,,fundam5tals ,,( ,,fiction ,,writ+ ,by ,,ar?ur ,,sullivant ,,h(fman ,,indianapolis ,,! ,,bobbs-,,m]rill ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,copyright1 #aibb ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,sullivant ,,h(fman ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? 4 ,,co4 ,,book ,,manufactur]s4 ,,brooklyn4 ,n4 ,y4 ,to ,,james ,h4 ,,gannon ,^: ,und]/&+ ,coop]ation ,has ,made ! ,application ( ,^! ,pr9ciples a ,pleasant ,task ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,by ,way ( ,introduction ,,ii ,a ,g5]al ,survey ,,iii ,creat+ ! ,illusion ,,iv ,y\r ,read]s ,v ,di/ractions ,,vi ,cle>ness ,,vii ,ov]/ra9 ,,viii ,conv9c+ness ,,ix ,hold+ ! ,read] ,x ,pleas+ ! ,read] ,,xi ,plot & ,/ructure ,,xii ,"* ,,xiii ,individuality vs4 ,te*nique ,,xiv ,! ,read] & ,8 ,imag9ation ,,xv ,! ,place ( ,action 9 ,fiction ,,xvi ,adaptation ( ,/yle to ,mat]ial ,app5dix3 ,y\r ,manuscripts & ! ,editors ,index #a ,,fundam5tals ,,( ,,fiction ,,writ+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,by ,,way ,,( ,,introduction ,liv+ 9 s complex a civilization1 we g5]ally fail to realize h[ complex h become our m5tal habits4 ,we h come m & m to ?9k ^u complexities until1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! m elem5t>y facts1 processes & approa*es are slight$ or omitt$ z b5ea? ! high developm5t ( our m9ds4 ,h[ev] le>n$ our ?9k+ may be1 its f\ndation mu/ be elem5t>y ?9k+1 &1 if elem5t>y ?9k+ is neglect$ because x seems too elem5t>y = att5tion1 ! result is likely to be uns\ndness ( ! :ole /ructure because x has be5 erect$ on uns\nd f\ndation4 ,add to faulty ?9k+ habit ! human #b t5d5cy to accept z e/abli%$ :at has be5 h&$ d[n to u by our ?\ght pr$ecessors1 dead or contemporane\s4 ,progress c be made only to ! ext5t ?is t5d5cy is ov]come by *ance or gu>d$ aga9/4 ,gu>d+ aga9/ x requires p>ticul>ly ! close scrut9y ( elem5tals4 ,x is p>ticul>ly un=tunate t1 ! speciali/s ( c\rse be+ ! mo/ complex ?9k]s ( u all1 we h all[$ our habit ( specialization to leave to !m m & m ! guidance ( g5]al ?\ght1 ?us drift+ fur!r & fur!r f elem5t>y me?ods ( ?9k+4 ,! m ?or\ghly y analyze mod]n ?9k+ me?ods & _! results1 ! m evid5t becomes ! damage done4 ,simplicity is ! key1 b1 be+ r pr\d ( our complexity & advancem5t1 we h become su* /rang]s to simplicity t we ev5 di/ru/ x :5 we meet x4 ,x is mo/ pitiful ( all t a m]e outw>d %[ ( complexity ga9s m respect ?an does a simple ess5tial unadorn$4 ,yet x is true4 ,almo/ automatically simplicity produces 9 u a reaction ( contempt1 a feel+ t our highly develop$ m9ds h long #c ago pass$ on beyond su* *ildi% matt]s4 ,we are too advanc$ to bo!r ov] ! elem5tals & ! result too (t5 is mu* frantic progress along wrong pa?s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my editorial "w x impress$ itself on me m & m t !re 0 some:]e uns\ndness 9 bo? ! editorial basis ( criticism & ! writ]s' basis ( creation4 ,be+ afflict$ ) ! preval5t complex me?od ( ?\ght1 x 0 only gradually t ,i came to suspect t ! uns\ndness trac$ back to "s ( ! elem5tals all ( u seem$ to be tak+ = grant$4 ,my suspicions h gr[n ! /rong] dur+ ! ye>s ( laboratory "w1 at "s po9ts rip5+ into convictions1 s t 9 ?is book int5d$ to be ( practical s]vice to writ]s ( magaz9e fiction !y w inevitably %[4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be label$ 9 advance z dep>tures f ! usual dicta laid d[n1 s t ! read] c make all[ance accord+ly4 ,:ile my p]sonal hi/ory is unimportant1 "s ( ! details t may indicate1 or t seem to h influ5c$1 ! !ories develop$ h place 9 ?is book z guide-po/s 9 valu+ or disc\nt+ x4 #d ,x is1 = example1 only fair to make pla9 9 advance t ,i am probably f> less famili> ) books on h[ to write fiction ?an are mo/ beg9n]s :o may read ?is book1 & probably "k--or rememb]--less conc]n+ ! dicta ( critics & o!r au?orities on lit]ature 9 g5]al4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 view ( ! probable reaction to "s ( my unacademic views1 ,i claim ! "r to /ate t ^! views d n result f lack ( academic tra9+4 ,also a brief /atem5t ( my exp]i5ce z editor & writ] seems call$ = by way ( w>rant = my v5tur+ to advance any !ories at all4 ,i h be5 an editor m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 a magaz9e editor = ne>ly tw5ty1 s]v+ on sev5 widely diff]5t p]iodicals--g5]al1 specializ$ & fiction--,*autauquan1 ,sm>t ,set1 ,watson's1 ,transatlantic ,tales1 ,del9eator1 ,romance1 ,adv5ture4 ,at int]vals dur+ t "t ,i h contribut$ fiction & articles to ,ev]ybody's1 ,mc,clure's1 ,bookman1 ,c\ntry ,life1 ,del9eator1 ,sm>t ,set & half a doz5 o!rs4 ,previ\s to ?is !re 7 ne>ly ?ree ye>s z editor ( a c\ntry weekly & two ye>s ( tea*+ ,engli% & lit]ature 9 high s*ool4 ,i #e specializ$ 9 ,engli% at "o univ]sity & add$ "s graduate "w 9 fiction writ+ at ano!r4 ,z a *ild my home influ5ce 0 decid$ly lit]>y1 ev5 to a po9t t might be designat$ highbr[1 ) ! natural flavor+ ( sci5ce r to be expect$ 9 a h\se l>gely occupi$ by my gr&fa!r's microscopes & %elves ( specim5s4 ,9 a ^w1 my e>ly tra9+ 0 decid$ly academic1 & z a cub ,i came to ! magaz9e game spell+ lit]ature ) a v l>ge capital ,l & ) m ?an ! usual cub rev]5ce = books & magaz9es & all t p]ta9s !reto4 ,l ! majority ( magaz9e editors1 ,i f\nd t my fir/ task 0 to %ove mo/ ( my academic tra9+ & po9t ( view into ! backgr\nd1 mak+ ( !m an accessory r ?an a guide1 & adopt+ an altoge!r new scale ( relative values4 ,a few mon?s accompli%$ ! great] "p ( ! *ange1 b x requir$ ye>s to develop suspicion ( t new & commonly accept$ scale1 to rip5 ! suspicion to conviction & to build up a ?ird scale to take its place 9 my "w4 #f ,be=e ent]+ ! magaz9e field1 ,i rememb] only "o que/ion+ ( precepts & t5ets4 ,ab\t #aijj ,i refus$ to read any m au?ors = /yle1 realiz+ ,i 0 aga9/ my w absorb+ too _m ( _! individualities1 ,/ev5son's s5t5ce-rhy?m 9 p>ticul> impos+ itself on my lit]>y ef=ts to a decid$ degree4 ,/yle is ! man seems to h be5 "o ( ! textbook /atem5ts t sank 9 deepe/1 & x gave me c\rage to rebel aga9/ ano!r ( its k9d4 ,9 my college c\rse ?ree ?+s /& out z /rong 9 influ5ce4 ,all 7 enc\nt]$ 9 "w ( ! !sis class conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,villi]s ,d5ney ) a s\nd judgm5t & bread? ( view t 7 b\nd to be /imulative & give p]man5t value4 ,fir/1 laboratory exp]im5ts ^u ! class itself %[$ u1 to our great surprise1 ! trem5d\s degree ( v>iation 9 individuals z to ! quality & degree ( _! imag9ation-response to ! pr9t$ or spok5 ^w4 ,i h met few writ]s or editors :o _h any conception ( ?is v>iation or :o _h ev5 giv5 ! matt] a ?\ght1 yet x is ( basic importance to bo?4 #g ,! second idea out/&+ f my college c\rse is ! explanation ( ! psy*ological appeal ( fiction giv5 by ,george ,h5ry ,lewes to ! effect t man f9ds enjoym5t 9 fiction because by foll[+ ! =tunes ( ! h]o or id5tify+ himself ) him he c atta9 vic>i\sly ! p]fections & successes he c n atta9 9 real life4 ,i h n se5 x = tw5ty-f\r ye>s & may h di/ort$ x1 b ! idea z /at$ has be5 ! "o act$ ^u4 ,?ird1 !re 0 ,sp5c]'s economy z a basis ( rhetorical !ory4 ,i rememb] no?+ :atev] ab\t x except t he includ$ economy ( ! read]'s att5tion4 ,to :at ext5t ?is phase ( 8 idea is responsible = my own !ories ,i d n "k4 ,memory tells me ,i recall$ x only aft] work+ out my own1 b x is reasonable to hold x a cause ?\gh an unrealiz$ "o4 ,analytics ( ,lit]ature1 by ,l4 ,a4 ,%]man1 made a decid$ impression on me dur+ college or 9 ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+4 ,und\bt$ly ,i ga9$ mu* f x1 b at pres5t ,i am unable to /ate its cont5t 9 any b ! mo/ vague way & c n detect any b academic influ5ces f x1 ?\gh #h 9 ?is ,i may be do+ x s]i\s inju/ice4 ,de ,qu9cey's ,on ! ,knock+ at ! ,gate 9 ,macbe? made vivid ! use ( relief sc5es4 ,f "s book by ,br&] ,mat!ws ,i le>n$ t ! %ort /ory %\ld h only "o po9t4 ,five ye>s aft] college ,i read ,tol/oy's ,:at ,is ,art8 ,read x ) int]e/1 res5tm5t1 bewild]m5t & en?usiasm4 ,x 0 ! fir/ real bl[ to my unque/ion+ acceptance ( all ! usual canons ( art4 ,! impress 0 trem5d\s1 b1 q 9 keep+ ) my mis]able memory1 ! only def9ite1 abid+ impression ,i c id5tify is ! emphasis laid on simplicity1 ) ! coroll>y t creative "w mu/ rea* peasant appreciation if x is to be class$ z art4 ,ye>s lat] ,i came to atta* m & m importance to simplicity1 arriv+ at t attitude by pa?s lead+ f practical exp]i5ce--laboratory "w1 z x 71 pa?s t to my vague recollection seem n at all ^? ( 8 approa*1 b ,i c make no exact measure ( ! ext5t to :i* ,tol/oy may h done my ?9k+ = me or at lea/ influ5c$ x4 ,probably ! influ5ce is f> great] ?an ,i realize4 #i ,9 any case1 ! above are ! total ( ! outside influ5ces4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible = any "o to live 9 contact ) 8 fell[s 9 a _w fill$ ) type & op9ions )\t absorb+ ideas f o!rs1 b 9 ! s5se ( influ5ces suffici5tly def9ite to make consci\s impress ,i c add no?+ to ! above li/4 ,9 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 if ,i h read any book or article deal+ ) ! philosophy ( lit]ature ,i d n recall ! title or ! occasion4 ,five or six ye>s ago ,i read a ?ird or half ( a book t taught ! writ+ ( fiction1 b laid x d[n because x 0 too difficult = me to und]/& & seem$ n 9 accordance ) my own ideas4 ,i h nev] read any o!r text on fiction writ+1 ?\gh ,i h spun ! pages ( a numb] ( !m to ga9 a g5]al idea ( me?ods & !ories1 f9d+ only ! usual ones4 ,?is lack ( read+ au?orities 0 at fir/ due to lack ( "t1 b = ye>s ,i h c>efully avoid$ ! influ5ce ( o!rs' !ories to ! be/ ( my ability s t ,i %\ld n be div]t$ or =e/all$ 9 an ef=t to "w out my own4 ,naturally1 mo/ ( ! accept$ !ories & me?ods are curr5t because #aj !y are s\nd1 b !re is a m9ority ( cases 9 :i* a diss5t+ view seems w>rant$4 ,my w>rant = diss5t is t to a v great ext5t ! ma9 faults 7o!r ?an ^? due to lack ( natural ability7 9 ! fiction submitt$ to magaz9es seem directly due to faults 9 accept$ !ories & me?ods4 ,^! faults 9 !ory & tea*+ may be r\ghly summ>iz$ "u two heads3 7#a7 ,assign+ to read]s !oretical reactions bas$ on traditional editorial & critical precepts in/ead ( bas+ editorial precepts on actual reactions ( read]s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 lack ( emphasis ^u pres]v+ ! illusion4 7#b7 ,ov]:elm+ writ]s ) dem&s ( te*nique & academics & !reby do+ all possible to ru9 individuality & real ability4 ,= gett+ data on ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts ,i h be5 exceptionally well situat$4 ,m ?an any o!r magaz9e on :i* ,i h s]v$1 m ?an ! half doz5 o!rs "u ! same ro(s1 m1 s f> z ,i c judge1 ?an any o!r magaz9e ,i "k1 #aa ,adv5ture gets def9ite1 concrete response & criticism f its read]s4 ,s f> z ! male sex is conc]n$1 probably no o!r magaz9e has a m g5]ally repres5tative audi5ce1 rang+ ?r\gh all classes f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ br[s4 ,! great numb] ( lett]s & talks result+ f ?is ke5 p]sonal int]e/ ( its read]s 9 ! mak+ ( ! magaz9e has be5 invaluable 9 giv+ its editor1 = m ?an t5 ye>s1 ! actual1 specific reactions ( read]s1 z oppos$ to ! !oretical reactions t accept$ editorial !ories assign to !m4 ,! ov]emphasis on te*nique & academics ,i consid] ! mo/ h>mful factor at "w 9 ! field ( ,am]ican fiction1 f bo? ! lit]>y & ! magaz9e po9t ( view4 ,i c claim no special equipm5t = speak+ on ?is po9t o!r ?an a decid$ly academic tra9+ foll[$ by ov] tw5ty ye>s ( practical laboratory "w1 & arrival at conclusions by ab&on+ all accept$ precepts & go+ back to ! simple elem5tals4 ,! object ( ?is book is n exploitation ( !ories b practical s]vice to writ]s & #ab w\ld-be writ]s4 ,x is aim$ directly at ! faults t are ! *ief causes ( rejection ( manuscripts by magaz9es & book h\ses4 ,g5]al !ories are us$ *iefly to give f\ndation & p]spective1 s t a writ]1 kn[+ ! g5]al ends 9 view1 may be enabl$ to solve intellig5tly & consi/5tly ev5 ^? problems 9 8 "w t c n be cov]$ specifically by any book ( rules4 ,x is a cry+ ne$ t writ]s %\ld le>n to "w less by rule ( ?umb & m f a g5]al und]/&+ ( :at fiction really is & ( :at det]m9es its success4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ,i h wat*$ ! fl[ ( manuscripts--m t5s ( ?\s&s ?an ,i l to rememb]--& am ye> by ye> m conv9c$ t m embryo writ]s ( appreciable ability are ru9$ by an ov]dose ( te*nique at ! h&s ( _! lit]>y doctors or by slavi% copy+ ( ! "w ( "s successful writ] ?an by any ?ree o!r causes y please to "n4 ,te*nique1 naturally1 %\ld be a means1 n an end4 ,9 mo/ ( ! tea*+ ( ! day s mu* emphasis is plac$ on x & su* l>ge quantities ( x are %ov$ d[n ! beg9n]'s ?roat1 be=e he has develop$ #ac himself suffici5tly to dige/ x in/ead ( m]ely *ew x1 t 9 a majority ( cases he loses himself & 8 tal5ts 9 an empty /ruggle ) =mulas & =malities4 ,he may le>n to *ew v well inde$1 b ! odds are t he isn't *ew+ any?+ & t he has />v$ himself to dea?4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he has ceas$ to be himself4 ,p]haps ! reason = ?is ov]emphasis on te*nique is t ^? responsible = ! books1 classes & correspond5ce c\rses design$ to help ! budd+ fiction writ]s are1 ) v few exceptions1 *iefly !ori/s ) no great backgr\nd ( ei!r actual editorial exp]i5ce or an ev5 fairly consid]able accompli%m5t 9 writ+ fiction4 ,^? :o h bo?1 ev5 a mod]ate degree ( bo?1 are s v few t 9 numb] !y con/itute only a fraction ( a p] c5t4 ( ^? at "w 9 ?is field4 ,! tea*]s ( fiction1 a good _m ( !m1 give extremely valuable s]vice1 b ! majority ( !m ei!r approa*$ _! "w f ab/ract & academic beg9n+s or1 hav+ sold fiction !mselves1 built too mu* f _! own exp]i5ces1 kn[+ too little ( ! _m diff]5t pa?s by :i* o!rs mu/ #ad progress4 ,bo? gr\ps seem to h be5 too mu* influ5c$ by te*nique & academics 9 g5]al4 ,! editors1 too1 = ! same & o!r reasons1 h contribut$ t[>d mak+ te*nique too great a factor4 ,x is physically impossible to give individual criticism to e manuscript t comes 91 or1 :5 giv5 at all1 to give x fully 9 all cases4 ,almo/ nev] are ! reasons = an acceptance giv5 & only 9 a g5]al way at be/4 ,z a result1 writ]s 9 _! e>ly =mative /ages are left 9 ! d>k unless !y turn to ! o!r tea*]s4 ,mu* ( ! criticism giv5 by editors1 too1 is academic & c5t]s on te*nique--because t k9d ( criticism is easi] = u to give4 ,/ill aga91 we (t5 mislead a writ] by fail+ to di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! ne$s & likes ( ! p>ticul> magaz9e z oppos$ to ^? ( magaz9es 9 g5]al4 ,:atev] ! reasons = ! exagg]at$ "p te*nique plays 9 ,am]ican fiction1 x is ! *ief hope ( ?is little book t x may to "s degree c\nt]act ?is curse ( =mula & enc\rage beg9n]s to m direct ef=t = individuality & a m natural expression ( x4 #ae ,p]haps ?is is n a book at all1 b m]ely a collection ( talks4 ,c]ta9ly !re is little attempt at c>efully unifi$ /ructure4 ,its writ+ mu/ be done at odd mom5ts1 = ,i am /ill 9 editorial h>ness4 ,also x w be done only 9 su* mom5ts & mann] z make ! writ+ ( x a pleasure r ?an a task4 ,i use ! pron\n ,i )\t /9t or apology1 = t is ! natural me?od to foll[ :5 "o p]son speaks to ano!r &1 :ile ,i object /r5u\sly to an au?or's obtrusion ( himself into 8 fiction1 ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n 9 books ( exposition is (t5 ( di/9ct advantage 9 precision z well z 9 ease & cle>ness4 ,f9ally1 ?is book is n meant = g5iuses4 ,!y %\ld by all means m>* _! own pa?s1 f9d+ or mak+ _! own me?ods1 ea* to 8 ta/e4 ,?\gh ?is is a book ( sugge/ions1 n ( rules1 ! g5ius does n ne$ x4 ,b wait1--alas6 half my possible read]s are gone f me at ! end+ ( t la/ s5t5ce1 self-dismiss$ z indubitable g5iuses4 ,i'd =gott5 t ! writ+ _w is compos$ *iefly ( g5iuses1 mo/ ( !m indubitable &--self-dismiss$4 #af ,b y--,i ?9k y'd bett] read on until y f9d /rong] reason to turn away1 =1 to be fri5dly frank1 ! odds are s v heavily aga9/ y\r be+ a g5ius4 ,z = me1 ,i don't ev5 "k m ?an ?ree or f\r g5iuses at ! v mo/ & y c be entirely at y\r ease 9 my q ord9>y society4 #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,g5]al ,,survey ,let u take a g5]al survey ( :at is to foll[1 beg9n+ ) fundam5tals4 ,! ,art ,process4--,! art process ( fiction involves ?ree elem5ts--! ,mat]ial1 ! ,arti/ & ! ,read]4 ,s f> z my exp]i5ce & obs]vation g1 ! ,read] is n reg>d$ z a "p ( ! art process & 9 bo? !ory & practise fails to get any?+ approa*+ due consid]ation4 ,= t reason 8 "p 9 ! art process w receive full treatm5t 9 ?is book1 :ile ,mat]ial & ,arti/1 be+ already amply cov]$ 9 ?\s&s ( texts1 w receive m cursory treatm5t4 ,! read] c1 nev]!less1 be made a complete basis ( bo? rhetorical & fictional !ory4 ,almo/ any important elem5t c1 = t matt]2 x is m]ely a matt] ( *oos+ ! po9t f :i* y %all look at ! circle4 ,! read]'s hav+ be5 #ah hi!rto slight$ 9 ?is respect is alone suffici5t reason to *oose him if = no o!r purpose ?an t ( view+ ! art process f a new angle & !reby gett+ a m balanc$ concept ( x4 ,p]sonally1 ,i believe ! read]'s angle ! correct "o1 be+ ! f9al /ep1 ! te/ ( ! o!r two4 ,philosoph]s w at once qu>rel ) bo? my !ory & my t]m9ology4 ,if !y w conf9e _! qu>rel+ to ! field ( philosophy1 !y may settle ! issue z !y please4 ,mu/ a g5ius ?9k only1 or at all1 ( 8 read]s :5 he sits d[n to write8 ,probably n1 b ?is book is n writt5 = g5iuses1 :o ne$ no rules or guidance or at lea/ ?9k !y d n4 ,c]ta9ly ei!r g5ius or pla9 human w fall into ru9 if he ?9ks ov]mu* on rules & regulations ( any k9d :5 he %\ld be giv+ himself up to creat+4 ,b ,i've notic$ t ev5 g5iuses g5]ally revise _! "w aft] its fir/ laun*+ 9 ink4 ,:y8 ,mu/ art be se5 or he>d by o!rs be=e x c be art8 ,naturally ,i realize t ! ,v5us de ,milo 0 a "w ( art be=e x 0 dug up1 b :at ( t8 ,x 0 only a pot5tial "w ( art f any practical po9t #ai ( view & ( no good to any "o until br\ght :]e mat]ial & ! arti/'s "w on ! mat]ial c\ld cont9ue & complete ! process by creat+ 9 human be+s ! ?\ghts & emotions !y /rove to express4 ,9 t ^w express1 by ! way1 lies ! :ole div]g5ce ( !ory4 ,!ories h made x practically subjective only1 ignor+ its objective side--! recipi5t4 ,c y1 outside ! mo/ ab/ract ab/ractions ( philosophy1 express any?+ )\t express+ x to "s "o8 ,if y ?9k y c1 h[ are y go+ to be sure t y h express$ x8 ,:o is to be ! judge on ?is po9t8 ,y1 ! arti/1 alone8 ,p]haps ! philosoph]s c %[ me my position is unt5able1 b !y c't %[ me "o s+le fiction editor 9 all ! _w :o w\ldn't ?r[ up 8 h&s 9 despair at ! v idea ( lett+ e arti/ be ! judge z to :e!r he _h express$ :at he ?\ght he _h express$4 ,ev5 non-editors1 :o hav5't be5 tortur$ by ! mi/ak5 idea ( arti/s t !y h succe$$ 9 expression1 w\ld be m ?an sl[ to admit ! arti/s !mselves z compet5t judges or to abide by ! arti/s' judgm5ts4 #bj ,consign+ ab/raction to ! backgr\nd1 y are a fool if y put into mat]ial :at no "o else c get out ( x4 ,& ,i'd say t y 7 n a g5ius1 ! two t]ms n be+ mutually exclusive1 = a g5ius--at lea/ all :om ! _w has be5 able to discov]--does n fail to convey 8 message to at lea/ a few4 ,to h[ _m p & to :at grades ( intellig5ce mu/ ! arti/ convey 8 message 9 ord] to prove himself an arti/8 ,i d n "k4 ,nei!r1 ,i ?9k1 does anybody else4 ,!re seems almo/ equal disagreem5t z to ! "* & quality ( ! message to be convey$4 ,b ,i c see no d\bt t "s message mu/ be convey$ to somebody & x w\ld seem t ! great] & bett] ! message & ! m ! recipi5ts1 ! m successful is ! "w ( art4 ,on ! practical basis t ! w\ld-be fictioni/ wi%es to sell 8 fiction to ! magaz9e or book h\ses1 x foll[s naturally t z a fir/ /ep 8 success w be measur$ by ! numb] ( p to :om he is able to convey 8 message1 ! ?\ght & feel+ he desires to express4 ,aft] rea*+ !m1 x ( c\rse becomes a "q ( ! quality #ba ( 8 message1 b t quality c be kn[n only by ^? read]s rea*$ by x4 ,x becomes a "q1 also1 ( ! degree to :i* he rea*es !m4 ,b fir/1 & mo/ ( all1 he mu/ rea* !m4 ,cle>ness4--,x foll[s t ! prime ess5tial is cle>ness4 ,if !y are to get 8 message at all1 !y mu/ be able to und]/& :at he says4 ,if !y are to get x fully1 he mu/ express exactly :at he means & d s 9 su* mann] t !y w und]/& x exactly z he means x4 ,?is may seem too elem5t>y = consid]ation4 ,x isn't4 ,! !ory is readily admitt$ b n suffici5tly practis$4 ,! guiltie/ are (t5 ! mo/ unconsci\s ( _! guilt1 = x is a common s]i\s fail+ ( writ]s to believe t because !y h made ?+s pla9 to !mselves !y h made !m pla9 to o!rs4 ,cle>ness is n m]ely a "q ( unambigu\s s5t5ces1 ?\gh ! majority ( writ]s d n successfully m\nt ev5 t simple hurdle4 ,cle>ness includes supply+ all necess>y details1 suppress+ ! unnecess>y ones1 giv+ to ea* ! proportionate emphasis y wi% ! read] to give to x #bb & see+ to x t 8 response is exact1 & s %ap+ y\r pres5tation ( ! /ory t ! read] mu/ foll[ ! exact pa? y h mapp$ out = him4 ,o!r ,ess5tials4--,a valuable accessory 9 atta9+ cle>ness is simplicity4 ,b mo/ writ]s abhor simplicity1 app>5tly because be+ simple seems to !m to ru9 _! *ance ( be+ lit]>y4 ,cle>ness1 simplicity1 =ce1 b ! la/ two ( ?is old triology ( ! rhetorics are really includ$ "u cle>ness 9 its full mean+4 ,s1 too1 p]haps1 are unity & /ructure4 ,9 any case1 all are necess>y 9 gett+ ! writ]'s message to 8 read]s4 ,%all ,i s\nd hopelessly elem5t>y & banal :5 ,i say t1 to regi/] 8 message 9 full =ce1 ! au?or mu/ enli/ 8 read]'s sympa?ies8 ,yet ! majority ( ^? :o attempt fiction ei!r give ?is necessity no ?\ght or are unbelievably crude & /upid1 n only miss+ *ance aft] *ance to secure ?is sympa?y1 b cont9ually & ne$lessly ali5at+ x4 ,i d n use sympa?y 9 its sug>y s5se1 b %all attempt no exact def9ition 9 ?is *apt] ( prelim9>y survey4 #bc ,z ess5tials = ! secur+ ( ! read]'s sympa?ies may be includ$ unity & /ructure--9 "s ( _! phases m prop]ly includ$ "h ?an "u cle>ness4 ,also1 he mu/ economize 8 read]--c>efully regulate dem&s on att5tion1 ?\ght & feel+s accord+ to a human be+'s normal ability to respond z well z accord+ to ! v>y+ ne$s ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! tale4 ,! ,illusion4--,la/ly1 to convey 8 message fully1 he mu/ impose & pres]ve ! illusion ( 8 /ory4 ,9 ?is are really includ$ all ! necessities nam$1 ev5 cle>ness4 ,&1 ,i ?9k1 all necessities t c be nam$4 ,?is1 x may be said1 is fiction--! impos+ & pres]v+ ( an illusion4 ,i make x ! basis ( ?is book because x (f]s :at seems at pres5t ! angle ( approa* mo/ ne$$ 9 tea*+ ! successful writ+ ( /ories1 9 correct+ ! faults mo/ common & mo/ fatal1 & 9 provid+ writ]s ) a consi/5t & compreh5sive !ory t !y c apply to _! ne$s & problems z ^! arise4 ,itself a return to ! solid f\ndation ( und]ly+ elem5tals1 x has ! v #bd practical m]it ( compell+ writ]s to make ! elem5tals ! con/ant te/ ( _! "w4 ,necess>ily involv+ a con/ant & c>eful consid]ation ( ! read]1 x seems ! be/ rem$y = ! greate/ weakness 9 fiction writ+--! t5d5cy to limit ! art process to ! second ( its ?ree /eps1 ,mat]ial1 ,arti/ & ,read]4 ,if ! ?ird /ep c be help$ to its due %>e ( att5tion1 ! fir/ /ep c wait its turn1 at lea/ s f> z ! successful writ+ ( magaz9e & ord9>y book fiction is conc]n$4 ,d ,i !n mean t ! prime object ( fiction is ! impos+ ( an illusion8 ,t "h lies ! te/ ( fiction8 ,t no fiction is writt5 or read or valu$ except = its success 9 creat+ an illusion8 ,! impos+ ( an illusion is ! object & te/ ( fiction z fiction4 ,fiction s]ves _m purposes4 ,x may tea* some?+1 %[ some?+1 :at y please4 ,b = ^! ?+s x is only a vehicle1 & ! te/ ( x z a vehicle lies 9 its success at impos+ an illusion4 ,z to :e!r my !ory ( fiction is new & revolution>y ,i c (f] only t x 0 new to my exp]i5ce & revolution>y only 9 t1 9 ! actual editorial "w ( #be help+ writ]s develop _! abilities = fiction1 x has seem$ to effect results t no o!r !ory 0 able to effect4 ,i might add1 also1 t ! fiction dep>tm5t ( a ,coa/ ,univ]sity1 hav+ come across "s ( my correspond5ce ) contributors1 wrote me t ! fully develop$ pr9ciple ( pres]v+ ! illusion _h n1 to _! k1 be5 else:]e advanc$1 t !y _h adopt$ x z a regul> "p ( _! c\rse1 & t x _h satisfactorily /ood ! te/ ( sev]al ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i h le>n$1 ev5 s9ce ! actual writ+ ( ?is book 0 begun1 t = sev]al ye>s ,doctor ,doro?y ,sc>bor\gh has taught ?is pr9ciple to h] classes 9 %ort-/ory writ+ 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,z to ! newness ( divid+ ! art process into ! ?ree /eps ( ,mat]ial1 ,arti/1 ,read]1 ,i c n say4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 x is my own idea1 ! jo9+ toge!r ( two l9es ( ?\ght on :i* ,i _h be5 work+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i %\ld be amaz$ if o!rs _h n previ\sly advanc$ ! same !ory4 ,lit]ature vs4 ,magaz9e ,fiction4--,:at di/9ction d ,i make betwe5 lit]ature & magaz9e fiction8 ,9 fundam5tals1 none4 #bf ,only a small p]c5tage ( magaz9e fiction is lit]ature 9 ! di/9ctive s5se ( t t]m4 ,t s little ( x is lit]ature is p>tly due to ! arbitr>y & entirely non-lit]>y re/rictions impos$ by ! magaz9es ) _! v>i\s aims z to types ( audi5ce4 ,"s w n accept unhappy end+s1 "s b> sex que/ions1 "s use no /ories ( =eign l&s1 "s dem& action1 "s p]mit no m5tion ( dr9k or tobacco1 "s w h no problems1 "s require a breezy1 sophi/icat$ /yle1 "s mu/ h ?is1 "s abhor t4 ,mo/ writ]s mu/ sell :at !y write or /op writ+ ?r\gh lack ( means or lack ( t5acity4 ,naturally !y g5]ally /rive to make _! goods acceptable to ! m>ket1 writ+ ) a c>eful eye on ! likes & dislikes ( ! magaz9es & all ! m h>ass$ & limit$ because :at is "o magaz9e's meat is ano!r magaz9e's poison4 ,"s1 l ,s9clair ,lewis1 ,talbot ,mundy & o!rs1 fully realiz+ ! situation & keep+ _! heads1 write :at !y "k w sell1 write x z well z !y c "u ! limitations1 & keep on writ+ x until !y h atta9$ suffici5t /&+ & #bg f9ancial f\ndation--& suffici5t ma/]y--to write :at !y wi% & 9 ! way !y wi%4 ,b ! va/ majority become p]man5t slaves 9 ! galley :]e !y mu/ s]ve _! appr5tice%ip1 p]haps gr[+ v skilful 9 h&l+ "o o> among ! _m o>s b hopelessly unable to paddle _! own canoe4 ,if money success is ess5tial or pref]r$1 by all means draw a %>p di/9ction betwe5 lit]ature & magaz9e fiction &1 unless y are q sure y\r tal5ts are consid]able1 conf9e y\rself to ! latt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 grant$ suffici5t ability1 aim+ at ! =m] may v well c>ry y fur!r 9 e way4 ,if :at y wi% is1 reg>dless ( worldly success1 to write ! be/ t 9 y lies1 =get ev]y?+ else1 includ+ ! re/rictions ( ! magaz9es4 ,ano!r cause ( ! sc>city ( lit]ature 9 magaz9e fiction is t writ]s1 editors & read]s become obsess$ ) fads1 g5]ally ( a sup]ficial nature1 z to /yle1 or treatm5t1 or types ( mat]ial4 ,und]nea? ?is is a m fundam5tal cause--! habit ( imitation4 ,o4 ,h5ry wrote & di$ & ev5 yet ! mails are full ( manuscripts #bh f writ]s :o are try+ to write ,o4 ,h5ry /ories--& c't1 = ! simple & ev]la/+ reason t no "o ( !m is ,o4 ,h5ry4 ,e ,john ,smi? ( !m w\ld d bett] "w if he wrote ,john ,smi? /ories1 b lots ( !m are /ill sell+ ,o4 ,h5ry /ories because editors too are /ill "u ! ,o4 ,h5ry spell or "k t _m ( _! read]s are4 ,kipl+1 ,doyle1 ,james & o!r fam\s au?ors h ea* _! army ( imitators1 _m a %eep-l soldi] s]v+ 9 sev]al armies at once4 ,nor d ! imitators always aim s nigh4 ,any writ] popul> 9 ! magaz9es1 no matt] h[ ephem]al 8 vogue1 s]ves !m almo/ equally well4 ,! l[e/ dep?s are rea*$ :5 ! model is no "o 9 p>ticul> b m]ely a composite ( all t is mo/ hack & usual on ! pr9t$ page4 ,n long ago !re arose aga9 ! fad ( beg9n+ a /ory ) a p>agraph ( philosophy4 ,x has spread l a disease &1 ,i ?9k1 is "o4 ,!re 7--or are--! era ( glitt]+ sophi/ication 9 /yle1 ! ,dolly ,dialogues & ,prison] ( ,z5da eras1 d\blet & hose1 bus9ess1 sex1 ,/ev5sonian rhy?m1 & s on4 #bi ,b all ^! fads & o!r limitations s]ve only to l[] ! proportion ( lit]ature 9 magaz9e fiction4 ,nei!r !y nor any?+ else creates any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,bo? are fiction1 bo? subject to ! laws ( fiction4 ,& ev5 t magaz9e fiction beyond ! pale ( lit]ature is aim$1 someh[1 at ! read] & is to be judg$ on t basis4 #cj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,creat+ ,,! ,,illusion ,by creat+ ! illusion ,i mean mak+ ! read] =get ! _w he really lives 9 & c>ry+ him into ! _w ( ! /ory1 ei!r id5tify+ himself ) "o ( ! *>act]s or look+ on & li/5+ entirely absorb$ 9 :at he sees & he>s4 ,! illusion is :olly successful1 fully effective1 only if ! read] is made to live altoge!r 9 ! /ory _w4 ,he mu/ =get t he is a read]1 t he holds a book or magaz9e 9 8 h&s1 t ! /ory is m]ely a /ory in/ead ( actual happ5+4 ,he mu/ =get t !re is su* a ?+ z an au?or2 he mu/ =get ! me?od & mann] ( tell+ 9 ! tell+ itself4 ,he mu/ live ! /ory4 ,! ,illusion & ,its ,hold4--,naturally p]fection ( illusion is n g5]ally atta9$1 & naturally :at holds "s read]s 9 #ca ?rall may n hold o!rs4 ,! m sophi/icat$ ! read]1 ! m difficult1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to make him lose himself utt]ly 9 ! /ory4 ,probably1 too1 ! m fiction "o has read1 ! less readily is "o swept away into ! /ory's spell4 ,! same ob/ructions hold 9 any art1 or 9 eat+ or any o!r pleasure4 ,! p5alty ( sophi/ication 9 any?