ,/ate takes ^u itself to %\ld] ! burd5 ( indig5t deg5]ates ( all k9ds1 x is entitl$ to impose limits ^u _! multiplication4 ,he :o pays may lay d[n 8 conditions4 ,& ?is w\ld rema9 true1 :e!r ! pres5t sy/em 7 to be ma9ta9$1 or :e!r x 7 sup]s$$ )9 ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury by ,bol%evism or ,communism4 ,s9ce x is ! iron law ( population t multiplication foll[s any eas+ ( ! conditions ( ! indig5t1 ei!r by mak+ e>li] m>riages a possibility1 or by mak+ ! consequ5ces ( e>ly m>riages tol]able1 x foll[s t all ,gov]nm5ts1 :e!r ,capitali/ic1 ,bol%evi/1 or ,communi/ic1 if !y und]take to succ\r ! indig5t1 ^: families exce$ _! res\rces1 mu/ 9 ! end impose c]ta9 limits ^u multiplication4 ,& :]e !y take ov] ! :ole burd5 z !y d 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( indig5t lunatics & o!r deg5]ates1 !y h ! "r to ex]cise all ! means at _! comm& = prev5t+ deg5]ates f be+ born4 ,communi/s & ,bol%evi/s may sc\t ?is "q1 j z di%one/ vote-cat*+ pa/ ,gov]nm5ts h done2 b let a ,lab\r ,gov]nm5t come p]man5tly into p[]1 let a ,bol%evi/ m9ority attempt to rule ?is c\ntry1 & x w\ld soon discov]1 :at all cr$itable ?9k]s "k already1 t ! "q ( population is "o ab\t :i* ev5 ! mo/ b5ign gov]nm5t mu/ frame "s def9ite policy4 ,inde$ x w\ld soon discov] ! fact1 :i* w p#bae p]haps only become app>5t to all 9 _m ye>s to come3 t a truly b5ign policy 9 ?is matt] is "o :i* at pres5t w\ld /rike all s5tim5tali/s1 & o!r ,utopians z hopelessly ru?less & inhuman4 ,x is 9 ! procreation ( *ildr5 t a man & woman's s5se ( responsibility fir/ enc\nt]s its crucial te/4 ,= g5]ations 9 ?is c\ntry1 m5 & wom5's s5se ( responsibility 9 ?is matt] has be5 sy/ematically und]m9$2 &1 z reg>ds ! procreation ( deg5]ates1 ( ! unheal?y1 & ( ! insane1 x might be said t !re is lit]ally no consci5ce left 9 mod]n man conc]n+ ?is crime4 ,x w behove all s]i\s & patriotic gov]nm5ts 9 ! future1 !re=e1 :e!r !y are capitali/ic or ,bol%evi/1 to face ?is press+ problem ( mod]n times1 & ! v&ali/ic "w ( c5turies1--! de/ruction ( ! ,engli% work+ man & woman's s5se ( responsibility 9 reg>d to procreation1--w by hook or by crook h to be repair$1 & a new consci5ce reg>d+ ?is matt] creat$ 9 ! brea/s ( all4 ,?us ! tasks h9t$ at 9 ?is %ort *apt] are se5 to be /up5d\s en\gh1 & yet :i* ( !m c possibly be accompli%$ simply by ! w& ( ! ,communi/1 ,bol%evi/1 or economic social re=m]8 ,let no "o imag9e1 h[ev]1 t because !y are beset ) ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties1 t !y are !re=e to be disc>d$ z 8unpractical40 ,we "k ! extremes ( /upidity to :i* s-call$ 8practical politics0 has l$ u4 ,no?+ is practical1 t 9 practice does n a*ieve p#baf ! end desir$4 ,& s9ce ! m]e *ange ( our in/itutions & sy/ems _c ev5 graze ! surface ( ^! deep] causes ( unhapp9ess1 x is simply conjur+ & buffoon]y to call 8practical0 only ^? measures ( re=m or recon/ruction1 :i* e gall]y ( s*oolboys1 e cr[d ( holiday-mak]s1 c recognise at a glance z at lea/ 8some?