,! ,_w ( ,art ,s]ies ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,old ,,japan ,,by ,,/ew>t ,,dick ,illu/ration ,t4 ,n4 ,,f\lis1 #c ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh2 #ce ,,leice/] ,,squ>e1 ,,london 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,mdccccvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ra9y ,,l&scape ,f a ,kakemono by ,,sansetsu 7,briti% ,museum7 ,,preface ,?is little book is int5d$ n = ! collector or ! connoisseur1 b m]ely = ^? :o require an introduction to a field ( art hi!rto little explor$ b :i* w well repay fur!r /udy4 ,= full] in=mation on ! subject _m s\rces are available1 b a ^w ( caution is necess>y4 ,a bibliography ( works on ,japanese art w\ld be mislead+ r ?an useful1 = mu* ( :at has be5 writt5 reg>d+ x is1 z criticism1 q valueless4 ,on ,japanese pa9t+ ! mo/ important1 inde$ ! only s\nd "w1 is conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( articles contribut$ by ,mr ,ar?ur ,morrison to ,! ,mon?ly ,review1 #aijb-c4 ,! writ+s ( ,mr ,e4 ,f4 ,/range deal fully & adequately ) ,col\r ,pr9t+2 ,capta9 ,br9kley is a good au?ority on ,k]amics1 & ,mr ,josiah ,cond] on ,l&scape ,g>d5+ & ,fl[] ,arrangem5t4 ,! ,transactions ( ! ,japan ,society conta9 _m int]e/+ & well-illu/rat$ articles on ,japanese m9or arts1 & ! *>m ( ,japanese life is n[h]e reflect$ m pleasantly ?an 9 ! writ+s ( ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold & ,mr ,lafcadio ,he>n4 ,to ! cu/odians ( public & ! own]s ( private collections ,i am indebt$ = _m c\rtesies1 & especially to ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son1 ,fran*e ,hall1 ,kidd]m9/]1 = p]mission to reproduce sev]al ( ! illu/rations 9 ! sumptu\s catalogue ( 8 collection4 ,s4 ,d4 ,octob] #aijd4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,,ii4 ,,pa9t+ #af ,,iii4 ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ #df ,,iv4 ,,sculpture ,,& ,,c>v+ #fc ,v4 ,,metal ,,"w #gg ,,vi4 ,,k]amics #if ,,vii4 ,,lacqu] #aba ,,viii4 ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fl[]s #ach ,illu/ration3 ,/yliz$ ,*rysan!mum ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,pa9t+ -- ,a ,ra9y ,l&scape1 by ,sansetsu ,frontispiece ,fly+ ,ducks1 by ,kor9 ,to face page #d ,fukurokujiu & ,crane1 by ,kor9 #ab ,arhat & ,lion1 by ,*o ,d5su #ah ,an ,impressioni/ ,l&scape1 by ,sesson #bb ,a ,l&scape 9 ! ,*9ese ,/yle1 by ,ses%iu #cj ,%orik5 cross+ ! ,sea on 8 ,sword1 by ,motonobu #cd ,kwannon1 ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy1 by ,tanyu #cf ,bird & ,p9e ,bran*1 by ,naonobu #ch ,fl[] ,panel1 by ,kor9 #dj ,monkeys & ,plum ,blossom1 by ,sos5 #db ,a ,peacock1 by ,ippo #dd ,,col\r ,,pr9ts -- ,a ,figure ,gr\p1 by ,utam>o #eb ,a ,figure ,/udy1 by ,toyokuni #ef ,"o ( ! ,?irty-six ,views ( ,fuji1 by ,hokusai #fj ,a ,l&scape1 by ,hiro%ig #fb ,,sculpture ,,& ,,c>v+ -- ,colossal ,bronze ,image ( a ,bodhisatwa #ff ,portrait ( ,s5no ,rikiu1 c>v$ 9 ,wood & ,lacqu]$ #gj ,a ,gr\p ( ,netsuks #gd ,,metal ,,"w -- ,two ,b[ls ,ca/ 9 ,bronze #gh ,eagle 9 ,ca/ & ,hamm]$ ,iron #hb ,a ,gr\p ( ,tsubas #ij ,,k]amics -- ,a ,gr\p ( ,porcela9 #ajd ,vase1 ,satsuma ,fai5ce #ajh ,a ,gr\p ( ,v>i\s ,w>es #aad ,,lacqu] -- ,lid ( ,suzuri-bako or ,writ+-case #abd ,a ,gr\p ( ,inro #acj ,a ,gr\p ( ,inro1 by ,kor9 #acd ,,fl[] ,,arrangem5t -- ,a ,fl[] ,composition #adh ,,tailpieces -- ,eque/rian ,figures f ! ,mangwa ( ,hokusai2 ,fans f ,kor9 ,hiakuzu2 & ,cre/s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,9 com+ to ! /udy ( ,japanese art we mu/ rememb] t we are ent]+ a /range _w1 :]e life & language1 & ev5 modes ( ?\ght1 run on o!r l9es ?an ours4 ,:5 ,japan1 only fifty ye>s ago1 0 ?r[n op5 to ! ,we/]n nations1 9 our ignorance & folly we 7 at fir/ incl9$ to treat ! ,japanese z a b>b>ic p4 ,b nev] 0 !re a great] mi/ake4 ,= ! tru? is t _! civilisation is n only old] ?an ours b 9 "s respects has advanc$ mu* fur!r ?an we h ev] atta9$4 ,9 an /hetic s5se ! p ( ,japan are cultur$ to a degree f> beyond our ,we/]n /&>ds2 _! arts are full ( beauties :i* are too subtle1 too ref9$1 = our compreh5sion4 ,"h1 9 ! mo/ civilis$ ( all ,we/]n nations1 "o is dubb$ a vision>y & a dream] if he hopes to see ! day :5 ! pleasures ( art %all be ! solace ( ! poor z well z ! luxury ( ! ri*4 ,b ?is happy /ate has exi/$ 9 ,japan = ages4 ,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! p is _! love = beauty bo? 9 nature & 9 art4 ,on ! public highways are notices indicat+ to ! wayf>] ! po9ts f :i* ! mo/ beautiful prospects may be obta9$4 ,! artisan "m 9 ! city c>ries h] babe out into ! public p>ks at ! fe/ival ( ! *]ry blossom1 t its infant m9d may be p]meat$ by ! beauty & fragrance ( ! fl[]s4 ,&1 lov+ beauty1 !y c also express x1 = to le>n to write 9 ,japan is 9 itself a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 draw+4 ,9 art ! ,european requires t ev]y?+ %\ld be /at$ ) ! utmo/ fulness ( a t$i\s realism be=e he c grasp its mean+1 b to ! m cultur$ ,japanese a m]e h9t or slight sugge/ion is suffici5t4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ,japanese art is1 p]haps1 t x leaves s mu* unsaid4 ,= ! ,phili/9e1 :o bulks s l>gely 9 ! ,we/1 & has to be consid]$ & propitiat$ at e turn1 seems to be q unkn[n 9 ,japan4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t1 ) su* a public1 _! art %\ld be some:at above our heads4 ,d\btless ! canons ( ,european art diff] widely f ^? ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 b ^! ?+s are n ess5tials4 ,all art is bas$ on conv5tion1 9 ! t]ms ( :i* its mean+ is express$4 ,if we w\ld und]/& ,japanese art we mu/ accept its conv5tions2 we mu/ le>n ! language ( _! art & see ?+s ) _! eyes4 ,x is ! fault ( too _m critics ( ,japanese art t !y fail to approa* x 9 ?is sympa!tic attitude1 & by su* x is q misund]/ood4 ,! my/ic & beautiful ,buddhi/ figures are tri$ by rules ( anatomy1 & ! dreamlike ,*9ese l&scapes by ! laws ( p]spective4 ,! mat]iali/ weighs ! spiritual 9 ! balance & f9ds x want+4 ,b we seem to be improv+ 9 ^! matt]s2 p]haps we are becom+ m humble4 ,( late ye>s "s ( our lead+ arti/s are beg9n+ to acquire ! qualities :i* ,japanese art has %[n s long4 ,:o %all say t ! "w ( su* an "o z ,:i/l]1 9 its s5sitive feel+ = balance1 9 its grace ( l9e1 9 ! un]r+ in/9ct :i* m>ks its spac+1 & 9 ! delicate h>mony ( its col\r1 is n ess5tially ,japanese 9 /yle8 ,:e!r ^! qualities 7 kn[+ly borr[$ f ! ,japanese1 or :e!r ! arti/ evolv$ !m f 8 own inn] consci\sness1 matt]s little4 ,! important fact is t ! qualities :i* m>k ! "w ( "o ( ! greate/ ( our mod]n pa9t]s1 & di/+ui% x f t ( ! va/ body ( 8 contempor>ies1 are j ! qualities :i* = c5turies h m>k$ ! art ( ,japan4 ,b we "k t ,:i/l] 0 an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,japanese art1 &1 d\btless1 he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge 8 debt4 ,) ! y\ng] s*ool ,japanese influ5ce has be5 all-p[]ful4 ,"o might safely say t1 b = ! ,japanese col\r pr9t1 !re w\ld h be5 no mod]n po/] s*ool1 work+ s d>+ly 9 bold outl9e & broad1 flat t9ts2 & rec5t black & :ite "w is equally indebt$ to ! ,japanese woodcuts1 ) _! beautiful1 fl[+ l9e & dext]\s use ( solid masses ( black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wild ,,ducks ,by ,,kor9 7,f a ,woodcut 9 ! ,kor9 ,hiakuzu7 ,! diff]5ce ( m5tal attitude is n ! only reason = ! wide div]g5ce 9 me?ods & ideals ( ,japanese art f t to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,!re are o!r physical & mat]ial causes ( great importance :i* h help$ to decide its c\rse4 ,! basis ( all pictorial & appli$ art is ar*itectural1 & "h we f9d "o />t+-po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! /yles ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes 9 ,japan has r5d]$ impossible ! erection ( build+s ( ! /ately proportions & massive gr&eur ( o!r climes4 ,! old ,buddhi/ temples1 :i* are ! *ief build+s1 _c vie 9 importance ) ^? ( ,india or ,*9a4 ,9 ! ,japanese h\se ! walls are b pap] scre5s1 ! :ole weight ( ! ro( be+ support$ by ! f\r corn] po/s1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 are n sunk 9 ! gr\nd b /& on f\r l>ge /ones4 ,?is lightness ( con/ruction has to a great ext5t dictat$ ! c\rse tak5 by ! arts ( ,japan4 ,! ,japanese picture1 in/ead ( be+ enclos$ 9 a massive frame1 is plac$ on a light m\nt ( silk brocade1 & :5 n 9 use is roll$ up z we roll a map4 ,& ! field ( appli$ art is simil>ly re/rict$4 ,! temples conta9 mo/ ( ! l>g] & m important works2 !re is no place = su* 9 ! h\se4 ,! h\sehold furniture is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,a few mats to sit on1 = ! ,japanese use no *airs2 "o or two pap] scre5s divid+ ! h\se into sep>ate *amb]s at w2 a *>coal brazi]2 a few cook+ ut5sils & articles ( pott]y2 "s lacqu]$ vessels1 fans1 mirrors1 & o!r ornam5ts2 articles ( dress1 weapons1 & a few p]sonal belong+s1 =m ! :ole field :i* is op5 to ! craftsman4 ,s 9 ,japan we h no rooms cr[d$ ) a pr(usion ( heavy ornam5t4 ,retic5ce is ! keynote2 b :at ornam5t !re is mu/ be ( exquisite quality4 ,be=e deal+ 9 detail ) ! diff]5t bran*es ( ,japanese art x w be well to glance = a little at ! hi/ory ( ! nation1 9 ! light ( :i* k we %all bett] und]/& ! social sy/em "u :i* ^! arts arose & ! m5tal qualities :i* !y embody4 ,! civilisation ( ,japan 0 ! sl[ gr[? ( _m c5turies4 ,= m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 if we may believe ! anci5t records1 ! ,mikado & 8 =efa!rs h be5 absolute rul]s ( ,japan1 ! pres5t dyna/y /ret*+ back 9 unbrok5 l9e to ! ,emp]or ,jimmu1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,b1 z writt5 hi/ory did n exi/ till "s c5turies aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! records ( ^? e>ly days are ( a m or less leg5d>y "*1 z "o might surmise f ! fact t ! ,emp]or ,jimmu 0 report$ to be ! gr&son ( ! ,sun ,goddess h]self4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,japanese race is %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,little is kn[n ( !m except t1 some:]e betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 !y invad$ ,japan1 & drove out ! ,a9os1 :o /ill survive 9 ! isl& ( ,yezo4 ,a ,mongolian race1 no "o c say positively :e!r ! invad]s came f ,*9a or ,korea1 f ! ,malay p59sula or ,siam1 or :e!r1 inde$1 !y 7 an (f%oot f ! wild ,huns aga9/ :om ,*9a rais$ ! ,great ,wall4 ,"o ?+ t5d+ to %[ t !y 7 n a bran* ( ! ,*9ese race is t1 ev5 at t e>ly date1 ,*9a 0 ! abode ( an advanc$ civilisation2 :ile ! ,japanese 7 c]ta9ly little remov$ f b>b>ism1 &1 inde$1 h>dly m civilis$ ?an ! ,a9os :om !y displac$4 ,b ! ,japanese "* has always be5 receptive1 & j z _! new civilisation is borr[$ f ,europe1 s = ! f\ndations ( ! old !y are indebt$ to ,*9a4 ,:5 !y fir/ came into contact ) influ5ces f ! ma9l& x is h>d to tell4 ,x is said t ! use ( ,*9ese *>act]s 0 introduc$ z e>ly z #aeg ,b4,c41 & ! e>ly records give a full acc\nt ( an invasion ( ,korea by ! ,empress ,j+o ab\t #bjj ,a4,d4 ,aft] ?is victori\s exp$ition _m captives are said to h be5 br\ght back1 :o laid ! f\ndations ( ,*9ese le>n+ & culture4 ,! real civilis+ ( ,japan1 h[ev]1 began ) ! com+ ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s f ,korea 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,buddhism became ! *ief religion ( ! c\ntry1 l>gely absorb+1 ?\gh x nev] q sup]s$$1 ! collection ( my?s & sup]/itions kn[n z ,%9toism4 ,= ,%9toism 0 h>dly a religion 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m4 ,z a ,japanese writ] admits1 x _h no moral code2 b1 he adds naively3 8,morals 7 inv5t$ by ! ,*9ese because !y 7 immoral p2 :]eas 9 ,japan !re 0 no necessity = a sy/em ( morals1 z ev]yone act$ rightly if he only consult$ 8 own he>t40 ,! *ief c5tres ( ! new culture :i* spread ov] ! l& 7 ! great ,buddhi/ mona/]ies4 ,j z our own m$ival ca!drals & mona/]ies 7 ! nurs]ies ( ! arts1 s 9 ,japan arose a race ( arti/ prie/s4 ,_! "w at fir/ appli$ solely to religi\s purposes1 b aft]w>ds wid5$ out till1 along ) ! sacr$1 !re exi/$ also a secul> s*ool4 ,= ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s "u ^! b5ign & mell[+ influ5ces ! c\ntry grew & prosp]$4 ,! quiet & peaceful times f ! eigh? to ! t5? c5tury especially m>k$ a p]iod ( great lit]>y activity1 sev]al ( ! mo/ fam\s poets ( ,japan1 ^: writ+s /ill live 9 old tradition1 fl\ri%+ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 ! horizon became ov]ca/1 & f ! twelf? to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5turies ,japanese hi/ory is "o long record ( /rife & civil w>4 ,! ,mikado became m & m only ! nom9al rul]2 ! real p[] lay 9 ! h&s ( ! w>rior nobles4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury arose ! t]rible /ruggle betwe5 ! two rivals1 ! ,taira & ,m9amoto families1 ea* support+ its own c&idate = ! ?rone--a w> :i* gave to leg5d & /ory "o ( its *ief h]oes--,yo%itsun1 ! ,bay>d ( ,japan4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,japan1 = ! only "t 9 h] hi/ory1 _h to repel a =eign invad]1 a huge ,t>t> armada ?reat5+ h] %ores2 b1 z 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 ! elem5ts f\ght = ! isl&]s4 ,a t]rific /orm play$ havoc ) ! ,t>t> fleet1 & ( all ! invad+ =ces x is said t only ?ree m5 escap$ alive1 & 7 s5t home to tell ! tale4 ,!n 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! bitt] w>s ( ! ,a%ikaga p]iod once m ba!d ! c\ntry 9 blood4 ,^? long ye>s ( w> set _! /amp on ! nation1 h>d5$ its fibre1 & br\ght out its /]n] virtues4 ,a milit>y class--! ,samurai--arose1 & ^! tra9$ w>riors 7 ma9ta9$ by ! local ,daimios1 or pr9ces1 to :om !y ow$ feudal ob$i5ce4 ,bu%ido1 ! way ( ! w>rior1 a /]n b l(ty cre$ ( val\r & devotion to duty1 became ! real moral code ( ! nation4 ,= ! annals ( ,japanese knigh?ood are full ( tales ( dauntless h]oism--tales /ill told 9 e cottage 9 ,japan1 & retold a hundr$ times 9 ,japanese art4 ,9 ^? w>like days !re 0 little place = ! g5tl] arts ( peace4 ,b ! ,buddhi/ temples /ill /ood--quiet sanctu>ies :]e1 undi/urb$ by ! turmoil & /rife ar\nd !m1 ! g5tle1 prie/ly philosoph]s pursu$ ! ev5 t5or ( _! way1 & kept ! lamp ( art burn+ bright & cle>4 ,9 ! out] _w ! milit>y arts alone fl\ri%$1 & ! swordmak] 0 ! k+ ( craftsm54 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 dur+ a p]iod ( peace1 a second wave ( ,*9ese influ5ce gave a new impetus to art4 ,! ,c\rt ( ! retir$ ,%ogun ,yo%imasa 0 a circle ( arti/s & le>n$ m51 culture once m rea*$ a high level1 & "o ( ! mo/ brilliant p]iods ( ,japanese art began4 ,! sixte5? c5tury saw a gradual consolidation ( ! empire4 ,! ,mikado = long _h be5 little m ?an ! nom9al rul]1 ! *ief p[] ly+ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,%ogun1 :o controll$ ! :ole executive ( ! /ate2 b ! local ,daimios gave little m ?an a m]e =mal submission to ! c5tral au?ority--ea* 0 practically absolute k+ 9 8 own prov9ce4 ,9 #afjc ,iyeyasu1 ! fir/ ( ! ,tokugawa ,%oguns1 = 9 8 family ! (fice became h]$it>y1 came into p[]4 ,a man ( great ability1 he set himself to complete ! "w ( subjugation :i* 8 pr$ecessors ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i _h begun1 & f9ally r$uc$ ! turbul5t nobles to ! /ate ( vassals1 ow+ feudal ob$i5ce to ! ,mikado4 ,"u 8 wise rule ! c\ntry settl$ d[n to a prolong$ p]iod ( peace1 unbrok5 = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 9 :i* art & indu/ry develop$ greatly4 ,! ,tokugawa p]iod1 #afjc-ahfg1 especially 9 its e>li] /ages1 is pre-em95tly ! p]iod ( ! m9or arts1 :i* !n rea*$ a p]fection :i* has n be5 atta9$ be=e or s9ce4 ,! =ce ( ! nation =m]ly exp5d$ on w> 0 turn$ into ^! m peaceful *annels4 ,! ,daimios ( ! v>i\s prov9ces c>efully fo/]$ ! local arts1 specim5s ( :i* 7 s5t ye>ly to ! ,%ogun & ! ,mikado1 & a ke5 rivalry exi/$ betwe5 ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fukurokujiu ,,& ,,crane ,by ,,kor9 7,f a ,woodcut 9 ! ,kor9 ,hiakuzu7 ,(t5 ! local "l w\ld e/abli% a kiln on 8 private e/ate1 :]e articles ( pott]y & porcela9 7 manufactur$ solely = 8 own use4 ,9 ! %elt] ( 8 ca/le1 too1 ! arti/ 9 metal or 9 lacqu] work$ peacefully1 fre$ f all sordid c>es4 ,"t 0 no object to him1 ! f9al result ev]y?+4 ,he _h to consult no dem&s ( popul> ta/e1 8 "w 0 always ! be/ he c\ld produce1 & (t5 ye>s ( lab\r w5t to ! mak+ ( "o p]fect piece4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 gradually ! "w lo/ its fir/ fre%ness & orig9ality4 ,x became ri*] & m elaborate b tam] & less vigor\s1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury only e*o$ fa9tly its =m] glories4 ,= ! burd5 ( feudalism 0 press+ on ! c\ntry ) m & m weight4 ,! milit>y classes1 _! employm5t gone1 gradually sank into luxury & indol5ce2 ! only sign ( life 0 ! gradual rise ( a m democratic feel+ among ! p4 ,! lat] s*ools ( pa9t+ 7 m or less ( ! nature ( a revolt f ! traditions ( ! old] /yles1 & ! art ( col\r pr9t+ saw ! rise ( a s*ool ( democratic arti/s4 ,! soil 0 already prep>$1 "s *ange 0 inevitable1 & ! *ange came :5 ! c\ntry 0 ?r[n op5 to ! nations ( ! ,we/1 feudalism f9ally aboli%$1 & a democratic gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 its place4 ,b contact ) ,we/]n ideas & ,we/]n me?ods seem$ to give ! dea?bl[ to ,japanese art4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! ,european /&>ds h play$ havoc ) ! *>m+ & beautiful conv5tions ( old ,japan4 ,anil9e dyes h spoilt ! s(t h>monies ( ! col\r pr9ts4 ,9 metal1 9 c>v+1 & 9 lacqu] ! new "w is va/ly inf]ior to ! old4 ,:at ! ,european m>ket clam\r$ = 0 n quality b *eapness1 & s1 adaptive z ev]1 ! ,japanese turn out by ! hundr$ sup]ficial & me*anical imitations ( ! beautiful old "w4 ,mod]n comm]cial me?ods h little to d ) art1 & 9 ?is case seem$ at once to turn ! arti/ into a trad]4 ,japan is n[ a mod]n nation1 ,we/]n 9 its civilisation1 9 its me?ods1 & seem+ly 9 its ideals--de/9$ to become a great indu/rial /ate4 ,p]haps1 z %e has done s (t5 be=e1 %e may absorb ! new influ5ces1 & )\t loss ( individuality foll[ out h] own c\rse4 ,p]haps1 phnix-l1 f ! a%es ( ! old1 new arts z brilliant may arise4 ,b1 aga91 "s say t art belongs only to ! m y\?ful /ages ( ! _w1 & t 9 ^! days ( sci5ce nev] aga9 c ! arti/ be m ?an a m]e survival ( an e>li] age--"o :o /ill keeps gre5 )9 him ! y\? :i* 9 o!rs has long s9ce )]$ & di$4 ,illu/ration3 ,rid] on ,horseback ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pa9t+ ,9 a g5]al survey ( ! arts ( ,japan x w be be/ to beg9 ) ! art ( pa9t+4 ,9 a l& ( p>adoxes !re is ?is p>adox reg>d+ ,japanese art1 t :ile _! pictorial art is ! mo/ decorative ( all pictorial arts1 yet _! decorative art is ! mo/ pictorial ( all decorative arts4 ,= ! ,japanese decorative arti/ r>ely or nev] uses ornam5t m]ely z ornam5t2 x almo/ inv>iably repres5ts some?+ m ?an m]e beauty ( l9e1 mass1 or col\r2 !re is usually "s pictorial motive atta*$4 ,! lacqu]]1 = in/ance1 r>ely uses purely conv5tional =ms1 b fl[]s1 birds1 figures1 ev5 l&scapes1 make up 8 s*emes ( decoration4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! decorative arts ( ,japan are dom9at$ by1 & inde$ are bas$ ^u1 its pictorial art1 &1 !re=e1 ! necess>y prelim9>y to _! consid]ation is a /udy ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,! ,european's introduction to ! /udy ( ,japanese art is apt to be r mislead+1 = 9 all probability ! fir/ specim5s :i* come "u 8 notice are ! col\r pr9ts & pa9t+s ( ! naturali/ic & decorative s*ools ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,8 fir/ %ock ( surprise ov]come1 = bo? ! m$ium & ! /yle ( pres5tm5t are new & /range1 he spe$ily discov]s 9 !m real beauties4 ,h>monies ( l9e & col\r1 f9] & m subtle ?an any we h to %[1 ar\se 8 en?usiasm1 & he ?9ks t he has p5etrat$ ! my/]ies ( ,japanese art1 & t all its treasures lie be=e him4 ,ev5 7 x s ! boon w\ld be no small "o2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 he m]ely /&s ^u ! ?re%old4 ,! real glories ( ,japanese pa9t+ are ! works ( hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,z well c\ld "o judge ( ! glories ( ,engli% lit]ature f ! ephem]al p]iodicals ( ! day z ( ! pa9t+ ( old ,japan f ! products ( ! m mat]iali/ic s*ools ( rec5t ye>s4 ,to "k ,engli% lit]ature "o mu/ read ! classics2 to realise its full glory we mu/ g back to ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,milton4 ,& s ) ,japanese art1 we mu/ g back to ! works ( ! old ma/]s--to ,*o ,d5su ) 8 amaz+ p[]1 to ,ses%iu ) 8 wond]ful dream l&scapes--ere we realise its gr&eur4 ,!n we feel t1 beautiful pieces ( decoration ?