,,! ,,future ,,( ,,an ,,illusion ,,! ,,int]national ,,psy*o-,,analytical ,,libr>y ,,edit$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,jones ,no4 #ae ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,an ,,illusion ,,sigmund ,,freud1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,robson-,,scott ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,horace ,,liv]ight ,,& ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,psy*o-,,analysis ,,mcmxxviii ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh ,,translator',s ,,note ,i wi% to express my ?anks to ! ,editor & to ,mr4 ,james ,/ra*ey = read+ ?r\gh ?is translation & mak+ _m helpful sugge/ions4 ,w4 ,d4 ,r4-,s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,:5 "o has liv$ = long )9 a p>ticul> culture#a & has (t5 /riv5 to discov] its orig9s & ! pa? ( its developm5t1 "o feels = once ! temptation to turn "o's att5tion 9 ! o!r direction & to ask :at fur!r fate awaits ?is culture & :at trans=mations x is de/9$ to und]go4 ,b "o soon f9ds t ! value ( su* an enquiry is dim9i%$ f ! outset by sev]al consid]ations4 ,above all1 by ! fact t !re are only a few p :o c survey human activity 9 all its ramifications4 ,mo/ p h be5 compell$ to re/rict !mselves to a s+le1 or to a few1 sph]es ( int]e/2 b ! less a man kn[s ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t ! m unreliable mu/ 8 judgem5t ( ! future prove4 ,& fur!r x is precisely 9 ! matt] ( ?is judgem5t t ! subjective expectations ( ! individual play a "p t is difficult to assess2 = ^! prove to be dep5d5t on purely p]sonal factors 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 on 8 m or less hopeful attitude to life1 accord+ z temp]am5t1 success or failure has prescrib$ = him4 ,& f9ally "o mu/ take into acc\nt ! rem>kable fact t 9 g5]al m5 exp]i5ce ! pres5t navely1 s to speak1 )\t be+ able to e/imate its cont5t2 !y mu/ fir/ place x at a di/ance1 i4e4 ! pres5t mu/ h become ! pa/ be=e "o c w9 f x po9ts ( vantage f :i* to gauge ! future4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,g]man ^w ,kultur has be5 translat$ sometimes z #8culture' & sometimes z #8civilization'1 d5ot+ z x does a concept int]m$iate betwe5 ^! & at times inclusive ( bo?4--,,ed4 ,& s he :o yields to ! temptation to deliv] an op9ion on ! probable future ( our culture w d well to rem9d himself ( ! difficulties j indicat$1 & likewise ( ! unc]ta9ty t atta*es q univ]sally to e prophecy4 ,x foll[s f ?is t 9 ha/y flight f s great a task ,i %all seek out ! small tract ( t]ritory to :i* my att5tion has hi!rto be5 direct$1 z soon z ,i h def9$ its position 9 g5]al4 ,human culture--,i mean by t all ^? respects 9 :i* human life has rais$ itself above animal conditions & 9 :i* x diff]s f ! life ( ! bea/s1 & ,i disda9 to sep>ate culture & civilization--pres5ts1 z is well kn[n1 two aspects to ! obs]v]4 ,x includes on ! "o h& all ! k & p[] t m5 h acquir$ 9 ord] to ma/] ! =ces ( nature & w9 res\rces f h] = ! satisfaction ( human ne$s2 & on ! o!r h& x includes all ! necess>y arrangem5ts :]eby m5's relations to ea* o!r1 & 9 p>ticul> ! di/ribution ( ! atta9able ri*es1 may be regulat$4 ,! two t5d5cies ( culture are n indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 fir/1 because ! mutual relations ( m5 are pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! measure ( in/9ctual satisfaction t ! exi/+ res\rces make possible2 secondly1 because ! individual c himself take on ! quality ( a piece ( prop]ty 9 8 relation to ano!r1 9 s f> z ?is o!r makes use ( 8 capacity = "w or *ooses him z sexual object2 & ?irdly1 because e individual is virtually an enemy ( culture1 :i* is nev]!less o/5sibly an object ( univ]sal human conc]n4 ,x is rem>kable t little z m5 are able to exi/ 9 isolation !y %\ld yet feel z a heavy burd5 ! sacrifices t culture expects ( !m 9 ord] t a communal exi/5ce may be possible4 ,?us culture mu/ be def5d$ aga9/ ! individual1 & its organization1 its in/itutions & its laws1 are all direct$ to ?is end2 !y aim n only at e/abli%+ a c]ta9 di/ribution ( prop]ty1 b also at ma9ta9+ x2 9 fact1 !y mu/ protect aga9/ ! ho/ile impulses ( mank9d ev]y?+ t contributes to ! conque/ ( nature & ! production ( weal?4 ,human creations are easy to de/roy1 & sci5ce & te*nical skill1 :i* h built !m up1 c also be turn$ to _! de/ruction4 ,s "o gets ! impression t culture is some?+ :i* 0 impos$ on a resi/+ majority by a m9ority t und]/ood h[ to possess itself ( ! means ( p[] & co]cion4 ,( c\rse x /&s to reason t ^! difficulties are n inh]5t 9 ! nature ( culture itself1 b are condition$ by ! imp]fections ( ! cultural =ms t h s f> be5 develop$4 ,inde$ x is n difficult to po9t out ^! defects4 ,:ile mank9d has made solid advances 9 ! conque/ ( nature & may expect to make /ill great] ones1 no c]ta9 claim c be e/abli%$ = a correspond+ advance 9 ! regulation ( human affairs1 & probably at e p]iod1 z aga9 n[1 _m m5 h ask$ !mselves :e!r ?is fragm5t t has be5 acquir$ by culture is inde$ wor? def5d+ at all4 ,"o might suppose t a reorganization ( human relations %\ld be possible1 :i*1 by ab&on+ co]cion & ! suppression ( ! in/9cts1 w\ld remove ! s\rces ( dissatisfaction ) culture1 s t undi/urb$ by inn] conflict m5 might devote !mselves to ! acquisition ( natural res\rces & to ! enjoym5t ( ! same4 ,t w\ld be ! gold5 age1 b x is que/ionable if su* a /ate ( affairs c ev] be realiz$4 ,x seems m probable t e culture mu/ be built up on co]cion & in/9ctual r5unciation2 x does n ev5 appe> c]ta9 t )\t co]cion ! majority ( human individuals w\ld be ready to submit to ! lab\r necess>y = acquir+ new means ( support+ life4 ,"o has1 ,i ?9k1 to reckon ) ! fact t !re are pres5t 9 all m5 de/ructive1 & !re=e anti-social & anti-cultural1 t5d5cies1 & t ) a great numb] ( p ^! are /rong en\gh to det]m9e _! behavi\r 9 human society4 ,?is psy*ological fact acquires a decisive significance :5 "o is =m+ an e/imate ( human culture4 ,"o ?\ght at fir/ t ! ess5ce ( culture lay 9 ! conque/ ( nature = ! means ( support+ life1 & 9 elim9at+ ! dang]s t ?reat5 culture by ! suitable di/ribution ( ^! among mank9d1 b n[ ! emphasis seems to h %ift$ away f ! mat]ial plane on to ! psy*ical4 ,! critical "q is :e!r & to :at ext5t "o c succe$1 fir/1 9 dim9i%+ ! burd5 ( ! in/9ctual sacrifices impos$ on m52 secondly1 9 reconcil+ !m to ^? t mu/ necess>ily rema92 & ?irdly1 9 comp5sat+ !m = ^!4 ,x is j z impossible to d )\t gov]nm5t ( ! masses by a m9ority z x is to disp5se ) co]cion 9 ! "w ( civilization1 = ! masses are lazy & un9tellig5t1 !y h no love = in/9ctual r5unciation1 !y are n to be conv9c$ ( its inevitability by argum5t1 & ! individuals support ea* o!r 9 giv+ full play to _! unrul9ess4 ,x is only by ! influ5ce ( individuals :o c set an example1 :om ! masses recognize z _! lead]s1 t !y c be induc$ to submit to ! lab\rs & r5unciations on :i* ! exi/5ce ( culture dep5ds4 ,all is well if ^! lead]s are p ( sup]ior insight into :at con/itute ! necessities ( life1 p :o h atta9$ ! height ( ma/]+ _! own in/9ctual wi%es4 ,b ! dang] exi/s t 9 ord] n to lose _! influ5ce !y w yield to ! masses m ?an ^! w yield to !m1 & !re=e x seems necess>y t !y %\ld be indep5d5t ( ! masses by hav+ at _! disposal means ( en=c+ _! au?ority4 ,to put x briefly1 !re are two widely diffus$ human *>act]i/ics :i* are responsible = ! fact t ! organization ( culture c be ma9ta9$ only by a c]ta9 measure ( co]cion3 t is to say1 m5 are n naturally fond ( "w1 & argum5ts are ( no avail aga9/ _! passions4 ,i "k :at objections w be br\ght aga9/ ^! argum5ts4 ,x w be said t ! "* ( ! masses1 "h del9eat$1 :i* is suppos$ to prove t "o _c disp5se ) co]cion 9 ! "w ( civilization1 is itself only ! result ( defective cultural organization1 ?r\gh :i* m5 h become embitt]$1 rev5geful & unapproa*able4 ,new g5]ations1 br\ght up k9dly & taught to h a respect = reason1 :o h exp]i5c$ ! b5efits ( culture e>ly 9 life1 w h a diff]5t attitude t[>ds x2 !y w feel x to be _! v own possession1 & !y w be ready on its acc\nt to make ! sacrifice 9 lab\r & 9 in/9ctual r5unciation t is necess>y = its pres]vation4 ,!y w be able to d )\t co]cion & w diff] little f _! lead]s4 ,if no culture has s f> produc$ human masses ( su* a quality1 x is due to ! fact t no culture has yet discov]$ ! plan t w influ5ce m5 9 su* a way1 & t f *ildhood on4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r x is possible at all1 or at any rate j n[1 9 ! pres5t /age ( our conque/ ( nature1 to e/abli% a cultural organization ( ?is k9d2 x may be ask$ :]e ! ?rong ( sup]ior1 dep5dable & dis9t]e/$ lead]s1 :o are to act z educators ( ! future g5]ations1 are to come f2 & "o may be appall$ at ! /up5d\s am\nt ( =ce t w be unavoidable if ^! int5tions are to be c>ri$ out4 ,b "o _c d5y ! gr&eur ( ?is project & its significance = ! future ( human culture4 ,x is securely bas$ on a piece ( psy*ological insight1 on ! fact t man is equipp$ ) ! mo/ v>i$ in/9ctual pr$ispositions1 ! ultimate c\rse ( :i* is det]m9$ by ! exp]i5ces ( e>ly *ildhood4 ,b ! limitations ( man's capacity = education set b\nds to ! efficacy ( su* a cultural trans=mation4 ,"o may "q :e!r & 9 :at degree x w\ld be possible = ano!r cultural milieu to efface ! two *>act]i/ics ( human masses t make ! guidance ( m5's affairs s v difficult4 ,! exp]im5t has n yet be5 made4 ,probably a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( mank9d--ow+ to morbid pr$isposition or too great in/9ctual vig\r--w always rema9 asocial1 b if only "o c succe$ 9 r$uc+ to a m9ority ! majority t is to-day ho/ile to culture1 "o w h accompli%$ a great deal1 p]haps inde$ ev]y?+ t c be accompli%$4 ,i %\ld n l to give ! impression t ,i h w&]$ f> away f ! *os5 pa? ( my enquiry4 ,i w !re=e expressly ass]t t x is f> f my int5tion to e/imate ! value ( ! great cultural exp]im5t t is at pres5t 9 progress 9 ! va/ c\ntry t /ret*es betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,i h nei!r ! special k nor ! capacity to decide on its practicability1 to te/ ! exp$i5cy ( ! me?ods employ$1 or to measure ! wid? ( ! inevitable gulf betwe5 int5tion & execution4 ,:at is !re 9 c\rse ( prep>ation eludes inve/igation1 = :i* x is n ready2 = ?is our long consolidat$ culture pres5ts ! mat]ial4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,we h glid$ unaw>es out ( ! economic plane ov] into ! psy*ological4 ,at fir/ we 7 tempt$ to seek ! ess5ce ( culture 9 ! exi/+ mat]ial res\rces & 9 ! arrangem5ts = _! di/ribution4 ,b ) ! discov]y t e culture is bas$ on compulsory lab\r & in/9ctual r5unciation1 & t x !re=e inevitably evokes opposition f ^? affect$ by ^! dem&s1 x became cle> t ! res\rces !mselves1 ! means ( acquir+ !m1 & ! arrangem5ts = _! di/ribution c\ld n be its ess5tial or unique *>act]i/ic2 = !y are ?reat5$ by ! rebelli\sness & de/ructive passions ( ! memb]s ( ! culture4 ,?us 9 addition to ! res\rces !re are ! means ( def5d+ culture3 ! co]cive measures1 & o!rs t are int5d$ to reconcile m5 to x & to recomp5se !m = _! sacrifices4 ,& ^! la/ may be describ$ z ! psy*ical sph]e ( culture4 ,= ! sake ( a uni=m t]m9ology we w describe ! fact t an in/9ct _c be satisfi$ z #8fru/ration'1 ! means by :i* ?is fru/ration is secur$ z #8prohibition'1 & ! condition produc$ by ! prohibition z #8privation'4 ,!n ! next /ep is to di/+ui% betwe5 privations t d affect ev]ybody & ^? t d n1 ^? t m]ely affect gr\ps1 classes1 or ev5 individuals4 ,! =m] are ! olde/2 ) ! prohibitions t cause !m culture began1 :o kn[s h[ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 to deta* itself f ! primordial animal condition ( mank9d4 ,to our surprise we h f\nd t !y are /ill op]ative1 t !y /ill =m ! k]nel ( ! ho/ility to culture4 ,! in/9ctual wi%es t suff] "u !m are born anew ) e *ild2 !re is a class ( m51 ! neurotics1 :o react already to ?is fir/ gr\p ( fru/rations by an asocial attitude4 ,su* in/9ctual wi%es are ^? ( ince/1 ( cannibalism1 & ( murd]4 ,x seems /range to classify ^!1 9 repudiat+ :i* all m5 seem to be at "o1 ) ^? o!rs1 ab\t ^: p]missibility or imp]missibility 9 our culture !re is s vigor\s a dispute2 b psy*ologically "o is ju/ifi$ 9 do+ ?is4 ,nor is ! attitude ( culture to ^! olde/ in/9ctual wi%es ! same 9 ea* case2 cannibalism alone seems to be proscrib$ by ev]yone1 &--to o!r ?an analytic obs]vation--completely ov]come2 ! /r5g? ( ! ince/ wi%es c /ill be p]ceiv$ beh9d ! prohibition2 & "u c]ta9 conditions murd] is /ill practis$1 inde$ enjo9$1 by our culture4 ,x is possible t cultural developm5ts lie be=e u1 9 :i* yet o!r wi%-gratifications1 :i* are to-day entirely p]missible1 w appe> j z disagreeable z ^? ( cannibalism d n[4 ,already 9 ^! e>lie/ in/9ctual r5unciations a psy*ological factor is involv$1 :i* rema9s ( great importance = ev]y?