+ done40 ,! ,end4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #db3 ,= an exhau/ive discussion ( survival values z comp>$ ) /hetic survival values see ,man's ,desc5t f ! ,gods 7,he9emann7 ,*apt] ,,ix4 p#bag ,,index ,ab/ract t]ms1 importance (1 #ab2 h no uni=m mean+ to-day1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai2 to tea* mean+ (1 leads to in/ruction 9 true ideas1 #adi4 ,adv]tisem5t1 unscrupul\s1 ( comm]cial foods1 #ahh1 #ahi4 /hetic values disreg>d$ to-day1 #bje4 ,agitators1 _! unscrupul\s use ( words1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,ale1 old ,engli%1 ! value (1 #aie1 #aif2 ! brew]s' objection to1 #aif4 ,amputation1 resort$ to 9 desp]ation by ! we>y1 #cj4 ,ari/otle1 on ! desirability ( a lib]al education1 #abg n4 ,be]1 impure1 #aic2 h>mful prop]ties (1 #aie2 utt]ly wor?less1 #aif4 ,beliefs1 see ,ideals4 ,bi%op ( ,london1 8 misuse ( words1 #af4 ,bol%evism1 a conspiracy aga9/ life1 #ce2 insi/s on compulsory lab\r1 #ic2 (f]s only mat]ial ideals1 #afb4 ,bol%evi/1 !1 an invalid1 #ca2 a det]m9$ oppon5t ( life1 #cf4 ,brahm91 !1 highly respect$ ?\gh poor1 #dj4 ,bread1 pure loaf (1 unobta9able 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 #aij4 ,cabbage1 %\ld be eat5 raw1 #aib4 ,cata*resis1 ! rule 9 j\rnalism1 #af2 mu* false doctr9e is1 #acd4 ,*>les ,i41 an ideal mon>*1 #abb4 ,*>wom51 *>itable1 d n g out on missions ( com=t to ! ri*1 #afh4 ,*ur*1 !1 its failure to tea* s\nd views ab\t life & humanity1 #abi2 ( ! ,middle ,ages protect$ ! poor & ignorant1 #ace2 _h a s5se ( responsibility1 #ace4 ,cities1 l>ge1 bre$ misan?ropy1 #agd1 #age2 mi/ake ( all[+1 to spread indef9itely1 #baa-bac4 ,citiz51 ! desirable1 mu/ be well conduct$1 #abf4 ,cleavage1 ! indu/rial ,age has work$ ^u ! pr9ciple (1 #bjh2 ! exp$i5t ( ! vulg> ri*1 #baj1 #baa2 mu/ be aboli%$ if h>mony is to be re/or$1 #baa4 ,communism1 a conspiracy aga9/ ,life1 #ce2 its unscrupul\s appeal to malcont5ts1 #aab2 (f]s only mat]ial ideals1 #afb4 ,condorcet1 n a ?9k] b a ma!matician1 #fg4 ,cro-,magnons1 d\btful :e!r mod]n man is bett] or bett] (f ?an !1 #aeh4 ,culture1 a common1 produces a common tongue1 #aa2 might be sav$ by a re-def9ition ( words1 #bf4 ,david1 8 moral insi/5ce on ju/ice1 #dg1 #dh4 ,decl9e1 means retrograde developm5t1 #cd4 ,def9ition1 ( words desirable1 #ba2 & might av]t revolution1 #be1 #bf4 ,deg5]ates1 hate ,life z %e is1 #ei4 ,democratic in/itutions1 put a damp] on sup]iority1 #agd1 #bjc4 ,de ,qu9cey1 on poetry1 #hc4 p#bah ,despond5cy1 preval5t to-day1 #aec2 national1 leads to social unre/1 #aef2 n due to a mat]ial cause alone1 #aeg2 b to a lack ( satisfy+ ideals1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa2 ! only cure =1 new values & a new