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text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical    
effects4  ,! _m in/ances ( italic text  
are delimit$ ) ! #8' "*  z italic4      
,title page use ( blacklett] text uses !
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 :i* s]v$ z section & topic aids1 7 (t5 
repeat$ on ea* page4 ,! repetitive notes
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attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4
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end ( ?is text = details reg>d+  ! h&l+ 
( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its  
prep>ation4                             
,,!                                     
,,engli% ,,works                        
,,(                                     
,,?omas ,,hobbes4                       
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,,!                                     
,,engli% ,,works                        
,,(                                     

,,?omas ,,hobbes                        
,,( ,,malmesbury2                       
,,n[ ,,fir/ ,,collect$ ,,& ,,edit$      
,,by                         ,,sir      
,,william ,,moleswor?1 ,,b>t4           
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,,vol4 ,v4                              
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,,london3                               
,,john ,,bohn1                          
,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54     
---                                     
,,mdcccxli4                             
,,london3                  ,c4 ,,ri*>ds1
 ,,pr9t]1 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,lane4        
,,!                                     
,,que/ions ,,conc]n+                    
,,lib]ty1 ,,necessity1 ,,& ,,*ance1     
,,cle>ly ,,/at$ ,,& ,,debat$            
,,betwe5                                
,,dr4 ,,bramhall1                       
,,bi%op ,,( ,,d]ry1                     
,,&                                     
,,?omas ,,hobbes                        
,,( ,,malmesbury4                       

,,to ,,! ,,read]4                       
-------      ,y %all f9d 9 ?is little   
volume ! que/ions conc]n+  necessity1   
fre$om1 & *ance1 :i* 9 all ages h       
p]plex$  ! m9ds ( curi\s m51 l>gely &   
cle>ly discuss$1 & !  argum5ts on all   
sides1 drawn f ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 
f !  doctr9e ( ! ,s*ools1 f natural     
reason1 & f ! consequ5ces  p]ta9+ to    
common life1 truly alleg$ & sev]ally    
weigh$ betwe5  two p]sons1 :o bo? ma9ta9
 t m5 are free to d z !y w  & to =be> z 
!y w4 ,! ?+s !y diss5t 9 are1 t  ! "o   
holde?1 t x is n 9 a man's p[] n[ to    
*oose ! w  he %all h anon2 t *ance      
produce? no?+2 t all ev5ts &  actions h 
_! necess>y causes2 t ! w ( ,god makes !
  necessity ( all ?+s4 ,! o!r on !      
contr>y ma9ta9e?1 t n  only ! man is    
free to *oose :at he w d1 b ! w also  to
 *oose :at x %all w2 t :5 a man wille? a
 good action1  ,god's w concurre? ) 81  
else n2 t ! w may *oose  :e!r x w w1 or 
n2 t _m ?+s come to pass )\t  necessity1
 by *ance2 t ?\gh ,god =ekn[ a ?+ %all  

be1 yet x  is n necess>y t t ?+ %all be1
 inasmu* z ,god see? n !  future z 9 its
 causes1 b z pres5t4 ,9 sum1 !y adh]e   
bo? (  !m to ! ,scripture2 b "o ( !m is 
a le>n$ ,s*ool-div9e1 !  o!r a man t do?
 n mu* admire t k9d ( le>n+4    ,?is is 
en\gh to acqua9t y )al 9 ! beg9n+2 :i*  
also %all  be m p>ticul>ly expla9$ by & 
by 9 ! /at+ ( ! "q1  & divid+ ( !       
argum5ts into _! sev]al heads4 ,! re/ y 
%all und]/& f ! p]sons !mselves1 :5 !y  
ent]4 ,f>e ye  well4                    
,t4 ,h4                                 
-------                                 
,,! ,,que/ions                          
,,conc]n+                               
,,lib]ty1 ,,necessity1 ,,& ,,*ance4     
,:e!r :atsoev] comes to pass proce$ f   
necessity1 or "s  ?+s f *ance1 has be5 a
 "q disput$ among/ ! old  philosoph]s   
long "t be=e ! inc>nation ( our ,savi\r1
 )\t  draw+ into argum5t on ei!r side ! 
almighty p[] ( ! ,deity4  ,b ! ?ird way 
( br++ ?+s to pass1 di/9ct f necessity  
& *ance1 namely1 freewill1 is a ?+ t    

nev] 0 m5tion$  among/ !m1 nor by !     
,*ri/ians 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,= 
,/4 ,paul1 t disputes t "q l>gely &     
purposely1 nev]  use? ! t]m ( freewill2 
nor did he hold any doctr9e equival5t to
  t :i* is n[ call$ ! doctr9e (         
freewill2 b d]ive? all  actions f !     
irresi/ible w ( ,god1 & no?+ f ! w (    
him t runne? or wille?4 ,b = "s ages    
pa/1 ! doctors (  ! ,roman ,*ur* h      
exempt$ f ?is dom9ion ( ,god's w ! w  ( 
man2 & br\ght 9 a doctr9e1 t n only man1
 b also 8 w  is free1 & det]m9$ to ?is  
or t action1 n by ! w ( ,god1  nor      
necess>y causes1 b by ! p[] ( ! w       
itself4 ,& ?\gh by  ! re=m$ ,*ur*es     
in/ruct$ by ,lu!r1 ,calv91 & o!rs1 ?is  
op9ion 0 ca/ out1 yet n _m ye>s s9ce x  
began aga9 to be  r$uc$ by ,arm9ius & 8 
foll[]s1 & became ! readie/ way to      
ecclesia/ical promotion2 & by discont5t+
 ^? t held !  contr>y1 0 9 "s "p ! cause
 ( ! foll[+ tr\bles2 :i*  tr\bles 7 !   
occasion ( my meet+ ) ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry  
at  ,p>is1 :]e we disc\rs$ toge!r ( !   

argum5t n[ 9 h&2 f  :i* disc\rse we     
c>ri$ away ea* ( u 8 own op9ion1 & =    
aught ,i rememb]1 )\t any (f5sive words1
 z blasphem\s1  a!i/ical1 or ! l1 pass+ 
betwe5 u2 ei!r = t ! ,bi%op  0 n !n 9   
passion1 or suppress$ 8 passion1 be+ !n 
9 !  pres5ce ( my ,"l ( ,newca/le4    ,b
 aft]w>ds ! ,bi%op s5t to 8 ,lord%ip 8  
op9ion conc]n+  ! "q 9 writ+1 & desir$  
him to p]suade me to s5d an  answ]      
!reunto likewise 9 writ+4 ,!re 7 "s     
reasons = :i*  ,i ?\ght x might be      
inconv5i5t to let my answ] g abroad2 yet
 !  _m obligations :]e9 ,i 0 oblig$ to  
him1 prevail$ ) me to  write ?is answ]1 
:i* 0 aft]w>ds n only )\t my k1  b also 
aga9/ my w1 publi%$ by "o t f\nd means  
to get a  copy ( x surreptiti\sly4 ,&   
?us y h ! occasion ( ?is  controv]sy4   
-------                             ,,! 
,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,"q4    ,! "q 9 g5]al is
 /at$ by ! ,bi%op himself1 7t[>ds !  end
 ( ,no4 ,,iii471 9 ^! words3 8,:e!r all 
ev5ts1 natural1 civil1  moral1 7= we    
speak n n[ ( ! conv]sion ( a s9n]1 t    

conc]ns n ?is "q71 be pr$et]m9$         
extr9sically &  inevitably1 )\t _! own  
concurr5ce2 s z all ! actions &  ev5ts  
:i* ei!r are or %all be1 _c b be1 nor c 
be o!rwise  aft] any o!r mann] or 9 any 
o!r place1 "t1 numb]1 measure1  ord]1   
nor to any o!r end ?an !y are4 ,& all   
?is 9 respect (  ! supreme cause1 or a  
conc\rse ( extr9sical causes1 det]m9+   
!m to "o40    ,:i* ?\gh drawn up to 8   
advantage1 ) z mu* caution z he w\ld  d 
a lease1 yet 7except+ t :i* is n        
intelligible7 ,i am cont5t  to admit4 ,n
 intelligible is1 fir/1 8t ! conv]sion (
 a s9n]  conc]ns n ! "q40 ,if he mean1 t
 ! conv]sion ( a s9n]  is f necessity1 &
 pr$et]m9$1 !n he is1 = s mu* z !  "q   
conc]ns religion1 ( ! same m9d t ,i am2 
& :at he c  mean else by t exception1 ,i
 _c guess4 ,secondly1 ^! words1  8)\t _!
 own concurr5ce10 are insignificant1    
unless he mean t  ! ev5ts !mselves %\ld 
concur to _! production3 z t fire  do? n
 necess>ily burn )\t ! concurr5ce (     
burn+1 z !  words prop]ly import3 or at 

lea/ )\t concurr5ce ( ! fuel4  ,^? two  
clauses left out1 ,i agree ) him 9 !    
/ate ( !  "q z x is put univ]sally4 ,b  
:5 ! "q is put ( !  necessity ( any     
p>ticul> ev5t1 z ( ! w to write1 or ! l1
  !n x is ! /at+ ( t p>ticul> "q3 b x is
 decid$ 9  ! decision ( ! "q univ]sal4  
,he /ates ! same "q aga9 9 ano!r place  
?us3 8,?is is !  v "q :]e ! wat] /icks  
betwe5 u1 :e!r !re be su* a  lib]ty free
 f necessitation & extr9sical           
det]m9ation to "o1 or  n40 ,& ,i all[ x 
also = well /at$ s4    ,aga9 he says1   
8,9 a ^w1 s great diff]5ce !re is betwe5
 natural  & moral efficacy1 z !re is    
betwe5 8 op9ion & m9e 9 ?is  "q40 ,s t !
 /ate ( ! "q is r$uc$ to ?is1  8,:e!r   
!re be a moral efficacy :i* is n        
natural80 ,i say !re is  n3 he says !re 
is4    ,aga9 he writes ?us3 8,& !re=e z 
x 7 ridicul\s to say1 t  ! object (     
sight is ! cause ( see+2 s x is to say1 
t !  propos+ ( ! object by ! und]/&+ to 
! w1 is ! cause  ( will+40 ,"h also ! "q
 is br\ght to ?is issue1 8,:e!r  !      

object ( sight be ! cause t x is se580  
,b = ^! words1  8propos+ ( ! object by !
 und]/&+ to ! w10 ,i und]/&  !m n4      
,aga91 he (t5 use? su* words z ^!3 8,! w
 wille?2 ! w  susp5de? its act1 7,rid   
e/1 ! w wille? n72 ! und]/&+  propose?2 
! und]/&+ und]/&e?40 ,h]e9 also lye? !  
:ole  "q4 ,if !y be true1 ,i1 if false1 
he is 9 error4    ,aga91 ! :ole "q is   
decid$1 :5 ?is is decid$1 8,:e!r he  t  
will+ly p]mitte? a ?+ to be done1 :5 )\t
 lab\r1  dang]1 or div]sion ( m9d1 he   
might h h9d]$ x1 d n w !  do+ ( x80     
,aga9 ! :ole "q ( free-w is includ$ 9   
?is1 8,:e!r !  w det]m9e itself80       
,aga91 x is includ$ 9 ?is1 8,:e!r !re be
 an univ]sal grace1  :i* p>ticul> m5 c  
take )\t a p>ticul> grace to take x80   
,la/ly1 !re be two que/ions2 "o1 8,:e!r 
a man be free 9 su*  ?+s z are )9 8 p[]1
 to d :at he w20 ano!r1 8,:e!r  he be   
free to w40 ,:i* is z mu* z to say      
7because w is  appetite71 x is "o "q1   
:e!r he be free to eat t has an         
appetite1 & ano!r1 :e!r he be free to h 

an appetite8 ,9 !  =m]1 8:e!r a man be  
free to d :at he w10 ,i agree ) !       
,bi%op4 ,9 ! latt]1 8:e!r he be free to 
w10 ,i diss5t f him4  ,&1 !re=e1 all !  
places ( ,scripture t he allege? to     
prove  t a man ha? lib]ty to d :at he w1
 are imp]t95t to !  "q4 ,if he has n be5
 able to di/+ui% betwe5 ^! two          
que/ions1 he has n done well to m$dle ) 
ei!r3 if he has  und]/ood !m1 to br+    
argum5ts to prove t a man is free to d  
if  he w1 is to deal un+5u\sly &        
fraudul5tly ) 8 read]s4 ,&  ?us mu* = ! 
/ate ( ! "q4                            
-------                    ,,! ,,f\nta9s
 ,,( ,,argum5t ,,9 ,,?is ,,"q4    ,!    
argum5ts by :i* ?is "q is disput$1 are  
drawn f f\r  f\nta9s4 #a4 ,f au?orities4
 #b4 ,f ! inconv5i5ces consequ5t  to    
ei!r op9ion4 #c4 ,f ! attributes ( ,god4
 #d4 ,f natural  reason4    ,!          
au?orities are ( two sorts1 div9e &     
human4 ,div9e are  ^? :i* are tak5 f !  
holy ,scriptures4 ,human also are ( two 
sorts2 "o1 ! au?orities ( ^? m5 t are   

g5]ally e/eem$ to  h be5 le>n$1         
especially 9 ?is "q1 z ! ,fa!rs1        
,s*oolm51 & old ,philosoph]s3 ! o!r1 are
 ! vulg> & mo/  commonly receiv$ op9ions
 9 ! _w4    ,8 reasons & places (       
,scripture ,i w answ] ! be/ ,i am able2 
b 8 human au?orities ,i %all admit &    
receive z f> z to  ,scripture & reason  
!y be consonant1 & no fur!r4    ,& = !  
argum5ts d]iv$ f ! attributes ( ,god1 s 
f> =?  z ^? attributes are argum5tative1
 t is1 s f> =? z _!  significations be  
conceivable1 ,i admit !m = argum5ts2 b  
:]e  !y are giv5 = hon\r only1 & signify
 no?+ b an int5tion &  endeav\r to      
praise & magnify z mu* z we c ,almighty 
,god1 !re ,i  hold !m n = argum5ts1 b = 
oblations2 n = ! language1  b 7z !      
,scripture calls !m7 = ! calves ( our   
lips2 :i*  signify n true nor false1 nor
 any op9ion ( our bra91 b !  rev]5ce &  
devotion ( our he>ts2 & !re=e !y are no 
suffici5t premises to inf] tru? or      
conv9ce falsehood4    ,! places (       
,scripture t make = me are ^!4 ,fir/1   

7,g54 xlv4  #e73 ,joseph sai? to 8      
bre?r5 t _h sold him1 ,be n griev$ nor  
angry ) y\rselves1 t ye sold me hi!r3 = 
,god did s5d me  be=e y to pres]ve life4
 ,& aga9 7v]se #h71 ,s n[ x 0 n  y t s5t
 me hi!r1 b ,god4    ,& conc]n+ ,ph>aoh1
 ,god sai?1 7,exod4 vii4 #c73 ,i w h>d5 
,ph>aoh's he>t4 ,& conc]n+ ,sihon ,k+ ( 
,he%bon1 ,moses sai?1  7,deut4 ii4 #cj73
 ,! ,"l ?y ,god h>d5$ 8 _s1 & made 8    
he>t ob/9ate4    ,& ( ,%imei t did curse
 ,david1 ,david himself sai?1 7#b ,sam4 
xvi4  #aj73 ,let him curse1 because !   
,"l ha? said unto him1 curse ,david4  ,&
 7#a ,k+s1 xii4 #ae73 ,! ,k+ he>k5$ n to
 ! p1 = !  curse 0 f ! ,"l4    ,& ,job1 
disput+ ?is v "q1 sai?1 7,job xii4 #ad73
 ,god  %utte? man1 & !re c be no op5+3 &
 v]se #af3 ,! deceiv$  & ! deceiv] are  
83 & v]se #ag3 ,he make? ! ,judges      
fools3  & v]se #bd3 ,he take? away !    
he>t ( ! *ief ( ! p (  ! e>?1 & cause?  
!m to w&] 9 a wild]ness :]e !re is no   
way3 & v]se #be3 ,he make? !m to /agg] l
 a drunk5 man4    ,& ( ! ,k+ ( ,assyria1

 ,god sai?1 ,i w give him a *>ge to take
  ! spoil1 & to take ! prey1 & to tread 
!m d[n l ! mire (  ! /reets4 7,isaiah x4
 #f47    ,& ,j]emiah sai?1 7,j]4 x4     
#bc73 ,o ,"l1 ,i "k t ! way ( man is  n 
9 himself1 x is n 9 man t walke? to     
direct 8 /eps4    ,& to ,ezekiel1 :om   
,god s5t z a wat*man to ! h\se (        
,israel1 ,god  sai? ?us3 ,:5 a righte\s 
man do? turn f 8 righte\sness1 &  commit
 iniquity1 & ,i lay a /umbl+ block be=e 
him1 he %all die2  because ?\ ha/ n giv5
 him w>n+1 he %all die 9 8 s94  7,ezek4 
iii4 #bj47 ,note "h1 ,god lays ! /umbl+ 
block1 yet he t  falle? die? 9 8 s93 :i*
 %[s t ,god's ju/ice 9 kill+  dep5de? n 
on ! s9 only4    ,& our ,savi\r sai?1   
7,john vi4 #dd73 ,no man c come to me1  
except !  ,fa!r :i* ha? s5t me draw him4
    ,& ,/4 ,pet]1 conc]n+ ! deliv]+ (   
,*ri/ to ! ,jews1 sai?  ?us1 7,acts ii4 
#bc73 ,him be+ deliv]$ by ! det]m9ate   
c\nsel &  =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 ye h tak51  
c4    ,& aga91 ^? ,*ri/ians to :om ,pet]
 & ,john resort$ aft] !y  7 fre$ f _!   

tr\bles ab\t ! miracle ( cur+ ! lame    
man1  prais+ ,god = ! same1 say ?us3 ,( 
a tru? aga9/ ! holy *ild  ,jesus :om ?\ 
ha/ ano9t$1 bo? ,h]od & ,pontius        
,pilate1 ) !  ,g5tiles & ! p ( ,israel1 
7 ga!r$ toge!r = to d  :atsoev] ?y h& & 
?y c\nsel det]m9$ be=e to be done4      
7,acts  iv4 #bg1 #bh47    ,& ,/4 ,paul1 
,rom4 ix4 #af3 ,x is n ( him t wille?1  
nor ( him  t runne?1 b ( ,god t %ewe?   
m]cy3 & v]se #ah1 #ai1 #bj3  ,!re=e ha? 
he m]cy on :om he w h m]cy1 & :om he w  
he  h>d5e?4 ,?\ wilt say unto me1 :y do?
 he yet f9d fault2 = :o  ha? resi/$ 8 w8
 ,nay b1 ,o man1 :o art ?\ t dispute/   
aga9/ ,god8 ,%all ! ?+ =m$ say to him t 
=m$ x1 :y ha/  ?\ made me ?us8    ,&    
aga91 7#a ,cor4 iv #g73 ,:o make? !e    
diff] f ano!r8 & :at  ha/ ?\ t ?\ ha/ n 
receiv$8 & #a ,cor4 xii4 #f3 ,!re are   
div]sities ( op]ations1 b x is ! same   
,god t worke? all 9  all3 & ,eph4 ii4   
#aj3 ,we are 8 workman%ip creat$ 9      
,jesus ,*ri/  unto good works1 :i* ,god 
ha? be=e orda9$ t we %\ld walk 9  !m3 & 

,philip4 ii4 #ac3 ,x is ,god t worke? 9 
y bo? to w  & to d1 ( 8 good pleasure4  
,to ^! places may be add$ all ! places t
 make ,god ! giv] (  all graces1 t is to
 say1 ( all good habits & incl9ations2 &
 all  ! places :]e9 m5 are said to be   
dead 9 s94 ,= by all ^! x  is manife/1 t
 al?\gh a man may live holily if he w1  
yet to  w is ! "w ( ,god1 & n eligible  
by man4    ,a second sort ( places !re  
be1 t make equally = ! ,bi%op &  me2 &  
!y be su* z say t a man ha? election1 & 
may d _m  ?+s if he w1 & also if he w he
 may leave !m undone2 b  n t ,god       
,almighty naturally or sup]naturally    
worke? 9 u e  act ( ! w1 z 9 my op9ion2 
nor t he worke? x n1 z 9 !  ,bi%op's    
op9ion2 ?\gh he use ^? places z argum5ts
 on 8 side4    ,! places are su* z ^!1  
7,deut4 xxx4 #ai73 ,i call heav5 & e>?  
to record ?is day aga9/ y1 t ,i h set   
be=e y life &  dea?1 bless+ & curs+4    
,!re=e *oose life1 t bo? ?\ &  ?y se$   
may live3 & 7,ecclesia/icus xv4 #ad73   
,god 9 ! beg9n+  made man1 & left him 9 

! h& ( 8 c\nsel3 & v]se #af1 #ag3  ,he  
ha? set fire & wat] be=e !e1 /ret* =? ?y
 h& to  :i!r ?\ wilt4 ,be=e man is life 
& dea?1 & :e!r him like?  %all be giv5  
him4    ,& ^? places :i* ! ,bi%op cite?3
 ,if a wife make a v[1 x is  left to h] 
husb&'s *oice1 ei!r to e/abli% x1 or to 
make x  void1 7,numb4 xxx4 #ac73 &      
7,jo%4 xxiv4 #ae73 ,*use ye ?is day :om 
y w s]ve1 c4 ,b ,i & my h\se w s]ve !   
,"l3 & 7#b  ,sam4 xxiv4 #ab73 ,i (f] !e 
?ree ?+s1 *oose :i* ( !m ,i %all  d3 &  
7,isaiah vii4 #af73 be=e ! *ild %all "k 
to refuse !  evil & *oose ! good4 ,&    
besides ^! v _m o!r places to  ! same   
effect4    ,! ?ird sort ( texts are ^?  
:i* seem to make aga9/ me4 ,z  ,isaiah  
v4 #d3 ,:at c\ld h be5 done m to my     
v9ey>d1 t ,i h  n done 9 x8    ,&       
,j]emiah xix4 #e3 ,!y h also built !    
high places ( ,baal1 to  burn _! sons ) 
fire = burnt (f]+s unto ,baal2 :i* ,i   
comm&$ n1 nor spake x1 nei!r came x into
 my m9d4    ,& ,hosea xiii4 #i3 ,o      
,israel1 ?y de/ruction is f ?yself1 b 9 

me  is ?y help4    ,& #a ,tim4 ii4 #d3  
,:o w h all m5 to be sav$1 & to come to 
!  k ( tru?4    ,& ,eccl4 xv4 #aa1 #ab3 
,say n ?\1 x is ?r\gh ! ,"l ,i fell     
away2  = ?\ oughte/ n to d ! ?+s t he   
hate?4 ,say n ?\1 he  ha? caus$ me to   
err2 = he ha? no ne$ ( !e1 s9ful man4 ,&
  _m o!r places to ! l purpose4    ,y   
see h[ great ! app>5t contradiction is  
betwe5 ! fir/ &  ! ?ird sort ( texts1   
:i* be+ bo? ,scripture1 may & mu/ be    
reconcil$ & made to /& toge!r2 :i*      
unless ! rig\r ( !  lett] be on "o or   
bo? sides ) intelligible & reasonable   
int]pretations mollifi$1 is impossible4 
,! ,s*oolm51 to keep ! lit]al s5se ( !  
?ird sort ( texts1  int]pret ! fir/ sort
 ?us2 ! words ( ,joseph1 ,x 0 n y t  s5t
 me hi!r1 b ,god2 !y int]pret 9 ?is     
mann]3 ,x 0 y  t sold me into ,egypt1   
,god did b p]mit x2 x 0 ,god t s5t me  &
 n y2 z if ! sell+ 7 n ! s5d+4 ,?is is  
,su>ez2 ( :om & ! ,bi%op ,i w\ld "k1    
:e!r ! sell+ (  ,joseph did infallibly &
 inevitably foll[ t p]mission4 ,if x    

did1  !n t sell+ 0 necessitat$ be=eh& by
 an et]nal  p]mission4 ,if x did n1 h[ c
 !re be attribut$ to ,god a  =ekn[l$ge (
 x1 :5 by ! lib]ty ( human w x might h  
be5 fru/rat$8 ,i w\ld "k also :e!r !    
sell+ ( ,joseph into  ,egypt 7 a s98 ,if
 x 71 :y do? ,joseph say1 ,be n griev$  
nor  angry ) y\rselves t ye sold me     
hi!r8 ,ought n a man to be  griev$ &    
angry ) himself = s9n+8 ,if x 7 no s91  
!n  trea*]y & fratricide is no s94      
,aga91 see+ ! sell+ ( him consi/$ 9 ^!  
acts1 b9d+1  speak+1 deliv]+1 :i* are   
all corporeal motions1 did ,god  w !y   
%\ld n be1 h[ !n c\ld !y be done8 ,or   
do? he  p]mit b>ely1 & nei!r w nor nill 
corporeal & local  motions8 ,h[ !n is   
,god ! fir/ mov] & cause ( all local    
motion8  ,did he cause ! motion1 & w !  
law aga9/ x1 b n !  irregul>ity8 ,h[ c t
 be1 see+ ! motion & law be+ exi/5t1  ! 
contr>iety ( ! motion & law is          
necess>ily coexi/5t8    ,s ^! places1   
,he h>d5$ ,ph>aoh's he>t1 he made       
,sihon's he>t  ob/9ate1 !y int]pret ?us3

 8,he p]mitt$ !m to make _! own  he>ts  
ob/9ate40 ,b see+ t man's he>t )\t !    
grace ( ,god1  is un9cl9able to good1 ! 
necessity ( ! h>dness ( he>t1 bo?  9    
,ph>aoh & 9 ,sihon1 is z easily d]iv$ f 
,god's p]mission1  t is1 f 8 )hold+ 8   
grace1 z f 8 positive decree4  ,& :]eas 
!y say1 ,he wills godly & free actions  
conditionally  & consequ5tly1 t is1 if !
 man w !m1 !n ,god wills  !m1 else n2 & 
wills n evil actions1 b p]mits !m2 !y   
ascribe to ,god no?+ at all 9 !         
causation ( any action ei!r good  or    
bad4    ,n[ to ! ?ird sort ( places1 t  
seem to contradict ! =m]1 let  u see if 
!y may n be reconcil$ ) a m intelligible
 &  reasonable int]pretation1 ?an t :]e)
 ! ,s*oolm5 int]pret  ! fir/4    ,x is  
no extraord9>y k9d ( language1 to call !
 comm&m5ts &  exhortations & o!r        
significations ( ! w1 by ! "n (  w2 ?\gh
 ! w be an int]nal act ( ! s\l1 & comm&s
  are b words & signs ext]nal ( t       
int]nal act4 ,s t !  w & ! ^w are div]se
 ?+s2 & diff] z ! ?+  signifi$1 & !     

sign4 ,& h5ce x comes to pass1 t ! ,^w  
& ,comm&m5t ( ,god1 namely1 ! holy      
,scripture1 is usually call$ by         
,*ri/ians ,god's w1 b 8 reveal$ w2      
ackn[l$g+ ! v  w ( ,god1 :i* !y call 8  
c\nsel & decree1 to be ano!r  ?+4 ,= !  
reveal$ w ( ,god to ,abraham 01 t ,isaac
 %\ld be  sacrific$2 b x 0 8 w he %\ld  
n4 ,& 8 reveal$ w to  ,jonas1 t ,n9eveh 
%\ld be de/roy$ )9 =ty days2 b n 8      
decree & purpose4 ,8 decree & purpose _c
 be kn[n be=eh&1  b may aft]w>ds by !   
ev5t2 = f ! ev5t we may inf] 8  w4 ,b 8 
reveal$ w1 :i* is 8 ^w1 mu/ be =ekn[n1  
because x ought to be ! rule ( our      
actions4    ,!re=e1 :]e x is said t ,god
 w h all m5 to be sav$1 x  is n meant ( 
8 w int]nal1 b ( 8 comm&m5ts or w       
reveal$2 z if x _h be5 said1 8,god ha?  
giv5 comm&m5ts1 by  foll[+ ( :i* all m5 
may be sav$40 ,s :]e ,god says1 ,o      
,israel1  h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ !e1 c41
 z a h5 do? h] *ick5s1  b ?\ w\lde/ n1 x
 is ?us to be und]/ood3 8,h[ (t h ,i by 
my prophets giv5 !e su* c\nsel1 z1 be+  

foll[$1 ?\ had/ be5  ga!r$10 c4 ,& ! l  
int]pretations are to be giv5 to ! l    
places4 ,= x is n ,*ri/ian to ?9k1 if   
,god _h ! purpose to save  all m51 t any
 man c\ld be damn$2 because x 7 a sign (
 want (  p[] to effect :at he w\ld4 ,s  
^! words1 ,:at c\ld h be5  done m to my 
v9ey>d1 t ,i h n done3 if by !m be meant
 !  ,almighty p[]1 might receive ?is    
answ]3 8,m5 might h be5 kept by  x f    
s9n+40 ,b :5 we are to measure ,god by 8
 reveal$ w1  x is z if he _h said1 8,:at
 directions1 :at laws1 :at ?reat5+s     
c\ld h be5 us$ m1 t ,i h n us$80 ,god   
do? n w &  comm& u to inquire :at 8 w & 
purpose is1 & accord+ly to  d x2 = we   
%all d t1 :e!r we w or n2 b to look into
  8 comm&m5ts1 t is1 z to ! ,jews1 ! law
 ( ,moses2 & z to  o!r p1 ! laws ( _!   
c\ntry4    ,o ,israel1 ?y de/ruction is 
f ?yself1 b 9 me is ?y help3 or  z "s   
,engli% translations h x1 ,o ,israel1 ?\
 ha/ de/roy$  ?yself1 c41 is lit]ally   
true1 b make? no?+ aga9/ me2 = !  man t 
s9s will+ly1 :atsoev] be ! cause ( 8 w1 

if he be  n =giv51 ha? de/roy$ himself1 
z be+ 8 own act4    ,:]e x is said1 ,!y 
h (f]$ _! sons unto ,baal1 :i* ,i       
comm&$ n1 nor spake x1 nor came x into  
my m9d2 ^! words1  nor came x into my   
m9d1 are by "s mu* insi/$ on1 z if !y _h
  done x )\t ! w ( ,god4 ,= :atsoev] is 
done comes into ,god's  m9d1 t is1 into 
8 k1 :i* implies a c]ta9ty ( !  future  
action1 & t c]ta9ty an antec$5t purpose 
( ,god to br+  x to pass4 ,x _c !re=e be
 meant ,god did n w x1 b t  he _h n ! w 
to comm& x4 ,b by ! way x is to be not$1
  t :5 ,god speaks to m5 conc]n+ 8 w &  
o!r attributes1 he  speaks ( !m z if !y 
7 l to ^? ( m51 to ! end he may  be     
und]/ood4 ,& !re=e to ! ord] ( 8 "w1 !  
_w1  :]e9 "o ?+ foll[s ano!r s aptly z  
no man c\ld ord] x by  design1 he gives 
! "n ( w & purpose4 ,= t :i* we call    
design1 :i* is reason+1 & ?\ght aft]    
?\ght1 _c be  prop]ly attribut$ to ,god2
 9 ^: ?\ghts !re is no =e nor  aft]4    
,b :at %all we answ] to ! words 9       
,ecclesia/icus3 ,say n ?\1  x is ?r\gh !

 ,"l ,i fell away2 say n ?\1 he ha?     
caus$ me to  err4 ,if x _h n be51 say n 
?\1 b 8?9k n ?\10 ,i %\ld  h answ]$ t   
,ecclesia/icus is ,apocrypha1 & m]ely   
human  au?ority4 ,b x is v true t su*   
words z ^! are n to be  said2 fir/1     
because ,/4 ,paul =bids x3 ,%all ! ?+   
=m$1  sai? he1 say to him t =m$ x1 :y   
ha/ ?\ made me s8 ,yet  true x is1 t he 
did s make him4 ,secondly1 because we   
ought to  attribute no?+ to ,god b :at  
we conceive to be hon\rable1 & we  judge
 no?+ hon\rable b :at we c\nt s among/  
ourselves2 &  because accusation ( man  
is n hon\rable1 !re=e su* words are  n  
to be us$ conc]n+ ,god ,almighty4 ,& = !
 same cause x is n  lawful to say t any 
action c be done1 :i* ,god ha? purpos$  
%all  n be done2 = x is a tok5 ( want ( 
! p[] to h9d] x4  ,!re=e nei!r ( !m is  
to be said1 ?\gh "o ( !m mu/ ne$s  be   
true4 ,?us y see h[ disput+ ( ,god's    
nature :i* is  incompreh5sible1 drive?  
m5 ^u "o ( ^! two rocks4 ,& ?is 0  !    
cause ,i 0 unwill+ to h my answ] to !   

,bi%op's doctr9e (  lib]ty publi%$4     
,& ?us mu* = comp>ison ( our two op9ions
 ) ! ,scriptures2  :i* :e!r x fav\r m 8 
or m9e1 ,i leave to be judg$ by !       
read]4 ,& n[ ,i come to comp>e !m aga9  
by ! inconv5i5ces  :i* may be ?\ght to  
foll[ !m4    ,fir/1 ! bi%op says1 t ?is 
v p]suasion1 t all ?+s come  to pass by 
necessity1 is able to ov]?r[ all        
societies &  commonweal?s 9 ! _w4 ,!    
laws1 sai? he1 are unju/ :i*  prohibit t
 :i* a man _c possibly %un4             
,secondly1 t x make? sup]flu\s & fooli% 
all consultations1  arts1 arms1 books1  
in/rum5ts1 tea*]s1 & m$ic9es1 & :i* is  
wor/1 piety & all o!r acts ( devotion4  
,= if ! ev5t be  necess>y1 x w come to  
pass :atsoev] we d1 & :e!r we sleep  or 
wake4    ,?is inf]5ce1 if !re 7 n z well
 a necessity ( ! means z  !re is ( !    
ev5t1 might be all[$ = true4 ,b accord+ 
to my  op9ion1 bo? ! ev5t & means are   
equally necessitat$4 ,b  suppos+ !      
inf]5ce true1 x makes z mu* aga9/ him t 
d5ies  z aga9/ him t holds ?is          

necessity4 ,= ,i believe ! ,bi%op holds 
= z c]ta9 a tru?1 :at %all be1 %all be1 
z :at is1 is1 or  :at has be51 has be54 
,& !n ! ratioc9ation ( ! sick man1  8,if
 ,i %all recov]1 :at ne$ ,i ?is unsav\ry
 potion8 if ,i %all n  recov]1 :at good 
w x d me80 is a good ratioc9ation4 ,b ! 
,bi%op holds1 t x is necess>y he %all   
recov] or n recov]4  ,!re=e x foll[s f  
an op9ion ( ! ,bi%op's1 z well z f  m9e1
 t m$ic9e is sup]flu\s4 ,b z m$ic9e is  
to heal?1 s is  piety1 consultation1    
arts1 arms1 books1 in/rum5ts1 & tea*]s1 
e  "o to its sev]al end4 ,out ( !       
,bi%op's op9ion x foll[s z well  z f    
m9e1 t m$ic9e is sup]flu\s to heal?4    
,!re=e f 8  op9ion z well z f m9e1 x    
foll[e?1 7if su* ratioc9ation 7  n      
uns\nd71 t piety1 consultation1 c4 are  
also sup]flu\s to  _! respective ends4  
,& = ! sup]fluity ( laws1 :atsoev] be  !
 tru? ( ! "q betwe5 u1 !y are n         
sup]flu\s1 because  by ! puni%+ ( "o1 or
 ( a few unju/ m51 !y are ! cause (     
ju/ice 9 a great _m4    ,b ! greate/    

inconv5i5ce ( all t ! ,bi%op pret5ds may
 be  drawn f ?is op9ion1 is1 8t ,god 9  
ju/ice _c puni% a man  ) et]nal torm5ts 
= do+ t :i* x 0 nev] 9 8 p[] to  leave  
undone40 ,x is true1 t see+ ! "n (      
puni%m5t ha?  relation to ! "n ( crime1 
!re c be no puni%m5t b = crimes  t might
 h be5 left undone2 b in/ead ( puni%m5t 
if he _h  said affliction1 may n ,i say 
t ,god may afflict1 & n = s98  ,do? he n
 afflict ^? creatures t _c s98 ,&       
sometimes ^?  t c s91 & yet n = s91 z   
,job1 & ! man 9 ! gospel  t 0 born bl9d1
 = ! manife/ation ( 8 p[] :i* he ha?    
ov] 8 creature1 no less b m ?an ha? !   
pott] ov] 8 clay  to make ( x :at he    
please8 ,b ?\gh ,god h p[] to afflict a 
man  & n = s9 )\t inju/ice1 %all we ?9k 
,god s cruel z to  afflict a man1 & n = 
s91 ) extreme & endless torm5t8 ,is x  n
 cruelty8 ,no m ?an to d ! same = s91 :5
 he t s  afflicte? might )\t tr\ble h   
kept him f s9n+4 ,b :at  infallible     
evid5ce ha? ! ,bi%op1 t a man %all be   
aft] ?is life  et]nally 9 torm5ts & nev]

 die8 ,or h[ is x c]ta9 !re is no       
second dea?1 :5 ! ,scripture sai? !re   
is8 ,or :]e do? !  ,scripture say t a   
second dea? is an endless life8 ,or d ! 
,doctors  only say x8 ,!n p]haps !y d b 
say s1 & = reasons be/ kn[n  to         
!mselves4 ,!re is no inju/ice nor       
cruelty 9 him t give?  life1 to give ) x
 sickness1 pa91 torm5ts1 & dea?2 nor 9  
him  t give? life twice1 to give ! same 
mis]ies twice also4 ,& ?us  mu* 9 answ] 
to ! inconv5i5ces t are pret5d$ to foll[
 !  doctr9e ( necessity4    ,on ! o!r   
side f ?is position1 t a man is free to 
w1 x  foll[e? t ! presci5ce ( ,god is q 
tak5 away4 ,= h[ c x  be kn[n be=eh& :at
 man %all h a w to1 if t w ( 8  proce$ n
 f necess>y causes1 b t he h 9 8 p[] to 
w  or n w8 ,s also ^? ?+s :i* are call$ 
future cont+5ts1  if !y come n to pass )
 c]ta9ty1 t is to say1 f necess>y       
causes1 c nev] be =ekn[n2 s t ,god's    
=ekn[+ %all  sometimes be ( ?+s t %all n
 come to pass1 :i* is z mu* to  say1 t 8
 =ekn[l$ge is none2 :i* is a great      

di%on\r to !  all-kn[+ p[]4    ,?\gh ?is
 be all ! inconv5i5t doctr9e t foll[e?  
free-w1  =asmu* z ,i c n[ rememb]2 yet !
 def5d+ ( ?is op9ion ha?  drawn ! ,bi%op
 & o!r patrons ( x into _m inconv5i5t & 
absurd conclusions1 & made !m make use (
 an inf9ite numb] (  insignificant      
words2 :]e( "o conclusion is 9 ,su>ez1 t
 ,god do?  s concur ) ! w ( man1 t if   
man w1 !n ,god concurs2  :i* is to      
subject n ! w ( man to ,god1 b ! w (    
,god to  man4 ,o!r inconv5i5t           
conclusions ,i %all !n m>k out1 :5 ,i   
come  to my obs]vations ^u ! ,bi%op's   
reply4 ,& ?us f> conc]n+ !  inconv5i5ces
 t foll[ bo? op9ions4    ,! attribute ( 
,god :i* he drawe? into argum5t is 8    
ju/ice1 z  t ,god _c be j 9 puni%+ any  
man = t :i* he 0  necessitat$ to d4 ,to 
:i* ,i h answ]$ be=e1 z be+ "o ( !      
inconv5i5ces pret5d$ to foll[ ^u !      
doctr9e ( necessity4 ,on  ! contr>y1 f  
ano!r ( ,god's attributes1 :i* is 8     
=ekn[l$ge1 ,i %all evid5tly d]ive1 t all
 actions :atsoev]1  :e!r !y proce$ f ! w

 or f =tune1 7 necess>y f  et]nity4 ,=  
:atsoev] ,god =ekn[e? %all come to pass1
 _c b  come to pass1 t is1 x is         
impossible x %\ld n come to pass1 or    
o!rwise come to pass ?an x 0 =ekn[n4 ,b 
:atsoev] 0  impossible %\ld be o!rwise1 
0 necess>y2 = ! def9ition (  necess>y   
is1 t :i* _c possibly be o!rwise4 ,&    
:]eas  !y t di/+ui% betwe5 ,god's       
presci5ce & 8 decree1 say  ! =ekn[l$ge  
make? n ! necessity )\t ! decree2 x is  
little to ! purpose4 ,x suffice? me1 t  
:atsoev] 0 =ekn[n by  ,god1 0 necess>y3 
b all ?+s 7 =ekn[n by ,god1 & !re=e  all
 ?+s 7 necess>y4 ,& z = ! di/9ction (   
=ekn[l$ge  f decree 9 ,god ,almighty1 ,i
 compreh5d x n4 ,!y are acts  co-et]nal1
 & !re=e "o4    ,& z = ! argum5ts drawn 
f natural reason !y are set d[n at  l>ge
 9 ! end ( my disc\rse to :i* ! ,bi%op  
make? 8 reply2  :i* h[ well he ha?      
answ]$1 %all appe> 9 due "t4 ,= !       
pres5t1 ! actions :i* he ?9ke? proce$ f 
lib]ty ( w1  mu/ ei!r be necessitat$1 or
 proce$ f =tune1 )\t any o!r  cause2 =  

c]ta9ly to w is impossible )\t ?9k+ on  
:at he  wille?4 ,b x is 9 no man's      
election :at he %all at any nam$ "t     
h]eaft] ?9k on4 ,& ?is ,i take to be    
en\gh to cle> !  und]/&+ ( ! read]1 t he
 may be ! bett] able to judge (  !      
foll[+ disputation4 ,i f9d 9 ^? t write 
( ?is argum5t1  especially 9 ! ,s*oolm5 
& _! foll[]s1 s _m words /rang]s  to our
 language1 & su* confusion & inanity 9 !
 rang+ ( !m1  z t a man's m9d 9 ! read+ 
( !m di/+ui%e? no?+4 ,&  z ?+s 7 9 !    
beg9n+ be=e ! ,_s ( ,god 0 mov$ ^u  !   
abyss1 tohu & bohu1 t is to say1        
confusion & empt9ess2  s are _!         
disc\rses4                              
-------                            8,,to
 ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,!               
,,m>quis ,,( ,,newca/le1                
,,etc4        8,,sir1--    8,if ,i      
pret5d$ to compose a complete treatise  
^u ?is subject1 ,i  %\ld n refuse ^?    
l>ge recruits ( reasons & au?orities :i*
  (f] !mselves to s]ve 9 ?is cause1 =   
,god & man1 religion &  policy1 ,*ur* & 

,commonweal?1 7a7 aga9/ ! blasphem\s1   
desp]ate1 & de/ructive op9ion ( fatal   
de/9y4 ,b z 7b7 m9e  aim1 9 ! fir/      
disc\rse1 0 only to press home ^? ?+s 9 
writ+1 :i* _h be5 agitat$ betwe5 u by ^w
 ( m\?1 7a c\rse  mu* to be pref]r$ be=e
 v]bal conf]5ces1 z be+ fre] f  passions
 & t]giv]sations1 less subject to       
mi/akes & misrelations1  :]e9 p>alogisms
 are m quickly detect$1 imp]t95ces      
discov]$1  & confusion avoid$71 s my    
pres5t int5tion is only to v9dicate  t  
disc\rse1 & toge!r ) x1 7c7 ^? lights ( 
! ,s*ools1  :o 7 nev] slight$ b :]e !y 7
 n und]/ood4 ,h[ f> ,i  h p]=m$ x1 ,i   
leave to ! judici\s & imp>tial read]1   
re/+ = m9e own "p well cont5t$ ) ?is1 t 
,i h  satisfi$ myself4                  
,y\r ,lord%ip's mo/ oblig$1             
to love & s]ve y1                       
8,j4 ,d40                               
,,animadv]sions ,,^u               ,,!  
,,bi%op',s ,,epi/le ,,to ,,my ,,"l ,,(  
,,newca/le4      7a7 8,aga9/ !          
blasphem\s1 desp]ate1 & de/ructive      

op9ion (  fatal de/9y40    ,?is is b    
*ol]1 su* z ord9>ily happ5e? unto !m :o 
cont5d  aga9/ great] difficulties ?an !y
 expect$4    7b7 8,my aim 9 ! fir/      
disc\rse 0 only to press home ^? ?+s  9 
writ+1 :i* _h be5 agitat$ betwe5 u by ^w
 ( m\?3 a  c\rse mu* to be pref]r$ be=e 
v]bal conf]5ces1 z be+ fre]  f passions1
 c40    ,he is "h1 ,i ?9k1 mi/ak52 = 9  
our v]bal conf]5ce !re 0  n "o          
passionate ^w1 nor any object+ (        
blasphemy or a!ism1 nor  any o!r uncivil
 ^w2 ( :i* 9 8 writ+ !re are abundance4 
7c7 8,^? lights ( ! ,s*ools1 :o 7 nev]  
slight$ b :]e  !y 7 n und]/ood40    ,i  
confess ,i am n apt to admire e ?+ ,i   
und]/& n1 nor yet  to slight x4 ,& ?\gh 
! ,bi%op slight n ! ,s*oolm5 s mu* z  ,i
 d1 yet ,i d>e say he und]/&s _! writ+s 
z little z ,i d4  ,= !y are 9 mo/ places
 un9telligible4                         
-------                                 
,,to ,,! ,,read]4    8,*ri/ian read]1   
?is ensu+ treatise 0 7a7 nei!r p5n$ nor 
int5d$ = ! press1 b privately und]tak51 

t by !  v5tilation ( ! "q tru? might be 
cle>$ f mi/akes4 ,!  same 0 ,mr4        
,hobbes' desire at t "t1 z appe>e? by   
f\r passages  9 8 book1 :]e9 he reque/e?
 & besee*e? t x may be kept  private4 ,b
 ei!r ?r\gh =getfulness or *ange (      
judgm5t1 he ha?  n[ caus$ or p]mitt$ x  
to be pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 )\t ei!r  adjo9+  
my fir/ disc\rse1 to :i* he wrote t     
answ]1 or s mu*  z m5tion+ ?is reply1   
:i* he ha? _h 9 8 h&s n[ ^! eight  ye>s4
 ,s wide is ! date ( 8 lett]1 9 ! ye>   
#afeb1 f !  tru?1 & 8 mann] ( deal+ ) me
 9 ?is p>ticul> f  +5uity1 7if ! edition
 7 ) 8 own cons5t74 ,h[soev]1 "h  is all
 t pass$ betwe5 u ^u ?is subject1 )\t   
any addition1  or ! lea/ v>iation f !   
orig9al4    8,conc]n+ ! nameless au?or (
 ! preface1 :o takes ^u him to  hang out
 an ivy-bu% be=e ?is r>e piece (        
sublimat$ /oicism to  invite pass5g]s to
 pur*ase x1 z ,i "k n :o he is1 s ,i d n
  mu* he$ x1 nor reg>d ei!r 8 ignorant  
c5sures or hyp]bolical  expressions4 ,! 
,*ur* ( ,engl& is z mu* above 8         

detraction1 z  he is b5ea? ?is "q4 ,let 
him lick up ! spittle ( ,dionysius by   
himself1 z 8 s]vile flatt]]s did1 &     
prote/ t x is m  sweet ?an nect>2 we    
envy him n2 mu* good may x d him4 ,8 v  
frontispiece is a suffici5t confutation 
( 8 :ole preface1 :]e9  he tells ! _w1 z
 falsely & ignorantly z confid5tly1 t   
#8all  controv]sy conc]n+ pr$e/9ation1  
election1 free-w1 grace1  m]its1        
reprobation1 c41 is fully decid$ &      
cle>$4' ,?us he  accu/ome? 8 p5 to run  
ov] beyond all limits ( tru? &          
discretion1 to let u see t 8 k 9        
!ological  controv]sies is none at all1 
& into :at mis]able times we are  fall51
 :5 bl9d m5 w be ! only judges ( col\rs4
 ,quid tanto  dignum f]et hic promissor 
hiatu4    8,!re is yet "o ?+ m1 :]e( ,i 
desire to adv]tise ! read]1  7b7 ,:]eas 
,mr4 ,hobbes m5tions my objections to 8 
book ,de ,cive1  x is true t t5 ye>s    
s9ce ,i gave him ab\t sixty exceptions1 
!  "o-half ( !m political1 ! o!r half   
!ological1 to t book1  & e exception    

ju/ifi$ by a numb] ( reasons1 to :i* he 
nev]  yet v\*saf$ any answ]4 ,nor d ,i  
n[ desire x1 = s9ce t1 he  ha? publi%$ 8
 ,levia?an1 ,mon/rum horr5dum1 in=me1   
+5s1 cui  lum5 ademptum1 :i* af=ds mu* m
 matt] ( exception2 & ,i am  in=m$ t !re
 are already two1 ! "o ( our own ,*ur*1 
!  o!r a /rang]1 :o h %ak5 9 pieces !   
:ole fabric ( 8  city1 t 0 b build$ 9 ! 
air1 & resolv$ t huge mass (  8 seem+   
,levia?an into a new no?+2 & t _! lab\rs
 w  spe$ily be publi%$4 ,b if ?is       
in=mation %\ld n prove true1 ,i  w n    
grudge ^u 8 desire1 ,god will+1 to      
demon/rate1 t 8  pr9ciples are p]nici\s 
bo? to piety & policy1 & de/ructive to  
all relations ( mank9d1 betwe5 pr9ce &  
subject1 fa!r & *ild1  ma/] & s]vant1   
husb& & wife2 & t !y :o ma9ta9 !m       
ob/9ately1 are fitt] to live 9 holl[    
trees among wild bea/s1 ?an  9 any      
,*ri/ian or political society4 ,s ,god  
bless u40                               
-------                                 
,,animadv]sions ,,^u                    

,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,epi/le ,,to ,,!        
,,read]4    7a7 8,nei!r p5n$ nor int5d$ 
= ! press1 b privately  und]tak51 t by !
 v5tilation ( ! "q tru? might be  cle>$4
 ,! same 0 ,mr4 ,hobbes' desire at t "t1
 z appe>e? by  f\r passages 9 8 book1   
c40    ,x is true t x 0 n my int5tion to
 publi% any ?+ 9 ?is  "q4 ,& ! ,bi%op   
might h p]ceiv$1 by n leav+ out ^?  f\r 
passages1 t x 0 )\t my k ! book 0 pr9t$2
  b x pleas$ him bett] to take ?is      
little advantage to accuse me (  want ( 
+5uity4 ,he might h p]ceiv$ also1 by !  
date ( my  lett]1 #afeb1 :i* 0 writt5   
#afdf1 7:i* error c\ld be no advantage  
to me71 t ,i knew no?+ ( ! pr9t+ ( x4 ,i
 confess1 t  be=e ,i receiv$ ! bi%op's  
reply1 a ,fr5* g5tleman ( my            
acqua9tance 9 ,p>is1 kn[+ t ,i _h writt5
 some?+ ( ?is  subject1 b n und]/&+ !   
language1 desir$ me to give him  leave  
to get x int]pret$ to him by an ,engli% 
"y man t resort$  to him2 :i* ,i yield$ 
to4 ,b ?is "y man tak+ 8 opportunity1  &
 be+ a nimble writ]1 took a copy ( x =  

himself1 & pr9t$ x  "h1 all b !         
po/script1 )\t my k1 & 7z he knew7      
aga9/ my w2 = :i* he s9ce ha? ask$ me   
p>don4 ,b t !  ,bi%op int5d$ x n = !    
press1 is n v probable1 because he  sai?
 he writ x to ! end 8t by ! v5tilation (
 ! "q1  tru? might be cle>$ f mi/akes20 
:i* end he _h n obta9$ by  keep+ x      
private4    7b7 8,:]eas ,mr4 ,hobbes    
m5tions my objections to 8 book ,de     
,cive3  x is true t t5 ye>s s9ce1 ,i    
gave him ab\t sixty exceptions10 c4     
,i did inde$ int5d to h answ]$ ^?       
exceptions z f9d+ !m  nei!r political   
nor !ological1 nor t he alleg$ any      
reasons by  :i* !y 7 to be ju/ifi$4 ,b  
%ortly aft]1 int5d+ to write  9 ,engli%1
 & publi% my ?\ghts conc]n+ ,civil      
,doctr9e 9 t  book :i* ,i entitl$       
,levia?an1 ,i ?\ght 8 objections w\ld by
 !  cle>ness ( my me?od fall (f )\t an  
answ]4 ,n[ ?is ,levia?an  he calle?     
8,mon/rum horr5dum1 in=me1 +5s1 cui lum5
 ademptum40  ,words n f> fet*$1 nor m   
applicable to my ,levia?an1 ?an to  any 

o!r writ+ t %\ld (f5d him4 ,= all[+ him 
! ^w  mon/rum1 7because x seems he takes
 x = a mon/r\s great fi%71  he c nei!r  
say x is in=me2 = ev5 !y t approve n !  
doctr9e1 all[ ! me?od4 ,nor t x is +5s2 
= x is a book (  no great bulk4 ,nor cui
 lum5 ademptum2 = he w f9d v few  read]s
 t w n ?9k x cle>] ?an 8 s*ola/ic j>gon4
 ,&  :]eas he sai? !re are two ( our own
 ,*ur* 7z he he>s say7 t  are answ]+ x2 
& t 8he himself10 if ,i desire x1 8w    
demon/rate t my pr9ciples are p]nici\s  
bo? to piety & policy1  & de/ructive to 
all relations10 c43 my answ] is1 t ,i   
desire  n t he or !y %\ld s missp5d _!  
"t2 b if !y w  ne$s d x1 ,i c give !m a 
fit title = _! book1 ,behemo?  aga9/    
,levia?an4 ,he ends 8 epi/le ) 8s ,god  
bless u40 ,:i*  words are good 9        
!mselves1 b to no purpose "h2 b are a   
buffoonly abus+ ( ! "n ( ,god to        
calumny4                                
-------                                 
,a                          ,,v9dication
 ,,( ,,true ,,lib]ty                    

,,f                     ,,antec$5t ,,&  
,,extr9sical ,,necessity4               
-------      ,j4 ,d4 8,ei!r ,i am free  
to write ?is disc\rse = lib]ty aga9/    
necessity1 or ,i am n free4 ,if ,i be   
free1 ,i h obta9$ ! cause1  & ought n to
 suff] = ! tru?4 ,if ,i be n free1 yet  
,i ought n  to be blam$1 s9ce ,i d x n  
out ( any volunt>y election1 b out  ( an
 inevitable necessity40    ,t4 ,h4 ,"r  
,hon\rable1 ,i _h once resolv$ to answ] 
,j4 ,d4's  objections to my book ,de    
,cive 9 ! fir/ place1 z t :i*  conc]ns  
me mo/2 & aft]w>ds to exam9e ?is        
,disc\rse ( ,lib]ty  & ,necessity1 :i*1 
because ,i nev] _h utt]$ my op9ion ( x1 
conc]n$ me ! less4 ,b see+ x 0 bo? y\r  
,lord%ip's & ,j4  ,d4's desire t ,i %\ld
 beg9 ) ! latt]1 ,i 0 cont5t$ s to  d4  
,& "h ,i pres5t & submit x to y\r       
,lord%ip's judgm5t4    ,j4 ,d4 8,! fir/ 
day t ,i did read ov] ,t4 ,h4's def5ce (
 !  necessity ( all ?+s1 0 ,april #bj?1 
#afdf4 ,:i* proce$$ n out  ( any        
disrespect to him2 = if all 8 disc\rses 

_h be5 geometrical  demon/rations1 able 
n only to p]suade1 b also to compel     
ass5t1  all _h be5 "o to me1 fir/ my    
j\rney1 & aft]w>ds "s o!r  trifles :i*  
we call bus9ess1 hav+ div]t$ me until   
!n4 ,& !n  my occasions p]mitt+ me1 & an
 adv]tisem5t f a fri5d awak5+  me1 ,i   
set myself to a s]i\s exam9ation ( x4   
,we commonly see ^?  :o delight 9       
p>adoxes1 if !y h l9e en\gh1 confute    
!mselves2  & _! speculatives & _!       
practices famili>ly int]f]e "o )  ano!r4
 7b7 ,! v fir/ words ( ,t4 ,h4's def5ce 
trip up ! heels  ( 8 :ole cause2 #8,i _h
 once resolv$4' ,to resolve presuppose? 
delib]ation4 ,b :at delib]ation c !re be
 ( t :i* is  inevitably det]m9$ by      
causes )\t ourselves1 be=e we d         
delib]ate8 ,c a condemn$ man delib]ate  
:e!r he %\ld be execut$  or n8 ,x is ev5
 to z mu* purpose1 z = a man to consult 
&  pond] ) himself :e!r he %\ld draw 9 8
 brea?1 or :e!r he  %\ld increase 9     
/ature4 ,secondly1 7c7 to resolve       
implies a man's  dom9ion ov] 8 own      

actions1 & 8 actual det]m9ation (       
himself4  ,b he :o holds an absolute    
necessity ( all ?+s1 ha? quitt$ ?is     
dom9ion ov] himself2 & 7:i* is worse7   
ha? quitt$ x to !  second extr9sical    
causes1 9 :i* he makes all 8 actions to 
be  det]m9$4 ,"o may z well call aga9   
ye/]day1 z resolve or newly  det]m9e t  
:i* is det]m9$ to 8 h& already4 7d7 ,i h
  p]us$ ?is treatise1 weigh$ ,t4 ,h4's  
answ]s1 consid]$ 8 reasons1  & conclude 
t he ha? miss$1 & misl$ ! "q1 t !       
answ]s are evasions1 t 8 argum5ts are   
p>alogisms1 t !  op9ion ( absolute &    
univ]sal necessity is b a result ( "s   
gr\ndless & ill-*os5 pr9ciples1 & t !   
defect is n 9  himself1 b t 8 cause w   
admit no bett] def5ce2 & !re=e1  by 8   
fav\r1 ,i am resolv$ to adh]e to my fir/
 op9ion4 ,p]haps  ano!r man read+ ?is   
disc\rse ) o!r eyes1 judge? x to be     
p]t95t & well-f\nd$4 ,h[ comes ?is to   
pass8 ,! treatise is !  same1 ! ext]ior 
causes are ! same2 yet ! resolution is  
contr>y4  ,d ! second causes play fa/ & 

loose8 ,d !y necessitate me to  condemn1
 & necessitate him to ma9ta98 ,:at is x 
!n8 ,!  diff]5ce mu/ be 9 ourselves1    
ei!r 9 our intellectuals1 because  ! "o 
sees cle>] ?an ! o!r2 or 9 our          
affections1 :i* betray  our und]/&+s1 & 
produce an implicit adh]5ce 9 ! "o m    
?an 9 ! o!r4 ,h[soev] x be1 ! diff]5ce  
is 9 ourselves4 ,!  outw>d causes alone 
d n *a9 me to ! "o resolution1 nor him  
to  ! o!r resolution4 ,b ,t4 ,h4 may    
say1 t our sev]al & respective          
delib]ations & affections are 9 "p !    
causes ( our contr>y  resolutions1 & d  
concur ) ! outw>d causes to make up "o  
total  & adequate cause to ! necess>y   
production ( ?is effect4 ,if x be  s1 he
 ha? spun a fair ?read1 to make all ?is 
/ir = su* a  necessity z no man ev] d5i$
 or d\bt$ (4 ,:5 all ! causes h         
actually det]m9$ !mselves1 !n ! effect  
is 9 be+2 = ?\gh  !re be a priority 9   
nature betwe5 ! cause & ! effect1 yet !y
  are toge!r 9 "t4 ,& ! old rule is1 7e7
 #8:atsoev] is1 :5 x  is1 is necess>ily 

s z x is4' ,?is is no absolute          
necessity1 b only  ^u supposition1 t a  
man ha? det]m9$ 8 own lib]ty4 ,:5 we  "q
 :e!r all occurr5ces be necess>y1 we d n
 "q  :e!r !y be necess>y :5 !y are1 nor 
:e!r !y be necess>y  9 s5su composito1  
aft] we h resolv$ & f9ally det]m9$ :at  
to d2 b :e!r !y 7 necess>y be=e !y 7    
det]m9$ by  ourselves1 by or 9 ! prec$5t
 causes be=e ourselves1 or 9 !  ext]ior 
causes )\t ourselves4 ,x is n inconsi/5t
 ) true  lib]ty to det]m9e itself1 b x  
is inconsi/5t ) true lib]ty to  be      
det]m9$ by ano!r )\t itself4    8,t4 ,h4
 sai? fur!r #8t ^u y\r ,lord%ip's desire
 & m9e1 he 0  cont5t$ to beg9 ) ?is     
disc\rse ( ,lib]ty & ,necessity1' t  is1
 to *ange 8 =m] resolution4 7f7 ,if !   
*a9 ( necessity be  no /rong]1 b t x may
 be snapp$ s easily insund]2 if 8 w  0  
no o!rwise det]m9$ )\t himself1 b only  
by !  signification ( y\r ,lord%ip's    
desire & my mode/ entreaty1 !n we  may  
easily conclude t human affairs are n   
always gov]n$ by  absolute necessity2 t 

a man is "l ( 8 own actions1 if n 9     
*ief1 yet 9 mean1 subord9ate to ! ,"l   
p>am\nt ( heav5 &  e>?2 & t all ?+s are 
n s absolutely det]m9$ 9 !  outw>d &    
prec$5t causes1 b t fair entreaties &   
moral  p]suasions may "w ^u a good      
nature s f>1 z to prev5t t :i*  o!rwise 
_h be51 & to produce t :i* o!rwise _h n 
be54 ,he  t c reconcile ?is ) an        
antec$5t necessity ( all ?+s1 &  a      
physical or natural det]m9ation ( all   
causes1 %all be great ,apollo  to me4   
8,:]eas ,t4 ,h4 sai? t he _h nev] utt]$ 
8 op9ion ( ?is  "q1 ,i suppose he int5ds
 9 writ+2 my conv]sation ) him ha?  n   
be5 frequ5t1 yet ,i rememb] well t :5   
?is "q 0  agitat$ betwe5 u two 9 y\r    
,lord%ip's *amb] by y\r comm&1 he  did  
!n decl>e himself 9 words1 bo? = !      
absolute necessity (  all ev5ts1 & = !  
gr\nd ( ?is necessity1 ! flux or        
concat5ation ( ! second causes40        
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,i4    7a7 8,! fir/ day t 
,i did read ov] ,t4 ,h4's def5ce (      

necessity10  c4    ,8 def]r+ ! read+ (  
my def5ce ( necessity1 he w n1 he  sai?1
 %\ld be int]pret$ = disrespect4 ',tis  
well2 ?\gh ,i _c  imag9e :y he %\ld fe> 
to be ?\ght to disrespect me4 8,he 0    
div]t$10 he sai?1 8by trifles call$     
bus9ess40 ,x seems !n he  ackn[l$ge? t !
 w c be div]t$ by bus9ess4 ,:i*1 ?\gh   
said on ! by1 is contr>y ,i ?9k to !    
ma91 t ! w is  free2 = free x is n1 if  
any?+ b itself c div]t x4    7b7 8,! v  
fir/ words ( ,t4 ,h4's def5ce1 trip up !
 heels ( 8  :ole cause1 c40    ,h[ s8   
8,i _h once10 sai? he1 8resolv$4 ,to    
resolve presuppose?  delib]ation4 ,b :at
 delib]ation c !re be ( t :i* is        
inevitably det]m9$ )\t ourselves80 ,!re 
is no man d\bts b a  man may delib]ate (
 :at himself %all d1 :e!r ! ?+ be       
impossible or n1 9 case he "k n ( !     
impossibility2 ?\gh he  _c delib]ate (  
:at ano!r %all d to him4 ,!re=e 8       
examples ( ! man condemn$1 ( ! man t    
brea!?1 & ( him  t gr[e?1 because ! "q  
is n :at !y %all d1 b :at  !y %all      

suff]1 are imp]t95t4 ,?is is s evid5t1 t
 ,i wond]  h[ he t 0 be=e s witty z to  
say1 my fir/ words tripp$ up !  heels ( 
my cause1 & t hav+ l9e en\gh ,i w\ld    
confute myself1  c\ld pres5tly be s dull
 z n to see 8 argum5t 0 too weak to     
support s triumphant a language4 ,&     
:]eas he seeme? to be (f5d$  ) p>adoxes1
 let him ?ank ! ,s*oolm51 ^: s5seless   
writ+s  h made ! greate/ numb] (        
important tru?s seem p>adox4    7c7 ,?is
 argum5t t foll[e? is no bett]4 8,to    
resolve10 sai? he1  8implies a man's    
dom9ion ov] 8 actions1 & 8 actual       
det]m9ation  ( himself10 c4    ,if he   
und]/& :at x is to resolve1 he kn[s t x 
signifies no  m ?an aft] delib]ation to 
w4 ,he ?9ks1 !re=e1 to w  is to h       
dom9ion ov] 8 own actions1 & actually to
 det]m9e 8  own w4 ,b no man c det]m9e 8
 own w1 = ! w is  appetite2 nor c a man 
m det]m9e 8 w ?an any o!r appetite1  t  
is1 m ?an he c det]m9e :5 he %all be    
hungry & :5  n4 ,:5 a man is hungry1 x  
is 9 8 *oice to eat or n eat2 ?is  is ! 

lib]ty ( ! man2 b to be hungry or n     
hungry1 :i* is t  :i* ,i hold to proce$ 
f necessity1 is n 9 8 *oice4 ,besides   
^! words1 8dom9ion ov] 8 own actions10 &
 8det]m9ation (  himself10 s f> z !y are
 significant1 make aga9/ him4 ,= ov]    
:atsoev] ?+s !re is dom9ion1 ^? ?+s are 
n free1 &  !re=e a man's actions are n  
free2 & if a man det]m9e himself1  ! "q 
w /ill rema91 :at det]m9$ him to det]m9e
 himself  9 t mann]4    7d7 8,i h p]us$ 
?is treatise1 weigh$ ,t4 ,h4's answ]s1  
consid]$  8 reasons10 c4    ,?is & t :i*
 foll[e?1 is talk+ to himself at r&om1  
till he  come to allege t :i* he calle? 
an old rule1 :i* is ?is3 7e7  8,:atsoev]
 is1 :5 x is1 is necess>ily s z x is4   
,?is is no  absolute necessity1 b only  
^u supposition t a man ha? det]m9$  8   
own lib]ty10 c4    ,if ! bi%op ?9k t ,i 
hold no o!r necessity ?an t :i* is      
express$ 9 t old fooli% rule1 he nei!r  
und]/&e? me1 nor  :at ! ^w necess>y     
signifie?4 ,necess>y is t :i* is        
impossible to be o!rwise1 or t :i* _c   

possibly o!rwise come  to pass4 ,!re=e  
necess>y1 possible1 & impossible h no   
signification 9 ref]5ce to "t pa/ or "t 
pres5t1 b only "t  to come4 ,8 necess>y1
 & 8 9 s5su composito1 signify no?+2  my
 necess>y is a necess>y f all et]nity2 &
 yet n  inconsi/5t ) true lib]ty1 :i*   
do? n consi/ 9 det]m9+  itself1 b 9 do+ 
:at ! w is det]m9$ unto4 ,?is 8dom9ion  
ov] itself10 & ?is s5sus compositus1 &  
?is1 8det]m9+  itself10 & ?is1          
8necess>ily is :5 x is10 are confus$ &  
empty  words4    7f7 8,if ! *a9 (       
necessity be no /rong] b t x may be     
snapp$ s easily asund]1 c4 by !         
signification ( y\r lord%ip's  desire1 &
 my mode/ entreaty1 !n we may safely    
conclude t human  affairs10 c4    ,:e!r 
my ,"l's desire & ! ,bi%op's mode/      
entreaty 7 en\gh to  produce a w 9 me to
 write an answ] to 8 treatise1 )\t o!r  
concurr5t causes1 ,i am n sure4 ,ob$i5ce
 to 8 ,lord%ip did mu*1  & my civility  
to ! ,bi%op did some:at1 & p]haps !re 7 
o!r  imag9ations ( m9e own t contribut$ 

_! "p4 ,b ?is ,i am sure  (1 t altoge!r 
!y 7 suffici5t to frame my w !reto2 &   
:atsoev] is suffici5t to produce any ?+1
 produce? x z  necess>ily z ! fire      
necess>ily burne? ! fuel t is ca/ into  
x4 ,& ?\gh ! ,bi%op's mode/ entreaty _h 
be5 no "p ( !  cause ( my yield+ to x1  
yet c]ta9ly x w\ld h be5 cause  en\gh to
 "s civil man1 to h requit$ me ) fair]  
language ?an  he ha? done ?r\gh\t ?is   
reply4                                  
,,no4 ,,ii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,& fir/ ,i assure
 y\r ,lord%ip1 ,i f9d 9 x no new        
argum5t1  nei!r f ,scripture nor f      
reason1 t ,i h n (t5 he>d  be=e1 :i* is 
z mu* z to say1 t ,i am n surpris$4     
,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,?\gh ,i be s unhappy t ,i 
c pres5t no novelty to  ,t4 ,h41 yet ,i 
h ?is com=t1 t if he be n surpris$1 !n 9
  reason ,i may expect a m mature answ] 
f him2 & :]e he fails1 ,i  may ascribe x
 to ! weakness ( 8 cause1 n to want (   
prep>ation4  ,b 9 ?is cause ,i l        
,epictetus's c\nsel well1 t 7b7 ! %eep  
%\ld n brag h[ mu* !y h eat51 or :at an 

excell5t pa/ure  !y d g 91 b %ew x 9 _! 
lamb & wool4 ,opposite answ]s &         
d[nright argum5ts advantage a cause4 ,to
 tell :at we h he>d or  se5 is to no    
purpose4 ,:5 a respond5t leaves _m ?+s  
unt\*$1  z if !y 7 too hot = 8 f+]s1 &  
decl9es ! weight (  o!r ?+s1 & alt]s !  
true /ate ( ! "q1 x is a %rewd  sign    
ei!r t he ha? n weigh$ all ?+s maturely1
 or else t  he ma9ta9s a desp]ate       
cause40                                 
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,8 ,,reply ,,no4  
,,ii4    7a7 8,?\gh ,i be s unhappy t ,i
 c pres5t no novelty to ,t4 ,h4 yet  ,i 
h ?is com=t1 t if he be n surpris$1 !n 9
 reason ,i may  expect a m mature answ] 
f him10 c4    ,?\gh ,i 7 n surpris$1 yet
 ,i d n see ! reason = :i* he  sai? he  
may expect a m mature answ] f me2 or any
 fur!r answ]  at all4 ,= see+ ,i wrote  
?is at 8 mode/ reque/1 x is no mode/    
expectation to look = z _m answ]s z he  
%all be pleas$ to exact4    7b7 8,! %eep
 %\ld n brag h[ mu* !y h eat51 b %ew x  
9 _! lamb & wool40    ,x is no great    

bragg+1 to say ,i 0 n surpris$2 =       
:osoev]  *ance? to read ,su>ez's        
,opuscula1 :]e he write? ( free-w &  ( !
 conc\rse ( ,god ) man's w1 %all f9d !  
greate/ "p1  if n all1 t ! ,bi%op ha?   
urg$ 9 ?is "q4 ,b t :i*  ! ,bi%op ha?   
said ( ! reasons & au?orities :i* he    
sai? 9  8 epi/le d (f] !mselves to s]ve 
9 ?is cause1 & _m o!r  passages ( 8     
book1 ,i %all1 ,i ?9k1 be=e ,i h done ) 
him1  make appe> to be v bragg+1 & no?+ 
else4 ,& ?\gh he say x  be ,epictetus's 
c\nsel1 t %eep %\ld %ew :at !y eat 9 _! 
lamb & wool1 x is n likely t ,epictetus 
%\ld take a metaphor  f lamb & wool2 = x
 c\ld n easily come into ! m9d ( m5  t 7
 n acqua9t$ ) ! pay+ ( ti!s4 ,or if x   
_h1 he  w\ld h said lambs 9 ! plural1 z 
laym5 use to speak4 ,t :i*  foll[s ( my 
leav+ ?+s unt\*$1 & alt]+ ! /ate ( !    
"q2 ,i rememb] no su* ?+1 unless he     
require t ,i %\ld  answ]1 n to 8        
argum5ts only1 b also to 8 syllables4   
,,no4 ,,iii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,! preface is a 
h&some "o1 b x appe>s ev5 9 t1 t  he ha?

 mi/ak5 ! "q2 = :]eas he says ?us1 8if  
,i be free  to write ?is disc\rse1 ,i h 
obta9$ ! cause10 ,i d5y t to be  true4  
,= x is n en\gh to 8 fre$om ( writ+ t he
 _h n  writt5 x1 unless he w\ld himself2
 if he w obta9 ! cause1 he  mu/ prove t1
 be=e he wrote x1 x 0 n necess>y he %\ld
  write x aft]w>ds4 ,x may be he ?9ks x 
all "o to say1 8,i 0 free  to write x10 
& 8x 0 n necess>y ,i %\ld write x40 ,b  
,i ?9k  o!rwise2 = he is free to d a ?+1
 t may d x if he h !  w to d x1 & may   
=be> if he h ! w to =be>4 ,& yet  if !re
 be a necessity t he %all h ! w to d x1 
! action  is necess>ily to foll[2 & if  
!re be a necessity t he %all h  ! w to  
=be>1 ! =be>+ also w be necess>y4 ,!    
"q1 !re=e1 is n :e!r a man be a free    
ag5t1 t is to  say1 :e!r he c write or  
=be>1 speak or be sil5t1 accord+ to  8  
w2 b :e!r ! w to write1 & ! w to =be>1  
come  ^u him accord+ to 8 w1 or accord+ 
to any ?+ else 9 8  own p[]4 ,i         
ackn[l$ge ?is lib]ty1 t ,i c d if ,i w3 
b to  say1 ,i c w if ,i w1 ,i take to be

 an absurd spee*4 ,:]e=e ,i  _c grant   
him ! cause ^u ?is preface4    ,sid5ote3
 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,tacitus
 speaks ( a close k9d ( adv]s>ies1 :i*  
ev]more  beg9 ) a man's praise4 ,!      
crisis or ! cata/rophe ( _!  disc\rse is
 :5 !y come to _! b2 z1 he is a good    
natur$  man1 b he ha? a naughty quality2
 or1 he is a wise man1 b he  ha?        
committ$ "o ( ! greate/ follies2 s "h1  
#8! preface is a  h&some "o1 b x appe>s 
ev5 9 ?is t he ha? mi/ak5 !  "q4' ,?is  
is to give an in*1 t "o may take away an
 ell  )\t suspicion2 to praise !        
h&som5ess ( ! por*1 t he may  ga9 cr$it 
to ! vilify+ ( ! h\se4 ,:e!r ( u ha?    
mi/ak5  ! "q1 ,i ref] to ! judici\s     
read]4 7a7 ,?us mu* ,i w  ma9ta91 t t is
 no true necessity1 :i* he calls        
necessity2 nor  t lib]ty1 :i* he calls  
lib]ty2 nor t ! "q1 :i* he  makes ! "q4 
8,fir/ = lib]ty1 t :i* he calls lib]ty1 
is no true lib]ty4    8,= ! cle>+ :]e(1 
x behove? u to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5  ^! 
?ree1 necessity1 spontaneity1 & lib]ty4 

8,necessity & spontaneity may sometimes 
meet toge!r2 s may  spontaneity &       
lib]ty2 b real necessity & true lib]ty c
 nev]  meet toge!r4 ,"s ?+s are necess>y
 & n volunt>y or  spontane\s2 "s ?+s are
 bo? necess>y & volunt>y2 "s ?+s  are   
volunt>y & n free2 "s ?+s are bo?       
volunt>y & free2 b  ^? ?+s :i* are truly
 necess>y c nev] be free1 & ^?  ?+s :i* 
are truly free c nev] be necess>y4      
,necessity consi/s  9 an antec$5t       
det]m9ation to "o2 spontaneity consi/s 9
 a  con=mity ( ! appetite1 ei!r         
intellectual or s5sitive1 to !  object2 
true lib]ty consi/s 9 ! elective p[] ( !
 rational  w2 t :i* is det]m9$ )\t my   
concurr5ce1 may nev]!less  agree well   
en\gh ) my fancy or desires1 & obta9 my 
subsequ5t  cons5t2 b t :i* is det]m9$   
)\t my concurr5ce or cons5t1  _c be !   
object ( m9e election4 ,i may l t :i* is
  inevitably impos$ ^u me by ano!r1 b if
 x be inevitably impos$  ^u me by       
extr9sical causes1 x is bo? folly = me  
to delib]ate1  & impossible = me to     

*oose1 :e!r ,i %all und]go x or n4      
,reason is ! root1 ! f\nta91 ! orig9al (
 true lib]ty1 :i*  judge? & repres5te?  
to ! w1 :e!r ?is or t be  conv5i5t1 :e!r
 ?is or t be m conv5i5t4 ,judge !n :at a
  pretty k9d ( lib]ty x is :i* is       
ma9ta9$ by ,t4 ,h41 su* a  lib]ty z is 9
 little *ildr5 be=e !y h ! use ( reason1
  be=e !y c consult or delib]ate ( any  
?+4 ,is n ?is a  *ildi% lib]ty2 & su* a 
lib]ty z is 9 brute bea/s1 z bees &     
spid]s1 :i* d n le>n _! faculties z we d
 our trades1 by  exp]i5ce &             
consid]ation8 ,?is is a bruti% lib]ty1  
su* a lib]ty  z a bird ha? to fly :5 h] 
w+s are clipp$1 or to use 8 own         
comp>ison1 su* a lib]ty z a lame man1 :o
 ha? lo/ ! use ( 8  limbs1 ha? to walk4 
,is n ?is a ridicul\s lib]ty8 ,la/ly1   
7:i* is  worse ?an all ^!71 su* a lib]ty
 z a riv] ha? to desc5d d[n  ! *annel4  
,:at6 w he ascribe lib]ty to inanimate  
creatures also1  :i* h nei!r reason1 nor
 spontaneity1 nor s mu* z s5sitive      
appetite8 ,su* is ,t4 ,h4's lib]ty4     

7b7 8,8 necessity is j su* ano!r1 a     
necessity ^u supposition1  aris+ f !    
conc\rse ( all ! causes1 includ+ ! la/  
dictate  ( ! und]/&+ 9 reasonable       
creatures4 ,! adequate cause & !  effect
 are toge!r 9 "t1 & :5 all ! concurr5t  
causes are  det]m9$1 ! effect is det]m9$
 also1 & is become s necess>y  t x is   
actually 9 be+2 b !re is a great        
diff]5ce betwe5  det]m9+1 & be+ det]m9$4
 ,if all ! collat]al causes  concurr+ to
 ! production ( an effect1 7 antec$5tly 
det]m9$  :at !y mu/ ( necessity produce1
 & :5 !y mu/ produce x1 !n  !re is no   
d\bt b ! effect is necess>y4 7c7 ,b if  
^! causes  did op]ate freely or         
cont+5tly2 if !y might h susp5d$ or     
d5i$ _! concurr5ce1 or h concurr$ aft]  
ano!r mann]1 !n  ! effect 0 n truly &   
antec$5tly necess>y1 b ei!r free or     
cont+5t4 ,?is w be yet cle>] by consid]+
 8 own in/ance (  ca/+ ambs-ace1 ?\gh x 
p>take m ( cont+5cy ?an (  fre$om4      
,suppos+ ! positure ( ! p>ties' h& :o   
did ?r[ !  dice1 suppos+ ! figure ( !   

table & ( ! dice !mselves1  suppos+ !   
measure ( =ce appli$1 & suppos+ all o!r 
?+s  :i* did concur to ! production ( t 
ca/1 to be ! v same  !y 71 !re is no    
d\bt b 9 ?is case ! ca/ is necess>y4 ,b 
/ill ?is is b a necessity ( supposition2
 = if all ^!  concurr5t causes1 or "s ( 
!m1 7 cont+5t or free1 !n !  ca/ 0 n    
absolutely necess>y4 ,to beg9 ) ! ca/]1 
he might  h d5i$ 8 concurr5ce1 & n h ca/
 at all2 he might h  susp5d$ 8          
concurr5ce1 & n h ca/ s soon2 he might h
  d\bl$ or dim9i%$ 8 =ce 9 ca/+1 if x _h
 pleas$ him2 he  might h ?r[n ! dice    
into ! o!r table4 ,9 all ^! cases :at   
becomes ( 8 ambs-ace8 ,! l unc]ta9ties  
(f] !mselves =  ! mak] ( ! tables1 & = !
 mak] ( ! dice1 & = !  keep] ( ! tables1
 & = ! k9d ( wood1 & ,i "k n h[ _m  o!r 
circum/ances4 ,9 su* a mass (           
cont+5cies1 x is impossible  t ! effect 
%\ld be antec$5tly necess>y4 ,t4 ,h4    
appeals to e  man's exp]i5ce4 ,i am     
cont5t$4 ,let e "o reflect ^u himself1  
& he %all f9d no conv9c+1 mu* less      

con/ra9+ reason1 to  necessitate him to 
any "o ( ^! p>ticul> acts m ?an ano!r1  
b only 8 own w or arbitr>y det]m9ation4 
,s ,t4 ,h4's necessity  is no absolute1 
no antec$5t1 extr9sical necessity1 b    
m]ely a  necessity ^u supposition4      
7d7 8,?irdly1 t :i* ,t4 ,h4 makes ! "q1 
is n !  "q4 #8,! "q is n1' sai? he1     
#8:e!r a man may write if  he w1 & =be> 
if he w1 b :e!r ! w to write or !  w to 
=be> come ^u him accord+ to 8 w1 or     
accord+ to any  ?+ else 9 8 own p[]4'   
,"h is a di/9ction )\t a  diff]5ce4 ,if 
8 w d n come ^u him accord+ to 8 w1 !n  
he is n a free1 nor yet s mu* z a       
volunt>y ag5t1 :i* is ,t4 ,h4's  lib]ty4
 ,c]ta9ly all ! fre$om ( ! ag5t is f !  
fre$om (  ! w4 ,if ! w h no p[] ov]     
itself1 ! ag5t is no m  free ?an a /aff 
9 a man's h&4 ,secondly1 he makes b an  
empty %[  ( a p[] 9 ! w1 ei!r to write  
or n to write4 7e7 ,if x be  precisely &
 inevitably det]m9$ 9 all occurr5ces    
:atsoev]1 :at  a man %all w1 & :at he   
%all n w1 :at he %all write1 &  :at he  

%all n write1 to :at purpose is ?is p[]8
 ,god & nature  nev] made any ?+ 9 va92 
b va9 & fru/rane\s is t p[]  :i* nev] 0 
& nev] %all be d$uc$ into act4 ,ei!r !  
ag5t is  det]m9$ be=e he acte?1 :at he  
%all w1 & :at he %all n  w1 :at he %all 
act1 & :at he %all n act1 & !n he is no 
m free to act ?an he is to w2 or else he
 is n det]m9$1 &  !n !re is no          
necessity4 ,no effect c exce$ ! virtue (
 its  cause2 if ! action be free to     
write or to =be>1 ! p[] or  faculty to w
 or nill1 mu/ ( necessity be m free4    
,quod efficit  tale1 illud magis e/     
tale4 ,if ! w be det]m9$1 ! writ+ or  n 
writ+ is likewise det]m9$1 & !n he %\ld 
n say1 #8he may  write or he may =be>1' 
b he mu/ write or he mu/ =be>4 ,?irdly1 
?is answ] contradicts ! s5se ( all ! _w1
 t ! w ( man  is det]m9$ )\t 8 w1 or )\t
 any ?+ 9 8 p[]4 ,:y  d we ask m5 :e!r  
!y w d su* a ?+ or n8 ,:y d we  repres5t
 reasons to !m8 ,:y d we pray !m8 ,:y d 
we entreat !m8  ,:y d we blame !m1 if _!
 w come n ^u !m accord+ to  _! w4 ,wilt 

?\ be made clean8 said our ,savi\r to ! 
p>alytic  p]son 7,john v4 #f72 to :at   
purpose1 if 8 w 0 extr9sically  det]m9$8
 ,*ri/ compla9s1 7,mat?4 xi4 #ag73 ,we h
 pip$ unto y1  & ye h n danc$4 ,h[ c\ld 
!y help x1 if _! wills 7  det]m9$ )\t _!
 wills to =be>8 ,& 7,mat?4 xxiii4 #cg73 
,i  w\ld h ga!r$ y\r *ildr5 toge!r z !  
h5 ga!re? h]  *ick5s "u h] w+s1 b ye    
w\ld n4 ,h[ easily might !y  answ]1     
accord+ to ,t4 ,h4's doctr9e1 #8,alas6  
blame n u2 our wills  are n 9 our own   
p[] or disposition2 if !y 71 we w\ld    
?ankfully embrace s great a fav\r4' ,mo/
 truly said ,/4 ,au/91 #8,our  w %\ld n 
be a w at all1 if x 7 n 9 our p[]4' 7f7 
,?is is ! belief ( all mank9d1 :i* we h 
n le>n$ f our  tutors1 b is impr9t$ 9   
our he>ts by nature2 we ne$ n turn ov]  
any obscure books to f9d out ?is tru?4  
,! poets *aunt x 9 !  !atres1 ! %eph]ds 
9 ! m\nta9s1 ! pa/ors tea* x 9 _!       
*ur*es1 ! doctors 9 ! univ]sities1 !    
common p 9 !  m>kets1 & all mank9d 9 !  
:ole _w d ass5t unto x1 except an  h&ful

 ( m5 :o h poison$ _! intellectuals )   
p>adoxical  pr9ciples4 ,f\r?ly1 ?is     
necessity :i* ,t4 ,h4 ha? devis$1 :i* is
  gr\nd$ ^u ! necessitation ( a man's w 
)\t 8 w1 is !  wor/ ( all o!rs1 & is s  
f> f less5+ ^? difficulties &           
absurdities :i* fl[ f ! fatal de/9y ( ! 
,/oics1 t x  increase? !m1 & r5d]e? !m  
unansw]able4 7g7 ,no man blame?  fire = 
burn+ :ole cities2 no man taxe? poison =
 de/roy+ m52  b ^? p]sons :o apply !m to
 su* wick$ ends4 ,if ! w ( man  be n 9 8
 own disposition1 he is no m a free ag5t
 ?an ! fire  or ! poison4 ,?ree ?+s are 
requir$ to make an act or omission      
culpable4 ,fir/1 t x be 9 our p[] to    
p]=m x or =be> x2  secondly1 t we be    
oblig$ to p]=m x1 or =be> x1            
respectively2  ?irdly1 t we omit t :i*  
we ought to h done1 or d t :i*  we ought
 to h omitt$4 7h7 ,no man s9s 9 do+ ^?  
?+s :i*  he c\ld n %un1 or =be>+ ^? ?+s 
:i* nev] 7 9 8  p[]4 ,t4 ,h4 may say1 t 
besides ! p[]1 m5 h also an appetite  to
 evil objects1 :i* r5d]s !m culpable4 ,x

 is true2 b if ?is  appetite be det]m9$ 
by ano!r1 n by !mselves1 or if !y h  n !
 use ( reason to curb or re/ra9 _!      
appetites1 !y s9 no  m ?an a /one       
desc5d+ d[nw>d1 accord+ to its natural  
appetite1 or ! brute bea/s :o commit    
volunt>y errors 9 foll[+  _! s5sitive   
appetites1 yet s9 n4    7i7 ,! "q !n is 
n :e!r a man be necessitat$ to w or     
nill1 yet free to act or =be>4 ,b sav+ !
 ambigu\s acception (  ! ^w free1 ! "q  
is pla9ly ?is1 :e!r all ag5ts1 &  all   
ev5ts natural1 civil1 moral1 7= we speak
 n n[ ( !  conv]sion ( a s9n]1 t conc]ns
 n ?is "q71 be  pr$et]m9$ extr9sically &
 inevitably )\t _! own concurr5ce  9 !  
det]m9ation2 s z all actions & ev5ts :i*
 ei!r are or  %all be1 _c b be1 nor c be
 o!rwise1 aft] any o!r mann]1  or 9 any 
o!r place1 "t1 numb]1 measure1 ord]1 nor
 to any o!r  end1 ?an !y are4 ,& all ?is
 9 respect ( ! supreme cause1 or a      
conc\rse ( extr9sical causes det]m9+ !m 
to "o4    7k7 8,s my preface rema9s yet 
unansw]$4 ,ei!r ,i 0 extr9sically  &    

inevitably pr$et]m9$ to write ?is       
disc\rse1 )\t any  concurr5ce ( m9e 9 ! 
det]m9ation1 & )\t any p[] 9 me to      
*ange or oppose x1 or ,i 0 n s          
pr$et]m9$4 ,if ,i 01 !n ,i  ought n to  
be blam$1 = no man is ju/ly blam$ = do+ 
t :i*  nev] 0 9 8 p[] to %un4 ,if ,i 0 n
 s pr$et]m9$1 !n m9e  actions & my w to 
act1 are nei!r compell$ nor necessitat$ 
by  any extr9sical causes1 b ,i elect & 
*oose1 ei!r to write or to  =be>1       
accord+ to m9e own w & by m9e own p[]4  
,& :5 ,i  h resolv$ & elect$1 x is b a  
necessity ( supposition1 :i*  may & do? 
consi/ ) true lib]ty1 n a real antec$5t 
necessity4  ,! two horns ( ?is dilemma  
are s /raight1 t no mean c be  giv51 nor
 room to pass betwe5 !m4 ,& ! two       
consequ5ces are s  evid5t1 t in/ead (   
answ]+ he is =c$ to decl9e !m4          
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,8 ,,reply ,,no4  
,,iii4    7a7 8,?us mu* ,i w ma9ta91 t  
?is is no true necessity1 :i*  he calle?
 necessity2 nor t lib]ty :i* he calle?  
lib]ty2 nor  t ! "q1 :i* he makes ! "q10

 c4 8,= ! cle>+  :]e(1 x behove? u to "k
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! ?ree1  necessity1 
spontaneity1 & lib]ty40    ,i did       
expect1 t = ! kn[+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5  
necessity1 spontaneity1 & lib]ty1 he    
w\ld h set d[n _!  def9itions4 ,= )\t   
^!1 _! diff]5ce _c possibly appe>4  ,=  
h[ c a man "k h[ ?+s diff]1 unless he   
fir/ "k :at !y  are8 :i* he (f]s n to   
%ew4 ,he tells u t necessity &          
spontaneity may meet toge!r1 &          
spontaneity & lib]ty2 b  necessity &    
lib]ty nev]2 & _m o!r ?+s imp]t95t to  !
 purpose4 ,= :i*1 because ( ! l5g?1 ,i  
ref] ! read] to !  place4 ,i note only  
?is1 t spontaneity is a ^w n us$ 9      
common  ,engli%2 & !y t und]/& ,lat91 "k
 x means no m ?an  appetite1 or w1 & is 
n f\nd b 9 liv+ creatures4 ,&  see+1 he 
sai?1 t necessity & spontaneity may /&  
toge!r1  ,i may say also1 t necessity & 
w may /& toge!r1 & !n  is n ! w free1 z 
he w\ld h x1 f necessitation4 ,!re are  
_m o!r ?+s 9 t :i* foll[e?1 :i* ,i _h r 
! read]  w\ld consid] 9 8 own words1 to 

:i* ,i ref] him1 ?an t ,i  %\ld give him
 great] tr\ble 9 recit+ !m aga94 ,= ,i d
 n  fe> x w be ?\ght too hot = my f+]s1 
to %ew ! vanity (  su* words z ^!1      
intellectual appetite1 con=mity ( !     
appetite to ! object1 rational w1       
elective p[] ( !  rational w2 nor und]/&
 ,i h[ reason c be ! root ( true        
lib]ty1 if ! ,bi%op1 z he sai? 9 !      
beg9n+1 _h ! lib]ty to  write ?is       
disc\rse4 ,i und]/& h[ objects1 & !     
conv5i5ces &  ! inconv5i5ces ( !m may be
 repres5t$ to a man1 by ! help (  8     
s5ses2 b h[ reason repres5te? any?+ to !
 w1 ,i  und]/& no m ?an ! ,bi%op und]/&s
 h[ !re may be lib]ty  9 *ildr51 9      
bea/s1 & inanimate creatures4 ,= he     
seeme? to  wond] h[ *ildr5 may be left  
at lib]ty2 h[ bea/s 9 prison may be  set
 at lib]ty2 & h[ a riv] may h a free    
c\rse2 & sai?1  8,:at6 w he ascribe     
lib]ty to inanimate creatures1 also80 ,&
 ?us  he ?9ks he ha? made x cle> h[     
necessity1 spontaneity1 &  lib]ty diff] 
f "o ano!r4 ,if ! read] f9d x s1 ,i am  

cont5t$4    7b7 8,8 necessity is j su*  
ano!r2 a necessity ^u supposition1      
aris+ f ! conc\rse ( all ! causes1      
includ+ ! la/ dictate  ( ! und]/&+ 9    
reasonable creatures10 c4    ,! ,bi%op  
might easily h se51 t ! necessity ,i    
hold1 is !  same necessity t he d5ies2  
namely1 a necessity ( ?+s future1  t is1
 an antec$5t necessity d]iv$ f ! v      
beg9n+ (  "t2 & t ,i put necessity = an 
impossibility ( n be+1 &  t             
impossibility z well z possibility are  
nev] truly said b (  ! future4 ,i "k z  
well z he t ! cause1 :5 x is adequate1 z
  he calle? x1 or entire1 z ,i call x1  
is toge!r 9 "t ) !  effect4 ,b = all t1 
! necessity may be & is be=e ! effect1  
z mu* z any necessity c be4 ,& ?\gh he  
call x a necessity (  supposition1 x is 
no m s ?an all o!r necessity is4 ,! fire
  burne? necess>ily2 b n )\t supposition
 t !re is fuel put  to x4 ,& x burne? ! 
fuel1 :5 x is put to x1 necess>ily2 b  x
 is by supposition1 t ! ord9>y c\rse (  
nature is n  h9d]$2 = ! fire burnt n !  