+ t foll[s4 ,x is n true to say t ! human m9d has und]gone no developm5t s9ce ! e>lie/ times & t 9 contra/ to ! advances ( sci5ce & te*nical skill x is /ill ! same to-day z at ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,we c po9t out "o ( ^! advances "h4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ! c\rse ( our developm5t t ext]nal compulsion is gradually int]naliz$1 9 t a special m5tal function1 man's sup]-ego1 takes x "u its jurisdiction4 ,e *ild pres5ts to u ! model ( ?is trans=mation2 x is only by t means t x becomes a moral & social be+4 ,?is /r5g!n+ ( ! sup]-ego is a highly valuable psy*ological possession = culture4 ,^? p 9 :om x has tak5 place1 f be+ ! foes ( culture1 become its support]s4 ,! great] _! numb] 9 a cultural community1 ! m secure x is & ! m easily c x disp5se ) ext]nal co]cion4 ,n[ ! degree ( ?is int]nalization diff]s widely 9 ! case ( ea* in/9ctual prohibition4 ,z f> z ! e>lie/ dem&s ( culture1 already m5tion$1 are conc]n$1 ! process ( int]nalization seems to h be5 to a great ext5t accompli%$1 if we leave out ( acc\nt ! unwelcome exception ( ! neurotics4 ,b ! case is alt]$ :5 we turn to ! o!r in/9ctual claims4 ,"o notes ) surprise & conc]n t a majority ( m5 obey ! cultural prohibitions 9 "q only "u ! pressure ( ext]nal =ce1 9 fact only :]e ! latt] c ass]t itself & = z long z x is an object ( fe>4 ,?is also holds good = ^? s-call$ moral cultural dem&s1 :i* 9 ! same way apply to ev]yone4 ,! great] "p ( :at "o exp]i5ces ( man's moral untru/wor?9ess is to be expla9$ 9 ?is connection4 ,!re are innum]able civiliz$ p :o w\ld %r9k f murd] or ince/1 & :o yet d n hesitate to gratify _! av>ice1 _! aggressiv5ess & _! sexual lu/s1 & :o h no compunction 9 hurt+ o!rs by ly+1 fraud & calumny1 s long z !y rema9 unpuni%$ = x2 & no d\bt ?is has be5 s = _m cultural epo*s4 ,if we turn to ^? re/rictions t only apply to c]ta9 classes ( society1 we enc\nt] a /ate ( ?+s :i* is gl>+ly obvi\s & has always be5 recogniz$4 ,x is to be expect$ t ! neglect$ classes w grudge ! fav\r$ ones _! privileges & t !y w d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to rid !mselves ( _! own surplus ( privation4 ,:]e ?is is n possible a la/+ measure ( discont5t w obta9 )9 ?is culture1 & ?is may lead to dang]\s outbreaks4 ,b if a culture has n got beyond ! /age 9 :i* ! satisfaction ( "o gr\p ( its memb]s necess>ily involves ! suppression ( ano!r1 p]haps ! majority--& ?is is ! case 9 all mod]n cultures1--x is intelligible t ^! suppress$ classes %\ld develop an int5se ho/ility to ! culture2 a culture1 ^: exi/5ce !y make possible by _! lab\r1 b 9 ^: res\rces !y h too small a %>e4 ,9 su* conditions "o mu/ n expect to f9d an int]nalization ( ! cultural prohibitions among ! suppress$ classes2 inde$ !y are n ev5 prep>$ to ackn[l$ge ^! prohibitions1 int5t1 z !y are1 on ! de/ruction ( ! culture itself & p]haps ev5 ( ! assumptions on :i* x re/s4 ,^! classes are s manife/ly ho/ile to culture t on t acc\nt ! m lat5t ho/ility ( ! bett] provid$ social /rata has be5 ov]look$4 ,x ne$ n be said t a culture :i* leaves unsatisfi$ & drives to rebelli\sness s l>ge a numb] ( its memb]s nei!r has a prospect ( cont9u$ exi/5ce1 nor des]ves x4 ,! ext5t to :i* cultural rules h be5 int]naliz$--to express x popul>ly & unpsy*ologically3 ! moral level ( ! memb]s--is n ! only psy*ical asset to be consid]$ if "o is e/imat+ ! value ( a culture4 ,9 addition !re is its h]itage ( ideals & arti/ic creations1 t is to say1 ( ! satisfactions !y bo? yield4 ,"o w be only too readily incl9$ to include among ! psy*ical possessions ( a culture its ideals1 t is1 its judgem5ts ( :at are its l(tie/ & its mo/ ambiti\s accompli%m5ts4 ,x seems at fir/ z if ^! ideals w\ld det]m9e ! a*ievem5ts ( ! cultural gr\p2 b ! actual process w\ld seem to be t ! ideals are modell$ on ! fir/ a*ievem5ts t ! co-op]ation ( int]nal ability & ext]nal circum/ances made possible1 & t n[ ^! fir/ a*ievem5ts are m]ely held fa/ by ! ideal z examples to be foll[$4 ,! satisfaction ! ideal gives to ! memb]s ( ! culture is ?us ( a n>cissi/ic nature1 x is bas$ on pride 9 :at has already be5 successfully a*iev$4 ,to make ?is satisfaction complete ! culture comp>es itself ) o!rs :i* h appli$ !mselves to o!r tasks & h develop$ o!r ideals4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! diff]5ces e culture claims ! "r to despise ! re/4 ,9 ?is way cultural ideals become a s\rce ( discord & enmity betwe5 diff]5t cultural gr\ps1 z c be mo/ cle>ly se5 among nations4 ,! n>cissi/ic satisfaction provid$ by ! cultural ideal is also "o ( ! =ces t effectively c\nt]act ! ho/ility to culture )9 ! cultural gr\p4 ,x c be %>$ n only by ! fav\r$ classes1 :i* enjoy ! b5efits ( ?is culture1 b also by ! suppress$1 s9ce ! "r to despise ^? t are outside x comp5sates !m = ! wrongs !y suff] 9 _! own gr\p4 ,true1 "o is a mis]able plebeian1 torm5t$ by obligations & milit>y s]vice1 b )al "o is a ,roman citiz51 "o has "o's %>e 9 ! task ( rul+ o!r nations & dictat+ _! laws4 ,?is id5tification ( ! suppress$ ) ! class t gov]ns & exploits !m is1 h[ev]1 only a "p ( a l>g] :ole4 ,?us ! =m] c be atta*$ affectively to ! latt]2 9 spite ( _! animosity !y c f9d _! ideals 9 _! ma/]s4 ,unless su* relations1 fundam5tally ( a satisfy+ k9d1 7 9 exi/5ce1 x w\ld be impossible to und]/& h[ s _m cultures h contriv$ to exi/ = s long 9 spite ( ! ju/ifi$ ho/ility ( great masses ( m54 ,diff]5t 9 k9d is ! satisfaction t art yields to ! memb]s ( a cultural gr\p4 ,z a rule x rema9s inaccessible to ! masses1 :o are engag$ 9 exhau/+ lab\r & :o h n enjoy$ ! b5efits ( individual education4 ,z we h long kn[n1 art (f]s sub/itutive gratifications = ! olde/ cultural r5unciations1 /ill always mo/ deeply felt1 & = t reason s]ves l no?+ else to reconcile m5 to ! sacrifices !y h made on culture's behalf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 works ( art promote ! feel+s ( id5tification1 ( :i* e cultural gr\p has s mu* ne$1 9 ! occasion !y provide = ! %>+ ( highly valu$ emotional exp]i5ces4 ,& :5 !y repres5t ! a*ievem5ts ( a p>ticul> culture1 ?us 9 an impressive way recall+ x to its ideals1 !y also subs]ve a n>cissi/ic gratification4 ,no m5tion has yet be5 made ( :at is p]haps ! mo/ important "p ( ! psy*ical inv5tory ( a culture3 t is to say1 its--9 ! broade/ s5se--religi\s ideas2 9 o!r words1 ! use ( :i* w be ju/ifi$ lat]1 its illusions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,:]e9 lies ! peculi> value ( religi\s ideas8 ,we h spok5 ( ! ho/ility to culture1 produc$ by ! pressure x ex]cises & ! in/9ctual r5unciations t x dem&s4 ,if "o imag9$ its prohibitions remov$1 !n "o c\ld *oose any woman :o took "o's fancy z "o's sexual object1 "o c\ld kill )\t hesitation "o's rival or :oev] int]f]$ ) "o 9 any o!r way1 & "o c\ld seize :at "o want$ ( ano!r man's goods )\t ask+ 8 leave3 h[ spl5did1 :at a succession ( delights1 life w\ld be6 ,true1 "o soon f9ds ! fir/ difficulty3 ev]yone else has exactly ! same wi%es1 & w treat "o ) no m consid]ation ?an "o w treat him4 ,& s 9 reality !re is only "o s+le p]son :o c be made unre/rict$ly happy by aboli%+ ?us ! re/rictions impos$ by culture1 & t is a tyrant or dictator :o has monopoliz$ all ! means ( p[]2 & ev5 he has e reason to want ! o!rs to keep at lea/ "o cultural comm&m5t3 ?\ %alt n kill4 ,b h[ ungrateful1 h[ %ort-sight$ aft] all1 to /rive = ! abolition ( culture6 ,:at w\ld !n rema9 w\ld be ! /ate ( nature1 & t is f> h>d] to endure4 ,x is true t nature does n ask u to re/ra9 our in/9cts1 %e lets u d z we l2 b %e has h] peculi>ly effective mode ( re/rict+ u3 %e de/roys u1 coldly1 cruelly1 call\sly1 z x seems to u1 & possibly j ?r\gh :at has caus$ our satisfaction4 ,x 0 because ( ^! v dang]s ) :i* nature ?reat5s u t we unit$ toge!r & creat$ culture1 :i*1 among/ o!r ?+s1 is suppos$ to make our communal exi/5ce possible4 ,inde$1 x is ! pr9cipal task ( culture1 its real raison d'tre1 to def5d u aga9/ nature4 ,"o mu/ confess t 9 _m ways x already does ?is tol]ably well1 & cle>ly z "t goes on x w be mu* m successful4 ,b no "o is "u ! illusion t nature has s f> be5 vanqui%$2 few d>e to hope t %e w ev] be completely "u man's subjection4 ,!re are ! elem5ts1 :i* seem to mock at all human control3 ! e>?1 :i* quakes1 is r5t asund]1 & buries man & all 8 works2 ! wat]1 :i* 9 tumult floods & subm]ges all ?+s2 ! /orm1 :i* drives all be=e x2 !re are ! diseases1 :i* we h only lately recogniz$ z ! attacks ( o!r liv+ creatures2 & f9ally !re is ! pa9ful riddle ( dea?1 = :i* no rem$y at all has yet be5 f\nd1 nor probably ev] w be4 ,) ^! =ces nature rises up be=e u1 sublime1 pitiless1 inexorable2 ?us %e br+s aga9 to m9d our weakness & helplessness1 ( :i* we ?\ght ! "w ( civilization _h rid u4 ,x is "o ( ! few noble & gratify+ spectacles t m5 c (f]1 :5 9 ! face ( an elem5tal cata/rophe !y awake f _! muddle & confusion1 =get all _! int]nal difficulties & animosities1 & rememb] ! great common task1 ! pres]vation ( mank9d aga9/ ! supremacy ( nature4 ,= ! individual1 z = mank9d 9 g5]al1 life is h>d to endure4 ,! culture 9 :i* he %>es imposes on him "s measure ( privation1 & o!r m5 occasion him a c]ta9 degree ( suff]+1 ei!r 9 spite ( ! laws ( ?is culture or because ( its imp]fections4 ,add to ?is ! evils t unvanqui%$ nature--he calls x ,fate--inflicts on him4 ,"o w\ld expect a p]man5t condition ( anxi\s susp5se & a sev]e injury to 8 innate n>cissism to be ! result ( ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,we "k already h[ ! individual reacts to ! injuries t culture & o!r m5 inflict on him3 he develops a correspond+ degree ( resi/ance aga9/ ! in/itutions ( ?is culture1 ( ho/ility t[>ds x4 ,b h[ does he def5d himself aga9/ ! supremacy ( nature1 ( fate1 :i* ?reat5s him1 z x ?reat5s all8 ,culture relieves him ( ?is task3 x p]=ms x 9 ! same way = ev]yone4 7,x is also notewor?y t pretty well all cultures are ! same 9 ?is respect47 ,x does n cry a halt1 z x 71 9 its task ( def5d+ man aga9/ nature2 x m]ely pursues x by o!r me?ods4 ,?is is a complex bus9ess2 man's s]i\sly m5ac$ self-e/eem craves = consolation1 life & ! univ]se mu/ be rid ( _! t]rors1 & incid5tally man's curiosity1 re9=c$1 x is true1 by ! /ronge/ practical motives1 dem&s an answ]4 ,) ! fir/ /ep1 :i* is ! humanization ( nature1 mu* is already won4 ,no?+ c be made ( imp]sonal =ces & fates2 !y rema9 et]nally remote4 ,b if ! elem5ts h passions t rage l ^? 9 our own s\ls1 if dea? itself is n some?+ spontane\s1 b ! viol5t act ( an evil ,w1 if ev]y:]e 9 nature we h ab\t u be+s :o resemble ^? ( our own environm5t1 !n inde$ we c brea! freely1 we c feel at home 9 face ( ! sup]natural1 & we c deal psy*ically ) our frantic anxiety4 ,we are p]haps /ill def5celess1 b no long] helplessly p>alys$2 we c at lea/ react2 p]haps inde$ we are n ev5 def5celess1 we c h rec\rse to ! same me?ods aga9/ ^! viol5t sup]m5 ( ! beyond t we make use ( 9 our own community2 we c try to exorcise !m1 to appease !m1 to bribe !m1 & s rob !m ( "p ( _! p[] by ?us influ5c+ !m4 ,su* a sub/itution ( psy*ology = natural sci5ce provides n m]ely imm$iate relief1 x also po9ts ! way to a fur!r ma/]y ( ! situation4 ,= !re is no?