fai?1 #afa2 economic *anges _c cure1 #afc2 due to false values1 #agc2 _c be cur$ by social re=m1 #agg4 ,developm5t1 ! law ( high] life1 #cc1 #cd4 ,disease1 ,european attitude ( tol]ation t[>ds1 totally wrong1 #agc4 ,disraeli1 8 spee* on ! ,comp5sation = ,di/urbance ,bill1 #ie4 ,education1 failure ( mod]n1 #abc2 ! object ( ,/ate1 ! re>+ ( wor?y citiz5s1 #abf2 %\ld be a tra9+ 9 mann]s r ?an 9 ! acquisition ( facts1 #abg1 #abh2 elem5t>y1 does n tea* s\nd views ab\t ,life & ,humanity1 #abi-aca2 does n ev5 succe$ 9 tea*+ means ( int]c\rse1 #aca2 importance ( k ( native tongue 91 #acb2 elem5t>y1 an exp5sive f>ce1 #adc4 ,education ,act ( #ahgj1 introduc$ *eap lit]ature1 #ae4 ,emigration1 ! viol5ce (1 #ajg4 ,engli%1 importance ( tea*+1 #ade2 bett] tea*]s want$ =1 #adf4 ,equality1 q mean+less to-day1 #bd2 ! cry (1 c provoke real emotion1 #fa2 orig9ally borr[$ f ma!matics1 #fb2 & has no mean+ except 9 ma!matics1 #fe1 #gf2 ( opportunity1 ! fallacy (1 #fg-ga2 n desir$ by ! beautiful1 able or desirable1 #gb2 a p[]ful weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! discont5t$1 #gc2 due to indol5ce & a belief 9 ,ju/ice1 #gd2 _h a def9ite mean+ at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 #ge2 a decoy cry :5 sup]iority is ext9ct1 #baj4 ,errors1 d n "r !mselves1 #aid4 ,eug5i/s1 _! moral int]pretation ( ph5om5a1 #dg1 #dh4 ,fatalism1 !1 ( mod]n ,europe1 #ie4 ,fem9ism1 has brok5 valuable dome/ic traditions1 #aib n4 ,food1 inf]ior1 purvey$ to ! masses1 #abc2 ill-prep>$1 at bottom ( physiological causes ( ill-heal? & social unre/1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aid1 #aig2 unscrupul\s adv]tisem5ts ( comm]cial1 #ahh1 #ahi2 sugge/$ re=ms 91 #aie2 "q (1 %\ld lead to disc\ragem5t ( urban developm5t1 #bab4 ,fre$om1 ,r\sseau's misund]/&+ (1 #ag2 n[ mean+less1 #ba1 #bc2 b provokes wild en?usiasm1 #bb2 ,r\sseau's idea (1 #bb2 a wildly fanta/ic idea1 #gg2 babies h no1 to *oose _! de/9y1 #gh2 a w o' ! wisp 9 manhood1 #hj2 nonexi/5t ev5 9 *ildhood1 #ha2 /r5g? has no1 #hc-he2 ! cry ( ! weak1 #hd1 #he2 ! only circum/ances :5 x c h any mean+1 #hf-hi1 #ib1 #id2 ! frequ5cy ( ^! circum/ances1 #hh2 real1 great] "u ! ,tudors ?an new1 #ij2 political1 a deception1 #ij-ib4 ,gambetta1 8 8ju/ice imman5te10 #dd1 #de1 #ahb2 a s5tim5tali/1 #eg4 ,giss+1 ,george1 on ! comp>ative happ9ess ( ! poor1 #afi4 ,happ9ess1 is relative1 #afi2 has little to d ) mat]ial conditions1 #agj1 #agb4 ,humanit>ianism1 an inv]t$ =m ( cruelty1 #agd4 p#bai ,ideals1 lack ( satisfy+1 leads to social unre/1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa2 loss (1 makes words connect$ ) !m mean+less1 #afj2 tyranny (1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ,ill-heal?1 ,lloyd ,george on national1 #ahf1 #bjd2 a fundam5tal cause ( social unre/1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aid2 great 9 