,,english ,,grammar ,,by ,,lillian ,g4 ,,kimball ,,formerly ,,head ,,of ,,english ,,department1 ,,state ,,normal ,,school1 ,,oshkosh1 ,,wisconsin ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,structure ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,sentence0 8,,elementary ,,english1 ,,book ,,one10 ,,and 8,,elementary ,,english1 ,,book ,,two0 ,,new ,,york 3 ,,cincinnati 3 ,,chicago ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,,american ,,book ,,company4 ,,entered ,,at ,,stationers' ,,hall1 ,,london4 ,,kimball',s ,,eng4 ,,grammar4 ,,preface ,the purpose of this book is to set forth in a simple and practical manner the principles of modern ,english ,grammar4 ,the aim has been not only to give the pupils an insight into the structure of the ,english sentence1 but also to provide them with exercises helpful to the formation of good habits of speech4 ,it is a matter of common knowledge among teachers of grammar that a mere understanding of the rules of syntax does not insure the avoidance of errors and the use of correct forms4 ,the use of language by young persons is instinctive and spontaneous rather than reflective1 hence the most effective way for them to secure correctness of speech is through imitation and practice4 ,recognizing this fundamental fact in language teaching1 the author has provided many exercises both for the learning of correct forms and for practice in their use4 ,these the teacher is expected to supplement by constant criticism1 example1 and stimulus4 ,after the pupil has been led to appreciate and strive for correctness of speech1 he naturally wishes to understand why a certain form is correct or incorrect1 to have a test for his own speech and a standard by which to judge the speech of others4 ,only by such an understanding does he gain a mastery of the form of a language so that he can use it with ease1 freedom1 and certainty4 ,to promote such a mastery of ,english1 the author has made each construction perfectly clear1 and has led the pupil through accurate reasoning to conclusions which are strengthened and established by their application to many illustrative sentences chosen from standard literature4 ,the selection and the arrangement of subject matter have been carefully considered in the light of experience in the classroom4 ,the arrangement is at the same time pedagogical and logical4 ,each point is taken up where it is called for by the preceding lesson and where it will be of greatest use in making clear what follows4 ,technical points that have little or no practical value have been omitted1 but whatever is of benefit in helping the pupil to use or to interpret the ,english language has been included4 ,thanks are due to many teachers for helpful criticisms of the manuscript of this book4 ,,contents ,,lesson ,,page ,i4 ,declarative ,sentences4 ,subject and ,predicate #i ,,ii4 ,simple ,subject4 ,nouns #aa ,,iii4 ,classification of ,nouns #ac ,,iv4 ,verbs #ae ,v4 ,pronouns #ah ,,vi4 ,compound ,subject and ,compound ,predicate #ai ,,vii4 ,transposed ,subject and ,predicate #bb ,,viii4 ,interrogative ,sentences #bc ,,ix4 ,adjectives #be ,x4 ,adverbs #bh ,,xi4 ,phrases4 ,analysis of ,sentences #ca ,,xii4 ,prepositions #cd ,,xiii4 ,term of ,address4 ,exclamatory ,noun #ci ,,xiv4 ,imperative ,sentences #da ,,xv4 ,interjections #dc ,,xvi4 ,exclamatory ,sentences #dd ,,xvii4 ,conjunctions #df ,,xviii4 ,clauses4 ,simple ,sentences #dh ,,xix4 ,compound ,sentences #ej ,,xx4 ,dependent ,clauses4 ,complex ,sentences #eb ,,xxi4 ,review3 ,classification of ,sentences #ee ,,xxii4 ,review3 ,parts of ,speech #eg ,,xxiii4 ,transitive ,verbs4 ,object of ,verb #fj ,,xxiv4 ,intransitive ,verbs asserting ,action #fd ,,xxv4 ,intransitive ,verbs asserting ,being4 ,nouns as ,subjective ,complements #ff ,,xxvi4 ,adjectives as ,subjective ,complements #fi ,,xxvii4 ,review of ,verbs #gb ,,xxviii4 ,nouns3 ,number #gd ,,xxix4 ,nouns3 ,gender #gg ,,xxx4 ,possessive ,nouns #hj ,,xxxi4 ,nouns3 ,case #hc ,,xxxii4 ,nouns3 ,the ,appositive #he ,,xxxiii4 ,appositive ,adjectives #hh ,,xxxiv4 ,indirect ,object #hi ,,xxxv4 ,adverbial ,noun ,phrases #ia ,,xxxvi4 ,adverbial ,noun ,phrases #ib ,,xxxvii4 ,objective ,complement #id ,,xxxviii4 ,parsing of ,nouns #if ,,xxxix4 ,personal ,pronouns #ih ,,xl4 ,uses of ,personal ,pronouns #ajj ,,xli4 ,uses of ,possessive ,personal ,pronouns #ajc ,,xlii4 ,compound ,personal ,pronouns #ajf ,,xliii4 ,interrogative ,pronouns #ajh ,,xliv4 ,descriptive ,adjectives #aaj ,,xlv4 ,limiting ,adjectives #aac ,,xlvi4 ,comparison of ,adjectives #aaf ,,xlvii4 ,review of ,adjectives #abj ,,xlviii4 ,adjective ,pronouns #aba ,,xlix4 ,verbs3 ,tense #abc ,l4 ,the ,indicative ,mode #abg ,,li4 ,the ,interrogative ,form of the ,indicative ,mode #abi ,,lii4 ,the ,subjunctive ,mode #aca ,,liii4 ,the ,imperative ,mode #acd ,,liv4 ,principal ,parts of ,verbs4 ,regular and ,irregular ,verbs #ace ,,lv4 ,voice #adj ,,lvi4 ,the ,passive ,voice #add ,,lvii4 ,the ,progressive ,conjugation #adh ,,lviii4 ,the ,emphatic ,conjugation #adi ,,lix4 ,parsing of ,verbs #aej ,,lx4 ,the ,auxiliary ,verbs ,shall and ,will #aea ,,lxi4 ,defective ,verbs4 ,verb ,phrases #aed ,,lxii4 ,direct and ,indirect ,discourse #afb ,,lxiii4 ,agreement of ,verb and ,subject4 ,collective ,nouns #afe ,,lxiv4 ,review of ,verbs #afh ,,lxv4 ,classification of ,adverbs4 ,simple ,adverbs #afi ,,lxvi4 ,conjunctive ,adverbs #aga ,,lxvii4 ,summary of ,adverbs #agc ,,lxviii4 ,cordinate ,conjunctions #agd ,,lxix4 ,subordinate ,conjunctions #agf ,,lxx4 ,adverbial ,clauses of ,time1 ,place1 and ,manner #ahj ,,lxxi4 ,adverbial ,clauses of ,cause1 ,purpose1 and ,result #ahc ,,lxxii4 ,adverbial ,clauses of ,condition and ,concession #ahf ,,lxxiii4 ,adverbial ,clauses of ,comparison #ahh ,,lxxiv4 ,analysis of ,sentences #aia ,,lxxv4 ,adjective ,clauses #aic ,,lxxvi4 ,relative ,pronouns #aif ,,lxxvii4 ,noun ,clauses #bjj ,,lxxviii4 ,introductory ,words of ,noun ,clauses #bjc ,,lxxix4 ,review of ,clauses #bjf ,,lxxx4 ,review of ,pronouns #bjg ,,lxxxi4 ,infinitives #bji ,,lxxxii4 ,infinitives as ,subjects or ,complements #bab ,,lxxxiii4 ,infinitives as ,modifiers of ,nouns #bae ,,lxxxiv4 ,infinitives as ,parts of 8,double ,objects40 ,as ,modifiers of ,verbs #baf ,,lxxxv4 ,other ,uses of ,infinitives #bbj ,,lxxxvi4 ,summary of ,infinitives #bbd ,,lxxxvii4 ,analysis of ,sentences containing ,infinitive ,phrases #bbe ,,lxxxviii4 ,participles #bbh ,,lxxxix4 ,participles modifying ,nouns #bca ,,xc4 ,participial ,phrases in the ,predicate #bcd ,,xci4 ,absolute ,participial ,phrases #bcg ,,xcii4 ,agreement of ,participles4 ,other ,words in -ing #bci ,,xciii4 ,summary of ,participles #bdc ,,xciv4 ,analysis of ,sentences #bdd ,,xcv4 ,anticipative ,subject #bdg ,,xcvi4 ,elliptical ,sentences #bdi ,,xcvii4 ,review of ,analysis #beb ,general ,review #beg ,index #bfe ,i4 ,,declarative ,,sentences4 ,,subject ,,and ,,predicate #a4 ,the purpose of ,english ,grammar is to set forth the laws and customs governing the use of the ,english language4 ,we study grammar in order that we may express our thoughts correctly4 ,a group of words1 sometimes few1 sometimes many1 that completely expresses a thought is called a sentence4 ,in speech one sentence is set off from another by a slight pause4 ,on the written or printed page sentences are separated from each other by a slight space1 while the first word of every sentence begins with a capital letter1 and the last word is followed by some sort of terminal mark4 ,most sentences are made to state1 or declare1 something1 and hence are called declarative sentences4 ,the following are declarative sentences3-- ,molly danced up and down with delight4 ,my grandfather's desk had the best light in the room4 #b4 ,declarative sentences consist of two distinct parts4 ,one part names the person1 place1 or thing which the sentence tells something about4 ,this part is called the subject4 ,the other part is the telling part4 ,it is called the predicate4 ,in the first example ,molly is the subject1 because it names the person about whom something is told4 ,danced up and down with delight is the predicate1 because it tells something about ,molly4 ,what is the subject in the second example8 the predicate8 ,how do you know8 ,what terminal mark follows a declarative sentence8 ,summary4--,a sentence is a group of words that completely expresses a thought4 ,a declarative sentence is one that states1 or declares1 something4 ,a declarative sentence is always followed by a period4 ,the subject of a sentence is the part which names that about which something is said4 ,the predicate of a sentence is the part which says something about the subject4 ,exercise #a4--,tell why each of the following sentences is declarative4 ,select the subject1 and tell why it is the subject4 ,select the predicate1 and tell why it is the predicate4 ,tell all this in good language4 ,write it about one of the sentences1 and be sure to underline the words that should be printed in italics4 7,see #b47 ,remember that all the words in the sentence belong either in the subject or in the predicate4 #a4 ,the village street was as quiet as the fields4 #b4 ,the great crashes of deep bass notes sent little thrills down our backs4 #c4 ,the cat could not find anything to eat except a thin1 dried-up old mole4 #d4 ,little gray-eyed ,caroline went to live with her ,aunt ,fogg4 #e4 ,the traveler1 being quite faint for lack of food1 helped himself to the leg of a roast chicken4 #f4 ,four is the right number for a pie4 #g4 ,a young girl of wonderful beauty lay asleep on the bed4 #h4 ,mary shut the parlor door with a great slam4 #i4 ,beauty1 full of surprise but very happy1 permitted the prince to lead her to his palace4 #aj4 ,the magic song still rose from the vines outside the chamber window4 #aa4 ,we cats are confined entirely to the society of each other4 #ab4 ,the glassy water was sparkling with stars4 #ac4 ,locusts devoured the green things of the valley4 #ad4 ,not a living soul was to be seen4 #ae4 ,my little half-starved cat grew white and plump and pretty4 ,exercise #b4--;,find five interesting declarative sentences in a story book4 ,write them with the subject underlined4 ,exercise #c4--,write a fitting predicate for each of the following subjects3-- #a4 ,a boy with a fish pole #b4 ,abraham ,lincoln #c4 ,my last dime #d4 ,the man on the ice wagon #e4 ,our old white rooster #f4 ,not a girl in the class #g4 ,the battered old musket #h4 ,the haymakers #i4 ,the miner's cabin #aj4 ,moving picture shows ,,ii4 ,,simple ,,subject4 ,,nouns #c4 ,it is evident from the sentences in ,exercise #a1 p4 #aj1 that the subject of a sentence may consist of one word or of a group of words4 ,in the sentence1 8,peter was sitting by himself10 the subject is only the one word ,peter4 ,in the sentence1 8,a lovely old lady with white hair and a gentle1 noble face came to the door10 the subject is a group of twelve words4 ,what are they8 ,when the subject of a sentence is a group of words1 there is always a base word in the group1 which1 more than any other word1 names or designates the person1 place1 or thing about which something is said4 ,this word is called the simple subject4 ,what is the simple subject in the sentence that tells who came to the door8 ,what are the simple subjects in sentences #a1 #b1 #e1 #g1 #ab1 #ad1 and #ae in ,exercise #a1 p4 #aj8 #d4 ,every word in a sentence is used for a particular purpose4 ,because words are used for different purposes they have been divided into classes called parts of speech4 ,in the sentences just studied the words ,peter and lady are used to name certain persons4 ,name words are called nouns4 ,a noun is a part of speech4 #e4 ,not every noun is the name of a person4 ,many are names of places2 as1 ,oshkosh1 pasture1 corner4 ,many more are names of things of all sorts2 as1 peach1 violet1 bee1 thimble1 automobile4 ,in the sentence about the lovely old lady1 find three nouns that are names of things4 ,any noun may be used as the simple subject of a sentence4 ,write sentences in which the nouns hair1 face1 and door are so used4 ,summary4--,the simple subject of a sentence is the base word1 or most important word1 of the subject4 ,parts of speech are the classes into which words are divided according to their use4 ,a noun is a name word4 ,a noun may be used as the simple subject of a sentence4 ,exercise4--,write a list of all the nouns you can find in the following paragraphs4 ,tell what each noun is the name of4 ,point out five nouns that are simple subjects4 ,what are their predicates8 #a4 ,at last ,purun ,dass went to ,england on a visit1 and had to pay enormous sums to the priests when he came back to ,india2 for even so high-caste a ,brahmin as he lost caste by crossing the black sea4 ,in ,london he met and talked with every one worth knowing--men whose names go all over the world--and saw a great deal more than he said4 ,he was given honorary degrees by learned universities1 and he made speeches and talked of ,hindu social reform to ,english ladies in evening dress1 till all ,london cried1 8,this is the most fascinating man we have ever met at dinner since cloths were first laid40 #b4 ,her godmother laughed1 and touched ,cinderella also with the wand2 at which her wretched1 threadbare jacket became stiff with gold1 and sparkling with jewels2 her woolen petticoat lengthened into a gown of sweeping satin1 from underneath which peeped out her little feet1 no longer bare1 but covered with silk stockings and the prettiest glass slippers in the world4 8,now1 ,cinderella1 depart2 but remember1 if you stay one instant after midnight1 your carriage will become a pumpkin1 your coachman a rat1 your horses mice1 and your footmen lizards2 while you yourself will be the little cinder wench you were an hour ago40 ,,iii4 ,,classification ,,of ,,nouns #f4 ,there are certain beings in the world that are called men1 and certain other beings that are called horses1 certain things that are called cities1 and certain other things that are called rivers1 hence the words man1 horse1 city1 and river are names1 or nouns4 ,since these nouns belong in common to a great many individuals1 we call them common nouns4 #g4 ,on the other hand1 every man1 every horse1 every city1 and every river is likely to have a special name that distinguishes that particular man or horse or city or river from all others4 ,csar1 ,gypsy1 ,denver1 and ,penobscot are such names4 ,since these names belong to only one thing instead of to a class of things1 we call them proper nouns4 #h4 ,a common noun is a name that belongs to a person1 a place1 or a thing because of its nature or qualities4 ,a boat is entitled to the name boat because it has the characteristics of boats4 ,a proper noun is a name conferred or given by some person1 as when a certain boat was named by its owners ,westernland4 ,it sometimes happens that the same name is conferred upon several objects4 ,there is more than one city named ,madison1 more than one dog named ,shep4 ,still these names are proper names1 because they are names conferred upon a special city and a special dog to distinguish them from other cities and other dogs4 ,a proper noun always begins with a capital letter4 #i4 ,when a word denoting relationship1 like father1 mother1 uncle1 is used as the name of a particular person1 it is a proper noun and should therefore begin with a capital letter2 as1 8,did ,father say that ,grandma and ,auntie are coming80 #aj4 ,a title like ,colonel1 ,judge1 ,duke1 is a proper noun when it is used to denote a special person2 as1 8,thousands had gathered to welcome the ,colonel home40 ,when such a word is the name of a class of persons1 it is a common noun2 as1 8,a new uniform was designed for the colonels40 ,when a title is followed by another name1 as1 ,colonel ,bouck1 ,judge ,gary1 the two words are considered as one proper noun4 ,in the same way1 any group of two or more words forming one special name may be considered as one proper noun2 as1 ,liberty ,bell1 ,bay of ,biscay1 ,mountains of the ,moon4 ,in such groups of words1 each important word begins with a capital letter4 ,,note4--,names of qualities1 conditions1 or actions are often called abstract nouns2 as1 honesty1 power1 boyhood1 the passing of the train1 sound thinking1 suspense4 ,summary4--,a common noun is a noun that belongs in common to each one of a class of persons1 places1 or things4 ,a proper noun is a name that has been conferred upon a particular person1 place1 or thing4 ,every proper noun should begin with a capital letter4 ,exercise4--,select all the nouns in the following sentences1 and tell whether they are common or proper nouns4 ,give your reason in each case4 ,account for the capitalization4 #a4 ,the ,bermudas are a cluster of small islands1 lying as far south as ,charleston1 as far east as ,nova ,scotia4 #b4 ,hotel ,hamilton is a large1 commodious building with many pillars and broad verandas4 #c4 ,the ,tenedos is lying off ,grassy ,bay1 making herself fine to receive the ,princess ,louise1 and her jolly tars are in high spirits4 #d4 ,on the ,sunday of the christening1 ,mrs4 ,howe and her children watched the merrymaking in ,poverty ,lane from a second story window4 #e4 ,where was ,prospero's cell8 ,where slept the fair ,miranda8 ,upon what bank sat ,ferdinand when ,ariel sang8 #f4 ,the ,duluth ,high ,school is a fine structure built of red sandstone4 #g4 ,the ,deliverance was a ship of eighty tons4 #h4 ,old ,lobo1 or the ,king1 as the ,mexicans called him1 was the gigantic leader of a remarkable pack of gray wolves1 that had ravaged the ,currumpaw ,valley for a number of years4 #i4 ,about this time ,i met with an odd volume of the ,spectator4 #aj4 ,wynken1 ,blynken1 and ,nod one night ,sailed off in a wooden shoe4 #aa4 ,let us all go to the station ,monday to meet ,uncle4 #ab4 ,the cows were coming one by one2 ,brindle1 ,ebony1 ,speckle1 and ,bess1 ,shaking their horns in the evening wind4 #ac4 ,gunpowder had been a favorite steed of his master's1 the choleric ,van ,ripper1 who was a furious rider4 #ad4 ,upstream1 at the bend of the sluggish pool round the ,peace ,rock1 stood ,hathi1 the wild elephant1 with his sons1 gaunt and gray in the moonlight4 #ae4 ,in his eighth year ,charles ,lamb entered ,christ's ,hospital1 a famous school in ,london4 ,it is evident from this exercise that several different sorts of things1 as hotels1 streets1 books1 and ships1 may have special names conferred upon them4 ,think of ten other things that may have special names1 and write two names for each one4 ,,iv4 ,,verbs #aa4 ,just as the subject of a sentence may consist of only one word1 so may the predicate4 ,hence it is that a declarative sentence may contain only two words1 one being the subject and the other the predicate2 as in the sentence1 8,water runs40 ,here the noun water names the thing about which something is told1 and the word runs tells something about water4 #ab4 ,in every predicate1 no matter how long it is1 there is always one word1 or a little group of words1 which does more of the telling than all the rest of the predicate4 ,in fact1 without this word or group of words1 there would be no statement at all4 ,in the sentence1 8,a red sash with fringes of gold wraps his waist several times10 the predicate consists of five words1 but the one word that counts for most in making the statement is the word wraps4 ,this word is called a verb4 ,a verb is a part of speech4 ,a verb1 being the essential part of a predicate1 is called the simple predicate4 #ac4 ,sometimes a verb consists of two1 or three1 or even four words4 ,what is the verb in each of the following sentences8-- ,all the cherries had been picked from the trees near the house4 ,the watchman on the roof was listening for the first sounds of day4 ,a tall1 dark figure might have been seen at the end of the avenue4 #ad4 ,when the verb in a given sentence has been found1 the subject may be discovered by asking the question formed by placing the word who or what before the verb4 ,for example1 in the sentence1 8,the parrot's story1 with the various pauses and interruptions1 occupied a good deal of time10 occupied is the verb because it is the telling word4 ,asking the question what occupied8 we get the answer1 the parrot's story1 with the various pauses and interruptions1 hence this group of words is the subject4 ,what is the simple subject8 #ae4 ,in grammar we often use the word assertion instead of statement1 and the word assert instead of make a statement4 ,summary4--,a verb is an asserting word4 ,a verb may consist of one word1 two1 three1 or four words1 but never of more than four words4 ,a verb is the necessary part of every predicate1 hence it is called the simple predicate4 ,to find the subject of a verb1 ask the question made by using the word who or what before the verb4 ,exercise4--,divide the following sentences into subject and predicate4 ,select the predicate verb1 and tell why it is a verb4 ,find the simple subject of each sentence4 ,tell what part of speech it is1 and why4 #a4 ,the procession moved from the palace to the church with great pomp4 #b4 ,the blue eyes of the ,greek sparkled4 #c4 ,the magnificent buildings of the hospital stand on level land near the river4 #d4 ,the gentle young bride was frightened by the silent1 mysterious ways of the old ,indian4 #e4 ,the poorest twig on the elm tree ,was ridged inch deep with pearl4 #f4 ,the great hall of the palace was illuminated with a thousand lamps4 #g4 ,his anvil makes no music on ,sunday4 #h4 ,the raccoon's story was received with general approbation4 #i4 ,this old hunter must have told many tales4 #aj4 ,our conference under the peepul tree had been growing noisier and noisier4 #aa4 ,one great name can make a country great4 #ab4 ,the camels slept4 #ac4 ,no ,european could have made five miles a day over the ice rubbish and the sharp-edged drifts4 #ad4 ,the cows should have been milked before sundown4 #ae4 ,the deep waters of the bay ,stir with the breath of hurrying day4 #af4 ,wully could not have imagined any greater being than his master4 #ag4 ,everything out of doors was sheathed in silver mail4 #ah4 ,the duck mother would have liked the eel's head herself4 ,in sentence #ah is herself in the subject or in the predicate8 ,v4 ,,pronouns #af4 ,when a person makes an assertion about himself he uses for the subject of his sentence1 not his name1 but the word ,i instead4 ,will ,dunlap does not say1 8,will ,dunlap saw a flock of wild geese this morning1 and heard them too40 ,he says1 8,i saw a flock of wild geese this morning1 and heard them too40 ,the word ,i1 which is used instead of a name1 or noun1 is called a pronoun4 ,a pronoun is a part of speech4 ,what pronoun besides ,i do you find in the sentence quoted8 ,for what noun is it used8 #ag4 ,pronouns are used a good deal1 especially in conversation1 for often instead of using the name of the person we are speaking to1 we use the pronoun you2 and in speaking of persons1 we use1 provided their names are already known to our listeners1 the pronouns he1 she1 or they4 ,summary4--,a pronoun is a word used instead of a noun4 ,a pronoun can be the subject of a sentence4 ,by the use of pronouns we avoid the repetition of nouns and the use of clumsy expressions4 ,exercise4--,in the following conversation select all the pronouns4 ,rewrite a portion of the conversation1 using the nouns that the pronouns stand for4 ,in changing pronouns to nouns it is sometimes necessary to make a change in the verb also4 ,after using nouns for pronouns1 tell what you think about the usefulness of pronouns4 8,what do you think1 ,tirzah8 ,i am going away40 ,tirzah dropped her hands with amazement4 8,going away6 ,when8 ,where8 ,for what80 ,judah laughed1 then said1 8,three questions1 all in a breath4 ,what a body you are60 ,next instant he became serious4 8,you know the law requires me to follow some occupation4 ,our good father set me an example4 ,even you would despise me if ,i spent in idleness the results of his industry and knowledge4 ,i am going to ,rome40 8,oh1 ,i will go with you40 8,you must stay with ,mother4 ,if both of us leave her1 she will die40 ,the brightness faded from her face4 8,ah1 yes1 yes6 ,but--must you go8 ,here in ,jerusalem you can learn all that is needed to be a merchant--if that is what you are thinking of40 8,but that is not what ,i am thinking of4 ,the law does not require the son to be what the father was40 8,what else can you be80 8,a soldier10 he replied1 with a certain pride of voice4 ,tears came into her eyes4 8,you will be killed40 8,if ,god's will1 be it so4 ,but1 ,tirzah1 the soldiers are not all killed40 ,she threw her arms around his neck1 as if to hold him back4 8,we are so happy6 ,stay at home1 my brother40 8,home cannot always be what it is4 ,you yourself will be going away before long40 8,never60 ,he smiled at her earnestness4 8,a prince will come soon and claim my ,tirzah1 and ride away with her1 to be the light of another house40 ,she answered with sobs4 8,war is a trade10 he continued1 more soberly4 8,to learn it thoroughly1 one must go to school1 and there is no school like a ,roman camp40 --,,lew ,,wallace4 ,,vi4 ,,compound ,,subject ,,and ,,compound ,,predicate #ah4 ,it frequently happens that a person performs several actions at the same time1 and that all of them are worth telling4 ,in such a case we do not make several separate sentences1 but one sentence with several predicates2 as1 8,i looked at my plate and winked back the tears40 ,here we have two predicate verbs1 looked and winked1 hence two assertions4 ,in such a sentence we say that there is a compound predicate4 #ai4 ,the compound predicate is used also when we tell of a number of actions performed in succession by one subject2 as1 8,father ,wolf woke up from his day's rest1 scratched himself1 yawned1 and spread out his paws one after the other to get rid of the sleepy feeling in the tips40 ,how many predicates are there in this sentence8 ,what mark separates them8 ,two or more predicates in succession1 having the same subject1 form what is called a series4 ,words or groups of words in a series are separated from each other by the comma unless some joining word is used2 but when only the last two of a series are joined by some word1 the comma is used before this word4 #bj4 ,we frequently wish to make the same assertion about several persons or things1 but we do not make several sentences1 repeating the predicate each time1 for that would be tedious4 ,instead1 we make one sentence with several subjects2 as1 8,the fresh fruit and milk and the slices of cold chicken looked very nice40 ,this sentence has three distinct subjects4 ,what are they8 ,in such a sentence we say that there is a compound subject4 ,why is no comma used in this sentence8 ,summary4--,a compound subject is one that consists of two or more distinct subjects united into one4 ,a compound predicate is one that consists of two or more distinct predicates united into one4 ,two parts of a compound predicate are separated from each other by a comma unless they are very short4 ,when there are more than two parts1 and the last two are joined by some such word as and1 a comma is placed after each part1 even before the joining word4 ,when a compound subject consists of more than two parts1 a comma is placed after each part1 unless all the parts are joined by some word4 ,any sentence may have a compound subject1 or a compound predicate1 or both4 ,exercise4--,tell why the following sentences are declarative4 ,tell whether each has a compound subject1 or a compound predicate1 or both4 ,write each sentence1 and draw a vertical line between subject and predicate4 ,underline the simple subjects1 and tell what part of speech they are4 ,underline also the simple predicates1 or predicate verbs4 ,account for the punctuation4 #a4 ,the oars dipped1 arose1 poised a moment1 then dipped again1 with winglike action1 and in perfect time4 #b4 ,the eyes and mouths of the auditors opened wide4 #c4 ,this poor child became the scapegoat of the house1 and was blamed for everything4 #d4 ,the four cane-seated chairs1 the walnut table1 the haircloth sofa1 and the little stand always spoke to me of my childhood days4 #e4 ,she took the key bravely1 but opened with a trembling hand the door of the little room4 #f4 ,such timber and such workmanship don't come together often in houses built nowadays4 #g4 ,vast crowds of spectators lined the way1 or gazed upon the scene from the housetops4 #h4 ,the rider then put his foot upon the camel's slender neck1 and stepped upon the sand4 #i4 ,the laborers paused1 sat up1 wrung the water from their hands1 and returned the salutation4 #aj4 ,the statue of the ,indian chief or the soldiers' monument in the public square was given to the city by one of the pioneers4 #aa4 ,spruce bachelors looked sidelong at the pretty maidens1 and fancied that the ,sabbath sunshine made them prettier than on week days4 #ab4 ,grandmothers1 mothers1 and aunts sat across the end of the hall4 #ac4 ,he brought a carpet or square rug from the litter1 and covered the floor of the tent on the side from the sun4 #ad4 ,children with bright faces tripped merrily beside their parents1 or mimicked a graver gait in the conscious dignity of their ,sunday clothes4 ,,vii4 ,,transposed ,,subject ,,and ,,predicate #ba4 ,the sentences studied thus far have been arranged so that the subject comes first1 then the predicate4 ,this is called the natural order4 ,sometimes1 for the sake of emphasis1 we reverse this order1 as in the sentence1 8,in a long shed behind the church stood a score of wagons and chaises and carryalls40 ,this is called the transposed order4 ,sometimes1 for the sake of a pleasing arrangement1 we put only a portion of the predicate before the subject1 as in the sentence1 8,over the highest peaks a vulture sailed on broad wings into widening circles40 ,here the subject is very short and the predicate very long4 ,the sentence balances better with a portion of the predicate coming first4 ,this also is a case of transposed order4 ,summary4--,the natural order in a sentence is first the subject and then the predicate4 ,when the words of a sentence are not in their natural order1 we say that the sentence is transposed4 ,exercise #a4--,rearrange the following sentences so that they will be in the natural order1 then proceed as you did with the sentences in the exercise on p4 #ba4 ,tell in each case whether you like the natural or the transposed order better1 and why4 #a4 ,around him1 within hand's reach1 lie osier boxes full of almonds1 grapes1 figs1 and pomegranates4 #b4 ,this challenge ,fortunatus accepted4 #c4 ,on traveled the lady and the bull through many dreadful forests and lonely wastes4 #d4 ,on that first ,christmas morning in their own home1 the children found their gifts in little piles on two of the parlor chairs4 #e4 ,through the wide nostrils the camel drank the wind in great draughts4 #f4 ,out of the wide hall could be heard in the stillness the old clock4 #g4 ,at full speed a genuine ,syrian dromedary overtakes the ordinary winds4 #h4 ,very hard ,johnny worked on the house4 #i4 8,come in10 said a warm1 comfortable voice on the other side of the door4 #aj4 ,down will come ,baby1 ,bough1 cradle1 and all4 #aa4 ,in the garret meet together all the broken-down chairs of the household1 all the spavined tables1 all the seedy hats1 all the intoxicated-looking boots1 all the split walking sticks that have retired from business1 8weary with the march of life40 ,account for the commas in sentences #aj and #aa4 ,exercise #b4--;,change the following sentences to the transposed order4 ,tell why you like them better so4 #a4 ,pussy walked along with a slow and deliberate gait directly behind my sister and me4 #b4 ,a red rose1 a yellow rose1 a woodbine1 and a clematis grew up the four walls4 #c4 ,the roll of the drum was hushed at the old man's word and outstretched arm4 #d4 ,a mat of long1 uncombed hair hangs over his eyes and face1 and down his back4 #e4 ,the whole carpet came out right on my head4 #f4 ,a little rabbit sat on a bank one morning4 #g4 ,daylight and safety were on the other side of that door4 #h4 ,the bird flew on and on1 up the steep mountain4 #i4 ,a very amusing thing in this story comes now4 #aj4 ,the remains of a great elephant have been found in the curious potholes near ,cohoes1 ,new ,york4 ,,viii4 ,,interrogative ,,sentences #bb4 ,most of the sentences in books are declarative sentences1 written to make statements1 but in speech we frequently make use of another kind of sentence1 one that asks a question2 as1 8,do you know how to tell a sheep's age80 ,this is called an interrogative sentence4 #bc4 ,the interrogative sentence1 8,what dwarfs made that armor80 is in the natural order1 but this is not the usual order in interrogative sentences4 ,in the sentence1 8,do you know how to tell a sheep's age80 we find first a part of the verb1 then the subject1 then the other part of the verb and the rest of the predicate4 ,how would this sentence read if it were in the natural order8 ,would it then be an interrogative sentence8 ,,note4--,since an interrogative sentence does not make a statement1 it may seem strange to define the verb in such a sentence as an asserting word1 but in making definitions we must think of the fundamental nature and the typical use of what we are defining4 ,the primary office of the verb is to assert1 as in declarative sentences2 hence1 we define the verb as an asserting word1 though it may also be used in asking questions4 ,summary4--,an interrogative sentence is one that asks a question4 ,an interrogative sentence is usually in the transposed order1 and is always followed by a question mark4 ,exercise4--,tell whether the following sentences are in the natural or the transposed order4 ,put into the natural order those which are transposed4 ,divide each sentence into subject and predicate4 ,select the simple subject and the predicate verb1 or simple predicate4 #a4 ,did you ever hear of a cat's playing hide and seek8 #b4 ,what became of you after the ,princess's death8 #c4 ,will no other diet serve you but poor ,jack8 #d4 ,which flower does your mother like best8 #e4 ,what harm can a naked frog do us8 #f4 ,will the town crier tell us of an auction1 or of a lost pocket-book1 or of a show of beautiful wax figures1 or of some monstrous beast more horrible than any in the caravan8 #g4 ,why did no smile of welcome brighten upon his face8 #h4 ,what did ,peterson-,sahib mean by the elephant dance8 #i4 ,how many people have ever come to know a wild animal8 #aj4 ,what important business made you late to dinner8 #aa4 ,what plant we in this apple tree8 #ab4 ,what other man would have discovered so many virtues under so mean a dress8 #ac4 ,what do people fish for in this country8 #ad4 ,does that star-spangled banner yet wave ,o'er the land of the free1 and the home of the brave8 #ae4 ,where did you get your eyes so blue8 #af4 ,who will exchange old lamps for new ones8 #ag4 ,what makes your cheek like a warm1 white rose8 ,,ix4 ,,adjectives #bd4 ,from the sentence1 8,the road led us to a gate1 and that to a dooryard and a house10 we get a picture1 but it is neither definite nor attractive4 ,contrast it with the picture that we get from this sentence1 8,the pleasant1 elm-shaded road led us to a rustic gate1 and that to a green dooryard1 and a long1 low1 brown house40 ,the difference is caused by the descriptive words in the second sentence4 ,which words describe the road8 the gate8 the dooryard8 the house8 ,these descriptive words go with nouns1 and describe the object named by the noun4 ,we call them adjectives4 ,an adjective is a part of speech4 ,adjectives are said to modify the nouns they go with1 and are called modifiers4 #be4 ,most adjectives describe objects by telling size1 shape1 color1 texture1 or other qualities4 ,a few adjectives tell number or amount2 as1 five minutes1 much patience4 ,a few merely point out2 as1 this meadow1 next ,christmas4 ,the words a1 an1 and the are adjectives4 #bf4 ,when several adjectives modify the same noun1 they form a series1 and are usually separated from each other by commas2 as1 8,a hollow1 booming1 ominous cry rang out suddenly1 and startled the dark edges of the forest40 ,in such a sentence as this1 8,four little old ,french ladies rose to dance the minuet10 no commas should be used1 because the adjectives modify more than the noun ladies4 ,four modifies little old ,french ladies2 little modifies old ,french ladies2 old modifies ,french ladies2 and ,french modifies ladies4 #bg4 ,sometimes adjectives modify a pronoun instead of a noun1 as in the sentence1 8,tom missed the word1 and ,i1 happy and triumphant1 took his place at the head40 ,how do we know that the adjectives happy and triumphant modify the pronoun ,i8 ,summary4--,an adjective is a word used to point out or describe an object and modify a noun or a pronoun4 ,adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify but follow the pronouns4 ,when several adjectives modify a single noun1 they are separated by commas4 ,a modifier is a word or a group of words that goes with another word to affect its meaning4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the adjectives in the following sentences1 and tell what they modify4 ,account for the punctuation4 #a4 ,on another side stood an old piano1 a tinkling1 rattling1 merrymaking old piano1 played by a young lady with a melancholy smile4 #b4 ,in the dark valley that ran down to a little river1 ,father ,wolf heard the dry1 angry1 snarly1 singsong whine of a tiger4 #c4 ,a small girl1 with twinkling eyes and a merry face1 got up and made her way to the front4 #d4 ,only loving fingers could have taken those tiny1 even stitches4 #e4 ,charles carried water for the circus men1 while ,i1 scornful and lazy but envious1 sat on the fence and watched him4 #f4 ,mammy ,tittleback is a splendid1 great tortoise-shell cat4 #g4 ,i found myself sinking into some horrible1 soft1 slimy1 sticky substance4 #h4 ,few ships come to ,rivermouth now4 #i4 ,csar has one of the finest1 deepest-toned voices ,i ever heard4 #aj4 ,you can speak and smile cheerfully while you are enjoying every comfort of a snug1 warm fireside1 but you should not expect us1 hungry1 wet1 and cold1 to be in the same cheerful mood4 #aa4 ,suddenly the church clock tolled a deep1 dull1 hollow1 melancholy 8one40 #ab4 ,the next best thing to cold potato and cream is cold roast chicken1 and occasionally ,i found a good fat drumstick or a curling neck from whose corrugated bones ,i nibbled savory morsels4 ,exercise #b4--,write sentences using the following words as adjectives4 ,make your sentences such that they reveal the meaning of the adjectives4 awkward brilliant clammy false glassy graceful greedy huge mild moist pathetic shaggy slight sly soggy ,exercise #c4--,write sentences containing the following nouns1 each modified by two or more adjectives3-- cabbage carpet cloud deed garden grapes hand hat machine mill pupil room ship story teacher #bh4 ,in the following sentences1 what word describes the statue8 the bureau8 the lamp8 the rings8 ,a bronze statue of ,benjamin ,franklin stood in ,lafayette ,park4 ,the mahogany bureau contained a desk with many drawers and pigeon holes4 ,we grew tired of the gorgeousness of our parlor lamp4 ,indians of both sexes are fond of bracelets1 necklaces1 and finger rings4 ,these four descriptive words are name words1 hence by nature they are nouns2 but in these sentences they are used as adjectives1 and should therefore be called adjectives4 ,exercise #d4--,write sentences in which the following nouns are used as adjectives3-- silver1 copper1 tin1 iron1 steel4 maple1 oak1 pine1 hickory1 cedar4 kitchen1 hall1 cellar1 roof1 library4 hand1 head1 foot1 cheek1 neck4 ,think of ten other nouns that may be used as adjectives4 ,x4 ,,adverbs #bi4 ,in the sentence1 8,the donkey ate an armful of green grass10 we are told what action the donkey performed1 but we are not told the manner in which he performed the action4 ,very often manner is worth telling1 as in the sentence1 8,the donkey ate leisurely an armful of green grass40 ,since the word leisurely tells how the donkey ate1 it must go with the word ate4 ,we say of it what we said of adjectives1 that it modifies the word it goes with4 ,since it modifies a verb1 it is different from any part of speech that we have studied before4 ,we call it an adverb4 #cj4 ,the great difference between adjectives and adverbs is this1 that the adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun1 and the adverb usually modifies a verb4 ,adjectives describe objects1 which are named by nouns1 and adverbs usually describe actions1 which are asserted by verbs4 #ca4 ,not all adverbs tell manner4 ,they frequently tell time1 place1 direction1 degree1 or other circumstances2 as in these sentences3-- ,now the cow would be eating in one place1 and then she would walk to another4 ,here and there a snag lifted its nose out of the water like a shark4 ,for weeks his ship sailed onward over a lonely ocean4 ,mother's sudden cry frightened me terribly4 #cb4 ,it was pointed out in ,lesson ,,ix that adjectives frequently tell some quality of an object4 ,sometimes we wish to tell in what degree this quality is possessed1 as in the expressions1 a very tall man1 an exceedingly hot day1 too ripe fruit4 ,here the words very1 exceedingly1 and too go with the adjectives tall1 hot1 and ripe to denote degree4 ,such words are said to modify the adjectives they go with4 ,words that modify adjectives are also called adverbs4 ,,note4--,a group of words like very tall and exceedingly hot may be called an adjective element4 ,its base word is an adjective1 modified by an adverb4 ,it is the whole element1 or group of words1 that modifies the noun4 ,adverbs of degree may modify adverbs as well as adjectives1 as in the sentences1 8,the fox ran very swiftly10 8,you speak too rapidly40 ,summary4--,an adverb is a word that modifies a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb4 ,adverbs usually tell time1 place1 manner1 direction1 or degree4 ,unless a sentence is transposed1 the adverb should be as near as possible to the word it modifies4 ,adverbs in a series are separated from each other by commas4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the adverbs in the following sentences4 ,tell what each adverb modifies1 and what it denotes4 #a4 ,people with lanterns rushed hither and thither4 #b4 ,the island is separated from the mainland by a scarcely perceptible creek4 #c4 ,and so the teacher turned him out1 ,and still he lingered near1 ,and waited patiently about ,till ,mary did appear4 #d4 ,faintly1 in gentle whiffs1 the lilies on the low marble shelf threw off their delicate fragrance4 #e4 ,quackalina was sitting happily among the reeds with her dear ones under her wings1 while ,sir ,sooty waddled proudly around her4 #f4 ,in youth the tulip tree has a trunk peculiarly smooth4 #g4 ,on one occasion ,gypsy put in her head1 and lapped up six custard pies that had been placed by the casement to cool4 #h4 ,no wild animals were ever trained by the ancients4 #i4 ,the paper was passed skillfully from desk to desk until it finally reached my hands4 #aj4 ,messua's husband had some remarkably fine buffaloes that worried him exceedingly4 #aa4 ,the charcoal burners went off very valiantly in single file4 #ab4 ,sometimes my head almost aches with the variety of my knowledge4 #ac4 ,knots of gossips lingered here and there near the place4 #ad4 ,this talk amused me greatly1 but it went in at one ear and out at the other4 #ae4 ,my father invested his money so securely in the banking business that he was never able to get any of it out again4 #af4 ,yonder ,i shall sit down and get knowledge4 #ag4 ,then he would crawl forward inch by inch1 and wait till the seal came up to breathe4 #ah4 ,no one can work well without sleep4 #ai4 ,this jackal was peculiarly low1 a cleaner-up of village rubbish heaps1 desperately timid1 or wildly bold1 everlastingly hungry1 and full of cunning that never did him any good4 #bj4 ,the ,black ,panther raised his head and yawned--elaborately1 carefully1 and ostentatiously4 ,account for the commas in the last sentence4 ,exercise #b4--,write sentences containing adverbs of manner modifying the following verbs3-- comes goes plays reads sings skates speaks studies walks works ,exercise #c4--,write sentences containing the following adverbs3-- upward1 downward1 forward1 backward1 headlong1 north1 southward4 everywhere1 nowhere1 somewhere1 anywhere4 seldom1 often1 always1 sometimes1 forever4 perfectly1 unusually1 unspeakably1 positively1 miserably4 ,use the last five adverbs to modify adjectives or adverbs4 ,what will they denote when so used8 ,exercise #d4--;,form adverbs from the following adjectives3-- careless dreary firm gentle hasty noble painful sharp slow wide ,what part of speech are the words chilly1 deadly1 holy1 kindly1 lively1 lovely8 ,use them in sentences to find out4 ,,xi4 ,,phrases4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,sentences #cc4 ,we cannot always describe or point out objects as fully as we wish by means of adjectives1 and so we use another sort of modifier1 which is not a single word1 but a group of words4 ,in the sentence1 8,broad1 flat fields without fences stretch in every direction10 we describe the fields by the two adjectives broad and flat1 and by the group of words1 without fences4 ,thus the noun fields has three modifiers1 and they are very well placed1 two of them coming before the noun1 and one of them after it4 ,in the group of words without fences1 the two words are closely related to each other4 ,in fact1 neither of them could be in the sentence at all without the other4 ,such a group of related words is called a phrase4 ,when a phrase modifies a noun1 we say it is an adjective phrase4 #cd4 ,in the same sentence there is another phrase1 in every direction1 telling where the fields stretch4 ,since this phrase modifies the verb1 it performs the same office as an adverb1 and we therefore call it an adverbial phrase4 #ce4 ,phrases never consist of fewer than two words1 and they may consist of a good many1 for it is possible to have one or more phrases within a phrase4 ,in the sentence1 8,i was born in a stable on the outskirts of a small town in ,maine10 the verb was born is modified by a long phrase1 in a stable on the outskirts of a small town in ,maine4 ,the noun stable in this phrase is modified by the phrase on the outskirts of a small town in ,maine4 ,the noun outskirts in this second phrase is modified by the phrase of a small town in ,maine4 ,the noun town in this third phrase is modified by the fourth phrase1 in ,maine4 #cf4 ,phrases do not always modify the word they come next to2 they modify the word whose meaning they tell something about4 ,in the sentence1 8,i scrambled through the evergreens to my friend's little hut just before sunset10 there is no phrase within another phrase1 but there are three entirely distinct phrases4 ,what are they8 #cg4 ,a series of phrases consists of two or more phrases each modifying the same word2 as1 8,ours is a government of the people1 for the people1 and by the people40 ,phrases in a series are separated from each other by a comma4 ,why do not the phrases in the sentence in #ce form a series8 ,it might seem at first thought that the sentence in #cf contains a series of three phrases2 but it does not1 for the phrases do not modify the same word4 ,through the evergreens modifies scrambled2 to my friend's little hut modifies scrambled through the evergreens4 ,what does the third phrase modify8 ,in the punctuation of phrases a good deal must be left to the judgment of the writer4 ,that punctuation is best which most clearly reveals the structure and meaning of the sentence4 ,summary4--,a phrase is a group of related words having neither a subject nor a predicate1 and used like a part of speech4 ,a phrase is often used like an adjective to modify a noun1 or like an adverb to modify a verb4 ,phrases in a series are separated from each other by a comma4 ,exercise4--,select all the phrases in these sentences1 and tell what each phrase modifies4 ,account for the punctuation of the phrases in sentences #b and #i4 ,why are commas omitted in sentence #e8 #a4 ,i passed a very comfortable night in the carrot bin4 #b4 ,the four little rabbits lived with their mother1 in a sand bank1 underneath the root of a very big fir tree4 #c4 ,he went along over hills and mountains1 and on the third day came to a wide forest4 #d4 ,during those long winter evenings ,i read six of ,scott's novels aloud to my mother4 #e4 ,mr4 ,jeremy ,fisher lived in a little damp house amongst the buttercups at the edge of a pond4 #f4 ,on that evening1 before sunset1 some women were washing clothes on the upper step of the flight that led down into the basin of the ,pool of ,siloam4 #g4 ,on the fourth day after our arrival came a letter from my mamma4 #h4 ,jelly fishes generally float near the surface of the sea1 and are often washed up on the shore by the waves4 #i4 ,where no human hand would have dared to rest1 the young lions crawled fearlessly--across the knotty muscles of the back1 over the sinewy neck1 across the death-dealing paws1 even between the frightful jaws4 #aj4 ,tom arched his back like a contortionist at a circus4 #aa4 ,the women of the different provinces in ,holland are known by their head dresses4 #ab4 ,the last words rang out like silver trumpets4 #ac4 ,a farm without a boy would very soon come to grief4 #ad4 ,in winter ,i get up at night4 #ch4 ,analyzing a sentence is the process of separating it into its parts1 and telling the relation between those parts4 ,in analyzing the sentences in the following exercise proceed according to this outline3-- 7#a7 ,tell whether the sentence is declarative or interrogative4 7#b7 ,divide it into subject and predicate4 7#c7 ,select the simple subject and give its modifiers4 7#d7 ,select the simple predicate and give its modifiers4 7#e7 ,if a predicate is compound1 select the two or more predicate verbs1 and then give the modifiers of each4 ,tell the exact truth in good1 clear ,english4 ,for example1 in analyzing the expression1 the four little rabbits1 do not say that the1 four1 and little are adjectives modifying rabbits1 but say that rabbits is modified by the adjectives little1 four1 and the4 ,why should they be given in this order8 ,exercise4--,analyze sentences #b1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 and #ad in the exercise on p4 #cc4 ,,xii4 ,,prepositions #ci4 ,in the preceding lesson we considered a phrase as a unit4 ,we shall now examine its structure1 and see what parts it is composed of4 ,if we look carefully at these phrases1-- with their mother to a wide forest over the sinewy neck like silver trumpets we see that the first word is not a noun1 a pronoun1 a verb1 an adjective1 or an adverb4 ,if we try to put this word anywhere else in the phrase1 we see that it must come at the beginning2 in short1 that it is the introductory word of the phrase4 ,if we had only this introductory word given1 the word with1 for instance1 we should ask at once with what8 or with whom8 ,the answer to this second question is their mother1 the rest of the phrase4 ,if we examine the other three phrases in the same way1 we shall come to the conclusion that a phrase is made up of two parts3 7#a7 an introductory word1 7#b7 an answer to the question made by putting whom or what after the introductory word4 ,we call the introductory word a preposition1 and we say that the rest of the phrase is the object of the preposition4 ,a preposition is a part of speech4 ,a phrase that consists of a preposition and its object is called a prepositional phrase4 ,not all phrases are of this kind4 ,we shall study the other kinds later4 #dj4 ,there are not a great many prepositions in the ,english language1 hardly more than a hundred in all4 ,most of them are short words1 and of very great usefulness4 ,some of the commonest are3 across1 after1 before1 between1 by1 for1 from1 in1 over1 to1 through1 toward1 under1 with1 without4 #da4 ,the object of a preposition may be a single word1 as in the phrase without fences1 but oftener it is a group of words4 ,the base word of the group is usually a noun4 ,a pronoun also may be the object of a preposition1 as in the phrases for me1 to him1 with us4 ,the object of a preposition may be compound1 as in the phrases1 over land and sea1 by day and night4 #db4 ,in ,lesson ,,xi1 it was pointed out that a phrase modifies a noun or a verb4 ,it does so because the preposition shows a certain relation between its object and the noun or verb that the phrase modifies4 ,in the sentence1 8,the porters at the ,german railroad stations are dressed in fine green uniforms10 the preposition at shows a relation of place between the porters and the ,german railroad stations1 and the preposition in shows a relation of manner between the act of dressing and the fine green uniforms4 ,summary4--,a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its object4 ,a preposition is a word that is used with its object to form a phrase1 and shows the relation of its object to the word the phrase modifies4 ,,note4--,a prepositional phrase in its natural order consists of 7#a7 the preposition and 7#b7 its object4 ,the object of a preposition is found by asking the question made by putting whom or what after the preposition4 ,the object of a preposition may be simple or compound4 ,the base word of the object may be a noun or a pronoun4 ,exercise4--,select the prepositional phrases in the following sentences4 ,tell what each phrase modifies4 ,divide each phrase into preposition and object4 ,find the base word of the object1 and tell what part of speech it is4 #a4 ,this monster lives in a den under yonder mountain with a brother of his4 #b4 ,i carried both letters in my apron pocket4 #c4 ,at the age of ten years he fled from the multiplication table and ran away to sea4 #d4 ,in the dusk of spring evenings we sat on the window seat and watched the lights come out on the high bluff and the long bridge4 #e4 ,the stormy ,march is come at last1 ,with wind1 and cloud1 and changing skies4 #f4 ,with a fair and strong breeze we soon ran into the little cove to the northward of ,fort ,moultrie4 #g4 ,on the projecting bluffs1 and occasionally on the very mountain tops1 stand the ruins of great castles of the olden times4 #h4 ,in the ancient city of ,london on a certain autumn day in the second quarter of the sixteenth century1 a boy was born to a poor family of the name of ,canty4 #i4 ,now ,i was comforted by the thought of a tassel1 and an ivory handle1 and blue and gold changeable silk4 #aj4 ,a polar storm can blow for ten days without a break4 #aa4 ,the arial path of ,hushwing1 from his nest in the swamp to his watchtower on the clearing's edge1 led him past the pool and the crouching panther4 #ab4 ,all the little boys and girls1 ,with rosy cheeks and flaxen curls1 ,and sparkling eyes and teeth like pearls1 ,tripping and skipping1 ran merrily after ,the wonderful music1 with shouting and laughter4 ,what part of speech are these words3 yonder1 sentence #a1 apron #b1 multiplication #c1 spring #d1 very #g1 autumn #h1 break #aj8 ,what is peculiar about the object of at in sentence #e1 and of to in sentence #f8 #dc4 ,good ,english requires accuracy in the use of prepositions4 ,study the following prepositions1 and avoid errors in their use4 ,among and between4 ,the word between usually refers to only two persons or things1 while among refers to more than two4 ,i walked between my father and my mother4 ,she walked among us like an angel4 ,at and in4 ,we use in when speaking of countries and large cities1 at when speaking of villages or buildings4 ,the train arrives in ,los ,angeles at noon4 ,the train stopped at every little station4 ,at and to4 ,at conveys the idea of being in a place1 and to conveys the idea of going to a place4 ,were you at school yesterday8 ,i came to school early this morning4 ,my sister is at home4 ,we speak of going to school1 to church1 to the factory1 to the store1 to the office1 etc41 but we do not use to before home4 ,we say 8,i am at home10 or 8,come home10 in the latter case omitting the preposition entirely4 ,beside and besides4 ,beside means by the side of1 and besides means in addition to4 ,little ,em'ly sat beside ,david4 ,nobody remained besides the old nurse4 ,by and with4 ,by refers to the agent1 or doer of an action1 and with to the instrument1 or means employed4 ,the cherry tree was cut down by ,george ,washington with a little hatchet4 ,in and into4 ,in usually conveys the idea of rest1 and into of motion4 ,we stayed in the library all the evening4 ,our hostess took us into the ,simmons ,library4 ,i went into the ,bank4 ,i put my money in the ,bank4 ,off4 ,this preposition should not be followed by of4 ,we should say1 ,the pitcher fell off the table4 ,i got off the car4 ,in place of the word onto we should use on or upon4 ,he climbed upon the roof of the pilot house4 ,he stepped on a loose board4 ,some words are followed by certain prepositions to express certain meanings2 as1 ,agree with thine adversary4 ,brutus agreed to the plan4 ,brutus differed with ,cassius4 ,my watch is different from yours4 ,imogen parted from him with tears4 ,imogen would not part with her bracelet4 ,many people died of yellow fever4 ,i am sorry for the mistake4 ,exercise4--,supply the correct preposition in each of these sentences1 and give your reason in each case3-- #a4 ,the fugitive slave ran ---- the trees1 and took his stand ---- two large cypresses4 #b4 ,while we were ---- ,new ,orleans1 we stayed ---- the ,st4 ,charles ,hotel4 #c4 ,and so ---- the silent sea ,i wait the muffled oar4 #d4 ,in that ,sunday school class there was no girl ---- ,gertrude4 #e4 ,this mark must have been made ---- a knife4 #f4 ,when you are ---- ,rome1 you must do as the ,romans do4 #g4 ,come ---- the garden1 ,maud4 #h4 ,put the silver ---- a safe place4 #i4 ,john ,gilpin's wig fell ---- his head4 #aj4 ,get ---- this stump so that you can see better4 #aa4 ,i left the programs ---- home4 #ab4 ,nobody agrees ---- ,kate about renting the cottage4 #ac4 ,did ,will agree ---- your plans for the wedding8 #ad4 ,charlie differed ---- his family about saving his money4 #ae4 ,an apricot has a different flavor ---- a peach4 #af4 ,what did the crew die ----8 #ag4 ,aren't you sorry ---- his misfortune8 #ah4 ,the child cried when he parted ---- his playthings1 and would not be comforted when he parted ---- his old playmates4 ,,xiii4 ,,term ,,of ,,address4 ,,exclamatory ,,noun #dd4 ,when we speak directly to persons1 we often call them by name2 as1-- ,anne1 sister ,anne1 do you see any one coming8 ,we do this for several reasons1--sometimes for politeness1 sometimes to show clearly just whom we are speaking to4 ,this name is not necessary to the structure of the sentence2 that is1 it forms no part of the subject or the predicate4 ,we say1 therefore1 that it is independent4 ,we call it a term of address4 #de4 ,sometimes1 instead of using a person's name1 we invent a term of address1 as when the ,arab said to his horse1 8,we are far from home1 ,o racer with the swiftest winds1 but ,god is with us40 ,what noun is the base word of this term of address8 #df4 ,a term of address may come at the beginning of a sentence1 or at the end1 or somewhere within the sentence4 ,it must be set off by commas to show that it is independent4 #dg4 ,sometimes a noun or a noun with modifiers is used as an exclamation2 thus1-- ,a rainbow6 it is too late in the day for that4 ,joy to the world6 the ,lord has come4 ,a noun used like rainbow and joy is called an exclamatory noun4 ,what feeling does the exclamatory noun in the first sentence express8 in the second8 ,summary4--,a term of address is a word or a group of words used as a name to show to whom a remark is made4 ,the base word of a term of address is usually a noun4 ,an exclamatory noun is a noun used to express strong or sudden feeling4 ,it may be modified or unmodified4 ,when a word or a group of words is no part of the subject or the predicate of a sentence1 it is said to be independent4 ,a term of address and an exclamatory noun are independent elements in a sentence4 ,a term of address is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma4 ,an exclamatory noun is set off by an exclamation point4 ,exercise4--,select the terms of address in the following sentences4 ,find the base word of each4 ,select also the exclamatory nouns1 and tell what feeling they express4 #a4 ,little brother1 canst thou raise me to my feet8 #b4 8,now1 my dears10 said old ,mrs4 ,rabbit one morning1 8you may go into the fields or down the lane1 but don't go into ,mr4 ,mc,gregor's garden40 #c4 ,indeed ,i was seeking thee1 ,flathead1 but each time we meet thou art longer and broader by the length of my arm4 #d4 ,come1 ,lillie1 it is time to go to bed4 #e4 ,sweet1 sweet home6 there's no place like home4 #f4 ,why1 ,father1 you are rather old to play cat's cradle4 #g4 ,sail on1 sail on1 ,o ship of ,state6 ,sail on1 ,o ,union strong and great6 #h4 ,sir1 ,i humbly beg your pardon4 #i4 ,i understand1 noble lord1 that you have lost two of your men4 #aj4 ,jefferson1 ,i think ,i will go down into the kitchen and bake a pie4 #aa4 ,a horse6 a horse6 my kingdom for a horse6 #ab4 ,there is none like thee in the jungle1 wise1 old1 strong1 and most beautiful ,kaa4 #ac4 ,our price1 your royal highness1 is three shillings4 #ad4 ,grand old outlaw1 hero of a thousand lawless raids1 in a few minutes you will be but a great load of carrion4 #ae4 ,brood1 kind creature1 you need not fear ,thieves and robbers while ,i am here4 #af4 ,catch me1 cowardly knaves1 if you can4 #ag4 ,the stately homes of ,england6 how beautiful they stand6 #ah4 ,o ,captain6 my ,captain6 rise up and hear the bells4 ,,xiv4 ,,imperative ,,sentences #dh4 ,besides declarative and interrogative sentences there is another kind of sentence used when we speak directly to a person for the purpose of telling him what to do2 as1 8,run into the garden1 and fetch me the largest pumpkin you can find40 ,this is called an imperative sentence4 #di4 ,the imperative sentence is often used in giving orders1 commands1 or directions1 but it is used also in giving advice1 and in making requests or entreaties2 as1-- ,fling away ambition4 ,kindly reply by return mail4 ,give us this day our daily bread4 #ej4 ,usually only the predicate of an imperative sentence is expressed1 and so the first word of such a sentence is likely to be a verb4 ,the subject is the pronoun you1 thou1 or ye1 signifying the person or persons addressed4 ,it is customary to omit this pronoun1 and we say that the subject is 8understood40 ,occasionally1 however1 it is expressed in familiar conversation2 as1 8,you go away40 ,sometimes1 too1 in solemn commands the pronoun thou or ye is expressed2 as1 8,go and do thou likewise40 8,keep ye the law40 ,note that the verb in an imperative sentence commands rather than asserts4 ,an imperative sentence is frequently preceded by a term of address1 but this must not be mistaken for the subject2 as1 8,father1 hear our prayer40 ,summary4--,an imperative sentence is one that expresses a command or an entreaty4 ,the subject of an imperative sentence is the pronoun you1 thou1 or ye4 ,this pronoun is usually omitted4 ,exercise4--,tell what the following imperative sentences denote4 ,select the predicate verbs1 and the subjects whenever they are expressed4 ,select also the terms of address4 #a4 ,open everything1 go everywhere except to this little room4 #b4 ,come and hold this skein of yarn for me4 #c4 ,go and wash ,kala ,nag1 and attend to his ears1 and see that there are no thorns in his feet4 #d4 ,don't count your chickens before they are hatched4 #e4 ,rouse to some high and holy work of love4 #f4 ,don't you show your face here with a pocket on you4 ,if your heavy pants have any in 'em1 rip 'em out4 #g4 ,give freely and receive1 but take from none ,by greed1 or force1 or fraud1 what is his own4 #h4 ,learn to box1 to ride1 to pull an oar1 and to swim4 #i4 ,polly dear1 say good morning to ,mrs4 ,chatterton1 and then run away4 #aj4 ,do the work first which is next at hand4 #aa4 ,turn again1 ,whittington1 ,lord ,mayor of ,london4 #ab4 ,o ,lord of ,hosts1 provide a champion for thy people4 #ac4 ,o brave marsh ,mary-buds1 rich and yellow1 ,give me your money to hold4 #ad4 ,o ,columbine1 open your folded wrapper ,where two twin turtledoves dwell4 #ae4 ,o ,cuckoopint1 toll me the purple clapper ,that hangs in your clear1 green bell4 ,account for the commas in sentences #a1 #c1 #h1 #i1 and #aa4 ,,xv4 ,,interjections #ea4 ,there are certain words like oh1 alas1 pshaw1 ugh1 that are used to express strong feeling1--joy1 surprise1 pain1 disgust1 anger1 etc4 ,these words are called interjections4 ,an interjection is a part of speech4 #eb4 ,interjections are no part of the subject or the predicate of a sentence2 hence1 like terms of address1 they are said to be independent4 ,they are set off from the rest of the sentence by some mark of punctuation1 usually an exclamation point1 sometimes only a comma4 #ec4 ,we may use a noun or a verb in such a way that it becomes an interjection2 as1 8,goodness6 what a fright you gave me60 8,hurrah6 the lake is frozen over60 ,such a verb as hark is often used as an interjection1 not to express sudden feeling so much as to arrest attention2 as1 8,hark6 hark6 the dogs do bark40 #ed4 ,the interjection ,o is often used before a term of address2 as1 8,o ,lord1 how manifold are thy works60 ,summary4--,an interjection is a word used to express sudden or strong feeling4 ,exercise4--,select all the interjections in the following sentences1 and tell what each one is used for3-- #a4 ,boom6 ,boom6--two of the guns had gone off together4 #b4 ,alas6 ,amanda1 by mistake1 had waked up the little boys an hour too early4 #c4 ,bah6 men are blood brothers of the monkey people4 #d4 ,hallelujah6 in one day more we shall be sitting in the sunshine on our own doorstep4 #e4 ,o mother dear1 ,jerusalem1 ,when shall ,i come to thee8 #f4 ,ping6 ping6 ping6 went the rifles2 and ,boom6 boom6 boom6 answered the waves4 #g4 ,aha6 the world is iron in these days4 #h4 ,alas6 it was the head of old ,silverspot4 #i4 ,scrooge said1 8,pooh6 ,pooh60 and closed the door4 #aj4 ,hark6 hark6 the lark at heaven's gate sings4 #aa4 ,alack-a-day6 travelers encounter all the unusual bits of weather4 #ab4 ,hey6 ,willie ,winkie1 are you coming then8 #ac4 ,o comrades1 if we must fight1 let us fight for ourselves4 #ad4 ,hush6 the winds roar hoarse and deep4 #ae4 ,lo1 the star which they saw in the east went before them till it came and stood over where the young child was4 #af4 ,piff6 the packet landed exactly as it was intended1 on the corn-husk mat in front of the screen door4 #ag4 ,oh1 ,london is a man's town4 ,,xvi4 ,,exclamatory ,,sentences #ee4 ,we have found that sentences are made to state1 or to ask1 or to command1 and hence are classified as declarative1 interrogative1 and imperative4 ,there is a fourth class of sentence which resembles an interjection1 being used to express sudden or strong feeling2 as1 8,how calm and lovely the river was60 8,what a pity it is60 ,these are called exclamatory sentences4 ,they are always followed by an exclamation point4 #ef4 ,such sentences as those just quoted1 which begin with how or what1 are exclamatory in form as well as in sense1 and are therefore sometimes called pure exclamatory sentences4 ,they are always in the transposed order4 ,some sentences1 however1 are exclamatory only in sense4 ,they are in the natural order1 and when printed1 could not be distinguished from declarative or imperative sentences if it were not for the exclamation point1 which indicates that they were spoken with strong feeling2 as1 8,now you may see that noblest of all ocean sights for beauty1 a full-rigged ship under sail60 8,helen ,maria6 leave the room this moment60 ,summary4--,an exclamatory sentence is one that expresses sudden or strong feeling4 ,exercise4--,tell why each of these sentences is exclamatory4 ,rearrange in the natural order those which are transposed4 ,divide each of them into subject and predicate4 ,select the simple subject and the simple predicate4 #a4 ,how soundly he sleeps6 ,from what a depth he draws that easy breath6 #b4 ,what tales he had told that day6 #c4 ,how doubly delicious things tasted in the clear1 spicy air of the woods6 #d4 ,how keen a scent those children had for apples in the cellar6 #e4 ,oh1 how sweet the water was6 ,how it soothed the tender spots under her weary wings6 ,how it cooled her ears and her tired eyelids6 #f4 ,with what a glory comes and goes the year6 #g4 ,what a racket those rusty cannon had made in the heyday of their unchastened youth6 ,what stories they might tell now if their puffy1 metallic lips could only speak6 #h4 ,burn the hut over their heads6 #i4 ,ugh6 may the red mange destroy the dogs of this village6 #aj4 ,talk of the curiosity of women6 #aa4 ,so blessedly evanescent is the memory of seasickness6 #ab4 ,hark6 how the music leaps out from his throat6 ,,xvii4 ,,conjunctions #eg4 ,notice the sentences1-- ,every pine and fir and hemlock wore ermine too dear for an earl4 ,i stood and watched by the window4 ,the parts of the compound subject in the first sentence and of the compound predicate in the second are joined by the word and4 ,this very common word has a use different from that of any word studied thus far2 hence it is considered another part of speech4 ,because it is a joining word1 it is called a conjunction4 ,there are many conjunctions besides and that we all have frequent occasion to use4 ,among these are nor1 or1 but1 yet1 therefore1 so1 and hence4 #eh4 ,conjunctions may join not only single words1 such as nouns1 verbs1 pronouns1 adjectives1 and adverbs1 but also phrases1 and even whole sentences2 as1-- ,you may enter without money and without price4 ,the stiff rails were softened to swan's down1 ,and still fluttered down the snow4 #ei4 ,although the word but is commonly used as a conjunction1 yet1 in the sentence1 8,i work every day but ,sunday10 it is a preposition1 and means except4 ,what is its object8 ,the great difference between a conjunction and a preposition is that a preposition always has an object1 whereas a conjunction never has one4 ,summary4--,a conjunction is a word that joins sentences or parts of sentences4 ,exercise4--,select all the conjunctions in the following sentences1 and tell what they join3-- #a4 ,crow was ten years old now1 and he was very black and polished and thin4 #b4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael was not only strongly fortified1 but it was well guarded by nature4 #c4 ,the horse neither switches his tail1 nods his head1 nor stamps his feet4 #d4 ,thirty years later1 the remnants of her wedding gowns1--the blue silk1 the black silk1 the striped silk1 and the plaid silk1--were cut into diamonds and squares1 and then pieced together lovingly and proudly into a patchwork quilt4 #e4 ,there are several steamboats which run up and down the ,seine like omnibuses1 and the charge to passengers is about two cents apiece4 #f4 ,after steaming for several hours over the smooth river and between these flat lowlands1 we reach the city of ,rotterdam4 #g4 ,these great ice streams are always moving slowly downwards2 hence they carry off1 year by year1 the snow which falls upon the mountain above4 #h4 ,the stars danced overhead1 and by his side the broad and shallow river ran over its stony bed with a loud but soothing murmur that filled all the air with entreaty4 #i4 ,the things that ,mowgli did and saw and heard when he was wandering from one people to another1 with or without his four companions1 would make many stories4 #aj4 ,i drove the cows home through the sweet ferns and down the rocky slopes4 #aa4 ,the sucker's mouth is not formed for the gentle angleworm nor the delusive fly of the fisherman4 #ab4 ,our ancestors were very worthy people1 but their wall papers were abominable4 #ac4 ,the keeper of the lodgings did not supply meals to his guests2 so we breakfasted at a small chophouse in a crooked street4 #ad4 ,the ,northmen had no compass2 they must steer by the sun or by the stars1 guess at their rate of sailing1 and tell by that how many more days distant was their destination4 #ae4 ,through this silence and through this waste1 where the sudden lights flapped and went out again1 the sleigh and the two that pulled it crawled like things in a nightmare4 #af4 ,there may be times when you cannot find help1 but there is no time when you cannot give help4 #ag4 ,over the meadows and through the woods1 ,to grandfather's house we go4 #ah4 ,the world has never had a good definition of the word liberty1 and the ,american people are much in want of one4 ,,xviii4 ,,clauses4 ,,simple ,,sentences #fj4 ,we have learned that a sentence must contain a subject and a predicate4 ,we have another name for a combination of subject and predicate4 ,we call it a clause4 #fa4 ,when a sentence consists of but one clause1 we call it a simple sentence2 and we say that this clause is independent1 because it can stand alone and make sense4 #fb4 ,a simple sentence may have a compound subject or a compound predicate1 or both1 and yet so long as these subjects and predicates go together1 we say that there is only one clause2 as in the sentence1 8,the lion and the mouse helped each other and became friends40 ,summary4--,a clause is any combination of subject and predicate4 ,an independent clause is one that can stand alone and make sense4 ,a simple sentence contains but one independent clause4 ,a simple sentence may have a compound subject or a compound predicate1 or both4 ,exercise4--,analyze the following simple sentences3-- ,,model4--,then a piece of mica1 or a little pool1 or even a highly polished leaf will flash like a heliograph4 ,this is a simple1 declarative sentence4 ,the subject is a piece of mica1 or a little pool1 or even a highly polished leaf4 ,the predicate is will flash like a heliograph then4 ,the subject is compound4 ,the simple subjects are the nouns piece1 pool1 and leaf1 which are joined by the conjunction or4 ,piece is modified by the prepositional phrase of mica and the adjective a4 ,pool1 is modified by the adjectives little and a4 ,leaf is modified by the adjective element highly polished1 and the adjectives a and even4 ,the base word of the adjective element is the adjective polished1 which is modified by the adverb highly4 ,the simple predicate is will flash4 ,it is modified by the prepositional phrase like a heliograph1 and the adverb then4 #a4 ,through three good months the valley was wrapped in cloud and soaking mist4 #b4 ,in the very heart of ,london stands the great ,bank of ,england4 #c4 ,would not any boy respond to the sweet invitation of those ripe berries8 #d4 ,a fool and his money are soon parted4 #e4 ,a large1 warm tear splashed down on the program4 #f4 ,in the sunny days the sucker lies in the deep pools1 by some big stone or near the bank4 #g4 ,the feeling of a boy towards pumpkin pie has never been properly considered4 #h4 ,shall the adventures of the ,peterkin family be published8 #i4 ,no healthy boy could long exist without numerous friends in the animal kingdom4 #aj4 ,no sound of joy or sorrow was heard from either bank4 #aa4 ,at length has come the bridal day of beauty and of strength4 #ab4 ,on one hot summer morning a little cloud rose from the sea and floated lightly and happily across the blue sky4 #ac4 ,donkeys1 horses1 negroes of every age1 size1 and shade1 carts1 crates1 sacks1 barrels1 and boxes are mingled in seemingly inextricable confusion4 #ad4 ,in the midst of the wild confusion the voice of the ,boots was heard4 #ae4 ,then he strolled across the pasture1 between the black stumps1 the blueberry patches1 the tangles of wild raspberry2 pushed softly through the fringe of wild cherry and young birch saplings1 and crept silently under the branches of a low hemlock4 #af4 ,the moss was supported by solid earth or a framework of ancient tree roots4 #ag4 ,alas6 with every blow of the chisel the brick crumbled at my feet4 #ah4 ,a dish of apples and a pitcher of chilly cider were always served during the evening4 #ai4 ,i sat down in the middle of the path and never stirred for a long time4 #bj4 ,the mayor and other civic authorities in ,london came down to ,greenwich in barges4 ,,xix4 ,,compound ,,sentences #fc4 ,we have seen that sentences may be joined together by conjunctions4 ,when two or more independent clauses are joined together in this way1 we say that the sentence is compound2 as1 8,coral reefs resemble great rock ledges1 and vessels are often wrecked upon them40 #fd4 ,the conjunctions most used in compound sentences are and1 or1 but1 yet1 therefore1 and so4 ,and shows that two clauses are in the same line of thought2 as1 8,his eye was bright1 and his face was ruddy40 ,or shows a choice between two clauses2 as1 8,you must work1 or you must go hungry40 ,but and yet show a contrast2 as1 8,i mailed the letter1 but ,uncle ,joe never received it40 ,therefore and so show that the second clause is a consequence of the first2 as1 8,there are fires in the forests north of us1 therefore the air is full of smoke40 #fe4 ,sometimes when the relation between clauses is perfectly evident1 the conjunction is omitted2 as1 8,i came2 ,i saw2 ,i conquered40 ,in order that the reader may have no doubt as to where a clause ends1 it is usually followed by a comma1 which speaks to the eye of the reader just as a pause speaks to the ear of the listener4 ,when the clauses are long or the conjunction is omitted1 a semicolon may be used instead of the comma4 ,summary4--,a compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses4 ,the clauses of a compound sentence are separated from each other by a comma or a semicolon4 ,exercise4--,select all the clauses in the following compound sentences4 ,tell the relation between them1 and how they are joined4 ,tell the subject and predicate of each clause4 ,account for the punctuation4 #a4 ,over the porch grew a hop-vine1 and a brandy-cherry tree shaded the door1 and a luxuriant cranberry vine flung its delicious fruit across the window4 #b4 ,mr4 ,peterkin liked to take a doze on his sofa in the room1 but the rest of the family liked to sit on the piazza4 #c4 ,prosperity makes friends2 adversity tries them4 #d4 ,the whole family planted the potatoes2 ,george dug the holes with his hoe1 ,mollie dropped into each one three pieces of an old potato1 ,paul raked the black earth over them1 and ,mother supervised and praised them all4 #e4 ,some of the letter-carriers must take very long walks1 but ,english people do not appear to object to that sort of thing4 #f4 ,oh1 come ye in peace here1 or come ye in war8 #g4 ,at the end of the first year the young lions shed their teeth1 the first indications of manes appeared on the males1 and the playfulness between brother and sister ceased4 #h4 ,the clumsy wheels of several old-fashioned coaches were heard1 and the gentlemen and ladies composing the bridal party came through the church with the sudden and gladsome effect of a burst of sunshine4 #i4 ,i had never been called pretty before1 so ,i was flattered4 #aj4 ,the yellow cur has not the speed of the greyhound1 but neither does he bear the seeds of lung and skin diseases4 #aa4 ,the party did not return to ,skarpsno until half-past eight in the evening1 yet the sun was still above the horizon4 #ab4 ,we cherish every memorial of our worthy ancestors2 we celebrate their patience and fortitude2 we admire their daring enterprise2 we teach our children to venerate their piety4 #ac4 ,every animal has some great strength1 or it could not live2 every animal has some great weakness1 or the other animals could not live4 #ad4 ,human action can be modified to some extent1 but human nature cannot be changed4 #ae4 ,captain ,john ,smith was exasperatingly sure of himself1 and older men found his pretensions well-nigh unbearable4 ,,xx4 ,,dependent ,,clauses4 ,,complex ,,sentences #ff4 ,we have seen that in both simple and compound sentences the clauses are independent4 ,there is a third class of sentences1 however1 containing dependent clauses4 ,in the simple sentence1 8,at night his antelope skin was spread on the ground10 the prepositional phrase on the ground tells place1 and modifies the verb was spread4 ,in the sentence1 8,at night his antelope skin was spread where the darkness overtook him10 the group of words where the darkness overtook him has the same use as the phrase on the ground1 for it tells place and modifies the verb was spread4 ,but this group of words contains a subject and a predicate2 hence it is a clause4 ,it could not stand alone and make sense2 hence it cannot be an independent clause4 ,it could not be in the sentence at all unless the verb was spread were there too for it to modify4 ,it is therefore dependent on the verb1 and so we call it a dependent clause4 ,it has the same use as an adverb1 because it modifies a verb4 ,we find many dependent clauses used in this way1 because our language does not afford enough adverbs or even prepositional phrases to express our meaning4 #fg4 ,when dependent clauses modify verbs1 they answer such questions as these1--was spread where8 was spread why8 how8 when8 under what condition8 for what purpose8 #fh4 ,in the sentence1 8,they went into a small parlor1 which smelt very spicy10 the parlor is described by the adjective small and by the group of words which smelt very spicy4 ,what is this group of words8 ,how do we know8 ,what words does it modify8 ,what1 then1 is the use of some dependent clauses8 ,when dependent clauses modify nouns1 they point out or describe objects just as adjectives do4 #fi4 ,in the sentences that we have just been studying there is an independent clause as well as a dependent clause4 ,a sentence of this kind is called a complex sentence4 ,a complex sentence may contain any number of dependent clauses1 but only one independent clause1 for as soon as a sentence contains two independent clauses it becomes a compound sentence4 ,summary4--,a dependent clause is one that is used like a part of speech and does not make sense when it stands alone4 ,a dependent clause may be used like an adjective to modify a noun1 or like an adverb to modify a verb4 ,a complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses4 ,exercise4--,select all the clauses in the following sentences1 and classify them4 ,tell what the dependent clauses modify4 ,tell the subject and predicate of each clause4 ,,note4--,frequently a dependent clause modifies more than the verb4 ,in the sentence1 8,the little boys wanted a house with a great many doors1 so that they could go in and out often10 the dependent clause so that they could go in and out often tells the purpose of their wanting a house with a great many doors2 hence1 it modifies not merely the verb wanted1 but the whole predicate wanted a house with a great many doors4 ,try to tell the exact truth about each sentence that you study4 #a4 ,he was always catching sculpins when every one else with the same bait was catching mackerel4 #b4 ,if we cross the ,atlantic by one of the fast steamships1 we shall make the voyage in about a week4 #c4 ,the ,rotterdam quays1 which stretch for more than a mile along the river1 are busy and lively places4 #d4 ,every ,sunday morning the wash boiler was filled with water1 and the largest tub was set in the middle of the kitchen floor1 so that the three children might have their weekly scrubbing4 #e4 ,people who devote themselves too severely to study of the classics are apt to become dried up4 #f4 ,he charged upon the rows of the mullein stalks as if they were rebels in regimental ranks1 and hewed them down without mercy4 #g4 ,every boy who is good for anything is a natural savage4 #h4 ,rude soldiers now eat1 drink1 and sleep1 where popes and cardinals once moved about in state4 #i4 ,mowgli1 who had never known the meaning of real hunger1 fell back on stale honey three years old4 #aj4 ,iron-clads are so called because their sides are covered with thick plates of iron or steel1 capable of resisting very heavy shot4 #aa4 ,although many people ascend ,mont ,blanc every year1 the undertaking requires a great deal of muscular as well as nervous strength4 #ab4 ,if a boy repeats ,thanatopsis while he is milking1 that operation acquires a certain dignity4 #ac4 ,the thrill that ran into my fingers' ends then has not run out yet4 #ad4 ,even a dog1 who is very far removed from the wild wolf1 his ancestor1 can be waked out of deep sleep by a cart wheel touching his flank1 and can spring away unharmed before that wheel comes on4 #ae4 ,the boys slipped off down the roadside to a place where they could dig sassafras or the root of the sweet flag4 #af4 ,the little company of ,englishmen who1 in #afbj1 exchanged ,holland for ,america were not soldiers and traders like the men who had led and established the colony at ,jamestown4 #ag4 ,miles ,standish came with the ,pilgrims to ,america because he liked both them and their enterprise4 #ah4 ,the early settlers went to church in military array and laid their arms down close by them while they worshiped and heard the sermon4 #ai4 ,the colonists chose for their place of settlement a high bluff1 which rose upon the eastern bank of a little stream4 ,tell the part of speech and use of always1 sentence #a1 ,sunday #d1 too and severely #e1 now1 once1 and about #h4 ,analyze the predicate was set in the middle of the kitchen floor4 ,what is the grammatical use of the group of words as well as in sentence #aa8 ,,xxi4 ,,review3 ,,classification ,,of ,,sentences #gj4 ,we have seen that sentences are classified according to purpose1 as declarative1 interrogative1 imperative1 or exclamatory4 ,a declarative sentence is one that states1 or declares1 something4 ,an interrogative sentence is one that asks a question4 ,an imperative sentence is one that expresses a command or an entreaty4 ,an exclamatory sentence is one that expresses sudden or strong feeling4 #ga4 ,we have seen also that sentences may consist of one clause or of several1 and that clauses may be independent or dependent4 ,sentences are therefore classified according to structure1 as simple1 compound1 or complex4 ,a simple sentence is one that contains but one independent clause4 ,a compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent clauses4 ,a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses4 ,exercise #a4--,write a complex declarative sentence1 a compound interrogative sentence1 a complex imperative sentence1 and a simple exclamatory sentence4 ,exercise #b4--;,classify the following sentences according to both purpose and structure4 ,give the reasons for your classification4 ,tell what the dependent clauses modify4 ,tell also the subject and predicate of each clause4 #a4 ,the oxen sagged along in their great clumsy way4 #b4 ,give me quickly my seven-league boots1 that ,i may go after those boys and catch them4 #c4 ,how sweet and demure the girls looked6 #d4 ,within sight of that tall elm tree were passed my happiest years4 #e4 ,did you ever know a child who was not interested in animals8 #f4 ,my grandfather never skipped over an advertisement1 even if he had read it fifty times before4 #g4 ,woodman1 spare that tree6 ,touch not a single bough6 #h4 ,must ,i keep order along the whole line8 #i4 ,all the trees and the bushes and the bamboos and the mosses and the juicy-leaved plants wake with a noise of growing that you can almost hear4 #aj4 ,how dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood1 ,when fond recollection presents them to view6 #aa4 ,sometimes it is impolite to tell the truth1 and then one can only say nothing or talk of the weather4 #ab4 ,toll ye the church bell sad and slow4 #ac4 ,some boys go scowling always through life1 as if they had a stone bruise on each heel4 #ad4 ,proud bird of the mountain1 thy plume shall be torn6 #ae4 ,mowgli had the good conscience that comes from paying debts4 #af4 ,cease to do evil2 learn to do well4 #ag4 ,the first was a brass band1 the second was a string band1 the third was a rubber band1 and the fourth was a man who played on the jew's-harp4 #ah4 ,lo1 all our pomp of yesterday ,is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre6 #ai4 ,on ,sunday the hens went silently about1 and the roosters crowed in psalm tunes4 #bj4 ,up6 up6 my friend1 and quit your books1 ,or surely you'll grow double6 #ba4 ,is the world growing better or are we moving in a circle8 #bb4 ,remember thy ,creator in the days of thy youth4 #bc4 ,when a man has heard the great things calling to him1 how they call and call1 day and night6 #bd4 ,o ye who have young children1 if it is possible1 give them happy memories4 ,find an interjection in this exercise4 ,what independent elements do you find in sentences #g1 #ad1 and #bd8 ,what is the base word of each8 ,,xxii4 ,,review3 ,,parts ,,of ,,speech #gb4 ,we have seen that words are classified according to their use into eight parts of speech1--nouns1 verbs1 pronouns1 adjectives1 adverbs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 and interjections4 ,a noun is a name word4 ,a verb is an asserting word4 ,a pronoun is a word used instead of a noun4 ,an adjective is a word used to point out or describe an object and modify a noun or a pronoun4 ,an adverb is a word that modifies a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb4 ,a preposition is a word that is used with its object to form a phrase1 and shows the relation of its object to the word the phrase modifies4 ,a conjunction is a word that joins sentences or parts of sentences4 ,an interjection is a word used to express sudden or strong feeling4 ,exercise4--,tell what part of speech each word is in the following sentences4 ,tell in each case how you know4 #a4 ,toto's good grandmother bore this commotion quietly for some time4 #b4 8,now1 set those baskets down40 ,he spoke sharply4 #c4 ,mowgli knew the manners and customs of the villagers very fairly4 #d4 ,no other mother ever made such deep1 smooth1 golden custard pies1 or fried such light and spicy doughnuts4 #e4 ,queen ,elizabeth and ,mary ,queen of ,scots are strongly associated together in the minds of all readers of ,english history4 #f4 ,the tamest tiger is a tiger still4 #g4 ,the negro cleared for us a path to an enormously tall tree4 #h4 ,nobody scolded me or laughed at me4 #i4 ,then my eyes came back to the wall paper1 and ,i studied out figures in its spreading vines4 #aj4 ,perhaps a little starch would have some effect4 #aa4 ,the roaring hot wind of the ,jungle came and went between the rocks and the rattling branches4 #ab4 ,ring-ting6 ,i wish ,i were a primrose4 #ac4 ,o love1 they die in yon rich sky4 #gc4 ,in sentence #ac in the preceding exercise1 it is evident that the word love1 which is often a verb1 is used as a term of address1 and therefore is a noun4 ,many words may be used as verbs or as nouns4 ,exercise4--,tell what part of speech the italicized words are in the following sentences4 ,give your reason in each case4 #a4 ,don't scour your porcelain sink with sapolio4 #b4 ,when bodies sink in ,lake ,superior1 they never rise4 #c4 ,oh1 what fall was there1 my countrymen4 #d4 ,we fall to rise1 are baffled to fight better4 #e4 ,alice gave the branch a vigorous shake4 #f4 ,nay1 do not shake your gory locks at me4 #g4 ,will you show me your lineage book8 #h4 ,there are ten thousand moving picture shows in the ,united ,states4 #i4 ,what a good catch our right fielder made4 #aj4 ,did you catch this sturgeon last night8 ,make sentences in which the following words shall be used as nouns and as verbs3 fight1 pay1 rap1 shed1 shoe1 sting1 tread4 #gd4 ,many words that are usually adjectives may also be used as nouns4 ,such words fall into different classes3-- 7#a7 ,adjectives denoting color2 as1 black1 white1 red4 ,we may say1 8,the blacks were once slaves of the whites40 ,we may also say1 8,red and green are complementary colors40 7#b7 ,certain adjectives denoting qualities of persons1 which may also be used to name classes of persons having those qualities2 as1 rich1 poor1 old1 young1 bad1 good4 ,we say1 8,the rich should not scorn the poor10 8,the good die young40 7#c7 ,certain adjectives denoting qualities1 which may also be used to name classes of things having those qualities2 as1 good1 evil1 true1 false4 ,we say1 8,love the good1 cherish the true1 admire the beautiful40 7#d7 ,certain other adjectives1 such as native1 secret1 fat1 lean1 thick4 ,we say1 8,the natives had no secrets10 8,jack ,sprat would eat no fat10 8,he was always in the thick of the fight40 ,exercise4--,make sentences containing the following words used as adjectives and as nouns3 purple1 blue1 brave1 righteous1 evil1 wet1 cold1 sweet1 right1 wrong1 solid1 strong4 #ge4 ,some words may be used both as adjectives and as adverbs4 ,when well means the opposite of sick1 as in the sentence1 8,grace never was a well child10 it is an adjective4 ,when well means in a good manner1 as in the sentence1 8,esther sings well10 it is an adverb4 ,exercise4--,tell what part of speech the italicized words are in the following sentences4 ,give your reason in each case4 #a4 ,the paper is large enough1 but ,i have not enough string4 #b4 ,as she came near ,i recognized one of my near neighbors4 #c4 ,all flesh is grass4 #d4 ,the girls playing basket ball are all tired out4 #e4 ,the doctor liked a fast horse4 #f4 ,we must walk fast this cold morning4 #g4 ,nobody could play golf worse than ,i4 #h4 ,may ,i never do a worse deed6 #i4 ,have you any ribbon to match this sample8 #aj4 ,will this color do any better8 #aa4 ,somebody else will marry her then4 #ab4 ,how else could ,i get there in time8 ,make sentences containing the following words used as adjectives and as adverbs3 high1 last1 long1 low1 much1 round1 slow1 straight4 #gf4 ,some words may be used both as adverbs and as prepositions4 ,in the sentence1 8,i looked in as ,i went by10 both in and by are adverbs4 ,how do we know this8 ,in the sentence1 8,as ,i went by the house1 ,i looked in the window10 both in and by are prepositions4 ,what are their objects8 ,what do the phrases modify8 ,exercise4--,what part of speech are the italicized words in the following sentences8 ,give your reason in each case4 #a4 ,beyond lay the city of their dreams4 #b4 ,our house stands beyond the church4 #c4 ,over the ,alps lies ,italy4 #d4 ,come over this evening if you can4 #e4 ,she fainted and did not come to for an hour4 #f4 ,the granary is behind the barn4 #g4 ,ichabod looked behind for an instant4 #h4 ,a storm of sleet was raging without4 #i4 ,civilized man cannot do without cooks4 ,make sentences in which the following words are used both as adverbs and as prepositions3 about1 above1 along1 down1 off1 on1 through1 under1 up1 within4 ,,xxiii4 ,,transitive ,,verbs4 ,,object ,,of ,,verb #gg4 ,we have seen that a noun may be related to a verb as its subject4 ,when the verb asserts action1 as in the sentence1 8,many birds eat flies10 then the subject many birds names the doer1 or performer1 of the action4 ,there is another very common relation that a noun may bear to a verb4 ,in the sentence above1 the verb eat asserts an action that is not only performed by something1 but is also performed upon something4 ,that is1 there is a doer of the action1 many birds1 and a receiver of the action1 flies4 ,if we had merely the subject and the verb1 our sentence would be incomplete1 and we should ask at once1 eat what8 ,since the word flies completes the meaning of the verb eat1 we call it the complement of the verb4 ,since it names the receiver of the action that is asserted by the verb eat1 we call it the object or direct object of the verb4 #gh4 ,not all verbs require an object--only those which assert action which the subject performs upon some person or thing4 ,such verbs are called transitive verbs4 #gi4 ,the object of a verb is not always a single word4 ,the object may be compound1 as in the sentence1 8,many birds eat flies and gnats and mosquitoes40 ,again1 the object may be a group of words1 of which a noun is the base word4 ,in the following sentence there are three transitive verbs4 ,what is the object of each verb8 ,what is the base word of each object8--8,miss ,dorothea dusted the banisters round the porch1 straightened the rows of shoes in mother's closet1 and folded the daily papers in the rack40 #hj4 ,just as we can find the subject of a verb by asking the question made by placing who or what before the verb1 so we can find the object of a verb that asserts action by asking the question made by placing whom or what after the verb4 ,these questions are often a great help1 especially if a sentence is long or transposed4 ,in the sentence1 8,a more miserable little beast ,i had never seen10 what is the verb8 ,ask a question to find the subject4 ,ask a question to find the object4 ,summary4--,a transitive verb is one that asserts action performed upon some person or thing4 ,a complement is a word or a group of words used to complete the meaning of a verb4 ,the direct object of a verb is a word or a group of words that completes the meaning of a transitive verb and names the receiver of the action4 ,,note4--,not all transitive verbs denote action that is accompanied by motion4 ,some denote action of the senses2 as1 8,i see the star10 8,i taste the pepper40 ,others denote action of the feelings2 as1 8,i love the truth10 8,i hate a lie40 ,still others do not denote action at all2 as1 8,i mean you10 8,our forefathers owned slaves10 8,i kept her letter40 ,we must enlarge our notion of transitive verbs so as to make it include all verbs that take a complement which denotes a different person or thing from the subject4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the transitive verbs in these sentences4 ,find both their subjects and their objects by asking the proper questions4 ,,note4--,a transitive verb may be modified before it is completed4 ,this is true of lifts in sentence #b4 ,oftener the idea expressed by the verb and its object together is modified2 as in sentence #a1 where the phrase in despair modifies not shook but shook her head4 #a4 ,dotty ,dimple shook her head in despair4 #b4 ,at the word of command1 the two horsemen stop1 each man lifts up his right leg1 throws it over the back of his horse1 and drops it to the ground so that the two boots tap the pavement at the same instant4 #c4 ,her father found a pleasant seat on the shady side1 hung the basket in a rack1 and opened a window4 #d4 ,when the young surveyor left ,detroit1 he carried a huge green bandbox1 and his wife in her far frontier home received in due time a beautiful blue bonnet4 #e4 ,i threw off an overcoat1 took an armchair by the crackling logs1 and awaited patiently the arrival of my hosts4 #f4 ,all the world likes molasses candy4 #g4 ,the children brought home great bunches of the brilliant leaves1 and some they pressed and varnished1 while others ,katherine dipped in melted wax4 #h4 ,john trod down the exquisite ferns and the wonderful mosses without compunction4 ,but he gathered from the crevices of the rocks the columbine and the eglantine and the blue harebell2 he picked the high-flavored alpine strawberry1 the blueberry1 the boxberry1 wild currants and gooseberries and fox grapes2 he brought home armfuls of the pink and white laurel and the wild honeysuckle2 he dug the roots of the fragrant sassafras and of the sweet flag2 he ate the tender leaves of the wintergreen and its red berries2 he gathered the peppermint and the spearmint2 he gnawed the twigs of the black birch2 he dug the amber gum from the spruce-tree2 he brought home such medicinal herbs for the garret as the goldthread1 the tansy1 and the loathsome 8boneset10 and he laid in for the winter1 like a squirrel1 stores of beechnuts1 hazelnuts1 hickorynuts1 chestnuts1 and butternuts4 ,exercise #b4--;,analyze the following sentences3-- ,,note4--,if any part of a sentence is compound1 state that fact before analyzing it4 ,if the subject or object is compound1 give the base words first1 and then the modifiers of each4 ,if the predicate is compound1 analyze the first predicate completely1 then the second1 and so on4 ,if any adverb or prepositional phrase modifies the idea denoted by the verb and the object1 be sure to say so in your analysis4 ,for instance1 in the sentence1 8,we have seen his star in the east10 the predicate verb is have seen4 ,it is completed by the direct object his star1 and then modified by the prepositional phrase in the east4 #a4 ,sometimes a perfume like absinthe sweetened all the air4 #b4 ,the little brown field mouse ran along in the grass1 poked his nose into everything1 and finally spied a smooth1 shiny acorn4 #c4 ,my son1 descend those steps and enter that door4 #d4 ,many and many a pair of mittens had those busy fingers knit4 #e4 ,always within a few moments the rabbits would resume their leaping progress through the white glitter and the hard1 black shadows4 #f4 ,the visit of the tax collector seldom gives unmixed joy4 #g4 ,scrooge took his melancholy dinner in his usual melancholy tavern4 #h4 ,the first glimpse of a new country always quickens the sense of the traveler4 #i4 ,rebecca took off her hat and cape and hung them in the hall1 put her rubber shoes and umbrella carefully in the corner1 and then opened the door of paradise4 #aj4 ,the scent of herbs and the fragrance of fruit filled the great unfinished chamber4 #aa4 ,a polished brazen rod on a broad wooden pedestal beside the armchair held half a dozen lamps of silver on sliding arms4 #ab4 ,messala hugged the stony wall with perilous clasp4 #ac4 ,amrah rubbed her eyes1 bent closer down1 clasped her hands1 gazed wildly around1 looked at the sleeper1 then stooped and raised his hand1 and kissed it fondly4 #ad4 ,the proprietor of the fruit stand has a bald head1 a long face1 and a nose like the beak of a hawk4 #ae4 ,without more ado ,mr4 ,cary grasped his arm firmly1 and fairly lifted him into the room4 ,,xxiv4 ,,intransitive ,,verbs ,,asserting ,,action #ha4 ,transitive verbs1 as we have seen1 assert action performed upon some person or thing4 ,there are many other verbs in our language that assert action1 but the action is not performed upon anything4 ,on the contrary1 the action ends in itself2 as in the sentence1 8,the wind in the chimney sighed and moaned and shivered40 ,here the wind is said to perform three actions1 but these actions were not received by anything4 ,verbs like sighed1 moaned1 and shivered are said to be intransitive verbs4 #hb4 ,not all intransitive verbs assert action4 ,the verb be and a few others 7see ,lesson ,,xxv7 which assert merely being1 are also intransitive verbs2 as1 8,i am hungry10 8,you are kind10 8,he is extravagant10 8,they were careless40 #hc4 ,it frequently happens that the same verb may be used in one sentence as a transitive verb1 and in another as an intransitive verb4 ,if we say1 8,the horse kicked his master10 the verb kicked is transitive4 ,why8 ,if we say1 8,the poor boy kicked and squirmed and groaned10 the verb kicked is intransitive4 ,why8 ,we should always classify a verb as it is used in the particular sentence under consideration4 ,summary4--,an intransitive verb is one that asserts 7#a7 being1 or 7#b7 action that is not received by any person or thing4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the verbs in the following sentences1 and classify them as transitive or intransitive4 ,tell the subject of each verb4 ,if the verb is transitive1 tell its object4 #a4 ,the princess sat at table next to the king and queen4 #b4 ,at these words a grave smile of approval lighted the gaunt face of the ,hindu4 #c4 ,the spring murmured drowsily beside him4 ,the branches waved dreamily across the blue sky overhead4 ,a deep sleep fell upon ,david ,swan4 #d4 ,while shepherds watched their flocks by night1 ,all seated on the ground1 ,an angel of the ,lord came down1 ,and glory shone around4 #e4 ,mr4 ,jeremy stuck his pole into the mud1 and fastened the boat to it4 #f4 ,the cat got up and stretched herself1 and came and sniffed at the basket4 #g4 ,i would have spared the woman who gave thee the milk4 #h4 ,his hair had fallen about his shoulders4 #i4 ,they sang patriotic songs1 they told stories1 they fired torpedoes1 they frightened the cats4 #aj4 ,i could have killed a buck while thou wast striking4 #aa4 ,away rolled the bogghun1 away and away1 over the meadows and into the forest2 away and away bounded the ,princess in pursuit4 ,the golden nose ring flashed and glittered in the sunlight1 the golden bangles on her wrists and ankles tinkled and rang their tiny bells as she went4 ,the monkeys swinging by their tails from the branches1 chattered with astonishment at us2 the wild parrot screamed at us2 all the birds sang and chirped and twittered4 #ab4 ,the chipmunk appeared at the mouth of his den1 looked quickly about1 took a few leaps to a tussock of grass1 paused a breath with one foot raised1 slipped quickly a few yards over some dry leaves1 paused again by a stump beside a path1 rushed across the path to the pile of loose stones1 went under the first and over the second1 gained the pile of posts1 made his way through that1 surveyed his course a half moment from the other side of it1 and then darted on to some other cover1 and presently beyond my range1 where he must have gathered acorns1 for no other nut-bearing trees than oaks grew near4 ,exercise #b4--,tell whether the italicized verbs in the following sentences are transitive or intransitive4 ,give your reason in each case4 ,if a verb is transitive1 tell how it is completed4 ,if it is intransitive1 tell how it is modified4 #a4 ,all the brooks have burst their icy chains4 #b4 ,the boiler burst with a tremendous noise4 #c4 ,do your duty2 that is best4 #d4 ,such language will never do for a teacher4 #e4 ,miss ,clarissa draws and paints very well4 #f4 ,giotto drew a perfect circle with one sweep of his arm4 #g4 ,the swallow flies with a graceful dipping motion4 #h4 ,the boys are flying their kites on the common4 #i4 ,give us this day our daily bread4 #aj4 ,the rope was stretched so tightly that it did not give with his weight4 #aa4 ,all day he sits in his arm chair and reads4 #ab4 ,have you read 8,the ,man without a ,country08 #ac4 ,the woodworkers have struck for shorter hours4 #ad4 ,david struck ,uriah ,heep on the cheek4 #ae4 ,aunt ,betsy swept down upon the trespassers4 #af4 ,i must sweep the spiders off the porch4 ,,xxv4 ,,intransitive ,,verbs ,,asserting ,,being4 ,,nouns ,,as ,,subjective ,,complements #hd4 ,there is no other verb used oftener than the verb be1 with its various forms1--is1 are1 am1 was1 will be1 has been1 etc4 ,in the sentence1 8,the lake is the mother of the great rivers10 there would be no assertion without the verb is1 and yet it does not assert action of any sort4 ,the sentence plainly means that the lake and the mother of the great rivers are identical2 that is1 they are one and the same thing4 ,the verb is enables us to assert identity4 ,a verb of this kind is intransitive4 ,it is often called a verb of being1 to distinguish it from verbs that assert action4 #he4 ,some other verbs of this kind are seem1 appear1 become1 grow1 feel1 look1 smell1 taste1 and sound4 ,they are classed as verbs of being because they mean--to be in appearance1 in looks1 in smell1 in taste1 etc41 as1 8,you appear ill10 8,she looks young10 8,the milk tastes sour40 ,verbs that assert being are intransitive verbs4 #hf4 ,intransitive verbs of being usually need a complement4 ,in the sentence1 8,i am a spinner of long yarns10 if we had merely the subject and the verb1 ,i am1 we should ask1 am what8 ,the group of words a spinner of long yarns answers this question1 and so completes the predicate4 ,it is not an object complement1 however1 for it cannot name the receiver of an action since the verb does not assert action at all4 ,this complement denotes identity with the subject2 hence it is called a subjective complement4 ,often the subjective complement denotes the class to which the person or thing named by the subject belongs2 as1 8,corn is a grain10 8,my friend is a farmer40 #hg4 ,the subject and the object complement denote two different persons or things1 but the subject and the subjective complement always refer to the same person or thing4 #hh4 ,the subjective complement is sometimes a single noun1 as in the sentence1 8,stars are suns40 ,when the subjective complement is a group of words1 a noun is usually the base word2 as1 8,procrastination is the thief of time40 ,in sentences containing a subjective complement1 the subject comes before the verb1 and the subjective complement after the verb1 unless the sentence is transposed2 as1 8,lords of the sea are we40 #hi4 ,sometimes1 instead of having a complement1 a verb of being is modified by a prepositional phrase1 or even by an adverb1 denoting place2 as1 8,my bark is on the sea10 8,yonder is my home40 ,summary4--,verbs that assert being or identity are intransitive verbs4 ,a subjective complement is a word or a group of words that completes a verb and refers to the same person or thing as the subject4 ,exercise4--,select all the intransitive verbs of being in the following sentences4 ,find their subjects and their complements1 and the base words of each4 ,analyze sentences #a1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #ad4 #a4 ,this palace was the residence of the queen consort of ,england4 #b4 ,the king was in his counting house1 counting out his money1 ,the queen was in the parlor1 eating bread and honey4 #c4 ,my name is ,beautiful ,joe1 and ,i am a brown dog of medium size4 #d4 ,her worship of ,god was unselfish service1 and her prayers were worthy deeds4 #e4 ,the one great poem of ,new ,england is her ,sunday4 #f4 ,this guinea pig's name was ,jeff1 and he and ,i became good friends4 #g4 ,patient waiters are no losers4 #h4 ,in this fine open square are magnificent fountains1 handsome statuary on tall pedestals1 and crowds of vehicles and foot passengers crossing it in every direction4 #i4 ,a jackknife in his expert hand was a whole chest of tools4 #aj4 ,one of the best things in the world to be is a boy4 #aa4 ,backbiting is the meanest kind of biting1 not excepting the bite of fleas4 #ab4 ,the rattle of a bucket in a neighbor's yard1 no longer mixed with other weekday noises1 seemed a new sound4 #ac4 ,little ,boy ,blue1 come blow your horn4 ,the sheep's in the meadow1 the cow's in the corn4 #ad4 ,i became an enthusiastic little cook4 #ae4 ,king ,arthur's son was a handsome1 polite1 and brave knight4 #af4 ,the bees are abroad under the calling sky1 and the red of apple buds becomes a sign in the orchards4 #ag4 ,always darker turns the growing hemp as it rushes upward4 ,account for the punctuation of sentences #c1 #d1 #f1 #h1 and #ae4 ,,xxvi4 ,,adjectives ,,as ,,subjective ,,complements #ij4 ,in the sentences1 7#a7 8,the tomato is a fruit10 7#b7 8,that tall boy is the winner of the race10 the base word of the subjective complement is a noun1 because we wish to assert 7#a7 class1 7#b7 identity4 ,in the sentence1 8,the old gentleman's face was serene and rosy10 the base words of the subjective complement are the two adjectives serene and rosy1 because we wish to assert the characteristics1 or qualities1 of the old gentleman's face4 ,this is a very common use of the adjective1 as seen in the familiar sentences1 8,grass is green10 8,honey is sweet10 8,ice is cold40 #ia4 ,the verbs of being that were given in ,lesson ,,xxv1--be1 become1 look1 seem1 appear1 feel1 smell1 taste1 sound1 and grow1--often take adjectives for subjective complements2 as1 8,my head feels dizzy10 8,this sentence sounds queer10 8,mary grew plump and strong40 ,in some cases where the language affords no adjectives that exactly express the meaning1 we use a prepositional phrase as subjective complement2 as in the common expressions1 8,the house is on fire10 8,the girl is in love10 8,the man is in debt40 ,none of these phrases denote place1 but each of them denotes a condition4 ,,note4--,an adjective used as a subjective complement is often modified by a prepositional phrase4 ,if we say 8,the bin is full10 somebody will ask 8full of what80 ,if we say 8full of apples10 it is evident that the phrase of apples modifies full4 ,we also say glad of it1 tired of play1 wild with joy1 green with envy1 etc4 ,these expressions are different1 however1 from what we find in the sentence1 8,i was tired in the evening10 where the phrase in the evening1 denoting time1 modifies not the adjective tired1 but the two words was tired4 ,summary4--,an adjective1 or a group of words of which an adjective is the base word1 may be the subjective complement of an intransitive verb4 ,exercise4--,select all the intransitive verbs of being in the following sentences4 ,find their subjects and their complements1 and the base words of each4 ,analyze sentences #a1 #b1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae4 #a4 ,the sting of a bee is sometimes deadly4 #b4 ,the woodchuck looked sulky1 and scratched his nose expressively4 #c4 ,the traveler's limbs were numb1 for the ride had been long and wearisome4 #d4 ,she might be poor in purse and weak in body1 this brave young mother1 but she was rich in hope and strong in spirit4 #e4 ,by the third day ,i felt too weak and sick to stir4 #f4 ,at these words the king grew purple in the face4 #g4 ,conrad will keep quiet over his books4 #h4 ,mary was beautiful1 feminine in spirit1 and lovely4 ,elizabeth was talented1 masculine1 and plain4 ,mary was artless1 unaffected1 and gentle4 ,elizabeth was heartless1 intriguing1 and insincere4 #i4 ,your grandfather looked very funny in his red nightcap1 and without his teeth4 #aj4 ,very few poetic people are good at arithmetic4 #aa4 ,the garden at the back of the house was sweet with the scent of newly blossomed lilacs and the freshness of young grass4 #ab4 ,snow-white was the foam that flashed upward underneath the curving prow4 #ac4 ,is not ,little ,annie afraid of such a tumult8 #ad4 ,his mouth felt as dry and stiff and hard as a chip4 #ae4 ,the people went nearly mad for joy4 #ib4 ,a common error is the misuse of an adverb for an adjective as the subjective complement of a verb of being4 ,we should say1 8,i feel bad1 or ill1 or unhappy0 7not badly74 ,another common error is the misuse of an adjective for an adverb as a modifier of a verb of action4 ,we should say1 8,the child learns easily0 7not easy74 ,if we wish to tell a quality or condition of the subject1 we should use an adjective2 as1 8,the oak leaves turned brown40 ,if we wish to tell the manner of an action1 we should use an adverb2 as1 8,the leaves turned quickly this fall40 ,exercise #a4--,tell the part of speech of each italicized word in these sentences1 and justify its use4 #a4 ,mary dresses neatly and always looks charming4 #b4 ,the children must keep quiet to-night4 #c4 ,stand straight and breathe deeply4 #d4 ,look at them kindly and speak gently4 #e4 ,the old bishop looks kind and gentle4 #f4 ,this pie tastes very queer4 #g4 ,mother feels uneasy if we are out late4 #h4 ,the boy seemed nervous and felt uneasily of his watch chain4 #i4 ,poor oil made the lamp smell very disagreeable4 #aj4 ,all the doors stood open4 #aa4 ,the air grew cold