+ new 9 ?is situation4 ,x has an infantile prototype1 & is really only ! cont9uation ( ?is4 ,= once be=e "o has be5 9 su* a /ate ( helplessness3 z a little *ild 9 "o's relation%ip to "o's p>5ts4 ,= "o _h reason to fe> !m1 especially ! fa!r1 ?\gh at ! same "t "o 0 sure ( 8 protection aga9/ ! dang]s !n kn[n to "o4 ,& s x 0 natural to assimilate & comb9e ! two situations4 ,"h1 too1 z 9 dream-life1 ! wi% came into its own4 ,! sleep] is seiz$ by a pres5tim5t ( dea?1 :i* seeks to c>ry him to ! grave4 ,b ! dream-"w kn[s h[ to select a condition t w turn ev5 ?is dread$ ev5t into a wi%-fulfilm5t3 ! dream] sees himself 9 an anci5t ,etruscan grave1 into :i* he has desc5d$1 happy 9 ! satisfaction x has giv5 to 8 ar*ological int]e/s4 ,simil>ly man makes ! =ces ( nature n simply 9 ! image ( m5 ) :om he c associate z 8 equals--t w\ld n d ju/ice to ! ov]p[]+ impression !y make on him--b he gives !m ! *>act]i/ics ( ! fa!r1 makes !m into gods1 !reby foll[+ n only an infantile1 b also1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 a phylog5etic prototype4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! fir/ obs]vations ( law & ord] 9 natural ph5om5a are made1 & !re) ! =ces ( nature lose _! human traits4 ,b m5's helplessness rema9s1 & ) x _! fa!r-long+ & ! gods4 ,! gods reta9 _! ?reefold task3 !y mu/ exorcise ! t]rors ( nature1 !y mu/ reconcile "o to ! cruelty ( fate1 p>ticul>ly z %[n 9 dea?1 & !y mu/ make am5ds = ! suff]+s & privations t ! communal life ( culture has impos$ on man4 ,b )9 ^! !re is a gradual %ift+ ( ! acc5t4 ,x is obs]v$ t natural ph5om5a develop ( !mselves f inw>d necessity2 )\t d\bt ! gods are ! lords ( nature3 !y h arrang$ x ?us & n[ !y c leave x to itself4 ,only occasionally1 9 ! s-call$ miracles1 d !y int]v5e 9 its c\rse1 z if to prote/ t !y h surr5d]$ no?+ ( _! orig9al sph]e ( p[]4 ,z f> z ! vicissitudes ( fate are conc]n$1 an unpleasant suspicion p]si/s t ! p]plexity & helplessness ( ! human race _c be rem$i$4 ,?is is :]e ! gods are mo/ apt to fail u2 if !y !mselves make fate1 !n _! ways mu/ be deem$ inscrutable4 ,! mo/ gift$ p ( ! anci5t _w dimly surmis$ t above ! gods /&s ,de/9y & t ! gods !mselves h _! de/9ies4 ,& ! m autonom\s nature becomes & ! m ! gods )draw f h]1 ! m e>ne/ly are all expectations conc5trat$ on ! ?ird task assign$ to !m & ! m does morality become _! real doma94 ,x n[ becomes ! bus9ess ( ! gods to adju/ ! defects & evils ( culture1 to att5d to ! suff]+s t m5 inflict on ea* o!r 9 _! communal life1 & to see t ! laws ( culture1 :i* m5 obey s ill1 are c>ri$ out4 ,! laws ( culture !mselves are claim$ to be ( div9e orig91 !y are elevat$ to a position above human society1 & !y are ext5d$ ov] nature & ! univ]se4 ,& s a ri* /ore ( ideas is =m$1 born ( ! ne$ to make tol]able ! helplessness ( man1 & built out ( ! mat]ial (f]$ by memories ( ! helplessness ( 8 own *ildhood & ! *ildhood ( ! human race4 ,x is easy to see t ^! ideas protect man 9 two directions2 aga9/ ! dang]s ( nature & fate1 & aga9/ ! evils ( human society itself4 ,:at x am\nts to is ?is3 life 9 ?is _w s]ves a high] purpose2 true1 x is n easy to guess ! nature ( ?is purpose1 b c]ta9ly a p]fect+ ( human exi/5ce is impli$4 ,probably ! spiritual "p ( man1 ! s\l1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t has s sl[ly & unwill+ly deta*$ itself f ! body1 is to be reg>d$ z ! object ( ?is elevation & exaltation4 ,ev]y?+ t takes place 9 ?is _w expresses ! int5tions ( an ,intellig5ce1 sup]ior to u1 :i* 9 ! end1 ?\gh its devi\s ways may be difficult to foll[1 ord]s ev]y?+ = good1 t is1 to our advantage4 ,ov] ea* "o ( u wat*es a b5evol5t1 & only app>5tly sev]e1 ,provid5ce1 :i* w n suff] u to become ! play?+ ( ! />k & pitiless =ces ( nature2 dea? itself is n annihilation1 n a return to inorganic lifelessness1 b ! beg9n+ ( a new k9d ( exi/5ce1 :i* lies on ! road ( developm5t to some?+ high]4 ,& to turn to ! o!r side ( ! "q1 ! moral laws t h =m$ our culture gov]n also ! :ole univ]se1 only !y are upheld ) incomp>ably m =ce & consi/5cy by a supreme judicial c\rt4 ,9 ! end all good is rew>d$1 all evil puni%$1 if n actually 9 ?is life1 !n 9 ! fur!r exi/5ces t beg9 aft] dea?4 ,& ?us all ! t]rors1 ! suff]+s1 & ! h>d%ips ( life are de/9$ to be oblit]at$2 ! life aft] dea?1 :i* cont9ues our e>?ly exi/5ce z ! invisible "p ( ! spectrum adjo9s ! visible1 br+s all ! p]fection t p]haps we h miss$ "h4 ,& ! sup]ior wisdom t directs ?is issue1 ! supreme goodness t expresses itself ?us1 ! ju/ice t ?us a*ieves its aim--^! are ! qualities ( ! div9e be+s :o h fa%ion$ u & ! _w 9 g5]al2 or r ( ! "o div9e be+ into :i* 9 our culture all ! gods ( antiquity h be5 cond5s$4 ,! race t fir/ succe$$ 9 ?us conc5trat+ ! div9e qualities 0 n a little pr\d ( ?is advance4 ,x _h reveal$ ! fa!r nucleus :i* _h always la9 hidd5 beh9d e div9e figure2 fundam5tally x 0 a return to ! hi/orical beg9n+s ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,n[ t ,god 0 a s+le p]son1 man's relations to him c\ld recov] ! intimacy & int5sity ( ! *ild's relation to ! fa!r4 ,if "o _h done s mu* = ! fa!r1 !n surely "o w\ld be rew>d$--at lea/ ! only belov$ *ild1 ! *os5 p1 w\ld be4 ,m rec5tly1 pi\s ,am]ica has laid claim to be #8,god's own c\ntry'1 & = "o ( ! =ms "u :i* m5 wor%ip ! deity ! claim c]ta9ly holds good4 ,! religi\s ideas t h j be5 summ>iz$ h ( c\rse gone ?r\gh a long process ( developm5t1 & h be5 held 9 v>i\s phases by v>i\s cultures4 ,i h s+l$ out "o su* phase ( developm5t1 :i* m or less corresponds to ! f9al =m ( our contempor>y ,*ri/ian culture 9 ! we/4 ,x is easy to see t n all ! p>ts ( ?is :ole tally equally well ) ea* o!r1 t n all ! que/ions t press = an answ] receive "o1 & t ! contradiction ( daily exp]i5ce c only ) difficulty be dismiss$4 ,b su* z !y are1 ^! ideas--religi\s1 9 ! broade/ s5se ( ! ^w--are priz$ z ! mo/ preci\s possession ( culture1 z ! mo/ valuable ?+ x has to (f] its memb]s2 f> m highly priz$ ?an all our devices = w9n+ ! treasures ( ! e>?1 = provid+ m5 ) su/5ance1 or = prev5t+ _! diseases1 & s =?2 m5 suppose t life w\ld be intol]able if !y did n accord ^! ideas ! value t is claim$ = !m4 ,& n[ ! "q arises3 :at are ^! ideas 9 ! light ( psy*ology2 :5ce d !y d]ive ! e/eem 9 :i* !y are held2 & fur!r1 9 all diffid5ce1 :at is _! real wor?8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,an enquiry t proce$s un9t]rupt$ly1 l a monologue1 is n altoge!r )\t its dang]s4 ,"o is too easily tempt$ to pu% aside ?\ghts t w\ld int]rupt x1 & 9 ex*ange "o is left ) a feel+ ( unc]ta9ty :i* "o w dr[n 9 ! end by ov]-decisiv5ess4 ,i %all !re=e imag9e an oppon5t :o foll[s my argum5ts ) mi/ru/1 & ,i %all let him int]ject rem>ks "h & !re4 ,i he> him say+3 #8,y h repeat$ly us$ ! expressions 8culture creates ^! religi\s ideas01 8culture places !m at ! disposal ( its memb]s01 :i* s\nds /range to me someh[4 ,i c\ld n say :y myself1 b x does n s\nd s natural z to say t culture has made regulations ab\t di/ribut+ ! products ( lab\r or ab\t ! rights ov] wom5 & *ildr54' ,i ?9k1 nev]!less1 t "o is ju/ifi$ 9 express+ oneself ?us4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t religi\s ideas h sprung f ! same ne$ z all ! o!r a*ievem5ts ( culture3 f ! necessity = def5d+ itself aga9/ ! cru%+ supremacy ( nature4 ,& !re 0 a second motive3 ! eag] desire to correct ! s pa9fully felt imp]fections ( culture4 ,moreov]1 !re is some?+ p>ticul>ly apposite 9 say+ t culture gives ! individual ^! ideas1 = he f9ds !m at h&1 !y are pres5t$ to him ready-made2 he w\ld n be 9 a position to f9d !m by himself4 ,x is ! h]itage ( _m g5]ations :i* he ent]s into & :i* he takes ov] z he does ! multiplication table1 geometry1 etc4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a di/9ction 9 ?is1 b x lies else:]e1 & ,i _c exam9e x at ?is po9t4 ,! feel+ ( /rang5ess t y m5tion may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ?is /ock ( religi\s ideas is g5]ally (f]$ z a div9e revelation4 ,b t is 9 itself a "p ( ! religi\s sy/em1 & entirely leaves out ( acc\nt ! kn[n hi/orical developm5t ( ^! ideas & _! v>iations 9 diff]5t ages & cultures4 #8,ano!r po9t :i* seems to me m important4 ,y w\ld d]ive ! humanization ( nature f ! desire to put an end to human p]plexity & helplessness 9 ! face ( nature's dread$ =ces1 & f ! necessity = e/abli%+ relations )1 & f9ally influ5c+1 ^! =ces4 ,b ?is explanation seems to be sup]flu\s4 ,= primitive man has no *oice1 he has no o!r way ( ?9k+4 ,x is natural to him1 z if innate1 to project 8 exi/5ce outw>ds into ! _w1 & to reg>d all ev5ts t come "u 8 obs]vation z ! manife/ations ( be+s :o fundam5tally resemble himself4 ,x is 8 only me?od ( compreh5sion4 ,& x is by no means self-evid5t1 on ! contr>y x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 t he %\ld succe$ 9 satisfy+ "o ( 8 great wants by ?us indulg+ 8 natural disposition4' ,i d n f9d t s /rik+4 ,= d y suppose t m5's ?\ght-processes h no practical motives1 t !y are simply ! expression ( a dis9t]e/$ curiosity8 ,t is surely v improbable4 ,i believe1 r1 t :5 he p]sonifies ! =ces ( nature man is once aga9 foll[+ an infantile prototype4 ,he has le>nt f ! p]sons ( 8 e>lie/ environm5t t ! way to influ5ce !m is to e/abli% a relation%ip ) !m1 & s1 lat] on1 ) ! same end 9 view1 he deals ) ev]y?+ t happ5s to him z he dealt ) ^? p]sons4 ,?us ,i d n contradict y\r descriptive obs]vation2 x is1 9 po9t ( fact1 natural to man to p]sonify ev]y?+ t he wi%es to compreh5d1 9 ord] t lat] he may control x--! psy*ical subjugation z prep>ation = ! physical--b ,i provide 9 addition a motive & g5esis = ?is peculi>ity ( human ?\ght4 #8,& n[ yet a ?ird po9t4 ,y h dealt ) ! orig9 ( religion once be=e1 9 y\r book ,totem und ,tabu4 ,b !re x appe>s 9 a diff]5t light4 ,ev]y?+ is ! son-fa!r relation%ip2 ,god is ! exalt$ fa!r1 & ! long+ = ! fa!r is ! root ( ! ne$ = religion4 ,s9ce !n1 x seems1 y h discov]$ ! factor ( human weakness & helplessness1 to :i* inde$ ! *ief "p 9 ! =mation ( religion is commonly assign$1 & y n[ transf] to helplessness ev]y?