\gh ! mod]n works are1 "h we brea! a pur] & a f9] air2 we are 9 ano!r _w1 a nobl] & a great] "o4 ,! f9e/ l&scapes 9 ! _w are ^? pa9t$ by ! old ,*9ese & ,japanese arti/s2 mono*romes1 slight & %ad[y z morn+ mi/1 b brea?+ ! v poetry ( nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arhat ,,& ,,lion ,f a ,kakemono by ,,*o ,,d5su 7,briti% ,museum7 ,! art ( pa9t+ 0 borr[$ by ,japan f ,*9a1 ! fir/ tea*]s be+ ! ,buddhi/ prie/s :o cross$ ov] f ,korea 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,?is orig91 & also ! nature ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! art1 /amp$ x at ! outset ) qualities :i* h ev] s9ce di/+ui%$ x4 ,! ord9>y in/rum5t = writ+ 9 ,*9a & ,japan 0 ! bru%1 dipp$ 9 ,indian ink1 & to =m ! native *>act]s 0 9 itself an ex]cise 9 draw+4 ,caligraphy1 inde$1 z p5man%ip 9 ! old days ( m$ival ,europe1 0 reckon$ z "o ( ! f9e arts2 or r1 f ! ,*9ese po9t ( view1 pa9t+ 0 reckon$ "o ( ! bran*es ( caligraphy4 ,?is caligraphic basis is ! root ( mo/ ( ! conv5tions ( ,*9ese & ,japanese pa9t+1 & 9 ! quality ( ! bru% "w are to be discov]$ _m ( its beauties4 ,= by means ( l9e alone1 n a p5 l9e1 ?9 & h>d1 b ! supple1 swell+ l9e ( ! bru%1 ! arti/ n only r5d]s ! outl9es & %apes ( ?+s b sugge/s modell+1 *i>oscuro1 ev5 ! diff]5t planes ( di/ance1 9 a mann] indef9able 9 its subtlety4 ,col\r1 except 9 ! lat] & m naturali/ic s*ools1 is us$ 9 flat t9ts only4 ,?is abs5ce ( *i>oscuro is (t5 quot$ z a defect ( ,japanese art2 b if all t c be said has be5 express$ by l9e :y add light & %ade8 ,"o has only to /udy ! "w ( "o ( _! ma/]s 9 ! use ( ! bru%1 su* an "o z ,motonobu1 ( ! ,kano s*ool1 to und]/& n only h[ unnecess>y x w\ld be b h[ impossible4 ,we w\ld z soon wi% to see fill$ 9 "o ( ! exquisite outl9es ( ,flaxman4 ,x is l sett+ a beautiful poem to music3 y may ex*ange "o melody = ano!r1 b bo? _c exi/ toge!r4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t all use ( l9e is a conv5tion1 = l9e does n exi/ 9 nature1 & ,japanese art1 aft] all1 only diff]s 9 ?is respect f ,european art 9 hav+ us$ ?is conv5tion ) great] fre$om & m consummate ma/]y4 ,! simplicity ( ! means at ! arti/'s disposal--a bru% or two1 ,indian ink1 a few liquid col\rs1 & a %eet ( pap] or silk--t5d$ to produce directness & simplicity ( effect1 & ?is t5d5cy 0 increas$ by ano!r influ5ce4 ,! ,buddhi/ prie/s1 !n z n[1 7 ( a type ( m9d ess5tially ideali/ic4 ,_! religion taught !m to reg>d ! spiritual ess5ce ( ?+s z ! great fact & ! outw>d & visible _w z m]ely a tempor>y & *ang+ phase1 & s 9 _! art1 = !y 7 ! fir/ pa9t]s1 !y aim$ n at a lit]al transcription ( nature b at an expression ( its inn] significance4 ,& ?is tra9+ has always affect$ ! attitude ( ,japanese art4 ,directness1 retic5ce1 & re/ra9t are its ma9 *>act]i/ics4 ,to pres5t ! ess5tial quality ( a sc5e1 n its m]e outw>d appe>ance1 & t ) ! lea/ possible obtrusion ( ! mat]ial1 0 its object4 ,ev5 9 lat] days1 9 _! m naturali/ic /udies1 ! ,japanese arti/ nev] dreamt ( draw+ direct f nature z we d4 ,8 sy/em1 ! sy/em by :i* *ildr5 /ill le>n to draw 9 ,japan1 0 to look /eadily at ! object to be depict$ until x 0 le>n$ by he>t & c\ld be reproduc$ at w4 ,9 pa9t+ ! arti/ seats himself on ! floor1 ! %eet ( silk or pap] be=e him4 ,= a :ile he gazes ab/ract$ly1 till ! :ole picture is cle> to 8 m5tal vision4 ,!n ) ! fir/ t\* ! c5tral po9t ( int]e/--! eye ( a bird1 say--is indicat$4 ,swiftly & surely1 ) a full bru%1 ! re/ ( ! subject is fill$ 94 ,!re is no niggl+1 no ret\*+1 = ! delicate1 absorb5t surface ( ! silk w n /& repeat$ work+s4 ,ea* /roke is plac$ on ! picture direct z x is to rema91 &1 ?\gh ! result may be a ma/]piece1 ! "w1 9 _m cases1 is t ( a few m9utes4 ,! te*nique ( ! bru% has1 inde$1 be5 c>ri$ to a degree ( p]fection by ! ,japanese arti/ o!rwise unhe>d (4 ,he fills x1 or x may be 9 ! case ( a l>ge bru% ea* "p ( x1 ) j z little or z mu* ink or col\r z he desires1 c>efully arranges ! hairs 9 a c]ta9 way1 = ! prep>ation & load+ ( ! bru% is (t5 z important z ! actual bru% /roke1 & !n ) "o s+le sweep obta9s ! :ole effect he requires4 ,_m are ! wond]ful tales ( ! feats :i* ! old ma/]s c\ld p]=m ) "o /roke ( ! bru%4 ,a ^w may "h be said z to ! =ms :i* pictorial art assumes 9 ,japan4 ,! fir/ & mo/ common =m is ! kakemono1 or hang+ picture1 =m$ ( a %eet ( silk or pap]1 ri*ly m\nt$ on brocade ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,x is furni%$ ) roll]s l a map1 & is roll$ up tightly :5 n 9 use4 ,?is is bad = ! surface ( ! pa9t+1 cracks be+ inevitable if mu* body col\r has be5 us$1 b x is a great protection aga9/ ! fires :i* are s frequ5t 9 ! light wood5 h\ses ( ,japan2 =1 z !re is a consid]able space betwe5 ! picture & ! top ( ! m\nt1 sev]al lay]s ( brocade & t\gh m\nt+ pap] are ?us tightly w\nd r\nd ! pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,impressioni/ ,,l&scape ,f a ,makimono by ,,sesson 7,briti% ,museum7 ,! two ribbons1 :i* s pleasantly break ! monotony ( ! upp] "p ( ! m\nt1 are n m]ely ornam5tal4 ,:5 ! mov+ scre5s =m+ ! side ( ! h\se h be5 mov$ back = coolness1 & ! kakemono hangs 9 ! op5 air1 ! futai1 z ^! ribbons are call$1 flap 9 ! breeze1 & prev5t birds f alight+ on ! upp] roll]4 ,! makimono1 or horizontal roll1 is l>gely us$ = hi/orical sc5es or = l&scape sket*es1 ! s]ies1 _m feet long1 (t5 =m+ "o cont9u\s composition4 ,x is n hung up b laid on ! floor1 & unroll$ & exam9$ bit by bit1 z we w\ld look at ! pictures 9 a book4 ,orig9ally ! kakemono 0 exclusively us$ = sacr$1 & ! makimono = secul>1 subjects1 b ?is di/9ction has long s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,a ?ird =m1 gaku1 is /ret*$ on a frame1 aft] ! mann] ( our pictures1 b is little us$4 ,scre5s1 bo? fold+ & slid+1 7 greatly us$ = ! long] & m important pictures4 ,sometimes a scre5 ( five or six panels w be s treat$ t :ile ! :ole =ms "o composition yet ea* panel tak5 sep>ately also =ms a complete picture4 ,books1 ea* page /iff & op5+ on a h+e l a m9iature scre51 are also us$4 ,la/ly1 mural decorations on wood or pla/]1 & ! da9ty little pa9t+s on fans1 complete ! =ms ( pictorial art mo/ 9 vogue 9 ,japan4 ,"s "t ab\t ! end ( ! fif? or ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ! ,buddhi/ prie/s cross$ ov] f ,korea1 & =m$ ! fir/ ,japanese s*ool ( pa9t+1 devot$ almo/ entirely to ! sacr$ subjects :i* 7 us$ to decorate ! ,buddhi/ %r9es4 ,v beautiful & dignifi$ are _m ( ^! old ,butsugwa pa9t+s1 recall+ 9 _! ri*1 full col\r & _! lavi% use ( gold ! illum9ations & e>ly pa9t+s ( our ,european mona/]ies4 ,9 mo/ cases !y are unsign$1 ! holy man deem+ x unfitt+ t objects int5d$ = su* sacr$ uses %\ld be contam9at$ by e>?ly associations4 ,! ,briti% ,museum collection conta9s sev]al f9e specim5s1 :i*1 ?\gh fad$ & sadly black5$ ) inc5se fumes1 %[ ^! e>ly works wor?y to comp>e1 = elevation ( tone & religi\s f]v\r1 ) ! f9e/ works ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,= _m ye>s ?is ,buddhi/ s*ool ( pa9t+ cont9u$1 its traditions la/+ )\t a break until ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,& "h at ! outset x w be well to call att5tion to a difficulty :i* arises 9 any attempt to give a brief & cle> acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ,japan4 ,! matt] is complicat$ by ! fact t1 ?\gh ! diff]5t s*ools ( pa9t+ are evolv$ "o f ! o!r1 ! lat] did n sup]s$e ! e>li] =m1 b usually bo? cont9u$ to exi/ contemporane\sly4 ,_m arti/s pa9t$ 9 ! /yles ( m ?an "o s*ool1 ! mann] (t5 be+ decid$ by ! *oice ( subject1 & latt]ly x 0 "p ( ! tra9+ ( ,japanese arti/s to g ?r\gh all ! s*ools4 ,!n1 aga91 "s ( ! greate/ ma/]s1 especially ^? ( ! la/ two c5turies1 =m$ _! /yles by adopt+ & comb9+ :at appe>$ to !m be/ 9 ea* s*ool4 ,to foll[ out logically ! gr[? ( ! v>i\s s*ools1 & at ! same "t to treat ( ! diff]5t arti/s 9 a *ronological ord]1 is1 !re=e1 a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,! olde/ picture 9 ,japan ( :i* !re is any au!ntic record 0 pa9t$1 probably by a ,korean prie/ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 on ! pla/] wall ( ! ,buddhi/ temple ,horiuji at ,n>a1 a /oreh\se fill$ ) treasures ( anci5t art4 ,= ?ree hundr$ ye>s little m is kn[n--! names ( a few prie/s & "o or two priceless pa9t+s are all t rema92 b by ! n9? c5tury civilisation _h rea*$ an advanc$ /age1 ! c\ntry 0 ri* & prosp]\s1 & ent]$ into a great lit]>y & arti/ic epo*4 ,! poets ,n>ihira & ,koma*i1 /ill rank$ among ! immortals1 7 contempor>ies ( ,kos no ,kanaoka1 ! fir/ great secul> pa9t] ( ,japan1 &1 if ! d\ble evid5ce ( popul> leg5d & ! v]dict ( critics & arti/s ( 8 own & lat] days is to be believ$1 ! greate/ ( all ,japanese arti/s4 ,ab\t a doz5 examples1 said to be by ,kanaoka1 exi/1 b1 "o by "o1 ! g5u95ess ( ea* has be5 que/ion$ by exp]ts4 ,p]haps ! mo/ au!ntic is ! portrait ( ,%otoku ,dai%i at ! ,n9naji temple 9 ,kioto1 :i* has be5 reproduc$ 9 col\rs 9 ! ,kokkwa1 ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t publication4 ,al?\gh ne>ly all ! exi/+ pictures attribut$ to him are ,buddhi/ic figure pieces1 ,kanaoka's popul> reputation 0 bas$ on 8 pa9t+s ( secul> subjects1 portraits1 l&scapes1 & animals4 ,he 0 especially fam\s z a pa9t] ( horses4 ,! /ory goes t 9 a c]ta9 temple hung a pa9t+ by ,kanaoka ( a magnific5t black /e$4 ,! peasants 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 mu* annoy$ by ! ravages ( "s wild animal1 :i* nightly raid$ _! g>d5s1 eat+ ! h]bs & trampl+ ! fl[]s4 ,at la/ !y lay 9 wait1 & f\nd to _! surprise t ! intrud] 0 a huge black horse4 ,on _! pursu+ x disappe>$ into ! temple1 b :5 !y foll[$ ! build+ 0 empty4 ,z !y /ood bel[ ! picture great drops ( sweat fell d[n1 & !re 0 ,kanaoka's horse all hot & /eam+4 ,!n "o ( !m _h a happy idea4 ,seiz+ a bru% he rapidly pa9t$ 9 a rope te!r+ x to a po/1 & ! g>d5s 7 no m invad$ by ! nocturnal visitor4 ,! "w ( ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,kanaoka seem$ to be *iefly ,buddhi/ic 9 /yle1 b ?is may only mean t ! only specim5s :i* h surviv$ ! ravages ( "t are ^? sacr$ pieces :i* 7 safely /or$ 9 ! temples1 & t1 l ,kanaoka1 !y 7 equally at home 9 secul> subjects4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,kasuga no ,motomitsu f\nd$ ! fir/ purely native s*ool1 call$ ! ,yamato s*ool1 :i* aft]w>ds1 "u ! "n ( ! ,tosa s*ool1 became ! recognis$ /yle = ! treat+ ( hi/orical subjects4 ,! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5? c5turies =m$ a p]iod ( great lit]>y & arti/ic activity4 ,buddhism 0 !n 9 ! height ( its p[]1 & !re is no great] p]iod ?an ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( ,japanese art1 b ( ^! old ma/]s we "k little m ?an ! names4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury we h ,takuma ,%oga1 ,sumiyo%i ,keion1 & ,toba ,sojo1 ! la/ a m>vell\s animal pa9t]1 b examples ( _! "w are practically unkn[n out ( ,japan4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury we h ,fujiw>a no ,nobuzan1 ( ^: ,buddhi/ic "w ! ,briti% ,museum has a f9e specim52 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,kos no ,korehisa1 r5[n$ z ! greate/ milit>y pa9t] ( ,japan4 ,9 #acea 0 born a truly great arti/1 ,mei*o1 or ,*o ,d5su1 :om "s rank z ! equal ( ,kanaoka himself4 ,a ,buddhi/ prie/1 he 0 fam$ = 8 sanctity1 & ! bulk ( 8 works are ( a religi\s nature1 to :i* field he did mu* to br+ new life & vig\r1 = ! s*ool _h relaps$ into ! dull repetition ( cut-&-dry =mulas4 ,b 9 secul> subjects he 0 equally great4 ,! ,briti% ,museum is =tunate en\gh to possess a ma/]piece by ,*o ,d5su--a figure ( an ,arhat seat$ ) a lion at 8 feet4 ,! :ole picture is pres5t$ ) extraord9>y =ce4 ,! att5tion is seiz$ & held by ! eyes ( ! figure z !y />e fix$ly at ! lion1 :i*1 ) head ?r[n back & gums b>$1 gl>es savagely 9 return4 ,! draw+ is sup]b 9 its easy p[]1 ! col\r ri* & sombre1 its highe/ note 9 ! bright r$ ( ! lion's jaws4 ,a new influ5ce arose ) ! ,*9ese r5aissance ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & we come to ! times ( ! great l&scape pa9t]s4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r remov$ f ! attitude ( ! mod]n ,european l&scapi/ ?an t ( ^! old ,*9ese & ,japanese ma/]s4 ,_! object 0 n to depict a sc5e 9 a naturali/ic mann] b to convey its inmo/ _s4 ,9 speak+ ( a pa9t] ( a lat] day a ,japanese critic writes3 8,b 9 8 l&scape !re is less success1 z he 0 s p>ticul> ab\t ensur+ correctness ( =ms t !y 7 lack+ 9 high ideas & deep _s4 ,= a l&scape pa9t+ is n lov$ because x is a facsimile ( ! natural sc5e b because !re is some?+ 9 x great] ?an m]e accurate repres5tation ( natural =ms1 :i* appeals to our feel+s1 b :i* we _c express 9 words40 ,x is ?is deep] & inn] art :i* ! old l&scapi/s give u4 ,9 mono*rome1 or ) a few sombre t9ts add$1 !y sugge/ ! beauty1 ! repose1 & ! dignity ( nature 9 a way t1 to my m9d1 no l&scape pa9t]s h done be=e or s9ce4 ,"o little ,*9ese l&scape especially l+]s 9 my memory1 ?\gh x 0 n ! orig9al ,i saw1 only "o ( ! delicate collotypes :i* c only be produc$ 9 ,japan4 ,x 0 call$ 8,! ,ev5+ ,bell40 ,on ! /rip ( s(t1 br[n-t9t$ silk is fa9tly t\*$ a range ( peaks aga9/ ! sky2 ne>] is a grove ( trees4 ,mi/ lies 9 ! holl[s & s(t5s ! =ms1 & 9 ! di/ance1 amid ! tree-tops1 peeps out a temple ro(4 ,no?+ c\ld be slight] or yet m complete4 ,! old ,*9ese /yle1 s /rongly m>k$ 9 ! "w ( ! old pa9t] prie/s1 _h gradually fall5 into disuse be=e ! m popul> ,tosa /yle1 :5 ,josetsu1 a ,*9ese pa9t]1 settl$ 9 ,japan e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,little is kn[n ( ,josetsu's own "w2 b 8 influ5ce soon began to make itself felt1 & he ga!r$ r\nd him a b& ( pupils4 ,( ^! ! mo/ fam\s is ,%iubun1 a ,buddhi/ prie/1 /ill reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ ( ,japanese l&scape pa9t]s4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a v f9e pa9t+ attribut$ to him1 ?\gh exp]t criticism r incl9es to assign x to a some:at lat] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,l&scape ,,9 ,,! ,,*9ese ,,/yle ,by ,,ses%iu 7,briti% ,museum7 ,%iubun _h two brilliant pupils1 ,oguri ,sotan & ,no-ami1 ! fir/ a prie/1 a f9e l&scapi/1 & a wond]ful pa9t] ( birds & fl[]s2 ! second a brilliant & v]satile man ( ! _w1 c\rti]1 poet1 caligraphi/1 critic1 & pa9t]4 ,9 ! la/ capacity he 0 especially r5[n$ = 8 pa9t+s ( tig]s4 ,no-ami _h a son ,gei-ami & a gr&son ,s-ami1 bo? ( :om1 especially ! latt]1 became fam\s l&scapi/s ( ! ,*9ese s*ool4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! ma/]s ( ! ,*9ese r5aissance is ,ses%iu1 born #adbj1 di$ #aejf1 "o ( ! greate/ ( all ,japanese pa9t]s4 ,z a y\? he ent]$ a ,buddhi/ temple1 b 8 ?\ghts 7 (t5 f> away f 8 religi\s duties4 ,! /ory goes t once1 z a puni%m5t = "s fault1 he 0 ti$ to a pill> ( ! temple4 ,) te>s = ink1 & us+ 8 toe z a bru%1 he sket*$ "s rats on ! floor1 & z ea* 0 complet$ x sprang up1 & began to gnaw ?r\gh ! rope t b\nd him4 ,on ! approa* ( ! *ief prie/ !y scamp]$ away2 b ! good monk 0 s impress$ by ! miracle t ! y\?ful arti/ 0 h5ce=? all[$ to foll[ 8 own b5t4 ,at ! age ( =ty ,ses%iu1 satisfi$ t he _h le>n$ all he c\ld f ! arti/s ( 8 native c\ntry1 w5t to ,*9a to /udy "u ! ma/]s !re1 b to 8 surprise & disc\ragem5t he f\nd none !re :o c\ld tea* him m ?an he already knew4 ,!n said he3 8,nature %all be my tea*]2 ,i %all g to ! woods1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! /reams & le>n f !m40 ,s = "s "t he travell$ 9 ,*9a pa9t+ & /udy+ nature4 ,8 fame soon spread ?r\gh ! l&1 & ! ,*9ese arti/s1 frankly ackn[l$g+ him z _! ma/]1 came to him = in/ruction4 ,by ! ,emp]or himself he 0 commission$ to pa9t a s]ies ( panels on ! walls ( ! palace at ,pek91 & on "o ( ^!1 to m>k 8 ,japanese orig91 ! arti/ has plac$ a view ( ,fujisan4 ,x is by 8 l&scapes t ,ses%iu is be/ kn[n1 & nev] 0 ! gr&eur & ! dignity ( nature m fully express$2 b 8 figure subjects1 notably ! magnific5t pa9t+ ( ,juroj91 ! god ( longevity1 reproduc$ 9 ! ,kokkwa1 &1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection1 a wond]ful /udy ( ,hotei1 ! god ( cont5tm5t1 frolick+ ) "s *ildr51 mu/ be se5 be=e 8 full scope & great p[] c be realis$4 ,= he 0 9 e s5se a great pa9t]2 9 ea* dep>tm5t 8 "w is m>k$ by l(ty conception1 great bread? ( treatm5t1 & an absolute c]ta9ty & ease ( execution4 ,8 bru%work is v di/9ctive1 & ev5 by ! novice may be recognis$ at a glance4 ,/rong & vigor\s1 b angul> & jagg$ l =k$ lightn+1 x (t5 seems rude & clumsy :5 exam9$ closely1 b x nev] s ass]ts itself :5 we /ep back & look at ! picture1 b expresses exactly ! effect int5d$4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses sev]al v f9e specim5s ( ,ses%iu's "w4 ,ev5 ( ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 pupils--,%iugetsu1 ,sesson1 & ,kei%oki--space w n p]mit u to deal4 ,m5tion mu/ be made1 h[ev]1 ( a makimono by ,sesson4 ,x consi/s ( eight views 9 mono*rome r\ghly da%$ (f4 ,no?+ c\ld be m sket*y ?an ! treatm5t or yet m vigor\s4 ,x is a v]itable t\r de =ce ( caligraphic impressionism4 ,a second>y result ( ! ,*9ese r5aissance 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,kano s*ool1 :i*1 bas$ on ! broad1 caligraphic me?ods ( ! ,*9ese ma/]s1 gradually adapt$ !m to _! own use1 evolv+ a fre] & loos] /yle ( h&l+ di/9ctly ,japanese4 ,! f\nd] ( ! s*ool 0 ,kano ,masanobu4 ,:5 ! arti/ ,oguri ,sotan di$1 9 #adfi1 he 0 engag$ 9 ! decoration ( ! walls ( ! temple ( ,k9kakuji at ,kioto1 &1 on ,ses%iu's recomm5dation1 ,masanobu1 !n only kn[n z an amateur1 0 engag$ to f9i% ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%orik5 ,,cross+ ,,! ,,sea ,,on ,,8 ,,sword ,f a ,kakemono by ,,motonobu 7,briti% ,museum7 ,masanobu's son ,motonobu 0 ev5 m fam\s1 & to him is due ! cr$it ( =c+ ! new s*ool into public fav\r4 ,born 9 #adgg1 9 8 y\? he w&]$ ov] ! c\ntry1 c>ry+ little b 8 bru%es1 pa9t+ ev]y?+ he saw1 & pay+ 8 way ) ! results4 ,b ^? lean ye>s ( pov]ty & /udy /ood him 9 good /ead4 ,=tune smil$ at la/1 & he became ! mo/ popul> pa9t] ( 8 day4 ,goto ,yujo1 ! fam\s metal work]1 adopt$ 8 designs = sword ornam5ts1 8 pa9t$ fans 7 *os5 z c]emonial gifts to ! ,mikado & ,%ogun1 &1 to cr[n all1 ,mitsu%ig1 ! head ( ! exclusive & ari/ocratic ,tosa s*ool1 gave him ! h& ( 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,he di$1 full ( ye>s & hon\rs1 9 #aeei4 ,= l&scape1 birds1 & figure subjects he is equally fam\s1 & z a ma/] ( ! bru% he is unsurpass$4 ,9 ! "w ( ! ,*9ese s*ools ! quality ( l9e1 ?\gh (t5 /rik+1 is us$ 9 a m retic5t way1 entirely z a means to an end2 b 9 ! ,kano s*ool ! l9e becomes a ?+ ( beauty & life1 almo/ an end 9 itself4 ,! a/oni%+ p[] & sweep ( ,motonobu's l9e may be se5 to p]fection 9 ! ,%orik5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,kano s*ool numb]$ _m fam\s names4 ,yeitoku1 a gr&son ( ,motonobu1 became ! fav\rite pa9t] ( ! ,%ogun ,hideyo%i4 ,kaihoku ,yu%o 0 not$ = 8 beautiful mi/y effects2 & m fam\s1 p]haps1 ?an ei!r is ,kimura ,sanraku4 ,sanraku 0 at fir/ a page 9 ! s]vice ( ,hideyo%i1 :o1 discov]+ 8 tal5t1 s5t him to /udy "u ,yeitoku4 ,8 "w has all ! da% & sw+ ( ! ,kano /yle1 & 8 col\r+ is ri* & h>moni\s1 :ile 8 l9e is almo/ wor?y to rank ) t ( ,motonobu4 ,sanraku's adopt$ son ,sansetsu c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ! family1 ?\gh 8 "w has m ( ! re/ra9$ quality ( ,ses%iu & 8 foll[]s ?an ! da% ( 8 m imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a beautiful ra9y l&scape by ,sansetsu1 slight 9 treatm5t--only "s dim hills dr5*$ 9 mi/y ra91 ) ! sugge/ion ( a bridge & a /ream & a fi%]man's cottage--b ev]y?