?ree *ildr5 9 ! furnace4    7c7 8,b if  
^! causes did op]ate freely or          
cont+5tly1 if !y  might h susp5d$ or    
d5i$ _! concurr5ce1 or h concurr$  aft] 
ano!r mann]1 !n ! effect 0 n truly &    
antec$5tly  necess>y1 b ei!r free or    
cont+5t40    ,x seems by ?is he und]/&s 
n :at ^! words1 free &  cont+5t1 mean4  
,a little be=e1 he wond]$ ,i %\ld       
attribute  lib]ty to inanimate          
creatures1 & n[ he puts causes among/ ^?
  ?+s t op]ate freely4 ,by ^! causes x  
seems he und]/&e?  only m51 :]eas ,i    
%ew$ be=e t lib]ty is usually ascrib$ to
  :atsoev] ag5t is n h9d]$4 ,& :5 a man 
do? any ?+ freely1  !re be _m o!r ag5ts 
imm$iate1 t concur to ! effect he       
int5de?1 :i* "w n freely1 b necess>ily2 
z :5 ! man  move? ! sword freely1 !     
sword w\nde? necess>ily1 nor c  susp5d  
or d5y its concurr5ce2 & consequ5tly if 
! man move n  himself1 ! man _c d5y 8   
concurr5ce4 ,to :i* he _c reply1  unless
 he say a man orig9ally c move himself2 
= :i* he w be  able to f9d no au?ority (

 any t h b ta/$ ( ! k  ( motion4 ,!n =  
cont+5t1 he und]/&e? n :at x meane?4  ,=
 x is all "o to say x is cont+5t1 &     
simply to say x is2  sav+ t :5 !y say   
simply x is1 !y consid] n h[ or by  :at 
means2 b 9 say+ x is cont+5t1 !y tell u 
!y "k n  :e!r necess>ily or n4 ,b !     
,bi%op ?9k+ cont+5t to be  t :i* is n   
necess>y1 in/ead ( argu+ aga9/ our k (  
! necessity ( ?+s to come1 argue? aga9/ 
! necessity itself4  ,aga91 he suppose? 
t free & cont+5t causes might h susp5d$ 
or d5i$ _! concurr5ce4 ,f :i* x foll[e?1
 t free causes1  & cont+5t causes1 are n
 causes ( !mselves1 b concurr5t )  o!r  
causes1 & !re=e c produce no?+ b z !y   
are guid$  by ^? causes ) :i* !y concur4
 ,= x is /range he %\ld say1  !y might h
 concurr$ aft] ano!r mann]2 = ,i        
conceive n h[1  :5 ?is runne? "o way1 & 
t ano!r1 t !y c be said to  concur1 t   
is1 run toge!r4 ,& ?is 8 concurr5ce (   
causes  cont+5t1 make?1 he sai?1 ! ca/ (
 ambs-ace n to h be5  absolutely        
necess>y4 ,:i* _c be conceiv$1 unless x 

_h h9d]$  x2 & !n x _h made "s o!r ca/  
necess>y1 p]haps deux-ace1  :i* s]ve? me
 z well4 ,= t :i* he sai? ( susp5d+ 8   
concurr5ce1 ( ca/+ soon] or lat]1 (     
alt]+ ! ca/]'s =ce1  & ! l accid5ts1    
s]ve n to take away ! necessity (       
ambs-ace1 o!rwise ?an by mak+ a         
necessity ( deux-ace1 or o!r  ca/ t %all
 be ?r[n4    7d7 8,?irdly1 t :i* ,t4 ,h4
 makes ! "q1 is n !  "q10 c4    ,he ha? 
v little reason to say ?is4 ,he reque/$ 
me to tell him my  op9ion 9 writ+       
conc]n+ free-w4 ,:i* ,i did1 & did let  
him  "k a man 0 free1 9 ^? ?+s t 7 9 8  
p[]1 to foll[  8 w2 b t he 0 n free to  
w1 t is1 t 8 w did  n foll[ 8 w4 ,:i* ,i
 express$ 9 ^! words3 8,! "q is1  :e!r !
 w to write1 or ! w to =be>1 come ^u a  
man  accord+ to 8 w1 or accord+ to any  
?+ else 9 8 own p[]40  ,he t _c und]/& !
 diff]5ce betwe5 free to d if he  w1 &  
free to w1 is n fit1 z ,i h said 9 !    
/at+ (  ! "q1 to he> ?is controv]sy     
disput$1 mu* less to be a  writ] 9 x4 ,8
 consequ5ce1 8if a man be n free to w1  

he is n  a free nor a volunt>y ag5t10 & 
8 say+1 8! fre$om ( ! ag5t  is f !      
fre$om ( ! w10 is put "h )\t pro(2 nor  
is  !re any consid]able pro( ( x ?r\gh !
 :ole book h]eaft]  (f]$4 ,= :y8 ,he    
nev] be=e _h he>d1 ,i believe1 ( any    
di/9ction betwe5 free to d & free to w2 
:i* makes him also  say1 8if ! w h n p[]
 ov] itself1 ! ag5t is no m free1  ?an a
 /aff 9 a man's h&40 ,z if x 7 n fre$om 
en\gh = a  man to d :at he w1 unless 8 w
 also h p[] ov] 8 w1  & t 8 w be n ! p[]
 itself1 b mu/ h ano!r p[]  )9 x to d   
all volunt>y acts4    7e7 8,if x be     
precisely & inevitably det]m9$ 9 all    
occurr5ces  :atsoev]1 :at a man %all w1 
& :at he %all n w1 & :at  he %all write1
 & :at he %all n write1 to :at purpose  
is ?is  p[]80 c4    ,x is to ?is        
purpose1 t all ^? ?+s may be br\ght to  
pass1  :i* ,god ha? f et]nity pr$et]m9$4
 ,x is !re=e to no  purpose "h to say1 t
 ,god & nature ha? made no?+ 9 va94 ,b  
see :at weak argum5ts he br+s next1 :i*1
 ?\gh answ]$ 9 t  :i* is gone be=e1 yet1

 if ,i answ] n aga91 he w say !y are    
too hot = my f+]s4 ,"o is3 8,if ! ag5t  
be det]m9$ :at he  %all w1 & :at he %all
 act1 !n he is no m free to act ?an  he 
is to w20 z if ! w be+ necessitat$1 !   
do+ ( :at we  w 7 n lib]ty4 ,ano!r is3  
8,if a man be free to act1 he is mu*  m 
free to w2 because quod efficit tale1   
illud magis e/ tale20  z if he %\ld say1
 8if ,i make him angry1 !n ,i am m      
angry2 because  quod efficit10 c4 ,!    
?ird is3 8,if ! w be det]m9$1 !n !      
writ+ is det]m9$1 & he ought n to say he
 may write1 b he  mu/ write40 ,x is     
true1 x foll[e? t he mu/ write1 b x do? 
n foll[ ,i ought to say he mu/ write1   
unless he w\ld h me say  m ?an ,i "k1 z 
himself do? (t5 9 ?is reply4    ,aft] 8 
argum5ts come 8 difficult que/ions4 8,if
 ! w ( man be  det]m9$ )\t 8 w1 or )\t  
any ?+ 9 8 p[]1 :y d  we ask m5 :e!r !y 
w d su* a ?+ or n80 ,i answ]1 because   
we desire to "k1 & _c "k b by _! tell+1 
nor !n  nei!r1 = ! mo/ "p4 8,:y d we    
repres5t reasons to !m8 ,:y d  we pray  

!m8 ,:y d we entreat !m80 ,i answ]1     
because !reby we  ?9k to make !m h ! w  
!y h n4 8,:y d we blame !m80  ,i answ]1 
because !y please u n4 ,i might ask him1
 :e!r blam+  be any ?+ else b say+ ! ?+ 
blam$ is ill or imp]fect8 ,may  we n say
 a horse is lame1 ?\gh 8 lam5ess came f 
necessity8 or  t a man is a fool or a   
knave1 if he be s1 ?\gh he c\ld n help  
x8 8,to :at purpose did our ,savi\r say 
to ! p>alytic p]son1 wilt  ?\ be made   
clean1 if 8 w 7 extr9sically det]m9$80  
,i  answ]1 t x 0 n because he w\ld "k1 =
 he knew x be=e2  b because he w\ld draw
 f him a confession ( 8 want4 8,we h    
pip$ unto y1 & ye h n danc$2 h[ c\ld !y 
help x80 ,i  answ] !y c\ld n help x4 8,i
 w\ld h ga!r$ y\r *ildr5 z  ! h5 ga!re? 
h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 b ye w\ld n4 ,h[   
easily might !y answ]1 accord+ to ,t4   
,h4's doctr9e1 ,alas6 blame n  u1 our   
wills are n 9 our own p[]80 ,i answ]1 !y
 are to be blam$  ?\gh _! wills be n 9  
_! own p[]4 ,is n good good1 & evil     
evil1 ?\gh !y be n 9 our p[]8 & %all n  

,i call !m s8 &  is n t praise & blame8 
,b x seems ! ,bi%op takes blame1 n  = ! 
dispraise ( a ?+1 b = a pretext & col\r 
( malice &  rev5ge aga9/ him he blame?4 
,& :]e he says our wills are 9 our  p[]1
 he sees n t he speaks absurdly2 = he   
ought to say1 !  w is ! p[]2 & ?r\gh    
ignorance detecte? ! same fault 9 ,/4   
,au/91 :o sai?1 8our w %\ld n be a w at 
all1 if x 7 n  9 our p[]20 t is to say1 
if x 7 n 9 our w4    7f7 8,?is is !     
belief ( all mank9d1 :i* we h n le>n$ f 
our tutors1 b is impr9t$ 9 our he>ts by 
nature10 c4    ,?is piece ( eloqu5ce is 
us$ by ,cic]o 9 8 def5ce ( ,milo1 to    
prove x lawful = a man to resi/ =ce )   
=ce1 or to keep himself  f kill+2 :i* ! 
,bi%op1 ?9k+ himself able to make t :i* 
proves "o ?+ prove any ?+1 ha? translat$
 into ,engli%1 &  br\ght into ?is place 
to prove free-w4 ,x is true1 v few h    
le>n$ f tutors1 t a man is n free to w2 
nor d !y f9d x  mu* 9 books4 ,t !y f9d 9
 books1 t :i* ! poets *ant 9  _! !atres 
& ! %eph]ds 9 ! m\nta9s1 t :i* !  pa/ors

 tea* 9 ! *ur*es & ! doctors 9 !        
univ]sities1 &  t :i* ! common p 9 !    
m>kets1 & all mank9d 9 !  :ole _w d     
ass5t unto1 is ! same t ,i ass5t unto1  
namely1 t  a man ha? fre$om to d if he  
w2 b :e!r he ha? fre$om to  w1 is a "q  
:i* x seems nei!r ! ,bi%op nor !y ev]   
?\ght on4    7g7 8,no man blame? fire = 
burn+ cities1 nor taxe? poison =        
de/roy+ m510 c4    ,"h aga9 he is ^u 8  
argum5ts f blame1 :i* ,i h answ]$  be=e2
 & we d z mu* blame !m z we d m54 ,= we 
say fire ha?  done hurt1 & ! poison ha? 
kill$ a man1 z well z we say ! man  ha? 
done unju/ly2 b we d n seek to be rev5g$
 ( ! fire & (  poison1 because we _c    
make !m ask =giv5ess1 z we w\ld make  m5
 to d :5 !y hurt u4 ,s t ! blam+ ( ! "o 
& !  o!r1 t is1 ! decl>+ ( ! hurt or    
evil action done by !m1  is ! same 9    
bo?2 b ! malice ( man is only aga9/ man4
    7h7 8,no man s9s 9 do+ ^? ?+s :i* he
 c\ld n %un40    ,he may z well say1 no 
man halts :i* _c *oose b halt2 or       
/umbles1 t _c *oose b /umble4 ,= :at is 

s91 b halt+  or /umbl+ 9 ! way ( ,god's 
comm&m5ts8    7i7 8,! "q !n is n1 :e!r a
 man be necessitat$ to w  or nill1 yet  
free to act or =be>4 ,b1 sav+ ! ambigu\s
  acceptions ( ! ^w free1 ! "q is pla9ly
 ?is10 c4    ,?is "q1 :i* ! ,bi%op /ate?
 9 ?is place1 ,i h be=e set  d[n v]batim
 & all[$3 & x is ! same ) m9e1 ?\gh he  
p]ceive x n4 ,b see+ ,i did no?+1 b at 8
 reque/ set d[n  my op9ion1 !re c be no 
o!r "q betwe5 u 9 ?is  controv]sy1 b    
:e!r my op9ion be ! tru? or n4    7k7   
8,s my preface rema9s yet unansw]$4     
,ei!r ,i 0 extr9sically  & inevitably   
pr$et]m9$ to write ?is disc\rse10 c4    
,t :i* he sai? 9 ! preface is1 8t if he 
be n free to write  ?is disc\rse1 he    
ought n to be blam$2 b if he be free1 he
 ha?  obta9$ ! cause40    ,! fir/       
consequ5ce ,i %\ld h grant$ him1 if he  
_h writt5 x  rationally & civilly2 !    
latt] ,i d5y1 & h %[n t he ought  to h  
prov$ t a man is free to w4 ,= t :i* he 
says1 any  ?+ else :atsoev] w\ld ?9k1 if
 x knew x 7 mov$1 & did n  "k :at mov$  

x4 ,a wood5 top t is la%$ by ! boys1 &  
runs  ab\t sometimes to "o wall1        
sometimes to ano!r1 sometimes sp9n+1    
sometimes hitt+ m5 on ! %9s1 if x 7     
s5sible ( its own  motion1 w\ld ?9k x   
proce$$ f its own w1 unless x felt :at  
la%$ x4 ,& is a man any wis]1 :5 he runs
 to "o place = a  b5efice1 to ano!r = a 
b>ga91 & tr\bles ! _w ) writ+  errors & 
requir+ answ]s1 because he ?9ks he do? x
 )\t o!r  cause ?an 8 own w1 & see? n   
:at are ! la%+s t cause  8 w8           
,,no4 ,,iv4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's    
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,& s to fall 9 h& ) !
 "q )\t any fur!r  proems or prefaces1  
by lib]ty1 ,i d nei!r und]/& a lib]ty f 
s91 nor a lib]ty f mis]y1 nor a lib]ty f
 s]vitude1 nor a  lib]ty f viol5ce1 b ,i
 und]/& a lib]ty f necessity1 or  r f   
necessitation2 t is1 an univ]sal        
immunity f all  inevitability &         
det]m9ation to "o2 :e!r x be ( ex]cise  
only1 :i* ! ,s*ools call a lib]ty (     
contradiction1 & is f\nd  9 ,god & 9 !  
good & bad angels1 t is1 n a lib]ty to d

 bo?  good & evil1 b a lib]ty to d or n 
to d ?is or t good1 ?is  or t evil1     
respectively2 or :e!r x be a lib]ty (   
specification  & ex]cise also1 :i* !    
,s*ools call lib]ty ( contr>iety1 &  is 
f\nd 9 m5 end[$ ) reason & und]/&+1 t   
is1 a  lib]ty to d & n to d good & evil1
 ?is or t4 ,?us ! coa/  be+ cle>$10 c4  
,t4 ,h4 ,9 ! next place he make? c]ta9  
di/9ctions ( lib]ty1 &  says1 he means n
 lib]ty f s91 nor f s]vitude1 nor f     
viol5ce1 b f necessity1 necessitation1  
inevitability1 &  det]m9ation to "o4 ,x 
_h be5 bett] to def9e lib]ty1 ?an ?us to
  di/+ui%2 = ,i und]/& nev] ! m :at he  
means by lib]ty4  ,& ?\gh he says he    
means lib]ty f necessitation1 yet ,i    
und]/&  n h[ su* a lib]ty c be1 & x is a
 tak+ ( ! "q  )\t pro(4 ,= :at else is !
 "q betwe5 u1 b :e!r  su* a lib]ty be   
possible or n8 ,!re are 9 ! same place  
o!r  di/9ctions1 z a lib]ty ( ex]cise   
only1 :i* he calls a lib]ty (           
contradiction1 namely1 ( do+ n good or  
evil simply1 b ( do+  ?is or t good1 or 

?is or t evil1 respectively3 & a lib]ty 
(  specification & ex]cise also1 :i* he 
calls a lib]ty (  contr>iety1 namely1 a 
lib]ty n only to d or n to d good or    
evil1  b also to d or n to d ?is or t   
good or evil4 ,& ) ^!  di/9ctions1 he   
says1 he cle>s ! coa/1 :]eas 9 tru? he  
d>k5e? 8 mean+1 n only ) ! j>gon (      
ex]cise only1  specification also1      
contradiction1 contr>iety1 b also )     
pret5d+  di/9ction :]e none is4 ,= h[ is
 x possible = ! lib]ty (  do+ or n do+  
?is or t good or evil1 to consi/1 z he  
sai? x  do? 9 ,god & ,angels1 )\t a     
lib]ty ( do+ or n do+ good or  evil8    
,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,x is a rule 9 art1 t words
 :i* are homonym\s1 (  v>i\s & ambigu\s 
significations1 ought ev] 9 ! fir/ place
 to  be di/+ui%$4 ,no m5 delight 9      
confus$ g5]alities1 b ei!r  sophi/]s or 
bungl]s4 ,vir dolosus v]satur 9         
g5]alibus1 deceitful  m5 d n love to    
desc5d to p>ticul>s2 & :5 bad ar*]s     
%oot1  ! safe/ way is to run to ! m>k4  
,lib]ty is sometimes oppos$ to  ! slav]y

 ( s9 & vici\s habits1 z 7,romans vi4   
#bb73 ,n[ be+  made free f s94          
,sometimes to mis]y & oppression1       
7,isaiah lviii4  #f73 ,to let ! oppress$
 g free4 ,sometimes to s]vitude1 z      
7,leviticus xxv4 #aj73 ,9 ! ye> (       
jubilee ye %all proclaim lib]ty  ?r\gh\t
 ! l&4 ,sometimes to viol5ce1 z 7,psalms
 cv4 #bj73 ,!  pr9ce ( 8 p let him g    
free4 ,yet none ( all ^! is !  lib]ty n[
 9 "q1 b a lib]ty f necessity1 t is1 a  
det]m9ation to "o1 or r f necessitation1
 t is1 a necessity  impos$ by ano!r1 or 
an extr9sical det]m9ation4 ,^!          
di/9ctions  d virtually imply a         
description ( true lib]ty1 :i* comes    
ne>] !  ess5ce ( x1 ?an ,t4 ,h4's rov+  
def9ition1 z we %all see 9 due  place4  
,& ?\gh he say t #8he und]/&s nev] ! m  
:at ,i mean  by lib]ty1' yet x is pla91 
by 8 own +5u\s confession1 bo? t  he do?
 und]/& x1 & t ?is is ! v "q :]e !  wat]
 /icks betwe5 u1 :e!r !re be su* a      
lib]ty free f all  necessitation &      
extr9sical det]m9ation to "o4 ,:i* be+ b

 !  /at+ ( ! "q1 he calls x amiss #8!   
tak+ ( ! "q4'  ,x 7 too mu* weakness to 
beg ?is "q1 :i* is s copi\s &           
demon/rable4 7b7 ,x is /range to see )  
:at confid5ce1  n[-a-days1 p>ticul> m5  
slight all ! ,s*oolm51 & ,philosoph]s1  
& classic au?ors ( =m] ages1 z if !y 7 n
 wor?y to  unloose ! %oe-/r+s ( "s mod]n
 au?or1 or did sit 9 d>kness  & 9 ! %ad[
 ( dea?1 until "s ?ird ,cato dropp$ d[n 
f  heav51 to :om all m5 mu/ repair1 z to
 ! alt> ( ,prome!us1 to  light _!       
tor*es4 ,i did nev] wond] to he> a raw  
div9e out ( !  pulpit decl>e aga9/      
,s*ool ,div9ity to 8 equally ignorant   
auditors4  ,x is b z ! fox 9 ! fable1   
:o1 hav+ lo/ 8 own tail by a  mis*ance1 
w\ld h p]suad$ all 8 foll[]s to cut (f  
!irs1 &  ?r[ !m away z unpr(itable      
bur!ns4 ,b x tr\bles me to see a  s*ol>1
 "o :o ha? be5 long admitt$ into !      
inn]mo/ closet (  nature1 & se5 ! hidd5 
secrets ( m subtle le>n+1 s f> to  =get 
himself z to /yle ,s*ool-le>n+ no bett] 
?an a pla9  j>gon1 t is1 a s5seless     

gibb]i%1 or a fu/ian language1 l !      
*att]+ noise ( sabots4 ,suppose !y did  
sometimes too mu* cut  tru? into %r$s1  
or delight 9 ab/ruse expressions1 yet   
c]ta9ly  ?is di/9ction ( lib]ty into    
lib]ty ( contr>iety & lib]ty (          
contradiction1 or :i* is all "o1 (      
ex]cise only1 or ex]cise  &             
specification jo9tly1 :i* ,t4 ,h4       
rejects ) s mu* scorn1 is  s true1 s    
necess>y1 s g5]ally receiv$1 t !re is   
sc>ce t  writ] ( note1 ei!r div9e or    
philosoph]1 :o did ev] treat ^u  ?is    
subject1 b he use? x4    8,good & evil  
are contr>ies1 or opposite k9ds ( ?+s4  
,!re=e to  be able to *oose bo? good &  
evil1 is a lib]ty ( contr>iety1 or (    
specification4 ,to *oose ?is1 & n to    
*oose ?is1 are  contradictory1 or :i* is
 all "o1 an ex]cise or susp5sion ( p[]4 
,!re=e to be able to d or =be> to d !   
same action1 or to  *oose or n *oose !  
same object1 )\t v>y+ ( ! k9d1 is a     
lib]ty ( contradiction1 or ( ex]cise    
only4 ,n[ a man is n only  able to d or 

=be> to d good only1 or evil only1 b he 
is able bo?  to d & to =be> to d bo?    
good & evil4 ,s he ha? n only a  lib]ty 
( ! action1 b also a lib]ty ( contr>y   
objects2 n only  a lib]ty ( ex]cise1 b  
also ( specification2 n only a lib]ty ( 
contradiction1 b also ( contr>iety4 ,on 
! o!r side1 ,god & !  good angels c d or
 n d ?is or t good2 b !y _c d &  n d bo?
 good & evil4 ,s !y h only a lib]ty (   
ex]cise or  contradiction1 b n a lib]ty 
( specification or contr>iety4 ,x       
appe>s !n pla9ly1 t ! lib]ty ( man is m 
l>ge 9 !  ext5sion ( ! object1 :i* is   
bo? good & evil1 ?an ! lib]ty  ( ,god & 
! good angels1 ^: object is only good4  
,b )al !  lib]ty ( man comes %ort 9 !   
int5tion ( ! p[]4 ,man is n s  free 9   
respect ( good only1 z ,god or ! good   
angels1 because 7n to  speak ( ,god1 ^: 
lib]ty is q ( ano!r nature7 !  und]/&+s 
( ! angels are cle>]1 _! p[] & dom9ion  
ov]  _! actions is great]1 !y h no      
s5sitive appetites to di/ract  !m1 no   
organs to be di/urb$4 ,we see1 !n1 ?is  

di/9ction is  cle>$ f all d>kness4      
8,& :]e ,t4 ,h4 dem&s1 h[ x is possible 
= ! lib]ty ( do+ or  n do+ ?is or t good
 or evil1 to consi/ 9 ,god & angels1    
)\t a lib]ty ( do+ or n do+ good or     
evil8 ! answ] is  obvi\s & easy1 ref]5do
 s+ula s+ulis1 r5d]+ e act to  its "r   
object respectively4 ,god & good angels 
h a p[] to d or  n to d ?is or t good1  
bad angels h a p[] to d or n to d  ?is  
or t evil2 s bo?1 jo9tly consid]$1 h p[]
 respectively  to d good or evil4 ,&    
yet1 accord+ to ! words ( my disc\rse1  
,god  & good & bad angels1 be+ s+ly     
consid]$1 h no p[] to d  good or evil1 t
 is1 indiff]5tly1 z man ha?40           
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,iv4    ,he int5de? "h to
 make good ! di/9ctions ( lib]ty (      
ex]cise1 & lib]ty ( contradiction2      
lib]ty ( contr>iety1  & lib]ty (        
specification & ex]cise4 ,& he beg9s    
?us3    7a7 8,x is a rule 9 art1 t words
 :i* are homonym\s1 or (  v>i\s &       
ambigu\s significations1 ought ev] 9 !  

fir/ place to  be di/+ui%$10 c4    ,i "k
 n :at art x is t give? ?is rule4 ,i am 
sure x is n !  art ( reason1 :i* m5 call
 logic4 ,= reason tea*e?1 & !  example (
 ^? :o only reason me?odically1 7:i* are
 !  ma!maticians71 t a man1 :5 he w     
demon/rate ! tru? ( :at  he is to say1  
mu/ 9 ! fir/ place det]m9e :at he w h to
 be  und]/ood by 8 words2 :i*           
det]m9ation is call$ def9ition2  :]eby !
 significations ( 8 words are s cle>ly  
set d[n1 t  !re c creep 9 no ambiguity4 
,& !re=e !re w be no ne$ (  di/9ctions2 
& consequ5tly 8 rule ( art1 is a ra%    
precept (  "s ignorant man1 :om he &    
o!rs h foll[$4    ,! ,bi%op tells u t   
lib]ty is sometimes oppos$ to s91 to    
oppression1 to s]vitude2 :i* is to tell 
u1 t !y :om he ha?  read 9 ?is po9t1 are
 inconsi/5t 9 ! mean+ ( _! own words2   
&1 !re=e1 !y are little behold5 to him4 
,& ?is div]sity (  significations he    
calls di/9ctions4 ,d m5 t by ! same ^w 9
  "o place mean "o ?+1 & 9 ano!r ano!r1 
& nev] tell u s1  di/+ui%8 ,i ?9k !y r  

conf\nd4 ,& yet he says1 t 8^!          
di/9ctions d virtually imply a          
description ( true lib]ty1 :i*  come?   
ne>] ! ess5ce ( x1 ?an ,t4 ,h4's rov+   
def9ition20 :i*  def9ition ( m9e 0 ?is3 
8lib]ty is :5 !re is no ext]nal         
imp$im5t40 ,s t 9 8 op9ion a man %all   
soon] und]/&  lib]ty by read+ ^! words1 
7,romans vi4 #bb73 ,be+ made free f  s92
 or ^! words1 7,isaiah lviii4 #f73 ,to  
let ! oppress$ g free2  or by ^! words1 
7,leviticus xxv4 #aj73 ,y %all proclaim 
lib]ty  ?r\gh\t ! l&1 ?an by ^! words ( 
m9e3 8lib]ty is !  abs5ce ( ext]nal     
imp$im5ts to motion40 ,also he w face me
 d[n1  t ,i und]/& :at he means by 8    
di/9ctions ( lib]ty (  contr>iety1 (    
contradiction1 ( ex]cise only1 ( ex]cise
 &  specification jo9tly4 ,if he mean ,i
 und]/& 8 mean+1 9 "o  s5se x is true4  
,= by !m he means to %ift (f ! discr$it 
(  be+ able to say no?+ to ! "q2 z !y d 
t1 pret5d+  to "k ! cause ( e ?+1 give =
 ! cause ( :y !  load-/one drawe? to x  
iron1 sympa?y1 & occult quality2 mak+   

!y _c tell1 7turn$ n[ into occult71 to  
/& = ! real  cause ( t mo/ admirable    
effect4 ,b t ^? words signify           
di/9ction1 ,i con/antly d5y4 ,x is n    
en\gh = a di/9ction to be  =k$2 x ought 
to signify a di/9ct conception4 ,!re is 
great  diff]5ce betwe5 duade di/9ctions 
& clov5 feet4    7b7 8,x is /range to   
see ) :at confid5ce n[-a-days p>ticul>  
m5 slight all ! ,s*oolm51 & philosoph]s1
 & classic au?ors (  =m] ages10 c4      
,?is ^w1 p>ticul> m51 is put "h1 9 my   
op9ion1 ) little  judgm5t1 especially by
 a man t pret5de? to be le>n$4 ,does !  
,bi%op ?9k t he himself is1 or t !re is 
any univ]sal man8 ,x  may be he means a 
private man4 ,does he !n ?9k !re is any 
man n  private1 besides him t is endu$ )
 sov]eign p[]8 ,b x is mo/  likely he   
calls me a p>ticul> man1 because ,i h n 
_h !  au?ority he has _h1 to tea* :at   
doctr9e ,i ?9k fit4 ,b n[1 ,i am  no m  
p>ticul> ?an he2 & may ) z good a grace 
despise !  ,s*oolm5 & "s ( ! old        
,philosoph]s1 z he c despise me1 unless 

he c %ew t x is m likely t he %\ld be   
bett] able to look  into ^! que/ions    
suffici5tly1 :i* require m$itation &    
reflection ^u a man's own ?\ghts1 he t  
ha? be5 oblig$ mo/ (  8 "t to prea* unto
 ! p1 & to t end to read ^?  au?ors t c 
be/ furni% him ) :at he has to say1 & to
 /udy  = ! rhetoric ( 8 expressions1 & (
 ! sp>e "t 7:i* to a  good pa/or is v   
little7 ha? sp5t no little "p 9 seek+   
pref]m5t & increas+ ( ri*es2 ?an ,i1 t h
 done almo/  no?+ else1 nor h _h mu*    
else to d b to m$itate ^u ?is &  o!r    
natural que/ions4 ,x tr\bles him mu* t  
,i /yle  ,s*ool-le>n+ j>gon4 ,i d n call
 all ,s*ool-le>n+ s1 b su*  z is s2 t   
is1 t :i* !y say 9 def5d+ ( untru?s1 &  
especially 9 ! ma9t5ance ( free-w1 :5 !y
 talk ( lib]ty  ( ex]cise1              
specification1 contr>iety1              
contradiction1 acts elicite &  ex]cite &
 ! l2 :i*1 ?\gh he g ov] aga9 9 ?is     
place1  endeav\r+ to expla9 !m1 are /ill
 bo? "h & !re b j>gon1  or t 7if he l x 
bett]7 :i* ! ,scripture 9 ! fir/ *aos   

calle? ,tohu & ,bohu4    ,b because he  
takes x s he9\sly1 t a private man %\ld 
s  h>dly c5sure ,s*ool-div9ity1 ,i w\ld 
be glad to "k ) :at  pati5ce he c he>   
,m>t9 ,lu!r & ,philip ,melanc?on speak+ 
( !  same8 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 t 0 ! fir/      
beg9n] ( our deliv]ance f  ! s]vitude ( 
! ,romi% cl]gy1 _h ^! ?ree articles     
c5sur$ by  ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,! fir/
 ( :i* 03 8,s*ool-!ology is a  false    
int]pretation ( ! ,scripture1 &         
,sacram5ts1 :i* ha?  bani%$ f u true &  
s9c]e !ology40 ,! second is3 8,at :at   
"t ,s*ool-!ology1 t is1 mock-!ology1    
came up1 at ! same "t  ! !ology (       
,*ri/'s ,cross w5t d[n40 ,! ?ird is3 8,x
 is n[  almo/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s s9ce !   
,*ur* has endur$ !  lic5ti\sness (      
,s*ool-,doctors 9 corrupt+ ( !          
,scriptures40  ,moreov]1 ! same ,lu!r 9 
ano!r place ( 8 "w sai? ?us2            
8,s*ool-!ology is no?+ else b ignorance 
( ! tru?1 & a block  to /umble at laid  
be=e ! ,scriptures40 ,& ( ,?omas ,aqu9as
 9  p>ticul> he sai?1 t 8x 0 he t did   

set up ! k+dom (  ,ari/otle1 ! de/roy] (
 godly doctr9e40 ,& ( ! philosophy  :]e(
 ,/4 ,paul bidde? u bew>e1 he sai? x is 
,s*ool-!ology4 ,&  ,melanc?on1 a div9e  
once mu* e/eem$ 9 our ,*ur*1 sai? ( x   
?us3  8,x is kn[n t t pr(ane s*ola/ic   
le>n+1 :i* !y w h  to be call$ ,div9ity1
 began at ,p>is2 :i* be+ admitt$1 no?+  
is  left s\nd 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,gospel is   
obscur$1 fai? ext+ui%$1  ! doctr9e (    
works receiv$1 & in/ead ( ,*ri/'s p1 we 
are  become n s mu* z ! p ( ! law1 b ! p
 (  ,ari/otle's e?ics ,^! 7 no raw      
div9es1 su* z he sai? prea*$  to _!     
equally ignorant auditors4 ,i c\ld add  
to ^! ! slight+  ( ,s*ool-div9ity by    
,calv9 & o!r le>n$ ,prote/ant ,doctors2 
yet  7 !y all b private m51 :o1 x seems 
to ! ,bi%op1 _h =got  !mselves z well z 
,i4                                     
,,no4 ,v4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?us ! coa/ be+   
cle>$1 ! next ?+ to be done1 is to  draw
 out our =ces aga9/ ! enemy2 & because  
!y are divid$ into  two squadrons1 ! "o 
( ,*ri/ians1 ! o!r ( hea!n philosoph]s1 

x w be be/ to dispose ours also into two
 bodies1 ! =m] drawn  f ,scripture1 !   
latt] f reason40    ,t4 ,h4 ,! next ?+  
he do?1 aft] ! cle>+ ( ! coa/1 is !     
divid+ ( 8 =ces1 z he calls !m1 into two
 squadrons1 "o (  places ( ,scripture1 !
 o!r ( reasons1 :i* allegory he use?1 ,i
  suppose1 because he addresses !       
disc\rse to y\r ,lord%ip1 :o is a       
milit>y man4 ,all t ,i h to say t\*+    
?is1 is1 t ,i obs]ve a  great "p ( ^? 8 
=ces d look & m>* ano!r way1 & "s  ( !m 
d fight among !mselves4    ,j4 ,d4 8,if 
,t4 ,h4 c\ld divide my =ces1 & commit !m
 toge!r among  !mselves1 x 7 8 only way 
to conqu] !m4 ,b he w f9d t  ^? imag9>y 
contradictions1 :i* he ?9ks he ha? espi$
 9 my  disc\rse1 are b fancies1 & my    
suppos$ imp]t95ces w prove 8  own real  
mi/ak+s40    ,9 ?is fif? numb] !re is   
no?+ ( 8 or m9e1 p]t95t to !  "q1 !re=e 
no?+ necess>y to be repeat$4            
,,pro(s ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,out ,,(          
,,scripture4--,,no4 ,,vi4    ,sid5ote3  
,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,fir/1   

:osoev] h p[] ( election1 h true lib]ty2
 =  ! prop] act ( lib]ty is election4 ,a
 spontaneity may consi/ )  det]m9ation  
to "o1 z we see 9 *ildr51 fools1 madm51 
brute  bea/s1 ^: fancies are det]m9$ to 
^? ?+s :i* !y act  spontane\sly1 z !    
bees make honey1 ! spid]s webs4 ,b none 
(  ^! h a lib]ty ( election1 :i* is an  
act ( judgm5t &  und]/&+1 & _c possibly 
consi/ ) a det]m9ation to "o4  ,he t is 
det]m9$ by some?+ be=e himself or )\t   
himself1  _c be said to *oose or elect1 
unless x be z ! junior ( !  mess *oose? 
9 ,cambridge1 :e!r he w h ! lea/ "p or  
no?+4 ,& sc>cely s mu*4    8,b m5 h     
lib]ty ( election4 ,?is is pla91        
7,numb]s xxx4 #ac73 ,if  a wife make a  
v[ x is left to h] husb&'s *oice1 ei!r  
to  e/abli% x or to make x void4 ,&     
7,jo%ua xxiv4 #ae73 ,*oose y  ?is day   
:om y w s]ve1 c4 ,b ,i & my h\se w s]ve 
!  ,"l4 ,he makes 8 own *oice1 & leaves 
!m to ! lib]ty ( _!  election4 ,& 7#b   
,samuel xxiv4 #ab73 ,i (f] !e ?ree ?+s1 
*oose  !e :i* ( !m ,i %all d4 ,if "o (  

^! ?ree ?+s 0  necess>ily det]m9$1 & !  
o!r two impossible1 h[ 0 x left to  him 
to *oose :at %\ld be done8 ,!re=e we h  
true lib]ty40    ,t4 ,h4 ,& ! fir/ place
 ( ,scripture tak5 f ,numb]s xxx4 #ac1  
is  "o ( !m t look ano!r way4 ,! words  
are1 ,if a wife make a v[  x is left to 
h] husb&'s *oice1 ei!r to e/abli% x or  
make x  void4 ,= x proves no m b t !    
husb& is a free or volunt>y  ag5t1 b n t
 8 *oice !re9 is n necessitat$ or n     
det]m9$ to :at he %all *oose by prec$5t 
necess>y causes4    ,j4 ,d4 8,my fir/   
argum5t f ,scripture is ?us =m$4        
8,:osoev] h a lib]ty or p[] ( election1 
are n det]m9$ to  "o by prec$5t necess>y
 causes4    8,b m5 h lib]ty ( election4 
8,! assumption or m9or proposition is   
prov$ by ?ree places (  ,scripture1     
7,numb]s xxx4 #ac2 ,jo%ua xxiv4 #ae2 #b 
,samuel xxiv4 #ab47 ,i ne$  n insi/ ^u  
^!1 because ,t4 ,h4 ackn[l$ge? #8t x is 
cle>ly  prov$ t !re is election 9 man4' 
8,b he d5ie? ! major proposition1       
because1 sai? he1 #8man is  necessitat$ 

or det]m9$ to :at he %all *oose by      
prec$5t  necess>y causes4' ,i take away 
?is answ] ?ree ways4    8,fir/1 by      
reason4 ,election is ev]more ei!r ( ?+s 
possible1 or at  lea/ ( ?+s conceiv$ to 
be possible1 t is1 efficaci\s election1 
:5 a man hope? or ?9ke? ( obta9+ !      
object4 ,:atsoev] !  w *oose?1 x *oose? 
"u ! notion ( good1 ei!r hone/1 or      
delightful1 or pr(itable4 ,b !re c be no
 real goodness appreh5d$  9 t :i* is    
kn[n to be impossible4 ,x is true1 !re  
may be "s  w&]+ p5dul\s wi%es ( kn[n    
impossibilities1 z a man also t  ha?    
committ$ an (f5ce may wi% he _h n       
committ$ x4 ,b to  *oose efficaci\sly an
 impossibility1 is z impossible z an    
impossibility itself4 ,no man c ?9k to  
obta9 t :i* he kn[s  impossible to be   
obta9$2 b he :o kn[s t all ?+s are      
antec$5tly det]m9$ by necess>y causes1  
kn[s t x is impossible  = any?+ to be   
o!rwise ?an x is2 !re=e to ascribe unto 
him a  p[] ( election to *oose ?is or t 
indiff]5tly1 is to make !  same ?+ to be

 det]m9$ to "o1 & to be n det]m9$ to "o1
  :i* are contradictories4 ,aga91       
:osoev] ha? an elective p[]1 or a       
lib]ty to *oose1 ha? also a lib]ty or   
p[] to refuse2 7,isaiah vii4  #af73     
,be=e ! *ild %all "k to refuse ! evil & 
*oose !  good4 ,he :o *oose? ?is r ?an  
t1 refuse? t r ?an  ?is4 ,z ,moses      
7,hebrews xi4 #be71 *oos+ to suff]      
affliction ) !  p ( ,god1 did !reby     
refuse ! pleasures ( s94 ,b no man ha?  
any p[] to refuse t :i* is necess>ily   
pr$et]m9$ to be1  unless x be z ! fox   
refus$ ! grapes :i* 7 beyond 8 rea*4    
,:5 "o ?+ ( two or ?ree is absolutely   
det]m9$1 ! o!rs are  made !reby simply  
impossible4    7a7 8,secondly1 ,i prove 
x by in/ances1 & by t univ]sal notion   
:i* ! _w ha? ( election4 ,:at is !      
diff]5ce betwe5 an  elective & h]$it>y  
k+dom1 b t 9 an elective k+dom1 !y  h   
p[] or lib]ty to *oose ?is or t man     
indiff]5tly2 b 9  an h]$it>y k+dom1 !y h
 no su* p[] nor lib]ty8 ,:]e !  law     
makes a c]ta9 heir1 !re is a            

necessitation to "o2 :]e ! law  do? n "n
 a c]ta9 heir1 !re is no necessitation  
to "o1 &  !re !y h p[] or lib]ty to     
*oose4 ,an h]$it>y pr9ce may be  z      
grateful & acceptable to 8 subjects1 & z
 will+ly receiv$ by  !m 7accord+ to t   
lib]ty :i* is oppos$ to compulsion or   
viol5ce71 z he :o is *os53 yet he is n  
!re=e an elective  pr9ce4 ,9 ,g]many all
 ! nobility & commons may ass5t to !    
*oice  ( ! emp]or1 or be well pleas$ ) x
 :5 x is conclud$2 yet  none ( !m elect 
or *oose ! emp]or1 b only ^? six pr9ces 
:o  h a consultative1 delib]ative1 &    
det]m9ative p[] 9 8  election2 & if _!  
votes or suffrages be equally divid$1   
?ree to  ?ree1 !n ! ,k+ ( ,bohemia ha? !
 ca/+ voice4 ,s likewise 9  corporations
 or commonweal?s1 sometimes ! p1        
sometimes !  common-c\ncil1 h p[] to "n 
s _m p]sons = su* an (fice1  & ! supreme
 magi/rate1 or s5ate1 or less] c\ncil   
respectively1  to *oose "o ( ^?4 ,& all 
?is is done ) t caution &  secresy1 by  
billets or o!r means1 t no man kn[s :i* 

way any man  gave 8 vote1 or ) :om to be
 (f5d$4 ,if x 7 necess>ily &  inevitably
 pr$et]m9$1 t ?is individual p]son1 & no
 o!r1  %all & mu/ be *os51 :at ne$$ all 
?is circuit & caution1 to  d t :i* is n 
possible to be done o!rwise1 :i* "o may 
d z  well z a ?\s&1 & = do+ ( :i* no    
rational man c be  (f5d$1 if ! electors 
7 necess>ily pr$et]m9$ to elect ?is  man
 & no o!r4 ,& ?\gh ,t4 ,h4 0 pleas$ to  
pass by my ,univ]sity  in/ance1 yet ,i  
may n1 until ,i see :at he is able to   
say unto x4 ,!  junior ( ! mess 9       
,cambridge divides ! meat 9 f\r p>ts2 ! 
s5ior *oose? fir/1 !n ! second & ?ird 9 
_! ord]4 ,!  junior is det]m9$ to "o1 & 
ha? no *oice left1 unless x be to  *oose
 :e!r he w take t "p :i* ! re/ h refus$1
 or  none at all4 ,x may be ?is "p is m 
agreeable to 8 m9d ?an any  ( ! o!rs    
w\ld h be52 b = all t he _c be said to  
*oose x1 because he is det]m9$ to ?is   
"o4 ,ev5 su* a lib]ty (  election is t  
:i* is e/abli%$ by ,t4 ,h42 or r mu*    
worse 9  two respects4 ,! junior ha? yet

 a lib]ty ( contradiction left1 to      
*oose :e!r he w take t "p1 or n take any
 "p2 b he :o  is precisely pr$et]m9$ to 
! *oice ( ?is object1 ha? no lib]ty  to 
refuse x4 ,secondly1 ! junior1 by divid+
 c>efully1 may pres]ve  to himself an   
equal %>e2 b he :o is :olly det]m9$ by  
extr9sical causes1 is left altoge!r to !
 m]cy & disposition (  ano!r4           
8,?irdly1 ,i prove x by ! texts alleg$4 
7,numb4 xxx4 #ac73 ,if a wife  make a   
v[1 x is left to h] husb&'s *oice1 ei!r 
to e/abli% x  or make x void4 ,b if x be
 pr$et]m9$ t he %all e/abli% x1  x is n 
9 8 p[] to make x void4 ,if x be        
pr$et]m9$ t he  %all make x void1 x is n
 9 8 p[] to e/abli% x4 ,&  h[soev] x be 
det]m9$1 yet be+ det]m9$1 x is n 9 8 p[]
  indiff]5tly1 ei!r to e/abli% x1 or to 
make x void at 8  pleasure4 ,s 7,jo%ua  
xxiv4 #ae73 ,*oose y ?is day :om ye w   
s]ve3  b ,i & my h\se w s]ve ! ,"l4 ,x  
is too late to *oose t  ?is day1 :i* 0  
det]m9$ o!rwise ye/]day4 ,:om ye w      
s]ve1 :e!r ! ,gods :om y\r fa!rs s]v$1  

or ! ,gods ( !  ,amorites4 ,:]e !re is  
an election ( ?is or t1 ^! ,gods1 or  ^?
 ,gods1 !re mu/ ne$s be ei!r an         
indiff]5cy to bo? objects1  or at lea/ a
 possibility to ei!r4 ,i & my h\se w    
s]ve !  ,"l4 ,if he 7 extr9sically      
pr$et]m9$1 he %\ld n say ,i  w s]ve1 b  
,i mu/ s]ve4 ,& 7#b ,samuel xxiv4 #ab73 
,i (f] !e  ?ree ?+s1 *oose !e :i* ( !m  
,i %all d4 ,h[ do? ,god (f]  ?ree ?+s to
 ,david's *oice1 if he _h pr$et]m9$ him 
to "o (  ! ?ree by a conc\rse ( necess>y
 extr9sical causes8 ,if a sov]eign      
pr9ce %\ld desc5d s f> z to (f] a       
del9qu5t 8 *oice1  :e!r he w\ld be f9$1 
or imprison$1 or bani%$1 & _h und]h&    
sign$ ! s5t5ce ( 8 bani%m5t1 :at 7 x    
else b pla9  droll]y or mock]y8 ,?is is 
! argum5t :i* 9 ,t4 ,h4's op9ion looks  
ano!r way4 ,if x d1 x is z ! ,p>?ians   
us$ to fight1 fly+4 ,8  reason foll[s   
next to be consid]$40                   
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,vi4    ,9 ?is numb] he  
ha? br\ght ?ree places ( ,scripture to  

prove  freewill4 ,! fir/ is1 ,if a wife 
make a v[1 x is left to h]  husb&'s     
*oice ei!r to e/abli% x or to make x    
void4 ,&1  ,*oose y ?is day :om ye w    
s]ve1 c4 ,b ,i & my h\se w  s]ve ! ,"l4 
,&1 ,i (f] !e ?ree ?+s1 *oose !e :i* (  
!m ,i %all d4 ,:i* 9 ! reply he         
endeav\re? to make good2 b  ne$$ n1 see+
 !y prove no?+ b t a man is free to d if
 he  w1 :i* ,i d5y n4 ,he ought to prove
 he is free to w1 :i* ,i  d5y4    7a7   
,secondly1 8,i prove x by in/ances1 & by
 t univ]sal notion  :i* ! _w ha? (      
election40    ,8 in/ances are1 fir/1 !  
diff]5ce betwe5 an h]$it>y k+dom  & an  
elective2 & !n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5ior
 & junior  ( ! mess tak+ _! commons2 bo?
 :i* prove ! lib]ty ( do+  :at !y w1 b n
 a lib]ty to w4 ,= 9 ! fir/ case1 !     
electors are free to "n :om !y w1 b n to
 w2 & 9 !  second1 ! s5ior hav+ an      
appetite1 *oose? :at he ha? an appetite 
to2 b *oose? n 8 appetite4              
,,no4 ,,vii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,= if !re came  
into ! husb&'s m9d great] good by       

e/abli%+ ?an abrogat+ su* a v[1 !       
e/abli%+ w foll[  necess>ily4 ,& if !   
evil t w foll[ !reon 9 ! husb&'s  op9ion
 outweigh ! good1 ! contr>y mu/ ne$s    
foll[4 ,& yet 9  ?is foll[+ ( "o's hopes
 & fe>s consi/e? ! nature (  election4  
,s t a man may bo? *oose ?is1 & _c b    
*oose  ?is4 ,& consequ5tly *oos+ &      
necessity are jo9$ toge!r4    ,sid5ote3 
,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,!re 
is no?+ said ) m %[ ( reason 9 ?is      
cause by ! patrons ( necessity &        
adv]s>ies ( true lib]ty ?an  ?is1 t ! w 
do? p]petually & infallibly foll[ ! la/ 
dictate ( ! und]/&+1 or ! la/ judgm5t ( 
"r reason4 ,&  9 ?is1 & ?is only1 ,i    
confess ,t4 ,h4 ha? good seconds4 ,yet !
  common & approv$ op9ion is contr>y1 & 
ju/ly4    8,= fir/1 ?is v act ( !       
und]/&+ is an effect ( ! w1  & a        
te/imony ( its p[] & lib]ty4 ,x is ! w1 
:i*  affect+ "s p>ticul> good1 do?      
engage & comm& !  und]/&+ to consult &  
delib]ate :at means are conv5i5t =      
atta9+ t end4 ,& ?\gh ! w itself be     

bl9d1 yet its object  is good 9 g5]al1  
:i* is ! end ( all human actions4 ,!re=e
 x  belongs to ! w1 z to ! g5]al ( an   
army1 to move ! o!r  p[]s ( ! s\l to _! 
acts1 & among ! re/ ! und]/&+  also1 by 
apply+ x & r$uc+ its p[] into act4 ,s z 
:atsoev]  obligation ! und]/&+ do? put  
^u ! w1 is by ! cons5t  ( ! w1 & d]iv$ f
 ! p[] ( ! w1 :i* 0 n  necessitat$ to   
move ! und]/&+ to consult4 ,s ! w is !  
lady & mi/ress ( human actions2 !       
und]/&+ is h] tru/y  c\nsellor1 :i*     
gives no advice b :5 x is requir$ by !  
w4  ,& if ! fir/ consultation or        
delib]ation be n suffici5t1 !  w may    
move a review1 & require ! und]/&+ to   
in=m itself  bett] & take advice ( o!rs1
 f :5ce _m times ! judgm5t (  ! und]/&+ 
do? receive alt]ation4    8,secondly1 = 
! mann] h[ ! und]/&+ do? det]m9e ! w1  x
 is n naturally b morally4 ,! w is mov$ 
by ! und]/&+1  n z by an effici5t hav+ a
 causal influ5ce into ! effect1 b  only 
by propos+ & repres5t+ ! object4 ,&     
!re=e1 z x 7  ridicul\s to say t !      

object ( ! sight is ! cause ( see+1  s x
 is to say t ! propos+ ( ! object by !  
und]/&+ to  ! w is ! cause ( will+2 &   
!re=e ! und]/&+ ha?  no place 9 t       
conc\rse ( causes1 :i* accord+ to ,t4   
,h4 d  necessitate ! w4    8,?irdly1 !  
judgm5t ( ! und]/&+ is n always practice
  practicum1 nor ( su* a nature 9 itself
 z to oblige & det]m9e  ! w to "o4      
,sometimes1 ! und]/&+ propose? two or   
?ree  means equally available to !      
atta9+ ( "o & ! same end4  ,sometimes1 x
 dictate? t ?is or t p>ticul> good is   
eligible or  fit to be *os51 b n t x is 
necess>ily eligible or t x  mu/ be *os54
 ,x may judge ?is or t to be a fit      
means1 b n !  only means to atta9 !     
desir$ end4 ,9 ^! cases no man c d\bt  b
 t ! w may *oose1 or n *oose1 ?is or t  
indiff]5tly4  ,yea1 ?\gh ! und]/&+ %all 
judge "o ( ^! means to be m  exp$i5t ?an
 ano!r1 yet =asmu* z 9 ! less exp$i5t   
!re is  f\nd ! reason ( good1 ! w 9     
respect ( t dom9ion :i* x  ha? ov]      
itself1 may accept t :i* ! und]/&+      

judge? to be  less exp$i5t1 & refuse t  
:i* x judge? to be m exp$i5t4           
8,f\r?ly1 sometimes ! w do? n w ! end s 
efficaci\sly1  b t x may be1 & (t5 is   
det]r$ f ! prosecution ( x by  !        
difficulty ( ! means2 & not)/&+ !       
judgm5t ( !  und]/&+1 ! w may /ill      
susp5d its own act4    8,fif?ly1        
suppos+1 b n grant+1 t ! w did          
necess>ily  foll[ ! la/ dictate ( !     
und]/&+1 yet ?is proves no  antec$5t    
necessity1 b coexi/5t ) ! act2 no       
extr9sical  necessity1 ! w & ! und]/&+  
be+ b two faculties ( !  same s\l2 no   
absolute necessity1 b m]ely ^u          
supposition4 ,&  !re=e ! same au?ors :o 
ma9ta9 t ! judgm5t ( !  und]/&+ do?     
necess>ily det]m9e ! w1 d yet mu* m     
e>ne/ly oppugn ,t4 ,h4's absolute       
necessity ( all occurr5ces4 ,suppose  ! 
w %all apply ! und]/&+ to delib]ate & n 
require a  review4 ,suppose ! dictate ( 
! und]/&+ %all be absolute1 n  ?is or t 
indiff]5tly1 nor ?is r ?an t            
comp>atively1 b  ?is positively2 nor ?is

 freely1 b ?is necess>ily4 ,& suppose ! 
w d w efficaci\sly1 & d n susp5d its own
 act4 ,!n "h is  a necessity inde$1 b   
nei!r absolute nor extr9sical1 nor      
antec$5t1 fl[+ f a conc\rse ( causes )\t
 ourselves1 b a  necessity ^u           
supposition1 :i* we d readily grant4 ,s 
f> ,t4 ,h4 is  wide f ! tru?1 :il/ he   
ma9ta9s1 ei!r t ! appreh5sion  ( a      
great] good do? necessitate ! w1 or t   
?is is an absolute  necessity4    7b7   
8,la/ly1 :]eas he sai?1 t #8! nature (  
election do?  consi/ 9 foll[+ our hopes 
& fe>s1' ,i _c b obs]ve t  !re is n "o  
^w ( art 9 ?is :ole treatise :i* he use?
 9  ! "r s5se2 ,i hope x do? n proce$   
out ( an affectation (  s+ul>ity1 nor   
out ( a contempt ( =m] writ]s1 nor out (
 a  desire to take 9 sund] ! :ole frame 
( le>n+ & new m\ld x  aft] 8 own m9d4 ,x
 7 to be wi%$ t at lea/ he w\ld give u  
a new diction>y1 t we might und]/& 8    
s5se4 ,b because ?is  is b t\*$ "h      
sp>+ly1 & ^u ! by1 ,i w =be> x until  ,i
 meet ) x aga9 9 its prop] place4 ,& = !

 pres5t x %all  suffice to say1 t hopes 
& fe>s are common to brute bea/s1 b     
election is a rational act1 & is prop]  
only to man1 :o is sanctius  8 animal1  
m5tisque capacius alt4    ,t4 ,h4 ,!    
second place ( ,scripture is ,jo%ua     
xxiv4 #ae2 ! ?ird is #b  ,samuel xxiv4  
#ab2 :]eby x is cle>ly prov$1 t !re is  
election 9  man1 b n prov$ t su*        
election 0 n necessitat$ by !  hopes1 & 
fe>s1 & consid]ations ( good & bad to   
foll[1 :i*  dep5d n on ! w nor are      
subject to election4 ,& !re=e "o  answ] 
s]ves all su* places1 if !y 7 a ?\s&4   
,j4 ,d4 8,?is answ] be+ ! v same ) !    
=m]1 ^w = ^w1  :i* ha? already          
suffici5tly be5 %ak5 9 pieces1 do?      
require no  new reply4                  
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,vii4    7a7 8,!re is    
no?+ said ) m %[ ( reason 9 ?is cause by
  ! patrons ( necessity ?an ?is1 #8t ! w
 do? p]petually &  infallibly foll[ !   
la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+1 or ! la/       
judgm5t ( "r reason1' c4 ,yet ! common &

 approv$ op9ion is  contr>y1 & ju/ly2 =1
 fir/1 ?is v act ( ! und]/&+ is  an     
effect ( ! w1 c40    ,i note "h1 fir/1 t
 ! ,bi%op is mi/ak5 9 say+ t ,i or any  
o!r patron ( necessity1 are ( op9ion t !
 w foll[s always  ! la/ judgm5t ( "r    
reason4 ,= x foll[e? z well ! judgm5t  (
 an errone\s z ( a true reason+2 & !    
tru? 9 g5]al is t  x foll[e? ! la/      
op9ion ( ! goodness or evilness ( !     
object1  be ! op9ion true or false4     
,secondly1 ,i note1 t 9 mak+ ! und]/&+  
to be an effect (  ! w1 he ?9ke? a man  
may h a w to t :i* he n s mu*  z ?9ks   
on4 ,& 9 say+1 t 8x is ! w :i*1 affect+ 
"s  p>ticul> good1 do? engage & comm& ! 
und]/&+ to consult10  c1 t he n only    
?9ke? ! w affecte? a p>ticul> good1     
be=e ! man und]/&s x to be good2 b also 
he ?9ke? t  ^! words 8do? comm& !       
und]/&+10 & ^!1 8= x belongs  to ! w z  
to ! g5]al ( an army1 to move ! o!r p[]s
 (  ! s\l to _! acts10 & a great _m m t 
foll[1 are s5se1  :i* !y are n1 b m]e   
confusion & empt9ess3 z1 = example1  8! 

und]/&+ do? det]m9e ! w1 n naturally1 b 
morally10  & 8! w is mov$ by ! und]/&+10
 is un9telligible4 8,mov$  n z by an    
effici5t10 is nons5se4 ,& :]e he sai?1 t
 8x is  ridicul\s to say ! object ( !   
sight is ! cause ( see+10 he  %[e? s    
cle>ly t he und]/&e? no?+ at all (      
natural  philosophy1 t ,i am sorry ,i _h
 ! ill =tune to be engag$ ) him  9 a    
dispute ( ?is k9d4 ,!re is no?+ t !     
simple/ c\ntryman  c\ld say s absurdly  
conc]n+ ! und]/&+1 z ?is ( !  ,bi%op1 8!
 judgm5t ( ! und]/&+ is n always        
practice  practicum40 ,a c\ntryman w    
ackn[l$ge !re is judgm5t 9 m51 b  w z   
soon say ! judgm5t ( ! judgm5t1 z !     
judgm5t ( !  und]/&+4 ,& if practice    
practicum _h be5 s5se1 he might h  made 
a %ift to put x into ,engli%4 ,mu* m    
foll[e? ( ?is /uff4    7b7 8,la/ly1     
:]eas he sai?1 #8t ! nature ( election  
do?  consi/ 9 foll[+ our hopes & fe>s1' 
,i _c b obs]ve t  !re is n "o ^w ( art 9
 ?is :ole treatise :i* he use? 9  ! "r  
s5se4 ,i hope x do? n proce$ out ( an   

affectation (  s+ul>ity1 nor out ( a    
contempt ( =m] writ]s10 c4    ,he might 
h said1 !re is n a ^w ( j>gon nor       
nons5se2 & t  x proce$e? f an           
affectation ( tru?1 & contempt (        
metaphysical  writ]s1 & a desire to     
r$uce into frame ! le>n+ :i* !y h       
conf\nd$ & disord]$4                    
,,no4 ,,viii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,suppos+1 x    
seems1 ,i might answ] z ,i h done1 t    
necessity & election might /& toge!r1 & 
in/ance 9 ! actions  ( *ildr51 fools1 & 
brute bea/s1 ^: fancies1 ,i might say1  
are  necessitat$ & det]m9$ to "o3 be=e  
^! 8 pro(s out (  ,scripture1 he desires
 to prev5t t in/ance1 & !re=e says1 t  !
 actions ( *ildr51 fools1 madm51 &      
bea/s1 are inde$  det]m9$1 b t !y proce$
 n f election1 nor f free1 b  f         
spontane\s ag5ts4 ,z = example1 t ! bee1
 :5 x make?  honey1 does x spontane\sly2
 & :5 ! spid] makes 8 web1 he does  x   
spontane\sly1 & n by election4 ,?\gh ,i 
nev] meant to gr\nd  any answ] ^u !     
exp]i5ce ( :at *ildr51 fools1 madm51 &  

bea/s d1 yet t y\r ,lord%ip may und]/&  
:at c be meant by  spontane\s1 & h[ x   
diff]s f volunt>y1 ,i w answ] t         
di/9ction1 & %[ t x fighte? aga9/ its   
fell[ argum5ts4  ,y\r ,lord%ip !re=e is 
to consid]1 t all volunt>y actions1  :]e
 ! ?+ t induce? ! w is n fe>1 are call$ 
also  spontane\s1 & said to be done by a
 man's own accord4 ,z :5 a man  give?   
money volunt>ily to ano!r = m]*&ise1 or 
out (  affection1 he is said to d x ( 8 
own accord1 :i* 9 ,lat9 is  sponte1 &   
!re=e ! action is spontane\s2 ?\gh to   
give "o's  money will+ly to a ?ief to   
avoid kill+1 or ?r[ x into ! sea to     
avoid dr[n+1 :]e ! motive is fe>1 be n  
call$ spontane\s4 ,b  e spontane\s      
action is n !re=e volunt>y2 = volunt>y  
presupposes "s prec$5t delib]ation1 t is
 to say1 "s  consid]ation & m$itation ( 
:at is likely to foll[1 bo? ^u !  do+ & 
ab/a9+ f ! action delib]at$ (2 :]eas _m 
actions are done ( our own accord1 & are
 !re=e spontane\s2 (  :i* nev]!less1 z  
he ?9ks1 we nev] consult$ nor delib]at$ 

9  ourselves1 z :5 mak+ no "q nor any ! 
lea/ d\bt 9 !  _w b t ! ?+ we are ab\t  
is good1 we eat1 or walk1 or 9  ang]    
/rike or revile1 :i* he ?9ks spontane\s1
 b n volunt>y  nor elective actions4 ,& 
) su* k9d ( actions he says             
necessitation may /&1 b n ) su* z are   
volunt>y1 & proce$  ^u election &       
delib]ation4 ,n[ if ,i make x appe> to y
 t ev5  ^! actions :i* he says proce$ f 
spontaneity1 & :i* he  ascribes only to 
fools1 *ildr51 madm51 & bea/s1 proce$ f 
delib]ation & election1 & t actions     
inconsid]ate1 ra% &  spontane\s1 are    
ord9>ily f\nd 9 ^? t are1 by !mselves & 
_m m1 ?\ght z wise or wis] ?an ord9>y m5
 are2 !n 8  argum5t conclude?1 t        
necessity & election may /& toge!r1  :i*
 is contr>y to t :i* he int5de? by all !
 re/ ( 8  argum5ts to prove4 ,& fir/1   
y\r ,lord%ip's own exp]i5ce furni%es  y 
) pro( en\gh1 t horses1 dogs1 & o!r     
brute bea/s1 d  demur (t5times ^u ! way 
!y are to take3 ! horse1 retir+ f  "s   
/range figure he sees1 & com+ on aga9 to

 avoid ! spur4 ,&  :at else do? man t   
delib]ate?1 b "o :ile proce$ t[>d       
action1 ano!r :ile retire f x1 z ! hope 
( great] good draws  him1 or ! fe> (    
great] evil drives him8 ,a *ild may be s
 "y z  to d all :i* x does )\t all      
delib]ation1 b t is b till  x *ance to  
be hurt by do+ some:at1 or till x be (  
age to  und]/& ! rod2 = ! actions :]e9  
he ha? once a *eck1 %all  be delib]at$  
on a second "t4 ,fools & madm5 manife/ly
 delib]ate  no less ?an ! wise/ m51 ?\gh
 !y make n s good a *oice1 !  images (  
?+s be+ by diseases alt]$4 ,= bees &    
spid]s1 if he  _h s little to d z to be 
a spectator ( _! actions1 he w\ld h     
confess$ n only election1 b also art1   
prud5ce1 & policy 9 !m1  v ne> equal to 
t ( mank9d4 ,( bees ,ari/otle says1 _!  
life  is civil4 ,he is deceiv$1 if he   
?9k any spontane\s action1 aft] once    
be+ *eck$ 9 x1 diff]s f an action       
volunt>y & elective1 =  ev5 ! sett+ ( a 
man's foot 9 ! po/ure ( walk+1 & !      
action ( ord9>y eat+1 0 once delib]at$1 

h[ & :5 x %\ld  be done2 & ?\gh x       
aft]w>ds became easy & habitual1 s z to 
be  done )\t =e-?\ght1 yet t does n h9d]
 b t ! act is  volunt>y & proce$s f     
election4 ,s also are ! ra%e/ actions ( 
*ol]ic p]sons volunt>y & ^u delib]ation4
 ,= :o is !re1 b  v "y *ildr51 t has n  
consid]$ :5 & h[ f> he ought1  or safely
 may1 /rike or revile4 ,see+ !n he      
agrees ) me t su*  actions are          
necessitat$1 & ! fancy ( ^? t d !m is   
det]m9$ to ! actions !y d1 x foll[s out 
( 8 own doctr9e1  t ! lib]ty ( election 
does n take away ! necessity (  elect+  
?is or t individual ?+4 ,& ?us "o ( 8   
argum5ts  fights aga9/ ano!r4           
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
8,we h p>tly se5 be=e h[ ,t4 ,h4 ha?    
co9$ a new k9d (  lib]ty1 a new k9d (   
necessity1 a new k9d ( election2 & n[ 9 
?is section a new k9d ( spontaneity1 & a
 new k9d ( volunt>y  actions4 ,al?\gh he
 say t "h is no?+ new to him1 yet ,i    
beg9 to  suspect t ei!r "h are _m ?+s   
new to him1 or o!rwise 8  election is n 

! result ( a s]i\s mature delib]ation4  
7a7 ,!  fir/ ?+ t ,i (f]1 is1 h[ (t5 he 
mi/akes my mean+ 9 ?is  "o section4     
,fir/1 ,i make volunt>y & spontane\s    
actions to be "o  & ! same2 he sai?1 ,i 
di/+ui% !m1 s z spontane\s actions  may 
be necess>y1 b volunt>y actions _c4     
,secondly1 7b7 ,i  di/+ui% betwe5 free  
acts & volunt>y acts4 ,! =m] are always 
delib]ate1 ! latt] may be indelib]ate2  
all free acts are volunt>y1  b all      
volunt>y acts are n free4 ,b he sai? ,i 
conf\nd !m &  make !m ! same4 7c7       
,?irdly1 he sai?1 ,i ascribe spontaneity
 only  to fools1 *ildr51 madm51 & bea/s2
 b ,i ackn[l$ge spontaneity  ha? place 9
 rational m51 bo? z x is compreh5d$ 9   
lib]ty1 &  z x is di/+ui%$ f lib]ty4    
7d7 8,yet ,i h no reason to be (f5d$ at 
x2 = he deals no  o!rwise ) me ?an he   
do? ) himself4 ,"h he tells u t         
#8volunt>y presuppose? delib]ation4' ,b 
7,no4 ,,xxv47 he tells u  contr>y1 #8t  
:atsoev] foll[e? ! la/ appetite is      
volunt>y1 &  :]e !re is b "o appetite1 t

 is ! la/3' & t #8no action  ( a man c  
be said to be )\t delib]ation1 ?\gh nev]
 s  sudd54' ,s 7,no4 ,,xxxiii47 he tells
 u1 t #8by spontaneity is meant         
inconsid]ate proce$+1 or else no?+ is   
meant by x3' yet "h he  tells u1 t #8all
 volunt>y actions :i* proce$ n f fe>1   
are  spontane\s1' :]e( _m are delib]ate1
 z t :]e9 he in/ance?  himself1 #8to    
give money = m]*&ise4' ,?irdly1 :5 ,i   
said t  *ildr51 be=e !y h ! use (       
reason1 act spontane\sly1 z :5  !y suck 
! brea/1 b d n act freely1 because !y h 
n  judgm5t to delib]ate or elect1 "h ,t4
 ,h4 und]takes to prove t  !y d         
delib]ate & elect2 & yet pres5tly aft]  
confesse? aga91  t #8a *ild may be s "y1
 z to d :at x do? )\t all  delib]ation4'
    8,besides ^! mi/akes &              
contradictions1 he ha? o!r errors also 9
  ?is section4 ,z ?is1 t no actions     
proce$+ f fe> are  spontane\s4 ,he :o   
?r[s 8 goods into ! sea to avoid dr[n+1 
do? x n only spontane\sly1 b ev5 freely4
 ,he t wills !  end1 wills ! means      

conduc+ to t end4 ,x is true t if !     
action be consid]$ nak$ly )\t all       
circum/ances1 no man will+ly  or        
spontane\sly ca/s 8 goods into ! sea4 ,b
 if we take !  action1 z 9 ?is p>ticul> 
case1 inve/$ ) all ! circum/ances1  & 9 
ord] to ! end1 t is1 ! sav+ ( 8 own     
life1 x is n  only volunt>y &           
spontane\s1 b elective & *os5 by him1 z 
!  mo/ probable means = 8 own           
pres]vation4 ,z !re is an antec$5t  & a 
subsequ5t w1 s !re is an antec$5t & a   
subsequ5t  spontaneity4 ,8 grammatical  
argum5t1 gr\nd$ ^u ! d]ivation (        
spontane\s f sponte1 weighs no?+2 we h  
le>n$ 9 !  rudim5ts ( logic1 t          
conjugates are sometimes 9 "n only1 & n 
9 de$4 ,he :o ca/s 8 goods into ! sea1  
may d x ( 8 own  accord 9 ord] to ! end4
 ,secondly1 he errs 9 ?is also1 t no?+  
is oppos$ to spontaneity b only fe>4    
,inv9cible & antec$5t  ignorance do?    
de/roy ! nature ( spontaneity or        
volunt>9ess1 by  remov+ t k :i* %\ld &  
w\ld h prohibit$ !  action4 ,z a man    

?9k+ to %oot a wild bea/ 9 a bu%1 %oots 
8  fri5d1 :i* if he _h kn[n1 he w\ld n h
 %ot4 ,?is man did n  kill 8 fri5d ( 8  
own accord4    8,= ! cle>] und]/&+ ( ^! 
?+s1 & to "k :at  spontaneity is1 let u 
consult a:ile ) ! ,s*ools ab\t !  di/9ct
 ord] ( volunt>y or involunt>y actions4 
,"s acts proce$  :olly f an extr9sical  
cause2 z ! ?r[+ ( a /one upw>ds1 a      
rape1 or ! draw+ ( a ,*ri/ian by pla9   
=ce to ! idol's temple2  ^! are call$   
viol5t acts4 ,secondly1 "s proce$ f an  
intr9sical cause1 b )\t any mann] ( k ( 
! end1 z  ! fall+ ( a /one d[nw>ds2 ^!  
are call$ natural acts4  ,?irdly1 "s    
proce$ f an int]nal pr9ciple1 ) an      
imp]fect  k ( ! end1 :]e !re is an      
appetite to ! object1 b no  delib]ation 
nor election2 z ! acts ( fools1 *ildr51 
bea/s1 &  ! inconsid]ate acts ( m5 (    
judgm5t4 ,^! are call$ volunt>y or      
spontane\s acts4 ,f\r?ly1 "s proce$ f an
 intr9sical cause1 )  a m p]fect k ( !  
end1 :i* are elect$ ^u  delib]ation4 ,^!
 are call$ free acts4 ,s !n ! =mal      

reason (  lib]ty is election4 ,!        
necess>y requisite to election is       
delib]ation4 ,delib]ation implye? !     
actual use ( reason4 ,b  delib]ation &  
election _c possibly subsi/ ) an        
extr9sical  pr$et]m9ation to "o4 ,h[    
%\ld a man delib]ate or *oose :i* way   
to g1 :o kn[s t all ways are %ut aga9/  
him & made impossible  to him1 b only   
"o8 ,?is is ! g5u9e s5se ( ^! words     
volunt>y & spontane\s 9 ?is "q4 ,?\gh !y
 7 tak5  tw5ty o!r ways vulg>ly or      
metaphorically1 z we say spontane\s     
ulc]s1 :]e !re is no appetite at all1   
yet x 7 no?+ to ?is  controv]sy1 :i* is 
n ab\t words1 b ab\t ?+s2 n :at !  words
 volunt>y or free d or may signify1 b   
:e!r all ?+s be  extr9sically pr$et]m9$ 
to "o4    8,^! gr\nds be+ laid = cle>+ !
 true s5se ( ! words1 !  next ?+ to be  
exam9$ is1 t contradiction :i* he ha?   
espi$ 9  my disc\rse1 or h[ ?is argum5t 
fights aga9/ 8 fell[s4 #8,if ,i1'  sai? 
,t4 ,h41 #8make x appe>1 t ! spontane\s 
actions ( fools1  *ildr51 madm51 &      

bea/s1 d proce$ f election &            
delib]ation1  & t inconsid]ate &        
indelib]ate actions are f\nd 9 ! wise/  
m51 !n ?is argum5t concludes t necessity
 & election may /&  toge!r1 :i* is      
contr>y to 8 ass]tion4' ,if ?is c\ld be 
made  appe> z easily z x is spok51 x    
w\ld conc]n himself mu*1 :o1  :5 he %\ld
 prove t rational m5 are n free f       
necessity1 goes  ab\t to prove t brute  
bea/s d delib]ate & elect1 t is z  mu* z
 to say1 are free f necessity4 ,b x     
conc]ns n me at all2  x is nei!r my     
ass]tion nor my op9ion1 t necessity &   
election  may n meet toge!r 9 ! same    
subject2 viol5t1 natural1  spontane\s1 &
 delib]ate or elective acts may all meet
 toge!r 9  ! same subject4 ,b ?is ,i    
say1 t necessity & election _c  consi/  
toge!r 9 ! same act4 ,he :o is det]m9$  
to "o1 is n  free to *oose out ( m ?an  
"o4 ,to beg9 ) 8 latt]  supposition1 #8t
 wise m5 may d inconsid]ate &           
indelib]ate  actions1' ,i d readily     
admit x4 ,b :]e did he le>n to inf] a   

g5]al conclusion f p>ticul> premises2 z 
?us1 because wise m5  d "s indelib]ate  
acts1 !re=e no act !y d is free or      
elective8  ,secondly1 = 8 =m]           
supposition1 #8t fools1 *ildr51 madm51 &
  bea/s1 d delib]ate & elect1' if he    
c\ld make x good1 x is n ,i  :o         
contradict myself1 nor fight aga9/ m9e  
own ass]tion1 b x is  he :o endeav\rs to
 prove t :i* ,i altoge!r d5y4 ,he may   
well  f9d a contradiction betwe5 him &  
me2 o!rwise to :at end is ?is  dispute8 
,b he %all n be able to f9d a diff]5ce  
betwe5 me &  myself4 ,b ! tru? is1 he is
 n able to prove any su* ?+2 &  t br+s  
me to my six? consid]ation1 t nei!r     
horses1 nor bees1  nor spid]s1 nor      
*ildr51 nor fools1 nor madm5 d delib]ate
 or elect4    8,8 fir/ in/ance is 9 !   
horse1 or dog1 b m especially !  horse4 
,he told me t ,i divid$ my argum5t into 
squadrons1 to apply  myself to y\r      
,lord%ip1 be+ a milit>y man2 & ,i       
appreh5d t =  ! same reason he gives 8  
fir/ in/ance ( ! horse1 ) a  submission 

to y\r own exp]i5ce4 ,s f> well1 b      
o!rwise v  disadvantage\sly to 8 cause4 
,m5 us$ to say ( a dull fell[1 t  he ha?
 no m bra9s ?an a horse4 ,& ! ,prophet  
,david sai?1 7,psalm  xxxii4 #i73 ,be n 
l ! horse & mule1 :i* h no  und]/&+4 ,h[
 d !y delib]ate )\t und]/&+8 ,& 7,psalm 
xlix4 #bj71 he sai? ! same ( all brute  
bea/s3 ,man be+ 9 hon\r  _h no und]/&+1 
b became l unto ! bea/s t p]i%4 ,!      
horse #8demurs ^u 8 way4' ,:y n8 ,outw>d
 objects1 or inw>d  fancies1 may produce
 a /ay 9 8 c\rse1 ?\gh he h no judgm5t  
ei!r to delib]ate or elect4 #8,he       
retires f "s /range figure  :i* he sees1
 & comes on aga9 to avoid ! spur4' ,s he
 may2 & yet  be f> en\gh f delib]ation4 
,all ?is proce$s f ! s5sitive  passion (
 fe>1 :i* is a p]turbation aris+ f !    
expectation (  "s imm95t evil4 ,b he    
urge?1 #8:at else do? a man t           
delib]ate?8' ,yes1 v mu*4 ,! horse fe>e?
 "s outw>d object1  b delib]ation is a  
comp>+ ( sev]al means conduc+ to ! same 
end4 ,fe> is commonly ( "o1 delib]ation 

( m ?an "o2 fe> is (  ^? ?+s :i* are n 9
 our p[]1 delib]ation ( ^? ?+s  :i* are 
9 our p[]2 fe> arise? _m times out (    
natural  antipa?ies1 b 9 ^!             
disconv5i5ces ( nature delib]ation ha?  
no  place at all4 ,9 a ^w1 fe> is an    
enemy to delib]ation1 & betraye?  !     
succ\rs ( ! s\l4 ,if ! horse did        
delib]ate1 he %\ld consult  ) reason1   
:e!r x 7 m exp$i5t = him to g t way or  
n2 he w\ld repres5t to himself all !    
dang]s bo? ( go+ &  /ay+1 & comp>e ! "o 
) ! o!r1 & elect t :i* is  less evil2 he
 %\ld consid] :e!r x 7 n bett] to endure
 a  little haz>d1 ?an ungratefully &    
di%one/ly to fail 9 8 duty  t[>ds 8     
ma/]1 :o did bre$ him & do? fe$ him4    
,?is ! horse  do? n2 nei!r is x possible
 = him to d x4 ,secondly1 =  *ildr51 ,t4
 ,h4 confesse? t !y may be s "y t !y d n
  delib]ate at all2 aft]w>ds1 z !y atta9
 to ! use ( reason by  degrees1 s by    
degrees !y become free ag5ts4 ,!n !y d  
delib]ate2  be=e !y d n delib]ate4 ,!   
rod may be a means to make !m use  _!   

reason1 :5 !y h p[] to ex]cise x1 b !   
rod _c  produce ! p[] be=e !y h x4      
,?irdly1 = fools & madm51 x  is n to be 
und]/ood ( su* madm5 z h _! lucida      
int]valla1 :o are mad & discreet by     
fits2 :5 !y h ! use (  reason1 !y are no
 madm51 b may delib]ate z well z o!rs2  
nor  yet ( su* fools z are only         
comp>ative fools1 t is1 less wise ?an   
o!rs4 ,su* may delib]ate1 ?\gh n s      
cle>ly1 nor s judici\sly  z o!rs2 b (   
m]e madm51 & m]e natural fools1 to say t
 !y1  :o h n ! use ( reason1 d delib]ate
 or use reason1 implies a               
contradiction4 ,b 8 *iefe/ confid5ce is 
9 8 bees & spid]s1  #8( ^: actions1' he 
sai?1 #8if ,i _h be5 a spectator1 ,i    
w\ld h  confess$1 n only election1 b    
also art1 prud5ce1 policy1 v ne>  equal 
to t ( mank9d1 ^: life1 z ,ari/otle     
sai?1 is civil4'  ,truly ,i h           
contemplat$ _! actions _m times1 & h be5
 mu*  tak5 ) _! curi\s works2 yet my    
?\ghts did n reflect s mu*  ^u !m1 z ^u 
_! ,mak]1 :o is sic magnus 9 magnis1 t  

he  is n m9or 9 p>vis2 s great 9 great  
?+s1 t he is n less  9 small ?+s4 ,yes1 
,i h se5 ^? sillie/ ( creatures1 &  see+
 _! r>e works ,i h se5 en\gh to confute 
all ! bold-fac$  a!i/s ( ?is age1 & _!  
helli% blasphemies4 ,i saw !m1 b ,i     
prais$ ! m>vell\s works ( ,god1 & admir$
 t great & fir/  intellect1 :o ha? bo?  
adapt$ _! organs1 & det]m9$ _!  fancies 
to ^! p>ticul> works4 ,i 0 n s simple z 
to ascribe  ^? r>ities to _! own        
inv5tion1 :i* ,i knew to proce$ f a  m]e
 in/9ct ( nature4 ,9 all o!r ?+s !y are 
! dulle/ (  creatures4 ,naturali/s write
 ( bees1 t _! fancy is imp]fect1 n      
di/9ct f _! common-s5se1 spread ov] _!  
:ole body1 & only  p]ceiv+ ?+s pres5t4  
,:5 ,ari/otle calls !m political or     
sociable creatures1 he did n int5d x    
really t !y liv$ a civil  life1 b       
accord+ to an analogy1 because !y d su* 
?+s by  in/9ct z truly political        
creatures d out ( judgm5t4 ,nor :5 ,i   
read 9 ,/4 ,ambrose ( _! hexagons or    
sexangul> cells1 did ,i  !re=e conclude 

t !y 7 ma!maticians4 ,nor :5 ,i read 9  
,crespet1 t !y invoke ,god to _! aid :5 
!y g out ( _!  hives1 b5d+ _! ?ighs 9 =m
 ( a cross1 & b[+ !mselves2  did ,i     
!re=e ?9k t ?is 0 an act ( religi\s     
piety1 or t  !y 7 capable ( !ological   
virtues1 :om ,i see 9 all o!r ?+s  9 :i*
 _! fancies are n det]m9$1 to be !      
sillie/ (  creatures1 /rang]s n only to 
"r reason1 b to all resemblances  ( x4  
8,sev5?ly1 conc]n+ ^? actions :i* are   
done ^u prec$5t &  pass$ delib]ations2  
!y are n only spontane\s1 b free acts4  
,habits contract$ by use & exp]i5ce1 d  
help ! w to act )  m facility & m       
det]m9ately1 z ! h& ( ! artific] is     
help$ by 8 tools4 ,& prec$5t            
delib]ations1 if !y 7 sad &  s]i\s1 &   
prov$ by exp]i5ce to be pr(itable1 d    
save ! lab\r  ( subsequ5t consultations2
 fru/ra fit p] plura1 quod fi]i pote/   
p] pauciora4 ,yet nev]!less ! actions   
:i* are done by virtue (  ^! =m]ly      
acquir$ habits1 are no less free1 ?an if
 !  delib]ation 7 coexi/5t ) ?is        

p>ticul> action4 ,he t ha?  ga9$ an     
habit & skill to play su* a lesson1 ne$s
 n a new  delib]ation h[ to play e "t t 
he plays x ov] & ov]4 ,yet  ,i am f> f  
giv+ cr$it to him 9 ?is1 t walk+ or eat+
  univ]sally consid]$1 are free actions1
 or proce$ f true lib]ty2  n s mu*      
because !y want a p>ticul> delib]ation  
be=e e  individual act1 z because !y are
 animal motions & ne$ no  delib]ation ( 
reason1 z we see 9 brute bea/s4 ,&      
nev]!less !  same actions1 z !y are     
consid]$ individually1 & inve/$ )  _!   
due circum/ances1 may be & (t5 are free 
actions subject$ to  ! lib]ty ( ! ag5t4 
8,la/ly1 :]eas ,t4 ,h4 comp>e? ! fir/   
motions or ra% attempts (  *ol]ic p]sons
 ) su* acquir$ habits1 x is a great     
mi/ake4 ,^?  ra% attempts are volunt>y  
actions1 & may be facilitat$ sometimes  
by  acquir$ habits4 ,b yet = z mu* z    
actions are (t5 alt]$ &  v>i$ by !      
circum/ances ( "t1 place1 & p]son1 s z t
 act  :i* at "o "t is morally good1 at  
ano!r "t may be morally evil2  & = z mu*

 z a g5]al prec$5t delib]ation h[ to d  
?is k9d  ( action1 is n suffici5t to    
make ?is or t p>ticul> action good  or  
exp$i5t1 :i* be+ 9 itself good1 yet     
p>ticul> circum/ances  may r5d]         
inconv5i5t or unpr(itable to "s p]sons1 
at "s times1  9 "s places3 !re=e a      
prec$5t g5]al delib]ation h[ to d any   
act1 z = in/ance1 h[ to write1 is n     
suffici5t to make a  p>ticul> act1 z my 
writ+ ?is individual reply1 to be freely
 done1  )\t a p>ticul> & subsequ5t      
delib]ation4 ,a man le>ns ,fr5*         
advis$ly2 t is a free act4 ,! same man 9
 8 *ol] & passion  reviles 8 fri5d 9    
,fr5*1 )\t any delib]ation2 ?is is a    
spontane\s act1 b x is n a free act4 ,if
 he _h tak5 "t to  advise1 he w\ld n h  
revil$ 8 fri5d4 ,yet z x is n free1 s   
nei!r is x s necess>y z ! bees mak+     
honey1 ^: fancy is n  only incl9$1 b    
det]m9$1 by nature to t act4 ,s e way he
  fails4 ,& 8 conclusion1 t ! lib]ty (  
election do? n take  away ! necessity ( 
elect+ ?is or t individual ?+1 is no    

consequ5t f my doctr9e1 b f 8 own4      
,nei!r d my argum5ts  fight "o aga9/    
ano!r1 b 8 private op9ions fight bo?    
aga9/  me & aga9/ an und\bt$ tru?4 ,a   
free ag5t end[$ ) lib]ty (  election1 or
 ) an elective p[]1 may nev]!less be    
necessitat$ 9  "s individual acts1 b ^? 
acts :]e9 he is necessitat$1 d n  fl[ f 
8 elective p[]1 nei!r are ^? acts :i*   
fl[ f 8  elective p[] necessitat$40     
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,viii4    7a7 8,! fir/ ?+
 t ,i (f] is1 h[ (t5 he mi/akes my mean+
  9 ?is "o section4 ,fir/1 ,i make      
volunt>y & spontane\s actions to  be "o 
& ! same4 ,he sai?1 ,i di/+ui% !m10 c4  
,x is v possible ,i may h mi/ak5 him2 = 
nei!r he nor ,i  und]/& him4 ,if !y be  
"o1 :y did he )\t ne$ br+ 9 ?is  /range 
^w1 spontane\s8 ,or r1 :y did ! ,s*oolm5
 br+ x 91  if n m]ely to %ift (f !      
difficulty ( ma9ta9+ _! t5et (  free-w8 
7b7 8,secondly1 he sai? ,i di/+ui%      
betwe5 free acts & volunt>y  acts2 b he 
sai?1 ,i conf\nd !m & make !m ! same40  

,9 8 reply ,no4 ,,ii1 he sai?1 t = !    
cle>+ ( ! "q1 we  are to "k ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 ^! ?ree1 necessity1 spontaneity1 
& lib]ty2 & because ,i ?\ght he knew t x
 c\ld n be cle>$  )\t und]/&+ :at is w1 
,i _h reason to ?9k t  spontaneity 0 8  
new ^w = w4 ,& pres5tly aft]1 8"s ?+s   
are necess>y1 & n volunt>y or           
spontane\s2 "s ?+s are bo?  necess>y &  
volunt>y40 ,^! words1 volunt>y &        
spontane\s1 s put  toge!r1 w\ld make any
 man believe spontane\s 7 put z         
explicative  ( volunt>y2 = x is no wond]
 9 ! eloqu5ce ( ! ,s*oolm54  ,!re=e1    
pres5tly aft]1 ^! words1 8spontaneity   
consi/s 9 a  con=mity ( ! appetite1 ei!r
 intellectual or s5sitive10 signify  t  
spontaneity is a con=mity or lik5ess ( !
 appetite to !  object2 :i* to me s\nde?
 z if he _h said1 t ! appetite is  l !  
object2 :i* is z prop] z if he _h said1 
! hung] is  l ! meat4 ,if ?is be !      
bi%op's mean+1 z x is ! mean+ (  !      
words1 he is a v f9e philosoph]4 ,b     
h]eaft] ,i w v5ture  no m to say 8 mean+

 is ?is or t1 especially :]e he use?    
t]ms ( art4    7c7 8,?irdly1 he sai?1 ,i
 ascribe spontaneity only to fools1     
*ildr51  madm51 & bea/s4 ,b ,i ackn[l$ge
 spontaneity ha? place 9 rational  m510 
c4    ,i resolve to h no m to d )       
spontaneity4 ,b ,i desire !  read] to   
take notice1 t ! common p1 on ^:        
arbitration  dep5de? ! signification (  
words 9 common use1 among ! ,lat9s &    
,greeks did call all actions & motions  
:]e( !y did p]ceive no  cause1          
spontane\s & 3 ,i say1 n ^? actions :i* 
_h no  causes2 = all actions h _!       
causes2 b ^? actions ^:  causes !y did n
 p]ceive4 ,s t spontane\s1 z a g5]al "n1
  compreh5d$ _m actions & motions (     
inanimate creatures2 z !  fall+ ( heavy 
?+s d[nw>ds1 :i* !y ?\ght spontane\s1 & 
t if !y 7 n h9d]$1 !y w\ld desc5d ( _!  
own  accord4 ,x compreh5d$ also all     
animal motion1 z beg9n+ f !  w or       
appetite2 because ! causes ( ! w &      
appetite be+ n  p]ceiv$1 !y suppos$1 z !
 ,bi%op do?1 t !y 7 ! causes  (         

!mselves4 ,s t :i* 9 g5]al is call$     
spontane\s1 be+  appli$ to m5 & bea/s 9 
special1 is call$ volunt>y4 ,yet ! w  & 
appetite1 ?\gh ! v same ?+1 use to be   
di/+ui%$ 9  c]ta9 occasions4 ,= 9 !     
public conv]sation ( m51 :]e !y are  to 
judge ( "o ano!r's w1 & ( ! regul>ity & 
irregul>ity  ( "o ano!r's actions1 n e  
appetite1 b ! la/ is e/eem$  9 ! public 
judgm5t = ! w3 nor e action proce$+ f   
appetite1 b t only to :i* !re _h prec$$ 
or ought to h  prec$$ "s delib]ation4 ,&
 ?is ,i say is s1 :5 "o man is to  judge
 ( ano!r's w4 ,= e man 9 himself kn[e? t
 :at he  desire? or ha? an appetite to1 
! same he ha? a w to1 ?\gh 8  w may be  
*ang$ be=e he ha? obta9$ 8 desire4 ,!   
,bi%op1  und]/&+ no?+ ( ?is1 might1 if x
 _h pleas$ him1 h call$  x j>gon4 ,b he 
_h r pick out ( x "s contradictions (   
myself4 ,& !re=e sai?3    7d7 8,yet ,i h
 no reason to be (f5d$ at x1 7mean+ su* 
contradictions71 = he deale? no o!rwise 
) me ?an he do? )  himself40    ,x is a 
contradiction1 he sai?1 t hav+ said t   

8volunt>y  presuppose? delib]ation10 ,i 
say 9 ano!r place1 8t :atsoev]  foll[e? 
! la/ appetite1 is volunt>y1 & :]e !re  
is b "o  appetite1 t is ! la/40 ,n      
obs]v+ t volunt>y presuppose?           
delib]ation1 :5 ! judgm5t1 :e!r ! action
 be volunt>y or  n1 is n 9 ! actor1 b 9 
! judge2 :o reg>de? n ! w  ( ! actor1   
:]e !re is no?+ to be accus$ 9 ! action 
(  delib]ate malice2 yet kn[e? t ?\gh   
!re be b "o appetite1  ! same is truly w
 = ! "t1 & ! action1 if x foll[1 a      
volunt>y action4    ,?is also he sai? is
 a contradiction1 t hav+ said1 8no      
action ( a  man c be said to be )\t     
delib]ation1 ?\gh nev] s sudd510 ,i  say
 aft]w>d t 8by spontaneity is meant     
inconsid]ate proce$+40    ,aga9 he      
obs]ves n1 t ! action ( a man t is n a  
*ild1 9  public judgm5t h[ ra%1         
inconsid]ate1 & sudd5 soev] x be1 x is  
to be tak5 = delib]ation2 because x is  
suppos$1 he ought to h  consid]$ &      
comp>$ 8 int5d$ action ) ! law2 :51     
nev]!less1 t sudd5 & indelib]ate action 

0 truly volunt>y4    ,ano!r             
contradiction :i* he f9ds is ?is1 t hav+
 und]tak5 to  prove 8t *ildr5 be=e !y h 
! use ( reason d delib]ate  & elect10 ,i
 say by & by aft] a 8*ild may be s "y z 
to d :at  he do? )\t all delib]ation40  
,i yet see no contradiction "h2 =  a    
*ild may be s "y1 z t ! appetite !re( is
 its fir/  appetite1 b aft]w>d & (t5    
be=e x come to h ! use (  reason1 may   
elect "o ?+ & refuse ano!r1 & consid] ! 
consequ5ces ( :at x is ab\t to d4 ,& :y 
n z well z bea/s1  :i* nev] h ! use (   
reason2 = !y delib]ate1 z m5 d8 ,=  ?\gh
 m5 & bea/s d diff] 9 _m ?+s v mu*1 yet 
!y  diff] n 9 ! nature ( _! delib]ation4
 ,a man c reckon by  words ( g5]al      
signification1 make propositions1 &     
syllogisms1 &  compute 9 numb]s1        
magnitudes1 proportions1 & o!r ?+s      
computable2 :i* be+ done by ! advantage 
( language1 & words (  g5]al            
significations1 a bea/ t ha? n language 
_c d1 nor a  man t ha? language1 if he  
misplace ! words1 t are 8 c\nt]s4  ,f   

h5ce to ! end ( ?is numb]1 he disc\rse? 
aga9 (  spontaneity1 & h[ x is 9 *ildr51
 madm51 & bea/s2 :i*1 z ,i  be=e        
resolv$1 ,i w n m$dle )2 let ! read] ?9k
 & judge  ( x z he please?4             
,,no4 ,,ix4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's    
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,secondly1 7a7 !y :o 
might h done1 & may d1 _m  ?+s :i* !y   
leave undone2 & !y :o leave undone _m   
?+s  :i* !y might d1 are nei!r compell$ 
nor necessitat$ to d :at  !y d1 b h true
 lib]ty4 ,b we might d _m ?+s :i* we d  
n1 & we d _m ?+s :i* we might leave     
undone1 z is pla91 7#a  ,k+s iii4 #aa73 
,because ?\ ha/ ask$ ?is ?+1 & ha/ n    
ask$  = ?yself long life1 nei!r ha/ ask$
 ri*es = ?yself1 nor ha/  ask$ ! life ( 
?9e enemies c4 ,god gave ,solomon 8     
*oice4 ,he  might h ask$ ri*es1 b !n he 
_h n ask$ wisdom1 :i* he did  ask4 ,he  
did ask wisdom1 b he might h ask$ ri*es1
 :i* yet he did  n ask4 ,& 7,acts v4    
#d73 ,aft] x 0 sold1 0 x n 9 ?9e own    
p[]8 ,x 0 9 8 own p[] to give x1 & x 0 9
 8 own p[]  to reta9 x4 ,yet if he did  

give x1 he c\ld n reta9 x2 & if he  did 
reta9 x1 he c\ld n give x4 ,!re=e we may
 d1 :at we d  n4 ,& we d n1 :at we might
 d4 ,t is1 we h true lib]ty f           
necessity40    ,t4 ,h4 ,! second argum5t
 f ,scripture consi/e? 9 hi/ories (  m5 
t did "o ?+1 :51 if !y w\ld1 !y might h 
done  ano!r4 ,! places are two2 "o is 9 
#a ,k+s iii4 #aa1 :]e !  hi/ory says1   
,god 0 pleas$ t ,solomon1 :o might1 if  
he w\ld1 h  ask$ ri*es or rev5ge1 did   
nev]!less ask wisdom at ,god's h&s4 ,!  
o!r is ! words ( ,/4 ,pet] to ,ananias1 
7,acts v4 #d73 ,aft] x 0  sold1 0 x n 9 
?9e own p[]8    ,to :i* ! answ] is !    
same ) t ,i answ]$ to ! =m]  places3 t  
!y prove t !re is election1 b d n       
disprove !  necessity :i* ,i ma9ta9 (   
:at !y s elect4    8,we h _h ! v same   
answ] twice be=e4 ,x seeme? t he is     
well-pleas$ ) x1 or else he w\ld n draw 
x 9 aga9 s sudd5ly  by head & %\ld]s to 
no purpose1 if he did n conceive x to be
 a  pan*re/on1 a salve = all sores1 or  
dictamnum1 sov]eign dittany1  to make   

all 8 adv]s>ies' weapons to drop out ( !
 w\nds ( 8  cause1 only by *ew+ x1 )\t  
any application to ! sore4 ,i w  n wa/e 
! "t to %[ any fur!r1 h[ ! memb]s ( 8   
di/9ction d cross "o ano!r1 & "o take   
away ano!r4 ,to make  e election to be (
 "o ?+ impos$ by necessity1 & ( ano!r   
?+ :i* is absolutely impossible1 is to  
make election to be no  election at all4
 ,b ,i =be> to press t at pres5t4 ,if ,i
 may be  bold to use 8 own phrase1 8    
answ] looks q ano!r way f m9e  argum5t4 
,my second reason 0 ?is3 #8,!y :o may d1
 & might h  done _m ?+s :i* !y leave    
undone1 & :o leave undone _m  ?+s :i* !y
 might d1 are n necessitat$1 nor        
precisely &  antec$5tly det]m9$ to :at  
!y d4'    8,b we might d _m ?+s :i* we d
 n1 & we d _m ?+s  :i* we might leave   
undone1 z appe>s evid5tly by ! texts    
alleg$4  ,!re=e we are n antec$5tly &   
precisely det]m9$1 nor  necessitat$ to d
 all ?+s :i* we d4 ,:at is "h ( election
 9  ?is argum5t8 ,to :at proposition1 to
 :at t]m do? ,t4 ,h4 apply 8  answ]8 ,he

 nei!r affirms1 nor d5ie?1 nor di/+ui%e?
 ( any ?+  conta9$ 9 my argum5t4 ,"h ,i 
mu/ be bold to call ^u him = a  m p]t95t
 answ]40                 ,,animadv]sions
 ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,reply ,,no4 ,,ix4
    ,! ,bi%op1 = ! prov+ ( free-w1 _h   
alleg$ ?is text3  ,because ?\ ha/ ask$  
?is ?+1 & ha/ n ask$ = ?yself long      
life1 c4 ,& ano!r1 7,acts v4 #d73 ,aft] 
x 0 sold1 0 x n 9  ?9e own p[]8 ,out (  
:i* he inf]s1 !re 0 no necessity t      
,solomon %\ld ask wisdom r ?an long     
life1 nor t ,ananias %\ld  tell a lie   
conc]n+ ! price = :i* he sold 8 l&3 & my
  answ]1 t !y prove election1 b disprove
 n ! necessity (  election1 satisfie?   
him n2 because1 sai? he1 7a7 8!y :o     
might  h done :at !y left undone1 & left
 undone :at !y might h  done1 are n     
necessitat$40    ,b h[ do? he "k        
7und]/&+ p[] prop]ly tak57 t ,solomon   
_h a real p[] to ask long life8 ,no d\bt
 ,solomon knew no?+ to !  contr>y2 b yet
 x 0 possible t ,god might h h9d]$ him4 
,=  ?\gh ,god gave ,solomon 8 *oice1 t  

is1 ! ?+ :i* he %\ld  *oose1 x do? n    
foll[1 t he did n also give him ! act ( 
election4 ,& = ! o!r text1 :]e x is     
said1 t ! price (  ! l& 0 9 ,ananias's  
p[]1 ! ^w p[] signifie? no m  ?an ! ^w  
"r1 t is1 ! "r to d ) 8 own :at he      
pleas$1 :i* is n a real & natural p[]1 b
 a civil p[] made  by cov5ant4 ,& !re=e 
! =m] answ] is suffici5t1 t ?\gh  su*   
places are cle> en\gh to prove election1
 !y h no /r5g? at  all to take away     
necessity4                              
,,no4 ,x4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's      
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?irdly1 if !re be no
 true lib]ty1 b all ?+s come to  pass by
 inevitable necessity1 !n :at are all ^?
 int]rogations1  & objurgations1 &      
repreh5sions1 & expo/ulations1 :i* we   
f9d  s frequ5tly 9 holy ,scriptures1 7be
 x spok5 ) all due respect71  b feign$ &
 hypocritical exagg]ations8 ,ha/ ?\ eat5
 ( !  tree1 :]e( ,i comm&$ t ?\ %\ld/ n 
eat8 7,g54 iii4 #aa47  ,& 7v]se #ac7 he 
sai? to ,eve1 ,:y ha/ ?\ done ?is8 ,&   
7,g54 iv4  #f7 to ,ca91 ,:y art ?\ wro?1

 & :y is ?y c\nt5ance ca/ d[n8  ,&1     
7,eze*4 xviii4 #ca73 ,:y w ye die1 ,o   
h\se ( ,israel8 ,do? ,god  comm& op5ly n
 to eat1 & yet secretly by himself or by
 ! second  causes necessitate him to    
eat8 ,do? he repreh5d him = do+ t1  :i* 
he ha? antec$5tly det]m9$ t he mu/ d8   
,do? he propose  ?+s "u impossible      
conditions8 ,or 7 n ?is pla9 mock]y &   
d]ision8 ,do? a lov+ ma/] *ide 8 s]vant 
because he do? n  come at 8 call1 & yet 
kn[s t ! poor s]vant is *a9$ &  fett]$1 
s z he _c move1 by ! ma/]'s own ord]1   
)\t !  s]vant's default or cons5t8 ,!y  
:o talk "h ( a tw(old w (  ,god1 secret 
& reveal$1 & ! "o opposite to ! o!r1    
und]/& n :at !y say4 ,^! two wills      
conc]n sev]al p]sons4  ,! secret w (    
,god1 is :at he w d himself2 ! reveal$ w
 (  ,god1 is :at he w\ld h u to d2 x may
 be ! secret w ( ,god to  take away !   
life ( ! fa!r1 yet x is ,god's reveal$ w
 t 8  son %\ld wi% 8 life & pray = 8    
life4 ,"h is no  contradiction1 :]e !   
ag5ts are di/9ct4 ,b = ! same p]son to  

comm& "o ?+1 & yet to necessitate him t 
is comm&$ to d  ano!r ?+2 to *ide a man 
= do+ t1 :i* he ha? det]m9$  inevitably 
& irresi/ibly t he mu/ d2 ?is 7 7,i am  
afraid to  utt] :at !y are n afraid to  
ass]t7 ! highe/ dissimulation4  ,god's  
*id+ proves man's lib]ty40    ,t4 ,h4   
,to ! ?ird & fif? argum5ts1 ,i %all make
 b "o answ]4    ,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,c]ta9ly   
di/9ct argum5ts1 z ! ?ird & fif? are1  !
 "o drawn f ! tru? ( ,god1 ! o!r f !    
ju/ice ( ,god1  ! "o f 8 objurgations & 
repreh5sions1 ! o!r f 8  judgm5ts aft]  
life1 did require di/9ct answ]s4 ,b !   
pla9 tru?  is1 t nei!r "h1 nor 9 8 answ]
 to ! fif? argum5t1 nor 9  ?is :ole     
treatise1 is !re "o ^w ( solution or    
satisfaction to  ?is argum5t1 or to any 
"p ( x4 ,all t looks l an answ] is      
conta9$1 ,no4 ,,xii3 #8,t :i* he does is
 made j by 8 do+2 j1  ,i say1 9 him1 n  
always j 9 u by ! example2 = a man t    
%all comm& a ?+ op5ly1 & plot secretly !
 h9d]ance ( !  same1 if he puni% him :om
 he comm&$ s = n do+ x1 is  unju/4' 7b7 

,i d>e n insi/ ^u x1 ,i hope 8 mean+ is 
n s  bad z ! words intimate & z ,i      
appreh5d1 t is1 to impute  falsehood to 
,him t is tru? itself1 & to ju/ify      
feign+ &  dissimulation 9 ,god1 z he do?
 tyranny1 by ! inf9it5ess ( 8  p[] & !  
absolut5ess ( 8 dom9ion4 ,& !re=e1 by 8 
leave1  ,i mu/ once aga9 t5d] him a new 
summons = a full & cle> answ]  to ?is   
argum5t also4 ,he tells u1 t he 0 n     
surpris$4 ,:e!r  he 7 or n1 is m ?an ,i 
"k4 ,b ?is ,i see pla9ly1 t ei!r  he is 
n provid$1 or t 8 cause admits no *oice 
( answ]s4 ,!  ,jews dealt +5i\sly1 :5 !y
 met ) a difficult knot :i* !y  c\ld n  
untie1 to put x ^u ,elias3 ,elias w     
answ] x :5 he  comes4                   
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,x4    ,! ,bi%op argu$    
?us3 8,?irdly1 if !re be no true lib]ty1
 b all  ?+s come to pass by inevitable  
necessity1 !n :at are ^?  int]rogations 
we f9d s frequ5tly 9 holy ,scriptures1  
7be x spok5  ) all due respect71 b      
feign$ & hypocritical exagg]ations80 ,"h

  putt+ toge!r two repugnant            
suppositions1 ei!r craftily or 7be x    
spok5 ) all due respect7 ignorantly1 he 
w\ld h m5 believe1  because ,i hold     
necessity1 t ,i d5y lib]ty1 ,i hold z   
mu* t !re  is true lib]ty z he do?1 & m1
 = ,i hold x z f necessity1  & t !re mu/
 ( necessity be lib]ty2 b he holds x n f
  necessity1 & s makes x possible !re   
may be none4 ,8  expo/ulations 71 fir/1 
,ha/ ?\ eat5 ( ! tree :]e( ,i  comm&$ !e
 t ?\ %\ld/ n eat8 ,secondly1 ,:y ha/ ?\
  done ?is8 ,?irdly1 ,:y art ?\ wro?1 & 
:y is ?y c\nt5ance  ca/ d[n8 ,f\r?ly1   
,:y w ye die1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8 ,^!    
argum5ts requir+ ! same answ] :i* "s o!r
 d1 ,i ?\ght fit  to remit !m to _!     
fell[s4 ,b ! ,bi%op w n all[ me t4  ,=  
he sai?1    7a7 8,c]ta9ly1 di/9ct       
argum5ts1 z ! ?ird & fif? are1 c4  did  
require di/9ct answ]s40    ,i am !re=e  
to give an acc\nt ( ! mean+ ( ! a=esaid 
objurgations & expo/ulations2 n ( ! end 
= :i* ,god said1  ,ha/ ?\ eat5 ( ! tree1
 c41 b h[ ^? words may be tak5  )\t     

repugnance to ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,^!
 words1 ,ha/ ?\  eat5 ( ! tree :]e( ,i  
comm&$ t ?\ %\ld/ n eat1  conv9ce ,adam 
t1 not)/&+ ,god _h plac$ 9 ! g>d5 a     
means  to keep him p]petually f dy+ 9   
case he %\ld accommodate 8  w to ob$i5ce
 ( ,god's comm&m5t conc]n+ ! tree ( k  (
 good & evil1 yet ,adam 0 n s mu* ma/] (
 8 own w z to  d x4 ,:]eby is signifi$1 
t a mortal man1 ?\gh invit$ by !        
promise ( immortality1 _c gov]n 8 own w1
 ?\gh 8 w  gov]n 8 actions2 :i* dep5d5ce
 ( ! actions on ! w1 is t  :i* prop]ly &
 truly is call$ lib]ty4 ,& ! l may be   
said  ( ! words to ,eve1 ,:y ha/ ?\ done
 ?is8 & ( ^? to ,ca91  ,:y art ?\ wro?8 
c4 & to ,israel1 ,:y w ye die1 ,o h\se (
  ,israel8 ,b ! ,bi%op "h w say die     
signifie? n die1 b  live et]nally 9     
torm5ts2 = by su* int]pretations any man
 may  answ] any?+4 ,& :]eas he aske?1   
8,do? ,god repreh5d him =  do+ t :i* he 
ha? antec$5tly det]m9$ him t he mu/ d80 
,i  answ]1 no2 b he conv9ce? & in/ructe?
 him1 t ?\gh  immortality 0 s easy to   

obta91 z x might be _h = ! ab/95ce  f ! 
fruit ( "o only tree1 yet he c\ld n     
obta9 x b by  p>don1 & by ! sacrifice ( 
,jesus ,*ri/3 nor is !re "h any         
puni%m5t1 b only a r$uc+ ( ,adam & ,eve 
to _! orig9al  mortality1 :]e dea? 0 no 
puni%m5t b a gift ( ,god4 ,9 :i*        
mortality he liv$ ne> a ?\s& ye>s1 & _h 
a num]\s issue1 &  liv$ )\t mis]y1 & ,i 
believe %all at ! resurrection obta9 !  
immortality :i* !n he lo/4 ,nor 9 all   
?is is !re any plott+  secretly1 or any 
mock]y or d]ision1 :i* ! ,bi%op w\ld    
make m5  believe !re is4 ,& :]eas he    
sai?1 t 8!y :o talk "h ( a  tw(old w (  
,god1 secret & reveal$1 & ! "o opposite 
to !  o!r1 und]/& n :at !y say30 !      
,prote/ant doctors1 bo? (  our & o!r    
,*ur*es1 did use to di/+ui% betwe5 !    
secret &  reveal$ w ( ,god2 ! =m] !y    
call$ voluntas b5e placiti1  :i*        
signifie? absolutely 8 w1 ! o!r voluntas
 signi1 t  is1 ! signification ( 8 w1 9 
! same s5se t ,i call ! "o  8 w1 ! o!r 8
 comm&m5t1 :i* may sometimes diff]4 ,=  

,god's comm&m5t to ,abraham 01 t he %\ld
 sacrifice ,isaac1 b  8 w 01 t he %\ld n
 d x4 ,god's d5unciation to ,n9eveh  01 
t x %\ld be de/roy$ )9 =ty days1 b 8 w  
01  t x %\ld n4    7b7 8,i d>e n insi/  
^u x1 ,i hope 8 mean+ is n s bad1 z  !  
words intimate1 & z ,i appreh5d2 t is1  
to impute falsehood to  ,him t is tru?  
itself10 c4    ,:at damn$ rhetoric &    
subtle calumny is ?is8 ,god1 ,i said1   
might  comm& a ?+ op5ly1 & yet h9d] !   
do+ ( x1 )\t  inju/ice2 b if a man %\ld 
comm& a ?+ to be done1 & !n plot        
secretly ! h9d]ance ( ! same1 & puni% = 
! n do+ x1 x  7 inju/ice4 ,?is x is :i* 
! ,bi%op appreh5ds z an imputation  (   
falsehood to ,god ,almighty4 ,& p]haps  
if ! dea? ( a s9n] 71  z he ?9ks1 an    
et]nal life 9 extreme mis]y1 a man might
 z f> z  ,job ha? done1 expo/ulate )    
,god ,almighty2 n accus+ him (          
inju/ice1 because :atsoev] he do? is    
!re=e j because done by  him2 b ( little
 t5d]ness & love to mank9d4 ,& ?is      
expo/ulation w be equally j or unju/1   

:e!r ! necessity (  all ?+s be grant$ or
 d5i$4 ,= x is manife/ t ,god c\ld h    
made man impeccable1 & c n[ pres]ve him 
f s91 or =give him  if he please2 &     
!re=e1 if he please n1 ! expo/ulation is
 z  reasonable 9 ! cases ( lib]ty z (   
necessity4                              
,,no4 ,,xi4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's    
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,f\r?ly1 if ei!r !   
decree ( ,god1 or ! =ekn[l$ge (  ,god1  
or ! influ5ce ( ! />s1 or ! concat5ation
 ( causes1 or  ! physical or moral      
efficacy ( objects1 or ! la/ dictate ( !
  und]/&+1 d take away true lib]ty1 !n  
,adam be=e 8 fall _h  no true lib]ty4 ,=
 he 0 subject$ to ! same decrees1 ! same
  presci5ce1 ! same con/ellations1 !    
same causes1 ! same objects1  ! same    
dictates ( ! und]/&+4 ,b1 quicquid      
o/5des mihi  sic1 incr$ulus odi2 !      
greate/ oppos]s ( our lib]ty1 are z     
e>ne/ ma9ta9]s ( ! lib]ty ( ,adam4      
,!re=e none ( ^!  suppos$ imp$im5ts take
 away true lib]ty40    ,t4 ,h4 ,! f\r?  
argum5t is to ?is effect3 8,if ! decree 

( ,god1 or  8 =ekn[l$ge1 or ! influ5ce (
 ! />s1 or ! concat5ation  ( causes1 or 
! physical or moral efficacy ( causes1  
or ! la/  dictate ( ! und]/&+1 or       
:atsoev] x be1 d take away true  lib]ty1
 !n ,adam be=e 8 fall _h no true lib]ty4
 ,quicquid  o/5des mihi sic1 incr$ulus  
odi40 ,t :i* ,i say necessitate? &      
det]m9e? e action1 7t he may no long]   
d\bt ( my mean+71  is ! sum ( all ^?    
?+s1 :i* be+ n[ exi/5t1 conduce &       
concur to ! production ( t action       
h]eaft]1 :]e( if any "o  ?+ n[ 7 want+1 
! effect c\ld n be produc$4 ,?is        
conc\rse  ( causes1 :]e( e "o is det]m9$
 to be su* z x is by a l  conc\rse ( =m]
 causes1 may well be call$ 79 respect !y
 7 all  set & ord]$ by ! et]nal cause ( 
all ?+s1 ,god ,almighty7 !  decree (    
,god4    ,b t ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god %\ld be
 a cause ( any ?+1 _c  be truly said2   
see+ =ekn[l$ge is k1 & k  dep5de? on !  
exi/5ce ( ! ?+s kn[n1 & n !y on x4    ,!
 influ5ce ( ! />s is b a small "p ( !   
:ole cause1  consi/+ ( ! conc\rse ( all 

ag5ts4    ,nor do? ! conc\rse ( all     
causes make "o simple *a9 or            
concat5ation1 b an innum]able numb] (   
*a9s jo9$ toge!r1 n  9 all p>ts1 b 9 !  
fir/ l9k1 ,god ,almighty2 & consequ5tly 
!  :ole cause ( an ev5t does n always   
dep5d ^u "o s+le *a91  b on _m toge!r4  
,natural efficacy ( objects does det]m9e
 volunt>y ag5ts1 &  necessitates ! w1 & 
consequ5tly ! action2 b = moral         
efficacy1 ,i und]/& n :at he means by x4
 ,! la/ dictate ( !  judgm5t conc]n+ !  
good or bad t may foll[ on any action1  
is  n prop]ly ! :ole cause1 b ! la/ "p (
 x2 & yet may be  said to produce !     
effect necess>ily1 9 su* mann] z ! la/  
fea!r may be said to break an horse's   
back1 :5 !re 7 s _m  laid on be=e z !re 
want$ b t to d x4    ,n[ = 8 argum5t1 t 
if ! conc\rse ( all ! causes            
necessitate ! effect1 t !n x foll[s1    
,adam _h no true lib]ty4  ,i d5y !      
consequ5ce2 = ,i make n only ! effect1 b
 also !  election ( t p>ticul> effect to
 be necess>y1 inasmu* z ! w  itself1 &  

ea* prop5sion ( a man dur+ 8            
delib]ation1 is z mu*  necessitat$1 &   
dep5ds on a suffici5t cause1 z any ?+   
else  :atsoev]4 ,z = example1 x is no m 
necess>y t fire %\ld  burn1 ?an t a man1
 or o!r creature1 ^: limbs be mov$ by   
fancy1  %\ld h election1 t is1 lib]ty to
 d :at he has a fancy to1  ?\gh x be n 9
 8 w or p[] to *oose 8 fancy1 or *oose 8
  election or w4    ,?is doctr9e1       
because he says he hates1 ,i d\bt _h    
bett] be5  suppress$2 z x %\ld h be51 if
 bo? y\r ,lord%ip & he _h n  press$ me  
to an answ]4    ,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,?is       
argum5t 0 s5t =? only z an espy to make 
a  m full discov]y1 :at 7 ! true gr\nds 
( ,t4 ,h4's suppos$  necessity4 ,:i*    
err& be+ done1 & ! f\ndation :]eupon he 
builds be+ f\nd out1 :i* is1 z ,i call$ 
x1 a concat5ation (  causes1 &1 z he    
calls x1 a conc\rse ( necess>y causes2 x
 w\ld  n[ be a sup]flu\s & imp]t95t "w 9
 me to und]take !  refutation ( all ^?  
o!r op9ions1 :i* he do? n und]take to   
def5d4 ,& !re=e ,i %all waive !m at !   

pres5t1 ) ^!  %ort animadv]sions4    7b7
 8,conc]n+ ! et]nal decree ( ,god1 he   
conf\nds ! decree  itself ) ! execution 
( 8 decree4 ,& conc]n+ !  =ekn[l$ge (   
,god1 he conf\nds t speculative k1 :i*  
is  call$ ! k ( vision1 7:i* do? n      
produce !  intellective objects1 no m   
?an ! s5sitive vision do? produce !     
s5sible objects71 ) t o!r k ( ,god1 :i* 
is call$ !  k ( approbation1 or a       
practical k1 t is1  k jo9$ ) an act ( ! 
w1 ( :i* div9es d truly say1  t x is !  
cause ( ?+s1 z ! k ( ! arti/ is !  cause
 ( 8 "w4 ,john i43 ,god made all ?+s by 
8 ^w2 t is1  by 8 wisdom4 ,conc]n+ !    
influ5ce ( ! />s1 ,i wi% he _h  express$
 himself m cle>ly4 ,= z ,i d will+ly    
grant1 t ^?  heav5ly bodies d act ^u ^! 
sublun>y ?+s1 n only by _!  motion &    
light1 b also by an occult virtue1 :i*  
we call influ5ce1  z we see by manifold 
exp]i5ce 9 ! load/one & %ell-fi%1 c43  s
 if he int5d t by ^! influ5ces !y d     
naturally or physically  det]m9e ! w1 or
 h any direct dom9ion ov] human c\nsels1

  ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ei!r m or less1  
he is 9 an error4  ,conc]n+ !           
concat5ation ( causes1 :]eas he makes n 
"o *a91  b an innum]able numb] ( *a9s1  
7,i hope he speaks hyp]bolically1  & do?
 n int5d t !y are actually inf9ite71 !  
diff]5ce is  n mat]ial :e!r "o or _m1 s 
long z !y are all jo9$  toge!r1 bo? 9 ! 
fir/ l9k1 & likewise 9 ! effect4 ,x     
s]ves  to no end b to %ew :at a %ad[ (  
lib]ty ,t4 ,h4 do? fancy1 or  r :at a   
dream ( a %ad[4 ,z if "o *a9 7 n        
suffici5t to  load poor man1 b he mu/ be
 clogg$ ) innum]able *a9s4 ,?is is  j   
su* ano!r fre$om z ! ,turki%            
galley-slaves d enjoy4 ,b ,i  admire t  
,t4 ,h41 :o is s v]s$ 9 ?is "q1 %\ld "h 
confess t he und]/&s n ! diff]5ce betwe5
 physical or  natural1 & moral efficacy3
 & mu* m t he %\ld affirm1 t  outw>d    
objects d det]m9e volunt>y ag5ts by a   
natural efficacy4 ,no  object1 no second
 ag5t1 angel or devil1 c det]m9e ! w (  
man  naturally1 b ,god alone1 9 respect 
( 8 supreme dom9ion ov] all  ?+s4 ,!n ! 

w is det]m9$ naturally1 :5 ,god         
,almighty1  besides 8 g5]al influ5ce1   
:]eupon all second causes d dep5d1 z    
well = _! be+ z = _! act+1 do? moreov]  
at "s times1  :5 x pleases him 9 cases  
extraord9>y1 concur by a special        
influ5ce1 & infuse some?+ into ! w1 9 ! 
nature ( an act1  or an habit1 :]eby ! w
 is mov$ & excit$1 & appli$ to w  or    
*oose ?is or t4 ,!n ! w is det]m9$      
morally1 :5 "s  object is propos$ to x )
 p]suasive reasons & argum5ts to induce 
x to w4 ,:]e ! det]m9ation is natural1 !
 lib]ty to susp5d  its act is tak5 away 
f ! w1 b n s :]e ! det]m9ation  is      
moral4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! w is det]m9$    
extr9sically1 9  ! latt] case           
intr9sically2 ! =m] produce? an absolute
  necessity1 ! latt] only a necessity ( 
supposition4 ,if ! w d  n susp5d1 b     
ass5t1 !n ! act is necess>y2 b because !
 w  may susp5d1 & n ass5t1 !re=e x is n 
absolutely necess>y4  ,9 ! =m] case1 ! w
 is mov$ necess>ily & det]m9ately2 9  ! 
latt]1 freely & indet]m9ately4 ,! =m]   

excitation is  imm$iate2 ! latt] is     
m$iate m$iante intellectu1 & requires ! 
help ( ! und]/&+4 ,9 a ^w1 s great a    
diff]5ce !re is  betwe5 natural & moral 
efficacy1 z !re is betwe5 8 op9ion &    
m9e 9 ?is "q4    8,!re rema9s only ! la/
 dictate ( ! und]/&+1 :i* he  make? to  
be ! la/ cause t concurre? to !         
det]m9ation ( !  w1 & to ! necess>y     
production ( ! act1 #8z ! la/ fea!r  may
 be said to break an horse's back1 :5   
!re 7 s _m laid on  be=e t !re want$ b t
 to d x4' ,i h %ew$ 7,no4 ,,vii47  t !  
la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+ is n always     
absolute 9  itself1 nor conclusive to ! 
w2 & :5 x is conclusive1 yet x  produce?
 no antec$5t nor extr9sical necessity4  
,i %all only add "o  ?+ m at pres5t1 t  
by mak+ ! la/ judgm5t ( "r reason  to be
 ( no m weight ?an a s+le fea!r1 he     
wrongs !  und]/&+ z well z he do? ! w2 &
 endeav\rs to deprive !  w ( its supreme
 p[] ( application1 & to deprive !      
und]/&+ ( its supreme p[] ( judicature &
 def9ition4 ,nei!r  corporeal ag5ts &   

objects1 nor yet ! s5sitive appetite    
itself1  be+ an inf]ior faculty & affix$
 to ! organ ( ! body1 h any  direct or  
imm$iate dom9ion or comm& ov] ! rational
 w4 ,x is  )\t ! sph]e ( _! activity4   
,all ! access :i* !y h  unto ! w1 is by 
! means ( ! und]/&+1 sometimes cle> &   
sometimes di/urb$1 & ( reason1 ei!r "r  
or mis9=m$4 ,)\t  ! help ( ! und]/&+1   
all 8 second causes 7 n able (  !mselves
 to load ! horse's back ) s mu* weight z
 ! lea/ (  all 8 fea!rs do? am\nt unto4 
,b we %all meet ) 8 horseload  ( fea!rs 
aga91 ,no4 ,,xxiii4    8,^! ?+s be+ ?us 
briefly t\*$1 he proce$s to 8 answ]4 ,my
  argum5t 0 ?is3 if any ( ^! or all ^!  
causes =m]ly recit$1  d take away true  
lib]ty1 7t is1 /ill int5d$ f necessity71
  !n ,adam be=e 8 fall _h no true       
lib]ty4    8,b ,adam be=e 8 fall _h true
 lib]ty4    8,he mis-recites ! argum5t1 
& d5ies ! consequ5ce1 :i* is s  cle>ly  
prov$1 t no man liv+ c d\bt ( x4        
,because ,adam 0  subject$ to all ! same
 causes z well z we1 ! same decree1 !   

same presci5ce1 ! same influ5ces1 ! same
 conc\rse ( causes1 !  same efficacy (  
objects1 ! same dictates ( reason4 ,b x 
is only a  mi/ake2 = x appe>s pla9ly by 
8 foll[+ disc\rse1 t he  int5d$ to d5y1 
n ! consequ5ce1 b ! assumption4 ,= he   
makes  ,adam to h _h no lib]ty f        
necessity be=e 8 fall1 yea1 he  proce$s 
s f> z to affirm t all human wills1 8 & 
ours1 &  ea* prop5sion ( our wills1 ev5 
dur+ our delib]ation1 are z mu*         
necessitat$ z any?+ else :atsoev]2 t we 
h no m p[] to  =be> ^? actions :i* we d1
 ?an ! fire ha? p[] n to burn4  ,?\gh ,i
 hon\r ,t4 ,h4 = 8 p]son & = 8 le>n+1   
yet ,i mu/  confess +5u\sly1 ,i hate ?is
 doctr9e f my he>t4 ,& ,i believe  bo?  
,i h reason s to d1 & all o!rs :o %all  
s]i\sly pond]  ! horrid consequ5ces :i* 
fl[ f x4 ,x de/roys lib]ty1 &  di%on\rs 
! nature ( man4 ,x makes ! second causes
 & outw>d  objects to be ! rackets1 & m5
 to be b ! t5nis-balls (  de/9y4 ,x     
makes ! fir/ cause1 t is1 ,god          
,almighty1 to be !  introduc] ( all evil

 & s9 into ! _w1 z mu* z man1 yea1 m    
?an man1 by z mu* z ! motion ( ! wat* is
 m f !  artific]1 :o did make x & w9d x 
up1 ?an ei!r f ! spr+1  or ! :eels1 or !
 ?read1 if ,god1 by 8 special influ5ce  
into !  second causes1 did necessitate  
!m to op]ate z !y did4 ,& if !y1  be+   
?us det]m9$1 did necessitate ,adam      
inevitably1 irresi/ibly1  n by an       
accid5tal1 b by an ess5tial subord9ation
 ( causes to  :atsoev] he did1 !n "o (  
^! two absurdities mu/ ne$s foll[3  ei!r
 t ,adam did n s91 & t !re is no su* ?+ 
z s9 9  ! _w1 because x proce$s         
naturally1 necess>ily1 & ess5tially  f  
,god2 or t ,god is m guilty ( x1 & m !  
cause ( evil  ?an man1 because man is   
extr9sically1 inevitably det]m9$1 b s is
  n ,god4 ,& 9 causes ess5tially        
subord9ate1 ! cause ( ! cause  is always
 ! cause ( ! effect4 ,:at tyrant did ev]
 impose laws t  7 impossible = ^? to    
keep1 ^u :om !y 7 impos$1 &  puni% !m = 
break+ ^? laws1 :i* he himself _h       
necessitat$  !m to break1 :i* x 0 no m 9

 _! p[] n to break1 ?an x  is 9 ! p[] ( 
! fire n to burn8 ,excuse me if ,i hate 
?is  doctr9e ) a p]fect hatr$1 :i* is s 
di%on\rable bo? to ,god  & man2 :i*     
makes m5 to blaspheme ( necessity1 to   
/eal (  necessity1 to be hang$ (        
necessity1 & to be damn$ ( necessity4 ,&
  !re=e ,i mu/ say & say aga91 quicquid 
o/5des mihi sic1  incr$ulus odi4 ,x 7   
bett] to be an a!i/1 to believe no ,god2
 or  to be a ,mani*ee1 to believe two   
,gods1 a ,god ( good & a ,god ( evil2   
or ) ! hea!ns1 to believe ?irty ?\s&    
,gods3 ?an ?us to  *>ge ! true ,god to  
be ! prop] cause & ! true au?or ( all  !
 s9s & evils :i* are 9 ! _w40           
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xi4    7a7 8,?is argum5t
 0 s5t =? only z an espy1 to make a m   
full  discov]y1 :at 7 ! true gr\nds (   
,t4 ,h4's suppos$ necessity40    ,!     
argum5t :i* he s5de? =? z an espy1 is   
?is3 8,if ei!r !  decree ( ,god1 or !   
=ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 or ! influ5ce ( !     
/>s1 or ! concat5ation 7:i* he says     

falsely ,i call a conc\rse7  ( causes1 (
 ! physical or moral efficacy ( objects1
 or ! la/  dictate ( ! und]/&+1 d take  
away true lib]ty1 !n ,adam  be=e 8 fall 
_h no true lib]ty40 ,9 answ] :]eunto ,i 
said1 t  all ! ?+s n[ exi/5t 7 necess>y 
to ! production ( !  effect to come2 t !
 =ekn[l$ge ( ,god cause? no?+1 ?\gh  ! w
 d2 t ! influ5ce ( ! />s is b a small "p
 (  t cause :i* make? ! necessity2 & t  
?is consequ5ce1 8if  ! conc\rse ( all ! 
causes necessitate ! effect1 !n ,adam _h
 no  true lib]ty10 0 false4 ,b 9 8      
words1 if ^! d take away true  lib]ty1  
!n ,adam be=e 8 fall _h no true lib]ty1 
! consequ5ce  is good2 b !n ,i d5y t    
necessity takes away lib]ty2 ! reason   
:]e(1 :i* is ?is1 lib]ty is to *oose :at
 we w1 n to  *oose our w1 no inculcation
 is suffici5t to make ! ,bi%op take     
notice (1 not)/&+ he be o!r:]e s witty1 
& "h s  crafty1 z to s5d out argum5ts = 
spies4 ,! cause :y ,i d5i$ !  consequ5ce
 01 t ,i ?\ght ! =ce !re( consi/$ 9 ?is1
  t necessity 9 ! ,bi%op's op9ion       

de/roy$ lib]ty4    7b7 8,conc]n+ !      
et]nal decree ( ,god10 c4    ,"h beg9s 8
 reply4 ,f :i* if we take ^! words2 8k (
  approbation20 8practical k20 8heav5ly 
bodies act ^u sublun>y  ?+s1 n only by  
_! motion1 b also by an occult virtue1  
:i* we  call influ5ce20 8moral          
efficacy20 8g5]al influ5ce20 8special   
influ5ce20 8infuse some?+ into ! w20 8! 
w is mov$20 8!  w is induc$ to w20 8! w 
susp5ds its own act20 :i* are all       
nons5se1 unwor?y ( a man1 nay1 & if a   
bea/ c\ld speak1 unwor?y  ( a bea/1 & c 
befal no creature ^: nature is n deprav$
 by  doctr9e2 no?+ at all rema9e? to be 
answ]$4 ,p]haps ! ^w1  occult virtue1 is
 n to be tax$ z un9telligible4 ,b !n ,i 
may  tax !re9 ! want ( +5uity 9 him t _h
 r say1 t  heav5ly bodies d "w by an    
occult virtue1 ?an t !y "w he  kn[e? n  
h[2 :i* he w\ld n confess1 b endeav\rs  
to make  occult be tak5 = a cause4 ,!   
re/ ( ?is reply is "o ( ^?  consequ5ces1
 :i* ,i h answ]$ 9 ! beg9n+1 :]e ,i     
comp>e  ! inconv5i5ces ( bo? op9ions1 t 

is1 8t ei!r ,adam did n  s91 or 8 s9    
proce$$ necess>ily f ,god20 :i* is no   
/rong] a  consequ5ce ?an if out ( ?is1  
8t a man is lame necess>ily10 "o  %\ld  
inf]1 t ei!r he is n lame1 or t 8       
lam5ess  proce$$ necess>ily f ! w (     
,god4 ,to ! end ( ?is numb]  !re is no?+
 m ( argum5t4 ,! place is fill$ up )    
wond]+  & rail+4                        
,,no4 ,,xii4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's   
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,fif?ly1 if !re be no
 lib]ty1 !re %all be no day ( doom1  no 
la/ judgm5t1 no rew>ds nor puni%m5ts    
aft] dea?4 ,a man c  nev] make himself a
 crim9al1 if he be n left at lib]ty to  
commit a  crime4 ,no man c be ju/ly     
puni%$ = do+ t :i* 0 n 9 8  p[] to %un4 
,to take away lib]ty haz>ds heav51 b    
und\bt$ly x  leaves no hell40    ,t4 ,h4
 ,! argum5ts ( greate/ consequ5ce are ! 
?ird & fif?1  & fall bo? into "o3       
namely1 if !re be a necessity ( all     
ev5ts1  t x w foll[ t praise &          
repreh5sion1 rew>d & puni%m5t1  are all 
va9 & unju/3 & t if ,god %\ld op5ly     

=bid1 &  secretly necessitate ! same    
action1 puni%+ m5 = :at !y c\ld  n      
avoid1 !re w\ld be no belief among !m ( 
heav5 or hell4    ,to oppose h]eunto1 ,i
 mu/ borr[ an answ] f ,/4 ,paul 7,rom4  
ix471  f ! elev5? v]se ( ! *apt] to !   
eighte5?1 is laid d[n  ! v same         
objection 9 ^! words3 ,:5 !y 7mean+     
,esau &  ,jacob7 7 yet unborn1 & _h done
 nei!r good nor evil1 t !  purpose (    
,god accord+ to election1 n by works1 b 
by him t  calle?1 might rema9 firm1 x 0 
said to h] 7viz4 to ,rebecca7 t  ! eld] 
%all s]ve ! y\ng]4 ,& :at !n %all we    
say1 is !re  inju/ice ) ,god8 ,god =bid4
 ,x is n !re=e 9 him t wille?1  nor 9   
him t runne?1 b 9 ,god t %[e? m]cy4 ,= !
  ,scripture sai? to ,ph>aoh1 ,i h /irr$
 !e up1 t ,i may %[ my  p[] 9 !e1 & t my
 "n may be set =? 9 all ! e>?4  ,!re=e  
:om ,god wille? he ha? m]cy on1 & :om he
 wille? he  h>d5e?4 ,?us1 y see1 ! case 
put by ,/4 ,paul is ! same )  t ( ,j4   
,d41 & ! same objection 9 ^! words      
foll[+ 7v]se  #ai73 ,?\ wilt ask me !n1 

:y w ,god yet compla92 = :o ha?  resi/$ 
8 w8 ,to ?is !re=e ! apo/le answ]s1 n by
  d5y+ x 0 ,god's w1 or t ! decree (    
,god conc]n+ ,esau 0  n be=e he _h s9n$1
 or t ,esau 0 n necessitat$ to d :at  he
 did2 b ?us 7v]se #bj1 #ba73 ,:o art ?\1
 ,o man1 t  int]rogate/ ,god8 ,%all ! "w
 say to ! workman1 :y ha/ ?\ made  me   
?us8 ,ha? n ! pott] p[] ov] ! clay1 ( ! 
same /uff to  make "o vessel to hon\r1  
ano!r to di%on\r8 ,accord+ !re=e to  ?is
 answ] ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,i answ] ,j4 ,d4's  
objection1 & say1 ! p[]  ( ,god alone1  
)\t o!r help1 is suffici5t ju/ification 
( any  action he do?4 ,t :i* m5 make    
among !mselves "h by pacts &  cov5ants1 
& call by ! "n ( ju/ice1 & accord+      
:]eunto m5  are c\nt$ & t]m$ rightly j &
 unju/1 is n t by :i* ,god  ,almighty's 
actions are to be measur$ or call$ j1 no
 m ?an 8  c\nsels are to be measur$ by  
human wisdom4 ,t :i* he does is made  j 
by 8 do+2 j ,i say 9 him1 n always j 9 u
 by !  example2 = a man t %all comm& a  
?+ op5ly1 & plot secretly  ! h9drance ( 

! same1 if he puni% him he s comm&$ = n 
do+ x1 is unju/4 ,s also 8 c\nsels1 !y  
be !re=e n 9  va91 because !y be 81 :e!r
 we see ! use ( !m or n4 ,:5  ,god      
afflict$ ,job1 he did object no s9 to   
him1 b ju/ifi$ t  afflict+ him by tell+ 
him ( 8 p[]4 ,ha/ ?\ 7says ,god7 an  arm
 l m9e8 ,:]e wa/ ?\1 :5 ,i laid !       
f\ndations ( !  e>?8 & ! l4 ,s our      
,savi\r1 conc]n+ ! man t 0 born  bl9d1  
said1 x 0 n = 8 s91 nor 8 p>5ts' s91 b t
 !  p[] ( ,god might be %[n 9 him4      
,bea/s are subject to dea? &  torm5t1   
yet !y _c s94 ,x 0 ,god's w x %\ld be s4
 ,p[]  irresi/ible ju/ifi$ all actions  
really & prop]ly1 9 :omsoev] x  be f\nd4
 ,less p[] does n4 ,& because su* p[] is
 9 ,god only1 he  mu/ ne$s be j 9 all 8 
actions4 ,& we1 t n compreh5d+  8       
c\nsels1 call him to ! b>1 commit       
inju/ice 9 x4    ,i am n ignorant ( !   
usual reply to ?is answ]1 by di/+ui%+   
betwe5 w & p]mission4 ,z1 t ,god        
,almighty does inde$ p]mit  s9          
sometimes1 & t he also =ekn[e? t ! s9 he

 p]mitte?  %all be committ$2 b does n w 
x1 nor necessitate x4 ,i "k  also !y    
di/+ui% ! action f ! s9 ( ! action1     
say+1 ,god  ,almighty do? inde$ cause ! 
action1 :atsoev] action x be1 b n  !    
s9fulness or irregul>ity ( x1 t is1 !   
discordance betwe5  ! action & ! law4   
,su* di/9ctions z ^! dazzle my  und]/&+4
 ,i f9d no diff]5ce betwe5 ! w to h a ?+
  done1 & ! p]mission to d x1 :5 he t   
p]mitte? x c h9d]  x1 & kn[s x w be done
 unless he h9d] x4 ,nor f9d ,i any      
diff]5ce betwe5 an action t is aga9/ !  
law1 & ! s9 (  t action4 ,z = example1  
betwe5 ! kill+ ( ,uriah1 & ! s9  (      
,david 9 kill+ ,uriah4 ,nor :5 "o is    
cause bo? ( ! action &  ( ! law1 h[     
ano!r c be cause ( ! disagreem5t betwe5 
!m1  no m ?an h[ "o man mak+ a long] &  
%ort] g>m5t1 ano!r  c make ! inequality 
t is betwe5 !m4 ,?is ,i "k1 ,god _c  s91
 because 8 do+ a ?+ makes x j1 &        
consequ5tly no s93  & because :atsoev] c
 s9 is subject to ano!r's law1 :i* ,god 
is  n4 ,& !re=e x is blasphemy to say1  

,god c s94 ,b to say1 t  ,god c s ord] !
 _w z a s9 may be necess>ily caus$ !reby
 9  a man1 ,i d n see h[ x is any       
di%on\r to him4 ,h[soev]1 if su*  or o!r
 di/9ctions c make x cle> t ,/4 ,paul   
did n ?9k  ,esau's or ,ph>aoh's actions 
proce$$ f ! w & purpose ( ,god1  or t   
proce$+ f 8 w c\ld n !re=e )\t inju/ice 
be blam$ or puni%$1 ,i w1 z soon z ,i   
und]/& !m1 turn unto  ,j4 ,d4's op9ion4 
,= ,i n[ hold no?+ 9 all ?is "q betwe5  
u1  b :at seeme? to me n obscurely1 b   
mo/ expressly said 9 ?is  place by ,/4  
,paul4 ,& ?us mu* 9 answ] to 8 places ( 
,scripture4    ,j4 ,d4 ,t4 ,h4 ?9ks to  
kill two birds ) "o /one1 & satisfy two 
argum5ts ) "o answ]1 :]eas 9 tru? he    
satisfie? nei!r4  ,fir/1 = my ?ird      
reason4 7a7 ,?\gh all he say "h 7 z true
 z  an oracle2 ?\gh puni%m5t 7 an act ( 
dom9ion1 n ( ju/ice 9  ,god2 yet ?is is 
no suffici5t cause :y ,god %\ld d5y 8   
own act1 or  :y he %\ld *ide or         
expo/ulate ) m51 :y !y did t :i* he     
himself did necessitate !m to d1 & :]e( 

he 0 ! actor m  ?an !y1 !y be+ b z !    
/one1 b he ! h& t ?rew x4  ,not)/&+     
any?+ :i* is plead$ "h1 ?is /oical      
op9ion  do? /ick hypocrisy &            
dissimulation close to ,god1 :o is tru? 
itself4    8,& to my fif? argum5t1 :i*  
he *ange? & relate? amiss1 z by  comp>+ 
m9e ) 8 may appe>1 8 *iefe/ answ] is to 
oppose a  difficult place ( ,/4 ,paul   
7,rom4 ix4 #aa47 ,ha? he nev] he>d1 t to
  propose a d\bt is n to answ] an       
argum5t3 nec b5e respondet qui  litem   
lite resolvit8 ,b ,i w n pay him 9 8 own
 co94 ,:]e=e  to ?is place alleg$ by    
him1 ,i answ]1 ! case is n ! same4 ,!   
"q mov$ !re is1 h[ ,god did keep 8      
promise made to ,abraham1  to be ! ,god 
( him & ( 8 se$1 if ! ,jews :o 7 !      
legitimate prog5y ( ,abraham 7 des]t$4  
,to :i* ! apo/le  answ]s 7v]s4 #f1 #g1  
#h71 t t promise 0 n made to ! c>nal    
se$ ( ,abraham1 t is1 ! ,jews1 b to 8   
spiritual sons1 :i*  7 ! heirs ( 8 fai?1
 t is1 to ! believ+ ,*ri/ians2 :i*      
answ] he explicate?1 fir/ by ! allegory 

( ,isaac & ,i%mael1 &  aft] 9 ! place   
cit$ ( ,esau & ,jacob4 ,yet nei!r does  
he speak  !re s mu* ( _! p]sons z ( _!  
po/]ities4 ,& ?\gh "s  words may be     
accommodat$ to ,god's pr$e/9ation1 :i*  
are !re  utt]$1 yet x is n ! scope ( t  
text1 to treat ( !  reprobation ( any   
man to hell fire4 ,all ! po/]ity ( ,esau
 7 n  et]nally reprobat$1 z holy ,job & 
_m o!rs4 ,b ?is "q  :i* is n[ agitat$   
betwe5 u1 is q ( ano!r nature1 h[ a man 
c be a crim9al :o do? no?+ b t :i* he is
 extr9sically  necessitat$ to d1 or h[  
,god 9 ju/ice c puni% a man ) et]nal    
torm5ts = do+ t :i* x 0 nev] 9 8 p[] to 
leave undone2  or :y he :o did impr9t ! 
motion 9 ! he>t ( man1 %\ld puni%  man1 
:o did only receive ! impression f him4 
,s 8 answ] looks  ano!r way4    8,b     
because he gr\nds s mu* ^u ?is text1 t  
if x c be  cle>$ he is ready to *ange 8 
op9ion1 ,i w exam9e all ^?  passages :i*
 may seem to fav\r 8 cause4 ,fir/1 ^!   
words 7v]4  #aa73 be+ n yet born1 nei!r 
hav+ done any good or evil1 ^u  :i* !   

:ole weight ( 8 argum5t do? dep5d1 h no 
ref]5ce at  all to ^? words 7v]se #ac71 
,jacob h ,i lov$1 & ,esau h ,i  hat$2 = 
^? words 7 fir/ utt]$ by ! prophet      
,mala*i1 _m  ages aft] ,jacob & ,esau 7 
dead 7,mal4 i4 #b1 #c71 & int5d$ ( !    
po/]ity ( ,esau1 :o 7 n r$eem$ f        
captivity z !  ,israelites 74 ,b !y are 
ref]r$ to ^? o!r words 7v]se #ab71  !   
eld] %all s]ve ! y\ng]1 :i* inde$ 7     
spok5 be=e  ,jacob or ,esau 7 born4     
7,g54 xxv4 #bc47 ,& ?\gh ^? words (     
,mala*i _h be5 us$ ( ,jacob & ,esau be=e
 !y 7 born1 yet x  _h advantag$ 8 cause 
no?+3 = hatr$ 9 t text do? n  signify   
any reprobation to ! flames ( hell1 mu* 
less ! execution  ( t decree1 or !      
actual imposition ( puni%m5t1 nor any   
act  contr>y to love4 ,god saw all t he 
_h made1 & x 0 v good4  ,goodness itself
 _c hate t :i* is good4 ,b hatr$ !re    
signifies comp>ative hatr$1 or a less   
degree ( love1 or at ! mo/ a  negation (
 love4 ,z 7,g54 xxix4 #ca71 :5 ! ,"l saw
 t ,leah 0  hat$1 we may n conclude !nce

 t ,jacob hat$ 8 wife2 !  prec$5t v]se  
do? fully exp\nd ! s5se 7v]se #cj73     
,jacob lov$  ,ra*el m ?an ,leah4 ,s     
7,mat?4 vi4 #bd71 ,no man c s]ve two    
ma/]s1 = ei!r he w hate ! "o & love !   
o!r4 ,s 7,luke  xiv4 #bf71 ,if any man  
hate n 8 fa!r & "m1 c4 he _c be  my     
disciple4 ,/4 ,mat!w 7x4 #cg7 tells u ! 
s5se ( x3 ,he t  love? fa!r or "m m ?an 
me1 is n wor?y ( me4    8,secondly1 ^?  
words 7v]4 #ae7 ,i w h m]cy on :om ,i w 
h  m]cy1 d prove no m b ?is1 t ! pref]r+
 ( ,jacob be=e  ,esau1 & ( ! ,*ri/ians  
be=e ! ,jews1 0 n a debt f ,god  ei!r to
 ! "o or to ! o!r1 b a "w ( m]cy4 ,& :at
 (  ?is8 ,all m5 confess t ,god's m]cies
 d exce$ man's des]ts1 b  ,god's        
puni%m5ts d nev] exce$ man's misde$s4 ,z
 we see 9 !  p>able ( ! lab\r]s 7,mat?4 
xx4 #ac-ae73 ,fri5d1 ,i d !e no  wrong4 
,did n ,i agree ) !e = a p5ny8 ,is x n  
lawful = me to  d ) m9e own z ,i w8 ,is 
?y eye evil1 because ,i am good8 ,acts (
  m]cy are free1 b acts ( ju/ice are    
due4    8,t :i* foll[s 7v]se #ag7 comes 

some?+ ne>] ! cause4 ,!  ,scripture sai?
 unto ,ph>aoh1 = ?is same purpose ,i h  
rais$ !e  up1 7t is1 ,i h made !e a k+1 
or ,i h pres]v$ !e71 t  ,i might %[ my  
p[] 9 !e4 ,b ?is p>ticle1 t1 do? n      
always signify ! ma9 end ( an action1 b 
sometimes only a  consequ5t ( x1 z      
,mat?4 ii4 #ae3 ,he dep>t$ into ,egypt1 
t x  might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! 
prophet1 out ( ,egypt h ,i  call$ my    
son4 ,)\t d\bt ,joseph's aim or end ( 8 
j\rney 0 n  to fulfil prophecies1 b to  
save ! life ( ! *ild4 ,yet because !    
fulfill+ ( ! prophecy 0 a consequ5t (   
,joseph's j\rney1 he  sai?1 t x might be
 fulfill$4 ,s "h1 ,i h rais$ !e up1  t  
,i might %[ my p[]4 ,aga91 ?\gh x %\ld  
be grant$ t  ?is p>ticle t1 did d5ote ! 
int5tion ( ,god to de/roy ,ph>aoh  9 !  
,r$ ,sea1 yet x 0 n ! antec$5t int5tion 
( ,god1 :i*  ev]more respects ! good &  
b5efit ( ! creature1 b ,god's  consequ5t
 int5tion ^u ! prevision ( ,ph>aoh's    
ob/9acy1 t  s9ce he w\ld n glorify ,god 
9 obey+ 8 ^w1 he %\ld glorify  ,god     

und]go+ 8 judgm5ts4 ,hi!rto we f9d no   
et]nal puni%m5ts1  nor no temporal      
puni%m5t )\t j des]ts4    8,x foll[s1   
7v]4 #ah71 :om he w he h>d5e?4 ,inde$   
h>dness (  he>t is ! greate/ judgm5t t  
,god lays ^u a s9n] 9 ?is life1  worse  
?an all ! plagues ( ,egypt4 ,b h[ do?   
,god h>d5 ! he>t8  ,n by a natural      
influ5ce ( any evil act or habit into ! 
w1 nor  by induc+ ! w ) p]suasive       
motives to ob/9acy & rebellion  7,james 
i4 #ac1 #ad73 ,= ,god tempte? no man1 b 
e man is tempt$  :5 he is drawn away ( 8
 own lu/ & entic$4 ,!n ,god is said to  
h>d5 ! he>t ?ree ways2 fir/1 negatively1
 & n positively2 n  by imp>t+ wick$ness1
 b by n imp>t+ grace2 z ! sun  desc5d+  
to ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 is said ) u to
 be ! cause  ( w9t]1 t is1 n by imp>t+  
cold1 b by n imp>t+ heat4 ,x  is an act 
( m]cy 9 ,god to give 8 grace freely1 b 
to deta9 x is  no act ( inju/ice4 ,s !  
apo/le oppose? h>d5+ to %ew+ (  m]cy4   
,to h>d5 is z mu* z n to %ew m]cy4      
8,secondly1 ,god is said to h>d5 ! he>t 

occasionally & n  causally1 by do+ good1
 7:i* incorrigible s9n]s make an        
occasion (  gr[+ worse & worse71 & do+  
evil2 z a ma/] by (t5  correct+ ( an    
unt[>d s*ol>1 do? accid5tally &         
occasionally  h>d5 8 he>t1 & r5d] him m 
obdurate1 insomu* z he gr[s  ev5 to     
despise ! rod4 ,or z an indulg5t p>5t by
 8 pati5ce &  g5tl5ess do? enc\rage an  
ob/9ate son to become m rebelli\s4  ,s1 
:e!r we look ^u ,god's frequ5t judgm5ts 
^u ,ph>aoh1 or ,god's  it]at$ fav\rs 9  
remov+ & )draw+ ^? judgm5ts ^u          
,ph>aoh's reque/1 bo? ( !m 9 _! sev]al  
k9ds 7 occasions (  h>d5+ ,ph>aoh's     
he>t1 ! "o mak+ him m presumptu\s1 !    
o!r m desp]ately rebelli\s4 ,s t :i* 0  
good 9 x 0  ,god's2 t :i* 0 evil 0      
,ph>aoh's4 ,god gave ! occasion1 b      
,ph>aoh 0 ! true cause ( 8 own          
obduration4 ,?is is cle>ly  confirm$1   
,exodus viii4 #ae3 ,:5 ,ph>aoh saw t !re
 0 respite1 he  h>d5$ 8 he>t4 ,& ,exodus
 ix4 #cd3 ,:5 ,ph>aoh saw t ! ra9  & !  
hail & ! ?und]s 7 ceas$1 he s9n$ yet m1 

&  h>d5$ 8 he>t1 he & 8 s]vants4 ,s     
,psalm cv4 #be3 ,he turn$  _! he>ts1 s t
 !y hat$ 8 p1 & dealt subtly )  !m4 ,t  
is1 ,god bless$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1     
:]eupon !  ,egyptians did take occasion 
to hate !m1 z is pla91 ,exodus i4 #g1   
#h1  #i1 #aj4 ,s ,god h>d5$ ,ph>aoh's   
he>t1 & ,ph>aoh h>d5$ 8 own  he>t4 ,god 
h>d5$ x by n %ew+ m]cy to ,ph>aoh1 z he 
did to  ,nebu*adnezz>1 :o 0 z great a   
s9n] z he1 or ,god h>d5$ x              
occasionally2 b /ill ,ph>aoh 0 ! true   
cause ( 8 own  obduration1 by det]m9+ 8 
own w to evil1 & confirm+ himself  9 8  
ob/9acy4 ,s are all presumptu\s s9n]s1  
7,psalm xcv4 #h73  ,h>d5 n y\r he>ts z 9
 ! provocation1 or z 9 ! day (          
temptation 9 ! wild]ness4    8,?irdly1  
,god is said to h>d5 ! he>t p]missively1
 b n  op]atively1 nor effectively1 z he 
:o only lets loose a greyh\nd out  ( !  
slip1 is said to h\nd him at ! h>e4 ,w y
 see pla9ly :at  ,/4 ,paul int5ds by    
h>d5+8 ,read ,rom4 ix4 #bb1 #bc3 ,:at if
 ,god1  will+ to %ew 8 wra? & to make 8 

p[] kn[n 7t is1 by a  consequ5t w1 :i* 9
 ord] ( nature foll[s ! prevision ( s971
  endur$ ) mu* long-suff]+ ! vessels (  
wra? fitt$ to  de/ruction4 ,& t he might
 make kn[n ! ri*es ( 8 glory on !       
vessels ( m]cy1 c4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce 
betwe5 endur+ &  impell+1 or incit+ !   
vessels ( wra?4 ,he sai? ( ! vessels  ( 
m]cy1 t ,god prep>$ !m unto glory4 ,b ( 
! vessels (  wra?1 he sai? only t !y 7  
fitt$ to de/ruction1 t is1  n by ,god1 b
 by !mselves4 ,/4 ,paul sai?1 t ,god do?
 endure !  vessels ( wra? ) mu*         
long-suff]+4 ,t4 ,h4 sai?1 t ,god wills 
& effects by ! second causes all _!     
actions good & bad1 t he  necessitate?  
!m1 & det]m9e? !m irresi/ibly to d ^?   
acts  :i* he condemne? z evil1 & = :i*  
he puni%e? !m4 ,if do+  will+ly1 &      
endur+1 if mu* long-suff]+1 &           
necessitat+1 imply n a contr>iety "o to 
ano!r1 r$dat mihi  m9am ,diog5es1 let   
him t taught me logic1 give me my money 
aga94    8,b ,t4 ,h4 sai?1 t ?is        
di/9ction betwe5 ! op]ative &  p]missive

 w ( ,god1 & t o!r betwe5 ! action & !  
irregul>ity1 d dazzle 8 und]/&+4 ,?\gh  
he c f9d no  diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two1 yet
 o!rs d2 ,/4 ,paul himself did 7,acts   
xiii4 #ah73 ,ab\t ! "t ( =ty ye>s suff]$
 he _! mann]s 9  ! wild]ness4 ,& 7,acts 
xiv4 #af73 ,:o 9 times pa/ suff]$ all   
nations to walk 9 _! own ways4 ,t4 ,h4  
w\ld make suff]+ to be  incit+1 _!      
mann]s to be ,god's mann]s1 _! ways to  
be ,god's  ways4 ,& 7,acts xvii4 #cj73  
,! times ( ?is ignorance ,god w9k$ at4  
,x 0 nev] he>d t "o 0 said to w9k or    
connive at t :i*  0 8 own act4 ,& 7#a   
,cor4 x4 #ac73 ,god is fai?ful1 :o w n  
suff] y to be tempt$ above t y are able4
 ,to tempt is !  devil's act2 !re=e he  
is call$ ! tempt]4 ,god tempts no man to
  s91 b he suff]s !m to be tempt$4 ,& s 
suff]s1 t he c\ld  h9d] ,satan1 if he   
w\ld4 ,b by ,t4 ,h4's doctr9e1 to tempt 
to s91 &  to suff] "o to be tempt$ to s9
 :5 x is 9 8 p[] to h9d] x1  is all "o4 
,& s he trans=ms ,god 7,i write x )     
horror7 into !  devil1 & makes tempt+ to

 be ,god's own "w1 & ! devil to be b  8 
in/rum5t4 ,& 9 t not$ place1 7,rom4 ii4 
#d1 #e73 ,despise/  ?\ ! ri*es ( 8      
goodness & =be>ance & long-suff]+1 n    
kn[+ t ! goodness ( ,god leade? !e to   
rep5tance2 b aft]  ?y h>dness & imp5it5t
 he>t treasure/ up unto ?yself wra?     
aga9/ ! day ( wra?1 & revelation ( !    
righte\s judgm5t (  ,god8 ,"h are z _m  
conv9c+ argum5ts 9 ?is "o text aga9/ !  
op9ion ( ,t4 ,h4 almo/ z !re are words4 
,"h we le>n t ,god is  ri* 9 goodness1 &
 w n puni% 8 creatures = t :i* is  8 own
 act2 secondly1 t he suff]s & =be>s     
s9n]s long1  & do? n snat* !m away by   
sudd5 dea? z !y des]ve4 ,?irdly1  t !   
reason ( ,god's =be>ance is to br+ m5 to
 rep5tance4  ,f\r?ly1 t h>dness ( he>t &
 imp5it5cy is n causally f  ,god1 b f   
ourselves4 ,fif?ly1 t x is n !          
insuffici5t  proposal ( ! means ( _!    
conv]sion on ,god's "p1 :i* is !  cause 
( m5's p]dition1 b _! own contempt &    
despis+ ( ^!  means4 ,six?ly1 t puni%m5t
 is n an act ( absolute dom9ion1 b  an  

act ( righte\s judgm5t1 :]eby ,god r5d]s
 to e man accord+  to 8 own de$s1 wra?  
to !m & only to !m :o treasure up wra?  
unto !mselves1 & et]nal life to ^? :o   
cont9ue pati5tly 9  well-do+4 ,if !y    
des]ve su* puni%m5t :o only neglect !   
goodness & long-suff]+ ( ,god1 :at d !y 
:o utt]ly d5y x1  & make ,god's do+ & 8 
suff]+ to be all "o8 ,i d besee* ,t4 ,h4
  to consid] :at a degree ( wilfulness x
 is1 out ( "o obscure text  :olly       
misund]/ood to contradict ! cle> curr5t 
( ! :ole  ,scripture4 ,( ! same m9d )   
,/4 ,paul 0 ,/4 ,pet]1 7#a ,pet] iii4   
#bj73 ,! long-suff]+ ( ,god wait$ once 9
 ! days ( ,noah4 ,& #b  ,pet] iii4 #ae3 
,acc\nt t ! long-suff]+ ( ! ,"l is      
salvation4 ,?is is ! "n ,god gives      
himself1 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #f73 ,!  ,"l1 ! 
,"l ,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1            
long-suff]+1 c4    7b7 8,yet ,i d       
ackn[l$ge t :i* ,t4 ,h4 sai? to be      
commonly true1  t he :o do? p]mit any ?+
 to be done1 :i* x is 9 8 p[]  to h9d]1 
kn[+ t if he d n h9d] x1 x w be done1   

do? 9  "s sort w x4 ,i say 9 "s sort1 t 
is1 ei!r by an antec$5t  w1 or by a     
consequ5t w1 ei!r by an op]ative w1 or  
by a  p]missive w1 or he is will+ to let
 x be done1 b n will+ to  d x4          
,sometimes an antec$5t engagem5t do?    
cause a man to suff]  t to be done1 :i* 
o!rwise he w\ld n suff]4 ,s ,d>ius      
suff]$  ,daniel to be ca/ into ! lion's 
d51 to make good 8 ra% decree2 s  ,h]od 
suff]$ ,john ,bapti/ to be behead$1 to  
make good 8 ra% oa?4  ,h[ mu* m may !   
immutable rule ( ju/ice 9 ,god1 & 8     
fidelity  9 keep+ 8 ^w1 draw f him !    
puni%m5t ( ob/9ate s9n]s1  ?\gh         
antec$5tly he wille? _! conv]sion8 ,he  
love? all 8  creatures well1 b 8 own    
ju/ice bett]4 ,aga91 sometimes a man    
suff]e? t to be done1 :i* he do? n w    
directly 9 itself1  b indirectly = "s   
o!r end1 or = ! produc+ ( "s great]     
good2 z a man wille? t a putrid memb] be
 cut (f f 8 body1 to  save ! life ( !   
:ole4 ,or z a judge1 be+ desir\s to save
 a  malefactor's life1 & hav+ p[] to    

reprieve him1 do? yet condemn  him =    
example's sake1 t by ! dea? ( "o he may 
save ! lives  ( _m4 ,m>vel n !n if ,god 
suff] "s creatures to take su*  c\rses z
 t5d to _! own ru91 s long z _! suff]+s 
d make  = ! great] manife/ation ( 8     
glory1 & = ! great] b5efit  ( 8 fai?ful 
s]vants4 ,?is is a mo/ c]ta9 tru?1 t    
,god w\ld  n suff] evil to be 9 ! _w    
unless he knew h[ to draw good out  (   
evil4 ,yet ?is ought n to be und]/ood1 z
 if we made any priority  or po/]iority 
( "t 9 ! acts ( ,god1 b only ( nature4  
,nor d  we make ! antec$5t & consequ5t w
 to be contr>y "o to  ano!r2 because !  
"o respects man pure & uncorrupt$1 ! o!r
  respects him z he is laps$4 ,! objects
 are ! same1 b consid]$  aft] a div]se  
mann]4 ,nor yet d we make ^! wills to be
 di/9ct 9  ,god2 = !y are ! same ) !    
div9e ess5ce1 :i* is "o4 ,b  ! di/9ction
 is 9 ord] to ! objects or ?+s will$4   
,nor1  la/ly1 d we make ?is p]mission to
 be a nak$ or a m]e p]mission4  ,god    
cause? all good1 p]mitte? all evil1     

dispose? all ?+s1 bo?  good & evil4     
7c7 8,t4 ,h4 dem&s h[ ,god %\ld be !    
cause ( ! action & yet  n be ! cause ( !
 irregul>ity ( ! action4 ,i answ]1      
because he  concurs to ! do+ ( evil by a
 g5]al1 b n by a special  influ5ce4 ,z !
 e>? gives n\ri%m5t to all k9ds (       
plants1 z  well to hemlock z to :eat2 b 
! reason :y ! "o yields food to  our    
su/5ance1 ! o!r poison to our           
de/ruction1 is n f !  g5]al n\ri%m5t ( !
 e>?1 b f ! special quality ( !  root4  
,ev5 s ! g5]al p[] to act is f ,god4 ,9 
him we live1 &  move1 & h our be+4 ,?is 
is good4 ,b ! specification1 &          
det]m9ation ( ?is g5]al p[] to ! do+ (  
any evil1 is f  ourselves1 & proce$s f !
 free-w ( man4 ,?is is bad4 ,& to  speak
 prop]ly1 ! free-w ( man is n ! effici5t
 cause ( s91  z ! root ( ! hemlock is ( 
poison1 s9 hav+ no true entity or  be+ 9
 x1 z poison ha?2 b r ! defici5t cause4 
,n[ no  defect c fl[ f him :o is !      
highe/ p]fection4 7d7 ,:]e=e  ,t4 ,h4 is
 mightily mi/ak51 to make ! p>ticul> &  

det]m9ate act  ( kill+ ,uriah to be f   
,god4 ,! g5]al p[] to act is f ,god1  b 
! specification ( ?is g5]al & good p[]  
to murd]1 or to  any p>ticul> evil1 is n
 f ,god1 b f ! free-w ( man4 ,s  ,t4 ,h4
 may see cle>ly if he w1 h[ "o may be ! 
cause ( ! law1  & likewise ( ! action 9 
"s sort1 t is1 by g5]al influ5ce2  & yet
 ano!r cause concurr+1 by special       
influ5ce & det]m9+  ?is g5]al & good    
p[]1 may make itself ! true cause ( !   
anomy  or ! irregul>ity4 ,& !re=e he may
 keep 8 long] & %ort]  g>m5ts = "s o!r  
occasion4 ,c]ta9ly1 !y w n fit ?is      
subject1 unless he c\ld make g5]al &    
special influ5ce to be all  "o4    8,b  
,t4 ,h4 presse? yet fur!r1 t ! case is !
 same1 & !  objection us$ by ! ,jews1   
7v]se #ai73 ,:y do? he yet f9d fault2 :o
  ha? resi/$ 8 w8 is ! v same ) my      
argum5t2 & ,/4  ,paul's answ]1 7v]se    
#bj37 ,o man1 :o art ?\ t replie/ aga9/ 
,god8 ,%all ! ?+ =m$ say unto him t =m$ 
x1 :y ha/ ?\  made me ?us8 ,ha? n !     
pott] p[] ov] 8 clay8 c41 is ! v  same )

 8 answ] 9 ?is place1 drawn f !         
irresi/ible p[]  & absolute dom9ion (   
,god1 :i* ju/ifie? all 8 actions4 ,& t  
! apo/le 9 8 answ] do? n d5y t x 0      
,god's w1 nor t  ,god's decree 0 be=e   
,esau's s94    8,to :i* ,i reply1 fir/1 
t ! case is n at all ! same1 b  q       
diff]5t1 z may appe> by ^! p>ticul>s2   
fir/1 ^? words1  be=e !y _h done ei!r   
good or evil1 are n1 _c be ref]r$  to ^?
 o!r words1 ,esau h ,i hat$4 ,secondly1 
if !y c\ld1 yet  x is less ?an no?+1    
because be=e ,esau _h actually s9n$1 8  
future s9s 7 kn[n to ,god4 ,?irdly1 by !
 pott]'s clay1 "h is  n to be und]/ood !
 pure mass1 b ! corrupt$ mass ( mank9d4 
,f\r?ly1 ! hat+ "h m5tion$ is only a    
comp>ative hatr$1 t  is1 a less degree (
 love4 ,fif?ly1 ! h>d5+ :i* ,/4 ,paul   
speaks  (1 is n a positive1 b a negative
 obduration1 or a n imp>t+ (  grace4    
,six?ly1 ,/4 ,paul speake? n ( any      
positive reprobation to  et]nal         
puni%m5t1 mu* less do? he speak ( !     
actual inflict+ (  puni%m5t )\t s91 :i* 

is ! "q betwe5 u1 & :]e9 ,t4  ,h4 diff]s
 f all t ,i rememb] to h read1 :o d all 
ackn[l$ge  t puni%m5t is nev] actually  
inflict$ b = s94 ,if ! "q  be put1 :y   
,god do? good to "o m ?an to ano!r1 or  
:y ,god  imp>te? m grace to "o ?an to   
ano!r1 z x is !re1 ! answ]  is j & fit1 
because x is 8 pleasure1 & x is sauc9ess
 9 a  creature 9 ?is case to reply1     
7,mat!w xx4 #ae73 ,may n ,god d :at  he 
w ) 8 own8 ,no man d\bte? b ,god imp>te?
 grace beyond  man's des]t4 7e7 ,b if ! 
case be put1 :y ,god do? puni% "o m  ?an
 ano!r1 or :y he ?r[s "o into hell-fire1
 & n ano!r1  :i* is ! pres5t case       
agitat$ betwe5 u2 to say ) ,t4 ,h41 t  x
 is because ,god is omnipot5t1 or       
because 8 p[] is irresi/ible1  or m]ely 
because x is 8 pleasure1 is n only n    
w>rant$1 b is  pla9ly condemn$ by ,/4   
,paul 9 ?is place4 ,s _m diff]5ces !re  
are betwe5 ^? two cases4 ,x is n !re=e  
aga9/ ,god t ,i  reply1 b aga9/ ,t4 ,h4 
,i d n call my ,creator to ! b>1 b my   
fell[-creature2 ,i ask no acc\nt (      

,god's c\nsels1 b ( man's  presumptions4
 ,x is ! mode ( ^! times to fa!r _! own 
fancies  ^u ,god1 & :5 !y _c ju/ify !m  
by reason1 to plead 8  omnipot5ce1 or to
 cry1 ,o altitudo1 t ! ways ( ,god are  
unse>*able4 ,if !y may ju/ify _! dr[sy  
dreams1 because ,god's  p[] & dom9ion is
 absolute2 mu* m may we reject su*      
phanta/ical devices :i* are inconsi/5t )
 ! tru? & goodness  & ju/ice ( ,god1 &  
make him to be a tyrant1 :o is ! ,fa!r (
  ,m]cies & ! ,god ( all consolation4 ,!
 unse>*abl5ess ( ,god's  ways %\ld be a 
bridle to re/ra9 presumption1 & n a     
sanctu>y =  spirits ( error4            
8,secondly1 ?is objection conta9$ v]4   
#ai1 to :i* ! apo/le  answ]s v]4 #bj1 is
 n made 9 ! p]son ( ,esau or ,ph>aoh1 z 
,t4 ,h4  suppose?1 b ( ! unbeliev+      
,jews1 :o ?\ght mu* at t grace  & fav\r 
:i* ,god 0 pleas$ to v\*safe unto !     
,g5tiles1 to  ackn[l$ge !m = 8 p1 :i*   
hon\r !y w\ld h  appropriat$ to !       
po/]ity ( ,abraham4 ,& ! apo/le's answ] 
is  n only drawn f ! sov]eign dom9ion ( 

,god1 to imp>t 8 grace  to :om he       
please?1 z ha? be5 %ew$ already1 b also 
f !  ob/9acy & prop] fault ( ! ,jews1 z 
appe>e? v]se #bb3 ,:at if  ,god1 will+  
7t is1 by a consequ5t w7 to %ew 8 wra?1 
& to  make 8 p[] kn[n1 endure? ) mu*    
long-suff]+ ! vessels (  wra? fitt$ to  
de/ruction4 ,!y act$1 ,god endur$2 !y 7 
tol]at$ by ,god1 b fitt$ to de/ruction  
by !mselves2 = _!  mu* wrong-do+1 "h is 
,god's mu* long-suff]+4 ,& m pla9ly1    
v]se #ca1 #cb3 ,israel ha? n atta9$ to !
 law ( righte\sness4  ,:]e=e8 ,because  
!y s\ght x n by fai?1 b z x 7 by !      
works ( ! law4 ,?is reason is set d[n   
yet m emphatically 9 !  next *apt]      
7,rom4 x4 #c73 ,!y 7t is1 ! ,israelites7
 be+  ignorant ( ,god's righte\sness1 7t
 is1 by fai? 9 ,*ri/71 &  go+ ab\t to   
e/abli% _! own righte\sness1 7t is1 by !
  works ( ! law71 h n submitt$ !mselves 
unto ! righte\sness  ( ,god4 ,& yet mo/ 
expressly 7*ap4 xi4 #bj73 ,because (    
unbelief  !y 7 brok5 (f1 b ?\ /&e/ by   
fai?4 ,nei!r 0 !re any  prec$5t b9d+    

decree ( ,god1 to necessitate !m to     
unbelief1 &  consequ5tly to puni%m5t4 ,x
 0 9 _! own p[] by _!  concurr5ce )     
,god's grace to prev5t ^! judgm5ts1 & to
 recov]  _! =m] e/ate2 v]se #bc3 ,if !y 
7t is1 ! unbeliev+ ,jews7  abide n /ill 
9 unbelief !y %all be graft$ 94 ,! cr[n 
&  ! sword are immovable1 7to use ,/4   
,anselm's comp>ison71 b x is we  t move 
& *ange places4 ,sometimes ! ,jews 7 "u 
! cr[n1  & ! ,g5tiles "u ! sword2       
sometimes ! ,jews "u ! sword1  & !      
,g5tiles "u ! cr[n4    8,?irdly1 ?\gh ,i
 confess t human pacts are n ! measure (
 ,god's  ju/ice1 b 8 ju/ice is 8 own    
immutable w1 :]eby he is ready  to give 
e man t :i* is 8 own1 z rew>ds to !     
good1  puni%m5ts to ! bad2 s nev]!less  
,god may oblige himself freely to  8    
creature4 ,he made ! cov5ant ( works )  
mank9d 9 ,adam2 &  !re=e he puni%e? n   
man contr>y to 8 own cov5ant1 b = !     
transgression ( 8 duty4 ,& div9e ju/ice 
is n measur$ by  omnipot5ce or by       
irresi/ible p[]1 b by ,god's w4 ,god c d

 _m  ?+s accord+ to 8 absolute p[]1 :i* 
he do? n4 ,he c\ld  raise up *ildr5 to  
,abraham ( /ones1 b he nev] did s4 ,x is
 a  rule 9 !ology1 t ,god _c d any?+ :i*
 argues any  wick$ness or imp]fection3 z
 ,god _c d5y himself 7#b ,timo?y ii4    
#ac72 he _c lie 7,titus i4 #b74 ,^! & ! 
l are ! fruits (  impot5ce1 n ( p[]4 ,s 
,god _c de/roy ! righte\s ) !  wick$    
7,g5esis xviii4 #be47 ,he c\ld n de/roy 
,sodom :il/ ,lot 0 9  x1 7,g5esis xix4  
#bb72 n = want ( dom9ion or p[]1 b      
because x  0 n agreeable to 8 ju/ice1   
nor to t law :i* himself _h  con/itut$4 
,! apo/le sai? 7,hebrews vi4 #aj71 ,god 
is n unrighte\s  to =get y\r "w4 ,z x is
 a good consequ5ce to say1 ?is is f     
,god1 !re=e x is righte\s2 s is ?is     
also1 ?is ?+ is  unrighte\s1 !re=e x _c 
proce$ f ,god4 ,we see h[ all  creatures
 by in/9ct ( nature d love _! "y1 z ! h5
 h]  *ick5s2 h[ !y w expose !mselves to 
dea? = !m4 ,& yet all  ^! are b %ad[s ( 
t love :i* is 9 ,god t[>ds 8  creatures4
 ,h[ impi\s is x !n to conceive1 t ,god 

did create s  _m millions ( s\ls to be  
torm5t$ et]nally 9 hell1 )\t any  fault 
( !irs except su* z he himself did      
necessitate !m unto1  m]ely to %ew 8    
dom9ion1 & because 8 p[] is irresi/ible8
 ,!  same privilege :i* ,t4 ,h4         
appropriates "h to p[] absolutely       
irresi/ible1 a fri5d ( 81 9 8 book ,de  
,cive1 cap4 ,,vi41 ascribes  to p[]     
respectively irresi/ible1 or to sov]eign
 magi/rates1 ^:  p[] he makes to be z   
absolute z a man's p[] is ov] himself2 n
  to be limit$ by any ?+1 b only by _!  
/r5g?4 ,! greate/  propugn]s ( sov]eign 
p[] ?9k x en\gh = pr9ces to *all5ge  an 
immunity f co]cive p[]1 b ackn[l$ge t ! 
law ha? a  directive p[] ov] !m4 ,b ,t4 
,h4 w h no limits b _!  /r5g?4 ,:atsoev]
 !y d by p[]1 !y d ju/ly4    8,b1 sai?  
he1 ,god object$ no s9 to ,job1 b       
ju/ifi$ 8 afflict+  him by 8 p[]4 ,fir/1
 ?is is an argum5t f au?ority           
negatively1  t is to say1 wor? no?+4    
,secondly1 ! afflictions ( ,job 7 no    
v9dicatory puni%m5ts to take v5geance ( 

8 s9s1 7:]e( we  dispute71 b probatory  
*a/isem5ts to make trial ( 8 graces4    
,?irdly1 ,job 0 n s pure1 b t ,god might
 ju/ly h laid  great] puni%m5ts ^u him1 
?an ^? afflictions :i* he suff]$4       
,witness 8 impati5ce1 ev5 to ! curs+ ( !
 day ( 8 nativity  7,job iii4 #c74      
,inde$ ,god said to ,job1 7,job xxxviii4
 #d73 ,:]e wa/  ?\1 :5 ,i laid !        
f\ndations ( ! e>?8 t is1 h[ can/ ?\    
judge ( ! ?+s t 7 done be=e ?\ wa/ born1
 or compreh5d  ! secret causes ( my     
judgm5ts8 ,& 7,job xl4 #i73 ,ha/ ?\ an  
arm  l ,god8 ,z if he %\ld say1 :y art  
?\ impati5t2 do/ ?\ ?9k  ?yself able to 
/rive ) ,god8 ,b t ,god %\ld puni% ,job 
)\t  des]t1 "h is n a ^w4    8,conc]n+ !
 bl9d man m5tion$ ,john ix1 8 bl9dness 0
 r a  bless+ to him ?an a puni%m5t1 be+ 
! means to raise 8 s\l  illum9at$1 & to 
br+ him to see ! face ( ,god 9 ,jesus   
,*ri/4  ,! sight ( ! body is common to u
 ) ants & flies1 b ! sight  ( ! s\l ) ! 
bless$ angels4 ,we read ( "s :o h put   
out  _! bodily eyes1 because !y ?\ght !y

 7 an imp$im5t to !  eye ( ! s\l4 ,aga91
 nei!r he nor 8 p>5ts 7 innoc5t1 be+    
conceiv$ & born 9 s9 & iniquity 7,psalm 
li4 #e74 ,& 9 _m ?+s  we (f5d all       
7,james iii4 #b74 ,b our ,savi\r's mean+
 is evid5t by  ! disciples' "q1 ,john   
ix4 #b4 ,!y _h n s s9n$1 t he  %\ld be  
born bl9d2 or !y 7 n m griev\s s9n]s ?an
 o!r  m51 to des]ve an exempl>y judgm5t 
m ?an !y2 b ?is corporal  bl9dness befel
 him pr9cipally by ! extraord9>y        
provid5ce ( ,god1  = ! manife/ation ( 8 
own glory 9 re/or+ him to 8 sight4 ,s  8
 in/ance halts on bo? sides2 nei!r 0 ?is
 a puni%m5t1 nor !  bl9d man free f s94 
,8 ?ird in/ance ( ! dea? & torm5ts (    
bea/s1 is ( no m weight ?an ! two =m]4  
,! dea? ( brute  bea/s is n a puni%m5t (
 s91 b a debt ( nature4 ,& ?\gh !y  be  
(t5 slaught]$ = ! use ( man1 yet !re is 
a va/ diff]5ce  betwe5 ^? light &       
mom5t>y pangs1 & ! unsuff]able &        
endless pa9s ( hell2 betwe5 ! m]e       
depriv+ ( a creature (  temporal life1 &
 ! subject+ ( x to et]nal dea?4 ,i "k ! 

philosophical speculations ( "s1 :o     
affirm1 t entity is bett]  ?an          
non-entity1 t x is bett] to be mis]able 
& suff] !  torm5ts ( ! damn$1 ?an to be 
annihilat$ & cease to be  altoge!r4 ,?is
 entity :i* !y speak (1 is a            
metaphysical entity  ab/ract$ f ! matt]1
 :i* is bett] ?an non-entity1 9 respect 
( "s goodness1 n moral nor natural1 b   
transc5d5tal1 :i*  accompanies e be+4 ,b
 9 ! concrete x is f> o!rwise1 :]e  t   
say+ ( our ,savi\r (t5 takes place1     
7,mat!w xxvi4 #bd73 ,woe  unto t man by 
:om ! ,son ( ,man is betray$4 ,x _h be5 
good =  t man1 t he _h n be5 born4 ,i   
add1 t !re is an analogical  ju/ice &   
m]cy due ev5 to ! brute bea/s4 ,?\ %alt 
n muzzle  ! m\? ( ! ox t treade? out !  
corn4 ,&1 a j man is  m]ciful to 8 bea/4
    7f7 8,b 8 greate/ error is t :i* ,i 
t\*$ be=e1 to make  ju/ice to be ! prop]
 result ( p[]4 ,p[] do? n measure &     
regulate ju/ice1 b ju/ice measures &    
regulates p[]4 ,! w (  ,god1 & ! et]nal 
law :i* is 9 ,god himself1 is prop]ly ! 

rule  & measure ( ju/ice4 ,z all        
goodness1 :e!r natural or moral1 is a   
p>ticipation ( div9e goodness1 & all    
creat$ rectitude is b a  p>ticipation ( 
div9e rectitude1 s all laws are b       
p>ticipations (  ! et]nal law f :5ce !y 
d]ive _! p[]4 ,! rule ( ju/ice  !n is ! 
same bo? 9 ,god & u3 b x is 9 ,god1 z 9 
him t  do? regulate & measure2 9 u1 z 9 
^? :o are regulat$ &  measur$4 ,z ! w ( 
,god is immutable1 always will+ :at is j
  & "r & good2 s 8 ju/ice likewise is   
immutable4 ,& t  individual action :i*  
is ju/ly puni%$ z s9ful 9 u1 _c         
possibly proce$ f ! special influ5ce &  
det]m9ative p[] ( a  j cause4 ,see !n h[
 grossly ,t4 ,h4 do? und]/& t old & true
  pr9ciple1 t ! w ( ,god is ! rule (    
ju/ice2 z if by will+  ?+s 9 !mselves   
unju/1 he did r5d] !m j by reason ( 8   
absolute dom9ion & irresi/ible p[]1 z   
fire do? assimilate o!r  ?+s to itself1 
& conv]t !m into ! nature ( fire4 ,?is 7
 to  make ! et]nal law a ,lesbian rule4 
,s9 is def9$ to be t :i* is  done1 or   

said1 or ?\ght1 contr>y to ! et]nal law4
 ,b by ?is  doctr9e no?+ is done1 nor   
said1 nor ?\ght1 contr>y to ! w (  ,god4
 ,/4 ,anselm said mo/ truly1 #8!n ! w ( 
man is good1 &  j1 & "r1 :5 he wills t  
:i* ,god w\ld h him to w4'  ,b accord+  
to ?is doctr9e1 e man always wills t :i*
 ,god  w\ld h him to w4 ,if ?is be true1
 we ne$ n pray1 ,?y w be  done 9 e>? z x
 is 9 heav54 ,t4 ,h4 ha? devis$ a new   
k9d (  heav5 ^u e>?4 ,! wor/ is1 x is an
 heav5 )\t ju/ice4  ,ju/ice is a con/ant
 & p]petual act ( ! w1 to give e "o  8  
own2 b to inflict puni%m5t = ^? ?+s :i* 
! judge  himself did det]m9e &          
necessitate to be done1 is n to give e  
"o 8 own2 "r punitive ju/ice is a       
relation ( equality &  proportion betwe5
 ! dem]it & ! puni%m5t4 ,b suppos+ ?is  
op9ion ( absolute & univ]sal necessity1 
!re is no dem]it 9 !  _w4 ,we use to    
say1 t "r spr+s f law & fact2 z 9 ?is   
syllogism1 e ?ief ought to be puni%$1   
!re is ! law2 b su*  an "o is a ?ief1   
!re is ! fact2 !re=e he ought to be     

puni%$1  !re is ! "r4 ,b ?is op9ion (   
,t4 ,h4 gr\nds ! "r to be  puni%$1 nei!r
 ^u law1 nor ^u fact1 b ^u ! irresi/ible
  p[] ( ,god4 ,yea1 x ov]turne?1 z mu* z
 9 x lies1 all law2  fir/1 ! et]nal law1
 :i* is ! ord9ation ( div9e wisdom1 by  
:i* all creatures are direct$ to t end  
:i* is conv5i5t =  !m1 t is1 n to       
necessitate !m to et]nal flames2 !n !   
law  p>ticipat$1 :i* is ! ord9ation ( "r
 reason1 in/itut$ =  ! common good1 to  
%[ unto man :at he ought to d1 & :at he 
ought  n to d4 ,to :at purpose is x1 to 
%[ ! "r way to him :o is  drawn & hal$ a
 contr>y way by adamant9e bonds (       
inevitable  necessity8    7g7 8,la/ly1  
h[soev] ,t4 ,h4 cries out1 t ,god _c s91
 yet 9  tru? he makes him to be !       
pr9cipal & mo/ prop] cause ( all s94  ,=
 he makes him to be ! cause1 n only ( ! 
law & ( ! action1  b ev5 ( ! irregul>ity
 itself1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !  action &
 ! law1 :]e9 ! v ess5ce ( s9 do? consi/4
 ,he  makes ,god to det]m9e ,david's w1 
& necessitate him to kill ,uriah4  ,9   

causes physically & ess5tially          
subord9ate1 ! cause ( ! cause  is       
ev]more ! cause ( ! effect4 ,^! are ^?  
deadly fruits :i*  spr+ f ! poison\s    
root ( ! absolute necessity ( all ?+s2  
:i* ,t4 ,h4 see+1 & t nei!r ! s9s (     
,esau1 nor ,ph>aoh1 nor  any wick$ p]son
 d proce$ f ! op]ative1 b f ! p]missive 
w ( ,god1 & t puni%m5t is an act (      
ju/ice1 n ( dom9ion  only1 ,i hope t    
accord+ to 8 promise he w *ange 8       
op9ion4                ,,animadv]sions  
,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,reply ,,no4 ,,xii4
    ,! ,bi%op _h argu$ 9 ?is mann]3 8,if
 !re be no lib]ty1 !re  %all be no la/  
judgm5t1 no rew>ds nor puni%m5ts aft]   
dea?40 ,to  ?is ,i answ]$1 t ?\gh ,god  
_c s91 because :at he do?1 8  do+ make? 
j1 & because he is n subject to ano!r's 
law1 &  t !re=e x is blasphemy to say t 
,god c s92 yet to say1 t  ,god ha? s    
ord]$ ! _w t s9 may be necess>ily       
committ$1 is  n blasphemy4 ,& ,i c also 
fur!r say1 ?\gh ,god be ! cause (  all  
motion & ( all actions1 & !re=e unless  

s9 be no motion nor  action1 x mu/ d]ive
 a necessity f ! fir/ mov]2 nev]!less x 
_c be said t ,god is ! au?or ( s91      
because n he t  necessitate? an action1 
b he t do? comm& & w>rant x1 is !       
au?or4 ,& if ,god own an action1 ?\gh   
o!rwise x 7 a s91 x is  n[ no s94 ,! act
 ( ! ,israelites 9 robb+ ! ,egyptians ( 
_!  jewels1 )\t ,god's w>rant _h be5    
!ft4 ,b x 0 nei!r !ft1  coz5age1 nor s92
 suppos+ !y knew ! w>rant 0 f ,god4 ,!  
re/ ( my answ] to t inconv5i5ce1 0 an   
oppos+ to 8  inconv5i5ces ! manife/     
texts ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,rom4 ix4 ,! sub/ance
 (  8 reply to my answ] is ?is4    7a7  
8,?\gh puni%m5t 7 an act ( dom9ion1 n ( 
ju/ice1 9  ,god2 yet ?is is no suffici5t
 cause :y ,god %\ld d5y 8 own act1 or   
:y he %\ld *ide or expo/ulate ) m51 :y  
!y did t :i* he  himself did necessitate
 !m to d40    ,i nev] said t ,god d5i$ 8
 act1 b t he may expo/ulate )  m52 & ?is
 may be 7,i %all nev] say directly1 x   
is7 ! reason (  t 8 expo/ulation1 viz4  
to conv9ce !m t _! wills 7 n  indep5d5t1

 b 7 8 m]e gift2 & t to d1 or n to d1 is
  n 9 him t wille?1 b 9 ,god t ha? m]cy 
on1 or h>d5e?  :om he w4 ,b ! ,bi%op    
int]prete? h>d5+ to be a p]mission  (   
,god4 ,:i* is to attribute to ,god 9 su*
 actions no m ?an he  might h attribut$ 
to any ( ,ph>aoh's s]vants1 ! n p]suad+ 
_! ma/] to let ! p g4 ,& :]eas he       
comp>es ?is  p]mission to ! indulg5ce ( 
a p>5t1 t by 8 pati5ce  enc\rage? 8 son 
to become m rebelli\s1 :i* indulg5ce is 
a  s92 he make? ,god to be l a s9ful    
man4 ,& inde$ x seeme? t  all !y t hold 
?is fre$om ( ! w1 conceive ( ,god no    
o!rwise ?an ! common sort ( ,jews did1 t
 ,god 0 l a man1  t he _h be5 se5 by    
,moses1 & aft] by ! sev5ty eld]s 7,exod4
  xxiv4 #aj72 exp\nd+ t & o!r places    
lit]ally4 ,aga9 he sai?1  t ,god is said
 to h>d5 ! he>t p]missively1 b n        
op]atively2 :i* is ! same di/9ction ) 8 
fir/1 namely  negatively1 n positively1 
& ) 8 second1 occasionally1 &  n        
causally4 ,s t all 8 ?ree ways h[ ,god  
h>d5s ! he>t (  wick$ m51 come to ?is "o

 ( p]mission2 :i* is z mu* z to  say1   
,god sees1 looks on1 & does no?+1 nor   
ev] did any?+1 9 !  bus9ess4 ,?us y see 
h[ ! ,bi%op exp\nde? ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re=e  
,i  w leave ! re/ ( 8 comm5t>y ^u ,rom4 
ix4 to ! judgm5t (  ! read]1 to ?9k ( ! 
same z he please?4    7b7 8,yet ,i d    
ackn[l$ge t :i* ,t4 ,h4 sai?1 #8t he :o 
do?  p]mit any?+ to be done1 :i* x is 9 
8 p[] to h9d]1 kn[+  t if he d n h9d] x1
 x w be done1 do? 9 "s sort w  x2' ,i   
say 9 "s sort1 t is ei!r by an antec$5t 
w1 or by a  consequ5t w2 ei!r by an     
op]ative w1 or by a p]missive w2  or he 
is will+ to let x be done1 b n will+ to 
d x40    ,:e!r x be call$ antec$5t1 or  
consequ5t1 or op]ative1 or  p]missive1 x
 is en\gh = ! necessity ( ! ?+ t ! he>t 
( ,ph>aoh %\ld be h>d5$2 & if ,god 7 n  
will+ to d x1 ,i  _c conceive h[ x c\ld 
be done )\t him4    7c7 8,t4 ,h4 dem&s  
h[ ,god %\ld be ! cause ( ! action1 &   
yet  n be ! cause ( ! irregul>ity ( !   
action8 ,i answ]1 because he  concurs to
 ! do+ ( evil by a g5]al1 b n by a      

special1  influ5ce40    ,i _h ?\ght to  
pass ov] ?is place1 because ( ! nons5se 
(  g5]al & special influ5ce4 ,see+ he   
sai? t ,god concurs to !  do+ ( evil1 ,i
 desire ! read] w\ld take notice1 t if  
he blame  me = speak+ ( ,god z ( a      
necessitat+ cause1 & z x 7 a  pr9cipal  
ag5t 9 ! caus+ ( all actions1 he may ) z
 good  reason blame himself = mak+ him  
by concurr5ce an accessory to !  same4  
,& inde$1 let m5 hold :at !y w contr>y  
to ! tru?1 if  !y write mu*1 ! tru? w   
fall into _! p5s4 ,b he ?9ks he  ha? a  
similitude1 :i* w make ?is p]missive w a
 v cle>  bus9ess4 8,! e>?10 sai? he1    
8gives n\ri%m5t to all k9ds (  plants1 z
 well to hemlock z to :eat2 b ! reason  
:y ! "o  yields food to our su/5ance1 ! 
o!r poison to our de/ruction1 is  n f ! 
g5]al n\ri%m5t ( ! e>?1 b f ! special   
quality ( ! root40 ,x seeme? by ?is     
similitude1 he ?9ke?1 t  ,god do?1 n    
op]atively1 b p]missively w t ! root (  
hemlock %\ld poison ! man t eate? x1 b t
 :eat %\ld  n\ri% him he wille?         

op]atively2 :i* is v absurd2 or else he 
mu/ confess t ! v5om\s effects ( wick$  
m5 are will$  op]atively4    7d7 8,:]e=e
 ,t4 ,h4 is mightily mi/ak51 to make !  
p>ticul> &  det]m9ate act ( kill+ ,uriah
 to be f ,god4 ,! g5]al p[] to  act1 is 
f ,god2 b ! specification ( ?is g5]al & 
good p[]1  to murd]1 or to any p>ticul> 
evil1 is n f ,god1 b f ! free  w ( man40
    ,b :y am ,i s mightily mi/ak58 ,did 
n ,god =ekn[ t ,uriah 9  p>ticul>1 %\ld 
be murd]$ by ,david 9 p>ticul>8 ,& :at  
,god  =ekn[e? %all come to pass1 c t    
possibly n come s to pass8  ,& t :i* _c 
possibly n come to pass1 do? n t        
necess>ily come to pass8 ,& is n all    
necessity f ,god8 ,i _c  see ?is great  
mi/ake4 8,! g5]al p[]10 sai? he1 8to act
 is f  ,god1 b ! specification to d ?is 
act ^u ,uriah1 is n f ,god1  b f        
free-w40 ,v le>n$ly4 ,z if !re 7 a p[] t
 7  n ! p[] to d "s p>ticul> act2 or a  
p[] to kill1 & yet to  kill nobody 9    
p>ticul>4 ,if ! p[] be to kill1 x is to 
kill t  :i* %all be by t p[] kill$1 :e!r

 x be ,uriah or any o!r2  & ! giv+ ( t  
p[]1 is ! application ( x to ! act2 nor 
do? p[] signify any?+ actually1 b ^?    
motions & pres5t acts  f :i* ! act t is 
n n[1 b %all be h]eaft]1 necess>ily     
proce$e?4 ,& !re=e ?is argum5t is mu* l 
t :i* us$  h]et(ore to be br\ght = !    
def5ce ( ! div9e "r ( !  bi%ops to !    
ord9ation ( m9i/]s4 ,!y d]ive n1 say !y1
 !  "r ( ord9ation f ! civil sov]eign1 b
 f ,*ri/  imm$iately4 ,& yet !y         
ackn[l$ge t x is unlawful = !m to       
orda91 if ! civil p[] d =bid !m4 ,b h[ h
 !y "r to  orda91 :5 !y _c d x lawfully8
 ,_! answ] is1 !y h !  "r1 ?\gh !y may n
 ex]cise x2 z if ! "r to orda91 &  ! "r 
to ex]cise ord9ation1 7 n ! same ?+4 ,& 
z !y  answ] conc]n+ "r1 :i* is legal    
p[]1 s ! ,bi%op answ]e?  conc]n+ natural
 p[]1 t ,david _h a g5]al p[] to kill   
,uriah  f ,god1 b n a p[] ( apply+ ?is  
p[] 9 special to !  kill+ ( ,uriah f    
,god1 b f 8 own free w2 t is1 he _h a   
p[] to kill ,uriah1 b n to ex]cise x ^u 
,uriah1 t is to say1  he _h a p[] to    

kill him1 b n to kill him1 :i* is       
absurd4    7e7 8,b if ! case be put :y  
,god do? puni% "o m ?an ano!r1  or :y he
 ?r[s "o into hell fire1 & n ano!r1 :i* 
is !  pres5t case betwe5 u2 to say ) ,t4
 ,h41 t x is because ,god is  omnipot5t1
 or because 8 p[] is irresi/ible1 or    
m]ely because x  is 8 pleasure1 is n    
only n w>rant$1 b is pla9ly condemn$ by 
,/4 ,paul 9 ?is place40    ,i note fir/1
 t he ha? no reason to say1 ! case      
agitat$ betwe5  u is1 :e!r ! cause :y   
,god puni%e? "o man m ?an ano!r1 be  8  
irresi/ible p[]1 or man's s94 ,! case   
agitat$ betwe5 u is1  :e!r a man c n[   
*oose :at %all be 8 w anon1 or at any   
"t h]eaft]4 ,aga91 x is n true t he     
says1 x is my op9ion  t ! irresi/ible   
p[] ( ,god is ! cause :y he puni%e? "o  
m ?an ano!r4 ,i say only t :5 he do? s1 
! irresi/ible  p[] is en\gh to make x n 
unju/4 ,b t ! cause :y ,god  puni%e? "o 
m ?an ano!r1 is _m times ! w he ha? to  
%[  8 p[]1 is affirm$ 9 ?is place by ,/4
 ,paul1 ,%all ! ?+  =m$1 say to him t   

=m$ x1 c4 ,& by our ,savi\r 9 ! case  ( 
him t 0 born bl9d1 :]e he sai?1 ,nei!r  
ha? ?is man  s9n$ nor 8 p>5ts2 b t !    
works ( ,god may be made manife/4  ,& by
 ! expo/ulation ( ,god ) ,job4 ,?is     
endeav\r ( 8 to br+  ! text ( ,/4 ,paul 
to 8 purpose1 is n only fru/rate1 b !   
cause ( _m insignificant phrases 9 8    
disc\rse2 z ?is3 8,x 0  9 _! own p[]1 by
 _! concurr5ce ) ,god's grace1 to prev5t
  ^! judgm5ts1 & to recov] _! =m]       
e/ates10 :i* is z good  s5se1 z if he   
%\ld say1 t x is 9 8 own p[]1 ) !       
concurr5ce ( ! sov]eign p[] ( ,engl&1 to
 be :at he w4 ,&  ?is1 t 8,god may      
oblige himself freely to 8 creature40 ,=
 he t  c oblige1 c also1 :5 he w1       
release2 & he t c release  himself :5 he
 w1 is n oblig$4 ,besides ?is1 he is    
driv5 to  words ill-becom+ him t is to  
speak ( ,god ,almighty2 = he makes  him 
unable to d t :i* ha? be5 )9 ! ord9>y   
p[] ( m5  to d4 8,god10 he sai?1 8_c    
de/roy ! righte\s ) ! wick$20  :i*      
nev]!less is a ?+ ord9>ily done by      

armies3 & 8,he c\ld  n de/roy ,sodom    
:ile ,lot 0 9 x20 :i* he int]prete?1 z  
if he  c\ld n d x lawfully4 ,"o text is 
,g5esis xviii4 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,!re  is n
 a ^w t ,god c\ld n de/roy ! righte\s ) 
! wick$4  ,only ,abraham sai? 7z a man73
 ,%all n ! ,judge ( all ! e>? d  "r8    
,ano!r is ,g5esis #bb73 ,ha/e !e1 escape
 ?i!r2 = ,i  _c d any ?+ till ?\ be come
 ?i!r4 ,:i* is an ord9>y  phrase1 9 su* 
a case :]e ,god _h det]m9$ to burn !    
city &  save a p>ticul> man1 & signifie?
 n any obligation to save ,lot  m ?an ! 
re/4 ,likewise conc]n+ ,job1 :o1        
expo/ulat+ )  ,god1 0 answ]$ only ) !   
explication ( ! inf9ite p[] (  ,god1 !  
,bi%op answ]e?1 t !re is nev] a ^w (    
,job's be+  puni%$ )\t des]t2 :i* answ] 
is imp]t95t4 ,= ,i say n t  he 0 puni%$ 
)\t des]t1 b t x 0 n = 8 des]t t  he 0  
afflict$2 = puni%$1 he 0 n at all4    ,&
 conc]n+ ! bl9d man1 7,john ix471 :o 0  
born bl9d1 t !  p[] ( ,god might be %ewn
 9 him2 he answ]s t x 0 n a  puni%m5t1 b
 a bless+4 ,i did n say x 0 a puni%m5t2 

c]ta9ly  x 0 an affliction4 ,h[ !n do?  
he call x a bless+8 ,reasonably  en\gh3 
8because10 sai? he1 8x 0 ! means to     
raise 8 s\l  illum9at$1 & to br+ him to 
see ! face ( ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4  ,!   
sight ( ! body is common to u ) ants &  
flies1 b ! sight  ( ! s\l1 ) ! bless$   
angels40 ,?is is v well said2 = no  man 
d\bts b "s afflictions may be bless+s2 b
 ,i d\bt :e!r  ! ,bi%op1 t says he reads
 ( "s :o h put out _! bodily  eyes1     
because !y ?\ght !y 7 an imp$im5t to !  
eye ( !  s\l1 ?9k t !y did well4 ,to t  
:]e ,i say t brute bea/s  are afflict$  
:i* _c s91 he answ]e?1 t 8!re is a va/  
diff]5ce betwe5 ^? light & mom5t>y      
pangs1 & ! unsuff]able  & endless pa9s (
 hell40 ,z if ! l5g? or ! greatness ( ! 
pa91 made any diff]5ce 9 ! ju/ice or    
inju/ice ( ! inflict+  x4    7f7 8,b 8  
greate/ error is t :i* ,i t\*$ be=e1 to 
make  ju/ice to be ! prop] result (     
p[]40    ,he w\ld make m5 believe1 ,i   
hold all ?+s to be j1 t are done  by !m 
:o h p[] en\gh to avoid ! puni%m5t4 ,?is

 is "o (  8 pretty little policies1 by  
:i* ,i f9d him 9 _m occasions to  take !
 measure ( 8 own wisdom4 ,i said no m1 b
 t ! p[]1  :i* is absolutely            
irresi/ible1 makes him t ha? x above all
 law1  s t no?+ he do? c be unju/4 ,b   
?is p[] c be no o!r  ?an ! p[] div9e4   
,!re=e let him prea* :at he w ^u 8      
mi/ak5 text1 ,i %all leave x to ! read] 
to consid] ( x1 )\t  any fur!r answ]4   
7g7 8,la/ly1 h[soev] ,t4 ,h4 cries out t
 ,god _c s91 yet 9  tru? he makes him to
 be ! pr9cipal & mo/ prop] cause ( all  
s94  ,= he makes him to be ! cause n    
only ( ! law1 & ( ! action1  b ev5 ( !  
irregul>ity itself1 c4 :]e9 ! v ess5ce (
 s9  do? consi/40    ,i ?9k !re is no   
man b und]/&s1 no1 n ! ,bi%op himself1 b
  t :]e two ?+s are comp>$1 ! similitude
 or dissimilitude1  regul>ity or        
irregul>ity1 t is betwe5 !m1 is made 9 &
 by !  mak+ ( ! ?+s !mselves t are      
comp>$4 ,! ,bi%op1  !re=e1 t d5ies ,god 
to be ! cause ( ! irregul>ity1 d5ies    
him to be ! cause bo? ( ! law & ( !     

action4 ,s t by 8  doctr9e1 !re %all be 
a good law :]e( ,god %all be no cause1 &
  an action1 t is1 a local motion t %all
 dep5d ^u ano!r fir/  mov] t is n ,god4 
,! re/ ( ?is numb] is b rail+4          
,,pro(s ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,drawn ,,f        
,,reason4 ,,no4 ,,xiii4    ,sid5ote3 ,! 
,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,! fir/     
argum5t is ,h]culeum or bacul9um1 drawn 
f  t pleasant passage betwe5 ,z5o & 8   
man4 ,! s]vant _h  committ$ "s petty    
l>c5y1 & ! ma/] 0 cudgell+ him well =   
x4 ,! s]vant ?9ks to creep "u 8 ma/]'s  
bl9d side1 &  pleads = himself t #8!    
necessity ( de/9y did compel him to     
/eal4' ,! ma/] answ]s1 #8! same         
necessity ( de/9y compels me to  beat   
!e4' ,he t d5ies lib]ty1 is fitt] to be 
refut$ ) rods  ?an ) argum5ts1 until he 
confess t x is free = him t beats  him1 
ei!r to cont9ue /rik+1 or to give ov]1 t
 is1 to h true  lib]ty40    ,t4 ,h4 ,( !
 argum5ts f reason1 ! fir/ is t :i* he  
sai?  is drawn f ,z5o's beat+ ( 8 man1  
:i* is !re=e call$  argum5tum bacul9um1 

t is to say1 a wood5 argum5t4 ,! /ory is
  ?is4 ,z5o held t all actions 7        
necess>y4 ,8 man !re=e1  be+ = "s fault 
beat51 excus$ himself ^u ! necessity (  
x4  ,to avoid ?is excuse1 8 ma/] plead$ 
likewise ! necessity (  beat+ him4 ,s t 
n he t ma9ta9$1 b he t d]id$ !          
necessity ( ?+s1 0 beat52 contr>y to t  
he w\ld inf]2 &  ! argum5t 0 r )drawn1  
?an drawn1 f ! /ory4    ,j4 ,d4 8,:e!r !
 argum5t be )drawn f ! /ory1 or ! answ] 
)drawn f ! argum5t1 let ! read] judge4  
,t4 ,h4 mi/akes !  scope ( ! reason1 !  
/r5g? :]e( do? n lie1 nei!r 9 !         
au?ority ( ,z5o1 a rigid ,/oic1 :i* is n
 wor? a button 9 ?is  cause2 nor 9 !    
s]vant's be+ an adv]s>y to /oical       
necessity4 ,=  x appe>s n out ( ! /ory1 
t ! s]vant did d]ide necessity1  b r t  
he plead$ x 9 good e>ne/ = 8 own        
ju/ification4  ,n[ 9 ! success ( ! fray1
 we 7 told ev5 n[1 t no p[]  do? ju/ify 
an action1 b only t :i* is irresi/ible4 
,su* 0  n ,z5o's4 ,& !re=e x advantage? 
nei!r ( _! causes1  nei!r t ( ,z5o1 nor 

?is ( ,t4 ,h4 ,:at if ! s]vant _h tak5  
! /aff out ( 8 ma/]'s h&1 & beat5 him   
s\ndly1 w\ld n  ! same argum5t h s]v$ ! 
man z well z x did ! ma/]1 t  !         
necessity ( de/9y did compel him to     
/rike aga98 ,_h n ,z5o  sm>t$ ju/ly = 8 
p>adox8 ,& might n ! spectators well h  
tak5 up ! judge's apo!gm1 conc]n+ !     
dispute betwe5 ,corax &  8 s*ol>1 #8an  
ill egg ( an ill bird'8 ,b ! /r5g? ( ?is
  argum5t lies p>tly 9 ! ignorance (    
,z5o1 t great *ampion (  necessity1 & ! 
begg>l9ess ( 8 cause1 :i* admitt$ no    
def5ce  b ) a cudgel4 ,no man1 sai? !   
s]vant1 ought to be beat5 =  do+ t :i*  
he is compell$ inevitably to d3 b ,i am 
compell$  inevitably to /eal4 ,! major  
is s evid5t1 t x _c be d5i$4  ,if a     
/rong man %all take a weak man's h& p]  
=ce1 & d viol5ce  ) x to a ?ird p]son1  
he ^: h& is =c$1 is innoc5t1 & he  only 
culpable :o compell$ him4 ,! m9or 0     
,z5o's own doctr9e2 :at  answ] made !   
great patron ( de/9y to 8 s]vant8 v     
le>n$ly  he d5i$ ! conclusion1 &        

cudgell$ 8 s]vant2 tell+ him 9  effect1 
t ?\gh !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld be    
beat51 yet  !re 0 a necessity :y he mu/ 
be beat54 ,& p>tly 9 ! evid5t  absurdity
 ( su* an op9ion1 :i* des]ves n to be   
confut$ )  reasons1 b ) rods4 ,!re are  
f\r ?+s1 said ! philosoph]1  :i* ought n
 to be call$ into "q4 ,fir/1 su* ?+s    
:]e(  x is wick$ness to d\bt2 z :e!r !  
s\l be immortal1 :e!r  !re be a ,god1   
su* an "o %\ld n be confut$ ) reasons1 b
  ca/ into ! sea ) a mill-/one ab\t 8   
neck1 z unwor?y to  brea! ! air1 or to  
behold ! light4 ,secondly1 su* ?+s z are
  above ! capacity ( reason2 z among    
,*ri/ians1 ! my/]y ( !  ,holy ,tr9ity4  
,?irdly1 su* pr9ciples z are evid5tly   
true2 z t  two & two are f\r1 9         
ari?metic2 t ! :ole is great] ?an !  "p1
 9 logic4 ,f\r?ly1 su* ?+s z are obvi\s 
to ! s5ses2 z  :e!r ! sn[ be :ite4 ,he  
:o d5i$ ! heat ( ! fire1 0  ju/ly s5t5c$
 to be scor*$ ) fire2 & he t d5i$       
motion1 to  be beat5 until he recant$4  
,s he :o d5ies all lib]ty f             

necessitation1 %\ld be sc\rg$ until he  
become an humble suppliant to  him t    
:ips him1 & confess t he ha? p[]1 ei!r  
to /rike1 or  to hold 8 h&40    ,t4 ,h4 
,9 ?is ,numb] ,,xiii4 :i* is ab\t ,z5o &
 8 man1 !re is  conta9$ no?+ necess>y to
 ! in/ruction ( ! read]4 ,!re=e  ,i pass
 x ov]4                                 
,,no4 ,,xiv4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's   
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,secondly1 ?is v     
p]suasion t !re is no true lib]ty1  is  
able to ov]?r[ all societies &          
commonweal?s 9 ! _w4 ,!  laws are unju/1
 :i* prohibit t :i* a man _c possibly   
%un4  ,all consultations are va91 if e  
?+ be ei!r necess>y or  impossible4 ,:o 
ev] delib]at$ :e!r ! sun %\ld rise      
to-morr[1  or :e!r he %\ld sail ov]     
m\nta9s8 ,x is to no m purpose to       
admoni% m5 ( und]/&+ ?an fools1 *ildr51 
or madm51 if all  ?+s be necess>y4      
,praises & dispraises1 rew>ds &         
puni%m5ts1  are z va9 z !y are undes]v$1
 if !re be no lib]ty4 ,all  c\nsels1    
arts1 arms1 books1 in/rum5ts1 are       

sup]flu\s & fooli%1  if !re be no       
lib]ty4 ,9 va9 we lab\r1 9 va9 we /udy1 
9 va9 we  take physic1 9 va9 we h tutors
 to in/ruct u1 if all ?+s come  to pass 
alike1 :e!r we sleep or wake1 :e!r we be
 idle or  indu/ri\s1 by unalt]able      
necessity4 ,b x is said1 t ?\gh  future 
ev5ts be c]ta91 yet !y are unkn[n to u3 
& !re=e we  prohibit1 delib]ate1        
admoni%1 praise1 dispraise1 rew>d1      
puni%1  /udy1 lab\r1 & use means4 ,alas6
 h[ %\ld our n kn[+ ( !  ev5t1 be a     
suffici5t motive to u to use ! means1 s 
long z we  believe ! ev5t is already    
c]ta9ly det]m9$1 & c no m be  *ang$ by  
all our endeav\rs1 ?an we c /ay ! c\rse 
( heav5  ) our f+]1 or add a cubit to   
our /ature8 ,suppose x be unkn[n1  yet x
 is c]ta94 ,we _c hope to alt] ! c\rse (
 ?+s by our  lab\rs2 let ! necess>y     
causes d _! "w1 we h no rem$y b         
pati5ce1 & %rug up ! %\ld]s4 ,ei!r all[ 
lib]ty1 or de/roy  all societies40      
,t4 ,h4 ,! second argum5t is tak5 f     
c]ta9 inconv5i5ces :i*  he ?9ks w\ld    

foll[ su* an op9ion4 ,x is true t ill   
use may be  made ( x1 & !re=e y\r       
,lord%ip & ,j4 ,d4 ought1 at my reque/1 
to keep private t ,i say "h ( x4 ,b !   
inconv5i5ces are inde$  none2 & :at use 
soev] be made ( tru?1 yet tru? is tru?2 
& n[  ! "q is1 n :at is fit to be       
prea*$1 b :at is true4 ,!  fir/         
inconv5i5ce he says is ?is1 t laws :i*  
prohibit any action  are !n unju/4 ,!   
second1 t all consultations are va94 ,! 
?ird1  t admonitions to m5 ( und]/&+1   
are ( no m use ?an to  fools1 *ildr51 & 
madm54 ,! f\r?1 t praise1 dispraise1    
rew>d1  & puni%m5t1 are 9 va94 ,! fif?1 
t c\nsels1 arts1 arms1  books1          
in/rum5ts1 /udy1 tutors1 m$ic9es1 are 9 
va94 ,to :i*  argum5t1 expect+ ,i %\ld  
answ] by say+1 t ! ignorance ( !  ev5t 7
 en\gh to make u use means1 he adds 7z x
 7 a reply to  my answ] =ese57 ^! words3
 8,alas1 h[ %\ld our n kn[+ (  ! ev5t be
 a suffici5t motive to make u use !     
means80 ,:]e9 he  sai? "r2 b my answ] is
 n t :i* he expecte?4 ,i answ]1         

,fir/1 t ! necessity ( an action do? n  
make ! law :i*  prohibits x unju/4 ,to  
let pass1 t n ! necessity1 b ! w  to    
break ! law1 make? ! action unju/1      
because ! law reg>de?  ! w1 & no o!r    
prec$5t causes ( action2 & to let pass1 
t  no law c be possibly unju/1 9 z mu* z
 e man makes1 by 8  cons5t1 ! law he is 
b\nd to keep1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 mu/ be
  j1 unless a man c be unju/ to himself3
 ,i say1 :at necess>y cause  soev]      
prec$es an action1 yet1 if ! action be  
=bidd51 he t do?  x will+ly1 may ju/ly  
be puni%$4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! law on 
pa9 ( dea? prohibit /eal+1 & !re be a   
man :o by ! /r5g?  ( temptation is      
necessitat$ to /eal1 & is !reupon put to
 dea?3  does n ?is puni%m5t det] o!rs f 
!ft8 ,is x n a cause t  o!rs /eal n8    
,do? x n frame & make _! w to ju/ice8   
,to  make ! law is !re=e to make a cause
 ( ju/ice1 & to necessitate  ju/ice2 &  
consequ5tly x is no inju/ice to make su*
 a law4    ,! in/itution ( ! law is n to
 grieve ! del9qu5t = t  :i* is pass$ & n

 to be undone2 b to make him & o!rs j1  
t else w\ld n be s3 & respecte? n ! evil
 act pa/1 b !  good to come4 ,insomu* z 
)\t ?is good int5tion ( future1 no pa/  
act ( a del9qu5t c\ld ju/ify 8 kill+ 9 !
 sight ( ,god4 ,b1  y w say1 h[ is x j  
to kill "o man to am5d ano!r1 if :at  0 
done 7 necess>y8 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t m5 
are ju/ly kill$1  n = t _! actions are n
 necessitat$1 b t !y are  sp>$ &        
pres]v$1 because !y are n noxi\s2 = :]e 
!re is  no law1 !re no kill+1 nor any ?+
 else c be unju/4 ,& by !  "r ( nature  
we de/roy1 )\t be+ unju/1 all t is      
noxi\s1  bo? bea/s & m54 ,& = bea/s1 we 
kill !m ju/ly1 :5 we d x  9 ord] to our 
own pres]vation4 ,& yet ,j4 ,d4         
confesse?1 t _!  actions1 z be+ only    
spontane\s & n free1 are all necessitat$
  & det]m9$ to t "o ?+ :i* !y %all d4 ,=
 m51 :5 we  make societies or           
commonweal?s1 we lay d[n our "r to kill1
  except+ 9 c]ta9 cases1 z murd]1 !ft1  
or o!r (f5sive  actions4 ,s t ! "r :i* !
 commonweal? ha?1 to put a man to  dea? 