+ is fur!r removal f ! direct1 elem5tal appeal4 ,! p5alty ( satiety & ov]use is a dull+ ( response4 ,b ^! facts d n alt] ! matt] ( :at ! appeal is4 ,b d n ! sophi/icat$ get m out ( fiction--out ( ! highbr[ fiction !y t5d t[>d--?an d ! unsophi/icat$ out ( ! same fiction8 ,get m :at8 ,m ( ! f9] %ad+s und\bt$ly1 b less ( ! elem5tal appeal4 ,& is x really fiction !y are read+ or some?+ else mix$ ) fiction1 & is x f fiction or o!r ?+s !y draw pleasure or edification8 ,_! attitude is at lea/ p>tly t ( a critic r ?an a recipi5t2 _! int]e/ 9 ,:at is happ5+ is at lea/ p>tly di/ract$ to h[ x is writt54 ,f fiction itself1 f fiction z fiction1 ! unsophi/icat$1 #cb grant+ !m und]/&+ ( ! words !y read1 9 mo/ cases get a great] int5sity ( appeal ?an d ! o!rs4 ,und]/&1 ,i am speak+ n ( g5]al sophi/ication b ( sophi/ication 9 fiction4 ,fiction a ,vehicle4--,z y run ov] 9 y\r m9d v>i\s writ]s ( ackn[l$g$ rank y may feel t1 9 face ( t rank1 illusion is an uns\nd basis ( te/ & comp>ison4 ,! /umbl+-block is t mu* ( :at we call fiction is n pure fiction b a hybrid1 a cross1 a half-bre$ or ev5 a quadroon--fiction plus an essay1 treatise1 /udy1 s]mon1 analysis1 philosophy1 satire1 propag&a1 a p]=mance 9 te*nique1 an exhibition ( /yle1 :at y w4 ,x is (t5 ! o!r elem5t or elem5ts1 or ! comb9ation ( elem5ts1 t appeals & t gives rank & value4 ,!re is no reason :y writ+s %\ld n be read & writt5 = ! sake ( ^! o!r elem5ts or ( ! comb9ations1 b su* writ+s are n pure fiction4 ,9 su* cases fiction is us$ n = itself alone b z a vehicle = some?+ else4 ,! wagon & its load may be m pleas+ & valuable ?an ! wagon alone1 b #cc only ! wagon is fiction & !re=e x is ) ! wagon alone t we are n[ conc]n$4 ,no matt] h[ good ! load may be1 y c n c>ry x unless y c build & drive a good wagon4 ,probably ! majority ( writ]s w pr(it mo/ by giv+ _! :ole att5tion to ! wagon1 p>tly because !y hav5't a suffici5tly valuable load to put 9 x & p>tly because !y ne$ _! undivid$ ef=t to make ! wagon fit to c>ry any?+4 ,c]ta9ly x is s\nd = n9ety-odd p] c5t4 ( fiction writ]s to ma/] _! vehicle be=e !y attempt haul+ messages & in=mation 9 x4 ,?is book deals ) /raight fiction only4 ,/raight fiction may ( c\rse include analysis1 philosophy1 te*nique1 in=mation & all ! o!r ?+s = :i* x is s (t5 made ! vehicle1 b if x is to rema9 /raight fiction1 ^! mu/ be really integral & necess>y p>ts ( x--analysis ( or by ! *>act]s !mselves1 ! in=mation inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial1 ! te*nique necess>y = pres5tation1 ! philosophy ( a "*1 locality or nation4 ,hav+ suffici5tly ma/]$ /raight fiction1 a writ] is inf9itely m likely to be successful 9 regi/]+ on #cd 8 read]s :atev] x is he may wi% to convey ?r\gh fiction z a vehicle4 ,8 message may be s int]e/+ or important t p w seize ^u x eag]ly1 no matt] h[ crude or weak ! fiction-vehicle may be1 b x w\ld rea* !m all ! m /rongly if ! vehicle 7 a compet5t c>ri]4 ,illusion ! ,ess5ce ( ,fiction4--,! v ess5ce ( /raight fiction is ! creation & ma9t5ance ( an illusion4 ,t ?is tru? has be5 s l>gely lo/ sight ( is due l>gely to ! frequ5t mixture ( fiction ) o!r ?+s1 s t ! mixture1 in/ead ( fiction itself1 has t5d$ to become ! model & /&>d4 ,if ,am]ican writ]s are to make m rapid progress t[>d real success1 !y w\ld d well to segregate fiction & /udy x = itself alone4 ,illusion ,easily ,%att]$4--,successful illusion dep5ds on an inf9ite v>iety ( ?+s1 is z s5sitive to breakage z is a bubble &1 once brok51 ?\gh x c be aga9 creat$1 its /r5g? is irrem$iably impair$4 ,a writ] ( any m]it c impose 8 illusion1 yet (t5 he does s app>5tly ?r\gh in/9ct only1 )\t evid5ce ( c>efully #ce consid]$ k & int5t4 ,c]ta9ly x is madd5+ly common to see him aga9 & aga9 de/roy 8 illusion1 if only tempor>ily1 ) "s little flaw t w\ld almo/ unconsci\sly be avoid$ if he _h cle> conception ( ! fundam5tal importance ( p]fect & un9t]rupt$ illusion4 ,! importance ( ma9t5ance ( illusion c n be too mu* /ress$4 ,z a read] c y keep y\rself )9 ! spell ( a /ory y are read+ if y are subject to con/ant physical int]ruptions--conv]sation direct$ at y1 p com+ 9 & go+ out1 l\d & sudd5 noises8 ,no m c a read] keep himself )9 ! spell ( a /ory if he is subject to con/ant int]ruptions f )9 ! /ory itself4 ,h[ c a /ory ma9ta9 its spell ov] y if y are aga9 & aga9 rem9d$ by its text t x is1 aft] all1 only a /ory1 somebody's words typ$ on ! pages ( a magaz9e y b\ght at ! corn] /&8 ,co/l9ess ( ,break+ ! ,illusion4--,ea* su* int]ruption or rem9d] does its %>e 9 wreck+ ! illusion1 ea* compels ! /ory to beg9 ov] aga9 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ y =get y\r _w 9 its _w1 ea* leaves ! rema9d] ( ! illusion ! #cf weak]4 ,ev5 a s+le "o 9 a /ory works v appreciable damage to ! illusion z a :ole1 less5s ! net result ( ! /ory's impact ^u read]s4 ,in/ead ( ! /ory's regi/]+ "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ( its value1 x is1 z a result ( a s+le break 9 its illusion1 likely to regi/]1 n n9ety-eight or n9ety-five p] c5t41 b eighty-five or sev5ty or sixty p] c5t4 ,!re c1 ( c\rse1 be no exact measure ( ! loss 9 ! /ory's effectiv5ess1 ( ! am\nt ( failure 9 ! ?ird /ep ( ! art process1 b v surely ?is loss is almo/ univ]sally und]e/imat$ or altoge!r ignor$4 ,:atev] ! value ( y\r /ory z fiction1 y c n af=d to h its "o hundr$ p] c5t4 r$uc$ ev5 five p] c5t4 9 its regi/] ^u y\r read]1 & ! in/ant y rem9d him t he is /ill m]ely himself 9 8 same old _w--or1 ev5 worse1 make him mom5t>ily a critic in/ead ( a read]--y s]i\sly damage ! illusion & less5 y\r /ory's effect4 ,! break may occupy only a fraction ( a second's "t1 ! read]1 aft] a few p>agraphs may =get all ab\t ! break1 may ev5 be :olly unconsci\s at ! "t ( its effect ^u him1 b #cg ! h>m has be5 done nev]!less4 ,x c be no com=t to ! writ] t ! read] doesn't "k :y ! /ory fail$ to regi/] its full /r5g?2 ! important po9t is t x did fail4 ,"s breaks 9 ! illusion accompli% ev5 m h>m ?an lett+ ! read] escape f ! /ory's spell1 s9ce x is always s easily possible to lose a read]'s sympa?ies or1 worse1 let him fall into a critical attitude1 or1 wor/ ( all1 cause him irritation or ar\se 8 ho/ility4 ,if1 9 rea*+ ! read]1 a /ory loses "p ( its value by m]ely lett+ him get f "u its spell1 ! loss is /ill great] if x loses 8 sympa?ies1 = ev5 :5 he is aga9 br\ght "u its spell he c n possibly be s :olly giv5 ov] to x z he 0 be=e4 ,if y h made ( him a critic--well1 h[ mu* sympa?y has a critic8 ,if y h irritat$ him1 naturally y\r *ances ( pleas+ him are sadly dim9i%$1 s9ce y mu/ ov]come a heavy h&icap be=e y c ev5 beg9 to d s4 ,& if y h made him y\r enemy1 y may z well bid f>ewell to any *ance ( y\r /ory's success4 ,no matt] h[ good ! fir/ two /eps #ch ( t /ory's art process--,mat]ial1 ,writ]--if ! ?ird /ep--,read]--c n be tak51 !n no?+ has be5 complet$ except an unrealiz$ pot5tiality4 ,ne$ ( ,emphasiz+ ! ,illusion4--,& yet1 :5 x comes to ! actual writ+ ( fiction ^! practical1 common-s5se1 vital facts are unrecogniz$ or =gott5 to an almo/ unbelievable degree4 ,day aft] day ! magaz9e (fices are reject+ manuscripts t w\ld h be5 accept$ b = ! failure ( illusion4 ,g5]ally ! editor calls x unconv9c+ness4 ,ye> aft] ye> class-room & text-book g on tea*+ plot1 /yle1 *>act]ization t g = naught if !y are unable to regi/] ^u ! read]4 ,ye> aft] ye> writ]s1 oppress$ ) rules & ab/ractions1 labori\sly build pieces ( ma*9]y & expect read]s to take ^! obvi\s1 clank+ collections ( bolts1 gird]s1 :eels & cogs = some?+ t is alive4 ,:y n8 ,!y've be5 taught to consid] only ! mak+ ( a p]fect ma*9e accord+ to =mula4 ,!y f9d ! magaz9es heavily lad5 ) ma*9es & are ! m conv9c$ t ma*9]y is ! ultimate atta9m5t4 ,little tea*+ d !y get t #ci helps !m put ! brea? ( life into _! /ories or gives !m ! habit ( see+ also f ! read]'s po9t ( view6 ,!y try x on _! fri5ds--,god save ! m>k6--_! fri5ds respond or pret5d to & ! problem ( ! read]1 if x arose at all1 is satisfactorily settl$ = all "t4 ,b mu/n't !y be taught plot1 etc48 ,( c\rse4 ,b plot1 etc41 are m]ely tools4 ,a man may be pass+ skilful 9 ! h&l+ ( *isel & mallet yet fail dismally z a sculptor4 ,plot1 etc41 are necess>y1 b !y mu/ be taught1 n z ab/ractions1 b z reason$ & reasonable outgr[?s ( some?+ m vital ?an !y4 ,individuality ,cru%$ by ,rules4--,"s writ]s escape f ! net or are too big to be caught 9 x4 ,^! are 9 a pa9ful m9ority4 ,! trag$y is 9 ! ho/ ( ^? :o _h suffici5t tal5t & individuality = a mod]ate success b nev] atta9 x because _! tal5t is div]t$ to =mulas & _! individuality cru%$ by academics4 ,^? :o escape d s g5]ally ?r\gh ei!r disgu/ or despair4 ,!y sweep ! rules away or turn _! backs ^u !m &--g ahead on _! own4 ,"o advantage #dj ga9$ !reby is in/ant1 inevitable1 automatic1 = !y h made an all-important /ep =w>d--be+ no long] ridd5 & haunt$ by =mulas & rules1 ! writ] at la/ has a *ance to live ! illusion ( 8 own /ory & !re=e a f> bett] *ance ( mak+ ! read] live x4 ,! foll[+ is "p ( a lett] f a writ] :o appe>s 9 ,! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,mc,clure's & o!r magaz9es ( t grade4 ,ye>s ago he us$ to s5d me well-made b colorless & =mal /ories4 ,dur+ "s ( ! ye>s betwe5 he _h done no writ+4 ,!n he s5t me "o ( ! new k9d4 ,amaz$ at ! rem>kable improvem5t 9 8 "w1 ,i ask$ him :at _h happ5$4 ,9 8 reply ! omitt$ "n is t ( a magaz9e3 ,9 ^? days ,i 0 rigidly foll[+ ! rules ( :at ,i call ! ---- s*ool ( ! ,am]ican %ort /ory4 ---- /ories & ! /ories ( ! s*ool :i* x dom9at$1 7 all l ,=ds4 ,!y 7 ( limit$ horsep[]1 neat1 trim & %9y1 tak+ up v little road space1 /ructurally correct & all foll[+ ! bluepr9t )\t ! slighte/ deviation4 ,!re w]5't any big p[]ful ,cadillacs zipp+ along1 or any dirty1 greasy trucks haul+ huge burd5s & di/urb+ & upsett+ #da ! normal run ( ?+s4 ,x 0 an endless highway j jamm$ ) ,=ds4 ,! ---- /ory1 f a /&po9t ( con/ruction1 0 a/oni%+ly well done4 ,x _h a beg9n+1 a middle & an end1 b few inte/9es any:]e along ! r\te4 ,! workman%ip 0 wond]ful4 ,x 0 a/oni%+ h[ _m p !re 7 :o c\ld write su* beautiful ,engli%4 ,!re 0 "o pun*1 "o climax1 :i* 0 v c>efully l$ up to1 & t 0 all4 ,well1 ,i tri$ to foll[ ! rules z app>5tly laid d[n4 ,i agoniz$ ov] ea* ^w & s5t5ce to get 'em j exactly "r4 ,i h sat at my typewrit] = an h\r to get j ! few syllables t _! /&>ds seem$ to dem&4 ,! ,hades ( x 0 t ! read] 0 be+ *eat$ all ! "t4 ,he got a lot ( v f9e writ+1 b n mu* /ory4 ,x 0 l sitt+ d[n to a d9n] :]e ! appo9tm5ts 7 p]fect1 ! wat] cle> & ice-cold1 ! nap]y ?ick1 ! glassw>e ?91 fl[]s on ! table1 an or*e/ra1 p]fect s]vice1 & n en\gh food = a can>y-bird4 ,9 o!r words1 a race ( bird-%ot /yli/s 0 be+ propagat$ :o c\ld write beautifully ab\t an ant-hill b hadn't ! equipm5t to d any?+ = a m\nta94 ,i trail$ along because ,i didn't "k any bett] & because ,i hadn't be5 wak$ up & %ak5 d[n4 ,i _h liv$1 b ,i _h n assimilat$ & correlat$ my exp]i5ces4 ,n[ 8 pres5t me?od1 & if y\r nose is incl9$ to turn up at 8 idea ( /yle1 be=e y let x1 make v sure t he #db hasn't tak5 ! "o sure road to ! only k9d ( /yle wor? any "o's hav+4 ,& note c>efully :at he says ab\t ! outside ( ! motor-c>3 ,i try to give ! read] a lot = 8 money4 ,i don't try to d any f9e writ+4 ,only "o ( a million ( u c be a poli%$ /yli/4 ,i'm n t "o1 b ,i ?9k ,i c evolve a /ory & tell x4 ,s !re is no m agoniz+ ab\t ! /yle4 ,i try n to make ! outside ( ! motor-c> :i* be>s my p all gold & %9y & fl[]-deck$ s t ! c\ntryside w look at ! c>1 & n at ^? x conta9s4 ,i j try to make x a good1 suitable1 unobtrusive vehicle :i* w />t & get to ! j\rney's end )\t any tire tr\ble or backfires4 ,i try to imag9e real p--v (t5 !y are fri5ds & acqua9tances ^: m5tal reactions ,i h not$ "u circum/ances simil> to ^? describ$ 9 ! y>n4 ,& ,i try to visualize e important sc5e be=e ,i set x d[n4 ,t is1 ,i %ut my eyes & see ! p z ?\gh ,i 7 look+ at a sc5e f a play4 ,& x's j a joy1 "u ^? conditions1 to write4 ,to g to my ma*9e ) ! ke5e/ anticipation4 ,x is ! f9e/ sort ( an adv5ture to translate a good /ory & s5d x on its way4 ,i write mu* m easily & ,i ?9k less artificially ?an 9 ^? days ( deadly correctness--& dullness4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( o!r cases--prov$1 n yet prov$ or nev] to be prov$--( writ]s ^: individuality has be5 #dc cru%$ out or ^: success has be5 prev5t$ or delay$ by ! pres5t academic & unhuman me?ods ( tea*+ ! writ+ ( fiction1 by =gett+ ! illusion & ! read] = ! sake ( ! means ( secur+ !m4 ,"h is an example s extreme t x mu/ 9 fairness to o!r tea*]s ( fiction be label$ z ! la/ ^w 9 =mula4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 only ! usual me?od fully & rel5tlessly develop$4 ,x is tak5 ^w = ^w f ! tea*]'s pr9t$ /atem5t ( 8 ma!matical rule = plot3 ,if ! ?read ,a1 or viewpo9t "*1 figures ) ! ?read ,b 9 an op5+ incid5t ( num]ical ord] n !re mu/ foll[ rapidly aft] ! op5+ ( ! /ory an incid5t n-plus-#a involv+ ?reads ,a & ,c1 an incid5t n-plus-#b involv+ ?reads ,a & ,d1 an incid5t n-plus-#c involv+ ?reads ,a & ,e1 & s on1 up to p]haps at lea/ n-plus-#d or n-plus-#e2 & fur!rmore1 n mu/ produce n-plus-#a1 n-plus-#b mu/ be ! result ( n-plus-#a1 n-plus-#c mu/ be ! result ( n-plus-#b1 & s on4 ,t =mula is1 ,i d>e say1 s\nd &1 if s\nd1 und\bt$ly useful4 ,! tea*] sells 8 own /ories regul>ly to magaz9es &1 z he is an app>5tly successful tea*]1 #dd probably num]\s pupils ( 8 are do+ ! same4 7,x is /at$ t 8 output = ! la/ five ye>s 0 ab\t "o million words1 ) sales ( ab\t n9ety-six p] c5t47 ,yet ,i ?9k y w agree t 8 =mula leaves some?+ to be desir$4 ,if ,i h talk$ ov]long ( ,read] & ,illusion 9 _! g5]al aspect x is because ,i h f\nd t1 :ile "s writ]s grasp ! idea at once1 a m9ority seem incapable ( see+ any possibility ( diff]5ce betwe5 :at a writ] int5ds ! read] to get & :at ! read] really does get1 incapable ( believ+ t !y h n express$ 9 full & ) p]fect exactness all t !y saw & "k & felt :5 writ+1 & incapable ( conceiv+ any read] :o w\ld n be spell-b\nd by _! /ories & 9 full sympa?y ) e %ad+ & inflection :e!r real1 imag9$ or flatly rev]s$ 9 expression4 ,! int]rupt]s & de/roy]s ( illusion are almo/ inf9ite 9 v>iety & numb]4 ,! means ( avoid+ !m1 inde$1 con/itute a complete set ( work+ rules = ! writ+ ( fiction--bett] /ill1 a basis f :i* a writ] c draw 8 own rules to #de meet all occasions z !y arise4 ,!y may be v r\ghly divid$ into classes1 ! small1 crud] int]ruptions t are comp>atively deta*$ & tempor>y & ! m fundam5tal1 organic & p]man5t ones4 ,mo/ ( ! latt] be+ treat$1 ?\gh f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 by ! usual textbook1 ! small] ones are 9 great] ne$ ( consid]ation & w be tak5 up fir/4 ,x is und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t def9ite classification is n attempt$ & t ! division into sub-gr\ps is = conv5i5ce only4 ,an item 9 "o gr\p may belong equally 9 sev]al o!rs & w (t5 be treat$ "u m ?an "o4 #df ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,y\r ,,read]s ,read]s ( c\rse v>y 9 susceptibility to ! illusion ( fiction--v>y 9 conc5tration1 read+ me?od1 backgr\nd ( culture & ( exp]i5ce 9 life1 famili>ity ) ! ways & habits ( fiction1 critical attitude1 imag9ation1 p>ticul>ly /r5g? & quality ( imag9ative imag]y1 & 9 ev]y?+ else t makes up m5tality & individuality4 ,mu/ ! writ] satisfy & hold all ^! f "o extreme to ! o!r8 ,yes1 if he is to d p]fect fiction4 ,possibly p]fect fiction exi/s1 b =tunately read]s c be m or less divid$ into classes or types1 ea* class capable ( be+ v r\ghly *>act]iz$ z a unit4 ,! m classes rea*$ & satisfi$ by a /ory1 ! bett] ! /ory4 ,be ,cle> z to ,y\r ,audi5ce4--,! fiction au?or c foll[ "o ( ?ree c\rses3 #dg 7#a7 ,he c j write1 disreg>d+ ! "q ( :o 8 read]s may be & tru/+ t 8 /yle & me?ods may happ5 to be su* z w w9 him an audi5ce4 ,?is is an admirable me?od provid$ x *ances to succe$4 ,if x doesn't1 he w h to ab&on x = "o ( ! o!rs4 7#b7 ,*oose a p>ticul> class = 8 audi5ce & aim directly at !m4 ,naturally he w h to /udy 8 audi5ce v c>efully & "k !m r ?or\ghly if he is to succe$4 ,limit+ 8 audi5ce1 he limits ! scope & !re=e ! degree ( 8 success2 a /ory satisfy+ ! highe/ class c n be s good z if x satisfi$ bo? ! highe/ & ! next highe/ class or sev]al o!r classes4 ,x is entirely possible to d bo?1 z ,%akespe>e & o!rs h prov$4 7#c7 ,aim to rea* z _m classes z possible4 ,"h1 too1 he mu/ /udy & "k 8 audi5ce4 ,obvi\sly x is a high] aim ?an ! second1 dem&+ m ( ! au?or4 ,hav+ a l>g] audi5ce to draw on1 x is likely to atta9 great] success z measur$ by numb] ( read]s1 ?\gh x is always a nice problem to decide 9 a giv5 case #dh :e!r m read]s c be secur$ by play+ = y\r %>e ( ! majority1 aga9/ all competitors1 or by conc5trat+ on a m9ority1 aga9/ few] competitors4 ,consid]+ c>efully ^! ?ree c\rses1 x is necess>y fir/ to "k y\r audi5ce & keep !m v def9itely 9 m9d1 unless y are will+ to write :olly f ! subjective po9t ( view & g x bl9d z to y\r audi5ce1 tak+ ! extremely long *ance t y\r sub/ance & /yle may happ5 to satisfy a suffici5t numb] ( read]s4 ,x g5]ally doesn't4 ,second1 x is advisable to rea* z _m classes ( read]s z possible4 ,y\r task1 !n1 is to "k & to consid] con/antly z _m classes ( read]s z y c4 ,& kn[+ !m means mu* m ?an hav+ a g5]al k ( _! ta/es4 ,fundam5tal ,reactions ,univ]sal4--,"s w /raightway object1 ,b ,i pref] to write = only ! highe/ class ( read]s4 ,x is _! "r to d s1 & _! *oice may be a wise "o4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 two po9ts4 ,fir/1 x is n ! highe/ aim4 ,second1 ! writ] :o pref]s ?is aim is probably mo/ likely ( all to fail to "k 8 audi5ce4 ,! #di mi/ake to :i* he is peculi>ly liable is t ( =gett+ t ! highe/ class is n a ?+ ap>t b m]ely all ! o!r classes plus some?+ m4 ,8 t5d5cy is to believe t !y h pass$ on beyond all ! ta/es & reactions ( ! o!r classes f> m ?an !y really h4 ,mo/ ( all1 he is likely to cr$it !m ) hav+ ris5 above ! crud]1 m fundam5tal ta/es & reactions ( ! o!r classes4 ,!y hav5't4 ,!y h m]ely pil$ ^u ! fundam5tal reactions a l>g] collection ( ref9$--& (t5 artificial--reactions ?an h ! o!rs4 ,! fundam5tal reactions may become some:at blurr$ & abort$1 are c]ta9ly less consci\sly active & g5]ally less active 9 fact1 b !y are /ill !re & /ill op]ative & sometimes 9 full /r5g?4 ,t is z true z any g5]al rule t c be laid d[n conc]n+ ! human m9d & too mu* emphasis c n be plac$ on x4 ,! ,t>get4--,to rea* any audi5ce p]fectly y mu/ rea* !m at all po9ts1 satisfy+ all dem&s1 ov]com+ all _! inh]5t ob/acles1 all[+ = ! v>y+ equipm5t rang+ f ! l[e/ to ! #ej highe/ among !m--equipm5t ( backgr\nd1 imag9ation1 conc5tration1 g5]al intellig5ce & s on4 ,& on ea* po9t y mu/ rea* ^? mo/ gift$ 9 x1 mo/ difficult to satisfy 9 t respect4 ,x is n en\gh to satisfy ^? ) little cultural backgr\nd2 y\r /ory mu/ /& ! te/ ( ^? :o h ! mo/4 ,x mu/ rea* n only ^? :o set p>ticul> /ore by ! delicate %ad+s1 b ^? :o dem& a def9ite /ory int]e/4 ,on any po9t y mu/ aim to rea* ! individuals :o are mo/ difficult to rea* on t po9t4 ,9 no o!r way c y hope to rea* all4 ,x is n easy to d4 ,9 fact1 x isn't done4 ,b x mu/ be ! t>get aim$ at4 ,x is n easy to rea* bo? ! p]son :o reads ^w = ^w1 extract+ ! full flavor ( ea*1 & also ! p]son :o skips s5t5ces1 p>agraphs & pages 9 mad pursuit ( :at happ5s2 nor him :o at a ^w or two f y recon/ructs a :ole sc5e 9 8 m9d's eye1 & him ^: imag9ation c vision = him only :at y describe 9 detail4 ,yet1 if y are to atta9 ! degree ( success possible to y1 y mu/ aim to satisfy 9 ea* su* dilemma ! extreme t = y is mo/ difficult4 #ea ,/udy ,human ,be+s4--,fir/1 la/ & all ! "t1 success means /udy ( ! read]4 ,t means /udy ( human be+s1 n m]ely ( op9ions ( !m or ( effects secur$ or app>5tly secur$ on !m by o!r writ]s4 ,! op9ions may be mi/ak52 ! effects may be !re1 b y & ! o!r writ]s may fail to assign to !m ! prop] causes4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! causes mo/ (t5 ov]look$ are ! elem5tal ta/es & reactions common to all normal humans4 ,x is m lit]>y1 & m conv5i5t1 to /udy li/s ( be/ sell]s1 to read critical reviews & academic essays1 to be giv5 rules & /&>ds by "s "o else--:o got !m f reviews1 essays & be/ sell]s4 ,b x is human be+s :o are y\r read]s4 ,get y\r data at fir/ h&4 #eb ,,*apt] ,v ,,di/ractions ,to hold a read] 9 ! illusion ( a /ory x is ( c\rse necess>y to hold 8 att5tion1 n m]ely 9 a g5]al way1 b entirely & )\t break1 int]ruption or h9drance4 ,he mu/ live :olly & e in/ant 9 ! /ory _w--mu/ nev] be recall$ = ev5 ! fraction ( a second to ! real _w he lives 94 ,9 writ+ any /ory !re are a ?\s& *ances ( break+ ! illusion by "s little t\*4 ,mo/ ( ^! are almo/ automatically avoid$ ev5 by writ]s ( small ability4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be no fiction4 ,! po9t is t :at are usually a v small m9ority are n avoid$ by mo/ writ]s4 ,! result is t editors are likely to reject ! /ory because x does n hold ! int]e/1 is n conv9c+ or lacks pun*4 ,_! f9d+ is probably j1 ?\gh !y may n h analyz$ = #ec causes1 & ! writ] is n enlight5$ or ev5 conv9c$ ( ! f9d+4 ,disproportionate ,damage f ,di/ractions4--,fail+ to avoid ev5 an extreme m9ority ( ! *ances = break+ ! illusion is en\gh to injure ! /ory v s]i\sly4 ,y c't af=d to let y\r read] escape f ! /ory's spell1 slip back into ! _w he really lives 91 ev5 mom5t>ily4 ,= y h to wa/e at lea/ a little ( ! /ory's pot5tial =ce 9 gett+ him back aga91 :i* means t y c nev] get him back q s fully z y _h him be=e4 ,y may ev5 n get him back at all4 ,y c't af=d to h him become ev5 mom5t>ily a critic1 = y mu/ wa/e at lea/ a little ( ! /ory's pot5tial appeal 9 ord] to *ange him back f ! critical attitude to sympa?y & absorption4 ,y c't af=d to let 8 att5tion w&] (f to side-issues1 = ! /ory has to /op work+ at be+ a /ory 9 ord] to get him back on ! ma9 l9e & x ne$s e atom ( its /r5g? = ! ma9 job4 ,we rec5tly publi%$ "o ( ! be/ /ories ,adv5ture ev] pr9t$1 a comb9ation ( simple n>rative appeal & ( lit]>y #ed excell5ce ( ! fir/ wat]4 ,x is br++ u _m lett]s ( appreciation4 ,to-day ,i read a long lett] f "o read] :o _h f\nd 9 t /ory no?+1 ei!r good or bad1 except t !re 0 an indirect inconsi/5cy z to "o "*'s exact age4 ,t 0 :at y might call ! net result ( t /ory on a read]4 ,all ! /r5g? & m]it ( an o!rwise spl5did /ory completely wreck$ = a read] by t "o trifl+ po9t6 ,und\bt$ly o!rs detect$ ! same inconsi/5cy b suff]$ less acutely or did n regi/] _! kick4 ,b 9 ea* case ! appeal ( ! /ory lo/ /r5g? out ( all proportion to ! size ( ! detail involv$4 ,x is a typical1 n an exceptional1 case1 except = ! unusual m]it ( ! /ory ru9$4 ,?\s&s ( lett]s l t come 9 f read]s1 (t5 _m on ! same t9y slip or discrepancy4 ,to ^? read]s ! /ory 9 "q left z its *ief impress ^u !m a viol5ce--at "o t9y po9t--to _! k ( fact or s5se ( consi/5cy4 ,9 ea* case h[ _m o!r su* read]s are !re :o d n write u8 ,o!r ?\s&s ( read]s prote/ ov] #ee su* slips1 su* di/ractions f ! illusion1 b are n s completely swamp$ by !m t !y fail to consid] ! m]its ( ! /ory z a :ole4 ,b1 ev5 ) !m1 h[ big looms ! t9y flaw 9 proportion to ! :ole6 ,9 ea* case h[ _m o!r su* read]s are !re :o d n write 98 ,h[ to ,use ,y\r ,fri5ds4--,no po9t t may di/ract a read] c be s small t x is n s]i\s4 ,y c n measure ! h>m done2 9 "o case !re may be no h>m1 9 ano!r a little1 9 ano!r a great deal4 ,b if writ]s :o h _! fri5ds criticize _! /ories w\ld ask ^! fri5ds to give less att5tion to lit]>y po9ts & take c>eful note ( e little ?+ t 9 any way attract$ att5tion to itself or s5t ! m9d w&]+ (f to ?+s outside ! /ory1 !y w\ld get "s invaluable po9t]s--( ! only k9d t ! usual fri5d is really capable ( giv+4 ,if "s day ! colleges make sy/ematic laboratory te/s along ^! l9es !y %\ld get data z surpris+ z !y w\ld be useful4 ,unusual ,words4--,consid] h[ t9y a ?+ is capable ( prick+ ! bubble ( illusion1 ( j]k+ ! read] = a brief #ef in/ant back into 8 real _w s t he mu/ be drawn aga9 into ! fiction spell4 ,if 9 read+ a /ory y come ^u "s su* ^w z pr+le1 anodic1 calipa%1 mansuetude1 spiracle1 frigorific1 cambi/1 gibb\s1 ortelic y probably f9d x unfamili> &1 if s1 ( c\rse "k t y d4 ,!re9 lies ! break+ ( ! illusion4 ,h[ev] brief ! total "t occupi$ by y\r reaction to ! ^w1 h[ev] slightly y may seem to h paus$ ov] x1 y paus$ & y paus$ ov] x--gave att5tion to x1 n to ! /ory4 ,y _h to rememb] y\rself1 y\r own k & exp]i5ce4 ,q possibly y also consid]$ ! au?or's contra/+ k & exp]i5ce1 & ! au?or is n ! /ory4 ,possibly y tri$ to figure out ! mean+ ( ! ^w f its d]ivation or ! context1 or dr$g$ y\r own memory = x1 mak+ y\r pause ov] x /ill long]4 ,p]haps y\r pause total$ only a few seconds or a fraction ( "o second1 b--! illusion 0 brok5 & _h to be rebuilt4 ,f> less unusual words ?an ^? cit$ w be unfamili> to "p ( mo/ audi5ces4 #eg ,w\ld "o su* ^w d v s]i\s damage8 ,v unlikely4 ,b x w\ld d "s1 & ev5 a small damage is to be avoid$ if possible4 ,w\ld f\r su* words8 ,!re c ( c\rse be no def9ite measurem5t1 b "o ?+ is sure--f\r w\ld d f> m ?an f\r times z mu* damage z "o4 ,! effects are cumulative1 foll[+ a k9d ( geometrical progression4 ,& no "o kn[s :5 a s]i\s break+-po9t may be rea*$4 ,is a writ] nev] to use a big ^w8 ,n if x's too big = 8 audi5ce4 ,9 ! m\? ( a "* he may put any ^w he pleases1 provid$ x is us$ = s\nd purposes ( *>act]ization or = "s o!r specific dem& ( ! /ory itself1 b n = ! m]e tell+ ( ! /ory4 ,he might1 = example1 wi% to impress a le>n$ or sci5tific atmosph]e4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 !re is ! sav+ fact t ! read] ne$ n "k ! mean+ ( ^! words1 & kn[s t he ne$ n1 j z he w\ld "k he ne$ n if he 7 actually liv+ 9 ! sc5e4 ,he does n feel *all5g$ by !m4 ,big words may be ju/ifi$ 9 scores ( typical in/ances1 b !re is no in/ance 9 #eh :i* x does n pay to consid] :e!r ! damage may n outweigh ! ga94 ,ev5 an unusual ^w ^: mean+ is at once app>5t to any "o1 l cat-sil5t1 %\ld be c>efully weigh$ z to advantages vs4 disadvantages be=e x is us$4 ,& only 9 ! r>e/ in/ances c !re be ju/ification = us+ su* a ^w m ?an once 9 ! same /ory1 le/ ! recurr5ce add$ to ! unusualness make a d\ble di/raction4 ,=eign ,words4--,! same applies to words f =eign languages4 ,und\bt$ly !y are valuable 9 giv+ color1 b ?is value is too (t5 atta9$ at too high co/ 9 di/raction & is frequ5tly atta9able ?r\gh o!r means )\t loss4 ,! damage !y d is by no means !oretical1 = read]s d n hesitate to compla9 to editors on ?is score4 ,i d n rememb] _! do+ s 9 ! case ( big words1 = naturally a man doesn't g to ! tr\ble to admit he doesn't und]/& words 9 8 own language1 :ile (t5 r pr\d ( n und]/&+ =eign words4 ,suffici5t color ?r\gh =eign words c be ga9$ by us+ only a few1 ev5 if ^! few are repeat$1 & by us+ only ^? in/antly cle> f #ei ! context or f unmi/akable simil>ity to ! correspond+ ,engli% ^w 7l fad]7 if context heads ! read] 9 t g5]al direction4 ,!re is comp>atively only a slight risk 9 us+ ^? t are v g5]ally kn[n1 l ami or mon *re also ejaculations t are evid5tly su* & !re=e make no dem& on ! read]'s und]/&+4 ,classical1 ,hi/orical & ,fictional ,ref]5ces4--,! dang]1 ( c\rse1 is t ! read] may n be famili> ) ! ref]5ce1 kn[s t he is n1 & !re=e becomes consci\s ( himself z a read]4 ,ano!r risk is t1 be+ famili> ) !m1 8 m9d drifts (f to !m m ?an ! writ] int5d$4 ,us$ ) discretion1 !y may h value1 b !y are g5]ally n us$ ) discretion &1 g5]ally speak+1 a /ory is ! bett] = tell+ itself )\t cov]+ "p ( ! gr\nd by means ( :at are practically quotations f o!r /ories4 ,also1 !re are o!r dang]s ?an t ( simple di/raction1 :i* w be cov]$ "u o!r heads4 ,unusual ,prop] ,names4--,to put ?is case concretely1 "h is ! li/ ( ! male #fj *>act]s 9 "o s+le /ory ,i read ye/]day 9 a manuscript3 ,tom ,goit1 ,brai?1 ,grahame1 ,tim ,/9e1 ,l9us ,kime1 ,je/ock1 ,bissonet1 ,heads1 ,arnet1 ,jimson1 ,kli$jorn1 ,j$ ,will\ghby1 ,&y ,me5al1 ,y>d ,sant1 ,simson1 ,angus ,/ell1 ,gant1 ,beezaw1 ,col9 ,corb91 ,happy ,falls1 ,jim ,light1 ,rafe ,gill51 ,*>ley ,jance4 ,x is probably n entirely complete1 b 0 made by runn+ ?r\gh ! pages & tak+ all names not$1 usual or unusual4 ,c any human be+ read t /ory )\t hav+ 8 att5tion di/ract$ to ! fact t ^? names are viol5tly unusual8 ,doesn't ! fact t !y are unusual add an air ( unreality to ! :ole /ory--/ory-book names in/ead ( real p's names8 ,won't _m read]s be def9itely irritat$ by ! artificiality & mann]ism8 ,aside f ?is & simil> break+s ( illusion x 0 a good /ory & w und\bt$ly be pr9t$ some:]e4 ,its au?or is a successful writ] ( fiction4 ,b hasn't ! /ory lo/ v appreciably ?r\gh t amaz+ collection ( prop] names8 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a c]ta9 advantage 9 ! use ( su* names 9 "s types #fa ( /ory & = "s audi5ces1 ?\gh n 9 ! /ory f :i* ! above are tak5 or = ! audi5ce at :i* x is aim$4 ,"s read]s l prop] names t are baldly fictional & unreal2 t is :at fiction means to !m--unreality1 utt] diff]5ce f _! own lives4 ,^! are mu* ! same read]s :o l _! /ories fill$ ) du*esses1 e>ls & ance/ral halls4 ,a g5]ation or two ago ^! 