+1 ev5 ! cottage ro(1 looks wet4 7,see frontispiece47 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,kano s*ool took a new lease ( life ) ! adv5t ( ! ?ree bro!rs1 gr&sons ( ,yeitoku1 ,tanyu1 ,naonobu1 & ,yasunobu4 ,( ! ?ree1 ,tanyu is ! mo/ fam\s1 & is recognis$ z "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! ,kano s*ool4 ,he is di/9ctly a pa9t]'s pa9t]1 & delights 9 :at we %\ld call fireworks4 ,h&l+ 8 bru% ) c>eless ease he makes a smudge1 a few blots1 & a swirl1 & behold a l&scape6 ,a v ,japanese ,:i/l]2 b x m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two publics t1 :ile ,:i/l] is ) u /ill 8cavi>e to ! g5]al10 ! ,japanese sub/itute is "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( all _! pa9t]s4 ,8 two l>ge pictures ( ,kwannon1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 /amp him z no m]e swagg]] b a great & s]i\s arti/4 ,9 ! private collection ( ,mr ,ar?ur ,morrison are two magnific5t sixfold l&scape scre5s1 :i* %[ him to rank ) ! fir/ ( ,japanese l&scape pa9t]s1 &1 among o!r unique examples ( 8 "w1 a da9ty little /udy ( birds & convolvulus1 t\*$ ) ! utmo/ lightness & delicacy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,kwannon1 ,,! ,,goddess ,,( ,,m]cy ,f a ,kakemono by ,,tanyu 7,briti% ,museum7 ,naonobu1 ! second bro!r1 di$ at an e>ly age1 & f ?is cause1 & f ! fact t he seem$ to sp5d mu* ( 8 "t 9 hunt+ out & de/roy+ 8 e>li] "w1 8 pa9t+s are r>] ?an ,tanyu's4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a great] contra/ ?an ! "w ( ! two bro!rs--! fir/ exult+ 9 its /r5g?1 & full ( a sup]b recklessness & da%2 ! second re/ra9$ & quiet1 ?\gh n lack+ 9 =ce1 & full ( a s(t1 liquid quality4 ,"s *>m+ examples ( 8 "w are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ?ird bro!r1 ,yasunobu1 0 kn[n *iefly = 8 l&scapes1 full ( delicacy & feel+1 & recall+ ! "w ( ,ses%iu & ,sansetsu4 ,naonobu's son ,tsun5obu1 born 9 #afcf1 0 a wor?y successor1 &1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 is wor?y to be rank$ ) ,tanyu & ! o!r great m5 ( ! ,kano s*ool4 ,!n we h "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ p]sonalities among ,japanese pa9t]s--,hanabusa ,it*o1 ! la/ ( ! great ,kano pa9t]s4 ,a born humori/1 8 faculty = practical jok+ 0 always gett+ him into tr\ble4 ,inde$1 on m ?an "o occasion he f\nd himself 9 prison ow+ to lib]ties he _h tak5 9 ! pictorial repres5tation ( ^? 9 high au?ority4 ,b he is no m]e c>icaturi/4 ,8 draw+s are pictures fir/ & humor\s aft]w>ds1 & z a col\ri/ he ranks high ev5 9 ,japan4 ,ano!r pupil ( ,yasunobu 0 ,sotatsu1 "o ( ! greate/ fl[] pa9t]s ( ,japan4 ,he also /udi$ "u ,sumiyo%i ,jokei1 a ,tosa pa9t]1 b c h>dly be class$ ) ei!r ( ^! s*ools4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ) ! com+ ( ! ,ses%iu & ,kano s*ools ! old ,tosa /yle _h be5 driv5 out4 ,x cont9u$ to exi/ alongside ! new] s*ools1 & _m arti/s *ang$ f "o /yle to ! o!r accord+ to subject4 ,! ,tosa s*ool at ?is "t 0 di/+ui%$ by a m9ut5ess ( detail1 & also by a ri*ness ( col\r :i* gradually came to affect ! ,kano arti/s1 ^: "w became mu* bright] 9 col\r z "t w5t on4 ,ses%iu1 ,masanobu1 & ,motonobu work$ *iefly 9 mono*rome1 us+ col\r sp>+ly2 b ,sanraku's "w1 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 is full ( fre%1 bright t9ts4 ,a curi\s conv5tion ( ! ,tosa pa9t]s 9 _! hi/orical subjects 0 to leave out ! ro( ( a h\se 9 ord] to expose ! int]ior to view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bird ,,& ,,p9e ,,bran* ,f a ,kakemono by ,,naonobu 7,briti% ,museum7 ,we n[ come to ,ogata ,kor91 "o ( ! mo/ individual ( all ,japanese arti/s4 ,born 9 #affa1 he is said to h /udi$ "u ,yasunobu1 & ! influ5ce ( ,sotatsu seems to appe> 9 8 "w2 b he c be class$ ) no exi/+ s*ool1 /rik+ out an entirely new l9e = himself4 ,a wond]ful draughtsman1 ,kor9 possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree ! ,japanese faculty = spac+ & balance4 ,slight1 & (t5 almo/ biz>re1 z 8 compositions are1 "o feels t x w\ld be impossible to alt] a l9e4 ,he is m frankly decorative ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & is ev5 m fam\s z a lacqu]] ?an a pa9t]4 ,inde$1 (t5 9 8 pa9t+1 especially 9 ! enamel-l quality ( 8 col\r effects1 "o sees ! h& ( ! lacqu]] r ?an ! pa9t]4 ,japan1 p]haps1 possesses "o or two great] arti/s1 b none m orig9al1 or ^: "w ex]cises a m subtle fasc9ation4 ,to commemorate ! c5t5>y ( 8 dea? 8 foll[] ,hoitsu issu$ sev]al volumes ( woodcuts f ! ma/]'s designs4 ,slight z ^! are !y are nev] trivial1 no?+ is express$ b :at is necess>y1 ! non-ess5tials are absolutely ignor$1 & ! results are ma/]ly 9 _! tell+ arrangem5ts ( black & :ite4 ,we mu/ n[ retrace our /eps a little & return to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,iwasa ,matabei f\nd$ ! /yle :i* 0 kn[n z ! ,ukioy1 or 8pictures ( ! pass+ _w0 s*ool1 & :i* soon became ! great popul> s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,ukioy & ! old] classical s*ools1 h[ev]1 0 n "o m]ely ( subject4 ,_m ( ! e>li] m5 _h turn$ to ! sc5es ( ev]yday life = _! subjects4 ,toba ,sojo1 ,sanraku1 & ,it*o1 to "n b a few1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ukioy pa9t]s1 frequ5tly treat$ ( classical subjects4 ,! real diff]5ce is "o ( treatm5t1 n ( subject1 & ! />t+-po9t ( v>iance 0 ! m5tal attitude ( ! pa9t]4 ,x 0 a dep>ture f ! subjective attitude ( ! old] m54 ,! ,ukioy & lat] s*ools took ! /&po9t ( ! poet3 8,! e>?--t is suffici5t2 ,i d n want ! con/ellations any ne>]0--& _! works are frankly decorative or frankly naturali/ic4 ,mat]iali/s1 9 a s5se1 !y turn f ! beauties ( ! ideal _w to %[ u ! beauties ( ! natural _w ar\nd u4 ,?is does n necess>ily mean t _! treatm5t 0 :at we t]m reali/ic2 b1 :ile ) ! classical s*ools "o look$ ?r\gh ! picture1 z x 71 to ! ?\ght beyond1 9 ?is case "o looks at ! picture = ! beauty :i* x pres5ts1 & :i* is inh]5t 9 ! subject itself4 ,! fact t ! rise ( ! ,ukioy s*ool 0 m or less a popul> revolt aga9/ ! old classical traditions :i* _h gov]n$ ! art = a ?\s& ye>s w help to expla9 to u :y its ma/]s 7 h>dly e/eem$ z highly by ! cultur$ classes 9 ,japan z1 by _! und\bt$ly f9e qualities1 !y des]v$ to be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ admit t !y nev] atta9 to ! p[] & dignity ( ! old] s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[] ,,panel ,by ,,kor9 7,f a ,woodcut 9 ! ,kor9 ,hiakuzu7 ,! works ( ,matabei are excessively r>e4 ,he 0 a f9e draughtsman1 8 figures ( danc+ girls be+ p>ticul>ly graceful 9 l9e & ( quiet1 h>moni\s col\r+4 ,! next great arti/ ( ! s*ool 0 ,hi%igawa ,moronobu1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,=m]ly a design] ( embroid]ies1 ! inexhau/ible fancy ) :i* he adorns ! co/umes ( 8 figures adds a special *>m to 8 "w1 & 8 draw+ ( ! figure is m>k$ by a wond]ful lightness & grace4 ,he 0 ! fir/ arti/ ( importance to devote himself to ! production ( ! woodcut pr9ts :i* aft]w>ds atta9$ su* popul>ity1 & dur+ ! next two hundr$ ye>s became a sep>ate bran* ( art indu/ry4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! s*ool obta9$ _m adh]5ts1 :om1 = lack ( space1 we c d no m ?an "n4 ,torii ,kiyonobu1 ! fir/ ( ! ,torii arti/s1 not$ = _! treatm5t ( !atrical subjects2 ,miyagawa ,*o%un1 ,ni%ikawa ,suk5obu1 ,okumura ,masanobu1 ,ni%imura ,%ig5aga1 & ,suzuki ,h>unobu are b a few4 ,b z mo/ ( ^! pa9t]s ( ! ,ukioy s*ool 7 m fam\s z produc]s ( col\r pr9ts we %all leave _! fur!r consid]ation to ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,monkeys ,,& ,,plum ,,blossom ,f a ,kakemono by ,,sos5 7,briti% ,museum7 ,a great pa9t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury :o did n foll[ ! ,ukioy or old] s*ools1 b1 l ,kor91 /ruck out a l9e ( 8 own1 0 ,tani ,bun*o1 :o 0 born 9 #agfc & di$ 9 #ahda4 ,z a pa9t] ( l&scapes1 figures1 birds1 & fl[]s he 0 equally a ma/]4 ,ano!r arti/ :o /ruck out = himself is ,m>uyama ,okio1 #agcc-agie1 sometimes reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,%ijo or naturali/ic s*ool4 ,accord+ to ! old critics1 8! art ( pa9t+ may be pursu$ accord+ to ei!r ( two sy/ems3 ! "o 9 :i* ! _s ( nature is express$2 ! o!r 9 :i* its outw>d =ms are copi$40 ,okio broke away f ! old traditional me?od1 & in/ead ( endeav\r+ to int]pret ,nature endeav\r$ to s pres5t ,nature t %e %\ld deliv] h] own message4 ,8 fav\rite subjects 7 birds1 fi%1 & fl[]s1 & 9 _! naturali/ic treatm5t are m ak9 to ,european "w ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ?\gh 9 grace & elegance !y are /ill ess5tially ,japanese4 ,9 ! h&s ( 8 foll[]s ! ,%ijo or naturali/ic s*ool soon became popul>4 ,ev5 m fam\s ?an ,okio 0 ,mori ,sos51 #agdg-ahba1 n[ recognis$ z "o ( ! _w's greate/ animal pa9t]s4 ,he is especially not$ = 8 pa9t+s ( monkeys1 ^: habits he /udi$ = ye>s1 (t5 liv+ 9 ! woods = mon?s at a "t4 ,he has two /yles3 "o r\gh & bold1 g5]ally on pap]2 ! o!r on silk1 & (t5 ( extraord9>y delicacy & f95ess4 ,t 8 abilities 7 n by any means conf9$ to ! depict+ ( monkeys may be se5 f 8 exquisite /udies ( de] & o!r animals4 ,to l&scape ,mori ,ippo appli$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,%ijo s*ool1 employ+ a mu* m naturali/ic col\r+ ?an _h hi!rto be5 ! cu/om1 & ,hoy5 depict$ birds1 fl[]s1 & insects ) *>m+ delicacy & ref9em5t4 ,9 #agdi 0 born ano!r great indep5d5t arti/--,ganku1 :o f\nd$ a s*ool ( 8 own1 comb9+ ) ! naturalism ( ! new some?+ ( ! suavity & dignity ( ! old] /yles4 ,?\gh treat+ ( him m fully 9 ! next *apt] m5tion mu/ be made "h ( ! great ,hokusai--9 ,:i/l]'s words1 8! greate/ pictorial arti/ s9ce ,v&yke40 ,to ,european e>s 8 "n is m famili> ?an t ( any o!r ,japanese arti/4 ,z a draughtsman he ranks ) ! v fir/1 & z a pa9t] 8 bru%work 0 bold & free & (t5 ma/]ly1 ?\gh lack+ j ! grace & f9i% ( ! old ,kano ma/]s1 &1 at its be/1 8 col\r is sup]b4 ,"s ( 8 figure subjects h ! gr&iose quality ( a ,velasquez4 ,8 v]satility 0 extraord9>y1 e /yle ( subject com+ )9 ! range ( 8 bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,peacock ,f a ,kakemono by ,,ippo 7,briti% ,museum7 ,( n9ete5? c5tury pa9t]s ! greate/ is ,kiku*i ,yosai1 ! la/ ( ! great pa9t]s ( ,japan4 ,9 8 y\? he /udi$ 9 all ! s*ools1 & aft]w>ds made a t\r ?r\gh ! c\ntry /udy+ ! great pictures /or$ 9 ! v>i\s temples4 ,8 own /yle is /rongly individual1 comb9+ ! dignity ( ! old] s*ools ) ! realism & ri* col\r+ ( ! mod]n4 ,a f9e example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is 8 pa9t+ ( ,fukurokujiu1 ! god ( longevity--an old1 old man ) worn1 wr9kl$ features4 ,x is said to be a portrait ( ! arti/1 & 0 pa9t$ 9 8 eighty-fif? ye>4 ,he _h _m pupils b no successors2 & on 8 dea?1 9 #ahgh1 ! only pa9t]s wor?y ( m5tion are ,ze%91 bett] kn[n z a lacqu]]1 :o di$ 9 #ahia2 & ,kawanab ,kiosai1 a humor\s draughtsman ( rem>kable dext]ity1 :o di$ 9 #ahhi4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ ,! art ( col\r pr9t+1 :i*1 z po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 0 an (f%oot ( ! ,ukioy s*ool ( pa9t+1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! m9or arts ( ,japan4 ,x 0 ! col\r pr9ts t fir/ ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( ! ,european 9 ,japanese art1 & x is f !m t 9 mo/ cases he /ill receives 8 fir/ impressions4 ,& ?\gh1 inde$1 ^! impressions require l>gely to be correct$ 9 ! light ( fur!r k1 yet on ! :ole ?is is ! mo/ natural introduction2 =1 fanta/ic ?\gh ^! pr9ts may at fir/ appe> to ! unaccu/om$ eye1 yet 9 _! frankly decorative feel+ !y approa* m ne>ly ! ,we/]n /&po9t ?an ! e>li] & m ideal s*ools ( ,japanese art4 ,9 ! col\r pr9ts1 :i* we may buy = a few %ill+s1 !re are obvi\s beauties ( l9e1 ( composition1 & ( col\r :i* _c fail to appeal to u2 h[ev] /range or biz>re !y may o!rwise appe> we at once recognise !m z *>m+ pieces ( decoration4 ,& ?\gh on fur!r acqua9tance ) ! subject ( ,japanese art we f9d t ^? :o produc$ ?is beautiful "w 7 b ! j\rnali/s ( art1 & t ! real classics /& on ano!r & high] plane1 yet on _! own m]its we _c grudge !m un/9t$ praise4 ,!y h n ! noble elevation ( ! old s*ools1 !y d n climb ! mi/y heights ( ! ideal1 b !y realise ) exquisite feel+ & ref9em5t ! beauty ( ! pass+ _w t lies ar\nd !m4 ,& :ile ,japanese pa9t+s1 especially ( ! old] s*ools1 are almo/ unkn[n except to ! connoisseur1 & are only to be se5 9 a few isolat$ collections1 ! col\r pr9t is m or less famili> to all :o take an int]e/ 9 matt]s arti/ic4 ,h>dly a /udio b possesses a pr9t or two1 & x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate _! influ5ce on ! "w :i* goes on ar\nd !m4 ,b ! art ( ! col\r pr9t] has ?is additional int]e/ = u3 x 0 a truly democratic art1 its foll[]s m5 ( ! artisan class1 its cu/om]s ! common p4 ,& at a "t :5 ! upp] classes ( society 7 suff]+ f a gradual deg5]ation1 :5 ! arts became less & less alive & m & m a repetition ( outworn conv5tions1 ?is gr[? f bel[ ( a s*ool ( liv+ art %[s t ! popul> masses 7 beg9n+ to /ir1 & t ev5 two hundr$ ye>s ago ! bonds ( feudalism 7 gett+ weak]1 & ! gr[? ( a popul> art 0 only "o manife/ation ( ! t5d5cies :i* f9ally ov]?rew ! old sy/em & sub/itut$ = x a democratic gov]nm5t4 ,! col\r pr9t arti/s 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ignor$ by ! cultur$ upp] classes4 ,!y 7 m5 ( little or no education4 ,toyokuni ,i4 0 ! son ( a mak] ( puppets2 ,kunisada 0 at "o "t ! keep] ( a f]ry-boat2 & ,hokkei 0 a fi%-hawk] be=e he f\nd 8 vocation4 ,!n !re 0 ano!r reason = ?is social boycott+--! subjects ( :i* !y treat$ 9 _! pictures4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! 7 repres5tations ( actors 9 "*4 ,n[1 9 ,japan ! fondness = ! !atre 0 an ov]:elm+ passion ) ! common p1 b by ! nobility & ari/ocracy ! /age 0 utt]ly taboo$4 ,no p]son ( good family d>$ op5ly to att5d a !atrical p]=mance4 ,actors1 !re=e1 7 rank$ 9 ! social scale z ! l[e/ ( ! l[--b5ea? ev5 ! humble/ artisans4 ,ev5 ! col\r pr9t arti/s1 :o e>n$ _! liv+ by depict+ !m1 w\ld nev] dream ( associat+ ) !m on t]ms ( equality4 ,!n ano!r fav\rite subject 0 ! del9eation ( ! fam\s beauties ( ! ,yo%iw>a & ! tea-h\ses4 ,x is evid5t t ! nature ( ! subject 9 ?is case also w\ld be suffici5t to damn ! pr9ts 9 ! eyes ( ! bett] classes4 ,b1 ) ! ali51 8:]e ignorance is bliss1 'tis folly to be wise02 & :]e ! educat$ ,japanese w\ld see vulg>ity & co>s5ess--:]e1 p]haps1 su* 0 ev5 int5d$--we1 happily1 see only a beautiful decorative effect4 ,s 9 ,japan ! col\r pr9t 0 ! picture ( ! poor] classes4 ,co/+ a m]e trifle1 x occupi$ 9 _! humble homes ! place ( ! m exp5sive kakemono4 ,x is a matt] ( surprise to ! cultur$ ,japanese to f9d h[ ^! despis$ objects are priz$ by ,european collectors2 &1 valu+ !m little !mselves1 !y h export$ !m :olesale1 till comp>atively few rema9 9 ,japan1 ! bulk ( f9e pr9ts be+ n[ 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,?\gh f> surpass+ 9 delicacy & beauty ! col\r pr9ts ( ,europe & else:]e1 ! ,japanese pr9ts are produc$ by means wond]fully simple1 & dep5d = _! f9e qualities entirely on ! wond]ful skill ( ! craftsman4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,! draw+ is fir/ made by ! arti/1 ) bru% & ,indian ink1 on a %eet ( ?9 pap]4 ,aft] be+ oil$ to make x transp>5t ?is pap] is pa/$1 face d[nw>ds to ensure ! necess>y rev]sal1 on a block ( s(t *]ry-wood4 ,! engrav] n[ proce$s to outl9e ! picture ) a knife4 ,!n ) gauge & *isel ! sup]flu\s wood is boldly cut away1 & ! result is a key block 9 l9e4 ,f pro(s col\r$ by ! arti/ a fur!r s]ies ( blocks are cut1 "o = ea* col\r us$4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! *]ry-wood blocks are n cut across ! gra91 z 9 ! case ( ! boxwood blocks we use = wood engrav+1 b 9 a l9e ) ! gra94 ,!n comes ! "w ( a ?ird craftsman1 ! pr9t]4 ,he mixes 8 col\rs = ea* pr9t+1 & applies !m c>efully to ! block ) a bru%4 ,!n ! pap] is damp$ & laid on ! block4 ,no press is us$1 b ) a rubb] or b>51 made ( a bun* ( twi/$ fibre 9 a %eaf ( bamboo leaf1 ! impression is c>efully rubb$ (f4 ,& s ea* block is us$ 9 succession until ! picture is complete1 accuracy ( regi/] be+ obta9$ 9 ! mo/ wond]ful mann] by r\gh guid+ m>ks cut on ! blocks4 ,sometimes metallic du/s are us$ 9 pr9t+1 & aga9 a k9d ( emboss+ or high relief is obta9$ by pressure on an un9k$ block4 ,x is said t ?is pressure is (t5 appli$ by us+ ! po9t ( ! elb[ z a rubb]4 ,! pr9ts 7 issu$ by publi%]s *iefly 9 ,y$o1 ! engrav] & pr9t] be+ simply workm5 9 ! publi%]'s employm5t4 ,sometimes ! arti/1 too1 0 employ$ entirely by him1 liv+ 9 8 h\se1 & occupy+ a position some:at equival5t to t ( a design] = a comm]cial firm4 ,! fir/ ,japanese arti/ to make draw+s = ! wood engrav] 0 ,hi%igawa ,moronobu 7#afcg-agad74 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 n col\r pr9ts b m]ely woodcuts 9 black & :ite4 ,he illu/rat$ q a numb] ( books dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a fur!r developm5t 0 ! col\r+ ( ! pr9ts by h&1 :i* 0 introduc$ l>gely by ,torii ,kiyonobu 7#affd-agbi71 ! f\nd] ( ! long l9e ( ,torii arti/s :o devot$ !mselves almo/ entirely to !atrical subjects4 ,x is among ! imm$iate successors ( ,torii ,kiyonobu t ! art ( pr9t+ 9 col\rs direct f ! blocks appe>s to h aris5--at fir/ only "o or two t9ts be+ us$4 ,! p]fect+ ( ! process is due to ,suzuki ,h>unobu1 :o1 go+ beyond a few t9ts on ! ma9 objects1 fill$ 9 ! :ole picture ) col\r4 ,&1 ?\gh ! fir/ ( ! great col\r pr9t arti/s1 9 _m respects 8 "w has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,mo/ ( 8 pr9ts are small 9 size1 conta9+ only a s+le figure1 exquisitely pois$1 & *>act]is$ by extreme elegance & grace ( l9e4 ,8 col\r s*emes 7 quiet & ref9$--grey1 a pale r$1 "o or two t9ts ( olive gre51 be+ ! compon5ts ( "s ( 8 mo/ delicate h>monies4 ,8 pr9ts are r>e1 & 8 signature has be5 paid ! d\btful complim5t ( be+ m ext5sively =g$ ?an t ( any ( 8 fell[-arti/s4 ,8 /yle1 h[ev]1 0 m difficult to reproduce4 ,_m ( 8 successors fell "u 8 influ5ce1 b ev5 9 _! mo/ successful ef=ts !y nev] q caught 8 peculi> elegance & *>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,figure ,,gr\p ,f a ,col\r ,pr9t by ,,utam>o ,( 8 contempor>ies ! mo/ notewor?y 0 ,koriusai4 ,less delicate & ref9$ ?an ,h>unobu1 he work$ 9 a bold] /yle1 8 draw+ be+ p>ticul>ly vigor\s4 ,8 bird /udies are v f9e2 & ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum conta9s "s excell5t examples ( 8 "w--notably "o1 a clev] contra/ ( a cr[ & a :ite h]on aga9/ a grey-gre5 backgr\nd4 ,reflect+ ,h>unobu m decid$ly is ,%un%o1 :o became ! ma/] ( ! great ,hokusai4 ,8 /udies ( female figures are p>ticul>ly graceful & ( *>m+ col\r1 & 8 pr9ts ( !atrical subjects vigor\s & /rik+4 ,he di$ 9 #agij1 at ! age ( sixty-sev54 ,contempor>y ) ,%un%o 0 ,torii ,kiyonaga1 an arti/ :o n only did f9e "w himself b ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! arti/s :o foll[$ him4 ,work+ ) full] col\r ?an 8 pr$ecessors he increas$ ! numb] ( blocks consid]ably1 & 8 *>m+ draw+s ( ! gorge\sly-dress$ beauties ( ! ,yo%iw>a set ! fa%ion aft]w>ds s l>gely foll[$4 ,we n[ come to "o ( ! *ief ( ! col\r pr9t arti/s--,kitagawa ,utam>o1 next to ,hokusai ! mo/ fam\s ( all4 ,8 female /udies 7 some?+ q new & di/9ctive1 sup]b 9 l9e & composition1 ! heavy masses ( black be+ us$ ) consummate ease & ma/]y4 ,!re is an exquisite quality 9 8 draw+1 too2 ! features are del9eat$ ) ! utmo/ f95ess & delicacy4 ,inde$1 to di/+ui% a =g]y f a g5u9e ,utam>o1 "o has only to exam9e ! draw+ ( ! h&s & ! face4 ,8 col\r is delightful1 & beautifully subtle--lav5d]1 p9k1 gre51 & grey--b always sav$ f weakness by ! dext]\s use ( ! masses ( solid black4 ,besides 8 female figures we h a few l&scapes & fl[] /udies1 & a p>ticul>ly f9e little volume ( insect draw+s4 ,x is relat$ by 8 fa!r 9 ! preface ( ?is book t1 :5 a *ild1 ,utam>o 0 cont9ually cat*+ & exam9+ insects1 till he 0 afraid t ! boy might acquire a habit ( kill+ ! h>mless creatures4 ,! book1 h[ev]1 is n entirely devot$ to h>mless insects1 "o ( ! draw+s be+ a ma/]ly /udy ( a snake4 ,a t\* ( mica us$ 9 ! pr9t+ gives x a slimy %e51 & ! long1 coil+ body1 e in* ( x alive & mov+1 is a wond]ful piece ( draw+4 ,to rival x "o w\ld require to turn to ! "w ( ano!r ,japanese arti/--! netsuk c>v]4 ,yei%i1 ,yeizan1 & ,kiyom9e1 :o foll[$ imm$iately aft]1 adopt$ 8 /yle & foll[$ 8 me?ods closely2 b ri* ?