,,! ,,new ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,space ,,spee*  
,by ,v9c5t ,h4 ,gaddis            ,h[ to
 talk to ,m>tians1 dolph9s & creatures  
f ! f>!/ />s--n tomorr[1 b n[6      ,a  
giant e> to li/5 to ! :isp]s f inf9ity  
is be+ built at  ,sug> ,grove1 ,w4 ,va4 
,?is #fjj-;foot radio telescope1 l>ge/  
ev]  design$1 w co/ #ajj million4 ,:5   
complet$1 its massive ant5na1  cov]+ #f 
acres1 w be tra9$ on ! mighty /ell>     
ma9l& f>  beyond our sol> sy/em4        
,a/ronom]s believe t x w pick up cosmic 
impulses orig9at+ 9  />s f #fj to #hj   
light-ye>s di/ant--sev5 times f>!r ?an  
,am]ica's l>ge/ exi/+ radio telescope4  
,mean:ile1 a sci5ti/ 9 ! ,virg9 ,isl&s  
talks to a frisky dolph94  ,& ! aquatic 
mammal replies1 imitat+ ! man's words ) 
uncanny  accuracy4    ,& at c5t]s (     
le>n+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & abroad s*ol>s 
pati5tly "w ov] ma!matical *>ts & ^w    
li/s1 seek+ =mulas  t w solve ! problem 
( space spee*4    ,^! div]se activities 
are unifi$ by a common purpose--to      
int]cept  & to int]pret a possible      

message f out] space4    ,?is signal    
across ! va/ void ( ! spaceways f       
intellig5t b  ali5 be+s w be1 p]haps1 ! 
mo/ mom5t\s ev5t 9 human  hi/ory4 ,x    
c\ld come tomorr[1 or x may n be receiv$
 = a c5tury  or m4    ,:5 x does come1  
man %\ld be prep>$ to reply4 ,?is means 
we mu/  devise "s new me?od (           
communication t w transmit ?\ghts to    
non-human ali5 m9ds4    ,9 aw>d+ a      
contract = a space spee* project1 ,dr4  
,dale ,w4 ,j5k9s1  *ief ( ! ,national   
,space ,adm9i/ration's environm5t       
biology  programs1 /ress$ ! great ne$ = 
?is k4    8,we h n yet det]m9$ :e!r !re 
are any communications  direct$ at e>? f
 out] space10 he said4 8,if we d make   
contact1 we  w h to "w out sy/ems (     
und]/&+40    ,?is und]/&+ is an         
all-important requisite z man rea*es out
  t[>d ! />s4    ,und]/&+1 h[ev]1 w also
 h to be appli$ by man to himself  :5 he
 jo9s ! community ( civilizations       
beyond4    ,once int]/ell> int]c\rse is 
e/abli%$1 x w h]ald a new era  9 :i* man

 w h to recognize ano!r species or =m ( 
life z  intellectually 8 equal or m     
likely 8 sup]ior4 ,a rec5t  psy*ological
 /udy ( ! possible effects ( out] space 
contacts  indicates t x w deflate human 
egoism ) f>-rea*+  consequ5ces to 8     
culture4                       99       
99       99       99       99    ,!     
problem ( space spee* is two-fold4      
,fir/1 !re are ! te*niques to be us$ 9  
actual physical contact  ) o!r _w       
inhabitants2 second1 ! f> m complex     
problem (  ex*ang+ concepts ?r\gh !     
m$ium ( radio communication4    ,suppose
 y are a space explor]4 ,y h l&$ on ,m>s
 or ,v5us &  = ! fir/ "t y are meet+    
intellig5t creatures t are !  products (
 a completely diff]5t l9e ( evolution4  
,y possess five relatively well-develop$
 s5ses4 ,if ! be+s are n  ho/ile1 y mu/ 
fir/ det]m9e if !y h ! same s5ses1 only 
"s "p ( !m1 or additional s5ses t man   
does n h4    ,= example1 !y may h a s5se
 simil> to extra-s5sory p]ception  &    
communicate ) ea* o!r ?r\gh telepa?y4   

