,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,und]l9$ text is d5ot$ by d\ble und]scores4 ,ov]l9$ text is d5ot$ by at symbols4 ,ov]l9es f squ>e & cube root notations 7 & 1 respectively7 h be5 omitt$4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,a sup]script is d5ot$ by x or xx1 = example undr or #cf?4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,?is edition ( ! book did n include a ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ! read] "o has be5 creat$ "h3 ,preface4 ,index4 ,"p ,i4 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 ,draw+1 ,etc4 ,ari?metic4 ,"s ,signs ,employ$ 9 ,calculations4 ,p[]s & ,roots4 ,proportion4 ,elem5ts ( ,practical ,geometry4 ,geometrical ,draw+4 ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,geometrical ,draw+s4 ! ,micrometrical ,divid+ ,table4 ,o!r ,me?ods ( ,divid+ ,into ,equal ,p>ts4 to ,subdivide a ,circle4 ,"t4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,mat]ials ,employ$ 9 ,horology4 ,iron4 ,ca/ ,iron4 ,/eel4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4 ,special ,obs]vations4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,qualities ( ,/eel4 ,prep>ations ( ,/eel4 ,h>d5+4 ,temp]+4 to ,:it5 & ,blue ,/eel4 ,case-h>d5+4 ,influ5ce ( ,=eign ,metals & ,metalloids on ! ,qualities ( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,copp]4 ,z9c4 ,brass4 ,hamm] ,h>d5+ ( ,brass4 to ,anneal ,brass4 ,ca/ ,brass4 ,t94 ,bronze4 ,/]ro4 ,lead4 ,nickel4 ,g]man ,silv]4 ,gold4 ,silv]4 ,alum9ium & ,alum9ium ,bronze4 ,m]cury4 ,plat9um4 ,palladium4 ,*>act]i/ic ,prop]ties ( ,alloys4 ,sold]+4 ,me?ods ( ,sold]+4 ,bronz+4 ,gild+4 ,acids & ,salts4 ,oil4 ,alcohol4 ,b5z9e1 ,etc4 ,poli%+ ,mat]ials4 ,prep>ation ( ,poli%+ ,mat]ials4 ,smoo?+4 ,smoo?+ ( ,brass4 ,smoo?+ ( ,/eel4 ,poli%+4 to ,poli% ,/eel4 ,cem5t1 ,wax1 ,res91 ,etc4 ,enamel4 ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,work+ 9 ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,heal? & ,manipulation4 ,pres]vation ( ,heal?4 ! ,sight4 ! ,body 9 ,g5]al4 ,use ( ! ,file & ,grav]4 to ,file ,flat & ,squ>e ,) ,bo? ,h&s at ,once4 to ,file ,flat ,) ,"o ,h&4 to ,turn ,cyl9drical ,pivots1 ,etc41 & ,squ>e ,%\ld]s4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,tools & ,appliances4 ,work%op ,fitt+s4 ! ,la!4 ! ,foot ,:eel4 ! ,b5*4 ,idl]s4 ,*ucks4 ! ,slide ,re/4 ,grav]s & ,o!r ,h&-turn+ ,tools4 ,drills4 ,la! ,atta*m5ts4 ,miscellane\s ,small ,tools4 ,accessories & ,miscellane\s ,op]ations to ,be ,p]=m$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,head4 to ,c5t] an ,object4 ,upright+ & ,drill+4 ,production ( ,screw ,?reads4 ,screw ,plates & ,taps4 ,taps4 ,me?ods ( ,tapp+ ,holes4 ,rapid ,mode ( ,mak+ a ,screw4 ,screw-head ,tools4 ,tools ,= ,cutt+ & ,r\nd+-up ! ,tee? ( ,:eels4 ,:eel-cutt+ ,eng9e4 ,cutt]s ,= ,=m+ ! ,tee? ( ,brass ,:eels4 ,mill ,cutt]s ,= ,/eel4 ,tool ,= ,mak+ ,cutt]s4 ,tools ,= ,correct+ ! ,=m ( ,tee?4 to ,te/ ! ,accuracy ( ,c]ta9 ,tools4 ,"p ,v4 ,repair+ & ,exam9+ ,wat*es4 ,me?od4 ,ext]nal ,exam9ation ( ! ,wat*4 to ,exam9e a ,g5eva ,movem5t4 ,accessories ,= ,beg9n]s4 ,clean+ ! ,wat*4 ,putt+ ! ,wat* ,toge!r4 to ,exam9e ,engli% ,or ,am]ican ,movem5ts4 to ,rapidly ,"t a ,wat* ,or ,clock4 ,tim+ 9 ,positions4 ,horizontal & ,v]tical4 ,note on ! ,proportions ( ,balances4 ,demagnetiz+4 ,"p ,,vi4 ,practical ,recipes4 ! ,plate4 ! ,b>rel4 ,includ+ ,arbor1 ,/opwork1 ,ma9spr+1 ,etc4 ! ,ma9spr+4 ! ,fusee4 ,*a94 ,:eels4 ,p9ions4 ,set-h&s ,squ>e4 ,pivots4 ,bu%+ ,pivot ,holes1 ,etc4 ,dep?s4 on ! ,application ( ! ,geometrical ,laws ( ,dep?s to ,practice4 ,pallets4 ,cyl9d]4 ,balance ,spr+4 ,dial ,plate4 ,metal ,dials4 ,h&s4 ,glasses4 ,broa*+4 ,solid & ,holl[ ,squ>es4 to ,/raight5 a ,rod1 ,plate ,or ,:eel4 ,am]ican ,wat* ,tool ,co4 ,,/oney ,,batt] ,,works1 ,*ymi/ry ,di/rict1 ,,wal?am1 ,,mass4 ,illu/ration ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,web/]-,,:itcomb ,,la! ,,& ,,atta*m5ts4 ,d n be deceiv$ by an 8,,imitation0 :5 y c get ! ,g5u9e ,web/]-,:itcomb = #cf4jj4 ,by ! introduction ( special & co/ly tools we h br\ght ! price ( ,la!s d[n f #hj4jj 9 #ahgf1 to #cf4jj 9 #ahid4 ,:o has done m = ! craft ?an we8 ,,s5d = ,price ,li/ & ,,note r$uctions4 ,rememb] our full address4 ,,b5j4 ,,all5 ,,co4 #ada-adc ,,/ate ,,/41 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,wat* ,mat]ials1 ,tools & ,jewel]s' ,supplies4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,complete ,,/ock4 ,,l[e/ ,,prices4 ,,be/ ,,goods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diamond ,,p9 ,,tongues ,extra ,quality ,manufactur$ ,expresssly = ,,b5j4 ,,all5 ,,co1 #ada #adc ,/ate ,/reet ,*icago1 ,ill4 8,diamond0 ,br& ,p9 ,tongues1 put up 9 neat box1 p>tition$ (f1 ea* size sep>ate1 w>rant$ ! be/ & /iffe/ ,p9s 9 ! m>ket1 p] gross - #a4jj4 ,all ,ord]s ,fill$ ,accurately & ,)\t ,delay4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,illu/rat$ ,,catalogue4 ,wat*es1 ,clocks1 ,diamonds1 ,jewelry & ,silv]w>e4 ,,! ,,wat*mak]s' ,,h& ,,book ,,int5d$ ,,z ,a ,,work%op ,,companion ,,= ,,^? ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,wat*mak+ ,,& ,,alli$ ,,me*anical ,,arts ,,by ,,claudius ,,sauni] ,,illu/rat$ ,,am]ican ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,abbott ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,wants ,,( ,,am]ican ,,workm5 ,,*icago3 ,,geo4 ,k4 ,,hazlitt ,,co41 ,,publi%]s4 #ahid4 ,,copyright$ #ahib1 ,,by ,,geo4 ,k4 ,,hazlitt ,,co4 ,,preface4 ,m4 ,sauni]'s writ+s occupy an unique position 9 ,europe1 z works ( ref]5ce = all :o are engag$ 9 wat*mak+1 & x may n be out ( place to obs]ve t ! ,am]ican edition ( 8 treatise promises to take a simil> place among ,engli%-speak+ communities4 ,a glance at ! index w %[ t ! in=mation giv5 is ess5tially practical 9 its "*1 & su* z w be ( use to ! wat*mak] 9 8 daily "w4 ,! volume is ?us 9 no s5se an abridgm5t ( ! orig9al edition1 b on ! contr>y1 x conta9s mu* m matt] ?an ! orig9al "w4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! "w ( ! ord9>y wat* repair] has und]gone consid]able *ange4 ,! appr5tice%ip he s]ves1 if inde$ x c be call$ a real appr5tice%ip1 is %ort] ?an =m]ly4 ,! imm5se numb] ( badly con/ruct$ wat*es t he is call$ ^u to put 9 go+ ord] = a trifl+ remun]ation1 compels him to replace ! old] me?ods ( proc$ure by o!rs1 :5ev] by s do+ "t c be sav$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 ! value ( ! pres5t ,h& ,book c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$1 s9ce x conta9s1 9 a readily accessible =m1 _m details z to ! work+ ( metals1 & descriptions ( v>i\s practical op]ations1 new & improv$ =ms ( tools1 etc4 ,b ! volume w be f\nd ( daily use to a wid] circle ( work]s ?an ^? above ref]r$ to4 ,we believe t !re is h>dly a bran* ( ! wat*mak+ trade :i* may n b5efit by ! num]\s practical details t are giv52 inde$1 al?\gh ! "w is specially design$ = ! use ( wat*mak]s1 a great portion ( x w be se5 to be no less applicable to o!r me*anical arts4 ,m4 ,sauni]'s orig9al works1 ! ,guide-,manuel de l',horlog]1 & ,recueil des ,proc$es ,pratiques1 :i* appe>$ z sep>ate volumes1 h be5 incorporat$ 9 ?is ,am]ican edition1 a l>ge am\nt ( additional in=mation be+ at ! same "t add$4 ,z ! second conta9$ _m details t m prop]ly belong$ to ! fir/1 & vice v]sa1 x has be5 ?\ght desirable to remodel ! :ole1 &1 z w be se5 f an exam9ation1 ! six p>ts t con/itute ! "w are di/9ct 9 _! "*4 ,) a view to fur!r facilitate ! use ( ?is ,h& ,book z a "w ( daily ref]5ce1 an unusually full index has be5 add$1 :i* ! read] is recomm5d$ 9 all cases to consult1 & no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to make ! cross ref]5ces 9 ! body ( ! "w z complete z possible4 ,x seems desirable "h to give "s explanation 9 reg>d to sev]al ( ! practical me?ods describ$4 ,e wat*mak] w at once recognize t recipes are includ$ :i* are ( ! nature ( make%ifts1 & t x w\ld 9 _m cases be bett] to replace a piece by a new "o r ?an to repair x 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 felt t ! "w w (t5 be appeal$ to by ^? :o1 f v>i\s circum/ances1 may be prev5t$ f mak+ or procur+ a new "p t w suit ! wat* "u repair1 :ile ^? :o are n s situat$ w h no difficulty 9 decid+ = !mselves z to :i* me?od to adopt4 ,! orig9al "w ( ,m4 ,sauni]1 & ! ,engli% edition1 bo? _h ! illu/rations 9 ! back ( ! "w1 :i* necessitat$ consid]able inconv5i5ce :5 consult+ !m4 ,9 ?is edition we h v5tur$ to ins]t ! illu/rations 9 ! text t describes !m4 ,! antiquat$ tools1 l ! b[1 b[-la!1 ! turns & m&ril1 h be5 omitt$1 & ! mod]n foot-:eel1 la! & accessories sub/itut$4 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,abbott ,,index4 ,,note--,! ref]5ces are 9 all cases to ! pages1 n to ! p>agraphs4 ,a ,accuracy ( tools1 to te/1 #cff 0 0 rules1 to te/1 #cc ,acids1 #abg ,adju/+ rod1 to use1 #dcc ,agate1 #afd ,ak]man on h>d5+1 #gg ,alcohol1 #acb 0 & glyc]9e on oil/ones1 #aib ,alloys1 #eg 0 prop]ties (1 #ajh 0 t melt at c]ta9 temp]atures1 #hb ,alum1 #abh ,alum9ium1 #ajc1 #aaj 0 bronze1 #ajd1 #aaj 0 sold]s1 #aac1 #aaf ,amalgams1 #aje ,am]ican *ucks1 #bbd ,ammonium1 *loride (1 #abh ,angle ( cutt+ edges1 #bce ,angles ( escapem5t1 to measure1 #dfe 0 measurem5t (1 #bf 0 to con/ruct equal1 #dd 0 to subdivide1 #dd ,anneal+ brass1 #if 0 /eel1 #gb ,anvil1 to h>d5 face (1 #hh ,appliances = wat*mak]s1 #ahi ,aqua ,regia1 #abg ,arbor1 b>rel1 to make1 #dji1 #dbj 0 0 0 repair1 #dbh 0 0 0 true1 #dbi 0 *uck = :eel-cutt+1 #bbd1 #ccg 0 to /raight51 #eje 0 nut1 to drill1 #dbe 0 0 diamet] (1 #dbe 0 set-h&s1 to adju/1 #dea 0 0 0 tight51 #bid ,area1 measurem5t (1 #be ,ari?metic1 importance (1 #ag ,ari?metical ratio1 #bb ,automatic bl[-pipe1 #bja ,ayr /one1 #ace ,axis ( cry/allization1 #aff ,b ,back re/s1 #bec ,balance1 pivots1 =m (1 #djj 0 poise (1 #dja 0 protector1 #bfe 0 spr+ /ud index1 #bhj 0 to make pla91 #dcf 0 vibrations (1 #dfj ,balances1 proportions (1 #dja ,balance spr+1 action (1 #dgc 0 0 collet tool1 #bhf1 #dgd 0 0 gauge1 #dge 0 0 to c5t]1 #cgg 0 0 0 clean1 #chd 0 0 0 draw1 #dg 0 0 0 flatt51 #dgg 0 0 0 select1 #dgh 0 0 0 weak51 #dgg ,balance-spr+s1 palladium1 #ajg 0 0 plat9um1 #ajg ,balas ruby1 #afb ,b&s1 #bai ,b>rel-arbor1 to make1 #dji1 #dbj 0 0 0 repair1 #dbh 0 0 0 true1 #dbi 0 cov]1 to make1 #daj 0 go+1 to put toge!r1 #che 0 hole to bu%1 #dab 0 hook1 to fix1 #daa 0 clock1 to make1 #dbj 0 to exam9e1 #cgi 0 0 make1 #dji 0 0 oil1 #chh 0 0 repair1 #cgi1 #dab 0 0 true1 #cgi1 #dac 0 0 upright1 #dac ,b>s1 to make1 #dji ,ba?s = h>d5+1 #gh ,beaupuy burni%]s & files1 #aie ,beat block1 #bff ,beg9n]s1 aids =1 #cha ,bell-metal1 #ih ,belts = la!s1 #bai ,b5*1 #ahi1 #bba ,b5t pivot1 to r$ress1 #ded ,b5z9e1 #acc1 #chd ,b]lioz r\nd+-up cones1 #cfb ,b]zelius pa/ile1 #dih ,black poli% on /eel1 #aed ,blea*+ silv] dials1 #dhg ,bl[-pipes1 #aii ,bl[-pipe1 gas1 #bja 0 automatic1 #bja ,blue poli%+ /one1 #ace ,blue+ /eel1 #hf ,bo>d1 arrangem5ts (1 #agg1 #ahi 8,body0 ( /eel1 #gj ,borax z flux = sold]+1 #abh ,b\*ons1 movable1 #def 0 to make1 #bih1 #def 0 0 rivet1 #def ,brass1 #ij1 #aaj 0 ca/1 #hf1 #aaj 0 dials1 to silv]1 #dia 0 etc41 drill blade =1 #bda 0 influ5ce ( impurities on1 #ia 0 plates1 to h>d51 #ib 0 rods1 to h>d51 #ie 0 to anneal1 #if 0 0 bronze1 #aba 0 0 poli%1 #adi 0 0 select1 #ia 0 0 smoo?1 #aci 0 :eel tee?1 obs]vations on cutt+1 #cdf 0 :eels1 to poli%1 #adi1 #ace ,braz+1 #aai ,breguet spr+1 to set1 #dgf ,broa*es1 #aii ,broa*+1 #dii 0 a hole r\nd1 #dii ,brocot me?od ( h>d5+ brass rods1 #ie ,brok5 screw extractor1 #bfb 0 0 to remove ) alum1 #abh ,bronze1 #ih1 #aaj 0 alum9ium1 #ajc1 #aaj 0 to r5d] malleable1 #ih ,bronz+1 #abj ,bru%1 to clean )1 #chc ,bru%es1 prep>ation (1 #chb ,buff lea!r1 #acc ,burni%]s1 #aih 0 ,beaupuy1 #aie 0 to re-face1 #aih ,burni%+ brass :eels1 #ace1 #adi ,burnt iron1 #eh ,bu%+ b>rel holes1 #dab 0 pivot-holes1 #def ,c ,calip]1 figure-(-#h1 #aig 0 = heights1 etc41 #aig 0 micromet]1 #bgj 0 pallet1 #dff 0 re/1 jewel+1 #bdi 0 v]ni]1 #bgh ,camphorat$ oil1 #aca ,cannon p9ion1 to tight51 #ddi ,c>bon 9 ca/ iron & /eel1 #fj ,c>nelian1 #afd ,case h>d5+1 #hh ,case1 to exam9e1 #chi ,ca/ brass1 #ij 0 iron1 #fj 0 /eel1 #fa ,ca/+s1 malleable1 #fa ,catgut b&s1 to jo91 #bai ,cem5t1 application (1 #aef 0 /eel1 #fb ,c5t] ( circle1 to f9d1 #dd ,c5t]s1 to te/ tru? (1 #cff 0 v>i\s1 #bff ,c5t] :eel1 #cgi 0 0 to oil1 #chh ,c5t]+ atta*m5ts1 #bec 0 f circumf]5ce1 #cjg 0 9 wax1 #aeg1 #cad 0 me?ods (1 #cje 0 rods1 #bhe1 #che ,*a91 fusee1 to ease1 #dcd ,*a9 hook1 to rivet1 #dcd ,*alk = clean+1 #chb ,*amf]+ tools1 #bha1 #bhc ,*>coal = poli%+1 #acc 0 us$ = smoo?+1 #acc ,*9ese bronz+1 #aba ,*loride ( ammonium1 #abh 0 ( z9c z flux = sold]+1 #aah ,*rysolite1 #afc ,*ucks1 #bbd ,circle1 divisions (1 #bd 0 sub-division (1 #eb 0 to f9d c5t] (1 #dd ,circul> oil /ones1 #aia ,circumf]5ce1 ratio to diamet]1 #be 0 to c5t] f1 #cjg ,clean+ bru%es1 #chc 0 files1 #aic 0 gold or gilt objects1 #abe 0 metal dials1 #dia 0 nickel movem5ts1 #aja 0 r\gh /eel1 #ge 0 wat*es1 #chb ,clock b>rel1 to make1 #dbj 0 dials1 to clean1 #dia 0 h&s1 to blue1 #hf 0 p9ions1 to poli%1 #ddc 0 to "t rapidly1 #cid ,clos+ b>rel holes1 etc41 #bie ,cocks1 to make1 #dji ,colco?> ( vitriol1 #ace ,cold gild+ )\t m]cury1 #abb 0 hamm]+1 #gd1 #ib ,collet1 balance spr+1 tool1 #bhf ,color+ gold dials1 #dic ,compass1 proportional1 #cg ,compasses1 #aif ,conductivity1 #aaj1 #aab ,copp]1 #hi 0 alloys ) gold1 #ajb 0 to bronze1 #abj ,cord ( la!1 #bai ,c\nt]%aft1 #bbj ,c\nt+ vibrations1 #cid ,cov] ( b>rel1 groove =1 #daj 0 0 0 to make1 #daj ,crocus1 #ace ,cross+ out a :eel1 #dce ,cross+s ( :eel1 to m>k1 #bih 0 to r5ew brok51 #ddj ,cry/allization1 axis (1 #aff ,cube root1 #bj ,curb1 to adju/1 #dae ,cutt]s1 to adju/ =m (1 #cec 0 = jewels1 #afe 0 0 mak+ grooves1 etc41 #cab 0 0 slide re/1 #bhf 0 0 /eel :eels1 #cdg 0 0 tee?1 v>i\s k9ds1 #cci 0 rose & />1 #cdi 0 r\nd+ up1 to make1 #cca 0 tool = mak+ :eels1 #cec 0 to %>p5 slide re/1 #bhg 0 :eel1 to make1 #cci ,cutt+ a file1 #aid 0 edge1 angles (1 #bce 0 faces ( grav]s1 =ms (1 #bci 0 glass1 #dih 0 :eels1 obs]vations on1 #caj1 #cdh ,cyl9d] escape :eel1 to te/1 #bij 0 to oil1 #chh 0 0 pivot a1 #ded 0 0 poli% me*anically1 #dfh ,d ,dead smoo?+1 #adc 0 surface ( gold1 to re/ore1 #abf ,decantation1 #acf ,def9itions1 geometrical1 #bc ,degrees ( circle def9$1 #bd ,demagnetiz+ wat*es1 #djc ,d5sity1 #ajh ,dep? calip]1 #aig ,dep?s1 application ( laws (1 #deh1 #dfj 0 9 /em-w9d "w1 #dfb 0 !oretical & practical1 #deh1 #dfj 0 to ease1 #cfe 0 0 secure good1 #deg 0 visible & invisible1 to te/1 #cgg ,dep?+ tool1 to te/ accuracy (1 #cfh ,design1 to transf]1 #cj ,dial1 enamel1 to cut hole 91 #dhd 0 0 0 drill1 #dhj 0 0 0 r$uce diamet] (1 #dhf 0 0 0 remove figure f1 #dhf 0 plate1 to cut1 #dgi 0 to file hole 91 #dha 0 0 remove enamel f back (1 #dhb ,dials1 enamel =1 #afj 0 fix$ by feet1 #dhc 0 0 0 screws1 #dhb 0 gold1 to re/ore1 #dic 0 metal1 to clean1 #dia 0 silv]1 to re/ore1 #dhg 0 to pa9t h\rs on1 #die 0 0 repair1 #afa ,diamond1 #afa 0 drill1 to use1 #afi 0 0 & grav]s1 #afb1 #agc 0 = poli%+1 #afb 0 p[d]1 drill+ )1 #afh 0 0 to prep>e1 #ace ,diamant9e = poli%+1 #acd1 #aed ,diamet]1 ratio to circumf]5ce1 #be ,dies = screw-mak+1 #cae 0 0 :eel-mak+1 #dch ,divid+ plate1 #bih 0 scales1 etc41 #dh 0 table1 micrometrical1 #dh ,dome1 fre$om (1 #chi ,d\zieme gauge1 #aif ,draw-plate1 #bih ,draw+1 geometrical1 #bh1 #dj 0 in/rum5ts1 #cb 0 scales1 #cc 0 to r$uce a1 #dj ,drawn /eel1 advantages (1 #ga ,drift+1 #bif1 #dae1 #ejb ,drifts1 to make1 #bif1 #dbb ,drill1 diamond1 #afb1 #agc 0 re/1 #bfg ,drill+ a b>rel-arbor1 #dbc 0 enamel dial1 #dhj 0 glass1 #dih 0 9 ! la!1 #cjh 0 lubricants =1 #dhj 0 precautions 91 #bdb1 #bdd 0 tool1 to te/ accuracy (1 #cff 0 ) diamond p[d]1 #afh ,drills = oil-cups1 #bha 0 to make1 #bdd 0 0 m\nt diamond1 #agc 0 v>i\s1 #bda ,duplex ruby-roll]1 to make1 #agc ,e ,ela/icity ( /eel1 #gj1 #hd ,electro-gild+1 #abd ,elem5ts ( practical geometry1 #bc ,elevation def9$1 #bh ,ellipse1 to draw1 #df ,em]y1 #acd 0 pap]1 to make1 #acd 0 :eels & /icks1 #acd ,enamel1 #aei 0 false1 #afa 0 to apply cold1 #afj 0 0 remove f back ( dial1 #dhb 0 dial1 to cut hole 91 #dhd 0 0 0 drill1 #dhj 0 0 0 erase figure f1 #dhf 0 0 0 r$uce diamet] (1 #dhf 0 dials fix$ by feet1 #dhc 0 0 0 by screws1 #dhb ,end%ake1 #cge ,end/one1 to fix1 #aei 0 0 make1 #aga ,eng9e1 :eel-cutt+1 #ccj ,engli% movem5t1 to exam9e1 #chi ,engrav$ design1 to transf]1 #cj ,epicycloidal dep?s1 #dei ,equal+ file1 to cut1 #aid ,eras+ figure f enamel dial1 #dhf ,escapem5ts1 action (1 #cgf 0 gauges =1 #dfe 0 play ( pivots 91 #deb 0 to exam9e1 #cia 0 0 measure angles (1 #dfe 0 0 oil1 #chg ,escape:eel1 clip = hold+1 #bhi 0 to te/1 #bij 0 cock passage1 to turn1 #cab ,ess5ces = clean+1 #acc1 #chd ,exam9+ wat*es1 #cga1 #chi ,expansion1 #aji ,extract+ brok5 screws1 #abh1 #bfb1 #cag 0 squ>e root ( numb]s1 #ba ,eyesight1 to pres]ve1 #age ,f ,face-plate1 #beg 0 univ]sal1 #beg ,false ruby1 #afc ,figure-(-#h callip]1 #aig ,file1 to cut equal+1 #aid 0 0 r\nd-up tee? )1 #cfc 0 use (1 #agh1 #aic ,files1 ,beaupuy1 #aie 0 to clean1 #aic 0 0 r5ew1 #aic 0 0 set 9 h&les1 #aic ,fil+ block1 #bfi 0 fixture1 #bfh 0 flat1 #agi 0 re/1 #bfi 0 squ>e by h&1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ejj ,f+]-piece1 to make1 #dah ,flat fil+1 #agi 0 0 device =1 #ahb 0 poli%+1 tool =1 #cjb ,flet*] furnaces1 #bja ,fluxes = sold]+1 #aag ,foot-:eel1 #bah ,f\r? :eel1 upright+ (1 #cgi ,fraise1 ,+old1 #cfb ,fre$om ( v>i\s p>ts1 #cgh1 #cge1 #cia ,fro/$ surface on /eel1 to produce1 #add ,fro/+ silv] dial1 #dhg ,furnace temp]atures1 table (1 #gh ,furnaces1 w9d & muffle1 #bja ,fusee1 advantages (1 #dcb 0 to adju/1 #dcc 0 0 snail1 #ade 0 wat*1 to exam9e1 #chi ,fusion1 po9ts (1 #aaj1 #aab ,g ,gauges1 #aif 0 = balance-spr+s1 #dge 0 0 escapem5ts1 #dfe 0 movem5t1 table (1 #dfb 0 regi/]+1 #bgd 0 /aff1 #bge ,g5eva movem5t1 to exam9e1 #cgd ,geometrical draw+1 #bh 0 proportion1 #bb 0 ratio1 #bj ,geometry1 elem5ts ( practical1 #bc 0 importance (1 #ag ,g]man silv]1 #ajj1 #aaj ,gild+1 #abb 0 ba?1 to prep>e1 #abd ,gilt objects1 to clean1 #abe ,glass1 to cem5t1 #aeg 0 0 cut1 #dih 0 0 drill1 #dih 0 use (1 #age ,glue1 application (1 #aef ,glyc]9e & alcohol on oil/ones1 #aia ,gold1 #aja1 #aaj 0 to clean1 #abf 0 0 dead5 surface1 #abf 0 0 prep>e 9 p[d]1 #abh 0 copp] alloys1 #ajb 0 0 dials1 to re/ore1 #dic 0 sold]s1 #aad1 #aaf 0 spr+s1 #ajb1 #dgh ,graduations ( scales1 etc41 #di ,gra9 ( /eel1 #fh ,gra9+ prior to gild+1 #abe 0 /eel1 #add ,grammaire1 #bih ,grav]s1 diamond1 #afb 0 to m\nt diamond1 #afb 0 use (1 #agh 0 v>i\s1 #bch ,gr9d]1 trav]se sp9dle1 #beh ,gr9d/one1 #aib ,groove1 circul>1 to cut1 #caa 0 = b>rel-cov]1 to make1 #daj 0 /raight1 to make1 #cab 0 to turn1 #cab ,h ,hairspr+1 see ,balance spr+4 0 /ud index1 #bhj ,hairspr++ collet tool1 #bhf ,hamm] h>d5+1 #fh1 #gd1 #ib ,h& fitt+ pli]s1 #bhh 0 hold]1 #bhg 0 to enl>ge hole 91 #bhg 0 0 set 9 position1 #dig 0 turn+ tools1 #bch ,h&s1 fre$om (1 #cgc 0 to blue1 #hf 0 0 to r$d51 #dig 0 0 tight51 #bhg ,h&les1 to set tools 91 #aih ,h>d /eel1 to drill1 #bdc 0 0 0 turn1 #ahe ,h>d5+ brass1 #ib 0 gold spr+1 #dgh 0 solutions1 #gg 0 /eel1 me?ods (1 #gg 0 0 precautions 91 #gi 0 0 temp]ature =1 #fh1 #ha ,h>dness ( jewels1 to te/1 #aff 0 0 /eel1 #hb 0 scale (1 #aaa ,heal?1 pres]vation (1 #age ,heat1 mode ( apply+1 to temp]1 #hd 0 ( furnaces1 table (1 #gh ,homog5eity ( /eel1 #fh ,hone slates1 #acd ,hold]1 escape :eel1 #bhi 0 = wat*-h&1 #bhg ,holes1 me?ods ( tapp+1 #cbc ,hook1 *a91 to rivet1 #dhd 0 to fix 9 b>rel1 #daa ,hooks = catgut b&s1 #bai ,hook$ grav]s1 #bhh ,h\rs1 to pa9t on dials1 #die 0 :eel1 fre$om (1 #cgd ,hydro*loric acid1 #abg 0 0 flux = sold]+1 #aah ,hydr(luoric acid1 #abg ,hydrog5 9 palladium1 #ajg ,i ,idl]s1 #bbb ,impurities 9 brass1 _! influ5ce1 #ij 0 0 /eel 0 01 #hh ,index1 to ease1 #dgh ,+old fraise1 #cfb ,inks = pa9t+ dials1 #dif ,in/rum5ts1 draw+1 #hb ,involute dep?s1 #deh ,iridium1 alloy ) plat9um1 #ajg ,iron1 ca/1 #fj1 #aaj 0 = sold]+1 #aah 0 its prop]ties & uses1 #eg 0 oxides (1 = poli%+1 #ahe 0 to case h>d51 #hh 0 0 di/+ui% f /eel1 #eg 0 0 re/ore1 #ei 0 wr\ght1 #eg1 #aaj ,j ,jewel 9 pallet1 to advance1 #dfc 0 resett+ tool1 #bii 0 sett+1 cutt]s =1 #acg 0 to f9d axis (1 #aff 0 holes1 ?ickness (1 #djj 0 0 to make1 #afh 0 0 0 set1 #aga1 #bih 0 0 0 smoo? & poli%1 #afi ,jewel+ calip] re/1 #bdi ,jewelry1 alloys us$ =1 #ajb 0 to clean aft] sold]+1 #abf ,jewels1 #afa 0 to select1 #aff 0 work+ 91 #afe ,k ,keyless p9ion1 to drift1 #ejc 0 w9d+ dep?s1 #cib1 #dfb 0 0 :eel1 to make1 #dda 0 "w1 ne$ ( oil1 #chc 0 0 to exam9e1 #cib ,l ,lamps1 #aij ,laps = jewel]s1 #afe ,la!1 #baj 0 atta*m5ts1 #bdg 0 belts1 #bai 0 c>e (1 #bac 0 simple =m (1 #baa 0 = jewel mak+1 #afe 0 l>ge size1 #baf 0 to c5t] rods 91 #bhe1 #cje 0 b&1 #bai ,lead1 #ii1 #aaj 0 use (1 9 brass1 #ij ,leaves ( p9ions1 to poli%1 #dde ,lecl]re's vibration c\nt]1 #cie ,left-h&$ screws1 to make1 #cbj ,lev] escapem5t1 to exam9e1 #cia ,lift1 to measure1 #dfe ,l9es1 to connect up1 #de 0 0 draw p>allel1 #dc 0 0 subdivide1 #dc ,liquation1 #ib ,local "t1 #ed ,lock+ /ones1 to make1 #agb ,longitude1 value 9 "t1 #ee ,lubrication ( :et/ones1 #aia ,m ,magnetism1 to remove1 #djc ,ma9spr+1 sett+ up1 #che 0 to blue1 #hf 0 0 make eye1 #dca 0 0 r$uce height (1 #dcb 0 0 select1 #dcb ,malleability1 etc41 ( /eel1 #gj ,malleable bronze1 #ih 0 ca/+s1 #fa 0 nickel1 #ajj ,mat]ials us$ 9 horology1 #eg ,measurem5t1 exact1 #ch 0 ( angles1 #bf 0 0 triangles1 squ>es1 etc41 #bf 0 0 v>i\s solid bodies #bh ,melt+ po9ts1 #aaj1 #aab ,m]cury1 #aje1 #aaj 0 to purify1 #ajf ,metals1 #eg 0 to cem5t1 #aef ,me?ylat$ _s1 #acb ,micromet]s1 #aif1 #bgj ,micromet] screw1 #ci1 #dh ,micrometrical divid+ table1 #dh ,mill cutt]s = /eel tee?1 #cdg ,mill+ fixture1 #beh ,m9ute :eel1 fre$om (1 #cgd 0 0 to cut1 #caj ,mix$ oils1 #aca ,mort> = mak+ diamond p[d] #ach ,motion "w1 to exam9e1 #cgd ,motive =ce1 effect ( v>iations 91 #djb ,movem5t1 to exam9e ,engli% & ,am]ican1 #chi ,movem5t1 to exam9e ,g5eva1 #cgd ,muffle furnace1 #bja ,n ,natural /eel1 #fb1 #fe ,nickel1 #ii1 #aaj 0 movem5ts1 #ajj 0 to surface1 #adg 0 0 r5d] malleable1 #ajj 0 silv]1 #ajj1 #aaj ,nitric acid1 #abg ,o ,oil1 #abh 0 application (1 #chg 0 necess>y 9 keyless "w1 #cic 0 ret5tion (1 at c5t] pivots1 #cgh1 #chf 0 0 0 on act+ surfaces1 #acb 0 te/s ( quality (1 #abi 0 to secure p]man5cy 91 #acj ,oil-cup *amf]]s1 #bha ,oil-cups1 obs]vations on1 #bhb 0 to poli%1 #aec ,oils9ks1 #aca ,oil/one1 #ace1 #aij ,oil/ones1 circul>1 #aia ,oil/one du/1 to prep>e1 #acg ,ori5tal *rysolite1 #afc 0 ruby1 #afb 0 sapphire1 #afc ,oxides ( iron = poli%+1 #ace ,p ,paill>d's balance-spr+s1 #ajh ,pa9t+ dials1 #die ,palladium1 #ajg 0 balance-spr+s1 #ajh ,pallets1 #dfc ,pallet-op5+ callip]1 #dff 0 /one1 to alt]1 #dfd 0 0 0 cem5t1 #aei 0 0 0 make1 #agb 0 0 0 move1 #dfc ,pallets1 v]ge1 to op5 or close1 #dfg 0 0 0 measure1 #dff ,pap] us$ 9 clean+ wat*es1 #che ,p>allel l9es1 to draw1 #db ,p>allelogram1 #bg ,p5dulum1 c\nt+ vibrations (1 #cid 0 spr+1 see ,balance-spr+4 0 vibrations (1 #dfj ,p]man5cy 9 oil1 to secure1 #acj ,p]p5dicul>1 to erect1 #da ,petroleum1 use = clean+1 #chd ,pewt]1 composition (1 #ii ,physical prop]ties ( alloys1 #ajh ,pickl+ dials1 #dhh ,p9ion1 cannon1 to tight51 #ddi 0 holl[1 to replace pivot (1 #dec 0 leaves1 to poli%1 #dde 0 rivet+ tool1 #bid 0 to drift keyless1 #big 0 0 increase or decrease1 #ddd ,p9ions1 etc41 cutt]s =1 #cdi 0 high & l[ numb]$1 #dfj 0 sizes (1 #ddc 0 to make1 #ddb ,pivot-holes1 clean+1 #chb ,pivot poli%]1 #bej 0 to bu%1 #def ,pivots1 balance1 l5g? (1 #cgg 0 0 =m (1 #djj 0 c5t]1 #cgh 0 play (1 #cgh1 #deb 0 replac+ brok51 #dec 0 to poli% me*anically1 #ded 0 0 r$ress b5t1 #ded 0 0 turn1 #ahc ,pivot+ a cyl9d]1 #ded ,plate1 wat*1 to make1 #djg ,plates1 brass1 to h>d51 #ib 0 = screw-mak+1 #cae 0 to /raight51 #ejd ,plat+1 gold1 #abd 0 silv] dials1 #dia ,plat9um1 #ajf 0 balance-spr+s1 #ajh 0 to sold]1 #aca ,pli]s1 #aif 0 h&-fitt+1 #bhh ,poise ( balance1 #dja ,poli%1 black1 on /eel1 #aed ,poli%]1 =m (1 #aee ,poli%+ brass1 #adi 0 circul> grooves1 #dbh 0 cyl9d] lips1 tool =1 #dfh 0 escape-:eel tee?1 #aec 0 flat objects1 #cjb 0 jewel-holes1 #afh 0 ma*9e = p9ions1 #dde 0 mat]ials1 #acc 0 pivots 9 la!1 #ded 0 p[d]s1 to prep>e1 #acf 0 rat*et tee?1 #dbg 0 s9ks & oil-cups1 #aec 0 /eel1 #aec 0 /ones1 ,cadot's1 #acf ,positions1 tim+ 91 #cii ,po/1 to adju/1 #dae ,p[]s ( numb]s1 #bj ,preci\s /ones1 #afa 0 0 work+ 91 #afd ,pres]vation ( heal?1 #age ,prime numb]s1 #ah ,proportion ( numb]s1 #bb 0 0 balances1 #dja ,proportional compass1 #cg ,protractor1 #cc ,puddl$ /eel1 #fb ,pulleys1 #bbb ,pumice-/one1 #ace ,pun*1 c5t]+1 #bhe 0 rivet+1 #aih ,putty p[d]1 #ace ,r ,radius def9$1 #bd ,railway "t1 #ee ,rat*et1 to r5ew b>rel-arbor1 #dbe 0 0 smoo?1 #adj 0 0 snail1 #ada 0 tee?1 to cut 9 la!1 #caj 0 to poli%1 #dbg ,ratio1 #be ,receipts = wat*mak]s1 #djg ,r$-/uff1 #ace ,re-fac+ burni%]s1 #aih ,regi/]+ gauge1 #bgc ,regulat+ a clock1 #cih 0 0 wat*1 #cif ,r5ew+ files1 #aic ,repair+ wat*es1 #cga ,resett+ jewels1 #cjj ,res9 z flux = sold]+1 #aag ,resi/ = use 9 gild+1 #abe ,ret5tion ( oil on act+ surfaces1 #acb ,rivet+ /ake & pun*1 #aih ,rods1 brass1 to h>d51 #ie 0 to /raight51 #ejd ,roll] remov]1 #bfd 0 to make duplex1 #agc ,roots ( numb]s1 #bj ,rose cutt]s1 #cdi1 #ceg ,rott5/one1 #ace ,r\ge1 #ace ,r\gh /eel1 to clean1 #ge ,r\gh+ files1 #aic ,r\nd hole1 to broa*1 #dii ,r\nd+-up atta*m5t1 #bei 0 0 cones1 #cfb 0 0 cutt]s1 to make1 #cca 0 0 tee? by h&1 #cfc 0 0 tools1 #ccj1 #cei ,rubit9e1 #acd ,ruby1 #afb 0 false1 #afc 0 roll]1 to make duplex1 #agc ,ru/1 to remove & to prev5t1 #eh ,s ,sal-amoniac z flux = sold]+1 #abh ,salts1 #abh ,sapphire1 #afc ,sapphir9e1 #acd ,scale1 to remove1 f /eel1 #ge ,scales us$ 9 draw+1 #cc ,scrat*-bru%+1 #abe ,screw dies1 #cae 0 head s9k+ tools1 #bfj 0 0 to smoo?1 poli% & slit1 #adc1 #cja 0 micromet]1 #ci 0 plates1 to make1 #caf 0 0 & taps1 #cae 0 rapid mode ( mak+1 #cbf ,screws1 d\ble & treble ?read$1 #cha 0 left-h&$1 #cbj 0 to blue1 #hf 0 0 make int]nal & ext]nal1 #cae 0 0 extract brok51 #abh1 #bfb1 #cag 0 tray =1 #cha ,seal+-wax z cem5t1 #aee ,seconds circle1 to fix1 #dhd 0 0 0 make hole =1 #dhd ,sector1 #cf ,semi-cyl9drical drill1 #bde ,s]ies ( holes1 to drill1 #cji ,set-h&s arbor1 to adju/1 #dea1 #bid 0 nut1 to make1 #ddi 0 squ>e1 to make1 #dbb1 #ddi1 #ejj ,sett+ jewel-holes1 #aga 0 0 cutt]s =1 #bcf ,set-squ>e1 to c5t] )1 #bhf ,%>p5+ cutt]s1 #bcg ,%e> /eel1 #fb1 #ff ,%ellac z cem5t1 #aee ,%\ld]s1 cutt]s = mak+1 #bcf 0 grav]s = turn+1 #bci 0 to poli% squ>e1 #aee 0 0 turn squ>e1 #ahc ,sight1 to pres]ve1 #age ,signs us$ 9 calculations1 #ai ,silv]1 #ajc1 #aaj 0 dial1 to re/ore1 #dhg 0 ,g]man or nickel1 #ajj1 #aaj 0 sold]s1 #aad 0 solution = dials1 #dij 0 = plat+1 to apply1 #dib 0 0 0 0 prep>e1 #dia ,s9ks 9 wat* plate1 #aca1 #bha 0 to poli%1 #aec ,s9k+ tools1 #bha ,slates1 hone1 #acd ,slide re/1 #bcc 0 cutt]s1 #bcf 0 0 to %>p51 #bcg 0 turn+ )1 #bcd ,slid+ tongs1 #aif ,smoo?+ brass :eels1 #adi 0 metallic surfaces1 #aci ,snail+1 circul>1 #ada 0 /eel1 #ade 0 tool =1 #adf ,soap1 application (1 #chc ,sold]s = v>i\s metals1 #aac 0 h>d & s(t1 #aac ,sold]+1 #aab 0 fluid1 #aah 0 fluxes us$ 91 #aag 0 iron1 #aah 0 me?ods (1 #aae 0 to clean jewelry aft]1 #abf ,solid cont5t1 measurem5t (1 #bh 0 geometry1 #bc 0 squ>es1 #ejj ,specific gravity1 #aaj1 #aaa 0 heat1 #aaj1 #aaa ,spelt] sold]s1 #aad ,sp9el ruby1 #afb ,spiral1 to draw1 #dg ,split *ucks1 #bbd ,spott+1 circul>1 #ada 0 ma*9e1 #ada ,spr+1 balance1 #dgc ,spr+s1 to blue1 #hf ,squ>e hole1 to drift a1 #ejb 0 measurem5t (1 #bf 0 root1 #ba 0 set h&s1 to make1 #dbb1 #ddi1 #ejj 0 %\ld]s1 to turn1 #ahc 0 to file by h&1 #ejj 0 w9d+1 to r5ew1 #dcj ,squ>es1 solid & holl[1 #ejj 0 to make1 #dbb1 #ddi1 #ejj ,/aff gauge1 #bge1 #bgg 0 to /raight51 #eje ,/ake1 rivet+1 #aih ,/ak+ tool1 #bic ,/> cutt]s1 #cdh1 #ceg 0 :eel1 to true1 #dag 0 0 s9k1 to make1 #daj ,/eel1 #fa1 #aaj 0 *>act]i/ics ( good1 #fc 0 drawn1 #gj 0 drill blade =1 #bdb 0 influ5ce ( impurities on1 #hh 0 maximum ela/icity (1 #hb 0 precautions 9 h>d5+1 #gi 0 prep>ation (1 #gb 0 to anneal1 #gb 0 0 braze1 #aai 0 0 clean r\gh1 #ge 0 0 det]m9e qualities (1 exp]im5tally1 #ff 0 0 di/+ui% f iron1 #eh 0 0 poli%1 #aec 0 0 re/ore1 #ei 0 0 snail1 #ade 0 0 smoo?1 #adc 0 0 temp]1 #ha 0 0 turn h>d1 #ahe 0 0 :it51 #hd 0 :eels1 cutt]s =1 #cdg ,/em w9d p9ion1 to drift1 #ejc 0 0 :eels1 to make1 #dda ,/epp+ device1 #bbg ,/]ro1 #ii1 #aaj ,/one1 pallet1 to cem5t1 #aei ,/ones = poli%+1 ,cadot's1 #acf 0 preci\s1 #afa 0 to make pallet1 #agb ,/ool1 #aij ,/opp+ b>rel holes1 #dab 0 pivot-holes1 #def ,/opwork1 proportions ( ,g5eva1 #daf 0 to exam9e ,engli%1 #chi 0 0 exam9e ,g5eva1 #cgd ,/raight groove1 to make1 #cab ,/raight5+ rods1 etc1 #ejd ,/ud index1 hairspr+1 #bhj ,/uds1 to remove1 #bia ,subdivision ( angles1 #dd 0 0 circle1 #eb 0 0 l9es1 #dc ,sulphuric acid1 #abg ,surfaces1 smoo?+ ( metallic1 #aci ,surfac+ nickel movem5ts1 #adg ,syn*romet]1 ,guilmet's1 #cih ,t ,tail/ock1 #bdg ,tap1 to increase diamet] (1 #cbc ,tapp+ holes1 v>i\s me?ods (1 #cbc ,taps = screw-mak+1 #cag 0 left-h&$ screw1 #cbj ,tee?1 =ms (1 #cfe 0 ( escape :eels1 to te/1 #bij 0 0 lev] escape :eel1 to poli%1 #aec 0 0 to cut1 #ccj 0 precautions 9 cutt+1 #cda1 #cdf 0 /eel1 to poli%1 #dbg 0 to r5ew 9 :eel1 #dci 0 0 r\nd up1 #cfc 0 0 true1 #ddj ,temp]1 z indicat$ by blue+1 #hg ,temp]atures1 det]m9$ by melt+ alloys1 #hb 0 det]m9ation ( furnace1 #hb 0 ( furnace1 approximate1 #gc 0 ( temp] colors1 #hb ,temp]+ /eel1 #hb ,tight5+ cannon p9ions1 #bic1 #ddi 0 h&s1 #bid 0 set h&s arbor1 #bid ,"t1 #ed 0 /&>d1 #ee 0 to asc]ta9 true1 #ed ,tim+ 9 positions1 #cii 0 wat*es & clocks1 #cid ,t91 #ig1 #aaj 0 sold]s1 #aad1 #aae 0 use (1 9 brass1 #ij ,t9n+ surfaces1 #aai ,tool1 =m (1 = turn+1 #bch 0 = balance spr+ collet1 #bhf1 #dgd 0 0 clos+ b>rel holes1 etc41 #bic 0 0 drift+1 #bif 0 0 flat poli%+1 #cja 0 0 measur+ v]ge pallets1 #dff 0 0 poli%+ cyl9d] lips1 #dfh 0 0 0 p9ion leaves1 #dde 0 0 0 pivots1 #ded 0 0 resett+ jewels1 #bii 0 0 rivet+ p9ions1 #bic 0 0 snail+1 #adf 0 0 spott+1 #ada 0 0 tight5+ cannon p9ions1 #bic 0 0 0 h&s1 #bic 0 0 0 set h&s arbor1 #bic ,tools1 ord9>y small1 #bfj 0 ne$ ( good assortm5t1 #ahg 0 screw head1 #cbi 0 = h&-turn+1 #bch 0 0 mak+ jewels1 #afe 0 0 r\nd+ up tee?1 #cei 0 0 s9k+ screw heads1 #bfj 0 0 wat*mak]s1 #ahi 0 to set 9 h&les1 #aic 0 0 %>p5 turn+1 #bcg 0 0 te/ accuracy (1 #cff 0 0 0 escape :eels1 #bij ,tool set1 #bcg ,tongs1 slid+1 #aif ,topaz1 #afd ,t\rmal9e plates1 #afg ,trac+1 #cj 0 f dial1 #die ,tra91 play ( pivots (1 #cgh ,tra9s ( wat*es1 usual1 #cid ,transf]r+1 #cj ,trav]se sp9dle gr9d]1 #beh ,triangles1 #bf ,tripoli1 #ace ,true+ a b>rel1 #dab 0 0 0 arbor1 #dbi 0 0 />-:eel1 #dag 0 0 :eel1 #ddj ,tru? ( tools1 to te/1 #cff ,turn+ sph]e1 tool =1 #bda 0 by h&1 #bch 0 tools1 =ms (1 #bch 0 0 to gr9d1 #bcg 0 velocity 91 #bce 0 ) ei!r h&1 #ahf 0 0 slide-re/1 #bcc ,turp5t9e1 use (1 9 drill+1 #dhj 0 ,v5ice1 z flux = sold]+1 #aag ,tweez]s1 #aif 0 = remov+ /uds1 #bib ,u ,univ]sal face-plate1 #bef 0 head1 #bef1cjc ,unlock+ pallets1 to make1 #agb ,upright+ a b>rel1 #dac 0 ( c5t] :eel1 #cgh 0 tool1 to te/ accuracy (1 #cfg ,v ,velocity 9 turn+1 #bce ,v]ge pallets1 to measure1 #dff 0 0 0 op5 or close1 #dfg 0 to /raight51 #eje ,v]ni]1 #cg 0 calip]1 #bgh 0 gauge1 #bgh ,vibrations ( balance or p5dulum1 #dfj 0 to c\nt1 #cid ,w ,wat*-glass1 to r$uce1 #dii 0 h& hold]1 #bhg 0 0 to blue1 #hf 0 0 0 tight51 #bic 0 plate1 to make1 #djg 0 to de-magnetize1 #djc 0 0 "t rapidly1 #cid ,wat*es1 to clean1 #chb 0 0 put toge!r1 #che 0 0 repair & exam9e1 #cga1 #chi 0 usual tra9s (1 #cid ,wat*mak]s' b5*1 #bba 0 receipts1 #djg ,wat]1 anneal+ /eel 91 #gc 0 ( ,ayr /one1 #ace ,wat]$ surfaces on nickel1 #adg 0 surfaces1 to produce1 #aci ,wavy surfaces1 to produce1 #aci ,wax *ucks1 #aeg1 #bcj 0 to set objects 91 #aeg ,weight ( balance1 #dja ,:eel1 cutt]s1 #beh 0 0 or pun*1 #dch 0 0 tool = mak+1 #ced 0 0 to make1 #cdj 0 cutt+ eng9e1 #ccj 0 0 0 to divide a rule on1 #ej 0 0 0 to poli% 91 #dbg 0 foot1 #bah 0 mode ( hold+ 9 cutt+1 #ccg 0 tee?1 to cut 9 la!1 #ccf 0 too?1 to r5ew1 #dci 0 to divide1 #ccc 0 0 make /eel1 #dda 0 0 m>k cross+s (1 #bih 0 0 r\gh out1 #dce 0 0 /raight51 #ejd 0 0 true1 #ddj ,:eels1 arbors = cutt+1 #ccg 0 id5tical1 #dch 0 obs]vations on cutt+1 #cdf 0 /eel1 cutt]s =1 #cdg 0 to ease dep?s (1 #cfe 0 0 poli% brass1 #adi 0 0 repair1 #dci ,:et/ones1 #aij ,:ite smoo?+1 #adc ,:it+1 #acf ,w9d furnace1 #bja ,w9d+ squ>e1 to make1 #dbb 0 0 0 r5ew1 #dcj ,wire-draw+ plate1 #bih 0 gauges1 #bgb ,"w-b5*1 arrangem5t (1 #ahi ,y ,yell[ copp] or brass1 #ij ,z ,z9c1 #hi ,,! ,,wat*mak]s' ,,h& ,,book4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,ari?metic1 ,,geometry1 ,,draw+1 ,,etc4 ,,ari?metic4 #a4 ,we (t5 he> ! !ory advanc$ t 9 ?is c\ntry1 at ! pres5t day1 x is n necess>y to h a k ( ari?metic1 geometry1 draw+1 etc41 because our int]*angeable sy/em ( manufactur+ wat*es1 makes all k 9 ^! l9es sup]flu\s1 & t )\t any k ( ari?metic or geometry a man may become a ?or\gh ma/] ( wat*mak+4 ,?is is a mi/ake t too _m ( our "y m5 make4 ,! fact t ! lead+ wat* factories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h adopt$ ! int]*angeable sy/em1 ( c\rse less5s ! numb] ( p>ts :i* ! repair] w h to make & fit1 b x by no means alt]s ! situation z reg>ds ! repair+ ( =eign-made wat*es1 nor ev5 ! *ang+ ( ,am]ican wat*es f key to /em-w9d]s4 ,)\t a ?or\gh k ( ari?metic &1 at lea/1 an insight into ! pr9ciples ( geometry1 no "y man c hope to become a fir/-class wat*mak] 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,)\t ^! accompli%m5ts he w be depriv$ ( ! pleasure ( read+ und]/&+ly ! be/ lit]ature ( ! day1 ! works ( ^? :o are be/ fitt$ to imp>t k to ! memb]s ( ! trade4 ,) a k ( geometry he w be able to compreh5d ! works ( ! be/ au?ors1 to asc]ta9 ! dim5sions ( solid bodies1 & be 9 a position to apply ! rules t =m ! basis ( l9e> draw+4 ,e wat*mak]1 wor?y ( ! "n1 %\ld be able to make & und]/& ! draw+ ( any ma*9e1 or ( any horological in/rum5t4 ,_m inv5tors1 & ev5 ord9>y workm51 w\ld avoid a l>ge am\nt ( h>d "w1 (t5 useless1 & occupy+ mu* "t1 if1 in/ead ( at once putt+ an idea into practice ) brass & /eel1 !y 7 able z a prelim9>y1 to make = !mselves a correct design drawn to scale4 #b4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! read] is famili> ) ! rules ( ari?metic at lea/1 & we w t\* ^u "s po9ts 9 algebra & geometry t x w be well to m5tion4 ,%\ld ! read] h no k ( ari?metic1 algebra & geometry1 we w\ld advise him to take up ^! /udies dur+ 8 leisure h\rs1 us+ "s ( ! /&>d text books = t purpose4#a ,besides possess+ a k ( prime numb]s1 numb]s :i* h no divisors b unity & !mselves1 ! wat*mak] %\ld be able to det]m9e ! greate/ common measure ( sev]al numb]s1 a rule :i* is ( great importance 9 calculat+ a tra9 ( :eels t is complicat$4 ,we %all conf9e our att5tion to ! me?ods ( extract+ squ>e roots & proportions1 ! rules = :i* may h be5 =gott51 ow+ to _! be+ less frequ5tly employ$ ?an ! m common rules ( ari?metic2 !y are ( frequ5t use 9 horology4 ,,"s ,,signs ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,calculations4 #c4 ,! sign ( addition is an erect cross1 1 call$ plus1 & :5 plac$ betwe5 two quantities x indicates t ! second is to be add$ to ! fir/4 ,?us1 #e #c equals #h4 ,! sign ( subtraction is a %ort horizontal l9e1 -1 call$ m9us1 & :5 plac$ betwe5 two quantities x indicates t ! second is to be subtract$ f ! fir/4 ,?us1 #h - #c equals #e4 ,! d\ble sign1 1 is sometimes writt5 be=e a quantity to indicate t 9 c]ta9 cases x is to be add$ & 9 o!rs x is to be subtract$4 ,?us #e #c is read #e plus or m9us #c4 ,! sign ( multiplication1 1 :5 plac$ betwe5 two quantities indicates t ! fir/ is to be multipli$ by ! second4 ,?us1 #c #e equals #ae4 ,! sign ( division is a %ort horizontal l9e ) a po9t above & "o bel[1 1 & :5 plac$ betwe5 two numb]s or quantities x indicates t ! fir/ is to be divid$ by ! second4 ,?us1 #f #b equals #c4 ,! sign ( equality is two %ort1 horizontal1 p>allel l9es1 1 repres5t+ ! words equal to4 ,?us1 #f #b #c4 ,inequality is d5ot$ by ! angle 1 ! op5+ always be+ t[>d ! l>g] numb] or quantity2 ?us1 9 #ab #g #ad1 ! sign 1 indicates t ! sum ( #ab & #g is great] ?an #ad1 & ! :ole expression is read1 #ab plus #g is great] ?an #ad4 ,! expression #i #d #g is read1 #i is less ?an #d plus #g4 ,a p>5!sis1 771 d5otes t ! sev]al numb]s or quantities includ$ )9 x are to be consid]$ toge!r1 & subject$ to ! same op]ation4 ,?us1 7#aj #d7 #c indicates t bo? #aj & #d1 or _! sum1 are to be multipli$ by #c4 ,a horizontal v9culum1 ------1 plac$ ov] ! numb]s or quantities1 is frequ5tly us$ in/ead ( ! p>5!sis4 ,?us1 #b #d #f #g is equival5t to 7#b #d #f7 #g4 ,division is m usually indicat$ by a l9e betwe5 ! two figures1 ! divid5d be+ writt5 above & ! divisor bel[ ! l9e4 ,?us1 indicates division1 ! same z #af #h4 ,algebra is t bran* ( ma!matics 9 :i* ! op]ations are indicat$ by signs or symbols1 & ! quantities are repres5t$ by lett]s4 ,! sign ( ratio consi/s ( two po9ts l ! colon1 31 plac$ betwe5 ! quantities comp>$4 ,?us1 ! ratio ( a to b is writt5 a 3 b4 ,! sign ( proportion consi/s ( a comb9ation ( ! signs ( ratio4 ,?us13 33 34 ,! fir/ two & la/ two dots are read is to1 :ile ! f\r 9 ! middle are read z4 ,?us1 if a1 b1 c1 & d1 are f\r quantities :i* are proportional to ea* o!r1 we say a is to b z c is to d1 & ?is is express$ by writ+ !m ?us3 a 3 b 33 c 3 d4 ,,p[]s ,,& ,,roots4 #d4 ,! p[] ( a numb] is ! product =m$ by successive multiplication ( ! same numb] by itself4 ,?us1 #b #b #d1 ! second p[] or squ>e ( #b4 #b #b #b #h1 ! ?ird p[] or cube ( #b4 #b #b #b #b #af1 ! f\r? p[] ( #b1 etc4 ,an expon5t is a numb] writt5 above a quantity1 at ! "r-h&1 to indicate h[ _m times ! quantity is to be tak5 z a factor1 z #fc #f #f #f4 ,! root ( a quantity is a factor :i*1 multipli$ by itself a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 w produce ! giv5 quantity4 ,?us1 9 ! above examples #b is ! squ>e root ( #d & ! cube root ( #h4 ,! radical sign1 1 indicates t ! root ( ! quantity plac$ "u x is to be tak51 & ! index ( ! root is express$ by a little figure plac$ outside ( ! b5d4 ,if a squ>e root ! index figure is usually omitt$4 #d #b or #d #b & #h #b4 #e4 ,extract+ ! squ>e root ( :ole numb]s4 #b ,i4 ,po9t ! giv5 numb] (f into p]iods ( two figures ea*1 c\nt+ f ! units place to ! left4 ,= example1 we wi% to f9d ! squ>e root ( #ciidbd1 we po9t x (f ?us3 #ci1id1bd4 ,,ii4 ,f9d ! greate/ p]fect squ>e 9 ! left-h& p]iod1 & write its root = ! fir/ figure 9 ! requir$ root2 subtract ! squ>e ( ?is figure f ! fir/ p]iod1 & to ! rema9d] br+ d[n ! next p]iod = a divid5d4 ,?us3 #ci1id1bd7f #cf -- #cid ,,iii4 ,d\ble ! root already f\nd1 & write ! result on ! left = a divisor2 f9d h[ _m times ?is divisor is conta9$ 9 ! divid5d1 exclusive ( ! "r-h& figure1 & place ! result 9 ! root & at ! "r ( ! divisor4 ,?us3 #ci1id1bd7fc #cf -- #abc #cid ,,iv4 ,multiply ! divisor ?us complet$ by ! la/ figure ( ! root2 subtract ! product f ! divid5d1 & to ! rema9d] br+ d[n ! next p]iod = a new divid5d4 ,?us3 #ci1id1bd7fc #cf -- #abc #cid #cfi --- #bebd ,v4 ,d\ble ! "r-h& figure ( ! la/ complete divisor = a new divisor1 & cont9ue ! op]ation z be=e4 ,?us3 #ci1id1bd7fcb #cf -- #abc #cid #cfi --- #abfb #bebd #bebd ,,proportion4 #f4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t to express ! relations ( qualities 9 ! =m ( a proportion & f ! proportion d]ive an equation4 ,ratio is ! quoti5t ( "o numb] divid$ by ano!r4 ,?us ! ratio ( #cj to #f is 4 #g4 ,proportion is ! equality ( ratios3 ,?us if #e & #e !n we may /ate t or ! proportionality is usually express$ 7#c7 ?us3 #cj 3 #f 33 #dj 3 #h & ?is con/itutes :at is call$ a geometrical proportion1 & #cj & #h are call$ ! extremes & #f & #dj ! means4 #h4 ,! product ( ! extremes is always equal to ! product ( ! means4 ,?us3 #cj #h #f #dj #bdj4 ,h5ce x foll[s t if we only "k ?ree t]ms we c always det]m9e ! f\r?1 or unkn[n t]m1 :i* is usually repres5t$ by ! lett] x4 ,?us 9 ! proportion #ab 3 #c 33 #af 3 x we f9d ! product ( ! means1 or #c #af #dh2 ?is product divid$ by #ab1 ! kn[n extreme1 gives u ! value ( x1 or ! unkn[n extreme1 z equall+ #d4 #i4 ,if we "k ! two extremes & only "o ( ! means ! same rule is appli$4 ,?us 9 ! proportion #bj 3 #e 33 x 3 #be1 we h3 #bj #be #ejj4 #ajj1 ! value ( x4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,practical ,,geometry4 #aj4 ,! object ( geometry is to measure ! ext5t ( bodies4 ,a body has ?ree dim5sions1 l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness1 & "o ( ^! latt] is sometimes t]m$ weight or dep?4 ,ei!r dim5sion tak5 by itself is measur$ by a /raight l9e4 ,:5 ! ext5t ( a body is express$ by comb9+ any two dim5sions1 x is t]m$ area or surface1 & :5 ?ree are employ$ we obta9 ! solid measure or volume4 ,plane geometry only takes cognizance ( figures situat$ 9 "o plane or surface1 & !re=e only possess+ two dim5sions2 solid geometry1 h[ev]1 reg>ds bodies z hav+ all ?ree dim5sions4 ,two l9es are p>allel :5 _! di/ance ap>t is ! same at all po9ts4 ,! same is also applicable to p>allel planes4 ,two l9es or planes meet+ ea* o!r w =m an angle4 ,! po9t at :i* !y meet or int]sect is t]m$ ! apex or summit ( ! angle4 ,a /raight l9e is p]p5dicul> or at "r angles to ano!r /raight l9e1 or to a plane1 :5 all ! angles :i* x makes ) t l9e or plane are equal4 ,a circumf]5ce ( a circle is a curv$ l9e l c d f 7fig4 #a17 su* t all its po9ts are equally di/ant f an int]nal po9t1 o1 t]m$ ! c5t]4 ,! circle is ! space enclos$ by ! circumf]5ce4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 geometry ^! two words are di/+ui%$1 al?\gh !y are frequ5tly ref]r$ to z id5tical4 ,?us1 ! rim ( a :eel or balance is g5]ally t]m$ a circle4 ,two circles 7l c d f & b r a1 fig4 #a17 describ$ f ! same c5t] are said to be conc5tric4 ,:5 _! c5t]s d n co9cide !y are call$ exc5tric ) reg>d to "o ano!r4 ,any portion ( a circumf]5ce1 su* z f n d1 is t]m$ an arc ( ! circumf]5ce1 or1 m commonly an arc ( a circle4 ,a *ord is a /raight l9e1 f d1 :i* unites ! two extremities ( an arc4 ,:5 ! *ord passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( a circle x is t]m$ a diamet]4 ,! radius ( a circle or circumf]5ce is a /raight l9e drawn f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce2 & all ! radii t c be ?us drawn are equal4 ,a diamet] is1 !n1 always d\ble ! radius1 &1 conv]sely1 ! radius1 is always half ! diamet]4 ,a tang5t is a /raight l9e t only t\*es a circumf]5ce at "o po9t1 z g l 7fig4 #a72 :]eas a secant cuts ! circle1 z i j4 ,a circumf]5ce is assum$ to be divid$ into #cfj equal p>ts1 t]m$ degrees4 ,! degree is subdivid$ into sixty equal p>ts1 or m9utes1 & ! m9ute into #fj seconds4 ,^! are respectively symboliz$ by ! m>ks plac$ at ! "r-h& top corn] ( ! figure4 ,su* an expression z #ah #cj #ae4e w\ld1 !n1 be read #ah degrees1 #cj m9utes1 & #ae4e seconds4 #aa4 ,ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! diamet]4 ,! diamet] ( a circle is to ! circumf]5ce z #g3 #bb2 or1 employ+ decimal fractions1 z #a3 #c4adaei 7a numb] :i*1 9 algebra1 is always repres5t$ by ! ,greek lett] 47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,kn[+ a diamet] 7,d71 ! circumf]5ce1 x1 c be asc]ta9$ f ! proportion3-- #a 3 #c4adaei 33 ,d 3 x4 ,kn[+ a circumf]5ce 7,c71 ! diamet]1 x1 c be det]m9$ f ! proportion3-- #c4adaei 3 #a 33 ,c 3 x4 ,! latt] proportion w also give ! value ( ! radius1 :i* is half a diamet]4 #ab4 ,! sup]ficial area ( a circle is equal to ! circumf]5ce multipli$ by half ! radius1 or to ! squ>e ( ! radius multipli$ by #c4adaei4 ,a sector is ! circle enclos$ betwe5 an arc & two radii b\nd+ x1 z b ,o r k 7fig4 #a47 ,! area or surface ( a sector c be asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! l5g? ( ! arc by half ! radius4 ,a segm5t ( a circle is ! portion int]cept$ betwe5 an arc & its *ord1 z f d n 7fig4 #a47 ,! surface ( a segm5t1 z b k r s1 c be obta9$ by subtract+ f ! area ( ! sector ,o b k r1 ! area ( ! triangle1 b r ,o 7#ae74 #ac4 ,r+4 ,to det]m9e ! surface ( a flat r+1 ! area ( ! inn] circle mu/ be subtract$ f t ( ! out] circle2 9 o!r words1 take ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! areas ( ! two circles t fix ! inn] & out] diamet]s ( ! r+4 ,! area ( a flat r+ c also be calculat$ by add+ toge!r ! int]nal & ext]nal diamet]s2 !n multiply ! numb] s obta9$ by _! diff]5ce & by ! decimal fraction #j4ghed 7t is1 #c4adae_/d74 ,! product w be ! requir$ area4 #ad4 ,angles & _! measurem5t4 ,:5 two l9es meet "o ano!r1 !y =m an angle1 z we h already se54 ,if we take ! apex z ! c5t] ( a circle1 ! numb] ( degrees int]cept$ betwe5 ! two /raight l9es gives a measure ( ?is angle4 ,! angle measur$ by a qu>t] ( a circumf]5ce1 or #ij1 is t]m$ a "r angle4 ,an obtuse angle is great] ?an a "r angle1 & an angle t is less is t]m$ an acute angle4 #ae4 ,triangles1 squ>es1 etc41 & _! measurem5t4 ,! triangle or plane area enclos$ )9 ?ree /raight l9es jo9$ two & two toge!r 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 fig4 #b17 is said to be rectangul> :5 "o ( its angles is a "r angle2 x is equilat]al :5 ! ?ree sides are equal1 "u :i* circum/ances ! ?ree angles are also equal2 & isosceles :5 only two sides are ( equal l5g?4 ,! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle is always equal to two "r angles4 ,if only two ( ! angles are kn[n1 x is ?us easy to det]m9e ! ?ird4 ,simil> triangles are *>act]iz$ by ! fact t _! homolog\s sides 7t is1 ! sides opposite to equal angles7 are proportional4 ,peculi>ity ( ! "r-angl$ triangle4 ,! squ>e describ$ on ! longe/ side1 t]m$ ! hypo!nuse 7,b1 fig4 #b17 is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es describ$ on ! two o!r sides4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t1 if ! l5g?s ( ! two %ort] sides are kn[n1 t ( ! hypo!nuse c be asc]ta9$ by extract+ ! squ>e root ( ! numb] =m$ by add+ toge!r ! squ>es =m$ on ^! two sides 7#e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,if ! hypo!nuse is kn[n & "o ( ! %ort] sides1 ! ?ird c be det]m9$ by extract+ ! squ>e root ( ! numb] =m$ by subtract+ ! squ>e ( ! kn[n side f ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse4 ,! surface ( a triangle is det]m9$ by multiply+ "o ( ! sides by half ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! angle opposite to ?is side4 #af4 ,! surface ( a squ>e or ( an oblong or rectangle 7a b c d1 fig4 #c7 is equal to ! product ( ! base multipli$ by ! height4 ,! sum ( ! squ>es describ$ on ! f\r sides is equal to twice ! squ>e describ$ on a diagonal4 ,?is diagonal divides ! rectangle into two equal rectangul> triangles4 #ag4 ,! surface ( a p>allelogram or loz5ge1 a plane figure ) f\r sides1 opposite pairs ( :i* are p>allel 7c f g d & c i j d1 fig4 #c17 is equal to ! product ( "o side multipli$ by ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! sum ( ! squ>es describ$ on ! f\r sides ( a p>allelogram is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es describ$ on ! two diagonals4 #ah4 ,measures ( v>i\s solid bodies4 ,! volume ( a cube ( p>allelopip$ 7t is1 a body b\nd$ by six f\r-sid$ figures1 e opposite two ( :i* are p>allel7 is obta9$ by multiply+ ! surface ( ! base by ! height4 ,! volume ( a /raight cyl9d] is ! product ( ! surface ( ! circle :i* =ms its base into ! height ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! area ( ! curv$ surface ( a cyl9d] is obta9$ by multiply+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle =m+ its base by ! height4 ,! volume ( a tube or cyl9drical r+ ( rectangul> section1 su* z ! arbor-nut ( a b>rel1 or ! rim ( a circul> balance1 etc41 is equal to ! product ( ! plane surface ( its base 7#ac7 into its height4 ,! volume ( a "r cone or ( a regul> pyramid is ! product ( ! base into a ?ird ( ! height4 ,! surface ( a sph]e may be det]m9$ by multiply+ ! squ>e ( ! diamet] by #c4adaf 7#aa74 ,! volume ( a sph]e is equal to ?is surface multipli$ by a ?ird ( ! radius4 ,,geometrical ,,draw+4 #ai4 ,an elem5t>y k ( ! art ( draw+1 an ability to repres5t ! outl9es ( objects by simple l9es1 is ( ! fir/ importance to ! wat*mak]4 ,su* a design is obta9$ by project+ on to "o plane all ! visible po9ts ( ! object repres5t$4 ,projection on a v]tical plane gives an elevation2 ! object is look$ at f "o side4 ,projection on to a horizontal plane produces a plan2 ! object is obs]v$ f above1 ?us giv+ a bird's-eye view4 ,! projection ( a po9t on a v]tical or horizontal plane is ! foot ( ! p]p5dicul>1 f ! giv5 po9t on to ! plane4 ,assume ! l9e n m 7fig4 #d71 to be fix$ 9 space2 its horizontal projection w give c d1 & its v]tical projection1 r s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,miscellane\s details4 ,:5 "o portion ( ! object to be repres5t$ is f\nd to pass beh9d o!r pieces s t x _c be se51 ! cont9uation is frequ5tly indicat$ by dott$ l9es4 ,surfaces t are situat$ 9 planes "o beh9d ! o!r are %ad$1 ! m deeply accord+ z !y are f>!r back4 ,?is %ad+ is produc$ by a numb] ( p>allel l9es :i* may be v]tical or horizontal4 ,p>ts t are 9 relief are indicat$ by project$ %ad[s1 or by increas+ ! ?ickness ( a l9e t w\ld ca/ a %ad[4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ! sev]al %ad+s or to emphasize ! l9es by :i* !y are sep>at$1 x is a v usual1 ?\gh n inv>iable practice to assume ! light to be com+ f ! left-h& upp] corn]4 ,:5 draw+ a squ>e 9 relief1 su* z a b c d 7fig4 #c71 ! l9es c d b d1 w be made d>ke/2 b if x is a recess1 ! l9es a b1 a c %\ld be br\ght into prom95ce by means ( d>k l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,^! sev]al directions w be f\nd useful :5 a hole1 any cavity1 a p91 a r\nd object etc41 has to be depict$1 z 9 fig4 #e4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! ?ick l9es %\ld indicate ! position at :i* a %ad[ w\ld =m1 ! light be+ assum$ to fall on ! draw+ 9 ! mann] indicat$ above4 ,a section %[s a body z x w\ld appe> if cut 9 two1 & "o portion remov$ 9 ord] to expose ! int]ior1 z 9 fig4 #f4 ,a section is indicat$ by a s]ies ( p>allel l9es drawn close toge!r & at an incl9ation ( ab\t #de to ! v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,9 ord] to leave m room = important details1 or to %[ objects t are situat$ beh9d1 a piece is (t5 brok5 (f by an irregul> l9e1 z %[n 9 t draw+4 ,l9es =m$ by a s]ies ( deta*$ po9ts sometimes s]ve z a means ( associat+ sev]al figures repres5t+ ! same object look$ z 9 diff]5t directions4 #bj4 ,trac+ & transf]+4 ,^! two op]ations are resort$ to :5 x is requir$ to obta9 "o or m copies ( a picture or design already drawn4 ,trac+ consi/s 9 lay+ a piece ( tissue or o!r transluc5t pap] ov] ! draw+ & copy+ x by foll[+ ov] ! l9es t are visible ) a p5cil4 ,or ord9>y pap] c be us$ = ! purpose1 provid+ x is n too ?ick1 if ! picture be plac$ aga9/ ! pane ( a w9d[ or1 :at is m conv5i5t1 on a %eet ( glass us$ z a desk & illum9at$ f bel[4 ,:5 ei!r %eet ( pap] is too ?ick to all[ suffici5t light to pass1 "o or o!r ( ! me?ods ( transf]+ indicat$ bel[ mu/ be resort$ to4 #ba4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 reproduc+ a trac+ on a sep>ate %eet ( pap] or on metal t is to be engrav$4 ,ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods may be adopt$3 #a4 ,! picture to be transf]r$ is fix$ to a table or draw+ bo>d if trac+ pap] is to be us$1 or to a %eet ( glass if only ord9>y pap] is available4 ,! l9es are !n trac$ ) a black lead p5cil t mu/ n be too h>d4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$ x is laid1 face d[nw>ds1 on a %eet ( :ite pap]1 tak+ c>e t bo? %eets are s fix$ t !y %all n slip4 ,apply pressure to ! upp] surface by tapp+ ) a small pad made on purpose &1 at ! same "t1 g5tly rubb+4 ,exp]i5ce w v soon %[ h[ h>d ! pad %\ld be4 ,n[ remove ! trac+1 /ill tak+ c>e to avoid any slipp+1 & a fa9t reproduction ( ! design w be f\nd on ! l[] %eet ( pap]4 ,x is only necess>y to foll[ ov] ! l9es ) ,india ink4 ,! figures w be rev]s$ b a transf] ) x 9 ! orig9al direction may be obta9$ by inv]t+ ! picture & lay+ x on glass s z to make a rev]se trac+4 #b4 ,lay ! picture on a desk or draw+ bo>d & trace x ) ink on a v transp>5t %eet ( pap]4 ,:5 ! ink is dry1 inv]t ! trac+ & black5 ! back ) a ,no4 #b p5cil4 ,n[ lay ! trac+1 ) ! ink side upp]mo/1 on a %eet ( clean pap]1 tak+ c>e to avoid slipp+1 & g ov] ! sev]al l9es ) an agate or metal /yle1 avoid+ excessive pressure on acc\nt ( ! risk ( te>+ ! pap]4 ,on remov+ ! upp] %eet an impression w be f\nd n rev]s$4 ,g ov] all ! l9es ) ,india ink & clean ! pap] ) ,india-rubb] or /ale bread4 ,obs]vations4 ,! *oice ( pap] & p5cil is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,all k9ds ( pap] d n receive an impression equally well1 nei!r d all p5cils transf] ) equal facility4 ,! ,fab] p5cil ,no4 #c1 w g5]ally be f\nd be/ suit$ to su* "w4 ,9 prep>+ draw+s :i* y desire to pres]ve1 z draw+s ( escapem5ts1 etc41 a good quality ( light weight bri/ol bo>d w be f\nd m desirable ?an ! be/ draw+ pap]s4 ,:ite w$d+ bri/ol1 ab\t two-ply 9 ?ickness1 answ]s admirably1 & ,india ink l9es drawn ^u x w n spread z !y (t5 d on draw+ pap]s4 ,! prep>$ liquid ,india inks n[ on ! m>ket are sup]ior to any y c prep>e by gr9d+ ! /icks4 #bb4 ,to transf] an engrav$ design4 ,?is me?od is available :5 x is desir$ to obta9 an impression1 = example1 ( ! engrav$ surface ( a wat* case4 ,procure "s ( ! inks us$ by copp]-plate engrav]s1 or1 9 its abs5ce1 ord9>y /5cil ink may be us$4 ,tak+ a small quantity on ! end ( ! f+]1 tap x on ! surface ( a glass plate1 9 ord] t ! ink may be di/ribut$1 leav+ only a small quantity ev5ly spread ov] ! f+]3 tap ) ! f+] ?us prep>$ ov] ! wat* case long en\gh to make sure t all ! surface 9 relief has receiv$ "s ink2 take a piece ( writ+ pap] &1 aft] slightly moi/5+ x1 spread x ov] ?is surface4 ,lay above ?is a piece ( pap] fold$ 9 f\r & pass ov] x 9 all directions any r\nd body1 su* z a small tool h&le1 & ) "s pressure2 !n raise ! pap]s )\t all[+ !m to slide4 ,if ! op]ation has be5 c>efully p]=m$ a v cle> impression w ?us be obta9$ ( ! engrav$ surface4 ,! relief w be black & ! holl[s :ite1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! figure is rev]s$ l t 9 a look+-glass4 ,if requir$ 9 ! "r direction x mu/ be trac$ ?r\gh to ! o!r side ( ! pap]4 ,,draw+ ,,in/rum5ts4 #bc4 ,x is ne$less "h to describe ! rule1 set-squ>e1 ,t-squ>e1 b[-compass1 etc41 z e "o kn[s !m4 ,to v]ify ! accuracy ( a rule4 ,on a p]fectly flat smoo? surface c>efully draw1 ) ! rule 9 "q1 a f9e /raight l9e4 ,!n turn ! rule ov]1 h++ x z x 7 on ! l9e j drawn2 if q /raight ! edge ( ! rule w exactly co9cide ) ! l9e1 9 ?is new position1 ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,ea* edge %\ld be ?us exam9$4 ,to v]ify ! accuracy ( a set-squ>e4 ,hav+ fix$ an accurate rule on a smoo? surface1 place "o edge ( ! set-squ>e aga9/ x1 & draw a l9e along ! edge p]p5dicul> to ! rule2 !n1 hav+ turn$ ! set-squ>e1 h++ x on ! l9e j drawn1 br+ x aga9/ ! rule & along ! l9e4 ,if ! squ>e is true ! edge & l9e w co9cide ?r\gh\t _! l5g?4 #bd4 ,! ,protractor4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts a common =m ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,x is made ( horn1 or1 if ( metal1 ! inn] portion is cut away1 leav+ only a base & a semicircul> arc1 :i* is divid$ into #ahj equal p>ts or degrees2 a complete circle w\ld !re=e consi/ ( #cfj su* degree4 ,! po9t indicat+ ! c5t] ( ! arc1 %\ld be v small 9 ord] to facilitate ! exact sett+ ( x at ! apex ( an angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,:5 an angle has to be drawn ) accuracy1 ! protractor is unsuitable2 x w be bett] to adopt "o ( ! me?ods describ$ at p>agraph #cg1 or trigonometrical me?ods4 #be4 ,draw+ scales4 ,:5 an object is repres5t$ by a draw+1 if ! dim5sions are ! same z ^? ( ! object itself1 or1 r1 z !y w\ld project on to a horizontal or v]tical plane1 ! draw+ is said to be full size2 b ! object is g5]ally repres5t$ ei!r on an increas$ or dim9i%$ scale1 :i* is def9$1 ! proportions betwe5 all ! p>ts be+ /ill1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ ! same4 ,) a view to avoid ! _m calculations t su* a *ange w\ld involve1 x is usual to employ draw+ scales4 ,! foll[+ notes w suffici5tly expla9 _! con/ruction & use4 ,let x be requir$ to reproduce a l>ge draw+ on a small scale1 9 su* a proportion t ! dim5sions are r$uc$ 9 ! ratio ( #aj to #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,take a /raight l9e ( indef9ite l5g?1 a b1 fig4 #h1 & m>k out on x spaces equal to a #a1 :i* repres5ts any measurem5t tak5 on ! orig9al object2 at c1 ! #aj? division1 draw a p]p5dicul>1 & on x measure c g equal to a #a1 or "o-t5? ( a c & jo9 a g4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts indicat+ ! divisions into t5?s draw l9es p>allel to c g1 & y w ?us h a s]ies ( triangles1 d a #a1 d a #b1 d a #c1 etc41 simil> to ! triangle g a c4 ,9 virtue ( a well-kn[n prop]ty ( su* triangles 7#ae71 d #a w be "o-t5? ( a #a2 d #b "o-t5? ( a #b2 & s on4 ,?us1 if a measurem5t tak5 on ! object1 or on a l>ge draw+1 is equal to a x1 x w only be ne$ful to turn ! compass on ! po9t x z a c5t]1 & to obs]ve accurately ! p]p5dicul> height1 x z1 to asc]ta9 ! correspond+ measurem5t on ! r$uc$ scale4 ,su* a scale c be employ$ to measure met]s & decimet]s1 or feet & in*es 7b 9 ?is latt] case1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to m>k (f #ab in/ead ( #aj divisions f a74 ,s9ce a #a might be made to repres5t "o metre2 a #b1 two met]s1 etc41 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( ! triangle already ref]r$ to1 d #a w be ! t5? ( a #a1 & w !re=e repres5t a decimet]2 d #b w repres5t #b decimet]s1 etc4 ,! l5g? requir$ to repres5t1 say #e4c w be asc]ta9$ by tak+ ! di/ance a #e1 to :i* ! di/ance d #c is add$4 ,simil>ly #f feet #b in*es w\ld be giv5 by a #f1 to :i* d #b is add$ on a #ab-;division scale4 #bf4 ,! foll[+ description ( "o ( ^! decimal scales1 :i* is engrav$ on metal or ivory1 & (t5 includ$ 9 cases ( draw+ in/rum5ts1 w suffice to enable any "o to con/ruct a scale on ?is pr9ciple1 t goes to a /ill fur!r degree ( accuracy1 measur+1 = example1 met]s1 decimet]s & millimet]s1 or y>ds1 feet & in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,let ,a ,b1 fig4 #i1 be a flat rectangul> rule1 divid$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? by p>allel equidi/ant l9es into t5 /rips4 ,at "r angles to ^! are ! l9es o o1 a a1 etc41 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a di/ance ( "o c5timet] 7d\bl$ 9 ! draw+ 9 ord] to make ! details m cle>47 ,! fir/ c5timet] is subdivid$ along ! two edges1 ,a o1 n o1 into #aj equal p>ts or millimet]s1 & ! division1 o1 on ! upp] edge is jo9$ by an oblique l9e ) ! #a on ! l[] edge1 & ! o!rs by p>allel oblique l9es z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?us c i w be "o-t5? ( a millimet]1 s j two-t5?s1 & s on4 ,if ! compass is op5$ s z to rea* f x to z1 x w be se5 t x cov]s a space ( #af millimet]s & #b-aj?s ( a millimet]1 = !re are "o l>ge division 7or #aj mm471 #f small] divisions 7or millimet]s7 plus a fraction ( a millimet] equal to s j or #b-aj?s ( a millimet]4 #bg4 ,sector4 ,:5 x is requir$ to r$uce ! scale ( a draw+1 subject to ! condition t ! dim5sions %all be all dim9i%$ 9 ! ratio ( two giv5 l9es1 we may /ate ! problem ?us3 ,! long] ( ! two giv5 l9es is to ! %ort]1 z any giv5 dim5sions ( ! old draw+ is to x4 ,! value ( x ?us det]m9$ w be ! correspond+ dim5sion ( ! new figure4 ,su* a rule ( ?ree proposition w\ld involve a consid]able am\nt ( "w1 & ! requir$ result c be arriv$ at ) great] facility by ! geometrical me?ods :i* =ms ! basis ( ! scale j describ$1 or1 bett] /ill1 by us+ ! sector %[n 9 fig4 #aj4 ,x consi/s ( two brass or ivory legs h+$ ab\t a c5t] m :i* is at ! apex ( ! angle n m c =m$ by two /raight l9es simil>ly divid$ into equal p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,x is employ$ z foll[s3 ,let u assume t a draw+ has to be r$uc$ 9 ! ratio ( ! l9e ,a to ! l9e ,b2 set (f ! l5g? ,a along m n1 & suppose its extremity to be at s1 :]e division numb] #e occurs4 ,op5 a compass to a di/ance equal to ,b1 & plac+ "o po9t on s1 op5 ! two legs ( ! scale until ! second po9t co9cides exactly ) ! correspond+ division t1 t is1 ) ! #e on ! o!r leg1 m c4 ,ma9ta9+ ! scale op5 to ?is am\nt1 x is only ne$ful1 aft] measur+ a di/ance on ! orig9al draw+ or object1 to set x (f along m n1 & to measure ! di/ance betwe5 its extremity & ! correspond+ po9t on ! o!r leg2 ?is di/ance w be ! dim5sion on ! r$uc$ scale4 #bh4 ,proportional compass4 ,?is consi/s ( two equal /ems t]m9at+ ) po9ts1 fig4 #aa4 ,!y are cut ?r\gh = a portion ( _! l5g?1 & provid$ ) a slide =m+ a h+e1 t c be clamp$ by a screw a 9 any position4 ,graduations on ! two slots & a m>k on ! slide indicate 9 :at position ( ! slide a1 ! l5g? a b 7equal to a g7 is equal to 1 1 1 etc41 ( a d2 & ?us %[ :at is ! ratio ( g b to c d1 a ratio :i* is indep5d5t ( ! ext5t to :i* ! arms are op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #bi4 ,! v]ni]4 ,! v]ni] consi/s ( a small graduat$ slide :i* is adapt$ to a graduat$ rule or circul> arc ) a view to asc]ta9 ! value ( small fractional p>ts ( ! divisions m>k$ on ! rule or arc4 ,let ,a ,b1 9 fig4 #ab1 be a rule divid$ into millimet]s 7! proportions are enl>g$ 9 ! draw+ s z to avoid confusion among ! l9es71 & let x be requir$ to det]m9e a l5g? to )9 ! t5? ( a millimet]4 ,z ! measurem5t is requir$ to ! t5?1 take t5 less "o or n9e ( ! divisions ( ! scale2 !y w ext5d f ,o to ,,ix1 & ?is repres5ts ! act+ l5g? ( ! v]ni]4 ,subdivide ! v]ni] into t5 equal p>ts2 x is manife/ t ea* graduation ( ! v]ni] diff]s f ! orig9al subdivisions ( ! rule by #a-aj? ( a graduation ( ! latt]4 ,9 o!r words1 unity on ! v]ni] is equal to #i-aj?s ( unity on ! rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,:5 ! rule & v]ni] are plac$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ab1 s t ! o on bo? scales co9cide1 ! successive divisions on ! rule 7m>k$ ) ,roman num]als = di/9ction7 w be progressively m & m 9 advance ( ! correspond+ divisions on ! v]ni] 9 ! foll[+ proportion3-- ,! m>ks ,i & #a are #a-aj? ap>t2 ! m>ks ,,ii & #b1 #b-aj?s2 ,,iii & #c1 #c-aj?s2 & s on1 ! m>k ,x be+ #aj-aj?s1 or "o complete division 9 advance ( #aj1 ?is division be+ a unit on ! scale4 ,?us if ! v]ni] is caus$ to slide along ! edge ( ! rule1 :5 #a co9cides ) ,i ! v]ni] has advanc$ #a-aj?2 :5 #b co9cides ) ,,ii1 x has advanc$ #b-aj?s2 & s on4 ,let x be requir$ to det]m9e ! di/ance ,p d1 fig4 #ac4 ,! division #f on ! v]ni] co9cides ) a division ( ! scale2 h5ce x foll[s t ! extremity d ( ! v]ni] is at a di/ance ( #f-aj?s millimet]s f ,,iii1 ! next division ( ! scale to ! left4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,p & d is ?us #c4f millimet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,) a v]ni] %[+ t5?s1 if two consecutive divisions ( ! v]ni] fall betwe5 two divisions on ! rule1 & !re does n appe> to be a t5d5cy t[>ds "o side m ?an t[>ds ano!r1 ev5 :5 obs]v$ ) a /rong glass1 x is possible to take an approximate read+ to ! tw5tie?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,9 measur+ circul> arcs a curv$ v]ni] is us$ 9 place ( a /raight "o1 & its graduations are made to correspond ) ^? on ! circle z %[n 9 fig4 #ad4 #cj4 ,micromet] screw4 ,by employ+ a micromet] screw x is possible to measure inf9itesimal am\nts1 b ! screw mu/ be p]fectly accurate1 & mu/ "w )\t appreciable backla% or loss ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,assume ,v1 fig4 #ae1 to be su* a screw1 hav+ a pit* ( #a millimet]4 ,x w advance by ?is am\nt ) ea* complete rotation4 ,to ! head ( ! screw is atta*$ a disc ( su* a size t its rim c be divid$ into a numb] ( equal p>ts1 say a hundr$4 ,^! graduations may be m>ks on ! edge or not*es cut 9 x :5 an index is requir$ to /op 9 !m2 b ! index is less frequ5tly met ) ?an a simple divid$ /raight-edge almo/ 9 contact ) ! disc4 ,! divisions r\nd ! disc are numb]$ 9 asc5d+ ord] z ! po9ts c & a sep>ate1 s t z]o comes "u ! index or rule :5 ^! po9ts are 9 contact4 ,read+s ( ! numb]s w ?us af=d a measure ( ! displacem5t ( ! po9t ( ! screw4 ,:5 ! disc is rotat$ ! po9t a w move t[>ds or f c by #a-ajj? ( a millimet] = ea* division pass+ "u ! /raight-edge1 & "o millimet] = ea* complete rotation4 ,x is ?us possible to obta9 ! dim5sions ( an object :5 x ent]s )\t play betwe5 ! two jaws to )9 an error ( ab\t #a-ajj? ( a millimet] if ! in/rum5t is accurately made4 ,if1 in/ead ( pass+ ! object betwe5 ! two jaws1 x is gripp$ by !m1 ! measurem5t w be less exact1 z no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! pressure ex]t$ & ( ! ela/icity4 7#dd47 ,,geometrical ,,draw+s4 #ca4 ,sket*es4 ,x is advisable f an e>ly age to accu/om oneself to make rapid freeh& sket*es ( objects z !y pres5t !mselves to ! eye4 ,su* a sket* w help 9 ! prep>ation ( a m exact draw+1 :i* involves a k ( ! sev]al geometrical me?ods giv5 bel[4 ,a draw+ may be transf]r$1 r$uc$ or enl>g$ z foll[s3 ,draw across ! orig9al picture a numb] ( equidi/ant v]tical & horizontal l9es1 =m+ p]fect squ>es1 & numb] ! two sets ( l9es 9 succession4 ,!n draw a simil> s]ies ( l9es on a clean %eet ( pap]1 sett+ ! l9es at an equal1 less or great] di/ance ap>t1 & copy 9 succession ! p>ts ( ! figure t are enclos$ )9 ! sev]al squ>es4 ,z x is n always possible to draw l9es across a figure1 !y may be replac$ by a frame c>ry+ f9e ?reads or wires /ret*$ 9 ! two directions4 ,! frame is laid ov] ! orig9al draw+1 :i* c !n be copi$1 z above expla9$1 on a %eet ( pap] divid$ into squ>es 7fig4 #af74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! frame may1 moreov]1 af=d assi/ance 9 ! draw+ ( solid objects4 ,hav+ plac$ x above or 9 front ( ! object & 9 contact ) x1 copy on to ! sectional pap] ! cont5ts ( ea* correspond+ squ>e1 tak+ c>e to look at ! object p]p5dicul>ly4 ,) a little practice1 & by plac+ ! eye 9 ! correct position & always at ! same di/ance f ! frame 7a di/ance :i* may be regulat$ by a glass71 a sket* 9 fair proportion may easily be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 #cb4 ,to erect a p]p5dicul> on a /raight l9e4 ,ei!r ! compass or a set-squ>e c be employ$2 ! use ( ! latt] in/rum5t is s simple t no fur!r ref]5ce ne$ be made to x4 ,assume a1 fig4 #ag1 to be ! po9t 9 ! l9e n m at :i* a p]p5dicul> is to be drawn4 ,on ei!r side ( a measure (f equal di/ances a n1 a m2 f n & m1 ) a radius ab\t equal to ! di/ance n m1 draw two circul> arcs cutt+ "o ano!r4 ,if _! po9t ( int]section b be jo9$ to a1 ! l9e a b w be ! requir$ p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 #cc4 ,to erect a p]p5dicul> at ! extremity ( a l9e4 ,f ! extremity c1 fig4 #ah1 m>k (f f\r equal p>ts t[>ds s4 ,f s1 ) a radius equal to five su* p>ts1 describe a circul> arc1 & f c1 ) a radius ( ?ree su* p>ts1 describe ano!r arc cutt+ ! fir/ at d4 ,! l9e jo9+ c & d w be p]p5dicul> to s c4 ,= ! squ>e ( #e is #be1 & ?is is equal to ! squ>e ( #d or #af plus ! squ>e ( #c or #i4 ,?us ! triangle s c d mu/ be "r-angl$ 7#ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,or ! foll[+ me?od may be adopt$3 ,) any c5t] i & radius i g 7fig4 #ai71 z l>ge z possible1 describe a circumf]5ce pass+ ?r\gh g4 ,f ! po9t p1 :]e ! circle cuts ! l9e1 draw ! diamet] p i h4 ,if ! po9t h be jo9$ to g1 x is ! requir$ p]p5dicul>2 =1 by a prop]ty ( ! semicircle1 ! angle h g p is a "r angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 #cd4 ,to let fall a p]p5dicul> on a /raight l9e4 ,9 ord] to let fall a p]p5dicul> f ! po9t a on to ! l9e b c 7fig4 #bj71 describe f a z a c5t]1 a circul> arc suffici5tly l>ge1 cutt+ ! /raight l9e 9 two po9ts1 b & c4 ,f ^! two po9ts1 ) ! same op5+ ( ! compass1 draw on ! "u side ( ! l9e two arcs t int]sect4 ,! po9t ( int]section o jo9$ to a gives ! requir$ p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 #ce4 ,to draw p>allel /raight l9es4 ,hav+ fix$ a good /raight-edge ov] ! draw+1 z _m p>allel l9es z are requir$ may be drawn ) ! aid ( a set-squ>e :i* is caus$ to slide along ! rule4 ,!y w be v]tical1 horizontal or incl9$1 accord+ to ! position ( ! rule1 :i* mu/ be set exactly p]p5dicul> to ! direction 9 :i* ! p>allel l9es are to be drawn 7fig4 #ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,to draw1 f a giv5 po9t1 a l9e p>allel to a giv5 l9e4 ,let d be ! giv5 po9t1 & a b ! giv5 l9e 7fig4 #bb74 ,f d draw ! circul> arc a c1 & f a :]e x cuts a b1 ) ! same radius describe ! arc d b4 ,f a set (f on a c1 a di/ance equal to d b4 ,! l9e jo9+ d & c is ! requir$ p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 #cf4 ,to subdivide a l9e into equal p>ts4 ,let x be requir$ to divide ! l9e p v 7fig4 #bc71 into five equal p>ts4 ,draw a l9e p q incl9$ at any angle1 & m>k (f on ?is l9e five equal p>ts ( any l5g?2 jo9 q1 ! extremity ( ! five l5g?s1 & v1 & ?r\gh ! po9ts a1 b1 c1 d1 draw l9es p>allel to q v4 ,9 virtue ( a prop]ty ( simil> triangles ^! l9es w divide p v into equal p>ts4 ,x is advisable t ! l9es p v & p q %\ld n diff] v consid]ably 9 l5g?1 z1 o!rwise ! incl9ation ( ! p>allel l9es to p q w r5d] x difficult to obs]ve ! exact po9t ( int]section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,to divide a l9e into proportional p>ts4 ,! proposition c be solv$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,let x be requir$ to divide a l9e t r 7fig4 #bd71 into two sections t are to "o ano!r 9 ! proportion ( #e to #c4 ,on t s m>k (f a s]ies ( equal p>ts giv5 by ! addition ( ^! numb]s toge!r1 t is #h2 & jo9 ! la/ po9t s to r4 ,!n draw ?r\gh c1 ! fif? division1 a l9e p>allel to s r4 ,?is l9e c d w cut t r into two p>ts1 :i* are to "o ano!r 9 ! proportion ( #e to #c4 ,by an analog\s con/ruction a f\r? proportional c be graphically obta9$1 z already indicat$ 9 articles #be-bg4 #cg4 ,to con/ruct an angle equal to a giv5 angle4 ,! angle may be measur$ by means ( ! protractor 7#bd71 :i* !n enables u to draw a simil> angle2 b great] accuracy is obta9able by us+ ! compass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,let x be requir$ to con/ruct at m on ! l9e m p 7fig4 #be71 an angle equal to b a d4 ,) z l>ge a radius z possible1 draw f ! po9ts a & m ! arcs b d & n p4 ,measure ! di/ance d b & m>k x (f ) ! compass f p on ! arc p n4 ,a l9e drawn ?r\gh m to ! int]section ( ! two arcs w give ! requir$ angle equal to b a d4 #ch4 ,to subdivide an angle into #b1 #d1 or #h equal p>ts4 ,9 addition to ! use ( ! protractor1 ! foll[+ graphic me?od is (t5 giv5 9 works on geometry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,an angle e f g be+ giv5 7fig4 #bf71 f its apex f z a c5t] describe ! arc e g1 & f its two po9ts ( int]section ) ! sides1 ) a radius great] ?an half _! di/ance ap>t1 draw two %ort arcs cutt+ ea* o!r at s4 ,a l9e drawn f f ?r\gh ! int]section s w divide ! angle into two equal p>ts4 ,if f\r divisions are ne$$1 repeat ! process on ! two angles s f e1 s f g1 & s on = a fur!r sub-division4 ,! l9e t divides ! angle into two equal p>ts w also bisect or divide into two equal p>ts ! *ord & ! arc e g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 #ci4 ,to f9d ! c5t] ( a circle or ( a circul> arc4 ,take on ! circumf]5ce1 or on ! arc1 ?ree po9ts b c r 7fig4 #bg74 ,jo9 b to c & c to r4 ,at ! middle po9t ( ea* ( ^! l9es#c erect a p]p5dicul>4 ,! po9t ( int]section ( ^! p]p5dicul>s is ! requir$ c5t]4 ,a simil> me?od %\ld be resort$ to :5 x is desir$ to describe a circle pass+ ?r\gh ?ree giv5 po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 #dj4 ,to connect up or associate l9es4 ,9 ord] to jo9 up a /raight l9e1 su* z i j 7fig4 #bh71 ) ! curve l p1 erect a p]p5dicul> at j1 & ?r\gh ! middle po9t ( a *ord1 l p1 draw a second p]p5dicul> cutt+ ! fir/ 9 k4 ,?is po9t w be ! c5t] f :i* ! curve unit+ ! two l9es %\ld be /ruck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,to unite a curve a b 7fig4 #bi71 ) ano!r curve1 c x or c z1 at ! po9t c1 fir/ f9d o1 ! c5t] ( ! curve a b1 draw ! l9e a o1 cont9u+ x beyond ! c5t]2 jo9 a & c1 & erect a p]p5dicul> at ! middle po9t ( ?is *ord4 ,! int]section ( ?is p]p5dicul> ) a o1 produc$ if necess>y1 %\ld be tak5 z ! c5t] = a curve unit+ b a ) c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,to jo9 up two l9es incl9$ to ea* o!r or p>allel l9es ( unequal l5g?1 su* z a r1 b s1 fig4 #cj1 draw midway betwe5 ! two ano!r l9e1 z d2 jo9 ! two extremities r & s1 & f ^! po9ts let fall p]p5dicul>s r i & s c2 !n f d draw a l9e p]p5dicul> to s r4 ,! po9t o ?us obta9$ w be ! c5t] ( ! arc r d1 & c w be ! c5t] = d s4 #da4 ,to describe an ellipse4 ,let a b 7fig4 #ca71 be ! major axis ( ! ellipse2 divide x into ?ree equal p>ts1 & f ! two po9ts1 c & i1 at :i* x is divid$1 ) a radius equal to i c1 draw 79 p5cil7 two circles1 int]sect+ 9 ! po9ts x & z4 ,?r\gh ^! po9ts draw ! l9es x i g1 x c h1 z i f1 z c d4 ,) ! c5t] z describe ! arc d f1 & f x draw h g2 ! ellipse w be complet$ by ! two arcs1 f b g1 d a h1 ( ! primitive circles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,if x be requir$ to describe an ellipse t %all h a %ort] m9or axis1 divide ! major axis into f\r equal p>ts1 ?us obta9+ ?ree po9ts ( sub-division4 ,) ea* po9t z a c5t] & ) a radius equal to "o ( ! spaces describe circles4 ,^? to ! "r & left w det]m9e ! extremities ( ! ellipse1 & ! c5tral circle w int]sect ! m9or axis 9 two po9ts :i* mu/ be tak5 z c5t]s = describ+ ! top & bottom portions ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,:5 ! l5g? ( ! long & %ort axes are giv51 proce$ z foll[s 7fig4 #cb73 ,f ! c5t] a1 :]e !y int]sect at "r angles1 m>k (f ! di/ances a n1 a o1 equal to ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( two semi-axes4 ,jo9 n o1 & add "o half ( n o to a o measur$ 9 ! direction ( a v1 ?us obta9+ ! po9t k2 ) ! radius a k describe a circle4 ,on ?is circumf]5ce w lie ! f\r c5t]s2 k = ! arc r u s1 m = ! arc p v q1 t & i = ! %ort arcs q j s1 p e r4 ,! figures obta9$ by ! me?ods "h giv5 closely resemble ! ellipse1 b are n ( ! /rict ma!matical =m4 ,x is well to acquire "s facility 9 draw+ ellipses1 = ! projection ( a circle on a plane1 :5 ! two are nei!r p>allel nor p]p5dicul>1 is an ellipse1 & "o (t5 has occasion to describe x4 #db4 ,! foll[+ may be add$ z a mode ( describ+ an ellipse3 ,! major axis & ! two foci 7po9ts 9 ?is axis7 be+ kn[n1 fix two p9s 9 ^! foci4 ,!n tie a piece ( /r+ into a loop & place x ov] ! p9s2 /ret* x ) a p5cil1 ! po9t ( :i* is on ! pap]1 & on mov+ ?is ar\nd 9 a circul> direction1 ! /r+ be+ ma9ta9$ /ret*$1 an ellipse w be describ$4 ,:5 ! /r+ is s /ret*$ t x lies along ! major axis1 ! l5g? %\ld be su* t ! p5cil is exactly at its end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 #dc4 ,to draw a spiral curve4 ,draw f\r l9es =m+ a small squ>e 7fig4 #cc74 ,! po9t o is tak5 z ! c5t] ( ! fir/ arc1 i j2 s is ! c5t] ( j k2 u ( k l2 i ( l n4 ,!n1 to cont9ue ! curve1 o is aga9 tak5 z ! c5t] = n p1 & s on4 ,?is me?od produces a volute 9 :i* ! coils are at a consid]able di/ance ap>t1 su* z has no special applicability to horology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,z ! balance-spr+ ( a wat* is p>tially conceal$ by o!r pieces1 x is g5]ally suffici5t to repres5t ! p>ts t %[ !mselves by conc5tric circul> arcs1 or arcs describ$ f two c5t]s4 ,if a m accurate repres5tation be requir$1 ! foll[+ me?od may be resort$ to3 :5 work+ on a small scale x involves ! use ( ! eyeglass1 = ! figure 7fig4 #cd17 "h giv5 is exagg]at$ 9 ord] to avoid confusion 9 ! l9es1 numb]s1 lett]s1 etc4 ,a small circle hav+ be5 describ$1 x is divid$ into an ev5 numb] ( equal p>ts1 say f\r2 a less numb] ?an ?is %\ld nev] be adopt$4 ,f ! same c5t] describe ano!r circle z small z possible1 :i* w be cut by ! two diamet]s drawn betwe5 opposite po9ts ( division numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,assum+ a to repres5t ! />t+-po9t ( ! curve1 f ! c5t] #a ) radius #a a draw ! arc a b2 f #b ) radius #b b draw ! arc b c2 f #c ) #c c draw c d2 f #d ) #d d draw d s2 !n recomm5c+ ) #a & ! radius #a s draw s f1 & s on4 ,! less ! radius ( ! small circle & ! great] its numb] ( divisions1 ! clos] w ! successive coils be toge!r4 ,to secure accuracy :5 work+ on a small scale1 x is advisable t ! c5t] & ! sev]al po9ts be 9 a ?9 brass or horn plate1 :i* is ma9ta9$ 9 position by /eady p9s4 ,,! ,,micrometrical ,,divid+ ,,table4 #dd4 ,?is in/rum5t is no m ?an a simple application ( ! screw to divid+ /raight l9es1 b x w suffice to enable ! read] to und]/& ! pr9ciples on :i* ! m complicat$ in/rum5ts are bas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,a plate1 ,p1 fig4 #ce1 supports a bracket a1 9 :i* a screw1 simil> to ! "o describ$ 9 p>agraph #cj1 is engag$ by means ( a collet2 x rotates1 be+ support$ betwe5 ?is bracket & ! small be>+ b1 t receives ! pivot at ! end ( ! screw4 ,! screw is fitt$ c>efully into a nut n1 :i* is rigidly atta*$ to ! small plate h2 ?is c>ries a f9e m>k]1 movable on an axis1 & t]m9at+ ) a *isel edge or a f9e diamond po9t1 accord+ z ! in/rum5t is to be us$ = engrav+ metal or glass2 or x may be provid$ ) a f9e p5cil if ! object is m]ely to make subdivisions on a draw+4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 x w be evid5t t1 if a rule or rod ( any =m be fix$ by screws or o!rwise betwe5 f & g1 x c be graduat$ by means ( ! m>k]1 ! screw be+ made to advance2 ! millimet] screw c be us$ = divid+ into millimet]s & fractions direct1 or1 ) a little calculation1 into fractions ( an in*4 ,ea* complete rotation ( ! head means a displacem5t ( ! m>k] by a millimet]2 a half turn w be half a millimet]1 etc4 ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,divid+ ,,into ,,equal ,,p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 #de4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,hav+ fix$ a %eet ( draw+ pap] on a smoo? bo>d1 draw ! l9e ,m ,n1 fig4 #cf1 long] ?an ! rule :i* is requir$ to be divid$4 ,!n1 ) a compass or graduat$ scale1 m>k (f a s]ies ( equidi/ant po9ts1 comm5c+ at ,n1 equal 9 numb] to ! requir$ s]ies on ! rule1 & let ,m be ! la/ division4 ,) ! c5t] ,n & radius ,n ,m describe ! circul> arc p v1 & ) ,m z a c5t] & ! same radius1 describe a second arc r s1 int]sect+ ! fir/ at ,o4 ,jo9 ,o ) ,m & ,n4 ,assume a c to be ! rule t is to be divid$ into equal p>ts2 slide x on ! pap] p>allel to ,m ,n until ! extremities1 a & c1 co9cide ) ! l9es ,o ,m1 ,o ,n1 & are equidi/ant f ,o4 ,?is position c be easily f\nd by ! aid ( a compass ) "o ( its c5t]s at ,o4 ,n[ fix ! rule 9 position ) seal+-wax1 or by "s o!r means1 &1 ) a firm upright p91 c5t] ! brass rule ,r at ,o1 s t x c rotate r\nd ?is c5t] on ! p9 z a pivot4 ,x n[ only rema9s to trace a s]ies ( l9es ,o k1 ,o b1 ,o d1 etc41 ) ! rule1 to ! division po9ts ( ! l9e ,m ,n4 ,! l9e a c is ?us divid$ into z _m equal p>ts z ! l9e ,m ,n4 ,! graduations w be all ! m exact accord+ z ! divisions ( ! l9e ,m ,n are long]4 #df4 ,second me?od4 ,by ! side ( ! *uck ( a :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 arrange a horizontal slide y f fig4 #cg1 t c travel easily 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to a ,t4 ,a wat* fusee-*a91 or a v flexible spr+1 is fix$ by "o end to ! *uck1 & by ! o!r to ! slide at d4 ,! *a9 or spr+ is kept /ret*$ by a weight :i* t5ds to draw ! slide f f t[>ds d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! rule to be graduat$1 a1 is n[ fix$ on ! slide1 & an initial division is m>k$ on x ) a po9t$ rotat+ cutt] 9 ! position usually occupi$ by ! :eel cutt]1 or else by /rik+ a small po9t$ or flat-edg$ *isel arrang$ = ! purpose1 9 su* a mann] z n to be liable to d]angem5t4 ,rotate ! table ?r\gh a def9ite di/ance2 ! rule a w advance ?r\gh ! same di/ance2 m>k ! second division2 !n hav+ mov$ ! division-plate ?r\gh a di/ance equal to its fir/ displacem5t1 m>k ! ?ird graduation1 & s on4 ,suppose1 = example1 t x be requir$ to make #cj divisions on ! rule betwe5 f & d2 select on ! plate ! circle correspond+ to twice or ?rice ?is am\nt1 s t ! radius ( ! *uck may n be relatively too %ort1 & t ! *a9 or spr+ may n act at a disadvantage2 take ! numb] #fj = example3 ,! two m>ks at d & g on ! spr+ indicate ! l5g? t corresponds to ! /raight l9e to be divid$4 ,! *uck is plac$ 9 ! la! & r$uc$ 9 diamet] until ! half circumf]5ce is exactly equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ^! two m>ks on ! spr+1 :i* ?us fall on a diamet]1 i g1 ( ! *uck4 ,! spr+ hav+ be5 fix$ by its two extremities1 ! slide ) ! rule atta*$ is plac$ 9 position1 s t ! m>k g is on ! l9e a ,t2 x w be evid5t f ! figure t ea* displacem5t ( ! division-plate ?r\gh "o-sixtie? ( its circumf]5ce w cause a to advance ?r\gh "o-?irtie? ( ! space betwe5 f & d4 ,rem>ks4--,kn[+ ! relation ( a diamet] to ! circumf]5ce 7z #a 3 #c4adaf71 we c det]m9e ! diamet] ( ! *uck at once by calculation4 ,its =m %\ld be a true cyl9d]1 & x is well to place guides t w prev5t ! spr+ or *a9 f assum+ a helical position4 ,! side t c>ries ! rule %\ld be /rictly p]p5dicul> to a ,t2 & ! portion ( ! spr+ t is n coil$ on ! *uck %\ld always be p>allel to ?is slide4 ,! *uck & spr+ mu/ be q clean & smoo?1 & ! latt] %\ld be v pliable4 ,a great] weight w be ne$$ to keep ! spr+ /ret*$ ?an w suffice = a *a91 & x mu/ be increas$ z ! /r5g? ( spr+s is great]4 ,! slide1 y f1 may simply travel ov] a horizontal surface betwe5 p9s plant$ 9 two p>allel l9es4 ,b x w\ld be pref]able to adopt "s o!r me?od1 = in/ance1 to make ?is piece 7,f1 fig4 #cg71 travel ) a little friction along a p]fectly true cyl9drical rod4 #dg4 ,?ird me?od4 ,?is is m]ely an application ( ! arrangem5t m5tion$ 9 p>agraph #dd4 ,! la! c be employ$ = m>k+ (f a s]ies ( equidi/ant po9ts 9 a /raight l9e4 ,kn[+ ! pit* ( ! slide-re/ screw1 det]m9e ! di/ance ap>t 91 say1 millimetres1 ( ! requir$ divisions1 & fix ! rule p]fectly flat on ! face-plate1 :i* mu/ be r5d]$ immovable by any conv5i5t means4 ,!n m>k ! fir/ po9t ) ! drill-/ock4 ,advance ! screw by ! am\nt previ\sly det]m9$ ^u & m>k ! second po9t4 ,aft] )draw+ ! drill1 aga9 advance by ! same am\nt & m>k ! ?ird po9t1 etc4 ,always be c>eful1 be=e mak+ ! fir/ m>k1 t ! screw has already travel$ "s di/ance 9 ! direction x w cont9ue to move1 s z to avoid backla%1 or loss ( "t4 ,,to ,,subdivide ,a ,,circle4 #dh4 ,to divide ! circumf]5ce into equal p>ts4 ,aft] hav+ drawn ! circle1 ,a1 fig4 #ch1 draw two diamet]s1 d a1 b c1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 divid+ ! circle into f\r equal p>ts4 ,jo9 ! po9ts1 c a1 & divide ! l9e1 c a1 accurately into n9e equal p>ts4 ,draw a s]ies ( circles conc5tric ) ! fir/1 at di/ances ap>t equal to "o ( ! divisions ( c a1 & to ! numb] ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 etc41 accord+ z x is requir$ to subdivide ! circle1 say = a p9ion1 into sev51 eight1 n9e1 etc41 equal p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,) a f9e-po9t$ compass1 measure (f ! radius ( ! initial circle ,a4 ,plac+ "o po9t ( ! compass at c1 ! o!r po9t w give ! position ( ! next leaf1 & s on1 all ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,if ! inn]mo/ circle ,a be select$ = sub-division1 six divisions w be obta9$1 & !re w be "o m division = ea* l>g] circle4 ,! op]ation w be facilitat$ by select+ ! fir/ circle1 s t ! l9e a c conta9s exactly n9e divisions equal to ^? ( "s scale t is accessible4 ,su* a circle c be easily f\nd1 by fir/ draw+ ! two diamet]s1 lay+ ! scale 9 ! direction c a1 & det]m9+ by trial ! radius = :i* ! fir/ & n9? divisions correspond to a & c respectively4 #di4 ,to divide a surface into r+s ( equal or proportional sup]ficial area4 ,! foll[+ solution is due to ,m4 ,brocot3 ,let a d be ! radius ( a circle 7fig #ci71 t is requir$ to be subdivid$ into f\r r+s ( equal area by conc5tric circles4 ,tak+ a d z a diamet]1 draw ! semicircumf]5ce1 a b d2 accurately divide a d into f\r equal p>ts1 & at ea* po9t s obta9$1 erect a p]p5dicul>4 ,?r\gh ! int]sections ( ^! p]p5dicul>s ) ! semicircle1 draw a s]ies ( conc5tric circles2 !y w trace out r+s1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 t h equal sup]ficial areas4 ,if x be requir$ to divide ! surface 9 a giv5 proportion1 divide ! l9e a d1 accord+ to t proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! "r-h& side ( fig4 #ci gives a special application ( ?is me?od to ! division into two equal areas ( ! int]ior ( a b>rel exclusive ( ! space occupi$ by ! arbor-nut4 ,if ! ma9spr+ accurately cov]s i c :5 w\nd up1 & i j :5 unw\nd1 x w give ! greate/ possible numb] ( turns4 ,,"t4 #ej4 ,sol> "t is tak5 f ! revolutions ( ! e>?1 & ! wat*mak] c easily get ! exact sol> "t ( any po9t at :i* he may happ5 to be by a little calculation f kn[n /&>ds4 ,^! /&>ds are3 #a4 ,! z5i?4 #b4 ,! longitude ( ! po9t ( obs]vation4 #c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 noon at ! po9t ( obs]vation & noon ( a kn[n m]idian ei!r ea/ or we/ ( ! po9t ( obs]vation4 ,! z5i? is t po9t 9 ! heav5s :]e ! rays ( ! sun are 9 a plane exactly p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! e>? at ! po9t ( obs]vation1 & :5 ! rays ( sunlight are 9 ?is plane x is noon at t po9t4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is divid$ into #cfj degrees or m]idians ( longitude1 s t z ! e>? revolves once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ea* ( ^! m]idians w pass ! z5i?1 or fix$ po9t1 9 t "t4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs !re are #bd #fj #a1ddj m9utes1 s t ! int]val betwe5 ! passage ( "o m]idian & ! next w be #a1ddj #cfj #d m9utes4 ,a degree ( longitude is divid$ l an h\r1 into m9utes & seconds1 s t #a degree ( longitude equals #d m9utes ( "t4 #a m9ute 0 0 0 #d seconds 0 0 #a second 0 0 0 or 4#jff seconds ( "t4 #ea4 ,?us x happ5s t1 at a t[n "o degree ea/ ( a giv5 po9t ! sun w be visible f\r m9utes soon]1 & if to ! we/1 f\r m9utes lat] ?an at t po9t4 ,! 8local10 or sol> "t1 !re=e1 w be f\r m9utes e>li] at ! fir/ t[n1 & f\r m9utes lat] at ! second t[n1 ?an x is at ! po9t ( obs]vation4 #eb4 ,x w be readily se5 t1 hav+ any two ( ! ?ree factors giv5 above1 ! o!r c be readily f\nd4 ,?us hav+ ! "t ( a giv5 m]idian & ! local noon or m]idian "t1 ! longitude c be readily f\nd2 or1 hav+ ! longitude 7:i* c be readily obta9$ f a surveyor7 & ! "t ( a giv5 m]idian1 8noon10 c be calculat$1 etc4 ,! fir/ me?od is foll[$ 9 calculat+ di/ances at sea2 ! *ronomet] keep+ ,gre5wi* "t1 & ! local noon giv+ ! longitude4 ,:5 great accuracy is necess>y1 h[ev]1 a fix$ /> is us$ z a means ( obs]v+ ! exact "t :5 a revolution ( ! e>? is complet$1 z ! revolution ( ! sun 9 its orbit causes a slight v>iation dur+ ! ye>4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is po9t ! read] is ref]r$ to works on a/ronomy4 ,to obviate ! con/antly v>y+ "t 9 runn+ ea/ or we/1 ! railroads use ! "t ( a giv5 m]idian ov] ea* fifte5 degrees ( longitude1 & z ea* degree ( longitude equals f\r m9utes ( "t1 x foll[s t only ! h\r is *ang$ 9 *ang+ f "o /&>d to ano!r4 ,9 ,europe ! z]o ( longitude1 or ! "t ( ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* is us$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! "t ( ! #ge? degree1 :i* passes ?r\gh ,philadelphia1 is us$ f ! #fg? to ! #hj? degree1 :i* comprises ! t]ritory f ,pr9ceton1 ,ma9e1 to a l9e drawn nor? & s\?1 pass+ ?r\gh ,erie & ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 & is call$ ,ea/]n "t4 ,! "t ( ! #ij? m]idian is us$ f ! #hj? to ! #ajb;d m]idian1 & is call$ ,c5tral "t4 ,! "t ( ! #aje? m]idian is us$ f ! #ajb;d to ! #aad? m]idian1 & is call$ ,m\nta9 "t4 ,! "t ( ! #abj? m]idian is us$ f ! #aad? m]idian to ! coa/ 7:i* ends at ab\t ! #abd? m]idian7 & is call$ ,pacific "t4 ,! "t ( ! v>i\s /&>ds is telegraph$ ?r\gh _! v>i\s t]ritories at noon ea* day1 & furni%es an accurate /&>d ( comp>ison to all wat*mak]s4 #ec4 ,9 v _m cities ! actual or sol> noon has be5 disc>d$ & ! railway /&>d adopt$1 ?us mak+ b "o /&>d & remov+ ! s\rce ( confusion & annoyance to _m p4 ,9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 ! two /&>ds are /ill us$1 & x becomes necess>y = ! wat*mak] to be able to calculate bo? /&>ds1 9 case ( accid5t or irregul>ity 9 8 regulator4 ,h5ce he %\ld calculate 8 longitude )9 "o second by means ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 railroad & local noon1 & h ! ne>e/ surveyor correct 8 reckon+2 !n1 by means ( ! accurate longitude & ! railroad "t1 correct ! sol> "t2 !n by means ( ! sol> noon & ! longitude calculate ! railroad "t4 ,:5 all ^! calculations *eck ea* o!r p]fectly1 he possesses all ! "t data he ne$s = t place1 & c correct 8 /&>d or regulator if at any "t x %\ld become irregul>4 ,! calculations are v simple1 & c be easily p]=m$ f ! data giv5 above4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,loomis' ,treatise on ,ari?metic4 ,loomis' ,treatise on ,algebra4 ,loomis' ,elem5ts ( ,geometry4 ,rob9son's ,algebra & ,geometry4 #b ,adapt$ f ,rob9son's ,algebra4 #c ,det]m9$ 9 ! mann] expla9$ = erect+ a p]p5dicul> 9 p>4 #cb except t int]sect+ arcs are describ$ on bo? sides ( ! l9e 7n m1 fig4 #ag72 ! p]p5dicul> w be a l9e jo9+ ^! po9ts ( int]section4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,mat]ials ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,horology4 ,,iron4 #ed4 ,iron is an elem5t>y body1 t is to say x _c be decompos$4 ,x is ! mo/ t5aci\s ( ! metals1 hav+ a break+ /ra9 ( ab\t #ge kilo4 p] sq4 mm4 7or #ajf1jjj p\nds p] sq4 in*7 ( section4 ,two pieces c be p]fectly weld$ toge!r :5 rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,9 ! small] horological appliances1 ! metal is n employ$ except aft] conv]sion into /eel4 ,9 common clocks x is us$ f motives ( economy1 = =m+ p9s1 screws1 etc4 ,9 turret clocks1 h[ev]1 consid]able use is made ( x1 _m ( ! p>ts aft] !y are =m$ be+ cem5t$1 t is to say1 hav+ _! surface r5d]$ h>d 9 a mann] subsequ5tly indicat$ 7#fe74 ,su* a mode ( manufacture is p>ticul>ly applicable to pieces t are subject to a con/ant succession ( impacts2 _! h>d5$1 /eelifi$ surface resi/s we>1 :ile ! iron core af=ds security aga9/ rupture4 ,x is important to c>efully di/+ui% ! cases 9 :i* iron is pref]able f ^? 