\gh _! effects are1 & full ( detail1 !y lack ! dignity & simplicity ( ! e>li] work]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( all ! great arti/s1 & wor?y to rank ) ,h>unobu & ,utam>o1 is ,toyokuni ,i41 born 9 #agfi4 ,8 "w also 0 at fir/ affect$ by ! ornate /yle ( ,kiyonaga2 & among 8 e>li] pr9ts are /udies ( gorge\sly-dress$ ladies1 a riot ( ri* col\r & elaborate detail1 b lat] he turn$ 8 att5tion to !atrical pr9ts1 & evolv$ ! /yle1 di/9ctively 8 own1 :i* became aft]w>ds ! recognis$ me?od ( treat+ su* subjects4 ,9 8 l9es ! grace & suavity ( ! e>li] ma/]s become h>d5$ to a c]ta9 sev]ity1 b :at 0 lo/ 9 grace 0 ga9$ 9 /r5g?4 ,! viol5t action 9 "s ( 8 pr9ts is an illu/ration ( ! =cible mann] 9 :i* ! tru? c be convey$ by a judici\s exagg]ation2 & aga91 9 repose1 8 figures h a dignity :i* is monum5tal4 ,?is effect is height5$1 too1 by ! retic5ce & re/ra9t ) :i* he uses col\r--full1 /rong t9ts1 b few1 & laid on 9 broad masses4 ,bread? ( effect 0 :at he aim$ at & secur$4 ,9 ,japan he 0 m popul> ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,utam>o n except$2 &1 :]eas _! foll[]s 7 limit$ to a few imm$iate successors1 he 0 ! f\nd] ( a regul> s*ool4 ,( ^! ! be/ is ,kunisada1 kn[n z ,toyokuni ,,ii41 ^: e>ly "w especially 0 almo/ wor?y to rank ) t ( 8 ma/]4 ,b ! greate/ ma/] ( all ! col\r pr9t arti/s1 & "o :o by ,european critics has be5 acclaim$ z wor?y to rank ) ! great arti/s ( ! _w1 0 ,hokusai4 ,x is a m>k ( ! p[] ( 8 p]sonality t1 ?\gh he liv$ & di$ 9 pov]ty & obscurity1 ! facts ( 8 life are record$ ) "s degree ( fulness2 :ile1 z a rule1 little record is left ( 8 contempor>ies b _! "w4 ,born 9 #agfj1 he 0 appr5tic$ at ! age ( eighte5 to ,%un%o1 b 0 too orig9al 9 8 me?ods1 & too indep5d5t1 to rema9 9 t position long4 ,= "s ye>s he drift$ ab\t1 be+ r$uc$ at "o "t to hawk+ r$ pepp]1 cal5d>s1 & o!r small w>es 9 ! /reets ( ,y$o1 b all ! "t he 0 gett+ m & m comm& ov] 8 art4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,figure ,,/udy ,f a ,col\r ,pr9t by ,,toyokuni ,9 ! preface to ! 8,hundr$ ,views ( ,fuji0 he ?us summ>ises 8 life3 8,f ! age ( six ,i _h a mania = draw+ ! =ms ( ?+s4 ,by ! "t ,i 0 fifty ,i _h publi%$ an inf9ity ( designs2 b all ,i h produc$ be=e ! age ( sev5ty is n wor? tak+ into acc\nt4 ,at sev5ty-?ree ,i h le>n$ a little ab\t ! real /ructure ( nature1 ( animals1 plants1 trees1 birds1 fi%es1 & insects4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :5 ,i am eighty1 ,i %all h made /ill m progress4 ,at n9ety ,i %all p5etrate ! my/]y ( ?+s2 at a hundr$ ,i %all c]ta9ly h rea*$ a m>vell\s /age2 & :5 ,i am a hundr$ & t5 ev]y?+ ,i d1 be x b a dot or a l9e1 w be alive4 ,i beg ^? :o live z long z ,i to see if ,i d n keep my ^w4 ,writt5 at ! age ( sev5ty-five by me1 once ,hokusai1 to-day ,gwakio ,roj91 ! old man mad ab\t draw+40 ,&1 inde$1 ?is 0 no idle boa/1 = he liv$ to a great age1 & /eadily ga9$ p[]4 ,:5 f9ally /rick5 d[n ! old man's lively _s is /ill unsubdu$1 & he writes playfully to a fri5d3 8,k+ ,yemma ! ,japanese ,pluto1 be+ v old1 is retir+ f bus9ess1 s he has built a pretty c\ntry h\se1 & asks me to g & pa9t a kakemono = him4 ,i am ?us oblig$ to leave1 & :5 ,i g %all c>ry my draw+s ) me4 ,i am go+ to take a room at ! corn] ( ! /reet1 & %all be happy to see y :5ev] y pass t way40 ,to ! end 8 m9d 0 absorb$ by 8 art4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ he 0 he>d to murmur3 8,if ,heav5 c\ld only grant me t5 m ye>s40 ,!n a mom5t aft]3 8,if ,heav5 _h only grant$ me five m ye>s ,i %\ld h become a real pa9t]40 ,he di$ on ! #aj? ( ,may #ahdi1 9 8 n9etie? ye>4 ,on 8 tomb is inscrib$ ?is little v]se1 compos$1 accord+ to ! national cu/om1 dur+ 8 la/ h\rs3 8,my s\l1 turn$ ,w-o'-!-wisp1 ,c come & g at ease ov] ! summ] fields40 ,all 8 life beset ) pov]ty1 unhappy 9 8 dome/ic life1 8 dauntless _s su/a9$ him1 & 8 incessant indu/ry nev] flagg$4 ,he liv$ = ! mo/ "p ) "o daught]1 an arti/ also1 9 a b>e room1 ) little or no furniture beyond 8 pa9t+ mat]ials4 ,:5 ! room became unbe>ably dirty--& !y 7 n squeami%--!y *ang$ to ano!r h\se4 ,always poor1 dress$ l a paup]1 ascetic 9 8 mode ( life1 he _h an utt] contempt = money4 ,:5 he receiv$ paym5t = 8 "w ! money lay unc\nt$ at 8 side1 & :5 importun$ by a cr$itor he ?rew him "o ( ! unop5$ packets & w5t back to 8 "w4 ,9 #ahag he publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( ! 8,mangwa10 a collection ( r\gh sket*es1 :i*1 9 its fifte5 volumes1 =ms a v]itable encyclopdia ( ,japanese life & indu/ries1 & is suffici5t alone to e/abli% him z "o ( ! great draughtsm5 ( ! _w4 ,^! sket*es 7 pr9t$ f woodblocks 9 a s*eme ( black1 grey1 & light r$1 & includ$ /udies ( e k9d--/reet sc5es1 ar*itecture1 birds1 bea/s1 fl[]s1 & insects4 ,! 8,hundr$ ,views ( ,fuji10 simil> 9 /yle1 add$ /ill fur!r to 8 reputation4 ,b ev5 m /rik+ & di/9ctive is ! great s]ies ( col\r pr9ts illu/rat+ ! l&scape ( 8 c\ntry--! wat]falls1 ! bridges1 & ! 8,?irty-,six ,views ( ,fuji10 :i* are some?+ q new 9 ,japanese art1 n conv5tional l&scapes ( ! old ,*9ese /yle1 ab/ract & ideal sc5es1 b pictures ( c]ta9 places1 ea* ) its individuality /rongly /amp$ ^u x4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 equally f> f ! ,we/]n reali/ic /&po9t1 ea* picture be+ an audaci\s decorative arrangem5t bo? z reg>ds l9e & col\r4 ,mo/ d>+ ( all are ! wat]falls1 sup]b 9 _! boldness ( conception & ri*1 full col\r1 b equally fasc9at+ are ! quiet] h>monies ( ! 8,?irty-,six ,views ( ,fuji40 ,to /udy su* pictures is to be lift$ out ( ! commonplace view ( ?+s & to look at nature ?r\gh ! temp]am5t & ) ! eyes ( a poet4 ,b1 :ile s highly e/eem$ by ,european connoisseurs1 ,hokusai is by no means s highly ?\ght ( 9 ,japan4 ,& ?is is n entirely due to ! fact t he 0 a man ( ! p1 a pa9t] ( ! vulg> & ! commonplace4 ,?\gh x is h>dly possible = u to ov]rate ! magnitude ( 8 g5ius1 /ill1 ! m we le>n ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! old] s*ools ! m we see ! reason ( ! ,japanese v]dict1 = ev5 we w\ld hesitate to place 8 "w alongside t ( ,*o ,d5su1 ( ,ses%iu1 & ( ! great ,kano ma/]s4 ,! fact is t no man1 h[ev] great1 c af=d to d z ,hokusai did--to set aside altoge!r ! accumulat$ b5efits ( c5turies ( exp]i5ce & "w absolutely fre% f ! beg9n+4 ,! greatness ( 8 a*ievem5t %[s ! p[] ( 8 p]sonality1 b ! greate/ results ( all are built on ! f\ndations ( o!rs4 ,& 9 spite ( its amaz+ orig9ality & its =ce we mu/ recognise t 9 ,hokusai's /yle !re is a lack ( ! dignifi$ retic5ce & grace--! culture1 9 fact--( ! be/ "w ( ! classic s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,?irty-,,six ,,views ,,( ,,fuji ,f a ,col\r ,pr9t by ,,hokusai ,b ! di/9ction lies ev5 deep]4 ,8 outlook1 ke5 & m>vell\sly accurate to cat* any pass+ phase1 has n ! deep s]i\sness ( ! old] ma/]s4 ,he 0 a mod]n ( ! mod]ns--mat]iali/ic1 humor\s1 some:at flippant--:ile !y 7 my/ics1 /riv+ to pi]ce ?r\gh ! veil & discov] ! tru?s ly+ beyond4 ,ea* repres5ts ! _s ( 8 "t1 &1 ?\gh ! comp>ison is int]e/+ & ne$ful1 x is due m 9 ju/ice to ! old] m5 ?an to ,hokusai1 ^: reputation1 x is safe to say1 w 9 ,europe m\nt high] & high]1 :ile ! qualities ( ! old classic pa9t]s w appeal to b a few k9dr$ spirits4 ,"o o!r col\r pr9t] ( ! fir/ rank rema9s--,hiro%ig ,i41 wor?y to rank ) ,h>unobu1 ,utam>o1 ,toyokuni1 & ,hokusai4 ,8 l&scape pr9ts are p>ticul>ly *>m+ 9 _! delicate r5d]+s ( effects ( atmosph]e & light1 & no "o c\ld portray bett] ! peaceful effects ( quiet ev5+ light4 ,b ! art :i* culm9at$ 9 ! "w ( ^! great m5 ent]$ n[ into a p]iod ( decl9e4 ,! late/ arti/s br\ght no?+ t 0 new2 &1 *>m+ ?\gh mu* ( _! "w 01 x m]ely repeat$1 ) cont9ually less5+ effect1 :at _h be5 said be=e4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! c\ntry to ,european influ5ce came ! f9al degradation--! introduction ( viol5t anil9e dyes to take ! place ( ! old s(t ,japanese t9ts4 ,s9ce #ahhj a slight revival ( ! art has tak5 place1 b x has1 z yet1 produc$ no?+ to rival ! productions ( ev5 fifty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,l&scape ,f a ,col\r ,pr9t by ,,hiro%ig ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,sculpture ,,& ,,c>v+ ,l ! si/] art ( pa9t+1 ! art ( sculpture arose 9 ,japan ) ! com+ ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s f ,korea 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,b ?\gh bo? exi/$ toge!r 9 ! great ,buddhi/ mona/]ies ! latt] seem$ = ! fir/ few hundr$ ye>s to entirely eclipse ! =m]1 = ! fir/ great products ( ,buddhi/ art 9 ,japan 7 se5 9 ! figures c>v$ 9 wood or ca/ 9 bronze :i* adorn$ ! %r9es ( ! temples4 ,"t1 too1 has dealt less sev]ely ) ^! relics1 or r1 less p]i%able 9 _! nature1 !y h be5 bett] able to survive ! dang]s t s (t5 swept away ! frail] kakemonos ( ! pa9t]1 & 9 _m ( ! old temples are pres]v$ ! works ( ^! e>ly sculptors4 ,su* /atues 7 r>ely or nev] 9 /one1 b ei!r ( wood--:i* mat]ial always seems z pla/ic z clay 9 ! h&s ( ! ,japanese craftsman--or ca/ 9 bronze4 ,:y ?is %\ld h be5 x is difficult to say4 ,p]haps ! lack ( a suitable /one at h&1 & ! difficulty ( transport+ l>ge & heavy blocks long di/ances 9 a r\gh & hilly c\ntry1 _h some?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,9 any case1 wood & bronze 7 at fir/ entirely us$ = ! "w4 ,"s c5turies lat] a f9e grey clay1 f\nd at ,n>a1 mix$ ) vegetable fibre1 l ! bricks ( ,egypt1 &1 l !m1 h>d5$ )\t bak+1 came into use4 ,ano!r int]e/+ me?od ( work+ 0 ! cov]+ ov] ) ?9 lacqu]1 mix$ ) p[d]$ b>k1 a model made ( co>se clo? /iff5$ ) glue4 ,works 9 bo? ^! la/ /yles 7 frequ5tly gild$ or pa9t$4 ,aris+ 9 ,india1 ,buddhi/ art spread nor?w>d ) ! spread ( ! cre$ ?r\gh ,*9a to ,korea1 & z x w5t f>!r nor? its *>act]i/ics 7 l>gely alt]$ & m\ld$ by ! diff]5t types ( ! nor!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,! ,h9du s5sitiv5ess gave place to a ,*9ese solidity1 :i*1 aga91 0 mell[$ & s(t5$ by ! g5tl] influ5ces ( ,korea4 ,! e>ly ,buddhi/ alt>-pieces ( ,japan are m>k$ by a sweet & dignifi$ s]5ity4 ,unlike ! great ,greek sculptures1 !y d n repres5t ! ideal ( ! natural human =m1 b r endeav\r to express 9 t]ms ( ! human =m an ab/ract or spiritual beauty4 ,_! figures are p]sonifications ( ab/ract qualities--,reason1 ,pity1 ,*>ity1 ,=titude1 ,beauty1 ,div9e ,love1 = ! nor!rn ,buddhi/ doctr9e 0 a g5tle "o2 ! _w 0 n a hopeless dream1 z 9 ! ,h9du =m1 b a /oreh\se ( =ms to be idealis$4 ,! temple ( ,horiuji at ,n>a1 ! fir/ ,buddhi/ temple built 9 ,japan1 is "o ( ! ri*e/ ( all 9 art treasures1 & conta9s _m f9e examples ( ! old "w4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ kn[n specim5s !re is a life-siz$ seat$ figure ( ,kwannon1 said to be ! "w ( ,pr9ce ,%otoku himself1 &1 9 any case1 dat+ f ab\t ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! figure is nude f ! wai/ upw>ds1 & is modell$ ) great sev]ity ( /yle1 s t ! anatomical =ms are almo/ lo/2 b ?is1 ) ! simplicity ( ! drap]y1 only conc5trates ! att5tion on ! s]5e dignity ( ! expression1 & adds to ! p[] & impressiv5ess ( ! /atue4 ,dur+ ! sev5? c5tury !re arose at ,n>a a s*ool ( bronze ca/]s1 :o produc$ a numb] ( beautiful alt>-pieces1 m ?an a hundr$ ( :i* /ill exi/4 ,!y are ( small size1 v>y+ f six in*es to ?ree feet 9 height1 & 9 delicacy ( modell+ & elegance ( /yle !y f> surpass any ( ! ,indian1 ,*9ese1 or ,korean "w4 ,! triumph ( ! s*ool is se5 9 a little gr\p ( ?ree at ,horiuji3 a seat$ ,buddha ) two /&+ figures1 back$ by a ri*ly-wr\ght fold+ scre54 ,x is a beautiful piece ( "w1 ! l9es graceful & fl[+1 ! modell+ subtle & ( exquisite f9i%4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ "p ( all is ! op5work halo1 pi]c$ ) a floral design1 beh9d ! head ( ! c5tral figure4 ,9 its own way ?is gr\p1 execut$ ab\t #fhj ,a4,d41 is "o ( ! gems ( ,japanese art4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury a wave ( ,greek feel+1 :i* _h sl[ly spread f ,india & _h produc$ :at 0 kn[n z ! ,greco-,buddhi/ art1 rea*$ ,japan1 & its influ5ce is se5 9 a c]ta9 ampl] s5se ( human dignity & proportion abs5t 9 ! e>li] works4 ,9 #fie ,a4,d4 an attempt 0 made to ca/ ?ree l>ge bronze figures ( ab\t twelve feet high1 b x 0 a failure4 ,9 #gae ,a4,d41 h[ev]1 ,giogi1 :o ranks among ,japan's greate/ sculptors1 successfully ca/ an alt>piece = ! temple ( ,yaku%iji1 ,n>a1 ( ev5 great] dim5sions--a tr9ity ( a seat$ ,buddha & two /&+ figures4 ,9 ! op9ion ( _m ?is "w repres5ts ! culm9ation ( ! art ( bronze ca/+ 9 ,japan4 ,= l>g5ess ( conception1 easy grace & elegance ( pose1 ri*ness & beauty ( f9i%1 x has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colossal ,,bronze ,,image ,,( ,a ,,bodhisatwa 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum7 ,b a /ill m a/oni%+ developm5t 0 yet to come 9 ! colossal bronzes1 :i* exce$ 9 size any o!r pieces ( ca/+ ! _w has se54 ,! l>ge/ ( all1 a seat$ ,buddha1 is at ,n>a1 &1 no less ?an fifty-?ree feet 9 height1 is ! greate/ bronze /atue t has ev] be5 ca/4 ,a figure ( great dignity1 x has1 h[ev]1 suff]$ mu* by ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,! head 0 damag$ by an e>?quake 9 #hee ,a4,d41 & lat] by a fire1 & 0 f9ally replac$ by ano!r 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,mu* f9] z a "w ( art1 ?\gh slightly small]1 be+ =ty-n9e feet sev5 in*es 9 height1 is ! ,daibutsu1 or ,great ,buddha1 at ,kamakura1 :i* is consid]ably lat] 9 date1 ! be/ judges plac+ x at #abeb4 ,! seat$ figure1 ) h&s fold$ 9 contemplation1 is ( almo/ oppressive dignity & p[]4 ,! modell+ is simple & sev]e1 ! drap]y hangs 9 l>ge ample folds1 & ! face be>s an expression ( pr(\nd & maje/ic calm4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( art we h met su* an expression be=e2 !re is some?+ ak9 to x 9 ! /range1 inscrutable smile ( ! ,sph9x4 ,b ! calm ( ! ,buddha has a deep] & m spiritual quality3 x is ! calm ( p]fect k2 x speaks ( ! conque/ ( human passions & a spiritual peace elevat$ f> above all e>?ly ?+s4 ,! /atue 0 orig9ally surr\nd$ by a build+ fifty y>ds squ>e1 ! ro( support$ by sixty-?ree massive pill>s2 b ?is %elt] 0 swept away by a tidal wave 9 #acfi1 & aga9 9 #adid4 ,s9ce ! latt] date x has n be5 rebuilt1 ?\gh ! /one f\ndations may /ill be se54 ,9 ! r irrev]5t phrase ( ! ,japanese1 ! ,daibutsu has become a 8wet god40 ,! process ( ca/+ ^! colossal bronzes is n kn[n 9 detail4 ,9 all probability a full-siz$ model 0 fir/ built up1 & f x ! m\ld made 9 sev]al pieces4 ,! ,kamakura ,daibutsu is =m$ ( %eets ( bronze1 ea* ca/ sep>ately1 !n braz$ toge!r1 & f9i%$ on ! outside ) ! *isel4 ,) ! decl9e ( ?is old ,buddhi/ "w 9 bronze appe>$ ano!r phase ( ! sculptor's art1 :i* cont9u$ to a mu* lat] date1 & exhibit$ a diff]5t side ( ! national "*4 ,i ref] to ! grotesque figures ( gods or demons :i* are s *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,japanese c>v+4 ,^! v>y 9 size f a few in*es to betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet 9 height1 & are *iefly execut$ 9 wood1 sev]al pieces be+ jo9$ toge!r 9 ! l>g] works4 ,! mo/ fam\s expon5t ( ! s*ool 0 ,unkei1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ! twelf?1 & beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at ! gateway ( ! temple ( ,to-,dai-ji at ,n>a /ood a pair ( ,nio1 or ,temple ,gu>dians--huge figures ( s9i/] aspect & t]rific p[]1 hewn out ( wood--! "o by ,unkei1 ! o!r by ,kwaikei1 8 contempor>y4 ,x is said t aft] ,unkei's dea? ! k+ ( ! ne!r _w object$ t1 :]eas ! sculptor _h _m times endeav\r$ to depict him1 he _h nev] succe$$ 9 do+ him ju/ice4 ,accord+ly1 ,unkei 0 s5t back to ! e>? t1 hav+ se5 ! god himself1 he might c>ve 8 portrait fai?fully4 ,?\gh on a small scale1 only /&+ two & a half feet high1 a pair ( little wood5 demons by ,kob51 ! ?ird son ( ,unkei1 exhibit ! same grotesqu5ess1 comb9$ ) an almo/ t]rible p[]4 ,! ma/]ly repres5tation ( ! /ra9+ muscles %[s cle>ly t ! ,japanese arti/ c\ld model ! human figure reali/ically :5 he pleas$1 & t :5 he conv5tionalis$ he did s kn[+ly1 & = a giv5 purpose1 z has be5 ! cu/om ( ! decorative arti/ f "t immemorial4 ,! ?ird phase1 :i* m>ks ! e>ly sculptures1 is ! s]ies ( portrait /atues1 *iefly c>v$ 9 wood1 & x is curi\s to "k t mo/ ( ^! extremely reali/ic /udies 7 execut$ dur+ ! highly ideali/ic ,buddhi/ p]iod4 ,! /atues ( two sa9ts1 = in/ance1 ,asanga & ,vasub&hu1 9 ,k(ukuji1 :i* are said to date f ! eigh? c5tury1 are absolutely reali/ic 9 /yle4 ,! drap]y c]ta9ly is treat$ 9 a broad & simple mann]1 b ! face & expression is obvi\sly a portrait1 a /udy ( an individual4 ,_m ( ^! portraits exi/1 dat+ *iefly f ! eigh? to ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & are all /rong & *>act]i/ic pres5tm5ts ( actual m5--speak+ lik5esses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portrait ,,( ,,s5no ,,rikiu1 ,,c>v$ ,,9 ,,wood ,,& ,,lacqu]$ 7,briti% ,museum7 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! sculptor's art gradually fell into disuse1 ! traditions ( ! craft only surviv+ 9 ! beautiful c>v+ :i* adorn$ ! temple build+s1 b :i* 0 look$ on n z ! "w ( an arti/ b m]ely z t ( a c>p5t]4 ,! legitimate successor ( ! old sculptors appe>$ "s hundr$s ( ye>s lat]1 & n z ! mak] ( colossal images & life-siz$ portraits1 b z ! netsuk c>v]1 ! greate/ ma/] ( ! art ( multum 9 p>vo t ! _w has se54 ,9 ! n>r[ field ( a cubic in* or s ! sculptor1 = he is no less1 comb9es a l>g5ess ( conception ) a bread? & vig\r ( execution :i* are absolutely a/oni%+4 ,b !re is betwe5 ! old ,buddhi/ sculptor & ! netsuk & okimono c>v] ! same diff]5ce :i* divides ! pa9t] ( ! old classic s*ools f ! m mod]n expon5t ( ! ,ukioy-,riu--! *ange f ! ideal po9t ( view to ! mat]ial4 ,! art ( ! netsuk c>v]1 (t5 bold & vigor\s1 sometimes elaborately f9i%$1 is always frankly reali/ic4 ,! netsuk 7pron\nc$ netsk7 is a toggle or button v>y+ 9 size1 b (t5 little l>g] ?an a m>ble4 ,! ,japanese g5tleman 9 native co/ume has no pockets o!r ?an 8 wide sleeves1 & s 8 pipe & tobacco p\*1 8 inro or m$ic9e-box1 & o!r small objects1 are c>ri$ slung by a cord to 8 girdle1 l a *atela9e4 ,at ! end ( ! cord 0 ! netsuk1 :i* prev5t$ ! objects f slipp+ to ! gr\nd4 ,x is said t ! use ( ! netsuk dates f ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ! great majority h be5 made )9 ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! exp]t ! f9e/ specim5s date f ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury advanc$ a loss ( bread? 9 ! treatm5t is obs]vable1 ) a great] elaboration ( detail1 & ?is t5d5cy caus$ ! gradual deg5]ation ( ! art1 until x became little m ?an a wond]ful exhibition ( p]fect manual skill1 lack+ ! life :i* brea!d 9 ! old] "w4 ,! netsuk is made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 ( :i* ! two *ief are wood & ivory1 & is pi]c$ ) "o or m holes = ! passage ( ! cord4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! connoisseur ! wood5 specim5s are g5]ally ! mo/ valuable2 & ju/ly s1 = n only are ! ,japanese mo/ ma/]ly arti/s 9 wood1 b ! mat]ial l5ds itself to a fre] & bold] /yle ( "w ?an ! h>d] & unsympa!tic ivory1 reta9+ ! slighte/ impression ( ! arti/'s individuality4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is mu* ! same diff]5ce z betwe5 ! free & spontane\s clay sket* ( ! sculptor1 record+ ! v pr9t ( 8 f+]s1 & ! coldly sev]e & m pret5ti\s m>ble4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ev5 9 ivory ! ,japanese c>v] atta9$ 9 a wond]ful degree ! qualities ( fre%ness & ease :i* we are accu/om$ to look = only 9 m ductile mat]ials4 ,! %ape & size ( ! netsuk is regulat$ by ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,x mu/ be l>ge en\gh n to slip ?r\gh ! girdle1 & we usually f9d t !y range f ab\t ! size ( a walnut to ne>ly ?ree times t size4 ,any excresc5ces or projections w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be liable to snap (f1 & s1 especially 9 ! old] specim5s1 ! outl9e is g5]ally r\nd$1 & )\t %>p angles4 ,! holes ?r\gh :i* ! cord passes are (t5 +5i\sly made to =m "p ( ! design4 ,! fact t _m netsuks 7 also us$ z seals1 & also t s _m e>ly examples are ( triangul> =m1 s z to /& firmly on _! base1 is look$ on by "s au?orities z evid5ce t ! netsuk 0 evolv$ f ! seal4 ,(t5 ! wood us$ 0 col\r$1 lacqu]$1 & gilt4 ,sometimes wood & ivory 7 comb9$1 (t5 ivory & metal1 b almo/ e mat]ial 0 us$ on occasion4 ,porcela9 netsuks 7 n uncommon1 & gold1 silv]1 jet1 coral1 & enamel 7 all appli$ to ! ornam5tation ( ! netsuk4 ,! ,kagami-buta 7 buttons ( metal ) a %ank at ! back4 ,?is 0 enclos$ 9 a circul> holl[ di% ( ivory or wood1 :i* _h a hole 9 ! back ?r\gh :i* ! cord atta*$ to ! %ank pass$4 ,^! examples are (t5 v beautiful1 ! comb9ation ( ! metal c5tre1 (t5 *as$ & adorn$ ) gold & silv]1 ) ! pla9 out] r+ ( ivory be+ v pleas+ 9 effect4 ,! ,manju netsuk1 a r\nd1 flatt5$ disc1 s call$ f its resemblance to a ,manju1 or rice cake1 is ano!r well-kn[n =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,netsuk,s 7,briti% ,museum7 ,z to subject1 ! :ole field ( ,japanese my?ology1 hi/ory1 & lit]ature is record$ 9 _! netsuk4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ ( all are ! m9iature repres5tations ( ! masks us$ 9 ! ,no dance--sometimes beautiful1 sometimes comical1 (t5 grotesque1 b always arti/ic4 ,!n we h ! beautifully f9i%$ c>v+s ( insects2 snakes twi/$ 9 lifelike coils2 a goose ) its bill caught 9 a clos$ clam %ell1 & va9ly flapp+ its w+s2 fi%es1 tortoises1 mice--all v>ieties ( animal life3 x is a v]itable illu/rat$ natural hi/ory4 ,!n 9 lifelike gr\ps we h ! :ole _w ( leg5d>y folklore laid be=e u4 ,! ,tongue-cut sp>r[1 ,motomoro ! pea* *ild1 & _m o!r old fairy tales1 are "h retold2 :ile m5 & wom5 9 all ! occupations ( _! trades & call+s give an epitome ( contempor>y ,japanese life4 ,! names ( ! fam\s netsuk c>v]s are too num]\s to record "h4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ,%uzan1 :o liv$ e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 a volume ( ^: designs 0 publi%$ 9 #agha4 ,( late ye>s1 s9ce ! use ( ! netsuk has begun to die out1 ! c>v] has turn$ 8 att5tion to okimono--small pieces n pi]c$ = ! cord1 & int5d$ m]ely z cab9et ornam5ts4 ,_m ( ^! little ivories are exquisitely beautiful4 ,european "w1 ev5 ( ! be/1 looks weak & poor beside !m2 & ev5 ! be/ ,*9ese c>v+1 ?