rural di/ricts ow+ to bad food1 #ahi2 an inevitable /atic condition ( ! masses1 #aia4 ,indol5ce1 may av]t disa/] 9 ,engl& b n on ! ,cont95t1 #bd2 dem&s equality1 #gd4 ,indu/rialism1 creates besott+ occupations1 #hi4 ,in/itutions1 (t5 outlive ! quality ( m51 #aii-bjb4 ,japan1 suicide 91 #age4 ,jeff]son1 imbib$ mu* nons5se f ,france1 #fa n2 a disciple ( ,condorcet1 #fg4 ,j\rnalism1 a cause ( pres5t day muddle1 #ae2 makes cata*resis ! rule1 #af4 ,ju/ice1 q mean+less to-day1 #bd2 necess>y = belief 9 equality1 #dd1 #gd2 ! ab/raction ( a morali/1 #de2 ,gambetta's ju/ice imman5te1 #dd1 #de1 #ahb2 mod]n idea (1 #df2 & its moral basis1 #df-ej2 mean+less :5 appli$ to ! univ]se1 #eb2 unkn[n outside human society1 #ec1 #ed2 a my?1 #eg1 #eh2 reign (1 a vision>y ideal1 #aha4 ,lab\r1 dissatisfaction (1 #aee4 ,language1 confusion (1 leads to revolution1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag2 & to impossibility to lead or be l$1 #ae2 disease (1 ev]y:]e rampant1 #be2 importance ( und]/&+ "o's own1 #acc1 #acd2 a k (1 ! only means ( curb+ ! press1 #acf2 ! ,engli%1 %\ld be *ief subject 9 ,/ate s*ools1 #acg1 #adj4 ,lib]ty1 q mean+less to-day1 #bd4 ,life1 has a desc5d+ t5d5cy1 #cc2 developm5t ! law ( high]1 #cc2 hopelessly unju/ & unmoral1 #ea-ec2 z %e is1 hat$ by deg5]ates1 #ei2 ! enjoym5t (1 l>gely /hetic1 #aag2 inequality necess>y to ! *>m (1 #aah2 itself attack$ by ! ,sociali/1 #aai4 ,lloyd ,george1 on national ill-heal?1 #ahf4 ,locke1 ,john1 put le>n+ la/ 9 education1 #abg n4 ,love1 _c be produc$ by ^w ( comm&1 #age1 #agf4 ,lu!r1 a slave to 8 own /r5g?1 #hc4 ,man1 ,r\sseau's misund]/&+ (1 #ag1 #ah1 #bc2 mod]n1 tir$ 9 body & _s1 #bg-bi2 8 sickness & deg5]acy responsible = decl9e ( our in/itutions1 #ca2 made responsible by morali/s = ! inju/ices ( ,life1 #ej2 8 moral int]pretation ( ! _w1 #ea2 mod]n1 ess5tially democratic1 #if2 & suff]+ f exhau/ion1 #aef2 man1 n 8 in/itutions wrong to-day1 #bja-bjb2 all re=m %\ld beg9 )1 himself1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,mann]s1 education 91 mo/ ess5tial1 #abg2 no att5tion giv5 to1 9 elem5t>y education1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca2 lack (1 falls ) great] sev]ity on poor ?an on ri*1 #abi4 ,m>g>9e1 vegetable1 almo/ useless to ! body1 #aij4 ,ma!matician1 !1 a hopeless psy*ologi/1 #fb2 dang]\s z soon z he deals ) humanity1 #fg4 p#bbj ,m$iocrities1 alone 8free0 to *oose a call+1 #hj4 ,m$iocrity1 c only rule 9 a m$iocre way1 #ahd4 ,middle ,ages1 _h a common culture1 #ab2 protect$ ! poor & ignorant1 #acd4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 prov$ t ,p>liam5t is n repres5tative1 #ia1 #ib n4 ,misan?ropy1 br$ by ov]cr[d+ ( l>ge cities1 #agd-age4 ,monks1 ! m5dicant1 lo/ p[] :5 !y became ri*1 #da4 ,napoleon1 on ! cause ( ! ,revolution1 #gb2 & ! lawy]s1 #hb2 a slave to 8 own /r5g?1 #hc2 :at fre$om