,transcriber's ,note3 ,in the original1 ,hungarian words were printed in bold typeface4 ,this has been removed to avoid visual distraction for the reader 7but preserved in the ,,html version74 ,some words and parts of words are marked thus where the authors intended special emphasis4 ,the reader should exercise caution if removing the equals signs for readability1 as there are some genuine equals signs in the text as well4 ,italics are indicated by underscores4 ,,hungarian ,,grammar ,,tr,,bner',s ,,simplified ,,grammars ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,asiatic ,,and ,,european ,,languages ,,hindustani1 ,,persian1 ,,and ,,arabic4 ,by the late ,e4 ,h4 ,,palmer1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 #es4 ,,basque4 ,by ,w4 ,,van ,,eys4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,malagasy4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,parker4 #es4 ,,modern ,,greek4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,geldart1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,roumanian4 ,by ,r4 ,,torceanu4 #es4 ,,tibetan4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,jaschke4 #es4 ,,ottoman ,,turkish4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,redhouse4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,swedish4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,,otte4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,pali4 ,by ,,edward ,,muller1 ,,ll4,d4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,sanskrit4 ,by ,,hjalmar ,,edgren1 ,ph4,d4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,albanian4 ,by ,p4 ,w4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,serbian4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,morfill1 ,m4,a4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,languages ,,of ,,the ,,cuneiform ,,inscriptions4 ,by ,,george ,,bertin1 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 #es4 ,,panjabi4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,wm4 ,,st4 ,,clair ,,tisdall1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,telugu4 ,by ,,henry ,,morris1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,khassi4 ,by ,h4 ,,roberts4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,gujarati4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,wm4 ,,st4 ,,clair ,,tisdall1 ,m4,a4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,bulgarian4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,morfill1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,hausa4 ,by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,robinson and ,major ,j4 ,a4 ,,burdon4 #es4 net4 ,,hindi4 ,by ,canon ,f4 ,p4 ,l4 ,,josa4 #ds4 net4 ,,hungarian ,,grammar ,,by ,c4 ,,arthur ,,and ,,ilona ,,ginever ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,trench1 ,,tr,,bner ,,co4 ,,ltd ,,dryden ,,house1 ,,gerrard ,,street1 ,w4 #aiji ,the rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at the ,ballantyne ,press1 ,edinburgh ,,preface ,many people are under the wrong impression that ,hungarian is a difficult language to learn4 ,it is true that it is quite unrelated to any other ,european language1 save the ,finnish1 being of oriental origin1 and brought with them by the invading ,hungarians into the country now known as ,hungary1 towards the end of the ninth century ,a4,d4 ,though the vocabulary1 accordingly1 may at first wear an air of strangeness1 this strangeness does not mean difficulty1 and we venture to say that ,hungarian is easier for an ,english student than ,french or ,german4 ,the most striking characteristics of the language are its use of suffixes1 where in ,english pronouns and prepositions are employed1 and the law of harmony prevailing between the vowel-sounds of a word and those of its suffixes4 ,when once these rules1 and a few relating to the verb1 are grasped1 ,hungarian will be found to present no great difficulty1 and the impression that it is a hard language to learn must be regarded as due to the bad and complicated exposition usually met with in grammars designed to teach ,hungarian4 ,a student who thoroughly masters this short and simple grammar will be well on the way to speaking and reading ,hungarian1 and to unlocking for himself the golden stores of ,hungarian prose and poetry4 ,in the hope that this book may prove serviceable to any one visiting ,hungary1 we have added a vocabulary and a number of phrases in common use4 ,c4 ,,arthur ,,ginever4 ,,ilona ,,ginever 7ne ,,de ,,gy,,ry1 ,,of ,,budapest74 ,,st4 ,,ladislas1 ,,castle ,,avenue1 ,,dover4 ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,alphabet #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,article #d ,,iii4 ,,the ,,noun #g ,,iv4 ,,personal ,,suffixes #ah ,v4 ,,suffixes ,,for ,,place1 ,,direction1 ,c4 #bb ,,vi4 ,,postpositions #bf ,,vii4 ,,the ,,adjective #cj ,,viii4 ,,the ,,pronoun #cg ,,ix4 ,,the ,,verb #dc ,x4 ,,the ,,adverb #fb ,,xi4 ,,conjunctions #ff ,,xii4 ,,interjections #fh ,,xiii4 ,,gender #gj ,,xiv4 ,,etymology #gb ,,xv4 ,,syntax #ge ,,xvi4 ,,days1 ,,months1 ,,and ,,seasons #gg ,,xvii4 ,,money1 ,,weights1 ,,and ,,measures #gh ,,xviii4 ,,phrases #gi ,,hungarian-,,english ,,vocabulary #hh ,,english-,,hungarian ,,vocabulary #ia ,,hungarian ,,grammar ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,alphabet ,,vowels4 ,there are in ,hungarian fourteen distinct vowel characters3-- a1 2 e1 2 i1 2 o1 1 1 2 u1 1 1 4 ,they are pronounced3-- a as o in rod1 e4g4 fal1 a wall 0 a 0 far 0 vr1 a castle e#a 0 a 0 man 0 kerek1 round 0 a 0 pale 0 pnz1 money i 0 i 0 piqu 0 piros1 red 0 ee 0 bee 0 v1 an arch o 0 o 0 fort 0 bor1 wine 0 o 0 roll 0 l1 a horse 0 ,french eu 0 neuf 0 fld1 earth 0 u 0 fur or ,french u 0 sur 0 br1 skin u 0 u 0 bull 0 futni1 to run 0 oo 0 pool 0 rt1 ugly 0 ,french u 0 une 0 fl1 ear 0 0 ue 0 morue 0 tz1 fire a1 e1 i1 o1 1 u1 are short vowels4 1 1 1 1 1 1 are long vowels4 ,there are no ,diphthongs4 ,vowels are also divided into3-- 7a7 ,flats3 a1 1 o1 1 u1 2 7b7 ,sharps3 e1 1 1 1 2 and 7c7 ,mediates3 1 i1 4 ,flats and ,sharps never occur in the same word1 and according as the vowels are of one or the other class the words are said to be sharp or flat1 and only take suffixes of their respective class4 kalap 7hat71 pl4 kalapok4 kert 7garden71 0 kertek4 ,note4--,this rule does not prevent the formation of compound substantives of heterogeneous words1 and applies only to etymological derivatives4 ,for example1 selyemruha is a compound of selyem 7silk71 and ruha 7a dress74 ,the ,mediates may be found in the same word along with either flat or sharp vowels4 ,such words are called mixed1 and take suffixes of either class4 piros 7red71 pl4 pirosak4 hideg 7cold71 0 hidegek4 ,,consonants4 ,the simple consonants are3 b1 c1 d1 f1 g1 h1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 r1 s1 t1 v1 z4 c 7or cz7 is pronounced like ts in its1 e4g4 citrom1 a lemon g 7hard7 0 0 0 g 0 go 0 galamb1 a dove j 7soft7 0 0 0 y 0 you 0 j1 good s 0 0 0 sh 0 shoe 0 sas1 an eagle h is always aspirated 0 hrom1 three r is harder than in ,english1 and is always vibrated1 whether preceded 0 rka1 a fox or followed by a vowel 0 r1 price ,the others are pronounced as in ,english4 ,the compound consonants are3 cs1 ds1 gy1 ly1 ny1 sz1 ty1 zs4 ,they are pronounced as follows3-- cs as ch in church1 e4g4 csirke1 a chicken ds 0 j 0 joke 0 findsa1 a cup gy 0 d 0 dew 0 gyngy1 a pearl ly 0 y 0 you 0 ilyen1 such ny 0 n 0 new 0 nyl1 a hare sz 0 s 0 so 0 szab1 a tailor ty 0 t 0 tune 0 tyk1 a hen zs 0 z 0 azure 0 zsir1 lard or ,french j in je ,these compound consonants must be looked upon as single letters1 each representing a single and distinct sound or articulation1 and cannot be divided in spelling or pronunciation4 ,if in a word the sound of a compound consonant is heard with greater stress1 that is1 where these letters are to be written doubly1 they are thus abbreviated3-- ,for cscs1 ccs2 for gygy1 ggy2 c4 ,but if these consonants meet only through the use of suffixes or the formation of compound words1 they must be written out in full4 ,also1 when a word is broken off at the end of a line1 the missing letter is to be replaced4 asszony 7woman7 is divided thus3 asz-szony4 ,the ,hungarian language has no mute letters4 ,every character is to be pronounced distinctly and in full1 always retaining the same sound1 and each word has as many syllables as it contains vowels4 fiaim has three syllables1 and is pronounced fi-a-im4 lenyai 0 five 0 0 0 le-ny-a-i-4 ,the emphasis always rests on the first syllable4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,this e is sometimes pronounced like e in men1 especially in the case of words in which it occurs several times2 e4g4 engedelmes 7pronounced angedalmash74 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,article ,the ,definite ,article is a or az4 a is used before words beginning with a consonant4 az is used before words beginning with a vowel4 ,whenever any definite object is referred to the definite article is used4 a fi1 the boy2 az alma1 the apple4 ,the definite article is used in many cases where it would not be used in ,english2 for example1 even after a demonstrative adjective1 or where a pronoun precedes the noun4 ez az alma2 az n fiam4 7this apple27 7 my son47 jobban szeretem a selymet mint a vsznat4 7better do ,i like silk than linen47 ,in such cases the article must not be translated into ,english4 ,n4,b4--,the definite article az must not be confused with the demonstrative adjective az1 that4 ,the article1 when accompanying the demonstrative adjective1 follows it3 e4g4 az az ember1 that man2 az a madr1 that bird4 ,the names of persons1 towns1 countries1 months1 and days do not take the article4 ,kroly1 ,charles ,magyarorszg1 ,hungary ,eurpa1 ,europe ,berlin1 ,berlin janur1#b ,january htf1#b ,monday ,the names of mountains1 rivers1 and lakes take the article4 a ,duna1 the ,danube a ,balaton1 ,lake ,balaton a ,krptok1 the ,carpathians a ,gellrthegy1 ,gellrt hill magyarorszgi1 ,hungarian angol1 ,english berlini1 belonging to ,berlin nmet1 ,german ,similarly1 egy angol1 an ,englishman egy nmet1 a ,german ,the ,indefinite ,article is egy1 which is also the numeral1 one4 ,the indefinite article is much less frequently used in ,hungarian than in ,english4 ,it is not necessary to use egy before a noun if spoken of in general terms only4 embert lttam1 ,i saw 7or have seen7 a man4 almt ettem1 ,i have eaten an apple4 egy must never be used before an adjective or noun used as a predicate4 ,thus-- ,szent ,istvn kirly volt1 ,st4 ,stephen was a king4 ,a sas madr1 the eagle 7is7 a bird4 ,jzsef j fi1 ,joseph 7is7 a good boy4 egy should be used in cases where its meaning is that of 8a certain40 volt egyszer egy ember aki1 stb41 there was once a man who1 c4 egy is used when stress is laid on the singleness of the object4 csak egy embert lttam1 ,i saw only one man4 egy almt ettem1 ,i have eaten one apple4 ,the article is not inflected for number1 gender1 or case4 az ember1 az emberek1 az embernek1 az embereknek4 7the man7 7the men7 7to the man7 7to the men74 ,,exercise ,i4 ,a piros virg4 ,az atya ir4 ,a szp asszony4 ,ez a fi4 ,ez a nagy hz4 ,a j emberek4 ,kutyt lttam4 ,csak egy kutyt lttam4 ,az az alma4 ,the swift horse4 ,that brave man4 ,i have eaten only one plum4 ,i saw a beautiful garden4 ,the mother is gentle4 ,roses are beautiful flowers4 virg1 flower atya1 father ir1 writes szp1 beautiful nagy1 great hz1 house gyors1 swift btor1 brave csak1 only kutya1 dog lttam1 ,i saw 7or have seen7 anya1 mother rzsa1 rose magas1 high szelid1 gentle szilva1 plum ,,footnotes3 #b ,the names of months and days all begin with small letters4 ,so do the names of towns and countries when used as adjectives4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,noun ,number1 ,case1 and ,person are expressed by means of ,suffixes4 ,there are also suffixes to express place and direction4 ,these suffixes are joined to the root1 which sometimes undergoes orthographical changes4 ,place and direction are also indicated by means of postpositions1 which1 like the suffixes mentioned above1 are equivalent to the prepositions of ,english grammar1 but which1 as their name indicates1 follow the noun instead of preceding it4 ,postpositions only differ from the suffixes which also indicate place and direction by being separate from the noun4 ,,number4 ,rule4--,the plural is formed by adding -k to nouns ending with a vowel1 or -ak1 -ok1 -ek1 or -k to nouns ending with a consonant4 rig 7thrush71 plural rigk hz 7house71 0 hzak kert 7garden71 0 kertek a and e at the end of a noun become lengthened in the plural4 fa 7tree71 pl4 fk eke 7plough71 pl4 ekk ,nouns ending with a consonant preceded by or shorten these vowels in the plural1 except those ending in -sg1 -sg1 -s1 or -s1 and a few monosyllabic nouns4 madr 7bird71 plural madarak kerk 7wheel7 0 kerekek ,but1 ritkasg 7rarity7 0 ritkasgok szpsg 7beauty7 0 szpsgek vgs 7a stroke7 0 vgsok vets 7a crop7 0 vetsek ,if the final consonants of the last two syllables in polysyllabic nouns would admit of an easy pronunciation without the intervention of a vowel1 the vowel of the last syllable is generally dropped in the plural4 ,this contraction mostly takes place when the consonants m-r1 k-r1 k-l1 or reversed1 r-m1 r-k1 and l-k meet4 llek 7soul71 plural lelkek kr 7bull7 0 krk jrom 7yoke7 0 jrmok ,the following monosyllabic nouns ending with a vowel take v in the plural2 some of them at the same time shorten their vowel3-- k 7stone71 plural kvek l 7juice7 0 levek l 7horse7 0 lovak f 7grass7 0 fvek cs 7tube7 0 csvek t 7lake7 0 tavak t 7stem7 0 tvek h 7snow7 0 havak m 7work of art7 0 mvek sz 7word7 0 szavak 7consecutive words7 szk 7disconnected words7 ,,note4--,nouns are always used in the singular when preceded by a numeral or any other