steadily4 #ab4 ,keep the box carefully till ,i return4 ,exercise #b4--,select the right word for each of the following sentences1 and give your reason in each case3-- #a4 ,the light is so poor that ,i cannot see the picture 7plain or plainly74 #b4 ,i am frightened when she speaks 7cross or crossly7 to me4 #c4 ,sit with me so that you can hear 7good or well74 #d4 ,does he always deal 7honest or honestly7 with you8 #e4 ,the miser died 7miserable or miserably74 #f4 ,you came so 7sudden or suddenly7 that ,i was taken by surprise4 #g4 ,no wonder you fell1 you move too 7quick or quickly74 #h4 ,how 7stylish or stylishly7 she dresses4 #i4 ,i 7sure or surely7 mailed the letter4 #aj4 ,next time ,i shall act more 7sensible or sensibly74 #aa4 ,money comes 7easy or easily7 to him1 and is soon gone4 #ab4 ,i felt so 7bad or badly7 that ,i cried4 #ac4 ,i was ill yesterday1 but ,i feel pretty 7good or well7 this morning4 #ad4 ,all my rose bushes look 7fine or finely74 ,,xxvii4 ,,review ,,of ,,verbs #ic4 ,a verb is an asserting word4 ,a transitive verb is one that asserts action performed upon some person or thing4 ,a transitive verb is completed by a direct object4 ,the direct object of a transitive verb is a word or a group of words that completes the meaning of the verb and names the receiver of the action4 ,the base word of a direct object is usually a noun4 ,an intransitive verb is one that asserts1 7#a7 being1 or 7#b7 action not performed upon any person or thing4 ,an intransitive verb of action needs no complement4 ,an intransitive verb of being is usually completed by a subjective complement4 ,a subjective complement is a word or a group of words that completes a verb and refers to the same person or thing as the subject4 ,a subjective complement denotes identity with the subject1 or tells the class to which the subject belongs1 or some quality of the subject4 ,the base word of a subjective complement may be a noun or an adjective4 ,exercise4--,select and classify all the verbs in the following sentences4 ,tell the subject of each verb1 and tell how each verb is completed or modified4 #a4 ,as soon as he saw the cat in the soap barrel1 he set the lamp down on the cellar bottom1 and laughed so that he could hardly move4 #b4 ,when night came1 ,i felt still more lonesome4 #c4 ,little ,toomai shall become a great tracker4 #d4 ,the wind whistled around the low1 unplastered chamber1 but the beds were soft and warm1 and the guests were ready for sleep4 #e4 ,the youngest daughter was the gentlest and most beautiful creature ever seen1 and the pride of all the people in the land4 #f4 ,i am too stiff and sore from a terrible fall ,i have had1 to write more than one line4 #g4 ,next month1 when the city had returned to its sunbaked quiet1 the ,hindu did a thing that no ,englishman would have dreamed of doing2 for1 so far as the world's affairs went1 he died4 #h4 ,the knoll in the tamarack swamp was a haven of peace amid the fierce but furtive warfare of the wilderness4 #i4 ,beauty rose by four o'clock every morning1 lighted the fires1 cleaned the house1 and prepared the breakfast for the whole family4 #aj4 ,more years sped swiftly and tranquilly away4 #aa4 ,what a place the old market must have been in the days of ,herod the ,builder6 #ab4 ,the lizard belonging to my mistress was a very beautiful creature4 #ac4 ,the rocky walls are red with the scarlet of the geranium1 aglow with the orange of the lantana1 or they are hidden by the purple veil of the wild convolvulus4 ,the dainty sweet alyssum clings to the rock in great patches1 and the little rice plant lays its pink cheek against it lovingly4 #ad4 ,the spring had been a trying season for the lank she-bear4 #ae4 ,right proud the baron was of his gallant steed4 #af4 ,there is the house with the gate red-barred4 #ag4 ,the big male cuffed the cubs aside without ceremony1 mounted the carcass with an air of lordship1 glared about him1 and suddenly with a snarl of wrath1 fixed his eyes upon the green branches wherein the boy was concealed4 #ah4 ,rip ,van ,winkle was a kind neighbor and an obedient1 hen-pecked husband4 #ai4 ,the great error in ,rip's composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor4 #bj4 ,the same sweet clover smell is in the breeze4 #ba4 ,david stooped down and piled the fagots in the hollow of his arm4 #bb4 ,gentle are the days when the year is young4 #bc4 ,the winter sunshine on the fields seems full of rest4 #bd4 ,i feel out of place under this roof4 #be4 ,strips of snow still whitened the fields1 but on the stumps were bluebirds1 and they warbled of spring4 #bf4 ,the great limb of the cedar snapped off1 rolled over in the air1 and lay on the ground like a huge animal4 ,,xxviii4 ,,nouns3 ,,number #id4 ,when we wish a noun to denote more than one object1 we often change its form slightly4 ,man becomes men1 child becomes children1 river becomes rivers4 ,this change in the form of a noun by which it denotes one object or more than one is called number4 ,number is said to be one of the properties of a noun4 #ie4 ,when a noun denotes one object1 it is said to be in the singular number2 as1 lion1 mouse1 knife4 ,when a noun denotes more than one object1 it is said to be in the plural number2 as1 lions1 mice1 knives4 #if4 ,most nouns form their plural by adding s or es to the singular2 as1 key1 keys2 hand1 hands2 rope1 ropes2 mass1 masses2 fox1 foxes2 church1 churches2 bush1 bushes4 ,this is said to be the regular way of forming the plural4 ,why is it that some words add es instead of s8 #ig4 ,nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding s2 as1 folio1 folios2 cameo1 cameos4 ,some nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es1 and others s2 as1 potato1 potatoes2 mosquito1 mosquitoes2 solo1 solos2 piano1 pianos4 #ih4 ,some nouns form their plural irregularly4 7#a7 ,a few nouns change the vowel2 as1 man1 men2 goose1 geese2 mouse1 mice2 foot1 feet2 tooth1 teeth4 7#b7 ,a few nouns add en2 as1 ox1 oxen2 child1 children4 7#c7 ,nouns ending in y1 preceded by a consonant sound1 change y to i and add es2 as1 fly1 flies2 fairy1 fairies4 7#d7 ,some nouns ending in f or fe change f or fe to v and add es2 as1 wolf1 wolves2 knife1 knives4 #ii4 ,some nouns have the same form in both the singular and the plural2 as1 deer1 grouse1 salmon4 #ajj4 ,some nouns ending in s look like plural nouns1 but are regarded as singular2 as1 news1 athletics1 gymnastics4 #aja4 ,some nouns are used only in the plural2 as1 scissors1 pincers1 thanks4 #ajb4 ,compound nouns form their plural in three different ways3-- 7#a7 ,by adding s to the last word2 as1 forget-me-not1 forget-me-nots4 7#b7 ,by adding s to the principal word2 as1 son-in-law1 sons-in-law4 7#c7 ,by pluralizing both words2 as1 manservant1 menservants4 #ajc4 ,when a title is used with one name1 we may pluralize either the name or the title4 ,we may say the ,misses ,gray or the ,miss ,grays1 the ,messrs4 ,greenwood or the ,mr4 ,greenwoods4 ,when a title is used with more than one name1 we pluralize the title4 ,we say the ,misses ,morgan and ,adams4 ,the title ,mrs4 has no plural1 so we must say ,mrs4 ,morgan and ,mrs4 ,adams4 #ajd4 ,letters1 signs1 or figures form their plurals by adding an apostrophe and s2 as1 #f's1 i's1 t's4 #aje4 ,a few foreign nouns have kept their foreign plurals4 ,some of these in common use are stratum1 strata2 alumnus1 alumni2 axis1 axes4 #ajf4 ,some nouns have two plurals used with slightly different meanings2 as1 penny has pennies and pence2 brother has brothers and brethren2 die has dies and dice4 ,find out from the dictionary the meanings of these plurals4 ,the correct plural of a noun cannot always be reasoned out4 ,it should never be guessed4 ,it can always be learned from a dictionary4 ,summary4--,number is that property of a noun by which it denotes one object or more than one4 ,a singular noun denotes one object4 ,a plural noun denotes more than one object4 ,nouns form their plural regularly by adding s or es to the singular4 ,many nouns form their plural irregularly4 ,exercise #a4--,tell the plural of each of the following nouns4 ,tell how it is formed4 ,consult the dictionary when you are in doubt4 alto apostrophe box brush calf chromo crisis cupful deer ,dutchman elf enemy fez fife foot ,german half hero hoof lasso lioness loaf monkey motto mouse negro noose ,norman oasis piano pony sheaf size soprano tableau tooth vertebra volcano wharf court-martial ,dr4 ,wright eyelash flagstaff ,general ,allen hanger-on jack-in-the-pulpit ,miss ,davis passer-by postmaster general will-o'-the-wisp ,exercise #b4--,select all the nouns in the following sentences1 and tell whether they are singular or plural4 ,give the singular of each plural word1 and the plural of each singular word4 #a4 ,listen6 ,in yonder pine woods what a cawing of crows6 #b4 ,a washstand in the corner1 a chest of carved mahogany drawers1 a looking-glass in a filigree frame1 and a high-backed chair studded with brass nails like a coffin constituted the furniture4 #c4 ,there have always been medicine men1 rain makers1 wizards1 conjurers1 sorcerers1 astrologers1 and fortune tellers1 ready to trade on the fears of the weak1 the ignorant1 and the superstitious4 #d4 ,april brought the blue scylla and the sweet violet2 ,may brought the much-loved narcissus and lily of the valley4 #e4 ,in came the three ,miss ,fezziwigs1 beaming and lovable4 #f4 ,people hardly ever do know where to be born until it is too late4 #g4 ,the bell in the church tower was striking six1 but ,i undressed for the night and buried myself under the bedclothes4 #h4 ,as it fell out1 the three princesses were talking one night of whom they would marry4 #i4 ,poor ,mrs4 ,wise6 ,i'm sure she's to be pitied1 living here with all these grandchildren4 #aj4 ,as soon as ,pussy heard me shut the gate in the yard at noon1 when school was done1 she would run up the stairs as hard as she could go4 #aa4 ,the puppy's nightly couch was outside the stable1 even during the coldest weather4 #ab4 ,the fish1 strange creatures called groupers1 with great sluggish bodies and horribly human faces1 come crowding up to be fed4 #ac4 ,what a hardy set of men they were1 those ,northmen of old6 #ad4 ,the streams that have entered into our ,american life come from springs very wide apart1--from the ,puritan whom ,james ,i was persecuting1 and from the courtiers whom he was patronizing2 from the ,dutchmen whom ,charles ,,ii was fighting1 and from the ,covenanters whom he was trying to convert at the pistol's point2 from the ,scotchmen who had captured the north of ,ireland1 and from the ,huguenots who had been driven out of the south of ,france4 ,what is the use of listen1 sentence #a1 furniture1 #b1 horribly1 #ab8 ,how are the adjectives weak1 ignorant1 and superstitious used in sentence #c8 ,,xxix4 ,,nouns3 ,,gender #ajg4 ,one of the characteristics of living things is sex2 that is1 all living things are male or female4 ,many nouns that are names of living things indicate sex4 ,the noun king indicates the male sex4 ,the noun queen indicates the female sex4 ,the property of a noun by which it indicates the sex of the object named is called gender4 #ajh4 ,since there are two sexes1 there must be at least two genders4 ,nouns that indicate the male sex are said to be of the masculine gender2 as1 hero1 grandfather4 ,nouns that indicate the female sex are said to be of the feminine gender2 as1 hen1 tigress1 sister4 ,note that sex1 male or female1 refers to a distinction1 or difference1 in the living creatures themselves1 while gender is merely a property of their names that shows this distinction4 ,it is absurd1 therefore1 to speak of a person of the masculine gender1 but it is allowable to speak of masculine qualities1 masculine attire1 a masculine voice1 etc4 #aji4 ,since things without life have no sex1 the nouns that name such things have no gender2 as1 sky1 tent1 pie4 ,such words are said to be of the neuter gender4 ,neuter means neither4 #aaj4 ,some nouns that may be applied to persons of either male or female sex are said to be of common gender2 as1 child1 cousin1 parent1 clerk4 #aaa4 ,gender is denoted in three ways3-- 7#a7 ,by a pair of words2 as1 man1 woman2 bull1 cow2 lad1 lass4 7#b7 ,by inflection1 that is1 by adding a syllable to the masculine noun to form the feminine2 as1 hero1 heroine2 lion1 lioness2 host1 hostess4 ,what can you say of the words widow and widower8 7#c7 ,by prefixing a word whose gender is well known2 as1 bull moose1 maidservant1 she bear4 ,,note4 --,some feminine nouns are going out of use4 ,we no longer use the words poetess or authoress4 ,if a woman preaches1 she is a minister2 if she practices medicine1 she is a doctor1 not a 8lady doctor40 ,summary4--,gender is that property of a noun which indicates the sex or non-sex of the object named4 ,there are four genders3-- ,a noun of the masculine gender indicates the male sex4 ,a noun of the feminine gender indicates the female sex4 ,a noun of the neuter gender indicates the absence of sex4 ,a noun of common gender may indicate either the male or the female sex4 ,gender is denoted 7#a7 by different words1 7#b7 by inflection1 7#c7 by prefixing some gender word4 ,exercise4--,tell the gender of each noun in the following sentences4 ,tell how its gender is denoted4 ,if you are in doubt about any word1 consult the dictionary4 #a4 ,the she wolf lay agonizing in the darkest corner of the cave1 licking in grim silence the raw stump of her right foreleg4 #b4 ,the wild goose winging at the head of the ,v knew of good feeding grounds near by1 which he was ready to revisit4 #c4 ,not vague was the fear of the brooding grouse in the far-off thicket1 though the sound came to her but dimly4 #d4 ,at the captain's signal the ,seabird came alongside1 and ,mr4 ,wintermute left ,mrs4 ,howe and her little family to go on their journey alone4 #e4 ,having sniffed the air for several minutes1 without discerning anything to interest him1 the great bull moose bethought him of his evening meal4 #f4 ,here on the ridge a buck1 with his herd of does and fawns1 has established his winter 8yard40 #g4 ,without a second's hesitation the cow flung up her tail1 gave a short bellow1 and charged the bear4 #h4 ,another thing that attracts attention is the animals tethered here1 there1 and everywhere4 ,you see donkeys1 goats1 cows1 even cats1 hens1 and turkeys1 confined by the inevitable tether4 #i4 ,never before since the nestlings broke the shell had her mate been so long away4 #aj4 ,the pupils never entered the study except upon the most formal occasions4 #aa4 ,a fine cock grouse alighted on a log some forty paces distant1 stretched himself1 strutted1 spread his ruff and wings and tail1 and was about to begin drumming4 #ab4 ,pedestrians walk where they will1 here1 there1 or yonder4 #ac4 ,several men-of-war1 with a multitude of smaller craft1 are at anchor in ,grassy ,bay1 and the admiral's ship is lying on the great floating dock for repairs4 #ad4 ,some civilians are buried here1 and many little children2 and ,i came upon a pathetic memorial to a fair young ,english wife1 who followed her soldier husband hither with her little child1 only to die on these far-off shores4 #ae4 ,any animal that had died from natural causes the wolves would not touch1 and they even rejected anything that had been killed by the stockmen4 ,their choice and daily food was the tenderer part of a freshly killed yearling heifer4 ,an old bull or cow they disdained1 and though they occasionally took a young calf or colt1 it was quite clear that veal or horseflesh was not their favorite diet4 ,it was also known that they were not fond of mutton1 although they often amused themselves by killing sheep4 ,,xxx4 ,,possessive ,,nouns #aab4 ,instead of saying1 8,i borrowed the knife belonging to ,will10 we are likely to say1 8,i borrowed ,will's knife40 ,here we have a new form of the noun ,will4 ,it is used with the noun knife to denote ownership of the knife1 and is called a possessive noun4 #aac4 ,since a possessive noun denotes ownership1 it must be used with another noun1 the name of the thing owned4 ,the possessive noun is said to modify this other noun4 ,in the expression doctor's car1 the possessive noun doctor's modifies the noun car4 ,when the name of the thing owned is well known1 it is often omitted4 ,we say1 8,i bought these skates at ,percy's10 and omit the word store4 ,a word omitted in this way is said to be 8understood40 #aad4 ,possessive nouns have a certain form of their own4 ,the possessive singular of a noun is formed by adding to it the apostrophe and s2 as1 girl's desk2 friend's home2 ,george's boat4 ,,note4--,in a few common expressions1 like for ,jesus' sake1 for conscience' sake1 the possessive is formed1 for the sake of euphony1 by adding merely the apostrophe4 ,when the plural of a noun ends in s1 the possessive plural is formed by adding an apostrophe2 as1 girls' league2 ladies' bonnets4 ,when the plural of a noun does not end in s1 the possessive plural is formed by adding the apostrophe and s2 as1 women's shoes2 oxen's yokes4 #aae4 ,when two persons are joint owners of one thing1 we give the possessive form to the name of the second person only2 as1 ,lewis and ,fred's boat4 ,when two persons own separate things1 the name of each person must have the possessive form2 as1 ,i went to ,mandel's and ,field's1 meaning two different stores4 #aaf4 ,compound nouns form the possessive by adding the sign of possession to the last word2 as1 singular1 son-in-law's2 plural1 sons-in-law's4 #aag4 ,the possessive noun does not always express actual ownership4 ,thus1 8an hour's walk0 means a walk lasting an hour1 8,lowell's poems10 means the poems written by ,lowell1 8a child's grief0 means the grief felt by a child4 ,what is the meaning of the day's work8 a good night's rest8 a year's vacation8 the king's death8 #aah4 ,possession may be denoted by a phrase beginning with the preposition of4 ,this phrase is much used4 ,we say the back of the chair1 not the chair's back2 the roots of the elm1 not the elm's roots4 ,this phrase enables us to avoid some awkward possessives4 ,what may we say instead of my cousin's wife's sister8 the king of ,greece's court8 #aai4 ,in the expression 8this book of ,john's10 we have what is called a double possessive1 for we have the possessive noun ,john's1 and the phrase introduced by of4 ,we use the double possessive when the noun denoting the thing owned is first modified by some adjective1 as a1 the1 this1 every1 both1 no4 ,summary4--,a possessive noun denotes ownership4 ,a possessive noun modifies another noun1 expressed or understood4 ,the possessive singular is formed by adding the apostrophe and s4 ,the possessive plural is formed by adding the apostrophe and s if the noun does not end in s1 and the apostrophe alone if the noun does end in s4 ,a double possessive is a phrase consisting of the preposition of followed by some possessive word4 ,exercise #a4--,write the possessive of each of these nouns4 ,tell whether it is singular or plural4 attorney-general chairman city colonies ,colonel ,cleveland commander in chief ,charles ,dickens daughters-in-law dwarfs foxes geese goddess groomsman ,frenchman ,john ,keats ladies major generals ,miss ,james mulatto sailor boy thief witches woodpecker yeoman ,exercise #b4--,select all the possessive nouns in the following sentences4 ,tell what nouns they modify1 and whether they are singular or plural4 ,tell also the gender of each possessive4 #a4 ,the lady's fondness and the gentleman's blindness were topics ably handled at every sewing circle in the town4 #b4 ,st4 ,paul's is the largest ,protestant church in the world4 #c4 ,last year's nuts are this year's black earth4 #d4 ,on the way home we stopped at the baker's to get some cream puffs4 #e4 ,every debt of my partner's has been paid4 #f4 ,the woodsman's aim was true4 #g4 ,the singers' seats1 where the pretty girls sat1 were the most conspicuous of all4 #h4 ,a half hour's tramp through difficult woods brought him to the nearest of the waters4 #i4 ,in ,august we had two weeks' vacation4 #aj4 ,this editorial of ,roosevelt's is attracting much attention4 #aa4 ,sulphur they could buy at the apothecary's4 #ab4 ,the horse is coal-black1 which is the regulation color of the ,horse-,guards' horses4 #ac4 ,my clothes and my father's were packed in a little leather valise4 #ad4 ,the backwoodsman cast a tender look on the sleepers' faces1 and slipped out of the cabin door as silently as a shadow4 #ae4 ,just where we leave the highway to go to ,gibbs's ,hill we pass a ruined house4 #af4 ,he had melted up his wife's gold thimble and his great-grandfather's gold-bowed spectacles4 #ag4 ,i called on ,nancy because she was a friend of ,miss ,davis's4 #ah4 ,can you give a traveler a night's lodging8 #ai4 ,when beechen buds begin to swell1 ,and woods the bluebird's warble know1 ,the yellow violet's modest bell ,peeps from the last year's leaves below4 ,analyze sentences #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #af4 ,,xxxi4 ,,nouns3 ,,case #abj4 ,we have seen that a noun may be used in different relations to other words in the sentence4 ,it may be related to a verb1 for instance1 as subject1 as object1 and as subjective complement4 ,that property of a noun which shows its relation to some other word in the sentence is called case4 #aba4 ,the three most important and striking relations that a noun may bear are these3 subject of a verb1 object of a verb1 and possessive modifier4 ,hence there are three cases4 ,when a noun is the subject of a verb1 we say that it is in the nominative case4 ,when it is the object of a verb1 we say that it is in the objective case4 ,when it is a possessive modifier1 we say that it is in the possessive case4 ,the pronoun has the same three cases as a noun4 #abb4 ,a noun is said to be declined when we give its three case forms in both the singular and the plural number4 ,,declension ,,of child ,singular ,plural ,nom4 child children ,poss4 child's children's ,obj4 child children #abc4 ,the noun in the nominative case is used in other relations besides that of subject of a verb4 ,the subjective complement is in the nominative case1 as well as the noun used independently4 ,when a noun is object of a preposition1 it is in the objective case4 ,summary4--,case is that property of a noun or a pronoun which shows its relation to some other word in the sentence4 ,there are three cases4 ,a noun used as subject of a verb1 as subjective complement1 as an exclamatory noun1 or as a term of address is in the nominative case4 ,a noun used as object of a verb or of a preposition is in the objective case4 ,a noun used as a possessive modifier is in the possessive case4 ,declension is the arrangement of the three case forms of a noun in the two numbers4 ,exercise4--,tell the use1 the case1 the number1 and the gender of every noun in these sentences4 #a4 ,the chill glitter of the northern summer sunrise was washing down over the rounded top of old ,sugar ,loaf4 #b4 ,thank him according to our customs1 ,mowgli4 #c4 ,what a good draught the nag takes6 #d4 ,alas6 ,kitty ,clover1 they say it is wicked2 that ,i must not catch grasshoppers for a pussy cat on ,sunday4 #e4 ,why doesn't your mother make a fresh cup of coffee8 #f4 ,we might shovel off the snow1 and dig down to some of last year's onions4 #g4 ,pilgrim fathers6 why should we not glorify the pilgrim mothers8 #h4 ,what did ,peterson ,sahib mean by the elephant dance8 #i4 ,the boy is the shoemaker's friend4 #aj4 ,mistress ,mary1 quite contrary1 ,how does your garden grow8 #aa4 ,i didn't ask the captain's leave when ,i attended this ceremony1 for ,i had a general idea that he wouldn't give it4 #ab4 ,csar is certainly the handsomest and most gentlemanly cat ,i ever saw4 #ac4 ,how was the ,princess's nose ring the cause of your misfortune8 #ad4 ,comrade1 where wilt thou be to-night4 ,when the loosed storm breaks furiously8 #ae4 ,indeed all the really pretty girls that you see are ,americans4 #af4 ,when ,i opened the goldfinch's door on the morning of the blackbird's arrival1 he paid no attention to his beloved bath1 but instantly flew over and alighted on the cage of the newcomer4 #ag4 ,these ten cows knew their names after a while1 and would take their places as ,i called them4 #ah4 ,oh6 but he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone1 was ,scrooge4 #ai4 ,o time and change6 how strange it seems ,with so much gone to still live on6 ,,xxxii4 ,,nouns3 ,,the ,,appositive #abd4 ,it is frequently necessary to explain some term we use1 and there is a convenient way for doing this without making a new sentence4 ,for instance1 an author writes1 8,one of these buildings belongs to the ,horse ,guards40 ,then1 for fear we may not know who the ,horse ,guards are1 he adds these explanatory words1 8a very fine body of ,english cavalry40 ,this group of words consists of the noun body used as a base word1 modified by the prepositional phrase of ,english cavalry1 the adjective element very fine1 and the article a4 ,the whole group is placed beside the term it explains1 and is separated from it by a comma4 ,such a group of words is called an appositive1 and the base word body is called a noun in apposition4 #abe4 ,sometimes we explain who a person is by using his name2 as1 8,i heard your friend1 ,john ,richards1 say that he was going to write to you40 ,sometimes the name of a person or animal or place is used first1 and then explained by a group of words2 as1 8,akela1 the great gray ,lone ,wolf1 lay out at full length on his rock40 #abf4 ,the appositive and the term it explains are in reality two names for the same person or thing4 ,you might think that either one could be called the appositive1 but this is not so4 ,it is the explanatory term that is the appositive1 and this is the second of the two terms4 #abg4 ,sometimes1 when there is no danger of any misunderstanding1 the appositive comes at a little distance from the word it modifies2 as1 8,splendid buildings meet our eyes at every turn1--churches1 private residences1 places of business1 and public edifices40 ,can you account for this arrangement8 #abh4 ,sometimes an appositive has been used so long with the word it modifies that the two have become united into one name2 as1 ,peter the ,hermit1 ,peter the ,great1 ,william the ,conqueror4 ,such an appositive is not set off by a comma4 ,,note4--,in the term ,peter the ,great1 the adjective great has become a noun1 and is modified by the adjective the4 #abi4 ,when ownership is to be denoted1 the sign of possession is added to the appositive instead of to the term that it explains2 as1 8,the poet ,milton's daughter10 8,mr4 ,taft1 the president's1 cow10 8,my friend ,julia's husband40 ,summary4--,an appositive is a word or a group of words placed after a term to explain it4 ,when the base word of an appositive is a noun1 it is called a noun in apposition4 ,the case of a noun in apposition is the same as that of the noun it explains4 ,an appositive is a modifier of a noun or a pronoun4 ,an appositive is set off from the rest of the sentence by commas unless it makes one term with the word it modifies4 ,exercise4--,select all the appositives in the following sentences1 and tell what they modify4 ,find the nouns in apposition4 ,tell the case of each1 giving the reason in each instance4 ,analyze sentences #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #af4 #a4 ,alfred the ,great loved books and strangers and travelers4 #b4 ,in the neatest1 sandiest hole of all lived ,benjamin's aunt and his cousins1--,flopsy1 ,mopsy1 ,cottontail1 and ,peter4 #c4 ,the conversation turned to rheumatism1 a subject of very remote interest to ,polly4 #d4 ,my son ,william became a telegraph operator before he was seventeen4 #e4 ,james ,,ii1 the bigoted successor of ,charles ,i1 had annulled the charters of all the colonies4 #f4 ,the geography lesson that day was the rivers of ,asia1--the ,obi1 ,yenisei1 ,lena1 ,amoor1 ,hoang ,ho1 and ,yang-tse-kiang4 #g4 ,some writers tell us that ,edward the ,confessor had made a will appointing ,duke ,william his successor4 #h4 ,foremost among the envious ones was the ,princess ,panka1 the daughter of a neighboring king4 #i4 ,close to ,charing ,cross is ,trafalgar ,square1 a fine open space with a fountain1 and a column to ,lord ,nelson4 #aj4 ,the body of ,warwick the kingmaker was exposed for three days on the pavement of ,st4 ,paul's1 and then deposited among the ashes of his fathers in the abbey of ,bilsam4 #aa4 ,the pass was crowned with dense1 dark forest1--deodar1 walnut1 wild cherry1 wild olive1 and wild pear4 #ab4 ,kaa1 the big ,rock ,python1 had changed his skin for perhaps the two hundredth time since his birth4 #ac4 ,eric the ,red1 a wandering ,norseman who was dwelling in ,iceland1 went to sea and discovered ,greenland4 #ad4 ,there are so many things to distract a boy's attention1--a chipmunk in the fence1 a bird on a near tree1 and a henhawk circling high in the air over the barnyard4 #ae4 ,very soundly it slept1 that doomed hare crouching under the fir bush6 #af4 ,they had never been accounted for1 ,rebecca's eyes4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,appositive ,,adjectives #acj4 ,adjectives are not always placed before the noun they modify4 ,when they are used as subjective complements1 they follow the verb1 although they modify the subject2 as1 8,life is real10 8,the air seems moist40 ,we also find many sentences like the following1 8,the camel1 restless and weary1 groans and occasionally shows his teeth40 ,here it is evident that the adjectives restless and weary are in the sentence to describe the camel2 hence they modify the noun camel2 but instead of preceding this noun1 they follow it4 ,because of their position such adjectives are called appositive adjectives4 #aca4 ,an appositive adjective is usually set off by a comma or commas4 ,it is frequently modified by a phrase1 as in the expressions1 8restless under his heavy load10 8weary with the long journey40 ,summary4--,an adjective with or without modifiers may be used as an appositive4 ,an appositive adjective is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma4 ,exercise4--,select all the appositive adjectives in these sentences1 and tell what they modify4 ,give the modifiers of each adjective4 ,account for the punctuation4 ,analyze sentences #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab4 #a4 ,his tunic1 scarlet in color1 is of the softest woolen fabric4 #b4 ,the skirt drops to the knee in folds heavy with embroidery4 #c4 ,grandfather ,nutter was a hale1 cheery old gentleman1 as straight and as bald as an arrow4 #d4 ,the pink rose1 dear for its old associations1 was transplanted to a sunny place close by the south door4 #e4 ,presently the ,colonel came in1 bluff1 warm1 and hearty4 #f4 ,from the other window one saw the distant forest1 so deep1 black1 and mysterious4 #g4 ,the ,april night1 softly chill and full of the sense of thaw1 was closing down over the wide salt marshes6 #h4 ,presently1 from far along the dark heights of the sky1 came voices1 hollow1 musical1 confused4 #i4 ,here is a foot passenger1 dusty and tired1 who comes with lagging steps4 #aj4 ,there is no nation known to history in which all citizens1 male and female1 old and young1 native and foreign born1 have had the suffrage4 #aa4 ,ginger hurried off into the darkness1 wild with excitement4 #ab4 ,the chief engineer entered the smoking room for a moment1 red1 smiling1 and wet4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,indirect ,,object #acb4 ,we have seen that the direct object names the receiver of the action asserted by the verb4 ,in the sentence1 8,kotuko made his dog a tiny harness10 the direct object of the verb made is a tiny harness1 for this group of words tells what received the making1 and answers the question made what8 ,if we go further and ask the question1 made a harness for what8 the answer is1 his dog4 ,this group of words is called the indirect object4 ,it names the receiver of the direct object2 that is1 the dog received the harness4 #acc4 ,an indirect object is always in the objective case1 but it is not a complement of the verb1 because it is not a necessary element of a sentence4 ,we call it a modifier of the verb4 ,the sentence1 8,in the morning the old wife gave the princess three nuts10 would be complete if we left out the indirect object the princess1 and merely told what the old wife gave1 namely1 three nuts4 ,notice that the indirect object comes between the verb and the direct object4 ,if we place it after the direct object1 we must supply the preposition to or for1 and then instead of an indirect object we shall have a prepositional phrase4 ,summary4--,an indirect object is a word or a group of words that tells to whom or for whom1 to what or for what1 something is done4 ,an indirect object names the receiver of the direct object4 ,an indirect object precedes the direct object4 ,an indirect object is a modifier of a verb4 ,an indirect object is in the objective case4 ,only a few transitive verbs take both direct and indirect objects4 ,some of them are bring1 buy1 do1 get1 give1 lend1 make pass1 pay1 promise1 sell1 send1 show1 take1 tell1 write4 ,exercise #a4--,write sentences containing both direct and indirect objects1 using verbs in the list above4 ,exercise #b4--,select both the direct and the indirect objects in the following sentences1 giving reasons3-- #a4 ,carry your grandmamma a custard and a little pot of butter4 #b4 ,aladdin made his mother very little reply4 #c4 ,i showed my comrades a large heap of stones4 #d4 ,mrs4 ,howe had promised the children presents1 so she bought ,george a gun1 ,mollie two gold rings1 and ,paul a checkerboard4 #e4 ,i wish the ,lord would give horses voices for just one week4 #f4 ,bring my mother six women slaves to attend her4 #g4 ,if you offer ,dash a bit of sheep's wool now1 he tucks his tail between his legs1 and runs for home4 #h4 ,i never told my schoolmates that ,i was a ,yankee4 #i4 ,i paid ,gypsy a visit every half hour during the first day of my arrival4 #aj4 ,then the magician gave ,aladdin a handful of small money4 #aa4 ,father ,andrew also taught ,tom a little ,latin4 #ab4 ,the sultan granted ,aladdin his request and again embraced him4 ,,xxxv4 ,,adverbial ,,noun ,,phrases #acd4 ,we have learned that a frequent modifier of a verb is a prepositional phrase telling the place or time of an action2 as1 8,so off we go in the cool1 clear morning40 ,sometimes a noun1 or a group of words of which a noun is the base word1 takes the place of this prepositional phrase2 as1 8,last summer the apple trees bore no fruit40 ,the words last summer tell time1 and modify the predicate bore no fruit1 but there is no preposition in this group of words4 ,summer is a noun modified by the adjective last4 ,such a group of words we call an adverbial noun phrase4 ,the noun used as base word we call an adverbial noun4 #ace4 ,an adverbial noun phrase tells not only time and place1 but it often answers such questions as how far8 how long8 how much8 as1 8,we walked the whole distance before sunset40 8,she stayed in ,london ten days40 8,one orange weighed twelve ounces40 ,summary4--,an adverbial noun phrase is a group of words of which a noun is the base word1 that tells the time or place of an action1 or how long1 how far1 or how much4 ,an adverbial noun phrase modifies a verb4 ,an adverbial noun is always in the objective case4 ,exercise4--,select the adverbial noun phrases and the nouns used as base words4 ,tell what the phrases modify1 and what questions they answer4 7,notice that these phrases often modify more of the predicate than just the verb47 ,analyze sentences #a1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #aj4 #a4 ,he followed her to school one day4 #b4 ,each boy who failed to report himself was fined one cent4 #c4 ,elizabeth ,eliza went home directly4 #d4 ,morning1 noon1 and night1 ,dame ,van ,winkle's tongue was incessantly going4 #e4 ,his keen1 sonorous1 passionate cry rang strangely on the night1 three times4 #f4 ,the trail was an easy one this time4 #g4 ,there the wild plum each summer fruited abundantly2 and there a sturdy brotherhood of beeches each autumn lavished their treasure of three-cornered nuts4 #h4 ,i worked a whole week to get the traps properly set out4 #i4 ,the next instant the panther received a smart blow on the top of his head4 #aj4 ,kala ,nag1 the elephant1 stood ten fair feet at the shoulder4 #aa4 ,ere the cow had gone twenty-five yards1 ,lobo was upon her4 #ab4 ,the next morning ,mrs4 ,peterkin began by taking out the things that were already in her trunk4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,adverbial ,,noun ,,phrases #acf4 ,when we wish to tell how long1 or wide1 or deep1 or thick a thing is1 we frequently make use of such statements as these3-- ,the valley is nine miles long4 ,the street is sixty feet wide4 ,the water is ten fathoms deep4 ,the slices were an inch thick4 ,it is evident that in the first sentence the question how long8 is answered by the words nine miles4 ,hence this group of words modifies the adjective long1 having the same use as the adverb very in1 8,the valley is very long40 ,but the base word of this group is the noun miles1 hence the whole group must be an adverbial noun phrase4 ,we conclude from this familiar sentence that an adverbial noun phrase may modify an adjective4 ,what adverbial noun phrase modifies wide8 deep8 thick8 ,make sentences in which an adverbial noun phrase modifies the adjectives old1 tall1 high4 #acg4 ,the adverbial noun phrase may also modify an adverb1 as in the sentence1 8,she came two hours afterward10 where two hours answers the question how long afterward8 ,how do we know that afterward is an adverb8 ,,note4--,a common illustration of this use is found in the familiar expression a short time ago1 where the adverb ago 7which is never used by itself7 is modified by the adverbial noun phrase a short time4 ,think of five other noun phrases often used to modify ago4 ,summary4--,an adverbial noun phrase may modify an adjective or an adverb4 ,in such a case it denotes a measure of some sort4 ,exercise4--,select the adverbial nouns and the phrases of which they are the base words4 ,tell what these phrases modify1 and what questions they answer4 #a4 ,about an hour later a big red fox came trotting into the glade4 #b4 ,when the stone was pulled up1 there appeared a staircase about three or four feet deep1 leading to a door4 #c4 ,the trail was perhaps an hour old4 #d4 ,after viewing old ,fort ,snelling1 we walked a mile farther to the parade ground1 and watched the soldiers drill4 #e4 ,an ordinary wolf's forefoot is four and one half inches long4 #f4 ,lobo stood three feet high at the shoulder1 and weighed one hundred and fifty pounds4 #g4 ,if the crows do not kill the owl1 they at least worry him half to death and drive him twenty miles away4 #h4 ,it is a curious fact about boys that two will be a great deal slower in doing anything than one4 #i4 ,when the eagle returned an hour later to the point of shoals1 the net looked less strange to him4 #aj4 ,twenty-five years ago the ,american minister at the court of ,turin was conversing with a young ,italian of high rank from the island of ,sardinia4 #aa4 ,the largest aboriginal structure of stone within the limits of the ,united ,states has a circuit of #adhj feet1 is five stories high1 and once included five hundred separate rooms4 #ab4 ,how many years did ,jacob serve for ,rachel8 #ac4 ,the week before the election one of the candidates for mayor spoke to an audience of laboring men every evening4 #ad4 ,that day ,i left the university1 and my trial took place a little while later4 #ae4 ,david reflected a few moments longer4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,objective ,,complement #ach4 ,in the sentence1 8,the boys called the turtles ,harry ,blake's sheep10 the verb is followed by two noun elements4 ,what are they8 ,the second element is not an appositive of the first1 neither have we here a direct and an indirect object4 ,prove this4 ,if we ask the question1 ,what did the boys call ,harry ,blake's sheep8 the answer is1 the turtles2 hence this must be the direct object of called4 ,but the sentence is not complete here4 ,we do not mean that the boys called the turtles1 that is1 summoned them4 ,we mean that they named the turtles4 ,if we ask the question1 8,what did the boys call the turtles80 the answer is1 8,harry ,blake's sheep40 ,this group of words is necessary as a second complement of the verb1 and at the same time it tells what the turtles became as a result of calling1 or naming1 them4 ,such an element is called an objective complement1 because it tells something about the direct object4 ,the base word of an objective complement is in the objective case4 #aci4 ,not all transitive verbs take an objective complement2 but only verbs of making or causing1 such as make1 call1 name1 elect1 appoint1 choose4 #adj4 ,sometimes the objective complement has an adjective for its base word instead of a noun2 as1 8,the great wood-fire in the tiled chimney place made our sitting room very cheerful of winter nights40 ,summary4--,an objective complement is a word or a group of words that helps to complete the verb1 and tells what the direct object becomes as a result of the action asserted by the verb4 ,the base word of an objective complement may be either a noun or an adjective4 ,exercise4--,find all the objective complements in the following sentences and tell about them in this way3-- ,,model4--,ben called this room his cabin4 ,his cabin is a noun element used as objective complement of the verb called1 because it tells what the direct object1 this room1 becomes as a result of the calling4 ,the base word of this objective complement is the noun cabin4 #a4 ,his blue beard made him so ugly and so terrible in appearance that women and children fled from him4 #b4 ,she kept the cottage always as neat as a new pin4 #c4 ,by much trampling we had made the salt marsh a mere quagmire4 #d4 ,this mother1 proud of her knowledge of ,french1 always called her little daughter ,mademoiselle4 #e4 ,if ever ,i have a boy to bring up in the way he should go1 ,i shall make ,sunday a cheerful day to him4 #f4 ,to the great amusement of my grandfather1 ,sailor ,ben painted the cottage a light sky-blue4 #g4 ,then1 inch by inch1 the untempered heat crept into the heart of the ,jungle1 turning it yellow1 brown1 and at last black4 #h4 ,the fish had buried themselves deep in the dry mud4 #i4 ,the natives of ,bermuda call the tamarisk the 8salt-cedar40 #aj4 ,nature meant him for a frontiersman1 but circumstances made him an innkeeper4 #aa4 ,the only way that they could set the king's head straight was to remove it4 #ab4 ,columbus rechristened the island ,san ,salvador1 but its precise identity has always been a little doubtful4 #ac4 ,a parrot would shriek me wild in a week4 #ad4 ,skin changing always makes a snake moody and depressed till the new skin begins to shine and look beautiful4 #ae4 ,the giver makes the gift precious4 #af4 ,the sound of a bell struck the merrymakers dumb4 #ag4 ,who appointed you judge of your brother8 #ah4 ,the dim light of stars rendered large objects near at hand visible in bulk and outline4 #ai4 ,we call domestic animals dependent creatures2 but who made them dependent8 ,,xxxviii4 ,,parsing ,,of ,,nouns #ada4 ,when we tell all that is true about a noun from a grammatical point of view1 we are said to parse it4 ,in parsing a noun we should tell3-- 7#a7 ,its class1--common or proper4 7#b7 ,its person1--first1 second1 or third4 7,see ,note47 7#c7 ,its number1--singular or plural4 7#d7 ,its gender1--masculine1 feminine1 neuter1 or common4 7#e7 ,its case1--nominative1 possessive1 or objective4 7#f7 ,its use in the sentence4 ,,note4--,nouns do not change their form for person4 ,since they are almost always the names of persons or things spoken of1 they are usually in the third person4 ,a noun is in the first person when it is used in apposition with a pronoun of the first person4 7,see p4 #ih47 ,a noun is in the second person 7#a7 when it is used in apposition with a pronoun of the second person2 7#b7 when it is used as a term of address4 ,exercise4--,parse each noun in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,all the great men of the neighborhood were there on horseback1--militia officers in uniform1 the member of ,congress1 the sheriff of the county1 the editors of newspapers1 and many a farmer1 too1 had mounted his patient steed or come on foot4 #b4 ,next day ,mowgli himself fell into a very cunning leopard trap4 #c4 ,the ,bermudas are1 with the exception of ,gibraltar1 ,england's most strongly fortified hold4 #d4 ,then ,mrs4 ,howe graciously showed the admiring ladies her collection of fine lace and embroideries4 #e4 ,the thoughtful1 lonely ways of their admiral made ,columbus an object of terror to his ignorant seamen4 #f4 ,i thought that nothing in the world was so beautiful as the sultan my father's palace4 #g4 ,perhaps your fish is eighteen inches long4 #h4 ,here comes the boat6 ,this is your waterproof1 ,hetty4 ,be careful now1 ,miss ,alice4 ,mrs4 ,blank1 you will need your sun umbrella4 ,hold on a minute1 skipper1 till ,i get that basket4 #i4 ,at nine o'clock1 ,williams1 a bronze ,hercules1 low-voiced1 gentle-mannered1 a trusty boatman1 and an enthusiast in his calling1 met us at the dock4 #aj4 ,the savage sticks bright feathers in his hair1 carries a tomahawk1 and wears moccasins upon his nimble feet4 #aa4 ,some evenings afterward the same thing happened at another corner of the pasture4 #ab4 ,the innocent savages gave ,columbus a new world for ,castile and ,leon1 and he gave them some glass beads and little red caps4 #ac4 ,the sultan received the present from ,aladdin's mother's hand4 #ad4 ,the elephant was thoughtfully chewing the green stem of a young plantain tree4 #ae4 ,in the good old days the boys on the coast ran away and became sailors4 #af4 ,i was a favorite with the cooks1 and so1 although they denied my cousins certain privileges of the kitchen1 they freely granted these to me4 #ag4 ,the ,norsemen called gold 8the serpent's bed40 ,,summary ,,of ,,case ,,relations ,nominative4 7#a7 ,subject of a verb4 7#b7 ,term of address4 7#c7 ,exclamatory noun4 7#d7 ,subjective complement of a verb4 7#e7 ,appositive4 7#f7 ,nominative absolute 7see p4 #bcg74 ,possessive4 7#a7 ,modifier of a noun4 ,objective4 7#a7 ,object of a verb4 7#b7 ,object of a preposition4 7#c7 ,appositive4 7#d7 ,indirect object4 7#e7 ,adverbial noun4 7#f7 ,objective complement4 ,make an original sentence to illustrate each of the case relations of a noun4 ,,xxxix4 ,,personal ,,pronouns #adb4 ,certain pronouns1 as ,i1 you1 he1 it1 etc41 show by their form that they refer to the person speaking1 the person spoken to1 or the person or thing spoken of4 ,the pronoun ,i denotes the person speaking1 and is said to be a pronoun of the first person4 ,the pronoun you denotes the person spoken to1 and is said to be a pronoun of the second person4 ,the pronouns he1 she1 and it denote the person or thing spoken of1 and are said to be pronouns of the third person4 ,such pronouns are called personal pronouns4 #adc4 ,the noun that a pronoun stands for1 whether it is expressed somewhere in the sentence or merely understood1 is called the antecedent of the pronoun4 #add4 ,all the personal pronouns have several different forms1 and if we wish to speak our language correctly1 we must know these forms and be careful in their use4 ,the personal pronouns are declined as follows3-- ,,first ,,person ,,second ,,person ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,nom4 ,i we you you ,poss4 my1 mine our1 ours your1 yours your1 yours ,obj4 me us you you ,,third ,,person ,singular ,plural ,,masculine ,,feminine ,,neuter ,nom4 he she it they ,poss4 his her1 hers its their1 theirs ,obj4 him her it them #ade4 ,there is another personal pronoun of the second person--thou4 ,it is not used in conversation nowadays1 but is frequently found in the ,bible and in poetry4 ,it is declined as follows3-- ,singular ,plural ,nom4 thou ye ,poss4 thy1 thine your1 yours ,obj4 thee you ,summary4--,a personal pronoun is one that shows by its form whether it denotes the person speaking1 the person spoken to1 or the person or thing spoken of4 ,the personal pronouns are ,i1 thou1 you1 he1 she1 it1 and their various case forms in the two numbers4 ,the antecedent of a pronoun is the word for which it stands4 ,exercise4--,select all the personal pronouns4 ,tell from the form of each its person and number1 and1 if it is a pronoun of the third person1 tell also its gender4 ,where it is possible1 tell the antecedent of the pronoun4 #a4 ,hide me in the oven4 #b4 ,first lay aside your black veil1 then tell us why you put it on4 #c4 ,while we were following the direction of his finger1 a sound of distant oars fell on our ears4 #d4 ,if you want a thing1 and have no money to buy it1 go without it until you can pay for it4 #e4 ,though the ,jungle ,people drink seldom1 they must drink deep4 #f4 ,the whelps were evidently very young1 but their ears were wide open1 and they stood up on strong legs when the boy touched them gently with his palm4 #g4 8,well10 said grandfather1 8,i tell you one thing2 the game will last me till that poor cat gets well again40 #h4 ,they sent him for troops only the sweepings of the galleys4 #i4 ,my driftwood fire will burn so bright6 ,to what warm shelter canst thou fly8 ,i do not fear for thee1 though wroth ,the tempest rushes through the sky4 #aj4 ,caught in a steel trap1 she had gnawed off her own paw as the price of freedom4 #aa4 ,at recess he gave me the core of his apple1 though there were several applicants for it4 ,,xl4 ,,uses ,,of ,,personal ,,pronouns #adf4 ,the personal pronoun1 since it takes the place of a noun1 has almost all the uses of a noun4 ,it may be1-- 7#a7 ,the subject of a verb2 as1 8,i only know ,i cannot drift beyond ,his love and care40 ,the subject of an imperative sentence is always the pronoun you1 thou1 or ye1 but this pronoun is seldom expressed2 as1 8,telegraph for staterooms at once40 7#b7 ,the base word of a term of address2 as1 8,ho1 ye who suffer1 know ye suffer for yourselves40 7#c7 ,the subjective complement of a verb2 as1 8,this man1 good ,ilderim1 is he who told you of me40 7#d7 ,the base word of an appositive phrase2 as1 8,the fourth lackey1 he of the two gold watches1 poured the chocolate out40 7#e7 ,a possessive modifier2 as1 8,all the harmless wood folk were his friends40 ,,note4--,the possessive pronoun is often intensified by the adjective own1 which modifies the same noun that the possessive pronoun modifies2 as1 8,this is my own1 my native land40 7#f7 ,the direct object of a verb2 as1 8,the farm boy spreads the grass after the men have cut it40 7#g7 ,the object of a preposition2 as1 8,what a new world did that party open to him60 7#h7 ,an indirect object2 as1 8,here will the cattle come to drink1 and ,i will kill me a yearling heifer40 ,exercise4--,select and parse all the personal pronouns in the following sentences4 ,in parsing a personal pronoun we should tell its person1 number1 gender1 antecedent1 case1 and use in the sentence4 #a4 ,i verily believe that my ill looks alone saved me a flogging4 #b4 ,taste the tamarisk1 and you get the very flavor of the brine4 #c4 ,then ,i swung my lasso1 and sent it whistling over his head4 #d4 ,they worked together1 read together1 walked together1 planned together1 she and her daughter1 and in all things were friends and companions4 #e4 ,mother ,wolf would throw up her head1 and sniff a deep snuff of satisfaction as the wind brought her the smell of the tiger skin on the ,council ,rock4 #f4 ,the old crow spread the shells out in the sun1 turned them over1 lifted them one by one in his beak1 dropped them1 nestled on them as though they were eggs1 toyed with them1 and gloated over them like a miser4 #g4 ,the spirits have spoken to ,kotuko4 ,they will show him open ice4 ,he will bring us the seal again4 #h4 ,the rank swamp grass concealed the nest where ,raggylug's mother had hidden him4 #i4 ,across the lowly beach we flit1 ,one little sandpiper and ,i4 #aj4 ,up jumped ,scarface1 for it was he1 and ran4 #aa4 ,and a voice that was calmer than silence said1 8,lo6 ,it is ,i4 ,be not afraid40 #ab4 ,nearly every cottage in ,england has its little garden full of blooming plants and shrubs4 #ac4 8,who gives himself with his alms feeds three1-- ,himself1 his hungering neighbor1 and ,me40 #ad4 ,this is he that was spoken of by the prophet4 #ae4 ,arise1 and take the young child and his mother1 and flee into ,egypt1 and be thou there until ,i bring thee word4 #af4 ,i called my servant1 and he came2 ,how kind it was of him ,to mind a slender man like me1 ,he of the mighty limb4 #ag4 ,prepare ye the way of the ,lord1 make his paths straight4 #ah4 ,it is so slippery and shiny down here1 and the stage is so much too big for me1 that ,i rattle round in it till ,i'm almost black and blue4 #ai4 ,these are they who have passed through much tribulation4 #bj4 ,o thou that rollest above1 round as the shield of my fathers1 whence comes thy everlasting light8 #adg4 ,many errors are made in the form of personal pronouns4 7#a7 ,when a pronoun is used as the subject of a verb1 it must have the nominative form1 hence the correct answer to the question1 ,who is there8 is ,i 7not me74 7#b7 ,when several pronouns are used as the subject of the same verb1 the pronoun of the second person should come first1 and the pronoun of the first person should come last4 ,we should say1-- ,you and he and ,i have been chosen4 ,you and ,i were on time4 ,he and ,i read the book4 ,can you justify ,whittier's lines8 ,ah1 brother1 only ,i and thou ,are left of all that circle now4 7#c7 ,for the subject of a sentence we may use the expressions we boys1 we girls1 we ,americans1 etc4 ,we girls bought the pictures4 ,we boys set up the tents4 ,we ,baptists had a church supper4 7#d7 ,a pronoun used as the complement of an intransitive verb of being must have the nominative form4 ,we should say1-- ,yes1 it was ,i4 ,no1 it was not she4 ,perhaps it is he4 ,it is surely they4 7#e7 ,a pronoun used as object of a verb must have the objective form4 ,we should say1-- ,mrs4 ,albee invited mother and me4 ,did you see ,julia and me in the gallery8 ,didn't you expect him and her8 ,she will never suspect you and me4 ,that team can't beat us boys4 7#f7 ,a pronoun used as object of a preposition must have the objective form4 ,we should say1-- ,leo wrote first to her and me4 ,father will call for you and me4 ,between you and me he was afraid4 ,there is a great difference between ,carrie and me4 ,they can never catch up with us girls4 ,exercise4--,fill each blank in the following sentences with a pronoun having the correct case form4 ,give your reasons4 #a4 ,mother says that it was ---- and not ---- that paid off the mortgage4 #b4 ,who left the room first8 ----1 but ,mary was close behind ----4 #c4 ---- fellows are going to have a debating society4 #d4 ,the ,german teacher gave you and ---- the same passage to translate4 #e4 ,there must be no secrets between ---- and ----4 #f4 ,when do you expect ,grandmother and ----8 #g4 ,perhaps ---- girls are most to blame4 #h4 ,nobody chose ---- or ----1 so ---- and ---- sat on the stairs and talked4 ,,xli4 ,,uses ,,of ,,possessive ,,personal ,,pronouns #adh4 ,when we studied the declension of personal pronouns1 we learned that all of them except it and he have two forms in the possessive case4 ,these forms are my1 mine2 our1 ours2 thy1 thine2 your1 yours2 her1 hers2 and their1 theirs4 ,there is a difference in the use of these two forms4 ,the pronouns of the first form1--my1 our1 thy1 your1 her1 and their1 as well as his and its1 are used with nouns as possessive modifiers4 ,we say1 my father1 our school1 her hat1 its population1 etc4 #adi4 ,the pronouns of the second form1--mine1 ours1 thine1 yours1 hers1 theirs1 and also his1 are used alone1 that is1 they are not followed by a noun1 the name of the thing possessed4 ,we say1 8,mine is too heavy10 when the object spoken of--a waterproof1 for instance--is well known by both speaker and listener4 ,or we say1 8,her writing is clear1 but ,i like his better10 where it is unnecessary to repeat the noun writing after his4 ,in the first sentence mine is the subject of the verb is1 and in the second his is the object of the verb like4 ,we even find the possessive form used as the object of a preposition2 as1 8,if the book isn't in my desk1 it must be in yours40 ,this use of the possessive forms mine1 his1 yours as subject or object is idiomatic2 that is1 it is peculiar to itself in grammatical construction4 ,the one word mine really means my waterproof1 his means his writing1 and yours means your desk4 ,but we cannot say that the noun is understood after these pronouns1 for we cannot supply it except after his4 ,it is not ,english to say mine waterproof or yours desk4 ,instead of being understood1 the nouns are included in the pronouns4 ,in speaking of such pronouns we may say that they are possessive in form1 but are used idiomatically as subject1 object1 etc4 ,,note4--,the two pronouns mine and thine are sometimes used to modify a noun expressed1 especially in poetry2 as1 8,mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the ,lord40 ,it is worth noting that they are not used before words beginning with a consonant sound4 ,we do not say mine country1 nor thine liberty4 #aej4 ,in the expression 8a friend of mine10 we have in the phrase of mine a 8double possessive0 7see #aai72 for the preposition of denotes possession1 and so does the object1 the possessive