= crimes1 is n creat$ by ! law1 b rema9s
 f ! fir/  "r ( nature1 :i* e man ha? to
 pres]ve himself2 = ! law  do? n take t 
"r away1 9 case ( crim9als1 :o 7 by law 
except$4 ,m5 are n !re=e put to dea? or 
puni%$1 = t _!  !ft proce$e? f election2
 b because x 0 noxi\s & contr>y  to m5's
 pres]vation1 & ! puni%m5t conduc+ to ! 
pres]vation  ( ! re/3 inasmu* z to puni%
 ^? t d volunt>y hurt1 &  none else1    
frame? & make? m5's wills1 su* z m5 w\ld
 h !m4  ,& ?us x is pla91 t f !         
necessity ( a volunt>y action  _c be    
inf]r$ ! inju/ice ( ! law t =bidde? x1  
or (  ! magi/rate t puni%e? x4          
,secondly1 ,i d5y t x makes             
consultations to be 9 va92 x is !       
consultation t cause? a man1 &          
necessitate? him1 to *oose to d  "o ?+ r
 ?an ano!r4 ,s t unless a man say t     
cause to be  9 va91 :i* necessitate? !  
effect1 he _c inf] !  sup]flu\sness (   
consultation out ( ! necessity ( !      
election  proce$+ f x4 ,b x seems he    
reasons ?us3 ,if ,i mu/ ne$s d  ?is r   

?an t1 !n ,i %all d ?is r ?an t1 ?\gh ,i
  consult n at all2 :i* is a false      
proposition1 a false consequ5ce1  & no  
bett] ?an ?is3 ,if ,i %all live till    
to-morr[1 ,i %all live  till to-morr[1  
?\gh ,i run myself ?r\gh ) a sword      
to-day4 ,if  !re be a necessity t an    
action %all be done1 or t any effect    
%all be br\ght to pass1 x does n !re=e  
foll[ t !re is  no?+ necess>ily requir$ 
z a means to br+ x to pass4 ,&  !re=e1  
:5 x is det]m9$ t "o ?+ %all be *os5    
be=e  ano!r1 x is det]m9$ also = :at    
cause x %all be *os52 :i*  cause1 = !   
mo/ "p1 is delib]ation or consultation4 
,& !re=e  consultation is n 9 va92 &    
inde$ ! less 9 va91 by h[ mu*  !        
election is m necessitat$4    ,! same   
answ] is to be giv5 to ! ?ird suppos$   
inconv5i5ce2  namely1 t admonitions are 
9 va92 = admonitions are p>ts (         
consultations2 ! admonitor be+ a        
c\nsellor1 = ! "t1 to him  t is         
admoni%$4    ,! f\r? pret5d$ inconv5i5ce
 is1 t praise & dispraise1 rew>d  &     

puni%m5t1 w be 9 va94 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 
t = praise &  dispraise1 !y dep5d n at  
all on ! necessity ( ! action prais$  or
 disprais$4 ,=1 :at is x else to praise1
 b to say a ?+ is  good8 ,good1 ,i say1 
= me1 or = somebody else1 or = ! /ate & 
commonweal?4 ,& :at is x to say an      
action is good1 b to say1 x is  z ,i    
w\ld wi%1 or z ano!r w\ld h x1 or       
accord+ to ! w  ( ! /ate1 t is to say1  
accord+ to law8 ,does ,j4 ,d4 ?9k1 t  no
 action c please me or him1 or !        
commonweal?1 t %\ld proce$  f necessity8
    ,?+s may be !re=e necess>y & yet    
praisewor?y1 z also  necess>y & yet     
disprais$1 & nei!r ( bo? 9 va92 because 
praise & dispraise1 & likewise rew>d &  
puni%m5t1 d by example  make & con=m ! w
 to good or evil4 ,x 0 a v great praise1
  9 my op9ion1 t ,velleius ,pat]culus   
gives ,cato1 :]e he says1 he  0 good by 
nature1 et quia alit] esse non potuit4  
,to 8 fif? & six? inconv5i5ce1 t        
c\nsels1 arts1 arms1 books1  in/rum5ts1 
/udy1 m$ic9es1 & ! l1 w\ld be sup]flu\s1

 !  same answ] s]ves t to ! =m]2 t is to
 say1 t ?is  consequ5ce1 if ! effect    
%all necess>ily come to pass1 !n x %all 
come to pass )\t its cause1 is a false  
"o4 ,& ^? ?+s nam$1  c\nsels1 arts1     
arms1 c41 are ! causes ( ^? effects4    
,j4 ,d4 8,no?+ is m famili> ) ,t4 ,h4   
?an to decl9e an  argum5t4 ,b ,i w put x
 into =m = him4 7a7 ,! fir/  inconv5i5ce
 is ?us press$4 ,^? laws are unju/ &    
tyrannical1  :i* d prescribe ?+s        
absolutely impossible 9 !mselves to be  
done1 & puni% m5 = n do+ ( !m4 ,b       
suppos+ ,t4 ,h's op9ion  ( ! necessity (
 all ?+s to be true1 all laws d         
prescribe  absolute impossibilities to  
be done1 & puni% m5 = n do+ (  !m4 ,!   
=m] proposition is s cle> t x _c be     
d5i$4 ,j  laws are ! ord9ances ( "r     
reason2 b ^? laws :i* prescribe         
absolute impossibilities1 are n !       
ord9ances ( "r reason4 ,j  laws are     
in/itut$ = ! public good2 b ^? laws :i* 
prescribe  absolute impossibilities1 are
 n in/itut$ = ! public good4 ,j  laws d 

%[ unto a man :at is to be done1 & :at  
is to be %unn$2  b ^? laws :i* prescribe
 impossibilities1 d n direct a man :at  
he is to d1 & :at he is to %un4 ,! m9or 
is z evid5t4 ,= if 8  op9ion be true1   
all actions1 all transgressions are     
det]m9$  antec$5tly inevitably to be    
done by a natural & necess>y flux (     
extr9sical causes4 ,yea1 ev5 ! w ( man1 
& ! reason itself is  ?us det]m9$4 ,&   
!re=e :atsoev] laws d prescribe any ?+  
to  be done1 :i* is n done1 or to be    
left undone :i* is done1 d  prescribe   
absolute impossibilities1 & puni% m5 = n
 do+ (  impossibilities4 ,9 all 8 answ] 
!re is n "o ^w to ?is  argum5t1 b only  
to ! conclusion4 ,he sai?1 t #8n !      
necessity1  b ! w to break ! law makes !
 action unju/4' ,i ask :at makes  ! w to
 break ! law2 is x n 8 necessity8 ,:at  
gets he by  ?is8 ,a p]v]se w cause?     
inju/ice1 & necessity cause? a  p]v]se  
w4 ,he sai?1 #8! law reg>de? ! w1 b n ! 
prec$5t causes ( action4' ,to :at       
proposition1 to :at t]m is ?is  answ]8  

,he nei!r d5ies nor di/+ui%e?4 ,fir/1 ! 
"q "h  is n :at makes actions to be     
unju/1 b :at makes laws to be  unju/4 ,s
 8 answ] is imp]t95t4 ,x is likewise    
untrue4 ,= fir/1  t w :i* ! law reg>ds1 
is n su* a w z ,t4 ,h4 imag9e?4  ,x is a
 free w1 n a det]m9$ necessitat$ w2 a   
rational w1  n a bruti% w4 ,secondly1 ! 
law do? look ^u prec$5t causes1  z well 
z ! volunt>9ess ( ! action4 ,if a *ild1 
be=e he be  sev5 ye>s old or h ! use (  
reason1 9 "s *ildi% qu>rel d  will+ly   
/ab ano!r1 :]e( we h se5 exp]i5ce1 yet !
 law  looks n ^u x z an act ( murd]2    
because !re want$ a p[] to  delib]ate1 &
 consequ5tly true lib]ty4 ,manslaught]  
may be z  volunt>y z murd]1 & commonly m
 volunt>y2 because be+ done 9  hot blood
 !re is ! less reluctation4 ,yet ! law  
consid]s1 t !  =m] is done out ( "s     
sudd5 passion )\t s]i\s delib]ation1  & 
! o!r out ( prep5s$ malice & desire (   
rev5ge2 &  !re=e condemns murd]1 z m    
wilful & m puni%able ?an  manslaught]40 
7b7 8,he sai?1 #8t no law c possibly be 

unju/2' & ,i say1 t  ?is is to d5y !    
conclusion1 :i* des]ves no reply4 ,b to 
give him  satisfaction1 ,i w foll[ him 9
 ?is also1 if he int5d$ no m b  t unju/ 
laws are n g5u9e laws1 nor b9d to active
 ob$i5ce1  because !y are n ! ord9ations
 ( "r reason1 n in/itut$ =  ! common    
good1 nor prescribe t :i* ought to be   
done2 he said  truly1 b no?+ at all to 8
 purpose4 ,b if he int5d1 z he do?1  t  
!re are no laws de facto1 :i* are !     
ord9ances ( reason  err+1 in/itut$ = !  
common hurt1 & prescrib+ t :i* ought  n 
to be done1 he is mu* mi/ak54 ,ph>aoh's 
law1 to dr[n ! male  *ildr5 ( !         
,israelites 7,exod4 i4 #bb72            
,nebu*adnezz>'s law1 t  :osoev] did n   
fall d[n & wor%ip ! gold5 image :i* he  
_h  set up1 %\ld be ca/ into ! fi]y     
furnace 7,dan4 iii4 #d-f72 ,d>ius's     
law1 t :osoev] %\ld ask a petition ( any
 ,god or man = ?irty  days1 save ( ! k+1
 %\ld be ca/ into ! d5 ( lions 7,dan4   
vi4  #g72 ,ahasu]us's law1 to de/roy !  
,jewi% nation1 root & bran*  7,e/h] iii4

 #ac72 ! ,ph>isees' law1 t :osoev]      
confesse? ,*ri/1  %\ld be excommunicat$ 
7,john ix4 #bb72 7 all unju/ laws4      
7c7 8,! gr\nd ( ?is error is z great an 
error itself 7su* an art  he ha? le>n$ (
 repack+ p>adoxes72 :i* is ?is1 #8t e   
man  makes by 8 cons5t ! law :i* he is  
b\nd to keep4' ,if ?is 7  true1 x w\ld  
pres]ve !m1 if n f be+ unju/1 yet f be+ 
injuri\s4 ,b x is n true4 ,! positive   
law ( ,god1 conta9$ 9 !  ,old & ,new    
,te/am5t2 ! law ( nature1 writt5 9 our  
he>ts by !  f+] ( ,god2 ! laws (        
conqu]ors1 :o come 9 by ! p[] ( !       
sword2 ! laws ( our ance/ors1 :i* 7 made
 be=e we 7 born2  d all oblige u to !   
obs]vation ( !m2 yet to none ( all ^!   
did we give our actual cons5t4 ,ov] &   
above all ^! exceptions1 he  builds ^u a
 wrong f\ndation1 t all magi/rates at   
fir/ 7  elective4 ,! fir/ gov]nors 7    
fa!rs ( families2 & :5 ^?  petty pr9ces 
c\ld n af=d compet5t protection &       
security to  _! subjects1 _m ( !m did   
resign _! sev]al & respective  int]e/s  

into ! h&s ( "o jo9t fa!r ( ! c\ntry4   
8,& ?\gh 8 gr\nd _h be5 true1 t all fir/
 legislators 7  elective1 :i* is false2 
yet 8 sup]/ructure fails3 = x 0 done  9 
hope & tru/ t !y w\ld make j laws4 ,if  
magi/rates abuse  ?is tru/1 & deceive ! 
hopes ( ! p by mak+ tyrannical  laws1   
yet x is )\t _! cons5t4 ,a prec$5t tru/ 
do? n  ju/ify ! subsequ5t errors &      
abuses ( a tru/ee4 ,he :o is duly       
elect$ a legislator1 may ex]cise 8      
legislative p[] unduly4 ,!  p's implicit
 cons5t do? n r5d] ! tyrannical laws (  
_!  legislators to be j4    7d7 8,b 8   
*iefe/ answ] is1 t #8an action =bidd51  
?\gh x  proce$ f necess>y causes1 yet if
 x 7 done will+ly1 x may be  ju/ly      
puni%$2' :i*1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 he    
proves by an  in/ance4 #8,a man         
necessitat$ to /eal by ! /r5g? (        
temptation1  yet if he /eal will+ly1 is 
ju/ly put to dea?4' ,"h are two ?+s1  & 
bo? ( !m untrue4    8,fir/1 he fails 9 8
 ass]tion4 ,inde$ we suff] ju/ly = ^?   
necessities1 :i* we ourselves h         

contract$ by our own fault2 b  n =      
extr9sical antec$5t necessities1 :i* 7  
impos$ ^u u  )\t our fault4 ,if t law d 
n oblige to puni%m5t1 :i* is n          
intimat$1 because ! subject is inv9cibly
 ignorant ( x2 h[ mu*  less t law :i*   
prescribes absolute impossibilities3    
unless p]haps  inv9cible necessity be n 
z /rong a plea z inv9cible ignorance4   
,t :i* he adds1 #8if x 7 done will+ly1' 
?\gh x be ( great  mom5t1 if x be       
rightly und]/ood1 yet 9 8 s5se1 t is1 if
 a  man's #8w be n 9 8 own disposition1'
 & #8if 8 will+ d n  come ^u him accord+
 to 8 w1 nor accord+ to any?+ else 9  8 
p[]1' x weighs n half s mu* z ! lea/    
fea!r 9 all 8  horse-load4 ,= if t law  
be unju/ & tyrannical :i* comm&s a  man 
to d t :i* is impossible = him to d1 !n 
t law is  likewise unju/ & tyrannical1  
:i* comm&s him to w t :i* is  impossible
 = him to w4    8,secondly1 8 in/ance   
suppose? an untru?1 & is a pla9 begg+ ( 
! "q4 ,no man is extr9sically1          
antec$5tly1 & irresi/ibly  necessitat$  

by temptation to /eal4 ,! devil may     
solicit u1 b he  _c necessitate u4 ,he  
ha? a faculty ( p]suad+1 b n a p[]  (   
compell+4 ,nos ignem habemus1 spiritus  
flammam ciet2 z ,gregory  ,nazianz51 he 
bl[s ! coals1 b ! fire is our own4      
,mordet duntaxat  sese 9 fauces illius  
objici5tem2 z ,/4 ,au/91 he bites n1    
until  we ?ru/ ourselves into 8 m\?4 ,he
 may propose1 he may sugge/1 b  he _c   
move ! w effectively4 ,resi/ ! devil1 & 
he w flee  f y 7,james iv4 #g74 ,by fai?
 we are able to qu5* all ! fi]y  d>ts ( 
! wick$ 7,ephes4 vi4 #af74 ,& if ,satan1
 :o c bo? propose  ! object1 & *oose out
 ! fitte/ times & places to "w ^u our   
frailties1 & c sugge/ reasons1 yet _c   
necessitate ! w1  7:i* is mo/ c]ta972 !n
 mu* less c outw>d objects d x alone4   
,!y h no natural efficacy to det]m9e !  
w4 ,well may !y be  occasions1 b !y _c  
be causes ( evil4 ,! s5sitive appetite  
may  eng5d] a proclivity to /eal1 b n a 
necessity to /eal4 ,& if x  %\ld produce
 a k9d ( necessity1 yet x is b moral1 n 

natural2  hypo!tical1 n absolute2       
coexi/5t1 n antec$5t f ourselves1  nor  
extr9sical4 ,?is necessity1 or r        
proclivity1 0 free 9 its  causes2 we    
ourselves by our own neglig5ce 9 n      
oppos+ our passions  :5 we %\ld & might1
 h freely giv5 x a k9d ( dom9ion ov]  u4
 ,admit t "s sudd5 passions may & d     
extraord9>ily surprise  u2 & !re=e we   
say1 motus primo primi1 ! fir/ motions  
are n  always 9 our p[]1 nei!r are !y   
free3 yet ?is is b v r>ely1  & x is our 
own fault t !y d surprise u4 ,nei!r do? 
! law  puni% ! fir/ motion to !ft1 b !  
advis$ act ( /eal+4 ,!  int5tion makes !
 ?ief4 ,b ( ?is m l>gely ,no4 ,,xxv4    
7e7 8,he pleads moreov]1 #8,t ! law is a
 cause ( ju/ice1' t  #8x frames ! wills 
( m5 to ju/ice1' & #8t ! puni%m5t ( "o  
do? conduce to ! pres]vation ( _m4' ,all
 ?is is mo/ true ( a  j law ju/ly       
execut$4 ,b ?is is no ,god-a-m]cy to ,t4
 ,h4's op9ion  ( absolute necessity4 ,if
 all actions & all ev5ts be pr$et]m9$   
naturally1 necess>ily1 extr9sically1 h[ 

%\ld ! law frame m5  morally to good    
actions8 ,he leaves no?+ = ! law to d1 b
 ei!r  t :i* is done already1 or t :i*  
is impossible to be done4 ,if a  man be 
*a9$ to e individual act :i* he do?1 & f
 e act  :i* he do? n1 by indissolvable  
bonds ( inevitable necessity1 h[  %\ld !
 law ei!r det] him or frame him8 ,if a  
dog be *a9$ fa/  to a po/1 ! sight ( a  
rod _c draw him f x4 ,make a ?\s&  laws 
t ! fire %all n burn1 yet x w burn4 ,&  
:atsoev] m5  d1 accord+ to ,t4 ,h41 !y d
 x z necess>ily z ! fire burne?4  ,hang 
up a ?\s& ?ieves1 & if a man be det]m9$ 
inevitably to  /eal1 he mu/ /eal        
not)/&+4    7f7 8,he adds1 t #8! suff]+s
 impos$ by ! law ^u  del9qu5ts1 respect 
n ! evil act pass$1 b ! good to come1 & 
t ! putt+ ( a del9qu5t to dea? by !     
magi/rate = any  crime :atsoev]1 _c be  
ju/ifi$ be=e ,god1 except !re be a real 
int5tion to b5efit o!rs by 8 example4'  
,! tru? is1 ! puni%+  ( del9qu5ts by    
law1 respecte? bo? ! evil act pass$ & ! 
good  to come4 ,! gr\nd ( x1 is ! evil  

act pass$1 ! scope or end (  x1 is !    
good to come4 ,! end )\t ! gr\nd _c     
ju/ify !  act4 ,a bad int5tion may make 
a good action bad2 b a good int5tion  _c
 make a bad action good4 ,x is n lawful 
to d evil t good may  come ( x1 nor to  
puni% an innoc5t p]son = ! admonition ( 
o!rs2 t is to fall into a c]ta9 crime = 
fe> ( an unc]ta94  ,aga91 ?\gh !re 7 no 
o!r end ( p5alties inflict$1 nei!r      
probatory1 nor ca/igatory1 nor exempl>y1
 b only v9dicatory1 to  satisfy ! law   
out ( a zeal ( ju/ice by giv+ to e "o 8 
own1  yet ! action is j & w>rantable4   
,kill+1 z x is consid]$ 9  itself1 )\t  
all undue circum/ances1 0 nev] prohibit$
 to !  lawful magi/rate1 :o is !        
vice-g]5t or lieut5ant ( ,god1 f  :om he
 d]ives 8 p[] ( life & dea?4    8,t4 ,h4
 ha? "o plea m4 ,z a dr[n+ man cat*e? at
 e bulru%1  s he lays hold on e pret5ce 
to save a desp]ate cause4 ,b fir/1  x is
 wor? our obs]vation to see h[ (t he    
*ange? %apes 9 ?is  "o p>ticul>4 7g7    
,fir/1 he told u1 t x 0 ! irresi/ible   

p[] ( ,god t ju/ifies all 8 actions1    
?\gh he comm& "o ?+  op5ly1 & plot ano!r
 ?+ secretly1 ?\gh he be ! cause n only 
( ! action1 b also ( ! irregul>ity2 ?\gh
 he bo? give man  p[] to act1 & det]m9e 
?is p[] to evil z well z good2 ?\gh  he 
puni% ! creatures1 = do+ t :i* he       
himself did necessitate  !m to d4 ,b be+
 press$ ) reason1 t ?is is tyrannical1  
fir/ to necessitate a man to d 8 w1 & !n
 to puni% him =  do+ ( x1 he leaves ?is 
pret5ce 9 ! pla9 field1 & flies to a    
second2 t !re=e a man is ju/ly puni%$ = 
t :i* he 0  necessitat$ to d1 because ! 
act 0 volunt>y on 8 "p4 ,?is ha?  m %[ (
 reason ?an ! =m]1 if he did make ! w ( 
man to  be 9 8 own disposition2 b       
ma9ta9+ t ! w is irresi/ibly  det]m9$ to
 w :atsoev] x do? w1 ! inju/ice &       
absurdity  is ! same1 fir/ to           
necessitate a man to w1 & !n to puni%   
him  = will+4 ,! dog only bites ! /one  
:i* is ?r[n at him ) a  /range h&1 b !y 
make ! fir/ cause to puni% ! in/rum5t = 
t :i* is 8 own prop] act4 ,:]e=e n be+  

satisfi$ )  ?is1 he ca/s x (f & flies to
 8 ?ird %ift4 #8,m5 are n  puni%$1' sai?
 he1 #8!re=e1 because _! !ft proce$$ f  
election1' 7t is1 because x 0 will+ly   
done1 = to elect &  w1 sai? he1 are bo? 
"o2 is n ?is to bl[ hot & cold ) !  same
 brea?87 #8b because x 0 noxi\s &       
contr>y to m5's  pres]vation4' ,?us f>  
he sai? true1 t e creature by !  in/9ct 
( nature seeks to pres]ve itself3 ca/   
wat] into a du/y  place1 & x contracts  
itself into little globes1 t is to      
pres]ve  itself4 ,& ^? :o are noxi\s 9 !
 eye ( ! law1 are ju/ly  puni%$ by !m to
 :om ! execution ( ! law is committ$2 b 
!  law acc\nts no p]sons noxi\s1 b ^? :o
 are noxi\s by _! own  fault4 ,x puni%e?
 n a ?orn = prick+1 because x is !      
nature  ( ! ?orn1 & x c d no o!rwise1   
nor a *ild1 be=e x h  ! use ( reason4   
,if "o %\ld take my h& p]=ce & give     
ano!r  a box on ! e> ) x1 my h& is      
noxi\s1 b ! law puni%e? !  o!r :o is    
faulty4 ,& !re=e he ha? reason to       
propose !  "q1 #8h[ x is j to kill "o   

man to am5d ano!r1 if he :o  kill$ did  
no?+ b :at he 0 necessitat$ to d4' ,he  
might z well  dem&1 h[ x is lawful to   
murd] a company ( innoc5t infants1 to   
make a ba? ( _! lukew>m blood = cur+ !  
leprosy4 ,x _h be5  a m rational way1   
fir/ to h demon/rat$ t x is s1 & !n  to 
h que/ion$ :y x is s4 ,8 ass]tion itself
 is b a dream1  & ! reason :i* he gives 
( x :y x is s1 is a dream ( a dream4    
8,! sum ( x is ?is2 #8t :]e !re is no   
law1 !re no kill+ or  any ?+ else c be  
unju/2 t be=e ! con/itution (           
commonweal?s1 e man _h p[] to kill      
ano!r1 if he conceiv$ him  to be hurtful
 to him2 t at ! con/itution (           
commonweal?s1  p>ticul> m5 lay d[n ?is  
"r 9 "p1 & 9 "p res]ve x to  !mselves1 z
 9 case ( !ft or murd]2 t ! "r :i* !    
commonweal? ha? to put a malefactor to  
dea?1 is n creat$ by !  law1 b rema9e? f
 ! fir/ "r ( nature :i* e man ha?  to   
pres]ve himself2 t ! kill+ ( m5 9 ?is   
case is z !  kill+ ( bea/s 9 ord] to our
 own pres]vation4' ,?is may well be     

call$ /r++ ( p>adoxes4    8,b fir/1 7h7 
!re nev] 0 any su* "t :5 mank9d 0 )\t   
gov]nors & laws1 & societies4 ,pat]nal  
gov]nm5t 0 9 ! _w  f ! beg9n+1 & ! law (
 nature4 ,!re might be sometimes a  root
 ( su* b>b>\s ?ievi% brig&s1 9 "s rocks 
or des]ts1 or  odd corn]s ( ! _w2 b x 0 
an abuse & a deg5]ation f  ! nature (   
man1 :o is a political creature4 ,?is   
savage op9ion  reflects too mu* ^u !    
hon\r ( mank9d4    8,secondly1 !re nev] 
0 a "t :5 x 0 lawful1 ord9>ily1 =       
private m5 to kill "o ano!r = _! own    
pres]vation4 ,if ,god w\ld  h _h m5 live
 l wild bea/s1 z lions1 be>s1 or tig]s1 
he w\ld  h arm$ !m ) horns1 or tusks1 or
 talons1 or pricks2 b ( all  creatures  
man is born mo/ nak$1 )\t any weapon to 
def5d himself1  because ,god _h provid$ 
a bett] means ( security = him1 t is1  !
 magi/rate4    8,?irdly1 t "r :i*       
private m5 h to pres]ve !mselves1  ?\gh 
x be ) ! kill+ ( ano!r1 :5 !y are set ^u
 to be  murd]$ or robb$1 is n a rema9d] 
or a res]ve ( "s great]  p[] :i* !y h   

resign$1 b a privilege :i* ,god ha? giv5
  !m1 9 case ( extreme dang] & inv9cible
 necessity1 t :5 !y  _c possibly h      
rec\rse to ! ord9>y rem$y1 t is1 !      
magi/rate1 e man becomes a magi/rate to 
himself4    8,f\r?ly1 no?+ c give t :i* 
x nev] _h4 ,! p1 :il/  !y 7 a disp]s$   
rabble1 7:i* 9 "s odd cases might happ5 
to  be71 nev] _h ju/ly ! p[] ( life &   
dea?1 & !re=e !y  c\ld n give x by _!   
election4 ,all t !y d is to prep>e !    
matt]1 b x is ,god ,almighty t infuse? !
 s\l ( p[]4    8,fif?ly & la/ly1 ,i am  
sorry to he> a man ( reason & p>ts to   
comp>e ! murd]+ ( m5 ) ! slaught]+ (    
brute bea/s4 ,!  elem5ts are = ! plants1
 ! plants = ! brute bea/s1 ! brute      
bea/s = man4 ,:5 ,god enl>g$ 8 =m] grant
 to man1 & gave him  lib]ty to eat !    
fle% ( 8 creatures = 8 su/5ance1 7,g54  
ix4  #c71 yet man is expressly except$  
7v]se #f73 ,:oso %$de? man's  blood1 by 
man %all 8 blood be %$4 ,& ! reason is  
assign$1 =  9 ! image ( ,god made he    
man4 ,be=e s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 or  be=e 

any creatures 7 hurtful or noxi\s to    
man1 he _h dom9ion  ov] !m z _! "l &    
ma/]4 ,& ?\gh ! possession ( ?is        
sov]eignty be lo/ 9 "p1 = ! s9 ( man1   
:i* made n only !  creatures to rebel1 b
 also ! inf]ior faculties to rebel aga9/
 !  sup]ior1 f :5ce x comes t "o man is 
hurtful to ano!r2 yet  ! dom9ion /ill   
rema9s4 ,:]e9 we may obs]ve h[ sweetly !
  provid5ce ( ,god do? temp] ?is cross2 
t ?\gh ! /ronge/  creatures h )drawn _! 
ob$i5ce1 z lions & be>s1 to %ew  t man  
ha? lo/ ! excell5cy ( 8 dom9ion1 & !    
weake/  creatures1 z flies & gnats1 to  
%ew into :at a degree ( contempt he  is 
fall52 yet /ill ! mo/ pr(itable & useful
 creatures1 z %eep  & ox51 d 9 "s degree
 reta9 _! ob$i5ce4    7i7 8,! next bran*
 ( 8 answ] conc]ns consultations1       
#8:i*1'  sai? he1 #8are n sup]flu\s1    
?\gh all ?+s come to pass  necess>ily1  
because !y are ! cause :i* do?          
necessitate !  effect1 & ! means to br+ 
x to pass4' ,we 7 told 7,no4 ,,xi47 #8t 
! la/ dictate ( "r reason 0 b z ! la/   

fea!r :i*  breaks ! horse's back4 ,x is 
well yet1 t reason ha? ga9$ "s  comm&   
aga91 & is become at lea/ a qu>t]-ma/]4 
,c]ta9ly if any  ?+ "u ,god h p[] to    
det]m9e ! w1 x is "r reason4  ,b ,i h   
%ew$ suffici5tly1 t reason do? n det]m9e
 ! w  physically1 nor absolutely1 mu*   
less extr9sically1 & antec$5tly2  &     
!re=e x makes no?+ = t necessity :i* ,t4
 ,h4 ha?  und]tak5 to prove4    7k7 8,he
 adds fur!r1 t #8z ! end is necess>y1 s 
are ! means2  & :5 x is det]m9$ t "o ?+ 
%all be *os5 be=e ano!r1  x is det]m9$  
also = :at cause x %all be s *os54' ,all
 :i*  is tru?1 b n ! :ole tru?2 = z ,god
 orda9s means = all  ends1 s he adapts &
 fits ! means to _! respective ends1    
free  means to free ends1 cont+5t means 
to cont+5t ends1 necess>y means  to     
necess>y ends1 :]eas ,t4 ,h4 w\ld h all 
means1 all ends1 to be  necess>y4 ,if   
,god ha? s ord]$ ! _w1 t a man ought to 
use1  & may freely use1 ^? means ( ,god1
 :i* he do? neglect1 n by  virtue (     
,god's decree1 b by 8 own fault2 if a   

man use ^? means  ( evil1 :i* he ought n
 to use1 & :i* by ,god's decree he _h   
p[] to =be>2 if ,god h left to man 9 "p 
! free manag]y (  human affairs1 & to t 
purpose ha? end[$ him ) und]/&+3  !n    
consultations are ( use1 !n provid5t c>e
 is ne$ful1 !n x  conc]ns him to use !  
means4 ,b if ,god h s ord]$ ?is _w1  t a
 man _c1 if he w\ld1 neglect any means (
 good1 :i* by  virtue ( ,god's decree x 
is possible = him to use1 & t he _c     
possibly use any means ( evil1 b ^? :i* 
are irresi/ibly &  inevitably impos$ ^u 
him by an antec$5t decree2 !n n only    
consultations are va91 b t noble faculty
 ( reason itself is va94  ,d we ?9k t we
 c help ,god ,almighty to d 8 prop] "w8 
,9 va9  we tr\ble ourselves1 9 va9 we   
take c>e to use ^? means1 :i* are  n 9  
our p[] to use1 or n to use4 ,& ?is is t
 :i* 0  conta9$ 9 my prolepsis or       
prev5tion ( 8 answ]1 ?\gh he be  pleas$ 
bo? to disord] x1 & to sil5ce x4 ,we _c 
hope by our  lab\rs1 to alt] ! c\rse (  
?+s set d[n by ,god2 let him p]=m  8    

decree1 let ! necess>y causes d _! "w4  
,if we be ^?  causes1 yet we are n 9 our
 own disposition2 we mu/ d :at we are   
orda9$ to d1 & m we _c d4 ,man ha? no   
rem$y b pati5ce1  & to %rug up ! %\ld]s4
 ,?is is ! doctr9e t fl[s f ?is  op9ion 
( absolute necessity4 ,let u suppose !  
great :eel ( !  clock :i* sets all !    
little :eels go+1 to be z ! decree (    
,god1 & t ! motion ( x 7 p]petually     
infallible f an  intr9sical pr9ciple1   
ev5 z ,god's decree is infallible1      
et]nal1  all-suffici5t4 ,let u suppose !
 less] :eels to be ! second  causes1 & t
 !y d z c]ta9ly foll[ ! motion ( ! great
  :eel1 )\t miss+ or sw]v+ 9 ! lea/     
degree1 z ! second  causes d pursue !   
det]m9ation ( ! fir/ cause4 ,i desire to
 "k  9 ?is case1 :at cause !re is to    
call a c\ncil ( smi?s1 to  consult &    
ord] ! motion ( t :i* 0 ord]$ & det]m9$ 
be=e to _! h&s8 ,are m5 wis] ?an ,god8  
,yet all m5 "k1 t  ! motion ( ! less]   
:eels is a necess>y means to make !     
clock  /rike4    7l7 8,b he tells me 9  

great sadness1 t #8my argum5t is j l    
?is o!r2 if ,i %all live till to-morr[1 
,i %all live till to-morr[1  ?\gh ,i run
 myself ?r\gh ) a sword to-day2 :i*1    
sai? he1 is a  false consequ5ce1 & a    
false proposition4' ,truly1 if by runn+ 
?r\gh1 he und]/&s kill+1 x is a false1  
or r a fooli%  proposition1 & implies a 
contradiction4 ,to live till to-morr[1 &
 to  die to-day1 are inconsi/5t4 ,b by 8
 fav\r1 ?is is n my  consequ5ce1 b ?is  
is 8 own op9ion4 ,he w\ld p]suade u1 t x
  is absolutely necess>y t a man %all   
live till to-morr[1 & yet  t x is       
possible t he may kill himself to-day4  
,my argum5t is  ?is3 if !re be a lib]ty 
& possibility = a man to kill himself   
to-day1 !n x is n absolutely necess>y t 
he %all live till  to-morr[2 b !re is   
su* a lib]ty1 !re=e no su* necessity4 ,&
  ! consequ5ce :i* ,i make "h1 is ?is3  
if x be absolutely  necess>y1 t a man   
%all live till to-morr[1 !n x is va9 &  
sup]flu\s = him to consult & delib]ate  
:e!r he %\ld die  to-day1 or n4 ,& ?is  

is a true consequ5ce4 ,! gr\nd ( 8      
mi/ake is ?is1 t ?\gh x be true1 t a man
 may kill himself  to-day1 yet ^u !     
supposition ( 8 absolute necessity1 x is
  impossible4 ,su* het]og5e\s argum5ts &
 in/ances he produce?1  :i* are half    
build$ ^u our true gr\nds1 & ! o!r half 
^u  8 false gr\nds4    7m7 8,! next     
bran* ( my argum5t conc]ns admonitions1 
to :i* he  gives no new answ]1 & !re=e  
,i ne$ n make any new reply1 sav+  only 
to tell him1 t he mi/akes my argum5t4 ,i
 say n only1 if all  ?+s be necess>y1 !n
 admonitions are 9 va92 b if all ?+s be 
necess>y1 !n x is to no m purpose to    
admoni% m5 (  und]/&+ ?an fools1 *ildr51
 or madm54 ,t !y d admoni% !  "o & n !  
o!r1 is confess$ly true2 & no reason "u 
heav5  c be giv5 = x b ?is1 t ! =m] h ! 
use ( reason &  true lib]ty1 ) a dom9ion
 ov] _! own actions1 :i* *ildr51  fools1
 & madm5 h n4    8,conc]n+ praise &     
dispraise1 he enl>ge? himself4 ,! scope 
( 8  disc\rse is1 t #8?+s necess>y may  
be praisewor?y4' ,!re is no  d\bt ( x2 b

 )al _! praise reflects ^u ! free ag5t1 
z  ! praise ( a /atue reflects ^u !     
workman :o made x4 #8,to praise  a ?+1' 
sai? he1 #8is to say x is good4' 7n7    
,true1 b ?is  goodness is n a           
metaphysical goodness2 s ! wor/ ( ?+s1 &
  :atsoev] ha? a be+1 is good3 nor a    
natural goodness2 ! praise (  x passe?  
:olly to ! ,au?or ( nature2 ,god saw all
 t he _h  made1 & x 0 v good3 b a moral 
goodness1 or a goodness (  actions r ?an
 ( ?+s4 ,! moral goodness ( an action is
 !  con=mity ( x ) "r reason4 ,! moral  
evil ( an action is !  de=mity ( x1 & ! 
ali5ation ( x f "r reason4 ,x is moral  
praise & dispraise :i* we speak ( "h4   
,to praise any?+ morally1  is to say1 x 
is morally good1 t is1 con=mable to "r  
reason4 ,!  moral dispraise ( a ?+ is to
 say1 x is morally bad1 or disagree+  f 
! rule ( "r reason4 ,s moral praise is f
 ! good use (  lib]ty1 moral dispraise f
 ! bad use ( lib]ty2 b if all ?+s  be   
necess>y1 !n moral lib]ty is q tak5     
away1 & ) x all  true praise &          

dispraise4 ,:]eas ,t4 ,h4 adds1 t #8to  
say a ?+ is  good1 is to say1 x is z ,i 
w\ld wi%1 or z ano!r w\ld wi%1 or z  !  
/ate w\ld h x1 or accord+ to ! law ( !  
l&2' he  mi/akes inf9itely4 ,he1 &      
ano!r1 & ! /ate1 may all wi% t  :i* is n
 really good1 b only 9 appe>ance4 ,we d 
(t5 wi% :at  is pr(itable or delightful1
 )\t reg>d+ s mu* z we ought :at  is    
hone/4 ,& ?\gh ! w ( ! /ate :]e we live1
 or ! law (  ! l&1 d des]ve great       
consid]ation1 yet x is no infallible    
rule  ( moral goodness4 ,& !re=e to 8   
"q1 #8:e!r no?+ t  proce$s f necessity c
 please me1' ,i answ]1 yes4 ,! burn+ (  
! fire please? me1 :5 ,i am cold2 & ,i  
say1 x is good fire1 or a  creature     
creat$ by ,god = my use & = my good4    
,yet ,i d n mean to  attribute any moral
 goodness to ! fire1 nor give any moral 
praise to  x1 z if x 7 9 ! p[] ( ! fire 
itself ei!r to communicate  its heat or 
to susp5d x2 b ,i praise fir/ ! ,creator
 ( ! fire1  & !n him :o provid$ x4 ,z = 
! praise :i* ,velleius  ,pat]culus gives

 ,cato1 t he 0 good by nature1 et quia  
alit] esse  non potuit2 x ha? m ( !     
orator1 ?an ei!r ( ! !ologian  or       
philosoph] 9 x4 ,man 9 ! /ate ( innoc5cy
 did fall & become  evil2 :at privilege 
ha? ,cato m ?an he8 ,no1 by 8 leave4    
,n>ratur  et divi ,catonis spe m]o      
caluisse virtus4 ,b ! true mean+ is1  t 
he 0 naturally ( a good temp]1 n s prone
 to "s k9ds (  vice z o!rs 74 ,?is is to
 praise a ?+1 n an action1  naturally1 n
 morally4 ,socrates 0 n ( s good a      
natural temp]1  yet prov$ z good a man2 
! m 8 praise1 by h[ mu* !  difficulty 0 
! m to con=m 8 disord]ly appetite to "r 
reason4    8,conc]n+ rew>d & puni%m5t1  
he sai? n a ^w1 b only t  !y frame &    
con=m ! w to good1 :i* ha? be5          
suffici5tly  answ]$4 ,!y d s inde$2 b if
 8 op9ion 7 true1 !y c\ld  n d s4 ,b    
because my aim is n only to answ] ,t4   
,h41 b also to  satisfy myself1 7o7 ?\gh
 x be n urg$ by him1 yet ,i d  ackn[l$ge
 t ,i f9d "s improp] & analogical rew>ds
 &  puni%m5ts us$ to brute bea/s1 z !   

hunt] rew>ds 8 dog1 !  ma/] ( !         
decoy-duck :ips h] :5 %e returns )\t    
company4 ,&  if x be true1 :i* he       
affirme? a little be=e t ,i h confess$1 
#8t ! actions ( brute bea/s are all     
necessitat$ & det]m9$ to  t "o ?+ :i* !y
 %all d1' ! difficulty is increas$4     
8,b fir/1 my say+ is misalleg$4 ,i said1
 t "s k9ds ( actions  :i* are mo/       
excell5t 9 brute bea/s1 & make ! greate/
 %[ (  reason1 z ! bees work+ _! honey1 
& ! spid]s weav+ _!  webs1 are yet done 
)\t any consultation or delib]ation1 by 
a m]e  in/9ct ( nature1 & by a          
det]m9ation ( _! fancies to ^!  only    
k9ds ( works4 ,b ,i did nev] say1 ,i    
c\ld n say1 t all  _! individual actions
 are necess>y1 & antec$5tly det]m9$ 9   
_! causes1 z :at days ! bees %all fly   
abroad1 & :at days &  h\rs ea* bee %all 
keep 9 ! hive1 h[ (t5 !y %all fet* 9    
?yme on a day1 & f :5ce4 ,^! actions & !
 l1 ?\gh !y  be n free1 because brute   
bea/s want reason to delib]ate1 yet !y  
are cont+5t1 & !re=e n necess>y4        

8,secondly1 ,i d ackn[l$ge1 t z !       
fancies ( "s brute creatures  are       
det]m9$ by nature to "s r>e & exquisite 
works2 s 9 o!rs1  :]e x f9ds a natural  
prop5sion1 art1 :i* is ! imitator (     
nature1 may frame & =m !m accord+ to ! w
 ( ! arti/ to  "s p>ticul> actions &    
ends1 z we see 9 sett+-dogs1 &          
coy-ducks1 & p>rots2 & ! pr9cipal means 
:]eby !y effect  ?is1 is by _! backs or 
by _! bellies1 by ! rod or by !  morsel1
 :i* h inde$ a %ad[ or resemblance (    
rew>ds &  puni%m5ts4 ,b we take ! ^w "h 
prop]ly1 n z x is us$ by  vulg> p1 b z x
 is us$ by div9es & philosoph]s1 = t    
recomp5se :i* is due to hone/ & di%one/ 
actions4 ,:]e !re is  no moral lib]ty1  
!re is nei!r hone/y nor di%one/y1 nei!r 
true  rew>d nor puni%m5t4    8,?irdly1  
7p7 :5 brute creatures d le>n any su*   
qualities1 x is  n out ( judgm5t1 or    
delib]ation1 or disc\rse1 by inf]r+ or  
conclud+ "o ?+ f ano!r1 :i* !y are n    
capable (4  ,nei!r are !y able to       
conceive a reason ( :at !y d1 b m]ely   

out ( memory or out ( a s5sitive fe> or 
hope4 ,!y rememb] t  :5 !y did aft] "o  
mann]1 !y 7 beat52 & :5 !y did  aft]    
ano!r mann]1 !y 7 *]i%$2 & accord+ly !y 
apply  !mselves4 ,b if _! individual    
actions 7 absolutely necess>y1  fe> or  
hope c\ld n alt] !m4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 if   
!re be any  des]t 9 x1 or any praise due
 unto x1 x is to !m :o did in/ruct  !m4 
,la/ly1 conc]n+ arts1 arms1 books1      
in/rum5ts1 /udy1 physic1 &  ! l1 he     
answ]e? n a ^w m ?an :at is already     
satisfi$4  ,& !re=e ,i am sil5t4        
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xiv4    7a7 8,! fir/    
inconv5i5ce is ?us press$4 ,^? laws are 
unju/  & tyrannical1 :i* d prescribe ?+s
 absolutely impossible 9  !mselves to be
 done1 & puni% m5 = n do+ ( !m40    ,i h
 already1 9 ! beg9n+1 :]e ,i recite !   
inconv5i5ces t  foll[ ! doctr9e (       
necessity1 made cle> t ! same           
inconv5i5ces foll[ n ! doctr9e (        
necessity1 any m ?an !y  foll[ ?is tru?1
 :atsoev] %all be1 %all be1 :i* all m5  

mu/  confess2 ! same also foll[e? ^u    
?is1 t :atsoev] ,god  =ekn[s1 _c b come 
to pass 9 su* "t & mann] z he ha?       
=ekn[n x4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ^!       
inconv5i5ces are n  rationally d$uc$ f  
^? t5ets4 ,aga91 x is a tru? manife/ to 
all m51 t x is n 9 a man's p[] to-day1  
to *oose :at w he  %all h to-morr[1 or  
an h\r1 or any "t aft]4 ,int]v5+        
occasions1 bus9ess1 :i* ! ,bi%op calls  
trifles1 7trifles ( :i*  ! ,bi%op make? 
"h a great bus9ess71 d *ange ! w4 ,no   
man c  say :at he w d to-morr[1 unless  
he =ekn[1 :i* no man c1  :at %all happ5 
be=e to-morr[4 ,& ?is be+ ! sub/ance (  
my  op9ion1 x mu/ ne$s be t :5 he d$uce?
 f x1 t c\nsels1  arts1 arms1 m$ic9es1  
tea*]s1 praise1 pray]1 & piety1 are 9   
va91  t 8 d$uction is false1 & 8        
ratioc9ation fallacy4 ,& ?\gh ,i  ne$   
make no o!r answ] to all t he c object  
aga9/ me1 yet ,i  %all "h m>k out !     
causes ( 8 sev]al p>alogisms4    8,^?   
laws10 he sai?1 8are unju/ & tyrannical1
 :i* d prescribe  ?+s absolutely        

impossible to be done1 & puni% m5 = n   
do+ (  !m40 ,9 :i* words ?is is "o      
absurdity1 t a law c be unju/2  = all   
laws are div9e or civil1 nei!r ( :i* c  
be unju/4 ,( !  fir/ !re is no d\bt4 ,& 
z = civil laws1 !y are made by e  man t 
is subject to !m2 because e "o ( !m     
cons5te? to !  plac+ ( ! legislative    
p[]4 ,ano!r is ?is1 9 ! same words1  t  
he suppose? !re may be laws t are       
tyrannical2 = if he t  make? !m h !     
sov]eign p[]1 !y may be regal1 b n      
tyrannical2 if tyrant signify n ,k+1 z  
he ?9ks x do? n4  ,ano!r is 9 ! same    
words1 8t a law may prescribe ?+s       
absolutely impossible 9 !mselves to be  
done40 ,:5 he says  impossible 9        
!mselves1 he und]/&s n :at himself      
means4  ,impossible 9 !mselves are      
contradictions only1 z to be & n to  be 
at ! same "t1 :i* ! div9es say is n     
possible to ,god4 ,all  o!r ?+s are     
possible at lea/ 9 !mselves4 ,rais+ f ! 
dead1  *ang+ ! c\rse ( nature1 mak+ ( a 
new heav51 & a new e>?1  are ?+s        

possible 9 !mselves2 = !re is no?+ 9 _! 
nature  able to resi/ ! w ( ,god4 ,& if 
laws d n prescribe su*  ?+s1 :y %\ld ,i 
believe !y prescribe o!r ?+s t are m    
impossible4 ,did he ev] read 9 ,su>ez ( 
any tyrant t made a law  comm&+ any man 
to d & n to d ! same action1 or to be & 
n  to be at ! same place 9 "o & ! same  
mom5t ( "t4 ,b out (  ! doctr9e (       
necessity1 x foll[e? he says1 t 8all    
laws d  prescribe absolute              
impossibilities to be done40 ,"h he has 
left out 9  !mselves1 :i* is a wilful   
fallacy4    ,he fur!r says t 8j laws are
 ! ord9ances ( "r reason20  :i* is an   
error t ha? co/ _m ?\s&s ( m5 _! lives4 
,0  !re ev] a ,k+1 t made a law :i* 9 "r
 reason _h be5 bett]  unmade8 ,& %all ^?
 laws !re=e n be obey$8 ,%all we r      
rebel8 ,i ?9k n1 ?\gh ,i am n s great a 
div9e z he4 ,i ?9k  r t ! reason ( him t
 ha? ! sov]eign au?ority1 & by  ^: sword
 we look to be protect$ bo? aga9/ w> f  
abroad &  injuries at home1 :e!r x be "r
 or errone\s 9 itself1 ought to  /& = "r

 to u t h submitt$ ourselves !reunto by 
receiv+ ! protection4    ,b ! ,bi%op    
putte? 8 greate/ confid5ce 9 ?is1 t :e!r
 !  ?+s be impossible 9 !mselves1 or    
made impossible by "s unse5  accid5t1   
yet !re is no reason t m5 %\ld be puni%$
 = n  do+ !m4 ,x seems he take? puni%m5t
 = a k9d ( rev5ge1 &  c nev] !re=e agree
 ) me1 t take x = no?+ else b =  a      
correction1 or = an example1 :i* ha? =  
end ! fram+ &  necessitat+ ( ! w to     
virtue2 & t he is no good man1 t  ^u any
 provocation use? 8 p[]1 ?\gh a p[]     
lawfully obta9$1  to afflict ano!r man  
)\t ?is end1 to re=m ! w ( him or  o!rs4
 ,nor c ,i compreh5d1 z hav+ only humane
 ideas1 t t  puni%m5t :i* nei!r int5de? 
! correction ( ! (f5d]1 nor  !          
correction ( o!rs by example1 do? proce$
 f ,god4    7b7 8,he sai? t no law c    
possibly be unju/10 c4    ,aga9/ ?is he 
replies t ! law ( ,ph>aoh1 to dr[n !    
male  *ildr5 ( ! ,israelites2 & (       
,nebu*adnezz>1 to wor%ip ! gold5  image2
 & ( ,d>ius1 aga9/ pray+ to any b him 9 

?irty days2 &  ( ,ahasu]us1 to de/roy ! 
,jews2 & ( ! ,ph>isees1 to              
excommunicate ! confessors ( ,*ri/2 7   
all unju/ laws4 ,! laws  ( ^! k+s1 z !y 
7 laws1 h relation only to ! m5 t  7 _! 
subjects2 & ! mak+ ( !m1 :i* 0 ! action 
(  e "o ( ^? k+s1 :o 7 subjects to ano!r
 k+1 namely1 to  ,god ,almighty1 _h     
relation to ! law ( ,god4 ,9 ! fir/     
relation1  !re c\ld be no inju/ice 9 !m2
 because all laws made by him to  :om ! 
p _h giv5 ! legislative p[]1 are ! acts 
( e  "o ( t p2 & no man c d inju/ice to 
himself4 ,b 9  relation to ,god1 if ,god
 h by a law =bidd5 x1 ! mak+ ( su*  laws
 is inju/ice4 ,:i* law ( ,god 0 to ^?   
hea!n pr9ces no  o!r b salus populi1 t  
is to say1 ! prop]e/ use ( _!  natural  
reason = ! pres]vation ( _! subjects4   
,if !re=e  ^? laws 7 orda9$ out (       
wantonness1 or cruelty1 or envy1 or =  !
 pleas+ ( a fav\rite1 or out ( any o!r  
s9i/] end1 z x  seems !y 71 ! mak+ ( ^? 
laws 0 unju/4 ,b if 9 "r  reason !y 7   
necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ^? p ( :om   

!y _h und]tak5 ! *>ge1 !n 0 x n unju/4  
,& = !  ,ph>isees1 :o _h ! same writt5  
law ( ,god t we h1 _!  excommunication (
 ! ,*ri/ians1 proce$+1 z x did1 f envy1 
0  an act ( malici\s inju/ice4 ,if x _h 
proce$$ f  mis9t]pretation ( _! own     
,scriptures1 x _h be5 a s9 (  ignorance4
 ,nev]!less1 z x 0 a law to _! subjects 
79 case !y  _h ! legislative p[]1 :i* ,i
 d\bt (71 ! law 0 n unju/4  ,b ! mak+ ( 
x 0 an unju/ action1 ( :i* !y 7 to give 
acc\nt to none b ,god4 ,i fe> ! ,bi%op w
 ?9k ?is disc\rse too  subtile2 b !     
judgm5t is ! read]'s4    7c7 8,! gr\nd (
 ?is error10 c41 8is ?is3 t e man makes 
by  8 cons5t ! law :i* he is b\nd to    
keep10 c4    ,! reason :y he ?9ke? ?is  
an error1 is because ! positive law (   
,god1 conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 is a law )\t  
our ass5t2 ! law (  nature 0 writt5 9   
our he>ts by ! f+] ( ,god )\t our       
ass5t2 ! laws ( conqu]ors1 :o come 9 by 
! p[] ( ! sword1  7 made )\t our ass5t2 
& s 7 ! laws ( our ance/ors1  :i* 7 made
 be=e we 7 born4 ,x is a /range ?+ t he 

t  und]/&s ! nons5se ( ! ,s*oolm51 %\ld 
n be able to  p]ceive s easy a tru? z   
?is :i* he d5ie?4 ,! ,bible is a law4   
,to :om8 ,to all ! _w8 ,he kn[s x is n4 
,h[ came x !n to be a  law to u8 ,did   
,god speak x viva voce to u8 ,h we !n   
any o!r  w>rant = x ?an ! ^w ( !        
prophets8 ,h we se5 ! miracles8  ,h we  
any o!r assurance ( _! c]ta9ty ?an !    
au?ority ( !  ,*ur*8 ,& is ! au?ority ( 
! ,*ur* any o!r ?an ! au?ority  ( !     
commonweal?1 or t ( ! commonweal? any   
o!r ?an t (  ! head ( ! commonweal?1 or 
ha? ! head ( ! commonweal? any  o!r     
au?ority ?an t :i* ha? be5 giv5 him by !
 memb]s8  ,else1 :y %\ld n ! ,bible be  
canonical z well 9 ,con/ant9ople z  9   
any o!r place8 ,!y t h ! legislative p[]
 make no?+  canon1 :i* !y make n law1   
nor law1 :i* !y make n canon4 ,&        
because ! legislative p[] is f ! ass5t (
 ! subjects1 !  ,bible is made law by ! 
ass5t ( ! subjects4 ,x 0 n ! ,bi%op  (  
,rome t made ! ,scripture law )\t 8 own 
temporal dom9ions2  nor is x ! cl]gy t  

make x law 9 _! dioceses & rectories4   
,nor c x be a law ( itself )\t special &
 sup]natural  revelation4 ,! ,bi%op ?9ks
 because ! ,bible is law1 & he is       
appo9t$ to tea* x to ! p 9 8 diocese1 t 
!re=e x is  law to :omsoev] he tea* x2  
:i* is some:at gross1 b n s gross  z to 
say t conqu]ors :o come 9 by ! p[] ( !  
sword1 make  _! laws also )\t our ass5t4
 ,he ?9ks1 belike1 t if a  conqu]or c   
kill me if he please1 ,i am pres5tly    
oblig$ )\t m  ado to obey all 8 laws4   
,may n ,i r die1 if ,i ?9k fit8 ,!      
conqu]or makes no law ov] ! conqu]$ by  
virtue ( 8 p[]2 b by  virtue ( _! ass5t1
 t promis$ ob$i5ce = ! sav+ ( _!  lives4
 ,b h[ !n is ! ass5t ( ! *ildr5 obta9$  
to ! laws  ( _! ance/ors8 ,?is also is f
 ! desire ( pres]v+ _!  lives1 :i* fir/ 
! p>5ts might take away1 :]e ! p>5ts be 
free f all subjection2 & :]e !y are n1  
!re ! civil p[]  might d ! same1 if !y  
d\bt$ ( _! ob$i5ce4 ,! *ildr5  !re=e1 :5
 !y be gr[n up to /r5g? en\gh to d      
mis*ief1 &  to judgm5t en\gh to "k t o!r

 m5 are kept f do+ mis*ief  to !m by fe>
 ( ! sword t protecte? !m1 9 t v act (  
receiv+ t protection1 & n r5\nc+ x      
op5ly1 d oblige  !mselves to obey ! laws
 ( _! protectors2 to :i*1 9 receiv+  su*
 protection1 !y h ass5t$4 ,& :]eas he   
sai?1 ! law (  nature is a law )\t our  
ass5t1 x is absurd2 = ! law ( nature  is
 ! ass5t itself t all m5 give to ! means
 ( _! own  pres]vation4    7d7 8,b 8    
*iefe/ answ] is1 t an action =bidd51    
?\gh x  proce$ f necess>y causes1 yet if
 x 7 done will+ly1 may be  ju/ly        
puni%$10 c4    ,?is ! ,bi%op also       
und]/&e? n1 & !re=e d5ies x4 ,he  w\ld h
 ! judge condemn no man = a crime1 if x 
7  necessitat$2 z if ! judge c\ld "k :at
 acts are necess>y1 unless  he knew all 
t ha? antec$$1 bo? visible & invisible1 
& :at  bo? e ?+ 9 itself1 & altoge!r1 c 
effect4 ,x is en\gh to  ! judge1 t ! act
 he condemne? be volunt>y4 ,! puni%m5t  
:]e( may1 if n capital1 re=m ! w ( !    
(f5d]2 if  capital1 ! w ( o!rs by       
example4 ,= heat 9 "o body do? n  m     

create heat 9 ano!r1 ?an ! t]ror ( an   
example create? fe>  9 ano!r1 :o o!rwise
 7 incl9$ to commit inju/ice4    ,"s few
 l9es be=e1 he ha? said t ,i built ^u a 
wrong  f\ndation1 namely1 8t all        
magi/rates 7 at fir/ elective20 ,i _h   
=got to tell y1 t ,i nev] said nor ?\ght
 x4 ,& !re=e 8  reply1 z to t po9t1 is  
imp]t95t4    ,n _m l9es aft]1 = a reason
 :y a man may n be ju/ly puni%$  :5 8   
crime is volunt>y1 he (f]e? ?is3 8t law 
is unju/ &  tyrannical1 :i* comm&s a man
 to w t :i* is impossible =  him to w40 
,:]eby x appe>s1 he is ( op9ion t a law 
may be  made to comm& ! w4 ,! /yle ( a  
law is d ?is1 or d n  ?is2 or1 if ?\ d  
?is1 ?\ %alt suff] ?is2 b no law runs   
?us1 w ?is1 or w n ?is2 or1 if ?\ h a w 
to ?is1  ?\ %alt suff] ?is4 ,he objecte?
 fur!r1 t ,i beg ! "q1  because no man's
 w is necessitat$4 ,:]e9 he mi/akes2 =  
,i say no  m 9 t place1 b t he t do?    
evil will+ly1 :e!r he be  necess>ily    
will+1 or n necess>ily1 may be ju/ly    
puni%$4 ,&  ^u ?is mi/ake he runne? ov] 

aga9 8 =m] & already answ]$  nons5se1   
say+1 8we ourselves1 by our own         
neglig5ce 9 n oppos+  our passions :5 we
 %\ld & might1 h freely giv5 !m a k9d ( 
dom9ion ov] u20 & aga91 motus primo     
primi1 ! fir/ motions are  n always 9   
our p[]4 ,:i* motus primo primi1        
signifies no?+2  & 8our neglig5ce 9 n   
oppos+ our passions10 is ! same ) 8our  
want ( w to oppose our w10 :i* is       
absurd2 & 8t we h  giv5 !m a k9d (      
dom9ion ov] u10 ei!r signifies no?+1 or 
t we h a dom9ion ov] our wills1 or our  
wills a dom9ion ov] u1  & consequ5tly   
ei!r we or our wills are n free4    7e7 
8,he pleads moreov] t ! law is a cause (
 ju/ice10 c4 8,all  ?is is mo/ true1 ( a
 j law ju/ly execut$40    ,b ,i h %[n t 
all laws are j1 z laws1 & !re=e n to  be
 accus$ ( inju/ice by ^? t owe          
subjection to !m2 & a j  law is always  
ju/ly execut$4 ,see+ !n t he confesse? t
 all  t he replie? to "h is true1 x     
foll[e? t ! reply itself1  :]e x        
contradicte? me1 is false4    7f7 8,he  

adde? t ! suff]+s impos$ by ! law ^u    
del9qu5ts1 respect n ! evil act pass$1 b
 ! good to come2 &  t ! putt+ ( a       
del9qu5t to dea? by ! magi/rate = any   
crime :atsoev]1 _c be ju/ifi$ be=e ,god1
 except !re be a real  int5tion to      
b5efit o!rs by 8 example40    ,?is he   
nei!r confirme? nor d5ie?1 & yet =be>e? 
n to  disc\rse ^u x to little purpose2 &
 !re=e ,i pass x ov]4    7g7 8,fir/ he  
told u1 t x 0 ! irresi/ible p[] ( ,god t
  ju/ifies all 8 actions2 ?\gh he comm& 
"o ?+ op5ly1 & plot  ano!r ?+ secretly2 
?\gh he be ! cause n only ( ! action1  b
 also ( ! irregul>ity1 c40    ,to all   
?is1 :i* ha? be5 press$ be=e1 ,i h      
answ]$ be=e2 b  t he says ,i say1 8hav+ 
comm&$ "o ?+ op5ly1 he plots ano!r  ?+  
secretly10 x is n m9e1 b "o ( 8 own ugly
 phrases4 ,&  ! =ce x ha?1 proce$$ out (
 an appreh5sion he ha?1 t  affliction is
 n ,god's correction1 b 8 rev5ge ^u !   
creatures  ( 8 own mak+2 & f a reason+  
he use?1 8because x is n  j 9 a man to  
kill "o man = ! am5dm5t ( ano!r1 !re=e  

nei!r is x s 9 ,god20 n rememb]+ t ,god 
ha?1 or %all h  kill$ all ! m5 9 ! _w1  
bo? noc5t & innoc5t4    ,my ass]tion1 he
 sai?1 8is a dream1 & ! sum ( x ?is2 t  
:]e  !re is no law1 !re no kill+ or     
any?+ else c be unju/2 t  be=e !        
con/itution ( commonweal?s1 e man _h p[]
 to kill  ano!r10 c41 & adds1 t 8?is may
 well be call$ /r++ (  p>adoxes40 ,to ^!
 my words he replies3    7h7 8,!re 0    
nev] any "t :5 mank9d 0 )\t gov]nors1   
laws1 & societies40    ,x is v likely to
 be true1 t s9ce ! creation !re nev] 0 a
  "t 9 :i* mank9d 0 totally )\t society4
 ,if a "p ( x 7  )\t laws & gov]nors1 "s
 o!r p>ts might be commonweal?s4 ,he    
saw !re 0 pat]nal gov]nm5t 9 ,adam2 :i* 
he might d easily1 z  be+ no deep       
consid]ation4 ,b 9 ^? places :]e !re is 
a civil  w> at any "t1 at ! same "t !re 
is nei!r laws1 nor  commonweal?1 nor    
society1 b only a temporal league1 :i* e
  discont5t$ soldi] may dep>t f :5 he   
pleases1 z be+ ent]$  into by ea* man = 
8 private int]e/1 )\t any obligation (  

consci5ce3 !re are !re=e almo/ at all   
times multitudes (  lawless m54 ,b ?is 0
 a little too remote f 8 und]/&+ to     
p]ceive4 ,aga91 he d5ies1 t ev] !re 0 a 
"t :5 "o private  man might lawfully    
kill ano!r = 8 own pres]vation2 & has   
=gott5 t ^! words ( 8 7,no4 ,,ii471 8?is
 is ! belief ( all  mank9d1 :i* we h n  
le>n$ f our tutors1 b is impr9t$ 9  our 
he>ts by nature2 we ne$ n turn ov] any  
obscure books to f9d  out ?is tru?10 c42
 :i* are ! words ( ,cic]o 9 ! def5ce (  
,milo1 & translat$ by ! ,bi%op to !     
def5ce ( free-w1 7  us$ by ,cic]o to    
prove ?is v ?+1 t x is & ha? be5 always 
lawful = "o private man to kill ano!r = 
8 own pres]vation4 ,b  :]e he sai? x is 
n lawful ord9>ily1 he %\ld h %[n "s     
p>ticul> case :]e9 x is unlawful4 ,=    
see+ x is a 8belief  impr9t$ 9 our      
he>ts10 n only ,i1 b _m m are apt to ?9k
 x  is ! law ( nature1 & consequ5tly    
univ]sal & et]nal4 ,& :]e  he sai?1 ?is 
"r ( def5ce :]e x is1 8is n a rema9d] ( 
"s  great] p[] :i* !y h resign$1 b a    

privilege :i* ,god ha?  giv5 !m 9 case (
 extreme dang] & inv9cible necessity10  
c42 ,i  also say x is a privilege :i*   
,god ha? giv5 !m1 b we diff] 9  ! mann] 
h[2 :i* to me seems ?is1 t ,god do? n   
acc\nt su*  kill+ s94 ,b ! ,bi%op x     
seems w\ld h x ?us3 ,god s5ds a  bi%op  
into ! pulpit to tell ! p x is lawful = 
a man to kill  ano!r man :5 x is        
necess>y = ! pres]vation ( 8 own life2  
( :i* necessity1 t is1 :e!r x be        
inv9cible1 or :e!r !  dang] be extreme1 
! bi%op %all be ! judge aft] ! man is   
kill$1 z be+ a case ( consci5ce4 ,aga9/ 
! resign+ ( ?is our  g5]al p[] ( kill+  
our enemies1 he argues ?us3 8,no?+ c    
give  t :i* x nev] _h2 ! p :il/ !y 7 a  
disp]s$ rabble1  :i* 9 "s odd cases     
might happ5 to be1 nev] _h ju/ly ! p[]  
( life & dea?1 & !re=e !y c\ld n give x 
by _!  election10 c4 ,ne$s !re mu*      
acut5ess to und]/&1 :at numb] (  m5     
soev] !re be1 ?\gh n unit$ into         
gov]nm5t1 t e "o  ( !m 9 p>ticul> hav+ a
 "r to de/roy :atsoev] he ?9ke?  c annoy

 him1 may n resign ! same "r1 & give x  
to :om he  please1 :5 he ?9ks x         
conducible to 8 pres]vation8 ,& yet x   
seems he has n und]/ood x4    ,he takes 
x ill t ,i comp>e ! 8murd]+ ( m5 ) !    
slaught]+ ( brute bea/s30 z also a      
little be=e1 he says1 8my  op9ion       
reflects too mu* ^u ! hon\r ( mank9d3 ! 
elem5ts are  = ! plants1 ! plants = !   
brute bea/s1 & ! brute bea/s  = man40 ,i
 pray1 :5 a lion eats a man1 & a man    
eats an ox1 :y is  ! ox m made = ! man1 
?an ! man = ! lion8 8,yes10 he  sai?1   
8,god gave man lib]ty 7,g54 ix4 #c7 to  
eat ! fle% ( !  creatures = 8 su/5ance40
 ,true1 b ! lion _h ! lib]ty to eat  !  
fle% ( man long be=e4 ,b he w say1 no2  
pret5d+ t no  man ( any nation1 or at   
any "t1 c\ld lawfully eat fle%1 unless  
he  _h ?is lic5ce ( holy ,scripture1 :i*
 x 0 impossible = mo/ m5  to h4 ,b h[   
w\ld he h be5 (f5d$1 if ,i _h said ( man
 z  ,pl9y do?3 8quo nullum e/ animal    
neque mis]ius1 neque sup]bius80  ,! tru?
 is1 t man is a creature ( great] p[]   

?an o!r liv+  creatures are1 b 8        
advantages d consi/ especially 9 two    
?+s3  :]e( "o is ! use ( spee*1 by :i*  
m5 communicate "o )  ano!r1 & jo9 _!    
=ces toge!r1 & by :i* also !y regi/]  _!
 ?\ghts t !y p]i% n1 b be res]v$1 &     
aft]w>ds  jo9$ ) o!r ?\ghts1 to produce 
g5]al rules = ! direction  ( _! actions4
 ,!re be bea/s t see bett]1 o!rs t he>  
bett]1 & o!rs t exce$ mank9d 9 o!r      
s5ses4 ,man excelle?  bea/s only 9 mak+ 
( rules to himself1 t is to say1 9      
rememb]+1 & 9 reason+ aright ^u t :i* he
 rememb]e?4  ,!y :i* d s1 des]ve an     
hon\r above brute bea/s4 ,b !y :i*      
mi/ak+ ! use ( words1 deceive !mselves &
 o!rs1 introduc+  error1 & s$uc+ m5 f ! 
tru?1 are s mu* less to be hon\r$  ?an  
brute bea/s1 z error is m vile ?an      
ignorance4 ,s t x is  n m]ely ! nature (
 man1 t makes him wor?i] ?an o!r liv+   
creatures1 b ! k t he acquires by       
m$itation1 & by !  "r use ( reason 9    
mak+ good rules ( 8 future actions4 ,!  
o!r advantage a man ha?1 is ! use ( 8   

h&s = ! mak+ (  ^? ?+s :i* are          
in/rum5tal to 8 well-be+4 ,b ?is        
advantage is n a matt] ( s great hon\r1 
b t a man may speak  neglig5tly ( x )\t 
(f5ce4 ,& = ! dom9ion t a man ha?  ov]  
bea/s1 he sai?1 8x is lo/ 9 "p = ! s9 ( 
man1 because  ! /ronge/ creatures1 z    
lions & be>s1 h )drawn _!  ob$i5ce2 b ! 
mo/ pr(itable & useful creatures1 z %eep
 &  ox51 d 9 "s degree reta9 _!         
ob$i5ce40 ,i w\ld ask ! ,bi%op1  9 :at  
consi/e? ! dom9ion ( man ov] a lion or a
 be>4 ,is x 9  an obligation ( promise1 
or ( debt8 ,t _c be2 = !y h no  s5se (  
debt or duty4 ,& ,i ?9k he w n say1 t !y
 h  receiv$ a comm& to obey him f       
au?ority4 ,x re/e? !re=e t  ! dom9ion ( 
man consi/s 9 ?is1 t m5 are too h>d =   
lions  & be>s1 because1 ?\gh a lion or a
 be> be /rong] ?an a man1 yet  ! /r5g?1 
& art1 & especially ! leagu+ & societies
 ( m51  are a great] p[] ?an ! ungov]n$ 
/r5g? ( unruly bea/s4 ,9  ?is x is t    
consi/e? ?is dom9ion ( man4 ,& = ! same 
reason  :5 a hungry lion meete? an un>m$

 man 9 a des]t1 ! lion ha? !  dom9ion   
ov] ! man1 if t ( man ov] lions1 or ov] 
%eep &  ox51 may be call$ dom9ion1 :i*  
prop]ly x _c2 nor c x be  said t %eep & 
ox5 d o!rwise obey u1 ?an !y w\ld d a   
lion4 ,& if we h dom9ion ov] %eep & ox51
 we ex]cise x n z  dom9ion1 b z         
ho/ility2 = we keep !m only to lab\r1 & 
to be  kill$ & dev\r$ by u2 s t lions & 
be>s w\ld be z good  ma/]s to !m z we   
are4 ,by ?is %ort passage ( 8 conc]n+   
dom9ion & ob$i5ce1 ,i h no reason to    
expect a v %rewd  answ] f him to my     
,levia?an4    7i7 8,! next bran* ( 8    
answ] conc]ns consultations1 :i*1  sai? 
he1 #8are n sup]flu\s1 ?\gh all ?+s come
 to pass  necess>ily2 because !y are !  
cause :i* do? necessitate !  effect1 & !
 means to br+ x to pass4'0    ,8 reply  
to ?is is1 t he ha? 8%[$ suffici5tly1 t 
reason  do? n det]m9e ! w physically10  
c4 ,if n physically1 h[  !n8 ,z he ha?  
told u 9 ano!r place1 morally4 ,b :at x 
is to  det]m9e a ?+ morally1 no man liv+
 und]/&s4 ,i d\bt n b he  _h !re=e ! w  

to write ?is reply1 because ,i _h answ]$
 8  treatise conc]n+ true lib]ty4 ,my   
answ] !re=e 01 at lea/ 9  "p1 ! cause ( 
8 writ+2 yet t is ! cause ( ! nimble    
local motion ( 8 f+]s4 ,is n ! cause (  
local motion physical8  ,8 w !re=e 0    
physically1 & extr9sically1 &           
antec$5tly1  & n morally caus$ by my    
writ+4    7k7 8,he adds fur!r t #8z !   
end is necess>y1 s are ! means1  & :5 x 
is det]m9$ t "o ?+ %all be *os5 be=e    
ano!r1  x is det]m9$ also = :at cause x 
%all be s *os54' ,all :i*  is tru?1 b n 
! :ole tru?10 c4    ,is x n en\gh t x is
 tru?8 ,mu/ ,i put all ! tru? ,i "k into
  two or ?ree l9es8 ,no4 ,i %\ld h add$1
 t ,god do? adapt & fit  ! means to _!  
respective ends1 free means to free     
ends1 cont+5t  means to cont+5t ends1   
necess>y means to necess>y ends4 ,x may 
be ,i  w\ld h done s1 b = %ame4 ,free1  
cont+5t & necess>y  are n words t c be  
jo9$ to means or ends1 b to ag5ts  &    
actions2 t is to say1 to ?+s t move or  
are mov$3 a free  ag5t be+ t ^: motion  

or action is n h9d]$ or /opp$1 &  a free
 action1 t :i* is produc$ by a free     
ag5t4 ,a cont+5t  ag5t is ! same ) an   
ag5t simply4 ,b1 because m5 = ! mo/  "p 
?9k ^? ?+s are produc$ )\t cause1 :]e(  
!y d n  see ! cause1 !y use to call bo? 
! ag5t & ! action  cont+5t1 z attribut+ 
x to =tune4 ,& !re=e1 :5 ! causes  are  
necess>y1 if !y p]ceive n ! necessity1  
!y call ^?  necess>y ag5ts & actions1 9 
?+s t h appetite1 free2 &  9 ?+s        
inanimate1 cont+5t4 ,! re/ ( 8 reply to 
?is po9t  is v little ( x appli$ to my  
answ]4 ,i note only t :]e he  says1 8b  
if ,god h s ord]$ ! _w1 t a man _c1 if  
he  w\ld1 neglect any means ( good1 c420
 he w\ld fraudul5tly ins9uate  t x is my
 op9ion1 t a man is n free to d if he w1
 & to  ab/a9 if he w4 ,:]eas f ! beg9n+ 
,i h (t5 decl>$  t x is none ( my       
op9ion2 & t my op9ion is only ?is1 t he 
is n free to w1 or :i* is all "o1 he is 
n ma/] ( 8  future w4 ,aft] mu* unord]ly
 disc\rse he comes 9 ) 8?is is  !       
doctr9e t fl[s f ?is op9ion ( absolute  

necessity20 :i*  is imp]t95t2 see+ no?+ 
fl[s f x m ?an may be drawn f  !        
confession ( an et]nal presci5ce4    7l7
 8,b he tells me 9 great sadness1 t #8my
 argum5t is no bett]  ?an ?is2 if ,i    
%all live till to-morr[1 ,i %all live   
till to-morr[1  ?\gh ,i run myself ?r\gh
 ) a sword to-day2 :i*1 sai? he1 is a   
false consequ5ce1 & a false             
proposition4' ,truly1 if by runn+       
?r\gh1 he und]/& kill+1 x is a false or 
r a fooli%  proposition40 ,he sai? "r4  
,let u !re=e see h[ x is n l to  84 ,he 
says1 8if x be absolutely necess>y t a  
man %all live till  to-morr[1 !n x is   
va9 & sup]flu\s = him to consult :e!r he
  %\ld die to-day or n40 8,& ?is10 he   
says1 8is a true consequ5ce40  ,i _c    
p]ceive h[ x is a bett] consequ5ce ?an !
 =m]2 = if  x be absolutely necess>y t a
 man %\ld live till to-morr[1 & 9       
heal?1 :i* may also be suppos$1 :y %\ld 
he n1 if he h !  curiosity1 h 8 head cut
 (f to try :at pa9 x is4 ,b !           
consequ5ce is false2 = if !re be a      

necessity ( 8 liv+1 x is  necess>y also 
t he %all n h s fooli% a curiosity4 ,b  
he  _c yet di/+ui% betwe5 a se5 & an    
unse5 necessity1 & t  is ! cause he     
believe? 8 consequ5ce to be good4    7m7
 8,! next bran* ( my argum5t conc]ns    
admonitions10 c4    ,:i* he says is ?is3
 8,if all ?+s be necess>y1 !n x is to no
  m purpose to admoni% m5 ( und]/&+1 ?an
 fools1 *ildr51 or  madm52 b t !y d     
admoni% ! "o & n ! o!r1 is  confess$ly  
true2 & no reason "u heav5 c be giv5 = x
 b  ?is1 t ! =m] h ! use ( reason & true
 lib]ty1 ) a  dom9ion ov] _! own        
actions1 :i* *ildr51 fools1 & madm5 h   
n40    ,! true reason :y we admoni% m5 &
 n *ildr51 c41 is because  admonition is
 no?+ else b tell+ a man ! good & evil  
consequ5ces ( 8 actions4 ,!y :o h       
exp]i5ce ( good & evil1  c bett] p]ceive
 ! reasonabl5ess ( su* admonition1 ?an  
!y  t h n2 & su* z h l passions to ^? ( 
! admonitor1  d m easily conceive t to  
be good or bad :i* ! admonitor sai?  is 
s1 ?an !y :o h great passions1 & su* z  

are contr>y to  84 ,! fir/1 :i* is want 
( exp]i5ce1 make? *ildr5 & fools  unapt2
 & ! second1 :i* is /r5g? ( passion1    
make? madm5  unwill+ to receive         
admonition2 = *ildr5 are ignorant1 &    
madm5  9 an error1 conc]n+ :at is good  
or evil = !mselves4 ,?is is n  to say   
*ildr5 & madm5 want true lib]ty1 t is1 !
 lib]ty to d  z !y w1 nor to say t m5 ( 
judgm5t1 or ! admonitor himself  ha? a  
dom9ion ov] 8 own actions1 m ?an *ildr5 
or madm51 7=  _! actions are also       
volunt>y71 or t :5 he admoni%e? he ha?  
always ! use ( reason1 ?\gh he h ! use (
 delib]ation1 :i*  *ildr51 fools1 madm51
 & bea/s also h4 ,!re be1 !re=e1        
reasons "u heav5 :i* ! ,bi%op kn[s n (4 
,:]eas ,i _h said1 t ?+s necess>y may be
 praisewor?y1 & to  praise a ?+ is to   
say x is good1 he di/+ui%e? & sai?3     
7n7 8,true1 b ?is goodness is n a       
metaphysical goodness2 s  :atsoev] ha? a
 be+ is good2 nor a natural goodness2 ! 
praise (  x passe? :olly to ! ,au?or (  
nature1 c42 b a moral goodness1 or  a   

goodness ( actions1 r ?an ( ?+s4 ,!     
moral goodness ( an  action is !        
con=mity ( x to "r reason10 c4    ,!re  
ha? be5 9 ! ,s*ools d]iv$ f ,ari/otle's 
,metaphysics1  an old prov]b r ?an an   
axiom3 ens1 bonum1 et v]um  conv]tuntur4
 ,f h5ce ! ,bi%op ha? tak5 ?is notion ( 
a  metaphysical goodness1 & 8 doctr9e t 
:atsoev] ha? a be+ is  good2 & by ?is   
int]prete? ! words ( ,g54 i4 #ca3 ,god  
saw all  t he _h made1 & x 0 v good4 ,b 
! reason ( ^? words  is1 t good is      
relative to ^? t are pleas$ ) x1 & n  ( 
absolute signification to all m54 ,god  
!re=e sai?1 t all t  he _h made 0 v     
good1 because he 0 pleas$ ) ! creatures 
(  8 own mak+4 ,b if all ?+s 7          
absolutely good1 we %\ld be all  pleas$ 
) _! be+1 :i* we are n1 :5 ! actions t  
dep5d ^u _! be+ are hurtful to u4 ,&    
!re=e1 to speak  prop]ly1 no?+ is good  
or evil b 9 reg>d ( ! action t  proce$e?
 f x1 & also ( ! p]son to :om x do? good
 or hurt4  ,satan is evil to u1 because 
he seeke? our de/ruction1 b good to     

,god1 because he execute? 8 comm&m5ts4  
,& s 8 metaphysical  goodness is b an   
idle t]m1 & n ! memb] ( a di/9ction4 ,& 
z = natural goodness & evilness1 t also 
is b ! goodness &  evilness ( actions2 z
 "s h]bs are good because !y n\ri%1 o!rs
  evil because !y poison u2 & "o horse  
is good because he is g5tle1  /rong1 &  
c>rie? a man easily2 ano!r bad1 because 
he resi/e?1  goe? h>d1 or o!rwise       
displease? u2 & t quality ( g5tl5ess1   
if !re 7 no m laws among/ m5 ?an !re is 
among/ bea/s1  w\ld be z mu* a moral    
good 9 a horse or o!r bea/ z 9 a man4 ,x
  is ! law f :5ce proce$s ! diff]5ce    
betwe5 ! moral & !  natural goodness3 s 
t x is well en\gh said by him1 t 8moral 
goodness is ! con=mity ( an action ) "r 
reason02 & bett]  said ?an meant2 = ?is 
"r reason1 :i* is ! law1 is no  o!rwise 
c]ta9ly "r ?an by our mak+ x s by our   
approbation (  x & volunt>y subjection  
to x4 ,= ! law-mak]s are m51 & may  err1
 & ?9k t law1 :i* !y make1 is = ! good (
 ! p  sometimes :5 x is n4 ,& yet !     

actions ( subjects1 if !y be  con=mable 
to ! law1 are morally good1 & yet cease 
n to be  naturally good2 & ! praise ( !m
 passe? to ! ,au?or ( nature1  z well z 
( any o!r good :atsoev]4 ,f :5ce x      
appe>s t  moral praise is n1 z he says1 
f ! good use ( lib]ty1 b f  ob$i5ce to !
 laws2 nor moral dispraise f ! bad use (
 lib]ty1  b f disob$i5ce to ! laws4 ,& =
 8 consequ5ce1 8if all  ?+s be necess>y1
 !n moral lib]ty is q tak5 away1 & ) x  
all true praise & dispraise01 !re is    
nei!r tru? 9 x1 nor  argum5t (f]$ = x2 =
 !re is no?+ m necess>y ?an !           
consequ5ce ( volunt>y actions to ! w4 ,&
 :]eas ,i _h  said1 t to say a ?+ is    
good1 is to say x is z ,i or ano!r w\ld 
wi%1 or z ! /ate w\ld h x1 or accord+ to
 ! law ( !  l&1 he answ]s1 t 8,i mi/ake 
inf9itely04 ,& 8 reason is1  because 8we
 (t5 wi% :at is pr(itable or delightful1
 )\t  reg>d+ z we ought :at is hone/04  
,!re is no man liv+ t see?  all !       
consequ5ces ( an action f ! beg9n+ to ! 
end1 :]eby  to weigh ! :ole sum ( ! good

 ) ! :ole sum ( ! evil  consequ5ce4 ,we 
*oose no fur!r ?an we c weigh4 ,t is    
good to  e man1 :i* is s f> good z he c 
see4 ,all ! real good1 :i*  we call     
hone/ & morally virtu\s1 is t :i* is n  
repugnant to  ! law1 civil or natural2 =
 ! law is all ! "r reason we h1  &1     
7?\gh he1 z (t5 z x disagree? ) 8 own   
reason1 d5y  x71 is ! infallible rule ( 
moral goodness4 ,! reason :]e( is  ?is1 
t because nei!r m9e nor ! ,bi%op's      
reason is "r reason  fit to be a rule ( 
our moral actions1 we h !re=e set up ov]
  ourselves a sov]eign gov]nor1 & agre$ 
t 8 laws %all be unto  u1 :atsoev] !y   
be1 9 ! place ( "r reason1 to dictate to
 u  :at is really good4 ,9 ! same mann] 
z m5 9 play+ turn up trump1  & z 9 play+
 _! game _! morality consi/e? 9 n       
r5\nc+1 s 9 our civil conv]sation our   
morality is all conta9$  9 n disobey+ ( 
! laws4    ,to my "q1 8:e!r no?+ c\ld   
please him1 t proce$$ f  necessity01 he 
answ]s3 8yes2 ! fire please? him :5 he  
is cold1 &  he says x is good fire1 b   

does n praise x morally04 ,he praise?1  
he says1 fir/ ! ,creator ( ! fire1 & !n 
him :o provid$ x4 ,he  does well2 yet he
 praise? ! fire :5 he sai? x is good1   
?\gh n  morally4 ,he does n say x is a j
 fire1 or a wise1 or a  well-mann]$     
fire1 ob$i5t to ! laws2 b ^! attributes 
x seems  he gives to ,god1 z if ju/ice 7
 n ( 8 nature1 b ( 8  mann]s4 ,& 9      
prais+ morally him t provid$ x1 he seems
 to say1  he w\ld n say ! fire 0 good1  
if he 7 n morally good t did  provide x4
    ,to t :i* ,i _h answ]$ conc]n+ rew>d
 & puni%m5t1 he ha?  repli$1 he says1   
suffici5tly be=e1 & t t :i* he          
disc\rse? "h1 is n only to answ] me1 b  
also to satisfy himself1  & sai?3    7o7
 8,?\gh x be n urg$ by him1 yet ,i d    
ackn[l$ge t ,i f9d  "s improp] &        
analogical rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 us$ to   
brute  bea/s1 z ! hunt] rew>ds 8 dog10  
c4    ,= my "p1 ,i am too dull to       
p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^?  rew>ds us$
 to brute bea/s1 & ^? t are us$ to m54  
,if !y be  n prop]ly call$ rew>ds &     

puni%m5ts1 let him give !m _!  prop] "n4
 ,x may be he w say1 he has done x 9    
call+ !m  analogical2 yet = any ?+ t c  
be und]/ood !reby1 he might  h call$ !m 
p>agogical1 or typical1 or topical1 if  
he _h  pleas$4 ,he adds fur!r1 t :]eas  
he _h said t ! actions (  bees & spid]s 
7 done )\t consultation1 by m]e in/9ct (
  nature1 & by a det]m9ation ( _!       
fancies1 ,i misallege him1 &  say he    
made _! individual actions necess>y4 ,i 
h only ?is to  answ]1 t1 see+ he says t 
by in/9ct ( nature _! fancies  7 det]m9$
 to special k9ds ( works1 ,i might ju/ly
 inf] !y  7 det]m9$ e "o ( !m to "s "w2 
& e "w is an  individual action2 = a k9d
 ( "w 9 ! g5]al1 is no "w4 ,b  ^! _!    
individual actions1 he sai?1 8are       
cont+5t1 & !re=e  n necess>y02 :i* is no
 good consequ5ce3 = if he mean by       
cont+5t1 t :i* has no cause1 he speake? 
n z a ,*ri/ian1  b make? a ,deity (     
=tune2 :i* ,i v]ily ?9k he do? n4 ,b if 
he mean by x1 t :]e( he kn[e? n ! cause1
 ! consequ5ce is  n\ght4    ,! means    

:]eby sett+-dogs1 & coy-ducks1 & p>rots1
 are taught  to d :at !y d1 8is by _!   
backs1 by _! bellies1 by ! rod1 or  by !
 morsel1 :i* h inde$ a %ad[ or          
resemblance ( rew>ds &  puni%m5ts3 b we 
take ! ^w "h prop]ly1 n z x is us$ by   
vulg> p1 b z x is us$ by div9es &       
philosoph]s10 c4 ,does  n ! ,bi%op "k t 
! belly ha? taught poets1 & hi/orians1  
& div9es1 & philosoph]s1 & artific]s1 _!
 sev]al arts1 z  well z p>rots8 ,d n m5 
d _! duty ) reg>d to _! backs1 to  _!   
necks1 & to _! morsels1 z well z        
sett+-dogs1 coy-ducks1  & p>rots8 ,:y !n
 are ^! ?+s to u ! sub/ance1 & to !m  b 
! %ad[ or resemblance ( rew>ds or       
puni%m5ts8    7p7 8,:5 brute creatures d
 le>n any su* qualities1 x is n out  (  
judgm5t or delib]ation or disc\rse1 by  
inf]r+ or conclud+ "o  ?+ f ano!r1 :i*  
!y are n capable (2 nei!r are !y able   
to conceive a reason ( :at !y d10 c43 b 
8!y rememb] t :5  !y did aft] "o mann]1 
!y 7 beat51 & :5 !y did aft]  ano!r     
mann]1 !y 7 *]i%$2 & accord+ly !y apply 

!mselves40    ,if ! ,bi%op _h consid]$ !
 cogitations ( 8 own m9d1 n !n  :5 he   
dispute?1 b !n :5 he foll[$ ^? bus9esses
 :i* he  calle? trifles1 he w\ld h f\nd 
!m ! v same :i* he "h  m5tione?2 sav+   
in/ead ( beat+1 7because he is exempt f 
t71 he is to put 9 damage4 ,=1 sett+    
aside ! disc\rse ( !  tongue 9 words (  
g5]al signification1 ! ideas ( our m9ds 
are !  same ) ^? ( o!r liv+ creatures1  
creat$ f visible1  audible1 & o!r       
s5sible objects to ! eyes & o!r organs (
  s5se1 z _!'s are4 ,= z ! objects (    
s5se are all individual1  t is1 s+ul>1 s
 are all ! fancies proce$+ f _!         
op]ations2 & m5 reason n b 9 words (    
univ]sal signification1  utt]$ or       
tacitly ?\ght on4 ,b p]haps he ?9ke?    
remembrance (  words to be ! ideas ( ^? 
?+s :i* ! words signify2 & t  all       
fancies are n effect$ by ! op]ation (   
objects ^u ! organs  ( our s5ses4 ,b to 
rectify him 9 ^? po9ts is great] lab\r  
7unless he _h bett] pr9ciples7 ?an ,i am
 will+1 or h at ?is  "t leisure1 to     

und]go4    ,la/ly1 :]eas he says1 8if _!
 individual actions 7 absolutely        
necess>y1 fe> or hope c\ld n alt] !m03 t
 is true4 ,= x is  fe> & hope1 t makes  
!m necess>ily :at !y are4               
,,no4 ,,xv4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's    
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?irdly1 let ?is     
op9ion be once radicat$ 9 ! m9ds (  m51 
t !re is no true lib]ty1 & t all ?+s    
come to pass  inevitably1 & x w utt]ly  
de/roy ! /udy ( piety4 ,:o w  bewail 8  
s9s ) te>s8 ,:at w become ( t grief1 t  
zeal1  t indignation1 t holy rev5ge1 :i*
 ! ,apo/le speaks (1 if m5  be once     
?or\ghly p]suad$ t !y c\ld n %un :at !y 
did8 ,a  man may grieve = t :i* he c\ld 
n help2 b he w nev] be  br\ght to bewail
 t z 8 own fault1 :i* fl[$ n f 8 own    
error1 b f antec$5t necessity4 ,:o w be 
c>eful or solicit\s  to p]=m ob$i5ce1 t 
believe? !re are inevitable b\nds &     
limits set to all 8 devotions1 :i* he c 
nei!r g beyond1 nor  come %ort (8 ,to   
:at end %all he pray ,god to av]t ^?    
evils :i*  are inevitable1 or to conf]  

^? fav\rs :i* are impossible8 ,we  inde$
 "k n :at good or evil %all happ5 to u3 
b ?is we "k1  t if all ?+s be necess>y1 
our devotions & endeav\rs _c  alt] t :i*
 mu/ be4 ,9 a ^w1 ! only reason :y ^?   
p]sons1  :o tread 9 ?is pa? ( fatal     
de/9y1 d sometimes pray1 or rep5t1  or  
s]ve ,god1 is because ! light ( nature1 
& ! /r5g? (  reason1 & ! evid5ce (      
,scripture1 d = t pres5t transport  !m f
 _! ill-*os5 gr\nds1 & expel ^? /oical  
fancies out  ( _! heads4 ,a complete    
,/oic c nei!r pray1 nor rep5t1 nor s]ve 
,god to any purpose4 ,ei!r all[ lib]ty1 
or de/roy ,*ur* z well z  commonweal?1  
religion z well z policy40    ,t4 ,h4 ,8
 ?ird argum5t consi/e? 9 o!r            
inconv5i5ces :i* he  sai? w foll[1      
namely1 impiety & neglig5ce ( religi\s  
duties1  rep5tance & zeal to ,god's     
s]vice4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 z to ! re/1  t
 !y foll[ n4 ,i mu/ confess1 if we      
consid] ! f> greate/  "p ( mank9d1 n z  
!y %\ld be1 b z !y are1 t is1 z m5  :om 
ei!r ! /udy ( acquir+ weal? or          

pref]m5ts1 or :om !  appetite ( s5sual  
delights1 or ! impati5ce ( m$itat+1 or !
  ra% embrac+ ( wrong pr9ciples1 h made 
unapt to discuss ! tru?  ( ?+s1 t !     
dispute ( ?is "q w r hurt ?an help  _!  
piety4 ,& !re=e1 if he _h n desir$ ?is  
answ]1 ,i w\ld  n h writt5 x4 ,nor d ,i 
write x1 b 9 hope y\r ,lord%ip & he  w  
keep x private4 ,nev]!less1 9 v tru?1 ! 
necessity (  ev5ts does n ( itself draw 
) x any impiety at all4 ,= piety        
consi/e? only 9 two ?+s2 "o1 t we hon\r 
,god 9 our he>ts1  :i* is1 t we ?9k ( 8 
p[] z highly z we c3 = to hon\r  any ?+1
 is no?+ else b to ?9k x to be ( great  
p[]4 ,!  o!r1 t we signify t hon\r &    
e/eem by our words & actions1  :i* is   
call$ cultus or wor%ip ( ,god4 ,he      
!re=e1 t ?9ke?  t all ?+s proce$ f      
,god's et]nal w1 & consequ5tly are      
necess>y1 does he n ?9k ,god omnipot5t8 
does he n e/eem ( 8  p[] z highly z is  
possible2 :i* is to hon\r ,god z mu* z c
 be  9 8 he>t8 ,aga91 he t ?9ke? s1 is  
he n m apt by ext]nal  acts & words to  

ackn[l$ge x1 ?an he t ?9ke? o!rwise8    
,yet  is ?is ext]nal ackn[l$gm5t ! same 
?+ :i* we call wor%ip4 ,s  ?is op9ion   
=tifie? piety 9 bo? k9ds1 ext]nally &   
int]nally1  & !re=e is f> f de/roy+ x4  
,& = rep5tance1 :i* is  no?+ b a glad   
return+ into ! "r way aft] ! grief ( be+
  out ( ! way1 ?\gh ! cause t made him g
 a/ray 7 necess>y1  yet !re is no reason
 :y he %\ld n grieve2 & aga91 ?\gh !    
cause :y he return$ into ! way 7        
necess>y1 !re rema9 /ill  ! causes (    
joy4 ,s t ! necessity ( ! actions take? 
away  nei!r ( ^? p>ts ( rep5tance1 grief
 = ! error1 nor joy =  ! return+4 ,& =  
pray]1 :]eas he sai? t ! necessity (    
?+s de/roys pray]1 ,i d5y x4 ,= ?\gh    
pray] be none ( !  causes t move ,god's 
w1 8 w be+ un*angeable1 yet s9ce we  f9d
 9 ,god's ^w1 he w n give 8 bless+s b to
 ^? t ask  !m1 ! motive to pray] is !   
same4 ,pray] is ! gift ( ,god1 no  less 
?an ! bless+s4 ,& ! pray] is decre$     
toge!r 9 ! same  decree :]e9 ! bless+ is
 decre$4 ,x is manife/1 t  ?anksgiv+ is 

no cause ( ! bless+ pass$2 & t :i* is   
pass$1 is sure & necess>y4 ,yet ev5     
among/ m51 ?anks are 9 use  z an        
ackn[l$gm5t ( ! b5efit pa/1 ?\gh we %\ld
 expect no new  b5efit = our gratitude4 
,& pray] to ,god ,almighty is b         
?anksgiv+ = 8 bless+s 9 g5]al2 & ?\gh x 
prec$e !  p>ticul> ?+ we ask1 yet x is n
 a cause or means ( x1 b a              
signification t we expect no?+ b f ,god1
 9 su* mann] z ,he1  n z we w4 ,& our   
,savi\r by ^w ( m\? bids u pray1 8?y  w1
 n our w be done02 & by example tea*es u
 ! same2 = he  pray$ ?us3 ,fa!r1 if x be
 ?y w1 let ?is cup pass1 c4 ,! end  (   
pray]1 z ( ?anksgiv+1 is n to move1 b to
 hon\r ,god  ,almighty1 9 ackn[l$g+ t   
:at we ask c be effect$ by ,him only4   
,j4 ,d4 8,i hope ,t4 ,h4 w be p]suad$ 9 
"t1 t x is n !  covete\sness1 or        
ambition1 or s5suality1 or slo?1 or     
prejudice ( 8  read]s1 :i* r5d] ?is     
doctr9e ( absolute necessity dang]\s1 b 
t x is1 9 its own nature1 de/ructive to 
true godl9ess2 7a7 &  ?\gh 8 answ]      

consi/ m ( oppositions ?an ( solutions1 
yet ,i  w n will+ly leave "o gra9 ( 8   
matt] unweigh$4 7b7 ,fir/1  he errs 9   
mak+ inw>d piety to consi/ m]ely 9 !    
e/imation (  ! judgm5t4 ,if ?is 7 s1 :at
 h9d]s b t ! devils %\ld  h z mu* inw>d 
piety z ! be/ ,*ri/ians8 ,= !y e/eem    
,god's  p[] to be inf9ite1 & tremble4   
,?\gh inw>d piety d suppose !  act ( !  
und]/&+1 yet x consi/e? prop]ly 9 ! act 
( !  w1 be+ t bran* ( ju/ice :i* gives  
to ,god ! hon\r :i*  is due unto him4   
,is !re no love due to ,god1 no fai?1 no
 hope8 7c7  ,secondly1 he errs 9 mak+   
inw>d piety to ascribe no glory to ,god1
 b  only ! glory ( 8 p[] or omnipot5ce4 
,:at %all become ( all  o!r ! ,div9e    
attributes1 & p>ticul>ly ( 8 goodness1 (
 8  tru?1 ( 8 ju/ice1 ( 8 m]cy1 :i*     
beget a m true & s9c]e  hon\r 9 ! he>t  
?an greatness itself8 ,magnos facile    
laudamus1  bonos lub5t]4 7d7 ,?irdly1   
?is op9ion ( absolute necessity  de/roys
 ! tru? ( ,god1 mak+ him to comm& "o ?+ 
op5ly1 &  to necessitate ano!r          

privately2 to *ide a man = do+ t :i* he 
ha? det]m9$ him to d2 to pr(ess "o ?+1 &
 to int5d ano!r4  ,x de/roys ! goodness 
( ,god1 mak+ him to be a hat] ( mank9d1 
& to delight 9 ! torm5ts ( 8 creatures2 
:]eas ! v dogs  lick$ ! sores ( ,laz>us1
 9 pity & commis]ation ( him4 ,x        
de/roys ! ju/ice ( ,god1 mak+ him to    
puni% ! creatures = t  :i* 0 8 own act1 
:i* !y _h no m p[] to %un1 ?an !  fire  
ha? p[] n to burn4 ,x de/roys ! v p[] ( 
,god1 mak+  him to be ! true au?or ( all
 ! defects & evils :i* are 9 !  _w4 ,^! 
are ! fruits ( impot5ce1 n ( omnipot5ce4
 ,he :o is  ! effective cause ( s91 ei!r
 9 himself or 9 ! creature1 is n        
almighty4 ,!re ne$s no o!r devil 9 ! _w 
to raise jeal\sies  & suspicions betwe5 
,god & 8 creatures1 or to poison mank9d 
)  an appreh5sion t ,god do? n love !m1 
b only ?is op9ion1  :i* 0 ! (fice ( !   
s]p5t 7,g54 iii4 #e74 ,f\r?ly1 = !      
outw>d wor%ip ( ,god2 7e7 h[ %all a man 
praise ,god = 8  goodness1 :o believes  
him to be a great] tyrant ?an ev] 0 9 ! 

_w2 :o creates millions to burn         
et]nally1 )\t _! fault1 to  express 8   
p[]8 ,h[ %all a man he> ! ^w ( ,god ) t 
rev]5ce1 & devotion1 & fai?1 :i* is     
requisite1 :o believe?  t ,god cause? 8 
gospel to be prea*$ to ! mu* great] "p (
  ,*ri/ians1 n ) any int5tion t !y %\ld 
be conv]t$ &  sav$1 b m]ely to h>d5 _!  
he>ts1 & to make !m inexcusable8  ,h[   
%all a man receive ! bless$ sacram5t )  
com=t &  confid5ce1 z a seal ( ,god's   
love 9 ,*ri/1 :o believe? t s  _m       
millions are positively exclud$ f all   
fruit & b5efit ( !  passions ( ,*ri/1   
be=e !y _h done ei!r good or evil8 ,h[  
%all  he prep>e himself ) c>e &         
consci5ce1 :o appreh5de? t  eat+ & dr9k+
 unwor?ily is n ! cause ( damnation1 b1 
because ,god w\ld damn a man1 !re= he   
necessitates him to eat &  dr9k         
unwor?ily8 ,h[ %all a man make a free v[
 to ,god )\t gross  ridicul\s hypocrisy1
 :o ?9ks he is able to p]=m no?+ b z he 
is extr9sically necessitat$8 ,fif?ly1 = 
rep5tance1 h[ %all a man  condemn &     

accuse himself = 8 s9s1 :o ?9ks himself 
to be l a  wat* :i* is w\nd up by ,god1 
& t he c g nei!r long] nor  %ort]1 fa/] 
nor sl[]1 tru] nor fals]1 ?an he is     
ord]$ by ,god8  ,if ,god sets him "r1 he
 goes "r2 if ,god sets him wrong1 he    
goes  wrong4 ,h[ c a man be said to     
return into ! "r way1 :o nev] 0  9 any  
o!r way b t :i* ,god himself _h *alk$   
out = him8  ,:at is 8 purpose to am5d1  
:o is de/itute ( all p[]1 b z if a  man 
%\ld purpose to fly )\t w+s1 or a begg> 
:o ha? n a  groat 9 8 purse1 purpose to 
build hospitals8    8,we use to say1    
admit "o absurdity1 & a ?\s& w foll[4   
,to  ma9ta9 ?is unreasonable op9ion (   
absolute necessity1 he is  necessitat$  
7b x is hypo!tically1 he might *ange 8  
op9ion if  he w\ld7 to deal ) all anci5t
 writ]s z ! ,go?s did ) !  ,romans1 :o  
de/roy$ all _! magnific5t works1 t !re  
might  rema9 no monum5t ( _! greatness  
^u ! face ( ! e>?4  ,!re=e he w n leave 
s mu* z "o ( _! op9ions1 nor "o (  _!   
def9itions1 nay1 n "o ( _! t]ms ( art   

/&+4 7f7  ,obs]ve :at a description he  
ha? giv5 u "h ( rep5tance3 #8x is a     
glad return+ into ! "r way1 aft] ! grief
 ( be+ out ( !  way'4 ,x amaz$ me to f9d
 gladness to be ! fir/ ^w 9 !           
description ( rep5tance4 ,8 rep5tance is
 n t rep5tance1 nor  8 piety t piety1   
nor 8 pray] t k9d ( pray]1 :i* !  ,*ur* 
( ,god 9 all ages ha? ackn[l$g$4 ,fa/+1 
& sackclo?1 &  a%es1 & te>s1 &          
humicubations1 us$ to be companions (   
rep5tance4 ,joy may be a consequ5t ( x1 
n a "p ( x4 7g7 ,x is  a return+3 b ^:  
act is ?is return+8 ,is x ,god's alone1 
or  do? ! p5it5t p]son concur also      
freely ) ! grace ( ,god8 ,if x  be      
,god's alone1 !n x is 8 rep5tance1 n    
man's rep5tance4 ,:at  ne$ ! p5it5t     
p]son tr\ble himself ab\t x8 ,god w take
 c>e (  8 own "w4 ,! ,scriptures tea* u 
o!rwise1 t ,god expects our  concurr5ce 
7,revel4 iii4 #ai1 #bj73 ,be zeal\s &   
rep5t3 behold ,i /&  at ! door & knock2 
if any man he> my voice1 & op5 ! door1  
,i  w come 9 to him4 ,x is a #8glad     

return+ into ! "r way'4 ,:y  d>e any man
 call t a wrong way1 :i* ,god himself   
ha? det]m9$8  ,he t wille? & do? t :i*  
,god w\ld h him to w & to  d1 is nev]   
out ( 8 "r way4 ,x foll[s 9 8           
description1 aft]  ! grief1 c4 ,x is    
true1 a man may grieve = t :i* is       
necess>ily impos$ ^u him2 b he _c grieve
 = x z a fault (  8 own1 if x nev] 0 9 8
 p[] to %un x4 ,suppose a  writ+ma/]    
%all hold 8 s*ol>'s h& 9 81 & write ) x2
  ! s*ol>'s "p is only to hold /ill 8   
h&1 :e!r ! ma/]  write well or ill2 !   
s*ol> ha? no gr\nd ei!r ( joy or sorr[1 
z = himself2 no man w int]pret x to be 8
 act1 b 8  ma/]'s4 ,x is no fault to be 
out ( ! "r way1 if a man _h n  lib]ty to
 h kept himself 9 ! way4    8,& s f     
rep5tance he skips q ov] new ob$i5ce to 
come to  pray]1 :i* is ! la/ religi\s   
duty insi/$ ^u by me "h4 ,b  accord+ to 
8 use1 )\t ei!r answ]+ or m5tion+ :at ,i
 say2  :i* w\ld h %[$ him pla9ly :at k9d
 ( pray] ,i int5d1 n  contemplative     
pray] 9 g5]al1 z x includes ?anksgiv+1 b

 t  mo/ prop] k9d ( pray] :i* we call   
petition1 :i* us$ to be  ?us def9$1 to  
be an act ( religion by :i* we desire ( 
,god  some?+ :i* we h n1 & hope t we    
%all obta9 x by him2  q contr>y to ?is1 
,t4 ,h4 tells u1 7h7 t pray] #8is n a   
cause nor a means ( ,god's bless+1 b    
only a signification t we  expect x f   
him'4 ,if he _h told u only1 t pray] is 
n a  m]itori\s cause ( ,god's bless+s1 z
 ! poor man by begg+ an alms  do? n     
des]ve x1 ,i %\ld h gone along ) him4 ,b
 to tell u1  t x is n s mu* z a means to
 procure ,god's bless+1 & yet  ) ! same 
brea?1 t #8,god w n give 8 bless+s b to 
^?  :o pray'1 :o %all reconcile him to  
himself8 ,! ,scriptures tea* u  o!rwise1
 7,john xvi4 #bc73 ,:atsoev] ye %all ask
 ! ,fa!r 9 my  "n1 he w give x y3       
7,mat?4 vii4 #g73 ,ask1 & x %all be giv5
  y1 seek1 & ye %al f9d1 knock1 & x %all
 be op5$ unto y4  ,/4 ,paul tells !     
,cor9?ians 7#b ,cor4 i4 #aa71 t he 0    
help$ by  _! pray]s3 t is n all2 t !    
gift 0 be/[$ ^u him by  _! means4 ,s    

pray] is a means4 ,& ,/4 ,james sai?    
7*ap4 v4 #af73  ,! effectual f]v5t pray]
 ( a righte\s man availe? mu*4 ,if x  be
 effectual1 !n x is a cause4 ,to %[ ?is 
efficacy ( pray]1 our  ,savi\r use? !   
comp>ison ( a fa!r t[>ds 8 *ild1 ( a    
neighb\r t[>ds 8 neighb\r2 yea1 ( an    
unju/ judge1 to %ame ^?  :o ?9k t ,god  
ha? n m compassion ?an a wick$ man4 ,?is
 0  signifi$ by ,jacob's wre/l+ &       
prevail+ ) ,god4 ,pray] is l  !         
tradesman's tools1 :]e)al he gets 8 liv+
 = himself &  8 family4 ,b1 sai? he1    
#8,god's w is un*angeable'4 ,:at !n8 ,he
  might z well use ?is aga9/ /udy1      
physic1 & all second causes1 z  aga9/   
pray]4 ,he %[s ev5 9 ?is1 h[ little !y  
attribute to !  endeav\rs ( m54 ,!re is 
a great diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two3  mut>e  
voluntatem1 to *ange ! w2 7:i* ,god nev]
 do?1 9 :om  !re is n ! lea/ %ad[ (     
turn+ by *ange2 8 w to love &  hate 0 ! 
same f et]nity1 :i* x n[ is & ev] %all  
be2 8  love & hatr$ are immovable1 b we 
are remov$2 non tellus cymbam1  tellurem

 cymba reliquit72 & velle mutationem1 to
 w a *ange2  :i* ,god (t5 do?4 ,to *ange
 ! w1 argues a *ange 9 ! ag5t2  b to w a
 *ange1 only argues a *ange 9 ! object4 
,x is no  incon/ancy 9 a man to love or 
to hate z ! object is *ang$4  ,pr/a mihi
 omnia eadem1 et idem sum4 ,pray] works 
n ^u ,god1 b  u2 x r5d]s n him m        
propiti\s 9 himself1 b u m capable  (   
m]cy4 ,he sai? ?is1 #8t ,god do? n bless
 u1 except we pray1 is  a motive to     
pray]'4 ,:y talks he ( motives1 :o      
ackn[l$ge? no  lib]ty1 nor admits any   
cause b absolutely necess>y8 ,he sai?1  
#8pray] is ! gift ( ,god1 no less ?an ! 
bless+ :i* we pray =1  & conta9$ 9 !    
same decree ) ! bless+'4 ,x is true1 !  
_s ( pray] is ! gift ( ,god4 ,w he      
conclude f !nce1 t  ! good employm5t (  
"o tal5t1 or ( "o gift ( ,god1 may n    
procure ano!r8 ,our ,savi\r tea*e? u    
o!rwise3 ,come ?\ good &  fai?ful       
s]vant1 ?\ ha/ be5 fai?ful 9 little1 ,i 
w make !e  rul] ov] mu*4 ,too mu* light 
is an enemy to ! sight1 & too mu*  law  

is an enemy to ju/ice4 ,i c\ld wi% we   
wrangl$ less ab\t ,god's  decrees1 until
 we und]/ood !m bett]4 ,b1 sai? he1     
#8?anksgiv+  is no cause ( ! bless+ pa/1
 & pray] is b a ?anksgiv+'4 ,he  might  
ev5 z well tell me1 t :5 a begg> craves 
an alms1 & :5  he gives ?anks = x1 x is 
all "o4 ,e ?anksgiv+ is a k9d (  pray]1 
b e pray]1 & namely petition1 is n a    
?anksgiv+4 ,9  ! la/ place he urge?1 t  
#89 our pray]s we are b\nd to submit    
our wills to ,god's w4' ,:o ev] made any
 d\bt ( ?is8 ,we mu/  submit to !       
preceptive w ( ,god1 or 8 comm&m5ts2 we 
mu/  submit to ! effective w ( ,god1 :5 
he decl>es 8 good pleasure  by ! ev5t or
 o!rwise4 ,b we d5y1 & d5y aga91 ei!r t 
,god  wills ?+s ad extra1 )\t himself1  
necess>ily1 or t x is 8  pleasure t all 
second causes %\ld act necess>ily at all
 times2  :i* is ! "q1 & t :i* he allege?
 to ! contr>y comes  n ne> x4           
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xv4    7a7 8,& ?\gh 8   
answ] consi/ m ( oppositions ?an (      

solutions1 yet ,i w n will+ly leave "o  
gra9 ( 8 matt]  unweigh$40    ,x is a   
promise ( great exactness1 & l to t :i* 
is 9 8  ,epi/le to ! ,read]3 8,"h is all
 t pass$ betwe5 u ^u ?is  subject1 )\t  
any addition or ! lea/ v>iation f !     
orig9al10  c43 :i* promises 7 bo?       
ne$less1 & made out ( gallantry2 &      
!re=e he is ! less p>donable 9 case !y  
be n v rigidly  obs]v$4 ,i w\ld !re=e h 
! read] to consid]1 :e!r ^!  words (    
m9e3 8our ,savi\r bids u pray1 ?y w1 n  
our w1  be done1 & by example tea*es u !
 same2 = he pray$ ?us3  ,fa!r1 if x be  
?y w let ?is cup pass10 c43 :i* seem at 
lea/  to imply t our pray]s _c *ange ! w
 ( ,god1 nor div]t him  f 8 et]nal      
decree3 h be5 weigh$ by him to a gra91  
accord+  to 8 promise4 ,nor ha? he kept 
8 o!r promise any bett]2 = 7,no4        
,,viii47 reply+ to ^! words ( m9e1 8if  
he _h s little to d z to  be a spectator
 ( ! actions ( bees & spid]s1 he w\ld h 
confess$ n only election1 b also art1   
prud5ce1 & policy 9  !m10 c41 he sai?1  

8yes1 ,i h se5 ^? sillie/ ( creatures1 &
  see+ _! r>e works ,i h se5 en\gh to   
confute all ! bold-fac$  a!i/s ( ?is    
age1 & _! helli% blasphemies04 ,?is     
passage is  add$ to t :i* pass$ betwe5 u
 ^u ?is subject2 = x is n  9 ! copy :i* 
,i h _h by me1 z himself confesse?1 ^!  
eight  ye>s2 nor is x 9 ! body ( ! copy 
he s5t to ! press1 b only  9 ! m>g91 t  
is to say1 add$ out ( ang] aga9/ me1 :om
 he  w\ld h m5 ?9k to be "o ( !         
bold-fac$ a!i/s ( ?is age4    ,9 ! re/ (
 ?is reply he endeav\re? to prove1 t x  
foll[e?  f my op9ion1 t !re is no use ( 
piety4 ,my op9ion is no m  ?an ?is1 t a 
man _c s det]m9e to-day1 ! w :i* he     
%all h to ! do+ ( any action to-morr[1 z
 t x may n be  *ang$ by "s ext]nal      
accid5t or o!r1 z !re %all appe> m  or  
less advantage to make him p]sev]e 9 ! w
 to ! same action1  or to w x no m4 ,:5 
a man int5de? to pay a debt at a c]ta9  
"t1 if he see t ! deta9+ ( ! money = a  
little long] may  advantage himself1 &  
see? no o!r disadvantage equival5t      

likely to  foll[ ^u ! det5tion1 he ha? 8
 w *ang$ by ! advantage1  & !re=e _h n  
det]m9$ 8 w himself2 b :5 he =esee?     
discr$it or p]haps imprisonm5t1 !n 8 w  
rema9e? ! same1 &  is det]m9$ by !      
?\ghts he ha? ( 8 cr$itor1 :o is !re=e  
an ext]nal cause ( ! det]m9ation ( !    
debtor's w4 ,?is is s  evid5t to all m5 
liv+1 ?\gh !y nev] /udi$ s*ool-div9ity1 
t x w be v /range if he draw f x ! great
 impiety he  pret5ds to d4 ,aga91 my    
op9ion is only ?is3 t :atsoev] ,god     
=ekn[s %all come to pass1 x _c possibly 
be t t %all n  come to pass2 b t :i* _c 
possibly n come to pass1 t is  said by  
all m5 to come to pass necess>ily2 !re=e
 all ev5ts t  ,god =ekn[s %all come to  
pass1 %all come to pass necess>ily4 ,if 
!re=e ! ,bi%op draw impiety f ?is1 he   
falle? into ! impiety  ( d5y+ ,god's    
presci5ce4 ,let u see n[ h[ he reasone?4
    7b7 8,fir/1 he errs 9 mak+ inw>d    
piety to consi/ m]ely 9 !  e/imation ( !
 judgm5t4 ,if ?is 7 s1 :at h9d]s b t !  
devils %\ld h z mu* inw>d piety z ! be/ 

,*ri/ians2 = !y  e/eem ,god's p[] to be 
inf9ite1 & tremble80    ,i said1 t two  
?+s concurr$ to piety2 "o1 to e/eem 8   
p[]  z highly z is possible2 ! o!r1 t we
 signify t e/imation by  our words &    
actions1 t is to say1 t we wor%ip him4  
,?is latt]  "p ( piety he leave? out2 & 
!n1 x is mu* m easy to conclude  z he   
do?1 t ! devils may h inw>d piety4 ,b   
nei!r s do?  ! conclusion foll[4 ,=     
goodness is "o ( ,god's p[]s1 namely1 t 
p[] by :i* he worke? 9 m5 ! hope !y h 9 
him2 & is  relative2 & !re=e1 unless !  
devil ?9k t ,god w be good to  him1 he  
_c e/eem him = 8 goodness4 ,x does n    
!re=e foll[  f any op9ion ( m9e1 t !    
devil may h z mu* inw>d piety  z a      
,*ri/ian4 ,b h[ does ! ,bi%op "k h[ !   
devils e/eem ,god's  p[]2 & :at devils  
does he mean8 ,!re are 9 ! ,scripture   
two  sorts ( ?+s1 :i* are 9 ,engli%     
translat$ devils4 ,"o1 is t  :i* is     
call$ ,satan1 ,diabolus1 & ,abaddon1 :i*
 signifies 9  ,engli%1 an enemy1 an     
accus]1 & a de/roy] ( ! ,*ur* (  ,god4  