+ t 0 =m]ly fa!r complex4 ,may ,i ask y to enlight5 me on ?is trans=mation8' ,) pleasure4 ,i 0 only wait+ = ?is invitation4 ,b is x really a trans=mation8 ,9 ,totem und ,tabu x 0 n my purpose to expla9 ! orig9 ( religions1 b only ( totemism4 ,c y f any /&po9t kn[n to y expla9 ! fact t ! fir/ =m 9 :i* ! protect+ deity reveal$ itself to m5 0 t ( an animal1 t a prohibition exi/$ aga9/ kill+ or eat+ ?is animal1 & t yet x 0 ! solemn cu/om to kill x & eat x communally once a ye>8 ,x is j ?is t takes place 9 totemism4 ,& x is h>dly to ! purpose to argue :e!r totemism %\ld be call$ a religion4 ,x has intimate connections ) ! lat] god-religions2 ! totem animals become ! sacr$ animals ( ! gods2 & ! e>lie/1 & ! mo/ pr(\nd1 moral re/rictions--! murd] prohibition & ! ince/ prohibition--orig9ate 9 totemism4 ,:e!r or n y accept ! conclusions ( ,totem und ,tabu1 ,i hope y w admit t 9 t book a numb] ( v rem>kable isolat$ facts are br\ght toge!r into a consi/5t :ole4 ,:y 9 ! long run ! animal god did n suffice & :y x 0 replac$ by ! human--t 0 h>dly discuss$ 9 ,totem und ,tabu1 & o!r problems ( ! =mation ( religion f9d no m5tion !re at all4 ,b d y reg>d su* a limitation z id5tical ) a d5ial8 ,my "w is a good example ( ! /rict isolation ( ! %>e t psy*o-analytic obs]vation c contribute to ! problem ( religion4 ,if ,i am n[ try+ to add to x ! o!r1 less deeply hidd51 "p1 y %\ld n accuse me ( inconsi/5cy1 j z be=e ,i 0 accus$ ( be+ "o-sid$4 ,x is ( c\rse my bus9ess to po9t out ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 :at ,i said be=e & :at ,i n[ put =w>d1 betwe5 ! deep] & ! manife/ motivation1 betwe5 ! fa!r complex & man's helplessness & ne$ = protection4 ,^! connections are n difficult to f9d4 ,!y consi/ 9 ! relation ( ! *ild's helplessness to ! adult's cont9uation ( x1 s t1 z 0 to be expect$1 ! psy*o-analytic motivation ( ! =m+ ( religion turns out to be ! infantile contribution to its manife/ motivation4 ,let u imag9e to ourselves ! m5tal life ( ! small *ild4 ,y rememb] ! object-*oice aft] ! anaclitic type1 :i* psy*o-analysis talks ab\t8 ,! libido foll[s ! pa?s ( n>cissi/ic ne$s1 & atta*es itself to ! objects t ensure _! satisfaction4 ,s ! "m1 :o satisfies hung]1 becomes ! fir/ love-object1 & c]ta9ly also ! fir/ protection aga9/ all ! undef9$ & ?reat5+ dang]s ( ! out] _w2 becomes1 if we may s express x1 ! fir/ protection aga9/ anxiety4 ,9 ?is function ! "m is soon replac$ by ! /rong] fa!r1 & ?is situation p]si/s f n[ on ov] ! :ole ( *ildhood4 ,b ! relation to ! fa!r is affect$ by a peculi> ambival5ce4 ,he 0 himself a dang]1 p]haps j because ( t e>li] relation to ! "m2 s he is fe>$ no less ?an he is long$ = & admir$4 ,! indications ( ?is ambival5ce are deeply impr9t$ 9 all religions1 z is br\ght out 9 ,totem und ,tabu4 ,n[ :5 ! *ild gr[s up & f9ds t he is de/9$ to rema9 a *ild = ev]1 & t he c nev] d )\t protection aga9/ unkn[n & mighty p[]s1 he inve/s ^! ) ! traits ( ! fa!r-figure2 he creates = himself ! gods1 ( :om he is afraid1 :om he seeks to propitiate1 & to :om he nev]!less entru/s ! task ( protect+ him4 ,?us ! long+-=-!-fa!r explanation is id5tical ) ! o!r1 ! ne$ = protection aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( human weakness2 ! *ild's def5sive reaction to 8 helplessness gives ! *>act]i/ic features to ! adult's reaction to 8 own s5se ( helplessness1 i4e4 ! =mation ( religion4 ,b x is n our int5tion to pursue fur!r ! developm5t ( ! idea ( ,god2 we are conc]n$ "h ) ! matur$ /ock ( religi\s ideas z culture transmits !m to ! individual4 ,,*apt] ,v ,n[ to take up aga9 ! ?reads ( our enquiry3 :at is ! psy*ological significance ( religi\s ideas & h[ c we classify !m8 ,! "q is at fir/ n at all easy to answ]4 ,hav+ reject$ v>i\s =mulas1 ,i %all take my /& by ?is "o3 religion consi/s ( c]ta9 dogmas1 ass]tions ab\t facts & conditions ( ext]nal 7or int]nal7 reality1 :i* tell "o some?+ t "o has n oneself discov]$ & :i* claim t "o %\ld give !m cr$5ce4 ,z !y give in=mation ab\t :at are to u ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ?+s 9 life1 !y are p>ticul>ly highly valu$4 ,he :o kn[s no?+ ( !m is ignorant inde$1 & he :o has assimilat$ !m may consid] himself enri*$4 ,!re are ( c\rse _m su* dogmas ab\t ! mo/ div]se ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,e s*ool h\r is full ( !m4 ,let u *oose geography4 ,we he> !re3 ,kon/anz is on ! ,bod5see4 ,a /ud5t song adds3 ,if y don't believe x g & see4 ,i happ5 to h be5 !re1 & c confirm ! fact t ?is beautiful t[n lies on ! %ore ( a broad /ret* ( wat]1 :i* all ^? dwell+ ar\nd call ! ,bod5see4 ,i am n[ completely conv9c$ ( ! accuracy ( ?is geographical /atem5t4 ,& 9 ?is connection ,i am rem9d$ ( ano!r & v rem>kable exp]i5ce4 ,i 0 already a man ( mature ye>s :5 ,i /ood = ! fir/ "t on ! hill ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 betwe5 ! temple ru9s1 look+ out on to ! blue sea4 ,a feel+ ( a/oni%m5t m+l$ ) my pleasure1 :i* prompt$ me to say3 !n x really is true1 :at we us$ to be taught at s*ool6 ,h[ %all[ & weak at t age mu/ h be5 my belief 9 ! real tru? ( :at ,i he>d if ,i c be s a/oni%$ to-day6 ,b ,i w n emphasize ! significance ( ?is exp]i5ce too mu*2 yet ano!r explanation ( my a/oni%m5t is possible1 :i* did n /rike me at ! "t1 & :i* is ( a :olly subjective nature & connect$ ) ! peculi> "* ( ! place4 ,all su* dogmas z ^!1 !n1 exact belief 9 _! cont5ts1 b n )\t sub/antiat+ _! title to ?is4 ,!y claim to be ! cond5s$ result ( a long process ( ?\ght1 :i* is f\nd$ on obs]vation & also1 c]ta9ly1 on reason+2 !y %[ h[1 if "o s int5ds1 "o c g ?r\gh ?is process oneself1 in/ead ( accept+ ! result ( x2 & ! s\rce ( ! k imp>t$ by ! dogma is always add$1 :]e x is n1 z ) geographical /atem5ts1 self-evid5t4 ,= in/ance3 ! e>? is %ap$ l a globe2 ! pro(s adduc$ = ?is are ,f\cault's p5dulum exp]im5t1 ! ph5om5a ( ! horizon & ! possibility ( circumnavigat+ ! e>?4 ,s9ce x is impracticable1 z all conc]n$ realize1 to s5d e s*ool *ild on a voyage r\nd ! _w1 "o is cont5t t ! s*ool tea*+ %all be tak5 on tru/1 b "o kn[s t ! way to p]sonal conviction is /ill op54 ,let u try to apply ! same te/s to ! dogmas ( religion4 ,if we ask on :at _! claim to be believ$ is bas$1 we receive ?ree answ]s1 :i* accord rem>kably ill ) "o ano!r4 ,!y des]ve to be believ$3 fir/ly1 because our primal ance/ors already believ$ !m2 secondly1 because we possess pro(s1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f ?is v p]iod ( antiquity2 & ?irdly1 because x is =bidd5 to raise ! "q ( _! au!nticity at all4 ,=m]ly ?is presumptu\s act 0 visit$ ) ! v sev]e/ p5alties1 & ev5 to-day society is unwill+ to see anyone r5ew x4 ,?is ?ird po9t _c b r\se our /ronge/ suspicions4 ,su* a prohibition c surely h only "o motive3 t society kn[s v well ! unc]ta9 basis ( ! claim x makes = its religi\s doctr9es4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 ! relevant mat]ial w\ld c]ta9ly be plac$ mo/ readily at ! disposal ( anyone :o wi%$ to ga9 conviction = himself4 ,& s we proce$ to te/ ! o!r two argum5ts ) a feel+ ( mi/ru/ n easily allay$4 ,we ought to believe because our =efa!rs believ$4 ,b ^! ance/ors ( ours 7 f> m ignorant ?an we2 !y believ$ 9 ?+s we c\ld n possibly accept to-day2 s ! possibility occurs t religi\s doctr9es may also be 9 ?is category4 ,! pro(s !y h bequea!d to u are deposit$ 9 writ+s t !mselves be> e trace ( be+ untru/wor?y4 ,!y are full ( contradictions1 revisions1 & int]polations2 :]e !y speak ( actual au!ntic pro(s !y are !mselves ( d\btful au!nticity4 ,x does n help mu* if div9e revelation is ass]t$ to be ! orig9 ( _! text or only ( _! cont5t1 = ?is ass]tion is itself already a "p ( ^? doctr9es ^: au!nticity is to be exam9$1 & no /atem5t c be> its own pro(4 ,?us we arrive at ! s+ul> conclusion t j :at might be ( ! greate/ significance = u 9 our cultural sy/em1 ! in=mation :i* %\ld solve = u ! riddles ( ! univ]se & reconcile u to ! tr\bles ( life1 t j ?is has ! weake/ possible claim to au!nticity4 ,we %\ld n be able to br+ ourselves to accept any?+ ( z little conc]n to u z ! fact t :ales be> "y in/ead ( lay+ eggs1 if x 7 n capable ( bett] pro( ?an ?is4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is 9 itself a v rem>kable psy*ological problem4 ,let no "o ?9k t ! =ego+ rem>ks on ! impossibility ( prov+ religi\s doctr9es conta9 any?+ new4 ,x has be5 felt at all times1 assur$ly ev5 by ! ance/ors :o bequea!d ?is legacy4 ,probably _m ( !m nurs$ ! same d\bts z we1 b ! pressure impos$ on !m 0 too /rong = !m to h d>$ to utt] !m4 ,& s9ce !n c\ntless p h be5 tortur$ by ! same d\bts1 :i* !y w\ld fa9 h suppress$ because !y held !mselves 9 duty b\nd to believe1 & s9ce !n _m brilliant intellects h be5 wreck$ ^u ?is conflict & _m *>act]s h come to grief ?r\gh ! compromises by :i* !y s\ght a way out4 ,if all ! argum5ts t are put =w>d = ! au!nticity ( religi\s doctr9es orig9ate 9 ! pa/1 x is natural to look r\nd & see :e!r ! pres5t1 bett] able to judge 9 ^! matt]s1 _c also furni% su* evid5ce4 ,! :ole ( ! religi\s sy/em w\ld become inf9itely m cr$ible if "o c\ld succe$ 9 ?is way 9 remov+ ! elem5t ( d\bt f a s+le "p ( x4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! activity ( ! spirituali/s comes 92 !y are conv9c$ ( ! immortality ( ! individual s\l1 & !y w\ld demon/rate to u t ?is "o article ( religi\s tea*+ is free f d\bt4 ,un=tunately !y h n succe$$ 9 disprov+ ! fact t ! appe>ances & utt]ances ( _! spirits are m]ely ! productions ( _! own m5tal activity4 ,!y h call$ up ! spirits ( ! greate/ ( m51 ( ! mo/ em95t ?9k]s1 b all _! utt]ances & all ! in=mation !y h receiv$ f !m h be5 s fooli% & s desp]ately insignificant t "o c\ld f9d no?+ else to believe 9 b ! capacity ( ! spirits = adapt+ !mselves to ! circle ( p t _h evok$ !m4 ,"o mu/ n[ m5tion two attempts to evade ! problem1 :i* bo? convey ! impression ( frantic ef=t4 ,"o ( !m1 high-h&$ 9 its nature1 is old2 ! o!r is subtle & mod]n4 ,! fir/ is ! ,cr$o quia absurdum ( ! e>ly ,fa!r4 ,x w\ld imply t religi\s doctr9es are outside reason's jurisdiction2 !y /& above reason4 ,_! tru? mu/ be inw>dly felt3 "o does n ne$ to compreh5d !m4 ,b ?is ,cr$o is only ( int]e/ z a volunt>y confession2 z a decree x has no b9d+ =ce4 ,am ,i to be oblig$ to believe e absurdity8 ,& if n1 :y j ?is "o8 ,!re is no appeal beyond reason4 ,& if ! tru? ( religi\s doctr9es is dep5d5t on an inn] exp]i5ce :i* be>s witness to t tru?1 :at is "o to make ( ! _m p :o d n h t r>e exp]i5ce8 ,"o may expect all m5 to use ! gift ( reason t !y possess1 b "o _c set up an obligation t %all apply to all on a basis t only exi/s = q a few4 ,( :at significance is x = o!r p t y h won f a /ate ( ec/asy1 :i* has deeply mov$ y1 an imp]turbable conviction ( ! real tru? ( ! doctr9es ( religion8 ,! second attempt is t ( ! philosophy ( #8,z ,if'4 ,x expla9s t 9 our m5tal activity we assume all mann] ( ?+s1 ! gr\ndlessness1 inde$ ! absurdity1 ( :i* we fully realize4 ,!y are call$ #8fictions'1 b f a v>iety ( practical motives we are l$ to behave #8z if' we believ$ 9 ^! fictions4 ,?is1 x is argu$1 is ! case ) religi\s doctr9es on acc\nt ( _! unequall$ importance = ! ma9t5ance ( human society4#b ,?is argum5t is n f> remov$ f ! ,cr$o quia absurdum4 ,b ,i ?9k t ! claim ( ! philosophy ( #8,z ,if' is su* z only a philosoph] c\ld make4 ,! man ^: ?9k+ is n influ5c$ by ! wiles ( philosophy w nev] be able to accept x2 ) ! confession ( absurdity1 ( illogicality1 !re is no m to be said z f> z he is conc]n$4 ,he _c be expect$ to =go ! gu>antees he dem&s = all 8 usual activities j 9 ! matt] ( 8 mo/ important int]e/s4 ,i am rem9d$ ( "o ( my *ildr5 :o 0 di/+ui%$ at an e>ly age by a peculi>ly m>k$ s5se ( reality4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 7 told a fairy tale1 to :i* !y li/5$ ) rapt att5tion1 he w\ld come =w>d & ask3 ,is t a true /ory8 ,hav+ be5 told t x 0 n1 he w\ld turn away ) an air ( disda94 ,x is to be expect$ t m5 w soon behave 9 l mann] t[>ds ! religi\s fairy tales1 despite ! advocacy ( ! philosophy ( #8,z ,if'4 ,footnote #b3 ,i hope ,i am n do+ an inju/ice if ,i make ! au?or ( ! philosophy ( #8,z ,if' repres5t a po9t ( view t is famili> to o!r ?9k]s also4 ,cp4 ,h4 ,vaih+]1 ,die ,philosophie des ,als ob1 ,sieb5te und a*te ,auflage1 #aibb1 ,s4 #fh3 #8,we include z fictions n m]ely indiff]5t !oretical op]ations b ideational con/ructions emanat+ f ! noble/ m9ds1 to :i* ! noble/ "p ( mank9d cl+ & ( :i* !y w n all[ !mselves to be depriv$4 ,nor is x our object s to deprive !m--= z practical fictions we leave !m all intact2 !y p]i% only z !oretical tru?s' 7,c4 ,k4 ,ogd5's translation74 ,b at pres5t !y /ill behave q diff]5tly1 & 9 pa/ ages1 9 spite ( _! incontrov]tible lack ( au!nticity1 religi\s ideas h ex]cis$ ! v /ronge/ influ5ce on mank9d4 ,?is is a fre% psy*ological problem4 ,we mu/ ask :]e ! inh]5t /r5g? ( ^! doctr9es lies & to :at circum/ance !y owe _! efficacy1 indep5d5t1 z x is1 ( ! ackn[l$gem5t ( ! reason4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,i ?9k we h suffici5tly pav$ ! way = ! answ] to bo? ^! que/ions4 ,x w be f\nd if we fix our att5tion on ! psy*ical orig9 ( religi\s ideas4 ,^!1 :i* pr(ess to be dogmas1 are n ! residue ( exp]i5ce or ! f9al