pronoun mine4 ,in this use there is no noun included in the pronoun4 ,mine does not mean my friends4 ,it means me4 ,summary4--,the possessive pronouns mine1 ours1 thine1 yours1 hers1 his1 and theirs may be used idiomatically without a noun to modify4 ,these pronouns have then the same use that the noun would have if it were expressed4 ,these pronouns may be used as the object of the preposition of to form 8double possessives40 ,mine and thine are sometimes used to modify nouns expressed1 the same as my and thy4 ,exercise4--,select all the possessive pronouns in these sentences1 and tell their use3-- #a4 ,you have no uncle by your father's side or mine4 #b4 ,to thine own self be true4 #c4 ,the people of ,europe did not know that ,america1 this great country of ours1 was in the world at all4 #d4 ,this young girl came to ,wisconsin to live with an uncle of hers who had seven sons and no daughters4 #e4 ,early in the spring ,i had begun ,bingo's education4 ,very shortly afterward he began mine4 #f4 ,stand6 ,the ground's your own1 my braves6 #g4 ,a boy who lived in a street behind ours had an awkward three-wheeled machine that he called a 8verlosophy40 #h4 ,he will say1 8,o ,love1 thine eyes ,build the shrine my soul abides in2 ,and ,i kneel here for thy grace40 #i4 ,the boy saw big1 clutching talons outstretched from thick-feathered legs1 while round eyes1 fiercely gleaming1 flamed upon his in passing1 as they searched the bush4 #aj4 ,time hath his work to do1 and we have ours4 #aa4 ,the sultan ordered that the princess's attendants should come and carry the trays into their mistress's apartment4 #ab4 ,susie could sew like a woman1 and her patchwork quilts were masterpieces of their kind4 ,neither mine nor ,marty's were well made4 #ac4 ,your worthy father was my own brother4 #ad4 ,there was more joy in this little brown1 battened house of ours than in their mansion with its onyx mantels and mahogany doors4 ,are the verbs in sentences #a1 #g1 #aj1 transitive or intransitive8 ,how do you know8 ,account for the punctuation of sentences #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ab1 and #ad4 ,,xlii4 ,,compound ,,personal ,,pronouns #aea4 ,besides the personal pronouns that have already been considered there are certain other forms such as myself and ourselves1 formed by uniting the noun self to a singular personal pronoun1 and the noun selves to a plural personal pronoun4 ,these are called compound personal pronouns4 ,first person myself1 ourselves ,second person thyself1 yourself1 yourselves ,third person himself1 herself1 itself1 themselves ,what is the number of each of these pronouns8 #aeb4 ,compound personal pronouns are never in the possessive case4 ,they never change their form for case1 but are in the nominative or the objective case according to their use4 ,they have two main uses3-- 7#a7 ,a compound personal pronoun may be used for emphasis1 and is then in apposition with the noun it makes emphatic2 as1 8,csar himself refused the crown40 ,the pronoun does not always come next to the noun4 ,we may say1 8,csar refused the crown himself40 ,the pronoun is in the same case as the word it goes with4 7#b7 ,it may be used reflexively1 that is1 to show that an action comes back to the doer of it2 as1 8,i scratched myself with a pin40 ,here the pronoun is object of a verb1 hence in the objective case4 ,it may also be the object of a preposition2 as1 8,i was talking to myself40 ,it may even be an indirect object2 as1 8,she bought herself a watch40 ,,note4--,the compound personal pronoun is used as object of a preposition in some familiar idiomatic expressions2 as1 8,he was beside himself with joy40 8,she was sitting all by herself40 ,summary4--,the compound personal pronouns are myself1 ourselves1 thyself1 yourself1 yourselves1 himself1 herself1 itself1 and themselves4 ,they are commonly used for two purposes3-- 7#a7 ,for emphasis1 7#b7 reflexively4 ,exercise4--,select and parse all the compound personal pronouns in the following sentences4 ,tell their person1 number1 case1 and use4 #a4 ,love thyself last4 #b4 ,the men folks1 having worked in the regular hours1 lie down and rest1 stretch themselves idly in the shade at noon1 or lounge about after supper4 #c4 ,very stupid people are never aware of their stupidity themselves4 #d4 ,on cold1 stormy evenings we would make ourselves toast at the sitting room fire1 and eat our supper on the little sewing table4 #e4 ,at the more remote end of the island ,legrand had built himself a small hut4 #f4 ,a masterly retreat is in itself a victory4 #g4 ,now make yourselves at home1 and if you find an eel's head1 you may bring it to me4 #h4 ,the little fox ground his pearly milk teeth into the mouse with a rush of inborn savageness that must have surprised even himself4 #i4 ,they were returning home for the holidays in high glee1 and promising themselves a world of enjoyment4 #aj4 ,pity for his gallant horse1 rage and mortification at the ridiculous plight he was in1 anxiety lest he should be late for the tournament1 all combined to make the baron for a time beside himself4 #aa4 ,rivermouth itself is full of hints and flavors of the sea4 #ab4 ,i think the ugly duckling will grow up strong1 and be able to take care of himself4 #ac4 ,with what awe1 yet with what pride1 did ,i look forward to the day when ,i myself should enter the doorway of the high school4 #ad4 ,that ,i may have nobody to blame but myself should my marriage turn out amiss1 ,i will choose for myself4 #ae4 ,although the ,english and we ourselves both speak the same tongue1 we do not speak it in the same way4 #af4 ,heaven helps those who help themselves4 ,analyze sentences #a1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #i1 #aa4 ,,xliii4 ,,interrogative ,,pronouns #aec4 ,if we ask the question1 8,who killed cock robin80 the answer may be the declarative sentence1 8,the sparrow killed cock robin40 ,the sentences are alike1 except that in the declarative sentence the sparrow is the subject1 while in the interrogative sentence who is the subject4 ,it is clear then that who is used instead of the noun sparrow4 ,who is therefore a pronoun1 and since it is used in asking a question1 we call it an interrogative pronoun4 #aed4 ,the other interrogative pronouns are whose1 whom1 which1 and what4 ,whose is the possessive form of who1 and is used1 like other possessive pronouns1 to modify some noun expressed or understood2 as1 8,whose house is the gray stone mansion on the corner80 ,whom is the objective form of who1 and is used as the object of a verb or of a preposition2 as1 8,whom did he marry80 8,to whom did you speak80 ,,note4--,in conversation1 the preposition governing an interrogative pronoun is often placed at the end of the question2 as1 8,whom did you come for80 #aee4 ,what is used when we inquire for the name1 not of a person but of a thing2 as1 8,what did he have on his head80 #aef4 ,which is used when we wish to know the particular one of several persons or things2 as1 8,which of these moon-stones do you like best80 #aeg4 ,in a sentence like this1 8,who is that tall man80 it may be difficult at first thought to decide whether who is the subject of is or the subjective complement4 ,we can always tell by the answer4 ,in this case the answer is1 8,that tall man is ,joseph ,choate40 ,it is clear that ,joseph ,choate is the subjective complement1 hence in the question the word who1 which means ,joseph ,choate1 is the subjective complement4 ,summary4--,an interrogative pronoun is one used in asking a question4 ,the interrogative pronouns are who1 which1 and what4 ,who is declined3 ,nominative1 who2 possessive1 whose2 objective1 whom4 ,an interrogative pronoun has the same use in the question that the word which takes its place has in the answer4 ,exercise4--,select all the interrogative pronouns in these sentences4 ,tell the use and case of each4 ,determine this by answering the question that is asked4 ,analyze sentences #a1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae4 #a4 ,what made you so late8 #b4 ,who is there8 #c4 ,who is this young and handsome officer now entering the door of the tavern8 #d4 ,whose work is this crayon drawing of a castle in the moonlight8 #e4 ,what do you mean by telling me such nonsense as that8 #f4 ,what may so bold a hunter kill8 #g4 ,who should know better than ,i8 #h4 ,what is all this talk about the ,red ,flower8 #i4 ,what is gingerbread8 #aj4 ,whose is this image and superscription8 #aa4 ,with whom did you take that memorable trip on ,lake ,superior8 #ab4 ,whose little girl are you1 with your rosy cheeks and pretty red hood8 #ac4 ,whom did the superintendent mean when he announced that the youngest pupil in the grammar school had made one hundred in all her examinations8 #ad4 ,which should you rather be1 an artist or a poet8 #ae4 ,which shall ,i take1 a new piano or a trip to ,california8 #aeh4 ,a common error in the use of interrogative pronouns is the use of the nominative form who when the objective whom is required4 ,this error arises from the fact that the pronoun comes at the beginning of the sentence1 and is separated by intervening words from the verb or the preposition of which it is the object1 as in these sentences1-- ,whom did the ball hit8 ,whom do you sit with this term8 ,exercise4--,supply the proper pronoun1 who or whom1 in each of the following sentences1 and give your reasons3-- #a4 ---- does the baby look like8 #b4 ---- do ,i see in the orchard8 #c4 ---- did you go to the station for this morning8 #d4 ---- are you smiling at1 ,george8 #e4 ---- does ,mr4 ,coburn work for now8 #f4 ---- will open this window for me8 #g4 ---- can we depend upon8 #h4 ---- is that child playing with8 #i4 ---- have you invited to your party8 #aj4 ---- can keep a secret8 ,,xliv4 ,,descriptive ,,adjectives #aei4 ,we learned in ,lesson ,,ix that adjectives are used 7#a7 to describe objects1 7#b7 to point them out4 ,adjectives are therefore divided into two classes1--7#a7 descriptive adjectives1 and 7#b7 limiting adjectives4 #afj4 ,descriptive adjectives tell the qualities of objects4 ,they are very useful words1 for they enable us to see things with the imagination4 ,in the following sentence the well-chosen adjectives make us feel that we are looking into the very eyes of the eagle1--8,his eyes1 clear1 direct1 unacquainted with fear1 had a certain hardness in their vitreous brilliancy1 perhaps by reason of the sharp contrast between the bright gold iris and the unfathomable pupil40 ,it is also through descriptive adjectives that we are able to identify things when we do see them4 ,after reading this sentence we could pick out a moose calf from a score of other animals1--8,the moose calf is uncouth1 to be sure1 with his high1 humped fore shoulders1 his long1 lugubrious1 overhanging snout1 his big ears set low on his big head1 his little eyes crowded back toward his ears1 his long1 big-knuckled legs1 and the spindling lank diminutiveness of his hind quarters40 #afa4 ,one variety of descriptive adjective is the adjective derived from a proper noun2 as1 ,scotch from ,scotland1 ,french from ,france1 and ,greek from ,greece4 ,these are called proper adjectives4 ,proper adjectives include within themselves many other adjectives4 ,if we speak of a ,scotch collie1 a ,french costume1 or a ,grecian nose1 the listener gets the same picture that he would get if we used a long series of other adjectives4 #afb4 ,many proper adjectives may be used as proper nouns1 naming a class of people1 as when we speak of the ,scotch1 the ,french1 the ,russians1 the ,americans4 ,what proper noun have we to name the inhabitants of ,spain8 of ,turkey8 of ,denmark8 of ,sweden8 ,what proper noun have we to designate one man who is a native of ,england8 of ,scotland8 of ,france8 of ,china8 ,italy8 ,germany8 ,what is the plural of each of these nouns8 ,exercise4--,supply the correct word in each of the following sentences3-- #a4 ,three 7,french or ,frenchmen7 spent the evening at the house4 #b4 ,the 7,french or ,frenchmen7 are said to be very polite4 #c4 ,why are so many 7,scotch or ,scotchmen7 captains of steamships8 #d4 ,are the 7,irish or ,irishmen7 as thrifty as the ,germans8 #e4 ,are there many 7,welsh or ,welshmen7 in this locality8 ,summary4--,descriptive adjectives are those which tell the qualities of objects4 ,proper adjectives are those derived from proper nouns4 ,they always begin with a capital letter4 ,exercise #a4--,write a list of the proper adjectives derived from the following proper nouns4 ,use them in sentences to modify appropriate nouns4 ,africa ,alaska ,asia ,china ,christ ,denmark ,england ,germany ,india ,ireland ,italy ,japan ,jew ,malta ,norway ,paris ,portugal ,spain ,sweden ,turkey ,exercise #b4--;,in the following sentences select all the descriptive adjectives and tell what objects they describe4 ,in so far as you can1 tell what qualities the adjectives denote1 as color1 size1 form1 texture1 surface1 material1 nature1 etc4 ,account for the punctuation and capitalization4 #a4 ,all the time the crocodile's little eyes burned like coals under the heavy1 horny eyelids on the top of his triangular head1 as he shoved his bloated barrel body along between his crutched legs4 #b4 ,it is a little village of great antiquity1 having been founded by some of the ,dutch colonists in the early times of the province4 #c4 ,the dog and his master hunted together1 fur-wrapped boy and savage1 long-haired1 narrow-eyed1 white-fanged1 yellow brute4 #d4 ,we always smiled to hear the judge's wife talk about her ,turkish carpets1 her little ,chippendale chairs1 her ,wedgwood china1 and her ,persian shawls4 #e4 ,this crowded1 lively1 and interesting thoroughfare is over two miles long4 #f4 ,in queer little chlets1 or ,swiss huts1 live the people who attend to the cattle1 and make butter and cheese4 #g4 ,the split and weatherworn rocks of the gorge had been used since the beginning of the ,jungle by the ,little ,people of the ,rocks1--the busy1 furious1 black1 wild bees of ,india4 #h4 ,at every stride the loose-hung1 wide-cleft1 spreading hoofs of the moose came sharply together with a flat1 clacking noise4 #i4 ,out comes the negro pilot1 and scrambles up on deck4 #aj4 ,yonder lies a ,norwegian ship1 with her sailors climbing the shrouds like so many monkeys4 #aa4 ,mowgli's voice could be heard in all sorts of wet1 starlighted1 blossoming places1 helping the big frogs through their choruses1 or mocking the upside-down owls that hoot through the white nights4 ,,xlv4 ,,limiting ,,adjectives #afc4 ,limiting adjectives are those which merely point out an object without telling any quality of it4 ,the most useful limiting adjectives are this1 that1 and their plural forms these and those4 ,these four words are often called demonstrative adjectives4 ,some limiting adjectives tell number or amount1 but in a somewhat indefinite way1 as all1 some1 several1 few1 much1 little1 more1 most4 ,some tell number definitely1 as one1 two1 six hundred1 three million1 first1 second1 fiftieth4 ,number words1 like one1 two1 three1 four1 five1 etc41 are often called numeral adjectives4 #afd4 ,the limiting adjective enough may precede or follow the noun it modifies4 ,we may say enough butter or butter enough2 enough time or time enough4 ,the limiting adjective else always follows the noun or pronoun that it modifies4 ,we say who else1 nobody else1 everybody else1 nothing else4 #afe4 ,when the interrogative pronouns which and what are used to modify a noun1 as in which picture8 what city8 they cease to be pronouns1 and become limiting adjectives4 ,since they are used to ask questions1 we call them interrogative adjectives4 ,,note4--,which and what1 when used as adjectives1 are sometimes called pronominal adjectives4 #aff4 ,three very common words1 a1 an1 and the1 are classed with limiting adjectives4 ,they are called articles4 ,the is a definite article2 an and a are the indefinite article4 ,a is really the same word as an1 but when it is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound1 as bicycle1 the n is dropped for the sake of a more pleasing sound4 #afg4 ,we use the when we wish to specify a particular object1 and an or a when we do not care to be specific4 ,what is the difference between these sentences8 ,the man on horseback came to the turn in the road4 ,a man on horseback came to a turn in the road4 #afh4 ,we use the before a singular noun to designate a whole class of objects2 as1 8,the oak is a sturdy tree10 8,the cow is a domestic animal40 #afi4 ,we repeat the article when we wish to denote more than one person or thing4 ,what is the difference between these pairs of sentences8 7a7 ,the secretary and treasurer came late4 7b7 ,the secretary and the treasurer came together4 7a7 ,i saw a red and green signal4 7b7 ,i saw a red and a green signal4 #agj4 ,we use an or a after the adjectives many and such instead of before them2 as1 many a man1 such a storm4 #aga4 ,the sentence1 8,i have few books10 means ,i have few compared with many2 but the sentence1 8,i have a few books10 means ,i have a few compared with none4 ,what is the difference in meaning between these sentences8 ,i have little time for sewing4 ,i have a little time for sewing4 ,summary4--,limiting adjectives are those which merely point out4 ,limiting adjectives that denote a definite number are called numerals4 ,which and what may be used as interrogative adjectives4 ,the articles are the1 an1 and a4 ,the is a definite article4 ,an and a are indefinite articles4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the limiting adjectives1 including articles1 and tell what they modify4 ,give reasons for the articles used4 #a4 ,what business brings you here8 #b4 ,in that same village1 and in one of these very houses1 there lived1 many years since1 a simple1 good-natured fellow of the name of ,rip ,van ,winkle4 #c4 ,every change of season1 every change of weather1 indeed1 every hour of the day1 produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains4 #d4 ,which fan did your mother carry when she was a young lady in ,maine8 #e4 ,lobo had only five followers during the latter part of his reign4 #f4 ,what excuse shall ,i make to ,dame ,van ,winkle8 #g4 ,the dog managed so that each fresh rush should be toward the settlement4 #h4 ,no wild animal dies of old age4 #i4 ,which part in the play of ,julius ,csar did ,edwin ,booth take8 #aj4 ,when this dog of marvelous wind saw that the wolf was dead1 he gave him no second glance4 #aa4 ,after much pains on my behalf and many pains on his1 ,bingo learned to go at the word in quest of our old yellow cow4 #ab4 ,i only ask a hut of stone1 ,a very plain brown stone will do1 ,that ,i may call my own2 ,and close at hand is such a one ,in yonder street that fronts the sun4 #ac4 ,no other living thing can go so slow as a boy sent on an errand4 #ad4 ,what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman's tongue8 ,exercise #b4--;,classify the words which and what in the following sentences as interrogative pronouns or interrogative adjectives4 ,where they are pronouns1 tell their case4 ,where they are adjectives1 tell what they modify4 #a4 ,what have you in your basket8 #b4 ,what manner of man is this8 #c4 ,which of these pictures did you paint8 #d4 ,which is it1 a toadstool or a mushroom8 #e4 ,which city has the larger population8 #f4 ,which boy threw the stone8 #g4 ,what stone did he throw8 #h4 ,what did the man come for8 #i4 ,what do you want8 #aj4 ,which will you take8 ,,xlvi4 ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives #agb4 ,since different objects may possess the same quality in different degrees1 there must be some means of telling this4 ,we do it by changing the form of adjectives4 ,for instance1 wool1 snow1 and feathers have the same quality of softness1 but not in the same degree1 so we say that wool is soft1 snow is softer1 and feathers are softest4 ,this change in the adjective soft to denote the degree of softness is called comparison4 #agc4 ,comparison is a property of adjectives4 ,there are three degrees of comparison1--the positive1 the comparative1 and the superlative4 ,the positive degree denotes the simple quality1 the comparative degree denotes more or less of this quality1 and the superlative denotes most or least of this quality4 ,when we give the three forms of an adjective1 we are said to compare it4 ,we compare bold by saying3 positive1 bold2 comparative1 bolder2 superlative1 boldest2 or positive1 bold2 comparative1 less bold2 superlative1 least bold4 #agd4 ,comparison is denoted in three ways3-- 7#a7 ,by adding the suffixes er and est4 ,these are added to adjectives of one syllable1 and to a few of two syllables2 as1 fine1 finer1 finest2 lovely1 lovelier1 loveliest4 7#b7 ,by prefixing the adverbs more and most4 ,this method is used in comparing longer adjectives2 as1 spacious1 more spacious1 most spacious2 disagreeable1 more disagreeable1 most disagreeable4 7#c7 ,by prefixing the adverbs less and least2 as1 rough1 less rough1 least rough2 elegant2 less elegant1 least elegant4 ,this is a mode of comparing adjectives on a descending scale instead of an ascending scale4 #age4 ,some adjectives cannot be compared at all2 as1 asleep1 dead1 correct1 round1 square1 principal4 ,instead of saying rounder1 we may say more nearly round4 #agf4 ,some adjectives are compared irregularly4 ,the following are examples3-- ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative good better best ill worse worst bad worse worst many more most much more most little less least far farther or further farthest or furthest ,summary4--,comparison in an adjective is a change of form to express quality or quantity in different degrees4 ,there are three degrees of comparison1--positive1 comparative1 and superlative4 ,short adjectives are compared by adding the suffixes er and est4 ,longer adjectives are compared by prefixing more and most4 ,many adjectives may be compared on a descending scale by prefixing less and least4 ,exercise4--,select all the adjectives1 and tell the kind and the degree of each4 ,compare each adjective4 ,if any cannot be compared1 state that fact4 #a4 ,there was nothing in these woods bigger than a weasel4 #b4 ,the way led through the deepest and most perilous part of the swamp4 #c4 ,this brother was younger and handsomer1 and much more amiable than ,william4 #d4 ,as she grew older1 she became less exacting and more tolerant1 less certain and more hopeful1 less vigorous in body1 but gentler in manner and sweeter in spirit4 #e4 ,the ,hotel de ,cluny is one of the quaintest1 queerest1 pleasantest1 and most homelike places we are likely to meet with4 #f4 ,the other captive was of a more restless temperament1 slenderer in build1 more eager and alert of eye1 less companionable of mood4 #g4 ,least vague of all was the terror of the usually unterrified weasel4 #h4 ,those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad1 who are under the discipline of shrews at home4 #i4 ,at the least flourish of a broomstick or a ladle1 ,wolf would fly to the door with yelping precipitation4 #aj4 ,the lynx was smaller than her mate1 somewhat browner in hue1 leaner1 and of a peculiarly malignant expression4 #aa4 ,the women of the village used to employ ,rip to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them4 #ab4 ,the singing master's hair was a little longer1 his hands were a little whiter1 his shoes a little thinner1 his manner a trifle more polished than that of his soberer mates4 ,tell the use of adjectives in sentences #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ab4 #agg4 ,sometimes errors are made in the use of adjectives4 ,the comparative degree should be used in comparing two objects1 the superlative in comparing more than two4 ,if only two roads are open to us1 we ought to say that we shall take the shorter4 ,exercise4--,select the proper adjective for each of these sentences1 and give your reasons3-- #a4 ,which would be the 7cheapest or cheaper7 route--by water or by rail8 #b4 ,prince is the 7swifter or swiftest7 horse1 but ,pete is the 7stronger or strongest74 #c4 ,which is the 7higher or highest7--the ,eiffel ,tower or the ,washington ,monument8 #d4 ,of the two leading candidates1 ,wilson and ,harmon1 which is 7more likely or most likely7 to be nominated8 ,sometimes an ill-chosen adjective is used after the verb feel4 ,the sentence1 8,i feel good10 is correct only when it means 8,i feel righteous10 while 8,i feel well10 means 8,i am in good health40 ,in this sentence well is an adjective meaning the opposite of sick4 ,,note4--,we also have the adverb well1 denoting manner1 as in the sentence1 8,la,follette spoke well40 ,the sentence1 8,rufus looks good10 is correct when we mean that ,rufus looks as if he were a good man2 but we should say1 8,rufus looks well 7not good7 in gray40 ,here well is an adjective meaning pleasing or acceptable4 ,the limiting adjectives this and these should not be followed by the word here4 ,we point out sufficiently when we say this book1 these books4 ,the personal pronoun them should never be used for the limiting adjective those4 ,we should say those horses1 those wagons1 those tents4 ,if we modify a noun by the limiting adjective each1 every1 either1 neither1 or no1 we must use a singular pronoun to represent that noun2 as1-- ,each man took his appointed place4 ,every girl made her own costume4 ,neither man lost his job4 ,exercise4--,supply the correct pronoun in each of these sentences3-- ,,note4--,the masculine pronoun should be used when there is no word in the sentence that indicates whether the male or the female sex is referred to4 #a4 ,everybody came and brought ---- appetite4 #b4 ,each lady contributed whatever ---- chose4 #c4 ,no young person can afford to waste ---- time4 #d4 ,neither doctor will give ---- assistance4 #e4 ,no day is without ---- disappointments4 #f4 ,if either man calls1 tell ---- that ,i am busy4 #g4 ,every girl in the class said that ---- did not understand the lesson4 #h4 ,every boy wishes that ---- might be president4 #i4 ,no soldier acknowledged that ---- was afraid4 #aj4 ,neither chair is in ---- place4 ,,xlvii4 ,,review ,,of ,,adjectives #agh4 ,in our study of adjectives in ,lessons ,,ix1 ,,xxvi1 ,,xxxiii1 ,,xxxvii1 ,,xliv1 ,,xlv1 and ,,xlvi we have learned that adjectives may be classified as limiting adjectives and descriptive adjectives2 that which and what are interrogative adjectives2 that adjectives have the property of comparison2 and that adjectives may be used in four different ways3 7#a7 before a noun to modify that noun2 7#b7 after a noun as an appositive modifier2 7#c7 as a subjective complement of certain intransitive verbs1 and 7#d7 as the objective complement of certain transitive verbs4 ,exercise4--,make an outline of the subject1 ,adjectives1 to recite from in class4 ,illustrate each point you make with a good sentence of your own composition4 #agi4 ,when we parse an adjective1 we should tell3-- 7#a7 ,its class1--descriptive1 limiting1 or interrogative4 7#b7 ,its degree 7if it admits of comparison74 7#c7 ,its use1 and what it modifies4 ,exercise4--,parse each adjective in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,the puppy grew bigger and clumsier each day4 ,his most friendly overtures to the cat were wholly misunderstood4 #b4 ,paris is an immense city1 full of broad and handsome streets1 magnificent buildings1 grand open places with fountains and statues1 great public gardens and parks free to everybody4 #c4 ,his gray eyes1 clear and kind1 flashed like fire when he spoke of his adventures4 #d4 ,which picture shall we hang between these two front windows--the little ,nydia or this pretty landscape8 #e4 ,it was clear that the whelps of last spring had betaken themselves to other and safer hunting grounds4 #f4 ,for a moment the boy felt afraid--afraid in his own woods4 #g4 ,below us lies a lake1 clear and cold1 whereon fairies might launch their airy shallops4 #h4 ,jo ,calone threw down his saddle on the dusty ground1 and turned his horses loose4 #i4 ,what fun the rabbits must have been having6 #aj4 ,the full moon of ,october1 deep orange in a clear1 deep sky1 hung large and somewhat distorted just over the wooded hills4 #aa4 ,for a long time pain and hunger kept me awake4 #ab4 ,how sweet and demure those girls looked6 #ac4 ,do you suppose that any old ,roman ever had twenty-four different kinds of pie at one dinner8 #ad4 ,there was something in their cries that sounded strangely wild and fierce4 #ae4 ,the cardinal bird drew herself up very straight1 raised her crest1 and opened her big beak4 #af4 ,what harm can a naked frog do us8 #ag4 ,land in ,london is so valuable that a single acre of it has been sold for four and a half million dollars4 #ah4 ,the old servant made our lives miserable by her cantankerous ways4 ,,xlviii4 ,,adjective ,,pronouns #ahj4 ,when we say1 8,this ring was my mother's10 we use the word this as an adjective modifying the noun ring4 ,when we say1 8,this was my mother's ring10 we use the one word this in place of this ring as subject of the sentence1 hence this is no longer an adjective1 but has become a pronoun4 ,since its ordinary use is that of an adjective1 we call it an adjective pronoun4 ,many limiting adjectives may be used as pronouns4 ,we often make such sentences as these3-- ,few shall part where many meet4 ,if honor is lost1 then all is lost4 ,when two or three are gathered together in ,thy name1 ,thou wilt grant their requests4 #aha4 ,the commonest adjective pronouns are all1 any1 each1 either1 few1 first1 former1 last1 little1 many1 more1 most1 much1 neither1 one1 other1 several1 some1 this1 that1 these1 those4 ,make sentences containing five of these adjective pronouns4 #ahb4 ,two adjective pronouns1 one and other1 may be declined4 ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,nom4 one ones other others ,poss4 one's ones' other's others' ,obj4 one ones other others ,sentences like these are common3-- ,one sometimes tires of one's occupation4 ,each envied the other's good fortune4 ,the two adjective pronouns1 one and other1 may be modified by adjectives2 as1 8,many others came10 8,the green ones are the prettiest40 ,each other and one another1 though consisting of two words1 may be considered as one adjective pronoun4 #ahc4 ,some adjective pronouns may be modified by articles4 ,we say1 8,the last is the best of all the game10 8,i like gooseberries1 so ,i picked a few40 ,summary4--,an adjective pronoun is a limiting adjective used in place of a noun4 ,the adjective pronouns one and other may be declined4 ,some adjective pronouns may be modified by adjectives4 ,exercise4--,select the adjective pronouns in these sentences4 ,tell the use and case of each4 ,tell the noun that each pronoun stands for4 ,supply this noun where you can4 ,what part of speech does the adjective pronoun become then8 #a4 ,this is the story of a bad boy4 #b4 ,many of the protozoa are very beautiful4 ,some build shells for themselves of strange and curious shapes4 #c4 ,the ham turned out to be a very remarkable one4 #d4 ,there is a vast difference between the styles of #ahfj and #aijj4 ,the former favored ,paisley shawls and flounced skirts1 the latter sanctioned the tailor-made suit and the shirt waist4 #e4 ,a little made us very happy once4 #f4 ,from time to time one or another of the leaping rabbits would take himself off through the fir trees1 while others continued to arrive along the moonlight trails4 #g4 ,all is of ,god that is or is to be4 #h4 ,a bluejay and a red squirrel were loudly berating each other for stealing4 #i4 ,the convenience of resting one's self in the open air is one of the comforts of ,paris4 #aj4 ,each of these was a wolf of renown2 most of them were above the ordinary size2 one in particular1 the second in command1 was a veritable giant4 ,several of the band were especially noted4 ,one of them was a beautiful white wolf1 that the ,mexicans called ,blanca2 this was supposed to be a female1 possibly ,lobo's mate4 ,another was a yellow wolf of remarkable swiftness4 #aa4 ,it is not easy to change one's life all in a minute4 #ab4 ,it is a blessed fact that one's own home is the hub of the universe4 #ac4 ,every one said that ,i was a tomboy4 #ad4 ,some wore short doublets1 others jerkins1 with long knives in their belts1 and most of them had enormous breeches of similar style with that of the guide's4 #ae4 ,the years hurry onward1 treading in their haste on one another's heels4 ,what noun is understood after guide's in sentence #ad8 ,,xlix4 ,,verbs3 ,,tense #ahd4 ,three very common words are yesterday1 to-day1 and to-morrow4 ,the word yesterday refers to time that has gone1 or past time2 to-day refers to time that now is1 or present time2 and to-morrow refers to time that is to come1 or future time4 #ahe4 ,every event takes place in time1 and so when we tell of the occurrence of any event1 we must have some way of making clear whether that event took place in the past1 or is taking place in the present1 or will take place in the future4 ,of course1 we might tell this by adverbs or adverbial phrases1 but we have a very much better way1--we tell it by the form of the verb we use4 ,what time do we think of when we see the verbs eats1 works1 plays1 sleeps8 ,what time is told by the verbs ate1 worked1 played1 slept8 ,what change is made in the form of the two sets of verbs8 ,what time is told by the verbs will eat1 will work1 will play1 will sleep8 #ahf4 ,in the last group of verbs1 where each verb consists of two words1 it is the first word will that denotes future time4 ,such a word is called a helping word1 or auxiliary verb4 #ahg4 ,the change in the form of a verb to denote time is called tense4 #ahh4 ,tense is a property of all verbs4 ,it is evident that there must be three tenses1--present1 past1 and future1 as shown in the three sets of verbs that have just been examined4 ,these are called primary tenses4 ,there are three other tenses1 called secondary tenses4 ,we may say1 8,i have eaten my supper10 8,i had eaten my supper10 8,i shall have eaten my supper40 ,these verbs call attention not so much to the time of the action as to the fact that it is completed1 or perfected4 ,have eaten means that a past action is completed at the present time4 ,this form is called the present perfect tense4 ,had eaten means that a past action was completed before some particular past time4 ,this form is called the past perfect tense4 ,shall have eaten means that an action will be completed before some definite future time4 ,this is called the future perfect tense4 ,summary4--,tense is that property of a verb which denotes the time of an action or an event4 ,there are six tenses3-- 7#a7 ,the present tense denotes that an action is taking place4 ,it usually consists of one word1 the simplest form of the verb4 7#b7 ,the past tense denotes that an action did take place4 ,it usually consists of one word4 7#c7 ,the future tense denotes that an action will take place4 ,it consists of two words1 one of which is the auxiliary shall or will4 7#d7 ,the present perfect tense denotes that a past action is now completed4 ,it consists of two words1 one of which is the auxiliary have or has4 7#e7 ,the past perfect tense denotes that a past action was completed before a particular past time4 ,it consists of two words1 one of which is the auxiliary had4 7#f7 ,the future perfect tense denotes that a future action will be completed before a particular future time4 ,it consists of three words1 one of which is the auxiliary have1 and another the auxiliary shall or will4 ,,notes4--#a4 ,the present tense is used also to denote 7#a7 that something is true at all times2 as 8,waste makes want10 and 7#b7 that something occurs habitually2 as1 8,she teaches school40 #b4 ,when a predicate consists of a series of verbs in the same tense1 the auxiliary is usually expressed only with the first verb4 ,in the sentence1 8,now that he has eaten and slept1 he is ready for work10 the second verb is has slept1 with the auxiliary understood4 #ahi4 ,a common error is the use of the present perfect tense for the past tense4 ,we say1 8,i have been in ,florida several times10 because we mean several times before now2 but we say1 8,i was in ,florida last year10 because we mean that our being there occurred in past time with no reference whatever to the present4 ,if we are still in ,florida we may say1 8,i have been in ,florida a long time02 but if we are no longer in ,florida we say1 8,i was in ,florida a long time40 ,exercise #a4--;,justify the use of the past or the present perfect tense in each of these sentences3-- #a4 ,i learned the poem last evening4 #b4 ,i have learned the poem already4 #c4 ,i bought my hat at ,stone's4 #d4 ,i have bought a new spring hat4 #e4 ,i came home last ,monday4 #f4 ,i have come to stay a week4 #g4 ,i tried my skates this afternoon4 #h4 ,i haven't tried my new skates4 #i4 ,i have walked ever since sunrise4 #aj4 ,i walked from sunrise until noon4 #aa4 ,i spoke to the ,president this morning4 #ab4 ,i have never spoken to the ,president4 #ac4 ,i spoke to him twice when ,i was in ,washington4 #ad4 ,i have spoken to him several times4 ,exercise #b4--,using the subject ,i1 form the six tenses of the following verbs4 ,consult the dictionary for forms of which you are not sure4 break bring buy come drive go leave love run see sing take turn wait ,exercise #c4--,select all the verbs in these sentences1 and tell the tense of each3-- #a4 ,trees wave1 flowers bloom1 and bright-winged birds flit from palm to cedar4 #b4 ,the lynx turned to the right1 along a well-worn trail1 ran up a tree1 descended hastily1 and glided away among the thickets4 #c4 ,tommy and ,i had played together till five o'clock that ,saturday afternoon4 #d4 ,the children thought1 8how long the vacation will be60 but the mother thought1 8how soon it will have come and gone40 #e4 ,he who knows nothing fears nothing4 #f4 ,the duck had never seen a guinea egg before in all her life4 #g4 ,the boy comes nearer to perpetual motion than anything else in nature4 #h4 ,nobody has yet discovered how many grasshoppers a turkey will hold4 #i4 ,i have made no addition to my cabinet since we met4 #aj4 ,the big black pots swinging from the cranes had bubbled and gurgled and sent out puffs of appetizing steam4 #aa4 8,how many pieces shall ,i cut this pie into80 said she4 #ab4 ,i have seen wild bees and butterflies feeding at a height of #ac1jjj feet above the sea4 #ac4 ,you shall go to bed1 and ,i will remain with you a few days until you get over this fever4 #ad4 ,the daisies have shut up their sleepy red eyes4 ,analyze sentences #b1 #c1 #f1 #i1 #ad4 ,l4 ,,the ,,indicative ,,mode #aij4 ,each of the six verb forms that we have been studying1--,i eat1 ,i ate1 ,i shall eat1 ,i have eaten1 ,i had eaten1 ,i shall have eaten1--is used in the statement of a fact1 and is said to be in the indicative mode4 ,mode is that property of a verb which denotes the manner of an assertion4 ,the indicative mode is used in the statement of a fact4 #aia4 ,in some tenses there is a slight difference between the singular and the plural form of a verb1 hence verbs are said to have the property of number4 ,we should always use the verb form that agrees with the number of the subject4 ,in the present tense1 for example1 we say in the singular1 8,the man goes20 and in the plural1 8,the men go40 #aib4 ,in some tenses there is a slight difference in the form of the verb to denote person1 hence verbs are said to have the property of person4 ,in the present perfect tense1 we say in the first person1 8,i have gone20 and in the third person1 8,he has gone40 #aic4 ,when we give all the forms of a verb in the three persons and the two numbers of each tense1 we are said to conjugate the verb4 #aid4 ,conjugation of the verb be in the indicative mode3-- ,,present ,,tense ,,past ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,i am we are ,i was we were thou art you are thou wast you were he is they are he was they were ,,future ,,tense ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,i shall be we shall be ,i have been we have been thou wilt be you will be thou hast been you have been he will be they will be he has been they have been ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,i had been we had been thou hadst been you had been he had been they had been ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,i shall have been we shall have been thou wilt have been you will have been he will have been they will have been #aie4 ,conjugation of see in the indicative mode3-- ,,present ,,tense ,,past ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,i see we see ,i saw we saw thou seest you see thou sawest you saw he sees they see he saw they saw ,,future ,,tense ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,singular ,plural ,i shall see we shall see ,i have seen we have seen thou wilt see you will see thou hast seen you have seen he will see they will see he has seen they have seen ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,i had seen we had seen thou hadst seen you had seen he had seen they had seen ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense ,singular ,plural ,i shall have seen we shall have seen thou wilt have seen you will have seen he will have seen they will have seen ,exercise4--,conjugate the verbs in ,exercise #b1 p4 #abf1 in the six tenses of the ,indicative ,mode4 ,,li4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,indicative ,,mode #aif4 ,the indicative mode is used not only in stating facts1 but also in asking questions4 ,in interrogative sentences the order of the words that make up the verb is changed somewhat4 ,in a simple statement we say1 ,i have paid4 ,in a question we say1 ,have ,i paid8 putting the auxiliary before the subject4 #aig4 ,conjugation of be in the indicative mode1 interrogative form3-- ,,present ,,tense ,,past ,,tense am ,i are we was ,i were we art thou are you wast thou were you is he are they was he were they ,,future ,,tense ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense shall ,i be shall we be have ,i been have we been wilt thou be will you be hast thou been have you been will he be will they be has he been have they been ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense had ,i been had we been hadst thou been had you been had he been had they been ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense shall ,i have been shall we have been wilt thou have been will you have been will he have been will they have been #aih4 ,when we use the present and past tenses of any verb except be for asking questions1 we do not say sings she8 or sang she8 but does she sing8 did she sing8 that is1 we use the auxiliaries do and did4 ,conjugate the verb see in the indicative mode1 interrogative form4 ,exercise4--,conjugate the verbs in ,exercise #b1 p4 #abf1 in the indicative mode1 interrogative form4 #aii4 ,the use of the negative word not after a verb gives rise to many contractions which are permissible in familiar conversation4 ,the contractions for which incorrect forms are often used are the following3-- isn't wasn't aren't weren't don't doesn't haven't hasn't ,there is no contraction for am not2 the word ain't is incorrect4 ,contractions are oftenest misused in questions4 ,notice the following correct forms3-- ,isn't it too bad8 ,isn't he tall8 ,isn't she pretty8 ,aren't you cold8 ,aren't they coming8 ,wasn't it long8 ,weren't you there8 ,weren't they slow8 ,don't you believe me8 ,doesn't it hurt8 ,doesn't she work hard8 ,doesn't he like it8 ,haven't you been there8 ,hasn't he any friends8 ,we should be careful never to say1 you was or was you2 for the pronoun you1 even when it denotes one person1 is followed by a verb in the plural form4 ,we should say1 8,you were late10 8,were you late80 8,weren't you late80 ,,lii4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mode #bjj4 ,when we say1 8,if ,i were you1 ,i should be a doctor10 we have a dependent proposition1 ,if ,i were you1 which states not a fact1 but an imaginary condition4 ,this condition is1 moreover1 directly contrary to fact1 for ,i am not you1 and never can be4 ,the verb used in expressing such a condition is said to be in the subjunctive mode4 #bja4 ,the subjunctive mode is found not only in dependent propositions introduced by if1 but in those introduced by lest1 whether1 although1 etc4 7a7 ,be quiet lest the baby wake4 7b7 ,we cannot tell whether he be the rightful heir or not4 7c7 ,though he wait long1 yet he will come at last4 ,in each of these sentences the subjunctive mode is used to express doubt or uncertainty1 or something imagined but not actually realized4 #bjb4 ,the subjunctive mode is so named because it is found principally in dependent1 or subjoined propositions4 ,it is1 however1 found also in independent propositions expressing a wish2 as1 8,long live the ,king60 8,god bless thee1 dear60 #bjc4 ,the subjunctive mode is used in the statement of something that is uncertain2 as1 8,if he come in time1 dinner will be served at six40 ,this sentence means that his coming is to take place in the future1 hence we cannot tell whether it will be a fact or not4 ,in the sentence1 8,if he comes in time1 dinner is served at six10 we use the indicative mode because we mean that sometimes he really does come in time4 #bjd4 ,the subjunctive mode is little used1 especially in conversation2 but we find many instances of it in the ,bible and in the works of ,shakespeare1 hence we should understand its meaning4 ,nowadays1 except to express a wish1 as1 8,heaven defend thee60 and to express a condition contrary to fact1 as1 8,if the ring were gold1 it would not discolor your finger10 most persons use the indicative mode or some other verb phrase4 ,instead of saying1 8,if to-morrow be fair10 most persons say1 8,if to-morrow is fair10 or 8,if to-morrow should be fair40 7,see ,lesson ,,lxi47 #bje4 ,there are four tenses in the subjunctive mode1 but the forms do not differ greatly from those of the indicative mode4 ,there is no interrogative form4 #bjf4 ,conjugation of be in the subjunctive mode3-- ,,present ,,tense ,,past ,,tense ,i be we be ,i were we were you be you be thou were you were he be they be he were they were ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense ,i have been we have been ,i had been we had been thou have been you have been thou had been you had been he have been they have been he had been they had been #bjg4 ,conjugation of see in the subjunctive mode3-- ,,present ,,tense ,,past ,,tense ,i see we see ,i saw we saw thou see you see thou saw you saw he see they see he saw they saw ,,present ,,perfect ,,tense ,,past ,,perfect ,,tense ,i have seen we have seen ,i had seen we had seen thou have seen you have seen thou had seen you had seen he have seen they have seen he had seen they had seen ,summary4--,the subjunctive mode is used in an exclamative sentence to express a wish1 and in a dependent proposition to express something contrary to fact or something uncertain4 ,the subjunctive mode has no future tenses4 ,exercise #a4--;,conjugate all the verbs in ,exercise #b1 p4 #abf1 in the subjunctive mode4 ,exercise #b4--,select all the verbs in the subjunctive mode in these sentences1 and tell why that mode is used3-- #a4 ,misery loves company--even though it be very poor company4 #b4 ,if the weather be fine1 there breaks upon the eye1 as we rise higher and higher1 a succession of those views of mountain1 lake and forest1 which can be had only from an elevated position4 #c4 ,the ,lord be between thee and me when we are absent one from the other4 #d4 ,if the whole world were put into one scale and my mother into the other1 the world could not outweigh her4 #e4 ,if a boy were obliged to work at nut gathering in order to procure food for the family1 he would find it very irksome4 #f4 ,green be the turf above thee1 ,friend of my better days6 #g4 ,john convinces himself that he must watch the hawk lest it pounce upon the chicken4 #h4 ,if chicadee seem preoccupied or absorbed1 you may know that he is building a nest4 #i4 ,if ,i were a millionaire1 city life would be agreeable enough1 for ,i could always get away from it4 #aj4 ,and ,death1 whenever he come to me1 ,shall come on the wide1 unbounded sea4 #aa4 ,in their hands they shall bear thee up1 lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone4 #ab4 ,christ save us all from a death like this1 ,on the reef of ,norman's ,woe6 #ac4 ,if wishes were horses1 beggars might ride4 #ad4 ,god be merciful to us1 and bless us1 and show us the light of his countenance4 #ae4 ,if a man say that he hath no sin1 he deceiveth himself1 and the truth is not in him4 #af4 ,if he had told the truth1 somebody would have believed him4 #ag4 ,if impressment were the law of the world1 if it formed part of the code of nations and were usually practiced1 then it might be defended as a common right4 ,,liii4 ,,the ,,imperative ,,mode #bjh4 ,we learned in ,lesson ,,xiv that sentences expressing a command or an entreaty are called imperative sentences2 that the subject of the verb in an imperative sentence is a pronoun of the second person1--you1 thou1 or ye2 and that this subject is seldom expressed4 ,the verb in an imperative sentence is said to be in the imperative mode2 as1 8,sleep1 baby1 sleep40 #bji4 ,there is only one form for the imperative mode1 hence it is not said to have tense at all4 ,conjugation of be in the imperative mode3-- ,singular ,plural be 7you or thou7 be 7you or ye7 ,conjugation of see in the imperative mode3-- ,singular ,plural see 7you or thou7 see 7you or ye7 ,summary4--,the imperative mode is used in expressing a command or an entreaty4 ,it has but one form4 ,its subject is always the pronoun you1 thou1 or ye4 ,exercise4--,from these sentences select the verbs in the imperative mode4 ,conjugate these verbs in the indicative1 subjunctive1 and imperative modes4 #a4 ,ring1 happy bells1 across the snow4 #b4 ,break1 break1 break1 on thy cold1 gray stones1 ,o sea6 #c4 ,repent ye1 for the kingdom of heaven is at hand4 #d4 ,run upstairs and get my glasses4 #e4 ,blow1 winds1 and crack your cheeks4 #f4 ,build thee more stately mansions1 ,o my soul6 ,as the swift seasons roll4 ,leave thy low-vaulted past1 ,let each new temple1 nobler than the last1 ,shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast4444 #g4 ,laugh1 and the world laughs with you4 #h4 ,work till the last beam fadeth1 ,fadeth to shine no more4 #i4 ,come unto me1 all ye that labor and are heavy laden1 and ,i will give you rest4 #aj4 ,whatsoever thy hand findeth to do1 do it with thy might4 #aa4 ,suffer the little children1 and forbid them not to come unto me1 for of such is the kingdom of heaven4 #ab4 ,honor thy father and thy mother4 #ac4 ,tell me not in mournful numbers ,life is but an empty dream4 ,find all the terms of address in the sentences above4 ,,liv4 ,,principal ,,parts ,,of ,,verbs4 ,,regular ,,and ,,irregular ,,verbs #baj4 ,if we examine the conjugation of the verb see1 we shall discover that most of the tenses are formed by the use of auxiliary verbs1 and that only four forms of the verb see itself are made use of2 namely1 see1 sees1 saw1 seen4 ,the form sees occurs only once1 but the other three forms occur often4 ,these three forms--see1 saw1 seen--are called the principal parts of the verb see4 ,the principal parts of any verb are the present indicative1 as1 go1 take2 the past indicative1 as1 went1 took2 and another form1 as1 gone1 taken1 called the past participle4 #baa4 ,the past participle is used in forming all the perfect tenses4 ,it is plain1 then1 that we should say ,i have gone 7not have went71 ,i had taken 7not had took72 since went and took are past tense forms1 not past participles4 ,the past participle is never used in the primary tenses4 ,that is why we say ,i saw 7not seen71 ,i did 7not done74 ,,note4--,the very common word ought is1 as we use it to-day1 an old past tense form of the verb owe1 and not a past participle4 ,hence1 we should say ought to go1 or ought not to go 7not had ought to go or hadn't ought to go74 #bab4 ,most verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding d or ed to the present tense4 ,the past tense and the past participle of move are moved and moved2 of plow are plowed and plowed2 of lift are lifted and lifted4 ,such verbs are called regular verbs4 #bac4 ,many verbs in very common use form their past tense or past participle1 not by the addition of a suffix1 but by some change within the word1 such as a change in the vowel4 ,the past tense and past participle of sing are sang and sung respectively2 of leave are left and left2 of write are wrote and written4 ,these verbs are called irregular verbs4 #bad4 ,some verbs1 like put and set1 have the same form for each of their principal parts4 ,these also are irregular verbs4 #bae4 ,the verb be is very irregular4 ,its principal parts are3 present tense am1 past tense was1 past participle been4 #baf4 ,if we know the proper auxiliaries for the different tenses1 we can conjugate any verb correctly by first ascertaining its principal parts4 ,these can always be found in a dictionary4 ,summary4--,the principal parts of a verb are the present tense1 the past tense1 and the past participle4 ,a regular verb is one that forms its past tense and past participle by adding d or ed to the present tense4 ,an irregular verb is one whose past tense or past participle is formed in some other way than by adding d or ed to the present tense4 ,,note4--,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary gives the present tense form of every verb4 ,if the verb is irregular1 the dictionary gives also the past tense form preceded by pret41 and the past participle preceded by p4p4 ,the abbreviation pret4 stands for preterit1 which means past tense4 ,if the verb is regular1 the abbreviations are omitted1 and the form d or ed is printed but once4 ,exercise4--,find in the dictionary the past tense and the past participle of each of the following verbs4 ,use the three forms of each verb correctly in sentences4 awake bear beat begin bid bind bite bleed blow break bring build buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut dare dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed fight find flee fling fly forget freeze get give go grind grow hang have hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lend let lie lose make meet pay read ride ring rise run say seek sell shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sink sit slay sleep slide sling smite speak spend spin spread spring stand steal stick sting stride strike string strive swear sweat sweep swim swing take tell think throw tread wear weave weep wet win wind wring #bag4 ,many errors are made in using the different forms of irregular verbs4 ,certain verbs1 the meaning and principal parts of which are somewhat alike1 occasion a good deal of trouble to some persons4 ,the most important of these are lie and lay1 sit and set1 and rise and raise4 ,the first word of each pair1 lie1 sit1 and rise is an intransitive verb4 ,the second verb of each pair1 lay1 set1 and raise1 is a transitive verb4 ,exercise #a4--,supply the correct form of lie or lay in each of these sentences1 and give your reason in each case4 ,lie means to be at rest in a reclining position4 ,lay means to place a thing down in a reclining position4 #a4 ---- down1 ,phiz1 and be a good dog4 #b4 ,phiz ---- at the foot of my couch and gazed out of the nearest window4 #c4 ,after he had ---- there an hour or more1 he whined to go out on the street4 #d4 ,phiz brought in a notebook and ---- it at my feet4 #e4 ,go and ---- it on your master's chair1 ,phiz4 #f4 ,did the soldiers ---- on the damp ground8 #g4 ,this land ---- too low for grain fields4 #h4 ,how long has my fan been ---- on the window sill8 #i4 ,grant ---- in bed dictating his ,memoirs4 #aj4 ,the tools have ---- here in the wet and are rusted4 ,exercise #b4--,supply the correct form of sit or set in each of these sentences1 and give your reason in each case4 ,sit means to be in a sitting position4 ,set means to place a thing down in a position of rest4 #a4 ,by and by we looked in1 and there ---- ,miss ,eugene4 #b4 ,have you ---- here long1 or did you just come8 #c4 ,i will ---- my suit case here1 and then ---- in your seat4 #d4 ,why did you ---- there so long without speaking8 #e4 ,father ---- the white hen to-day1 so she will be ---- for about three weeks4 #f4 ,the little bird ---- and sings at his door in the sun4 #g4 ,who has been ---- in my chair8 ,exercise #c4--,supply the correct form of rise and raise in each of these sentences1 and give your reason in each case4 ,rise means to move from a lower to a higher position4 ,raise means to cause to rise4 #a4 ,the bread ---- very slowly that cold day4 #b4 ,bread ---- because of the yeast in it4 #c4 ,after the bread had ----1 we set the pans in the oven4 #d4 ,they ---- the old house so as to put a furnace in the cellar4 #e4 ,the ,black ,river ---- sixteen inches yesterday4 #f4 ,if the river continues to ----1 the dam will go out4 #g4 ,shall we ---- the flag at sunrise8 ,the present tense form of some verbs is misused for the past tense4 ,we should say1 8,the tailor came 7not come7 last night10 8,i ran 7not run7 a mile yesterday10 8,and then he said 7not says71 #8,hurry up4'0 ,the verbs oftenest misused in this way are come1 give1 run1 say1 and see4 ,study the following correct sentences3-- ,he came last night4 ,she came to meet me4 ,it came without warning4 ,i ran a mile yesterday4 ,he ran in front of me4 ,she ran out of sugar4 ,at last he said1 8,i will go40 ,john said1 8,the schoolhouse is on fire40 ,i said1 8,ring the bells40 ,he gave me a dollar4 ,i gave