,9 :i* s5se1 ! devils are b wick$ m54   
,h[ !n is he sure  t !y e/eem ,god's p[]
 to be inf9ite8 ,=1 trembl+ inf]s no  m 
?an t !y appreh5d x to be great] ?an _! 
own4 ,! o!r  sort ( devils are call$ 9 !
 ,scripture dmonia1 :i* are !  feign$   
,gods ( ! hea!n1 & are nei!r bodies nor 
spiritual  sub/ances1 b m]e fancies1 &  
fictions ( t]rifi$ he>ts1 feign$  by !  
,greeks & o!r hea!n p1 & :i* ,/4 ,paul  
calle?  no?+s2 = an idol1 sai? he1 is   
no?+4 ,does ! ,bi%op mean1  t ^! no?+s  
e/eem ,god's p[] to be inf9ite &        
tremble8 ,!re  is no?+ t has a real be+1
 b ,god1 & ! _w1 & ! p>ts  ( ! _w2 nor  
has any?+ a feign$ be+1 b ! fictions (  
m5's bra9s4 ,! _w & ! p>ts !re( are     
corporeal1 endu$ )  ! dim5sions (       
quantity1 & ) figure4 ,i %\ld be glad to
 "k1  9 :at classes ( entities :i* is a 
^w t s*oolm5 use1 !  ,bi%op ranke? ^!   
devils1 t s mu* e/eem ,god's p[]1 & yet 
n love him nor hope 9 him1 if he place  
!m n 9 ! rank ( ^?  m5 :o are enemies to
 ! p ( ,god1 z ! ,jews did4    7c7      

8,secondly1 he errs 9 mak+ inw>d piety  
to ascribe no glory to  ,god1 b only !  
glory ( 8 p[] or omnipot5ce4 ,:at %all  
become  ( all o!r ! ,div9e attributes1 &
 p>ticul>ly ( 8 goodness1 (  8 tru?1 ( 8
 ju/ice1 ( 8 m]cy10 c4    ,he speake? ( 
,god's goodness & m]cy1 z if !y 7 no "p 
( 8  p[]4 ,is n goodness1 9 him t is    
good1 ! p[] to make himself  belov$1 &  
is n m]cy goodness8 ,are n1 !re=e1 ^!   
attributes  conta9$ 9 ! attribute ( 8   
omnipot5ce8 ,& ju/ice 9 ,god1 is x      
any?+ else1 b ! p[] he ha?1 & ex]cise? 9
 di/ribut+  bless+s & afflictions8      
,ju/ice is n 9 ,god z 9 man1 !          
obs]vation ( ! laws made by 8 sup]iors4 
,nor is wisdom 9 ,god1 a  logical       
exam9ation ( ! means by ! end1 z x is 9 
m52 b an  incompreh5sible attribute giv5
 to an incompreh5sible nature1 = to     
hon\r him4 ,x is ! ,bi%op t errs1 9 ?9k+
 no?+ to be p[]  b ri*es & high place1  
:]e9 to dom9e] & please himself1 &  vex 
^? t submit n to 8 op9ions4    7d7      
8,?irdly1 ?is op9ion ( absolute         

necessity de/roys ! tru? (  ,god1 mak+  
him to comm& "o ?+ op5ly1 & to          
necessitate ano!r  privately1 c4 ,x     
de/roys ! goodness ( ,god1 mak+ him to  
be a hat]  ( mank9d1 c4 ,x de/roys !    
ju/ice ( ,god1 mak+ him to puni% !      
creatures = t :i* 0 8 own act1 c4 ,x    
de/roys ! v p[]  ( ,god1 mak+ him to be 
! true au?or ( all ! defects & evils    
:i* are 9 ! _w40    ,if ! op9ion (      
absolute necessity d all ?is1 !n !      
op9ion (  ,god's presci5ce does ! same2 
= ,god =ekn[e? no?+1 t c  possibly n    
come to pass2 b t :i* _c possibly n come
 to  pass1 come? to pass ( necessity4 ,b
 h[ do? necessity de/roy !  tru? ( ,god1
 by comm&+ & h9d]+ :at he comm&e?8 ,tru?
  consi/e? 9 affirmation & negation1 n 9
 comm&+ & h9d]+2  x does n !re=e foll[1 
if all ?+s be necess>y t come to  pass1 
t !re=e ,god ha? spok5 an untru?2 nor t 
he pr(esse?  "o ?+1 & int5de? ano!r4 ,! 
,scripture1 :i* is 8 ^w1 is  n !        
pr(ession ( :at he int5de?1 b an        
indication ( :at ^?  m5 %all necess>ily 

int5d1 :om he ha? *os5 to salvation1 &  
:om  he ha? det]m9$ to de/ruction4 ,b on
 ! o!r side1 f !  negation ( necessity1 
!re foll[e? necess>ily ! negation (     
,god's  presci5ce2 :i* is 9 ! ,bi%op1 if
 n ignorance1 impiety4 ,or h[  8de/roye?
 x ! goodness ( ,god1 or make? him to be
 a hat] (  mank9d1 & to delight 9 !     
torm5ts ( 8 creatures1 :]eas !  v dogs  
lick$ ! sores ( ,laz>us 9 pity &        
commis]ation ( him08  ,i _c imag9e1 :5  
liv+ creatures ( all sorts are (t5 9    
torm5ts z well z m51 t ,god c be        
displeas$ ) x3 )\t 8  w1 !y nei!r are   
nor c\ld be at all torm5t$4 ,nor yet is 
he  delight$ ) x2 b heal?1 sickness1    
ease1 torm5ts1 life & dea?1  are )\t all
 passion 9 him disp5s$ by him2 & he     
putte? an end  to !m !n :5 !y end1 & a  
beg9n+ :5 !y beg91 accord+  to 8 et]nal 
purpose1 :i* _c be resi/$4 ,t !         
necessity  argue? a delight ( ,god 9 !  
torm5ts ( 8 creatures1 is ev5 z  true1 z
 t x 0 pity & commis]ation 9 ! dogs t   
made !m  lick ! sores ( ,laz>us4 ,or h[ 

do? ! op9ion ( necessity 8de/roy  !     
ju/ice ( ,god1 or make him to puni% !   
creatures = t :i*  0 8 own act08 ,if all
 afflictions be puni%m5ts1 = ^: act are 
all o!r creatures puni%$ :i* _c s98 ,:y 
may n ,god make !  affliction1 bo? ( ^? 
m5 t he ha? elect$1 & also ( ^?  :om he 
ha? reprobat$1 ! necess>y causes ( !    
conv]sion ( ^?  he ha? elect$2 _! own   
afflictions s]v+ !re9 z *a/isem5ts1  & !
 afflictions ( ! re/ z examples8 ,b he  
may p]haps ?9k x  no inju/ice to puni% !
 creatures t _c s9 ) tempor>y           
puni%m5ts1 :5 nev]!less x w\ld be       
inju/ice to torm5t ! same  creatures    
et]nally4 ,?is may be some:at to        
meekness & cruelty1 b  no?+ at all to   
ju/ice & inju/ice3 = 9 puni%+ ! innoc5t1
  ! inju/ice is equal1 ?\gh ! puni%m5ts 
be unequal4 ,& :at  cruelty c be great] 
?an t :i* may be inf]r$ f ?is op9ion  ( 
! ,bi%op2 t ,god do? torm5t et]nally1 & 
) ! extreme/  degree ( torm5t1 all ^? m5
 :i* h s9n$1 t is to say1 all  mank9d f 
! creation to ! end ( ! _w :i* h n      

believ$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :]e( v few1 9   
respect ( ! multitude  ( o!rs1 h s mu* z
 he>d ( 8 "n2 & ?is1 :5 fai? 9  ,*ri/ is
 ! gift ( ,god himself1 & ! he>ts ( all 
m5 9 8  h&s to frame !m to ! belief (   
:atsoev] he w h !m to  believe8 ,he ha? 
no reason !re=e1 = 8 "p1 to tax any     
op9ion1  = ascrib+ to ,god ei!r cruelty 
or inju/ice4 ,or h[ do? x  8de/roy ! p[]
 ( ,god1 or make him to be ! au?or ( all
 !  defects & evils :i* are 9 ! _w08    
,fir/1 he seeme? n to  und]/& :at au?or 
signifies4 ,au?or1 is he :i* owne? an   
action1 or give? a w>rant to d x4 ,d ,i 
say1 t any man ha? 9 !  ,scripture1 :i* 
is all ! w>rant we h f ,god = any action
  :atsoev]1 a w>rant to commit !ft1     
murd]1 or any o!r s98 ,does  ! op9ion ( 
necessity inf] t !re is su* a w>rant 9 !
  ,scripture8 ,p]haps he w say1 no1 b t 
?is op9ion makes him !  cause ( s94 ,b  
does n ! ,bi%op ?9k him ! cause ( all   
actions8 ,& are n s9s ( commission      
actions8 ,is murd] no action8  ,& does n
 ,god himself say1 non e/ malum 9       

civitate quod ego non  feci2 & 0 murd] n
 "o ( ^? evils8 ,:e!r x 7 or n1 ,i  say 
no m b t ,god is ! cause1 n ! au?or1 (  
all actions  & motions4 ,:e!r s9 be !   
action1 or ! defect1 or !  irregul>ity1 
,i mean n to dispute4 ,nev]!less ,i am (
 op9ion1 t  ! di/9ction ( causes into   
effici5t & defici5t is bohu1  &         
signifies no?+4    7e7 8,h[ %all a man  
praise ,god = 8 goodness1 :o believes   
him to  be a great] tyrant ?an ev] 0 9 !
 _w2 :o creates millions to  burn       
et]nally )\t _! fault1 to express 8     
p[]80    ,if tyrant signify1 z x did :5 
x came fir/ 9 use1 a k+1 x is  no       
di%on\r to believe t ,god is a great]   
tyrant ?an ev] 0 9  ! _w2 = he is ! ,k+ 
( all k+s1 emp]ors1 & commonweal?s4  ,b 
if we take ! ^w1 z x is n[ us$1 to      
signify ^? k+s only1  :i* !y t call !m  
tyrants1 are displeas$ )1 t is1 t  gov]n
 n z !y w\ld h !m1 ! ,bi%op is ne>] !   
call+ him  a tyrant1 ?an ,i am2 mak+ t  
to be tyranny1 :i* is b !  ex]cise ( an 
absolute p[]2 = he holde?1 ?\gh he see x

 n1 by  consequ5ce1 9 )draw+ ! w ( man f
 ,god's dom9ion1 t  e man is a k+ (     
himself4 ,& if a man _c praise ,god = 8 
goodness1 :o creates millions to burn   
et]nally )\t _! fault2  h[ c ! ,bi%op   
praise ,god = 8 goodness1 :o ?9ks he ha?
  creat$ millions ( millions to burn    
et]nally1 :5 he c\ld h kept  !m s easily
 f committ+ any fault8 ,& to 8 8h[ %all 
a man  he> ! ^w ( ,god ) t rev]5ce1 &   
devotion1 & fai?1 :i*  is requisite1 :o 
believe? t ,god cause? 8 gospel to be   
prea*$  to ! mu* great] "p ( ,*ri/ians1 
n ) any int5tion t !y  %\ld be conv]t$ &
 sav$10 c42 ,i answ]1 t ^? m5 :o s      
believe1 h fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 or !y h 
n fai? 9 him4 ,if  !y h1 !n %all !y1 by 
t fai?1 he> ! ^w ( ,god )  t rev]5ce1 & 
devotion1 & fai?1 :i* is requisite to   
salvation4 ,& = !m t h no fai?1 ,i d n  
?9k he aske? h[  !y %all he> ! ^w ( ,god
 ) t rev]5ce1 & devotion1 &  fai?1 :i*  
is requisite2 = he kn[s !y %all n1 until
 su* "t  z ,god %all h giv5 !m fai?4    
,also he mi/akes1 if he ?9k t ,i  or any

 o!r ,*ri/ian believe1 t ,god int5de?1  
by h>d5+ any  man's he>t1 to make t man 
inexcusable1 b to make 8 elect !  m     
c>eful4    ,likewise to 8 "q1 8h[ %all a
 man receive ! sacram5t )  com=t1 :o    
believe? t s _m millions are positively 
exclud$  f ! b5efit ( ,*ri/'s passion1  
be=e !y _h done ei!r good  or evil02 ,i 
answ] z be=e1 by fai?1 if he be ( ,god's
 elect2 if  n1 he %all n receive !      
sacram5t ) com=t4 ,i may answ] also1  t 
! fai?ful man %all receive ! sacram5t ) 
com=t1 by !  same way t ! bi%op receive?
 x ) com=t4 ,= he also  believe? t _m   
millions are exclud$ f ! b5efit (       
,*ri/'s  passion1 7:e!r positively or n 
positively is no?+ to !  purpose1 nor   
do? positively signify any ?+ 9 ?is     
place72 & t1  s long be=e !y _h ei!r    
done good or evil1 z x 0 kn[n to ,god   
be=e !y 7 born t !y 7 s exclud$4    ,to 
8 8h[ %all he prep>e himself ) c>e &    
consci5ce1 :o  appreh5de? t eat+ & dr9k+
 unwor?ily is n ! cause (  damnation1 b 
because ,god w\ld damn a man1 !re=e he  

necessitates  him03 ,i answ]1 t he t    
eate? & dr9ke? unwor?ily1 does n        
believe t ,god necessitates him to eat &
 dr9k unwor?ily1 because  he w\ld damn  
him2 = nei!r does he ?9k he eats & dr9ks
  unwor?ily1 nor t ,god int5ds to damn  
him2 = he believe? no su*  damnation1   
nor int5de? any prep>ation4 ,! belief ( 
damnation is an  article ( ,*ri/ian     
fai?2 s is also prep>ation to !         
sacram5t4 ,x  is !re=e a va9 "q1 h[ he t
 ha? no fai? %all prep>e  himself ) c>e 
& consci5ce to ! receiv+ ( ! sacram5t4  
,b  to ! "q1 h[ !y %all prep>e !mselves1
 t %all at all  prep>e !mselves2 ,i     
answ]1 x %all be by fai?1 :5 ,god %all  
give  x !m4    ,to 8 8h[ %all a man make
 a free v[ to ,god1 :o ?9ks himself able
  to p]=m no?+1 b z he is extr9sically  
necessitat$03 ,i answ]1  t if he make a 
v[1 x is a free v[1 or else x is no v[2 
& yet  he may "k1 :5 he ha? made t v[1  
?\gh n be=e1 t x 0  extr9sically        
necessitat$2 = ! necessity ( v[+ be=e he
 v[$1  h9d]$ n ! fre$om ( 8 v[1 b made  

x4    ,la/ly1 to 8h[ %all a man condemn 
& accuse himself = 8 s9s1 :o  ?9ks      
himself to be l a wat* :i* is w\nd up by
 ,god10 c43 ,i  answ]1 ?\gh he ?9k      
himself necessitat$ to :at he %all d1   
yet1  if he d n ?9k himself necessitat$ 
& w\nd up to imp5it5ce1  !re w foll[ ^u 
8 op9ion ( necessity no imp$im5t to 8   
rep5tance4 ,! ,bi%op dispute? n aga9/   
me1 b aga9/ somebody  t holds a man may 
rep5t1 t believes at ! same "t he _c    
rep5t4    7f7 8,obs]ve :at a description
 he has giv5 u "h ( rep5tance3  #8,x is 
a glad return+ into ! "r way1 aft] !    
grief ( be+ out  ( ! way4' ,x amaz$ me  
to f9d gladness to be ! fir/ ^w 9 !     
description ( rep5tance40    ,i c\ld    
nev] be ( op9ion t ,*ri/ian rep5tance   
c\ld be ascrib$  to !m1 t _h z yet no   
int5tion to =sake _! s9s & to lead  a   
new life4 ,he t grieves = ! evil t ha?  
happ5$ to him =  8 s9s1 b ha? n a       
resolution to obey ,god's comm&m5ts     
bett]  = ! "t to come1 grieve? = 8      
suff]+s1 b n = 8  do+s2 :i* no div9e1 ,i

 ?9k1 w call ,*ri/ian rep5tance4 ,b he  
t resolve? ^u am5dm5t ( life1 kn[e? t   
!re is =giv5ess  = him 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2  
:]e( a ,*ri/ian _c possibly be b  glad4 
,be=e ?is gladness !re 0 a grief        
prep>ative to rep5tance1  b ! rep5tance 
itself 0 n ,*ri/ian rep5tance till ?is  
conv]sion1 till ?is glad conv]sion4     
,!re=e ,i see no reason :y x  %\ld amaze
 him to f9d gladness to be ! fir/ ^w 9 !
  description ( rep5tance1 sav+ t !     
light amaze? su* z h  be5 long 9        
d>kness4 ,& 8= ! fa/+1 sackclo?1 &      
a%es01 !y  7 nev] p>ts ( rep5tance      
p]fect$1 b signs ( ! beg9n+ (  x4 ,!y   
are ext]nal ?+s2 rep5tance is int]nal4  
,?is doctr9e  p]ta9e? to ! e/abli%+ (   
,romi% p5ance2 & be+ f\nd to  conduce to
 ! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 0 by !m wi%$ to be    
re/or$4    7g7 8,x is a return+2 b ^:   
act is ?is return+8 ,if x be  ,god's    
alone1 !n x is 8 rep5tance1 n man's     
rep5tance2 :at ne$  ! p5it5t p]son      
tr\ble himself ab\t x80    ,?is is ill  
argu$2 = :y is x ,god's rep5tance1 :5 he

 gives man  rep5tance1 m ?an x is ,god's
 fai?1 :5 he gives man fai?4 ,b he      
lab\rs to br+ 9 a concurr5ce ( man's w )
 ,god's w2 & a  p[] 9 ,god to give      
rep5tance1 if man w take x2 b n ! p[]   
to make him take x4 ,?is concurr5ce he  
?9ks is prov$ by ,revel4 iii4  #ai1 #bj3
 8,be zeal\s1 & rep5t4 ,behold1 ,i /& at
 ! door1 & knock4  ,if any man he> my   
voice1 & op5 ! door1 ,i w come 9 to     
him04  ,"h is no?+ ( concurr5ce1 nor (  
any?+ equival5t to x1 nor  m5tion at all
 ( ! w or purpose1 b ( ! call+ or voice 
by  ! m9i/]4 ,& z ,god give? to ! m9i/] 
a p[] ( p]suad+1  s he give? also _m    
times a concurr5ce ( ! auditor ) !      
m9i/] 9 be+ p]suad$4 ,"h is !re=e       
some:at equival5t to a  concurr5ce ) !  
m9i/]1 t is1 ( man ) man2 b no?+ (  !   
concurr5ce ( man1 ^: w ,god frame? z he 
please?1 ) ,god  t frame? x4 ,& ,i wond]
 h[ any man c conceive1 :5 ,god give?  a
 man a w to d any?+ :atsoev]1 h[ t w1 :5
 x is n1  c concur ) ,god's w to make   
itself be4    ,! next ?+ he excepte?    

aga9/ is ?is1 t ,i hold1 7h7 8t  pray]  
is n a cause1 nor a means ( ,god's      
bless+1 b only a  signification t we    
expect x f him40    ,fir/1 in/ead ( my  
words1 8a signification t we expect no?+
 b  f him10 he ha? put 8a signification 
t we expect x f him04  ,!re is mu*      
diff]5ce betwe5 my words & 81 9 ! s5se &
  mean+2 = 9 ! "o1 !re is hon\r ascrib$ 
to ,god1 & humility  9 him t praye?2 b 9
 ! o!r1 presumption 9 him t praye?1  & a
 detraction f ! hon\r ( ,god4 ,:5 ,i    
say1 pray] is n a  cause nor a means1 ,i
 take cause & means 9 "o & ! same s5se2 
affirm+ t ,god is n mov$ by any ?+ t we 
d1 b has always  "o & ! same et]nal     
purpose1 to d ! same ?+s t f  et]nity he
 ha? =ekn[n %all be done2 & me?9ks !re c
 be no  d\bt made !re(4 ,b ! ,bi%op     
allege? 7#b ,cor4 i4 #aa73 t 8,/4  ,paul
 0 help$ by _! pray]s1 & t ! gift 0     
be/[$ ^u  !m by _! means20 & 7,james v4 
#af73 8,! effectual & f]v5t  pray] ( a  
righte\s man availe? mu*04 ,9 :i*       
places1 ! words  means1 effectual1      

availe?1 d n signify any causation2 = no
  man nor creature liv+ c "w any effect 
^u ,god1 9 :om !re is  no?+1 t ha? n be5
 9 him et]nally h]et(ore1 nor t %all  n 
be 9 him et]nally h]eaft]2 b d signify !
 ord] 9 :i* ,god  ha? plac$ m5's pray]s 
& 8 own bless+s4 ,& n mu* aft]1 !       
,bi%op himself sai?1 8pray] works n ^u  
,god1 b u04 ,!re=e1 x  is no cause (    
,god's w1 9 giv+ u 8 bless+s1 b is      
prop]ly a  sign1 n a procuration ( 8    
fav\r4    ,! next ?+ he replie? to is1 t
 ,i make pray] to be a k9d (  ?anksgiv+2
 to :i* he replies1 8he might ev5 z well
 tell me1 t  :5 a begg> craves an alms1 
& :5 he gives ?anks = x1 x is all  "o40 
,:y s8 ,does n a begg> move a man by 8  
pray]1 & sometime  worke? 9 him a       
compassion n )\t pa91 & z ! ,scripture  
calls  x1 a ye>n+ ( ! b[els2 :i* is n s 
9 ,god1 :5 we pray to  him8 ,our pray]  
to ,god is a duty2 x is n s to man4     
,!re=e1 ?\gh  our pray]s to man be      
di/+ui%$ f our ?anks1 x is n necess>y  x
 %\ld be s 9 our pray]s & ?anks to ,god 

,almighty4    ,to ! re/ ( 8 reply1 9 ?is
 ,no4 ,,xv1 !re ne$s no fur!r answ]4    
,,no4 ,,xvi4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's   
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,f\r?ly1 ! ord]1     
beauty1 & p]fection ( ! _w do?  require 
t 9 ! univ]se %\ld be ag5ts ( all sorts1
 "s  necess>y1 "s free1 "s cont+5t4 ,he 
t %all make1 ei!r all  ?+s necess>y1    
guid$ by de/9y2 or all ?+s free1 gov]n$ 
by  election2 or all ?+s cont+5t1 happ5+
 by *ance3 do? ov]?r[  ! beauty & !     
p]fection ( ! _w40    ,t4 ,h4 ,! f\r?   
argum5t f reason1 is ?is4 ,! ord]1      
beauty1 &  p]fection ( ! _w require? t 9
 ! univ]se !re %\ld be  ag5ts ( all     
sorts1 "s necess>y1 "s free1 "s cont+5t4
 ,he t  %all make all ?+s necess>y1 or  
all ?+s free1 or all ?+s  cont+5t1 do?  
ov]?r[ ! beauty & p]fection ( ! _w4     
,9 :i* argum5t ,i obs]ve1 fir/1 a       
contradiction4 ,= see+ he t  make?      
any?+1 9 t he make? x1 he make? x to be 
necess>y1 x  foll[e?1 t he t make? all  
?+s1 make? all ?+s necess>y  to be4 ,z  
if a workman make a g>m5t1 ! g>m5t mu/  

necess>ily be4  ,s if ,god make e ?+1 e 
?+ mu/ necess>ily be4 ,p]haps !  beauty 
( ! _w require?1 ?\gh we "k x n1 t "s   
ag5ts  %\ld "w )\t delib]ation1 :i* he  
calls necess>y ag5ts2 &  "s ag5ts )     
delib]ation1 & ^? bo? he & ,i call free 
ag5ts2  & t "s ag5ts %\ld "w1 & we n "k 
h[2 & ^? effects  we bo? call cont+5t4  
,b ?is h9d]s n1 b t he t  electe?1 may h
 8 election necess>ily det]m9$ to "o by 
=m]  causes2 & t :i* is cont+5t1 &      
imput$ to =tune1 be  nev]!less necess>y1
 & dep5d on prec$5t necess>y causes4 ,= 
by  cont+5t1 m5 d n mean t :i* ha? no   
cause1 b :i* ha? n  = cause any ?+ :i*  
we p]ceive4 ,z = example2 :5 a travell] 
meets ) a %[]1 ! j\rney _h a cause1 & ! 
ra9 _h a cause1  suffici5t en\gh to     
produce x2 b because ! j\rney caus$ n ! 
ra91 nor ! ra9 ! j\rney1 we say1 !y 7   
cont+5t "o to  ano!r4 ,& ?us y see1 ?\gh
 !re be ?ree sorts ( ev5ts1  necess>y1  
cont+5t1 & free1 yet !y may be all      
necess>y1 )\t  ! de/ruction ( ! beauty  
or p]fection ( ! univ]se4    ,j4 ,d4 8,!

 fir/ ?+ he obs]ves 9 m9e argum5t1 is   
contradiction1  z he calls x2 b 9 tru?1 
x is b a deception ( ! sight1 z "o  c&le
 sometimes seems to be two1 or a rod 9 !
 wat] %[s to be two  rods2 quicquid     
recipitur1 recipitur ad modum           
recipi5tis4 ,b :at is  ?is              
contradiction8 ,because ,i say1 he :o   
make? all ?+s1 do? n  make !m necess>y4 
,:at6 a contradiction & b "o            
proposition6 ,t  7 /range4 ,i say1 ,god 
ha? n made all ag5ts necess>y2 he sai?1 
,god ha? made all ag5ts necess>y4 ,"h is
 a contradiction inde$2 b  x is betwe5  
him & me1 n betwe5 me & myself4 ,b ?\gh 
x be  n a =mal contradiction1 yet p]haps
 x may imply a contradiction 9  adjecto4
 ,:]e=e to cle> ! matt]1 & dispel ! mi/ 
:i* he  ha? rais$1 x is true1 t ev]y?+  
:5 x is made1 x is  necess>y t x be made
 s z x is1 t is1 by a necessity (       
infallibility1 or supposition1 suppos+ t
 x be s made2 b ?is is  n t absolute1   
antec$5t necessity1 :]e( ! "q is betwe5 
him & me4 ,z to use 8 own in/ance3 be=e 

! g>m5t be made1 !  tailor is free to   
make x ei!r ( ! ,italian1 ,spani%1 or   
,fr5*  fa%ion indiff]5tly2 b aft] x is  
made1 x is necess>y t x be  ( t fa%ion  
:]e( he ha? made x1 t is1 by a necessity
 (  supposition4 ,b ?is do? nei!r h9d] !
 cause f be+ a free  cause1 nor ! effect
 f be+ a free effect2 b ! "o did produce
  freely1 & ! o!r 0 freely produc$4 ,s !
 contradiction is  vani%$40    8,9 !    
second "p ( 8 answ]1 7a7 he grants2 t   
!re are "s  free ag5ts1 & "s cont+5t    
ag5ts1 & t p]haps ! beauty (  ! _w do?  
require x2 b l a %rewd c[1 :i* aft] %e  
ha?  giv5 h] milk ca/s x d[n ) h] foot1 
9 ! conclusion he tells  u1 t nev]!less 
!y are all necess>y4 ,?is "p ( 8 answ]  
is  a m]e logoma*y1 z a great "p ( !    
controv]sies 9 ! _w are1  or a cont5tion
 ab\t words4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( necess>y1
 & free1  & cont+5t actions8 ,i h %[$   
be=e :at free & necess>y d  prop]ly     
signify2 b he misrecites x4 ,he sai?1 ,i
 make all ag5ts  :i* want delib]ation1  
to be necess>y2 b ,i ackn[l$ge t _m (   

!m are cont+5t4 7b7 ,nei!r d ,i approve 
8 def9ition (  cont+5ts1 ?\gh he say ,i 
concur ) him1 t !y are #8su* ag5ts  z "w
 we "k n h['4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is        
description1 _m  necess>y actions %\ld  
be cont+5t1 & _m cont+5t actions  %\ld  
be necess>y4 ,! load/one drawe? iron1 ! 
jet *aff1 we "k  n h[2 & yet ! effect is
 necess>y2 & s x is 9 all sympa?ies  &  
antipa?ies or occult qualities4 ,aga91 a
 man walk+ 9 !  /reets1 a tile falls d[n
 f a h\se1 & breaks 8 head4 ,we "k  all 
! causes1 we "k h[ ?is came to pass4 ,! 
man walk$ t way1  ! p9 fail$1 ! tile    
fell j :5 he 0 "u x2 & yet ?is is  a    
cont+5t effect3 ! man might n h walk$ t 
way1 & !n  ! tile _h n fall5 ^u him4    
,nei!r yet d ,i und]/& "h 9  ?is place  
by cont+5ts1 su* ev5ts z happ5 beside ! 
scope or  int5tion ( ! ag5ts2 z :5 a man
 digg+ to make a grave1 f9ds a          
treasure2 ?\gh ! ^w be sometimes s tak54
 ,b by cont+5ts1 ,i  und]/& all ?+s :i* 
may be done & may n be done1 may happ5  
or may n happ51 by reason ( !           

indet]m9ation or accid5tal  concurr5ce (
 ! causes4 ,& ^? same ?+s :i* are       
absolutely  cont+5t1 are yet            
hypo!tically necess>y4 ,z suppos+ !     
pass5g]  did walk j t way1 j at t "t1 & 
t ! p9 did fail  j !n1 & ! tile fall2 x 
0 necess>y t x %\ld fall ^u  ! pass5g]'s
 head4 ,! same def5ce w keep out 8 %[] (
 ra94  ,b we %all meet ) 8 %[] ( ra9    
aga91 ,no4 ,,xxxiv2 :i!r ,i  ref] !     
fur!r explication ( ?is po9t40          
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xvi4    ,9 ?is numb] he 
w\ld prove t !re mu/ be free ag5ts &    
cont+5t ag5ts1 z well z necess>y ag5ts1 
f ! ord]1 beauty1  & p]fection ( ! _w4  
,i t ?\ght t ! ord]1 beauty1 &          
p]fection ( ! _w requir$ t :i* 0 9 ! _w1
 & n  t :i* ! ,bi%op _h ne$ ( = 8       
argum5t1 c\ld see no =ce  ( consequ5ce  
to inf] t :i* he calls free & cont+5t4  
,t  :i* is 9 ! _w1 is ! ord]1 beauty1 & 
p]fection :i* ,god  ha? giv5 ! _w2 & yet
 !re are no ag5ts 9 ! _w1 b su*  z "w a 
se5 necessity1 or an unse5 necessity2 & 

:5 !y "w an  unse5 necessity 9 creatures
 inanimate1 !n are ^? creatures said  to
 be wr\ght ^u cont+5tly1 & to "w        
cont+5tly2 & :5 !  necessity unse5 is ( 
! actions ( m51 !n x is commonly call$  
free1 & might be s 9 o!r liv+ creatures2
 = free & volunt>y  are ! same ?+4 ,b ! 
,bi%op 9 8 reply ha? insi/$ mo/ ^u  ?is1
 t ,i make x a contradiction to say t   
8he t make? a  ?+1 do? n make x         
necess>y01 & wond]s h[ a contradiction c
  be 9 "o proposition1 & yet )9 two or  
?ree l9es aft] f\nd x  might be4 ,&     
!re=e1 to cle> ! matt]1 he sai? t su*   
necessity is n antec$5t1 b a necessity (
 supposition3 :i*1  nev]!less1 is ! same
 k9d ( necessity :i* he attribute? to ! 
burn+ ( ! fire1 :]e !re is a necessity t
 ! ?+ ?r[n  into x %all be burn$2 ?\gh  
yet x be b burn+1 or b dep>t+  f ! h& t 
?r[s x 92 &1 !re=e1 ! necessity is      
antec$5t4 ,! l is 9 mak+ a g>m5t2 !     
necessity beg9s f  ! fir/ motion t[>ds  
x1 :i* is f et]nity1 ?\gh ! tailor  & ! 
,bi%op are equally ins5sible ( x4 ,if !y

 saw ! :ole ord]  & conjunction (       
causes1 !y w\ld say x 7 z necess>y z any
  ?+ else c possibly be2 & !re=e ,god t 
sees t ord] &  conjunction1 kn[s x is   
necess>y4    ,! re/ ( 8 reply is to     
argue a contradiction 9 me2 = he says1  
7a7 8,i grant t !re are "s free ag5ts1 &
 "s cont+5t  ag5ts1 & t p]haps ! beauty 
( ! _w do? require x2 b  l a %rewd c[1  
:i*1 aft] %e ha? giv5 h] milk1 ca/s x   
d[n  ) h] foot1 9 ! conclusion ,i tell  
him1 t nev]!less !y are  all necess>y40 
,x is true t ,i say "s are free ag5ts1 &
 "s cont+5t2  nev]!less !y may be all   
necess>y4 ,= accord+ to !               
significations ( ! words necess>y1 free1
 & cont+5t1 !  di/9ction is no m b ?is4 
,( ag5ts1 "s are necess>y1 "s are       
cont+5t1 & "s are free ag5ts2 & ( ag5ts1
 "s are liv+  creatures1 & "s are       
inanimate2 :i* words are improp]1 b !   
mean+ ( !m is ?is4 ,m5 call necess>y    
ag5ts1 su* z !y "k to  be necess>y1 &   
cont+5t ag5ts1 su* inanimate ?+s z !y "k
  n :e!r !y "w necess>ily or no1 & free 

ag5ts1 m5 :om !y  "k n :e!r !y "w       
necess>ily or no4 ,all :i* confusion    
arise? f t presumptu\s m5 take = grant$1
 t t is n1  :i* !y "k n4    7b7 8,nei!r 
d ,i approve 8 def9ition ( cont+5ts2 t  
!y are  su* ag5ts z "w we "k n h[40     
,! reason is1 because x w\ld foll[ t _m 
necess>y actions  %\ld be cont+5t1 & _m 
cont+5t actions necess>y4 ,b t  :i*     
foll[e? f x really is no m b ?is3 t _m  
necess>y  actions w\ld be su* z we "k n 
to be necess>y1 & _m actions  :i* we "k 
n to be necess>y1 may yet be necess>y2  
:i* is a  tru?4 ,b ! ,bi%op def9e?      
cont+5ts ?us3 8all ?+s :i* may  be done 
& may n be done1 may happ5 or may n     
happ51 by reason (  ! indet]m9ation or  
accid5tal concurr5ce ( ! causes04 ,by   
:i*  def9ition1 cont+5t is no?+1 or x is
 ! same t ,i say x is4  ,= !re is no?+ c
 be done & n be done1 no?+ c happ5 &  n 
happ51 by reason ( ! indet]m9ation or   
accid5tal concurr5ce  ( ! causes4 ,x may
 be done or n done = aught he kn[s1 &   
happ5  or n happ5 = any det]m9ation he  

p]ceive?2 & t is my  def9ition4 ,b t !  
indet]m9ation c make x happ5 or n       
happ51 is absurd2 = indet]m9ation make? 
x equally to happ5 or  n to happ51 &    
!re=e bo?2 :i* is a contradiction4      
,!re=e  indet]m9ation do? no?+2 &       
:atsoev] causes d1 is necess>y4         
,,no4 ,,xvii4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's  
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,fif?ly1 take away   
lib]ty1 & y take away ! v nature  (     
evil1 & ! =mal reason ( s94 ,if ! h& ( !
 pa9t] 7  ! law ( pa9t+1 or ! h& ( !    
writ] ! law ( writ+1  :atsoev] ! "o did 
write1 or ! o!r pa9t1 mu/ infallibly be 
good4 ,see+ !re=e t ! fir/ cause is !   
rule & law (  goodness1 if x d          
necessitate ! w or ! p]son to evil1 ei!r
 by  itself imm$iately1 or m$iately by  
necess>y flux ( second causes1 x  w no  
long] be evil4 ,! ess5ce ( s9 consi/s 9 
?is1 t "o  commit t :i* he might avoid4 
,if !re be no lib]ty to produce s91  !re
 is no su* ?+ z s9 9 ! _w4 ,!re=e x     
appe>s1 bo?  f ,scripture & reason1 t   
!re is true lib]ty40    ,t4 ,h4 ,to !   

fif? argum5t f reason1 :i* is1 t if     
lib]ty be  tak5 away1 ! nature & =mal   
reason ( s9 is tak5 away1 ,i answ]  by  
d5y+ ! consequ5ce4 ,! nature ( s9       
consi/e? 9 ?is1 t  ! action done proce$ 
f our w1 & be aga9/ ! law4 ,a judge1  9 
judg+ :e!r x be s9 or n :i* is done     
aga9/ ! law1 looks  at no high] cause ( 
! action ?an ! w ( ! do]4 ,n[ :5 ,i  say
 ! action 0 necess>y1 ,i d n say x 0    
done aga9/ ! w  ( ! do]1 b ) 8 w1 & s   
necess>ily2 because man's w1  t is1 e   
act ( ! w1 & purpose ( man _h a         
suffici5t1 &  !re=e a necess>y cause1 & 
consequ5tly e volunt>y action 0         
necessitat$4 ,an action !re=e may be    
volunt>y & a s91 &  nev]!less be        
necess>y4 ,& ,god may afflict by "r     
d]iv$ f 8  omnipot5cy1 ?\gh s9 7 n4 ,& !
 example ( puni%m5t on  volunt>y s9n]s1 
is ! cause t produce? ju/ice1 & make? s9
  less frequ5t2 = ,god to puni% su*     
s9n]s1 z ,i h %ew$ be=e1  is no         
inju/ice4 ,& ?us y h my answ] to 8      
objections1 bo? out  ( ,scripture &     

reason4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4 
,j4 ,d4 8,scis tu simul>e cupressum4    
,quid hoc80 ,x 0 %rewd  c\nsel :i*      
,alcibiades gave to ,!mi/ocles1 :5 he 0 
busy ab\t  8 acc\nts to ! /ate2 t he    
%\ld r /udy h[ to make no  acc\nts4 ,s x
 seems ,t4 ,h4 ?9ks x a m comp5di\s way1
 to baulk  an argum5t1 ?an to satisfy x4
 ,& if he c produce a ,r[l& aga9/  an   
,oliv]1 if he c urge a reason aga9/ a   
reason1 he ?9ks he ha?  quitt$ himself  
fairly4 ,b x w n s]ve 8 turn4 ,& t he   
may  n compla9 ( misund]/&+ x1 z ^? :o h
 a politic  deafness to he> no?+ b :at  
like? !m1 ,i w fir/ r$uce m9e  argum5t  
into =m1 & !n weigh :at he sai? 9 answ]1
 or r 9  opposition to x4 7a7 ,t op9ion 
:i* takes away ! =mal reason  ( s91 & by
 consequ5ce1 s9 itself1 is n to be      
approv$2 ?is is  cle>1 because bo?      
reason & religion1 nature & ,scripture1 
d prove1  & ! :ole _w confesse?1 t !re  
is s94 ,b ?is op9ion1 (  ! necessity (  
all ?+s by reason ( a conflux ( second  
causes1  ord]$ & det]m9$ by ! fir/      

cause1 do? take away ! v  =mal reason ( 
s94 ,?is is prov$ ?us4 ,t :i* makes s9  
itself  to be good1 & j1 & lawful1 takes
 away ! =mal cause1 &  de/roys ! ess5ce 
( s92 = if s9 be good1 & j1 & lawful1  x
 is no m evil1 x is no s91 no anomy4 ,b 
?is op9ion ( !  necessity ( all ?+s1    
makes s9 to be v good1 & j1 &  lawful2 =
 no?+ c fl[ ess5tially by way ( physical
  det]m9ation f ! fir/ cause1 :i* is !  
law & rule (  goodness & ju/ice1 b t :i*
 is good1 & j1 & lawful4 ,b  ?is op9ion 
makes s9 to proce$ ess5tially by way (  
physical  det]m9ation f ! fir/ cause1 z 
appe>s 9 ,t4 ,h4's :ole  disc\rse4      
,nei!r is x mat]ial at all :e!r x proce$
 imm$iately  f ! fir/ cause1 or         
m$iately1 s z x be by a necess>y flux ( 
second & det]m9ate causes1 :i* produce x
 inevitably4 ,to ^!  pro(s he answ]s    
no?+1 b only by d5y+ ! fir/ consequ5ce1 
z  he calls x1 & !n s+s ov] 8 old song1 
#8t ! nature ( s9  consi/e? 9 ?is1 t !  
action proce$ f our w1 & be  aga9/ !    
law'1 :i*1 9 our s5se1 is mo/ true1 if  

he und]/& a  j law1 & a free rational w4
 7b7 ,b suppos+1 z he do?1  t ! law     
enjo9s ?+s impossible 9 !mselves to be  
done1 !n x  is an unju/ & tyrannical    
law2 & ! transgression ( x is no s91  n 
to d t :i* nev] 0 9 our p[] to d4 ,&    
suppos+1  likewise z he do?1 t ! w is   
inevitably det]m9$ by special  influ5ce 
f ! fir/ cause1 !n x is n man's w1 b    
,god's  w1 & fl[s ess5tially f ! law (  
goodness4    7c7 8,t :i* he adds ( a    
judge1 is altoge!r imp]t95t z to  8     
def5ce4 ,nei!r is a civil judge ! prop] 
judge1 nor ! law (  ! l& ! prop] rule ( 
s94 ,b x makes /rongly aga9/ him2 =  !  
judge goes ^u a good gr\nd2 & ev5 ?is   
:i* he confesse?1  t #8! judge looks at 
no high] cause ?an ! w ( ! do]'1  proves
 t ! w ( ! do] did det]m9e itself       
freely1 & t  ! malefactor _h lib]ty to h
 kept ! law1 if he w\ld4 ,c]ta9ly1  a   
judge ought to look at all mat]ial      
circum/ances1 & mu* m at  all ess5tial  
causes4 ,:e!r e suffici5t cause be a    
necess>y  cause1 w come to be exam9$ m  

prop]ly1 ,no4 ,,xxxi4 ,= ! pres5t  x    
%all suffice to say1 t lib]ty fl[s f !  
suffici5cy1 &  cont+5cy f ! debility ( !
 cause4 7d7 ,nature nev] int5ds  !      
g5]ation ( a mon/]4 ,if all ! causes    
concur suffici5tly1 a  p]fect creature  
is produc$2 b by reason ( !             
insuffici5cy1 or  debility1 or cont+5t  
ab]ration ( "s ( ! causes1 sometimes a  
mon/] is produc$4 ,yet ! causes ( a     
mon/] 7 suffici5t = !  production ( t   
:i* 0 produc$1 t is a mon/]3 o!rwise a  
mon/] _h n be5 produc$4 ,:at is x !n8 ,a
 mon/] is n  produc$ by virtue ( t ord] 
:i* is set 9 nature1 b by !  cont+5t    
ab]ration ( "s ( ! natural causes 9 _!  
concurr5ce4 ,! ord] set 9 nature is1 t e
 l %\ld beget  its l4 ,b suppos+ !      
concurr5ce ( ! causes to be su* z x  is 
9 ! g5]ation ( a mon/]1 ! g5]ation ( a  
mon/] is  necess>y2 z all ! ev5ts 9 ! _w
 are :5 !y are1 t is1 by  an hypo!tical 
necessity4 7e7 ,!n he betakes himself to
 8 old  help1 t ,god may puni% by "r (  
omnipot5ce1 ?\gh !re 7 no  s94 ,! "q is 

n n[ :at ,god may d1 b :at ,god w d1    
accord+ to t cov5ant :i* he ha? made )  
man1 fac hoc et  vives1 d ?is & ?\ %alt 
live4 ,nei!r do? ,god puni% any man     
contr>y to ?is cov5ant 7,hosea xiii4    
#i73 ,o ,israel1 ?y de/ruction is  f    
?yself2 b 9 me is ?y help4 ,he t wills n
 ! dea? ( a  s9n]1 do? mu* less w ! dea?
 ( an innoc5t creature4 ,by  dea? or    
de/ruction 9 ?is disc\rse ! only        
sep>ation ( s\l  & body is n int5d$1 :i*
 is a debt ( nature1 & :i* ,god1 z  ,"l 
( life & dea?1 may ju/ly d1 & make x n a
 puni%m5t1 b  a bless+ to ! p>ty2 b we  
und]/&1 ! subject+ ( !  creature to     
et]nal torm5ts4 ,la/ly1 he tells ( t    
b5efit :i*  r$\nds to o!rs f exempl>y   
ju/ice2 :i* is mo/ true1 b n  accord+ to
 8 own gr\nds4 ,= nei!r is x ju/ice to  
puni% a man  = do+ t :i* x 0 impossible 
always = him n to d2 nei!r  is x lawful 
to puni% an innoc5t p]son1 t good may   
come ( x4 ,&  if 8 op9ion ( absolute    
necessity ( all ?+s 7 true1 !  de/9ies (
 m5 c\ld n be alt]$1 ei!r by examples or

 fe> (  puni%m5t40                      
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xvii4    ,:]eas he _h 9 
8 fir/ disc\rse made ?is consequ5ce3 8if
 y  take away lib]ty1 y take away ! v   
nature ( evil1 & ! =mal  reason ( s903  
,i d5i$ t consequ5ce4 ,x is true1 he :o 
take?  away ! lib]ty ( do+1 accord+ to !
 w1 take? away ! nature  ( s92 b he t   
d5ie? ! lib]ty to w1 does n s4 ,b he    
suppos+ ,i und]/ood him n1 w ne$s r$uce 
8 argum5t into  =m1 9 ?is mann]4 7a7 8,t
 op9ion :i* takes away ! =mal  reason ( 
s91 & by consequ5ce1 s9 itself1 is n to 
be approv$40  ,?is is grant$4 8,b !     
op9ion ( necessity do? ?is40 ,?is ,i    
d5y2  he proves x ?us3 8?is op9ion makes
 s9 to proce$ ess5tially1 by  way (     
physical det]m9ation f ! fir/ cause4 ,b 
:atsoev]  proce$s ess5tially by way (   
physical det]m9ation f ! fir/  cause1 is
 good1 & j1 & lawful4 ,!re=e ?is op9ion 
(  necessity make? s9 to be v good1 j1 &
 lawful40 ,he might z  well h conclud$1 
:atsoev] man ha? be5 made by ,god1 is a 

good &  j man4 ,he obs]ve? n t s9 is n a
 ?+ really made4 ,^?  ?+s :i* at fir/ 7 
actions1 7 n !n s9s1 ?\gh actions  ( !  
same nature ) ^? :i* 7 aft]w>ds s9s2 nor
 0 !n  ! w to any?+ a s91 ?\gh x 7 a w  
to ! same ?+1  :i* 9 will+ n[1 we %\ld  
s94 ,actions became s9s !n fir/1  :5 !  
comm&m5t came2 =1 z ,/4 ,paul sai?1 )\t 
! law s9  is dead2 & s9 be+ b a         
transgression ( ! law1 !re c be  no     
action made s9 b by ! law4 ,!re=e ?is   
op9ion1 ?\gh x  d]ive actions ess5tially
 f ,god1 x d]ives n s9s ess5tially  f   
him1 b relatively & by ! comm&m5t4 ,&   
consequ5tly !  op9ion ( necessity take? 
n away ! nature ( s91 b  necessitate? t 
action :i* ! law ha? made s94 ,& :]eas  
,i  said ! nature ( s9 consi/e? 9 ?is1 t
 #8x is an action  proce$+ f our w &    
aga9/ ! law'1 he all[e? x = true2  &    
!re=e he mu/ all[ also1 t ! =mal reason 
( s9 lie?  n 9 ! lib]ty or necessity (  
will+1 b 9 ! w itself1  necess>y or     
unnecess>y1 9 relation to ! law4 ,&     
:]eas he limits  ?is tru? :i* he all[$1 

to ?is1 t ! law be j1 & !  w a free     
rational w1 x s]ves to no purpose2 = ,i 
h %[n  be=e1 t no law c be unju/4 ,& x  
seeme? to me t a rational  w1 if x be n 
meant ( a w aft] delib]ation1 :e!r he t 
delib]ate? reasone? aright or n1        
signifie? no?+4 ,a rational  man is     
rightly said2 b a rational w1 9 o!r s5se
 ?an ,i h  m5tion$1 is insignificant4   
7b7 8,b suppos+1 z he do?1 t ! law      
enjo9s ?+s impossible  9 !mselves to be 
done1 !n x is an unju/ & tyrannical law1
 &  ! transgression ( x no s910 c4 8,&  
suppos+ likewise1 z he  do?1 t ! w is   
inevitably det]m9$ by special influ5ce f
  ! fir/ cause1 !n x is n man's w1 b    
,god's w40 ,he mi/akes  me 9 ?is4 ,= ,i 
say n ! law enjo9s ?+s impossible 9     
!mselves2 = s ,i %\ld say x enjo9$      
contradictories4 ,b ,i say  ! law       
sometimes1 ! law-mak]s n kn[+ ! secret  
necessities (  ?+s to come1 enjo9s ?+s  
made impossible by secret & extr9sical  
causes f all et]nity4 ,f ?is 8 error he 
inf]s1 t ! laws  mu/ be unju/ &         

tyrannical1 & ! transgression ( !m no   
s94 ,b  he :o holds t laws c be unju/ & 
tyrannical1 w easily f9d  pret5ce en\gh1
 "u any gov]nm5t 9 ! _w1 to d5y ob$i5ce 
to  ! laws1 unless !y be su* z he       
himself make?1 or advise? to be  made4  
,he says also1 t ,i suppose ! w is      
inevitably det]m9$ by  special influ5ce 
f ! fir/ cause4 ,x is true2 sav+ t      
s5seless ^w influ5ce1 :i* ,i nev] us$4  
,b 8 consequ5ce1  8!n x is n man's w1 b 
,god's w01 is n true2 = x may be  ! w   
bo? ( ! "o & ( ! o!r1 & yet n by        
concurr5ce1  z 9 a league1 b by         
subjection ( ! w ( man to ! w ( ,god4   
7c7 8,t :i* he adds ( a judge1 is       
altoge!r imp]t95t z to  8 def5ce4 ,nei!r
 is a civil judge ! prop] judge1 nor !  
law (  ! l& a prop] rule ( s940 ,a judge
 is to judge ( volunt>y crimes4  ,he has
 no commission to look into ! secret    
causes t make !m  volunt>y4 ,& because !
 ,bi%op _h said ! law _c ju/ly puni%  a 
crime t proce$e? f necessity1 x 0 no    
imp]t95t answ] to  say1 8! judge looks  

at no high] cause ?an ! w ( ! do]04 ,&  
ev5 ?is1 z he sai?1 is en\gh to prove1 t
 8! w ( ! do]  did det]m9e itself       
freely1 & t ! malefactor _h lib]ty to h 
kept ! law if he w\ld04 ,to :i* ,i      
answ]1 t x proves inde$ t  ! malefactor 
_h lib]ty to h kept ! law if he w\ld2 b 
x  prove? n t he _h ! lib]ty to h a w to
 keep ! law4 ,nor  do? x prove t ! w ( !
 do] did det]m9e itself freely2  =1 no?+
 c prove nons5se4 ,b "h y see :at !     
,bi%op  pursue? 9 ?is :ole reply1       
namely1 to prove t a man ha? lib]ty  to 
d if he w1 :i* ,i d5y n2 & ?9ks :5 he   
ha? done t1  he ha? prov$ a man ha?     
lib]ty to w1 :i* he calls ! w's  det]m9+
 ( itself freely4 ,& :]eas he adds1 8a  
judge ought to  look at all ess5tial    
causes02 x is answ] en\gh to say1 he is 
b\nd  to look at no m ?an he ?9ks he c  
see4    7d7 8,nature nev] int5ds !      
g5]ation ( a mon/]4 ,if all !  causes   
concur suffici5tly1 a p]fect creature is
 produc$2 b by  reason ( ! insuffici5cy1
 or debility1 or cont+5t ab]ration (  "s

 ( ! causes1 sometimes a mon/] is       
produc$40 ,he _h no soon]  said ?is1 b  
f9d+ 8 error he retracte? x1 & confesse?
 t  8! causes ( a mon/] 7 suffici5t = ! 
production ( t  :i* 0 produc$1 t is1 ( a
 mon/]2 o!rwise a mon/] _h n  be5       
produc$20 :i* is all t ,i int5d$ by     
suffici5cy ( !  cause4 ,b :e!r e        
suffici5t cause be a necess>y cause or  
n1  he meane? to exam9e 9 ,no4 ,,xxxi4  
,9 ! meantime he sai? only1 t  lib]ty   
fl[s f ! suffici5cy1 & cont+5cy f !     
debility (  ! cause2 & leaves out       
necessity1 z if x came f nei!r4 ,i mu/  
note also1 t :]e he says nature nev]    
int5ds ! g5]ation ( a  mon/]1 ,i und]/& 
n :e!r by nature he means ! ,au?or (    
nature1 9 :i* mean+ he d]ogates f ,god2 
or nature itself1 z !  univ]sal "w (    
,god2 & !n x is absurd2 = ! univ]se1 z  
"o  aggregate ( ?+s natural1 ha? no     
int5tion4 ,8 doctr9e t  foll[e? conc]n+ 
! g5]ation ( mon/]s1 is n wor?          
consid]ation2 !re=e ,i leave x :olly to 
! judgm5t ( !  read]4    7e7 8,!n he    

betakes himself to 8 old help1 t ,god   
may puni% by  "r ( omnipot5ce1 ?\gh !re 
7 no s94 ,! "q is n1 n[  :at ,god may d1
 b :at ,god w d1 accord+ to t cov5ant   
:i*  he ha? made ) man1 ,fac hoc et     
vives1 d ?is & ?\ %alt  live40 ,x is    
pla9 7to let pass t he puts puni%m5t :]e
 ,i put  affliction1 mak+ a true s5t5ce 
false7 t if a man d ?is he %all  live1 &
 he may d ?is if he w4 ,9 ?is ! ,bi%op &
 ,i disagree  n4 ,?is !re=e is n ! "q2 b
 :e!r ! w to d  ?is1 or n to d ?is1 be 9
 a man's own election4 ,:]eas he adds1  
#8he t wills n ! dea? ( a s9n]1 do? mu* 
less w ! dea?  ( an innoc5t creature'2  
he _h =got = a:ile1 t bo? good &  evil  
m5 are by ! w ( ,god all mortal2 b      
pres5tly corrects  himself1 & says1 he  
means by dea?1 et]nal torm5ts1 t is to  
say1  et]nal life1 b 9 torm5ts2 to :i*  
,i h answ]$ once be=e 9  ?is book1 &    
spok5 mu* m amply 9 ano!r book1 to :i* !
  ,bi%op ha? incl9ation to make an      
answ]1 z appe>e? by 8 epi/le  to !      
read]4 ,t :i* foll[e? to ! end ( ?is    

numb]1 ha? be5  urg$ & answ]$ already   
div]s times2 ,i !re=e pass x ov]4       
,,no4 ,,xviii4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's 
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,b ! patrons (       
necessity be+ driv5 out ( ! pla9  field 
) reason1 h c]ta9 retreats or di/9ctions
 :i* !y fly  unto = refuge4 ,fir/1 !y   
di/+ui% betwe5 ,/oical necessity &      
,*ri/ian necessity1 betwe5 :i* !y make a
 ?reefold diff]5ce4    8,fir/1 say !y1 !
 ,/oics did subject ,jupit] to de/9y1 b 
we  subject de/9y to ,god4 ,i answ]1 t !
 ,/oical & ,*ri/ian de/9y  are "o & !   
same2 ,fatum1 quasi effatum ,jovis4 ,he>
 ,s5eca3  ,de/9y is ! necessity ( all   
?+s & actions dep5d+ ^u !  disposition (
 ,jupit]1 c4 ,i add1 t ! ,/oics left a  
great]  lib]ty to ,jupit] ov] de/9y1 ?an
 ^! /oical ,*ri/ians d to ,god  ov] 8   
decrees1 ei!r = ! beg9n+s ( ?+s1 z      
,euripides1 or  = ! progress ( !m1 z    
,*rysippus1 or at lea/ ( !  circum/ances
 ( "t & place1 z all ( !m g5]ally4 ,s   
,virgil3  ,s$ trah]e et moras duc]e1 c4 
,s ,osyris 9 ,apuleius1 promise? him  to

 prolong 8 life1 ultra fato con/ituta   
tempora1 beyond ! times  set d[n by !   
de/9ies4    8,next1 !y say1 t ! ,/oics  
did hold an et]nal flux & necess>y      
connexion ( causes2 b !y believ$ t ,god 
do? act prt] et  contra naturam1 besides
 & aga9/ nature4 ,i answ]1 t x is n  mu*
 mat]ial :e!r !y attribute necessity to 
,god1 or to ! />s1  or to a connexion ( 
causes1 s z !y e/abli% necessity4 ,! =m]
  reasons d n only condemn ! gr\nd or   
f\ndation ( necessity1 b  mu* m         
necessity itself ^u :at gr\nd soev]4    
,ei!r !y mu/ run  into ?is absurdity1 t 
! effect is det]m9$1 ! cause rema9+     
undet]m9$2 or else hold su* a necess>y  
connexion ( causes z !  ,/oics did4     
8,la/ly1 !y say1 ! ,/oics did take away 
lib]ty & cont+5ce1 b  !y admit x4 ,i    
answ]1 :at lib]ty or cont+5ce 0 x !y    
admit  b a titul> lib]ty & an empty %ad[
 ( cont+5ce1 :o d pr(ess  /iffly t all  
actions & ev5ts1 :i* ei!r are or %all   
be1  _c b be1 nor c be o!rwise1 aft] any
 o!r mann]1 9 any  o!r place1 "t1 numb]1

 ord]1 measure1 nor to any o!r end1 ?an 
!y are2 & t 9 respect ( ,god det]m9+ !m 
to "o4 ,:at a  poor ridicul\s lib]ty or 
cont+5cy is ?is6    8,secondly1 !y      
di/+ui% betwe5 ! fir/ cause1 & ! second 
causes2 !y say1 t 9 respect ( ! second  
causes _m ?+s are  free1 b 9 respect ( !
 fir/ cause all ?+s are necess>y4 ,?is  
answ] may be tak5 away two ways4        
8,fir/1 s contr>ies %all be true toge!r2
 ! same ?+ at ! same  "t %all be det]m9$
 to "o1 & n det]m9$ to "o2 ! same  ?+ at
 ! same "t mu/ necess>ily be1 & yet may 
n be4 ,p]haps  !y w say1 n 9 ! same     
respect4 ,b t :i* /rikes at !  root (   
?is "q is ?is1 if all ! causes 7 only   
collat]al1  ?is exception might h "s    
col\r3 b :]e all ! causes be+  jo9$     
toge!r1 & subord9ate "o to ano!r1 d make
 b "o total  cause1 if any "o cause 7mu*
 m ! fir/7 9 ! :ole s]ies or            
subord9ation ( causes be necess>y1 x    
det]m9es ! re/1 &  )\t d\bt makes !     
effect necess>y4 ,necessity or lib]ty is
 n to  be e/eem$ f "o cause1 b f all !  

causes jo9$ toge!r4 ,if  "o l9k 9 a *a9 
be fa/1 x fa/5s all ! re/4              
8,secondly1 ,i w\ld h !m tell me :e!r ! 
second causes be  pr$et]m9$ by ! fir/   
cause1 or n4 ,if x be det]m9$1 !n !     
effect is necess>y1 ev5 9 respect ( !   
second causes4 ,if ! second  cause be n 
det]m9$1 h[ is ! effect det]m9$1 !      
second cause  rema9+ undet]m9$8 ,no?+ c 
give t to ano!r :i* x ha?  n itself4 ,b 
say !y1 nev]!less ! p[] or faculty      
rema9e?  free4 ,true1 b n 9 ord] to !   
act1 if x be once det]m9$4 ,x is  free1 
9 s5su diviso1 b n 9 s5su composito4 ,:5
 a man holds  a bird fa/ 9 8 h&1 is %e  
!re=e free to fly :]e %e w1  because %e 
ha? w+s8 ,or a man imprison$ or fett]$1 
is he !re=e  free to walk :]e he w1     
because he ha? feet & a locomotive      
faculty8 ,judge )\t prejudice1 :at a    
mis]able subt]fuge is ?is  :i* _m m5    
confide s mu* 94     ,,c]ta9            
,,di/9ctions ,,:i* ,,he ,,suppos+ ,,may 
,,be ,,br\ght ,,to ,,8 ,,argum5ts1      
,,are ,,by ,,him ,,remov$4    ,t4 ,h4   

,he sai?1 8a man may p]haps answ]1 t !  
necessity (  ?+s held by him is n a     
,/oical necessity1 b a ,*ri/ian         
necessity10 c41 b ?is di/9ction ,i h n  
us$1 nor inde$ h  ev] he>d be=e4 ,nor d 
,i ?9k any man c\ld make ,/oical &      
,*ri/ian two k9ds ( necessities1 ?\gh !y
 may be two k9ds (  doctr9e4 ,nor h ,i  
drawn my answ] to 8 argum5ts f !        
au?ority  ( any sect1 b f ! nature ( !  
?+s !mselves4    ,b "h ,i mu/ take      
notice ( c]ta9 words ( 8 9 ?is place1 z 
mak+ aga9/ 8 own t5et4 8,:]e all !      
causes01 sai? he1 8be+  jo9$ toge!r1 &  
subord9ate "o to ano!r1 d make b "o     
total  cause1 if any "o cause1 mu* m !  
fir/1 9 ! :ole s]ies (  subord9ation (  
causes be necess>y1 x det]m9es ! re/1 & 
)\t d\bt make? ! effect necess>y40 ,= t 
:i* ,i call !  necess>y cause ( any     
effect1 is ! jo9+ toge!r ( all causes   
subord9ate to ! fir/1 into "o total     
cause4 ,if any "o ( ^?1  sai? he1       
especially ! fir/1 produce its effect   
necess>ily1 !n all  ! re/ are det]m9$1 &

 ! effect also necess>y4 ,n[1 x is      
manife/1 t ! fir/ cause is a necess>y   
cause ( all ! effects  t are next &     
imm$iate to x2 & !re=e by 8 own reason1 
all  effects are necess>y4 ,nor is t    
di/9ction ( necess>y 9 respect  ( ! fir/
 cause1 & necess>y 9 respect ( second   
causes1 m9e2 x  does1 z he well note?1  
imply a contradiction4    ,j4 ,d4       
8,because ,t4 ,h4 disav[s ^! two        
di/9ctions1 ,i h jo9$  !m toge!r 9 "o   
p>agraph4 ,he likes n ! di/9ction (     
necessity1 or de/9y1 into ,/oical &     
,*ri/ian2 no m d ,i4 ,we  agree 9 !     
conclusion1 b our motives are div]se4   
,my reason is1  because ,i ackn[l$ge no 
su* necessity ei!r z ! "o or z !  o!r2 &
 because ,i conceive t ^? ,*ri/ian      
writ]s1 :o d  ju/ly dete/ ! nak$ de/9y (
 ! ,/oics1 z fe>+ to fall into  ^? gross
 absurdities & p]nici\s consequ5ces :i* 
fl[ f  !nce1 d yet privily1 ?\gh p]haps 
unwitt+ly1 "u ano!r =m  ( expression    
introduce x aga9 at ! back-door1 aft] !y
 _h op5ly  ca/ x out at ! =e-door4 ,b   

,t4 ,h4 ru%e? boldly )\t  di/9ctions1   
:i* he acc\nts b j>gon1 & )\t =esight1  
^u  ! grosse/ de/9y ( all o!rs1 t is1 t 
( ! ,/oics4 ,he  confesse?1 t 8!y may be
 two k9ds ( doctr9e40 ,may be8 ,nay1 !y 
are2 )\t all p]adv5ture4 ,& he himself  
is ! fir/ :o be>s !  "n ( a ,*ri/ian1 t 
,i h read1 t ha? rais$ ?is sleep+  gho/ 
out ( its grave1 & set x out 9 its true 
col\rs4 ,b yet he  likes n ! names (    
,/oical & ,*ri/ian de/9y4 ,i d n blame  
him1 ?\gh he w\ld n will+ly be acc\nt$ a
 ,/oic4 ,to admit !  ?+1 & qu>rel ab\t !
 "n1 is to make ourselves ridicul\s4 ,:y
  might n ,i fir/ call t k9d ( de/9y :i*
 is ma9ta9$ by  ,*ri/ians1 ,*ri/ian     
de/9y3 & t o!r ma9ta9$ by ,/oics1       
,/oical de/9y8 ,b ,i am n ! inv5tor ( ! 
t]m4 ,if he _h be5  z c>eful 9 read+ o!r
 m5's op9ions1 z he is confid5t 9  sett+
 d[n 8 own1 he might h f\nd n only ! ?+1
 b !  "n itself (t5 us$4 ,b if ! "n (   
fatum ,*ri/ianum d (f5d  him1 let him   
call x ) ,lipsius1 fatum v]um2 :o       
divides de/9y  into f\r k9ds3 #a4       

ma!matical or a/rological de/9y3 #b4    
natural  de/9y3 #c4 ,/oical or viol5t   
de/9y3 & #d4 true de/9y2 :i* he  calls1 
ord9>ily1 no/rum1 our de/9y1 t is1 (    
,*ri/ians2 &  fatum pium1 t is1 godly   
de/9y2 & def9es x j z ,t4 ,h4 do?  8    
de/9y1 to be 7a7 a s]ies or ord] (      
causes dep5d+ ^u !  div9e c\nsel 7,de   
,con/antia1 lib4 #a4 cap4 xvii4 xviii4  
xix74 ,?\gh  he be m cautel\s ?an ,t4   
,h4 to decl9e ^? rocks :i* "s o!rs  h   
made %ipwreck ^u1 yet ! div9es ?\ght he 
came too ne> !m2  z appe>s by 8 ,epi/le 
to ! ,read] 9 a lat] edition1 & by t    
note 9 ! m>g9 ( 8 tw5tie? *apt]1        
#8,:atsoev] ,i dispute "h1  ,i submit to
 ! judgm5t ( ! wise1 & be+ admoni%$ ,i w
  conv]t x2 "o may conv9ce me ( error1 b
 n ( ob/9acy4' ,s  fe>ful 0 he to       
ov]-%oot himself2 & yet he ma9ta9$ bo?  
true  lib]ty & true cont+5cy4 ,t4 ,h4   
sai?1 #8he ha? n suck$ 8  answ] f any   
sect'2 & ,i say1 s mu* ! worse4 ,x is   
bett] to be  ! disciple ( an old sect1  
?an ! r+-lead] ( a new4    7b7 8,conc]n+

 ! o!r di/9ction1 ( lib]ty 9 respect ( !
  fir/ cause1 & lib]ty 9 respect ( !    
second causes2 ?\gh he w  n see t :i* x 
conc]n$ him to answ]1 l ^? old ,lami1   
:i* c\ld put out _! eyes :5 !y li/2 z1  
namely1 t !  faculty ( will+1 :5 x is   
det]m9$ 9 ord] to ! act1 7:i* is  all ! 
fre$om t he ackn[l$ge?71 is b l ! fre$om
 ( a  bird :5 %e is fir/ 9 a man's h&1  
c43 yet he ha? espi$ ano!r  ?+ :]e9 ,i  
contradict myself1 because ,i affirm1 t 
if any "o  cause 9 ! :ole s]ies (       
causes1 mu* m ! fir/ cause1 be          
necess>y1 x det]m9e? ! re/4 ,b1 sai? he1
 #8x is manife/ t  ! fir/ cause is a    
necess>y cause ( all ! effects t are    
next'4  ,i am glad2 yet x is n ,i :o    
contradict myself1 b x is "s ( 8        
manife/ tru?s :i* ,i contradict2 t #8!  
fir/ cause is a  necess>y cause ( all   
effects'2 :i* ,i say is a manife/       
falsehood4  ,^? ?+s :i* ,god wills )\t  
himself1 he wills freely1 n  necess>ily4
 ,:atsoev] cause acts or works          
necess>ily1 do? act or  "w all t x c d1 

or all t is 9 its p[]4 ,b x is evid5t  t
 ,god do? n all ?+s )\t himself1 :i* he 
c d1 or :i*  he ha? p[] to d4 ,he c\ld h
 rais$ up *ildr5 unto ,abraham (  ! v   
/ones :i* 7 ^u ! banks ( ,jordan 7,luke 
iii4 #h72 b  he did n4 ,he c\ld h s5t   
twelve legions ( angels to ! succ\r  (  
,*ri/1 7,mat?4 xxvi4 #ec72 b he did n4  
,god c make ,t4 ,h4 live  ! ye>s (      
,me?uselah2 b x is n necess>y t he %all 
d s1  nor probable t he w d s4 ,!       
productive p[] ( ,god is  inf9ite1 b !  
:ole creat$ _w is f9ite4 ,&1 !re=e ,god 
might /ill produce m1 if x pleas$ him4  
,b ?us x is1 :5 m5 g  on 9 a confus$    
way1 & w admit no di/9ctions4 ,if ,t4   
,h4 _h  consid]$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a    
necess>y be+1 & a necess>y  cause1 or   
betwe5 ^? actions ( ,god :i* are imman5t
 )9  himself1 & ! transi5t works ( ,god 
:i* are extr9sical )\t  himself2 he w\ld
 nev] h propos$ su* an evid5t error = a 
manife/ tru?4 ,qui pauca consid]at1     
facile pronuntiat40                     
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     

,,reply ,,no4 ,,xviii4    ,! ,bi%op1    
suppos+ ,i _h tak5 my op9ion f !        
au?ority ( !  ,/oic philosoph]s1 n f my 
own m$itation1 falle? into dispute      
aga9/ ! ,/oics3 :]e( ,i might1 if ,i    
pleas$1 take no notice1 b  pass ov] to  
,no4 ,,xix4 ,b t he may "k ,i h consid]$
 _!  doctr9e conc]n+ fate1 ,i ?9k fit to
 say ?us mu*1 t _! error  consi/e? n 9 !
 op9ion ( fate1 b 9 feign+ ( a false    
,god4  ,:5 !re=e !y say1 fatum e/       
effatum ,jovis1 !y say no m b  t fate is
 ! ^w ( ,jupit]4 ,if !y _h said x _h be5
 !  ^w ( ! true ,god1 ,i %\ld n h       
p]ceiv$ any?+ 9 x to  contradict2       
because ,i hold1 z mo/ ,*ri/ians d1 t ! 
:ole _w  0 made1 & is n[ gov]n$ by ! ^w 
( ,god1 :i* br+e? a  necessity ( all ?+s
 & actions to dep5d ^u ! ,div9e         
disposition4 ,nor d ,i see cause to f9d 
fault ) t1 z he does1  :i* is said by   
,lipsius1 t 7a7 fate is a s]ies or ord] 
(  causes dep5d+ ^u ! ,div9e c\nsel2    
?\gh ! div9es ?\ght he  came too ne> !  
rocks1 z he ?9ks ,i d n[4 ,& ! reason :y

 he  0 cautel\s1 01 because be+ a memb] 
( ! ,romi% ,*ur* he _h  little confid5ce
 9 ! judgm5t & l5ity ( ! ,romi% cl]gy2 &
  n because he ?\ght he _h ov]-%ot      
himself4    7b7 8,conc]n+ ! o!r         
di/9ction1 ( lib]ty 9 respect ( !  fir/ 
cause1 & lib]ty 9 respect ( ! second    
causes1 ?\gh he w  n see t :i* x conc]n$
 him to answ]1 c401 8z1 namely1 t  !    
faculty ( will+1 c40 ,i answ]1 t        
di/9ction he allege?1 n  to be m9e1 b ! 
,/oics'2 & !re=e ,i _h no reason to take
  notice ( x2 = he dispute? n aga9/ me1 
b o!rs4 ,& :]eas  he says1 x conc]n$ me 
to make t answ] :i* he ha? set d[n 9  ! 
words foll[+2 ,i _c conceive h[ x       
conc]ne? me 7:atsoev]  x may d somebody 
else7 to speak absurdly4    ,i said t ! 
fir/ cause is a necess>y cause ( all !  
effects t  are next & imm$iate to x2 :i*
 _c be d\bt$1 & ?\gh he  d5y x1 he does 
n disprove x4 ,= :5 he says1 8^? ?+s :i*
  ,god wills )\t himself1 he wills      
freely & n necess>ily02 he says  ra%ly1 
& untruly4 ,ra%ly1 because !re is no?+  

)\t ,god1 :o  is inf9ite1 9 :om are all 
?+s1 & 9 :om we live1 move1 &  h our    
be+2 & untruly1 because :atsoev] ,god   
=eknew f  et]nity1 he will$ f et]nity1 &
 !re=e necess>ily4 ,b  aga9/ ?is he     
argue? ?us3 8,:atsoev] cause acts or    
works  necess>ily1 do? "w or act all t x
 c d1 or all t is 9 its  p[]2 b x is    
evid5t t ,god do? n all ?+s :i* he c d10
  c4 ,9 ?+s inanimate1 ! action is      
always accord+ to ! ext5t (  its p[]2 n 
tak+ 9 ! p[] ( will+1 because !y h x n4 
,b 9 ^? ?+s t h w1 ! action is accord+  
to ! :ole  p[]1 w & all4 ,x is true1 t  
,god do? n all ?+s t he  c d if he w2 b 
t he c w t :i* he ha? n  will$ f all    
et]nity1 ,i d5y2 unless t he c n only w 
a  *ange1 b also *ange 8 w1 :i* all     
div9es say is immutable2  & !n !y mu/   
ne$s be necess>y effects1 t proce$ f    
,god4  ,& 8 texts1 ,god c\ld h rais$ up 
*ildr5 unto ,abraham1 c42  & s5t twelve 
legions ( angels1 c41 make no?+ aga9/ ! 
necessity ( ^? actions1 :i* f ! fir/    
cause proce$  imm$iately4               

,,no4 ,,xix4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's   
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?irdly1 !y di/+ui%  
betwe5 lib]ty f compulsion1 &  lib]ty f 
necessitation4 ,! w1 say !y1 is free f  
compulsion1  b n free f necessitation4  
,& ?is !y =tify ) two reasons4  ,fir/1  
because x is grant$ by all div9es1 t    
hypo!tical  necessity1 or necessity ^u a
 supposition1 may consi/ ) lib]ty4      
,secondly1 because ,god & ! good angels 
d good necess>ily1 & yet  are m free ?an
 we4 ,to ! fir/ reason1 ,i confess t    
necessity  ^u a supposition may         
sometimes consi/ ) true lib]ty1 z :5 x  
signifies only an infallible c]titude ( 
! und]/&+ 9 t  :i* x kn[s to be1 or t x 
%all be4 ,b if ! supposition be n  9 !  
ag5t's p[]1 nor dep5d ^u any?+ t is 9 8 
p[]2 if  !re be an ext]ior antec$5t     
cause :i* do? necessitate ! effect2  to 
call ?is free1 is to be mad ) reason4   
8,to ! second reason1 ,i confess t ,god 
& ! good angels are m  free ?an we are1 
t is1 int5sively 9 ! degree ( fre$om1 b 
n  ext5sively 9 ! latitude ( ! object2  

accord+ to a lib]ty (  ex]cise1 b n (   
specification4 ,a lib]ty ( ex]cise1 t   
is1 to  d or n to d1 may consi/ well ) a
 necessity ( specification1 or  a       
det]m9ation to ! do+ ( good4 ,b a lib]ty
 ( ex]cise1 & a  necessity ( ex]cise1 a 
lib]ty ( specification1 & a necessity ( 
specification1 are n compatible1 nor c  
consi/ toge!r4 ,he t is  antec$5tly     
necessitat$ to d evil1 is n free to d   
good4 ,s ?is  in/ance is no?+ at all to 
! purpose40    ,t4 ,h4 ,b ! di/9ction ( 
free1 into free f compulsion1 & free  f 
necessitation1 ,i ackn[l$ge4 ,= to be   
free f compulsion1 is to  d a ?+ s z    
t]ror be n ! cause ( 8 w to d x4 ,= a   
man  is !n only said to be compell$1 :5 
fe> makes him will+ to x2 z  :5 a man   
will+ly ?r[s 8 goods into ! sea to save 
himself1 or  submits to 8 enemy = fe> ( 
be+ kill$4 ,?us all m5 t d  any?+ f     
love1 or rev5ge1 or lu/1 are free f     
compulsion2 &  yet _! actions may be z  
necess>y z ^? :i* are done ^u           
compulsion4 ,= sometimes o!r passions "w

 z =cibly z fe>2 b  free f necessitation
 ,i say no?+ c be4 ,& x is t :i* he     
und]took to disprove4 ,?is di/9ction1 he
 says1 use? to be =tifi$  by two        
reasons4 ,b !y are n m9e4 ,! fir/1 he   
says1 is1 8t x  is grant$ by all div9es1
 t an hypo!tical necessity1 or necessity
  ^u supposition1 may /& ) lib]ty04 ,t y
 may und]/& ?is1  ,i w give y an example
 ( hypo!tical necessity4 ,if ,i %all    
live1  ,i %all eat2 ?is is an hypo!tical
 necessity4 ,inde$1 x is a  necess>y    
proposition2 t is to say1 x is necess>y 
t t  proposition %\ld be true1 :5soev]  
utt]$2 b x is n !  necessity ( ! ?+1 nor
 is x !re=e necess>y1 t ! man  %all     
live1 or t ! man %all eat4 ,i d n use to
 =tify my  di/9ctions ) su* reasons4    
,let him confute !m z he w1 x  cont5ts  
me4 ,b ,i w\ld h y\r ,lord%ip take      
notice h]eby1 h[ an  easy & pla9 ?+1 b  
)al false1 may be1 ) ! grave usage (    
su* words z hypo!tical necessity1 &     
necessity ^u  supposition1 & su* l t]ms 
( ,s*oolm51 obscur$ & made to  seem     

pr(\nd le>n+4    ,! second reason t may 
confirm ! di/9ction ( free f            
compulsion1 & free f necessitation1 he  
says1 is t #8,god & good  angels d good 
necess>ily1 & yet are m free ?an we'4   
,?is reason1  ?\gh ,i _h no ne$ ( x1 yet
 ,i ?9k x s f> =? good1 z x is  true t  
,god & good angels d good necess>ily1 & 
yet are free4 ,b  because ,i f9d n 9 !  
articles ( our fai?1 nor 9 ! decrees (  
our ,*ur*1 set d[n 9 :at mann] ,i am to 
conceive ,god & good angels  to "w by   
necessity1 or 9 :at s5se !y "w freely1  
,i susp5d my  s5t5ce 9 t po9t2 & am     
cont5t t !re may be a fre$om f          
compulsion1 & yet no fre$om f           
necessitation1 z ha? be5 prov$  9 t1 t a
 man may be necessitat$ to "s actions   
)\t ?reats  & )\t fe> ( dang]4 ,b h[ he 
c avoid ! consi/+ toge!r  ( fre$om &    
necessity1 suppos+ ,god & good angels   
are fre] ?an  m5 & yet d good           
necess>ily1 t we mu/ n[ exam9e4    8,i  
confess10 sai? he1 8t ,god & good angels
 are m free ?an we1  t is1 int5sively 9 

degree ( fre$om1 n ext5sively 9 !       
latitude ( ! object1 accord+ to a lib]ty
 ( ex]cise1 n (  specification40 ,aga9  
we h "h two di/9ctions t are no         
di/9ctions1 b made to seem s by t]ms    
inv5t$1 by ,i "k n :om1  to cov]        
ignorance1 & bl9d ! und]/&+ ( ! read]4  
,= x  _c be conceiv$ t !re is any lib]ty
 great] ?an = a man to  d :at he w1 & to
 =be> :at he w4 ,"o heat may be m       
int5sive ?an ano!r1 b n "o lib]ty ?an   
ano!r4 ,he t c d  :at he w1 ha? all     
lib]ty possible2 & he t _c1 has none at 
all4 ,also lib]ty 7z he says ! ,s*ools  
call x7 ( ex]cise1 :i*  is1 z ,i h said 
be=e1 a lib]ty to d or n to d1 _c be    
)\t a lib]ty1 :i* !y call (             
specification2 t is to say1 a  lib]ty to
 d or n to d ?is or t 9 p>ticul>4 ,= h[ 
c a man  conceive1 t he has lib]ty to d 
any ?+1 t ha? n lib]ty to  d ?is1 or t1 
or some:at 9 p>ticul>8 ,if a man be     
=bidd5 9  ,l5t to eat ?is1 & t1 & e o!r 
p>ticul> k9d ( fle%1  h[ c he be        
und]/ood to h a lib]ty to eat fle%1 m   

?an he  t ha? no lic5se at all8    ,y   
may by ?is aga9 see ! vanity (          
di/9ctions us$ 9 !  ,s*ools2 & ,i d n   
d\bt b t ! impos+ ( !m by au?ority  (   
doctors 9 ! ,*ur*1 ha? be5 a great cause
 t m5 h  lab\r$1 ?\gh by s$ition & evil 
c\rses1 to %ake !m (f2 =1  no?+ is m apt
 to beget hatr$1 ?an ! tyrannis+ ov]    
man's  reason & und]/&+1 especially :5 x
 is done1 n by !  ,scripture1 b by      
pret5ce ( le>n+1 & m judgm5t ?an t (    
o!r m54    ,j4 ,d4 8,he :o w speak ) "s 
( our great und]tak]s ab\t !  gr\nds (  
le>n+1 _h ne$ ei!r to speak by an       
int]pret]1 or to  le>n a new language   
7,i d>e n call x j>gon or cant+7 lately 
devis$1 n to set =? ! tru?1 b to conceal
 falsehood4 ,he mu/  le>n a new lib]ty1 
a new necessity1 a new cont+5cy1 a new  
suffici5cy1 a new spontaneity1 a new k9d
 ( delib]ation1 a new k9d  ( election1 a
 new et]nity1 a new compulsion1 & 9     
conclusion1 a new  no?+4 7a7 ,?is       
proposition1 ! w is free1 may be        
und]/ood  9 two s5ses2 ei!r t ! w is n  

compell$1 or t ! w  is n always         
necessitat$2 = if x be ord9>ily1 or at  
any "t free  f necessitation1 my        
ass]tion is true1 t !re is fre$om f     
necessity4 ,! =m] s5se1 t ! w is n      
compell$1 is  ackn[l$g$ by all ! _w z a 
tru? und5iable3 voluntas non  cogitur4  
,= if ! w may be compell$1 !n x may bo? 
w &  n w ! same ?+ at ! same "t1 "u !   
same notion2 b  ?is implies a           
contradiction4 ,yet ?is au?or1 l ! good 
woman :om  h] husb& s\ght up ! /ream :5 
%e 0 dr[n$ ^u pret5ce t  :5 %e 0 liv+ %e
 us$ to g contr>y c\rses to all o!r p1  
holds1 t true compulsion & fe> may make 
a man w t :i* he  do? n w1 t is1 9 8    
s5se may compel ! w3 8z :5 a man        
will+ly ?r[s 8 goods into ! sea to save 
himself1 or submits to  8 enemy = fe> ( 
be+ kill$04 ,i answ]1 t ,t4 ,h4 mi/akes 
sundry ways 9 ?is disc\rse4    7b7      
8,fir/1 he erre? 9 ?is1 to ?9k t actions
 proce$+ f  fe> are prop]ly compulsory  
actions3 :i* 9 tru? are n only          
volunt>y1 b free actions2 nei!r         

compell$1 nor s mu* z  physically       
necessitat$4 ,ano!r man1 at ! same "t1 9
 ! same  %ip1 9 ! same /orm1 may *oose1 
& ! same individual man  o!rwise advis$ 
might *oose n1 to ?r[ 8 goods ov]bo>d4  
,x is  ! man himself1 :o *oose? freely  
?is means to pres]ve 8 life4 ,x  is     
true1 t if he 7 n 9 su* a condition1 or 
if he 7 fre$  f ! gr\nds ( 8 pres5t     
fe>s1 he w\ld n *oose nei!r !  ca/+ ( 8 
goods into ! sea1 nor ! submitt+ to 8   
enemy4 ,b  consid]+ ! pres5t exig5ce ( 8
 affairs1 reason dictates to him1  t (  
two inconv5i5ces ! less is to be *os51 z
 a comp>ative  good4 ,nei!r do? he w ?is
 c\rse z ! end or direct object (  8    
desires1 b z ! means to atta9 8 end4 ,& 
:at fe> do? 9  ^! cases1 love1 hope1    
hatr$1 c4 may d 9 o!r cases2 t is1 may  
occasion a man to elect ^? means to     
obta9 8 will$ end1 :i*  o!rwise he w\ld 
n elect4 ,z ,jacob1 to s]ve sev5 ye>s m1
  r ?an n to enjoy 8 belov$ ,ra*el4 ,!  
m]*ant1 to haz>d  himself ^u ! r\gh seas
 9 hope ( pr(it4 ,passions may be s     

viol5t1 t !y may necessitate ! w1 t is1 
:5 !y prev5t  delib]ations2 b ?is is    
r>ely1 & !n ! w is n free4 ,b  !y nev]  
prop]ly compel x4 ,t :i* is compell$1 is
 aga9/ !  w2 & t :i* is aga9/ ! w1 is n 
will$4    7c7 8,secondly1 ,t4 ,h4 errs 9
 ?is also1 :]e he sai?1 t #8a man is  !n
 only said to be compell$1 :5 fe> makes 
him will+ to an  action'3 z if =ce 7 n m
 preval5t ) a man1 ?an fe>4 ,we  mu/ "k 
!re=e1 t ?is ^w compell$ is tak5 two    
ways3  sometimes improp]ly1 t is1 :5 a  
man is mov$ or occasion$ by  ?reats or  
fe>1 or any passion1 to d t :i* he w\ld 
n h  done1 if ^? ?reats or t passion _h 
n be54 ,sometimes x is  tak5 prop]ly2 :5
 we d any ?+ aga9/ our own incl9ation1  
mov$  by an ext]nal cause1 ! w n cons5t+
 nor concurr+1 b  resi/+ z mu* z x c4 ,z
 9 a rape1 or :5 a ,*ri/ian is drawn  or
 c>ri$ by viol5ce to ! idol's temple4   
,or z 9 ! case ( ,/4  ,pet] 7,john xxi4 
#ah73 ,ano!r %all gird !e1 & c>ry !e    
:i!r  ?\ w\lde/ n4 ,?is is t compulsion1
 :i* is und]/ood :5 we  say1 ! w may be 

lett$1 or *ang$1 or necessitat$1 or t ! 
imp]ate actions ( ! w1 t is ! actions ( 
! inf]ior  faculties :i* are ord9>ily   
mov$ by ! w1 may be compell$3 b  t !    
imman5t actions ( ! w1 t is1 to w1 to   
*oose1  _c be compell$2 because x is !  
nature ( an action prop]ly  compell$1 to
 be done by an extr9sical cause1 )\t !  
concurr5ce  ( ! w4    7d7 8,?irdly1 ! "q
 is n1 :e!r all ! actions ( a man be    
free1 b :e!r !y be ord9>ily free4       
,suppose "s passions are s  sudd5 &     
viol5t1 t !y surprise a man1 & betray ! 
succ\rs (  ! s\l1 & prev5t delib]ation2 
z we see 9 "s motus primo  primi1 or    
antipa?ies1 h[ "s m5 w run ^u ! mo/     
dang]\s  objects1 ^u ! fir/ view ( a    
loa!d creature1 )\t any p[] to  conta9  
!mselves4 ,su* actions z ^!1 z !y are n 
ord9>y1 s  !y are n free2 because !re is
 no delib]ation nor election4 ,b  :]e   
delib]ation & election are1 z :5 a man  
?r[s 8 goods  ov]bo>d to save ! %ip1 or 
submits to 8 enemy to save 8 life1  !re 
is always true lib]ty4    8,?\gh ,t4 ,h4

 slight ! two reasons :i* ,i produce 9  
fav\r ( 8  cause1 yet !y :o urg$ !m     
des]v$ n to be slight$1 unless x  7     
because !y 7 ,s*ool-m54 ,! =m] reason is
 ?us fram$3 a  necessity ( supposition  
may consi/ ) true lib]ty4 ,b t          
necessity :i* fl[s f ! natural &        
extr9sical det]m9ation (  ! w1 is a     
necessity ( supposition4 ,to ?is1 my    
answ] is 9  effect1 t 7e7 a necessity ( 
supposition is ( two k9ds4 ,sometimes  !
 ?+ suppos$ is 9 ! p[] ( ! ag5t to d1 or
 n to d4 ,z  = a ,romi% prie/ to v[     
cont95ce1 ^u supposition t he be a      
,romi% prie/1 is necess>y2 b because x 0
 9 8 p[] to be a  prie/ or n to be a    
prie/1 !re=e 8 v[ is a free act4 ,s     
suppos+ a man to h tak5 physic1 x is    
necess>y t he keep at  home2 yet because
 x 0 9 8 p[] to take a m$ic9e or n to   
take  x1 !re=e 8 keep+ at home is free4 
,aga91 sometimes ! ?+  suppos$ is n 9 ! 
p[] ( ! ag5t to d1 or n to d4 ,suppos+  
a man to be extremely sick1 x is        
necess>y t he keep at home2 or  suppos+ 

t a man ha? a natural antipa?y aga9/ a  
cat1 he runs  necess>ily away s soon z  
he sees h]3 because ?is antipa?y1 &  ?is
 sickness1 are n 9 ! p[] ( ! p>ty       
affect$1 !re=e  ^! acts are n free4     
,jacob bless$ 8 sons1 ,balaam bless$    
,israel2  ^! two acts be+ done1 are bo? 
necess>y ^u supposition4 ,b x  0 9      
,jacob's p[]1 n to h bless$ 8 sons2 s 0 
x n 9  ,balaam's p[]1 n to h bless$     
,israel 7,numb4 xxii4 #ch74 ,jacob's  w 
0 det]m9$ by himself2 ,balaam's w 0     
physically det]m9$  by ,god4 ,!re=e     
,jacob's b5$iction proce$$ f 8 own free 
election2 & ,balaam's f ,god's          
det]m9ation4 ,s 0 ,caiphas'  prophecy   
7,john xi4 #ea73 !re=e ! text sai?1 he  
spake n (  himself4 ,to ?is ,t4 ,h4 sai?
 no?+2 b only decl>e? by an  imp]t95t   
in/ance1 :at hypo!tical signifies2 & !n 
advise?  y\r ,lord%ip1 to take notice h[
 errors & ignorance may be cloak$  "u   
grave s*ola/ic t]ms4 ,& ,i d likewise   
intreat y\r ,lord%ip to  take notice1 t 
! greate/ fraud & *eat+ lurks commonly  

"u  ! pret5ce ( pla9 deal+4 ,we see     
juggl]s commonly /rip up _!  sleeves1 & 
promise extraord9>y fair deal+1 be=e !y 
beg9 to  play _! tricks4    8,conc]n+ ! 
second argum5t drawn f ! lib]ty ( ,god &
 !  good angels2 z ,i _c b approve 8    
mode/y1 9 #8susp5d+ 8  judgm5t conc]n+ !
 mann] h[ ,god & ! good angels d "w     
necess>ily or freely1 because he f9ds x 
n set d[n 9 ! ,articles  ( our fai?1 or 
! decrees ( our ,*ur*'1 especially 9 ?is
 age1  :i* is s full ( a!ism1 & ( ^?    
sc(f]s :i* ,/4 ,pet]  prophesi$ (1 7#b  
,pet4 iii4 #c71 :o nei!r believe t !re  
is ,god or  angels1 or t !y h a s\l1 b  
only z salt1 to keep _! bodies  f       
putrifaction2 s ,i c by no means ass5t  
unto him 9 t :i*  foll[s1 t is to say1 t
 he ha? prov$ t lib]ty & necessity  ( ! 
same k9d may consi/ toge!r1 t is1 a     
lib]ty ( ex]cise  ) a necessity (       
ex]cise1 or a lib]ty ( specification ) a
  necessity ( specification4 ,^? actions
 :i* he sai? are  necessitat$ by        
passion1 are = ! mo/ "p dictat$ by      

reason1  ei!r truly or app>5tly "r1 &   
resolv$ by ! w itself4 ,b  x tr\bles    
him1 t ,i say t ,god & ! good angels are
 m free  ?an m51 int5sively 9 ! degree (
 fre$om1 b n ext5sively 9  ! latitude ( 
! object1 accord+ to a lib]ty ( ex]cise1
 b n  ( specification3 :i* he sai? are  
no di/9ctions1 b t]ms inv5t$  to cov]   
ignorance4 ,good words4 ,do? he only    
see8 ,are all o!r m5  />k bl9d8 ,by 8   
fav\r1 !y are true & necess>y           
di/9ctions2  & if he alone d n conceive 
!m1 x is because di/9ctions1 z all  o!r 
?+s1 h _! fates1 accord+ to ! capacities
 or  prejudices ( _! read]s4 ,b he urge?
 two reasons4 #8,"o heat1'  sai? he1    
#8may be m int5sive ?an ano!r1 b n "o   
lib]ty ?an  ano!r4' ,:y n1 ,i wond]8    
,no?+ is m prop] to a man ?an  reason2  
yet a man is m rational ?an a *ild1 & "o
 man m  rational ?an ano!r1 t is1 9     
respect ( ! use & ex]cise (  reason4 ,z 
!re are degrees ( und]/&+1 s !re are (  
lib]ty4  ,! good angels h cle>] und]/&+s
 ?an we1 & !y are n  h9d]$ ) passions z 

we1 & by consequ5ce !y h m use (  lib]ty
 ?an we4 7f7 ,8 second reason is3 #8he t
 c d :at he  w1 ha? all lib]ty1 & he t  
_c d :at he w1 ha? no  lib]ty'4 ,if ?is 
be true1 !n !re are no degrees ( lib]ty 
inde$4  ,b ?is :i* he calls lib]ty1 is r
 an omnipot5ce ?an a lib]ty  to d       
:atsoev] he w4 ,a man is free to %oot1  
or n to %oot1  al?\gh he _c hit ! :ite  
:5soev] he w\ld4 ,we d good freely1  b )
 m difficulty & reluctance ?an ! good   
spirits4 ,! m  rational1 & ! less s5sual
 ! w is1 ! great] is ! degree (  lib]ty4
 ,8 o!r exception aga9/ lib]ty (        
ex]cise1 & lib]ty (  specification1 is a
 m]e mi/ake1 :i* gr[s m]ely f n rightly 
und]/&+ :at lib]ty ( specification1 or  
contr>iety is4 ,a  lib]ty (             
specification1 sai? he1 is a lib]ty to d
 or n to d ?is  or t 9 p>ticul>4 ,^u    
bett] advice he w f9d1 t ?is :i*  he    
calls a lib]ty ( specification1 is a    
lib]ty ( contradiction1 &  n (          
specification1 nor ( contr>iety4 ,to be 
free to d or n to d  ?is or t p>ticul>  

good1 is a lib]ty ( contradiction2 s    
likewise1 to be free to d or n to d ?is 
or t p>ticul> evil4  ,b to be free to d 
bo? good & evil1 is a lib]ty (          
contr>iety1  :i* ext5ds to contr>y      
objects or to div]se k9d ( ?+s4 ,s 8    
reason to prove t a lib]ty ( ex]cise _c 
be )\t a lib]ty  ( specification1 falls 
flat to ! gr\nd3 & he may lay aside 8   
l5t5 lic5ce = ano!r occasion4 ,i am     
a%am$ to insi/ ^u ^!  ?+s1 :i* are s    
evid5t t no man c "q !m :o do?  und]/&  
!m4    7g7 8,& "h he falls into ano!r   
invective aga9/ di/9ctions &  s*ola/ical
 expressions1 & ! #8doctors ( ! ,*ur*1  
:o by ?is  means tyranniz$ ov] !        
und]/&+s ( o!r m54' ,:at a  presumption 
is ?is1 = "o private man1 :o w n all[   
human  lib]ty to o!rs1 to assume to     
himself su* a lic5ce to control s       
magi/rally1 & to c5sure ( gross         
ignorance & tyrannis+ ov]  m5's         
judgm5ts1 yea1 z causes ( ! tr\bles &   
tumults :i* are 9  ! _w1 ! doctors ( !  
,*ur* 9 g5]al1 :o h fl\ri%$ 9  all ages 

& all places1 only = a few necess>y &   
innoc5t  di/9ctions4 ,truly1 said       
,plut>*1 t a sore eye is (f5d$ ) !      
light ( ! sun4 7h7 ,:at !n1 mu/ !       
logicians lay aside _!  fir/ & second   
int5tions1 _! ab/racts & concretes1 _!  
subjects & pr$icates1 _! modes &        
figures1 _! me?od syn!tic  & analytic1  
_! fallacies ( composition & division1  
c48 ,mu/ !  moral philosoph] quit 8     
means & extremes1 8 pr9cipia cong5ita   
et acquisita1 8 lib]ty ( contradiction &
 contr>iety1 8  necessity absolute &    
hypo!tical1 c48 ,mu/ ! natural          
philosoph]  give ov] 8 int5tional       
species1 8 und]/&+ ag5t & pati5t1  8    
receptive & eductive p[] ( ! matt]1 8   
qualities infus  or influx1 symbol or   
dissymbol1 8 temp]am5t ad pondus &  ad  
ju/itiam1 8 p>ts homog5e\s & het]og5e\s1
 8 sympa?ies  & antipa?ies1 8           
antip]i/asis1 c48 ,mu/ ! a/rolog] & !   
geograph] leave _! apogum & p]igum1 _!  
artic &  ant>tic poles1 _! equator1     
zodiac1 z5i?1 m]idian1 horizon1 zones1  

c48 ,mu/ ! ma!matician1 ! metaphysician1
 & ! div9e1  rel9qui% all _! t]ms ( art 
& prop] idiotisms1 because !y d  n reli%
 ) ,t4 ,h4's palate8 ,b he w say1 !y are
 obscure  expressions4 ,:at m>vel is x1 
:5 ! ?+s !mselves are m  obscure8 ,let  
him put !m into z pla9 ,engli% z he c1 &
 !y  %all be nev] a :it ! bett] und]/ood
 by ^? :o want all  gr\nds ( le>n+4     
,no?+ is cle>] ?an ma!matical           
demon/ration3  yet let "o :o is altoge!r
 ignorant 9 ma!matics he> x1 & he  w    
hold x to be z ,t4 ,h4 t]ms ^!          
di/9ctions1 pla9 fu/ian or  j>gon4 ,e   
art or pr(ession ha? its prop] my/]ies &
  expressions1 :i* are well kn[n to !   
sons ( art1 n s to  /rang]s4 ,let him   
consult ) milit>y m51 ) physicians1 )   
navigators2 & he %all f9d ?is true by   
exp]i5ce4 ,let him g on  %ipbo>d1 & !   
m>9]s w n leave _! />bo>d &  l>bo>d1    
because !y please n him1 or because he  
acc\nts x  gibb]i%4 ,no1 no3 x is n !   
,s*ool div9es1 b innovators &  s$iti\s  
orators1 :o are ! true causes ( ! pres5t

 tr\bles (  ,europe4 7i7 ,t4 ,h4 ha?    
=gott5 :at he said 9 8 book1 ,de ,cive1 
cap4 ,,xii43 #8t x is a s$iti\s op9ion1 
to tea* t ! k  ( good & evil belongs to 
private p]sons'3 & cap4 ,,xvii4 #8t 9   
que/ions ( fai?1 ! civil magi/rates     
ought to consult )  ecclesia/ical       
doctors1 to :om ,god's bless+ is d]iv$  
by imposition  ( h&s s z n to be deceiv$
 9 necess>y tru?s1 to :om our  ,savi\r  
ha? promis$ infallibility4' ,^! are ! v 
m5 :om he  traduce? "h4 ,!re he ascribes
 infallibility to !m2 "h he  accuse? !m 
( gross sup]/iti\s ignorance4 ,!re he   
attributes too  mu* to !m2 "h he        
attributes too little4 ,bo? !re & "h he 
takes too mu* ^u him2 7#a ,cor4 xiv4    
#cb73 ,! spirits ( ! prophets  are      
subject to ! prophets40                 
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xix4    7a7 8,?is       
proposition1 ! w is free1 may be        
und]/ood 9 two  s5ses2 ei!r t ! w is n  
compell$1 or t ! w is n  always         
necessitat$1 c4 ,! =m] s5se1 t ! w is n 

compell$1 is ackn[l$g$ by all ! _w z a  
tru? und5iable40 ,i  nev] said ! w is   
compell$1 b d agree ) ! re/ ( !  _w 9   
grant+ t x is n compell$4 ,x is an      
absurd spee* to  say x is compell$1 b n 
to say x is necessitat$1 or a necess>y  
effect ( "s cause4 ,:5 ! fire heate?1 x 
do? n compel heat2 s  likewise :5 "s    
cause make? ! w to any?+1 x do? n compel
  x4 ,_m ?+s may compel a man to d an   
action1 9 produc+ ! w2  b t is n a      
compell+ ( ! w1 b ( ! man4 ,t :i*  ,i   
call necessitation1 is ! effect+ &      
creat+ ( t w :i*  0 n be=e1 n a compell+
 ( a w already exi/5t4 ,!  necessitation
 or creation ( ! w1 is ! same ?+ ) !    
compulsion ( ! man1 sav+ t we commonly  
use ! ^w compulsion1  9 ^? actions :i*  
proce$ f t]ror4 ,& !re=e ?is  di/9ction 
is ( no use2 & t rav+ :i* foll[e?       
imm$iately  aft] x1 is no?+ to ! "q1    
:e!r ! w be free1 ?\gh  x be to ! "q1   
:e!r ! man be free4    7b7 8,fir/ he    
erre? 9 ?is1 to ?9k t actions proce$+ f 
fe> are prop]ly compulsory actions2 :i* 

9 tru? are n only  volunt>y1 b free     
actions40 ,i nev] said nor d\bt$1 b su* 
actions  7 bo? volunt>y & free2 = he t  
do? any ?+ = fe>1  ?\gh he say truly he 
0 compell$ to x1 yet we d5y n t he _h   
election to d or n to d1 & consequ5tly t
 he 0 a volunt>y  & free ag5t4 ,b ?is   
h9d]s n1 b t ! t]ror might be a         
necess>y cause ( 8 election ( t :i*     
o!rwise he w\ld n  h elect$1 unless "s  
o!r pot5t cause made x necess>y he %\ld 
elect ! contr>y4 ,& !re=e1 9 ! same %ip1
 9 ! same /orm1  "o man may be          
necessitat$ to ?r[ 8 goods ov]bo>d1 &   
ano!r  man to keep !m )9 ! %ip2 & ! same
 man 9 a l /orm be  o!rwise advis$1 if  
all ! causes be n l4 ,b t ! same        
individual man1 z ! ,bi%op says1 t *ose 
to ?r[ 8 goods  ov]bo>d1 might *ose n to
 ?r[ 8 goods ov]bo>d1 ,i _c  conceive2  
unless a man c *oose to ?r[ ov]bo>d & n 
to ?r[  ov]bo>d1 or be s advis$ &       
o!rwise advis$1 all at once4    7c7     
8,secondly1 ,t4 ,h4 errs 9 ?is also1 :]e
 he sai?1 t #8a man is  !n only said to 

be compell$1 :5 fe> makes him will+ to  
an  action4' ,z if =ce 7 n m preval5t ) 
a man ?an fe>10 c4  ,:5 ,i said fe>1 ,i 
?9k no man c d\bt b ! fe> ( =ce 0       
und]/ood4 ,i _c see !re=e :at qu>rel he 
c\ld ju/ly take1 at  say+ t a man is    
compell$ by fe> only2 unless he ?9k x   
may be  call$ compulsion :5 a man by    
=ce1 seiz+ on ano!r man's limbs1  move? 
!m z himself1 n z ! o!r man please?4 ,b 
?is is n  ! mean+ ( compulsion3 nei!r is
 ! action s done1 ! action (  him t     
suff]e?1 b ( him t use? ! =ce4 ,b ?is1 z
 if x  7 a "q ( ! propriety ( ! ,engli% 
tongue1 ! ,bi%op  d5ies2 & says :5 a man
 is mov$ by fe>1 x is improp]ly said he 
is compell$4 ,b :5 a man is mov$ by an  
ext]nal cause1 ! w  resi/+ z mu* z x c1 
!n he says1 he is prop]ly said to be    
compell$2 z 9 a rape1 or :5 a ,*ri/ian  
is drawn or c>ri$ by  viol5ce to !      
idol's temple4 ,insomu* z by ?is        
di/9ction x 7  v prop] ,engli% to say1 t
 a /one 7 compell$ :5 x is  ?r[n1 or a  
man :5 he is c>ri$ 9 a c>t4 ,= my "p1 ,i

 und]/&  compulsion to be us$ rightly ( 
liv+ creatures only1 :i* are mov$  only 
by _! own animal motion1 9 su* mann] z  
!y w\ld n be  mov$ )\t ! fe>4 ,b ( ?is  
dispute ! ,engli% & well-br$  read] is !
 prop] judge4    7d7 8,?irdly1 ! "q is  
n1 :e!r all ! actions ( a man be  free1 
b :e!r !y be ord9>ily free40 ,is x      
impossible = !  ,bi%op to rememb] ! "q1 
:i* is :e!r a man be free to  w8 ,did ,i
 ev] say1 t no actions ( a man are free8
 ,on !  contr>y1 ,i say t all 8 volunt>y
 actions are free1 ev5 ^? also  to :i*  
he is compell$ by fe>4 ,b x does n !re=e
 foll[ b  t ! w1 f :5ce ^? actions & _! 
election proce$1 may  h necess>y causes1
 aga9/ :i* he ha? nev] yet said any?+4  
,t :i* foll[e? imm$iately1 is n (f]$ z a
 pro(1 b z  explication1 h[ ! passions (
 a man surprise him2 !re=e ,i let x     
pass1 not+ only t he exp\nde? motus     
primo primi1 :i* ,i  und]/ood n be=e1 by
 ! ^w antipa?y4    7e7 8,a necessity (  
supposition is ( two k9ds2 sometimes a  
?+  suppos$1 is 9 ! p[] ( ! ag5t to d or

 n to d1 c42  sometimes a ?+ suppos$1 is
 n 9 ! p[] ( ! ag5t to d or  n to d10 c4
    ,:5 ! necessity is ( ! =m] k9d (    
supposition1 !n1 he says1  fre$om may   
consi/ ) ?is necessity1 9 ! latt] s5se t
 x  _c4 ,& to use 8 own in/ances1 to v[ 
cont95ce 9 a ,romi%  prie/1 ^u          
supposition t he is a ,romi% prie/1 is a
 necess>y act1  because x 0 9 8 p[] to  
be a prie/ or n4 ,on ! o!r side1        
suppos+ a man hav+ a natural antipa?y   
aga9/ a cat2 because ?is  antipa?y is n 
9 ! p[] ( ! p>ty affect$1 !re=e !  runn+
 away f ! cat is no free act4    ,i d5y 
n b t x is a free act ( ! ,romi% prie/  
to v[  cont95ce1 n ^u ! supposition t he
 0 a ,romi% prie/1 b  because he _h n   
done x unless he w\ld2 if he _h n be5 a 
,romi%  prie/1 x _h be5 all "o to !     
fre$om ( 8 act4 ,nor is 8  prie/hood    
any?+ to ! necessity ( 8 v[1 sav+ t if  
he w\ld  n h v[$ he %\ld n h be5 made a 
prie/4 ,!re 0 an  antec$5t necessity 9 !
 causes extr9sical2 fir/1 t he %\ld  h !
 w to be a prie/1 & !n consequ5tly t he 