9 :i* its sub/itution = /eel s]ves m]ely to augm5t ! pr(its ( ! manufactur]4 ,! fracture ( a good piece ( iron is *>act]iz$ by long twi/$ fibres ( a brilliant :ite color4 ,if heat$ frequ5tly or c>elessly1 ! quality ( ! metal is impair$--x ceases to be fibr\s & looses its t5acity3 9 ?is condition x is said to be burnt4 ,x is bett] to "w ) a *>coal or gas fire1 z coal acts m rapidly 9 r5d]+ ! metal brittle4 ,cold hamm]+1 or 8hamm]-h>d5+10 also makes x brittle & dim9i%es its t5acity1 b ?is is aga9 re/or$ by a suitable anneal+4 ,iron dissolves sl[ly 9 dilute nitric acid2 if n dilut$1 ?is acid rapidly oxidizes x4 ,dilute sulphuric acid dissolves ! metal easily1 b if conc5trat$1 x has no action 9 ! cold1 :]eas1 on heat+ to ebullition1 ! iron is dissolv$ ) evolution ( sulphur\s acid gas4 ,x is also dissolv$ by hydro*loric acid1 or aqua regia4 ,iron is less magnetic ?an /eel1 especially h>d5$ /eel1 :i*1 ow+ to its great co]cive =ce1 is magnetiz$ ) great] difficulty1 b reta9s its magnetism = a long] p]iod4 ,inde$1 s(t iron1 if prop]ly prep>$1 c be magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$ in/antane\sly4 ,"s workm5 c di/+ui% iron f /eel by ! musical note emitt$ on /rik+4 ,a m c]ta9 me?od1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 us+ dilute nitric1 or sulphuric acid4 ,if ! surface rema9s unalt]$1 or ne>ly s1 :5 t\*$ ) a drop ( ei!r acid1 ! metal is iron1 b1 9 ! case ( /eel1 a black m>k w be left1 ow+ to ! lib]ation ( c>bon4 #ee4 ,to ,remove ,ru/4 ,! usual mode is to rub ! object ) a piece ( oil$ rag1 or em]y pap]4 ,x appe>s t m rapid & m satisfactory results are secur$ by us+ v pure petroleum1 & wip+ ) a hemp5 or wool5 rag4 #ef4 ,to ,prev5t ,ru/4 ,dip iron or /eel articles 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( c>bolic acid & olive oil1 rubb+ ! surface ) a rag4 ,o!rs rub ! metal ) a m]curial o9tm5t1 leav+ a ?9 lay] ov] ! entire surface4 ,x is /at$ t1 if iron be dipp$ 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( pota% or soda 9 wat]1 ! surface w be protect$ aga9/ ru/ = a long "t1 & objects c be protect$ = any p]iod by bury+ 9 quicklime4 ,rubb+ ! surface ) plumbago has a simil> effect1 & ,b>ff has po9t$ out t1 by expos+ iron to ! action ( /eam1 heat$ above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 a coat+ ( magnetic oxide ( iron is =m$1 :i* is equally s]viceable4 #eg4 ,to re/ore iron & /eel t has be5 burnt1 or badly =g$4 ,:5 iron is burnt1 or c>elessly =g$1 x becomes cry/all9e & brittle2 9 ord] to re/ore x to its orig9al condition1 a fre% & v c>eful =g+ is g5]ally ne$$4 ,?is c be avoid$ by hav+ rec\rse to ! foll[+ me?od1 sugge/$ by ,c>on3 x consi/s 9 treat+ ! metal some:at aft] ! mann] adopt$ 9 h>d5+ /eel4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) a b> ( good iron1 :i* 0 easily b5t :5 cold1 )\t break+ or %[+ any cracks4 ,x 0 !n burnt & became brittle :5 cold1 ! fractur$ surface %[+ brilliant %9+ facets4 ,prep>e a boil+ saturat$ solution ( sea-salt1 heat ! piece ( iron to a bright r$ness1 & plunge x into ! ba? until x is ( ! same temp]ature 7ab\t #aaj ,c4 or #bcj ,f47 ,aft] und]go+ ?is op]ation1 x is f\nd t ! metal c be easily d\bl$ 9 ! cold1 exactly z x did be=e be+ burnt4 ,p]ret /ates t /eel :i* has be5 det]iorat$ by frequ5t h>d5+ c be re/or$ z foll[s3 ,heat x %ort ( dull r$ness & qu5* 9 melt$ tall[1 repeat+ ! op]ation1 if necess>y1 :5 ! /eel may be aga9 h>d5$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 & w be ne>ly1 if n q1 re/or$ to its orig9al condition4 ,,ca/ ,,iron4 #eh4 ,?is is only us$ 9 ! manufacture ( tools & l>ge clocks2 ! employm5t ( ca/ iron :eels 9 ! /rik+ tra9 ( su* clocks has mat]ially r$uc$ _! price4 ,l /eel1 x is a comp\nd body1 consi/+ ma9ly ( iron & c>bon4 ,ca/ iron1 h[ev]1 diff]s f /eel 9 ! quantity ( c>bon pres5t1 =1 :]eas its proportion 9 ca/ iron v>ies f #b p] c5t4 upw>ds1 !re is nev]1 9 /eel1 an am\nt exce$+ #a4e p] c5t41 & ev5 4#e p] c5t4 r5d]s an iron h>d1 conv]t+ x into 8mild0 /eel4 ,*eapness is n ! only argum5t 9 favor ( ! use ( ca/ iron4 ,9 virtue ( its molecul> /ructure1 ?is mat]ial (f]s a consid]able resi/ance to a cru%+ /ra91 s t ! tee? ( :eels1 made ( c>efully select$ ca/ iron1 w "w = a long "t )\t s5sible we>2 moreov]1 ! f\nd]'s art has made su* important advances t !re is no difficulty 9 ca/+1 to a con/ant patt]n1 a :eel1 toge!r ) ! p9ion t x c>ries1 & any o!r projections1 etc41 t may be requir$2 ?is economizes labor to a v great ext5t4 ,! use ( ca/ iron 9 ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 classes ( :eels1 & p>ts ( tools1 pres5ts advantages :i* we _c af=d to ignore2 b x mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ t ?is mat]ial is n suitable 9 cases :]e great accuracy 9 ! act+ p>ts is requir$1 z x _c1 l brass & /eel1 be conv5i5tly work$ by ! turn+ tool or file4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty has be5 ov]come by ! introduction ( :at are t]m$ 8malleable ca/+s10 produc$ z foll[s3 #ei4 ,malleable ,ca/+s4 ,! object is fir/ made ( ord9>y ca/ iron1 & ! inv5tion consi/s 9 r5d]+ ?is malleable by ! removal ( ! c>bon t has s]v$ ! v important purpose ( r5d]+ ! metal fusible4 ,9 l>ge ca/ iron pots1 ! ca/+s are laid ) alt]nat+ lay]s ( p[d]$ r$ hmatite1 & ! :ole is kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ijj ,c4 7#a1fej ,f471 or *]ry-r$ heat1 = #gb h\rs4 ,on cool+1 ! ca/+s are f\nd to consi/ ( ne>ly pure iron1 & to be p]fectly malleable1 &1 !re=e1 workable4 ,,/eel4 #fj4 ,! treatm5t ( /eel involves "s ( ! mo/ prolong$ & delicate op]ations 9 ! entire range ( horology4 ,if ! metal is badly select$ & prep>$1 ! work+ ( x w be labori\s1 difficult & unsatisfactory2 ! result+ object w be di/ort$ 9 ! h>d5+1 & w n h>d5 uni=mly2 9 %ort1 x w occasion mu* toil & loss ( "t1 ) v little success4 ,let ! "y wat*mak] accu/om himself f ! fir/ to /udy ! /eel t he uses1 s t he may be ?or\ghly cognizant ( bo? its advantages & defects2 he w1 9 ! practice ( 8 art1 be amply repaid = ! brief "t sp5t 9 mak+ su* an exam9ation4 #fa4 ,/eel is n an elem5t>y body2 x is usually reg>d$ z a c>bide ( iron1 t is to say a comb9ation ( c>bon & iron4 ,analysis1 h[ev]1 proves o!r sub/ances to be usually pres5t 9 almo/ inf9itesimal quantities2 _! rem>kable influ5ce on ! physical prop]ties ( ! metal has n yet be5 fully inve/igat$1 b mu* att5tion is be+ devot$ to !m at ! pres5t day4 ,! v>ieties ( /eel are v great4 ,:at are kn[n z puddl$ & natural /eel are obta9$ by act+ directly on ca/ iron4 ,cem5tation is a v old me?od ( conv]t+ b>s ( malleable or pure iron into /eel by enclos+ !m 9 *>coal & heat+ ! :ole = sev]al days1 until ! c>bon has work$ itself into ! c5t] ( ! b>s 9 su* quantity z to cov]t ! iron into /eel4 ,! /eel obta9$ by ! above me?od is v het]og5e\s2 9 o!r words1 ! composition is n uni=m ?r\gh\t a giv5 block or b>4 ,"o "p is highly c>boniz$1 :]eas ano!r "p1 especially t[>ds ! c5t]1 w n be suffici5tly s4 ,! gra91 al?\gh v f9e 9 "o "p1 w be m co>se 9 ano!r2 h>d p>ticles ( pure ca/ iron1 t]m$ 8p9s10 are to be met ) t resi/ ! action ( ! grav] or ! file & give rise to cracks 9 ! h>d5+1 hamm]+1 etc41 & portions or sometimes ev5 entire lay]s t h tak5 up no c>bon :atev]4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! d5sity1 h>dness1 malleability1 etc41 t c be %[n to exi/ at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! same b> arise f ?is cause4 ,su* faults c 9 "p be correct$ by %e>+1 an op]ation :i* consi/s 9 b9d+ toge!r a numb] ( b>s 9 a bundle1 rais+ !m to a r$ heat & beat+ !m ) sl$ge or /eam hamm]s s z to weld !m into "o4 ,! b> ?us obta9$ is aga9 heat$1 fold$ sev]al times on itself1 aga9 hamm]$1 roll$1 etc41 :5 x is t]m$ %e> /eel4 ,if ^! op]ations are p]=m$ c>efully & )\t a too great heat1 ! quality ( ! /eel is mu* improv$2 x is m homog5e\s & c be work$ ) great] facility4 #fb4 ,! discov]y ( ! e>lie/ me?od ( produc+ ca/ /eel1 ?or\ghly homog5e\s1 0 made by a wat*mak]1 ,b4 ,huntsman1 ( ,york1 & metal produc$ by 8 me?od is v highly priz$ at ! pres5t day4 ,_m o!r me?ods h be5 s9ce introduc$1 among/ :i* may be m5tion ! ,bessem] & ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 processes1 & /eel is n[ produc$ f iron ( v v>y+ quality1 s t ! m>k ca/ /eel is n[ f> f be+ a gu>antee ( quality4 ,! fusion ( %e> or cem5t /eel w only secure a m>k$ sup]iority 9 its quality "u two pr9cipal conditions3 7#a7 ,! metal mu/ be c>efully select$1 s9ce c]ta9 qualities d n int]m+le ?or\ghly4 7#b7 ,v great c>e & skill mu/ be devot$ to all ! op]ations1 ! successive heat+s1 =g+1 roll+1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! case ( /eel x is exceptionally true t we mu/ nev] accept ! metal m]ely on its own recomm5dation4 ,:atev] mak]'s m>k is select$1 ! results obta9$ w nev] be satisfactory unless ! degree ( h>dness1 ! ela/icity1 cohesive =ce1 etc41 are su* z w suit ! metal to ! special purpose to :i* x is to be appli$ z well z to ! work+ x w h to und]go4 ,exp]im5t c alone make u fully cognizant ( ! qualities ( a /eel4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4 #fc4 ,all /eels1 if ( good quality to beg9 )1 w det]iorate if subject$ too (t5 or too long 7accord+ to ! "* ( ! metal7 to ! action ( ei!r ! fire or ! hamm]4 ,!y w become brittle & incapable ( h>d5+1 9 ! end ev5 rev]t+ to ! condition ( iron4 ,! quality ( /eel becomes worse z ! numb] ( flaws1 blacki% filam5ts1 m or less c>bonace\s ve9s1 & occasional p>ticles ( pure iron 9 its sub/ance are great]2 z its surface is c9d]y1 t is to say spott$ ) m9ute black m>ks :i* become m prom95t aft] poli%+1 etc42 z its fracture pres5ts an unev5 gra91 etc4 ,su* a metal is f\nd to v>y consid]ably z reg>ds h>dness1 ela/icity1 etc42 n be+ uni=mly affect$ 9 ! h>d5+1 x becomes difficult to "w ) ! file & almo/ impossible to =m into a p]fect cyl9d] 9 ! la!4 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 ^! faults are *>act]i/ic ( natural /eel r ?an ( ! two o!r v>ieties4 ,at ! same "t1 if well %e>$1 x becomes v ela/ic1 & has ! great advantages ( n be+ det]iorat$ "u ! hamm] & ( be+ less ready ?an ! o!r v>ieties to be conv]t$ into iron4 ,roll+1 wire-draw+ & hamm]+ occasion a molecul> re-arrangem5t2 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to anneal ! metal f "t to "t1 z o!rwise x becomes brittle or cracks4 ,!re is a c]ta9 temp]ature1 correspond+ to ea* v>iety ( /eel1 :i* _c be exce$$ )\t ! metal be+ injuri\sly affect$2 ?is temp]ature mu/1 !n1 be previ\sly det]m9$4 ,! gra9 ( a piece ( /eel t has be5 sup]heat$ or burnt is *>act]iz$ by brilliant diamond-l p>ticles2 ! mass loses its beautiful color1 & resembles iron m or less accord+ to ! degree ( heat appli$4 ,"s few workm5 are enabl$1 by long exp]i5ce & a v delicate t\*1 to judge approximately ( ! quality ( a /eel f its weight1 feel1 & resonance4 ,metal t is ( a good quality1 homog5e\s1 & v d5se1 !y t]m full4 ,,special ,,obs]vations4 #fd4 ,natural ,/eel4 ,9 ! case ( natural /eels ( l[ quality1 ! fracture is usually *>act]iz$ by unev5 gra9s1 a some:at fibr\s nature & a blui% t9t4 ,! gra9 becomes f9] & m ev5 & ! surface pres5ts m & m ! appe>ance ( a piece ( coke1 z ! quality ( metal improves4 ,9 addition to ^! di/9ctive features a natural /eel ( high quality c be di/+ui%$ by ! fact ( its be+ m ?or\ghly h>d5$ & less liable to break :5 h>d4 ,9 h>d5+ x mu/ be rais$ to a high] temp]ature ?an cem5t /eel2 9 o!r words1 /eel ( a l[ quality mu/ be heat$ some:at above bright r$ness1 :ile ! bett] qualities %\ld be heat$ to an orange-r$1 or ne>ly s 7#gg74 #fe4 ,cem5t ,/eel4 ,! cem5t /eel ord9>ily met ) has a lamell> fracture1 ! lamell v>y+ 9 =m & color f ! c5t] t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,! gra9 is usually f9] & m uni=m ?an t ( natural /eel1 !re is seldom any appe>ance ( fibres1 ve9s1 or flaws4 ,! color ( ! fracture is greyi%1 t5d+ t[>ds blue 9 ! ord9>y qualities4 ,! bett] qualities are m>k$ by a clos] gra91 a m uni=m1 dull1 greyi%-:ite color1 exhibit+ nei!r /reaks or black spots aft] h>d5+1 & by ! fur!r fact t h>d5+ c be effect$ at a l[] temp]ature4 ,if ( ! v be/ quality1 x %\ld n require heat+ beyond a cle> *]ry-r$2 (t5 ev5 a /ill less degree ( heat w suffice4 #ff4 ,ca/ ,/eel4 ,ca/ /eel is ! mo/ homog5e\s1 full1 & beautiful ( ! ?ree classes4 ,sev]al v>ieties exi/4 ,! fracture ( ca/ /eel1 z comp>$ ) o!rs1 is smoo?1 compact1 & ( a :ite-grey color1 resembl+ coke4 ,! gra9 is f9e & v ev54 ,! metal mu/ be h>d5$ at a temp]ature mu* l[] ?an c be safely appli$ to o!r classes ( /eel1 s9ce x is rapidly det]iorat$ by heat4 ,ca/ /eel is m fusible ?an ord9>y /eel1 & w fracture ) ease "u ! hamm] :5 heat$ to a blue t9t1 s t great c>e is ess5tial 9 hamm]+ x4 ,! metal %\ld nev] be heat$ beyond a dull or *]ry-r$ heat1 le/ x be burnt4 ,! t5acity w be increas$ by =g+ at a l[ temp]ature or ev5 by cold hamm]+4 ,! f95ess 9 gra91 toge!r ) its high d5sity1 af=d an indication t ! metal c be r5d]$ v uni=mly h>d2 t v f9e cutt+ edges & ! mo/ m9ute rods c be made ( x2 & t1 aft] h>d5+1 x c be highly & uni=mly poli%$2 9 o!r words1 t x does n exhibit spots or /reaks diff]+ 9 color f ! mass1 z is always ! case ) natural & cem5t /eels4 ,= mo/ horological purposes 7su* z mak+ p9ions1 /affs1 pivots1 etc47 ca/ /eel is pref]able4 ,x is ! only k9d t c ) c]ta9ty be highly poli%$1 turn$ p]fectly r\nd1 & t does n get di/ort$ 9 ! smoo?+4 ,moreov]1 :5 we> does occur x exhibits less irregul>ity4 ,highly-c>boniz$ %e> /eel exhibits a f9e1 close gra9 t w\ld make x easily mi/ak5 = ca/ /eel4 ,!y c be be/ di/+ui%$ by ! application ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! side ( ! b> :5 act$ on by ?is means exhibits l9es t indicate ! junctions ( ! sev]al lay]s con/itut+ %e> /eel4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,/eel4 #fg4 ,x is unnecess>y to obs]ve t z we are writ+ ma9ly = ! use ( practical wat* & clockmak]s1 we %all make no ref]5ce to ^? elaborate sy/ems ( te/+ t =m a rem>kable feature ( ! eng9e]+ ( ! pres5t day1 b %all conf9e ourselves to ! te/s :i* workm5 c apply = !mselves4 ,:5 ! gra9 is f9e1 close & homog5e\s1 ! fracture 9 ev5 curv$ l9es & ! surface ( a uni=m grey aspect1 ! metal is consid]$ to be ( good quality4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 unsafe to rely too mu* on su* indications1 = a /eel t has be5 hamm]$ until cold w exhibit a f9e close gra91 :]eas ! gra9 ( ! same metal w be co>se & op5 if x 0 /ill r$ hot :5 ! hamm]+ or roll+ 0 conclud$4 ,! gra9 ( h>d5$ /eel1 moreov]1 dep5ds on ! degree ( heat to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,:5 ( equal quality1 ev5 if f ! same mak]1 ! gra9 w be f9] 9 b>s ( small dim5sions ?an 9 ^? t are l>g]4 ,ca/ /eel ev51 especially 9 l>ge pieces1 is n always p]fectly homog5e\s1 z c be easily p]ceiv$ on apply+ ! file1 or /ill bett]1 9 ! la!2 an object c ) difficulty be turn$ p]fectly r\nd1 & loses its %ape 9 ! smoo?+4 ,z a g5]al rule x is impossible to =m a reliable op9ion on a specim5 ( /eel until aft] x has be5 work$1 fil$1 turn$1 & te/$ accord+ to ! p>ticul> use to :i* x is to be appli$2 = a /eel t is excell5t = mak+1 say1 a spr+ or a cutt]1 may be q unsuitable & give mo/ unsatisfactory results if us$ = mak+ /affs or f9e pivots1 or ! conv]se may be equally true4 ,z a prelim9>y te/1 break a piece ( ! metal2 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! fracture1 =m a cutt+ edge1 h>d5 to :at seems to be a conv5i5t degree1 !n %>p5 & employ = cutt+ small pieces ( iron4 ,if ! edge is 9 no way damag$ by ! iron1 ?is may be tak5 z a good indication t ! metal possesses body & t5acity1 & t x c be h>d5$ z mu* z is requir$ = su* purposes4 ,! foll[+ are me?ods ( obta9+ m complete in=mation z to ! homog5eity1 ! "* ( gra91 ! degree ( h>dness a giv5 sample c atta91 z well z its malleability1 body1 ela/icity1 etc4 #fh4 ,homog5eity4 ,place drops ( dilute sulphuric acid equidi/ant along ! surface ( a b>4 ,if ! metal is homog5e\s all ! drops w imp>t ! same color4 ,cold hamm] or hamm]-h>d51 & !n fire-h>d5 "p ( ! b>4 ,break (f ! extremity 9 ord] to /udy ! fracture2 if ! result ( ?is exam9ation is satisfactory1 poli% ! h>d5$ end c>efully1 & ) ! aid ( a glass aga9 exam9e into ! homog5eity ( ! metal4 ,! poli% w be ! bett] & m uni=m accord+ z ! /eel is m homog5e\s4 #fi4 ,gra91 h>dness & temp]ature ( h>d5+4 ,all v>ieties ( /eel d n h>d5 to ! same degree1 & ea* requires to be heat$ to its own p>ticul> temp]ature = h>d5+2 moreov]1 ! "* ( ! metal1 its color1 & ! size ( its gra9s v>y accord+ to ! degree ( heat to :i* x is subject$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to draw any exact conclusions z to ! "* ( gra9 & ! h>dness )\t ! foll[+ practical me?od1 :i* we owe to ,reaumur3 ,at a temp]ature n exce$+ a dull r$ness1 =ge a piece ( ! /eel to be te/$ into ! =m ( a razor-blade1 t is to say1 leav+ x ?ick on "o edge & ?9 on ! o!r1 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,!n heat ! blade1 hold+ x by "o end1 & :5 ! o!r end has rea*$ a bright r$ heat1 plunge ! :ole into wat]4 ,"p ( ! /eel w !n be h>d h>d5$4 ,along ! entire l5g? ( ! ?9n] edge c>efully break (f ! metal ) a hamm] or o!rwise1 & exam9e ! "* ( gra9 at diff]5t po9ts ( ! expos$ ?ick] edge ?us left4 ,z ! =m1 color1 etc41 ( ! gra9 dep5d on ! degree ( heat to :i* ea* portion 0 subject$1 x foll[s t we %all obs]ve f\r types ( gra9s3 7#a7 ,l>ge1 :ite1 sp>kl+ gra9s2 7#b7 ,gra9s t are m$ium siz$ & int]mix$1 "s be+ :ite & sp>kl+1 o!rs :ite & dull2 7#c7 ,f9e dull gra9s2 & 7#d7 ,gra9s t are m$ium siz$1 b dull & ill-def9$4 ,accord+ z ! ?ird class ( gra9s is obs]v$ to be m num]\s ?an ! second class1 s is ! f95ess ( ! /eel great]1 & conv]sely4 ,?is me?od ( te/+ possesses1 moreov]1 ! advantage t ! workman c exp]im5t on 8 blade ( /eel ) a view to det]m9e ! temp]ature be/ suit$ = h>d5+4 ,gra9 ,no4 #a corresponds to a :ite-r$ heat = h>d5+4 ,gra9 ,no4 #b corresponds to an orange-r$ heat = h>d5+4 ,gra9 ,no4 #c corresponds to "s %ade ( *]ry-r$ heat = h>d5+4 ,gra9 ,no4 #d corresponds to a dull r$ heat = h>d5+4 ,z !re is "s difficulty 9 rememb]+ ! exact po9ts at :i* ^! sev]al temp]atures are rea*$ we w complete ?is acc\nt ( ! mode ( te/+ by ! foll[+3 #gj4 ,on a ?ick plate ( metal1 ma9ta9$ at an orange-r$ heat1 place ?ree fragm5ts ( ! /eel "u exam9ation1 previ\sly m>k+ !m1 s z to obs]ve ! ord] 9 :i* !y are imm]s$ 9 wat]2 & h ?ree vessels ( wat] /&+ ne>4 ,z soon z "o ( ! pieces rea*es a dull *]ry-r$ heat1 all[ x to slide into "o ( ! vessels2 heat ! second to a m$ium *]ry1 & ! ?ird to a bright *]ry-r$1 introduc+ !m 9 succession into ! wat]-vessels4 ,if ^! pieces be exam9$ z to ! resi/ance !y (f] to break+1 & ! fracture ( ea* be comp>$ ) ! fracture at diff]5t po9ts ( ! razor-blade1 ! file be+ us$ to te/ h>dness1 we %all h suffici5t evid5ce z to ! mo/ suitable temp]ature = ! h>d5+ ( ?is p>ticul> v>iety ( /eel4 #ga4 ,body4 ,a /eel t possesses body is n brittle4 ,?is quality may be te/$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,sev]al b>s ( diff]5t k9ds ( /eel1 ( equal dim5sions & h>d5$ z uni=mly z possible1 are b5t until ! break+ po9t is rea*$4 ,if all ! conditions ( ! trial are id5tical1 ^? b>s t /& ! greate/ angul> deflection )\t break+ h ! mo/ body4 ,/eel t possesses body does n break z easily z t :i* is want+ 9 body4 ,its fracture w be1 z x 71 bevell$ (f l ! m\?-piece ( a :i/le4 ,if s(t & fibr\s1 x w be *>act]iz$ by p>ts be+ torn asund]4 #gb4 ,ela/icity4 ,! ela/icity may be te/$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x is proportional to ! curvature or to ! weight t a rod or blade ( ! metal "u exam9ation c support )\t fail+ to return to its initial position z soon z ! weight or ob/acle is remov$4 ,a sample ( /eel t is di/ort$ by a weight t ano!r specim5 resi/s1 is evid5tly inf]ior 9 ela/icity4 #gc4 ,malleability1 t5acity1 ductility4 ,a cold hamm]+1 if c>efully manag$1 w suffice to indicate ! limits betwe5 :i* /eel w support frequ5tly repeat$ p]cussion1 )\t break+1 crack+ or fly+4 ,=ge a piece1 introduc+ x a numb] ( times into ! fire 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r x loses its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics rapidly1 & :e!r x c be successfully =g$4 ,x is m difficult to =ge1 accord+ z x is h>d] & m 8/eely40 ,! degree ( malleability is indicat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* x supports hamm]+ & roll+1 & by ! smallness ( ! dim5sions to :i* x c be br\ght by su* op]ations4 ,pass+ ! metal ?r\gh a draw-plate ) smoo? holes1 or tapp+ x 9 a screw-plate w give useful indications z to degree ( ductility & t5acity4 ,a metal is said to be malleable :5 x c be easily spread out "u ! hamm] or 9 ! lam9at+ rolls4 ,x is call$ ductile :5 x c be r$uc$ to v ?9 wire by pass+ ?r\gh ! draw-plate4 ,x w\ld seem t ^! two prop]ties1 ductility & malleability1 %\ld always exi/ toge!r1 to ! same degree1 9 any giv5 metal1 b su* is n ! case4 ,iron c be drawn into v f9e wire1 b _c be r$uc$ to %eets ( relatively equal ?9ness2 t9 & lead give leaves ( extreme ?9ness1 b _c be drawn out into v f9e wires2 gold & silv] are bo? v malleable & ductile1 & !y rank highe/ z reg>ds ! possession ( ^! prop]ties4 ,/eel is m fusible & malleable ?an iron1 b less ductile4 #gd4 ,obs]vations4 ,=m]ly ! mak]s ( cyl9d] escapem5ts pref]r$ =g$ /eel1 & _! cyl9d]s (t5 crack$ aft] ! h>d5+3 mod]n mak]s employ drawn /eel1 & x is mu* pref]able4 ,at ! same "t !y d n appe> to recognize ! pr9cipal reason = ! diff]5ce 9 ! two v>ieties ( /eel4 ,x seems to u to be z foll[s3 =g$ /eel is malleable2 drawn /eel1 :i* has pass$ well ?r\gh ! draw-plate1 is ductile1 &1 !re=e1 t5aci\s4 ,b t5acity 9 a metal is no?+ else ?an an exceptional resi/ance1 oppos$ by its p>ticles to a fracture or sep>ation2 x foll[s1 !n t drawn /eel w crack ) less facility ?an ! o!r4 ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,/eel4 #ge4 ,:5 a v>iety ( /eel has be5 select$ t possesses ! requisite prop]ties3 t is to say1 fibre & ela/icity = spr+s2 body & t5acity = circul> cutt]s1 grav]s1 etc41 x mu/ be prep>$2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ be made s t x c be work$ ) ease1 = /eel t is badly prep>$ w resi/ bo? ! file1 ! grav] & ! drill4 ,x c nev] be turn$ p]fectly r\nd1 & w h>d5 unev5ly4 #gf4 ,to anneal /eel4 ,! commone/1 & at ! same "t be/1 me?od consi/s 9 heat+ ! metal to a dull1 r$ heat1 bury+ x 9 hot a%es & all[+ x to cool sl[ly4 ,/eel rais$ to a r$ heat 9 contact ) air loses a portion ( its c>bon1 s t x is bett] to place ! metal 9 a vessel ( burnt clay2 ?is is introduc$ into a fire :i* mu/ n be too bright at fir/1 & :5 ! vessel has atta9$ a r$ heat ! fire is *eck$ & left until ! :ole is q cold4 ,9 ord] to s(t5 /eel by anneal+ ) a view to "w x1 eng9e]s entirely cov] ! metal ) dry p[d]$ wood *>coal or dry iron fil+s or turn+s1 9 a ca/ iron box or pot1 or 9 a crucible1 %utt+ up all ! op5+s s z to protect x f ! direct action ( ! fire & f ! air4 ,! vessel is !n put 9 a dull fire1 ! heat be+ gradually rais$ until ! :ole has acquir$ ! requisite temp]ature1 :i* is kn[n by obs]v+ ! color 7see ! foll[+ table72 ?is degree ( heat is ma9ta9$ = ab\t t5 m9utes & ! fire qu5*$1 aft] :i* x mu/ be all[$ to gradually die out4 ,frequ5tly ! cool+ is n complete = a day or two1 & ev5 m :5 ! crucible is ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,! metal w become s(t]1 accord+ z ! cool+ is m sl[ly effect$4 ,x is g5]ally heat$ to #hjj or #ijj ,c4 7#aejj or #afjj ,f471 a *]ry-r$ heat4 ,:5 ! /eel is associat$ ) brass1 z 9 ! case ( a comp5sation balance1 x is n safe to exce$ #fjj ,c4 7#ajjj ,f47 #gg4 ,x w be useful "h to give ! foll[+ table1 compil$ by ,p\illet1 ( ! temp]ature1 z indicat$ by ! air-!rmomet]1 correspond+ to v>i\s colors ( a heat$ body3 ,incipi5t r$ heat corresponds to #ebe ,c4 7 #ihj ,f47 ,dull r$ 0 0 0 #gjj ,c4 7#abhj ,f47 ,incipi5t *]ry-r$ 0 0 #hjj ,c4 7#adgj ,f47 ,*]ry-r$ 0 0 #ijj ,c4 7#afej ,f47 ,cle> *]ry-r$ 0 0 #ajjj ,c4 7#ahcj ,f47 ,deep orange 0 0 #aajj ,c4 7#bjaj ,f47 ,cle> orange 0 0 #abjj ,c4 7#baij ,f47 ,:ite 0 0 #acjj ,c4 7#bcgj ,f47 ,bright :ite 0 0 #adjj ,c4 7#beej ,f47 ,dazzl+ :ite 0 #aejj-afjj ,c4 7#bgcj-biaj ,f47 #gh4 ,anneal+ or s(t5+ 9 wat]4 ,in/ead ( all[+ a piece ( /eel to cool sl[ly1 x may be ?r[n into wat] :5 heat$ to a temp]ature j bel[ t at :i* x w\ld h>d54 ,9 ?is case ! metal w n h>d51 b1 on ! contr>y1 become v s(t4 ,a s+le op]ation suffices = c]ta9 v>ieties ( /eel1 b ) o!rs x mu/ be repeat$4 ,! only difficulty consi/s 9 fix+ ^u ! precise mom5t at :i* ! metal has ! requisite t9t 7a purpli% yell[ or dull r$71 & ?is is m especially felt :5 deal+ ) small pieces2 exp]i5ce c alone guide ! workman 9 ?is matt]4 ,a skilful workman recomm5ds ! employm5t ( wat] conta9+ "o-fif? ( its weight ( gum arabic4 ,he also recomm5ds t ! metal be wip$ ov] ) an oil$ rag1 !n held 9 ! fire1 &1 z soon z ! oil is conv]t$ into a ?ick smoke1 & is on ! po9t ( ignit+1 to imm]se 9 wat]4 #gi4 ,hamm]+ /eel4 ,wat*mak]s :o are call$ ^u to manipulate exce$+ly small pieces ( /eel1 c some:at increase ! body & homog5eity ( ! metal by a cold hamm]+4 ,aft] anneal+1 ! object is hamm]$ ) light1 uni=m bl[s1 aga9 anneal$1 & ! same op]ation is repeat$ "o or m times1 accord+ to ! degree ( malleability already acquir$ by ! metal4 ,/eel ?us prep>$ has m body2 ! p>ticles compos+ x are m closely press$ toge!r2 x files & turns well1 c be heat$ m ev5ly1 & is n di/ort$ or only v slightly 9 h>d5+1 provid+ ! requisite precautions are tak54 #hj4 ,! hamm] & anvil4 ,x is important t 9 ^! op]ations ! surfaces ( ! hamm] & anvil employ$ be p]fectly smoo? & ev5 poli%$4 ,if !y are r\gh or crack$1 if !y are unev5 or h a gra9$ surface1 a flaw w be produc$ 9 ! body ( ! /eel or a crack on its surface4 #ha4 ,to clean r\gh /eel4 ,! black coat+ kn[n z 8scale10 :i* cov]s ! surface ( ! metal aft] x has be5 9 ! fire1 w rapidly spoil grav]s & files1 &1 9 addition to ?is1 x leaves beh9d 9 !m excessively h>d p>ticles t w become imb$d$ 9 ! /eel itself aft] a clean surface has be5 expos$4 ,x is !n ess5tial1 9 ord] to ensure good & rapid workman%ip1 to previ\sly remove ?is cru/ f ! surface4 ,?is c be done 9 two ways3 by us+ a rapidly-revolv+ gr9d/one1 :i* in/antane\sly removes ! oxide1 at ! same "t smoo?+ ! surface ( ! /eel2 or by leav+ x = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t 9 dilute acid1 by :i* ! sup]ficial oxide is dissolv$4 ,sulphuric acid is usually pref]r$2 9 addition to ! clean+1 x is said to produce an effect some:at simil> to anneal+4 ,on )drawal f ! acid1 ! /eel mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat] & wip$ dry ) c>e4 #hb4 ,ord9>y mode ( prep>+ /eel4 ,:5 ! metal has be5 anneal$ by "o ( ! me?ods indicat$ above1 its prep>ation is complet$ by 8pickl+0 9 acid1 aft] :i* x is hamm]$ cold betwe5 an anvil & hamm] 7#gi1 #hj74 ,:5 ! metal has be5 work$1 x is heat$ to a blui% t9t1 & aft] cool+ sl[ly is ready = ! h>d5+4 #hc4 ,m4 ,covillot's mode4 ,?is au?or adopts a me?od :]eby he obta9s /eel t is v s(t to "w & p]fectly free f h>d gra9s or 8p9s0 ( ca/ iron1 :i* are s (t5 to be met ) 9 /eel1 caus+ x to crack 9 consequ5ce ( _! inability to spread "u ! hamm]4 ,take "s g>lic1 ! y\ng] ! bett]1 mix x ) suffici5t good walnut-oil to cov] ! g>lic & =m into a pa/e2 !n place x 9 an e>!nw>e pot on ! fire4 ,:5 beg9n+ to boil1 heat ! /eel to dull r$ness & plunge x into ! boil+ pa/e4 ,)draw x ) a quantity ( oil & g>lic adh]+2 aga9 heat to r$ness & plunge into ! pa/e4 ,?is op]ation may be repeat$ two or ?ree times4 ,!n heat ! /eel1 :ile inclos$ 9 an iron tube or box plac$ on ! fire1 & all[ ! :ole to cool4 ,f9ally1 ! /eel may be f9i%$ by sett+ x to cook 7if we may use su* an expression7 = t5 or twelve h\rs 9 ! composition ( g>lic & nut-oil4 ,! la/ op]ation may be p]=m$ by sett+ ! boil+ solution ov] an oil-lamp1 aft] depress+ ! wick 9 su* a mann] t ! pa/e may be kept j simm]+4 ,m4 ,covillot employ$ ! same mixture = h>d5+ ! objects2 b !n1 ( c\rse1 x mu/ be cold4 ,,h>d5+4 #hd4 ,x is well kn[n t by ! op]ation ( h>d5+1 :i* consi/s 9 heat+ a piece ( /eel to a r$ heat & imm$iately *ill+ x1 ! h>dness is v mat]ially increas$4 ,h>d5+ increases ! dim5sions ( ! object4 ,a /eel coll> adju/$ to fit a cyl9d] w slide on m easily aft] h>d5+4 ,roll$ /eel is m liable to be di/ort$ 9 ! h>d5+ ?an metal :i* has be5 =g$ or hamm]-h>d5$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 :5 /eel--especially ca/ /eel--has be5 c>efully anneal$1 cold-hamm]$ &1 aft] work+1 heat$ to a blue temp] & sl[ly cool$1 x w n be di/ort$ 9 ! h>d5+1 provid+ ! heat+ is skillfully conduct$1 & if1 at ! mom5t ( introduc+ ! object v]tically into ! ba?1 ! heat is ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t4 ,"s practical m5 affirm t ! m]e pres5ce ( an oily lay] on ! surface ( ! wat] w *eck ! t5d5cy to di/ortion4 ,a workman frequ5tly pret5ds t he has "s exceptionally good solution = h>d5+1 ( :i* a great my/]y is (t5 made2 b x is v g5]ally admitt$ by ^? :o are well-in=m$ t ^! s-call$ secrets are a delusion & 9 no s5se sup]ior to pure wat]4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? on bo? sides1 & ! =m] class are some:at ju/ifi$ by exp]im5ts ) ! v>i\s solutions enum]at$ bel[4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 lay d[n ! ?ree foll[+ conditions z ess5tial to ! successful conduct ( ! op]ation ( h>d5+3 7#a7 ,! /eel mu/ previ\sly be c>efully prep>$ & work$2 metal t has be5 skillfully hamm]$ cold or bel[ a r$ heat1 = in/ance1 w h>d5 bett] ?an :5 n s treat$2 b if hamm]$ too mu* or c>elessly1 x w crack2 7#b7 ,! me?od ( heat+ %\ld be su* t ! heat is ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! object2 if1 on imm]sion1 its temp]ature is n uni=m1 ! degree ( h>dness w v>y2 7#c7 ,! skill ( ! workman mu/ enable him to detect ! exact degree ( heat ! v>iety ( /eel c )/&1 & ?is mu/ on no acc\nt be exce$$1 = 9 t case ! /eel w lose t5acity1 w be m or less burnt1 c4 ,9 ! case ( irregul> %ap$ articles1 consid]able skill is (t5 ne$$ to ensure t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! mass %all be cool$ at1 approximately1 ! same rate4 #he4 ,me?ods ( h>d5+4 ,! ba?s us$ = h>d5+ may be class$ "u ?ree heads3 ,t\gh1 ,h>d1 & ,glass-h>d4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ^! classes may be made to m]ge m or less into "o ano!r1 by v>y+ ! degree ( temp]4 #he;a4 ,! foll[+ receipts are drawn f v>i\s s\rces1 & ! read] is recomm5d$ to select ! "o :i* he f9ds on trial to be be/ adapt$ to 8 requirem5ts1 =1 z ,pr(4 ,ak]man has po9t$ out1 !re are v _m conditions exce$+ly difficult ( calculation t influ5ce h>d5+1 & h5ce x foll[s t a workman accu/om$ to h>d5+ (t5 consid]s t only "o me?od1 :i* he has be5 9 ! habit ( employ+1 c be us$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 :ile ano!r equally skillful workman c only atta9 ! same result by a me?od ess5tially diff]5t4 ,i4 ,t\gh4 ,tall[2 tepid wat]2 oil2 res92 seal+-wax2 lead2 beeswax2 a solution ( #c to #d p>ts 7by weight7 ( gum arabic 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]2 #a "p ( s(t soap 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]2 cold wat] ) a lay] ( oil ov] x1 ! ?ickness ( :i* v>ies ) ! degree ( h>dness requir$2 #aj p>ts mutton suet1 #e p>ts res91 #b p>ts sal-ammoniac1 & #ce p>ts olive oil4 ,,ii4 ,h>d4 ,cold wat]2 wat] conta9+ v>i\s salts1 su* z sal-ammoniac & sea-salt2 a solution ( #e p>ts sea-salt & #a "p sal-ammoniac 9 #bj p>ts ( wat]2 #d p>ts sulphuric acid1 #ej p>ts sea-salt1 #aj p>ts alcohol1 & #a1jjj p>ts wat] 7all by weight72 #d p>ts sulphuric acid1 #a "p nitric acid1 #a "p pyroligne\s acid 9 #a1jjj p>ts wat] 7to be us$ v cold74 ,,iii4 ,glass-h>d4--,m]cury2 nitric acid2 opium2 any cyanide4 #hf4 ,z a rule x is well to employ tall[ = ! h>d5+ ( small objects 9 :i* h>dness )\t brittl5ess is ne$$4 ,oil r5d]s ! surface h>d] ?an ! int]ior1 & soapy wat] has ! same effect4 ,sal9e solutions g5]ally give great h>dness4 ,v m9ute drills may be h>d5$ by simply :isk+ !m ab\t 9 ! air aft] heat+ ! blade to r$ness1 & small objects may be h>d5$ by press+ betwe5 two cold surfaces1 z ^? ( ! hamm] & anvil4 ,if h>d5$ 9 nitric acid1 opium1 or m]cury1 ! h>dness ( /eel is s great t x w easily cut glass4 ,b su* /eel is brittle & all ! m delicate accord+ z ! precise temp]ature necess>y 7:i* is n v high7 has be5 exce$$4 ,= x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t /eel :i* has be5 heat$ too highly has det]iorat$ 9 quality & w rema9 brittle4 #hg4 ,precautions to be obs]v$ 9 h>d5+4 ,9 ! case ( delicate pieces x is necess>y to avoid ! use ( ! bl[-pipe1 z ! curr5t ( air causes ! surface to scale1 &1 z is well kn[n1 ! metal be+ unev5ly heat$ w be di/ort$ 9 ! h>d5+1 & w n be uni=mly h>d5$4 ,x is bett] to enclose ! article betwe5 two pieces ( ignit$ *>coal1 or 9 a metal tube1 or to br+ x 9 contact ) a suffici5tly hot piece ( metal1 etc4 ,an excell5t plan is to heat ! article 9 a ba? ( hot lead1 or ( lead & t9 9 proportions dep5d5t on ! temp]ature requir$4 ,! heat+ is ?us exce$+ly uni=m1 &1 if op]at+ 9 a d>k room1 ! temp]ature c be accurately judg$4 ,:5 x is requir$ to h>d5 an object )\t discolor+ ! surface or de/roy+ ! poli%1 x may be plac$ 9 a tube1 & completely surr\nd$ ) p[d]$ wood *>coal1 or1 pref]ably1 animal *>coal4 ,! :ole aft] be+ heat$ is plung$ 9 wat] )\t ! /eel be+ 9 any way expos$ to ! air4 ,! p[d] mu/ be heap$ up z a precaution aga9/ access ( air4 ,on be+ tak5 f ! wat]1 ! /eel is at once plac$ 9 alcohol1 & if at all dull x w g5]ally be only necess>y to rub ! surface ) a little r\ge4 ,x is ess5tial t ! animal *>coal be previ\sly heat$ 9 ord] to expel moi/ure1 z o!rwise x w\ld adh]e to ! surface & produce m>ks & ev5 irregul>ity 9 ! h>dness4 ,z a rule ! object mu/ be imm]s$ 9 ! cool+ liquid v]tically 9 ! direction ( its greate/ l5g?1 & if ( unequal ?ickness1 ! /\t portion %\ld t\* ! surface fir/1 s t ! metal may cool m uni=mly4 ,9 h>d5+ l>ge masses ( /eel1 v>i\s devices are resort$ to 9 ord] to insure uni=mity 9 ! cool+1 b space prev5ts u f ent]+ m fully into ?is int]e/+ "q4 ,! vessel mu/ be ( su* a dep? t ! object w n rea* ! bottom until q cold4 ,x is liable to di/ortion if introduc$ sideways1 or if ! vessel is too %all[4 ,! me?od describ$ above = protect+ ! surface f ! action ( ! fire %\ld be adopt$ :5 h>d5+ delicate or complicat$ articles2 b 9 ! case ( drills1 = in/ance1 a simple coat+ ( "o ( ! foll[+ prep>ations is suffici5t4 ,:5 an object is h>d5$ 9 a sal9e solution1 x is well to cov] x ) a pa/e compos$ ( wat]1 salt & fl\r 7"s use yea/ & salt = ?is purpose71 or a ?9 clay4 ,?is precaution prev5ts any bli/]+ or oxidation ( ! surface4 ,if x be desir$ to avoid oxidation1 &1 at ! same "t1 to re/ore to ! /eel ! c>bon x has lo/ ow+ to ! action ( ! fire1 x mu/ be roll$1 :ile /ill wet1 9 ano!r pa/e1 conta9+ p[d]$ horn or lea!r1 or "s su* calc9$ animal matt]4 ,delicate p>ts c also be protect$ by a lay] ( beeswax & olive oil made hot4 ,9 h>d5+ small drills1 v good results are obta9$ by enclos+ ! blade 9 a pellet =m$ ( prussiate ( pota%1 l>d & ,ca/ile soap1 & cool+ 9 beeswax1 or ! surface may be protect$ by a lay] ( s(t soap4 ,/eel z =g$1 t is ) ! ?9 scale on1 is less liable to break 9 h>d5+ ?an if previ\sly bright5$1 = ! scale causes x to cook1 &1 !re=e1 contract m sl[ly4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t :5 ! surface is bright ! h>dness w be some:at great]4 ,x w be well to w>n ! beg9n] t1 if an object is n entirely imm]s$ 9 ! cool+ liquid1 x %\ld nev] be held /ill1 b rapidly mov$ up & d[n1 z o!rwise !re is a liability to crack at t "p :i* 0 level ) ! surface4 ,z a wat*mak] only uses /eels ( ! be/ quality1 he %\ld1 9 h>d5+ nev] exce$ a *]ry-r$ heat1 & *]ry-r$ comprises ?ree di/9ct t9ts 7#gg72 incipi5t *]ry-r$1 *]ry-r$1 & cle> *]ry-r$4 ,! second ( ^! %\ld n be exce$$ 9 h>d5+ ca/ /eel1 & ! ?ird %\ld be tak5 z an extreme limit 9 ! case ( %e> /eel4 ,ice-cold wat] %\ld nev] be employ$1 b ! extreme *ill %\ld be fir/ tak5 (f4 ,inde$1 x is f\nd t fro/y wea!r int]f]es mat]ially ) ! op]ation ( h>d5+4 ,"s workm5 ma9ta9 t ! h>d5+ is done bett] if ! wat] has be5 long us$ = ! purpose )\t r5ewal4 ,,temp]+4 #hh4 ,h>d5$ /eel is extremely fragile1 b its t5acity may be re/or$ by temp]+1 t is to say1 by heat+ x to a degree dep5d5t on ! am\nt by :i* its orig9al s(tness has to be re/or$4 ,! color ( ! metallic surface w gradually *ange z ! temp]ature rises1 ea* t9t correspond+ approximately to ! degree ( heat giv5 9 ! foll[+ table 7,/od>t73 #a4 ,v pale /raw yell[ #bbj ,c4 7#dcj ,f47 #b4 ,a %ade d>k] yell[ #bce ,c4 7#dej ,f47 ,tools = metal4 #c4 ,d>k] /raw yell[ #bde ,c4 7#dgj ,f47 ,tools = wood & #d4 ,/ill d>k] /raw yell[ #bee ,c4 7#dij ,f47 screws1 taps1 etc4 #e4 ,br[n yell[ #bfj ,c4 7#ejj ,c4 #ejj ,f47 ,hat*ets1 *ipp+ #f4 ,yell[1 t+$ slightly *isels & o!r ) purple #bgj ,c4 7#ebj ,f47 p]cussive tools1 #g4 ,light purple #bge ,c4 7#ecj ,f47 saws1 etc4 #h4 ,d>k purple #bij ,c4 7#eej ,f47 #i4 ,d>k blue #cjj ,c4 7#egj ,f47 ,spr+s4 #aj4 ,pal] blue #caj ,c4 7#eij ,f47 #aa4 ,/ill pal] blue #cbj ,c4 7#faj ,f47 ,too s(t = ! #ab4 ,/ill pal] blue1 ) t+e above purposes4 ( gre5 #cce ,c4 7#fcj ,f47 #hi4 ,x w facilitate ! precise det]m9ation ( ^! po9ts if x be rememb]$ t ,an alloy ( #a "p lead & #a "p t9 7by weight7 melts at #aif ,c4 7#che ,f47 ,metallic t9 0 0 0 #bcj ,c4 7#ddf ,f47 ,an alloy ( #b p>ts lead & #a "p t9 0 #bdj ,c4 7#dfe ,f47 ,metallic bismu? 0 0 0 #bgj ,c4 7#ebj ,f47 ,an alloy ( #e p>ts lead & #a "p t9 0 #bij c4 7#eej ,f47 ,metallic cadmium 0 0 0 #caj ,c4 7#eij ,f47 ,metallic lead 0 0 0 #cbj ,c4 7#fjh ,f47 #ij4 ,be=e proce$+ to temp] an object1 at lea/ "o ( its faces mu/ be smoo!d ) pumice-/one1 oil/one du/1 or em]y pap]1 & ! surface mu/ be left p]fectly clean1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid contact ) ! f+]s1 z o!rwise x w be difficult to ensure ! requisite t9t be+ obta9$4 ,temp]$ to any %ade betwe5 ,nos4 #a & #f ! /eel w1 if previ\sly well h>d5$1 be left too h>d to be work$ by a file or grav]2 heat$ beyond ,no4 #aj1 x c no long] be mu* b5t )\t di/ortion4 ,:5 ! quality & ! degree ( h>dness ( /eel diff]1 ! temp] correspond+ to a giv5 t9t w also v>y4 ,z a rule1 h>d5$ ca/ /eel1 temp]$ to ,no4 #h1 w be f\nd z s(t z natural /eel :i* has be5 let d[n to ,no4 #i1 or ev5 to ,no4 #aj4 ,a piece ( /eel c be let d[n to ! same t9t sev]al times 9 succession )\t alt]+ its prop]ties4 ,if a good & uni=m color is desir$1 ! /eel mu/ be highly poli%$1 z ! oxidation ( r\gh p>ts w r5d] ! t9t irregul>4 ,! r\ge employ$ mu/ n be too dry1 &1 if ! burni%] is us$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x acts on ! entire surface4 ,metal ( a bad quality1 :i* w n take an ev5 poli%1 c r>ely be nicely blu$4 ,:5 ! object is f9ely smoo!d ) a uni=m :ite surface1 v good results may be obta9$2 b 9 su* cases ! clean+ mu/ be c>efully conduct$1 z ! pres5ce ( m9ute greasy p>ticles w always r5d] ! color irregul>1 & may ev5 entirely prev5t its appe>ance4 ,a uni=m color c only be obta9$ by heat+ ! object 9 su* a mann] t its temp]ature is rais$ ev5ly ?r\gh\t4 ,! temp]+ may be p]=m$ by plac+ an object on ! blu+ tray1 a ?9 metallic plate1 (t5 cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( f9e brass fil+s1 :i* %\ld be r5ew$ = ea* op]ation2 or on a ?ick piece ( metal previ\sly heat$ to a suffici5t degree2 on ignit$ *>coal cov]$ ) a lay] ( :ite a%2 9 a ba? ( molt5 metal1 ! temp]ature ( :i* corresponds to ! requisite degree ( heat1 or ! object may be laid on ! surface ( su* a ba?1 etc4 ,"s wat*mak]s :5 lett+ d[n a piece ( /eel imm]se x 9 wat] to *eck ! action2 b by s do+ !y produce an exactly contr>y effect4 ,if a piece ( /eel be cool$ sudd5ly 9 wat] z soon z x assumes any giv5 color x w be s(t] ?an if left to cool 9 ! op5 air 7#gh74 ,at "o ( ! blue t9ts1 /eel possesses its maximum ela/icity4 ,! exact %ade v>ies ) ! diff]5t qualities ( /eel4 ,if a h>d5$ & temp]$ spr+ has lo/ its initial ela/icity1 ?is may be re/or$ or ev5 improv$ ^u by g5tly hamm]-h>d5+1 & aft] :it5+ ) em]y1 aga9 temp]+ to ! prop] blue t9t4 #ia4 ,a v conv5i5t way ( temp]+ a l>ge numb] ( small articles at a "t1 heat+ !m ) absolute uni=mity1 is to place !m 9 a small vessel ) suffici5t tall[ or cold oil to cov] !m2 ! :ole is !n heat$ to ! requisite degree1 :i* may be det]m9$ by a !rmomet] or by obs]v+ ! smoke4 ,:5 smoke is fir/ se5 to rise1 ! temp] corresponds to ,no4 #b 9 ! table 7article #hh74 ,smoke m abundant & d>k] corresponds to ,no4 #e4 ,black smoke /ill ?ick]1 ,no4 #g4 ,oil or tall[ takes fire ) light$ pap] pres5t$ to x1 ,no4 #i4 ,aft] ?is ! oil takes fire ( itself & cont9ues to burn4 ,if ! :ole ( ! oil is all[$ to burn away1 ! l[e/ temp] 9 ! table is rea*$4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t to simply sme> an article ) oil or tall[1 & hold x ov] a flame or piece ( hot iron4 ,! temp] c !n be judg$ 9 ! mann] j expla9$4 ,) a view to comb9e ! two op]ations ( h>d5+ & temp]+1 ,m4 ,c>on sugge/$ t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] us$ = h>d5+ be heat$ to a pre-det]m9$ degree4 ,?us ! requisite temp] may be giv5 to gun-lock spr+s by heat+ ! wat] 9 :i* !y are h>d5$ to #ee ,c4 7#acj ,f474 ,,to ,,:it5 ,,& ,,blue ,,/eel4 #ib4 ,"s mak]s ( wat*-h&s & balance-spr+s1 :5 !y are n satisfi$ ) ! color assum$ by an object 9 temp]+1 imm]se x 9 an acid ba?1 :i* :it5s x1 aft] :i* ! blu+ op]ation is repeat$4 ,we h se5 wat*mak]s :it5 small pieces ( /eel ) a piece ( pi? moi/5$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 b ! me?od _c be recomm5d$4 ,o!rs fix f9e /eel "w1 a wat*-h& = example1 ) wax on a plate1 & :it5 x by means ( pi? & poli%+ r\ge1 or a small /iff bru% *>g$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,x is !n deta*$1 by heat+1 & clean$ 9 hot alcohol4 ,^! me?ods1 if judici\sly employ$1 are ( great s]vice1 b x is important to rememb] always to ?or\ghly wa% aft] ! use ( acid1 & !n to all[ ! object to rema9 = a few m9utes 9 alcohol4 ,sulphuric acid does n :it5 well4 ,x (t5 leaves d>k %ades on ! surface4 ,hydro*loric acid gives bett] results4 #ic4 ,to blue /eel uni=mly4 ,9 ord] to secure a uni=m color 9 temp]+ or blu+1 x is ess5tial t ! smoo?+ & poli%+ %\ld h be5 v ev5ly done4 ,! surface mu/ be p]fectly clean2 = o!rwise p>ts t are greasy1 or on :i* ! r\ge has rema9$ too long1 or has be5 too dry1 w n exhibit ! same t9t z ! re/4 ,! heat mu/ be uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,?is is :y1 :5 blu+ screws 9 a p]=at$ blu+ pan1 x is cu/om>y to lightly /rike ! h&le1 = ! vibration & ! p]petual *ange 9 ! contacts ensures _! receiv+ ! heat m ev5ly4 ,a simil> purpose is s]v$ by plac+ ! pieces 9 brass fil+s4 ,/eel mu/ n be temp]$ :ile only 9 contact ) bodies t are bad conductors ( heat1 /one1 ei!r 9 p[d] or block1 = example2 because1 z we h already obs]v$1 ! di/ribution ( heat w\ld occur unev5ly ?r\gh\t ! metal4 ,wat*mak]s secure a uni=m t9t m easily by us+ an iron or copp] poli%] ?an "o ( any o!r metal4 #id4 ,to blue small pieces ( /eel ev5ly4 ,if ! =ego+ precautions are c>efully obs]v$1 ! foll[+ me?ods w give satisfactory results3 ,fir/ blue ! object )\t any special reg>d to uni=mity ( color4 ,if x proves to be imp]fect1 take a piece ( dead wood t does n crumble too easily1 or ( clean pi?1 & :it5 ! surface ) r\ge )\t lett+ x be too dry4 ,small pieces ?us prep>$1 if clean$ & blu$ ) c>e1 w assume a v uni=m t9t4 ,a clev] me*anic assures u t he easily obta9s a simil> result by rubb+ ! surface1 aft] x has be5 well smoo!d1 ) ! end ( a /ick t has be5 p>tly burnt 9 ! fire4 #ie4 ,to blue a clock h& or a spr+4 ,to blue a piece ( /eel t is ( "s l5g?1 a clock h& = example2 clockmak]s place x ei!r on ignit$ *>coal1 ) a hole 9 ! c5t] = ! socket1 & :it5$ ov] its surface1 z ?is indicates a degree ( heat t is approximately uni=m1 or on a curv$ blu+ tray p]=at$ ) holes l>ge en\gh to admit ! socket4 ,! c5t] w become violet or blue soon] ?an ! re/1 & z soon z x assumes ! requisite t9t1 ! h& mu/ be remov$1 hold+ x ) tweez]s by ! socket1 or by ! aid ( a l>g$-siz$ arbor pass$ ?r\gh x2 ! l[] side ( ! h& is !n plac$ on ! edge ( ! *>coal or blu+ tray1 & remov$ by gradually slid+ x (f t[>ds ! po9t1 m or less sl[ly accord+ to ! progress made ) ! color+2 ) a little practice1 ! workman w soon be enabl$ to secure a uni=m blue ?r\gh\t ! l5g?1 & ev51 if necess>y1 to ret\* p>ts t h n assum$ a suffici5tly deep t9t4 ,in/ead ( a blu+ tray1 a small mass ( iron1 ) a slightly r\nd$ surface & heat$ to a suitable temp]ature1 c be employ$2 b ! color mu/ n =m too rapidly1 & ?is is liable to occur if ! temp]ature ( ! mass is excessive4 ,nor %\ld ?is temp]ature be unev5ly di/ribut$4 ,a spr+ aft] be+ :it5$ c be blu$ 9 ! same way4 ,hav+ fix$ "o end1 x is /ret*$ by a weight atta*$ to ! o!r end1 & ! hot iron is !n pass$ along x at su* a spe$ t a uni=m color is secur$4 ,( c\rse ! hot iron might be fix$ & ! spr+ pass$ ov] x4 ,a lamp may be us$1 b its employm5t involves m att5tion & dext]ity4 #if4 ,blu+ z an indication ( temp]4 ,?is subject has already be5 v fully consid]$ 9 article #hh to #ij4 ,:5 ! color assum$ by a piece ( /eel does n require to be pres]v$1 & x is only necess>y to temp] ! object at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 ! means be/ adapt$ to exp$ite ! op]ation w naturally be s\ght4 ,?us1 9 factories1 l>ge numb]s are temp]$ at once 9 a ba? ( tall[1 oil1 etc4 ,! workman1 9 judg+ temp] by color 7#hh71 mu/ h en\gh exp]i5ce to enable him to det]m9e1 = a giv5 sample ( /eel1 :at are ! successive colors z well z ! temp]ature ( ! ba?1 etc4 ,8 success is c]ta92 b x dep5ds on ! exp]i5ce1 &1 !re=e1 on ! s5se ( sight ( ! op]ator1 &1 we %\ld aga9 add1 on ! k he possesses ( ! qualities ( ! /eel he is us+4 ,,case-,,h>d5+4 #ig4 ,?is process is (t5 resort$ to :5 a h>d surface is requir$ on objects ( wr\ght iron1 = example ! face ( an anvil4 ,x is ! exact conv]se ( ! me?od already describ$ 9 article #ei = obta9+ malleable ca/+s1 & consi/s 9 heat+ ! object to a r$ heat 9 contact ) *>coal1 or "s sub/ance conta9+ c>bon2 ?is ent]s into ! surface iron1 conv]t+ x into /eel4 ,or aft] heat+ to a bright r$ness ! object may be spr9kl$ ov] ) prussiate ( pota%1 return$ to ! fire1 & aft] a few m9utes cool$ by imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,:5 a great] ?ickness ( /eel is ne$$1 or :5 deal+ ) l>ge articles1 !y mu/ be enclos$ 9 wr\ght-iron boxes1 & b$d$ 9 su* sub/ances z fragm5ts ( horn1 bones1 lea!r cutt+s1 etc2 ! box is !n lut$ up & ! :ole ma9ta9$ at a r$ heat = twelve h\rs1 aft] :i* ! fire is all[$ to die out4 ,articles may sometimes be case-h>d5$ by coat+ ) a pa/e ( ars5i\s acid1 p[d]$ lea!r1 horn1 or o!r nitrog5\s body & hydro*loric acid1 & !n heat+ !m to bright r$ness 9 a muffle or o!r suitable furnace4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,=eign ,,metals ,,& ,,metalloids ,,on ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 #ih4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give a full acc\nt ( ?is subject 9 ! space at our disposal1 & ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to works on ! metallurgy ( iron & /eel = details 9 reg>d to ! rem>kable influ5ce ( m9ute traces ( phosphorus1 tung/51 silicon1 manganese1 ars5ic1 etc41 on ! me*anical & *emical prop]ties ( ^? metals4 ,,copp]4 #ii4 ,copp] is an elem5t>y body ( a r$di%-br[n color1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) brass1 occasionally t]m$ yell[ copp]4 ,9 t5acity x comes next bel[ iron1 break+ ) a /ra9 ( #cd kilo4 p] sq4 mm4 ( section 7or #dh1jjj lbs4 p] sq4 in*74 ,9 horology1 ! only use made ( ! pure metal is = ! con/ruction ( comp5sation p5dulums on ! gridiron pr9ciple1 & z wire 9 electric clocks4 ,x is also employ$1 :5 roll$ into ?9 %eets1 = a base to receive ! enamel ( wat* dials1 9 consequ5ce ( its expansion be+ ab\t ! same z t ( ! enamel1 :i* does n !re=e crack 9 ! cool+4 ,! copp] ( comm]ce is seldom pure1 & ?is gives rise to _m ( ! imp]fections met ) 9 ord9>y brass4 ,,z9c4 #ajj4 ,?is is an elem5t>y metallic body ( a blui% :ite color4 ,x is us$ 9 ! =m ( rods1 = comp5sation p5dulums4 ,x mu/ be obta9$ ( great purity1 :e!r x is employ$ by itself or to alloy ) ano!r metal4 ,! pres5ce ( =eign bodies 9 z9c1 ev5 9 v small quantities1 has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! physical prop]ties ( an alloy into :i* x ent]s4 ,! pur] ! metal ! m easily w x roll1 & ?is fact c be tak5 advantage ( z a te/ ( quality4 ,al?\gh v brittle at #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 & #bjj;,c4 7#djj ,f471 x has a maximum malleability at ab\t #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 ! boil+ po9t ( wat]2 x %\ld1 !n1 be heat$ to ?is degree be=e b5d+1 roll+1 hamm]+1 etc4 ,x may be anneal$ 9 boil+ wat]1 or by heat+ to su* a temp]ature t wat] hisses :5 all[$ to drop on to x4 ,x melts at #dbj ,c4 7#gij ,f47 & volatilizes if rais$ to a r$ heat4 ,a sudd5 cool+1 or ! pres5ce ( ars5ic or antimony1 w r5d] z9c brittle4 ,x mu/ n be melt$ 9 ca/ iron vessels1 z ! quality ( z9c is det]iorat$ by ! small quantity ( iron x takes up "u su* circum/ances4 ,?is metal possesses a great aff9ity = oxyg51 & !re=e oxidizes v readily :5 fus$4 ,x is usual1 be=e p\r+ z9c t is int5d$ = roll+1 to ?r[ "s pieces ( ! solid metal into ! molt5 mass1 ! object be+ to some:at r$uce ! temp]ature1 & ?us prev5t a too rapid cool+1 z1 9 t case1 z9c is v brittle4 ,,brass4 #aja4 ,pure copp] is difficult to "w ) ! grav] or file1 b su* is n ! case :5 ?is metal is alloy$ ) z9c2 we !n obta9 brass1 or1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 yell[ copp]4 ,alloys conta9+ copp]1 z9c1 & t9 are t]m$ bronzes4 ,if a small quantity ( lead1 ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( its weight1 be add$ to brass1 x r5d]s ! metal less fibr\s1 imp>t+ to x a c]ta9 degree ( brittl5ess s t x is m easily work$ ) ! grav]1 file1 drill1 or ! saw4 ,:5 ! brass is requir$ to be hamm]$1 a portion ( ! lead is replac$ by t92 by ?is means ! metal becomes m malleable1 or1 9 t]ms ( ! work%op1 s(t4 ,! color1 t5acity1 ductility1 malleability1 etc41 v>y ) ! p]c5tage composition ( ! alloy4 ,x is1 !n1 ( ! utmo/ importance t a wat*mak] be able to te/ & select ! brass be=e employ+ x 9 8 "w2 metal t is excell5t = wire-draw+1 = example1 w\ld be utt]ly useless = mak+ an escape :eel1 s9ce x w\ld become di/ort$ 9 ! cutt+ 9 consequ5ce ( its ductility4 ,x belongs1 9 fact1 to ! class ( metals t w ext5d "u ! hamm] )\t h>d5+ 7v s(t brasses74 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z an analysis ( brass v frequ5tly employ$ 9 horology3 copp]1 #ff p] c5t41 z9c1 #cc p] c5t42 & lead1 #a p] c5t4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is is only to be tak5 z a mean4 ,bo? ! proportions & ! qualities v>y ) diff]5t mak]s1 d\btless also accord+ to ! degree ( purity ( ! metals employ$ 9 _! manufacture4 #ajb4 ,to select brass4 ,by foll[+ ! directions giv5 bel[ any wat*mak] %\ld be able to select ! brass be/ suit$ to 8 special requirem5ts4 ,:5 ! copp] is 9 excess1 z9c be+ proportionately r$uc$1 ! brass is usually s(t & ( a beautiful gold5 color4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! proportion ( z9c is increas$1 ! brass becomes m & m brittle1 & at ! same "t1 m fusible2 ! color *anges to a light yell[1 ultimately becom+ greyi%-:ite1 & brass ( ?is nature is said to be 8h>d40 ,v s(t brass *okes ! file1 & spreads )\t h>d5+ "u ! hamm]2 v h>d brass1 on ! o!r h&1 is fragile1 liable to crack :5 hamm]$ cold1 & breaks 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! draw-plate4 ,metal ( a good yell[ %ade1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! gold5 & ! pale yell[ color1 passes well ?r\gh ! draw-plate1 spreads out sl[ly "u ! hamm]1 b )\t crack+1 until ( ab\t half ! initial ?ickness1 & !n resi/s ! fur!r action ( ! hamm]1 :i* reb\nds f x2 su* brass is usually f\nd to be ( good quality = wat*work4 ,a %eet ( brass is r>ely homog5e\s4 ,if1 aft] p\r+1 ! metal has be5 all[$ to cool sl[ly1 ! int]ior w be cry/all9e1 & !re w be an unev5 fracture4 ,?is w cause ! t5acity1 etc41 to v>y ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,simil> diff]5ces are occasionally to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! two faces ( ! same plate1 due to ! ph5om5on ( liquation2 t is to say1 to a t5d5cy t *>act]izes c]ta9 metals :5 melt$ toge!r to sep>ate f "o ano!r :5 ! cool+ is n affect$ "u prop] conditions4 ,if ! two surfaces ( a plate be scrap$ clean at sev]al po9ts1 & drops1 z ne>ly equal z possible1 ( v pure wat* oil1 be plac$ on ^! clean surfaces1 x may be tak5 z a r\gh indication t ! metals are uni=mly di/ribut$ if ! successive %ades ( color ( ! oil z "t goes on are ! same at all ! po9ts exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,"s wat*mak]s heat ! brass to a r$ heat 7:i* mu/ nev] be exce$$71 & plunge x into nitric acid 7equal p>ts acid & wat]74 ,by ?is means ! entire surface is clean$1 & ! above exam9ation is facilitat$4 ,,hamm] ,,h>d5+ ,,( ,,brass4 #ajc4 ,plates4 ,! selection ( ! metal w dep5d on ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$1 & ! ?ickness mu/ be su* t1 :5 hamm]$ till ( suffici5t h>dness1 x w approximately equal "o dim5sion ( ! requir$ object2 = x is advisable to remove z little ( ! surface metal z possible1 a plate always h>d5+ mu* m at ! surface ?an 9 ! int]ior4 ,!re is consid]able difficulty 9 indicat+ cle>ly 9 a book ! exact mode ( conduct+ ! op]ation ( hamm]-h>d5+1 & ! assi/ance ( a compet5t ma/] is ess5tial1 at any rate = ! fir/ few trials4 ,x mu/ suffice to po9t out t ! anvil1 ) a slightly convex surface1 & ! hamm]1 ( suffici5t weight1 mu/ be 9 v good condition &1 if possible1 poli%$ on _! faces2 ! head ( ! latt] %\ld be r convex1 & ! p5e or *isel end some:at broad & g5tly r\nd$ (f 9 all directions1 = x w be ne$$ z a means ( b5d+ ! metal upw>ds2 ! curvature be+ su* t !re is n a dang] ( />t+ a crack1 etc41 by its means4 ,we h already spok5 ( ^! two tools 7#gi1 #hj72 x is only necess>y to add t a ?ick /raw pad %\ld be plac$ "u ! anvil or block4 ,:5 "o is compell$ to use brass t is too ?ick1 s t !re is mu* "w to be done ) ! hamm] to r$uce ! ?ickness to :at is requir$1 x is a good plan to comm5ce by elongat+ ! metal 9 "o direction1 /rik+ ) ! p5e ( ! hamm] a s]ies ( p>allel bl[s 9 ! direction ( ! requir$ elongation2 :5 ! ?ickness is two or ?ree times t ultimately ne$$1 ! surface is smoo!d ) ! hamm]-head & anneal$2 !n x is br\ght to ! "r ?ickness by ano!r hamm]+ 9 ! mann] expla9$ bel[1 b x %\ld be aga9 po9t$ out t1 :5 possible1 metal ( a suitable ?ickness ought to be tak5 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 s9ce too mu* hamm]+ has a detrim5tal effect4 ,be=e hamm]-h>d5+ a plate1 x mu/ be dress$1 an op]ation :i* consi/s 9 r\nd+ (f ! edges v c>efully 9 ord] to prev5t _! crack+1 & 9 r\nd+ ! bottom & sides ( int]nal angles :i*1 )\t su* a precaution w\ld occasion a rupture4 ,aft] ?is is complet$1 proce$ to ! h>d5+1 us+ a r heavy hamm]1 & giv+ %>p bl[s along l9es p>allel to ! sides ( ! plate2 comm5ce f "o ( ! corn]s 9 ! case ( a squ>e plate2 & ) a r\nd plate let ! bl[s be 9 circles4 ,9 ! latt] case1 "w f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5t]1 at ! same "t gradually increas+ ! =ce ( ! bl[s1 s9ce ! metal opposes a great] resi/ance t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,if ! "w is done ev5ly & )\t hurry+1 ! surface w rema9 fairly flat1 a fact :i* %\ld be v]ifi$ f "t to "t by ! aid ( a metal rule4 ,r\nd plates are sometimes h>d5$ by comm5c+ to hamm] 9 ! c5t] & work+ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce along two radii 9 opposite directions2 t is along a diamet]4 ,?is fir/ diamet] is !n cross$ by ano!r at "r angles2 ! int]vals are fill$ 9 ) o!r diamet]s t mu/ n t\* until ! entire surface is cov]$1 always tak+ c>e to "w f ! c5t] t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4 ,:5 ! metal is ?9 only ! hamm]-head is us$1 b beyond a c]ta9 ?ickness ! p5e ( ! hamm] mu/ be employ$ until ab\t half ! requir$ ?ickness is rea*$2 ! surface is plani%$ & ! h>d5+ f9i%$ ) ! face4 ,bl[s t are irregul>1 too h>d or r\ghly giv51 w cause ! metal to crack4 ,hurri$ work+ w di/urb ! molecul> gr\p+ ( ! alloy2 x w at ! same "t be heat$ & !re=e s(t5$1 ?us los+ all ! good qualities t are anticipat$ f hamm]-h>d5+1 namely increas$ body & ela/icity4 ,x 0 9 ord] to avoid ?is heat+ t ! old wat*mak]s us$ to hamm] ! brass 9 cold wat]1 an excell5t precaution :i* is too mu* neglect$ at ! pres5t day4 ,brass t is badly hamm]$1 ! bl[s be+ viol5t or irregul>1 w spr+ out ( %ape on be+ cut & occasionally crack :5 gild+4 ,if dur+ ! process ( hamm]+1 a crack is obs]v$ to be comm5c+ at ! edge1 x mu/ be remov$ ) a rat-tail file1 all %>p angles be+ r\nd$ (f2 & :5 cracks imm$iately reappe> on cont9u+ ! op]ation1 x is an indication t ! metal _c support any fur!r hamm]+ cold4 ,if brass is compact or well =g$ x may be reli$ ^u to pres]ve ! oil at pivots1 etc41 bett]1 z oil is decompos$ m rapidly 9 pres5ce ( a f9ely divid$ metal4 #ajd4 ,brass rods4 ,rods hav+ a squ>e section mu/ only be hamm]$ on two opposite faces4 ,a rod ( squ>e section c be hamm]$ on all f\r faces b x mu/ be fir/ fil$ p]fectly squ>e2 ! hamm]+ mu/ n be pu%$ too f>1 & ! f\r angles mu/ be ma9ta9$ "r angles4 ,if "s are made obtuse & o!rs acute1 a flaw w be produc$ 9 ! direction ( a diagonal4 ,! ?ree foll[+ me?ods are employ$ 9 ! case ( r\nd rods3 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 hamm]+ ov] ! entire surface1 ! rod be+ at ! same "t rotat$ on ! anvil by h&2 b ?is op]ation mu/ n be mu* prolong$1 z ! metal is liable to crack l5g?wise4 ,! second me?od consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! diamet] ( an anneal$ brass rod to ab\t "o-half or two-?irds its initial am\nt by caus+ x to pass 9 succession ?r\gh a numb] ( holes ( ! draw-plate4 ,:5 ! ?ird me?od1 :i* is due to ,brocot1 is adopt$1 "o extremity ( ! brass rod is gripp$ 9 ! b5* vise & ! o!r end 9 a h& vise1 :i* is !n caus$ to rotate r\nd ! rod z an axis4 ,if ! torsion be cont9u$ until ! metal is on ! po9t ( break+1 x w be f\nd to be v effectually h>d5$4 ,?is me?od is resort$ to ) advantage = h>d5+ p9-wire & ! metal = mak+ pill>s4 ,,to ,,anneal ,,brass4 #aje4 ,:5 x is necess>y to consid]ably r$uce ! dim5sions ( a piece ( brass1 ei!r ) ! hamm]1 rolls or draw-plate1 x mu/ be anneal$ f "t to "t4 ,! metal %\ld n be heat$ to r$ness2 x is suppos$1 rightly or wrongly1 t su* a proce$+s especially if repeat$1 sep>ates a portion ( ! z9c1 or at lea/ *anges ! mode 9 :i* x is associat$ ) ! copp]4 ,brass %\ld be heat$ sl[ly & uni=mly1 9 a mod]ate fire1 until ! temp]ature is su* t drops ( wat] ?r[n onto ! surface are rapidly conv]t$ into vap\r1 or pap] turns yell[ & beg9s to smoke4 ,x is !n )drawn f ! fire & all[$ to cool4 ,brass is brittle :5 hot1 s t x c only be work$ cold4 ,:5 brass is anneal$1 j z :5 /eel is temp]$1 ! metal %\ld n be all[$ to re/ on a bad conductor ( heat1 su* z wood or /one1 because !re w be a t5d5cy to unev5 di/ribution ( ! heat ?r\gh\t ! metal4 ,,ca/ ,,brass4 #ajf4 ,?is is usually brittle1 ow+ to ! fact t ! copp] employ$ 9 its manufacture consi/s1 z a rule1 ( all sorts ( scrap1 f good or bad metal2 moreov]1 f motives ( economy1 ! proportion ( z9c is g5]ally increas$ &1 9 p\r+1 ! precautions ess5tial to avoid ! effects ( liquation 7#ajb71 etc41 are frequ5tly neglect$4 ,su* an alloy mu/ nev] be us$ = small objects1 x mu/ be entirely exclud$ f a wat*1 & 9 a clock only su* pivots z are call$ ^u to p]=m an insignificant am\nt ( "w %\ld be all[$ to run 9 x4 ,9 ord] to avoid injur+ ! file1 or emb$d+ 9 ! metal any p>ticles ( ! h>d coat+ ( oxide t always cov]s r\gh ca/+s1 x is usual to dip ! object 9 dilute nitric or sulphuric acid 7#aee71 by :i* ! oxide is dissolv$4 ,,t94 #ajg4 ,?is is an elem5t>y body1 almo/ z :ite z silv] & hav+ a break+ /ra9 ( only #h kilo4 p] sq4 mm4 ( section 7or #aa1cjj lbs4 p] sq4 in*47 ,wat*mak]s use x 9 mak+ sold]4 ,x is also sometimes us$ 9 ! =m ( plates or rods = poli%+ ) r\ge1 & x is said to be mu* m effici5t :5 v pure4 ,if a /rip ( pure t9 is b5t1 a crackl+ noise1 t]m$ ! 8cry+0 ( t91 is he>d4 ,aft] frequ5t b5d+1 ! metal loses ?is prop]ty4 ,! degree ( purity may be judg$3 7#a7 ,by ! l\dness ( ! 8cry10 :i* is f\nd to be great] z ! t9 is pur]2 7#b7 ,by ! relative lightness ( two balls ( equal size1 "o ( :i* is =m$ ( v pure t9 & us$ z a /&>d2 7#c7 ,by p\r+ ! metal1 :5 j melt$1 9 a m\ld #a or #b c5timetres 7ab\t in*7 9 diamet]4 ,if t9 is pure1 :5 ca/ into plates or +ots1 ! surface w be p]fectly smoo?1 )\t exhibit+ any sign ( cry/allization at ! mom5t ( solidification1 :]eas ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( =eign metals causes x to be cov]$ ) a network ( ne$le-=m$ cry/als1 :i* are ! m num]\s accord+ z ! metal is less pure4 ,! ,banca t9 is almo/ *emically pure2 ,engli% t9 is also v pure2 b o!rs conta9 a small p]c5tage ( copp]1 lead1 iron1 or ars5ic4 ,,bronze4 #ajh4 ,bronze is an alloy1 9 v v>iable proportions1 ( copp] & t91 to :i* may be add$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 a small p]c5tage ( lead or z9c1 or ev5 iron1 :5 x is desir$ to increase ! h>dness or t5acity4 ,z a rule1 ?is alloy is t\gh & h>d to "w2 x is especially us$ = p>ts ( l>ge ma*9es t are subject$ to consid]able pressure4 ,! fusion & ca/+ ( bronze require special precautions1 = ! proportion betwe5 ! metals is liable to v>y ?r\gh oxidation ( ! t91 :i* !n goes to =m a dross1 & ! composition may v>y ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,x sometimes results f ?is t ! bronze be>+s = ! pivots 9 l>ge clocks are n ev5 z good z ord9>y brass1 & we> away m rapidly ?an ! pivots4 ,bronze is also us$ by wat*mak]s = mak+ plates or small rods = poli%]s1 & = ! bells ( clocks4 ,bell-metal conta9s ab\t #gh p] c5t4 ( copp] & #bb p] c5t4 ( t92 x has a beautiful fracture1 & is v fusible & sonor\s4 ,! addition ( any o!r metal is r prejudicial ?an o!rwise2 ?is expla9s :y s _m clock bells are want+ 9 sonor\sness4 ,an imp$im5t to ! use ( bronze is its want ( malleability2 b ,droni] has rec5tly po9t$ out t su* alloys may be r5d]$ p]fectly ductile & malleable by add+ f to #b p] c5t4 ( m]cury4 ,^! alloys are said to be less oxidizable ?an ord9>y bronzes1 & at ! same "t m h>d1 ela/ic1 resi/+ & sonor\s4 ,,/]ro4 #aji4 ,?is is an alloy conta9+ #ef p] c5t copp]1 #da z9c1 #b t9 & #a iron4 ,x resembles a r$di%-color$ brass1 & has be5 mu* us$ 9 ,vi5na1 :]e x is consid]$ sup]ior to brass f ! po9t ( view ( ductility1 t5acity & malleability4 ,an exp]i5c$ horologi/1 ,m4 ,grossmann1 made satisfactory lev] escape-:eels ( x1 & he consid]s x to be sup]ior to ! be/ brass 9 reg>d to bo? d5sity & ela/icity4 ,at ! same "t he po9ts out t x clogs ! cutt]1 & ! color is inf]ior to t ( good h>d brass4 ,,lead4 #aaj4 ,a metal ) a brilliant blui% grey lu/re1 :i* rapidly becomes dull :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,x is v malleable & ductile4 ,x breaks ) a /ra9 ( #b4i kilo4 p] sq4 mm4 section 7#d1jjj lbs4 p] sq4 in*71 b possesses extreme flexibility4 ,lead is n us$ 9 horology1 except z a con/itu5t ( sold]s2 9 ^!1 h[ev]1 x plays a v important "p4 ,x is occasionally us$ 9 ! pure /ate z a lap = apply+ poli%+ mat]ials1 b m frequ5tly alloy$ ) t91 by :i* h>dness is imp>t$ to ! metal1 ! alloy be+ kn[n z 8pewt]40 ,,nickel4 #aaa4 ,an elem5t>y metallic body ( a greyi%-:ite color1 resembl+ t ( plat9um4 ,) c>e x c be =g$ :5 hot & =m$ into plates2 its /ructure 9 t case is fibr\s4 ,its h>dness is ! same z t ( iron1 & nickel w take a high poli%4 ,next to iron1 x is ! mo/ p[]fully magnetic ( all metals4 ,x c be caus$ to alloy ) _m o!r metals--notably iron1 cobalt1 copp]1 z9c1 t91 & antimony4 ,accord+ to ,/od>t & ,f>aday1 an alloy ( #cc p>ts iron & #a "p nickel is z malleable z ! =m] metal1 b less liable to ru/4 ,fleitmann has rec5tly %[n t by ! addition ( ab\t #a-aj? p] c5t ( magnesium1 nickel is r5d]$ p]fectly malleable & ductile1 capable ( be+ drawn into wires or roll$ into %eets1 & ,g>ni] f9ds t #c-aj?s p] c5t ( phosphorus has a simil> effect4 ,nickel is useful z a coat+ = objects t are n subject$ to friction1 = pres]v+ !m f ! action ( ! air4 ,x takes a beautiful poli%1 & is n t>ni%$ by be+ t\*$4 ,,g]man ,,silv]4 #aab4 ,al?\gh ! proportion ( copp] 9 ?is alloy is consid]ably great] ?an t ( nickel1 wat*mak]s frequ5tly apply ! latt] "n to x1 d\btless on acc\nt ( ! beautiful poli% ( :i* ! metal is capable & ! comp>ative inoxidizability :i* x d]ives f ! pres5ce ( nickel4 ,g]man silv] is an alloy ( copp]1 nickel & z9c1 ) ! occasional admixture ( a small proportion ( iron or t94 ,:5 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( objects t require sold]+1 #b p] c5t4 ( lead is add$4 ,! alloy usually employ$ 9 horology is v malleable2 x has a mean composition3 copp]1 #fj p] c5t2 nickel1 #bj p] c5t2 & z9c1 #bj p] c5t4 ,t conta9+ #eh p] c5t copp]1 #ad nickel1 #be z9c1 & #c iron1 is said to be highly ela/ic4 ,! foll[+ useful details ) reg>d to ! employm5t ( ,g]man silv] = wat*work are due to ,m4 ,c4 ,e4 ,jacot4 ,wat* movem5ts h be5 made ( ?is alloy = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s2 x 0 long ?\ght t ! ta/e w\ld die out1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dem& = 8nickel0 movem5ts increases ea* ye>4 ,! alloy is bett] prep>$ at ! pres5t day2 x has a beautiful grayi%-:ite col\r1 x is m malleable1 & bett] to "w ?an =m]ly1 b /ill n s easy z brass4 ,! latt] alloy is less detrim5tal to ! file1 & c be turn$ & drill$ m rapidly4 ,g]man silv] is only us$ = ! plates1 cocks & b>s4 ,! b>rels & :eels are ( brass1 & surfaces expos$ to friction1 su* z ! c5t] pivot-hole 7all o!r holes be+ jewell$7 are bu%$ ) ! same metal1 = x is obs]v$ t 9 pres5ce ( nickel oil is rapidly black5$ & ! pivots we> soon] ?an :5 work+ 9 good brass4 ,! color rema9s unalt]$ = a long "t if ! surface has be5 c>efully smoo!d 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & if cleans$ ) soap & wat]1 its orig9al fre%ness c be to a great ext5t re/or$4 ,"s wat*mak]s pref] to employ *emical prep>ations = clean+ ! metal4 ,! foll[+ is recomm5d$ z v effective = ?is purpose3 ,mix #ej p>ts alcohol1 #a "p sulphuric1 & "o "p nitric acid4 ,all[ ! pieces to rema9 9 ?is liquid = #aj or #ae seconds1 wa% ) cold wat]1 & subsequ5tly ) alcohol1 dry ) a s(t rag or 9 boxwood saw du/4 ,,gold4 #aac4 ,an elem5t>y body1 ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ valuable ( all ! ord9>y metals4 ,9 ! unalloy$ /ate x has a pure yell[ color1 & :5 r$uc$ to extremely ?9 leaves1 appe>s gre5 by transmitt$ light4 ,x is ! mo/ malleable & ductile ( all ! metals1 b its t5acity is l[4 ,gold resembles plat9um1 silv]1 iron1 etc41 9 be+ capable ( weld+1 t is to say1 two pieces ( ! metal c be unit$ )\t previ\s fusion4 ,inde$1 by ! application ( great pressure x c be made to weld :5 cold4 ,x is insoluble except 9 aqua regia 7a mixture ( #a "p nitric acid & #d p>ts hydro*loric acid71 alkal9e p]sulphides & sel5ic acid4 ,*lor9e1 phosphorus1 & a few o!r sub/ances c be made to comb9e ) x by ! acid ( heat4 ,x is z a pres]vative1 t is appli$ 9 lay]s t]m$ 8gild+10 t gold is pr9cipally us$ 9 wat*work1 & "s details w be f\nd on ?is subject "u 8,gild+10 7articles #adb-aec74 ,ow+ to its s(tness ! metal is n us$ 9 a pure /ate1 b usually alloy$ ) copp]4 ,! pr9cipal alloys 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry are3 #bb p>ts 7c>ats7 gold1 #b p>ts 7c>ats7 copp]1 = co9 & w$d+ r+s4 #ah p>ts gold1 #f p>ts copp]1 = high-class jewelry & wat*-cases4 #ae p>ts gold1 #i p>ts copp]1 = ord9>y jewelry4 #ab p>ts gold1 #ab p>ts copp]2 & #i p>ts gold1 #ae p>ts copp]1 = common jewelry4 ,! alloys us$ = sold]+ gold w be describ$ "u 8,sold]s0 7#abf74 ,alloys ( gold ) silv] & copp] h be5 employ$ = mak+ wat* :eels2 !y we> well1 & w take a beautiful poli%1 :i* is ma9ta9$ = a long] "t ?an 9 ! case ( brass :eels4 ,*ronomet] balance-spr+s & ! susp5sion-spr+s = a/ronomical clocks h also be5 made ( gold-copp] or gold-silv] alloys roll$ & h>d5$ 7#eia47 ,if c>efully prep>$1 !y ma9ta9 _! ela/icity unimpair$ = a long p]iod1 & !re is no liability to ru/4 ,! dilatation = a giv5 *ange ( temp]ature is1 h[ev]1 great] ?an t ( /eel1 s t a great] comp5sat+ effect becomes necess>y1 b ?is inconv5i5ce is p>tially comp5sat$ = by its inoxidizability & ! fact t x is n liable to become magnetic4 ,,silv]4 #aad4 ,?is metal 9 an unalloy$ /ate is too s(t = use 9 horology2 its pr9cipal use is = cases1 & z a con/itu5t ( sold]s4 ,h\riet made wat* :eels ( an alloy conta9+ #b p>ts silv] to #a "p #ah-;c>at gold1 & he affirm$ t ?is alloy became poli%$ at ! act+ surfaces ( ! tee?4 ,jurg5s5 /ates t *ronomet] escape-:eels made ( ?is alloy1 c>efully hamm]$1 d n require oil at ! po9ts ( _! tee?4 ,dumesnil propos$ an alloy ( #b p>ts copp]1 #a "p silv]1 & #a "p z9c1 all p]fectly pure4 ,lecocq made *ronomet] balances 9 :i* ! brass 0 replac$ by pure silv] deposit$ on ! surface ( ! /eel by electrolysis1 ?us avoid+ ! use ( a fire4 ,! comp5sation is said to h be5 v effici5t4 ,,alum9ium ,,& ,,alum9ium ,,bronze4 #aae4 ,alum9ium is an extremely light elem5t>y body1 hav+ a d5sity ( only #b4ef2 ) equal bulks1 !re=e1 x w weigh only ab\t z qu>t] z mu* z silv]4 ,z its capacity = heat is v great1 ?is metal is obs]v$ to heat or cool m sl[ly ?an o!r metals4 ,pure1 or 9 a slightly alloy$ /ate1 x has n be5 us$ 9 horology1 except = p5dulum rods & l>ge h&s 9 regulator clocks2 9 %ort1 x c be employ$ :]e lightness is ! pr9cipal quality 9 view4 ,x is extremely ductile4 ,! pres5ce ( #a-ajj? "p ( bismu?1 h[ev]1 r5d]s ! metal some:at brittle1 & x develops cracks "u ! hamm]4 ,traces ( iron also decrease its malleability4 ,an alloy ( #e p>ts silv] & #ie alum9ium c be z easily work$ z ! pure metal1 b is h>d] & takes a bett] poli%4 ,we w\ld add a curi\s obs]vation ( ,m4 ,r$i]3 ,aft] pass+ a piece ( alum9ium sev]al times ?r\gh ! draw-plate1 he obs]v$ t ! elongation _h only occurr$ at ! surface2 = on cutt+ ! wire at diff]5t po9ts1 he notic$ t1 ?r\gh\t a portion ( ! l5g?1 ! metal 0 holl[1 a v f9e capill>y tube be+ ?us =m$4 #aaf4 ,alum9ium ,bronze is an alloy ( alum9ium ) copp]4 ,a alloy ( #e p>ts ( ! =m] to #ie ( ! latt] has a beautiful gold5 color1 b if ! proportion is *ang$ to #aj & #ij p>ts respectively1 we obta9 ! mo/ s]viceable & ! mo/ easily work$ alloy4 ,?is bronze c be =g$ at a *]ry-r$ heat1 & ev5 ne> its melt+ po9t2 & its ?ickness c be r$uc$ to a v small am\nt "u ! hamm]4 ,x is easily fil$ & turn$1 b does n possess any special advantage ov] brass1 :i* is less detrim5tal to ! file2 ! d5sity is #g4g1 v little bel[ t ( brass1 #h4d4 ,x appe>s f a consid]able numb] ( exp]im5ts t x might be us$ ) advantage = ! be>+s ( axes t rotate ) high velocities4 ,x resi/s we> bett] ?an any o!r metal4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts made by ,f\cault to demon/rate ! rotation ( ! e>? by means ( ! p5dulum1 he f\nd t an alum9um bronze wire la/$ = ! longe/ p]iod4 ,its t5acity is equal to t ( iron4 ,x has be5 %[n t slide-b>s ( locomotives made ( ?is bronze resi/ we> twice z long z ^? =m$ ( ! ord9>y bronze4 ,!re w\ld !n be an advantage 9 us+ x = ! be>+s ( foot-la!s1 etc4 ,grossman ass]ts t lev] escape-:eels ( ?is metal h prov$ satisfactory1 & he makes ! foll[+ obs]vation on ! subject4 ,if alum9ium bronze be r$uc$ to ?ree-f\r?s ( its orig9al ?ickness by hamm]+1 x w beg9 to crack4 ,?is c be prev5t$ by heat+ to a r$ heat & plung+ into wat]2 x c !n be aga9 r$uc$ by "o-f\r? ( its ?ickness1 & aga9 anneal$1 & s on4 ,he r$uc$ ! ?ickness f #b4e millimet] to #j4b millimet]1 & ! metal resi/$ = a long p]iod repeat$ flexures backw>ds & =w>ds2 & he obs]ves t no o!r metal1 aft] be+ s mu* compress$1 w\ld possess ! same m>vell\s degree ( t5acity4 ,9 ord] to obta9 alum9ium bronze ( ! be/ quality1 ! copp] %\ld be absolutely pure1 &1 9 ! manufacture1 ! alloy mu/ be melt$ & =g$ two or ?ree times 9 succession1 z by ?is means ! /r5g? & t5acity are increas$1 & ! metal c be m easily work$4 ,! beautiful gold5 color possess$ by c]ta9 ( ^! bronzes :5 poli%$1 has caus$ !m to be us$ = *eap wat*-cases1 b !y always t>ni% at ^? p>ts t are n subject to daily we>4 ,,m]cury4 #aag4 ,?is is ! only metal liquid at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 x solidifies at -#dj ,c4 7-#dj ,f474 ,x possesses a high metallic lu/re1 resembl+ silv]1 b ) a slightly blui% t9t1 & does n oxidize at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,m]cury alloys ) _m o!r metals1 =m+ amalgams1 & z small a quantity z #a-dj? p] c5t ( lead suffices to entirely alt] its "*4 ,! pres5ce ( su* traces c be easily detect$ by ! liquid wett+ glass or *9a1 & !re=e =m+ a tail :5 a vessel conta9+ x is tilt$4 ,! comm]cial metal is r>ely pure1 b ! great] portion ( ! lead1 t91 bismu? or copp]1 by :i* x is contam9at$1 c be remov$ by di/illation4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od consi/s1 h[ev]1 9 agitat+ ! metal ) ei!r dilute nitric acid1 a solution ( m]cur\s nitrate1 /rong sulphuric acid1 a solution ( corrosive sublimate or ( p]*loride ( iron1 & subsequ5t wa%+ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 m]cury is only contam9at$ ) me*anical impurities1 !y c be v effectually remov$ by agitat+ ) p[d]$ loaf sug>4 ,?is metal has _m uses 9 ! arts1 = ! con/ruction ( !rmomet]s1 b>omet]s2 = plat+1 etc42 9 horology x is us$ = comp5sation p5dulums1 & has also be5 occasionally us$ = comp5sation balances4 ,,plat9um4 #aah4 ,?is elem5t>y body is almo/ z :ite z silv]1 takes a brilliant poli%1 & is highly ductile & malleable4 ,x is ! heavie/ ( ! ord9>y metals1 ! lea/ expansive :5 heat$1 & has a break+ /ra9 ( #dj kilo4 p] sq4 mm4 section 7#ef1ejj lbs4 p] sq4 in*474 ,plat9um is infusible1 except at ! high temp]atures atta9able ) ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[-pipe4 ,at a :ite heat1 h[ev]1 x s(t5s1 & c be =g$ & weld$4 ,x is unact$ ^u by ! air at any temp]ature1 & is insoluble 9 acids1 except aqua regia 7#aee71 al?\gh act$ on by c]ta9 alkalies4 ,?is metal is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( sci5tific in/rum5ts1 & = objects t are expos$ to ! air1 z1 = example1 sun dials4 ,alloy$ ) irridium1 7a r>e metal ( ! same gr\p7 x possesses an excell5t & unalt]able surface = f9e engrav+1 z ! scales ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 etc4 ,?is alloy has also be5 adopt$ = ! con/ruction ( int]national /&>ds ( l5g? & weight4 ,plat9um is mu* employ$ = *emical app>atus1 9 consequ5ce ( its be+ unact$ on by acids1 & its non-liability to melt 9 ord9>y furnaces4 ,bo? ! pure metal & its alloys ) silv] h be5 employ$ 9 ! =m ( wire = bu%+ ! pivot-holes ( wat*es1 & 9 %eets = cutt+ out cocks & :eels1 b ! results obta9$ 7 n z good z ) good brass4 ,z a rule1 su* :eels are f\nd to occasion a rapid we> ( p9ion leaves4 ,attempts h also be5 made to con/ruct balance-spr+s ( ?is metal1 b we are in=m$ t !y 7 n f\nd to possess any suffici5t advantages4 ,x is advisable to heat plat9um 9 a _s lamp or ,buns5 burn]2 ! nak$ flame is objectionable1 because1 be+ *>g$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>bon1 x det]iorates ! metal4 ,,palladium4 #aai4 ,?is metal resembles silv] r ?an plat9um1 & is almo/ z infusible z ! latt] metal4 ,x has a d5sity ( #ab4e4 ,:5 heat$ 9 contact ) air x becomes blue1 ow+ to ! =mation ( an oxide4 ,x possesses ! rem>kable p[] ( absorb+ 7or occlud+7 ab\t #ijj times its own volume ( hydrog51 if atta*$ to ! negative pole ( a batt]y 9 acidulat$ wat]2 its bulk is increas$ slightly by ?is *>ge1 &1 on expell+ ! gas by ! aid ( heat1 ! metal %r9ks to less ?an its initial dim5sions4 ,palladium is useful = ! graduat$ scales ( sci5tific in/rum5ts1 s9ce x is n discolor$ by sulphur\s acid4 ,x =ms alloys ) mo/ ( ! metals & "s ( ^! c be h>d5$ l /eel4 ,if #ajj p>ts ( /eel be alloy$ ) #a "p ( ?is metal1 ! result+ alloy is said to be excell5t = mak+ sci5tific in/rum5ts1 & an alloy ( #bd p>ts palladium1 #dd silv]1 #gb gold1 & #ib copp] has be5 recomm5d$ = use 9 horology4 ,m4 ,paill>d1 ( ,g5eva1 has introduc$ balance-spr+s made ( an alloy1 ^: composition is n giv51 possess+ ! foll[+ advantages3 !y are non-magnetic1 _! t5acity is consid]able1 are n t>ni%$ by ! air1 sulphur\s acid1 or sea wat]2 nor are !y di/ort$ by heat+1 &1 on cool+1 !y recov] _! orig9al ela/icity1 :i* is equal to t ( /eel h>d5$ & temp]$ to a blue color4 ,! co-effici5t ( expansion ( ?is alloy is r less ?an t ( /eel4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,alloys4 #abj4 ,d5sity4 ,?is is sometimes r great] & sometimes less ?an t d$uc$ f ! d5sities ( ! con/itu5t metals1#d b no exact law has be5 discov]$ 9 reg>d to ?is "q4 ,h>dness1 ,ductility1 ,t5acity4 ,alloys are usually h>d]1 m brittle1 & less ductile & t5aci\s ?an ! mo/ ductile & t5aci\s con/itu5t metal4 ,ela/icity4 ,! co-effici5t ( ela/icity ( an alloy g5]ally approximates closely to ! mean ( ! co-effici5ts ( its con/itu5t metals4 ,expansion4 ,! co-effici5t ( l9e> expansion ( an alloy1 t is to say1 ! numb] repres5t+ ! proportional "p ( its l5g? by :i* x increases = ea* degree rise ( temp]ature1 may be approximately e/imat$ z foll[s3 multiply ! l9e> co-effici5t ( ea* con/itu5t metal by ! p]c5tage ( x pres5t 9 ! alloy1 & divide by its d5sity4 ,add toge!r ! sev]al numb]s ?us obta9$4 ,multiply ?is sum by ! d5sity ( ! alloy 7:i* mu/ be exp]im5tally det]m9$7 & divide by #ajj4 ,! result+ figure is ! requir$ l9e> co-effici5t 7#abb74 ,fusibility4 ,alloys are always m fusible ?an ! lea/ fusible ( _! compon5t metals1 & (t5 m s ?an any "o ( !m4 ,oxidation4 ,z a rule1 ! air acts ) less en]gy on alloys ?an on _! con/itu5t metals4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 cases 9 :i* ! conv]se is ! case4 ,action ( acids4 ,?is is g5]ally simil> to ! action on ! pr$om9at+ metal4 ,obs]vations4 ,alloys =m$ ( metals t diff] mat]ially 9 d5sity are r>ely homog5e\s1 especially if !y h be5 all[$ to cool sl[ly4 ,x is1 !n1 ess5tial t !y be ?or\ghly /irr$ & cool$ rapidly4 ,x is = ?is reason t alloys are frequ5tly p\r$ out on to a flag/one to cool1 or t !y are compress$ aft] p\r+1 :]eby ! =mation ( cry/als is prev5t$4 #aba4 ,metals & alloys4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! m important physical prop]ties ( ! metals & alloys g5]ally met )1 & w be f\nd useful = ref]5ce4 ,! precise mean+ ( ea* numb] may be ga!r$ f ! notes 9 p>agraph #abb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,specific ,degree ,l9e> ,expansion ,,metals4 ,gravity4 ( p] 7,wat]#a7 ,h>dness #a ,fahr4 #a ,c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,alum9ium 7#aae7 #b4ef -- #j4jjjjabc #j4jjjjbbb 0 ,bronze 7#aaf7 #g4g -- -- -- ,brass1 ,drawn 7#aja7 #h4ed -- #j4jjjjajg #j4jjjjaic 0 ,ca/ 7#ajf7 #h4aj -- #j4jjjjajd #j4jjjjahg ,bronze 7#ajh7 #h4dj -- #j4jjjjajj #j4jjjjahj ,copp] 7#ii7 #h4id #b4e-c #j4jjjjajb #j4jjjjahc ,g]man ,silv] 7#aab7 -- -- -- -- ,gold 7#aac7 #ai4bf #b4e-c #j4jjjjjgg #j4jjjjach ,iron1 ,wr\ght 7#ed7 #g4hd #d4e #j4jjjjjff #j4jjjjaai 0 ,ca/ 7#eh7 #f4i to #g4e -- #j4jjjjjfb #j4jjjjaab ,lead 7#aaj7 #aa4cc #a4e #j4jjjjafg #j4jjjjcja ,m]cury 7#aag7 #ae4fj -- #j4jjjaja #j4jjjahb ,nickel 7#aaa7 #h4hb #e cubical cubical ,palladium 7#aai7 #aa4hj #d4e-e -- -- ,plat9um 7#aah7 #ba4ej #d-d4e #j4jjjjje #j4jjjjji ,silv] 7#aad7 #aj4eg #b4e-c #j4jjjjaaa #j4jjjjaij ,/eel 7#fj7 #g4gb #f-g7;h>d7 #j4jjjjjeg #j4jjjjajc ,/]ro 7#aji7 -- -- -- -- ,t9 7#ajg7 #g4cj #b4e-c #j4jjjjaeb #j4jjjjbgc ,z9c 7#ajj7 #g4ac #b #j4jjjjabb #j4jjjjbbj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,specific ,heat ,melt+ ,conductivity ,,metals4 p] ,degree ,po9t4 = ,c5t4 ,heat4 ,electricity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,alum9ium 7#aae7 #j4badc #aejj ,f4 -- #ef4a 0 ,bronze 7#aaf7 -- ab\t -- -- ,brass1 ,drawn 7#aja7 #j4jici -- -- -- 0 ,ca/ 7#ajf7 #ahgj -- -- ,bronze 7#ajh7 -- #afib -- -- ,copp] 7#ii7 #j4jiea #bjjj #gc4e #ii4h ,g]man ,silv] 7#aab7 -- -- -- #g4fg ,gold 7#aac7 #j4jcbd #bfaj #ec4b #gh4d ,iron1 ,wr\ght 7#ed7 #j4aach #bijj #aa4i #af4h 0 ,ca/ 7#eh7 #j4abih #aibj -- -- ,lead 7#aaj7 #j4jcad #fjh #h4e #h4c ,m]cury 7#aag7 #j4jccc #ci -- -- ,nickel 7#aaa7 #j4ajhf -- -- #ac4a ,palladium 7#aai7 #j4jeic -- #f4c #ah4d ,plat9um 7#aah7 #j4jcbd -- #h4d #ah4j ,silv] 7#aad7 #j4jegj #ahcb #ajj4j #ajj4j ,/eel 7#fj7 #j4aage #bdjj -- -- ,/]ro 7#aji7 -- -- -- -- ,t9 7#ajg7 #j4jefi #ddf -- #ab4d ,z9c 7#ajj7 #j4jiee #fhj -- #bi4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #abb4 ,notes on ! =ego+ table4 ,= a complete explanation ( ! sev]al prop]ties ( metals & alloys t are enum]at$ 9 ! above table1 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to works on me*anics & physics1 b ! foll[+ explanatory notes are necess>y4 ,! numb] 9 brackets aft] ! "n ( ea* metal1 etc41 ref]s to ! article 9 :i* x is consid]$4 ,! specific gravity ( a sub/ance is ! ratio ( ! weight ( a giv5 bulk ( t sub/ance to ! weight ( ! same bulk ( wat] at a def9ite temp]ature4 ,! numb]s "h giv5 c only be reg>d$ z approximations1 z ! specific gravity v>ies greatly ) ! /ate 9 :i* a body exi/s1 ! hamm]+ x may h be5 subject$ to1 etc4 ,degree ( h>dness is asc]ta9$ by means ( ! foll[+ /&>d s]ies1 obs]v+ :i* ( !m scrat*es ! body "u exam9ation & :i* x is capable ( scrat*+4 #a1 ,talc2 #b1 ,gypsum2 #c1 ,calc-sp>2 #d1 ,fluor-sp>2 #e1 ,apatite2 #f1 ,felsp>2 #g1 ,qu>tz2 #h1 ,topaz2 #i1 ,sapphire2 #aj1 ,diamond4 ,l9e> expansion4 ,^! co-effici5ts repres5t ! ext5sion 9 l5g? t ! sev]al sub/ances und]go :5 heat$3 ! fir/ column = ea* degree ,fahr5heit & ! second = ea* degree ,c5tigrade4 ,! ext5sion is giv5 p] unit ( l5g?2 ?us1 #a in* ( copp] at #cb ,f4 w become #a #j4jjjjajb1 or #a4jjjjajb in* at #cc ,f42 & #a #cj 4#jjjjajb1 or #a4jjjcjf at #cb #cj or #fb ,f4 ,sup]ficial expansion may be obta9$ by multiply+ ! l9e> co-effici5t by #b1 & cubical expansion by multiply+ ! same numb] by #c4 ,z 9 ! case ( specific gravity1 ^! data1 z well z ^? 9 succe$+ columns1 c only be reg>d$ z approximations1 dep5d+ on ! condition ( ! metal etc4 ,specific heat is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( a sub/ance "o degree 7! ,c5tigrade scale be+ "h adopt$71 t requir$ = ! same weight ( wat] be+ tak5 z unity4 ,! correspond+ numb]s on ! ,fahr5heit scale c be d$uc$ f ^? "h giv5 by multiply+ by #e & divid+ by #i4 ,! melt+ po9ts are giv5 on ,fahr5heit's scale & c only be reg>d$ z approximate on acc\nt ( ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 det]m9+ ^! high temp]atures4 ,diff]5t obs]v]s (t5 v>y by two or ?ree hundr$ degrees 9 _! e/imates4 ,conductivity = heat & electricity are giv5 9 ref]5ce to t ( silv]1 :i* is call$ #ajj4 ,x surpasses all o!r kn[n metals 9 bo? ^! prop]ties :5 *emically pure1 b a trace ( impurity has a v prejudicial influ5ce on !m4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 _m cases ! conductivities h n be5 det]m9$1 a rem>k t applies to o!r columns ( ! table4 ,,sold]+4 #abc4 ,x is well kn[n t a sold] is an alloy employ$ to unite1 by ! aid ( heat1 two metallic bodies t are plac$ 9 contact4 ,a sold]1 !n1 mu/ be mu* m fusible ?an ! metals x unites1 o!rwise ^! latt] w\ld be damag$ by ! degree ( heat appli$4 ,sold] is all ! less t5aci\s1 & melts ! m easily accord+ z ! proportion ( ! mo/ fusible metal pres5t is increas$4 ,?is fact is tak5 advantage ( :5 sev]al sold]+s h to be p]=m$ on ! same object4 ,! alloy la/ employ$ w require to be consid]ably m fusible ?an ! fir/1 z o!rwise ! heat w\ld be s great t ! e>li] jo9ts w\ld melt4 ,9 an ord9>y lead-t9 sold]1 ! fusibility is increas$ by increas+ ! proportion ( ! latt] metal till ! lead is to t91 z #f is to #a4 ,?is alloy melts at #aid ,c4 7#chj ,f471 & ! melt+ po9t may be /ill fur!r r$uc$ by add+ a gradually increas+ proportion ( bismu?4 ,z ! melt+ po9t ( ! sold] approximates to t ( ! metals to be unit$1 ! risk ( damag+ ^! latt] is ( c\rse increas$1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! jo9t w be all ! /rong]1 z ! metal w be almo/ z /rong !re z at any o!r po9t1 & x c be =g$1 etc4 ,sold]s are di/+ui%$ z h>d or s(t2 ! =m] requires ! application ( a r$ heat1 & c !re=e only be us$ = su* metals z gold1 silv]1 brass2 :]eas ! latt] melt at v l[ temp]ature1 & c be employ$ = metals t h l[ melt+ po9ts1 or :5 x is important n to exce$ a mod]ate degree ( heat4 ,! jo9t is1 h[ev]1 ! m solid accord+ z ! heat employ$ approximates to t at :i* ! metal w melt4 #abd4 ,composition ( sold]s4 ,! sold]s ord9>ily employ$ c be obta9$ f mat]ial deal]s1 b x is advisable to give "h ! composition ( "s ( ! m important1 specify+ ! metal to :i* !y are applicable4 #abe4 ,alum9ium sold]s4 ,i4 ,z9c1 #gj p>ts2 copp]1 #ae2 alum9ium1 #ae4 ,,ii4 ,m4 ,m\rey employes a s]ies ( alum9ium-z9c alloys1 comm5c+ ) two p] c5t alum9ium to #ih p] c5t z9c1 & progress+ to #bj p] c5t ( ! =m] to #hj p] c5t ( ! latt] metal4 #abf4 ,gold sold]s4 ,i4 ,gold1 #f p>ts2 copp]1 #a "p2 silv]1 #b p>ts4 ,,ii4 ,gold1 #ae p>ts2 silv]1 #b p>ts2 copp]1 #a "p4 ,,iii4 ,gold1 #aa4id p>ts2 silv]1 #ed4gd p>ts2 copp]1 #bh4ag p>ts2 z9c1 #e4ha p>ts4 ,! ?ree fir/ metals are melt$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 & :5 !y h some:at cool$1 a r great] proportion ( z9c ?an is "h indicat$ 7to all[ = loss by volatilization7 is add$1 & ! alloy con/antly /irr$4 #abg4 ,silv] sold]s4 ,i4 ,silv]1 #b p>ts2 brass 7= p9-wire71 #a "p4 ,,ii4 ,silv]1 #e p>ts2 p9-wire brass1 #a "p4 ,,iii4 ,silv]1 #aj p>ts2 p9-wire brass1 #e p>ts2 pure z9c1 #a "p4 #abh4 ,t9 sold]s4 ,i4 7ord9>y s(t sold]47 ,t91 #b p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 ,,ii4 7,h>d]1 & kn[n z 8,plumb]s' ,seal$0 sold]47 ,t91 #a "p2 lead1 #b p>ts4 ,,iii4 ,_m o!r proportions ( t9 & lead are occasionally us$1 rang+ f t91 #a "p2 lead1 #be p>ts1 to t91 #f p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 ,,iv4 7,v fusible sold]1 melt+ 9 boil+ wat]47 ,lead1 #c p>ts2 t91 #e p>ts2 bismu?1 #h p>ts4 ,! fusibility is /ill fur!r increas$ by add+ m]cury or cadmium4 #abi4 ,spelt] sold]s4 7,us$ = braz+47 ,copp] & z9c 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,x becomes m fusible z ! am\nt ( z9c pres5t is increas$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sold]+4 #acj4 ,a ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! surfaces to be unit$ is always ne$ful1 b m especially s 9 ! case ( s(t sold]+4 ,x may be effect$ by means ( acids1 or ) a grav] or scrap]1 etc42 ! cleans$ surfaces mu/ n be t\*$ ) ! f+]s1 & ! sold]+ %\ld be done at once4 ,if acids are employ$1 ! objects %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ aft] sold]+1 9 ord] to avoid ru/2 &1 aft] dry+1 !y %\ld be r9s$ ) alcohol4 ,! p>ts to be sold]$ are held 9 position ) clamps1 tweez]s1 p9s1 or iron wire4 ,?is latt]1 kn[n z b9d+ wire1 is us$ = delicate objects & %\ld be v pliable4 ,:5 a high degree ( heat is to be appli$1 all risk ( ! iron unit+ ) gold may be avoid$ by mix+ a little s&iv] ) ! borax employ$4 7,see article #aec74 ,be=e heat+1 if !re are already p>ts unit$ ) sold]1 !y %\ld be cov]$ ) borax to prev5t s(t5+4 ,only a mod]ate heat %\ld at fir/ be appli$1 s z to melt ! borax1 or sal-ammoniac )\t displac+ x4 ,! viol5t fro?+ up1 :i* is v liable to displace ! p>ts or ! fragm5ts ( sold]1 c ?us 9 a great "p be avoid$4 ,if a nak$ lamp-flame is us$1 or if x is direct$ on to ! object ) a bl[-pipe1 x %\ld be1 s to speak1 l>ge & s(t1 & ! jet %\ld n be direct$ to ! po9t ( juncture until ! sold] is obs]v$ to h fus$4 ,9 sold]+ brass to /eel1 x is sometimes necess>y to direct ! flame aga9/ ! brass only1 9 ord]1 z f> z possible1 to avoid s(t5+ ! /eel4 ,! h>d sold]s = gold1 silv]1 etc41 require a consid]able degree ( heat1 s t ! objects mu/ be heat$ to r$ness4 #aca4 ,to sold] gold & plat9um to ea* o!r or to !mselves4 ,on a h>d wett$ surface1 m>ble1 = example1 rub a piece ( borax until a :ite liquid pa/e is obta9$ 7or ! p[d]$ borax sold by *emi/s c be made into pa/e direct74 ,hav+ prep>$ ! borax1 ! surfaces to be unit$ are cleans$ ei!r by scrap+ or ) dilute nitric acid 7#aee72 ! acid may be previ\sly heat$ to boil+1 z x w !n act m rapidly2 & ! surfaces are subsequ5tly scrap$4 ,!y are n[ cov]$ ) ! borax ) a pa9t bru%1 set 9 position1 & small pieces ( sold] plac$ on ! junction4 ,z already obs]v$1 ! heat+ mu/ at fir/ be g5tle to avoid displac+ ! sold] by ! fro?+ ( ! borax4 #acb4 ,to sold] silv]4 ,also = unit+ gold to silv]1 or silv]1 brass1 /eel to ea* o!r or to !mselves4 ,proce$ 9 ! mann] already expla9$ = gold & plat9um1 except t ! borax pa/e mu/ be s5sibly ?ick]4 #acc4 ,to sold] t94 ,also = unit+ gold1 silv]1 brass to ea* o!r1 or to o!r metals1 su* z /eel1 iron1 etc4 ,clean ! surface ) a grav] or scrap]2 sulphuric or hydro*loric acid may be us$1 b 9 ?is case ! cleans+ aft]w>ds mu/ n be =gott54 ,! heat+ is effect$ z 9 sold]+ gold1 unless a sold]+ iron is us$1 :5 ! directions subsequ5tly giv5 %\ld be foll[$4 #acd4 ,to sold] alum9ium4 ,m4 ,m\rey recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od4 ,"o ( ! s]ies ( alum9ium sold]s1 ,no4 ,,ii4 7art4 #abe71 is employ$ &1 z a flux1 two-?irds ( balsam ( copaiba1 "o-?ird v pure ,v5ice turp5t9e1 & a few drops ( ! juice ( a citron2 ^! con/itu5ts are p\nd$ toge!r 9 ord] to secure a p]fect admixture4 ,! surfaces to be unit$ are cov]$ ) sold] 7employ+ a sold]+ iron ( alum9ium7 j z 9 ! case ( t9n+ 7#acg71 ! flux j m5tion$ be+ us$4 ,! two surfaces1 ?us prep>$1 are plac$ 9 contact & ma9ta9$ 9 ! requir$ position1 &1 aft] lay+ on ! jo9t p>ticles ( sold] t are ri*] 9 alum9ium ?an ! "o us$ = prep>+ ! surfaces1 ! :ole is plac$ ov] a *>coal fire or heat$ be=e ! bl[-pipe1 press+ g5tly on ! pieces ( sold]1 :i* w soon melt & %\ld be di/ribut$ by means ( a little tool ( alum9ium4 ,dur+ ?is second /age ( ! process1 x is necess>y to be v cauti\s 9 ! application ( ! flux2 ! pieces ( sold] %\ld only be dipp$ 9 x be=e be+ plac$ 9 position1 = ! flux is ma9ly = use 9 prep>+ ! surfaces2 z soon z ! sold] has run well1 ! temp]ature %\ld be l[]$ 9 ord] n to dry up & burn ! sold]1 :i* w\ld be apt to become brittle4 ,9 prep>+ ! sold]s1 ! alum9ium is fir/ fus$ & /irr$ ) a small iron rod2 !n add ! z9c & /ir aga92 add a little tall[ & ca/ ! sold] into rods4 ,! z9c mu/ n be too mu* heat$1 z x w volatilize1 leav+ ! alloy ri* 9 alum9ium & !re=e brittle4 #ace4 ,fluxes = sold]+4 ,v>i\s sub/ances c be employ$ z fluxes = cleans+ ! surfaces to be unit$3 ,sal-ammoniac r$uc$ to p[d] & made into a pa/e ) sweet oil1 or m]ely dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,a pa/e =m$ ( sal-ammoniac & res91 r$uc$ to p[d]1 ) wat] or oil4 ,res9 alone w suffice = ! s(t sold]+ ( copp] or brass4 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 :i* has ! advantage ( n caus+ /eel to ru/1 al?\gh x makes ! objects /icky s t !y require to be aft]w>ds r9s$ 9 alcohol or turp5t9e4 ,v>i\s acid solutions are sold = ! purpose & exp]i5ce w enable ! wat*mak] to select t :i* is be/ adapt$ to 8 requirem5ts4 ,la/ly1 saturat$ *loride ( z9c c be recomm5d$4 ,x is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,"s dilute hydro*loric acid 7:i* also goes by ! "n ( spirits ( salts1 or muriatic acid7 is plac$ 9 a glass flask & /rips ( z9c are add$ "o by "o2 ! flask mu/ be left uncork$ & ! z9c add$ a little at a "t1 le/ ! eff]vesc5ce t occurs %\ld break ! vessel4 ,:5 ! z9c add$ is n act$ on by ! fluid x may be conclud$ t ! acid is saturat$ or 8kill$10 & ! fluid may !n be transf]r$ to a /opp]$ or cork$ bottle = use4 ,9 us+ x1 a small quantity is spread ov] ! surfaces t are to be unit$ & ! sold] w be f\nd to run ) great fre$om4 ,"s au?orities recomm5d ! addition ( sal-ammoniac to ! ext5t ( "o-f\r? ! weight ( acid tak54 ,x is well aga9 to w>n ! read] t ! pieces mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ aft] employ+ ^! liquids1 =1 o!rwise1 !y w cause tools ) :i* !y are br\ght 9 contact to ru/ & w ru/ !mselves if !y consi/ :olly or 9 "p ( iron or /eel4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! fluid mu/ be kept well away f ! "w-b5*4 ,! liquid c be us$ imm$iately aft] be+ prep>$ z above expla9$2 b all acid reaction may be prev5t$ by evaporat+ at a mod]ate temp]ature until ( ! consi/5cy ( oil2 x is !n all[$ to cool & kept 9 a bottle4 #acf4 ,! sold]+ iron ) a head ( copp]1 su* z is us$ by t9-plate work]s1 is well kn[n2 if made on a small scale x may occasionally be ( s]vice to ! wat*mak]4 ,! tool may be ,t-%ap$1 "o end ( ! horizontal portion1 ! copp] head1 t]m9at+ 9 a r ?9 blade1 & ! o!r enl>g$1 s t1 :5 held 9 ! flame ( a lamp1 x w /ore up a suffici5t am\nt ( heat4 ,! upright "p ( ! ,t corresponds1 ( c\rse1 to ! h&le4 ,aft] ! iron has be5 heat$ j %ort ( r$ness 9 ! d>k1 ! end ( ! blade is moi/5$ ) sold]+ fluid & a small piece ( sold] atta*$ to x4 ,! object to be unit$ is g5tly heat$ & also moi/5$ ) ! fluid2 ! iron *>g$ ) sold] is pres5t$ to x1 (t5 ) ! enl>g$ extremity ( ! head ma9ta9$ 9 ! flame ( a lamp1 & ! sold] w1 z a rule1 run )\t aga9 heat+ ! object1 al?