the child a penny4 ,she gave it to me4 ,they ran up a bill4 ,the dog ran behind4 ,the baby ran to his mother4 ,i saw the parade yesterday4 ,he saw me go out4 ,she saw them at the window4 ,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i conquered4 ,some persons make a wrong past tense for certain verbs1 and use such forms as blowed and drawed1 when they should use blew and drew4 ,exercise #d4--,supply the correct form for the past tense in each of these sentences3-- #a4 ,blow4 ,the wind soon ---- the smoke away4 #b4 ,draw4 ,the boat ---- four feet of water4 #c4 ,grow4 ,lucy ---- too fast to be strong4 #d4 ,know4 ,nobody ---- the right date but me4 #e4 ,throw4 ,who ---- the ball last8 ,some persons use the past participle of see and do for the past tense4 ,we should say1 8,i saw 7not seen7 my duty1 and ,i did 7not done7 it40 ,study these correct sentences3-- ,i saw the boat go down4 ,who saw the star first8 ,we saw the elephant dance4 ,he did his own work4 ,she did it too fast4 ,everybody did what he could4 ,another common error is the use of the past tense of a verb for the past participle1 as in the expressions is broke and had froze4 ,exercise #e4--,supply the correct form in each of these sentences3-- #a4 ,begin4 ,first we must finish what we have ----4 #b4 ,break4 ,dear me6 ,i have ---- the bird's seed dish4 #c4 ,drink4 ,have you ---- all the milk8 #d4 ,freeze4 ,if the lagoon is ----1 we can go skating4 #e4 ,steal4 ,why do you think that the purse was ----8 #f4 ,swim4 ,have you ever ---- out to the island8 ,,lv4 ,,voice #bah4 ,when we say1 8,the fish swallowed the worm10 we have a sentence made up of a subject1 a verb1 and an object complement4 ,the subject names the doer of the action1 while the object names the receiver of the action4 ,the verb swallowed could have nothing for subject but some word that indicates the doer of the action4 ,how is it with the verbs broke1 struck1 whittled8 ,a verb that requires for its subject the name of the doer of an action is said to be in the active voice4 #bai4 ,when we say1 8,the worm was swallowed by the fish10 we have a sentence made up of a subject1 a verb1 and a prepositional phrase4 ,the subject names the receiver of the action1 and the phrase tells by whom the action was performed4 ,the verb was swallowed could have nothing for subject but some word that indicates the receiver of the action4 ,how is it with the verbs was swept1 has been eaten1 will be cut8 ,a verb that requires for its subject the name of the receiver of the action is said to be in the passive voice4 #bbj4 ,when a verb is changed from the active to the passive voice1 the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb4 ,hence it is evident that only transitive verbs can have the passive voice4 #bba4 ,a verb is conjugated in the passive voice by adding the past participle of the verb to the conjugation of the verb be4 #bbb4 ,conjugation of the verb see in the passive voice3-- ,,indicative ,,mode ,,present ,,tense ,,past ,,tense ,i am seen we are seen ,i was seen we were seen thou art seen you are seen thou wast seen you were seen he is seen they are seen he was seen they were seen ,,future ,,tense ,i shall be seen we shall be seen thou wilt be seen you will be seen he will be seen they will be seen ,,present ,,perfect ,i have been seen we have been seen thou hast been seen you have been seen he has been seen they have been seen ,,past ,,perfect ,i had been seen we had been seen thou hadst been seen you had been seen he had been seen they had been seen ,,future ,,perfect ,i shall have been seen we shall have been seen thou wilt have been seen you will have been seen he will have been seen they will have been seen ,,subjunctive ,,mode ,,present ,,past ,i be seen we be seen ,i were seen we were seen thou be seen you be seen thou were seen you were seen he be seen they be seen he were seen they were seen ,,present ,,perfect ,i have been seen we have been seen thou have been seen you have been seen he have been seen they have been seen ,,past ,,perfect ,i had been seen we had been seen thou had been seen you had been seen he had been seen they had been seen ,,imperative ,,mode be seen 7you or thou7 be seen 7you or ye7 #bbc4 ,conjugation of the verb see in the passive voice1 indicative mode1 interrogative form3-- ,,indicative ,,mode ,,present ,,past am ,i seen are we seen was ,i seen were we seen art thou seen are you seen wast thou seen were you seen is he seen are they seen was he seen were they seen ,,future shall ,i be seen shall we be seen shalt thou be seen shall you be seen will he be seen will they be seen ,,present ,,perfect have ,i been seen have we been seen hast thou been seen have you been seen has he been seen have they been seen ,,past ,,perfect had ,i been seen had we been seen hadst thou been seen had you been seen had he been seen had they been seen ,,future ,,perfect shall ,i have been seen shall we have been seen shalt thou have been seen shall you have been seen will he have been seen will they have been seen ,summary4--,voice is that property of a verb which shows whether the subject names the doer or the receiver of an action4 ,the active voice shows that the subject names the doer of an action4 ,the passive voice shows that the subject names the receiver of an action4 ,a verb is conjugated in the passive voice by adding the past participle of the verb to the conjugation of the verb be4 ,no intransitive verb has a passive voice4 ,exercise #a4--;,conjugate the verbs draw1 take1 find1 forget1 and leave in the passive voice1 both declaratively and interrogatively4 ,exercise #b4--,select the verbs in the following sentences4 ,tell whether they are transitive or intransitive4 ,give the tense1 mode1 voice1 and subject of each4 ,change the active verbs to the passive voice and the passive to the active4 ,,note4--,when the verb is passive1 the name of the doer of the action is often omitted4 ,sometimes we do not know who the doer is2 as1 8,the art of printing was invented in ,china long ago40 ,sometimes we do not wish to tell who the doer is2 as1 8,a window was broken in the basement yesterday40 ,sometimes the subject is so obvious as not to be worth telling2 as1 8,lying is despised40 ,in changing sentences like these three to the active voice1 we must supply a subject for the verb4 ,for instance1 in changing the sentence1 8,the pie was cut into four pieces10 we might say1 8,mother cut the pie into four pieces40 #a4 ,the babe was conveyed to the church in a grand procession4 ,the road1 all the way1 was carpeted with green rushes4 ,over this road the little infant ,elizabeth was borne by one of her godmothers4 ,she was wrapped in a mantle of purple velvet1 with a long train4 ,this train was trimmed with ermine1 a very costly kind of fur1 and was borne by lords and ladies of high rank4 ,these dignitaries were appointed for the purpose by the king4 #b4 ,the height of the pinnacle is determined by the breadth of the base4 #c4 ,leicester ,hospital supports twelve old soldiers and their wives4 #d4 ,after the housework had been done1 they went out to the sunny garden1 and picked the luscious red raspberries1 not forgetful of the time when ,mrs4 ,howe had set out the bushes with her own hands4 #e4 ,many of these splendid castles on the ,rhine have been destroyed in modern times4 #f4 ,it is wonderful and beautiful how a man and his dog will stick to one another through thick and thin4 #g4 ,the door had been very firmly fastened1 but the crowd tore it away bodily1 and the light of the torches streamed into the room4 #h4 ,this garden is shaded by long lines of trees1 and adorned with fountains and statues4 #i4 ,away to the window ,i flew like a flash1 ,tore open the shutters1 and threw up the sash4 #aj4 ,elephants are very strictly preserved by the ,english government4 #aa4 ,the farm boy picks up the potatoes after they have been dug2 he drives the cows night and morning2 he brings wood and water and splits kindling2 he gets up the horse and puts out the horse2 whether he is in the house or out of it1 there is always something for him to do4 #ab4 ,they who do their souls no wrong1 ,but keep at eve the faith of morn1 ,shall daily hear the angel song1 8,to-day the ,prince of ,peace is born40 #ac4 ,mr4 ,marley has been dead these seven years4 #ad4 ,the ,peterkins told how their mother had put salt in the coffee1 and how the chemist had made it worse instead of better4 #ae4 ,we climbed the ,alps1 veiled our faces before the awful splendors of ,mont ,blanc1 trembled on the verge of dizzy heights1 shrank back from fathomless abysses1 picked our way across the ,mer de ,glace1 and cowered beneath the weight of the whole incumbent mass of mountains as we went through the tunnel4 ,tell the part of speech and use of way1 sentence #a1 forgetful #d1 one another #f1 open #i1 up #i1 souls #ab1 years #ac1 worse #ad4 ,,lvi4 ,,the ,,passive ,,voice #bbd4 ,every combination of some form of the verb be with the past participle of a transitive verb is not necessarily a passive verb4 ,for example1 one passive form of the verb do is is done1 but it does not follow that is done is always a passive verb4 ,in the sentence1 8,the meat is done now10 we do not mean that the meat is receiving an action1 hence is done cannot be a passive verb4 ,we mean to tell the condition of the meat1 that it is done meat4 ,the word done is used in precisely the same way as an adjective2 as if we should say1 8,the meat is good now10 ,in other words1 the participle done is a subjective complement4 ,past participles are used as subjective complements to tell the condition of something after an action has been performed on it2 as1 8,every window in the house is broken10 8,my dress is badly torn10 8,the old house is deserted40 #bbe4 ,when we are in doubt as to whether we have a true passive verb or not1 we may apply these tests3 7#a7 ,does the sentence mean that the subject is acted upon8 7#b7 ,can we add a phrase1 telling the performer of the action8 7#c7 ,can we change the sentence to the active voice1 keeping1 of course1 the same tense8 ,let us take1 for instance1 the sentence1 8,courage is praised40 ,we do mean that courage receives the praising4 ,we can add the phrase by everybody4 ,and we can change the sentence to the active sentence1 8,everybody praises courage40 ,hence is praised is the verb1 and is in the passive voice4 ,but in the sentence1 8,every seat in the balcony is taken10 if is taken is a passive verb1 it must mean1 since it is present tense1 that every seat is receiving an action now4 ,it does not mean this1 but it does mean that every seat is a taken seat1 hence taken is used as a subjective complement1 and the verb is just the one word is4 #bbf4 ,we learned in ,lesson ,,xxxvii that some verbs like make1 elect1 appoint1 and call1 are often followed by a direct object and an objective complement2 as1 8,we called our canary ,buttercup40 ,when such a sentence is changed to the passive voice1 the direct object becomes1 of course1 the subject1 and we have the sentence1 8,our canary was called ,buttercup40 ,the word ,buttercup has now become a subjective complement4 ,how do we know this8 ,when the objective complement is an adjective1 as in the sentence1 8,she kept the polished floor as bright as a mirror10 if we change the sentence to the passive voice1 the adjective becomes a subjective complement2 as1 8,the polished floor was kept as bright as a mirror40 #bbg4 ,we learned in ,lesson ,,xxxiv that certain verbs may be followed by both an indirect and a direct object2 as1 8,fred told ,arthur the news40 ,in changing this sentence to the passive voice we may use the direct object for the subject of the passive verb2 as1 8,the news was told to ,arthur by ,fred02 or we may use the indirect object for the subject of the passive verb2 as1 8,arthur was told the news by ,fred40 ,in the latter case we have an idiomatic construction--a passive verb was told taking a direct object the news4 ,the direct object of a passive verb is often called a retained object1 because it remains as an object after the sentence has been changed to the passive voice4 ,not all sentences containing a direct and an indirect object can be changed to the passive voice in two ways4 ,we say1 8,a rose was given to me10 or 8,i was given a rose40 ,we say1 8,a holiday was promised to the children10 or 8,the children were promised a holiday40 ,but we do not say1 8,i was passed the bread10 8,i was written a note10 or 8,i was poured a cup of tea40 ,summary4--,the past participle of a transitive verb may be used as the subjective complement of some form of the verb be4 ,in such a case it denotes the condition of the subject4 ,when a sentence containing a direct object and an objective complement is changed to the passive voice1 the direct object becomes the subject1 and the objective complement becomes a subjective complement4 ,some sentences containing both an indirect and a direct object may be changed to the passive voice in two ways1 either the direct object or the indirect object becoming the subject4 ,exercise #a4--,select each verb in the following sentences4 ,tell its voice1 and how it is completed4 #a4 ,the time of the singing of birds is come1 and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land4 #b4 ,queen ,elizabeth is often familiarly called ,queen ,bess4 #c4 ,rebecca's face was so swollen with tears and so sharp with misery that for a moment ,uncle ,jerry scarcely recognized her4 #d4 ,to put it mildly1 ,mrs4 ,howe was greatly pleased when she was elected first president of the ,murray ,hill ,society4 #e4 ,when the eggs had been beaten stiff1 the little cook sifted the sugar4 #f4 ,christ the ,lord is risen to-day4 #g4 ,the colonists were so disheartened and alarmed that they sailed at once for ,england4 #h4 ,the youngest girl in the senior class was chosen valedictorian4 #i4 ,when the automobile ran off the bridge1 every one was surprised at the driver's escape4 #aj4 ,the black colt had been named ,odin1 but he was always called ,teddy4 #aa4 ,the day is past and gone1 ,the evening shades appear4 #ab4 ,those people are mistaken who say that hard work does not pay--they have never really tried it4 #ac4 ,the room was made cool and dark1 so that the lady might sleep4 #ad4 ,the roofs of the long red barns1 which had been stained green by the weather1 were struck by the level rays of the low1 western sun4 #ae4 ,the fabric of common order in ,america is sound and strong at the center2 the pattern is well marked1 and the threads are firmly woven4 #af4 ,harvard ,college may be regarded as the legitimate child of ,emmanuel ,college at ,cambridge in ,england4 ,exercise #b4--,make either one or two passive sentences out of each sentence in ,exercise #b1 page #ij4 ,tell in each case what becomes of the subject1 the direct object1 and the indirect object4 ,,lvii4 ,,the ,,progressive ,,conjugation #bbh4 ,we have learned to conjugate verbs both declaratively and interrogatively1 in both the active and the passive voice4 ,there is another form of conjugation1 as shown in the statements1 ,i am laughing1 ,i was laughing1 ,i shall be laughing1 ,i have been laughing1 etc4 ,we use this form of conjugation when we wish to call attention to the continuance of the action asserted by the verb1 and we call it the progressive conjugation4 #bbi4 ,just as we use the past participle in conjugating a verb in the passive voice1 so we use the present participle in conjugating a verb in the progressive form4 ,laughing is the present participle of the verb laugh4 ,the present participle of every verb ends in ing2 as1 running1 hoping1 tying4 #bcj4 ,synopsis of the progressive conjugation of the verb see3-- ,,note4--,in the synopsis of a conjugation we give only one form for each tense1 instead of six forms4 ,,indicative ,,mode ,present ,i am seeing ,past ,i was seeing ,future ,i shall be seeing ,present ,perfect ,i have been seeing ,past ,perfect ,i had been seeing ,future ,perfect ,i shall have been seeing ,,subjunctive ,,mode ,present ,i be seeing ,past ,i were seeing ,present ,perfect ,i have been seeing ,past ,perfect ,i had been seeing ,,imperative ,,mode be seeing 7you1 thou1 ye7 #bca4 ,the progressive conjugation may be made interrogative by changing the position of the auxiliary2 as1 am ,i seeing8 was ,i seeing8 etc4 ,summary4--,the progressive conjugation is used to denote a continued action4 ,it is made by joining the present participle of a given verb to the conjugation of the verb be4 ,exercise4--,conjugate the verbs lift1 dine1 and get in the progressive form1 both declaratively and interrogatively4 ,,lviii4 ,,the ,,emphatic ,,conjugation #bcb4 ,in the indicative mode1 present tense1 we may say1 ,i study1 which is the common form1 or ,i am studying1 which is the progressive form1 or ,i do study1 which is the emphatic form4 #bcc4 ,the emphatic conjugation is made by using the auxiliary verb do4 ,it is found only in the present and past tenses of the indicative mode1 and in the imperative mode4 #bcd4 ,conjugation of the verb try in the emphatic form4 ,,indicative ,,mode ,,present ,,tense ,i do try we do try thou dost try you do try he does try they do try ,,past ,,tense ,i did try we did try thou didst try you did try he did try they did try ,,imperative ,,mode do try 7thou1 you1 or ye7 #bce4 ,the two tenses of the indicative mode1 emphatic form1 may be made interrogative1 as we learned in ,lesson ,,li4 #bcf4 ,the emphatic form is used for other purposes than for emphasis4 ,it is generally used instead of the ordinary forms when the adverb not modifies the predicate4 ,we say1 8,i do not love thee1 ,dr4 ,fell10 instead of 8,i love thee not40 ,and in the imperative mode with not we say1 8,do not run with the ball10 instead of 8,run not with the ball40 ,,lix4 ,,parsing ,,of ,,verbs #bcg4 ,when we parse a verb1 we should tell1-- 7#a7 ,its class as to form1--regular or irregular4 7#b7 ,its principal parts4 7#c7 ,its class as to use1--transitive or intransitive4 7#d7 ,its voice1--active or passive4 7#e7 ,its mode1--indicative1 subjunctive1 or imperative4 7#f7 ,its tense4 7#g7 ,its person4 7#h7 ,its number4 7#i7 ,its form of conjugation1--interrogative1 progressive1 or emphatic4 7#aj7 ,its simple subject4 7#aa7 ,its complement 7if any71--direct object1 subjective complement1 or objective complement4 ,exercise4--,parse each verb in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,what are you smiling at1 ,lady ,mother8 #b4 ,the shades were lowered at the windows1 the lamps were lighted1 the great family table was drawn towards the fire4 #c4 ,when he went out from the village at the head of his men one fine day1 while the sun was shining brightly1 and the birds were singing1 he did not neglect a single one of the many things which he had been told always brought good luck to the hunting4 #d4 8,no10 said ,mrs4 ,howe1 8,i don't enjoy moving1 but the children do4 ,they have been transporting clocks1 and pictures1 and lamps all the forenoon1 when they haven't been loading the dray1 but they don't seem a bit tired40 #e4 ,what shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul8 #f4 ,child1 was not your father called ,mustapha the tailor8 #g4 ,do look at those gateposts6 #h4 ,the hens had been mysteriously disappearing for over a month4 #i4 ,stir not a step till ,i come again4 #aj4 ,do you wonder that ,i missed a word in spelling8 #aa4 ,son1 have any told thee that thou art beautiful beyond all men8 #ab4 ,hadn't you been putting on airs8 ,,lx4 ,,the ,,auxiliary ,,verbs ,,shall ,,and ,,will #bch4 ,in conjugating a verb in the future tense1 indicative mode1 we make use of the auxiliaries shall and will4 ,singular ,plural ,i shall go we shall go thou wilt go you will go he will go they will go ,these verb phrases express simple futurity1--they assert an intention on the part of the person indicated by the subject1 but not a promise4 #bci4 ,we have another set of verb phrases belonging to the future tense1 indicative mode3-- ,i will go we will go thou shalt go you shall go he shall go they shall go ,these phrases are used to express a promise1 a vow1 or a threat on the part of the speaker2 that is1 the speaker will see to it that the action is carried out4 ,there is more of certainty in these phrases than in those of the first set4 #bdj4 ,shall and will with have are used also in forming the future perfect tense2 as1 ,i shall have gone1 he will have come1 etc4 ,there is much less occasion to use the future perfect tense than there is to use the simple future tense1 so we shall discuss the use of shall and will only in the future tense4 ,when that is mastered1 the future perfect tense will present no difficulties4 #bda4 ,frequent errors are made in the use of shall and will4 ,perhaps the commonest occur in interrogative sentences4 ,many persons say carelessly1 8,will ,i open this window for you80 ,this question means1 8,am ,i going to open this window for you80 and the only possible answer is1 8,i am sure ,i don't know40 ,what is really intended by the question is this1 8,do you wish me to open this window80 hence we should say1 8,shall ,i open this window for you80 ,the rule is1--,when the subject of an interrogative sentence is ,i or we1 the auxiliary shall should be used instead of will4 #bdb4 ,in questions where the subject is a word of the second or the third person1 we should use in the question the form we expect in the answer4 ,a boy should say to his employer1 8,shall you be in your office this afternoon80 because he expects the reply1 8,i shall10 meaning1 8,i intend to be there40 ,but a boy says to another boy1 8,will you pitch for us to-morrow80 because he expects the reply1 8,i will10 meaning 8,i promise40 ,summary4--,rules for the use of shall and will3-- 7#a7 ,to assert simple futurity use shall in the first person1 and will in the second and third persons4 7#b7 ,to assert determination1 a promise1 or a threat1 use will in the first person1 shall in the second and third persons4 7#c7 ,in questions use shall in the first person4 ,in the second and third persons use will or shall according to the answer you should get4 ,the form of the answer is to be determined by rules #a and #b4 ,exercise #a4--;,account for the use of shall and will in the following sentences3-- #a4 8,what shall we do next80 said ,i1 with a long breath4 #b4 ,thou shalt hang for laying thy hand upon me4 #c4 ,will you please tell me whether ,mrs4 ,josiah ,wheeler lives on this road8 #d4 ,you shall have a birthday party on the lawn1 and ,i will make you a soldier suit1 and papa will get you a drum1 and the supper table shall be set under the balm-of-,gilead tree4 #e4 8,no10 said the fairy1 8this is my ax1 and it shall lie upon the shelf1 while you must dive for yours1 yourself40 #f4 8,we will come into the crop lands to play with thee by night10 said ,gray ,brother to ,mowgli4 #g4 ,blessed are the peacemakers2 for they shall be called the children of ,god4 #h4 ,the first social problem is the problem of rule3 who shall exercise it1 how far shall it go1 and by what means shall it be enforced8 #i4 ,whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it4 #aj4 ,let us rest ourselves1 and then we shall be better able to pursue our walk4 #aa4 ,when shall we three meet again ,in thunder1 lightning1 or in rain8 #ab4 ,i will lift up mine eyes unto the hills1 whence cometh my strength4 #ac4 ,who will fill our vacant places8 ,who will sing our songs to-night8 #ad4 ,the daisies will be there1 love4 ,the stars in heaven will shine2 ,but ,i shall not feel thy wish1 love1 ,nor thou my hand in thine4 ,tell the part of speech and use of thy1 sentence #b1 me #c1 you #d1 this #e1 yours #e1 yourself #e1 children #g1 we #aa1 mine #ab4 ,exercise #b4--;,fill the blanks with the proper auxiliary1 and give your reason in each case4 #a4 ,o mother dear1 ,jerusalem1 when ---- ,i come to thee8 #b4 ,we ---- meet1 but we ---- miss him1 ,there ---- be one vacant chair4 #c4 ,there is no market in the world in which money ---- buy brains4 #d4 ,you ---- always have this little blue ,wedgwood tea set to remember her by4 #e4 ---- you wear the hat even if it is not becoming8 #f4 ,i ---- know him when he comes1 happy youth4 #g4 ---- you get my watch that was left at the jeweler's8 #h4 ,oh1 who ---- walk a mile with me ,along life's merry way8 #i4 ,if you do not promise to be home before midnight1 you ---- not go to the ball4 #aj4 ,three years she grew in sun and shower1 ,then ,nature said1 8,a lovelier flower ,on earth was never sown2 ,this ,child ,i to myself ---- take2 ,she ---- be mine1 and ,i ---- make ,a ,lady of my own4 8,the stars of midnight ---- be dear ,to her2 and she ---- lean her ear ,in many a secret place ,where rivulets dance their wayward round1 ,and beauty born of murmuring sound ---- pass into her face4 8,and vital feelings of delight ---- rear her form to stately height1 ,her virgin bosom swell2 ,such thoughts to ,lucy ,i ---- give ,while she and ,i together live ,here in this happy dell40 ,,lxi4 ,,defective ,,verbs4 ,,verb ,,phrases #bdc4 ,some verbs lack one or more of their principal parts4 ,such verbs are called defective verbs4 ,a very common defective verb1 which has only one form1 is ought4 7,see page #ace47 ,other defective verbs are can1 may1 must1 shall1 and will4 ,the past tense forms of these verbs are could1 might1 must1 should1 and would1 respectively4 ,no one of these verbs is ever used as a principal verb1 except would1 as in the familiar expressions1 8,i would ,i were a bird10 8,would that he were here60 #bdd4 ,shall and will are used as auxiliary verbs to form the future tenses4 ,can1 could1 may1 might1 must1 should1 and would are used to form certain very useful verb phrases that are in the present1 the past1 or the future perfect tense1 and in either the indicative or the subjunctive mode according to their meaning4 #bde4 ,using these verb phrases in the indicative mode we say1-- ,i may go to ,japan4 ,he may have gone home early4 ,i can see seven stars4 ,it cannot have come yet4 ,we must go early4 ,he must have sold it4 ,you might hurry a little4 ,we might have hurried4 ,he could not tell a lie4 ,i could have eaten more4 ,she would talk in church4 ,he would have helped me4 ,we should honor the flag4 ,you should have earned it4 ,if we look closely at the meaning of these sentences1 and think of others containing the same auxiliaries1 we shall conclude 7#a7 that may and might denote possibility or permission1 7#b7 that can and could denote power or ability1 7#c7 that must denotes necessity1 7#d7 that would denotes determination1 7#e7 that should denotes obligation or duty4 ,any one of the verb phrases just studied may be made interrogative by transposition2 as1--,may ,i borrow your knife8 #bdf4 ,can and must are used only in the indicative mode4 ,using may1 might1 could1 would1 and should in subjunctive verb phrases1 we say1-- ,long may it wave6 ,oh1 that he would help6 ,though he might be telling the truth1 he would not be believed4 ,if ,i could go with father1 ,i should be happy4 ,if it should freeze1 we could go skating4 ,if we look closely at these sentences1 we shall see that the verbs denote 7#a7 a wish1 7#b7 something contrary to fact1 7#c7 something uncertain4 7,see ,lesson ,,lii47 #bdg4 ,the seven auxiliaries just studied may be used in making passive verb phrases4 ,use the following phrases or similar ones in sentences3-- may be broken may have been taken can be cut can have been heard must be paid must have been bought might be driven might have been kept could be seen could have been done would be hurt would have been stung should be met should have been thrown #bdh4 ,other verb phrases in very common use in speech are formed by means of the participle going4 ,it is easy to imagine the following conversation as really taking place4 8,i am going to go to ,niagara ,falls next summer40 8,why1 you were going to go there last summer4 ,in fact1 you have been going to go there every summer since ,i have known you40 8,true enough4 ,my intentions are good1 but my purse is light4 ,perhaps ,i shall be going to go all my life1 and then get to heaven first after all40 ,each of the four groups of italicized words is a verb phrase denoting an intention4 ,make ten similar phrases2 as1 am going to sing1 was going to eat4 ,notice that going does not denote the act of going anywhere to sing or to eat1 as it does in 8,i am going to the ,park to hear the band play10 but only the purpose or intention of singing or eating4 #bdi4 ,just as we denote an intended future action by using the word going1 so we often denote a customary past action by a phrase in which we employ the verb used2 as1 8,she used to wear a little red cape10 8,johnson used to touch every fence post that he passed40 ,the italicized words should not be separated here1 but should be considered as one group or verb phrase4 #bej4 ,in speaking of any of the verb phrases described in this lesson1 we may call them verbs2 we decide their person and number by their subject1 their voice and mode by their meaning1 and their tense by their form4 #bea4 ,the verbs have and do are not always auxiliaries4 ,they are sometimes principal verbs1 and as such are conjugated in the various ways4 ,what are the principal parts of have8 of do8 ,conjugate have in the indicative mode2 do in the emphatic form2 have in the progressive form2 do in the passive voice1 in the third person1 singular number1 using it for the subject4 #beb4 ,verbs like rain1 snow1 hail1 etc41 are sometimes called impersonal verbs1 because they are used only in the third person singular with the pronoun it4 ,summary4--,a defective verb is one that lacks one or more of its principal parts4 ,defective verbs are used as auxiliary verbs4 ,the auxiliaries may1 can1 must1 might1 could1 would1 and should are used to form certain common verb phrases4 ,these verb phrases may be active or passive1 declarative or interrogative1 indicative or subjunctive mode1 present1 past1 or present perfect tense4 ,going is used to form verb phrases that denote a future or intended action4 ,used is employed to form verb phrases that denote a customary past action4 ,have and do may be principal verbs as well as auxiliary verbs4 ,impersonal verbs are used only in the third person singular1 with the neuter pronoun it4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the verb phrases in the following sentences4 ,tell their voice1 person1 number1 subject1 and complement if they have any4 #a4 ,what a bird it must be that could utter such wondrous sounds6 #b4 ,from time to time the two rabbits would halt1 sit up on their hind quarters1 erect their long1 attentive ears1 and glance about warily with their bulging eyes4 #c4 ,the rich man's son inherits cares2 ,the bank may break1 the factory burn1 ,a breath may burst his bubble shares1 ,and soft white hands could hardly earn ,a living that would serve his turn4 #d4 ,all the girls in the class are going to wear pink chambray dresses1 and mother is going to make mine by hand4 #e4 ,we can go by the ,north ,road1 the ,south ,road1 or the ,middle ,road4 #f4 ,instead of candy1 mother used to give him sugar in a cup1 and then he would stretch out on the sunny doorstep and feed his sweet crystals to the flies4 #g4 ,the ,cottontails were now sole owners of the holes1 and did not go near them when they could help it1 lest anything like a path should be made that might betray their last retreats to an enemy4 #h4 ,if you are going to make orange marmalade to-morrow1 you must peel the oranges this evening4 #i4 ,i should think that something might be done about covering the cow's horns2 perhaps they might be padded with cotton4 #aj4 ,governor ,winthrop wrote his third wife tender messages in a way that could only have come of long practice4 #aa4 ,the children used to stand at the window in the twilight1 and watch the lights appear in the houses2 and when they had counted ten1 they used to clap their hands1 and say1 8,now1 mother1 it is time to light the lamp40 #ab4 ,on the usual crisp mornings of sugar season the snow at such an hour would have borne a crust to crackle sharply under every footstep4 #ac4 ,i had not told the horse that ,i was going to whip him1 so he was taken by surprise and started forward4 #ad4 ,grandpa would not be helped into his overcoat4 ,exercise #b4--,select all the verb phrases containing any form of have or do4 ,tell whether this form is used as an auxiliary or as a principal verb4 #a4 ,shere ,khan does us great honor4 #b4 ,whoever has made a voyage up the ,hudson must remember the ,kaatskill ,mountains4 #c4 ,do you ever wonder how so much sin and wrong and suffering can be in ,god's world8 #d4 ,mother never forgot the millionaire's daughter who said that she did up her father's shirts4 #e4 ,all the ,offal ,court boys had this same hard time1 so ,tom supposed it was the correct and comfortable thing4 #f4 ,where does amber get its strange1 poetic charm8 #g4 ,i never had the pleasure of meeting a crowing hen2 but ,i have known a great many whistling girls1 and ,i cannot recall an instance where their ends were any worse than those of other girls4 #h4 ,if ,i could have committed suicide without killing myself1 ,i should certainly have done so4 #i4 ,she had eaten as many mouthfuls of breakfast as she possibly could in her excited condition1 had kissed everybody good-by twice over1 and now thought it was time to be starting4 #aj4 ,i can't write a composition unless ,i have something to say1 can ,i8 #aa4 ,on these hard1 smooth roads one horse will do the work of two4 #ab4 ,i do not feel wholly sure that my ,pussy wrote these letters herself4 #ac4 ,the ,boy had no fear of the undisputed ,master of the ,woods1 the big black bear4 #ad4 ,do the duty that lies nearest thee2 thy second duty will already have become clearer4 #ae4 ,jakie had been stolen from the nest before he could fly4 #af4 ,i do wish that you and your father would turn around directly and come home4 #ag4 ,jane had had the inestimable advantage of a sorrow4 #ah4 ,the old bell had things all its own way up in the steeple4 #ai4 ,boys always do the nice splendid things1 and girls can only do the nasty dull ones that get left over4 #bj4 ,after the twins had had measles and mumps1 whooping cough descended on the household4 ,tell the part of speech and use of us1 sentence #a1 honor #a1 shirts #d1 same #e1 great #g1 two #aa1 wholly #ab1 herself #ab1 bear #ac1 clearer #ad1 father #af1 home #af4 #bec4 ,many errors are made in the use of the auxiliaries may and can1 would and should4 ,we should use may to denote permission1 liberty1 or possibility1 and can to denote power or ability4 ,exercise #a4--,supply the correct word in each of these sentences1 and give your reason in each case3-- #a4 ,what ---- ,i do to help you8 #b4 ,you ---- have a watch when you graduate4 #c4 ,i ---- go by boat1 but it is doubtful4 #d4 ---- you run an automobile8 #e4 ---- we have a school paper8 #f4 ,do you think that ,i ---- earn ten dollars a week8 #g4 ,fred1 you ---- open the east windows4 #h4 ,if we walk fast1 we ---- surely get there in time4 #i4 ,we ---- get there in time1 but we shall have to hurry4 ,make three good sentences containing may and three containing can4 ,would is used to denote1-- 7#a7 ,determination2 as1 8,albert would leave school40 7#b7 ,inclination2 as1 8,i would read more if ,i could40 7#c7 ,customary past action2 as1 8,we would listen to her songs hour after hour40 ,should is used to denote1-- 7#a7 ,simple intention2 as1 8,i should come often if you did not live so far40 7#b7 ,obligation or duty2 as1 8,we should honor our parents40 ,perhaps these auxiliaries are oftenest misused when associated with the verb like4 ,the expression1 8,i would like to go10 is wrong1 because it means 8,i am inclined or determined to like something10 which is not good sense4 ,we should say1-- ,i should like to go ,we should like to go ,you would like to go ,you would like to go ,he would like to go ,they would like to go ,in a dependent clause should denotes merely an imaginary condition1 and would denotes inclination as well as an imaginary condition4 ,the clauses1 8,if ,i should lose my watch10 8,if you should lose your watch10 8,if he should lose his watch10 are equivalent to the present tense of the subjunctive mode1 and denote merely an imaginary condition4 ,the clauses1 8,if ,i would study harder10 8if you would study harder10 8if he would study harder10 denote an imaginary condition that may become real according to the inclination of the subject4 ,what is the meaning of the familiar dependent clause in the following sentence3 8,if it would only snow1 we could have a sleigh ride80 ,exercise #b4--,supply the correct word in each of these sentences1 and give your reason in each case3-- #a4 ,you ---- study the text before you undertake the exercise4 #b4 ,what ---- you do with him1 ,mr4 ,dick8 #c4 ,i ---- wash him and put him to bed4 #d4 ,neither of the boys ---- obey me4 #e4 ,as soon as day broke1 the canary ---- begin to sing4 #f4 ,i ---- like to meet your grandfather4 #g4 ,any girl ---- be satisfied with two new hats4 #h4 ,they ---- all like to come1 ,i am sure4 #i4 ,i ---- not take one cent of his money4 #aj4 ,i ---- think that you ---- be glad to work4 #aa4 ,each man ---- keep himself loyal to truth4 #ab4 ,if ,i ---- tell the story1 the children ---- not be satisfied4 #ac4 ,if ,i ---- tell them stories all day long1 they ---- not be satisfied4 ,make five good sentences containing would1 and five containing should4 ,the verb have got is often misused for the verb have4 8,i have it0 means 8,i possess it10 while 8,i have got it0 means 8,i have procured it40 8,i have to go0 means 8,i must go10 while 8,i have got to go0 is an incorrect expression4 ,exercise #c4--,supply has or have1 has got1 or have got in each of the following sentences1 and give your reason in each case4 ,use the negative word not1 if necessary4 #a4 ---- you tickets for the entertainment8 #b4 ,no1 ,i ---- them yet4 #c4 ,can he buy a farm if he ---- no money8 #d4 ---- you a chisel1 ,albert8 #e4 ,no1 ,i ---- one1 but ,herman ---- one4 #f4 ,at last he ---- a position on the police force4 #g4 ,we ---- a fruit farm and father ---- a new tenant on it4 #h4 ,we ---- to practice at four o'clock4 #i4 ,i can't go to the football game for ,i ---- to work ,saturday afternoons4 #aj4 ,nobody ---- to leave before nine o'clock4 ,what correct expressions can you substitute for has got in the familiar sentence1 8,madge has got to do as ,i say08 ,,lxii4 ,,direct ,,and ,,indirect ,,discourse #bed4 ,in the sentence1--,ruth said1 8,i like your cake10 we have a direct quotation1 the exact words spoken by ,ruth4 ,a direct quotation is often called direct discourse4 ,in the sentence1--,ruth said that she liked my cake1 we have an indirect quotation containing the substance1 or thought1 of ,ruth's remark1 but not her exact words4 ,an indirect quotation is often called indirect discourse4 #bee4 ,in changing from direct to indirect discourse1 we are likely to make a change in personal pronouns1 as well as in the tense of verbs4 ,an indirect quotation usually takes the form of a dependent clause beginning with the word that4 ,if the verb of saying that usually precedes an indirect quotation is in the present tense1 then the verb in the quotation is likely to be in the present or the future tense2 but if the verb of saying is in the past tense1 then the verb in the quotation is likely to be in the past tense2 as1 ,father says that he is on the jury4 ,father said that he was on the jury4 ,can you account for the tense of the verb in the indirect quotation in this sentence1--,somebody once said that the pen is mightier than the sword8 #bef4 ,when a direct quotation containing the word shall is changed to an indirect quotation1 shall is retained if the verb of saying preceding the quotation is in the present tense2 but if this verb is in the past tense1 then shall is changed to should4 ,in like manner will is changed to would2 as1-- ,mother says1 8,i shall be voting soon40 ,mother says that she shall be voting soon4 ,mother said that she should be voting soon4 ,mother says1 8,i will make him a pillow40 ,mother says that she will make him a pillow4 ,mother said that she would make him a pillow4 #beg4 ,if a direct quotation is a question1 it becomes an indirect question when changed to indirect discourse2 as1-- ,he asked1 8,why do you tremble so80 ,he asked me why ,i trembled so4 #beh4 ,a command may be changed from direct to indirect discourse2 as1-- ,christ said1 8,love your enemies40 ,christ said that we should love our enemies4 ,exercise #a4--;,account for the use of shall1 will1 should1 and would in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,the teacher said1 8,i shall be pleased to go40 #b4 ,the teacher said that she should be pleased to go4 #c4 ,aunt ,elsie said1 8,i will tell you the story to-morrow40 #d4 ,aunt ,elsie said that she would tell us the story to-morrow4 #e4 ,the principal said1 8,you shall have no recess to-day40 #f4 ,the principal said that we should have no recess to-day4 #g4 ,mother said1 8,you will be late40 #h4 ,mother said that ,i should be late4 #i4 ,the mayor said1 8,the matter shall be investigated40 #aj4 ,the mayor said that the matter should be investigated4 #aa4 ,the director said1 8,the celebration will be on ,tuesday40 #ab4 ,the director said that the celebration would be on ,tuesday4 #ac4 ,the teacher said1 8,david and ,harry shall not take part40 #ad4 ,david and ,harry1 the teacher said that you should not take part4 #ae4 ,the boys said1 8,david and ,harry will be sorry40 #af4 ,david and ,harry1 the boys said that you would be sorry4 ,exercise #b4--;,change the following sentences from direct to indirect discourse3-- #a4 ,longfellow said1 8,life is real1 life is earnest40 #b4 ,john wrote1 8,i know that ,shep will give you a warm welcome when you come40 #c4 ,the lawyer demanded1 8,mr4 ,christoff1 what have you done with the company's books80 #d4 ,the ,bible says1 8,give to him that asketh40 #e4 ,patrick ,henry asked1 8,when shall we be stronger80 #f4 ,the eloquent speaker said1 8,the declaration of our independence will strengthen us at home1 and give us character abroad40 #g4 ,the great orator declared1 8,if we fail1 it can be no worse for us4 ,but we shall not fail4 ,the cause will raise up armies40 #h4 ,he admitted1 8,we may not live to the time when this declaration shall be made good40 #i4 ,then he uttered this prophecy3 8,this declaration must cost treasure1 and it may cost blood2 but it will stand1 and it will richly compensate for both40 #aj4 ,every listener was moved when the statesman said1 8,if it be the pleasure of ,heaven that my country shall require the poor offering of my life1 the victim shall be ready at the appointed hour of sacrifice40 #aa4 ,his closing words were these3 8,all that ,i have1 and all that ,i am1 and all that ,i hope1 in this life1 ,i am now ready here to stake upon it2 and ,i leave off as ,i began1 that live or die1 survive or perish1 ,i am for the declaration40 ,exercise #c4--,make the following sentences clear by changing them from indirect to direct discourse3-- #a4 ,the teacher told ,mrs4 ,gray that her little girl lost the report she had given her4 #b4 ,jennie told ,ada that her mother was willing that she should go to the concert with her and her brother4 #c4 ,bertrand told ,george that he ought to sell his sailboat and buy his launch4 #d4 ,the teachers asked the young men why they had made such a disturbance in the corridor when they had forbidden them to congregate there4 ,,lxiii4 ,,agreement ,,of ,,verb ,,and ,,subject4 ,,collective ,,nouns #bei4 ,a verb must agree with its subject in number1 and since the verb changes its form sometimes to denote number1 we must be careful to employ the correct form4 ,we should say1 8,the rose is red1 the roses are red2 the wind does blow1 the winds do blow2 the bird flies1 the birds fly40 #bfj4 ,this agreement of the subject and the verb is a simple matter in ,english1 for in our language verbs have the same form in the singular and the plural1 except in four cases3-- 7#a7 ,the verb be1 which changes its form considerably to indicate number1 in the present and past tenses4 ,see page #abh4 7#b7 ,any verb in the second person conjugated in the solemn style4 ,see page #abh4 7#c7 ,any verb in the third person of the present tense1 indicative mode2 as1 he speaks1 they speak4 7#d7 ,any verb in the third person of the present perfect indicative2 as1 he has spoken1 they have spoken4 #bfa4 ,as don't is a contraction of do not1 it should be used only with a plural subject1 or with the singular pronouns ,i and you4 ,we say1 8,i don't know10 8,you don't know10 8,they don't know10 but 8,he doesn't know10 8,she doesn't know10 8,it doesn't come40 #bfb4 ,a compound subject composed of two or more singular nouns should have a plural verb when the parts are joined by any conjunction but or or nor4 ,we say1 8,either ,john or ,byron is her cousin10 and 8,both ,john and ,joe are her cousins40 ,when two singular subjects refer to one person1 the verb1 of course1 should be singular4 ,we say1 8,the secretary and treasurer was absent40 #bfc4 ,when a singular noun is modified by the limiting adjective each1 every1 either1 neither1 any1 or no1 and used as subject of a clause1 its verb must be singular2 as1 8,each flower is a thing of beauty10 8,no man lives but loves something40 ,in declarative sentences this rule is not likely to be violated1 but it is often violated in interrogative sentences1 where the verb precedes the subject4 ,we should say1 8,has either book been returned80 8,is either of you willing to stay80 8,was neither of the speakers on time80 #bfd4 ,there is a class of nouns like flock1 army1 herd1 company1 which mean a collection of individuals1 and so seem to be plural2 but since the individuals forming the collection are thought of as one body1 these nouns are in reality singular4 ,they are collective nouns4 #bfe4 ,the verb of which a collective noun is subject is a singular verb1 and the pronoun that stands for a collective noun is the neuter singular pronoun it4 ,we say1 8,the company is on its way to the ,philippines40 ,,note4--,when a collective noun is plural in meaning1 that is1 when the individuals are thought of as acting separately1 it takes a plural verb2 as1 8,the faculty are not going to trouble their heads about the kind of shoes we wear40 ,summary4--,a verb must agree with its subject in person and in number4 ,a collective noun is one that names a group of individuals considered as one body4 ,a collective noun is usually singular and neuter4 ,exercise #a4--;,if you do not already know1 find out from the dictionary to what sort of individuals each of these collective nouns is applied4 bevy choir committee constellation covey crew drove family fleet flock gang hive horde jury mob orchestra regiment swarm tribe troop ,exercise #b4--;,find all the collective nouns in these sentences4 ,find evidence as to whether they are singular or plural4 ,if they are plural1 tell why4 ,give the reason for the number of each verb4 #a4 ,forty wolves make a very fair pack indeed4 #b4 ,at the edge of the thicket was a straggling colony of low blueberry bushes4 #c4 ,here1 in course of days1 there accumulated a shining cluster of six large white eggs4 #d4 ,at last cousin ,eben came with a double sleigh and the team of prancing grays1 and then the whole family was off for ,christmas dinner at ,aunt ,mary's4 #e4 ,has either of the critics ever heard the new organ8 #f4 ,no man in his senses takes such a risk4 #g4 ,a school of porpoises were ducking and tearing through the water4 #h4 ,through the ancient forest1 which was a mixed growth of cedar1 water ash1 black poplar1 and maple1 with here and there a group of hemlocks on a knoll1 the light drained down confusedly4 #i4 ,the opinions of this junto were completely controlled by ,nicholas ,vedder4 #aj4 ,is either of you going up the river in the houseboat8 #aa4 ,this band of crows numbered about two hundred4 #ab4 ,each year the old crow came with his troop1 and for about six weeks took up his abode on the hill4 #ac4 ,here and there a band of chimney sweeps were staring in stupid wonder at the miracle of a showman's box4 #ad4 ,butler tells of an ,indian tribe in the ,far ,north that was all but exterminated by a feud over a dog4 #ae4 ,on a level spot was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins4 #af4 ,every word on his papers was correctly spelled4 #ag4 ,the rest of the horses swept dutifully into line1 and the herd was off4 ,,lxiv4 ,,review ,,of ,,verbs3 ,,parsing #bff4 ,study again ,lessons ,,xxiii-,,xxvii1 ,,xlix-,,lxiii4 ,make an outline of verbs1 having the following main topics3-- 7#a7 ,classification4 7#b7 ,properties4 7#c7 ,conjugation4 7#d7 ,principal ,parts4 7#e7 ,auxiliaries4 7#f7 ,agreement4 ,fill in the subtopics and recite in detail from your outline with illustrations of every point4 ,exercise4--,parse the verbs in the following sentences according to the outline on p4 #aej3-- #a4 ,if you have a ,halloween party1 shall you invite the ,cromers8 #b4 ,at first the chemist said he couldn't do anything about it2 but when ,agamemnon said they would pay in gold if he would only go1 he packed up his bottles in a leather case1 and went back with the ,peterkins4 #c4 ,faith's journeys end is welcome to the weary1 ,and heaven1 the heart's true home1 will come at last4 #d4 ,we are going to have a tile well1 and ,mr4 ,jones is going to oversee the men who dig it4 #e4 ,this woodchuck was neither handsome nor interesting1 but he knew how to take care of himself4 #f4 ,sheep are usually kept in flocks of from one thousand to three thousand under one or more shepherds4 #g4 ,rabbits telegraph each other by thumping on the ground with their hind feet4 #h4 ,lady ,moon1 ,lady ,moon1 where are you roving8 #i4 ,breast the wave1 ,christian1 when it is strongest4 ,watch for day1 ,christian1 when the night's longest4 #aj4 ,even so did men talk round the king's cages at ,oodeypore4 #aa4 ,your ,uncle ,nathan and ,i used to be called the bothering ,bodleys1 because we were always teasing to find out something4 #ab4 ,the ,peterkins had been so busy inside the house that they had not noticed the ceasing of the storm outside4 #ac4 ,for thou1 ,lord1 wilt give thy blessing unto the righteous1 and with thy favorable kindness wilt thou defend him as with a shield4 #ad4 ,my father's1 like every other young ladies' school near a village1 was very much disturbed by the attentions of the village young men4 #ae4 ,if any man have a hundred sheep1 and one of them be gone astray1 doth he not leave the ninety and nine and go into the mountains and seek that which goeth astray8 #af4 ,they were sitting round the breakfast table and wondering what they should do because the lady from ,philadelphia had gone away4 ,,lxv4 ,,classification ,,of ,,adverbs4 ,,simple ,,adverbs #bfg4 ,in ,lesson ,x it was shown that an adverb modifies a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb4 ,select the adverbs in the following sentences1 and tell what words they modify3-- ,we proceeded through a tract of country excessively wild and desolate4 ,people with lanterns rushed hither and thither4 ,john knew that he could spend a day very pleasantly in going over to that pasture4 ,all the adverbs in these sentences are called simple adverbs because they have but one office in the sentence1--they merely modify the word they go with4 #bfh4 ,in the sentence1 8,perhaps my pony can carry the load10 the word perhaps tells nothing whatever about the action of carrying1 but rather serves to make the whole statement doubtful4 ,such a word is said to modify the whole sentence4 ,some other adverbs used in this way are certainly1 indeed1 fortunately1 and not4 ,the common use of the adverb not is to change an affirmative statement to a negative statement1 as in the sentence1 8,i will not wear my heart upon my sleeve40 #bfi4 ,the simple adverbs1 when1 where1 why1 how1 whence1 whither1 are used in asking questions2 as1 8,when shall we be stronger80 8,why do you answer me so80 ,such adverbs modify the whole predicate4 ,they are called interrogative adverbs4 ,,note4--,the is sometimes used as an adverb before comparatives2 as1 8,the more you have1 the more you want40 #bgj4 ,when the meaning permits1 adverbs may be compared in the same manner as adjectives2 as1 fast1 faster1 fastest2 pleasantly1 more pleasantly1 most pleasantly2 fortunately1 less fortunately1 least fortunately4 ,summary4--,a simple adverb is one that merely modifies the word or the group of words that it goes with4 ,some simple adverbs1 like not1 perhaps1 certainly1 modify the whole sentence4 ,an interrogative adverb is a simple adverb that is used in asking a question4 ,some adverbs may be compared4 ,exercise4--,select all the simple adverbs in the following sentences1 and tell what each modifies4 ,in so far as you can1 tell what each adverb denotes4 7,see ,lesson ,x47 #a4 ,how the huge breakers foam and fret6 #b4 ,people living by the sea are always more or less superstitious4 #c4 ,no one can work well without sleep4 #d4 ,whence came that blessed mother love1 so strong1 so dauntless1 so pure1 and whither has it fled8 #e4 ,where had the stone been before8 ,why did it come there8 ,when would it go away8 #f4 ,heaven is not reached at a single bound4 #g4 ,luckily1 poor ,pepper was not seriously hurt4 #h4 ,meanwhile ,mrs4 ,peterkin was getting quite impatient for her coffee4 #i4 ,how do you like to go up in a swing1 up in the air so blue8 #aj4 ,why should one hurry when days are long and calm and sweet8 #aa4 ,you may lead a horse to water1 but you cannot make him drink4 #ab4 ,presently a huge black bear poked his nose out of the bushes1 and sniffed inquiringly4 #ac4 ,how quickly we learn to claim as our own that in which we delight6 ,,lxvi4 ,,conjunctive ,,adverbs #bga4 ,in ,lesson ,,xx we learned that a dependent clause is one that does not make sense when standing alone2 also that such a clause sometimes has the office of an adverb1 modifying a predicate1 and sometimes that of an adjective1 modifying a noun4 ,it is1 therefore1 called an adverbial clause or an adjective clause4 ,select and classify the dependent clauses in each of the following sentences3-- 7a7 ,old ,stony ,phiz set out on a visit to the valley where he was born4 7b7 ,when ,i first came to ,rivermouth1 ,i looked upon girls as rather tame company4 #bgb4 ,a dependent clause is usually introduced by some word which indicates that it is a dependent clause4 ,in the clause where he was born1 this introductory word is where4 ,what is the introductory word in the clause in sentence 7b78 ,this introductory word does more than introduce the clause2 it joins the clause to the word the clause modifies4 ,what does where join in 7a78 ,what does the introductory word in 7b7 join8 ,but these words do more than join4 ,where denotes place1 and modifies the verb was born4 ,hence it is an adverb4 ,what does when denote8 ,what does it modify8 ,since these words have two uses1 that of an adverb and that of a joining word1 we call them conjunctive adverbs4 ,summary4--,a conjunctive adverb is one that introduces a clause1 modifies some part of the clause1 generally the predicate1 and joins the clause to that part of the sentence which the clause modifies4 ,some common conjunctive adverbs are when1 where1 whence1 whenever1 wherever1 while1 why1 how4 7,see note1 p4 #agg47 ,an adverbial clause is a dependent clause that is used like an adverb4 ,an adjective clause is a dependent clause that is used like an adjective4 ,both the adjective and the adverbial clause may be introduced by a conjunctive adverb4 ,exercise4--,select all the conjunctive adverbs in the following sentences4 ,tell what clause they introduce1 what they join1 what they denote1 and what they modify4 #a4 ,when his eyes got command of the dusk1 he saw to his surprise that the den was empty4 #b4 ,mr4 ,gathergold bethought himself of his native valley1 and resolved to go back thither1 and end his days where he was born4 #c4 ,the canals in ,amsterdam are crossed by a great many drawbridges1 and the people must sometimes wait while a ship or barge is passing4 #d4 ,our lunch was only bread and tea and blueberries and cream1 but do you remember how delicious it tasted that day when you came home from the circus as tired as a dog and as hungry as a bear8 #e4 ,whenever ,i cross the river ,on its bridge with wooden piers1 ,like the odor of brine from the ocean1 ,comes the thought of other years4 #f4 ,the reason why men succeed who mind their own business is because there is so little competition4 #g4 ,the frugal snail1 with forecast of repose1 ,carries his house with him where'er he goes4 #h4 ,when all the trees in the forest have the same number of leaves1 then will all men be alike in their power and skill4 #i4 ,while the breath's in his mouth1 he must bear without fail1 ,in the name of the ,empress the ,overland ,mail4 #aj4 ,where'er our footsteps range1 ,comes the chilling breath of change1 ,and the best of friends look strange ,when the purse is low4 #aa4 ,the reason why men do not obey us is because they see the mud at the bottom of our eye4 #ab4 ,so shut your eyes while mother sings ,of wonderful sights that be4 #ac4 ,chip answered me with a cheery little note or two whenever ,i spoke to him4 #ad4 ,my heart leaps up when ,i behold ,a rainbow in the sky4 ,,lxvii4 ,,summary ,,of ,,adverbs #bgc4 ,we have learned1-- 7#a7 ,that adverbs may be simple adverbs or conjunctive adverbs4 7#b7 ,that simple adverbs merely modify some word or group of words4 7#c7 ,that conjunctive adverbs modify1 and at the same time introduce a dependent clause and join it to