%\ld h  ! w to v[4 ,aga9/ ?is he allege?
 no?+4 ,!n = 8 cat1 !  man's runn+ f x  
is a free act1 z be+ volunt>y1 & aris+  
f a false appreh5sion 7:i* nev]!less he 
_c help7 ( "s  hurt or o!r ! cat may d  
him4 ,& !re=e ! act is z free z  ! act (
 him t ?r[e? 8 goods into ! sea4 ,s     
likewise ! act  ( ,jacob 9 bless+ 8     
sons1 & ! act ( ,balaam 9 bless+        
,israel1  are equally free & equally    
volunt>y1 yet equally det]m9$ by ,god1  
:o is ! au?or ( all bless+s1 & fram$ ! w
 ( bo? ( !m  to bless1 & ^: w1 z ,/4    
,paul sai?1 _c be resi/$4  ,!re=e bo? _!
 actions 7 necessitat$ equally2 &1      
because  !y 7 volunt>y1 equally free4 ,z
 = ,caiphas' 8 prophecy1 :i*  ! text    
sai? he spake n ( himself1 x 0 necess>y2
 fir/1  because x 0 by ! sup]natural    
gift ( ,god to ! high-prie/s1 z         
sov]eigns ( ! commonweal? ( ! ,jews1 to 
speak to ! p z  f ! m\? ( ,god1 t is to 
say1 to prophecy2 & secondly1  :5soev]  
he did speak n z f ,god1 b z f himself1 
x 0  nev]!less necess>y he %\ld d s1 n t

 he might n h be5  sil5t if he w\ld1 b  
because 8 w to speak 0 antec$5tly       
det]m9$ to :at he %\ld speak f all      
et]nity1 :i* he ha? yet  br\ght no      
argum5t to contradict4    ,he approve?  
my mode/y 9 susp5d+ my judgm5t conc]n+ !
 mann]  h[ ! good angels d "w1          
necess>ily or freely1 because ,i f9d x  
n set d[n 9 ! articles ( our fai?1 nor 9
 ! decrees ( our  ,*ur*4 ,b he use? n ! 
same mode/y himself4 ,= :]eas he c      
appreh5d nei!r ! nature ( ,god nor (    
angels1 nor conceive :at  k9d ( ?+ x is 
:i* 9 !m he calle? w1 he nev]!less takes
  ^u him to attribute to !m lib]ty (    
ex]cise1 & to d5y !m a  lib]ty (        
specification2 to grant !m a m int5sive 
lib]ty ?an  we h1 b n a m ext5sive2 us+1
 n incongru\sly1 9 !  incompreh5sibility
 ( ! subject incompreh5sible t]ms1 z    
lib]ty  ( ex]cise & lib]ty (            
specification1 & degrees ( int5sion 9   
lib]ty2 z if "o lib]ty1 l heat1 might be
 m int5sive ?an  ano!r4 ,x is true t !re
 is great] lib]ty 9 a l>ge ?an 9 a      

/raight prison1 b "o ( ^? lib]ties is n 
m int5se ?an !  o!r4    7f7 8,8 second  
reason is1 he t c d :at he w1 ha? all   
lib]ty1 & he t _c d :at he w1 ha? no    
lib]ty4 ,if ?is  be true1 !n !re are no 
degrees ( lib]ty inde$4 ,b ?is :i* he   
calls lib]ty1 is r an omnipot5ce ?an a  
lib]ty40 ,x is "o ?+  to say a man ha?  
lib]ty to d :at he w1 & ano!r ?+ to say 
he ha? p[] to d :at he w4 ,a man t is   
b\nd1 w\ld say readily  he ha? n !      
lib]ty to walk2 b he w n say he wants ! 
p[]4  ,b ! sick man w say he wants ! p[]
 to walk1 b n !  lib]ty4 ,?is is1 z ,i  
conceive1 to speak ! ,engli% tongue3 &  
consequ5tly an ,engli%man w n say1 !    
lib]ty to d :at he w1  b ! p[] to d :at 
he w1 is omnipot5ce4 ,& !re=e ei!r ,i   
or ! ,bi%op und]/& n ,engli%4 ,:]eas he 
adds t ,i mi/ake !  mean+ ( ! words     
lib]ty ( specification1 ,i am sure t 9 t
  way :]e9 ,i exp\nd !m1 !re is no      
absurdity4 ,b if he say1 ,i  und]/& n   
:at ! ,s*oolm5 mean by x1 ,i w n cont5d 
)  him2 = ,i ?9k !y "k n :at !y mean    

!mselves4    7g7 8,& "h he falls into   
ano!r invective aga9/ di/9ctions &      
s*ola/ical expressions1 & ! doctors ( ! 
,*ur*1 :o by ?is  means tyranniz$ ov] ! 
und]/&+ ( o!r m54 ,:at a presumption  is
 ?is1 = "o private man10 c4 ,t he may "k
 ,i am no enemy to  intelligible        
di/9ctions1 ,i also w use a di/9ction 9 
! def5ce  ( myself aga9/ ?is 8          
accusation4 ,i say !re=e t "s           
di/9ctions are s*ola/ical only1 & "s are
 s*ola/ical &  sapi5tial also4 ,aga9/ ^?
 t are s*ola/ical only1 ,i d &  may     
inveigh4 ,b aga9/ ^? t are s*ola/ical & 
sapi5tial  also1 ,i d n inveigh4        
,likewise "s doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 z       
,su>ez1  ,johannes  ,duns1 & _!         
imitators1 to bre$ 9 m5 su* op9ions z  !
 ,*ur* ( ,rome ?\ght suitable to _!     
int]e/1 did write su*  ?+s z nei!r o!r  
m5 nor !mselves und]/ood4 ,^! ,i confess
 ,i  h a little slight$4 ,o!r doctors ( 
! ,*ur*1 z ,m>t9 ,lu!r1  ,philip        
,melanc?on1 ,john ,calv91 ,william      
,p]k9s1 & o!rs1 t did  write _! s5se    

cle>ly1 ,i nev] slight$1 b always v mu* 
rev]5c$ & admir$4 ,:]e91 !n1 lie? my    
presumption8 ,if x be  because ,i am a  
private man1 let ! ,bi%op also take he$ 
he contradict  n "s ( ^? :om ! _w       
wor?ily e/eems1 le/ he also 7= he  is a 
private man7 be tax$ ( presumption4     
7h7 8,:at !n1 mu/ ! logicians lay aside 
_! fir/ & second  int5tions1 _! ab/racts
 & concretes c43 mu/ ! moral  philosoph]
 quit 8 means & extremes1 8 pr9cipia    
cong5ita et  acquisita1 8 lib]ty (      
contradiction & contr>iety1 8 necessity 
absolute & hypo!tical1 c43 mu/ ! natural
 philosoph] give ov]  8 int5tional      
species1 c43 because !y d n reli% ) ,t4 
,h4's  palate80 ,i confess t among !    
logicians1 ,b>b>a1 ,cel>5t1 ,d>ii1      
,f]io1 c4 are t]ms ( art4 ,b if ! ,bi%op
 ?9k t words (  fir/ & second int5tion1 
t ab/ract & concrete1 t  subjects &     
pr$icates1 moods & figures1 me?od       
syn!tic  & analytic1 fallacies (        
composition & division1 be t]ms (  art1 
,i am n ( 8 op9ion4 ,= ^! are no m t]ms 

( art 9  logic1 ?an l9es1 figures1      
squ>es1 triangles1 c4 9 !  ma!matics4   
,b>b>a1 ,cel>5t1 & ! re/ t foll[1 are   
t]ms (  art1 inv5t$ = ! easi]           
appreh5sion ( "y m51 & are by "y  m5    
und]/ood4 ,b ! t]ms ( ! ,s*ool ) :i* ,i 
h f\nd  fault1 h be5 inv5t$ to bl9d !   
und]/&+1 & _c be  und]/ood by ^? t int5d
 to le>n div9ity4 ,& to 8 "q  :e!r !    
moral philosoph] mu/ quit 8 means &     
extremes1 ,i  answ]1 t ?\gh !y are n    
t]ms ( art1 he ought to quit !m  :5 !y  
_c be und]/ood2 & :5 !y c1 to use !m    
rightly4  ,& !re=e1 ?\gh means &        
extremes be t]ms intelligible1 yet  ,i  
w\ld h !m quit ! plac+ ( virtue 9 ! "o1 
& ( vice 9  ! o!r4 ,b = 8 lib]ty (      
contradiction & contr>iety1 8  necessity
 absolute & hypo!tical1 if any moral    
philosoph] ev]  us$ !m1 !n away ) !m2 !y
 s]ve = no?+ b to s$uce  "y /ud5ts4 ,9 l
 mann]1 let ! natural philosoph] no m   
m5tion 8 int5tional species1 8 und]/&+  
ag5t &  pati5t1 8 receptive & eductive  
p[] ( ! matt]1 8  qualities infus or    

influx1 symbol or dissymbol1 8          
temp]am5t ad pondus & ad ju/itiam4 ,he  
may keep 8 p>ts  homog5e\s & het]og5e\s2
 b 8 sympa?ies &  antipa?ies1 8         
antip]i/asis & ! l names ( excuses r    
?an ( causes1 ,i w\ld h him fl+ away4 ,&
 = ! a/rolog]1  7unless he means        
a/ronom]71 ,i w\ld h him ?r[ away 8 :ole
  trade4 ,b if he mean a/ronom]1 !n !   
t]ms ( apogum &  p]igum1 artic1 ant>tic1
 equator1 zodiac1 z5i?1 m]idian1        
horizon1  zones1 c4 are no m t]ms ( art 
9 a/ronomy1 ?an a saw or a  hat*et 9 !  
art ( a c>p5t]4 ,he cites no t]ms ( art 
=  geometry2 ,i 0 afraid he w\ld h put  
l9es1 or p]haps equality  or inequality1
 = t]ms ( art4 ,s t n[ ,i "k n :at be ^?
  t]ms he ?9ks ,i w\ld ca/ away 9       
geometry4 ,& la/ly1 = 8  metaphysician1 
,i w\ld h him quit bo? 8 t]ms & 8       
pr(ession1  z be+ 9 tru? 7z ,plut>* sai?
 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! life (  ,alex&] !       
,great7 n at all pr(itable to le>n+1 b  
made only  = an essay to ! le>n]2 & !   
div9e to use no ^w 9 prea*+  b su* z 8  

auditors1 nor 9 writ+ b su* z a common  
read]1  may und]/&4 ,& all ?is1 n = !   
pleas+ ( my palate1 b =  ! promotion (  
tru?4    7i7 8,t4 ,h4 ha? =gott5 :at he 
said 9 8 book1 ,de ,cive1 cap4  ,,xii41 
t x is #8a s$iti\s op9ion to tea* t ! k 
(  good & evil belongs to private       
p]sons'3 & cap4 ,,xvii1 t #89  que/ions 
( fai? ! civil magi/rates ought to      
consult ) !  ecclesia/ical doctors1 to  
:om ,god's bless+ is d]iv$ by imposition
  ( h&s1 s z n to be deceiv$ 9 necess>y 
tru?s1' c4 ,!re he  attributes too mu*  
to !m1 "h he attribute? too little2 bo? 
!re  & "h he takes too mu* ^u him4 ,!   
spirits ( ! prophets are  subject to !  
prophets40 ,he ?9ks he ha? a great      
advantage aga9/  me f my own words 9 my 
book ,de ,cive1 :i* he w\ld n h  ?\ght  
if he _h und]/ood !m4 ,! k ( good & evil
 is  judicature1 :i* 9 ,lat9 is cognitio
 caus>um1 n sci5tia4 ,e  private man may
 d 8 be/ to atta9 a k ( :at is good &   
evil 9 ! action he is to d2 b to judge (
 :at is good & evil 9  o!rs1 belongs n  

to him1 b to ^? :om ! sov]eign p[]      
appo9te? !reunto4 ,b ! ,bi%op n und]/&+1
 or =gett+1  t cognosc]e is to judge1 z 
,adam did ( ,god's comm&m5t1 ha?  cit$  
?is place to little purpose4 ,& = !     
infallibility ( !  ecclesia/ical doctors
 by me attribut$ to !m1 x is n t !y  _c 
be deceiv$1 b t a subject _c be deceiv$ 
9 obey+  !m :5 !y are our lawfully      
con/itut$ doctors4 ,= ! supreme         
ecclesia/ical doctor1 is he t ha? !     
supreme p[]3 & 9 obey+  him no subject c
 be deceiv$1 because !y are by ,god     
himself  comm&$ to obey him4 ,& :at !   
ecclesia/ical doctors1 lawfully         
con/itut$1 d tell u to be necess>y 9    
po9t ( religion1 ! same  is told u by ! 
sov]eign p[]4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh we may be  
deceiv$ by !m 9 ! belief ( an op9ion1 we
 _c be deceiv$ by  !m 9 ! duty ( our    
actions4 ,& ?is is all t ,i ascribe to !
  ecclesia/ical doctors4 ,if !y ?9k x   
too mu*1 let !m take ^u  !m less4 ,too  
little !y _c say x is1 :o take x1 z x   
is1 =  a bur!n4 ,& = !m :o seek x z a   

worldly pref]m5t1 x is too  mu*4 ,i     
take1 he says1 too mu* ^u me4 ,:y s8    
,because ! spirits (  ! prophets are    
subject to ! prophets4 ,?is is x t he   
f9ds  fault ) 9 me1 :5 he says t ,i am a
 private man1 t is to say1  no prophet1 
t is to say1 no bi%op4 ,by :i* x is     
manife/1 t !  ,bi%op subjecte? n 8 _s b 
to ! ,convocation ( bi%ops4 ,i  admit t 
e man ought to subject 8 _s to !        
prophets4 ,b a  prophet is he t speake? 
unto u f ,god2 :i* ,i ackn[l$ge none  to
 d1 b him t ha? due au?ority s to d4 ,& 
no man ha? due  au?ority s to d         
imm$iately1 b he t ha? ! supreme        
au?ority  ( ! commonweal?2 nor m$iately1
 b !y t speak su* ?+s to  ! p1 z he t   
ha? ! supreme au?ority all[e? (4 ,& z x 
is true 9 ?is s5se1 t ! spirits ( !     
prophets are subject to  ! prophets2 s x
 is also true t we ought n to believe e 
_s1 b to try ! spirits1 :e!r !y are (   
,god2 because _m  false prophets are    
gone out into ! _w 7#a ,john iv4 #a74   
,!re=e ,i  t am a private man1 may      

exam9e ! prophets2 :i* to d1 ,i h no    
o!r means b to exam9e :e!r _! doctr9e be
 agreeable to !  law2 :i* !irs is n1 :o 
divide ! commonweal? into two           
commonweal?s1 civil & ecclesia/ical4    
,,no4 ,,xx4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's    
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,n[ to ! di/9ction   
itself1 ,i say1 fir/1 t ! prop]  act (  
lib]ty is election1 & election is       
oppos$1 n only to  coaction1 b also to  
co>ctation1 or det]m9ation to "o4       
,necessitation or det]m9ation to "o1 may
 consi/ ) spontaneity1 b  n ) election  
or lib]ty2 z ha? be5 %[$4 ,! v ,/oics   
did  ackn[l$ge a spontaneity4 ,s our    
adv]s>ies are n yet gone out (  !       
conf9es ( ! ,/oics4    8,secondly1 to   
rip up ! bottom ( ?is bus9ess1 ?is ,i   
take to be !  cle> resolution ( !       
,s*ools4 ,!re is a d\ble act ( ! w3 !   
"o m remote1 call$ imp]atus1 t is1 9    
tru? ! act ( "s  inf]ior faculty1       
subject to ! comm& ( ! w1 z to op5 or   
%ut  "o's eyes2 )\t d\bt ^! actions may 
be compell$4 ,! o!r act  is ne>]1 call$ 

actus elicitus1 an act drawn out ( ! w1 
z to  w1 to *oose1 to elect4 ,?is may be
 /opp$ or h9d]$ by !  int]v5+ imp$im5t (
 ! und]/&+1 z a /one ly+ on a table  is 
kept f its natural motion2 o!rwise ! w  
%\ld h a k9d  ( omnipot5ce4 ,b ! w _c be
 compell$ to an act repugnant to  its   
incl9ation1 z :5 a /one is ?r[n upw>ds  
into ! air2 =  t is bo? to incl9e & n to
 incl9e to ! same object at !  same "t1 
:i* implies a contradiction4 ,!re=e to  
say ! w is  necessitat$1 is to say1 ! w 
is compell$ s f> z ! w is  capable (    
compulsion4 ,if a /rong man hold+ ! h& (
 a weak]1  %\ld !re) kill a ?ird p]son1 
hc quidem vis e/1 ?is is  viol5ce2 !    
weak] did n will+ly p]petrate ! fact1   
because he  0 compell$4 ,b n[ suppose   
?is /rong man _h ! w ( !  weak] 9 8 p[] 
z well z ! h&1 & %\ld n only incl9e1  b 
det]m9e x secretly & ins5sibly to commit
 ?is act3 is n !  case ! same8 ,:e!r "o 
ravi% ,lucretia by =ce1 z ,t>qu91 or by 
amatory potions & magical incantations n
 only allure h]1 b  necessitate h] to   

satisfy 8 lu/1 & incl9e h] effectually1 
&  draw h] inevitably & irresi/ibly1 to 
foll[ him spontane\sly1  ,lucretia 9 bo?
 ^! conditions is to be piti$4 ,b !     
latt] p]son  is m guilty1 & des]ves     
great] puni%m5t1 :o endeav\rs also1 s   
mu* z 9 him lies1 to make ,lucretia     
irresi/ibly p>take ( 8 crime4  ,i d>e n 
apply x1 b ?us only3 take he$ h[ we     
def5d ^? secret  & inv9cible            
necessitations to evil1 ?\gh spontane\s 
& free f  coaction4    8,^! are _!      
fa/nesses40    ,t4 ,h4 ,9 ! next place1 
he br+e? two argum5ts aga9/  di/+ui%+   
betwe5 be+ free f compulsion1 & free f  
necessitation4 ,! fir/ is1 t election is
 opposite1 n only to  coaction or       
compulsion1 b also to necessitation or  
det]m9ation to  "o4 ,?is is x he 0 to   
prove f ! beg9n+1 & !re=e  br+e? no new 
argum5t to prove x4 ,& to ^? br\ght     
=m]ly1 ,i  h already answ]$2 & 9 ?is    
place ,i d5y aga91 t election is        
opposite to ei!r4 ,= :5 a man is        
compell$1 = example1 to subject  himself

 to an enemy or to die1 he ha? /ill     
election left 9 him1 & a  delib]ation to
 be?9k :i* ( ^! two he c bett] endure2 &
 he  t is l$ to prison by =ce1 ha?      
election1 & may delib]ate1  :e!r he w be
 hal$ & tra9$ on ! gr\nd1 or make use ( 
8  feet4    ,likewise :5 !re is no      
compulsion1 b ! /r5g? ( temptation to  d
 an evil action1 be+ great] ?an !       
motives to ab/a91  necess>ily det]m9es  
him to ! do+ ( x1 yet he delib]ates :il/
  sometimes ! motives to d1 sometimes ! 
motives to =be>1 are  work+ on him1 &   
consequ5tly he electe? :i* he w4 ,b     
commonly1 :5 we see & "k ! /r5g? t moves
 u1 we  ackn[l$ge necessity2 b :5 we see
 n1 or m>k n ! =ce t  moves u1 we !n ?9k
 !re is none1 & t x is n causes1 b      
lib]ty t produce? ! action4 ,h5ce x is t
 !y ?9k he does  n *oose ?is1 t (       
necessity *oose? x2 b !y might z well   
say fire does n burn1 because x burns ( 
necessity4 ,! second  argum5t is n s mu*
 an argum5t1 z a di/9ction1 to %[ 9 :at 
s5se x may be said t volunt>y actions   

are necessitat$1 & 9  :at s5se n4 ,&    
!re=e he allege?1 z f ! au?ority ( !    
,s*ools & t :i* 8rippe? up ! bottom ( ! 
"q01 t  !re is a d\ble act ( ! w4 ,! "o1
 he says1 is actus  imp]atus1 an act    
done at ! comm& ( ! w by "s inf]ior     
faculty ( ! s\l1 z to op5 or %ut "o's   
eyes3 & ?is act may be  compell$4 ,!    
o!r1 he says1 is actus elicitus1 an act 
allur$1 or  an act drawn =? by allurem5t
 out ( ! w1 z to w1 to *oose1  to elect3
 ?is1 he says1 _c be compell$4 ,:]e9    
lett+ pass t  metaphorical spee* (      
attribut+ comm& & subjection to !       
faculties ( ! s\l1 z if !y made a       
commonweal? or family among  !mselves1 &
 c\ld speak "o to ano!r1 :i* is v       
improp] 9  se>*+ ! tru? ( ! "q3 y may   
obs]ve fir/1 t to  compel a volunt>y act
 is no?+ else b to w x4 ,= x is all "o  
to say1 my w comm&s ! %utt+ ( m9e eyes  
or ! do+ ( any  o!r action1 & to say1 ,i
 h ! w to %ut m9e eyes4 ,s t  actus     
imp]atus "h1 might z easily h be5 said 9
 ,engli%1 a  volunt>y action1 b t !y t  

inv5t$ ! t]m und]/ood n  any ?+ x       
signifi$4 ,secondly y may obs]ve1 t     
actus elicitus  is exemplifi$ by ^!     
words1 to w1 to elect1 to *oose1 :i* are
  all "o2 & s to w is "h made an act ( !
 w2 & inde$1 z  ! w is a faculty or p[] 
( a man's s\l1 s to w is an act (  x    
accord+ to t p[]4 ,b z x is absurdly    
said1 t to dance is  an act allur$ or   
drawn by fair means out ( ! ability to  
dance2 s x  is also to say1 t to w is an
 act allur$ or drawn out ( ! p[]  to w1 
:i* p[] is commonly call$ ! w4 ,h[soev] 
x be1 !  sum ( 8 di/9ction is1 t a      
volunt>y act may be done on  compulsion1
 t is to say1 by f\l means2 b to w t or 
any act  _c be b by allurem5t or fair   
means4 ,n[1 see+ fair means1            
allurem5ts1 & enticem5ts1 produce !     
action :i* !y d produce  z necess>ily z 
?reat5+ & f\l means1 x foll[s1 t to w   
may be made z necess>y z any ?+ t is    
done by compulsion4 ,s  t ! di/9ction ( 
actus imp]atus1 & actus elicitus1 are b 
words1 & ( no effect aga9/ necessity4   

,j4 ,d4 8,9 ! next place foll[ two      
reasons ( m9e own aga9/ !  same         
di/9ction1 ! "o tak5 f ! =m] gr\nds1 t  
election  _c consi/ ) det]m9ation to "o4
 ,to ?is1 he sai?1 he ha?  answ]$       
already4 ,no2 tru? is f\nd$ ^u a rock4  
,he ha? be5 s f>  f prevail+ aga9/ x1 t 
he ha? n be5 able to %ake x4  7a7 ,n[   
aga9 he tells u1 t #8election is n      
opposite to ei!r'1  necessitation or    
compulsion4 ,he might ev5 z well tell u1
 t a /one  ?r[n upw>ds moves naturally2 
or t a woman c be ravi%$ ) h]  own w4   
,cons5t takes away ! rape4 ,?is is !    
/range/ lib]ty  t ev] 0 he>d (1 t a man 
is compell$ to d :at he w\ld n1  & yet  
is free to d :at he w4 ,& ?is he tells u
 ^u ! old  score1 t #8he :o submits to 8
 enemy = fe> ( dea?1 *oose? to  submit'4
 ,b we h se5 =m]ly1 t ?is :i* he calls  
compulsion1  is n compulsion prop]ly1   
nor t natural det]m9ation ( ! w  to "o1 
:i* is opposite to true lib]ty4 ,he :o  
submits to an enemy  = sav+ 8 life1 do? 
ei!r only c\nt]feit1 & !n !re is no  w  

to submit2 7?is disguise is no m ?an a  
/epp+ aside to avoid  a pres5t bl[72 or 
else he do? s9c]ely w a submission1 & !n
  ! w is *ang$4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce  
betwe5 compell+ &  *ang+ ! w4 ,ei!r ,god
 or man may *ange ! w ( man1 ei!r  by   
v>y+ ! condition ( ?+s1 or by in=m+ !   
p>ty o!rwise3  b compell$ x _c be1 t is1
 x _c bo? w ?is & n  w ?is1 z x is      
inve/$ ) ! same circum/ances2 ?\gh1 if !
  act 7 o!rwise circum/antiat$1 x might 
nill t freely :i* n[  x wills freely4   
7b7 ,:]e=e ?is k9d ( actions are call$  
mix$  actions1 t is p>tly volunt>y1     
p>tly involunt>y4 ,t :i* is  compell$ 9 
a man's pres5t condition or di/ress1 t  
is n  volunt>y nor *os54 ,t :i* is *os51
 z ! rem$y ( its  di/ress1 t is         
volunt>y4 ,s hypo!tically1 suppos+ a man
 7 n  9 t di/ress1 !y are involunt>y2 b 
absolutely )\t any  supposition at all1 
tak+ ! case z x is1 !y are volunt>y4 7c7
  ,8 o!r in/ance ( #8a man =c$ to       
prison1 t he may *oose  :e!r he w be    
hal$ ?i!r ^u ! gr\nd1 or walk ^u 8      

feet1' is n true4 ,by 8 leave1 t is n z 
he please?1 b z x  please? !m :o h him 9
 _! p[]4 ,if !y w drag him1 he is  n    
free to walk2 & if !y give him leave to 
walk1 he is n =c$  to be dragg$4 7d7    
,hav+ laid ?is f\ndation1 he beg9s to   
build  ^u x1 t #8o!r passions d         
necessitate z mu* z fe>'4 ,b he  errs   
d\bly2 fir/1 9 8 f\ndation4 ,fe> do? n  
det]m9e !  rational w naturally &       
necess>ily4 ,! la/ & greate/ ( !  five  
t]rible ?+s is dea?2 yet ! fe> ( dea? _c
 necessitate  a resolv$ m9d to d a      
di%one/ action1 :i* is worse ?an dea?4  
,!  fe> ( ! fi]y furnace c\ld n compel !
 ?ree *ildr5 to wor%ip  an idol1 nor !  
fe> ( ! lions necessitate ,daniel to    
omit 8 duty  to ,god4 ,x is our frailty1
 t we are m afraid ( empty %ad[s ?an  ( 
sub/antial dang]s1 because !y are ne>]  
our s5ses2 z little  *ildr5 fe> a m\se  
or a vis>d m ?an fire or wea!r4 ,b z a  
fit ( ! /one takes away ! s5se ( ! g\t =
 ! pres5t1 s  ! great] passion do?      
ext+ui% ! less4 ,! fe> ( ,god's wra?  & 

et]nal torm5ts do? expel corporeal fe>3 
fe> n !m :o kill  ! body1 b fe> him :o  
is able to ca/ bo? body & s\l into hell 
7,luke xii4 #d74 7e7 ,da v5iam imp]ator2
 tu c>c]em1 ille geh5nam                
m9atur4--,excuse me1 ,o emp]or1 ?\      
?reat5e/ m5 ) prison1 b  he ?reat5s me )
 hell4 7f7 ,secondly1 he errs 9 8       
sup]/ruction also4 ,!re is a great      
diff]5ce1 z to ?is case (  ju/ify+1 or n
 ju/ify+ an action1 betwe5 =ce & fe>1 & 
o!r passions4 ,=ce do? n only less5 !   
s91 b takes x q  away4 ,he :o =c$ a     
betro!d damsel 0 to die2 #8b unto !     
damsel1' sai? he1 #8?\ %alt d no?+1 !re 
is 9 h] no fault  wor?y ( dea?' 7,deut4 
xxii4 #bf74 ,tam>'s beauty1 or ,ammon's 
love1 did  n r5d] him innoc5t2 b        
,ammon's =ce r5d]$ ,tam> innoc5t4 ,b    
fe> is n s preval5t z =ce4 ,inde$ if fe>
 be great & ju/ly  gr\nd$1 su* z may    
fall ^u a con/ant man1 ?\gh x d n       
disp5se ) ! transgression ( ! negative  
precepts ( ,god or  nature1 because !y  
b9d to all times1 yet x dim9i%e? ! (f5ce

  ev5 aga9/ !m1 & pleads = p>don4 ,b x  
disp5se? 9 _m  cases ) ! transgression (
 ! positive law1 ei!r div9e or  human2  
because x is n probable t ,god or ! law 
w\ld oblige man  to ! obs]vation ( all  
positive precepts1 ) s great damage z ! 
loss ( 8 life4 ,! omission (            
circumcision 0 no s91 :il/ !            
,israelites 7 travell+ ?r\gh !          
wild]ness4 ,by ,t4 ,h4's  p]mission1 7g7
 ,i w propose a case to him4 ,a g5tleman
 s5ds 8  s]vant ) money to buy a d9n]2  
"s ,russians meet him by ! way1  & take 
x f him by =ce2 ! s]vant cri$ = help1 & 
did :at  he c\ld to def5d himself1 b all
 w\ld n s]ve4 ,! s]vant is  innoc5t1 if 
he 7 to be tri$ be=e a c\rt (           
,areopagites4 ,or  suppose ! ,russians  
did n take x f him by =ce1 b drew _!    
swords & ?reat5$ to kill him except he  
deliv]$ x himself2 no  wise man w       
conceive1 t x 0 ei!r ! ma/]'s int5tion  
or !  s]vant's duty to haz>d 8 life or  
limbs = sav+ ( su* a trifl+  sum4 ,b on 
! o!r side1 suppose ?is s]vant1 pass+ by

 "s  cab>et or t5nis-c\rt :]e 8 comrades
 7 dr9k+ or play+1  %\ld /ay ) !m1 &    
dr9k or play away 8 money1 & aft]w>ds   
plead1 z ,t4 ,h4 do? "h1 t he 0 ov]come 
by ! m]e /r5g? (  temptation4 ,i tr[1   
nei!r ,t4 ,h4 nor any man else w\ld     
admit ( ?is  excuse1 b puni% him = x3   
because nei!r 0 he necessitat$ by  !    
temptation1 & :at /r5g? x _h 0 by 8 own 
fault1 9  respect ( t vici\s habit :i*  
he _h contract$ ( dr9k+ or  gam+3       
7,james i4 #ad73 ,e man is tempt$1 :5 he
 is drawn away (  8 own lu/ & entic$4   
,disord]$ passions ( ang]1 hatr$1 lu/1  
if !y be consequ5t 7z ! case is "h put  
by ,t4 ,h47 & fl[ f  delib]ation &      
election1 !y d n only n dim9i% ! fault1 
b  !y aggravate x1 & r5d] x mu* great]4 
7h7 8,he talks mu* ( ! #8motives to d & 
motives to =be>1 h[  !y "w ^u & det]m9e 
a man'2 z if a reasonable man 7 no m    
?an a t5nis-ball1 to be toss$ to & fro  
by ! rackets ( ! second  causes2 z if ! 
w _h no p[] to move itself1 b 7 m]ely   
passive1 l an artificial pop+ay remov$  

hi!r & ?i!r by !  bolts ( ! ar*]s1 :o   
%oot on ?is side & on t4 ,:at are       
motives1 b reasons or disc\rses fram$ by
 ! und]/&+1 &  freely mov$ by ! w8 ,:at 
are ! w & ! und]/&+1 b  faculties ( !   
same s\l8 ,& :at is lib]ty b a p[]      
result+  f !m bo?8 ,to say t ! w is     
det]m9$ by ^! motives1 is  z mu* z to   
say t ! ag5t is det]m9$ by himself4 ,if 
!re be  no necessitation be=e ! judgm5t 
( "r reason do? dictate to !  w1 !n !re 
is no antec$5t1 no extr9sical           
necessitation at all4  7i7 ,all ! _w    
kn[s1 t :5 ! ag5t is det]m9$ by himself1
  !n ! effect is det]m9$ likewise 9 its 
cause4 ,b if he  det]m9$ himself freely1
 !n ! effect is free4 ,motives det]m9e  
n naturally1 b morally2 :i* k9d (       
det]m9ation may consi/ )  true lib]ty4  
,b if ,t4 ,h4's op9ion 7 true1 t ! w 7  
naturally det]m9$ by ! physical &       
special influ5ce (  extr9sical causes1 n
 only motives 7 va91 b reason itself &  
delib]ation 7 va94 ,no1 sai? he1 !y are 
n va91 because !y  are ! means4 ,yes1 if

 ! means be sup]flu\s1 !y are va94 ,:at 
ne$$ su* a circuit ( delib]ation to     
advise :at is fit to be done1  :5 x is  
already det]m9$ extr9sically :at mu/ be 
done8    7k7 8,he sai?1 #8t ! ignorance 
( ! true causes & _! p[]1  is ! reason  
:y we ascribe ! effect to lib]ty2 b :5  
we  s]i\sly consid] ! causes ( ?+s1 we  
ackn[l$ge a necessity'4 ,no  su* ?+1 b j
 ! contr>y4 ,! m we consid]1 & ! cle>]  
we und]/&1 ! great] is ! lib]ty1 & ! m !
 k (  our own lib]ty4 ,! less we        
consid]1 & ! m incapable t !  und]/&+   
is1 ! less] is ! lib]ty1 & ! k ( x4  ,& 
:]e !re is no consid]ation nor use (    
reason1 !re is no  lib]ty at all1 !re is
 nei!r moral good nor evil4 ,"s m51 by  
reason t _! ext]ior s5ses are n totally 
b\nd1 h a trick to  walk 9 _! sleep4    
,suppose su* a "o 9 t case %\ld ca/     
himself  d[n a pair ( /airs or f a      
bridge1 & break 8 neck or dr[n  himself2
 x 7 a mad jury t w\ld f9d ?is man      
access>y to 8  own dea?4 ,:y8 ,because x
 0 n freely done1 he _h n !n ! use  (   

reason4    7l7 8,la/ly1 he tells u1 t   
#8! w do? *oose ( necessity1 z  well z !
 fire burns ( necessity'4 ,if he int5d  
no m b ?is1  t election is ! prop] &    
natural act ( ! w z burn+ is (  ! fire1 
or t ! elective p[] is z necess>ily 9 a 
man z  visibility1 he speaks truly1 b   
mo/ imp]t95tly2 =1 ! "q  is n n[ ( !    
elective p[]1 9 actu primo1 :e!r x be an
  ess5tial faculty ( ! s\l1 b :e!r ! act
 ( elect+ ?is or  t p>ticul> object1 be 
free & undet]m9$ by any antec$5t &      
extr9sical causes4 ,b if he int5d x 9   
?is o!r s5se1 t z !  fire ha? no p[] to 
susp5d its burn+1 nor to di/+ui% betwe5 
^? combu/ible matt]s :i* are put unto x1
 b burns t :i* is  put unto x           
necess>ily1 if x be combu/ible2 s ! w   
ha? no p[]  to refuse t :i* x wills1 nor
 to susp5d its own appetite3 he errs    
grossly4 ,! w ha? p[] ei!r to w or nill1
 or to susp5d1 t  is1 nei!r to w nor    
nill ! same object4 ,yet ev5 ! burn+ (  
! fire1 if x be consid]$ z x is inve/$ )
 all p>ticul>  circum/ances1 is n       

o!rwise s necess>y an action z ,t4 ,h4  
imag9e?4 7m7 ,two ?+s are requir$ to    
make an effect necess>y4  ,fir/1 t x be 
produc$ by a necess>y cause1 su* z fire 
is2  secondly1 t x be necess>ily        
produc$4 ,protagoras1 an a!i/1 began  8 
book ?us3 #8,conc]n+ ! ,gods1 ,i h no?+ 
to say1 :e!r !y  be or !y be n'3 = :i* 8
 book 0 condemn$ by ! ,a!nians to  be   
burn$4 ,! fire 0 a necess>y ag5t1 b !   
s5t5ce or !  application ( ! fire to !  
book 0 a free act2 & !re=e !  burn+ ( 8 
book 0 free4 ,mu* m ! rational w is     
free1 :i*  is bo? a volunt>y ag5t1 &    
acts volunt>ily4    7n7 8,my second     
reason aga9/ ?is di/9ction1 ( lib]ty f  
compulsion b n f necessitation1 is new1 
& demon/rates cle>ly  t to necessitate !
 w by a physical necessity1 is to compel
 !  w s f> z ! w is capable (           
compulsion2 & t he :o do?  necessitate !
 w to evil aft] t mann]1 is ! true cause
 (  evil1 & ought r to be blam$ ?an ! w 
itself4 ,b ,t4 ,h41 =  all he sai? he is
 n surpris$1 c be cont5t$ ^u bett]      

advise to  /eal by all ?is 9 sil5ce4 ,& 
to hide ?is t]giv]sation f !  eyes ( !  
read]1 he makes an empty %ew ( brav+    
aga9/ t  fam\s & mo/ necess>y di/9ction1
 betwe5 ! elicite &  imp]ate acts ( ! w2
 fir/1 because ! t]ms are improp]2      
secondly1 because !y are obscure4 ,:at  
trivial & grammatical  objections are   
^!1 to be us$ aga9/ ! univ]sal curr5t ( 
div9es & philosoph]s4 ,v]borum ut       
nummorum1 x is 9 words z x  is 9 money3 
use makes !m prop] & curr5t4 ,a tyrant  
at fir/  signifi$ a lawful & j pr9ce2   
n[1 use ha? q *ang$ !  s5se ( x1 to     
d5ote ei!r a usurp] or an oppressor4 ,! 
^w  prmunire is n[ gr[n a good ^w 9 our 
,engli% laws1 by use &  tract ( "t2 &   
yet at fir/ x 0 m]ely mi/ak5 = a        
prmon]e4 ,! names ( ,sunday1 ,monday1   
,tuesday1 7 d]iv$ at fir/  f ^? hea!ni% 
deities1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! w>like god
 (  ! ,g]mans4 ,n[ we use !m = di/9ction
 sake only1 )\t any  relation to _! fir/
 orig9al4 ,he is too fr[>d1 t w refuse a
  piece ( co9 t is curr5t ?r\gh\t ! _w1 

because x is n  /amp$ aft] 8 own fancy4 
,s is he t rejects a good ^w1 because   
he und]/&s n ! d]ivation ( x4 ,we see   
=eign words are daily  naturaliz$ & made
 free d5iz5s 9 e c\ntry4 ,b :y are !    
t]ms improp]8 #8,because1' sai? he1 #8x 
attributes comm&1 &  subjection to !    
faculties ( ! s\l1 z if !y made a       
commonweal?  or family among !mselves1 &
 c\ld speak "o to ano!r4' ,!re=e1  he   
sai?1 7o7 !y :o inv5t$ ?is t]m ( actus  
imp]atus1  und]/ood n any?+ :at x       
signifi$4 ,no2 :y n8 ,x seeme? to  me1  
!y und]/ood x bett] ?an ^? :o except    
aga9/ x4 ,!y  knew !re are m5tal t]ms1  
:i* are only conceiv$ 9 ! m9d1 z  well z
 vocal t]ms1 :i* are express$ ) !       
tongue4 ,!y knew1  t h[soev] a sup]ior d
 intimate a direction to 8 inf]ior1 x is
  /ill a comm&4 ,t>qu9 comm&$ 8 son by  
only /rik+ (f ! tops  ( ! poppies1 & 0  
by him bo? und]/ood & obey$4 ,?\gh !re  
be no =mal commonweal? or family ei!r 9 
! body or 9 ! s\l (  man1 yet !re is a  
subord9ation 9 ! body1 ( ! inf]ior      

memb]s  to ! head2 !re is a subord9ation
 9 ! s\l1 ( ! inf]ior  faculties to !   
rational w4 ,f> be x f a reasonable man 
s f>  to di%on\r 8 own nature1 z to     
equal fancy ) und]/&+1 or  ! s5sitive   
appetite ) ! reasonable w4 ,a p[] (     
comm&  !re is1 )\t all "q2 ?\gh !re be  
"s d\bt 9 :at  faculty ?is comm& do?    
pr9cipally reside1 :e!r 9 ! w or 9  !   
und]/&+4 ,! true resolution is1 t !     
directive comm& or  c\nsel is 9 !       
und]/&+2 & ! applicative comm&1 or      
empire  = putt+ 9 execution ( :at is    
direct$1 is 9 ! w4 ,! same  answ] s]ves 
= 8 second impropriety1 ab\t ! ^w       
elicite4 ,=  sai? he1 #8z x is absurdly 
said1 t to dance is an act allur$1 or   
drawn by fair means1 out ( ! ability to 
dance2 s is x absurdly  said1 t to w or 
*oose1 is an act drawn out ( ! p[] to   
w'4  ,8 objection is yet m improp] ?an !
 expression4 ,! art (  danc+ r resembles
 ! und]/&+ ?an ! w4 ,t draw+  :i* !     
,s*ools int5d1 is cle> ( ano!r nature f 
t :i* he  conceives4 ,by elicitation1 he

 und]/&s a p]suad+ or entic+  ) flatt]+ 
words1 or sweet allur+ ins9uations1 to  
*oose ?is or  t4 ,b t elicitation :i* ! 
,s*ools int5d1 is a d$uc+ (  ! p[] ( ! w
 into act2 t draw+ :i* !y m5tion1 is    
m]ely f ! appetibility ( ! object1 or ( 
! end4 ,z a man  draws a *ild aft] him )
 ! sight ( a fair apple1 or a %eph]d    
draws 8 %eep aft] him ) ! sight ( a gre5
 b\gh3 s ! end  draws ! w to x by a     
metaphorical motion4 ,:at he und]/&s "h 
by an ability to dance1 is m ?an ,i "k1 
or any man else1 until he  express      
himself 9 m prop] t]ms2 :e!r he und]/& !
  locomotive faculty alone1 or ! art or 
acquir$ habit ( danc+ alone1  or bo? (  
^! jo9tly4 ,x may be said aptly )\t any 
absurdity1  t ! act ( danc+ is drawn out
 7elicitur7 ( ! locomotive  faculty     
help$ by ! acquir$ habit4 ,he :o is s   
scrupul\s ab\t !  receiv$ phrases ( !   
,s*ools1 %\ld n h let s _m improp]      
expressions h dropt f 8 p52 z 9 ?is v   
passage1 he  conf\nds ! compell+ ( a    
volunt>y action1 ) ! comm&+  ( a        

volunt>y action1 & will+ ) elect+1 :i*1 
he sai?1  #8are all "o'4 ,yet to w      
prop]ly respects ! end1 to elect !      
means4    7p7 8,8 o!r objection aga9/   
?is di/9ction ( ! acts ( !  w into      
elicite & imp]ate1 is obscurity4        
#8,might x n1' sai?  he1 #8h be5 z      
easily said 9 ,engli%1 a volunt>y       
action4' ,yes1 x  might h be5 said z    
easily1 b n z truly1 nor prop]ly4       
,:atsoev] ha? its orig9al f ! w1 :e!r   
imm$iately or  m$iately1 :e!r x be a    
prop] act ( ! w itself1 z to elect1  or 
an act ( ! und]/&+1 z to delib]ate1 or  
an act ( !  inf]ior faculties or ( !    
memb]s1 is a volunt>y action3 b nei!r  !
 act ( reason1 nor ( ! s5ses1 nor ( !   
s5sitive appetite1 nor  ( ! memb]s1 are 
! prop] acts ( ! w1 nor drawn imm$iately
  out ( ! w itself2 b ! memb]s &        
faculties are appli$ to  _! prop] &     
respective acts by ! p[] ( ! w4    8,& s
 he comes to ca/ up ! total sum ( my    
second reason ) !  same fai? t ! unju/  
/ew>d did make 8 acc\nts 7,luke xvi74   

#8,! sum ( ,j4 ,d4's di/9ction is1' sai?
 he1 #8t a volunt>y act may  be done on 
compulsion1' 7j contr>y to :at ,i h     
ma9ta9$71 #8t  is to say1 by f\l means3 
b to w t or any act1 _c be b by         
allurem5t or fair means4' ,i confess !  
di/9ction is m9e1 because ,i  use x2 z !
 sun is m9e1 or ! air is m9e1 t is      
common to me  ) all :o treat ( ?is      
subject4 7q7 ,b 8 mi/akes are s ?ick1   
bo? 9 relat+ my m9d & 8 own1 t ! read]  
may conclude he is  w&]$ out ( 8 kn[n   
way4 ,i w d my duty to %[ him ! "r  way4
 ,fir/1 no acts :i* are prop]ly said to 
be compell$1 are  volunt>y4 ,secondly1  
acts ( t]ror1 7:i* he calls f\l means71 
:i*  are sometimes 9 a l>ge improp] s5se
 call$ compulsory actions1 may  be1 & = 
! mo/ "p are1 consi/5t ) true lib]ty4   
,?irdly1  actions proce$+ f bl&i%m5ts or
 sweet p]suasions1 7:i* he  calls fair  
means71 if !y be indelib]at$1 z 9 *ildr5
 :o want !  use ( reason1 are n pres5tly
 free actions4 ,la/ly1 ! /r5g? (        
consequ5t & delib]at$ desires do? nei!r 

dim9i% guilt1 nor  excuse f puni%m5t1 z 
j fe>s ( extreme & imm95t dang]s        
?reat5$ by extr9sical ag5ts (t5 d2      
because ! /r5g? ( !  =m] proce$s f our  
own fault1 & 0 freely elect$ 9 ! causes 
( x2 b nei!r desires nor fe>s1 :i* are  
consequ5t &  delib]at$1 d absolutely    
necessitate ! w4                        
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xx4    7a7 8,n[ aga9 he 
tells u1 t election is n opposite to    
ei!r  necessitation or compulsion4 ,he  
might ev5 z well tell u1 t a /one  ?r[n 
upw>ds moves naturally1 or t a woman c  
be ravi%$ ) h]  own w4 ,cons5t takes    
away ! rape10 c4 ,if t :i* ,i h told    
him aga91 be false1 :y %[s he n :y x is 
false8 ,"h is n "o  ^w ( argum5t aga9/  
x4 ,to say1 ,i might h said z well t a  
/one ?r[n upw>ds moves naturally1 is no 
refutation1 b a d5ial4 ,i  w n dispute )
 him1 :e!r a /one ?r[n up move naturally
 or  n4 ,i %all only say to ^? read]s ^:
 judgm5ts are n defac$  ) ! abuse (     
words1 t z a /one move? n upw>ds (      

itself1  b by ! p[] ( ! ext]nal ag5t :o 
give? x a beg9n+ ( t  motion2 s also :5 
! /one falle?1 x is mov$ d[nw>d by !    
p[] ( "s o!r ag5t1 :i*1 ?\gh x be       
imp]ceptible to ! eye1  is n            
imp]ceptible to reason4 ,b because ?is  
is n prop] disc\rse  = ! ,bi%op1 &      
because ,i h else:]e disc\rs$ !re(      
expressly1 ,i %all say no?+ ( x "h4 ,&  
:]eas he says1 #8cons5t  takes away !   
rape'2 x may p]haps be true1 & ,i ?9k x 
is2 b  "h x n only inf]re? no?+1 b 0    
also ne$less1 & !re=e  9 a public writ+ 
is an indec5t in/ance1 ?\gh sometimes n 
unnecess>y 9 a spiritual c\rt4 ,9 ! next
 place1 he wond]s h[ 8a  man is         
compell$1 & yet free to d :at he w02 t  
is to say1 h[  a man is made to w1 & yet
 free to d :at he w4 ,if he _h said1  he
 wond]$ h[ a man c be compell$ to w1 &  
yet be free to d  t :i* he w\ld h done  
if he _h n be5 compell$1 x _h be5       
some:at2 z x is1 x is no?+4 ,aga9 he    
says1 8he :o submits to an  enemy = sav+
 8 life1 do? ei!r only c\nt]feit1 or    

else 8  w is *ang$10 c43 all :i* is     
true4 ,b :5 he says he do?  c\nt]feit1  
he do? n ins9uate t he may c\nt]feit    
lawfully2 =  t w\ld prejudice him       
h]eaft]1 9 case he %\ld h ne$ (  qu>t]4 
,b h[ ?is make? = him1 or aga9/ me1 ,i  
p]ceive n4  8,!re is a va/ diff]5ce10   
sai? he1 8betwe5 compell+ & *ang+  ! w4 
,ei!r ,god or man may *ange ! w ( man1  
ei!r by  v>y+ ! condition ( ?+s1 or by  
in=m+ ! p>ty o!rwise2  b compell$ x _c  
be10 c4 ,i say ! same2 ! w _c be        
compell$2 b ! man may be1 & is !n       
compell$1 :5 8 w is  *ang$ by ! fe> (   
=ce1 puni%m5t1 or o!r hurt f ,god or    
man4  ,& :5 8 w is *ang$1 !re is a new w
 =m$1 7:e!r x be  by ,god or man71 & t  
necess>ily2 & consequ5tly ! actions t   
fl[ f t w1 are bo? volunt>y1 free1 &    
necess>y1  not)/&+ t he 0 compell$ to d 
!m4 ,:i* make? n =  ! ,bi%op1 b = me4   
7b7 8,:]e=e ?is k9d ( actions are call$ 
mix$ actions1 t is  p>tly volunt>y1     
p>tly involunt>y1 c4 ,s suppos+ a man 7 
n 9  t di/ress1 !y are involunt>y40 ,t  

"s actions are p>tly  volunt>y1 p>tly   
involunt>y1 is n a new1 b a false       
op9ion4 ,=  "o & ! same action c nev] be
 bo? volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,if  !re=e  
p>ts ( an action be actions1 he says no 
m b t "s  actions are volunt>y1 "s      
involunt>y2 or t "o multitude (  actions
 may be p>tly volunt>y1 p>tly           
involunt>y4 ,b t "o action  %\ld be     
p>tly volunt>y1 p>tly involunt>y1 is    
absurd4 ,& x is !  absurdity ( ^? au?ors
 :i* he unw>ily gave cr$it to4 ,b to    
say1  suppos+ ! man _h n be5 9 di/ress1 
t !n ! action _h  be5 involunt>y1 is to 
say1 t ! ?r[+ ( a man's goods into !    
sea1 suppos+ he _h n be5 9 a /orm1 _h   
be5 an involunt>y  action2 :i* is also  
an absurdity2 = he w\ld n h done x1 &   
!re=e x _h be5 no action at all4 ,& ?is 
absurdity is 8 own4    7c7 8,8 o!r      
in/ance ( a man =c$ to prison1 t he may 
*oose  :e!r he w be hal$ ?i!r ^u ! gr\nd
 or walk ^u 8 feet1  is n true4 ,by 8   
leave1 t is n z he please?1 b z x       
please? !m :o h him 9 _! p[]40 ,x is    

en\gh = ! use ,i  make ( t in/ance1 t a 
man :5 9 ! necessity ( go+ to  prison1  
?\gh he _c elect nor delib]ate ( be+    
prison] 9 !  jail1 may nev]!less        
delib]ate sometimes1 :e!r he %all walk  
or be  hal$ ?i!r4    7d7 8,hav+ laid ?is
 f\ndation1 he beg9s to build ^u x1 t   
o!r passions d necessitate z mu* z fe>4 
,b he errs d\bly10 c4  ,fir/1 he says1  
,i err 9 ?is1 t ,i say t fe> det]m9es ! 
rational w naturally & necess>ily4 ,&   
fir/1 ,i answ]1 t ,i  nev] us$ t t]m (  
rational w4 ,!re is no?+ rational b     
,god1 angels1 & m54 ,! w is none ( ^!4  
,i w\ld n h  except$ aga9/ ?is          
expression1 b t e :]e he speake? (  ! w 
& o!r faculties z ( m51 or spirits 9    
m5's bellies4  ,secondly1 he (f]e? no?+ 
to prove ! contr>y4 ,= t :i*  foll[e?3  
8! la/ & greate/ ( five t]rible ?+s is  
dea?2 yet  ! fe> ( dea? _c necessitate a
 resolv$ m9d to a di%one/  action2 ! fe>
 ( ! fi]y furnace c\ld n compel ! ?ree  
*ildr5 to wor%ip an idol1 nor ! fe> ( ! 
lions necessitate  ,daniel to omit 8    

duty to ,god10 c43 ,i grant him t !     
greate/ (  five 7or ( fifte51 = he _h no
 m reason = five ?an fifte57  t]rible   
?+s do? n always necessitate a man to d 
a di%one/  action1 & t ! fe> ( ! fi]y   
furnace c\ld n compel !  ?ree *ildr51   
nor ! lions ,daniel1 to omit _! duty2 = 
some:at  else1 namely1 _! confid5ce 9   
,god1 did necessitate !m to d _!  duty4 
,t ! fe> ( ,god's wra? do? expel        
corporeal fe>1 is well  said1 & accord+ 
to ! text he cite?3 & prove? /rongly1 t 
fe> ( ! great] evil may necessitate 9 a 
man a c\rage to endure  ! less] evil4   
7e7 8,da v5iam imp]ator2 tu c>c]em1 ille
 geh5nam  m9atur3--,excuse me1 ,o       
,emp]or2 ?\ ?reat5e/ m5 ) prison1 b     
,god ?reat5s me ) hell40 ,?is s5t5ce1 & 
t :i* he sai? ,no4  ,,xvii1 t nei!r !   
civil judge is ! prop] judge1 nor ! law 
(  ! l& is ! prop] rule ( s91 & div]s   
o!r say+s ( 8 to  ! same effect1 make x 
impossible = any nation 9 ! _w to       
pres]ve !mselves f civil w>s4 ,= all m5 
liv+ equally  ackn[l$g+1 t ! ,high &    

,omnipot5t ,god is to be obey$ be=e  !  
greate/ emp]ors2 e "o may pret5d !      
comm&m5t ( ,god to  ju/ify 8 disob$i5ce4
 ,& if "o man pret5de? t ,god comm&s  "o
 ?+1 & ano!r man t he comm&s ! contr>y1 
:at equity is  !re to all[ ! pret5ce (  
"o m ?an ( ano!r8 ,or :at peace  c !re  
be1 if !y be all all[$ alike8 ,!re w    
!re=e  necess>ily arise discord & civil 
w>1 unless !re be a judge agre$  ^u1 )  
au?ority giv5 to him by e "o ( !m1 to %[
 !m &  int]pret to !m ! ,^w ( ,god2 :i* 
int]pret] is always !  emp]or1 k+1 or   
o!r sov]eign p]son1 :o !re=e ought to be
  obey$4 ,b ! ,bi%op ?9ks t to %ew u &  
int]pret to u !  ,^w ( ,god1 belonge? to
 ! cl]gy2 :]e9 ,i _c cons5t unto him4   
,excuse me1 ,o ,bi%op1 y ?reat5 me ) t y
 _c d2 b !  emp]or ?reat5e? me ) dea?1 &
 is able to d :at he  ?reat5e?4    7f7  
8,secondly1 he errs 9 8 sup]/ruction    
also4 ,!re is a great  diff]5ce1 z to   
?is case ( ju/ify+ or n ju/ify+ an      
action1  betwe5 =ce & fe>1 c4 ,=ce do? n
 only less5 ! s91 b  takes x q away1 c40

 ,i "k n to :at po9t ( my answ] ?is     
reply ( 8 is to be appli$4 ,i _h said1 !
 actions ( m5 compell$  are1 nev]!less1 
volunt>y4 ,x seems t he calle?          
compulsion  =ce2 b ,i call x a fe> (    
=ce1 or ( damage to be done by =ce1  by 
:i* fe> a man's w is fram$ to some:at to
 :i* he _h no w  be=e4 ,=ce take? away !
 s91 because ! action is n 8 t is  =c$1 
b 8 t =ce?4 ,x is n always s 9          
compulsion2  because1 9 ?is case1 a man 
electe? ! less evil "u ! notion  ( good4
 ,b 8 in/ances ( ! betro!d damsel t 0   
=c$1  & ( ,tam>1 may1 = any?+ !re       
appe>e? 9 ! text1 be  in/ances (        
compulsion1 & yet ! damsel & ,tam> be   
bo? innoc5t4  ,9 t :i* imm$iately       
foll[e?1 conc]n+ h[ f> fe> may  ext5uate
 a s91 !re is no?+ to be answ]$4 ,i     
p]ceive 9 x he  ha? "s glimm]+ ( ! tru?1
 b n ( ! gr\nds !re(4 ,x is  true1 t j  
fe> disp5se? n ) ! precepts ( ,god or   
nature2  = !y are n disp5sable2 b x     
ext5uate? ! fault1 n by  dim9i%+ any?+ 9
 ! action1 b by be+ no transgression4 ,=

  if ! fe> be all[$1 ! action x produce?
 is all[$ also4 ,nor  do? x disp5se 9   
any case ) ! law positive1 b by mak+ !  
action itself lawful2 = ! break+ ( a law
 is always s94 ,& x is  c]ta9 t m5 are  
oblig$ to ! obs]vation ( all positive   
precepts1 ?\gh ) ! loss ( _! lives1     
unless ! "r t a  man ha? to pres]ve     
himself make x1 9 case ( a j fe>1 to be 
no  law4 8,! omission ( circumcision 0  
no s910 he says1 8:il/ !  ,israelites 7 
travell+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness40 ,x is v    
true1 b  ?is has no?+ to d ) compulsion4
 ,& ! cause :y x 0 no s91  0 ?is3 !y 7  
ready to obey x1 :5soev] ,god %\ld give 
!m  leisure & re/ f travel1 :]eby !y    
might be cur$2 or at lea/  :5 ,god1 t   
daily spake to _! conductor 9 ! des]t1  
%\ld  appo9t him to r5ew t sacram5t4    
7g7 8,i w propose a case to him10 c4 ,! 
case is ?is4 ,a s]vant is  robb$ ( 8    
ma/]'s money by ! highway1 b is acquitt$
 because he  0 =c$4 ,ano!r s]vant sp5ds 
8 ma/]'s money 9 a tav]n4 ,:y  is he n  
acquitt$ also1 see+ he 0 necessitat$8   

8,w\ld10 sai? he1  8,t4 ,h4 admit ( ?is 
excuse80 ,i answ]1 no3 b ,i w\ld d t to 
him1  :i* %\ld necessitate him to behave
 himself bett] ano!r "t1 or  at lea/    
necessitate ano!r to behave himself     
bett] by 8 example4    7h7 8,he talks   
mu* ( ! motives to d1 & ! motives to    
=be>1  h[ !y "w ^u & det]m9e a man2 z if
 a reasonable man 7 no  m ?an a         
t5nis-ball1 to be toss$ to & fro by !   
rackets ( !  second causes10 c4 ,may n  
great ?+s be produc$ by second causes1  
z well z little2 & a foot-ball z well z 
a t5nis-ball8 ,b !  ,bi%op c nev] be    
driv5 f ?is1 t ! w ha? p[] to move      
itself2 b says x is all "o to say1 t 8an
 ag5t c det]m9e  itself10 & t 8! w is   
det]m9$ by motives extr9sical04 ,he     
adds1 t 8if !re be no necessitation be=e
 ! judgm5t ( "r  reason do? dictate to !
 w1 !n !re is no antec$5t nor           
extr9sical necessitation at all04 ,i say
 inde$1 ! effect is n  produc$ be=e !   
la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+2 b ,i say n1  t 
! necessity 0 n be=e2 he kn[s ,i say1 x 

is f et]nity4  ,:5 a cannon is plant$   
aga9/ a wall1 ?\gh ! batt]y be n made   
till ! bullet arrive1 yet ! necessity 0 
pres5t all ! :ile !  bullet 0 go+ to x1 
if ! wall /ood /ill3 & if x slipp$ away1
  ! hitt+ ( some:at else 0 necess>y1 & t
 antec$5tly4    7i7 8,all ! _w kn[s1 t  
:5 ! ag5t is det]m9$ by  himself1 !n !  
effect is det]m9$ likewise 9 its cause40
 ,yes1 :5  ! ag5t is det]m9$ by himself1
 !n ! effect is det]m9$  likewise 9 its 
cause2 & s any?+ else is :at he w h x4  
,b  no?+ is det]m9$ by itself1 nor is   
!re any man 9 ! _w t  ha? any conception
 answ]able to ^? words4 ,b 8motives10 he
 says1  8det]m9e n naturally1 b         
morally04 ,?is also is insignificant2 = 
all motion is natural or sup]natural4   
,moral motion is a m]e ^w1  )\t any     
imag9ation ( ! m9d correspond5t to x4 ,i
 h he>d  m5 talk ( a motion 9 a c\rt (  
ju/ice2 p]haps ?is is x :i* he  means by
 moral motion4 ,b c]ta9ly1 :5 ! tongue (
 ! judge &  ! h&s ( ! cl]ks are !reby   
mov$1 ! motion is natural1 &  proce$s f 

natural causes2 :i* causes also 7       
natural motions (  ! tongue ( !         
advocate4 ,& :]eas he adds1 t if ?is 7  
true1  !n 8n only motives1 b reason     
itself & delib]ation 7 va902  x ha? be5 
suffici5tly answ]$ be=e1 t !re=e !y are 
n  va91 because by !m is produc$ !      
effect4 ,i mu/ also note1 t  (t5times 9 
cit+ my op9ion he puts 9 in/ead ( m9e1  
^? t]ms  ( 8 own1 :i* ^u all occasions  
,i compla9 ( = absurdity2 z  "h he makes
 me to say1 t :i* ,i did nev] say1      
8special influ5ce  ( extr9sical causes04
    7k7 8,he sai?1 t #8! ignorance ( !  
true causes & _! p[]1  is ! reason :y we
 ascribe ! effect to lib]ty2 b :5 we    
s]i\sly consid] ! causes ( ?+s1 we      
ackn[l$ge a necessity4' ,no  su* ?+1 b j
 ! contr>y40 ,if he und]/& ! au?ors :i* 
he reade? ^u ?is po9t1 no bett] ?an he  
und]/&s :at ,i h  "h writt51 x is no    
wond] he und]/&e? n ! tru? ( !  "q4 ,i  
said n1 t :5 we consid] ! causes ( ?+s1 
b  :5 we see & "k ! /r5g? t moves u1 we 
ackn[l$ge  necessity4 8,no su* ?+10 says

 ! ,bi%op1 8b j ! contr>y2 !  m we      
consid]1 & ! cle>] we und]/&1 ! great]  
is !  lib]ty10 c4 ,is !re any d\bt1 if a
 man c\ld =ekn[1 z ,god  =ekn[s1 t :i*  
is h]eaft] to come to pass1 b t he w\ld 
also see & "k ! causes :i* %all br+ x to
 pass1 & h[ !y  "w1 & make ! effect     
necess>y8 ,= necess>y x is1 :atsoev]    
,god  =ekn[e?4 ,b we t =esee !m n1 may  
consid] z mu* z we  w1 & und]/& z cle>ly
 z we w1 b are nev] ! ne>] to  ! k ( _! 
necessity2 & t1 ,i said1 0 ! cause :y we
  impute ^? ev5ts to lib]ty1 & n to     
causes4    7l7 8,la/ly1 he tells u1 t ! 
w do? *oose ( necessity1 z  well z !    
fire burns ( necessity4 ,if he int5d no 
m b ?is1  t election is ! prop] &       
natural act ( ! w1 z burn+ is  ( ! fire 
c41 he speaks truly1 b mo/ imp]t95tly2 =
 !  "q is n n[ ( ! elective p[]1 9 actu 
primo1 c40 ,"h  aga9 he makes me to     
speak nons5se4 ,i said1 8! man *oose? ( 
necessity02 he says ,i say1 8! w *oose? 
( necessity04 ,& :y3  b because he ?9ks 
,i ought to speak z he does1 & say z he 

does  "h1 t 8election is ! act ( ! w04  
,no3 election is ! act (  a man1 z p[]  
to elect is ! p[] ( a man4 ,election & w
 are  all "o act ( a man2 & ! p[] to    
elect1 & ! p[] to w1 "o  & ! same p[] ( 
a man4 ,b ! ,bi%op is conf\nd$ by ! use 
(  call+ by ! "n ( w1 ! p[] ( will+ 9 ! 
future2 z !y  also 7 conf\nd$1 t fir/   
br\ght 9 ?is s5seless t]m (  actus      
primus4 ,my mean+ is1 t ! election ,i   
%all h (  any?+ h]eaft]1 is n[ z        
necess>y1 z t ! fire1 t n[ is  &        
cont9ue?1 %all burn any combu/ible matt]
 ?r[n into x  h]eaft]3 or to use 8 own  
t]ms1 ! w ha? no m p[] to  susp5d its   
will+1 ?an ! burn+ ( ! fire to susp5d   
its  burn+3 or r m prop]ly1 ! man ha? no
 m p[] to susp5d  8 w1 ?an ! fire to    
susp5d its burn+4 ,:i* is contr>y to  t 
:i* he w\ld h1 namely1 t a man %\ld h   
p[] to refuse  :at he wills1 & to susp5d
 8 own appetite4 ,= to refuse :at "o    
wille?1 implie? a contradiction2 ! :i*  
also is made mu* m  absurd by 8         
expression4 ,= he sai?1 ! w ha? p[] to  

refuse  :at x wills1 & to susp5d its own
 appetite3 :]eas ! w1 &  ! will+1 & !   
appetite is ! same ?+4 ,he adds t 8ev5  
! burn+ ( ! fire1 if x be consid]$ z x  
is inve/$ ) all  p>ticul> circum/ances1 
is n s necess>y an action z ,t4 ,h4     
imag9e?04 ,he do? n suffici5tly und]/&  
:at ,i imag9e4 ,= ,i  imag9e1 t ( ! fire
 :i* %all burn five hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 ,i
  may truly say n[1 x %all burn         
necess>ily2 & ( t :i* %all  n burn !n1  
7= fire may sometimes n burn !          
combu/ible matt]  ?r[n into x1 z 9 !    
case ( ! ?ree *ildr571 t x is  necess>y 
x %all n burn4    7m7 8,two ?+s are     
requir$ to make an effect necess>y3 fir/
 t  x be produc$ by a necess>y cause1   
c43 secondly1 t x be  necess>ily        
produc$1 c40 ,to ?is ,i say no?+1 b t ,i
 und]/&  n h[ a cause c be necess>y1 & !
 effect n be necess>ily  produc$4    7n7
 8,my second reason aga9/ ?is di/9ction 
( lib]ty f  compulsion1 b n f           
necessitation1 is new1 & demon/rates    
cle>ly1 t to necessitate ! w by a       

physical necessity1 is to  compel ! w1 s
 f> z ! w is capable ( compulsion2 & t  
he :o do? necessitate ! w to evil aft] t
 mann]1 is ! true  cause ( evil1 c40 ,by
 ?is second reason1 :i* he says is new1 
&  demon/rates1 c1 ,i _c f9d :at reason 
he means4 ,= !re are b  two1 :]e( !     
latt] is 9 ^! words3 8,secondly1 to rip 
up !  bottom ( ?is bus9ess1 ?is ,i take 
to be ! cle> resolution ( !  ,s*ools2   
!re is a d\ble act ( ! w2 ! "o m remote1
 call$  imp]atus1 c42 ! o!r act is ne>]1
 call$ actus elicitus10 c4  ,b ,i d\bt  
:e!r ?is be x he means1 or no4 ,= ?is   
be+ !  resolution ( ! ,s*ools1 is n new2
 & be+ a di/9ction only1 is  no         
demon/ration2 ?\gh p]haps he may use !  
^w demon/ration1 z  e unle>n$ man       
n[-a-days does1 to signify any argum5t (
 8 own4  ,z = ! di/9ction itself1       
because ! t]ms are ,lat91 & nev]  us$ by
 any au?or ( ! ,lat9 tongue1 to %ew _!  
imp]t95ce ,i  exp\nd$ !m 9 ,engli%1 &   
left !m to ! read]'s judgm5t to  f9d !  
absurdity ( !m himself4 ,& ! ,bi%op 9   

?is "p ( 8  reply endeav\rs to def5d !m4
 ,& fir/1 he calls x a trivial &        
grammatical objection1 to say !y are    
improp] & obscure4 ,is  !re any?+ less  
beseem+ a div9e or a philosoph]1 ?an to 
speak improp]ly & obscurely1 :]e ! tru? 
is 9 "q8  ,p]haps x may be tol]able 9 "o
 t div9e?1 b n 9 him t  pret5de? to     
demon/rate4 ,x is n ! univ]sal curr5t ( 
div9es  & philosoph]s1 t give? words _! 
au?ority1 b ! g5]ality  ( !m :o         
ackn[l$ge t !y und]/& !m4 ,tyrant &     
prmunire1 ?\gh _! signification be      
*ang$1 yet !y are  und]/ood2 & s are !  
names ( ! days1 ,sunday1 ,monday1       
,tuesday4  ,& :5 ,engli% read]s n engag$
 9 ,s*ool div9ity1 %all f9d  imp]ate &  
elicit acts z intelligible z ^?1 ,i w   
confess ,i  _h no reason to f9d fault4  
,b my brav+ aga9/ t fam\s & mo/ necess>y
 di/9ction1  betwe5 ! elicit & imp]ate  
acts ( ! w1 he says 0 only to  hide f ! 
eyes ( ! read] a t]giv]sation 9 n answ]+
 ?is  argum5t ( 82 #8he :o do?          
necessitate ! w to evil1 is ! true      

cause ( evil2 b ,god is n ! cause (     
evil2 !re=e he does n  necessitate ! w  
to evil'4 ,?is argum5t is n to be f\nd 9
 ?is  ,no4 ,,xx41 to :i* ,i "h answ]$2  
nor _h ,i ev] said t ! w 0  compell$4 ,b
 he1 tak+ all necessitation =           
compulsion1 do? n[ 9  ?is place1 f      
necessitation simply1 br+ 9 ?is inf]5ce 
conc]n+ ! cause ( evil1 & ?9ks he %all  
=ce me to say t  ,god is ! cause ( s94  
,i %all say only :at is said 9 !        
,scripture1  non e/ malum1 quod ego non 
feci4 ,i %all say :at ,micaiah sai? to  
,ahab1 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #bc73 ,behold1 !  
,"l ha? put a ly+ _s into  ! m\? ( all  
^! ?y prophets4 ,i %all say t t is true1
  :i* ! prophet ,david sai? 7#b ,sam4   
xvi4 #aj73 ,let him curse2 because  !   
,"l ha? said unto him1 curse ,david4 ,b 
t :i* ,god himself  sai? ( himself 7#a  
,k+s xii4 #ae73 ,! k+ he>k5$ n to !  p1 
= ! cause 0 f ! ,"l3 ,i w n say1 lea/ ! 
,bi%op exclaim aga9/ me2 b leave x to be
 int]pret$ by ^? t  h au?ority to       
int]pret ! ,scriptures4 ,i say fur!r1 t 

to cause  s9 is n always s91 nor c be s9
 9 him t is n subject to "s  high] p[]2 
b to use s unseemly a phrase1 z to say t
 ,god is !  cause ( s91 because x s\nde?
 s l to say+ t ,god s9ne?1 ,i  c nev] be
 =c$ by s weak an argum5t z ?is ( 84    
,lu!r says1  we act necess>ily2         
necess>ily by necessity ( immutability1 
n by  necessity ( con/ra9t3 t is 9 pla9 
,engli%1 necess>ily1 b n  aga9/ our     
wills4 ,zan*ius says1 7,tract4 ,!ol4    
cap4 ,,vi4 ,!s4 ,i473  ,! fre$om ( our w
 do? n consi/ 9 ?is1 t !re is no        
necessity ( our s9n+2 b 9 ?is1 t !re is 
no con/ra9t4  ,buc] 7,lib4 de           
,concordia73 ,:]eas ! ,ca?olics say1 man
 has free  w1 we mu/ und]/& x ( fre$om f
 con/ra9t1 & n fre$om  f necessity4     
,calv9 7,in/4 cap4 ,,ii4 sec4 ,,vi473 ,&
 ?us %all man  be said to h free w1 n   
because he ha? equal fre$om to d good  &
 evil1 b because he does ! evil he does1
 n by con/ra9t1 b  will+ly4 ,monsr4 du  
,m\l91 9 8 ,buckl] ( ! ,fai? 7art4      
,,ix73  ,! necessity ( s9n+ is n        

repugnant to ! fre$om ( ! w4  ,witness !
 devils1 :o are necess>ily wick$1 & yet 
s9 freely  )\t con/ra9t4 ,& ! ,synod (  
,dort3 ,lib]ty is n opposite to  all    
k9ds ( necessity & det]m9ation4 ,x is   
inde$ opposite to !  necessity (        
con/ra9t3 b /&e? well en\gh ) !         
necessity (  infallibility4 ,i c\ld add 
m3 = all ! fam\s doctors ( !  ,re=m$    
,*ur*es1 & ) !m ,/4 ,augu/91 are ( !    
same op9ion4  ,none ( ^! d5i$ t ,god is 
! cause ( all motion & action1 or  t    
,god is ! cause ( all laws2 & yet !y 7  
nev] =c$ to  say1 t ,god is ! cause (   
s94    7o7 8#8,!y :o inv5t$ ?is t]m (   
actus imp]atus1 und]/ood  n'1 he sai?1  
#8any ?+ :at x signifi$4' ,no8 ,:y n8 ,x
 seeme?  to me1 !y und]/ood x bett] ?an 
^? :o except aga9/ x4 ,!y  knew !re are 
m5tal t]ms1 :i* are only conceiv$ 9 !   
m9d1 z  well z vocal t]ms1 :i* are      
express$ ) ! tongue1 c40 ,9 ?is  place !
 ,bi%op ha? discov]$ ! gr\nd ( all 8    
errors 9  philosophy1 :i* is ?is2 t he  
?9ke?1 :5 he repeate? ! words  ( a      

proposition 9 8 m9d1 t is1 :5 he fancie?
 ! words  )\t speak+ !m1 t !n he        
conceive? ! ?+s :i* !  words signify3 & 
?is is ! mo/ g5]al cause ( false        
op9ions4 ,=  m5 c nev] be deceiv$ 9 !   
conceptions ( ?+s1 ?\gh !y may  be1 &   
are mo/ (t5 deceiv$ by giv+ unto !m     
wrong t]ms or  appellations1 diff]5t f  
^? :i* are commonly us$ &  con/itut$ to 
signify _! conceptions4 ,& !re=e !y t   
/udy  to atta9 ! c]ta9 k ( ! tru?1 d use
 to set d[n  be=eh& all ! t]ms !y are to
 express !mselves by1 & decl>e  9 :at   
s5se !y %all use !m con/antly4 ,& by ?is
 means1 !  read] hav+ an idea ( e ?+ !re
 nam$1 _c conceive amiss4  ,b :5 a man f
 ! he>+ ( a ^w ha? no idea ( ! ?+       
signifi$1 b only ( ! s\nd & ( ! lett]s  
:]e( ! ^w is  made1 :i* is t he "h      
calle? m5tal t]ms1 x is impossible he   
%\ld conceive aright1 or br+ =? any ?+ b
 absurdity2 z he  do? "h1 :5 he says1 8t
 :5 ,t>qu9 deliv]$ 8 comm&s to  8 son by
 only /rik+ (f ! tops ( ! poppies1 he   
did x by  m5tal t]ms02 z if to /rike (f 

! head ( a poppy1 7 a m5tal  t]m4 ,x is 
! s\nd & ! lett]s1 t make? him ?9k      
elicitus  & imp]atus some:at4 ,& x is ! 
same ?+ t makes him say1  = ?9k x he _c1
 t to w or *oose1 is drawn1 or allur$1  
or  fet*$ out ( ! p[] to w4 ,= draw+ _c 
be imag9$ b (  bodies2 & !re=e to w1 to 
speak1 to write1 to dance1 to leap1 or  
any way to be mov$1 _c be said          
intelligibly to be drawn1 mu*  less to  
be drawn out ( a p[]1 t is to say1 out (
 an ability2 =  :atsoev] is drawn out1  
is drawn out ( "o place into ano!r4 ,he 
t  c disc\rse 9 ?is mann] 9 philosophy1 
_c probably be ?\ght  able to disc\rse  
rationally 9 any ?+4    7p7 8,8 o!r     
objection aga9/ ?is di/9ction ( ! acts (
 !  w into elicit & imp]ate1 is         
obscurity4 #8,might x n1' sai?  he1 #8h 
be5 z easily said 9 ,engli%1 a volunt>y 
action8' ,yes x  might h be5 said z     
easily1 b n z truly1 nor z prop]ly40 ,he
  says1 actus imp]atus is :5 a man op5s 
or %uts 8 eyes at !  comm& ( ! w4 ,i    
say1 :5 a man op5s & %uts 8 eyes        

accord+ to 8 w1 t x is a volunt>y       
action2 & ,i believe we  mean "o & !    
same ?+4 ,:e!r ( u speak m prop]ly or m 
truly1 let ! read] judge4    7q7 8,b 8  
mi/akes are s ?ick1 c41 ,i w d my duty  
to %ew him  ! "r way4 ,fir/1 no acts :i*
 are prop]ly said to be compell$1  are  
volunt>y4 ,secondly1 acts ( t]ror1 c40  
,?is is no?+ b ,tohu  & ,bohu4          
,,no4 ,,xxi4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's   
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,! re/ are umbrages  
quickly dispell$4 ,fir/1 ! a/rolog]     
/eps up1 & subjects lib]ty to ! motions 
( heav51 to ! aspects  & asc5sions ( !  
/>s3                 ----,plus et5im    
fati valet hora b5igni1                 
,quam si nos ,v5]is comm5det epi/ola    
,m>ti4    8,i /& n mu* ^u !m1 :o _c see 
! fi%es swimm+ beside  !m 9 ! riv]s1 yet
 believe !y see ^? :i* are 9 heav52 :o  
promise great treasures to o!rs1 & beg a
 groat = !mselves4 ,!  />s at ! mo/ d b 
incl9e1 !y _c necessitate4              
8,secondly1 ! physician subjects lib]ty 
to ! complexion &  temp]ature ( ! body4 

,b yet ?is comes n home to a necessity4 
,socrates1 & _m o!rs1 by assidu\s c>e h 
correct$ !  p]nici\s prop5sions1 :i*    
fl[$ f _! temp]atures40    ,t4 ,h4 ,9 ! 
re/ ( 8 disc\rse he reckone? up !       
op9ions (  c]ta9 pr(essions ( m51 t\*+ !
 causes :]e9 ! necessity (  ?+s1 :i* !y 
ma9ta91 consi/e?4 ,& fir/1 he sai?1 !   
a/rolog] d]ive? 8 necessity f ! />s4    
,secondly1 t !  physician attribute? x  
to ! temp] ( ! body4 ,= my "p1 ,i am  n 
( _! op9ion2 because nei!r ! />s alone1 
nor !  temp]ature ( ! pati5t alone is   
able to produce any effect )\t  !       
concurr5ce ( all o!r ag5ts4 ,= !re is   
h>dly any "o action1  h[ casual soev] x 
seem1 to ! caus+ :]e( concur n :atsoev] 
is 9 r]um natura4 ,:i*1 because x is a  
great p>adox1 & dep5ds  on _m antec$5t  
speculations1 ,i d n press 9 ?is place4 
,j4 ,d4 8,t[>ds ! latt] end ( my        
disc\rse1 ,i answ]$ "s  speci\s pret5ces
 aga9/ lib]ty4 ,! two fir/ 7 ( !        
a/rolog]  & ! physician3 ! "o subject+  
lib]ty to ! motions &  influ5ces ( !    

heav5ly bodies2 ! o!r to ! complexions (
 m54  7a7 ,! sum ( my answ] 01 t ! />s &
 complexions d  incl9e1 b n at all      
necessitate ! w3 to :i* all judici\s    
a/ronom]s & physicians d ass5t4 ,& ,t4  
,h4 himself do? n diss5t  f x4 ,s z to  
?is "p1 !re ne$s no reply4    7b7 8,b   
:]eas he m5tions a #8great p>adox ( 8   
own1 t !re  is h>dly any "o action to ! 
caus+ ( :i* concurs n :atsoev]  is 9    
r]um natura'2 ,i c b smile to see ) :at 
ambition our  great und]tak]s d affect  
to be acc\nt$ ! fir/ f\nd]s (  /range   
op9ions1 z if ! devis+ ( an ill-gr\nd$  
p>adox 7 z  great an hon\r z ! inv5tion 
( ! ne$le1 or ! discov]y ( !  new _w4 ,&
 z to ?is p>adox 9 p>ticul>1 ,i m$dle n 
)  natural actions1 because ! subject ( 
my disc\rse is moral lib]ty4  ,b if he  
int5d n only ! k9ds ( ?+s1 b e          
individual  creature1 & n only 9 natural
 b volunt>y actions1 ,i desire to  "k h[
 ,pre/] ,john1 or ! great ,mogul1 or !  
k+ ( ,*9a1 or any  "o ( s _m millions ( 
_! subjects1 d concur to my writ+ (  ?is

 reply4 ,if !y d n1 among 8 o!r         
speculations conc]n+ ?is  matt] ,i hope 
he w give u "s re/rictions4 ,x 7 h>d to 
make  all ! negroes access>y to all !   
murd]s t are committ$ 9  ,europe40      
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xxi4    ,!re is n mu* 9 
?is "p ( 8 reply t ne$e? animadv]sion4  
,b ,i mu/ obs]ve1 :]e he sai?1 7a7 8!   
sum ( my answ] 01  t ! />s & complexions
 d incl9e1 b n at all necessitate  ! w30
 he answ]e? no?+ at all to me1 :o       
attribute n !  necessitation ( ! w to ! 
/>s & complexions1 b to !  aggregate (  
all ?+s toge!r t are 9 motion4 ,i d n   
say1 t  ! />s or complexions ( !mselves 
d incl9e m5 to w2 b :5  m5 are incl9$1  
,i mu/ say t t incl9ation 0 necessitat$ 
by  "s causes or o!r4    7b7 8,b :]eas  
he m5tions #8a great p>adox ( 8 own2 t  
!re  is h>dly any "o action1 to ! caus+ 
( :i* concurs n :atsoev]  is 9 r]um     
natura'2 ,i c b smile to see ) :at      
ambition our  great und]tak]s d affect  
to be acc\nt$ ! fir/ f\nd]s (  /range   

op9ions1 c40 ,! ,bi%op speaks (t5 (     
p>adoxes ) su*  scorn or dete/ation1 t a
 simple read] w\ld take a p>adox ei!r  =
 felony or "s o!r he9\s crime1 or else =
 "s ridicul\s  turpitude2 :]eas p]haps a
 judici\s read] kn[s :at ! ^w           
signifies2 & t a p>adox1 is an op9ion n 
yet g5]ally receiv$4  ,*ri/ian religion 
0 once a p>adox2 & a great _m o!r       
op9ions  :i* ! ,bi%op n[ holde?1 7 =m]ly
 p>adoxes4 ,insomu* z :5  a man calle?  
an op9ion a p>adox1 he do? n say x is   
untrue1 b  signifie? 8 own ignorance2 = 
if he und]/ood x1 he w\ld call x  ei!r a
 tru? or an error4 ,he obs]ves n1 t b = 
p>adoxes we  %\ld be n[ 9 t savage      
ignorance1 :i* ^? m5 are 9 t h  n1 or h 
n long _h laws & commonweal?1 f :5ce    
proce$e?  sci5ce & civility4 ,!re 0 n   
long s9ce a s*ol> t  ma9ta9$1 t if !    
lea/ ?+ t _h weight %\ld be laid d[n  ^u
 ! h>de/ body t c\ld be1 suppos+ x an   
anvil ( diamant1  x w\ld at ! fir/      
access make x yield4 ,?is ,i ?\ght1 &   
mu*  m ! ,bi%op w\ld h ?\ght1 a p>adox4 

,b :5 he told me1 t  ei!r t w\ld d x1 or
 all ! weight ( ! _w w\ld n d x1        
because if ! :ole weight did x1 e ! lea/
 "p !re( w\ld  d its "p1 ,i saw no      
reason to diss5t4 ,9 l mann] :5 ,i say1 
#8!re is h>dly any "o action to ! caus+ 
( :i* concurs n  :atsoev] is 9 r]um     
natura2' x seems to ! ,bi%op a great    
p>adox2 & if ,i %\ld say t all action is
 ! effect ( motion1  & t !re _c be a    
motion 9 "o "p ( ! _w1 b ! same  mu/    
also be communicat$ to all ! re/ ( ! _w1
 he w\ld say  t ?is 7 no less a p>adox4 
,b yet if ,i %\ld say1 t if a  less]    
body1 z a concave sph]e or tun1 7 fill$ 
) air1 or o!r  liquid matt]1 & t any "o 
little p>ticle !re( 7 mov$1 all  ! re/  
w\ld be mov$ also1 he w\ld conceive x to
 be true1 or if n  he1 a judici\s read] 
w\ld4 ,x is n ! greatness ( ! tun t     
alt]e? ! case2 & !re=e ! same w\ld be   
true also1 if !  :ole _w 7 ! tun2 = x is
 ! greatness ( ?is tun t !  ,bi%op      
compreh5de? n4 ,b ! tru? is             
compreh5sible en\gh1 &  may be said )\t 

ambition ( be+ ! f\nd] ( /range op9ions4
  ,& ?\gh a grave man may smile at x1 he
 t is bo? grave & wise  w n4            
,,no4 ,,xxii4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's  
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?irdly1 ! moral     
philosoph] tells u h[ we are hal$ hi!r  
& ?i!r ) outw>d objects4 ,to ?is ,i     
answ]1 8,fir/1 t !  p[] :i* outw>d      
objects h ov] u1 is = ! mo/ "p by our   
own default1 because ( ^? vici\s habits 
:i* we h contract$4  ,!re=e ?\gh !      
actions seem to h a k9d ( viol5ce 9 !m1 
yet !y 7 free & volunt>y 9 _! fir/      
orig9als4 ,z a  p>alytic man1 to use    
,ari/otle's comp>ison1 %$d+ ! liquor    
des]ves to be puni%$1 = ?\gh 8 act be   
unwill+1 yet 8  intemp]ance 0 will+1    
:]eby he contract$ ?is infirmity4       
8,secondly ,i answ]1 t concupisc5ce1 &  
cu/om1 & bad company1 &  outw>d objects 
d inde$ make a proclivity1 b n a        
necessity4 ,by  pray]s1 te>s1           
m$itations1 v[s1 wat*+s1 fa/+s1         
humi-cubations1  a man may get a contr>y
 habit1 & ga9 ! victory1 n only ov]     

outw>d objects1 b also ov] 8 own        
corruptions1 & become ! k+  ( ! little  
_w ( himself4                   ,si     
metuis1 si prava cupis1 si duc]is ir1   
,s]vitii pati]e jugum1 tol]abis iniquas 
,int]ius leges4 ,tunc omnia jure t5ebis1
                 ,cum pot]is rex esse   
tui4    8,?irdly1 a resolv$ m9d1 :i*    
weighs all ?+s judici\sly &  provides = 
all occurr5ces1 is n s easily surpris$ )
 outw>d  objects4 ,only ,ulysses wept n 
at ! meet+ ) 8 wife & son4 ,i  w\ld beat
 !e1 said ! philosoph]1 b t ,i am angry4
 ,"o spake  l[e/1 :5 he 0 mo/ mov$4     
,ano!r p\r$ out ! wat]1 :5 he  0 ?ir/y4 
,ano!r made a cov5ant ) 8 eyes4 ,nei!r  
opportunity  nor enticem5t c\ld prevail 
) ,joseph4 ,nor ! music nor ! fire1  ) !
 ?ree *ildr54 ,x is n ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 b
 !  lightness ( ! *aff1 :i* cause? x to 
be bl[n away4 ,outw>d  objects d n      
impose a moral1 mu* less a physical     
necessity2 !y may  be dang]\s1 b _c be  
de/ructive to true lib]ty40    ,t4 ,h4  
,?irdly1 he dispute? aga9/ ! op9ion ( !m

 t say1  ext]nal objects pres5t$ to m5 (
 su* & su* temp]atures1 d make  _!      
actions necess>y2 & says1 ! p[]1 t su*  
objects h  ov] u1 proce$s f our own     
fault4 ,b t is no?+ to !  purpose1 if   
su* fault ( ours proce$e? f causes n 9  
our own  p[]4 ,& !re=e t op9ion may hold
 true1 = all ?is answ]4  ,fur!r1 he     
sai?1 pray]1 fa/+1 c41 may alt] our     
habits4 ,x is  true3 b :5 !y d s1 !y are
 causes ( ! contr>y habit1 &  make x    
necess>y2 z ! =m] habit _h be5 necess>y1
 if pray]1  fa/+1 c41 _h n be54 ,besides
 we are n mov$1 nor dispos$ to  pray] or
 any o!r action1 b by outw>d objects1 z 
pi\s company1  godly prea*]s1 or some?+ 
equival5t4 ,9 ! next place he sai?1 a   
resolv$ m9d is n easily surpris$4 ,z !  
m9d ( ,ulysses1 :o1 :5  o!rs wept1 he   
alone wept n4 ,& ( ! philosoph] t ab/a9$
  f /rik+1 because he f\nd himself      
angry4 ,& ( him t p\r$  out ! wat]1 :5  
he 0 ?ir/y2 & ! l4 ,su* ?+s ,i confess  
h1 or may h be5 done2 & d prove only t x
 0 n necess>y  = ,ulysses !n to weep1   

nor = ! philosoph] to /rike1 nor =  t   
o!r man to dr9k3 b x does n prove t x 0 
n necess>y  = ,ulysses !n to ab/a91 z he
 did1 f weep+2 nor !  philosoph] to     
ab/a91 z he did1 f /rik+2 nor ! o!r man 
to  =be> dr9k+4 ,& yet t 0 ! ?+ he ought
 to h prov$4    ,la/ly1 he confesse? t !
 disposition ( objects may be dang]\s   
to lib]ty1 b _c be de/ructive4 ,to :i*  
,i answ]1 x is  impossible2 = lib]ty is 
nev] 9 any o!r dang] ?an to be lo/4  ,& 
if x _c be lo/1 :i* he confesse?1 ,i may
 inf] x c be 9  no dang] at all4    ,j4 
,d4 7a7 8,! ?ird pret5ce 0 out ( moral  
philosophy  misund]/ood1 t outw>d       
objects d necessitate ! w4 ,i %all n    
ne$ to repeat :at he ha? omitt$1 b only 
to satisfy 8 exceptions4  7b7 ,! fir/   
is1 t #8x is n mat]ial1 '?\gh ! p[] (   
outw>d objects d proce$ f our own       
faults1 if su* faults ( ours  proce$ n f
 causes 9 our own p[]'4 ,well1 b :at if 
!y d  proce$ f causes t are 9 our own   
p[]1 z 9 tru? !y d8 ,!n  8 answ] is a   
m]e subt]fuge4 ,if our faults proce$ f  

causes t  are n1 & 7 n 9 our own p[]1 !n
 !y are n our faults at  all4 ,x is n a 
fault 9 u1 n to d ^? ?+s :i* nev] 7 9   
our p[] to d3 b !y are ! faults ( ^!    
causes f :5ce  !y d proce$4 7c7 ,next he
 confesse?1 t x is 9 our p[]1 by  good  
endeav\rs1 to alt] ^? vici\s habits :i* 
we _h contract$1  & to get ! contr>y    
habit4 #8,true1' sai? he1 #8b !n !      
contr>y  habit do? necessitate ! "o way1
 z well z ! =m] habit did !  o!r way4'  
,by :i* v consid]ation x appe>s1 t t :i*
 he  calls a necessity1 is no m b a     
proclivity4 ,if x 7 a true  necessity1 x
 c\ld n be avoid$ nor alt]$ by our      
endeav\rs4 ,!  tru? is1 acquir$ habits d
 help & assi/ ! faculty2 b !y d  n      
necessitate ! faculty4 ,he :o ha? gott5 
to himself an habit (  temp]ance1 may   
yet ^u occasion commit an intemp]ate    
act4 ,& s on  ! contr>y4 ,acts are n    
oppos$ to habits1 b o!r habits4 7d7 ,he 
adds1 #8t we are n mov$ to pray] or any 
o!r action1 b by  outw>d objects1 z pi\s
 company1 godly prea*]s1 or some?+      

equival5t'4 ,:]e9 are two o!r mi/akes3  
fir/1 to make godly  prea*]s & pi\s     
company to be outw>d objects2 :i* are   
outw>d  ag5ts3 secondly1 to affirm t ! w
 is n mov$ b by outw>d  objects4 ,! w is
 mov$ by itself1 by ! und]/&+1 by !     
s5sitive passions1 by angels good & bad1
 by m52 & mo/ effectually  by acts or   
habits infus$ by ,god1 :]eby ! w is     
excit$  extraord9>ily inde$1 b          
efficaci\sly & det]m9ately4 ,?is is  m  
?an equival5t ) outw>d objects4         
8,ano!r bran* ( m9e answ] 01 t a resolv$
 & prep>$ m9d is  able to resi/ bo? !   
appetibility ( objects1 & ! unrul9ess ( 
passions3 z ,i %[$ by example4 7e7 ,he  
answ]s1 t ,i prove ,ulysses  0 n        
necessitat$ to weep1 nor ! philosoph] to
 /rike2 b ,i d  n prove t !y 7 n        
necessitat$ to =be>4 ,he sai? true4 ,i  
am n n[ prov+1 b answ]+4 ,yet my answ]  
do? suffici5tly prove  t :i* ,i int5d2 t
 ! rational w ha? p[]1 bo? to slight  ! 
mo/ appetible objects1 & to control !   
mo/ unruly passions4  ,:5 he ha? giv5 a 

cle> solution to ^? pro(s :i* ,i h      
produc$1 !n x w be "t = him to cry = m  
"w4    8,la/ly1 :]eas ,i say1 t outw>d  
objects may be dang]\s1 b  _c be        
de/ructive to true lib]ty2 he cat*e? at 
x1 7f7 &  objects1 t #8lib]ty is 9 no   
dang] b to be lo/2 b ,i say x  _c be    
lo/1 !re=e'1 he inf]s t1 #8x is 9 no    
dang] at all4'  ,i answ]1 fir/1 t lib]ty
 is 9 m dang] to be abus$1 ?an to be    
lo/4 ,_m m m5 d abuse _! wits1 ?an lose 
!m4 ,secondly1  lib]ty is 9 dang]       
likewise to be weak5$ or dim9i%$2 z :5 x
  is clogg$ by vici\s habits contract$  
by ourselves1 & yet x is n  totally lo/4
 ,?irdly1 ?\gh lib]ty _c be totally lo/ 
out ( !  _w1 yet x may be totally lo/ to
 ?is or t p>ticul> man1 z to  ! ex]cise 
( x4 ,reason is ! root ( lib]ty2 & ?\gh 
no?+ be  m natural to a man ?an reason1 
yet _m by excess ( /udy1 or by  cont9ual
 gorm&iz+1 or by "s extravagant passion 
:i* !y h  *]i%$ 9 !mselves1 or by dot+  
too mu* ^u "s affect$  object1 d become 
v sots1 & deprive !mselves ( ! use (    

reason1 & consequ5tly ( lib]ty4 ,& :5 ! 
b5efit ( lib]ty is  n ?us univ]sally    
lo/1 yet x may be lo/ respectively to   
?is or  t p>ticul> occasion4 ,z he :o   
makes *oice ( a bad wife1 ha?  lo/ 8 =m]
 lib]ty to *oose a good "o40            
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply ,,no4 ,,xxii4    7a7 8,! ?ird   
pret5ce 0 out ( moral philosophy        
misund]/ood1  t outw>d objects d        
necessitate ! w40 ,i _c imag9e h[ !  "q1
 :e!r outw>d objects d necessitate or n 
necessitate !  w1 c any way be ref]r$ to
 moral philosophy4 ,! pr9ciples (  moral
 philosophy are ! laws2 :]e) outw>d     
objects h little to  d1 z be+ = ! mo/ "p
 inanimate1 & :i* foll[ always !  =ce ( 
nature )\t respect to moral laws4 ,nor c
 ,i conceive :at  purpose he _h to br+  
?is into 8 reply to my answ]1 :]e9 ,i   
attribute no?+ 9 ! action ( outw>d      
objects to morality4    7b7 8,8 fir/    
exception is1 t #8x is n mat]ial t ! p[]
  ( outw>d objects d proce$ f our own   
faults1 if su* faults (  ours proce$ n f

 causes 9 our own p[]'4 ,well1 b :at if 
!y  d proce$ f causes t are 9 our own   
p[]1 z 9 tru? !y d8  ,!n 8 answ] is a   
m]e subt]fuge40 ,b h[ proves he t 9 tru?
  !y d8 #8,because else1' sai? he1 #8!y 
are n our faults at all4'  ,v well      
reason$4 ,a horse is lame f a cause t 0 
n 9 8  p[]3 !re=e ! lam5ess is no fault 
9 ! horse4 ,b 8 mean+  is1 x is no      
inju/ice unless ! causes 7 9 8 own p[]4 
,z if x  7 n inju/ice1 :atsoev] is      
will+ly done aga9/ ! law2  :atsoev] x   
be1 t is ! cause ( ! w to d x4    7c7   
8,next he confesse?1 t x is 9 our p[] by
 good endeav\rs to  alt] ^? vici\s      
habits :i* we _h contract$1 & to get !  
contr>y habits40 ,!re is no su*         
confession 9 my answ]4 ,i said1  pray]1 
fa/+1 c41 may alt] our habits4 ,b ,i    
nev] said t !  w to pray1 fa/1 c4 is 9  
our own p[]4 8#8,true1' sai? he1 #8b  !n
 ! contr>y habit do? necessitate ! "o   
way1 z well z !  =m] habit did ! o!r    
way4' ,by :i* v consid]ation x appe>s1  
t t :i* he calls a necessity1 is no m b 

a proclivity4 ,if x  7 a true necessity1
 x c\ld n be avoid$1 nor alt]$ by our   
endeav\rs40 ,aga9 he mi/akes3 = ,i said 
t pray]1 fa/+1 c4  :5 !y alt] our       
habits1 d necess>ily cause ! contr>y    
habits2  :i* is n to say1 t ! habit     
necessitates1 b is necessitat$4  ,b ?is 
is common ) him1 to make me say t :i*   
out ( read+1  n out ( m$itation1 he use?
 to say himself4 ,b h[ do? x appe>1  t  
pray] & fa/+1 c4 make b a proclivity 9  
m5 to d :at  !y d8 ,= if x 7 b a        
proclivity1 !n :at !y d !y d n4  ,!re=e 
!y ei!r necessitate ! w1 or ! w foll[e? 
n4 ,i  cont5d = ! tru? ( ?is only1 t :5 
! w foll[e? !m1  !y necessitate ! w2 &  
:5 a proclivity foll[e?1 !y  necessitate
 ! proclivity4 ,b ! ,bi%op ?9ks ,i      
ma9ta91 t t  also is produc$ necess>ily1
 :i* is n produc$ at all4    7d7 8,he   
adds1 #8t we are n mov$ to pray] or any 
o!r action1  b by outw>d objects1 z pi\s
 company1 & godly prea*]s1 or  some?+   
equival5t'4 ,:]e9 are two o!r mi/akes3  
fir/1 to make  godly prea*]s & pi\s     

company to be outw>d objects1 :i* are   
outw>d ag5ts2 secondly1 to affirm t ! w 
is n mov$ b by  outw>d objects4 ,! w is 
mov$ by itself1 c04 ,! fir/ mi/ake1 he  
urge? t ,i call prea*]s & company       
objects4 ,is n ! prea*] to  ! he>] !    
object ( 8 he>+8 ,no1 p]haps he w say1 x
 is !  voice :i* is ! object2 & t we he>
 n ! prea*]1 b 8  voice2 z be=e he said1
 ! object ( sight 0 n ! cause (  sight4 
,i mu/ !re=e once m make him smile ) a  
great p>adox1  :i* is ?is2 t 9 all !    
s5ses1 ! object is ! ag5t2 & t  x is1 :5
 we he> a prea*]1 ! prea*] t we he>2 & t
 8  voice is ! same ?+ ) ! he>+ & a     
fancy 9 ! he>]1  ?\gh ! motion ( ! lips 
& o!r organs ( spee* be 8 t  speake?4 ,b
 ( ?is ,i h writt5 m l>gely 9 a m prop] 
place4    ,my second mi/ake1 9 affirm+ t
 ! w is n mov$ b by  outw>d objects1 is 
a mi/ake ( 8 own4 ,= ,i said n1 ! w is  
n mov$1 b we are n mov$3 = ,i always    
avoid attribut+ motion  to any ?+ b     
body4 ,! w is produc$1 g5]at$1 =m$1 &   
creat$ 9 su* sort z accid5ts are effect$

 9 a corporeal subject2  b mov$ x _c be1
 because x goe? n f place to place4 ,&  
:]eas he sai?1 8! w is mov$ by itself10 
if he _h spok5  prop]ly z he ought to d1
 & said1 ! w is made or creat$ by       
itself1 he w\ld pres5tly h ackn[l$g$ t x
 0 impossible4 ,s  t x is n )\t cause m5
 use improp] language1 :5 !y mean  to   
keep _! errors f be+ detect$4 ,& because
 no?+ c move  t is n itself mov$1 x is  
untruly said t ei!r ! w or any  ?+ else 
is mov$ by itself1 by ! und]/&+1 by !   
s5sitive  passions1 or by acts or       
habits2 or t acts or habits are infus$  
by  ,god4 ,= infusion is motion1 & no?+ 
is mov$ b bodies4    7e7 8,he answ]s1 t 
,i prove ,ulysses 0 n necessitat$ to    
weep1  nor ! philosoph] to /rike1 b ,i d
 n prove t !y 7 n  necessitat$ to =be>4 
,he sai? true2 ,i am n n[ prov+1 b      
answ]+40 ,by 8 fav\r1 ?\gh he be answ]+ 
n[1 he 0 prov+  !n4 ,& :at he answ]s n[1
 make? no?+ m t[>d a pro( ?an  0 be=e4  
,= ^! words1 8! rational w ha? p[] to   
slight !  mo/ appetible objects1 & to   

control ! mo/ unruly passions10 are no  
m1 be+ r$uc$ into prop] t]ms1 ?an ?is3 !
 appetite ha?  p[] to be )\t appetite   
t[>ds mo/ appetible objects1 & to w     
contr>y to ! mo/ unruly w2 :i* is j>gon4
    7f7 8,he objects t #8lib]ty is 9 no 
dang]1 b to be lo/2 b ,i  say x _c be   
lo/2 !re=e'1 he inf]s1 #8t x is 9 no    
dang]  at all4' ,i answ]1 fir/1 t lib]ty
 is 9 m dang] to be abus$1  ?an lo/1 c42
 secondly1 lib]ty is 9 dang] likewise to
 be weak5$  by vici\s habits2 ?irdly1 x 
may be totally lo/40 ,x is true t a  man
 ha? m lib]ty "o "t ?an ano!r1 & 9 "o   
place ?an  ano!r2 :i* is a diff]5ce (   
lib]ty z to ! body4 ,b z to !  lib]ty ( 
do+ :at we w1 9 ^? ?+s we are able to d 
x  _c be great] "o "t ?an ano!r4        
,consequ5tly outw>d objects  c no ways  
endang] lib]ty1 fur!r ?an x de/roye? x4 
,& 8  answ]1 t lib]ty is 9 m dang] to be
 abus$ ?an lo/1 is n to  ! "q1 b a m]e  
%ift to be ?\ght n sil5c$4 ,& :]eas  he 
says lib]ty is dim9i%$ by vici\s habits1
 x _c be und]/ood  o!rwise ?an t vici\s 

habits make a man ! less free to d      
vici\s actions2 :i* ,i believe is n 8   
mean+4 ,& la/ly1 :]eas  he says t       
8lib]ty is lo/1 :5 reason is lo/2 & t !y
 :o by  excess ( /udy1 or by cont9ual   
gorm&is+1 or by extravagant  passion1   
c41 d become sots1 h consequ5tly lo/ _! 
lib]ty03 x  require? pro(4 ,=1 = any ?+ 
t ,i c obs]ve1 mad m5 &  fools h ! same 
lib]ty t o!r m5 h1 9 ^? ?+s t  are 9 _! 
p[] to d4                               
,,no4 ,,xxiii4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's 
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,f\r?ly1 ! natural   
philosoph] do? tea*1 t ! w  do?         
necess>ily foll[ ! la/ dictate ( !      
und]/&+4 ,x is  true inde$ ! w %\ld     
foll[ ! direction ( ! und]/&+2  b ,i am 
n satisfi$ t x do? ev]more foll[ x4     
,sometimes ?is  say+ ha? place3 video   
meliora proboque1 det]iora sequor4 ,z t 
great ,roman said ( two suitors1 t ! "o 
produc$ ! bett]  reasons1 b ! o!r mu/ h 
! (fice4 ,s reason (t5 lies  deject$ at 
! feet ( affection4 ,?+s ne>] to ! s5ses
 move m  p[]fully4 ,d :at a man c1 he   