,if y c ex*ange  ?\ghts ) !m1 t is f9e4 
,if y _c tune 9 on _! m5tal  wavel5g?s1 
y're 9 tr\ble4    ,! s5se ( smell is    
practically limit$ to attractive p]fumes
 &  repulsive odors4 ,ta/e has ! same   
limitations4 ,t\* has be5 us$ =         
communication betwe5 humans1 z 9 tea*+ !
 bl9d & deaf1 b x  requires physical    
contact 7c]ta9ly a risky act :5 meet+   
/rang]s7  & is limit$ to elem5t>y       
concepts at be/4    ,! only practical   
s5ses--( ^? :i* we humans possess1 at   
any  rate--= direct communication are   
sight & he>+4    ,if our ,m>tians or    
,v5usians h ^! s5ses--& if _! reason+   
processes are simil> to ^? ( humans--!n 
communication c\ld  probably be e/abli%$
 9 ! same mann] ) :i* we tea* our       
*ildr54    ,y c\ld use 8sign language40 
,y c\ld po9t to y\r m\? & move  y\r jaws
 to indicate y ?\ght refre%m5ts %\ld be 
s]v$4 ,y  c\ld po9t to _! head or heads 
7if !y _h !m7 & !n at y\r  own head &   
say 8head40 ,) "t & pati5ce1 a basis =  
communication c\ld be e/abli%$4    ,b   

suppose _! me?ods ( communication are   
entirely diff]5t4  ,suppose !y use      
ant5nae1 l ants1 or gyrations1 l bees4  
,dr4 ,k>l von ,fris*1 ! ,g]man zoologi/1
 discov]$ t :5 a bee  locates a ri*     
s\rce ( nect>1 %e returns to ! hive &   
p]=ms a  dance4 ,! numb] ( times %e     
turns reveals ! di/ance1 & h]  position 
9 relation to ! sun & ! hive gives !    
direction4    ,?is 8break?r\gh0 into    
subhuman communication requir$ controll$
 &  su/a9$ obs]vation4 ,x w h to be !   
necess>y proc$ure if man  enc\nt]s      
creatures ) simil> *>act]i/ics ) 8      
pres5t  k4    ,von ,fris*'s discov]y 0 a
 "o-way av5ue ( und]/&+4 ,b if !  ants &
 ! bees 7 mu* l>g] & m intellig5t1 we c 
assume  t a demon/rative /yle ( language
 c\ld be devis$ = mutual  communication4
    ,to our sci5ti/s x is obvi\s t be=e 
our spacem5 confront ali5  be+s on a    
di/ant planet1 we mu/ le>n ! fundam5tals
 ( develop+  communication ) a non-human
 b intellig5t species "r "h on  e>?4 ,& 
?is is n[ 9 progress ) 8,project        

,dolph940                       99      
99       99       99       99           
,bottle-nos$ dolph9s are n fi%1 b       
aquatic mammals4 ,(t51 b  inaccurately1 
call$ porpoises1 !y are well kn[n z     
clev]1  frolicsome ent]ta9]s at m>9el&  
exhibits4    ,dolph9s are by f> ! mo/   
intellig5t animals o!r ?an man1 &  _!   
bra9 p[] 9 "s respects may ev5 be       
sup]ior to man's4 ,!  dolph9 bra9 is #dj
 p] c5t l>g] ?an ! human1 al?\gh small] 
9  proportion to body weight1 & !       
c]ebral cortex--! lay] ( gray  matt] t  
orig9ates rational ?\ght--is j z        
complicat$4    ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,lilly1 a 
neurophysiologi/ & a not$ au?ority on ! 
mammal1 is 9 *>ge ( ! project4 ,! rese>*
 is pr9cipally be+  conduct$ at !       
,communications ,rese>* ,in/itute (     
,*>lotte ,amalie1  locat$ at ! ,u4,s4   
,navy base on ,/4 ,?omas1 ,virg9 ,isl&s4
    ,dr4 ,lilly is work+ "u a contract  
aw>d$ 9 #aifb by ! ,national            
,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration4 ,!  
contract is = basic  sci5tific rese>*   