whatever the clause modifies4 7#d7 ,that one kind of simple adverb is the interrogative adverb1 which is used in asking a question4 7#e7 ,that an adverb may modify a verb1 an adjective1 an adverb1 a whole predicate1 or even a whole statement4 7#f7 ,that adverbs may denote time1 place1 manner1 degree1 and direction4 7#g7 ,that some adverbs may be compared4 ,give a good illustration of each point in this summary4 #bgd4 ,when we parse an adverb we should tell1-- 7#a7 ,its class as to use1--simple1 interrogative1 conjunctive4 7#b7 ,its class as to meaning1--time1 place1 manner1 etc4 7#c7 ,its degree 7if it admits of comparison74 7#d7 ,its use1 and what it modifies4 ,exercise4--,parse each adverb in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,virtue and intelligence will lead our country ever onward in her happy career4 #b4 ,oh1 why should the spirit of mortal be proud8 #c4 ,the man in the moon came down too soon4 #d4 ,fortunately1 what seemed to be a barrel of apples turned out to be an electric lamp4 #e4 ,the old horse cars rocked along scarcely faster than we could walk4 #f4 ,calmly ,i await the hour when the summons comes for me4 #g4 ,somewhere the birds are singing evermore4 #h4 ,i will lock the door most willingly1 but ,i will not cover the bird4 #i4 ,probably ,frank was mightily relieved when he saw the mayor's automobile4 #aj4 ,our side made a remarkably good score4 #aa4 ,where shall we sit in the new church8 ,,lxviii4 ,,co,,rdinate ,,conjunctions #bge4 ,we have learned that such words as and1 but1 and or are conjunctions4 ,their use is merely to join1 and they may join either words1 phrases1 or clauses4 ,since they join like elements1--a word to a word1 a phrase to a phrase1 a clause to a clause1 a sentence to a sentence1 we call them cordinate conjunctions4 #bgf4 ,in the sentence1 8,either the well was very deep or she fell very slowly10 the cordinate conjunction or1 which joins two sentences1 is preceded by the word either1 which hints that or is coming4 ,when either and or are used in this way1 they are called correlatives2 that is1 they are words related to each other4 ,other correlatives are neither1 nor2 not only1 but2 both1 and4 ,it is always the second word of these pairs that does the joining4 ,the first merely tells the listener or reader what sort of sentence is to follow4 ,,note4--,frequently a cordinate conjunction has another word going with it to change or emphasize its meaning4 ,in the sentence1 8,he is rich and yet he is not generous10 the word yet going with and changes its meaning to but4 ,in the sentence1 8,he is poor1 but still he is generous10 the word still reinforces the meaning of but4 ,such a word associated with a conjunction may be said to be a part of the conjunction1 that is1 the two words together do the joining4 ,in the same way the two words not only form the correlative of but or but also2 as1 8,he is not only a teacher but also a student40 ,what does but also join here8 ,summary4--,a cordinate conjunction is one that joins like elements4 ,it is sometimes more than one word4 ,correlative cordinate conjunctions are pairs of words1 the second of which does the joining4 ,exercise4--,when we parse a cordinate conjunction we tell its class and what it joins4 ,if it has a correlative1 we state that fact4 ,parse the cordinate conjunctions in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,the writer who professes to care nothing for fame is probably deceiving himself1 or else his liver is out of order4 #b4 ,everybody took a holiday1 and high and low1 rich and poor1 feasted and danced and sang1 and got very mellow4 #c4 ,there was neither dust nor mud nor noise to annoy one4 #d4 ,the mahogany arm chair is very handsome1 and the green plush rocker is very comfortable1 but still ,i choose this little chair with the flowers painted on the back1 that mother gave to me when ,i was only five4 #e4 ,on its southern side is an elevated walk1 or terrace1 very broad and handsome1 and about half a mile long4 ,,note4--,in the preceding sentence1 try to discover under what circumstances an appositive is joined to the word it explains by or4 ,notice the punctuation4 ,make other sentences illustrating this use of or4 #f4 ,the road to ,paradise is rough and thorny4 #g4 ,his chief amusements were gunning and fishing1 or sauntering along the beach and through the myrtles4 #h4 ,neither hare nor grouse was stirring in the brushy opens4 #i4 ,you know ,mary always bangs things when she is cross1 but ,i never could see what good it does4 #aj4 ,when the two children went down to the river to play1 they not only disobeyed their mothers1 but they also ran away from school4 #aa4 ,i never looked either neat or clean1 though ,i had my daily bath and a generous allowance of clothes4 #ab4 ,over the tree tops and from the open spaces in the wood could be seen the first pallor of approaching day4 #ac4 ,in deep snow the moose can neither flee nor fight4 #ad4 ,they always put ,mammy ,tittleback in the carriage too2 but before they had carried her far1 she generally jumped out1 and walked the rest of the way by their side4 #ae4 ,these ,spaniards wished to build ships and to get away2 but they had neither knowledge nor tools nor iron nor forge nor tow nor resin nor rigging4 #af4 ,he prayeth best who loveth best ,all things both great and small4 ,tell the part of speech and use of himself1 sentence #a1 high1 low #b1 mellow #b1 when #d1 neat #aa1 allowance #aa1 pallor #ab4 ,,lxix4 ,,subordinate ,,conjunctions #bgg4 ,we have learned that a dependent clause is often used as an adverb to modify a predicate4 ,when so used1 it is joined to the predicate it modifies by some connecting word4 ,sometimes this connecting word is a conjunctive adverb1 as was pointed out in ,lesson ,,lxvi1 but more often it is some other word1 as in the following sentences3-- ,sheep are such senseless creatures that they are liable to be stampeded by the veriest trifle4 ,you cannot catch a muskrat unless you put tar on his nose4 ,i love hens because they are such good mothers4 ,what is the dependent clause in each of these sentences8 ,what does it modify8 ,what word joins it to that part of the sentence which it modifies8 ,these connecting words1--that1 unless1 and because1--are not adverbs1 for they do not modify any word4 ,they merely connect1 hence they are conjunctions4 ,since they connect elements not alike1 not equal in rank1 they are called subordinate conjunctions4 #bgh4 ,there are many subordinate conjunctions4 ,the most common are after1 although1 as1 because1 before1 for1 if1 in order that1 lest1 provided1 since1 so that1 than1 that1 though1 till1 and unless4 ,,note4--,there is little distinction between the subordinate conjunction and the conjunctive adverb4 ,both connect a dependent to a principal clause2 and some subordinate conjunctions1 like conjunctive adverbs1 express time1 cause1 or manner1 etc4 ,for this reason1 as1 after1 before1 since1 till1 etc4 are included by some authors among conjunctive adverbs4 ,compare1 8,i came when you called me0 with 8,i came before you called me40 ,summary4--,a subordinate conjunction is one that introduces a dependent clause1 and joins it to that part of the sentence which it modifies4 ,exercise4--,parse the conjunctions in the following sentences4 ,tell their class and what they join4 #a4 ,the four cubs1 running down hill on their bellies1 melted into the thorn and underbrush as a mole melts into a lawn4 #b4 ,boys will do any amount of work provided it is called play4 #c4 ,the great horned owl stood so erect and motionless that he seemed a portion of the pine trunk itself4 #d4 ,since the maples were cut down1 the elms have flourished4 #e4 ,androclus had not lain long quiet in the cavern1 before he heard a dreadful noise1 which seemed to be the roar of some wild beast1 and terrified him very much4 #f4 ,harry laughed till the tears ran down his cheeks4 #g4 ,unless you have sat on a stone fence and beaten russet apples soft on its hard top1 you have missed one of the greatest delicacies that the orchard gives4 #h4 ,i liked the doctor very much1 for he would let me drive around with him1 and hold his horse while he made his professional calls4 #i4 ,fast the ivy stealeth on1 though he wears no wings4 #aj4 ,even after the invitations were sent out1 it seemed to ,dolly that the party day would never come4 #aa4 ,the shawl doll was my favorite because it was more nearly the size of a real baby4 #ab4 ,the two young ,cratchits crammed spoons into their mouths lest they should shriek for goose before their turn came to be helped4 #ac4 ,a man would laugh if you told him that he had never really seen a burdock4 ,select all the verbs in the sentences above4 ,classify them as transitive or intransitive4 ,tell their voice1 mode1 and tense4 #bgi4 ,some words may be used as conjunctions1 as prepositions1 or as adverbs4 ,after4 ,conj4--,i came after you called me the second time4 ,adv4--,we look before and after1 and pine for what is not4 ,prep4--,let us walk to the lake after school4 ,before4 ,conj4--,the roosters woke me before the sun rose4 ,adv4--,they had never seen mountains before4 ,prep4--,in winter we get up before daylight4 ,but4 ,conj4--,i am weak1 but ,thou art mighty4 ,prep4--,he relishes no fruit but apples4 ,adv4--,we can but die4 ,else4 ,conj4--,you must tell the truth1 else you will not be trusted4 ,adv4--,how else can we get to ,berlin8 ,adv4--,where else shall ,i look for your glasses8 ,,note4--,what part of speech is else in the sentences1 8,what else can ,i do for you80 8,who else was there80 ,for4 ,conj4--,work for the night is coming4 ,prep4--,the faithful slave died for his young master4 ,hence4 ,conj4--,smoke is coming out of the chimney1 hence the house must be occupied4 ,adv4--,let me go hence and be no more seen4 ,only4 ,conj4--,i should be glad to go1 only ,i have nothing to wear4 ,adv4--,i made the cake2 mother only baked it4 ,,note4--,what part of speech is only in the sentence1 8,grace is an only child08 ,since4 ,conj4--,i have been happy since you became my friend4 ,prep4--,prices have never gone down since the war4 ,adv4--,one day the dog disappeared1 and he has never been heard of since4 ,so4 ,conj4--,the baby monopolized her time1 so she withdrew from the club4 ,adv4--,don't speak so loud1 ,caroline4 ,till or ,until4 ,conj4--,tarry thou till ,i come4 ,prep4--,we work hard until noon4 ,yet4 ,conj4--,she speaks much1 yet she says very little4 ,adv4--,has the case been settled yet8 ,explain the use of each italicized word in the sentences above4 #bhj4 ,when we parse a preposition1 we tell 7#a7 what phrase it introduces1 and 7#b7 what words it shows a relation between2 thus1 8,in the sentence1 #8,i bring you tidings of great joy1' the preposition of introduces the adjective phrase of great joy1 and shows a relation between its object great joy and the noun tidings40 ,exercise4--,parse all the conjunctions1 adverbs1 and prepositions in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,roger ,conant came over from ,england before #afcj4 #b4 ,we had a cold spell in ,april1 so the peach crop is small4 #c4 ,our flag was still there4 #d4 ,the barn was strongly built1 so it was made over into a good house4 #e4 ,ours is a government of the people1 for the people1 and by the people4 #f4 ,look before you leap4 #g4 ,years have passed since anybody remembered my birthday4 #h4 ,the poet saw the daffodils beside the lake4 #i4 ,after the boy arrived in ,richmond1 he slept under a sidewalk4 #aj4 ,did anybody besides ,rufus go with you to ,janesville8 #aa4 ,mr4 ,micawber would pay his debts if something would only turn up4 #ab4 ,jill came tumbling after4 #ac4 ,the turkey was steamed first1 else it would not have been so tender4 #ad4 ,the fern has grown fast since ,easter4 #ae4 ,i can't paint well if you look over my shoulder4 #af4 ,there is nothing to breathe but air4 #ag4 ,wait till the clouds roll by4 #ah4 ,disappointments will surely come1 yet they need not crush us4 #ai4 ,i will go before the king4 #bj4 ,did you make your will before you went round the world8 ,,lxx4 ,,adverbial ,,clauses ,,of ,,time1 ,,place1 ,,and ,,manner #bha4 ,adverbial clauses are used in many different relations4 ,frequently they denote the time when an action is performed2 as1 8,when the pie was opened1 the birds began to sing40 ,here the clause tells when the birds began to sing1 and hence modifies the predicate4 ,it is joined to began to sing by the conjunctive adverb when4 ,a subordinate connective does not have to come between the elements that it joins4 ,this enables us to put a dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence4 ,what is the advantage of such an arrangement8 ,an adverbial clause of time answers such questions as when8 how often8 how long8 ,it is joined to what it modifies by the conjunctive adverbs when1 while1 whenever1 or by the subordinating conjunctions before1 after1 till1 until1 since1 as4 ,sometimes1 if the connective is when1 and the clause comes first1 we begin the principal proposition with the simple adverb then1 which we call a correlative of when4 ,illustrate this4 #bhb4 ,the adverbial clause may be used to tell the place where some action is performed2 as1 8,the maid is standing with reluctant feet where the brook and river meet40 ,here the clause tells where the maid is standing1 and is joined to is standing by the conjunctive adverb where4 ,an adverbial clause of place answers such questions as in what place8 to what place8 from what place8 ,it is introduced by the conjunctive adverbs where1 whence1 whither1 wherever4 ,sometimes there is used in the principal proposition as a correlative of where in the clause4 ,which of these correlatives is the connective8 #bhc4 ,frequently the manner of an action1 the way in which it was performed1 is told by an adverbial clause2 as1 8,not as the conqueror comes1 they the true-hearted came40 ,what is the clause here8 ,what does it tell8 ,what does it modify8 ,what is the connective8 ,what is the use of not8 ,a clause of manner answers the question in what way8 ,it is joined to what it modifies by the subordinate conjunction as1 as if1 or as though4 ,the simple adverb so may be used as a correlative of as4 #bhd4 ,the word like is never a subordinate conjunction1 hence it cannot properly be used for as or as if4 ,we should say1 8,walk as 7not like7 ,i do20 8,she walks as if she were tired 7not like she was tired740 ,like may be used as a preposition to introduce a phrase2 as1 8,elizabeth walks like him40 ,exercise #a4--;,fill the blank in each of these sentences with the proper word1 and explain your choice3-- #a4 ,mary sings ---- a bird4 #b4 ,it looks ---- it would rain4 #c4 ,the man speaks ---- he knew his subject4 #d4 ,march came in ---- a lion4 #e4 ,you knit just ---- my grandmother does4 #f4 ,the children ate ---- they were hungry4 #g4 ,can you dance ---- the gypsies do8 #h4 ,plant the seeds exactly ---- ,i told you to4 ,summary4--,an adverbial clause of time tells when a condition exists1 or when an action was performed4 ,an adverbial clause of place tells where a condition exists1 or where an action was performed4 ,an adverbial clause of manner tells in what way something was done4 ,the connectives when1 where1 and as are sometimes accompanied by the correlatives then1 there1 and so respectively4 ,exercise #b4--,select all the adverbial clauses in the following sentences4 ,tell what each clause denotes1 what it modifies1 and what its connective is4 ,study the punctuation of these sentences1 and make a rule for the punctuation of adverbial clauses3-- #a4 ,your bicycle is a stationary bit of iron and india rubber1 until you put your feet upon the pedals and use your mind to guide the wheel4 #b4 ,the old man sits as if he were carved in stone4 #c4 ,where the snowflakes fall thickest1 there nothing can freeze4 #d4 ,when mother awoke and saw the burglar1 she quietly ordered him to leave2 and only after she had pursued his obedient figure to the door did it occur to her that the proper thing to do was to scream4 #e4 ,where the peak leaned to the valley1 the trunk of a giant pine jutted forth slantingly from a roothold a little below the summit4 #f4 ,as we came up the harbor ,i had noticed that the houses were huddled together on an immense hill4 #g4 ,i have come to meet judges so wise and so grand ,that ,i shake in my shoes while they're shaking my hand4 #h4 ,she struck where the white and fleecy waves ,looked soft as carded wool4 #i4 ,whither thou goest1 ,i will go2 and where thou lodgest1 ,i will lodge4 #aj4 ,when the blackbird approached that side of the cage1 the goldfinch dashed away as though he feared his strange neighbor might come through4 #aa4 ,i love to hear thine earnest voice wherever thou art hid1 ,thou testy little dogmatist1 thou pretty ,katydid6 #ab4 ,at every little station a man popped out as if he were worked by machinery1 and waved a red flag1 and appeared as though he would like to have us stop4 #ac4 ,the little bandy-legged dogs had been trotting steadily for many an hour1 until their tongues hung out for want of breath4 #ad4 ,years had passed since that particular panther had strayed from his high fastnesses1 where game was plentiful and none dared poach on his preserves4 #ae4 ,i stood up and 8hollered0 with all my might1 as everybody does with oxen1 as if they were born deaf1 and whacked them with the long lash over the head1 just as the big folks did when they drove4 ,,lxxi4 ,,adverbial ,,clauses ,,of ,,cause1 ,,purpose1 ,,and ,,result #bhe4 ,one action or condition may cause some other action or condition1 and when we tell this1 we often make such a sentence as the following1 8,most caged birds are not happy1 because few of them are well cared for40 ,here the dependent proposition1 because few of them are well cared for is an adverbial clause of cause1 for it tells the cause of the fact in the principal clause1 or why most caged birds are not happy4 ,the adverbial clause of cause answers the question why8 or how do you know8 and is usually joined to the predicate that it modifies by the subordinate conjunction for1 because1 or since4 #bhf4 ,sometimes an action is performed in order that some other action or condition may come to pass4 ,we say then that the action is performed for a purpose1 and we express this purpose by means of an adverbial clause2 as1 8,leonardo da ,vinci would walk the whole length of ,milan that he might alter a single tint in his picture of the ,last ,supper40 ,here the clause that he might alter a single tint in his picture of the ,last ,supper tells the purpose that the artist had in walking the whole length of ,milan4 ,what does this clause modify8 ,what is it introduced by8 ,a clause of purpose answers the question what for8 ,it is usually joined to the predicate that it modifies by the subordinate conjunction that1 so that1 or in order that4 #bhg4 ,a clause of purpose tells an intention without saying that this intention ever really comes to pass4 ,but there is another clause which tells what really happens as an outcome of the action or condition in the principal clause4 ,this is called a clause of result2 for instance1 8,so porous is the limestone of the roads that in five minutes after a brisk shower one has no need of overshoes40 ,here the principal clause tells us that the roads are porous1 and the clause tells us what is the result1 or outcome1 of their being porous4 ,what is the clause in this sentence8 ,what does it modify8 ,what is it introduced by8 ,a clause of result answers the question what of it81 and is generally introduced by the subordinate conjunction that4 ,summary4--,a clause of cause tells what produces a certain act or condition4 ,a clause of purpose tells the intended consequence of some action4 ,a clause of result tells the real consequence of some action or condition4 ,exercise4--,select the adverbial clauses1 classify them1 giving your reason in each case1 tell what they modify1 and what they are joined by4 ,account for the punctuation4 #a4 ,i have explained thus carefully about my ,bird ,room because ,i do not approve of keeping wild birds in cages4 #b4 ,when ,chipee had eaten all she could1 she would quietly sit down in the seed dish so that ,chip couldn't get any4 #c4 ,of course this bird could not be set free1 for he did not know how to take care of himself4 #d4 ,one little nugget of purest gold the surveyor carefully preserved1 that it might one day become a wedding ring for the gray-eyed girl in ,maine4 #e4 ,had his nerves grown so sensitive that the staring of a chipmunk or a rabbit had power to break his sleep8 #f4 ,so strong was ,polly's liking for green peas that the sight of raw peas made her wild till some were given to her4 #g4 ,master ,fox said to the ,crow1 8,sing but one song to me1 that ,i may greet you as the ,queen of ,birds40 #h4 ,it is very convenient to be a reasonable creature1 since it enables you to find or make a reason for everything you have a mind to do4 #i4 ,rebecca left the screen door ajar1 so that flies came in4 #aj4 ,rolf was called the ,goer because he had such long legs that when he mounted one of the little ,norwegian horses1 his feet touched the ground4 #aa4 ,dikes are built that the spread and flow of the water may be regulated1 and the land protected from destructive floods4 #ab4 ,the sun burned down so fiercely that the people were fainting in its rays2 it seemed as if they must die of heat1 and yet they were obliged to go on with their work1 for they were very poor4 #ac4 ,then the people ran as only hill folk can run1 for they knew that in a landslip you must climb for the highest ground across the valley4 #ad4 ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget1 lest we forget6 #ae4 ,i go to prepare a place for you1 that where ,i am there ye may be also4 ,,lxxii4 ,,adverbial ,,clauses ,,of ,,condition ,,and ,,concession #bhh4 ,very often an action cannot take place except under a certain condition1 and this condition is often expressed in a dependent clause2 as in the sentence1 8,a man can buy a vote only if some other man is willing to sell a vote40 ,here the one condition under which a man can buy a vote is told in the adverbial clause1 if some other man is willing to sell a vote4 ,this is called a clause of condition4 ,it is generally introduced by if1 unless 7which means if not71 provided1 or providing4 ,in the illustration what does the clause modify8 ,what is the use of only8 #bhi4 ,sometimes an action takes place in spite of something else1 and we tell this in such a sentence as the following1 8,though ,he slay me1 yet will ,i trust ,him40 ,here the fact that ,i trust ,him is true in spite of the fact that ,he may slay me4 ,such a clause as though ,he slay me is called a clause of concession1 for it concedes1 or grants1 something that seems to be in direct opposition to what is in the principal clause4 ,what does it modify8 ,what can you say of the word yet8 ,a clause of concession is generally joined by the subordinate conjunction though1 or by some such word as notwithstanding1 or even if1 which means though4 ,sometimes though has a correlative1 the word yet1 still1 or nevertheless used at the beginning of the principal clause4 ,summary4--,a clause of condition answers the question provided what8 ,it tells the circumstance under which the principal statement is true4 ,a clause of concession answers the question in spite of what8 ,it tells the circumstance in spite of which the principal statement is true4 ,exercise4--,select all adverbial clauses4 ,tell what each clause denotes1 what it modifies1 what it is joined by4 ,account for the punctuation4 #a4 ,if your everyday language is not fit for a letter or for print1 it is not fit for talk4 #b4 ,in ,bermuda1 if you are in want of some choice cologne1 do not fail to ask for it at the nearest shoe shop4 #c4 ,though delicate in his tastes1 an elephant likes quantity as well as quality1 and at his meals makes nothing of bales of hay and gallons of water4 #d4 ,though the weeping willow and the mountain ash could not endure the cold northeast storms1 yet the sturdy elms grew apace and soon spread their branches far4 #e4 ,half the pleasure in going out to murder another man with a gun would be wanting1 if one did not wear feathers1 and gold lace1 and stripes on his pantaloons4 #f4 ,there is something queer about thoughts2 you cannot have a good time with them if you have done anything naughty4 #g4 ,though watery deserts hold apart the worlds of ,east and ,west1 ,still beats the selfsame human heart in each proud ,nation's breast4 #h4 ,if our forefathers had not chosen to emigrate to ,america1 we should now be ,english people ourselves4 #i4 ,rebecca was so slender and so stiffly starched that she slid from space to space on the leather cushions1 though she braced herself against the middle seat with her feet1 and extended her cotton-gloved hands on each side4 #aj4 ,if the men were so wicked1 ,i'll ask my papa ,how he dared to propose to my darling mamma4 ,was he like the rest of them8 ,goodness6 ,who knows8 ,and what should ,i say if a wretch should propose8 #aa4 ,though he looked like a bird1 he behaved like a monkey4 #ab4 ,though the mills of ,god grind slowly1 yet they grind exceeding small1 ,though with patience he stands waiting1 with exactness grinds he all4 #ac4 ,if the scythes cut well and swing merrily1 it is due to the boy who turned the grindstone4 #ad4 ,if a man write little1 he had need have a great memory2 if he confer little1 he had need have a present wit2 and if he read little1 he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not4 #ae4 ,men must work and women must weep4 ,though storms be sudden and waters deep4 ,and the harbor bar be moaning4 ,account for the mode of the verb in each dependent clause in the preceding sentences4 ,,lxxiii4 ,,adverbial ,,clauses ,,of ,,comparison #bij4 ,often we are not satisfied to say1 8,cousin ,john is good40 ,we wish to tell how good he is1 and a common way of doing this is by means of a comparison4 ,we say1 8,cousin ,john is as good as gold40 ,here the group of words as gold is a clause with the word is omitted4 ,it is called a clause of comparison4 ,it denotes an equality between ,john's goodness and that of gold4 ,since this clause answers the question how good8 it must modify the adjective good4 ,what is the introductory word of the clause of comparison8 #bia4 ,sometimes we compare two things and yet denote an inequality between them2 as in the sentence1 8,the river is bluer than the sky40 ,here the clause of comparison is introduced by the subordinating conjunction than4 ,it modifies the word bluer4 ,we know this because it is the word bluer that needs the clause1 and without the word bluer the clause would not be in the sentence at all4 ,notice that a clause of equality modifies an adjective in the positive degree1 while a clause of inequality modifies an adjective in the comparative degree4 #bib4 ,a clause of comparison may modify an adverb as well as an adjective1 as in these sentences3-- ,the old man moved as slowly as a cloud4 ,more swiftly than eagles1 his coursers they flew4 ,,note4--,the adverb rather is seldom used without being modified by a clause of comparison2 as1 8,henry ,clay said that he would rather be right than be president40 ,when we supply the words understood1 the clause reads1 than he would be president4 ,complete the clauses in the following sentences3-- ,some people would rather have money than brains4 ,i should rather earn a college education than go without it4 ,a wise ,american would rather go to ,yellowstone ,park than to ,switzerland4 ,summary4--,a clause of comparison tells the degree of some quality or quantity by pointing out a likeness or a difference4 ,a clause of comparison pointing out a likeness is introduced by as1 and modifies an adjective or an adverb in the positive degree4 ,a clause of comparison pointing out a difference is introduced by than1 and modifies an adjective or an adverb in the comparative degree4 ,a clause of comparison is seldom completely expressed4 ,exercise4--,select all the clauses of comparison4 ,tell what they denote1 what they modify1 and what they are introduced by4 #a4 ,sitting up on the driver's high seat is almost as good as climbing the meeting-house steeple4 #b4 ,the muscles of his brawny arms ,are strong as iron bands4 #c4 ,the loons could dive quicker than the eagle could swoop and strike4 #d4 ,gertrude was prouder than ever when the president of the college said1 8,your mother is handsomer than you will ever be1 young lady40 #e4 ,the hearts that were thumping like ships on the rocks ,beat as quiet and steady as meeting-house clocks4 #f4 ,truth is stranger than fiction4 #g4 ,i had rather have a fool to make me merry than experience to make me sad4 #h4 ,blue were her eyes as the fairy flax1 ,her cheeks like the dawn of day1 ,her bosom white as the hawthorn buds1 ,that ope in the month of ,may4 #i4 ,one syllable of woman's speech can dissolve more love than a man's heart can hold4 #aj4 ,i am nearer my home to-day ,than ,i ever have been before4 #aa4 ,whiter than snow were his locks1 and his cheeks were as brown as the oak leaves4 #ab4 ,a steed as black as the steeds of night ,was seen to pass as with eagle flight4 #ac4 ,weeds are sure to grow quicker in my garden than anywhere else4 #ad4 ,dark as winter was the flow ,of ,iser rolling rapidly4 #ae4 ,i should rather see the friezes of the ,parthenon molder to dust under the blue veil of the ,grecian atmosphere than have them preserved in the grand halls of the ,british ,museum4 #af4 ,the huge body of the elephant needs less sleep than anything else that lives4 #bic4 ,since the predicate is usually omitted in clauses of comparison1 it follows that these clauses often consist of only two words2 as1 8,i am as old as ,mary40 8,i am older than ,mary40 ,one of these words is the connective1 and the other is often the subject of the clause4 ,when the subject is a pronoun1 we must be careful to use the nominative form4 ,we should say1 8,are you older than ,i8 than he8 than she80 ,exercise #a4--;,fill the blank in each of these sentences4 ,then supply the words omitted1 and thus show that you have chosen the right pronouns3-- #a4 ,our parents are wiser than 7we or us74 #b4 ,you are not always so careful as 7she or her74 #c4 ,who knows the day better than 7me or ,i78 #d4 ,what6 ,you are stronger than 7who or whom78 #e4 ,the ,preston girls were just as friendly as 7me or ,i74 #f4 ,no man could be more faithful than 7him or he74 #g4 ,who stands higher in this city than 7they or them74 #h4 ,are you older or younger than 7her or she78 #i4 ,well1 perhaps ,i am not so polite as 7he or him74 #aj4 ,our geese are whiter than 7them or they74 ,exercise #b4--;,justify the case of the italicized pronoun in each of these sentences3-- #a4 ,jessie likes ,julia as well as me4 #b4 ,i found her brother more easily than her4 #c4 ,i expect an angel sooner than them4 ,,lxxiv4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,sentences #bid4 ,we are ready now to analyze sentences containing adverbial clauses4 ,in analyzing such sentences we should state as soon as we come to an adverbial clause1 7#a7 what it denotes and 7#b7 what part of speech its introductory word is4 ,we should not analyze any dependent clause in detail1 however1 until we have completed our analysis of the principal clause4 ,,model4--,the lion fixed his great hind claws in the softer skin of the crocodile's throat1 and ripped it open as one would rip a glove4 ,this is a complex1 declarative sentence4 ,the subject is the lion4 ,the predicate is fixed his great hind claws in the softer skin of the crocodile's throat1 and ripped it open as one would rip a glove4 ,the predicate is compound1 the two parts being joined by the conjunction and4 ,the first predicate verb is fixed4 ,it is completed by the direct object his great hind claws1 and then modified by the prepositional phrase in the softer skin of the crocodile's throat4 ,the base word of the object is claws2 it is modified by the adjectives hind and great1 and by the possessive pronoun his4 ,the base word of the object of the preposition in is skin4 ,it is modified by the adjectives softer and the1 and by the prepositional phrase of the crocodile's throat4 ,the base word of the object of the preposition of is throat2 it is modified by the possessive noun crocodile's1 which is modified by the adjective the4 ,the second predicate verb is ripped4 ,it is completed by the direct object it and the objective complement open1 and then modified by the adverbial clause of manner as one would rip a glove1 which is introduced by the subordinate conjunction as4 ,the subject of this clause is the adjective pronoun one4 ,the predicate is would rip a glove4 ,the predicate verb is would rip4 ,it is completed by the direct object a glove4 ,exercise4--,analyze the following sentences4 ,when you write the analysis of a sentence1 use abbreviations1 and instead of writing out a group of words in full1 as is done in the model1 write only the first and last words of the group with a dash between them4 ,be sure to underline all words quoted from the sentence4 #a4 ,he looks the whole world in the face1 ,for he owes not any man4 #b4 ,the young lion was growing so fast that the milk of three goats was scarcely sufficient for him4 #c4 ,when the glorious sun is set1 ,when the grass with dew is wet1 ,then you show your little light4 #d4 ,when ,charles was studying shorthand1 his mother read sermons to him for an hour every morning1 so that he might have practice in the writing of long words4 #e4 ,if you save the pennies1 the dollars will take care of themselves4 #f4 ,where the purple violet grows1 ,where the bubbling water flows1 ,where the grass is fresh and fine1 ,pretty cow1 go there and dine4 #g4 ,tommy1 though he was getting a big boy1 retained some of the habits of a baby4 #h4 ,i was sitting on the top rail of the front fence1 when a party of gypsies went by on their way to a camp4 #i4 ,the day is done1 and the darkness ,falls from the wings of night1 ,as a feather is wafted downward ,from an eagle in his flight4 #aj4 ,whenever you see many drones1 you will find plenty of young bees4 #aa4 ,after the robins have pinched and shaken all the life out of an earthworm1 as ,italian cooks pound all the spirit out of a steak1 and then gulped him1 they stand up in honest self-confidence1 expand their red waistcoats with a virtuous air1 and outface you with their bold calm eyes4 #ab4 ,moti ,guj1 the elephant1 never trampled the life out of his master ,deesa1 for1 after the beating was over1 ,deesa would embrace his trunk1 and call him his love and his life and the liver of his soul1 and give him some liquor4 #ac4 ,if imitation be the sincerest form of flattery1 the mischief of the monkey should be regarded more leniently4 #ad4 ,i liked dolls well enough1 though my assortment was not a choice one4 #ae4 ,her nails were so hard that they would yield to the scissors only after a day's soaking in hot soapsuds4 #af4 ,his words were shed softer than leaves from the pine1 ,and they fell on ,sir ,launfal as snows on the brine4 ,,lxxv4 ,,adjective ,,clauses #bie4 ,we learned in ,lesson ,,xx that a dependent clause often has the use of an adjective1 that is1 it modifies a noun2 as in the sentence1 8,this is the house that ,jack built40 ,such a clause as that ,jack built is called an adjective clause4 ,why8 #bif4 ,an adjective clause may be used for two different purposes4 7#a7 ,it may serve to point out a particular person1 place1 or thing2 as1 8,this is the maiden all forlorn that milked the cow with the crumpled horn40 ,here the clause tells what particular maiden is meant4 ,a clause of this sort is called a restrictive clause1 because it limits1 or restricts1 the application of the word it modifies4 7#b7 ,an adjective clause may serve merely to bring in a new thought1 something that is worth telling1 of course1 but still not necessary to the truth of the sentence2 as1 8,my father had ten cows1 which ,i had to escort to and from pasture night and morning40 ,this clause does not tell what particular cows my father had1 but merely tells an additional fact about them4 ,such a clause as this is called an unrestrictive clause4 ,it is set off by a comma4 #big4 ,a restrictive clause is usually necessary to the truth of a sentence2 as1 8,a city that is set on a hill cannot be hid10 8,a prince that is a tyrant is unfit to rule40 ,to find out whether a clause is restrictive or not1 determine first what word it modifies2 then ask yourself the question1 ,did the author put this clause into the sentence to point out a particular object8 ,could such a term as ,the ,declaration of ,independence1 my mother's father1 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 the planet ,mars1 or ,boston be modified by a restrictive adjective clause8 ,summary4--,an adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun4 ,a restrictive adjective clause is one that points out a particular person1 place1 or thing4 ,a restrictive clause is not set off by commas4 ,an unrestrictive adjective clause is one that merely adds a new thought to the sentence4 ,an unrestrictive clause is set off by a comma4 ,exercise #a4--,select the adjective clauses4 ,tell what they modify4 ,then find out whether they are restrictive or not1 and why4 ,,note4--,always test an adjective clause first to find out whether it is restrictive4 ,if you decide that it is not restrictive1 then it must be unrestrictive4 #a4 ,charley ,marden1 whose father had promised to cane him if he ever set foot on sail or row boat1 came down to the wharf in a sour-grape humor to see us off4 #b4 ,a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant use4 #c4 ,from one corner of ,st4 ,paul's churchyard runs the lively street called ,cheapside1 from which ,john ,gilpin started on his famous ride4 #d4 ,the reason why the women and children slept upon the floor was their fear lest the ,indians should fire through the windows and kill them in their beds4 #e4 ,the king whose despotic power was felt over the entire extent of the cattle range was an old gray wolf4 #f4 ,the monks who put peas in their shoes as a penance do not suffer more than the country boy in his penitential ,sunday shoes4 #g4 ,there is a girl in the carriage1 who looks out at ,john1 who is suddenly aware that his trousers are patched on each knee and in two places behind4 #h4 ,he could see the pale and naked trunk of a pine tree1 which the lightning had shattered4 #i4 ,the night that was so favorable to the wild rabbits was favorable also to the fox1 the wildcat1 and the weasel4 #aj4 ,the only days that ,i can remember in ,yonkers were hot4 #aa4 ,all things that are on earth shall wholly pass away1 ,except the love of ,god1 which shall live and last for aye4 #ab4 ,sleek1 unwieldy porkers were grunting in the repose and abundance of their pens1 whence sallied forth1 now and then1 troops of sucking pigs1 as if to snuff the air4 ,exercise #b4--,write sentences containing restrictive adjective clauses pointing out a certain river1 a certain boy1 a certain bridge1 a certain house1 a certain day4 ,write sentences containing unrestrictive clauses that tell something about the moon1 the ,president of the ,united ,states1 ,salt ,lake ,city1 the ,sistine ,madonna1 the ,eiffel ,tower4 ,write sentences containing adjective clauses introduced by the conjunctive adverbs when1 where1 and why4 7,see ,lesson ,,lxvi47 ,tell whether your clauses are restrictive or unrestrictive4 ,,lxxvi4 ,,relative ,,pronouns #bih4 ,just as an adverbial clause is joined to what it modifies by a conjunctive adverb or a subordinate conjunction1 so an adjective clause must be joined to the noun it modifies by some connecting word4 ,in ,lesson ,,lxvi it was shown that this word may be a conjunctive adverb1 as in the sentence1 8,i can never forget the night when ,i first heard the whippoorwill sing40 ,what is the clause here8 ,what does it modify8 ,how is it joined to the word that it modifies8 #bii4 ,most adjective clauses are introduced by some other word than a conjunctive adverb4 ,in the sentence1 8,the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world10 the adjective clause that rocks the cradle is joined to the noun hand1 which it modifies1 by the word that4 ,this word is used as subject of the verb rocks1 and really means hand4 ,since it takes the place of a noun1 it is a pronoun2 and since this noun1 or antecedent1 precedes the pronoun1 we say that the pronoun relates to its antecedent1 and we call it a relative pronoun4 #cjj4 ,the relative pronouns that introduce adjective clauses are who1 which1 and that4 ,who has three case forms3 nominative1 who2 possessive1 whose2 objective1 whom4 ,which has the possessive form whose2 that has no possessive form4 ,which and that do not change their form for the objective case4 #cja4 ,a relative pronoun always has a use in the adjective clause that it introduces4 ,this is the same use that the antecedent would have if it were used in place of the pronoun4 ,the four common uses are3-- 7#a7 ,subject of a verb2 as1 8,he who fights and runs away may live to fight another day40 7#b7 ,object of a verb2 as1 8,this is the day that the ,lord hath made40 7#c7 ,object of a preposition2 as1 8,i saw the room in which ,shakespeare was born40 ,,note4--,sometimes the pronoun comes before the preposition2 as1 8,the buggy that we rode in was low and light40 7#d7 ,possessive modifier2 as1 8,any boy whose memory is good can learn a history lesson40 #cjb4 ,the relative pronoun that introduces only restrictive adjective clauses4 ,the pronouns who1 whose1 whom1 and which may introduce either restrictive or unrestrictive clauses4 #cjc4 ,who has for its antecedent the name of some person2 which has for its antecedent the name of some thing4 ,the antecedent of that may be the name of a person or a thing4 #cjd4 ,the word but may be used as a relative pronoun as a substitute for the two words that not4 ,instead of saying1 8,there is no day that has not an end10 we may say1 8,there is no day but has an end40 ,this is a better sentence than the first because it contains only one negative word4 #cje4 ,the word as may be used as a relative pronoun following the words such1 same1 or as many4 ,we say1-- ,i like such flowers as you sent me4 ,your dress is the same color as mine4 ,i will take as many apples as will fill this basket4 ,i want such a chair as you are sitting in now4 ,in each of the sentences above1 what is the use of the relative pronoun as in the clause that it introduces8 ,summary4--,a relative pronoun is one that refers to a preceding noun or pronoun1 and joins to it an adjective clause4 ,the relative pronouns that introduce adjective clauses are who1 which1 and that4 ,as and but are sometimes used as relative pronouns4 #cjf4 ,when we parse a relative pronoun we tell1-- 7#a7 ,its antecedent4 7#b7 ,what adjective clause it joins to its antecedent4 7#c7 ,its case4 7#d7 ,its use in the adjective clause4 ,exercise #a4--,parse all the relative pronouns in the following sentences3-- #a4 ,in came the six young followers whose hearts the ,misses ,fezziwig broke4 #b4 ,there were the wide sweeps of forest through which the winter tempests howled1 upon which hung the haze of summer heat1 over which the great shadows of summer clouds traveled4 #c4 ,susie was a well-behaved child1 who took care of her clothes and played quiet games4 #d4 ,and now the dandelion is a pest--the same yellow dandelion with its long1 bitter1 milky stem that we children sought for in the shady fence corners to make into spiral curls4 #e4 ,buffers had a small moustache1 which he fostered much1 and a cane with which he was not yet very familiar4 #f4 ,she bade me good-by as if ,i were a friend of her family whom she would gladly meet again4 #g4 ,there is only one bird that terrifies the crow1 and that is the owl4 #h4 ,solomon ,john proposed that they should open the window1 a thing which ,agamemnon could easily do with his long arms4 #i4 ,there was one lady whose conversation at the best of times made my mother sleepy4 #aj4 ,the two men shared those mysterious rites of smoking and shaving and discussing stocks which occupy men when they are left to themselves4 #aa4 ,the turkey cock1 who had been born into the world with spurs1 and thought he was a king1 puffed himself out like a ship with full sails1 and flew at the duckling4 #ab4 ,in a few moments ,ned arrived at a small open glade in the middle of the forest1 in which1 to his horror1 he saw a lion upon the body of a man1 whom he seized by the throat1 while ,nero stood within a few yards1 baying him furiously4 #ac4 ,he lives longest who does most4 ,exercise #b4--;,analyze the following sentences3-- #a4 ,no time is like the old time when you and ,i were young1 ,when the buds of ,april blossomed1 and the birds of spring-time sung4 #b4 ,no place is like the old place1 where you and ,i were born1 ,where we lifted first our eyelids on the splendor of the morn4 #c4 ,no friend is like the old friend1 who has shared our morning days4 #d4 ,at the teachers' meeting1 which she regularly attended with her mother1 ,gertrude saw the pale-faced little lady whom the children called a 8,grahamite40 #e4 ,the old broken gate which a gentleman would not tolerate an hour upon his grounds is a great beauty in the picture which hangs in his parlor4 #f4 ,often the road passes between lofty walls of solid rock1 from the crevices of which all lovely growths are springing4 #g4 ,read from some humbler poet1 ,whose songs gushed from his heart1 ,as rain from the clouds in summer1 ,or tears from the eyelids start4 #h4 ,michel was a vivacious1 lean little ,frenchman1 who fulfilled the duties of a chambermaid very adroitly4 #i4 ,the first thing that my pet starling imitated was the rumbling of carts and carriages on the street4 #aj4 ,in one corner of the fireplace sat a superannuated crony1 whom the sexton called ,john ,ange1 and who had been his companion from childhood4 #aa4 ,the good ship ,humber is taking home a regiment whose term of service has expired4 #ab4 ,madame took for breakfast two fresh eggs1 which her two hens laid for her every morning with the perfect regularity that is the politeness of all well-bred poultry4 #ac4 ,the boy stood on the burning deck1 ,whence all but him had fled4 #ad4 ,lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven1 where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt1 and where thieves do not break through and steal4 #ae4 ,sycamore ,ridge might have been one of the dreary villages that dot the wind-swept plain to-day1 instead of the bright1 prosperous elm-shaded town that it is4 ,,lxxvii4 ,,noun ,,clauses #cjg4 ,we have seen that a dependent clause may have the use of an adverb or of an adjective4 ,it may also have another use1 as may be seen in the sentence1 8,whatever ,midas touched with his finger immediately glistened and grew yellow40 ,if we ask the question1 ,what glistened and grew yellow8 we get the answer1 ,whatever ,midas touched with his finger2 hence this group of words must be the subject4 ,but this group is a clause1 for it contains the subject ,midas and the verb touched4 ,a clause used as the subject of a predicate is used like a noun1 hence we call it a noun clause4 #cjh4 ,the noun clause has several other uses of a noun besides that of subject4 ,it may be1-- 7#a7 ,object of a verb2 as1 8,i think that life would be very dull without meals40 7#b7 ,subjective complement2 as1 8,the sad part of this tale is that the trouble was not with poor little ,quackalina's eyes at all40 7#c7 ,in apposition2 as1 8,he had a theory that the big horned owl might be tamed40 ,here the clause explains the noun theory telling exactly what the theory is4 ,this may seem at first like an adjective clause1 but there is a clear difference4 ,we can make a sentence by putting the verb is between the noun theory and the clause4 ,this shows that the two are identical1 but we cannot do this with the noun theory and an adjective clause1 as in this sentence1 8,i do not believe in the theory that he sets forth in his book40 7#d7 ,object of a preposition2 as1 8,aladdin's mother listened with surprise to what her son told her40 ,if you ask the question1 listened to what8 you get the answer1 what her son told her4 ,therefore1 the group of words what her son told her1 which is a dependent proposition1 must be the object of the preposition to4 7#e7 ,some adjectives1 like anxious1 aware1 careful1 certain1 glad1 hopeful1 sorry1 and sure1 especially when used as subjective complements1 are modified by noun clauses that take the place of adverbial prepositional phrases4 ,we may say1-- ,i am sure of his election4 ,i am sure that he will be elected4 ,in the first sentence the adjective sure is modified by the phrase of his election4 ,in the second sentence the adjective sure is modified by the noun clause that he will be elected1 which answers the question sure of what8 ,this may be called the adverbial use of the noun clause4 #cji4 ,often1 when a noun clause is used as subject1 it is placed after the predicate1 and the sentence begins with the word it2 as1 8,it is curious that almost every nation on earth has some particular traditions regarding the dog40 ,if we ask the question1 what is curious8 the answer is not it1 for that tells nothing1 but the clause4 ,the word it is called an anticipative subject1 because it comes before the real subject1 and signifies also to the reader that the real subject may be expected after the predicate4 #caj4 ,the tense of the verb in a noun clause is determined partly by the meaning of the sentence and partly by the tense of the verb in the independent clause4 ,what is the meaning of each of the following sentences1 and what is the tense of each verb8 ,i understand that he builds bridges4 ,i understand that he will build the bridge4 ,i understand that he has built the bridge4 ,i understood that he builds bridges4 ,i understood that he would build the bridge4 ,i understood that he had built the bridge4 ,summary4--,a noun clause is a dependent clause having the use of a noun4 ,the noun clause may be used adverbially to modify certain adjectives4 ,the word it may be used as an anticipative subject to throw the real subject1 a noun clause1 after the verb4 ,exercise #a4--,select all the noun clauses1 and explain the use of each4 #a4 ,just then a shout from the boys' tent proclaimed that the twins were awake4 #b4 ,there were two summer houses at one end of what we called a park4 #c4 ,the probability is very great that the ,vikings did land on our coast4 #d4 ,what made the little silver teapot so alluring was that it held just enough for two4 #e4 ,be careful how you handle my razor4 #f4 ,it so happened that one of his neighbors had two very beautiful daughters4 #g4 ,i discovered that the world was not created exclusively on my account4 #h4 ,mr4 ,cobb had a feeling that he was being hurried from peak to peak of a mountain range without time to take a good breath in between4 #i4 ,that supply follows demand is a sure rule of political economy4 #aj4 ,the truth is that my dancing days are over4 #aa4 ,in choosing words it is to be remembered that there is not a really poor one in any language4 #ab4 ,are you aware that ,phio has gone to the hospital8 #ac4 ,on the very day of his inauguration ,jefferson took a step toward what he called simplicity1 and what his opponents thought vulgarity4 #ad4 ,i knew that ,i was born at the ,north1 but ,i hoped that nobody in ,new ,orleans would find it out4 #ae4 ,the ,austrian commander noticed this peculiarity about the firing1--that every shot seemed to come from the same place4 #af4 ,that the monkeys had stolen the snuffbox was obvious1 for both of them were seized with convulsions of sneezing4 #ag4 ,i am glad that you are going to talk on the peace movement4 #ah4 ,the disadvantage of being a boy is that it does not last long enough4 #ai4 ,we are all sorry that some days never come but once4 ,exercise #b4--;,justify the tense of the verb in the noun clause in each of these sentences-- ,i know that fever produces thirst4 ,i knew that tennis is a healthful sport4 ,i know that the lake will freeze to-night4 ,i knew that the lake would freeze last night4 ,i know that my turn comes next4 ,i knew that my turn came next4 ,i know that she has heard the news4 ,i knew that she had heard the news4 ,,lxxviii4 ,,introductory ,,words ,,of ,,noun ,,clauses #caa4 ,we have learned that adjective clauses and adverbial clauses are joined to what they modify by some connective4 ,this word also serves to show that the clause it introduces is not independent but dependent4 ,the noun clause also is introduced by some connecting word4 ,in the sentence1 8,that you have wronged me doth appear in this10 the first word that could be placed nowhere in the clause except at the beginning1 and it reveals at once that the clause it introduces is dependent4 #cab4 ,the introductory word of a noun clause may be several parts of speech3 7#a7 ,the subordinating conjunctions if1 that1 and whether4 ,go and see if your father is coming home4 ,i believe that all men are created free and equal4 ,i do not know whether ,mary is a suffragist or a suffragette4 ,often the connective that is omitted2 as1 8,you said you were coming home early10 8,david thought ,dora was an angel40 7#b7 ,the interrogative pronouns who1 whose1 whom1 which1 what4 ,nobody knows who first wrote the story of little ,red ,riding ,hood4 ,can you tell whose picture this is8 ,we cannot tell whom the baby looks like4 ,have you heard which came out ahead8 ,tell me what you like1 and ,i will tell you what you are4 ,in sentences of this sort the interrogative pronoun is not used in a direct question1 but always when a noun clause is introduced by an interrogative pronoun there is an indirect1 or implied question4 ,make a direct question out of each of the noun clauses above4 ,the interrogative pronoun always has a use in the noun clause that it introduces1 just as the relative pronoun has a use in the adjective clause4 ,what is the use of each interrogative pronoun in the preceding sentences8 7#c7 ,the relative pronoun what4 ,this pronoun is always equivalent to the two words that which1 and there is no question implied in a noun clause introduced by this pronoun4 ,what ,martha told me about the will did not surprise me4 ,getting dinner is what takes most of my time4 7#d7 ,the indefinite pronouns whoever1 whichever1 whatever1 etc4 ,whoever came was made welcome4 ,take whichever you like4 ,whatever is1 is right4 ,what is the use of each noun clause in these sentences8 ,what is the use in the clause of each indefinite pronoun8 7#e7 ,the conjunctive adverbs when1 where1 why1 how1 whither1 etc4 ,do you know when the steamer sails8 ,i cannot remember where ,i put my spectacles4 ,can you tell why he never wears a muffler8 ,i never understood how the purse was returned4 ,it is strange how the memory clings to some things4 ,who knows whither the clouds have fled8 ,the adverb introducing a noun clause modifies some word within the clause1 usually the verb4 ,summary4--,the noun clause may be introduced by 7#a7 a subordinate conjunction1 7#b7 an interrogative pronoun1 7#c7 the relative pronoun what1 7#d7 an indefinite pronoun1 7#e7 a conjunctive adverb4 ,exercise4--,select all the noun clauses1 and tell the use of each in the sentence4 ,tell the introductory word of each clause1 and its use in the clause4 #a4 ,what disgusted them still more was that ,bluebeard had already been married several times1 and no one knew what had become of his wives4 #b4 ,ernest was always ready to believe in whatever seemed beautiful and good4 #c4 ,we asked the boatman why he did not speak ,gaelic to his dog as well as to his family4 #d4 ,whoever has been hypnotized by a book agent will understand how mother felt about the spectacles that she bought and could not wear4 #e4 ,i wonder if ,burbank ever really produced a deodorized onion4 #f4 ,shakespeare's chair stands in the chimney nook of a small gloomy chamber1 just behind what was his father's shop4 #g4 ,whatever was iron or brass in other houses was silver or gold in this4 #h4 ,the apothecary listened as calmly as he could to the story of how ,mrs4 ,peterkin had put salt in her coffee4 #i4 ,the lady from ,philadelphia asked where the milk was kept4 #aj4 ,fortunately1 what ,god expects of us is not the best1 but our best4 #aa4 ,why this spot was selected for a mansion was always a mystery1 unless it was that the newcomer desired to isolate himself completely4 #ab4 ,whether the ,indians were not early risers1 or whether they were away just then on a warpath ,i couldn't determine4 #ac4 ,what passes for laziness in a boy is very often an unwillingness to farm in a particular way4 #ad4 ,the direction of a man's life follows the unseen influence of what he admires and loves and believes in4 #ae4 ,her only noteworthy achievement was that she had named her twin sons ,marquis de ,lafayette ,randall and ,lorenzo de ,medici ,randall4 #af4 ,i wonder who could describe those wonderful coral gardens on which we gazed through twenty fathoms of crystal water4 ,,lxxix4 ,,review ,,of ,,clauses #cac4 ,we have learned that clauses may be independent or dependent2 that dependent clauses may be used like nouns1 adjectives1 or adverbs2 that adjective clauses may be restrictive or unrestrictive2 that adverbial clauses may denote various circumstances1 such as time1 place1 manner1 etc42 that dependent clauses are introduced by some word that indicates their dependence4 ,exercise #a4--,study again ,lessons ,,xviii1 ,,xx1 ,,lxvi-,,lxxviii1 and then make an outline of