\gh p]haps equally dext]\s 9 manipulation1 seems dull & me*anical contra/$ ) _! nev]-fail+ f]tility ( imag9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,rid] on ,horseback ,,*apt] ,v ,,metal ,,"w ,we h already treat$1 ) "s fulness1 ( ! beautiful bronze /atues :i* adorn$ ! old ,buddhi/ temples2 b ?\gh 8 highe/ a*ievem5t1 ^! repres5t only a small "p ( ! "w ( ! ,japanese bronze ca/]4 ,! old temple bells1 ! inc5se burn]s1 ! great temple lant]ns1 all 7 ( exquisite workman%ip4 ,& ! art 0 also appli$ to dome/ic uses1 ! ord9>y cook+ ut5sils1 ! m ornam5tal vases1 & ! da9ty bronze mirrors be+ b a few ( its products4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ & olde/ bells is at ! temple ( ,to-,dai-ji at ,n>a4 ,ca/ 9 #gcb ,a4,d41 x /&s #ac feet #f in*es high1 ! diamet] across ! rim is #i feet #a in*1 :ile ! weight ( metal is ov] =ty tons4 ,! me?od ( r++ su* a bell is diff]5t f t to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,in/ead ( a loose tongue hung inside1 a heavy sw+ beam is m\nt$ outside ! bell1 :i* x /rikes on ! rim4 ,! vibrations ( ea* /roke are all[$ to die away ere ! next is /ruck1 & ! great waves ( s\nd g peal+ = miles ov] ! quiet c\ntryside4 ,! ca/+ ( a temple bell 0 made ! occasion ( a great religi\s fe/ival4 ,a l>ge kiln 0 built1 wor%ipp]s att5d$ f all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 wom5 ca/+ _! ornam5ts into ! melt+-pot4 ,! prie/s ann\nc$ ) a l\d voice ! successful accompli%m5t ( ea* /age ( ! "w1 & ! conclud+ op]ations took place amid sc5es ( great rejoic+s4 ,at ,to-,dai-ji is also a v f9e specim5 ( a temple lant]n1 ornam5t$ ) beautiful op5work panels2 :ile at ! temple ( ,k(ukuji1 ,n>a1 is a ma/]ly piece ( bronze 9 ! %ape ( a musical in/rum5t1 a sort ( gong1 call$ ! ,kwag5-,kei1 surr\nd$ by f\r tw9+ dragons--a mo/ fanta/ic b vigor\s piece ( modell+4 ,! mirrors ( poli%$ bronze are said to h be5 fir/ ca/ 9 ! reign ( ,keiko1 ab\t #ajj ,a4,d4 ,!y are ( two k9ds--! fir/ fitt$ ) a h&le1 or ) a /& ( metal or c>v$ wood2 & ! second mu* small]1 (t5 n m ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a hole at ! back ?r\gh :i* a cord pass$4 ,! face 0 burni%$1 & ! back beautifully wr\ght 9 designs ( great delicacy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,b[ls ,,( ,,ca/ ,,bronze 7#ah,,? ,,c5tury7 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum7 ,! me?od ( ca/+ employ$ 9 ^! & simil> articles1 :i* is /ill *>act]i/ic ( ,japanese "w1 0 z foll[s3--,an exact model ( ! object1 ) ! ornam5tation complete z 9 ! f9i%$ article1 0 made 9 wax4 ,a slip 0 !n prep>$ ) v f9e s&1 clay1 & wat]1 & ! model c>efully coat$ ) ! mixture1 special c>e be+ tak5 to run x into all ! holl[ places1 s t a complete sk9 cov]$ ! wax at e "p4 ,:5 ! fir/ coat dri$ ano!r 0 add$1 & ano!r & ano!r1 a slightly ?ick] pa/e be+ us$ = ea* successive coat4 ,a co>s] & /rong] mixture 0 us$ = ! out] lay]s1 till ! model 0 encas$ 9 a h>d1 solid cru/4 ,v5t holes 7 !n drill$ & ! wax melt$ out4 ,aft] be+ c>efully heat$ ! m\lds 7 ready to receive ! molt5 metal1 :i* 0 !n p\r$ 94 ,:5 ! ca/+ 0 cold ! m\lds 7 brok5 (f & ! metal expos$ to view4 ,?is sy/em n only ensur$ individuality 9 ! "w1 a fre% m\ld be+ made = ea* piece1 b all[$ ( a dep? ( modell+ & "u-cutt+ :i* w\ld h be5 impossible _h ! m\ld be5 9 pieces to be drawn ap>t & aft]w>ds us$ aga94 ,! metal "w ( ,japan may be conv5i5tly gr\p$ 9 ?ree classes4 ,fir/1 ! e>ly "w *>act]is$ by extreme elegance1 ornam5t be+ us$ sp>+ly1 ?\gh ) great ta/e & (t5 m>vell\s vig\r4 ,!n comes a middle p]iod1 dat+ f ! com+ ( ! ,tokugawa dyna/y at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 a class ( "w highly ornam5t$ & ri* 9 detail came into vogue4 ,&1 la/ly1 we h ! m mod]n naturali/ic s*ool1 wond]ful 9 te*nique1 b lack+ ! inspiration ( ! old] /yles1 & beside x appe>+ dull & commonplace4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ,japanese metal "w1 especially bronzes1 ( all ^! /yles4 ,!re are sev]al f9e temple lant]ns1 notably "o pair1 /&+ ab\t eight feet high1 ( v elegant design1 & ornam5t$ ) great retic5ce & ta/e4 ,a small] pair1 evid5tly lat] 9 date1 conta9 "s wond]ful ca/+1 b 9 _! m ornate quality lack ! dignity ( ! fir/ pair4 ,a piece mu* e/eem$ by "s critics is ! l>ge ,koro1 or inc5se burn]1 ( q mod]n "w1 ca/ 9 #ahgh--;a life-siz$ /udy ( peacocks1 doves1 & sp>r[s4 ,x is c]ta9ly a wond]ful piece ( realism4 ,! poses are natural1 ! texture ( ! fea!rs is imitat$ 9 ! unyield+ metal ) m>vell\s fidelity1 s+le plumes /&+ out 9 full relief2 b1 plac$ beside ! be/ old "w1 ! :ole ?+ seems trivial & ev5 vulg>4 ,! birds are lifelike to j ?is ext5t3 if !y 7 only col\r$ we %\ld ?9k !y 7 /uff$ specim5s4 ,b f ! true arti/ we get m ?an ?is cam]a-l reproduction ( nature2 he c also give u ! _s4 ,turn f ?is case to ! ,mio*9 eagle beside x4 ,z a piece ( realism x is wor?y to comp>e ) ! o!r1 b h[ mu* m x conveys4 ,!re is a m>vell\s poise ab\t ! bird1 a vig\r & sweep ( l9e t makes x live & brea! ! int5se f]ocity ( its nature4 ,x is alive1 :ile ! o!r m]ely irritates by its close resemblance to life4 ,( iron1 p>tly ca/ & p>tly made up ( hamm]$ plates1 x is ! "w ( ,mio*9 ,muneh>u1 a memb] ( ! fam\s ,mio*9 family ( arm\r]s1 & dates f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! small] pieces 9 ! collection--! vases1 trays1 b[ls1 & c&le/icks--are also well wor?y ( /udy1 & illu/rate ! same t5d5cy--! old] "w *>m+ by its /ately simplicity1 & sometimes also by its vigor\s treatm5t ( ! grotesque2 ! mod]n apt to become a mass ( exquisitely execut$ decorations ( a highly naturali/ic b r trivial nature4 ,b 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,japan ! implem5ts ( w> *iefly occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! metal work]1 & dur+ ! bitt] civil w>s t deva/at$ ! c\ntry ! swordsmi? & ! arm\r] became p]sons ( great importance4 ,! fam\s family ( ,mio*9 has be5 associat$ ) ! mak+ ( arms & arm\r z f> back z records ext5d4 ,an au!ntic memb] ( ! family1 ,masuda ,munemori1 wr\ght helmets & arm\r 9 #ge ,a4,d42 &1 fur!r back /ill1 !re is ! leg5d>y f\nd] ( ! l9e1 :o is said to be ! gr&son ( ! god ,tak>a himself1 :o taught him ! art ( work+ 9 metals4 ,f ! twelf? to ! eighte5? c5turies !y held ! position ( arm\r]s to ! ,c\rt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mio*9 ,,eagle ,ca/ & ,hamm]$ ,iron1 #af? c5tury 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum7 ,! arm\r ( ! ,mio*9s 0 =m$ ( ?9 iron plates1 v light1 b wond]fully /rong4 ,"o specim51 a helmet ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?\gh #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 #aj 9 wid?1 & #h 9 height1 only weighs #b lbs4 #b oz4 ,! usual %ape ( helmet 0 a domelike headpiece1 /r5g!n$ ) ridges ( iron plates1 :ile flaps =m$ ( a numb] ( n>r[ plates hung at ! sides1 & cov]$ ! back ( ! neck4 ,f ! c5tre1 j above ! =ehead1 rose two curi\s curv$ horns1 call$ tsunomoto1 & betwe5 !m 0 worn ! cre/ ( ! w>rior4 ,9 a fam\s suit ( ,mio*9 arm\r ( ! twelf? c5tury ! helmet has a dragon work$ 9 rep\ss coil+ r\nd x1 ! head1 ) op5 m\?1 gl>+ f betwe5 ! tsunomoto1 :ile ! tail =ms ! spike on ! top4 ,al?\gh wr\ght 9 s h>d a metal z iron ! dragon's head /&s up 9 relief at lea/ an in* f ! backgr\nd4 ,simil> "w 9 rep\ss adorns ! brea/plate & armpieces4 ,b mu* ( ! f9e/ "w ( ! ,japanese metal work] is f\nd 9 ! two-h&$ swords1 :i* 7 ! *ief weapon ( ! soldi]s1 & :i*1 9 feudal times1 became ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! ,samurai1 ! ari/ocratic milit>y class4 ,! ,japanese blades are unsurpass$ by ! mo/ fam\s swords ( ,damascus1 ,india1 & ,p]sia1 & ! craft ( ! swordsmi? 0 look$ on z ! mo/ hon\rable ( all h&icrafts4 ,m5 ( ari/ocratic bir? (t5 took up its duties1 & ! fam\s swordmak]s _h ! highe/ titles conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,! "n ( ! greate/ ( !m all--,masamun--pass$ into ! language z a t]m signify+ supreme excell5ce1 = a ,masamun blade 0 unequall$1 & w\ld sev] a float+ hair c>ri$ aga9/ its edge by ! g5tle curr5t ( a /ream1 or cleave ?r\gh a solid b> ( iron4 ,! sword1 inde$1 0 ! c5tre ( ! old milit>y life ( ,japan4 ,to "k its hi/ory1 its etiquette1 0 "p ( ! education ( all ,samurai y\?s1 & x 0 a gr& mom5t = !m :51 at ! age ( fifte51 !y ent]$ on man's e/ate & gird$ on ! covet$ weapon4 ,a f9e sword 0 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son z an heirloom2 x 0 _! mo/ *]i%$ possession1 & especially 9 ! m peaceful times :i* foll[$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,tokugawa dyna/y x 0 enri*$ ) ! f9e/ "w t art c\ld produce4 ,! =g+ ( a sword 0 conduct$ ) almo/ ! solemnity att5d+ a religi\s rite4 ,! katanya1 or swordsmi?1 fa/$ = days be=e1 & :5 all 0 prep>$ he w5t to ! temple & pray$ = a bless+ on 8 "w4 ,9 ! =ge 0 hung a consecrat$ rope ( /raw & clipp+s ( pap] to drive away evil spirits2 &1 hav+ fir/ propitiat$ ! five elem5ts--fire1 wat]1 wood1 metal1 & e>?--! smi? donn$ ! c]emonial robes ( a ,c\rt noble1 &1 b9d+ back ! wide sleeves1 0 ready to take hamm] 9 h&4 ,fir/ a /rip ( /eel is weld$ to a b> ( iron1 :i* s]ves z a h&le2 o!r /rips are plac$ ^u x1 & x is wr\ght into a b> ( ! requir$ dim5sions4 ,c>efully coat$ ) a pa/e ( clay & a%es1 & nev] t\*$ ) ! nak$ h&1 ?is b> is heat$ 9 ! *>coal furnace1 not*$ 9 ! middle ) a *isel1 d\bl$ ov]1 & !n beat5 out to its =m] size & %ape4 ,?is fold+ process is repeat$ fifte5 times1 !n f\r su* b>s are weld$ toge!r1 & ! d\bl+ & weld+ repeat$ five m times1 s t if ea* b> consi/$ fir/ ( all ( f\r flakes ?is has n[ be5 increas$ to #af1ggg1baf lay]s ( metal4 ,_m diff]5t textures are obta9$ by flatt5+ ! b> 9 diff]5t mann]s1 "s giv+ ! appe>ance ( a gra9 z 9 wood4 ,! prep>atory weld+ be+ f9i%$1 ! blade is !n drawn out to its full l5g?1 %ap$1 & r\ghly gr\nd4 ,b ! mo/ critical "p ( ! process1 ! temp]+ ( ! /eel1 is n[ to come4 ,& ! peculi> comb9ation requir$--an extremely h>d edge1 ) ! re/ ( ! blade s(t & t\gh--! ,japanese swordsmi?1 unlike o!rs1 produces 9 "o op]ation in/ead ( two4 ,! blade is coat$ ) a mixture ( f9e clay & p[d]$ *>coal4 ,?is cov]+ is !n scrap$ away along ! edge1 leav+ expos$ a /rip ( metal ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* wide4 ,rais$ 9 ! furnace to ! requir$ heat1 ! blade gl[+ dull r$ :ile ! edge is :ite hot1 ! sword is !n plung$ into a ba? ( wat] at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,! process ( temp]+ 0 always conduct$ by ! =g] himself1 no "o else be+ all[$ to ent] ! prec9cts ( ! =ge1 s jeal\sly 7 8 pr(essional secrets gu>d$4 ,x is said t a fam\s swordsmi? paid = ?is k by ! loss ( 8 h&4 ,he _h le>n$ all b ! heat ( ! temp]+ ba?1 & ?is vital secret 8 ma/] refus$ to imp>t to him1 s at ! critical mom5t he bur/ into ! =ge & plung$ 8 h& into ! wat]4 ,! furi\s ma/] /ruck (f 8 h& ) "o bl[ ( ! unf9i%$ sword1 b ! appr5tice _h le>n$ 8 secret4 ,! old smi?s us$ to s+ :ile temp]+ a blade1 & ! _s ( ! music 0 said to ent] into ! metal4 ,masamun *ant$ a refra93 8,t5ku1 taihei1 taihei0--8,peace be on e>?1 peace0--& 8 swords nev] fail$ _! own]1 b always bore him to victory4 ,b ! blades ( 8 saturn9e pupil ,muramasa always br\ght tr\ble ) !m4 ,_! own]s 7 ev] 9 qu>rels1 &1 once un%ea!d1 ! sword 0 nev] satisfi$ )\t blood1 s t x c\ld n ev5 be h&l$ ) safety4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t1 z he temp]$ ! blades1 ,muramasa sang grimly3 8,t5ku tairan1 t5ku tairan0--8,tr\ble 9 ! _w1 tr\ble 9 ! _w40 ,aft] temp]+1 ! blade 0 sl[ly gr\nd on a s]ies ( :et/ones1 gett+ f9] & f9]1 f9i%+ ) a c>eful poli%+ ) /one-p[d]1 & oil4 ,a volume might be writt5 on ! decoration ( ! sword4 ,! tsuba or gu>d1 ! h&le ( ! ko-katana or little knife1 c>ri$ 9 ! side ( ! scabb>d2 ! fu*i & ka%ira1 or m\nts ( ! h&le1 especially 7 m>k$ by ! mo/ exquisite ornam5tation4 ,9 8 k ( ! prop]ties ( diff]5t metals & _! alloys1 & 9 8 comb9ations ( ^! = "o g5]al effect1 ! ,japanese metal work] is unique4 ,_m ( ! alloys us$ by him 7 q unkn[n to u1 & 7 *os5 *iefly = _! col\rs4 ,= ! metal work]s' designs 7 9 reality col\r /udies1 & 9 metal he possess$ a palette ( really a/oni%+ v>iety4 ,= black he _h %akudo1 a ri*1 deep t9t1 fla%+ 9 "s lights a violet blue4 ,oxidis$ iron gave a v d>k br[n1 almo/ black1 & also a ri* *ocolate col\r4 ,light br[ns1 runn+ f c(fee col\r to saffron yell[1 7 obta9$ f diff]5t k9ds ( bronze4 ,copp] gave a deep ruddy t9t1 coban & o!r comb9ations ( gold & silv] a pale gre5i% yell[1 gold a ri*1 full yell[1 %ibu-i*i a dull grey1 :ile :ite 0 obta9$ by ! use ( silv] or poli%$ /eel4 ,9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton !re is a vase1 a v f9e specim5 ( ?is "w 9 col\rs4 ,! vase itself1 beautifully %ap$1 is ( iron1 a w>m *ocolate br[n4 ,on ?is is inlaid a graceful design ( birds & fl[]s1 gleam+ & sp>kl+ 9 gold & silv]1 copp] col\r1 gre51 blue1 & violet4 ,9 sword m\nt+s ?is /yle ( decoration 0 ext5sively us$1 & effects ( great ri*ness & beauty 7 obta9$4 ,! tsuba1 or sword gu>d1 is a flat plate ( metal1 usually circul> or slightly elliptical 9 =m2 b o!r /yles1 su* z diamonds1 squ>es1 octagons1 & irregul> %apes decid$ by ! exig5cies ( ! design1 are n uncommon4 ,9 size !y v>y f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! sword1 & weigh f two to ?ree ounces4 ,! tsuba usually conta9s ?ree op5+s--! c5tral "o w$ge-%ap$1 ?r\gh :i* ! tang ( ! blade passes1 & two o!r small] op5+s1 "o on ea* side1 to all[ = ! passage ( ! kozuka & kogai to _! %ea?s 9 ! sides ( ! scabb>d4 ,! e>lie/ gu>ds 7 made entirely ( iron1 & 9 _m lat] tsuba ?is /ill =ms ! basis4 ,b bronze 9 its v>i\s =ms 0 also mu* us$ z a gr\nd = ornam5tation2 & an alloy1 s5toku1 conta9+ copp]1 z9c1 t91 & lead1 & ( a s(t yell[ t9t l brass1 0 ano!r fav\rite mat]ial4 ,9 ! late/ p]iods o!r sub/ances1 su* z bone1 ivory1 tortoise%ell1 wood1 lea!r1 & papi]-ma*1 ! la/ ?ree be+ coat$ ) lacqu]1 7 sometimes us$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods ( ornam5t+ ! iron tsuba 0 :at is kn[n z kebori1 or hair-l9e *as+4 ,?is 0 n execut$ ) a grav+ tool b ) a small *isel held 9 ! left h&1 & driv5 t[>ds ! work] ) bl[s f a light hamm]4 ,?is /yle ( ornam5t rea*$ its height dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & may be se5 9 great p]fection 9 ! "w ( ,goto ,yujo4 ,a developm5t ( ?is /yle 0 ! hira-zogan4 ,9 ?is l9es 7 fir/ engrav$ to a uni=m dep? & !n und]cut4 ,s(t gold or silv] wire 0 !n hamm]$ 91 ! w$ge-%ap$ op5+ reta9+ x firmly )\t ! use ( any sold]4 ,kebori-zogan 0 a comb9ation ( ! two /yles4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,tsubas 7,f ! ,collection ( ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son7 ,! kata-kiri-bori /yle dep5d$ = its effect n on ! inlay ( diff]5t metals b on designs 9 relief or intaglio4 ,(t5 ! design 0 def9$ by pi]c+1 & ! detail br\ght out by *as+ & modell+ 9 relief4 ,9 mo/ cases ! "w 0 entirely t ( ! *isel & ! hamm]1 unt\*$ by any subsequ5t gr9d+ or poli%+4 ,9 ! kata-kiri-bori-zogan /yle--figur$1 sculptur$1 & encru/$ "w--we f9d ! late/ & mo/ elaborate productions ( ! m mod]n s*ools1 enamels be+ also us$ to add ri*ness to ! effect4 ,! iron1 :i* =ms ! mo/ usual mat]ial1 is ( exce$+ly f9e quality & ( unusual s(tness4 ,9 _m cases x 0 left r\gh f ! hamm] & pun*1 ! m>ks1 seem+ly s c>eless1 =m+ ess5tial p>ts ( ! decoration4 ,et*+ ) acids 0 sometimes adopt$ to br+ out into great] prom95ce ! twi/s & fold+s ( ! wr\ght iron4 ,9 "s cases1 also1 a surface gra9$ l wood 0 obta9$ by weld+ toge!r _m /rips ( iron ( diff]5t qualities & !n treat+ ) acid1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 affect$ m /rongly ! s(t] lay]s4 ,x is d\btful :5 ! tsuba fir/ began to be an object ( art1 no specim5s ( an e>li] date ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury exi/+ ev5 9 repres5tations4 ,mo/ ( ! tsubas on ! old] swords are mu* m mod]n ?an ! blades to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,9 ! old5 times1 :5 ! ,samurai fell into evil days1 he sometimes /ripp$ (f & sold ! ri* embelli%m5ts ( 8 sword1 reta9+ only ! tru/y blade4 ,kaneiye1 :o work$ ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is reg>d$ z ! fir/ mak] ( tsubas arti/ically ornam5t$4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 produc$ _m iron tsubas decorat$ ) saw-cut silh\ettes ( birds1 leaves1 or animals1 & ) hamm] or pun* m>ks4 ,^? la/ 7 probably ! "w ( arm\r]s1 z 9 ! case ( ,nobuiye ( ! ,mio*9 family1 ^: iron tsubas 7 greatly valu$4 ,"s ( ^! are ( op5work1 "s ) heads or masks 9 relief1 o!rs ) pun* m>ks4 ,ano!r ( ! mo/ fam\s work]s 9 iron is ,umetada1 :o liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ano!r ( ! fa!rs ( ! art 0 ,goto ,yujo1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,goto s*ool1 :o liv$ betwe5 #adcd & #aeab1 & (t5 work$ f ! designs ( ! pa9t] ,kano ,motonobu4 ,by ?is s*ool1 x is said1 0 introduc$ ! peculi> gr\nd ( rais$ dots kn[n z manako1 or fi% roe gr\nd1 & also ! free use ( gold1 ! excess ( :i* m>r$ s mu* _! lat] "w4 ,to ! sixte5? c5tury belong mo/ ( ! beautiful specim5s ( saw-cut "w 9 iron1 *rysan!mums1 kiri1 & o!r cre/s be+ ! fav\rite motives1 ?\gh a numb] ( conv5tional floral designs %[+ a /rong ,portuguese influ5ce are also f\nd4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! use ( enamel 9 ! ornam5t ( ! tsuba 0 introduc$ by ,hirata ,don91 & cont9u$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ! "w ( ! ,hirata family till ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! "t :i* produc$ mu* ( ! f9e/ "w ( all is kn[n z ! ,jok5-9 p]iod1 #afha-agjh--! rule ( ! ,%ogun ,tokugawa ,tsuneyo%i--p]haps ! mo/ fam\s arti/ be+ ,som91 :o work$ l>gely f ! designs ( ! ,kano pa9t] ,hanabusa ,it*o4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! wond]ful palette ( col\rs 9 metal came into full use1 & ! range ( subjects became m & m v>i$4 ,z 9 ! case ( netsuk1 s 9 tsuba "o may read ! :ole hi/ory1 leg5ds1 & my?ology ( ,japan4 ,b ! art _h n[ pass$ its z5i?1 & a gradual deg5]ation set 91 ! "w produc$ 9 lat] ye>s be+ ri* & ornate1 b lack+ ! di/9ction ( ! e>li] s*ools4 ,a few words mu/ be said ( ! kozuka1 ! h&le ( ! small knife1 call$ ! ko-katana1 :i* is %ea!d 9 ! scabb>d ( ! wakiza%i1 or %ort sword4 ,! kozuka conta9s mu* beautiful ornam5tation1 & f its m %elt]$ position ?is is (t5 ( great] delicacy ?an t appli$ to ! tsuba4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! problem ( fill+ ! long1 n>r[ field is solv$ is a p]petual s\rce ( *>m to ! /ud5t ( design4 ,! fu*i1 or f]ule1 at ! l[] end ( ! h&le ( ! sword1 & ! ka%ira1 its loz5ge-%ap$ cap1 are also f9ely ornam5t$1 ! two comb9$ usually =m+ "o design4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum has a v>i$ collection ( sword furniture1 includ+ _m f9e specim5s1 b1 un=tunately1 probably f lack ( space1 ! objects are arrang$ 9 tall cases plac$ s closely face to face z to r5d] ! /udy ( _! cont5ts almo/ impossible )\t ! help ( a c&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,rid] on ,horseback ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,k]amics ,?