%all sorr[ m = ! dea? ( 8  *ild1 ?an = !
 s9 ( 8 s\l2 yet appreciatively 9 !     
e/imation ( judgm5t1 he acc\nts ! (f5ce 
( ,god a great] evil  ?an any temporal  
loss4    8,next1 ,i d n believe t a man 
is b\nd to weigh ! exp$i5ce or          
inexp$i5ce ( e ord9>y trivial action to 
! lea/ gra9 9 !  balance ( 8 und]/&+2 or
 to run up into 8 wat*-t[] ) 8          
p]spective to take notice ( e jackdaw t 
flies by1 = fe> (  "s hidd5 dang]4 ,?is 
seems to me to be a pro/itution ( reason
 to  petit obs]vations z conc]n+ e rag t
 a man we>s1 ea* drop  ( dr9k1 ea*      
morsel ( bread t he eats1 ea* pace t he 
walks4  ,?us _m /eps mu/ he g1 n "o m   
nor "o less1 "u pa9 (  mortal s94 ,:at  
is ?is b a rack & a gibbet to !         
consci5ce8 ,b  ,god leaves _m ?+s       
indiff]5t3 ?\gh man may be s curi\s1 he 
w n4 ,a good ar*itect w be sure to      
provide suffici5t mat]ials  = 8 build+2 
b :at p>ticul> numb] ( /ones or trees1  
he  tr\bles n 8 head4 ,& suppose he %\ld
 weigh ea* action ?us1  yet he do? n2 s 

/ill !re is lib]ty4 ,?irdly1 ,i conceive
 x is  possible 9 ?is mi/ & weakness (  
human appreh5sion1 = two  actions to be 
s equally circum/antiat$1 t no          
disc]nible  diff]5ce c appe> betwe5 !m  
^u discussion4 ,z suppose a  *irurgeon  
%\ld give two plai/]s to 8 pati5t1 & bid
 him apply  ei!r ( !m to 8 w\nd2 :at c  
induce 8 reason m to ! "o  ?an to ! o!r1
 b t he may ref] x to *ance :e!r he w   
use8    ,b leav+ ^! probable            
speculations1 :i* ,i submit to bett]    
judgm5ts1 ,i answ] ! philosoph] briefly 
?us3 admitt+ t !  w did necess>ily foll[
 ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+1 z  c]ta9ly 9
 _m ?+s x do?3 yet1 fir/1 ?is is no     
extr9sical  det]m9ation f )\t1 & a man's
 own resolution is n  de/ructive to 8   
own lib]ty1 b dep5ds ^u x4 ,s ! p]son is
  /ill free4    8,secondly1 ?is         
det]m9ation is n antec$5t1 b jo9$ ) !   
action4 ,! und]/&+ & ! w1 are n diff]5t 
ag5ts1 b  di/9ct faculties ( ! same s\l4
 ,"h is an infallibility1 or an         
hypo!tical necessity z we say1 quicquid 

e/1 qu&o e/1 necesse e/  esse3 a        
necessity ( consequ5ce1 b n a necessity 
( consequ5t4  ,?\gh an ag5t h c]ta9ly   
det]m9$1 & s ! action be become         
infallible1 yet if ! ag5t did det]m9e   
freely1 ! action likewise  is free40    
,t4 ,h4 ,! f\r? op9ion :i* he rejecte?1 
is ( !m t make !  w necess>ily to foll[ 
! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+2 b x  seems he
 und]/&s t t5et 9 ano!r s5se ?an ,i d4  
,= he  speake? z if !y t held x1 did    
suppose m5 mu/ dispute !  sequel ( e    
action !y d1 great & small1 to ! lea/   
gra92  :i* is a ?+ t he ?9ks ) reason to
 be untrue4 ,b ,i  und]/& x to signify1 
t ! w foll[s ! la/ op9ion or  judgm5t1  
imm$iately prec$+ ! action1 conc]n+ :e!r
 x be  good to d x or n2 :e!r he ha?    
weigh$ x long be=e1 or n at  all4 ,& t  
,i take to be ! mean+ ( !m t hold x4 ,z 
=  example3 :5 a man /rikes1 8 w to     
/rike foll[s necess>ily t  ?\ght he _h (
 ! sequel ( 8 /roke1 imm$iately be=e !  
lift+ ( 8 h&4 ,n[ if x be und]/ood 9 t  
s5se1 ! la/  dictate ( ! und]/&+ does   

c]ta9ly necessitate ! action1  ?\gh n z 
! :ole cause1 yet z ! la/ cause3 z ! la/
  fea!r necessitates ! break+ ( a       
horse's back1 :5 !re are s  _m laid on  
be=e1 z !re ne$e? b ! addition ( t "o to
  make ! weight suffici5t4 ,t :i* he    
allege? aga9/ ?is1 is  fir/1 out ( a    
poet1 :o 9 ! p]son ( ,m$ea says1 video  
meliora  proboque1 det]iora sequor4 ,b !
 say+1 z pretty z x is1 is n  true4 ,=  
?\gh ,m$ea saw _m reasons to =be> kill+ 
h] *ildr51  yet ! la/ dictate ( h]      
judgm5t 0 t ! pres5t rev5ge on h]  husb&
 outweigh$ !m all2 & !reupon ! wick$    
action foll[$  necess>ily4 ,!n ! /ory ( 
! ,roman1 t ( two competitors said  "o  
_h ! bett] reasons1 b ! o!r mu/ h !     
(fice3 ?is  also make? aga9/ him4 ,= !  
la/ dictate ( 8 judgm5t t _h  ! be/[+ ( 
! (fice1 0 ?is2 t x 0 bett] to take a   
great bribe1 ?an rew>d a great m]it4    
,?irdly1 he objects1 t ?+s  ne>] ! s5ses
 move m p[]fully ?an reason4 ,:at       
foll[e?  !nce b ?is2 t ! s5se ( ! pres5t
 good is commonly m  imm$iate to !      

action1 ?an ! =esight ( ! evil          
consequ5ts to  come8 ,f\r?ly1 :]eas he  
says1 t d :at a man c1 he %all sorr[  m 
= ! dea? ( 8 son1 ?an = ! s9 ( 8 s\l3 x 
makes  no?+ to ! la/ dictate ( !        
und]/&+2 b x argues pla9ly1  t sorr[ =  
s9 is n volunt>y4 ,& by consequ5ce1     
rep5tance  proce$e? f causes4    ,j4 ,d4
 8,! f\r? pret5ce alleg$ aga9/ lib]ty 01
 t ! w  do? necess>ily foll[ ! la/      
dictate ( ! und]/&+4 ,?is  objection is 
l>gely answ]$ be=e 9 sev]al places ( ?is
 reply1  & p>ticul>ly ,no4 ,,vii4 ,9 my 
=m] disc\rse ,i gave two answ]s to  x3 !
 "o c]ta9 & und\bt$1 t 7a7 suppos+ ! la/
 dictate  ( ! und]/&+ did always det]m9e
 ! w1 yet ?is  det]m9ation be+ n        
antec$5t 9 "t1 nor proce$+ f  extr9sical
 causes1 b f ! prop] resolution ( !     
ag5t1 :o _h  n[ freely det]m9$ himself1 
x makes no absolute necessity1 b only   
hypo!tical1 ^u supposition t ! ag5t ha? 
det]m9$ 8 own  w aft] ?is or t mann]4   
,:i* be+ ! ma9 answ]1 ,t4 ,h4 is s  f> f
 tak+ x away1 t he takes no notice ( x4 

,! o!r "p  ( m9e answ] 0 probable2 t x  
is n always c]ta9 t ! w  do? always     
actually foll[ ! la/ dictate ( !        
und]/&+1  ?\gh x always ought to foll[  
x4 7b7 ,( :i* ,i gave !n ?ree  reasons4 
,"o 01 t actions may be s equally       
circum/antiat$1 or  ! case s intricate1 
t reason _c give a positive s5t5ce1 b   
leaves ! election to lib]ty or *ance4   
,to ?is he answ]s n a ^w4  ,ano!r ( my  
reasons 01 because reason do? n weigh1  
nor is b\nd  to weigh ! conv5i5ce or    
inconv5i5ce ( e individual action to  ! 
utt]mo/ gra9 9 ! balance ( true judgm5t4
 ,! tru? ( ?is  reason is confess$ by   
,t4 ,h42 ?\gh he might h _h m abett]s 9 
?is ?an 9 ! mo/ "p ( 8 disc\rse1 t no?+ 
is  indiff]5t2 t a man _c /roke 8 be>d  
on "o side1 b x 0  ei!r necess>y to d x1
 or s9ful to omit x4 ,f :i* confession  
( 8 x foll[s1 t 9 all ^? actions :]e9   
reason do? n  def9e :at is mo/ conv5i5t1
 !re ! w is free f !  det]m9ation ( !   
und]/&+2 & by consequ5ce ! la/ fea!r  is
 want+ to break ! horse's back4 ,a ?ird 

reason 01 because  passions & affections
 sometimes prevail aga9/ judgm5t3 z ,i  
prov$  by ! example ( ,m$ea & ,cs>1 by !
 ne>ness ( ! objects to !  s5ses1 & by !
 e/imation ( a temporal loss m ?an s94  
,aga9/  ?is reason 8 :ole answ] is      
address$4 ,& fir/1 7c7 he  expla9e? !   
s5se ( ! ass]tion by ! comp>ison ( ! la/
  fea!r2 :]e) he seems to be delight$1  
see+ he use? x n[ !  second "t4 ,b let  
him l x z he w1 x is improp]1 = ?ree    
reasons4 ,fir/1 ! det]m9ation ( !       
judgm5t is no "p ( !  weight1 b is !    
s5t5ce ( ! tri]4 ,! und]/&+ weighe? all 
?+s1 objects1 means1 circum/ances1      
conv5i5ce1 inconv5i5ce2 b  itself is n  
weigh$4 ,secondly1 ! s5sitive passion1 9
 "s  extraord9>y cases1 may give a      
c\nt]feit weight to ! object1 if x  c   
deta9 or div]t reason f ! balance3 b    
ord9>ily ! means1  circum/ances1 &      
causes concurr5t1 !y h _! :ole weight f 
! und]/&+2 s z !y d n press ! horse's   
back at all1  until reason lay !m on4   
,?irdly1 he conceives t z ea* fea!r has 

a c]ta9 natural weight1 :]eby x concurs 
n arbitr>ily1 b  necess>ily t[>ds !     
ov]*>g+ ( ! horse2 s all objects &      
causes h a natural effici5cy1 :]eby !y d
 physically det]m9e  ! w2 :i* is a great
 mi/ake4 ,8 objects1 8 ag5ts1 8         
motives1 8 passions1 & all 8 concurr5t  
causes1 ord9>ily d only  move ! w       
morally1 n det]m9e x naturally4 ,s z x  
ha? 9 all  ord9>y actions a free dom9ion
 ov] itself4    8,8 o!r example1 ( a man
 t /rikes1 #8^: w to /rike  foll[e?     
necess>ily t ?\ght he _h ( ! sequel ( 8 
/roke1  imm$iately be=e ! lift+ up ( 8  
h&'3 z x conf\nds  passionate1          
indelib]ate ?\ghts1 ) ! dictates ( "r   
reason1 s  x is v unc]ta92 = betwe5 !   
cup & ! lip1 betwe5 !  lift+ up ( ! h& &
 ! bl[1 ! w may alt]1 & !  judgm5t also4
 ,& la/ly1 x is imp]t95t2 = t necessity 
(  /rik+ proce$s f ! free det]m9ation ( 
! ag5t1 & n f  ! special influ5ce ( any 
outw>d det]m9+ causes4 ,& s x is  only a
 necessity ^u supposition4    8,conc]n+ 
,m$ea's *oice1 ! /r5g? ( ! argum5t do? n

 lie  ei!r 9 ! fact ( ,m$ea1 :i* is b a 
fiction1 or 9 ! au?ority  ( ! poet1 :o  
writes ?+s r to be admir$ ?an believ$1 b
  9 ! exp]i5ce ( all m53 :o f9d x to be 
true 9 !mselves1 t  sometimes reason do?
 %ew unto a man ! exorbitancy ( 8       
passion1  t :at he desires is b a       
pleasant good1 t :at he lose? by su*  a 
*oice is an hone/ good1 t t :i* is hone/
 is to be pref]r$  be=e t :i* is        
pleasant2 yet ! w pursues t :i* is      
pleasant1 & neglects t :i* is hone/4 ,/4
 ,paul 7,rom4 vii4 #ae7  sai? z mu* 9   
e>ne/1 z is feign$ ( ,m$ea3 t he approv$
 n  t :i* he did1 & t he did t :i* he   
hat$4 ,! ,roman  /ory is mi/ak53 !re 0  
no bribe 9 ! case b affection4 ,:]eas   
,i urge1 t ^? ?+s :i* are ne>] to !     
s5ses d move m  p[]fully1 he lays hold  
on x2 & )\t answ]+ to t = :i*  ,i       
produc$ x1 inf]s1 #8t ! s5se ( pres5t   
good1 is m  imm$iate to ! action ?an !  
=esight ( evil consequ5ts'3 :i*  is     
true2 b x is n absolutely true by any   
antec$5t necessity4 ,let  a man d :at he

 may d1 & :at he ought to d1 & s5sitive 
objects  w lose t p[] :i* !y h by 8 own 
fault & neglect4  ,antec$5t or          
indelib]ate concupisc5ce do? sometimes1 
b r>ely1  surprise a man1 & r5d] !      
action n free4 ,b consequ5t &  delib]at$
 concupisc5ce1 :i* proce$s f ! rational 
w1 do?  r5d] ! action m free1 n less    
free1 & introduce? only a  necessity ^u 
supposition4    8,la/ly1 he sai?1 t #8a 
man's m\rn+ m = ! loss ( 8 *ild  ?an = 8
 s91 makes no?+ to ! la/ dictates ( !   
und]/&+'4 ,yes1 v mu*4 ,reason dictates 
t a s9 committ$ is  a great] evil ?an ! 
loss ( a *ild1 & ought m to be lam5t$   
=3 yet we see daily h[ affection        
prevails aga9/ ! dictate (  reason4 ,t  
:i* he inf]s f h5ce1 t #8sorr[ = s9 is n
  volunt>y1 & by consequ5ce t rep5tance 
proce$e? f causes'2  is true z to !     
latt] "p ( x1 b n 9 8 s5se4 ,! causes  f
 :5ce rep5tance do? proce$1 are ,god's  
grace prev5t+1 &  man's w concurr+4 ,god
 prev5ts freely1 man concurs freely4 ,^?
  inf]ior ag5ts1 :i* sometimes d concur 

z subord9ate to ! grace  ( ,god1 d n1   
_c1 det]m9e ! w naturally4 ,& !re=e !   
=m] "p ( 8 inf]5ce1 t sorr[ = s9 is n   
volunt>y1 is  untrue1 & altoge!r        
gr\ndless4 ,t is mu* m truly & mu* m    
prop]ly said to be volunt>y1 :i* proce$s
 f judgm5t & f !  rational w1 ?an t :i* 
proce$s f passion & f !  s5sitive w4 ,"o
 ( ! ma9 gr\nds ( all ,t4 ,h4's errors 9
 ?is  "q is1 t he ackn[l$ge? no efficacy
 b t :i* is  natural4 ,h5ce is ?is wild 
consequ5ce2 #8rep5tance ha? causes'1 &  
!re=e #8x is n volunt>y'4 ,free effects 
h free causes1  necess>y effects        
necess>y causes3 volunt>y effects h     
sometimes  free1 sometimes necess>y     
causes40               ,,animadv]sions  
,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s ,,reply ,,no4       
,,xxiii4    7a7 8,suppos+ ! la/ dictate 
( ! und]/&+ did always  det]m9e ! w1 yet
 ?is det]m9ation1 be+ n antec$5t 9  "t1 
nor proce$+ f extr9sical causes1 b f !  
prop]  resolution ( ! ag5t1 :o _h n[    
freely det]m9$ himself1 makes no        
absolute necessity1 b only hypo!tical1  

c40 ,?is is ! ,bi%op's  answ] to !      
necessity inf]r$ f t1 t ! w necess>ily  
foll[e? ! la/ dictate ( ! und]/&+2 :i*  
answ] he ?9ks  is n suffici5tly tak5    
away1 because ! la/ act ( !  und]/&+ is 
9 "t toge!r ) ! w itself1 & !re=e  n    
antec$5t4 ,x is true1 t ! w is n produc$
 b 9 !  same in/ant ) ! la/ dictate ( ! 
und]/&+2 b !  necessity ( ! w1 & !      
necessity ( ! la/ dictate ( !  und]/&+1 
may h be5 antec$5t4 ,= t la/ dictate ( !
  und]/&+ 0 produc$ by causes antec$5t1 
& 0 !n necess>y  ?\gh n yet produc$2 z  
:5 a /one is fall+1 ! necessity (  t\*+ 
! e>? is antec$5t to ! t\* itself4 ,=   
all motion  ?r\gh any det]m9$ space1    
necess>ily makes a motion ?r\gh !  next 
space1 unless x be h9d]$ by "s contr>y  
ext]nal motion2 &  !n ! /op is z        
necess>y1 z ! proce$+ w\ld h be54 ,!    
argum5t !re=e f ! la/ dictate ( !       
und]/&+1  suffici5tly inf]re? an        
antec$5t necessity1 z great z !         
necessity t a /one %all fall :5 x is    
already fall+4 ,z = 8  o!r answ]1 t 8! w

 does n c]ta9ly foll[ ! la/ dictate  ( !
 und]/&+1 ?\gh x always ought to foll[  
x01 he himself  says x is b probable2 b 
any man t speaks n by rote1 b ?9ks  (   
:at he says1 w pres5tly f9d x false2 & t
 x is impossible  to w any?+ t appe>s n 
fir/ 9 8 und]/&+ to be good  = him4 ,&  
:]eas he says ! w ought to foll[ ! la/  
dictate  ( ! und]/&+1 unless he mean t !
 man ought to foll[ x1 x  is an         
insignificant spee*2 = duties are !     
man's n ! w's  duties3 & if he means s1 
!n x is false2 = a man ought n to  foll[
 ! dictate ( ! und]/&+1 :5 x is         
errone\s4    7b7 8,( :i* ,i gave !n ?ree
 reasons4 ,"o 01 t actions may be  s    
equally circum/antiat$1 t reason _c give
 a positive  s5t5ce1 b leaves ! election
 to lib]ty or *ance4 ,to ?is he  answ]s 
n a ^w40 ,!re 0 no ne$ ( answ]3 = he ha?
 v (t5  9 ?is disc\rse contradict$ x    
himself1 9 t he make? 8reason to  be !  
true root ( lib]ty1 & m5 to h m or less 
lib]ty1 z  !y h m or less reason04 ,h[  
!n c a man leave t to  lib]ty1 :5 8     

reason c give no s5t5ce8 ,& = 8 leav+ x 
to  *ance2 if by *ance he mean t :i* ha?
 no causes1 he de/roye?  ,provid5ce2 &  
if he mean t :i* ha? causes1 b unkn[n to
 u1 he  leave? x to necessity4 ,besides1
 x is false t 8actions may be s  equally
 circum/antiat$1 t reason _c give a     
positive s5t5ce04  ,= ?\gh 9 ! ?+s to be
 elect$ !re may be an exact equality3   
yet !re may be circum/ances 9 him t is  
to elect1 to make him  resolve ^u t ( ! 
two :i* he consid]e? = ! pres5t2 &  to  
break (f all fur!r delib]ation = ?is    
cause1 t he mu/ n  7to use 8 own        
in/ance7 by sp5d+ "t 9 va91 apply nei!r 
( !  plai/]s1 :i* ! *irurgeon gives him1
 to 8 w\nd4 8,ano!r ( 8  reasons 01     
because reason do? n weigh e individual 
action to  ! utt]mo/ gra940 ,true2 b    
does x !re=e foll[1 a man gives no      
s5t5ce8 ,! w !re=e may foll[ ! dictate (
 ! judgm5t1  :e!r ! man weigh or n weigh
 all t might be weigh$4 8,8 ?ird  reason
 01 because passions & affections       
sometimes prevail aga9/  judgm5t40 ,i   

confess !y prevail (t5 aga9/ wisdom1 :i*
 is x he  means "h by judgm5t4 ,b !y    
prevail n aga9/ ! dictate (  ! und]/&+1 
:i* he kn[s is ! mean+ ( judgm5t 9 ?is  
place4 ,& ! w ( a passionate & peevi%   
fool do? no less foll[  ! dictate ( t   
little und]/&+ he ha?1 ?an ! w ( !      
wise/ man foll[e? 8 wisdom4    7c7 8,he 
expla9e? ! s5se ( ! ass]tion by !       
comp>ison ( !  la/ fea!r3 :]e) he seems 
to be delight$1 see+ he use? x n[  !    
second "t4 ,b let him l x z he w1 x is  
improp]1 =  ?ree reasons40 ,to me ?is   
comp>ison seeme? v prop]2 & !re=e  ,i   
made no scruple 7?\gh n mu* delight$ )  
x1 z be+ no new  comp>ison7 to use x    
aga91 :5 !re 0 ne$ aga94 ,= 9 !         
exam9ation ( tru?1 ,i se>* r =          
p]spicuity ?an elegance4 ,b  ! ,bi%op ) 
8 ,s*ool-t]ms is f> f p]spicuity4 ,h[   
ne> he is  to elegance1 ,i %all n =get  
to exam9e 9 due "t4 ,b :y is ?is        
comp>ison improp]8 8,fir/1 because !    
det]m9ation ( ! judgm5t  is no "p ( !   
weight3 = ! und]/&+ weighe? all ?+s1    

objects1 means1 circum/ances1 conv5i5ce1
 inconv5i5ce2 b itself is  n weigh$40 ,9
 ?is comp>ison1 ! objects1 means1 c1 are
 !  weights1 ! man is ! scale1 ! und]/&+
 ( a conv5i5ce or  inconv5i5ce is !     
pressure ( ^? weights1 :i* incl9e him n[
  "o way1 n[ ano!r2 & t incl9ation is ! 
w4 ,aga91 !  objects1 means1 c1 are !   
fea!rs t press ! horse1 ! feel+  ( t    
pressure is und]/&+1 & 8 pati5ce or     
impati5ce !  w to be> !m1 if n too _m1  
or if too _m1 to lie d[n "u  !m4 ,x is  
!re=e to little purpose t he sai?1 !    
und]/&+  is n weigh$4 8,secondly01 he   
says ! comp>ison is improp]1 8because   
ord9>ily1 ! means1 circum/ances1 &      
causes concurr5t1 h _!  :ole weight f ! 
und]/&+2 s z !y d n press ! horse's     
back at all1 until reason lay !m on40   
,?is1 & t :i* foll[e?1  8t my objects1  
ag5ts1 motives1 passions1 & all my      
concurr5t  causes1 ord9>ily d only move 
! w morally1 n det]m9e x  naturally1 s z
 x ha? 9 all ord9>y actions a free      
dom9ion ov]  itself10 is all nons5se4 ,=

 no man c und]/&1 t !  und]/&+ make? any
 alt]ation 9 ! object 9 weight or       
lightness2 nor t reason lays on objects 
^u ! und]/&+2  nor t ! w is mov$1 nor t 
any motion is moral2 nor t  ^! words1 ! 
w ha? a free dom9ion ov] itself1 signify
  any?+4 ,) ! re/ ( ?is reply ,i %all   
tru/ ! read]2 & only  note ! la/ words1 
:]e he makes me say1 rep5tance ha?      
causes1  & !re=e x is n volunt>y4 ,b ,i 
said1 rep5tance ha? causes1  & t x is n 
volunt>y2 he *ops 91 & !re=e1 & makes   
an absurd consequ5ce1 :i* he w\ld h !   
read] believe 0 m9e1  & !n confutes x ) 
^! s5seless words3 8,free effects h free
  causes1 necess>y effects necess>y     
causes2 volunt>y effects h  sometimes   
free1 sometimes necess>y causes04 ,c any
 man b a ,s*oolman  ?9k ! w is volunt>y8
 ,b yet ! w is ! cause ( volunt>y       
actions4                                
,,no4 ,,xxiv4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's  
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,fif?ly & la/ly1 !   
div9e lab\rs to f9d out a way h[  lib]ty
 may consi/ ) ! presci5ce & decrees (   

,god4 ,b ( ?is  ,i _h n v long s9ce     
occasion to write a full disc\rse1 9    
answ]  to a treatise aga9/ ! presci5ce (
 ?+s cont+5t4 ,i %all =  ! pres5t only  
repeat ^! two ?+s4 ,fir/1 we ought n to 
des]t  a c]ta9 tru?1 because we are n   
able to compreh5d ! c]ta9  mann]4 ,god  
%\ld be b a poor ,god1 if we 7 able     
p]fectly to  compreh5d all 8 actions &  
attributes4 ,secondly1 9 my poor        
judgm5t1 :i* ,i ev] d & ev] %all submit 
to bett]1 ! readie/  way to reconcile   
cont+5ce & lib]ty ) ! decrees &         
presci5ce  ( ,god1 & mo/ remote f !     
alt]cations ( ^! times1 is to  subject  
future cont+5ts to ! aspect ( ,god1     
accord+ to t  pres5tiality :i* !y h 9   
et]nity4 ,n t ?+s future1 :i*  are n yet
 exi/5t1 are co-exi/5t ) ,god3 b because
 ! inf9ite  k ( ,god1 incircl+ all times
 9 ! po9t ( et]nity1 do?  atta9 to _!   
future be+1 f :5ce proce$s _! objective 
&  intelligible be+4 ,! ma9 imp$im5t :i*
 keeps m5 f subscrib+  to ?is way1 is   
because !y conceive et]nity to be an    

ev]la/+  succession1 & n "o indivisible 
po9t4 ,b if !y consid]1 t  :atsoev] is 9
 ,god is ,god2 t !re are no accid5ts 9  
him1 7=  t :i* is inf9itely p]fect _c be
 fur!r p]fect$72 t z  ,god is n wise1 b 
wisdom itself1 n j1 b ju/ice itself1 s  
he  is n et]nal1 b et]nity itself3 !y   
mu/ ne$s conclude1 t  !re=e ?is et]nity 
is indivisible1 because ,god is         
indivisible2 &  !re=e n successive1 b   
altoge!r an inf9ite po9t1  compreh5d+   
all times )9 itself40    ,t4 ,h4 ,! la/ 
"p ( ?is disc\rse conta9e? 8 op9ion ab\t
  reconcil+ lib]ty ) ! presci5ce &      
decrees ( ,god1 o!rwise  ?an "s div9es h
 done2 aga9/ :om he _h =m]ly writt5 a   
treatise1 out ( :i* he only repeate? two
 ?+s4 ,"o is1 t 8we  ought n to des]t a 
c]ta9 tru?1 = n be+ able to compreh5d  !
 c]ta9 mann] ( x04 ,& ,i say ! same2 z =
 example1 t he  ought n to des]t ?is    
c]ta9 tru?3 t !re are c]ta9 &  necess>y 
causes1 :i* make e man to w :at he      
wille?1 ?\gh  he d n yet conceive 9 :at 
mann] ! w ( man is caus$4 ,& yet  ,i ?9k

 ! mann] ( x is n v h>d to conceive3    
see+ t we  see daily1 t praise1         
dispraise1 rew>d1 puni%m5t1 good & evil 
sequels ( m5's actions reta9$ 9 memory1 
d frame & make u to !  election (       
:atsoev] x be t we elect2 & t ! memory (
 su*  ?+s proce$s f ! s5ses1 & s5se f ! 
op]ation ( !  objects ( s5se1 :i* are   
ext]nal to u1 & gov]n$ only by ,god     
,almighty2 & by consequ5ce1 all actions1
 ev5 ( free & volunt>y  ag5ts1 are      
necess>y4    ,! o!r ?+ he repeate? is1 t
 8! be/ way to reconcile  cont+5cy &    
lib]ty ) ! presci5ce & decrees ( ,god1  
is to  subject future cont+5ts to !     
aspect ( ,god04 ,! same is also my      
op9ion1 b contr>y to :at he ha? all ?is 
:ile lab\r$ to prove4  ,= hi!rto he held
 lib]ty & necessity1 t is to say1 lib]ty
 &  ! decrees ( ,god1 irreconcilable2   
unless ! aspect ( ,god 7:i* ^w  appe>e? 
n[ ! fir/ "t 9 ?is disc\rse7 signify    
some:at else  besides ,god's w & decree1
 :i* ,i _c und]/&4 ,b he adds1  t we mu/
 subject !m 8accord+ to t pres5tiality  

:i* !y  h 9 et]nity02 :i* he says _c be 
done by !m t conceive  et]nity to be an 
ev]la/+ succession1 b only by !m t      
conceive  x an indivisible po9t4 ,to ?is
 ,i answ]1 t z soon z ,i c  conceive    
et]nity to be an indivisible po9t1 or   
any ?+ b an  ev]la/+ succession1 ,i w   
r5\nce all ,i h writt5 on ?is  subject4 
,i "k ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as calls et]nity  
nunc /ans1 an ev]  abid+ n[2 :i* is easy
 en\gh to say1 b ?\gh ,i fa9 w\ld1 ,i   
nev] c\ld conceive x2 !y t c1 are m     
happy ?an ,i4 ,b 9  ! mean "t he all[e? 
h]eby all m5 to be ( my op9ion1 save    
only  ^? t conceive 9 _! m9ds a nunc    
/ans2 :i* ,i ?9k are  none4 ,i und]/& z 
little1 h[ x c be true t 8,god is n j1  
b ju/ice itself1 n wise b wisdom itself1
 n et]nal b et]nity  itself03 nor h[ he 
concludes !nce t 8et]nity is a po9t     
indivisible1 & n a succession03 nor 9   
:at s5se x c be said1  t an 8inf9ite    
po9t10 c1 :]e9 is no succession1 c      
8compreh5d  all times10 ?\gh "t be      
successive4    ,^! phrases ,i f9d n 9 ! 

,scripture4 ,i wond] !re=e :at 0  !     
design ( ! ,s*oolm5 to br+ !m up2 unless
 !y ?\ght a man  c\ld n be a true       
,*ri/ian1 unless 8 und]/&+ be fir/      
/rangl$ ) su* h>d say+s4    ,& ?us mu* 9
 answ] to 8 disc\rse2 :]e9 ,i ?9k n only
 8  squadrons1 b also 8 res]ves (       
di/9ctions are defeat$4 ,& n[  y\r      
,lord%ip %all h my doctr9e conc]n+ !    
same "q1 )  my reasons = x1 positively &
 briefly z ,i c1 )\t any t]ms (  art1 9 
pla9 ,engli%4    ,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,t poor   
disc\rse :i* ,i m5tion1 0 n writt5      
aga9/ any div9es1 b 9 way ( exam9ation (
 a ,fr5* treatise1  :i* y\r ,lord%ip's  
bro!r did me ! hon\r to %[ me at ,york4 
7b7 ,my ass]tion is mo/ true1 t we ought
 n to des]t a c]ta9  tru? because we are
 n able to compreh5d ! c]ta9 mann]4 ,su*
 a  tru? is t :i* ,i ma9ta91 t ! w ( man
 9 ord9>y actions  is free f extr9sical 
det]m9ation3 a tru? demon/rable 9       
reason1  receiv$ & believ$ by all ! _w4 
,& !re=e1 ?\gh ,i be n  able to         
compreh5d or express exactly ! c]ta9    

mann] h[ x consi/s  toge!r ) ,god's     
et]nal presci5ce & decrees1 :i* exce$ my
 weak  capacity1 yet ,i ought to adh]e  
to t tru? :i* is manife/4 ,b ,t4  ,h4's 
op9ion1 ( ! absolute necessity ( all    
ev5ts by reason ( _!  antec$5t          
det]m9ation 9 _! extr9sical & necess>y  
causes1 is  no su* c]ta9 tru?1 b an     
innovation1 a /range p>adox1 )\t        
probable gr\nds1 reject$ by all au?ors1 
yea1 by all ! _w4  ,nei!r is ! mann] h[ 
! second causes d op]ate1 s obscure1 or 
s transc5d5t above ! rea* ( reason1 z ! 
et]nal decrees ( ,god  are4 ,& !re=e 9  
bo? ^! respects1 he _c *all5ge ! same   
privilege4 ,i am 9 possession ( an old  
tru?1 d]iv$ by inh]itance or  succession
 f m9e ance/ors4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh ,i 7 n  
able to  cle> e quirk 9 law1 yet ,i     
might ju/ly hold my possession until a  
bett] title 7 %[$ = ano!r4 ,he is no old
 possessor1 b a new  pret5d]1 & is b\nd 
to make good 8 claim by evid5t pro(s3 n 
by  weak & inconsequ5t suppositions or  
inducem5ts1 su* z ^? are  :i* he use?   

"h1 ( #8praises1 dispraises1 rew>ds1    
puni%m5ts1 !  memory ( good & evil      
sequels & ev5ts'2 :i* may incl9e ! w1  b
 nei!r c nor d necessitate ! w3 nor by  
unc]ta9 &  accid5tal inf]5ces1 su* z    
?is2 #8! memory ( praises1 dispraises1  
rew>ds1 puni%m5ts1 good & evil sequels1 
d make u' 7he %\ld say1  dispose u7 #8to
 elect :at we elect2 b ! memory ( ^! ?+s
 is  f ! s5se1 & ! s5se f ! op]ation ( !
 ext]nal  objects1 & ! ag5cy ( ext]nal  
objects is only f ,god2 !re=e  all      
actions1 ev5 ( free & volunt>y ag5ts1   
are necess>y'4 7c7 ,to  pass by all !   
o!r great imp]fections :i* are to be    
f\nd 9 ?is  sorite1 x is j l t old      
sophi/ical piece3 ,he t dr9ks well      
sleeps well1 he t sleeps well ?9ks no   
hurt1 he t ?9ks no hurt  lives well2    
!re=e he t dr9ks well lives well4    7d7
 8,9 ! v la/ passage ( my disc\rse ,i   
propos$ m9e own  private op9ion1 h[ x   
might be made appe>1 t ! et]nal         
presci5ce & decrees ( ,god are consi/5t 
) true lib]ty &  cont+5cy4 ,& ?is ,i set

 d[n 9 z pla9 t]ms z ,i c\ld1 or z s    
pr(\nd a speculation w\ld p]mit3 :i* is 
almo/ :olly  misund]/ood by ,t4 ,h41 &  
_m ( my words wre/$ to a wrong s5se4  ,z
 fir/1 :]e ,i speak ( ! aspect ( ,god1 t
 is1 8 view1 8  k1 by :i* ! mo/ free &  
cont+5t actions 7 manife/  to him f     
et]nity1 7,heb4 iv4 #ac1 all ?+s are    
nak$ & op5 to  8 eyes71 & ?is n         
discursively1 b intuitively1 n by       
ext]nal  species1 b by 8 int]nal ess5ce2
 he conf\nds ?is ) ! w  & ! decrees (   
,god2 ?\gh he f\nd n ! ^w aspect be=e 9 
?is disc\rse1 he might h f\nd presci5ce4
 7e7 ,secondly1 he  *>ge? me1 t hi!rto  
,i h ma9ta9$ t #8lib]ty & !  decrees (  
,god are irreconcilable4' ,if ,i h said 
any su* ?+1 my  he>t nev] w5t along ) my
 p54 ,no1 b 8 reason :y he *>ge?  me on 
?is mann] is1 because ,i h ma9ta9$ t    
#8lib]ty & !  absolute necessity ( all  
?+s' are irreconcilable4 ,t is true     
inde$4 ,:at !n8 #8,:y1' sai? he1        
#8necessity & ,god's decrees are all    
"o4' ,h[ all "o8 ,t 7 /range inde$4     

,necessity may be a  consequ5t ( ,god's 
decrees2 x _c be ! decree itself4 7f7 ,b
  to cut 8 argum5t %ort3 ,god ha? decre$
 all effects :i* come to  pass 9 "t2 yet
 n all aft] ! same mann]1 b accord+ to !
  di/9ct natures1 capacities1 &         
conditions ( 8 creatures1 :i* he  do? n 
de/roy by 8 decree2 "s he acte?1 ) "s he
  co-op]ate? by special influ5ce1 & "s  
he only p]mitte?4 ,yet ?is  is no idle  
or b>e p]mission2 see+ he do? concur bo?
 by way (  g5]al influ5ce1 giv+ p[] to  
act2 & also by dispos+ all ev5ts        
necess>y1 free1 & cont+5t to 8 own      
glory4 7g7 ,?irdly1 he  *>ge? me1 t ,i  
#8all[ all m5 to be ( 8 op9ion1 save    
only ^?  t conceive 9 _! m9ds a nunc    
/ans1 or h[ et]nity is an  indivisible  
po9t1 r ?an an ev]la/+ succession'4 ,b  
,i h  giv5 no su* all[ance4 ,i "k !re   
are _m o!r ways propos$ by  div9es1 =   
reconcil+ ! et]nal presci5ce & decrees (
 ,god )  ! lib]ty & cont+5cy ( second   
causes2 "s ( :i* may please  o!r        
judgm5ts bett] ?an ?is ( m9e4 ,h[soev]1 

?\gh a man c\ld  compreh5d none ( all ^!
 ways1 yet rememb] :at ,i said1 t a     
c]ta9 tru? ought n to be reject$1       
because we are n able1 9  respect ( our 
weakness1 to und]/& ! c]ta9 mann] or    
reason (  x4 ,i "k ! load/one ha? an    
attractive p[] to draw ! iron to  x2 &  
yet ,i "k n h[ x comes to h su* a p[]4  
8,b ! *iefe/ difficulty :i* (f]s itself 
9 ?is section is1  :e!r et]nity be an   
indivisible po9t1 z ,i ma9ta9 x2 or an  
ev]la/+ succession1 z he w\ld h x4      
,accord+ to 8 con/ant  use1 he gives no 
answ] to :at 0 urg$ by me1 b pleads     
aga9/ x  f 8 own incapacity4 #8,i nev]  
c\ld conceive1' sai? he1 #8h[  et]nity  
%\ld be an indivisible po9t4' ,i        
believe1 t nei!r we nor  any man else c 
compreh5d x s cle>ly z we d ^! inf]ior  
?+s4 ,! ne>] t any?+ comes to ! ess5ce (
 ,god1 ! m  remote x is f our           
appreh5sion4 ,b %all we !re=e make      
pot5tialities1 & successive duration1 & 
=m] & lat]1 or a "p  )\t a "p1 z !y say1
 to be 9 ,god8 ,because we are n able to

  und]/& cle>ly ! div9e p]fection1 we   
mu/ n !re=e  attribute any imp]fection  
to him4    7h7 8,he sai? moreov]1 t #8he
 und]/&s z little h[ x c be  true :i* ,i
 say1 t ,god is n j b ju/ice itself1 n  
et]nal  b et]nity itself4' ,x seems1    
h[soev] he be v]s$ 9 ?is "q1  t he ha? n
 tr\bl$ 8 head ov]mu* ) read+           
,s*ool-div9es  or metaphysicians1 if he 
make faculties or qualities to be 9 ,god
 really  di/9ct f 8 ess5ce4 ,god is a   
mo/ simple or pure act1 :i* c  admit no 
composition ( sub/ance & accid5ts4 ,do? 
he ?9k1 t !  mo/ p]fect ess5ce ( ,god _c
 act suffici5tly )\t faculties  &       
qualities8 ,! inf9ite p]fection ( !     
,div9e ess5ce excludes  all passive or  
receptive p[]s1 & _c be p]fect$ m ?an x 
is  by any accid5ts4 ,! attributes (    
,god are n div]s virtues or  qualities 9
 him1 z !y are 9 ! creatures2 b really  
"o & !  same ) ! ,div9e ess5ce1 & among 
!mselves4 ,!y are attribut$  to ,god to 
supply ! defect ( our capacity1 :o are n
 able to  und]/& t :i* is to be kn[n (  

,god "u "o "n1 or "o act  ( ! und]/&+4  
8,fur!rmore he sai?1 t #8he und]/&s n h[
 ,i conclude f  h5ce1 t et]nity is an   
indivisable po9t1 & n a succession'4    
7i7 ,i w help him4 ,! ,div9e sub/ance is
 indivisible2 b et]nity  is ! ,div9e    
sub/ance4 ,! major is evid5t1 because   
,god is actus  simplicissimus1 a mo/    
simple act2 :]e9 !re is no mann] (      
composition1 nei!r ( matt] & =m1 nor (  
subject & accid5ts1  nor ( p>ts1 c2 & by
 consequ5ce no divisibility4 ,! m9or ha?
  be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 m9e answ] to 8
 la/ d\bt1 & is  confess$ by all m5 t   
:atsoev] is 9 ,god1 is ,god4    8,la/ly1
 he sai?1 he conceives n #8h[ x c be    
said1 t an  inf9ite po9t1 :]e9 is no    
succession1 c compreh5d all "t :i*  is  
successive'4 ,i answ]1 t x do? n        
compreh5d x =mally1 z  "t is successive2
 b em95tly & virtually1 z et]nity is    
inf9ite4 ,to-day all et]nity is         
co-exi/5t ) ?is day3 to-morr[  all      
et]nity w be co-exi/5t ) to-morr[3 & s 9
 l mann]  ) all ! p>ts ( "t1 be+ itself 

)\t p>ts4 ,he sai?1 #8he  f9ds n ^!     
phrases 9 ! ,scripture'4 ,no1 b he may  
f9d ! ?+  9 ! ,scripture1 t ,god is     
inf9ite 9 all 8 attributes1 & n  capable
 ( any imp]fection4    8,& s to %[ 8    
antipa?y aga9/ ! ,s*oolm51 t he ha? no  
lib]ty or p[] to conta9 himself :5 he   
meets ) any ( _!  phrases or t5ets1 he  
falls into ano!r p>oxism or fit (       
inveigh+  aga9/ !m2 & s concludes 8     
answ] ) a plaudite to himself1  because 
he _h defeat$ bo? my squadrons (        
argum5ts & res]ves (  di/9ctions        
,dicite ,io pan1 et ,io bis dicite pan4 
8,b because 8 eyesight 0 weak1 & _!     
backs 7 t[>ds him1 he  q mi/ook ! matt]4
 ,^? :om he saw r\t$ & runn+ away1  7 8 
own scatt]$ =ces40                      
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,bi%op',s     
,,reply1 ,,no4 ,,xxiv4    7a7 8,t poor  
disc\rse :i* ,i m5tion1 0 n writt5 aga9/
 any  div9es1 b 9 way ( exam9ation ( a  
,fr5* treatise1 c04 ,?is is 9  reply to 
^? words ( m9e1 8?is disc\rse conta9e? 8
 op9ion  ab\t reconcil+ lib]ty ) !      

presci5ce & decrees ( ,god1  o!rwise ?an
 "s div9es h done1 aga9/ :om he _h =m]ly
  writt5 a treatise04 ,if ! ,fr5*       
treatise 7 accord+ to 8 m9d1  :at ne$ 0 
!re t ! exam9ation %\ld be writt58 ,if x
 7  n to 8 m9d1 x 0 9 confutation ( him1
 t is to say1 writt5  aga9/ ! au?or ( x3
 unless p]haps ! ,bi%op ?9ks t he       
writes n aga9/ a man1 unless he *>ge him
 ) blasphemy &  a!ism1 z he does me4    
7b7 8,my ass]tion is mo/ true1 t we     
ought n to des]t a c]ta9  tru?1 because 
we are n able to compreh5d ! c]ta9      
mann]40 ,to  ?is ,i answ]$1 t x 0 true2 
& z he alleg$ x = a reason :y  he %\ld n
 be ( my op9ion1 s ,i alleg$ x = a      
reason :y ,i  %\ld n be ( 84 ,b n[ 9 8  
reply he sai?1 t 8 op9ion is  8a tru?   
demon/rable 9 reason1 receiv$ & believ$ 
by all ! _w4  ,& !re=e1 ?\gh he be n    
able to compreh5d or express exactly  ! 
c]ta9 mann] h[ ?is lib]ty ( w consi/s ) 
,god's et]nal  presci5ce & decrees1 yet 
he ought to adh]e to t tru? :i* is      
manife/40 ,b :y %\ld he adh]e to x1     

unless x be manife/ to  himself8 ,& if x
 be manife/ to himself1 :y does he d5y t
 he is  able to compreh5d x8 ,& if he be
 n able to compreh5d x1 h[ kn[s  he t x 
is demon/rable8 ,or :y says he t s      
confid5tly1 :i* he  does n "k8 ,me?9ks t
 :i* ,i h said1 namely1 t 8t :i*  ,god  
=ekn[s %all be h]eaft]1 _c b be h]eaft]1
 & at !  same "t t he =eknew x %\ld be2 
b t :i* _c b be1  is necess>y2 !re=e :at
 ,god =ekn[s1 %all be necess>ily1 & at  
! "t =ekn[n03 ?is ,i say looke? some:at 
lik] to a  demon/ration1 ?an any ?+ t he
 ha? hi!rto br\ght to prove  free w4    
,ano!r reason :y ,i %\ld be ( 8 op9ion1 
is t he is  89 possession ( an old tru? 
d]iv$ to him by inh]itance or           
succession f 8 ance/ors04 ,to :i* ,i    
answ]1 fir/1 t ,i am 9  possession ( a  
tru? d]iv$ to me f ! light ( reason4    
,secondly1  t :]eas he kn[e? n :e!r x be
 ! tru? t he possesse?1  or n2 because  
he confesse? he kn[s n h[ x c consi/ )  
,god's  presci5ce & decrees2 ,i h       
suffici5tly %ewn t my op9ion (          

necessity n only agrees )1 b necess>ily 
foll[e? f !  et]nal presci5ce & decrees 
( ,god4 ,besides1 x is an unh&some  ?+ =
 a man to d]ive 8 op9ion conc]n+ tru? by
 succession  f 8 ance/ors2 = our        
ance/ors1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 d]iv$ n     
!re=e _! tru? f ! ,g5tiles1 because !y 7
 _!  ance/ors4    7c7 8,to pass by all !
 o!r great imp]fections :i* are to be   
f\nd 9 ?is sorite1 x is j l an old      
philosophical piece3 he  t dr9ks well1  
sleeps well2 he t sleeps well1 ?9ks no  
hurt2 he  t ?9ks no hurt1 lives well2   
!re=e he t dr9ks well1 lives  well40 ,my
 argum5t 0 ?us3 8election is always f ! 
memory ( good  & evil sequels2 memory is
 always f ! s5se2 & s5se always f  !    
action ( ext]nal bodies2 & all action f 
,god2 !re=e all  actions1 ev5 ( free &  
volunt>y ag5ts1 are f ,god1 &           
consequ5tly necess>y04 ,let ! ,bi%op    
comp>e n[ 8 scurril\s  argum5tation )   
?is ( m9e2 & tell me1 :e!r he t sleeps  
well1 do? all 8 lifetime ?9k no hurt4   
7d7 8,9 ! v la/ passage ( my disc\rse ,i

 propos$ my own  private op9ion1 h[ x   
might be made appe> t ! et]nal presci5ce
  & decrees ( ,god are consi/5t ) true  
lib]ty & cont+5cy1  c40 ,if he _h meant 
by lib]ty1 z o!r m5 d1 ! lib]ty (       
action1  t is1 ( ?+s :i* are 9 8 p[] to 
d :i* he w1 x _h  be5 an easy matt] to  
reconcile x ) ! presci5ce & decrees (   
,god2 b mean+ ! lib]ty ( w1 x 0         
impossible4 ,s likewise1 if  by cont+5cy
 he _h meant simply com+ to pass1 x _h  
be5  reconcilable ) ! decrees ( ,god2 b 
mean+ com+ to pass )\t  necessity1 x 0  
impossible4 ,& !re=e ?\gh x be true he  
says1  t 8he set x d[n 9 z pla9 t]ms z  
he c\ld01 yet x 0  impossible to set x  
d[n 9 pla9 t]ms4 ,nor ought he to *>ge  
me )  misund]/&+ him1 & wre/+ 8 words to
 a wrong s5se4 ,= !  tru? is1 ,i did n  
und]/& !m at all1 nor ?\ght he und]/ood 
!m himself2 b 0 will+ to give !m ! be/  
int]pretation !y  w\ld be>2 :i* he calls
 wre/+ !m to a wrong s5se4 ,& fir/1 ,i  
und]/ood n :at he meant by ! aspect (   
,god4 ,= if he _h meant  8 =ekn[l$ge1   

:i* ^w he _h (t5 us$ be=e2 :at ne$$ he  
9 ?is "o place only to call x aspect8   
,or :at ne$ he "h call x  8 view8 ,or   
say t all ?+s are op5 to ! eyes ( ,god n
  discursively1 b intuitively2 :i* is to
 exp\nd eyes 9 t  text1 ,hebr4 iv4 #ac1 
n figuratively b lit]ally1 nev]!less    
exclud+ ext]nal species1 :i* ! ,s*oolm5 
say are ! cause (  see+8 ,b x 0 well    
done to exclude su* insignificant       
spee*es1  ^u e occasion :atsoev]4 ,&    
?\gh ,i d n hold !  =ekn[l$ge ( ,god to 
consi/ 9 disc\rse2 yet ,i %all be nev]  
driv5 to say x is by intuition1 z long z
 ,i "k t ev5 a man  ha? =ekn[l$ge ( all 
^? ?+s :i* he int5de? himself to d1  n  
by disc\rse1 b by kn[+ 8 own purpose2   
sav+ t man ha? a  sup]ior p[] ov] him1 t
 c *ange 8 purpose2 :i* ,god ha?  n4 ,& 
:]eas he says1 ,i conf\nd ?is aspect ) !
 w &  decrees ( ,god1 he accuse? me     
wrongfully4 ,= h[ c\ld ,i s conf\nd  x1 
:5 ,i und]/ood n :at x meant8    7e7    
8,secondly1 he *>ge? me1 t hi!rto ,i h  
ma9ta9$ t  #8lib]ty & ! decrees ( ,god  

are irreconcileable'04 ,& ! reason  :y  
,i d s is1 because he ma9ta9$ t lib]ty &
 ! absolute  necessity ( all ?+s are    
irreconcileable4 ,if lib]ty _c /&  )    
necessity1 x _c /& ) ! decrees ( ,god1 (
 :i*  decrees necessity is a consequ5t4 
,i ne$$ n to say1 nor did say1  t       
necessity & ,god's decrees are all "o3  
?\gh if ,i _h said x1  x _h n be5 )\t   
au?ority ( le>n$ m51 9 ^: writ+s are    
(t5 f\nd ?is s5t5ce1 voluntas ,dei1     
necessitas r]um4    7f7 8,b to cut 8    
argum5t %ort3 ,god ha? decre$ all       
effects :i*  come to pass 9 "t1 yet n   
all aft] ! same mann]1 b accord+  to !  
di/9ct natures1 capacities1 & conditions
 ( 8 creatures2  :i* he do? n de/roy by 
8 decree3 "s he acte?40 ,hi!rto true4   
,!n he adde?3 8) "s he co-op]ate? by    
special influ5ce2 &  "s he only         
p]mitte?2 yet ?is is no idle or b>e     
p]mission04 ,?is  is false4 ,= no?+     
op]ate? by its own orig9al p[]1 b ,god  
himself4 ,man op]ate? n b by special    
p[]1 7,i say special p[]1  n special    

influ5ce71 d]iv$ f ,god4 ,nor is x by   
,god's p]mission  only1 z ,i h (t5      
already %[n1 & z ! ,bi%op "h            
contradict+ 8 =m] words confesse?4 ,= to
 p]mit only1 &  b>ely to p]mit1 signify 
! same ?+4 ,& t :i* he says1 t  ,god    
concurs by way ( g5]al influ5ce1 is     
j>gon4 ,= e  concurr5ce is "o s+ul> &   
individual concurr5ce2 & no?+ 9  ! _w is
 g5]al1 b ! signification ( words & o!r 
signs4    7g7 8,?irdly1 he *>ge? me1 t  
#8,i all[ all m5 to be ( 8  op9ion1 save
 only ^? t conceive 9 _! m9ds a nunc    
/ans1 or  h[ et]nity is an indivisible  
po9t1 r ?an an ev]la/+  succession4' ,b 
,i h giv5 no su* all[ance40 ,surely if !
 reason  :]e=e my op9ion is false1      
proce$ f ?is1 t ,i conceive n  et]nity  
to be nunc /ans1 b an ev]la/+           
succession1 ,i am all[$  to hold my     
op9ion till ,i c conceive et]nity       
o!rwise3 at lea/ he  all[s m5 n till !n 
to be ( 8 op9ion4 ,= he ha? said1 8t  ! 
ma9 imp$im5t :i* keeps m5 f subscrib+ to
 t way ( 81  is because !y conceive     

et]nity to be an ev]la/+ succession1 &  
n "o indivisible po9t04 ,z = ! _m o!r   
ways :i* he says are  8propos$ by div9es
 = reconcil+ ! et]nal presci5ce &       
decrees  ( ,god ) ! lib]ty & cont+5cy ( 
second causes01 if !y mean  su* lib]ty &
 cont+5cy z ! ,bi%op meane?1 !y are     
propos$ 9  va92 = tru? & error c nev] be
 reconcil$4 ,b 8h[ev]10 sai?  he1 8?\gh 
a man c\ld compreh5d none ( all ^! ways1
 yet we mu/  rememb] t a c]ta9 tru?     
ought n to be reject$1 because we are  n
 able to und]/& ! reason ( x40 ,= 8he   
kn[s10 he says1 8!  load/one ha? an     
attractive p[] to draw ! iron to x1 &   
yet he  kn[e? n h[ x come? to h su* a   
p[]40 ,i "k ! load-/one  ha? no su*     
attractive p[]2 & yet ,i "k t ! iron    
come? to  x1 or x to ! iron2 & !re=e    
wond] n1 t ! ,bi%op kn[e?  n h[ x come? 
to h t p[]4 ,9 ! next place he sai?1 ,i 
br+ no?+ to prove t et]nity is n an     
indivisible po9t1 b my  own incapacity  
8t ,i _c conceive x04 ,! tru? is1 ,i _c 
dispute nei!r = nor aga9/ 7z he c d7 !  

positions ,i  und]/& n4 ,nor d ,i und]/&
 :at d]ogation x c be to !  div9e       
p]fection1 to attribute to x            
pot5tiality1 t is 79 ,engli%7  p[]1 &   
successive duration2 = su* attributes   
are (t5 giv5 to  x 9 ! ,scripture4      
7h7 8,he sai? moreov]1 t #8he und]/&s z 
little h[ x c be  true :i* ,i say1 t    
,god is n j1 b ju/ice itself1 nor       
et]nal1  b et]nity itself'4 ,x seems1   
h[soev] he be v]s$ 9 ?is "q1  t he ha? n
 tr\bl$ 8 head ov]-mu* ) read+          
,s*ool-div9es1 or metaphysicians40 ,!y  
are unseemly words to be said  ( ,god3  
,i w n say1 blasphem\s & a!i/ical1 :i*  
are !  attributes he gives to my        
op9ions1 because ,i d n ?9k !m spok5    
out ( an evil m9d1 b out ( error3 !y    
are1 ,i say1 unseemly words  to be said 
( ,god1 t he is n j1 t he is n et]nal1 &
 7z  he also said7 t he is n wise2 & _c 
be excus$ by any  foll[+ b1 especially  
:5 ! b is foll[$ by t :i* is  n to be   
und]/ood4 ,c any man und]/& h[ ju/ice is
 j1 or  wisdom wise8 & :]eas ju/ice is  

an accid5t1 "o ( ! moral  virtues1 &    
wisdom ano!r2 h[ ,god is an accid5t or  
moral virtue8 ,x  is m ?an ! ,s*oolm5 or
 metaphysicians c und]/&2 ^:  writ+s h  
tr\bl$ my head m ?an !y %\ld h done1 if 
,i _h  kn[n t among/ s _m s5seless      
disputes1 !re _h be5 s few  lucid       
int]vals4 ,b ,i h consid]$ s9ce1 :]e m5 
w und]take  to reason out ( natural     
philosophy ( ! incompreh5sible nature ( 
,god1 t x is impossible !y %\ld speak   
intelligibly1 or 9 o!r  language ?an    
metaphysic1 :]e9 !y may contradict      
!mselves1 &  n p]ceive x2 z he does "h1 
:5 he says1 8! attributes ( ,god  are n 
div]se virtues or qualities 9 him1 z !y 
are 9 !  creatures1 b really "o & ! same
 ) ! div9e ess5ce &  among/ !mselves1 & 
attribut$ to ,god to supply ! defect (  
our  capacity04 ,attributes are names2 &
 !re=e x is a contradiction1 to  say !y 
are really "o & ! same ) ! div9e ess5ce4
 ,b if he  mean ! virtues signifi$ by ! 
attributes1 z ju/ice1 wisdom1  et]nity1 
div9ity1 c2 s also !y are virtues1 & n  

"o virtue1  7:i* is /ill a              
contradiction72 & we give ^? attributes 
to ,god1  n to %ew t we appreh5d h[ !y  
are 9 him1 b to signify h[ we  ?9k x be/
 to hon\r him4    7i7 8#8,9 ! next place
 he w help me to und]/&1' he says1 #8h[ 
et]nity is an indivisible po9t4' ,!     
div9e sub/ance is indivisible2  b       
et]nity is ! div9e sub/ance4 ,! major is
 evid5t1 because ,god  is actus         
simplicissimus2 ! m9or ha? be5 cle>ly   
demon/rat$ 9  my answ] to 8 la/ d\bt1 & 
is confess$ by all m51 t  :atsoev] is   
attribut$ to ,god is ,god40 ,! major is 
s f> f be+  evid5t1 t actus             
simplicissimus signifie? no?+4 ,! m9or  
is  said by "s m51 ?\ght by no man2 =   
:atsoev] is ?\ght1 is  und]/ood4 ,& all 
t he ha? else:]e & "h dilat$ ^u x1 is  z
 p]fect nons5se1 z any man ev] writ on  
purpose to make m]ry )4  ,& s is t :]eby
 he answ]s to my objection1 t a po9t _c 
compreh5d all "t1 :i* is successive2    
namely1 8 di/9ction1 t  8a po9t do? n   
compreh5d all "t =mally1 z "t is        

successive2  b em95tly & virtually1 z   
et]nity is inf9ite04 ,& ?is1  8to-day   
all et]nity is co-exi/5t ) ?is day1 &   
to-morr[ all  et]nity w be co-exi/5t )  
to-morr[04 ,x is well t 8  et]nity is n[
 come f a nunc /ans to be a nunc flu5s1 
fl[+  f ?is day to ! next1 & s on4 ,?is 
k9d ( language is nev]  f\nd 9 !        
,scripture4 ,no1 b ! ?+1 sai? he1 is    
f\nd !re1  namely1 t ,god is inf9ite 9  
all 8 attributes4 ,i w\ld he c\ld  %ew  
me ! place :]e ,god is said to be       
inf9ite 9 all 8  attributes4 ,!re be    
places en\gh to %ew t ,god is inf9ite 9 
p[]1 9 wisdom1 m]cy1 c3 b nei!r is he   
said to be inf9ite 9  names 7:i* is !   
,engli% ( attributes71 nor t he is an   
indivisible po9t1 nor t a po9t do?      
compreh5d "t em95tly &  virtually2 nor t
 to-day all et]nity is co-exi/5t )      
to-day1 c4  ,& ?us mu* 9 answ] to 8     
reply ^u my answ]4 ,t :i*  rema9e?1 is  
my reply ^u 8 answ] to my positive      
doctr9e on ?is  subject4                
,,my ,,op9ion ,,ab\t ,,lib]ty ,,&       

,,necessity ,,no4 ,,xxv4    ,t4 ,h4     
,fir/1 ,i conceive t :5 x come? into a  
man's m9d to d or  n to d "s c]ta9      
action1 if he h no "t to delib]ate1 !   
do+ or ab/a9+ necess>ily foll[e? !      
pres5t ?\ght he _h (  ! good or evil    
consequ5ce !re( to himself4 ,z =        
example1 9  sudd5 ang] ! action %all    
foll[ ! ?\ght ( rev5ge1 9 sudd5  fe> !  
?\ght ( escape4 ,also :5 a man ha? "t to
 delib]ate1 b  delib]ates n1 because    
nev] any?+ appe>$ t c\ld make him  d\bt 
( ! consequ5ce1 ! action foll[s 8 op9ion
 ( ! goodness  or h>m ( x4 ,^! actions  
,i call volunt>y4 ,he1 if ,i und]/& him 
aright1 calls !m spontane\s4 ,i call !m 
volunt>y1 because ^?  actions t foll[   
imm$iately ! la/ appetite1 are volunt>y4
 ,&  "h1 :]e !re is "o only appetite1 t 
"o is ! la/4    ,besides1 ,i see x is   
reasonable to puni% a ra% action2 :i*   
c\ld n  be ju/ly done by man1 unless !  
same 7 volunt>y4 ,= no action (  a man c
 be said to be )\t delib]ation1 ?\gh    
nev] s sudd52  because x is suppos$ he  

_h "t to delib]ate all ! prec$5t "t  ( 8
 life1 :e!r he %\ld d t k9d ( action or 
n4 ,& h5ce  x is1 t he t kille? 9 a     
sudd5 passion ( ang]1 %all  nev]!less be
 ju/ly put to dea?3 because all ! "t    
:]e9 he 0  able to consid] :e!r to kill 
7 good or evil1 %all be held =  "o      
cont9ual delib]ation2 & consequ5tly !   
kill+ %all be judg$  to proce$ f        
election4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's      
reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?is "p ( ,t4 ,h4's  
disc\rse hangs toge!r l a sick man's    
dreams4 7a7 ,ev5 n[ he tells u1 t #8a   
man may h "t to  delib]ate1 yet n       
delib]ate'4 ,by & by he sai?1 t #8no    
action (  a man1 ?\gh nev] s sudd51 c be
 said to be )\t delib]ation'4  ,he tells
 u1 ,no4 ,,xxxiii41 t #8! scope ( ?is   
section is to %[  :at is spontane\s'4   
,h[beit he %[e? only :at is volunt>y2   
7b7  s mak+ volunt>y & spontane\s to be 
all "o2 :]eas be=e he _h  told u1 t #8e 
spontane\s action is n volunt>y1 because
  indelib]ate2 nor e volunt>y action    
spontane\s1 if x proce$ f  fe>4' 7c7 ,n[

 he tells u1 t #8^? actions :i* foll[ ! 
la/  appetite1 are volunt>y2 & :]e !re  
is "o only appetite1 t is  ! la/'4 ,b   
be=e he told u1 t #8volunt>y presuppose?
 "s  prec$5t delib]ation & m$itation (  
:at is likely to foll[1 bo?  ^u ! do+ & 
ab/a9+ f ! action'4 7d7 ,he def9es      
lib]ty1 ,no4 ,,xxix41 to be #8! abs5ce (
 all extr9sical imp$im5ts to  action'4  
,& yet 9 8 :ole disc\rse he lab\re? to  
make good1 t  :atsoev] is n done1 is    
!re=e n done1 because ! ag5t 0          
necessitat$ by extr9sical causes n to d 
x4 ,are n extr9sical  causes1 :i*       
det]m9e him n to d x1 extr9sical        
imp$im5ts to  action8 ,s no man %all be 
free to d any ?+ b t :i* he do?         
actually4 ,he def9es a free ag5t to be  
#8him :o ha? n made an end (  delib]at+'
 7,no4 ,,xxviii474 ,& yet def9es lib]ty 
to be #8an abs5ce  ( outw>d imp$im5ts'4 
,!re may be outw>d imp$im5ts1 ev5 :il/  
he is delib]at+4 ,z a man delib]ates    
:e!r he %all play at  t5nis3 & at ! same
 "t ! door ( ! t5nis-c\rt is fa/ lock$  

aga9/ him4 ,& aft] a man ha? ceas$ to   
delib]ate1 !re may be no  outw>d        
imp$im5ts3 z :5 a man resolves n to play
 at t5nis1  because he f9ds himself     
ill-dispos$1 or because he w n haz>d 8  
money4 ,s ! same p]son1 at ! same "t1   
%\ld be free & n  free1 n free & free4  
,& z he is n firm to 8 own gr\nds1 s he 
conf\nds all ?+s1 ! m9d & ! w1 !        
e/imative faculty &  ! und]/&+1         
imag9ation ) delib]ation1 ! end ) !     
means1 human w ) ! s5sitive appetite1   
rational hope or fe>  ) irrational      
passions1 incl9ations ) int5tions1 a    
beg9n+ (  be+ ) a beg9n+ ( work+1       
suffici5cy ) effici5cy4 ,s z  ! greate/ 
difficulty is to f9d out :at he aims at4
 ,s z ,i _h once  resolv$ n to answ] ?is
 "p ( 8 disc\rse2 yet ^u bett]  advice  
,i w take a brief survey ( x also2 & %[ 
h[ f> ,i ass5t  unto1 or diss5t f t :i* 
,i conceive to be 8 mean+4    8,& fir/1 
conc]n+ sudd5 passions1 z ang] or ! l4  
7e7 ,t  :i* he sai?1 t #8! action do?   
necess>ily foll[ ! ?\ght'1  is ?us f>   

true2 t ^? actions :i* are altoge!r     
undelib]at$  & d proce$ f sudd5 & viol5t
 passions1 or motus primo primi1  :i*   
surprise a man1 & give him no "t to     
advise ) reason1 are  n prop]ly &       
actually 9 !mselves free1 b r necess>y  
actions2 z :5 a man runs away f a cat or
 a cu/>d out ( a secret  antipa?y4      
7f7 8,secondly1 z = ^? actions #8:]e9   
actual delib]ation seems  n necess>y1   
because nev] any?+ appe>$ t c\ld make a 
man  d\bt ( ! consequ5ce'3 ,i d confess1
 t actions done by virtue (  a prec$5t  
delib]ation1 )\t any actual delib]ation 
9 !  pres5t1 :5 ! act is done1 may      
not)/&+ be truly bo?  volunt>y & free   
acts1 yea1 9 "s cases & 9 "s s5se1 m    
free  ?an if !y 7 actually delib]at$ ( 9
 pres5t4 ,z "o :o ha?  acquir$ by =m]   
delib]ation & exp]i5ce a habit to play  
^u !  virg9als1 ne$s n delib]ate :at man
 or :at jack he mu/ t\*1 nor  :at f+] ( 
8 h& he mu/ move to play su* a lesson2  
yea1 if 8  m9d %\ld be fix$1 or int5t to
 e motion ( 8 h&1 or e  t\* ( a /r+1 x  

w\ld h9d] 8 play1 & r5d] ! action m     
tr\blesome to him4 ,:]e=e ,i believe1 t 
n only 8 play+ 9  g5]al1 b e motion ( 8 
h&1 ?\gh x be n pres5tly  delib]at$ (1  
is a free act1 by reason ( 8 prec$5t    
delib]ation4  ,s !n 7sav+ improprieties 
( spee*1 z call+ t volunt>y :i*  is     
free1 & limit+ ! w to ! la/ appetite2 & 
o!r mi/akes1  z t no act c be said to be
 )\t delib]ation7 we agree also =  !    
great] "p 9 ?is second obs]vation4      
7g7 8,?irdly1 :]eas he sai?1 t #8"s     
sudd5 acts proce$+ f  viol5t passions1  
:i* surprise a man1 are ju/ly puni%$'2  
,i grant  !y are s sometimes2 b n = 8   
reason1 because !y h be5  =m]ly actually
 delib]at$ (2 b because !y 7 virtually  
delib]at$ (1 or because x is our fault t
 !y 7 n actually  delib]at$ (1 :e!r x 0 
a fault ( pure negation1 t is1 ( n  do+ 
our duty only1 or a fault ( bad         
disposition also1 by reason (  "s vici\s
 habit :i* we _h contract$ by our =m]   
actions4 ,to d  a necess>y act is nev] a
 fault1 nor ju/ly puni%able1 :5 !       

necessity is inevitably impos$ ^u u by  
extr9sical causes4 ,z if a  *ild1 be=e  
he _h ! use ( reason1 %all kill a man 9 
8 passion2  yet because he want$ malice 
to incite him to x1 & reason to re/ra9  
him f x1 he %all n die = x 9 ! /rict    
rules ( p>ticul>  ju/ice1 unless !re be 
"s mixture ( public ju/ice 9 ! case4    
7h7 8,b if ! necessity be contract$ by  
ourselves1 & by our own  faults1 x is   
ju/ly puni%able4 ,z he :o by 8 wanton   
?\ghts 9 !  day-"t do? procure 8 own    
nocturnal pollution3 a man _c  delib]ate
 9 8 sleep1 yet x is acc\nt$ a s9ful    
act1 &  consequ5tly1 a free act1 t is1 n
 actually free 9 itself1 b  virtually   
free 9 its causes2 & ?\gh x be n        
expressly will$ &  *os51 yet x is       
tacitly & implicitly will$ & *os51 :5 t 
is  will$ & *os5 f :5ce x 0 necess>ily  
produc$4 ,by !  ,levitical law1 if a man
 digg$ a pit & left x uncov]$1 s t 8    
neighb\r's ox or 8 ass did fall into x1 
he 0 b\nd to make  rep>ation2 n because 
he did *oose to leave x uncov]$ on      

purpose  t su* a mis*ance might happ51 b
 because he did freely omit t  :i* he   
ought to h done1 f :5ce ?is damage      
proce$$ to 8  neighb\r4 ,la/ly1 !re is  
great diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ motions1   
:i* sometimes are n 9 our p[]1 &        
subsequ5t acts ( kill+ or  /eal+1 or !  
l1 :i* always are 9 our p[] if we h !   
use  ( reason1 or else x is our own     
fault t !y are n 9 our p[]4  ,yet to su*
 ha/y acts done 9 hot blood ! law is n s
 sev]e1 z to  ^? :i* are done ^u long   
delib]ation & prep5s$ malice1  unless1 z
 ,i said1 !re be "s mixture ( public    
ju/ice 9 x4 ,he  t /eals a horse        
delib]ately1 may be m puni%able by ! law
 ?an  he t kills ! own] by *ance-m$ley3 
yet ! dea? ( ! own] 0  m noxi\s1 7to use
 8 phrase71 & m damageable to ! family1 
?an ! /eal? ( ! horse4 ,s f> 0 ,t4 ,h4  
mi/ak5 9 t also1  t ! "r to kill m5 do? 
proce$ m]ely f _! be+ noxi\s  7,no4     
,,xiv740     ,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,!   
,,bi%op',s ,,answ] ,,to ,,my ,,op9ion   
,,ab\t ,,lib]ty ,,&                     

,,necessity ,,no4 ,,xxv4    7a7 8,ev5 n[
 he tells u1 t #8a man may h "t to      
delib]ate1  yet n delib]ate'4 ,by & by  
he sai?1 t #8no action ( a man1  ?\gh   
nev] s sudd51 c be said to be )\t       
delib]ation'40 ,he  ?9ks he ha? "h      
caught me 9 a contradiction2 b he is    
mi/ak52  & ! cause is1 t he obs]v$ n t  
!re may be a diff]5ce  betwe5           
delib]ation & t :i* %all be con/ru$ =   
delib]ation  by a judge4 ,= a man may d 
a ra% act sudd5ly )\t delib]ation2  yet 
because he ought to h delib]at$1 & _h "t
 en\gh to  delib]ate :e!r ! action 7    
lawful or n1 x %all n be said  by !     
judge t x 0 )\t delib]ation1 :o suppose?
 t aft]  ! law kn[n1 all ! "t foll[+ 0  
"t ( delib]ation4 ,x is  !re=e no       
contradiction1 to say a man delib]ates  
n1 & t he  %all be said to delib]ate by 
him t is ! judge ( volunt>y  actions4   
7b7 8,aga91 :]e he says1 #8he make?     
volunt>y & spontane\s  actions to be all
 "o'1 :]eas be=e he _h told u t #8e     
spontane\s action is n volunt>y1 because

 indelib]ate2 nor e  volunt>y action    
spontane\s1 if x proce$ f fe>'40 ,he    
?9ks he  ha? espi$ ano!r contradiction4 
,x is no wond] if speak+ (  spontane\s1 
:i* signifie? no?+ else 9 ,lat9 7=      
,engli% x is  n7 b t :i* is done        
delib]ately or indelib]ately )\t        
compulsion1 ,i seem to ! ,bi%op1 :o ha? 
nev] giv5 any def9ition (  t ^w1 n to   
use x z he w\ld h me4 ,& x is easy = him
 to  give x any signification he please1
 z ! occasion %all s]ve to  *>ge me )   
contradiction4 ,9 :at s5se ,i h us$ t ^w
 once1  9 ! same ,i h us$ x always1     
call+ t spontane\s :i* is  )\t co-action
 or compulsion by t]ror4    7c7 8,n[ he 
tells u1 t #8^? actions :i* foll[ ! la/ 
appetite are volunt>y1 & :]e !re is "o  
only appetite1 t is  ! la/'4 ,b be=e he 
told u1 t #8volunt>y presuppose? "s     
prec$5t delib]ation & m$itation ( :at is
 likely to foll[1 bo?  ^u ! do+ & ab/a9+
 f ! action'40 ,?is is a ?ird           
contradiction he suppose? he ha? f\nd1 b
 is aga9 mi/ak54 ,=  :5 m5 are to judge 

( actions1 :e!r !y be volunt>y or n1 !y 
_c call t action volunt>y1 :i* foll[$ n 
! la/ appetite4  ,b ! same m51 ?\gh !re 
7 no delib]ation1 %all judge !re  01    
because x ought to h be51 & t f ! "t t !
 law  0 kn[n to ! "t ( ! action itself4 
,& !re=e bo? are true1  t volunt>y may  
be )\t1 & yet presuppos$ 9 ! law n to be
  )\t delib]ation4    7d7 8,he def9es   
lib]ty 7,no4 ,,xxix47 to be #8! abs5ce (
 all  extr9sical imp$im5ts to action'4  
,& yet 9 8 :ole disc\rse he  lab\re? to 
make good1 t :atsoev] is n done1 is     
!re=e n  done1 because ! ag5t 0         
necessitat$ by extr9sical causes n to d 
x4 ,are n extr9sical causes :i* det]m9e 
him n to d x1  extr9sical imp$im5ts to  
action80 ,?is def9ition ( lib]ty1 t x   
is 8! abs5ce ( all extr9sical imp$im5ts 
to action01 he ?9ks he  ha? suffici5tly 
confut$ by ask+ :e!r ! extr9sical       
causes1  :i* det]m9e a man n to d an    
action1 be n extr9sical  imp$im5ts to   
action4 ,x seems by 8 "q he makes no    
d\bt b  !y are2 b is deceiv$ by a too   

%all[ consid]ation ( :at !  ^w imp$im5t 
signifie?4 ,= imp$im5t or h9d]ance      
signifie? an  opposition to endeav\r4 ,&
 !re=e if a man be necessitat$ by       
extr9sical causes n to endeav\r an      
action1 ^? causes d n  oppose 8 endeav\r
 to d x1 because he has no su* endeav\r 
to be  oppos$2 & consequ5tly extr9sical 
causes t take away endeav\r1  are n to  
be call$ imp$im5ts2 nor c any man be    
said to be h9d]$  f do+ t1 :i* he _h no 
purpose at all to d4 ,s t ?is  objection
 ( 8 proce$e? only f ?is1 t he und]/&e? 
n  suffici5tly ! ,engli% tongue4 ,f !   
same proce$e? also t he  ?9ke? x a      
contradiction1 to call a free ag5t him t
 ha? n yet  made an end ( delib]at+1 &  
to call lib]ty an abs5ce ( outw>d       
imp$im5ts4 8,=10 sai? he1 8!re may be   
outw>d imp$im5ts1 ev5  :ile he is       
delib]at+40 ,:]e9 he is deceiv$4 ,= ?\gh
 he may  delib]ate ( t :i* is impossible
 = him to d2 z 9 ! example  he allege? (
 him t delib]ate? :e!r he %all play at  
t5nis1  n kn[+ t ! door ( ! t5nis-c\rt  

is %ut aga9/ him2 yet  x is no imp$im5t 
to him t ! door is %ut1 till he h a w to
  play2 :i* be ha? n till he ha? done   
delib]at+ :e!r he %all  play or n4 ,t   
:i* foll[e? ( my conf\nd+ m9d & w2 !    
e/imative faculty & ! und]/&+2 !        
imag9ation &  delib]ation2 ! end & !    
means2 ! human w & ! s5sitive  appetite2
 rational hope or fe>1 & irrational     
passions2 incl9ations  & int5tions2 a   
beg9n+ ( be+ & a beg9n+ ( work+2        
suffici5cy & effici5cy3 ,i d n f9d 9    
any?+ t ,i h  writt51 any impropriety 9 
! use ( ^! or any o!r ,engli% words2    
nor d ,i d\bt b an ,engli% read]1 :o ha?
 n lo/ himself 9  ,s*ool-div9ity1 w v   
easily conceive :at ,i h said4 ,b ?is ,i
  am sure1 t ,i nev] conf\nd$ beg9n+ (  
be+ ) beg9n+ (  work+1 nor suffici5cy ) 
effici5cy2 nor ev] us$ ^! words1        
s5sitive appetite1 rational hope1 or    
rational fe>1 or irrational  passions4  
,x is !re=e impossible ,i %\ld conf\nd  
!m4 ,b !  ,bi%op is ei!r mi/ak51 or else
 he makes no scruple to say t :i*  he   

kn[s to be false1 :5 he ?9ks x w s]ve 8 
turn4    7e7 8,t :i* he sai?1 t #8!     
action do? necess>ily foll[ !  ?\ght'1  
is ?us f> true2 t ^? actions :i* are    
altoge!r  undelib]at$1 & d proce$ f     
viol5t passions1 c1 are n  prop]ly1 &   
actually 9 !mselves free1 b r necess>y  
actions1  z :5 a man runs away f a cat  
or a cu/>d40 ,?us f> he says is  true4  
,b :5 he calls sudd5 passions motus     
primo primi1 ,i _c  tell :e!r he says   
true or n1 because ,i d n und]/& him2   
nor  f9d h[ he makes 8 mean+ ev] ! cle>]
 by 8 example ( a cat  & a cu/>d1       
because ,i "k n :at he means by a secret
 antipa?y4  ,= :at t antipa?y is he     
expla9e? n by call+ x secret1 b  r      
confesse? he kn[s n h[ to expla9 x4 ,&  
because he sai?1  x is ?us f> true1 ,i  
expect he %\ld tell me also h[ f> x is  
false4    7f7 8,secondly1 z = ^? actions
 :]e9 actual delib]ation seems  n       
necess>y1 #8because nev] any?+ appe>$ t 
c\ld make a man  d\bt ( ! consequ5ce'2  
,i d confess t actions done by virtue ( 

a  prec$5t delib]ation1 )\t any actual  
delib]ation = ! pres5t1  may not)/&+ be 
truly volunt>y & free acts40 ,9 ?is he  
agrees  ) me4 ,b :]e he adds1 8yea1 9 "s
 cases1 & 9 "s s5se m  free1 ?an if !y 7
 actually delib]at$ ( 9 pres5t01 ,i d n 
agree ) him4 ,& = ! in/ance he br+e? to 
prove x1 9 ! man  t playe? on an        
in/rum5t ) 8 h& x make? no?+ = him4  ,= 
x prove? only1 t ! habit make? ! motion 
( 8 h& m  ready & quick2 b x prove? n t 
x make? x m volunt>y1  b r less2 because
 ! re/ ( ! motions foll[ ! fir/ by an   
eas9ess acquir$ f long cu/om2 9 :i*     
motion ! w do? n  accompany all ! /rokes
 ( ! h&1 b gives a beg9n+ to !m  only 9 
! fir/4 ,"h is no?+1 z ,i expect$1 ( h[ 
f> t :i*  ,i _h said1 namely1 t ! action
 do? necess>ily foll[ ! ?\ght1  is      
false2 unless x be 8improprieties (     
spee*1 z call+ t  volunt>y :i* is free1 
& limit+ ! w to ! la/ appetite2 &  o!r  
mi/akes1 z t no act c be said to be )\t 
delib]ation04  ,= improprieties ( spee*1
 ,i w n cont5d ) "o t c use  motus primo

 primi1 practice practicum1 actus       
elicitus1 & _m  o!r phrases ( ! same    
k9d4 ,b to say t free actions are       
volunt>y2 & t ! w :i* cause? a volunt>y 
action1 is !  la/ appetite2 & t t       
appetite 0 imm$iately foll[$ by !       
action2 & t no action ( a man c be said 
9 ! judgm5t ( !  law1 to be )\t         
delib]ation3 are no mi/akes1 = any?+ t  
he  ha? prov$ to ! contr>y4    7g7      
8,?irdly1 :]eas he sai?1 t #8"s sudd5   
acts1 proce$+  f viol5t passions :i*    
surprise a man1 are ju/ly puni%$'2 ,i   
grant !y are s sometimes1 b n = 8       
reason1 c40 ,my reason 01  8because he  
_h "t to delib]ate f ! in/ant t he knew 
!  law1 to ! in/ant ( 8 action1 & ought 
to h delib]at$01 t  !re=e he may be     
ju/ly puni%$4 ,! ,bi%op grants !y are   
ju/ly  puni%$1 & 8 reason is1 8because  
!y 7 virtually delib]at$  (01 or1       
8because x is our fault !y 7 n actually 
delib]at$  (04 ,h[ a man does delib]ate1
 & yet n actually delib]ate1 ,i  und]/& 
n4 ,if virtual delib]ation be n actual  

delib]ation1 x  is no delib]ation4 ,b he
 calle? virtual delib]ation1 t :i*      
ought to h be51 & 0 n2 & says ! same t  
he condemns 9  me4 ,& 8 o!r reason1     
namely1 because x is our fault t we     
delib]at$ n1 is ! same t ,i said1 t we  
ought to h  delib]at$1 & did n4 ,s t 8  
repreh5sion "h1 is a  repreh5sion (     
himself1 proce$+ f t ! cu/om (          
,s*ool-language ha? made him =get !     
language ( 8 c\ntry4 ,& to  t :i* he    
adds1 8t a necess>y act is nev] a fault1
 nor ju/ly  puni%able1 :5 ! necessity is
 inevitably impos$ ^u u by  extr9sical  
causes01 ,i h suffici5tly answ]$ be=e 9 
div]se  places2 %ew+ t a fault may be   
necess>y f extr9sical causes1  & yet    
volunt>y2 & t volunt>y faults are ju/ly 
puni%able4    7h7 8,b if ! necessity be 
contract$ by ourselves1 x is ju/ly      
puni%able4 ,z he :o by 8 wanton ?\ghts 9
 ! day "t1 do?  procure 8 own nocturnal 
pollution40 ,?is in/ance1 because x     
make?  n aga9/ any?+ ,i h held1 & p>tly 
also because x is a  /9k+ passage1 7=   

surely if1 z he t ascribes eyes to !    
und]/&+1 all[s me to say x ha? a nose1 x
 /9ke? to ! nose  ( ! und]/&+72 ?is     
s5t5ce ,i pass ov]1 obs]v+ only !  cant+
 t]ms1 n actually free 9 itself1 b      
virtually free 9 its  causes4 ,9 ! re/ (
 8 answ] to ?is ,no4 ,,xxv1 ,i f9d no?+ 
alleg$ 9 confutation ( any?+ ,i h said1 
sav+ t 8 la/  words are1 t 8,t4 ,h4 is  
mi/ak5 9 t also1 t ! "r to kill  m5 do? 
proce$ m]ely f _! be+ noxi\s0 7,no4     
,,xiv474 ,b to  t ,i h 9 ! same ,no4    
,,xiv4 already answ]$4 ,i mu/ n pass    
ov]1  t a little be=e he ha? ^! words3  
8,if a *ild1 be=e he h  ! use ( reason1 
%all kill a man 9 8 passion1 yet because
 he  want$ malice to incite him to x1 & 
reason to re/ra9 him f x1  he %all n die
 = x1 9 ! /rict rules ( p>ticul> ju/ice1
  unless !re be "s mixture ( public     
ju/ice 9 ! case04 ,! ,bi%op  w\ld make b
 an ill judge ( innoc5t *ildr51 = su*   
are !y  t1 = want ( age1 h n use en\gh (
 reason to ab/a9 f  kill+4 ,= ! want (  
reason proce$+ f want ( age1 does  !re=e

 take away ! puni%m5t1 because x take?  
away ! crime1  & makes !m innoc5t4 ,b he
 introduce? ano!r ju/ice1 :i* he  calle?
 public2 :]eas he call$ ! o!r p>ticul>4 
,& by ?is  public ju/ice1 he sai?1 !    
*ild ?\gh innoc5t may be put to dea?4   
,i hope we %all nev] h ! adm9i/ration ( 
public ju/ice 9 su*  h&s z 81 or 9 ! h&s
 ( su* z %all take c\nsel f him4  ,b !  
di/9ction he makes is n by himself      
und]/ood4 ,!re are  public causes1 &    
private causes4 ,private are ^?1 :]e !  
p>ties  to ! cause are bo? private m54  
,public are ^?1 :]e "o ( !  p>ties is ! 
commonweal?1 or ! p]son t repres5te? x1 
& !  cause crim9al4 ,b !re is no        
di/9ction ( ju/ice into public &        
private4 ,we may read ( m5 t1 hav+      
sov]eign p[]1 did sometimes  put an     
innoc5t to dea?1 ei!r ^u a v[2 z ,jep?ah
 did 9  sacrific+ 8 daught]2 or :5 x ha?
 be5 ?\ght fit t an  innoc5t p]son %\ld 
be put to dea? to save a great numb] (  
p4  ,b to put to dea? a *ild1 n = reason
 ( /ate1 :i* he  improp]ly calls public 

ju/ice1 b = kill+ a man1 & at ! same  "t
 to ackn[l$ge su* kill+ to be no crime1 
,i ?9k 0 nev] he>d  (4                  
,,no4 ,,xxvi4    ,t4 ,h4 ,secondly1 ,i  
conceive :5 a man delib]ates :e!r he    
%all d  a ?+ or n d a ?+1 t he does no?+
 else b consid]  :e!r x be bett] =      
himself to d x or n to d x4 ,& to       
consid] an action1 is to imag9e !       
consequ5ces ( x1 bo? good &  evil4 ,f   
:5ce is to be inf]r$1 t delib]ation is  
no?+ b  alt]nate imag9ation ( ! good &  
evil sequels ( an action1 or  7:i* is ! 
same ?+7 alt]nate hope & fe>1 or        
alt]nate appetite  to d or acquit !     
action ( :i* he delib]ate?4    ,sid5ote3
 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,if 
,i did n "k :at delib]ation 01 ,i %\ld  
be  little reliev$ 9 my k by ?is        
description4 ,sometimes he makes  x to  
be a consid]ation1 or an act ( !        
und]/&+2 sometimes an  imag9ation1 or an
 act ( ! fancy2 sometimes he makes x to 
be an  alt]nation ( passions1 hope &    
fe>4 ,sometimes he makes x conc]n  !    

end1 sometimes to conc]n ! means4 ,s he 
makes x ,i "k n :at4  ,! tru? is ?is 9  
brief3 #8,delib]ation is an inquiry made
 by reason1  :e!r ?is or t1 def9itely   
consid]$1 be a good & fit means1  or1   
indef9itely1 :at are good & fit means to
 be *os5 = atta9+  "s wi%$ end4'0       
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxvi4    7a7 8,if ,i did n "k   
:at delib]ation 01 ,i %\ld be little    
reliev$ 9 my k by ?is description4      
,sometimes he makes x to  be a          
consid]ation1 or an act ( ! und]/&+1    
sometimes an  imag9ation1 or an act ( ! 
fancy1 c4 ,s he makes x ,i "k n  :at40  
,if ! ,bi%op _h obs]v$ :at he does      
himself1 :5 he  delib]ates1 reasons1    
und]/&s1 or imag9es1 he w\ld h kn[n :at 
to make ( all t ,i h said 9 ?is ,numb]4 
,he w\ld h kn[n t  consid]ation1        
und]/&+1 reason1 & all ! passions ( !   
m9d1  are imag9ations4 ,t to consid] a  
?+1 is to imag9e x2 t to  und]/& a ?+1  
is to imag9e x2 t to hope & fe>1 are to 
imag9e ! ?+s hop$ = & fe>$4 ,! diff]5ce 

betwe5 !m is1  t :5 we imag9e !         
consequ5ce ( any?+1 we are said to      
consid] t ?+2 & :5 we h imag9$ any?+ f a
 sign1 &  especially f ^? signs we call 
names1 we are said to und]/& 8  mean+ t 
make? ! sign2 & :5 we reason1 we imag9e 
!  consequ5ce ( affirmations & negations
 jo9$ toge!r2 & :5 we  hope or fe>1 we  
imag9e ?+s good or hurtful to ourselves3
 insomu*  z all ^! are b imag9ations    
div]sely nam$ f diff]5t  circum/ances3 z
 any man may p]ceive z easily z he c    
look into 8  own ?\ghts4 ,b to him t    
?9ke? n himself ^u ! ?+s  :]e(1 b ^u !  
words :]e) he speake?1 & take? ^?  words
 on tru/ f puzzl$ ,s*oolm51 x is n only 
h>d1 b  impossible to be kn[n4 ,& ?is is
 ! reason t make? him say1 ,i  make     
delib]ation he kn[s n :at4 ,b h[ is     
delib]ation def9$ by  him8 8,x is01 sai?
 he1 8an inquiry made by reason1 :e!r   
?is or t  def9itely consid]$1 be a good 
& fit means2 or indef9itely1 :at  are   
good & fit means to be *os5 = atta9+ "s 
wi%$ end40 ,if  x 7 n 8 cu/om to say1 ! 

und]/&+ und]/&e?1 ! w  wille?1 & s ( !  
re/ ( ! faculties1 ,i %\ld h believ$  t 
:5 he says delib]ation is an inquiry    
made by reason1 he meane?  an inquiry   
made by ! man t reasone?2 = s x w be    
s5se4 ,b  ! reason :i* a man use? 9     
delib]ation1 be+ ! same ?+ t  is call$  
delib]ation1 8 def9ition t delib]ation  
is an inquiry  made by reason1 is no m  
?an if he _h said1 delib]ation is an    
inquiry made by delib]ation2 a def9ition
 good en\gh to be made by a  ,s*oolman4 
,nor is ! re/ ( ! def9ition altoge!r z x
 %\ld be2  = !re is no su* ?+ z an      
8indef9ite consid]ation ( :at are  good 
& fit means02 b a man imag9+ fir/ "o ?+1
 !n ano!r1  consid]e? !m successively & 
s+ly ea* "o1 :e!r x conduce?  to 8 ends 
or n4                                   
,,no4 ,,xxvii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,?irdly1 ,i   
conceive1 t 9 all delib]ations1 t is to 
say1  9 all alt]nate succession (       
contr>y appetites1 ! la/ is t  :i* we   
call ! w1 & is imm$iately be=e ! do+ ( !
  action1 or next be=e ! do+ ( x become 

impossible4 ,all o!r  appetites to d &  
to quit1 t come ^u a man dur+ 8         
delib]ation1 are usually call$ int5tions
 & incl9ations1 b n  wills2 !re be+ b "o
 w1 :i* also 9 ?is case may be call$    
la/ w1 ?\gh ! int5tion *ange (t54       
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
7a7 8,/ill "h is no?+ b confusion2 he   
conf\nds !  faculty ( ! w ) ! act (     
volition2 he makes ! w to be  ! la/ "p (
 delib]ation2 he makes ! int5tion1 :i*  
is a mo/  prop] & elicit act ( ! w1 or a
 will+ ( ! end1 z x is to  be atta9$ by 
c]ta9 means1 to be no will+ at all1 b   
only "s  antec$ane\s incl9ation or      
prop5sion4 ,he might z well say1 t  !   
unc]ta9 agitation ( ! ne$le hi!r & ?i!r 
to f9d out !  pole1 & ! re/+ or fix+ (  
itself directly t[>ds ! pole1  7 bo? !  
same ?+4 ,b ! grosse/ mi/ake is1 t he w 
ackn[l$ge no act ( man's w1 to be 8 w1 b
 only ! la/ act1  :i* he calls ! la/ w4 
,if ! fir/ 7 no w1 h[ comes ?is  to be !
 la/ w8 ,accord+ to 8 doctr9e1 ! w ( a  
man %\ld  be z un*angeable z ! w ( ,god1

 at lea/ s long z !re is a  possibility 
to effect x4 7b7 ,accord+ to ?is        
doctr9e1  concupisc5ce ) cons5t %\ld be 
no s92 = t :i* is n truly  will$ is n a 
s92 or r %\ld n be at all1 unless ei!r !
  act foll[$1 or 7 r5d]$ impossible by  
"s int]v5+  circum/ances4 ,accord+ to   
?is doctr9e no man c say1 ?is is my  w1 
because he kn[s n yet :e!r x %all be 8  
la/ appeal4 ,!  tru? is1 !re be _m acts 
( ! w1 bo? 9 respect ( ! means  & ( !   
end4 ,b t act :i* makes a man's actions 
to be truly  free1 is election2 :i* is !
 delib]ate *oos+ or refus+ ( ?is  or t  
means1 or ! acceptation ( "o means be=e 
ano!r1 :]e  div]s are repres5t$ by !    
und]/&+4                                
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxvii4    7a7 8,/ill "h is no?+ 
b confusion2 he conf\nds ! faculty (  ! 
w ) ! act ( volition2 he makes ! w to be
 ! la/ "p  ( delib]ation2 he makes !    
int5tion1 :i* is a mo/ prop] &  elicit  
act ( ! w1 to be no will+ at all1 b only
 "s  antec$ane\s 7he might z well h     

said1 antec$5t7 incl9ation40 ,to        
conf\nd ! faculty ( ! w ) ! w1 7 to     
conf\nd a  w ) no w2 = ! faculty ( ! w  
is no w2 ! act  only :i* he calls       
volition1 is ! w4 ,z a man t sleepe? ha?
  ! p[] ( see+1 & see? n1 nor ha? = t "t
 any  sight2 s also he ha? ! p[] (      
will+1 b wille? no?+1  nor ha? = t "t   
any w4 ,i mu/ !re=e h dep>t$ v  mu* f my
 own pr9ciples1 if ,i h conf\nd$ !      
faculty ( !  w ) ! act ( volition4 ,he  
%\ld h done well to h  %[n :]e ,i       
conf\nd$ !m4 ,x is true1 ,i make ! w to 
be !  la/ "p ( delib]ation2 b x is t w  
:i* make? ! action  volunt>y1 & !re=e   
ne$s mu/ be ! la/4 ,b = ! prec$+        
v>iations ( ! w to d & n to d1 ?\gh !y  
be s _m  sev]al wills1 contr>y to &     
de/roy+ "o ano!r1 !y usually are  call$ 
int5tions2 & !re=e !y are no?+ to ! w1 (
  :i* we dispute1 t make? an action     
volunt>y4 ,& ?\gh a man h  9 e long     
delib]ation a great _m wills & nills1 !y
 use to  be call$ incl9ations1 & ! la/  
only w :i* is imm$iately  foll[$ by !   

volunt>y action4 ,b nev]!less1 bo? he t 
ha?  ^? int5tions1 & ,god t see? !m1    
reckone? !m = s _m  wills4    7b7       
8,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 concupisc5ce )
 cons5t %\ld be  no s92 = t :i* is n    
truly will$1 is n a s940 ,?is is no     
consequ5t to my doctr9e3 = ,i hold t !y 
are1 9 ! sight (  ,god1 s _m cons5ts1 s 
_m will+s1 :i* w\ld h be5 foll[$  by    
actions1 if ! actions _h be5 9 _! p[]4  
,x _h be5 fitt]  = a man 9 :om is       
requir$ gravity & sanctity m ?an ord9>y1
  to h *os5 "s o!r k9d ( in/ance4 ,b :at
 meane? he by  concupisc5ce ) cons5t8 ,c
 !re be concupisc5ce )\t  cons5t8 ,x is 
! cons5t itself4 ,!re may be also a     
lawful  concupisc5ce ) cons5t4 ,=       
concupisc5ce makes n ! s91 b !          
unlawfulness ( satisfy+ su*             
concupisc5ce2 & n ! cons5t1 b  ! w &    
design to prosecute t :i* a man kn[e? to
 be  unlawful4 ,an appetite to ano!r    
man's bread1 is concupisc5ce2 &  ?\gh x 
be ) cons5t to eat1 x is no s92 b !     
design to take  x f ! o!r1 not)/&+ t he 

may fail 9 8 design1 t  is ! s94 ,& ?is 
in/ance might h s]v$ 8 turn z well z !  
o!r2 & = cons5t1 if he _h und]/ood !    
tru?1 he might h  put design4           
,,no4 ,,xxviii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,f\r?ly1 t ^?
 actions :i* man is said to d ^u        
delib]ation1 are said to be volunt>y1 & 
done ^u *oice &  election4 ,s t volunt>y
 action1 & action proce$+ f election1   
is ! same ?+4 ,& t ( a volunt>y ag5t1 x 
is all "o to say  he is free1 & to say  
he ha? n made an end ( delib]at+4       
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
7a7 8,?is %ort section might pass )\t an
 animadv]sion1  b = two ?+s4 ,! "o is1 t
 he conf\nds a volunt>y act ) a  free   
act4 ,a free act is only t :i* proce$s f
 ! free election  ( ! rational w aft]   
delib]ation2 b e act t proce$s  f !     
s5sitive appetite ( man or bea/1 )\t    
delib]ation or  election1 is truly      
volunt>y4 7b7 ,! o!r ?+ obs]vable is 8  
conclusion1 t #8x is all "o to say a man
 is free1 & to say he ha?  n made an end
 ( delib]at+'2 :i* confession ( 8       

ov]turns 8  :ole /ructure ( absolute    
necessity4 ,= if e ag5t be  necessitat$ 
to act :at he do? act by a necess>y &   
natural flux (  extr9sical causes1 !n he
 is no m free be=e he delib]ates1 or    
:il/ he delib]ates1 ?an he is aft]2 b by
 ,t4 ,h4's confession "h1  he is m free 
:il/ he delib]ates1 ?an he is aft]4 ,& s
 aft]  all 8 fl\ri%es1 = an absolute or 
extr9sical necessity1 he is glad  to set
 himself d[n1 & re/ cont5t$ ) an        
hypo!tical necessity1  :i* no man ev]   
d5i$ or d\bt$ (2 ascrib+ ! necessitation
 ( a  man 9 free acts to 8 own          
delib]ation1 & 9 indelib]ate acts to  8 
la/ ?\ght1 ,no4 ,,xxv4 ,:at is ?is to a 
natural & special  influ5ce ( extr9sical
 causes8 7c7 8,aga91 #8lib]ty'1 sai? he1
 #8is  an abs5ce ( extr9sical           
imp$im5ts'2 b delib]ation do? produce no
  new extr9sical imp$im5t2 !re=e let him
 *oose :i* "p he w1  ei!r he is free    
aft] delib]ation1 by 8 own doctr9e1 or  
he 0 n  free be=e4 ,our own delib]ation1
 & ! direction ( our own  und]/&+1 & !  

election ( our own w1 d produce an      
hypo!tical necessity1 t ! ev5t be su* z 
! und]/&+ ha?  direct$1 & ! w elect$4 ,b
 = z mu* z ! und]/&+  might h direct$   
o!rwise1 & ! w h elect$ o!rwise1 ?is  is
 f> f an absolute necessity4 ,nei!r do? 
lib]ty respect only  future acts1 b     
pres5t acts also4 ,o!rwise ,god did n   
freely create  ! _w4 ,9 ! same in/ant   
:]e9 ! w elects1 x is free1  accord+ to 
a priority ( nature1 ?\gh n ( "t1 to    
elect  o!rwise4 ,& s 9 a divid$ s5se1 ! 
w is free1 ev5 :il/ x  acts2 ?\gh 9 a   
comp\nd$ s5se x be n free4 ,c]ta9ly1    
delib]ation do? con/itute1 n de/roy     
lib]ty4                 ,,animadv]sions 
,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to ,,no4 ,,xxviii4   
7a7 8,?is %ort section might pass1 b =  
two ?+s2 "o is1 t  he conf\nds a        
volunt>y act ) a free act40 ,i d inde$  
take all  volunt>y acts to be free1 &   
all free acts to be volunt>y2 b )al  t  
all acts1 :e!r free or volunt>y1 if !y  
be acts1 7  necess>y be=e !y 7 acts4 ,b 
:]e is ! error8 #8,a free act'1  sai?   

he1 #8is only t :i* proce$s f ! free    
election ( !  rational w1 aft]          
delib]ation2 b e act t proce$s f !      
s5sitive appetite ( man or bea/1 )\t    
delib]ation or election1 is  truly      
volunt>y4' ,s t my error lies 9 ?is1 t  
,i di/+ui% n  betwe5 a rational w & a   
s5sitive appetite 9 ! same man4 ,z if  !
 appetite & w 9 man or bea/ 7 n ! same  
?+1 or t  s5sual m5 & bea/s did n       
delib]ate1 & *oose "o ?+ be=e  ano!r1 9 
! same mann] t wise m5 d4 ,nor c x be   
said (  wills1 t "o is rational1 ! o!r  
s5sitive2 b ( m54 ,& if x  be grant$ t  
delib]ation is always 7z x is n7        
rational1 !re  7 no cause to call m5    
rational m ?an bea/s4 ,= x is manife/   
by cont9ual exp]i5ce1 t bea/s d         
delib]ate4    7b7 8,! o!r ?+ obs]vable  
is 8 conclusion1 t #8x is all "o  to    
say1 a man is free1 & to say1 he ha? n  
made an end (  delib]at+'3 :i*          
confession ( 8 ov]turns 8 :ole /ructure 
(  absolute necessity40 ,:y s8          
#8,because'1 sai? he1 #8if e ag5t be    

necessitat$ to act :at he do? act by    
extr9sical causes1 !n he is  no m free  
be=e he delib]ates1 or :il/ he          
delib]ates1 ?an he is  aft]'4 ,b ?is is 
a false consequ5ce2 he %\ld h inf]r$    
?us3--8!n he is no less necessitat$ be=e
 he delib]ates ?an he is  aft]02 :i* is 
true1 & yet nev]!less he is m free4 ,b  
tak+  necessity to be inconsi/5t )      
lib]ty1 :i* is ! "q betwe5  u3 in/ead ( 
necessitat$ he puts 9 n free4 ,& !re=e  
to  say #8a man is free till he ha? made
 an end ( delib]at+'1 is no             
contradiction to absolute & antec$5t    
necessity4 ,& :]eas he adds  pres5tly   
aft]1 t ,i ascribe ! necessitation ( a  
man 9 free acts  to 8 own delib]ation1 &
 9 indelib]ate acts to 8 la/ ?\ghts3  he
 mi/akes ! matt]4 ,= ,i ascribe all     
necessity to ! univ]sal  s]ies or ord] (
 causes1 dep5d+ on ! fir/ cause et]nal3 
:i*  ! ,bi%op und]/&e?1 z if ,i _h said 
9 8 phrase1 to a special  influ5ce (    
extr9sical causes2 t is1 und]/&e? x n at
 all4    7c7 8,aga91 #8lib]ty1' sai? he1