\gh ?is might be done :ile ! iron is /ill 9 contact4 ,x may be f\nd conv5i5t to fix ! iron 9 a suitable position ) ! lamp bel[ ! l>ge end ( ! head2 ! object w !n be br\ght aga9/ ! iron aft] be+ moi/5$ ) ! fluid4 #acg4 ,x is (t5 advisable to t9 ! surfaces to be unit$ previ\s to sold]+ !m2 9 ord] to d ?is !y are moi/5$ ) sold]+ fluid1 small pieces ( sold] are !n spread ov]1 & ^! are fus$ by pass+ ! hot iron ov] ! surface2 or ! sold] c be spread aft] fusion by means ( a metallic rod *>g$ ) ! liquid4 #ach4 ,braz+4 ,?is op]ation consi/s 9 sold]+ iron1 /eel1 brass1 or copp]1 ) an easily fusible brass1 :i* is specially prep>$ 9 ! =m ( co>se du/1 t]m$ spelt] sold]1 or cut 9 ?9 /rips ( conv5i5t %ape 7#abi74 ,! me?od resembles1 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 ! application ( h>d sold]s previ\sly ref]r$ to 7#aca1 etc47 ,heat is usually appli$ direct by ! bl[-pipe1 borax be+ us$ z a flux1 & ! precautions tak5 t are m5tion$ 9 article #acj3 x is necess>y to avoid a great] degree ( heat ?an w\ld melt ! brass1 s9ce ! object might 9 t case be fus$4 ,= f9e "w1 x is bett] to employ silv] sold]4 ,on an em]g5cy1 two pieces ( /eel c be unit$ by braz+ & subsequ5tly h>d5$1 & we h successfully practic$ ?is me?od 9 su* a case z ! foll[+3 ,a small portion hav+ be5 brok5 (f f ! qu>t]-piece ( a repeat]1 we dovetail$ into x ano!r piece ( /eel ( ! requir$ =m1 b a trifle too l>ge at ! upp] side4 ,:5 ! brass _h run well into ! jo9t1 & ! piece 0 /ill at a full *]ry-r$ heat1 x 0 h>d5$1 & aft]w>ds clean$ & temp]$ to a blue color4 ,! upp] surface 0 !n br\ght to %ape ) a good file1 re/+ x on a wood5 block aga9/ a projection1 &1 aft] mak+ sure t x w\ld act correctly1 ! :ole 0 smoo!d & poli%$4 ,x has s9ce work$ well & does n %[ signs ( we>4 ,,bronz+4 #aci4 ,to bronze copp]4 ,! foll[+ are two me?ods recomm5d$ = bronz+ objects ( ?is metal1 = example1 a m$al4 ,dissolve two p>ts ( v]digris 7acetate ( copp]7 & "o "p ( sal-ammoniac 9 v9eg>4 ,boil ! solution1 skim x1 & dilute ) wat] until x no long] possesses a feebly metallic smell1 nor produces a :iti% precipitate on ! addition ( wat]4 ,!n let x boil aga9 9 an e>!nw>e or porcela9 vessel & transf] x1 :ile boil+1 into ano!r vessel conta9+ ! p]fectly clean m$als1 etc41 & place ! :ole on ! fire4 ,z soon z ! m$als assume ! requir$ color1 remove !m1 & wa% c>efully 9 clean wat]4 ,! objects mu/ n be left too long 9 ! acid ba? ov] ! fire1 because ! lay] ( oxide w\ld become too ?ick1 & w\ld easily scale (f ! surface2 :]eas1 if ! op]ation is prop]ly conduct$1 ! coat+ adh]es s firmly t x _c be sep>at$ ev5 by scrap+4 ,( c\rse1 x is only aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( trials1 & ) exp]i5ce1 t ! exact mom5t c be asc]ta9$ = remov+ ! objects f ! ba?4 ,x is v necess>y t ! ba? be n too conc5trat$1 z ! sup]ficial oxide becomes proportionately less adh]5t3 moreov]1 a :iti% p[d] is deposit$ on ! m$al1 :i* turns gre5 on exposure to ! air & spoils ! appe>ance ( ! bronz+4 #adj4 ,*9ese bronz+4 ,! ,*9ese employ ! foll[+ mixture = bronz+ copp]1 ! sev]al con/itu5ts be+ p[d]$ be=e be+ incorporat$ toge!r3 #b p>ts ( v]digris1 #b p>ts ( c9nab>1 #e ( sal-ammoniac1 #e ( alum1 & #b p>ts ( ! beak & ( ! liv] ( a duck4 ,a pa/e hav+ be5 made1 ) v9eg>1 x is spread ov] ! p]fectly clean surface ( ! copp]1 & ! :ole expos$ = an in/ant to ! fire1 !n all[$ to cool1 wa%$1 & ! op]ation repeat$ z (t5 z may be ne$$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ t9t4 ,by add+ sulphate ( copp] to ! mixture a br[n] %ade w be obta9$1 & x may be made yell[] by add+ borax4 ,copp] ?us treat$ is said to pres5t a beautiful appe>ance1 & to be s p]man5t t nei!r air nor wat] has any influ5ce aga9/ x4 #ada4 ,to bronze brass4 ,dissolve copp] turn+s 9 nitric acid until x is completely saturat$4 ,imm]se ! brass objects to be bronz$ 9 ?is solution aft] !y h be5 clean$1 smoo!d ) wat] ( ,ayr /one1 & heat$ to su* a temp]ature z ! h& c j support2 on be+ plac$ ov] a *>coal fire !y w assume a gre5 color2 rub !m ov] ) rags1 repeat ! imm]sion & heat+ ov] *>coal until ! requir$ t9t is obta9$4 ,! %ade may be improv$ by oil+ ! f9i%$ surfaces4 ,x is ass]t$ t by imm]s+ copp] articles 9 molt5 sulphur conta9+ lampblack 9 susp5sion1 !y assume ! appe>ance ( bronze2 & t !y may ev5 be poli%$ )\t los+ _! color4 ,,gild+4 #adb4 ,gold gild+ )\t ! aid ( m]cury4 ,prep>e ! gold 9 f9e p[d]1 z expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 or procure x f ! deal]s 9 *emical products1 :o manufacture x ( v>i\s t9ts4 ,make a mixture ( ?is p[d] ) pure rock salt & cream ( t>t> 7bit>trate ( pota%71 pulv]iz$ 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 speak+ ( silv]-plat+ & take ! same precautions 9 its application4 ,! gold surface w pres5t a dull appe>ance2 acid _c be us$ to improve its color :5 op]at+1 = example1 on a :eel ) atta*$ p9ion1 b ! same result may be atta9$ by a v simple me?od4 ,rub ! object aft] plat+ ) cream ( t>t>1 mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( wat]2 !n imm$iately wa% 9 an abundance ( w>m wat] at n less ?an #dj ,c4 7#ajd ,f472 soap x ?or\ghly1 s z to neutralize any acid t may rema91 & f9ally pass ?r\gh alcohol to dissolve any rema9+ soap4 ,! surface w be /ill fur!r improv$ by rubb+ ) a v h>d piece ( pi?1 su* z is occasionally met )4 ,m4 ,rob]t1 9 describ+ ! above me?od1 adds3 8,9 ?is mann] ,i h gild$ cocks1 domes1 comp5sation balance weights1 & ev5 _! brass rims4 ,:51 skilfully & exp$iti\sly p]=m$1 ! p9ion ne$ n be discolor$2 b1 if x is at any "t slightly m>k$1 x may be re/or$ by at once rubb+ ! surface ) a s(t /ick & f9e r\ge40 #adc4 ,prep>ation ( ! gold p[d]4 ,z already obs]v$ ?is c be obta9$ ( any desir$ color f ! deal]s 9 *emical products1 b ! foll[+ me?od is giv5 = ! b5efit ( any "o :o desires to prep>e x = himself3 ,place "s gold 9 ?9 leaves 9 a di%1 & add a little honey1 ?or\ghly int]mix+ ! two by ! aid ( a glass rod flatt5$ at "o end2 !n place ! pa/e s obta9$ 9 a glass ( wat] conta9+ a little alcohol1 wa%+ x & all[+ ! p[d] to settle4 ,decant ! liquid & aga9 wa% ! residue1 repeat+ ! op]ation until a f9e brilliant p[d] is obta9$4 ,?is p[d] is mix$ z requir$ ) rock salt & p[d]$ cream ( t>t> 9 ! mann] already describ$4 #add4 ,second me?od4 ,dissolve "o "p by weight 7say ab\t t5 gra9s7 ( pure gold1 roll$ v ?91 9 aqua regia 7#aee7 conta9$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 :i* may be g5tly heat$ on a s&-ba?1 & evaporate ! acid until x assumes a blood-r$ color4 ,add ab\t #cj p>ts1 by weight1 ( w>m di/ill$ wat]1 9 :i* #d p>ts ( cry/alliz$ cyanide ( potassium h be5 previ\sly dissolv$2 ?or\ghly /ir ! mixture ) a glass rod1 & filt] x ?r\gh a glass funnel4 #ade4 ,?ird ,me?od4 ,roseleur recomm5ds ! foll[+ solution = gild+ by simple imm]sion4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 #ag p9ts2 pyrophosphate ( soda 79 cry/als7 #bh ounces2 hydrocyanic acid1 #a-c ounce2 cry/alliz$ p]*loride ( gold1 #b-c ounce4 ,! pyrophosphate is add$1 9 small quantities at a "t1 to #af p9ts ( wat]1 9 a porcela9 vessel1 /irr+ ) a glass rod & apply+ g5tle heat2 !n filt] & cool4 ,! gold salt is dissolv$ 9 a small am\nt ( wat]2 filt] & add to ! cold solution ( pyrophosphate2 la/ly1 add ! hydrocyanic acid & ! solution1 heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1 is ready = use4 ,! articles to be dipp$ mu/ be ?or\ghly cleans$ & pass$ ?r\gh a v dilute solution ( nitrate ( b9oxide ( m]cury2 !y mu/ be con/antly agitat$ :ile 9 ! ba? & ! be/ coat+ is obta9$ by dipp+ ! articles 9 a ne>ly exhau/$ solution ( ! same k9d imm$iately aft] ! m]cury solution4 #adf4 ,electro ,gild+4 ,b ! me?od mo/ usually adopt$ is t 9 :i* a batt]y is employ$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible1 )9 ! limits ( ?is "w1 to expla9 ! precautions t are necess>y 9 conduct+ ! process1 manag+ ! batt]y1 etc41 & ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to works on electro-metallurgy = ^! details4 #adg4 ,to prep>e ! pieces to be plat$4 ,aft] ! surface has be5 /on$1 boil ! object a few m9utes 9 a solution ( soda or pota%1 & r9se 9 clean wat]4 ,roseleur1 9 ! articles already ref]r$ to1 gives v full in/ructions1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an outl9e4 ,! read] :o desires to obta9 m complete in=mation c consult 8 works4 ,atta* ! pieces to a cork & bru% ) a clean bru% *>g$ ) wat] & pumice-/one p[d] & ?or\ghly r9se4 ,place !m 9 a solution consi/+ (3 wat]1 #b gal42 nitrate ( b9oxide ( m]cury1 #a-ad oz42 sulphuric acid #a-g oz4 ,!n r9se aga94 #adh4 ,gra9+4 ,mix ?or\ghly ) ! application ( mod]ate heat1 silv] p[d]1 #a ounce2 pure common salt1 f9ely p[d]$1 #ac ounces2 cream ( t>t> #d to #e ounces4 ,make a ?9 pa/e ( ?is mixture ) wat] & spread ) a spatula on ! pieces2 hav+ m\nt$ !m on a cork to :i* a rot>y motion is giv51 rub !m 9 all directions ) a bru% ) close bri/les1 add+ fre% pa/e f "t to "t4 ,:5 ! desir$ gra9 is obta9$1 wa% & scrat*-bru% ) revolv+ wire bru%es4 ,?ree ( ^! are (t5 us$ ( v>y+ degrees ( h>dness & a decoction ( liqorice1 weak size or /ale be] is lib]ally appli$ to ! surface4 #adi4 ,resi/4 ,?is is a composition = cov]+ /eel p>ts 9 ord] to protect !m f ! action ( ! acids1 etc41 9 ! v>i\s processes ( clean+1 gra9+ & gild+4 ,x consi/s ( yell[ wax1 #b ounces2 cle> res91 #c ounces2 v f9e r$ seal+-wax1 #a ounces2 f9e/ r\ge1 #a ounce2 ,melt ! res9 & seal+-wax 9 a porcela9 di%1 !n add ! yell[ wax1 & :5 ! :ole is ?or\ghly liquid1 gradually add ! r\ge1 /irr+ ) a glass rod4 ,! p>ts to be coat$ are slightly heat$ & cov]$ ) ! mixture4 ,to remove ! resi/ aft] ! gild+ process is complet$1 place ! pieces 9 w>m oil or turp5t9e1 !n 9 a v hot soapy or alkal9e solution & la/ly 9 fre% wat]4 #aej4 ,:5 prep>$ z above expla9$1 ! object may be gilt by "o ( ! prec$+ me?ods2 ( c\rse a hot solution _c be resort$ to :5 ! resi/ has be5 appli$4 #aea4 ,to clean objects t are ( gold or gilt4 ,! foll[+ me?od is equally applicable to pieces t are gilt1 su* z cocks1 domes1 etc41 ! frames & p>ts ( timepieces & to ei!r gold or gilt jewelry4 ,to ab\t a tumbl] ( wat] add #bj drops ( /rong ammonia4 ,imm]se ! object sev]al times 9 ?is mixture & bru% x ) a s(t bru%2 z soon z ! op]ation appe>s to be complet$ 7:i* exp]i5ce w soon enable ! workman to asc]ta971 wa% 9 pure wat]1 !n 9 alcohol1 & dry ) a f9e l95 rag4 ,! orig9al brilliancy ( ! gild+ w !n be re/or$4 ,:5 ! coat+ is ?9 & has be5 galvanically deposit$1 only v s(t bru%es mu/ be us$4 ,gild]s1 in/ead ( dipp+ 9 alcohol & dry+ ) a l95 rag1 usually imm]se ! pieces 9 boxwood sawdu/1 leav+ !m long en\gh to become ?or\ghly dry2 aft] ?is treatm5t !y m]ely require to be %ak5 & lightly rubb$ ) a f9e bru%4 ,! sawdu/ mu/ be p]fectly dry2 inde$ x is a good plan to slightly w>m x by plac+ ! wood5 box conta9+ x = a few m9utes on a hot ov5 or /ove 9 ! w9t] & expos+ x to a hot sun 9 summ]4 ,in/ead ( ammonia1 alum 7#aef7 is sometimes boil$ 9 wat] & ! objects dipp$ two or ?ree times 9 ?is solution1 subsequ5tly bru%+ z 9 ! previ\s case4 #aeb4 ,to re/ore ! dead surface ( gold or gilt objects4 ,place !m = two or ?ree m9utes 9 *lor9e wat]1 r9se !m 9 clean wat]1 soap !m & f9ally dry 9 sawdu/4 ,x is advisable t p>ts t are poli%$ be prev5t$ f actual contact ) ! liquid z x w\ld produce a some:at dead5$ surface4 #aec4 ,to clean gold jewelry aft] sold]+4 ,p>ticles ( b9d+ wire are (t5 left adh]+ to ! surface ( jewelry aft] sold]+1 &1 on dipp+ ! object into ! dipp+ liquid1 a lay] ( oxide may be =m$4 ,?is c be remov$ )\t detrim5t to ! poli%$ surface by plung+ ! object = a few seconds 9 nitric acid 7#aee74 ,,acids ,,& ,,salts4 #aed4 ,! wat*mak] has occasion to employ a few acids & salts4 ,he %\ld nev] =get ! advice already giv5 to keep !m away f 8 "w-b5* & always to well wa% a piece ( metal t has be5 9 contact ) !m4 #aee4 ,acids4 ,nitric ,acid1 ei!r 9 a conc5trat$ or dilute =m1 w dissolve iron1 /eel1 copp]1 lead1 silv]1 z9c1 brass1 nickel1 m]cury1 ,g]man silv]4 ,x does n dissolve t91 b r$uces x to a :ite p[d]1 kn[n z meta/annic acid4 ,h5ce1 if an attempt be made to dissolve bronze :i* conta9s t91 ?is metal is deposit$1 & ! copp] & z9c pass into solution4 ,sulphuric acid w dissolve iron1 /eel1 copp]1 t91 silv]1 z9c1 brass1 nickel1 m]cury1 ,g]man silv]4 ,hydro*loric acid w dissolve iron1 /eel1 z9c & nickel & has a sl[ action on copp]1 t91 brass & ,g]man silv]4 ,aqua regia1 a mixture ( ab\t #b p>ts hydro*loric & #a "p nitric acid1 w dissolve all ! above-nam$ metals1 & 9 addition1 gold & plat9um1 al?\gh sep>ately nei!r acid w attack ^! metals4 ,hydr(luoric acid attacks & dissolves all metals1 except plat9um1 lead & silv] ) viol5t eff]vesc5ce4 ,x is also us$ = et*+ on glass or enamel4 ,x is usually pres]v$ 9 gutta-p]*a bottles1 & is ( su* a dang]\s nature t no use %\ld be made ( x )\t a good k ( its prop]ties4 ,acids are r>ely employ$ pure by wat*mak]s2 !y are dilut$ ) wat]4 ,nitric acid ( comm]ce has a d5sity ( ab\t #a4d 7#ch on ,baume's hydromet]74 ,if ?is d5sity is r$uc$ by ! addition ( wat] to #a4af 7#bj ,baume71 we obta9 ! acid mo/ commonly employ$4 ,= clean+ metallic surfaces prior to sold]+ etc42 = giv+ a gra9$ surface to brass1 & = :it5+ blue /eel1 special proportions are f\nd mo/ conv5i5t1 :i* ! read] c be/ det]m9e exp]im5tally = himself1 rememb]+ t ! action ( ! acid %\ld nei!r be too quick nor too sl[4 ,:5 once he has asc]ta9$ ! be/ proportion1 he c always recov] x by ! aid ( ! hydromet]4 #aef4 ,salts4 ,borax s]ves z a flux 9 sold]+ gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 etc41 7#aca72 also = ! same purpose 9 braz+ 7#ach72 x is met ) 9 cry/als or z a p[d]4 ,sal-,ammoniac 7also call$ ,*loride ( ammonium71 is us$ = sold]+ t91 ei!r z a p[d] or made into a pa/e1 ) sweet oil or ) wat]1 or mix$ ) res94 ,alum dissolv$ 9 wat] may occasionally be us$ 9 place ( nitric acid = clean+ surfaces t h be5 sold]$2 x attacks iron or /eel m en]getically ?an copp]1 z9c1 or brass4 ,?is fact is (t5 tak5 advantage ( = remov+ brok5 screws1 etc41 f brass plates4 ,all o!r /eel p>ts are remov$ & ! plate plac$ 9 a solution ( alum1 :5 ! /eel screw is gradually eat5 away by be+ conv]t$ into ru/4 ,9 #ajj p>ts ( cold wat]1 only #i p>ts ( alum w dissolve1 b if ! wat] be boil$1 x w take up #ge p>ts4 ,its action w !n be proportionately m en]getic :5 boil+4 ,,oil4 #aeg4 ,! oil int5d$ = use z a lubricant = wat*work1 etc41 %\ld be kept away f ! light1 z o!rwise x w\ld be discolor$2 x is on ?is acc\nt t ! bottles conta9+ su* oil are frequ5tly cov]$ ) black pap]4 ,only ! quantity want$ = imm$iate use %\ld be plac$ 9 ! oil-cup4 ,two prelim9>y te/s w af=d "s indication z to ! quality ( an oil4 ,a ?ick lay] is plac$ on a small portion ( ! surface ( a glass plate1 & side by side1 a simil> lay] ( ano!r oil us$ = comp>ison1 & !y are expos$ to ! air = "s "t )\t be+ t\*$4 ,! "o t is f\nd to be /icky "u ! f+] :5 ! o!r has dri$ up w1 9 all probability1 be pref]able4 ,! second prelim9>y te/ is made on a :et/one2 x is usually f\nd t ! oil t takes ! longe/ "t to ?ick5 is ( bett] quality4 ,( c\rse ^! te/s w only suffice to af=d a r\gh approximation1 & _c be accept$ z conclusive4 ,! mode adopt$ = te/+ ei!r ! acidity or ! purity ( oil w af=d no evid5ce z to h[ long x w ma9ta9 its fluidity2 & v good results h at times be5 secur$ by ! use ( oils t 7 slightly acid1 or f mixtures ( oils ( two or m qualities4 ,_m ( ! me?ods recomm5d$ = purify+ oils are to a great ext5t illusory1 = !y _c imp>t to ! fluid *>act]i/ics t are want+ f ! beg9n+4 ,success dep5ds l>gely on ! skill ( ! manipulator2 & if he is n end[$ ) ! p[] ( judg+1 ma9ly by ! ta/e1 :e!r oil satisfies c]ta9 prescrib$ conditions1 he c nev] be c]ta9 ( ! result4 ,crops diff] z reg>ds degree ( maturity1 etc41 f ye> to ye>2 & ! animals f :i* oils are procur$ are r>ely 9 ! same condition z reg>ds heal?1 age1 n\ri%m5t1 etc4 ,te/s made on a :et/one1 & on a w9d[-pane1 z well z obs]vations made on drops ( oil plac$ 9 jewel holes1 or 9 oil-cups 9 a metal plate kept = ! purpose--"s ( ! drops be+ expos$ to ! air1 :ile o!rs are 9 clos$ boxes--w af=d valuable indications2 & accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,h4 ,rob]t1 x is safe to consid] an oil bad if1 at ! end ( six or eight days aft] be+ plac$ on a plate ( good brass1 x %[s a m>k$ gre5 t+e--especially s if a cle>ly def9$ fr+e =ms r\nd ! drop1 or else if ! brass itself is discolor$4 ,aft] all1 ! only evid5ce on :i* ! wat*mak] c rely is t :i* he obta9s by exp]im5t+ on wat*es :i* he keeps to l5d to 8 cu/om]s :ile _! own are und]go+ repair1 & ^! trials %\ld la/ = at lea/ a ye>4 ,& !re is great v>iety among ! we>]s ( wat*es4 ,"s live 9 con/antly v>y+ temp]atures1 (t5 du/y2 _m ladies use p]fumes2 "s p]sons p]spire m ?an o!rs2 all ^! causes influ5ce ! oil1 & make x alt] or evaporate m rapidly 9 "o wat* ?an 9 ano!r4 #aeh4 ,to secure ! maximum p]man5cy 9 oil4 ,9 ! case ( v _m wat*mak]s :o compla9 bitt]ly ( ! oils !y employ1 ! fault is _! own & n t ( ! oil2 = !y neglect ! mo/ simple precautions1 bo? 9 pur*as+ & 9 us+ x4 ,! foll[+ are a few po9ts to :i* att5tion %\ld be giv53 ,d n buy1 f motives ( economy1 bottles t h la9 = ye>s 9 ! %op4 ,keep ! oil away f ! light1 & only take 9 ! oil cup ! am\nt requir$ = imm$iate use1 z /at$ above4 ,asc]ta9 t ! wat*-cases close well4 ,if !y d n1 !re w be air curr5ts g5]at$1 & ! oil w suff]4 ,! oil 9 a cyl9d] escapem5t w always det]iorate v rapidly2 "s wat*mak]s coat ov] ! inside ( ! dome-jo9t & recomm5d ! own] n to op5 x4 ,by do+ s1 ! oil c be ma9ta9$ 9 good condition at ! escapem5t = a long "t4 ,la/ly1 :5 clean+ a wat*1 ! "w %\ld be consci5ti\sly done4 ,?is po9t is v important4 ,:5 ! p>ts are c>elessly clean$ ) soap1 or ) impure b5z9e1 !y w1 aft] a few mon?s1 assume a dull col\r1 9 consequ5ce ( a ?9 lay] ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 clean+ hav+ be5 left on ! surface4 ,x has at times be5 notic$ t /eel "w 0 pres]v$ f ru/ ?r\gh ! p]spiration ( ! we>]1 aft] be+ clean$ by c]ta9 fluids4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 due to a ?9 coat+ hav+ be5 left on ! surface ( ! metal4 ,! conclusion to be drawn is obvi\s3 clean c>efully2 pu% ! pivots into r h>d pi?2 f9i% ) a s(t bru% 9 prop] condition1 & cle> out all pivot-holes ) pegwood4 #aei4 ,mix$ oils3 camphorat$ oils4 ,good results are frequ5tly obta9$ by mix+ toge!r two diff]5t k9ds ( oil4 ,?us1 ,am]ican wat* oil1 :i* is v fluid & apt to evaporate at ! temp]ature ( ! pocket1 is improv$ by ! addition ( a some:at ?ick] oil4 ,a mixture ( real ,am]ican oil ) ! ,rodanet oil has be5 recomm5d$ z excell5t4 ,!re are "s :o advocate ! addition ( a small quantity ( camphor to an oil t is kn[n to be satisfactory1 b we _c answ] = x f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 #afj4 ,s9ks4 ,9 clean+1 x is important to avoid remov+ ! gild+ 9 ! oil s9ks ( wat*es1 or ! sup]ficial oxide 9 ! s9ks ( clocks t h be5 go+ = a consid]able "t4 ,= if x be remov$1 !re w be a fre% coat+ =m$ 9 "t1 & ?is1 too1 at ! exp5se ( ! oil4 ,9 new timepieces t are n gilt1 x is well wor? :ile poli%+ ! s9ks ov] _! entire surface4 ,if n appli$ too lib]ally1 ! oil w !n be m likely to rema9 9 contact ) ! end ( ! pivot4 ,moreov]1 z ! surface is smoo!d & h>d5$1 & its pores are1 z x 71 clos$ by ! action ( ! poli%]1 ! oil w oxidize m sl[ly4 ,?is fact 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,rob94 #afa4 ,caution to be obs]v$ 9 apply+ oil4 ,! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 apply+ oil w be bett] consid]$ 9 ,"p ,v4 ( ?is "w1 :]e we %all describe ! me?od ( clean+ & putt+ a wat* toge!r4 #afb4 ,ret5tion ( oil on act+ surfaces4 ,s9ce oil is ess5tial 9 ord] to dim9i% friction1 & ! movem5t ( ! bodies to :i* x is appli$ t5ds to drive x f ! surfaces ( contact1 x is important1 ) a view to its be+ con/antly br\ght back & ma9ta9$ 9 proximity to ^! surfaces1 t !y be =m$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 rules bas$ on ! laws ( hydro/atics4 ,,alcohol4 #afc4 ,only :at is kn[n z rectifi$ alcohol %\ld be us$ 9 clean+ p>ts ( wat* "w4 ,! copp] pan 9 :i* x is made to boil %\ld n be too ?94 ,! h&le %\ld be s arrang$ t x c be fix$ 9 ! vise1 & ! lamp held "u ! pan4 ,:51 9 heat+1 ! alcohol ignites1 x is be/ n to attempt its ext9ction by bl[+2 if ! pan is held aga9/ ! "u side ( ! b5*1 ! flame w at once be put out1 or ?is c be effect$ by m]ely lay+ a piece ( %eet metal ov] ! pan4 ,a good plan = prev5t+ ignition is to make a lid ( wire gauze1 :i* is plac$ ov] ! pan dur+ ! application ( heat4 ,! sub/ance kn[n z 8me?ylat$ _s0 is a *eap prep>ation ( alcohol1 & ( use = burn+ 9 a _s lamp1 & = o!r purposes :]e ! alcohol is n requir$ to be pure4 ,,b5z9e1 ,,etc4 #afd4 ,?is & o!r prep>ations ( a simil> nature1 su* z ,ess5ce ,lemo9e1 ,ess5ce ,g5evoise1 etc41 are mu* us$ = dissolv+ clogg$ oil & o!r sub/ances ( a greasy nature f p>ts ( wat*es 9 clean+4 ,,poli%+ ,,mat]ials4 #afe4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mat]ials us$ = poli%+1 is1 = ! mo/ "p1 extract$ f ,holtzapffel's ,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = full] in=mation 9 reg>d to !m1 & to _! mode ( application3 ,buff ,lea!r glu$ to a flat surface1 or to ! edge ( a revolv+ disc1 is us$ ) em]y1 crocus1 rott5/one & o!r p[d]s4 ,*>coal is mu* us$ by /eel & copp]-plate engrav]s4 ,t made by burn+ eld] )\t access ( air is consid]$ ! be/1 b will[ & elm h also be5 recomm5d$4 ,diamond1 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 is us$ by lapid>ies1 seal engrav]s1 & wat* jewel mak]s4 ,! latt] obta9 ! diamond bort t is rubb$ (f /ones 9 facet+1 & !y sep>ate x into v>i\s degrees ( f95ess1 by decantation 7#afh74 ,! mode ( apply+ x is describ$ 9 articles #bjg1 #baf4 ,diamant9e1 ,sapphir9e1 ,rubit9e1 etc41 are names giv5 to v>i\s *emical prep>ations = poli%+1 to be obta9$ at ! tool %ops2 !y mu/ n be assum$ to consi/ 9 any way ( ! jewels f :i* _! names are d]iv$4 ,em]y4 ,at ! pres5t day1 oil/one du/ is v frequ5tly replac$ by em]y ) oil or wat]1 especially 9 clockwork4 ,any requir$ degree ( f95ess c be obta9$ by decantation4 ,em]y du/ is sometimes us$ 9 place ( r\ge = poli%+4 ,! solid em]y :eels & /icks1 t are n[ common 9 ! trade1 "w rapidly1 b !y h ! disadvantage ( heat+ /eel1 & _m ( !m soon become pa/y4 ,! heat+ r5d]s !m less suitable = gr9d+ grav]s1 b !y are v conv5i5t = r\ghly %ap+ /eel "w1 or remov+ ! h>d surface caus$ by ! application ( heat4 ,to make em]y pap]4 ,if occasion requires x1 ?is c be done z foll[s3 ,fix a %eet ( /\t rope manila pap] on a bo>d1 glue+ x r\nd ! edge4 ,hav+ put em]y p[d] into a sift]1 ! me% ( :i* has ! requisite degree ( f95ess1 & rapidly cov]$ ! surface ( ! pap] ) ?9 hot glue1 %ake ! sift] lightly ov] ! pap] until x is ev5ly cov]$1 & leave to cool4 ,:5 dry1 deta* ! pap] & %ake x vigor\sly to deta* loose gra9s4 ,clo? may be us$ in/ead ( pap]1 if desir$4 ,hone slates4 ,"u ?is head+ are includ$ a great v>iety ( /ones us$ = smoo?+ & poli%+4 ,ayr /one1 or wat] ( ,ayr /one1 is mu* us$ = smoo?+ brass "w prior to gild+ 7#adb71 etc4 ,x %\ld be kept wet 9 ord] to prev5t x f becom+ h>d4 ,blue poli%+ /one is mu* us$ by jewel]s1 clockmak]s1 & o!rs2 x is recomm5d$ = use 9 spott+ 7#agd7 & = poli%+ :eels 7#agf47 ,oil/one4 ,?is =ms ! quicke/ cutt+ :et/one kn[n4 ,oil/one slips are us$ by wat*mak]s aft] ! mann] ( files4 ,oil/one p[d]1 or du/1 is mu* us$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( poli%+1 & is pref]able to em]y 9 t x does n leave p>ticles emb$d$ 9 ! surface ( ! metal4 ,on pewt] laps x may also be employ$ = poli%+ /eel "w4 ,oxides ( iron4 ,"u ?is head are includ$ ! sev]al mat]ials kn[n z crocus1 r\ge1 r$-/uff1 colco?> ( vitriol1 etc4 ,x is advisable to remove gritty p>ticles f ^! mat]ials by decantation 7#afh7 be=e us+4 ,pumice-,/one is ext5sively us$ = poli%+ cut glass1 & is applicable to brass & o!r metal "w4 ,putty ,p[d] is oxide ( t91 or1 m commonly1 ( t9 & lead 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! :ite/ k9d1 provid$ x be heavy1 is consid]$ ! be/4 ,rott5/one4 ,?is v>iety ( tripoli is ( ! greate/ value = poli%+ brass "w1 z well z = silv]1 glass1 & ev5 ! h>de/ /ones4 ,tripoli is ( a greyi% yell[ or r$ color1 & consi/s ma9ly ( silica4 ,its pr9cipal use is 9 ! poli%+ ( h>d woods4 ,:it+ is common *alk1 gr\nd1 wa%$ to remove s&1 etc41 & dri$ 9 lumps4 #aff4 ,poli%+ ,/ones4 ,! foll[+ me?od is describ$ by ,m4 ,cadot = prep>+ ^! /ones1 :i* are v useful = poli%+ a :eel t is n rivet$ to its p9ion 7see article #ahe74 ,c>efully select a blue /one2 aft] dress+ its surface1 smoo? x ) em]y pap] ( gradually increas+ f95ess4 ,saturate ! surface ) oil1 & rub x ) a common piece ( r\gh sapphire1 "o face ( :i* is flat & p>tly smoo!d1 until ! surface ( ! /one is h>d5$4 ,su* a /one is us$ dry4 ,! :eels mu/ previ\sly h be5 c>efully smoo!d1 s9ce ! /one does n abrade ! metal4 ,if c>e is tak5 to avoid scrat*es1 ! surface w la/ = a long "t1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x is only s]viceable = gold1 brass1 nickel or metals ( a simil> degree ( h>dness4 #afg4 ,! sev]al mat]ials us$ = poli%+ mu/ be kept c>efully pack$ 7glass /opp]$ bottles are pref]able71 z a few gra9s ( du/1 or ( =eign bodies1 w suffice to prev5t ! op]ation ( poli%+ f be+ successful4 ,poli%]s %\ld be fil$ v smoo?1 ) a p]fectly clean file t is n q new4 ,files t are dirty or new w deposit small h>d p>ticles ( dirt1 or cause pieces (f ! po9ts ( _! tee? to become emb$d$ 9 ! surface ( ! poli%]4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,poli%+ ,,mat]ials4 #afh4 ,decantation4 ,?is consi/s 9 caus+ a mat]ial 9 a f9e /ate ( sub-division to fall sl[ly ?r\gh a liquid ) ! view to sep>ate co>se p>ticles1 or v>i\s degrees ( f95ess1 by tak+ advantage ( _! diff]5t rates ( desc5t4 ,! wat*mak] %\ld prep>e all 8 smoo?+ & poli%+ mat]ials1 etc41 by decantation4 ,he w by ?is means obta9 !m 9 gra9s t are mu* m uni=m 9 size1 ( any requir$ degree ( f95ess & free f h>d or l>ge p>ticles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! op]ation is exce$+ly simple4 ,! mat]ial hav+ be5 p\nd$ "u ! hamm] or o!rwise1 is ?r[n into a vessel m or less fill$ ) a liquid1 wat]1 oil1 etc4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly /irr$1 x is all[$ to p>tially settle1 & ! liquid is c>efully p\r$ into ano!r vessel4 ,all ! co>se heavy gra9s w be f\nd z a residue 9 ! fir/ vessel2 !y are collect$ & us$ = co>se "w4 ,aft] aga9 /irr+ & leav+ to settle = a long] p]iod1 ! liquid is aga9 p\r$ (f1 & ! p[d] ?us sep>at$ w be ! second degree ( f95ess1 s t x may be t]m$ ,no4 #b4 ,by successive op]ations1 9 :i* a gradually increas+ int]val ( "t is all[$1 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 etc41 c be obta9$2 t is to say1 a s]ies ( p[d]s ( ! same mat]ial b pres5t+ a great] degree ( uni=mity 9 ! size ( gra9s & ( gradually increas+ f95ess4 ,x may be obs]v$ t :5 ! p[d] ( ! requisite degree ( f95ess is ne>ly atta9$ ! mass %\ld be left to settle until ! foll[+ day1 or1 r1 until ! fluid is cle>2 !n decant c>efully s z n to lose any ( ! deposit4 ,:5 treat+ a mat]ial t is s(t & friable1 x %\ld be cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 z by us+ a hamm] h>d gra9s ( =eign matt] might be accid5tally int]mix$4 ,oil may be us$ = decant+ diamond p[d] or oil/one du/ = smoo?+2 wat] = rott5/one or tripoli2 alcohol = h>t%orn1 etc4 #afi4 ,to prep>e diamond p[d]4 ,select r\gh diamonds ( a blacki% t9t1 ( su* a size t !re are f\r or five to a c>et4 ,^! are cru%$ 9 a h>d /eel mort> ( ! =m indicat$ 9 fig4 #dj1 ! pe/le be+ provid$ ) a small /uff+ box t c be br\ght d[n on to ! mort> to prev5t ! escape ( diamond-du/2 b x is well to fir/ cru% "o /one1 ) a s+le bl[ ( ! hamm] on ! pe/le2 remove all ! fragm5ts & exam9e ! end ( ! pe/le2 x w be f\nd t a numb] ( p>ticles h b$d$ !mselves 9 x2 ^! %\ld be exam9$ to select pieces to s]ve z drills & grav]s4 ,! l>g] fragm5ts s]ve = grav]s1 & p>ticles %\ld be s\ght t are z ne>ly z possibly triangul> prisms ab\t in* long = mak+ drills4 ,! o!r /ones may be treat$ 9 simil> mann] till en\gh fragm5ts are f\nd4 ,n[ place all o!r pieces 9 ! mort>1 & cont9ue = two or ?ree h\rs /rik+ ! pe/le ) ! hamm]1 turn+ x p>tly r\nd aft] ea* few bl[s to prev5t ! p[d] f imb$d+ itself 9 ! /eel4 ,:5 no 8bite0 is p]ceiv$ 9 rotat+ ! pe/le1 ! diamond is suffici5tly r$uc$2 x is %ak5 out ( ! mort> into a wat*-glass conta9+ ! mo/ limpid oil atta9able1 & if necess>y ! fragm5ts are releas$ by a /eel spatula1 at ! same "t /rik+ ! ext]nal surface ( ! mort> ) ! hamm]4 ,?or\ghly mix ! oil & ! p[d]1 subdivid+ ! latt] z mu* z possible by rubb+ aga9/ ! glass ) a spatula2 all[ ! mixture to re/ = an h\r & p\r (f ! liquid into a second glass1 leav+ ! l>g] p>ticles beh9d4 ,leave ! oil 9 ! second glass = f\r h\rs2 !n decant1 into a ?ird glass ) ! same precautions2 ?is is left = eight h\rs2 ! next glass sixte5 h\rs4 ,:5 all ! p[d] has settl$ p\r (f ! oil1 & ! sev]al degrees are ready = use4 ,"s jewel]s pref] to leave ! p[d] = two or ?ree days 9 a mixture ( equal nitric & sulphuric acid 9 ord] to dissolve p>ticles ( /eel4 ,! acids are !n mu* dilut$ ) wat]1 left = "s days & decant$4 ,!n wa% ! p[d] 9 two fluid ounces ( pure alcohol1 leave = two days1 decant & dry1 & aft]w>ds treat ) oil4 ,! op]ation is long & h>dly necess>y4 ,,smoo?+4 #agj4 ,if a surface is smoo!d well1 ! labor ( poli%+ w be dim9i%$ by at lea/ "o-half1 & x is an ess5tial prelim9>y if a good gild+ on brass is requir$4 ,! mat]ials mo/ frequ5tly us$ are em]y & oil/one du/ = /eel1 pumice & wat] ( ,ayr /one = brass4 ,! /ones %\ld n be trav]s$ by ve9s1 nor exhibit h>d gra9s4 ,p[d]s %\ld be fre$ f l>ge or h>d gra9s by decantation1 & x is advisable to repeat ?is op]ation sev]al times 9 ord] to h sev]al degrees ( f95ess4 ,,smoo?+ ,,( ,,brass4 #aga4 ,e wat*mak] kn[s t aft] f9i%+ ! object ) a smoo? file1 x is smoo!d1 fir/ ) a blue /one or r co>se wat] ( ,ayr /one1 & !n ) "o ( f9] gra94 ,if ! brass is to be gilt1 ! op]ation is conclud$ ) a s]ies ( circul> /rokes1 s z n to leave any /ri or bright spots2 if ! surface is to be spott$ or wat]$ ! f9al /rokes %\ld all be p>allel4 ,a s(t piece ( *>coal appli$ ) wat] may also be us$ on objects int5d$ = gild+2 9 o!r cases x is us$ ) oil4 #agb4 ,wavy or wat]$ smoo?+4 ,?is is done ) wat] ( ,ayr /one & oil c>efully prep>$1 or ) a piece ( wood *>g$ ) oil/one du/1 etc4 ,! oil$ corn] ( an em]y buff/ick c occasionally be us$4 ,to obta9 wavy undulations on a smoo? piece ( metal1 ! f+] %\ld fir/ be plac$ at ! po9t ( comm5cem5t ( ! undulations4 ,re/+ ! wood or /one aga9/ ! f+]1 x is mov$ a little 9 a /raight l9e1 & !n 9 a s]ies ( semicircul> wav$ l9es1 f "r to left or left to "r4 ,! f+] is advanc$ ?r\gh a def9ite di/ance & ! op]ation repeat$1 & s on4 ,a v good wat]$ surface c be produc$ ) s(t *>coal4 ,) a view to increas+ ! regul>ity 9 ! m>ks1 a rule may be laid on ! object1 aga9/ :i* ! *>coal is br\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,p>allel wat]+ is usually done me*anically1 b any wat*mak] c secure regul>ity by ! foll[+ simple device4 ,fix a graduat$ rule t g across ! cork 7fig4 #da7 & two p9s ,a ,a1 to =m /ops = prev5t+ ! /ick or /one f travel+ too f>4 ,a division ( ! rule is made to correspond ) ! l9e v v2 &1 :5 ! fir/ l9e has be5 trac$1 advance ! object by "o1 two or ?ree graduations ( t g1 accord+ to ! int]val t is to be left betwe5 successive undulations4 ,!n trace ! second wave1 & s on4 #agc4 ,wavy & curvil9e> smoo?+4 ,^! are ( two k9ds2 "s are entire circles1 :i* we %all proce$ to consid]2 o!rs radiate 9 curves f ! circumf]5ce to "s o!r po9t ( ! circle z1 = example1 _m ( ^? t are met ) on keyless rat*et :eels4 ,! latt] w be discuss$ f>!r on1 :5 discuss+ ! smoo?+ ( /eel1 = ! process is id5tical = bo? /eel & brass1 except t ) ! latt] nam$ metal & nickel ! /ick may be replac$ by a /rip ( z9c or t91 & co>se r\ge is us$4 #agd4 ,circul> snail+ or spott+4 ,?is is produc$ on a special tool by :i* sev]al motions c be giv5 to ! object1 b wat*mak]s1 z a rule1 s seldom h occasion to trace ?is class ( ornam5t1 t x w suffice to expla9 h[ x c be produc$ by ! appliances t ev]yone has at h&4 ,! univ]sal m&rel may be employ$ = ! purpose1 b1 9 t case1 ! op]ation is a v sl[ "o1 :]eas1 ) ! ord9>y la!1 x c be done bo? rapidly & well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,adju/ a re/ ( ! =m %[n at s 7fig4 #db71 tak+ c>e t ! height ( ! c5t] is suffici5t2 ! small rectangul> b$ a a has a project+ edge1 divid$ by equidi/ant graduations4 ,to ! head/ock ( ! la! is atta*$1 at b1 a piece ( blue/one or wood4 ,hav+ set ! re/ at a conv5i5t height1 & hold+ ! object to be spott$1 ,p1 on ! re/1 br+ 9 x contact ) b :5 9 rotation4 ,:5 ! m>k is made1 lean ! object f b1 slide x along a a s t its edge co9cides ) ! next division & make ano!r m>k1 & s on until an entire r[ is complet$4 ,!n raise or l[] ! re/ & repeat ! process = a second r[1 & s on4 ,in/ead ( apply+ oil to ! act+ face ( b1 :i* w\ld h to be r5ew$ at ea* op]ation1 x is usual to cov] ! object ,p ) oil1 if b is a /one1 or ) oil mix$ ) ! sub/ance us$ = smoo?+1 if b is ( wood4 ,if ?is precaution is tak51 ! "w w progress mu* m rapidly4 ,:5 ! object op]at$ ^u is ( irregul> %ape x mu/ fir/ be atta*$ to a rectangul> plate & !n proce$ z already /at$4 ,a /ill m simple me?od1 b "o t is1 9 c]ta9 cases q suffici5t1 consi/s 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! poppet-head a c5t] ( ! =m f d 7,h1 fig4 #db7 :i* is caus$ to rotate by ! f+]s or any o!r means4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,to make spott+s t1 in/ead ( be+ p>allel1 radiate f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce1 ! re/ a a mu/ c>ry a disc t c rotate on a clamp+ screw1 & is ma9ta9$ 9 position by a f+]1 ) an ev5 numb] ( equidi/ant divisions on ! circumf]5ce ( ! disc4 ,! object to be op]at$ ^u is !n fix$ to ! disc1 & a /ick us$1 ! diamet] ( :i* is equal to ! di/ance betwe5 two radii t pass ?r\gh a pair ( graduations on ! disc2 = example1 ! small circle s 7fig4 #dc74 ,a s]ies ( circul> spots is !n made by gradually rotat+ ! disc4 ,n[ replace ! rod s by "o ( ! diamet] n2 advance ! support until x corresponds ) ! position n1 & make ! second range ( circul> spots1 & s on4 ,! figure r5d]s any fur!r explanation unnecess>y4 ,! wat*mak] :o has cle>ly foll[$ :at prec$es w be able1 %\ld occasion require x1 to con/ruct a special tool act+ ) c]ta9ty2 b x w be well to rememb] t !re is a great advantage 9 driv+ ! spott+ /ick by ! foot1 & br++ x d[n on ! object by a small h& lev]1 aft] ! mann] ( ! drill+ ma*9es us$ 9 factories4 ,,smoo?+ ,,( ,,/eel4 #age4 ,! smoo?+ ( a /eel object is commonly done on a piece ( cork1 ) a l>ge iron poli%] *>g$ ) oil/one du/ & oil4 ,if a flat surface1 x c be f9i%$ ) a copp] poli%] or on a %eet ( glass4 ,9 ! case ( /affs1 arbors1 etc41 t are n int5d$ to be poli%$ subsequ5tly1 a c]ta9 degree ( brilliancy is giv5 to ! surface by rubb+ ) wood1 usually pegwood1 or ) a /ick cov]$ ) ! f9e/ em]y pap] & oil4 ,a surface t w n be subject$ to friction--z1 = example1 ! head ( a screw--c be smoo!d rapidly & well ) a dry em]y buff/ick if little metal has to be remov$1 & ! poli%+ c !n be at once proce$$ )4 ,only "o clean+ is 9 ?is case necess>y1 = aft] ! em]y x w suffice to rub ) pi? & pass a bru% ov] ! surface4 ,= ord9>y "w1 smoo?+ a /aff or head ( a screw ) dry1 f9e em]y & f9i%+ by ! friction ( r h>d pi? backw>ds & =w>ds1 w give a fairly satisfactory surface4 #agf4 ,:ite & dead smoo?+4 ,to produce a gra9+1 ! piece ( /eel mu/ be previ\sly smoo!d 9 ! ord9>y way1 p]fectly flat & free f scrat*es4 ,! gra9+ is produc$ by rubb+ ! object on a %eet ( gr\nd glass ) ! f+]1 tak+ v small circul> /rokes1 especially t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,! degree ( success dep5ds on ! quality ( ! oil/one du/ employ$4 ,x mu/ be v f9e1 & x w be a prud5t precaution to decant ! p[d] 9 wat]1 or pref]ably 9 oil1 & n to use ! e>li] deposits 7#afh74 ,:5 ! oil/one du/ is n v good1 x may be wa%$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 :i* dissolves mo/ ( ! h>d gra9s1 b x w require to be ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 wat] aft]w>ds1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty !re is 9 remov+ ! la/ traces ( ! acid4 ,( c\rse su* a me?od is only to be resort$ to on an em]g5cy4 ,p]haps ! mo/ difficult piece to gra9 is a keyless b>rel rat*et1 because if ! op]ation is at all prolong$ ! edge ( ! rat*et may become :ite be=e ! c5t] & x may ev5 poli%4 ,if ?is happ5s1 ! rat*et %\ld be held 9 ! h& & rubb$ ) a piece ( pi? cut to a blunt po9t ) a flat end4 ,by ?is means x is easy to act on ! c5t]1 avoid+ ! edges4 #agg4 ,dead :ite or fro/$ surface4 ,aft] hav+ gra9$ ! /eel 9 ! mann] above indicat$1 if x is requir$ to obta9 a dead :ite fro/$ surface1 employ a mud =m$ ( ,arkansas /one du/1 or ! /icky deposit on a :et/one1 :i* is m easily obta9$4 ,x %\ld n be too yell[1 z ! result is all ! bett] accord+ z a great] numb] ( /eel p>ticles are mix$ ) ! oil2 at lea/1 s we are in=m$ by "s v good workm54 ,a l>ge piece ( eld]-pi? hav+ be5 divid$ into two equal p>ts l5g?wise1 is smoo!d ) a new1 clean file2 ! mud is spread ^u x1 & ! piece ( /eel is mov$ ov] x ) circul> /rokes z 9 produc+ ! gra9+4 ,9 ?is case ! movem5t c be rapid4 ,if ! op]ation be well done1 & if ! oil/one du/ us$ be ( good quality1 ! object w1 aft] be+ clean$1 pres5t a beautiful uni=m :ite surface 9 :i* ! gra9+ is /ill visible4 ,exp]i5ce & knack are ev]y?+ 9 ! prop] conduct ( su* an op]ation1 especially 9 its conclud+ /age4 ,! surface may be clean$ 9 pure b5z9e mix$ ) a little sulphuric acid1 foll[$ by a v clean buff/ick1 :i* w imp>t a brilliancy to ! metal4 ,m4 ,bean recomm5ds f9e ,turkey oil/one p[d] mix$ ) turp5t9e z ! be/ prep>ation = rapidly produc+ a dead smoo? surface on /eel "w4 ,workm5 t are con/antly engag$ 9 gra9+ employ a foot-:eel = ! purpose4 ,! gr\nd glass is fix$ s t1 al?\gh n rotat+1 a small circul> motion is communicat$ to x4 ,! /eel is !n simply held aga9/ x2 inde$1 sev]al pieces c be gra9$ 9 ?is mann] at once4 ,to ! me?ods above describ$ we w\ld add ! foll[+1 :i* is successfully practic$ by sev]al ,engli% workm53 ,!y lightly fix ! rat*et1 = example1 by its edge1 & f9i% ! smoo?+ ) a piece ( pi?1 m or less *>g$ ) pure *>coal p[d] & f9e oil/one du/4 ,"h also knack is ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 insur+ success4 #agh4 ,snail+4 ,to produce ! snail+ on a fusee or on keyless :eel-"w1 ! device %[n 9 fig4 #dd c be us$4 ,! rat*et or fusee is m\nt$ betwe5 "o pair ( c5t]s & driv5 by a cord f a foot or h&-:eel4 ,! copp] or iron lap1 hav+ a diamet] equal to ab\t ?ree times t ( ! surface to be snail$1 is *>g$ ) f9e em]y p[d] & oil1 or oil/one du/1 etc41 & set 9 contact ) ! face ( ! /eel1 :i* ?us causes x also to rotate4 ,! direction ( ! snail+ w be ! same1 :e!r ! rotation is to ! "r or left4 ,if x be requir$ to *ange ! direction1 ! relative positions ( ! two pieces mu/ be rev]s$4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t brass & nickel c be snail$ 9 ! same way1 employ+ a z9c or t9 lap & co>se r\ge 7#agc74 ,9 "s cases1 h>d wood laps c be us$ = ^! s(t] metals4 ,9 keyless /eel :eels a beautiful snail+ c be obta9$ ) ,arkansas /one mud 7or1 9 its abs5ce1 ! greasy mass f an oil/one7 mix$ ) poli%+ r\ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,) ref]5ce to ! little tool %[n 9 fig4 #dd1 x may be obs]v$ t1 if ! axes ( bo? ! /eel piece & lap 7 driv5 by b[ or o!rwise1 ! surface w\ld be poli%$ & n snail$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! tool "h ref]r$ to1 any "o c easily con/ruct "o = ! purpose :i* w adapt to ! m&ril or a foot-la!3 9 ord] to help him 9 do+ s we w describe "o design$ by ,m4 ,cadot1 ( ,p>is4 #agi4 ,tool = snail+4 ,?is is %[n 9 fig4 #de1 & we w\ld at ! outset obs]ve t x c be us$ equally well = poli%+4 ,to a %\ld] at ! extremity1 ,a1 ( a piece ( /eel rod1 ,b 7:i* takes ! place ( ! slide-re/ cutt]7 is rivet$ an ,l-%ap$ piece c c d1 & to ! po9t d is firmly fix$ by a screw or rivet1 ! upright piece d h p>allel to c c2 ?is piece is enl>g$ at h s z to give a be>+ to a h>d5$ /eel screw1 ) a holl[ po9t1 9 ! axis ( ,b3 ! lap is support$ betwe5 ?is screw & a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ,a4 ,! figure w suffice to indicate ! =m ( ?is lap :i* is di%$ int]nally z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,x is made ( iron or copp] if int5d$ = use ) h>d5$ /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! piece to be snail$ is fix$ to a *uck ( ! foot-la!1 &1 hav+ fix$ ! rod ,b 9 place ( ! cutt]1 ! lap is br\ght1 by means ( ! slide-re/ screws1 9 contact ) ! /eel1 tak+ c>e n to set x up to ! c5t]1 z snail+ t />ts f ! c5t] is n s good4 ,hav+ *>g$ ! lap ) f9e em]y & oil1 ! object is rotat$ & x sets ! lap also 9 motion4 ,x 0 m5tion$ above t ?is tool c be employ$ = poli%+3 = su* a purpose use f9e r\ge1 replace ! lap by "o ( bronze or bell-metal1 fix a f]rule at i1 &1 :ile ! object turns 9 ! la!1 rotate ! lap ) a b[4 ,by fix+ a rod at ,l in/ead ( at ,b1 ! tool is at once adapt$ to be us$ 9 an ord9>y pair ( turns1 z x c be fix$ 9 place ( ! ,t-re/2 b x is n s easy to secure p>allelism ( ! two surfaces4 #ahj4 ,to re/ore ! wat]$ surface 9 nickel movem5ts1 etc4 ,al?\gh ! foll[+ is employ$ = nickel 7or r ,g]man silv]7 x may be well to obs]ve t x is equally applicable to all o!r metals4 ,z ^! nickel movem5ts are n gilt subsequ5t to be+ repair$1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! wat] m>ks on ! surfaces d n correspond4 ,by ! aid ( ! foll[+ device wat*mak]s c correct ?is fault1 b we mu/ w>n !m t1 z 9 all op]ations involv+ dext]ity1 !y mu/ fir/ make exp]im5ts 9 ord] to acquire ! requisite manual skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,on a small op5 frame ,c ,c1 fig4 #df1 fix sev]al p>allel b>s f l1 e d1 etc41 & on two ( ^! adju/ a slide p o n m1 ) two /rips glu$ und]nea? s t x c travel up & d[n betwe5 a & b4 ,on p o n m1 fix a guide ( conv5i5t =m1 z ,g2 &1 aft] cem5t+ ! piece1 say ,a1 t is to be wat]$ on a bo>d re/+ on ! b5*1 place ! frame ,c ,c above x & trace ! figure ( ! guide ) a pegwood /ick *>g$ ) poli%+ mat]ial4 ,! same figure c be reproduc$ 9 p>allel r[s z ! guide c be mov$ up or d[n4 ,by v>y+ ! %ape & position ( ! guides1 ! wat] l9es c take ! =m ( waves1 fe/oons1 circles or ovals4 ,9 ! two latt] cases ! guide has ap]tures ( ! requisite =m1 & ! bo>d t c>ries ,a1 n be+ m ?an half ! size ( ! ap]ture1 c be mov$ ab\t by h& or by a tool4 ,if pref]r$1 "o ( ! b>s1 z e d1 c be graduat$ & arrangem5ts c be made = clamp+ ! slide by screws 9 any position4 ,^! explanations w suffice to enable any intellig5t wat*mak]1 aft] a few trials1 to imitate successfully any ( ! beautiful wat]$ surfaces t are1 on a manufactur+ scale1 produc$ by ma*9]y4 ,z reg>ds ! mat]ial to be us$1 fir/ mix m$ium r\ge & putty p[d] 9 equal proportions4 ,x w be possible to decide f ! %ade obta9$ :e!r m putty p[d] %\ld be add$1 because :5 !re is too mu* r\ge1 ! surface does n acquire a good :ite color4 ,,poli%+4 #aha4 ,to poli% brass4 ,:5 x is requir$ t a surface be ma9ta9$ p]fectly flat1 fir/ dress ) some:at co>se wat] ( ,ayr ) blue /one & !n g ov] ) a s(t] /one4 ,next "w ) f9e rott5/one & oil on a felt or buff/ick = objects ( l>ge dim5sions & on a piece ( pegwood = small] articles4 ,!y are !n soap$1 wa%$ & dri$ 9 sawdu/ 7#aea74 ,! "w c be accompli%$ m rapidly1 b )\t ma9ta9+ a p]fectly flat surface1 by fir/ employ+ pumice-/one & oil spread ov] a l>ge piece ( s(t wood or felt4 ,x is !n clean$ & poli%$ ) rott5/one4 ,:5 ! =m p]mits ( x1 a t9 disc *>g$ ) tripoli & rotat+ 9 a la! c be employ$4 ,obs]vations4 ,pumice-/one is p[d]$ f9e & !n sift$4 ,9 us+ rott5/one a piece an in* or two cube is cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s into a cup ( wat]1 & ?is is decant$ s z to give sev]al degrees ( f95ess 7#afh74 ,! poli%+ c be/ be effect$ by us+ old wood f :i* ! sap has dri$ up3 ,fr5* *alk has b little action if ! poli%] ) :i* x is appli$ is f ! animal k+dom1 horn = example1 etc4 #ahb4 ,to poli% wat* :eels4 ,al?\gh ! op]ation ( poli%+ is extremely simple1 x is v important t a c]ta9 degree ( manual skill be acquir$ by practice1 z o!rwise ! "w is nev] ( ! be/4 ,we w "h enum]ate sev]al me?ods ( proc$ure1 9 ord] t1 aft] trial1 ea* c select ! me?od ) :i* he f9ds himself mo/ successful4 ,smoo?+4 ,! smoo?+ %\ld be done c>efully ) v s(t wat] ( ,ayr /one1 free f ve9s & h>d gra9s & p]fectly flat4 ,! :eel mu/ !n be well clean$4 ,poli%+4 ,9 poli%+1 rods ( walnut or boxwood1 ( t91 bronze or z9c are us$4 ,a buff/ick & burni%] are also employ$4 ,! mat]ials applicable are rott5/one 7) oil or alcohol1 be+ made v ?9 9 ! latt] case7 tripoli1 prep>$ *alk1 poli%+ r\ge1 crocus1 etc4 ,^! mat]ials h be5 suffici5tly describ$ 9 articles #afe-g4 ,workm5 sometimes pref] to make mixtures ( two or m sub/ances1 b x is m usual to employ !m sep>ately4 #ahc4 ,fir/ ,me?od4 ,aft] smoo?+ & clean+ ! :eel1 x is poli%$ :ile re/+ on a piece ( cork1 :]e x is held betwe5 ! f+]s :i* cause x to rotate2 ! be/ rott5/one is us$ & is appli$ by smoo? pieces ( boxwood1 ab\t #h in*es long1 :i* are fil$ to a bevel edge4 ,x is be/ to h ! gra9 ( ! wood crosswise & ! poli%]s %\ld be ( suffici5t ?ickness to prev5t _! b5d+ :5 9 use4 ,! rott5/one c be replac$ by tripoli & ! boxwood by walnut4 ,"s :eel poli%]s pref] a triangul> /ick ( pure t9 or z9c :i* is (t5 plan$ to ensure p]fect flatness2 r\ge1 rott5/one or tripoli c be us$ ) x4 ,! :eel1 aft] be+ well wa%$ 9 soap & hot wat]1 is ?or\ghly dri$ & f9i%$ ) a f9e buff/ick 9 good condition1 :ile x re/s on a cork cov]$ ) smoo? felt2 ?is op]ation is ) a view to prep>e ! surface prior to us+ ! burni%]4 ,"s poli%]s1 in/ead ( ! dry buff/ick1 pref] "o *>g$ ) a little r\ge1 tripoli or rott5/one moi/5$4 ,b su* prep>ations mu/ be appli$ v sp>+ly z !y involve a risk ( r\nd+ ! edges4 ,! burni%] is next rapidly pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! :eel1 :i* re/s on cork1 cov]$ ) a l95 rag1 or on a piece ( wood1 cov]$ ) smoo? pap]4 ,"s give long backw>d & =w>d /rokes ) ! tool2 o!rs give semicircul> movem5ts4 ,x w be f\nd suffici5t to give %ort /rokes f half an in* to an in* 9 l5g?4 ,a slight motion ( ! wri/ is all t is requir$ & aft] a few trials ! necess>y skill w be atta9$4 ,we _c say m4 ,practice mu/ also be reli$ on = det]m9+ ! mo/ suitable pressure4 ,! burni%]1 ab\t half an in* wide & f\r in*es long1 is curv$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,a /raight burni%] might be us$1 b x is less safe2 ! angle ( ! burni%] set aga9/ ! p9ion %\ld be r\nd$ (f4 ,! burni%] is clean$ & re/or$ by draw+ across a l>ge flat piece ( walnut *>g$ ) r\ge ( v good quality & v pure4 ,aft] be+ wa%$1 a little :ite wax is pass$ ov] x1 & !n x is aga9 rubb$ vigor\sly ) a piece ( clo? or a buff/ick2 f9ally ) a s(t l95 rag4 ,:5 a t5d5cy to /ick %[s itself ?is op]ation mu/ be repeat$4 #ahd4 ,second process4 ,by ?is me?od ! surfaces are some:at r\nd$ (f at ! edges4 ,b1 al?\gh n s pleas+ to ! eye1 ?is circum/ance involves no inconv5i5ce except t1 :5 burni%+1 ! burni%] w\ld n at once come 9 contact ) ! entire surface2 we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 employ ! burni%]4 ,lay+ ! :eel on a cork1 "s workm5 smoo? ! :eel by cov]+ x ) oil & f9e tripoli & rubb+ ) a walnut-wood /ick4 ,o!rs spread a lay] ( su* a mixture fir/ on ! /ick & !n rub ! :eel4 ,:5 no m l9es are obs]vable across ! surface ( ! :eel x is clean$1 plac$ on a fre% cork t is cov]$ ) a s(t l95 rag1 & poli%$ ) a fre% buff /ick 7or "o t has already be5 us$ = a simil> purpose7 & an abundant supply ( r\ge or ev5 f9e rott5/one & oil may be us$4 ,! buff/ick receives a semicircul> movem5t 9 all directions 9 ord] n to ne$lessly r\nd ! corn]s1 ! edges ( ! tee? & ! cross+s4 ,x is !n wa%$ 9 w>m wat]1 ba!d 9 alcohol & dri$ ) a f9e l95 rag4 #ahe4 ,?ird process4 ,aft] smoo?+ ) a v s(t /one1 rub x ) a piece ( ! root ( boxwood cut across ! fibre1 on :i* is a lay] ( ! foll[+ composition3 ,two-?irds rott5/one mix$ ) "o-?ird ca/ile soap1 work$ into a pa/e ) a few drops ( wat] s t1 al?\gh n a liquid1 x c be spread out at w4 ,make ! :eel move backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! f+]s :ile re/+ on a smoo?1 good cork1 )\t a l95 rag1 &1 z ! op]ation ne>s its completion1 a semicircul> motion %\ld be giv5 to ! wood4 ,wa% ) soap1 boil 9 alcohol & dry4 ,! :eel c be burni%$ on a cork )\t any l95 rag & ! 7curv$7 burni%] %\ld be mov$ ) %ort circul> /rokes f ! c5t] t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 gradually work+ up t[>ds to ! extremity ( ! burni%]2 ! same portion ( ! burni%] %\ld n pass twice ov] ! :eel 7see also article #aff74 ,= common "w1 fairly satisfactory results may be obta9$ by us+ ,fr5* *alk & a piece ( h>d wood4 ,clock :eels are poli%$ ) a piece ( felt & rott5/one4 ,!y are subsequ5tly soap$1 wa%$ & dri$ 9 sawdu/4 7#aea7 #ahf4 ,to poli% lev] escape-:eel tee?4 ,! ,lanca%ire escape-:eel mak]s employ a triangul> frame c>ry+ at its corn]s1 7#a7 a cutt] to slit ! tee?1 7#b7 a cutt] to %ape !m1 & 7#c7 a revolv+ piece ( h>d lea!r ( a section correspond+ to ! =m ( ! space4 ,?is latt] is *>g$ ) ! f9e/ gloss+ /uff1 us$ dry1 & ! sides ( ! tee? ( six :eels at a "t are poli%$ by revolv+ ! disc 9 ea* ( ! spaces 9 turn4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ! op]ation is complet$ be=e ! :eels are remov$ f ! cutt+ eng9e4 #ahg4 ,to poli% s9ks or oil-cups4 ,a piece ( pegwood1 r\nd$ at ! end1 is us$ = ?is purpose1 rotat+ x 9 a la!2 ! wat* plate or cock %\ld be incl9$ 9 v>y+ directions to ! /ick 9 ord] to remove scrat*es4 ,if a v high poli% is requir$ x may be giv5 by foll[+ ) a /ick1 ! end ( :i* is cov]$ ) wa%-lea!r *>g$ ) r\ge4 ,,to ,,poli% ,,/eel4 #ahh4 ,! poli%+ mu/ always be prec$$ by a v ?or\gh smoo?+1 ei!r ) oil/one du/1 f9e em]y1 or co>se r\ge4 ,if any l9es are left to be eras$ by means ( f9e r\ge1 ! op]ation becomes t$i\s & is r>ely successful4 ,! oil/one du/ is appli$ on an iron or copp] poli%]4 ,:5 x is desir$ to pres]ve ! angles %>p1 at a %\ld] = example1 ! poli%] %\ld be ( /eel4 ,:5 us+ diamant9e an iron poli%]1 drawn out & flatt5$ ) a hamm]1 answ]s v well4 ,) f9e r\ge1 a bronze or bell-metal poli%] is pref]able = %\ld]s2 &1 = flat surfaces1 discs or l>ge z9c or t9 poli%]s1 al?\gh glass is pref]able to ei!r ( ^!4 ,aft] ea* op]ation ) oil/one du/1 co>se r\ge1 etc41 ! poli%]1 cork1 etc41 mu/ be *ang$1 & ! object %\ld be well clean$--pref]ably by soap+2 p]fect cleanl9ess is ess5tial to success4 ,f9e r\ge or diamant9e %\ld be made into a ?ick pa/e ) oil2 a little is !n tak5 on ! poli%] or glass & work$ until q dry4 ,z ! object is ?us n sme>$ ov]1 a black poli% is m readily obta9$1 & ! process gets on bett] if ! surface is clean$ f "t to "t4 #ahi4 ,to get a good black poli%4 ,z j po9t$ out1 ?is is ma9ly secur$ by us+ v little poli%+ mat]ial at once1 9 a v little liquid on ei!r1 ! poli%] or glass plate & dry+ up quickly4 ,if ! surface does n prove satisfactory at fir/1 x w (t5 be f\nd t a f9al rapid & light application ( dry diamant9e or r\ge on a piece ( glass or pi? w produce a brilliant black poli%4 ,if op]at+ on an axis or /aff1 poli% z well z possible1 fir/ eras+ ! m>ks ( ! grav] or file1 & !n1 hold ! f]rule betwe5 ! f+]s1 rotate x ) "o h& & ) ! o!r rub ! axis l5g?wise ) a pegwood /ick *>g$ ) r\ge or diamant9e4 ,a rod w %[ a black poli% if x be rubb$ l5g?wise ) em]y pap] ( gradually increas+ f95ess1 oil be+ appli$ ) ! f9e/ quality4 ,to poli% flat surfaces4 ,place ! object on a s\nd piece ( cork cov]$ ) a clean rag & rub )1 a long /rip ( gr\nd glass4 ,to poli% a squ>e %\ld]4 ,fix a rod 9 place ( ! ,t-re/ ( ! turns1 & set x 9 su* a position t ! poli%] re/s on ?is v]tical rod :5 ly+ flat aga9/ ! %\ld]4 ,ano!r & bett] me?od consi/s 9 cem5t+ or o!rwise fix+ 9 ! plane ( ! %\ld] a brass disc ( su* dim5sions t ! poli%] is con/ra9$ to rema9 flat4 ,obs]vations4 ,! corn] ( ! poli%] t is us$ = poli%+ a %\ld] %\ld be nei!r "r-angl$ nor too acute4 ,9 ! fir/ case x w\ld r\nd (f ! %\ld]1 & 9 ! second x w\ld become soon di/ort$ & leave dull radial m>ks on ! surface4 ,diamant9e %\ld n be us$ = poli%+ ! act+ surfaces ( pivots1 ! pallets ( escapem5ts1 etc41 s9ce ?is mat]ial1 z well z em]y1 is liable to leave p>ticles emb$d$ 9 ! /eel :i* occasion rapid we>4 ,,cem5t1 ,,wax1 ,,res91 ,,etc4 #aij4 ,! pr9cipal uses to :i* ! wat*mak] applies cem5t is = fix+ objects 9 ! la!1 pallet-/ones 9 position1 z well z lock+ & unlock+ pallets1 ruby-p9s1 etc4 ,! selection ( a cem5t or wax is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 f9e seal+-wax causes objects to adh]e firmly toge!r1 b _m ( ! be/ workm5 pref] ref9$ %ellac4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( wax are too dry1 ! consequ5ce be+ t a false /roke ( ! grav] w (t5 deta* ! piece2 o!rs are ?ick & s(t1 & are apt to heat rapidly "u ! action ( ! burni%] or poli%]1 s t ! object is displac$4 ,x is only by mak+ a s]ies ( trials t ! effici5cy ( ! mat]ial c be asc]ta9$4 ,"s work]s claim t a mixture ( seal+-wax & %ellac gives good results4 #aia4 ,mode ( apply+ cem5ts4 ,:5 employ+ wax1 res91 cem5t1 etc41 = unit+ two objects1 x is important to note t ! mode 9 :i* x is appli$ has an important influ5ce on its effici5cy4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations on ?is po9t are due to ,m4 ,sibon1 & ! read] w be able to select ^? portions t h ref]5ce to 8 "w4 ,:5 two objects are unit$ by a cem5t1 ?is w lose mu* ( its value if unskillfully appli$1 &1 9 ord] to use x to ! be/ advantage1 ! foll[+ practical rules %\ld be obs]v$4 #a4 ,! surfaces to be unit$ mu/ be q clean4 #b4 ,! less cem5t1 wax1 etc41 t is int]pos$ betwe5 !m1 ! bett] !y w adh]e4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t ) a ?ick lay] ! object has1 at ! junction1 no m rigidity ?an t ( ! cem5t itself2 z a rule ?is m fragile ?an ! mat]ial x is employ$ to unite4 #c4 ,!re %\ld be p]fect contact betwe5 ! cem5t & ! surfaces4 ,) a view to secur+ ?is1 ! object mu/ be fir/ heat$ to a po9t su* t ! wax or cem5t _c solidify )\t hav+ fir/ _h "t to effect a p]fect union4 ,?is rem>k is especially applicable :5 us+ seal+-wax1 mixtures ( res91 %ellac1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,!y w n adh]e firmly unless ! surfaces h be5 heat$ v ne>ly to ! po9t ( fusion ( ! cem5t4 ,! seal+ ( lett]s (f]s an example 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion4 ,:5 ! seal has be5 us$ sev]al times 9 succession or be5 left too long on ! wax s z to become hot1 x w adh]e & cause "s inconv5i5ce if fur!r employ$4 ,) hot melt$ glue1 adhesion is be/ secur$ by friction or a mod]ate pressure4 ,seal+-wax is excell5t = unit+ metal to glass or /one1 provid+ !y are suffici5tly heat$ to melt x2 =1 if appli$ to cool surfaces1 x w n adh]e at all4 ,by heat+ two pieces ( glass or /onew>e suffici5tly to melt %ellac1 a small quantity w suffice to make !m adh]e firmly toge!r2 not)/&+ t e "o has se5 su* jo9ts1 v few succe$ 9 mak+ !m1 = ! simple reason t !y d n recognize ! necessity ( heat+ a delicate piece ( glass or *9a to ! po9t :i* is ess5tial = secur+ a good result4 ,9 conclusion1 ! pr9cipal ob/acles to adhesion are air & dirt4 ,! fir/ is always pres5t2 ! second is due to accid5t or c>elessness4 ,all surfaces are cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( air t is v difficult to remove2 its influ5ce prev5ts highly poli%$ metal f be+ moi/5$ :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,s long z ?is lay] ( air is n displac$1 ! cem5t _c adh]e to ! surface to :i* x is appli$1 because x _c come into direct contact4 ,! mo/ effective ag5t = displac+ ?is air is heat4 ,metals heat$ to ab\t #ge ,c4 7#agj ,f47 are imm$iately moi/5$ on be+ plung$ into wat]1 h5ce x foll[s t1 z reg>ds cem5ts t are appli$ 9 a fus$ /ate1 heat is ! be/ means ( br++ !m into intimate contact ) ! surface4 ,we w\ld add t1 9 addition to possess+ ?is advantage1 ! application ( heat also r5d]s ! surfaces m p5etrable to ! lay] ( cem5t1 aft] ! mann] ( sold]+1 & makes ! int]lock+ ( ! molecules m p]fect2 ?is expla9s ! great] degree ( t5acity ( a well made jo9t ) only a ?9 lay] ( cem5t4 #aib4 ,to set 9 wax 9 ! la!4 ,trace a s]ies ( conc5tric circles on ! face ( ! *uck ) a grav] po9t1 aft] turn+ x true3 ?is w increase ! adhesion ( ! cem5t4 ,!n ! flame ( ! _s lamp is held "u ! rotat+ *uck &1 :5 ?is is hot en\gh1 its surface is cov]$ ) a lay] ( %ellac or seal+-wax1 & ! object is held aga9/ x4 ,hold+ x 9 position ) a piece ( pegwood support$ on ! ,t-re/1 ! lamp is remov$ & ! la! kept rotat+ until ! cem5t sets4 ,! cool+ c be ha/5$ by apply+ a small moi/ sponge1 b x %\ld n set too sudd5ly4 ,if ! object requires to be v exactly c5t]$1 its position mu/ be insur$ :ile ! cem5t is /ill s(t by means ( a long pegwood /ick 9 its c5tral hole4 ,?is /ick is held 9 position until ! cem5t sets1 /eady+ x betwe5 two f+]s close up to ! *uck4 ,! slighte/ ecc5tricity w be indicat$ by a motion ( ! free end ( ! /ick4 ,if ! object is r\nd1 & has no c5tral hole1 x mu/ be c5t]$ by its circumf]5ce1 hold+ ! pegwood 9 front1 or re/+ aga9/ a corn] ( a circul> elevation or depression1 z1 = example1 ! collet ( a :eel1 or ( a cyl9d] rivet$ to its balance1 etc4 ,! beg9n] %\ld make a numb] ( trials2 !y w enable him bo? to acquire lightness ( t\*1 & to recognize ! prop] degree ( s(tness ( ! cem5t = c5t]+1 z well z its t5acity4 ,:5 x is ess5tial t ! two faces ( ! object be /rictly p>allel1 a precaution is necess>y2 ?is consi/s 9 leav+ on ! face ( ! *uck a slightly project+ circul> rim ) a f9e smoo? edge1 & ( a diamet] r less ?an t ( ! object4 ,by mov+ ?is latt] backw>ds & =w>ds aft] apply+ x to ! wax1 & press+ x into close contact :ile cool+1 ! requisite p>allelism w be secur$4 #aic4 ,to fix a pallet-/one1 etc41 9 position4 ,to fix a pallet-/one or an end-/one by means ( %ellac x is usual to place a small piece ( ! latt] r\nd ! /one :5 9 position & apply heat4 ,b v (t5 ! lac spreads unev5ly or swells up2 & ?is1 9 addition to be+ unsightly1 is apt to displace ! /one4 ,! inconv5i5ce c be avoid$ z foll[s3 ,! pallets are held 9 long slid+ tongs1 &1 tak+ a piece ( %ellac1 heat x & roll x into a cyl9d] betwe5 ! f+]s2 aga9 heat ! extremity & draw x out into a f9e ?read4 ,?is ?read w break (f1 leav+ a po9t at ! end ( ! lac4 ,n[ heat ! tongs at a little di/ance f ! pallets1 te/+ ! degree ( heat by t\*+ ! tongs ) ! %ellac4 ,:5 x melts easily1 lightly t\* ! two sides ( ! not* ) x2 a v ?9 lay] c ?us be spread ov] !m1 & ! pallet-/one c !n be plac$ 9 position & held until cold en\gh4 ,! tongs w n lose ! heat sudd5ly1 s t ! /one c easily be rais$ or l[]$ z requir$4 ,! project+ p>ticles ( cem5t c be remov$ by a brass wire1 fil$ to an angle & =m+ a scrap]4 ,to fix an end-/one1 ! cap mu/ be held by its edge 9 ! slid+ tongs1 & %ellac c>efully appli$ ar\nd ! edge ( ! holl[4 ,x is advisable to hold ! cap 9 a small tool =m$ ( two p>allel blades1 z :5 rev]s$ s z to press ! /one on a flat surface1 ! %ellac w spread ov] ! end-/one1 f :i* x w be remov$ ) difficulty4 ,,enamel4 #aid4 ,?is "n is appli$ to an opaque glass1 ) :i* v>i\s metallic comp\nds1 su* z oxide ( t91 phosphate ( lime1 borax1 etc41 h be5 incorporat$ by fusion4 ,! color1 ( c\rse1 v>ies ) ! sub/ance s add$4 ,willis recomm5ds ! foll[+ z a good :ite enamel = dials3 silv] s&1 #ad p>ts2 borax1 #aj p>ts2 r$ lead1 #ah p>ts2 nit]1 #b p>ts2 oxide ( t91 #ab p>ts2 fl9t glass1 f\r p>ts2 & b9oxide ( manganese1 #a-ej? ( a "p4 ,b a good deal ( c>e is requisite1 bo? 9 select+ ! mat]ials & prep>+ ! enamel1 9 ord] to insure a pure color ( any desir$ %ade2 x is1 !re=e1 (t5 desirable to pur*ase ! enamel ready prep>$4 ,9 apply+ enamel1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! relative dilatation ( ! metal to :i* x is appli$1 ! two be+ s comb9$ z to exp& & contract toge!r2 o!rwise !re is dang] ( ! enamel crack+1 ei!r at once or %ortly aft] x has set4 ,enamel may be appli$ to gold or copp]4 ,associat$ ) ! latt]1 x =ms ! ord9>y dials ( wat*es & timepieces1 &1 ) ! =m]1 x s]ves = mak+ enamel$ gold dials or cases4 ,! gold %\ld be ( #bb c>at1 ! #b c>ats ( alloy consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( silv] & copp]4 ,if ! gold is ( a high] /&>d1 x w n adh]e s well1 &1 if l[]1 !re w be a fur!r dang] ( melt+ ! metal be=e ! enamel is fus$4 ,silv] is apt to cockle on ! application ( heat1 & enamel appli$ to x pres5ts a bubbly appe>ance4 #aie4 ,application ( enamel 9 ! cold4 ,we are indebt$ = ! foll[+ p>ticul>s to ,m4 ,f\rni]1 ( ,dieppe1 a well-kn[n enamel mak]3 ,!re are two k9ds ( false enamel = application1 :5 cold1 to damag$ dials4 ,! fir/1 a mixture ( :ite res9 & :ite lead1 melts l seal+-wax1 :i* x closely resembles4 ,x is advisable1 :5 ab\t to apply x1 to g5tly heat ! dial & ! blade ( a knife1 &1 ) ?is1 to cut a piece ( enamel ( ! requisite size & lay x on ! dial4 ,! new enamel mu/ project some:at above ! old4 ,:5 cold1 ! surface is levell$ by scrap+1 & a %9+ surface is at once produc$ by hold+ at a little di/ance f ! flame ( a _s lamp4 ,x is necess>y to be v c>eful 9 conduct+ ?is op]ation1 z ! lea/ excess ( heat w burn ! enamel & turn x yell[2 x is1 h[ev]1 pref]able to ! foll[+1 al?\gh m difficult to apply1 z x is h>d] & does n become dirty s soon4 ,! second false enamel conta9s :ite lead mix$ ) melt$ :ite wax4 ,x is appli$ l a cem5t1 neatly fill+ up ! space1 & aft]w>ds rubb+ ) tissue pap] to produce a %9+ surface2 if rubb$ ) a knife blade or o!r /eel implem5t its surface w be discolor$4 ,,preci\s ,,/ones4 #aif4 ,! pr9cipal preci\s /ones us$ 9 wat*es1 *ronomet]s & regulator clocks1 9 _! ord] ( h>dness1 are3 diamond1 ruby1 sapphire1 *rysolite4 ,a wat*mak]1 al?\gh he may n h _h any previ\s exp]i5ce ( jewels1 c easily asc]ta9 _! relative h>dness by rubb+ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! s(t] w be scrat*$ by ^? t are h>d]1 & ! /one t c be m>k$ by a file may be ?r[n aside z useless4 #aig4 ,diamond4 ,we %all make a v brief ref]5ce to ?is /one1 z x is n us$ except = ! end-/ones = balances = *ronomet]s & high-class wat*es4 ,spl9t]s ( diamond are employ$ = drill+ mat]ials ( a less degree ( h>dness1 & fragm5ts fix$ at ! end ( a rod are us$ = turn+ v h>d /eel2 diamond du/ is ! pr9cipal mat]ial us$ = work+ preci\s /ones1 poli%+1 etc4 7see articles #afe & #afi74 #aih4 ,ruby4 ,?is jewel1 ( a ri*1 velvetty1 r$ color1 exi/s 9 ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties3 ori5tal1 sp9el & balas rubies1 :i* diff] z reg>ds _! *emical composition4 ,f a jewel]'s po9t ( view1 ! value ( a ruby is enhanc$ by its ri* color & transp>5cy2 b ?is is n ! case 9 reg>d to its application 9 horology1 = :i* h>dness & capability ( tak+ a high poli% are ma9ly necess>y4 ,! specific gravity ( ! ?ree v>ieties is3 ori5tal1 #d4b2 sp9el1 #c4g2 balas1 #c4f4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! be/1 s9ce x is ! h>de/1 bo? tak+ a bett] poli% 9 ! fir/ in/ance & reta9+ x = a long] p]iod4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! o!r v>ieties1 its specific gravity is great] & x possesses a bright] color1 b w (t5 be f\nd to be less transp>5t4 ,sp9el & balas rubies are frequ5tly met ) t are v beautiful to ! eye1 b _! h>dness is inf]ior to t ( ! sapphire & ev5 ( ! *rysolite4 ,!y mu/ be c>efully exclud$ f all good "w1 =1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! inf]ior h>dness or ! mode 9 :i* ! oxide ( iron1 magnesia1 etc41 is comb9$1 or ( o!r causes1 oil rapidly det]iorates 9 contact ) !m1 & ! mov+ p>ts1 especially if !y are ( /eel1 soon %[ signs ( we>4 ,! rubies !mselves also suff]1 & x is by no means uncommon1 especially 9 ! case ( ! duplex escapem5t1 to meet ) su* jewels q r\gh & ev5 pitt$ on _! act+ surfaces4 #aii4 ,false ruby4 ,9 a c]ta9 class ( wat*es1 a v>iety ( /ones pass = rubies t are kn[n to jewel]s z rubicelle1 rubace1 rock ruby1 ,brazil1 ,sib]ian or ,bohemian ruby1 rose ruby1 etc41 ! h>dness ( :i* is ev5 less ?an t ( rock cry/al4 ,pivot-holes made ( ^! imitations ( ! real ruby are wor? less ?an pla9 brass sett+s4 #bjj4 ,sapphire4 ,! color ( ?is /one1 sometimes ev5 milky1 passes ?r\gh all ! %ades ( blue4 ,l ! ruby1 !re are sev]al v>ieties t diff] appreciably 9 reg>d to h>dness4 ,! h>dness ( ori5tal sapphire is equal to t ( ori5tal ruby2 bo? consi/ ( ne>ly pure alum9a1 color$ by a little oxide ( iron2 _! *emical composition ?us be+ ! same1 !y only diff] 9 reg>d to color4 ,x is1 !n1 a great mi/ake on ! "p ( wat*mak]s to pref] sp9el or balas rubies 9 place ( ori5tal sapphires4 ,! sapphire is m brittle ?an ! ruby4 ,! o!r k9ds ( sapphire1 su* z wat] sapphires1 are n true sapphires2 !y are s(t & %\ld nev] be us$ 9 horology4 ,! d5sity ( ! ori5tal sapphire is ab\t #d4ja1 :]eas t ( o!r k9ds is only #b4eh4 #bja4 ,*rysolite4 ,"u ?is "n lapid>ies include a v>iety ( /ones ( yell[-gre51 apple-gre5 ) %ades ( yell[1 & o!r colors4 ,t kn[n z ori5tal *rysolite1 :i* is ! same z ! ori5tal topaz1 has a beautiful pale yell[ color ) %ades ( apple-gre52 x is ! mo/ highly e/eem$4 ,?is /one has a suffici5tly high degree ( h>dness = use 9 wat*mak+1 z x w scrat* rock cry/al4 ,its d5sity v>ies f #c4gc to #c4jj4 ,! o!r v>ieties1 ord9>y *rysolites1 come v l[ 9 ! scale ( h>dness4 ,!y c be scrat*$ by qu>tz1 rock cry/al & ev5 by ! file1 & are ?us ( no use = wat*es4 #bjb4 ,agate1 ,c>nelian1 ,topaz4 ,only ! v>ieties ( ! /ones already consid]$ t are t]m$ ori5tal c be us$ = ! pivot-holes or ! pallets ( a/ronomical regulators1 b = ! escapem5ts ( ! ord9>y timepieces ( comm]ce1 su*1 = example1 z ! pallets ( ,brocot escapem5ts1 ! topaz1 agate or c>nelian may be us$4 ,:5 ( ! h>de/ k9d1 & capable ( receiv+ a high poli%1 !y w v effici5tly resi/ ! friction ( brass tee?4 ,z to ! s(t] k9ds1 !y are inf]ior to h>d5$ poli%$ /eel = pallets4 ,,work+ ,,9 ,,preci\s ,,/ones4 #bjc4 ,! me?ods adopt$ = work+ 9 ! preci\s /ones are 9 great p>ts kept secret by ^? :o practise !m2 x is1 h[ev]1 well kn[n to wat*mak]s t jewels are usually work$ & poli%$ ) p[d]$ diamond1 & ! foll[+ details w af=d all ! in=mation necess>y to enable ! read] to make a jewel ( any requir$ =m4 ,:]e n o!rwise /at$1 ! in=mation is tak5 f a "w publi%$ by ,n4 ,dumonti]4#e #bjd4 ,tools = work+ jewels4 ,^! are all ( simple con/ruction1 & c be made by any wat*mak] if1 inde$1 he has n !m already to h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 7#a47 ,a small la! arrang$ to receive *ucks1 fix$ to ! b5* or 9 a vise1 & driv5 by a foot-:eel4 ,its =m resembles t %[n 9 fig4 #dg4 7#b47 ,two circul> laps ( copp] & "o ( t9 ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet] & ? in* ?ick2 ^! pres5t a flat face = gr9d+1 smoo?+ & poli%+ ! /ones1 & are adapt$ to ! nose ( ! la!4 7#c47 ,a small b>rel 7t also screws into ! nose ( ! la!7 ) six brass cov]s1 p]=at$ at ! c5t]1 on :i* to cem5t ! jewel-holes1 :5 enl>g+1 smoo?+ & poli%+ _! holes4 7#d47 ,a flat /eel circul> cutt] half an in* 9 diamet]1 = slitt+ /ones4 ,also two simil> discs1 "o ( copp] & ! o!r ( t91 ( ! same size1 & hav+ %>p edges1 are occasionally useful4 7#e47 ,two small laps1 "o ( copp] & "o ( t91 to smoo? & poli% cyl9drical /ones4 ,^! laps are m\nt$ 9 place ( ! ,t-re/1 or 9 ! slide-re/1 9 su* a mann] t !y c be rotat$ 9 a horizontal plane by a b[1 9 a mann] suffici5tly indicat$ by fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 7#f47 ,two *ucks adapt$ to ! la!1 on :i* to cem5t ! jewels = drill+1 turn+ & poli%+4 7#g47 ,a numb] ( small broa*es1 sp9dles ) concave & convex ends1 etc41 = smoo?+ & poli%+ jewel-holes1 convex & concave surfaces4 ,!re may also be add$ a small /eel plug mort> = p[d]+ ! diamond 7#afi71 & a flat /eel plate ) a block = work+ up ! p[d]4 #bje4 ,selection ( ,/ones4 ,?is is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,by ! aid ( a p[]ful l5s1 or a microscope1 asc]ta9 t !y conta9 no cracks1 air cavities or black specks2 avoid /ones t are milky1 pref]r+ su* z are m>bl$1 & 9 :i* ! directions ( cry/alization seem to cross "o ano!r1 z !y are ! h>de/4 ,! h>dness may be te/$ by try+ !m "o aga9/ ! o!r 7#abb71 b an exp]i5c$ workman ne$s only to note ! am\nt ( resi/ance x (f]s to ! op]ation ( cutt+ on ! lap4 ,! d5sity also af=ds a valuable means ( det]m9+ ! nature ( /ones4 7,see above notes on ! sev]al k9ds47 #bjf4 ,to f9d ! axis ( cry/allization ( a /one4 ,x is well kn[n t jewels diff] f glass1 9 t !y =m cry/als ( c]ta9 def9ite =ms2 !y are !re=e t]m$ 8cry/all9e10 :]eas glass is 8vitre\s40 ,if a jewel-hole is drill$ 9 any direction o!r ?an ! axis r\nd :i* ! cry/al may be assum$ to h be5 =m$1 !re w be difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 ! drill+ & poli%+2 ! edges ( ! hole w become r\gh dur+ ! act ( r\nd+ !m (f1 & ! h>dness w appe> to be irregul>4 ,?is po9t seems1 h[ev]1 to be ignor$ by ! majority ( jewel-hole mak]s1 al?\gh ! det]m9ation ( ! mo/ suitable direction pres5ts no difficulty4 ,obta91 f any optician1 two t\rmal9e plates cut p>allel to _! axis ( cry/allization & ) _! faces poli%$4 ,m\nt !m 9 a light frame1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 s t ea* c rotate indep5d5tly ( ! o!r r\nd ! axis ?r\gh _! c5t]s2 x is conv5i5t if a light spr+ t5ds to br+ ! plates toge!r s t a /one c be held :5 plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,or su* an arrangem5t c be b\ght ready made at mo/ opticians3 x is kn[n z a t\rmal9e pol>iscope4 ,if ?is in/rum5t be held up betwe5 ! eye & a light1 & "o plate be rotat$ :ile ! o!r rema9s /ation>y1 x w be se5 t ! light becomes gradually great] or less accord+ to ! direction ( rotation2 & fur!r1 if ! plates be good ones1 a po9t w exi/ at :i* !re is ne>ly total d>kness4 ,to exam9e a /one1 cut & poli% on x two p>allel faces approximately at "r angles to ! axis ( cry/allization2 ?is c g5]ally be r\ghly guess$ at by inspection4 ,place x betwe5 ! plates 7:5 set at _! d>ke/ position71 & n only w ! light be 9 "p re/or$ b beautiful color$ r+s w be =m$4 ,if !y are circul>1 ! faces ( ! /one are at "r angles to its axis2 if n1 incl9e x till ! r+s become s1 & ! axis w !n co9cide ) t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,9 case ! r+s are n obs]v$ at all1 ! /one mu/ aga9 be cut at "r angles to ! orig9al direction1 & ! exp]im5t repeat$4 ,if !y /ill d n appe>1 ! /one is unsuitable = drill+1 b may be us$ = pallets1 lock+-/ones1 ruby-p9s1 etc4 ,! /ones to be exam9$ 9 ?is mann] mu/ be l>g] ?an ^? commonly met )1 & if cyl9drical rubies c be obta9$ !y are to be pref]r$1 z x is !n only necess>y to slice !m across _! axis4 ,x %\ld p]haps be obs]v$ t ^! precautions c only be tak5 9 mak+ jewel-holes = ! high] class ( clocks1 *ronomet]s & wat*es4 ,! *eap] class mu/ ( necessity be cut 9 su* a mann] z _! figure may sugge/4 #bjg4 ,mak+ jewel-holes4 ,hav+ select$ #bj or #cj /ones ( ab\t ! same height1 cem5t !m to a smoo? brass or copp]-plate1 heat$ to melt ! cem5t4 ,hold ?is plate 9 contact ) a revolv+ copp] lap 9 :i* ! co>s] quality ( diamond p[d] 7#afi7 has be5 emb$d$ by means ( a h>d /eel block2 ! lap is moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,:5 "o side ( ! /ones is true1 s(t5 ! cem5t &1 aft] wa%+1 place !m 9 a vessel conta9+ spirits ( w9e heat$ by a lamp4 ,aft] do+ ! same to ! plate1 aga9 cem5t ! /ones to x ) ! tru$ sides d[nw>ds1 & gr9d ! o!r faces until ! desir$ ?ickness is arriv$ at4 ,clean ! /ones & smoo? !m on ! brass lap *>g$ 9 a simil> mann] ) a f9] quality ( p[d]4 ,! /ones are n[ ready = drill+4 ,?is may be done ) diamond p[d]1 or ) ! diamond drill1 bo? ( :i* me?ods w be expla9$4 #bjh4 ,to drill ) p[d]4 ,9 drill+ ) p[d]1 ! /one is fix$ ) seal+-wax or %ellac on a c>ri] t is adapt$ to ! tool-hold] ( ! slide-re/1 ?is c>ri] be+ provid$ ) a v]tical slide1 s t by ! screws 9 ?ree directions ! /one c be accurately c5t]$2 x is1 moreov]1 s arrang$ t ! /one c be advanc$ to or f ! drill by press+ ) ! f+] axially4 ,drill a small hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! *uck &1 aft] fix+ a piece ( /eel 9 x t has be5 h>d5$ & temp]$ to a greyi% color1 turn a po9t on x ab\t twice ! l5g? ( a pivot1 to s]ve z a drill4 ,?is po9t mu/ be slightly ?9n$ backw>ds to prev5t x f *ok+ 9 ! hole & its end %\ld be flat1 s z to reta9 ! p[d]4 ,:5 ! /one is exactly c5t]$1 place ,no4 #b diamond p[d] on ! end ( ! drill1 & press ! /one g5tly aga9/ x1 con/antly releas+ x f ! drill = an in/ant at a "t4 ,! hole w be p]=at$ 9 f #h to #ae m9utes1 accord+ to its dep?1 dur+ :i* int]val ! p[d] %\ld be r5ew$ two or ?ree times4 ,remove ! /one & fix x on ! b>rel-*uck cov] s z to turn true 9 ! la!2 !n turn out ! oil-cup ) a diamond grav] ( suitable =m4 ,see aga9 t ! /one is c5tral1 & re-c5t] x if ?is be f\nd necess>y4 ,?is is done ) ! smoo? conical end ( a s(t r\nd broa*1 or a pegwood1 a lamp be+ held "u ! *uck at ! same "t4 #bji4 ,to use ! diamond drill4 ,hav+ c5t]$ ! /one on ! *uck1 z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 set x 9 rotation & br+ a %>p-po9t$ diamond grav] aga9/ its c5t]1 press+ lightly & re/+ ! h&le on ! ,t-re/2 a m9ute c5tral m>k is ?us made 9 ! /one = ma9ta9+ ! drill axial4 ,select+ a diamond drill ( conv5i5t diamet]1 moi/5 x 9 ! m\? & pres5t x to ! m>k1 apply+ a g5tle pressure1 ! am\nt ( :i* c only be asc]ta9$ by practice4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t a numb] ( /ones %\ld1 if possible1 be drill$ at ! same "t1 = ! h& is apt to lose ! requisite knack1 if only "o or two are p]=at$ at a "t4 #baj4 ,smoo?+ & ,poli%+4 ,:5 ! hole is made ?r\gh1 remove ! /one & inv]t x on ! *uck4 ,! diamet] be+ less ?an t ultimately requir$1 pass a brass broa* *>g$ ) ,no4 #c p[d] ?r\gh ! hole1 giv+ x a g5tle axial motion :ile ! /one revolves1 & tak+ c>e to avoid pu%+ x s f> =w>d z to lock 9 ! /one1 & hold+ x v lightly betwe5 f+] & ?umb4 ,:5 suffici5tly smoo?1 clean ) rott5 wood or s(t bread1 & treat x 9 a simil> mann] ) a copp] broa* & ,no4 #d p[d]4 ,!n aga9 clean & use a t9 broa* & p[d] ,no4 #e4 ,next1 tak+ a small bone cone1 smoo? ! angles ( ! holes2 !n use a copp] wire ) r\nd$ end = smoo?+ ! oil-cup 7) p[d] ,no4 #c72 foll[ z expla9$ = ! hole ) ! f9] degrees4 ,us+ a f9ely po9t$ pegwood t passes ?r\gh ! hole1 m>ry or r\nd (f ! int]nal angle betwe5 ! hole & oil-cup 7! p[d] t rema9s 9 ! hole be+ suffici5t = ?is purpose7 & d ! same to ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! cup ) a copp] sp9dle ( some:at l>g] diamet]4 ,r\nd (f ext]nal angles ) a diamond grav] foll[$ by a copp] poli%]1 ! end ( :i* is cup-%ap$4 ,! flat face ( ! /one is poli%$ ) a small copp] disc & ,no4 #d p[d]1 press+ x lightly ) ! f+] at ! same "t t a circul> movem5t is giv5 to x2 f9i% ) ,no4 #e p[d]4 ,or ! /one may be deta*$ & ! flat face poli%$ by work+ on a gr\nd glass plate1 a pegwood po9t be+ pass$ into ! hole to =m a h&le4 ,re-set ! /one1 inv]t+ x1 on ! *uck1 c5t]+ x4 ,! o!r side is !n poli%$ 9 ! same mann]1 us+ su* tools z its =m may require4 ,hav+ ?us complet$ ! /one1 exam9e x c>efully ) a p[]ful glass to asc]ta9 t ! hole is highly poli%$ & ! angles r\nd$ (f1 etc4 ,x is !n ready = sett+4 #baa4 ,sett+ ,jewel-holes4 ,:e!r x be a plate1 cock or bu%+ 9 :i* ! /one is to be set1 ! piece mu/ always be cem5t$ to a *uck & ! hole accurately c5t]$4 ,turn x out to a dep? correspond+ to ! ?ickness ( /one1 & make a circul> groove r\nd ! hole ?us made ) a r\nd-po9t$ grav]1 only leav+ a v ?9 fillet ( metal on ! inside4 ,! /one %\ld fit easily 9 ! hole1 b )\t play1 & %\ld pass 9 to su* a dep? t its surface is slightly bel[ t ( ! plate1 etc41 :5 !re is an end-/one2 9 o!r cases x mu/1 ( c\rse1 (t5 dep5d on ! end-%ake to be obta9$4 ,at ! same "t x appe>s desirable t x always %\ld be slightly bel[4 ,clean out ! sett+ & place a small quantity ( oil 9 x to prev5t ! /one f fly+ out :5 made to rotate2 or x may be r5d]$ /ill m safe by a po9t$ pegwood held 9 ! h&4 ,! /one is fix$ 9 position ) a small conical burni%] 7z1 = example1 ! po9t ( a r\nd broa*7 v c>efully poli%$1 s z to avoid all abrad+ action2 if an excess ( metal is =c$ ov] ! surface ( ! /one1 x is remov$ ) a grav]4 ,! surface ( ! brass is f9ally smoo!d ) pi? or pegwood1 & tripoli 9 oil1 foll[$ ) poli%+ r\ge 9 spirits ( w9e4 ,engli% jewel-sett]s (t5 d n turn ! groove1 b leave a project+ edge r\nd ! hole1 :i* is press$ on to ! /one ) a burni%]4 #bab4 ,to ,make ,end-/ones4 ,! details already giv5 w enable any intellig5t workman to make end-/ones4 ,if "o ( diamond 9 a brass or /eel sett+ is requir$1 take a small rose-cut /one1 turn out a hole 9 ! *uck to receive x1 &1 aft] cem5t+ 9 position1 turn (f ! corn]s ) a diamond grav] s z to be able to set x4 ,= mak+ end-/ones ( ruby1 sapphire or *rysolite1 flatt5 a face1 us+ ! laps ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c 9 succession1 or a plate ( gr\nd glass4 ,!n cem5t ) ! flat face t[>ds ! *uck1 & turn to ! requisite =m ) a diamond grav]4 ,poli% ) ! cup-end$ brass & copp] sp9dles1 & set1 if requisite1 9 ! same mann] z a jewel-hole4 #bac4 ,to make pallets1 unlock+ pallets1 etc4 ,?is may be done on ! lap1 or by us+ files ( s(t /eel1 copp] & t94 ,9 ! fir/ case ! /ones are r\gh$ out :ile held by ! h&1 & ! requir$ =m is giv5 !m :ile hold+ !m 9 a small c>ri] t fits into ! ,t-re/ support1 b ! =ms ( su* /ones are s v>i\s t no special details c be "h giv54 ,! diamond p[d] ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess is us$1 z 9 mak+ jewel-holes4 #bad4 ,to make semi-cyl9drical lock+ /ones1 ruby-p9s1 etc4 ,! /one mu/ fir/ be made approximately cyl9drical on ! lap ,no4 #a1 s t x may be turn$ ) ! diamond grav]4 ,drill a hole 9 ! *uck1 cem5t ! /one 9 x & turn x 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 true & ( ! requisite l5g? & diamet]1 r\nd (f ! out] end & smoo? ) a cup-end$ sp9dle1 !n poli% ) p[d]s #c & #d successively4 ,r\nd (f ! %>p corn] ) a cup ( r great] curvature4 ,! cyl9drical surface is poli%$ by means ( a small lap c>ri$ on a v]tical sp9dle 9 a frame fix$ 9 ! ,t-re/ support1 & caus$ to rotate rapidly ) a b[1 ! la!-head also revolv+ at ! same "t 7#agi74 ,! lap-c>riage %\ld h a v]tical screw adju/m5t s t x may be br\ght j into contact ) ! /one2 x is suppli$ ) ! sev]al degrees ( p[d] 9 turn4 ,n[ drill a hole 9 ano!r *uck ( ! diamet] ( ?is cyl9d]1 fix x 9 position & f9i% (f ! opposite end4 ,to =m ! flat face along ! axis ( ! /one x is cem5t$ to a support 9 place ( ! ,t-re/ & br\ght aga9/ ! revolv+ lap 9 ! la!2 or ! same result may be atta9$ by us+ a brass file4 #bae4 ,to make a duplex roll]4 ,at ! pres5t day ?is op]ation s r>ely has to be done t only a few words c be devot$ to its consid]ation4 ,v pure rubies mu/ be select$1 & ! hole drill$ z expla9$ 9 #bji2 if ! drill is too %ort x mu/ be introduc$ at opposite ends1 & ! two holes made to meet4 ,aft] smoo?+ ! surface1 ! not* is cut ) ! ?9 /eel cutt] ref]r$ to 9 article #bjd1 ! roll] be+ cem5t$ to a support t replaces ! ,t-re/4 ,:5 ! /eel disc *>g$ ) p[d] ,no4 #d is revolv+ v rapidly1 advance ! roll] "u x by a screw4 ,! not* is poli%$ by a small copp] file ( suitable =m1 & its corn]s r\nd$ (f by a t9 "o ( squ>e section1 "o edge ( :i* ent]s ! not*4 #baf4 ,to m\nt diamond drills & grav]s4 ,drill a hole or file a not* 9 ! end ( a piece ( brass wire to correspond ) ! fragm5t ( diamond2 heat ! end 9 a _s lamp & lay on x a piece ( good seal+-wax or %ellac4 ,:5 ?is comm5ces to melt1 set ! diamond 9 position & leave ! :ole to cool4 ,diamond drills are v commonly m\nt$ at ! end ( a p9 t has _h its po9t fil$ (f2 m>k a po9t on ! end ) a grav] & drill ! hole1 :i* %\ld be v %all[4 ,hold+ ! p9 9 a p9-vise ) its po9t project+ ab\t #a-aj? in*1 heat ! vise 9 a lamp1 & proce$ z above expla9$4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! !oretical d5sity ( an alloy1 on ! assumption t 9 alloy+ ! metals d n contract or exp&1 is obta9$ by divid+ ! p]c5tage proportion ( ea* con/itu5t metal by its d5sity1 add+ ! products s obta9$ toge!r1 & divid+ _! sum into #ajj4 #e ,l'art de travaill] les ,pi]res precieuses a l'usage de l',horlog]ie et de l',optique4 ,p>is4 #ahdc4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,heal? ,,& ,,manipulation4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,heal?4 #bag4 ,"s ( ! foll[+ directions may p]haps be consid]$ to be ov]-m9ute & too re/rictive2 b !y are n s4 ,good habits contract$ 9 y\? are easily ma9ta9$1 &1 :5 ! wat*mak] has tri$ !m long en\gh to conv9ce him ( _! influ5ce on 8 heal?1 he w exp]i5ce no difficulty 9 keep+ !m up4 ,,! ,,sight4 #bah4 ,:5 work+ at any small me*anism1 su* z a wat*1 x is necess>y to use ! glass1 b ?is practice is apt to produce inflammation ( ! conjunctiva or cornea & a weak5+ ( ! eyesight2 a too frequ5t & prolong$ use ( ! glass w h ! same effect z us+ spectacles t are too /rong4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve 8 eyesight1 ! wat*mak] %\ld take ! foll[+ precautions3 ,he %\ld n reta9 ! glass at 8 eye by a contraction ( ! muscles = m ?an a brief int]val ( "t4 ,! glass hold]1 :i* c be at once set 9 any desir$ position1 has !re=e mu* to recomm5d x4 ,drill a few holes 9 ! frame ( ! glass to avoid or at lea/ dim9i% ! inconv5i5ce t arises f ! heat+ ( ! enclos$ air1 z well z f ! deposition ( moi/ure on ! surface ( ! glass4 ,d n use glasses ( too great magnify+ p[]2 !y ne$lessly fatigue ! eye4 ,only use glasses t are truly a*romatic4 ,if compell$ to use ! ord9>y simple glass1 place a r+ ( dead black pap] inside ! frame & aga9/ ! l5s1 :i*1 by dim9i%+ ! field ( view1 w r$uce ! inconv5i5ce due to sph]ical ab]ration4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to advocate ! use ( a gre5 c>dbo>d %ade to ! lamp1 z !y are s g5]ally us$ by wat*mak]s4 ,x %\ld be s arrang$ z to protect ! head & eyes f radiation1 & c>dbo>d is pref]able to metal z x radiates less heat4 ,work+ at night & by artificial light1 m especially by ! dazzl+ light ( gas1 fatigues ! eyes mu* m ?an ) ord9>y daylight1 & ! workman w f9d x a relief1 if oblig$ to "w by artificial light on v m9ute objects1 to re/ 8 eyes frequ5tly on l>ge /ation>y bodies4 ,if he c d s1 x is a great com=t to ba! ! eyes 9 cold wat]4 ,x is good practice to habituate oneself to ! use ( ei!r eye ) ! glass4 ,by adopt+ ^! simple precautions1 h[ _m ( our fell[-work]s :o are n[ only able to see objects indi/9ctly & suff] f incipi5t bl9dness w\ld h pres]v$ _! sight un9jur$4 ,& !re is yet ano!r precaution t has be5 po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,halt5h(f1 ( ,g5eva4 ,he has %[n t by avoid+ an excessive indulg5ce 9 alcoholic dr9ks or tobacco1 _m old wat*mak]s 9 t t[n h succe$$ 9 pres]v+ _! sight unimpair$1 & x is impossible to d\bt ! tru? or ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ?is fact4 ,! same au?ority draws att5tion to ! necessity ( tak+ c>e t1 be=e adopt+ wat*mak+ z a trade1 y\?s %\ld asc]ta9 t !y d n suff] f progressive ne>sight$ness1 :i* is (t5 h]$it>y1 z 9 su* a case !y w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be compell$ to ab&on x 9 aft] life4 ,boys %\ld n be set to "w on su* small objects z ! details ( a wat* too e>ly 9 life1 be=e ! membranes ( ! eye h assum$ a c]ta9 degree ( rigidity4 ,mr4 ,brud5ell ,c>t]1 a well-kn[n oph?almi/1 is ( op9ion t ! habitual use ( ! glass by wat*mak]s has ! effect ( actually develop+ & pres]v+ ! p[] ( ! eye4 ,,! ,,body ,,9 ,,g5]al4 #bai4 ,x is (t5 f\nd t an old1 or ev5 middle-ag$ wat*mak] is irritable1 (t5 tir$ & s\r$4 ,?is arises1 n s (t5 f an ov]-excit$ uneas9ess 9 reg>d to 8 trade1 an explanation t is usually urg$1 z f a d]angem5t ( 8 dige/ive organs br\ght ab\t by ! habit ( life he is compell$ to adopt4 ,prolong$ work+ at m9ute horological me*anism is p]haps m we>y+ to ! m9d & body ?an any o!r trade or occupation4 ,to avoid its ill effects ! wat*mak] %\ld adopt ! foll[+ precautions z f> z possible3 ,d n use a /ool ) a /uff$ seat1 b pref] "o ( cane or wood4 ,take c>e t ! relative heights ( ! bo>d & /ool are su* t an excessive compression ( ! muscles ( ! *e/1 etc41 is avoid$ dur+ any long op]ation t r5d]s x necess>y to ma9ta9 ! body 9 a con/ra9$ position4 ,a /ool ) adju/+ screw simil> to a music /ool is conv5i5t f ?is po9t ( view4 ,*ange ! position z mu* & z (t5 z possible1 especially :5 work+ ) ! file or grav]4 ,) ?is object 9 view _m workm5 h a second bo>d ( su* a height t !y c "w /&+4 ,:5 us+ ! lamp let x always be provid$ ) a c>dbo>d %ade z already recomm5d$4 ,a scre5 to protect ! head f ! direct heat ( ! flame is (t5 f\nd advantage\s2 9 fact1 ! wat*mak] %\ld adopt ! advice ( ,bo]haave3 8,keep ! head cool & ! feet w>m40 ,let him always rememb] t no?+ does m h>m ?an sitt+ to ! b5* imm$iately aft] a meal4 ,he %\ld all[ an int]val ( half an h\r to elapse & ) "s temp]am5ts1 ev5 ?is is n en\gh2 dur+ ?is p]iod he %\ld only d "w at :i* x is possible to /&4 ,a little ex]cise1 su* z a walk t is n hurri$1 w be /ill bett]2 x w /imulate ! circulation & /ret* ! muscles t h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 a con/ra9$ position = a long "t ?r\gh ! prolong$ att5tion & slight motion t 8 labors involve4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,file ,,& ,,grav]4 #bbj4 ,! fir/ op]ations t a wat*mak] ought to le>n are to file flat & squ>e1 to turn r\nd1 to =ge1 to hamm]-h>d5 a piece ( metal )\t det]iorat+ x4 ,^! accompli%m5ts are b too mu* neglect$ 9 ! mod]n tra9+ ( an appr5tice1 an omission t is p>tly ow+ to ! want ( good in/ructors & p>tly to ! %ortness ( ! "t he c af=d to devote to le>n+ 8 trade4 ,,to ,,file ,,flat ,,& ,,squ>e ,,) ,,bo? ,,h&s ,,at ,,once4 #bba4 ,x is a v common practice to place an old file 9 ! h&s ( an appr5tice1 to fix 9 ! jaws ( a vise a piece ( metal1 ei!r brass1 iron or /eel1 & to set him to "w rubb+ & fil+ ! surfaces ) great labor1 ! only result be+ t !y are utt]ly mis-%ap5 & cov]$ ) brilliant spots4 ,?is me?od is bad4 ,! action ( ! file is me*anical & ! problem t has to be solv$ is ! foll[+3 ,to produce good "w 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 & ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( =ce4 ,x is !re=e only by v sl[ degrees t an appr5tice c hope to acquire ! requisite ability1 if he is set to "w try+ to %ape an object 9 "s h>d metal be=e he kn[s h[ to ma9ta9 l9es /raight & surfaces flat4 ,n kn[+ h[ to proportion 8 ef=t to ! resi/ance to be ov]come1 & all[+ ! file to travel irregul>ly ov] ! surface1 he gets confirm$ 9 ! t5d5cy to give a rock+ motion to ! file1 :]eby ! surface is left r\nd1 & he w f9d x all ! m difficult to ?r[ ?is habit aside4 ,x is f> bett] to let him comm5ce on r\nd pieces ( common wood1 fil+ ) a rasp or co>se-cut file1 )\t remov+ too mu* at once4 ,by ?is means he may rely on le>n+ to file flat & squ>e by ! eye alone )\t ! aid ( a /raight-edge4 ,:5 he works well 9 common wood1 he c be set to file h>d] woods1 box = an example1 r\gh+ ) a rasp & f9i%+ ) a new ba/>d file4 ,he %\ld n be all[$ to h h>d wood until able to file a surface s well t1 on plac+ a metal rule across x 9 any direction1 x is f\nd to be flat4 #bbb4 ,let him !n advance to brass1 :i*1 if ca/1 %\ld be previ\sly dipp$ 9 acid to remove ! h>d surface1 z ?is %\ld n be fil$ (f4 ,! resi/ance x (f]s w\ld cause a j]ky motion ( ! file t w\ld be apt to di/urb ! slight am\nt ( decision ! h& has already acquir$4 ,z brass opposes a consid]able resi/ance1 ! pupil %\ld be c>efully wat*$ ) a view to prev5t+ too rapid movem5t & an excessive pressure1 involv+ wa/e ( p[]1 :ile he fancies ! "w is be+ proportionately advanc$2 ! mann] 9 :i* ! file is appli$ to ! surface %\ld also be obs]v$1 tak+ c>e t little or no pressure is appli$ dur+ ! backw>d /roke4 ,! tea*] %\ld bo? expla9 & demon/rate t ! ma9 secret ( success consi/s 9 a p]fect equilibrium betwe5 ! actions ( ! two h&s2 "o %\ld increase z ! o!r decreases ) ! horizontal motion ( ! file1 s9ce ! two lev]s 9 use1 namely ! portions on ei!r side ( ! po9t ( contact1 are cont9ually ! "o increas+ & ! o!r decreas+4 ,by fil+ /eadily & att5tively1 ! h&s w gradually acquire ! requisite s5sitiv5ess1 or tact1 t enables ea* to adju/ ! pressure 9 proportion to ! o!r1 z well z ! knack t enables !m to ma9ta9 ! surface flat4 ,x is important to avoid %ort & j]ky movem5ts4 ,practical in/ruction f a compet5t tea*] mu/ be reli$ on to complete ! directions "h giv52 no writt5 in/ructions c replace x4 ,x is advisable to use new1 or ne>ly new files 9 ! above lessons2 ! we> w h br\ght !m into good condition = work+ iron or /eel4 ,proce$ ) ^! metals z already expla9$ 9 reg>d to brass1 & special att5tion mu/ /ill be giv5 9 ord] to prev5t hurry on ! "p ( ! pupil4 ,! files remove less metal at a "t & a great] pressure is necess>y1 s t he does n make su* rapid progress z ) brass1 & ?is gives rise to a t5d5cy ei!r to use new files1 :i* are soon spoilt1 or to give ! /roke too sudd5ly1 :ile apply+ consid]able pressure1 especially dur+ ! return /roke4 ,he ?us heats 8 file1 breaks (f ! cre/s ( ! tee?1 :i* become emb$d$ 9 ! metal & d mu* to fur!r damage ! file4 ,moreov]1 he w lose "s ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( t\* t 8 h& has already acquir$4 #bbc4 ,x w\ld p]haps be well to subdivide ! day into ?ree p>ts = z long z appe>s necess>y2 ! fir/ to be devot$ to fil+1 ! second to turn+1 & ! ?ird to =g+ & cold hamm]+4 ,by ?is means he w be quick] 9 acquir+ ! requisite skill ( h& & eye1 &1 :5 he has atta9$ to ?is ability1 x w be "t to practice himself 9 ! managem5t ( v>i\s tools4 ,feel+ c]ta9 ( himself he w soon become quick 9 8 "w4 ,x is prejudicial to ! true in/ruction ( a pupil & a false economy ( bo? "t & money1 to let him comm5ce ei!r a clock or wat* be=e arriv+ at ?is po9t4 ,he w exp]i5ce difficulty 9 mak+ ev5 ! simple/ pieces1 :i*1 besides be+ v badly made1 w take up a long "t2 he w keep =gett+ z he goes on1 because1 ow+ to ! sl[ness ) :i* he works1 ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e occupies mon?s1 or ev5 ye>s1 :]eas x w\ld only h occupi$ a few weeks1 or mon?s1 if he _h possess$ suffici5t manual skill to enable him to h&le prop]ly ! file & grav]4 ,we insi/ specially on ! ne$ ( ?is prelim9>y tra9+ ( ! "y horologi/1 because1 ) v r>e exceptions1 if a pupil is set to delicate details be=e he is ma/] ( 8 tools1 he works ) a want ( decision1 &1 !re=e1 ) difficulty4 ,he w1 z a rule1 make a workman ( b mod]ate ability1 & w soon become disgu/$ ) 8 trade1 f ! m]e fact t he _c "w ) ease & rapidity4 ,"t is an elem5t ( success2 h5ce gratuit\s appr5tice%ips = %ort t]ms1 t become a tax on ! ma/] if he does n soon make use ( 8 pupil's s]vices1 w v seldom produce good wat*mak]s4 ,,to ,,file ,,flat ,,) ,,"o ,,h&4 #bbd4 ,:5 an object is to be held on a cork or wood block fix$ 9 ! vise1 ) "o h&1 & fil$ ) ! o!r h&1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 to lay ! file flat )\t any hesitation aft] ea* return /roke1 & ! h& %\ld be able to feel if ! file is wrong 9 ?is respect1 & to at once br+ x flat4 ,aft] ! pupil has le>n$ ?is1 he w v soon be able to adju/ ! pressure & ! =ce ex]t$ 9 mov+ ! file horizontally1 s t x %all remove an equal am\nt f ! entire surface op]at$ ^u4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! object c conv5i5tly be re/$ ^u a f+] ( ! left-h& :ile ! "r-h& holds ! file4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! file flat is 9 t case mu* easi]4 #bbe4 ,me*anical device = fil+ flat4 ,?is 7! pradel7 consi/s 9 plac+ beh9d ! workman a horizontal b>1 on :i* re/s "o end ( ! file h&le1 prolong$ = ! purpose to ab\t a y>d 9 l5g?2 ?us ! file has two po9ts ( support3 ! b>1 adju/$ at a conv5i5t height1 beh9d ! workman1 & ! object to be fil$ flat fix$ 9 ! vise 9 front4 ,?is me?od1 :ile conv5i5t = amateurs1 may be utiliz$ 9 tea*+ an appr5tice1 lett+ ! supports be h+$ at "o & press at ! o!r end on a r /rong spr+ index1 :i* mu/ be prolong$ s z to be br\ght "u ! eye ( ! pupil4 ,! displacem5t ( ! index w %[ him e false movem5t ( 8 h&s1 & w guide him 9 adju/+ !m4 ,x w\ld be be/ if ! prolongation ( ! h&le 7 z light z possible1 b rigid & arrang$ s t ! file c be held naturally4 ,,to ,,turn ,,cyl9drical ,,pivots1 ,,etc41 ,,& ,,squ>e ,,%\ld]s4 #bbf4 ,j z 9 work+ ) ! file1 advice & demon/ration by a good ma/] are "h indisp5sable4 ,! mat]ials %\ld be work$ 9 ! same ord] z is expla9$ 9 p>ts #bba-d2 t is3 wood1 brass1 iron1 /eel1 h>d5$ & temp]$ /eel2 no "o sample be+ set aside until ! /ud5t c turn x p]fectly r\nd1 flat on %\ld]s1 etc41 & smoo? ?r\gh\t4 ,he %\ld turn = a long "t1 :e!r x be by ! la! or b[1 exclusively ) ! po9t ( a squ>e1 or loz5ge-%ap$ grav]1 ! end ( :i* is gr\nd (f on a slope2 ?is is ! only possible me?od ( le>n+ to turn true1 & x enables ! workman to acquire great delicacy ( t\*4 ,ow+ to c>elessness1 or to ! fact t1 :5 fir/ beg9n+1 !y 7 set to "w on metal t 0 too h>d or r\gh1 mo/ le>n]s turn ) grav]s t are gr\nd to v blunt po9ts2 z ! grav] bites less1 !y are oblig$ to apply a proportionately increas$ pressure1 & only succe$ 9 te>+ ! metal away1 subject+ x to a k9d ( roll+ action1 & r5d]+ ! h& heavy4 ,if a pupil w n practice turn+ ) ! grav] po9t1 s z to pres]ve x intact = "s "t1 dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! metal1 he w nev] be able to turn p]fectly true4 ,! b[ %\ld be us$ ?r\gh its entire l5g?1 & ) a motion t is progressive1 n j]ky4 ,! knack ( ! turn] ) ! b[ consi/s ma9ly 9 keep+ ! simultane\s actions ( ! two h&s q di/9ct2 "o draw+ ! b[ d[nw>ds1 :ile ! o!r depresses ! po9t ( ! grav] support$ on ! ,t-re/1 & ^! two movem5ts ( ! h&s mu/ be p]=m$ at ! same "t1 b q indep5d5tly4 ,irregul> & sudd5 depress+ ( ! grav] po9t1 or engag+ x too deeply1 causes its frequ5t rupture4 ,?is also sometimes arises f ! fact t ! po9t is n remov$ ) suffici5t rapidity1 s t on rais+ ! b[ ! metal cat*es x :ile travel+ 9 ! rev]se direction2 ! grav] is ?us drawn slightly t[>ds ! "w1 & its po9t w be f\nd too close 9 :5 ! b[ aga9 desc5ds4 ,z has be5 already obs]v$1 ! b[1 :i* mu/ n be too %ort1 %\ld be us$ to its full l5g? ) a regul>1 b n rapid motion4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! h& has le>nt h[ to manage ! grav]1 ! spe$ c be gradually augm5t$4 ,!re is always a dang] ( los+ "t1 tea*+1 &1 !re=e1 money1 if pupils are too mu* hurri$ 9 _! lessons4 ,be=e try+ to "w quickly1 !y %\ld1 at any rate1 "k h[ to "w fairly well4 ,%ort & sudd5 movem5ts ( ! b[ w make ! object turn$ j]k2 x w be heat$1 & ! %>p angles ( ! grav] w jamb 9 ! metal2 ?us !re is less "w done1 al?