\gh ! gold5 p]iod ( ,japanese ,k]amic art 0 atta9$ dur+ ! ,tokugawa dyna/y1 #afjc-ahfh1 yet its orig9 is lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( antiquity4 ,an int]e/+ passage 9 an old ,japanese *ronicle %[s t 9 ! times ( ! ,emp]or ,suw991 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! craft ( ! pott] 0 ! recognis$ indu/ry ( c]ta9 tribes4 ,aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( ! dea? & burial ( ! ,mikado's bro!r ! record proce$s3 8,on ?is !y assembl$ ^? :o _h be5 9 8 imm$iate s]vice1 & buri$ !m all upright r\nd 8 sepul*re alive4 ,= _m days !y di$ n1 b day & night wept & cri$4 ,at la/ !y di$ & rott$4 ,dogs & cr[s assembl$ & ate !m4 ,! ,mikado1 he>+ ! s\nd ( _! weep+ & cry+1 felt sadd5$ & pa9$ 9 8 he>t4 ,he comm&$ all 8 high (fic]s say+3 #8,x is a v pa9ful matt] to =ce ^? :om we h lov$ dur+ life to foll[ u 9 dea?1 & ?\gh x is an anci5t cu/om :y foll[ x if x be bad8 ,f n[ & h5ce=? plan s z to /op caus+ m5 to foll[ ! dead4' ,on ! dea? ( ! ,empress1 "s "t aft]w>ds1 ! ,emp]or call$ 8 advis]s toge!r1 & ask$ !m3 #8,:at %all be done 9 ! case ( ! pres5t bury+8' ,!reupon ,nomi-no-,sukune advanc$1 & said3 #8,x is n good to bury liv+ m5 /&+ at ! sepul*re ( a pr9ce1 & ?is _c be h&$ d[n to po/]ity4 ,i pray leave n[ to propose a conv5i5t plan1 & to lay ?is be=e ! sov]eign4' ,& he s5t mess5g]s to summon up a hundr$ ( ! clay-work]s' tribe ( ! c\ntry ( ,idzumo1 & he himself direct$ ! m5 ( ! clay-work]s' tribe 9 tak+ clay & =m+ %apes ( m51 horses1 & v>i\s ?+s1 & pres5t$ !m to ! ,mikado1 say+3 #8,f n[ & h5ce=? let x be ! law = po/]ity to ex*ange ?+s ( clay = liv+ m51 & set !m up 9 sepul*res4'0 ,! result ( ,mr ,w4 ,g[l&'s excavations ( ! dolm5s1 or burial m\nds1 :i* date f ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 to #fjj ,a4,d41 has be5 ! discov]y ( a great deal ( ! anci5t pott]y--co>se w>e unglaz$ & unpa9t$1 & decorat$ only ) simple patt]ns ( l9es incis$ 9 ! clay :ile s(t4 ,! %apes1 h[ev]1 are (t5 graceful & pleas+4 ,9 ! dolm5s 7 also f\nd ! rude t]ra-cotta figures ( m5 above ref]r$ to4 ,= _m c5turies ! art ( ! pott] rema9$ 9 v mu* ! same primitive condition4 ,a co>se w>e suffic$ = ! dome/ic ut5sils ( ! common p1 & lacqu]$ vessels suppli$ ! wants ( ! m luxuri\s4 ,!re is1 inde$1 m5tion ( ,korean pott]s hav+ be5 br\ght ov] to ,japan aft] ! ,empress ,j+o's victori\s campaign1 & x is said t ! art ( glaz+ 0 practis$ at ,hiz5 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,little real advance1 h[ev]1 0 made till ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,kato ,%irazayemon1 bett] kn[n z ,to%iro1 a native ( ,seto 9 ,ow>i1 & ! fa!r ( ,japanese pott]y1 appe>s4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! results ( ! native kilns he visit$ ,*9a 9 #abbc to /udy ! me?ods practis$ !re1 & aft] six ye>s' abs5ce return$ to ,seto4 ,8 pott]y is a br[n /onew>e ( firm & d5se texture1 & is cov]$ ) a glaze ( a deep ri* br[n1 sometimes mottl$1 altoge!r a great advance on ! previ\s product ( ! c\ntry4 ,! vessels made by him1 mo/ly *a-ire1 or tea-j>s1 us$ 9 ! tea c]emony1 are n[ valu$ at fabul\s prices by ! ,japanese dilettante4 ,a c]ta9 au?ority /ates t ,japanese hi/ory has be5 d5om9at$ by ?ree factors3 ! sword1 ! tea-cup1 & ! pap] h\se4 ,! effects ( ! fir/ & ! la/ h be5 already indicat$1 & a few words "h z to ! second may n be out ( place4 ,leg5d ascribes a sup]natural orig9 to ! tea-plant4 ,! ,buddhi/ sa9t ,d>uma1 he :o sat wrapt 9 m$itation = eight long ye>s s t he q lo/ ! use ( 8 l[] limbs1 once at 8 devotions 0 ov]p[]$ by sleep4 ,on awak5+1 fill$ ) %ame at 8 frailty1 he took a pair ( scissors1 &1 snipp+ (f ! (f5d+ eyelids1 ca/ !m indignantly f him4 ,!y took root :]e !y fell1 & f !m sprang a plant ^: leaves _h ! magic quality ( driv+ away sleep f we>y eyes4 ,9 ! temples x 0 mu* valu$ by ! holy m51 & a c]ta9 degree ( c]emony or ritual att5d$ its use4 ,x 0 9 ! "t ( ,yo%imasa1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 t ! *a-no-yu1 or tea c]emony1 began to assume public importance4 ,9 8 peaceful retirem5t1 surr\nd$ by arti/s & philosoph]s1 x 0 practis$ by ! ex-,%ogun4 ,! prie/ ,%uko drew up a code ( its rules1 *>act]is$ by a sev]e & dignifi$ simplicity4 ,! room us$ 0 small1 & pla9 to b>5ess1 ! ut5sils 7 unornam5t$1 b1 ?\gh to ! ord9>y eye crude & r\gh1 7 mu* priz$ by ! connoisseur4 ,inde$1 ,yo%imasa (t5 rew>d$ important s]vices n by a grant ( l& b by ! gift ( a valu$ tea-j>4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,hideyo%i reviv$ ! c]emony1 & its rules 7 revis$ by ! fam\s philosoph] ,rikiu1 ! greate/ ( all ! ,*a-j91 or tea pr(essors4 ,rikiu consid]$ t ! ess5tials ( ! tea c]emony 73 8,purity1 peacefulness1 rev]5ce1 & ab/raction40 8,x 0 important = ! gue/ to come ) clean h&s1 b mu* m s ) a clean he>t40 ,social rank 0 ignor$3 ^? pres5t took rank accord+ to _! /&+ & reputation z ,*a-j94 ,! mo/ p]fect c\rtesy & polit5ess gov]n$ all ! proce$+s4 ,frivol\s or worldly talk 0 =bidd51 & ! conv]sation *iefly turn$ on ! m]it ( ! kakemono adorn+ ! room1 ! fl[] decoration hang+ be=e x1 & ! implem5ts us$ 9 ! c]emony4 ,a special w>e 0 us$ = ! tea b[ls t]m$ ,raku w>e4 ,x is said fir/ to h be5 made by a ,kioto pott] ,ameya f a design by ,rikiu1 & s delight$ ,hideyo%i t he pres5t$ ! mak] ) a gold seal1 ) ! *>act]s 8,raku0 7enjoym5t7 inscrib$ ^u x1 ) p]mission to use x z a /amp4 ,! w>e is s(t & por\s1 & cov]$ ) a ?ick1 s(t glaze4 ,n turn$ on ! :eel b %ap$ by h&1 x is r\gh & unev5 9 %ape1 & usually be>s no ornam5tation4 ,co>se & unsightly & r\gh z x may appe> to ! un9itiat$1 to ! eye ( ! connoisseur x possesses _m beauties2 its irregul> %ape is com=table to ! h&1 its s(t glaze pleasant to ! lips1 & is said ev5 to imp>t a flav\r to ! tea4 ,z ! relaxation ( ! mo/ cultur$ ( ! l&1 ! tea c]emony _h effects ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,z a corrective to ! milit>y _s its glorification ( ! g5tl] virtues 0 invaluable1 & to x 9 no small degree x is said ! ,japanese owe _! "* z ! mo/ c\rte\s nation 9 ! _w4 ,9 art1 ?\gh mo/ /rongly felt 9 ! field ( ,k]amics1 its influ5ce ext5d$ widely1 affect+ to no small ext5t ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! m9or decorative arts1 & dom9at+1 almo/ 9 a s5se creat+1 ! arts ( l&scape g>d5+ & fl[] arrangem5t4 ,) ,hideyo%i's revival ( ! tea c]emony1 & ! importation ( ,korean pott]s1 ! real hi/ory ( ,japanese ,k]amic art beg9s4 ,kilns 7 f\nd$ 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & z ea* produc$ its own di/9ctive w>e ! developm5t ( ^! local art indu/ries c be/ be trac$ sep>ately4 ,! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 ly+ 9 ! s\? ( ! isl& ( ,kiu%u1 & ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! ,korean ma9l& be+ only "s two hundr$ miles away1 x is natural t "h ! borr[$ indu/ry %\ld fir/ take root4 ,! mo/ anci5t kiln 0 erect$ at ,k>atzu z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury1 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] glaz+ 0 !re us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,japan4 ,s fam\s did ! ,k>atzu w>e become t ,k>atzu-mono1 8?+s ( ,k>atzu10 became ! curr5t "n = all sorts ( pott]y4 ,! ,old ,k>atzu w>e1 h[ev]1 0 co>se & r\gh 9 quality1 ?\gh "s ( its ri* br[n glazes 7 n )\t beauty4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,gorodayu ,%onzui visit$ ,*9a & le>n$ ! art ( mak+ porcela91 & on 8 return to ,japan br\ght a quantity ( ! clay ) him4 ,on ! supply be+ exhau/$1 h[ev]1 ! manufacture /opp$4 ,aft] ,hideyo%i's invasion ( ,korea1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 _m captives 7 br\ght back1 includ+ a ,korean pott]1 ,risampei1 :o discov]$ on ! hills ( ,hiz5 a clay suitable = ! mak+ ( porcela94 ,kilns 7 erect$1 & ! new manufacture />t$ 9 e>ne/4 ,:5 ! ,dut* trad]s dealt ) ! port ( ,nagasaki ! *ief article ( _! export 0 ! porcela9 w>e ( ,arita--kn[n z ,im>i w>e1 f :i* port x 0 %ipp$ to ,nagasaki4 ,x is ?is w>e t 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ,europe & gave ! fir/ & totally errone\s idea ( ! ,k]amic art ( ,japan4 ,= ! 8,old ,japan0 w>e1 z x is call$1 0 delib]ately manufactur$ to suit ! vulg> ta/e ( ! b>b>\s =eign]1 :o dem&$ copi\s & cr[d$ decoration4 ,x is almo/ ludicr\s to comp>e x ) ! w>e manufactur$ at ! same "t = home use4 ,! "o1 ! "w ( ! arti/ ,kakiyemon1 is decorat$ ) da9ty & graceful designs1 :i* 9 _! retic5ce & simplicity are ! embodim5t ( good ta/e2 ! o!r is q un-,japanese 9 /yle1 ! ornam5t cr[d$ & ov]load$ ) col\r1 & (t5 a m]e gaudy jumble4 ,b ! 8,old ,japan0 w>e =m$ ! models = half ! factories ( ,europe1 & we only ne$ to turn to ! ,old ,cr[n ,d]by porcela9 to f9d its atrocities repeat$ ) ludicr\s fidelity4 ,9 #affj ,pr9ce ,nabe%ima e/abli%$ a kiln at ,okawa*i4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! f9e/ porcela9 only1 :i* 0 made = 8 private use1 ! sale be+ prohibit$4 ,beautiful w>e ) a f9e blue "u ! glaze 0 ! *ief product1 & at a lat] date fragile imitations ( fl[]s 7 made1 ( wond]ful delicacy4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,porcela9 7,briti% ,museum7 #a4 ,l>ge ,plate1 ,kutani w>e 7purple1 blue1 & gre51 on yell[ gr\nd7 #b4 ,plate1 ,im>i w>e 7design by ,kakiyemon1 r$1 blue1 gre51 & yell[1 on :ite gr\nd7 #c4 ,plate1 ,nabe%ima w>e 7blue1 on :ite gr\nd7 ,ano!r fam\s factory ( ,hiz5 is t at ,mikawa*i1 :]e ! ,hirado w>e1 p]haps ! f9e/ ( all ,japanese porcela9s1 0 produc$4 ,! factory 0 f\nd$ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & its fir/ manufacture 0 an e>!nw>e cov]$ ) a blue-grey glaze4 ,9 #agab1 h[ev]1 ! discov]y ( f9e porcela9 /one 0 made 9 ! vic9ity1 & 9 #agea ,matsura1 ! feudal *ief ( ,hirado1 took ! kiln "u 8 patronage1 & = ! next hundr$ ye>s ! w>e may be assign$ ! fir/ place among ,japanese porcela9s2 = n only is ! gr\nd a pure & cle> :ite1 b ! pat1 free f gritty p>ticles1 is ( a f95ess ( texture :i* is n possess$ by o!r simil> w>es4 ,) r>e exceptions blue is ! only col\r us$ 9 its decoration1 n ! deep ,*9ese blue nor yet ! r weak t9t ( ,nabe%ima1 b a delicate %ade betwe5 ! two4 ,! fav\rite decorative motive 0 a sc5e ) p9e-trees & *ildr5 at play4 ,9 w>e ( ! f9e/ quality sev5 *ildr5 7 introduc$1 9 ! second quality five1 & 9 ! ?ird ?ree4 ,_m *>m+ pieces 7 also made 9 pla9 :ite w>e ) pi]c$ patt]ns or designs 9 relief1 & at a lat] date ! factory became fam\s = a delicate blue-&-:ite egg%ell porcela94 ,s9ce #ahcj1 h[ev]1 ! w>es ( ! factory h decl9$ greatly 9 quality4 ,until )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ! ,k]amic arts ( ,japan 7 only kn[n to ,europe by _! porcela91 & only crude & inf]ior specim5s ( t1 b ! pott]y & fai5ce :i* m]it$ ev5 m att5tion 7 utt]ly unhe>d (4 ,s9ce !n matt]s h *ang$ v mu*1 & ! fai5ce ( ,satsuma is n[ ! mo/ s\ght aft] ( all ,japanese w>es4 ,b ?\gh ,old ,satsuma w>e has become almo/ a h\sehold ^w1 & !re are few collections b boa/ ( a specim5 or two1 ! bulk ( ^! objects are m or less clev] imitations ( a lat] date1 excell5t (t5 9 !mselves1 b n ! r>e & wond]ful old ,satsuma ) its s(t1 ivory t9t & its almo/ imp]ceptibly crackl$ glaze4 ,! orig9al kiln appe>s to h be5 f\nd$ by ,pr9ce ,%imazu ,yo%ihiro1 *ief ( ,satsuma1 on 8 return f ! ,korean exp$ition1 f :i* he br\ght back sev5te5 skill$ ,korean pott]s4 ,9 #aeih a kiln 0 op5$ close to 8 ca/le at ,*osa1 9 ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,hiuga1 :i* manufactur$ *iefly objects = ! tea c]emony n unlike ^? previ\sly made at ,seto2 b ! glazes 7 ( _m v>ieties & v beautiful1 "s ( !m be+ exce$+ly ri* & brilliant4 ,pr9ce ,yo%ihiro took great int]e/ 9 ! manufactory1 settl+ h&some annuities on ! mo/ skilful pott]s1 & /amp+ ! f9e/ pieces ( "w ) 8 own seal4 ,9 ! ye> #afah ,boku1 "o ( ! orig9al sev5te5 ,korean pott]s1 discov]$ 9 ,satsuma a f9e :ite clay or s& & o!r mat]ials suitable = ! manufacture ( a f9] quality ( fai5ce1 & ! result 0 a great improvem5t 9 ! w>e4 ,9 #afcj ! kilns 7 remov$ to ,nawa%iro1 & by #afge ! w>e _h rea*$ a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,tang51 a pupil ( ! great ,kano pa9t] ,tanyu1 0 employ$ to pa9t or furni% designs = ! pott]s1 & ,satsuma ,tang5 n[ con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ treasures ( ! ,japanese connoisseur4 ,! decoration ( su* pieces z rema9 is slight & sket*y1 ! designs usually l&scape1 bird1 & floral subjects1 & ! col\rs few & simple1 (t5 a r$di% br[n only be+ us$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury two ,satsuma pott]s1 ,hoko ( ! ,tatsumonji factory & ,*iubei ( ! ,tad5o factory1 7 s5t by ,%imazu ,tomonobu1 ! *ief ( ! clan1 to travel all ov] ,japan1 visit+ ! diff]5t factories & le>n+ ! processes us$ 9 ea*4 ,!y visit$ ,hiz51 ,kioto1 ,biz51 ,ow>i1 & o!r places1 & p>ticul>ly seem to h pr(it$ by _! insight into ! me?ods us$ 9 ! production ( ! enamell$ fai5ce ( ,awata1 = aft] _! return1 9 #agie1 may be dat$ a l>ge increase 9 ! manufacture ( enamell$ ,satsuma fai5ce1 ,ni%iki-de1 & x is ?is fai5ce t is s widely kn[n & valu$ z ,old ,satsuma4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is beautiful w>e may be briefly not$4 ,! pat is close z pipeclay & almo/ z firm & h>d z porcela94 ,! *alky1 por\s nature ( ! new] "w at once proclaims its late date4 ,! old glaze is s(t1 lu/r\s1 & mell[1 ) an exce$+ly f9e crackle4 ,! decoration is simple1 *iefly diap]s & floral subjects 9 comp>atively few col\rs1 & ! pieces are inv>iably small--tripod inc5se burn]s ( ab\t sev5 in*es high be+1 p]haps1 ! l>ge/ objects4 ,! l>ge examples pr(usely decorat$ ) human figures1 peacocks1 & o!r designs1 are all ( lat] date belong+ to ! p]iod ( =g]ies :i* set 9 ) ! great increase ( ,european trade aft] #ahfh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vase ,,9 ,,=m ,,( ,,lotus1 ,,satsuma ,,fai5ce 7#ah,,? ,,c5tury7 7,f ! ,collection ( ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son7 ,( imitations !re are _m v>ieties4 ,b fir/ x may be m5tion$ t1 prior to #ahfh1 undecorat$ :ite fai5ce 0 l>gely made at ,satsuma1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds decorat$ at ,tokio1 b ! refir+ necess>y completely takes away1 9 mo/ cases1 ! di/9ctive & beautiful qualities ( ! crackl$ glaze4 ,! r>ity ( ,old ,satsuma w>e may be judg$ f ! fact t ! av]age numb] ( g5u9e pieces (f]$ = sale 9 ,japan dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s has probably n be5 m ?an t51 & n m ?an half ( ^! h left ! c\ntry4 ,?\gh ! ,satsuma fai5ce has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! mo/ beautiful w>e produc$ 9 ,japan1 x is 9 association ) ! ,kioto factories t we f9d mo/ ( ! great names ( ,japanese ,k]amics--,n9sei1 ,k5zan1 & ,hoz54 ,! w>es ( ,kioto may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 fir/1 ! ,old ,raku w>e us$ 9 ! tea c]emony2 second1 ! decorat$ fai5ce ( ,awata & ! neighb\r+ kilns2 & ?ird1 ! porcela9 :i* 0 ! product ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! civil w>s :i* prec$$ ! ,tokugawa p]iod ! city ( ,kioto1 ?\gh ! seat ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 dw9dl$ rapidly 9 importance2 ev5 ! ,mikado & 8 ,kug1 or ,c\rt nobles1 liv$ 9 dire pov]ty4 ,its tide ( prosp]ity did n turn until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x is ) ! adv5t ( ,nomura ,seisuke 7also call$ ,seiyemon & ,seibei7 t ! great p]iod beg9s4 ,8 native place 0 ,n9naji1 ne> ,kioto1 &1 tak+ ! fir/ syllable ( t "n & add+ to x ! fir/ syllable ( 8 own1 he adopt$ ! "n ,n9sei1 ) :i* he /amp$ 8 "w4 ,z already describ$1 ! porcela9 mak]s at ,hiz5 _h le>n$ ! secret ( vitrifiable enamels z e>ly z #afbj1 b x 0 gu>d$ by !m mo/ jeal\sly4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t betwe5 #afej & #afee ,kurobei1 a ,kioto deal] 9 porcela91 obta9$ ! preci\s secret f an ,aritu pott]1 ,aoyama ,koemon4 ,! mis]able man 0 imm$iately put to dea? by 8 irate "l2 b ! secret 0 out1 & pass$ f ! deal] to ,n9sei1 to ! great future b5efit ( ,japan4 ,he appli$ x to ! decoration ( fai5ce ) ! mo/ excell5t results1 = 8 ta/e & skill z a decorative arti/ 7 unrivall$ among 8 contempor>ies1 & to 8 influ5ce may be trac$ _m ( ! mo/ *>m+ developm5ts ( lat] ye>s4 ,a man ( bir?1 he 0 n actually a pott] by pr(ession1 & _h1 !re=e1 no fix$ work%op1 work+ at ! factories ( ,awata1 ,iwakura1 & ,mizoro4 ,he seems to h made no secret ( ! processes he _h ma/]$1 b gladly imp>t$ !m to ^? ) :om he came 9 contact1 & to ?is fact is d\btless due ! rapid rise 9 ! quality & increase 9 ! output ( ! ,kioto w>e4 ,a ^w z to ! ,kioto kilns1 :i* 7 all )9 a radius ( a few miles1 may be "h advisable4 ,! be/ kn[n 7 ,awata1 ,iwakura1 & ,mizoro2 ! o!rs 7 gr\p$ toge!r "u ! g5]al t]m ,kyomizu4 ,n9sei's fai5ce is almo/ wor?y to comp>e ) ! be/ w>e ( ,satsuma1 b is m>k$ by a slightly d>k] col\r1 & is a trifle fragile 9 appe>ance1 lack+ ! firm solidity ( ! ,satsuma w>e4 ,its crackle is f9e & beautifully regul>1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( a cov]+ ( f9e nett+4 ,8 glazes range f a metallic black to a pe>l :ite1 ?r\gh :i* a p9k flu% seems to spread4 ,8 designs = decoration are simple & *a/e1 & ! cle>1 pale gre5s & blues & ri* r$s ( 8 enamels are ( exquisite quality4 ,aft] ,n9sei's dea? ! next great "n at ,awata is t ( ,ogata ,%9sei1 or ,k5zan1 a y\ng] bro!r ( ! /ill m fam\s ,ogata ,kor91 pa9t] & lacqu]]1 p]haps ! greate/ decorative arti/ ,japan has produc$4 ,k5zan 0 also a decorator ( great p[] & orig9ality4 ,9 complete contra/ to ! delicate h>monies ( ,n9sei1 8 designs are r\gh & bold1 b 8 col\r is sup]b & 8 decorative s5se un]r+4 ,8 "w 0 at fir/ conf9$ to ! co>s] w>es ( ! *a-no-yu1 & "h ! s+ul> =ce ( 8 decoration h>monises well ) ! rude %apes1 r\gh e>!nw>e1 & ri* glazes1 s t ! ,k5zan ,raku w>e is inde$ a ?+ ( beauty4 ,b 9 fai5ce he _h equally great success4 ,once se51 8 /yle c be recognis$ any:]e2 a r\gh sket* ( a l&scape1 a bran* 9 blossom1 a flight ( birds1 or ! conv5tional %ape ( a fl[]1 da%$ 9 ) seem+ c>elessness1 b ea* t\* plac$ 9 exactly ! "r spot = decorative fitness4 ,a v f9e specim5 ( 8 "w--a br[n pot decorat$ ) an extremely ri* design ( peacock's fea!rs1 blue-gre5 & purple--may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ?ird great "n ( ! ,kioto gr\p is t ( ,ni%imura ,z5goro1 by ,k]ami/s kn[n z ,hoz54 ,born t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 he 0 "o ( a long l9e ( pott]s4 ,9 #ahja-c he /udi$ at ! ,awata factory1 & soon 8 celadon & blue-&-:ite porcela9 became celebrat$4 ,8 fame attract$ ! notice ( ! feudal *ief ( ,kiu%u1 :o1 9 #ahbg1 invit$ him to 8 prov9ce1 & built a kiln = him 9 8 private p>k1 at :i* he produc$ ! well-kn[n w>e call$1 f its /amp1 ,kairaku-en w>e4 ,z5goro _h made a special /udy ( glazes1 & ! great beauty ( ?is w>e is ! ri* h>mony ( purple1 blue1 & yell[ glazes :i* he obta9$4 ,8 v]satility is %[n by ano!r w>e :i* has an equally high reputation--! 