word expressing quantity1 and take the verb in the singular4 kt ember 7two men72 sok fa 7many trees74 hrom ember van a kertben1 three men are in the garden4 ,many nouns in ,hungarian are used in the singular which are in ,english used in the plural2 for example1 the names of the various parts of the human body1 and of articles of clothing1 which occur in pairs--eyes1 hands1 gloves1 boots1 c4 ,szp szeme van1 she has pretty eyes 7literally1 a pretty eye74 ,fzik a kezem1 my hands are cold 7literally1 my hand is cold74 ,keztyt1 czipt1 vettem1 ,i have bought gloves1 shoes 7literally1 glove1 shoe74 ,if one desires to say exactly the quantity bought1 one may say1 egy pr keztyt1 kt pr keztyt1 c41 but if the quantity is not mentioned1 it is sufficient to use the singular accusative1 as in the above example4 ,if the plural were used it would mean many pairs1 and it would then be better to say how many4 ,it may be well here to point out how such a notion as 8a pair of10 8a cup of10 8a pound of10 is expressed in ,hungarian4 ,the ,english 8of0 has no equivalent in ,hungarian4 ,a pair of shoes egy pr czip 7lit4 a pair shoe74 ,a cup of coffee egy cssze kv 7lit4 a cup coffee74 ,a bottle of wine egy veg bor4 ,a kilogram of apples egy kilogramm alma 7lit4 a kilogram apple74 ,in such cases1 if the accusative case has to be used1 it is only the second of the two nouns that takes the accusative ending -t 7see below74 ,i have bought a bottle of wine vettem egy veg bor-t4 ,collective nouns are used in the plural when several lots or quantities of the same genus are referred to1 but in all other cases they are used in the singular4 ,in ,hungarian all generic names are collective nouns1 as1 for instance1 the names of fruits1 corn1 vegetables1 minerals1 c41 and stand in the singular4 alma1 apple or apples4 buza1 wheat4 bors1 a pea or peas4 egy font alma1 a pound of apples2 szeretem az almt1 ,i like apples4 kt itcze bors1 two quarts of peas2 borst vettem1 ,i have bought some peas4 ,but1 a magyar buz-k jobbak mint az oroszok4 ,hungarian wheats 7are7 better than ,russian4 ,,exercise ,,ii4 ,a hzak magasak s a kertek nagyok4 ,a rigk madarak4 ,a vetsek zldek4 ,az krk ersek4 ,a tavak kkek4 ,a h fehr s hideg4 ,a l s a kutya hzi llatok4 ,a kertben sok szp virg van4 ,az emberek a kertben vannak4 ,apples and pears are pleasant fruits4 ,the dog and the cat are domestic animals4 ,many strong horses are in the stable4 ,three beautiful trees are in the garden4 ,dogs are faithful friends4 zld1 green ers1 strong kk1 blue fehr1 white hzi1 domestic llat1 animal -ben1 -ban1 in krte1 pear van1 is vannak1 are kellemes1 pleasant gymlcs1 fruit macska1 cat istll1 stable h1 faithful bart1 friend ,,cases ,,of ,,the ,,noun4 ,there are four cases3--,nominative1 ,genitive or ,possessive1 ,dative and ,accusative4 ,the ,nominative is the subject of the verb and is the simple word4 ,,the ,,genitive4 ,two different suffixes are used to indicate the genitive or possessive case4 7#a7 ,when the names of the possessor and the thing possessed are both mentioned the name of the possessor takes the suffix -nak for flat-sounding words and -nek for sharp-sounding words to indicate the possessive case4 ,at the same time the name of the thing possessed takes the personal suffix -a1 -e or -ja1 -je 7see ,chapter ,,iv474 ,pter-nek kert-je1 ,peter's garden4 ,pter-nek a kert-je szp1 ,peter's garden is beautiful4 ,the genitive with -nak1 -nek1 stands in an adjectival relation to the thing possessed4 ,in ,pternek kertje1 ,pternek is the attribute to kertje4 ,this construction1 while grammatically correct1 is somewhat cumbersome1 and as a rule1 when the possessive stands only as attribute to its object1 it is not inflected1 as the object is already inflected with the personal suffix1 which expresses amply the relation between possessor and thing possessed4 ,thus1 ,pter kert-je is more usual than ,pter-nek kert-je2 in fact1 this construction is almost invariably employed4 az ember kabt-ja1 the man's coat4 ,note4--,when several substantives occur in succession1 and all except the first and last are both possessors and things possessed1 while all the things possessed take the personal suffix1 only the last possessor takes the genitive suffix1 which must never be omitted4 ,a fa lomb-ja szin--nek szpsg-e4 ,the beauty of the colour of the foliage of the tree4 ,,van4 ,,vannak4 ,the ,hungarian has no word corresponding to the ,english verb 8to have10 but expresses possession by the possessive case with the verb van1 8is10 or other parts of the verb lenni1 8to be40 ,pter-nek van hz-a1 ,peter has a house 7literally1 there is a house of ,peter's74 ,pter-nek vannak hz-ai1 ,peter has houses 7literally1 there are houses of ,peter's74 ,the form of the possessive with the verb van is called its subjective form1 and is always to be translated into ,english by the nominative and the verb 8to have40 ,with this construction1 -nek or -nak must never be omitted if the name of the possessor is mentioned1 while the thing possessed must always take the personal ending4 ,note4--,the name of the possessor is not always mentioned1 the personal ending1 or the context1 being sufficient to show who the possessor is4 ,tavasszal sok virg-unk lesz4 ,we shall have many flowers in the spring4 ,atym rlt1 mert az sszel sok gymlcs-e volt4 ,my father was glad1 because he had abundant fruit in the autumn4 ,in this latter sentence neki is understood1 but need not be expressed4 ,the other form1 where it governs its object directly1 that is1 without van1 is called its attributive form1 and is to be rendered in ,english by the possessive case4 7#b7 ,when the name of the thing possessed is suppressed1 the possessive case is indicated by the suffix - or -i2 -1 if the thing possessed is a single object1 -i1 when two or more objects are possessed4 ,kinek a hza az8 ,az atym-4 ,whose house is that8 ,my father's4 ,kinek a hzai azok8 ,az atym-i4 ,whose houses are those8 ,my father's4 ,az a hz az atym-4 ,that house is my father's4 ,this sentence in full would be3 ,az a hz az atym hza1 but hza is suppressed and the suffix - is substituted for it4 ,this suffix - or -i is added to the plural if there are more than one possessor4 ,kinek a szobja ez8 ,a gyermek-ek-4 ,whose is this room8 ,the children's4 ,kinek a szobi ezek8 ,a gyermek-ek-i4 ,whose are these rooms8 ,the children's4 ,note4--,this form of the genitive1 being a contraction of both possessor and object possessed1 may be used as subject or predicate1 and can be inflected like an ordinary noun1 except that it cannot take the genitive ending again4 ,hzamat eladtam s ,pter--t megvettem1 ,i sold my house and bought ,peter's4 ,here ,pter is in the genitive1 and has taken also the accusative ending -t1 which would be joined to the object were it expressed2 thus1 ,hzamat eladtam s ,pternek hz--t megvettem4 ,,exercise ,,iii4 ,a madarak dala szp4 ,a fk lombja zld4 ,pter hza s kertje nagy4 ,a hznak sok ablaka van4 ,az krk jrma ers4 ,jnosnak ngy lova van4 ,a rzsknak des illata van4 ,kinek a kertje ez8 ,a szomszd4 ,the scent of the flowers is pleasant4 ,whose are those fine horses8 ,they belong to the king4 ,the colour of the roses of that garden is lovely4 ,that tall house belongs to ,peter4 ,the neighbour has a large garden4 dal1 song lomb1 foliage ablak1 window ngy1 four des1 sweet illat1 scent szomszd1 neighbour szp1 fine1 beautiful szn1 colour gynyr1 lovely ,,the ,,dative4 ,the dative suffix is also -nak or -nek1 which corresponds to the ,english 8to0 or 8for40 ,ezt ,pter-nek adom1 ,i give this to ,peter4 ,sznt viszek a lovak-nak1 ,i carry hay to the horses4 ,n4,b4--,this dative suffix1 unlike the genitive -nak1 -nek1 must never be omitted4 ,,the ,,accusative4 ,the distinctive mark of the accusative1 both in the singular and in the plural1 is the ending -t4 ,rule #a4--,this -t is added directly to 7a7 all substantives ending in a vowel4 frfi 7man71 acc4 frfit rzsa 7rose7 0 rzst kefe 7brush7 0 keft erd 7wood7 0 erdt ,note4--,final -a and -e become lengthened in the accusative4 7b7 ,substantives ending in j1 l1 if they are not monosyllables1 ny1 s 7if preceded by a long vowel71 dissyllables ending in sz and z1 and monosyllables ending in r 7except vr1 a castle74 zrej 7noise71 acc4 zrejt asztal 7table7 0 asztalt leny 7girl7 0 lenyt kr 7damage7 0 krt hs 7meat7 0 hst vadsz 7huntsman7 0 vadszt vitz 7warrior7 0 vitzt ,rule #b4 -t is preceded by a vowel in the case of words ending with a consonant4 7a7 ,by a 7for flat words74 ,in monosyllabic substantives containing a long or short a 7excepting those covered by the preceding rule74 szj 7mouth71 acc4 szjat vz 7skeleton7 0 vzat vaj 7butter7 0 vajat ,in most monosyllables containing i4 dj 7salary71 acc4 djat hd 7bridge7 0 hidat ,also1 in many nouns which shorten the long of their last syllable4 madr 7bird71 acc4 madarat 7b7 ,by o 7for flat words74 narancs 7orange71 acc4 narancsot kalap 7hat7 0 kalapot 7c7 ,by e 7for sharp words74 ,in all substantives whose roots have i1 e1 or 1 for their radical vowels4 gyermek 7child71 acc4 gyermeket vitzsg 7bravery7 0 vitzsget ,in monosyllables with a final l1 or with another final consonant preceded by l or r4 fl 7ear71 acc4 flet fld 7earth7 0 fldet vlgy 7valley7 0 vlgyet 7d7 ,by 7for sharp words74 ,in substantives having as their radical vowels 1 1 1 or 1 and not covered by the preceding rules4 ezst 7silver71 acc4 ezstt fst 7smoke7 0 fstt kd 7fog7 0 kdt ,,contraction4 ,the rule for contraction is the same in the case of the addition of the accusative ending as in that of the addition of the plural ending 7see page #h74 llek 7soul71 plural1 lelkek1 acc4 lelket dolog 7task7 0 dolgok1 0 dolgot ,a substantive is declined in the plural in the same way as in the singular4 ,nom4 a hzak ,gen4 a hzak- ,dat4 a hzak-nak ,acc4 a hzak-at ,,exercise ,,iv4 ,buzt adok a madaraknak4 ,kpeket mutatok a gyermekeknek4 ,az ember vizet visz a lovaknak s az krknek4 ,a h takart ad a fldnek4 ,a kert gymlcst hoz a gazdnak4 ,a tnak a partja virgos s a vize tiszta4 ,a kert fve zld s fi magasak4 ,ltok egy gazdasgot1 kt hzat s hrom lovat4 ,a munka dja nagy4 ,a madarat a kertben ltom4 ,the men have a beautiful garden4 ,the king's palace is an imposing building4 ,i do not much admire the houses4 ,whose books are those8 ,they belong to the student4 ,i shall give this gun to the hunter4 ,i like beautiful flowers4 kp1 picture mutatok1 ,i show vz1 water visz1 carries ad1 gives munka1 work ltok1 ltom1 ,i see palota1 palace tekintlyes1 imposing plet1 building takar1 a covering hoz1 brings gazda1 farmer gazdasg1 farm part1 shore virgos1 flowery nem1 no1 not nagyon1 much bmulom1 ,i admire tanul1 student fogom adni1 ,i shall give puska1 gun tiszta1 clean1 pure ,,chapter ,,iv ,,personal ,,suffixes ,as already mentioned1 the name of the object possessed is always inflected4 ,pternek kalap-ja 7,peter's hat74 ,in ,hungarian1 the function of the ,english possessive pronouns 7my1 thy1 c47 is performed by suffixes4 aty-m 7my father72 aty-d 7thy father74 ,these suffixes are as follows3-- 7,a47 ,where the ,object possessed is ,singular4 ,flat ,words4 ,sharp ,words4 ,sing43 #ast person -m -m my #bnd 0 -d -d thy #crd 0 -ja -je his1 hers1 its ,plural3 #ast 0 -nk -nk our #bnd 0 -tok -tek1 tk your #crd 0 -jok1 juk -jk1 jk their ,when a word ends in a vowel these suffixes are added directly to the word1 the vowels a and e being lengthened1 as in the case of the formation of the plural4 ,examples4 atya 7father7 aty-m1 my father aty-nk1 our father aty-d1 thy father aty-tok1 your father aty77-ja1 his or her father#c aty77-juk1 their father#c eke 7plough7 ek-m1 my plough ek-nk1 our plough ek-d1 thy plough ek-tek1 your plough ek-je1 his or her plough ek-jk1 their plough ,a large number of words drop the j in the third person singular and plural4 lb 7foot7 lba lbuk br 7wages7 bre brk szv 7heart7 szive szivk toll 7feather7 tolla tolluk orr 7nose7 orra orruk ,in general1 when a word ends with a consonant the j is omitted1 but words ending in two different consonants usually retain the j4 fld 7ground7 fldje foldjk kert 7garden7 kertje kertjk domb 7hill7 dombja dombjuk rojt 7fringe7 rojtja rojtjuk ,there are exceptions1 however4 gymlcs 7fruit7 gymlcse gymlcsk rcz 7metal7 rcze rczk kilincs 7door handle7 kilincse kilincsk 7,b47 ,where the ,objects possessed are more than one4 ,the mark of plurality is the vowel i in the suffixes4 ,flat and ,sharp ,words4 ,sing43 #ast person -im my #bnd 0 -id thy #crd 0 -i his1 hers1 its ,plural3 #ast 0 -ink our #bnd 0 -itok1 itek your 7flat7 7sharp7 #crd 0 -ik their ,examples4 haj 7ship7 szoba 7room7 eke 7plough7 ,sing43 #ast person haj-im szob-im ek-im #bnd 0 haj-id szob-id ek-id #crd 0 haj-i szob-i ek-i ,plural3 #ast 0 haj-ink szob-ink ek-ink #bnd 0 haj-itok szob-itok ek-itek #crd 0 haj-ik szob-ik ek-ik ,nouns ending in a consonant link these endings by means of a vowel4 ,examples4 knyv 7book72 hz 7house74 #a4 ,the ,object in the ,singular4 #a4 knyv-em1 my book4 #a4 hz-am1 my house4 #b4 knyv-ed1 thy book4 #b4 hz-ad1 thy house4 #c4 knyv-e1 his book4 #c4 hz-a1 his house4 #a4 knyv-nk1 our book4 #a4 hz-unk1 our house4 #b4 knyv-etek1 your book4 #b4 hz-atok1 your house4 #c4 knyv-k1 their book4 #c4 hz-ok1 their house4 #b4 ,the ,object in the ,plural4 #a4 knyv-eim1 my books4 #a4 hz-aim1 my houses4 #b4 knyv-eid1 thy books4 #b4 hz-aid1 thy houses4 #c4 knyv-ei1 his books4 #c4 hz-ai1 his houses4 #a4 knyv-eink1 our books4 #a4 hz-aink1 our houses4 #b4 knyv-eitek1 your books4 #b4 hz-aitok1 your houses4 #c4 knyv-eik1 their books4 #c4 hz-aik1 their houses4 ,words which contract before adding the plural endings1 also contract when adding these personal suffixes4 kr 7ox71 plural krk krm 7my ox71 c4 malom 7mill7 0 malmok malmom 7my mill71 c4 llek 7soul7 0 lelkek lelkem 7my soul71 c4 ,note4--,if the possessor is the