\gh !re is m noise1 & ?is is done badly4 #bbg4 ,:5 suffici5t exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ 9 turn+ ) ! grav] po9t1 & a trial is made ) ! cutt+ edge1 d n attempt to remove mu* at a "t by press+ heavily1 b take ! metal sideways s z to remove a cont9u\s ?read1 us+ all ! po9ts ( ! edge 9 succession & ! entire l5g? ( ! b[4 ,! metal w ?us be remov$ z a ?9 ribbon or %av+4 ,:5 ! h& has _h "s exp]i5ce1 x w be f\nd easy to remove long /rips1 & ! "w c be done quickly1 al?\gh !re be no hurry+ 9 ! movem5t ( ! b[4 ,^! rem>ks are equally applicable to turn+ ) a la!4 #bbh4 ,h>d5$ /eel t has be5 let d[n to a blue temp] requires c]ta9 precautions4 ,if ! grav] is f\nd n to cut cleanly1 x mu/ at once be %>p5$1 & no attempt %\ld be made to remove m metal by increas+ ! pressure ( ! h&1 because ! /eel w burni% & become h>d "u a po9t or edge t is blunt1 & ! portions ?us burni%$ are sometimes s h>d z to resi/ ! be/ grav]s4 ,! only way ( attack+ !m is to beg9 at "o side ) a f9e grav] po9t :i* mu/ be %>p5$ = ea* /roke2 at times x becomes necess>y to temp] ! metal afre% be=e x w yield4 ,x is ass]t$ t by moi/5+ ! po9t ( ! grav] ) petroleum x becomes m able to attack h>d sub/ances1 & t a mixture ( two p>ts petroleum & "o "p turp5t9e enables x to turn v h>d /eel ) comp>ative ease4 ,inde$1 = all turn+ x is a common practice to moi/5 ! grav] ) oil1 wat]1 turp5t9e1 or simply by introduction into ! m\?4 ,we h frequ5tly se5 appr5tices1 & ev5 wat*mak]s1 !mselves1 c>eless z to ! prop] %>p5+ ( _! grav]s & ?9k+ t !y c\ld ha/5 _! "w by ! application ( consid]able pressure2 !y ?us produc$ bright spots t requir$ sev]al h\rs ( "w be=e !y c\ld be remov$4 ,!re is "o ess5tial condition = ensur+ good "w ) ! la!1 & ?is consi/s 9 ! p]fect r\ndness ( ! po9ts or holes ( ! runn]s or c5t]s1 & ( ! holes or po9ts t are support$ 9 !m2 ?is p]fect tru? is nev]!less v r>ely met )1 = x is noticeable t b>ely "o wat*mak] 9 t5 kn[s at ! pres5t day h[ to roll su* a po9t4 ,we %all subsequ5tly indicate ! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 ord] to secure ?is accuracy4 ,! diamet] ( f]rule is also to be consid]$2 if x is too small1 ! b[ w slip & ! object w only rotate by j]ks2 if too l>ge1 x loads ! object unnecess>ily & ! velocity ( rotation is r$uc$1 s9ce = ! same /roke ( ! b[ ! f]rule mu/ make a less numb] ( turns4 ,moreov]1 if x is ( l>ge diamet]1 only a light b[ mu/ be us$1 because o!rwise ! =ce appli$ w\ld be excessive4 ,swiss workm5--at lea/ ! great majority ( !m--turn ) ! "r or left-h& indiff]5tly4 ,?is is a v useful accompli%m5t easily acquir$ :5 "y4 ,! work+ ( v>i\s tools1 su* z ! ,engli% or ,g5eva m&rel1 & any la! driv5 by a treadle1 w be a great help 9 develop+ ! s5se ( t\* & 9 mak+ x m c]ta94 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 9 ord] to turn well1 ! la! mu/ be well made & plann$2 )\t ?is1 no accurate "w c be done4 ,! la! is ! fir/ & mo/ important ( tools1 & a great numb] ( v s]viceable accessories c be add$ to x1 :i*1 un=tunately1 b few wat*mak]s "k h[ to make prop]ly4 ,z a rule !y cont5t !mselves ) a simple pair ( f9i%+ turns on :i* b a comp>atively small am\nt ( "w c be done4 ,)\t committ+ ! mi/ake ( hav+ a too great multiplicity ( tools1 let ! pupil re/ c]ta9 t a well-plann$ set ( tools 9 good condition bo? facilitates & abridges 8 "w & r5d]s x m p]fect4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,tools ,,& ,,appliances4 ,,work%op ,,fitt+s4 #bbi4 ,be=e proce$+ to describe ! v>i\s =ms ( la!s & ! sev]al small tools t ! wat*mak] %\ld make = himself z occasion (f]s1 ei!r dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip or imm$iately aft]1 ) a view to increase 8 manual skill or to ext5d 8 exp]i5ce1 x w be well t he take note ( ! pr9cipal conditions t %\ld be satisfi$ by ! ord9>y tools t he w h to buy1 z well z ! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 _! use & "s improvem5ts ( :i* !y are capable4 #bcj4 ,! b5* or bo>d4 ,?is %\ld be fix$ 9 front ( a l>ge w9d[ t af=ds a good light4 ,! v>i\s hooks1 recesses1 etc41 = hold+ files1 hamm]s1 etc41 z well z ! draw]s1 %\ld be well 9 sight1 n only 9 ord] t ! h& c at once take hold ( :atev] tool is requir$1 b also to enable ! workman to re/ore !m to _! place imm$iately aft] use4 ,by do+ s he w h no occasion to reta9 on ! b5* any b ^? tools t are v frequ5tly or cont9u\sly us$4 ,x is an excell5t habit1 conducive bo? to well-plann$ & rapid "w1 & :i* c be easily acquir$ by a little att5tion dur+ an appr5tice%ip1 to always place ! same tools 9 ! same places1 z ! b5* w !n nev] be encumb]$4 ,by ?is means loss ( "t 9 turn+ ov] a numb] ( objects 9 ord] to f9d "o t may be small is frequ5tly avoid$4 ,?is obs]vation is ( m9or importance to speciali/s :o require b a small numb] ( tools2 b x is ( ! fir/ importance to a workman t is engag$ 9 ! repair ( wat*es4 #bca4 ,! /ool4 ,^? ) cane seats are to be pref]r$4 ,! height ( ! b5* & /ool %\ld be s relat$ t ! muscles ( ! *e/ are n too mu* cramp$1 especially if ! workman is engag$ on an op]ation t occupies a long "t & obliges him to ma9ta9 a /oop+ position4 ,! /ool ) a screw is advantage\s 9 ?is respect4 #bcb4 ,! lamp4 ,c]ta9 precautions 9 reg>d to artificial light h already be5 indicat$ 9 article #bah4 #bcc4 ,oil/ones4 ,x is impossible to ma9ta9 ! po9ts ( grav]s 9 good condition if c>e is n tak5 to keep clean & flat ! surface ( ! /one on :i* !y are set2 if x has suff]$ irregul> we>1 ! level may be re/or$ by rubb+ ! /one on a flat1 smoo? bo>d1 cov]$ ) a ?9 pa/e ( f9e s& & wat]4 ,mo/ k9ds ( oil ?ick5 on ! surface rapidly1 :5 ! grav] w slide ov] )\t be+ gr\nd d[n at all1 turn+ ar\nd 9 ! h& & ?us de/roy+ ! flat face & we>+ ! s(t] p>ts ( ! /one1 r5d]+ x unev54 ,a /rong solution ( pota% or soda is v effective = remov+ ?is gummy mass2 b5z9e is also recomm5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,v>i\s sub/itutes = common oil are us$2 su* z ! m9]al lubricat+ oils or petroleum4 ,dr4 ,latteux advocates ! use ( a mixture ( alcohol & glyc]9e1 ! proportion ( ! latt] decreas+ z ! ext5t ( metallic surface 9 contact ) ! /one at once increases4 ,?us1 = example1 9 sett+ a razor ! /one w bite bett] if alcohol be 9 excess2 b = a grav]1 ( :i* only a small surface t\*es ! /one1 ! am\nt ( glyc]9e pres5t %\ld be relatively mu* great]4 #bcd4 ,circul> oil/ones4 ,circul> oil/ones w be f\nd v conv5i5t = %>p5+ drills1 grav]s & o!r cutt+ tools1 :]e x is desirable to h exact angles4 ,an ,arkansas or ,turkey /one dress$ d[n to circul> =m1 & say #a in*es 9 diamet]1 :5 m\nt$ = ! la! w be f\nd v useful4 ,apply ! lubricant to ! /one ! same z y w\ld to a flat "o1 & hold y\r grav] or drill at ! exact angle y wi% ! cutt+ edges to be & turn at a mod]ate spe$4 ,tru] angles & bett] "w c be produc$ 9 ?is mann] ?an by any o!r4 ,em]y or corundum :eels c be m\nt$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,small circul> /ones c be obta9$ f mat]ial deal]s & d5tal supply h\ses1 9 sizes v>y+ f to #c in*es4 ,!y c be m\nt$ simil> to ,fig4 #di1 by turn+ d[n a piece ( ,no4 #cj ,/ubb's /eel wire to ! size ( ! op5+ 9 y\r :eel & rivet+ ! :eel firmly ^u x4 ,! be/ sizes = wat*mak]s' use are in*1 #a in* & #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 #bce4 ,small gr9d/ones4 ,:5 x is necess>y to remove a good deal f ! face ( a grav]1 ! op]ation w take too long on ! oil/one1 & !re w\ld be consid]able difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ ! flat face2 rec\rse mu/ !n be _h to ! gr9d/one1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t c>e is ne$ful :5 us+ x4 ,! gr9d/one mu/ always be ?or\ghly wet 9 ord] to avoid heat+ ! grav]1 z its cutt+ p[] w\ld !n be de/roy$4 ,! em]y :eels describ$ 9 p>agraph #afe c be us$ = ?is purpose1 b !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 inconv5i5t on acc\nt ( ! rapid increase !y occasion 9 ! temp]ature ( ! metal4 ,"s =ms ( em]y :eel c1 h[ev]1 be moi/5$ j z ! gr9d/one4 ,:5 ! cyl9drical surface is r5d]$ irregul> by use1 take a piece ( %eet-iron1 ! tail ( an old file or a cold *isel1 & hold x ) "o h& firmly on a support aga9/ ! edge ( ! /one1 :i* is rotat$ by ! o!r h&4 ,! surface c ?us be made smoo? & true1 provid+ x is only attack$ gradually & ! h&le is n turn$ too rapidly4 ,an excessive velocity w heat ! iron1 :i* is !n less effective & is m rapidly worn d[n2 :]eas1 ) a sl[ motion1 ! iron w relatively we> little & ! /one m4 ,a r\gh diamond m\nt$ at ! extremity ( a /eel rod1 af=ds an excell5t means ( trimm+ a gr9d/one1 & is at ! pres5t day g5]ally us$ 9 factories4 #bcf4 ,glasses4 ,"s p>ticul>s h already be5 giv5 9 reg>d to ^! simple microscopes 9 article #bah4 #bcg4 ,files4 ,a new file %\ld nev] be us$ = /eel2 x is be/ to employ x = "s "t at fir/ on brass1 tak+ c>e n to use x too r\ghly4 ,if employ$ to /eel at once1 or if %>p1 quick /rokes are appli$1 ! cutt+ edges ( ! file w *ip (f1 & ! h>d p>ticles w be emb$d$ 9 ! metal op]at$ ^u2 ! "w w ?us be bad1 & ! file itself det]iorat$4 ,a file t has be5 c>efully us$1 & has pass$ gradually f brass to /eel1 w la/ f\r or five times z long1 & w always "w well4 ,wat*mak]s (t5 fit files into h&les by driv+ !m firmly into r\nd holes 9 ! h&les2 ?is practice frequ5tly leads to ! h&les be+ crack$1 & ! foll[+ me?od is pref]able3 ,take an old worn out file or a piece ( iron ( ! same =m z ! tail ( ! file to be fitt$2 heat x sev]al times to bright r$ness & drive x1 :5 s heat$1 into ! h&le1 tak+ c>e to ma9ta9 x p]p5dicul>4 ,a hole w ?us be made ( ! requir$ =m1 9 :i* ! file w hold )\t !re be+ any occasion to apply excessive =ce 9 fix+ x 9 position4 ,:5 ! surface ( a file is *ok$ ) p>ticles ( iron1 copp]1 wood1 etc41 :ile ! cutt+ edges are yet good1 x c be clean$ z foll[s3 ,place ! file = a few seconds 9 a hot lye ( pota% 9 wat]1 & on )drawal1 dry x be=e ! fire & bru% ! surface ) a /iff bru%4 #bch4 ,to r5ew ! cutt+ edges ( files1 ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods c be adopt$3 #a4 ,fir/ clean ! file ) pota% or soda dissolv$ 9 wat]1 if greasy or res9\s sub/ances h to be remov$2 ) hydro*loric acid if x is ru/y2 & by rubb+ ) a metallic bru% or piece ( coke if p>ticles ( iron1 brass1 lead1 copp] or t9 h to be remov$4 ,! file is n[ imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( #a "p nitric acid1 #c p>ts sulphuric acid1 & #g p>ts wat]4 ,z ! action ( ! acids become less en]getic ow+ to ! comb9ation ) iron1 ! temp]ature ( ! mixture mu/ be rais$1 s9ce rapidity is a condition ( success4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! file %\ld rema9 9 ?is ba? v>ies f #aj seconds to #ajj or m1 ! r\gh5+ ( f9e-cut files be+ f> m rapid ?an :5 !y are ( a co>s] cut4 ,on removal f ! ba?1 imm]se 9 lime wa%1 dry1 & !n cov] !m ) a mixture ( oil & turp5t9e by means ( a bru%1 aft] :i* !y are ready = use4 #b4 ,aft] be+ clean$1 z expla9$ above1 ! file is support$ 9 a di% full ( wat]1 re/+ on two cross wires1 s t all its surface is 9 contact ) ! liquid4 ,n[ add /rong nitric acid 9 ! proportion ( #a "p to #h ( ! wat]1 mix x ?or\ghly & all[ x to rema9 = #be m9utes4 ,remove ! file1 &1 aft] wa%+ 9 wat] & rubb+ ) a h>d bru%1 place x aga9 9 ! ba?1 to :i* a second eigh? "p ( acid is n[ add$1 & leave x = #ej m9utes4 ,aga9 remove & bru% ! file1 add a sixte5? "p ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & replace ! file 9 ! ba?4 ,!n wa% successively 9 pure wat] & 9 lime wa% 7to remove ! la/ traces ( acid71 & dry4 ,! file w be f\nd to possess bo? ! qualities & ! appe>ance ( a new "o4 #bci4 ,to cut an equal+ file4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a workman is call$ ^u to modify ! %ape (1 = example1 ! bottom ( a rectangul> not*1 & he is n provid$ ) a file ( suitable %ape4 ,9 su* a case he c adopt "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods ( extemporiz+ a file3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 #a4 ,clamp+ ! small /eel /rip1 ,l1 ,fig4 #ej1 9 a vice1 cut ! not*es ) a *isel1 n1 z foll[s3 ,hold+ n a little incl9$1 cut ! fir/ not*1 i4 ,?is w slightly raise ! metal1 pres5t+ a r\nd$ face at ! back4 ,to make ! next cut1 hold ! *isel ) its edge on ,l &1 aft] draw+ x backw>d until arre/$ by ! back ( i1 incl9e x to ! requisite am\nt & give a second bl[ ) ! hamm]1 !n cont9ue ! op]ation till ! :ole is f9i%$4 ,a few trials w enable any workman to make a small file ) suffici5t accuracy = 8 purpose4 #b4 ,employ an arrangem5t simil> to t ( ! micromet] divid] 7#dd7 only m rigid4 ,a /udy ( ?is article & exam9ation ( ! correspond+ figure w af=d all ! in=mation t is necess>y4 #c4 ,?is is id5tical ) ! me?od ( divid+ a rule describ$ 9 #df1 except t ! divisions are clos] toge!r & ! trac] is replac$ by a revolv+ cutt] ) its axis a little incl9$1 to give ! requisite slope to ! tee? ( ! file4 ,?is cutt] is support$ 9 a h+$ frame & provid$ ) a wa%] ( ivory or o!r su* sub/ance1 z se5 at s1 ,fig4 #ej1 to det]m9e ! dep? ( cut4 #bdj4 ,beaupuy files & burni%]s4 ,mo/ wat*mak]s are acqua9t$ ) ! files & burni%]s t ,m4 ,beaupuy has introduc$ = rapidly =m+ conical pivots1 ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( :i* is t ! corn] pres5t$ to ! pivot is r\nd$ to ! desir$ =m & r\gh$2 !y d _! "w rapidly & well1 b "s skill is necess>y 9 _! managem5t4 ,to ! in/ructions :i* accompany !m we w\ld add ! foll[+3 ,!y mu/ nev] be us$ :5 q new on a pivot t is to be employ$ 9 a wat*2 x w be r$uc$ too rapidly4 ,! fre%ness mu/ be worn (f ! cutt+ edges ( ! tee? by prelim9>y use4 ,! pressure mu/ only be appli$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! surface ( ! /aff z 9 mak+ a squ>e-%\ld]$ pivot2 ! file is held aga9/ ! flat surface )\t pressure4 ,a lat]al =ce w h ! effect ( /ra9+ ! pivot & caus+ x to break4 #bda4 ,pli]s1 tweez]s1 etc4 ,x is advisable to h a consid]able numb] ( ^!1 z _! /r5g? %\ld always be proportional to ! =ce t has to be appli$ to !m4 ,= example1 if a pair ( slid+ tongs is us$ :5 a h&-vise is ne$$1 ! =m] w be /ra9$ beyond its limit ( ela/icity & ! tool becomes ne>ly useless4 ,! same might occur ) any o!r =m ( pli]s or tweez]s4 ,9 ! h&s ( a good workman !y w la/ = a long "t1 b if us$ un9tellig5tly1 )\t proportion+ ! size ( tool to ! =ce t has to be appli$1 tak+ up ! fir/ t comes to h&1 all ! tools w soon become unsatisfactory & ! "w itself w suff]4 ,x is v desirable to h "o or m pairs ( brass pli]s & tweez]s = h&l+ metal "w )\t ! risk ( scrat*+4 #bdb4 ,compasses1 gauges1 micromet]s1 etc4 ,! common compass = measur+ ?ickness1 ! d\zieme gauge1 is n always /rictly accurate 9 its indications4 ,! d\zieme prop]1 has a scale divid$ into twelf?s1 ?\gh "s patt]ns are n[ made t h a scale divid$ into t5?s & hundr$s ( an in* & aga9 !re are o!rs t measure ! fractions ( a millimet]4 ,! great] majority ( ^! tools on ! ,am]ican m>ket are correctly divid$1 b we sometimes come across ^? ( =eign make t are divid$ incorrectly & c>e %\ld be us$ 9 select+4 ,9 ! inaccurate tools ! objection is t ! op5+ ( ! jaws gives a measure ( a *ord :]eas ! displacem5t ( ! index measures ! arc ( a circle4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t1 if ! index is fir/ arre/$ :5 po9t+ to #ae1 = example1 & aga9 :5 at #cj1 ! int]val betwe5 ! jaws 9 ! second case w n be exactly d\ble ! fir/4 ,be=e pur*as+1 x is well to te/ ! gauge = accuracy 9 ?is reg>d by "s reliable /&>d4 #bdc4 ,calip] = ma9spr+ height1 dep? ( s9k1 etc4 ,a simple in/rum5t = tak+ su* measurem5ts is %[n at ,g1 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! f+] a travels ov] a graduat$ arc :5ev] ! rod c is press$ inw>ds2 b is a fix$ /op1 ) its extremity 9 ! plane ( n4 ,any movem5t ( a bel[ o measures ! space trav]s$ by c )9 ! l9e b n4 ,lay+ a coil$ ma9spr+1 = example1 on a plane surface1 /& ! base n ( ! calip] ^u x1 & ! end c press+ on ! table w be =c$ upw>ds & move ! ne$le4 ,to take ! dep? ( a b>rel1 press c on ! bottom1 all[+ b to re/ on ! edge ( ! cov] recess4 ,x w be evid5t1 f ! figure1 t a & c are connect$ by a spr+ pass+ ar\nd drums at correspond+ axes4 ,! small] j is1 ! m s5sitive w ! in/rum5t become4 #bdd4 ,figure #h calip]4 ,= ord9>y "w1 ! calip]s to be b\ght at mat]ial /ores w suffice2 b :5 x is requir$ to v]ify escape :eels1 balances1 etc41 !re is "s risk ( accid5ts 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iabl5ess ( ! friction at ! jo9t4 ,to remove ?is s\rce ( dang]1 true ! rubb+ surfaces 9 ! m&ril & replace ! brass discs at ! c5t] by simil> discs ( /eel1 !n c>efully re-make ! rivet t =ms a h+e1 aft] oil+ all ! act+ surfaces4 ,! arms w n[ move ) a uni=m degree ( /iffness1 s t !re ne$ be no dang] ( j]ks4 #bde4 ,rivet+ /ake & pun*4 ,! holes 9 a rivet+ /ake are made to increase d[nw>ds1 s z to avoid any accid5t occurr+ ?r\gh ! oscillation ( ! axis4 ,! rivet+ pun*es made ( a pla9 /eel rod1 ) a hole drill$ at "o end 9 ! direction ( ! axis1 are ! be/4 ,^? t are p]=at$ transv]sely l ! lant]ns ( screw-po9t tools1 d n produce su* good rivet+1 s9ce ! p>ts ( ! end1 f beh9d :i* metal has be5 remov$1 are m or less ela/ic4 #bdf4 ,burni%]s4 ,burni%]s w n rema9 9 good condition unless _! surfaces are prep>$1 f "t to "t2 9 ! case ( ^? us$ = v f9e "w1 by pass+ ov] a buff/ick *>g$ ) poli%+ r\ge or v f9e em]y1 & o!r k9ds on an em]y /ick m or less f9e1 accord+ to ! degree ( r\ghness ! burni%] is requir$ to possess4 #bdg4 ,to re-face a burni%]4 ,pivot burni%]s are usually re-fac$ by a lapid>y2 a wat*mak] c1 h[ev]1 d x = himself v effectually 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,prep>e a dry1 smoo? piece ( wood1 r ?ick1 & ( a wid? equal to ! l5g? ( ! burni%]4 ,on ?is bo>d c>efully glue a piece ( em]y pap]1 ( a f95ess correspond+ to ! degree ( cut requir$1 /ret*+ x z ev5 z possible1 & turn+ ! edges d[n t[>ds ! "u side4 ,!n lay ! bo>d on a firm smoo? surface1 re/+ a weight ^u x1 & all[ x to dry4 ,9 us+ ?is lap1 x is fix$ or all[$ to re/ aga9/ ! side ( ! b5*2 hold+ ! burni%] ) two h&s at its extremities1 ! workman places himself at "o end ( ! bo>d1 & draws ! burni%] along x t[>ds him1 ma9ta9+ ! surface q flat & apply+ consid]able pressure4 ,on rea*+ ! ne>] end1 raise x1 & aft] aga9 plac+ x on ! f>!r end1 draw t[>ds ! body1 & s on4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is mann] & always 9 ! same direction1 plac+ ! burni%] s t ! act+ edge is f>!/ away f ! op]ator1 all risk ( r\nd+ ?is angle w be avoid$4 #bdh4 ,broa*es4 ,great c>e is ne$$ 9 adapt+ h&les to broa*es4 ,re/+ ! po9t aga9/ a f+] ( "o h& & caus+ ! h&le to rotate by two f+]s ( ! o!r h&1 ! broa* itself %\ld be se5 to rema9 true4 ,x is a good precaution1 sugge/$ by ,m4 ,h4 ,rob]t1 to g5tly draw a piece ( iron1 *>g$ ) r\ge1 along ! edges ( pivot broa*es 9 ord] to remove ! ?read ( metal f !m4 ,m9ute p>ticles ( ?is ?read w\ld o!rwise rema9 9 ! holes1 & occasion we> ( ! pivots4 ,^! f9e broa*es are n fix$ 9 h&les1 b a piece ( seal+-wax is melt$ on to ! upp] end2 !n1 hold+ ! broa* betwe5 ! f+]s1 ) its /em d[nw>ds1 x is rotat$ :ile held to a flame1 s t ! seal+-wax =ms a regul>1 oblong h&le4 #bdi4 ,bl[-pipes4 ,9 ord] t a long ev5 flame may be obta9$1 ! hole %\ld be ( mod]ate size & p]fectly clean ar\nd ! edge2 o!rwise ! jet _c be /raight & %>p4 ,difficulty w always be exp]i5c$ by anyone :o has n le>n$ to brea! )\t int]rupt+ ! cont9uity ( ! bla/4 ,:]e a supply ( gas is available1 ! gas bl[-pipe pres5ts advantages f ! po9t ( view ( conv5i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #eb %[s a gas bl[-pipe = jewel]s1 :i* is simple & conv5i5t4 ,x consi/s ( a bl[-pipe ( ! ord9>y =m1 hav+ a gas pipe ins]t$ 9 ! l[] half1 & a ?read$ hood or sleeve at ! l[] end1 :i* *anges ! %ape ( ! flame by screw+ 9 or out1 s z to v>y ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t ( air ^u ! flame4 ,a r+ adapt$ to slip ov] ! f+] :ile work+1 is sold]$ to ! middle jo9t ( ! pipe1 & ! quantity ( gas is controll$ by ! /op-cock & spr+ lev] %[n 9 ! cut1 ! gas be+ suppli$ to ! pipe by a rubb] tube connect+ x to ! ne>e/ gas jet 9 ! usual way4 ,?us hav+ ! %ape ( ! flame "u control & ! quantity v>iable at w1 ! workman is 9 position to accompli% ! desir$ end spe$ily & effectually4 ,to use to ! be/ advantage1 set ! jamb-nut s t ) ! valve lev] 9 its normal position1 ! flame at ! end ( ! pipe w j keep alight4 ,! bl[-pipe c !n be laid d[n tempor>ily & aga9 us$ )\t ! tr\ble ( turn+ (f ! gas or relight+4 ,:5 us$ z a m\? bl[-pipe1 ! mo/ conv5i5t way to hold x is ) ! ?ird f+] ?r\gh ! r+4 ,= bell[s "w x is bett] to pass ! r+ ov] ! index f+]4 ,! r+ also s]ves1 ) ! valve-lev]1 z a re/ to hold ! flame-nozzle away f ! table :5 ! bl[-pipe is laid d[n tempor>ily4 ,to produce an oxy-hydrog5 flame1 connect ! air-pipe ) a cyl9d] ( nitr\s oxide1 op5+ ! cyl9d]-valve c>efully1 s z to p]mit ! escape ( only suffici5t nitr\s oxide to produce ) ! illum9at+ gas a v small flame4 ,regulate ! illum9at+ gas fl[ ) ! ?umb-screw or ) ! f+] on ! lev] ( ! bl[-pipe valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,fig4 #ec %[s an automatic h& bl[-pipe = use ) a foot bl[]4 ,"o ( ! rubb] tubes %[n is connect$ ) ! bl[] & ! o!r to ! gas supply4 ,x is self adju/+ = bo? gas & air1 requir+ only a slight motion ( ! lev]1 %[n "u ! ?umb1 to obta9 in/antly any flame1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/2 s t ^! pipes h all ! delicacy ( ! be/ m\? bl[-pipe1 us$ ) ! utmo/ skill1 toge!r ) ! p[] & advantages obta9$ ) a me*anical bl[]4 #bej4 ,small gas furnaces4 ,! workman w frequ5tly h occasion to anneal pieces ( /eel or to raise to a r$ heat objects t are too l>ge = ! bl[-pipe2 an ord9>y op5 fire aid$ by bell[s is (t5 resort$ to 9 su* a case4 ,a bett] plan1 h[ev]1 is to use any small portable gas furnace1 provid$ ) a hood t completely closes x at ! top4 ,fig4 #ed %[s a gas melt+ furnace1 :i* is kept by mat]ial & supply h\ses4 ,x is p[]ful en\gh to melt gold1 silv]1 brass & copp]1 b is n recomm5d$ = ca/ iron4 ,x c be us$ = scorify+ & cupell+4 ,! lid c be pu%$ sideways suffici5tly to give access to ! int]ior ( ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! foll[+ po9ts 9 ! managem5t ( a gas furnace w be ( s]vice to all novices 9 _! use4 ,! p[] & spe$ are practically )\t limit1 dep5d+ only on ! gas & air supply1 & are "u p]fect control4 ,all[+ five cubic feet ( gas = heat+ up1 x requires ab\t f\r feet ( gas = e p\nd ( ca/ iron melt$4 ,= small "w x is z *eap z a coke furnace1 & n "o-qu>t] ! tr\ble4 ,! quantity ( air requir$ dep5ds ^u ! gas supply4 ,"o mu/ be equal to ! o!r1 s t p]fect combu/ion w take place1 & t entirely )9 ! furnace4 ,an excess ( ei!r gas or air r5d]s a high temp]ature an impossibility4 ,see t all gas taps h a l>ge cle> way ?r\gh4 ,high temp]atures & rapid work+ require a free supply ( gas4 ,to adju/ a new furnace to its highe/ p[]1 connect bo? gas & air supply ) ! burn]4 ,turn on ! full gas supply1 light ! gas1 ! air-way be+ full op51 "w ! foot bl[] & !n put ! gauze nozzle ( ! burn] tight aga9/ ! hole 9 ! cas+1 s t no flame escapes ar\nd x4 ,if ! flame comes out ( ! lid ab\t two in*es1 ! adju/m5t is "r4 ,if ! flame is long]1 op5 ! air *eck until ! prop] flame is obta9$1 or r$uce ! gas supply4 ,if small]1 or n visible1 close ! air *eck until ! flame appe>s4 ,! cap-nut1 :i* w be f\nd at ! ?roat ( ! horizontal 8mix+ tube10 :]e ! air ent]s & mixes ) ! gas1 is us$ = *ang+ ! size ( ! orifice f :i* ! gas escapes4 ,:5 ! escape is f a l>ge orifice1 a smoky1 yell[1 or 8r$uc+0 flame is ! result4 ,by contract+ ! orifice by screw+ ! cap-nut on to ! gas deliv]y tube1 a blue or oxidiz+ flame w be obta9$4 ,adju/m5t = ! prop] flame %\ld fir/ be made by ?is nut1 & ! size ( ! flame regulat$ aft]w>ds by means ( a cock at ! gas ma94 ,a slightly yell[ flame gives ! be/ results :5 a high heat is desir$4 ,! arrangem5t above describ$ is cle>ly %[n at ! left-h& l[] corn] ( ! sectional illu/ration above4 ,a *imney or /ove-pipe #h or #aj feet high may be us$ z a fixture1 & ! draft p>tially /opp$ by ! damp] or slide :5 l[] temp]atures are requir$1 ! gas be+ turn$ d[n 9 proportion2 ! guide = ! prop] adju/m5t be+ t ,,"u ,,all ,,circum/ances ,,! ,,flame ,,mu/ ,,j ,,cov] ,,! ,,crucible ,,or ,,muffle1 b n ext5d into ! *imney s z to make x r$ hot4 ,:5 ! flame cov]s ! crucible or muffle1 ! gas is do+ its extreme duty "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 )\t wa/e4 ,keep all fluxes away f ! furnace jacket1 z !y are injuri\s to fire clay1 & are liable to cause ! lids1 etc41 to /ick to ! furnace4 ,a ?9 lay] ( quick lime on ! bottom ( ! furnace w prev5t ! crucible adh]+ to x :5 v hot4 ,:5 us+ a furnace = high temp]atures1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use a fire clay cas+1 z x melts at a temp]ature a little above t ( ca/ iron2 plumbago or asbe/os only %\ld be us$ :5 v high temp]atures are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,fig4 #ee repres5ts a small gas furnace1 :i* is extremely useful = small melt+s1 exp]im5tal "w1 etc4 ,x consi/s ( a pot made ( a mixture ( fire clay & asbe/os1 b\nd ) rivett$ iron hoops1 & hav+ a hole 9 ! side at :i* ! flame ent]s4 ,a lid pi]c$ by a c5tral hole p]mits ! escape ( ! products ( combu/ion1 & ! crucible is plac$ 9 ! c5t] s t ! flame surr\nds x4 ,x is work$ ) gas & a foot bl[]4 ,gas f a -in* supply pipe w "w x effici5tly4 ,ab\t t5 cubic feet ( gas p] h\r is suffici5t = mo/ purposes4 ,! cas+ holds ! heat s p]fectly t ! mo/ refractory sub/ances c be fus$ ) ease1 us+ a ,flet*] foot bl[]4 ,half a p\nd ( ca/ iron requires f sev5 to twelve m9utes = p]fect fusion2 ! "t dep5d+ on ! gas supply & pressure ( air f ! foot bl[]4 ,! crucible w hold ab\t t5 ounces ( gold4 ,! p[] :i* c be obta9$ is f> beyond :at is requir$ = mo/ purposes1 & is limit$ only by ! fusibility ( ! crucible & cas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,fig4 #ef repres5ts a small app>atus1 :i*1 ow+ to its spe$ & economy ( op]ation1 has a v ext5d$ use 9 ! jewelry & silv]smi?+ trades4 ,) ?is app>atus a s\nd two-ounce +ot ( gold or silv] c be m\ld$ 9 two m9utes4 ,a crucible ( m\ld$ c>bon is support$ by a %eet-iron slide1 or plate1 :i* is clamp$ to an +ot m\ld by a clamp :i* swivels 9 ! ,u-%ap$ ca/ iron /&4 ,! metal to be melt$ is plac$ 9 ! crucible1 & ! flame ( ! bl[-pipe direct$ on x until x is p]fectly fus$4 ,! :ole is !n tilt$ ov] by means ( ! upright h&le at ! back ( ! m\ld4 ,! wa/e heat s]ves to make ! +ot m\ld hot4 ,no flux %\ld be us$ ) ! c>bon crucibles4 ,= ! small] op]ations1 su* z mak+ small quantities ( color$ golds1 = electroplat+ solutions1 te/+ +ots1 & ! small] op]ations ( ! jewel] & plat]1 x is invaluable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! air pressure us$ 9 op]at+ gas furnaces v>ies f "o to f\r p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ?\gh ! latt] is seldom requir$ except = ! sev]e/ "w 9 l>ge furnaces2 z a g5]al rule x is less ?an two p\nds 9 ! op]ations ( ! gold & silv]smi?4 ,! pressure mu/ be arrang$ s t ! air supply equals t ( ! gas us$4 ,?is c be readily se5 by ! color ( ! flame1 z not$ 9 in/ructions = h&l+ ! furnaces4 ,= small op]ations foot bl[]s are us$4 ,^! consi/ ( a p[]ful bell[s hav+ a hemisph]ical pressure *amb] on "o side1 & adapt$ to "w ei!r by ! h& or foot2 see ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! p]fect combu/ion ( ! gas is secur$ by m+l+ equal quantities ( gas & air 9 a mix+ *amb]1 & !n ignit+ ! mixture4 ,9 ! l>g] furnaces ?is is accompli%$ by a mix+ *amb] plac$ "u ! furnace1 s z to heat ! mixture be=e ignition1 & no pressure supply ( air is necess>y4 ,9 ! small] app>atus1 ?is mix+ is done 9 ! burn]1 :i* consi/s ( an inn] tube c>ry+ an air supply1 surr\nd$ by a gas tube1 & ! :ole surm\nt$ by a slid+ nozzle = *ang+ ! %ape ( ! flame4 ,! mix+ *amb] be+ s small1 ! air & gas pass ?r\gh x s rapidly t consid]able pressure ( air mu/ be provid$ to prev5t x f be+ exclud$ by ! normal pressure ( ! gas2 h5ce ! necessity = a bl[] :5 us+ small burn]s4 ,:5 x is n desirable to use gas1 = pecuni>y1 or o!r reasons1 melt+ may be c>ri$ on by means ( a gasol9e gas flame1 :i* is noisy1 b o!rwise little inf]ior to coal gas4 ,! furnaces = gasol9e diff] b little 9 con/ruction f ! o!rs1 z w be se5 by ,figs4 #eh & #ei4 ,! only diff]5ce be+ t ! burn]s are appli$ f ! side & no air pressure tubes are ne$$1 :ile ! furnace is support$ on legs to insure safety f fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! burn] = gasol9e is radically diff]5t f t = gas1 be+1 9 fact1 a small gas ma*9e1 ,fig4 #fj4 ,9 ,fig4 #fj ,p is an ord9>y =ce pump1 at ! bottom ( :i*1 at ,a1 is a valve :i* closes automatically ^u releas+ ! pressure f ! pump1 ,c is a *eck valve :i* closes ! inlet to ! tank ,t completely2 ,f is a fill+ screw = introduc+ gasol9e4 ,v is a v5t screw = lett+ (f ! pressure :5 ?r\gh2 ,h is a pipe lead+ f ! tank to ! burn] ,d2 ,e is ! burn] regulator1 t]m9at+ 9 a f9e po9t1 clos+ ! orifice ( ! burn]2 ,s ,s are pack+ boxes4 ,^u op5+ ,c & pump+ a few /rokes a pressure is creat$ 9 ! tank & on top ( ! fluid1 =c+ x ?r\gh ! tubes ( ! burn]1 :i* be+ previ\sly heat$1 vaporizes ! gasol9e4 ,?is issues f ! orifice at ! end ( ,e z a highly heat$ gas & burns z su* 9 ! =m ( a p[]ful bla/1 ,fig4 #fa4 ,aft] be+ once />t$ ! heat ( ! flame pass+ ?r\gh ! burn]1 vaporizes ! fluid 9 ! tubes1 & h5ce ! app>atus is automatic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! air :i* is =c$ 9 is n consum$1 s t to keep up ! bla/ x only requires a few /rokes ( ! pump occasionally to ma9ta9 ! pressure less5$ by ! consumption ( ! fluid4 ,to op]ate ! bl[-pipe3 close ,e2 unscrew ,f1 & introduce f two qu>ts to "o gallon ( gasol9e ( #gf accord+ to ! capacity ( ! tank4 ,replace ,f & close ,v2 op5 ,c "o or two turns & give ?ree or f\r full /rokes ( pump ,p1 & close ,c4 ,heat ! burn] by burn+ "s ( ! fluid 9 a suitable vessel plac$ "u ! burn]2 :5 hot en\gh apply a mat* & op5 ,e gradually1 until ! action is m or less uni=m4 ,if no spray or liquid issues f ! orifice1 ! burn] is hot en\gh2 if n hot en\gh1 burn sl[ly until no liquid or spray issues4 ,:5 suffici5tly heat$ ! bla/ c be made ( any int5sity desir$1 by ! use ( ! pump z above4 ,to /op its action1 %ut ! regulator ,e1 or op5 screw ,v1 or bo?4 ,:5 n 9 use ! v5t ,v %\ld inv>iably be kept op54 ,! m\? ( ! burn] ,d1 %\ld be two or ?ree in*es f ! inlet ( ! furnace1 or !re w n be p]fect combu/ion4 ,= v high temp]atures & muffle "w1 light ! burn] z above & heat ! inside ( ! furnace to a bright r$2 !n place ! burn] aga9/ ! inlet ( ! furnace2 turn out ! burn] by means ( ! cock ,e1 & imm$iately turn x on aga9 )\t light+ x1 :5 if ! furnace is hot en\gh1 ! gas w ignite inside ! furnace4 ,! heat c be regulat$ z 9 ! fir/ me?od ( burn+4 ,:5 burn+ inside ( ! furnace1 !re mu/ be no flame 9 ! burn] tube2 x %\ld all be inside ! furnace1 & ! tube ( ! burn] mu/ be close to ! fire hole1 or !re w n be en\gh heat 9 ! tubes4 ,use a drop or two ( sp]m oil on ! pi/on ( ! pump occasionally1 also on lea!r wa%] at ,f1 o!rwise ! app>atus w be apt to leak1 corrode & "w badly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 #bea4 ,muffle ,furnace4 ,?is consi/s ( a fire-clay furnace1 m\nt$ ^u a p[]ful gas burn] & conta9+ an ov51 also ( fire-clay or plumbago1 s plac$ z to receive ! full heat ( ! flame1 )\t p]mitt+ ! direct action ( ! flame ^u any object plac$ )9 x4 ,! objects are plac$ 9 & )drawn f ! muffle1 or ov51 ?r\gh ! door %[n 9 ! cut4 ,?is door is made ( two pieces s t ! upp] "o may be remov$ to wat* ! progress ( ! "w )\t *ill+ ! cont5ts ( ! muffle by too great an entrance ( cold air4 ,!y are ext5sively us$ = assay+1 anneal+1 etc41 & = _m o!r purposes :]e an exact temp]ature is requir$4 ,! illu/ration %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb1 is ( a gas muffle1 b !y are also made to be us$ ) ! gasol9e burn] previ\sly describ$4 ,,! ,,la!4 #beb4 ,( all ! tools & ma*9]y employ$ by ! wat*mak]1 ! la! is ! mo/ important4 ,v poor "w is (t5 turn$ out by ^? possess+ a fir/-class la!1 b !re are v few p]sons :o c turn out good1 true "w1 f a poor1 *eap la!1 & if x is untrue x is utt]ly impossible to turn out good "w4 ,wond]s c be accompli%$ by ! +5i\s me*anic :o ?or\ghly und]/&s ! capabilities ( ! la!4 ,by pati5t skill ( manipulation1 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese turn out "s truly wond]ful "w2 !y succe$ 9 turn+ sph]e aft] sph]e1 "o inside ! o!r1 f a solid piece ( ivory1 ! op5+ f "o to ano!r be+ comp>atively small4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ! la! 9 ! trade 0 ! dead c5t]3 t is1 a la! ^: p>ts did n revolve1 ! object to be op]at$ on be+ plac$ betwe5 c5t]s & made to revolve by means ( ! b[4 ,?is =m ( la! 0 succe$$ by ! live sp9dle or live m&ril patt]n1 al?\gh !re 7 _m good po9ts ab\t x t mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,x conta9$ "o great elem5t t _m mod]n appliances1 t]m$ la!s1 lack1 i4 e41 ! elem5t ( tru?4 ,no matt] h[ co>sely or crudely con/ruct$1 ?is tru? 0 n elim9at$1 except by ! ignorance ( ! artisan1 = ! c5t]s mu/ rema9 ! same relatively1 :atev] may be _! position 9 relation to ! la! b$4 ,) ! introduction ( ! live sp9dle la! 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! v]ge1 ,jacot & o!r la!s & tools ( t type 7 rapidly ab&on$4 ,9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 ! live sp9dle la! did n meet ) su* a cordial reception1 & x has tak5 _m ye>s1 9 "s localities1 to ov]come ! prejudice aga9/ !m2 9 fact1 !re are /ill _m workm5 !re :o cl+ to ! dead c5t] patt]ns4 ,! all-important po9t 9 la!s ( ! live sp9dle type is accuracy ( fitt+1 & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! sp9dle & its be>+s1 = unless a c]ta9 degree ( p]fection is atta9able 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x is worse ?an useless1 z x n only does n d ! "w1 b leads ! artisan a/ray4 ,! workman1 sometimes1 ?r\gh motives ( economy1 pur*ases =eign made la!s1 t closely resemble ! ,am]ican 9 outl9e & f9i%4 ,^! la!s1 z a usual ?+1 are n accurate1 & 9 ! great] majority ( cases ! *ucks :i* accompany !m are worse ?an no?+1 & yet ^! la!s1 9 ne>ly all cases1 are decl>$ to be z good z ! ,am]ican4 ,!re are "s =eign la!s t are v c>efully made1 & are q z true z ! be/ ,am]ican1 b !y are ! exception & n ! rule4 ,! workman :o buys "o ( ^! la!s _c1 ( c\rse1 tell :e!r x is "r or wrong until he has plac$ x on 8 b5* & te/$ x1 & ev5 !n he _c be sure1 = al?\gh :5 a c]ta9 *uck is plac$ 9 ! sp9dle & te/$ x may app>5tly %[ no deviation f tru?1 !re may /ill be untru? 9 ! sp9dle or *uck or bo?1 z ! errors 9 "o may be c\nt]act+ ! errors 9 ! o!r1 & if ! *uck be turn$ or an absolutely true *uck plac$ 9 ! sp9dle1 ! error w be made q app>5t4 ,if an ,am]ican la!1 by any possibility1 is all[$ to pass ! inspector1 & f9ds its way ^u ! m>ket1 ! mak] is only too glad to replace x ) a p]fect "o1 = 8 reputation is at /ake2 b if "o ( ! imitation patt]n proves untrue y w h to d ! be/ y c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,!re are ,am]ican made la!s ^u ! m>ket t are z inf]ior 9 _m respects z ! imitations1 & ! wat*mak] w d well to d )\t a la! until su* "t z he c af=d to pur*ase "o ( kn[n reputation4 ,among ! fir/-class ,am]ican la!s ^u ! m>ket may be m5tion$ ! ,web/]-,:itcomb1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc2 ! ,moseley1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd2 ! ,hopk9s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe1 & ! ,rivett1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 & o!rs4 ,an excell5t la! = ! heavi] "w ( wat*mak]s & jewel]s1 su* z _c be p]=m$ ) satisfaction on ! wat*mak]'s la!1 is ! ,no4 #d ,b>nes1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,= screw-cutt+1 ! manufacture ( wat*mak]'s tools1 fi%+ reels1 repairs on t[] clocks1 9 fact1 all ! heavi] "w ( ! trade1 x is admirably fitt$4 #bec4 ,c>e ( ! ,la!4 ,! ,am]ican la! ( to-day is a m>vel ( complet5ess 9 its p>ts1 & h[ _m h\rs1 yea mon?s1 ( /udy & exp]im5t h be5 be/[$ ^u x by its projectors & mak]s to acquire ^! po9ts ( utility & excell5cy8 ,:at a va/ am\nt ( c>e has be5 ex]cis$ = ! production ( a p]fect la!6 ,mu/ ?is c>e cease at ! mom5t x passes into ! h&s ( ! wat*mak]8 ,x is a v easy matt] at any "t to wipe (f ! du/ & oil t may accumulate1 b does ?is alone con/itute due c>e8 ,!re may be a nice glass case to cov] x & keep (f ! du/1 & a v good idea x is1 if fai?fully us$2 b if a c\nt] %aft is on ! b5*1 or mu* la! "w is to be done1 x soon falls into blissful desuetude1 or f9i%es its usefulness by be+ brok54 ,!n1 (t51 a clo? is wrapp$ ab\t ! la!1 :i* soon gets soil$ & looks badly1 let alone ! poor protection x af=ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,du/ is omnipres5t1 & ! greate/ enemy to all active ma*9]y2 x insidi\sly makes its way into e crease & crevice1 & if n promptly remov$ w cause untold damage4 ,we _c get rid ( x & mu/ 7l ! indu/ri\s h\sewife7 wage a con/ant w>f>e aga9/ x4 ,! c>e necess>y to be giv5 to a f9e la! diff]s f mo/ o!r tools2 x is n conf9$ alone to ! removal ( du/ & keep+ clean1 b ! fitt+ prop]ly ( ! sev]al p>ts z us$4 ,!re %\ld be no ov]/ra9+ :5 tight5+ screws1 *ucks1 etc41 or :5 fitt+ articles 9 bo? wire & :eel *ucks1 & s on ?r\gh ! li/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! face ( ! la! b$ :5 x comes f ! mak]s is 7or %\ld be7 p]fectly true f end to end1 9 ord] t head & tail /ocks w meet on a direct l9e ( c5t]s1 ev5 %\ld !y be *ang$ end = end1 & a good la! w meet ^? requirem5ts4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s to any ?9k+ m9d t if ?is face becomes injur$ by neglect1 :]eby ! nickel+ is remov$ 9 spots or portions1 !y w1 9 all probability1 become ru/y2 ?is ru/ w !n eat away & ?r[ (f m1 & soon ! face pres5ts an unev5 surface1 :i* w t5d to de/roy ! l9e ( c5t]s betwe5 head & tail /ocks4 ,! head /ock1 usually occupy+ "o position1 causes less we> at ?is po9t or place1 :ile ! h&-re/ & tail /ock are con/antly be+ %ift$1 s :]e !re is m motion or action !re mu/ be m we>1 especially if du/1 *ips1 or grit be all[$ to accumulate b5ea? !m1 & ?\gh ! we> is seem+ly imp]ceptible1 x nev]!less is !re1 & w soon] or lat] manife/ itself1 & ?is is a signal t ! level ( ! b$ is becom+ impair$1 &1 necess>ily1 ! tru?4 ,?us too mu* c>e & att5tion _c be ex]cis$ 9 gu>d+ aga9/ *ips & du/ :5 slid+ h&-re/ back & =? on ! b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,at ! end ( ! b$1 :]e ! tail /ock takes position1 _m wat*mak]s h ! tail /ock (f1 & ?is portion is m expos$ to atmosph]ic action1 also receiv+ p]spiration f ! h&s :5 !y come 9 contact4 ,aga91 o!rs let ! tail /ock rema9 9 position1 only remov+ :5 x comes 9 ! way4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is well to devise "s means = ! protection ( ! b$2 ?is is easily done by mak+ a %ea? ( *amois sk9 to slip tightly ov] ! b$2 x c be remov$ & replac$ readily1 & :5 x becomes soil$1 c be wa%$4 ,?is %ea? %\ld be fully two-?irds ! l5g? ( b$1 or rea*+ f tail end up to h&-re/ :5 x is close to head /ock4 ,x pres]ves ! b$ f dampness1 :i* is consid]able 9 "s climates1 also ! p]spiration ( ! h& & fly+ *ips & du/4 ,9 ! second case1 if ! tail /ock is all[$ to rema9 on ! la!1 or1 if remov$ & plac$ on ! b5*1 x is subject$ to all ! evils ! b$ is 9 ! =m]4 ,our op9ion is1 ! tail /ock %\ld be kept 9 its comp>tm5t 9 a tight-fitt+ draw]1 away f du/ & accid5tal knocks ( o!r tools on ! b5*2 ! tail sp9dle n be+ nickel$1 is m liable to ru/ if left expos$1 & %\ld be kept 9 a %ea? ( oil$ pap]4 ,?is may seem sup]flu\s & too mu* bo!r1 yet x is tak+ prop] c>e :i* tells 9 ! end4 ,! bottom ( tail /ock %\ld always be bru%$ (f be=e plac+ 9 position1 n only = its protection1 b = fe> "s p>ticle ( grit may be adh]+1 !reby ?r[+ x out ( tru?1 & screw+ x d[n tight only adds injury to ! la! if all[$ to rema94 ,! head /ock dem&s close att5tion2 ! sp9dle %\ld run freely )\t end-%ake1 & ab\t once a week %\ld be spe$$1 mean:ile adm9i/]+ oil until x leaves ! be>+s clean1 & !n wip$ (f4 ,a little oil %\ld be add$ e day4 ,see t ! m\? ( ! sp9dle is kept bright & clean2 ?ru/ a piece ( clo? cle> ?r\gh sp9dle e n[ & !n1 t all du/ & dirt may be remov$4 ,wire & :eel *ucks %\ld (t5 be wa%$ 9 gasol9e to remove gummy dirt & oil :i* is con/antly adh]+1 & x is ev5 well ea* "t a *uck is us$1 to wa% (f fir/1 !n wipe dry4 ,a little dirt on ! m\? ( sp9dle1 or on ! *uck1 (t5 ?r[s x out ( tru?1 & consequ5tly ! article fa/5$ !re9 also4 ,:5 fitt+ head or tail /ocks1 or 9 fact any atta*m5t1 d s c>efully4 ,d n bang x 9 place z if y held a grudge aga9/ x1 & :5 9 position see t !y are tightly screw$ 9 place4 ,hav+ too mu* end-%ake on live sp9dle1 especially 9 s(t la!s1 causes unev5 we> 9 its be>+s1 besides n be+ reliable = true pivot+ or any su* "w4 ,:5 ! co/ ( a la! is tak5 into consid]ation1 x goes to prove t x is n easily replac$4 ,:]e is ! jewel] ) a /ock ( goods :o w\ld retire )\t fir/ see+ t 8 valuables 7 9 ! safe1 b h[ _m are !re t ?9k ( giv+ ?is protection to _! la!s8 ,"s d1 b ! great] p] c5t d n4 ,x is a good plan to see t ! head /ock1 ! tail /ock1 & atta*m5ts are 9 ! safe & %\ld a fire break out t endang]s ! /ore1 & no *ance to save x1 ! feel+ ( satisfaction is great to "k ! la! is safe1 t is1 ! mo/ exp5sive p>ts1 = ! b$ c be pur*as$ at a nom9al co/ comp>$ to ! atta*m5ts4 ,,! ,,foot ,,:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 #bed4 ,9 ! selection ( a foot-:eel ! workman mu/ be gov]n$ by 8 own exp]i5ce & ta/e1 = ! v>iety t exactly suits "o p]son is v di/a/eful to ano!r4 ,! sw+ treadle patt]n %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh is a v popul> "o ) ,am]ican workm54 ,^! sw+ treadles are made 9 v>i\s ways by ! diff]5t manufactur]s1 b ! me?ods ( us+ !m are alike4 ,!re are workm51 h[ev]1 :o pref] ! heel & toe motion & o!rs t pref] ! up & d[n motion4 ,?is is all a matt] ( ta/e & x matt]s b little :at =m ( la! :eel is us$ provid$ ! motion is /eady & ! ex]tion is light4 ,z a g5]al rule a heavy :eel1 say =ty p\nds 9 weight1 w be f\nd1 on ! :ole1 mu* bett] ?an a light "o & ! motion w be m uni=m4 #bee4 ,driv+ ,b&s & ,belts4 ,mo/ foot-:eels are s con/ruct$ t ei!r a flat or r\nd belt may be us$ 9 transmitt+ ! p[] to ! c\nt]%aft or la!1 z ! case may be4 ,_m wat*mak]s use a flat belt betwe5 foot-:eel & c\nt]%aft & a r\nd lea!r belt1 or cord1 betwe5 c\nt]%aft & la!4 ,if we may judge by appe>ances1 ?is is ! favorite fitt+4 ,o!rs use r\nd lea!r belts 9 bo? in/ances1 :ile o!rs aga9 use cotton or hemp cord or gut4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! r\nd lea!r belt seems to possess advantages ov] all o!rs4 ,x does n slip z easily z cotton cord1 is m ela/ic ?an gut & ?r[s less /ra9 on ! be>+s1 absorbs less p[] & works mu* smoo!r4 ,! ends are fa/5$ toge!r by means ( an ,s hook & ! cord may be readily tight5$ by giv+ x an additional twi/ or two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 #bef4 ,! ,c\nt]%aft4 ,! c\nt]%aft is indisp5sable 9 us+ mill+ tools1 :eel cutt]s & pivot poli%]s4 ,! patt]n %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi is b "o ( _m on ! m>ket4 ,9 "s ( ! patt]ns ! uprights ext5d ?r\gh ! top ( ! b5* & are held securely 9 place by means ( ?umb screws or w+ nuts4 ,! patt]n %[n 9 ! illu/ration is m\nt$ on a solid metal base :i* is int5d$ to be fa/5$ to ! b5* by means ( screws4 ,! advantages ( us+ a c\nt]%aft are ?ree fold3 ,fir/1 y are able to regulate y\r spe$ p]fectly )\t *ang+ ! motion ( ! foot f fa/ to sl[ or vice v]sa2 second1 y\r belt is c>ri$ to ! back ( ! b5*1 :]e x is out ( ! way1 in/ead ( com+ d[n 9 front ( ! head2 & ?ird1 y obviate ! necessity ( hav+ holes 9 y\r b5* on ea* side ( ! la!1 t small articles are liable to drop ?r\gh4 ,fig4 #gj illu/rates ! favorite arrangem5t ( foot :eel1 c\nt]%aft & belts4 ,,! ,,b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 #beg4 ,z previ\sly sugge/$ 7#bcj7 x is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 do+ good "w1 & do+ x rapidly1 t y\r b5* be kept ord]ly & clean at all times1 & t all y\r tools & devices be 9 _! prop] places1 exactly :]e y c put y\r h& on !m at a mom5t's notice4 ,an excell5t arrangem5t = a wat*mak]'s b5* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,?is b5* 0 design$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,laughl91 & is complete 9 e detail4 ,b5*es c be pur*as$ ready made f mat]ial deal]s1 bo? ) & )\t curta9 tops1 b !re are _m wat*mak]s t pref] to make1 or h made = !m1 a b5* v>y+ f ! usual patt]n4 ,! b5* illu/rat$ is made ( black walnut1 v5e]$ ) ,fr5* walnut & bird's eye maple4 ,! top is #ba in*es wide by #da long & is #cc in*es f ! floor4 ,! draw]s on ! "r-h& side are #aj in*es wide4 ,9 ! c5t] are two %all[ draw]s1 :ile ! left-h& side is entirely box$ 94 ,,idl]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 #beh4 ,idl]s are especially valuable = use on slide re/ tools1 su* z pivot poli%]s1 mill+ atta*m5ts1 :eel cutt]s1 etc41 & ) trav]se sp9dle tail/ocks1 trav]se sp9dle driv]s1 etc41 to give a v]tical direction to ! belts4 ,idl]s are con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 "s ( !m be+ m\nt$ on upright po/s1 fa/5$ to ! b5* j back ( ! la!1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga2 o!rs consi/ ( /eel rods t]m9at+ 9 a ball1 & socket jo9t1 :]e x is fa/5$ to ! b5*1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb1 :ile 9 o!r patt]ns ! rod is fa/5$ by means ( a w+ nut to a brace runn+ f "o to ! o!r ( ! supports ( ! c\nt]%aft & may be plac$ at any desir$ angle4 ,! idl] %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc c be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,"s wat*mak]s pref] to place _! idl]s on an ov]head c\nt]%aft1 :i* is usually fa/5$ j back ( ! b5* & ab\t two & a half or ?ree feet above x4 ,! idl] %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb c be screw$ to ! b5* or to ! wall above ! b5*1 9 ! latt] case x w ext5d out horizontally ov] ! la! & is out ( ! way ( ! wat*mak] :5 n 9 use4 ,9 ! =ms %[n 9 ,figs #ga1 #gb & #gc ! belt passes f ! c\nt]%aft ov] ! idl] & "o long belt only is us$4 ,?is /yle is sometimes v>i$ by us+ two sep>ate belts "o f ! c\nt]%aft to ! idl] & ano!r f ! idl] d[n to ! la!4 ,if 9 ! latt] /yle1 a cone pulley ( rubb] is us$ on ! c\nt]%aft & also = ! correspond+ pulley on ! idl] & a pla9 pulley = ! d[n belt4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is =m ! idl] /& mu/ be 9 ! =m ( a c\nt]%aft1 z ! pulley mu/ be fa/ on ! %aft & ! %aft itself mu/ revolve4 ,9 ! /yles %[n above1 ! %aft is rigid & ! pulleys revolve ^u x4 ,! advantage ( us+ ! cone pulley /yle is t ! spe$ ( ! cutt] or o!r atta*m5t may be v>i$ at w )\t 9 any way increas+ or decreas+ ! spe$ ( ! :eel4 ,,*ucks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 #bei4 ,true *ucks are ! mo/ important adjuncts to a wat*mak]'s outfit4 ,a true la! ) poor1 untrue *ucks is almo/ useless4 ,*ucks hold ! "w true/ t comes ! ne>e/ to fitt+ ! holes 9 !m4 ,if y try to hold "w 9 a *uck t is too l>ge or too small1 y w soon get ! *ucks out ( true & y w soon become dissatisfi$ ) y\r *ucks1 y\r "w & y\r la!4 ,c>e %\ld always be tak5 to select a *uck t w take ! "w )\t /ra9+ x op5 & yet is n s l>ge t undue pressure w h to be us$ 9 hold+ x4 ,! ,am]ican split *uck1 :5 true1 w hold almo/ any piece ( "w ) ! greate/ precision z reg>ds tru?2 b ! split *uck is a delicate atta*m5t & w n /& h>d knocks & r\gh treatm5t4 ,aft] us+ !m1 y %\ld clean !m 9 b5z9e to remove all dirt1 r9s+ !m 9 alcohol & dry+ ) a s(t l95 rag1 & see t no small *ips ( metal are left 9 ! op5+s t may ?r[ ! "w out ( tru? ! next "t !y are us$4 ,fig4 #gd illu/rates ! regul> patt]n split *ucks t accompany ,am]ican la!s4 ,fig4 #ge is a conoidal wire *uck1 s call$ because ! %ape ( ! m\? ( ! *uck is conoidal 9 lieu ( ! %\ld] usually left on wire *ucks = ! b5d 9 ! sp9dle4 ,fig4 #gf is an arbor *uck4 ,?is is a solid *uck on ! end ( :i* is a ?read$ arbor = ! reception ( saws1 laps1 :eels1 etc41 :i* are held firmly 9 position by means ( ! nut on ! ?read$ arbor4 ,fig4 #gg is a screw *uck4 ,?is is a solid /eel *uck hav+ a ?read$ hole 9 ! end = ! reception ( cem5t brasses1 etc4 ,fig4 #gh is a %\ld] *uck4 ,x is a split *uck ) a l>ge op5+ 9 ! end ) squ>e %\ld]s = ! "w to re/ ^u4 ,fig4 #gi is a tap] *uck1 :i* is solid & has a l>ge op5+ = ! reception ( tap]s1 c5t]s1 laps1 etc4 ,fig4 #hj is a /ep or :eel *uck1 :i* usually comes 9 sets ( five1 & z ea* *uck has n9e /eps1 a set ( !m w accommodate =ty-five diff]5t sizes ( "w4 ,^! *ucks are useful = hold+ ma9spr+ b>rels :5 fitt+ 9 ! cap1 %\ld x become out ( true2 = true+ up ! b>rel ( ,engli% lev] wat*es t are damag$ by ! break+ ( a ma9spr+ & = hold+ almo/ any :eel 9 a wat*1 su* z ! fitt+ ( a c5t] :eel to a p9ion1 or 9 mak+ sure t hole 9 ! :eel is 9 ! c5t]4 ,^! *ucks w ! hold :eels f #e to #b4be4 ,! *ucks m5tion$ above are ! mo/ common ones 9 e day use & usually accompany ! ,am]ican la! 9 comb9ation sets4 ,z intimat$1 ^! *ucks are delicate & z a usual ?+ !y d n receive ! c>e !y %\ld1 :5 _! co/ & ! delicate exactitude dem&$ ( !m is consid]$4 ,! wat*mak] :o prides himself on 8 good "w & ! ord]ly condition ( 8 tools1 atta*m5ts & b5* g5]ally w pur*ase or make = himself a nice *uck box ) a glass or wood5 cov] to exclude all du/ & fly+ *ips4 ,y _c expect to d good true "w ) a *uck t is ?r[n c>elessly into a draw] conta9+ an assortm5t ( files1 a hamm]1 /ak+ block1 oil/one1 screw driv]1 slid+ tongs1 etc41 & yet h[ _m wat*mak]s take j ?is k9d ( c>e ( _! *ucks1 & compla9 ( _! untru?1 & decl>e t a wax *uck is ! only ?+ t c be absolutely reli$ ^u = tru?4 ,fig4 #ha illu/rates a neatly arrang$ *uck box made by ! ,faneuil ,wat* ,tool ,company4 ,9 x all ! v>i\s *ucks may be arrang$ & ! :ole may be cov]$ ) a glass %ade to keep out all dirt4 ,a wood5 cov] might be us$ & p]haps w\ld be pref]able to _m z x is less liable to be brok5 & occupies less space & !re=e admits ( ! box be+ plac$ 9 a draw]1 leav+ m room on ! b5* = ! necess>y tools & atta*m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a *uck box %\ld be well soak$ 9 oil s t ! wood w absorb no moi/ure & ?us t5d to ru/ ! *ucks4 ,a small envelope made ( tissue pap] & fill$ ) quicklime w1 if plac$ 9 ! *uck box1 take up ! moi/ure 9 ! air & prev5t ! *ucks f ru/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 #bfj4 ,! *uck /epp+ device1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,moseley1 is a valuable atta*m5t = ! la!4 ,9 ?is device1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb1 a re/s 9 *uck slightly less ?an diamet] ( "w2 b tight5s 9 re> end ( draw-9 sp9dle1 & turn+ c regulates ! dep? ( /ep4 ,by ! use ( ?is tool any wire *uck w accurately s]ve z a /ep *uck4 ,x is a device ( great s]vice to ! wat*mak] :5 us$ & und]/ood4 ,x enables him to make a /ep 9 any wire *uck ( any dep? he may desire1 & w pu% out ! "w at any "t :5 he s desires4 ,x is v useful _m times = a /op = m>k+ or cutt+ (f :5 y want a numb] ( pieces ( ! same l5g? or k9d4 ,_m object to ! /epp$ *uck = g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 #bfa4 ,9 addition to ! regul> *ucks :i* usually accompany ,am]ican la! comb9ations may be m5tion$ "s o!rs :i* f "t to "t h be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket by manufactur]s ( wat*mak]s' tools4 ,^! *ucks 7 devis$ = hold+ "w :i* x 0 f\nd 9 practice c\ld n be held by ! ord9>y *ucks4 #bfb4 ,! bezel *uck1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc1 0 orig9ally made ) a view ( hold+ bezels only1 b is n[ made s t x w hold wat* plates1 co9s1 etc41 & is adju/able to any size4 ,x c be fitt$ to any la! & x requires b v little practice to use x1 z x is extremely simple & any "o :o uses a la! c make or repair bezels 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,x holds ! "w z 9 a vise1 & no am\nt ( turn+ or j>r+ w loos5 ! jaws1 :ile x may be op5$ or clos$ in/antly by simply turn+ ! mill$ nut beh9d ! face plate1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ator to turn & fit a bezel p]fectly1 by try+ on ! case z _m times z necess>y4 ,x holds ! bezel by ei!r groove1 s t ! recess may be turn$ out :5 too %all[ or too small = ! glass1 or ! bezel may be inv]t$ & turn$ d[n :5 x re/s too h>d aga9/ ! dial4 ,x w be f\nd especially useful 9 turn+ out ! inevitable lump ( sold] f ! recess ( ! bezel aft] sold]+1 & 9 fitt+ to case1 z ! process ( sold]+ g5]ally makes ! bezel %ort]1 & consequ5tly x w n fit ! case4 ,x also r5d]s ! op]ation ( poli%+ bezels1 aft] sold]+1 ! "w ( b a few mom5ts4 ,9 turn+ out ! recess = glass 9 bezels1 especially ^? ( ! heavy nickel v>iety1 x w prove a fri5d inde$4 ,:51 = in/ance1 y look ?r\gh y\r /ock ( flat glasses & f9d none to fit1 b h "o t is j too l>ge4 ,any wat*mak] kn[s t if ! groove 9 ! bezel is imp]fect1 x is v apt to break ! glass4 ,?is *uck is also useful z a b>rel clos]1 hold+ "w :ile engrav+1 & _m o!r uses t w pres5t !mselves to ! wat*mak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 #bfc4 ,! ,hopk9s' pat5t adju/able *uck1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd1 is design$ to grip & hold firmly & accurately any size ( "w1 f ! smalle/ /aff to ! l>ge/ p9ion1 wat* :eels ( all sizes1 ma9spr+ b>rels & o!r l>ge "w1 & c be adju/$ to any make ( la!1 by simply plac+ x friction tight on a plug *uck fitt$ prop]ly to ! la!4 ,9 us+ ?is *uck = /affs1 p9ions1 wire1 etc41 fa/5 a ,v-piece1 #g1 ( prop] size1 9 ! hole ( atta*m5t #f1 tak+ c>e t bo? ! ,v & ! seat 9 :i* x re/s1 are free f *ips1 dirt1 etc4 ,!n lay y\r "w 9 ! ,v & fa/5 x !re by means ( ! slid+ jaw above x4 ,?is done1 place ! atta*m5t on ! face ( ! *uck body1 ) ! disc slipp$ "u ! heads ( ! two spr+ bolts1 & !n sp9 ! "w to c5t] ! same z :5 us+ wax4 ,aft] c5t]+ ?us1 fa/5 ! disc to place by tight5+ ! nuts on ! back ends ( ! spr+ bolts4 ,= hold+ "w by ! web ( ! :eel1 place ! :eel "u ! screw cap1 on ! face atta*m5t #h1 & screw ! cap d[n firmly on x1 ) ! /aff or p9ion project+ outw>d ?r\gh ! c5t] hole4 ,?is done1 proce$ ! same z :5 us+ atta*m5t #f4 ,= ma9spr+ b>rels & l "w1 use atta*m5t #aa1 & place a bit ( brok5 ma9spr+ betwe5 ! "w & ! ends ( ! ?ree b9d+ screws1 & tight5 ! screws d[n on ?is in/ead ( directly on ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 #bfd4 ,! ,spick]man pat5t cem5t *uck1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #he & #hf1 holds & c5t]s accurately any :eel 9 a wat* :ile drill+1 poli%+ or fitt+ new /affs or p9ions1 & all dang] ( injur+ ! :eels is obviat$4 ,x w fit all k9ds ( ,am]ican or ,swiss la!s4 ,! hold] %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf at a1 is turn$ d[n to ne>ly ! size ( ! screw = ! la!1 & ! screw is cut s ! hold] w set z close z possible to ! la!4 ,! face ( ! hold] is !n turn$ p]fectly true4 ,put ! :eel to be c5t]$ 9 cap c1 z ne> to ! c5t] z conv5i5t1 & !n screw on b4 ,!n place ! cem5t$ face ( *uck b aga9/ ! face ( hold] a on ! la!1 & ) a lamp w>m ! cem5t betwe5 ! surfaces1 hold+ ! *uck by means ( a pegwood aga9/ ! pivot ( ! :eel 9 ! cap c1 & x w move to an exact c5t] z soon z w>m$ suffici5tly4 ,new cem5t %\ld be add$ occasionally betwe5 ! surfaces1 z ! old cem5t h>d5s & burns away1 & does n c5t] z well z :5 new4 ,fig4 #he %[s *uck ) :eel inside ready = c5t]+ & drill+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 #bfe4 ,! gem pat5t pivot+ *uck1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #hg & #hh1 is int5d$ z a sub/itute = wax :5 p]=m+ pivot+ & l "w4 ,by ! means ( ! ball b1 plac$ betwe5 ! two slid+ sockets c1 c1 ) ! sev]al o!r p>ts z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hg1 a comb9ation ( slid+ & ball & socket movem5ts1 9 connection ) a spr+ pump-c5t] is obta9$4 ,a set ( t5 or m supplem5t>y *ucks g1 ) diff]5t sizes ( c5t] holes1 & atta*m5t n = all sizes ( :eels1 are furni%$ ) ea* *uck4 ,! supplem5t>y *uck g1 9 ! =m ( a small split *uck1 is made to fit into a hole ) tap] m\?1 9 ! c5t] ( ! ball b1 & is drawn into place & ! "w fa/5$ firmly 9 x by means ( ! b9d+ nut m1 :i* screws on to a projection ext5d+ outw>d f ! front ( ! ball4 ,to use ?is *uck1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,remove ! nut m1 & give fre$om to ! work+ p>ts by loos5+ ! l>ge back nut k4 ,!n to br+ ! hole ?r\gh ! ball b into l9e1 sp9 ! ball to c5t]1 fir/ at ! base ( ! project+ screw & !n at ! m\? ( ! hole ?r\gh x1 & 9 ?is position aga9 fa/5 ! p>ts1 by tight5+ ! nut k4 ,!n give fre$om to ! pump-c5t] by slightly loos5+ ! set screw j4 ,:5 do+ ?is1 hold y\r f+] aga9/ ! front ( ! *uck1 to prev5t ! c5t] rod f %oot+ out ( its place :5 fre$4 ,!n hav+ plac$ a supplem5t>y *uck g1 ( prop] size1 9 its place 9 ! *uck1 & y\r "w 9 x1 ) its back end re/+ prop]ly 9 ! c\nt]s9k 9 ! end ( ! pump-c5t]1 fa/5 x !re by screw+ ! cap m d[n snugly ov] x1 us+ a small lev] p9 :5 necess>y = ! purpose1 b n ) undue =ce4 ,!n aga9 loos5 ! nut k1 & sp9 ! "w to c5t] at its out] end2 & !n tight5 bo? ! nut k & set screw j4 ,9 tight5+ ! set screw j1 make sure x is s tight5$ z to prev5t ! pump-c5t] f slipp+ f place :5 work+4 ,if f tight5+ ! screw j1 x is f\nd t ! "w has be5 ?r[n 9 any degree away f true c5t]1 loos5 ! nut k1 leav+ ! pump-c5t] fa/1 & aga9 sp9 to c5t] & fa/5 z be=e4 ,aft] a little practice ?is c all be done 9 a few seconds1 & ! "w br\ght to absolute c5t]4 ,9 us+ atta*m5t n1 = :eels1 ! nut m & *uck g are remov$1 & n is sub/itut$ !re=2 ! "w be+ held on ! face ( ! atta*m5t by flat-head$ screws t grip ! arms ( ! :eel4 ,= cyl9d] escape :eels a special atta*m5t n is furni%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 #bff4 ,fig4 #hi illu/rates a cr[n *uck1 :i* is us$ = hold+ cr[ns :ile und]go+ repairs4 ,! ,dale *uck %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi is made on ! l9es ( ! ord9>y split wire *uck1 a l>ge recess be+ turn$ 9 ! end = ! reception ( ! cr[n4 ,! ,johanson *uck is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ij1 & is q diff]5t 9 con/ruction1 a ball-%ap$ cap ) "r h& ?read screw+ d[n onto ! body ( ! *uck1 ?us hold+ ! cr[n f ! outside1 :ile a screw-c5t] ) left h& ?read1 holds x firmly f ! inside4 ,?is *uck is made 9 two patt]ns1 "o = use 9 a ,no4 #dj wire *uck1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ij1 & ! o!r is m\nt$ on a regul> *uck & is ready to ins]t into ! la!-head ! same z an ord9>y wire *uck4 ,,! ,,slide ,,re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 #bfg4 ,! slide re/ is an exp5sive b v useful adjunct to ! la!4 ,x is us$ s ext5sively 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 t a full description ( x seems sup]flu\s4 ,fig4 #ia is a fair example ( a mod]n slide re/ = ! ,am]ican la!4 ,! tool-hold] v>ies ) ! diff]5t mak]s1 b ! re/s prop] are all made on ! same g5]al pr9ciples1 t ( two slid+ b$s work+ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & c>ry+ a tool-hold]1 capable ( be+ rais$ or l[]$ or set at any desir$ angle4 #bfh4 ,brass is easily turn$ ) ! slide-re/ 9 an ord9>y la! arrang$ = ! purpose1 b ! turn+ ( /eel dem&s m c>e 9 sett+ ! cutt] s z to obta9 ! be/ cutt+ edge z well z 9 det]m9+ ! po9t ( application ( ! tool4 ,prelim9>y trials mu/ be made1 & ! foll[+ rem>ks w be ( s]vice z a guide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 #bfi4 ,eng9e]s use a hook$ tool to a v great ext5t = bo? plan+ & turn+4 ,bo? exp]i5ce & reason+ po9t to ! conclusion t a tool ( ! =m b or d ,fig4 #ib1 possesses _m recomm5dations1 & num]\s designs ( hook$ tools m or less resembl+ ^! figures are employ$ ) advantage2 ! tool occupies ! be/ possible position 9 ref]5ce to ! surface x is requir$ to cut1 & ! cutt+ edge is bo? %>p & solid4 ,x w be evid5t t a c]ta9 relation exi/s betwe5 ! cutt+ angle & ! po9t ( application ( ! tool to ! cyl9drical object t is be+ turn$1 & ?is x is necess>y to det]m9e4 ,) a hook$ tool1 z ) ! ord9>y slide-re/ cutt]1 a cutt+ angle :i* is too acute w we> away rapidly2 :5 too obtuse1 ! tool scrapes & w only act :5 consid]able pressure is appli$4 ,9 conclusion1 x is cle> t 9 =m+ or re-gr9d+ any tool = cutt+ a surface1 x mu/ be s arrang$ t its edge makes ! lea/ possible angle ) ! surface t is consi/5t ) ! secur+ ( a suffici5t degree ( resi/ance to ! cohesion & ! h>dness ( metal op]at$ ^u2 9 o!r words1 ! end ( ! tool mu/ be almo/ tang5tial to ! circumf]5ce ( ! object1 & ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge mu/ be obta9$ by remov+ metal f ! top face ( ! tool4 ,^! pr9ciples are applicable to all tools = metals2 to ! blades ( drills z well z to ! cutt+ edges ( grav]s1 etc4 #bgj4 ,! angle ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool us$ 9 ! slide re/ = /eel %\ld be less ?an t employ$ = op]at+ on brass4 ,accord+ to ,holtzapffel1 x may v>y 9 ! =m] case f #fj to #hj &1 9 ! latt] case1 #gj to #ij1 accord+ z ! tool is requir$ = r\gh turn+ or f9i%+4 #fj & #hj may1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z conv5i5t angles 9 ! cases respectively4 ,simple me?ods ( ensur+ t ! cutt+ edge has any requir$ angle are describ$ 9 article #cif4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! la! revolves %\ld also be less :5 turn+ /eel1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t bo? ! tool & object are con/antly moi/5$ ) oil4 ,x is sometimes desirable to arrange a small dropp+-c = ! purpose ( keep+ up ! supply2 ?is may be easily done by plac+ a c conta9+ ! fluid above ! level ( ! "w & all[+ a piece ( lamp-wick1 previ\sly moi/5$1 to hang f x s z to almo/ t\* ! "w3 a cont9u\s s]ies ( drops w fall1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( capill>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 #bga4 ,:5 r\gh+ out "w x is be/ t ! cutt] fir/ travel p]p5dicul> to ! object1 f a t[>ds b1 ,fig4 #ic1 & !n 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,! corn] a %\ld only be us$ = f9i%+ an int]nal angle or = r\gh+ x out1 &1 9 ?is latt] case1 ! cutt] mu/ advance along a b & be )drawn f ! metal 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,! small face at ! end1 a c1 %\ld be n>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 #bgb4 ,=ms ( slide-re/ cutt]s4 ,! usual =ms ( cutt]s = use 9 ! slide-re/ are %[n 9 ,figs4 #id & #ie4 ,a & ,a are respectively ! plan & side view ( ! mo/ common =m4 ,two incl9$ planes i n & d c are =m$ on ! left-h& & "u sides4 ,! po9t on :i* !y t]m9ate is cut (f squ>e1 a cutt+ edge1 :i* is m or less acute accord+ to ! metal to be op]at$ ^u1 be+ obta9$ by a ?ird incl9e c n4 ,! wid? ( ! squ>e cutt+ edge1 indicat$ at n 9 figure ,a1 v>ies accord+ to ! metal to be op]at$ ^u1 z well z ?is incl9e c n4 ,x is advisable to be provid$ ) at lea/ half-a-doz5 cutt]s ( ?is =m1 ) edges ( v>y+ wid? & incl9ation1 & ev5 ?is numb] is (t5 f\nd insuffici5t2 cutt]s = /eel %\ld nev] be us$ 9 turn+ brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,a cutt] may be %>p5$ 9 ! usual mann] = ord9>y "w2 b if x is desir$ to produce v smoo? s9ks1 etc41 "o t has be5 c>efully poli%$ mu/ be us$ = ! f9al cut4 ,! blade %\ld cut ) bo? its edges2 ! /raight edge w s]ve to =m "r-angl$ corn]s ( s9ks1 :ile ! o!r edge w =m bevels4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t1 :5 a squ>e corn] =m$ by ! fir/ ( ^! edges requires to be bevel$ by ! second1 ! la! mu/ rotate 9 ! opposite direction & ! cutt] be pass$ ov] to ! opposite side ( ! c5t]4 #bgc4 ,c1 9 ! same figure1 is a r\nd$ cutt] = mak+ circul> grooves4 ,f1 ,fig4 #ie1 is = cutt+ ! groove t receives a b>rel-cov]4 ,j & ,v are = =m+ ! 8tall[-drop0 %\ld]s ( pivot-holes1 etc4 ,x w d\btless be obs]v$ t ^! cutt]s w\ld =m nipples t are dome-%ap$ & relatively some:at high1 &1 = small pivot-holes1 ! blade w\ld require to be n>r[] & ( a %ape t corresponds ) ! nipple x is desir$ to produce4 ,l is = r\nd+ (f angles4 ,s is a conv5i5t %ape = smoo?+ ! bottom ( a b>rel )\t damage to ! hook4 ,t has a squ>e po9t2 x is us$ n>r[ = cutt+1 = example1 ! passage "u ! escape-:eel cock 9 a cyl9d] wat*1 &1 :5 made wid]1 w s]ve to cut ! sett+s = jewels4 ,9 ! latt] case x may ei!r be squ>e at ! end or a little r\nd$ at ! corn]s4 ,9 addition to ! use indicat$ above1 ,v c be employ$ = rais+ ! edge ( a jewel sett+4 #bgd4 ,%>p5+ slide-re/ tools4 ,a flat surface turn$ 9 ! la! w nev] be ev5 unless ! cutt+ face n 9 ,a ,fig4 #id1 is smoo?1 & inde$ poli%$1 & its edge p>allel to ! face-plate4 ,"s c>e is !re=e necess>y 9 %>p5+ ?is face4 ,! requisite p>allelism c be secur$ by ! foll[+ me?od4 #bge4 ,%>p5 ! tool :ile x is held 9 ! tool repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,on a ?ick brass plate l & p>allel to its plane at "o extremity b1 a plate p is pivot$4 ,! incl9ation ( p to l c be v>i$ & x is fix$ 9 any requir$ position by ! curv$ arc pass+ "u ! clamp+ screw j4 ,a small b> c is fix$ to l ) its edge set accurately at "r angles to ! l9e at b 9 :i* ! two planes int]sect4 ,an exam9ation ( ! figure w suffice to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* su* a tool is us$4 ,hav+ set p s t x makes ) l ! angle to be giv5 to ! cutt+ face1 ! cutt] b is held aga9/ ! b> c1 :]e x may be fix$ ) a screw v1 or 9 any conv5i5t mann]1 tak+ c>e to leave ! portion ( ! cutt] t is to be remov$ project+ beyond ! face ( p z %[n at b4 ,n[ pass a piece ( smoo? oil/one or disc ( /eel *>g$ ) oil/one du/ ov] ! face ( p until ! project+ portion is remov$2 if a poli%$ face is requir$1 ?is mu/ be succe$$ by a bronze or gr\nd glass disc *>g$ ) r\ge4 ,if ! plate p is ( suffici5t dim5sions1 x w n be di/ort$1 ev5 ?\gh only made ( hamm]$ brass2 b x w\ld ( c\rse be bett] made ( /eel1 h>d5$ if possible4 #bgf4 ,if ! wat*mak] w make a rectangul> hold] to fit 9 8 tool po/1 ) a squ>e groove plan$ 9 its upp] side t w fit "s p>ticul> size ( tool /eel1 say "o-f\r? or ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*1 he c !n buy b> /eel ( t size & make 8 cutt]s by simply cutt+ (f a piece f ! b> & gr9d+ "o end to ! desir$ %apes & angles1 ?us sav+ a va/ am\nt ( "t & labor 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 tools1 facilitat+ _! rapid int]*ange 9 ! tool po/1 :5 work+1 & secur+ ! greate/ possible rigidity ( ! tool1 z ! cutt+ edge projects f ! hold] only f> en\gh to all[ ! hold] to cle> ! "w4 ,,grav]s ,,& ,,o!r ,,h&-,,turn+ ,,tools4 #bgg4 ,hook$ grav]s4 ,x is ne$less to d m ?an m5tion ! grav]s t "s wat*mak]s are 9 ! habit ( mak+ ( worn-out files1 ( v>i\s =ms to suit _! special requirem5ts2 b we w\ld rem9d le>n]s t c>e is ess5tial 9 fix+ ! position ( ! re/ & ! incl9ation t has to be giv5 to ! tool s z to obta9 a smoo? surface1 & at ! same "t a rapid removal ( metal4 ,! mo/ usual =ms ( ! hook$ grav] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,a w s]ve to holl[ out a plate1 b>rel1 etc42 ,b = turn+ ! bottom ( a b>rel )\t t\*+ ! hook2 ,c = =m+ a b>rel-cov] groove aft] x has be5 r\gh$ out ) an ord9>y grav]4 ,! bottom ( a b>rel c also be turn$ ) a grav] ( ! =m ,d held on ! ,t-re/ at "r angles to ! bottom1 & a slide-re/ cutt] c be made ( ?is =m ) advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,"s workm5 incl9e ! end cutt+ face ( ,a slightly backw>ds f ! p]p5dicul> to d d1 fe>+ le/1 9 %>p5+1 x %\ld accid5tally be made to incl9e 9 ! o!r direction1 & s make x difficult to =m int]nal squ>e corn]s4 #bgh4 ,grav]s = turn+ squ>e %\ld]s1 etc4 ,v few wat*mak]s are able to f9i% (f a squ>e %\ld] by us+ a grav] ) ! usual po9t2 z a rule1 :5 !y are smoo?+ ! surface ( ! pivot !y all[ ! po9t to cut a r+ 9 ! %\ld]1 & if1 in/ead ( be+ %>p1 ! po9t is dull1 a r\gh groove is ! result4 ,to avoid su* a fault x is a common practice to employ grav]s ) v %ort faces1 b _! inconv5i5ce is evid5t4 ,x is mu* bett] to reta9 ! long loz5ge-%ap$ face1 b ) ! po9t modifi$1 z indicat$ by ,b or ,c1 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! ord9>y po9t1 %[n at ,a1 c be us$ = cutt+ ! back slope ( a %\ld]1 ,b = =m+ ! squ>e-%\ld]$ pivot1 & ,c = bevel$ %\ld]s4 ,! incl9ation ( ! face e d ( ,b may v>y1 ! angle e be+ m or less acute1 accord+ z m or less use is requir$ to be made ( ! po9t4 ,?is =m ( grav] has ! d\ble advantage t a pivot c be turn$ & smoo!d at "o op]ation1 v little poli%+ be+ ne$$4 ,moreov]1 ! po9t is less fragile1 & su* a grav] comb9es ! advantages ( ^? ) po9t$ & squ>e ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! l5g? ( ?is small face dep5ds on ! "w requir$ ( x1 ?us = mak+ a cyl9d] pivot x may be ab\t a ?ird ! l5g? ( ! pivot2 ?is is f\nd conv5i5t = ensur+ t ! pivot %all be ( uni=m diamet]4 ,! direction to be giv5 to ! face is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e e d1 & a loz5ge-%ap$ grav] is pref]able to "o ( squ>e section = ?is purpose4 ,?is direction e d is v important1 & frequ5t trials %\ld be made s z to ensure its be+ always produc$4 ,! =m ,c = bevel+ (f a %\ld] does n call = explanation4 ,al?\gh ( less importance ?an :5 turn+ ) ! slide-re/1 ! cutt+ angle ( ! grav] %\ld correspond ) ! nature ( ! metal op]at$ on4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is "q see article #bgj4 #bgi4 ,sph]ical turn+ tool4 ,a v simple & conv5i5t tool = =m+ a sph]e ( metal may be made by tak+ a h>d5$ /eel tube ^: int]nal diamet] is less ?an t ( ! sph]e to be produc$4 ,?is is gr\nd squ>e & flat at "o end1 & %>p5$ by rubb+ ?is flat end on an oil/one4 ,! tool is mov$ ab\t ov] ! surface ( ! ball1 previ\sly r\gh$ out1 & a p]fect sph]e w soon be obta9$1 ! metal be+ remov$ by ! int]nal edge ( ! tube4 ,if a /eel tube is n accessible x w be en\gh to drill a hole 9 ! end ( a s(t5$ worn-out file1 subsequ5tly h>d5+ x4 ,,drills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 #bhj4 ,! =ms ord9>ily adopt$ = ! blades ( drills are %[s at ,a & ,c1 ,fig4 #ii4 ,! =m ,c is be/ suit$ = p]=at+ brass & o!r metals hav+ a simil> degree ( h>dness4 ,! blade mu/ n be too ?ick1 z1 if x 71 !re w\ld n be a suffici5t cutt+ edge4 ,z ! h>dness ( ! metal op]at$ on is great]1 ! ?ickness ( ! blade mu/ proportionately increase1 or :at am\nts to ! same1 ! two slopes t give ! cutt+ edges mu/ h a less degree ( incl9ation4 ,if ?is condition ( suffici5t ?ickness be satisfi$ by a drill ( ! =m ,c1 x w p]=ate /eel v well1 b its po9t w rapidly we>4 ,:5 op]at+ on ?is metal1 !re=e1 ! =m ,a is pref]able1 especially :5 ! /eel is at all h>d4 ,su* a drill ) ! corn]s r\nd$ (f & %>p5$ w la/ = a long "t1 if ! cutt+ angles are n too acute4 ,if ! metal is n h>d1 m rapid progress may be made by adopt+ a blade less flatt5$ ?an ,a1 t is to say1 some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 ,a & ,c4 ,a drill may be ass]t$ to be good if x satisfies ! foll[+ conditions3 ! po9t mu/ be 9 ! middle ( ! blade2 x mu/ be made ( good /eel t is c>efully h>d5$1 )\t be+ heat$ beyond ! prop] temp]ature2 la/ly1 x mu/ be q true--9 o!r words1 9 rotat+ x mu/ run ) suffici5t tru? ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 s t x )/&s ! end pressure requir$ to cause x to bite1 & does n b5d4 #bha4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t3 7#a7 if a drill is driv5 too rapidly x w heat1 & ?us become s(t5$ z ?\gh too mu* temp]$2 x is ) a view to prev5t ?is t1 :5 op]at+ ^u iron or /eel1 _m workm5 n[ & !n dip ! drill into a cold liquid 7turp5t9e is good = ?is purpose71 dry x1 & recomm5ce drill+1 ! hole be+ lib]ally suppli$ ) oil2 7#b7 :5 ! blade is left too h>d1 ! cutt+ edge too acute1 or if a fea!r edge has be5 left by ! oil/one1 small h>d p>ticles t are deta*$ f ! drill w emb$ !mselves 9 ! hole1 & ?is w be especially ! case if x is work$ too rapidly or ) j]ks2 su* p>ticles r5d] ! op]ation ( drill+ v sl[ & difficult4 #bhb4 ,to drill /eel ( a blue temp]4 ,at fir/ n mu* difficulty w be exp]i5c$2 b :5 ! drill rea*es a c]ta9 dep? & ! metal seems to oppose a gradually increas+ resi/ance1 ! op]ation mu/ at once be /opp$4 ,if ! blade ( ! drill be n[ exam9$ ) a glass1 x w be easy to see :i* po9ts h ceas$ to cut1 produc+ in/ead a s]ies ( bright r+s at ! bottom ( ! hole t are v difficult to remove4 ,ex*ange ! drill = "o ( a diff]5t =m or1 )\t r$uc+ its wid?1 *ange ! =m ( ! blade2 if x 0 arr[-head$ = example1 make x a semicircle1 or semi-oval1 or *isel-%ap$ ) slop+ edges4 ,all t is ess5tial is t ! =m be s *ang$ t ! bright portions ( ! surface %all be gradually remov$1 & t no attempt be made to act on ! :ole bright surface at once4 ,until ?is h>d portion is remov$1 ! blade w require frequ5t %>p5+4 ,"s au?orities recomm5d t ! hole be moi/5$ f "t to "t ) dilute nitric acid1 :i* is !n wa%$ (f1 & r5ew$ :5 a %9y surface is produc$4 ,oil c ) advantage be replac$ by turp5t9e z a lubricant = ! drill blade4 ,! =mation ( h>d %9+ surfaces is attribut$ to ?ree causes3 7#a7 to ! cutt+ edge be+ r\nd$1 roll+ z x 7 & h>d5+ ! surface ( ! metal aga9/ :i* x cont9ues to move2 7#b7 to ! drill be+ made ( bad /eel or imp]fectly h>d5$1 s t small p>ticles break (f & are emb$d$ 9 ! metal op]at$ ^u2 & 7#c7 to a defici5cy 9 ! supply ( oil1 or an excessive velocity ( rotation ( ! drill4 ,^! difficulties may usually be avoid$ by obs]v+ ! foll[+ precautions3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 #bhc4 ,blade ( ! drill4 ,?is %\ld be nei!r z ?9 nor z acute z is us$ = drill+ brass4 ,its angle %\ld nev] be less ?an #ajj & ! incl9e %\ld be at ab\t #de4 ,! =ms g5]ally employ$ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj1 at ,a1 ,b & ,c4 ,at fir/ ! =m ,a is us$1 &1 z ! op]ation progresses1 x is modifi$ ) an oil/one slip4 #bhd4 ,drill+ sl[ly ) consid]able pressure4 ,if ! drill rotates too rapidly or !re is n suffici5t oil1 ! surfaces ( contact w be heat$ & %9+ r+s w =m4 ,x is well to practice slightly1 v>y+ ! spe$ ( ! :eel1 9 accordance ) ! pressure appli$2 ! spe$ %\ld be m decid$ :5 ! pressure is1 = ! in/ant comp>atively great4 ,) cont9u\s rotation1 consid]able pressure %\ld be appli$ ) mod]ate velocity4 ,con/antly remove ! drill to %>p51 clean ! hole & h an abundant supply ( oil4 ,:atev] liquid is mo/ effective 9 ma9ta9+ ! drill cool w probably be ! be/2 turp5t9e is bett] ?an oil1 s9ce x has ! additional advantage ( increas+ ! 8bite0 ( ! drill4 #bhe4 ,! "p aga9/ :i* ! drill acts %\ld be v rigid4 ,= example1 if a hole is be+ made = a pivot 9 a cyl9d] plug :i* is n provid$ ) a %ellac back+1 & is1 !re=e1 flexible1 ! op]ation w be m t$i\s ?an :5 ! cyl9d] is fill$ ) %ellac4 ,! firmness is usually great] :5 ! object is c5t]$ ab\t ! po9t to :i* ! drill is appli$4 #bhf4 ,mak+ ! drill4 ,! v be/ /eel %\ld be us$1 & ! precautions indicat$ 9 article #hg %\ld be tak5 9 ! h>d5+4 ,if ! /eel is burnt 9 ?is process1 no satisfactory results are to be expect$ ( x4 ,to avoid su* a dang] x is (t5 advisable to leave ! blade ne>ly r\nd & ?ick] ?an is requir$1 f9i%+ ) a piece ( oil/one4 ,al?\gh some:at m t$i\s1 ?is me?od has ! advantage ( ensur+ t1 aft] h>d5+1 all ! metal t is mo/ liable to h be5 burnt is remov$4 ,! drill mu/ be %ort1 ! blade be+ ?ick & n mu* r$uc$ at ! %\ld]1 9 ord] to /& pressure :5 9 use4 ,a drill t has be5 sev]al times h>d5$ is r>ely good4 #bhg4 ,f9i%$ drills4 ,we w\ld "h draw ! att5tion ( wat*mak]s to "s beautifully made drills t h be5 introduc$ & are kn[n 9 ! trade z 8f9i%$0 drills1 9 contra-di/9ction to ! well kn[n pivot drills t are always sold 9 ! r\gh4 ,!y are ( two =ms1 correspond+ to ,a & ,c1 ,fig4 #ii1 = /eel & brass respectively2 !y are made ( ! be/ /eel1 c>efully h>d5$ & temp]$ to ! requisite degree2 & a pr9cipal recomm5dation consi/s 9 ! fact t1 :ile be+ mod]ate 9 price1 !y are ( def9ite graduat$ sizes1 ext5d+ f #j4a mm4 to #b4e mm4 7#j4jjd to #j4a in*71 a range :i* comprises #cg di/9ct sizes4 #bhh4 ,semi-cyl9drical drills4 ,^! drills give excell5t results :5 driv5 by a :eel1 &1 al?\gh !y h be5 long 9 use by eng9e]s1 !y are h>dly kn[n to wat*mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! simple/ =m is a cyl9drical rod r\nd$ at its end & !n fil$ d[n to a trifle less ?an half its ?ickness1 z se5 at b d & l i1 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! l5g? ( ! po9t is great] or less accord+ to ! nature ( ! metal to be op]at$ ^u1 b "u no circum/ances mu/ ! po9t itself be %>p4 ,) ! =m %[n at b d1 "s ( ! rod t is left cyl9drical mu/ be p>tially fil$ away2 a bett] %ape is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 all ! metal be+ remov$ t is outside ! l9e i l4 ,) su* a drill ! hole is smoo!d imm$iately aft] x is made by "o or ! o!r cutt+ edge ( ! portion i l4 ,x %\ld be %>p5$ on ! r\nd1 n on ! flat surface 7or at any rate v slightly71 because ! ?ickness w\ld be rapidly r$uc$ & ! blade made small]4 ,:5 su* a drill does n turn true ! back ( ! blade c be r$uc$1 />t+ f ! cutt+ edge1 x be+ obs]v$ t1 ) ! cont9u\s motion ( ! :eel1 only "o edge acts4 ,aft] a few trials x w be f\nd easy to use ?is =m ( drill4 ,x possesses ?is v great advantage3 :5 fix$ 9 a drill-*uck1 x c be turn$ exactly r\nd1 ( ! requir$ diamet] & f9i%$2 s t1 :5ev] replac$ 9 ! *uck1 "o c be c]ta9 be=eh& t ! hole drill$ w be ( a def9ite diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 #bhi4 ,fig4 #ajb1 %[s1 at ,c & ,d1 ano!r =m ( semi-cyl9drical drill2 ! fir/1 ,c1 is a front & ! second a side view4 ,! angle a is =m$ by a slop+ semicircle & ! /em ( ! drill is ( less diamet] ?an ! head1 z indicat$ by ! %\ld] j4 ,! angle t s r & ! "o betwe5 ! face ,d & ! plane b a mu/ n be too acute4 ,?is drill works ev5ly1 b two conditions mu/ be satisfi$2 x mu/ be ma9ta9$ p]fectly true by ! *uck1 &1 9 comm5c+1 bo? sides ( ! blade mu/ engage aga9/ ! sides ( a conical op5+ t =ms ! beg9n+ ( a hole :i* has to be enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 #bij4 ,at ,f & ,n ,m1 ,fig4 #ajc1 are se5 front & side views ( ano!r =m ( drill4 ,:ile act+ 9 a simil> mann] to ! o!rs describ$ above1 x diff]s f !m 9 t ! blade also cuts ) its two sides2 ! edges1 p1 i1 i1 o1 are slop$ (f backw>ds to =m cutt+ angles4 ,! %ape is indicat$ to ! "r ( ,m1 ?is portion be+ ! exact inv]se ( ! side ,n4 ,z ) ! drills previ\sly consid]$1 a few trials mu/ be made to decide ^u ! be/ slopes = ! cutt+ angles1 etc41 accord+ to ! metal op]at$ ^u4 ,!y may be reta9$ z left by ! la!1 or v slightly incl9$1 on ! faces p & i4 ,all ^! =ms ( drills require to be m\nt$ s z to run v true4 ,! po9t o mu/ be accurately c5tral4 ,a hole t has be5 already drill$ small c be rapidly enl>g$ by su* a drill z ?is la/1 ! p9 o1 hav+ ! same diamet] z ! "o orig9ally drill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 #bia4 ,! ,twi/ ,drill4 ,! ,morse twi/ drill1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 is rapidly com+ into favor ) wat*mak]s = ! heavi] classes ( "w1 & is v desirable :5 drill+ deeply1 z ?is =m ( drill heats sl[ly & ! p>ticles are c>ri$ to ! surface ( ! "w4 ,a l>ge range ( sizes 9 ^! drills are n[ c>ri$ 9 /ock by ! mat]ial deal]s4 ,,la! ,,atta*m5ts4 #bib4 ,tail/ocks4 ,besides ! regul> tail/ock :i* accompanies ! ,am]ican la! !re are sev]al o!r v>ieties made = use on special k9ds ( "w4 ,fig4 #aje illu/rates ! half op5 tail/ock :i* is cut away s t ! sp9dles c be laid 91 in/ead ( be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! fixture w be f\nd exce$+ly conv5i5t :5 sev]al sp9dles are to be us$ = drill+1 c\nt]bor+ & *amf]+4 ,fig4 #ajf illu/rates ! screw tail/ock1 an atta*m5t :i* is v conv5i5t = all k9ds ( heavy drill+1 ! sp9dle be+ mov$ by a screw ) h&-:eel atta*$4 ,fig4 #ajg illu/rates ! trav]se sp9dle tail/ock1 :i* w be f\nd v conv5i5t = /raight drill+ & especially :]e ! wat*mak] has consid]able drill+ to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 #bic4 ,jewel+ ,calip] ,re/4 ,al?\gh ?is tool 0 inv5t$ & manufactur$ = ! purpose ( cutt+ jewel sett+s x may be us$ to great advantage 9 c\nt]s9k+ = screw heads1 op5+ :eels = p9ions or bu%+s1 etc4 ,! slid+ jaws ( ! calip]s %\ld be s adju/$ t :5 ! sw++ "p is br\ght back snugly aga9/ !m1 ! front cutt+ edge ( ! cutt] 9 ! slid+ sp9dle w exactly l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! la! sp9dle4 ,!n if ! calip]s are at ! "r height1 :5 a jewel or jewel sett+ is plac$ 9 ! jaws ( ! calip] x w move ! edge ( ! cutt] outw>d f ! la! c5t] j half ! diamet] ( ! jewel !n 9 ! calip] & ! cutt+ made at t di/ance f ! c5t] w exactly co9cide ) ! size ( ! jewel to be set4 ,if h[ev]1 :5 set & work$ z above1 x is f\nd t ! hole cut is too l>ge = ! jewel1 x w indicate t ! calip]s are too l[ d[n & %\ld be rais$1 provision = :i* is made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tool4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 if ! cutt+ is f\nd too small to fit1 x w indicate ! calip]s %\ld be l[]$4 ,! f9al cutt+ = ! jewel seat %\ld be made by runn+ ! c5t] /raight inw>d f ! face ( ! plate2 ! adju/able /op screw on ! back end ( ! slid+ sp9dle1 s]v+ to gauge ! dep? ( ! cutt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 #bid4 ,pivot ,poli%]s4 ,! pivot poli%] is us$ = gr9d+ & poli%+ conical & /raight pivots & %\ld]s4 ,x is also us$ = drill+1 poli%+ or snail+ /eel :eels1 mill+ out odd places 9 plate or bridge1 :]e only a "p ( a circle is to be remov$1 etc4 ,9 ! /yle %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji1 ! ,am]ican ,wat* ,tool ,co4's poli%]1 & ,fig4 #aaj1 ! ,moseley patt]n1 ! circul> base is graduat$ to degrees & ! fixture c be set at any angle4 ,! sp9dle has a tap] hole = drill *ucks1 :i* makes ! fixture v useful = drill+ ei!r 9 ! c5t] or ecc5tric & by us+ ! graduations on ! pulley ( ! head/ock an accurately spac$ circle ( holes may be drill$4 ,fig4 #aaa illu/rates ! poli%] made by ! ,faneuil ,wat* ,tool ,company1 & is int5d$ to be m\nt$ on ! slide re/4 ,fig4 #aab illu/rates ! ,johanson pivot poli%] & 9 g5]al pr9ciple is l ! o!rs4 ,?is /yle is made bo? = use on ! slide re/ & also = ! h& re/4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! latt]1 a /ud1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aac1 is screw$ into ! base plate & supports ! tool 9 ! h& re/1 s z to be readily adju/able 9 any direction4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! slide re/1 ?is /ud is remov$ & ! plate clamp$ betwe5 two holl[ cyl9drical supports by a /ud :i* is slipp$ into ! groove ( ! slide re/ & fa/$ by a nut at ! top1 ! :ole =m+ a turret-l m\nt ( great /r5g? & ^u :i* ! ma*9e c be readily swivel$ 9 any direction4 ,9 g5]al1 poli%]s are us$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! pivot is turn$ to prop] %ape1 put on y\r poli%]1 ) ! lap back ( ! pivot1 usually ! ca/ iron lap fir/4 ,a squ>e-corn]$ lap = squ>e %\ld]s & a r\nd-corn]$ lap = conical pivots4 ,! laps = conical pivots c be readily corn]$ ) a f9e file1 & cross-gr\nd ) f9e oil/one to remove any l9es made by grav] or files4 ,l9es on ! end c be remov$ ! same way1 or by means ( ! f+]s (t5 rubb+ !m on a piece ( gr\nd glass :i* has on x a pa/e ( oil/one p[d] & oil1 well mix$4 ,oil/one p[d] & oil us$ on ! lap1 or ,no4 #a crocus w r\gh out ! "w well4 ,:5 r\gh$ out to y\r lik+1 wipe (f ! oil/one p[d] or crocus & ) a little oil t\* ! pivot g5tly2 repeat ! second "t4 ,!n *ange lap = "o ( boxwood or brass & use crocus ,no4 #d1 v f9e1 & gr\nd d[n to a pa/e4 ,proce$ z ) ! fir/ lap1 be+ c>eful at all times to keep ! lap prop]ly oil$ & n press$ too h>d aga9/ ! "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! la/ op]ation4 ,be sp>+ ( y\r gr9d+ & poli%+ mat]ial z a little w accompli% z mu* "w z a l>ge quantity & d x bett]4 ,br+ ! lap up c>efully aga9/ ! "w until spread all ! way ar\nd1 !n proce$1 be>+ 9 m9d t gr9d+ is n poli%+1 & t to poli% nicely ! "w & lap mu/ be v ne>ly ! same %ape4 ,fig4 #aad illu/rates ! ,h>d+e pivot poli%]1 :i* is a h& poli%] & mu* m simple 9 con/ruction & use ?an ^? m5tion$ above4 ,x is atta*$ to ! la! b$ ! same z ! ,t or h& re/4 ,poli%+ & gr9d+ slips are furni%$ ) ?is atta*m5t1 z ) ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 #bie4 ,c5t]+ ,atta*m5ts or ,back ,re/s4 ,^! atta*m5ts are v useful 9 rapidly br++ "w to an accurate c5t]1 :5 pivot+1 /aff+1 etc41 & p>ticul>ly :]e a l>ge numb] ( pieces h to be c5t]$ successively4 ,fig4 #aae illu/rates ! ,pott] pat5t self-c5t]+ la! atta*m5t :i* is made to fit any patt]n ( ,am]ican la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( ! slide b$ pieces ,r & ,d1 ! upright plate ,a & ! rev]sible anti-friction slid+ jaws ,o ,u ,v ,x4 ,! upright plate ,a is atta*$ to ! slide ,d 9 su* a way t x may be readily rais$ or l[]$1 or adju/$ 9 any o!r direction at pleasure2 & may be set ) ei!r side fac+ ! la!-head4 ,! slid+ jaws are made ( phosphor bronze anti-friction metal & f\r sets1 ( ?ree 9 a set1 are furni%$ ) ea* atta*m5t1 z %[n at ,o1 ,u1 ,v1 ,x1 ! =ms diff]+ s !y may be adapt$ to ! v>i\s k9ds ( wat* "w1 & !y are op]at$ 9 radial grooves 9 ! upright plate ,a by means ( ! rotat+ lev] ,l1 :i* moves ! ?ree jaws 9 & out1 to & f ! c5t]1 or op5s & closes !m 9 p]fect unison4 ,"o set ( jaws may be )drawn & ano!r set sub/itut$ !re= 9 a few mom5ts4 ,) ea* *ange ( ! jaws1 h[ev]1 ! plate ,a requires readju/m5t1 b ?is too1 may be done 9 a few mom5ts1 z foll[s3 ,hav+ previ\sly provid$ y\rself ) a bit ( /raight wire or a small /eel rod1 turn$ to run p]fectly true 9 y\r la!1 & hav+ fa/5$ ?is 9 y\r *uck 9 ! la!1 loos5 ! nuts ,c ,c1 s z to give fre$om ( movem5t to ! plate ,a2 !n br+ ! atta*m5t to prop] position on ! la! b$ & fa/5 x !re1 aft] :i* move ! slid+ jaws inw>d until !y b9d tightly on ! piece ( /raight wire held 9 ! *uck & 9 ?is position aga9 tight5 ! nuts ,c ,c4 ,once adju/$ to accurate c5t] 9 ?is way1 no fur!r adju/m5t1 :atev] ! size ( ! "w to be op]at$ ^u1 is requir$1 until y make ano!r *ange ( jaws4 ,9 use1 ! end ( ! "w to be op]at$ ^u is plac$ 9 an accurate split *uck 9 ! la!1 & ! *uck tight5$ on x1 j suffici5tly to hold x 9 place & to rotate x1 ! o!r end be+ support$ 9 ! c5tral be>+1 =m$ by ! slid+ jaws4 ,9 ?is position ! jaws may be op5$ or clos$ z (t5 z desir$1 & ea* "t !y w br+ ! "w to accurate c5t]4 ,a simil> atta*m5t to ! "o above describ$ is ext5sively us$ by ma*9i/s & is kn[n z ! back re/4 ,9 pr9ciple x is v simil>1 b is m simple 9 con/ruction1 & ambiti\s workm5 c make !m )\t difficulty4 ,?is atta*m5t1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf1 diff]s 9 its mode ( fa/5+ to ! la! b$ & ! jaws _c be op5$ & clos$ at "o "t z 9 ! ,pott] atta*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! re/ 9 position on ! la! b$1 look+ f ! "r-h& end ( b$2 m %[s ! base1 look+ f above1 9 direction ( arr[ k2 d %[s bolt = b9d+ x to ! la! b$4 ,x does n seem z ?\gh x ne$$ mu* explanation1 z x w be readily se5 t ! head d ( bolt1 passes up ?r\gh ! longitud9al slot 9 ! la! b$1 ?r\gh ! r\nd hole 9 base ( back re/ & is slipp$ back into slot m1 :5 ab\t half a turn ( nut g b9ds x firmly to ! b$4 ,! wa%] h1 on ! end ( ! b9d+ screw1 is rivet$ or sold]$ 9 place & %\ld be close en\gh to nut g to all[ only ab\t half a turn to loos5 ! bolt1 z t is suffici5t1 & m space w\ld occasion a loss ( "t 9 runn+ ! nut back & =? to b9d or loos5 ! re/4 ,x w be se5 t :5 ! nut g is slack5$1 x b9ds aga9/ ! wa%] h1 & x w /ay !re1 & be j :]e y want x :5 y are ready to use x aga94 ,! jaws are ( h>d brass2 ab\t ?ree sets1 ) po9ts ( diff]5t wid?s1 w cov] a l>ge range ( "w4 ,^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf are suitable = su* "w z pivot+ small ,fr5* clock p9ions1 etc4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! jaws are s made t !y may be *ang$ by slightly loos5+ ! screws4 ,! screw heads %\ld h ?9 /eel wa%]s "u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 #bif4 ,univ]sal ,head4 ,! univ]sal head has entirely sup]s$$ ! clumsy univ]sal m&rel 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag is m accurate1 less clumsy & complicat$ & w p]=m all ! "w t c be p]=m$ on ! univ]sal m&rel4 ,! face-plate is #c in*es 9 diamet]1 b by ! use ( ! two cresc5t-%ap$ slots x w hold any?