the subject1 ,clauses1 having for your main topics1-- 7#a7 ,classification4 7#b7 ,introductory word4 7#c7 ,use4 ,make a good original sentence to illustrate each point4 ,exercise #b4--;,analyze the following sentences3-- #a4 ,though ,diana looked very old1 she looked exactly the same during all the years in which ,i knew her2 and ,aunt ,maria1 who had known her all her life1 said that she had never looked any younger4 #b4 ,the only difference between the sisters was that while ,miranda only wondered how they could endure ,rebecca1 ,jane had flashes of inspiration in which she wondered how ,rebecca would endure them4 #c4 ,whether the pigeons dropped exhausted on some ship and were helped across the ocean1 or whether some storm at sea swept them away forever1 no one ever knew4 #d4 ,did mother know who brought the scarlet-runner seeds from ,whittier's birthplace8 #e4 ,i never quite understood why a girl who climbed trees1 clung to the tail end of carts1 and otherwise deported herself as a well-conditioned girl should not1 was called a tomboy4 #f4 ,the boy remembers how his mother's anxiety was divided between the set of his turn-over collar1 the parting of his hair1 and his memory of the ,sunday-school verses4 #g4 ,most people think that the best thing they can give to a caged bird is his liberty4 #h4 ,the horrible thought came coldly over me that the tiger was keeping me company until a good chance offered for a spring4 #i4 ,possibly the reason why monkeys have been so little on the stage is that their appearance there would emphasize too strongly the striking similarity between man and monkey4 #aj4 ,an elephant who will not work and is not tied up is about as manageable as an eighty-one ton gun in a heavy seaway4 #aa4 ,nothing cleverer than was ,moufflou had ever walked upon four legs4 #ab4 ,the truth is that boys have always been so plenty that they are not half appreciated4 #ac4 ,the professor was so pleased with his witticism that ,i was let off without even a scolding4 #ad4 ,those ,indian nations who still preserve their ancient mode of life1 have dogs which bear a strong resemblance to wolves4 #ae4 ,the partridge remembered the time when the chickadees had seemed such big1 important creatures4 ,criticize the use of between in sentence #f4 ,,lxxx4 ,,review ,,of ,,pronouns #cad4 ,we have learned that pronouns may be classified as follows3-- 7#a7 ,personal pronouns4 7#b7 ,compound personal pronouns4 7#c7 ,interrogative pronouns4 7#d7 ,adjective pronouns4 7#e7 ,relative pronouns4 7#f7 ,indefinite pronouns4 ,exercise #a4--,study again ,lessons ,v1 ,,xxxix-,,xliii1 ,,xlviii1 ,,lxxvi1 ,,lxxviii1 and then be prepared to explain each class of pronoun1 and to tell the various uses of each class4 ,illustrate each point with an original sentence or with one that you yourself have found in some book4 ,exercise #b4--,parse all the pronouns in the following sentences4 ,if there is anything peculiar in the use of any pronoun1 comment upon it4 7,see pp4 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #abb1 #aig47 #a4 ,what was the ,great ,stone ,face8 #b4 ,to make a quarrel needs1 indeed1 two2 but to make peace needs only one4 #c4 ,when the swarm comes out1 it consists of both old and young bees1 and1 indeed1 some say that the old queen leads them1 and the young one takes her vacant throne4 #d4 ,we could easily surmise who the ,halloween rascals were1 but what was the terrifying apparatus they applied to our window panes we could not imagine4 #e4 ,all of this is mine and thine4 #f4 ,attracted by the smell either of the newly killed waterbuck or of ourselves1 the hungry lions were storming our position4 #g4 ,oh1 give me my lowly thatched cottage again4 #h4 ,the interior of ,st4 ,paul's is just what one would expect after viewing the outside4 ,a maze of grand arches on every side encompasses the dome1 which you gaze up at as at the sky2 and from every pillar and wall look down the marble forms of the dead4 #i4 ,by the wholesome law of the prairie1 he who falls asleep on guard is condemned to walk all day4 #aj4 ,who has sight so keen and strong ,that it can follow the flight of song8 #aa4 ,the schoolhouse was a high brick building1 and the yard itself was made of brick4 #ab4 ,the ,eskimo dogs are of great use to their masters in discovering by the scent the winter retreats which the bears make under the snow4 #ac4 ,the ,taj ,mahal is a ,mohammedan tomb1 the tomb of the favorite wife of an ,indian ,mogul4 ,it is her tomb1 and also his own1 for he lies beside her1 and it was built in compliance with a request of hers before she died4 #ad4 ,i procured a bowl of soup from the steward1 but as ,i was not able to eat it1 ,i gave it to an old man whose hungry look and wistful eyes convinced me it would not be lost on him4 #ae4 ,what's a fair or noble face ,if the mind ignoble be8 #af4 ,keep fresh the grass on ,wordsworth's grave1 ,o ,rotha1 with thy living wave6 ,sing him thy best6 for few or none ,hears thy voice right1 now he is gone4 ,,lxxxi4 ,,infinitives #cae4 ,look at the following sentences3-- ,dare to be true4 ,it is high time to go4 ,the bishop seemed to have talked with angels4 ,you ought to have been paying attention4 ,we have here certain verb forms1--to be1 to go1 to have talked1 to have been paying1--which are very familiar to all of us1 but which we have not yet studied4 ,they are not forms of the indicative1 subjunctive1 or imperative mode1 nor are they like any of the verb phrases that we have examined4 ,they all begin with the word to1 and they contain two1 three1 or four words1 the last of which is the important one4 ,we call these groups of words infinitives4 #caf4 ,an intransitive verb has four infinitives1 two of them denoting a present action1 hence called present infinitives2 and the other two denoting an action already completed1 hence called perfect infinitives4 ,the four infinitives of the intransitive verb laugh are these3-- ,,present ,,perfect to laugh to have laughed to be laughing to have been laughing ,which two of these infinitives belong to the progressive conjugation8 #cag4 ,transitive verbs have six infinitives4 ,the infinitives of the transitive verb eat are these3-- ,,present ,,perfect ,active to eat to have eaten ,active ,progressive to be eating to have been eating ,passive to be eaten to have eaten #cah4 ,the infinitives above are called infinitives with to1 because they begin with the word to4 ,this word is not used as a preposition1 but merely as a sort of handle1 or introduction1 to the infinitive4 #cai4 ,besides the infinitive with to there is another form called the infinitive in -ing4 ,the infinitives in -ing of the verb eat are these3-- ,,present ,,perfect ,active eating having eaten ,active ,progressive having been eating ,passive being eaten having been eaten ,what are the infinitives in -ing of the verb laugh8 ,which two forms does it lack8 ,find the infinitives in -ing in these sentences3-- ,he was fined for losing his temper4 8,being a ,boy0 is the title of a book4 ,he was vexed at having misspelled so many words4 #cbj4 ,all infinitives are forms of verbs1 but they cannot be predicate verbs because they do not assert4 ,they are spoken of as verbals4 #cba4 ,a verbal is used in a sentence like some part of speech1--a noun1 an adjective1 or an adverb4 ,the infinitive is most frequently used like a noun4 ,the infinitive in -ing is very much like a noun in another respect too1--it names the action or state that the predicate verb asserts4 ,if we should ask for the name of any action that we saw a person performing1 the answer would be an infinitive in -ing2 as1 reaping1 mowing1 plowing1 driving4 #cbb4 ,the infinitive in -ing is so much like a noun that it can be modified by a possessive noun or pronoun4 ,we say1 8,your winning the victory depends on your keeping cool40 8,the farmer's chagrin was due to his hay's having spoiled40 ,explain the use of all the possessives in these sentences4 ,,note4--,the infinitive in -ing is often called a gerund4 #cbc4 ,the infinitive may take the same complements and modifiers that any other form of the same verb might take4 ,the infinitive1 together with all the words associated with it1 makes an infinitive phrase4 ,the base word of an infinitive phrase is always an infinitive4 ,what are the infinitive phrases in all the illustrative sentences in this lesson8 ,summary4--,a verbal is a verb form that denotes action or being without asserting it4 ,a verbal is used in a sentence as a noun1 an adjective1 or an adverb4 ,an infinitive is a verbal that is generally used as a noun4 ,there are two classes of infinitives1--the infinitive with to1 and the infinitive in -ing4 ,the infinitive has two tenses1--present and perfect4 ,the infinitive may be active or passive or progressive4 ,an infinitive phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive together with its complement and modifiers4 ,exercise #a4--,write all the infinitives of the verbs be1 bring1 come1 find1 freeze1 go1 leave1 seem1 taste1 turn4 ,exercise #b4--,select all the infinitive phrases in the following sentences4 ,tell the voice and tense of each infinitive4 ,,model--,it is hard to teach an old dog new tricks4 ,to teach an old dog new tricks is an infinitive phrase4 ,to teach is the present active infinitive of the transitive verb teach4 #a4 ,am ,i to give a reason for all ,i choose to do8 #b4 ,the cherry pie seemed to have been left in the refrigerator for that hungry young pair4 #c4 ,driving between these long lines of dainty-flowering and sweet-smelling rows of hedges is very delightful4 #d4 ,all the lines of pain smoothed out of her brow1 and she seemed to be peacefully sleeping4 #e4 ,the lights had been extinguished1 the buoys removed1 and the whole coast seemed to have gone back hundreds of years4 #f4 ,your having given me the opera glasses is no reason that you have a right to borrow them continually4 #g4 ,any child should know that a hot stove is a thing to be avoided1 but ,i did not seem to realize the fact4 #h4 ,the boy would like to have thrown a stone at the wagon4 #i4 ,did you mind being reproved by your mother for sitting up so late8 #aj4 ,it was already past the appointed hour for ,mr4 ,cobb and his coach to be lumbering down the street4 #aa4 ,from her having been staying at the ,antlers the entire season1 ,i should judge her to be wealthy4 #ab4 ,scrooge was not a man to be frightened by echoes4 #ac4 ,there's no use in making two bites of a cherry4 #ad4 ,the fact of the letter's having been opened was evident1 but it could not be proved against the mail carrier4 ,tell the part of speech and use of your1 sentence #f1 her #aa1 letter's #ad4 ,,lxxxii4 ,,infinitives ,,as ,,subjects ,,or ,,complements #cbd4 ,if we wish to make an assertion about a person1 a place1 or an object1 we use a noun for the base word of our subject2 but if we wish to make an assertion about an action1 we use an infinitive or an infinitive phrase for subject2 as1 8,just to breathe the air and feel one's self alive was enough10 8,going after the cows was a serious thing in my day40 #cbe4 ,we have seen that a noun clause used as subject may be thrown to the end of the sentence by means of the anticipative subject it2 as1 8,it is a good thing that somebody likes to cook40 ,in the same way an infinitive phrase used as subject may come after the predicate2 as1 8,it pleased the jackal to see ,mother and ,father ,wolf look uncomfortable40 ,recast this sentence1 omitting it4 #cbf4 ,the infinitive phrase is often used as the object of a verb4 ,not all transitive verbs1 however1 can be completed by infinitives--only those which can take for an object the name of an action or a condition2 as1 8,the cloud began to sink softly down to the earth10 8,after a struggle ,bess gave up using two lumps of sugar in her coffee40 ,why cannot the verbs break1 bring1 buy1 cut1 eat1 and plow take infinitives for objects8 #cbg4 ,the infinitive is used as a subjective complement of an intransitive verb in two ways that differ slightly2 as1 8,the hunter's first impulse was to laugh at his own folly10 8,no trees of any magnitude were to be seen40 ,in the first sentence the infinitive phrase1 to laugh at his own folly1 completes the verb was and explains just what the impulse was1 hence it denotes identity with the subject4 ,its use is precisely like that of the word dime in the sentence1 8,my #8lucky penny' is a silver dime10 hence we say that it is used like a noun4 ,in the second sentence it is clear that the infinitive to be seen completes the verb were and tells something about the subject1 hence it must be a subjective complement4 ,but instead of being used like a noun to denote identity with the subject1 it is equivalent to the adjective visible1 hence may be said to be used like an adjective4 ,summary4--,the infinitive phrase may be the subject of a verb1 the object of a verb1 or a subjective complement4 ,by means of the anticipative subject it1 the real subject1 an infinitive phrase1 may be placed at the end of the sentence4 ,as subjective complement the infinitive phrase may have the use of a noun or of an adjective4 ,exercise4--,tell the grammatical use of all infinitive phrases in these sentences1 and classify all infinitives3-- #a4 ,mowgli said that he never wished to see1 or hear1 or smell man again4 #b4 ,that which most resembles living one's life over again is recalling all the circumstances of it and recording them in writing4 #c4 ,to fit out a fleet1 and to levy and equip an army1 and to continue the forces thus raised in action during a long and uncertain campaign would cost a large sum of money4 #d4 ,when the days begin to lengthen1 ,then the cold begins to strengthen4 #e4 ,it is delightful to look upon the charming country which springs up under a watering-pot sky4 #f4 ,one of the best things in farm life is gathering the chestnuts1 hickory nuts1 butternuts1 and beechnuts4 #g4 ,speaking of ,latin reminds me that ,i once taught my cows ,latin4 #h4 ,the quaint1 picturesque old town seems to bristle with forts4 #i4 ,when ,i wanted to hit a mark1 my usual way was to aim at something else4 #aj4 ,the one idea in ,mowgli's head was to get ,messua and her husband out of the trap4 #aa4 ,this boy was so forward in domestic arts that he undertook sewing on the machine when he was only five years old4 #ab4 ,it is bad manners to find fault with your food at the table4 #ac4 ,to climb a tree and shake it1 to club it1 to strip it of its fruit1 and pass to the next1 is the sport of a brief time4 #ad4 ,one of ,jakie's amusements was dancing across the back of a tall chair1 taking funny little steps1 coming down hard1 jouncing his body1 and whistling as loud as he could4 #ae4 ,the ,englishman learned to fight from behind a tree1 to follow a trail1 and to cover his body with hemlock boughs for disguise4 #af4 ,it exactly suits the temperament of a real boy to be very busy about nothing4 #ag4 ,trotting on city pavements is very hard on the dray horses4 #ah4 ,the reward of a good sentence is to have written it4 ,tell the part of speech and use of that and which in sentence #b1 sum #c1 then #d1 years #aa4 ,what is the object of from in sentence #ae8 ,think of similar expressions4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,,infinitives ,,as ,,modifiers ,,of ,,nouns #cbh4 ,the infinitive phrase is often a modifier of a noun1 and may be used either like an adjective or like an appositive4 ,in the sentence1 8,ulf still had a name to win10 what noun does the infinitive modify8 ,how do you know8 ,in the sentence1 8,the mayor gave the order to close the skating rink10 the infinitive phrase to close the skating rink modifies the noun order by telling exactly what the order was2 hence we must say that it is in apposition with order4 #cbi4 ,the infinitive in -ing is not used as an adjective modifier of a noun except in some compound words like these3 rolling-pin1 laughingstock1 meetinghouse1 drawing-room4 #ccj4 ,often the infinitive in -ing is used in apposition1 as in the sentence1 8,her household tasks1 keeping the bedrooms tidy and caring for the canary birds1 left her little time for music practice40 ,summary4--,the infinitive phrase may modify a noun either as an adjective or as an appositive4 ,exercise4--,select all the infinitive phrases1 and explain the use of each4 ,classify also each infinitive1 as in the preceding exercise4 #a4 ,is this a time to be cloudy and sad ,when our ,mother ,nature laughs around8 #b4 ,as the ,cloud became larger1 this wish to do something for the people of earth was ever greater in her heart4 #c4 ,this is your last chance to see ,chicago1 ,tom4 #d4 ,day after day mother sat at the east window engaged in her favorite pastime--making something dainty and beautiful with her needle4 #e4 ,almost all persons who travel in ,switzerland have a great desire to go to the top of at least one of the towering peaks they see about them4 #f4 ,now bring us something to eat4 ,i have not patience to wait1 for ,i am ravenously hungry4 #g4 ,the first tracks to meet our eyes were the delicate footprints of the red squirrel4 #h4 ,the ,colonel's only form of exercise1 riding horseback every evening1 made him a familiar figure throughout the city4 #i4 ,nothing pleased the dog more than an order to go and fetch the cow4 #aj4 ,to the deer a mystery means something to be solved4 #aa4 ,a strange longing to follow the swan took possession of each of the young birds4 #ab4 ,a queer freak of my chewink was her determination to get her feet into her food4 #ac4 ,never lose an opportunity to see anything beautiful4 #ad4 ,this father was the comrade of his son1 made so by the memory of his own boyhood sports1--playing baseball on the common1 swimming in the lake off ,miller's ,point1 skating out to ,garlic ,island1 and gathering hickory nuts and hazelnuts in the autumn woods4 ,classify the dependent clauses in sentences1 #a1 #b1 #e1 #i4 ,tell the part of speech and use of figure1 sentence #h4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,,infinitives ,,as ,,parts ,,of 8,,double ,,objects40 ,,as ,,modifiers ,,of ,,verbs #cca4 ,in the sentence1 8,i want my friends to believe in me10 we find the verb to be want4 ,if we ask the question want what8 the answer is the group of words my friends to believe in me2 hence we are sure that this group of words is the object4 ,but this object is different from any group of words that we have studied hitherto4 ,it does not consist of a base word and modifiers1 but instead it consists of two parts that are equally important4 ,these are my friends and the infinitive phrase to believe in me4 ,the phrase is not a modifier of friends1 but has the logical relation of predicate to friends1 as may be proved by changing the whole group of words to a noun clause1 that my friends should believe in me4 ,when the object of a verb consists of two parts1 a noun element and an infinitive1 having to each other the logical relation of subject and predicate1 we call the whole group a double object4 #ccb4 ,although the relation between the two parts of a double object is logically that of subject and predicate1 still this relation is not grammatically expressed4 ,a double object does not make sense standing alone1 and we cannot speak of the infinitive in a double object as a predicate1 for an infinitive cannot assert4 ,it is customary1 however1 to speak of the noun element in a double object as the subject of the infinitive4 ,the subject of an infinitive is always in the objective case1 as may be plainly seen by substituting a pronoun for the noun used as subject4 ,in the sentence quoted1 the pronoun that might take the place of my friends is the objective pronoun them4 #ccc4 ,an infinitive in -ing is often used as part of a double object2 as1 8,i hear their voices ringing in merry childish glee10 8,i can see his gallant figure coming down the road40 #ccd4 ,notice that a double object is not two objects of equal rank1 as in the sentence1 8,i want peace and quiet20 but is one object consisting of two equal parts so closely related1 that neither of these parts could be the object if used without the other4 #cce4 ,when the infinitive with to is used after the verbs hear and see1 as well as after feel1 let1 make1 the to of the infinitive is omitted2 as1 8,did you hear me 7to7 rap at your door80 8,let us 7to7 be true to one another10 8,the mosquitoes made us 7to7 go indoors40 ,find and explain the double objects in each of these three sentences4 #ccf4 ,when a sentence containing a double object is changed to the passive voice1 the noun element of the double object becomes the subject of the passive verb1 and the infinitive phrase becomes the subjective complement of the verb4 ,change this sentence to the passive voice and explain the change1 8,we expected ,john to decorate the banquet room40 #ccg4 ,we have seen that the infinitive may be used as the complement of a verb in several ways3 it may be the direct object of a verb1 or the subjective complement1 or part of a double object4 ,there is another very common relation of the infinitive to a verb1 as shown in the sentence1 8,some persons live to eat40 ,the infinitive to eat is in the predicate1 but it is not an object of the verb live1 neither is it a subjective complement4 ,how do we know this8 ,as the infinitive answers the question for what purpose8 we conclude that it is a modifier of the verb live4 ,furthermore1 it could be expanded into the adverbial clause of purpose1 that they may eat4 ,the infinitive denoting purpose is very common1 as seen in the familiar sentences3 8,we go to school to learn10 8,we stood up to see10 8,i sat down to rest40 ,summary4--,an infinitive phrase and a noun1 having the logical relation of subject and predicate1 may form the double object of some transitive verbs4 ,an infinitive phrase denoting the purpose of an action may be used to modify a verb4 ,exercise #a4--,write sentences containing double objects of the verbs cause1 desire1 expect1 feel1 hear1 let1 make1 order1 see1 wish4 ,explain why there are no double objects in these sentences3-- #a4 ,they could get no water to drink4 #b4 ,he has an ax to grind4 #c4 ,we found plenty to eat4 #d4 ,she bought a rose to wear4 #e4 ,i made a cake to sell4 ,exercise #b4--;,explain the use of all infinitive phrases in these sentences4 ,classify the infinitives4 #a4 ,the boy made up his mind that he would take two of the whelps home with him to be brought up in the ways of civilization4 #b4 ,in happy homes he saw the light ,of household fires gleam warm and bright4 #c4 ,more rarely a fox or a hyena quickened his gallop to study the intruder at a safe distance4 #d4 ,when the car stopped and ,i looked up at the window with the pink geranium1 ,i saw mother waiting to welcome me4 #e4 ,the whole family went to the station to see us off4 #f4 ,i do not quite know what caused me to lift my head from the friendly shelter of the blanket4 #g4 ,he felt his swift craft quiver with life beneath him in response to the rhythmic stroke of the oarsmen4 #h4 ,jupiter bustled about to prepare some marsh hens for supper4 #i4 ,to keep the artillery dry1 we stuffed wads of loose hemp into the muzzles1 and fitted wooden pegs to the touch holes4 #aj4 ,down the elm-bordered road we two walked toward the sunset1 and watched the mists rising ghostlike from the fields4 #aa4 ,mowgli heard the sound rumble1 and rise1 and fall1 and die off in a creepy sort of whine behind him4 #ab4 ,at recess the next noon the ,centipedes met in a corner of the schoolyard to talk over the proposed lark4 #ac4 ,our ,heavenly ,father himself has planted that pea1 and made it grow and blossom to bring joy to you and hope to me1 my blessed child4 #ad4 ,nearly all the finest diamonds in the world are brought to ,amsterdam to be cut into shape4 #ae4 ,it was ,long ,tom who taught ,harvey to shoot at a mark with a revolver4 #af4 ,he's gone to fight the ,french for ,king ,george upon his throne4 #ag4 ,we heard the meadow larks singing their wistful songs1 but always instead of the black hearts upon their yellow breasts they showed us just the two white feathers in their tails4 ,change sentences #b1 #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ag to the passive voice1 and explain the change in the use of the infinitive4 ,,lxxxv4 ,,other ,,uses ,,of ,,infinitives #cch4 ,the most frequent use of the infinitive in -ing is as the object of a preposition2 as1 8,i am tired of doing nothing10 8,he earned a living by sharpening scissors40 #cci4 ,the infinitive in -ing1 like the noun1 may be the object of any preposition1 but the infinitive with to is used as the object of very few prepositions1 only about1 except1 but1 and save1 the last two meaning except4 ,in the sentence1 8,he ate nothing but bananas10 the object of the preposition but must be a noun because it must be the name of a food4 ,but in the sentence1 8,he did nothing but play tennis10 the object of but must be an infinitive because it must be the name of an action4 ,,note4--,we often hear the expression 8,i was about to say40 ,in this familiar idiom the prepositional phrase about to say is used as the subjective complement of the verb was4 ,how do we know this8 ,what is the use of the infinitive to say8 #cdj4 ,in the sentence1 8,the gentleman drew out the chair for the lady to sit down10 if we ask the question for what8 we get the answer the lady to sit down1 hence the group of words the lady to sit down must be the object of the preposition for4 ,but this group of words consists of two parts1 the lady and the infinitive phrase to sit down1 which have the logical relation of subject and predicate1 hence we conclude that the preposition for may take a double object4 #cda4 ,the sentences1 8,sheep are apt10 8,i am sorry10 8,the traveler was glad10 are all incomplete4 ,we wish to know in what respect sheep are apt1 what ,i am sorry about1 what the traveler was glad of4 ,in other words1 the adjectives apt1 sorry1 and glad need a modifier to make the sentence complete in meaning4 ,this modifier may be an infinitive1 8,sheep are apt to get lost10 8,i am sorry to leave ,warwick10 8,the traveler was glad to see his home again40 ,we learn from these sentences that an infinitive phrase may modify an adjective4 ,exercise4--,complete the following sentences by infinitive phrases4 ,what do your phrases modify8 ,how do you know8 #a4 ,this child is too young-- #b4 ,a man of twenty-five is old enough-- #c4 ,the water was so deep as-- #d4 ,the general was anxious-- #e4 ,some lessons are not easy-- #cdb4 ,the infinitive may be used independently2 as1 8,to be frank1 ,i do not like it40 8,to make a long story short1 we were utterly defeated40 #cdc4 ,a common error is the use of the perfect infinitive for the present4 ,it is proper to say1 8,i ought to have gone10 when we mean that the time of the going was in the past2 as1 8,i ought to have gone then1 or yesterday1 or a year ago40 ,but when we mean that the going is at the present time or is to be in the future1 then we should use the present infinitive1 and say1 8,i ought to go40 ,what is the difference in the meaning of the following pairs of sentences8 #a4 ,i am sorry to offend you4 ,i am sorry to have offended you4 #b4 ,i am glad to see you4 ,i am glad to have seen you4 #c4 ,the train is reported to be late4 ,the train is reported to have been late4 #d4 ,the man is said to be a candidate4 ,the man is said to have been a candidate4 ,it is evident from the four pairs of sentences above that some verbs in the present tense may be followed by either a present or a perfect infinitive4 ,this is likewise true of some verbs in the past tense4 ,we say1 8,he seemed to be sleeping10 meaning that he was sleeping at the time we noted his appearance4 ,we also say1 8,he seemed to have been sleeping10 meaning that he had slept before we noted his appearance4 ,what is the difference in the meaning of the following pairs of sentences3-- #a4 ,washington was never known to fight a duel4 ,hamilton was known to have fought a duel4 #b4 ,the ship was reported to be wrecked4 ,the ship was reported to have been wrecked4 #c4 ,the child appeared to lead the old man4 ,the child appeared to have led the old man4 ,since the verbs desire1 expect1 hope1 want1 and wish refer to something in the present or the future1 but never in the past1 they cannot be followed by a perfect infinitive4 ,it is absurd to say1 8,i hoped to have seen you10 8,i expected to have gone10 8,i wished to have stayed40 ,we should say3-- ,i desire to go4 ,i desired to go4 ,i expect to be there4 ,i expected to be there4 ,i hope to pass4 ,i hoped to pass4 ,i want to know4 ,i wanted to know4 ,i wish to speak4 ,i wished to speak4 ,summary4--,the infinitive phrase may be used as the object of a preposition4 ,the preposition for may take a double object4 ,the infinitive phrase may modify an adjective4 ,the infinitive phrase may be used independently4 ,exercise4--,explain the use of each infinitive phrase4 ,classify each infinitive4 #a4 ,the cat was just about to spring upon the window sill where the bird cage sat1 when ,paul shouted out a warning4 #b4 ,i am perfectly willing to dine in the kitchen beside this cool north window4 #c4 ,the gay youths spent their time in walking1 hunting1 fishing1 feasting1 and dancing4 #d4 ,it was so cold at ,petoskey in ,july that the hotel proprietor furnished a large lamp for us to heat our room by4 #e4 ,the cherries grew too high to be picked except by the robins4 #f4 ,my lot was indeed a hard one2 ,i was too old to play out of doors with my brothers1 and too young to go to parties with my sisters4 #g4 ,after supper1 the boy who has done nothing all day but turn grindstone1 and spread hay1 and run his little legs off at everybody's beck and call1 is sent on some errand or some household chore lest time may hang heavy on his hands4 #h4 ,bark is only good to sharpen claws4 #i4 ,john was hungry enough to have eaten the ,new ,england ,primer4 #aj4 ,franklin was employed in cutting wicks for the candles1 filling the molds for cast candles1 attending the shop1 going of errands1 etc4 #aa4 ,to tell the truth1 ,i prefer to stay at home4 #ab4 ,the only way to make the world better is for each man to do his best4 #ac4 ,a dog is good to bite peddlers and small children1 and to run out and yelp at wagons that pass by1 and to howl all night when the moon shines4 #ad4 ,to sum up1 the infinitive is used chiefly as a noun1 but also as an adjective and an adverb4 #ae4 ,the teacher's eyes glanced half a dozen different ways at once1--a habit probably acquired from watching the boys4 #af4 ,none knew thee but to love thee1 ,nor named thee but to praise4 #ag4 ,to see the sparks rush like swarms of red bees skyward through the smoke is an experience long to be remembered4 #ah4 ,to make way for hemp the magnificent forests of ,kentucky were felled4 #ai4 ,the crow and the blackbird seem to love these plants4 #bj4 ,it takes a hundred days to lift out of the tiny seed these powerful hollow stalks4 #ba4 ,the seeds fall to the ground1 there to be folded in against the time when they shall rise again4 ,classify the dependent clauses in sentence #a4 ,what is the object of except in sentence #e8 ,,lxxxvi4 ,,summary ,,of ,,infinitives #cdd4 ,i4 ,,definition4--,an infinitive is a verbal noun4 ,,ii4 ,,forms4 #a4 ,the infinitive with to4 7a7 ,intransitive verbs4 ,present1 to go1 to be going4 ,perfect1 to have gone1 to have been going4 7b7 ,transitive verbs4 ,present1 to see1 to be seeing1 to be seen4 ,perfect1 to have seen1 to have been seeing1 to have been seen4 #b4 ,the infinitive in -ing4 7a7 ,intransitive verbs4 ,present1 going4 ,perfect1 having gone1 having been going4 7b7 ,transitive verbs4 ,present1 seeing1 being seen4 ,perfect1 having seen1 having been seeing1 having been seen4 ,,iii4 ,,uses4 #a4 ,as a noun4 7a7 ,subject of a verb4 ,to err is human4 ,hunting is a sport4 7b7 ,object of a verb4 ,he expects to win4 ,they stopped working4 7c7 ,subjective complement4 ,my desire is to own a boat4 ,his task is feeding the sheep4 7d7 ,appositive4 ,his idea1 to use coal ashes1 was carried out4 ,his work1 running a machine1 is monotonous4 7e7 ,object of a preposition4 ,the patient did nothing but eat and sleep4 ,the child was praised for telling the truth4 #b4 ,as an adjective4 7a7 ,modifying a noun4 ,i have a garden to make4 7b7 ,completing a verb4 ,these boats are not to let4 #c4 ,as an adverb4 7a7 ,modifying a verb4 ,i went back to get some matches4 7b7 ,modifying an adjective4 ,we are sure to succeed4 #d4 ,as part of a double object4 7a7 ,of a verb4 ,i made her tell me4 7b7 ,of a preposition4 ,i made room for her to sit with me4 #e4 ,independent use4 ,to speak plainly1 ,i don't believe it4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,sentences ,,containing ,,infinitive ,,phrases #cde4 ,the infinitive phrase is analyzed very much like a predicate4 ,first1 the infinitive should be given as the base word2 then its complement and modifiers should be given4 ,,model4--,by the law of the jungle the tiger has no right to change his quarters without fair warning4 ,this is a simple1 declarative sentence4 ,the subject is the tiger4 ,the predicate is has by the law of the jungle no right to change his quarters without fair warning4 ,the predicate verb is has2 it is completed by the direct object no right to change his quarters without fair warning1 and then modified by the prepositional phrase by the law of the jungle4 ,the base word of the object is the noun right2 it is modified by the infinitive phrase to change his quarters without fair warning1 and then denied by the adjective no4 ,the base word of the infinitive phrase is the infinitive to change2 it is completed by the direct object his quarters and modified by the prepositional phrase without fair warning4 ,the base word of the object is the noun quarters1 modified by the possessive pronoun his4 ,the base word of the object of the preposition without is the infinitive warning1 which is modified by the adjective fair4 ,the base word of the object of the preposition by is the noun law1 which is modified by the prepositional phrase of the jungle and the article the4 ,exercise4--,analyze the following sentences3-- #a4 ,turning grindstones to grind scythes is one of those heroic but unobtrusive occupations for which one gets no credit4 #b4 ,some books are to be tasted1 others to be swallowed1 and some few to be chewed and digested4 #c4 ,when ,kotick felt his skin tingle all over1 his mother told him he was learning the feel of the water4 #d4 ,mother made and embroidered a white linen pocket for me to wear at my belt4 #e4 ,the neighbors and friends did not wait for an invitation to go to the house of the young wife1 so impatient were they to see her treasures4 #f4 ,the ,boy had no desire to investigate further1 with the risk of finding the lynx at home4 #g4 ,it seems hard any day to think what to have for dinner4 #h4 ,the next thing was to cord up the trunk1 and ,mr4 ,peterkin tried to move it4 #i4 ,i have seen wild bees and butterflies feeding at a height of #ac1jjj feet above the sea4 #aj4 ,if you wear an automobile veil to pick cherries in1 ,i must get an automobile to take you to the cherry trees4 #aa4 ,no person but yourself is permitted to lift this stone or enter the cave4 #ab4 ,very sweet were the child's ways of loving her father1--putting flowers on his study table1 learning to read so that she could read his books1 reaching up to rub her cheek against his1 praying for him1 and letting him put her to bed4 #ac4 ,the ,oldest ,inhabitant refused to go to bed on any terms1 but persisted in sitting up in a rocking-chair until daybreak4 #ad4 ,the ,eskimo never knows when his own time may come to beg4 #ae4 ,fate tried to conceal him by naming him ,smith4 #af4 ,the only department of life in which ,mr4 ,randall failed to shine was the making of sufficient money to live upon4 #ag4 ,he saw an eagle swoop across the gigantic hollow1 but the great bird dwindled to a dot ere it was halfway over4 #ah4 ,after she began wearing the bracelet1 she was unwilling to go without it even for a day4 #ai4 ,hewing wood and sawing plank leave me no time to take part in disputes4 #bj4 ,the one object of ,polly's life was to get out of her cage4 #ba4 ,the skipper had taken his little daughter to bear him company4 #bb4 ,every boy is anxious to be a man4 #bc4 ,a man has no more right to say a rude thing to another than to knock him down4 #bd4 ,to travel in ,switzerland it is generally necessary to cross the mountains1 to go around the sides1 or to go through them4 #be4 ,even the blind men's dogs appeared to know ,scrooge4 #bf4 ,let dogs delight to bark and bite4 #bg4 ,when a bear kills a sheep1 he skins it deftly and has the politeness to leave the pelt in a neat bundle1 just to indicate to the farmer that he has been robbed by a gentleman4 #bh4 ,the first tracks to meet their eyes were the delicate footprints of the red squirrel4 #bi4 ,it is not good to make a jest of thy teacher4 #cj4 ,angels seemed to have sat with ,ernest by the fireside4 #ca4 ,my joy was greater than ,i can express when ,i saw the tiger rise and slink into the jungle4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,,participles #cdf4 ,in ,lesson ,,liv we learned that the perfect tenses of any verb are formed by combining certain auxiliaries with the past participles of the verb2 as1 8,i have heard10 8,i had heard10 8,i shall have heard40 ,we learned also that the past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb4 ,in ,lesson ,,lv we learned that the passive voice of any transitive verb is formed by adding its past participle to the conjugation of the verb be2 as1 8,it is caught10 8,it was caught10 8,it will be caught40 ,in ,lesson ,,lvi we learned that the past participle of a verb may be used like an adjective as the subjective complement of a verb2 as1 8,the potatoes seem done10 8,the flowers are withered now40 #cdg4 ,in ,lesson ,,lvii we learned that the present participle of a verb always ends in -ing1 and that this participle is used in forming the progressive conjugation1 as1 8,i am sleeping10 8,i was sleeping10 8,i shall be sleeping40 ,we are ready now to study participles in all their relations4 #cdh4 ,intransitive verbs have four participles3-- ,,present ,,past ,,perfect coming come having come ,progressive having been coming ,transitive verbs have six participles3-- ,,present ,,past ,,perfect ,active writing having written ,active ,progressive having been writing#a ,passive being written written having been written #a ,this form is rarely used4 ,the active participles denote action performed2 they make us think of the doer of the action4 ,on the other hand1 the passive participles denote action received2 they make us think of the receiver of the action4 ,the present participle expresses action as still in progress2 the past participle expresses action completed in past time2 the perfect participle expresses past action completed before some particular past time4 #cdi4 ,the participle1 like the infinitive1 is a verbal1 because it is a verb form without the power to assert4 ,just as an infinitive is oftenest used as a noun1 so the participle is oftenest used as an adjective2 that is1 it is usually associated with some noun4 ,indeed1 it is by their adjective use that we are able to distinguish participles from infinitives in -ing1 for in form they are almost exactly the same4 ,what nouns do the participles belong with in the following sentences8 ,i hear the sound of trickling water4 ,the lost child had wandered far4 ,the diamonds sparkling in her dark hair rivaled the stars4 ,the chair made two hundred years ago tilted one forward very uncomfortably4 #cej4 ,the participles used oftenest are the simplest of all1 the present active participle and the past passive participle4 #cea4 ,a participle1 like an infinitive1 may have all the complements and modifiers that a verb may have2 as1 8,the man turning the switch is faithful10 8,feeling sleepy after lunch1 ,i took a nap40 ,the participle and all its accompanying words form together a participial phrase4 ,summary4--,a participle is a verbal that is generally used as an adjective4 ,participles may be active or passive or progressive in meaning4 ,participles have three tenses1--present1 past1 and perfect4 ,the present participle expresses continuing action1 the past participle completed action1 and the perfect participle past action completed before a particular time4 ,participles have the same complements and modifiers as verbs4 ,a participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and its complement and modifiers4 ,exercise #a4--;,form all the participles of the verbs choose1 draw1 drink1 go1 find1 know1 tell1 think1 turn1 shine4 ,exercise #b4--,select all the participial phrases in these sentences4 ,tell what noun or pronoun they belong with4 ,classify the participles4 #a4 ,two children sat on the grass under the lilacs1 making dandelion chains and talking happily4 #b4 ,those three tall poles now being lifted to position will enable us to have a telephone4 #c4 ,from a little hill called ,hutchinson's ,hill you could look over three and a half miles of ground covered with fighting seals4 #d4 ,having given away the old candle mold1 she was anxious to get it back again4 #e4 ,mrs4 ,merrithew1 knowing well that little folk are generally troubled with a wonderful thirst1 had also brought a cup and a bottle of lemonade4 #f4 ,the floors were bird's-eye maple1 and having been lately waxed1 they looked too fine for my desecrating tread4 #g4 ,the workmen1 having been painting for hours on the sunny side of the house1 grew faint and dizzy4 #h4 ,the boy took his seat1 frowning and blinking at the candle light1 while his mother1 placing his coffee before him1 let her hand rest on his shoulder4 #i4 ,having passed at the turnstile into the campus1 ,david stood before the college4 #aj4 ,in one hand he carried a faded valise made of ,brussels carpet sprinkled with pink roses4 #aa4 ,the old peasant woman1 having eaten three meals with the servants and three with the mistress1 declared at evening that she was satisfied4 #ab4 ,if all the money being spent for ice-cream sodas were put to some useful purpose--cement sidewalks1 for instance1--few of us would be stubbing our toes on old board walks4 #ac4 ,a snowball soaked in water and left out to cool was a projectile which had been resorted to with disastrous results4 #ad4 ,no flying or crawling creature escapes the sharp little eyes of the birds4 #ae4 ,its roots having been cut1 the top of the tree suffered4 #af4 ,the tourists1 having watched the bears nose about among the tin cans in the garbage piles1 went back to the hotel to avoid being devoured by mosquitoes4 #ag4 ,very soon their path led them out into a wide glade1 fenced all about with the serried and formal ranks of the young firs4 #ah4 ,that log just being sawed will produce eight hundred feet of lumber4 #ai4 ,the whale is the largest animal now living in the world4 #bj4 ,having been told by his master that he too could go to the village1 ,shep bounded away down the road like mad4 #ba4 ,sleep1 having descended upon him1 spread a quiet mist through his brain4 #bb4 ,having been tramped down by the cattle1 the snow was smooth like a floor4 ,tell the use of all the infinitive phrases in sentences #b1 #d1 #aj1 #ac4 ,,lxxxix4 ,,participles ,,modifying ,,nouns #ceb4 ,the participle may be associated with a noun in several ways4 7#a7 ,the participle may modify a noun precisely like an adjective1 as when we say boiling water1 pleading eyes1 revolving turret1 educated men1 hammered brass1 plowed land1 dried apples4 ,the participle in this use can be distinguished from a real adjective in two ways3--7a7 it comes from a verb1 7b7 it cannot be compared4 ,apply these two tests to the seven participles just given4 ,some participles have become real adjectives1 as loving1 learned1 striking 7in striking appearance71 annoying1 exciting4 ,any one of these adjectives may be compared4 7#b7 ,the participle or participial phrase may take the place of an adjective clause4 ,sometimes it is used instead of a restrictive clause1 thus pointing out a particular thing or class of things2 as1 8,the men shoveling coal on the docks were prostrated by the heat40 ,sometimes the participial phrase takes the place of an unrestrictive clause1 thus adding a new thought to the sentence2 as1 8,here comes a turbaned negress1 balancing a basket of lemons on her head40 ,in both the sentences just given the participial phrase comes after the noun it modifies1 thus taking in the sentence the same position as the appositive adjective4 ,the restrictive participial phrase is not set off by a comma4 ,the unrestrictive participial phrase is set off by a comma4 7#c7 ,the participial phrase may take the place of a clause of time or cause1 and yet modify a noun1 as in the following sentences3-- ,those pens1 having been given to me by my dear master1 were never put to any common uses4 ,having said these words1 ,beowulf plunged into the water and disappeared among the dark waves4 ,in the first sentence1 change the phrase to a clause of cause4 ,what noun does the phrase modify8 ,in the second sentence1 what does the participial phrase modify8 ,what can you say of its position8 ,change it to a clause of time4 ,note that although the participial phrase may take the place of a clause of time or cause1 it is still an adjective element2 for1 as shown in the sentences just studied1 such a participial phrase may modify a noun4 ,summary4--,the participle may be used alone to modify a noun precisely like an adjective4 ,the participial phrase may modify a noun1 taking the place of a clause4 ,the participial phrase sometimes comes before1 and sometimes after1 the noun it modifies4 ,a participial phrase is set off by a comma when it is unrestrictive1 whether it follows or precedes the word it modifies4 ,exercise4--,explain the use of all the participial phrases4 ,classify the participles4 ,account for the punctuation4 #a4 ,the breaking waves dashed high ,on a stern and rock-bound coast4 #b4 ,being direct descendants of ,adam and ,eve1 we had much of their inquiring turn of mind4 #c4 ,worms are elongated1 soft-bodied animals1 differing greatly in form and habits4 #d4 ,the books bound in red morocco belonged to my mother1 and the 8,iliad0 illustrated by ,flaxman was one of my father's treasures4 #e4 ,the ,temple ,school was a two-story brick building1 standing in the center of a great square piece of land1 surrounded by a high picket fence4 #f4 ,then comes the whining schoolboy with his satchel ,and shining morning face1 creeping like snail ,unwillingly to school4 #g4 ,that tree toad squatting on the trellis and peering down at us reminds me of the gargoyles on the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame4 #h4 ,the boys looked like a legion of imps1 coming and going in the twilight1 busy in raising some infernal edifice4 #i4 ,at last1 finding himself hungry and weary1 and seeing that there were herds of wild asses in the plain which he was traversing1 ,rustum thought that he would catch one of them for his meal1 and rest for the night4 #aj4 ,it is only he who is weary of life that throws himself in the way of a roaring lion4 #aa4 ,like most things connected in their first associations with schoolbooks and schooltimes1 the ,leaning ,tower of ,pisa seemed much too small4 #ab4 ,in the morning it was raining1 with little prospect of fair weather1 but having expected nothing better1 we set out on foot for the ,causeway4 #ac4 ,in this tavern the visitor may derive good entertainment from real ,genoese dishes1--sausages1 strong of garlic1 sliced and eaten with fresh green figs2 cocks' combs and sheep kidneys1 chopped up with mutton chops and liver2 small pieces of some unknown part of a calf1 twisted into small shreds1 fried1 and served up in a great dish2 and other curiosities of that kind4 #ad4 ,having supposed the ,giant's ,causeway to be of great height1 ,i was somewhat disappointed at first for ,i found the ,loom1 which is the highest part of it1 to be but fifty feet from the water4 ,,xc4 ,,participial ,,phrases ,,in ,,the ,,predicate #cec4 ,although the participial phrase is in the sentence for the purpose of telling something about some person or thing1 still it does not always go with the noun that names that person or thing4 ,in the sentence1 8,the children stood watching them out of the town10 the participial phrase watching them out of the town tells something about the children1 but it is not a direct modifier of the noun children1 for it belongs in the predicate of the sentence4 ,it does not modify the verb stood1 for it does not tell how the standing was done4 ,it really takes the place of a second predicate1 watched them out of the town1 but participles are not asserting words1 hence we cannot call this phrase a predicate4 ,the best way to tell about it is this3 ,the verb stood is accompanied by the participial phrase watching them out of the town1 which denotes an action taking place at the same time as the standing4 ,tell about the participial phrases in these sentences3-- ,fred entered the house calling as usual for his mother4 ,the ,indians advanced1 shouting their war cries4 ,she gazed forward1 shading her eyes with both hands4 ,,note4--,sometimes the participle is used adverbially to modify a verb2 as in the sentence1 8,the children went scampering off to the woods40 ,this sentence does not mean that the children went and scampered4 ,they only scampered1 and the scampering was what made them go4 ,since the participial phrase tells just how the children did the going1 it must be a modifier of the verb went4 ,what is the difference between the sentence just given and the following8--8,the children went singing to the woods40 ,it is plain that not every verb can be modified by a participle4 ,usually only a verb meaning come or go may be so modified4 #ced4 ,in ,lesson ,,lv it was shown that the past participle is often used as a subjective complement2 as1 8,this dress is soiled10 8,my money is spent40 #cee4 ,in a few idiomatic expressions the participle is used adverbially to modify an adjective2 as1 freezing cold1 steaming hot1 hopping mad1 dripping wet4 ,here the participle tells how cold1 how hot1 etc41 and thus denotes degree4 #cef4 ,sometimes the noun that a participle modifies is omitted1 and the participle is said to be used as a noun2 as1 8,the loving are the daring10 which means that loving persons are daring persons4 ,we also speak of the killed and wounded4 ,summary4--,the participle or the participial phrase may be a part of the predicate in three ways4 7#a7 ,it may be an accompaniment of the verb4 7#b7 ,it may be a subjective complement of the verb4 7#c7 ,it may be a modifier of a few verbs1 denoting the way in which an action was performed4 ,the participle may be used adverbially to modify an adjective and thus denote the degree of some quality4 ,the participle may be used as a noun4 ,exercise4--,explain the use of all participles and participial phrases4 ,classify the participles4 #a4 ,the little mare gave me all the sympathy ,i could ask1 repeatedly rubbing her soft nose over my face1 and lapping up my salt tears with evident relish4 #b4 ,three fishers went sailing out into the west1 ,out into the west as the sun went down4 #c4 ,the warriors of the king were little pleased to hear such talk from his lips4 #d4 ,after her conference with the superintendent1 this undignified young schoolmistress went dancing and skipping home to tell her mother of her promotion4 #e4 ,the sun shining on the rippling water made it so dazzling bright that we were almost blinded4 #f4 ,little white ,lily sat by a stone1 ,drooping and waiting till the sun shone4 #g4 ,on my first day in ,tangiers the spectacle was bewildering1 and only by concentrating my attention on detached groups could ,i form any distinct impression of it4 #h4 ,then ,rustum made his way to the bazaar1 taking his camel drivers with him4 #i4 ,after licking his lips and polishing his whiskers1 the lynx went loping off through the woods with the limp body of the mink in his jaws1 to eat it at leisure in his lair4 #aj4 ,in ,october the woods were a blaze of color1--clear gold1 flaming scarlet1 crimson1 amber1 and coppery brown4 #aa4 ,i watch him as he skims along1 ,uttering his sweet and mournful cry4 #ab4 ,society may be divided into two classes--the bores and the bored4 #ac4 ,o ,captain6 my ,captain6 our fearful trip is done1 ,the ship has weathered every rock1 the prize we sought is won4 #ad4 ,three kings came riding from far away4 #ae4 ,one day as the king sat drinking in one of the chambers of his palace1 and boasting after his custom1 a genius1 disguised as a minstrel1 desired to be admitted to the royal presence4 #af4 ,the underfed dogs snapped and growled in the passages1 glaring at the cold stars1 and snuffing into the bitter wind1 night after night4 #ag4 ,drops of nightly dews trickle down to the seeds1 moistening the dryness1 closing up the little hollows of the ground1 drawing the particles of maternal earth more closely4 #ah4 ,the barley and the rye are garnered and gone1 the landscape is bare and deserted4 #ai4 ,the air was stinging cold and felt like ice upon the boy's bare1 hot throat4 #bj4 ,her heart overflowed with sympathy for all the weary1 the beaten1 the oppressed4 ,explain the use of the infinitive phrases in sentences #c1 #d1 #g1 #i1 #ae4 ,,xci4 ,,absolute ,,participial ,,phrases #ceg4 ,in the sentence1 8,when the snow had left the lawns bare1 the crocuses appeared10 we have an adverbial clause4 ,what is it8 ,what does it denote8 ,such a clause is frequently condensed into a group of words like this1 the snow having left the lawns bare4 ,in this group there are two parts1--the noun element the snow1 which was subject of the clause1 and the participial phrase having left the lawns bare1 which is made out of the predicate of the clause4 ,it is clear then that the two parts of this group of words have the logical1 though not the grammatical1 relation of subject and predicate4 ,such a group of words is called an absolute phrase4 #ceh4 ,the absolute phrase is generally spoken of by grammarians as an independent element2 that is1 it is not a modifier of any part of the sentence4 #cei4 ,occasionally1 as in the example given1 the absolute phrase is an abridgment of an adverbial clause of time4 ,oftener it is used instead of a clause of cause1 as in the sentence1 8,the drought having lasted so long1 the foliage began to turn yellow40 #cfj4 ,sometimes an absolute phrase is used instead of an independent clause1 thus changing a compound sentence to a simple sentence2 as1 8,the crew escaped from the ship in three boats1 only two reaching ,siberia40 ,what clause would you make out of the absolute phrase here8 ,by what conjunction would you join it to the first independent proposition8 #cfa4 ,the noun or the pronoun that is the base word of the noun element in an absolute phrase is said to be in the nominative case1 used absolutely4 ,summary4--,an absolute phrase is a group of words used independently and consisting of a noun or a pronoun and a participle1 having to each other the logical relation of subject and predicate4 ,an absolute phrase is an abridgment of an adverbial clause or an independent clause4 ,exercise4--,select all the absolute phrases4 ,separate them into their two parts4 ,expand them into adverbial clauses or independent clauses4 #a4 ,his feet were clad in half slippers of red leather1 the toes being pointed and turned upward4 #b4 ,she had paused in reverie1 her hands clasped behind her head4 #c4 ,jack telling his condition1 the giant bade him welcome4 #d4 ,grandma and ,norman were sitting on the floor in front of the ice box1 the child having manifested a peculiar desire for cold boiled potato4 #e4 ,from a balcony above leaned the lovely ,ermengarde1 her golden tresses crowned with a nightcap of rare and curious design4 #f4 ,the ,frey home was made up of cheery workers1 even little ,dorothea having her daily self-assumed tasks4 #g4 ,the laws of that country being very severe against slaves1 ,androcles was sentenced to be torn in pieces by a furious lion4 #h4 ,through wild and desolate scenes1 by forests1 rocks1 and waterfalls1 we pass1 the little locomotive always puffing and pushing vigorously behind us4 #i4 ,mowgli had been looking from one to the other of his friends1 his chest heaving and his eyes full of tears4 #aj4 ,these eggs being sold1 ,jack and his mother got plenty of money4 #aa4 ,everywhere1 scattered about the country1 we have seen windmills1 their great arms moving slowly around4 #ab4 ,under ,rebecca's delicately etched brows her eyes glowed like two stars2 their dancing lights half hidden in lustrous darkness4 #ac4 ,the eagerness of ,barnum to obtain a white elephant is easily understood1 that animal being considered by showmen the greatest attraction in the country4 ,,xcii4 ,,agreement ,,of ,,participles4 ,,other ,,words ,,in -,,ing #cfb4 ,a sentence containing a participial phrase should be so constructed that there is no doubt as to what noun or pronoun the phrase modifies4 ,in the sentence1 8,i had a fine view of your new hospital coming in on the train this morning10 the participial phrase seems by its position to modify the noun hospital2 but it really modifies the pronoun ,i1 and hence should be placed at the beginning of the sentence4 ,if the phrase is expanded into an adverbial clause of time1 it may remain where it is4 #cfc4 ,in the sentence1 8,opening the door1 my lamp went out10 the participial phrase has nothing to modify4 ,this is called a dangling or a floating participle4 ,the best way to