8on ! feasibility & me?odology =        
e/abli%+  communications betwe5 man &   
o!r species40    ,dolph9s h a complex   
vocal language4 ,!y talk to ea* o!r )   
%>p1 high-pit*$ :i/les & !y talk almo/  
cont9u\sly4 ,dr4  ,lilly has det]m9$ t !
 dolph9 di/ress call is 8an undulat+    
s\nd10 ) a rasp+ noise made p]iodically 
= range-f9d+4    ,int]pret+ ! dolph9    
vocabul>y w n be easy s9ce ! creature   
emits heavy brea?+ s\nds & !re are o!r  
mask+ noises4    ,9 exp]im5ts ) ,,esb   
7electric /imulation ( ! bra971 ,dr4    
,lilly  locat$ ! portion ( ! dolph9 bra9
 t creat$ a feel+ (  pleasure4 ,! dolph9
 almo/ imm$iately le>n$ h[ to turn on a 
swit*  produc+ ! curr5t4 ,= comp>ison1 9
 simil> te/s x 0 f\nd  t monkeys requir$
 #cjj or m tries be=e !y atta9$ _!      
ability4    ,"o day ! electrical device 
broke d[n4 ,! dolph91 annoy$ at los+  8 
pleasurable s5sation1 began mak+ a s]ies
 ( s\nds 9 imitation  ( ! laboratory    
equipm5t4 ,dr4 ,lilly made a tape       
record+ ( ^!  s\nds4    ,lat] ! doctor  

play$ back ! record+ & 9 ord] to m      
di/9ctly he> ! s\nds he decid$ to run ! 
tape at "o qu>t] its  normal spe$4    ,x
 0 !n t ,dr4 ,lilly made an a/oni%+     
discov]y4    ,) exagg]at$ sl[ness1 he   
li/5$ to 8 own voice on ! tape  ann\nc+ 
! footage--8?ree1 two1 ?ree0--& ! dolph9
 imm$iately  & cle>ly repeat$ ! words 9 
high-pit*$ :i/les4 ,o!r tape  record+s (
 :at _h seem$ to be an un9telligible    
s]ies ( squawks  & quacks1 :5 play$ at  
half or qu>t] spe$ ) ! s\nd volume      
l[]$1 confirm$ ! discov]y4    ,! dolph9s
 7 n only di/9ctly imitat+ ! human words
 !y  he>d1 b 7 compress+ _! mimicry z to
 "t4 ,!y 7 talk+  at a rate eight times 
fa/] ?an humans4    ,"o dolph91 ,dr4    
,lilly recalls1 8mimick$ my speak+ voice
 s well t  my wife laugh$ out l\d1 & he 
copi$ h] laught]40    ,:5 "o ( !        
doctor's assi/ants :o _h a s\!rn drawl  
talk$ to  "o dolph91 ! animal's voice   
came back 9 cle> imitation 444  complete
 ) ! s\!rn acc5t4    ,! next /ep--& x's 
a big "o--is to le>n ! dolph9 language4 