result ( reflection2 !y are illusions1 fulfilm5ts ( ! olde/1 /ronge/ & mo/ insi/5t wi%es ( mank9d2 ! secret ( _! /r5g? is ! /r5g? ( ^! wi%es4 ,we "k already t ! t]rify+ effect ( infantile helplessness ar\s$ ! ne$ = protection--protection ?r\gh love--:i* ! fa!r reliev$1 & t ! discov]y t ?is helplessness w\ld cont9ue ?r\gh ! :ole ( life made x necess>y to cl+ to ! exi/5ce ( a fa!r--b ?is "t a m p[]ful "o4 ,?us ! b5evol5t rule ( div9e provid5ce allays our anxiety 9 face ( life's dang]s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a moral _w ord] ensures ! fulfilm5t ( ! dem&s ( ju/ice1 :i* )9 human culture h s (t5 rema9$ unfulfill$1 & ! prolongation ( e>?ly exi/5ce by a future life provides 9 addition ! local & temporal sett+ = ^! wi%-fulfilm5ts4 ,answ]s to ! que/ions t tempt human curiosity1 su* z ! orig9 ( ! univ]se & ! relation betwe5 ! body & ! s\l1 are develop$ 9 accordance ) ! und]ly+ assumptions ( ?is sy/em2 x betok5s a trem5d\s relief = ! individual psy*e if x is releas$ f ! conflicts ( *ildhood aris+ out ( ! fa!r complex1 :i* are nev] :olly ov]come1 & if ^! conflicts are af=d$ a univ]sally accept$ solution4 ,:5 ,i say t !y are illusions1 ,i mu/ def9e ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,an illusion is n ! same z an error1 x is inde$ n necess>ily an error4 ,ari/otle's belief t v]m9 are evolv$ out ( dung1 to :i* ignorant p /ill cl+1 0 an error2 s 0 ! belief ( a =m] g5]ation ( doctors t tabes dorsalis 0 ! result ( sexual excess4 ,x w\ld be improp] to call ^! errors illusions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 an illusion on ! "p ( ,columbus t he _h discov]$ a new sea-r\te to ,india4 ,! "p play$ by 8 wi% 9 ?is error is v cle>4 ,"o may describe z an illusion ! /atem5t ( c]ta9 nationali/s t ! ,indo-,g]manic race is ! only "o capable ( culture1 or ! belief1 :i* only psy*o-analysis de/roy$1 t ! *ild is a be+ )\t sexuality4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! illusion t x is d]iv$ f m5's wi%es2 9 ?is respect x approa*es ! psy*iatric delusion1 b x is to be di/+ui%$ f ?is1 q ap>t f ! m complicat$ /ructure ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! delusion we emphasize z ess5tial ! conflict ) reality2 ! illusion ne$ n be necess>ily false1 t is to say1 unrealizable or incompatible ) reality4 ,= in/ance1 a poor girl may h an illusion t a pr9ce w come & fet* h] home4 ,x is possible2 "s su* cases h occurr$4 ,t ! ,messiah w come & f\nd a gold5 age is mu* less probable2 accord+ to "o's p]sonal attitude "o w classify ?is belief z an illusion or z analog\s to a delusion4 ,examples ( illusions t h come true are n easy to discov]1 b ! illusion ( ! al*emi/s t all metals c be turn$ into gold may prove to be "o4 ,! desire to h lots ( gold1 z mu* gold z possible1 has be5 consid]ably damp$ by our mod]n insight into ! nature ( weal?1 yet *emi/ry no long] consid]s a transmutation ( metals into gold z impossible4 ,?us we call a belief an illusion :5 wi%-fulfilm5t is a prom95t factor 9 its motivation1 :ile disreg>d+ its relations to reality1 j z ! illusion itself does4 ,if aft] ?is survey we turn aga9 to religi\s doctr9es1 we may reit]ate t !y are all illusions1 !y d n admit ( pro(1 & no "o c be compell$ to consid] !m z true or to believe 9 !m4 ,"s ( !m are s improbable1 s v incompatible ) ev]y?+ we h labori\sly discov]$ ab\t ! reality ( ! _w1 t we may comp>e !m--tak+ adequately into acc\nt ! psy*ological diff]5ces--to delusions4 ,( ! reality value ( mo/ ( !m we _c judge2 j z !y _c be prov$1 nei!r c !y be refut$4 ,we /ill "k too little to approa* !m critically4 ,! riddles ( ! univ]se only reveal !mselves sl[ly to our enquiry1 to _m que/ions sci5ce c z yet give no answ]2 b sci5tific "w is our only way to ! k ( ext]nal reality4 ,aga91 x is m]ely illusion to expect any?+ f intuition or trance2 !y c give u no?+ b p>ticul>s1 :i* are difficult to int]pret1 ab\t our own m5tal life1 nev] in=mation ab\t ! que/ions t are s lightly answ]$ by ! doctr9es ( religion4 ,x w\ld be wanton to let "o's own arbitr>y action fill ! gap1 & accord+ to "o's p]sonal e/imate decl>e ?is or t "p ( ! religi\s sy/em to be m or less acceptable4 ,^! que/ions are too mom5t\s = t2 too sacr$1 "o might say4 ,at ?is po9t x may be object$3 well1 !n1 if ev5 ! crabb$ sceptics admit t ! /atem5ts ( religion _c be confut$ by reason1 :y %\ld n ,i believe 9 !m1 s9ce !y h s mu* on _! side--tradition1 ! concurr5ce ( mank9d1 & all ! consolation !y yield8 ,yes1 :y n8 ,j z no "o c be =c$ into belief1 s no "o c be =c$ into unbelief4 ,b d n deceive y\rself into ?9k+ t ) su* argum5ts y are foll[+ ! pa? ( correct reason+4 ,if ev] !re 0 a case ( facile argum5t1 ?is is "o4 ,ignorance is ignorance2 no "r to believe any?+ is d]iv$ f x4 ,no reasonable man w behave s frivol\sly 9 o!r matt]s or re/ cont5t ) su* feeble gr\nds = 8 op9ions or = ! attitude he adopts2 x is only 9 ! highe/ & holie/ ?+s t he all[s ?is4 ,9 reality ^! are only attempts to delude oneself or o!r p into ! belief t "o /ill holds fa/ to religion1 :5 "o has long cut oneself loose f x4 ,:]e que/ions ( religion are conc]n$ p are guilty ( e possible k9d ( ins9c]ity & intellectual misdemean\r4 ,philosoph]s /ret* ! mean+ ( words until !y reta9 sc>cely any?+ ( _! orig9al s5se2 by call+ #8,god' "s vague ab/raction :i* !y h creat$ = !mselves1 !y pose z dei/s1 z believ]s1 be=e ! _w2 !y may ev5 pride !mselves on hav+ atta9$ a high] & pur] idea ( ,god1 al?\gh _! ,god is no?+ b an insub/antial %ad[ & no long] ! mighty p]sonality ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,critics p]si/ 9 call+ #8deeply religi\s' a p]son :o confesses to a s5se ( man's insignificance & impot5ce 9 face ( ! univ]se1 al?\gh x is n ?is feel+ t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( religi\s emotion1 b r ! next /ep1 ! reaction to x1 :i* seeks a rem$y aga9/ ?is feel+4 ,he :o goes no fur!r1 he :o humbly acquiesces 9 ! insignificant "p man plays 9 ! univ]se1 is1 on ! contr>y1 irreligi\s 9 ! true/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x does n lie )9 ! scope ( ?is enquiry to e/imate ! value ( religi\s doctr9es z tru?4 ,x suffices t we h recogniz$ !m1 psy*ologically consid]$1 z illusions4 ,b we ne$ n conceal ! fact t ?is discov]y /rongly influ5ces our attitude to :at mu/ appe> to _m ! mo/ important ( que/ions4 ,we "k approximately at :at p]iods & by :at sort ( m5 religi\s doctr9es 7 =m$4 ,if we n[ le>n f :at motives ?is happ5$1 our attitude to ! problem ( religion w suff] an appreciable *ange4 ,we say to ourselves3 x w\ld inde$ be v nice if !re 7 a ,god1 :o 0 bo? creator ( ! _w & a b5evol5t provid5ce1 if !re 7 a moral _w ord] & a future life1 b at ! same "t x is v odd t ?is is all j z we %\ld wi% x ourselves4 ,& x w\ld be /ill odd] if our poor1 ignorant1 enslav$ ance/ors _h succe$$ 9 solv+ all ^! difficult riddles ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,hav+ recogniz$ religi\s doctr9es to be illusions1 we are at once confront$ ) ! fur!r "q3 may n o!r cultural possessions1 :i* we e/eem highly & by :i* we let our life be rul$1 be ( a simil> nature8 ,%\ld n ! assumptions t regulate our political in/itutions likewise be call$ illusions1 & is x n ! case t 9 our culture ! relations betwe5 ! sexes are di/urb$ by an erotic illusion1 or by a s]ies ( erotic illusions8 ,once our suspicions h be5 r\s$1 we %all n %r9k f ask+ :e!r !re is any bett] f\ndation = our conviction t x is possible to discov] some?+ ab\t ext]nal reality ?r\gh ! apply+ ( obs]vation & reason+ 9 sci5tific "w4 ,no?+ ne$ keep u f apply+ obs]vation to our own natures or submitt+ ! process ( reason+ to its own criticism4 ,"h a s]ies ( enquiries pres5t !mselves1 :i* 9 _! result %\ld be ( decisive importance = con/ruct+ a #8,weltans*auung'4 ,we surmise1 too1 t su* an endeav\r w\ld n be wa/$1 & t x w\ld at lea/ p>tially ju/ify our suspicions4 ,b ! au?or ( ^! pages has n ! means to und]take s compreh5sive a task2 =c$ by necessity1 he conf9es 8 "w to ! pursuit ( a s+le "o ( ^! illusions1 t is1 ! religi\s4 ,b n[ ! l\d voice ( our oppon5t bids u to /op4 ,we are call$ to acc\nt = our transgressions4 #8,ar*ological int]e/s are no d\bt mo/ praisewor?y1 b "o does n set ab\t an excavation if "o is !reby go+ to und]m9e occupi$ dwell+-places s t !y collapse & bury ! inhabitants "u _! ru9s4 ,! doctr9es ( religion are n a subject t "o c be clev] ab\t1 z "o c ab\t any o!r4 ,our culture is built up on !m2 ! pres]vation ( human society re/s on ! assumption t ! majority ( mank9d believe 9 ! tru? ( ^! doctr9es4 ,if !y are taught t !re is no almighty & all j ,god1 no div9e _w ord]1 & no future life1 !n !y w feel exempt f all obligation to foll[ ! rules ( culture4 ,un9hibit$ & free f fe>1 ev]ybody w foll[ 8 asocial1 egoi/ic in/9cts1 & w seek to prove 8 p[]4 ,*aos1 :i* we h bani%$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s ( ! "w ( civilization1 w beg9 aga94 ,ev5 if "o knew1 & c\ld prove1 t religion 0 n 9 possession ( ! tru?1 "o %\ld conceal ! fact & behave z ! philosophy ( 8,z ,if0 dem&s--& ?is 9 ! int]e/s ( ! pres]vation ( ev]ybody4 ,& ap>t f ! dang] ( ! und]tak+1 x is also a purposeless cruelty4 ,c\ntless p f9d _! "o consolation 9 ! doctr9es ( religion1 & only ) _! help c !y endure life4 ,y w\ld rob !m ( :at supports !m1 & yet y h no?+ bett] to give !m 9 ex*ange4 ,x has be5 admitt$ t s f> sci5ce has n a*iev$ mu*1 b ev5 if x _h advanc$ f> fur!r1 x w\ld n suffice = m54 ,man has yet o!r imp]ative ne$s1 :i* c nev] be satisfi$ by cold sci5ce1 & x is v /range--to be frank1 x is ! acme ( inconsi/5cy--t a psy*ologi/ :o has always emphasiz$ h[ mu* 9 m5's lives ! intellig5ce retreats be=e ! life ( ! in/9cts %\ld n[ /rive to rob m5 ( a preci\s wi%-satisfaction1 & %\ld want to give !m 9 ex*ange a comp5sation ( an intellectual nature4' ,:at a numb] ( accusations all at once6 ,h[ev]1 ,i am prep>$ to d5y !m all2 & :at is m1 ,i am prep>$ to def5d ! /atem5t t culture incurs a great] dang] by ma9ta9+ its pres5t attitude to religion ?an by rel9qui%+ x4 ,b ,i h>dly "k :]e to beg9 my reply4 ,p]haps ) ! assurance t ,i myself consid] my und]tak+ to be completely h>mless & free f dang]4 ,?is "t ! ov]e/imation ( ! intellect is n on my side4 ,if m5 are su* z my oppon5ts describe !m--& ,i h no wi% to contradict x--!n !re is no dang] ( a dev\t believ]1 ov]:elm$ by my argum5ts1 be+ depriv$ ( 8 fai?4 ,besides1 ,i h said no?+ t o!r & bett] m5 h n said be=e me 9 a mu* m complete1 =cible & impressive way4 ,! names ( ^! m5 are well kn[n4 ,i %all n quote !m4 ,i %\ld n l to give ! impression t ,i w\ld c\nt myself ( _! numb]4 ,i h m]ely--?is is ! only ?+ t is new 9 my /atem5t--add$ a c]ta9 psy*ological f\ndation to ! critique ( my great pr$ecessors4 ,x is h>dly to be expect$ t j ?is addition w produce ! effect t 0 d5i$ to ! e>li] attempts4 ,c]ta9ly ,i might be ask$ at ?is po9t :y ,i write su* ?+s if ,i am conv9c$ ( _! ineffectiv5ess4 ,b we %all come back to t lat]4 ,! "o p]son ?is publication may h>m is myself4 ,i %all h to li/5 to ! mo/ unpleasant reproa*es on ! score ( %all[ness1 n>r[-m9d$ness1 & lack ( idealism & ( und]/&+ = ! highe/ int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,b on ! "o h& ^! remon/rances are n new to me2 & on ! o!r h&1 if a man has ev5 9 8 e>ly ye>s le>nt to face ! displeasure ( 8 contempor>ies1 :at effect !n c x h on him 9 8 old age1 :5 he is c]ta9 to be soon beyond ! rea* ( all fav\r or disfav\r8 ,9 =m] times x 0 diff]5t4 ,!n utt]ances su* z ^! br\ght ) !m a sure =e%ort5+ ( "o's e>?ly exi/5ce & a spe$y approa* ( ! opportunity to ga9 p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! next life4 ,b1 ,i repeat1 ^? times are ov]1 & to-day su* ?