first or the second person1 the pronoun must not be put before it ordinarily1 as the suffix already indicates to whom the object belongs4 ,the personal pronoun is only to be used when it is desired to lay stress on this ownership1 as1 az n knyvem1 my book 7not yours72 a te knyved1 thy book 7not another's74 ,a noun to which has been added a personal suffix can take further suffixes4 ezt aty-m-nak adom1 ,i am giving this to my father4 a haj-m-at szeretem1 ,i like my boat4 a haj-m-ban1 in my boat4 ,,exercise ,v4 ,a hzak ablakai fnyesek s ajti magasak4 ,a gazdnak hat lova1 nyolcz kre s tz tehene van4 ,ki az eke s az s8 ,a gazd4 ,a h s szorgalmas szolga bre nagy4 ,kertem gymlcsei rettek4 ,az n kertem kisebb mint a bartom4 ,a krte ze kellemesebb mint az alm4 ,a mi atynk idsebb mint a te atyd4 ,a rzsa szine piros1 a buzavirg kk4 ,my father's books are very interesting4 ,the scent of the roses is pleasant4 ,the colour of the rose is red4 ,the farmer has many valuable horses4 ,the flowers of my father's garden are beautiful4 ,whose is that book8 ,it belongs to my friend's little boy4 fnyes1 bright ajt1 door hat1 six tz1 ten tehn1 cow szorgalmas1 industrious szolga1 servant br1 wages rett1 ripe kis1 kisebb1 small1 smaller bart1 friend z1 flavour ids1 old buzavirg1 cornflower rdekes1 interesting rtkes1 valuable ,,footnotes3 #c anya 7mother71 atya 7father71 and btya 7elder brother71 drop the in the third person singular and plural4 ,,chapter ,v ,,suffixes ,,for ,,place1 ,,direction1 ,,etc4 ,where in ,english a preposition would be used1 in ,hungarian either a suffix1 or a postposition 7see next chapter7 is employed4 ,in the house1 a hz-ban4 7a7 ,suffixes indicating ,place where4 ,flat4 ,sharp4 #a4 -ban1 -ben in4 a hz-ban1 a knyv-ben4 #b4 -n 7after vowels7 on1 at1 in4 az ajt-n1 on the door4 ,note4--a and e become lengthened when adding -n3 as1 eke1 ek-n4 -on1 -en1 -n 7after a consonant7 on1 at1 in4 az asztal-on1 on the table4 a fld-n1 on the ground4 ,budapest-en1 in ,budapest4 #c4 -nl1 -nl with1 at the house of1 at1 among4 atym-nl van1 he is with my father1 or at my father's house4 a francia udvar-nl1 at the ,french ,court4 a grgk-nl1 among the ,greeks4 7b7 ,suffixes answering the ,question whither4 ,flat4 ,sharp4 #d4 -ba1 -be into4 a hz-ba megyek1 ,i am going into the house4 tedd a terem-be1 put it into the hall4 #e4 -ra1 -re towards1 on1 upon4 szak-ra1 towards the north4 tedd az asztal-ra1 put it on the table4 tz-re jr az ra1 it is getting towards ten o'clock4 #f4 -hoz1 -hez1 -hz to1 towards4 a bartom-hoz megyek1 ,i am going to my friend4 menj az plet-hez1 go to the building4 7c7 ,suffixes answering the ,question whence4 #g4 -bl1 -bl out of4 kimentem a hz-bl1 ,i went out of the house4 a halat kifogtk a vz-bl1 they have drawn a fish out of the water4 #h4 -rl1 -rl from 7downwards from74 a kmny leesett a hz-rl 7the chimney fell from the house74 #i4 -tl1 -tl from4 a levl az atym-tl jn1 the letter comes from my father4 ,other ,suffixes4 -ig answers the question ,how long8 or ,how far8 a hz-ig1 as far as the house4 kt vig1 for two years4 -rt on account of1 because of1 for4 bartsg-rt1 for friendship4 pnz-rt1 for money4 ,flat4 ,sharp4 -val1 -vel with1 by means of4 s-val1 with a spade4 ,note4---val1 -vel1 if joined to a noun ending in a consonant1 drops the v1 and doubles the final consonant of the noun4 kz 7hand71 kz-zel 7by hand71 kezem-mel 7with my hand74 -v1 -v is used to indicate the change of an object into something else4 katon-v lenni1 to become a soldier4 ,lt neje s-v vltozott1 ,lot's wife was turned into salt4 ,note4--,the above rule relating to -val1 -vel1 applies also to -v1 -v4 -l1 -l tells for what purpose a thing has been done4 pld-l1 for example2 mint-l1 as a pattern4 -knt like1 as4 nagybtyjt atyja-knt szereti1 he loves his uncle like a father4 -stul1 stl together with4 levettem a rzst szrastul1 ,i plucked the rose with its stalk4 ,all these suffixes can be used after plural or personal suffixes have already been added to a noun4 hz1 hz-ak-rt1 hz-am-rt4 ,they can also themselves take the personal endings mentioned in the previous chapter4 ,thus1 instead of joining -ben 7in7 to the pronoun n 7,i71 to express the notion 8in me10 the personal suffix m 7with the proper connecting vowel7 is added to the prepositional affix -ben3 thus1 8in me0 becomes bennem1 8in thee10 benned1 c4 ben 7in7 gives bennem1 benned1 benne1 bennnk1 bennetek1 bennk4 n 7on7 0 rajtam1 rajtad1 rajta1 rajtunk1 rajtatok1 rajtok4 nl 7with7 0 nlam1 nlad1 nla1 nlunk1 nlatok1 nlok4 be 7into7 0 belm1 beld1 bel 7belje71 belnk1 beltek1 beljk4 ra1 re 7on to7 0 rem 7rm71 red 7rd71 re 7r71 renk 7rnk71 rtok1 rjok4 hoz 7towards7 0 hozzm1 hozzd1 hozz 7hozzja71 hozznk1 hozztok1 hozzjok4 bl 7out of7 0 bellem1 belled1 belle1 bellnk1 belletek1 bellk4 rl 7down from7 0 rlam1 rlad1 rla1 rlunk1 rlatok1 rluk4 tl 7from7 0 tlem1 tled1 tle1 tlnk1 tletek1 tlk4 rt 7on account of7 0 rtem1 rted1 rte1 rtnk1 rtetek1 rtk4 vel 7with7 0 velem1 veled1 vele1 velnk1 veletek1 velk4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,postpositions ,these resemble the suffixes just enumerated1 except in the circumstance that they are not joined to the noun1 but stand after it as separate words4 az egr fut a macska ell1 the mouse runs from the cat4 ,many have three forms1 according as they answer the question ,when8 ,whither8 ,whence8 alatt1 under 7stationary73 a macska az asztal alatt van1 the cat is under the table4 al1 under 7towards73 menj a fa al1 go under the tree4 all1 under 7from under73 a nvny kikel a fld all1 the plant comes from under the ground4 ,such postpositions may be tabulated as follows3-- ,where8 ,whither8 ,whence8 under alatt al all before eltt el ell above fltt fl fll around krtt kr krl between or among kztt kz kzl behind mgtt mg mgl beside mellett mell melll on hegyett hegy towards fel away from fell ,other ,postpositions4 ellen1 against gyannt1 as1 for irnt1 towards miatt1 because of mulva1 after1 at the end of nlkl1 without ta1 since szerint1 according to utn1 after vgett1 for the purpose of helyett1 instead of ,the above postpositions do not necessitate any orthographical modification of the preceding substantive4 a ,duna mellett1 beside the ,danube4 ,the following postpositions do necessitate some change4 kzel1 near4 kpest1 in comparison with1 in proportion to4 ,before these the substantive takes -hoz1 -hez1 or -hz4 a templom-hoz kzel1 near the church4 ccs-hez kpest magas1 he is tall compared with his younger brother4 fogva1 since1 by1 from4 ,the substantive takes the suffix -nl1 -nl1 or -tl1 -tl4 kez-nl fogva1 by his hand4 tavasz-tl fogva pitik ezt a hzat1 they have been building this house since the spring4 nzve1 in regard to4 ,the substantive takes the suffix -ra1 -re4 a dolog bartom-ra nzve kellemetlen1 the business is disagreeable as regards my friend4 a klsej-re nzve megnyer1 he is pleasing as regards his appearance4 egytt1 together with4 ,the substantive takes the suffix -val1 -vel4 ,sndor ,mari-val egytt rkezett1 ,alexander has arrived together with ,mary4 ,note4--egytt can also be used as an adverb1 meaning together4 a hrom ember egytt rkezett1 the three men arrived together4 ,the following postpositions necessitate the addition to the substantives of the ending -n1 -on1 -en1 or -n4 alul1 below1 under4 a becsron alul adtk el mindent1 all his belongings were sold under their value4 t1 ltal1 across1 over4 a katonk a hidon t mentek el1 the soldiers went away over the bridge4 bell1 within1 inside4 az ajtn bell1 inside the door4 fll1 above4 a felhkn fll1 above the clouds4 innen1 this side of4 a folyn innen1 this side of the river keresztl1 through1 across4 az erdn keresztl1 through the wood4 kvl1 outside4 a vroson kvl1 outside the town4 tl1 beyond1 the other side of4 az erdn tl vadsznak1 they are hunting the other side of the wood4 ,the above postpositions 7with the exception of gyannt1 mulva1 ta1 kzel1 kpest1 fogva1 nzve1 egytt1 t1 bell1 innen1 keresztl1 and tl7 may1 like the suffixes in the preceding chapter1 take the personal endings4 alattam1 under me alattad1 under thee1 c4 nlklem1 without me nlkled1 without thee1 c4 kvlem1 besides me kvled1 besides thee1 c4 all1 bell1 fll1 kvl1 kzel1 and tl can take the suffix for direction -rl1 rl 7from71 and they then mean from under1 from within1 c4 all-rl1 from under bell-rl1 from within fll-rl1 from above kvl-rl1 from without kzel-rl1 from near tl-rl1 from beyond ,,exercise ,,vi4 ,a tehenek s lovak istlli tgasak s tisztk a gazdasgban4 ,magyarorszg hegyeiben sok rcz van4 ,atynk uj knyvei a knyvtrban vannak4 ,htf helyett szerdn megyek el4 ,a hrom kzl ez a legszebb4 ,a fst elszllt a tet fll4 ,a hirlap szerint a kirly megrkezett4 ,my father is in his garden1 but will soon go into the house4 ,the horses are in their stalls4 ,the boys are coming out of school4 ,the chimney fell down from the roof4 ,do not go to the shop without money4 ,flour is made into bread4 tgas1 spacious hegy1 hill rcz1 metal knyvtr1 library htf1 ,monday szerda1 ,wednesday legszebb1 finest elszllt1 has flown tet1 roof hirlap1 newspaper hamar1 soon jnnek1 are coming iskola1 school kmny1 chimney bolt1 shop ne menj1 do not go liszt1 flour kenyr1 bread csinljk1 they make 7the passive is not used7 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,adjective ,the adjective when used attributively is indeclinable4 ,a szp rzsa1 the beautiful rose4 ,a szp rzsk1 the beautiful roses4 ,ltom a szp rzskat1 ,i see the beautiful roses4 ,but when used predicatively1 the adjective is declinable4 ,a rzsk szp-ek1 the roses are beautiful4 ,also1 when the adjective is used by itself as a substantive1 it is declinable4 ,add nekem a knyvet4 ,melyiket8 ,a nagy-ot4 ,give me the book4 ,which one8 ,the big 7one74 ,add nekem a knyveket4 ,melyikeket8 ,a nagy-okat4 ,give me the books4 ,which ones8 ,the big 7ones74 ,an adjective when declined is inflected in the same manner as a substantive4 ,in forming the plural1 however1 the following exceptions occur4 ,adjectives ending in take the plural ending -ek4 ,adjectives ending in i take the plural ending -ek or -ak4 gynyr 7lovely71 plural gynyr-ek rgi 7old7 0 rgi-ek prisi 7,parisian7 0 prisi-ak ,in all other cases adjectives follow the same rules as substantives4 ,among adjectives are reckoned the participles of the verb1 which1 when used as adjectives1 are inflected like them4 ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives4 ,the comparative is formed by adding -bb to adjectives ending in a vowel1 or -abb1 -ebb1 or -obb1 to those ending in a consonant4 gynyr 7lovely71 comp4 gynyr-bb nagy 7great7 0 nagy-obb ,after sibilants1 which would admit the sound b to be heard without an intermediate vowel1 often only -b is added to form the comparative1 but it is preferable to use a connecting vowel1 unless it is not desired to lengthen the word by a syllable1 as1 for instance1 in poetry4 ,it is correct1 for example1 to write magasb 7higher71 though magasabb is more usual4 ,final a and e are lengthened when the comparative suffix -bb is added4 drga 7dear71 drg-bb2 fekete 7black71 feket-bb4 ,final shortens its sound only in j 7good71 jobb4 ,the following are somewhat irregular3-- szp 7beautiful71 comp4 szebb knny 7easy7 0 knnyebb ifju 7young7 0 ifjabb hossz 7long7 0 hosszabb sok 7much7 0 tbb ,comparisons are made with the aid of the conjunction mint1 as1 than4 ,ez nagyobb mint az1 this is greater than that4 ,a mter hosszabb mint a rf1 the metre is longer than the yard4 as 444 as 444 is expressed by olyan 444 mint 444 ,az n hzam olyan nagy mint a tied1 my house is as large as yours4 ,egy font nem olyan nehz mint egy kilogramm1 a pound is not so heavy as a kilogram4 ,when the comparative is used by itself as a substantive1 it takes the affix -ik4 szebb1 a szebbik2 nagyobb1 a nagyobbik4 ,a kt foly kzl ez a mlyebbik1 of the two rivers1 this is the deeper4 ,this rule applies also to the superlative4 ,the superlative is invariably formed by prefixing leg- to the comparative4 drga1 comp4 drgbb sup4 leg-drgbb nagy 0 nagyobb 0 leg-nagyobb ers 0 ersebb 0 leg-ersebb sok 0 tbb 0 leg-tbb ,cardinals4--,these are declinable like other adjectives when the substantives which they qualify are not expressed4 ,they also form derivatives which answer the question3 hnyan 7how many78 ,for instance3 ,how many ran away8 ,hrman 7 hrom-an1 the o being dropped74 ,the terminations of these derivatives are -an and -en1 as1 ngy-en1 t-en4 egy egyedl 7alone71 and kett ketten1 form their derivatives irregularly2 hrom and ezer become contracted3 hrman1 ezren4 ,szz 7#ajj71 ezer 7#ajjj71 and milli may be used as substantives and form plurals if the number of hundreds1 c41 is indefinite2 as1 szzak 7hundreds71 ezrek 7thousands71 millik 7millions74 ,if1 however1 the number is stated1 the singular must be used2 as hrom szz 7three hundred71 tz ezer 7ten thousand74 ,numerals ,cardinals4 ,ordinals4 ,fractionals4 ,multiplicatives4 #a egy els egyszer 7once7 #bd kt1 kett msodik fl1 #a_/b ktszer 7twice7 #c hrom harmadik harmad1 #a_/c hromszor #d ngy negyedik negyed1 #a_/d ngyszer #e t tdik td1 #a_/e tszr #f hat hatodik hatod1 #a_/f hatszor #g ht hetedik heted1 #a_/g htszer #h nyolc nyolcadik nyolcad1 #a_/h nyolcszor #i kilenc kilencedik kilenced1 #a_/i kilencszer #aj tz tizedik tized1 #a_/aj tzszer #aa tizenegy tizenegyedik tizenegyed1 #a_/aa tizenegyszer #abd tizenkt tizenkettedik tizenketted1 #a_/ab tizenktszer 7kett7 #bj hsz huszadik huszad1 #a_/bj hszszor #ba huszonegy huszonegyedik huszonegyed1 #a_/ba huszanegyszer #bbd huszonkt huszonkettedik huszonketted1 #a_/bb huszanktszer 7kett7 #cj harminc harmincadik harmincad1 #a_/cj harmincszor #ca harmincegy harmincegyedik harmincegyed1 #a_/ca harmincegyszer #dj negyven negyvenedik negyvened1 #a_/dj negyvenszer #ej tven tvenedik tvened1 #a_/ej tvenszer #fj hatvan hatvanadik hatvanad1 #a_/fj hatvanszor #gj hetven hetvenedik hetvened1 #a_/gj hetvenszer #hj nyolcvan nyolcvanadik nyolcvanad1 #a_/hj nyolcvanszor #ij kilencven kilencvenedik kilencvened1 #a_/ij kilencvenszer #ajj szz szzadik szzad1 #a_/ajj szzszor #a1jjj ezer ezredik ezred1 #a_/ajjj ezerszer #aj1jjj tzezer tzezredik tzezred1 #a_/ajjjj tzezerszer #ajj1jjj szzezer szzezredik szzezred1 #a_/ajjjjj szzezerszer #a1jjj1jjj milli milliomodik milliomod1 #a_/ajjjjjj milliomszor ,ordinals4--,these1 like cardinals1 are adjectives1 and are declinable4 ,they sometimes drop the ending -ik if another word is joined to them4 ,this is not usually done1 however1 and occurs chiefly in words expressing age1 as1 msod-ves1 in the second year2 78two years old0 would be ktves74 ,ordinals form adverbs by dropping the ending -ik1 and taking -szor or -szer instead4 ,els is irregular1 but the rest are regular4 els1 first elszr1 firstly msodik1 second msodszor1 secondly harmadik1 third harmadszor1 thirdly negyedik1 fourth negyedszer1 fourthly1 c4 ,fractionals are also adjectives and declinable1 but they do not form adverbs4 ,they may be used in the plural1 as1 negyedek 7quarters72 e4g4 a negyedek nagyobbak mint a nyolcadok 7quarters are larger than eighths74 ,if however1 these fractionals are preceded by another numeral1 they must be used in the singular2 as1 hrom negyed 7three-fourths74 ,multiplicatives are adverbs and therefore indeclinable4 ,hromszor ngy3 tizenkett1 three times four are twelve4 ,hromszor irtam levelet1 ,i have written a letter three times4 ,these multiplicatives form adjectives by adding -es or -os4 ,ktszer-es1 double2 hromszor-os1 triple1 c4 ,other multiples1 almost identical in meaning with ktszeres1 hromszoros1 c41 are3-- egyes1 simple ketts1 double hrmas1 triple ngyes1 quadruple ts1 quintuple hatos1 sextuple hetes1 septuple nyolczas1 octuple1 c4 ,by adding -rt to the cardinal numbers another kind of multiplicative is formed4 egyrt1 single2 ktrt1 two-fold2 hatrt1 six-fold1 c4 hromrt vszon1 three-fold linen4 ,indefinite ,numerals3-- sok1 much1 many sokan 0 0 only of persons1 kevesen1 few and when not followed nhnyan 0 by a substantive4 kevs1 few nhny1 a few annyi1 so much szmtalan1 innumerable ,the ,time4 ,the hours are expressed by the respective cardinal numbers1 followed by the word ra 7hour74 egy ra 7one o'clock72 tizenegy ra 7eleven o'clock74 ,the half-hours and quarters are expressed by the suitable fraction1 followed by the number of the next hour1 which number may take the affix -ra1 -re4 ,a quarter-past two negyed hromra 7lit4 a quarter towards three74 ,half-past two fl hromra 7lit4 a half towards three74 ,a quarter to three hrom negyed hromra 7lit4 three-quarters towards three74 ,n4,b4--,the affix is frequently omitted4 ,the minutes are indicated as follows3-- #b4e t percczel mult kett 7lit4 #e minutes past two74 #b4aj tz percczel mult kett 7lit4 #aj minutes past two74 #b4bj tz percz mulva fl hrom 7lit4 #aj minutes before half three74 #b4be t percz mulva fl hrom 7lit4 #e minutes before half three74 #b4ce tz percz mulva hrom negyed hrom 7lit4 #aj minutes before three-quarters of three74 #b4dj t percz mulva hrom negyed hrom 7lit4 #e minutes before three-quarters of three74 #b4ej tz percz mulva hrom 7lit4 #aj minutes before three74 #b4ee t percz mulva hrom 7lit4 #e minutes before three74 ,to ask the time1 one says3 ,hny ra van8 or1 ,hny az ra4 7,hny how much8 how many874 ,,exercise ,,vii4 ,a liszt fehr1 a czukor fehrebb s a h a legfehrebb4 ,a gazdag orszgok hatalmasak4 ,a gondolat gyorsabb mint a villm4 ,atym birtoka sokkal rgibb mint a te atyd4 ,a kemny drgakvek a bnyban vannak4 ,a drgakvek nagyon kemnyek4 ,az utczban tvenkt hz van4 ,negyedik#e ,henrik nmet csszr s ,hetedik#e ,gergely rmai ppa kortrsak voltak4 ,a gymlcs egy harmada az enym1 kt harmada btym4 ,ngy ra mult nyolcz percczel4 ,the richest men are not always the happiest4 ,i see many lovely roses in your father's garden4 ,my friend's house is much larger than this4 ,there are seventeen houses in the street1 and mine is the eleventh4 ,i shall be at home at twenty-five minutes past six4 ,the king's palace is the largest building in ,budapest4 czukor1 sugar gazdag1 rich orszg1 country hatalmas1 powerful gondolat1 thought villm1 lightning birtok1 estate sokkal1 7by7 much rgi1 old kemny1 hard drgak1 precious stone bnya1 mine utcza1 street ,henrik1 ,henry nmet1 ,german csszr1 emperor ,gergely1 ,gregory rmai1 ,roman ppa1 pope kortrs1 contemporary enym1 mine btya1 elder brother mindig1 always boldog1 happy itthon1 at home 7here7 leszek1 ,i shall be ,,footnotes3 #d kt1 if followed by a substantive1 and kett1 if standing by itself3 kt ember1 two men2 on the question1 ,how many8 kett4 #e ,when ordinals form part of a title1 they precede the name4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,pronoun #a4 ,personal ,pronouns4 ,nominative4 n1 ,i mi1 we te1 thou ti1 you 1 he or she k1 they ,dative4 nekem1 to or for me neknk1 to or for us neked1 0 thee nektek1 0 you neki1 0 him or her nekik1 0 them ,accusative4 engem1 me minket or bennnket1 us tged1 thee titeket or benneteket1 you t1 him or her ket1 them ,the ,possessive ,pronoun4 7a7 ,where the object possessed is a single object4 enym1 mine mienk1 ours tied1 thine tietek1 yours v1 his or hers vk1 theirs 7b7 ,where more objects than one are possessed4 enyim1 mine mieink1 ours tieid1 thine tieitek1 yours vi1 his or hers vik1 theirs ,this pronoun is not used attributively1 like the ,english my1 thy1 c41 but predicatively1 like mine1 thine1 c4 ,ez a knyv az enym1 a msik a tied1 this book is mine1 the other is yours4 ,ezek a knyvek az enyim1 these books are mine4 ,the force of the ,english my1 thy1 c41 is usually given by the personal endings1 as explained in ,chapter ,,iv43 as1 for instance1 a kalap-om1 my hat2 az aty-d1 thy father4 ,but if stress is laid on the fact that an object is mine1 thine1 c41 then the simple pronoun n1 te1 c41 is placed before the substantive1 which takes in addition the personal endings4 ,ez az n kalap-om1 this is my hat4 ,a magasabbik az n hz-am1 a kisebbik az v1 the taller is my house1 the smaller is his4 ,as there is no verb 8to have0 in ,hungarian1 the word van 7vannak1 c47 is often used with nekem1 neked1 c41 to express possession 7see page #aa71 the object possessed taking the personal endings4 ,nekem van toll-am1 ,i have a pen4 ,neked van kert-ed1 thou hast a garden4 #b4 ,reflexive ,pronouns4 magam1 myself magunk1 ourselves magad1 thyself magatok1 yourselves maga1 himself or herself maguk1 themselves ,these pronouns are inflected like substantives4 ,they are sometimes used as equivalent to my own1 thy own1 c41 as1 magam knyve1 my own book2 magad knyve1 thy own book1 c4 ,the object possessed1 in such cases1 always takes the third person singular personal ending1 because magam knyve1 magad knyve1 c41 strictly means my self's book1 thy self's book1 c4 ,the reflexive pronouns may take the possessive suffix -2 as1 a magam-1 mine4 ,sometimes these pronouns are used to express solitude2 as1 magam vagyok1 ,i am alone4 ,egyms is a ,reciprocal ,pronoun one another1 each other4 ,szeretik egymst1 they like one another4 ,levelet irtak egymsnak1 they wrote a letter to one another4 ,the ,use of the ,second ,person4 ,in ,hungarian1 when speaking to one or more persons1 the second person is only used among members of the same family or by intimate friends1 or else in poetry4 ,in addressing strangers1 instead of te1 neked1 c41 one must use n or maga1 maga being rather less formal than n4 ,nominative4 ,dative4 ,accusative4 ,sing43 n nnek nt ,plural3 nk nknek nket ,sing43 maga magnak magt ,plural3 maguk maguknak magukat ,these are all in the third person1 and take the verb in the third person1 e4g4 n elmegy1 you are going away4 ,similarly the words nagysgod1 sir or madam2 nagysd1 madam2 mltsgod1 nagymltsgod1 your excellency1 while formally in the second person1 always takes the verb in the third person1 e4g4 nagymltsgod tudja1 your excellency knows4 kegyed 7kegyetek1 c47 resembles n1 but is becoming old-fashioned4 #c4 ,relative ,pronouns4 ki1 aki1 who 7only for persons74 mely1 amely1 which 7for things determinate74 mi1 ami1 which 7for things indeterminate1 and when the pronoun relates to an abstract idea or a preceding phrase74 ,these pronouns are inflected like substantives4 #d4 ,interrogative ,pronouns4 ki8 kicsoda8 who8 mi8 micsoda8 what8 7for things74 melyik8 which8 7for persons or things74 milyen8 min8 milyfle8 what kind8 #e4 ,demonstrative ,pronouns4 ez1 this az1#f that emez1 this amaz1 that ugyanez1 this same ugyanaz1 that same ezen1 this azon1 that ugyanezen1 this same ugyanazon1 that same ily1 ilyen1 such as this oly1 olyan1 such as that emily1 emilyen1 0 0 amoly1 amolyan1 0 0 emez1 amaz1 ezen1 azon1 ugyanezen and ugyanazon1 are rarely used4 ezen1 azon1 stand before the substantive without the article1 while ez and az are always followed by the article4 ,also1 while ez and az are inflected like substantives1 ezen and azon are incapable of inflection4 ,before suffixes beginning with a consonant1 ez and az change their final z into the first letter of such suffix2 thus-- instead of az-nak we have annak4 0 az-ba 0 abba4 0 az-ra 0 arra1 c4 ,the suffixes -val1 -vel1 -v1 -v1 usually change their v into a letter like the final consonant of the word to which they are joined4 ,when1 however1 they are combined with ez1 az1 either the v may change to z1 or the z of the demonstrative to v4 ,it is equally correct to write ezzel or evvel1 azzal or avval4 ,these demonstratives may be used both as pronouns and as adjectives4 #f4 ,definite ,pronouns4 mindenki1 everybody egyik1 one 7of more7 senki1 nobody msik1 the other kiki1 each one semmi1 nothing mindenik1 all 7of persons7 mind1 all 7of persons or things7 mindnyjan1 all 0 minden1 all 0 0 #g4 ,indefinite ,pronouns4 valaki1 somebody akrmi1 anything valami1 something nmelyik1 some akrki1 anyone valamelyik1 one 7of them7 ,,exercise ,,viii4 ,ti mr egszsgesek vagytok1 de k mg betegek4 ,csak neked mondom meg a titkot4 ,holnap dlutn vrlak4 ,tged is krtelek1 ,ferenczet is4 ,a tietek ez a kocsi8 ,nem a mienk1 hanem bartunk4 ,a rten sok tehn van1 az enyim mind fehrek1 az vik mind feketk4 rpd1 aki ,magyarorszgot elfoglalta1 nagy hs volt4 ,a knyvtr amelyben dolgozom1 csendes4 ,gza s ,bla ismerik egymst4 ,szerencst kivnok nnek4 ,this book is not mine but yours4 ,my garden is not so pretty as theirs4 ,i have a pretty garden4 ,ilona and her mother often write letters to each other4 ,everybody likes ,ilona4 ,tell me what 7ami7 is true4 mr1 already egszsges1 healthy1 well mg1 still beteg1 ill mondani1 to tell titok1 a secret holnap1 to-morrow dlutn1 afternoon vrlak1 ,i wait for thee krtelek1 ,i asked thee is1 also kocsi1 coach hanem1 but rt1 meadow fekete1 black ,magyarorszg1 ,hungary elfoglalni1 to occupy1 to take hs1 hero dolgozni1 to work csendes1 quiet1 still ismerni1 to know szerencse1 good luck kivnni1 to wish ,,footnotes3 #f ,az1 demonstrative1 must be distinguished from az1 the article4 ,the demonstrative always stands before the article1 and it is capable of inflection1 while the article is not4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,verb ,there are two ,conjugations4 ,they are called in ,hungarian the ikes 7pronounced ik-ash71 having ik1 and the iktelen1 without ik1 conjugations1 because verbs belonging to the ikes conjugation have the termination ik in the third person singular present indicative1 while those belonging to the iktelen conjugation have not4 ,every ,hungarian dictionary puts 7ik7 after ikes verbs1 to show that they belong to the ikes conjugation2 thus1 dolgozni 7ik74 ,verbs not so distinguished belong to the iktelen conjugation4 ,the ,hungarian verb has only one difficulty1 and when the student has mastered that he will have very little trouble4 ,every transitive verb has two forms1 called the definite and the indefinite forms1 according to whether the object is determinate1 or more or less indefinite4 ,i am writing this letter1 ezt a levelet irom4 ,i am writing letters1 leveleket irok4 ,irom is the definite form1 because the object is a clearly marked-out one4 ,irok is the indefinite form1 because the object is not so clearly marked out4 ,the definite form is used when the object governed by the transitive verb is a certain determinate object4 ,for example3-- #a4 ,when the substantive is a proper noun4 ,ptert vrom1 ,i am expecting ,peter4 #b4 ,when the article az or a precedes the substantive4 ,a levelet irom1 ,i am writing the letter4 #c4 ,when the substantive is used with a personal suffix4 ,hzamat eladom1 ,i am selling my house4 #d4 ,when the object of the sentence is a demonstrative pronoun1 the third personal pronoun1 or the reflexive pronoun1 magam1 c4 ,azt ltom1 ,i see that4 t hvom1 ,i am calling him4 ,nem hallom magamat1 ,i do not hear myself4 ,the indefinite form is used when the object is less determinate4 ,sok levelet irok1 ,i am writing several letters4 ,embert ltok1 ,i see a man4 ,it is used even when the substantive is preceded by a cardinal numeral4 ,nyolcz embert ltok1 ,i see eight men4 ,but if1 by a demonstrative1 or by the article alone1 we point to some particular man or men1 we must use the definite form4 ,ezt az embert ltom1 ,i see this man4 ,a nyolcz embert ltom1 ,i see the eight men4 ,the indefinite is used when the object is an infinitive verb 7such verb itself having no further object71 or a relative pronoun4 ,szeretek dolgozni1 ,i like to work4 ,a levelek1 amelyeket irok1 the letters which ,i write4 ,az emberek1 akiket ltok1 the men whom ,i see4 ,note4--,intransitive verbs naturally have but one form1 the indefinite--e4g4 jrok1 ,i walk4 ,,iktelen ,,verbs4 ,example4--,vgni1 to cut4 ,indicative4 ,indefinite ,form4 ,definite ,form4 ,present4 vg-ok1 ,i cut vg-om1 ,i cut 7it7 