,!  high-pit*$1 high-spe$ *att] mu/ be  
brok5 d[n into def9ite  mean+s4    ,dr4 
,frank ,d4 ,drake1 director ( ,project  
,ozma 7! rec5t attempt to  receive      
possible messages by radio telescope71  
consid]s ! dolph9  language /udy to be (
 great importance4    ,he says ! project
 8ne$s ! skills ( ! radio a/ronom] 9    
extract+ signals f noise1 & !n ! "w ( ! 
l+ui/1 &1  p]haps1 ! cryptograph]4 ,x   
c\ld well be1 if ! dolph9 /udies are    
correct1 t we h "r "h on e>? ano!r      
intellig5t race t  is ev5 m ali5 ?an "s 
we might enc\nt] 9 space40              
99       99       99       99       99  
,second1 !re is ! problem ( int]pret+ & 
transmitt+  in=mation ?r\gh radio       
communication4    ,9 ,april1 #aifj1     
,project ,ozma 0 laun*$4 ,! #he-;foot   
radio telescope  ( ! ,national ,radio   
,a/ronomy ,obs]vatory at ,gre5 ,bank1   
,w4 ,va41 0  focus$ by gov]nm5t sci5ti/s
 on two />s 9 an attempt to pick up     
artificially produc$ signals4    ,! />s 
7 ,tau ,ceti & ,epsilon ,eridani1 #aa   

light-ye>s or ab\t #ff  trillion miles  
away4 ,!y 7 *os5 because !y 7 simil> to 
our  own sun 9 size & rate ( rotation4  
,! frequ5cy at :i* natural hydrog5 emits
 radio en]gy 9 space is  #a1dbj         
megacycles1 & ?us x is a univ]sal       
con/ant4 ,dr4 ,drake tun$  ! receiv] on 
bo? sides ( ?is b&4    ,day aft] day !  
impulses 7 transmitt$ to a p5 t trac$   
erratic  l9es on a mov+ pap] roll4 ,b no
 repetitive patt]n appe>$ t  w\ld       
indicate delib]ate signals4    ,e>ly 9  
#aifa x 0 ann\nc$ t ,project ,ozma 0 be+
 susp5d$4 ,x  is expect$ to be resum$ :5
 ! new #fjj-;foot radio telescope is    
complet$4    ,! failure ( ,project ,ozma
 to receive a message dur+ a few mon?s 9
  op]ation is no surprise4 ,9 fact1 x   
w\ld n be a surprise if no  signals 7   
receiv$ dur+ daily op]ation = a         
mill5nium4    ,!re are kn[n to be at    
lea/ #ajj qu9tillion />s4 ,focus+ on "o 
r&om /> 9 ! hope x has a planet hav+    
intellig5t life beam+  signals 9 our    
direction is l try+ to f9d a specific   

drop ( wat]  9 ! ocean4    ,:5 a report]
 dur+ ,project ,ozma ask$ if !re 0 any  
^w f our  remote fell[ creatures1 "o    
sci5ti/ told him to come back 9 #aj1jjj 
ye>s4    ,yet c]ta9 factors may improve 
^! *ances4 ,advanc$ be+s might          
p]iodically *eck ! sol> sy/ems ne>e/ !m 
to see if !y h  company4 ,x is n        
unreasonable to suppose t !re is regul> 
cosmic  conv]sation betwe5 greatly      
develop$ cultures1 & if we c\ld detect  
a *annel we might be able to plug 9 on !
 p>ty l9e4    ,we c only hope1 h[ev]1 t 
!y are us+ a me?od we c detect4  ,man   
has only rec5tly em]g$ f savag]y & is   
only beg9n+ to  look beyond 8 little _w4
 ,to ! cosmic call]s1 our mo/ advanc$   
equipm5t might be z primitive z smoke   
signals are to u4    ,aga91 we might be 
try+ to contact be+s s entirely diff]5t 
f  u t we w\ld h no common gr\nd ^u :i* 
to build  und]/&+4 ,!y might n ev5      
respond z we d to ! same /imuli4  ,_!   
appe>ance1 evolution1 /ructure1         
environm5t & ?9k+  processes c\ld ev5 be