7 a r l>ge gr\p1 & l>g] /ill be=e t1 b n[adays folks are m sophi/icat$ 9 _! fiction & ne$ illusions t run m ne>ly ) reality4 ,&1 at be/1 isn't x r a *eap me?od ( abnormality8 ,unusual names s]ve also to make ! *>act]s m vivid to ! read]'s m9d1 b ?is me?od ( *>act]ization is a crude "o t %\ld give way to bett] ones entail+ no risk4 ,9 humor\s /ories ( a c]ta9 type !y are entirely legitimate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 look c>efully at y\r prop] names le/1 9 a s]i\s /ory1 y give a "* a "n l ,h5ca/le t br+s a gr9 :]e y d n wi% to h a gr94 ,allit]ative prop] names are ano!r #fb phase ( ! evil 9 ! case ( read]s suffici5tly sophi/icat$ to note ! allit]ation at all4 ,avoid prop] names t are difficult or ambigu\s ( pronunciation4 ,don't give y\r *>act]s ! same names z ^? ( real p prom95t 9 ! public eye unless a "n is s common t x is n likely to di/ract ! read] f ! /ory's illusion ?r\gh ?\ghts ( ! real p]son2 ev5 a too simil> "n is risky 9 "s cases1 e4g4 any v>iation ( ! unusual "n ,roosevelt4 ,dialect4--,:ile belong+ m prop]ly "u lat] heads x s]ves1 too1 z a simple di/raction 9 itself4 ,its advantages are obvi\s1 yet "s read]s w read no /ory ) dialect 9 x & "s magaz9es w pr9t none4 ,mi/akes4--,a typographical error1 a mi/ake 9 spell+1 punctuation or ,engli% is sure to *eck & drag out ( ! illusion any read] :o notes x4 ,su* matt]s are def9itely ! editor's responsibility1 b he is f> f infallible & ! au?or w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 pr(it by safegu>d+ aga9/ him4 ,an editor w be grateful1 p>ticul>ly ! assi/ant #fc editor :o edits copy & reads pro(4 ,9 our own (fice we c quote y lots ( rules z to correct ,engli%--& %[ y violations ( !m 9 our own pages4 ,mi/akes 9 fact & /atem5t w be consid]$ lat]4 ,unusual ,mann]isms ( ,/yle4--,di/9ction is to be made betwe51 on ! "o h&1 individuality & delib]ate %ap+ ( /yle to atta9 a p>ticul> atmosph]e or suit p>ticul> mat]ial &1 on ! o!r h&1 mann]isms t are necess>y to nei!r ( ^! ends & h>mful 9 di/ract+ att5tion to !mselves4 ,no "o c possibly draw a def9ite l9e betwe5 ^! two gr\ps1 b a w>n+ is badly ne$$ aga9/ =gett+ ! dang]4 ,x is a "q = laboratory te/4 ,try to get y\r fri5ds--or bett]1 y\r enemies--to read y\r /ory ) ?is po9t 9 view1 or d n m5tion x be=eh& & cross-exam9e !m aft]w>d z to :at mann]isms regi/]$ on _! att5tion4 ,& don't h&-pick y\r critics or dogs f any "o class or gr\p unless y mean y\r /ory to appeal to no o!r4 ,a novelette1 :i* _h to be rewritt5 because ( x1 us$ ! foll[+ mann]ism #fd hundr$s & hundr$s ( times until ea* recurr5ce 0 n only a di/raction b an agony3 he ran1 & runn+1 laugh$ al\d1 he sang1 & s++1 voic$ 8 mood1 he f\ght1 & fight+1 work$ t[>d ! h\se4 ,ano!r writ] habitually1 9 ! words foll[+ or introduc+ a l9e ( dialogue1 c>ries ! legitimate he said1 he urg$1 he enc\rag$1 etc41 to su* di/ract+ extremes z he fright5$1 he angui%$1 %e in=m$1 he recogniz$1 he remors$4 ,( late ye>s !re has develop$ ! fad ( say+ ! he>t1 or s\l1 or head1 ( him = 8 he>t1 8 s\l1 8 head1 etc4 ,?is v>iation f ! usual has1 9 prose1 a v limit$ field 9 :i* its advantage exce$s its damage4 ,a mann]ism ( /yle is w>rant$ if x s fits into a /ory t x is an integral & practically unnot$ "p ( x2 o!rwise x is a h>mful factor4 ,a bett] adapt$ mann]ism c\ld h ga9$ ! desir$ effect )\t mak+ ( itself an obtrusion4 ,fiction z a ,vehicle4--,!re are two ways ( writ+ a /ory4 ,"o is to write fiction only2 ! o!r is to comb9e fiction ) some?+ else4 ,read]s l bo? & bo? #fe are legitimate1 b ! latt] is ( c\rse n pure fiction2 fiction is m]ely ! vehicle = ! o!r ?+ or ?+s4 ,"o ( ! greate/ evils among pres5t-day fiction writ]s is ! failure to make ?is di/9ction & keep x cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,too (t5 a writ] does n realize t !re is any?+ else mix$ ) 8 fiction2 consequ5tly 8 product is n /raight or well-built fiction nor is ! fiction "p ( x a c>efully made vehicle = ! o!r ?+4 ,to make fiction s]ve any end o!r ?an its own is v likely to weak5 its value z fiction1 & be=e a writ] ?us weak5s x he %\ld make v sure t ! advantages ga9$ f mak+ x c>ry some?+ else comp5sate = t weak5+4 ,if he wi%es to give 8 read]1 = example1 "s direct philosophy1 well & good1 b he %\ld--& seldom does--weigh ! att5dant loss4 ,!re is a second di/9ction t %\ld be made4 ,:5 ,i say plus some?+ else ,i mean plus some?+ else t is add$ z a load is put ^u a wagon1 n some?+ t comes to ! read] z a result ( ! fiction4 ,to say 9 a /ory a man may prosp] exce$+ly on a policy ( utt] selfi%ness1 b1 #ff hav+ all 8 life tak5 )\t giv+1 9 ! end he gives = :at he took is putt+ a load on ! wagon4 ,to let ! /ory itself say t1 m]ely to tell a /ory t illu/rates & br+s home t tru? )\t m5tion+ x specifically 7unless ?r\gh ! m\? ( a "*71 is only lett+ /raight fiction p]=m a natural (fice1 ?\gh a natural (fice t c be ov]work$ at ! co/ ( a well balanc$ :ole4 ,! =m] is ! easi] & less arti/ic me?od1 & f> too _m writ]s foll[ x f> too (t54 ,its evil is t ( any load--x breaks ! illusion1 t5d+ to make ! read] ?9k ( ! p]son :o h&s him ?is bit ( philosophy1 ( himself1 ( ! _w 9 g5]al1 in/ead ( ! /ory _w only4 ,! pres5t-day fad ( op5+ a /ory ) a bit ( philosophy1 ?\gh objectionable on ano!r score1 does little damage to ! illusion1 s9ce x comes be=e ! spell beg9s & may ev5 s]ve z an int]m$iate /ep4 ,obtrusion ( ,au?or4--,?is is a cry+ evil1 a s]i\s damage to ! illusion4 ,! au?or has no m bus9ess to appe> concretely 9 8 /ory ?an a playwright has ^u ! /age :5 8 play is be+ act$4 ,once 9 t5 #fg ?\s& times he may himself be suffici5tly int]e/+ to atone = ! wreck ( ! /ory's spell2 ! o!r n9e ?\s& n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e times he is a mi/ake1 a bull 9 a *9a-%op4 ,! foll[+1 all tak5 f submitt$ manuscripts1 range f crude to subtle obtrusions3 ,at ! "t ( :i* ,i wi% to speak y mu/ und]/& consid] ! case ( ,john ,holt4 ,b fir/ consid] ! environm5t see him & x is ! correct ^w x is necess>y to add1 9 explanation ( ?is seem+ p>adox _h1 some:at grumb+ly1 be x said1 he _h1 = in/ance1 tri$1 & disappe>s f ?is /ory1 ,ea* ( ^! compels a read] to realize t "s "o is talk+ to him4 ,y c't be c>ri$ away 9 a dream :5 consci\s t "s "o is tell+ x to y4 ,sometimes ! po9t is made t an au?or's obtrusion puts ! read] on m intimate t]ms ) him4 ,:at has t to d ) fiction z su*8 ,if ! au?or didn't obtrude himself1 ! read] w\ld h no int]e/ 9 intimacy or non-intimacy ) him4 ,if ! au?or is ! "o out ( t5 ?\s&1 all "r2 o!rwise1 n4 #fh ,if a writ] mu/ express philosophy or op9ions specifically1 let him use ! legitimate device ( ! fir/-p]son n>rative1 tak+ c>e t ! n>rator is ca/ 9 su* "* z to make ^! op9ions natural to him4 ,or else baldly use fiction z vehicle only1 mak+ 8 /ory a conv]sazione4 ,!re is ano!r legitimate device4 ,kipl+ ends a /ory ) ,i ?9k he 0 "r4 ,b he beg9s t /ory ) ,:5 ,i 0 tell+ y (4 ,9 o!r words1 he tells ! /ory 9 an undevelop$ frame or brackets4 ,p>tly by leav+ ! frame undevelop$ & imp]sonal1 8 skill is suffici5t to make y feel t x is n ,kipl+ himself :o talks to y1 b "s unkn[n p>ticipator 9 ! action ( ! /ory or an onlook]4 ,x is really1 9 effect1 a fir/-p]son n>rative ) ! privileges ( su*4 ,fir/-p]son n>ratives1 unless pres5t$ z address$ to a fictiti\s audi5ce su* z ! n>rator's *ildr5 or gr&*ildr51 ( c\rse p]mit a fairly free direct address to or at ! read]1 s9ce ! writ] poses z ! actual tell]4 ,incid5tally1 h[ev]1 x is n consi/5t ) 8 tell+ :at goes on inside ! *>act]s unless made pla9 to him z "o ( !m4 #fi ,z f\nd 9 submitt$ manuscripts1 ! great majority ( au?ors' obtrusions seem unconsid]$1 & are accompani$ by ! damage to be expect$ f walk+ 9 ! d>k4 ,! rema9d]1 almo/ )\t exception1 seem ill-consid]$4 ,"o exception out ( a ?\s& in/ances is n a heavy av]age4 #gj ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,cle>ness ,any?+ t is n cle> to a read] ei!r causes him to skip x & !re=e miss "p ( ! /ory's sub/ance & effect1 or else makes him puzzle4 ,9 ei!r case ! illusion suff]s4 ,if he puzzles1 he has to use up att5tion on a po9t ! writ] _h c\nt$ on be+ cle>1 8 m9d is on ! puzzle1 n obsess$ by ! spell2 ! /ory's fl[ is /opp$1 ! read] is consci\s ( himself1 8 difficulty & limitations1 p]haps also ( ! au?or z ! cause ( 8 tr\bles--9 a ^w1 ! read] has got away4 ,e "t y confuse him y lose him4 ,delib]ate my/ification is a writ]'s pr]ogative2 hav+ all 8 plans upset by my/ification :]e none 0 expect$ or desir$ is a calamity4 ,au?or's ,o/ri* ,habit4--,naturally en\gh1 au?ors are incl9$ to a k9d ( rev]s$ o/ri* habit4 ,if a po9t 0 cle> to !m :5 !y wrote x1 !y take = grant$ t #ga x mu/ be cle> to ! read]4 ,!y =get t !y h full k ( all t is or happ5s 9 _! fiction1 :ile ! read] c "k only :at comes to him f ! pr9t$ page4 ,(t5 :5 an editor po9ts out an uncle>ness !y argue ) him1 blissfully ignor+ ! fact t ! editor is himself a read] & t ! read] f\nd x uncle>4 ,possibly ! au?or proves 8 case--t is1 he po9ts out o!r passages 9 ! /ory :i* d cle> up ! uncle>ness if ! read] rememb]s !m & makes ! correct inf]5ces & connections4 ,! fact t1 9 ! actual te/1 ^! passages fail$ to produce ! int5d$ results on ! read] slides (f ! au?or l wat] (f a duck4 ,/ill less does he get ! idea t a read] %\ldn't be di/ract$ f ! /ory by be+ compell$ to g into a m or less complicat$ reason+ process 9 ord] to get :at %\ld h be5 h&$ to him on a platt]4 ,ev5 if sev]al editor-read]s f\nd ! po9t uncle>1 he /&s by 8 guns4 ,aside f ! au?or's va/ly sup]ior k ( 8 mat]ial & int5tions1 _m ( 8 read]s may be 8 m5tal inf]iors4 ,also _m ( !m may n be s #gb int]e/$ 9 8 /ory z he is & s give x less close att5tion ?an he expects4 ,"p ( !m habitually skip ?r\gh a /ory & dem& a pla9 & %9+ pa?4 ,c]ta9ly no "o m9d is exactly l ano!r & all read]s w n respond z does ! au?or to any giv5 set ( /imuli if ev5 a t9y loophole is left op54 ,a rule giv5 playwrights is t if x is ess5tial to impress a basic po9t on ! audi5ce1 ! po9t mu/ be made at lea/ ?ree times 9 ! fir/ sc5e4 ,s extreme a rule is n ne$$ = fiction1 b ! necessity ( cle>ness1 ev5 on m9or po9ts1 is no less press+4 ,x is a natural & common mi/ake to ov]e/imate ! av]age read]'s int]e/ & att5tion & 8 ability & will+ness to solve puzzles :5 he sits d[n to read a /ory4 ,a writ] usually =gets t to ! read] 8 is m]ely "o /ory out ( doz5s or hundr$s rec5tly read1 out ( ?\s&s & t5 ?\s&s total4 ,! writ]'s fri5d-critics h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 him & a v special int]e/ 9 8 /ory t c>ry !m smil+ly ov] _m ob/acles2 to ! av]age read] ! writ] probably means no?+ :atsoev] p]sonally--q #gc possibly 8 "n at ! head ( ! /ory 0 n ev5 read--& ! /ory is m]ely "o ( v _m4 ,any special att5tion to x mu/ be won by ! writ]'s skill & c>eful "w4 ,talbot ,mundy1 kn[+ 9 advance ! g5]al l9es ( ?is book1 has furni%$ me f 8 volum9\s read+ ) v>i\s quotations be>+ on po9ts cov]$1 among !m ?is f ,qu9tillian3 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 n t ! read] may und]/& if he w1 b t he mu/ und]/&1 :e!r he w or n4 ,& f ,:itman3 ,no?+ c make up = ! lack ( def9it5ess4 ,ambigu\s ,words & ,s5t5ces4--,any good text-book on ,engli% cov]s ! subject & mo/ writ]s w\ld pr(it by ! /udy !re(4 ,if :5 !y try a %ort /ory out on _! fri5ds !y w\ld ask = practical detail$ criticism on su* po9ts z ?is1 !y w\ld get laboratory results f> m valuable ?an ! prov]bially undep5dable criticism ( fri5ds on ! /ory z a :ole4 ,prop] ,names4--,be c>eful to give y\r *>act]s names no two ( :i* are simil>4 #gd ,! read] meets !m = ! fir/ "t & has ! task ( id5tify+ ea* "n ) ! prop] "* :5ev] x occurs4 ,:y confuse him ) two *>act]s nam$ ,l[e & ,r[e1 ,t[ne & ,br[ne1 ,morgan & ,mordan1 or ev5 ,hadley & ,hatfield8 ,yet _m & _m a manuscript conta9s ?is ne$less /umbl+-block = read]s4 ,! same mi/ake is made 9 names ( places1 %ips1 & s on4 ,ano!r madd5+ & v common practise among writ]s is to use sometimes a "*'s la/ "n1 sometimes 8 fir/4 ,ev5 a %ort /ory ) only two or ?ree *>act]s c be made a ne$less omelette ( confusion1 = ?is bad habit is ext5d$ to include titles & nick-names or famili> =ms ( ! full names4 ,consid] ,doctor ,james ,/anley1 ,edw>d ,d4 ,gage & ,capta9 ,john ,s4 ,tompk9s4 ,gage is a lawy] & (t5 call$ ,judge by 8 intimates4 ,tompk9s' lack ( height e>ns him ! usual ,%orty4 ,! au?or uses "s ( ea*1 possibly = ! sake ( v>iety1 & ! ?ree *>act]s become1 to ! read]1 an army & hopelessly #ge confus$--,/anley1 ,ed1 ,cap1 ,gage1 ,%orty1 ,jim1 ,judge1 ,john1 ,doc1 ,tompk9s1 ,james1 ,johnnie1 ,edw>d4 ,su* a confusion is alone en\gh to ru9 ! blissfully unconsci\s writ]'s /ory4 ,= ! simple reason t read]s c only half "k :at is go+ on4 ,yet 9 practise x is a v common mi/ake4 ,te*nical & ,=eign ,words2 ,classical1 ,hi/orical & ,fictional ,ref]5ces & ,allusions4--,! confusion arises :5 a read] happ5s n to und]/& ! ^w1 ev5 f ! context1 or to be unfamili> ) ! ref]5ce4 ,writ]s seem to take x = grant$ t all read]s w grasp ! mean+ )\t ef=t or delay4 ,or my/ify delib]ately to air _! culture4 ,! w>n+ seems silly :5 set d[n on pap] b is w>rant$ by ! numb] ( (f5ses 9 actual practise4 ,nam+ ,*>act]s ,e>ly4--,sometimes an effect ( reality is ga9$ by n at once nam+ *>act]s 9 a /ory1 giv+ ! read] z x 71 ! effect ( look+ d[n ^u a new _w ^: figures are no m kn[n to him ?an !y w\ld be at fir/ sight 9 a real sc5e4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 a read] is likely #gf to res5t be+ left to foll[1 = ev5 a few pages1 ! =tunes ( a nameless p]son4 ,include p>ticul>ly ! n>rator 9 a fir/-p]son /ory4 ,dialogue4--,ov] & ov] aga9 an editor is compell$ to g back ov] a passage ( dialogue 9 manuscript & c\nt out ) f+] or p5cil until he f9ds a l9e t is def9itely connect$ ) a p>ticul> speak]4 ,! *>act]s are n suffici5tly individualiz$ to be recogniz$ f _! l9es1 context fails to id5tify1 ! l9es are n label$ ) ! speak]s' names & ! lea/ flick] ( att5tion leaves "o lo/ at ! end ( a doz5 or ev5 half a doz5 spee*es4 ,sometimes ! au?or himself gets lo/ & mixes or omits4 ,an ord9>y read] doesn't h to c\nt out z does ! editor--he is m likely to snort & pass on1 ) "p ( ! /ory lo/ to him & its net regi/] on him badly damag$4 ,if he doesn't snort & pass on he /ops to puzzle x out4 ,:y injure a /ory by s crude an omission8 ,too ,_m ,*>act]s4--,! head+ is self-explanatory4 ,all ! *>act]s 9 any /ory are utt] /rang]s to ! read] until he becomes famili> ) !m2 he c keep cle> #gg 9 8 m9d only a limit$ numb] ( new acqua9tances all made 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes2 ! k9d ( writ] :o uses _m *>act]s is usually ! k9d :o is unable to individualize !m ) any vividness4 ,a novel or novelette gives great] scope1 b 9 a %ort /ory x may almo/ be giv5 z a g5]al rule t ! few] ! *>act]s1 ! /rong] ! /ory1 n c\nt+ *>act]s us$ 9 blocks1 su* z mobs1 armies1 spectators4 ,/ructure & proportion1 z well z cle>ness1 are ( c\rse involv$4 ,dialect & ,slang4--,nei!r is famili> 9 all places or to all classes1 & on ! po9t ( cle>ness bo? are to be condemn$4 ,_! advantages w be consid]$ lat]4 ,! /upide/ blund] 9 h&l+ dialect is to misspell a ^w )\t really *ang+ its pronunciation1 ?us confus+ ! read]'s eye yet ga9+ only ! appe>ance ( dialect--& ! read]'s irritation4 ,contradictions & ,inconsi/5cies4--,_! v>iety is inf9ite & _! occurr5ce 9 submitt$ manuscripts frequ5t beyond ! belief ( ^? :o read only ! correct$ pr9t$ page4 ,a woman *anges ! color ( h] eyes2 ) a conv]sation t c\ld #gh occupy only "o m9ute !re is co9cid5t action t c\ldn't possibly be compress$ into five1 or1 v commonly1 a bl& lapse ( ev5 m "t )\t any action2 a six-%oot] emits sev5 %ots )\t reload+2 ( a p>ty ( f\rte51 five turn back & t5 rema92 a "* uses a ^w t w\ld nev] be us$ by su* a p]son 9 real life1 or acts1 )\t explanation1 entirely at v>iance ) 8 nature z ! au?or has pictur$ x2 ! h]o acts on in=mation he has n yet receiv$2 a man's "n *anges dur+ ! /ory2 a woman op5s a door already op52 a "* goes some:]e else )\t leav+ or becomes pres5t )\t arriv+4 ,:5 y enc\nt] su* a break 9 a pr9t$ /ory doesn't x j> y out ( ! illusion1 less5 y\r respect = ! au?or1 & !re=e p]man5tly damage 8 /ory's hold on y8 ,!re c be no g5]al rule = correction4 ,:5 n ! result ( %e] c>elessness & indiff]5ce1 su* errors are due to ! au?or's failure to visualize1 to live 8 sc5es himself4 ,?is failure 9 "s cases is due to real inability or comp>ative inability1 b 9 v _m cases to att5tion s obsess$ & #gi ridd5 by pr9ciples ( plot1 rules = "* draw+1 regulations = niceties ( /yle1 application ( te*nique 9 g5]al & requirem5ts ( v>i\s magaz9es t !re's no bra9-=ce left = mak+ ! /ory _w a really conv9c+ & natural "o 9 its all important details4 ,hold+ ,read] to ,correct ,plot ,l9e4--,9 o!r words1 proportion & emphasis4 ,briefly /at$1 :at is meant "h is cle>ness ( pa? = ! read] ?r\gh ! incid5ts ( ! /ory1 s t 8 m9d w foll[ or leap ahead only 9 ! exact direction ! au?or wi%es = ! fulle/ effectiv5ess ( 8 /ory4 ,?is w be tak5 up 9 detail lat]4 ,simplicity4--,! foll[+ f ,s*op5hau] 7?anks to ,mr4 ,mundy7 gives u ! he>t ( ! matt]3 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to write s t no "o c und]/&2 j z1 contr>ily1 no?+ is m difficult ?an to express deep ?+s 9 su* a way t e "o mu/ necess>ily grasp !m4 ,yet to mo/ ( ^? s5d+ manuscripts to magaz9es simplicity1 p>ticul>ly simplicity 9 words & /yle1 is v po9t$ly some?+ to be avoid$ :atev] else is #hj done or left undone4 ,! tw9 cause ( ?is appall+ idea1 ?is curse /upidly laid ^u ,am]ican fiction1 is ! firmly root$ belief t lit]ature mu/ be an expression t is1 fir/1 unnatural1 second1 le>n$1 recondite1 ev5 sophomoric4 ,9 its l[e/ & v common =m x is no m ?an ! crude idea t editors mu/ be v s*ol>ly p]sons & t !re=e !y w\ld scorn any manuscript t didn't h a lot ( big words 9 x4 ,! simple language ( ,%akespe>e1 ,hom]1 ,virgil1 ! ,bible & o!r really endur+ classics loom be=e _! eyes1 b no1 !y foll[ ! jack-o'-lant]n ( big words4 ,!y h ?is excuse--mu* ( ! fiction publi%$ 9 magaz9es & books is fairly rott5 ) big words1 a reflection on editors & read+ public z well z writ]s4 ,! h>d practical argum5t aga9/ diction>y words is t mo/ p f9d !m difficult to und]/& or at lea/ lack ! def9ite1 vivid1 full connotation = !m t !y h = ! simpl] & m common words ( our v ri* language4 ,su* words r$uce ! size ( an au?or's fully appreciative audi5ce4 ,ano!r po9t is t ! #ha writ] :o doesn't "k any bett] ?an to make a bus9ess ( us+ !m is v (t5 himself lack+ 9 an und]/&+ ( _! f9] %ades ( mean+4 ,a ?ird po9t is t1 unless su* words are "p ( 8 own e-day vocabul>y he is be+ unnatural 9 us+ !m & !reby ru9s 8 *ances ( atta9+ real /yle or produc+ real lit]ature4 ,also he gives ?r\gh !m to 8 /ory an unnatural1 artificial quality1 an air ( be+ =c$4 ,9 ! eyes ( all ^? ) a real und]/&+ ( real lit]ature he makes ( himself a pla9 d>n$ fool4 ,b c !re be no great lit]ature )\t simplicity8 ,none t c\ldn't be great] ) x4 ,a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts2 any deviation f x is lo/ motion1 unnecess>y2 ! be/ lit]ature conta9s no lo/ motion & no?+ t is unnecess>y4 ,b is n a big ^w sometimes ! /raight l9e8 ,yes1 b = "o case ( ?is k9d !re are tw5ty :5 x is n4 ,sometimes ! au?or uses x = a simpl] phras+ n suffici5tly ma/]$ to come to m9d at ne$2 sometimes x is necess>y only because he has committ$ himself by "s r\ndab\t phras+ dem&+ x #hb = completion2 sometimes he commits himself to x by foll[+ ! inf]ior me?od ( tell+ ! read] :at is inside a "* in/ead ( mak+ x pla9 ?r\gh :at ! "* says & does & :at o!r *>act]s say & d to him4 ,! f9al te/ = ! use ( big words is ! nature ( ! mat]ial or ideas h&l$4 ,9 "s cases !y are necess>y to a degree1 sometimes to a great degree4 ,b 9 practise ! nature ( ! mat]ial is g5]ally n correctly assay$1 or is mi%&l$1 or ! ne$ imag9$4 ,! ignorant use !m ?r\gh ignorance2 = ^? ) a good k ( words x is g5]ally easi] to use ! big ^w1 ! ,lat9 d]ivative in/ead ( ! simpl] ,anglo-,saxon4 ,is x n !re=e m natural & s bett] = ?is la/ class to use ! big ^w8 ,t dep5ds on :y x is natural--or on :e!r x is natural or m]ely habitual4 ,a writ] may h come into ! use ( !m1 n by natural developm5t b ?r\gh delib]ate ef=t1 a /unt = ! sake ( seem+ le>n$ or be+ impressive1 s t _! use1 :ile easy to him1 is m]ely ! result ( 8 hav+ made ( himself a k9d ( abnormality--an artificial result ( artificial talk+ #hc & me?od ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h& is ! f> r>] case ( him ^: m9d naturally expresses itself ?r\gh polysyllables1 g5]ally because ( an education f books in/ead ( p4 ,i "k "o writ] :o spoke to no "o = two ye>s except = ! b>e/ necessities because :5 he us$ :at to him 0 p]fectly natural language ! p he met ?\ght he 0 /uck up or %[+ (f4 ,i d n "k :y ,h5ry ,james wrote z he did1 b contra/ ! two foll[+ cases3 ,i once %>$ an ap>tm5t ) an ard5t admir] ( ,james & z ,i did n %>e 8 admiration we argu$ frequ5tly4 ,james came to ,new ,york :ile my fri5d 0 prep>+ a bibliography ( 8 idol's works4 ,!re 0 "s "q z to sev]al e>ly articles or /ories t _h magaz9e b n book publication & my fri5d wrote = ! simple in=mation necess>y4 ,x c\ld h be5 giv5 amply & c\rte\sly 9 two or ?ree s5t5ces4 ,! reply 0 appall+ 9 its totally unnecess>y complexity1 l5g? & creation ( detail1 s mu* s t my fri5d woke me up to %[ x to me & jo9$ 9 my unholy glee4 ,x 01 surely1 a natural expression1 b :y 0 x natural8 #hd ,& c]ta9ly x 0 n adapt$ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial or idea4 ,n[ read ! fir/ "o hundr$ & fifty words ( ,a ,c[>d by ,de ,maupassant1 ev5 9 translation1 !n write d[n ! ?+s y "k ab\t ! "* describ$ 9 ^? few v simple words & y w be amaz$ at ! l5g? ( ! li/4 ,consid] t ,de ,maupassant & 8 ma/] ,flaub]t /& preem95tly = unrel5t+ se>* = ! "o ^w & t bo? ( !m are *>act]iz$ by extreme simplicity ( pres5tation4 ,& is any "* ( ,h5ry ,james' s mu* m intricately drawn ?an ,madame ,bov>y8 ,among m mod]n writ]s take ,joseph ,conrad4 ,i am a ,conrad fan1 b consid] him1 comp>atively speak+1 a poor workman ?\gh a great arti/4 ,"h we h simplicity ( words b n ( expression 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,i d n by any means fully und]/& mo/ ( 8 /ories & ,i f9d t o!rs are ab\t equally at sea if !y are hone/ or are cross-exam9$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! qualities t make a great fictioni/ he /&s 9 ! front rank1 b he is lack+ 9 correspond+ ability to simplify & cl>ify 8 ?\ght1 to make ! prop] ab/raction #he & selection ( ?\ght expressions4 ,8 cont5t & gifts are s ri* t ev5 only a "p ( !m regi/]$ on read]s is suffici5t to rate him a ma/]1 b ! fact rema9s t he conveys only a "p ( :at he has to say4 ,in/ead ( a direct1 cle>-cut1 simple pa? to 8 goal he gives ! read] a maze ( pa?s t is n lack+ 9 bl9d alleys4 ,:atev] be ! g5]ally accept$ academic philosophy ( simple v]sus complex expression1 x c n outface ! fact t ! m9ority ( read]s c n s fully und]/& or appreciate complexity & t ) !m ! effectiv5ess ( a /ory is !reby crippl$4 ,c]ta9ly 9 practise !re is cry+ ne$ = ! ma/]y t c say all yet say x simply4 ,if1 in/ead ( /ra9+ = complexity1 beg9n]s w\ld aim at simplicity1 especially ( words1 !y w\ld n only come clos] to writ+ bo? good magaz9e /ories & good lit]ature1 b w\ld f9d !mselves able to h&le great] & great] complexity ( ?\ght & ) a precision & effectiv5ess t c n be equal$ by ! o!r me?od4 ,rememb] t ! simple1 e-day words are 9 almo/ all cases ! /rong] ones4 #hf ,repetition4--,be=e leav+ ! subject ( cle>ness z a :ole 7x w come up aga9 9 connection ) o!r subjects71 a ^w might be v5tur$ on repetition4 ,! pres5t horror ( x is a badly exagg]at$ reaction4 ,to repeat )\t due cause an unusual ^w or phrase 9 a %ort /ory1 or a usual "o too close to its fir/ use1 is a di/raction & !re=e h>mful to ! illusion1 b sometimes due cause is ignor$4 ,a /ory1 all s cle> to its au?or1 pres5ts hundr$ ( facts ) :i* ! read] mu/ famili>ize himself4 ,! easi] y make ?is = him & ! m y insure 8 gett+ all ! po9ts necess>y to a full appreciation ( y\r /ory1 ! m fully w y\r /ory regi/] on him4 ,to pres5t a vital po9t once s vividly t x is almo/ sure to regi/] is be/ ( all & correspond+ly difficult to d1 b keep y\r eyes op5 = cases :]e repetition1 probably n 9 exactly ! same words1 w accompli% ! same purpose ne>ly z well & p]haps m surely4 ,aside f cle>ness1 9 skilful h&s repetition c become a mo/ subtle & p[]ful in/rum5t = dramatic & poetic effects ( high lit]>y quality4 #hg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ov]/ra9 ,a read] has j s mu* ( att5tion1 int]e/ & appreciation to give to any /ory &1 to hold him 9 ! illusion1 x is ( ! highe/ importance n to we> him out be=e y are ?r\gh ) him & n to use him up on m9or po9ts or on matt]s t %\ld put ^u him no /ra9 :atev]4 ,brevity4--,mo/ ( all1 don't talk too mu* or too long4 ,a /ory is nev] s dead z :5 buri$ 9 words4 ,mo/ ( ! /ories submitt$ c be cut to advantage1 (t5 v heavily cut4 ,! read] gets worn out wait+ = some?+ to happ5--is bor$ by be+ told 9 a hundr$ words :at he c\ld h grasp$ 9 tw5ty4 ,d n feel t y mu/ give ! entire hi/ory ( ! h]o's life 9 a %ort /ory2 only a c]ta9 few incid5ts & facts h direct be>+ & ! rema9d] mu/ be m]cilessly cut out4 ,nor all ! sc5es & #hh action ( any /ory4 ,make x y\r object to h z mu* z possible happ5 (f-/age2 :at =ces itself to ! footlights w probably belong !re4 ,uncle>nesses & ,di/ractions4--,any uncle>ness or ambiguity or any di/raction is ( c\rse a pr(itless /ra9 ^u ! read]4 ,don't compel a read] to reason out ?+s t %\ld be cle> at a glance4 ,ev5 ! int5tional uncle>ness ( subtlety1 ?\gh by no means a fault1 mu/ also be weigh$ z to disadvantage 9 /ra94 ,all ! po9ts cov]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi apply 9 ?is "o4 ,s5t5ce ,l5g?4--,v>y x4 ,if y c1 v>y x 9 accordance ) v>iation 9 emotions ( mat]ial1 9 desir$ effects on read]1 b v>y x 9 any case4 ,! v monotony ( a long succession ( ei!r long or %ort s5t5ces is we>+4 ,don't drag a read] ?r\gh a s5t5ce s long t 9 foll[+ x he tires out be=e he c draw m5tal brea?4 ,hold ,read] to ,correct ,plot ,l9e4--,f fir/ ^w to la/1 don't we> him out by lett+ him cov] useless di/ance ov] false trails4 #hi ,classical & ,o!r ,ref]5ces4--,9 addition to _! dang]s ( di/raction & uncle>ness !y =ce a read]1 if !y rea* him1 to picture or consid] *>act]s1 ev5ts & sc5es 9 addition to ^? ( ! /ory4 ,!y are ( c\rse ju/ifi$ 9 comp>atively r>e in/ances4 ,dialect1 ,ar*aic ,spee*1 ,slang1 ,=eign1 ,unusual & ,te*nical ,words4--,all ^! (f] ob/acles to at lea/ "p ( y\r audi5ce4 ,to a probable m9ority dialect is a delight1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to fai?ful realism1 & x und\bt$ly gives color4 ,yet _m w n read a dialect /ory1 _! *ief reason be+ ! labor necess>y to und]/& x4 ,!re are1 too1 ^? :o consci\sly or unconsci\sly object to any?+ =eign1 mean+ by =eign any?+ diff]5t f _! own4 ,x is1 = ! au?or1 a "q ( weigh+ advantages aga9/ disadvantages4 ,ar*aic spee*1 z f> z /ra9 is conc]n$1 is m]ely dialect4 ,"o writ] makes ! rule ( us+ ! spee* ( ! "t 9 :i* 8 /ory is laid = all p]iods foll[+ & includ+ t ( ,elizabe?1 us+ mod]n ,engli% = all e>li] p]iods1 8 argum5t be+ t h] reign #ij approximately draws ! l9e betwe5 spee* t is n[ intelligible ) little or no ef=t & spee* t is n4 ,ar*aic =ms ( =eign tongues mu/ be r5d]$ to u 9 ,engli%1 s fall "u ! same rule4 ,slang1 too1 is to be weigh$ z to advantages & disadvantages4 ,x is p]haps m difficult ?an 9 ! cases ( dialect & ar*aic spee* to compute ! proportion ( read]s to :om x w be suffici5tly intelligible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is g5]ally 9 itself humor\s & !re=e ( p>ticul> value :5 a humor\s effect is desir$2 gives color2 aids 9 *>act]ization4 ,! dang] ( =eign1 unusual & te*nical words is mu* ! same on ! score ( /ra9 z on ! score ( di/raction & uncle>ness4 ,relief ,sc5es4--,at "s po9t a read]'s response to a dem& on 8 emotions ceases & he gr[s call\s to ! appeal1 b writ]s (t5 =get ?is fact & cont9ue to dem& long aft] he has lo/ 8 ability to respond4 ,p]fection is to br+ him to y\r climax at ! full flood ( response1 b to d s requires c>eful h&l+4 ,a /eady1 g5tle increase ( dem& is be/ if y c be #ia absolutely sure ( results1 b a mo/ useful safegu>d is ! use ( relief sc5es4 ,if y've key$ him up to a dang]\sly high pit*1 give him a re/-sc5e be=e y add a fur!r call ^u 8 emotions--%ift ! sc5e or "t & let him look a mom5t at a quiet l&scape or g5tle action4 ,make ! *ange a decid$ "o & y n only re/ him b pr(it by ! %>p dramatic contra/ betwe5 ! relief sc5e & ^? foll[+ & prec$+ x499 99,read ,de ,qu9cey's ,on ! ,knock+ at ! ,gate 9 ,macbe?4 ,frames or ,brackets4--,t is1 a /ory )9 a /ory--a /ory "o ( ^: *>act]s tells ! ma9 /ory4 ,its advantage is a ga9 9 semblance ( reality--if x is h&l$ ) suffici5t skill4 ,x v seldom is4 ,its disadvantage is an ov]/ra91 9 dem&+ ( ! read] t he =m two illusions in/ead ( "o1 & a consequ5t divid+ & weak5+ ( att5tion4 ,hav+ accompli%$ ! task ( gett+ cle> 9 8 m9d "o sett+ & "o set ( *>act]s1 he is =c$ to take up a new set ( *>act]s & probably a new sett+1 a d\ble /ra9 )9 ! compass ( a s+le /ory4 ,if1 z is #ib (t5 ! case1 a "* 9 ! frame 7or sev]al *>act]s7 p]si/s 9 int]rupt+ ! c\rse ( ! inn]1 ! real /ory1 conflict or confusion ( illusion is comp\nd$4 ,mo/ writ]s c\ld pr(it by n attempt+ ! d\bly difficult task ( a bracket$ or fram$ /ory4 ,unless exceptional skill is br\ght to be>1 ! frame-/ory is almo/ sure ei!r to be too slight & unconv9c+ or to be made m or less conv9c+ by be+ develop$ at su* l5g? t x is too s]i\s an encroa*m5t ^u space ne$$ = ! real /ory4 ,yet x is a favorite attempt ) ^? lea/ able to h&le x4 ,my/]y ,/ories4--,^! mu/ be consid]$ z a class by !mselves1 = _! delib]ate int5t is to make ! read] /ra9 at solv+ a puzzle or at foll[+ its intricate pres5tation & solution1 & he turns to !m at lea/ p>tly = ! m5tal /imulus involv$4 ,yet ov]/ra9 is entirely possible4 ,9 fact1 ?is type1 by reason ( its inh]5t intricacy & ef=t = ! read]1 dem&s p>ticul>ly t he be n compell$ to /ra9 ov] po9ts t are non-ess5tial to ! my/]y prop]4 ,unskill$ or unfair writ]s sometimes int5tionally add #ic confusions t are 9 no way necess>y1 & _m a my/]y /ory less5s its hold on read]s by un9t5d$ uncle>nesses or sugge/ions t mislead 9 unnecess>y directions & to no purpose4 ,a read] may l to solve puzzles1 b he mo/ emphatically has ! "r to be at all times cle> z to j :at ! puzzle is4 ,plot4--,unnecess>y intricacy1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be avoid$ 9 any type ( /ory2 ! difficulty 9 a giv5 case is to draw ! l9e betwe5 necess>y & unnecess>y4 ,b = any writ] :o has n made v decid$ progress t[>d ma/]+ 8 art a fairly safe rule is to simplify 8 plot z mu* z possible4 ,p]haps t plot might be made m effective if develop$ 9 great] intricacy by skill$ h&s1 b 8 h&s are probably n suffici5tly skilful & ! net result ( 8 attempt is likely to be a read] worn out by too _m loosely knit ?reads ( plot4 ,z he gr[s 9 skill he w f9d t m & m intricate plots become--= him--simple plots & !re=e to be und]tak5 ) confid5ce4 #id ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conv9c+ness ,among writ]s ( "s exp]i5ce ! rejection ( a manuscript = ! q common reason t x is n conv9c+ is (t5 consid]$ m]ely ! editor's slip%od1 evasive or ignorant excuse giv5 9 place ( "s my/]i\s real reason or ?r\gh lack ( any def9ite "o4 ,sometimes x is1 b1 :5 hone/ly & intellig5tly giv51 x is ! be/ possible reason = rejection4 ,unconv9c+ness means def9itely & directly t a /ory fails to impose its illusion--t x is m]ely words = ! read] to look at1 n a _w = him to live 94 ,x is ! dea?