+ 9 size & %ape ( wat* "w4 ,! pump c5t] is op]at$ f ! back by ! rubb] knob & c be us$ ei!r ) or )\t a spr+4 ,! jaws1 :i* w pass ! c5t]1 are held 9 position on face ( plate by spr+s & are fa/5$ f ! back4 ,peep holes are provid$ 9 ^! heads 9 ord] t ! workman may exam9e ! back ( ! "w at all times4 ,9 ! ,moseley head1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag1 ^! holes are ( tap] =m4 ,fig4 #aah %[s a univ]sal face-plate to be us$ 9 a *uck 9 ! la!4 ,x is small] & less exp5sive ?an ! univ]sal head & answ]s v well = "s "w1 especially t ( ! light] k9d1 b _c be recomm5d$ z highly z ! univ]sal head1 z x is n s accurate4 ,! pump c5t] is us$ to c5t]1 f ! back1 any object conf9$ 9 ! jaws1 b x sometimes becomes necess>y to m\nt ! object1 by means ( wax1 ^u a plate1 & hold ! plate 9 ! jaws4 ,9 su* a case ! "w mu/ necess>ily be c5t]$ f ! front4 ,?is c be done accurately by means ( a piece ( pegwood1 z ord9>ily done on ! la!1 by plac+ ! po9t 9 ! c5t] hole & ! pegwood re/+ on ! ,t-re/ & obs]v+ if ! free end ( ! pegwood rema9s /ation>y4 #big4 ,trav]se ,sp9dle ,gr9d]4 ,?is tool w be f\nd v useful = gr9d+ cutt]s1 la! c5t]s1 pump c5t]s1 ream]s1 c\nt]s9ks1 squ>+ up b>rel arbors aft] h>d5+1 or "w on any h>d5$ /eel tool4 ,9 ! h&s ( an +5i\s workman1 x w be f\nd exce$+ly useful1 z by its aid a great v>iety ( "w c be p]=m$ t _c be accompli%$ )\t x4 ,fig4 #aai is int5d$ to be atta*$ to ! slide re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 #bih4 ,mill+ ,fixture4 ,?is atta*m5t1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj is design$ to be fitt$ to ! slide re/ & holds ! wire *uck v]tically "u ! c5t] ( ! la!1 s t articles held 9 ! *ucks c be f$ "u mills or saws held 9 ! saw arbor 9 ! la!-head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 #bii4 ,:eel ,cutt]s4 ,! :eel cutt] is a valuable addition to ! la!4 ,sev]al diff]5t /yles ( ^! atta*m5ts are made1 ea* possess+ po9ts ( m]it4 ,!y are design$ = cutt+ all k9ds ( :eels & p9ions us$ 9 key & /em-w9d wat*es4 ,:5 ! cutt] sp9dle is v]tical ! belt runs directly to x f ! c\nt]%aft1 b :5 horizontal1 ! belt passes ov] idl] pulleys held above ! la!4 ,"o /yle ( :eel-cutt+ atta*m5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba1 :ile ano!r /yle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 #cjj4 ,r\nd+-up ,atta*m5t4 ,! ,web/] r\nd+ up atta*m5t1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb1 is a v useful adjunct to ! la!4 ,x is atta*$ to ! top ( ! slide-re/4 ,to op]ate1 a po9t$ tap] *uck is put 9 ! la! sp9dle4 ,! :eel to be r\nd$ up is put into ! fixture & ! :eel adju/$ v]tically s t ! po9t ( ! la! c5t] w be at ! c5t] ( ! ?ickness ( ! :eel1 aft] :i* ! l[] sp9dle ( ! fixture %\ld n be mov$4 ,n[ remove ! :eel1 also ! tap] *uck1 & put ! saw arbor1 ) ! r\nd+-up c5t]1 9 ! la! sp9dle1 & adju/ ! longitud9al slide ( ! slide-re/ s t ! r\nd+-up cutt] w be back ( & 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! r\nd+-up fixture1 aft] :i* ! longitud9al slide ( ! slide-re/ %\ld n be mov$4 ,n[ put ! :eel & support+ collet 9 place1 & proce$ ) ! r\nd+-up4 ,,miscellane\s ,,small ,,tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 #cja4 ,screw ,head ,s9k ,cutt]4 ,?is is usually made 9 ! =m ( an arbor t]m9at+ 9 a cutt+ edge simil> to ! rose-cutt]1 b hav+ a project+ p9 f its c5t]4 ,?is tool w be f\nd especially useful 9 replac+ brok5 end-/ones4 ,! jewel be+ set 9 brass1 is held by two screws1 on opposite sides1 ! screw heads be+ let 9 or sunk ev5 ) ! surface1 half ( ! screw head project+ ov] on ! end-/one4 ,! end-/ones furni%$ by ! wat* companies are n sunk = ^! screw heads1 b are r\nd & ( ! prop] diamet]4 ,^! cutt]s w cut away f ! jewel sett+ ! space to be occupi$ by ! screw head 9 a v few mom5ts & 9 a v p]fect mann]4 ,all ( ! wat* companies d n use ! same diamet] ( screw head 9 ! cock & potance1 consequ5tly y w be compell$ to make sep>ate tools = ! diff]5t makes ( wat*es4 ,) a set ( five or six ( ^! cutt]s y c fit any ,am]ican wat*4 ,aft] y h complet$ y\r set1 ( say five or six cutt]s1 select a small brass plate & bore five or six small holes 9 a r[1 9 :i* ! guide p9s ( ! cutt]s w ent]1 & !n cut ) ! tools a numb] ( s9ks1 numb]+ ^! holes 9 ! plate & also ! arbors ( ! tools ) correspond+ numb]s4 ,y w !n h a plate simil> to ,fig4 #abc :i* c !n be us$ z a gauge = measur+ ! heads ( screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,^! cutt]s are easily made z foll[s3 cut (f a piece ( wire ( ! requir$ diamet]1 ab\t "o in* long1 & place x 9 a *uck t fits x snugly & turn "o end to a c5t]1 ab\t #dj2 n[ rev]se ! wire 9 ! *uck & be sure x is true2 select a drill t w pass ?r\gh ! screw hole 9 ! cock or potance freely & proce$ to drill a hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! end ( ! wire1 ab\t ( an in* deep4 ,remove f ! la! & ) a %>p file & grav]1 proce$ to cut a s]ies ( tee? z equal & ev5 z possible4 ,use a good /rong glass :ile work+ & be sure y h e too? %>p & p]fect1 z ^u ?is dep5ds ! quick & nice "w y expect f ! tool4 ,:5 ?is is well done1 proce$ to temp] fairly h>d & poli% up ! outside to make x look workmanlike4 ,n[ select a piece ( /eel pivot wire1 ( a size t w almo/ fit 9 ! hole drill$ 9 ! end ( ! tool & poli% d[n to ! prop] size to drive 9 ! hole tightly4 ,all[ ! wire to project ab\t ( an in*1 tap] ! po9t & poli%4 ,! tool is n[ complete & w resemble ,fig4 #abd4 ,select an end-/one ( a diamet] to fit tightly 9 ! cock or potance1 z maybe requir$2 set ! hole jewel 9 place & !n ! end-/one press$ d[n tightly aga9/ ! hole jewel4 ,place y\r cutt] 9 a *uck t fits x true2 select a small] m$ium siz$ drill re/ & place x 9 ! tail /ock sp9dle4 ,hold ! cock1 or potance1 ) ! jewels 9 place1 aga9/ ! drill re/1 level1 & proce$+ to run ! la! at a fair spe$1 sl[ly fe$ ! cock or potance to ! cutt]1 ! project+ pivot 9 ! end ( ! cutt] pass+ ?r\gh ! screw hole & act+ z a guide to keep ! cutt] 9 ! c5t] ( ! hole4 ,caution mu/ be ex]cis$1 or y w cut ! recess = ! screw heads too deep1 z ^! little cutt]s are v deceiv+ & cut mu* fa/] ?an y w\ld suppose4 ,9 fitt+ an end-/one1 select "o t is m ?an flu% :5 ! jewel hole & end-/one are 9 ! prop] position1 & aft] s9k+ ! screw head z describ$1 turn (f on ! la! almo/ flu% or level4 ,make a small dot on "o side ( ! end-/one z a m>k or guide 9 replac+ x4 ,remove ! end-/one & proce$ to poli% ! top ( ! sett+ on a plate glass poli%]4 #cjb4 ,screw ,extractors4 ,! ,bullock ,screw ,extractor1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abe1 is a simple yet v valuable tool to ! wat*mak] :o f9ds he has a plate 9 :i* a screw has be5 brok5 (f4 ,to use ?is tool1 fir/ fa/5 x 9 y\r vise1 !n br+ "o end ( ! brok5 or ru/$-9 screw aga9/ screw c5t] & ! brok5 screw head aga9/ screw driv]2 turn ! wa%]s s z to hold ! brok5 screw firmly 9 place2 turn ! plate g5tly & ! brok5 screw w foll[ ! screw driv] po9t out ( ! plate4 ,x may be necess>y 9 "s in/ances to turn ! screw driv] po9t aga9/ ! brok5 head ) a good deal ( =ce 9 ord] to />t ! screw4 ,a little b5z9e or k]os5e appli$ to ! screw w help to loos5 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,! +5i\s workman c1 ) ! exp5diture ( a little "t1 make an atta*m5t = remov+ brok5 screws1 some:at simil> to ! above4 ,take two common /eel wat* keys hav+ h>d5$ & temp]$ pipes--size1 f\r or five--hav+ c>e t ! squ>es 9 ea* are ( ! same size & ( good dep?4 ,cut (f ! pipes ab\t half an in* f ! end2 file up "o ( ^! = ab\t "o-half its l5g?1 on ?ree equal sides1 to fit "o ( ! l>ge split *ucks ( ! la!4 ,drill a hole 9 "o ( ! brass c5t]s ( ! la! ( suffici5t size & dep?1 into :i* ins]t ! o!r key-pipe1 & fa/5 ) a little sold]4 ,s(t5 a piece ( ,/ubbs' wire1 to "w easily 9 ! la!1 & turn d[n = an eigh? ( an in* f ! end to a size a little small] ?an ! brok5 screw 9 ! plate2 f9i% ) a conical %\ld]1 = great] /r5g?1 & cross-file ! end ) a f9e slot or knife-edge file1 t ! tool may n slip on ! end ( ! brok5 screw2 cut (f ! wire a half in* f ! end & file d[n to a squ>e t w fit closely 9 "o ( ! key-pipes4 ,make a second po9t l ! fir/ "o & fit x to ! o!r key-pipe2 h>d5 9 oil1 poli%1 & temp] to a d>k /raw color4 ,fit ! brass c5t] into ! tail /ock4 ,to use1 put ! tools 9 place 9 ! la!1 place ! brok5 end ( ! screw aga9/ ! end ( ! po9t 9 ! la!-head2 slide up ! back c5t] & fa/5 ! po9t firmly aga9/ ! o!r end ( ! screw1 t x may n slip or turn2 revolve ! plate sl[ly1 & ! brok5 screw1 be+ held fa/ betwe5 ! two po9ts w be quickly remov$4 ,to remove a brok5 pill> screw1 place ! brok5 screw aga9/ ! po9t 9 ! la!-head1 hold+ ! plate firmly ) ! "r-h&1 ! pill> on a l9e ) ! la! c5t]2 turn ! la!-head sl[ly backw>d ) ! left-h&1 & ! screw w be remov$4 ,%\ld ! tool slip on ! brok5 screw1 & fail to draw x out1 drill a hole 9 ! l[] or dial side ( pill>1 d[n to ! screw po9t 7if ! size ( ! pill> w admit ( x71 & ) ! second po9t 9 ! back c5t]1 remove ! screw 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! fir/ process4 ,five or six sizes ( ^! po9ts w be f\nd suffici5t = ! majority ( ^! breakages t may occur4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a screw gets brok5 (f 9 a wat* plate 9 su* a mann] t x is impossible to remove x ) tools )\t m>r+ ! plate4 ,9 su* an ev5t proce$ z foll[s3 ,put en\gh ra9 wat] 9 a glass tumbl] to ?or\ghly cov] ! plate & add sulphuric acid1 until ! wat] ta/es a little %>p4 ,place ! plate 9 ! solution & all[ x to rema9 a few h\rs1 :5 ! screw w p>tially dissolve & drop out4 ,remove f ! solution1 wa% ?or\ghly 9 clean wat]1 !n 9 alcohol & dry 9 saw du/4 ,! solution w n injure ! brass plate or gild+ 9 ! slighte/1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove all o!r screws or cem5t$ jewels1 previ\s to imm]sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 #cjc4 ,roll] ,remov]4 ,!re are num]\s designs 9 ! way ( roll] remov]s ^u ! m>ket1 "s ( !m good b _m ( !m weak & liable to b5d :]e ! roll] is v tight on ! /aff4 ,all po9ts be+ consid]$1 ! ,h>d+e remov]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf1 is p]haps ! /ronge/ & be/ on ! m>ket & is built on true me*anical pr9ciples4 ,! nose 9 ! c5t] & top ( ! illu/ration is drill$ up s z to receive a balance pivot )\t be>+ on its po9t1 & c be mov$ t[>ds or f ! two b5t prongs by means ( ! ?umb nut at ! bottom ( ! tool4 ,! prongs c be spread ap>t or drawn toge!r1 & are secur$ 9 place by means ( ! b9d+ screws at ! sides4 ,9 us+ ! remov] ! feet ( ! two prongs are br\ght "u ! roll] & secur$ by ! b9d+ screws4 ,! nose is n[ advanc$ aga9/ ! %\ld] ( ! bottom pivot & ! /aff c be driv5 out )\t damage to ei!r roll] or /aff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 #cjd4 ,balance ,protectors4 ,^! are ( two k9ds & = entirely diff]5t op]ations4 ,! ,arrick protector1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg1 is us$ = protect+ balances :ile work+ ^u ! pivots :ile 9 ! la!4 ,no matt] h[ c>eful a p]son may be1 accid5ts w happ51 & ! lea/ accid5t to a comp5sation balance gives ! workman consid]able tr\ble4 ,! lea/ slip ( ! grav]1 poli%] or h& re/ & great damage is ! result4 ,! /aff is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! protector1 & held 9 a wire *uck1 & ! protector is secur$ to ! arms ( ! balance by two screws4 ,! ,bullock protector1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abh1 is design$ to protect ! balance & o!r :eels f heat :ile draw+ ! temp] f /aff or p9ion = ! purpose ( pivot+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 #cje4 ,beat ,block4 ,?is simple device obviates ! necessity ( m>k+ ! balance to see t x is 9 beat4 ,be=e tak+ (f ! hair spr+ lay x on ! block1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi1 turn ! balance s ! roll] p9 hits on ! side ! arr[ po9ts1 !n turn ! table s t ! l9e comes "u ! /ud4 ,9 replac+ ! balance put ! /ud ov] ! l9e & x w !n beat ! same z be=e4 ,by us+ ?is tool y also avoid gett+ ! balance out ( true4 #cjf4 ,female ,c5t]s4 ,c5t]s are ( two k9ds11 male & female4 ,! ord9>y c5t]s t accompany ! la!1 :i* are male c5t]s1 are famili> to all wat*mak]s4 ,female c5t]s1 h[ev]1 are n s well kn[n among wat*mak]s1 & !y c be us$ to great advantage 9 _m op]ations :]e o!r & less simple atta*m5ts & means are usually resort$ to4 ,y %\ld h at lea/ six pairs ( female c5t]s1 ! l>ge/ be+ "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* w accommodate z l>ge a piece z y w wi% to h&le on y\r wat* la!1 viz3 w9d+ arbors = clocks4 ,^! female c5t]s are made f /eel tap]s1 ! same z male c5t]s are made1 b in/ead ( turn+ ! end to a %>p po9t !y are c\nt]sunk1 ,fig4 #acj4 ,fir/ place ! tap] 9 a *uck & turn (f ! outside & end true2 drill a small hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! tap]1 :ile ! la! is runn+1 & deep en\gh s ! c\nt]s9k w n rea* ! bottom ( ! hole1 or "o-eigh? ( an in* deep] ?an ! c\nt]s9k4 ,h>d5 ! end only1 & aft] temp]+ poli% (f ! blu+4 ,aft] y h made all ! sizes y require1 te/ all ( !m 9 y\r la! to make sure !y did n get out ( true 9 temp]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,^! female c5t]s are v useful = hold+ or susp5d+ any article 9 ! la! t is too l>ge to be held 9 ! split *ucks4 ,pivots ( clocks c be turn$ & poli%$ v quickly & accurately 9 ^! c5t]s4 ,almo/ any k9d ( l>ge "w c be done on a m$ium siz$ wat*mak]'s la! by fitt+ to x a face plate "o & ?ree-f\r?s in*es 9 diamet]1 ) f\r slots1 & fitt$ to a *uck ) a /&>d tap] hole to receive bo? male & female c5t]s int]*angeably4 ,) two /yles ( dogs1 almo/ any k9d ( l>ge clock "w c be readily h&l$4 ,^! c5t]s prove v useful = _m odd jobs4 ,z an example3 ,x is a v common occurr5ce to he> an ,am]ican clock beat irregul>ly1 caus$ by ! escape :eel be+ out ( r\nd4 ,select a pair ( female c5t]s t w admit ! ends ( ! pivots ( ! escape :eel snugly2 place "o c5t] 9 ! tap] *uck & ! o!r 9 ! tail /ock sp9dle1 & susp5d ! escape p9ion 9 ^! c5t]s2 fa/5 on a dog1 run ! la! at a high spe$ & hold a f9e %>p file s x w t\* ! tee? ( ! 'scape :eel slightly1 & 9 a mom5t ! :eel w be p]fectly r\nd1 aft] :i* %>p5 up ! tee? t are too ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 #cjg4 ,drill ,re/4 ,9 us+ ! la! = drill+1 a great sav+ 9 bo? "t & drills c be effect$ by us+ a drill re/ simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca4 ,x is well to h a half doz5 diff]5t sizes1 />t+ at in* & increas+ by in*1 = v>i\s classes ( "w4 ,^! re/s are n kept by mat]ial deal]s1 b c be made by ! wat*mak]4 ,saw f a piece ( roll$ %eet brass1 say #a-af in* ?ick1 ! circles requir$1 leav+ metal en\gh to f9i% nicely4 ,place a /eel tap] plug 9 ! tap] *uck ( y\r la! & turn d[n a recess1 leav+ a %\ld] on ! tap]4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! brass plate to fit ! /eel tap] tightly4 ,place ! end ( ! tap] on a lead block & proce$ to rivet ! brass plate1 on ! tap]1 mak+ sure t x is true replace ! tap] 9 ! la! *uck & proce$ to turn ! face & edge ( ! brass plate p]fectly true & to ! prop] size4 ,^? :o h tri$ to drill a /raight hole ?r\gh an object by hold+ x 9 ! f+]s "k j h[ difficult x is to d1 b by plac+ "o ( ^! drill re/s 9 ! sp9dle ( ! tail /ock1 plac+ ! article to be drill$ aga9/ x & br++ x up aga9/ ! drill1 y c drill ! hole p]fectly upright & avoid all dang] ( break+ ! drill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 #cjh4 ,fil+ ,fixture or ,re/4 ,^! re/s w be f\nd v conv5i5t 9 squ>+ w9d+ arbors1 c5t] squ>es1 etc4 ,!re are sev]al makes ( ^! tools1 b !y are all built ^u ! same pr9ciple1 t ( two h>d5$ /eel roll]s on :i* ! file re/s1 & ,fig4 #acb is a fair example4 ,"o patt]n is made to fit 9 ! h& re/ aft] ! ,t is remov$1 :ile ! o!r is atta*$ to ! b$ ( ! la! 9 ! same mann] z ! slide re/4 ,! piece to be squ>$ is held 9 ! split or spr+ *uck 9 ! la!1 & ! index on ! pulley is us$ to divide ! squ>e correctly4 ,any article c be fil$ to a p]fect squ>e1 hexagon or octagon z may be desir$4 ,! arm c>ry+ ! roll]s c be rais$ or l[]$ z requir$ = adju/m5t to "w ( v>i\s sizes4 #cji4 ,fil+ ,block4 ,a contrivance made to take ! place ( ! fil+ re/1 :i* 0 made ( box wood or bone4 ,ide's fil+ fixture1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc1 consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( h>d5$ /eel1 rivet$ ^u a /aff :i* 9 turn ent]s a split socket4 ,! surface ( ! /eel cyl9d] is groov$ ) v>i\s sizes ( grooves = ! diff]5t sizes ( wire1 or to suit any "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,fig4 #acd illu/rates ,melotte's revolv+ b5* block1 :i* comb9es bo? anvil & fil+ block4 ,no4 #a is a /eel anvil :i* may be in/antly revolv$ & /opp$ on qu>t]s4 ,no4 #b is a rubb] block1 held by friction on its arm1 & c readily be turn$ to any position4 ,?is rubb]1 be+ slightly ela/ic1 makes a v suitable fil+ b$ = small articles ( any mat]ial & may be us$ )\t risk ( scrat*+ or defac+ poli%$ surfaces4 ,no4 #c is a wood5 block1 held on to its arm by a spr+ friction device1 :i* also all[s x to be turn$ ar\nd to any desir$ position4 ,! ?ree-arm$ hub is revolv$ by pull+ out slightly & is automatically held p]fectly firm & solid 9 any ( ! ?ree positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 #caj4 ,micromet] ,calip]4 ,fig4 #ace is a full size cut ( ! ,br[n ,%>p ,mfg4 ,co4's micromet] calip]4 ,x measures f "o-?\s&? ( an in* to "o-half in*4 ,x is graduat$ to read to ?\s&?s ( an in*1 b "o-half & "o-qu>t] ?\s&?s are readily e/imat$4 ,?is in/rum5t is also graduat$ to ! hundr$?s ( a millimet]1 b :5 s graduat$ ! table ( decimal equival5ts is omitt$4 ,!y are also made to read to t5 ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,! edges ( ! measur+ surfaces are n bevel$1 b are left squ>e1 z x is m conv5i5t = measur+ c]ta9 classes ( "w4 ,x w gauge "u a %\ld] or measure a small projection on a pla9 surface4 ,wat*mak]s w especially appreciate micromet]s ( ?is =m4 ,?is tool w be f\nd v useful = gaug+ ma9spr+s1 p9ions1 etc4 ,9 ! calip]1 %[n by cut1 ! gauge or measur+ screw is cut on ! conceal$ "p ( ! sp9dle ,c1 & moves 9 ! ?read tapp$ 9 ! hub ,a2 ! holl[ sleeve1 or ?imble ,d is atta*$ to ! sp9dle ,c & cov]s & protects ! gauge screw4 ,by turn+ ! ?imble1 ! screw is drawn back & ! calip] op5$4 ,! pit* ( ! screw is #dj to ! in*4 ,! graduation ( ! hub ,a1 9 a l9e p>allel to ! axis ( ! screw1 is #dj to ! in*1 & is figur$ #j1 #a1 #b1 etc41 e f\r? division4 ,z ! graduation con=ms to ! pit* ( ! screw1 ea* division equals ! longitud9al di/ance trav]s$ by ! screw 9 "o complete rotation1 & %[s t ! calip] has be5 op5$ #a-dj? or 4#jbe ( an in*4 ,! bevel$ edge ( ! ?imble ,d is graduat$ into #be equal p>ts1 & figur$ e fif? division #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj4 ,ea* division :5 pass+ ! l9e ( graduation on hub ,a1 indicates t ! screw has made #a-be? ( a turn1 & ! op5+ ( ! calip] increas$ #a-be? ( #a-dj?1 or a ?\s&? ( an in*4 ,h5ce1 to read ! calip]1 multiply ! numb] ( divisions visible on ! scale ( ! hub by #be1 & add ! numb] ( divisions on ! scale ( ! ?imble1 f z]o to ! l9e co9cid5t ) ! l9e ( graduation on hub4 ,= example3 ,z ! calip] is set 9 ! cut1 !re are ?ree :ole divisions visible on ! hub4 ,multiply ?is numb] by #be1 & add ! numb] ( divisions regi/]$ on ! scale ( ! ?imble1 :i* is #j 9 ?is case1 ! result is sev5ty-five ?\s&?s ( an in*4 7#c #be #ge #j #ge74 ,^! calculations are readily made m5tally4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,wire ,gauges 9 ,decimal ,p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,key3 ,a - ,no4 ( ,wire ,gauge4 ,b - ,am]ican or ,br[n ,%>pe4 ,c - ,birm+ham or ,/ubs'4 ,d - ,wa%burn ,mo5 ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,e - ,tr5ton ,iron ,co41 ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,f - ,new ,briti%4 ,g - ,old ,engli% f ,brass ,mfrs4 ,li/4 ,h - ,no4 ( ,wire4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #jjjjjj ---- ---- 4#df ---- ---- ---- #jjjjjj #jjjjj ---- ---- 4#dc 4#de ---- ---- #jjjjj #jjjj 4#df 4#ded 4#cic 4#d 4#d ---- #jjjj #jjj 4#djifd 4#dbe 4#cfb 4#cf 4#cgb ---- #jjj #jj 4#cfdh 4#ch 4#cca 4#cc 4#cdh ---- #jj #j 4#cbdie 4#cd 4#cjg 4#cje 4#cbd ---- #j #a 4#bhic 4#c 4#bhc 4#bhe 4#c ---- #a #b 4#begfc 4#bhd 4#bfc 4#bfe 4#bgf ---- #b #c 4#bbidb 4#bei 4#bdd 4#bde 4#beb ---- #c #d 4#bjdca 4#bch 4#bbe 4#bbe 4#bcb ---- #d #e 4#ahaid 4#bb 4#bjg 4#bje 4#bab ---- #e #f 4#afbjb 4#bjc 4#aib 4#ai 4#aib ---- #f #g 4#addbh 4#ah 4#agg 4#age 4#agf ---- #g #h 4#abhdi 4#afe 4#afb 4#af 4#af ---- #h #i 4#aaddc 4#adh 4#adh 4#ade 4#add ---- #i #aj 4#ajahi 4#acd 4#ace 4#ac 4#abh ---- #aj #aa 4#jijgdb 4#ab 4#ab 4#aage 4#aaf ---- #aa #ab 4#jhjhjh 4#aji 4#aje 4#aje 4#ajd ---- #ab #ac 4#jgaifa 4#jie 4#jib 4#jibe 4#jib ---- #ac #ad 4#jfdjhd 4#jhc 4#jh 4#jh 4#jh 4#jhc #ad #ae 4#jegjfh 4#jgb 4#jgb 4#jg 4#jgb 4#jgb #ae #af 4#jejhb 4#jfe 4#jfc 4#jfa 4#jfd 4#jfe #af #ag 4#jdebeg 4#jeh 4#jed 4#jebe 4#jef 4#jeh #ag #ah 4#jdjhjc 4#jdi 4#jdg 4#jde 4#jdh 4#jdi #ah #ai 4#jceci 4#jdb 4#jda 4#jci 4#jd 4#jd #ai #bj 4#jcaifa 4#jce 4#jce 4#jcd 4#jcf 4#jce #bj #ba 4#jbhdfb 4#jcb 4#jcb 4#jc 4#jcb 4#jcae #ba #bb 4#jbecdg 4#jbh 4#jbh 4#bg 4#jbh 4#jbie #bb #bc 4#jbbega 4#jbe 4#jbe 4#jbd 4#jbd 4#jbg #bc #bd 4#jbja 4#jbb 4#jbc 4#jbae 4#jbb 4#jbe #bd #be 4#jagi 4#jb 4#jb 4#jai 4#jb 4#jbc #be #bf 4#jaeid 4#jah 4#jah 4#jah 4#jah 4#jbje #bf #bg 4#jadaie 4#jaf 4#jag 4#jag 4#jafd 4#jahge #bg #bh 4#jabfda 4#jad 4#jaf 4#jaf 4#jadh 4#jafe #bh #bi 4#jaabeg 4#jac 4#jae 4#jae 4#jacf 4#jaee #bi #cj 4#jajjbe 4#jab 4#jad 4#jad 4#jabd 4#jacge #cj #ca 4#jjhibh 4#ja 4#jace 4#jac 4#jaaf 4#jabbe #ca #cb 4#jjgie 4#jji 4#jac 4#jab 4#jajh 4#jaabe #cb #cc 4#jjgjh 4#jjh 4#jaa 4#jaa 4#ja 4#jajbe #cc #cd 4#jjfcjd 4#jjg 4#ja 4#ja 4#jjib 4#jjie #cd #ce 4#jjefad 4#jje 4#jjie 4#jji 4#jjhd 4#jji #ce #cf 4#jje 4#jjd 4#jji 4#jjh 4#jjgf 4#jjge #cf #cg 4#jjddec ---- 4#jjhe 4#jjgbe 4#jjfh 4#jjfe #cg #ch 4#jjcife ---- 4#jjh 4#jjfe 4#jjf 4#jjege #ch #ci 4#jjceca ---- 4#jjge 4#jjege 4#jjeb 4#jje #ci #dj 4#jjcadd ---- 4#jjg 4#jje 4#jjdh 4#jjde #dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 #caa4 ,regi/]+ ,gauge4 ,! regi/]+ gauges %[n 9 ! illu/rations are two ( ! be/ examples ( ?is class ( tools4 ,!y are manufactur$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,logan1 ,wal?am1 ,mass41 & are v accurate & nicely f9i%$4 ,fig4 #acf is an upright & jaw gauge1 & ,fig4 #acg is design$ z a jaw & dep? gauge4 ,!y are bo? made to gauge "o-?\s&? ( a c5timet] or "o-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,fig4 #acg %[s ! piece ( "w m>k$ ,a be+ gaug$1 :ile ,b repres5ts a slid+ sp9dle to get ! dep? ( a hole or recess1 or ! ?ickness ( any piece ( "w1 :i* w be indicat$ on ! dial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,ano!r =m ( regi/]+ gauge is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,x is an ,engli% gauge & b little us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction1 h[ev]1 is good1 & any +5i\s wat*mak] c make x4 ,! back ( ! dial is recess$ & arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,"o limb is fix$2 ! o!r is pivot$1 & has a few rack tee? me%+ into a c5t] p9ion4 ,! p9ion c>ries ! h&1 :i* %\ld make a revolution 9 clos+ ! calip]s4 ,! spiral spr+ atta*$ to ! p9ion is to keep x & ! h& bank$ 9 "o direction = %ake4 ,! spr+ s is to keep ! jaws op54 ,! mill$ head$ screw & ! clamp c are to fix ! jaws 9 case x is requir$ to d s4 ,a cov] is snapp$ into ! recess1 & takes ! back pivot ( ! p9ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 #cab4 ,/aff ,gauge4 ,! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #adj is design$ = measur+ ! height ( ! balance /aff f ! balance seat to ! end ( ! top pivot4 ,! illu/ration is enl>g$ to give m di/9ctness4 ,e ,e is a piece ( curv$ /eel ab\t ( an in* ?ick1 & ( an in* wide4 ,on ! l[] side f ,e to ! end1 ! arm is fil$ d[n 9 wid? & ?ickness to correspond to an ord9>y balance arm2 ,c is a slot 9 ! upp] arm ,e1 :i* all[s ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,a to be mov$ backw>d & =w>d4 ,d ,d is a r\nd brass po/ drill$ & tapp$4 ,! "p ,d has a ?read cut on x1 & ! "p %[n 9 ! slot ,c fits ) easy friction4 ,b is a lock-nut1 drill$ & tapp$ to fit ! ?read on ,d4 ,x is = ! purpose ( clamp+ ,d ,d aga9/ ! arm ,e4 ,a ,a is a small /eel screw ) mill$ head1 & is made to fit ! tapp$ hole 9 ,d ,d4 ,mr4 ,beeton describes 8 me?od ( us+ ?is tool z foll[s3 ,take y\r measurem5t ( ! di/ance ! balance seat is to be f ! end ( ! top pivot1 z foll[s3 remove ! end-/one 9 balance-cock1 & screw ! cock on ! top ( ! top plate 7#ah-size full plate movem5t72 !n tak+ ! plate 9 y\r left-h&1 & tool 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #aci7 9 y\r "r1 place ,h 9 position1 s t ! end ( ! screw ,a re/s on ! jewel 9 ! balance cock1 & notice ! position ( ! arm ,e :i* corresponds to ! balance arm1 betwe5 ! top plate & "u side ( ! balance-cock4 ,if ! di/ance betwe5 ! arm ,e & end ( screw ,a is too great1 ! arm ,e w be too l[ & t\* ! plate2 if n en\gh1 x w be too high & t\* ! regulator p9s4 ,!re=e1 all t is necess>y to d is to move ! screw ,a ,a up or d[n z ! case may be1 suffici5tly to ensure t ! arm ,e w assume ! position ! arm ( ! balance is to h4 ,take an #ah-size balance ) ov]sprung hairspr+1 ! arm is at ! bottom ( ! rim2 9 t case1 :5 measur+1 ! screw ,a is adju/$ s z to br+ ! arm ,e close to ! plate1 :5 ,a is re/+ on ! balance jewel2 if ! balance is old /yle ) und]sprung hairspr+1 ! balance arm is at top ( rim1 9 :i* case ,a is adju/$ s t ! arm ,e is close to ! balance cock2 if ! balance arm is 9 ! c5t] ( ! rim1 z 9 "s ,engli% & ,swiss balances1 ! screw ,a is adju/$ s t ! arm ,e is midway betwe5 ! plate & cock4 ,! reason ! "p ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,a are arrang$ to move lat]ally 9 slot ,c is1 because all balance %\ld]s are n ! same di/ance f ! c5t]1 & :]e1 9 "s cases1 ! screw ,a w\ld be 9 a l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! /aff :5 ! arm ,e 0 re/+ on ! balance seat1 9 o!r cases x w\ld rea* pa/ ! c5t]1 ( c\rse1 %ort ( x2 &1 !re=e1 x is made adju/able to suit all cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 #cac4 ,/aff or ,cyl9d] ,height ,gauge4 ,! obvi\s advantage ( ?is tool1 :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #ada1 is ! automatic transf] ( ! measurem5t s t x may be readily appli$ to ! "w 9 h&4 ,! tool1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 consi/s ( a brass tube t]m9at+ 9 a cone-%ap$ piece4 ,to ! bottom ( ?is cone is atta*$ a disc ?r\gh :i* a ne$le plays4 ,ar\nd ! upp] end ( ! tube is a coll> ^u :i* is fix$ a curv$ /eel index f+]4 ,a simil> jaw1 :i* is free to move1 works 9 a slot 9 ! tube4 ,! movable jaw is tapp$ & is propell$ by a screw t t]m9ates 9 ! ne$le po9t4 ,?is tool is v useful 9 mak+ ! necess>y measurem5ts requir$ 9 putt+ 9 a /aff4 ,to use x 9 ?is "w1 set ! pivots ( ! gauge ?r\gh ! foot hole1 & ^u ! end-/one project ! ne$le su* a di/ance z y wi% ! %\ld] to be =m$ above ! po9t ( ! pivot4 ,next set ! gauge 9 ! foot hole z be=e1 & elevate ! disc to a height t %all be "r = ! roll]1 :i* is done by hav+ ! lev] 9 place1 ! little disc %[+ exactly :]e ! roll] %\ld come4 ,f9i% ! /aff up to t po9t2 !n take ! next measurem5t f ! end-/one to :]e ! %\ld] %\ld be1 = ! balance to re/ ^u4 ,?is po9t be+ m>k$1 ! /aff c be rev]s$ & measurem5ts comm5c$ f ! upp] end-/one1 by :i* to f9i% ! upp] end ( ! /aff4 ,di/ances betwe5 ! %\ld]s = p9ions & arbors c be obta9$ ) ! same facility1 a little practice be+ ! only requisite4 #cad4 ,v]ni] ,calip]4 ,fig4 #adb is an illu/ration ( ! ,v]ni] ,calip]1 a light1 conv5i5t & valuable in/rum5t = obta9+ correct measurem5ts4 ,! side repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration is graduat$ ^u ! b> to in*es & fiftie?s ( an in*1 & by ! aid ( a ,v]ni] is read to ! ?\s&?s ( an in* 7see description bel[74 ,! opposite side is graduat$ to in*es & sixty-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,! outside ( ! jaws are ( suitable =m = tak+ inside measurem5ts1 & :5 ! jaws are clos$1 measure two hundr$ & fifty ?\s&?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,^! in/rum5ts c be furni%$ ) millimet]s 79 ! place ( sixty-f\r?s ( an in*71 & provid$ ) a ,v]ni] to read to "o-fiftie? ( a millimet]4 ,on ! b> ( ! in/rum5t is a l9e ( in*es numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 ea* in* be+ divid$ into t5?s1 & ea* t5? into five p>ts1 mak+ fifty divisions to "o in*4 ,^u ! slid+ jaw is a l9e ( divisions 7call$ a ,v]ni]1 f ! inv5tor's "n71 ( tw5ty p>ts1 figur$ #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj4 ,^! tw5ty divisions on ! ,v]ni] correspond to extreme l5g? ) n9ete5 p>ts1 or n9ete5-fiftie?s on ! b>1 consequ5tly ea* division on ! ,v]ni] is small] ?an ea* division on ! b> by "o-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,if ! slid+ jaw ( ! calip] is pu%$ up to ! o!r1 s t ! l9e #j on ! ,v]ni] corresponds ) #j on ! b>1 !n ! next two l9es on ! left w diff] f ea* o!r "o-?\s&? ( an in*1 & s ! diff]5ce w cont9ue to increase "o-?\s&? ( an in* = ea* division till !y aga9 correspond on ! tw5tie? l9e on ! ,v]ni]4 ,to read ! di/ance ! calip] may be op51 comm5ce by notic+ h[ _m in*es1 t5?s & p>ts ( t5?s ! z]o po9t on ! ,v]ni] has be5 mov$ f ! z]o po9t on ! b>4 ,!n c\nt ^u ! ,v]ni] ! numb] ( divisions until "o is f\nd :i* co9cides ) "o on ! b>1 :i* w be ! numb] ( ?\s&?s to be add$ to ! di/ance read (f on ! b>4 ,! be/ way ( express+ ! value ( ! divisions on ! b> is to call ! t5?s "o hundr$ ?\s&?s 74#ajj7 & ! fif?s ( t5?s1 or fiftie?s1 tw5ty ?\s&s 74#jbj74 ,ref]r+ to ! accompany+ cut1 x w be se5 t ! jaws are op5 "o-t5? ( an in*1 :i* is equal to "o hundr$ ?\s&?s 74#ajj74 ,suppose n[1 ! slid+ jaw 0 mov$ to ! left1 s t ! fir/ l9e on ! ,v]ni] w\ld co9cide ) ! next l9e on ! b>1 ?is w\ld !n make tw5ty ?\s&?s 74#jbj7 m to be add$ to "o hundr$ ?\s&?s 74#ajj71 mak+ ! jaws !n op5 "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&?s 74#abj7 ( an in*4 ,if b half ! la/ describ$ movem5t 0 made1 ! t5? l9e on ! ,v]ni] w\ld co9cide ) a l9e on ! b>1 & w\ld !n read1 "o hundr$ & t5 ?\s&?s 74#aaj7 ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 #cae4 ,hair ,spr+ ,/ud ,index4 ,fig4 #adc illu/rates ,johanson's hair spr+ /ud index4 ,! engrav+ %[s ! full size ( ! tool1 :i* consi/s ( a /eel plate m\nt$ on feet1 & pi]c$ ) a numb] ( holes = ! reception ( screws1 :5 tak+ d[n a wat*4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! index is a hole = ! /aff1 & an oblong slot = ! reception ( ! roll] jewel4 ,to get any ,am]ican movem5t 9 beat1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,9 front ( ,no4 #ajj is a small spr+2 pu% same t[>ds ,no4 #aj2 !n place ! balance on top ( ! /&1 ) /aff 9 c5t] & roll] jewel 9 ! oblong hole2 let ! spr+ back g5tly2 ! balance w !n take its own position4 ,set degree h& 9 front ( ! desir$ degree1 z p] direction on index table2 place hair spr+ /ud 9 front ( degree h&1 & pu% on ! collet4 ,,index ,,table ,,= ,,hair ,,spr+ ,,/uds4 ,size4 ,degree4 ,columbus #ah ,op5 ,face ,breguet #bc ,columbus #f ,op5 ,face ,breguet ,elg9 #ah ,op5 ,face ,breguet #ff ,elg9 #af ,op5 ,face ,breguet #eb ,elg9 #af ,flat ,hair ,spr+ #eb ,elg9 #aj ,flat ,hair ,spr+ #ej ,elg9 #f & #h ,flat ,hair ,spr+ #ej ,elg9 #j ,flat ,hair ,spr+ ,ill9ois #ah ,op5 ,face ,breguet #cc ,ill9ois #ah ,hunt+ #hd ,ill9ois #ah ,op5 ,face ,flat #hi ,ill9ois #af ,ill9ois #f ,hunt+ #eb ,ill9ois #d ,hampd5 #ah ,dueb] ,hunt+ #hj ,hampd5 #ah ,op5 ,face #ge ,hampd5 #af ,hampd5 #f ,hunt+ #ej ,h[>d #ah ,old ,model #e ,h[>d #ah ,new ,model #bc ,h[>d #af ,h[>d #f ,rock=d #ah #bg ,rock=d #f ,wal?am #ah ,key ,flat ,hair ,spr'g #dh ,wal?am #ah ,o4 ,f4 ,hair ,spr+ #fa ,wal?am #ah ,breguet #ej ,wal?am #ad-af #db ,wal?am #d-f #ej ,wal?am #a #db ,se? ,?omas #ah ,op5 ,face #ej ,se? ,?omas #ah ,hunt+ #eb #caf4 ,oil-cup ,drills or ,*amf]+ ,tools4 ,! res]voirs t conta9 a supply ( oil at ! ends ( pivot holes are made 9 ! la! ) a semi-cyl9drical drill1 or by h& ) a *amf]+ tool ( ! =m %[n at ,b or ,c1 ,fig4 #add4 ,a drill gives a clean cut1 b necessitates a subsequ5t poli%+ ( ! hole2 z to ! *amf]+ tool "h ref]r$ to1 "s inconv5i5ce w be exp]i5c$ 9 its use1 ow+ to ! po9t be+ apt to jump out ( ! hole & make irregul> scrat*es on ! brass1 :i* are difficult to remove4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,! be/ %apes ( drills = mak+1 or at any rate = re-=m+ or f9i%+ oil-cups1 are %[n at ,d & ,f1 ,fig4 #add1 & 9 ,fig4 #ade4 ,d & ,f are two drill-blades t t]m9ate 9 non-cutt+ circul> arcs4 ,! flat curv$ end is m & m incl9$ f ! top t[>ds ! corn]1 f i t[>ds ! side e2 ! angle at i becom+ m acute1 & at e m obtuse t[>ds ! corn]s4 ,! drill w1 ( c\rse1 only cut :5 rotat+ 9 "o direction2 9 ! o!r direction ! obtuse angles & ! rev]se sides ( ! cutt+ angles w act z burni%]s4 ,?us if ! angles on ei!r side are well =m$ & ! blade has be5 poli%$1 ! surface ( ! oil-cup w be clean cut & poli%$4 ,f is simil> to ,d1 b made f a /eel rod4 #cag4 ,obs]vations on mak+ ! oil-cups4 ,res]voirs t are made ) a drill1 or ) a *amf]+ tool by h&1 w (t5 be f\nd to be ecc5tric1 &1 :5 a pivot-hole is bu%$ & re-drill$1 x proves to be /ruck f a diff]5t c5t] f ! oil-cup4 ,9 su* cases wat*mak]s (t5 give !mselves endless tr\ble )\t secur+ a cup ( good =m & well c5t]$4 ,?is difficulty c be avoid$ by us+ ! tool 9 a la! driv5 by a :eel2 !n1 hold+ ! plate 9 "o h& squ>e aga9/ a drill re/ 9 tail /ock1 advance ! tail /ock ) ! o!r h& s z to br+ ! plate 9 contact ) ! drill4 ,:5 x is only requir$ to correct ! =m ( an oil-cup1 ! drill may be replac$ by a rod ) file cuts on its r\nd$ extremity 7,h1 ,fig4 #add74 ,! read] w f9d no difficulty 9 mak+ su* a cutt] = himself1 draw+ a file ) bo? h&s ov] ! r\nd$ end1 b always 9 ! direction ( ! file-cuts4 ,aft] cov]+ ! surface ) l9es 9 ?is mann]1 rotate ! cutt] ?r\gh a "r angle & =m a numb] ( cross cuts4 ,or r\gh5 ! surface ) a *isel ( ! =m %[n at ,h2 aft] mak+ a few cuts p>allel to ea* o!r1 turn ! *isel ?r\gh an angle & repeat ! op]ation4 #cah4 ,*amf]+ ,tool4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is is us$ = remov+ ! r\ghness t a drill leaves at ! edge ( a hole1 or to take (f ! cutt+ edge ar\nd a screw head s9k1 etc41 ?us =m+ a bevel edge4 ,! tool commonly has a flat semicircul> blade1 ! diamet] ( :i* dep5ds on size ( hole to be made2 ?is semicircle is gr\nd to a cutt+ edge l a drill1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #add4 ,*amf]+ tools are also made pyramidal1 ) flat faces1 z at ,b & ,c2 ! angle at ! apex is m or less acute1 accord+ to ! dep? ( *amf] requir$4 ,! oil-cup drills ,d & ,f are also us$ = *amf]+ ! edge ( a hole4 ,a cone =m$ at ! extremity ( a piece ( p9ion wire ) a cutt+ edge on ea* leaf & h>d5$ w be f\nd v useful = ?is purpose4 #cai4 ,! two =ms ( *amf]+ tool fir/ describ$ leave a s]ies ( undulations on ! bevel edge1 s t1 in/ead ( be+ conical1 x pres5ts a numb] ( small facets4 ,?is inconv5i5ce c be avoid$ by us+ ! tool %[n at ,z1 ,fig4 #ade4 ,a small disc ( h>d5$ /eel is pivot$ )9 a recess =m$ at ! end ( a rod1 ! p9 on :i* x rotates be+ at "r angles to ! direction ( ! rod4 ,z is se5 9 ! figure to "r ( ,z1 ! section ( ?is roll] is a rectangle1 & ! surface is c>efully poli%$1 ! edges be+ left %>p4 ,clockmak]s make use ( a tool = =m+ oil-cups t only diff]s f ! "o above describ$ 9 two p>ticul>s3 7#a7 ,! disc is fix$ on its axis2 & 7#b7 ! edge1 in/ead ( be+ squ>e to ! two faces1 is incl9$ z %[n at j & at ! same "t is slightly r\nd$ crosswise4 ,a few trials w be f\nd necess>y be=e ! mo/ conv5i5t ?ickness & incl9ation ( edge are arriv$ at4 #cbj4 ,holl[ ,*amf]+ ,tools4 ,^!1 z is well kn[n1 are us$ = remov+ ! angles at ! ends ( cyl9drical rods1 ( /eady-p9s1 etc41 or = r\nd+ !m (f4 ,?ree =ms are %[n at ,o1 ,q1 ,n1 ,fig4 #adf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,o is a r\nd rod1 ! flat end ( :i* has be5 fil$ across ) ! corn] ( a triangul> file4 ,f\r cutt+ edges are ?us produc$ :i* w act on ! end ( any object t rotates )9 !m1 or vice v]sa4 ,if x be requir$ to =m a v acute angle1 two slits mu/ be cut ) a screw-head file & ! sides aft]w>ds incl9$ to ! requir$ ext5t ) a flat file4 ,?is tool w s]ve a d\ble purpose3 7#a7 to *amf] (f ! edge ( a rod2 &1 7#b7 by prolong+ ?is op]ation to =m a po9t at ! end4 ,z a rule1 :5 x is desir$ to r\nd (f1 say1 a pill> ( a clock aft] r$uc+ its l5g? or f any o!r cause1 a holl[ *amf]+ tool ( v op5 angle is us$1 a rock+ motion be+ imp>t$ to x r\nd ! axis ( ! sp9dle2 x is bett] to use a tool ( ! %ape %[n at ,n or ,q4 ,! latt]1 ,q1 is easily =m$ by /rokes ( a rat-tail file at "r angles across its end2 ! o!r1 ,n1 is cut int]nally ) a %ap$ *isel or ) a small rotat+ cutt] to :i* diff]5t incl9ations are giv5 dur+ ! cutt+1 z is also done :5 us+ ! *isel4 #cba4 ,! tool %[n at ,o1 ,fig4 #adf1 has be5 modifi$ z foll[s by ,m4 ,roze4 ,! two not*es at "r angles are replac$ by ?ree equidi/ant not*es ( equal dep?4 ,to make ^! 9 a piece ( r\nd /eel x %\ld be divid$ on ! circumf]5ce into six equal p>ts2 !n cut ! ?ree not*es z foll[s3 ,call+ ! po9ts m>k$ on ! circumf]5ce #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 "o not* w lie p>allel to ! l9e jo9+ #a1 #c1 & equidi/ant betwe5 ?is l9e & ! po9t #e2 a second w be p>allel to #c1 #e1 & midway betwe5 t l9e & po9t #a1 & ! ?ird w be p>allel to #e1 #a1 & midway betwe5 ?is & ! po9t #c4 ,9 a holl[ *amf]+ tool ?us con/ruct$ x w be f\nd t only ! ?ree long sides #a1 #c1 #e1 actually cut1 & at #b1 #d & #f are %ort sides t are set back4 ,b :5 a file is laid on ! face jo9+ two ( ! =m] sides1 say #a1 #c1 ! %ort faces #d1 #f1 w protect ! cutt+ edge #e f contact ) ! file4 #cbb4 ,tool = ,c5t]+ ,rods4 ,^! appliances are well kn[n to wat*mak]s1 :o (t5 employ !m = m>k+ ! position ( ! hole 9 ! brass wire :5 mak+ bu%+s4 ,x is advisable to h su* a tool some:at l>ge1 ab\t a ?ird z l>ge aga9 z t %[n at s r1 ,fig4 #adg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,! head ( ! c5t]+ pun* or drill is fil$ flat on ei!r side1 & ?is flatt5$ portion passes into a not* 9 ! spr+ r1 :i* ma9ta9s x 9 position & prev5ts rotation :5 ! triangul>-po9t$ blade is press$ aga9/ ! end ( ?is rod1 ?is rod be+ caus$ to rotate 9 ! holl[ cone ( s4 ,in/ead ( a spr+ su* z r1 a helical spr+ is (t5 us$2 b x !n becomes necess>y to fix a p9 9 ! drill t slides 9 a groove 9 s1 s z to prev5t ! drill f rotat+4 #cbc4 ,c5t]+ ) a ,set-,squ>e4 ,! set squ>e may be us$ = c5t]+ r\nd rods1 & ! foll[+ is a v simple mode ( apply+ x3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,on "o arm ( ! squ>e ,r1 ,fig4 #adh1 a triangul> plate c d is screw$ or rivet$ s t its edge c d exactly bisects ! "r angle1 t is1 divides x into two equal angles4 ,! flat end ( a r\nd rod is held )9 ! angle & aga9/ ! plate1 a l9e be+ trac$ on x along c d2 x is !n turn$ ?r\gh ab\t a "r angle & a second l9e trac$4 ,! int]section ( ^! two l9es gives ! axis ( ! rod4 #cbd4 ,tool = ,r\gh+ ,out ,po9ts4 ,?is is m]ely ! inv]t$ *amf]+ tool ( :i* two =ms are describ$ 9 p>agraphs #cbj-ba1 "o ( !m be+ also %[n at ,o1 ,fig4 #adf4 ,x w be evid5t t :5 ! end ( a rod is caus$ to rotate 9 ?is holl[ cone x w take its =m4 ,9 "s cases x may be f\nd conv5i5t to place su* a tool 9 ! tail /ock ( ! la!4 ,if ! bottom ( ! cone at ! end ( ,o 7 prolong$ by cont9u+ ! cuts f>!r d[n ) a ?9 flat file1 ! po9t ( ! rod might be =m$ l a conical-head$ screw be=e x is tapp$4 #cbe4 ,balance-spr+ ,collet ,tool4 ,?is conv5i5t little tool = rotat+ ! balance-spr+ collet is comm5d$ almo/ z mu* by its simplicity & facility ( con/ruction z by its usefulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,a /eel rod n1 ,fig4 #adi1 is fix$ 9 a h&le ,t2 x t]m9ates 9 a cone a & is drill$ ) a f9e hole z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,a ?9 w+ b1 po9t$ at its extremity1 is also atta*$ to ! h&le4 ,hold+ ! balance betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! left h& & ! tool 9 ! "r1 ! blade b is introduc$ into ! slit 9 ! collet :ile a re/s on ! balance /aff %\ld]1 ! pivot be+ )9 ! hole n4 ,n[ rotate to ! "r or left until ! /ud is opposite to ! m>k on ! balance rim1 & ?is may be done )\t dang]1 provid+ ! tool is held firmly & v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 #cbf4 ,wat*-h& ,hold]4 ,a v conv5i5t =m ( tool1 9 :i* to clamp a h& :ile enl>g+ ! c5t] hole is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,two brass plates1 f & g1 are h+$ at m l a sector4 ,a coll>1 a b1 surr\nd+ ! two is pivot$ at a & has a clamp+-screw b by :i* ! two plates c be =c$ toge!r4 ,sev]al circul> s9ks ( diff]5t sizes & equally divid$ betwe5 ! two plates1 are cut ( a dep? v>y+ f "o-half to two-?irds t ( ! plates1 & !y mu/ be made to increase 9 diamet] z !y get deep]1 ?us resembl+ ! int]nal groove t receives a b>rel cov]4 ,! plate a is cut away along ! portion c d & grooves are =m$ to leave passages op5 betwe5 ?is surface & ! bottom ( ! s9ks 9 g & f4 ,:5 x is requir$ to enl>ge ! hole ( a wat*-h&1 place x1 inv]t$1 9 ! hole ( suitable size1 z %[n at c ( ! figure1 & tight5 ! screw b4 ,held r\nd ! :ole or great] "p ( its circumf]5ce1 ! h& is ?us firm & its c5t] hole c be enl>g$ )\t risk1 ei!r ) a drill or broa*2 ! h& w n %[ m>ks due to ! pressure ) :i* x has be5 held4 #cbg4 ,common ,h& fitt+ ,pli]s4 ,! slid+ tongs ) l>ge flat head1 p]=at$ ) a numb] ( holes 9 :i* ! head ( a h& is clamp$ :5 ! op5+ requires to be enl>g$1 are (t5 useful1 b we feel !m to be less s ?an ! hold] j describ$4 ,x is desirable t ! inn] faces ( _! jaws1 :i* are usually left r\gh1 be at lea/ smoo!d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 #cbh4 ,ano!r =m ( ,wat*-h& ,hold]4 ,m4 ,fiquemont has devis$ ! simple little tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort brass rod ,r1 p]=at$ l5g?wise & hav+ a ?read cut ext]nally on ! surface a b4 ,x %\ld be r$uc$ 9 ?ickness bel[ ?is tapp$ portion4 ,! rod1 %[n also 9 longitud9al section at ,p1 is cut into f\r qu>t]s by two slits f a to b1 :i* are at "r angles & leave ! po9ts z indicat$ ap>t at d4 ,! ela/icity ( ^! f\r qu>t]s %\ld make !m take ! =m ( a rev]s$ cone :5 hold+ a h&1 s t ! asc5t ( ! screw c %all tight5 !m4 ,)9 ! head a ( ! tool is =m$ a circul> recess1 s t1 if ! rev]s$ head ( a wat*-h& be plac$ )9 x & ! screw made to asc5d1 x w be held v firmly by ! circumf]5ce1 z se5 9 ! figure4 ,! h& w ?us be p]fectly free to adju/ 9 any way t is ne$$ = fitt+ x :ile held at ! end ( ! tool1 & )\t be+ remov$ be=e ! "w is complete4 ,?ree or f\r sizes w suffice = all ord9>y wat*-h&s4 ,a tool may be made 9 a simil> mann]1 except t ! screw is n divid$ by ! longitud9al slits1 & ! h& is held aga9/ ! po9t by a lant]n 7simil> to ^? ( a screw-po9t tool71 :i* mu/ be cut away 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aej1 expla9$ above 7#cbf74 ,an assortm5t ( ?ree or f\r lant]ns w r5d] ! tool s]viceable = all sizes ( h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 #cbi4 ,clip = ,hold+ ,escape:eels :ile ,clean+4 ,a m]e inspection ( ,m1 ,fig4 #aeb1 w make ! arrangem5t ( ?is little tool evid5t4 ,! =k is made ( a piece ( brass rod & its two arms are ela/ic1 a h&le be+ screw$ into ! l[] extremity4 ,two small /eel jaws are fix$ to ! upp] ends incl9$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 &1 9 us+ ! tool1 x is only necess>y to press ) two f+]s on ! heads ( ! screws1 :5 ! jaws w op54 ,hav+ plac$ ! escape :eel p9ion betwe5 !m1 ! :eel w be firmly held s t its tee? c be easily clean$1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 #ccj4 ,! appliance %[n 9 ,fig4 #aec c be us$ = a simil> purpose1 & is fur!r especially s]viceable = hold+ an escape-:eel t is n rivet$ to its p9ion4 ,x consi/s ( two p>ts1 a h&le ,t1 %[n sep>ate at t1 :i* is drill$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? & tapp$ ext]nally at ! portion t1 & a coll> or nut ,d1 ! end ( :i* is trav]s$ by two cuts at "r angles t resemble ! lett] ,t 9 section4 ,if ! tool is int5d$ = hold+ escape-:eels t h ?ree in/ead ( f\r arms1 ?is cross mu/ be replac$ by ?ree radiat+ grooves ( simil> section4 ,! position occupi$ by ! :eel is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es r r1 & x w be evid5t t1 :5 ! flat end ( ,t is screw$ up aga9/ ?is :eel1 aft] dropp+ x into ! cross & slightly turn+ r\nd ! axis z 9 a bayonet jo9t1 x may be firmly held4 ,! safe/ mode ( introduc+ ! :eel is by hold+ x on a broa*1 :i* is subsequ5tly remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 #cca4 ,tool = ,te/+ ! ,tru? ( a ,cyl9d] ,escape:eel4 ,! small tool %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #aed1 c be advantage\sly us$ 9 place ( ! pla9 arbor commonly employ$ = te/+ ! equality ( ! spaces 9 su* a :eel4 ,! plate ,d1 :i* may be m\nt$ on ?ree feet1 is trav]s$ at its c5t] by ! smoo? conical portion f ( ! screw f v1 tapp$ some:at tightly into a cock fix$ to ! o!r side ( ! plate4 ,!re is a radial slot1 a c1 cut 9 ! plate l>ge en\gh to all[ an escape-:eel p9ion to move freely4 ,an inspection ( ! figure w make evid5t ! mann] 9 :i* ! tool is to be us$3 a :eel be+ plac$ z %[n1 or ) rev]se side upw>ds1 is made to slide t[>ds ! c5t]1 gradually rais+ ! screw until ! l>ge/ space is f\nd to admit f ) contact at bo? sides4 ,all ! small] spaces are !n c>efully op5$ until !y admit ! cone 9 ! same mann] z ! l>ge/4 #ccb4 ,novel tool = ! same purpose4 ,:5 ! spaces are adju/$ 9 ! mann] expla9$ above1 or if ! l5g? ( ! tee? is measur$ 9 a n>r[ gauge plate1 !re w ne>ly always rema9 a c]ta9 degree ( irregul>ity 9 ! tee?4 ,a m effici5t means w\ld be = ! gauge to embrace bo? a too? & space1 & ?is condition is satisfi$ by ! foll[+ appliance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,! slide k k1 ,fig4 #aee1 is dovetail$ into a plate1 level ) its surface1 s t k k c be mov$ 9 a v]tical direction by a screw2 x is p]=at$ ) a s]ies ( holes ( gradually decreas+ diamet]4 ,to ! same plate are also fix$3 7#a7 a smoo? tongue1 b1 ) a foot & screw2 & 7#b7 a second tongue1 j1 t]m9at+ 9 an index x n1 :i* is movable ab\t a pivot1 x1 & held aga9/ a p9 9 ! plate by a light /raight or spiral spr+4 ,! extremity1 n1 trav]ses a graduat$ arc4 ,hav+ introduc$ ! p9ion ( ! :eel1 or ! arbor on :i* x is held1 into a hole ( ! slide t x fits )\t %ake1 & br\ght ?is hole to ! position indicat$ 9 ! figure1 apply a slight pressure to ! :eel 9 ! direction ( its rotation4 ,) "o too? re/+ aga9/ b ! tongue j w be held by ! spr+ aga9/ ! next & ! read+ ( ! index is to be not$ accurately4 ,)draw ! :eel slightly1 &1 plac+ ! succe$+ too? aga9/ b1 take a second read+1 & s on ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! delicacy ( ! in/rum5t w be increas$ by l5g!n+ x n 9 comp>ison ) x j4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 #ccc4 ,tool = ,remov+ ,/uds4 ,fig4 #aef repres5ts a small tool :i* may be employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,x consi/s ( a ?ick /rip ( metal1 ,c1 spread+ out l ! lett] ,t at ! end :i* is n %[n1 s z to =m two feet1 ! screw1 j1 be+ a ?ird1 s arrang$ t ! ,t re/s horizontally4 ,! disc1 d 7%[n also 9 plan71 rotates on ! screw1 j1 & is p>tially enclos$ 9 a horizontal slot4 ,ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( d are f\r rectangul> not*es ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! holes indicat$ by black dots on ! plan receive ! po9t ( ! screw1 v1 :i* clamps ! disc :5 ! not* correspond+ 9 size ) ! /ud to be remov$ has be5 br\ght "u ! small cone project+ f ! spr+1 b2 ! o!r end ( b is fix$ to ! ,t-%ap$ piece1 ,c4 ,! mode ( us+ ?is little in/rum5t w at once be evid5t4 ,re/+ ! "r arm on ! b5*1 &1 ) ! left-h&1 br++ ! w+ ( ! cock above ! not* 9 d1 ! o!r h& presses ^u ! mill$ button ( b1 =c+ ! conical p9 aga9/ ! /ud & ?us remov+ x f ! cock4 ,! screw1 a1 c be adju/$ s z to prev5t too great =ce be+ appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 #ccd4 ,tweez]s = ,remov+ ,/uds4 ,"o =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,! upp] arm1 ,h1 is b5t d[nw>ds z indicat$ at g4 ,! l[] arm is %ort] & c>ries a sep>ate piece1 n m1 :i* slides "u two screws1 s1 & is press$ =w>d by a spr+1 r4 ,! action w be easily und]/ood2 ! extremity1 m1 re/s aga9/ ! /ud1 & m n is =c$ backw>ds until ! po9t1 g1 is exactly ov] ! /ud p94 ,a simple pressure ( ! f+] w !n suffice to remove ! /ud4 ,a /ill m simple pair ( tweez]s = ?is purpose may be made by fill+ a squ>e not* 9 ! end ( "o prong ( an ord9>y pair ) broad noses1 & sett+ a p9 opposite to its c5t] 9 ! end ( ! o!r prong4 #cce4 ,/ak+ ,tool4 ,! mod]n /ak+ tool w p]=m ! same "w z ! la/ two tools describ$ & _m o!r op]ations4 ,x consi/s ( a %ift+ table1 ar\nd :i* holes ( v>i\s sizes are arrang$ 9 a circle1 s t any desir$ hole may be br\ght "u a suitable pun* mov+ 9 a v]tical hold]4 ,usually tw5ty-f\r temp]$ /eel pun*es & f\r /umps are provid$1 :i* w be f\nd suffici5t to cov] all ! op]ations 9 ! ord9>y run ( wat* repairs1 & ! +5i\s workman c f "t to "t add to ^! by mak+ pun*es 9 8 sp>e mom5ts1 if he f9ds f exp]i5ce t he is 9 ne$ ( pun*es ( a diff]5t %ape4 ,fig4 #aeh illu/rates ! ,johanson comb9ation /ak+ tool1 on ! front end ( :i* a hairspr+ /ud indicator is arrang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 #ccf4 ,! /ak+ tool c be us$ z a cannon p9ion tight5] by mak+ a pun* = x hav+ a blunt *isel edge4 ,:5 a cannon p9ion is plac$ on a /ump :i* is slightly di%$ 9 t portion ( its face opposite to ! pun*1 & ! pun* g5tly /ruck ) a hamm]1 x w be suffici5tly contract$ to insure ! requisite adh]5ce to ! set-h&s arbor4 ,if fe>s are ent]ta9$ le/ ! p9ion %\ld be crack$ ) ! bl[1 x may be plac$ loosely on an arbor & held 9 position4 #ccg4 ,x may also be us$ to advantage = tight5+ ! set-h&s arbor 9 ! c5t] or cannon p9ion1 b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ or ! arbor may be b5t s t ! m9ute h& :i* x c>ries passes ne>] ! dial at "o place ?an ano!r4 ,an arbor t is too loose is introduc$ into a suitable /ump & at ! top & bottom ( ! slack portion two pun* m>ks are made opposite "o ano!r4 ,! pun* hav+ a conical or ?ree-sid$ po9t1 w occasion an expansion ( ! metal r\nd ea* m>k2 if a smoo? file be pass$ ov] ! surface s z to remove ! burr1 :i* w\ld n (f] any p]man5t resi/ance1 suffici5t project+ metal w be left to secure a s\nd & la/+ friction :5 a little oil is appli$4 ,if ! arbor is well support$ imm$iately b5ea? ! pun*1 x w n be di/ort$ by any mod]ate impact4 ,x is advisable be=e op]at+ on ! metal to asc]ta9 its degree ( h>dness4 #cch4 ,x may also be us$ z a p9ion rivet+ tool4 ,! p9ion1 ) its :eel 9 position1 is plac$ on ! h>d5$ /eel /ump1 ! end to be rivet$ be+ upw>ds4 ,! rivet+ is !n /ruck ) ! poli%$ end ( a holl[ pun*4 ,if x be requir$ to spread ! rivet+1 a pun* mu/ fir/ be us$ t is r\nd$ f )9 outw>ds1 to be foll[$ ) a p]fectly flat pun*4 ,a little practice w at once enable a workman to select ! be/ =m ( pun*4 ,! /ump %\ld be v h>d & poli%$1 funnel-%ap$ d[nw>ds & c>efully fitt$ to ! b$1 s z to be firm & c5tral ) ! pun*4 ,if ^! precautions are n tak5 ! p9ion w spr+ & ! rivet+ w be imp]fect4 #cci4 ,! /ak+ tool may also be us$ = clos+ up b>rel holes1 screw-holes1 etc4 ,9 repair+ wat*es x is (t5 f\nd t ! screws hold badly or n at all1 & ! holes at times _c be satisfactorily bu%$4 ,9 su* cases x becomes necess>y to close !m1 an op]ation :i* any intellig5t workman c p]=m v well 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,make a /ump r\nd$ at ! top & provid$ ) a pump-c5t]4 ,?is c be m]ely a po9t$ /eel rod t passes ?r\gh ! /ump f bel[ ) slight friction1 & is =c$ upw>ds by a light spr+ fix$ by a screw1 s t1 on undo+ ! screw1 ! rod c be remov$4 ,! "o pump-c5t] c be us$ = v>i\s /umps z ! op5+s are funnel-%ap$ d[nw>ds4 ,c5t] ! hole to be clos$ by means ( ! pump-c5t]1 !n br+ d[n ! holl[ pun* & /rike x z 9 rivet+ a p9ion4 ,a small circul> groove w be =m$ ar\nd ! hole1 :i*1 if ! pun* is 9 good ord]1 w be p]fectly ev54 ,! =m ( ! pun* is v important2 ! wat*mak] mu/ decide = himself by trial z to ! mo/ conv5i5t %ape4 ,! ?ickness ( ! r+ ( metal may be modifi$2 x is r\nd$ (f 9 a semicircle by "s1 & curv$ inw>ds or outw>ds by o!rs4 ,in/ead ( a pump-c5t] bel[ we h us$ pun*es t 7 !mselves provid$ ) a pump c5t] & helical spr+4 ,ei!r =m gives satisfactory results4 ,! holes ( b>rels c be clos$ ) a pun* t is only depress$ at its c5t] en\gh to avoid ! po9t ( ! pump-c5t]4 ,:5 ! face is m or less r\nd$ ! hole w be clos$ by =m+ a cup z ) a *amf]+ tool4 ,! tool may !n be enl>g$ if requisite ) a r\nd broa* or an arbor cov]$ ) :ite wax4 ,x w ?us be h>d5$1 & ! cup-%ap$ recess w s]ve to reta9 ! oil1 :ile ! some:at ?9n] hole w probably be 9 a condition to resi/ friction z long z =m]ly4 ,:5 ! hole is ( mod]ate ?ickness1 & x does n require mu* r$uction 9 diamet]1 ?is me?od w be f\nd satisfactory2 b>rels t h be5 ?us treat$ h be5 f\nd to /& t5 ye>s )\t appreciable we>4 ,:5 ! metal is ?ick]1 h[ev]1 ! spread+ inw>ds is v slight1 & !re is "s dang]1 9 us+ a r\nd broa* to d x1 ( /ra9+ ! metal or deta*+ ! c5tral r+ ( ! b>rel or its cov]4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! me?ods expla9$ above are absolutely useless = clos+ pivot-holes1 & %\ld only be resort$ to = b>rels1 on an em]g5cy4 #cdj4 ,drift+ ,tool4 ,?is appliance1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei1 is v useful = mak+ holes ( r\nd1 oval or squ>e1 or1 inde$1 any requir$ =m4 ,x takes ! place ( a pun*+ ma*9e = light "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,! pun*1 or 8drift10 is screw$ into ! /ock ,c ,c4 ,a p91 p1 fix$ 9 ,c ,c prev5ts its rotation :ile all[+ an end motion along ! slot m n4 ,! end ,c is holl[$ out to receive ! po9t ( a screw1 ,b1 & a p91 %[n ne> ,c1 is receiv$ 9 a groove turn$ 9 ,b1 ?us enabl+ x to draw ! /ock 9 ! direction ,c ,c4 ,! "p ,h is gripp$ 9 ! jaws ( a vise1 & a /rong h&le1 ,e1 is us$ to advance ! screw ,b ,b4 ,) a tool ab\t ?ree times ! size ( ! figure !re is no difficulty 9 pun*+ ! eyes ( ma9spr+s1 squ>e holes 9 /op f+]s1 etc41 & x c be made by an appr5tice4 ,( c\rse its /r5g? dep5ds on ! pit* ( ! screw & ! radius ( ! h&le ,e4 #cda4 ,= heavi] "w x w be necess>y to resort to ! pun*+ ma*9e4 ,!re are sev]al con/ructions 9 use1 b ! mo/ usual is ess5tially ! same z t ( ! tool j describ$4 ,! screw works v]tically 9 a /rong bridge t is fix$ to ! b$ 9 :i* ! c\nt]p>t ( ! pun* is held4 ,great use is made ( ?is ma*9e 9 factories at ! pres5t day1 almo/ e "p ( a wat* be+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance r\ghly %ap$ by its means4 ,inde$1 ?9 metal is (t5 left z x comes f ! pun*1 & v p]fect cross+s ( :eels1 etc41 are ?us produc$4 ,/eel does n cut well 9 ! press unless x is s(t & homog5e\s1 & ! f9al dim5sions ( ! object c be m ne>ly approa*$ accord+ z ^! conditions are satisfi$4 ,attempts h be5 made to cut lev]s1 etc41 ( ! exact dim5sions requir$1 b x is bett] to leave a slight excess ( metal to be aft]w>ds remov$ by a mill cutt] or o!r means4 ,! cross+s ( /eel lev] & cyl9d] escape-:eels are pun*$ out1 b ! metal us$ is ( special excell5ce4 ,be=e introduc+ a piece ( /eel into ! press x is advisable to remove any scale1 etc41 by pickl+1 or ) a file4 #cdb4 ,draw-,plate4 ,e wat*mak] %\ld possess a plate = draw+ r\nd wire s z to be able to obta9 x ( any requir$ diamet]4 ,!y are to be _h at all mat]ial h\ses4 ,9 bu%+ holes 9 a brass plate1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ! brass us$ = ! bu%+ is n ( ! same color z ! plate4 ,to avoid su* a diff]5ce cut (f a piece f a plate ( ! same color & r\nd x by h&1 mak+ "o end to tap]4 ,fix+ ! draw-plate 9 ! vise1 pass ?is end ?r\gh "o ( its holes1 &1 gripp+ x 9 ! h&-vise1 pull ! brass ?r\gh ! plate4 ,cont9ue ?is op]ation ?r\gh successive holes until ! requisite ?ickness is atta9$4 ,no special precautions are necess>y1 fur!r ?an keep+ ! holes well greas$ & anneal+ ! brass f "t to "t s z to c\nt]act ! h>d5+ caus$ by ! op]ation4 ,su* a plate c also be us$ = /eel wire1 & plates ) holes ( special =m1 = example ^? = draw+ click & p9ion wire1 are well kn[n 9 ! trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 #cdc4 ,! ,grammaire1 or ,divid+ ,plate4 ,?is tool is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afj4 ,to m>k out ! cross+s ( a :eel1 etc41 fix x by ! conical-head$ screw t to ! middle ( ! plate1 on :i* are trac$ a s]ies ( conc5tric circles 7n %[n7 divid$ into #f1 #h1 #aj & #ab equal p>ts4 ,by lay+ ! little rul] r r ov] ! :eel blank & us+ ^! division m>ks z a guide1 #c1 #d1 #e or #f radii c be drawn to s]ve z guides = cutt+ out ! arms4 ,if x is desir$ to indicate ! wid? ( ! arms in/ead ( a m]e c5tral l9e1 a s]ies ( holes mu/ be drill$ at ! division m>ks & screws ) tap]$ po9ts tapp$ into !m f bel[4 ,re/+ ! rul] aga9/ ^! cones1 ! arms c be drawn ( any requir$ wid?1 accord+ to ! di/ance to :i* ! screws project4 ,no fur!r explanation is necess>y1 = ! figure %[s3 7#a7 a grammaire adapt$ to m>k out a f\r-arm$ :eel1 ^! arms be+ indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es2 & 7#b7 ! small rul] r r cut away at ! middle s z to avoid com+ into contact ) ! conical-head$ screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 #cdd4 ,jewel-resett+ ,tools4 ,hopk9s' pat5t jewel+ & /ak+ tool1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #afa1 is an +5i\s device1 & "o t w be f\nd v useful to ! wat* repair]4 ,z ! sp9dle1 or h&le1 to :i* ! cutt]s & burni%]s ,p ,p ,p are atta*$1 is su/a9$ 9 upright position :5 9 use1 by ! long be>+s ?r\gh :i* x passes 9 ! upright ,f1 indep5d5tly ( ! l[] c5t]1 ! hole to be cut may be c5t]$ ei!r f above or bel[ z pref]r$2 & ! dep? to :i* x is desir$ ! cutt] %all "w is regulat$ by adju/m5t ( ! slid+ coll> ,e1 & ?is be+ a correct upright+1 z well z jewel+ tool1 ) x a pivot hole1 or a jewel sett+1 ! correct c5t] 7upright7 ( :i* has be5 lo/1 may readily be correct$1 or its true c5t] aga9 f\nd1 &1 :at 9 "s cases w\ld be a v desirable consid]ation1 by c>eful manipulation ) ! cutt]1 :i* is "u p]fect control ( ! op]ator1 ! position ( jewel sett+s may be *ang$ s z to alt] ! dep? ( lock+ ( ! :eels to any desir$ ext5t4 ,to regulate ! dep? to :i* x is desir$ a cutt] %all "w bel[ ! surface ( a plate1 l[] ! sp9dle ,d until1 :5 mov$ out suffici5tly f>1 ! end ( ! cutt] w re/ d[n on ! top ( ! plate to be op]at$ ^u1 & fa/5 x !re by lightly tight5+ ! screw ,k2 ?is done adju/ & fa/5 ! coll> ,e on ! sp9dle ,d1 to ! same height above ! top ( ! upright ,f z x is desir$ ! cutt] %all "w bel[ ! surface ( ! plate on :i* x n[ re/s4 ,?is1 :5 ! sp9dle ,d has be5 aga9 set free by loos5+ ! screw ,k1 w ( c\rse all[ ! cutt] to s9k into ! hole to be op]at$ ^u to ! exact di/ance ! coll> ,e _h be5 set above top ( ,f4 ,9 adju/+ ! coll>1 ,e1 ! graduat$ w$ge ,no4 #d1 or ! jewel to be set1 z pref]r$1 may be us$ z a gauge4 ,! burni%]s1 ,no4 #i1 are us$ bo? = op5+ & clos+ sett+s2 ! same burni%]1 hav+ *os5 "o ( prop] size1 is us$ = bo? purposes2 ! side be+ us$ = op5+ ! sett+1 & ! bevel$ & r\nd$ end = burni%+ x d[n aga9 ov] ! jewel4 ,! pieces #ac & #ad are made to fit 9 ! l[] end ( ! sp9dle ,d 7! cutt] ,p hav+ be5 remov$71 same z an ord9>y drill-/ock1 & are us$ = burni%+ ! edges ( a jewel sett+ d[n flat ov] ! jewel1 c\nt]s9k+ screw heads1 giv+ end-%ake to :eels1 etc42 & be+ easily made1 any "o own+ ! tool c make ^! = himself1 ( =ms & sizes to suit ! p>ticul> "w 9 h&4 ,= upright+ purposes1 )draw ! sp9dle ,d & sub/itute ,no4 #e1 ! r+s1 ,no4 #c1 be+ int5d$ = lay+ ! "w on1 on ! tool b$4 ,= upright drill+ ?r\gh wat* plates1 m>k ! place to be drill$ 7prick pun* x slightly7 ) ! cone po9t ( ,no4 #e2 :i* done turn ! sp9dle ,no4 #e upside d[n & re/ ! upp] end ( ! drill 9 ! c\nt]s9k 9 its end1 ! drill be+ op]at$ ) a fiddle b[ act+ on a collet plac$ on its %ank = ! purpose4 ,= cutt+ (f bu%+s level ) a wat* plate1 ei!r a cutt] ( ! ,no4 #ac or #ad class1 or "o ( ! ,p cutt]s c be us$4 ,= /ak+ or rivet+ :eels upright on _! p9ions1 lay ! /ake ,no4 #g level on ! tool b$ 7! c5t] ,m hav+ be5 fa/5$ d[n out ( ! way71 & ) ,no4 #e c5t] accurately ! hole to be us$ 9 ! /ake1 & fa/5 x !re by means ( ! clamps ,n2 !n remove ! cone end ( ,no4 #e1 & place a pun* ) a hole 9 its end ( ! requir$ size1 on ! "p m1 & proce$ z 9 an ord9>y upright /ak+ tool4 #cde4 ,tool = ,flat ,poli%+4 ,a ?ick brass plate is provid$ ) ?ree /rong screws arrang$ 9 triangul> =m 7,g1 ,fig4 #afb71 & f> en\gh ap>t to ensure t1 if ! plate is rev]s$ & re/s on _! heads1 x w rema9 flat :5 mov$ by h& ov] a poli%+ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,! screws %\ld fit tightly or be provid$ ) lock-nuts4 ,we believe t e wat*mak] mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ?is little tool4 ,! object to be smoo!d or poli%$ is fix$ ) %ellac or seal+-wax to ! middle ( ! triangle =m$ by ! screws2 ! level is !n adju/$ s t1 :5 re/+ on a flat surface1 ! object to be poli%$ co9cides exactly ) x4 ,! poli%] 7= example1 a %eet ( gr\nd glass7 is *>g$ ) oil/one du/ or poli%+ r\ge1 & ! object is pass$ ov] x until p]fectly flat & smoo?4 #cdf4 ,= smoo?+1 x is be/ to use a l>ge %eet ( iron or /eel4 ,= poli%+1 copp] or bronze is pref]r$4 ,gr\nd glass may be employ$ = bo? op]ations2 x mu/ be h>d & p]fectly flat4 ,a disc rotat+ 9 ! la! or m&ril1 etc41 is (t5 us$4 ,! tool may be inv]t$ & re/ firmly on a cork1 ! poli%] be+ !n mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by h&1 & always 9 contact ) ! ?ree screws4 ,x is be/ to use pi? = clean+ ! poli%$ surface2 9 its abs5ce use soap1 !n wa% & dry ) a s(t l95 rag4 ,! object is deta*$ by heat+ ! tool1 & is clean$ by boil+ 9 alcohol2 aft]w>ds pass ?r\gh pure alcohol at ! ord9>y temp]ature & dry4 #cdg4 ,?is tool c be employ$ = poli%+ small surfaces1 su* z ! end ( a rod1 ( a b>rel-arbor or a screw-head1 z well z = ^? ( great] ext5t4 ,b x appe>s ne$less to ent] into fur!r detail4 ,in/ead ( ?ree screws "s workm5 only use two1 at "s di/ance ap>t4 ,! object to be poli%$1 be+ plac$ at ! ?ird corn] ( ! triangle1 takes ! place ( ! rema9+ screw4 ,la/ly1 if a b& be fitt$ to "o side ( ! brass plate1 z %[n at b1 ,fig4 #afb1 & held by two screws1 x w (t5 be ( s]vice z a clamp = fix+ ! object1 z at s4 #cdh4 ,flat pieces c be poli%$ on a revolv+ lap work$ by ! foot1 be+ simply held 9 ! h& or 9 a piece ( s(t lea!r2 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice is ne$$ 9 ord] to d ?is successfully4 ,,accessories ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,op]ations ,,to ,,be ,,p]=m$ ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,head4 #cdi4 ,) a view to simplify ! "w1 we w "h give1 9 a collect$ =m1 a numb] ( op]ations t may be p]=m$ 9 ! m&ril1 or univ]sal head1 among :i* ! practical wat*mak] w easily be able to di/+ui% ^? t c be done 9 ! ord9>y la!2 we w also describe num]\s accessories t ! workman %\ld make = himself1 if he is desir\s ( mak+ 8 m&ril or univ]sal head /ill m g5]ally useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 #cej4 ,prep>e a numb] ( *ucks ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,"s ( ^! c>ry a small b> ) screws1 by :i* an object may be clamp$ firmly to ! *uck1 an arrangem5t :i* is also %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #afc2 o!rs h a hole drill$ ?r\gh _! axis2 o!rs aga9 h a project+ arbor1 etc4 ,!y may also be made ) a flat face on :i* to cem5t objects 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,z x is (t5 necess>y to h a consid]able surface to cem5t1 = example1 a wat*-plate1 "o or m may be made ( ! =m %[n at ,t1 ,fig4 #afd4 ,! l[] plate be+ clamp$ 9 ! dogs1 ! disc e w be free4 ,if ?is disc be made ( bronze or /eel x may be us$ z a lap2 if ( brass1 x may be turn$ true & us$ z a wax *uck1 etc4 ,! *ucks %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be well made1 s t !y c be truly c5t]$ by means ( ! pump-c5t]4 ,,to ,,c5t] ,,an ,,object4 #cea4 ,:5 !re is a hole at ! c5t] on ! side t[>ds ! face-plate1 9 ! univ]sal head1 z is usually ! case1 x is only necess>y to place ?is hole ov] ! po9t ( ! pump1 press+ x inw>ds1 & !n to clamp ! object 9 ! dogs2 ! pump is !n drawn )9 ! body ( ! arbor4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 !re is no c5tral hole1 or !re is only a m>k on ! face t is t[>ds ! cutt]2 9 su* a case x becomes necess>y to c5t] f ! front or by ! circumf]5ce4 #ceb4 ,to ,c5t] f ! ,front4 ,if ! object is held by wax on a plate1 x may be c5t]$ z 9 ! ord9>y la! :ile ! plate is hot1 by re/+ a piece ( pegwood on ! ,t-re/ ) a po9t plac$ 9 ! c5tral hole1 & obs]v+ :e!r its free end rema9s /ation>y4 ,aft] ! plate has cool$1 ! accuracy ( ! c5t]+ %\ld be te/$ by means ( a long piece ( pegwood :i* re/s on ! ,t-re/ br\ght close up to ! object4 ,! pegwood is held p>allel to ! la!-b$1 &1 if ! c5t]+ is satisfactory1 its out] end w n move4 ,! detection ( any slight movem5t is greatly facilitat$ by plac+ "s fix$ object close to ! free end ( ! pegwood4 ,if a motion is /ill obs]v$ ! c5t]+ is imp]fect1 & mu/ be correct$ 9 ! mann] expla9$ bel[ 7#ced74 #cec4 ,p]relet's me?od ( ,c5t]+4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ?is is id5tical ) ! "o j describ$2 b ! pegwood index is replac$ by ! small app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,a holl[ cyl9d]1 ( :i* a c c a is a section1 is firmly held by friction by its portion a b b a 9 ! tail/ock4 ,9 ! front ( ?is cyl9d] is fix$ a /eel r+ t is ?ick at ! circumf]5ce & tap]s inw>d1 s t ! c5tral hole has a cutt+ edge4 ,! two black triangles repres5t a section ( ?is r+4 ,! rod r n passes )\t play ?r\gh ?is hole1 & c>ries a project+ r+ at s to det]m9e ! di/ance to :i* x ent]s ! coll> c c2 !re is also a small key t corresponds ) a nick 9 c c1 & ?us prev5ts rotation4 ,an inspection ( ! figure w %[ t1 :5 s re/s aga9/ c c1 if ! f+] be plac$ on r & communicate motion to x1 ! rod n r w be able to oscillate 9 any direction1 & to an ext5t limit$ by ! diamet] ( ! hole 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! error 9 ! c5t]+ at r w be multipli$ at n 9 ! proportion ( n s to s r2 ?us if n s is t5 times s r1 ! motion at n w be t5 times z great z ! actual error at r4 #ced4 ,! in/rum5t is us$ z foll[s3 ,! object to be c5t]$ be+ plac$ betwe5 ! jaws1 hav+ ! c5t]+ sp9dle 9 position 9 tail/ock4 ,slide tail/ock t[>ds ! face-plate until ! po9t r ( ! rod ent]s ! hole1 or c5tral m>k ( ! object1 &1 sett+ ! ,t-re/ close to ! po9t n1 rotate ! face-plate4 ,if ! c5t]+ is exact1 ! po9t n w rema9 /ation>y4 ,if n moves to & fro1 give a g5tle bl[ aga9/ ! edge ( ! object1 :i* %\ld n be held firmly 9 ! dogs2 ! bl[ mu/ be on ! side opposite to t at :i* n %[s ! greate/ deviation f ! po9t ( ref]5ce4 ,repeat ! process until ! c5t]+ is p]fect or suffici5tly accurate2 !n clamp ! dogs firmly1 tak+ c>e n to di/urb any?+4 ,9 c5t]+ f a jewel hole1 an alum9ium rod n s may be employ$ on acc\nt ( its lightness1 & x may be t]m9at$ 9 an ivory cone at r4 #cee4 ,!re is "o precaution to be obs]v$1 z x facilitates ! use ( ?is appliance2 x is advisable t ! portion a b b a ( ! cyl9d] be some:at long & well made1 9 ord] t1 :ile be+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ins]t$ 9 tail/ock up to ! %\ld]1 ! cyl9d] may be p>tially )drawn & /ill held firmly4 ,! reason = ?is is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! tail/ock is pu%$ along1 a consid]able am\nt ( friction resi/s its motion1 &1 z ! h& _c always control ?is motion1 x may happ5 t r comes up aga9/ ! object ) "s =ce4 ,to avoid ?is1 br+ ! po9t ne> ! hole & !n rotate ! coll> 9 ! tail/ock s z to g5tly )draw x to ! requisite am\nt4 ,! cyl9d] may1 if desir$1 be fix$ by a small screw aft] ! po9t r has be5 set 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 #cef4 ,ano!r ,c5t]+ ,device4 ,! c5t]+ indicator %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff w also be f\nd useful = te/+ = exact c5t]4 ,! body ( ! indicator is made ( %eet brass1 & %\ld be ab\t five in*es long by two in*es 9 wid? at ! l>g] end4 ,! %ank ,c is made to fit 9 re/ hold]1 & is ei!r rivet$ or sold]$ to ! body2 ,r is /eel or copp] wire %>p5$ to a f9e po9t1 & balances on a pivot at #a2 ,b is a clock h& pivot$ to ! body at #a2 #b & #b are pivot jo9ts only1 & d n g ?r\gh ! body2 ,c w p]haps give a bett] idea ( ! end ,r4 ,to c5t] ) ?is tool1 unscrew y\r re/ & remove x1 !n place ! %aft ,c 9 re/ hold] & adju/ x till ! ne$le po9t ,r t\*es ! top ( hole1 z %[n at ,a4 ,! index h& w !n note ! v>iations z ! head revolves4 ,if too l[1 ! h& w po9t above c5t]1 & if high1 vice v]sa4 #ceg4 ,to ,c5t] f ! ,circumf]5ce4 ,two cases may occur3 ,ei!r ! entire rim ( ! object is expos$1 z :5 ! tee? are to be cut 9 a :eel blank2 or ! rim c only be us$ z a means ( det]m9+ ! c5t]1 z :5 a b>rel has be5 bu%$ ) an undrill$ bu%+4 #ceh4 ,! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #aff may also be us$ = ! te/ if ! %ort end ( arm ,r re/s aga9/ ! "u side ( ! object t x is desir$ to c5t]4 #cei4 ,:5 x is requir$ to drill or m]ely to c5t] ! hole 9 a :eel1 b>rel1 etc41 t does n run true1 clamp a piece ( %eet brass 9 ! dogs & turn out a s9k t w exactly receive ! :eel1 etc41 b all[+ x to project slightly4 ,n[ unscrew "o dog & advance x a little1 s z to grip ! edge ( ! object z well z ! plate2 move ! o!r dogs inw>ds 9 succession1 & x w only rema9 to drill or true ! hole ) a suitable drill4 ,,upright+ ,,& ,,drill+4 #cfj4 ,:5 ! ,la! is ,provid$ ) a ,tail/ock4 ,let x be requir$ to m>k & drill a pivot-hole 9 ! cock :5 ! plate-hole is accurately c5t]$ by means ( ! pump-c5t]4 ,place ! tail/ock 9 position on ! la!-b$1 & m>k ! position ( ! hole ) a c5t]1 z 9 an ord9>y upright+ tool2 !n1 if ! hole is to be v f9e1 make x ) an ord9>y pivot-drill4 ,if ! hole to be drill$ is some:at l>ge1 x may be drill$ ) ! twi/ drill1 ! b$ ( ! la! be+1 z usual1 horizontal4 #cfa4 ,:5 ! ,la! is n ,provid$ ) a ,tail/ock4 ,9 su* a case x is possible to upright & drill by us+ f9e drills1 & mak+ po9ts s =m$ z to take ! place ( ! cutt]4 ,or a /ock may be made to receive drills1 po9ts1 etc41 & x may be well "h to rem>k t /ocks ( ! same =m are conv5i5t = receiv+ *amf]+ or s9k+ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,?is /ock is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,an inspection ( ,e c w suffice to %[ its =m1 & x may be us$ = hold+ ei!r a drill or a m>k+ po9t1 or a small holl[ c5t] 9 :i* to support a pivot drill4 ,! foll[+ me?od %\ld be adopt$ = secur+ accuracy 9 ! adju/m5t ( ^! /ocks3 ,!re mu/ be no %ake ( ! /ock 9 ! tool-hold]2 x is especially important to avoid any displacem5t dur+ ! act ( clamp+4 ,if !re is any reason = d\bt on ?is po9t1 drill a hole at ! foot ( ! cutt] 9 :i* an index1 y1 c be tempor>ily ins]t$2 any displacem5t c be detect$ by its deviation f a fix$ m>k4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !re w be no occasion = d\bt if ! plate t is screw$ d[n ^u ! /ock is p>allel to ! b$ ( ! tool-hold]4 ,! cutt] is !n replac$ by a /ock ( ! =m %[n at ,e1 9 :i* a hole has be5 previ\sly drill$ to receive ! drill or o!r bit1 b some:at small] ?an x is requir$ f9ally to be4 ,! pump-c5t] mu/ n[ be replac$ by an accurately fitt+ piece ,b t t]m9ates 9 a %ort semi-cyl9drical drill4 ,x w be evid5t t if ! m&rel be revolv$1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! tool-hold] advanc$ t[>ds ?is drill1 ! hole 9 ! /ock ,e w be enl>g$ & smoo!d1 & its axis w accurately co9cide ) t ( ,b4 ,any drill1 *amf]+ tool1 etc41 t has be5 turn$ true1 w1 !re=e1 on be+ ins]t$ 9 ! /ock1 prove to be /rictly 9 ! axis ( ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 #cfb4 ,to ,drill a ,s]ies ( ,holes4 ,m\nt on a /ock simil> to t j describ$1 a small frame c>ry+ a drill-/ock1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afh4 ,if ?is be fix$ 9 ! slide-re/ 9 place ( ! cutt]1 x c be us$ = drill+ a hole or a s]ies ( holes previ\sly m>k$ out1 or1 if ! pit* ( ! transv]se screw ( ! slide-re/ is kn[n1 = a s]ies ( equidi/ant holes 9 a horizontal l9e4 ,:5 x is requir$ to drill a s]ies ( holes 9 a circle1 z1 = example1 9 ! escape-:eel ( ! p9-escapem5t1 br+ ! po9t ( ! drill onto ! circumf]5ce & !n proce$ z :5 us+ ! ord9>y :eel-cutt+ eng9e provid$ ) a v]tical drill-hold]1 tak+ c>e to fix ! face-plate by means ( an index4 ,?is index %\ld h a means ( slightly modify+ its l5g?1 s t ! po9t ( ! drill may always be br\ght into exact co9cid5ce ) ! po9ts t h be5 previ\sly m>k$ on ! object4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 if ! drill 7 replac$ by a r\nd mill+ tool1 ! ,u's ( a cyl9d] escape-:eel might be poli%$1 or1 inde$1 cut1 ! concave ends ( ! tee? ( ! />-:eel 9 a ,g5eva /opwork c\ld be correct$1 etc4 ,b x is unnecess>y fur!r to insi/ ^u ! _m uses to :i* ?is =m ( tool c be appli$4 #cfc4 ,to ,cut ! ,tee? ( a ,rat*et1 ,m9ute-,:eel1 ,etc4 ,:5 ! face-plate is divid$ on ! circumf]5ce1 x is easy to cut ! tee? ( an ord9>y :eel ( a timepiece1 escape-:eel1 b>rel rat*et1 to cut or true a />-:eel = ! /opwork1 etc4 ,aft] m\nt+ ! :eel on a *uck & c>efully c5t]+ x1 replace ! cutt] by a small revolv+ cutt]-frame aft] ! model ( t %[n 9 ,fig4 #afh4 ,! /ock d1 %[n 9 bo? plan & elevation1 c>ries a piece c at "r angles1 :i* has a slot cut ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,9 ?is slot a ,u-%ap$ support c be clamp$ by a nut 9 any position4 ,! ,u portion =ms a be>+ = a cutt]1 su* z is %[n at f 9 ! figure1 & ! axis projects s z to receive a f]rule = rotat+ ! cutt]4 ,x w be evid5t t1 ) su* an arrangem5t1 ! height ( ! cutt] c be adju/$ 9 accordance ) ! tee? to be cut4 #cfd4 ,to ,cut a ,circul> or ,elliptic ,groove4 ,= ?is purpose no special accessory is ne$$2 an ord9>y cutt] w suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,let a b c d1 ,fig4 #afi1 be ! =m ( ! requir$ groove4 ,m>k a s]ies ( c5t]s s t circles /ruck f !m w j ov]lap "o ano!r1 & at ! same "t ne>ly rea* ! edge ( ! groove4 ,!n turn out all ! circul> s9ks1 indicat$ by %ad$ l9es1 to ! requir$ dep?4 ,c5t] ! plate by ! po9t o f :i* ! arc a b is /ruck2 n[ br+ ! cutt] to su* a position t its out] cutt+ edge co9cides ) ! arc a b1 & br+ x aga9/ ! plate2 set ! face-plate 9 motion1 n1 h[ev]1 by us+ ! treadle1 b by ! h& at its circumf]5ce1 & trav]se ! arc f b to a2 !n )draw ! cutt]4 ,by ?is means ! project+ angles1 left :ite 9 ! figure1 w be remov$1 & a clean edge w be left to ! groove4 ,z an op]ation ( ?is description w n pres5t any difficulty1 fur!r explanation appe>s unnecess>y2 = ! in=mation above giv5 w enable any wat*mak] to make curv$ grooves ( ! k9d indicat$4 ,if x is requir$ to smoo? ! surface ( ! groove1 replace ! cutt] by a pegwood /ick t c be rotat$ ) friction1 & ! end ( :i* j fits into ! groove1 *>g+ x ) pumice or o!r /one & oil4 ,"o h& moves ! face-plate backw>ds & =w>ds1 :ile ! o!r rotates ! /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 #cfe4 ,to ,cut ! ,cyl9d] ,escape-,:eel ,cock ,passage4 ,z a rule ! cock is cem5t$1 inv]t$1 to a wax *uck1 & ! passage cut or enl>g$ on ! la!4 ,x is m exp$iti\s to use a plate provid$ ) a clamp+ bridge1 z %[n at ,fig4 #agj4 ,! face-plate %\ld be made to oscillate backw>ds & =w>ds by h&1 & n rotat$ by ! :eel4 #cff4 ,to ,make a ,/raight ,groove4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,! tool devis$ by ,m4 ,*op>d1 director ( ! s*ool ( horology at ,besanon1 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga1 is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,z w be se51 x consi/s ( a small la! :i* is adapt$ to ! slide-re/ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,two p9s1 a a1 are plant$ 9 ! top ( ! tool-hold]1 ! cutt] toge!r ) ! plate by :i* x is clamp$ hav+ be5 fir/ remov$4 ,holes drill$ 9 ! frame f f fit accurately onto ^! p9s1 :ile a screw1 h1 pass+ ?r\gh an int]m$iate hole1 af=ds a means ( firmly fix+ ! app>atus to ! tool-hold] ,m4 ,?is tool %\ld satisfy ! foll[+ conditions3 ,! arbor ,c %\ld fit into a recess t receives a cutt]1 b )\t com+ into contact ) x2 ?is arbor %\ld be p>allel to ! b$ ( ! la!2 &1 la/ly1 ! axis ( ,c %\ld be on a l9e ) ! la! c5t]4 #cfg4 ,hav+ set ?is little appliance 9 position1 trace on ! wat*-plate two l9es indicat+ ! directions ( ! sides ( ! groove z well z l9es fix+ its l5g?4 ,n[ place ! plate 9 ! dogs1 sett+ ! po9t ( ! pump-c5t] any:]e on ! l9e drawn along ! middle ( ! groove4 ,turn ! plate s t ?is l9e is horizontal1 & fix x 9 any way t is conv5i5t4 ,! arbor ,c c>ries a revolv+ cutt] k1 :i* c be *ang$ z desir$1 & is held 9 position by ! clamp+ screw d4 ,assume t ! diamet] ( ?is cutt] corresponds exactly ) t ( ! requir$ groove2 advance x t[>ds ! plate1 turn+ ! :eel rapidly1 ! cord be+ r\nd ! f]rule b2 a circul> s9k w ?us be =m$ 9 ! plate ( ! same diamet] z k4 ,:5 ?is has be5 cut to a suffici5t dep?1 ! tool is mov$ p>allel to ! face-plate1 & ! cutt] k1 cont9u+ its movem5t ( rotation1 w n[ cut1 n ) its extremity i1 b ) its sides4 ,x w ?us =m a /raight groove ( any desir$ l5g?4 #cfh4 ,! cutt] is a ?ree-sid$ prism1 or x may h f\r sides ) f\r cutt+ edges on ! sides1 & only "o cutt+ edge at ! extremity i4 ,if x is pref]r$ to reta9 only ! two act+ edges t />t f ei!r end ( ! cutt+ edge i1 !y may be made m acute1 & ! o!r pair r$uc$ by means ( a file4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 #cfi4 ,second me?od4 ,?is is simpl] ?an ! "o j consid]$4 ,at ! end ( a rod ,g1 ,fig4 #agb1 :i* takes ! place ( ! cutt] 9 ! slide-re/1 a plate p is fix$4 ,a l9e is drawn across ! face ( ?is plate 9 su* a position t1 :5 ,g is clamp$ 9 ! tool-hold]1 ?is l9e is horizontal1 & 9 ! plane t conta9s ! axis ( ! pump-c5t]4 ,let x be requir$ to cut a /raight groove 9 ! piece ( brass l4 ,wax x to ! plate p s t ! axis ( ! requir$ groove is ov] ! l9e trac$ on ! plate4 ,n[ fix ,g 9 ! tool-hold] & replace ! pump-c5t] by a rod ,d1 ! extremity ( :i* is =m$ into a cutt] ( a diamet] equal to ! wid? ( ! requir$ groove2 ! rod ,d %\ld be fix$ 9 ! holl[ arbor by a screw4 ,x is !n only necess>y to set ! cutt] 9 motion1 =c+ ! piece l aga9/ ! revolv+ cutt]1 until ! requisite dep? is atta9$4 ,!n1 by mak+ ! tool-hold] travel p>allel to ! face-plate1 ! groove w be elongat$ until ( ! desir$ l5g?4 #cgj4 ,! cutt] may be ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga1 or x may be z %[n at b 9 ,fig4 #agb1 s9ce ! movem5t is always 9 ! same direction4 ,! cutt+ edges are ea* =m$ by two small incl9$ faces1 "o pair ( :i* is %[n at b2 !y occupy half ! diamet] ( ! cutt]4 ,at ! back ( ?is pair ! cutt] pres5ts ! appe>ance ( ! l[] half %[n 9 ! figure & vice v]sa4 ,x w be evid5t t ! two sides ( ?is cutt] w act :ile its motion is cont9u\s 9 "o direction4 ,besides ! num]\s op]ations t c be p]=m$ on ! la! z we h hi!rto indicat$1 x may be employ$1 if divid$ on ! head /ock1 = trac+ out angles1 m>k+ ! cross+s ( a :eel1 a balance1 etc41 & = o!r purposes1 _m ( :i* are ref]r$ to 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,,production ,,( ,,screw ,,?reads4 ,,screw ,,plates ,,& ,,taps4 #cga4 ,! la!s employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( screws are ( two k9ds2 ^? int5d$ = poli%+ &1 :]e necess>y1 modify+ ! =m ( screw-heads1 mu* us$ by wat* exam9]s & repair]s1 & ^? specially design$ = cutt+ ! ?reads1 :i* are ma9ly 9 use 9 factories4 ,be=e discuss+ !m1 h[ev]1 we w give "s acc\nt ( ! screw-plates & taps 9 ord9>y use4 #cgb4 ,common ,h& ,screw-plates4 ,! use ( ^! is mu* facilitat$ by provid+ a second plate p]=at$ ) holes ( su* sizes t a sp9dle :i* j passes into a hole ( any giv5 numb] w be ( ! size mo/ conv5i5t = =m+ a screw 9 ! hole ( ! same numb] 9 ! screw-plate4 ,= a long "t we h made use ( two ,lat>d screw-plates s made t a rod :i* w\ld ent] "o hole )\t play 0 ( ! mo/ conv5i5t size = =m+ a screw 9 ! next small] hole b "o 7?us ! plate p]=at$ ) pla9 holes c be replac$ by a second screw-plate1 or by us+ ! successively l>g] holes on a s+le plate z gauges74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,9 ord] to =m a screw t is clean-cut & ev51 ) ! lea/ possible /ra9+ ( ! metal1 ! holes 9 ! screw-plate %\ld h not*es cut z %[n at ,f1 ,fig4 #agc2 !y %\ld be c>efully h>d5$ & well poli%$ on ea* side ( ! not*1 & ?is sy/em is n[ ev5 appli$ 9 ! case ( ! smalle/ jewel screws4 #cgc4 ,screw ,dies4 ,! ord9>y plate1 9 :i* not*es are n cut at ! sides1 squeezes up & /ra9s ! metal4 ,?is effect is less m>k$ :5 sep>ate dies are us$1 & disappe>s entirely if only a small quantity ( metal is remov$ at a "t1 & ! cutt+ edges ( ! dies are smoo? & 9 good ord]4 ,9 addition to possess+ o!r advantages1 ?is =m ( screw-plate enables u to obta9 at w screws ( ! same ?read & diff]5t diamet]s or ( ! same diamet] & diff]5t ?reads4 ,! dies mu/ be c>efully fitt$ to ! slides t receive !m4 ,dies _c be employ$ = cutt+ v small screws4 #cgd4 ,f9e-?read$ ,screw-plates4 ,at ! pres5t day ^! c always be obta9$ at ! mat]ial /ores2 b ?irty ye>s ago x 0 n s1 & ! wat*mak] 0 oblig$ to make !m = himself4 ,! foll[+ me?od 0 adopt$3 ,take a screw =m$ ) an ord9>y plate1 9 :i* ! ?read is broad z comp>$ ) ! holl[4 ,if ! screw does n satisfy ?is condition x mu/ be modifi$ ?us3 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t x runs true1 & t x is l>g] ?an w be ultimately requir$1 ins]t x 9 a *uck 9 y\r la!4 ,! ,t-re/ mu/ c>ry a smoo? horizontal rod ( h>d5$ /eel4 ,rotat+ ! screw1 hold a slitt+ file 9 ! holl[2 ! file %\ld fit into ?is holl[ accurately1 & %\ld be smoo!d on its two sides1 only cutt+ ) "o edge4 ,! b> ( h>d5$ /eel w det]m9e ! dep? to :i* ! file is all[$ to cut4 ,by ?is means a screw is obta9$ t has a ?read ?ick at ! bottom4 ,) ! grav] remove ! top ( ?is ?read1 r\nd (f its corn]s1 & h>d5 ! screw1 fil+ ?ree facets along its entire l5g?1 t make x tap]4 ,! tap1 hav+ be5 ?us prep>$1 is employ$ = cutt+ a ?read 9 a piece ( /eel1 n too ?ick1 t has be5 previ\sly anneal$1 & 9 :i* a hole is drill$ ( ! prop] size4 ,! ?read ( ?is int]nal screw w be ?9 & ! holl[ proportionately broad4 ,! plate is n[ hamm]$ cold ) c>e until ! ?ickness is s f> dim9i%$ t ! ?read & holl[ are z ne>ly z possible ( equal ?ickness4 ,h>d5 x & *amf] ! ends ( ! hole ) a conical /eel po9t & oil/one du/4 ,!n clean x & cut a ?read on a piece ( s(t /eel :i* may be =m$ into a tap4 ,if ! op]ation has be5 prop]ly conduct$1 ?is tap w satisfy ! prescrib$ conditions1 &1 :5 h>d5$1 x is to be employ$ to cut a ?read 9 a second /eel plate1 :i* w be employ$ z a screw-plate2 = t fir/ =m$ mu/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! hamm]+ to :i* x 0 subject$1 pres5t irregul>ities 9 ! hole1 & c only be us$ to cut "o or two taps cauti\sly4 ,x is useless = mak+ screws or tapp+ brass4 7,see also #cgh47 #cge4 ,to ,cle> a ,/opp$ ,hole 9 a ,screw-,plate4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! piece ( metal t fills up ! hole1 tak+ c>e to ma9ta9 x c5tral1 & to employ a drill t is suffici5tly small to avoid all risk ( contact ) ! screw ?reads4 ,pass a broa* ?r\gh ?is hole &1 aft] tight5+ x ) a few g5tle bl[s ) ! hamm]1 turn x 9 su* a direction t x t5ds to unscrew ! brok5 screw1 :i* w 9 ne>ly e case1 be remov$ )\t difficulty by ?is means4 ,,taps4 #cgf4 ,screw-cutt+ comprises two di/9ct op]ations--! =mation ( a spiral ?read on ! circumf]5ce ( a cyl9drical sp9dle1 & ( a spiral groove )9 a cyl9drical hole to receive ?is ?read4 ,taps are made ei!r by means ( a screw-plate or 9 ! la!2 we %all pres5tly ref] to ?is second me?od4 ,e wat*mak] may be suppos$ to h receiv$1 e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 in/ruction z to ! cutt+ ( a tap ) a screw-plate4 ,great caution is necess>y 9 ! h>d5+1 = if ! tap is n true or ! metal burnt x w cut badly & be apt to break4 ,taps are clean$ aft] h>d5+ ) a piece ( wood 9 ! la! or betwe5 two h>d pieces ( pi? cov]$ ) oil/one du/1 & ei!r ?ree or f\r cutt+ facets may be made4 ,x is important to avoid ! production ( a burr 9 mak+ ^! facets2 a good plan is to make !m :ile ! metal is /ill s(t1 & to pass ! tap ?r\gh ! plate subsequ5tly1 z a %>p cutt+ edge is !reby produc$4 ,! facets %\ld be c>efully smoo!d1 & ! use ( co>se r\ge is an advantage4 ,a tap ) ?ree facets gives ! cleane/ cut & leaves ! mo/ space to receive ! metal t is remov$1 b ) f\r facets ! r\ndness ( ! hole is m c]ta9 to be ma9ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,we h se5 taps =m$ z repres5t$ at ,m1 ,fig4 #agd1 s t ! object 9 :i* a ?read is be+ cut is loose at ! "p o1 :5 ! direction ( movem5t ( ! tap is rev]s$4 ,!y are also at times made semi-cyl9drical1 z at ,g1 & "w well 9 ! la! = tapp+ brass1 b we h n tri$ ?is =m ) /eel4 #cgg4 ,to ,cut a ,tap :5 ( ,consid]able ,l5g?4 ,! foll[+ precautions mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ord] to ensure t a long screw %all be bo? r\nd & true4 ,! /eel mu/ be ( v goad quality1 & loose dies %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to a screw-plate4 ,x is a good practice to employ two pairs ( dies 7or ev5 m72 "o to r\gh out ! screw1 leav+ ! ?read some:at l>g] ?an x w f9ally be1 & ! o!r to f9i% aft] hav+ tru$ x1 & ev5 sometimes lightly turn$ ! surface 9 places4 ,v little metal mu/ be remov$ at a "t1 ! dies %\ld h %>p cutt+ edges1 & a r l>ge numb] ( ?reads4 ,a screw c be made 9 ! ord9>y mann] 9 a screw-plate r l>g] ?an is requir$1 !n r$uc$ to ! requisite diamet]1 & f9i%$ ) a plate 9 :i* ! holes are ( ! =m %[n at ,f1 ,fig4 #agc1 or 9 a screw-cutt+ la!2 9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid /ra9+ ! metal 9 its passage ?r\gh ! fir/ plate1 on acc\nt ( ! t5d5cy :i* x !n possesses to become di/ort$ 9 ! h>d5+4 ,if a micromet] screw is requir$1 t is1 a screw ( absolutely uni=m pit*1 x is necess>y to apply to mak]s ( a/ronomical & o!r simil> in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 #cgh4 ,to ,cut a ,screw ( any ,desir$ ,pit* & ,diamet]4 ,let x be requir$ to cut a ?read on ! /em ,b1 ,fig4 #age1 ( any pre-det]m9$ pit* t already exi/s 9 a screw-plate4 ,turn d[n ! portion d to su* a diamet] t a screw c be cut on x 9 ?is hole1 & fit two runn]s to ! la! ( ! =m %[n at ,g & ,h4 ,! end ( ,h is drill$ & tapp$ s t d turns freely 9 x1 & a hole is drill$ 9 ,g to receive ! /em ,b freely1 b )\t s5sible play1 & a f9e not* is cut at a4 ,x w be obvi\s t if n[ ! f]rule r is caus$ to rotate1 :ile a f9e saw or file is ins]t$ 9 ! not* a1 a screw w be =m$ on ,b ( ! same pit* z t on d1 al?