 beyond ! limits ( our imag9ations4     
,b a signal c\ld come--an impulse f out 
( ! b\ndless abyss  tell+ u we are n    
alone4 ,:at w\ld be ! nature ( ?is      
message8  ,& h[ c\ld we reply8          
,assum+ t our s5d]s are us+ radio       
wavel5g?s & h en\gh  simil>ity to u =   
mutual und]/&+1 we w\ld fir/ h to       
isolate ! signals f ! ha% ( natural     
/atic4    ,next1 we w\ld h to 8crack !  
code40 ,! usual cryptographic           
te*niques1 :i* dep5d on "s basic k ( !  
language &  lett] frequ5cies1 w\ld n be 
adequate4 ,we c only hope t !  call]s   
give u "s clues4    ,sci5ti/s expect any
 messages receiv$ w be ma!matical 9     
nature1  s9ce ma!matical pr9ciples may  
be reg>d$ z univ]sal con/ants4    ,!    
message might be a simple num]al        
progression or ! numb]s ( a  con/ant1   
su* z ! wave l5g? ( ! hydrog5 atom or ! 
spe$ (  light4    ,!y might s5d pi1 =   
example1 ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce ( a    
circle to its diamet]4 ,x's a non-/op   
numb]1 b we w\ld und]/&  if x 0 work$   

out to six or eight decimal places4 8,pi
 f ! sky0  w\ld be ! /ory ( ! ages4     
,once we _h receiv$ ?is signal =        
recognition & repli$ 9 equally  simple  
t]ms w\ld come ! real problem (         
int]pret+ or devis+ a  means =          
transmitt+ spe$4                        
99       99       99       99       99  
,hans ,fru$5?al1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,utre*t  7,ne!rl&s71 has
 devis$ a sy/em he calls ,l9cos 7mean+  
8,l+ua  ,cosmica0 or 8,cosmic           
,language074 ,x consi/s ( tea*+ ! mean+ 
(  c]ta9 s\nds by us+ numb]s4 ,! numb]s 
w\ld be signifi$ by  8dots0 or 8beeps02 
! s\nds by radio signals ( v>i\s        
frequ5cies  & l5g?s4 ,to illu/rate !    
me?od1 let u assume t ! s\nd  8bloop0   
/&s = 8equal40 ,?ree dots w\ld be s5t1  
!n bloop1 !n  ?ree dots4 ,?is w\ld be   
repeat$ ) o!r numb]s until !  li/5]s    
associat$ ! s\nd ) equal numb]s4    ,!  
concept ( 8less ?an0 w\ld simil>ly be   
s5t by sev]al dots1  ano!r s\nd 7l      
8tweet071 foll[$ by a great] numb] (    

dots4 ,!  rev]se--l a great] numb] (    
dots1 ano!r s\nd1 & a less]  numb] (    
dots--w\ld signify 8great] ?an40 ,once  
^! concepts 7  und]/ood1 ! op]ative     
signs l add1 subtract1 etc4 c\ld be     
taught4 ,?us a ma!matical vocabul>y w\ld
 be e/abli%$4    ,next w\ld come        
transmitt+ ! l5g? ( our basic "t unit4  
,!  ,fru$5?al sy/em w\ld s5d1 say1 a    
f\r-second da%1 foll[$ by !  ,l9cos s\nd
 = 8second10 !n f\r dots4 ,us+ diff]5t  
da% l5g?s  ) correspond+ dots & ! same  
s\nd1 x is assum$ t !  recipi5ts w\ld   
obs]ve t ! l5g? ( ! da% 0 proportional  
to  ! numb] ( dots4    ,"t concepts     
7includ+ univ]sal con/ants7 w\ld lead to
 tea*+  units ( physical l5g?4    ,^u   
?is f\ndation ( ma!matics1 "t &         
dim5sions1 ,l9cos  develops an +5i\s &  
ext5sive language = a detail$           
description  ( e>?1 its inhabitants &   
our culture4    ,l9cos1 ( c\rse1 assumes
 t ! li/5]s are capable (  und]/&+ our  
ma!matical concepts & t _! reason+      
processes are simil> to ours4 ,x        