-knell to ! illusion4 ,an editor's failure to give ! reasons :y x is n conv9c+ may be due to 8 n hav+ analyz$ beyond ! g5]al effect1 b x may be simply because unconv9c+ness is n easy to r$uce to black & :ite & at be/ involves f> m detail ?an 8 #ie "t p]mits him to h&le4 ,x is z v>i\s & elusive z human nature itself1 b ! m common causes c be fairly well indicat$4 ,improbabilities & ,impossibilities4--,contradictions & inconsi/5cies h already be5 consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi & are to be includ$ "u ?is head4 ,improbability & impossibility are ( c\rse relative t]ms2 a wi%+-r+1 :ile an utt] impossibility 9 reality1 is n ev5 an improbability 9 a /ory ( fairies2 if ! read] accepts ! major illusion ( fairy-l& !re w be no difficulty to 8 accept+ ! m9or illusion ( a wi%+-r+4 ,b 9 a /ory ( any?+ approa*+ real life absolute con=mity to ! laws & facts ( real life is rel5tlessly exact$1 & 9 /ories dep5d5t ^u ! acceptance ( "s fundam5tal premise1 l ! reality ( fairy-l& or ! possibility ( be+ transf]r$ into ! ye> #bjbb1 !re mu/ be equally rel5tless con=mity to ! condition ( ! premise4 ,i v5ture t n tw5ty p] c5t4 ( accept$ manuscripts are entirely free f slips ( ?is k9d :5 submitt$4 ,acceptance has be5 9 spite ( !m1 ea* ( !m #if less5$ ! *ances ( acceptance1 & suffici5t increase 9 _! numb] w\ld h meant rejection by any good magaz9e4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! type ( /ory t dep5ds ^u %e] quantity & t5s5ess ( action to c>ry ! read] along1 despite all inconsi/5cies & improbabilities--! dime novel type1 b all ! /ra9 ( a bridge %\ld n be ^u a s+le gird]4 ,improbabilities ( ,plot4--,too inf9ite 9 v>iety = any attempt at classification4 ,! te/ 9 ea* case mu/ r$uce fir/ to1 ,c\ld x happ5 "u ! conditions8 ,& ! writ]--) help f 8 fri5ds if !y c be induc$ to help 9 ?is m practical fa%ion--mu/ be ! judge4 ,!n he mu/ n>r[ 8 "q to1 ,is x s likely to happ5 t ! read] w accept x )\t hesitation8 ,"h is ! real te/ & mo/ writ]s fail to meet x l>gely because !y h n1 "u ! pres5t sy/em ( tea*+ fiction1 be5 tra9$ to measure a /ory /rictly ?r\gh ! read]'s eyes4 ,_m a "t e editor has be5 caught by an au?or :o wrote back gleefully or v9dictively b x actually happ5$ 9 real life6 ,d\btless1 b t doesn't mean any?+4 #ig ,x may h happ5$ a ?\s& times 9 real life1 b if read]s c n believe x :5 !y f9d x 9 a /ory x is none ! less an improbability 9 t /ory1 a bl[ to conv9c+ness1 a *eck to ! read]1 an injury to ! illusion4 ,i h /ruggl$ s (t51 & s (t5 va9ly1 to make writ]s realize ?is di/9ction t ,i come to x n[ gird$ = ! fray4 ,c't !y see t a fact c n be a fact to a read] if he refuses to consid] x a fact8 ,are !y s hopelessly egoti/ic 9 _! outlook on life t1 because an improbable or unusual ?+ has occurr$ 9 _! p]sonal exp]i5ce1 x has !reby demon/rat$ its possibility to e "o else8 ,are !y s sick5+ly conceit$ z to be sure t _! pres5tation ( ! fact is z conv9c+ to o!rs z 0 ! fact itself to !m8 ,are !y s imbecile z n to see t prov+ x to an editor aft] ! read+ ( ! /ory does n 9 any way prove x to ! next or any read] :ile he is read+ x8 ,t1 if x 7 publi%$1 !y w\ld nev] h ! *ance to prove x aft]w>d 9 ! case ( read]s z !y _h _h 9 ! case ( ! editor8 ,t read]s1 n9ety-n9e times out #ih ( a hundr$1 w\ld n ev5 bo!r to *all5ge ! au?or on ! po9t b w\ld m]ely class him z punk & 8 /ory z bunk & g on to ! next 9 ! ?\s&s ( /ories !y read8 ,ah1 no1 x really happ5$ some:]e6 ,t ought to be en\gh = anybody1 ev5 if he doesn't "k x happ5$ & is conv9c$ t x c\ldn't & kn[s mighty well t x is contr>y to 8 own exp]i5ce6 ,a lepre*awn or a magic c>pet c be made entirely conv9c+ z "p ( ! /ory's illusion by suffici5t skill & 9 ! prop] sett+1 :ile ! wond]ful drive y & a half-doz5 o!r witnesses saw ,john ,r4 ,smi? make1 on y\r club l9ks a week ago ,w$nesday c1 if put into a /ory1 seem no?+ :atev] b a crude lie4 ,v]ily1 tru? is /rang] ?an fiction--p>ticul>ly good fiction4 ,good fiction makes a bus9ess ( be+ a little less /range ?an tru? sometimes is1 s t x c be believ$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a really happ5$ incid5t is likely to ne$ twice ! am\nt ( fram+ up t an imag9>y b m usual "o w\ld require4 ,! true addict to ?is /upid & /ubborn #ii po9t ( view scorns ! simple device1 us$ by 8 bett]s1 ( pres5t+ ! unusual z an unusual ?+4 ,no1 x mu/ be accept$ z normal2 x happ5$1 y've got to believe x4 ,x doesn't occur to him t x 0 unusual to him1 t he seiz$ ^u x z mat]ial = t v reason1 t x w\ld be equally unusual to ! *>act]s 9 8 /ory & t1 really to duplicate or simulate life1 he mu/ make 8 *>act]s regi/] ! same surprise & int]e/ t he himself felt z a result ( its unusualness4 ,y c make a read] accept some?+ z a rem>kable occurr5ce :i* he w\ld utt]ly reject z a normal happ5+4 ,= example1 take ! common case ( ! v fem99e h]o9e :o goes ?r\gh ! au?or's be/ hell ( horror1 desp]ation1 bodily /ra9 & g5]al n]ve-%ock &1 :5 rescu$ at its v climax1 at once bl&ly rega9s almo/ entire poise & enunciates a v *>m+ love-passage or goes *e]fully & compet5tly ab\t h] o!r bus9ess4 ,mo/ ( u "k t x is *>act]i/ic ( ! female sex to rise to an em]g5cy /ra9 & collapse or viol5tly react ! in/ant ! dem& is remov$ if n #ajj be=e4 ,consequ5tly said h]o9e fails to conv9ce4 ,! au?or's logical correction is to make ?is h]o9e con=m to g5]al exp]i5ce1 b1 if he simply c n or w n *ange ?is "p ( 8 plot1 :y n give :at conv9c+ness he may by mak+ h] %[ at lea/ "s effects ( ! /ra91 or mak+ cle> t reaction _h n yet come1 or at lea/ "s su* crude b comp>atively desirable device z /rangely en\gh8 ,improbabilities ( ,"*4--,l human nature1 too v>i\s = specific classification4 ,mo/ writ]s are capable ( at lea/ "s und]/&+ ( human nature & a weakness along ^! l9es c be p>tly correct$ by a comb9ation ( e>ne/ /udy & s9c]e c>e4 ,failure to draw "* conv9c+ly is an absolute limit to success except 9 ! l[e/ grades ( fiction & 9 su* uncommon types ( /ory z are 9 no way dep5d5t = int]e/ ^u fidelity to human nature4 ,! wire-n]v$ h]o9e cit$ above is an example4 ,any expression1 ?\ght1 emotion or act assign$ to a "* to :om1 z drawn1 x w\ld n be natural helps de/roy #aja ! reality ( t "*--! ^w griev\sly or int]relation 9 ! m\? ( an ignorant1 illit]ate "*2 a ?\ght ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! m9d ( a ,prote/ant dur+ a crisis2 a feel+ ( pity1 n specifi$ z unusual1 9 a pitiless p]son2 fumbl+ 9 an em]g5cy by a man drawn z cool1 cle>-head$ & ready4 ,lack ( ,*>act]ization4--,unless a "* is giv5 at lea/ a semblance ( individualization he w be unlike any human 9 real life or else w be l "s human view$ f a di/ant m\nta9-top or air-%ip1 9 ei!r case unconv9c+ z a close up4 ,yet 9 ! va/ majority ( submitt$ manuscripts *>act]s are prop] names & no?+ m4 ,?is w be tak5 up 9 ! *apt] on ,*>act]ization4 ,clank+ ,plots4--,! framework %[s ?r\gh1 y c he> ! ma*9]y g r\nd1 artificial--su* plots are l ! dogg]el ^: au?or does viol5ce to bo? cont5t & expression 9 ord] to get at ! ends ( l9es words t approximate a rhyme4 ,lack ( plot is almo/ a synonym4 ,in/ead ( build+ a plot t is ! natural result ( "*1 conditions or conflict+ #ajb =ces1 ! au?or draws at w ^u ! univ]se at l>ge = :atev] elem5ts w l5d :at he consid]s /r5g? & effectiv5ess4 ,s9ce ! law ( cause & effect holds 9 real life1 su* a plot is unconv9c+4 ,9 read+ ev5 publi%$ /ories hav5't y (t5 f\nd some?+ said or done t 0 obvi\sly put into ! /ory1 n = its intr9sic or relative value1 b solely = ! plot-purpose ( mak+ o!r ?+s connect & keep mov+8 ,& :at is ! effect ^u y\r belief 9 ! /ory1 ^u y\r illusion8 ,hack ,plots4--,i've =gott5 :o fir/ said t !re are only sev5--or is x n9e or five8--plots 9 ! _w1 b1 :oev] he 01 he's done a good deal ( damage4 ,) t hopeless dictum loom+ be=e _! eyes x is n to be wond]$ at t _m writ]s /rive half-he>t$ly or n at all = orig9ality ( plot4 ,add ?is to ! majority's lack ( inv5tion1 our +ra9$ habit ( copy+ & a t5d5cy to take r ?an make & y c see :y an editor c reject at a glance a l>ge proportion ( submitt$ /ories4 ,l any o!r read]1 he has v ?or\ghly le>n$ "s scores ( #ajc plots or plot v>iations & doesn't ne$ to read !m any m4 ,usually ! au?or :o turns 9 a hack plot is ! au?or :o has little to (f] except plot4 ,& q (t5 he answ]s a rejection = hack plot by quot+ !re are only five plots 9 ! _w anyway4 ,if t is s1 five is en\gh to enable bett] writ]s to write bett] /ories4 ,! pat5t objection to hack plots is t !y h outworn1 ) all b ! newe/ & mo/ elem5tal read]s1 ! p[] to hold 9 illusion1 !re=e dem&+ an extra am\nt ( excell5ce 9 o!r factors4 ,!re is also ! objection t ?is v repetition ( a =mula id5tifi$ ) fiction1 p>ticul>ly poor fiction1 gives !m at once ! flavor ( fiction in/ead ( real life1 & successful illusion is ?us made extremely difficult4 ,z a lonely little plea 9 behalf ( we>i$ editors1 c\ldn't y arrange1 :5 y wi% to %oot or /ab a "* )\t remov+ him entirely1 to w\nd him some:]e else ?an 9 ! %\ld]8 ,! bullet t prov$ m]ely to h glanc$ (f ! skull is also r ov]work$4 ,& mu/ y turn = help to ov]he>d conv]sations8 #ajd ,co9cid5ce4--,co9cid5ce is su* a favorite device = atta9+ a hack plot1 a clank+ plot & improbability 9 g5]al t x calls = a sep>ate & emphatic w>n+4 ,a read]'s cr$5ce = co9cid5ces is /rictly limit$1 especially if !y are pres5t$ z matt]s ( c\rse4 ,hack ,/yle4--,objectionable = ! same reason z hack plot4 ,! inevitable connotation ( hack words & phrases is ( ! writ+ game1 ( ! pr9t$ page1 ( /ories sold = money1 n ( real life--too magaz9ey to be successful 9 hold+ illusions 9 :i* magaz9es c h practically no place4 ,ea* hack phrase1 moreov]1 is a lo/ opportunity = a "r phrase t w\ld h add$ to effectiv5ess4 ,also1 read]s are j pla9 tir$ ( !m4 ,frames or ,brackets & ,fir/-,p]son ,n>ratives4--,gu>d aga9/ lett+ ! frame-/ory "* :o tells ! real /ory talk s long1 flu5tly & p]fectly t read]s w note ! impossibility ( 8 p]=m+ su* a feat 9 real life4 ,fir/-p]son n>ratives1 n 9 a frame1 g5]ally avoid ?is impossibility by hav+ ! n>rative writt5 in/ead ( spok52 o!rwise !y run ! #aje same dang]4 ,mo/ ( all1 don't let ! n>rator ab&on 8 own spee* = t ( ! au?or himself4 ,he g5]ally does4 ,dialect1 ,slang1 ,=eign ,words4--,all ^!1 rightly us$1 t5d t[>d conv9c+ness ( color & "*1 b _! effectiv5ess is (t5 measur$ by sugge/ion r ?an quantity4 ,broad ,scot* dialect at full /r5g? w give a v ,scot* atmosph]e1 = example1 b _m read]s w refuse to ent] t atmosph]e or w become lo/ 9 x if !y d ent]4 ,(t5 idiom is a m effective device ?an dialect4 ,ignorance ( ,mat]ial3 ,mi/akes4--,!re is1 heav5 kn[s1 j gr\nd = ! belief t writ]s are giv5 to writ+ ( ?+s ) :i* !y are n suffici5tly famili>4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! mat]ial !y "k be/1 z a class !y are too prone to select ! mat]ial !y'd l to "k ab\t b don't4 ,also to feign a s*ol>l9ess !y don't possess or to attempt a /yle !y h n ma/]$4 ,lack or loss ( fai? 9 ! au?or is z great a cata/rophe z lack or loss ( belief 9 ! /ory4 ,irritation aga9/ him is /ill m fatal4 ,if y h any d\bt1 an #ajf editor's mail w\ld dispel x4 ,no?+ br+s s _m or su* bitt] prote/s f read]s z a mi/ake 9 h&l+ local color4 ,m>k t well1 y :o take a *ance because y ?9k y c--& (t5 d--get away ) x4 ,n only d y und]e/imate ! irritation1 sometimes am\nt+ to a virul5ce t rememb]s y & foll[s y ) ho/ility ?r\gh y\r o!r /ories1 b y\r ignorance ( sett+1 local color1 mat]ial bl9ds y to ! inf9ite possibility = unconsci\s mi/akes t are in/antly detect$ by ^? :o "k & make y ridicul\s 9 _! eyes4 ,y\r dialect1 slang & =eign quotations ga9 y no color if y make mi/akes 9 !m4 ,classical1 hi/orical & fictional ref]5ces1 or big words 9 ,engli%1 if incorrectly us$1 give y no reputation = s*ol>l9ess4 ,hav+ y\r villa9 run lightly away ) m doll>s 9 gold or du/ ?an he c\ld lift f ! gr\nd or us+ an automatic revolv] does n impress read]s ) y\r k ( :at y write ab\t4 ,giv+ ,brazilians ,spani% z _! native tongue produces v unlocal color4 ,a negro /ra9 9 a pure-blood$ ,creole %[s no k ( types4 #ajg ,add to ^! ! mi/akes consid]$ 9 ! *apt] on ,di/ractions1 add all ! o!r mi/akes ( :i* ! un9=m$ human bra9 is capable1 & !n take up y\r heavy burd5 ( becom+ ?or\ghly famili> ) ! mat]ial y use 9 /ories4 ,a mon? or two 9 a locality w n give to any save a ,kipl+ suffici5t famili>ity = safety4 ,mo/ writ]s ?9k x w4 ,&1 :atev] y d1 don't fool ) fire-arms or ) any?+ p]ta9+ to %ips until y h become a real au?ority6 ,i speak f bitt] exp]i5ce2 editor1 z well z writ]1 becomes ! t>get = almo/ v5om\s ire4 ,& no detail is too t9y = detection & wra?4 ,! picture ( a grizzly be> on a magaz9e cov] br\ght a vici\s indictm5t because1 :ile a grizzly has six toes1 n five1 he does n %[ ! six? toe especially :5 9 ! position depict$4 ,! conv9c+ness ( a /ory z a :ole1 !n1 is dep5d5t ^u _m detail$ factors & !re is "s excuse = ! editor :o does n give ! analyz$ reasons = 8 v]dict ( unconv9c+4 ,su* a weakness is due1 on "o h&1 to #ajh ignorance1 delib]ate indiff]5ce or almo/ crim9al c>elessness or1 on ! o!r h&1 to failure to visualize cle>ly f ! po9t ( view ( ! read]4 ,! mo/ practical rem$y1 = bo? classes ( causes1 is1 aside f ! writ]'s own ef=ts1 a fundam5tal *ange 9 tea*+ me?ods1 putt+ f> m emphasis ^u tra9+ writ]s to habitual & v anxi\s consid]ation ( ! read]'s actual reactions to e lea/ /imulus 9 a /ory4 #aji ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,hold+ ,,! ,,read] ,:ile mo/ po9ts t be> "h fall m directly "u o!r head+s1 "s def9itely belong 9 ?is *apt]4 ,&1 ?\gh ,i "k ( no recipe = be+ int]e/+1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s t may be ( help to t ef=t4 ,be+ ,dramatic4--,all /ories1 to be int]e/+1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be dramatic1 9 ! broad] s5se ( ! ^w1 bo? 9 /yle & 9 selection & recomb9ation ( mat]ial4 ,! v dem& = unity & /ructure is a dem& = ! dramatic1 ! dramatic quality be+ l>gely a matt] ( position & contra/1 & a baldly unemotional or matt]-(-fact /yle c be /rongly dramatic ?r\gh its contra/ ) ! emotional mat]ial h&l$4 ,h[ev]1 le/ ,i be conf\nd$ by ! philosoph]s1 ,i'll disc>d ,be+ ,dramatic & attempt in/ead1 sugge/ions #aaj z to be+ int]e/+1 n ) any idea ( cov]+ ! subjects completely b r1 7z 9 mu* ( ?is book71 call+ att5tion to po9ts on :i* writ]s prove !mselves p>ticul>ly weak 9 actual practise & :i* seem to call = m att5tion 9 tea*+ me?ods4 ,susp5se4--,! *ief w>n+ ne$$ is n to spoil x aft] y've secur$ x4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 a writ] ru9s 8 read]'s susp5se by betray+ ! plot 9 advance & mak+ a surprise impossible4 ,sometimes x is inadv]t5t1 b (t5 x is delib]ately done by at lea/ a g5]al /atem5t or h9t ( outcome prefac$ ) "s su* phrase z little did ,i "k !n t1 c\ld he h kn[n1 9 ! light ( :at foll[$ !re 0 no ne$ = my next /ep1 etc41 or ev5 m baldly betray+1 say1 ! outcome ( an entire book ^: int]e/ is at lea/ p>tly bas$ on :e!r h]o w9s h]o9e1 by su* z ,n[1 ) ,nita & our *ildr5 sitt+ by me z ,i write1 my d\bts seem fooli% ones4 ,to me "o ( ! mo/ amaz+ faults 9 ! entire rep]toire is ! flat betrayal ( plot by ! *apt] head+s4 ,:y d x8 ,is #aaa x m]ely a slip due to conc5tration on ! really n]ve-rack+ task ( *oos+ an int]e/+ & p]t95t title = ! *apt]8 ,or is ! habit ( n measur+ by ! read]'s reactions s /rong t 9 s prom95t & spectacul> a place a writ] does n ev5 note t he has adv]tis$ 9 advance to read]s ! v ?+ he %\ld be try+ to keep z a surprise8 ,surprises4--,be sure !y are legitimate4 ,x is "o ?+ to %ape a /ory s t ! read] w expect o!r ?an :at is to happ51 b q ano!r = y to tell him def9itely t he is to expect ! o!r4 ,yet "s writ]s d ?is4 ,my/]y4--,naturally1 play ^u human curiosity & ! human hunt+-in/9ct :5ev] opportunity (f]s1 b1 z 9 ! case ( surprises1 be sure y\r my/]y /ructure & detail play fair ) ! read]4 ,"h1 too1 y may give him false sc5ts to foll[1 = he accepts !m z "p ( ! game1 b1 to *ange ! figure1 be sure t ! ladd] by :i* ! goal is f9ally rea*$ has no rungs miss+4 ,& 9 heav5's "n don't fog y\r /ory ) ! ne$less my/]ies ( c>eless uncle>ness & #aab confusion :5 no?+ b irritation is to be ga9$ by x4 ,ov]/ra94--,already cov]$4 ,b "s ( its po9ts dem& extra att5tion = ! sake ( dramatic effect4 ,light & ,%ade4--,_! prop] use is ess5tial to ma/]y ( dramatic effect4 ,j z a squ>e ( black on a :ite %eet /&s out f> black] & /rong] ?an on a black "o1 j s does a /rong sc5e /& out /rong] if prec$$ & p]haps foll[$ by a quiet sc5e ?an if m]ely "o 9 a succession ( /rong sc5es4 ,su* a succession1 prop]ly h&l$ = cumulative effect & /eady rise to a climax1 may z a :ole be /rong] ?an an alt]nation ( /rong & quiet1 b su* a succession is itself a unit & z su* subject to ! g5]al law4 ,!re is always ! dang] ( ov]/ra9 9 its use4 ,! above applies1 ( c\rse1 to ! elem5ts )9 a sc5e1 9 ! make-up ( a "*1 or 9 any?+ else4 ,= example1 ! traits ( a "* all good or all bad are n s vivid z ^? ( a "* p>tly good & p>tly bad--nor is ! "* s natural4 ,! elem5t ( unexpect$ness 9 ! s5se #aac ( p>ticul>ly sudd5 surprise is extremely effective by reason ( ! %>p contra/ involv$4 ,repression4--,(t5 m effective ?an expression ( emotion1 = ! fundam5tal reason1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( emotion felt by a "*1 t1 h[ev] /rong ! emotion1 repression means ! addition ( some?+ suffici5tly /rong] to ma/] x & ( a /ruggle = ! ma/]y1 ev5 ?\gh nei!r is def9itely describ$ 9 ! /ory4 ,!re is contra/ betwe5 emotion & w1 betwe5 ! expression to be expect$ & ! abs5ce ( x1 p]haps betwe5 "o "*'s repression & ano!r's lack ( x4 ,9 ! case ( repression by ! au?or 9 ! g5]al h&l+ ( a sc5e an advantage lies 9 8 giv+ to ea* read] opportunity to fill out ! emotion 9 :atev] way is mo/ satisfy+ & natural to ea* f ! m]e skilful /imulus furni%$ by ! au?or4 ,if ?is advantage seems slight1 consid] ! draw+s = an illu/rat$ /ory4 ,9 h[ _m cases does ! arti/'s conception ( *>act]s1 sc5e & expression co9cide ) t ( a read]8 ,suppos+ x 7 possible = ! arti/ to furni% only su* #aad sugge/ions z w\ld enable ea* read] to fill out a picture 9 accordance ) 8 own conception1 w\ld n ea* read] f9d x m satisfy+8 ,incid5tally1 w\ld x be a high] =m ( art8 ,also !re is en\gh ( ! ,anglo-,saxon 9 our national "* to implant 9 p]haps mo/ ( u an impulse to run away f too free expression ( emotion4 ,a read]'s impulse to run away f a /ory does n add to its effectiv5ess4 ,c]ta9ly repression ( emotion 9 ! s5se ( cond5s+ ! numb] ( words us$ 9 expression c\ld be practis$ to great advantage by ! majority ( writ]s4 ,b1 fir/1 la/ & always1 rememb] t repress+ emotion %\ld seldom mean annihilat+4 ,p]haps ! correct idea is %[n by contra/+ a spiral spr+ compress$ to its lea/ space & greate/ pot5tial =ce ) ! same spr+ sp5t f be+ sprung1 or ) ! abs5ce ( a spr+4 ,omitt+ ,sc5es4--,a /ory is at bottom a selection ( c]ta9 bits ( mat]ial f an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( bits or1 put ! o!r way1 ! rejection ( all mat]ial except ! sali5t bits4 ,dramatic effect is (t5 #aae increas$ by key+ ! process ( selection & ab/raction to a m rigid scale1 ev5 reject+ comp>atively sali5t bits4 ,= example1 a :ole sc5e1 ?\gh fitt+ into ! /ory's developm5t1 may l5d great] effectiv5ess to ! :ole by be+ inf]r$ in/ead ( enact$ on /age4 ,cond5sation4--,x is safe to say t _m writ]s c\ld make mo/ ( _! /ories n only m dramatic b m effective 9 g5]al by great] cond5sation4 ,^? ( y1 especially1 :o aim = popul>ity r ?an ! judgm5t ( po/]ity %\ld rememb] t we live 9 an age ( motion-pictures1 t "o ( _! *ief *>act]i/ics is spe$1 & t our y\? are gr[+ up ) t spe$ m or less fix$ 9 _! m9ds z a /&>d = all n>rative or expository art4 ,:at w !y1 consequ5tly1 dem& ( fiction8 ,are !y becom+ impati5t ( :at we h consid]$ ! normal spe$ ( fiction n>rative8 ,j z !y1 & p]haps we old] ones1 are already incl9$ to impati5ce ov] ,coop]1 ,scott & ,dick5s1 p]haps because /eam & electricity h key$ u to a fa/] gait4 ,d y n f9d boys :o w ?rob ov] a movie ( ,! #aaf ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans or ,! ,?ree ,muskete]s1 b :o c n be induc$ to wade ?r\gh ^! /ories 9 book =m z y & ,i s gladly wad$8 ,is x m]ely t y\? welcomes ! quick] pa? & t ^! same y\?s w 9 m mature ye>s turn to ! m leisurely pres5tation8 ,ev5 s1 a sl[] spe$ may be los+ !m z audi5ce :ile !y are rip5+ suffici5tly to pref] x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 d motion-pictures ov]fe$ u ) spe$ s t we turn ) relief to ! m leisurely me?ods ( fiction8 ,i v5ture no f9al conclusion1 b c]ta9ly ! n>rative art z a :ole moves fa/] ?an x did tw5ty or ev5 t5 ye>s ago4 ,"h is opportunity = "s college classes 9 fiction or psy*ology to contribute exceptionally valuable data ?r\gh laboratory or field exp]im5ts cov]+ at lea/ a "p ( ! gr\nd4 ,mean:ile !re is no d\bt t1 by ei!r old or new /&>d1 mo/ writ]s w\ld pr(it by m cond5sation4 ,!re is no sur] way ( bor+ a read] ?an by talk+ too mu*1 & ev5 honey or /rong dr9k c #aag be dilut$ until x has nei!r /r5g? nor flavor4 ,& rememb]1 class-rooms1 9 judg+ ?is po9t f publi%$ /ories1 t ! editor has frequ5tly done ! writ]'s cond5s+ = him because ( ! /ory's ne$ or ! limitations ( space4 ,%ort vs4 ,long ,words & ,s5t5ces4--,rememb] t 9 t5se mom5ts or "u extreme emotion mo/ m5 resort to %ort1 simple1 ,anglo-,saxon words & brief s5t5ces4 ,rememb] t !re=e %ort words & s5t5ces are likely to be 9 !mselves m t5se & dramatic &1 ?\gh n s g5]ally1 m emotional4 ,rememb]1 too1 ! ne$ ( avoid+ monotony f any ^w- or s5t5ce-l5g?4 ,h&l+1 ,sett+1 ,color & ,"*4--,hold+ ! read] is ess5tially a matt] ( n be+ dull & !re is no sov]eign cure = dullness1 b ! foll[+ device w g a long way t[>d avoid+ x4 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! read] sett+ & local color 9 disc\rag+ly l>ge pieces1 weave !m into ! action4 ,an old device1 to be sure1 b "o mu* too little us$4 ,in/ead ( describ+ a va/ pla91 let a #aah "* ride ov] x1 speak ( x or ?9k ( x1 ?us at ! same "t develop+ sc5]y1 "* & action = ! read]4 ,if y wi% to picture ! pla9's vegetation1 incorporate "s ( x z ev5 a v m9or plot-factor--h ! rid] pluck "s ( x1 h 8 horse's progress imp$$ by x1 hide ano!r "* beh9d x4 ,!re are a ?\s& ways ( ?us accompli%+ m ?an "o ?+ at once4 ,b rememb]1 too1 t a read] mu/ be giv5 8 g5]al be>+s z soon z he ent]s a /ory4 ,hack ,"w4--,any?+ 9 y\r /ory1 except mat]ial itself1 t has be5 us$ until ?readb>e by c\ntless writ]s be=e y is hack /uff & has small *ance ( hold+ y\r read]1 = ! p]fectly simply reason t he's tir$ ( x be=e he reads x4 ,:e!r a matt] ( plot or diction & no matt] h[ good x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 x is a h&icap t only a ma/] c turn into an asset4 ,avoid1 h[ev]1 ! opposite extreme ( be+ diff]5t to su* an ext5t or s clumsily t y\r ef=t is obvi\s4 ,i "k ( no recipe = avoid+ hack /uff--no m ?an = avoid+ lack ( individuality & o!r little matt]s ( t k9d1 b #aai surely a writ] ( ev5 mod]ate disc]nm5t c detect & correct ?is fault 9 "s degree by tak+ pa9s to note & avoid ! elem5ts t recur mo/ frequ5tly 9 poor or m$iocre fiction4 ,un=tunately mo/ writ]s beg9 by copy+ 7unconsci\s copy+1 :ile m e?ical1 is h>d] to correct ?an is delib]ate copy+7 & y\r natural copi] is n likely to be ov]ly intellig5t 9 *oice ( models4 ,titles & ,*apt] ,head+s4--,?is subject is too l>ge = discussion "h1 s9ce x involves ! psy*ology ( bo? fiction & adv]tis+1 b ?ree rules c be giv53 7#a7 ,aim at ! v he>t ( ! subject-matt] = y\r g5]al title idea2 7#b7 don't let !m betray too mu* 9 advance1 b make !m lure2 7#c7 select *apt] heads ) almo/ z mu* c>e z titles1 = !y are ( great psy*ological importance4 #abj ,,*apt] ,x ,,pleas+ ,,! ,,read] ,divide all read]s into majority & m9ority4 ,x is legitimate & pr(itable to aim at ei!r4 ,n[ make y\r big decision1 & x is a v big "o4 ,at :i* ( ^! w y aim8 ,if ! majority1 /udy & analyze _! ta/es & reactions4 ,if ! m9ority1 /udy & analyze ! majority fir/2 !n /udy ! m9ority4 ,_! ta/es are n necess>ily opposite1 b !y are necess>ily diff]5t1 also v>i\s2 ! m9ority are a unit only 9 be+ diff]5t f ! majority4 ,b y c rea* !m fairly well m]ely by giv+ !m ! opposite ( :at ! majority l4 ,y\r problem is :e!r y c get a bett] slice ( att5tion f ! majority ( read]s 9 competition ) ! majority ( writ]s or f ! m9ority ( read]s 9 competition ) a m9ority ( writ]s4 ,majority vs4 ,m9ority4--,y\r own peculi> #aba gifts & incl9ations 9 writ+ %\ld be ! decid+ factor1 b y c make no intellig5t decision until y really h "s und]/&+ ( ! two gr\ps betwe5 :i* y mu/ decide4 ,if y write = money only1 /udy !m till y h y\r human-nature =mulas at y\r f+]-ends & almo/ automatically apply !m to e idea1 expression or bit ( mat]ial t comes up = consid]ation4 ,if y write = art only1 /udy !m j ! same 7y'll be gett+ ! be/ mat]ial 9 ! _w71 b in/ead ( turn+ ! results into =mulas turn !m into y\r und]/&+4 ,if y write accord+ to ! me?od--commonly call$ inspiration & attribut$ to :at we1 sometimes ha/ily1 t]m g5ius--( m]ely explod+ y\rself into ! _w at l>ge )\t deign+ to look at said _w1 cont9ue to explode z usual1 b :5 y\r creation is all creat$ g ov] x ) p5cil1 blue-p5cil & wa/e-basket 9 ! light ( k & und]/&+ ( :i*ev] audi5ce y pref] z t>get1 & make v1 v sure t :at y inspir$ into y\r /ory is go+ to rea* t audi5ce j z y int5d$ x %\ld & is go+ to please #abb & int]e/ !m z mu* z y fondly imag9$4 ,=1 y see1 y are almo/ c]ta9ly n a g5ius4 ,a g5ius makes 8 own rules & !y are bett] = 8 case ?an are any rules o!r p c make = him4 ,if any g5ius is by /range *ance read+ ?is book ,i hope he w /op & read no o!r 9 place ( x4 ,he w almo/ surely d f> bett] )\t4 ,god kn[s ! _w is too full ( rules = writ+ fiction & ( p :o all[ ! rules to ride !m out ( all ability to use ! rules4 ,! prop] function ( rules is t ( m]e guides & sugge/ions to be weigh$1 analyz$1 & !n ei!r disc>d$ or s ?or\ghly absorb$ t _! application dur+ ! act ( creat+ is automatic & subconsci\s & _! use z te/s aft] creat+ is no m ?an ! au?or's own spontane\sly critical view ( :at he has writt54 ,no?+ 9 ?is book is int5d$ to hang l a ,d x n[ motto on ! au?or's wall2 its "o int5tion is to give him a fre% po9t ( view & ! k9d ( f\ndation t w enable him to make 8 own rules out ( 8 own und]/&+4 ,9 ?is book we are conc]n$ prim>ily #abc ) ! majority ( read]s &1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 h 9 m9d 8 lik+s & reactions4 ,*oice ( ,mat]ial & ,!me4--,! majority ( read]s w\ld probably value _! lives above any o!r selfi% consid]ation--life 9 ! s5se ( exi/5ce b also 9 ! s5se ( heal? & vigor4 ,next1 su* ?+s z love1 success1 weal?1 happ9ess1 uplift1 k1 beauty & conte/1 n necess>ily 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,^!1 or comb9ations ( ^!1 su* z success 9 a conte/ = life or love or weal?1 (f] a safe beg9n+ 9 select+ mat]ial or a !me = fiction4 ,^! are ! fundam5tal ?