meant to1 #hf4 ,nature1 misund]/ood by ,r\sseau & ! ,victorian poets1 #ag1 #ah2 utt]ly immoral1 #ea-ec2 innately unju/1 #ee1 #ei2 viol5ce supreme 91 #ii4 ,negro slaves1 committ$ suicide on ,briti% %ips1 #age4 ,p>liam5t1 q unrepres5tative1 #ia1 #ib4 ,pessimism1 takes =m ( economic /ruggle among ! masses & madness & religi\s f]v\r among ! ri*1 #afb4 ,see also ,despond5cy4 ,pessimi/1 !1 c alone logically assail ,private ,prop]ty1 #cf4 ,physical conditions1 disreg>d$ by mod]nity1 #ahf4 ,poor1 !1 "k c]ta9 tru?s ow+ to _! contact ) reality1 #acj2 social re=m direct$ t[>ds1 alone1 #afe2 n m unhappy ?an ! ri*1 #aff-afi4 ,population1 problem ( gr[? (1 #bac2 def9ite policy necess>y reg>d+1 #bad2 a ru?less policy reg>d+1 probably necess>y1 #bae4 ,pov]ty1 to-day entails besott+ & he>tr5d+ "w1 f\l surr\nd+s & ignorance1 #ci4 ,p[]1 ! prop] equipm5t (1 #db4 8,practical10 ! password ( ! /upide/ beliefs1 #agh n2 ! fooli%ness (1 re=ms1 #baf4 ,press1 !1 its enorm\s p[] to-day1 #acd2 does n protect ! poor & ignorant1 #ace2 has no s5se ( responsibility1 #acf2 a k ( language ! only means ( curb+ !1 #acf2 mod]n education leads to omnipot5ce (1 #acg4 ,private prop]ty1 assail$ by pres5t ,muddle ,age1 #ca2 a pr9ciple ( ,life1 #cb1 #ce2 ! pr9ciple (1 /ill believ$ 9 by ! masses1 #cb1 #ce2 c be logically assail$ only by ! pessimi/1 #cf2 among animals1 #cf2 abuse (1 to-day1 #cg2 ! olde/ ( human pr9ciples1 #ch2 evil results (1 to-day1 #ch-ci2 b ^! n inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciple (1 #dj4 ,procreation1 inju/ice root$ 9 ! v act (1 #ef1 #eg2 means viol5ce1 #ajb-aac1 #abe2 society _c regulate1 #aji2 inadvisable to m$dle )1 #aab2 limitation (1 or delib]ate sacrifice c alone elim9ate suff]+1 #aad2 8,d[n )10 %\ld be ! cry ( ! ,sociali/1 #abj2 mod]n lack ( responsibility conc]n+1 #bae4 ,pr(ite]+1 an act ( viol5ce1 #abb4 ,progress1 /upidity a =m (1 #ad2 ! la/ #ai? c5tury ideal to p]i%1 #aeh2 belief 91 natural to ^? :o believe 9 a b5efic5t deity1 #aei4 ,psy*o-analysis1 revelations (1 9 cases :]e procreative in/9ct has be5 *eck$1 #aji n4 p#bba ,read+1 %\ld involve disc]nm5t1 #aci2 real1 n taught 9 ,/ate s*ools1 #aci2 tea*+ ( ,engli% necess>y =1 #ade4 ,religion1 com=ts p = ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 #ej4 ,r5aissance1 a p]iod ( social unre/1 #aee4 ,revolution1 due to confusion ( language1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ai4 ,ri*1 !1 _! tru?