illu/rates "o great fundam5tal          
difficulty 9 ali5 communication3 :atev] 
sy/em we use1 x has to be  devis$ )9 !  
limitations ( our "o-planet k &         
exp]i5ce4    ,! basic pr9ciple (        
association 7t is relat+ numb]s to s\nds
  to tea* mean+s7 c be us$ 9 o!r sy/ems4
 ,"s =m (  association1 probably beg9n+ 
) objects & s\nds1 w be  necess>y to    
tea* dolph9s a human language4    ,"o   
o!r fundam5tal means ( communication is 
be+ consid]$ by  sci5ti/s4 ,?is is ! use
 ( geometrical designs or symbols :i*   
w\ld !n evolve into pictures4 ,x w\ld be
 mo/ practical 9  int]planet>y          
communication4    ,a picture1 z ! ,*9ese
 say1 is wor? a ?\s& words4    ,9       
int]/ell> communication1 geometrical    
figures c\ld possibly be  signifi$ by   
numb]s4 ,?us ! pi ratio w\ld d5ote a    
circle1 ?ree  equal successive numb]s an
 equilat]al triangle1 f\r equal numb]s a
  squ>e1 & s on4    ,f ?is elem5t>y     
basis1 a me?od ( translat+ s\nds into   
draw+s  c\ld be develop$4 ,?is might    

take ! =m ( hav+ electrical  circuits   
atta*$ to p5s or t9y lights respond to  
v>i\s s\nds1 ?us  transcrib+ ! pictures 
to pap] or film4    ,! correct          
int]pretation ( :atev] messages we      
receive w be (  extreme importance4 ,an 
error c\ld be disa/r\s4    ,we ne$ only 
recall ! difficulties we h _h 9         
translat+ e>ly  records ( our own       
species to "k t int]pret+ ! signals (   
o!rworld be+s may be v difficult4       
,egyptian hi]oglyphics 7  giv5 _m       
translations t contradict$ ea* o!r be=e 
! ,rosetta  ,/one 0 f\nd4 ,9 "o example1
 !re 7 #ab diff]5t translations4        
,%\ld ?is problem develop1 we c only    
hope t ! o!r-world]s  are fri5dly1      
tol]ant & pati5t4    ,!n !re is ! "t    
factor4    ,if1 dur+ ,project ,ozma1 a  
signal _h be5 receiv$ & a reply s5t1 x  
w\ld h be5 #bb ye>s be=e we knew :e!r   
our answ] _h be5  receiv$4 ,a reply to a
 message f #hj light-ye>s away receiv$  
by !  new radio telescope be+ built w\ld
 take #afj ye>s = confirmation4    ,liv+

 languages are fluid4 ,z new words are  
co9$1 o!rs become  obsolete4 ,def9itions
 *ange ) pass+ ye>s4    ,k+ ,george ,i (
 ,engl&1 ^u inspect+ ,sir ,*ri/oph]     
,wr5's  ma/]piece1 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1
 told ! fam\s ar*itect t 8  creation 0  
8amus+1 awful & artificial40 ,sir       
,*ri/oph] 0  delight$ ) ! royal         
complim5ts4    ,?ree c5turies ago amus+ 
meant amaz+1 awful meant awe-inspir+1  &
 artificial meant arti/ic4    ,) "t z   
dim5sion 9 univ]sal communication1 we   
w\ld h to  *oose our words ) c>e4    ,! 
accel]at$ sci5tific progress ( rec5t    
ye>s w d\btless  cont9ue1 ) new ways &  
means ( cosmic communication be+        
develop$4 ,radio a/ronomy itself is     
b>ely ?ree decades old4  ,revolution>y  
te*niques 9 int]/ell> contacts may be j 
ar\nd !  corn]4                       99
       99       99       99       99    
,has radio communication ) ali5 be+s    
already occurr$8 ,?is is a  />tl+       
possibility4    ,on ,augu/ #bb1 #aibd1 !
 planet ,m>s approa*$ to )9 ?irty-f\r & 