+s vital to human be+s4 ,! fur!r y get f !m1 ! m mu/ y approa* appeal to a m9ority4 7,! majority1 ( c\rse1 does n always consi/ ( ! same individuals1 b m]ely ( mo/ individuals1 & %ifts 9 memb]%ip m or less ) ea* %ift ( po9t at issue47 ,happ9ess4--,human be+s w\ld on ! :ole r be happy ?an unhappy4 ,!re=e happy !mes & pleasant mat]ial are sure/ = pleas+ ! majority4 ,g5]ally speak+1 p read fiction = ent]ta9m5t #abd & pref] feel+ happi] r ?an unhappi] :5 !y lay d[n a /ory4 ,sympa?y1 morbidness & a desire to play ) ! fire ( fe>1 horror & suff]+ give rise to contr>y ta/es 9 fiction1 ! drama & o!r =ms ( art1 b ! g5]al1 fundam5tal desire is = happ9ess4 ,:at is happ9ess8 ,i attempt no def9ition4 ,"o man kn[s probably z well z any o!r4 ,all ( u c wat* o!r human be+s & h a v fair idea ( :at makes mo/ ( !m happy4 ,g5]alizations on human nature are unsafe b1 to take an extreme case1 a /ory ( cripples1 de=mities & disease1 unless ?is mat]ial is v /rongly c\nt]act$ ) success1 love1 sympa?y1 etc41 w\ld please none b abnormal read]s4 ,de=mities & disease (f5d ! inh]5t love ( life1 heal? & beauty4 ,aga91 ! majority pref] non-tragic /ories1 pref]r+ to ?9k ( life r ?an dea?1 ( success r ?an unsuccess4 ,let me make x emphatically pla9 t ,i am attempt+ no su* fooli% ?+ z a catalogue ( mat]ial = fiction4 ,my "o purpose is to lead ! writ] into do+ :at he s #abe (t5 fails to d--consid] 8 mat]ial v c>efully f ! po9t ( view ( ! probable reactions ( human be+s in/ead ( *oos+ x accord+ to ,god kn[s :at silly rules = writ+ fiction or m]ely repeat+ ! mat]ial & !mes he has se5 t o!r writ]s use4 ,a few /ray po9ts may be ( "s s]vice3 ,! beg9n]s & ! v "y are z a class ! writ]s mo/ giv5 to trag$y & morbidness4 ,z !y develop !y g5]ally *ange to m *e]ful mat]ial4 ,! p]c5tage ( tragic & morbid /ories w\ld dw9dle rapidly if x 7 n = ! empty writ]'s desire to d some?+ /rong & 8 inability to get /r5g? 9 any o!r way4 ,! horror /ory has its legitimate place1 z has any /ory deal+ ) human emotions1 :i* are ! v he>t-food ( fiction & ( unfail+ int]e/ to ! human read]s4 ,suff]+1 unsuccess1 dea?1 all ! unpleasant ?+s y please1 are good fiction mat]ial4 ,b1 if ,i may make ! di/9ction1 !y are good1 n because !y hurt1 b because1 l happi] ?+s1 !y appeal to ! read]s' human sympa?y & und]/&+4 #abf ,s9ce ,i %all n give x space any:]e else1 ! "q ( realism v]sus idealism may be dragg$ 9 "h f ! po9t ( view ( ! read]s' lik+4 ,:5 ,i fir/ came to ,new ,york1 9 y\?ful ?roes ov] ?is & simil> mom5t\s que/ions1 ,i _h ! good =tune ( a lett] to ,william ,dean ,h[ells &1 trembl+ at ?is ,god-giv5 opportunity1 broa*$ my *ief problem4 ,mr4 ,h[ells 0 incapable ( any?+ b g5tl5ess1 & ! process ( 8 g5tl5ess 9 my case 0 s k9dly t its words are no long] cle> 9 my memory1 b ! gi/ ( 8 reply is v cle> inde$4 ,he told me to g ride on a ,fif? ,av5ue bus & write d[n :atev] caught ! att5tion ( a "y man fre% to ,new ,york4 ,i pass on to o!rs t v excell5t advice4 ,g ride on a bus or sit /ill some:]e & write ab\t :atev] cat*es y\r att5tion4 ,! "q ( :e!r ! result is realism or idealism is "o y c af=d to =get1 = ! ma9 po9t is t y %\ld foll[ y\r own p>ticul> gift = see+ life4 ,! only att5tion y ne$ give ! result is consid]ation ( its appeal to p 9 g5]al1 *ang+ or n *ang+ ! result accord+ to ! #abg relative value y assign to popul>ity & art1 rememb]+ t ! two ne$ n be mutually exclusive goals & t ei!r realism or idealism f9ds response 9 a suffici5t numb] ( read]s4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,fiction4--,d\btless !re are a hundr$ explanations ( ! fundam5tal appeal ( fiction to human be+s4 ,t giv5 by ,george ,h5ry ,lewes seems p>ticul>ly illum9at+ & practically helpful4 ,x is1 9 sub/ance1 z ,i recollect x3 ,fiction appeals to man because x enables him to atta9 vic>i\sly1 ?r\gh ! *>act]s 9 ! /ory _w1 ! p]fection & success he c n atta9 9 real life1 & to live = a :ile 9 a _w ( 8 own *oos+ in/ead ( 9 ! real _w t has be5 ?ru/ ^u him4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is def9ition does n seem to apply to reali/ic & analytical fiction1 ?\gh ! second "p does1 nor does any ( ! def9ition seem to take suffici5t acc\nt ( ! read]'s enjoym5t ( ! ex]cise ( 8 sympa?ies or ! broad5+ ( 8 und]/&+ & k or ( 8 %e] joy 9 arti/ic excell5ce4 ,?is #abh app>5t failure to cov] ! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 is n s real z x seems4 ,joy ov] arti/ic excell5ce is ess5tially a critic's feel+1 n a read]'s--! joy ( a te*nician1 n ( a recipi5t1 ( a cook1 n ( a d9]4 ,& if y w apply my di/9ction betwe5 fiction & ! v>i\s ?+s = :i* fiction is a m]e vehicle1 ! contributions to und]/&+ & k are n a "p ( fiction itself & !re=e ne$ n be cov]$ by ! def9ition4 ,! ex]cise ( ! read]'s sympa?ies may also be acc\nt$ = by /rict application ( ?is di/9ction2 or ! vic>i\s p]fection & success ( ! def9ition may be broad5$ to a comp>ison ( ! read]'s own life ) lives ( ! /ory p1 bett] "h1 worse !re1 ei!r /imulat+ v>iety & satisfaction or af=d+ ! vic>i\s improvem5t ( condition4 ,b1 :e!r or n y consid] ! def9ition all inclusive1 !re is 9 x a fundam5tal idea ^: practical application w\ld g f> t[>d w9n+ = mo/ writ]s a f> /rong] & deep] hold on read]s4 ,sophomoric critics & writ]s may be incl9$ to sweep x (f ! bo>ds1 s9ce x bo? deals ) fundam5tals & und]m9es "s habitual #abi angles ( criticism1 b mo/ submitt$ manuscripts & p]haps mo/ publi%$ fiction w\ld be mu* /rong] if ! writ]s !re( _h made intellig5t application ( an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,p]fection & success h 9 !m ! elem5t ( complet5ess1 & complet5ess is a fundam5tal desire ( ! human be+1 p>tly because ( ! pleasant re/fulness ( its atta9m5t4 ,i d n say t e /ory %\ld reek ) success & p]fection1 b ,i d say t be=e y ev5 p>tly elim9ate ^! factors y %\ld h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( :at y are do+ & %\ld sacrifice !m only = su* o!r factors or elem5ts z y are sure w m ?an comp5sate 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,also ,i say1 )\t hesitation or qualification1 t1 9 ! type ( /ory conta9+ little or no fundam5tal appeal o!r ?an a m>* ( ev5ts & ! success ( a m or less p]fect h]o or h]o9e 7! type t includes ! l>ge majority ( submitt$ manuscripts7 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple means an incalculable increase 9 effectiv5ess4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! pres5tation ( #acj success & p]fection con/itutes a fundam5tal appeal to read]s1 see to x t y give ^! ?+s 9 ri* measure unless y comp5sate fully = _! abs5ce or p>tial abs5ce4 ,note t ^! elem5ts are giv5 lavi%ly 9 ! dime-novel type ( /ory4 ,?is is probably ! l[e/ type ( all 7n because ( ! sup]abundance ( action1 b because ( unnaturalness & all-r\nd poor workman%ip71 yet its audi5ce is huge & its hold on !m trem5d\s4 ,& if y ?9k ?is audi5ce is limit$ to ! unsophi/icat$ & ! v "y1 y are va/ly mi/ak52 t hold is too fundam5tal = a majority ( ev5 our cultur$ classes to escape f if x is giv5 fair opportunity4 ,to advance excit+ & abundant action z ! sole cause = ?is hold1 z is commonly done1 does n suffici5tly acc\nt = x4 ,! pro( is t practically none ( ^! /ories is will+ to tru/ to action alone = popul>ity4 ,!y almo/ always include ano!r factor4 ,& t factor is ! d\ble "o ( ! success & p]fection ( ! h]o4 ,! au?ors ( su* /ories may include ?is factor only because !y h se5 o!rs d s & may #aca n analyze beyond p l x1 b 9 t analysis !y are ?9k+ /raight] & tru] ?an are mo/ ( ! le>n$ & s*ol>ly expon5ts & critics ( ! writ+ art :o lose !mselves1 _! goal & _! foll[]s 9 a maze ( artificial regulations & mean+less =malities4 ,reality4--,to pres]ve balance1 let u leap to ! opposite po9t ( view & review 9 our m9ds :at 0 said 9 ! *apt] on conv9c+ness4 ,= ! read]'s pleasure 9 vic>i\s success & p]fection to h s\ndness & /ability1 or = any o!r fiction purpose ,i c conceive1 ! /ory _w mu/ be a reproduction ( our real _w or ( a modifi$ real _w consi/5t )9 itself4 ,"p ( a read]'s fiction enjoym5t lies 9 8 famili>ity ) ?+s pres5t$1 9 f9d+ ?+s 9 _! prop] place1 9 ! vanity ( ,i "k t already4 ,t a h]o %\ld atta9 rem>kably complete success is acceptable to our reason because su* success is frequ5tly atta9$ 9 real life4 ,b a h]o made rem>kably p]fect 9 all respects is likely to be too mu* = our common s5se & to break ! /ory's hold on u4 ,!re a9't no su* animile2 we "k x1 &1 #acb h[ev] mu* ! joys ( vic>i\s p]fection may lure u along ?r\gh ! /ory1 ! illusion is s]i\sly weak5$4 ,! obvi\s rem$y is a balanc$ middle c\rse4 ,giv+ ,*>act]s ,/rong ,appeal4--,9 foll[+ ?is middle c\rse ! ne$ 9 fiction to-day1 aside f ! dime-novel type1 is m emphasis on ! p]fection elem5t1 n less4 7,incid5tally1 x w\ld help *>act]ize a h]o1 & an appall+ p]c5tage ( submitt$ manuscripts lack ev5 t am\nt ( *>act]ization47 ,give y\r h]o or h]o9e suffici5t faults & weak po9ts to make him z human & fallible z y please1 b give him also ! /rong elem5tal appeal ( be+ close to ! limit ( human p]fection 9 "o or two traits ( "*1 or physical or m5tal *>act]i/ics1 or along "o or possibly two l9es ( ability4 ,unless1 ( c\rse1 y are fully prep>$ to c\nt]act ! loss ( ?is valuable asset ) o!r elem5ts4 ,a sadly l>ge proportion ( w\ld-be writ]s are n ?us prep>$1 & _m a /ory by a skill$ au?or c\ld h be5 improv$ by an und]/&+ use ( ?is elem5t4 #acc ,! same pr9ciples apply 9 less degree to m9or *>act]s4 ,villa9s1 ( c\rse1 aim at p]fection 9 evil & _! success g5]ally mu/ cease at :atev] po9t w r5d] ! h]o's success mo/ effective1 b 9 _! case ! conflict betwe5 naturalness & success-p]fection is (t5 easily avoid$ by ! simple & effective device ( giv+ y\r villa9 a q human all[ance ( comm5dable or pleas+ p]fections1 leav+ ! net villa9-product z evil z y please--! engag+ villa91 ! fasc9at+ rascal1 ! m]ely human tr\ble-mak]4 ,! usual fundam5tal comp5sation = a /ory's lack ( p]fection & success appeal is ! appeal to ! read]'s sympa?y ) elem5ts simil> to ^? 9 himself or 8 life1 includ+ ! appeal to 8 sympa?y = ^? suff]+ or enjoy+ z he has done4 ,p]sonally ,i'm r incl9$ to believe ! sub/itute n q s effective1 ! o!r appeal seem+ ! m elem5tal & !re=e ! /rong] ( ! two4 ,lewes' def9ition c be made suffici5tly inclusive if we say t fiction's hold is due to its enabl+ ! human be+ to live life vic>i\sly1 at 8 own pleasure1 on 8 own initiative #acd & always z ! ultimate controll] ( de/9y1 s9ce he c at any mom5t toss ! /ory aside1 wip+ out ! entire /ory _w4 ,b if ?is is s1 isn't x safe to say t ! normal human be+ on ! :ole pref]s pleasure to pa9 & f9ds m pleasure 9 success & p]fection ?an 9 failure & imp]fection8 ,psy*ologi/s c ju/ly retort )1 ,b :at are pleasure & pa98 ,! common-s5se answ] to t is t ! psy*ologi/s c't agree among !mselves ^u a def9ition1 t fiction is n writt5 = psy*ologi/s b = p 9 g5]al1 & t mo/ ( u h a suffici5tly def9ite idea ( :at pleases p 9 g5]al & :at is disagreeable to !m4 ,:5 y come to ! *apt] on ,"* consid] 9 connection ) "s ( ! po9ts sugge/$ !re ! po9ts "h sugge/$ z to p]fection ( h]o4 ,bo? !re & "h x might pay to run ov] 9 y\r m9d ! /ory *>act]s t h be/ /ood ! te/ ( ages1 f ,a*illes1 ,ulysses & ! fai?ful ,a*ates up to mod]n times4 ,be/ ( all1 =get y are a writ] & z a read] %ake y\rself free = a few mom5ts f all book le>n+ & culture1 all #ace preconceiv$ ideas1 all op9ions ( all critics & v p>ticul>ly free f self-deception4 ,r$uce y\rself ?us to a pla91 common or g>d5 human be+1 op5 to any natural impulses or lik+s & hone/ly will+ to recognize & confess !m4 ,!n pick out ! h]oes or h]o9es y mo/ enjoy1 t h ! /ronge/ hold on y\r lik+1 be+ c>eful n to te/ by ! lit]>y crit]ia t h be5 impos$ on y4 ,if y d ?is hone/ly & ke5ly y may n :olly agree ) my po9t ( view1 b ,i'll v5ture y'll consid] y\r "t well sp5t & t y\r allegiance to v>i\s le>n$ dicta may be some:at %ak54 ,p>ticul>ly if y habitually id5tify y\rself ) ! h]oes z y read1 don't y f9d y\rself revel+ 9 a h]o's sup]ior wit1 grace1 comel9ess1 /r5g? or skill8 ,isn't ?is pr\d joy 9 him some?+ deep] & m abid+ ?an te/s impos$ by sophi/ication8 ,be hone/4 ,to get at ! :ole matt] f a diff]5t angle1 don't human be+s l to idealize8 ,"o o!r po9t4 ,:5 ! _w 0 "y ! individual rose or fell1 liv$ or di$1 9 accordance ) ! degree ( 8 #acf physical /r5g?1 skill1 c\rage & beauty4 ,m5tal & moral values 7 lat] factors4 ,! physical is ! mo/ elem5tal1 ! mo/ deeply root$1 9 ! race4 ,also1 s long z we h w>s & policem51 x rema9s ! /ronge/1 ! c\rt ( la/ appeal4 ,a ?\s& ye>s f n[ x may h sunk into comp>ative oblivion1 b ev5 !n ! racial in/9ct ( respect & admiration = x w p]si/4 ,if y d\bt its great] hold on human be+s at l>ge1 =get books & /udy p--n j "o class or type b p 9 g5]al4 ,no1 ,i am n a mat]iali/2 ! moral or m5tal c ov]come ! physical1 b x is ! physical t is !re fir/1 t is ! m elem5tal 9 matt]s ( lik+ & dislik+1 ! /ronge/ 9 natural impulse4 ,& :at ,i am try+ to drive home is ! ne$ ( great] consid]ation ( ! elem5tal likes & dislikes ( read]s1 = !y are be+ =gott5 "u ! m vocal & visible likes & dislikes impos$ by a civilization & culture (t5 artificial & !re=e weak]4 ,:y n1 !n1 :5ev] y c d s )\t sacrifice ( values m important to ! p>ticul> case 7z y g5]ally c71 #acg see to x t y\r h]o makes ?is fundam5tal appeal 9 "s way8 ,on ! o!r h&1 rememb] ! facts ( life4 ,li/5 to ! foll[+ f ,william ,a%ley ,&]son1 a writ] :o1 ?\gh an ,am]ican1 f\ght ?r\gh ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,african campaign & has sp5t a good _m ( 8 ye>s 9 meet+ life 9 ! raw at f> corn]s ( ! _w z well z life 9 its s(t] c5t]s3 ,villa9s :o always look l mon/]s /rike me z burlesque4 ,villa9\s-look+ m5 are frequ5tly good-he>t$ & h]oic4 ,good-look+ m5 may be fi5ds4 ,"* is really indicat$ m by expression ?an features--& a clev] villa9 c control 8 expression4 ,primitive types1 ( c\rse1 betray !mselves mo/ easily4 ,! expression ( ! mo/ cruel m5 is usually dull1 /upid1 hungry--or ) a look ( wildness or conc5tration 9 ! eyes4 ,a good man1 drunk1 may become an ar*-villa94 ,8 looks !n might be ! looks ( an ar*-villa92 sob]1 he might h ! appe>ance ( an angel4 ',lucif] 0 ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! angels'6 ,by ! same tok5 ! employm5t ( h&some1 p[]ful h]oes is (t5 exasp]at+4 ,on ! av]age1 h&some m5 are less likely to be brave ?an homely m5--because ( ! v fact t !y are h&some2 & a man ) pretty features seldom has a /rong "* 7s9ce ! "* is #ach (t5 spoil$ by too mu* praise 9 y\?1 or too mu* flatt]y f wom5 aft] rea*+ adolesc5ce74 ,y rememb] ,cs>'s enc\nt] ) ,pompey1 :5 ! =m] in/ruct$ 8 h>d-bitt5 vet]ans to /rike at ! faces ( ! h&some soldi]s ( ,pompey4 ,x is a fact t a man consci\s ( a h&some set ( tee? recoils m at ! ?\ght ( los+ sev]al ( !m f a bl[ ?an he does at ! idea ( brok5 limbs4 ,poor ,h]oes1 ,h]o9es & ,villa9s4--,by all means d n idealize into su* p]fection & success t y\r *>act]s are unhuman & unconv9c+1 b1 ,i implore y1 9 mak+ !m human d n add any recruits to ! great army ( ma9 *>act]s :o are un9t5tionally pres5t$ z imbecile4 ,sometimes c>elessness is responsible = ?is /upidity1 b g5]ally ! cause is ! writ]'s surr5d] to ! difficulties ( plot--x is s easy to keep ! plot ma*9]y clank+ along by hav+ ! h]o become a tempor>y idiot4 ,misund]/&+ may be ! basis ( trag$y & drama1 b a man c misund]/& )\t qualify+ = an asylum = ! feeble-m9d$4 ,please also l5d y\r ef=ts to ! ne$$ "w ( aboli%+ ! h]o9e1 suppos$ to #aci be all t is mo/ wor? /riv+ =1 :o is really empty ( ev]y?+ except vanity1 false pride1 cruelty & sublime selfi%ness--:o1 at h] wor/1 (f]s h] h& to ! w9n] ( a conte/ or ! p]=m] ( "s feat4 ,i wi% "s "o w\ld organize a writ]s' league ^: memb]s 7 pl$g$ ei!r n to let _! h]oes leap into ! ar5a at h] bidd+ or to h !m1 aft] recov]+ h] glove1 ?r[ x 9 h] face4 ,b ,i fe> %e w cont9ue to hold sway undetect$1 z %e does 9 real life4 ,p]haps ! h]oes are z bad1 b ,i am a man myself4 ,moral ,values4--,ne>ly all p are moral to ! ext5t ( pref]r+ good to bad :5 !y h no?+ at /ake1 z1 = example1 :5 react+ to m]ely imag9>y p 9 a /ory4 ,!y side ) ! h]o aga9/ ! villa94 ,read]s ) a discrim9at+ s5se ( moral values are likely to be ali5at$ by a "*1 suppos$ to be good1 :o is made to act contr>y to good morals or e?ics by ! app>5tly unconsci\s au?or4 ,read]s )\t ?is discrim9at+ s5se are a moral responsibility laid ^u ! au?or2 he is culpable if he /ill fur!r befogs _! #adj discrim9ation betwe5 "r & wrong by w9n+ _! approval ( a "* & !n lett+ t "* s$uce !m unaw>es into bad e?ics4 ,fiction is m ?an a reflection ( ! times2 x is a build] ( its contemporane\s ?\ght & morality4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to "n ! five greate/ influ5ces ^u ! "* ( a p ,i %\ld mo/ emphatically include fiction & x w\ld be ne>] fir/ ?an la/ among ! five4 ,wat* its effect ^u y\r *ild4 ,if y are ( analytical turn1 seek f> back 9 memory = ! orig9 ( y\r own e?ical /&>ds & ideals1 or = ! influ5ces t /r5g!n$ or weak5$ !m4 ,wat* ! mass ( p respond to ! /&>ds held up by fiction--& by ! drama1 motion-pictures & o!r =ms ( art4 ,d n swall[ ! excuse t !y only give :at ! p dem&2 ^? ( y on ! inside w "k bett]4 ,i "k ! def5ses (f]$ = ! pic>esque /ory4 ,i am famili> ) ! plea ( art = art's sake4 ,x seems to me m]e idle talk4 ,art is = life1 n life = art1 & if art1 h[ev] ju/ifi$ by its own laws1 #ada pollutes ! s\l ( a p1 !n ! cause ( t pollution %\ld be wip$ out4 ,realism & ! spread ( k c ju/ify a picture ( life z x is1 ?\gh too (t5 ! au?or's real int]e/ is n 9 ! reality ( :at he pres5ts b 9 its ugl9ess4 ,an au?or is ju/ifi$ 9 us+ fiction z an in/rum5t aga9/ :at he s9c]ely believes mi/ak5 morality1 ?\gh 8 own morality is impea*$ if he v5tures 8 diss5t )\t mo/ anxi\s consid]ation ( ! s]i\sness ( :at he is do+4 ,b !re is no excuse :atev] = pres5t+ ugl9ess z beauty1 crime dress$ 9 honor1 vice z admirable1 crook$ness z amus+1 rott5ness z normal1 evil z good4 ,he :o makes a crim9al a h]o is play+ ) hell-fire1 if ,i may use s old-fa%ion$ a metaphor4 ,he :o writes a /ory ( crime triumphant is a debau*] ( public morals4 ,he :o pres5ts1 h[ev] b$eck$ & disguis$1 a p>asite1 a fop1 a hypocrite1 a brute1 a crook1 z admirable is a dry-rot 9 ! he>t ( ! p4 ,he :o fills 8 /ories ) sex1 n = ! purposes ( hone/ realism b = ! sake ( sex-excit+ m nickels f human be+s1 is f> l[] & less c\rage\s ?an ! pimp4 #adb ,i c n ask y to accept my po9t ( view 9 ^! matt]s1 yet1 because ( ! broadca/1 invidi\s evil involv$ & because ! morality ( fiction seems a ?+ seldom t\*$ ^u by text-books1 ,i d ask t y weigh y\r responsibilities4 ,a surpris+ numb] ( (f5ses are purely inadv]t5t & are eag]ly correct$ by ! au?ors :5 po9t$ out1 = mo/ writ]s are n evil 9 int5t4 ,^! slips1 at lea/1 c be m gu>d$ aga9/1 = !y are due m to lack ( c>eful weigh+ ?an to lack ( a moral s5se4 ,"o common & easily detect$ lapse is ! use ( ! pr9ciple t ! end ju/ifies ! means--! philan?ropic crim9al1 = example1 by emulat+ :om any "o c ju/ify almo/ any?+ he wi%es to d4 ,f ! purely practical po9t ( view ^! ?+s are = ! mo/ "p irritations to ! discrim9at+4 ,(t5 ) ! undiscrim9at+ !y add no?+ to ! /ory's effectiv5ess1 ?\gh op]at+ 9 real life aft] ! /ory itself is =gott54 ,z to ! popul> & f9ancial success ( pollut+ fiction y w notice t ! public is suffici5tly s\nd usually to react ev5tually1 #adc especially if giv5 half a *ance1 aga9/ ! v ?+ x has embrac$4 ,ne$less ,(f5ses4--,write x d[n 9 r$ ink t any slur ^u any religion t creeps into y\r /ory w cause ev]y?+ else to be =gott5 by "s ( y\r read]s 9 _! indignation ov] t affront4 ,& make up y\r m9d t any?+ (f]+ ev5 ! mo/ remote possibility ( be+ twi/$ into a slur w assur$ly be s twi/$4 ,prote/ants1 ,ca?olics1 ,jews1 ,sci5ti/s1 all h repres5tatives ) *ips balanc$ on ! edge ( _! %\ld]s4 ,g5]ally ! slur is tak5 z a delib]ate insult on ! "p ( bo? au?or & editor1 (t5 z sure evid5ce ( a sy/ematic campaign ( propag&a4 ,if ! h]o happ5s to be a m9i/]1 prie/1 rabbi or read]1 o!r sects accuse y ( propag&a 9 favor ( ! p>ticul> religion involv$4 ,if ! villa9 happ5s to be "o ( ^!1 !n x is foll[]s ( ! religion involv$ :o compla94 ,m1 ! villa9 ne$ be only a foll[] ( "s religion to convict y ( feloni\s assault ^u t religion itself4 ,=tunately1 villa9s g5]ally h no religion to speak (1 b sometimes x is ess5tial #add to ! /ory's be/ int]e/s to include !m at lea/ =mally 9 "s p>ticul> fold4 ,:5 x is1 d s1 tak+ c>e to avoid any fa9t sugge/ion ( connection betwe5 _! villa9y & _! fai?4 ,! type ( m9d t consid]s ! villa9y ( a s+le fictional "* an attack on a religion z a :ole c be giv5 consid]ation only )9 ! b\nds ( reason4 ,read]s are s5sitive1 too1 on ! subject ( race4 ,we h a say+ 9 ! (fice t ! only safe villa9 is an a!i/ ,am]ican4 ,s9ce #aiag a!i/ ,g]mans c be us$2 9 fact1 !y are be+ us$ until ! monotony ( x is we>+4 ,a ,sw$e z villa9 is tak5 by "s z sure sign ( malignant p]secution ( ! ,sw$es1 an ,engli% h]o proves anti-,iri% propag&a1 ( late ev5 ,mexicans & ,spani>ds beg9 to prote/ aga9/ a fell[ c\ntryman's be+ us$ z villa91 ?us robb+ au?ors ( a "t-honor$ res\rce4 ,ev5 local pride rallies to ! attack if fiction happ5s to pa9t its locality 9 unpleas+ colors4 ,write y\r /ory accord+ to its j dem&s1 b avoid ne$lessly trampl+ ^u ! toes ( any ( y\r read]s4 ,sore toes #ade are n conducive to ! imposition ( successful illusions4 ,positive vs4 ,negative ,plots4--,lack ( consid]ation ( ?is fundam5tal "q leads _m writ]s into los+1 unconsci\sly & (t5 ne$lessly1 "o /rong1 elem5tal hold ^u ! sympa?ies ( _! read]s4 ,human be+s l a h]o bett] ?an a villa94 ,!y enjoy success m ?an failure1 con/ruction bett] ?an de/ruction4 ,consequ5tly !y d]ive m pleasure f foll[+ to success ! =tunes ( a h]o1 ) :om !y sympa?ize or id5tify !mselves1 ?an f foll[+ to failure ! =tunes ( a villa91 :o /&s always = ! opposition4 ,bo? appeals are /rong1 b ! po9t is t ! fir/ is ess5tially ! /rong]4 ,analyze a little fur!r ! read]'s reactions to a negative plot4 ,! villa9 is ! c5tral "*1 ! c\rse ( ^: =tunes =ms ! ?read ( ! /ory4 ,! read]1 ( c\rse1 kn[s ?is f ! />t4 ,he kn[s1 too1 f exp]i5ce ) fiction1 t ?is villa9 is almo/ surely doom$ to failure & possibly dea? & t ! int]e/ ( ! /ory lies 9 wat*+ him be #adf hunt$ d[n1 defeat 8 own ends or get caught 9 a net4 ,a /rong int]e/1 assur$ly1 b inh]5tly second 9 /r5g? & lure to t ( a positive plot4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! read] kn[s t he is go+ to a fun]al1 real or metaphorical4 ,"s p l t above all o!r ?+s1 b mo/ d n4 ,v5geance is /rong 9 appeal1 b at be/ v5geance is only an attempt$ & inadequate comp5sation = loss ( success or p]fection4 ,second1 ! read] c give only divid$ int]e/ & allegiance4 ,he g5]ally pref]s t "r %\ld triumph1 s he arrays 8 sympa?ies aga9/ ! villa91 b fiction exp]i5ce has firmly fix$ 9 him ! habit ( array+ himself ) ! c5tral "*1 9 ?is case ! villa94 ,! usual result is t 8 int]e/ has to /raddle--divide2 he is at w> ) himself ?r\gh\t ! /ory4 ,if ! villa9 succe$s1 ! read]'s moral s5se is hurt4 ,if ! villa9 fails1 ! read]'s primal sympa?y ) ! c5tral "* ( a n>rative is hurt4 ,he c't h an unre/ra9$ good "t no matt] :at happ5s4 ,& 8 fundam5tal purpose 9 read+ fiction is to h a good "t4 #adg ,fiction ) only positive plots w\ld be monoton\s & ! negative plot gives a ne$$ relief1 b :5 y turn to x rememb] y are "u ! h&icap ( a weak5$ hold ^u y\r read]s4 ,re/ra9t at ! ,wrong ,"t4--,h y ev] consid]$ h[ (t5 ! read] is robb$ ( 8 vic>i\s enjoym5t by be+ hurri$ on :5 he'd really l to /op & revel or gloat8 ,= example1 take ! villa94 ,aft] a c>e] ( helli% atrocities & madd5+ injuries to o!rs1 (t5 caus+ ye>s ( suff]+1 he is paid back dur+ ! few seconds requir$ to make a quick neat bullet-hole ?r\gh 8 =ehead or to plunge him ov] a cliff4 ,i confess myself un-,*ri/ian en\gh to long = a m proportionate puni%m5t4 ,s d all o!r read]s ,i h que/ion$4 ,take ! lo/-treasure /ory = ano!r bald1 extreme example4 ,aft] pursu+ ! treasure ?r\gh a :ole /ory ( ob/acles & /ra9 y f9ally get x4 ,! au?or tells y y h x & promptly drops ! curta94 ,y don't get a *ance to run ! d\bloons ?r\gh y\r f+]s1 to f+] ! jewels1 to sit on ! b> silv]1 to review #adh happily all ! pleasant ?+s y c d ) x4 ,yet if y really f\nd a treasure1 9 ^? fir/ mom5ts ( f9al atta9m5t all ! long /ruggle = x might become z no?+ &1 9 look+ back1 ^! might be ! mom5ts mo/ vivid & colorful4 ,g5]ally :5 /ory p f9d ! treasure !y don't seem to c>e a hang4 ,9 real life !re w\ld be drunk5ness or delirium ( joy4 ,edw9 ,lefvre fir/ call$ my att5tion to ?is cruelty by au?ors1 v[+ to write a treasure /ory 9 :i* ! read] w\ld h a real *ance to gloat4 ,if he does s1 ,i've an idea mo/ ( u w get p>ticul> enjoym5t !refrom4 ,& ! love-/ory4 ,! monotony ( :at is te*nically & vulg>ly kn[n z ! cl9* at ! end is s\nd reason = n always c>ry+ ! read] q t f> along ! pa? ( true love1 & yet1 9 spite ( all our sophi/ication1 don't mo/ ( u d[n 9 our he>ts enjoy t satisfy+ culm9ation ( ! ev5ts we've be5 foll[+ ) s mu* int]e/8 ,wasn't x :at we wi%$ to happ58 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we enjoy leav+ be=e x does happ51 c>ry+ ) u only a h9t or an inf]5ce t #adi x w\ld happ5 at all8 ,to be sure1 we c imag9e ! sc5e to suit ea* 8 own p>ticul> fancy in/ead ( hav+ to accept ! au?or's1 &1 h[ev] individual ! /ory may h be51 ! cl9* is comp>atively a /&>diz$ p]=mance ) few] enticem5ts ( novelty1 & yet--mo/ human be+s are human be+s4 ,! above are crude illu/rations1 b !y illu/rate an important pr9ciple 9 ! bus9ess ( pleas+ a read]4 ,! usual failure to take advantage ( ! opportunity is only ano!r "o ( ! ?\s& losses ( advantage result+ f n tra9+ writ]s to habitual weigh+ ( ! read]'s reactions1 p>ticul>ly 8 elem5tal reactions4 ,proportionate space & emphasis 9 a /ory mu/ be det]m9$ prim>ily by relation to plot1 b ! object ( plot is int]e/ & if y c1 )\t mu* or any loss 9 g5]al proportion1 give ! read] some:at m play at ?is or t po9t = ! natural reactions he wi%es to ex]cise1 :y n pleasure him in/ead ( suppress+ him8 ,x is n a "q ( pleasant v]sus unpleasant reactions1 b ( :atev] ! read] happ5s to feel4 ,x may be horror or #aej "s o!r unhappy emotion = :i* he desires m "t & space4 ,! important ?+ is to give him :at he desires4 ,talk+ ,d[n to ! ,read]4--,naturally no read] likes x & illusion suff]s 9 consequ5ce4 ,don't be a s*oolma/] or an encyclop$ia to him4 ,if x's necess>y to give him in=mation1 weave x g5tly & unobtrusively into ! /ory4 ,don't tell him ?+s he is almo/ sure to "k already4 ,treat him z an equal2 don't speak d[n to him f a sup]ior height4 ,x seems bad ta/e1 z well z a loss 9 effectiv5ess1 to ask a read]'s int]e/ 9 y\r *>act]s & !n sne] at !m y\rself4 ,if y are ask+ him to jo9 y 9 ! sne]+1 he may pref] a m k9dly & c\rte\s attitude & be irritat$ at y & y\r invitation4 ,g5]al ,irritations & a ,g5]al ,recipe4--,mo/ ( ! po9ts cov]$ 9 ! la/ five *apt]s h g5]al application to ! read]'s likes & dislikes4 ,note ?is3 ,on mo/ po9ts be>+ on ! writ+ ( fiction1 a well-?\ght-out violation ( ! g5]al rule or cu/om c (t5 increase effectiv5ess4 ,old me?ods & =mulas1 #aea h[ev] s\nd z a g5]al rule1 lose 9 effect ?r\gh endless repetition4 ,!y h become usual1 h worn d[n _! orig9al hold1 ! read] kn[s :at to expect4 ,give him some?+ diff]5t & he is grateful4 ,m]ely to be on ! look\t = su* opportunities is good = y 9 t x keeps y f fall+ into ! hopeless rut ( r\t9e & slav]y to rules4 ,fir/-,p]son ,n>ratives4--,d read]s pref] !m8 ,i ?9k nobody kn[s--nor w "k until somebody takes a national c5sus on ! po9t4 ,:y n decide ! "q solely accord+ to ! dem&s ( ! p>ticul> /ory & y\r own b5t ( ability1 s9ce read]s are divid$ on ! po9t8 ,"s are irritat$ by too mu* ,i & by a po9t ( view limit$ /rictly to "o angle2 o!rs l ! unity & %>p def9it5ess ( su* a po9t ( view & fre$om f ! au?or's ,god-l ability to "k s mu* ( :at goes on 9 ! m9ds ( all ! *>act]s4 ,fool+ ! ,read]4--,mak+ a fool ( a p]son is n likely to w9 8 sympa?y4 ,!re is a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 legitimate surprise & delib]ately mak+ a #aeb read] create & live 9 an illusion & !n %[+ him he's a fool = hav+ tru/$ y to guide him aright4 ,! /ory t1 at ! v end1 proves to h be5 all a dream 7:i* ! au?or l$ ! read] into believ+ a reality7 is an example ( ?is k9d ( vaudeville horseplay4 ,two ,sett+ ,appeals4--,"s read]s get ! great] enjoym5t f sett+s & mat]ial ) :i* !y are famili>1 o!rs f ^? z f> remov$ z possible f _! daily life4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! appeal is probably t ( realism mix$ ) ! joys ( self-conceit & pride ( k1 9 ! second1 probably ( novelty & ( ! fre$om f ! imag9ation-fett]+1 homely1 r\t9e details t is s *>act]i/ic ( mo/ classic & "s mod]n trag$y4 ,"h aga9 !re is no compreh5sive laboratory k1 & ! read]'s reaction %\ld n be made ! decid+ factor :5 !re is any d\bt z to ! au?or's comp>ative ability or ! dem&s ( ! p>ticul> /ory itself4 ,9 ! case ( ! co/ume or d\blet & hose /ory1 z 9 "s o!r k9ds ( unfamili> sett+1 !re is also ! appeal ( pageantry4 #aec ,tempor>y factors play _! "p 9 influ5c+ read]s' reactions4 ,:5 ! tide ( w> fiction began to ebb !re 0 a noticeable read] reaction t[>d any?+ t w\ld take "o's ?\ghts away f ! ,great ,w>4 ,! magaz9es sudd5ly %ut _! doors aga9/ /ories ( ! w>1 b ! m]e abs5ce ( ^! 