vg-sz1 thou cuttest vg-od1 thou cuttest 7it7 vg1 he cuts vg-ja1 he cuts 7it7 vg-unk1 we cut vg-juk1 we cut 7it7 vg-tok1 you cut vg-jtok1 you cut 7it7 vg-nak1 they cut vg-jk1 they cut 7it7 ,imperfect4 vg-k1 ,i was cutting vg-m1 ,i was cutting 7it7 vg-l1 thou wast cutting vg-d1 thou wast cutting 7it7 vg-a1 he was cutting vg-1 he was cutting 7it7 vg-nk1 we were cutting vg-k1 we were cutting 7it7 vg-tok1 you were cutting vg-tok1 you were cutting 7it7 vg-nak1 they were cutting vg-k1 they were cutting 7it7 ,n4,b4--,this tense is obsolete2 see page #df4 ,past4 vg-tam1 ,i have cut vg-tam1 ,i have cut 7it7 vg-tl1 thou hast cut vg-tad1 thou hast cut 7it7 vg-7o7t7t7#g1 he has cut vg-ta1 he has cut 7it7 vg-tunk1 we have cut vg-tuk1 we have cut 7it7 vg-tatok1 you have cut vg-ttok1 you have cut 7it7 vg-tak1 they have cut vg-tk1 they have cut 7it7 ,pluperfect4 ,this is the same as the past tense1 followed by volt4 vg-tam volt1 ,i had cut4 vg-tl volt1 thou hadst cut1 c4 ,future4 fogok vgni1 ,i shall cut fogom vgni1 ,i shall cut 7it7 fogsz 0 thou wilt cut fogod 0 thou wilt cut 7it7 fog 0 he will cut fogja 0 he will cut 7it7 fogunk 0 we shall cut fogjuk 0 we shall cut 7it7 fogtok 0 you will cut fogjtok 0 you will cut 7it7 fognak 0 they will cut fogjk 0 they will cut 7it7 ,imperative4 vg-j1 do thou cut vg-d1 cut thou 7it7 vg-jon1 let him cut vag-ja1 let him cut 7it7 vg-junk1 let us cut vg-juk1 let us cut 7it7 vg-jatok1 cut you vg-jtok1 cut you 7it7 vg-janak1 let them cut vg-jk1 let them cut 7it7 ,subjunctive4 7hogy-7 7that7 7hogy-7 7that7 vg-jk1 ,i may or might cut vg-jam1 ,i may or might cut vag-j1 thou mayest or vg-d1 7it71 c4 vg-jon mightest cut1 c4 vg-ja vg-junk vg-juk vg-jatok vg-jtok vg-janak vg-jk ,conditional4 ,present4 vg-nk1 ,i should cut vg-nm1 ,i should cut 7it7 vg-nl1 thou shouldst cut vg-nd1 thou shouldst cut 7it7 vg-na1 he should cut vg-n1 he should cut 7it7 vg-nnk1 we should cut vg-nk1 we should cut 7it7 vg-ntok1 you should cut vg-ntok1 you should cut 7it7 vg-nnak1 they should cut vg-nk1 they should cut 7it7 ,past4 ,this is formed from the past indicative1 with volna4 vg-tam volna1 ,i should have cut4 vg-tl volna1 thou shouldst have cut1 c4 ,infinitive4 vg-ni1 to cut4 ,with the personal suffixes 7see pages #ei and #fj73-- ,sing43 vg-nom1 vg-nod1 vg-nia4 ,plural3 vg-nunk1 vg-notok1 vg-niok4 ,participles4 ,present3 vg-1 cutting4 ,past3 vg-ott1 cut4 ,future3 vg-and1 to be cut4 ,adverbial ,participles3 vg-va1 vg-vn4 ,notes on above example4 ,all regular iktelen verbs whose vowels are flats 7see page #b7 are conjugated like vgni4 ,imperfect ,indicative4--,this tense is never used now in prose1 though it was so used formerly4 ,it is occasionally to be met with in poetry4 ,past ,indicative4--,this is equivalent to both the perfect and the preterite in ,english4 ,thus1 vgtam means both 8,i have cut10 and 8,i cut40 ,future ,indicative4--,instead of fogok 7,i will71 with the infinitive1 it is customary to use the present indicative with some adverb indicating futurity4 ,thus instead of holnap fogom vgni a tzel ft1 it would be better to say holnap vgom a tzel ft1 to-morrow ,i 7shall7 cut the firewood4 ,hamar elmegyek1 ,i 7shall7 go soon4 ,there is no form of future perfect now in use4 ,its place is taken by either the present or the past tense1 together with some adverb indicating futurity4 ,i shall have finished soon nemsokra bevgzem 7literally1 soon ,i finish74 ,i shall soon have written the letter hamar megirtam a levelet 7literally1 soon ,i have written the letter74 ,note4--,the particle meg1 in this instance prefixed to irtam1 strongly emphasises the completion of an act4 ,it occurs along with very many verbs1 and always has this force4 ,sometimes it is prefixed to the verb1 and sometimes it follows separately4 ,sokat irtam a feladatbl de mg nem irtam meg1 ,i have written much of the task1 but ,i have not yet finished writing4 ,this meg 7which must not be confused with the adverb mg as yet7 has no equivalent in ,english4 ,subjunctive ,mood4--,a past tense of the subjunctive was formerly in use1 formed from the past indicative followed by legyen1 e4g4 hogy vgtam legyen4 ,this is never used now1 its place being taken by the present subjunctive4 ,conditional ,mood4--,the present tense is identical with the ,imperative4 ,infinitive4--,the use of the infinitive with personal suffixes will be explained in the paragraph relating to the verb kelleni 7page #ei74 ,participles4--,examples3-- ,present3 ,az ir ember1 the writing man4 ,past3 ,az irott knyv1 the written book4 ,future3 ,az irand levl1 the letter to be written4 ,adverbial3 -va or -ve4 ,a hegyen llva1 beszlt1 standing on the hill1 he spoke4 ,a hz fel van pitve1 the house is built4 -vn or -vn4 ,a munkt elvgezvn1 haza ment1 having finished the work1 he went home4 ,a lrmt hallvn1 az udvarra sietett1 hearing the noise1 he hastened to the courtyard4 -vn1 -vn1 is used more frequently than -va1 -ve1 but only in cases similar to the above examples1 where one clause is dependent on another4 ,,verbs ,,with ,,sharp ,,vowels4 ,the rules of euphony which regulate nouns and their suffixes 7see page #b71 apply also to verbs and their endings4 ,hence1 while vgni1 a 8flat0 word1 gives vgok1 vgom1 c41 8sharp0 words like verni 7to beat71 trni 7to break71 give verek1 verem1 c41 trk1 trm1 c4 ,present ,indicative4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 ver-ek ver-em tr-k tr-m ver-sz ver-ed tr-sz tr-d ver ver-i#h tr tr-i#h ver-nk ver-jk tr-nk tr-jk ver-tek ver-itek tr-tk tr-itek ver-nek ver-ik#h tr-nek tr-ik#h ,past ,indicative4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 ver-tem ver-tem tr-tem tr-tem ver-tl ver-ted tr-tl tr-ted ver-t ver-te tr-t tr-te ver-tnk ver-tk tr-tnk tr-tk ver-tetek ver-ttek tr-tetek tr-ttek ver-tek ver-tk tr-tek tr-tk ,in this tense1 as in the other tenses and moods1 these verbs resemble vgni1 except that as the vowel of the stem is a 8sharp10 the vowel of the ending must also be a sharp4 ,,ikes ,,verbs ,many ikes verbs are transitive1 and such verbs1 like those of the iktelen conjugation1 have both the definite and indefinite forms4 ,the definite form of the ikes verbs is exactly the same as that of the iktelen verbs4 lak-om1 ,i inhabit lak-od1 thou inhabitest lak-ja1 he inhabits lak-juk1 we inhabit lak-jtok1 you inhabit lak-jk1 they inhabit ,it is in the indefinite form that ikes verbs differ from iktelen verbs4 ,examples4 lakni1 to dwell vtkezni1 to sin tkzni1 to encounter ,indicative4 ,present4 lak-om vtkez-em tkz-m lak-ol vtkez-el tkz-l lak-ik vtkez-ik tkz-ik lak-unk vtkez-nk tkz-nk lak-tok vtkez-tek tkz-tk lak-nak vtkez-nek tkz-nek ,the imperfect indicative is never used4 ,the past1 pluperfect1 and future tenses are the same as in the indefinite form of the iktelen verbs4 ,imperative and ,subjunctive4 lak-jam vtkez-zem tkz-zem lak-jl vtkez-zl tkz-zl lak-jk vtkez-zk tkz-zk lak-junk vtkez-znk tkz-znk lak-jatok vtkez-zetek tkz-zetek lak-janak vtkez-zenek tkz-zenek ,conditional4 lak-nm vtkez-nm tkz-nm lak-nl vtkez-nl tkz-nl lak-nk vtkez-nk tkz-nk lak-nnk vtkez-nnk tkz-nnk lak-ntok vtkez-ntek tkz-ntek lak-nnak vtkez-nnek tkz-nnek ,infinitive4 lak-ni vtkez-ni tkz-ni which take personal suffixes like those of the iktelen verbs4 ,participles4 lak- vtkez- tkz- lak-ott vtkez-ett tkz-tt lak-and vtkez-end tkz-end lak-va vtkez-ve tkz-ve lak-vn vtkez-vn tkz-vn ,it will be noticed that it is only in the singular number that the indefinite form of the ikes verbs differs from that of the iktelen verbs2 the first person always ending in m 7thus resembling the definite form71 and the second person in l1 while the third person present indicative ends in ik4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,verb ,,in ,,general4 ,the ,passive ,voice4 -- ,there is in ,hungarian no passive voice1 although certain grammarians attempted to introduce one4 ,the only parts of the verb which have a passive significance are the past and future participles4 ,where1 in ,english1 we should say1 8,i am loved10 in ,hungarian it is necessary to say 8szeretnek engem0 7they love me71 or 8valaki szeret engem0 7one loves me74 ,construction of ,first ,person4--,if the first person acts on the second person1 the distinguishing termination of the verb will be1 in all moods and tenses1 -lak 7for flat words71 or -lek 7for sharp words74 ,whereas 8,i see the dog0 would be lt-om a kutyt1 8,i see thee0 is lt-lak2 8,i saw thee10 ltta-lak2 8,i love thee10 szeret-lek4 ,verbs ending with s1 sz1 or z1 double their final letter instead of taking a j in the imperative and subjunctive moods2 also in the present indicative1 definite form4 hoz-zak1 not hoz-jak hoz-za1 0 hoz-ja1 c4 ,verbs ending in t1 preceded by i or a liquid consonant1 take1 in the imperative and subjunctive moods1 an s instead of a j2 as gyjteni1 to collect3-- gyjtsek1 not gyjtjek gyjts1 0 gyjtj gyjtsn1 0 gyjtjn ,but in the present indicative these verbs retain the j4 ,verbs ending in t preceded by a vowel other than i1 and all causal verbs1 change their final t into s in the imperative and subjunctive present tense1 e4g4 ltni1 to see4 lss1 not ltj4 ,in verbs ending in t1 preceded by sz1 the final t is dropped in the imperative and subjunctive1 and sz is doubled1 e4g4 veszt-eni1 to lose4 vessz1 not vesztj4 ,the ,infinitive ,ending4--,if a verb ends in a double consonant1 or a single hard consonant1 that would not admit an easy pronunciation of the usual infinitive ending -ni1 this ending is joined to the stem by means of the vowel a or e4 hall-a-ni 7to hear71 instead of hall-ni4 tanit-a-ni 7to teach7 0 tanit-ni4 ,in the case of such verbs1 all inflections beginning with a consonant are joined to the verb by means of a vowel2 e4g4 hall-o-tt1 not hall-t4 ,the ending t in such cases is always doubled4 ,compound ,verbs4--,hungarian abounds with compound verbs1 as well as with compound words in general4 ,they are made by prefixing to the verb adverbs1 postpositions1 or affixes for place and direction1 which modify the action expressed by the verb accordingly2 as1 venni1 to take2 el-venni1 to take away2 fl-venni1 to take up2 le-venni1 to take down4 ,the verb is inflected in the same manner as when it stands by itself4 ,note4--,these particles or adverbs can also be written separately2 as1 el akarta venni1 he wished to take it away4 ,this construction is always used when the verb containing the affix is dependent upon some other verb4 ,also1 if the verb is modified by some adverb in such a way that the stress is on the adverb rather than on the verb1 the affix is written separately4 ,nemsokara elmegyek1 ,i shall go out soon2 but ma megyek el1 to-day ,i shall go out4 ,formation of ,new ,verbal ,roots4--,the ,hungarian language forms new verbal roots by means of the addition of one or more syllables4 #a4 ,factitive4--at1 et1 tat1 tet1 to cause to do something4 ir-ni1 to write2 ir-at-ni1 to cause to write4 olvas-ni1 to read2 olvas-tat-ni1 to cause to read4 ,the object influenced usually takes the suffix -val or -vel4 ,a tanit a fiu-val ir-at-ja a leveleket1 the teacher makes the boy write the letters4 ,sometimes1 however1 it is put in the accusative4 ,vr-at-om az inas-t1 ,i make the footman wait4 #b4 ,frequentative4--ogat2 indicates a repetition of the action4 ir-ok1 ,i write2 ir-ogat-ok1 ,i keep on taking up my pen4 #c4 ,diminutive4--kl1 or gl1 gl4 ir1 he writes2 ir-kl1 he is scribbling4 nevet1 he laughs2 nevet-gl1 he giggles4 #d4 ,potential4--hat2 indicates permission or power to do something4 ir-hat-ok1 ,i may write4 ,note4--8,i can write10 in the sense of 8,i have the ability to write10 would be tudok irni4 ,more than one of these syllables may be added to the original root4 ir-at-hat-ok1 ,i am able to make 7some one7 write4 ,,irregular ,,verbs ,the most important is lenni1 to be4 ,indicative4 ,present4 ,past4 vagyok1 ,i am voltam1 ,i was vagy1 thou art voltl1 thou wast van1 he is volt1 he was vagyunk1 we are voltunk1 we were vagytok1 you are voltatok1 you were vannak1 they are voltak1 they were ,note4--,the imperfect1 valk1 vall1 vala1 valnk1 valtok1 valnak1 is never used now1 and is only met with in old books1 particularly in the ,bible4 ,pluperfect4 ,future4 voltam vala1 ,i had been leszek1 ,i shall be voltl 0 thou hadst been lssz1 thou wilt be volt 0 he had been lesz1 he will be voltunk 0 we had been lesznk1 we shall be voltatok 0 you had been lesztek1 you will be voltak 0 they had been lesznek1 they will be ,imperative4 lgy1 be thou legyen1 let him be legynk1 let us be legyetek1 be you legyenek1 let them be ,subjunctive4 ,present4 ,past4 7hogy7 7hogy7 legyek1 that ,i shall be voltam legyn1 that ,i have been lgy1 that thou shalt be voltl 0 that thou hast been legyen1 that he shall be volt 0 that he has been legynk1 that we shall be voltunk 0 that we have been legyetek1 that you shall be voltatok 0 that you have been legyenek1 that they shall be voltak 0 that they have been ,conditional4 ,present4 ,past4 volnk1 ,i should be voltam volna1 ,i should have been volnl1 thou wouldst be voltl 0 thou wouldst have been volna1 he would be volt 0 he would have been volnnk1 we should be voltunk 0 we should have been volntok1 you would be voltatok 0 you would have been volnnak1 they would be voltak 0 they would have been ,infinitive4 lenni1 to be4 ,with the personal suffixes4 lennem1 lenned1 lennie lennnk1 lennetek1 lennik ,participles4 ,present4 val1 lev1 lv ,past4 volt ,future4 leend ,adverbial ,participles4 levn1 being1 having been4 hinni1 to believe4 ,indicative4 ,present4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 hiszek1 ,i believe hiszem1 ,i believe 7it7 hiszesz1 thou believest hiszed1 thou believest 7it7 hisz1 he believes hiszi1 he believes 7it7 hisznk1 we believe hisszk1 we believe 7it7 hisztek1 you believe hiszitek1 you believe 7it7 hisznek1 they believe hiszik1 they believe 