+s c be writt5 )\t endang]+ ev5 ! au?or2 ! mo/ t c happ5 w be t 9 ?is or t c\ntry ! translation & ! circulation ( 8 book w be =bidd5--& naturally ?is w happ5 j 9 t c\ntry :i* feels c]ta9 ( ! high /&>d ( its culture4 ,b "o mu/ be able to put up ) ?is also1 if "o makes any plea = wi%-r5unciation or = acquiesc5ce 9 fate4 ,& !n x occurr$ to me to ask :e!r ! publication ( ?is "w might n d "s h>m aft] all--n inde$ to a p]son1 b to a cause3 ! cause ( psy*o-analysis4 ,= x _c be d5i$ t ?is is my creation1 & t an abundance ( di/ru/ & ill-w has be5 %[n to x4 ,if ,i n[ come =w>d ) su* displeas+ /atem5ts1 p w be only too ready to displace _! feel+s f my p]son on to psy*o-analysis4 ,n[ "o c see1 x w be said1 :]e psy*o-analysis leads to4 ,! mask is fall52 x leads to ! d5ial ( ,god & ( an e?ical ideal1 z inde$ we h always suppos$4 ,to keep u f ! discov]y1 we h be5 made to believe t psy*o-analysis nei!r has1 nor c h1 a philosophical /&po9t4 ,?is po!r w be really disagreeable to me on acc\nt ( my _m fell[-work]s1 sev]al ( :om d n at all %>e my attitude to religi\s problems4 ,h[ev]1 psy*o-analysis has already brav$ _m /orms1 & x mu/ face ?is new "o also4 ,9 reality psy*o-analysis is a me?od ( inve/igation1 an imp>tial in/rum5t l1 say1 ! inf9itesimal calculus4 ,ev5 if a physici/ %\ld discov] ) ! help ( ! latt] t aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ! e>? w be de/roy$1 "o w\ld /ill hesitate to impute de/ructive t5d5cies to ! calculus itself1 & to proscribe x on t acc\nt4 ,no?+ t ,i h said "h aga9/ ! tru?-value ( religion ne$$ ! support ( psy*o-analysis2 x _h be5 said by o!rs long be=e psy*o-analysis came into exi/5ce4 ,if "o c f9d a new argum5t aga9/ ! tru? ( religion by apply+ ! psy*o-analytic me?od1 s mu* ! worse = religion1 b ! def5d]s ( religion w ) equal "r avail !mselves ( psy*o-analysis 9 ord] to appreciate to ! full ! affective significance ( religi\s doctr9es4 ,& n[ to proce$ ) ! def5ce3 cle>ly religion has p]=m$ great s]vices = human culture4 ,x has contribut$ mu* t[>d re/ra9+ ! asocial in/9cts1 b /ill n en\gh4 ,= _m ?\s&s ( ye>s x has rul$ human society2 x has _h "t to %[ :at x c a*ieve4 ,if x _h succe$$ 9 mak+ happy ! great] "p ( mank9d1 9 consol+ !m1 9 reconcil+ !m to life1 & 9 mak+ !m into support]s ( civilization1 !n no "o w\ld dream ( /riv+ to alt] exi/+ conditions4 ,b in/ead ( ?is :at d we see8 ,we see t an appall+ly l>ge numb] ( m5 are discont5t$ ) civilization & unhappy 9 x1 & feel x z a yoke t mu/ be %ak5 (f2 t ^! m5 ei!r d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to alt] ?is civilization1 or else g s f> 9 _! ho/ility to x t !y w h no?+ :atev] to d ei!r ) civilization or ) re/ra9+ _! in/9cts4 ,at ?is po9t x w be object$ t ?is /ate ( affairs is due to ! v fact t religion has =feit$ a "p ( its influ5ce on ! masses1 j because ( ! deplorable effect ( ! advances 9 sci5ce4 ,we %all note ?is admission & ! reasons giv5 = x1 & %all make use ( x lat] = our own purposes2 b ! objection itself has no =ce4 ,x is d\btful :e!r m5 7 9 g5]al happi] at a "t :5 religi\s doctr9es held unlimit$ sway ?an !y are n[2 m moral !y c]ta9ly 7 n4 ,!y h always und]/ood h[ to ext]nalize religi\s precepts1 !reby fru/rat+ _! int5tions4 ,& ! prie/s1 :o _h to en=ce religi\s ob$i5ce1 met !m half-way4 ,god's k9dness mu/ lay a re/ra9+ h& ^u 8 ju/ice4 ,"o s9n$1 & !n "o made oblation or did p5ance1 & !n "o 0 free to s9 anew4 ,russian my/icism has come to ! sublime conclusion t s9 is indisp5sable = ! full enjoym5t ( ! bless+s ( div9e grace1 & !re=e1 fundam5tally1 x is pleas+ to ,god4 ,x is well kn[n t ! prie/s c\ld only keep ! masses submissive to religion by mak+ ^! great concessions to human in/9cts4 ,& s x 0 settl$3 ,god alone is /rong & good1 man is weak & s9ful4 ,immorality1 no less ?an morality1 has at all times f\nd support 9 religion4 ,if ! a*ievem5ts ( religion 9 promot+ m5's happ9ess1 9 adapt+ !m to civilization1 & 9 controll+ !m morally1 are no bett]1 !n ! "q arises :e!r we are "r 9 consid]+ x necess>y = mank9d1 & :e!r we d wisely 9 bas+ ! dem&s ( our culture ^u x4 ,let u consid] ! unmi/akable "* ( ! pres5t situation4 ,we h he>d ! admission t religion no long] has ! same influ5ce on m5 t x us$ to h 7we are conc]n$ "h ) ,european ,*ri/ian culture74 ,& ?is1 n because its promises h become small]1 b because !y appe> less cr$ible to p4 ,let u admit t ! reason--p]haps n ! only "o--= ?is *ange is ! increase ( ! sci5tific _s 9 ! high] /rata ( human society4 ,criticism has nibbl$ at ! au!nticity ( religi\s docum5ts1 natural sci5ce has %[n up ! errors conta9$ 9 !m1 & ! comp>ative me?od ( rese>* has reveal$ ! fatal resemblance betwe5 religi\s ideas rev]$ by u & ! m5tal productions ( primitive ages & peoples4 ,! sci5tific _s eng5d]s a p>ticul> attitude to ! problems ( ?is _w2 be=e ! problems ( religion x halts = a :ile1 !n wav]s1 & f9ally "h too /eps ov] ! ?re%old4 ,9 ?is process !re is no /opp+4 ,! m ! fruits ( k become accessible to m51 ! m widespread is ! decl9e ( religi\s belief1 at fir/ only ( ! obsolete & objectionable expressions ( ! same1 !n ( its fundam5tal assumptions1 also4 ,! ,am]icans :o in/itut$ ! monkey trial 9 ,dayton h alone prov$ consi/5t4 ,else:]e ! inevitable transition is accompli%$ by way ( half-measures & ins9c]ities4 ,culture has little to fe> f ! educat$ or f ! bra9 work]s4 ,9 _! case religi\s motives = civiliz$ behavi\r w\ld be unobtrusively replac$ by o!r & secul> ones2 besides1 = ! mo/ "p !y are !mselves support]s ( culture4 ,b x is ano!r matt] ) ! great mass ( ! un$ucat$ & suppress$1 :o h e reason to be enemies ( culture4 ,s long z !y d n discov] t p no long] believe 9 ,god1 all is well4 ,b !y discov] x1 infallibly1 & w\ld d s ev5 if ?is "w ( m9e 7 n publi%$4 ,!y are ready to accept ! results ( sci5tific ?\ght1 )\t hav+ effect$ 9 !mselves ! process ( *ange :i* sci5tific ?\ght induces 9 m54 ,is !re n a dang] t ^! masses1 9 _! ho/ility to culture1 w attack ! weak po9t :i* !y h discov]$ 9 _! taskma/]8 ,if y mu/ n kill y\r neighb\r1 solely because ,god has =bidd5 x & w sorely av5ge x 9 ?is or ! o!r life1 & y !n discov] t !re is no ,god s t "o ne$ n fe> 8 puni%m5t1 !n y w c]ta9ly kill )\t hesitation1 & y c\ld only be prev5t$ f ?is by mundane =ce4 ,& s foll[s ! necessity = ei!r ! mo/ rigor\s suppression ( ^! dang]\s masses & ! mo/ c>eful exclusion ( all opportunities = m5tal awak5+ or a fundam5tal revision ( ! relation betwe5 culture & religion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,"o w\ld suppose t ?is la/ proposal c\ld be c>ri$ out )\t any special difficulty4 ,x is true t x w\ld involve "s measure ( r5unciation1 b "o w\ld ga91 p]haps1 m ?an "o lo/1 & a great dang] w\ld be avoid$4 ,b p h a horror ( x1 z if civilization w\ld !reby be expos$ to an ev5 great] dang]4 ,:5 ,sa9t ,boniface fell$ ! tree :i* 0 v5]at$ z sacr$ by ! ,saxons1 ^? :o /ood r\nd expect$ "s fe>ful ev5t to foll[ ! outrage4 ,x did n happ51 & ! ,saxons 7 baptiz$4 ,x is manife/ly 9 ! int]e/ ( man's communal exi/5ce1 :i* w\ld n o!rwise be practicable1 t civilization has laid d[n ! comm&m5t t "o %all n kill ! neighb\r :om "o hates1 :o is 9 "o's way1 or ^: prop]ty "o covets4 ,= ! murd]] w\ld draw on to himself ! v5geance ( ! murd]$ man's k9sm5 & ! secret envy ( ! o!rs :o feel z mu* inw>d incl9ation z he did to su* an act ( viol5ce4 ,?us he w\ld n enjoy 8 rev5ge or 8 spoil = long1 b w\ld h e prospect ( be+ kill$ soon himself4 ,ev5 if he c\ld def5d himself aga9/ s+le foes by 8 extraord9>y /r5g? & caution1 he w\ld be b\nd to succumb to a comb9ation ( ^! weak] foes4 ,if a comb9ation ( ?is sort did n take place1 !n murd] w\ld cont9ue ceaselessly1 & ! end ( x w\ld be t m5 w\ld ext]m9ate "o ano!r4 ,x w\ld be ! same /ate ( affairs among individuals t /ill prevails 9 ,corsica among families1 b o!rwise survives only among nations4 ,insecurity ( life1 an equal dang] = all1 n[ unites m5 into "o society1 :i* =bids ! individual to kill & res]ves to itself ! "r to kill 9 ! "n ( society ! man :o violates ?is prohibition4 ,?is1 !n1 is ju/ice & puni%m5t4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 tell o!rs ( ?is rational basis = ! murd] prohibition2 we decl>e1 on ! contr>y1 t ,god is its au?or4 ,?us1 mak+ bold to div9e 8 int5tions1 we f9d t he has no wi%1 ei!r1 = m5 to ext]m9ate ea* o!r4 ,by act+ ?us we inve/ ! cultural prohibition ) a q peculi> solemnity1 b at ! same "t we risk mak+ its obs]vance dep5d5t on belief 9 ,god4 ,if we retract ?is /ep1 no long] saddl+ ,god ) our own wi%es1 & cont5t ourselves ) ! social ju/ification = ! cultural prohibition1 !n we r5\nce1 x is true1 its hall[$ nature1 b we also avoid endang]+ its exi/5ce4 ,& we ga9 some?+ else z well4 ,?r\gh "s k9d ( diffusion or infection ! "* ( sanctity & inviolability1 ( o!r-worldl9ess1 "o might say1 has be5 ext5d$ f "s few important prohibitions to all o!r cultural in/itutions & laws & ord9ances4 ,& (t5 ! halo becomes ^! none too well2 n only d !y invalidate ea* o!r by mak+ conflict+ decisions accord+ to ! "t & place ( _! orig92 ev5 ap>t f ?is !y betray e sign ( human inadequacy4 ,"o c easily recognize among !m ?+s :i* c only be ! product ( %ortsight$ness & appreh5siv5ess1 ! expression ( n>r[ int]e/s1 or ! result ( inadequate hypo!ses4 ,! criticism to :i* "o mu/ subject !m also dim9i%es to an unwelcome ext5t p's respect = o!r & m ju/ifi$ cultural dem&s4 ,z x is a delicate task to decide :at ,god has himself orda9$ & :at d]ives r f ! au?ority ( an allp[]ful p>liam5t or a supreme judicial decision1 x w\ld be an indubitable advantage to leave ,god out ( ! "q altoge!r1 & to admit hone/ly ! purely human orig9 ( all cultural laws & in/itutions4 ,along ) _! pret5sions to sanctity ! rigid & immutable nature ( ^! laws & regulations w\ld also cease4 ,m5 w\ld realize t ^! h be5 made1 n s mu* to rule !m1 z1 on ! contr>y1 to s]ve _! int]e/s2 !y w\ld acquire a m fri5dly attitude to !m1 & in/ead ( aim+ at _! abolition !y w\ld aim only at improv+ !m4 ,?is w\ld be an important advance on ! road :i* leads to reconciliation ) ! burd5 ( culture4 ,b "h our plea = a purely rational basis = cultural laws1 t is to say1 = d]iv+ !m f social necessity1 is int]rupt$ by a sudd5 d\bt4 ,we h *os5 z our example ! orig9 ( ! murd] prohibition4 ,b does our acc\nt ( x correspond to hi/orical tru?8 ,we fe> n2 x appe>s to be m]ely a rationali/ic con/ruction4 ,) ! help ( psy*o-analysis we h /udi$ ?is v po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( human culture1 & support$ by ?is /udy we are b\nd to say t 9 reality x did n happ5 l ?is4 ,ev5 9 m5 to-day purely reasonable motives are ( little avail aga9/ passionate impulses4 ,h[ mu* weak]1 !n1 mu/ !y h be5 9 ! primordial animal man6 ,p]haps ev5 n[ 8 desc5dants w\ld /ill kill "o ano!r )\t inhibition1 if !re _h n be5 among ^? acts ( murd] "o--! slaught] ( ! primal fa!r--:i* evok$ an irresi/ible emotional reaction1 mom5t\s 9 its consequ5ces4 ,f x arose ! comm&m5t3 ?\ %alt n kill1 :i* 9 totemism 0 conf9$ to ! fa!r-sub/itute1 & 0 lat] ext5d$ to o!rs1 b :i* ev5 to-day is n univ]sally obs]v$4 ,b accord+ to argum5ts :i* ,i ne$ n repeat "h1 t primal fa!r has be5 ! prototype ( ,god1 ! model aft] :i* lat] g5]ations h =m$ _! figure ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! religi\s explanation is "r4 ,god 0 actually conc]n$ 9 ! orig9 ( t prohibition2 8 influ5ce1 n insight into :at 0 necess>y = society1 br\ght x into be+4 ,& ! process ( attribut+ man's w to ,god is fully ju/ifi$2 = m51 kn[+ t !y _h brutally set aside ! fa!r1 det]m9$1 9 ! reaction to _! outrage1 to respect 8 w 9 future4 ,& s ! religi\s doctr9e does give u ! hi/orical tru?1 ?\gh ( c\rse 9 a some:at remodell$ & disguis$ =m2 our rational explanation belies x4 ,we n[ obs]ve t ! /ock ( religi\s ideas conta9s n only wi%-fulfilm5ts1 b also important hi/orical memories4 ,:at mat*less1 :at abundant p[] ?is comb9ation ( pa/ & pres5t mu/ give to religion6 ,b ) ! help ( an analogy we may p]haps feel our way t[>ds ano!r view ( ! problem4 ,x is n a good ?