0 n en\gh3 !re arose a noticeable dem& = fiction t w\ld c>ry "o cle> out ( ^! mod]n times into pa/ eras ( great] simplicity & less :olesale horror4 ,w> itself 0 n taboo$1 b x mu/ be w> ( ! old-fa%ion$ k9d4 #aed ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,plot ,,& ,,/ructure ,?r\gh\t all nature1 ?r\gh\t ! univ]se s f> z we "k x1 !re is a basic t5d5cy t[>d unity & gr[?4 ,! t5d5cy is ( c\rse pres5t 9 ! human m9d4 ,t is :y ! human m9d dem&s plot & /ructure 9 fiction4 ,9 nature's high] manife/ations ( plant & animal ! dem& = unity progresses into a dem& = organic /ructure1 an assemblage ( p>ts ^: respective (fices & limitations are det]m9$ by _! relation to ! :ole & :i* !re=e1 9 addition to _! intr9sic value1 assume a relative value t outranks ! intr9sic4 ,add to ! t5d5cies ( unity & gr[? a t5d5cy t[>d limit ( gr[?1 or p]fection4 ,fiction plot is ! result ( ^! ?ree univ]sal dem&s1 & be>+ !m 9 m9d is a s\nd f\ndation f :i* to consid] all problems 9 connection ) plot4 #aee ,a simil> process ( reason+ f elem5tal beg9n+s w\ld1 if rel5tlessly appli$ to ! laws1 traditions & sup]/itions ( art1 d m ?an any?+ else to free x f *aff1 artificialities & misconceptions t h atta*$ !mselves to x4 ,!re is ev5 advantage 9 consid]+ examples f nature = ! sake ( cle>] und]/&+ ( ! nature & requirem5ts ( plot4 ,y already "k :at plot is1 b see :e!r comp>ison ) ! foll[+ w n cry/allize y\r concept ( x to a degree t w make y l>gely indep5d5t ( rules & regulations3 ,a riv]-sy/em1 a riv] & its network ( tribut>ies1 is l a plot4 ,a unity ) gr[? 9 a s+le g5]al direction ) its m\? z climax or limit ( gr[?2 _m elem5ts comb9+ smoo?ly & p]fectly into "o4 ,! tap-root & subsidi>y roots ( _m plants furni% a simil> illu/ration4 ,a tree's framework is an inv]t$ example4 ,a rope ( v9es or1 m cle>ly1 a man-made piece ( rope 9 ! process ( mak+ ) ! loose /r&s ga!r$ at "o end into a closely knit ma9 l9e4 #aef ,a sn[-slide =c$ by ! t]ra9 to conv]ge all its mat]ial into a n>r[ gap at ! foot ( ! slope4 ,x w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 a pity if all trees & all riv]-sy/ems 7 made 9 /rict accordance ) "o patt]n1 z ! rules s l>gely dem& ( plot-build+4 ,yet ei!r tree or riv]-sy/em w\ld be no long] su*--& a sad spectacle inde$--if x 7 cut into bits1 7 l>ge :]e x %\ld be small or 7 o!rwise *ang$ f its ess5tial nature4 ,/ructure4--,x has be5 said t ! %ort /ory is f> m exact+ ?an ! novel 9 dem& = /rict unification & rigid en=cem5t ( relative values4 ,t is true 9 practise & ,i am n sure t x isn't true 9 !ory4 ,p]haps ! novel escapes ?r\gh m]e laz9ess or inability ( writ] & read] to create & receive s l>ge a unit p]fectly con/ruct$ 9 all its _m details4 ,p]haps1 on ! o!r h&1 ! novel is a m natural expression by ! writ] & a m natural & desir$ =m = ! read]4 ,p]haps1 if we draw ! di/9ction betwe5 novel & romance1 only ! latt] %\ld be held to ! /rict requirem5ts ( %ort-/ory /ructure4 #aeg ,to take ! =m ( /ricte/ requirem5ts1 ,i h f\nd only "o rule t seems 9 practise to produce satisfactory results3 ,! %ort /ory has "o ma9 po9t & only "o4 ,x may be ! climax ( a c\rse ( ev5ts1 an aspect ( life1 a psy*ological impasse1 :at y w4 ,b !re mu/ be only "o ( x4 ,e o!r elem5t 9 ! /ory1 e scrap ( mat]ial1 e bit ( color1 e human trait1 ev]y?+ 9 ! /ory1 mu/ be subsidi>y to ! ma9 po9t4 ,no elem5ts are ev5 admitt$ to ! /ory unless !y s]ve 9 develop+ ! ma9 po9t4 ,:5 admitt$ !y get space & emphasis only 9 proportion to t s]vice4 ,no "o ( !m is valuable 9 itself2 _! values are :olly relative1 n intr9sic4 7,( c\rse1 !re is no reason = n ab&on+ ?is pr9ciple on occasion if y are sure y c bett] satisfy y\r read]s by s do+47 ,violations ( ,unity4--,compell+ y\r read] to foll[ alt]nately two sets ( *>act]s 9 two sets ( sc5es is dang]\s1 s9ce x violates unity unless ! read] is kept ke5ly consci\s ( _! inevitable conv]g5ce ^u "o po9t4 ,hopp+ back & =? 9 ! "t ( ! action is 9 mo/ #aeh cases fatal to unity4 ,%ift+ ! po9t ( view is object$ to on gr\nds ( violat$ unity--tell+ y\r /ory fir/ f ! angle f :i* ev5ts are se5 by "o "*1 !n f ! angle ( ano!r "* or f t ( ! au?or4 ,d n leave loose /r&s dangl+ along y\r rope1 l a m9or "* :o vani%es )\t ne$$ explanation1 or a l9e ( endeavor sudd5ly ab&on$ )\t a ^w4 ,too _m *>act]s are n only an ob/acle to cle>ness b greatly increase ! difficulty ( unification4 ,d n attempt to include too mu* mat]ial1 color1 life-hi/ory or any?+ else4 ,if y\r /ory refuses to unify satisfactorily x may be because y are us+ m elem5ts ?an y are able to h&le4 ,ev5 if y c h&le all y h1 be sure t ! expanse ( y\r canvass is n great] ?an ! read] c look at conv5i5tly & )\t miss+ "s ( x4 ,9 a g5]al way x is well to tuck x 9 at ! edges1 s to speak1 & enclose x 9 a fairly def9ite picture-frame4 ,hold+ ,read] to ,correct ,plot ,l9e4--,x is #aei n suffici5t to select & assemble ! prop] elem5ts accord+ to _! relative values4 ,! assignm5t ( prop] relative space & emphasis mu/ be manag$ ) su* nicety t ! read] c n mi/ake _! common direction4 ,he may be kept f k ( ! goal1 b he mu/ "k & feel t ev]y?+ 9 ! /ory1 c>ry+ him along ) x1 is sweep+ along 9 "o s+le g5]al direction4 ,if he is on a tribut>y fl[+ s\?we/ he mu/ "k t x is a tribut>y1 n ! ma9 /ream1 t x fl[s s\?we/ & t ! ma9 /ream1 :ile x may fl[ s\?we/1 s\? or s\?-ea/1 w h>dly fl[ nor?4 ,a read] t5ds to anticipate1 to ca/ ahead4 ,make sure t1 :ile y hold f him suffici5t to make any desir$ surprise effective1 he does n wa/e 8 att5tion-/r5g? by ca/+ ahead ov] false trails lead+ away f y\r g5]al direction4 ,9 o!r words1 keep him 9 h& f />t to f9i%1 be+ sure 8 feet foll[ y\r pa? 9 y\r direction4 ,to in/ill a s5se ( plot1 "o mu/ ei!r g into endless rules1 exceptions1 diagrams & analyses or else pres5t only ! fundam5tals #afj & common] guide-po/s1 leav+ ! writ] to develop 8 own ability4 ,!re has be5 too mu* ( ! =m] me?od & ,i %all n attempt to add fur!r initiative-kill+ rules1 p>ticul>ly z ,i believe t ! majority ( fiction rules c (t5 be violat$ ) good results4 ,non-,con=mi/ ,plot & ,/ructure4--,no rule = fiction has a s\nd basis unless x is gr\nd$ on "s su* elem5tal 9 human nature z an in/9ctive desire = gr[?1 unity1 complet5ess1 a r\nd$-out :ole1 symmetry1 rhy?m1 contra/1 & s =?4 ,b ev5 an elem5tal desire c be l$ to ! po9t ( tempor>y satiety1 ev5 contra/ itself4 ,monotony is und\bt$ly monoton\s4 ,consid] ! read]4 ,f$ ye> aft] ye> ) ! results ( ! same rules1 ) ! same lit]>y devices1 ! same g5]al plots & end+s1 ! same signs along ! way1 isn't 8 appetite = /&>d food sure to be dull$ at int]vals8 ,he is f> wis] & m sophi/icat$ 9 fiction ?an y probably ?9k2 if he goes "r on eat+ /&>d food x is (t5 because he f9ds a sc>city ( o!r k9ds4 ,:y n /udy ! condition ( #afa 8 appetite1 e/imat+ f h[ mu* ( c]ta9 k9ds ( food he has _h to eat & = h[ long1 & !n make a bus9ess ( fe$+ him a new k9d until he tires ( x 9 turn8 ,a mo/ unlit]>y sugge/ion8 ,p]haps1 b ,i %\ld n :olly reli% ! task ( prov+ x su*4 ,!re are1 at lea/1 c]ta9 fa%ions 9 fiction & ev5 9 lit]ature t *ange & *ange back ) ! ye>s4 ,! co/ume /ory reigns1 s9ks into oblivion1 reigns aga94 ,! au?or *ats himself into 8 /ories1 keeps out ( !m1 ent]s once m to *at aga94 ,romance & realism alt]nate 9 favor4 ,! critics p]mit x1 ?\gh sne]+ p]haps at ea* *ange1 j z !y are incl9$ to sne] at bo? *ange & p]man5ce !mselves4 ,:y n o!r *anges8 ,= example1 m *anges f ! rules ( plot8 ,_m fairly radical *anges1 inde$1 c\ld be made )\t violation ( ! really fundam5tal rules4 ,"h is ! /ory ( an int]e/+ laboratory exp]im5t on ! reactions ( read]s4 ,dur+ ! w> our manag+ editor 0 /ation$ 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ (fic]s' #afb tra9+ camps4 ,he made a bus9ess ( wat*+ ! reactions ( 8 comrades to magaz9e fiction & ( c\rse to our own magaz9e 9 p>ticul>4 ,x happ5$ t an au?or ask$ me to decide a "q = him4 ,he 0 writ+ a novelette ar\nd an hi/orical "* & f\nd himself on ! horns ( a dilemma4 ,ei!r he mu/ d extreme viol5ce to ! facts ( t fam\s p]son's life1 p>ticul>ly z to sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 or else ab&on any attempt at a real fiction plot4 ,i sugge/$ t he ab&on ! attempt at plot & /ructure & make ! /ory practically a m]e runn+ n>rative4 ,9 ! tra9+ camp ! results ( t exp]im5t 7 />tl+ & v sugge/ive4 ,among all ! /ories 9 books & magaz9es t /ructureless novelette report$ by f> ! mo/ comm5t & praise4 ,! mo/ valuable po9t 0 t ! read]s 7 suffici5tly analytical to "k1 & /ate1 exactly :y !y lik$ x3 ,diff]5t f o!r /ories4 ,c\ldn't tell :at 0 go+ to happ54 ,c\ldn't pr$ict ! end aft] read+ a ?ird ( ! way4 ,l real life4 ,_m ( !m _h read num]\s o!r /ories by ! same au?or1 ,hugh ,p5dext]1 #afc deal+ ) simil> mat]ial & times1 b all ^! /ories _h con=m$ to ! laws ( plot & /ructure4 ,practically none ( ! read]s 0 suffici5tly famili> ) ! hi/orical "*'s life to "k ! mat]ial 9 advance4 ,ano!r laboratory exp]im5t4 ,"o day 9 ! (fice "s "o sugge/$ we hadn't _h a des]t isl& /ory = a long :ile & ought to get "o4 ,all agre$1 b ( c\rse ) no en?usiasm2 all ( u c\ld tell t /ory 9 its ess5tials be=e x 0 ev5 writt54 ,!n "s "o wi%$ !y'd write des]t isl& /ories t 7 diff]5t4 ,all sev5 ( u fell to outl9+ ! k9d we'd l p]sonally4 ,all sev5 agre$4 ,all want$ ! usual props left out & all want$ ! ca/aways to h a real & a reali/ic /ruggle = exi/5ce--no self-sacrific+ fi%1 z "o put x4 ,!re 7 to be no practical speciali/s l eng9e]s1 sailors1 c>p5t]s & botani/s 9 ! p>ty4 ,j e-day p l ourselves4 ,!n we figur$ t1 if ?is 0 ! k9d ( /ory all ( u crav$1 !re 7 probably _m read]s1 j z sophi/icat$ or f$ up z we1 :o also w\ld welcome ?is #afd dep>ture4 ,we pres5t$ ! problem to ,j4 ,allan ,dunn1 ask+ :e!r he c>$ to write a des]t isl& novelette )\t any ( ! usual mat]ial !re=1 no savages1 volcanoes1 wom51 cocoanuts1 socialism1 rival p>ty1 tropical vegetation1 fi]ce bea/s1 animals wait+ = dome/ication1 no speciali/s 9 ! p>ty1 no supplies to draw f1 no?+1 n ev5 a p5-knife or wat*-cry/al4 ,ea* ( u wrote out a li/ ( ! ?+s he knew or c\ld d t might be useful 9 ! circum/ances--unspecializ$ &1 mo/ly1 meag] li/s4 ,he accept$1 aft] ju/ifi$ hesitation4 ,we modifi$ our t]ms to p]mit him wild dogs & wild bo>s = excitem5t1 meat & lea!r1 b x 0 und]/ood t action1 int]e/ & :atev] plot prov$ possible 7 to be drawn f ! b>eh&$ /ruggle ) nature = exi/5ce4 ,! conditions & circum/ances 7 giv5 to our read]s along ) ! publi%$ /ory4 ,x won a /rong] response f !m ?an _h any o!r /ory we'd publi%$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,?is f ! audi5ce ( a magaz9e devot$ prim>ily to action /ories ( :i* ! usual des]t isl& /ory is a #afe fairly repres5tative type1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is audi5ce has be5 recruit$ f among ^? :o pref] m n\ri%+ meat along ) ! action1 insi/ ^u a s\nd basis ( fact or probability & are too sophi/icat$ n to h tir$ ( ! usual hack melodrama4 ,^! two exp]im5ts are at lea/ sugge/ive4 ,y c d\btless recall f y\r own exp]i5ce /ories t regi/]$ /rongly on y because ( v>iance f ! usual types4 ,g5]ally1 if ! /ory succe$s1 ! v>iance is attribut$ to g5ius or unusual gifts2 z a matt] ( fact x is 9 mo/ cases due ei!r to accid5t or to a m]e common-s5se /udy ( read]s & :at c be expect$ to h dull$ _! appetites4 ,end+ a ,/ory4--,v>iance f type 9 ! end+ is ( p>ticul> value4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be an end+ logically belong+ to ! /ory1 b surprise1 or at lea/ *ange1 is entirely possible4 ,yet is !re any escape f ! happy ev] aft] end+ ( a love-/ory8 ,i suppose & hope s1 b h my d\bts except z to ! r>e/ in/ances4 ,a love-/ory )\t at lea/ ! sugge/ion ( m>riage or its #aff sub/itute z end+ seems consid]$ almo/ z desolate z a love-/ory )\t ei!r love or /ory4 ,r5unciation is a rev]sal ( happy ev] aft] r ?an a v>iation1 & n g5]ally popul>4 ,dea? is v grudg+ly accept$ z a sub/itute4 ,i've made e>ne/ ef=t to secure v>iants--p>ties decide to be fri5ds in/ead1 "o p>ty proves to love a ?ird p>ty or gr[s we>y ( ! second1 p>ties qu>rel & omit mak+ up1 dea? ( ei!r or ( all h&s1 any?+ = a *ange4 ,no results except a dea?-rate well "u "o p] c5t4 ,p]haps x is because writ]s believe editors w n accept v>iants f ! happy ev] aft]4 ,i suspect _! belief is well f\nd$1 b ,i wond] :e!r 9 ?is case ! editorial attitude is n solidly bas$ on a d[nright insi/5ce f human-be+ read]s4 ,unhappy end+s8 ,! m9ority l !m1 ! majority d n4 ,i c v5ture no?+ m except t ! size ( ! m9ority increases if ! l9e is drawn n betwe5 unhappy & happy b betwe5 end+s t leave ! read] depress$ & ^? t leave him uplift$4 ,?r\gh ! #afg latt]1 ) _! appeal ( pa?os or high trag$y1 !re is decid$ opportunity = comp>ative v>iation f ! usual4 ,at ! end ( a /ory ,i ?9k mo/ read]s r res5t loose /r&s ( plot left unti$1 l m9or *>act]s ( ^: future no glimpse is af=d$ or "s m9or ent]prise t has run ?r\gh ! plot only to h its fate a my/]y at ! end4 ,skill1 p>ticul>ly 9 unify+ sev]ely to ! c5tral po9t1 c make ! read] =get ! disappe>ance ( m9or /r&s at ! v end1 b x is well to rememb] t mo/ read]s h a heal?y s5se ( legitimate curiosity4 ,beg9n+ a ,/ory4--,at ! fir/ ^w ( y\r /ory ! read] kn[s no?+ conc]n+ x except :at title1 illu/rations & cont5ts-page may h told him4 ,g5]ally he doesn't "k :e!r x is laid 9 ,africa1 ,alaska or ,new ,york ,city1 or :e!r x is ( to-day1 #ahij or #agjj4 ,! m quickly y tell him1 ! m quickly c y draw him into y\r illusion4 ,if y wait1 y almo/ c]ta9ly confuse & irritate him4 ,/ory aft] /ory comes 9 to editors t leaves ! read] grop+ & unable to settle d[n until long aft] x is "u way2 (t5 #afh he doesn't le>n :]e he is until he has w&]$ ?r\gh sev]al pages4 ,ev5 a p>agraph is too long a wait--& wa/e4 ,y ne$ n make a bus9ess ( plac>d+ date & place1 b !re are a myriad ways ( introduc+ him quickly to bo?4 ,failure to d ?is is s common & s extremely injuri\s to ! /ory's effectiv5ess t x af=ds a mo/ /rik+ example ( ! disa/r\s effects ( giv+ m att5tion to rules ?an to common s5se & ( n drill+ into ! v bones ( writ]s ! necessity ( wat*+ & measur+ _! /ories con/antly f ! po9t ( view ( read]s4 ,ano!r common & bad mi/ake is to pres5t any b a ma9 "* fir/1 pref]ably ! ma9 "*4 ,inde$1 9 ! %ort /ory p]fect unification almo/ dem&s t he be fir/ on ! /age4 ,b !re is a common-s5se reason aside f t ( unity & c5tralization4 ,long exp]i5ce ) fiction has taught read]s t ! fir/ "* to appe> is ne>ly always ! ma9 "*1 !re=e :atev] "* gets ! initial spot-light is promptly seiz$ ^u by !m z ! ma9 "o4 ,if he isn't1 !y h to let g ( ! /ory illusion !y are already build+ & />t #afi build+ a new "o ar\nd a new c5t] & feel r fooli% or *eat$ & irritat$4 ,z 9 ! case ( n sett+ "t & sc5e1 ! writ] has fail$ to hold !m to ! correct plot l9e--ev5 to />t !m on x4 ,( :at avail is k ( te*nique1 or ! pres5t me?od ( tea*+ te*nique1 if x fails to impress su* horse-s5se po9ts z ^!8 ,suffici5t skill c introduce ! c5tral "* :5 & h[ x pleases1 b mo/ writ]s lack x4 ,9 ! case ( ! drama !re is no h>m 9 m9or *>act]s appe>+ fir/4 ,/age cu/om has e/abli%$ ?is1 n ! o!r1 z ! cu/om4 ,also1 ! /age1 be+ bett] able to /udy its patrons at fir/-h&1 has realiz$ ! cata/rophe ( lett+ !m /ray f ! correct plot l9e & gu>ds aga9/ x by giv+ out programs 9 advance z keys to ca/e 7) *>act]s li/$ 9 ord] ( appe>ance71 sc5e1 "t & sometimes ev5 m2 ! rise ( ! curta9 in/antly gives ! audi5ce its be>+s 9 a g5]al way1 & />1 sc5e1 "t & ev5 plot are frequ5tly kn[n be=e ent]+ ! !at]4 ,writ]s ( fiction c\ld pr(it trem5d\sly by c>eful /udy ( ! necess>ily practical te*nique--or common s5se--( ! !at]4 #agj ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,"* ,= broade/ popul>ity possibly ! prime s+le requisite 9 fiction is action plot1 b1 if s1 "* draw+ is at lea/ a close second4 ,human nature's int]e/ 9 human nature is undy+ & int5se4 ,by ! te/s ( ! some:at indef9ite ?+ we call lit]ature1 "* probably ranks fir/4 ,action1 on ! o!r h&1 seems ! m primitive & ! m fundam5tal2 e>ly man und\bt$ly act$ fir/ & ?\ght lat]2 :5 he le>n$ to analyze 8 fell[s x 0 = purposes ( action4 ,an ,exp]im5t4--,x is int]e/+ to look back ov] ! c5turies & consid] ! /ories t h _h suffici5t hold to endure4 ,:i* d y rememb] fir/ & ! mo/ di/9ctly1 ,%]lock ,holmes1 ,mulvaney1 ,ri*>d ,fev]il1 ,amyas ,leigh1 ,john ,silv]1 ,becky ,%>pe1 ,old #aga ,scrooge1 ,quasimodo1 ,don ,quixote1 ,fal/aff1 ,hamlet1 ,lady ,macbe?1 ,fau/1 etc41 or ! plots & action 9 :i* !y 7 conc]n$8 ,ar?ur1 ,tri/an1 ,rol&1 ,siegfri$1 ,f9n ,mc,cool1 etc41 or _! adv5tures8 ,a5eas1 ,hector1 ,ulysses1 etc41 or :at !y did8 ,i h made no laboratory te/s on o!r p1 s c risk no conclusions f ?is te/ beyond v5tur+ t1 z ! race grew old] & its lit]ature develop$1 "* int]e/ t5d$ to take fir/ place ov] ! m primitive action appeal4 ,make y\r own te/s1 all[+ = ! diff]5ces betwe5 /ories ( ! la/ few c5turies & ^? ( long ago4 ,aft] try+ out y\rself1 try out z _m o!r p z y c4 ,if y d1 y'll get valuable k--& und]/&+--n likely to be f\nd 9 books4 ,y'll get n only "s useful fundam5tal ideas on ! values & relative values ( plot & "*1 b possibly1 by contra/ ) o!rs1 a s\nd idea z to :e!r y\r real b5t is = plot or = "*1 &1 be/ ( all1 y w h done some?+ t[>d =m+ or /r5g!n+ #agb ! laboratory habit ( exam9+ facts in/ead ( swall[+ at !ories1 & ! habit ( ?9k+ = y\rself in/ead ( us+ ! weak5+ crut* ( accept+ o!r p's !ories t !y 9 turn probably accept$ f o!r p ad inf9itum4 ,9 any case "* draw+--human nature--is "o ( ! two mo/ important elem5ts 9 fiction4 ,yet ! lack ( x m>ks ! majority ( submitt$ manuscripts4 ,9 _m ( ^! cases x is an utt]1 total1 complete1 absolute lack1 unless y c\nt ! crude class di/9ction betwe5 h]o & villa94 ,*>act]s are m]ely prop] names1 lucky if !re is ev5 an individualiz$ or slightly individualiz$ physical body to cl+ to1 & twice lucky if said body has clo!s or habits ( its own4 ,y c lift !m out ( "o /ory & sub/itute !m 9 ano!r ) no damage to !m or to ei!r /ory & ) decid$ pr(it 9 ! case ( ! fir/4 ,x is pitiful--& madd5+4 ,! trag$y ( x is t x c easily be rem$i$ by any writ] ( av]age human intellig5ce4 ,all he ne$s = comp>atively dec5t *>act]ization is a c]ta9 v simple recipe4 #agc ,a ,recipe4--,i don't "k ^: recipe x is1 hav+ he>d x ye>s ago & =gott5 8 "n1 ?\gh ,i ?9k its accr$it$ fa!r dates back a c5tury or s1 b he %\ld be cr[n$ 9 honor & ! use ( 8 recipe made compulsory by law4 ,app>5tly n "o writ] 9 t5 ?\s& ev] ev5 he>d ( x4 ,y c dig out t recipe = y\rself by ! laboratory me?od advocat$ above1 if y w trace ,engli% lit]ature back t[>d its beg9n+s4 ,& if ,i give y a broad h9t by sugge/+ a bit ( ?\ghtful1 practical consid]ation ( ! morality plays1 y %\ld h no tr\ble at all4 ,!re x is1 simple1 elem5tal1 effective--assign to ea* p]son 9 y\r /ory "o s+le trait ( "* & make him %[ x by actions1 words1 ?\ghts4 ,c>ry x into z mu* detail z possible4 ,if ,i rememb] aright1 ! recipe's reput$ fa!r took z example a "* ^: "o trait 0 cruelty & said t if he 7 made to walk 9 a g>d5 he mu/ be made to knock (f ! heads ( fl[]s ) 8 cane z he pass$4 ,t's z f> z ! recipe goes1 s f> z #agd ,i rememb]1 b try a second elem5t>y /ep--%[ ! reaction ( ?is s+le pr$om9ant trait ^u ! o!r p]sons 9 ! /ory1 9 :at !y say to him1 d to him1 ?9k ( him1 always1 ( c\rse1 9 ! light ( _! own s+le traits4 ,?ird /ep3 ,assign "o or m p]sons a second trait1 a m9or trait1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,try x1 if y are n beyond ! ne$ ( fundam5tal sugge/ions z to *>act]ization4 ,y w n only reap a ri* h>ve/ ( concrete results b w also be gett+ a mo/ excell5t tra9+4 ,only a few days ago ,i 0 told ( a case 9 :i* x has _h a ?or\gh te/4 ,i've nev] read any?+ by ! au?or 9 "q1 b "k t he turns out a consi/5t & /eady fl[ ( books ^: sales are enorm\s ?\gh treat$ ) condesc5sion by critics ( lit]ature4 ,! report is t 9 ! actual writ+ ( 8 /ories he does n ev5 give names to 8 *>act]s b uses ! "n ( ! pr$om9ant traits he assigns to !m--,cruelty1 ,hone/y1 ,vanity1 & s on4 ,:5 ! /ory is f9i%$ he1 or p]haps 8 secret>y1 goes ?r\gh ! #age manuscript1 /rikes out ^! names ( traits & gives ea* "* :atev] "n meets g5]al requirem5ts4 ,voil6 ,p]sonally1 ,i'd give a good deal to "k :at w\ld happ5 to 8 sales if he ab&on$ ?is me?od & ! k9d ( *>act]ization x produces--to "k1 r1 :e!r he w\ld ev] h _h enorm\s sales if he _h n us$ ?is recipe4 ,j us+ ! morality plays--& ,pilgrim's ,progress--z a s\nd f\ndation4 ,maybe x's funny1 b maybe y c\ld pr(it by x y\rself4 ,heav5 kn[s t pl5ty ( writ]s c\ld6 ,tags4--,if ,i c\ld1 ,i'd hang ov] almo/ e writ]'s desk a l>ge c>d be>+ 9 v black lett]s ^! words3 ,rememb] t y\rs is n ! only /ory 9 ! _w & t x has to compete = ! read]'s att5tion ) c\ntless o!r /ories4 ,y\r int]e/ 9 x is p>ticul>iz$ & p]sonal2 8 is n4 ,also1 y already "k ev]y?+ 9 ! /ory2 he does n4 ,y may h fail$ to put on pap] "p ( :at y "k2 9 t case he w nev] "k x4 ,rememb] t y\r read] has met _m #agf p 9 real life1 =gott5 all ab\t mo/ ( !m1 includ+ _! names1 & t 9 ! great numb] ( /ories he has read he has met a f> great] numb] ( fictiti\s p :o1 along ) _! names1 fail 9 ev5 great] proportion ?an h ! real p to regi/] ^u 8 att5tion1 int]e/ & memory4 ,y are m]ely add+ a few m to 8 hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! competition is heavy4 ,y c make no headway aga9/ x if y\r /ory-p]sons are only names1 almo/ none if !y are only mildly individualiz$ & *>act]iz$1 little en\gh ev51 if !y are drawn fairly /rongly4 ,rememb]1 too1 t :5 y introduce him to m ?an two or ?ree new p !y h to compete1 also1 among !mselves--t he is likely to h difficulty ev5 9 /raight5+ !m out 9 8 m9d & connect+ ! "r "n ) ea* "*4 ,if y wi% y\r p to get & hold 8 att5tion & to h any place 9 8 memory1 y mu/ /rive ) all y\r might to m>k ea* "*1 to individualize ea* "*1 by e means )9 y\r rea*4 ,if y h n a natural gift #agg = "* draw+1 use elem5t>y me?ods4 ,! p>ticul> elem5t>y1 & v effective1 me?od ,i h 9 m9d is to hang on to ea* "* "o or m ( :at 9 ! writ+ ( plays are call$1 ,i believe1 tags4 ,x c be call$1 if y l1 adv]tis+ y\r *>act]s4 ,mo/ ( !m ne$ x4 ,or might be lik5$ to ! use ( motifs 9 op]a4 ,or y might f9d 9 x ev5 an approximation to ! conditions ( real life4 ,put a /rongly individualiz$ label on ea* ( y\r *>act]s & make ! read]s keep look+ at x4 ,?is "* cont9ually introduces 8 spee*es ) ,well n[2 t "o is always n]v\sly hit*+ up 8 tr\s]s at ! knees2 ,john ,jones is s int]e/$ 9 golf t he is p]petually dragg+ x into conv]sation2 ,myrtle is always titt]+2 ,br[n is conspicu\sly c>eful ( 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 :ile 8 bro!r ,george we>s any?+ t comes h&y & ,si/] ,isabel has almo/ a monomania = r$2 ,judson habitually looks into ! eyes ( p ) an int5t gaze t is h>d to meet2 ,h5ry 9 appe>ance & mann] sugge/s a %eep2 ! peculi> blackness ( #agh ,maude's eyes is h] mo/ m>k$ & impressive feature4 ,nev] let a "* rema9 long on ! /age )\t pres5t+ 8 tag4 ,x individualizes m /rongly ?an a "n4 ,x is a mo/ useful guide-po/ to ! read]4 ,x /rongly re9=ces "*-draw+ & may ev5 s]ve z a *eap sub/itute1 a sub/itute at any price be+ pref]able to no?+4 ,also1 x becomes an asset 9 itself1 an elem5t ( appeal t runs ! range f f>ce to trag$y & y c mix or alt]nate ^! or o!r appeals ) /rong results4 ,its effect is cumulative4 ,!re is = its intr9sic value a s\nd gr\nd+ 9 fundam5tal human nature--a read]'s unconsci\s pride & vanity 9 detect+ x z *>act]i/ic1 9 be+ able to =eca/ its com+1 8 int]e/ & consequ5t l or dislike = tags 9 real life1 8 com=t 9 hav+ m5tal tasks made easy4 ,( c\rse1 if y've drawn real "* = ! p]sons 9 y\r /ory1 make _! tags consi/5t ) "*--or1 r>ely1 9 delib]ate & evid5t contra/4 ,equally1 ( c\rse1 a tag1 l any o!r good ?+1 mu/ be h&l$ ) judgm5t & n all[$ to run riot4 #agi ,results f ,tags & ,high-,po9t ,*>act]ization4--,/udy ! foll[+ fiction *>act]s t h made a big & la/+ hit1 s mu* s t !y h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( books3 ,%]lock ,holmes1 ,capta9 ,kettle1 ,don ,q41 ,brigadi] ,g]>d1 ,t>t>91 ,d',artagnan1 ,a?os1 ,por?os1 ,aramis1 ,mulvaney1 ,or!ris1 ,le>oyd1 ,all5 ,quat]ma91 ,wall+=d2 consid] also "s *>act]s ( ,dick5s4 ,"s ( ^! are well-drawn & well r\nd$ out1 b o!rs r$uce to ! b>e bones ( ! "o-trait recipe & ! use ( tags1 really v elem5t>y creations4 ,yet all are made vivid & individualiz$ by means ( tags & /rongly emphasiz$ traits ( "*4 ,:ile ! tags1 = ! mo/ "p1 are h&l$ ) at lea/ a fair degree ( skill1 ! *>act]ization 9 "s cases1 ?\gh ( c\rse n limit$ to a s+le trait1 is incomplete1 v elem5t>y & n v well done4 ,yet all h ga9$ a /rong popul> success1 n j f ! /ories 9 :i* !y appe>1 b z *>act]s4 ,x is cle> f ! above t :ile ! "o-trait recipe & ! use ( tags d n necess>ily spell lit]ature !y are by no #ahj means incompatible ) x4 ,!y are m]ely fir/ /eps t[>d really good "* depiction4 ,_! importance 9 any tea*+ ( fiction is due *iefly to ! lam5table fact t mo/ writ]s d n take or ev5 see !m4 ,ev5 advanc$ writ]s c (t5 pr(it f consid]ation ( _! values4 ,= example1 9 a c]ta9 successful s]ies ( novelettes & novels told 9 ! fir/ p]son b c5t]+ on ano!r "*1 ! n>rator 0 almo/ entirely lack+ 9 tags & sali5t "* traits & didn't ev5 h a "n1 or a pa/1 or a body1 or1 (t51 clo!s until well along 9 ! s]ies4 ,he 0 consi/5tly drawn1 s f> z he w5t1 b almo/ colorless & ) little grip on int]e/ & memory1 ?\gh hav+ a prom95t place 9 ! plot & n ?us subord9at$ = ! sake ( relative values & unity ar\nd ! c5tral "*4 ,! c5tral "* 0 /rongly drawn1 tags & all1 & ! s]ies z a :ole _h s _m o!r m]its t ! colorlessness ( ! fictiti\s n>rator c\ld n wreck x1 b its improvem5t 0 v m>k$ :5 he 0 develop$ & br\ght to 8 prop] place 9 ! lime-light by ! tags & sali5t traits ne$$ 9 addition to ! g5]al fill+ 94 #aha ,*>act]ization 9 ,g5]al4--,i attempt no cov]+ ( ! subject1 desir+ only to br+ out ! po9ts t ! g5]al 9-fl[ ( manuscripts %[s are1 9 practise1 mo/ 9 ne$ ( att5tion4 ,!re are already ho/s ( books giv+ detail$ in/ructions1 !ories1 examples1 analyses & ex]cises4 ,"s ( !m are useful & valuable 9 _m cases4 ,9 g5]al !y seem to me likely to be dang]\s1 unless ! /ud5t uses exceptional c>e1 9 t !y are likely to enc\rage a t5d5cy t[>d me*anics in/ead ( art1 artificiality in/ead ( naturalness1 /ra9 & limitation in/ead ( fre$om1 & copy+ in/ead ( art4 ,i am aw>e t tags & ! "o-trait recipe seem op5 to ! same *>ge1 b _! sav+ clause is t !y c tea* ! writ] h[ to develop himself r ?an h[ to turn out f9i%$ "w by rule4 ,also ! pres5t ne$ ( !m 9 practise is appall+1 & p]haps t ne$ w\ld n be s great if writ]s _h be5 tra9$ by m naturali/ic me?ods4 ,! only s\nd & compreh5sive rule = *>act]ization is3 ,/udy p1 fir/ z subjects1 second z recipi5ts ( ! k y h ga9$4 #ahb ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,individuality ,,vs4 ,,te*nique ,ye> aft] ye> editors sit at _! desks & almo/ at a s+le glance reject any:]e f sixty to n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! manuscripts t come 91 &1 on ! :ole1 !y make few mi/akes 9 s do+4 ,"s ( ^! summ>ily reject$ ones are s illit]ate t mo/ fre%m5 9 college w\ld unhesitat+ly turn !m d[n1 b on ! majority is ! damn+ & almo/ unmi/akable br& ( no individuality--m]ely ano!r manuscript plodd+ bl9dly along 9 ! ma*9e-l ef=t to turn out by ma*9e-l me?ods ano!r "o l ^? !y've read1 ano!r /ilt$1 unnatural attempt at produc+ a life-l copy ( a model d5aturaliz$1 by !m or _! tea*]s1 into a me*anical & artificial collection ( rags1 bones & hanks ( hair t has nev] kn[n ! brea? ( life4 #ahc ,lack ( ,individuality4--,h[ c ! editor tell at a glance8 ,h[ 9 heav5's "n c he help tell+8 ,he's read ! same k9d ( ?+--! same ?+ except = v>iations ( !me & sett+--?\s&s & ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( times be=e until recogniz+ x at a glance is z easy z recogniz+ a trolley-c> among o!r vehicles on 8 way to ! (fice ( morn+s4 ,! tracks are no pla9] 9 "o case ?an ! o!r4 ,b maybe ! au?or does bett] f>!r on 9 ! /ory8 ,d\btless x has happ5$1 b ! in/ances con/itute a negligible factor4 ,t poor editor le>n$ to hunt no f>!r only by hunt+ f>!r ?\s&s ( times1 :5 he 0 new & optimi/ic1 & f9d+ no?+4 ,he has le>n$ t any writ] fool en\gh to beg9 a /ory 9 s /upid a way is too mu* a fool all ! way along to be wor? li/5+ to4 ,disbelieve ?is ability1 if y l1 & let's pass on to ! /ories he does n disc>d at a glance4 ,^! he reads to v>y+ ext5ts1 accord+ to _! ability to hold him z an editor--sometimes a cursory exam9ation1 sometimes solid p>ts "h & !re1 sometimes /raight ?r\gh1 sometimes only "p #ahd way4 ,_m ?+s1 includ+ mi/ak5 judgm5t1 c /op him1 b (t5e/ ( all ,i believe x is ! /ory's lack ( individuality4 ,he f9ds he's read x too _m times be=e & kn[s t 8 read]s h4 ,! sam5ess may be 9 plot1 !me1 /yle1 any?+ or all toge!r1 b x's ! sam5ess t /ops him & kills ! /ory4 ,z a read]1 judge = y\rself f ! /ories t get publi%$1 aft] editors h disc>d$ all b en\gh to fill _! space--all b "o to five p] c5t4 say1 ( ! total submitt$4 ,is !re n suffici5t sam5ess 9 ev5 ^!8 ,!n judge :at ! disc>d$ n9ety-five or n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 mu/ be1 mak+ any reasonable all[ance y please = ! fallibility ( editors4 ,reasons = ! ,lack4--,mu* ( ! lack ( individuality 9 /ories is due to lack ( individuality 9 ! writ]s4 ,to :at degree a p]son c develop 8 individuality ,i d n presume to say1 b lack ( real individuality 9 8 /ories is curable to exactly t degree & no m4 ,b _m ( ! writ]s ^: /ories %[ none1 h individuality4 ,:y doesn't x %[ 9 _! "w8 ,because !y h be5 #ahe taught by pres5t me?ods ( tea*+ fiction to be artificial1 n natural1 or h !mselves slavi%ly model$ !mselves aft] "s "o else4 ,:at *ance has y\r individuality if y turn y\r back on x & resolutely try to copy ano!r man's1 or if y lose y\rself 9 an endless maze ( rules & regulations8 ,rules & regulations impos$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by p equally lo/ 9 ! maze4 ,no1 y c't let y\r individuality run riot reg>dless ( all rules1 = "s rules are laws ( ! human m9d to :i* all ( u are subject4 ,b x does n foll[ t y mu/ assass9ate y\r individuality4 ,x is y\r ma9 asset4 ,)\t x1 nei!r empty rules nor s\nd laws c build any?