-pro( environm5t1 #acj2 %[ _! mis]y 9 neura/h5ia1 h$onism1 etc41 #afe2 z unhappy z ! poor1 #aff-afi4 ,"r1 q mean+less to-day1 #bd4 ,romanticism1 de/roys happ9ess & ord]1 #ahc2 romantic n to suspect physiological causes = unre/1 #ahh4 ,r\sseau1 8 misund]/&+ ( words l$ to ,fr5* ,revolution1 #ag2 falsifies evid5ce1 #bc2 a s5tim5tali/1 #eb2 8 mean+less phrase ab\t fre$om1 #gg1 #hb4 ,rul]s1 _! duty to assuage viol5ce1 #abb4 ,russia1 revolution 91 fom5t$ by />vation1 #ahe4 ,s*ools1 elem5t>y1 curriculum 91 #ada-add2 sugge/$ re=m ( curriculum1 #ade-aea2 probable good results ( ?is1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,socialism1 a conspiracy aga9/ ,life1 #ce2 mu/ if hone/ insi/ on compulsory lab\r1 #ic2 (f]s only mat]ial ideals1 #afb4 ,sociali/1 !1 an invalid1 #ca2 a det]m9$ oppon5t ( ,life1 #cf2 compassionate = ! suff]+s ( mank9d1 #ig2 8 desire to elim9ate viol5ce1 #ih2 does n reckon ) ! basic natural elem5t ( procreation1 #aaj2 _c accept ! means by :i* alone viol5ce c be elim9at$ f society1 #aae2 w>s aga9/ ,life itself1 #aai2 exploits /igma atta*+ to mod]n success1 #abd4 ,social ,re=m1 ! only "q on :i* mod]nity is unanim\s1 #afd2 b direct$ only t[>ds ! poor1 #afd2 aims only at elevation ( /&>d ( liv+ ( ! poor1 #afe2 direct$ t[>ds "o class only1 #agb2 _c cure despond5cy1 #agg2 falsely ?\ght to be 8practical10 #agh n4 ,social unre/1 due to despond5cy1 #aee1 #aef2 caus$ by ill-heal?1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aid1 #aig4 ,/>vation1 fom5ts revolt1 #ahe4 ,/r5g?1 has no *oice1 #hb2 or fre$om1 #hc-he2 except 9 c]ta9 cases1 #he4 ,/upidity1 increas+1 #ad4 ,suff]+1 necess>y s long z society is bas$ on viol5ce1 #aac1 #aad2 c only be elim9at$ by re/rict+ procreation1 #aad2 9 mod]n society n borne by ! unwor?ie/1 #abd4 ,success1 is n to-day connect$ ) sup]iority1 #dc n2 /igma atta*+ to mod]n1 #abd4 ,sweat+1 an act ( viol5ce1 #abb4 ,tea1 9 e way delet]i\s1 #aia4 ,temp]ance movem5t1 a helpless & ,puritanical solution ( ! liquor "q1 #aie4 ,tyranny1 ( ideas1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ,ugl9ess1 increas+1 ( mod]n ,europe kills love1 #agg4 ,values1 transvaluation (1 /ill possible1 #db1 #dc2 ! vulg>1 ( mod]n society1 #abd1 #abe2 survival1 alone too ard5tly foll[$ to-day1 #bjd1 #bje4 p#bbb ,vanity1 responsible = revolution1 #gc4 ,victorian ,poets1 _! misund]/&+ ( ,nature1 #aga4 ,viol5ce1 !1 ( mod]n weal?1 #db2 ! desire ( ,sociali/s to d away )1 #ih1 #ajj2 supreme 9 ,nature & ess5tial to life1 #ii2 _c be elim9at$ ev5 f ,sociali/ ,/ate1 #ajb1 #ajd2 inh]5t 9 procreation1 #ajb-ajh1 #abe2 !1 ( emigration1 #ajg2 necess>ily entails suff]+1 #aac2 necess>y = ! *>m ( life1 #aaf2 man-made de$s (1 #abb1 #abc4 ,volunt>y actions1 g5]ally associat$ ) weak & useless p1 #hb4 ,vote1 !1 does n secure fre$om1 #ia4 ,weal?1 to-day t5ds to get into ! h&s ( ! unwor?y1 #ch2 & ^? :o use x unscrupul\sly1 #ci2 0 n always respect$ p] se1 #dj1 #da2 to-day a curse ow+ to false values1 #db2 connect$ g5]ally ) vulg>ity s9ce ! #ag? c5tury1 #bji4 ,wom51 ! suppos$ inju/ice ( _! lot1 #df2 less social ?an m51 #dh2 ! ignorance ( ,engli%1 ab\t cook+1 #aia4 ,words1 may be us$ z missiles1 #ac2 may inspire uni=m action1 #bj4 ,work+-classes1 _! in>ticulat5ess1 #acb1 #acc2 _! wom5's ignorance ( cook+1 #aia4