+ to transplant ideas f> away f ! soil 9 :i* !y grew1 b we _c resi/ po9t+ out ! resemblance :i* =ms ?is analogy4 ,we "k t ! human *ild _c well complete its developm5t t[>ds culture )\t pass+ ?r\gh a m or less di/9ct phase ( neurosis4 ,?is is because ! *ild is unable to suppress by rational m5tal ef=t s _m ( ^? in/9ctual impulsions :i* _c lat] be turn$ to acc\nt1 b has to *eck !m by acts ( repression1 beh9d :i* !re /&s z a rule an anxiety motive4 ,mo/ ( ^! *ild neuroses are ov]come spontane\sly z "o gr[s up1 & especially is ?is ! fate ( ! obsessional neuroses ( *ildhood4 ,! rema9d] c be cle>$ up /ill lat] by psy*o-analytic treatm5t4 ,9 j ! same way "o might assume t 9 its developm5t ?r\gh ! ages mank9d z a :ole exp]i5ces conditions t are analog\s to ! neuroses1 & ?is = ! same reasons1 because 9 ! ages ( its ignorance & intellectual weakness x a*iev$ by purely affective means ! in/9ctual r5unciations1 indisp5sable = man's communal exi/5ce4 ,& ! residue ( ^! repression-l processes1 :i* took place 9 antiquity1 has long clung on to civilization4 ,?us religion w\ld be ! univ]sal obsessional neurosis ( humanity4 ,x1 l ! *ild's1 orig9at$ 9 ! ,o$ipus complex1 ! relation to ! fa!r4 ,accord+ to ?is conception "o might prophesy t ! ab&on+ ( religion mu/ take place ) ! fateful inexorability ( a process ( gr[?1 & t we are j n[ 9 ! middle ( ?is phase ( developm5t4 ,s we %\ld =m our behavi\r aft] ! model ( a s5sible tea*]1 :o does n oppose ! new developm5t confront+ him1 b seeks to fur!r x & to temp] ! =ce ( its onset4 ,to be sure ?is analogy does n exhau/ ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,if on ! "o h& religion br+s ) x obsessional limitation1 :i* c only be comp>$ to an individual obsessional neurosis1 x comprises on ! o!r h& a sy/em ( wi%-illusions1 incompatible ) reality1 su* z we f9d 9 an isolat$ =m only 9 ,meyn]t's am5tia1 a /ate ( blissful halluc9atory confusion4 ,b ^! are only j comp>isons1 ) ^: help we c endeav\r to und]/& social ph5om5a2 individual psy*ology supplies u ) no exact c\nt]p>t4 ,x has be5 %[n repeat$ly 7by myself1 & p>ticul>ly by ,!odor ,reik7 into :at details ! analogy ( religion & ! obsessional neurosis may be pursu$1 h[ mu* ( ! vicissitudes & peculi>ities ( ! =mation ( religion may be und]/ood 9 ?is way4 ,& x accords well ) ?is t ! true believ] is 9 a high degree protect$ aga9/ ! dang] ( c]ta9 neurotic afflictions2 by accept+ ! univ]sal neurosis he is sp>$ ! task ( =m+ a p]sonal neurosis4 ,our k ( ! hi/orical value ( c]ta9 religi\s doctr9es increases our respect = !m1 b x does n invalidate our proposal to exclude !m f ! motivation ( cultural laws4 ,on ! contr>y6 ,?is hi/orical residue has giv5 u ! conception ( religi\s dogmas z1 s to speak1 neurotic survivals1 & n[ we may say t ! "t has probably come to replace ! consequ5ces ( repression by ! results ( rational m5tal ef=t1 z 9 ! analytic treatm5t ( neurotics4 ,"o may prophesy1 b h>dly regret1 t ?is process ( remodell+ w n /op at dispell+ ! solemn air ( sanctity surr\nd+ ! cultural laws1 b t a g5]al revision ( ^! mu/ involve ! abolition ( _m ( !m4 ,& ?is w g f> to solve our appo9t$ problem ( reconcil+ m5 to civilization4 ,we ne$ n regret ! loss ( hi/orical tru? involv$ 9 accept+ ! rational motivation ( cultural laws4 ,! tru?s conta9$ 9 religi\s doctr9es are aft] all s di/ort$ & sy/ematically disguis$ t ! mass ( mank9d _c recognize !m z tru?4 ,x is an in/ance ( ! same ?+ :5 we tell ! *ild t new-born babies are br\ght by ! /ork4 ,"h1 too1 we tell ! tru? 9 symbolic guise1 = we "k :at t l>ge bird signifies4 ,b ! *ild does n "k x2 he he>s only ! di/ortion1 & feels t he has be5 deceiv$2 & we "k h[ (t5 8 refractor9ess & 8 di/ru/ ( ! gr[n-ups gets b\nd up ) ?is impression4 ,we h come to ! conclusion t x is bett] to avoid su* symbolic disguis+s ( ! tru?1 & to all[ ! *ild k ( ! real /ate ( affairs 9 a way suitable = 8 /age ( intellectual developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix #8,y all[ y\rself contradictions :i* are h>d to reconcile ) "o ano!r4 ,fir/ y decl>e t a "w l y\rs is q h>mless2 no "o w let himself be robb$ ( 8 religi\s fai? ?r\gh su* discussions4 ,b s9ce1 z became evid5t lat]1 x is y\r aim to di/urb ?is fai?1 "o may ask3 :y 9 fact d y publi% x8 ,at ano!r po9t1 h[ev]1 y admit t x might be dang]\s1 inde$ v dang]\s1 = a man to discov] t p no long] believe 9 ,god4 ,docile ?\gh he _h be5 hi!rto1 n[ he w\ld ?r[ (f all allegiance to ! laws ( culture4 ,y\r :ole argum5t t ! religi\s motivation ( ! cultural comm&m5ts signifies a dang] = culture re/s1 9 fact1 on ! assumption t ! believ] c be made into an unbeliev]4 ,b t is a complete contradiction4 #8,& "h is ano!r contradiction3 y admit on ! "o h& t man w n be guid$ by intellig5ce2 he is rul$ by 8 passions & by ! claims ( 8 in/9cts2 b on ! o!r h& y propose to replace ! affective basis ( 8 allegiance to culture by a rational "o4 ,let :o c und]/& ?is4 ,to me x seems a case ( ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 #8,besides1 h y le>nt no?+ f hi/ory8 ,once be=e su* an attempt to sub/itute reason = religion 0 made1 (ficially & 9 ! gr& mann]4 ,surely y rememb] ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,robespi]re1 & also h[ %ort-liv$ & h[ deplorably ineffectual ! exp]im5t8 ,x is be+ repeat$ 9 ,russia at pres5t1 & we ne$ n be curi\s ab\t ! result4 ,d y n ?9k we may assume t man _c d )\t religion8 #8,y h said y\rself t religion is m ?an an obsessional neurosis4 ,b y h n dealt ) ?is o!r aspect ( x4 ,y are cont5t to "w out ! analogy ) ! neurosis4 ,m5 mu/ be fre$ f a neurosis4 ,:at else is lo/ 9 ! process does n tr\ble y4' ,probably ^! app>5t contradictions h aris5 because ,i h be5 deal+ too ha/ily ) complicat$ matt]s1 b we c make up = ?is to "s ext5t4 ,i /ill ma9ta9 t 9 "o respect my "w is q h>mless4 ,no believ] w let himself be l$ a/ray by ^! or by simil> argum5ts4 ,a believ] has c]ta9 ties ( affection b9d+ him to ! sub/ance ( religion4 ,!re are c]ta9ly a va/ numb] ( o!r p :o are n religi\s 9 ! same s5se4 ,!y obey ! laws ( civilization because !y are intimidat$ by ! ?reats ( religion1 & !y fe> religion s long z !y consid] x z a "p ( ! reality t re/ricts !m4 ,^! are ! p :o break free z soon z !y d>e to give up _! belief 9 its reality value2 b argum5ts h no effect on !m ei!r4 ,!y cease to fe> religion :5 !y f9d t o!rs d n fe> x1 & ( ^! ,i h ass]t$ t !y w\ld le>n ( ! decl9e ( religi\s influ5ce ev5 if ,i did n publi% my "w4 ,b ,i suppose y y\rself atta* m value to ! o!r contradiction ) :i* y tax me4 ,s9ce m5 are s slightly am5able to reasonable argum5ts1 s completely are !y rul$ by _! in/9ctual wi%es1 :y %\ld "o want to take away f !m a means ( satisfy+ _! in/9cts & replace x by reasonable argum5ts8 ,c]ta9ly m5 are l ?is1 b h y ask$ y\rself :e!r !y ne$ be s1 :e!r _! inmo/ nature necessitates x8 ,c an an?ropologi/ give ! cranial index ( a p ^: cu/om x is to de=m _! *ildr5's heads by b&ag+ !m f _! e>lie/ ye>s8 ,?9k ( ! di/ress+ contra/ betwe5 ! radiant intellig5ce ( a heal?y *ild & ! feeble m5tality ( ! av]age adult4 ,is x s utt]ly impossible t x is j religi\s up-br++ :i* is l>gely to blame = ?is relative deg5]ation8 ,i ?9k x w\ld be a v long "t be=e a *ild :o 0 n influ5c$ began to tr\ble himself ab\t ,god & ! ?+s beyond ?is _w4 ,p]haps 8 ?\ghts on ^! matt]s w\ld !n take ! same c\rse z !y did ) 8 ance/ors2 b we d n wait = ?is developm5t2 we introduce him to ! doctr9es ( religion at a "t :5 he is nei!r int]e/$ 9 !m nor capable ( grasp+ _! import4 ,is x n true t ! two ma9 po9ts 9 ! mod]n educational programme are ! ret>dation ( sexual developm5t & ! e>ly application ( religi\s influ5ce8 ,s :5 ! *ild's m9d awak5s1 ! doctr9es ( religion are already unassailable4 ,b d y suppose t x is p>ticul>ly conducive to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! m5tal function t s important a sph]e %\ld be clos$ to x by ! m5ace ( hell pa9s8 ,we ne$ n be greatly surpris$ at ! feeble m5tality ( ! man :o has once br\ght himself to accept )\t criticism all ! absurdities t religi\s doctr9es repeat to him1 & ev5 to ov]look ! contradictions betwe5 !m4 ,n[ we h no o!r means ( controll+ our in/9cts ?an our intellig5ce4 ,& h[ c we expect p :o are dom9at$ by ?\ght-prohibitions to atta9 ! psy*ological ideal1 ! primacy ( ! intellig5ce8 ,y "k too t wom5 9 g5]al are said to suff] f s-call$ #8physiological weak-m9d$ness'1 i4e4 a poor] intellig5ce ?an ! man's4 ,! fact itself is disputable1 its int]pretation d\btful2 b x has be5 argu$ = ! second>y nature ( ?is intellectual deg5]ation t wom5 lab\r "u ! h>%ness ( ! e>ly prohibition1 :i* prev5t$ !m f apply+ _! m9d to :at w\ld h int]e/$ !m mo/1 t is to say1 to ! problems ( sexual life4 ,s long z a man's e>ly ye>s are influ5c$ by ! religi\s ?\ght-inhibition & by ! loyal "o d]iv$ f x1 z well z by ! sexual "o1 we _c really say :at he is actually l4 ,b ,i w curb my ard\r & admit ! possibility t ,i too am *as+ aft] an illusion4 ,p]haps ! effect ( ! religi\s ?\ght-prohibition is n z bad z ,i assume1 p]haps x w turn out t human nature rema9s ! same ev5 if education is n abus$ by be+ subject$ to religion4 ,i d n "k1 & y _c "k ei!r4 ,x is n only ! great problems ( ?is life t seem at pres5t insoluble2 !re are _m small] que/ions also t are h>d to decide4 ,b y mu/ admit t !re is "h ! ju/ification = a hope = ! future1 t p]haps we may dig up a treasure :i* c enri* culture1 & t x is wor? :ile to make ! exp]im5t ( a non-religi\s education4 ,%\ld x prove unsatisfactory1 ,i am ready to give up ! re=m & to return to ! e>li]1 purely descriptive judgem5t3 man is a creature ( weak intellig5ce :o is gov]n$ by 8 in/9ctual wi%es4 ,!re is ano!r po9t 9 :i* ,i :olehe>t$ly agree ) y4 ,x is1 to be sure1 a s5seless proce$+ to try & d away ) religion by =ce & at "o bl[--m especially z x is a hopeless "o4 ,! believ] w n let 8 fai? be tak5 f him1 nei!r by argum5ts nor by prohibitions4 ,& ev5 if x did succe$ ) "s1 x w\ld be a cruel ?+ to d4 ,a man :o has = decades tak5 a sleep+ draught is naturally unable to sleep if he is depriv$ ( x4 ,t ! effect ( ! consolations ( religion may be comp>$ to t ( a n>cotic is prettily illu/rat$ by :at is happ5+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re !y are n[ try+--pla9ly "u ! influ5ce ( petticoat gov]nm5t--to deprive m5 ( all /imulants1 intoxicants & luxuries1#c & to satiate !m ) piety by way ( comp5sation4 ,?is is ano!r exp]im5t ab\t ! result ( :i* we ne$ n be curi\s4 ,footnote #c3 ,i4e4 tea1 alcohol1 & tobacco4 ,& s ,i disagree ) y :5 y g on to argue t man _c 9 g5]al d )\t ! consolation ( ! religi\s illusion1 t )\t x he w\ld n endure ! tr\bles ( life1 ! cruelty ( reality4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is true ( ! man into :om y h in/ill$ ! sweet--or bitt]-sweet--poison f *ildhood on4 ,b :at ( ! o!r1 :o has be5 br\ght up sob]ly8 ,p]haps he1 n suff]+ f neurosis1 w ne$ no intoxicant to dead5 x4 ,true1 man w !n f9d himself 9 a difficult situation4 ,he w h to confess 8 utt] helplessness & 8 insignificant "p 9 ! work+ ( ! univ]se2 he w h to confess t he is no long] ! c5tre ( creation1 no long] ! object ( ! t5d] c>e ( a b5evol5t provid5ce4 ,he w be 9 ! same position z ! *ild :o has left ! home :]e he 0 s w>m & com=table4 ,b1 aft] all1 is x n ! de/9y ( *ildi%ness to be ov]come8 ,man _c rema9 a *ild = ev]2 he mu/ v5ture at la/ into ! ho/ile _w4 ,?is may be call$ #8education to reality'2 ne$ ,i tell y t x is ! sole aim ( my book to draw att5tion to ! necessity = ?is advance8 ,y fe>1 probably1 t he w n /& ! te/8 ,well1 anyh[1 let u be hopeful4 ,x is at lea/ some?