a half million miles f ! e>?4 ,radio    
broadca/+ /ations 7  sil5c$ & sci5ti/s  
li/5$ = a possible message f across     
space4    ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! late ,dr4 
,david ,todd1 pr(essor em]itus (        
a/ronomy at ,amh]/ ,college1 ! ,u4,s4   
,gov]nm5t ?r\gh diplomatic  *annels     
reque/$ t all c\ntries ) high-p[]       
transmitt]s  sil5ce _! /ations = five   
m9utes e h\r f #aa3ej p4m4  ,augu/ #ba  
to #aa3ej p4m4 ,augu/ #bc4    ,/ation   
,,wor1 ,new>k1 ,n4,j41 report$ receiv+ a
 ^w translat$ z  8,eunza40 ,o!r /ations 
ann\nc$ receiv+ /range signals4         
,tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat]1 9 #aidg1 ,g5e    
,d>l+1 an e>ly 8ham0 op]ator  & ,g5]al  
,electric ,co4 employee 9 ,s*5ectady1   
,n4 ,y41 said he & an  assi/ant _h fail$
 to turn (f a te/ transmitt]4 8,x kept  
on s5d+  out automatic code signals10 he
 said1 8& fe>+ criticism1 we nev]  told 
( our mi/ake40    ,b some?+ else happ5$ 
dur+ ?is #aibd te/ p]iod ( sil5ce t     
rema9s a my/]y today4    ,c4 ,francis   
,j5k9s1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 _h only    

rec5tly inv5t$ a  radio photo message   
cont9u\s-transmission ma*9e4 ,he 0 ask$ 
by ,dr4  ,todd to take a record ( any   
signals receiv$ dur+ ! p]iods (  sil5ce4
    ,! record+ device 0 atta*$ to a     
receiv] adju/$ to ! #f1jjj  met] wave   
l5g?4 ,incom+ signals caus$ fla%es (    
light1 :i* 7  pr9t$ on ! film by an     
in/rum5t pass+ ov] its surface f side   
to side4 ,! film 0 9 a roll1 #cj feet   
long & six in*es wide1 &  x 0 sl[ly     
unw\nd by clockwork "u ! in/rum5t &     
light bulb  :i* respond$ to transmitt$  
s\nds4    ,:5 ! film 0 develop$1 x      
disclos$ a fairly regul> arrangem5t  (  
dots & da%es along "o side1 b on ! o!r  
side1 at almo/  ev5ly spac$ int]vals1 7 
curi\sly jumbl$ gr\ps ea* tak+ !  =m ( a
 man's face4    ,sci5ti/s at ! radio    
division ( ! ,national ,bureau ( ,/&>ds 
&  milit>y code exp]ts exam9$ ! film &  
admitt$ x 0 a freak t  !y c\ldn't       
expla94    8,! film ( faces is a p]man5t
 record t c be /udi$10 ,dr4 ,todd  said1
 8& :o kn[s j :at ^! signals may h be580

    ,!re h be5 o!r incid5ts4 ,m>coni1 ! 
fa!r ( wireless1 he>d  /range signals 9 
#aiba4 ,& 9 #aibh ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m4 ,l[1    
fam\s ,engli%  sci5ti/1 li/5$ to a      
8my/]i\s s]ies ( dots & da%es40    ,ham 
radio op]ators h occasionally report$   
curi\s /ories4 ,9 ,,q/1  (ficial organ (
 ! ,int]national ,amateur ,radio ,union1
 ,july1 #aiej1  issue1 ,byron ,goodman1 
assi/ant te*nical editor ( ! magaz9e1   
tells  ( a ham receiv+ /range signals4  
,c]ta9 unexpla9able 8e*oes0 7 he>d by   
sci5ti/s 9 #aibg1 &  aga9 9 #aibh &     
#aicd :ile !y 7 exp]im5t+ ) !           
capabilities ( radio4 ,! ,dani% sci5ti/1
 ,hals1 & two ,sc&9avian  exp]im5t]s1   
,/rm] & ,pet]s51 receiv$ e*oes f        
#bhj1jjj to  #b1hjj1jjj miles f ! e>?4  
,dr4 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,cl>ke report$ t 9 a    
s]ies ( te/s 9 ,holl& radio  e*oes (    
eight seconds delay 7correspond+ to a   
reflector at a  di/ance ( #gdd1jjj      
miles7 7 obta9$ repeat$ly 9 #aidf4      
,:at is ! explanation8    ,dr4 ,ronald  
,n4 ,bracewell1 pr(essor ( electrical   