\gh !re may at ! same "t be a v consid]able diff]5ce 9 _! diamet]s4 ,?is me?od may be adopt$ 9 place ( t expla9$ 9 article #cgd = obta9+ a f9e-?read$ screw4 #cgi4 ,left-h&$ ,screw ,taps4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! are made 9 ! screw-cutt+ la! w be subsequ5tly expla9$2 9 its abs5ce ! wat*mak] may adopt "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,fir/ me?od4 ,if1 :5 an int]nal screw has be5 cut ) a "r-h&$ tap1 ,b1 ,fig4 #agf1 x be requir$ to tap a second hole 9 ! rev]se direction1 ! foll[+ plan may be resort$ to3 ,file ! orig9al tap ,b on two opposite sides1 s z to give x ! flatt5$ %ape %[n at ,a 9 ! same figure4 ,ins]t ! end into ! hole to be tapp$ & turn ! tap to ! left ) ! application ( consid]able pressure1 s z to =ce ! tap to bite4 ,:5 ! tap has be5 pass$ 9 & )drawn !re w be f\nd to be a left-h&$ ?read cut 9 ! hole4 ,=1 if ! tap is turn$ t[>ds ! "r1 ! ?read f passes into ! groove already =m$ by ! ?read a2 b1 if turn$ t[>ds ! left1 f w orig9ate a groove into :i* b w pass1 travel+ 9 an inv]se direction to t previ\sly giv5 to x4 ,! f9] ! ?read ( ! screw1 ! bett] is ! *ance ( success1 & ) a wide ?read x is (t5 necess>y to recomm5ce two or ?ree times4 ,if a plate or pair ( dies be cut 9 ?is mann] & h>d5$1 !y w s]ve to cut an ev5 left-h&$ tap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,second me?od4 ,atta* a comb to "o or two sides ( a cyl9d]1 z indicat$ at ,f1 ,fig4 #agg4 ,?is c be us$ to cut a ?read 9 ! piece ( metal ,s1 t is ei!r "r or left-h&$ accord+ to ! direction ( rotation ( ,f1 suffici5t pressure be+ at ! same "t appli$ to =ce x into ! plate4 ,! pit* ( ! ?read w dep5d on ! am\nt ( pressure appli$4 ,?is plan is only a modification ( ! "o describ$ above1 &1 z 9 t case1 success c only be gu>ante$ :5 a means is adopt$ = secur+ a def9ite relative am\nt ( motion 9 ,f ar\nd its axis & ,s v]tically4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,?ird me?od4 ,a tap ( unh>d5$ /eel is fil$ into a triangul> =m1 ,c1 ,fig4 #agh1 & twi/$ s z to br+ ! angles b1 f1 t[>ds a1 d1 etc42 we ?us obta9 a tap :i* w s]ve1 ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 portion ( its l5g?1 to cut a left-h&$ ?read1 b ! "p t is n s adapt$1 at ! extremities1 w require to be remov$ be=e h>d5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 #chj4 ,to ,make a ,left-h&$ ,tap by ,means ( a ,"r-h&$ ,tap4 ,a portion ( ! "r-h&$ tap is fil$ (f on ?ree faces to ! section %[n at b1 ,fig4 #agi1 & firmly set 9 ! die d s z to be held 9 ! frame = screw-cutt+ dies4 ,a second die1 f made ( brass & hav+ a semi-cyl9drical recess opposite b is fitt$ to ! frame4 ,! diamet] ( ?is semi-cyl9d] %\ld be ! same z t ( ! rod on :i* a left-h&$ ?read is to be cut4 ,n[ grip ?is rod z %[n at a by means ( ! screw g1 s t x is held betwe5 ! die f & ! block b1 & rotate ! frame or ! rod a t[>ds ! left2 a spiral groove w ?us be cut by ! ?read on b4 ,x is sometimes an advantage to cut ?is ?read l5g?wise 9 ! mann] indicat$ at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,?is me?od enables u to cut a giv5 ?read on a rod ( any giv5 diamet]4 ,f an exam9ation ( ,figs4 #agi & #ahj1 x w be se5 t a simple comb ( ! =m ( ,c or ,d1 c>efully made by h& & fix$ 9 ! place ( b1 c be employ$ to cut a "r or left-h&$ ?read on any giv5 rod2 x is advisable1 h[ev]1 t ! tee? ( ! comb be incl9$ to ! axis ( ! screw1 l ! ?read ( an ord9>y tap1 z o!rwise ! op]ation becomes m difficult & success less c]ta94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,! me?od may be simplifi$ by tak+ a brass plate1 ,d1 ,fig4 #aha1 ( suffici5t ?ickness1 & firmly sett+ 9 x ! "r-h&$ tap1 v1 hav+ only fil$ away two opposite faces be=e h>d5+4 ,! rod to be tapp$ is !n introduc$ ) consid]able pressure into ! hole j1 &1 if rotat$ t[>ds ! left1 x w receive a left-h&$ ?read ( ! same pit*4 ,! not* %[n at b1 ,fig4 #agi1 w facilitate ! op]ation1 z a cutt+ action w take ! place ( compression4 #cha4 ,m4 ,gont>d has sugge/$ a modification ( ?is arrangem5t1 :i* consi/s 9 =m+ ! die f1 ,fig4 #agi1 s t ! orig9al "r-h&$ tap c be emb$d$ 9 a hole previ\sly tapp$ 9 x & fil$ away on ! side t[>ds b s z to expose a cutt+ edge2 & he po9ts out t1 by suitably incl9+ ! frame ) ref]5ce to ! axis ( ! rod to be tapp$1 ! appliance c be us$ to cut a d\ble or ev5 a triple-?read$ screw1 "r or left-h&$4 ,he fur!r draws att5tion to ! fact t 9 a screw =m$ 9 ?is mann] ! sides ( ! ?read are smoo? & poli%$1 a condition :i* _c be secur$ :5 ei!r a plate or dies are us$4 #chb4 ,to ,increase ! ,diamet] ( a ,tap4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a screw w n p5etrate to a suffici5t dep?1 or fits too tightly into its hole1 ow+ to ! tap employ$ be+ ( a less diamet]1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>d5+1 poli%+ or we>1 or ?r\gh hav+ be5 =m$ 9 a diff]5t screw-plate4 ,9 su* a case ! foll[+ exp$i5t may be resort$ to3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,make a fre% tap 9 s(t /eel & file away two opposite sides s z to give x ! section %[n at ,a or ,b1 ,fig4 #ahb3 aft] measur+ ! diamet] at sev]al po9ts 9 its l5g?1 hamm] g5tly on ! flatt5$ sides4 ,) a little c>e & by us+ a micromet] at int]vals = te/+ ! alt]ation 9 diamet]1 x w be f\nd t ! requir$ increase c be obta9$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! tap is !n h>d5$ & poli%$1 etc42 inde$1 x is be/ to make a fre% tap4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tapp+ ,,holes4 #chc4 ,x is ne$less to ref] to ! me?od ( tapp+ by h&1 z x is well kn[n to all practical m54 #chd4 ,tapp+ 9 ! ,la!4 ,! plate ( a wat* is gripp$ 9 ! dogs ( a face-plate1 ! hole to be tapp$ be+ c5t]$ by means ( ! pump-c5t]1 :i* is !n )drawn1 & a tap held to ! hole2 ! face-plate is !n caus$ to rotate ei!r by ! h& re/+ on its circumf]5ce1 a slight backw>d motion be+ giv5 aft] ea* advance1 or ! motion may be cont9u\s & be giv5 by ! :eel4 ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 ! tap mu/ h a good cutt+ edge & only be held 9 ! h& ) ! degree ( =ce requir$ to make x cut1 s t x may rotate )\t break+ 9 case ! resi/ance oppos$ becomes too great4 ,! tap may be /eadi$ on ! ,t-re/4 #che4 ,to ,tap ) a ,ma9spr+ ,w9d]4 ,! ord9>y ma9spr+ w9d] w1 if ! click "w is remov$1 be f\nd v conv5i5t = tapp+ holes1 & inde$1 = =m+ ! ext]nal ?read on screws4 ,hav+ remov$ ! w9d+ arbor1 replace x by a tap c>efully c5t]$2 !n introduce its con$ end into ! hole 9 ! plate1 :i* mu/ be press$ =w>d :ile ! h&le is turn$1 a %ort backw>d motion be+ giv5 to x at frequ5t int]vals4 ,:5 ! tap is engag$ suffici5tly 9 ! hole x is m]ely necess>y to ma9ta9 ! plate at "r angles )\t apply+ pressure4 #chf4 ,to ,tap ) a ,b[4 ,in/ead ( ! ma9spr+ w9d]1 "o ( ! small drill-/ocks to be driv5 by a b[1 consi/+ ( an arbor1 ) a con$ hole at "o end & f]rule at ! o!r1 support$ 9 a frame t is clamp$ 9 ! vise1 may be us$4 ,!y are to be obta9$ at any tool-%op4 ,! b[ be+ on ! f]rule & ! tap prop]ly c5t]$ 9 ! arbor1 ! hole is held aga9/ ! con$ end & ! b[ work$ ) an alt]nate =w>d & backw>d movem5t2 b if ! tap has a good cutt+ edge & ! b[ is /rong 7( /eel or cane71 a hole may be tapp$ ) a s+le /roke ( ! b[4 ,aft] a few trials ! me?od w be f\nd v easy & c]ta94 ,a regul> & r sl[ motion %\ld be giv5 to ! b[1 :i* %\ld be long & /rong4 ,x is well to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! f]rule t correspond to a /roke ( ! b[1 s z to ensure t ! tap is n introduc$ to a great] dep? ?an is requir$4 ,if x is desir$ t ! screw "w easily 9 ! hole1 ! tap %\ld be mov$ sev]al times backw>ds & =w>ds4 #chg4 ,! little turns "h ref]r$ to1 "s ( :i* are p]=at$ ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g? & o!rs only at "o end1 are v *eap & w (t5 be f\nd useful2 !y c be adapt$ to receive drills1 broa*es1 taps1 etc4 #chh4 ,to ,tap 9 an ,ord9>y ,la!4 ,9 factories x is a common practice to tap ! holes 9 plates1 etc41 & ev5 to cut ! ?reads ( screws 9 a la! specially arrang$ = ! purpose4 ,! tools adapt$ = su* "w are ( two k9ds3 9 "s ! tap ent]s to ! requir$ dep?1 :5 x is imm$iately arre/$1 disconnect$1 & !n rotat$ 9 an opposite direction2 9 o!rs1 ! tap advances to a def9ite po9t1 & is imm$iately )drawn4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! tap rema9s /ation>y & ! object is caus$ to rotate4 #chi4 ,beill>d ,la! = ,tapp+ ,screws4 ,! axis ,f ,m1 ,fig4 #ahc1 is p]=at$ ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,at ,f1 ! screw-plate ,g is dovetail$ into x4 ,! inn] end ( ! hole 9 ?is plate is slightly con$ to facilitate ! ins]tion ( ! brass wire ,d1 & x mu/ be exactly 9 ! axis ( ,f ,m4 ,a guide ,b slid+ on two rods c1 c1 is trav]s$ by ! rod ,d :i* c be clamp$ 9 x by ! screw a4 ,by pu%+ ,d aga9/ ! screw-plate at ! same "t t ! h&le ,n is rotat$1 a ?read w be trac$ on x & x w em]ge at k4 ,:5 ,b has advanc$ to ! po9t m1 ! screw a is releas$1 ,b is drawn back1 & a aga9 clamp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,:5 a long screw1 su* z ,x x has to be tapp$1 ! screw-plate is fix$ at m1 & ! guide ,b is fa/5$ on to ! portion ,x4 ,( c\rse ! hole 9 ! screw-plate mu/ always be abundantly provid$ ) oil4 ,if ! screw-plate ,f is replac$ by a plate p]=at$ ) a r\nd or squ>e hole1 a drill1 broa* or tap may be sub/itut$ = k1 be+ clamp$ by ! screw h1 & ! tool is at once available = drill+1 broa*+ or tapp+ any giv5 hole4 ,,rapid ,,mode ,,( ,,mak+ ,a ,,screw4 #cij4 ,! me?ods ord9>ily adopt$ by wat*mak]s are too well kn[n to ne$ description2 we w !re=e at once proce$ to give a special plan recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,vissi]e4 ,an ecc5tric poppet-head ) bor+-plate1 ,fig4 #ahe1 is fitt$ to ! b$ ( ! la!1 ! ecc5tricity be+ su* t ! axis ( ! c5t]s is at ! po9t a on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle a y4 ,! conical hole1 hav+ a c5t] at a1 is cut away t[>ds ! rim ( ! plate to ! degree indicat$ 9 ! figure1 & its c5t] is s plac$ t ! v]tical l9e f & ! radius d are incl9$ at #abj4 ,! position ( ! ,t-re/ is %[n at s1 & by br++ x into actual contact ) ! disc ! /ead9ess ( bo? is increas$4 ,! fix$ head/ock ( ! la! is provid$ ) a runn] ( ! =m ,b1 ,fig4 #ahd1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t m at "o end & a holl[ cone or funnel n at ! o!r end4 ,hav+ fil$ ! ends ( a rod ,t1 ( any requir$ diamet]1 squ>e & fitt$ a f]rule1 support x betwe5 ! two cones1 a ( ! bor+-plate & n ( ! runn]4 ,ne> ! end a cut a holl[ r suffici5tly small to all[ ! /em to pass ?r\gh ! not* 9 ! hole a1 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,aft] pass+ x ?r\gh1 ! rod w be support$ z %[n at ,h1 ,fig4 #ahd1 s t ! rim e i re/s aga9/ ! cone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,fur!r explanation is h>dly necess>y2 aft] remov+ ! portion c g ) a grav]1 turn d[n to a po9t p4 ,:5 mak+ a screw1 turn out a second holl[ o o2 x !n only rema9s to turn (f ! disc at ! extremity1 & ! screw w be r\gh$ out ( ! =m c p g v4 ,if x is pref]r$ to "w ) a po9t at ! left-h& end ( ,b1 remove ! rod aft] ! po9t v has be5 turn$1 replace m ,b n by a common runn]1 rev]se ,b1 & recomm5ce ! op]ation4 ,x w\ld be difficult to devise a me?od = r\gh+ out a screw & mak+ a po9t t w\ld be m exp$iti\s ?an ! "o "h describ$4 ,,screw-,,head ,,tools4 #cia4 ,^! are ( v>i\s k9ds3 "s "w by h& & o!rs by a b[4 ,! jaws are br\ght toge!r sometimes by a slid+ r+1 & at o!rs by a mill$ head plac$ betwe5 !m & rigidly atta*$ to a p9 tapp$ ) "r & left-h&$ ?reads t engage 9 ! jaws4 ,b nei!r ( ^! plans is good2 ! screws are n held firmly & !y are r>ely well c5t]$2 ow+ to ! slight displacem5ts ( ! jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,a bett] plan is to arrange1 ei!r 9 ! la! or 9 ! jaws ( ! screw-head tool 7:5 driv5 by a b[71 a s]ies ( *ucks ( ! =m %[n at ,t1 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,!y are easily made & tapp$1 ! hole i s]v+ to remove ! metal f ! inn] end ( ! hole t has to be tapp$2 su* *ucks occupy v little space1 &1 if numb]$ to correspond ) ! size ( screw1 any *uck requir$ c be f\nd )\t tr\ble4 ,if ! hole becomes too l>ge ow+ to frequ5t use1 a l>g] size ( tap c be pass$ ?r\gh ! hole & its numb] *ang$4 #cib4 ,a set ( su* *ucks is almo/ indisp5sable at ! pres5t day to ! wat*mak] :o wi%es to repair wat*es well2 = he r>ely makes 8 own screws1 z !y are to be obta9$ well made & v *eap at ! mat]ial deal]s1 :]eby a great sav+ ( "t is effect$4 ,b _! heads are seldom ( ! prop] size to fit ! orig9al s9ks1 & by be+ provid$ ) su* a s]ies ( *ucks ! wat*mak] c at once ov]come ?is difficulty1 z he c turn ! heads d[n ) a grav]4 #cic4 ,r1 ,fig4 #ahg1 is an arbor = a screw-head tool t is driv5 by a b[1 & is adapt$ to receive su* *ucks1 or x c be us$ 9 an ord9>y la!1 d be+ support$ on a po9t$ c5t]1 & g 9 a bor+-plate1 ,fig4 #ahh1 or 9 a cone-plate c5t]4 #cid4 ,9 ?is =m ( screw-head tool ! portion ,a is sometimes p]fectly cyl9drical1 s t ! piece ,v c slide on to x1 be+ clamp$ by ! screw b4 ,?is tube ,v is cut away ?r\gh ab\t half its l5g? ) a not*1 z indicat$ 9 ! figure2 b5t pieces ( h>d5$ /eel c & n are screw$ to ei!r side ( ! not*4 ,screws1 h & f1 provid$ ) lock-nuts1 det]m9e ! di/ance betwe5 ^! plates1 & :5 ,v is 9 position on ,a ! ends ( c1 n1 w re/ on ! screw-head1 leav+ j suffici5t space betwe5 !m = ins]t+ ! file t cuts ! slit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,h>d /eel caps ( ! =m %[n at ,m may also be fitt$ to ,a1 a not* be+ cut 9 !m to receive ! screw b4 ,^! w be f\nd useful z guides = fil+ or poli%+ screw-heads1 or ! ends ( arbors flat1 r$uc+ ! heads ( sev]al screws to ! same height1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 #cie4 ,! tool = =m+ ! ,u-spaces 9 a cyl9d] escape-:eel c be easily be conv]t$ into a screw-head tool ) laps4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #ahi w at once make ?is evid5t4 ,a numb] ( *ucks are adapt$ to ! arbor ,a1 & 9 ! tube c c ei!r a ,t-re/ or a sp9dle c>ry+ a lap is fix$4 ,x w also s]ve z a tool = drill+2 a drill-*uck ) drill1 f1 be+ adapt$ to ,a1 & ! object to be p]=at$ at b re/+ aga9/ a plate t projects at "r angles f a slide d d1 :i* may be advanc$ by a screw g4 #cif4 ,! mod]n wat*mak] has s little call to cut screws t x does n pay him to pur*ase a screw-cutt+ la!2 = a v small sum he c h screws ( any ?read or diamet] cut by ^? :o make a specialty ( su* "w1 always provid$ t he _c f9d :at is want$ 9 ! mat]ial /ores4 ,! same ?+ also applies to fuzees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,,tools ,,= ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,r\nd+-,,up ,,! ,,tee? ,,( ,,:eels4 ,,:eel-,,cutt+ ,,eng9e4 #cig4 ,! ma*9e = divid+ ! circumf]5ce ( a :eel1 t]m$ ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 & "o =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij1 is well kn[n to ne>ly all workm54 ,! :eel is fix$ to a *uck at ,b by wax or screws1 or by ! pressure ( a holl[ cone or 8sug> loaf0 ( /eel1 to ! apex ( :i* pressure is appli$ by ! arm ,d1 or 9 o!r ways4 ,! :eel may be c5t]$ ei!r by a pump-c5t] )9 ! *uck or by an appliance su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia1 except t ! arm b is curv$ & its index mu* long]4 ,?is little addition may be fix$ to ! frame ( ! eng9e 9 any conv5i5t position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,! *uck ,b t c>ries ! :eel is rigidly connect$ ) a l>ge brass plate ,a ,a1 on :i* are conc5tric circles ( divisions1 & ! :ole c be ma9ta9$ /ation>y by sett+ ! po9t ( ! index ,c ,c 9 any desir$ hole on ! division-plate4 ,! cutt] is c>ri$ on an arbor 7%[n sep>ate at ,l7 betwe5 horizontal be>+s 9 ! frame ,j1 & is caus$ to revolve by means ( ! pulley ,k4 ,! sev]al p>ts lett]$ ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 are = br++ ! cutt] aga9/ ! :eel & modify+ ! direction 9 :i* x moves1 s t ! ma*9e c cut /raight or incl9$ tee?1 bevel or cr[n :eels1 etc4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! eng9e "h repres5t$ is m complex ?an ^? ord9>ily us$ = cutt+ wat* :eels1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple on :i* x acts is ! same4 ,! tee? may be cut by circul> cutt]s ( ! nature ( files1 by a small /raight cutt]1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 a slide-re/ project+ f a rotat+ axis1 or by sev]al su* cutt]s m\nt$ on a disc :i* is caus$ to rotate4 ,= ! sake ( di/9ction x w be well to ref] to ! fir/ ( ^! z file or mill cutt]s1 :ile ! second & ?ird may be t]m$ respectively s+le & multiple blade or composite cutt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,wat*mak]s r>ely possess a suffici5tly l>ge assortm5t ( file-cutt]s = mak+ all ! v>i\s =ms ( tee? t are met ) 9 horology2 b ?is defici5cy c be suppli$ by mak+ !m = !mselves to any requir$ patt]n 9 ! mann] subsequ5tly describ$4 #cih4 ,obs]vations4 ,! :eel-cutt+ eng9e 9 :i* ! plate is caus$ to rotate by means ( a tang5t screw is usually ! mo/ accurate4 ,if ! pit* ( ! screw is f9e x w give all ! subdivisions ( a circle t are requir$ = ord9>y "w1 b x is ess5tial t a good =m ( c\nt] be atta*$ to ! screw1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( calculation is always ne$ful4 ,! eng9e t has a division-plate ) conical holes arrang$ conc5trically ov] its surface is simpl] & bett] adapt$ = rapid "w4 ,! l>g] ?is plate1 ! great] is its *ance ( be+ correct &1 at ! same "t1 x af=ds room = a l>g] numb] ( divisions4 ,x is pref]able t ! cutt] frame rise & fall 9 a v]tical dovetail1 = :5 ! arbor is c>ri$ 9 an ,h %ap$ arm pivot$ on two screws1 ! tee? are always slightly di%$4 ,! entire app>atus %\ld be some:at heavily con/ruct$ & support$ on a solid b$2 s z to prev5t ! vibration ( ! cutt]-arbor f be+ di/ribut$ ov] ! entire ma*9e4 ,! highe/ numb]s on ! plate %\ld be us$ :5ev] x is possible1 s z to dim9i% ! error due to irregul>ities 9 ! sub-division4 ,= example1 9 cutt+ a :eel ( #cj tee?1 use ! #ij or #abj circles1 tak+ e ?ird or f\r? hole4 ,^! rem>ks w probably be suffici5t to enable any wat*mak] :o possesses a :eel-cutt+ eng9e to employ x ) success2 we w1 h[ev]1 add ! description ( a few appliances or processes t h a be>+ on ?is "q4 #cii4 ,to ,divide a ,:eel s t x has "o ,too? m or less ?an any giv5 numb] on ! ,division-plate4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t nei!r ?is nor ! foll[+ me?od is ma!matically exact1 b if x is practic$ ) c>e & ! division-plate is ( suffici5t diamet]1 ! error may z a rule be neglect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,let ,p1 ,fig4 #aib1 be a division plate t has a #cj circle1 b n "o ( #bi or #ca divisions4 ,divide ! circumf]5ce ( a disc d1 se5 on edge1 into a l>ge numb] ( p>ts 9 ! eng9e1 #cfj = example1 & fix x to ! end ( ! index1 at ! same "t atta*+ a f+]1 i1 to ! support s4 ,n[ advance ! screw ( ! index ?r\gh a di/ance correspond+ to ! angle l ,p k includ$ betwe5 ! two successive po9ts ( ! #cj-;division circle4 ,to measure ?is di/ance a po9t] %\ld be previ\sly fix$ to ! frame to correspond ) ! middle po9t ( a hole 9 ! circle "u consid]ation1 & ! motion %\ld be arre/$ :5 x co9cides ) ! next succe$+ hole4 ,assume t ?is am\nt ( displacem5t has requir$ ?ree complete turns ( ! screw2 #a1jhj divisions on ! disc h ?us pass$ "u ! f+] i4 ,divid+ ?is numb] by #ca1 we obta9 #cd4hc4 ,aft] obs]v+ ! division on d t co9cides ) ! po9t] i1 cut ! fir/ space ( ! :eel2 !n cause #cd4hc divisions to pass "u i1 9 su* a direction t ! plate is drawn ) ! arr[1 & transf] ! index to ! next hole ( ! circle1 rotat+ ?is "t opposite to ! arr[2 ! second space c n[ be cut1 & s on4 ,) a view to dim9i% errors aris+ f ! omission ( fractions1 s9ce #ca does n divide ev5ly into #cfj1 a numb] ( multiples ( ! numb] #cd4hc %\ld be det]m9$4 ,?us #d times #cd4hc is #aci4cb1 s t1 :5 ! f\r? space is cut1 ! po9t] i mu/ be at ?is numb] ( divisions f its initial position4 ,! index %\ld be s situat$ t1 :5 half ! arc l k has be5 trav]s$1 z expla9$ above1 s a is at "r angles to ! radius ,p r ( ! division-plate4 ,if x is desir$ to move d 9 a rev]se direction1 x mu/ be mov$ backw>ds to a consid]able di/ance & !n =w>d up to ! requir$ po9t s z to avoid error due to backla%4 ,! screw ( ! index %\ld fit ! support s firmly & )\t any %ake4 #djj4 ,to ,cut a ,:eel ) any ,giv5 ,numb] ( ,tee?4 ,:5 ! giv5 numb] does n occur on ! division plate1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,take a /rip ( metal1 = example a pliant piece ( s(t /eel1 & cut 9 x a s]ies ( equal & equidi/ant not*es z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #aic4 ,cut ! b& to su* a l5g? t x has ! same numb] ( pairs ( tee? & spaces z ! :eel is requir$ to h tee?4 ,n[ turn a lead disc ( a diamet] t ! /rip ( metal w exactly enclose2 fix ?is /rip r\nd ! circumf]5ce ) p9s1 screws1 or 9 any conv5i5t mann]1 z is %[n at ,c4 ,we ?us obta9 a tempor>y division plate :i* c replace ! p]man5t "o or be atta*$ to its upp] or "u surface1 &1 :5 an index has be5 adapt$ to x1 ! :eel c be divid$ into ! requisite numb] ( p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,:5 employ+ an eng9e ! division plate ( :i* is work$ by a tang5t screw1 ! above af=ds an easy means ( mak+ ! divid$ head = ! screw ) any desir$ numb] ( divisions4 #dja4 ,) a view to insure accuracy1 x is advisable to employ a disc ( l>ge diamet] z ! errors ( division are !reby r5d]$ less important & ! metallic blade c be made to lie clos] to ! rim4 ,! blade is subdivid$ by a saw to :i* a guide is atta*$ z indicat$ at ,h1 ,fig4 #aic1 or ! saw c ) advantage be replac$ by a file t only cuts on its edge & n on ei!r face1 or by a pair ( mills or revolv+ cutt]s unit$ toge!r z %[n at ,s4 ,! foll[+ plan1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be m exp$iti\s & to involve less tr\ble to ensure accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,a hole a1 ,fig4 #aid is drill$ 9 a metallic b& by means ( a semi-cyl9drical drill fix$ 9 ! *uck ( a la! or 9 a :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 etc4 ,x w be conv5i5t if ! drill c be set v]tical4 ,b5ea? x is a brass b$-plate 9 :i* are fix$ two p9s equal 9 diamet] to ! hole a2 ?is hole hav+ be5 plac$ ov] "o p9 b1 ! b& is held firmly aga9/ ! o!r1 :ile ! second hole is drill$4 ,?is is !n transf]r$ to ! p91 & s on4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a suitable tool1 a well made measure c be employ$ = m>k+ a s]ies ( po9ts ) ! aid ( an eyeglass2 ! holes are !n drill$ ) ! b[ or 9 any o!r mann]4 #djb4 ,to ,cut a ,:eel1 ,rat*et or ,p9ion on an ,ord9>y ,la!4 ,:5 only a mod]ate degree ( accuracy is requir$1 ! ord9>y la! c be adapt$ = cutt+ ! tee? ( m9ute :eels1 rat*ets1 p9ions1 etc41 by mak+ ! foll[+ appliance3 ,! piece ,b1 ,fig4 #aie1 provid$ ) a /ud at p1 slides on two horizontal & p>allel cyl9drical rods fix$ to ! slide ,c1 or x may move 9 a dovetail4 ,! cannon d1 c>ry+ a f]rule k & a file-cutt] f1 rotates on ! foot at p )\t %ake2 & ! cord ( a :eel or b[ passes r\nd k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,r1 ! :eel to be cut1 is support$ betwe5 ! runn]s1 ! divid$ plate ,v1 :i* may ev5 be an old :eel ) ! requir$ numb] ( tee?1 be+ fix$ to ! axis ( ,r4 ,v is held /ation>y dur+ ! op]ation ( cutt+1 by ! index l4 ,! mode ( action h>dly requires explanation3 :ile f is rotat+1 advance ,b until x is arre/$ by ! /op t2 !n draw ,b back1 advance l to ! next division on ! plate1 & s on4 #djc4 ,we h said en\gh on ?is subject to enable any wat*mak] to make su* a tool1 modify+ x or complet+ x accord+ to 8 requirem5ts4 ,we w\ld only rem>k t3 7#a7 ,if a cannon ( ! =m d is us$1 ! /ud %\ld be dim9i%$ 9 diamet] at its middle "p = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( its l5g?1 s t friction occurs only at extremities2 & 7#b7 if a :eel is us$ to rotate k1 !re %\ld be an idle pulley at m support$ on a fix$ arm indep5d5t ( ,b1 ei!r atta*$ to ! la!-b$ or b5*1 or fix$ 9 ! vise1 s t ! f]rule k c move backw>ds or =w>ds )\t alt]+ ! t5sion ( ! cord1 9 ! mann] indicat$ at ,y4 #djd4 ,:eel-cutt+ ,arbor-*ucks4 ,^! appliances are specially useful 9 mak+ :eels t are requir$ to be rigor\sly true1 su*1 = example1 z escape :eels4 ,! =m is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,x is simply ! arbor ( an ord9>y la!1 =m$ 9 two pieces1 b a & b c1 ! body b d be+ v accurately fitt$ into ! conical hole 9 ! plate ( ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e4 ,if n[ a :eel is fix$ ) wax on ! extremity z & turn$ 9 ! la! to ! requir$ =m1 x is only necess>y to unscrew b c & introduce b d into ! socket ( ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e2 !n hav+ cut ! tee?1 ! piece b c is replac$1 & ! :ole is set 9 ! la!1 if requir$ to te/ its tru?1 )\t ! :eel hav+ be5 displac$ f ! *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be evid5t t ! two p>ts mu/ be accurately fitt$ toge!r2 ! tapp$ hole & ! screw mu/ be true ) ! axis4 ,m4 ,millot1 ) :om we h se5 ?is =m ( arbor 9 use1 has n be5 able to detect any ecc5tricity1 al?\gh he (t5 employs !m4 #dje4 ,!y might be =m$ 9 "o piece1 z a d b1 ) a po9t at p4 ,a boxwood f]rule is !n fitt$ onto ! portion b d1 :]e x is clamp$ by two screws1 & ^! c be releas$ :5 x is desir$ to ins]t ! *uck into ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e4 ,! po9ts ( ^! screws %\ld be receiv$ 9 recesses 9 ord] to avoid ! production ( any r\ghness on ! surface ( b d4 ,:eel-cutt+ eng9es h be5 made to receive ^! arbor-*ucks )\t remov+ ! pulley4 ,! po9t c is plac$ 9 a hole & ! upp] end is enclos$ 9 a coll>1 :i* is tight5$ by means ( a screw4 ,! arbor us$ by ,m4 ,millot _h a lant]n *uck1 & ?is is v conv5i5t 9 mak+ objects t require to be measur$ dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 #djf4 ,modification ( ! ,ord9>y ,arrangem5t = ,hold+ ! ,:eel ,:ile ,cutt+4 ,9 ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e z usually met )1 ! :eel 7:5 n m\nt$ on an axis7 is held aga9/ ! *uck by a holl[ /eel cone1 on :i* presses an arm t slides on a v]tical pill> & c be clamp$ 9 any position4 ,! hole at ! end ( ?is arm does n always1 !re=e1 correspond ) ! po9t ( ! cone1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! :eel (t5 gets displac$ dur+ cutt+4 ,?is inconv5i5ce c be avoid$ by adopt+ ! foll[+ device1 :i* we h se5 9 use ) sev]al wat*mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,! pill> ) its slid+ arm is replac$ by an iron or /eel piece ( ! =m ,g1 ,fig4 #aig4 ,! po9t a is receiv$ by ! c5tral hole at ! l[] end ( ! division-plate axis1 :ile ! screw b presses on ! po9t ( ! cone1 clamp+ x firmly4 ,fur!r explanation seems unnecess>y2 we w\ld only add t ! piece ,g mu/ be made /rong & p]fectly rigid4 ,,cutt]s ,,= ,,=m+ ,,! ,,tee? ,,( ,,brass ,,:eels4 #djg4 ,= mak+ ! tee? ( ! :eels ( a tra91 a special =m ( cutt]1 set to revolve on an axis1 is employ$1 & x may be con/ruct$ on ei!r ( ?ree di/9ct sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 7#a7 ,a s+le cutt] m\nt$ on an arbor1 z at ,a1 ,b1 ,figs4 #aih & #aii2 ?is may be t]m$ a s+le cutt]4 7#b7 ,a circul> cutt]1 =m$ ( a s]ies ( su* s+le cutt]s1 :i* w be t]m$ a multiple blade or composite cutt]4 ,two specim5s are %[n at ,f1 ,j1 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 7#c7 ,! p9ion1 or /eel :eel cutt] or mill1 =m$ ( a s+le piece ( metal1 z se5 9 ,figs4 #bja1 #bjb & #bjc4 ,^! may be describ$ z mill or file cutt]s4 #djh4 ,to ,make a ,s+le ,cutt]4 ,! =m %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #aih1 is r\gh$ out to z ne>ly z possible ! requir$ =m 9 good /eel4 ,"s mak]s1 possess$ ( exceptional skill1 make !m entirely by h&1 & !y make v beautiful tee? by ?is means2 b z a rule wat*mak]s _c look = su* success1 s t x is bett] to complete ! =mation ( ! cutt] 9 a specially arrang$ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,! two sides may be made 9 ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 ) ! same mill cutt]1 :i* is incl9$ :5 us$ to und]cut ! act+ edge2 b ?is op]ation is n z easy z x appe>s at fir/ sight1 & ! wat*mak] w f9d x to 8 advantage to make ! foll[+ device3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,a sp9dle1 b d1 ,fig4 #bjd1 support$ betwe5 ! runn]s1 t1 v1 s]ves z an axis = ! arm f g h1 :i* is b5t at g s z to af=d a support to a conical cutt] a1 driv5 on ! f]rule c4 ,! desc5t ( ?is arm is limit$ by an adju/able /op1 fix$ to ! b$ ( ! turns4 ,hav+ remov$ ! ,t-re/1 replace x by ! rod ,n1 to :i* ! cutt] is clamp$ by a screw k1 aft] be+ r\gh$ out s z to r$uce ! "w requir$ ( ! cutt]4 ,place ,n s t ! conical cutt] occupies ! position indicat$ at z1 &1 if a slight pressure be appli$ at h :ile a is caus$ to revolve1 bo? ! /raight & curv$ portion ( ! side w be =m$1 & ! side w1 at ! same "t1 be bevell$ to an angle correspond+ ) t ( ! cone4 ,! curv$ portion ( ! side w be m or less und]cut1 accord+ z ! arm h is depress$ bel[ ! horizontal plane pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( ! la!4 ,! opposite side is =m$ by inv]t+ ! piece f g h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,9 smoo?+ or poli%+ x is only requisite to replace ! cutt] by a smoo? conical roll]1 & to "w z be=e4 #dji4 ,! cutt] is sometimes fix$ 9 ! arbor z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aih4 ,! arbor itself is ?ick & p]=at$ ) a r\nd hole 9 :i* ! tail ( ! cutt] accurately fits1 a slight pressure appli$ by ! screw m be+ suffici5t to make x /eady4 ,= cutt+ ! escape-:eels ( clocks ! arbor %\ld h a velocity ( ab\t #bjj turns a second4 ,m4 ,peup91 a skilful wat*mak] :o adopts ! practice "h giv51 hav+ obs]v$ t ) a %>p cutt+ edge he did n obta9 a suffici5tly smoo? surface1 succe$$ 9 obviat+ ! difficulty by draw+ a poli%] ) r\ge along ! cutt+ edge1 ma9ta9+ x at "r angles to ! plane ( ! cutt]4 ,?is op]ation1 if c>efully execut$1 w s]ve to remove ! fea!r-edge1 to make ! edge ev5 & yet n dull1 & to secure a highly poli%$ cut surface4 ,! sides ( ! tee? w pres5t a proportionately bett] surface1 accord+ z ! portion c a 7,m1 ,fig4 #aih17 approximates t[>ds ! dott$ l9e c d4 ,8 escape-:eel tee? are cut 9 successive /ages4 ,! la/ /roke ( ! cutt] is giv5 by advanc+ x aga9/ ! side ( ! :eel1 s t ! cutt] axis rema9s 9 ! plane ( ! :eel4 #daj4 ,triangul> ,cutt]s4 ,:5 a cyl9drical or conical mill is n available = f9i%+ & slop+ ! sides ( a cutt]1 x may be replac$ by a triangul> cutt] 7,t or ,c1 ,fig4 #bje17 & :5 ! application ( mu* =ce is requir$ !re may be a po9t$ be>+2 b ?is is seldom necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,if c>efully h>d5$ & set1 su* a cutt] gives a clean cut2 ( c\rse x w n act = z long a p]iod z ! conical =m above describ$1 b ?is is ( comp>atively little importance1 s9ce ! blank cutt]s are always r\gh$ out previ\sly to ne>ly ! requisite %ape4 #daa4 ,to ,make ,sev]al ,cutt]s at ,once4 ,by adopt+ ! foll[+ me?od1 x is possible to make sev]al su* cutt]s 9 "o op]ation4 ,turn a /eel disc ( ! =m ( an ord9>y mill cutt]1 z %[n at l p1 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,to f9i% x1 giv+ ! same curvature to ! two sides1 take a piece ( /eel1 ,c1 & %ape ! corn] r to exactly correspond ) ! side ( ! po9t or ogive ( a too?1 bevell+ x s z to give a cutt+ edge at ! upp] surface2 !n h>d5 & smoo? x ) c>e4 ,hav+ fix$ x 9 position 9 ! tool t c>ries ! arbor a & ! r\gh$ out disc 7:e!r ?is be ! la!1 :eel or p9ion-cutt+ eng9e1 or a special device7 9 ! requir$ position1 "o side ( ! disc may be f9i%$4 ,! arbor a is !n rev]s$ & ! o!r side f9i%$ 9 ! same mann]1 s t bo? sides h ! same curvature 9 opposite directions4 ,( c\rse ! tool ,c may be advanc$ aga9/ l p1 ei!r sideways f r t[>ds l1 or radially 9 ! direction l p1 z is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,or ! tool might rema9 fix$ & ! disc advance aga9/ x radially or lat]ally4 ,! trav]se slide 9 a la! is usually provid$ ) a /op2 x w\ld !n be v easy to =m "o side ( ! disc 9 su* a tool1 aft]w>ds rev]s+ ! arbor & =m+ ! o!r side4 ,if a v good cutt+ edge is desir$1 ! sides %\ld be smoo!d &1 :5 ! disc is complet$1 x may be divid$ into pieces simil> to ,b1 ,fig4 #aii1 ea* ( :i* w s]ve z a cutt]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! act+ edge is n und]cut beh9d2 x is ?us necess>y to slope ! cutt] a little z %[n at ,b1 z o!rwise ! rim w *oke 9 ! spaces ( ! :eel1 /ra9+ x )\t cutt+4 #dab4 ,composite ,cutt] ,=m$ ( a ,succession ,( ,s+le ,cutt]s4 ,by m\nt+ a s]ies ( id5tical s+le cutt]s r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a disc1 a circul> cutt] c be =m$ 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,! upp] portion repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! pieces :ile !y are be+ turn$1 & ! l[] portion %[s _! positions :5 ! cutt] is ready to be us$4 ,m4 ,a4 ,cr\tte1 to :om we are indebt$ = sev]al ( ! details "h giv51 0 mu* surpris$ t ?is =m ( cutt] is n bett] kn[n1 s9ce x possesses c]ta9 special advantages2 we w summ>ize 8 rem>ks on ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,! sep>ate cutt]s b1 g1 etc41 ,fig4 #bjf1 are n und]cut f ! act+ edge backw>d2 !y are m]ely rev]s$1 s t ?is act+ edge is t[>ds ! front1 9 o!r words x lies along ! radius4 ,^! sep>ate pieces possess a special advantage 9 t !y c be us$ until ! /eel is q worn out by ! sett+2 9 ?is respect diff]+ f ! und]cut cutt]s1 = !y are n alt]$ ei!r 9 =m or ?ickness by sett+4 ,z a set-(f aga9/ ?is important advantage1 !y are *>act]iz$ by ! inconv5i5ce ( requir+ t ! two sides ( ! blade be exactly 9 a plane at "r angles to ! axis1 & t ! slide c>ry+ ! cutt]-arbor %all move 9 a direction p>allel to ?is plane4 ,& ev5 :5 ?is d\ble condition is satisfi$1 !re w be friction ( ! two sides above ! dott$ l9e i j1 ,fig4 #aii1 aga9/ ! sides ( ! tee?2 & if ! above nam$ conditions are n satisfi$1 ! cutt]1 be+ pres5t$ edgeways1 w be *ok$ ) brass1 & ! results w be unsatisfactory4 #dac4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r su* a fault exi/s1 x is only necess>y to notice :e!r ! cutt] becomes brass-color$ on "o side t[>ds ! po9t1 & on ! o!r m inw>ds1 & ! sides ( ! tee? exhibit /ri or scores 9 opposite directions1 z indicat$ at ,e1 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,! :ite /rip1 #a1 #a1 corresponds to ! bottom ( a space betwe5 two tee?2 #b1 #b1 & #c1 #c1 ! two sides ( ?is space1 spread out l an op5 book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,by exam9+ ! m>ks ) c>e1 & notic+ ! direction 9 :i* !y are incl9$1 x w be possible to asc]ta9 bo? :e!r ! sep>ate cutt]s are out ( place1 & 9 :i* direction ! arbor %\ld be mov$ 9 ord] to correct any error4 ,we mu/1 !n1 repeat t all ! cutt]s mu/ satisfy ?is condition1 because if only "o is wrong x w produce ! scores "h ref]r$ to4 ,! necessity ( ^! precautions 9 ! use ( su* a composite cutt]1 & ! fact t ! friction ( ! portion above ! l9e i j1 ,fig4 #aii1 r5d]s x difficult to obta9 a poli%$ cut 7:i* is ess5tial = su* delicate dep?s z ^? ( wat*es71 h d\btless prev5t$ its use becom+ g5]al4 ,= "w t is some:at l>g] or r\gh1 x w be f\nd to give satisfactory results & w la/ long] ?an a s+le cutt]4 ,a lubricant1 su* z glyc]9e or oil1 %\ld be appli$ to x4 #dad4 ,composite ,cutt]s ) ! ,cutt+ ,edges ,und]cut4 ,an old ,p>is clockmak]1 ,brisson1 us$ a cutt] ( ! =m ,f1 ,fig4 #bjj1 = ! tee? ( 8 :eels4 ,he und]cut ! two sides ( ! blades by means ( a small special tool4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! op]ation c be p]=m$ by h&4 ,9 ord] to ensure t ! curves t =m ! ogives ( tee? are alike on ! two sides ( a cutt]1 he made a s]ies ( templates or /&>ds ( ! =m ,c1 ,fig4 #bjf1 9 :i* 7 two holes1 ,c & c1 ( equal diamet]4 ,! upp] "o1 :i* might be funnel-%ap$ s z to give a cutt+ edge1 0 half cut away1 &1 aft] be+ h>d5$ & set1 c\ld be us$ to give a f9al /roke to ! circumf]5ce ( two discs ( equal diamet]4 ,^! two discs1 or "o cut ?r\gh a diamet] w\ld suffice1 hav+ be5 br\ght by a file to ! =m ,h1 & jo9$ z %[n at r s1 c be m\nt$ ecc5trically s z to pres5t a cutt+ edge to ! r\gh$ out cutt] ,a2 ! two sides c ?us be made ev54 ,! disc may !n be f9i%$ by cutt+ away ! metal s z to give ! =m %[n at ,f1 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,by ! aid ( ! /&>ds he c\ld easily reproduce ! same =ms ( tee? :5 requir$4 ,fig4 #bjj comprises1 at ,j1 a cutt] = ! tee? ( wat* :eels ( ! =m employ$ successfully by ,m4 ,a4 ,phillippe4 ,! figure w expla9 itself4 ,we h kn[n a ,g5eva :eel cutt] :o employ$ ^! composite cutt]s ) advantage 9 mak+ duplex :eels4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty he exp]i5c$ arose f ! di/ortion ( ! metal 9 h>d5+1 because ! act+ portion naturally l5g!n$ a little4 ,?is =m ( composite cutt] c]ta9ly dem&s c>eful workman%ip1 b1 if ! con/ruction1 h>d5+ & poli%+ are good1 x w produce f9e "w & w la/ a long "t4 #dae4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations on ,cutt+ ! ,tee? ( ,brass ,:eels ) a ,s+le or ,comp\nd ,cutt]4 ,high-class ,engli% wat*es1 ! movem5ts = :i* are made at ,prescot1 9 ,lanca%ire1 h ! :eel tee? made by a composite cutt] aft] ! :eels are rivet$ to _! p9ions4 ,we h rem>k$ t ^! wat*es make less noise :5 runn+ d[n ?an ^? 9 :i* ! tee? h be5 =m$ ) a mill or cont9u\s action cutt]4 ,success 9 =m+ tee? ) cutt]s dep5ds ma9ly on ! secur+ ( a good =m z reg>ds ! cutt+ edge1 & on its be+ ma9ta9$ 9 good condition2 on ! /ead9ess ( ! entire ma*9e1 s z to avoid vibration2 on ! weight ( ! :eel1 & on ! velocity ( ! cutt] be+ suffici5t4 ,a cutt] ought nev] to assume a brassy color except :5 x requires sett+2 if x does s1 & ?is is n ! case1 x proves t ! metal is be+ /ra9$ or scrap$ ) friction4 ,! velocity mu/ be v consid]able2 great] ) a s+le cutt] ?an ) "o t is composite4 ,! velocity is limit$ by t po9t at :i* ! heat g5]at$ w\ld cause ! oil to evaporate1 s(t5 ! cutt]1 di/ort1 & sometimes ev5 displace1 ! :eel op]at$ on4 ,! engagem5t ( ! cutt] ) ! metal mu/ be v slight1 & %\ld nev] be increas$ sudd5ly4 ,attempts h be5 made to enclose ! arbor be>+s 9 horn1 b x is liable to be di/ort$ by ! heat4 ,be=e divid+ ! disc into cutt]s x is ess5tial t ! two edges be c>efully smoo!d1 & ?is )\t _! be+ di/ort$4 ,?is c easily be done 9 an old dep?+ tool1 us+ an arrangem5t l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,! lap mu/ be ( h>d wood1 & its "r-h& corn] r\nd$ (f s z to resemble ! side ( a too?2 x is set to engage ) "o side ( ! cutt]4 ,we say ! "r-h& corn]1 because a lat]al pressure c !n be appli$4 ,x is important t ! surface z left by ! grav] be clean cut1 because if ! smoo?+ is too mu* prolong$1 x w de=m ! cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 #daf4 ,9 "s factories x is usual to use discs ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]1 = cutt+ ! tee? ( brass :eels 9 timepieces4 ,! s+le cutt]s are arrang$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce z foll[s3 ,"o =ms a space betwe5 two tee?2 ! "o imm$iately prec$+ =ms ! "r-h& side ( ! ogive1 & t :i* foll[s =ms ! left-h& side4 ,by adopt+ su* an arrangem5t ( sep>ate cutt]s1 if _! side t lies aga9/ ! disc is slightly incl9$ backw>ds x is no long] necess>y to bevel (f ! cutt+ edge4 ,,mill ,,cutt]s ,,= ,,/eel4 #dag4 ,p9ions1 ,keyless ,:eels1 ,etc4 ,! cutt]s t la/ = ! longe/ p]iod :5 us$ = cutt+ /eel are ^? =m$ l a file2 b a wat*mak] is n always 9 a position to make !m himself2 we w1 !re=e1 "h only speak ( ^? he c make1 ! description ( ! fir/ few be+ tak5 f a "w by ,m4 ,a4 ,phillippe1 ( ,g5eva1 ,les montres sans clefs 7keyless wat*es74 #dah4 ,cutt] = ,=m+ ! ,incl9$ ,tee? ( ,w9d+ ,p9ions4 ,fig4 #bja %[s at ,s a section along ! axis ( su* a cutt]1 & at ,p a side view4 ,:5 x is believ$ to be ( ! requir$ =m1 re/ a piece ( lead on ! ,t-re/ ( ! la! & press x aga9/ ! rotat+ disc4 ,! impression made 9 ! lead w af=d a means ( asc]ta9+ bo? :e!r ! =m is correct1 & :e!r ! surfaces are smoo? en\gh4 ,?is la/ po9t is important4 ,! cutt+ edges are =m$ by m]ely mak+ a numb] ( not*es ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ) a tool = cutt+ rat*et tee?4 ,!n advance ?is rat*et cutt] s t x may engage ) ! convex edge ( ! cutt] op]at$ ^u1 & aga9/ ! back ( ! tee? ( ?is cutt]2 ! rat*et cutt] is !n 9 a position to =m a second face1 o i1 by :i* ! tee? ( ! cutt] are und]cut at ! back1 b 9 su* a mann] t a small flat surface o a is left 9 ord] to reta9 ! =m4 ,:5 a cutt] made 9 ?is way w no long] bite1 x may be set by pass+ a h>d slip ( :et/one ov] ! faces ( ! tee?4 ,! rat*et cutt] employ$ = mak+ ?is cutt] %\ld nev] be press$ aga9/ x heavily4 #dai4 ,cutt] = ,ord9>y ,:eel ,tee?4 ,we w n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( cutt]s = =m+ tee? ( ! usual %ape1 ( int]m$iate /eel :eels1 set-h&s :eels1 p9ions1 etc4 ,!y may be made z foll[s3 ,! rim is ind5t$ ) small f9e rat*et tee?1 b d1 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,any burr produc$ on ! sides is !n c>efully remov$1 & ! cutt] is plac$ 9 ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 & not*es1 c1 c1 c1 c1 etc41 are =m$ on ei!r side ) a flat squ>e-edg$ cutt] ( su* a ?ickness t ! circumf]5ce is ab\t equally divid$ into holl[s & prom95ces4 ,x is important to note t ! "r side ( ! tee? mu/ be b slightly r\gh$1 n m ?an is requir$ 9 ord] to raise a slight burr1 all t is necess>y to =m ! cutt+ edge ( ?is portion ( ! disc4 ,9 r\gh+ ^! sides1 at lea/ "o out ( e two ( ! small rat*et tee? on ! circumf]5ce %\ld be left unt\*$1 s z to ensure ! requir$ ?ickness be+ ma9ta9$4 ,! cutt] %[n 9 section & elevation at ,s & ,p1 ,fig4 #bja1 might be cut on ! side n 9 ! mann] "h expla9$1 & ! convex portion k might be ind5t$ ) a f9e rat*et-too!d cutt]1 c>ri$ 9 ! h+$ cutt]-frame ( ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e4 ,! degree ( p5etration may be det]m9$ by fix+ an ivory disc aga9/ ! cutt] & conc5tric ) x1 ! two diff]+ 9 diamet] by ! dep? ! cuts are to be made4 ,! tee? w be r too squ>e t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 b _! =m c be c>efully correct$ by h&4 ,x is obvi\s t ! v greate/ caution is necess>y 9 h>d5+ cutt]s4 #dbj4 ,rose-,cutt]s or ,=m+ ,p9ion ,cutt]s4 ,z ! edges ( p9ion cutt]s are r\nd$1 !y c be made 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by ,!v594 ,support+ ! r\gh$ out cutt] 9 ! cutt]-frame ( a :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 he fitt$ 9 ! axis ( ! division-plate a k9d ( rose-cutt]1 ,n1 ,fig4 #bje4 ,its extremity1 n1 in/ead ( be+ flat1 is holl[$ out z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e1 &1 by pres5t+ ! cutt+ edge ?us obta9$ endwise to ! groov$ edge ( ! cutt]1 ! correct =m c be giv5 to x4 ,) a mu%room-head$ piece ( /eel & oil/one du/1 ! cutt+ edge ( ! rose-cutt] c be made m or less acute by modify+ ! angle ( ?is /eel lap4 #dba4 ,o!r ,=ms ( ,p9ion ,cutt]4 ,:5 a cutt] is m]ely requir$ = a special piece ( "w1 & n = cont9u\s use1 x w (t5 be suffici5t to make x z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #bjc2 ?is is made by groov+ ! disc 7c71 or =m+ its edges z at d1 aft] :i* a s]ies ( tee? are cut on ! p]iph]y ) a revolv+ cutt]1 tak+ c>e to leave no m burr on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,!n pass a smoo? worn file 7or a worn flat cutt]7 ov] ! faces ( ! tee?1 apply+ oil at ! same "t1 s z to produce a slight burr on ! edges2 if ! file is n all[$ to bite too mu* & is well manag$1 ^! m9ute ridges w be uni=m4 ,aft] h>d5+1 ! cutt] is ready = use4 ,if ! faces 7 smoo!d )\t subsequ5tly apply+ ! file1 ! cutt] w\ld n bite2 = its action dep5ds on ! slight projection ( metal t corresponds to ! file-cuts4 ,! cutt] is no?+ m ?an a circul> file1 ) two cuts p] too?4 ,if ! corn]s are turn$ ov] ev5ly by means ( a v h>d burni%] ! same effect w be produc$2 b ?is op]ation is delicate1 z ! am\nt ( metal turn$ ov] mu/ be ! same 9 e case4 ,:5 a cutt] does n bite1 x mu/ be s(t5$ & re/or$ to its initial condition4 #dbb4 ,or ! foll[+ me?od may be adopt$ :5 x is requir$ to make a cutt] = a special purpose4 ,proce$ at fir/ 9 ! mann] j describ$1 b ! p]iph]y is divid$ into a great] numb] ( tee? ) a flat cutt]1 & to a r great] dep?1 z at ,e1 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,b5d backw>d ea* too? to a di/ance equal to ab\t half a space by any conv5i5t me?od2 = example1 by a lev] re/+ at ! bottom ( ea* space & press+ aga9/ ! corn] ( ! too?1 etc4 ,be=e b5d+ ! fir/ too? introduce a piece ( brass into ! space beh9d x1 ( a ?ickness equal to ab\t half ?is space1 s z to avoid b5d+ too f>2 = succe$+ tee? ! ?ickness mu/ be ab\t equal to a space2 ?us ,e w become ,e4 ,an inspection ( ,fig4 #bjc w suffice to make ! op]ation evid5t2 x am\nts to b5d+ back a s]ies ( sep>ate cutt]s4 ,! disc is !n h>d5$1 & ! faces ( ! tee? are smoo!d :5 !y d n cut well2 or m]ely smoo? ^? t are ! fir/ to become dull4 ,x is important to employ s(t /eel t has previ\sly be5 well anneal$4 #dbc4 ,cutt] = ,mak+ ,squ>e ,spaces4 ,! tee? ( su* a cutt] c be easily =m$ ) a file1 z %[n at ,l1 ,fig4 #bji1 ! edge ( ! cutt]1 f1 be+ pass$ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 apply+ consid]able pressure & at ! same "t sl[ly roll+ f ar\nd4 ,or ! cutt] may be set up on a %ort arbor betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! la!2 !n pass ! file backw>ds & =w>ds across ! edge until ! cuts are =m$1 sl[ly advanc+ ! file 9 ! mean:ile1 s z to =m ! cuts ar\nd ! circumf]5ce )\t once rais+ ! file4 ,! cutt] mu/ !n1 ( c\rse1 be h>d5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 #dbd4 ,=m+ ,cutt]s ) a ,mill+ ,tool4 ,! r\gh+ ( a r\nd-edg$1 or ev5 ( a squ>e cutt]1 c also be effect$ ) ! aid ( a mill+ or 8nurl+0 tool1 proce$+ 9 ! same mann] z :5 mill+ ! heads ( screws1 etc4 ,! tool mu/ be 9 good condition1 well provid$ ) oil1 & appli$ ) consid]able pressure aga9/ v s(t /eel4 ,if necess>y1 ! workman c make ! mill = himself2 x is %[n at ,m1 ,fig4 #baj4 ,f %[s ! me?od ( apply+ x to ! cutt]1 & by p>tly turn+ ! mill 7( c\rse c>ri$ 9 a /rong hold]7 ar\nd its po9t ( contact ) ! cutt]1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 ! rim ( ,f w be ev5ly r\gh$ all ar\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,) good /eel fairly satisfactory results are obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 b x is ne$less to obs]ve t su* cutt]s nev] bite z well z ^? made 9 ! usual mann]4 #dbe4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4 ,:5 cutt]s are us$ ) /eel !y mu/ be driv5 at a less velocity ?an :5 cutt+ brass1 &1 z ,m4 ,a4 ,phillippe has obs]v$1 x is be/ to make ! cutt]s = /eel ( small diamet] 7ab\t half an in*74 ,!y are m easily made & are less di/ort$ 9 ! h>d5+4 ,! velocity %\ld dim9i% z ! diamet] increases2 = too great a velocity1 especially :5 ! diamet] is great1 w dull ! cutt] & s(t5 x1 ow+ to ! heat produc$4 ,cutt]s mu/ be turn$ v true3 x is advisable to give !m a la/ /roke ) ! grav] aft] !y are fitt$ to ! cutt]-arbor t w subsequ5tly c>ry !m4 ,:5 op]at+ on /eel x is be/ t ! cutt] frame ( ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e be advanc$ by a screw s z to give x a sl[ & easy motion2 ! results obta9$ are m satisfactory ?an :5 x is advanc$ by h& or ) a lev]4 ,! foll[+ practice is n uncommon 9 factories :5 x is desir$ to reproduce ! exact =m ( a cutt]4 ,a not* is made ) ! cutt] 9 ! edge ( a piece ( /eel1 ,x1 ,fig4 #baa1 or a s]ies ( not*es o o1 etc41 c be made by sev]al cutt]s 9 ! circumf]5ce ( a disc ,z 7same figure74 ,aft] be+ h>d5$ & %>p5$ at ! cutt+ edge1 ?is disc is fix$ at ! c5t] ( ! division-plate ( a :eel-cutt+ eng9e1 & c !n be us$ to complete ! groov+ ( any cutt] t is set 9 position on ! cutt]-arbor be=e h>d5+4 ,! positions opposite to :i* ! not*es 7 cut %\ld be m>k$ on ! *uck1 s t !y may always be set-squ>e to ! cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 #dbf4 ,besides ! =ms ( cutt] above describ$ = op]at+ on /eel1 we may m5tion t circul> cutt]s may be us$ 9 :i* all ! not*es ar\nd ! circumf]5ce h be5 poli%$1 ?us remov+ ! burr1 & prev5t+ !m f act+ 9 ! mann] ( a file4 ,b :ile1 ) ! =m] k9d1 a some:at rapid rotation is necess>y 7al?\gh n s rapid z :5 cutt+ brass71 ) ?is latt] class ! movem5t mu/ be comp>atively sl[1 & produc$ by means ( a h&-:eel2 o!rwise !y w n cut1 s9ce ! action dep5ds r on ! application ( pressure1 & resembles t ( a slide-re/ cutt]4 ,! di/ance ap>t & wid? ( ! tee? ( ! cutt]1 z well z _! incl9ation1 are ( importance2 if too f> ap>t !y occasion a wa/e ( "t2 if too l>ge ! ma*9e w act 9 a j]ky mann]1 & :5 too n>r[1 an excessive pressure w be ne$$ 9 ord] to make ! cutt] bite ! /eel1 :i*1 x is to be obs]v$1 mu/ always be ?or\ghly anneal$4 ,! edge mu/ be well suppli$ ) oil or soapy wat] :5 9 action4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd be/ to advance ! cutt] aga9/ ! edge ( ! /eel r ?an across x4 ,,tool ,,= ,,mak+ ,,cutt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 #dbg4 ,! in/rum5ts usually employ$ = mak+ cutt]s = ! tee? ( :eels & p9ions are complicat$ & exp5sive1 b ! au?or has design$ "o = 8 own use t is comp>atively simple1 & c be made by any wat*mak]4 ,:5 ! read] has grasp$ ! pr9ciple on :i* x acts he w be able1 )\t difficulty1 to modify x s z to suit 8 requirem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,! frame ,b ,b b1 ,figs4 #bab & #bac1 consi/s ( ! body ( ! tool1 ,b ,b1 & a b> b b1 :i* is atta*$ to x by screws4 ,betwe5 ! two ! division-plate ,p rotates on an axis ,e ,r4 ,! end ,e ( ?is axis is =m$ z a *uck to receive ! cutt] f1 :i* is clamp$ by a screw t4 ,! support ,s s ,j is held ) friction 9 ! l[] "p ( ?is frame1 to c>ry ! cutt]-hold] ,a ,l ,m4 ,?is cutt]-hold] is h+$ at n1 s t x c receive a d\ble motion1 revolv+ ab\t a horizontal axis ,j1 & ab\t an incl9$ axis n4 ,! portion ,a ,l ( ! cutt]-hold] c>ries a p]=at$ arbor a c1 ) a f]rule c t receives ! tail ( ! small rose-cutt]1 :i* w pres5tly be describ$4 ,! end ,m re/s aga9/ a guide ,g1 held by a vane o z1 :i* is pivot$ on a pill> z1 & c be clamp$ 9 ei!r ( ! directions z y1 z x1 or by "o ( ! screws o1 o4 #dbh4 ,we w n[ consid] ! mode ( action ( ! ma*9e4 ,hav+ set ! little arbor c a 9 rotation1 re/ ! end ,m ( ! arm aga9/ ! guide1 & gradually advance ! rose-cutt] t[>ds f2 ! edge ( d w =m ! fir/ not* 9 ! groov$ rim ( ! cutt]1 & !n w be rais$ f contact ) x1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! guide ,g4 ,aft] mov+ ! tool-hold] back to its initial position1 advance ! :eel ,p by a too?1 repeat ! op]ation1 & s on4 #dbi4 ,if ! cutt] f has to be not*$ on bo? sides1 x mu/ be rev]s$ on ! *uck2 turn ! guide s z to po9t 9 ! direction z x1 correspond+ exactly to z y2 !n hav+ set ! cutt]-hold] 9 ! l9e z h1 recomm5ce op]ations4 ,! two grooves ( ! cutt] w !n necess>ily be ( simil> =m4 ,tee? c be cut on ! rim ( f by us+ a cutt] ( ! =m ,f1 ,fig4 #bad1 & hold+ ,m aga9/ a /raight v]tical guide4 ,) a giv5 divid$ :eel1 ,p1 ! tee? c be br\ght ne>] toge!r by r$uc+ ! diamet] ( ! cutt]1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is well to h "s *ange :eels1 b a bett] plan is to advance ! division plate by ! aid ( a tang5t screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 #dcj4 ,to ,make ! ,sev]al ,accessories4 ,=m ( ! rose or />-cutt]4 ,! rose-cutt] is =m$ ( a mu%room-head$ piece ( /eel4 ,su* a conical cutt] is %[n at ,c & ,r1 ,fig4 #bae1 & at ,f1 ,fig4 #bad4 ,f & ,c are cut 9 ! same way t conical cutt]s are always made1 & ,r is a small triangul> prism t only cuts by its ?ree corn]s1 a1 a1 a4 ,z x is necess>ily v small :5 employ$ 9 mak+ ! cutt]s = wat* p9ions1 x mu/1 9 su* a case1 be support$ at ! neck by a little =k4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be br\ght gradually aga9/ ! /eel to be op]at$ ^u1 s z only to engage a v little at a "t4 ,) a view to ?is1 x is advisable t ! cutt]-hold] be advanc$ by a screw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,! />-cutt]1 %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #baf1 is at times sub/itut$ = ! rose-cutt]4 ,x cuts ) ! corn]s e1 e1 etc41 :e!r x be go+ to ! "r or left indiff]5tly4 ,or a triangul> cutt] l ,t1 ,fig4 #baf1 c be us$ 9 its place2 b its angles are few] & less acute1 s t !y become dull m rapidly4 ,a few trials w be ne$$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! mo/ conv5i5t rate ( movem5t ( ! sev]al p>ts2 & ! edge ( ! cutt] f mu/ always be lib]ally suppli$ ) oil4 ,a little c may be s arrang$ z to all[ oil to fall drop by drop on to ! cutt] d1 ,fig4 #bac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 #dca4 ,to make ! guide4 ,hav+ m\nt$ a plate1 ,g1 on ! vane o z1 trace out ! approximate =m ( ! cutt] ) ! po9t ( ,m2 !n cut (f ! sup]flu\s metal1 leav+ a slight m>g94 ,?is excess is necess>y because ! curvature ( ! guide is n ! same z t ( ! cutt]1 = ! ind5tations z !y spread out f ! c5t] 7t7 become gradually deep]4 ,! guide %\ld be te/$ f "t to "t by op]at+ on a blank brass disc fix$ 9 place ( ! cutt] f & ! guide mu/ be modifi$ z exp]i5ce %[s to be requisite4 ,its edge mu/ be saddle-%ap$ s t ! middle may correspond exactly ) ! two dott$ l9es z x1 z y1 ,fig4 #bac4 ,! position ( ! disc on ! *uck t mu/ be br\ght to correspond ) ! guide by c>efully turn$ wa%]s plac$ beh9d x4 #dcb4 ,driv+ atta*m5t4 ,fig4 #bag %[s "o sy/em t may be adopt$ = connect+ ! f]rule ,c ) a driv+ :eel4 ,all t is requir$ is t ! in/rum5t be set 9 su* a position t ?is f]rule is plac$ z indicat$ 9 ! figure ) ref]5ce to ! di/ributor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 #dcc4 ,cutt]s ( unev5 ?ickness at ! circumf]5ce4 ,x is well-kn[n t ! edges ( ! cutt]s ( r\nd+-up tools 7#dce7 are made to tap] (f ar\nd ! p]iph]y4 ,9 ord] to ind5t su* a cutt]1 ! guide mu/ be m\nt$ on a slide1 s t x may be gradually displac$ :ile ! op]ation is 9 progress1 by an am\nt previ\sly det]m9$ ^u4 ,! desir$ result c be obta9$ ) suffici5t accuracy by mov+ ! guide backw>ds by successive /ages ) a screw4 ,! end k ( ! arm ,m1 ,fig4 #bac1 is slightly tap]$1 s t a gradual depression ( ,m occurs1 & ea* cut is deep] ?an t :i* prec$$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 #dcd4 ,modification 9 ! con/ruction4 ,?is in/rum5t may be modifi$ z foll[s3 ,! disc to be op]at$ ^u is fitt$ to ! *uck ( ! division-plate ,d1 ,fig4 #bah1 :i* is v]tical1 & ! entire sy/em is capable ( a movem5t ( rotation r\nd ! axis ( ! base ,p4 ,hav+ set ! disc 9 ! plane a b1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 clamp ,p2 !n1 by trav]s+ ! cutt]-hold]1 ! tee? on ! side ( ! cutt] t[>ds a b are made4 ,?is cutt] frame hav+ n[ be5 remov$1 ! base ,p is turn$ until ! cutt] is 9 ! plane c n1 su* t x is equally incl9$ on ! opposite side ( ! axis ( ! cutt] frame2 ! tee? on t side may !n be made1 ! />-cutt] be+ rotat$ 9 an opposite direction4 ,x is unnecess>y to prolong our explanations ( ! in/rum5t1 z ! details already giv5 w suffice = any intellig5t workman4 ,,tools ,,= ,,correct+ ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,tee?4 #dce4 ,r\nd+-up ,tools4 ,9 ,europe x is ! practice1 9 mak+ wat* :eels1 to fir/ not* ! circumf]5ce by means ( a flat circul> cutt] 9 a :eel cutt+ eng9e1 ?us =m+ a numb] ( squ>e tee?4 ,!y are subsequ5tly r\nd$ (f to ! usual =m1 aft] ! :eels are rivet$ to _! p9ions1 9 a special tool4 ,! app>atus employ$ = ?is purpose is t]m$ a r\nd+ up tool1 & its pr9cipal feature is a mill cutt] ,f1 ,fig4 #bai1 ! portion a b ( ^: circumf]5ce is cut away & replac$ by a guide g f made ( /eel spr+1 & s fix$ z to co9cide ) ! edge ( ! cutt] at f1 & incl9e at g 9 ord] to compel ! cutt] to pass1 at ea* rotation1 into consecutive spaces ( ! :eel4 ,two screws are provid$1 ! "o f = sett+ ! guide opposite ! edge ( ! cutt]1 & g = plac+ ! free end ( ! guide opposite to a space4 ,?is tool acts ) great rapidity1 a fact :i* has l$ to its be+ v ext5sively us$ 9 ! factories ( ,france & ,switz]l&1 al?\gh ! ord9>y sy/em ( :eel cutt+ is pref]r$ 9 ,engl& = all ! bett] class ( "w4 ,= x %\ld be not$ t ! r\nd+ up tool does n correct any errors t are due to bad divid+2 = example1 if a :eel is f\nd to h "s ( its tee? l>g] ?an o!rs1 ! tool c n be reli$ ^u to correct !m2 on ! o!r h&1 if a :eel is exactly divid$ x is improbable t ! employm5t ( ?is tool w occasion irregul>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,! in/rum5t we are discuss+ is1 h[ev]1 n mu* us$ by wat* repair]s1 al?\gh !y are frequ5tly call$ ^u to t\* up ! tee? ( :eels1 or to slightly r$uce ! diamet]s ( _! pit* circles1 op]ations :i* _c be done by h& ) mu* *ance ( success4 ,! limit$ use to :i* r\nd+-up tools h be5 put is ow+1 9 great "p1 to _! high price1 b *eap] tools on ?is pr9ciple are n[ com+ into use4 #dcf4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,! :eel to be op]at$ ^u is held aga9/ a small table at ,d betwe5 two v]tical runn]s ) gu>d-pivot c5t]s1 & a cutt] ( ! =m %[n at ,fig4 #bai1 is fix$ at ,c to a suitable *uck ( a small la!-head ,b2 ?is is caus$ to revolve by ! h&-:eel ,a1 a supplem5t>y pulley ,k tak+ all /ra9 (f ! axis4 ,! ?ree mill$-head$ nuts se5 at ,e1 ,f1 & ,g are = adju/+ ! in/rum5t2 ,e = mov+ ! la!-head1 s t ! cutt] is 9 ! same plane z ! axis ( ! runn]s1 a position :i* is det]m9$ by ! po9t] ,i2 ,f = advanc+ ! :eel aga9/ ?is cutt]2 & ,g = sett+ ! plane ( ! :eel to pass ?r\gh ! axis ( ! la!-head z indicat$ by ! index ,h4 ,! in/rum5t is accompani$ by a numb] ( cutt]s to suit ! v>i\s sizes ( tee? ord9>ily met )1 z well z ( tables to support :eels ( diff]5t dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 #dcg4 ,+old ,fraise or ,cutt]4 ,r\nd+-up ,cones4 ,ei!r ! cutt]s devis$ by ,m4 ,+old1 or ! r\nd+-up cones ( ,m4 ,b]lioz1 may be us$ = correct+ ! =m ( :eel tee?4 ,! ,+old fraise is a small /eel cyl9d] p]=at$ ?r\gh ! axis s z to be m\nt$ on an arbor1 & hav+ a numb] ( longitud9al not*es on its circumf]5ce :i* makes x resemble a p9ion1 ! po9ts ( ^: leaves h be5 gr\nd (f4 ,! spaces ( ! fraise are ( ! exact =m requir$ to be giv5 to ! tee? ( ! :eel1 & _! surfaces are cov]$ ) f9e file cuts s z to enable !m to remove metal f ! :eel op]at$ on4 ,hav+ m\nt$ ! arbor t c>ries x betwe5 two c5t]s ( a dep?+ tool 7made especially /rong = ! purpose71 ! :eel is support$ by its axis betwe5 ! second pair ( c5t]s 7) gu>d-pivot po9ts74 ,if n[ ! fraise be advanc$ by ! screw until its tee? engage ) ^? ( ! :eel1 & ei!r be caus$ to rotate1 x w drive ! o!r1 & ! fraise w ?us %ape ! tee? to a pre-det]m9$ =m1 ! faces ( ea* not* act+ ! "p ( a m9ute file introduc$ betwe5 ! tee?4 ,x w be obs]v$ t su* an in/rum5t is pref]able to ! ord9>y r\nd+-up tool1 9 t x may be reli$ ^u to br+ all ! tee? to ! same %ape1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] tool has an advantage 9 be+ available = slightly r$uc+ ! diamet] ( a :eel :5 a dep? is f\nd to be too /rong4 #dch4 ,an objection has be5 urg$ aga9/ ! ,+old fraises on ! gr\nd ( exp5se1 z ea* dim5sion ( too? evid5tly requires a cyl9d] specially adapt$ to x4 ,?is fact has l$ to ! introduction ( 8r\nd+-up cones0 ! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,b]lioz1 :i* act on precisely ! same pr9ciple1 b are conical in/ead ( cyl9drical1 s t ea* fraise evid5tly takes ! place ( a numb] ( ,+old fraises4 ,! total numb] be+ proportionately r$uc$4 ,b great dext]ity is requir$ 9 _! use1 s t !y _c be successfully employ$ until aft] num]\s trials4 #dci4 ,exact ,r\nd+-up ,tool4 ,! au?or has devis$ an in/rum5t = giv+ to ! tee? ( :eels ! exact =m det]m9$ ^u by !ory1 b z x is ( too elaborate a nature to come into g5]al use1 we %all n d m ?an "h ref] to x4 ,x is r ( a nature to be us$ = sci5tific "w1 b might be f\nd ( consid]able value = accurately =m+ ! blades ( cutt]s t are us$ 9 groov+ ! circul> cutt]s employ$ = cutt+ ! tee? ( :eels4 #ddj4 ,to ,r\nd ,up ,tee? ,by ,h&4 ,we h se5 a c\ntry wat*mak] proce$ some:at z foll[s3 ,8 me?od 0 only effective1 h[ev]1 = ensur+ ! v]ticality ( ! file1 & did n ma9ta9 x /raight1 nor c\ld ! curvature ( all ! tee? be reli$ ^u to be ! same2 ^! two conditions are satisfi$ by ! sy/em "h expla9$4 ,=m]ly wat*mak]s possess$ v consid]able skill 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 z ! tee? 7 always =m$ by h&2 b at ! pres5t day1 = want ( practice1 !re is n "o to be f\nd 9 a hundr$ compet5t to r\nd up a :eel prop]ly by h& alone4 ,rec\rse may be _h to ! foll[+ exp$i5t 9 an em]g5cy2 x necessitates ! con/ruction ( a small special tool1 b ?is is s simple t x c be made 9 a few h\rs by an appr5tice4 #dda4 ,take a b> ( metal or h>d wood1 made smoo? on its faces & squ>e at ! corn]s 7,r1 ,fig4 #bba71 & adapt to x a slide1 c c1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* a slot is cut to receive a clamp+ screw2 x slides betwe5 ! f\r p9s indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,an arbor a is support$ by c c1 p>allel to ,r1 hav+ a plate at its end on :i* a :eel to be op]at$ on c be fix$ by ?ree screws & a loose plate4 ,x is c5t]$ by ! circumf]5ce be=e clamp+ ^! screws1 rotat+ a ) a b[1 & x may be well to place a piece ( tissue pap] "u & ov] ! :eel 9 ord] to avoid scrat*es4 ,v is a tongue t c be introduc$ into ! space betwe5 two tee? 9 ord] to prev5t ! :eel f mov+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,two arms1 p p1 screw$ to ! b> ,r ,r1 support ! h&le ( ! r\nd+-up file l1 :i* consi/s ( a l>ge cyl9d] t1 t1 t slides 9 ! arms p1 p4 ,! cyl9d] ,t mu/ be exactly p>allel to ! arbor a1 & ! long] x is ! bett]4 ,! file-hold] s1 also %[n deta*$ at ,y1 ,fig4 #bbb1 is m]ely driv5 onto ! rod t4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! axis t & ! face ( ! file 7b b1 ,fig4 #bbb7 is equal to ! radius ( ! circle t embraces ! ext]nal curves ( two or m tee?1 z w be expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,! sev]al p>ts be+ arrang$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bba1 & ! b> clamp$ 9 a vise at ,e1 x w be obvi\s t1 if ! :eel is held 9 two f+]s ( ! left-h& s z to prev5t x f be+ displac$1 :ile ! rod ,t is mov$ up & d[n1 at ! same "t rotat+ x ) ! "r-h&1 ! curves ( two tee? w be adju/$ to correspond ) ! arc o o o 7,z1 ,fig4 #bbc71 &1 by transf]r+ ! tongue ,v to ! next succe$+ space1 ! curve i i i c be /ruck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 #ddb4 ,obs]vations4 ,! curvature ( ! po9t ( a too? co9cides v closely ) a circul> arc describ$ f a c]ta9 def9ite c5t]1 & compris+ ei!r two or ?ree tee?4 ,9 ord] to realize ^! conditions 9 practice1 ! slide c c is s adju/$ t ! axis ( ,t passes j )9 ! circle t passes ?r\gh o1 o1 o1 etc4 7,z1 ,fig4 #bbc71 at :i* ! po9ts ( ! tee? comm5ce2 by mak+ trials ) two or ?ree file-hold]s t diff] 9 reg>d to ! di/ance b b 7,y1 ,fig4 #bbc71 x w be easy to select ! mo/ suitable = produc+ ! requir$ curve4 ,aft] op]at+ on all ! tee? 9 succession1 advance ! :eel by means ( ! screw ,d1 & aga9 "w ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 & s on4 ,! progress ( ! "w %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$ ) ! glass4 ,x is possible to disp5se ) ! tongue ,v1 & to m]ely /eady ! :eel by h&2 ! "w is ?us done m rapidly1 b mu/ be exam9$ ) v great c>e4 ,we w\ld insi/ t ! l5g?s ( ! two axes are an elem5t ( success4 ,9 op]at+ on wat* :eels ,t %\ld n be less ?an six in*es long4 ,by suppress+ ! tongue ! motion ( ! two axes may be co-ord9at$ s z to =m any !oretical curve2 ,?is is ! case 9 ! exact r\nd+-up tool already ref]r$ to1 b x ( c\rse r5d]s ! in/rum5t m complicat$4 #ddc4 ,to ,ease a ,tra9 ( ,:eels4 ,9 v _m ( ! *eap] wat*es & timepieces n[ met ) 9 comm]ce ! tee? are r\gh & badly cut1 & ! p9ions b little poli%$1 s t wat*mak]s are con/antly compla9+ ( ! difficulty ( secur+ ev5 a mod]ately good dep?4 ,9 su* cases !y h a simple me?od to adopt 9 addition to ^? already ref]r$ to1 namely1 to poli% ! tee? ) a piece ( *>coal4 ,a piece ( smoo?1 ev5 *>coal1 ) regul> fibre1 is moi/5$ ) oil or wat]1 & pass$ across ! tee? individually2 fir/ ) ! fibres ly+ 9 ! direction ( motion1 & aft]w>ds ) !m at "r angles to t direction4 ,if ! *>coal is c>efully select$ & lightly appli$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t & no m1 ! ogives w be f\nd to be nicely smoo!d1 & ! dep? w run f> m easily ?an x did previ\sly4 ,x is dang]\s to use quick-cutt+ *>coal1 z x is apt to de=m ! tee?4 ,smoo?+ ) a bru% *>g$ ) *>coal p[d] _c be reg>d$ z any?+ m ?an clean+2 if ! action is too mu* prolong$ ! =m ( ! tee? w be spoilt4 ,,to ,,te/ ,,! ,,accuracy ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,tools4 #ddd4 ,drill+ ,tool4 ,fir/ c5t] ! runn] 9 ! la!1 & asc]ta9 t x is /raight1 cyl9drical1 & exactly c5t]$2 !n fit a r+ to x s z to slide ) friction to 7tempor>ily7 limit ! desc5t ( ?is runn] 9 ! v]tical /ock ( ! tool4 ,aft] plac+ x 9 position1 adapt to its l[] end a coll>1 provid$ ) a long index ( s(t brass1 :i* is b5t s z almo/ to t\* ! plate at its circumf]5ce4 ,rotate ! runn] & x w be %[n to be p]p5dicul> to ! plate if ! po9t ( ! index rema9s at ! same di/ance f ! plate4 ,z a confirmatory te/ ! runn] may be drawn up 9 ! /ock1 & ! trial repeat$ aft] b5d+ ! index ne>ly to t\* ! plate4 #dde4 ,upright+ ,tool4 ,if ! two /ocks or tubes t receive ! runn]s are exactly 9 l9e1 a runn] %\ld move easily ?r\gh ! two at once4 ,sett+ ! po9ts 9 contact 9 v>i\s positions 9 a v]tical l9e1 obs]ve :e!r !y co9cide1 bo? :5 at re/ & :5 rotat$ toge!r or indep5d5tly4 ,fir/ asc]ta9 t ! table is at "r angles to ! axis 9 ! mann] already expla9$ = ! drill+ tool1 mak+ ! necess>y te/s ) ! two runn]s indep5d5tly4 ,!n support betwe5 _! po9ts a %ort arbor c>ry+ a s(t brass index4 ,! position ( ! l[] runn] be+ ma9ta9$ con/ant by means ( a coll> z above expla9$1 rotate ! upp] "o by h&2 its friction w c>ry ! index & arbor ar\nd1 ! po9t ( ?is latt] be+ set close to ! plate4 ,repeat ! op]ation by rais+ ! pair ( runn]s & b5d+ ! index d[n to ! same am\nt4 ,if 9 ^! v>i\s positions ! po9t rema9s at ! same di/ance f ! table1 x af=ds evid5ce t ! tool is accurate4 ,an upright+ tool consi/s ( two p>ts3 ! table c>ry+ ! l[] /ock1 & ! bridge t =ms ! upp] /ock4 ,! base ( ?is latt] is a r+ turn$ flat & co-axial ) ! /ock1 & is fitt$ accurately into a squ>e groove surr\nd+ ! table1 :]e x is fix$ by screws4 ,any wat*mak] und]/&+ ?is mode ( con/ruction w easily p]ceive :5 he has te/$ ! tool 9 ! mann] above indicat$1 bo? :at are its faults & h[ f> he c correct !m4 #ddf4 ,! ,engli% upright+ & drill+ tools1 & "s ( =eign con/ruction1 are comb9$ on ! same /&1 & a good arrangem5t1 made by ,boley1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,x w be se5 t ! drill c be set 9 motion by a h& or foot-:eel2 ! table is fix$ 9 a vise & provid$ ) two dogs = clamp+ ! object4 ,! drill+ sp9dle is p]=at$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? s t ! drill c be held by an ,am]ican split *uck4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 #ddg4 ,dep?+ ,tool4 ,z ! value ( a dep? dep5ds ess5tially on ! ov]lapp+ ( ! tee? be+ ! exact am\nt requir$ by !ory1 x is specially important t ! tool us$ = det]m9+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! :eels & p9ions %\ld be ( ! utmo/ atta9able accuracy4 ,fir/ asc]ta9 t ! sp9dle :i* s]ves z an axis = ! two halves ( ! tool does n *ange position :5 !y h be5 sev]al times sep>at$ & br\ght toge!r4 ,=1 if ?is 7 to happ51 & a runn] 7 unev5 or ! h+e n smoo!d )91 ! p>allelism ( ! two pairs ( runn]s w\ld be impair$4 ,! runn]s mu/ be ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & %\ld pass ) ease f "o head to t opposite4 ,_! po9ts & c5t] holes mu/ be se5 to be 9 good condition1 &1 on plac+ !m 9 _! turns1 !y mu/ be f\nd to be bo? true & cyl9drical4 ,hav+ re/or$ !m to _! places ) ! po9ts toge!r1 move ! pair l5g?wise f "o head to ! o!r1 exam9+ ! po9ts 9 successive positions to asc]ta9 t !y co9cide accurately1 bo? :5 ! runn]s are loose & :5 clamp$4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t has be5 c>elessly done ! runn]s w be f\nd to b5d "u pressure1 caus+ ! po9ts to be displac$4 ,hav+ set two runn]s side by side & level1 describe ) !m circul> arcs on a smoo? piece ( brass f c5t]s previ\sly m>k$1 fir/ ) ! po9ts j project+ f ! heads & !n project+ m & m4 ,^! te/s may be made bo? )9 & )\t ! tool2 s t !re w be f\r sets ( te/s 9 all4 ,x is v important 9 mak+ ! la/-nam$ trials1 t ! tool be ma9ta9$ at "r angles to ! plate on :i* ! circul> arcs are trac$2 ?is condition c easily be satisfi$ by a special device1 or by m]ely caus+ ! compass to slide along a set-squ>e4 ,x may be add$ t ! s]ies ( arcs %\ld be drawn end to end1 9 ord] t x may be easi] to obs]ve _! agreem5t or diff]5ce :5 exam9+ ) ! glass4 #ddh4 ,:5 ?is s]ies ( te/s has be5 gone ?r\gh1 & ! po9ts h be5 exam9$ s z to make sure t !re is no burr :i* b5ds ov] :ile trac+ ! arcs1 x is possible to det]m9e ! value ( ! tool2 we "k :e!r x is p]fect or n1 & :at corrections are requir$4 ,z a rule !re are two po9ts ma9ly at fault2 ! holes 9 ! heads are n exactly cont9uations ! "o ( ! o!r1 s t !y ne$ to be broa*$ out afre% & new runn]s h to be made4 ,a c>eful & intellig5t workman :o is provid$ ) suitable tools w be able1 f ! in=mation giv5 9 ?is "w1 to correct1 or at lea/ improve1 a defective dep?+ tool2 b1 z a rule1 x w be bett] done by ! mak]4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,repair+ ,,& ,,exam9+ ,,wat*es4 ,,me?od4 #ddi4 ,exp$ition & c]ta9ty 9 wat*mak+ & repair+ are prim>ily secur$ by proce$+ on a def9ite sy/em1 bo? 9 details ( con/ruction or repair+4 ,! be/ wat*mak]s1 & practical m5 g5]ally1 take _! "w 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 f :i* any dep>ture is exceptional4 ,by ?is means !y avoid ! necessity ( do+ "w twice ov] & ( frequ5tly tak+ up ! same piece2 a circum/ance t (t5 occurs ) "y wat*mak]s1 ow+ to =getfulness or to a want ( sequ5ce 9 _! ideas4 ,!y %\ld f ! fir/ ex]cise !mselves 9 work+ me?odically on a def9ite sy/em4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood t no me?od c be inflexible1 nor c x be equally advantage\s = diff]5t individuals1 because m5 diff] 9 reg>d to manual dext]ity1 goodness ( eyesight & ( memory1 p[] ( associat+ _! ideas1 etc4 ,a sy/em t is suitable to a p]son ( unexcitable temp]am5t w h to be modifi$ by "o is oppositely dispos$4 ,ev]yone w be able to decide = himself z to ! be/ sy/em to adopt & ! ord] 9 :i* to take 8 daily "w4 ,^! prelim9>y obs]vations appe> necess>y because ! me?od expla9$ bel[ ( exam9+ a ,g5eva wat* has be5 reg>d$ by "s z too long & m9ute4 ,we w\ld urge any "y wat*mak] t he>s su* ideas advanc$ to assure himself t x is a mi/ake1 because ! sy/em "h expla9$ is only put =w>d subject to ! modifications t exp]i5ce sugge/s2 & x is to be obs]v$ t _m ( ! op]ations giv5 c be p]=m$ m rapidly ?an !y are describ$4 ,:5 a wat*mak] exp]i5ces a great loss ( "t1 does x n usually arise f ! fact t he is oblig$ to take a wat* to pieces1 or ne>ly s1 aft] its repair+ & exam9ation 7 ?\ght to h be5 complet$2 or :5 a wat* t has be5 repair$ is br\ght back to be exam9$ be=e ! ord9>y p]iod ( clean+ has elaps$8 ,let him add toge!r ! num]\s h\rs sp5t 9 ?is k9d ( ?ankless "w1 let him sum up ! worries exp]i5c$1 & ! discr$it1 etc41 to :i* he has be5 subject$1 & he w see t sy/ematic "w w\ld h sav$ him bo? loss ( money & loss ( cr$it4 ,,ext]nal ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,wat*4 #dej4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 :5 ! mann] 9 :i* a giv5 fault manife/s itself is n indicat$ at once1 x %\ld be s\ght 9 ! index ( ?is volume1 ei!r "u ! "n ( ! op]ation or "u t ( ! object to :i* x relates4 ,! read] w see = himself :i* passages ref] exclusively to ! ,engli% or ,am]ican & :i* to ! ,g5eva wat*4 #dea4 ,case1 ,glass1 ,dial1 ,dome4 ,glance at ! case 9 ord] to asc]ta9 t x has n receiv$ a bl[ or be5 subject$ to pressure2 t ! jo9ts & fly spr+s "w well2 & t ! h&s 9 rotat+ t\* nei!r ! glass nor dial4 ,by lay+ ! nail on ! surface ( ! glass1 x w be easy to see :e!r !re is suffici5t fre$om betwe5 ! socket ( ! h& & ! glass4 ,9 case ( d\bt1 place a small piece ( pap] on ! h&1 close ! bezel & tap ! glass ) ! f+] :ile ! wat* is 9 an incl9$ position4 ,if free1 ! pap] w be displac$4 ,! set-h&s squ>e %\ld be r\nd$ at ! end & a trifle bel[ ! level ( any accid5tal b5d+ ( ! back ( ! wat*1 & ! dome mu/ n press on ! balance-cock w+ or ! c5tral du/ cap 7if pres5t74 ,! above rem>k also applies to ! w9d+ squ>e ( a fusee wat*4 ,!re mu/ also be suffici5t fre$om betwe5 ! go+-b>rel tee? & ! bank+-p9 ( ! balance on ! "o h&1 & ! int]nal rim ( ! case1 ! fly-spr+s1 & ! jo9ts on ! o!r4 ,o!rwise !re is dang] ( contacts :5 ! case is clos$ :i* occasion irregul>ity & /oppage (t5 difficult to detect4 #deb4 ,! dome mu/ be at a suffici5t di/ance f all p>ts ( ! movem5t1 m especially ! balance-cock4 ,if !re is any occasion = d\bt on ?is po9t put a ?9 lay] ( r\ge on ! p>ts t are mo/ prom95t4 ,close ! case & hold+ x 9 "o h& to ! e>1 apply a pressure at all p>ts ( ! back ) a f+] ( ! o!r h&1 li/5+ att5tively 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! vibrations are int]f]$ )4 ,if ! int]val is insuffici5t1 a trace ( r\ge w be f\nd on ! inside ( ! dome4 ,9 su* a case1 if ! dome _c be rais$ nor holl[$ slightly 9 ! la! 7:5 =m$ ( metal71 l[] z f> z possible ! index "w & ! balance-cock w+ & fix 9 ! plate1 close to ! balance1 "o or two screws ) mu%room heads t w s]ve to raise ! dome4 ,asc]ta9 t ! h&s /& suffici5tly f> ap>t2 t ! h\r h& does n rub aga9/ ! hole 9 ! dial2 & t ! m9ute h& does n come ne>] to ! dial 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 a fault :i* may arise ei!r f ! dial n be+ flat or f ! c5t]-:eel be+ badly plant$4 ,remove ! movem5t f its case1 aft] mak+ sure t x is held /eadily by ! lock+ screws2 take (f ! h&s1 & see t ! h\r :eel has ! "r am\nt ( play2 ?is fre$om may be dim9i%$ if requir$ by lay+ on ! :eel small discs ( t9sel cut out ) a pun*4 ,if ! dial presses aga9/ any "p ( ! movem5t1 or is n flat or comes s ne> to any ( ! pivot-holes z to draw (f ! oil1 x mu/ be gr\nd away until a suffici5t am\nt ( fre$om is obta9$4 ,,to ,,exam9e ,a ,,g5eva ,,movem5t4 #dec4 ,al?\gh ! foll[+ rem>ks ref] 9 ! ma9 to =eign wat*es ) a ,lep9e movem5t1 v _m are also applicable to ! ,engli% & ,am]ican wat*es2 fur!r obs]vations specially be>+ on !m w be f\nd 9 articles #dgg-hj4 #ded4 ,! ,motion ,"w & ,h&s4 ,rotate ! :eels connect+ ! h\r & m9ute-h&s by ! aid ( a key & a glance w suffice to %[ :e!r ! sev]al dep?s1 :i* %\ld be light1 are satisfactory4 ,! :eels %\ld n rub aga9/ "o ano!r1 ! plate1 b>rel1 or /opwork4 ,! b>rel %\ld h be5 previ\sly exam9$ to asc]ta9 t x is n incl9$ to "o side1 z if x 71 an error w\ld probably be made 9 e/imat+ ! degree ( fre$om4 ,! set-h&s arbor 7! squ>e ( :i* %\ld be a trifle small] ?an t ( ! b>rel-arbor7 mu/ turn r /iffly 9 ! c5t] p9ion1 & ! cannon p9ion mu/ be held on ! arbor suffici5tly tight to avoid all *ance ( its ris+ & s becom+ loose2 = ?is w\ld alt] ! play ( ! h&s & motion "w4 ,if any fault is f\nd 9 ! adju/m5t correct x at once1 s z to avoid do+ s aft] ! movem5t has be5 clean$4 ,if x has n be5 already done1 slightly r\nd ! l[] end ( cannon p9ion & ! /eel %ield1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid =m+ a burr on ! p9ion leaves4 ,^! two pieces ought to re/ on ! ends ( ! c5t] p9ion pivots1 & at ! same "t be "s di/ance remov$ f ! plate & b> respectively4 #dee4 ,fre$om & ,end%ake4 ,obs]ve t !re is suffici5t cle>ance betwe5 ! plate & b>rel2 ! b>rel & c5t]-:eel2 ! sev]al :eels 9 succession bo? betwe5 !mselves1 _! cocks1 & s9ks2 betwe5 ! balance on ! "o h& & its cock1 ! c5t]-:eel1 f\r? :eel cock1 ! balance-spr+ coils & /ud on ! o!r4 ,! f\r? :eel is frequ5tly f\nd to pass too ne> to ! jewel =m+ ! l[] pivot-hole ( ! escape-:eel4 ,! end-%ake ( ! :eels may be te/$ by tak+ hold ( an arm ( ea* ) tweez]s & lift+ x4 ,?is may also be done 9 ! case ( ! escape-:eel1 b1 :5 ! cock is slight1 x w be suffici5t to press g5tly ^u x ) a pegwood /ick1 !n releas+ x1 & obs]v+ ! app>5t increase 9 ! l5g? ( pivot4 ,at ! same "t asc]ta9 t ! wid? & height ( ! passage 9 ! cock is en\gh to all[ ! tee?1 :5 c>ry+ oil1 to pass ) ! requisite fre$om4 ,hold+ ! wat* on a level ) ! eyes1 lightly raise ! balance ) a pegwood po9t sev]al times1 ea* "t all[+ x to fall4 ,! v>iation obs]v$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! collet & cock w indicate ! end-%ake ( ! balance-/aff4 #def4 ,action ( ! ,escapem5t4 ,! side play ( ! balance pivots 9 _! holes c be easily e/imat$ by t\*1 or ?is may be done by ! eye1 att5tively wat*+ ! upp] pivot ?r\gh ! end-/one ) a p[]ful glass1 :ile ! wat* lies flat & ! l[] pivot 9 ! same mann] ) ! wat* inv]t$4 ,if ! end-/ones are n cle> en\gh1 al?\gh su* a case is r>e1 remove fir/ "o end-/one & exam9e ! pivot2 !n replace x & remove ! o!r4 ,x %\ld be possible to rotate ! balance until ! bank+ p9 comes aga9/ its /op1 )\t caus+ ! escape :eel to recoil at all1 or all[+ a too? to cat* outside ! cyl9d] beh9d ! small lip4 ,! bank+-p9 sometimes passes too ne> to ! f\r? :eel /aff4 ,! ,u-arms %\ld re/ ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! bank+ slot ( ! cyl9d]3 !y %\ld be z f> f ! upp] z f ! "u edge ( ?is slot1 s t ! end-%akes may h free play 9 all positions ( ! wat*4 ,asc]ta9 t ! balance-spr+ is flat2 t x coils & uncoils regul>ly )\t con/ra9t2 t x does n t\* ! c5t] :eel1 ! /ud1 or ! inn] curb-p9 7) its second coil74 ,! rapid exam9ation ( ! escapem5t may n[ be reg>d$ z complet$ if ! wat* 9 h& is m]ely be+ clean$ aft] hav+ previ\sly gone well4 ,b if engag$ on a wat* t has n gone well previ\sly1 or if exam9+ a new "o1 ! action ( ! escapem5t mu/ be ?or\ghly te/$4 #deg4 ,visible ,dep?s4 ,:ile ! tra9 is 9 motion ?r\gh ! =ce ( ! ma9spr+ or ! pressure ( a f+] aga9/ ! b>rel tee?1 exam9e ) a glass all ! dep?s t are visible4 ,t ( ! escapem5t1 = example1 c be easily se5 ?r\gh ! jewel$ pivot-hole :5 ?is is flat1 ! wat* be+ laid horizontal & a p[]ful glass us$4 ,:5 ! action _c be se5 9 ?is mann] ) suffici5t di/9ctness1 hold ! wat* up aga9/ ! light & look ?r\gh x4 ,dep?s t _c be cle>ly se51 or ab\t :i* any d\bt exi/s1 mu/ be subsequ5tly v]ifi$ by t\*4 7#deh47 ,if exam9+ a new wat*1 x may be f\nd necess>y to =m incl9$ not*es at ! edge ( ! cocks or ne> ! c5t] hole ( ! plate s to see ! action ( ! dep?s4 ,b x is important t ! sett+s ( ! jewels are n di/urb$1 & inde$ t en\gh metal is left ar\nd ^! holes to admit ( _! be+ re-bu%$ if necess>y4 #deh4 ,invisible & ,d\btful ,dep?s4 ,^! mu/ be te/$ by t\*1 & ! requisite corrections appli$ aft] hav+ re-poli%$ ! pivots1 etc41 z may be necess>y4 ,we w\ld obs]ve t holes a trifle l>ge are less inconv5i5t ?an ^? :i* af=d too little play2 provid+ ! dep?s are 9 good condition4 #dei4 ,l5g? ( ,balance ,pivots3 ,c5t]+ ! ,balance-,spr+4 ,remove ! end-/one f ! *>iot & see t ! pivot projects en\gh beyond ! pivot-hole :5 ! plate is inv]t$4 ,!n remove ! cock & deta* x f ! balance4 ,take (f ! balance-spr+ ) its collet f ?is latt] & place x on ! cock inv]t$1 s z to see :e!r ! collet is c5tral :5 ! out] coil is midway betwe5 ! curb-p9s4 ,remove ! cock end-/one & end-/one cap1 place ! top balance pivot 9 its hole & see t x projects a little beyond ! pivot-hole4 ,place ! balance 9 ! figure-(-#h callip] to te/ its tru?1 &1 at ! same "t1 to see t x is suffici5tly 9 poise2 x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! balance is sometimes put out ( poise int5tionally4 #dfj4 ,play ( ,tra9-,:eel ,pivots4 ,all[ ! tra9 to run d[n3 if x does s noisily or by j]ks1 x may be assum$ t "s ( ! dep?s are bad 9 consequ5ce ei!r ( ! tee? be+ badly =m$1 or ! holes too l>ge1 etc4 ,to te/ ! latt] po9t1 cause ! :eels to revolve alt]nately 9 opposite directions by apply+ a f+] to ! b>rel or c5t]-:eel tee?1 at ! same "t not+ ! movem5t ( ea* pivot 9 turn 9 its hole2 a little practice1 comp>+ sev]al wat*es toge!r1 w soon enable ! workman to judge :e!r ! play is correct4 ,! runn+ d[n ( ! tra9 w also indicate :e!r any pivots are b5t4 ,n[ remove ! b>rel-b> ) its sev]al atta*m5ts4 #dfa4 ,c5t]-,:eel3 ,bad ,upright+4 ,remove ! ?ird :eel1 &1 if necess>y1 te/ ! upright+ ( ! c5t]-:eel by pass+ a r\nd broa* or tap] arbor ?r\gh x1 & sett+ ! plate 9 rotation ab\t ?is axis1 hold+ a c>d ne> ! edge :ile do+ s4 ,?is w indicate at once :e!r ! axis ( ! :eel is at "r angles to ! plate4 ,:5 a m>k$ deviation is detect$1 or ! holes are f\nd to be too l>ge1 !y mu/ be re-bu%$ & upright$ aga94 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! error is b slight ! axes may be set v]tical by b5d+ ! /eady p9s a little1 9 do+ :i* proce$ z foll[s3 ,set ! b> 9 its place alone1 ! screw or screws be+ a little unscrew$1 & re/ ! side ( ! b> opposite to t t[>ds :i* x is to be b5t aga9/ a piece ( brass held 9 ! vise1 & /rike ! f>!r edge ( ! plate "o or two %>p bl[s ) a small wood5 mallet4 ,exp]i5ce alone c tea* ! workman to proportion ! bl[ s z to obta9 a giv5 am\nt ( deviation1 & mu/ enable him to asc]ta9 :e!r x is desirable or n to pass a broa* ?r\gh ! /eady-p9 holes be=e op]at+ z above expla9$4 ,"s discretion is ess5tial 9 practis+ ! me?od4 ,x is important t ! c5t] pivots project beyond ! holes 9 ! plate & b>4 ,a circul> recess is turn$ ar\nd ! out] end ( ea* ( ^! holes s z to =m res]voirs = oil4 ,ow+ to ! neglect ( ^! simple precautions1 :i* are s easy to take1 _m wat*es1 especially ^? t are ?91 come back = repair ) _! c5t] pivots 9 a bad /ate1 because ! oil c\ld n be appli$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 & has be5 drawn away by ! cannon p9ion or ! /eel %ield4 ,if ! wat* has a seconds h&1 asc]ta9 by means ( ! callip] t its :eel is upright4 ,f9ally1 exam9e ea* jewel to see t x is nei!r crack$ nor r\gh at ! edges ( ! hole4 #dfb4 ,! ,b>rel3 to ,take ,d[n & ,repair4 ,! side spr+1 :i* mu/ n be too /rong1 %\ld rea* ) c]ta9ty to ! bottom ( ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? ( ! rat*et1 & ?is latt] %\ld be held /eadily 9 position by ! cap4 ,x is a good plan aft] mak+ ! ext5sive repairs "h spok5 ( to aga9 te/ ! b>rel & c5t] p9ion dep?1 ei!r by t\* ( by drill+ a hole = obs]vation4 ,! screw ( ! />-:eel mu/ n project )9 ! cov] nor rub aga9/ ! dial2 x mu/ be r$uc$ if ei!r case pres5ts itself4 ,! action ( ! /opwork mu/ be well assur$1 especially :5 ! actual /op occurs4 ,x is a good plan to1 z x 71 8r\nd-up0 ! />-:eel & f+]-piece1 ) an em]y /ick1 support+ !m on arbors4 ,!re mu/ be no possibility ( friction betwe5 ! f+] & ! bottom ( its s9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 #dfc4 ,to ,te/ ! ,/opwork4 ,take up ! w9d+ squ>e ( an arbor1 ) ! b>rel1 etc41 9 position1 9 a pair ( slid+ tongs or a ,bir* key2 hold ! tongs betwe5 ! la/ ?ree f+]s & ! palm ( ! left h&1 ! fir/ f+] & ?umb be+ appli$ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel s z to rotate x1 fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r4 ,dur+ ?is movem5t1 take a pegwood po9t 9 ! "r-h&1 & try to turn ! />-:eel aga9/ ! direction 9 :i* x w\ld be impell$ by ! f+]2 ! position is indicat$ by ,b 9 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,! too? t is j go+ to engage ) ! f+] w ?us be caus$ to take up ! wor/ possible position = be+ turn$1 & ?us1 if ! action proves to be satisfactory = ea* too?1 we may re/ cont5t z to ! future2 provid+1 ( c\rse1 t ! engagem5t takes place squ>e1 & !re is no t5d5cy to cause di/ortion ( ! metal4 ,:5 ! corn] ( ,c is /opp$ aga9/ ! convex too? ( ! />-:eel1 ! f+] %\ld be free 9 a space1 & direct$ t[>ds ! c5t] ( ,a4 ,by hold+ ! slid+ tongs 9 a vise bo? h&s c be kept at lib]ty4 ,= details 9 reg>d to ! exam9ation & repair ( keyless me*anism1 see article #dha4 ,,accessories ,,= ,,beg9n]s4 #dfd4 ,to facilitate ! "w by secur+ ord] 9 tak+ to pieces & clean+1 prev5t+ ! screws f be+ mix$1 etc41 x is a good practice to prep>e be=eh& "o or m bo>ds1 9 :i* grooves & holes are made 9 positions to correspond ) ^? ( ! sev]al pieces on ! plate ( ! wat*1 z indicat$ by ,fig4 #bbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,! r\nd holes receive ! cock & b> screws1 :i* may be clean$ :ile ! o!r p>ts are 9 ! b5z9e solution4 7,two holes are %[n side by side = ea* b> & cock1 s t ! same plate w s]ve = a l>ge & small wat*74 ,! oval or circul> holl[s at a & ar\nd m receive ! cap screws1 & m ! %ield2 c1 c1 c1 hold ! screws ( ! side spr+ & />-:eel & ! f+]-piece p92 j is = ! screws ( ! top end-/one1 & n = ^? ( ! bottom end-/one1 etc4 ,x may be well "h to m5tion ! v conv5i5t divid$ boxes = hold+ ! sev]al p>ts ( a wat* :5 tak5 to pieces t are 9 g5]al use by wat*mak]s4 ,!y measure ab\t six in*es by f\r1 & "o in* 9 dep?1 ?us be+ l>ge en\gh to conta9 all ! p>ts ( any ord9>y wat*4 ,at fir/ e "y wat*mak] w f9d ! advantage ( not+ on pap]1 be>+ ! numb] ( ! wat*1 ! successive op]ations t h to be done4 ,he w !n m]ely h to /rike !m out "o by "o z ! "w progresses4 ,z he becomes m practic$ he c disp5se ) ?is auxili>y4 ,,clean+ ,,! ,,wat*4 #dfe4 ,:atev] sy/em ( clean+ is adopt$ x is ess5tial t x be conclud$ by pass+ a pegwood po9t into ea* ( ! holes4 ,brilliancy is giv5 to ! surfaces ( clean$ pieces by pass+ a c>efully kept f9e bru% ov] !m4 ,a bru% t is greasy c only be clean$ by soap & wat]1 & a new bru% is prep>$ = use by pass+ an incl9$ cutt+ edge ov] ! ends ( its bri/les s z to tap] !m (f to f9e po9ts1 & to remove knots due ei!r to h>d p>ts or to bri/les becom+ unit$4 ,?is prelim9>y treatm5t is complet$ by *>g+ ! bru% ) ,fr5* *alk1 & rubb+ x vigor\sly on a dry cru/ ( bread until ! bru% c be pass$ ov] a gild$ surface )\t scrat*+ x4 ,! bri/les are ma9ta9$ 9 good condition by ! same treatm5t4 ,billi>d *alk is also v effective = ?is purpose1 & ! great] numb] ( cavities !re are 9 ! cru/ ! bett] x w act4 ,a burnt bone is an excell5t sub/itute = ! cru/1 & has ! advantage ( caus+ ! bru% to imp>t a v brilliant appe>ance to objects to :i* x is appli$4 #dff4 ,to ,clean ) a ,bru%4 ,?is me?od is less us$ n[ ?an =m]ly1 z x c be adopt$ ) safety ) ! old-fa%ion$ gild+1 b is too sev]e = ! ?9 galvanic coats t are appli$ at ! pres5t day4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be resort$ to = gett+ up ! surface ( poli%$ brass :eels1 = example4 ,put "s ,fr5* *alk or p[d]$ sal-ammoniac 7:i* c be b\ght at a *emi/'s7 9 pure alcohol4 ,%ake ! mixture1 & ) a f9e pa9t bru% coat ! object ) a small quantity ( x1 subsequ5tly bru%+ ! surface ) a bru% t is 9 v good condition4 ,poli%$ :eels may be made to pres5t a v brilliant appe>ance by ?is means1 b _! tee? & ! leaves ( p9ions mu/ be aft]w>ds c>efully clean$4 ,! ,fr5* *alk & sal-ammoniac are all ! m effective accord+ z !y h rema9$ a long] "t 9 ! alcohol2 d\btless ow+ to ! fact t ! h>d gra9s met ) 9 !m are !n m completely dissolv$4 #dfg4 ,soap+4 ,x is advisable to use a soap t quickly produces a good la!r2 & ! object is held 9 ! h& & clean$ by rubb+ ) a s(t bru% *>g$ ) ?is la!r2 !n imm]se fir/ 9 clean wat]1 & subsequ5tly 9 alcohol1 mov+ x ab\t 9 ea*3 x may be left = a few seconds 9 ?is latt]1 &1 on be+ remov$1 is dri$ ) a f9e l95 rag or s(t musl94 ,a /roke ) a s(t bru% 9 good condition w give brilliancy to ! surface4 ,z wat] sometimes dissolves ! soap v sl[ly1 x is desirable t x be employ$ w>m4 ,if ab\t to soap poli%$ :eels1 ! surface mu/ be fir/ got up ) a buff/ick & r\ge1 or by bru%+ ) sal-ammoniac4 ,! balance spr+ may be clean$ by lay+ x on a l95 rag d\bl$1 & tapp+ x g5tly ) a bru% *>g$ ) la!r2 !n dipp+ 9 wat] & alcohol 9 succession4 ,! alcohol may be us$ hot or cold2 its action is1 h[ev]1 m rapid & effective 9 ! =m] case4 ,b !re is no occasion to use hot alcohol except :5 deal+ ) sub/ances su* z wax1 t resi/ its action4 #dfh4 ,ess5ces & ,b5z9e4 ,! employm5t ( ess5ces 9 clean+ wat*es is becom+ m g5]al e day4 ,!y are to be obta9$ at all mat]ial deal]s1 toge!r ) full in/ructions 9 reg>d to _! use4 ,a few obs]vations may nev]!less n be out ( place "h4 ,! objects are left 9 ! solution = a few m9utes 9 ord] to all[ all adh]+ matt] to dissolve1 b !y mu/ n rema9 too long1 z c]ta9 qualities ( b5z9e1 etc41 are apt to leave /a9s4 ,dry ! pieces on remov+ !m1 & f9i% by pass+ ov] a f9e bru% t has be5 *>g$ ) *alk & subsequ5tly be5 rubb$ on a h>d cru/ or burnt bone2 z has already be5 obs]v$1 ?is w produce a brilliant surface on ei!r gild+ or poli%$ brass4 ,! foll[+ composition1 ! +r$i5ts ( :i* c be obta9$ at any *emi/'s1 has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ to u by a clev] wat*mak]3 #ij p>ts by weight ( ref9$ petroleum4 #be 0 0 sulphuric e!r4 ,! objects are imm]s$ = sev]al m9utes2 inde$1 !y may rema9 = a long] p]iod )\t dang]1 & on removal f ! ba? are f\nd to be clean & bright4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t _m ( ^! ess5ces are liable to ignite ) ! m]e proximity ( a lamp4 ,,putt+ ,,! ,,wat* ,,toge!r4 #dfi4 ,! ?ree foll[+ rules mu/ be obs]v$ 9 arrang+ a sy/em ( putt+ ! wat* toge!r3 7#a7 avoid tak+ up ! same piece two or m times2 7#b7 hold x lightly1 z any pressure w produce a m>k2 7#c7 keep x z %ort a "t z possible 9 ! f+]s4 ,any l95 rags us$ mu/ be free f fluff1 b rags ( all k9ds %\ld z f> z possible be replac$ by c]ta9 k9ds ( tissue pap]4 ,! be/ k9d w be t :i*1 :ile secur+ a giv5 degree ( pliability1 w be/ prev5t heat & moi/ure f pass+ ?r\gh4 ,blue-%ad$ tissue pap] %\ld be avoid$1 z x is (t5 f\nd to enc\rage ! =mation ( ru/ on /eel "w4 #dgj4 ,! foll[+ ord] is adopt$ by "s excell5t wat*mak]s 9 putt+ toge!r ! ord9>y =m ( ,g5eva wat*2 x may be adopt$ exactly or modifi$ z exp]i5ce dictates4 ,comm5ce by putt+ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! b>rel toge!r1 atta*+ x to ! b> & obs]v+ ! directions giv5 f>!r on 7#dgd7 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( oil4 ,ow+ to ! position ( ! /op-f+]1 x is sometimes f\nd t ! ma9spr+ mu/ be set up ei!r "o-qu>t] or ?ree-qu>t]s ( a turn4 ,v (t5 "o-qu>t] is n suffici5t1 & 9 su* cases x is necess>y1 be=e putt+ toge!r1 to asc]ta9 t ! spr+ admits ( at lea/ #e or #e turns 9 ! b>rel4 ,if x w n all[ ?is am\nt1 & yet has to be set up ?ree-qu>t]s ( a turn1 too great a /ra9 w come ^u ! eye ( ! spr+ 9 w9d+4 ,fix ! *>iot ) its end-/one on ! "u side ( ! plate4 ,replace ! f\r? :eel1 mak+ sure t x is free & has no m ?an ! requisite end-%ake & is upright4 ,!n ! escape-:eel1 te/+ x 9 a simil> mann]4 ,see t ! tee? h suffici5t fre$om on bo? sides ( ! cock passage1 !n make ! two :eels run toge!r ) a pair ( tweez]s ( pegwood1 9 all positions ( ! plate1 to make sure ( ev]y?+ be+ free4 #dga4 ,aft] atta*+ ! index & end-/one to ! balance-cock & ! balance-spr+ to ! balance 7obs]v+ t ! c5t] ( ! /ud is aga9/ ! dot on ! balance rim71 place "s oil 9 bo? ! balance pivot-holes 7#dgf72 adju/ ! balance to ! cock aft] plac+ a drop ( oil 9 ! cyl9d] 7?\gh a mu* bett] plan is t giv5 9 article #dgf71 & set 9 position on ! plate4 ,"s workm5 apply a drop ( oil to ! top ( ! escape-:eel pivot-hole be=e sett+ ! balance-cock 9 its place1 b o!rs pref] only to add ! oil aft] ! escapem5t has be5 te/$4 ,plac+ a small piece ( pap] fir/ betwe5 ! balance & cock1 & !n betwe5 ! balance & plate1 asc]ta9 :e!r ! escape-:eel occupies its correct position 9 ref]5ce to ! cyl9d]1 9 ord] t ! escapem5t may act prop]ly4 ,?is te/ is especially necess>y 9 deal+ ) v ?9 wat*es or ^? 9 :i* ! cyl9d] bank+ slot is exceptionally n>r[4 ,! b>rel b> is n[ fix$ to ! plate4 #dgb4 ,set ! ?ird :eel 9 its place1 & la/ly ! c5t] :eel1 aft] putt+ a little oil on ! %\ld] ( its bottom pivot4 ,be=e putt+ ! b> ov] x1 apply oil to ! top pivot 9 a simil> mann]2 !n screw x d[n4 ,aft] ?is is done screw on ! ?ird :eel cock4 ,n[ apply a small quantity ( oil to ! two c5t] pivots1 & v lightly to ! o!rs t h n already be5 oil$2 give a turn to ! key & li/5 to ! tick ( ! wat* 9 all positions4 ,?is %\ld always be done be=e replac+ x 9 ! case4 ,aft] pass+ ! slightly-oil$ set-h&s arbor ?r\gh ! c5t] p9ion1 & adapt+ ! cannon p9ion to its end1 rev]se ! wat*1 pass+ ! end ( ! c5t] arbor ?r\gh a hole 9 ! rivet+ /ake1 s t ! wat* is support$ on ! end ( ! cannon p9ion2 a light bl[ ( ! hamm] on ! squ>e end ( ?is arbor w !n suffice to drive ! cannon p9ion home4 ,"s d ?is be=e replac+ ! movem5t 9 its case1 & "s aft]4 ,add a little oil to su* pivots z h n already receiv$ en\gh1 & fix 9 _! places ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! motion "w1 ! dial & h&s3 ! wat* !n only requires to be tim$4 #dgc4 ,precautions to be ,obs]v$ 9 ,apply+ ,oil4 ,! me?od ( di/ribut+ & apply+ ! oil is ( m importance ?an might be ?\ght1 & has a v m>k$ influ5ce on bo? ! "t ( go+ & ! rate4 ,oil t is v fluid may be us$ = ! escapem5t & f9e pivots1 :]e only a small quantity is ne$$ & ! pressure is slight2 b x is n suitable 9 o!r places on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to spread1 & ?us leave ! rubb+ surfaces4 ,if too mu* oil is appli$ ! effect is ! same z if !re _h be5 too little2 x runs away1 & only a m9ute quantity is left :]e x is want$4 #dgd4 ,b>rel4 ,x is n en\gh to apply oil to ! coils ( ! spr+2 "s mu/ also be plac$ on ! bottom ( ! b>rel4 ,be=e putt+ on ! cov]1 moi/5 ! %\ld] ( ! arbor-nut t comes 9 contact ) x ) oil2 by do+ s1 :5 oil is appli$ to ! pivot1 aft] ! cov] is 9 its place1 ?is oil w be reta9$ at ! c5t] ( ! boss 9 ! cov]4 ,moreov]1 x w n !n be drawn away by ! f+]-piece1 pass+ f ?is to ! />-:eel4 ,! oil appli$ to ! upp] surface ( ! rat*et to r$uce its friction aga9/ ! cap mu/ n be 9 su* quantity z to spread on to ! w9d+ squ>e4 ,x is a good plan to r\nd (f ! l[] corn] ( ?is cov]4 #dge4 ,c5t]-:eel4 ,! obs]vation made above 9 ref]5ce to ! oil appli$ to ! b>rel-cov] may be repeat$ "h4 ,by proce$+ z expla9$ 9 article #dgb1 & adopt+ ! precautions m5tion$ at ! end ( article #dfa1 x is possible to make sure ( ! pivots la/+ = a long p]iod4 #dgf4 ,escapem5t pivots3 ,cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! drop ( oil is introduc$ into ! oil-cup ( ! balance pivot-hole1 ins]t a v f9e pegwood po9t1 s z to cause ! desc5t ( ! oil2 a small additional quantity may !n be appli$4 ,:5 ?is precaution is n tak51 x frequ5tly happ5s t 9 ins]t+ ! balance pivot its conical %\ld] draws away "s ( ! oil1 & !re is a defici5cy bo? 9 ! hole & on ! end-/one4 ,z has be5 already notic$ 7#dga71 "s workm5 place a s+le drop ( oil )9 ! cyl9d]1 & :5 ! escape-:eel advances ea* too? takes "s up4 ,?is me?od is unsatisfactory1 because ! e>li] tee? receive su* a quantity ( oil t x runs d[n ! pill>s1 :]e x is useless & m]ely t5ds to increase ! weight ( ! :eel4 ,a mu* bett] plan is to put a v small quantity 9 ! cyl9d]1 & on ! flat ( ea* too? or e second or ?ird too?4 ,x w ?us be ev5ly di/ribut$1 & w n t5d to fl[ away4 ,! escape-:eel pivots require b a small quantity ( oil4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t1 ow+ to c>elessness1 ! workman applies too mu*1 & x runs d[n to ! p9ion4 ,! leaves w ?us become greasy & /ick1 :ile ! pivots are runn+ dry4 ,,to ,,exam9e ,,engli% ,,or ,,am]ican ,,movem5ts4 #dgg4 ,z has be5 already obs]v$ 9 article #dec1 _m ( ! rem>ks made 9 speak+ ( ! ,g5eva movem5t are equally applicable to t ( ,engli% or ,am]ican con/ruction1 & any intellig5t wat*mak]1 on read+ articles #dej-dfc1 w be able to select = himself :atev] has a be>+ on ! ,engli% wat*1 )\t difficulty4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to supplem5t x by ! special directions conta9$ 9 ! f\r foll[+ articles3 #dgh4 ,case1 ,glass1 ,dial1 ,cap1 ,dome4 ,9 addition to ! po9ts specifi$ 9 articles #dea-deb1 ! foll[+ require att5tion4 ,see t ! position ( dial is n alt]$ by clos+ d[n ! bezel1 t ! fuzee du/ cap does n t\* ! dome or cap1 & t ! diamond end-/one or o!r jewel+ ( ! balance-cock is free ( ! case4 ,9 -plate wat*es ! *a9 is occasionally f\nd to rub aga9/ ! edge ( ! case1 or ! top-plate to press aga9/ ! bottom edge ( ! same1 caus+ ! tra9 to b9d4 ,see t ! balance & *a9 & ! fuzee great :eel are free ( ! cap1 :]e "o exi/s2 ! *a9 is especially liable to rub aft] ! break+ ( a /rong spr+1 :i* may cause ! b>rel to bulge1 :5 x may also rub aga9/ ! pot5ce4 ,asc]ta9 t none ( ! dial-plate feet or p9s t\* ! tra91 t ! h\r :eel is cle> ( ! ?ird & f\r? :eel b>1 & ! m9ute :eel out ( contact ) ! dial-plate & n press$ by ! dial4 ,see t ! ?ird :eel is free 9 its holl[1 & t ! balance1 m especially 9 ov]sprung wat*es1 is cle> ( ! b>rel4 #dgi4 ,movem5t4 ,! regulator or index mu/ be te/$1 especially 9 wat*es t are und]sprung1 at sev]al po9ts betwe5 8fa/0 & 8sl[10 to see t x n[h]e approa*es too ne> to ! spr+1 is held ) suffici5t firmness1 & t x nev] comes ne> en\gh to ! gu>d p9 = contact to occur4 ,see t ! pot5ce screw & /eady-p9s d n project1 & t ! b>rel does n t\* ! "n-plate1 balance-cock1 top-plate holl[+ or great :eel4 ,be=e tak+ (f ! top-plate1 notice ! position ( ! det5t 9 ! /eel :eel1 & ! am\nt ( its end-%ake2 ! we> ( ! holes1 & fre$om ( ! tra9 :eels2 ! position ( ! ?ird p9ion ) respect to ! c5t] :eel1 & t ( ! escape :eel to ! lev]2 see t ! bank+ p9s are n loose or b5t2 t ! gu>d p91 :i* protects ! balance /aff :5 ! *a9 breaks1 is ne> en\gh to ! b>rel & ! pot5ce4 ,:5 ! wat* is tak5 to pieces1 any loose pill>s or jo9ts mu/ be secur$1 pivots exam9$ to see :e!r worn or b5t1 & ^? work+ on end-/ones t !y come ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! f\r? :eel p9ion mu/ be free 9 ! holl[ ( ! pill> plate & ! c5t] :eel 9 its holl[2 a simil> exam9ation also mu/ be made ( ! collet & p9 :i* secure ! great :eel to ! fusee4 ,if a *a9 is brok5 ne> ! b>rel end1 ! /opwork is probably defective or ! spr+ too /rong4 ,! foll[+ faults may be met ) 9 ! ,engli% /opwork4 ,! /op may come opposite ! fusee snail too soon or too late1 all[+ "o turn too few or too _m ( ! fusee2 or ! back ( ! snail may butt aga9/ ! /op1 & ?us /op ! wat* aft] go+ = a few h\rs4 ,ov]w9d+ sometimes occurs 9 consequ5ce ( ! /op-spr+ be+ lock$ betwe5 ! %\ld] ( ! /op & its brass /ud2 & ! blade ( ! snail or ! end ( ! /op may be worn or b5t 9 clean+4 ,9 -plate fusee wat*es1 see t ! balance does n come too ne> to ! fusee1 f\r? :eel1 c5t] :eel1 & sometimes ! escape-:eel4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! break+ ( a ma9spr+ sometimes causes c]ta9 tee? ( ! great :eel to be /ra9$4 #dhj4 ,escapem5t4 ,x may be well to note ! few foll[+ p>ticul>s t %\ld always be att5d$ to4 ,see t ruby-p9 & pallet /ones are firmly set1 t nei!r pallets nor roll] is loose on its /aff1 & t ! lev] & pallets are rigidly fix$ toge!r4 ,! gu>d p9 mu/ be firm1 ! balance well rivet$ to its collet1 ! spr+ collet suffici5tly tight & ! curb p9s firm4 ,if !re is a comp5sation balance1 asc]ta9 t ea* screws tight4 ,! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! balance-spr+ are giv5 9 article #def4 #dha4 ,keyless ,"w4 ,s great a v>iety ( arrangem5ts ( ! me*anism = w9d+ wat*es at ! p5dant is met ) at ! pres5t day t x w\ld be impossible to give detail$ directions 9 reg>d to _! exam9ation2 ! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks1 h[ev]1 ma9ly tak5 f ! "w ( ,m4 ,a4 ,philippe on ,keyless ,wat*es1#f w be f\nd ( value 9 direct+ att5tion to ! po9ts :i* mo/ require x1 & w suffice = any intellig5t workman4 ,is %\ld be obs]v$ at ! outset1 h[ev]1 t ! adju/m5t ( keyless "w is almo/ entirely a "q ( dep?s1 & ! workman :o has ?or\ghly ma/]$ ?is subject w r>ely exp]i5ce any difficulty 9 deal+ ) keyless me*anism4 ,c>efully obs]ve ea* dep?1 etc41 9 succession1 to make sure t no prejudicial friction occurs ei!r betwe5 tee? or by contigu\s p>ts com+ 9 contact4 ,all spr+s %\ld act solely 9 ! direction 9 :i* pressure is requir$ ( !m4 ,special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! int]m$iate /eel :eel = communicat+ motion to ! cannon p9ion1 :5 ?is exi/s1 z x is p]man5tly 9 ge> ) ! tra91 s t any unev5ness ( ! dep? w effect ! rate3 if ! m9ute :eel h too mu* end-%ake or play on its /ud1 x is apt to ride on ! int]m$iate /eel :eel4 ,! friction ( ! cannon p9ion on ! set-h&s arbor mu/ n be excessive1 s9ce x w\ld involve too great a /ra9 on ! tee? ( ! m9ute :eel1 nor too slight1 s9ce ! h&s w\ld be liable to be displac$ on releas+ ! set-h&s /ud4 ,if ! int]m$iate :eel has too mu* end-%ake1 limit ?is by an ecc5tric screw ov]lapp+ its edge4 ,te/ ! spr+ ( ! set-h&s /ud1 to see t x is n too /rong nor too weak & t x moves p>allel ) ! plate4 ,failure 9 ?is latt] p>ticul> might lead to its ris+ on to ! rock+-b> or o!r pieces on :i* its acts4 ,! w9d+ p9ion dep? mu/ be exam9$ to see t x is nei!r too deep nor %all[4 ,! set-h&s /ud-spr+ mu/ be /rong en\gh to resi/ any accid5tal pressure on ! /ud1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /r5g? mu/ n be excessive1 z ! spr+ w !n be all ! m liable to break1 besides caus+ inconv5i5ce :5 sett+ ! h&s4 ,! c\rse ( ! spr+ %\ld be bank$ at ! po9t :i* gives a good dep? betwe5 ! w9d+ & int]m$iate :eels4 ,! m9ute-:eel /ud mu/ be firm 9 ! plate1 z any accid5tal b9d+ might o!rwise unscrew x1 occasion+ ! breakage ( ! dial4 ,:5 ! m9ute h& is c>ri$ by ! set-h&s arbor1 & n by ! cannon p9ion1 c>e is necess>y 9 fitt+ ?is latt]1 = if too loose x w rotate 9 sett+ ! h&s )\t c>ry+ ! m9ute h& r\nd1 & ! m9ute & h\r h& w cease to agree4 ,x is important t att5tion be paid to ! application ( oil to keyless "w1 z1 9 its abs5ce1 ru/ rapidly =ms1 & ! me*anism becomes b\nd4 ,( c\rse1 all be>+ surfaces1 su* z ! int]ior ( ! p5dant1 int]m$iate & m9ute :eel /uds1 /uds or screws ( ! rock+ b> or o!r surfaces on :i* :eels rotate1 mu/ be lubricat$2 an equally important po9t is to lib]ally oil ! tee? ( ! w9d+ p9ion & ! bevel or cr[n :eel t engages ) x4 ,! application ( a little oil inside & outside ! cannon p9ion mu/ n be =gott54 ,,to ,,rapidly ,,"t ,a ,,wat* ,,or ,,clock4 #dhb4 ,x seems desirable to supplem5t ! in=mation "h giv5 by a few details1 s9ce we h obs]v$ t1 ei!r f want ( pati5ce or me?od1 _m wat*mak]s are n always successful 9 c\nt+ ! vibrations4 #dhc4 ,to ,practice ,c\nt+ ,vibrations4 ,at ! outset x is to be obs]v$ t to ea* vibration to ! "r !re is a correspond+ "o to ! left1 s t x is only necess>y to obs]ve ^? 9 "o direction1 or else to c\nt "o = ea* two impacts ( ! escapem5t1 9 a m9ute 7or half-m9ute71 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( vibrations4 #ad1djj vibrations p] h\r correspond to #d p] second2 t is #bdj p] m9ute1 or #abj p] half-m9ute1 & ! half ( ?is numb] is #fj4 ,simil>ly1 a #af1bjj tra9 w\ld give #d vibrations p] second2 or #bgj 9 a m9ute1 ! half ( :i* numb] is #ace4 ,an #ah1jjj tra9 giv+ #e vibrations p] second1 or #aej p] half-m9ute1 w\ld c\nt #ge 9 ?is int]val ( "t4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ! requir$ numb] ( vibrations is to be asc]ta9$ z foll[s3 ,! movem5t is plac$ 9 su* a position t ! light is reflect$ f an arm ( ! balance1 s t1 by ref]5ce to "s fix$ po9t1 7su* z ! side ( ! balance-cock1 ! /ud1 etc471 ea* return ( ! balance c be not$ & c\nt$4 ,a v little practice w remove any difficulty t may be exp]i5c$ 9 do+ ?is4 ,:5 ! requisite skill has be5 acquir$1 "o c li/5 to ! impacts ( ! escapem5t :ile cont9u+ to c\nt1 & 9 ord] to det]m9e ) great] facility ! correspond5ce ( ! position ( ! balance ) successive pairs ( vibrations1 close ! eyes f "t to "t :ile /ill c\nt+4 ,on op5+ !m1 ! accuracy ( ! co9cid5ce c be at once te/$ by ! sight1 &1 ) a little pati5ce1 x is possible to c\nt ! d\ble vibrations ) c]ta9ty 9 ?is mann]1 bo? by ! eye & e>2 x is only necess>y :5 ne>+ ! end ( ! m9ute or half-m9ute to cont9ue c\nt+ al\d1 :ile keep+ ! eye on ! regulator3 = ! e> w guide ! voice1 :i* w ?us accurately reflect ! motions ( ! wat*4 ,! above explanations w be suffici5t to enable any wat*mak] ( av]age intellig5ce to acquire ! p[] ( c\nt+ vibrations1 ei!r 9 ! mann] "h recomm5d$1 or by modify+ x 9 any mann] t may suit 8 temp]am5t4 ,?is p[]1 :5 once acquir$1 w be ( v great assi/ance 9 8 daily "w1 = be=e tak+ a wat* to pieces t requires repair1 he c 9 "o or two m9utes asc]ta9 ! numb] ( vibrations x %\ld make2 he w ?us be enabl$ to regulate ! wat* almo/ in/antane\sly :5 ! necess>y repairs h be5 complet$4 ,we w\ld aga9 obs]ve t ! ma9 po9t is to educate ! e> to ignore ea* alt]nate vibration1 & ?us to c\nt only ! int]vals ( ! balance be+ 9 ! same position & ! same phase ( its motion4 #dhd4 ,vibration ,c\nt]4 ,lecl]re's ,vibration ,c\nt] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,r is a rat*et :eel ) #cj tee?1 m\nt$ on a v]tical plate1 s t x c rotate freely4 ,a pawl1 v1 prev5ts its movem5t except :5 =c$ =w>d "o too? at a "t by depress+ ! spr+ ga!r+-click1 p1 a f+] be+ appli$ to ! button1 o1 ea* "t ! ^w 8t50 is utt]$4 ,! numb] ( tee? advanc$ ?us af=ds a record ( ! vibrations )\t !re be+ any necessity to g into high] figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 #dhe4 ,to ,regulate a ,wat*4 ,place ! movem5t ne> to a regulator or wat* indicat+ seconds1 9 su* a position t ! eye c easily obs]ve ! p]iodical return ( an arm ( ! balance1 z already expla9$1 & comm5ce to c\nt1 always />t+ f ! in/ant at :i* ! seconds h& po9ts to z]o4 ,!n c\nt /eadily #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 until ?is h& rea*es #cj seconds4 ,assume1 z is v commonly ! case1 t ! balance %\ld make #ah1jjj vibrations 9 an h\r1 or #aej 9 a half-m9ute1 & t1 on c\nt+ its vibrations1 we f9d #fe d\ble vibrations1 or #acj beats1 :]eas x %\ld give #aej4 ,x is ?us #bj beats sl[4 ,advance ! index1 & repeat ! op]ation2 & s on till ! regulation is effect$4 ,a great] degree ( accuracy w be secur$ by c\nt+ = a long] p]iod1 say "o1 two1 or ?ree m9utes2 b :5 ?is is done1 x is advisable1 9 ord] to avoid confusion1 to recomm5ce at "o aft] ea* #cj or #ej h be5 c\nt$1 because all t is requir$ is ! f9al deviation4 ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,all m5 are n equally quick ( p]ception1 s t1 9 c\nt+ & utt]+ ! ^w "o1 x w be f\nd to correspond ) ! end ( ! fir/ beat 9 ! case ( "s obs]v]s1 & its comm5cem5t ) o!rs4 ,by practic+ on a well regulat$ wat*1 a wat*mak] c det]m9e to :i* ( ^! classes he belongs4 ,if to ! second1 he %\ld d\ble ! "o at />t+2 9 o!r words1 he %\ld c\nt ?us3 #a1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 etc4 #b4 ,advantage may be tak5 ( ! pr9ciple ( ! s\nd+-bo>d by plac+ ! wat* on a sonor\s body :i* w make ! vibrations l\d]1 or by plac+ betwe5 ! plate ( ! wat* & ! e> a rod t is a good conductor ( s\nd4 ,by ei!r or bo? ( ^! means1 ! op]ation is r5d]$ v easy1 especially if ! vibration c\nt] record+ ! t5s is employ$4 #dhf4 ,ano!r ,me?od ( ,regulat+ a ,wat*4 ,:5 ! movem5t is 9 go+ ord]1 arre/ ! balance & make a m>k ) r\ge on "o arm ( ! escape-:eel4 ,release ! balance :5 ! seconds h& ( ! regulator crosses #fj4 ,obs]v+ ! numb] ( revolutions t %\ld be made by ! escape-:eel 9 a giv5 "t 7x w\ld be six turns p] m9ute ) an ord9>y #ah1jjj tra971 c\nt its revolutions :ile ! f\r? :eel makes "o complete turn2 inde$1 ev5 ?is c\nt+ may be avoid$ by mak+ a r\ge m>k on its edge :]e x corresponds ) ! m>k already made on ! escape-:eel4 ,if aft] two or ?ree m9utes ^! two m>ks are f\nd to occupy simil> positions at ! in/ant ! seconds h& ( ! regulator crosses #fj1 ! wat* is to "t4 ,if !re is any diff]5ce x is easy to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is indicates a ga9 or a loss1 & ! index is mov$ accord+ly4 #dhg4 ,to ,regulate a ,clock4 ,! tim+ ( timepieces by c\nt+ vibrations is mu* m easy ?an t ( wat*es4 ,be=e remov+ ! p5dulum c\nt ! numb] ( its vibrations dur+ two or ?ree m9utes4 ,?is "t w be suffici5t to af=d a guide 9 regulat+ ! clock aft] x has be5 repair$4 ,9 mo/ mod]n timepieces ! escape :eel makes #abj revolutions 9 an h\r1 or two 9 a m9ute4 ,h5ce we h two modes ( tim+4 7#a74 ,hav+ made a light m>k on ! circumf]5ce ( ?is :eel opposite to a fix$ po9t1 obs]ve if ! co9cid5ce is ma9ta9$ aft] int]vals ( two or ?ree4 7#b74 ,multiply ! numb] ( ! escape-:eel tee? by #b1 & ! product by #abj4 ,?is gives ! numb] ( oscillations ! p5dulum %\ld make 9 an h\r4 ,!nce d$uce ! numb] x %\ld make 9 two m9utes1 or ! numb] p] m9utes c be obta9$ by multiply+ ! fir/ product by #b1 & x only rema9s to c\nt ! numb] actually p]=m$ 9 any def9ite int]val4 #dhh4 ,guilmet's ,syn*romet]4 ,:5 a clock is to "t1 its p5dulum makes a c]ta9 def9ite numb] ( oscillations p] m9ute1 dep5d5t on ! tra94 ,if1 !re=e1 be=e tak+ x to pieces a comp>ison p5dulum be set to make ! same numb] ( oscillations z t ( ! clock1 or if ! =m] be set to make ! numb] :i* ! tra9 %[s t ! clock p5dulum %\ld p]=m1 x c be us$ z a t]m ( comp>ison = sett+ ! clock to "t aft] x has be5 clean$4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! syn*romet] is bas$4 ,a p5dulum is lightly support$ on a frame1 & has an adju/able rod slid+ 9 a tube1 & graduat$ s t x c be firmly set )\t difficulty to give ! v>i\s p]iods ( oscillation commonly met ) 9 timepieces4 ,! p5dulum is hung freely )\t any tra9 to drive x1 & cont9ues to oscillate = two or ?ree m9utes1 q long en\gh to asc]ta9 :e!r agreem5t is ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! two p5dulums4 #dhi4 ,o!r ,me?ods ( ,regulat+ a ,clock4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 rec5tly propos$ = rapidly tim+ a clock1 all bas$ ^u "o idea3 namely1 ! tempor>y addition ( a seconds h& = purposes ( obs]vation4 ,t sugge/$ by ,m4 ,jacom9 is recomm5d$ by its simplicity4 ,hav+ remov$ ! p9 & wa%] t ma9ta9 ! m9ute h& 9 position 9 an ord9>y timepiece1 replace !m by a light brass cap t c be fix$ by a screw or 9 any conv5i5t mann]1 s t a f9e /eel p9 project+ f x %all be accurately 9 ! axis ( ! m9ute :eel4 ,"p ( a wat* movem5t1 compris+ only ! c5t]1 ?ird & f\r? :eels ) seconds h& atta*$1 is support$ 9 front ( ! clock dial1 s t ?is p9 c be ins]t$ 9 place ( ! set-h&s arbor1 & x is evid5t t1 if ! clock is to "t1 ! seconds h& %\ld p]=m "o revolution p] m9ute z x w =m "p ( ! clock tra94 ,! l5g? ( p5dulum mu/ !n be v>i$ until ?is condition is f\nd to be satisfi$4 ,,tim+ ,,9 ,,positions4 ,,horizontal ,,& ,,v]tical4 #dij4 ,to adju/ a wat* s t x has ! same rate :5 fir/ plac$ 9 a horizontal & !n 9 a v]tical position is a delicate & (t5 difficult op]ation2 ?us x is seldom f\nd to be prop]ly done 9 ord9>y wat*es4 ,! rates 9 a v]tical & horizontal position are made id5tical or ne>ly s by equaliz+ ! resi/ances t int]f]e ) ! motion ( ! balance 9 ! two cases1 & by tak+ advantage ( ! displacem5t ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! balance spr+4 ,satisfactory results w be obta9$ 9 mo/ cases by employ+ ! foll[+ me?ods1 ei!r sep>ately1 or two or m toge!r1 accord+ to ! results ( exp]im5ts or ! rates1 ! exp]i5ce & ! judgm5t ( ! workman3 #a4 ,flatt5 slightly ! ends ( ! balance pivots s z to increase _! radii ( friction2 :5 ! wat* is ly+ flat ! friction w ?us become great]4 #b4 ,let ! ?ickness ( ! jewel-holes be no m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght suffici5t to *amf] ! jewel hole s z to r$uce ! surface on :i* friction occurs2 b ?is does n q meet ! case1 s9ce an appreciable column ( oil is ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! pivot4 #c4 ,r$uce ! diamet]s ( ! pivots1 ( c\rse *ang+ ! jewel-holes4 ,! resi/ance due to friction1 :5 ! wat* is v]tical1 increases rapidly ) any increase 9 ! diamet]s ( pivots4 #d4 ,let ! balance spr+ be accurately c5t]$1 or x mu/ usually be s plac$ t ! lat]al pull t5ds to lift ! balance :5 ! wat* is hang+ v]tical4 ,9 ?is & ! next succe$+ case x w\ld sometimes be advantage\s to be able to *ange ! po9t at :i* x is fix$2 b ?is is seldom possible4 #e4 ,replace ! balance spr+ by "o t is long] or %ort] b ( ! same /r5g?2 ?is is ) a view to increase or dim9i% ! lat]al pressure 9 accordance ) ! explanation giv5 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 #f4 ,set ! escapem5t s t ! /ronge/ impulse corresponds ) ! greate/ resi/ance ( ! balance4 #g4 ,replace ! balance4 ,a balance t is mu* too heavy r5d]s ! tim+ = position impossible4 #h4 ,la/ly1 :5 ^! me?ods are inapplicable or insuffici5t1 !re only rema9s ! v common practice ( sett+ ! balance 8out ( poise40 ,if !re is a ga9 9 ! v]tical hang+ position ( ! wat*1 slightly r$uce ! l[] side ( ! balance2 ! oscillation w increase some:at 9 ext5t1 & !re w be a los+ rate 9 ?is position4 ,! conv]se mu/ be done 9 ! opposite case4 ,:5 ! vibration exce$s a :ole turn1 ! *anges w be ! rev]se ( ^? above indicat$4 ,?is fact mu/ n be =gott51 especially 9 reg>d to ! duplex & lev] escapem5ts1 :i* may at fir/ make a vibration ( m ?an a turn1 & subsequ5tly less1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! oil4 ,we w\ld aga9 obs]ve t ! tim+ ( a wat* = position pres5ts "s difficulty1 & x w only be aft] mak+ a numb] ( trials t ! wat*mak] w be able to accompli% x ) c]ta9ty4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,balances4 #dia4 ,two v important elem5ts 9 ! tim+ are ! weight & dim5sions ( ! balance2 x is1 !n1 necess>y t a wat*mak] %\ld practice himself 9 obs]v+ _! relative values1 & ! effect ( increas+ "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r on tim+1 & m especially on tim+ = positions4 ,! s5sibility ( a balance to v>iations 9 ! motive =ce1 & ! "t t elapses betwe5 ! initial %ort vibration & ! fir/ t is ( normal ext5t1 a "t t is approximately con/ant w s]ve z crit]ia4 ,a balance t is v s5sitive to v>iations 9 ! motive =ce is g5]ally too small2 & "o t atta9s to ! normal arc ( vibration almo/ in/antane\sly is1 z a rule1 too light4 ,! conv]se effects w\ld indicate t ! size & weight 7 excessive4 ,9 ord] t he may be able to practically apply ^! rem>ks1 ! workman %\ld ga9 exp]i5ce by mak+ obs]vations on sev]al wat*es ^: rate is kn[n to be good1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 reg>d to weight3 ,/op ! balance at ! position ( re/ ( its spr+1 !n release x & c\nt ! numb] ( vibrations up to ! po9t at :i* ! normal arc is atta9$2 ! ext5t ( ?is mu/ h be5 previ\sly record$ on ! plate ) r\ge m>ks4 ,record ! numb] ?us obta9$ 9 a table opposite to ! dim5sions ( ! balance1 &1 by comp>+ ^! dim5sions ) ^? ( ano!r balance ( equal size1 ! weight c be asc]ta9$ & also record$4 ,9 reg>d to size3 ,pass ?r\gh ! c5t] p9ion a k9d ( %ort screw arbor c>ry+ a l>ge ?9 f]rule1 on :i* a cord support+ a weight is coil$4 ,fix+ ! movem5t 9 a movem5t hold]1 set x 9 a v]tical plane & obs]ve ! ext5t ( ! vibrations ( ! balance ) diff]5t weights atta*$ to ! cord4 ,^! arcs %\ld also be record$ 9 ! table opposite to ! dim5sions ( ! balance4 ,) suffici5t practice ! wat*mak] w be enabl$ to judge at a glance :e!r ! weight & size are well proportion$4 ,,demagnetiz+4 #dib4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( remov+ ! magnetism f a wat* t has be5 accid5tally br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( a p[]ful magnet is propos$ by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,l4 ,may]4 ,we %all n "h ent] m fully into ! subject ?an is necess>y to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* a wat*mak] may re/ore ! /eel "w to its orig9al condition4 ,take a delicately susp5d$ magnetic ne$le1 say a m>9]'s compass1 ! l5g? ( :i* is ab\t equal to ! diamet] ( ! wat*1 & lay x on a table4 ,n[ place ! wat* to be op]at$ on1 :i* %\ld n be go+1 on ! table close to ! ne$le & on ei!r ! ea/ or we/ side ( x1 hav+ previ\sly turn$ ! box ar\nd until ! ne$le po9ts to z]o4 ,tak+ c>e n to v>y ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! wat* & compass1 obs]ve ! numb] ( graduations to :i* ! nor? end ( ! ne$le is deflect$ ) ea* figure on ! dial br\ght 9 succession ne>e/ to ! compass2 x is also necess>y to note :e!r ! deflection is t[>ds ! ea/ or we/4 ,= example1 assume t ! wat* is on ! ea/ side1 & t1 ) noon ne>e/ to ! compass1 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le is turn$ #ab to ! ea/1 t is1 t[>ds ! wat*4 ,?is %[s t "s po9t 9 ! wat* 9 ! neighborhood ( ! numb] ,,xii on ! dial possesses :at is kn[n z 8nor? pol>ity10 & if ! deflection _h be5 to ! we/ ! pol>ity w\ld h be5 8s\?40 #dic4 ,to take an example4 ,let ! results ( a s]ies ( trials ) ! sev]al h\rs 9 succession t[>ds ! compass be z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,h\r ne>e/ to ! ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,compass ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,angle ( ,deflection #e #ah #gb #ef #bb #e ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,direction ( ,deflection ,e ,w ,w ,w ,w ,e ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,h5ce ,pol>ity is ,n ,s ,s ,s ,s ,n ,h\r ne>e/ to ! ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,x ,,xi ,,xii ,compass ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,angle ( ,deflection #ag #af #af #bj #bd #bj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,direction ( ,deflection ,e ,e ,e ,e ,e ,e ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,h5ce ,pol>ity is ,n ,n ,n ,n ,n ,n ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,x w be se5 t ! greate/ deflection we/w>d corresponds to ?ree o'clock1 &1 9 ! ea/]ly direction1 to elev5 o'clock4 ,?is %[s t ! /ronge/ s\? & nor? pol>ity are respectively 9 ^! directions4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is1 !n1 to elim9ate ?is p>ticul> magnetism4 ,plac+ a b> magnet 9 a horizontal direction1 approa* ! wat* to its s\?-seek+ end 9 su* a mann] t a l9e ,x ,x1 ,fig4 #bbh1 ?r\gh ! axis ( ! magnet1 w pass ?r\gh ! c5t] ,c ( ! wat*1 ! figure ,,xi1 :i* m>ks ! po9t ( extreme nor? pol>ity1 be+ ne>e/ to ! b> magnet4 ,n[ cause ! wat* to oscillate s t x alt]nately takes up ! two positions ,a & ,b1 &1 :5 ?is has be5 sev]al times repeat$1 br+ ,,iii 9 a simil> mann] ne> ! nor?-seek+ pole ( ! b> magnet1 oscillat+ ! wat* 9 ! same way4 ,aga9 try ! wat* ) ! compass1 repeat+ ! above op]ations if necess>y until ! read+s are some:at z foll[s3 ,h\r ne>e/ to ! ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,compass ---------------------------------------- --------- ,angle ( ,deflection #e #d #j #e #h #b ---------------------------------------- --------- ,direction ( ,deflection ,e ,e ,w ,w ,w ---------------------------------------- --------- ,h5ce ,pol>ity is ,n ,n ,s ,s ,s ,h\r ne>e/ to ! ,,vii ,,viii ,,ix ,x ,,xi ,,xii ,compass ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,angle ( ,deflection #d #d #b #a #j #b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,direction ( ,deflection ,e ,e ,e ,e ,e ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,h5ce ,pol>ity is ,n ,n ,n ,n ,n ,^! figures %[ t1 9 c\nt]act+ ! pol>ity at ,,iii & ,,xi1 ! magnetic action ( ! wat* 9 all o!r positions has1 z might inde$ h be5 anticipat$1 mat]ially dim9i%$4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s w1 ( c\rse1 n be atta9$ at once1 & x may ev5 happ5 t ! pol>ity at ! two po9ts ,,iii & ,,xi is rev]s$2 9 su* a case x is only necess>y to oscillate ! ,,iii 9 front ( ! s\?-seek+ pole in/ead ( ! nor?4 ,! la/ table %[s t a maximum s\? pol>ity is n[ at ,v1 & nor? at ,i4 ,^! po9ts mu/ !re=e be op]at$ ^u 9 ! same mann]1 &1 by proce$+ 9 ?is mann]1 & successively elim9at+ ! wor/ po9ts1 ! magnetism may be effectually remov$4 ,z prov+ ! effici5cy ( ! above me?od1 ,pr(4 ,may] m5tions a case 9 :i* a wat* lo/ "o h\r 9 six 9 consequ5ce ( magnetism1 & yet aft] ! above treatm5t1 x resum$ its orig9al rate ( ab\t a second p] day4 #did4 ,ano!r ,me?od4 ,a second me?od ( proc$ure has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,h4 ,s4 ,maxim4 ,he employs a specially arrang$ app>atus1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple t if a wat* or o!r object be subject$ to rapid alt]ations ( magnetism1 :ile gradually )draw+ x f ! influ5ce ( ! magnetic poles1 ! di/ance ultimately becomes s great t ! rev]sals are inappreciable1 :5 ! wat* is f\nd to be demagnetiz$4 ,a b> magnet is arrang$ to revolve 9 a horizontal plane ar\nd a v]tical axis2 ! wat* be+ plac$ 9 a small pocket opposite to ! magnet1 is caus$ to rotate 9 an ev]-%ift+ v]tical plane1 :ile ! frame support+ x rotates 9 a horizontal plane4 ,:ile ^! movem5ts cont9ue ! wat* c>ri] is gradually mov$ away f ! magnet by ! action ( a long horizontal screw1 & x is /at$ t wat*es t h be5 completely spoil$ c be r5d]$ p]fectly free f magnetism by su* an app>atus4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,les ,montres sans ,clefs 7,g5eva74 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,practical ,,recipes4 #die4 ,! practical op]ations ( ! wat*mak] are num]\s & ( a v v>i$ "*4 ,detail$ in/ructions 9 reg>d to ! prop] conduct ( a l>ge numb] ( !m w be giv5 9 ?is "p ( ! "w1 & frequ5t ref]5ces w be made to =m] p>ts ( ?is volume1 :5ev] by s do+ repetition c be avoid$4 ,! op]ations h]e9 discuss$ are (t5 ( s dissimil> a nature t x has be5 f\nd impossible to classify !m 9 su* a mann] t w always ensure ! read] f9d+ ! in=mation he requires )\t wa/e ( "t2 & any risk ( ?is w\ld s]i\sly impair ! value ( su* a h&-book z ! pres5t4 ,a v full index has !re=e be5 add$1 & :5 seek+ = details conc]n+ any p>ticul> op]ation1 ?is %\ld 9 all cases be fir/ consult$4 ,,! ,,plate4 #dif4 ,to ,make a ,plate4 ,! %eet ( brass hav+ be5 prep>$ 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 article #ajc1 r\ghly r\nd$ & smoo!d on "o face1 is cem5t$ to ! *uck ( a la!4 ,turn out ! o!r face ( ! plate v flat1 & make ! circumf]5ce squ>e4 ,:5 us+ a la! ! face mu/ fir/ be r\gh$ out1 & !n ! plate is to be cem5t$ to a p]=at$ plate1 s t x c be c5t]$ & f9i%$4 ,smoo? ! expos$ face ) a well-set cutt] & turn ! inside & outside ( ! edge2 !n make sure t ! :ole is conc5tric by a light cut ) a cyl9drical drill 9 ! c5t] hole4 ,aft] remov+ & clean+ ! plate x is set up 9 ! dogs1 & ! face t has hi!rto be5 unt\*$ is g5tly dress$ ) ! grav]4 ,!re w ?us be left a n>r[ r+ at ! edge t is n t\*$ by ! grav]3 ?is may be levell$ ) a smoo?-cut file1 & ! :ole surface !n smoo!d z expla9$ 9 article #aga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,if a la! is n available1 ! plate mu/ be cem5t$ to an arbor ( ! =m %[n at ,y1 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,! heel ( ?is is receiv$ 9 a runn] ( ! turns1 :ile ! po9t ( ! opposite runn] is receiv$ by ! hole 9 ! c5t] ( ! plate1 :i* is !reby held 9 close contact ) ! plate ( ,y1 ! revolution be+1 ( c\rse1 produc$ by a b[4 ,:ile ! cem5t is /ill hot1 a /ick re/+ on ! ,t-re/ w s]ve to ensure ! conc5tricity ( ! plate until x is set4 ,?is sett+ may be r5d]$ m rapid by ! application ( cold wat]4 ,turn out ! plate ) a hook$ grav] made ( a worn out file1 &1 if ! upp] or "u side does n run true1 turn ! portion t projects beyond ! *uck ) a grav]1 &1 :5 ! plate is remov$1 face ! surface1 tak+ ! flat r+ produc$ by ! grav] z a guide1 & tak+ c>e to avoid alt]+ any portion ( x4 ,! small] s9ks c also be made 9 ! same primitive mann]1 to :i* we h only drawn att5tion = ! sake ( wat*mak]s :o are ill-provid$ ) tools4 ,b we w\ld at ! same "t po9t out t1 at ! pres5t day1 !re %\ld n be a s+le "o :o does n "k h[ to extemporize a la!-head4 #dig4 ,cocks & ,b>s4 ,if x is requir$ to make all ! cocks & b>s ( a wat*1 prep>e a false plate1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is a trifle great] ?an t ( ! highe/ cock or b>2 !n turn on ! "u side a s]ies ( s9ks to correspond ) ! ?9 portions ( ! cocks & b>s4 ,cut ! sev]al p>ts out ( ?is plate ) a f9e saw1 & x only rema9s to %ape _! cont\rs ) a file4 ,! same me?od may be adopt$ if a numb] ( id5tical cocks h to be made at a "t4 ,,! ,,b>rel4 ,,includ+ ,,arbor1 ,,/opwork1 ,,ma9spr+1 ,,etc4 #dih4 ,to ,make a ,b>rel4 ,hav+ tru$ bo? faces ( ! brass1 & drill$ a c5tral hole r less ?an t f9ally requir$ & exactly p]p5dicul> to ! faces1 turn away ! brass f ! inside 7leav+ a consid]able excess ( metal at ! c5t] to =m ! %\ld]71 & =m ! r+ on :i* ! tee? are to be cut1 if x is a go+-b>rel1 9 ! ord9>y la! on a wax *uck4 ,!n fa/5 ! plane surface1 :i* mu/ be q true1 to a smoo? plate t is ( uni=m ?ickness & has a hole 9 ! c5t] to p]mit ! passage ( ! pump-c5t]4 ,hav+ fix$ ! plate by ! m&rel dogs1 f9i% ) well-set grav]s3 #a ! inside2 #b ! ext]nal cyl9drical surface bo? ( ! b>rel & ( ! r+ left = ! tee?2 #c ! b>rel-cov] groove2 & #d ) a f9e-po9t$ cutt] slightly enl>ge ! c5tral hole4 ,by ?is means x is possible to ensure t ! b>rel w turn true & 9 ! flat4 ,smoo? ! inside1 m especially ! groove1 ! corn] ( :i* mu/ always be c>efully smoo!d & poli%$4 ,! cutt+ ( ! recess 9 ! b>rel-cov] 7( a ,swiss or ,fr5* wat*7 t gives fre$om to ! motion "w1 z well z ! recesses = ! /opwork1 w n pres5t any difficulty :5 ! workman is provid$ ) a la! ) or )\t a slide-re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,:5 !re is no slide-re/1 ! tool %[n at ,d1 ,fig4 #bcj1 c be us$ = mak+ ! groove4 ,a /rip ( metal ( rectangul> section has a small cutt] clamp$ 9 a slot 9 its surface at a slight incl9ation4 ,by releas+ ! two screws ( ! clamp1 ?is cutt] c be advanc$ to any requir$ ext5t1 & 9 ! /rip ( metal are two or ?ree slots hav+ diff]5t degrees ( incl9ation1 s t ! "o c be select$ t corresponds ) ! dep? ( ! groove4 #dii4 ,to ,make ! ,/>-,:eel ,s9k4 ,?is is easy on ! la!1 ! requisite degree ( ecc5tricity be+ giv5 to ! b>rel-cov] by means ( ! pump-c5t]4 #ejj4 ,! ,cov]3 ,=m ( ! ,groove4 ,z 9 mak+ ! b>rel1 a ?ick r+ mu/ be left at ! middle ( ! cov] to be aft]w>ds remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,fig4 #bca is an enl>g$ figure to %[ ! mode 9 :i* a cov] is held 9 its groove4 ,! two are s =m$ t ! cov] %all pass into ! recess ) ! lea/ possible resi/ance1 & yet be held firmly )\t a risk ( rotation4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 a good precaution to fix a p9 9 ! rim s t x %all prev5t su* an accid5t4 #eja4 ,b>rel ,hook4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve t a c]ta9 am\nt ( caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 reg>d to ! b>rel hook1 = at lea/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ^? met ) are badly made4 ,a l>ge hook1 project+ f> into ! b>rel1 z (t5 occurs1 occupies a ne$less am\nt ( space1 & at times occasions ! break+ ( ! spr+4 ,"o t is badly =m$ or does n project suffici5tly all[s ! spr+ to escape4 ,a hook %\ld project r beyond ! ?ickness ( ! spr+2 if too ?ick ! spr+ w be weak5$ at its eye2 if too ?91 x is liable to give :5 ! pull ( ! ma9spr+ is ex]t$ on x4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel mu/ be drill$ ?r\gh exactly midway betwe5 ! bottom & ! groove1 9 a direction t is slightly incl9$1 s z to resi/ ! pull ( ! ma9spr+4 ,a ?read is cut 9 ?is hole ) a conical tap1 arre/+ its advance j be=e ! full ?reads are rea*$1 9 ord] to make sure t ! brass screw to be subsequ5tly ins]t$ %all hold firmly4 ,!n tap ! brass wire f :i* a hook is to be made4 ,all[+ a l5g? to project beyond ! screw-plate equal to ab\t "o & a half times ! ?ickness ( ! ma9spr+1 file ! two sides flat1 r\nd (f ! po9t1 incl9+ x slightly backw>ds1 & =m ! hook ) a f9e screw-head slitt+ or o!r suitable file2 !n remove ! wire f ! screw-plate & hold x 9 a p9 vise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,! angle a 7,c1 ,fig4 #bcb7 is n[ fil$ d[n s z n to project )9 ! b>rel2 any burr t might int]f]e ) its introduction is also remov$ & ! hook is !n screw$ into its place4 ,x w be easy to asc]ta9 :e!r ! v>i\s heights1 etc41 are correct be=e screw+ x tight home4 ,!n screw ! hook into position s t x requires ! application ( "s =ce 9 do+ s & cut (f ! ext]nal portion level ) ! surface ( ! b>rel1 employ+ a %>p cutt+ file4 ,b if x appe>s necess>y to )draw ! hook to make any alt]ation1 ?is %\ld be done be=e br++ x to ! f9al position4 ,"s wat*mak]s d n take su* precautions2 !y fit a piece ( h>d brass wire to ! hole1 bevel+ (f ! end t is to =m ! hook1 !n cut (f ! wire ne>ly flu% ) ! out] surface ( ! drum &1 re/+ ! back ( ! hook aga9/ a piece ( /eel1 give a bl[ ) ! hamm] s z to b5d ! po9t ( ! hook4 ,b ?is me?od1 al?\gh exp$iti\s1 is n ! be/ & x does n always succe$4 #ejb4 ,to ,repair a ,b>rel4 ,:5 ! play or ! end %ake ( ! pivots is consid]able1 bu% ! holes ) bu%+s turn$ on a smoo? tap] arbor4 ,!y mu/ n be rivet$ r\ghly1 z !re is a dang] ( di/ort+ ! bu%+ or ( caus+ ! bottom ( ! b>rel to 8cockle40 ,if !re is any fe> t ! bu%+ w be ?us di/ort$ or t ! b>rel w n run true aft] ! op]ation1 x w be well to employ l>ge bu%+s 9 :i* ! hole is less ?an t ultimately requir$4 ,!n c5t] f ! circumf]5ce & enl>ge ! hole1 at ! same "t tru+ x4 ,"s practical wat*mak]s1 if ! bottom ( ! b>rel is ?91 or if special solidity is requisite1 fe> t ! bu%+ may become loose2 !y1 !re=e1 enl>ge ! b>rel-hole & make x squ>e2 !n bu% x ) a piece ( pla9 brass1 & hav+ c5t]$ ! b>rel by its circumf]5ce 9 ! la!1 drill a c5tral hole4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t1 :5 ! holes 9 bo? b>rel & cov] require to be op]at$ ^u1 a p9 %\ld be fix$ s z to prev5t ! latt] f rotat+ 9 its groove2 s t be=e f9ally remov+ ! b>rel f ! la!1 ! cov] c be put 9 position to h its c5t] accurately adju/$ ) a long po9t$ grav]4 #ejc4 ,a ,b>rel ,t ,does ,n ,run ,true4 ,! rem$y = ?is has j be5 indicat$3 enl>ge ! holes & rivet 9 !m bu%+s t are ei!r pla9 or h only v small holes4 ,! two holes c !n be accurately c5t]$ ) a slide-re/ & cutt] ( ! requisite =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,x is a v simple process1 & yet !re are "s workm5 :o1 ei!r f n possess+ a la! or ignorance z to h[ x %\ld be us$1 set ! b>rel on a screw arbor1 &1 aft] hav+ topp$ ! tee?1 r\nd by h& ^? tee? :i* h be5 t\*$4 ,?is me?od ( proc$ure is long] ?an ! =m] & gives results t are worse2 moreov]1 s9ce ! screw-arbors are r>ely !mselves true1 especially 9 reg>d to ! cones1 :i* w be f\nd to h a play on ! axis1 x is f> bett] to set ! b>rel 9 cem5t on an arbor ( ! =m ,c1 ,fig4 #bcc1 on ! c5t] p9 ( :i* ! b>rel-hole fits )\t play2 ! middle ( plate ,c mu/ n be too ?ickly coat$ ) cem5t4 #ejd4 ,b>rel ,out ( ,upright4 ,sev]al me?ods may be resort$ to = adju/+ a b>rel t does n turn flat on its axis4 ,assume t ! holes are n too l>ge1 = x has j be5 %[n t by bu%+ ! holes & tru+ !m on ! la!1 x is always possible to ensure t a b>rel %all be true on its axis4 ,to true x )\t r5ew+ ! holes1 fir/ try turn+ ! cov] r\nd 9 its groove by successive %ort /ages1 & te/ its tru? ea* "t2 ! arbor be+ clamp$ 9 a pair ( slid+ tongs & a c>d held close to ! tee?4 ,if1 aft] ! entire circumf]5ce has be5 te/$1 no po9t is f\nd t satisfies ! requisite conditions1 ! edge ( ! cov] mu/ be g5tly hamm]$ 7a piece ( silv] pap] be+ fir/ laid on ! anvil s z to avoid m>k+ ! gild+7 on ! side at :i* ! tee? pass f>!/ f ! c>d & ! effect ( ! op]ation mu/ be te/$4 ,?is hamm]+ %\ld be done v c>efully & little at a "t1 & if too great a /ra9 is put on ! cov] to =ce x into ! groove1 "s metal mu/ be remov$ f ! side opposite to t at :i* ! hamm]+ occurr$4 ,h5ce1 if ! "o side is too mu* ext5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 s t a l>ge am\nt ( metal has to be remov$ f ! opposite side1 ! op]ation is liable to be unnecess>ily long & difficult4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t we are "h ref]r+ to ! mod]n =m ( go+-b>rel1 9 :i* ! cov] is on ! opposite side to ! tee?2 9 ! old] =m1 :]e ! rev]se is ! case1 ! opposite edge ( ! cov] mu/ be hamm]$4 ,sometimes a b>rel t runs true on its arbor is f\nd to incl9e :5 m\nt$ on ! plate3 su* a fault is due ei!r to ! b>rel holes be+ too l>ge or to ! s9k t receives ! rat*et n be+ p>allel to ! plate4 ,?is s9k mu/ be tru$ 9 ! la! :ile 9 position1 screw$ to ! plate ( ! wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 #eje4 ,to ,adju/ a ,po/ or ,curb 9 ,position4 ,make a small pun*1 a front & side elevation ( :i* are %[n at p p1 ,fig4 #bcd2 h>d5 x & let x d[n to a yell[ temp] at ! po9t4 ,n[ fix a flatt5$ ball ( lead 9 ! vise1 ! upp] surface ( :i* is s =m$ t ! portion ( ! b>rel t is to receive ! hole = ! po/ may re/ securely4 ,!re is no necessity = ! entire b>rel to re/ on ! lead4 ,place a small piece ( ma9spr+1 q1 )9 ! b>rel aga9/ ! circumf]5ce1 :]e x w be ma9ta9$ by ! pun* p1 :i* w also hold ! b>rel /eady on ! lead block4 ,!n give a mod]ate bl[ ) a heavy hamm] on ! head ( ! pun*1 =c+ its po9t ?r\gh ! b>rel4 ,a burr w be produc$ outside ! b>rel1 :ile !re w be a correspond+ depression )91 especially 9 front ( ! hole4 ,to secure clean edges1 pass a file ov] ! ext]nal projection1 b only suffici5tly to remove its cre/1 &1 re/+ ! inside ( ! b>rel on a lead block1 drive inw>ds ! metal t projects2 !n pass ! pun* ?r\gh 9 a direction opposite to ! fir/ & ( c\rse ) less =ce4 ,remove ! burrs & repeat ! op]ation fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r ) g5tle bl[s ( ! hamm]1 remov+ ! pun* by h&4 ,f9i% ) a v f9e file1 :i* w entirely remove any ext]nal burr r\nd ! hole1 & "o cut ) a slide-re/ cutt] 9 ! inside1 foll[$ by *>coal & oil4 ,a wat*mak] t has nev] p]=m$ ?is op]ation w d well to exp]im5t ) ! pun* on a small plate ( brass1 or1 /ill bett]1 on a worn-out b>rel4 ,to ins]t ! po/1 coil up ! ma9spr+ 9 ! w9d] s z to be able to introduce a slightly conical piece ( /eel or brass betwe5 ! two la/ turns ( ! spr+ & ne> to ! hole4 ,place ! po/ 9 position & hold x & ! spr+ :ile ! w$ge t keeps ! coils ap>t is remov$4 ,if ! op5+ ?us secur$ 0 f\nd to be insuffici5t1 x might be increas$ by introduc+ a screwdriv]1 :i* is held d[n until ! po/ is ins]t$4 ,! mak+ ( ?is curb1 %[n at b1 ,fig4 #bcd1 w (f] no difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 #ejf4 ,/opwork4 ,if ! pit* circles ( ! f+]-piece & />-:eel ( sev]al ,g5eva /ops be measur$1 x w be se5 t ?ree diff]5t proportions may exi/ 7,fig4 #bce71 9 :i* ! =m] is less ?an1 equal to1 & great] ?an ! latt] respectively4 ,:5 ! f+]-piece has a great] diamet]1 z at d1 x w oppose an increas$ resi/ance to ! h& 9 w9d+1 b ! direction ( its pressure aga9/ ! /op w be mu* bel[ ! c5t] ( rotation ( ! />-:eel1 because ! f+] is necess>ily v %ort4 ,:5 ! f+]-piece is v small1 z at a1 !re w be less resi/ance oppos$ ow+ to any want ( fre$om ( ! />-:eel1 & ! pressure aga9/ ! /op w be m ne>ly tang5tial1 ! f+] be+ relatively long2 b m c>e w be requir$ 9 ! con/ruction &1 = a giv5 =ce appli$ to ! key 9 w9d+1 !re w be a proportionately increas$ pressure aga9/ ! />-:eel axis4 ,inconv5i5ces ?us increase 9 proportion z ei!r piece is enl>g$ z comp>$ ) ! o!r1 & ! be/ proportion is secur$ by mak+ ! two diamet]s equal1 z %[n at c b4 ,! /ud on :i* ! />-:eel rotates %\ld be cut squ>e or1 pref]ably1 slightly conical d[nw>ds4 #ejg4 ,to ,true a ,/>-,:eel4 ,! =m ( a />-:eel c be adju/$ on ! la!1 on ! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjh1 us+ a cyl9drical mill-cutt] & add+ a /op s t ! bran*es ( ! tool are always br\ght to ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,/>-:eels c be b\ght ( ! mat]ial deal]s1 b !y are n always equally divid$2 inde$1 "s exi/ t h be5 m]ely pun*$ 9 ! pun*+ press4 ,h5ce x foll[s t _m ( !m are *>act]iz$ by at lea/ "o ( ! foll[+ faults3 tee? ( unequal l5g?1 or ) _! concavities ( unequal =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,:5 ! tee? are well =m$ & f9i%$ at _! ends1 b ( unequal l5g?1 ?is arises f ! />-:eel hav+ be5 badly c5t]$ dur+ ! op]ation ( cutt+2 x mu/ !n be re-c5t]$4 ,take a small brass plate ,h1 ,fig4 #bcf1 & drill a hole at its c5t]1 ) a not* at ! edge1 a1 to receive ! convex too? )\t %ake4 ,n[ place ! plate 9 ! la! & turn out a s9k to receive ! />-:eel & hold x firmly4 ,! convex too? w !n drop into ! not* & ! :eel %\ld project a little above ! face ( ! plate4 ,n[ release "o dog1 &1 hav+ gripp$ ) x "o too? ( ! :eel1 take a f9e-po9t$ grav] & true ! c5tral hole & ! s9k t receives ! screw head1 tak+ c>e only to remove a small quantity ( metal at a "t4 ,if ! workman has n consid]able exp]i5ce 9 us+ ! la! & fe>s a d]angem5t 9 releas+ & aga9 tight5+ ! dog1 he _h bett] remove ! plate1 cem5t ! />-:eel 9 position & replace x1 :5 x c be re-c5t]$ ) ! pump-c5t]4 #ejh4 ,to ,make a ,f+]-,piece4 ,aft] hav+ drift$ ! squ>e hole 9 ! c5t] ( a /eel disc ( suitable dim5sions1 & trac$ out a l9e to m>k ! circumf]5ce ( ! disc & ! end ( ! f+]1 drill two holes a little beyond ?is l9e1 leav+ su* a space betwe5 !m z to ensure t ! base ( ! f+] %all possess suffici5t /r5g?2 b ^! holes %\ld be drill$ s f> 9 t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! disc t fre$om is left = ! corn]s ( ! />-:eel tee? dur+ its rotation4 ,! head ( ! f+] is at fir/ left s z to exactly fit ! spaces ( ! :eel )\t play1 ?is be+ subsequ5tly giv5 ) a f9e file & 9 ! smoo?+4 ,file ! circumf]5ce all r\nd s z j n to t\* ! l9e trac$ out2 !n1 putt+ ! disc on an arbor1 hold a f9e b>rette file aga9/ ! edge1 & cause ! arbor to oscillate backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! file com+ 9 contact alt]nately ) ea* side ( ! f+]4 ,?is smoo?+ ( ! rim w mat]ially facilitate & abridge ! f9al "w ) ! grav]4 ,! corn] ( ! rim on "o side ( ! f+] hav+ be5 f9i%$ (f ) ! grav] edge1 rev]se ! arbor betwe5 its c5t]s to treat ! o!r corn] 9 a simil> mann]4 ,a f+]-piece made z "h expla9$ w be f\nd to be v true4 ,"s wat*mak]s1 :5 x is possible1 f9i% ! circumf]5ce aft] x has be5 adju/$ on ! b>rel-arbor itself2 b z a rule ?is is n necess>y4 ,! slit t receives ! p9 may be cut z foll[s3 ,file a squ>e piece ( brass to fit ! hole 9 ! f+]-piece1 cut a not* across ! end ) a screw-head file1 & ins]t x 9 ! squ>e hole4 ,hav+ c5t]$ a flat cutt]1 ! ?ickness ( :i* is equal to t ( ! slit to be cut1 on a tap] arbor1 place ?is 9 ! la!2 re/+ ! brass horizontally on ! ,t-re/ 7:i* _h bett] be at ! back ( ! la!1 s t ! progress ( ! op]ation may be m easily obs]v$7 & pres5t ! not* to ! cutt]4 #eji4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! =ego+ details relate to ! me?od to be adopt$ 9 mak+ ! f+]-piece by h&1 b x is v easy to arrange an addition to ! ord9>y la!1 ) or )\t a ?r[1 = r\nd+ or tru+ ! circumf]5ce ) great rapidity4 ,hav+ m\nt$ a circul> mill-cutt] on an arbor 9 a *uck1 z se5 at ,r1 ,fig4 #bcc1 replace ! ,t-re/ by an upright t has a %\ld]1 & is truly cyl9drical1 & ( a diamet] to fit ! support )\t %ake2 ! f+]-piece1 ,d1 is fix$ to its upp] end by a cone & nut1 z 9 ! screw-arbor1 or by any o!r means4 ,a lev] l is adapt$ to ! v]tical rod1 s t x c be rotat$ betwe5 two /ops on ! la!-b$2 su* /ops are1 h[ev]1 n always ne$$1 because by employ+ a ?ick cutt] t is smoo? on ! face !re is no dang] ( damage to ! f+]4 ,at ! same "t1 if !re are no /ops1 consid]able c>e is requisite 9 ! smoo?+ & poli%+ to prev5t ! sides ( ! lap t\*+ ! f+]4 ,?is c be poli%$ aft]w>ds 9 a v %ort "t by us+ a lap t has be5 turn$ on ! edge to fit ! not*4 ,x is useless to ent] into fur!r p>ticul>s1 z ! little appliance or "o ( an analog\s description c be easily made4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #aie1 & describ$ 9 article #djb1 c\ld be employ$ = su* a purpose4 #eaj4 ,to ,make a ,clock ,b>rel4 ,a /rip ( s(t brass1 ?ick] ?an ! circumf]5ce ( ! drum is int5d$ to be1 is coil$ into a circle r less 9 diamet] ?an ! requir$ b>rel1 on a cyl9d] ( h>d wood1 ei!r by pressure betwe5 ! jaws ( a vise1 or ) a mallet or hamm]4 ,! two edges1 aft] be+ c>efully clean$1 are sold]$ ) silv] sold] or braz$1 :ile !y are held 9 position by a piece ( b9d+ wire w\nd r\nd ! drum4 ,plac+ ?is r+ on ! nose ( a beak-iron1 h>d5 x by g5tle bl[s1 s z n only to h>d5 ! brass1 b also to increase ! diamet] & make a true cyl9d]4 ,*uck x on a cyl9d] ( h>d wood 9 ord] to turn ! two ends squ>e1 & =m ! edge t is receiv$ 9 a groove cut 9 ! bottom ( ! b>rel2 ! bottom is !n s(t sold]$ 9 position4 ,9 ! old] b>rels t conta9$ v /rong spr+s1 x 0 (t5 ! practice to leave tongues project+ r\nd ! drum t ent]$ holes 9 ! bottom & 7 rivet$ on ! o!r side4 ,! b>rel may be cem5t$ to a l>ge wax *uck t has z its c5t] a %ort arbor tapp$ & provid$ ) a wa%] & nut1 or x may be gripp$ by its base 9 ! univ]sal head1 & ! surfaces1 etc41 f9i%$4 ,"s ( ! details giv5 9 reg>d to a wat* b>rel are applicable "h4 ,! drum is n[ no long] made by b5d+ a /rip ( brass1 except 9 c\ntry t[ns1 because brass tub+ is always to be obta9$ 9 cities at metal w>eh\ses1 :i* only ne$s to be cut into r+s ( ! requisite l5g?4 #eaa4 ,to ,make a ,b>rel-,arbor4 ,if ! metal is 9 ! r\gh & has ! scale on1 x mu/ be clean$ ei!r on ! /one or ) acid4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure has be5 prov$ 9 practice to be exp$iti\s3 ,:5 ! arbor has be5 turn$ to %ape ) ! grav]1 smoo!d1 & almo/ poli%$1 x is plac$ 9 ! b>rel & %\ld rotate :5 9 position1 b ) consid]able friction4 ,!n make ! two squ>es z expla9$ bel[ 7#eac72 &1 aft] smoo?+ t :i* receives ! f+]-piece1 set ?is latt] 9 position on ! arbor & see t x does n desc5d q to ! %\ld]4 ,!n replace x by a worn out f+]-piece1 or by a copp] disc t is cut s z to all[ ( ! ins]tion ( ! p9 9 exactly ! same position z is requir$ by ! f+]-piece to be def9itively us$4 ,x is !n easy to drill ! p9-hole f ei!r side ( ! squ>e & to smoo? x ) a f9e broa*4 ,ea* "t t ! arbor has to be ins]t$ 9 ! b>rel1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove any burr1 z x might damage ! b>rel holes4 ,be=e h>d5+ ! arbor1 cut 9 x two grooves ( mod]ate dep? at ! po9ts at :i* ! ends mu/ be brok5 (f4 ,su* a practice has two advantages3 #a4 ,! two wa/e po9ts ( ! arbor c be remov$ & ea* end p>tly =m$ )\t employ+ a file1 an arrangem5t :]eby x is possible to ma9ta9 9 ! arbor a maximum ( h>dness1 at lea/ at ! w9d+ end4 #b4 ,if ! arbor is di/ort$1 x w n be 9 ! body1 b f ! po9ts at :i* ^! cuts are made4 ,if any di/ortion occurs1 ! bl[-pipe jet c be direct$ on ! po9ts1 :i* are !n remov$ ) a file be=e ! f9al poli%+4 #eab4 ,to h>d5 ! arbor1 place x 9 an iron tube & surr\nd x ) p[d]$ *>coal :i* is press$ d[n1 hav+ previ\sly be5 well dri$4 ,:5 ! :ole has be5 heat$ to ! requisite temp]ature1 ?r[ x into wat]1 &1 if ! precautions already expla9$ "u h>d5+ are adopt$1 ! arbor w be f\nd to be smoo? & clean & )\t ei!r scales or bli/]s on its surface4 ,clean & poli% x2 ?is latt] op]ation w give ! prop] fre$om to ! pivots1 al?\gh x (t5 happ5s t a t\* ) a broa* is requir$ 9 ! two holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,! bevell$ groove )9 ! rat*et tee? is poli%$ by rotat+ ! arbor :ile a small /eel plate1 p]=at$ at its c5t] & ( ! =m %[n 9 plan & section at ,z1 ,fig4 #bcg1 is held by ! h& aga9/ ! groove4 ,! %\ld]s c be easily & rapidly poli%$ 9 ! tool repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 #eac4 ,to ,make ! ,squ>es4 ,to ,make ,drifts4 ,! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #bch is us$4 ,on ! plate ,p1 :i* is at "r angles to ! foot ,s1 is fix$ a frame t c>ries two h>d /eel roll]s1 c & d1 ! edges ( :i* are ext5d$ to =m a guide4 ,a b5t f+] b is h+$ on a screw on ! side ( ! plate1 & has a hole j drill$ 9 x1 :i* is cont9u$ = a %ort di/ance into ! plate ,p4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( us+ ! appliance3 ,fix to ! arbor a disc1 indicat$ by dott$ l9es1 9 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* are f\r equidi/ant not*es to receive ! nose ( ! f+] b4 ,! rod ,s takes ! place ( ! ,t-re/ & ! arbor is plac$ betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! la!4 ,z ,s c be rais$ or l[]$ to any position & ! runn]s c be mov$ lat]ally1 x is easy to br+ ! po9t at :i* ! squ>e %\ld comm5ce to correspond ) ! l9e n n4 ,! f+] b hav+ be5 ins]t$ 9 "o ( ! not*es ( ! division-plate1 r$uce ! arbor ) ! file ,l4 ,move b to ! next not*1 & repeat ! op]ation1 & s on ) ! o!r two sides4 ,if !re is any dang] ( ! f+] n ma9ta9+ a suffici5tly firm hold ( ! plate1 a tight-fitt+ p9 c be ins]t$ 9 ! hole j4 ,at fir/ ! arbor %\ld be fil$ away less ?an is actually requir$1 & ! only adju/m5t necess>y to ensure ?is is ! rais+ ( ,s to a suitable height4 ,no difficulty ne$ be exp]i5c$ 9 ?is1 b1 if any d\bt is ent]ta9$1 a screw may be support$ f ! b$ ( ! la!1 t]m9at+ 9 a rod t passes ?r\gh ! plate ,p1 z indicat$ at t = example1 ?us secur+ p]fect regul>ity 9 ! upw>d & d[nw>d motion ( ! sy/em4 ,if a tap]$ squ>e is requir$1 x w be suffici5t to slightly incl9e ! frame by means ( two screws v i1 plac$ ne> its left-h& edge ) _! ends re/+ on ! plate ,p4 #ead4 ,to ,drill ,exactly ,?r\gh ! ,c5t] ( ! ,arbor4 ,( c\rse1 if ! old arbor-nut is available1 x w af=d ! be/ guide = p]=m+ ?is op]ation1 &1 if ! arbor is tapp$1 su* a hole w n be requir$4 ,b :5 nei!r ( ^! conditions is satisfi$1 ! workman w h two slight difficulties to ov]come3 ! drill+ ( ! arbor & its nut exactly 9 ! c5t] & p>allel to ! plane ( ! rat*et4 ,by adopt+ ! foll[+ me?od1 he c easily satisfy ^! conditions3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 #eae4 ,take a brass disc ,d1 ,fig4 #bci1 turn$ smoo? on its two faces4 ,enl>ge its c5tral hole until ! b>rel-arbor ent]s x to su* a di/ance t a bl[ ( a mallet w drive x up aga9/ ! rat*et :]e x %\ld hold firmly4 ,?is disc is *uck$ on ! la! & a groove is =m$ t passes exactly ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,asc]ta9 by means ( a d\zieme or a ?ickness gauge :e!r ! ?ickness ( ! disc1 measur+ f ! bottom ( ! groove to ! "u side1 is equal to ! space betwe5 ! %\ld] ( ! arbor t corresponds to ! outside edge ( ! b>rel hole1 & ! po9t at :i* ! hole %\ld be drill$4 ,if ! ?ickness is excessive1 dim9i% x f ! "u side2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n suffici5t1 fit "s ?9 discs on ! arbor1 & !n =ce ! brass disc to ! position ?us det]m9$ ^u4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t :5 ?is is done1 holes mu/ be drill$ to "s dep? on ei!r side ( ! arbor1 us+ a drill t does n %ake ab\t 9 ! groove al?\gh q free & incl9+ slightly d[nw>ds s t ! hole %all n be above ! po9t det]m9$ ^u1 namely1 ! bottom ( ! groove4 ,cont9ue ! drill+ until ! two holes meet1 ! drill be+ ma9ta9$1 dur+ ?is "p ( ! op]ation1 p>allel to ! face ( ! rat*et4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 #eaf4 ,if ! workman is n provid$ ) a tool = cutt+ ! groove exactly 9 ! axis ( ! disc1 ! accuracy t is s ess5tial c be ensur$ z foll[s3 ,a brass rod ,g1 ,fig4 #bdj1 is divid$ into f\r at ! end z ne> ! c5t] z possible by means ( a f9e saw or a file t only cuts ) its edge1 :i* w be us$ to =m ! groove4 ,set ! rod ,g 9 ! la!1 a c5t] ( ! =m f be+ ins]t$ at b :]e ! slits cross1 & turn d[n ! rod ,g b1 al?\gh only a little metal %\ld ne$ to be remov$1 until x ent]s ! hole 9 ! brass disc & projects a %ort di/ance on ! o!r side4 ,x !n only rema9s to ins]t 9 "o ( ! not*es ( ,g b ! cutt+ file or ! saw previ\sly us$1 to =m a groove on ! surface ( ! disc t passes exactly ?r\gh its c5t]2 x is to be rememb]$ t ! saw1 etc41 mu/ only cut ) its edge1 & %\ld ent] ! not* ) a v slight friction1 suffici5t to indicate t x fits )\t play4 #eag4 ,! ,arbor-,nut4 ,! usual practice is to make ! diamet] ( ! nut equal to "o-?ird t ( ! inside ( ! b>rel4 ,) ?ick spr+s ( b slight flexibility x mu/ be l>g] s z to avoid ov]/ra9+ ! inn]mo/ coil1 &1 conv]sely1 ) a v ?9 spr+ x is dim9i%$1 r5d]+ ! employm5t ( a long] spr+ possible4 ,:5 ! nut is too small ! spr+ mu/ be made long1 &1 by sett+ up ! /opwork1 a coil ( ! spr+ c be ma9ta9$ always on ! nut4 #eah4 ,to drill ! nut along a diamet]4 ,by means ( ! rod ,g1 ,fig4 #bdj1 draw a /raight l9e to indicate a diamet] ( ! nut4 ,?is l9e w s]ve z a guide = m>k+ two po9ts opposite to "o ano!r on ! circumf]5ce1 r\nd :i* a circle has previ\sly be5 trac$ ) a grav]4 ,! po9ts %\ld be m>k$ s deeply z to ensure t ! drill does n displace itself 9 ! initial /ages ( ! drill+2 ) a little caution1 & us+ a glass1 v little difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 ensur+ t ! po9ts are 9 a "r l9e4 ,"o ( ! two foll[+ me?ods may be employ$ = drill+ ! nut3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 #a4 ,prep>e a brass block ( ! =m %[n at f p f1 ,fig4 #bda1 ! space ,a be+ cut away1 & ! end p provid$ ) l>ge-head$ screws1 %[n at v1 v1 9 ! plan4 ,! two faces1 f1 f1 mu/ be p>allel to ea* o!r1 & at "r angles ) ! face p1 a condition :i* c be easily satisfi$ by means ( ! la!1 ! face f1 = example1 be+ turn$ t[>ds ! head/ock1 & ! dogs introduc$ into ! space ,a2 ! opposite face f is !n tru$ ) ! slide re/4 ,9 ! v]tical face a a make a r\nd hole1 ?r\gh :i* a po9t$ c5t] passes1 be+ press$ =w>d by a spiral or o!r spr+1 & ! po9t correspond+ exactly ) ! l9e a a trac$ on ! face ( ! brass2 ( c\rse ! axis ( ?is c5t] mu/ be at "r angles to ! same l9e4 ,a small block may be ins]t$ )9 ! space ,a to prev5t any flexure ( ! arms4 ,an inspection ( ! figure w make cle> ! mann] 9 :i* ?is little tool is to be us$4 ,hav+ fix$ ! nut on ! face p by ! screws v v1 s t ! two po9ts on its circumf]5ce co9cide ) ! l9e a a1 ! :ole is plac$ 9 ! drill+ tool ) ! dogs press+ ei!r on ! upp] ext]nal face or 9 ! space ,a4 ,aft] ! block is fix$1 asc]ta9 by rotat+ ! upright+ sp9dle t its po9t co9cides 9 all positions ) ! top m>k on ! edge ( ! nut1 & drill z usual4 ,drill "o side1 inv]t ! block1 & proce$ 9 a simil> mann] to drill ! o!r4 ,! little appliance above describ$ might be simplifi$ by be+ made ( ! =m %[n at ,e1 :i* w\ld require to be rev]s$ :5 ! second hole is ab\t to be drill$4 #eai4 ,to ,poli% ! ,incl9$ ,faces ( ,rat*et ,tee?4 ,set ! rat*et 9 sl[ rotation by means ( ! foot-:eel1 & br+ a /rip ( spr+ cov]$ ) co>se r\ge & oil aga9/ x f ! side1 re/+ ! /rip on ! ,t-re/4 ,9 a v %ort "t ! tee? w be r\nd$ & poli%$4 ,?is process is simil> to t adopt$ at ! pres5t day = poli%+ ! incl9es ( cyl9d] escape :eels 9 ! la!4 ,! position ( ! poli%+ spr+ & its incl9ation mu/ be det]m9$ ^u by trial1 s z to make sure t ! entire surface ( ! too? is act$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 #ebj4 ,ano!r me?od is to make a small boxwood lap1 & arrange x z %[n at ,m1 ,fig4 #bdb1 s t1 :5 caus$ to revolve on its axis1 :i* may be m or less incl9$1 x is br\ght into contact ) ! rat*et :eel ) its axis1 z indicat$ by ! figure4 ,! tee? w cut into ! wood1 & trace out a helix1 z se5 at ,m1 & ! lap1 pass+ successively into ! rat*et tee?1 w cause x to revolve rapidly4 ,:5 ! groove is deep en\gh1 apply "s co>se poli%+ r\ge to ! surface ( ! drum2 aft] a few rotations ! faces w be f\nd to be poli%$4 ,! arbor & lap may be arrang$ 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,m\nt ! lap betwe5 ! c5t]s t c>ry ! cutt] 9 a :eel-cutt+ eng9e & support ! b>rel-arbor opposite to x 9 a v]tical direction betwe5 ! *uck & ! b5t arm or 8gall[s0 us$ to fix a :eel :ile cutt+ its tee?4 ,a wat*mak] :o is n provid$ ) ?is tool mu/ *uck ! lap 9 ! la!1 !n m\nt ! b>rel-arbor 9 su* a c>ri] z is %[n at p p1 ,fig4 #bdb1 &1 re/+ its base on ! ,t-re/1 hold ! rat*et aga9/ ! lap1 det]m9+ ! mo/ suitable height & incl9ation by trial2 ?is1 he w f9d1 c be easily done4 #eba4 ,to ,poli% ! ,circul> ,groove 9 ! ,rat*et4 ,x takes a long "t to accompli% ?is by us+ fir/1 an iron poli%] ) oil/one du/1 !n "o ( copp] ) r\ge & oil4 ,! op]ation c be p]=m$ m exp$iti\sly by us+ an iron runn]1 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,! end is r\nd$ to correspond ) ! groove2 & ! hole1 :i* is indicat$ by dott$ l9es1 %\ld be l>ge & funnel-%ap$1 s z to avoid contact ) ! corn]s ( ! w9d+ squ>e :5 a see-saw motion is giv5 to ,b 9 ! poli%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,! arbor be+ cem5t$ to a *uck 9 a la!1 hold ! end o1 *>g$ ) oil/one du/ or r\ge1 9 ! groove1 &1 :ile ! arbor revolves1 rotate ! sp9dle ,b 9 ! h&1 at ! same "t giv+ x a see-saw motion z above m5tion$4 ,a v little practice w be requir$ to d ?is4 #ebb4 ,repair+ a ,b>rel-,arbor4 ,cem5t ! arbor a a1 ,fig4 #bdd1 to ! la! *uck1 turn d[n ! rat*et1 remov+ its tee? & ?us dim9i%+ its diamet] by ab\t a ?ird1 z %[n at n n2 !n r$uce ! ?ickness to a half1 turn+ x d[n on ! side next to ! w9d+ squ>e1 & cont9ue ?is squ>e d[n to ! flat disc t rema9s1 tak+ c>e t no %\ld] is left at ! angle betwe5 ! two4 ,! arbor is n[ 9 a condition to receive ! new rat*et :i* has to be fitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,adju/ a flat rat*et r r l ^? us$ on ! b>rel-arbor ( a fusee wat*1 :i* mu/ be ( ! ?ickness & diamet] ( ! orig9al rat*et1 s t x exactly fits ! w9d+ squ>e2 turn a s9k 9 x1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 to receive ! disc already =m$2 &1 if ! hole fits ! w9d+ squ>e freely b )\t play1 & ?is squ>e is c>ri$ d[n to ! disc1 ! du/ cap c c w ma9ta9 ! rat*et 9 its position z effectually z ?\gh x =m$ "o ) ! arbor4 ,by adopt+ ! above me?od1 :i* does n occupy mu* "t1 x is (t5 possible to avoid mak+ a new arbor :5 all b ! rat*et is s\nd2 & if ?is portion %\ld aga9 we> out1 ! necess>y repair is /ill fur!r simplifi$4 ,we are assur$ t arbors repair$ 9 ! above mann] %[$ no signs ( we> aft] fifte5 ye>s1 except t ! squ>e 9 ! rat*et 0 a trifle enl>g$1 ?\gh n suffici5tly to int]f]e 9 any way ) ! effici5cy2 moreov]1 9 mod]n wat*es1 ! w9d+ squ>e is g5]ally long1 s t ! rat*et c be left some:at ?ick] at ! c5t] & a correspond+ s9k cut 9 ! "u side ( ! du/ cap to receive x4 #ebc4 ,to ,true a ,b>rel-,arbor t is ,con$ ,inw>ds or too ,l>ge4 ,cem5t ! arbor firmly to a *uck z %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #bde4 ,) c>e x w be easy to make ! "p e run true4 ,z a rule1 b v little metal requires to be remov$ to make e cyl9drical or conical 9 any desir$ direction1 & x w g5]ally be suffici5t to f9i% by poli%+ ) an iron poli%] & oil/one du/ or co>se r\ge & oil4 ,use a n>r[ poli%] t only be>s on ! end ( e1 giv+ x a d\ble movem5t1 /raight =w>d & 9 a half circle t[>ds "o side2 or else use a broad] poli%]1 support+ x on ! ,t-re/4 ,by incl9+ ?is1 ! iron c be prev5t$ f t\*+ e1 except ne> its extremity4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t :5 ! arbor has be5 made cyl9drical or con$ 9 a giv5 direction a suitable poli%]1 be>+ on ! entire l5g? ( e1 c be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,ei!r ( ! two foll[+ me?ods c be adopt$ 9 ! place ( t above expla9$3 ,support ! w9d+ squ>e end ( ! b>rel-arbor 9 an ecc5tric runn]2 let ! opposite end run 9 a small con$ hole 9 ! end ( a /eel runn]1 :i* mu/ be poli%$ & h>d5$ s z to prev5t ! corn]s ( ! squ>e t receives ! /op-f+] f we>+ x away2 n[ apply co>se r\ge until ! fault no long] exi/s & foll[ ) f9e r\ge to complete ! poli%+4 ,if n provid$ ) an ecc5tric runn]1 x w be suffici5t to take a tight-fitt+ key1 drive x on ) a bl[ ( a hamm] & file a po9t at ! tapp$ end s z to be 9 ! axis ( ! b>rel-arbor4 ,hav+ atta*$ a f]rule to ?is key1 place ! :ole betwe5 ! runn]s & proce$ z expla9$ above4 #ebd4 ,to ,r5ew a ,worn ,w9d+ ,squ>e4 ,! be/ plan is to make an entirely new arbor2 b :5 ?is _c be done1 z1 = example1 on ! gr\nd ( exp5se1 ! foll[+ me?od ( repair may be attempt$3 ,direct ! bl[-pipe flame on to ! squ>e :ile hold+ ! body ( ! arbor 9 a pair ( pli]s1 s z to prev5t its be+ ov]-heat$2 & r\nd (f ! corn]s ( ! squ>e1 leav+ ! diamet] no great] ?an is necess>y = /r5g?1 & tap x ) a screw-plate4 ,n[ drill a hole at ! end ( a piece ( r\nd /eel ( some:at great] diamet] ?an ! orig9al squ>e1 & =m an int]nal screw by means ( a tap made 9 ! same hole ( ! screw-plate z 0 us$ = ! arbor2 ! end ( ! tap %\ld be tap]$ & ) good cutt+ edges4 ,if ! arbor is ! full l5g? all[$ by ! case1 r$uce ! l5g? slightly & screw on ! small /eel sp9dle1 tapp$ to ! "r dep?4 ,x mu/ n be screw$ q d[n to ! rat*et1 al?\gh int5d$ ultimately to come into actual contact4 ,aft] hav+ ?us te/$ x1 =m ! squ>e1 :i* w naturally be r l>g] ?an ! orig9al1 & cut a deep groove ) ! grav] at ! po9t :]e ! squ>e is to be brok5 (f1 b1 be=e break+ x1 h>d5 & let d[n to a blue or violet temp]2 !n smoo?1 poli%1 & screw f9ally on to ! arbor4 ,if ?is la/ op]ation does n result 9 ! squ>e break+ away1 grip ! sp9dle 9 a vise1 &1 tak+ ! squ>e 9 a pair ( long-nos$ pli]s1 break x ) a %>p bl[4 ,x only rema9s to f9i% (f ! end 9 a screw-head tool4 ,,! ,,ma9spr+4 #ebe4 ,a free & uni=m action ( ! ma9spr+ is "o ( ! prim>y conditions t h to be satisfi$ = ensur+ a cont9u\sly good rate4 #ebf4 ,to make ! eye 9 a ,ma9spr+4 ,e wat*mak] kn[s t ?is is commonly done by means ( a ma9spr+ pun*2 b 9 its abs5ce a hole c be made by hamm]+ a po9t$ pun* "o or m times ?r\gh ! end ( ! spr+ aft] x has be5 s(t5$1 &1 aft] fil+ away ! project+ metal1 ! hole is broa*$ out or enl>g$ ) ! po9t ( a grav] & f9i%$ ) a rat-tail file1 tak+ c>e t ! corn]s are r\nd$ (f s z to avoid ! risk ( cracks4 #ebg4 ,to r$uce ! height ( a ,ma9spr+4 ,?is & ! foll[+ me?od are only to be resort$ to :5 a new spr+ _c be obta9$4 ,introduce ! spr+ into a b>rel ( less height ?an itself & we> ! /eel away by rubb+ x on a h>d surface *>g$ ) oil/one du/1 keep+ x con/antly rotat$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,:5 ! r$uction is suffici5t remove ! spr+ & draw-file x1 s z to r\nd (f ! two edges2 !n clean ! entire surface4 #ebh4 ,select+ a ,ma9spr+3 ,adapt+ x to a ,fusee4 ,! spr+ t is *>act]iz$ by ! mo/ uni=m uncoil+ & ! lea/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ce ex]t$ :5 fully & only p>tially w\nd up w g5]ally secure ! mo/ con/ant rate4 ,9 select+ "o = a go+-b>rel wat*1 or 9 adapt+ to a fusee1 ! adju/+ rod1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdf1 & describ$ 9 article #ecj1 is us$4 ,,! ,,fusee4 #ebi4 ,at ! outset1 we w\ld /ate ! ?ree *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( a fusee t h l$ to its adoption & ret5tion 9 high-class wat*es & m>9e *ronomet]s3 #a1 x equalizes ! motive =ce2 #b1 x enables u to use a tap]$ ma9spr+1 9 :i* ! uncoil+ takes place 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann] possible2 &1 #c1 x secures a long] p]iod ( go+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 #ecj4 ,to ,adju/ a ,fusee to ,its ,ma9spr+4 ,set ! b>rel & fusee 9 position 9 ! frame1 ) ! ma9spr+ & *a9 c>efully hook$ 9 _! places1 & ! =m] set up ab\t half a turn1 & grip ! fusee squ>e 9 ! clamp1 d n1 ( ! adju/+ rod1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdf2 !n w9d up ! ma9spr+ by rotat+ ?is lev] ) ! h& until arre/$ by ! /opwork4 ,n[ slide ! weight m1 :i* is held by friction & a light spr+1 along ! rod until a po9t is rea*$ at :i* ! lev] j neutralizes ! =ce ( ! ma9spr+1 s t ! :ole re/s 9 equilibrium :5 left to itself4 ,rotate ! rod backw>ds by half turns at a "t4 ,if equilibrium is ma9ta9$ to ! end1 ! fusee is well adju/$4 ,b :5 ?is is n ! case1 x w be f\nd t ! weight ( ! lev] is too great or too small2 %[+ t ! radius ( ! fusee is ei!r too small or too great4 ,adju/ ! lev] s t x balances ) ! radius ( ! fusee1 :i* is ?us %[n to be mo/ defici5t1 & at all o!r po9ts along ! ?read ( ! fusee m metal mu/ be remov$ to an ext5t indicat$ by ! exp]im5t4 ,:5 n provid$ ) a fusee eng9e1 x is a common practice to use ! ord9>y la!1 & an equal+ file smoo!d on its two faces2 or a templet might be adapt$ to ! ,t-re/ ( su* la!4 ,if ! irregul>ity obs]v$ is b slight1 x is advisable n to t\* ! fusee2 because1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 an equipoise c be arriv$ at by alt]+ ! degree to :i* ! spr+ is set up4 ,?us1 if ! weight is too heavy = ! l[] coils ( ! spr+1 set x up m1 s z to increase its t5sion2 9 ! conv]se case1 ( c\rse1 x mu/ be let d[n4 ,by try+ sev]al spr+s1 especially if !y are ( diff]5t manufacture1 x w v (t5 be f\nd possible to secure a suffici5t degree ( uni=mity )\t !re be+ any occasion to re-cut ! fusee4 ,,*a94 #eca4 ,to ,ease a ,*a94 ,:5 ! l9ks are ru/y or n suffici5tly supple1 ! *a9 %\ld be plac$ 9 oil & left !re = "s h\rs at lea/4 ,r\nd (f ! edge ( a boxwood block1 cut a groove across ?is edge1 & clamp ! block 9 a vise2 !n place ! *a9 l a saddle 9 ! groove1 s t x hangs d[n on ei!r side4 ,apply+ oil lib]ally to ! wood1 take an end ( ! *a9 9 ea* h&1 & pull x backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! groove1 r5ew+ ! supply ( oil at int]vals4 ,:5 p]fectly flexible1 ! *a9 mu/ be clean$ ) b5z9e1 or1 aft] soap+1 wa% x 9 wat] & leave = "s m9utes 9 alcohol4 ,aft] be+ dri$1 x is dipp$ 9 f9e oil & dri$ 9 a clean l95 rag free f fluff1 press+ ! rag aga9/ ! edge4 ,a *a9 treat$ 9 ?is mann] w be f\nd to rema9 supple = a long "t1 & x w n be liable to ru/4 #ecb4 ,rivet+ a ,hook1 ,etc4 ,:5 rivet+ ei!r a hook or l9k to a *a91 x is v necess>y t ! end ( ! rivet be cut or fil$ q squ>e2 =1 o!rwise1 ! bl[ ( ! hamm] w b5d ! rivet1 s t ! *a9 w n be squ>e on ! b>rel1 nei!r w ! rivet+ be firm4 ,,:eels4 #ecc4 ,to ,r\gh ,out a ,:eel4 ,! %eet brass hav+ be5 prep>$ 9 ! mann] indicat$ 9 article #ajc1 "o face is smoo!d ) a file1 foll[$ by oil/one du/2 ! plate is !n set up 9 ! la!1 to true ! o!r face ) ! slide re/4 ,on ! smoo!d face trace out ! rim & ! cross+s4 ,^! latt] c be/ be m>k$ out on ! divid+ plate1 or grammaire1 already expla9$ 9 article #cdc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,aft] drill+ ! small holes1 a1 c1 etc41 ,fig4 #bdg1 at ! corn]s1 cem5t ! :eel to a plate t is p]=at$ to p]mit ! use ( ! pump c5t]1 & remove ! metal betwe5 ! cross+s by fir/ turn+ ! s9ks indicat$ by ! %ad$ disc s ) ! slide re/1 & subsequ5tly cut ! groove i i4 ,n[ c5t] ! :eel 9 ! la!1 & trace ! arcs a c ) a f9e grav]1 mov+ ! face-plate backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! mann] ref]r$ to 9 article #cfd4 ,remove ! :eel f ! plate1 & f9i% (f ! spaces ) a file4 ,two files w be ne$$ = =m+ ! angles2 "o a flat b>rette file1 ) ! corn] bevel$ (f & smoo!d to ne>ly a "r angle1 to g aga9/ ! rim ( ! :eel2 & ! o!r a tap] file1 ) faces ( ! same curvature z ! inside ( ! rim1 its two edges be+ incl9$ at r m ?an a "r angle & smoo!d c>efully4 ,if ^! simple precautions are n tak51 !re is a risk ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! arms or mak+ !m too n>r[4 ,_m ( ! details 9 ! foll[+ article1 al?\gh specially relat+ to a balance1 w be f\nd applicable to ! con/ruction ( o!r :eels4 #ecd4 ,to ,make a ,pla9 ,balance4 ,! r\nd plate ( :i* ! balance is to be made mu/ be hamm]$ ) ! greate/ possible c>e1 & ( a ?ickness b little great] ?an t ( ! f9i%$ balance 7#ajc74 ,smoo? "o face & cem5t x ei!r to a p]=at$ plate ?r\gh :i* ! pump c5t] c rea* ! balance 7if ! univ]sal head is to be us$71 or on ! *uck ( an ord9>y la!1 or on ! wax *uck ,c1 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,holl[ ! middle portion ) ! slide re/ cutt] or hook tool1 accord+ to ! k9d ( la! us$2 b1 :i*ev] x be1 x mu/ be v well set1 & only remove a small portion at a "t4 ,! application ( an excessive pressure w produce a k9d ( roll+ action1 :i* w induce a t5d5cy 9 ! arms to b5d4 ,remove ! metal betwe5 ! rim & boss until its ?ickness is dim9i%$ by ab\t a ?ird2 smoo? ?is surface c>efully1 f9i%+ ) a piece ( *>coal4 ,! disc is n[ ready = cross+ out4 ,place x on ! divid+ plate 7see article #cdc7 to m>k out ! ?ree arms1 & remove ! metal betwe5 !m1 ei!r 9 ! la!1 z expla9$ above1 or by drill+ a s]ies ( holes p>allel to ! arms & rim4 ,^! holes %\ld be s arrang$ t !y c be enl>g$ ) a f9e-po9t$ grav] 7:ile ! balance re/s on a flat wood5 block or is cem5t$ to x71 & a turn ) a %>p edg$ broa*1 or ! passage ( a ?9 rat-tail file %\ld be suffici5t to sep>ate ! useless metal4 ,z a rule1 ! s]ies ( holes is drill$ ) ! disc held aga9/ a wood5 block1 b ! burrs produc$ on ! "u side by ! drill prev5t x f be+ ma9ta9$ flat1 unless !y are remov$ aft] ea* hole is drill$1 & ?is might occasion a di/ortion ( ! disc4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be bett] to cem5t ! r\gh balance to a %eet ( z9c2 ! color ( ! %av+s w\ld suffice to indicate :e!r ! hole 0 ?r\gh4 ,! arms & rim mu/ be made smoo? & ev5 ) nicely =m$ cross+ files1 ! edges ( :i* are smoo!d to ! mo/ conv5i5t angle1 z already indicat$4 ,9 fil+ ! cross+s ! balance %\ld re/ aga9/ a small block 9 ! vise1 & !y are r\nd$ :ile re/+ 9 a groove at ! edge ( a simil> block1 specially %ap$ = ! purpose4 ,?is block is also useful z a support 9 f9i%+ ! angles betwe5 cross+s & rim4 ,! "u face ( ! balance is smoo!d ) oil/one du/2 & ! arms by draw+ ! poli%] along !m :ile ! balance re/s on a flat block2 x is !n clean$ & fitt$ on a v true arbor1 z ,a1 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,?is %\ld pass ?r\gh ! c5t] hole ( ! balance )\t play aft] a broa* has slightly enl>g$ x1 & ! balance is clamp$ by a cap & ?ree screws1 j4 ,x only rema9s to set ! arbor 9 ! la! & poli% ! rim1 fir/ turn+ x to a half oval if desir$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! rim1 aft] be+ smoo!d1 is poli%$ fir/ ) co>se r\ge on h>d pi?1 & subsequ5tly ) f9e r\ge on s(t] pi?4 #ece4 ,if ! arms ( a balance are f\nd to be too long1 s t !y curve1 ! rim mu/ be l5g!n$ by hamm]+ ) ! greate/ possible c>e2 ! inside & outside ( x mu/ !n be tru$ on an arbor ( ! =m ,a4 ,! boss at ! c5t] w be f\nd ?ick] ?an is desirable2 its height c be r$uc$ ) ! balance m]ely adju/$ on a smoo? tap] arbor1 b x is necess>y to obs]ve t ! balance & arbor mu/ n be adju/$ to ea* o!r by press+ or by rotat+ ! balance ) ! rim held 9 ! f+]s4 ,x mu/ be pu%$ on or (f ! arbor by apply+ pressure at ! c5t] ( ! boss on "o side or ! o!r ) a piece ( h>d wood re/+ firmly aga9/ ! ,t-re/1 :ile y cause ! arbor to rotate4 ,in/ead ( ! =m ( arbor %[n at ,a1 a screw arbor might be us$1 ) its cone press+ aga9/ a cap1 b ! balance mu/ always be c>efully adju/$ on ! arbor1 & ?is latt] mu/ run p]fectly true4 #ecf4 ,to ,make a ,numb] ( ,id5tical ,:eels4 ,if x is desir$ to make a numb] ( brass :eels ( ! same size & %ape1 ! workman w f9d x mu* to 8 advantage to employ ! pun*+ ma*9e4 ,by adopt+ ! foll[+ me?od he c make 8 own pun*es & b$-plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,) a view to secure same l5g? 9 ! matrices t are us$ = =m+ ! cross+s1 )\t augm5t+ ! difficulty ( con/ruction1 proce$ ?us3 ,ea* ( ! pieces ,v1 ,v1 ,fig4 #bdh1 consi/s ( two p>ts3 #a4 ,! />-piece1 a c b d1 ( ?ree1 f\r1 five or six arms1 accord+ to ! numb] ( cross+s ( ! :eel4 #b4 ,! coll>1 ,v4 ,! />-piece is ( ! same l5g? z ! coll>1 & is made 9 ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e 9 ! same mann] z ! leaves ( a p9ion4 ,! pun*es1 ( :i* "o is %[n at ,p1 are fitt$ by h& to ! recesses ( ! />-piece1 & !n cem5t$ 9 position2 ! :ole is !n *uck$ 9 ! la! & turn$ z "o piece1 s t its diamet] is slightly great] ?an ! int]ior ( ! coll>4 ,n[ h>d5 ! />-piece1 & temp] x to a blue color4 ,:5 cold h>d5 ! coll> ,v v1 & temp] x to ! same degree1 b1 :ile exp&$ by ! heat 9 temp]+1 introduce ! cold />-piece & drive x home4 ,by proce$+ 9 ?is mann]1 no subsequ5t h& fitt+ w be requir$4 ,v n mu/ n be h>d5$4 ,tools = pun*+ ! cross+s ( :eels are sometimes made on ?is sy/em 9 :i* ! disc ( brass is fix$ to a support t c be made to revolve by qu>t]s ( a revolution at a "t1 & a s+le pun* s]ves to remove ! metal by f\r sep>ate op]ations4 ,b z a rule x is bett] to use f\r pun*es toge!r4 #ecg4 ,to ,repair ,:eels4 ,:5 ! tee? ( a :eel are damag$1 ! only possible rem$y is to provide a new "o4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a s+le too? is brok51 ! foll[+ me?od c be adopt$1 on an em]g5cy1 = ins]t+ a new "o3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 #ech4 ,to ins]t a new too? 9 a :eel4 ,cut a small not* 9 ! rim ( ! :eel1 %[n at a1 ,fig4 #bdi1 :i* %\ld be dovetail$ if possible1 & ! two sides spread out slightly f ! upp] t[>ds ! "u side1 z indicat$ at c c4 ,cut a small piece ( well-hamm]$ brass1 ( ! =m ,b1 s t ! "p d d fits exactly into ! not* 9 ! rim4 ,n[ inv]t ! :eel & grip x ne> to a 9 a pair ( long-nos$ pli]s1 :i* mu/ be held 9 ! vise4 ,moi/5 ! inn] faces ( ! not* ) sold]+ fluid &1 plac+ ,b 9 position1 put p>ticles ( sold] r\nd its edge2 hold+ ! lamp b5ea? ! nose ( ! pli]s1 ! sold] w pres5tly melt1 & a drop ( ! fluid %\ld be add$ to facilitate its runn+ into ! jo9t4 ,cool ! :eel & wa% ?or\ghly1 fir/ ) wat] & subsequ5tly ) alcohol4 ,x only rema9s to file bo? faces smoo? & level ) ! rim ( ! :eel2 !n %ape ! too? c>efully4 ,by introduc+ ,b f ! side opposite to t :i* is visible 9 ! wat*1 & slop+ ! faces d d1 to a less degree ?an a1 ! inv]t$ :eel w pres5t a recess to receive ! sold]2 s t1 on look+ at ! upp] surface1 at :i* ! edges fit v closely1 ! jo9t w be sc>cely visible4 #eci4 ,to true a :eel4 ,:5 ! tee? are f\nd to be 9 good condition1 b ! :eel does n run true1 or "o or m ( its arms are /ra9$1 ! fault c be correct$1 9 a case ( absolute necessity1 z foll[s3 ,remove ! p9ion f its :eel4 ,enl>ge ! c5tral hole 9 ! la! & rivet or sold] 9 x a brass r+ t is slightly ?ick] ?an ! :eel1 & p]=at$ ) a small] hole ?an t requir$ = ! rivet+4 ,n[ c5t] ! :eel f its circumf]5ce2 increase ! c5tral hole ) ! slide-re/ cutt]1 & turn d[n ! two faces ( ! r+ level ) ! :eel4 ,rivet ! p9ion 9 its place1 aft] te/+ ! tru? ( its rivet+ neck1 :5 ! :eel %\ld be f\nd to turn bo? true & flat4 ,if ! :eel "u repair is likely to be subject$ to mu* =ce1 at lea/ two small not*es %\ld be left 9 ! enl>g$ hole 9 ! :eel to receive correspond+ projections 9 ! brass r+4 #edj4 ,if ! cross+s ( a :eel are brok5 & ! :eel _c be replac$1 x mu/ be *uck$ 9 ! la! & ! arms turn$ out ) a grav]1 ! inn] edge ( ! rim be+ at ! same "t turn$ circul>1 & a /ep turn$ on ?is edge :]e ! metal is to be left ( half its orig9al ?ickness4 ,take ano!r :eel ( ! same size & ?ickness1 or a pla9 disc1 & turn x ( ! same diamet] z ! out] ridge ( ! /ep2 r$uce its ?ickness at ! edge by "o-half & a disc w ?us be obta9$ ) a ridge r\nd ! edge correspond+ exactly ) t ( ! :eel1 & ! "o w fit 9 ! o!r4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 sold]$ 9 ?is position1 c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t ! sold] f rea*+ ! tee?1 & ! old :eel w ?us be provid$ ) a new int]ior4 ,if ! disc is made to fit closely on ! upp] side1 a w$ge-%ap$ r+ be+ left to receive ! sold] 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 article #ecg1 ! jo9t w be sc>cely p]ceptible on ! expos$ face1 ev5 ) a glass4 ,9 repair+ delicate :eels 9 any way x is a good precaution to cem5t ! rim to ! edge ( a hole 9 a brass plate1 s t only ! arms or o!r "p to be op]at$ ^u is expos$4 #eda4 ,to ,make a ,/em-,w9d ,:eel4 ,we w suppose t ! old :eel is available z a patt]n2 if x is n1 ! sev]al dim5sions mu/ be asc]ta9$ by calculation 9 accordance ) ! laws ( dep?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,prep>e a ?ick plate1 & drill a c5tral hole1 fitt+ a /eel p9 into x z %[n at o d1 ,fig4 #bej4 ,! diamet] ( d mu/ be exactly ! same z t ( ! pump-c5t] 9 ! univ]sal head4 ,fit ! :eel-blank ,r to ! p9 o )\t play1 & cem5t x to ! plate4 ,remove ! pump-c5t] & ins]t d 9 its place1 clamp+ ! plate ,p firmly aga9/ ! face-plate by ! dogs4 ,by us+ well-%>p5$ grav]s or cutt]s1 ! :eel may be rapidly %ap$4 ,! p9 might be =c$ 9 f ! "u side to ! level ( t face ( ! plate2 & if x 7 p]=at$ z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 x might be c5t]$ by means ( ! pump4 ,or ! plate ,p might be made circul> & c5t]$ f its circumf]5ce4 #edb4 ,to cut ! tee? on ! circumf]5ce ! :eel ne$ only be fix$ on ! *uck ( ! :eel-cutt+ eng9e z usual by means ( ! /eel cone4 ,! cr[n tee? are cut :ile ! :eel is firmly cem5t$ to a p9-*uck l t us$ 9 turn+ x4 ,o!r keyless :eels c be made on ! same pr9ciple1 & su* modifications z may be necess>y exp]i5ce w sugge/4 ,suffici5t in=mation 9 reg>d to :eel-cutt+ has already be5 giv5 9 #cig & foll[+ articles4 ,,p9ions4 #edc4 ,to ,make a ,p9ion4 ,at ! pres5t day p9ions ( all sizes c be obta9$ ( ! mat]ial deal]s1 s t x is v seldom t a wat*mak] is oblig$ to make "o = himself4 ,9 an em]g5cy1 h[ev]1 he c adopt ! foll[+ me?od = mak+ "o out ( ! ord9>y drawn /eel2 b x %\ld be add$ t1 9 all probability1 "s practice w be ne$$ be=e success is arriv$ at4 ,cut a l5g? ( /eel wire ( suitable diamet] ab\t two-?irds z long z ! files t are to be us$ = %ap+ ! tee?4 ,turn x d[n to =m ! axis1 leav+ a block ne> ea* end equal 9 l5g? to ! requir$ p9ion1 z if ?ree p9ions 7 to be made on ! same /aff4 ,!n cut & r\nd leaves on all1 keep+ ! file always 9 contact ) a leaf ( ea* p9ion4 ,by proce$+ ?us ! sides & r\nd+s ( ! leaves w be ma9ta9$ p>allel to ! axis1 & !re w be no risk ( ! p9ion be+ b>rel-%ap$1 z is ne>ly always ! case :5 a %ort p9ion is held 9 ! f+]s or re/$ on a block 9 ! vise4 ,proce$ 9 ! same mann] 9 smoo?+ & poli%+1 us+ pieces ( "s close-gra9$ wood1 su* z walnut4 ,x is mu* easi] to make ! p9ion ( ! requir$ =m by means ( a revolv+ cutt] 9 ! la!1 if ! workman is n provid$ ) a special tool = ! purpose3 ! arrangem5t ( ! la! is describ$ 9 article #djb4 ,9 "s factories ! leaves are cut 9 two op]ations3 a cutt] ) pla9 f9e saw tee? divides ! circumf]5ce into ! requisite numb] ( equal p>ts1 ! leaves be+ subsequ5tly made ( ! correct %ape by a special cutt]1 ! me?od ( mak+ :i* has already be5 v fully expla9$ 9 articles #dag-dce4 #edd4 ,to ,det]m9e ! ,size ( a ,p9ion4 ,! foll[+ table is usually employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,see also #efb & ! foll[+ articles4 ,to give ! approximate diamet] ( a p9ion1 ! p9ion calip] %\ld include3 ,= #af leaves1 #f full tee?2 t is to say1 measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! two ext]nal faces2 0 #ae 0 r less ?an #f tee?1 or #e tee?1 & j beyond ! po9t ( ! six?2 0 #ad 0 #f tee?1 measur+ at ! po9ts4 0 #ab 0 #e tee?1 measur+ at ! po9ts 7or r #d tee?72 = a clock-:eel1 #e full tee?2 0 #aj 0 #d full tee?2 = a clock-:eel1 #d squ>$ tee?2 ,= #i leaves r less ?an #d full tee?1 or #c full tee? to ! po9t ( ! f\r?2 0 #h 0 #d tee?1 measur$ at ! po9ts1 m9us a qu>t] ( a space2 0 #g 0 r less ?an #c full tee?2 = a clock-:eel1 #c full tee?1 plus a qu>t] ( a space2 0 #f 0 #c tee?1 measur$ at ! po9ts1 or r m2 = a clock-:eel1 #c full tee?4 ,x is important to notice t ^! measures c only be reg>d$ z a fir/ approximation1 & x is only by actual trial 9 a dep?-tool t we c be c]ta9 t a p9ion is correctly siz$4 ,by tak+ ! measures 9 a micromet]1 or o!r accurately divid$ gauge provid$ ) a v]ni]1 ! "w ( select+ w be mu* abridg$2 b h[ long w x be be=e ! g5]ality ( wat*mak]s w make use ( ^! conv5i5t appliances8 ,! well-kn[n :eel & p9ion sector1 al?\gh conv5i5t1 is n equal to !m 9 po9t ( accuracy1 & is affect$ by an error 9 measur+ a *ord1 n a true diamet] ( ! :eel or p9ion4 #ede4 ,to ,increase or ,decrease a ,p9ion4 ,! pit* circle ( a p9ion may be increas$ by r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! leaves 9 su* a mann] t _! flat faces are cont9u$ fur!r on to ! r\nd+2 conv]sely1 a p9ion may be decreas$ by c>ry+ ?is r\nd+ f>!r d[n t[>ds ! base ( ! leaf4 #edf4 ,to ,decrease a ,p9ion ,)\t ,remov+ ! ,:eel4 ,"s wat*mak]s recomm5d t ! :eel be remov$ f ! p9ion1 &1 aft] ! necess>y r$uction has be5 effect$ & ! leaves re-poli%$1 aga9 rivet$ on ! p9ion-neck4 ,v few workm51 h[ev]1 c d ?is well1 s t aft] ! op]ation ! :eel is seldom f\nd to run true4 ,if a new p9ion _c be procur$1 ! old "o mu/ be r$uc$4 ,:5 a p9ion t is too l>ge is replac$ by "o t is small]1 x is necess>y to take c>e t ! hole 9 ! :eel is well c5t]$ & n too l>ge2 9 ei!r ( ^! cases x mu/ be enl>g$ & bu%$ aft] be+ c5t]$ by ! circumf]5ce4 #edg4 ,to ,poli% ,p9ion ,leaves ,me*anically4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to poli% ! leaves ( a p9ion1 hold+ x on a block or betwe5 two f+]s & trav]s+ a /rip ( metal ) oil/one du/ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ea* space = ! smoo?+1 & a simil> /rip ( walnut wood 7) r\ge7 = poli%+4 ,?is me?od has long be5 ab&on$ 9 factories1 :]e all p9ions are poli%$ 9 a ma*9e4 ,we w proce$ to expla9 a simple arrangem5t = poli%+ p9ions 9 ! ord9>y la!1 b x is advisable fir/ to describe "o =m ( tool t is actually 9 use on ! l>ge scale = ?is purpose4 ,! two only diff] 9 _! dim5sions4 #edh4 ,p9ion-poli%+ ,ma*9e4 ,a frame ,b ,b1 ,fig4 #bea1 supports at its upp] end an ,h-%ap$ piece1 ( ! same =m z ! cutt]-hold] 9 an ord9>y :eel-cutt+ eng9e2 b ! arbor1 in/ead ( c>ry+ a cutt]1 is provid$ ) a wood5 drum ,r4 ,on ! base ( ! frame is a plate ,p1 :i* c be fix$ by ! screw ,e1 & c>ries a second plate p to s]ve z a b$ = ! slide1 :i* supports ! p9ion to be poli%$ freely betwe5 two brackets a1 a4 ,! plate p c be set a little oblique & clamp$ by ! screw v4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,! ma*9e acts z foll[s3 ,pres5t a corn] ( a p9ion-leaf to ! circumf]5ce ( ,r 7:i* is caus$ to revolve by a cord pass+ r\nd ! pulley n n71 ! axis ( ! p9ion be+ n q at "r angles ) t ( ! drum1 9 ord] t ! groove =m$ 9 ! s(t wood may resemble ! ?read ( a screw1 & s cause ! p9ion to revolve4 ,:5 ! groove is ( suffici5t dep?1 apply r\ge if op]at+ on a small p9ion1 & em]y = a l>ge "o3 aft] a few turns ( ,r1 ! slide c>ry+ ! p9ion be+ at ! same "t mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! p9ion w be f\nd to be poli%$4 ,a bett] surface c be obta9$ by us+ fl\r em]y4 ,! /eel :eels ( keyless "w c be poli%$ 9 ! same mann]4 #edi4 ,! sp9dle ( ! screw ,e passes ?r\gh a rectangul> slot 9 ,b 9 ord] t ! slide & its support c be mov$ p>allel to ! axis ( ,r4 ,! gra9 ( ! wood mu/ be at "r angles to ! axis ( rotation ( ! drum1 & a wood t is non-fibr\s is pref]able4 ,x mu/ evid5tly n be too h>d1 &1 if too s(t1 ! ?read =m$ on its circumf]5ce w get r\gh1 & (t5 w sudd5ly *ange position4 ,:5 ! entire surface has be5 worn x mu/ be re-turn$ smoo? & cyl9drical4 ,! l>g] a roll] is1 ! quick] x w poli% & ! less x w we>4 ,moreov]1 x w r5d] a proportionately less am\nt ( motion ( ! slide necess>y4 ,! root ( ! walnut tree is especially s\ght aft]1 b1 :5 ?is _c be obta9$1 o!r woods c be us$4 ,9 factories :]e clock p9ions are made1 ?9 discs are employ$ 9 place ( ! drums4 ,!y are at lea/ a decimetre 7#d in*es7 9 diamet]1 & v n>r[ at ! edge1 & c be re-turn$ ) a grav] :5 worn )\t be+ remov$ f ! tool1 if a ,t-re/ be fix$ 9 "s conv5i5t position4 ,! screw d is = limit+ ! desc5t ( ! drum1 b "s workm5 pref] to disp5se ) x1 &1 in/ead1 hold ! frame ,c ,c 9 ! h&1 press+ x g5tly aga9/ ! p9ion4 ,!y urge t ! wood is nev] ( ! same degree ( h>dness r\nd its circumf]5ce1 & !re=e mu/ ( necessity we> irregul>ly2 by hold+ ,c ,c 9 ! h& ! pressure on ! p9ion c be m ev5ly adju/$1 z x is possible to feel at once :e!r ! drum is poli%+ or scrat*+4 ,! incl9ation ( ! slide to a plane at "r angles to ! axis ( ,r is measur$ by ! pit* ( ! screw =m$ on ! drum4 ,b 9 practice no special precautions are tak51 & x is only necess>y to incl9e ! slide slightly to ! "r or left1 until ! p9ion is f\nd to revolve freely4 ,! drum may be f two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 &1 9 ord] to ensure ! same degree ( h>dness ?r\gh\t ! entire circumf]5ce1 x is a good plan to make ! drum ( a s]ies ( w$ges cut s t ! gra9 9 all radiates f ! c5t]4 ,beautiful poli%$ surfaces are obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 #eej4 ,to poli% a p9ion 9 ! ord9>y la!4 ,v>i\s me?ods may be adopt$1 b ! foll[+ is "o ( ! commone/3 ,support ! p9ion betwe5 ! two c5t]s b1 d1 ( ! p9ion-c>ri] %[n 9 ,fig4 #beb1 ! =m ( :i* w be evid5t )\t explanation4 ,re/ ?is c>ri] by ! portion ,m aga9/ ! ,t-re/1 press+ x aga9/ ! drum at ! same "t ) "o f+]4 ,rotat+ ! drum fir/ by h&1 make ! p9ion cut a groove v>y+ ! incl9ation until x is f\nd to be correct1 &1 :5 suffici5tly deep1 *>ge ) poli%+ mat]ial1 & rotate x ) :eel1 at ! same "t mov+ ! p9ion-c>ri] backw>ds & =w>ds endwise4 ,a little exp]i5ce w give ! requisite skill4 ,if ! p9ion is n held at a suffici5t incl9ation x w scrape & w n revolve4 ,if too mu* incl9$1 only ! r\nd+s ( ! leaves w be poli%$1 ! sides be+ left unt\*$4 ,a well-=m$ groove w la/ = a long "t4 #eea4 ,to ,tight5 a ,cannon ,p9ion4 ,if x is simply slack x w be suffici5t to increase ! diamet] ( ! set-h&s arbor z describ$ 9 article #ccf4 ,b if ! cannon p9ion is 9 ! habit ( work+ (f ?is arbor :5 sett+ ! h&s1 ! arbor c be tap]$ a little d[nw>ds2 or proce$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,drill a hole 9 ! squ>e t receives ! m9ute h& 9 ! position %[n at a1 ,fig4 #bec1 & also indicat$ by dott$ l9es at c s2 n[ turn a groove r\nd ! arbor1 also %[n by dott$ l9es1 at ! po9t n1 to correspond ) ! hole a4 ,ins]t a p9 9 ?is hole1 fil+ x (f smoo? ) ! surface at ! side at :i* x ent]s1 & ne>ly level at ! o!r side1 to be hamm]$ ov] j suffici5tly to prev5t ! p9 f work+ its way out4 ,! cannon p9ion w n[ be f\nd to turn ) ! requisite degree ( friction1 & )\t any t5d5cy to "w up4 ,x w la/ all ! long] if bo? ! p9 & ! groove 9 :i* x works are poli%$4 ,,set-,,h&s ,,squ>e4 #eeb4 ,to ,make a ,set-,h&s ,nut4 ,?is is a small squ>e nut p9n$ to ! pivot ( a solid cannon p9ion t projects beyond ! top-plate 9 "s wat*es aft] pass+ ?r\gh a holl[ c5t] p9ion4 ,?is con/ruction has be5 latt]ly discont9u$1 b x may be well to expla9 ! mode 9 :i* su* a nut c be r5ew$ :5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,take a rod ( s(t /eel ( a diamet] half z l>ge aga9 z t ( ! squ>e to be made4 ,drill a hole along its axis r less 9 diamet] ?an ! set-h&s arbor & cut (f ! ends a little long] ?an ! squ>e is requir$ to be4 ,put ?is nut on an arbor & turn x flat on ea* end 7al?\gh /ill a little long7 & truly cyl9drical4 ,hav+ ins]t$ a loose fitt+ con$ brass wire ( oval section into ! nut1 hold x on its side on an anvil4 ,) a %>p bl[ ( ! hamm] cause ! cyl9d] to assume an oval =m1 s t ! r\nd hole is z se5 at ,a1 ,fig4 #bed1 ?is be+ ! section ( ! end ( ! set-h&s arbor itself4 ,if ! "w has be5 c>efully p]=m$ up to ?is po9t1 ! /eel nut %\ld n[ pass a %ort di/ance on to ! arbor on apply+ a mod]ate pressure1 & x w suffice to slightly alt] ! =m ( ?is latt] 9 ord] to ensure a p]fect fit4 ,z !re %\ld be no %ake1 x is advisable t ?is adju/m5t be made aft] ! nut is h>d5$4 ,file ! two faces d & f p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! axis ( ! oval1 r$uc+ ! total ?ickness v ne>ly to ! am\nt ultimately requir$1 !n hold+ ! nut 9 ! p9c]s by ^! two faces firmly1 b )\t scrat*+ !m 7or x may be held by a rod fitt$ to ! oval hole71 =m ! squ>e1 remov+ all ! metal t is beyond ! two v]tical l9es 9 ! figure4 ,!n set x on an oval arbor & turn ! corn]s d[n to ! exact diamet] requir$2 pass ! grav] ov] ! two ends s z to adju/ ! l5g?4 ,x w !n be easy to f9i% (f ! squ>e & r\nd ! l[] end1 hold+ ! nut on a /eel rod 9 a p9-vise4 ,drill ! hole = a p9 aft] m>k+ its two ends on ! nut z expla9$ 9 article #eah1 !n1 hold+ ! nut s t x re/s on its l[] face1 =m a recess ) a *amf]+ tool held 9 its axis2 ! =m ( ?is c be modifi$ if requir$ ) ! r\nd$ end ( a rod & oil/one du/4 ,h>d5 ! squ>e & temp] x to a blue color2 !n smoo? its faces & ends1 & fit ! squ>e to ! set-h&s arbor4 ,! hole = ! p9 mu/ n[ be made ?r\gh ?is arbor1 tak+ c>e n to all[ ! squ>e to rise out ( its place dur+ ! op]ation4 ,x only rema9s to poli% ! recess =m$ 9 ! nut ) a rod r\nd$ at "o end & rotat$ ) a f]rule1 & f9i% (f ! corn]s ) a burni%] & r\ge2 ! l[] end is f9i%$ 9 ! same mann] z ! head ( a screw4 #eec4 ,we h "h consid]$ ! case ( a new arbor1 b1 if fitt+ a nut to "o t is already drill$1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,make ! nut r long] ?an necess>y & drill a hole high] ?an ! po9t at :i* measurem5t %[s x ought to be2 !n remove metal f ! l[] face until ! two holes co9cide4 ,! "w is simplifi$ if ! nut be made ( ! correct height at once &1 in/ead ( drill+ a hole1 a slit be =m$ z 9 ! head ( a screw1 ! bottom ( :i* mu/ correspond ) ! l[] edge ( ! hole 9 ! arbor4 #eed4 ,to fit ! ,set-h&s ,arbor to ! ,c5t] or cannon p9ion4 ,we h po9t$ out 9 article #cfd1 ! objections to hamm]+ ! set-h&s arbor s z to secure suffici5t friction to make x hold 9 ei!r ( ! p9ions ?r\gh :i* x passes 9 ! ord9>y =m ( wat*4 ,trac+ a spiral l9e on its surface is n mu* bett]1 z ! metal ?us caus$ to project soon we>s (f4 ,a bett] me?od is expla9$ 9 article #ccg1 b1 :5 only a slight increase ( diamet] is ne$$1 ! foll[+ w suffice3 ,roll ! arbor on a h>d flat wood surface ) a file ( m$ium cut1 apply+ consid]able pressure s t ! arbor is =c$ aga9/ ! file4 ,if ! pressure is suffici5t & ma9ta9$ long en\gh1 a dead r\gh surface w be =m$ on x :i* w increase its diamet] s t x w reta9 a small quantity ( oil4 ,x is well to r\gh5 ! surface r m ?an necess>y1 subsequ5tly pass+ a burni%] lightly ov] x until ! arbor fits ! p9ion ) suffici5t friction4 ,z to ! mak+ ( a set-h&s arbor1 x w pres5t no difficulty to a wat*mak] ( ev5 av]age skill 9 turn+ & fil+4 ,,pivots4 #eee4 ,! ,play ,( ,pivots4 ,x may be accept$ z an approximate rule t ! play ( escapem5t pivots 9 _! holes %\ld be z foll[s3 ,9 ! cyl9d] escapem5t1 ab\t "o-six? ! diamet] ( pivot4 ,9 ! duplex escapem5t1 ab\t "o-t5? ! diamet] ( pivot4 ,9 ! lev] escapem5t1 ab\t "o-eigh? ! diamet] ( pivot4 ,a l>ge hole causes ! pit*+ ( ! dep?s to v>y ) position1 & a defici5t play r5d]s ! escapem5t m s5sitive to ?ick5+ ( ! oil4 ,! dep? ( a pivot-hole or ! l5g? ( its cyl9drical act+ surface may be tak5 to v>y inv]sely ) its h>dness4 ,?us a ruby hole is made less deep ?an "o ( brass4 #eef4 ,to ,replace ! ,pivot ( a ,holl[ ,p9ion4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! pivot ( a holl[ c5t] p9ion is s deeply cut t x _c be re-poli%$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c>eless mann] 9 :i* too _m exam9]s f9i% ! c5t] holes 7#dfa74 ,if ! p9ion itself is f\nd to be /ill 9 good condition1 x c be made s]viceable z foll[s3 ,cem5t ! p9ion1 ) its :eel atta*$1 firmly to ! *uck ( a la! aft] hav+ remov$ ! two worn pivots1 &1 :5 x is accurately c5t]$1 increase ! hole by means ( a drill t is a trifle l>g] ?an ! orig9al pivots 7see article #bhb72 9 ! hole ?us enl>g$ & c>efully smoo!d ins]t a close fitt+ /eel tube t has be5 h>d5$ & temp]$ to a blue color1 :i* mu/ be smoo!d & run true4 ,! portion ( ?is tube t projects on ei!r side is !n adju/$ to ! prop] l5g?1 & x only rema9s to poli% ! pivots4 ,if only "o pivot requires r5ewal1 asc]ta9 :e!r !re w\ld be suffici5t hold ) ! hole enl>g$ ?r\gh half its l5g?1 & proce$ z already expla9$4 ,we h assum$ t ! %\ld]s ( ! orig9al pivots c be made to s]ve aga91 b x (t5 happ5s t ! %\ld]s d n possess suffici5t sub/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( ! holl[s be+ cut too deep4 ,9 su* a case x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ! hole mu/ be drill$ l>g]1 s t1 aft] ! tube has be5 adju/$1 new %\ld]s c be turn$ on x4 #eeg4 ,to ,r$ress a ,b5t ,pivot4 ,= ?is purpose "s workm5 m]ely use a pair ( pli]s or tweez]s2 o!rs place ! pivot 9 a slot ( ! ,jacot tool1 & press on x ) a burni%] t has little or no cut1 at ! same "t caus+ ! /aff to rotate4 ,ei!r ( ! two foll[+ me?ods may be adopt$3 ,drill a numb] ( /raight holes 9 a plate exactly at "r angles to its surface4 ,n[ introduce ! pivot into a hole t x fits ) v little play1 & r$ress x by caus+ ! /aff to rotate1 at ! same "t hold+ ! plate 9 ! h&4 ,caution is necess>y s9ce !re is "s risk ( b5d+ ! pivot too f>4 #eeh4 ,pivot+ a ,cyl9d]1 etc4 ,?is op]ation w n pres5t any difficulty if ! sev]al heights are prop]ly tak54 ,see also ! articles on ,beaupuy files 7#bdj71 & on compasses = measur+ heights1 etc4 7#bdc74 #eei4 ,poli%+ ,pivots 9 ! ,la!4 ,pivots are z a rule poli%$ by metal poli%]s provid$ ) suitable mat]ials1 & held 9 ! h&2 9 ,fig4 #bee1 h[ev]1 is giv5 ! design ( a ma*9e by :i* ?is "w c be accompli%$ :5 ! pivot+ is done 9 ! *uck-la!1 ! pivot itself be+ free & unsupport$ by a runn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,! b$ ,p ( ! in/rum5t c>ries a :eel ,r :i* engages ) a p9ion on ! axis ( ! poli%+ lap m4 ,! :eel ,r is m\nt$ on a clock /ud pass+ ?r\gh a slot & fix$ by a nut1 s t ! pit*+ ( ! two mobiles may be modifi$2 motion is communicat$ to ! lap by simply plac+ ! f+] aga9/ ! tee? ( ,r4 ,! b$ c move 9 a v]tical plane1 be+ pivot$ on two screws1 v1 v1 & ! block t receives ! po9ts ( ^! is rivet$ to ! disc d d1 :i* c be made to rotate1 ) friction1 on ! second disc n n4 ,?is latt] is rivet$ to a plate e fix$ at ! end ( a cyl9drical rod ,f4 ,x w be evid5t t if ! rod ,f is ins]t$ 9 ! ,t-re/ support1 ! plate ,p ext5d+ t[>ds ! back ( ! la!1 ?is plate c be rais$ or l[]$1 & mov$ t[>ds ! "r & left1 s t ! flat face ( ! lap c always be br\ght 9 contact ) ! pivot t is to be poli%$4 ,?is latt] is caus$ to rotate by a foot-:eel :ile "o h& holds ! rais$ plate by ! button a1 & a f+] ( ! o!r h& is appli$ to ! tee? ( ,r1 caus+ ! lap to rotate4 ,! upw>d motion ( ,p may be limit$ by ! edge ( ! top s ( ! button s k1 :i* is tapp$ s z to rotate ) /iff friction on ! pill> ,h4 ,! /op l is to prev5t ! poli%] f travel+ too f> t[>ds ! left & ?us remov+ too mu* f ! %\ld] t is to be poli%$4 ,! screw x1 giv+ motion to ! slide y1 is = secur+ p>allelism betwe5 ! pivot & ! surface ( ! lap1 accord+ z ! =m] is cyl9drical or conical 9 %ape4 ,= f9e pivots x is advisable to introduce an additional :eel & p9ion4 ,! f+] w !n be bett] able to appreciate ! degree ( resi/ance oppos$1 &1 ow+ to ! increas$ velocity1 x w be useless to use oil/one du/1 b r\ge c be appli$ directly aft] ! turn+4 ,at e is a /eady-p9 = ma9ta9+ ! position ( ! in/rum5t4 ,,bu%+ ,,pivot ,,holes1 ,,etc4 #efj4 ,e wat*mak] kn[s h[ to proce$ 9 adju/+ an ord9>y p]=at$ bu%+ or /opp+4 ,we w\ld make a few rem>ks on ! subject ( bu%+s g5]ally4 ,! tapp$ bu%+ is v firm1 b1 9 ord] t x may be well c5t]$1 x is ess5tial t its ?read fits exactly ! tube ( ! tool 7#cbb71 & t ! po9t$ rod is exactly c5tral4 ,a turn$ bu%+1 especially :5 a broa* c be pass$ into x aft] x is 9 position1 is m easily made c5tral 7see article #cdb74 ,:5 bu%+ holes t are r l>ge ) solid bu%+s1 aft] ! hole has be5 m>k$ ) ! po9t] x mu/ be drill$ ) a small drill1 a l>g] "o be+ subsequ5tly pass$ ?r\gh1 s z to increase x4 ,o!rwise !re is great dang] ( ! hole turn+ to "o side4 ,if a hole1 su* z t ( ! c5t] :eel1 is bu%$ ) a p]=at$ bu%+1 x w (t5 be f\nd to incl9e t[>ds ! b>rel or fusee1 s t ! hole is displac$4 ,su* an inconv5i5ce may be avoid$ by us+ a bu%+ ) a hole small] ?an is ultimately requir$1 aft]w>ds enl>g+ x ) ! plate c5t]$ 9 ! la!4 #efa4 ,rivet+ ( ,bu%+s4 ,"s wat*mak]s h f\nd consid]able advantage 9 replac+ ! sudd5 & irregul> impacts ( a hamm] by gradual pressure1 )\t %ock1 obta9$ by a small press work$ by h& on ! pr9ciple ( a pun*+ ma*9e4 ,) a well made bu%+1 ! flat end ( :i* is slightly r\nd$1 & ! inside ( ! hole 9 ! plate f9i%$ ) a rat-tail r ?an ) a cross file1 x is f\nd t ! rivet+ is always p]fect4 ,o!rs employ an ord9>y pair ( slid+ tongs1 ! noses ( :i* are drill$ to receive two pun*es1 "o flat & ! o!r r\nd$1 z 9 ! ma9spr+ pun*4 ,?ree pairs ( pun*es suffice = all sizes ( bu%+s1 & ! same tool c be us$ = clos+ up screw-holes1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 #efb4 ,movable ,bu%+s4 ,^! are = use 9 regulator clocks & o!rs ( l>ge dim5sions1 & a few words mu/ suffice = _! description4 ,!y are ! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,alleaume1 & w be und]/ood f ,fig4 #bef4 ,x is always desirable1 ) a view to prev5t we>1 t :5 metal pivot-holes are us$1 ! pivot %\ld be> on a l5g? equal to ab\t ?ree times its diamet]2 b = su* a condition to be satisfi$1 x is ess5tial t ! axes ( bo? holes & pivots be absolutely p>allel4 ,! figures w at once %[ 9 :at mann] su* p>allelism is secur$4 ,c ,c is ! plate1 9 section1 9 :i* a hole is made ( ! =m indicat$ by ! l9es t b\nd ! cross-hat*+s4 ,! movable bu%+ ,a is held aga9/ a %\ld]1 & prev5t$ f rotat+ by a screw1 ! po9t ( :i* ent]s a small hole 9 ! bu%+4 ,! pivot ( ,b passes into ,a1 & ?is latt] is capable ( su* slight motion z w insure contact betwe5 ! surfaces ?r\gh\t _! l5g?4 ,,dep?s4 #efc4 ,to ,secure a ,good ,dep?4 ,! lea/ skillful ( wat*mak]s c1 )\t mu* difficulty1 place a :eel 9 ! dep?+ tool 9 conjunction ) a p9ion1 & *ange ?is latt] until ! two are f\nd to run easily toge!r4 ,b !re are comp>atively few t are suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! subject ( dep?s to be able to select a p9ion ^: proportions are su* z to satisfy ! greate/ numb] ( ! conditions to be fulfill$ by a good dep?4 ,?is unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s is due 9 great measure to ! employm5t1 )\t any correction1 ( tables ( ! sizes ( p9ions 7#edd71 accord+ to :i* ^! sizes are det]m9$ by a measurem5t on ! tee? ( ! :eel1 tak5 ) a p9ion calip]4 ,?is me?od1 al?\gh suffici5t = asc]ta9+ ! size approximately1 & ev5 = secur+ a dep? t runs m or less easily1 _c be accept$ z an unv>y+ rule4 ,f> f re/+ on any ma!matical law1 z ignorant m5 urge 9 _! attempt to in/ruct o!rs1 x is only true = a p>ticul> numb] & =m ( too? 9 reg>d to ! :eel1 & a def9ite ?ickness ( leaf & %ape ( ! r\nd+ 9 reg>d to ! p9ion4 ,x ceases to be true if appli$ to o!r numb]s ( tee?1 or to p9ions t h _! leaves ?ick] or ?9n]1 or ! r\nd+s diff]5t f ^? ( ! p9ion fir/ det]m9$ ^u4 #efd4 ,!oretical & practical dep?s4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( e dep? is z foll[s3 ,to det]m9e :at curvature %\ld be giv5 to ! tee? ( ! :eel :i* drives1 9 ord] t ! too? t foll[s 7:e!r its side be /raight or =m$ accord+ to a pre-det]m9$ curve7 %all be driv5 9 su* a mann] z to secure ! be/ transmission ( =ce1 a transmission :i* is 9 "p influ5c$ by ! uses to be made ( ! ma*9e4 #efe4 ,tee? =m$ l ! involute ( a circle h v m>k$ advantages1 b !y _c be adopt$ 9 practice1 especially 9 ! case ( ! leaves ( p9ions4 ,! epicycloid c be realiz$ v approximately 9 ! tee? ( :eels 9 horology1 & su* tee? c be us$ 9 conjunction ) p9ion leaves hav+ /raight faces1 ! con/ruction ( :i* does n pres5t any difficulty4 ,?is expla9s :y ! epicycloidal =m has be5 adopt$ by wat*mak]s2 b1 al?\gh x is m easily drawn ?an ! majority ( o!r curves1 !re are /ill "s ob/acles 9 ! way ( its g5]al application1 ma9ly dep5d5t on indu/rial requirem5ts4 ,! difficulty is usually got ov] by =m+ ! too? accord+ to a circul> arc1 ne>ly id5tical ) ! epicycloidal curve1 see articles 7#ddj-db74 #eff4 ,:5 two mobiles are ( ! same diamet]1 ! !oretical dep? w be *>act]iz$ by hav+ tee? & spaces ( equal wid?2 b1 s9ce 9 practice ! friction ) su* an arrangem5t w\ld be excessive1 ow+ to its tak+ place on bo? sides ( ! too?1 ! tee? ( ! :eel t are driv5 are s f> r$uc$ 9 ?ickness z to secure ! necess>y fre$om4 #efg4 ,:5 ! two mobiles are v highly numb]$1 ! lead is %ort1 s t ! too? ( ! :eel may be a trifle broad] or n>r[] ?an ! space )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,b :5 us+ p9ions ( l[ numb] 7f #f to #aj leaves71 ?is is n ! case4 ,9 proportion z ! wid? ( ! :eel too? is r$uc$1 its ogive becomes %ort]1 & ! mo/ advantage\s portion ( ! lead 7t beyond ! l9e ( c5t]s7 becomes less4 ,&1 besides ?is1 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! slipp+ t[>ds ! end ( ! lead1 & ! r$uction 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! geometrical & ! total diamet]s ( ! :eel4 #efh4 ,to secure a good dep? ) l[ numb]$ p9ions1 ! leaves %\ld n be m ?an half ! ?ickness ( ! space4 ,if !y are ?ick] ?an ?is1 x may be f\nd necess>y to r$uce ! wid? ( ! :eel tee?1 :5 ! pit*+ is insuffici5t2 b ! mo/ s]i\s objection lies 9 ! fact t ! pit* circle ( ! p9ion w be dim9i%$ 9 diamet]4 ,let !re be two p9ions ) circul> r\nd+s & ( ! same total diamet]1 b hav+ leaves ( diff]5t ?icknesses--t ) ! leaves ?ick w be f\nd to be too small1 etc4 #efi4 ,to ,calculate ! ,vibrations ( a ,p5dulum or ,balance4 ,multiply toge!r ! numb]s ( tee? ( ! :eels1 />t+ ) ! "o t c>ries ! m9ute h& 7:i* !re=e makes "o revolution 9 an h\r71 b exclude ! escape-:eel4 ,multiply toge!r ! numb]s ( leaves ( ! p9ions1 comm5c+ ) ! "o t engages ) ! c5t]-:eel4 ,if ! fir/ product be divid$ by ! second1 ! numb] obta9$ gives ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! escape-:eel 9 an h\r4 ,multiply ?is figure by twice ! numb] ( tee? ( ! escape-:eel1 & ! product is ! numb] ( s+le vibrations p]=m$ by ! balance or p5dulum 9 "o h\r4 ,,on ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,geometrical ,,laws ,,( ,,dep?s ,,to ,,practice4 #egj4 ,x has be5 urg$ t :5 ! geometrical =ms ( ! leaves & tee?1 z giv5 9 sci5tific treatise1 are accurately c>ri$ out 9 practice1 ! dep?s are f\nd to be unsatisfactory & liable to cause occasional /oppage2 & ^! facts are br\ght =w>d z evid5ce t !ory & practice are at v>iance4 ,on ! contr>y1 !ory & practice are 9 p]fect accord3 ! app>5t disagreem5t arises f an error 9 ! application ( ! geometrical laws4 ,9 copy+ ! !oretical =ms ( ! tee? ( :eels & leaves ( p9ions1 x w\ld be necess>y to asc]ta9 t !y 7 ma!matically exact1 & ?is is impracticable4 ,two conditions mu/ be borne 9 m9d3 #a4 ,!ory %[s t ! mobile :i* drives %\ld be made a trifle l>g] ?an ! geometrical size1 s z to c\nt]act imp]fections 9 ! workman%ip4 #b4 ,a p9ion is nev] made ( ! exact ma!matical proportions1 9 consequ5ce ( ! processes t h to be adopt$ = cutt+1 poli%+1 c5t]+1 etc4 ,if a numb] ( p9ions be tak51 & if ! sev]al dim5sions ( ea* be det]m9$ by means ( a micromet] measur+ to hundr$?s ( a millimet] 7or f two to ?ree-?\s&?s ( an in*71 diff]5ces t are1 comp>atively speak+1 l>ge w be f\nd 9 ! diamet]s1 measur+ betwe5 correspond+ leaves2 9 ! ?ickness ( leaves2 9 ! diamet]s ( ! circles at :i* ! r\nd+s jo9 ! /raight faces1 & ! g5]al tru? ( ! p9ion w ne>ly always leave some?+ to be desir$4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ^! faults w be m m>k$ accord+ z ! leaves h be5 m quickly made4 ,! tee? ( :eels w be f\nd to be *>act]iz$ by simil> faults1 al?\gh !y are less m>k$4 #ega4 ,x foll[s f ^! facts t1 9 wat*es & timepieces1 ! p9ion is always a little small] ?an !ory w\ld require2 ?us ! epicycloid %\ld be /ruck ) a some:at small] g5]at+ circle1 & ! ogive ( ! too? w be proportionately r$uc$4 ,! practical conclusion at :i* we arrive1 !n1 is z foll[s3 ,z x is impossible to secure absolute p]fection 9 ! tee? ( small horological me*anisms1 _! ogives mu/ be slightly m r\nd$ at ! po9ts ?an ! designs giv5 9 sci5tific treatises indicate1 s9ce ^! latt] are drawn exactly 9 accordance ) ! geometrical laws4 ,^! rem>ks are ( ! greate/ possible importance to ! manufactur]s ( bo? wat*es & timepieces2 !y po9t to ! fact t n only ! ogives ( all :eel tee? %\ld be l[] ?an !ory indicates1 b also t1 9 common] "w1 !y mu/ be /ill l[]1 accord+ z ! p9ions are ( m inf]ior quality4 #egb4 ,to ,alt] a ,/em ,w9d+ ,p9ion ,dep?4 ,! dep? ( ! ,/em ,w9d+ ,:eel & ,p9ion (t5 occasions consid]able inconv5i5ce1 & its adju/m5t requires to be accurately made3 :5 ! dep? is too deep1 its alt]ation is easy1 z ! r\nd+s ( ! p9ion leaves c be r$uc$1 or ! /ud or o!r piece t c>ries ! w9d+ :eel c h its base a little r$uc$ on "o side1 s z to set ! :eel a trifle out ( upright 7b s slightly z n to be p]ceptible to ! eye1 & tak+ c>e t ! tee? rema9 on a level ) ^? ( ! b>rel-arbor :eel74 ,a %all[ dep? is some:at m difficult to correct4 ,if a suffici5t *ange _c be made by alt]+ ! support ( ! w9d+ :eel1 "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods mu/ be resort$ to3 #a4 ,reset ! p5dant ( ! case4 #b4 ,make a new w9d+ p9ion ( great] diamet]1 increas+ ! numb] ( its leaves by "o1 to correspond to ?is *ange4 #c4 ,alt] ! position ( ! movem5t 9 ! case4 ,! two fir/ me?ods are m especially applicable to new "w1 :ile ! ?ird is m conv5i5t = repair]s1 al?\gh ( c\rse x c only be resort$ to ) advantage :5 ! p9ion has a be>+ 9 ! p5dant4 ,! requisite *ange 9 ! position ( ! movem5t c be produc$ by rais+ ! rim ( ! case t supports ! plate1 or by sold]+ two ?9 /rips ( metal on ?is rim1 produc+ a simil> effect2 "o on ei!r side ( ! p5dant w suffice1 except :5 a consid]able *ange is necess>y1 9 :i* case !y %\ld be set at int]vals ar\nd ! rim to avoid an obvi\s incl9ation ( ! dial4 ,or f\r holes c be drill$ at equal di/ances ap>t ar\nd ! edge ( ! plate & 9 its plane1 s t _! edges ov]lap ! position occupi$ by ! rim ( ! case2 p9s are !n set 9 ^! holes & fil$ away until !y produce ! requisite am\nt ( elevation4 ,or1 aga91 flat-head$ screws may be fitt$ ar\nd ! edge ) _! axes at "r angles to ! plane ( ! plate & _! heads on ! dial side4#g ,! dep? w !n be adju/$ by screw+ ^! screws m or less into ! plate4 ,x is advisable to asc]ta9 t ! dial is n =c$ too ne> ! glass1 z su* is occasionally f\nd to be ! case1 necessitat+ ! bevell+ ( ! edge ( ! =m]4 ,,pallets4 #egc4 ,to ,advance a 7visible7 ,jewel 9 a ,pallet4 ,workm5 t h _h mu* exp]i5ce ( escapem5t mak+ d ?is )\t any difficulty by hold+ ! pallet arm 9 a pair ( tweez]s t h be5 slightly w>m$1 b ord9>y repair]s w n succe$ ) su* a me?od3 !y c h[ev]1 effect ! requir$ *ange z foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,make a small brass plate1 ,e1 fig4 #beg1 ) a piece c project+ upw>ds1 :i* ! screw v trav]ses ) /iff friction4 ,a saddle b is fitt$ to ! edge ( ! plate by screws4 ,a glance at ! figure w suffice to %[ ! mode ( us+ x2 ! pallet arm ^: jewel is to be adju/$ is clamp$ "u b ) ! jewel j opposite ! screw v4 ,n[ turn ?is screw until x /&s at ! di/ance f ! impulse face ( a ?r\gh :i* ! jewel is to be advanc$2 tak+ ! plate 9 a pair ( long-nos$ pli]s1 hold !m ov] a small lamp flame1 & press ) a small screwdriv] lightly aga9/ ! po9t a s z to advance ! /one by ! requisite am\nt z soon z ! %ellac is suffici5tly s(t4 ,a p>ticle ( %ellac is plac$ at a1 if any cavity =ms dur+ ! process1 & ! plate is laid on "s cool body1 avoid+ contact ) ! pallet-/aff4 ,if ! /one projects bel[ ! l[] surface ( ! pallets1 a small wa%] mu/ be plac$ und]nea? be=e clamp+ ! screws ( b1 ( su* a ?ickness t ! /one is j on ! level ) ! surface ,e4 #egd4 ,to ,alt] ! ,=m ( a ,pallet ,face4 ,workm5 t possess ! requisite skill & /ead9ess ( h& c alt] ! =m ( a pallet jewel1 :5 x is necess>y to modify ! height or =m ( ! impulse face1 by simply us+ a copp] poli%] *>g$ ) diamond p[d]4 ,! poli%+ mat]ial employ$ is always decant$ 9 v pure oil1 z o!rwise x is apt to scrat* in/ead ( poli%4 ,! co>s] quality is fir/ us$ :5 a mat]ial *ange has to be effect$1 b if only a v slight alt]ation is necess>y1 & ! adju/m5t has to be v exact1 only ! f9e/ quality mu/ be us$1 z !re is a dang] ( mak+ scrat*es t w\ld be v difficult to erase4 ,we w\ld also add t ?is op]ation requires "s skill & pati5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 #ege4 ,to ,measure ! ,lift & all o!r ,angles1 etc4 ( ! ,lev] ,escapem5t4 ,a v simple in/rum5t = measur+ ^! angles 0 design$ by ,curzon1 "o :i* any wat*mak] c arrange = himself1 & is q suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #beh1 & consi/s ( an ord9>y dep? tool to :i* a scale is add$4 ,a h& adapt$ to ! pallet-/aff support$ betwe5 "o pair ( runn]s ( ! dep? tool gives motion to a curv$ rack 7%[n by dott$ l9es71 & ?is causes a p9ion c>ry+ a second index to rotate1 ! radii be+ s relat$ t ! movem5t ( ! /aff is magnifi$ f\r times on a scale :i* c be obs]v$ :ile ! glass is at ! eye exam9+ ! pallets4 ,! index :i* travels ov] ! %ort] scale to ! left 7divid$ up to #aj on ei!r side ( z]o7 is connect$ ) ! pallet-/aff by a =k & a %ort arm pass+ ?r\gh ! circul> groove2 x af=ds a conv5i5t means ( mov+ ! pallets :ile te/+ !m1 & gives a measure1 9 degrees1 ( _! motion4 ,! graduat$ arc %[n at ! top is = measur+ ! lev] & roll]4 #egf4 ,v]ge ,pallets3 to ,measure _! ,op5+4 ,! little in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bei may be us$ = ?is purpose2 its mode ( action w be easily und]/ood f an inspection ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,"o ( ! pallets be+ held ) its flat face aga9/ ! base ( ! graduat$ semicircle by ! lev] & spr+ ,b1 s t ! axis ( ! v]ge is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! in/rum5t ?r\gh ! po9t n1 an index previ\sly fix$ to ! o!r pallet w %[ by ! graduations ! numb] ( degrees ( op5+4 ,?is index1 %[n at ,p1 ,fig4 #afj1 mu/ be v light4 ,x is =m$ 9 two p>ts1 ! body c d1 & ! small spr+ z z4 ,! pallet :5 held 9 ! not* c1 mu/ h its face held flat aga9/ c d by ! spr+ z z4 ,! face c d ( ! index mu/ be q smoo? & /raight1 s z to avoid any error 9 ! read+ ( ! scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,! pressure-block ,c1 ,fig4 #bei 7%[n 9 plan & elevation at ,c1 ,fig4 #bfj71 is movable on its c5t]1 & ?is c5t]1 :i* by an engrav]'s error is repres5t$ on ! l9e n r1 %\ld be a little to ! "r ( t l9e4 #egg4 ,to ,op5 or ,close ,v]ge ,pallets4 ,"s workm5 cut a not* at ! end ( a small rod 9 :i* ! v]ge is ins]t$1 ! two arms ( ! =k be+ !n drawn toge!r by a screw2 !n1 hold+ ea* pallet 9 a pair ( long-nos$ pli]s1 "o 9 ea* h&1 ! rod is held 9 ! flame ( a lamp &1 z soon z ! body ( ! v]ge becomes blue1 x is g5tly twi/$ to ! "r or left accord+ z ! pallets require to be op5$ or clos$4 ,?is me?od is n always conv5i5t1 & ! foll[+ may be recomm5d$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,support ! v]ge by its %\ld]s betwe5 two cone-plate c5t]s 9 a pair ( f9i%+ turns1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,a c>ri] b is screw$ to ! upp] pallet1 & prev5ts ! v]ge f rotat+2 c is a rod ?r\gh :i* heat is conduct$2 a1 %[n bo? 9 plan & elevation1 is ano!r rod1 :i* is mu* long] ?an c1 & has a not* cut at ! end1 s t x c be =c$ on to ! l[] pallet4 ,! end d is free1 & ! ,t-re/ %[n dott$ at s1 mu/ be br\ght ne>ly into contact ) x1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m correspond+ to ! angle to :i* x is requir$ to alt] ! op5+ ( ! pallets4 ,n[ hold a lamp "u ! free end ( c &1 z soon z ! body ( ! v]ge *anges color1 d w desc5d by its own weight until arre/$ by s1 ! op5+ w ?us be increas$ or dim9i%$ to ! requisite ext5t4 ,! op]ation w be accompli%$ m quickly by direct+ ! bl[-pipe flame aga9/ ! v]ge body4 ,( c\rse :5 dim9i%+ ! op5+1 ! v]ge mu/ be held 9 ! rev]se direction to t %[n 9 ! figure4 ,,cyl9d]4 #egh4 ,to ,poli% ! ,cyl9d] ,lips ,me*anically4 ,! poli%+ ( ! lips ( a cyl9d] is "o ( ! mo/ delicate op]ations t c be und]tak5 by a wat*mak]2 we h1 !re=e1 endeavor$ to devise an in/rum5t by :i* ?is c be done me*anically1 & :i* %\ld at ! same "t be s simple & s easily made t any wat*mak] %\ld be able to con/ruct x = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 #egi4 ,x consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts :i* take _! place 9 an ord9>y pair ( f9i%+ turns4 #a4 ,! plate ,p1 ,fig4 #bfb1 support$ on a rod ,t1 to take ! place ( ! ,t-re/4 #b4 ,! frame ,e1 ^: axis replaces "o ( ! runn]s4 ,?is mu* be+ cle>ly und]/ood f ! figure1 !re w be b little difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! foll[+ details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,on ! plate ,p is m\nt$ a bracket1 b b b1 held by a screw & wa%]4 ,x has a slot cut l5g?wise1 s t on loos5+ ! screw x c be made to slide t[>ds ! "r or left4 ,! v]tical portion b supports a =k-%ap$ piece1 d c1 a front view ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bfc1 pivot$ on a collet-screw1 f1 & ?is may be fix$ by a p9 pass+ ?r\gh its end l a bolt4 ,! upp] end ( ! =k-piece is provid$ ) tee? = a purpose t w be pres5tly app>5t4 ,! long sp9dle1 g h1 turns betwe5 ! two supports1 k1 l1 fix$ to ! plate ,p1 "u ! action ( ! h&le ,m4 ,?is axis c>ries two ecc5tric cams1 q & ,r4 ,:5 x rotates1 ! ecc5tric ,r causes ! =k d c to rise & fall1 ?us occasion+ an oscillat+ movem5t ( ! rack d1 at ! same "t ! o!r ecc5tric q presses aga9/ ! back ( ! slide i n1 :i* moves freely 9 ! guide s1 & is always held aga9/ ! cam by a helical spr+ j2 ! slide ?us has an oscillat+ motion 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,all ! details 9 reg>d to ! slide & its guide w be easily ga!r$ f ! plan 9 ,fig4 #bfb1 & ! side elevation 9 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,a small iron poli%] is adapt$ to ! slide n i4 ,be+ pivot$ on a p9 at "o extremity1 s]v+ z an axis1 its end u is press$ d[nw>d by ! light spr+ v 7,figs4 #bfb & #bfd71 :i* might be replac$ by a spiral spr+ bel[ ! poli%] if pref]r$4 #ehj4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 we w pass to ! frame ,e4 ,! rod t c>ries x is =m$ ( ?ick drawn /eel p9ion wire1 ! diamet] ( :i* is less ?an t ( ! hole 9 ! poppet-head ( ! turns4 ,?is sp9dle is provid$ ) brass coll>s at y & z ( su* an ext]nal diamet] z to be receiv$ 9 ! poppet-head1 9 :i* ! rod c rotate freely4 ,by adopt+ ?is arrangem5t1 n only is ! frictional surface dim9i%$1 )\t r$uc+ ! accuracy ( ! adju/m5t1 b ! app>atus c be easily adapt$ to any pair ( turns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,to ! "r-h& side ( ! frame is fix$1 by two screws1 ! cyl9d] c>ri] x %[n at ,x1 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,x mu/ be remov$ 9 ord] to set ! cyl9d] 9 position by cem5t+ its balance to ! surface2 c>e is necess>y to make sure t ! back ( ! cyl9d] %all be t[>ds ! side e ( ! frame :5 ! c>ri] is aga9 screw$ 9 position4 ,aft] hav+ ?us replac$ x1 set ! rack d to engage ) ! p9ion wire z1 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 ! ecc5tric cam ,r occupies ! position indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bfc1 ! small iron poli%] re/s at ! middle po9t ( ! cyl9d] lip4 ,n[ f9ally clamp ! screw t fixes ! support ,t4 ,! mode ( action ( ! ma*9e w be easily und]/ood4 ,if1 aft] *>g+ ! poli%] ) poli%+ r\ge ! h&le ,m is rotat$1 ! cam ,r w imp>t an oscillat+ angul> movem5t to ! frame ,e ?r\gh its axis y z1 & ! cam q w1 at ! same "t1 cause ! poli%] to move backw>ds & =w>ds1 always 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! lip dur+ its movem5t4 #eha4 ,! "w w be p]=m$ m rapidly1 & ! poli% w be bett] if ! iron h a slight lat]al motion z well z t 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m simple to communicate a longitud9al oscillat+ movem5t to ! cyl9d]1 & ?is answ]s ! same purpose2 x is only necess>y to make two small additions1 ! spiral spr+ o & ! little cock a4 ,! latt] is fix$ to d 9 an incl9$ position 7z indicat$ at ,a71 & ?is incl9ation c be v>i$ by m]ely turn+ ! left-h& screw4 ,x w be evid5t t :5 d is asc5d+1 ! cock w pu% ! sp9dle y z =w>d2 & :5 d desc5ds1 ! sp9dle w be br\ght back to its initial position by ! pressure ( ! spr+ o1 :i* is simply plac$ ov] ! end ( ! opposite runn]4 ,?is longitud9al movem5t mu/ be b slight1 & x c be made z little z desir$ s9ce x dep5ds solely on ! incl9ation ( a4 #ehb4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,! angul> motion ( ! frame ,e mu/ be suffici5t to enable ! poli%] to act on ! entire surface ( ! lip4 ,! ext5t ( ?is movem5t is det]m9$ by ! size & ! degree ( ecc5tricity ( ! cam ,r4 ,! greate/ motion w occur :5 ! sp9dle passes ?r\gh ! hole #a 7,fig4 #bfc71 & x w gradually become less z ! holes #b1 #c1 etc41 are us$4 ,! cam q %\ld also h two or ?ree holes = v>y+ its ecc5tricity4 ,^! cams may be made ( h>d wood1 ivory1 etc4 #b4 ,! iron poli%] may be replac$ by a piece ( flexible spr+ fix$ by a screw to ! slide2 b its pressure is less uni=m4 #c4 ,! b5t arm w1 ,figs4 #bfb & #bfe1 is clamp$ to ! plate ,p by a screw d1 & ! long arm b1 ,fig4 #bfe1 be>s aga9/ ! back ( ! poppet-head1 & ?us ensures ! /ead9ess ( ,p4 ,to insure /ead9ess by its means1 b is drawn back 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 !n hook$ beh9d ! poppet-head & clamp$ by ! screw d4 ,! firm] ! support is ! bett]4 #d4 ,! ma*9e may be arrang$ s t ! two lips c be poli%$ at ! same "t1 b x !n becomes m complicat$4 ,9 ! tool "h describ$1 z soon z "o lip is poli%$ ! cyl9d] c>ri] is unscrew$1 turn$ ar\nd1 & screw$ aga9/ ! left arm ( ! frame ,e1 9 :i* are two screw-holes opposite to ^? 9 ! "r-h& arm4 ,unscrew+ ! slide b b1 ! ,t-re/ c>ri] is mov$ along ! la! b> until ! poli%] is ov] ! lip2 b b hav+ be5 set 9 position is clamp$1 &1 aft] see+ t w has a be>+1 ! second lip may be poli%$4 #e4 ,! cyl9d] c>ri] %[n at ,x1 ,fig4 #bfe1 is us$ :5 ! balance is 9 position4 ,= a pla9 cyl9d] )\t its balance ano!r =m ( c>ri] is employ$ t has at ! edge ( its c5tral hole a small b solid project+ %ell to :i* ! cyl9d] is cem5t$4 #ehc4 ,me?ods ( ,obta9+ ,cont9u\s ,motion4 ,rapid "w is n possible :5 a s+le h&le1 z %[n at ,m1 is us$ = work+ ! app>atus2 rec\rse may1 h[ev]1 be _h to "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 #a4 ,m\nt a small p9ion ) a squ>e hole at its c5t]1 & make x engage ) a l>ge :eel driv5 by a h&le4 ,?is :eel1 hav+ a great numb] ( tee?1 w proportionately increase ! rate ( motion4 #b4 ,take a p[]ful clock movem5t & connect up its c5t] arbor ) ! axis g h2 hav+ w\nd up ! ma9 spr+1 all[ x to run d[n s long z x possesses suffici5t p[] to drive ! me*anism4 #c4 ,fix a f]ule at h1 & drive x by ! aid ( a foot-:eel4 ,,balance ,,spr+4 #ehd4 ,to ,select a ,balance ,spr+4 ,v>i\s me?ods are adopt$ = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ common1 by :i* ! /r5g? is asc]ta9$ f ! l5g? ( cone =m$ by hang+ ! balance f ! inn] coil ( ! spr+ :ile ! out] is held 9 a pair ( tweez]s4 ,a m exact me?od1 bas$ on ! same pr9ciple1 is to employ ! small gauge %[n 9 ,fig4 #bff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bff4 ,a v]tical pill> n n is fix$ on a smoo? plate ,b1 & ! slide ,c is held by friction 9 any position on n n4 ,place ,c s t ! di/ance betwe5 c & ,b is equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! end ( ! l[] balance-/aff pivot & ! balance-spr+ collet4 ,hav+ n[ fitt$ ! spr+ 9 ?is collet1 raise ! balance1 by tweez]s hold+ ! out] coil1 until ! l[] pivot j re/s on ,b4 ,! graduations on ,c w !n af=d a measure ( ! ext5sion ( ! spr+1 & ?is ext5sion %\ld ab\t equal ! radius ( ! balance measur$ on ! same scale4 ,:5 ! numb] ( vibrations p]=m$ 9 an h\r is kn[n1 a spr+ may be select$ by fitt+ x to ! balance &1 :ile hold+ ! out] coils 9 ! tweez]s1 support+ ! l[] pivot on a h>d smoo? surface2 ! balance is !n made to vibrate & ! vibrations are c\nt$4 ,! spr+ ne$ n be p9n$ into ! collet1 b may be atta*$ by wax to ! top pivot4 #ehe4 ,to ,fix a ,balance-,spr+ to its ,collet4 ,a common way ( do+ ?is is to put ! collet on a wire or broa* :i* is held 9 "o h& :ile ! o!r pres5ts ! inn] end ( ! spr+1 held 9 tweez]s1 to ! hole 9 ! collet2 subsequ5tly fix+ x ) a p94 ,! foll[+ is a m conv5i5t me?od3 ,at ! middle ( a brass plate is a boss tapp$ ?r\gh a v]tical hole 9 its c5t] to receive a small screw ) flat head4 ,:5 ! collet is fix$ by ?is screw pass+ ?r\gh x1 ! op]ation ( sett+ ! spr+ 9 position & p9n+ x w be mu* facilitat$1 & ! plate w at ! same "t af=d a means ( te/+ its p>allelism4 ,two or ?ree screws ) heads ( v>i\s sizes %\ld be provid$1 &1 9 ord] t !y may be always available1 !y %\ld be screw$ into holes at a corn] ( ! plate4 ,?is tool might be made ( fur!r use by add+ an arrangem5t = hold+ ! /ud :ile drill+ x1 ) a view to ensure t ! hole is at ! prop] height4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 #ehf4 ,balance-,spr+ ,gauge4 ,a back view & side elevation ( ?is are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfg2 x c be made )\t difficulty by any wat*mak]4 ,?r\gh ! middle ( ! plate passes a /aff a b lightly pivot$ betwe5 ! cock p & ! plate1 & project+ on ! left-h& side z f> z ! po9t a4 ,betwe5 ! cock & plate x c>ries ! collet ( ! spiral spr+ s & ! /op-f+] d c1 & at ! po9t z is a light f+] y z t passes ov] ! graduations on ! dial4 ,:5 ! /op-f+] d c is free x /&s 9 ! direction ( ! dott$ l9e i2 on rotat+ ! /aff1 by tak+ hold ( ! pivot a1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ i1 ! extremity c ( ! f+] w be br\ght r\nd till x presses aga9/ ! incl9$ plane r1 :i* x w =ce back &1 on com+ aga9/ ! /op ne> c1 x w be held fa/ 9 ! not* ( ! small b5t lev] t t]m9ates at r4 ,a spr+ ma9ta9s ?is lev] always aga9/ a p9 set 9 ! plate4 ,! index f+] y z w n[ be /&+ ov] ! z]o ( ! scale1 & w be ma9ta9$ 9 t position until ! f+] d c is releas$ by a mom5t>y pressure ( ! h& on ! pu%-piece n1 :5 x w fly back to ! initial position correspond+ to ! dott$ l9e i4 #ehg4 ,! in/rum5t is us$ z foll[s3 ,! small slid+ hold] ,h1 :i* is %[n 9 section at ,e1 7bo? ( ^! figures be+ mu* enl>g$ s9ce x is extremely f9e & light71 has a hole ?r\gh its c5t] t fits on to ! axis at a4 ,hav+ set a balance spr+ 9 ! clip z indicat$ at ,e1 place ,h on ! pivot a1 tight5+ ! slide s t x c be us$ to rotate a b1 & br+ ! /op-f+] r\nd to ! position d c4 ,hold+ ! out] coil ( ! spr+ 9 tweez]s at v1 its inn] coil be+ held 9 ! clip1 release ! b5t arm by means ( ! pu%-piece n4 ,! po9t on ! dial at :i* ! f+] y z is arre/$ w give a measure ( ! =ce ( ! balance spr+ v4 ,x w be evid5t t a spr+ c n[ be easily select$ ( ! same /r5g? z v1 or /rong] or weak] )9 def9ite limits :i* w become well kn[n :5 "s use has be5 made ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! entire me*anism is enclos$ )9 a box t is cov]$ by a glass1 ?r\gh ! middle ( :i* a hole is made = ! passage ( a4 ,! spr+ s is ( ab\t ! /r5g? ord9>ily us$ = #ah-l9e wat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 #ehh4 ,to ,set a ,breguet ,spr+ 9 ,position4 ,to te/ ! /r5g? ( a flat spiral spr+ t is to be =m$ into a ,breguet spr+1 x mu/ fir/ be atta*$ by its collet to ! balance-/aff4 ,z ! out] coil _c be held 9 ! /ud ow+ to its be+ s ne> to ! pivot hole1 x mu/ be held 9 ! clip b ( ! little appliance %[n at ,s1 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,hold+ ! wat*-plate betwe5 a & c1 ! arm ,d c rise or fall on ! rod h1 & b c be br\ght to su* a position t x grips ! spr+ at a po9t j beyond ! /ud1 s t1 :5 ! spr+ is turn$ inw>d1 ! po9t held may be br\ght up to ! /ud4 ,! spr++ ( ! wat* c ?us be proce$$ )1 & spr+s tri$ until "o ( ! requir$ /r5g? is obta9$4 ,x !n only rema9s to give ! spr+ ! d\ble curvature1 & to take c>e t ! end ( ! ov]coil is br\ght suffici5tly ne> to ! c5t]4 ,s9ce ! action ( a ,breguet spr+ is m free ?an t ( an ord9>y flat spr+1 ! wat* may be f\nd to lose slightly2 x is advisable !re=e to "t ! wat* be=e mak+ ! b5d1 s z to %[ a ga94 ,a little exp]i5ce w enable ! wat*mak] to avoid be+ mu* out1 & any trifl+ error t !re may be is correct$ ei!r by a displacem5t ( b5d or by alt]+ ! c5tral coil4 ,if ! latt] me?od is to be resort$ to1 x is bett] t ! wat* %\ld lose r ?an ga9 a little4 #ehi4 ,to ,flatt5 an ,ord9>y ,balance ,spr+4 ,remove ! collet & /ud1 & clamp ! spr+ by a c5tral screw betwe5 two plates1 :i* are !n plac$ on a blue+ tray & g5tly heat$4 ,a small piece ( :it5$ /eel is laid on ! plate 9 ord] to see t ! heat does n exce$ :at is ne$$ to give a blue temp]4 ,all[ ! plates to cool & sep>ate !m4 ,ord9>y spr+s be+ made ( roll$ /eel & subsequ5tly coil$1 always op5 out on heat+2 x is !re=e necess>y be=e resort+ to ! above me?od1 to coil up ! spr+1 z o!rwise ! out] turn w be f\nd to h op5$ beyond ! /ud4 #eij4 ,to ,dim9i% ! ,/r5g? ( a ,balance ,spr+4 ,scrap+ ! end or ! entire l5g? always r5d]s ! spr+ defective4 ,dipp+ 9 acid is v little bett]4 ,x is pref]able to emb$ ! spr+ 9 cork or s(t pi?1 & "w x ov] a gr\nd glass plate cov]$ ) oil /one du/ t is f9e & smoo?4 ,?is me?od might be resort$ to = r$uc+ ! height ( a ma9spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,if ! cork or pi? is h>d & only a little metal has to be remov$1 ! op]ation is successful2 b x is apt to result 9 m metal be+ remov$ f ! edges ?an f ! c5t]4 ,:5 mu* has to be remov$1 ! spr+ mu/ be cem5t$ to ! poli%+ plate 7%[n at ,g1 ,fig4 #bfi1 & describ$ 9 article #cde7 ) f9e wax1 ?or\ghly liquid1 s t on press+ ! spr+ all its coils may come 9 contact ) ! plate2 x mu/ be held ?us until cold4 ,n[ adju/ ! level+ screws1 s t ! :ole surface be>s flat on ! glass2 rub x z long z is consid]$ necess>y1 & deta* ! spr+ z soon z ! plate is suffici5tly heat$2 boil 9 alcohol to clean its surface4 #eia4 ,to ,h>d5 ,gold ,spr+s4 ,gold det5t1 !rmomet]1 susp5sion & balance-spr+s c be obta9$ ( a high degree ( ela/icity4 ,roll+ h>d5s !m1 b r5d]s !m v brittle4 ,!y c be made supple & ela/ic1 n by h>d5+1 z 9 ! case ( /eel1 b by anneal+1 c>e be+ tak5 n to exce$ a c]ta9 degree ( heat4 ,! spr+ may be coil$ on a block & plac$ 9 a tube t has a smoo? /eel lid1 !n heat ! tube 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 & z soon z ! /eel is ( a blue temp]1 remove ! flame & all[ ! :ole to cool4 ,o!rs anneal by keep+ ! spr+ 9 boil+ oil = a def9ite p]iod4 ,! h>dness ( a gold spr+ increases ) ! proportions ( alloy x conta9s1 &1 if well anneal$1 x w be v ela/ic & w break :5 b5t too f>1 z 9 ! case ( /eel4 #eib4 ,to ,ease an ,index on ,its ,end/one ,cap4 ,x is a common b bad practice among wat*mak]s to scrape ! inside ( ! r+ ( ! index or to cut x ?r\gh4 ,a bett] me?od is z foll[s3 ,re/+ ! index on a cork1 cov] ! inside ( its r+ ) oil /one du/ & make ! cap rotate 9 its seat by means ( a p9ion callip]1 ! two po9ts ( :i* are ins]t$ 9 ! screw-holes4 ,! op]ation is repeat$ z (t5 z may be requir$4 ,,dial ,,plate4 #eic4 ,to ,cut ! ,l>ge ,hole 9 ! ,timepiece ,dial ,plate4 ,"s workm5 cut ! hole 9 ! dial-plate ( a timepiece by means ( a /rong pair ( compasses1 "o leg ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a bullet-nose t is support$ 9 a c5tral hole1 :ile ! o!r is provid$ ) a h>d5$ cutt+ po9t t s]ves to scrape out a groove4 ,o!rs use a rule t revolves on a conical po9t & c>ries a slide ) a trac+ po9t :i* c be replac$ by a %>p-po9t$ cutt]4 ,proce$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z :5 us+ ! compass1 b a great] =ce c be appli$1 because1 :ile "o h& /eadies ! c5t]1 ! full =ce ( ! o!r is appli$ to ! cutt]4 ,a ?ird & /ill simpl] plan is adopt$ by "s clockmak]s4 ,a rod ( ! diamet] ( ! c5tral hole1 & a cutt] ( :i* only ! cutt+ po9t projects1 are gripp$ 9 a vise at a di/ance ap>t equal to ! radius ( ! hole to be made4 ,!n pass+ ! rod ?r\gh ! c5tral hole & hold+ ! plate 9 bo? h&s1 rotate x1 at ! same "t apply+ pressure s z to cause ! cutt] to =m a groove4 ,:5 a mod]ate dep? has be5 atta9$1 inv]t ! plate & cut "o on ! opposite side4 ,c>e is necess>y :5 ! grooves are on ! po9t ( unit+2 on ! removal ( ! c5t]1 smoo? ! edge ) a half r\nd file4 ,"s workm5 consid] x m conv5i5t to set ! cutt] & rod 9 a ?ick piece ( wood t is r\nd$ at ! top & made flat on its two sides t[>ds ! bottom1 s z to be firmly held 9 ! vise4 #eid4 ,to ,drill an ,enamel ,dial4 ,take a h>d1 well-%>p5$ grav] & moi/5 x ) turp5t9e or turp5t9e t conta9s camphor 9 solution1 or 9 ! foll[+ mixture1 :i* is /ill bett]3 ,turp5t9e #fb p>ts by weight4 ,oxalate ( potassium #d 0 0 ,camphor #d 0 0 ,! two latt] sub/ances are r$uc$ to p[d] & dissolv$ 9 ! turp5t9e1 & two p>ts by weight ( s&al wood may be add$4 ,! grav] po9t is plac$ on ! dial at ! po9t at :i* a hole is requir$ & ! grav] is rotat$ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,practice1 acquir$ by drill+ a few holes 9 brok5 dials1 w soon indicate ! degree ( pressure t c be appli$ )\t fe> ( accid5t4 ,"s workm5 pref] only to apply ! maximum pressure :ile ! grav] rotates 9 "o direction1 r$uc+ x dur+ ! opposite movem5t2 o!rs hold ! h&le or tang 9 "o h& & rotate ! grav] ) ! o!r1 always 9 ! same direction4 ,! op]ation is cont9u$1 frequ5tly arre/+ x1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to set ! grav] & moi/5 x1 until ! copp]-plate & back enamel are p]=at$4 ,z soon z ?is po9t is rea*$1 take an iron or /eel sp9dle1 po9t$ at "o end4 ,! po9t mu/ be m obtuse ?an ! hole already =m$ 9 ! dial4 ,*>ge ?is end ) em]y or oil/one du/1 & place 9 ! *uck 9 y\r la!2 :5 ! sp9dle is caus$ to revolve ! enamel on ! cont\r ( ! hole w be rapidly remov$4 ,:5 ! copp] disc is rea*$1 a f9e-po9t$ & %>p grav] mu/ be us$ to remove ! metal t is expos$ z well z t :i* is cov]$ ) only a ?9 lay] ( enamel2 !n r5ew ! op]ation ) ! sp9dle1 occasionally draw+ a file along ! surface ( ! act+ cone4 ,or ! cones ( solid em]y to be obta9$ at mat]ial /ores c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a workman mu/ be v c>eless or unskilful to fail 9 rapidly drill+ a hole 9 a dial by ?is me?od )\t accid5t1 & he may c>ry on ! process easily until ! hole is l>ge en\gh to p]mit ! introduction ( a rat-tail file4 #eie4 ,to ,enl>ge a ,dial-,hole ,) a ,rat-,tail ,file4 ,z an extra precaution ! cont\r ( ! hole on ei!r side may be con$ ) a sp9dle z expla9$ above1 s z to r$uce ! ?ickness ( enamel to be act$ ^u by ! file2 b a wat*mak] t has _h any exp]i5ce c disp5se ) su* a prelim9>y1 :i* we w\ld at ! same "t recomm5d4 ,! file mu/ ent] ! hole freely4 ,if only ! po9t c d ?is1 ! file mu/ be held v %ort1 s t ! f+] may come 9 contact ) ! dial be=e ! l>g] diamet] ( ! file locks 9 ! hole1 z ?is w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly crack ! enamel4 ,"s workm5 avoid su* an accid5t by =c+ on to ! file a r long cork ( small diamet]4 ,) a view to avoid scrat*+ ! face ( ! dial 9 case ! file is drawn out ( ! hole 9 its backw>d movem5t1 x is well to r\nd (f & poli% its po9t4 ,dur+ ! =w>d movem5t a slight circul> motion is giv5 to ! file1 & 9 return+ no pressure is to be appli$2 ! file mu/ m]ely slide ov] ! surface4 ,x is dipp$ f "t to "t 9 ! liquid m5tion$ 9 ! la/ article4 ,:5 ! hole is l>ge en\gh1 a conical sp9dle %\ld be us$ to smoo? its edges z 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! process4 #eif4 ,to ,remove ,enamel f ! ,back4 ,to remove portions ( ! enamel f ! back :5 x t\*es "p ( ! motion "w1 etc41 v>i\s me?ods are adopt$4 ,! little sp9dles ( solid em]y t may be obta9$ at mat]ial /ores may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,"s wat*mak]s use a flatt5$ lead ball p]=at$ at its c5t] & c>ri$ on a tap] arbor1 =m+ a k9d ( small gr9d/one1 r\nd$ across its rim4 ,! arbor is held 9 a *uck & ! edge ( ! lead disc is moi/5$ ) wat]1 & em]y p[d] spr9kl$ ov] x2 :5 set 9 rotation ! surface to be remov$ is held aga9/ ! lead1 ! necess>y pressure be+ appli$ by ! f+] aga9/ ! o!r face4 ,wat] mu/ be frequ5tly spr9kl$ on ! surface s z to avoid heat+1 & to ma9ta9 ! em]y 9 its place1 & ! dial is wa%$ occasionally to exam9e ! progress ( ! "w4 ,9 place ( lead1 "s use em]y =m$ into a solid block ) %ellac or v>i\s k9ds ( cem5t2 x is c5t]$ on a l>ge tap] arbor1 & %\ld be at lea/ a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick & r\nd$ at its edge4 ,su* a disc is v h>d :5 cold2 x is us$ 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 b we>s m rapidly ?an ! lead disc1 if ! latt] is well made & suppli$ ) em]y ( ! "r degree ( co>s5ess1 9 suffici5t abundance & ev5ly di/ribut$4 #eig4 ,dials ,fix$ by ,screws ?r\gh ! ,edges4 ,! screw-holes at ! edge are drill$ 9 ! mann] already expla9$ 9 article #eid1 & ! c5t] hole is enl>g$ z !re describ$1 if ?is is f\nd to be necess>y 9 ord] to p]mit ! free passage ( ! h\r :eel4 ,! diamet] ( a dial may be r$uc$ if x is too l>ge 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 article #fjj4 ,:5 x has be5 ?us prep>$1 place x 9 position1 ! ,,xii be+ exactly opposite ! p5dant1 ) ! movem5t 9 ! case1 & close ! bezel4 ,if ! dial is f\nd to %ake "u ! bezel x %\ld be fix$ ) ?ree or f\r small w$ges ( pegwood1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y d n subject ! dial to mu* pressure4 ,! accuracy ( ! position may be te/$ by hold+ a /ret*$ piece ( cord ov] ! dial1 & obs]v+ :e!r x passes at ! same "t ?r\gh ! middle ( ! p5dant1 ! c5t] hole1 ! ,,xii & ! ,,vi4 ,:5 ! dial is ?us f\nd to be prop]ly plac$1 m>k "o ( screw-holes on ! wat*-plate ?r\gh a dial-hole4 ,"s c>e is necess>y 9 do+ ?is le/ ! hole is m>k$ ecc5trically or ! dial is displac$ by pressure aga9/ "o side ( ! hole 9 x1 :i* might result 9 ! dial be+ crack$ by ! screw4 ,n[ remove ! plate f its case & drill its screw hole 9 ! drill+ tool2 tap x & fit ! screw4 ,replace ! plate 9 ! case1 &1 aft] fix+ ! dial to x ) ! "o screw ?us fitt$1 c>efully m>k ! second hole1 etc4 ,"s workm5 exp$ite ! op]ation by m>k+ & drill+ ! two holes at ! same "t2 b if at fir/ !y d n succe$ 9 mak+ !m 9 ! requir$ position !y mat]ially increase ! "t occupi$1 z "o hole at lea/ requires to be bu%$1 etc4 #eih4 ,dials ,held 9 ,position by ,feet4 ,if ! dial has feet1 & x is requir$ to adapt !m to ! plate1 !y mu/ be fir/ c>efully b5t /raight2 !n take a piece ( /iff c>d bo>d ( mod]ate ?ickness1 & lay+ x on a piece ( lead1 pun* out ) a %>p-edg$ pun*1 or o!r means1 a r\nd hole ( ! diamet] ( a foot4 ,hav+ ins]t$ "o foot 9 ?is hole1 & plac$ ! c>d on a flat surface ) ! dial upp]mo/1 apply a slight pressure to ?is latt] s z to m>k ! position ( ! second foot4 ,!n pun* out a second simil> hole at ! po9t ?us indicat$4 ,if ! op]ation has be5 prop]ly conduct$ ! two feet w ent] ! holes easily1 b at ! same "t )\t con/ra9t or %ake1 & !y %\ld project on ! opposite side4 ,x n[ only rema9s to cut out ! c>dbo>d to ! size ( ! plate1 &1 aft] mak+ a c5tral hole & a m>k to exactly correspond ) noon1 to place x 9 position 9 ! frame & "u ! bezel1 z ?\gh x 7 ! actual dial4 ,!n m>k ! two holes = ! dial feet1 us+ a %>p-po9t$ *amf]] t j fits ! hole1 held v]tical & rotat$ by "o h&1 :ile pressure is appli$ by a f+] ( ! o!r h&4 ,"s workm5 m]ely prick holes 9 ! c>d ) "s %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 or ev5 =ce ! feet ?r\gh x at all risks2 h5ce x happ5s t feet are (t5 b5t out ( ! v]tical1 &1 9 ord] to be able to b5d !m into ! requir$ position1 x becomes necess>y to enl>ge ! holes 9 ! plate & b5d ! dial feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 #eii4 ,to ,cut a ,l>ge ,hole 9 a ,dial4 ,to set a ,seconds ,dial4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! ord9>y la!4 ,! hole is cut by a r+ ( ?9 iron or copp] cut ) saw-l tee? r\nd its edge1 z %[n at ,v1 ,fig4 #bgj1 kept 9 rotation & *>g$ ) f9e em]y & oil or wat] or1 :at is bett]1 turp5t9e4 ,! mixture describ$ 9 article #eid w secure a /ill m rapid action4 ,x is advisable t ! ?ickness ( ! r+ be made to gradually dim9i% f e t[>ds i1 z indicat$ by ! section at ,s1 s z to prev5t x f *ok+ & probably crack+ ! dial4 ,! foll[+ arrangem5t may be adopt$3 ,prep>e a /rong r+ ) a project+ int]nal ridge1 %[n 9 section at ,a ,b ,c2 cem5t ! dial1 g d1 to ?is ridge1 or fix x by any conv5i5t means1 & atta* ?is support+ r+ to a *uck t rotates 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! cutt]1 b mu* less rapidly4 ,on rea*+ ! copp] disc1 rev]se ,a ,b ,c & repeat ! above process on ! back enamel4 ,! copp] is ?us expos$ on ! two sides4 ,on fill+ ! deep] groove ) dilute nitric acid ! metal w gradually be eat5 away1 & ! acid %\ld be r5ew$ z (t5 z may be ne$$4 ,x !n only rema9s to smoo? ! edge1 bevel+ x on ! front side1 & to cem5t ! seconds dial 9 position4 ,! use ( acid may be avoid$ & ! cutt] pass$ ?r\gh ! copp]1 b great] c>e mu/ be ex]cis$1 because ! "w is m difficult :5 op]at+ on metal4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 n be difficult aft] a few trials4 ,willis recomm5ds t ! dial be cut /raight ?r\gh1 comm5c+ at ! back & us+ em]y & oil1 ! dial be+ cem5t$ on a brass block imm$iately bel[ ! cutt]1 & r less 9 diamet] ?an ! hole produc$4 ,he m\nts ! cutt] on a /ock t is provid$ ) a pump c5t]1 ! po9t ( :i* is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! op]ation 9 ! small hole or po9t t m>ks ! c5t] ( ! hole4 ,! great advantage ( ?is me?od is t ! tap] ( ! hole is 9 ! requir$ direction & no fil+ is necess>y4 #fjj4 ,to ,r$uce ! ,diamet] ( a ,dial4 ,re/+ ! dial 9 an incl9$ position aga9/ a block1 file its edge ) a smoo? or half-smoo? file1 :i* mu/ only be all[$ to act :ile advanc+1 & is at ! same "t displac$ sideways & turn$ s z to foll[ ! cont\r ( ! dial4 ,! file %\ld be dipp$ occasionally 9 turp5t9e1 & :5 suffici5t enamel has be5 remov$1 pass a new em]y /ick ov] x to remove ! file m>ks4 #fja4 ,to ,remove a ,figure or ,"n f a ,dial4 ,oil ( spike lav5d] may be employ$ = eras+ a lett] or numb]4 ,enamel p[d] made into a pa/e ) wat]1 oil1 or turp5t9e1 is also us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x %\ld be previ\sly decant$ s z to obta9 sev]al degrees ( f95ess4 ,! p[d] us$ = re-poli%+ ! surface :]e an impression has be5 remov$ mu/ be extremely f9e4 ,x is appli$ on a piece ( pegwood1 al?\gh "s use ivory4 ,! la/ & be/ sy/em is to use diamond p[d]4 ,take a little ( ! p[d]1 made into a pa/e ) f9e oil1 on ! end ( a copp] poli%]1 ! surface ( :i* has be5 fre%ly fil$ & slightly r\nd$4 ,on rubb+ ! m>ks !y w be se5 to rapidly disappe>4 ,! surface is left a little dull2 x may be r5d]$ bright by rubb+ ) ! same p[d] mix$ ) a great] quantity ( oil & appli$ ) a /ick ( pegwood4 ,wat*mak]s w d well to try sev]al degrees ( f95ess ( ! diamond p[d] on old dials4 ,,metal ,,dials4 #fjb4 ,to ,re/ore a ,silv] ,dial4 ,we proce$ to describe sev]al me?ods ( do+ ?is1 b w\ld at once obs]ve t :5 ! e>li] ones are adopt$1 ! h\rs1 if !y are pa9t$1 necess>ily disappe>2 :]eas !y c be reta9$ by resort+ to ! la/ me?od al?\gh great caution mu/ 9 t case be tak52 moreov]1 x is mu* m difficult to accompli% ?an ! o!rs4 #fjc4 ,fir/ ,me?od4 ,?is is ! mo/ exp$iti\s sy/em1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ c]ta9 ( success4 ,if ! h\rs are 9 enamel1 !re ne$ be no fe>2 if engrav$ & fill$ ) black composition1 ?is w disappe>1 b x c be replac$ )\t difficulty4 ,!re rema9s ! case ( pa9t$ h\rs to be consid]$4 ,fir/ make ?9 m>ks ) a f9e po9t along ! l9es ( all ! figures1 tak+ c>e n to pass beyond _! ends3 & d ! same = ! dots & l9es t indicate ! seconds4 ,by us+ a glass & foll[+ ! in/ructions giv5 9 article #fai1 no difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 do+ ?is1 & ! f9e l9es & dots ?us made w af=d suffici5t guide = re-m>k+ ! h\rs4 ,beg9 by clean+ ! dial ) a bru% & f9e pumice-/one s z to remove spots & slight scrat*es4 #fjd4 ,to ,fro/ ! ,surface4 ,9 ord] to fro/ ! surface ( ! dial1 take a _s lamp ) l>ge wick1 & direct a bl[-pipe flame f x aga9/ ! "u side ( ! dial1 :i* is held by "o h& ) a hook$ support4 ,if ! flame is g5tly direct$ ov] ! entire surface ( ! back1 a good dead surface is obta9$ t resi/s a mod]ate degree ( friction ei!r 9 soap+ ) a f9e sponge1 or wa%+ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 or 9 apply+ s(t bread & oil ( spike lav5d] to erase irregul>ities or m>ks made 9 pa9t+ ! figures4 ,! application ( ! flame is sev]al times repeat$1 s z to obta9 a decisive & ev5 fro/+2 b x is necess>y1 ) a view to avoid buckl+ ! ?9 metal1 to place an iron or copp] wa%] beh9d ! dial4 ,! flame oxidizes ! surface ( ! metal2 t is to say1 x causes ! oxyg5 ( ! air to comb9e ) ! copp] :i* is alloy$ ) silv]4 #fje4 ,pickl+ or ,blea*+ ! ,dial4 ,introduce suffici5t w>m wat] into a suitable flat vessel to completely cov] ! dial1 & g5tly p\r into x a few drops ( sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol71 s t ! two liquids are 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a to #aj2 !n lay ! dial 9 ?is dilute acid = a p]iod t v>ies f half to "o or two m9utes4 ,! fro/+ w fir/ become yell[ & !n ( a beautiful :ite color4 ,wa% x 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 wipe ) a f9e l95 rag1 & apply ! flame mom5t>ily to ! back 9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( spots on ! surface4 ,:5 sev]al dials h to be op]at$ ^u1 ! acid is put 9 a porcela9 di% & boil$ by a lamp4 ,!n place ea* dial = a mom5t 9 x1 wa% 9 an abundant suppl ( wat]1 & dry by tapp+ ) a f9e l95 rag4 #fjf4 ,second ,me?od4 ,= ! b5efit ( su* z c>e to exp]im5t ) x1 we add ! foll[+ me?od3 ,bru% ! dial ) a co>se bru% & pumice-/one r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d] until no scrat*es are visible4 ,make x r$-hot & all[ to cool4 ,!n dip = two or ?ree seconds 9 a porcela9 vessel conta9+ dilute sulphuric acid2 on removal x w be f\nd to be :ite1 b r dull4 ,9 ord] to produce a cle> fro/$ surface1 place ! dial 9 a mixture ( #f p>ts by weight ( nitric acid ( #a4bb sp4 gr4#h #ba 0 0 sulphuric acid4 #ej 0 0 wat]4 ,all[ ! metal to rema9 9 ?is acid until no m globules are se5 to =m on its surface1 !n )draw x & imm$iately place 9 cold wat]4 ,! dial w be obs]v$ to be ne>ly black2 x is !n pickl$ z above expla9$ 7#fje71 wa%$ well1 heat$ r$-hot &1 :5 cold1 aga9 pickl$2 ! op]ation is conclud$ by ?or\ghly wa%+ its surface4 #fjg4 ,?ird ,me?od4#i ,cov] ! surface ( ! dial ) a ?9 lay] ( soap1 & bru% x ov]1 tak+ c>e to avoid t\*+ ! h\rs if ^! are n enamell$4 ,?is c be/ be done ) a f9e bru% & pumice /one r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,:5 ! dial has be5 made z clean z possible by ?is means1 wa% x c>efully ) wat] & t>trate ( pota% 7cream ( t>t>71 !n plunge x imm$iately 9 ! hot solution ( nitrate ( silv] 7#fjh7 atta*+ x to ! silv] wire :i* is fa/5$ to ! z9c & copp] discs #fji2 9 two or ?ree m9utes ! surface ( ! metal w be p]fectly fro/$1 &1 if ea* op]ation has be5 cauti\sly p]=m$1 ! h\rs w rema9 intact4 ,ea* "t ! z9c & copp] discs are us$ !y %\ld be clean$ ) nitric acid1 & rubb$ ov] ) pumice /one4 ,z soon z ! dial is clean1 imm]se x 9 ! solution2 ! lea/ delay is apt to cause ! surface to become oxidiz$ ?r\gh contact ) ! air4 #fjh4 ,to ,prep>e ! ,silv] ,solution4 ,dissolve an ounce#aj ( solid nitrate ( silv] 7lun> cau/ic7 9 a small quantity ( wat]2 filt] ! solution & add twice its volume ( liquid ammonia4 ,9 a sep>ate vessel dissolve #f ounces ( yell[ prussiate ( pota% & #d ounces ( cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda 9 #fj ounces ( wat]1 conta9$ 9 a vessel ( enamell$ iron1 :i* mu/ be plac$ on ! fire4 ,:5 ne> ! boil+ po9t add ! conc5trat$ solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & all[ ! mixture to boil = an h\r1 tak+ c>e to add hot wat] 9 suffici5t quantity to make up = t lo/ by evaporation2 !n filt] ! result+ solution4 #fji4 ,to ,prep>e ! ,discs & to ,plate4 ,9 ord] to use ?is solution = re/or+ a dial or plat+ any o!r object1 take two discs ab\t ! size ( a half doll>1 "o made ( z9c & ! o!r ( copp]1 &1 aft] mak+ a small hole 9 ea*1 unite !m ) a copp] wire1 or1 pref]ably1 ) "o ( silv]4 ,aft] hav+ atta*$ ! dial or o!r object to ?is connect+ wire1 imm]se ! entire sy/em 9 a glass or e>!nw>e vessel1 & p\r ov] x a suffici5t quantity ( ! solution1 previ\sly made hot4 ,if ! object op]at$ ^u is p]fectly clean1 bright & free f all greasy or oily matt]1 its surface w be f\nd 9 two or ?ree m9utes to be cov]$ ) a firmly adh]5t lay] ( silv]4 ,:5 only a small piece is treat$ x w suffice to imm]se x 9 ! hot liquor1 & rub x ) ! f+]2 a bright silv]$ surface w ?us be obta9$4 #faj4 ,to ,clean ,metal ,dials ( ,clocks4 ,:5 ! h\rs are nei!r enamell$ nor engrav$1 x is necess>y to fir/ trace out ! sev]al l9es & dots 9 a mann] simil> to t expla9$ 9 article #fai4 #faa4 ,ord9>y ,mode ( ,clean+ ! ,dial4 ,v (t5 x is possible to make a silv] or plat$ dial ( ei!r wat* or clock suffici5tly clean by m]ely bru%+ ) p[d]$ cream ( t>t> work$ into a pa/e ) wat]1 c>efully rubb+ ar\nd any pa9t$ figures ) a f9e /iff bru%4 ,!n wa% ) clean wat]1 dry by g5tly tapp+ ) a f9e l95 rag1 & expose to a slight heat4 7,?is is 9 "p ! same me?od z is describ$ 9 article #fjg2 ! two may be comb9$74 ,if ! dial is t>ni%$1 x mu/ be silv]$ z expla9$ bel[4 #fab4 ,to ,plate a ,brass ,dial4 ,prep>+ ! ,silv]4 ,place 9 a glass flask f #ajj to #aej gra9s ( pure silv] made into ?9 /rips by means ( a hamm] or roll+ mill4 ,add five or six times ! weight ( dilute nitric acid s z to completely cov] ! silv]1 & w>m ! vessel1 tak+ c>e to avoid brea?+ ! fumes or admitt+ !m to ! work%op4 ,! metal w be dissolv$1 &1 on cont9u+ ! application ( heat until all ! liquid is evaporat$1 cry/als w be f\nd at ! bottom4 ,:5 cool fill ! flask ) w>m wat] &1 z soon z all ! cry/als are dissolv$1 p\r ! solution into a porcela9 di%1 previ\sly half fill$ ) wat]4 ,place 9 x a %eet ( clean copp] ( ab\t ! size ( ?ree f+]s1 & all[ x to rema9 = ! night4 ,on ! foll[+ day all ! silv] w be f\nd atta*$ to ! plate1 & x c be collect$ by imm]s+ ?is 9 wat]4 ,c>efully p\r (f ! wat] f ! f9e p[d] ?us obta9$1 & wa% x once or twice ) an abundant supply ( pure wat]2 !n dry ?or\ghly ) ! application ( v mod]ate heat4 ,if ! silv] ?us obta9$ is n requir$ = imm$iate use1 x %\ld be kept 9 a d>k blue bottle to avoid ! influ5ce ( light & moi/ure4 #fac4 ,to ,prep>e ! ,surface ( ! ,dial4 ,x mu/ be q smoo?1 ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$4 ,m4 ,rob]t recomm5ds t ! smoo?+ be accompli%$ by us+ s(t wat] ( ,ayr /one1 rubb+ 9 all directions1 9 ord] remove scrat*es4 ,or pegwood *>coal c be us$1 slop$ at "o end l a :i/le1 & appli$ ) wat]4 ,o!rs employ pumice-/one p[d] & v f9e em]y pap]4 #fad4 ,to ,apply ! ,silv]4 ,take equal p>ts ( rock-salt & cream ( t>t>1 p\nd !m toge!r1 & :5 well mix$1 take ab\t #fj or #hj gra9s ( ! mixture1 & add to x #ae or #bj gra9s ( silv]1 prep>$ z above describ$1 & add a few drops ( wat] to =m a ?ick pa/e1 :i* mu/ be well mix$ & work$ up on a gr\nd glass plate by means ( a horn spatula to remove all grits4 ,a glass pe/le may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! dial hav+ be5 prep>$1 take up "s ( ! pa/e ) a p]fectly clean & r /iff bru%1 & spread x ov] ! surface ( ! dial1 rubb+ quickly & some:at h>%ly4 ,! bru% %\ld be work$ ab\t 9 all directions1 s z to avoid scrat*es1 until ! silv] is f\nd to adh]e firmly to ! dial4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,rob]t1 ?is rubb+ is to be cont9u$ until ! requir$ gra9 is obta9$2 b ,m4 ,f\rni] /ates t x %\ld be arre/$ :5 ! surface possesses a lead-grey color2 ! dial is !n well wa%$1 dri$1 & ! op]ation re-comm5c$ exactly z be=e except t ! bru% us$ is s(t]4 ,a good surface w ?us be =m$1 & x w be :it] if ! proportion ( silv] 9 ! pa/e is increas$4 ,! result atta9$ 9 great "p dep5ds on ! skill ( ! op]ator1 & ?is c only be acquir$ by exp]i5ce4 #fae4 ,obs]vations4 ,if ! mixture conta9s too mu* ( ! salt or too little silv]1 ! latt] w adh]e ) difficulty1 & w come (f 9 lumps or scales2 moreov]1 x w n h s :ite a color4 ,z ! proportion ( silv] is increas$1 ! :ite becomes gradually bett]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if x is 9 excess ! surface w be co>se & unev54 ,too mu* or too little wat] w h ne>ly ! same effect4 ,! color is worse if ! dial has be5 imp]fectly smoo!d1 & :5 sev]al days or ev5 h\rs are all[$ to elapse betwe5 ! clean+ & silv]+4 ,x is ess5tial t ! rock-salt & ! cream ( t>t> be p]fectly pure2 if !y conta9 any e>?y matt] x w scrat* ! surface & impair its :it5ess4 ,z soon z ! op]ation is complet$1 ! dial mu/ be wa%$ 9 an abundant supply ( pure wat]2 any neglect 9 ?is p>ticul> w cause x to black54 ,?is wa%+ may be p]=m$ ) an ord9>y wat*-bru%1 *>g$ ) cream ( t>t>4 ,!n r9se ! dial1 & dry1 tapp+ g5tly ) a f9e l95 rag1 & f9i% by slightly w>m+ x4 #faf4 ,gold ,dials4 ,x w n be necess>y to say mu* on ?is subject4 ,9 ord] to re/ore ! color to a gold or gilt dial1 x may be dipp$ = a few seconds 9 ! foll[+ mixture3 ,half an ounce ( cyanide ( potassium is dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( hot wat]1 & two ounces ( /rong ammonia mix$ ) half an ounce ( spirits ( w9e & add$ to ! solution4 ,on removal f ?is ba?1 ! dial is imm$iately imm]s$ 9 w>m wat]2 !n bru% ) soap1 r9se1 & dry 9 hot boxwood du/4 ,or x may be simply imm]s$ 9 dilute nitric acid1 b 9 t case any pa9t$ figures w be de/roy$4 #fag4 ,ano!r ,receipt4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ord9>ily adopt$ = color+ gold dials2 b x is to be obs]v$ at ! outset t1 al?\gh app>5tly *>act]iz$ by extreme simplicity1 a good deal ( skill is ne$$ to asc]ta9 :5 ! mixture is ( ! "r consi/5cy1 & :5 ! dial has be5 suffici5tly expos$ to its action4 ,make a mixture ( #d oz4 saltpetre1 #b oz4 alum & #b oz4 common salt 7! pure/ atta9able71 ) a v little wat]4 ,on plac+ ?is 9 a blacklead crucible ov] ! fire x w become limpid1 & mu/ be all[$ to boil until some:at pa/y & ( a pale yell[ color1 /irr+ all ! :ile ) a /ick4 ,n[ take two dials1 back to back1 t h be5 clean$ & black5$ by anneal+1 & pass a plat9um wire ?r\gh _! c5t]s s t !y hang horizontally1 re/+ on a loop at its end2 imm]se ! dials 9 ! hot color crucible1 &1 aft] hold+ x = a %ort "t1 )draw !m & imm$iately imm]se 9 a vessel ( ne>ly boil+ wat] /&+ close by4 ,! 8color0 w !n be wa%$1 & ! progress ( ! "w c be obs]v$4 ,! dials are aga9 dipp$ 9 ! crucible if necess>y1 & w probably require ab\t ?ree m9utes' imm]sion 9 all4 ,x is advisable t ! 8color0 be ?ick r ?an ?91 z 9 ! latt] case ! dials are apt to be cl\d$4 #fah4 ,to ,re-,pa9t ! ,h\rs on a ,dial4 ,! foll[+ sy/em has ref]5ce to metallic dials1 b ! read] w be able to select )\t difficulty ! p>ts t are applicable to alt]+ & ret\*+ ! figures on an enamel dial4 ,we c answ] f exp]i5ce = its be+ successful1 b w\ld at once obs]ve t x _c be practis$ ha/ily1 because "s skill is ess5tial 9 addition to pati5ce & c>e3 ) !m1 success is c]ta94 #fai4 ,fir/ ,me?od4 ,be=e remov+ ! h\r figures & ! divisions = m9utes1 m>k !m ) a f9e /eel po9t1 us+ a l5s & proce$+ ) great caution4 ,^! m>ks w rema91 s t aft] ! dial has be5 color$ or o!rwise treat$1 x w only be necess>y to trace ov] !m ) a f9e bru% *>g$ ) ink4 ,! %ort horizontal l9es at ! top & bottom ( ea* figure1 t]m$ s]ifs1 z well z ! two circles t enclose ! m9ute divisions1 c be drawn ) a %>p5$ po9t ( ! screw-b> compass4 #fbj4 ,second ,me?od4 ,lay on ! dial to be treat$1 or on ano!r ( ! same dim5sions t has ! h\rs well m>k$1 a piece ( trac+ pap]1 s t nei!r x nor ! dial c be displac$1 &1 us+ ,india ink & a f9e draw+ p51 accurately trace ! h\r figures & ! m9ute divisions4 ,:5 ! ink is dry1 inv]t ! pap] & trace ! figures1 etc41 ?us obta9$ on ! o!r side ( ! pap]1 ?is "t us+ a p5cil in/ead ( ink4 ,lay+ ! pap] on ! dial s t nei!r c slip1 pass ) a r\nd$ po9t ( "s s(t metal ov] all ! figures & divisions4 ,n[ remove ! pap] )\t p]mitt+ x to rub aga9/ ! dial4 ,if ! p5cil has be5 select$ ( a suitable degree ( h>dness1 & ! op]ation skilfully conduct$1 ! m>ks %[+ ! h\rs & m9utes w be cle>ly visible1 al?\gh fa9t1 &1 hold+ ! glass to ! eye1 ! sev]al m>ks mu/ be trac$ ov] ) a f9e bru% or p5cil4 ,if ?is op]ation is p]=m$ c>efully1 ! dial w pres5t a v good appe>ance4 #fba4 ,?ird ,me?od4 ,place ! dial )9 a k9d ( l>ge b>rel t has at its c5t] a ?ick pivot project+4 ,! ?ree rules1 ,d1 ,f1 ,j1 ,fig4 #bga1 c be fitt$ on to ?is by _! c5tral holes s z to rotate on x4 ,be+ support$ by ! rim ( ! b>rel1 !y w pass v ne> to ! surface ( ! dial )\t rubb+ aga9/ x4 ,f an inspection ( ! figures x w be evid5t t ,d is us$ = =m+ ! b>s ( an ,x1 ,f = ^? ( a ,v1 & ,j = t ( an ,i4 ,( c\rse ! s]ifs at ei!r end ( a num]al are made ) ! compass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,x is unnecess>y to obs]ve t if ! edge ( ! rim be graduat$1 & ! rules t]m9at$ by any conv5i5t arrangem5t = arre/+ _! motion at ! graduations1 ! h\rs c be trac$ on a dial f :i* all m>ks h be5 eras$4 ,x !n only rema9s to pa9t !m 9 ) ink4 #fbb4 ,inks = ,pa9t+ ! ,h\rs4 ,"w up "s clean lampblack 9 oil ( spike lav5d]4 ,!n add a small quantity ( _s v>ni%1 & ?or\ghly mix ! :ole4 ,?is is appli$ ) a f9e bru%1 & ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds v mu* on ! selection ( ?is latt]4 #fbc4 ,ano!r ,recipe4 ,mix toge!r ivory black1 pure wax1 & turp5t9e2 ! m ! turp5t9e is 9 excess1 ! m w ! ink be color$4 ,x is be/ adapt$ = fill+ 9 ! figures engrav$ 9 dials1 & a g5tle heat %\ld be appli$ to imp>t a smoo? surface4 ,any irregul>ities 9 ! pa9t+ may be eras$ by ! aid ( oil ( spike lav5d] & s(t bread4 ,,h&s4 #fbd4 ,to ,set a ,wat*-,h& 9 ,position4 ,! mo/ delicate "p ( ?is op]ation is ! enl>g+ ( ! c5t] hole ( a m9ute h& & ! clos+ ( ! h\r h& socket :5 necess>y4 ,set ! h& 9 cem5t on a brass plate t has a hole pass+ ?r\gh at ! po9t correspond+ to ! socket4 ,! hole mu/ !n be enl>g$ ) a semi-cyl9drical drill to a diamet] su* t x w only be necess>y to g5tly pass ! broa* ?r\gh aft]w>ds4 ,! drill mu/ n be work$ too rapidly1 & ! plate may require to be imm]s$ occasionally 9 wat]1 s z to avoid heat+ ! cem5t & ?us loos5+ ! h&4 ,:5 ! hole 9 a wat*-h& is too l>ge1 x may g5]ally be suffici5tly r$uc$ by means ( ! /ak+ tool4 #fbe4 ,to ,r$d5 ,wat*-,h&s4 ,make into a pa/e 7:ile hold+ ov] a lamp7 a mixture ( two p>ts c>m9e1 two p>ts *loride ( silv]1 & "o "p ,japan v>ni%4 ,hav+ spread "s ( ?is ov] ! h&s1 lay !m face upw>ds on a %eet ( copp]1 apply+ heat until ! desir$ t9t is produc$4 ,,glasses4 #fbf4 ,to ,drill ,glass4 ,a hole c be rapidly made 9 a piece ( glass by us+ a /eel sp9dle gr\nd at ! extremity to a po9t ) ?ree or f\r faces1 & h>d5$ 9 m]cury4 ,?is sp9dle may be *uck$ 9 ! la!1 or rotat$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 ! po9t be+ moi/5$ f "t to "t ) turp5t9e or ! mixture m5tion$ 9 article #eid4 ,! glass op]at$ ^u %\ld be held aga9/ ! blade ) ! ?umb or a pad imm$iately beh9d x1 & %\ld receive a g5tle rock+ motion s z to prev5t ! drill f *ok+ 9 ! hole =m$2 & z soon z ! po9t appe>s on ! o!r side1 ! drill+ %\ld be re-comm5c$ f t side4 ,x is a good precaution to m>k ! po9t at :i* ! hole is requir$ ) a diamond or ! /eel po9t be=e comm5c+1 & ! pressure appli$ :ile drill+ mu/ be b slight4 #fbg4 ,to ,cut ,glass4 ,x is possible to cut a %eet ( glass r\ghly to any requir$ %ape ) an ord9>y pair ( scissors1 if ! op]ation is p]=m$ "u wat]4 ,( c\rse a smoo? edge _c be obta9$ by su* means1 b x w (t5 be f\nd suffici5t4 ,a m exact me?od is to use a piece ( ignit$ *>coal or ! pa/ile m5tion$ bel[1 fir/ mak+ a scrat* z a />t+-po9t & hold+ ! heat$ sub/ance a little 9 advance ( ! crack3 ?is w foll[ ! direction 9 :i* ! hot body is mov$4 ,! me?od is available = divid+ glass tubes or o!r objects 9 irregul> %ape4 ,:at is kn[n z ! 8,b]zelius pa/ile0 = cutt+ glass is =m$ ( ! foll[+ mixture3 ,gum arabic1 #f p>ts2 gum tragacan?1 #b p>ts2 b5zo91 #b p>ts2 lampblack1 #ah p>ts2 & ! requisite quantity ( wat]4 ,mix ! gum tragacan? ) wat] & leave x to swell up = "s h\rs2 dissolve ! gum arabic 9 a suffici5cy ( wat]1 & p[d] ! b5zo9 f9ely4 ,mix ! ?ree1 =m+ a pa/e ( su* a consi/5cy z to be m\ld$1 ! lampblack & a little wat] be+ also add$4 ,! pa/iles are !n =m$ by roll+ betwe5 two plates4 ,! diamet] ( a wat*-glass c be r$uc$ by c5t]+ x 9 a la!1 *uck+ x betwe5 two pieces ( cork or a pair ( cork arbors1 & apply+ a moi/5$ piece ( glass to ! edge1 or an em]y /ick4 ,:5 ! desir$ diamet] is atta9$1 poli% ! edge ) pumice-/one foll[$ by putty p[d] appli$ on a wet cork4 ,,broa*+4 #fbh4 ,to ,broa* a ,hole ,v]tically4 ,a hole 9 a plate1 z = example1 t 9 a b>rel1 is seldom ma9ta9$ at "r angles to ! surface by "y wat*mak]s :5 !y h occasion to employ a broa*4 ,by adopt+ ! foll[+ v simple me?od1 success may be assur$3 ,take along cork ( a diamet] r less ?an t ( ! b>rel or o!r object op]at$ ^u1 & make a hole 9 ! l5g? ( ! cork ?r\gh :i* ! broa* c be pass$4 ,:5 ! cork has be5 turn$ q true on its end & edge1 ! broa* is pu%$ ?r\gh & us$ to enl>ge ! hole2 by press+ aga9/ ! back ( ! cork x is kept always aga9/ ! b>rel1 & ! v]tically ( ! broa* is ?us ma9ta9$4 #fbi4 ,to ,broa* & ,ma9ta9 ! ,hole ,r\nd4 ,_m workm5 ei!r use bad broa*es or "w !m 9 a j]ky mann] s z to make /ri )9 ! hole4 ,to avoid su* di/ortion :5 unc]ta9 ( ! h&1 draw ! broa* some:at out ( ! hole & ins]t 9 ! space ?us left "o or two pieces ( h>d wood1 =m+ a k9d ( jacket1 s t at lea/ two cutt+ edges ( ! broa* may be prev5t$ f act+2 ! broa* =c+ its way into ! pieces ( wood1 w c>ry !m r\nd ) x4 ,a few trials w enable a workman to employ ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,:5 op]at+ on holes t are r l>ge x is a good practice to use broa*es t are semi-cyl9drical or triangul>1 _! sections be+ z %[n at ,c1 ,a1 or ,d1 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,c & ,d are excell5t = smoo?+ a hole1 b remove v little metal2 ,a does m "w 9 a giv5 "t &1 if well h&l$1 w ma9ta9 ! hole v r\nd4 ,:5 op]at+ on a l>ge hole1 ^! broa*es c be rotat$ 9 a brace2 b1 9 ! case ( small or m$ium size holes1 x is mu* bett] to m\nt !m 9 a drill+ head/ock l ^? us$ by case-mak]s = ! jo9t holes1 & ! tools c be revolv$ by ! aid ( a h& or foot-:eel4 ,only "o precaution ne$ be not$1 namely1 ! necessity ( avoid+ ! application ( too mu* pressure1 s t ! broa* jams 9 ! hole4 ,,solid ,,& ,,holl[ ,,squ>es4 #fcj4 ,to ,file an ,arbor or ,drift ,squ>e by ,h&4 ,! mo/ exp$iti\s mode ( mak+ a squ>e1 z1 = example1 t ( a b>rel-arbor1 is by us+ ! tool describ$ 9 article #eac1 or "o ( analog\s con/ruction2 b 9 _! abs5ce ! squ>e mu/ be made by h&4 ,s(t5 ! jaws ( a h&-vise & make f\r flat faces on !m1 =m+ an exact squ>e1 ei!r by fil+ or by atta*+ pieces by rivets4 ,hav+ clamp$ ! /eel on :i* a squ>e is to be =m$ 9 ! vise1 hold ?is 9 "o h& & re/ x 9 a recess 9 a wood block2 ) ! o!r h& hold ! file1 det]m9+ its position by lay+ x on ! upp] face ( ! squ>e be=e apply+ x to ! arbor4 ,aft] giv+ "o or two /rokes1 te/ ! tru? ( ! face =m$ by aga9 lay+ ! file on ! upp] face ( ! vise4 ,!n turn ! vise ?r\gh a qu>t] ( a circle & proce$ 9 ! same mann]2 & s on = ! o!r two faces4 ,be=e f9i%+ ! squ>e & :ile !re /ill rema9s a slight excess ( metal on ea* face1 asc]ta91 by exam9+ ! end & measur+ ! l5g?s ( ! faces1 :e!r ! squ>e is accurately =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,put 9 ! la! & draw ) flat file 9 ! direction ( ! axis along ea* face4 ,if ! squ>e is to be poli%$ aft] h>d5+1 proce$ 9 ! same mann]1 us+ an iron poli%] 9 place ( ! file1 to :i* longitud9al1 transv]se1 & circul> movem5ts may be giv54 ,aft] h>d5+1 ! squ>e may be temp]$ to "s %ade betwe5 pale yell[ & a deep blue1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 #fca4 ,ano!r ,me?od4 ,let x be requir$ to fit a squ>e to ! hole 9 a keyless w9d+ p9ion1 ! diagonal ( :i* is a b1 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,turn ! end c d ( ! rod d[n until x exactly ent]s ! squ>e hole4 ,measure ) a tap]$ /rip ( brass ^: edges are fil$ %>p ! diagonal a b2 ?is w give ! diamet] a b ( ! l>g] portion ( ! rod1 z w be ga!r$ f ! figure a d b c4 ,turn d[n ! portions ( ! rod on :i* ! squ>e is to be made & file f\r faces1 ea* "t arre/+ ! action ( ! file :5 x is on a level ) ! small] cyl9drical portion1 ma9ta9+ ! angles equal by obs]v+ t ! f\r portions ( ! circumf]5ce reta9 _! equality :ile gradually dim9i%+4 ,by a little c>e & us+ ! squ>e-head$ h&-vise describ$ above1 success may be assur$4 #fcb4 ,to ,drift a ,squ>e ,hole 9 ,/eel ( ,mod]ate ,?ickness4 ,! /eel 9 :i* x is requir$ to make a squ>e hole mu/ be v s(t & ?or\ghly anneal$1 o!rwise x is sure to crack "u ! action ( ! drift or :5 hamm]$4 ,to make ! hole 9 ! c5t] ( a /op-f+]1 = example1 ! hole mu/ fir/ be drill$ ( a diamet] less ?an ! side ( ! f9al squ>e3 ! drift is !n ins]t$1 lib]ally suppli$ ) oil4 ,on remov+ ! drift1 ! squ>e is enl>g$ by means ( a f9e squ>e file act+ on ea* ( its corn]s2 !n ) slightly l>g] drifts ! hole is gradually increas$ to ! requir$ size4 ,!y are driv5 ) a r heavy hamm]1 c>e be+ tak5 to ma9ta9 !m v]tical & ) ea* *ange ( drift a file %\ld be pass$ ov] ! surface to remove ! metal t collects at ! corn]s4 #fcc4 ,to ,drift a ,/em ,w9d+ ,p9ion4 ,= ?is purpose ! me?ods expla9$ above are insuffici5t1 on acc\nt ( ! great ?ickness ( metal1 :i* we repeat1 mu/ always be v s(t4 ,nev]!less1 by us+ drifts t are v slightly conical1 %ort1 & r\gh$ l a file 9 an incl9$ direction1 & by us+ a numb] t succe$ "o ano!r ( gradually increas+ diamet]1 /eel ( consid]able ?ickness c be treat$ 9 ! above mann]2 b x is f> less exp$iti\s ?an ! me?od expla9$ bel[4 ,! piece ( /eel ) a hole drill$ ?r\gh x %\ld be f a ?ird to half z l>ge aga9 9 diamet] z x is f9ally requir$ to be4 ,aft] turn+ ! surface true & ! two ends flat1 ! tube is driv5 on to a long drift ( suitable temp]1 well oil$ & ( ne>ly ! diamet] ( ! hole to be made4 ,clamp+ ?is drift 9 a h&-vise or slid+ tongs1 re/ ! /eel tube on an anvil ) its axis & "o face ( ! drift p>allel to ! surface1 & =ge ! tube ) a m$ium size hamm]4 ,turn ! drift ?r\gh a qu>t] ( a circle1 aga9 =ge ! tube1 & s on4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! drift is =c$ fur!r into ! tube f "t to "t1 oil be+ at ! same "t appli$4 ,a pun*+ ma*9e is also v s]viceable = ! purpose ( drift+4 ,sometimes ! attempt is made to =ge ! metal r$-hot1 b ?is is mu* m difficult on acc\nt ( ! rapidity t is ne$$ 9 ?read+ ! hot /eel1 hamm]+ & remov+ x4 ,moreov]1 ! /eel has to be heat$ sev]al times & is apt to be burnt4 ,if ! me?od above expla9$1 9 :i* ! metal is kept cold1 is c>efully p]=m$1 x succe$s v well1 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t /eel is (t5 met ) t is irregul> 9 composition & cracks4 ,,to ,,/raight5 ,a ,,rod1 ,,plate ,,or ,,:eel4 #fcd4 ,a ,/eel ,rod4 ,:5 ! rod is %ort use a l>ge pair ( slid+ tongs or a h&-vise1 ! jaws ( :i* h be5 s(t5$ 9 ord] to make a groove 9 ea* p>allel to _! edge4 ,plac+ ! rod 9 ! cyl9drical recess ?us =m$ betwe5 ! jaws1 fix "o side ( ! h&-vise 9 a b5* vise1 hold+ a _s lamp ne> ! jaws &1 z ! /eel *anges its color1 tight5 ! slide or screw ( ! =m]4 ,:5 ! metal assumes a blue color & ! jaws are z tight z possible1 remove ! lamp1 all[+ ! :ole to cool sl[ly or by apply+ wat]4 ,! jaws %\ld be =m$ s z to b5d ! rod r m ?an is ultimately requir$1 because /eel on be+ releas$ is apt to p>tially recov] its initial curvature4 ,:5 ! rod is long grip its two ends 9 ! frame ( a fret-saw1 :i* %\ld be some:at /rong4 ,!n hold a lamp "u ! rod1 at ! same "t /ret*+ ! rod m & m1 & all[ ! /eel to rema9 /ret*$ until q cold4 ,if x has be5 suffici5tly /ret*$ ! metal w be r5d]$ p]fectly /raight4 #fce4 ,a ,plate1 ,escape-,:eel or ,/em ,w9d ,:eel4 ,9 ! middle ( a squ>e plate t is mod]ately ?ick1 fit a /rong screw ) a l>ge & long head2 ?is screw mu/ pass freely ?r\gh a disc t is p]fectly flat & fits easily into ! upp] side ( ! escape-:eel4 ,n[ fix ! plate betwe5 ! jaws ( a b5*-vise1 &1 plac+ ! :eel betwe5 ?is plate & ! disc ) a mod]ate pressure appli$ by ! screw1 hold a lamp to ! "u side1 gradually tight5+ ! screw z ! /eel *anges color s z to obta9 a maximum pressure :5 a blue temp] is rea*$4 ,leave ! :ole to cool 9 position4 #fcf4 ,a ,v]ge1 ,small ,arbor or ,p9ion ,/aff4 ,:5 /eel is suffici5tly temp]$1 x may be laid flat on a smoo? piece ( copp] held 9 ! vise & flatt5$ by hamm]+ z 9 ! case ( an ord9>y rod2 b if x is h>d ! blade ( ! hamm] mu/ be us$4 ,e wat*mak] kn[s1 = example1 t a v]ge is /raight5$ by /rik+ ) ! blade aga9/ its concave side1 :ile ! convex side re/s flat on a smoo? anvil4 ,by ! action ( ! hamm] ! side t is /ruck becomes a little long]1 ?us /raight5+ ! /aff1 ,x is n usually necess>y to remove ! m>ks left by ! hamm]1 b if ?is has to be done ! op]ation %\ld be cont9u$ beyond :at is necess>y to /raight5 ! metal1 !n temp] x to a blue color & all[ x to cool4 ,a small smoo? tap] arbor or p9ion /aff1 c be /raight5$ by re/+ x on a wood block1 & rubb+ ! concave side l5g?wise ) a worn file ( m$ium cut1 apply+ consid]able pressure1 ! arbor be+ firmly support$ bel[ to avoid breakage4 ,! result is ! same z ) ! bl[s ( a hamm]1 b ! m>ks left are b>ely visible4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,x may be well to po9t out t ! above details relate to ! case 9 :i* ! /em-w9d "w is on ! top plate4 ,:5 x is "u ! dial1 ( c\rse ! corrections "h giv5 = a deep & %all[ dep? w be rev]s$4 #h ,?is conta9s ab\t #a "p ( pure acid & #b p>ts ( wat]4 #i ,tak5 f ,m4 ,h4 ,rob]t's ,etudes sur div]ses que/ions d'horlog]ie4 #aj ,if a great] or less quantity ( ! solution is requir$1 all ^! quantities mu/1 ( c\rse1 be increas$ or dim9i%$ proportionately4 ,,clock ,,hairspr+s4 ,repair]s' ,assortm5t4 ,be/ ,quality1 ,collett$1 c>efully arrang$1 box conta9+ #ej1 fifte5 k9ds1 by mail1 #a4ej ,same ,assortm5t1 box conta9+ #ajj1 #b4ej ,"o ,doz5 = any make ( clocks1 4#ej ,"o-,half ,doz5 = any make ( clocks1 4#cj ,s+le ,spr+s1 4#aj ,if y\r jobb] doesn't keep !m s5d & get !m direct1 po/paid4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,manross1 ,manufactur] ( e description ( ,clock & ,gauge ,hairspr+s4 ,,=e/ville1 ,,conn4 ,! ,am]ican ,jewel] ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,a ,mon?ly ,j\rnal = ,wat*mak]s & ,jewel]s4 ,z an adv]tis+ m$ium x is unsurpass$4 ,adv]tis+ ,rates mail$ on application4 ,has m paid subscrib]s ?an any o!r j\rnal 9 ! trade4 ,if 9 se>* ( a situation or if y want a wat*mak]1 place y\r want ad4 9 ,! ,am]ican ,jewel]4 #a4jj p] ,ye>4 ,s5d = ,sample ,copy4 ,,geo4 ,k4 ,,hazlitt ,,co4 444,,publi%]s444 #ia ,plym\? ,place1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,eureka ,ma9spr+ ,w9d]1 ,,= ,,wat*mak]s' ,,use4 ,illu/ration3 ,pat5t$ ,may #be1 #ahhf4 ,?is in/rum5t is always ready = use1 & w in/antly w9d any wat* spr+ into coils to fit any ,am]ican or ,swiss ,b>rel4 ,x is simple & durable4 ,price1 ,nickel ,plat$1 #a4be4 ,! trade w f9d x to _! advantage to s5d u _! ord]s1 z we h ! mo/ exp]i5c$ m51 & all ord]s are fill$ ) ! be/ quality goods1 ! same day z ord] is receiv$1 & at ! l[e/ m>ket prices4 ,,gre5 ,,bros4 ,import]s & ,jobb]s ( ,wat*mak]s1 ,jewel]s & ,engrav]s ,f9e ,grade ,tools1 ,mat]ials & ,g5]al ,supplies4 #aa ,maid5 ,lane1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,! ,,h>tung ,,company1 #baa ,,/ate ,,/41 ,,*icago4 ,wat*mak]s & ,jewel]s ,,= ,,! ,,trade ,,exclusively4 ,f9e ,wat* ,repair+ ( all k9ds our ,specialty4 ,demagnetiz+4 ,*ang+ key w9d wat*es to /em w9d4 ,wat* case & jewelry repair+4 ,all "w promptly & c>efully execut$4 ,our reputation is ( a good & long /&+4 ,we w be pleas$ to s5d price li/ & in=mation on dem&4 ,,crucible ,,furnace ,= ,manufactur+ ,jewel]s4444 ,no4 #ae4 ,crucible ,furnace4 ,?is w take crucibles up to #dc in*es1 hold+ ab\t six p\nds :5 full1 & ) in* gas pipe1 & a pressure ( gas supply+ ab\t #ej feet p] h\r1 w melt a crucible ( gold1 silv] or brass 9 ab\t #cj m9utes1 & ! same quantity ( ca/ iron 9 ab\t #fj m9utes f ! "t ! gas is fir/ light$4 ,x is made 9 a v sub/antial mann]1 & is recomm5d$ z a fir/-rate furnace = manufactur+ jewel]s1 r$uc+ photo wa/e1 etc4 ,! lid c be lift$ away by a h&le provid$ = ! purpose4 ,prices on ,application4 ,,manufactur$ ,,only ,,by ,,buffalo ,,d5tal ,,mfg4 ,,co #ehg-ehi ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,pat5t$ ,may #ah1 #ahhj4 ,wat*mak+ ,if y want to become a ?or\gh practical wat*mak]1 y c d s at less exp5se & 9 less "t at ?is s*ool ?an any o!r place4 ,/ud5ts receiv$ at any "t4 ,s5d = catalogue & samples ( engrav+4 ,address3 ,hut*9son's ,practical ,s*ool = ,wat*mak]s1 ,j4 ,l4 ,,hut*9son1 ,la ,porte1 ,ind4 ,,sup]9t5d5t4 ,any?+ & ,ev]y?+ 9 ! %ape ( ,dials ,made to ,ord] f our own ,design or f ,y\rs4 ,illu/ration ,dials ) ,portraits1 ,monograms1 ,l&scapes1 ,ya*t+1 ,hunt+1 ,fi%+1 ,polo1 ,base ,ball1 ,t5nis1 ,cricket1 or 9 fact any design4 ,,society ,,designs ,a ,,specialty4 ,complete ,/ock ( ,pla9 & ,fancy ,dials always on h&4 ,l ,h4 ,,kell] ,,co4 ,wat*mak]s & ,jewel]s ,tools & ,mat]ials ,,( ,,e ,,description4 #fd ,,nassau ,,/reet ,,new ,,york4 ,! ,*icago ,wat*mak]s' ,in/itute ,a ,mod]n ,trade ,s*ool4 ,be/ 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration ,sci5tific & ,practical ,9 all its ,me?ods4 ,,tea*es ,wat*mak+ & ,repair+1 ,jewelry ,"w & ,engrav+1 & gives a ,?or\gh ,c\rse 9 ,optics4 ,call & see our s*ool & its "w1 or s5d = catalogue4 ,,geo4 ,d4 ,,p>sons1 ,,pr9cipal4 #iac ,d1 ,masonic ,temple1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,,:5 ,,y ,,ne$ ,,! ,,be/ ,pivot ,poli%]s1 ,ge> ,cutt]s1 ,idl] ,pulleys1 ,hairspr+ ,/ud ,index1 ,cr[n ,*ucks1 ,turn+ ,tools1 ,roll] ,remov]s1 ,temp]+ ,comp\nd1 ,/ak+ ,tools1 ,pivot ,drills1 ,pump ,drills1 ,illu/ration ,or any ( ! tools y ne$ daily2 & :5 y want ! be/ & mo/ practical tools1 ^? t h be5 design$ by practical workm5 & prov$ by !m2 :5 y want ! late/1 be/ & *eape/ tools2 s5d = circul>s & prices to ,a4 ,w4 ,,johanson1 ,manufactur] ( ,wat*mak]s' & ,jewel]s' ,tools1 #cbf ,wells ,/reet ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,,practical ,,books 4444,,=4444 ,wat*mak]s ,,& ,jewel]s4 ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,geo4 ,k4 ,,hazlitt ,co41 #ia ,,plym\? ,,place1 ,,*icago4 ,/aff ,mak+ & ,pivot+4 ,practical directions = mak+ new /affs f raw mat]ial4 ,by ,eug5e ,e4 ,hall4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! raw mat]ial2 ! grav]s2 ! r\gh+ out2 ! h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,k9ds ( pivots2 _! %ape2 capill>ity2 ! requirem5ts ( a good pivot4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! prop] measurem5ts & h[ obta9$4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! gaug+ ( holes2 ! side %ake2 ! position ( ! grav]4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! gr9d+ & poli%+2 ! rev]sal ( ! "w2 ! wax *uck4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ano!r wax *uck2 ! c5t]+ ( ! "w4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! f9i%+ ( ! /aff2 pivot+2 mak+ pivot drills3 h>d5+ drills2 ! drill+ & fitt+ ( new pivots4 ,illu/rat$ ) #bd engrav+s4 #dh pages4 ,pap] cov]s #be ,wat* ,repair+4 ,by ,n4 ,b4 ,%]wood4 ,cont5ts3 ,! ,b5* & its ,accessories2 ,! ,vise & ,oil/one2 ,la! ,appliances2 ,! ,jacot ,la!2 ,dep?+ ,tool2 ,exp&+ ! ,web ( a ,:eel2 ,! ,spread+ ,tool & its ,use2 ,! ,r\nd+-,up ,tool2 ,/ud ,remov]2 ,op5+ ! ,regulator2 ,roll] ,remov]2 ,replac+ ,brok5 ,tee?2 ,gra9+ ,poli%+ ,blocks2 ,poli%+ ,/eel ,"w2 ,poli%+ ,pivots2 ,sup]iority ( ,conical ,pivots2 ,! ,cutt+ ,eng9e2 ,to ,cut ',scape ,:eels2 ,replac+ ,brok5 ,arbors3 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #ce ,! ,wat*mak]s' & ,jewel]s' ,practical ,h& ,book4 ,a guide to ! /ud5t & a work%op companion = ! practical wat*mak]4 ,hundr$s ( valuable sugge/ions f private =mulas & ! be/ au?orities1 toge!r ) h9ts on mak+ c]ta9 repairs4 ,an invaluable book = ! workman4 ,! mo/ valuable book = ! money ev] (f]$ to ! trade4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,edit$ & compil$ by ,h5ry ,g4 ,abbott4 ,illu/rat$ ) #aed z9c et*+s4 #aah ,pages4 ,flexible musl91 #ej c5ts4 ,pap] cov]s #ce ,prize ,essay on ! ,deta*$ ,lev] ,escapem5t = wat*es & timepieces4 ,a practical & !oretical treatise1 by ,moritz ,grossman1 to :i* ! fir/ prize 0 aw>d$ by adjudicators appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,horological ,in/itute1 ,london4 #aah pages1 b\nd 9 pap] cov]s1 ) #bj full page plates1 b\nd 9 a sep>ate volume4 ,two volumes1 price1 #a #ej ,acme ,record ( ,wat*es ,b\ght & ,sold4 ,a complete record = deal]s 9 wat*es1 by :i* !y c at all times tell :at wat*es h be5 sold1 by :om b\ght1 price paid1 pr(it made1 etc41 & 9 case ( ! wat* be+ imp]fect1 ! deal] c readily asc]ta9 f :om he pur*as$ x1 or if /ol5 he has a full description ( !m :i* %\ld mat]ially aid 9 _! recov]y4 ,books ( #c1jjj ,entries1 sub/antially b\nd #a #jj ,! ,acme ,record ( ,wat* ,repairs4 ,a simple & economical me?od ( record+ wat* repairs4 ,book ( #a1jjj entries1 sub/antially b\nd #a #jj ,! ,acme ,record ( ,jewelry ,repairs4 ,a simple & economical me?od ( record+ jewelry & miscellane\s repairs4 ,book ( #a1jjj entries1 sub/antially b\nd #a #jj ,! ,acme ,wat* ,gu>antee ,book4 ,if y desire to increase y\r wat* repair bus9ess1 pur*ase an ,acme ,gu>antee ,book1 & adv]tise ! fact t y 8give a writt5 gu>antee ) all "w turn$ out40 ,^! books are pr9t$ ) a /ub s t y may keep a record ( all gu>antees made1 ) date1 "n ( own]1 description ( movem5t & case1 repairs1 etc4 ,!y are b\nd 9 heavy1 sub/antial cov]s pr9t$ on good pap] & p]=at$ all ar\nd s !y c be easily torn out4 ,books ( #bjj ,gu>antees #a #jj ,books ( #cjj ,gu>antees #a #ej ,books ( #ejj ,gu>antees #b #eb ,illu/ration ,abbott's ,am]icas ,wat*mak] & ,jewel]4 ,by ,h5ry ,g4 ,abbott4 ,an ,encyclop$ia = ! ,horologi/1 ,jewel]1 ,gold & ,silv]smi?4 ,conta9+ ,hundr$s ( ,private ,receipts & ,=mulas1 ,compil$ f ! ,mo/ ,reliable ,s\rces4 ,complete ,directions = ,us+ all ! ,late/ ,tools1 ,atta*m5ts & ,devices = ,wat*mak]s & ,jewel]s4 ,among o!r ?+s conta9$ 9 ?is volume may be m5tion$ a ?or\gh explanation ( adju/m5ts1 bo? to positions & iso*ronism2 directions = mak+ all ! alloys us$ by a wat*mak]1 jewel] & metalwork]2 a review ( all ! escapem5ts1 _! action1 con/ruction & proportion1 toge!r ) diagrams ( ea* escapem5t2 an exhau/ive treatise on balances1 _! expansion & contraction1 auxili>ies1 sizes & weights & direction = pois+2 ! balance /aff1 & full & complete directions = mak+ & replac+ new /affs1 toge!r ) ! use ( ! grav] 9 turn+ & ! manipulation ( measur+ in/rum5ts2 directions = mak+ tw5ty diff]5t cem5ts ( great value to ! wat*mak] & jewel]1 includ+ la! wax2 directions = cleans+1 pickl+ & poli%+ all k9ds ( metals3 magnetism & ! use ( ! v>i\s demagnetiz]s2 electroplat+1 bronz+ & /a9+ all metals2 gauges ( all k9ds1 & directions = us+2 sold]+ & directions = mak+ all k9ds ( h>d & s(t sold] & fluxes2 /eel1 its treatm5t 9 anneal+1 h>d5+1 temp]+1 etc42 wat* clean+1 repair+1 etc43 a treatise on :eels & p9ions3 directions = us+ all mod]n tools & appliances2 & hundr$s ( miscellane\s receipts1 =mulas & h9ts on all k9ds ( "w1 ( great value to e workman4 ,?is edition conta9s =ty-f\r pages m ?an =m] editions1 & ea* page conta9s "o-?ird m matt] ?an ! pages ( =m] editions4 ,an alphabetical li/ ( ov] five hundr$ ,european wat*mak]s :o manufactur$ wat*es prior to #ahjj1 ) ye>s 9 :i* !y c>ri$ on bus9ess1 f :i* ! wat*mak] c easily e/abli% ! age ( any movem5t t a cu/om] may desire to "k ab\t2 an alphabetical li/ ( all books on horology publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% or ,fr5* language prior to #ahej2 portraits & sket*es ( all ! celebrat$ wat*mak]s ( ! _w f #afjj to #ahid4 #ced pages4 ,illu/rat$ ) #bhh engrav+s4 ,pap] cov]s1 #a #be4 ,f9e musl9 #a #ej ,illu/ration ,a ,simple & ,me*anically ,p]fect ,wat*4 ,by ,moritz ,grossmann4 ,a ,prize ,essay on ! ,con/ruction ( a ,simple yet ,p]fect ,wat*4 ,writt5 9 a ma/]ly mann] by "o ( ! greate/ ( ,horological ,au?ors4 ,illu/rat$ ) _m engrav+s4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! practical man at ! b5* ?is is "o ( ! mo/ exhau/ive essays ev] writt5 on ! subject & no practical workman c fail to appreciate x4 #if pages #ch diagrams4 ,pap]1 #ge;c4 ,f9e musl9 #a #jj ,! ,wat*mak]s' ,libr>y4 ,?is book consi/s ( a collection ( ! be/ articles f ! v>i\s trade j\rnals ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 among ! au?ors be+ ,moritz ,grossmann1 ,m4 ,kessels1 ,*as4 ,spiro1 ,*as4 ,reiss1 ,h]man ,horrman1 ,p4 ,m4 ,y\l51 ,m4 ,s&oz1 ,h]man ,gros*1 ,james ,u4 ,poole1 ,e4 ,sordet & ,v9c5t ,lau]4 ,! pap]s are all ( a practical nature & ( great value to ! practical wat*mak]1 ! :ole =m+ a volume ( #bij pages & index4 ,9 ,pap] ,cov]s #a #jj ,prize ,essay on ! ,balance ,spr+ & its ,te*nical ,adju/m5ts 7,b>oness ,burdett ,c\tt's ,prize74 ,by ,m4 ,immis*4 ,a description ( ! inv5tion ( ! balance spr+1 its effect ^u ! art ( wat*mak+2 ! effects ( in]tia ( ! balance2 resi/ance ( ! air2 balance adju/m5t by means ( turn+ screws & wa%]s2 proportions ( spr+ & balance2 nature ( spirals2 l5g?s ( balance vibrations & _! effect ^u ! tim+2 p9n+ 9 equal & unequal coils2 ! ,breguet spr+2 mak+ its curves1 p9n+2 regulat+ iso*ronal spr+s1 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$ ) num]\s engrav+s & diagrams4 ,clo?4 ,price #a #jj ,repair+ ,repeat+ ,wat*es4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,et*ells4 ,a practical treatise on ! subject & ! only "o 9 pr9t4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,! mo/ vexati\s repairs t come to ! wat*mak] are ^? on repeat+ wat*es--& yet !y are ! mo/ pr(itable if y "k j h[ to make !m4 ,n e wat*mak] c make !m1 & t is j :y !y are pr(itable4 ,d y "k h[8 ,if n1 :y n8 ,y are nev] too old to le>n4 ,pap] cov]s #ce ,! ,escapem5ts4 ,_! ,action1 ,con/ruction & ,proportion4 ,all wat* & clock escapem5ts ?or\ghly illu/rat$ & describ$ ,illu/rat$ ) tw5ty diagrams4 ,pap] ,cov]s ,price #ej ,same 9 clo? b9d+ #ge ,prize ,essay on ,wat* ,clean+ & ,repair+4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,ries4 ,?is "w took ! fir/ prize1 7(f]$ by ,! ,am]ican ,jewel]7 9 competition ) ?irty-six o!r writ]s4 ,cont5ts3 ,exam9ation ( ! ,movem5t2 ,tak+ ,d[n2 ,fitt+ ! ,dial2 ,fitt+ ,c5t] ,pivot & ,bridge2 ,bu%+2 ,end%ake2 ,worn ,c5t] ,p9ions2 ,tru+ ! ,b>rel2 ,repair+ ! ,rat*et2 ,putt+ on ,squ>e on a ,fusee2 ,exam9ation ( ,ma9spr+2 ,/emw9d ,me*anism2 ,exam9ation ( ,tra92 ,imitation ,gild+2 ,pivots2 ,mak+ ,balance ,/aff2 ,! ,hairspr+2 ,jewel+2 ,clean+ 9 ,g5]al4 ,price #be ,wat* & ,*ronomet] ,jewel+4 ,by ,n4 ,b4 ,%]wood4 ,a complete treatise on ?is subject & ! only "o 9 pr9t4 ,cont5ts3 ,peculi>ities ( ,gems us$ 9 ,mak+ ,jewels2 ,requisite ,tools & ,h[ to ,use ,!m2 ,%ap+ & ,poli%+ ! ,jewel2 ,op5+ ! ,jewel2 ,sett+ ! ,jewel2 ,! ,end%ake ,tool2 ,g5]al ,h9ts to ! ,repair]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #ce ,illu/ration ,g5]al ,lett] ,engrav+4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,:elpley1 ! ackn[l$g$ au?ority on engrav+4 ,8 late/ & be/ "w4 ,cont5ts3 ,g5]al ,h9ts to ,beg9n]s2 ,l9es & ,curves2 ,orig9ality2 ,practice ,mat]ial2 ,position ( ,grav]2 ,treatm5t ( ,grav]s2 ,correct ,spac+2 ,c(f9 ,plate ,engrav+2 ,necess>y ,tools2 ,lay+ out ! ,"w ,prep>ation ( ,plate2 ,use ( ,grav]s2 ,me?ods ( ,cutt+2 ,slope & ,height ( ,lett]s2 ,incl9ation ( ,grav]2 ,transf]+2 ,lett]s ,appropriate = ,long & ,%ort ,names2 ,h>mony 9 ,lay+ ,out2 ,t\*+ ,up2 ,difficult ,mat]ials & _! ,treatm5t2 ,tools & ,mat]ials2 ,%>p5+ ,grav]s2 ,*oice ( ,tools2 ,engrav+ 9 ,r+s2 ,grav]s = ,same3 ,engrav+ ,blocks & ,/&s3 ,ciph]s1 _! ,=mation & ,ornam5tation2 ,inscriptions2 ,be/ ,mann] ( ,cutt+2 ,ciph]s z ,comp>$ ) ,monograms2 ,monograms & _! ,treatm5t2 ,figure ,monograms or ,ciph]oids2 ,int]tw9+1 ,complex ,monograms2 ,g5]al ,treatm5t4 ,copi\sly ,illu/rat$4 #aab pp4 ,pap] #a4jj4 ,clo? #a #be ,! ,wat*mak]s' & ,jewel]s' ,practical ,receipt ,book4 ,a work%op companion1 compris+ full & practical =mula & directions = sold]s & sold]+1 clean+1 pickl+1 poli%+1 bronz+1 color+1 /a9+1 cem5t+1 et*+1 lacqu]+1 v>ni%+1 g5]al directions = f9i%+ all metals1 hundr$s ( miscellane\s receipts & processes ( great value to all practical wat*mak]s & jewel]s4 ,?is is ! only book on ! m>ket to-day t gives full & complete directions = et*+ names1 portraits1 etc41 9 ! b[ls ( s\v5ir spoons & silv] articles 9 g5]al4 ,?is s-call$ trade secret is sold by c]ta9 p]sons at #e4jj4 ,doz5s ( o!r 8trade secrets0 t are adv]tis$ = sale 9 trade pap]s at f #a4jj to #e4jj c be f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,wor? its weight 9 gold to any practical wat*mak] & jewel]4 #acb pages1 illu/rat$4 ,pap] cov]s1 #a4jj4 ,f9e ,engli% musl9 b9d+ #a #be ,pois+ ! ,balance4 ,an ,essay ( unusual m]it4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,f9n #be ,hairspr++4 ,a complete treatise on ! art ( hairspr++4 ,by ,a4 ,z4 ,price #be ,adju/m5ts to ,positions1 ,iso*ronism & ,comp5sation4 ,! only "w on ! subject 9 pr9t4 #ej pp4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #be ,repair+ ,wat*-,cases4 ,a practical treatise on ! subject4 ,by ,w4 ,s*wanatus4 ,cont5ts3 ,repair+ ! ,p5dant2 ,l9+ ,p5dant ,holes2 ,"w at ! ,jo9ts2 ,sold]+ ! ,bezel2 ,! ,clos+ ( ! ,case2 ,tak+ ,out ! ,d5ts4 #dj pp4 ,price4 #be ,jewel]s' ,practical ,receipt ,book4 ,conta9s a mass ( mo/ valuable receipts1 =mulas & in=mation1 ga!r$ f ! be/ & mo/ reliable s\rces4 ,fif? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #dh pp4 ,price #ae ,prize ,essay on ! ,balance ,/aff & ,cyl9d]4 ,by ,p4 ,w4 ,eign]4 ,?is essay took ! fir/ prize (f]$ by ! ,am]ican ,horological ,society4 ,gives me?ods = turn+1 gr9d+ & poli%+1 f /aff to pivots4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s engrav+s4 ,pap] cov]s #be ,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums & ,h[ to ,make ,!m4 ,a practical treatise on ! con/ruction ( me*anically p]fect ,p5dulums1 = ! use ( wat*mak]s4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,f9n & ,s4 ,riefl]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,pap] cov]s1 ,price #ce ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! ref]5ces to illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,l9ks to articles h be5 provid$ :]e !y are ref]5c$ 9 o!r sections4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg #ae3 remov$ r$undant 8to0 9 8,tee?1 to true04 ,pg #bh3 8horisontal0 replac$ ) 8horizontal04 ,pg #bi3 8emphacise0 replac$ ) 8emphasize04 ,pg #bi3 8an0 replac$ ) 890 ind 8"o portion remov$ 9 ord]04 ,pg #cf3 8faciliy0 replac$ ) 8facility04 ,pg #db3 ,caption 8,fid4 #bj0 replac$ ) 8,fig4 #bj04 ,pg #eh3 8acqua0 replac$ ) 8aqua04 ,pg #ei3 8det]orat$0 replac$ ) 8det]iorat$04 ,pg #gh3 ,duplicate section 8#hh0 appe>$ betwe5 sections #he & #hf4 ,?is has be5 r5umb]$ 8#he;a04 ,pg #ajb3 8phosporus0 replac$ ) 8phosphorus04 ,pg #ajb3 ,ref]5ce to p>agraph 8#fff0 replac$ ) 8#eia04 ,pg #aaf3 8cleas+0 replac$ ) 8cleans+04 ,pg #aag3 8cautions0 replac$ ) 8cauti\s04 ,pg #aah3 8*oride0 replac$ ) 8*loride04 ,pg #abd3 8imposible0 replac$ ) 8impossible04 ,pg #aca3 8camporat$0 replac$ ) 8camphorat$04 ,pg #ach3 ,add$ ! ^w 8be0 to 8,! o!r /ones may be treat$ 9 simil> mann]04 ,pg #aci3 8dimi%$0 replac$ ) 8dim9i%$04 ,pg #adc3 8necess>y0 replac$ ) 8unnecess>y04 ,pg #ade3 8keylesss0 replac$ ) 8keyless04 ,pg #adg3 8exprim5ts0 replac$ ) 8exp]im5ts04 ,pg #adi3 8degress0 replac$ ) 8degrees04 ,pg #aej3 8?r\ghly0 replac$ ) 8?or\ghly04 ,pg #aeb3 ,replac$ 8!0 ) 8to0 9 8work+ up t[>ds to ! extremity04 ,pg #aec3 8sucessful0 replac$ ) 8successful04 ,pg #aee3 8escapm5ts0 replac$ ) 8escapem5ts04 ,pg #aee3 ,replac$ 8too0 ) 8to0 9 8seal+-wax causes objects to adh]e04 ,pg #aef3 8beb/we50 replac$ ) 8betwe504 ,pg #aef3 8especiably0 replac$ ) 8especially04 ,pg #afj3 8magnanese0 replac$ ) 8manganese04 ,pg #afj3 8iatt]0 replac$ ) 8latt]04 ,pg #afg3 ,remov$ extra 8z0 9 8x is kn[n z a t\rmal9e04 ,pg #agj3 8rottt50 replac$ ) 8rott504 ,pg #agf3 8dazz+0 replac$ ) 8dazzl+04 ,pg #agg3 ,orig9al text uncle>1 inf]r$ 8tak+0 9 8necessity ( tak+ c>e04 ,pg #ahj3 8aquir$0 replac$ ) 8acquir$04 ,pg #ahi3 8ltttle0 replac$ ) 8little04 ,pg #aig3 8callip]0 replac$ ) 8calip]04 ,pg #aii3 8op]at>0 replac$ ) 8op]ator04 ,pg #bjd3 ,remov$ extra 8be0 9 8#aj feet high may be us$ z a fixture04 ,pg #bjf3 ,replac$ 8v>ries0 ) 8v>ies04 ,pg #bjh3 ,remov$ duplicate 8is0 9 8,h is a pipe04 ,pg #bji3 8ot0 replac$ ) 8n04 ,pg #bah3 ,replac$ 8to0 ) 8too0 9 8,hav+ too mu* end-%ake04 ,pg #bcd3 8ob/use0 replac$ ) 8obtuse04 ,pg #bcg3 ,remov$ duplicate 8!0 9 8rais+ ! edge ( a jewel04 ,pg #bdg3 8cut+0 replac$ ) 8cutt+04 ,pg #bea3 ,replac$ 8ase0 ) 8are0 9 8poli%]s are us$04 ,pg #bha3 ,replac$ 8,ill9os0 ) 8,ill9ois04 ,pg #bha3 ,replac$ 8,bregeut0 ) 8,breguet04 ,pg #ccd3 ,replac$ 8idex0 ) 8index04 ,pg #cda3 ,replac$ 8portio0 ) 8portion04 ,pg #cde3 ,replac$ 8templets0 ) 8templates04 ,pg #cdh3 ,replac$ 8cuttt]0 ) 8cutt]04 ,pg #ceg3 ,remov$ duplicate 8is0 9 8,x is well to h "s *ange :eels04 ,pg #ceh3 ,replac$ 8,x0 ) 8,its0 9 8,its edge mu/ be saddle-%ap$04 ,pg #cfg3 ,replac$ 8late0 ) 8plate04 ,pg #cdg3 ,replac$ 8appplicable0 ) 8applicable04 ,pg #chi3 ,replac$ 8make0 ) 8made0 9 8rem>ks made 9 speak+04 ,pg #djd3 ,replac$ 8mannn]0 ) 8mann]04 ,pg #daj3 ,correct$ caption 8,fig4 #bd0 to 8,fig4 #bca04 ,pg #dah3 ,replac$ end ( l9e 8dur-0 ) 8dur+04 ,pg #dbb3 ,correct$ caption f 8,fig4 #cch0 to 8,fig4 #bch04 ,pg #dcb3 ,replac$ 8*>acact]i/ic0 ) 8*>act]i/ic04 ,pg #dcc3 ,orig9al text uncle>1 inf]r$ 8n to0 9 8advisable n to t\* ! fusee04 ,pg #ded3 ,correction caption f 8,fig4 #bea0 to 8,fig4 #bee04 ,pg #dfc3 ,remov$ duplicate 8!0 f 8_! heads on ! dial side04 ,pg #dfc3 ,replac$ 8escapm5t0 ) 8escapem5t04 ,pg #dgj3 8acuracy0 replac$ ) 8accuracy04 ,pg #dga3 8longtitud9al0 replac$ ) 8longitud9al04 ,pg #ejf3 8d'horolog]ie0 replac$ ) 8d'horlog]ie04 ,pg #eaa3 ,add$ 8"k0 9 8,d y "k h[80 ,pg #eab3 ,replac$ 8,fuzee0 ) 8,fusee04