deal with such a sentence is to expand the participial phrase into an adverbial clause1--8,when ,i opened the door40 ,exercise4--,point out the error in each of these sentences4 ,reconstruct each sentence4 #a4 ,we never once thought of the baby1 rushing out of doors to see the fire4 #b4 ,i heard the whistles plainly1 sailing across the bay4 #c4 ,i met your sister coming home from my music lesson4 #d4 ,mother saw the flames first sitting on the veranda4 #e4 ,entering the hall1 her foot slipped on the waxed floor and she fell4 #f4 ,putting two and two together1 it is quite plain that he wants an appointment4 #g4 ,knitting mittens and piecing quilts1 ,i think ,grandmother is very happy4 #h4 ,having been recently painted1 ,mr4 ,graham did not recognize his own house4 #i4 ,grasping the rope and plunging into the surf1 the huge receding wave carried him out almost to the wreck4 #cfd4 ,we have seen that certain participles are in form precisely like infinitives in -ing1 and can be distinguished from them only by their use4 ,the participle is used like an adjective1 and the infinitive in -ing is used like a noun4 ,take1 for instance1 the word running in the following sentences3-- ,water running down hill acquires great force4 ,running races is a small boy's pastime4 ,running water is clear4 ,i shall never forget the running of that race4 ,in the first sentence it is clear that running is a participle1 because the participial phrase running down hill modifies the noun water and is1 therefore1 used like an adjective4 ,in the second sentence it is equally clear that running is an infinitive1 for the infinitive phrase running races is subject of the sentence and is therefore used like a noun4 ,in the third sentence running is a participle1 because it is derived from a verb and cannot be compared4 7,see #ceb47 ,in other respects it resembles a pure descriptive adjective4 ,in the phrase 8an interesting book0 interesting is a pure adjective2 it can be compared4 ,in the fourth sentence running is an infinitive in -ing4 ,it is modified by an article and is used1 like a noun1 as the object of the verb4 ,in the sentences1 8,it is a wise saying10 8,take my blessing10 saying and blessing are pure nouns without verbal force1 as is shown by the fact that they have plural forms4 ,exercise #a4--;,classify the -ing words in the following sentences as infinitives1 participles1 adjectives1 or nouns3-- #a4 ,the half back was cheered by the admiring crowd4 #b4 ,the time of the singing of birds is come4 #c4 ,i distinctly said that ,i wanted a singing bird4 #d4 ,singing hymns was her favorite diversion4 #e4 ,painting high buildings is a dangerous occupation4 #f4 ,the old lady painting in the ,louvre was an excellent copyist4 #g4 ,mr4 ,morgan paid a large sum for this small painting4 #h4 ,the child was pleased with the painting book4 #i4 ,a setting hen looks very placid4 #aj4 ,they should have been arrested for setting fire to the old house4 #aa4 ,i will ask the photographer when he can give you a sitting4 #ab4 ,the child sitting on the curbing said sweetly1 8,hello1 old lady40 #ac4 ,the smiling days are not always the friendliest4 #ad4 8,i am better10 said ,agnes1 smiling brightly4 #ae4 ,a short saying oft contains much wisdom4 #af4 ,ever charming1 ever new1 when will the landscape tire the view8 #ag4 ,health is a blessing that money cannot buy4 #ah4 ,another duty the robin took upon himself1--to assist me in seeing that every bird in the room had his daily outing4 #ai4 ,turning a canary out into the world is about like turning a two-year old baby out to get its own living4 #bj4 ,we require from buildings as from men two kinds of goodness3 first1 the doing their practical duty well2 then that they be graceful and pleasing in doing it4 ,exercise #b4--;,explain the use of each verbal in the following sentences4 ,analyze sentences #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba4 #a4 ,the garret is a fine place to sit of an afternoon and hear the rain pattering on the roof4 #b4 ,to be called to the principal's office filled the stoutest heart with alarm4 #c4 ,the curfew tolls the knell of parting day1 ,the lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea4 #d4 ,the old ,german carpenter packed ,mrs4 ,howe's heavy furniture in an empty store beneath her apartment1 and when she refused to pay him an exorbitant sum1 he locked the door on her and her boxes and went off to find a policeman4 #e4 ,i had views of many interesting scenes in this family of crows1 supposed by the wary parents to be visible only to the cows stolidly feeding on the hillside4 #f4 ,the chickens seemed to be well cared for by the women2 but the men appeared to be the laziest of mortals4 #g4 ,let us stand on the long iron bridge that spans the ,st4 ,lawrence just above ,montreal1 the very place to study the river as it narrows and runs swifter for its smashing plunge through yonder rapids to the east1--the dreaded ,lachine ,rapids1 whose snarling teeth flash white in the sun4 #h4 ,to keep ,jim from following the regiment or from staying and getting lost in search of it1 the wagoner had tied him to the rear axle of his wagon with a strong twine4 #i4 ,the engine mounted the curve faster and faster1 roaring through a tunnel1 growling over a bridge1 and snarling at a paling alongside1 but no glimpse of the runaway locomotive could the pursuers get4 #aj4 ,daddy felt1 like the midshipman1 sadly perplexed when the dog was finally missing1 but he could suggest no mode of revenge which was not too dangerous for them to put in practice4 #aa4 ,the thought of my shortcomings in this life falls like a shadow on my life to come4 #ab4 ,launching majestically from the edge of the nest1 the great eagle had swooped down into the cold shadow1 and then1 rising into the light by a splendid spiral1 he had taken a survey of the empty1 glimmering world4 #ac4 ,our terrier was never known to spend a night away from home4 #ad4 ,it is inexplicable to me that any bird should be either so unobservant as not to recognize a foreign egg at sight1 or so easy-tempered as not to insist on straightway being rid of it4 #ae4 ,it is easier to do what you please than to do what you ought4 #af4 ,the blue-white moon of midwinter1 sharply glittering like an icicle1 hung high in a heaven clear as tempered steel4 #ag4 ,sometimes the fox resorts to numerous devices to mislead and escape the dog altogether1--walking in the bed of a small creek1 running along a rail fence1 or leaping into a hollow stump4 #ah4 ,the elephants simply moved their legs mechanically up and down1 and swung their trunks to and fro2 but they were determined not to pull or exert the slightest power1 neither did they move forward a single inch4 #ai4 ,the only way to mitigate the hard lot of a canary is to make him so happy that he will not wish to be free4 #bj4 ,the best part of a journey is getting home again4 #ba4 ,jefferson sent ,lewis and ,clark to penetrate the vast regions west of the ,mississippi4 #bb4 ,while the old turkey perched upon a tree top to keep an eye on the enemy1 the brood went sailing over the trees toward home4 #bc4 ,the officers ordered the crape to be instantly cut off from the dogs' legs4 ,,xciii4 ,,summary ,,of ,,participles #cfe4 ,i4 ,,definition4--,a participle is a verbal adjective4 ,,ii4 ,,forms4-- #a4 ,of intransitive verbs4 ,present1 going4 ,past1 gone4 ,perfect1 having gone1 having been going4 #b4 ,of transitive verbs4 ,present1 seeing1 being seen4 ,past1 seen4 ,perfect1 having seen1 having been seeing1 having been seen4 ,,iii4 ,,uses4 #a4 ,to form the perfect tenses1 the passive voice1 and the progressive conjugation4 ,i have trusted you4 ,you were trusted by me4 ,i am trusting you4 #b4 ,as an adjective modifier of a noun or a pronoun4 7a7 ,restrictive4 ,barking dogs seldom bite4 ,the picture painted by ,leonardo da ,vinci was stolen4 7b7 ,unrestrictive4 7#a7 ,used in place of an adjective clause4 ,the silver moon1 shining in the rosy eastern sky1 must have looked upon the setting sun4 7#b7 ,used in place of a clause of time or cause4 ,having built a magnificent church1 we had to have a magnificent organ4 #c4 ,as subjective complement of a verb4 ,christ is risen4 ,everybody is gone4 #d4 ,as an accompaniment of a verb4 ,then the blind girl came nearer1 reaching out her hands toward my face4 #e4 ,as part of an absolute phrase4 ,the roast turkey having received due attention1 the boys were ready for mince pie4 ,,iv4 ,,modifiers ,,and ,,complements4 ,participles have the same modifiers and complements as verbs4 ,having earned the money1 ,i spent it4 ,growing tired1 we walked slower4 ,calling me a coward1 he went on4 ,turning sharply to the right1 he struck the tree4 ,v4 ,,agreement4 #a4 ,the construction of a sentence should leave no doubt as to what word a participial phrase modifies4 #b4 ,dangling participles should be avoided4 ,make two good sentences to illustrate each use of the participle4 ,,xciv4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,sentences #cff4 ,a participial phrase is analyzed very much like an infinitive phrase4 ,first the participle should be given as the base1 then its complement and modifiers4 ,,model4--,behind each islet of tall reeds is a fishing boat held fast by two poles stuck in the bottom of the river4 ,this is a simple1 declarative sentence4 ,the subject is a fishing boat held fast by two poles stuck in the bottom of the river4 ,the predicate is is behind each islet of tall reeds4 ,the base word of the subject is boat4 ,it is modified by the infinitive fishing1 the article a1 and the participial phrase held fast by two poles stuck in the bottom of the river4 ,the base word of this phrase is the participle held4 ,it is modified by the adverb fast and by the prepositional phrase by two poles stuck in the bottom of the river4 ,the base word of the object of the preposition by is the noun poles4 ,it is modified by the adjective two and the participial phrase stuck in the bottom of the river4 ,the base word of this phrase is the participle stuck4 ,it is modified by the prepositional phrase in the bottom of the river1 etc4 #cfg4 ,a sentence containing an absolute phrase should be analyzed as follows3-- ,,model4--,amy having gone to ,vermont1 the lady was lonely4 ,this is a simple1 declarative sentence containing the absolute phrase ,amy having gone to ,vermont1 which is used instead of the adverbial clause of cause1 since ,amy had gone to ,vermont4 ,the subject is the lady4 ,the predicate is was lonely1 etc4 ,the absolute phrase consists of the noun ,amy and the participial phrase having gone to ,vermont1 which have the logical relation of subject and predicate4 ,the base of the participial phrase is the participle having gone1 etc4 ,exercise4--,analyze the following sentences3-- #a4 ,in one store ,i would find a catbird moping on a high shelf or in a dark back room2 in another a bluebird scared half to death1 and dumb in the midst of squawking parrots and singing canaries4 #b4 ,in that first battle1 ,jim ran barking after the very first shell that came screaming over our heads4 #c4 ,the island is supplied with the best water imaginable1 small streams leaping down from the sides of the hills and running through every valley4 #d4 ,the biting cold wind that shrunk our faces and pinched our noses blue only brought a wild-rose bloom to mother's delicate cheeks4 #e4 ,the doings of the people thus suddenly become his neighbors1 ,bobby studied with all a bird's curiosity4 #f4 ,coming out into the road on my way home again1 ,i fell in with an old friend4 #g4 ,the soldiers were miserably clad1 and asked whether we had shoes to sell4 #h4 ,it is difficult to describe the left-half's agony as he picked himself up and went limping back to his place4 #i4 ,at daylight1 directly ahead of us was the island of ,juan ,fernandez1 rising like a deep blue cloud out of the sea4 #aj4 ,long ears twinkling1 round eyes softly shining1 the rabbits leaped lightly hither and thither1 pausing every now and then to touch each other with their sensitive noses1 or to pound on the snow with their strong hind legs in mock challenge4 #aa4 ,in long1 graceful leaps1 barely touching the fence1 the fox went careering up the hill as fleet as the wind4 #ab4 ,joel's long legs began to ache1 and seemed stiffening at the thighs and knees4 #ac4 ,after their supper of milk and oatmeal porridge1 the children sat down1 waiting and watching1 and fancying they heard sounds in the hills4 #ad4 ,hearing loud cries of distress coming from the lawn1 the gardener rushed across and found the crow lying on his back1 his claw tightly gripping the end of one of the wings of a large hawk4 #ae4 ,we soon found the vireo's nest1 suspended within the angle of two horizontal twigs1 and trimmed outwardly with some kind of white silky substance4 #af4 ,he lay like a warrior taking his rest4 #ag4 ,for four miles the pilot must race along a squirming1 twisting1 plunging thread of water1 that leaps ahead like a greyhound1 and changes its crookedness somewhat from day to day with wind and tide4 #ah4 ,for centuries the trees had developed strength to resist the winds when they were clad in all their leaves1 or to carry the load of those leaves weighted with raindrops1 or to bear the winter snows2 but they had no strength that would enable them to be coated thick with ice and then wrenched by angry blasts4 #ai4 ,the servants having gone to their cabins1 the great house was filled with the quiet of a ,sunday afternoon4 ,,xcv4 ,,anticipative ,,subject #cfh4 ,we have learned that the pronoun it may be used as an anticipative subject to throw the real subject after the predicate4 ,this real subject may be a noun clause or an infinitive phrase4 ,it will never be known whether the lady came out of that door or the tiger4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that the fox cannot be tamed4 #cfi4 ,we must not conclude that the word it at the beginning of a sentence is always an anticipative subject4 ,sometimes it is the real subject1 that is1 it is a neuter personal pronoun having for its antecedent some term perfectly understood by both speaker and listener2 as1 8,have you read #8,the ,call of the ,wild'8 ,it is the story of a dog that reverted40 #cgj4 ,sometimes it is used for subject with no special word for antecedent2 as when we say1 8,it was blowing great guns40 7,see #beb47 #cga4 ,in the familiar expression1 8,it is time to get up10 the antecedent of it is the word now or the term the present moment4 #cgb4 ,it is not the only word used as anticipative subject4 ,another word is there2 as in the sentence1 8,there is snow on the top of ,pike's ,peak40 ,if we ask the question1 ,what is on the top of ,pike's ,peak8 the sensible answer is not there1 but snow1 hence snow is the subject4 ,the word there does not denote place1 hence it is not an adverb4 ,it is used merely to fill a gap in a declarative sentence in which the subject has been placed after the verb1 for if the gap were not filled and the sentence began with a verb1 it would seem to be interrogative4 ,when so used the word there is called an expletive1 which means a word used to fill up a gap4 #cgc4 ,of course there at the beginning of a sentence is not always an expletive4 ,sometimes it is an adverb denoting place2 as1 8,there will ,i build me a nest40 ,,note4--,when there is an adverb we pronounce it distinctly1 but when it is an expletive used as anticipative subject1 we slur it4 ,summary4--,the word it is often used as an anticipative subject so that the real subject may come after the verb4 ,the word there may be an anticipative subject4 ,it is then called an expletive4 ,exercise4--,analyze the following sentences4 ,if there is an anticipative subject1 state that fact before giving the real subject2 thus1--,in the sentence1 8,once upon a time there were four little rabbits10 the anticipative subject is the expletive there2 the real subject is four little rabbits4 ,the predicate is were once upon a time4 #a4 ,there would be several insuperable difficulties in adopting the moon as a residence4 #b4 ,every object on the moon would be only one sixth as heavy as the same object on the earth4 ,there a box containing a pound of chocolate bonbons would weigh only two or three ounces4 #c4 ,it is a little curious that the effect of a short allowance of food does not show itself in hunger4 #d4 ,there never was such a hailstorm in ,wisconsin4 #e4 ,it is just the right time of the moon for planting sweet peas4 #f4 ,there were dances1 theatricals1 and sleighrides that winter4 #g4 ,it would amuse me very much to sing while ,i am hunting4 #h4 ,a cannon that breaks loose from its fastenings on a ship is suddenly transformed into a supernatural beast4 ,it is a monster developed from a machine2 it has the weight of an elephant1 the agility of a mouse1 the obstinacy of the ox2 it takes one by surprise1 like the surge of the sea2 it flashes like lightning2 it is deaf as the tomb2 it weighs ten thousand pounds1 and it bounds like a child's ball4 #i4 ,that day there came our first great snowstorm4 #aj4 ,there lay the beautiful piece of embroidery that mother had put away so carefully and forgotten so completely4 #aa4 ,there's a special providence that watches over idiots1 drunken men1 and boys4 #ab4 ,there came to the beach a poor exile of ,erin4 #ac4 ,it made the children laugh and play1 ,to see a lamb at school4 #ad4 ,in the reign of ,king ,arthur1 and in the county of ,cornwall1 near to the ,land's ,end in ,england1 there lived a worthy farmer1 who had an only son1 named ,jack4 #ae4 ,there the two old dogs sat and talked of the wonderful tenacity of rheumatism that has once settled in a dog's shoulder4 #af4 ,there was one passenger in the coach1--a small1 dark-haired person in a glossy buff calico dress4 #ag4 ,professor ,boyesen describes what he calls the saeter1 the spring migration of the dairy and dairymaids4 ,it is the great event of the year in all the rural districts4 #ah4 ,there were three ,catherines1 two ,annes1 and a ,jane4 #ai4 ,it is said in ,ceylon that the cocoanut1 like the magpie and the robin1 will flourish only within sound of the human voice4 #bj4 ,there is always a sad element in the departure of a steamer4 ,,xcvi4 ,,elliptical ,,sentences #cgd4 ,we have noted several constructions in which there is an ellipsis1 or omission of some word or words necessary to the grammatical structure of the sentence4 7#a7 ,the subject of an imperative sentence1 the pronoun you1 thou1 or ye is usually omitted2 as1 87,you7 ,honor the flag40 7#b7 ,a noun is often omitted after a possessive modifier2 as1 8,let us go over to ,baker's 7house7 this evening40 7#c7 ,an auxiliary verb is often omitted2 as1 8,somebody has entered the hall and 7has7 taken my umbrella40 7#d7 ,the predicate is often omitted in a clause of comparison2 as1 8,i am not so tired as you 7are or are tired740 8,he has no better right than ,i 7have or have right740 7#e7 ,the relative pronoun that is often omitted in an adjective clause2 as1 8,the ring 7that7 you gave me is too small40 7#f7 ,the subordinate conjunction that is often omitted in a noun clause2 as1 8,you said 7that7 ,i might take your skates40 #cge4 ,the elliptical sentence is very common1 especially in conversation1 where we do not have to depend entirely upon words to convey our meaning1 as we have the help of emphasis1 tone of voice1 and gesture4 ,it follows that in oral language we leave out many words that can easily be supplied by our listeners4 7#a7 ,in answering questions1 we seldom make complete statements1 as1-- ,what is your name8 7,my name is7 ,donald4 ,whose boy are you8 7,i am7 ,mr4 ,hill's 7boy74 ,where do you live8 7,i live7 ,on ,jackson ,street4 7#b7 ,we often omit a word that has already been expressed in the sentence2 as1 8,our first maid was an ,irish girl2 our second 7maid was7 a ,norwegian 7girl740 7#c7 ,in sentences beginning with no wonder or no matter we omit the main verb and the anticipative subject it4 8,no wonder he died10 means 8,it is no wonder that he died40 8,no matter what ,i said10 means 8,it is no matter what ,i said40 7#d7 ,two very common questions are ,what of it8 and ,what if ,i do8 ,we may expand the first question thus1 8,what 7will come7 of it80 and the second thus1 8,what 7difference will it make7 if ,i do80 7#e7 ,in adverbial clauses we find many cases of ellipsis1 but the words omitted can readily be supplied2 as1-- ,i lived on the south side when 7,i was7 a child4 ,i cut my finger while 7,i was7 paring an apple4 ,she sings as if 7she were singing7 by note4 ,i will be there if 7it is7 possible4 ,though 7we were7 tired and hungry we plodded on4 ,i will go 7though it7 rain or 7though it7 shine4 ,exercise4--,analyze the following sentences1 supplying the words omitted wherever there is an ellipsis4 #a4 ,wisdom is better than rubies4 #b4 ,a song to the oak1 the brave old oak6 #c4 ,the sun shall not smite thee by day nor the moon by night4 #d4 ,she will close the house and go to her son's4 #e4 ,csar had his ,brutus2 ,charles the ,first his ,cromwell4 #f4 ,it is more blessed to give than to receive4 #g4 ,and then to breakfast with what appetite you have4 #h4 ,to-day he puts forth the tender leaves of hope2 to-morrow blossoms4 #i4 ,love's wing moults when caged and captured4 #aj4 ,he that is slow to anger is better than the mighty1 and he that ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city4 #aa4 ,few and short were the prayers we said4 #ab4 ,all the world's a stage and all the men and women merely players4 #ac4 ,stone walls do not a prison make1 ,nor iron bars a cage4 #ad4 ,though mild1 ,calvin was also intolerant4 #ae4 ,happy the man whose wish and care ,a few paternal acres bound4 #af4 ,drink to me only with thine eyes4 #ag4 ,true hope is swift and flies with swallow's wings1 ,kings it makes gods and meaner creatures1 kings4 #ah4 ,my true love hath my heart1 and ,i have his4 #ai4 ,lives of great men all remind us ,we can make our lives sublime4 #bj4 ,what if the river is too deep for the cattle to ford8 #ba4 ,if all the year were playing holidays ,to sport would be as tedious as to work4 #bb4 ,my kingdom for a horse6 #bc4 ,no matter what the daisies say1 ,i know ,i'll be married some fine day4 #bd4 ,blessings on thee1 little man6 #be4 ,six white eggs on a bed of hay1 ,flecked with purple1 a pretty sight4 #bf4 8,lady ,moon1 ,lady ,moon1 where are you roving80 8,over the sea40 #bg4 ,the wind has a language1 ,i would ,i could learn4 ,,xcvii4 ,,review ,,of ,,analysis ,exercise4--,analyze the following sentences4 ,these sentences contain examples of the various constructions that have been presented in this book4 ,if there is any doubt as to what part of speech a certain word is1 the dictionary will usually enable you to decide4 ,where an ellipsis occurs1 the word or words omitted should be supplied4 #a4 ,how the black cat had captured the alert and restless squirrel so quickly was a great mystery to me4 #b4 ,if a woman puts on airs with her equals1 she probably has something about herself or her family that she is ashamed of4 #c4 ,in writing these memoirs ,i shall yield to the inclination so natural to old men1 of talking of themselves and their own actions4 #d4 ,when ye come where ,i have stepped1 ,ye will wonder why ye wept4 #e4 ,i sought out one of these few1 ,fred ,ouillette1 pilot and son of a pilot1 an idol in the company's eyes1 a hero to the boys of ,montreal1 a figure to be stared at always by anxious passengers4 #f4 ,must we conclude that the dignity of a bird depends upon the length of his tail8 #g4 ,during these gales1 the top of the tableland is enveloped in thick clouds1 which the people of the ,cape call the ,devil's ,table ,cloth4 #h4 ,the sand-hills were gashed with numberless ravines2 and as the sky had suddenly darkened1 and a cold gusty wind arisen1 the strange shrubs and the dreary hills looked doubly wild and desolate4 #i4 ,floweret and hope may die1 ,but love with us shall stay4 #aj4 ,there are three beautiful dandelions out on the terrace4 #aa4 ,i hope to see my ,pilot face to face ,when ,i have crossed the bar4 #ab4 ,gray ,brother did not come upon the night when ,i sent him the word4 #ac4 ,the beasts cannot use me more cruelly than ,i have been used by my fellow creatures4 #ad4 ,if ,i stroked the cat in my pet monkey's presence1 he would get into a paroxysm of rage and make great efforts to bite me4 #ae4 ,the spangled heavens1 a shining frame1 ,their great ,original proclaim4 #af4 ,he was a strange figure1 this tattered1 long-haired man1 with the spear and wallet1 and his boots cut down into sandals4 #ag4 ,gordon waited long for an opportunity to sing in the choir at old ,st4 ,george's4 #ah4 ,when shall you leave ,yarmouth8 ,on the fifteenth1 if possible4 #ai4 ,the captain1 whose ideas of hard riding were all derived from trans-,atlantic sources1 expressed the utmost amazement at the feats of ,sorel1 who went leaping ravines1 and dashing at full speed up and down the sides of precipitous hills1 lashing his horse with the recklessness of a ,rocky ,mountain rider4 #bj4 ,the ,great ,american ,desert is a land where no man permanently abides2 for in certain seasons of the year there is no food either for the hunter or his steed4 #ba4 ,one constant element in luck ,is genuine1 solid1 old ,teutonic pluck4 #bb4 ,did you ever think why a dog's nose is always wet8 #bc4 ,one of the most difficult things is to get any wild animal to allow himself to be touched with the human hand4 #bd4 ,old ,trinity's steeple probably sways eighteen inches whenever an elevated train passes4 #be4 ,do steeple climbers always work in pairs8 #bf4 ,the chipmunk had made a well-defined path from his door out through the weeds and dry leaves into the territory where his feeding ground lay4 #bg4 ,no wonder ,eve ate the forbidden fruit4 #bh4 ,in ,bermuda the banana is as omnipresent as the onion4 #bi4 ,we called the mice ,jack1 ,jill1 and ,jenny1 and they seemed to know their names4 #cj4 ,shooting the ,lachine ,rapids is like taming a particularly fierce lion4 #ca4 ,turk slept at night outside his master's door1 and no sentry could be more alert upon his watch than this faithful mastiff1 who had apparently only one ambition1--to protect and to accompany his owner4 #cb4 ,we fancied we could hear the huge bodies of the whales burrowing through the water4 #cc4 ,at length1 finding my life very solitary1 ,i accepted the claw and heart of a rich and respectable green parrot1 who offered me a good home and the devotion of a lifetime4 #cd4 ,be it ever so humble1 there's no place like home4 #ce4 ,presently the doe stepped away1 and left her little one lying on a spotted heap of dead leaves and moss4 #cf4 ,while traveling along the ,rhine1 we observed that when the ,german has nothing else to do1 he eats and drinks4 #cg4 ,the ,spaniards changed the whole character and habits of the ,indians when they brought the horse among them4 #ch4 ,the fires in the ,australian bush are often the work of the natives1 to frighten away the white men2 and sometimes the work of the shepherds1 to make the grass sprout afresh4 #ci4 ,near the ,pyramids1 more wondrous and more awful than all else in the land of ,egypt1 there sits the lonely ,sphinx4 #dj4 ,the sexton had lived in ,stratford for eighty years1 and seemed still to consider himself a vigorous man1 with the trivial exception that he had nearly lost the use of his legs4 #da4 ,what if this were my last day at school8 #db4 ,it was something to have seen the dust of ,shakespeare4 #dc4 ,a queen bee will lay two hundred eggs in a few hours1 and in the year she will generally have laid twenty or thirty thousand4 #dd4 ,the ground was carpeted with softest moss1 into which the boy's feet sunk so deep that they were almost covered2 and all over the moss were sprinkled little star-shaped pink flowers4 #de4 ,the wolf asked little ,red ,riding ,hood whither she was going4 #df4 ,o happy harbor of ,god's saints6 ,o sweet and pleasant soil6 ,in thee no sorrow can be found1 ,nor grief1 nor care1 nor toil4 #dg4 ,she fell back upon the floor as if by the stroke of an unseen hand4 #dh4 ,whether she was attended by a physician from ,canton or from ,milton1 ,i was unable to say2 but neither the gig with the large allopathic sorrel horse1 nor the gig with the homopathic white mare was ever seen hitched at the gate during the day4 #di4 ,no sooner did ,i open their door than out the little starlings would all fly1 and seat themselves on my head and shoulders4 #ej4 ,neither eye nor ear revealed him anything4 #ea4 ,small leisure have the poor for grief4 #eb4 ,by a flight of winding stairs we reached a covered balcony1 over which a tropical vine wanders at will4 #ec4 ,dora heard ,marjorie singing1 laughing1 chatting1 as she flashed here and there1 helping and hindering in about equal proportions4 #ed4 ,no matter what honors your ancestors attained1 make your own name honorable4 #ee4 ,as ,i trod the sounding pavement1 there was something intense and thrilling in the idea that the remains of ,shakespeare were moldering beneath my feet4 #ef4 ,the lark1 springing up from the reeking bosom of the meadow1 towered away into the bright fleecy cloud1 pouring forth torrents of melody4 #eg4 ,i now found myself among noble avenues of oaks and elms1 whose vast size bespoke the growth of centuries4 #eh4 ,the air within the tunnel is somewhat damp1 but fresh and agreeably cool1 and one can scarcely realize in walking along the light passage1 that a river is rolling above his head4 #ei4 ,no frog egg may hope to develop into a turtle1 or a bird1 or anything but a frog4 #fj4 ,i heard my own mountain goats bleating aloft4 #fa4 ,everybody knows that the porcupine is ridiculously fastidious in his choice of food4 #fb4 ,the daisy1 by the shadow that it casts1 ,protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun4 #fc4 ,if ,i choose to work eleven hours a day1 what of it8 #fd4 ,far below lay the earth1 brown1 dry1 and desolate1 from drouth4 #fe4 ,there was no sleep that long night for the little duck mother ,quackalina4 #ff4 ,one evening1 after the ice of a sleet storm had clogged their wings1 the pigeons settled on one of the highest buildings they could find1 and sat and shivered through the long night4 #fg4 ,the taking down of a steeple two hundred and thirty-eight feet high1 that rises on a closely built city street1 is not a simple proceeding4 #fh4 ,the legend of ,felix is ended1 the toiling of ,felix is done2 ,the master has paid him his wages1 the goal of his journey is won4 #fi4 ,there we were shown the chair on which the ,english monarchs have been crowned for several hundred years4 #gj4 ,under the seat is the stone brought from the ,abbey of ,scone1 whereon the kings of ,scotland were crowned4 #ga4 ,sleeping or waking1 my thoughts are all of ,ireland and of you4 #gb4 ,fortunately for us1 our two lean1 wiry little horses did not object to being used as aquatic animals4 #gc4 ,many ,russian villages possess a public bath of the most primitive construction1 but in some parts of the country the peasants take their vapor bath in the household oven in which the bread is baked6 #gd4 ,this aptly illustrates a common ,russian proverb1 which says that what is health to the ,russian is death to the ,german4 #ge4 ,scarfs1 shawls1 stuffs for dresses1 morning gowns1 and vests1 handkerchiefs1 sashes1 purses1 and tobacco bags are heaped in rich profusion4 #gf4 ,when a man of fourscore1 he continued his weekly visits to the schools4 #gg4 ,his master having been honorably discharged before the close of the war1 ,jim was left with the regiment in care of ,wiggins1 the wagoner4 #gh4 ,no other pigeon is so bold and fearless1 so full of bulldog tenacity1 so full of royal courage1 as the homer4 #gi4 ,the ,french carried their imitation of ,indians so far that they often disguised themselves to resemble their allies1 with paint1 feathers1 and all4 #hj4 ,it was sometimes impossible to tell in an attacking party which were ,french and which were ,indians4 #ha4 ,the sea was dotted everywhere with the heads of seals hurrying to land and begin their share of fighting4 #hb4 ,old ,marley was as dead as a door-nail4 #hc4 ,if eyes were made for seeing1 ,then beauty is its own excuse for being4 #hd4 ,out on the lawn there arose such a clatter ,i sprang from my bed to see what was the matter4 #he4 ,there is a pleasure in the pathless woods1 ,there is a rapture on the lonely shore4 #hf4 ,how ,i wish that when the ,angel comes for me1 ,i might reach out and feel your hand6 ,,general ,,review ,exercise #a 7#a7 ,the family of the ,lambs had long been among the most thriving and popular in the neighborhood2 the ,miss ,lambs were the belles of ,little ,britain1 and everybody was pleased when old ,lamb had made money enough to shut up shop1 and put his name on a brass plate on his door4 7#b7 ,in an evil hour1 however1 one of the ,miss ,lambs had the honor of being a lady in attendance on the ,lady ,mayoress1 at her great annual ball1 on which occasion she wore three towering ostrich feathers on her head4 7#c7 ,the family never got over it2 they were immediately smitten with a passion for high life2 set up a one-horse carriage1 put a bit of gold lace round the errand-boy's hat1 and have been the talk and detestation of the whole neighborhood ever since4 7#d7 ,they could no longer be induced to play at ,pope-,joan or blindman's buff2 they could endure no dances but quadrilles1 which nobody had ever heard of in ,little ,britain2 and they took to reading novels1 talking bad ,french1 and playing upon the piano4 7#e7 ,their brother1 too1 who had been articled to an attorney1 set up for a dandy and a critic1 characters hitherto unknown in these parts2 and he confounded the worthy folks exceedingly by talking about ,kean1 the opera1 and the 8,edinburgh ,review40 --,,washington ,,irving1 ,sketch ,book4 #a4 ,consult the dictionary for the meaning of all words in this paragraph that you do not understand4 #b4 ,account for the capitalization and punctuation4 ,why is the term ,edinburgh ,review inclosed in quotation marks8 #c4 ,what kind of noun is family in sentence 7#a78 ,use it in a sentence so as to reveal its number and its gender4 ,what is its number in sentence 7#c78 ,how do you account for it8 #d4 ,what two plural forms has the term ,miss ,lamb8 ,what is the plural of ,lady ,mayoress8 ,what does the dictionary say about the plural form folks8 ,what is the number of everybody in sentence 7#a78 ,what is the plural of attorney8 of dandy8 #e4 ,tell the part of speech and use of long1 enough1 sentence 7#a72 however1 one1 which1 sentence 7#b72 ever1 since1 sentence 7#c72 no1 longer1 no1 but1 sentence 7#d72 too1 up1 hitherto1 sentence 7#e74 ,which of these words can be used as other parts of speech8 ,illustrate in sentences4 #f4 ,are thriving in sentence 7#a7 and towering in sentence 7#b7 participles or adjectives8 ,how do you decide8 ,is pleased in sentence 7#a7 a complement of was or a part of a passive verb was pleased8 ,how do you decide8 ,how is smitten used in sentence 7#c78 ,find two passive verbs1 and prove that they are passive4 #g4 ,supply the ellipsis before and after popular in sentence 7#a72 before put in sentence 7#a74 #h4 ,tell the use of each of the following verbals3 being 7#b72 reading1 talking1 playing 7#d72 talking 7#e74 ,tell how each of these verbals is modified or completed4 #i4 ,select each prepositional phrase and tell what it modifies4 #aj4 ,select all the infinitives with to and tell the grammatical use of each4 #aa4 ,parse the relative pronouns in sentences 7#d7 and 7#e74 ,are the clauses that they introduce restrictive or unrestrictive8 #ab4 ,tell the use and case of each of the following nouns3 belles 7#a72 talk1 detestation 7#c72 characters 7#e74 #ac4 ,tell the principal parts of each of these verbs3 put 7#a72 had1 wore 7#b72 got1 set 7#c72 took 7#d74 ,exercise #b 7#a7 ,ahem6 ,dry work1 this speechifying1 especially to an unpracticed orator4 7#b7 ,i never conceived till now what toil the temperance lecturers undergo for my sake2 hereafter they shall have the business to themselves4 7#c7 ,do1 some kind ,christian1 pump a stroke or two1 just to wet my whistle4 7#d7 ,thank you1 sir6 7#e7 ,my dear hearers1 when the world shall have been regenerated by my instrumentality1 you will collect your useless vats and liquor casks into one great pile and make a bonfire in honor of the town pump4 7#f7 ,and when ,i shall have decayed like my predecessors1 then1 if you revere my memory1 let a marble fountain1 richly sculptured1 take my place upon this spot4 7#g7 ,such monuments should be erected everywhere and inscribed with the names of the distinguished champions of my cause4 7#h7 ,one o'clock6 7#i7 ,nay1 then1 if the dinner bell begins to speak1 ,i may as well hold my peace4 7#aj7 ,here comes a pretty young girl of my acquaintance with a large stone pitcher for me to fill4 7#aa7 ,may she draw a husband while drawing her water1 as ,rachel did of old6 7#ab7 ,hold out your vessel1 my dear6 7#ac7 ,there it is1 full to the brim2 so now run home1 peeping at your sweet image in the pitcher as you go1 and forget not1 in a glass of my own liquor1 to drink 8,success to the town pump40 --,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne1 ,twice ,told ,tales4 #a4 ,consult the dictionary for the meaning of words in these paragraphs that you do not understand4 #b4 ,classify each sentence both as to purpose and structure4 #c4 ,what part of speech is ahem8 ,what feeling does it express in sentence 7#a78 #d4 ,supply the ellipsis in sentence 7#a74 ,what part of speech is speechifying8 ,what is its grammatical use8 #e4 ,what does the adverb especially in sentence 7#a7 modify8 #f4 ,account for the use of shall and will in these paragraphs4 #g4 ,select all the dependent clauses4 ,tell the class and use of each1 and the introductory word4 #h4 ,select all the terms of address4 ,what is the base word of each8 #i4 ,what is the use of now sentence 7#b78 old 7#aa78 dinner 7#i78 #aj4 ,parse each predicate verb in sentences 7#c71 7#e71 7#f71 7#g74 #aa4 ,tell the part of speech and use of themselves1 sentence 7#b72 stroke1 two 7#c72 there1 full1 peeping1 glass1 own 7#ac74 #ab4 ,tell the use of all infinitive phrases in sentences 7#c71 7#f71 7#i71 7#aj71 7#ac74 ,exercise #c 7#a7 ,once upon a time there came to this earth a visitor from a neighboring planet4 ,and he was met at the place of his descent by a great philosopher1 who was to show him everything4 7#b7 ,first of all they came through a wood1 and the stranger looked upon the trees4 8,whom have we here80 said he4 7#c7 8,these are only vegetables10 said the philosopher4 8,they are alive1 but not at all interesting40 7#d7 8,i don't know about that10 said the stranger4 8,they seem to have very good manners4 ,do they never speak80 7#e7 8,they lack the gift10 said the philosopher4 7#f7 8,yet ,i think ,i hear them sing10 said the other4 7#g7 8,that is only the wind among the leaves10 said the philosopher4 8,i will explain to you the theory of winds2 it is very interesting40 7#h7 8,well10 said the stranger1 8,i wish ,i knew what they are thinking40 7#i7 8,they cannot think10 said the philosopher4 7#aj7 8,i don't know about that10 returned the stranger2 and then laying his hand upon a trunk3 8,i like these people10 said he4 7#aa7 8,they are not people at all10 said the philosopher4 8,come along40 7#ab7 ,next they came through a meadow where there were cows4 7#ac7 8,these are very dirty people10 said the stranger4 7#ad7 8,they are not people at all10 said the philosopher2 and he explained what a cow is in scientific words which ,i have forgotten4 7#ae7 8,that is all one to me10 said the stranger4 8,but why do they never look up80 7#af7 8,because they are graminivorous10 said the philosopher2 8and to live upon grass1 which is not highly nutritious1 requires so close an attention to business that they have no time to think1 or speak1 or look at the scenery1 or keep themselves clean40 7#ag7 8,well10 said the stranger1 8that is one way to live1 no doubt4 ,but ,i prefer the people with the green heads40 7#ah7 ,next they came into a city1 and the streets were full of men and women4 7#ai7 8,these are very odd people10 said the stranger4 7#bj7 8,they are the people of the greatest nation in the world10 said the philosopher4 7#ba7 8,are they indeed80 said the stranger4 8,they scarcely look so40 --,r4 ,l4 ,,stevenson1 ,fables4 #a4 ,rewrite this selection1 changing the direct to indirect discourse and noting the changes made in verbs1 pronouns1 and other words4 #b4 ,fill out the elliptical sentences1 and tell the grammatical use of each of the words that you supply4 #c4 ,comment on the use of and 7#a71 but 7#ae71 and but 7#ag74 #d4 ,explain how each of the following verbs and verbals is completed and modified3 was1 to show1 paragraph 7#a72 have 7#b72 are1 and are 7#c72 seem 7#d72 lack 7#e72 think1 hear1 said 7#f72 wish1 knew1 are thinking 7#h72 laying 7#aj72 explained1 is1 have forgotten 7#ad72 is 7#ae72 keep 7#af74 #e4 ,find the subject of came in the first sentence1 and explain the use of there4 ,prove that was met in paragraph 7#a7 is a true passive verb4 #f4 ,tell the grammatical use of each infinitive in paragraphs 7#af7 and 7#ag74 #g4 ,tell the part of speech and use of once1 paragraph 7#a72 first 7#b72 highly1 so 7#af72 well 7#ag72 next 7#ah72 very 7#ai72 indeed1 scarcely1 so 7#ba74 #h4 ,parse all the adjective pronouns1 interrogative pronouns1 and relative pronouns4 #i4 ,find all the prepositional phrases1 and tell what each phrase modifies4 ,tell the object of each preposition1 and if there is anything peculiar about any object1 comment upon the peculiarity4 #aj4 ,select all the dependent clauses4 ,tell the kind and use of each clause1 and its introductory word4 ,classify the adjective clauses as restrictive or unrestrictive1 and tell what the adverbial clauses denote4 ,if a word is used in a peculiar or uncommon way1 consult the dictionary for information regarding it4 ,exercise #d 7#a7 ,there troop the three most roguish boys that ever made parents scold or laugh4 7#b7 ,they have nothing to do but to set each other on to mischief4 7#c7 ,they pull off buds from the unblossomed rose bushes2 they pick cucumbers by the half bushel that were to have been let alone2 they break down rare shrubbery to get whips1 and instead get whippings2 they kill the guinea-pigs2 chase the chickens2 break up hens' nests2 get into the carriages and wagons only to tumble out1 and set all the nurses a-running2 they study every means of getting under the horses' feet1 and1 as the more dangerous act1 they are fond of tickling their hind legs1 and pulling at their tails2 they fill the already fed horses with extra oats1 causing the hostler to fear for his charges' health1 since they refuse oats at the next regular feeding2 they paddle in all the mud on the premises2 sit down in the street and fill their pockets with dirt2 they wet their clothes in the brook1 tear them in the woods1 lose their caps a dozen times a day1 and go bare-headed in the blazing sun2 they cut up every imaginable prank with their long-suffering nurses when meals are served1 or when bedtime comes1 or when morning brings the washing and dressing4 7#d7 ,they are little1 nimble1 compact skinfuls of ingenious1 fertile1 endless1 untiring mischief4 7#e7 ,they stub their toes1 or cut their fingers1 or get stung1 or eat some poisonous berry1 seed1 or root1 or make us think that they have1 which is just as bad2 they fall down stairs1 or eat green fruit till they are as tight as a drum2 and yet there is no peace to us without them1 as there certainly is none with them4 ,mischievous darlings6 ,joyful plagues6 ,loving1 rollicking1 laughing rogues6 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher1 ,star ,papers4 #a4 ,give the principal parts of each predicate verb in this selection2 its tense4 ,read the selection with the predicate verbs in the past tense4 #b4 ,explain how the following verbs are completed and modified3 made1 sentence 7#a72 have 7#b72 pull1 were1 lose1 go1 cut 7#c72 are 7#d72 get1 make 7#e74 #c4 ,select all the adjectives and tell what they modify4 ,classify them as limiting or descriptive4 ,compare them1 if possible4 ,if any of them do not admit of comparison1 tell why4 #d4 ,tell the use of there1 sentence 7#a7 and there 7#e74 #e4 ,tell the use and case of each of the following nouns3 boys1 sentence 7#a72 legs 7#c72 hostler 7#c72 times 7#c72 day 7#c72 drum 7#e72 darlings 7#e74 #f4 ,find three nouns in the possessive case1 and tell what each of them modifies4 ,decline each of these nouns4 #g4 ,select all the infinitives with to and tell the use of each4 #h4 ,select and classify all the words in -ing4 #i4 ,account for the punctuation of this selection4 #aj4 ,select all the dependent clauses4 ,tell the kind and use of each1 and the introductory word4 #aa4 ,tell the part of speech and use of on 7#b72 off1 alone1 down1 up1 already 7#c72 just1 down1 certainly 7#e74 #ab4 ,select all the cordinate conjunctions in sentences 7#c7 and 7#e7 and tell what each conjunction joins4 ,,index ,absolute phrases1 #bcg4 ,absolute use of noun1 #bcg4 ,abstract nouns1 #ad4 ,active voice1 #dj4 ,address1 term of1 #ci1 #dj4 ,adjective clauses1 #aga4 restrictive1 #aic4 unrestrictive1 #aid4 ,adjective elements1 #bi4 ,adjective phrases1 #ca4 ,adjective pronouns1 #aba4 declension of1 #abb4 ,adjectives1 appositive1 #hh4 classified1 #aaj4 comparison of1 #aaf1 #aag4 defined1 #be4 errors in use of1 #aah1 #aai4 misused for adverbs1 #gj1 #ga4 modifying pronouns1 #bf4 objective complement1 #id4 parsing of1 #abj4 review of1 #abj4 subjective complement1 #fi4 ,adverbial clauses1 of cause1 #ahc4 of comparison1 #ahh1 #ahi4 of concession1 #ahf4 of condition1 #ahf4 of manner1 #aha4 of place1 #aha4 of purpose1 #ahd4 of result1 #ahd4 of time1 #ahj1 #aha4 office of1 #aga4 ,adverbial nouns1 #ia4 ,adverbial noun phrases1 #ia4 modifying adjectives or adverbs1 #ib4 ,adverbial noun phrases1 modifying verbs1 #ia4 what they denote1 #ia4 ,adverbial phrases1 #ca4 ,adverbs1 comparison of1 #agj4 conjunctive1 #agb4 defined1 #bh4 formation of1 #ca4 interrogative1 #agj4 introducing noun clauses1 #bjd1 #bje4 meaning of1 #bh4 misused for adjectives1 #gj1 #ga4 modifying adjectives1 #bi4 modifying adverbs1 #bi4 modifying sentences1 #age4 modifying verbs1 #bh4 parsing of1 #agd4 simple1 #agj4 summary of1 #agc4 ,after1 #agh4 ,agreement1 of participle and noun1 #bci4 of subject and verb1 #afe1 #aff4 ,among1 #cg4 ,analysis1 models for1 #cd1 #dh1 #aia1 #bbe1 #bdd4 ,antecedent1 of personal pronoun1 #ih4 of relative pronoun1 #aig4 ,anticipative subject1 #bja1 #bab1 #bdg4 ,appositive1 adjective1 #hh4 case of1 #hg4 in possessive case1 #hf4 infinitive1 #bae4 noun1 #he1 #hf4 ,appositive1 noun clause1 #bja4 position of1 #hf4 punctuation of1 #hf1 #hg4 ,articles1 definite and indefinite1 #aac4 uses of1 #aad4 ,as1 relative pronoun1 #aig4 ,at1 #cg4 ,auxiliary verbs1 #abd4 can1 could1 etc41 #aed-aef4 shall and will1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,before1 #agh4 ,beside1 #ch4 ,besides1 #ch4 ,between1 #cg4 ,but1 conjunction and preposition1 #df4 relative pronoun1 #aig4 uses of1 #agh4 ,by1 #ch4 ,can and could1 #aee1 #aef4 ,capitalization1 of proper adjectives1 #aaa4 of proper nouns1 #ac1 #ad4 ,case1 #hc-ie1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #aif4 ,cause1 clauses of1 #ahc4 ,clauses1 adjective1 #aga1 #aic-aig4 adverbial1 #aga1 #ahj-aia4 defined1 #dh4 dependent1 #eb1 #ec4 independent1 #dh4 noun1 #bjj1 #bja4 review of1 #bjf4 ,collective nouns1 #aff4 ,common gender1 #gh4 ,common nouns1 #ac1 #ad4 ,comparative degree1 #aaf4 ,comparison1 clauses of1 #ahh1 #ahi4 of adjectives1 #aaf4 of adverbs1 #agj4 how denoted1 #aaf1 #aag4 irregular1 #aag4 ,complement1 defined1 #fa4 ,complement1 direct object1 #fa4 double object1 #baf4 objective1 #id1 #ade4 subjective1 #fg1 #fh4 ,complex sentences1 #ec4 ,compound personal pronouns1 #ajf4 uses of1 #ajf4 ,compound predicate1 #ai1 #bj4 ,compound sentences1 #ej4 ,compound subject1 #bj4 ,concession1 clauses of1 #ahf4 ,condition1 clauses of1 #ahf4 ,conjugation1 active voice1 #abh-acj1 #acb1 #acd4 defined1 #abg4 emphatic1 #adi4 imperative mode1 #acd4 indicative mode1 #abh-acj4 interrogative1 #abi4 passive voice1 #adj-adb4 progressive1 #adh4 subjunctive mode1 #acb4 ,conjunctions1 #df4 cordinate1 #agd4 correlative1 #age4 in compound sentences1 #ej4 subordinate1 #agf1 #agg4 ,conjunctive adverbs1 #agb4 in noun clauses1 #bjd4 ,contractions1 #acj4 ,cordinate conjunctions1 #agd4 ,correlative conjunctions1 #age4 ,dangling participles1 #bci4 ,declarative sentences1 #i1 #aj4 ,declension1 of nouns1 #hd4 of personal pronouns1 #ih4 of relative pronouns1 #aif4 ,defective verbs1 #aed-aeg4 ,demonstrative adjectives1 #aac4 ,dependent clauses1 #eb4 ,descriptive adjectives1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,direct and indirect discourse1 #afb-afe4 ,direct and indirect quotations1 #afb-afe4 ,do1 as principal verb1 #aeg4 ,double object1 of preposition for1 #bbj4 of verb1 #baf-bah4 ,double possessive1 #ha1 #ajd4 ,each other1 #abb4 ,elliptical sentences1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,else1 as limiting adjective1 #aac4 uses of1 #agh4 ,emphatic conjugation1 #adi1 #aej4 ,enough1 #aac4 ,errors1 in adjectives1 #gj1 #ga1 #aah1 #aai4 in adverbs1 #gj1 #ga4 in infinitives1 #bba1 #bbb4 in interrogative pronouns1 #aji1 #aaj4 in participles1 #bci4 in personal pronouns1 #aja1 #ajc4 in verbs1 #acj1 #acg-adb4 ,exclamatory nouns1 #dj4 ,exclamatory sentences1 #dd1 #de4 ,feminine gender1 #gh4 ,floating participle1 #bci4 ,for1 #agi4 ,gender1 #gg1 #gh4 how denoted1 #gh4 ,gerund1 #baa4 ,going1 in verb phrase1 #aef4 ,have1 as principal verb1 #aeg4 ,hence1 #agi4 ,idiomatic expressions1 #ajd1 #bja1 #bbj1 #bce1 #bdg4 ,imperative mode1 #acd4 conjugation of1 #acd4 ,imperative sentences1 #da4 subject omitted1 #db4 ,impersonal verbs1 #aeg4 ,in1 #cg1 #ch4 ,independent elements1 #ci1 #dj4 ,indicative mode1 #abg4 ,indirect discourse1 #afb-afe4 ,indirect object1 #hi1 #ij4 becoming subject of passive verb1 #ada4 position of1 #ij4 ,infinitive phrases1 #baa4 ,infinitives1 defined1 #bji4 errors in use of1 #bba1 #bbb4 in apposition1 #bae4 in -ing1 #baj4 modified by possessive1 #baa4 modifier of adjective1 #bbj1 #bba4 modifier of noun1 #bae4 modifier of verb1 #bah4 object of preposition1 #bbj4 object of verb1 #bac4 part of double object1 #baf-bah4 subjective complement1 #bac4 summary of1 #bbd1 #bbe4 used independently1 #bba4 with to1 #bji1 #baj4 ,interjections1 #dc4 ,interrogative adjectives1 #aac4 ,interrogative adverbs1 #agj4 ,interrogative conjugation1 #abi4 ,interrogative pronouns1 #ajh4 errors in use of1 #aji1 #aaj4 in noun clause1 #bjd4 uses of1 #ajh4 ,interrogative sentences1 #bc1 #bd4 order of1 #bd4 ,into1 #ch4 ,intransitive verbs1 of action1 #fd4 of being1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg4 ,irregular verbs1 defined1 #ace1 #acf4 errors in use of1 #acg-adj4 principal parts of1 #acg4 ,it1 as anticipative subject1 #bja1 #bab1 #bdg4 ,lay and lie1 #acg4 ,like1 #aha4 ,limiting adjectives1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aad4 ,manner1 clauses of1 #aha4 ,masculine gender1 #gg4 ,may and might1 #aee1 #aef4 ,mode1 defined1 #abg4 imperative1 #acd4 indicative1 #abg4 subjunctive1 #aca1 #acb4 ,modifier1 #bf4 ,must1 #aee1 #aef4 ,natural order1 #bb4 ,neuter gender1 #gh4 ,nominative case1 #hc1 #hd1 #ajj4 ,noun clauses1 #bjj4 introductory word of1 #bjc1 #bjd4 uses of1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,nouns1 abstract1 #ad4 adverbial1 #ia1 #ib4 as adjectives1 #bg4 as interjections1 #dc4 case of1 #hc1 #hd4 collective1 #aff4 common1 #ac1 #ad4 compound1 #ha4 declension of1 #hd4 defined1 #aa1 #ab4 direct object1 #fa4 gender of1 #gg1 #gh4 in apposition1 #he-hg4 in exclamation1 #dj4 in -ing1 #bdj4 indirect object1 #hi4 number of1 #gd-gf4 object of preposition1 #ce4 objective complement1 #id4 parsing of1 #if4 possessive1 #gi-hb4 proper1 #ac1 #ad4 term of address1 #ci1 #dj4 used absolutely1 #bcg4 ,number1 defined1 #gd4 singular and plural1 #gd1 #ge4 ,numeral adjectives1 #aac4 ,o1 #dc4 ,object1 double1 #baf4 indirect1 #hi1 #ij1 #ada4 of preposition1 #ce1 #cf4 of verb1 #fa4 retained1 #adf4 ,objective complement1 #id4 becoming subjective complement of passive verb1 #ade4 ,off1 #ch4 ,one1 declined1 #abb4 ,one another1 #abb4 ,only1 #agi4 ,other1 declined1 #abb4 ,own1 with possessives1 #ajj4 ,parsing1 of adjectives1 #abj4 of adverbs1 #agd4 of nouns1 #if4 of prepositions1 #agi4 of pronouns1 #ajj1 #bjh4 of verbs1 #aej1 #afh4 ,participial phrases1 #bbi4 ,participles1 agreement of1 #bci4 dangling1 or floating1 #bci4 defined1 #bbh1 #bbi4 differing from adjectives1 #bca4 errors in use of1 #bci4 forms of1 #bbh4 summary of1 #bdc1 #bdd4 uses of1 #adj1 #add1 #ade1 #adh1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,parts of speech1 summary of1 #eg4 ,passive voice1 #adj-adb4 ,past participle1 #ace1 #bbh4 as subjective complement1 #add1 #ade4 in passive conjugation1 #adj4 ,person1 of nouns1 #ih4 of pronouns1 #ih4 of verbs1 #abg4 ,personal pronouns1 #ih4 compound1 #ajf4 declension of1 #ih4 errors in use of1 #aja-ajc4 uses of1 #ajj1 #ajc-aje4 ,phrases1 #ca1 #cc4 absolute1 #bcg4 adjective1 #ca4 adverbial1 #ca4 as subjective complement1 #fi4 defined1 #cc4 denoting possession1 #ha4 in a series1 #cb4 infinitive1 #baa4 participial1 #bbi4 position of1 #cb4 prepositional1 #ce1 #cf4 ,place1 clauses of1 #aha4 ,plurals1 foreign1 #ge4 formation of1 #gd1 #ge4 compound nouns1 #ge4 letters and figures1 #ge4 titles1 #ge4 regular and irregular1 #gd4 same as singular1 #gd4 ,positive degree1 #aaf4 ,possessive case1 #hc4 of compound nouns1 #ha4 ,possessive nouns1 #hj1 #hc4 form of1 #hj1 #ha4 in double possessives1 #ha4 what they denote1 #ha4 ,possessive pronouns1 #ajc4 how used1 #ajd4 in double possessives1 #ajd4 ,predicate1 compound1 #ai1 #bj4 defined1 #i1 #aj4 simple1 #af4 transposed1 #bb4 ,prepositions1 #cd1 #ce4 correct use of1 #cg-ci4 parsing of1 #agi4 ,present participle1 in progressive conjugation1 #adh1 #bbh4 ,principal parts1 #ace4 ,principal parts1 of irregular verbs1 #acg4 ,progressive conjugation1 #adh4 ,pronouns1 adjective1 #aba4 compound personal1 #ajf4 defined1 #ah4 in clauses of comparison1 #aij1 #aia4 indefinite1 #bjd4 interrogative1 #ajh4 parsing of1 #ajj1 #bjh4 personal1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,pronouns1 relative1 #aif1 #aig4 review of1 #bjg4 ,proper adjectives1 #aaa4 ,proper nouns1 #ac1 #ad4 ,punctuation1 of a series1 #bj1 #be1 #bf1 #cb4 of appositives1 #hf-hh4 of compound sentences1 #ej4 of compound subject and predicate1 #bj4 of declarative sentences1 #aj4 of exclamatory sentences1 #dd4 of interrogative sentences1 #bd4 of phrases1 #cb4 ,purpose1 clauses of1 #ahd4 ,raise and rise1 #ach4 ,reflexive use of pronouns1 #ajf4 ,regular verbs1 #ace1 #acf4 ,relative pronouns1 #aif1 #aig4 what1 #bjd4 ,result1 clauses of1 #ahd4 ,retained object1 #adf4 ,review1 general1 #beg-bfd4 of adjectives1 #abj4 of adverbs1 #agc4 of analysis1 #beb4 of clauses1 #bjf4 of infinitives1 #bbd1 #bbe4 of nouns1 #if1 #ig4 of participles1 #bdc4 of parts of speech1 #eg4 of prepositions1 #agi4 ,review1 general1 of pronouns1 #bjg4 of sentences1 #ee4 of verbs1 #gb1 #afh4 ,sentences1 complex1 #ec4 compound1 #ej4 declarative1 #i1 #aj4 defined1 #i1 #aj4 elliptical1 #bdi1 #bej1 exclamatory1 #dd1 #de4 imperative1 #da4 interrogative1 #bc1 #bd4 review of1 #ee4 simple1 #dh4 ,sequence of tenses1 #abe1 #afc4 ,series1 of adjectives1 #be4 of phrases1 #cb4 of predicates1 #bj4 ,set and sit1 #ach4 ,shall and will1 #aea4 in indirect discourse1 #afc4 in interrogative sentences1 #aeb4 rules for use of1 #aeb4 ,should and would1 #afj-afb4 in subjunctive mode1 #aee4 ,simple adverbs1 #agj4 ,simple predicate1 #af4 ,simple sentences1 #dh4 ,simple subject1 #aa4 ,since1 #agi4 ,singular number1 #gd4 ,so1 #agi4 ,subject1 compound1 #bj4 defined1 #i1 #aj4 how found1 #af4 simple1 #aa4 transposed1 #bb4 ,subjective complement1 #fg1 #fh4 adjective1 #fi4 infinitive1 #bac4 noun1 #fg1 #fi4 participle1 #add1 #ade4 prepositional phrase1 #fi4 ,subjunctive mode1 #aca4 conjugation of1 #acb4 ,subjunctive mode1 tenses of1 #acb4 ,subordinate conjunctions1 #agf1 #agg4 ,summary1 of adverbs1 #agc4 of case relations1 #ig4 of infinitives1 #bbd1 #bbe4 of participles1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,superlative degree1 #aaf4 ,tense1 #abc4 errors in1 #abe1 #abf4 in noun clauses1 #bja4 primary1 #abd4 secondary1 #abd4 sequence of1 #abe1 #afc4 ,term of address1 #ci4 ,the1 an adverb1 #agj4 ,there1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,till1 #agi4 ,time1 clauses of1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,to1 omitted in infinitives1 #bag4 ,to1 use of1 #cg4 ,transitive verbs1 #fj1 #fa4 followed by indirect object1 #ij4 followed by objective complement1 #id4 what they denote1 #fb4 ,transposed order1 #bb4 ,until1 #agi4 ,used1 in verb phrases1 #aef4 ,verb phrases1 #aee1 #aef4 ,verbals1 #baj1 #baa4 ,verbs1 defective1 #aed-aeg4 defined1 #af4 errors in use of1 #acj1 #acg-adb4 intransitive1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg4 mode of1 #abg1 #aca1 #acd4 parsing of1 #aej1 #afh4 principal parts of1 #ace1 #acg4 regular and irregular1 #ace1 #acf4 review of1 #gb1 #afh4 tense of1 #abc-abf4 transitive1 #fj1 #fa4 used as interjections1 #dc4 used transitively or intransitively1 #fd1 #ff4 voice of1 #adj-adb4 ,voice1 active and passive1 #adj4 conjugation of passive1 #adj-adb4 test for passive1 #ade4 ,with1 #ch4 ,words in -ing1 #bdj4 ,words used1 as adjective or adverb1 #ei4 as adverb or preposition1 #fj4 as noun or adjective1 #eh4 as noun or verb1 #eh4 as preposition1 conjunction1 or adverb1 #agi4 ,would1 as principal verb1 #aee4 ,yet1 #agi4