8,eiraku10 or ,k9r&e 7sc>let & gold brocade /yle74 ,?is is a porcela9 w>e ( great delicacy & beauty1 & usually made only 9 small pieces4 ,! gr\nd is ( a s(t coral r$1 ^u :i* is trac$ a weal? ( decoration 9 gold1 ) "h & !re a mass ( ri* blue4 ,( ! _m o!r well-kn[n names rema9+ among ! ,kioto pott]s only pass+ m5tion c be made4 ,9 _m families ! same /amp 0 us$ by "o g5]ation aft] ano!r1 r5d]+ x difficult to di/+ui% _! individual "w4 ,! ,k9kozan1 ,hozan1 ,taizan1 & ,tanzan families c>ri$ ! traditions ( ,n9sei 9 ,awata fai5ce "r d[n to ! pres5t day2 :ile 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,doha*i family & ! ,kyomizu pott] ,rokubei foll[$ 9 _! decoration ! new] naturali/ic s*ool4 ,m5tion mu/ also be made ( ,%uhei & ,kantei1 pott]s ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o are reg>d$ z ! mo/ em95t ma/]s ( ! little ,japanese tea-pot1 or kuisu1 & also ( _! contempor>y ,mokubei1 a pott] ( s great ability t x is a pity he conf9$ himself almo/ entirely to imitations ( ,*9ese & o!r w>es4 ,! hi/ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! ,kaga factories1 :i* turn$ out ! ,kutani w>e1 is int]e/+ & curi\s4 ,ma$a ,to%ih>u1 feudal "l ( ,dai%oji1 hav+ discov]$ a b$ ( f9e porcela9 /one ne> ,kutani1 e/abli%$ a kiln ab\t #afej1 "u ! *>ge ( two well-kn[n pott]s--,tamura ,gonzaemon & ,goto ,saijiro2 b ! v5ture 0 n a success ow+ to ! lack ( k ( ! work]s4 ,n to be outdone1 ,saijiro w5t to ,hiz5 to le>n !re ! secrets ( porcela9 mak+4 ,! only way 9 :i* he 0 able to d ?is 0 by becom+ a p]man5t memb] ( ! community4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he accompli%$ ?is 0 peculi>4 ,he took s]vice 9 ! h\se ( a pott]1 m>ri$ a woman ( ! di/rict1 & work$ !re = sev]al ye>s4 ,:5 he _h le>n$ all !re 0 to le>n he calmly des]t$ wife & family1 & fl$ home to ,kaga1 :]e he imp>t$ ! ne$$ in=mation4 ,%ortly aft] ?is "t1 ab\t #affd1 ! ,kutani pott]s 7 turn+ out w>es ( great beauty & individuality4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,w>es 7,briti% ,museum7 #a4 ,tea-,j>1 by ,to%iro ,i4 #b4 ,tea ,b[l--,raku ,w>e4 #c4 ,tea ,b[l aft] ,n9sei4 #d4 ,tea ,b[l--,omuru1 ,kioto4 #e & #f4 ,tea ,b[ls1 by ,k5zan4 #g4 ,kairaku-en ,w>e4 #h4 ,kioto ,w>e4 #i4 ,soma ,w>e4 #aj4 ,yatsu%iro ,w>e4 #aa4 ,biz5 ,w>e4 #ab4 ,banko ,w>e4 ,( ^! !re 7 sev]al k9ds--! fir/1 ,ao-,kutani1 0 s call$ f ! deep gre5 glaze 7ao gre57 :i* 0 l>gely us$ 9 its decoration2 & o!r glazes--yell[1 purple1 & s(t ,prussian blue--made up a ri*1 l[-ton$ h>mony ( great beauty4 ,9 ! second class ( w>e ! ,arita /yle ( decoration 0 foll[$1 except t ! ,kutani pott] us$ blue "u ! glaze v seldom1 & only 9 subord9ate positions4 ,_! *ief col\rs 7 r$--a s(t1 dull1 ri* col\r v>y+ f ,indian r$ to a russet br[n--& yell[1 purple1 & blue1 supplem5t$ by silv] & gold4 ,_! designs 7 l>gely made by ,morikaga1 a pupil ( ,tanyu-- l&scapes1 birds1 & fl[]s be+ ! *ief subjects4 ,a ?ird fam\s w>e ( ,kutani1 :i* may be t]m$ ! r$ ,kutani z di/+ui%$ f ! gre51 _h a gr\nd ( ri* r$1 ) diap]s or m$allions decorat$ 9 yell[1 gre51 purple1 & r$ enamels4 ,ano!r /yle _h ! gr\nd entirely ( r$1 to :i* designs 7 appli$ 9 silv] & gold1 light gre51 & sometimes yell[ & purple enamels4 ,= "s reason ! activity ( ! ,kutani factory only cont9u$ = ab\t sixty ye>s1 & dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s !re foll[$ a p]iod ( inaction4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! manufacture 0 reviv$1 bo? ! r$ & ! gre5 ,old ,kutani w>es be+ imitat$1 b ) d\btful success4 ,! mod]n col\rs1 especially 9 ! case ( ! r$1 lack ! s(tness ( ! old1 & are1 comp>atively speak+1 h>% & gl>+4 ,9 #ahbg1 at ,edama*i ,kanazawa1 a kiln 0 f\nd$ :i* produc$ a beautiful fai5ce kn[n z ,ohi-yaki1 :i* is *>act]is$ by enamell$ decoration ( great delicacy & ref9em5t4 ,! =ego+ are ! mo/ important ( ! old ,k]amic arts1 = ! mo/ di/+ui%$ products ( ! pre-,meji days may be summ$ up z ! porcela9 ( ,hiz5 & ,kutani & ! fai5ce ( ,satsuma & ,kioto4 ,a numb] ( w>es ( less] importance rema91 *ief among ^! be+ ! ,ow>i w>es4 ,x w be rememb]$ t x 0 to ,seto 9 ,ow>i t ,to%iro return$ aft] 8 visit to ,*9a 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & f\nd$ ! indu/ry :i* entitles him to ! "n ( 8,! ,fa!r ( ,japanese ,pott]y40 ,b f t "t till ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury little *ange took place 9 ! "* ( ! ,seto w>es1 :i* cont9u$ to be /onew>e & e>!nw>e vessels1 & little else4 ,ab\t #ahja1 h[ev]1 a ,seto pott] visit$ ,hiz51 & aft] /udy+ 9 ! factories !re return$1 & f\nd$ a porcela9 manufactory 9 ,seto4 ,soon !y atta9$ great pr(ici5cy 9 ! production ( a blue-&-:ite w>e :i* rivall$ ! products ( ,hiz54 ,_! l>ge pieces 7 p>ticul>ly f9e examples ( fir+1 ! te*nical difficulties to be ov]come be+ enorm\s4 ,! quality1 h[ev]1 ( ?is w>e rapidly det]iorat$ aft] #ahej4 ,at ab\t ! same "t a s(t-crackl$ fai5ce 0 made at ,nagoya by a pott] call$ ,toyosuke4 ,x is a s(t-crackl$ fai5ce ( ! ,raku type1 cov]$ on ! inside ) a gre5i% :ite glaze decorat$ ) bold floral designs1 & on ! outside ) a ?9 coat ( lacqu]4 ,& n[1 = ! rema9+ small] bran*es ( ! indu/ry a pass+ m5tion mu/ suffice4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,biz5 0 manufactur$ a curi\s h>d /onew>e ( a blui% grey col\r1 :i* *iefly took ! =m ( vigor\sly modell$ figures ( gods1 m51 animals1 & birds4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,biz5 /onew>e y f9d repeat$ 9 ano!r =m1 b ) ! same vig\r & orig9ality1 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! netsuk c>v] & ! tsuba work]--,hotei1 ! pot-belli$ god ( cont5tm5t1 be+ a fav\rite subject = treatm5t4 ,at ,ise a weal?y amateur nam$ ,gozayemon f\nd$ a kiln 9 #agcf1 execut+ a w>e :i* 0 kn[n z ,ko ,banko4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a pott]1 ,mori ,yusetsu1 conceiv$ ! idea ( imitat+ ?is old w>e4 ,! imitator1 h[ev]1 0 a mu* bett] arti/ ?an 8 prototype1 & soon ! new ,banko w>e 0 bo? widely diff]5t f1 & ( a mu* f9] quality ?an1 ! old4 ,?is w>e 0 work$ on a m\ld1 :i* 0 plac$ inside ! article1 & ! clay press$ 9 ) ! f+]s1 ! m\ld be+ aft]w>ds remov$ 9 sections4 ,! decoration 0 vigor\s & arti/ic1 consi/+ (t5 ( dragons1 /orks1 etc41 9 relief4 ,9 ,higo a v beautiful w>e call$ ,yatsu%iro 0 made4 ,x is a d5se fai5ce coat$ ) a film ( pale grey clay by imm]sion 9 slip2 ! design1 usually a delicate diap]1 is !n engrav$ & ! l9es fill$ 9 ) :ite clay--! :ole be+ cov]$ ) a f9ely-crackl$ glaze4 ,m5tion mu/ be made also ( ! beautiful egg%ell w>e ( ,m9o--delicate little sak cups & o!r vessels encas$ 9 envelopes ( bamboo basket-"w2 & also ( ! ,fuj9a w>e ( ,idzumo--a fai5ce decorat$ ) beautifully execut$ designs ( insects4 ,at ,nakamura1 9 ,iwaki1 a kiln 0 op5$ 9 #afej1 & "h ! w>e kn[n z ,soma w>e 0 produc$4 ,x is said t ! ,kano pa9t] ,naonobu1 drew z a cre/ = ,soma ,yo%itane ! gallop+ horse :i* 9 v>y+ =ms is se5 on almo/ e piece ( ?is w>e4 ,o!r less] kilns are too num]\s to m5tion1 & exi/$ 9 almo/ e prov9ce4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses a good & v>i$ collection ( ,japanese ,k]amic w>e1 b1 un=tunately1 ! lack ( a catalogue & ! abs5ce ( any sy/ematic arrangem5t1 or ev5 ( prop] labell+1 takes away mu* f its usefulness to ! /ud5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,japanese ,fan ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lacqu] ,! mo/ wond]ful ( all ,japanese arts is _! lacqu]-"w1 &1 p]haps1 9 ?is m completely ?an 9 any o!r m$ium does ! peculi> g5ius ( ,japan f9d expression4 ,= ! comb9ation ( qualities requir$ = ! production ( a piece ( f9e lacqu] are su* z c\ld h be5 f\nd 9 no o!r p4 ,& x comes to u ) a %ock ( surprise t ?is "w1 s free & spontane\s & yet s delicate1 is wr\ght 91 p]haps1 ! mo/ difficult & intractable mat]ial ev] us$ by man1 & built up sl[ly & by inf9itesimal /ages1 lay] by lay]1 ?r\gh weeks & mon?s ( lab\r4 ,ev5 7 ! same brilliant faculty ( design ! gift ( ! ,european1 ! amaz+ & unfalt]+ precision ( h&1 & ! limitless pati5ce & unceas+ c>e requir$ by ! te*nical processes1 place lacqu]-"w f> beyond 8 scope4 ,x is only ! ,ea/]n :o c comb9e ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ ) ! te*nical p[]s & /eady p]sev]ance ( ! ant or ! bee4 ,=1 inde$1 9 exam9+ "o ( ^! m>vell\s ,japanese works1 s full ( exquisite detail1 s p]fect 9 e "p1 "o is irresi/ibly rem9d$ ( ! honeycombs :i* =m ! monum5t ( ! humble insect work]2 b :]e ! "o is ! repetition ( a s+le design fix$ unalt]ably ! o!r is free & spontane\s1 ! product ( an ev]-v>y+ fancy4 ,x is difficult to imag9e any?+ m p]fect ?an a piece ( really f9e lacqu]--! smoo?1 transluc5t surface pleasant ev5 to ! s5se ( t\*2 ! design simple & slight1 & s5sitively plac$ s z to cause ! blank spaces to =m ess5tial p>ts ( ! composition2 & ! :ole gl[+ ) s(t gold ( v>y+ t9ts1 or1 p]haps1 reliev$ ) a boldly inlaid piece ( "m-(-pe>l1 fla%+ ) its brilliant irridesc5t hues4 ,to "o :o has se5 specim5s ( ! f9e/ "w--! glori\s lacqu] ( old ,japan--! words ( ! ,fr5* critic1 ,m4 ,l\is ,gonse1 exagg]at$ ?\gh !y may seem to ! un9itiat$1 appe> no m ?an a m]e /atem5t ( fact3 8,japanese lacqu]$ objects10 he says1 8are ! mo/ p]fect works t h ev] issu$ f ! h&s ( man40 ,b specim5s ( really f9e lacqu] are r>ely to be se5 outside ,japan1 :]e !y are treasur$ 9 ! collections ( ! weal?y4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses h>dly any?+ :i* is really f9e1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton only a few small pieces4 ,! bulk ( ! f9e lacqu] 9 ?is c\ntry is divid$ betwe5 a few private collections1 *ief among :i* is t ( ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son at ,fran*e ,hall1 ne> ,kidd]m9/]--a m>vell\s collection1 ri* 9 examples ( all p]iods1 & conta9+ _m exquisite pieces ( "w4 ,?\gh tradition says t lacqu]-"w 0 kn[n 9 ,japan z e>ly z #cib ,b4,c4 x is suppos$ t ! art1 l o!rs1 came orig9ally f ,*9a4 ,at fir/ its uses 7 purely utilit>ian4 ,dr9k+-vessels 7 coat$ ) lacqu] to r5d] !m wat]-tight1 & z ! surface 0 h>d z glass1 & )/ood consid]able heat1 x 0 also us$ l>gely = cook+ & o!r h\sehold ut5sils4 ,inde$1 ?is expla9s ! sl[ developm5t ( ! pott]'s art 9 ,japan1 = :]e we w\ld use glass or e>!nw>e ! ,japanese us$ lacqu]$ vessels4 ,! arm\r ( an old ,japan w>rior 0 (t5 lea!r coat$ ) lacqu]2 ! sword 0 9 a lacqu]$ scabb>d4 ,he ate (f a lacqu]$ tray1 drank out ( a lacqu]$ cup1 & rode 9 a lacqu]$ c>riage4 ,! lac is a natural product--! gum exud$ by ! uru%i-tree 7rhus v]nicif]a71 a species ( suma*4 ,! f9e/ lac ( all 0 obta9$ f v old trees2 b1 z ! tapp+ & draw+ ( ! sap result$ 9 ! dea? ( ! tree1 ! supply _h to be cont9ually r5ew$1 & s 9 m$ival times l&[n]s 7 compell$ by law to plant annually a c]ta9 numb] ( trees1 & ! export ( lac 0 /rictly =bidd54 ,ev5 ! ,dut* trad]s ( ,nagasaki 7 n all[$ to include x 9 _! %iploads ( porcela9 & o!r w>es1 ) ! exception ( a few pieces ( inf]ior quality1 specially manufactur$1 l ! ,im>i w>e1 = ! ,european m>ket4 ,x is safe to say t until ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahfg no really f9e lacqu] _h ev] be5 se5 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outside ,,( ,,lid ,,( ,,suzuri-,,bako ,,or ,,writ+-,,case ,9 ,gre51 ,gold1 & ,silv]1 on ,black ,gr\nd4 ,koma1 ,e>ly #ah? ,c5tury 7,f ! ,collection ( ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son7 ,at :at date lacqu] began fir/ to be ornam5t$ is unkn[n4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n examples are pres]v$ 9 ! ,todaiji & ,%oso9 temples at ,n>a1 & date f ! six? & eigh? c5turies1 & by ! t5? c5tury "s v f9e "w _h be5 produc$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! c\ntry1 "u ! firm h& ( ! ,tokugawa ,%ogun ,iyeyasu1 aft] c5turies ( turmoil & civil w>1 _h settl$ d[n to a peaceful exi/5ce t ! p]iod ( ! great lacqu] work]s set 94 ,= 9 lacqu]1 z 9 _m ( ! m9or arts1 ! ,tokugawa p]iod m>k$ ! highe/ po9t ( excell5ce4 ,9 ! h\seholds ( ! weal?y ,daimios ! arti/ 0 fre$ f ! m sordid c>es ( life4 ,he ne$ take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 :at he %\ld eat or :at he %\ld dr9k1 b c\ld give 8 :ole life to 8 art4 ,& x 0 by ! quality ( 8 "w1 & n by ! quantity1 t he 0 judg$4 ,he _h no idea ( increas+ 8 output 9 ord] to d\ble 8 returns1 b w\ld sp5d mon?s ( lab\r on an object no l>g] ?an a few in*es squ>e4 ,! l>g] pieces ( "w1 exquisitely wr\ght outside & inside1 ! m delicate "w be+ res]v$ = ! inside1 z !re less liable to damage1 9 _m cases repres5t ! "w ( ye>s4 ,= ! process is long & t$i\s1 & bri/l+ ) te*nical difficulties4 ,fir/ ! wood5 f\ndation = ! box or o!r object to be lacqu]$ is made ( specially select$ wood1 g5]ally a h>d wood call$ by ! ,japanese hi-no-ki1 :i* is n liable to w>p1 & admits ( a v f9e f9i%4 ,^! wood5 objects are examples ( beautiful cab9et mak+1 (t5 little ?ick] ?an c>dbo>d1 b fitt+ ) great exactness4 ,?is f\ndation is /r5g!n$ ) a lay] ( ?9 hemp5 clo?1 & aft] lay+ on "o or two prelim9>y coat+s ( a sort ( pa/e mix$ ) lacqu]1 & c>efully gr9d+ d[n on a :et/one to ensure a p]fectly smoo? & ev5 surface1 ! object is ready = ! lacqu]+ prop]4 ,) a flat1 %ort-hair$ bru%--! hair us$ be+ g5]ally human hair--! coat+ ( lacqu] is laid on 9 a ?91 ev5 lay]1 & ! object set aside to dry1 ! p]iod requir$ = ?is v>y+ f twelve h\rs to sev]al days4 ,lacqu] has ?is peculi> quality1 t x dries be/ 9 a damp atmosph]e1 ! moi/ure 9 ! air seem+ to draw out t 9 ! lacqu]4 ,! articles are1 !re=e1 plac$ to dry 9 a damp cupbo>d4 ,on removal f ! cupbo>d ! surface is !n c>efully smoo!d & poli%$ by rubb+ ) *>coal4 ,coat+ aft] coat+ is add$ 9 ?is way1 ! f9al poli%+s be+ made ) a f9e a% ( calc9$ de]'s horn1 appli$ ) ! f+]s4 ,su* are ! complicat$ processes 9 ! production ( a piece ( pla91 unornam5t$ black lacqu]--! numb] ( sep>ate op]ations be+ no few] ?an ?irty-?ree1 ea* "o requir+ ! greate/ skill & c>e2 :ile = ! production ( "o ( ! m elaborately ornam5t$ pieces ! numb] may ext5d to sixty or m1 = ! me?ods ( decoration are _m & v>i$1 sev]al be+ frequ5tly appli$ to ! same piece ( "w4 ,fir/ ( all we h ! v>ieties ( c>v$ lacqu]4 ,!re 0 ! old ,kamakura lacqu]1 9 :i* ! wood 0 fir/ c>v$1 !n cov]$ ) a f\ndation ( black lacqu]1 to :i* a r$ surface 0 add$4 ,9 tsui%u & tsuikoku1 c>v$ r$ & black lacqu] respectively1 ! article 0 fir/ ?ickly coat$ ) lacqu] & aft]w>ds c>v$4 ,! process is said to h be5 inv5t$ by a ,kioto workman 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! "t ( ,iyeyasu an arti/1 ,heijuro1 s excell$ 9 x t he took ! "n ,tsui%u ,heijuro4 ,*9k9bori is a =m ( incis$ lacqu]1 g5]ally on a black gr\nd4 ,! l9es are engrav$ ) a rat's too?1 z be+ less easily blunt$ ?an a metal tool1 & are usually fill$ 9 ) gold4 ,n9omya ,johei1 a physician ( ,y$o 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 especially fam$ = ?is "w4 ,rad5 is a =m ( lacqu] 9 :i* "m-(-pe>l & o!r %ells1 ei!r 9 irregul> or %ap$ pieces1 are l>gely us$1 ! col\r effects obta9$ be+ ( great brilliancy4 ,a =m ( rad5 call$ aogai1 a mosaic ( gre5 or purple irridesc5t %ell cru%$ small1 is especially us$ = ! decoration ( sword scabb>ds4 ,togida%i is a /yle 9 :i* no rigid outl9e is us$1 b ! =ms left s(t & blurr$1 be+ br\ght out by a s]ies ( rubb+s4 ,! greate/ ma/]s ( ?is class ( "w 7 ,yamamoto ,%un%o & ,koma ,kiuhaku4 ,a curi\s & int]e/+ =m is guri lacqu]4 ,"h _m lay]s ( diff]5t col\r$ lacqu]s are appli$1 & ! surface is !n c>v$ ) conv5tional designs1 9 deep ,v-%ap$ incisions1 expos+ ! diff]5t lay]s ( col\r4 ,! mo/ gorge\s ( all1 h[ev]1 is gold lacqu]1 ! g5]ic t]m = :i* is makiye1 b ?is includes _m v>ieties4 ,9 ! same piece ! gold w v>y f solid masses /&+ up 9 relief to a dim1 impalpable du/ bl5d+ imp]ceptibly into ! ri* black gr\nd4 ,:5 ! decoration is smoo? & level ) ! gr\nd x is t]m$ hiramakiye1 :5 9 relief takamakiye4 ,kirikane is an inlay ( small squ>es1 hirakane or hirame an inlay ( small pieces made f fil+s ( gold flatt5$ on an anvil4 ,9 okibirame1 ano!r inlay1 ! pieces are n du/$ on b ins]t$ s+ly by h&4 ,giobu is a v>iety 9 :i* gold leaf is laid d[n on an irregul> gr\nd4 ,?is is cov]$ ) a deep r$ lacqu] col\r$ ) 8dragon's blood40 ,aft] dry+ ! surface is rubb$ d[n flat1 & ! gold is visible bel[1 tak+ diff]5t t9ts accord+ to its v>y+ dep? f ! surface4 ,na%iji 7pe> gr\nd71 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s /yles1 is a ri* gr\nd ( p[d]$ gold ) ! quality & texture ( ! r9d ( a ripe pe>1 & is l>gely us$ 9 conjunction ) o!r =ms ( decoration4 ,a silv] gr\nd is also (t5 us$ ) *>m+ effect4 ,9 ,mr ,tomk9son's collection two v f9e pieces ( silv] lacqu] by ,go%91 a lacqu]] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 des]ve special m5tion4 ,! gr\nd is ( a dim1 mi/y grey1 & on ?is is depict$ a l&scape ) fir-trees on black lacqu]4 ,! ne>e/ trees /& out bold & cle>1 ^? f>!r (f seem emb$d$ 9 ! mi/4 ,ano!r /yle l>gely us$ = sword scabb>ds 0 sam-nuri1 %>k-sk9 lacqu]4 ,! sk9 ( a species ( ray 0 /ret*$ ov] ! surface1 ! r\gh nodules fil$ d[n p>tially1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) black lacqu]4 ,on ! lacqu] be+ rubb$ d[n smoo? & poli%$ ! nodules %[ z :ite discs on a gr\nd ( black4 ,su* are a few ( ! lead+ /yles ( lacqu]2 b numb]less v>iations exi/1 & "o piece (t5 includes "w 9 sev]al diff]5t /yles4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! use ( lacqu] 0 at fir/ entirely utilit>ian2 its adaptation to ! purposes ( ornam5t belongs to a lat] date4 ,p]haps ! fir/ ornam5tal lacqu] 0 t appli$ to sword scabb>ds1 horse furniture1 & o!r w>like trapp+s4 ,) ! gr[? ( a m peaceful civilisation came its application to ! arts ( peace4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,inro 7,f ! ,collection ( ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son7 #a4 ,cock & ,fl[]s 79 gold & %ell on br[n gr\nd74 ,kajikawa1 #ah? c5tury4 #b4 ,fl[]s & ,pap] ,packets = ,p]fumes 7ivory & gold1 on black gr\nd74 ,kajikawa1 #ai? c5tury4 #c4 ,pi] ( ,bridge 79 gold & %ell1 on black gr\nd74 ,by ,kwoyetsu 7,kor9's ma/]74 #d4 ,well ov]%ad[$ by ,tree 7gold & %ell on black gr\nd74 ,kajikawa1 #ah? c5tury4 ,a v fav\rite object = ! lacqu]] is ! inro or m$ic9e-box--a little box made 9 ?ree or f\r sep>ate sections & hung f ! girdle by a cord4 ,on ! small surface "h available he lavi%$ all ! res\rces ( 8 art1 & 9 inro we f9d _m ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( lacqu]-"w4 ,inde$1 few ?+s are m beautiful ?an a f9e inro1 ) its ri* b exquisitely judg$ ornam5tation1 = ! ,japanese arti/ possesses 9 a m>vell\s degree ! p[] ( work+ on a small field )\t loss ( p[] or dignity4 ,ev5 a specim5 9 pla9 black lacqu]1 unornam5t$1 is a ?+ ( beauty1 pleas+ to t\* & to h&le1 & s p]fectly made t ! divisions betwe5 ! sections are (t5 invisible until !y are pull$ ap>t4 ,?is p]fection ( fitt+ is "o ( ! te/s by :i* ! "w ( ! old ma/]s c be di/+ui%$ f t ( _! mod]n imitators4 ,( ! l>g] pieces ( "w ! *ief is ! suzuri-bako1 or set ( writ+ mat]ials4 ,!n we h ! jis%u kobako1 or implem5ts ( ! p]fume game1 compris+ a cab9et conta9+ ! koro or m9iature brazi]1 ! kobako or p]fume-box1 fuda-bako or c\nt]-box1 & sev]al o!r articles2 & ! sag-ju1 or portable picnic case1 conta9+ boxes1 trays = sweetmeats1 sak bottle1 & s on4 ,japanese au?orities divide ! hi/ory ( lacqu] into f\r eras--t ( ,n>a1 prior to #ghd ,a4,d42 ,heian1 #ghd-aahe2 ,nanboku*o & ,a%ikaga1 #acig-aehg2 ,toyotomi & ,tokugawa1 #aeig-ahfg4 ,( ! e>li] lacqu]]s little is kn[n4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,a%ikaga ,%oguns1 f9e "w 0 produc$ by ,ig>a%i1 ! fir/ ( a l9e ( lacqu]]s ( t "n4 ,little progress 0 made1 h[ev]1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :51 aft] ye>s ( /rife1 ! turbul5t ,daimios 7 f9ally subdu$ by ,iyeyasu1 ! fir/ ( ! ,tokugawa ,%oguns1 & ! c\ntry ent]$ on a p]iod ( peaceful developm5t4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury began to rise ! fir/ ( ! great lacqu]]s1 ^: works are /ill ! envy & wond] ( _! successors4 ,z 9 o!r bran*es ( art1 ! traditions ( ?is craft 7 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son1 & c]ta9 families became fam$ = lacqu]4 ,two /& out especially z ma/]s 9 ! art--! ,koma & ! ,kajikawa families4 ,! ,komas 7 ,c\rt lacqu]]s = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 ! fir/ ( ! family1 ,koma ,kiui1 :o di$ 9 #affc1 be+ lacqu]] to ! ,%ogun ,iyemitsu1 & ! l9e la/$ until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! rise ( ! ,kajikawa family 0 some:at lat]2 ! fir/1 ,kajikawa ,kujiro1 "o ( ! mo/ excell5t arti/s 9 lacqu]1 & fam\s = 8 giobu na%iji1 liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he also 0 foll[$ by a l9e ( fam\s arti/s4 ,bo? ! ,koma & ! ,kajikawa families 7 especially fam\s z inro-mak]s1 & 9 ?is bran* ( ! art x is difficult to say :i* 0 ! great]4 ,! ,koma 7 rem>kable = _! col\r$ decorations1 9 :i* ! design look$ at by oblique light appe>s to be ( gold b by direct light %[s 9 brilliant col\r4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ lacqu]]s ( :om !re is any record is ,honami ,koyetsu1 #aeij-afcg4 ,kor9 is said to h f\nd$ 8 /yle on t ( ,koyetsu1 ^: "w c]ta9ly resembles to "s ext5t t ( ! lat] & m fam\s arti/4 ,9 ,mr ,tomk9son's collection are two inros by ,koyetsu & ,kor9 respectively1 ea* decorat$ ) ! same design--! pi] ( a bridge 9 "m-(-pe>l & gold--& treat$ 9 an almo/ id5tical mann]4 ,! greate/ ( all names 9 lacqu] is t ( ,ogata ,kor91 born #affj1 di$ #agaf4 ,z a pa9t] he is entitl$ to a place among ! highe/1 b z a lacqu]] he /&s alone4 ,8 absolute orig9ality & boldness ( conception1 8 ma/]ly in/9ct 9 design1 & 8 spl5did draughtsman%ip are se5 equally 9 8 lacqu] z 9 8 pa9t+s1 b x is 9 8 lacqu] only t 8 unrivall$ decorative p[]s f9d _! fulle/ scope4 ,if ! ,japanese decorative arti/ has a fault x is t he is too pictorial 9 8 me?ods1 t he is almo/ inv>iably endeav\r+ to tell a /ory4 ,b ,kor9 does n lacqu] l a pa9t]1 he pa9ts l a lacqu]]4 ,he is fir/ ( all boldly & frankly decorative--! lit]>y appeal is second>y4 ,& ?