+ ( !mselves4 ,te*nique8 ,( c\rse y ne$ te*nique1 b if y make ( x a gold5 calf & b[ d[n 9 wor%ip1 y p]i%4 ,get te*nique2 don't let x get y4 ,:at te*nique %\ld give y is tools1 n rules4 ,& n a monomaniac collector's collection ( tools1 collect$ = ! sake ( includ+ all tools kn[n to man1 b only ^? tools s well ma/]$ t !y fit almo/ #ahf automatically into y\r h&1 c>ry+ out smoo?ly ! guid+ impulse ( y\r bra94 ,b y h to le>n to use !m be=e y c acquire su* skill8 ,yes1 b rememb] ! purpose ( y\r le>n+--& don't try to le>n & use m tools ?an y c ma/]4 ,rememb] t an augur is an augur--t x's n a dem& ^u y to bore a hole 9 some?+1 b only a means ( mak+ a hole :5 "o is ne$$4 ,because a hamm] is = driv+ nails d y h to use x :5 y're model+ 9 clay8 ,i d>e say x is bad ta/e = me to criticize o!r books on writ+ fiction & o!r me?ods ( tea*+ fiction1 b1 p>don me1 ,i don't give a damn4 ,= ye>s ,i've sat & wat*$ tea*]s1 poorly equipp$ = ! task & p]fectly equipp$ = _! mann] ( h&l+ x1 bl&ly d _! utmo/ to ru9 a writ] by hold+ be=e 8 wide eyes s _m rules t he f9ds x difficult ev] to see any?+ else4 ,if among !m are includ$ "s rules on pres]v+ 8 individuality :ile he's foll[+ all ! o!r rules1 :at c t mean to him8 ,if 8 tea*]s p]*ance pres5t te*nique z tools1 n rules1 !y load s _m ( !m ^u 8 #ahg tru/ful back t he c n walk1 to say no?+ ( ma/]+ ! tools4 ,! ess5ce ( _! damage lies 9 two ?+s3 ,fir/1 ! rules !y p\r =? s endlessly !y !mselves got f "s "o else & accept !m *iefly = t reason4 ,ask !m ! :y ( ea* ( _! rules & !re is likely to be a consid]able hiatus betwe5 _! la/ book & ! next4 ,too (t5 !y seem to h be5 m]ely p]petuat+ an h]$it>y collection ( rules = ! sake ( pres]v+ ! collection z an entity 9 itself1 =gett+ t "s ( ! rules might be uns\nd & neglect+--if !y ev] ?\ght ab\t !m--to give _! /ud5ts ! f\ndations 9 human nature ^u :i* ! s\nd ones mu/ re/4 ,second1 ! :ole t5d5cy ( su* tea*+ is to make ! le>n] look at o!r writ]s in/ead ( )9 himself1 to absorb o!r p's /yle & me?ods in/ead ( develop+ 8 own1 to copy r ?an to ?9k ?+s out = himself1 to be artificial r ?an natural1 cramp$ r ?an free1 to wa/e 8 "t on details in/ead ( giv+ x to vital ?+s4 #ahh ,i %\ld v5ture no su* /rong condemnation if ,i did n feel t ,i am m]ely voic+ ! op9ion ( mo/ editors--( ! m5 & wom5 :o are 9 be/ position to note ! deva/at+ effects ^u to-day's fiction4 ,& ,i am1 ( c\rse1 speak+ ( ! books & tea*+ me?ods z a class4 ,!re are exceptions1 naturally--?\gh "o writ]1 = example1 tells me he has read betwe5 =ty & fifty books on fiction writ+1 f9d+ only "o ( !m wor? :ile--& practically all su* books c be ( use1 sometimes ( v great use1 to ! raw beg9n]4 ,s c a rhetoric or a common ,engli% gramm>4 ,9 ! light ( results1 ! fundam5tal po9t ^! books mo/ fail to make is t mo/ ( _! cont5ts %\ld be read--n memoriz$ or swall[$--= /imulus & sugge/ion only1 & t ! /ud5t mu/ see to x t no rules turn him aside f 8 ma9 bus9ess ( develop+ & us+ 8 own individuality4 ,i am pa9fully aw>e t 9 ?is book ,i1 too1 h giv5 rules z rules1 b ,i h tri$ to give ! f\ndations ( a suffici5t numb] ( !m to lead ! /ud5t into ! habit ( look+ = f\ndations himself & work+ #ahi out 8 own de/9y4 ,= ! f\ndations ,i ask consid]ation1 = my rules none at all except z dang]-signs erect$ f tw5ty ye>s' exp]i5ce to po9t out ! errors mo/ common 9 actual practise4 ,i am /ill m ke5ly aw>e t 9 _m in/ances ,i fail to meet possible objections & ju/ifi$ exceptions4 ,(t5 x is because ,i fail to ?9k ( !m at ! "t or nev] ?\ght ( !m1 b (t5 x is because !re is a limit to available space & because too _m aspects & too mu* detail bre$ confusion4 ,lit]ature is ! communication1 betwe5 human be+s1 ( human nature & human exp]i5ce4 ,:o c give complete rules = a process & cont5t s inf9itely v>i\s8 ,be> 9 m9d fir/1 la/ & always1 t ?is book does n attempt to be a complete treatise on writ+ fiction4 ,its purpose is to emphasize ^? po9ts & po9ts ( view t1 f ye>s ( exam9+ ! actual manuscripts submitt$ to magaz9es1 seem mo/ to ne$ emphasis1 &1 second1 to raise aga9/ ! pres5t fa%ion 9 tea*+ me?ods a small flag ( revolt "u :i* ,i believe mo/ editors & mo/ discrim9at+ read]s w be cont5t to /&1 no matt] #aij h[ great may be _! disagreem5t ) me on specific po9ts4 ,unfamili>ity ) ,?+s ,taught4--,la/ week ,i borr[$ ?ree books on ! writ+ ( fiction & ran ?r\gh _! pages4 ,"o 0 by a univ]sity pr(essor :o gave a mo/ int]e/+ picture ( ! editorial _w1 ( its (fices1 _! occupants1 cu/oms1 rules1 policies1 po9ts ( view4 ,! title-page /at$ t he _h =m]ly be5 ) a publi%+ h\se--probably = ! sake ( ! exp]i5ce1 dur+ a summ] vacation4 ,i became fasc9at$1 almo/ wi%+ ,i c\ld live 9 t _w myself4 ,i nev] h4 ,i realize t1 = ^? entirely unfamili> ) ! inside ( ! editorial _w1 8 picture ( x 0 suffici5tly ne> ! tru? to be ( decid$ practical value4 ,yet 8 almo/ glib g5]alities & 8 *oices = p>ticul>ization made me %udd] = ! misappreh5sions t might arise f !m4 ,he 0 l ! ,european travel] :o sp5ds a mon? or two 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !n describes & expla9s x to ! _w4 ,any consci5ti\s editor ( long exp]i5ce w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 hesitate be=e attempt+ to pres5t 9 a *apt] or two ( a text-book = e>ne/ #aia /ud5ts a complete & f9al exposition ( ! editorial field4 ,x is too complex1 too v>i\s1 too *angeable4 ,& if ^! tea*]s v5ture to exp\nd s mu* & s f9ally f s small a k ( :at may be call$ ! m]e ma*9]y ( ! editorial _w1 x seems logical to conclude t !y may h equally insuffici5t basis :5 !y attempt to expla9 :at k9d ( fiction ! editors want & h[ to manufacture x4 ,evils ( ,models & ,examples4--,b :at /ruck me mo/ =cibly 9 ^? ?ree books 0 ! va/ am\nt ( space giv5 to models & examples4 ,/ories 7 con/antly be+ laid ^u ! op]at+ table1 9 :ole or "p1 & dissect$ & analyz$4 ,! pages 7 /rewn ) dismemb]$ p>ts1 ticket$ & label$1 to be sure1 & fil$ 9 mo/ ord]ly fa%ion1 b ! panorama z a :ole 0 en\gh to ru9 a writ] =ev] if x did n drive him mad4 ,oh yes1 ,i "k we mu/ take a clock ap>t be=e we c le>n h[ to make a clock1 b an arti/ %\ld live 9 a /udio1 n an op]at+-room4 ,! use ( examples & models is a valuable adjunct ( tea*+1 b x is n tea*+4 ,z f> z #aib ,i c le>n f cursory glances f "t to "t1 ?r\gh inquiry & ?r\gh not+ results 9 submitt$ manuscripts1 dissect$ models & examples =m ! backbone ( tea*+ me?od4 ,use !m1 by all means1 b only suffici5tly to %[ ! /ud5t h[ to d 8 own analyz+ :5 he feels ! ne$4 ,& tea* him g5]al pr9ciples to make him ke5 to ! ne$ :5 x is !re4 ,tea* him to "w2 don't litt] 8 m9d ) ! "w y've done on a ?ird p]son's "w4 ,! me*anical me?od ( tea*+ is p]fectly adapt$ to ^? /ud5ts :o by no possibility c be any?+ b me*anical writ]s1 work+ by rule ( ?umb1 build+ a /ructure by foot-rule & p\r+ 9 its cont5ts f a graduat$ beak]4 ,b is produc+ su* writ]s wor? :ile or ev5 ju/ifiable8 ,ev5 if y\r purpose is ! broad]1 indu/rial "o ( add+ to ! g5]al e>n+ capacity ( ! nation8 ,( c\rse1 if y are m]ely writ+ a text-book t w sell-- ,x is ^u ! writ]s :o are n doom$ by _! own limitations to be m]ely me*anics t ! curse ( me*anical tea*+ #aic falls4 ,! g5ius & ! really /rong individuali/ w escape1 b :at ( him ) mod]ate or ev5 consid]able gifts8 ,he goes into ! b$ ( ,procru/es4 ,he is lopp$ "h1 /ret*$ !re2 he is badg]$ & bl9d$ ) examples & prec$5ts1 kept f natural developm5t & natural expression by ! /udy ( rules = gr[? & by li/5+ to o!r p express !mselves1 prev5t$ f be+ himself & giv+ re9 to 8 own individuality by ! con/ant /udy ( individualities n 8 own4 ,if only y c\ld sit = a ye> at "s editorial desk & see ^! poor maim$ fell[s come 9 endless l9e ) _! pa!tic1 lifeless w>es6 ,well-made /ories1 s mu* s t !y are almo/ exactly l all o!r well-made /ories1 b 9 !m "h & !re a /ill unsmo!r$ sp>k t might h be5 a flame4 ,& aft] ! procession has fil$ up to y = a :ile x is n ! prop]ly built /ories !y lay on y\r desk t y see1 b ^? c\ntless o!r /ories t w nev] be laid on any desk4 ,x is l look+ out ov] ! _w ( *ildr5 :o c nev] be born1 ! bett] *ildr51 ! dream *ildr51 :o c\ld make ! _w s mu* #aid bett] if only !y 7 "h4 ,if y c\ld sit = a ye> at "s editorial desk1 y w\ld jo9 ) me 9 say+1 ,damn su* tea*+ me?ods6 ,individuality & ,naturalness ,fir/4--,y :o are le>n+ to write--& writ]s are always le>n+ if !y are wor?y ( _! "n--put ?is little rule at ! head ( all y\r li/ ( rules & let no rule t foll[s seem to y "o-half s well wor? cl++ to3 ,,express ,,y\r ,,natural ,,self ,,naturally4 ,believe me1 x is wor? cl++ to1 ev5 at ! co/ ( a*es & bruises4 ,z = all ! o!r rules1 accept only ^? gr\nd$ solidly 9 human nature & take = y\r guides1 n ! rules1 b _! f\ndations4 ,if y f9d y\rself drift+ into ! /ilt$ dialect s _m feel mu/ be assum$ on ent]+ ! pr9t$ page1 te> up :at y h writt5 & say y\r say 9 y\r own words4 ,maybe ! result w be sad inde$2 !re are always _m ?+s to le>n4 ,b 9 y\r le>n+ y w f9d no secret ( te*nique1 no trick ( ! trade1 t is n second 9 importance to ! prime necessity ( develop+ & express+ y\r own individuality4 ,if !y hold be=e y\r eyes "s /ory by ,de ,maupassant1 ,/ev5son1 ,kipl+1 ,o4 ,h5ry1 #aie look by all means & /udy :at y see1 b be sure t y\r /ronge/ reaction is1 ,yes1 ^! are deft uses ( tools1 ma/]ly h&l+s ( ?\ght1 & ,i w be awake to simil> opportunities 9 my own "w1 b ! fact rema9s t :at ,i h se5 is only ,de ,maupassant us+ 8 tools1 ,/ev5son us+ 81 & ! o!rs ea* 8 own4 ,i am n ,de ,maupassant or ,/ev5son or ,kipl+ or ,o4 ,h5ry or anybody else except myself4 ,i c't possibly ev] be any ( !m1 & if ,i try to be any ( !m ,i c't be ev5 myself4 ,p]haps _! tools & devices are n ! ones be/ adapt$ to my case1 ?\gh !y may prove valuable4 ,n[ ,i'll g back to my "w4 ,& if !y ask y to look at _m o!r workm51 refuse utt]ly4 ,d y\r own look+4 ,y probably "k f> bett] ?an !y :at x is y ne$ to look =2 if y don't "k :]e to look = x1 !n ask4 ,y'll probably be look+ en\gh )\t any "o's driv+ y to x4 ,&1 always1 :5 y look1 c>ry away ) y only :at y c absorb4 ,undige/$ food ( ?is k9d w kill y4 ,be+ ,lit]>y4--,don't try to be lit]>y until y "k :at be+ lit]>y #aif really means4 ,mo/ writ]s d n "k4 ,i'm n sure t ,i "k1 b c]ta9ly ,i "k a few ?+s x is & a few ?+s x is n4 ,x is n be+ que] = ! sake ( que]ness4 ,x is n us+ l>ge & le>n$ words4 ,x is n gett+ z f> away z possible f ! language ( life4 ,x is n ?9k+1 feel+ or talk+ artificially in/ead ( naturally4 ,x is n ! copy+ ( o!rs4 ,x is n ei!r wall[+ 9 /rong emotions or da9tily avoid+ !m4 ,x is tell+ ?+s z y see or feel !m4 ,x is us+ ! words t accompli% ?is ) lea/ lo/ motion1 words s natural & famili> y are sure !y are exact to ! case4 ,x is ! pres]v+1 develop+ & express+ ( y\r own individuality4 ,/yle8 ,be y\rself & y\r /yle w be born ( itself4 ,be any?+ else &1 in/ead ( /yle1 y w atta9 only an acrobatic p]=mance4 ,!re are en\gh acrobats already1 & en\gh p :o are n !mselves4 ,i %\ld l to add1 ) "s bitt]ness1 t a k ( pla9 ,engli% gramm>1 ev5 = writ]s :o consid] !mselves arriv$1 is an almo/ necess>y /ep t[>d be+ lit]>y4 #aig ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,read] ,,& ,,8 ,,imag9ation ,:5 y read a /ory y live m or less 9 its /ory _w4 ,!re are pr9t$ words on ! page & !y cause y\r imag9ation 7,i d n use ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( fancy b to indicate ! m5tal p[] t *ooses & disc>ds among c]ta9 ?+s to con/ruct c]ta9 o!r ?+s7 to build f y\r own exp]i5ce a set ( m5tal images or impressions4 ,! /ory's _w becomes real to y 9 proportion z ! /ory's words succe$ 9 mak+ y reproduce x 9 y\r m9d4 ,v>iation 9 ,visualization4--,b ! success ( ! /ory's words 9 do+ ?is is dep5d5t n only on ! skill & p[] ( _! /imulus b also on ! ability ( y\r imag9ation to respond4 ,success is dep5d5t n only on ! writ] b on ! read]4 ,read]s v>y trem5d\sly 9 ! fundam5tal #aih ability ( _! imag9ations to respond1 bo? z to quality & degree4 ,x is surpris+ t ?is fact is s little kn[n1 = its c>eful consid]ation is ( ! utmo/ importance to success 9 writ+ fiction4 ,:ile my que/ion+s h be5 only casual1 ,i h n yet f\nd ei!r a writ] or an editor :o took ?is v>iation z a s]i\s factor 9 8 "w or :o _h ev5 discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( ! v>iation4 ,:]e=e my gratitude is ! deep] to ,pr(essor ,joseph ,villi]s ,d5ney = hav+ br\ght x to my att5tion 9 a college class a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,if y h n already inve/igat$1 make ! exp]im5t ^u y\r fri5ds4 ,ask y\r fri5ds :at !y see :5 !y read a /ory & y w f9d amaz+ v>iations4 ,"s visualize cle>ly ev]y?+ m5tion$ or sugge/$--see ! *>act]s1 actions & sc5e 9 full detail j z on a /age or 9 real life4 ,o!rs see ?+s & movem5t1 b )\t colors 9 _! pictures4 ,"s see p b )\t faces4 ,"s see ?+s only if1 & only z fully z1 describ$ by ! au?or4 ,"s see fully ev5 if ! au?or fails to describe4 ,"s make _! own #aii images p>tly diff]5t f ev5 def9ite ones pa9t$ by ! au?or1 (t5 because he fails to impress 8 images fir/4 7,9 ! sett+ ( a /ory1 = example1 hav5't y1 if y visualize readily1 _h to *ange y\r picture ( ! sc5e's geography or pick up ! :ole sett+ & twi/ x ar\nd to make nor? come :]e y _h _h ea/87 ,rememb] ?is :5 y are ! au?or1 & save y\r read]s ?is viol5ce to ! illusion4 ,"s h a /ock imag9ation-picture t does s]vice = a concept 9 almo/ any circum/ances4 ,"s see practically no?+--c n %ut _! eyes & see ! v room 9 :i* !y are sitt+ or ev5 ! faces ( _! ne>e/ & de>e/4 ,i knew a high-s*ool val$ictorian :o easily ma/]$ e subject until %e came to solid geometry4 ,9 t /udy %e c\ld n ev5 make a />t1 0 totally helpless--simply because %e 0 con/itutionally incapable ( look+ at ! two-dim5sion page & see+1 9 h] imag9ation1 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,%e got raw potatoes1 cut !m up to repres5t ! ?ree-dim5sion figures & _h no fur!r tr\ble4 ,ano!r woman ov]came ! same difficulty #bjj by ! same vegetable r\te4 ,i "k an arti/1 v successfully design+ /age-sett+s1 :o c n tell h[ ?+s w look unless he looks at !m1 or pictures or models ( !m1 ) 8 physical eye4 ,yet mo/ writ]s attempt to rea* all ^! types ( imag9ation )\t giv+ ! matt] a ?\ght6 ,g5]ally !y calmly take x = grant$ t e "o ( _! read]s has exactly ! same qualities & limitations ( imag9ative visualization z !mselves6 ,:at ri* opportunities are lo/6 ,"h is a matt] 9 :i* y %\ld n1 )\t v c>eful consid]ation1 write ?+s m]ely z y see !m1 at lea/ :5 x comes to revision1 unless y\r way ( see+ !m happ5s to be ! way t is mo/ effective ) mo/ p4 ,ea* au?or has 8 individual qualities 9 ?is respect4 ,:5 he pa9ts 8 ^w pictures he t5ds to use only z _m /rokes ( 8 bru% z make a complete & satisfy+ picture = him4 ,b h[ complete or satisfy+ w t picture be to ! majority ( read]s :o may n ev5 approximate 8 qualities ( imag9ative visualization8 ,! words he has set d[n give him #bja ! picture1 b w !y give x to o!rs8 ,he c n te/ out ! visualization ( ! entire population1 b he c at lea/ assign himself a fairly def9ite place 9 ! relative scale1 scrut9ize 8 ^w pictures f ! po9t ( view ( ^? ( diff]5t p[]s & probably revise 8 pa9t+ me?ods s t 8 /ories w ga9 surpris+ly 9 popul> appeal1 ei!r by additional t\*es or by *ang+ ! relative proportion ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( /imulus4 ,a c]ta9 writ] ( we/]n /ories f\nd t 8 "w made a /rong appeal to ^? x int]e/$ at all1 b t ! size ( 8 audi5ce 0 f> less ?an seem$ ju/ly m]it$4 ,app>5tly all ! elem5ts ( good fiction 7 pres5t4 ,b1 if he _h consid]$ 8 read]s' psy*ology 9 o!r respects1 he c]ta9ly _h n done s z to visualization4 ,he himself c\ld r]ead 8 words & f !m see 8 /ory _w 9 full4 ,s c\ld ,i1 = we bo? happ5$ to h ! type ( imag9ation t visualizes readily & fills gaps :5 ne$$4 ,b _m read]s hav5't ?is type &1 z f9ally became app>5t1 ^! 7 l>gely ! ones :o _h fail$ to become "p ( #bjb 8 normal audi5ce4 ,= he _h n drawn any visual pictures = ^? :o ne$ !m4 ,to !m 8 /ory p 7 m]ely names & dispositions1 )\t clo!s or bodily appe>ance1 t did dim ?+s 9 unse5 places4 ,! au?or _h deem$ x wa/e ( words to describe ?+s t 7--to him--se5 ( !mselves4 ,x 0 difficult to get him to pad 8 /ories ) visualiz+ descriptions1 b :5 he began add+ !m 8 audi5ce began to gr[4 ,v>iation 9 ,o!r ,imag9ative ,p[]s4--,y w f9d t probably a m9ority h imag9ations t reproduce n only visual impressions b ^? ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,"s c he> ! s\nds ( a /ory--n m]ely h an intellig5t concept ( s\nds m5tion$1 b actually he> !m almo/ z cle>ly z if !y 7 actual physical s\nds4 ,"s c ta/e via _! imag9ations1 ) su* vividness t _! m\?s wat]4 ,"s c smell ! odors 9 a /ory !y read4 ,"s c reproduce ! impressions t regi/] ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*--smoo?ness1 friction1 impact1 pressure4 ,i hope to h = a lat] volume "s /ati/ics t w give "s idea ( ! #bjc relative frequ5cy ( ! reproduction ( ! s5ses4 ,9 any case1 ! great opportunity = loss or ga9 ( hold on read]s (f]$ ?r\gh visual imag9ation is consid]ably multipli$ by ! cases ( ! f\r o!r s5ses4 ,! field z a :ole is s important x is almo/ incr$ible t x does n play a ma9 "p 9 all tea*+ ( fiction writ+4 ,appeal to ! s5ses may possibly be includ$1 ?\gh ,i've n *anc$ on x 9 my cursory glances at text-books1 b1 z previ\sly /at$1 up to ?is writ+ ,i've happ5$ to f9d no writ] :o has ev5 consid]$ ! v>iation 9 s5se-imag9ation among read]s4 ,i recall a /atem5t 9 ,pr(essor ,d5ney's !sis class to ! effect t analysis w\ld %[ ! mo/ popul> poets1 l ,burns & ,longfell[1 to be z a rule /rongly m>k$ by _! imag9ation appeal to all or mo/ ( ! five s5ses4 ,is !re any reason :y a simil>ly broad appeal 9 ! case ( prose w\ld n reap l results8 ,! case w\ld seem to be /at$ ?us3 ,! m fully y rea* a read]1 ! m fully y rea* him4 ,suppose y\r imag9ation sees & he>s1 #bjd b does n smell1 ta/e or t\*4 ,look at "o ( y\r own /ories4 ,h y giv5 comp>atively few pictures or /imuli to y\r read]s' visual & auditory imag9ation1 p]haps tak+ x = grant$ t all read]s w\ld supply !m fully & satisfactorily1 z y d8 ,or h y1 simply absorb$ 9 y\r own p]sonal equation1 fail$ to put into y\r /ory any consid]able numb] ( /imuli to smell1 ta/e & t\* imag9ations8 ,9 ei!r case1 consid] h[ greatly y h weak5$ y\r /ory4 #bje ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,action ,,9 ,,fiction ,z p progress 9 culture !re is a /rong t5d5cy m & m to consid] physical action 9 fiction crude4 ,?is is un=tunate--& un?9k+4 ,action ,consid]$ ,unlit]>y4--,! cause1 ,i ?9k1 is tw(old4 ,fir/1 mo/ ( ! crude/ publi%$ fiction relies to a great ext5t on action4 ,x is natural & illogical to con/ruct ! foll[+ syllogism3 ,all crude fiction is action4 ,crudity is poor art4 ,!re=e action is poor art4 ,second1 z a race develops 9 civilization & culture x ne>ly always t5ds to lose vigor1 drifts fur!r & fur!r away f physical action & m & m into ease1 inactivity & s(tness4 ,x also t5ds m & m to nicety & detail & #bjf away f ! elem5tal4 ,physical action is elem5tal & incl9$ to sweep nicety & detail aside4 ,naturally bo? critics & writ]s come to consid] action crude1 some?+ beh9d & b5ea? !m4 ,consequ5tly1 z a rule1 only ! l[]-grade writ]s use mu* action4 ,consequ5tly action /ories z a :ole s9k to a /ill l[] level4 ,consequ5tly read]s feel /ill m ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ action crude4 ,b is x8 ,false ,culture4--,?+s w\ld be va/ly simplifi$ & improv$ if all :o ?9k !y "k :at really con/itutes good lit]ature really did "k4 ,n9e out ( t5 h = sole /&>d ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,! o!rs are fallible1 _m ( !m di/9ctly unreliable4 ,! n9e are1 ( c\rse1 unable to tell ^: or :i* op9ions are wor? :ile4 ,none ( !m does any real ?9k+ ( 8 own & mo/ ( !m d n ev5 make ! attempt4 ,!re are n9e ( !m :o d n to "o :o does ?9k & does "k4 ,! result+ /&>d is pa9ful4 ,also artificial & uns\nd4 ,a sad feature is t _! me?ods t5d to unify _! op9ions & ?us give !m ! prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 %ap+ ! #bjg op9ions ( all ! p :o don't pret5d to "k4 ,pr(essional critics be+ comp>atively few1 ea* critic sways _m %eep4 ,also1 ! %eep h be5 ref]r$1 rightly en\gh1 to ! ,atlantic z ! mo/ lit]>y magaz9e 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y accept its /&>d )\t discrim9ation or und]/&+4 ,if a piece ( fiction is diff]5t1 9 any way1 f ! fiction ( ! ,atlantic1 !y !re=e consid] x unlit]>y4 ,wor/ ( all1 _m ( ^? :o judge by ,atlantic /&>ds h a b>e b[+ acqua9tance ) t mo/ excell5t magaz9e4 ,n[ ! ,atlantic1 = all its scope & spl5did humanness1 9 "s respects savors ( ! libr>y r ?an ( ! r\gh _w at l>ge4 ,critics1 be+ human1 & be+ g5]ally compell$ to d a lot ( criticiz+1 we>y ( ! ev]la/+ fundam5tals & seek relief 9 att5tion to ! niceties & curlycues1 ^! be+1 also1 m pl5tifully at h&4 ,! %eep h]d$ by ! critics & by ! ,atlantic habit naturally come to look d[n1 way d[n1 ^u ! action /ory4 ,also1 popul> dem& = action 9 fiction #bjh cont9ues /rong4 ,x is a c>d9al t5et ( ! unlit]>y lit]>y p]son's belief t any?+ popul> is !re=e l[4 ,i %all n be surpris$ if "s day all fiction t int]e/s 9 any way is condemn$ because ! popul> dem& is = fiction t int]e/s4 ,/ill ano!r factor is at "w4 ,9 cl++ bl9dly to ! classics z /&>ds & models _m fail to discrim9ate ei!r 9 recogniz+ j :i* qualities 9 a classic entitle x to la/+ place or 9 all[+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "t 9 :i* x 0 writt5 & our own times4 ,"s ( its qualities /& =ev]1 b 9 _m cases o!r qualities lack t p]man5ce ( appeal & are v di/9ctly tun$ to its own era4 ,is ! v]bosity ( a c5tury or two ago1 or ! s5tim5tality ( ! e>ly ,victorian p]iod1 9 key ) ! _s & g5ius ( ?is c5tury8 ,h[ c\ld x be :5 our :ole civilization has ru%$ u into a hundr$ fold great] spe$ & int5sity1 surr\nd$ u ) a million inc5tives to practical activity & hurry8 ,railroads1 /eam%ips1 trolleys1 autos1 mod]n newspap]s1 motion-pictures1 telephones1 telegraphs1 #bji wireless1 electricity & ma*9]y 9 g5]al1 ^! h ge>$ u to a f> fa/] pace4 ,we c no long] travel naturally 9 /age-coa*es4 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 all[+ x its excell5cies1 is no long] ge>$ to liv+ man4 ,!re=e1 9 t respect1 x is n a classic1 n p]man5t1 %\ld n be ev5 a subconsci\s model4 ,& 9 ! *oos+ ( books to be label$ classics ! natural inadaptability ( ! old g5]ation to ! new1 toge!r ) ! t5d5cy to limit lit]ature to products ref9$ away f elem5tals in/ead ( m]ely away f crudities1 has /ill fur!r ca/ action into disrepute4 ,all 9 all1 ! action /ory has a pretty h>d "t ( x n[adays if x d>es plead any claim to be+ lit]ature4 ,fundam5tal ,te/s4--,yet1 if ! te/ ( lit]ature be its p]man5t appeal to human be+s1 reg>dless ( *ang+ times1 ! action /ory f>es at lea/ z well z ! be/4 ,to be p]man5t an appeal mu/ rea* ! only ?+s t are p]man5t & univ]sal 9 human be+s1 ! only p]man5t & univ]sal ?+s are ! elem5t>y1 fundam5tal ones1 & action meets t #baj te/ at lea/ z well z any?+ else4 ,und\bt$ly ! race 0 act+ be=e x 0 psy*ologiz+ or ev5 talk+4 ,if pro( ( ?is fundam5tal & ev]la/+ hold is ne$$1 witness ! wide-spread1 undy+ dem& = action /ories4 ,also note ! fact t mo/ ( ! classics t h liv$ longe/ are cramm$ full ( action--,hom]1 ,virgil1 any ( ! epics or sagas4 ,no1 !y don't live because ( t alone1 b c\ld !y h liv$ )\t x8 ,if y ?9k t1 = all _! culture1 ! mo/ sophi/icat$ & lit]>y specim5s among u h really gr[n beyond ! rea* ( ! action appeal1 y are mu* mi/ak54 ,try !m1 :5 no "o is look+1 ) a good action /ory1 ev5 "o unsanctifi$ z a classic4 ,scrat* ! sk9 & y'll f9d r$ corpuscles 9 ev5 ! mo/ anemic blood4 ,some:]e deep 9 ea* ( !m is ! impulse to d1 & ! admiration = do+4 ,z *ildr5 !y gave x natural outlet2 has ! leop>d *ang$ 8 spots8 ,nei!r re/ra9t nor v5e]1 nei!r pose nor inactive liv+1 c eradicate ?is ?+ ! *ild 0 born )4 ,i've p>ticul> reason to speak on t #baa po9t4 ,adv5ture 0 f\nd$ ) ! prim>y purpose ( meet+ ?is action dem& on ! "p ( ! m cultur$ classes1 ! p ^: normal read+ is ( ! highbr[ v>iety b :o habitually turn at odd mom5ts to /ories ( action1 :o accept tra%y /ories if no bett] (f]1 b pref] /ories suffici5tly well done to /& ! te/ ( _! sophi/ication4 ,! fact t ! magaz9e's second>y appeal is to ^? ( less lit]>y sophi/ication & frank] int]e/ 9 ! elem5tals 9 no way invalidates ! prim>y aim or seems to limit its success4 ,x is difficult to say :i* ( ^! classes is naturally ! m giv5 to writ+ lett]s to magaz9es1 b x is difficult to say :i* ( !m is ! m heavily repres5t$ 9 my correspond5ce basket4 ,! latt]1 ,i suppose1 dep5ds ^u :]e y attempt to draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! two classes4 ,pr(essional m5 ( all classes =m a l>ge "p ( ! audi5ce--physicians1 lawy]s1 educators1 sci5ti/s1 eng9e]s1 /atesm51 m9i/]s & prie/s2 lett]s f ^? ( und\bt$ culture 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( t ^w are v #bab /rongly 9 evid5ce2 m ?an once ! def9ite1 concrete /atem5t has be5 volunte]$ t ,i read only two magaz9es--,atlantic & ,adv5ture4 ,yet1 p]sonally1 ,i f9d x n always easy to say t ?is g5]al class has a ke5] s5se = :at seem to me ! ess5tial lit]>y values4 ,m articulate & ) bett] opportunity = comp>isons1 yes2 b ) po9t ( view m obscur$ by _! sophi/ication4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt z to ! common action appeal to bo? extremes ( ! audi5ce1 & ne>ly a doz5 ye>s h eradicat$ my la/ d\bt ( action response b5ea? ev5 ! heavie/ v5e] ( culture4 ,its audi5ce is ab\t eighty-five p] c5t4 m51 b o!r action magaz9es1 aim$ at bo? sexes1 h audi5ces ne>ly equally divid$ z to sex4 ,elim9ate sex appeal1 ! love elem5t1 &1 ev5 ) wom51 action appeal w take fir/ place4 ,:at ,is ,fiction ,elem5tally8--,elem5tally a /ory is a n>rative4 ,a n>rative implies ev5ts1 is a record ( action1 n a treatise1 a laboratory record or a po/-mortem4 ,! ,rightful ,place ( ,action 9 ,lit]ature4--,9 addition to its claim to place 9 ! be/ #bac lit]ature because ( its fundam5tal & p]man5t appeal & 9 addition to its be+ ! ess5ce ( n>rative1 !re is "o ?+ m to be said4 ,9 its crude/ expression y may consign x to :at dep?s y please1 b 9 its ess5ce1 9 its pot5tialities1 ,i *all5ge y to d5y x ! highe/ rank ( all z mat]ial ( fiction4 ,= action is ! cry/allization ( psy*ology4 ,x is ! ultimate1 f9al expression ( "*1 ( all a "* has ?\ght1 felt & said1 ( all a "* is or c be4 ,physical action4 ,x ne$ n be excit+ & adv5tur\s4 ,x may be express$ negatively1 ?r\gh repression4 ,b psy*ology1 "*1 morals1 :at y w1 none ( ^! has be5 really born into ! _w1 has borne recognizable fruit1 until x has 9 "s mann] act$ physically1 or tak5 physical %ape ?r\gh action4 ,x foll[s t1 9 lit]ature at its be/1 action mu/ be ! p]fect1 logical1 inevitable & complete result & regi/] ( all psy*ology ( ! *>act]s 9 relation to all circum/ances & conditions ( ! /ory4 ,no o!r elem5t ( lit]ature has s difficult a te/ to meet1 =1 aside f its own #bad dem&s1 x mu/ be ! f9al & exact expression ( ev]y?+ else 9 ! /ory4 ,yet ! action /ory is sweep+ly condemn$ z a type6 ,! ,place ( ,action 9 ,practise4--,no?+ c make m pla9 ! undiscrim9at+ contempt = action z fiction mat]ial ?an ! actual practise ( mo/ writ]s4 ,action be+ 9 its crude =m ! simple/ mat]ial z well z ! mo/ natural1 ! majority ( writ]s beg9 ) x4 ,g5]ally1 z !y ga9 9 skill !y develop1 at ab\t equal rate1 ! idea t all action is crude & t real progress lies 9 ab&on+ x z rapidly z possible4 ,9 _m cases ! result is m]ely ! abs5ce ( fairly good action /ories & ! creation ( v sad b v lit]>y productions4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! cause ( ! *ange is due to failure to und]/& action's pot5tialities & rightful place1 & ! result ( t lack ( und]/&+ is g5]ally failure to produce ! real lit]ature int5d$4 ,by all means try to rise above ! crude ,diamond ,dick type ( action /ory1 b be sure y c sub/itute some?+ bett]1 aside f improv$ te*nique4 ,bett] a #bae /ory ( r crude b conv9c+ action ?an a mis]able mess ( half-bak$ psy*ology & falsely glitt]+ lit]>y f9i% ^: *ief pro( ( lit]>y quality mu/ be its fre$om f physical action4 ,if y s9c]ely int5d to d real lit]ature1 get firmly into y\r head ! tru? t action %\ld be ! p]fect cry/allization ( all else 9 y\r /ory & !n use z mu* or z little ( x z is ne$$ = t cry/allization4 ,if y try t1 y w get an extreme te/ ( all ! lit]>y ability y c summon1 & if y succe$1 y w h atta9$ :at only ! comp>ative few are capable ( atta9+4 ,ev5 to make a />t y mu/ rid y\rself ( ! absurd idea t action p] se is unlit]>y4 ,popul> ,dem&4--,s9ce ! ,great ,w> popul> dem& = action fiction is /rong] ?an ev]1 despite ! /rong antipa?y = mat]ial directly connect$ ) x & despite a def9ite reaction 9 favor ( quiet1 peacefulness & ?