+ to "k t "o is ?r[n on "o's own res\rces4 ,"o le>ns !n to use !m prop]ly4 ,& man is n entirely )\t means ( assi/ance2 s9ce ! "t ( ! deluge sci5ce has taught him mu*1 & x w /ill fur!r increase 8 p[]4 ,& z = ! great necessities ( fate1 aga9/ :i* !re is no rem$y1 ^! he w simply le>n to endure ) resignation4 ,( :at use to him is ! illusion ( a k+dom on ! moon1 ^: rev5ues h nev] yet be5 se5 by anyone8 ,z an hone/ cr(t] on ?is e>? he w "k h[ to cultivate 8 plot 9 a way t w support him4 ,?us by )draw+ 8 expectations f ! o!r _w & conc5trat+ all 8 lib]at$ en]gies on ?is e>?ly life he w probably atta9 to a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* life w be tol]able = all & no "o w be oppress$ by culture any m4 ,!n ) "o ( our comrades 9 unbelief he w be able to say )\t regret3 ,let u leave ! heav5s ,to ! angels & ! sp>r[s4 ,,*apt] ,x #8,t does s\nd spl5did4 ,a race ( m5 t has r5\nc$ all illusions & has ?us become capable ( mak+ its exi/5ce on ! e>? a tol]able "o6 ,b ,i _c %>e y\r expectations4 ,& ?is1 n because ,i am ! pig-head$ reaction>y y p]haps take me =4 ,no2 x is because ,i am a s5sible p]son4 ,x seems to me t we h n[ ex*ang$ rles2 y prove to be ! en?usia/1 :o all[s himself to be c>ri$ away by illusions1 & ,i repres5t ! claims ( reason1 ! "r to be sceptical4 ,:at y h j /at$ seems to me to be f\nd$ on errors1 :i* aft] y\r prec$5t ,i may call illusions because !y betray cle>ly en\gh ! influ5ce ( y\r wi%es4 ,y indulge 9 ! hope t g5]ations :i* h n exp]i5c$ ! influ5ce ( religi\s tea*+ 9 e>ly *ildhood w easily atta9 ! wi%$-= primacy ( ! intellig5ce ov] ! life ( ! in/9cts4 ,t is surely an illusion2 9 ?is decisive po9t human nature is h>dly likely to alt]4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak5--"o kn[s s little ( o!r civilizations--!re are ev5 to-day peoples :o d n gr[ up "u ! pressure ( a religi\s sy/em1 & !y come no ne>] y\r ideal ?an ! o!rs4 ,if y wi% to expel religion f our ,european civilization y c only d x ?r\gh ano!r sy/em ( doctr9es1 & f ! outset ?is w\ld take ov] all ! psy*ological *>act]i/ics ( religion1 ! same sanctity1 rigidity & intol]ance1 ! same prohibition ( ?\ght 9 self-def5ce4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort y mu/ h 9 ju/ice to ! requirem5ts ( education4 ,= y _c d )\t education4 ,! way f suck+ *ild to civiliz$ man is a long "o2 too _m "y p w\ld g a/ray & fail to arrive at _! life tasks 9 due "t if !y 7 left )\t guidance to _! own developm5t4 ,! doctr9es made use ( 9 _! education w always conf9e ! ?\ght ( _! rip] ye>s1 exactly z y reproa* religion ) do+ to-day4 ,d y n obs]ve t x is ! in]adicable natural defect ( our1 ( e1 culture t x imposes on ! *ild1 gov]n$ by 8 in/9cts & intellectually weak1 ! mak+ ( decisions to :i* only ! matur$ intellig5ce ( ! gr[n-up c d ju/ice8 ,b ow+ to ! fact t mank9d's developm5t ?r\gh ! ages is conc5trat$ into a few ye>s ( *ildhood culture _c d o!rwise1 & x is only by affective influ5ce t ! *ild c be induc$ to accompli% ! task assign$ to x4 ,& s ?is is ! outlook = y\r 8primacy ( ! intellect04 #8,& n[ y %\ld n be surpris$ if ,i int]v5e on behalf ( reta9+ ! religi\s sy/em ( tea*+ z ! basis ( education & ( man's communal life4 ,x is a practical problem1 n a "q ( reality value4 ,s9ce we _c1 = ! sake ( ! pres]vation ( our culture1 po/pone influ5c+ ! individual until he has become ready = culture--_m w\ld nev] be s anyh[--& s9ce we are oblig$ to press "s sy/em ( tea*+ on ! gr[+ *ild :i* %all h ! effect on him ( a po/ulate t does n admit ( criticism1 x seems to me t ! religi\s sy/em is by f> ! mo/ suitable = ! purpose2 ( c\rse j on acc\nt ( t quality--its p[] = wi%-fulfilm5t & consolation--by :i* y claim to h recogniz$ x z an 8illusion04 ,9 face ( ! difficulty ( discov]+ any?+ ab\t reality1 inde$ ! d\bt :e!r ?is is possible = u at all1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t human ne$s are also a "p1 & inde$ an important "p1 ( reality1 & "o t conc]ns u p>ticul>ly closely4 #8,i f9d ano!r advantage ( religi\s doctr9e 9 "o ( its peculi>ities1 to :i* y seem to take p>ticul> exception4 ,x admits ( an ideational ref9em5t & sublimation1 by :i* x c be dive/$ ( mo/ ( ^? traces ( a primitive & infantile way ( ?9k+ :i* x be>s4 ,:at is !n left is a body ( ideas :i* sci5ce no long] contradicts & :i* x _c disprove4 ,^! modifications ( religi\s doctr9e1 :i* y h condemn$ z half-measures & compromises1 make x possible to bridge ! gap betwe5 ! un$ucat$ masses & ! philosophical ?9k]1 & to pres]ve t common bond betwe5 !m :i* is s important = ! protection ( culture4 ,) x y w\ld h no ne$ to fe> t ! poor man w\ld discov] t ! upp] /rata ( society 8no long] believe 9 ,god04 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n by n[ t y\r endeav\r r$uces itself to ! attempt to replace a prov$ & affectively valuable illusion by "o t is improv$ & )\t affective value4' ,y %all n f9d me imp]vi\s to y\r criticism4 ,i "k h[ difficult x is to avoid illusions2 p]haps ev5 ! hopes ,i h confess$ to are ( an illusory nature4 ,b ,i hold fa/ to "o di/9ction4 ,my illusions--ap>t f ! fact t no p5alty is impos$ = n %>+ !m--are n1 l ! religi\s ones1 incapable ( correction1 !y h no delusional "*4 ,if exp]i5ce %\ld %[--n to me1 b to o!rs aft] me :o ?9k z ,i d--t we are mi/ak51 !n we %all give up our expectations4 ,take my endeav\r = :at x is4 ,a psy*ologi/1 :o does n deceive himself ab\t ! difficulty ( f9d+ 8 be>+s 9 ?is _w1 /rives to review ! developm5t ( mank9d 9 accord ) :at insight he has won f /udy+ ! m5tal processes ( ! individual dur+ 8 developm5t f *ildhood to manhood4 ,9 ?is connection ! idea =ces itself ^u him t religion is comp>able to a *ildhood neurosis1 & he is optimi/ic en\gh to assume t mank9d w ov]come ?is neurotic phase1 j z s _m *ildr5 gr[ out ( _! simil> neuroses4 ,^! pieces ( k f individual psy*ology may be inadequate1 _! application to ! human race unju/ifi$1 ! optimism )\t f\ndation2 ,i grant y ! unc]ta9ty ( all ^! ?+s4 ,b (t5 we _c refra9 f say+ :at we ?9k1 excus+ ourselves on ! gr\nd t x is giv5 = no m ?an x is wor?4 ,& !re are two po9ts t ,i mu/ dwell on a little long]4 ,fir/1 ! weakness ( my position does n betok5 any /r5g!n+ ( y\rs4 ,i ?9k y are def5d+ a lo/ cause4 ,we may insi/ z mu* z we l t ! human intellect is weak 9 comp>ison ) human in/9cts1 & be "r 9 do+ s4 ,b nev]!less !re is some?+ peculi> ab\t ?is weakness4 ,! voice ( ! intellect is a s(t "o1 b x does n re/ until x has ga9$ a he>+4 ,ultimately1 aft] endlessly repeat$ rebuffs1 x succe$s4 ,?is is "o ( ! few po9ts 9 :i* "o may be optimi/ic ab\t ! future ( mank9d1 b 9 itself x signifies n a little4 ,& "o c make x a />t+-po9t = yet o!r hopes4 ,! primacy ( ! intellect c]ta9ly lies 9 ! f>1 f>1 b /ill probably n inf9ite1 di/ance4 ,& z x w presumably set itself ! same aims t y expect to be realiz$ by y\r ,god--( c\rse )9 human limits1 9 s f> z ext]nal reality1 1 all[s x--! bro!rhood ( man & ! r$uction ( suff]+1 we may say t our antagonism is only a tempor>y & n an irreconcilable "o4 ,we desire ! same ?+s1 b y are m impati5t1 m exact+1 &--:y %\ld ,i n say x--m selfi% ?an ,i & ^? l me4 ,y w\ld h ! /ate ( bliss to beg9 imm$iately aft] dea?2 y ask ( x ! impossible1 & y w n surr5d] ! claim ( ! individual4 ,( ^! wi%es our god #d w realize ^? :i* ext]nal nature p]mits1 b he w d ?is v gradually1 only 9 ! incalculable future & = o!r *ildr5 ( m54 ,comp5sation = u1 :o suff] griev\sly f life1 he does n promise4 ,on ! way to ?is di/ant goal y\r religi\s doctr9es w h to be disc>d$1 no matt] :e!r ! fir/ attempts fail1 or :e!r ! fir/ sub/itute-=mations prove to be un/able4 ,y "k :y2 9 ! long run no?+ c )/& reason & exp]i5ce1 & ! contradiction religion (f]s to bo? is only too palpable4 ,n ev5 ! purifi$ religi\s ideas c escape ?is fate1 s long z !y /ill try to pres]ve any?+ ( ! consolation ( religion4 ,c]ta9ly if y conf9e y\rself to ! belief 9 a high] spiritual be+1 ^: qualities are indef9able & ^: int5tions _c be disc]n$1 !n y are pro( aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( sci5ce1 b !n y w also rel9qui% ! int]e/ ( m54 ,footnote #d3 ,! tw9 gods - ( ! ,dut*man ,multatuli4 ,& secondly3 note ! diff]5ce betwe5 y\r attitude to illusions & m9e4 ,y h to def5d ! religi\s illusion ) all y\r might2 if x 7 discr$it$--& to be sure x is suffici5tly m5ac$--!n y\r _w w\ld collapse1 !re w\ld be no?+ left = y b to despair ( ev]y?+1 ( culture & ( ! future ( mank9d4 ,f ?is bondage ,i am1 we are1 free4 ,s9ce we are prep>$ to r5\nce a good "p ( our infantile wi%es1 we c be> x if "s ( our expectations prove to be illusions4 ,education fre$ f ! burd5 ( religi\s doctr9es w n p]haps effect mu* alt]ation 9 man's psy*ological nature2 our god is n p]haps a v p[]ful "o2 he may only fulfil a small "p ( :at 8 =]unn]s h promis$4 ,if we h to ackn[l$ge ?is1 we %all d s ) resignation4 ,we %all n !reby lose our int]e/ 9 ! _w & 9 life1 = we h 9 "o respect a sure support :i* y lack4 ,we believe t x is possible = sci5tific "w to discov] some?+ ab\t ! reality ( ! _w ?r\gh :i* we c increase our p[] & accord+ to :i* we c regulate our life4 ,if ?is belief is an illusion1 !n we are 9 ! same position z y1 b sci5ce has %[n u by num]\s & significant successes t x is no illusion4 ,sci5ce has _m op51 & /ill m secret1 enemies among ^? :o _c =give x = hav+ weak5$ religi\s belief & = ?reat5+ to ov]?r[ x4 ,p reproa* x = ! small am\nt x has taught u & ! incomp>ably great] am\nt x has left 9 ! d>k4 ,b !n !y =get h[ "y x is1 h[ difficult its beg9n+s1 & h[ inf9itesimally small ! space ( "t s9ce ! human intellect has be5 /rong en\gh = ! tasks x sets x4 ,d we n all d wrong 9 t ! p]iods ( "t :i* we make ! basis ( our judgem5ts are ( too %ort duration8 ,we %\ld take an example f ! geologi/4 ,p compla9 ( ! unreliability ( sci5ce1 t %e proclaims z a law to-day :at ! next g5]ation w recognize to be an error & :i* x w replace by a new law ( equally %ort curr5cy4 ,b t is unju/ & 9 "p untrue4 ,! trans=mation ( sci5tific ideas is a process ( developm5t & progress1 n ( revolution4 ,a law t 0 at fir/ held to be univ]sally valid proves to be a special case ( a m compreh5sive law1 or else its scope is limit$ by ano!r law n discov]$ until lat]2 a r\gh approximation to ! tru? is replac$ by "o m c>efully adju/$1 :i* 9 its turn awaits a fur!r approa* to p]fection4 ,9 sev]al sph]es we h n yet surm\nt$ a phase ( inve/igation 9 :i* we te/ hypo!ses t h soon to be reject$ z inadequate2 b 9 o!rs we h already an assur$ & almo/ immutable core ( k4 ,f9ally an attempt has be5 made to discr$it radically sci5tific endeav\r on ! gr\nd t1 b\nd z x is to ! conditions ( our own organization1 x c yield no?+ b subjective results1 :ile ! real nature ( ?+s outside u rema9s inaccessible to x4 ,b ?is is to disreg>d sev]al factors ( decisive importance = ! und]/&+ ( sci5tific "w4 ,fir/ly1 our organization1 i4e4 our m5tal app>atus1 has be5 develop$ actually 9 ! attempt to explore ! out] _w1 & !re=e x mu/ h realiz$ 9 its /ructure a c]ta9 measure ( appropriat5ess2 secondly1 x itself is a con/itu5t "p ( t _w :i* we are to inve/igate1 & readily admits ( su* inve/igation2 ?irdly1 ! task ( sci5ce is fully circumscrib$ if we conf9e x to %[+ h[ ! _w mu/ appe> to u 9 consequ5ce ( ! p>ticul> "* ( our organization2 f\r?ly1 ! ultimate f9d+s ( sci5ce1 j because ( ! way 9 :i* !y are atta9$1 are condition$ n only by our organization b also by t :i* has affect$ ?is organization2 &1 f9ally1 ! problem ( ! nature ( ! _w irrespective ( our p]ceptive m5tal app>atus is an empty ab/raction )\t practical int]e/4 ,no1 sci5ce is no illusion4 ,b x w\ld be an illusion to suppose t we c\ld get any:]e else :at x _c give u4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,us$ numb]s = footnotes4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4