\gh to "o n ?or\ghly 9 sympa?y ) ! arti/ !re is mu* 9 8 "w t appe>s obscure or un9telligible1 to ! eye ( ! en?usia/ ^! 8obscurities0 are spl5did & triumphant pieces ( decoration4 ,m]e prett9ess appeal$ little to ,kor91 b 8 "w has on ?is acc\nt ! great] dignity4 ,ev5 :5 at fir/ sight x />tles & almo/ repels x soon gr[s on "o2 ! long] "o looks ! /rong] is its fasc9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,inro ,,by ,,kor9 7,f ! ,collection ( ,mr ,m4 ,tomk9son7 #a4 ,de] 79 lead on gold gr\nd7 #b4 ,biwa 9 ! ,waves 7gold & %ell on black gr\nd7 #c4 ,fukurokujiu 7lead & %ell on gold gr\nd7 #d4 ,/orks & bamboo 79 pe>l & lead on gold gr\nd7 ,! bread? ( 8 treatm5t is ! amaz+ ?+ ab\t ,kor9's "w1 l>ge masses ( "m-(-pe>l1 ! body ( a bird1 = in/ance1 be+ laid 9 boldly 9 "o piece1 z 9 ! inro ) cranes "h reproduc$4 ,metals also1 su* z lead & pewt]1 7 us$ j z d>+ly4 ,b 9 ! ref9em5ts ( 8 art ,kor9 0 equally great4 ,8 gold mat gr\nds 7 especially fam\s1 & 7 imitat$ by _m ( 8 successors4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by a /eady1 ri*1 full t9t ) a gl[ 9 x1 & v>y f a silv]y to a deep copp] hue1 & 9 texture f an impalpable du/ to an inlay ( squ>e dice4 ,!n f ! solid mat ! gold w ?9 out into ! lacqu] till lo/ 9 its dep?s4 ,8 bold] "w e>n$ ! same s9c]e flatt]y ( imitation1 b ! imitator c easily be detect$4 ,mr ,tomk9son's collection is especially ri* 9 f9e specim5s ( ,kor9's "w1 & ?r\gh 8 c\rtesy ,i reproduce "o or two *>act]i/ic examples4 ,ritsuo1 a pupil & contempor>y ( ,kor91 0 born 9 #affc4 ,l 8 ma/]1 he 0 celebrat$ 9 _m bran*es ( art2 n only a lacqu]]1 he 0 a skilful metal work]1 a c>v]1 a pott]1 & a pa9t]4 ,9 8 m ri*ly decorat$ lacqu]1 t kn[n z hiaku-ho-kan 7a hundr$ preci\s ?+s inlaid71 he (t5 introduc$ pieces ( 8 own pott]y4 ,8 "w is v di/9ctive1 bold1 & /rong1 ) firm modell+ & ri*1 full col\r+4 ,9 8 suzuri-bako he appe>s to special advantage2 ! outside ( ! box r\gh & bold1 ! inside enri*$ ) "w full ( delicacy & ref9em5t4 ,"o f9e example 9 ,mr ,tomk9son's collection has ! outside 9 r\gh wood1 ! gra9 be+ made m prom95t by ! s(t p>ts hav+ be5 eat5 out ) acid4 ,9 ! c5tre ! wood is cut away1 & a figure ( ,d>uma1 9 pott]y1 is inlaid4 ,! inside ( ! lid is a complete contra/ to ! rud5ess ( ! ext]ior1 & is wr\ght ) ! utmo/ delicacy & beauty ( f9i%4 ,ritsuo's pupil ,hanzan also did v f9e "w 9 a simil> mann]4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum possesses a v beautiful little inro f 8 h&1 inlaid ) fi% 9 rose-t9t$ "m-(-pe>l4 ,( mod]n ma/]s ! mo/ fam\s is ,ze%91 born 9 #ahjg1 di$ 9 #ahia1 & bo? z a lacqu]] & pa9t] he 0 wor?y to rank ) 8 great pr$ecessors4 ,ze%9 is almo/ ! only "o ( ! mod]ns ^: "w c\ld at all comp>e ) t ( ! old ma/]s1 b he liv$ & di$ 9 pov]ty & obscurity4 ,mod]n indu/rial conditions h>dly admit ( ! same pati5t workman%ip--mon?s1 & p]haps ye>s1 be+ exp5d$ on "o article4 ,spe$i] results are requir$1 & ?is causes ! use ( inf]ior b quick] dry+ lac1 :i* has nei!r ! beauty nor ! durability ( ! f9] quality4 ,a pro( ( ?is 0 giv5 aft] ! ,vi5na ,exhibition ( #ahgb4 ,! vessel :i* 0 tak+ back a numb] ( pieces ( lacqu]1 old & new1 0 wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,japan4 ,eighte5 mon?s aft] ! pieces 7 recov]$1 ! new utt]ly ru9$1 b ! old "w entirely unh>m$1 bright & unt>ni%$1 z if fre% f ! mak]'s h&s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,l&scape ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fl[]s ,no review ( ,japanese art1 h[ev] sup]ficial1 c pass ov] )\t m5tion "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all its phases--! application ( its conv5tions to ! liv+ & pla/ic =ms ( nature 9 ! si/] arts ( l&scape g>d5+ & ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s4 ,& "h1 z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 ! ,japanese arti/ does n seek dully & slavi%ly to copy nature1 b by a frank & dext]\s use ( ^! conv5tions he endeav\rs to sugge/ its _s4 ,by ?is dep>ture f m]e lit]al tru? he atta9s a wid] fidelity to nature4 ,9 ! limit$ space at 8 disposal he kn[s t he _c transplant a piece ( natural sc5]y--he mu/ "w to scale--b 8 m9iature rocks1 trees1 hills1 & /reams are s exquisitely proportion$ z to express )9 ! area ( a few y>ds ! bread? & expanse ( nature4 ,s1 too1 9 fl[] arrangem5t1 ! ma/] secures ! appe>ance ( naturalness by ! mo/ c>eful & d>+ manipulation4 ,twigs & /ems are twi/$ & brok51 leaves & petals ev5 %ap$ & cut1 to produce ! effect app>5tly s spontane\s1 s free f artificiality4 ,& ! reason is obvi\s4 ,! defect or incongruity t w\ld pass unnotic$ amid ! weal? & pr(usion ( ! liv+ plant1 balanc$ ) sup]b ease by c\ntless o!r po9ts ( int]e/ s t ! eye c\ld n dwell on ! de=mity1 :5 transf]r$ to ! n>r[] field ( ! fl[] vase1 /&s out ) awful di/9ctness1 & assumes an importance :i* =m]ly x did n possess4 ,! arti/ d>e n take ! lib]ties :i* ,nature all[s h]self4 ,h] keybo>d is limitless1 b 8 h>monies mu/ be built up ( a few c>efully select$ *ords4 ,! rise ( bo? arts dates f t wond]ful p]iod ( awak5+--! com+ ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,! fir/ g>d5s 7 ^? ( ! old ,buddhi/ temples2 ! fir/ fl[] arrangem5ts 7 plac$ z (f]+s be=e _! %r9es4 ,among ! e>lie/ examples ( l&scape g>d5+ 7 ! temple groves ( ,biodo-,9 at ,uji1 & ,todaiji & ,k(ukuji at ,n>a1 & ?is old /yle ( temple g>d51 simple & sev]e1 0 call$ ,%9d5-,%iki1 b little is kn[n reg>d+ ! details ( its arrangem5t4 ,) ! ,kamakura p]iod1 f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5? c5turies1 we come to m famili> gr\nd4 ,!n ! l&scapes took a fre] =m--hills & valleys1 lakes1 /reams1 & wat]falls be+ repres5t$4 ,a curi\s =m 0 ! ,k>e-sansui1 or dri$-up wat] sc5]y1 :]e ! b$ ( a /ream or ! holl[ ( a lake 0 %[n dry1 z if 9 "t ( dr\ght1 & ?is /yle 0 usually comb9$ ) a b>e m\nta9 or moorl& sc5e4 ,b a great impetus 0 giv5 to ! art :51 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,yo%imasa1 retir+ f active life1 & surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( arti/s & sages1 reviv$ ! anci5t tea c]emony1 & made x ! nucleus ( s _m =ms ( art4 ,! wide-rea*+ effects ( ?is qua9t c]emonial on art g5]ally h already be5 indicat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,a special =m ( g>d5 0 devot$ to its use2 :ile also ! art ( fl[] arrangem5t fl\ri%$ = long m]ely z an adjunct ( ! *a-no-yu4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p ( ,*a-j91 or tea pr(essors1 7 ,%uko 7! tea*] ( ,yo%imasa71 ,%[o1 & ! fam\s arti/s ,no-ami & ,oguri ,sotan2 :ile a little lat] we h ! names ( ,gei-ami1 ,s-ami1 & lat] /ill ,s5no ,rikiu & ,en%iu4 ,s-ami 0 "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( l&scape g>d5+1 & 9 8 quiet & dignifi$ compositions "o sees ! h& t produc$ ! delicate l&scape pa9t+s ( mi/y hill & lake4 ,examples ( 8 g>d5s exi/ to ?is day1 ! be/ kn[n be+ t ( ! ,silv] ,pavilion at ,g9kakuji1 :i* 0 laid out ab\t ! ye> #adhj4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ,en%iu 0 ! f\nd] ( a new s*ool1 :i* aft]w>ds became v popul>4 ,"o ( 8 greate/ works 0 a palace g>d5 ne> ,kioto1 ?r\gh :i* fl[$ ! riv] ,katsura1 & s highly e/eem$ 0 ?is g>d5 t = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] 8 dea? n a /one or %rub 0 alt]$4 ,dur+ ! luxuri\s ,tokugawa p]iod x became ! cu/om = ! weal?y ,daimios to h _! g>d5s laid out by well-kn[n arti/s2 & ! art grew /ill m 9 importance1 a mod]n /yle be+ introduc$ by ,asagori ,%imanosuke ( ,fu%imi 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! tra9+ ( ! l&scape g>d5] 0 long & ardu\s1 = x 0 by no means ! same ?+ to compose an actual l&scape z to pa9t "o4 ,! novice 0 s5t direct to nature to sket* & /udy natural =ms1 n1 z 9 pa9t+1 f "o po9t ( view only1 b s z to realise h[ a sc5e w\ld appe> f all sides4 ,9 design+ a g>d5 ! fir/ /ep 0 a c>eful survey ( ! site2 its dra9age1 levels1 size1 & %ape _h all to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! aspect !n 0 *os51 & ?is 0 g5]ally s\? or s\?-ea/1 s z to be %elt]$ f ! cold we/ w9d1 ?\gh ne> ,tokio a vi/a to ! we/ 0 always left op5 comm&+ a view ( ,m\nt ,fuji4 ,!n ! /yle ( ! g>d5 _h to be decid$4 ,0 x to be a hill g>d5 or flat pla9 l&8 ,0 x to foll[ ! 8,rocky ,ocean10 ! 8,wide ,riv]10 ! 8,m\nta9 ,torr5t0 or ! 8,lake ,wave0 /yle8 ,! "* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry w\ld l>gely det]m9e ! answ] to ?is "q1 = a g>d5 0 design$ to fill h>moni\sly its place 9 ! natural sc5e4 ,! arti/ also1 :ile endeav\r+ to obta9 a result t w\ld look well f any po9t1 _h to be> 9 m9d t ! be/ view ( all %\ld be f ! h\se itself4 ,a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ,japanese g>d5s is t wat]1 9 ! =m ( cascade1 lake1 or /ream1 is almo/ univ]sally pres5t1 its cool & refre%+ prop]ties be+ consid]$ well-nigh indisp5sable4 ,! ma9 levels fix$1 ! hills & valleys modell$1 ! next important feature consi/$ ( ! rocks & /ones :i* repres5t ! crags & precipices ( nature4 ,great c>e is tak5 9 ! selection ( ^!1 :i* are t]m$ ! bones ( ! g>d54 ,c]ta9 /ones1 :i* are highly valu$ are (t5 br\ght great di/ances1 ! l>g] ones sometimes c>efully split to r5d] c>riage m easy1 & piec$ toge!r aga9 on _! arrival4 ,fancy prices 7 paid = su* /ones2 &1 inde$1 to su* a height did ?is =m ( extravagance atta91 t e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury an edict 0 issu$ limit+ ! price to a c]ta9 sum4 ,! size ( ! g>d51 :i* v>i$ f ab\t fifty squ>e y>ds to a few acres1 gave ! scale ( ! /ones1 & ^! aga9 9 _! turn fix$ ! size ( ! %rubs1 ! trees1 ! f5ces1 & o!r furni%+s ( ! g>d54 ,9 a l>ge g>d5 !re 7 no less ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight ( ^! /ones1 ea* ) its special "n & purpose assign$ to x4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! trees1 %rubs1 & fl[]s a regul> or symmetrical arrangem5t 0 avoid$1 ! gr[?s & =ms ( nature 7 c>efully foll[$1 & ! result made to appe> z free & un/udi$ z possible4 ,contra/s ( =m & l9e1 & ( col\r 9 ! foliage1 7 s\ght aft]4 ,no g>d5 0 deem$ complete )\t maple-trees1 s plac$ t ! light ( ! sett+ sun w\ld enhance ! ri*ness ( its crimson leaves4 ,decidu\s trees 7 n s l>gely us$ z ev]gre5s on acc\nt ( _! b>5ess 9 w9t]2 b exceptions 7 made 9 ! case ( ! plum & ! *]ry1 s highly priz$ = ! beauty ( _! blossom4 ,fl[]s 7 *iefly gr\p$ r\nd ! h\se1 & 7 sp>+ly di/ribut$ among ! foliage2 b "h aga9 we h exceptions 9 ! case ( ! iris & ! lotus1 :i* 7 us$ 9 l>ge masses ) gorge\s effect4 ,m9iature pagodas appe>$ among ! trees 9 ! l>g] g>d5s1 little bridges cross$ ! /reams1 & l>ge /one lant]ns ca/ a dim & my/]i\s light ov] ! sc5e :5 d>kness _h fall54 ,b n[ let u turn to ! si/] art4 ,! love ( fl[]s has long be5 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,japanese p4 ,z long ago z ! n9? c5tury ! ,emp]or ,saga held g>d5 p>ties dur+ ! fl[]+ ( ! *]ry blossom1 at :i* ! lit]ati ( ! day compos$ v]ses 9 hon\r ( ! fl[]s2 & n[1 aft] ! lapse ( t5 c5turies1 ! transi5t glory ( ! *]ry blossom is /ill a national fe/ival1 obs]v$ alike by ! ri* & ! poor4 ,n[h]e b 9 ,japan has ! fl[] motive be5 s ext5sively us$ 9 art or ) su* grace & *>m4 ,! ,japanese fl[] pa9t+s /& 9 a class by !mselves1 beside :i* all o!rs seem clumsy & co>se1 alike 9 conception & execution1 b x is 9 ! appli$ arts t _! fancy is all[$ to run riot4 ,9 lacqu] floral designs are wr\ght wond]fully 9 gold or inlaid 9 "m-(-pe>l2 9 metal !y appe> 9 *as+1 emboss+1 inlay+1 & _m o!r =ms2 !y =m ! *ief decorations ( pott]y & porcela92 b x is p]haps 9 ! textile fabrics ( ,japan1 9 ! gorge\s silk brocades1 t !y are se5 9 _! greate/ glory4 ,?is be+ s1 ne$ we be surpris$ t 9 ,japan ! arrang+ ( liv+ fl[]s has = hundr$s ( ye>s be5 recognis$ z a f9e art1 has _h its s*ools1 its laws1 & its traditions1 & has numb]$ among its expon5ts su* great arti/s z ,s-ami1 ,oguri ,sotan1 & ,kor98 ,! fl[] arti/1 !y say1 8mu/ be ?or\ghly imbu$ ) a sympa!tic feel+ = ! "*1 habits1 virtues1 & weaknesses ( ! memb]s ( ! floral k+dom f :i* he seeks 8 mat]ial1 till he possesses ! same love & t5d]ness = _! qualities z = ^? ( human be+s40 ,& s to ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s ! ,japanese br+ an en?usiasm1 a delicacy1 & a ref9em5t ( da9ty p$antry t1 ev5 9 its mo/ /ilt$ & artificial =ms1 is full ( *>m1 = ! _s und]ly+ ! =mality & giv+ life to ! mo/ mann]$ productions is ?is g5u9e & rev]5tial love = ! beauties ( nature4 ,x is relat$ ( ,rikiu1 ! fam\s fl[] arti/ & philosoph]1 t he once obs]v$ a f5ce cov]$ ) a beautiful gr[? ( convolvulus4 ,aft] /&+ = a :ile rapt 9 admiration he pluck$ "o fl[] & "o leaf1 :i* he c>efully arrang$ 9 a vase4 8,:y s humble10 ask$ 8 fri5ds & pupils1 8:5 ! :ole plant is !re at y\r disposal80 8,nay10 answ]$ ! ma/]2 8x is impossible to rival nature 9 magic ( design1 & s any artificial arrangem5t %\ld be m>k$ by mode/y & simplicity4 ,b ev5 "o leaf & "o fl[] are suffici5t to call = admiration40 ,! ,japanese art ( ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s deals n only ) blooms b also ) _m non-fl[]+ plants *>act]is$ by a graceful habit ( gr[?4 ,! effects aim$ at are pre-em95tly ^? ( l9e & balance1 col\r be+ m or less subord9at$ to ^! qualities4 ,! e>lie/ fl[] /udies1 plac$ z (f]+s be=e ! %r9es 9 ! temples1 foll[$ a /yle ( erect composition kn[n z ! ,rikkwa s*ool1 & ) _! v]tical c5tral mass & support+ side gr\ps approa*$ m ne>ly to symmetry ?an is usual 9 ,japanese art4 ,9 ! lat] /yles symmetry 0 c>efully avoid$1 &1 p]haps1 to no dep>tm5t ( art does ! /yle ( asymmetrical yet balanc$ composition seem m suit$ ?an to ^? delightful arrangem5ts ( freely gr[+ natural =ms4 ,! mo/ popul> s*ool is t ( ,en%iu1 :i* gr\ps ! ess5tials "u ?ree heads4 ,fir/1 ! quality ( giv+ feel+ & expression to compositions1 = ! ,japanese arti/ is no m]e copyi/ ( nature2 ea* gr\p mu/ mean some?+1 mu/ convey "s idea4 ,second1 tru? to nature 9 ! s5se ( pres5t+ correctly ! /yle ( gr[? ( ! plants us$2 & ?ird1 tru? to nature 9 ! /rict obs]vance ( ! laws ( season & locality4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! composition h ea* a special "n1 z also h _m ( ! faults into :i* ! novice is liable to fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fl[] ,,composition ,naga%i1 ! arrangem5t ( long1 /ream+ sprays on ea* side ( a gr\p1 is1 z approa*+ ! symmetrical1 especially to be avoid$4 8,w9d[-mak+10 ! cross+ ( /alks 9 su* a mann] z to give ! appe>ance ( loopholes1 & 8lattice-mak+10 :]e ! cross+ sugge/s lattice-"w1 are bo? grave faults1 z is also any suspicion ( p>allelism 9 ! ma9 l9es4 ,x is n suffici5t ei!r t ! f9i%$ /udy %\ld look well f ! front4 ,x mu/ be> ! te/ ( exam9ation f all po9ts ( view4 ,!re are also di/9ct rules reg>d+ ! vessels employ$ to hold ! compositions4 ,sometimes beautifully wr\ght b[ls ( bronze are us$1 sometimes vessels ( wood or porcela91 sometimes a simple wick] basket4 ,! %all[ bronze b[l is ! mo/ usual1 z 9 x little vices ( wood may be conv5i5tly fix$ across to hold toge!r ! /ems1 & metal crabs1 dragons1 tortoises1 & frogs are (t5 us$ to hold ! cutt+s 9 position1 & at ! same "t =m "p ( ! design4 ,sometimes ! vessel is made 9 ! %ape ( a boat1 a /yle said to be fir/ inaugurat$ by ,s-ami1 & s9ce =m+ a class ( composition by itself4 ,a fav\rite comb9ation is a r\gh wood5 tub us$ = horses to dr9k f & a bronze horse's bit4 ,its use dates back to a "t :5 a fam\s g5]al ( old1 dur+ "o ( ! dull] int]vals ( a campaign1 employ$ 8 leisure 9 compos+ a fl[] /udy1 us+ z vessel & vice ! only articles at 8 disposal4 ,hold]s ( bamboo are us$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 z _m z =ty-two diff]5t me?ods ( cutt+ & not*+ ! holl[ /em be+ recognis$4 ,"s ( ! names ( ^! are delightfully expressive--su* z 8lion's m\?10 8s++ m\?10 8flute10 8/ork's neck10 8con* %ell10 &1 mo/ impos+ ( all1 8cascade-climb+-dragon's =m40 ,! plants !mselves are gr\p$ 9 _m grades4 ,sev5--! *rysan!mum1 ! n>cissus1 ! maple1 ! wi/]ia1 & ! ev]gre5 rhodea--are ( pr9cely rank1 & =m a v]itable ari/ocracy ( fl[]s4 ,! iris1 also1 is ( equal rank ) ! =ego+1 b1 ow+ to its purple col\r1 mu/ nev] be us$ at a w$d+4 ,!n1 aga91 )9 ! same species1 ! fl[]s take rank accord+ to _! col\r1 9 mo/ cases ! :ite bloom rank+ highe/4 ,among *rysan!mums1 h[ev]1 ! yell[ takes prec$5ce1 ) ! pea* & *]ry pale p9k1 & ) ! camellia & peony r$4 ,c]ta9 plants1 also1 mu/ nev] be us$1 & ?is 8,index ,expurgatorius0 includes all /rong-smell+ or poison\s plants1 & a long li/ compris+ ! a/]1 ! poppy1 ! or*id1 ! rhodod5dron1 & _m o!rs4 ,male & female attributes are also appli$ to plants 9 _m ways4 ,! front ( leaves is male1 ! back female2 r$1 purple1 p9k1 or v>iegat$ fl[]s are male2 blue1 yell[1 & :ite female4 ,s t a fl[] composition 9 ,japan1 ap>t f its intr9sic beauty1 be>s a weal? ( symbolic mean+4 ,9 all important rooms !re is an ornam5tal alcove or recess1 call$ ! toko-no-ma1 ) rais$ floor poli%$ & lacqu]$1 & a h&some corn] pill> ( r>e wood4 ,on ! back wall is hung ! kakemono1 or 9 "s cases a pair1 or set ( ?ree1 & on ! dais be=e x1 or susp5d$ f above1 is plac$ ! fl[] /udy4 ,9 ?is recess are display$1 "o at a "t1 ! *oice/ art treasures ( ! h\se1 & 9 front ( x is ! place ( ! hon\r$ gue/4 ,!re is an etiquette ev5 9 look+ at fl[] /udies1 & 9 prais+ !m only appropriate epi!ts %\ld be us$1 always s(tly express$4 ,:ite fl[]s are 8elegant10 blue 8f9e10 r$ 8*>m+10 yell[ 8spl5did10 & purple 8mode/40 ,b ! greate/ complim5t t c be paid to a gue/ on su* an occasion is to ask him to make an extempore arrangem5t himself4 ,& "h ! c]emonial is delightful 9 its graceful =mality4 ,! ho/ br+s a tray ) vase1 cut blooms & sprays1 scissors1 knife1 & a little saw4 ,if ! vessel br\ght be a v valuable "o ! gue/ mode/ly prote/s t he c produce no?+ wor?y ( s f9e a sett+1 b1 on be+ press$ by 8 ho/1 %\ld comply ) 8 wi%es4 ,! ho/ !n removes ! kakemono1 = to all[ x to rema9 w\ld impose ^u ! arti/ ! task ( design+ 8 gr\p 9 h>mony ) x1 & ) ! re/ ( ! company )draws to an adjo9+ room until1 ! "w be+ complet$1 ! gue/ summons !m1 hav+ plac$ ! scissors beside 8 composition z a sil5t reque/ = ! correction ( its faults4 ,:5 8 ho/ ent]s he apologises = ! imp]fections ( 8 "w1 & begs t ! :ole may be remov$4 ,! ho/ 9 8 turn assures him t 9 beauty x is all t c\ld be desir$1 & s ! delicate int]*ange ( complim5ts goes on4 ,n ! lea/ attractive feature ( ?is g5tle art is ! evanesc5t nature ( its *>ms4 ,! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! arti/ 9 lacqu] or 9 metal1 works = po/]ity3 hundr$s ( ye>s h5ce 8 fame may be great] f> ?an x is to-day4 ,b ! arti/ 9 fl[]s c hope = no su* p]man5ce 9 8 "w1 its creations are v]ily b 8! lilies ( a day10 8 mode/ task b to give sweetness & beauty to ! pass+ h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,japanese ,fan ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,art ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,,/ew>t ,,dick ,small ,qu>to4 #cs4 #f;d4 net ,i4 ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,old ,,japan4 ,by ,,/ew>t ,,dick4 #cj ,full-,page & o!r ,illu/rations ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,ii4 ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt ,,iii4 ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,engl& ,,iv4 ,,celtic ,,art ,new ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue may be _h1 ,po/ ,free1 f ! ,publi%] ,t4 ,n4 ,,f\lis #c ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh #ce ,,leice/] ,,squ>e1 ,,london4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,transcrib]s' ,,notes ,miss+ or incorrect punctuation1 z well z obvi\s spell+ errors 7e4g41 #8/ong]' #8/rong]'71 h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! orig9al spell+s ( ,japanese names 7p1 places1 & ?+s7 h be5 reta9$ & h n be5 updat$ to reflect mod]n or?ography4 ,9 ?is text v]sion1 80 0 us$ to indicate words :i* 7 9 italics 9 ! orig9al text & all small caps h be5 replac$ ) capital lett]s4