7it7 ,past4 hittem1 ,i believed1 c4 hittem1 ,i believed 7it71 c4 hittl hitted hitt hitte hittnk hittk hittetek hitttek hittek hittk ,future4 fogok hinni1 c4 fogom hinni1 c4 ,imperative and ,subjunctive4 ,present4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 higyjek higyjem higyj higyjed higyjen higyje higyjnk higyjk higyjetek higyjtek higyjenek higyjk ,past4 hittem lgyen hittem lgyen hittl 0 c4 hitted 0 c4 ,conditional4 ,present4 hinnk1 c4 hinnm1 c4 ,past4 hittem volna hittem volna hittl 0 c4 hitted 0 c4 ,infinitive4 hinni4 ,with personal suffixes4 hinnem1 hinned1 hinnie hinnnk1 hinnetek1 hinnik ,participles4 ,present4 hiv ,past4 hitt ,future4 hiend ,adverbial ,participles4 hive hvn enni1 to eat4 ,indicative4 ,present4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 eszem eszem eszel eszed eszik1 c4 eszi1 c4 ,past4 ettem ettem ettl etted evett ette1 c4 ettnk1 c4 ,imperative and ,subjunctive4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 egyem egyem egyl edd egyk1 c4 egye1 c4 ,conditional4 ,indefinite4 ,definite4 ennm ennm ennl ennd ennk1 c4 enn1 c4 ,participles4 ,present4 ev ,past4 evett ,future4 evend or eend inni1 to drink1 resembles enni4 ,indicative4 ,indicative4 ,imperative ,conditional4 ,present4 ,past4 and ,subjunctive4 ,participles4 aludni alszom aludtam aludjam aludnm alv 7ik71 alszol aludtl aludjl aludnl to sleep alszik1 aludt1 aludjk1 aludnk1 c4 c4 c4 c4 fekdni fekszem1 fekdtem1 fekdjem1 fekdnm1 fekv 7ik71 c4 c4 c4 c4 to lie down haragudni haragszom1 haragudtam1 haragudjam1 haragudnm1 haragv 7ik71 c4 c4 c4 c4 to be angry jnni1 jvk jttem jjjek jnnk1 jv to come jsz jttl1 jjj c4 jtt jn c4 jjjn jvend jvnk jjjnk or jttk jernk jnnek jjjetek or jertek jjjenek menni1 megyek mentem menjek mennk1 men to go msz mentl1 menj c4 megy c4 menjen1 megynk c4 mentek mennek tenni1 teszek or tettem tegyek or tennk or tev to do teszem tegyem tennm tett teend venni1 to buy vinni1 to carry like tenni throughout ,,impersonal ,,verbs esik1 it rains4 villmlik1 it lightens4 drg1 it thunders4 havazik1 it snows4 ,some impersonal verbs require to be constructed with either a dative or an accusative4 illik nekem1 it is becoming for me4 engem illet1 it concerns me4 ,among impersonal verbs may be reckoned the verb kelleni1 to be necessary4 ,this verb need not be used impersonally4 ,thus1 a person may say kellek1 ,i am needed1 but its most frequent use is an impersonal one4 kell1 it is necessary2 7or1 kellett1 it was necessary1 fog kelleni1 kellene1 c47 is constructed either with the simple infinitive1 or with the infinitive with personal endings4 ,thus1 one may say-- nekem kell irni or kell irnom1 ,i must write4 neked kell irni or kell irnod1 thou must write1 c4 ,if the speaker is merely thinking of the necessity of some action1 without referring it to any particular person1 the infinitive with kell is alone used4 ,vigyzni kell1 one must be careful4 ,levelet kell irni1 a letter must be written4 ,if the action is referred to some person1 it is better to use the infinitive with personal endings1 than such a construction as nekem kell irni4 ,examples4 ,tanulnia fog kelleni1 he will have to learn4 ,dolgozniok kellene1 they would have to work4 ,olvasnotok kellett1 you had to read4 ,szabad 7it is permitted71 and lehet 7it is possible71 take a similar construction4 ,szabad dohnyozni1 smoking is allowed4 ,szabad dohnyoznom1 ,i may smoke4 ,nem lehet kt urnak szolglni1 one cannot serve two masters4 ,nem lehet irnom1 ,i cannot write4 ,,defective ,,verbs 7#a7 ,nincs or nincsen1 is not4 ,plural3 nincsenek1 are not4 ,atym nincs itt1 my father is not here4 ,nincsenek itt a fiuk1 the boys are not here4 ,nincs must be translated by 8have0 or 8has0 when used with a noun or pronoun in the genitive case4 ,az atym-nak nincs lova1 my father has not a horse4 ,nekem nincs1 ,i have not4 ,neked nincs1 thou hast not1 c4 ,nincs is a contraction of nem 7not71 and van 7is74 7#b7 ,sincs1 sincsen2 plural3 sincsenek1 are contractions of sem 7neither71 and nincs1 nincsen1 or nincsenek4 ,a btym nincs itthon1 my elder brother is not at home4 ,az atym sincs1 neither is my father4 7#c7 ,jer 7come thou along71 jernk 7let us go71 jertek 7come you along71 are the only forms of this verb4 ,,exercise ,,ix4 ,mindennap kt rt stlok4 ,msold le a kltemnyt a knyvbl4 ,ha tudnm1 hogy tallkozom vele1 vrnk4 ,a kt mvsz zongorzni s hegedlni fog4 ,krlek1 lj le4 lljatok fel1 gyermekeim4 ,ksznjnk a vendgeknek4 ,anym virgot hozat s koszort kttet belle4 ,tavaly kt lovunk volt1 a nyron ngy lesz4 ,i have written a long letter to my father4 ,i told him what 7amit7 you said to me4 ,he will be very angry1 but ,i hope soon to conciliate him4 ,come into the garden4 ,sit here and drink a cup of tea4 ,i would read to you if you would like it4 ,do not go out of the house4 ,i am going for a walk until four o'clock4 mindennap1 every day ra1 hour stlni1 to walk lemsolni1 to copy kltemny1 poem tudni1 to know hogy1 that tallkozni1 to meet vrni1 to wait for mvsz1 artist zongorzni1 to play the piano hegedlni1 to play the violin krni1 to ask lelni1 to sit down llni1 to stand gyermek1 child ksznni1 to thank1 to greet vendg1 guest hozni1 to bring koszoru1 wreath ktni1 to bind tavaly1 last year nyr1 summer hosszu1 long remlni1 to hope megbkteni1 to conciliate cssze1 cup 7a cup of tea1 acc4 cssze tet7 szeretni1 to love1 to like ,,footnotes3 #g ,the regular ending is -t2 e4g4 vrni 7to wait for71 which makes vr-t2 but a connecting vowel often has to be used1 and the -t is then doubled2 e4g4 ad-ni 7to give7 makes ad-ott4 #h ,note that the third person1 present indicative1 singular and plural1 of sharp-sounding verbs takes -i1 -ik1 instead of -ja1 -jk4 ,in other tenses1 however1 sharp verbs resemble flat verbs4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,adverb #a4 ,adverbs of ,manner4 ,these are mostly derived from adjectives1 with the aid of the suffix -n1 -an1 -on1 -en1 -l or -l4 tiszta 7clean1 clear71 adverb1 tiszt-n szabad 7free7 0 szabad-on rvid 7short7 0 rvid-en rossz 7bad7 0 rossz-l ,the primitive adverbs of manner are3-- gy1 thus1 in this way 7for things near74 gy1 thus1 in that way 7for things farther74 #b4 ,adverbs of ,time4 ma1 to-day holnap1 to-morrow tegnap1 yesterday most1 now akkor1 then mskor1 another time mindig1 always soha1 never a mltban1 in the past a jvben1 in the future ksn1 late korn1 early mr1 already reggel1 in the morning nappal1 in the daytime este1 in the evening jszaka1 in the night gyakran1 often ritkn1 seldom idnknt1 from time to time addig1 until then #c4 ,adverbs of ,place4 7a7 ,rest at-- itt1 here ott1 there ben1 in bell1 inside kzel1 near messze1 far tvol1 far kint1 or knn1 or kivl1 outside valahol1 somewhere mshol1 elsewhere mindenhol1 everywhere lent1 down there fent1 up there 7b7 ,motion towards or from4 ide1 hither oda1 thither fl or fel1 up le1 down addig1 as far as there be1 into ki1 out of mshova1 elsewhere mindenhova1 everywhere eddig1 as far as here #d4 ,adverbs of ,degree4 kevss or kiss1 little4 inkbb or jobban1 more1 rather4 leginkbb1 most4 egszen or teljesen1 wholly1 entirely4 nagyon1 very1 very much4 #e4 ,adverbs of ,interrogation4 hogy8 how8 mikor8 when8 hol8 where8 hova8 whither8 honnan8 whence8 mirt8 why8 meddig8 how far8 or1 how long8 ,in connection with these adverbs must be mentioned the interrogative suffix -e1 which is joined to words to mark a question2 as1 szp-e1 esik-e4 ,this construction is only used1 however1 in dependent sentences 7except in the case of ugy-e8 ,isn't it so874 ,mondd meg1 szp-e a knyv8 ,tell me1 is the book pretty8 or1 ,tell me whether the book is pretty4 ,nzd meg1 esik-e8 ,see if it is raining4 #f4 ,adverbs of ,affirmation4 igen1 yes aligha nem1 probably bizony1 verily igazn1 truly taln1 perhaps #g4 ,adverbs of ,negation4 nem1 no1 not ne1 not 7in commands7 sem1 neither semmi esetre1 in no case aligha1 hardly4 ,note4--,ne is only used with the imperative and subjunctive moods2 as1 ne mondd1 do not say2 hogy ne irjak1 that ,i may not write4 ,in all other cases nem is used4 ,the suffix -ig is used for both time and place1 and has the force of until or as far as4 tz r-ig1 until ten o'clock1 tz percz-ig1 for ten minutes4 a kapu-ig1 as far as the gate4 a hatr-ig1 as far as the frontier4 ,,comparison ,,of ,,adverbs4 ,all adverbs derived from adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding the adverbial ending to the comparative and superlative of the adjective from which they are derived3 as-- ,adjective3 szp1 szebb1 legszebb4 ,adverb3 szp-en1 szebb-en1 legszebb-en4 ,adjective3 rossz1 rosszabb1 legrosszabb4 ,adverb3 rossz-l1 rosszabb-l1 legrosszabb-l4 ,of primitive adverbs1 some take both a comparative and a superlative1 while some are lacking in either one or the other4 tvol1 far2 tvolabb1 legtvolabb erre1 this way2 errbb 7has no superlative7 arra1 that way2 arrbb 0 0 ell1 in front2 legell1 foremost 7has no comparative7 bell1 within2 legbell1 innermost 0 0 ,inkbb has no positive1 but is used only in the comparative and superlative1 in both cases expressing preference4 inkbb1 sooner1 rather2 leginkbb1 soonest1 especially4 ,,exercise ,x4 ,ha magyarul beszlsz1 tisztn mondj ki minden hangot4 ,imre kirly nemesen gyzte le ccst1 mikor ez lnokul tmadta meg4 8,jobb ma egy verb1 mint holnap egy tzok40 ,nagyon sajnlom1 hogy nk nem jhetnek el4 ,a dinnye bell piros1 kivl zld4 ,a hangverseny tizenegy rig tartott4 ,elkisrlek a sarokig4 ,szeretnm tudni1 eljsz-e8 ,ne lrmzzatok6 ,a katonk kztt a huszrok lovagolnak legszebben4 ,szent ,lszl mindig legell kzdtt a csatban4 ,i like reading very much4 ,you have come very late4 ,i saw him yesterday1 and hope to speak with him again to-morrow4 ,are you going far8 ,as far as the bridge4 ,when did you buy that horse8 ,tell me if he is a good one4 ,you walk much more quickly than your elder brother4 ,i would rather eat a pear4 magyarul1 in ,hungarian beszlni1 to speak hang1 sound ,imre1 ,emmeric nemesen1 nobly legyzni1 to overcome cs1 younger brother lnokul1 treacherously megtmadni1 to attack tuzok1 bustard sajnlni1 to regret dinnye1 melon hangverseny1 concert tartani1 to last elkisrni1 to accompany sarok1 corner lrmzni1 to make a noise huszr1 hussar lovagolni1 to ride on horseback szent1 saint ,lszl1 ,ladislas kzdeni1 to fight csata1 battle ,,chapter ,,xi ,,conjunctions 7,a47 ,,co-,,ordinating4 #a4 ,copulative4 s#i1 and meg1 and is1 also ismt1 again azaz1 that is vagyis1 that is to say azonkivl1 besides mind--mind1 both--and is--is1 both--and nemcsak--hanem is1 not only--but also aztn or azutn1 besides #b4 ,adversative 7contrasting74 de or hanem1 but mde1 but1 yet egybirnt1 yet1 still st1 on the contrary st mg is1 what is more mindamellett1 nevertheless #c4 ,alternative4 vagy1 or vagy--vagy1 either--or akr--akr1 whether--or sem--sem1 neither--nor 7,b47 ,,subordinating4 #a4 ,final 7purpose74 hogy1 that klnben or mskp1 lest #b4 ,conditional4 ha1 if hogyha1 if hacsak1 if only ha csak nem1 unless1 if not fltve ha1 provided that1 supposing msknt1 if not1 otherwise #c4 ,concessive4 br1 habr1 brha1 mbr1 noha1 though1 although4 #d4 ,causal4 mert1 mivel1 mivelhogy1 because4 ht1 teht1 azrt1 consequently1 therefore4 minthogy1 as1 since4 ,,footnotes3 #i s is frequently abbreviated to s4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,interjections ljen6 hurrah6 ejnye6 ,i say6 bother6 lm6 or nini6 there6 look6 jaj6 oh6 7pleased or pained7 rajta6 forward6 bezzeg6 indeed6 csitt6 quiet6 no6 well6 come6 ,,exercise ,,xi4 ,az egri tkzetben nem a trkk gyztek1 hanem a magyarok4 ,nemcsak lttam a kirlyt1 hanem beszlni is hallottam4 ,mtys kirly soha sem haragudott az szinte szrt1 st mg szerette is4 ,a magyarok sem a latin sem a germn npekkel nem rokonok4 ,azrt jttem1 hogy lthassalak4 ,habr ks sz van1 a napok derltek4 ,a gazda rl mert kertjnek fi sok gymlcst hoztak4 ,jaj de hideg van6 8,oh1 ha ltn1 mily nyomorban lek0 7,petfi74 ,ejnye de szp lovak6 ,he is neither handsome nor clever4 ,not only were they not angry1 but they were grateful4 ,if they were rich they would buy a house1 but since they are poor they must be content as they are4 ,pay at once1 otherwise there will be trouble4 ,though you tell me this1 yet there is still some uncertainty4 egri1 of ,eger 7a town in ,hungary7 tkzet1 battle trk1 ,turk derlt1 bright rlni1 to rejoice nyomor1 misery gyzni1 to be victorious hallani1 to hear ,mtys1 ,matthias szinte1 sincere np1 people rokon1 relative ks1 late sz1 autumn nap1 day lni1 to live okos1 clever hls1 grateful megelgedni1 to be content fizetni1 to pay azonnal1 at once baj1 trouble nmi1 some bizonytalansg1 uncertainty ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,gender ,the ,hungarian language has no grammatical gender4 ,names of males are masculine1 and those of females are feminine4 ,to the name or title of a man the suffix -n is added to denote the wife of that person3 as1 ,dekn1 the wife of ,dek2 szinszn1 the wife of an actor4 ,if the lady were herself an actress1 she might be called szinsz 7actor or actress72 but usually the word n 7woman7 is joined to it1 and to similar words1 to denote that the person spoken of is a woman2 as1 szinszn1 actress4 ,if a ,christian name is mentioned as well as the surname1 the ending -n is added1 not to the surname1 but to the ,christian name4 ,thus1 ,mrs4 ,dri would be ,dri-n1 but ,mrs4 ,charles ,dri would be ,dri ,kroly-n4 ,n4,b4--,in ,hungarian1 ,christian names always follow the surname instead of preceding it1 as in ,english4 ,it would not be correct form to address ,mrs4 ,dri as ,drin simply1 though one might speak of her so in the third person4 ,in addressing an envelope to her some such word as nagysgos1 or urn 7madam71 must be used4 ,thus1 ,nagysgos ,drin urn1 ,drin urn1 or ,drin nagysga4 ,it is better1 if possible1 to add the ,christian name of the husband in addressing a married woman4 ,thus1 ,nagysgos ,dri ,krolyn4 ,in speaking to a lady the name is never mentioned4 ,instead of saying ,mrs4 or ,miss ,so-and-so1 some such word as asszonyom or nagysd 7madam7 must be used4 ,asszonyom can only be used in addressing married women2 nagysd can be used for either married or single4 ,in addressing a gentleman1 it is customary to use his title or office1 if he has one1 e4g4 titkr1 secretary2 tanr1 professor2 tancsos1 councillor2 kapitny1 captain1 c4 ,on an envelope3 ,nagysgos ,gyry ,lornd miniszteri osztly tancsos urnak 7urnak is composed of ur1 sir1 and the suffix -nak1 to74 ,in speaking to ,gyry ,lornd one would say tancsos ur4 ,the chief titles of courtesy employed are3-- ,felsge1 his or her ,majesty4 ,fensge1 his or her ,highness4 ,kegyelmes1 or ,nagymltsgu1 his ,excellency 7for ministers1 privy councillors1 c474 ,mltsgos 7for such members of the ,house of ,lords as are not styled kegyelmes1 secretaries of ,state1 and ministerial counsellors74 ,nagysgos 7for most persons who in ,england would be addressed as esquire74 ,tekintetes 7used for country gentlemen1 but it is going out of use and giving place to nagysgos74 ,the sex of animals is expressed by placing hm 7male71 or nstny 7female71 before the respective name2 as-- hm farkas1 he-wolf4 nstny farkas1 she-wolf4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,etymology ,new words are formed in two ways3-- 7a7 ,by means of suffixes called formatives4 7b7 ,by putting two or more words together4 ,those of the first class are called derivatives1 and those of the second class compounds4 ,a derivative may take a further formative1 in which case the derivative is called the primitive of the new word4 ,in the following example each preceding word is the primitive or stem of the following derivative3-- harc 7substantive71 battle4 harc-i 7adjective71 pertaining to battle4 harci-as 7adjective71 brave1 warlike4 harcias-kod 7ni7 7verb71 to act in a warlike way4 harciaskod-s 7abstract noun71 the state of being at war4 harciaskods-i 7adjective71 pertaining to warlike behaviour4 ,this example shows how rich the ,hungarian language is in its capacity for forming words and expressing the finer shades of meaning4 ,the principal formatives only are here given3-- ,i4 ,substantives are formed-- 7a7 ,by adding -sg1 -sg to adjectives4 j-sg1 goodness2 szp-sg1 beauty4 7b7 ,by adding -s1 -s to verbs4 vg-s1 the act of cutting2 fest-s1 the act of painting4 7c7 ,by adding -as1 -es1 -os1 -r1 -r to substantives4 asztal1 table2 asztal-os1 joiner4 ks1 knife2 ks-es1 cutler4 kd1 tub2 kd-r1 cooper4 7d7 ,all present participles may be used as substantives4 olvas1 reader2 arat1 reaper4 7e7 ,diminutives of substantives are formed by adding -ka1 -ke1 ocska1 ecske1 c4 leny-ka1 a little girl2 ablak-ocska1 a small window4 ,,ii4 ,adjectives are formed by adding-- 7a7 -as1 -os1 -es1 -s to substantives4 mz1 enamel2 mz-as1 enamelled4 arany1 gold2 arany-os1 golden4 hely1 place2 hely-es1 proper4 kd1 fog2 kd-s1 foggy4 7b7 -talan or -telen to substantives1 creating negatives4 hely-telen1 improper4 virg-talan1 without flowers4 7c7 -i1 especially to names of places4 budapest-i1 of or pertaining to ,budapest4 hz-i1 domestic4 7d7 ,diminutives are formed by adding -s to adjectives ending with a vowel1 or -es1 -s1 -os to those ending with a consonant4 srga1 yellow2 srg-s1 yellowish4 reg1 old2 reg-es1 elderly4 ,,iii4 ,verbs are formed by adding-- -al1 -ol1 -el1 -oz1 -ez to substantives4 hz1 house2 hz-al 7ni71#aj to peddle4 dal1 song2 dal-ol 7ni71 to sing4 tl1 winter2 tel-el 7ni71 to pass the winter4 szalag1 ribbon2 szalag-oz 7ni71 to adorn with ribbons4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ni is merely the infinitive ending4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,syntax ,as nouns and verbs have significant endings there is much greater freedom in the construction of sentences in ,hungarian than in ,english4 ,thus we may say1 ,margit szereti ,etelkt1 or ,etelkt szereti ,margit1 without altering or obscuring the sense of the words1 which mean1 ,margit loves ,etelka4 ,the accusative ending -t clearly shows who is loved4 ,again1 ,ilont szeretik1 or szeretik ,ilont1 equally states that 8they love ,ilona10 for the plural ending of the verb shows that ,ilont is not its subject1 while the accusative -t in ,ilont proves that ,ilona is the object of the people's affection4 ,emphasis is expressed by the order in which words occur4 ,thus the above instance might be written1 ,szereti ,etelkt ,margit1 if it is desired to lay stress on the fact of loving4 ,the general rule is that the word on which emphasis is laid immediately precedes the predicate1 whether that predicate is a verb1 or 7as it may be in ,hungarian7 a substantive or an adjective4 ,the following examples illustrate this rule3-- ,egernl a magyar nk hsiesen kzdttek a trkk ellen4 ,bravely fought the ,hungarian women against the ,turks at ,eger4 ,a magyar nk ,egernl kzdttek hsiesen a trkk ellen4 ,at ,eger the ,hungarian women fought bravely against the ,turks4 ,a magyar nk a trkk ellen kzdttek hsiesen ,egernl4 ,against the ,turks the ,hungarian women fought bravely at ,eger4 ,az angol nemzet most hatalmas a tengeren4 ,now the ,english nation is powerful on the sea4 ,most az angol nemzet a tengeren hatalmas4 ,on the sea the ,english nation is now powerful4 ,most az angol nemzet hatalmas a tengeren4 ,the ,english nation is now powerful on the sea4 ,if1 in a sentence constructed in the present tense1 the predicate is an adjective or a substantive1 it follows the subject without any copula4 ,ilona szp1 ,ilona is beautiful4 ,az plet szll1 the building is an hotel4 ,if1 however1 any such statement has reference to a past or future time1 then the appropriate tense of the verb 8to be0 must be placed after the predicate4 ,az plet szll volt1 the building was an hotel4 ,the verb van 7is71 with its various parts1 when used as a copula between subject and predicate1 always stands immediately after the predicate4 ,thus1 if in the above sentence the order of subject and predicate were changed1 the sentence would run3 szll volt az plet4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,days1 ,,months1 ,,and ,,seasons ,monday1 htf1 ,tuesday1 kedd1 ,wednesday1 szerda1 ,thursday1 cstrtk1 ,friday1 pntek1 ,saturday1 szombat1 ,sunday1 vasrnap4 ,on ,monday1 htfn 0 ,tuesday1 kedden 0 ,wednesday1 szerdn 0 ,thursday1 cstrtkn 0 ,friday1 pnteken 0 ,saturday1 szombaton vasrnap alone takes no suffix4 ,on ,sunday vasrnap simply4 ,last ,monday1 mult htf ,on ,monday last1 mult htfn ,next ,monday1 jv htf ,on ,monday next1 jv htfn ,january1 janur ,february1 februr ,march1 mrczius ,april1 aprilis ,may1 mjus ,june1 junius ,july1 julius ,august1 augusztus ,september1 szeptember ,october1 oktber ,november1 november ,december1 december ,in ,january1 janurban ,last ,january1 mult janur ,in ,september1 szeptemberben ,next ,january1 jv janur ,spring1 tavasz1 ,summer1 nyr1 ,autumn1 sz1 ,winter1 tl4 ,in ,spring1 tavasszal1 in ,summer1 nyron1 in ,autumn1 sszel1 in ,winter1 tlen4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,money1 ,,weights1 ,,and ,,measures ,the monetary unit is the korona #aj;d41 which is divided into #ajj fillr4 s4 d4 ,gold coins #bj korona #af #h #aj 0 #h #d ,silver coins #e 0 #d #b #b 0 #a #h #a 0 #j #aj ,nickel coins #bj fillr #j #b #aj 0 #j #a ,bronze coins #b 0 #j #a 0 #j ,paper money comprises notes for #aj1 #bj1 #ej1 #ajj1 and #ajjj korona4 ,n4,b4--,many shopkeepers still reckon in the old florins and krajczrs4 ,the purchaser should take care to ascertain whether the price marked is in florins or in korona4 #a florin #b korona4 #a krajczr #b fillr4 ,the decimal system of weights and measures is used in ,hungary4 #a kilogramm about #b pounds4 #a kilomter about #aajj yards4 #a liter about #a pints4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,phrases ,sundry ,phrases4 ,yes4 ,igen4 ,please4 ,krem1 or tessk4 ,no4 ,nem4 ,thank you4 ,ksznm4 ,sir4 ,uram4 ,madam4 ,nagysd4 ,good morning4 ,j reggelt4 ,good evening4 ,j estt4 ,good-night4 ,j jszakt4 ,good-bye4 ,ajnlom magamat1 or ,isten nnel4 ,how are you8 ,hogy rzi magt8 ,do you speak ,english8 ,beszl n angolul8 ,i only know ,hungarian a little4 ,csak keveset tudok magyarul4 ,do you understand me8 ,megrt n engem8 ,i do not understand4 ,nem rtem4 ,i beg your pardon4 ,bocsnatot krek4 ,please speak more slowly4 ,krem1 beszljen lassabban4 ,may one smoke here8 ,szabad itt dohnyozni8 ,may ,i come in8 ,bejhetek8 ,i wish to go to a doctor4 ,orvoshoz szeretnk menni4 ,i am ill4 ,beteg vagyok1 or rosszul rzem magamat4 ,send for a doctor4 ,kldjn orvosrt4 ,open the door4 ,nyissa ki az ajtt4 ,shut the door4 ,csukja be az ajtt4 ,no admittance4 ,tilos a belps4 ,do not touch the objects4 ,ne tessk a trgyakhoz nyulni4 ,keep off the grass4 ,a fre lpni tilos4 ,take care4 ,vigyzzon1 or tessk vigyzni4 ,entrance4 ,bejrat1 or bemenet4 ,exit4 ,kijrat1 or kimenet4 ,travelling4 ,where is the railway station8 ,hol van a vasuti lloms8 ,where is the booking-office8 ,hol van a jegypnztr8 ,first-class single to ,budapest4 ,els osztlyu menet jegyet ,budapestre4 ,second return to ,budapest4 ,msod osztlyu menet-trti jegyet ,budapestre4 ,how much is it8 ,mi az ra8 ,i wish to have my luggage registered4 ,szeretnm a podgyszt ajnlva adni fel4 ,where is the waiting-room8 ,hol a vrterem8 ,at what time does the train start8 ,mikor indul a vonat8 ,does this train go to ----8 ---- -be megy ez a vonat8 ,is there room in this carriage8 ,van ebben a kocsiban hely8 ,is there a restaurant car on the train8 ,van a vonaton tkez kocsi8 ,sleeping-car4 ,hlkocsi4 ,smoking-carriage4 ,dohnyz szakasz4 ,non-smoking carriage4 ,nem dohnyz szakasz4 ,smoking forbidden4 ,tilos a dohnyzs4 ,ladies' compartment4 ,ni szakasz4 ,shall ,i open the window8 ,kinyissam az ablakot8 ,please shut the window4 ,krem1 csukja be az ablakot4 ,it is very warm4 ,nagyon meleg van4 ,it is very cold4 ,nagyon hideg van4 ,do ,i have to change8 t kell szllni8 ,what station is this8 ,milyen lloms ez8 ,fetch me a cab4 ,hozzon kocsit4 ,what is your fare8 ,mi a viteldij8 ,drive me to the ---- hotel4 ,vigyen a ---- szllba4 ,at a ,hotel4 ,i want a room4 ,szobt szeretnk4 ,how much do you charge8 ,mi az ra8 ,that is too dear4 ,az nagyon drga4 ,i shall only stay one night4 ,csak egy jjelen t maradok itt4 ,i shall stay several days4 ,tbb napig itt maradok4 ,this room will do4 ,ez a szoba j lesz4 ,what is the number of my room8 ,mi a szobm szma8 ,give me the key4 ,adja ide a kulcsot4 ,please have my luggage sent up4 ,krem1 kldjk fel a podgyszomat4 ,i should like some hot water4 ,meleg vizet krek4 ,bring me some more cold water4 ,hozzon mg hideg vizet4 ,please bring me some soap4 ,krem1 hozzon szappant4 ,bring me a towel4 ,hozzon egy trlkzt4 ,i want a hot bath4 ,meleg frdt szeretnk4 ,i want a cold bath4 ,hideg frdt szeretnk4 ,please light a fire in my room4 ,krem1 ftsn be a szobmba4 ,please bring a clothes brush4 ,krem1 hozzon egy ruhakeft4 ,please clean these boots4 ,krem1 tiszttsa ki a czipmet4 ,please brush these clothes4 ,krem1 keflje ki a ruhmat4 ,bring me some matches4 ,hozzon gyuft4 ,bring me a candle4 ,hozzon egy gyertyt4 ,knock at my door at #h o'clock4 ,kopogjon az ajtmon reggel nyolcz rakor4 ,i shall want breakfast at #g o'clock4 ,ht rra szeretnm a reggelit4 ,bring me my hot water at #g4cj4 ,flnyolczkor hozza be a meleg vizet4 ,can ,i have something to eat now8 ,kaphatok most valamit enni8 ,what is ready8 ,mi van kszen8 ,what do you charge for dinner8 ,mi az ra az ebdnek8 ,i will take all meals at the hotel4 ,a szllban fogok tkezni4 ,what do you charge per day for meals8 ,mi a teljes ellts ra egsz napra8 ,have any letters arrived for me8 rkezett szmomra levl8 ,where can ,i get money changed8 ,hol vltathatok pnzt8 ,i want these garments washed4 ,szeretnm ezt a fehrnemt kimosatni4 ,when will they be ready8 ,mikor lesz kszen8 ,bring me the bill4 ,hozza el a szmlt4 ,bring me a time-table4 ,adjon egy menetrendet4 ,i want this luggage taken to the ,szeretnm ezt a podgyszt az railway station4 llomsra kldeni4 ,at ,meals4 ,good morning4 ,j reggelt kvnok4 ,have you slept well8 ,jl aludt8 ,yes1 thank you4 ,ksznm1 jl4 ,i hope that you have slept well4 ,remlem1 jl aludt4 ,i was very tired last night4 ,tegnap este nagyon fradt voltam4 ,waiter4 ,pinczr4 ,bring me some coffee4 ,kvt krek4 ,a roll4 ,zsemle4 ,this bread is too new4 ,ez a kenyr nagyon friss4 ,have you some stale bread8 ,van szikkadt kenyerk8 ,some butter4 ,vaj4 ,milk and sugar1 please4 ,tejet s czukrot krek4 ,another cup of coffee4 ,mg egy cssze kvt4 ,bring me a cup of tea4 ,hozzon egy cssze tet4 ,at what time is dinner8 ,hny rakor van az ebd8 ,dinner la carte4 ,ebd tlap szerint4 ,bring me some soup4 ,hozzon levest4 ,what fish have you8 ,mifle hal van8 ,will you have some chicken8 ,tetszik csirke8 ,give me a wing4 ,adjon egy szrnyt4 ,some mashed potatoes4 ,trt burgonya4 ,potato salad4 ,burgonya salta4 ,bring me a slice of mutton4 ,hozzon egy szelet rhst4 ,i like it well done4 ,jl tslve szeretem4 ,it is too much done4 ,ez nagyon meg van stve4 ,it is quite underdone4 ,ez egszen sletlen4 ,bring me the wine list4 ,adja ide az italjegyzket4 ,i will have a bottle of claret4 ,egy veg vrsbort krek4 ,a syphon of soda water1 please4 ,egy veg szdavizet4 ,bring me a glass of beer4 ,hozzon egy pohr srt4 ,prepare me an omelette4 ,csinltasson egy omelettet 7tojslepnyt74 ,will you have some more wine8 ,tetszik mg bor8 ,no more1 thank you4 ,ksznm1 nem krek4 ,bring me the dessert4 ,hozza ide a csemegt4 ,give me some cheese4 ,adja ide a sajtot4 ,a cup of black coffee1 please4 ,egy cssze fekete kvt krek4 ,i would like some milk4 ,tejet szeretnk4 ,waiter1 the bill1 please4 ,pinczr1 a szmlt krem4 ,at the ,post-office4 ,where is the post-office8 ,hol van a pstahivatal8 ,in ---- street4 ,a ---- utczban4 ,i want three penny stamps4 ,krek hrom tz fillres blyeget4 ,what is the postage on this letter8 ,mennyi a pstadij ezrt a levlrt8 ,this is to go by book post4 ,ezt mint knyvcsomagot akarom kldeni4 ,this is to go by parcel post4 ,ezt csomagpstval akarom kldeni4 ,a postal order for ten korona4 ,pstautalvny tz koronra4 ,give me a telegram form4 ,krek egy srgnylapot4 ,a registered letter4 ,ajnlott levl4 ,i want this letter to be registered4 ,szeretnm ezt a levelet ajnlva feladni4 ,shopping4 ,where do they sell clothing8 ,hol rulnak itt ruhanmt8 ,that is a good shop4 ,az j bolt4 ,i want a new hat4 ,uj kalapot szeretnk venni4 ,i want a pair of boots4 ,egy pr czipt szeretnk venni4 ,i want a shirt4 ,inget szeretnk venni4 ,i want some handkerchiefs4 ,nhny zsebkendt szeretnk venni4 ,i want some collars4 ,nhny gallrt szeretnk venni4 ,i want some ties4 ,nhny nyakkendt szeretnk venni4 ,i want a stick4 ,stabotot szeretnk venni4 ,i want an umbrella4 ,esernyt szeretnk venni4 ,i want some socks1 stockings4 ,kapczt1 harisnyt szeretnk venni4 ,i want some gloves4 ,keztyt szeretnk venni4 ,what is the price8 ,mi az ra8 ,i want better ones4 ,jobb minsgt szeretnk4 ,i want cheaper ones4 ,olcsbbat szeretnk4 ,this will do4 ,ez j lesz4 ,can you change this money8 ,fel tudn ezt a pnzt vltani8 ,where is there a watchmaker8 ,hol van itt rs8 ,my watch has stopped4 ,megllt az rm4 ,my watch wants cleaning4 ,ki kell az rmat tiszttani4 ,the spring is broken4 ,a rg el van trve4 ,i want to go to the barber4 ,szeretnk a borblyhoz menni4 ,please cut my hair4 ,krem1 nyrjon meg4 ,not too short4 ,ne nagyon rvidre4 ,a shave1 please4 ,krem1 borotvljon meg4 ,i want some tobacco1 cigars4 ,dohnyt1 szivart1 szeretnk venni4 ,i want some cigarettes1 matches4 ,cigarettt1 gyuft1 szeretnk venni4 ,i want a cigar-case4 ,szivartartt szeretnk venni4 ,i want a tobacco-pouch4 ,dohnytartt szeretnk venni4 ,nothing more1 thank you4 ,ksznm1 mst nem krek4 ,will you please send these to my hotel4 ,krem1 kldje el ezt a szllba4 ,this is my address4 ,ez a czimem4 ,send them at once4 ,krem1 kldje azonnal4 ,sightseeing4 ,where is the ---- theatre8 ,hol van a ---- szinhz8 ,what is being played8 ,mit adnak8 ,i do not know4 ,nem tudom4 ,at what time does the performance begin8 ,mikor kezddik az elads8 ,what price are the seats8 ,mi az ra a jegyeknek8 ,is there a concert to-night8 ,van ma este valami hangverseny8 ,i should like to go to a music hall4 ,szeretnk valami orfeumba menni4 ,whereabouts is the museum8 ,merre van a muzeum8 ,can you direct me to the picture ,meg tudn mondani az utat a gallery8 kptrba8 ,i wish to go to the cathedral4 ,a szkesegyhzba szeretnk menni4 ,where is the town park8 ,hol van a ,vrosliget8 ,can ,i go there by tram8 ,visz oda villamos vasut8 ,does the tram go to ----8 ---- be megy ez a villamos8 ,what is the fare8 ,mit kell fizetni8 ,i will go for a walk4 ,stlni megyek4 ,which are the best streets8 ,melyek a legszebb utczk8 ,where is ---- street8 ,hol van a ---- utcza8 ,turn to the right4 ,tessk jobbra fordulni4 ,turn to the left4 ,tessk balra fordulni4 ,straight on4 ,egyenesen elre4 ,the zoological garden4 ,az llatkert4 ,the fortress garden4 ,a vrkert4 ,the ,danube embankment4 ,a ,dunapart4 ,paying a ,call4 ,where does ,mr4 ,x4 live8 ,hol lakik ,x4 ur8 ,no4 #b ---- ,street4 ---- utcza msodik szm alatt4 ,he has a flat on the second floor4 ,a msodik emeleten van a laksa4 ,ring the bell4 ,csngessen4 ,knock at the door4 ,kopogtasson4 ,is ,mr4 ,kovcs at home8 ,itthon van ,kovcs ur8 ,he is not at home4 ,nincs itthon4 ,i will call again4 ,majd eljvk ujra4 ,i will call at #c ,p4,m4 to-morrow4 ,holnap dlutn hrom rakor jvk el4 ,yes1 he is in4 ,igen1 itthon van4 ,i wish to see him4 ,szeretnk vele beszlni4 ,please take in my name4 ,krem1 jelentsen be4 ,please take in my card4 ,vigye be a nvjegyemet4 ,good afternoon4 ,j napot kivnok4 ,good evening1 madam4 ,j estt kivnok1 nagysd4 ,pray be seated4 ,krem1 foglaljon helyet4 ,how are you8 ,hogy rzi magt8 ,i am quite well1 thank you4 ,ksznm1 jl4 ,i am very pleased to see you4 ,nagyon rlk hogy lthatom4 ,when did you arrive in ,hungary8 ,mikor rkezett ,magyarorszgba8 ,will you stay long8 ,sokig szndkszik itt maradni8 ,do you like your stay in ,budapest8 ,szeret ,budapesten lenni8 ,yes1 it is a fine city4 ,igen1 nagyon szp vros4 ,i must go now4 ,most mr mennem kell4 ,good-bye4 ,ajnlom magamat4 ,au revoir4 ,a viszontltsig4 ,books and ,stationery4 ,have you a guide-book8 ,kaphatok ti kziknyvet8 ,is it in ,english8 ,angolul van8 ,i want a map4 ,trkpet szeretnk4 ,can ,i see a directory8 ,megnzhetem a lakjegyzket8 ,i wish to buy a dictionary4 ,sztrt szeretnk venni4 ,i want some notepaper4 ,levlpapirost szeretnk venni4 ,a packet of envelopes4 ,egy csomag levlbortk4 ,a box of pens4 ,egy doboz rtoll4 ,a fountain pen4 ,tlt toll4 ,some pencils1 please4 ,nhny irnt 7czeruzt7 krek4 ,a bottle of ink4 ,egy veg tinta4 ,some blotting-paper4 ,itats papiros4 ,a stick of sealing-wax4 ,egy rd pecstviasz4 ,i want some postcards4 ,levelez lapokat krek4 ,some picture postcards4 ,kpes levelez lapokat4 ,a newspaper4 ,hirlap1 ujsg4 ,a morning paper1 please4 ,krem a reggeli lapot4 ,an evening paper4 ,krem az esti lapot4 ,an illustrated paper4 ,kpes lap4 ,which is the best newspaper8 ,melyik a legjobb hirlap8 ,specimen ,letter engaging a ,room4 ,tisztelt ,uram1 ,honoured ,sir1 ,foly h #ae4 n ,budapestre rkezem a ,the current month on the #aeth to ,budapest ,i arrive by the dlutn #d rai vonattal a nyugati plyudvaron4 ,krem1 afternoon #d o'clock train at the west railway station4 ,please gondoskodjk szmomra brkocsirl1 s tartson fenn egy take thought on my behalf regarding a cab1 and reserve a j de nem nagyon kltsges hlszobt4 ,kt htig 7nhny good but not very expensive bedroom4 ,two weeks 7a few napig7 szndkozom ,budapesten maradni1 s tkezsre mindig days7 ,i intend in ,budapest to remain1 and for meals always a szllban leszek4 in the hotel will be4 ,tisztelettel1 ,with respect1 ,a4 ,b4 ,the envelope would be addressed thus3-- ,a ---- ,szll ---- ,hotel ,tekintetes igazgatjnak ,to the manager ---- ,utcza ---- ,street ,budapest4 ,uram ur 7sir7 am 7my74 #ae n #ae affix -n 7on74 ,budapestre ,budapest -re 7to74 rai ra adjectival suffix i4 vonattal vonat -al 7by or with71 the t being duplicated4 plyudvaron plyudvar -on 7at74 szmomra szm 7account7 -om 7my7 -ra 7on74 brkocsirl brkocsi -rl 7as regards74 ,budapesten ,budapest -en 7in74 tkezsre tkezs -re 7for74 szllban szll -ban 7in74 tisztelettel tisztelet -7t7el 7with74 tekintetes a courteous expression4 igazgatjnak igazgat 7manager or director7 -ja 7its7 nak 7to74 a ---- szll tekintetes igazgatjnak 7literally7 to the ---- hotel's honoured manager4 ,,hungarian-,,english ,,vocabulary ablak1 window adni1 to give ajt1 door llat1 animal llni1 to stand lnokul1 treacherously anya1 mother atya1 father azonnal1 at once baj1 trouble bmulni1 to admire bnya1 mine bart1 friend btor1 brave btya1 elder brother br1 wages beszlni1 to speak beteg1 ill birtok1 estate bizonytalansg1 uncertainty boldog1 happy bolt1 shop buzavirg1 cornflower csak1 only csszr1 emperor csata1 battle csendes1 quiet1 still cssze1 cup csinlni1 to make1 to do czukor1 sugar dal1 song dlutn1 afternoon derlt1 bright dinnye1 melon dolgozni1 to work drga1 dear drgak1 precious stone des1 sweet egszsges1 healthy1 well elfoglalni1 to occupy1 to take elkisrni1 to accompany lni1 to live elszllni1 to fly away plet1 building rcz1 metal rdekes1 interesting rett1 ripe ers1 strong rtkes1 valuable fehr1 white fekete1 black fnyes1 bright fizetni1 to pay gazda1 farmer gazdag1 rich gazdasg1 farm gondolat1 thought gyermek1 child gynyr1 lovely gyors1 swift gyzni1 to be victorious gymlcs1 fruit hls1 grateful hallani1 to hear hamar1 soon hanem1 but hang1 sound hangverseny1 concert hat1 six hatalmas1 powerful hz1 house hzi1 domestic hegedlni1 to play the violin hegy1 hill1 mountain htf1 ,monday hirlap1 newspaper hogy1 that holnap1 to-morrow hs1 hero hossz1 long hozni1 to bring h1 faithful huszr1 hussar ids1 old illat1 scent irni1 to write is1 also iskola1 school ismerni1 to know 7a person7 istll1 stable itthon1 at home z1 flavour kk1 blue kellemes1 pleasant kemny1 hard kmny1 chimney kenyr1 bread kp1 picture krdezni1 to ask krni1 to ask ks1 late kis1 little kivnni1 to wish kocsi1 coach kltemny1 poem knyv1 book knyvtr1 library kortrs1 contemporary krte1 pear ksznni1 to thank1 to greet koszoru1 wreath ktni1 to bind kutya1 dog kzdeni1 to fight lrmzni1 to make a noise ltni1 to see legyzni1 to overcome lemsolni1 to copy lenni1 to be lelni1 to sit down liszt1 flour lomb1 foliage lovagolni1 to ride on horseback macska1 cat magas1 high1 tall magyarul1 in ,hungarian mr1 already mg1 still megbkiteni1 to conciliate megelgedni1 to be content megtmadni1 to attack menni1 to go mindennap1 every day mindig1 always mondani1 to tell munka1 work mutatni1 to show mvsz1 artist nagy1 great nagyon1 very1 much nap1 day1 sun ngy1 four nem1 no1 not nemesen1 nobly nmet1 ,german nmi1 some np1 people nyr1 summer nyomor1 misery cs1 younger brother okos1 clever1 wise ra1 hour1 clock1 watch reg1 old 7for persons7 orszg1 country rlni1 to rejoice sz1 autumn szinte1 sincere palota1 palace ppa1 pope part1 shore puska1 gun rgi1 old 7for things7 remlni1 to hope rt1 meadow rokon1 relative rmai1 ,roman rzsa1 rose sajnlni1 to regret sarok1 corner stlni1 to walk sok1 many1 much szelid1 gentle szent1 saint szp1 beautiful szerda1 ,wednesday szerencse1 good luck szeretni1 to like1 to love szilva1 plum szin1 colour szolga1 servant szomszd1 neighbour szorgalmas1 industrious tgas1 spacious takar1 covering tallkozni1 to meet tanul1 student tartani1 to last tavaly1 last year tehn1 cow tekintlyes1 imposing tet1 roof1 summit tiszta1 clean1 pure titok1 secret tz1 ten trk1 ,turk tudni1 to know tuzok1 bustard lni1 to sit utcza1 street tkzet1 battle van1 is vrni1 to wait for vendg1 guest villm1 lightning vinni1 to carry virg1 flower virgos1 flowery vz1 water zld1 green zongorzni1 to play the piano ,,english-,,hungarian ,,vocabulary actor1 szinsz afternoon1 dlutn air1 leveg almanac1 naptr almond1 mandula aluminium1 aluminium amusement1 mulatsg angel1 angyal animal1 llat another1 ms1 msik apple1 alma apricot1 srgabaraczk arm1 kar arrival1 megrkezs art1 mvsz artist1 mvszet asparagus1 sprga attendance1 kiszolgls axle1 tengely baby1 kisbaba1 csecsem back1 ht backward1 htrafel back wheel1 hts kerk bacon1 szalonna1 oldalas1 fstlt hs bad1 rossz bag1 tska1 utitska bake 7to71 stni baked1 slt baker1 pk ball1 labda ball 7dance71 bl banana1 bann band1 zenekar bank1 bank1 pnzintzet barber1 borbly1 fodrsz barley1 rpa basin1 medencze bath1 frd bathe 7to71 frdni bathroom1 frdszoba bay1 bl beans1 bab bear1 medve beard1 szakl beat 7to71 tni1 megverni bed1 gy bed 7to go to71 lefekdni bedroom1 hlszoba beef1 marhahs beer1 sr begin 7to71 kezdeni bell1 csengety belt1 v bicycle1 kerkpr1 bicikli bill1 szmla bill of fare1 tlap bird1 madr biscuit1 ktszerslt bishop1 pspk bitter1 keser black1 fekete blanket1 paplan1 gyapjutakar blotting-paper1 itats papiros blue1 kk board1 ellts boat1 csnak bodice1 ruhaderk boil 7to71 fzni1 forralni boiled1 ftt book1 knyv booking-office1 jegypnztr bookseller1 knyvkeresked boot1 czip1 csizma bootlaces1 czipkt bootmaker1 czipsz1 varga bottle1 veg box1 doboz box 7in the theatre71 pholy boy1 fi braces1 nadrg tart brake 7cycle71 keresztrd brandy1 plinka1 konyak brass1 srgarz bread1 kenyr break 7to71 trni breakfast1 reggeli breast1 mell bridge1 hd bright1 fnyes bring 7to71 hozni broom1 sepr brother 7elder71 btya 0 7younger71 cs brown1 barna brush 7clothes71 ruhakefe 0 7hair71 hajkefe 0 7nail71 krmkefe 0 7tooth71 fogkefe buffet1 tterem bull1 bika butter1 vaj button1 gomb buy 7to71 venni cab1 brkocsi cabbage1 kposzta cabman1 brkocsis caf1 kvhz cake1 stemny calf1 borju calico1 perkl call 7to71 hvni camera1 fnykpez gp candle1 gyertya candlestick1 gyertyatart cap1 sapka cape1 gallr1 gallrkpeny carnation1 szegf carpet1 sznyeg carriage1 kocsi1 hint carrot1 srgarpa cat1 macska cathedral1 szkesegyhz ceiling1 mennyezet chain1 lncz chair1 szk chambermaid1 szobaleny change money 7to71 pnzt vltani chapel1 kpolna1 templom cheap1 olcs cheese1 sajt chemise1 ing chemist1 gygyszersz chestnut1 gesztenye child1 gyermek chin1 ll chocolate1 csokold choir1 nekkar ,christian1 keresztny church1 templom cigar1 szivar cigar-case1 szivartrcza cigarette1 cigaretta1 szivarka cigarette-case1 cigaretta-trcza city1 vros clean1 tiszta clean 7to71 tiszttani clear1 vilgos clergyman1 pap1 lelksz cloak1 kpeny1 fellt cloakroom1 ruhatr clock1 toronyra1 falira clothing1 ruhzat cloudy1 felhs coal1 szn1 kszn cocoa1 kakao coffee1 kv cold1 hideg cold 7a71 ntha1 hurut cold 7to be71 fzni collar1 gallr collar-stud1 inggomb college1 kollgium come 7to71 jnni concert1 hangverseny confectioner1 czukrsz continent1 kontinens1 szrazfld copper1 rz1 vrsrz correct1 helyes cottage1 hzik1 kunyh cotton1 gyapot1 pamut couch1 pamlag cough 7to71 khgni county1 vrmegye country1 orszg1 vidk1 tj cow1 tehn cream1 tejszin cuffs1 kzel cup1 cssze curtain1 fggny custom-house1 vmhz cutlet1 szelet1 bordaszelet dance 7to71 tnczolni danger1 veszly1 veszedelem dangerous1 veszlyes1 veszedelmes dark1 stt date 7on letters71 keltezs daughter1 leny day1 nap1 nappal dear1 kedves1 drga deer1 z departure1 induls dessert1 csemege devil1 rdg dictionary1 sztr dine 7to71 ebdelni dinner1 ebd directory1 czimjegyzk1 lakjegyzk dirty1 piszkos1 szennyes do 7to71 tenni doctor1 orvos1 doktor dog1 kutya door1 ajt down1 le downhill1 hegynek le draper1 ruhakeresked drawers1 nadrg dress1 ruha 7niruha7 dress 7to71 ltzni drink1 inni drive 7a71 kocsizs duck1 kacsa eagle1 sas ear1 fl early1 korn earth1 fld earthquake1 fldrengs eat 7to71 enni egg1 tojs electric light1 villamos lmpa electric tram1 villamos vast electroplated1 ezstztt embankment1 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