+s spiritual4 ,if x's popul> dem& y're consid]+1 consid] ?is3 ,real life1 p]haps n[ m ?an ev] be=e1 consi/s v l>gely ( re/ra9ts & inhibitions4 ,human nature is #baf j z human z x ev] 0--!re are j z _m ?+s 9 x to be re/ra9$ & inhibit$4 ,&1 und]nea? all our civilization1 we're j z tir$ ( hav+ to d x--probably m s1 s9ce our civilization is m civiliz$ & !re=e m exact+ ?an its pr$ecessors4 ,if we c't escape f ! fett]s 9 real life1 c't be free to foll[ our und\bt$ impulses1 z read]s we'll all ! m welcome a *ance = vic>i\s fre$om4 #bag ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,adaptation ,,( ,,/yle ,,to ,,mat]ial ,if ! !ory sugge/$ by ! *apt] head _h n )/ood ! te/ ( t5 ye>s & ! judgm5t ( a numb] ( p ^: judgm5t is wor? hav+1 ,i %\ld n v5ture to pres5t x "h ev5 9 brief space1 = if c>ri$ into practise x w\ld m or less revolutionize ! art ( fiction4 ,p]haps1 too1 x has already be5 advanc$1 ?\gh ,i h nev] happ5$ to run across x or to he> ( x ?r\gh o!rs4 ,9 an e>li] *apt] 0 ! /atem5t t ! art process ( fiction consi/s ( ?ree /eps--,mat]ial1 ,arti/ & ,read] & t ! ?ird /ep fails to get any?+ approa*+ due consid]ation 9 ei!r !ory or practise4 ,?is book is l>gely an attempt to emphasize ?is fact & a plea t ! read] be giv5 great] importance 9 ! tea*+ ( fiction writ+4 #bah ,:ile work+ out & te/+ ?is !ory ( ! read]'s place 9 creative "w ,i 0 te/+ out also ano!r !ory :i* seem$ to h little connection ) ! fir/ &1 ) my p]spective ru9$ by specialization1 x 0 only a ye> or two ago ! almo/ self-evid5t fact dawn$ ^u me t ! two fitt$ neatly into ea* o!r & con/itut$ a complete !ory ( ! art process4 ,until !n ea* _h be5 lock$ away 9 its own little comp>tm5t1 !re be+ no int5t ( build+ up a r\nd$ out :ole4 ,:ile ! fir/ !ory dealt ) neglect ( ! read] 9 ! g5]al art process1 ! o!r c5t]$ on ! neglect ( mat]ial z an influ5ce on /yle4 ,9 o!r words1 writ]s seem$ too conc5trat$ on !mselves1 ! ,arti/s1 9 ! creative process & too neglectful ( ! two o!r /eps1 ,mat]ial & ,read]4 ,rigidity ( ,/yle z to ,mat]ial4--,to pres5t ! matt] briefly1 all t an au?or has to convey to y comes to y ?r\gh a s+le m$ium :i* we call 8 /yle & :i* 9 practise is s+ul>ly inela/ic 9 relation to ! great v>iety ( ?+s t mu/ pass ?r\gh x4 ,take ,maurice ,hewlitt 9 #bai 8 e>li] days :5 8 acc5tuat$ & highly individualiz$ /yle make him a good example4 ,?r\gh t "o un*ang+ /yle _h to come to y trag$y1 com$y1 pa?os1 contemplation1 action1 love1 hate1 pati5ce1 ang]1 romance1 satire4 ,all ! gamut ( human emotions 9 ! mat]ial mu/ be cru%$ into uni=mity ( expression be=e x c\ld rea* y1 los+ ( its own ess5ce 9 ! process4 ,all mu/ be translat$ into ! "o inflexible rhy?m & j+le ( t "o /yle--/&>diz$1 z x 71 out ( mu* ( _! individuality & /r5g?4 ,su* a loss is a calamity1 &1 ,i ?9k1 to a m>k$ degree unnecess>y4 ,9 poetry ! ne$ ( gu>d+ aga9/ ?is loss is def9itely recogniz$1 if n z a broad pr9ciple1 at lea/ 9 adaptation ( s\nd to s5se & 9 selection ( ! metrical =m be/ adapt$ to a giv5 !me4 ,:y %\ld x n be at lea/ equally gu>d$ aga9/ 9 prose8 ,_m ( ! di/+ui%+ qualities ( poetry z oppos$ to prose v>y ) diff]5t races & ) ! m>* ( "t4 ,( ! univ]sal1 p]man5t di/+ui%+ qualities are !re any t %\ld diff]5tiate poetry f prose z to ! importance #bbj ( ! ,mat]ial's influ5ce on /yle 9 transmission ( ,mat]ial to ,read] ?r\gh ,arti/8 ,t !re are already 9 our fiction occasional & sporadic cases ( ?is adaptation ( /yle to mat]ial %[s ! s\ndness ( ! !ory1 = ^! examples are evid5tly n = ! mo/ "p ! result ( /udi$ ef=t b in/ances 9 :i* ! writ]'s art is suffici5tly develop$ to break ?r\gh 8 usual /yle & spontane\sly adapt expression to ! ?+ express$4 ,!re are ev5 /ray rules po9t+ 9 ?is direction1 b *iefly = dialogue :]e a dem& = adaptation makes itself felt ?r\gh ! ne$ ( mak+ a "* express 8 emotions z a real p]son w\ld express !m 9 real life4 ,= example1 ! use ( %ort %>p s5t5ces & simple ,anglo-,saxon words 9 mo/ cases ( emotional /ress4 ,b if y wi% an example ( :at adaptation ( /yle to mat]ial is capable ( accompli%+ if us$ z a fix$ & g5]al pr9ciple ( composition1 turn to ,%akespe>e1 =gett+ ! non-ess5tial fact t he is a poet4 #bba ,/yle 9 ,relation to ,mat]ial4--,/yle is ! expression ( mat]ial ?r\gh ! arti/1 ( mat]ial z transmut$ ?r\gh 8 individuality4 ,he is1 if y l1 a "p ( 8 mat]ial1 b1 on t basis1 he divides cleanly into two p>ts1 "o ( !m1 ! arti/1 express+ ! o!r1 ! mat]ial4 ,:at ,i object to is ! attempt to express ?r\gh a s+le1 inela/ic /yle all ( 8 mat]ial1 all ( himself z mat]ial1 or all ( himself z arti/4 ,!re is no "o /yle t c ev5 approximate p]fect expression ( all t is 9 ! _w4 ,d trag$y1 com$y1 pa?os1 love1 ang]1 excitem5t1 calm speak ! same language 9 real life8 ,mu/ n human art at lea/ approximate human life if only by a k9d ( symbolism8 ,:at writ]1 or any o!r human be+1 c approximate expression ( all ( himself ?r\gh ! inton+ ( any "o s+le /yle8 ,does he g f cradle to grave 9 "o s+le *ord8 ,does he n respond to emotions1 8 own or o!r p's1 z a h>p to h&8 ,& yet1 ,god save ! m>k1 :5 he comes to write he calmly tries to squeeze dea? & all liv+ into a s+le monotone6 #bbb ,is lit]ature m]ely ! click ( a telegraph key1 cru%+ all juice f life to r$uce all life to its own inflexible code & flat rhy?m8 ,is an au?or m]ely a funnel ?r\gh :i* all ! juice ( life mu/ em]ge at ! small end 9 a s+le ?9 /ream8 ,dem&s ( ,unity4--,art's dem& = unity is fundam5tal & n to be d5i$1 b :at has be5 our idea ( unity ( /yle8 ,m]ely to :i/le "o note & call x a satisfactory expression ( ! au?or & ! univ]se4 ,x c n be4 ,& to atta9 ?is "o note 9 a /ory we place no limit to ! viol5ce ne$$ to make all human emotions give up _! own individuality 9 ord] to be 9 key4 ,x is well en\gh1 z f> z x goes1 b x is only a fir/ crude /ep4 ,x is "t we took a /ep beyond4 ,c any arti/ic dem& = unity be bas$ on any elem5tal m fundam5tal & indisputable ?an ! irreconcilable diff]5ce ( opposite human emotions8 ,let ! au?or mold 8 mat]ial to 8 individuality1 unify x ?r\gh himself1 express x ?r\gh 8 individual /yle4 ,let him mold 8 mat]ial into unity ar\nd :at s+le #bbc ?\ght or emotion he please be=e he passes x ?r\gh 8 /yle4 ,b let him make t /yle1 n a s+le inflexible note1 b a tune1 a tune t s+s high or l[1 l\d or s(t1 9 majors or m9ors1 h>mony or discord1 fa/ or sl[1 express+ 9 delicate response ! v>y+ emotions ( its song ?r\gh ! s+]1 itself a unity & an expression & 9 ea* ( its p>ts a unity & expression ( t "p4 ,let ,y\r ,/yle ,respond4--,if y are s9c]e 9 y\r "w1 if y really feel y\r mat]ial & if y are n s ridd5 & oppress$ by rules t y c n be natural1 y\r /yle w ( its own accord t5d to attune itself to :at x expresses4 ,give x ! *ance1 enc\rage x to d s4 ,let no rule ( mis9t]pret$ unity =ce x into "o monoton\s1 inflexible note imp]vi\s to all ! emotions ( ! mat]ial t /rive to break ?r\gh into expressions ( !mselves s t !y !mselves c rea* ! read] 9 some?+ ( ! fulness & color ( reality in/ead ( 9 ! %ape ( cold l9e draw+s4 ,let y\r tune foll[ ! moods ( :at x s+s ab\t4 ,if 9 y\r mat]ial comes trag$y aft] a grayness ( e-day affairs1 #bbd w y\r song ripple on 9 un*ang$ measure8 ,:y n let ! trag$y come ?r\gh into ! song itself8 ,let ea* mood ( y\r mat]ial come ?r\gh into y\r song & to y\r read]4 ,if !re foll[s a relief sc5e ( com$y1 h[ mu* ( com$y w fail to rea* ! read] if x fails to t+e ev5 ! m$ium ( transmission8 ,if y are n musician en\gh to compose ! v>i\s elem5ts ( mat]ial into y\r /yle-tune1 at lea/ y c approximate by ! use ( notes y "k produce ! g5]al effect & are key$ to ! mood y desire to reproduce 9 y\r read]--rhy?m *ang$ to smoo?ness or h>%ness1 s5t5ce-l5g? *ang$ to t g5]ally us$ 9 real life = ! expression ( t mood1 words *os5 = sl[ness & weight or spe$ & lightness1 skilful use ( adaptation ( s\nd to s5se1 few words = spe$ ( action1 _m = wait+ & susp5se4 ,! ,ne$ ( ,emphasiz+ ! ,relation ( ,/yle to ,mat]ial4--,all ^! ?+s are done--a little--by a few4 ,^! few are ( ! real arti/s4 ,x is because !y are real arti/s t _! mat]ial f9ds expression 9 _! /yle4 ,x is n because responsiv5ess #bbe ( /yle to mat]ial is sy/ematically taught4 ,x %\ld be1 if ,am]ican fictioni/s are to atta9 ! developm5t _! natural advantages make possible to !m4 ,x is ! art ( arti/s t mo/ des]ves tea*+ s f> z x c be taught1 p>ticul>ly if x is s pot5t t x pu%es its way )\t enc\ragem5t & aga9/ heavy odds ( h9d]+ rules4 ,i h only outl9$ ! ne$ & ! possibilities &1 ,i fe>1 made a poor case ( x4 ,b "s day "s "o else w give x full & conv9c+ pres5tation--if1 inde$1 "s "o has n already done s outside my k4 ,9 any case1 !re lies a l9e ( developm5t t soon] or lat] fiction is b\nd to foll[4 ,:e!r y believe x or n1 give x sl[ consid]ation 9 y\r m9d4 ,ev5 if y decide aga9/ x 9 ! end1 ! consid]+ ( x w tea* y m conc]n+ /yle ?an y are likely to get f ! /udy ( o!r p's rules4 ,( t ,i am v sure4 ,9 y\r case y are ! mo/ important au?ority4 ,appeal to t au?ority & see t x gives judgm5t1 judgm5t reason$ out1 by y1 f fundam5tals4 #bbf ,let no rules by o!r p impose !mselves until y h reason$ out _! wor?4 ,keep & develop y\r own individuality4 ,& ! "o be/ way to le>n to write is to--write4 ,i h]eby absolve y f all rules 9 ?is book except su* rules z w>n aga9/ rules4 ,,! ,,end #bbg ,,app5dix ,,y\r ,,manuscripts ,,& ,,! ,,editors ,to new writ]s1 & to mo/ old ones1 a magaz9e editorial (fice is1 among o!r ?+s1 a my/]y1 n ! lea/ my/]i\s ( its cont5ts be+ ! editors4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 no m my/]i\s ?an ! (fice ( any o!r specializ$ bus9ess1 & editors are m]ely "o small class among _m classes do+ v>i\s k9ds ( specializ$ "w4 ,c]ta9ly !re seems no ju/ification = ! traditional awe 9 :i* editors are held by s great a majority ( p4 ,?is awe is und5iably pres5t & does m ?an a little to prev5t m com=table relations betwe5 writ]s & read]s on "o h& & editors on ! o!r4 ,p>tly x is a hangov] f a pa/ age :5 editors bett] e>n$ an atmosph]e ( awe z individual mold]s ( public op9ion1 & p>tly x is due to p's insi/5ce on reg>d+ ) a peculi> & undiscrim9at+ rev]5ce #bbh anybody or any ?+ connect$1 h[ev] remotely1 ) lit]ature4 ,x %\ldn't be necess>y to say s1 b1 if ! te/imony ( "o ( !m c be accept$ by ^? :o p]si/ 9 consid]+ !m some?+ v mu* above--or bel[--! normal1 editors are j ord9>y humans no diff]5t 9 ess5tials f any o!r p ( ord9>y education4 ,z 9 any collection ( p1 !re are all k9ds among u1 ev5 ^? :o brea! a r>ifi$ atmosph]e & hold !mselves sup]ior to _! fell[s1 b1 heav5s1 ?9k ( wait]s y h kn[n6 ,:ile z to b>b]s & policem5-- ,j humans1 ^: job happ5s to be t ( try+ to *oose f _m manuscripts ^? ! read+ public w l be/4 ,if ! manuscripts !y h&le happ5 to be fact articles z well z fiction1 !re is also ! job ( select+ ) an idea ( education1 or ( advanc+ "s cause or pr9ciple advocat$ by ! p>ticul> magaz9e1 b ev5 "h !re is also ! job ( pleas+ ! read+ public4 ,besides t1 if ! editor has a pla9 or social consci5ce1 ! desire to leave p ! bett]1 r ?an ! worse1 = _! read+4 ,t's all4 #bbi ,a ^w m ab\t t job1 s t we editors may n seem q s my/]i\s1 inconsi/5t1 arbitr>y & o!r ?+s z we d at pres5t4 ,take ! editor ( any fiction magaz9e--or any magaz9e1 = t matt]4 ,s long z he works on t p>ticul> magaz9e 8 job is1 g5]ally speak+1 n to te/ a manuscript by its g5]al lit]>y or its g5]al magaz9e m]its1 nor to *oose accord+ to 8 own p]sonal ta/es1 b1 to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 to *oose fir/ accord+ to its suitability to t p>ticul> magaz9e4 ,if ,john ,jones is editor ( magaz9e ,b & !n becomes editor ( magaz9e ,c1 8 manuscript te/s w *ange in/antly4 ,he w accept "s /ories he reject$ = ,b & reject "s o!rs t he w\ld gladly h tak5 = ,b4 ,t is1 if ,john is a good editor & has n delib]ately tak5 up ! task ( mak+ ,c z mu* l ,b z possible4 ,ea* fiction magaz9e aims at a special type ( read]1 or a special gr\p ( read]s4 ,!re=e x tries to individualize itself 9 su* mann] z to get & hold ! int]e/ ( t type4 ,its policy may und]go *anges1 b x is always a m or less #bcj individualiz$ "o4 ,:at is "o magaz9e's meat may be ano!r magaz9e's poison4 ,!re are o!r reasons :y ! rejection ( a manuscript is n necess>ily a reflection ^u its m]its4 ,x may fall fairly )9 ! individualiz$ field ( a magaz9e & be recogniz$ by ! editor z ( entirely suffici5t m]it1 yet be s5t back4 ,a groc] or a druggi/ or a delicatess5 man acts exactly ! same way4 ,if "o hundr$ cans ( corn is ! numb] a groc] is ju/ifi$ by sales 9 c>ry+ on 8 inv5tory & he already has "o hundr$ cans ( corn1 he doesn't buy any m cans4 ,if an editor e/imates t 8 read]s' dem& ju/ifies him 9 buy+ ab\t fifty love-/ories1 five tragic /ories1 t5 bus9ess /ories1 etc41 p] ye> & he already has 9 /ock ! full quota ( ea* t %\ld be on h& at any "o "t1 he1 l ! groc]1 buys no m ( ^! types4 ,l5g?1 z well z type1 is also a factor t an editor mu/ consid] 9 ! light ( 8 inv5tory4 ,( c\rse1 !re are all k9ds ( exceptions 9 apply+ ! inv5tory te/ to manuscripts1 = /ories are n /&>diz$ l #bca cans ( corn nor d all magaz9es adh]e to s rigid a basis ( selection4 ,!n1 too1 !re is ! fact t "s types are1 p]man5tly or tempor>ily1 difficult to secure &1 :5 suffici5tly well execut$1 are likely to be seiz$ ^u at any "t4 ,really good humor\s /ories1 be+ notori\sly difficult to f9d1 w\ld h>dly be reject$ ev5 by a magaz9e ) its normal supply ( humor\s /ories already 9 ! safe4 ,also1 manuscripts come 9 waves1 n only z to numb] b z to sett+1 mat]ial1 !me1 & s on4 ,= six mon?s1 a ye>1 ?ree ye>s1 !re may be1 = example1 an ov]supply ( /ories ( diplomatic life1 rural /ories1 /ories laid 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica1 & a de>? ( /ories ( golf+1 /ories ( old5 times1 sea /ories4 ,by ! end ( a ye> or two ! situation may be completely rev]s$ on any or all ( ^! types4 ,9 mo/ cases ! *ange f de>? to pl5ty or vice v]sa is )\t w>n+ or disc]nible cause4 ,aft] be+ caught by a few de>?s an editor is likely to /ock up ) a res]ve on types t h %[n !mselves subject to fluctuation 9 supply4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he may decide t writ]s z a :ole1 9 #bcb _! fancy or lack ( fancy = a type1 are a fairly safe index to ! fancy ( ! public 9 g5]al4 ,9 any case1 _m factors besides m]it1 recogniz$ or unrecogniz$1 & besides bad judgm5t by editors1 decide ! fate ( manuscripts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ manuscripts are reject$ = ! all suffici5t reason t !y d lack suffici5t m]it4 ,"s ideas are preval5t t seem wor? meet+4 ,a pull is seldom ( s]vice 9 ga9+ acceptance = manuscripts2 ( none at all s f> z my obs]vation ext5ds1 & ,i c n n[ recall1 ev5 f he>say1 any case 9 :i* pull took ! place ( m]it4 ,d\btless !re are su* in/ances1 b1 e?ics aside1 progress ?r\gh pull is n wor? a writ]'s practical consid]ation4 ,_m beg9n]s believe !y w get a bett] he>+ = _! /ories if !y pres5t !m 9 p]son in/ead ( mail+ !m4 ,x's an editor's bus9ess to select manuscripts accord+ to _! values1 n accord+ to 8 op9ion ( _! au?ors1 & ,i ?9k mo/ editors d s4 ,if he is subject to p]sonal influ5ce1 don't =get t y may make an #bcc unfavorable1 in/ead ( a favorable1 impression4 ,9 any case y're tak+ f him "t t he probably ne$s badly & is n likely to be happy ov] los+4 ,:at y h to say to him c almo/ always be said equally well by lett]1 p]haps f> bett]4 ,a lett] takes less ( 8 "t &--he c *oose 8 "t = read+ x4 ,i "k ( no fiction magaz9e t has a regul> /aff ( writ]s 9 ! s5se ( its hav+ no op5+ = new writ]s4 ,(t5 a magaz9e comes to dep5d = ! bulk ( its supply ^u a comp>ative few :o h prov$ !mselves be/ able to provide t supply1 b t does n mean t x hasn't a welcome = o!rs4 ,! (t-he>d wail t a new writ] has no *ance ) editors is m]ely silly4 ,w]5't all ! old writ]s once new8 ,h[1 pray1 did !y ga9 _! fir/ foot+8 ,9 "o s5se1 to be sure1 new writ]s h little *ance ) editors = ! sweet & simple reason t a majority ( beg9n]s hav5't suffici5t m]it to e>n !m a *ance ) any compet5t1 fair-m9d$ judge4 ,"s ( !m w nev] h4 ,"s h n yet develop$ & are wor?less to #bcd magaz9es until !y d4 ,if a writ] c't develop unless enc\rag$ by acceptances be=e he has develop$1 he almo/ surely hasn't 9 him ! ability to develop 9 any circum/ances4 ,don't be disc\rag$ by rejections4 ,!y are m]ely ! usual ?+4 ,!y only class y\r manuscript among ! eighty-five to n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 t e magaz9e turns back4 ,along ) y\rs _m manuscripts ( successful or ev5 fam\s au?ors are reject$1 & "s ( ^! reject$ /ories1 possibly y\rs among !m1 w be accept$ by o!r magaz9es4 ,! only disgrace is 9 be+ disc\rag$4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! usual pr9t$ slip1 y get a note f "o ( ! /aff1 be glad1 = y\r manuscript has rais$ itself above ! o!rs & e>n$ att5tion = its m]its2 y\r rejection is really a /ep =w>d--! big fir/ /ep4 ,(t5 ! beg9n]'s disc\ragem5t is due to 8 try+ 8 w>es on ! wrong m>ket4 ,w\ld y try to sell a lady's slipp]s to a civil eng9e]1 a soldi]'s boots to a da9ty dame ( fa%ion1 a policeman's brogans to a *ild8 ,yet t is exactly :at s _m ( y try to d ) manuscripts4 ,i #bce am1 ?\gh an editor myself1 q incapable ( say+ j :i* magaz9es w buy :i* manuscripts1 = an inf9ite v>iety ( factors & circum/ances are involv$1 b ! total ignorance ( magaz9e m>kets display$ by _m beg9n]s c be due to no?+ b failure to give ! field ev5 a rudim5t>y consid]ation be=e try+ to ma/] x4 ,! elem5t>y rules = ! actual submission ( manuscripts h be5 pr9t$ ?\s&s ( times1 b ! ne$ = !m abides3 ,e manuscript %\ld be typewritt54 ,no matt] h[ good h&writ+ may be1 x imposes a heavy h&icap on any manuscript1 =1 9 comp>ison ) o!r manuscripts 9 typewrit+1 its /ory c unfold only on lead5 feet ev5 to ! mo/ pati5t1 k9dly & self-sacrific+ editor4 ,d\ble-space ! typewrit+4 ,x reads m easily1 all[s y suffici5t space to make y\r own alt]ations & corrections )\t mess+ p>ts ( y\r /ory into illegibility1 &1 if ! manuscript is b\ght1 gives space = edit+ x z copy = ! pr9t] to foll[4 #bcf ,write on only "o side ( ! pap]4 ,?is cu/om is s firmly e/abli%$ t x's folly to violate x & almo/ no "o does4 ,!re are pl5ty ( reasons = ! cu/om1 b its m]e exi/5ce is practical reason en\gh4 ,leave a fairly wide m>g9 on ! left-h& side ( ea* %eet--z a k9dness to ! editor 9 case y\r manuscript is b\ght & to ! compositor :o mu/ read & set :at y h writt5 & ! editor edit$4 ,type y\r "n & address on ! fir/ page ( y\r manuscript4 ,= common-s5se reasons4 ,numb] y\r pages4 ,consecutively /raight ?r\gh f beg9n+ to end4 ,especially if y hope = any *ance ( detail$ criticism f ! editor4 ,unless y\r manuscript is to be return$ express collect1 enclose /amp$1 self-address$ envelope ( suffici5t size & /r5g?1 or at lea/ suffici5t po/age4 ,z a matt] ( common hone/y4 ,a surpris+ numb] ( writ]s are n hone/ 9 ?is respect4 ,if y write to ! editor :5 y submit a manuscript1 see t ! lett] is enclos$ ) ! manuscript1 n s5t "u sep>ate #bcg cov]4 ,if y\r idea 9 writ+ is to fur!r ! *ances ( y\r /ory1 y're go+ ab\t x 9 a poor way if y add to ! editor's tr\bles by mak+ him h&le y\r case 9 two p>ts in/ead ( "o4 ,or by mak+ him read y\r autobiography 9 full4 ,sev]al ?+s w help t[>d a bett] und]/&+ ( ! editorial attitude t[>d manuscripts4 ,fir/1 tell me1 did y ev] "k a m]*ant to "w h>d day aft] day = ! purpose ( avoid+ buy+ /ock = 8 cu/om]s' dem&s8 ,no1 ! editor desires to buy2 he sp5ds 8 "t try+ to get /ories1 n to avoid !m4 ,:5 he f9ds "o t meets 8 ne$s he rejoices4 ,a m9ority ( magaz9es seek fir/ ( all = au?ors ) big names1 because ( ! foll[+ !y comm& among ! read+ public1 b ! editors ( ev5 ^! are incl9$ to pat !mselves on ! back :5 !y f9d a br&-new au?or ( m]it4 ,second1 to balance ! above1 rememb] t y\r manuscript is m]ely "o among ?\s&s t come to an editor4 ,!re is a wide-spread feel+ t _m manuscripts are reject$ only because !y are read1 n by ! editor himself1 b by #bch "s assi/ant4 ,!re are two s*ools ( manuscript-read+4 ,"o me?od is to let ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ read]s we$ out ! bulk ( submitt$ manuscripts1 ?us sav+ ! m exp]i5c$ read]s mu* "t4 ,! o!r me?od rev]ses ! process2 a m exp]i5c$ read] does ! fir/ sort+4 ,! latt] seems to be ga9+ gr\nd2 p]sonally ,i believe 9 x /rongly4 ,my own exp]i5ce may s]ve to illu/rate ! situation4 ,= ye>s e manuscript came to my h&s fir/4 ,z _! numb] increas$ ?is became a physical impossibility4 ,manuscript-read+ is only "o ( an editor's _m duties1 a fact t _m lose sight (4 ,at pres5t f "o to two work+ days p] week is probably a g5]\s e/imate ( ! "t ,i give to manuscript-read+4 ,! read+ is done mo/ly 9 bits--9 ! ev5+s1 on tra9s1 9 days sp5t at home = ! purpose4 ,9 ! (fice itself ,i c't get "t to read a doz5 manuscripts a ye>4 ,& mu* ( ! o!r k9ds ( "w also is done outside4 ,_m o!r editors are 9 simil> case4 ,b 9 delegat+ ! bulk ( ! "w ! mo/ exp]i5c$ editor on ! /aff is ! "o :o fir/ reads ! /ories f #bci unkn[ns4 ,except 9 cases ( appeal1 /ories by our regul> writ]s d n pass ?r\gh 8 h&s at all1 b g fir/ to editors ( less exp]i5ce & f !m to me4 ,"s magaz9es h a special fiction editor1 :o is (t5 ! c\rt ( f9al appeal1 may h be5 *os5 by ! editor z sup]ior to himself 9 ?is bran* ( editorial "w & may or may n be ! fir/ to read manuscripts4 ,! ?+ to rememb] is t if ! editor delegates ! fir/ read+ x does n foll[ t he m9imizes its importance & he g5]ally takes c>e to put x into z capable h&s z he c4 ,rememb]1 also1 ! g5]al rule is t a fir/ read] is in/ruct$ to m>k all d\btful cases = a second he>+2 also t x's to 8 own p]sonal int]e/ to f9d e good /ory he c if he wi%es to hold 8 job4 ,h[ mu* ( a manuscript does a read] read8 ,a s5t5ce1 a p>agraph1 a few pages1 maybe all ( x4 ,unfair & ineffici5t n to read all ( ea*8 ,my p]sonal op9ion is t manuscript-read+ is "o ( ! ?+s t c be le>n$ by exp]i5ce only4 ,b1 hav+ ! exp]i5ce1 an editor c reject #bdj ! culls v swiftly & ) a good deal ( sur5ess4 ,he c tell all ! hack plots at a glance1 kn[s ! k9ds ( op5+ t are nev] foll[$ by a good /ory1 c tell 9 a few s5t5ces or p>agraphs :e!r a writ] has suffici5t skill 9 h&l+ 8 tools to be able to turn out an acceptable /ory &--has at 8 f+]-ends all ! k9ds ( mat]ial1 sett+1 plot1 treatm5t1 etc41 t 8 p>ticul> magaz9e does n use4 ,if 9 d\bt1 he reads fur!r or samples x out "h & !re & glances at ! end4 ,if /ill 9 d\bt1 he reads x all4 ,sometimes kn[+ ! /ory to be unusable1 he reads x all because ! au?or's possibilities are wor? s]i\s consid]ation ev5 if ! /ory 9 h& isn't4 ,z to ! f9al read+ ,i ?9k1 f :at data ,i *ance to h1 t ,i'm n 9 accord ) ! majority cu/om4 ,:5 ,i'm famili> ) a writ]'s "w & he's fairly /eady1 ! endorsem5t ( ! man :o pass$ x ov] to me is (t5 suffici5t1 s9ce he too kn[s t writ]'s "w & w\ld h not$ any let-d[n or d\btful po9ts4 ,9 o!r cases1 sometimes a few pages--) maybe a glance at ! rema9d]--is #bda suffici5t = rejection1 unless ! o!r editor1 hav+ read x all1 has vot$ = x or makes ! po9t t we c help ! writ] revise x into suitable %ape4 ,b :at ,i d read ,i read ^w = ^w page aft] page until ,i f9d def9ite cause = rejection1 = ,i c't believe t ,i c judge f ! read+ public's po9t ( view unless ,i read z ,i ?9k mo/ ( ! read+ public reads--^w = ^w4 ,maybe o!r editors c1 b1 at lea/ 9 mo/ cases1 ,i c't4 ,b be sure ( ?is--:atev] _! read+ me?ods1 editors are try+ to f9d good /ories1 n to reject !m4 ,_m magaz9es contract 9 advance = /ories by well-kn[n writ]s1 buy+ sight unse5 & tru/+ :olly to ! writ]'s /ead9ess1 consci5ti\sness & popul> foll[+4 ,9 "s cases ?is is p]fectly safe2 9 o!rs decid$ly n4 ,x means1 ess5tially1 t ! writ] has left ! m]it sy/em & works on a sure-?+ basis1 :i* is n good = mo/ writ]s4 ,d n decide t y\r /ory 0 reject$ because an editor read x :5 he 0 tir$ or 8 liv] 0 out ( ord]4 ,editors get tir$ & _! liv]s are z undep5dable z #bdb anybody's liv]1 b !y "k ?is & make all[ances accord+ly4 ,9 fact1 x's a pretty safe rule to decide t y\r /ory 0 reject$ = lack ( m]it or = unsuitability to ! p>ticul> magaz9e4 ,if n conv9c$ ( ! =m] reason1 keep s5d+ y\r /ory to o!r magaz9es4 ,_m a /ory has be5 reject$ by five1 t51 tw5ty1 fifty magaz9es & yet f\nd an acceptance1 p]haps by a bett] magaz9e ?an "s ( ^? t reject$ x1 ?\gh ! majority ( manuscripts submitt$ probably nev] f9d a tak]4 ,oh1 yes1 ! editor is fallible l ev]ybody else includ+ y\rself4 ,b aft] all he's an exp]t ( exp]i5ce 9 8 own p>ticul> l9e1 exp]i5ce has giv5 him a p]spective y lack1 & he has an und]/&+ ( 8 magaz9e's p>ticul> ne$s t no outsid] c h4 ,9 ! long run y'll make progress fa/] if1 all[+ = ! fallibility ( ! g5us editor1 y decide to accept 8 v]dict z m dep5dable ?an t ( y\r fri5ds or y\rself4 ,anyh[1 !re's m to be ga9$ f look+ = weak places 9 y\r "w ?an f /riv+ to prove its excell5cies by argum5t4 #bdc ,?is is a rambl+1 hop-skip-&-jump *apt]1 b !re are a ?\s& little po9ts t bob up "o aft] ! o!r & *oos+ among !m is haphaz>d "w at be/4 ,all ,i've tri$ to d is to give y a sket*y idea ( editorial (fices & _! work+ s t s5d+ manuscripts to !m w n be q s mu* l s5d+ !m out into a ho/ile unkn[n4 #bdg ,,index ,academic me?ods ( tea*+ fiction3 #e1 #aj-d1 #ch-i1 #db-d1 #ea1 #ajh1 #acd-e1 #aed-e1 #afh-i1 #aga-b1 #ahj-if4 ,action3 #if1 #abi-cj1 #ace-g1 #bje-af4 ,ambiguity3 ,see ,words4 ,art ,process1 ,!3 #ag-be1 #bag-bf4 ,art3 #ag-ba1 #abg-cb1 #bag-bf4 ,beg9n+ a /ory3 #ge-f1 #afg-i1 #agf4 ,big words3 ,see ,words4 ,brackets3 ,see ,frames4 ,brevity3 #hg1 #aac-g1 #adg4 ,*apt] head+s3 #aaj-a1 #aai4 ,*>act]s3 #gf1 #afh-i1 #agj-a1 #age-f1 #agi4 7,see also ,*>act]ization1 ,prop] ,names47 ,*>act]ization3 #ajj-a1 #aac-d1 #aag-h1 #abg-cb1 #acb-i1 #adc-e1 #agj-ha1 #bab-c4 ,classical ref]5ces3 ,see ,ref]5ces4 ,classics1 ,!3 #bjh-aj4 ,cle>ness3 #ba1 #gj-hf1 #hh4 ,co9cid5ce3 #ajd4 ,color3 #eg1 #eh-i1 #ei-fb1 #ge1 #gg1 #hi-ij1 #aje1 #aag-h1 #aig-bjd4 ,cond5sation3 ,see ,brevity4 ,contra/3 #aej-a1 #afj-e4 7,see also ,relief ,sc5es47 ,conv9c+ness3 #ch1 #eb1 #id-ajh4 7,see also ,illusion47 ,copy+3 ,see ,imitation4 ,dialect3 #fb1 #gg1 #hi1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,dialogue3 #gf4 ,di/ractions3 #eb-fi1 #hh4 ,dramatic elem5t3 #aji-ai4 ,editorial (fices3 #bbg-dc4 ,end+ a /ory3 #adg-ej1 #afe-g4 ,fiction1 ,:at x is3 #ag-bd1 #cb-d1 #fd-f1 #abg-cb1 #adj-b1 #aed1 #bab4 ,fiction z a vehicle3 #bd1 #cb-d1 #fd-f4 ,fictional ref]5ces3 ,see ,ref]5ces4 ,fir/-p]son n>ratives3 #fh1 #ajd-e1 #aea4 ,=ce3 #bb4 ,=eign words3 ,see ,words4 ,frames or brackets3 #fh1 #ia-b1 #ajd-e4 ,fri5ds z critics3 #ee1 #fc1 #gb-c1 #aih4 ,happy end+s3 #abc-e1 #afe-g4 ,hi/orical ref]5ces3 ,see ,ref]5ces4 ,horror /ory1 ,!3 #abc-e4 ,illusion1 ,impos+ & pres]v+ !3 #aj1 #bc-e1 #cj-de1 #eb-aha1 #aig-bjd4 ,imag9ation response3 #aig-bjd4 ,imitation1 ,evils (3 #ajb-c1 #ajd1 #ahg-h1 #aia-e4 ,improbabilities3 #ie-aja4 ,individuality3 #aah-i4 7,see also ,imitation47 ,individuality vs4 te*nique3 ,see te*nique1 ,academic me?ods4 ,lit]>y1 ,be+3 #ea1 #aie-f1 #bje-ab1 #bad-e4 7,see also ,lit]ature47 ,lit]ature3 #a-c1 #be-i1 #hj-b1 #he1 #aie-f1 #bae4 7,see also ,lit]>y47 ,lit]ature vs4 ,magaz9e fiction3 #be-i4 ,manuscript read+ by editors3 #ahb-d1 #bbg-dc4 ,manuscripts1 ,prep>+ & submitt+3 #bbg-dc4 ,m>ket1 ,!3 #bbg-dc4 ,mat]ial3 #hh1 #ie-aja1 #aje-g1 #aag-h1 #abc-g1 #adc-e1 #bag-bf4 ,mi/akes1 ,effect ( on read]3 #fb-c1 #gg-i1 #aje-g4 7,see also ,conv9c+ness1 ,improbabilities47 ,models3 ,see ,imitation4 ,moral values3 #acf1 #aci-de4 ,motion pictures1 ,effect (3 #aae-g1 #adj4 ,my/]y /ories3 #ib-c1 #aaa-b4 ,obtrusion ( au?or3 #ff-i4 ,ov]/ra9 ( read]3 #g1 #hg-ic1 #aab4 ,plot3 #ci1 #gi1 #hh1 #ic1 #if-ajj1 #aja-c1 #aji-ai1 #ade-g1 #adi1 #aed-fi1 #aga1 #bab-c4 ,plot1 positive vs4 negative3 #ade-g4 ,prop] names3 #ei-fb1 #gc-e1 #ge-f4 ,read]s1 ,y\r3 #g1 #bj1 #bb1 #df-ea1 #ga-c1 #aje-f1 #abj-c1 #aej1 #aea1 #aec1 #afj-e1 #aig-bjd1 #bae-f4 7,see also ,illusion1 ,imag9ation ,response47 ,realism3 #abf-cb1 #acc-d1 #adj-a1 #afa-e4 ,ref]5ces1 ,classical1 hi/orical1 etc43 #ei1 #ge1 #hi4 ,rejections3 #bbg-dc4 ,relief sc5es3 #ij-a1 #aab-c4 ,repetition3 #hf4 ,repression3 ,see ,brevity4 ,rules3 #dd-e1 #ea1 #aba-c1 #acd-e1 #aej-a1 #aed-e1 #afj-e1 #agb-e1 #aha1 #ahb-if1 #bbf4 7,see also ,te*nique1 ,academic47 ,s5t5ce l5g?3 #hh1 #aag1 #bbj4 ,sett+3 #aag-h1 #aeb4 ,simplicity3 #a-b1 #h1 #bb1 #gi-hf4 ,slang3 #gg1 #hi1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,/ructure3 #bc1 #aef-g4 7,see also ,plot47 ,/yle3 #bg1 #ch-dc1 #dd-e1 #fc-d1 #fd-i1 #gi-he1 #ajd1 #aag-i1 #aba-b1 #aej1 #aia-f1 #bag-bf4 7,see also ,te*nique47 ,surprise3 #aaa1 #afj-f4 ,susp5se3 #aaj-a1 #aea4 ,sympa?ies1 ,enli/+ read]s'3 #bb1 #abj-ec4 ,tags3 #age-hj4 ,te*nique1 ,ov]-emphasis on3 #aj-d1 #ch-dd1 #ahb-if4 7,see also ,academic47 ,titles3 #aai4 ,unconv9c+ness3 ,see ,conv9c+ness4 ,unity3 #bc1 #aeg-h1 #bbb-d4 ,unusual words3 ,see ,words4 ,words1 ,ambigu\s3 #gc4 ,words1 ,big3 #ee-h1 #gi-he1 #aag4 ,words1 ,=eign3 #eh-i1 #ge1 #hi1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,words1 ,te*nical3 #ge1 #hi4 ,words1 ,unusual1 #ee-fb1 #hi4 ,words1 7,see also "u ,slang1 ,dialect1 ,prop] ,names47