eng9e]+ at ,/an=d  ,univ]sity & co-au?or
 ) ,j4 ,l4 ,pawsey ( a /&>d textbook    
7,radio ,a/ronomy1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity     
,press1 #aiee71 has a !ory4 ,he  sugge/s
 t "s ( ^! e*oes may h come f a         
satellite 9  orbit ar\nd our sun4    ,if
 highly advanc$ be+s h a*iev$ space     
travel1 plac+ a  satellite 9 a sol>     
sy/em w\ld be m practical ?an beam+     
radio  signals cont9u\sly at ?\s&s ( />s
 = ?\s&s ( ye>s4    ,dr4 ,bracewell     
sugge/s t ! exp]im5tal broadca/s includ$
 trigg]  signals t caus$ ! satellite to 
respond ) e*oes4 ,if !  satellite's     
reply 0 repeat$ by man1 ! satellite w\ld
 probably  release its /ore ( in=mation4
                       99       99      
99       99       99    ,if man does    
make contact ) a sup]ior ali5           
civilization1 :at w  happ58    ,rec5tly 
! ,brook+s ,in/itution releas$ a report 
on ?is "q4  ,! /udy 0 made = ! ,national
 ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration  at 
a co/ ( #if1jjj4    ,if intellig5t life 
is discov]$ on o!r worlds1 ! report     

w>n$1  ! /ability ( e>?'s civilization w
 be ?reat5$4 ,x recomm5d$  a            
psy*ological prep>ation ( human be+s    
prior to ! discov]y4    8,:ile !        
discov]y ( intellig5t life 9 o!r p>ts ( 
! univ]se  is n likely 9 ! imm$iate     
future10 ! report said1 8x c\ld         
nev]!less happ5 at any "t40    ,?is is !
 lesson ( hi/ory3 ,:5 a culture is fac$ 
) a sup]ior  culture1 x ei!r            
dis9tegrates or is *ang$ dra/ically4    
,japan1 :5 x 0 op5$ to ! outside _w1    
succe$$ 9 adju/+  to ! new conditions4  
,! ,aztec culture collaps$4    ,our     
beliefs1 in/itutions & culture h be5    
bas$ on ! premise  t man is ! mo/       
intellig5t ( creatures4 ,w\ld we be able
 to  assume a subord9ate role8          
,p]haps ,dr4 ,otto ,/ruve1 ! not$       
a/ronom]1 0 ?9k+ ab\t ?is  :5 newsm5 7  
int]view+ him ab\t ,project ,ozma4 8,i'm
 n s sure  we %\ld ev5 answ] if we did  
receive su* signals10 he said4          
,psy*ological prep>ation w c]ta9ly be   
ne$$4    ,dr4 ,h>l[ ,%apley1 ! ,h>v>d   

pr(essor em]itus ( a/ronomy1 aft]  all[+
 = all elem5ts ( *ance among ! kn[n />s1
  cons]vatively e/imates t !re %\ld be a
 million planets )  life-produc+ elem5ts
 & conditions4    ,9 all ! va/ness (    
space & eons ( "t1 !re mu/ be intellig5t
  life 9 myriad =ms seek+ o!r intellig5t
 life = int]/ell>  companion%ip4    ,:5 
! signal comes1 man w answ]4    ,,end   
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  #a4 ,?is /ory    
appe>$ 9 ! ,augu/ #aifc issue ( ,worlds 
( ,tomorr[4  #b4 ,! orig9al publication 
us$ e>? to ref] to ! planet ,e>?        
consi/5tly & man to ref] to ! collective
 ,man4 ,reta9$4