 #8is an abs5ce ( extr9sical            
imp$im5ts'3 b delib]ation do? produce no
 new extr9sical  imp$im5t2 !re=e ei!r he
 is free aft] delib]ation1 or he 0  n   
free be=e40 ,i _c p]ceive 9 ^! words any
 m =ce (  inf]5ce1 ?an ( s _m o!r words 
:atsoev] put toge!r at  adv5ture4 ,b be 
8 mean+ :at he w1 ,i say n t delib]ation
  produce? any imp$im5ts3 = !re are no  
imp$im5ts b to !  action1 :il/ we are   
endeav\r+ to d x1 :i* is n till we h    
done delib]at+4 ,b dur+ ! delib]ation   
!re arise ?\ghts 9  him t delib]ate?1   
conc]n+ ! consequ5ce ( ! action :]e(  he
 delib]ate?1 :i* cause ! action foll[+2 
:i* are n  imp$im5ts to t action :i* 0 n
 done1 b ! causes ( t  :i* 0 done4 ,t   
:i* foll[e? 9 ?is ,numb] is n           
intelligible1  by reason ( !            
insignificance ( ^! words1 8und]/&+     
directe?2 w electe?2 hypo!tical         
necessity02 :i* are b j>gon1  & 8       
8divid$ s5se0 & 8comp\nd$ s5se01        
nons5se4 ,& ?is also1  8lib]ty respecte?
 n future acts only1 b pres5t acts      

also01 is  un9telligible4 ,= h[ c a man 
h lib]ty to d or n to d t  :i* is at !  
same in/ant already done4 ,= :]e he     
adde?1  8o!rwise ,god did n freely      
create ! _w01 x proves no?+2  because he
 _h ! lib]ty to create x1 be=e x 0      
creat$4 ,besides1  x is a pr(an+ ( ! "n 
( ,god1 to make in/ances ( 8            
incompreh5sible work+ 9 a "q z ?is is1  
m]ely natural4                          
,,no4 ,,xxix4    ,t4 ,h4 ,fif?ly1 ,i    
conceive lib]ty to be rightly def9$ 9   
?is  mann]3--,lib]ty is ! abs5ce ( all !
 imp$im5ts to action1 t  are n conta9$ 9
 ! nature1 & 9 ! intr9sical quality ( ! 
ag5t4 ,z = example1 ! wat] is said to   
desc5d freely1 or to h  lib]ty to desc5d
 by ! *annel ( ! riv]1 because !re is no
  imp$im5t t way2 b n across1 because ! 
banks are imp$im5ts4  ,& ?\gh wat] _c   
asc5d1 yet m5 nev] say x wants ! lib]ty 
to asc5d1 b ! faculty or p[]2 because ! 
imp$im5t is 9 !  nature ( ! wat] &      
intr9sical4 ,s also we say1 he t is ti$ 
wants ! lib]ty to g1 because ! imp$im5t 

is n 9 him1 b 9  8 bonds2 :]eas we say n
 s ( him t is sick or lame1 because  !  
imp$im5t is 9 himself4    ,sid5ote3 ,!  
,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 7a7 8,h[ t   
%\ld be a "r def9ition ( lib]ty1 :i*    
compreh5ds nei!r ! g5us nor ! diff]5ce1 
nei!r ! matt] nor  =m ( lib]ty1 :i* do? 
n s mu* z accid5tally describe lib]ty   
by its m>ks & tok5s2 h[ a real faculty  
or ! elective p[] %\ld  be def9$ by a   
negation1 or by an abs5ce1 is pa/ my    
und]/&+1  & contr>y to all ! rules ( "r 
reason :i* ,i h le>n$4  ,negatives _c   
explicate ! nature ( ?+s def9$4 ,by ?is 
def9ition1 a /one ha? lib]ty to asc5d   
into ! air1 because !re  is no outw>d   
imp$im5t to h9d] x2 & s a viol5t act may
 be a  free act4 ,j l 8 def9ition are 8 
in/ances ( ! lib]ty (  ! wat] to desc5d 
d[n ! *annel1 & a sick or lame man's    
lib]ty  to g4 ,! latt] is an impot5ce1 &
 n a p[] or a lib]ty4 ,!  =m] is s f> f 
be+ a free act1 t x is sc>ce a natural  
act4  ,c]ta9ly ! prop] natural motion ( 
wat]1 z ( all heavy bodies1 is  to      

desc5d directly d[nw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre2 z
 we see 9 ra91  :i* falls d[n           
p]p5dicul>ly4 ,?\gh ?is be f> f a free  
act1  :i* proce$s f a rational appetite2
 yet x is a natural act1 &  proce$s f a 
natural appetite1 & ha? its reason )9   
itself4 ,s  ha? n ! curr5t ( ! riv] 9   
its *annel1 :i* mu/ n be  ascrib$ to !  
prop] nature ( ! wat]1 b ei!r to ! g5]al
  ord] ( ! univ]se1 = ! bett] be+ &     
pres]vation ( !  creatures3 7o!rwise !  
wat]s %\ld n move 9 seas & riv]s z  !y  
d1 b cov] ! face ( ! e>?1 & possess _!  
prop] place  betwe5 ! air & ! e>?1      
accord+ to ! degree ( _!  gravity73 or  
to an extr9sical pr9ciple1 :il/ "o      
p>ticle ( wat]  ?ru/e? & =ce? =w>d      
ano!r1 & s comes a curr5t1 or at  lea/ s
 comes ! curr5t to be m impetu\s2 to :i*
 motion !  position ( ! e>? do?         
contribute mu*1 bo? by re/ra9+ t  fluid 
body ) its banks f disp]s+ itself1 &    
also by af=d+  way = a fair & easy      
desc5t by its proclivity4 ,he tells u   
sadly1  t 8! wat] wants lib]ty to g ov] 

! banks1 because !re is an  extr9sical  
imp$im5t2 b to asc5d up ! *annel1 x     
wants n  lib]ty1 b p[]04 ,:y8 ,lib]ty is
 a p[]2 if x want p[] to  asc5d1 x wants
 lib]ty to asc5d4 ,b he makes ! reason  
:y !  wat] asc5ds n up ! *annel1 to be  
intr9sical1 & ! reason :y  x asc5ds n   
ov] ! banks1 to be extr9sical2 z if !re 
7 n a  ris+ ( ! gr\nd up ! *annel1 z    
well z up ! banks1 ?\gh x  be n s       
disc]nible1 nor always s sudd54 ,!      
natural appetite ( !  wat] is z mu*     
aga9/ ! asc5d+ ov] ! banks1 z ! asc5d+  
up ! *annel4 ,& ! extr9sical imp$im5t is
 z great1 asc5d+ up  ! *annel1 z ov] !  
banks2 or r great]1 because !re x mu/   
move1 n only aga9/ ! ris+ soil1 b also  
aga9/ ! succe$+  wat]s1 :i* press =w>d !
 =m]4 ,ei!r ! riv] wants lib]ty  = bo?1 
or else x wants lib]ty = nei!r4    ,b to
 leave 8 metaphorical faculties1 & 8    
cata*re/ical lib]ty3  h[ f> is 8        
disc\rse wide f ! true moral lib]ty2 :i*
 is !  "q betwe5 u8 ,8 =m] description (
 a free ag5t1 t is1  #8he :o ha? n made 

an end ( delib]at+'1 ?\gh x 0 wide f  ! 
m>k1 yet x came mu* ne>] ! tru? ?an ?is 
def9ition (  lib]ty2 unless p]haps he   
?9k t ! wat] ha? done delib]at+  :e!r x 
w g ov] ! banks1 b ha? n done delib]at+ 
:e!r x w g up ! *annel04                
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxix4    7a7 8,h[ t %\ld be a "r
 def9ition ( lib]ty1 :i*  compreh5ds    
nei!r ! g5us nor ! diff]5ce1 nei!r !    
matt] nor  ! =m ( lib]ty1 c3 h[ a real  
faculty or ! elective p[]1  %\ld be     
def9$ by a negation or by an abs5ce3 is 
pa/ my  und]/&+1 & contr>y to all !     
rules ( "r reason :i* ,i  h le>n$40 ,a  
"r def9ition is t :i* det]m9e? !        
signification ( ! ^w def9$1 to ! end t 9
 ! disc\rse  :]e x is us$1 ! mean+ ( x  
may be con/ant & )\t  equivocation4 ,?is
 is ! measure ( a def9ition1 &          
intelligible to  an ,engli% read]4 ,b ! 
,bi%op1 t measures x by ! g5us & !      
diff]5ce1 ?9ks1 x seems1 ?\gh he write  
,engli%1 he writes n to  an ,engli%     
read] unless he also be a ,s*oolman4 ,i 

confess ! rule is  good1 t we ought to  
def9e1 :5 x c be done1 by us+ fir/ "s  m
 g5]al t]m1 & !n by re/ra9+ !           
signification ( t  g5]al t]m1 till x be 
! same ) t ( ! ^w def9$4 ,&  ?is g5]al  
t]m ! ,s*ool calls g5us1 & ! re/ra9t    
diff]5ce4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is a good rule  
:]e x c be done2 = "s  words are s      
g5]al1 t !y _c admit a m g5]al 9 _!     
def9ition4 ,b :y ?is ought to be a law (
 def9ition1 ,i d\bt x  w\ld tr\ble him  
to f9d ! reason2 & !re=e ,i ref] him 7he
  %all give me leave sometimes to cite1 
z well z he17 to ! f\rte5?  & fifte5?   
articles ( ! six? *apt] ( my book ,de   
,corpore4 ,b  x is to little purpose t  
he requires 9 a def9ition s exactly !   
g5us & ! diff]5ce1 see+ he does n "k !m 
:5 !y are  !re4 ,= 9 ?is my def9ition ( 
lib]ty1 ! g5us is abs5ce (  imp$im5ts to
 action2 & ! diff]5ce or re/riction is t
 !y be  n conta9$ 9 ! nature ( ! ag5t4  
,! ,bi%op !re=e1 ?\gh  he talk ( g5us & 
diff]5ce1 und]/&s n :at !y are1 b       
requires ! matt] & =m ( ! ?+ 9 !        

def9ition4 ,matt] is  body1 t is to say1
 corporeal sub/ance1 & subject to       
dim5sion1  su* z are ! elem5ts1 & ! ?+s 
comp\nd$ ( ! elem5ts4 ,b  x is          
impossible t matt] %\ld be "p ( a       
def9ition1 ^: p>ts  are only words2 or  
to put ! "n ( matt] into ! def9ition (  
lib]ty1 :i* is immat]ial4 8,h[ a real   
faculty c be def9$ by an  abs5ce1 is01  
sai? he1 8pa/ my und]/&+40 ,unless he   
mean by real  faculty a v faculty1 ,i "k
 n h[ a faculty is real4 ,if he mean  s1
 !n a v abs5ce is z real z a v faculty4 
,& if ! ^w  def9$ signify an abs5ce or  
negation1 ,i hope he w\ld n h me  def9e 
x by a pres5ce or affirmation4 ,su* a ^w
 is lib]ty2 = x  signifie? fre$om f     
imp$im5ts1 :i* is all "o ) ! abs5ce  (  
imp$im5ts1 z ,i h def9$ x4 ,& if ?is be 
contr>y to all !  rules ( "r reason1 t  
is to say1 ( logic1 t he ha? le>n$1 ,i  
%\ld advise him to read "s o!r logic ?an
 he ha? yet read1 or  consid] bett] ^?  
he did read :5 he 0 a "y man & c\ld less
  und]/& !m4 ,he adds1 t 8by ?is        

def9ition1 a /one ha? lib]ty  to asc5d  
into ! air1 because !re is no outw>d    
imp$im5t to h9d]  x04 ,h[ kn[s he :e!r  
!re be imp$im5ts to h9d] x or n8        
,c]ta9ly if a /one 7 ?r[n upw>ds1 x w\ld
 ei!r g upw>ds  et]nally1 or x mu/ be   
/opp$ by "s outw>d imp$im5t1 or x mu/   
/op itself4 ,he ha? confess$1 t no?+ c  
move itself2 ,i d\bt  n !re=e t he w    
confess also1 t x _c /op itself4 ,b     
/opp$ we see x is2 x is !re=e /opp$ by  
imp$im5ts ext]nal4  ,he ha? 9 ?is "p ( 8
 answ] v5tur$ a little too f> 9 speak+  
( def9ition1 & ( imp$im5ts1 & motion2 & 
bewray$ too mu* 8  ignorance 9 logic &  
philosophy2 & talk$ s absurdly ( !      
curr5t  ( riv]s1 & ( ! motion ( ! seas1 
& ( ! weight ( wat]1  t x _c be correct$
 o!rwise ?an by blott+ x all out4       
,,no4 ,,xxx4    ,t4 ,h4 ,six?ly1 ,i     
conceive no?+ take? beg9n+ f itself1 b  
f ! action ( "s o!r imm$iate ag5t )\t   
itself3 & t  !re=e :5 fir/ a man _h an  
appetite or w to some?+1 to  :i*        
imm$iately be=e he _h no appetite nor w1

 ! cause ( 8  w is n ! w itself1 b      
some?+ else n 9 8 own  dispos+4 ,s t1   
:]eas x is out ( controv]sy t ( volunt>y
  actions ! w is a necess>y cause2 & by 
?is :i* is said1 !  w is also caus$ by  
o!r ?+s :]e( x dispose? n2 x  foll[e? t 
volunt>y actions h all ( !m necess>y    
causes1 &  !re=e are necessitat$4       
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
8,?is six? po9t do? n consi/ 9 explicat+
 ( t]ms1 z  ! =m]2 b 9 two pro(s1 t     
volunt>y actions are necessitat$4  ,!   
=m] pro( /&s ?us3 #8,no?+ takes beg9n+ f
 itself1 b  f "s ag5t )\t itself1 :i* is
 n 9 its own dispos+  !re=e1 c'4 ,conc$o
 omnia2 7a7 ,i grant all he sai?4 ,! w  
do? n take beg9n+ f itself4 ,:e!r he    
und]/& by w !  faculty ( ! w1 :i* is a  
p[] ( ! reasonable s\l1 x takes  n      
beg9n+ f itself1 b f ,god1 :o creat$ &  
infus$ !  s\l into man1 & end[$ x ) ?is 
p[]3 or :e!r he und]/&  by w ! act (    
will+1 x takes n beg9n+ f itself1 b  f !
 faculty or f ! p[] ( will+1 :i* is 9 ! 
s\l4  ,?is is c]ta92 f9ite & p>ticipat$ 

?+s _c be f  !mselves1 nor be produc$ by
 !mselves4 ,:at w\ld he conclude f      
h5ce8 ,t !re=e ! act ( will+ takes n its
 beg9n+ f  ! faculty ( ! w8 ,or t !     
faculty is always det]m9$  antec$5tly1  
extr9sically1 to w t :i* x do? w8 ,he   
may z  soon draw wat] out ( a pumice1 z 
draw any su* conclusion out (  ^!       
premises4 ,secondly1 = 8 8tak+ a        
beg9n+01 ei!r he  und]/&s a beg9n+ (    
be+1 or a beg9n+ ( work+ &  act+4 ,if he
 und]/& a beg9n+ ( be+1 he sai? mo/     
truly1  t no?+ ha? a beg9n+ ( be+ 9 "t f
 itself4 ,b ?is is  no?+ to 8 purpose3 !
 "q is n betwe5 u1 :e!r ! s\l  ( man or 
! w ( man be et]nal4 ,b if he und]/& a  
beg9n+  ( work+ or mov+ actually1 x is a
 gross error4 ,all m5 "k t  :5 a /one   
desc5ds1 or fire asc5ds1 or :5 wat]1 t  
ha? be5  heat$1 returns to its =m]      
temp]2 ! beg9n+ or reason is            
intr9sical1 & "o & ! same ?+ do? move & 
is mov$ 9 a  div]se respect4 ,x moves 9 
respect ( ! =m1 & x is mov$ 9  respect (
 ! matt]4 ,mu* m man1 :o ha? a p]fect k 

&  pr5otion ( ! end1 is mo/ prop]ly said
 to move himself4 ,yet ,i d  n d5y b t  
!re are o!r beg9n+s ( human actions1 :i*
 d  concur ) ! w3 "s outw>d1 z ! fir/   
cause by g5]al  influ5ce1 :i* is ev]more
 requisite1 angels or m5 by p]suad+1    
evil spirits by tempt+1 ! object or end 
by its appetibility1 !  und]/&+ by      
direct+4 ,s passions & acquir$ habits4  
,b ,i d5y  t any ( ^! d necessitate or c
 necessitate ! w ( man by  det]m9+ x    
physically to "o1 except ,god alone1 :o 
do? x r>ely1  9 extraord9>y cases4 ,&   
:]e !re is no antec$5t det]m9ation  to  
"o1 !re is no absolute necessity1 b true
 lib]ty4    7b7 8,8 second argum5t is ex
 concessis3 #8,x is out (  controv]sy'1 
sai? he1 #8t ( volunt>y actions ! w is a
  necess>y cause'4 ,! argum5t may be ?us
 r$uc$3 necess>y causes  produce        
necess>y effects2 b ! w is a necess>y   
cause (  volunt>y actions4 ,i might d5y 
8 major4 ,necess>y causes d n  always   
produce necess>y effects1 except !y be  
also necess>ily  produc$2 z ,i h %ew$   

be=e 9 ! burn+ ( ,protagoras's book4  ,b
 ,i answ] cle>ly to ! m9or1 t ! w is n a
 necess>y  cause ( :at x wills 9        
p>ticul> actions4 ,x is )\t  controv]sy 
inde$1 = x is )\t all probability4 ,t x 
wills  :5 x wills1 is necess>y2 b t x   
wills ?is or t1 n[ or  !n1 is free4 ,m  
expressly1 ! act ( ! w may be consid]$  
?ree ways2 ei!r 9 respect ( its nature1 
or 9 respect ( its  ex]cise1 or 9       
respect ( its object4 ,fir/1 = ! nature 
( ! act3  t :i* ! w wills1 is necess>ily
 volunt>y1 because ! w  _c be compell$4 
,& 9 ?is s5se1 #8x is out ( controv]sy1 
t  ! w is a necess>y cause ( volunt>y   
actions'4 ,secondly1 = !  ex]cise ( its 
acts1 t is n necess>y3 ! w may ei!r w or
  susp5d its act4 ,?irdly1 = ! object1 t
 is n necess>y1 b  free3 ! w is n       
extr9sically det]m9$ to its objects4 ,z 
=  example3 ! c>d9als meet 9 ! conclave 
to *oose a ,pope2 :om !y  *oose1 he is  
necess>ily ,pope4 ,b x is n necess>y t  
!y %all  *oose ?is or t day4 ,be=e !y 7 
assembl$1 !y might def]  _! assembl+2 :5

 !y are assembl$1 !y may susp5d _!      
election = a day or a week4 ,la/ly1 = ! 
p]son :om !y w  *oose1 x is freely 9 _! 
own p[]2 o!rwise if ! election 7  n     
free1 x 7 void1 & no election at all4 ,s
 t :i* takes its  beg9n+ f ! w1 is      
necess>ily volunt>y2 b x is n  necess>y 
t ! w %all w ?is or t 9 p>ticul>1 z x 0 
necess>y t ! p]son freely elect$ %\ld be
 ,pope3 b x 0 n  necess>y ei!r t !      
election %\ld be at ?is "t1 or t ?is    
man %\ld be elect$4 ,& !re=e volunt>y   
acts 9 p>ticul> h  n necess>y causes1 t 
is1 !y are n necessitat$40              
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxx4    ,i _h said1 t no?+ take?
 beg9n+ f itself1 & t !  cause ( ! w is 
n ! w itself1 b some?+ else :i* x       
dispose? n (4 ,answ]+ to ?is1 he        
endeav\rs to %ew u ! cause  ( ! w4      
7a7 8,i grant01 sai? he1 8t ! w do? n   
take beg9n+ f  itself1 = t ! faculty ( !
 w takes beg9n+ f ,god1 :o  creat$ !    
s\l1 & p\r$ x into man1 & end[$ x ) ?is 
p[]2 & = t ! act ( will+ takes n beg9n+ 

f itself1  b f ! faculty or f ! p[] (   
will+1 :i* is 9 ! s\l4  ,?is is c]ta92  
f9ite & p>ticipat$ ?+s _c be f          
!mselves1 nor be produc$ by !mselves4   
,:at w\ld he conclude f  h5ce8 ,t !re=e 
! act ( will+ takes n its beg9n+ f  !   
faculty ( ! w80 ,x is well t he grants  
f9ite ?+s 7z  = 8 p>ticipat$1 x         
signifies no?+ "h7 _c be produc$ by     
!mselves4 ,= out ( ?is ,i c conclude t !
 act ( will+ is  n produc$ by ! faculty 
( will+4 ,he t ha? ! faculty (  will+1  
ha? ! faculty ( will+ some?+ 9 p>ticul>4
 ,& at !  same "t he ha? ! faculty (    
nill+ ! same4 ,if !re=e !  faculty (    
will+ be ! cause he wille? any?+        
:atsoev]1 = !  same reason ! faculty (  
nill+ w be ! cause at ! same "t (  nill+
 x3 & s he %all w & nill ! same ?+ at ! 
same  "t1 :i* is absurd4 ,x seems !     
,bi%op _h =got1 t matt] &  p[] are      
indiff]5t to contr>y =ms & contr>y acts4
 ,x is  some:at besides ! matt]1 t      
det]m9e? x to a c]ta9 =m2 &  some:at    
besides ! p[]1 t produce? a c]ta9 act3 &

 !nce x  is1 t is inf]r$ ?is t he       
grante?1 t no?+ c be produc$  by itself2
 :i* nev]!less he pres5tly contradicte?1
 9 say+1  t 8all m5 "k :5 a /one        
desc5ds1 ! beg9n+ is intr9sical01  & t  
8! /one moves 9 respect ( ! =m04 ,:i* is
 z mu* z  to say1 t ! =m move? ! matt]1 
or t ! /one move?  itself2 :i* be=e he  
d5i$4 ,:5 a /one asc5ds1 ! beg9n+ (  !  
/one's motion 0 9 itself1 t is to say1  
intr9sical1 because  x is n ! /one's    
motion1 till ! /one beg9s to be mov$2 b 
!  motion t caus$ x to beg9 to asc5d1 0 
a prec$5t &  extr9sical motion ( ! h& or
 o!r eng9e t ?rew x upw>d4 ,&  s :5 x   
desc5ds1 ! beg9n+ ( ! /one's motion is 9
 !  /one2 b nev]!less1 !re is a =m]     
motion 9 ! ambi5t body1  air or wat]1 t 
cause? x to desc5d4 ,b because no man c 
see x1  mo/ m5 ?9k !re is none2 ?\gh    
reason1 :]e) ! ,bi%op 7z  rely+ only ^u 
! au?ority ( books7 tr\ble? n himself1  
conv9ce t !re is4    7b7 8,8 second     
argum5t is1 ex concessis3 #8,x is out ( 
controv]sy1 t ( volunt>y actions ! w is 

a necess>y cause'4  ,! argum5t may be   
?us r$uc$3 necess>y causes produce      
necess>y  effects2 b ! w is a necess>y  
cause ( volunt>y actions4 ,i might  d5y 
8 major2 necess>y causes d n always     
produce necess>y  effects1 except !y be 
also necess>ily produc$40 ,he has r$uc$ 
!  argum5t to nons5se1 by say+ necess>y 
causes produce n necess>y  effects4 ,=  
necess>y effects1 unless he mean su*    
effects z %all  necess>ily be produc$1  
is insignificant4 ,let him consid] !re=e
  ) :at grace he c say1 necess>y causes 
d n always produce _!  effects1 except  
^? effects be also necess>ily produc$4  
,b 8  answ] is *iefly to ! m9or1 & d5ies
 t ! w is n a  necess>y cause ( :at x   
wills 9 p>ticul> actions4 ,t x wills  :5
 x wills1 sai? he1 is necess>y2 b t x   
wills ?is or t1  is free4 ,is x possible
 = any man to conceive1 t he t wille?1  
c w any?+ b ?is or t p>ticul> ?+8 ,x is 
!re=e  manife/1 t ei!r ! w is a necess>y
 cause ( ?is or t or  any o!r p>ticul>  
action1 or n ! necess>y cause ( any     

volunt>y  action at all4 ,= univ]sal    
actions !re be none4 ,9 t :i*  foll[e?1 
he und]take? to make 8 doctr9e m        
expressly und]/ood  by consid]+ ! act ( 
! w ?ree ways3 89 respect ( its  nature1
 9 respect ( its ex]cise1 & 9 respect ( 
its object04 ,=  ! nature ( ! act1 he   
sai?1 t 8t :i* ! w wills1 is  necess>ily
 volunt>y01 & t 9 ?is s5se he grants x  
is out (  controv]sy1 t ! w is a        
necess>y cause ( volunt>y actions4      
,in/ead ( 8t :i* ! w wills01 to make x  
s5se1 read t  :i* ! man wills2 & !n if !
 man's w be1 z he confesse?1 a  necess>y
 cause ( volunt>y actions1 x is no less 
a necess>y cause  t !y are actions1 ?an 
t !y are volunt>y4 ,= ! ex]cise (  !    
act1 he sai? t 8! w may ei!r w1 or      
susp5d its act04  ,?is is ! old cant+1  
:i* ha? already be5 suffici5tly detect$4
  ,b to make x some:at1 let u read x    
?us3 ! man t wille?1 may  ei!r w or     
susp5d 8 w3 & ?us x is intelligible1 b  
false2  = h[ c he t wille?1 at ! same "t
 susp5d 8 w8 ,& =  ! object he says1 t  

8x is n necess>y b free01 c4 ,8 reason  
is1 because1 he says1 x 0 n necess>y1 = 
example1 9 *oos+ a  ,pope1 to *oose him 
?is or t day1 or to *oose ?is or t man4 
,i  w\ld be glad to "k1 by :at argum5t  
he c prove ! election n to  h be5       
necessitat$3 = x is n en\gh = him to    
say1 ,i p]ceive  no necessity 9 x2 nor  
to say1 !y might h *os5 ano!r1 because  
he kn[s n :e!r !y might or n2 nor to say
 if he _h n be5  freely elect$1 !       
election _h be5 void or none4 ,= ?\gh t 
be  true1 x does n foll[ t ! election 0 
n necess>y2 = !re  is no repugnance to  
necessity1 ei!r 9 election or 9 fre$om4 
,&  :]eas he conclude?1 8!re=e volunt>y 
acts 9 p>ticul>1 are n  necessitat$02 ,i
 w\ld h be5 glad he _h set d[n :at      
volunt>y  acts !re are1 n p>ticul>1 :i* 
by 8 re/rict+ ( volunt>y  acts he grants
 to be necessitat$4                     
,,no4 ,,xxxi4    ,t4 ,h4 ,sev5?ly1 ,i   
hold t to be a suffici5t cause1 to :i*  
no?+ is want+ t is ne$ful to ! produc+ (
 ! effect4 ,!  same is also a necess>y  

cause3 = if x be possible t a suffici5t 
cause %all n br+ =? ! effect1 !n !re    
want$ some:at :i*  0 ne$ful to ! produc+
 ( x2 & s ! cause 0 n suffici5t4  ,b if 
x be impossible t a suffici5t cause %\ld
 n produce !  effect1 !n is a suffici5t 
cause a necess>y cause3 = t is said  to 
produce an effect necess>ily1 t _c b    
produce x4 ,h5ce x  is manife/1 t       
:atsoev] is produc$1 is produc$         
necess>ily3 =  :atsoev] is produc$1 ha? 
_h a suffici5t cause to produce x1 or   
else x _h n be54 ,& !re=e also volunt>y 
actions are  necessitat$4    ,sid5ote3  
,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?is     
section conta9s a ?ird argum5t to prove 
t all  effects are necess>y2 = cle>+    
:]e(1 x is ne$ful to consid]  h[ a cause
 may be said to be suffici5t or         
insuffici5t4    8,fir/1 sev]al causes   
s+ly consid]$ may be insuffici5t1 & !   
same tak5 conjo9tly be suffici5t to     
produce an effect4 ,z 7a7 two  horses   
jo9tly are suffici5t to draw a coa*1 :i*
 ei!r ( !m  s+ly is insuffici5t to d4   

,n[ to make ! effect1 t is1 !  draw+ ( !
 coa* necess>y1 x is n only requir$ t ! 
two  horses be suffici5t to draw x1 b   
also t _! conjunction be  necess>y1 & _!
 habitude su* z !y may draw x4 ,if !    
own] (  "o ( ^! horses w n suff] him to 
draw2 if ! smi? h %od  ! o!r 9 ! quick1 
& lam$ him2 if ! horse h ca/ a %oe1 or  
be a re/y jade1 & w n draw b :5 he li/2 
!n ! effect is  n necess>ily produc$1 b 
cont+5tly m or less1 z !  concurr5ce ( !
 causes is m or less cont+5t4    7b7    
8,secondly1 a cause may be said to be   
suffici5t1 ei!r because x  produce? t   
effect :i* is int5d$1 z 9 ! g5]ation ( a
 man2  or else1 because x is suffici5t  
to produce t :i* is produc$1 z  9 !     
g5]ation ( a mon/]4 ,! =m] is prop]ly   
call$ a  suffici5t cause1 ! latt] a weak
 & insuffici5t cause4 ,n[1 if !         
debility ( ! cause be n necess>y1 b     
cont+5t1 !n ! effect  is n necess>y1 b  
cont+5t4 ,x is a rule 9 logic1 t !      
conclusion always foll[s ! weak] "p4 ,if
 ! premises be b  probable1 ! conclusion

 _c be demon/rative4 ,x holds z well 9  
causes z 9 propositions4 ,no effect c   
exce$ ! virtue ( its cause4  ,if !      
ability or debility ( ! causes be       
cont+5t1 ! effect  _c be necess>y4      
8,?irdly1 t :i* conc]ns ?is "q ( lib]ty 
f necessity  mo/ ne>ly1 is t 7c7 a cause
 is said to be suffici5t 9 respect  ( ! 
ability ( x to act1 n 9 respect ( its w 
to act4 ,!  concurr5ce ( ! w is ne$ful  
to ! production ( a free effect4  ,b !  
cause may be suffici5t1 ?\gh ! w d n    
concur4 ,z ,god  is suffici5t to produce
 a ?\s& worlds2 b x do? n foll[ f  !nce1
 ei!r t he ha? produc$ !m1 or t he w    
produce !m4  ,! blood ( ,*ri/ is a      
suffici5t ransom = all mank9d2 b x do?  
n foll[ !re=e1 t all mank9d %all be     
actually sav$ by virtue  ( 8 blood4 ,a  
man may be a suffici5t tutor1 ?\gh he w 
n tea*  e s*ol>1 & a suffici5t          
physician1 ?\gh he w n adm9i/]  to e    
pati5t4 ,= z mu* !re=e z ! concurr5ce ( 
! w  is ne$ful to ! production ( e free 
effect1 & yet ! cause may  be suffici5t 

9 s5su diviso1 al?\gh ! w d n concur2 x 
foll[s evid5tly1 t ! cause may be       
suffici5t1 & yet some?+  :i* is ne$ful  
to ! production ( ! effect1 may be      
want+2 &  t e suffici5t cause is n a    
necess>y cause4    8,la/ly1 if any man  
be dispos$ to wrangle aga9/ s cle>      
light1 &  say1 t ?\gh ! free ag5t be    
suffici5t 9 s5su diviso1 yet he  is n   
suffici5t 9 s5su composito1 to produce  
effect )\t !  concurr5ce ( ! w1 he sai? 
true3 b fir/1 he bewrays !  weakness & !
 fallacy ( ! =m] argum5t1 :i* is a m]e  
trifl+ betwe5 suffici5cy 9 a divid$     
s5se1 & suffici5cy 9 a  comp\nd$ s5se4  
,& see+ ! concurr5ce ( ! w is n         
pr$et]m9$1 !re is no antec$5t necessity 
be=e x d concur2 &  :5 x ha? concurr$1 !
 necessity is b hypo!tical1 :i* may     
consi/ ) lib]ty40                       
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxxi4    ,9 ?is place he        
dispute? aga9/ my def9ition ( a         
suffici5t  cause1 namely1 t cause to :i*
 no?+ is want+ ne$ful to !  produc+ ( ! 

effect4 ,i ?\ght ?is def9ition c\ld h   
be5  mislik$ by no man t _h ,engli%     
en\gh to "k t a suffici5t  cause1 &     
cause en\gh1 signifie? ! same ?+4 ,& no 
man w  say t t is cause en\gh to produce
 an effect1 to :i* any ?+  is want+     
ne$ful to ! produc+ ( x4 ,b ! ,bi%op    
?9ks1 if he  set d[n :at he und]/&s by  
suffici5t1 x w\ld s]ve to confute  my   
def9ition3 & !re=e says3 7a7 8,two      
horses jo9tly are  suffici5t to draw a  
coa*1 :i* ei!r ( !m s+ly is insuffici5t 
to d4 ,n[ to make ! effect1 t is1 !     
draw+ ( ! coa*  necess>y1 x is n only   
requir$ t ! two horses be suffici5t to  
draw x1 b also t x be necess>y !y %all  
be jo9$1 & t  ! own] ( ! horses w let !m
 draw1 & t ! smi? ha? n  lam$ !m1 & !y  
be n re/y1 & li/ n to draw b :5 !y  li/3
 o!rwise ! effect is cont+5t04 ,x seems 
! ,bi%op ?9ks  two horses may be        
suffici5t to draw a coa*1 ?\gh !y w n   
draw1  or ?\gh !y be lame1 or ?\gh !y be
 nev] put to draw2 & ,i ?9k  !y c nev]  
produce ! effect ( draw+1 )\t ^? ne$ful 

circum/ances ( be+ /rong1 ob$i5t1 & hav+
 ! coa* "s way  or o!r fa/5$ to !m4 ,he 
calls x a suffici5t cause ( draw+1  t !y
 be coa* horses1 ?\gh !y be lame or w n 
draw4 ,b ,i  say !y are n suffici5t     
absolutely1 b conditionally1 if !y be  n
 lame nor re/y4 ,let ! read] judge1 :e!r
 my suffici5t cause or  81 may prop]ly  
be call$ cause en\gh4    7b7 8,secondly1
 a cause may be said to be suffici5t1   
ei!r because x  produce? t effect :i* is
 int5d$1 z 9 ! g5]ation ( a man2  or    
else1 because x is suffici5t to produce 
t :i* is produc$1 z  9 ! g5]ation ( a   
mon/]3 ! =m] is prop]ly call$ a         
suffici5t cause1 ! latt] a weak &       
insuffici5t cause40 ,9 ^!  few l9es he  
ha? said ! cause ( ! g5]ation ( a mon/] 
is  suffici5t to produce a mon/]1 & t x 
is insuffici5t to produce  a mon/]4 ,h[ 
soon may a man =get 8 words1 t do? n    
und]/&  !m4 ,?is t]m ( insuffici5t      
cause1 :i* also ! ,s*ool calls          
defici5t1 t !y may rhyme to effici5t1 is
 n intelligible1  b a ^w devis$ l hocus 

pocus1 to juggle a difficulty out (     
sight4 ,t :i* is suffici5t to produce a 
mon/]1 is n !re=e  to be call$ an       
insuffici5t cause to produce a man2 no m
 ?an t  :i* is suffici5t to produce a   
man1 is to be call$ an insuffici5t      
cause to produce a mon/]4    7c7        
8,?irdly1 a cause is said to be         
suffici5t 9 respect to !  ability ( x to
 act1 n 9 respect ( its w to act1 c4 ,z 
,god is  suffici5t to produce a ?\s&    
worlds40 ,he und]/&s little1 :5  m5 say1
 ,god is suffici5t to produce _m worlds1
 if he und]/& n  ! mean+ to be1 t he is 
suffici5t to produce !m if he w4  ,)\t  
?is supposition1 if he w1 a man is n    
suffici5t to  produce any volunt>y      
action1 n s mu* z to walk1 ?\gh he be 9 
heal? & at lib]ty4 ,! w is z mu* a      
suffici5t cause )\t  ! /r5g? to d1 z !  
/r5g? )\t ! w4 ,to t :i* he  adds1 t my 
def9ition is 8a m]e trifl+ betwe5 a     
suffici5cy 9 a  divid$ s5se1 & a        
suffici5cy 9 a comp\nd$ s5se01 ,i c make
 no  answ]2 because ,i und]/& no m :at  

he means by suffici5cy 9 a  divid$ s5se1
 & suffici5cy 9 a comp\nd$ s5se1 ?an if 
he _h  said suffici5cy 9 a divid$       
nons5se1 & suffici5cy 9 a comp\nd$      
nons5se4                                
,,no4 ,,xxxii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,la/ly1 ,i    
hold t ! ord9>y def9ition ( a free ag5t1
  namely1 t a free ag5t is t1 :i* :5 all
 ?+s are pres5t  :i* are ne$ful to      
produce ! effect1 c nev]!less n produce 
x1 implies a contradiction1 & is        
nons5se2 be+ z mu* z to say1  ! cause   
may be suffici5t1 t is1 necess>y1 & yet 
! effect n  foll[4    ,sid5ote3 ,!      
,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 8,?is la/    
po9t is b a coroll>y1 or an inf]5ce f ! 
=m] doctr9e1 t #8e suffici5t cause      
produce? its effect  necess>ily'2 :i*   
pill> be+ tak5 away ! sup]/ructure mu/  
ne$s fall to ! gr\nd1 hav+ no?+ left to 
support x4 #8,la/ly1 ,i  hold'1 sai? he4
 ,:at he is able to prove1 is some?+3 s 
mu* reason1  s mu* tru/4 ,b :at he      
holds1 conc]ns himself1 n o!rs4 ,b :at  
holds he8 #8,i hold'1 sai? he1 #8t !    

ord9>y def9ition ( a free  ag5t implies 
a contradiction1 & is nons5se4' ,t :i*  
he calls !  #8ord9>y def9ition' (       
lib]ty1 is ! v def9ition :i* is giv5  by
 ! mu* great] "p ( ,philosoph]s &       
,s*oolm54 ,& do? he  ?9k t all ^! spake 
nons5se3 or _h no m judgm5t ?an to      
contradict !mselves 9 a def9ition8 ,he  
might mu* bett] suspect  himself1 ?an   
c5sure s _m4 ,let u see ! def9ition     
itself3 #8,a free  ag5t is t1 :i* :5 all
 ?+s are pres5t t are ne$ful to  produce
 ! effect1 c nev]!less n produce x4' ,i 
ackn[l$ge !  old def9ition ( lib]ty1 )  
little v>iation4 ,b ,i _c see ?is       
nons5se1 nor discov] ?is contradiction4 
,= 7a7 9 ^! words1  #8all ?+s ne$ful'1  
or #8all ?+s requisite'1 ! actual       
det]m9ation ( ! w is n includ$4 ,b by   
all ?+s ne$ful or  requisite1 all       
necess>y p[] ei!r op]ative or elective1 
all  necess>y in/rum5ts & adjum5ts      
extr9sical & intr9sical1 & all          
conditions are int5d$4 ,z he t ha? p51 &
 ink1 & pap]1 a  table1 a desk1 &       

leisure1 ! art ( writ+1 & ! free use ( 8
  h&1 ha? all ?+s requisite to write if 
he w2 & yet he may  =be> if he w4 ,or z 
he t ha? m51 & money1 & arms1 &         
munition1 & %ips1 & a j cause1 ha? all  
?+s requisite =  w>2 yet he may make    
peace if he w4 ,or z ! k+ proclaim$ 9 ! 
gospel 7,mat?4 xxii4 #d73 ,i h prep>$ my
 d9n]1 my ox5 & my  fatl+s are kill$1   
all ?+s are ready2 come unto ! m>riage4 
,accord+ to ,t4 ,h4's doctr9e1 ! gue/s  
might h told him t he  said n truly1 =  
_! own wills 7 n ready4 7b7 ,& inde$ if 
! w 7 7z he conceives x is7 necessitat$ 
extr9sically to  e act ( will+1 if x _h 
no p[] to =be> will+ :at x do?  w1 nor  
to w :at x do? n w2 !n if ! w 7 want+1  
some?+ requisite to ! produc+ ( ! effect
 0 want+4 ,b n[  :5 sci5ce & consci5ce1 
reason & religion1 our own & o!r  m5's  
exp]i5ce do? tea* u1 t ! w ha? a dom9ion
 ov] its  own acts to w or nill )\t     
extr9sical necessitation1 if ! p[]  to w
 be pres5t 9 actu primo1 det]m9able by  
ourselves1 !n  !re is no necess>y p[]   

want+ 9 ?is respect to ! produc+ (  !   
effect4    8,secondly1 ^! words1 #8to   
act or n to act1 to "w or n to "w1  to  
produce or n to produce'1 h ref]5ce to !
 effect1 n z a  ?+ :i* is already done  
or do+1 b z a ?+ to be done4 ,!y  imply 
n ! actual production1 b ! producibility
 ( ! effect4  ,b :5 once ! w ha?        
actually concurr$ ) all o!r causes &    
conditions & circum/ances1 !n ! effect  
is no m possible nor  producible1 b x is
 9 be+1 & actually produc$4 ,?us he     
takes  away ! subject ( ! "q4 ,! "q is1 
:e!r effects  producible be free f      
necessity4 ,he %uffles out #8effects    
producible'1  & ?ru/s 9 _! places       
#8effects produc$'1 or :i* are 9 ! act  
( production4 ,:]e=e ,i conclude1 t x is
 nei!r nons5se nor  contradiction to say
 t a free ag5t1 :5 all ?+s requisite to 
produce ! effect are pres5t1 may        
nev]!less n produce x4                  
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxxii4    ,! "q is "h :e!r ^!   
words #8a free ag5t is t1 :i*  :5 all   

?+s ne$ful to ! production ( ! effect   
are pres5t1 c  nev]!less n produce x'1  
imply a contradiction2 z ,i say x does4 
,to make x appe> no contradiction1 he   
sai?3 7a7 8,9 ^! words1  #8all ?+s      
ne$ful'1 or #8all ?+s requisite'1 !     
actual  det]m9ation ( ! w is n includ$03
 z if ! w 7 n  ne$ful nor requisite to !
 produc+ ( a volunt>y action4 ,= to !   
production ( any act :atsoev]1 !re is   
ne$ful1 n only ^?  ?+s :i* proce$ f !   
ag5t1 b also ^? t consi/ 9 !            
disposition ( ! pati5t4 ,& to use 8 own 
in/ance1 x is necess>y  to writ+1 n only
 t !re be p51 ink1 pap]1 c42 b also a w 
to write4 ,he t ha? ! =m]1 ha? all ?+s  
requisite to write if  he w1 b n all ?+s
 necess>y to writ+4 ,& s 9 8 o!r        
in/ances1 he t ha? m5 & money1 c4 7)\t t
 :i* he  putte? 9 = a requisite71 ha?   
all ?+s requisite to make w> if he  w1 b
 n simply to make w>4 ,& he 9 ! ,gospel 
t _h prep>$  8 d9n]1 _h all ?+s         
requisite = 8 gue/s if !y came1 b  n all
 ?+s requisite to make !m come4 ,& !re=e

 8all ?+s  requisite01 is a t]m ill     
def9$ by him4    7b7 8,& inde$ if ! w 7 
7z he conceives x is7 necessitat$       
extr9sically to e act ( will+2 if x _h  
no p[] to =be>  will+ :at x do? w1 nor  
to w :at x does n w2 !n if  ! w 7 want+1
 some?+ requisite to ! produc+ ( !      
effect 7 want+4 ,b n[ :5 sci5ce &       
consci5ce1 reason &  religion1 our own &
 o!r m5's exp]i5ce do? tea* u1 t !  w   
ha? a dom9ion ov] its own acts to w or  
nill )\t  extr9sical necessitation1 if !
 p[] to w be pres5t 9 actu  primo1      
det]m9able by ourselves1 !n !re is no   
necess>y p[]  want+ 9 ?is respect to !  
produc+ ( ! effect40 ,^! words1  8! w   
ha? p[] to =be> will+ :at x do? w02 &   
^!1  8! w ha? a dom9ion ov] its own     
acts02 & ^!1 8! p[] to  w is pres5t 9   
actu primo1 det]m9able by ourselves02   
are z wild  z ev] 7 any spok5 )9 ! walls
 ( ,b$lam3 & if sci5ce1  consci5ce1     
reason1 & religion tea* u to speak ?us1 
!y make u  mad4 ,& t :i* foll[e? is     
false3 8to act or n to act1 to "w  or n 

to "w1 to produce or n to produce1 h    
ref]5ce to !  effect1 n z a ?+ :i* is   
already done or do+1 b z a ?+ to  be    
done04 ,= to act1 to "w1 to produce1 are
 ! same ?+ ) to be  do+4 ,x is n ! act1 
b ! p[] t ha? ref]5ce to !  future3 =   
act & p[] diff] 9 no?+ b 9 ?is1 t ! =m] 
signifie? ! "t pres5t1 ! latt] ! "t to  
come4 ,& :]eas he  adds1 t ,i %uffle out
 effects producible1 & ?ru/ into _!     
places effects produc$2 ,i mu/ take x = 
an untru?1 till he cite !  place :]e9 ,i
 h done s4                              
,,no4 ,,xxxiii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,= my fir/   
five po9ts2 :]e x is explicat$1 fir/1   
:at  spontaneity is2 secondly1 :at      
delib]ation is2 ?irdly1 :at w1          
prop5sion1 & appetite is2 f\r?ly1 :at a 
free ag5t is2 fif?ly1  :at lib]ty is3   
!re c be no o!r pro( (f]$ b e man's own 
exp]i5ce1 by reflect+ on himself1 &     
rememb]+ :at he use? to  h 9 8 m9d1 t   
is1 :at he himself meane?1 :5 he sai?1  
an  action is spontane\s1 a man         
delib]ates1 su* is 8 w1 t ag5t  or t    

action is free4 ,n[1 he t s reflecte? on
 himself1 _c  b be satisfi$1 t          
delib]ation is ! consid]+ ( ! good &    
evil sequels ( ! action to come2 t by   
spontaneity is meant  inconsid]ate      
proce$+2 = else no?+ is meant by x2 t w 
is ! la/ act ( our delib]ation2 t a free
 ag5t1 is he t c  d if he w & =be> if he
 w2 & t lib]ty is ! abs5ce  ( ext]nal   
imp$im5ts4 ,b to ^? t out ( cu/om speak 
n :at  !y conceive1 b :at !y he>1 & are 
n able or w n take !  pa9s to consid]   
:at !y ?9k1 :5 !y he> su* words1 no     
argum5t c be suffici5t2 because exp]i5ce
 & matt] ( fact is n  v]ifi$ by o!r m5's
 argum5ts1 b by e man's own s5se &      
memory4 ,= example1 h[ c x be prov$1 t  
to love a ?+ & to  ?9k x good are all   
"o1 to a man t does n m>k 8 own mean+   
by ^? words8 ,or h[ c x be prov$ t      
et]nity is n nunc  /ans1 to a man t says
 ^! words by cu/om1 & nev] consid]s  h[ 
he c conceive ! ?+ itself 9 8 m9d8 ,also
 ! six? po9t1  t a man _c imag9e any ?+ 
to beg9 )\t a cause1 c no  o!r way be   

made kn[n b by try+ h[ he c imag9e x4 ,b
 if he  try1 he %all f9d z mu* reason1  
if !re be no cause ( ! ?+1 to  conceive 
x %\ld beg9 at "o "t z ano!r1 t is1 he  
ha? equal  reason to ?9k x %\ld beg9 at 
all times1 :i* is impossible4 ,&  !re=e 
he mu/ ?9k !re 0 "s special cause1 :y x 
began !n  r ?an soon] or lat]2 or else1 
t x began nev]1 b 0  et]nal4            
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
8,n[ at l5g? he comes to 8 ma9 pro(s2 he
 t ha? s  confid5tly c5sur$ ! :ole      
curr5t ( ,s*oolm5 & ,philosoph]s (      
nons5se1 _h ne$ to produce /rong evid5ce
 = himself4 ,s he calls  8 reasons1 ,no4
 ,,xxxvi41 demon/rative pro(s4 ,all     
demon/rations are  ei!r f ! cause or !  
effect1 n f private notions &           
conceptions :i* we h 9 our m9ds4 ,t :i* 
he calls a  demon/ration1 des]ves n ! "n
 ( an intimation4 ,he argues ?us3  #8t  
:i* a man conceives 9 8 m9d by ^! words1
 spontaneity1  delib]ation1 c42 t !y    
are'4 ,?is is 8 proposition1 :i* ,i     
d5y4 7a7 ,! true natures ( ?+s are n to 

be judg$ by !  private ideas1 or        
conceptions ( m51 b by _! causes & =mal 
reasons4 ,ask an ord9>y p]son :at upw>ds
 signifies1 & :e!r  our antipodes h _!  
heads upw>ds or d[nw>ds2 & he w n  /ick 
to tell y1 t if 8 head be upw>ds1 !irs  
mu/ ne$s be  d[nw>ds4 ,& ?is is because 
he kn[s n ! =mal reason !re(2  t !      
heav5s encircle ! e>?1 & :at is t[>ds   
heav5 is  upw>ds4 ,?is same errone\s    
notion ( upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 be=e  ! true 
reason 0 fully discov]$1 abus$ m ?an    
ord9>y  capacities2 z appe>s by _!      
argum5ts ( p5duli hom9es1 &  p5dul      
arbores4 ,aga91 :at d m5 conceive       
ord9>ily by ?is ^w  empty1 z :5 !y say  
an empty vessel1 or by ?is ^w body1 z   
:5 !y say1 !re is no body 9 t room8 ,!y 
int5d n to exclude  ! air1 ei!r out ( ! 
vessel or out ( ! room3 yet reason tells
  u1 t ! vessel is n truly empty1 & t ! 
air is a true body4  ,i might give a    
hundr$ su* l in/ances4 ,he :o leaves !  
conduct (  8 und]/&+ to foll[ vulg>     
notions1 %all plunge himself into a     

?\s& errors2 l him :o leaves a c]ta9    
guide to foll[ an ignus  fatuus1 or a   
w-)-!-wisp4 ,s 8 proposition is false4  
7b7 ,8  reason1 #8t matt] ( fact is n   
v]ifi$ by o!r m5's argum5ts1  b by e    
man's own s5se & memory'1 is likewise   
maim$ on bo?  sides4 ,:e!r we he> su*   
words or n1 is matt] ( fact2 & s5se  is 
! prop] judge ( x3 b :at ^! words d1 or 
ought truly to  signify1 is n to be     
judg$ by s5se b by reason4 ,secondly1   
reason  may1 & do? (t5times correct     
s5se1 ev5 ab\t its prop] object4  ,s5se 
tells u t ! sun is no bigg] ?an a good  
ball2 b reason  demon/rates1 t x is _m  
times great] ?an ! :ole globe ( !  e>?4 
,z to 8 in/ance3 #8h[ c x be prov$1 t to
 love a ?+  & to ?9k x good is all "o1  
to a man t do? n m>k 8 own  mean+ by ^! 
words'1 ,i confess x _c be prov$2 = x is
 n  true4 ,beauty1 & lik5ess1 & love1 d 
conciliate love z mu* z  goodness1 cos  
amoris amor4 ,love is a passion ( ! w2 b
 to judge  ( goodness is an act ( !     
und]/&+4 ,a fa!r may love an  ungraci\s 

*ild1 & yet n e/eem him good4 ,a man    
loves 8 own h\se  bett] ?an ano!r man's2
 yet he _c b e/eem _m o!rs bett]  ?an 8 
own4 ,8 o!r in/ance1 #8h[ c x be prov$ t
 et]nity is  n nunc /ans1 to a man t    
says ^! words by cu/om1 & nev]  consid]s
 h[ he c conceive ! ?+ itself 9 8 m9d'1 
is j  l ! =m]1 n to be prov$ by reason1 
b by fancy1 :i* is !  way he takes4 ,& x
 is n unlike ! c\nsel :i* "o gave to a  
novice ab\t ! *oice ( 8 wife1 to advise 
) ! bells3 z he  fanci$ s !y s\nd$1 ei!r
 take h] or leave h]4    7c7 8,!n = 8   
assumption1 x is z defective z 8        
proposition1  t by ^? words spontaneity1
 c1 m5 d und]/& z he conceives4  ,no    
rational man do? conceive a spontane\s  
action & an  indelib]ate action to be   
all "o4 ,e indelib]ate action is n      
spontane\s2 ! fire consid]s n :e!r x    
%\ld burn1 yet !  burn+ ( x is n        
spontane\s4 ,nei!r is e spontane\s      
action indelib]ate2 a man may delib]ate 
:at he w eat1 & yet  eat x spontane\sly4
 7d7 ,nei!r do? delib]ation prop]ly     

signify1 ! consid]+ ( ! good & evil     
sequels ( an action to  come1 b !       
consid]+ :e!r ?is be a good & fit means1
 or !  be/ & fitte/ means = obta9+ su*  
an end4 ,! physician do? n  delib]ate   
:e!r he %\ld cure 8 pati5t1 b by :at    
means he  %\ld cure him4 ,delib]ation is
 ( ! means1 n ( ! end4 7e7  ,mu* less   
do? any man conceive ) ,t4 ,h4 t        
delib]ation is an  imag9ation1 or an act
 ( fancy n ( reason1 common to m5 (     
discretion ) madm51 & natural fools1 &  
*ildr51 & brute  bea/s4 7f7 ,?irdly1    
nei!r do? any und]/&+ man conceive1 or  
c conceive1 t #8! w is an act ( our     
delib]ation'2 7!  und]/&+ & ! w are two 
di/9ct faculties72 or t #8only  ! la/   
appetite is to be call$ our w'4 ,s no   
man %\ld be able to  say1 ?is is my w1  
because he kn[s n :e!r he %all p]sev]e 9
  x or n4 7g7 ,conc]n+ ! f\r? po9t we   
agree1 t #8he is a  free ag5t t c d if  
he w1 & =be> if he w'4 ,b ,i wond]  h[  
?is dropp$ f 8 p54 ,:at is n[ become ( 8
 absolute  necessity ( all ?+s1 if a man

 be free to d & to =be> any?+8  ,w he   
make himself guilty ( ! nons5se ( !     
,s*oolm51 & run  ) !m into              
contradictions = company8 ,x may be he w
 say1 he c  d if he w1 & =be> if he w1 b
 he _c w if he w4  ,?is w n s]ve 8 turn2
 = if ! cause ( a free action1 t  is1 ! 
w to d x be det]m9$1 !n ! effect1 or !  
action  itself is likewise det]m9$2 a   
det]m9$ cause _c produce an  undet]m9$  
effect2 ei!r ! ag5t c w & =be> to w1 or 
else he _c d & =be> to d4 7h7 ,b we     
diff] :olly ab\t  ! fif? po9t4 ,he :o   
conceives lib]ty aright1 conceives bo? a
  lib]ty 9 ! subject to w or n to w1 & a
 lib]ty to !  object to w ?is or t1 & a 
lib]ty f imp$im5ts4 ,t4 ,h4 by  a new   
way ( 8 own cuts (f ! lib]ty ( !        
subject2 z if a  /one 0 free to asc5d or
 desc5d1 because x ha? no outw>d        
imp$im5t3 & ! lib]ty t[>ds ! object2 z  
if ! ne$le  t\*$ ) ! load/one 7 free to 
po9t ei!r t[>ds ! nor?  or t[>ds ! s\?1 
because !re is n a b>ricado 9 its way to
  h9d] x4 ,yea1 he cuts (f ! lib]ty f   

inw>d imp$im5ts also2  z if a hawk 7 at 
lib]ty to fly :5 h] w+s are pluck$1 b n 
:5 !y are ti$4 ,& s he makes lib]ty f   
extr9sical  imp$im5ts to be complete    
lib]ty2 s he ascribes lib]ty to brute   
bea/s1 & lib]ty to riv]s1 & by          
consequ5ce makes bea/s &  riv]s to be   
capable ( s9 & puni%m5t4 ,assur$ly      
,x]xes1 :o caus$  ! ,hellespont to be   
beat5 ) s _m /ripes1 0 ( ?is op9ion4    
,la/ly1 ,t4 ,h4's reason1 t #8x is      
cu/om1 or want ( ability1 or  neglig5ce1
 :i* makes a man conceive o!rwise'1 is b
 a begg+ (  t :i* he %\ld prove4 ,o!r m5
 consid] z s]i\sly z himself1  ) z mu*  
judgm5t z himself1 ) less prejudice ?an 
himself1 &  yet !y c appreh5d no su*    
s5se ( ^! words4 ,w\ld he h o!r  m5     
feign !y see fi]y dragons 9 ! air1      
because he affirms  confid5tly t he sees
 !m1 & wond]s :y o!rs are s bl9d z  n to
 see !m8    7i7 8,! reason = ! six? po9t
 is l ! =m]1 a fanta/ical  or imag9ative
 reason4 #8,h[ c a man imag9e any?+ to  
beg9 )\t  a cause1 or if x %\ld beg9 )\t

 a cause1 :y x %\ld beg9 at  ?is "t r   
?an at t "t8' ,he sai? truly1 no?+ c    
beg9  )\t a cause1 t is1 to be2 b x may 
beg9 to act ( itself  )\t any o!r cause4
 ,no?+ c beg9 )\t a cause2 b _m  ?+s may
 beg91 & d beg9 )\t necess>y causes4 ,a 
free cause  may z well *oose 8 "t :5 he 
w beg91 z a necess>y cause be  det]m9$  
extr9sically :5 x mu/ beg94 ,& al?\gh   
free effects  _c be =etold1 because !y  
are n c]ta9ly pr$et]m9$ 9  _! causes2   
yet :5 ! free causes d det]m9e !mselves1
 !y are  ( z great c]ta9ty z ! o!r4 ,z  
:5 ,i see a bell r++1 ,i c  conceive !  
cause ( x z well :y x r+s n[1 z ,i "k ! 
int]position ( ! e>? to be ! cause ( !  
eclipse ( ! moon1  or ! mo/ c]ta9       
occurr5t 9 ! nature ( ?+s4    7k7 8,& n[
 t ,i h answ]$ ,t4 ,h4's argum5ts drawn 
f !  private conceptions ( m5 conc]n+ ! 
s5se ( words1 ,i desire him  s]i\sly )\t
 prejudice to exam9e himself1 & ^?      
natural  notions :i* he f9ds 9 himself1 
7n ( words1 b ( ?+s2 ^!  are f nature1  
^? are by imposition71 :e!r he do? n f9d

 by  exp]i5ce1 t he do? _m ?+s :i* he   
might h left undone if  he w\ld1 & omits
 _m ?+s :i* he might h done if he w\ld2 
:e!r he do? n "s ?+s out ( m]e animosity
 & w1 )\t  ei!r reg>d to ! direction (  
"r reason or s]i\s respect (  :at is    
hone/ or pr(itable1 only to %[ t he w h 
a dom9ion  ov] 8 own actions2 z we see  
ord9>ily 9 *ildr51 & wise m5  f9d at "s 
times 9 !mselves by exp]i5ce2 7& ,i     
appreh5d ?is  v def5ce ( necessity aga9/
 lib]ty to be p>tly ( t k9d72  :e!r he  
is n angry ) ^? :o draw him f 8 /udy1 or
 cross  him 9 8 desires2 7if !y be      
necessitat$ to d x1 :y %\ld he be  angry
 ) !m1 any m ?an he is angry ) a %>p    
w9t]1 or a  ra9y day t keeps him at home
 aga9/ 8 antec$5t w872 :e!r  he do? n   
sometimes blame himself1 & say1 #8,o :at
 a fool 0 ,i to d  ?us & ?us'1 or wi% to
 himself1 #8,o t ,i _h be5 wise'1 or1   
#8,o  t ,i _h n done su* an act'4 ,if he
 h no dom9ion ov] 8  actions1 if he be  
irresi/ibly necessitat$ to all ?+s t he 
do?1  he might z well wi%1 #8,o t ,i _h 

n brea!d1' or blame himself =  gr[+ old1
 #8,o :at a fool 0 ,i to gr[ old'40     
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxxiii4    ,i h said 9 ! beg9n+ 
( ?is numb]1 t to def9e :at  spontaneity
 is1 :at delib]ation is1 :at w1         
prop5sion1 appetite1 a  free ag5t1 &    
lib]ty is1 & to prove !y are well def9$1
 !re  c be no o!r pro( (f]$1 b e man's  
own exp]i5ce & memory  ( :at he meane?  
by su* words4 ,= def9itions be+ ! beg9n+
 (  all demon/ration1 _c !mselves be    
demon/rat$1 t is1 prov$ to  ano!r man2  
all t c be done1 is ei!r to put him 9   
m9d :at  ^? words signify commonly 9 !  
matt] :]e( !y treat1 or if !  words be  
unusual1 to make ! def9itions ( !m true 
by mutual cons5t  9 _! signification4 ,&
 ?\gh ?is be manife/ly true1 yet !re is 
no?+ ( x among/ ! ,s*oolm51 :o use to   
argue n by rule1 b  z f5c]s tea* to h&le
 weapons1 by quickness only ( ! h& &    
eye4 ,! ,bi%op !re=e boggles at ?is k9d 
( pro(2 & says1 7a7  8! true natures (  
?+s are n to be judg$ by ! private ideas

 or  conceptions ( m51 b by _! causes & 
=mal reasons4 ,ask an  ord9>y p]son :at 
upw>ds signifies10 c4 ,b :at w he answ]1
 if  ,i %\ld ask him1 h[ he w judge ( ! 
causes ( ?+s1 :]e( he  ha? no idea or   
conception 9 8 own m9d8 ,x is !re=e     
impossible  to give a true def9ition (  
any ^w )\t ! idea ( ! ?+  :i* t ^w      
signifie?1 or n accord+ to t idea or    
conception4  ,"h aga9 he discov]e? !    
true cause :y he & o!r ,s*oolm5 s  (t5  
speak absurdly4 ,= !y speak )\t         
conception ( ! ?+s1  & by rote1 "o      
receiv+ :at he sai? f ano!r by          
tradition1 f  "s puzzl$ div9e or        
philosoph]1 t to decl9e a difficulty    
speaks  9 su* mann] z n to be und]/ood4 
,& :]e he bids u ask an  ord9>y p]son   
:at upw>ds signifie?1 ,i d>e answ] = t  
ord9>y  p]son he w tell u z             
significantly z any s*ol>1 & say x is   
t[>ds heav52 & z soon z he kn[s ! e>? is
 r\nd1 makes no  scruple to believe !re 
are antipodes1 be+ wis] 9 t po9t ?an  7 
^? :i* he sai? to h be5 ( m ?an ord9>y  

capacities4  ,aga91 ord9>y m5 und]/& n1 
he sai?1 ! words empty &  body2 yes1 b  
!y d1 j z well z le>n$ m54 ,:5 !y he>   
nam$ an empty vessel1 ! le>n$ z well z !
 unle>n$ mean &  und]/& ! same ?+1      
namely1 t !re is no?+ 9 x t c  be se52 &
 :e!r x be truly empty1 ! pl\ghman & !  
,s*oolman  "k alike4 8,i might give01 he
 says1 8a hundr$ su* l in/ances40  ,t is
 true2 a man may give a ?\s& fooli% &   
imp]t95t  in/ances ( m5 ignorant 9 su*  
que/ions ( philosophy conc]n+  empt9ess1
 body1 upw>ds1 & d[nw>ds1 & ! l4 ,b ! "q
  is n :e!r su* & su* t5ets be true1 b  
:e!r su* & su*  words c be well def9$   
)\t ?9k+ ^u ! ?+s !y  signifi$2 z !     
,bi%op ?9ks !y may1 :5 he conclude? ) ^!
  words1 8s 8 proposition is false04    
7b7 8,8 reason1 #8t matt] ( fact is n   
v]ifi$ by o!r m5's  argum5ts1 b by e    
man's own s5se & memory'1 is likewise   
maim$  on bo? sides4 ,:e!r we he> su*   
words or n1 is matt] ( fact1 &  s5se is 
! prop] judge ( x2 b :at ^! words d1 or 
ought truly  to signify1 is n to be     

judg$ by s5se1 b by reason40 ,a man is  
born  ) a capacity aft] due "t &        
exp]i5ce to reason truly2 to :i*        
capacity ( nature1 if !re be add$ no    
discipl9e at all1 yet z f>  z he        
reasone? he w reason truly2 ?\gh by a "r
 discipl9e he  may reason truly 9 m     
num]\s & v>i\s matt]s4 ,b he t ha?      
light$ on deceiv+ or deceiv$ ma/]s1 t   
tea* = tru? all t  ha? be5 dictat$ to !m
 by _! own int]e/1 or ha? be5 cri$ up   
by o!r su* tea*]s be=e !m1 h = ! mo/ "p 
_! natural  reason1 z f> z conc]ne? !   
tru? ( doctr9e1 q defac$ or  v mu*      
weak5$1 becom+ *angel+s ?r\gh !         
en*antm5ts (  words n und]/ood4 ,?is    
come? into my m9d f ?is say+ ( !        
,bi%op1 t matt] ( fact is n v]ifi$ by   
s5se & memory1 b by  argum5ts4 ,h[ is x 
possible t1 )\t discipl9e1 a man %\ld   
come to ?9k t ! te/imony ( a witness1   
:i* is ! only  v]ifi] ( matt] ( fact1   
%\ld consi/ n 9 s5se & memory1 s  z he  
may say he saw & rememb]s ! ?+ done1 b 9
 argum5ts or  syllogisms8 ,or h[ c an   

unle>n$ man be br\ght to ?9k ! words he 
speaks1 ought to signify1 :5 he speaks  
s9c]ely1 any?+ else b  t :i* himself    
meant by !m8 ,or h[ c any man )\t le>n+ 
take ! "q1 8:e!r ! sun be no bigg] ?an a
 ball1 or bigg]  ?an ! e>?01 to be a "q 
( fact8 ,nor d ,i ?9k t any man  is s   
simple1 z n to f9d t to be good :i* he  
love?2 good1 ,i  say1 s f> =?1 z x make?
 him to love x4 ,or is !re any  unle>n$ 
man s /upid1 z to ?9k et]nity is ?is    
pres5t in/ant (  "t /&+ /ill1 & ! same  
et]nity to be ! v next in/ant  aft]2 &  
consequ5tly t !re be s _m et]nities z   
!re c be  in/ants ( "t suppos$8 ,no1 !re
 is s*ola/ic le>n+ requir$ 9  "s measure
 to make "o mad4    7c7 8,!n = 8        
assumption1 x is z defective z 8        
proposition1  t by ^! words1            
spontaneity1 c4 m5 d und]/& z he        
conceives1  c4 ,no rational man do?     
conceive a spontane\s action & an       
indelib]ate action to be all "o2 e      
indelib]ate action is n  spontane\s1 c40
 ,n e spontane\s action indelib]ate8    

,?is ,i  get by /riv+ to make s5se ( t  
:i* he /rives to make nons5se4  ,i nev] 
?\ght ! ^w spontaneity ,engli%4 ,yet    
because he us$ x1  ,i make su* mean+ ( x
 z x w\ld be>1 & said x 8meant          
inconsid]ate proce$+1 or no?+04 ,& = ?is
 my too mu*  (fici\sness1 ,i receive !  
rew>d ( be+ ?\ght by him n to be a      
rational man4 ,i "k t 9 ! ,lat9 ( all   
au?ors b ,s*oolm51  actio spontanea     
signifies t action1 :]e( !re is no      
app>5t  cause d]iv$ fur!r ?an f ! ag5t  
itself2 & is 9 all ?+s  t h s5se ! same 
) volunt>y1 :e!r delib]at$ or n         
delib]at$4 ,& !re=e :]e he di/+ui%$ x f 
volunt>y1 ,i  ?\ght he might mean       
indelib]ate4 ,b let x signify :at x w1  
provid$ x be intelligible1 x w\ld make  
aga9/ him4    7d7 8,nei!r do?           
delib]ation prop]ly signify #8! consid]+
 (  ! good & evil sequels ( an action to
 come'2 b ! consid]+  :e!r ?is be a good
 & fit means1 or ! be/ & fitte/ means1 =
  obta9+ su* an end40 ,if ! ,bi%op's    
words proce$$ n f he>+  & read+ ( o!rs1 

b f 8 own ?\ghts1 he c\ld nev] h        
repreh5d$ ?is def9ition ( delib]ation1  
especially 9 ! mann] he  do? x2 = he    
says1 x is ! consid]+ :e!r ?is or t be a
  good & fit means = obta9+ su* an end2 
z if consid]+ :e!r  a means be good or  
n1 7 n all "o ) consid]+ :e!r !  sequel 
( us+ ^? means be good or evil4    7e7  
8,mu* less do? any man conceive ) ,t4   
,h4 t #8delib]ation is  an act ( fancy'1
 n ( reason1 common to m5 ( discretion )
  madm51 natural fools1 *ildr51 & brute 
bea/s04 ,i d inde$ conceive  t          
delib]ation is an act ( imag9ation or   
fancy2 nay m1 t  reason & und]/&+ also  
are acts ( ! imag9ation1 t is to  say1  
!y are imag9ations4 ,i f9d x s by       
consid]+ my own  ratioc9ation2 & he     
might f9d x s 9 81 if he did consid] 8  
own ?\ghts1 & n speak z he does by rote2
 by rote ,i say1 :5 he  disputes2 n by  
rote1 :5 he is ab\t ^? trifles he calle?
  bus9ess2 !n :5 he speaks1 he ?9ks (1 t
 is to say1 he  imag9es1 8 bus9ess2 b "h
 he ?9ks only ^u ! words ( o!r  m5 t h  

gone be=e him 9 ?is "q1 transcrib+ _!   
conclusions & argum5ts1 n 8 own ?\ghts4 
7f7 8,?irdly1 nei!r do? any und]/&+ man 
conceive1 or c  conceive1 ei!r #8t ! w  
is an act ( our delib]ation' 7!  und]/&+
 & ! w are two di/9ct faculties72 or #8t
 only  ! la/ appetite is to be call$ our
 w'40 ,?\gh ! und]/&+  & ! w 7 two      
di/9ct faculties1 yet foll[e? x n t !  w
 & ! delib]ation are two di/9ct         
faculties4 ,= ! :ole  delib]ation is    
no?+ else b s _m wills alt]natively     
*ang$1  accord+ z a man und]/&e? or     
fancie? ! good & evil sequels  ( ! ?+   
conc]n+ :i* he delib]ate? :e!r he %all  
pursue  x1 or ( ! means :e!r !y conduce 
or n to t end1 :atsoev]  x be1 he seeke?
 to obta94 ,s t 9 delib]ation !re be _m 
wills1 :]e( n any is ! cause ( a        
volunt>y action b ! la/2  z ,i h said   
be=e1 answ]+ ?is objection 9 ano!r      
place4    7g7 8,conc]n+ ! f\r? po9t we  
agree1 t #8he is a free ag5t1  t c d if 
he w & =be> if he w'4 ,b ,i wond] h[ ?is
  dropp$ f 8 p58 c4 ,x may be he w say  

he c d if he w &  =be> if he w1 b he _c 
w if he w40 ,he has no reason to  wond] 
h[ ?is dropp$ f my p54 ,he f\nd x 9 my  
answ] ,no4 ,,iii1  & has be5 all ?is    
:ile ab\t to confute x1 s long inde$ t  
he  _h =got ,i said x2 & n[ aga9 br+s   
ano!r argum5t to prove a  man is free to
 w1 :i* is ?is3 8,ei!r ! ag5t c w &     
=be> to w1 or else he _c d & =be> to d04
 ,!re is no  d\bt a man c w "o ?+ or    
o!r1 & =be> to w x4 ,=  m51 if !y be    
awake1 are always will+ "o ?+ or o!r4 ,b
 put  ! case1 a man has a w to-day to d 
a c]ta9 action to-morr[2 is  he sure to 
h ! same w to-morr[1 :5 he is to d x8   
,is he free  to-day1 to *oose to-morr['s
 w8 ,?is is x t is n[ 9 "q1  & ?is      
argum5t make? no?+ = ! affirmative or   
negative4    7h7 8,b we diff] :olly ab\t
 ! fif? po9t4 ,he :o conceives  lib]ty  
aright1 conceives bo? a #8lib]ty 9 !    
subject'1 to w or  n to w1 & a #8lib]ty 
to ! object' to w ?is or t1 & a         
#8lib]ty f imp$im5ts'4 ,t4 ,h41 by a new
 way ( 8 own1 cuts (f !  #8lib]ty ( !   

subject'1 z if a /one 7 free to asc5d or
 desc5d  because x ha? no outw>d        
imp$im5t2 & ! #8lib]ty t[>ds !  object'1
 z if ! ne$le t\*$ ) ! load/one 7 free  
to po9t  ei!r t[>ds ! nor? or t[>ds !   
s\?1 because !re is n a  b>ricado 9 its 
way40 ,h[ does x appe>1 t he :o         
conceives lib]ty  aright1 conceives a   
lib]ty 9 ! subject to w or n to w2      
unless he mean lib]ty to d if he w1 or n
 to d if he w n1  :i* 0 nev] d5i$8 ,or  
h[ does x foll[1 t a /one is z free  to 
asc5d z desc5d1 unless he prove !re is  
no outw>d imp$im5t to  its asc5t2 :i* _c
 be prov$1 = ! contr>y is true8 ,or h[  
prove? he1 t !re is no outw>d imp$im5t  
to keep t po9t (  ! load/one1 :i* place?
 itself t[>ds ! nor?1 f turn+ to  ! s\?8
 ,8 ignorance ( ! causes ext]nal is n a 
suffici5t  argum5t t !re are none4 ,&   
:]eas he sai?1 t accord+ to my          
def9ition ( lib]ty1 8a hawk 7 at lib]ty 
to fly :5 h] w+s are  pluck$1 b n :5 !y 
are ti$02 ,i answ] t %e is n at  lib]ty 
to fly :5 h] w+s are ti$2 b to say1 :5  

h] w+s are  pluck$ t %e want$ ! lib]ty  
to fly1 7 to speak improp]ly &          
absurdly2 = 9 t case1 m5 t speak ,engli%
 use to say %e _c  fly4 ,& = 8          
repreh5sion ( my attribut+ lib]ty to    
brute bea/s  & riv]s2 ,i w\ld be glad to
 "k :e!r x be improp] language1 to  say 
a bird or bea/ may be set at lib]ty f ! 
cage :]e9 !y  7 imprison$ or to say t a 
riv]1 :i* 0 /opp$1 ha?  recov]$ its free
 c\rse2 & h[ x foll[s1 t a bea/ or riv] 
recov]+ ?is fre$om mu/ ne$s !re=e 8be   
capable ( s9 &  puni%m5t08    7i7 8,!   
reason = ! six? po9t is l ! =m]1 a      
phanta/ical  or imag9ative reason3 #8,h[
 c a man imag9e any?+ to beg9 )\t  a    
cause2 or if x %\ld beg9 )\t a cause1 :y
 x %\ld beg9 at  ?is "t1 r ?an at t "t8'
 ,he sai? truly1 no?+ c  beg9 )\t a     
cause1 t is to be2 b x may beg9 to act (
  itself )\t any o!r cause4 ,no?+ c beg9
 )\t a cause2 b  _m ?+s may beg9 )\t a  
necess>y cause40 ,he grante? no?+  c    
beg9 )\t a cause2 & he ha? grant$ =m]ly 
t no?+  c cause itself4 ,& n[ he sai?1 x

 may beg9 to act ( itself4 ,!  action   
!re=e beg9s to be )\t any cause1 :i* he 
said no?+  c\ld d1 contradict+ :at he _h
 said b 9 ! l9e be=e4 ,& =  t t he sai?1
 t 8_m ?+s may beg9 n )\t a cause1 b    
)\t a necess>y cause02 x ha? be5 argu$  
be=e2 & all causes  h be5 prov$1 if     
entire & suffici5t causes1 to be        
necess>y4 ,&  t :i* he repeate? "h1     
namely1 t 8a free cause may *oose 8  "t 
:5 he w beg9 to "w02 & t 8al?\gh free   
effects _c  be =etold1 because !y are n 
c]ta9ly pr$et]m9$ 9 _!  causes1 yet :5 !
 free causes d det]m9e !mselves1 !y are 
( z  great c]ta9ty z ! o!r02 x has be5  
made appe> suffici5tly  be=e t x is b   
j>gon1 ! words free cause & det]m9+     
!mselves be+ insignificant1 & hav+ no?+ 
9 ! m9d ( man  answ]able to !m4    7k7  
8,& n[ t ,i h answ]$ ,t4 ,h4's argum5ts1
 drawn f !  private conceptions ( m5    
conc]n+ ! s5se ( words1 ,i desire him   
s]i\sly to exam9e himself1 c40 ,"o ( 8  
int]rogatories is ?is1  8:e!r ,i f9d n  
by exp]i5ce1 t ,i d _m ?+s :i* ,i might 

h left undone if ,i w\ld04 ,?is "q 0    
ne$less1 because all  ! way ,i h grant$ 
him t m5 h lib]ty to d _m ?+s if  !y w1 
:i* !y left undone because !y _h n ! w  
to d  !m4 ,ano!r int]rogatory is ?is1   
8:e!r ,i d n "s ?+s  )\t reg>d to !     
direction ( "r reason1 or s]i\s respect 
(  :at is hone/ or pr(itable04 ,?is "q 0
 9 va91 unless he  ?9k himself my       
confessor4 ,ano!r is1 8:e!r ,i writ n   
?is def5ce  aga9/ lib]ty1 only to %[ ,i 
w h a dom9ion ov] my own  actions04 ,to 
?is ,i answ]1 no3 b to %[ ,i h no       
dom9ion ov] my  w1 & ?is also at 8      
reque/4 ,b all ^! que/ions s]ve 9  ?is  
place = no?+ else1 b to deliv] him ( a  
je/ he 0 9  lab\r )al3 & !re=e 8 la/ "q 
is1 8:e!r ,i d n  sometimes say1 #8,oh1 
:at a fool 0 ,i to d ?us & ?us6' or1    
#8,oh1  t ,i _h be5 wise6' or1 #8,oh1   
:at a fool 0 ,i to gr[ old6'0 ,subtle   
que/ions1 & full ( episcopal gravity6 ,i
 w\ld he _h left out  *>g+ me )         
blasphem\s1 desp]ate1 de/ructive1 &     
a!i/ical  op9ions4 ,i %\ld !n h p>don$  

him 8 call+ me fool2 bo?  because ,i d  
_m ?+s fooli%ly1 & because1 9 ?is "q    
disput$ betwe5 u1 ,i ?9k he w appe> a   
great] fool ?an ,i4                     
,,no4 ,,xxxiv4    ,t4 ,h4 ,= ! sev5?    
po9t1 t all ev5ts h necess>y causes1 x  
is !re prov$ 9 t !y h suffici5t causes4 
,fur!r1 let u 9  ?is place also suppose 
any ev5t nev] s casual1 z = example1 !  
?r[+ ambs-ace ^u a pair ( dice2 & see if
 x mu/ n h be5  necess>y be=e x 0 ?r[n4 
,=1 see+ x 0 ?r[n1 x _h a  beg9n+1 &    
consequ5tly a suffici5t cause to produce
 x2 consi/+  p>tly 9 ! dice1 p>tly 9 !  
outw>d ?+s1 z ! po/ure ( !  p>ty's h&1 !
 measure ( =ce appli$ by ! ca/]1 !      
po/ure (  ! p>ts ( ! table1 & ! l4 ,9   
sum1 !re 0 no?+ want+  t 0 necess>ily   
requisite to ! produc+ ( t p>ticul> ca/2
  & consequ5tly1 t ca/ 0 necess>ily     
?r[n4 ,= if x _h n  be5 ?r[n1 !re _h    
want$ some:at requisite to ! ?r[+ ( x2  
& s ! cause _h n be5 suffici5t4 ,9 ! l  
mann] x may be  prov$ t e o!r accid5t1  
h[ cont+5t soev] x seem1 or h[  volunt>y

 soev] x be1 is produc$ necess>ily2 :i* 
is t ,j4 ,d4  disputes aga9/4 ,! same   
also may be prov$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,let !   
case be put = example1 ( ! wea!r4 ,x is 
necess>y1 t  to-morr[ x %all ra9 or n   
ra94 ,if !re=e x be n necess>y  x %all  
ra91 x is necess>y x %all n ra94        
,o!rwise x is n  necess>y t !           
proposition1 x %all ra9 or x %all n ra91
  %\ld be true4 ,i "k !re are "s t say1 
x may necess>ily be  true1 t "o ( ! two 
%all come to pass1 b n s+ly1 t x  %all  
ra9 or x %all n ra94 ,:i* is z mu* z to 
say1 "o ( !m  is necess>y1 yet nei!r (  
!m is necess>y4 ,& !re=e1 to seem  to   
avoid t absurdity1 !y make a di/9ction1 
t nei!r ( !m  is true det]m9ate1 b      
indet]m9ate4 ,:i* di/9ction ei!r        
signifies no m ?an ?is3 "o ( !m is true1
 b we "k n :i*1  & s ! necessity rema9s1
 ?\gh we "k x n3 or if ! mean+  ( !     
di/9ction be n t1 x has no mean+4 ,& !y 
might z  well h said1 "o ( !m is true   
tytyrice1 b nei!r ( !m  tupatulice4     
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 

7a7 8,8 =m] pro(1 t all suffici5t causes
 are  necess>y causes1 is answ]$ be=e   
7,no4 ,,xxxi74 7b7 ,& 8 two  in/ances ( 
ca/+ ambs-ace1 & ra9+ to-morr[1 are     
altoge!r  imp]t95t to ! "q n[ agitat$   
betwe5 u1 = two reasons4  ,fir/1 our    
pres5t controv]sy is conc]n+ free       
actions1 :i* proce$  f ! lib]ty ( man's 
w3 bo? 8 in/ances are ( cont+5t         
actions1 :i* proce$ f ! indet]m9ation or
 cont+5t  concurr5ce ( natural causes4  
,fir/1 t !re are free actions :i*       
proce$ m]ely f election1 )\t any outw>d 
necessitation1 is a  tru? s evid5t z t  
!re is a sun 9 ! heav5s2 & he t  d\bte? 
( x1 may z well d\bt :e!r !re be a %ell 
)\t !  nut1 or a /one )9 ! olive4 ,a man
 proportions 8 "t ea* day1  & allots s  
mu* to 8 devotions1 s mu* to 8 /udy1 s  
mu* to  8 diet1 s mu* to 8 recreations1 
s mu* to necess>y or civil  visits1 s   
mu* to 8 re/2 he :o w seek = ,i "k n :at
 causes  ( all ?is )\t himself1 except t
 good ,god :o ha? giv5 him a  reasonable
 s\l1 may z well seek = a cause ( !     

,egyptian pyramids  among ! crocodiles (
 ,nilus4 7c7 ,secondly1 = mix$ actions  
:i*  proce$ f ! concurr5ce ( free &     
natural ag5ts1 ?\gh !y be  n free1 yet  
!y are n necess>y4 ,z1 to keep my =m]   
in/ance1 a  man walk+ ?r\gh a /reet ( a 
city to d 8 occasions1 a tile falls  f a
 h\se & breaks 8 head4 ,! break+ ( 8    
head 0 n  necess>y1 = he did freely     
*oose to g t way )\t any  necessitation2
 nei!r 0 x free1 = he did n delib]ate ( 
t  accid5t2 !re=e x 0 cont+5t1 & by     
und\bt$ consequ5ce1  !re are cont+5t    
actions 9 ! _w :i* are n free4 ,mo/     
c]ta9ly by ! concurr5ce ( free causes1 z
 ,god1 ! good & bad  angels1 & m51 )    
natural ag5ts1 sometimes on purpose &   
sometimes  by accid5t1 _m ev5ts happ51  
:i* o!rwise _h nev] happ5$2  _m effects 
are produc$1 :i* o!rwise _h nev] be5    
produc$4 ,&  admitt+ su* ?+s to be      
cont+5t1 n necess>y1 all _!  consequ5t  
effects1 n only imm$iate1 b m$iate1 mu/ 
likewise be  cont+5t1 t is to say1 su* z
 d n proce$ f a cont9u$  connexion &    

succession ( necess>y causes2 :i* is    
directly contr>y  to ,t4 ,h4's op9ion4  
7d7 8,?irdly1 = ! actions ( brute bea/s1
 ?\gh !y be n  free1 ?\gh !y h n ! use (
 reason to re/ra9 _! appetites  f t :i* 
is s5sitively good by ! consid]ation (  
:at is  rationally good1 or :at is      
hone/1 & ?\gh _! fancies be  det]m9$ by 
nature to "s k9ds ( "w2 yet to ?9k t e  
individual action ( !irs1 & ea* animal  
motion ( !irs1 ev5 to  ! lea/ murmur or 
ge/ure1 is b\nd by ! *a9 ( unalt]able   
necessity to ! extr9sical causes or     
objects1 ,i see no gr\nd = x4  ,*ri/    
sai?1 "o ( ^! sp>r[s do? n fall to !    
gr\nd )\t  y\r heav5ly ,fa!r1 t is1 )\t 
an influ5ce ( p[] f him1  or exempt$ f 8
 disposition2 he do? n say1 :i* y\r     
heav5ly  ,fa!r ca/e? n d[n4 ,la/ly1 = ! 
natural actions ( inanimate  creatures1 
:]e9 !re is n ! lea/ concurr5ce ( any   
free or  volunt>y ag5ts1 ! "q is yet m  
d\btful4 ,= _m ?+s are  call$ cont+5t 9 
respect ( u1 because we "k n ! cause (  
!m1 :i* really & 9 !mselves are n       

cont+5t1 b necess>y4  ,also _m ?+s are  
cont+5t 9 respect ( "o s+le cause1 ei!r 
actually h9d]$1 or 9 possibility to be  
h9d]$1 :i* are necess>y  9 respect ( !  
jo9t concurr5ce ( all collat]al causes4 
7e7 ,b  :e!r !re be a necess>y connexion
 ( all natural causes f !  beg9n+1 s z  
!y mu/ all h concurr$ z !y h done1 & 9  
! same degree ( p[]1 & h be5 defici5t z 
!y h be5 9  all ev5ts :atsoev]1 w\ld    
require a fur!r exam9ation1 if x 7      
p]t95t to ?is "q ( lib]ty2 b x is n4 ,x 
is suffici5t  to my purpose1 to h %[$ t 
all elective actions are free f         
absolute necessity3 & moreov]1 t !      
concurr5ce ( volunt>y &  free ag5ts )   
natural causes1 bo? ^u purpose &        
accid5tally1  ha? help$ !m to produce _m
 effects1 :i* o!rwise !y _h n  produc$1 
& h9d]$ !m f produc+ _m effects1 :i*    
o!rwise  !y _h produc$3 & t if ?is      
int]v5tion ( volunt>y & free  ag5ts _h  
be5 m frequ5t ?an x ha? be51 z )\t d\bt 
x  might h be51 _m natural ev5ts _h be5 
o!rwise ?an !y are4  ,& !re=e he might h

 sp>$ 8 in/ance ( ca/+ ambs-ace &  ra9+ 
to-morr[4 ,& fir/1 = 8 ca/+ ambs-ace3 if
 x be ?r[n  by a fair game/] ) indiff]5t
 dice1 x is a mix$ action2 !  ca/+ ( !  
dice is free1 b ! ca/+ ( ambs-ace is    
cont+5t4  ,a man may delib]ate :e!r he w
 ca/ ! dice or n2 b x 7  folly to       
delib]ate :e!r he w ca/ ambs-ace or n1  
because x is  n 9 8 p[]1 unless he be a 
*eat] t c cog ! dice1 or !  dice be     
false dice2 & !n ! cont+5cy1 or degree (
 cont+5cy1  cease? accord+ly z ! ca/]   
ha? m or less cunn+1 or z !  figure or  
mak+ ( ! dice do? incl9e !m to ambs-ace 
m ?an to  ano!r ca/1 or necessitate !m  
to ?is ca/ & no o!r4 ,h[soev]1  s f> z !
 ca/ is free or cont+5t1 s f> x is n    
necess>y3  & :]e necessity beg9s1 !re   
lib]ty & cont+5cy d cease to  be4       
,likewise 8 o!r in/ance ( ra9+ or n ra9+
 to-morr[1 is  n ( a free elective act1 
nor always ( a cont+5t act4 ,9 "s       
c\ntries1 z !y h _! /ati v5ti1 _! c]ta9 
w9ds at set  seasons2 s !y h _! c]ta9 & 
set ra9s4 ,! ,e?iopian ra9s  are suppos$

 to be ! cause ( ! c]ta9 inundation (   
,nilus4 ,9 "s  ea/]n c\ntries !y h ra9  
only twice a ye>1 & ^? con/ant2  :i* !  
,scriptures call ! =m] & ! lat] ra94 ,9 
su*  places n only ! causes d act       
det]m9ately & necess>ily1 b  also !     
det]m9ation or necessity ( ! ev5t is    
=ekn[n to !  inhabitants4 ,9 our        
climate1 ! natural causes cele/ial &    
sublun>y  d n produce ra9 s necess>ily  
at set times2 nei!r c we say s  c]ta9ly 
& infallibly1 x w ra9 to-morr[1 or x w n
 ra9  to-morr[4 ,nev]!less1 x may s     
happ5 t ! causes are s  dispos$ &       
det]m9$1 ev5 9 our climate1 t ?is       
proposition1 x  w ra9 to-morr[ or x w n 
ra9 to-morr[1 may be necess>y 9  itself2
 & ! progno/ics1 or tok5s1 may be su* 9 
! sky1 9 our  own bodies1 9 ! creatures1
 animate & inanimate1 z wea!r glasses1  
c41 t x may become probably true to u t 
x w ra9 to-morr[1  or x w n ra9         
to-morr[4 ,b ord9>ily1 x is a cont+5t   
proposition to u2 :e!r x be cont+5t also
 9 itself1 t is1  :e!r ! concurr5ce ( ! 

causes 7 absolutely necess>y1 :e!r  !   
vap\rs or matt] ( ! ra9 may n yet be    
disp]s$1 or o!rwise  consum$1 or driv5  
beyond our coa/1 is a speculation :i* no
 way  conc]ns ?is "q4 ,s we see "o      
reason :y 8 two in/ances are  altoge!r  
imp]t95t2 because !y are ( actions :i*  
are n free1  nor elective1 nor su* z    
proce$ f ! lib]ty ( man's w4            
8,secondly1 our dispute is ab\t absolute
 necessity2 8 pro(s ext5d  only to      
hypo!tical necessity4 ,our "q is1 :e!r !
 concurr5ce  & det]m9ation ( ! causes 7 
necess>y be=e !y did concur1  or 7      
det]m9$4 ,he proves t ! effect is       
necess>y aft] !  causes h concurr$1 &   
are det]m9$4 ,! free/ actions ( ,god or 
man are necess>y1 by su* a necessity (  
supposition1 & ! mo/  cont+5t ev5ts t   
are1 z ,i h %[$ pla9ly1 ,no4 ,,iii1 :]e 
8  in/ance ( ambs-ace is m fully answ]$4
 ,s 8 pro( looks ano!r  way f 8         
proposition4 ,8 proposition is1 #8t !   
ca/+ (  ambs-ace 0 necess>y be=e x 0    
?r[n'4 ,8 pro( is1 t x 0  necess>y :5 x 

0 ?r[n4 ,exam9e all 8 causes ov] & ov]1 
&  !y w n af=d him "o gra9 ( antec$5t   
necessity4 ,! fir/  cause is 9 ! dice3  
true1 if !y be false dice !re may be    
some?+  9 x2 b !n 8 cont+5cy is de/roy$3
 if !y be squ>e dice1  !y h no m        
incl9ation to ambs-ace1 ?an to c9que &  
quatre1 or  any o!r ca/4 ,8 second cause
 is #8! po/ure ( ! p>ty's h&'3  b :at   
necessity 0 !re t he %\ld put 8 h&s into
 su* a  po/ure8 ,none at all4 ,! ?ird   
cause is #8! measure ( ! =ce  appli$ by 
! ca/]'4 ,n[ = ! cr$it ( 8 cause let him
 b  "n1 ,i w n say a conv9c+ reason nor 
s mu* z a probable  reason1 b ev5 any   
pret5ce ( reason1 h[ ! ca/] 0           
necessitat$  f )\t himself to apply j s 
mu* =ce1 & nei!r m nor  less4 ,if he _c1
 8 cause is desp]ate1 & he may hold 8   
peace  = ev]4 ,8 la/ cause is ! po/ure (
 ! table4 ,b tell u 9  good e>ne/1 :at  
necessity !re 0 :y ! ca/] mu/ ?r[ into  
t table r ?an ! o!r1 or t ! dice mu/    
fall j ^u  t "p ( ! table1 be=e ! ca/ 0 
?r[n3 he t makes ^!  to be necess>y     

causes1 ,i d n wond] if he make all     
effects necess>y  effects4 ,if any "o ( 
^! causes be cont+5t1 x is suffici5t to 
r5d] ! ca/ cont+5t2 & n[ t !y are all s 
cont+5t1 yet  he w ne$s h ! effect to be
 necess>y4 ,& s x is :5 !  ca/ is ?r[n2 
b n be=e ! ca/ 0 ?r[n1 :i* he und]took  
to prove4 ,:o c blame him = be+ s angry 
) ! ,s*oolm51 &  _! di/9ctions (        
necessity into absolute & hypo!tical1   
see+  !y t\* 8 freehold s ne>ly8    8,b 
?\gh 8 in/ance ( ra9+ to-morr[ be       
imp]t95t1 z be+  no free action1 yet    
because he triumphs s mu* 9 8 argum5t1  
,i w  n /ick to g a little out ( my way 
to meet a fri5d4 ,= ,i confess  !       
validity ( ! reason _h be5 ! same1 if he
 _h made x ( a  free action1 z ?us3 ei!r
 ,i %all f9i% ?is reply to-morr[1 or ,i 
%all n f9i% ?is reply to-morr[1 is a    
necess>y proposition4 ,b  because he    
%all n compla9 ( any disadvantage 9 !   
alt]ation (  8 t]ms1 ,i w = once        
adv5ture ^u 8 %[] ( ra94 ,& fir/1  ,i   
readily admit 8 major1 t ?is            

proposition1 ei!r x w ra9  to-morr[ or x
 w n ra9 to-morr[1 is necess>ily true3 =
 (  two contradictory propositions1 ! "o
 mu/ ( necessity be true1  because no   
?ird c be giv54 ,b 8 m9or1 t #8x c\ld n 
be  necess>ily true1 except "o ( !      
memb]s 7 necess>ily true'1 is  mo/      
false4 ,& s is 8 pro( likewise1 t #8if  
nei!r ! "o nor  ! o!r ( ! memb]s be     
necess>ily true1 x _c be affirm$ t  ei!r
 ! "o or ! o!r is true'4 ,a conjunct    
proposition may h  bo? p>ts false1 & yet
 ! proposition be true2 z1 if ! sun %9e 
x is day1 is a true proposition at      
midnight4 ,& ,t4 ,h4 confesse? z  mu*1  
,no4 ,,xix4 #8,if ,i %all live ,i %all  
eat1 is a necess>y  proposition1 t is to
 say1 x is necess>y t t proposition     
%\ld be true :5soev] utt]$4 ,b x is n ! 
necessity ( !  ?+1 nor is x !re=e       
necess>y t ! man %all live or t !  man  
%all eat'4 ,& s ,t4 ,h4 proce$s3 #8,i d 
n use to =tify my  di/9ctions ) su*     
reasons'4 ,b x seeme? he ha? =gott5     
himself1 & is cont5t$ ) su* poor        

=tifications4 ,& ?\gh bo?  p>ts ( a     
disjunctive proposition _c be false2    
because if x be a  "r disjunction1 !    
memb]s are repugnant1 :]e( "o "p is     
infallibly true2 yet v>y b ! proposition
 a little to abate ! edge  ( !          
disjunctions1 & y %all f9d 9 t :i* ,t4  
,h4 sai? to be  true1 t x is n !        
necessity ( ! ?+ :i* makes !            
proposition to be true4 ,z = example1   
v>y x ?us3 ,i "k t  ei!r x w ra9        
to-morr[ or t x w n ra9 to-morr[1 is a  
true proposition3 b x is n true t ,i "k 
x w ra9 to-morr[1  nei!r is x true t ,i 
"k x w n ra9 to-morr[2 :]e=e !  c]ta9   
tru? ( ! proposition do? n prove t ei!r 
( !  memb]s is det]m9ately true 9       
pres5t4 ,tru? is a con=mity ( !  und]/&+
 to ! ?+ kn[n1 :]e( spee* is an         
int]pret]4 ,if  ! und]/&+ agree n ) !   
?+1 x is an error2 if ! words  agree n )
 ! und]/&+1 x is a lie4 ,n[ ! ?+ kn[n1  
is  kn[n ei!r 9 itself or 9 its causes4 
,if x be kn[n 9 itself z x  is1 !n we   
express our appreh5sion ( x 9 words ( ! 

pres5t  t5se2 z ! sun is ris54 ,if x be 
kn[n 9 its cause1 we express  ourselves 
9 words ( ! future t5se2 z to-morr[ w be
 an eclipse  ( ! moon4 ,b if we nei!r "k
 x 9 itself1 nor 9 its causes1  !n !re  
may be a f\ndation ( tru?1 b !re is no  
su*  det]m9ate tru? ( x t we c r$uce x  
into a true proposition4  ,we _c say x  
do? ra9 to-morr[1 or x do? n ra9        
to-morr[2  t 7 n only false b absurd4   
,we _c positively say x w  ra9 to-morr[1
 because we d n "k x 9 its causes1 ei!r 
h[ !y  are det]m9$ or t !y are det]m9$4 
,:]e=e ! c]titude &  evid5ce ( !        
disjunctive proposition is nei!r f\nd$  
^u t  :i* w be actually to-morr[1 = x is
 grant$ t we d n "k  t2 nor yet ^u !    
det]m9ation ( ! causes1 = !n we w\ld  n 
say indiff]5tly ei!r x w ra9 or x w n   
ra91 b  positively x w ra91 or          
positively x w n ra94 ,b x is  gr\nd$ ^u
 an und5iable pr9ciple1 t ( two         
contradictory  propositions ! "o mu/    
necess>ily be true4 7f7 ,& !re=e to     
say1 ei!r ?is or t w infallibly be1 b x 

is n yet  det]m9$ :e!r ?is or t %all be1
 is no su* s5seless  ass]tion t x des]v$
 a tytyrice tupatulice1 b an evid5t tru?
  :i* no man t ha? 8 eyes 9 8 head c    
d\bt (4    7g7 8,if all ?is w n satisfy 
him1 ,i w give "o ( 8 own k9d  ( pro(s2 
t is1 an in/ance4 ,t :i* necessitates   
all ?+s1  accord+ to ,t4 ,h4 7,no4      
,,xi71 is ! decree ( ,god1 or t ord] :i*
  is set to all ?+s by ! et]nal cause4  
,n[ ,god himself1 :o made  ?is          
necessitat+ decree1 0 n subject$ to x 9 
! mak+  !re(2 nei!r 0 !re any =m] ord]  
to oblige ! fir/ cause  necess>ily to   
make su* a decree2 !re=e ?is decree be+ 
an act  ad extra1 0 freely made by ,god 
)\t any necessitation4 ,yet  nev]!less  
?is disjunctive proposition is          
necess>ily true3 ei!r  ,god did make ea*
 a decree1 or he did n make su* a       
decree4 ,aga91  ?\gh ,t4 ,h4's op9ion 7 
true1 t all ev5ts are necess>y1 &  t !  
:ole ,*ri/ian _w are deceiv$ :o believe 
t "s ev5ts  are free f necessity2 yet he
 w n d5y1 b if x _h be5 !  good pleasure

 ( ,god1 he might h made "s causes free 
f  necessity2 see+ t x nei!r argues any 
imp]fection1 nor implies  any           
contradiction4 ,suppos+ !re=e t ,god _h 
made "s second  causes free f any su*   
antec$5t det]m9ation to "o2 yet !  =m]  
disjunction w\ld be necess>ily true3    
ei!r ?is free  undet]m9$ cause w act    
aft] ?is mann]1 or x w n act aft]  ?is  
mann]4 ,:]e=e ! necess>y tru? ( su* a   
disjunctive  proposition do? n prove t  
ei!r ( ! memb]s ( ! disjunction  s+ly   
consid]$1 is det]m9ately true 9 pres5t2 
b only t !  "o ( !m w be det]m9ately    
true to-morr[4                          
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxxiv4    7a7 8,8 =m] pro(1 t   
all suffici5t causes are necess>y       
causes1 is answ]$ be=e 7,no4 ,,xxxi740  
,:5 he %all h read my  animadv]sions ^u 
t answ] ( 81 he w ?9k o!rwise1  :atsoev]
 he w confess4    7b7 8,& 8 two in/ances
 ( ca/+ ambs-ace1 & ( ra9+  to-morr[1   
are altoge!r imp]t95t to ! "q1 = two    
reasons40  ,8 fir/ reason is1 8because01

 sai? he1 8our pres5t controv]sy is     
conc]n+ free actions1 :i* proce$ f !    
lib]ty ( man's w2  & bo? 8 in/ances are 
( cont+5t actions1 :i* proce$ f !       
indet]m9ation1 or cont+5t concurr5ce (  
natural causes04 ,he kn[s  t ?is "p ( my
 disc\rse1 :i* beg9ne? at ,no4 ,,xxv1 is
 no  dispute ) him at all1 b a b>e sett+
 d[n ( my op9ion  conc]n+ ! natural     
necessity ( all ?+s2 :i* is opposite1 n 
only to ! lib]ty ( w1 b also to all     
cont+5ce t is n  necess>y4 ,& !re=e ^!  
in/ances 7 n imp]t95t to my  purpose2 & 
if !y be imp]t95t to 8 op9ion ( ! lib]ty
 (  man's w1 he does imp]t95tly to m$dle
 ) !m4 ,& yet = all  he pret5ds "h1 t ! 
"q is only ab\t lib]ty ( ! w2  yet 9 8  
fir/ disc\rse 7,no4 ,,xvi71 he ma9ta9s t
 8! ord]1  beauty1 & p]fection ( ! _w   
do? require t 9 ! univ]se  %\ld be ag5ts
 ( all sorts1 "s necess>y1 "s free1 "s  
cont+5t04 ,& my purpose "h is to %[ by  
^? in/ances1 t  ^? ?+s :i* we e/eem mo/ 
cont+5t are nev]!less necess>y4         
,besides1 ! controv]sy is n :e!r free   

actions :i* proce$ f  ! lib]ty ( man's  
w1 be necess>y or n2 = ,i "k no action  
:i* proce$e? f ! lib]ty ( man's w4 ,b ! 
"q is1  :e!r ^? actions :i* proce$ f !  
man's w1 be necess>y4  ,! man's w is    
some?+1 b ! lib]ty ( 8 w is no?+4       
,aga91 ! "q is n :e!r cont+5t actions   
:i* proce$ f  ! indet]m9ation or cont+5t
 concurr5ce ( natural causes1 7=  !re is
 no?+ t c proce$ f indet]m9ation71 b    
:e!r  cont+5t actions be necess>y be=e  
!y be done2 or :e!r !  concurr5ce (     
natural causes1 :5 !y happ5 to concur1 7
 n  necessitat$ s to happ52 or :e!r     
:atsoev] *ance?1 be n  necessitat$ s to 
*ance4 ,& t !y are s necessitat$1 ,i h  
prov$ already ) su* argum5ts z ! ,bi%op1
 = aught ,i see1  _c answ]4 ,= to say1 z
 he do?1 t 8!re are free actions  :i*   
proce$ m]ely f election1 )\t any outw>d 
necessitation1  is a tru? s evid5t z t  
!re is a sun 9 ! heav5s01 is no  pro(4  
,x is inde$ z cle> z ! sun1 t !re are   
free actions  proce$+ f election2 b t   
!re is election )\t any outw>d          

necessitation1 is d>k en\gh4    7c7     
8,secondly1 = mix$ actions1 :i* proce$ f
 ! concurr5ce  ( free & natural ag5ts1  
?\gh !y be n free1 yet !y are n         
necess>y1 c40 ,= pro( ( ?is he in/ance? 
9 a tile1 t fall+  f a h\se breaks a    
man's head1 nei!r necess>ily nor freely1
 &  !re=e cont+5tly4 ,n necess>ily1 8=01
 sai? he1 8he did freely  *oose to g t  
way )\t any necessitation04 ,:i* is z   
mu* z  tak+ ! "q itself = a pro(4 ,= :at
 is else ! "q1  b :e!r a man be         
necessitat$ to *oose :at he *oose?8     
8,aga901  sai? he1 8x 0 n free1 because 
he did n delib]ate :e!r 8  head %\ld be 
brok5 or n02 & concludes 8!re=e x 0     
cont+5t2 & by und\bt$ consequ5ce1 !re   
are cont+5t actions  9 ! _w :i* are n   
free04 ,?is is true1 & d5i$ by none2 b  
he %\ld h prov$1 t su* cont+5t actions  
are n antec$5tly  necess>y by a         
concurr5ce ( natural causes2 ?\gh a     
little be=e he  grante? !y are4 ,=      
:atsoev] is produc$ by a concurr5ce (   
natural causes1 0 antec$5tly det]m9$ 9 !

 cause ( su*  concurr5ce1 ?\gh1 z he    
calls x1 cont+5t concurr5ce2 n  p]ceiv+ 
t concurr5ce & cont+5t concurr5ce are   
all "o1 &  suppose a cont9u$ connection 
& succession ( causes :i* make !  effect
 necess>ily future4 ,s t hi!rto he ha?  
prov$ no o!r  cont+5ce ?an t :i* is     
necess>y4    7d7 8,?irdly1 = ! actions (
 brute bea/s1 c1 to ?9k ea*  animal     
motion ( !irs is b\nd by ! *a9 (        
unalt]able necessity1  ,i see no gr\nd =
 x40 ,x make? no?+ aga9/ ! tru?1 t he   
sees no gr\nd = x4 ,i h po9t$ out !     
gr\nd 9 my =m]  disc\rse1 & am n b\nd to
 f9d him eyes4 ,he himself imm$iately   
cite? a place ( ,scripture t prove? x1  
:]e ,*ri/ sai?1 "o (  ^! sp>r[s do? n   
fall to ! gr\nd )\t y\r heav5ly  ,fa!r2 
:i* place1 if !re 7 no m1 7 a suffici5t 
gr\nd  = ! ass]tion ( ! necessity ( all 
^? *anges ( animal motion  9 birds & o!r
 liv+ creatures1 :i* seem to u s        
unc]ta94 ,b  :5 a man is dizzy )        
influ5ce ( p[]1 elicit acts1  p]missive 
w1 hypo!tical necessity1 & ! l          

un9telligible  t]ms1 ! gr\nd goes f him4
 ,by & by aft] he confesse? t  8_m ?+s  
are call$ cont+5t 9 respect ( u1 because
 we "k n  ! cause ( !m1 :i* really & 9  
!mselves are n cont+5t1  b necess>y02 & 
errs !re9 ! o!r way2 = he says 9 effect1
  t _m ?+s are1 :i* are n2 = x is all "o
 to say1 !y are  n cont+5t1 & !y are n4 
,he %\ld h said1 !re be _m  ?+s1 !      
necessity ( ^: cont+5ce we _c or d n "k4
    7e7 8,b :e!r !re be a necess>y      
connexion ( all natural causes  f !     
beg9n+1 s z !y mu/ all h concurr$ z !y h
  done1 c1 w\ld require a fur!r         
exam9ation1 if x 7 p]t95t to  ?is "q (  
lib]ty2 b x is n4 ,x is suffici5t to my 
purpose  to h %[$1 c40 ,if !re be a     
necess>y connexion ( all natural  causes
 f ! beg9n+1 !n !re is no d\bt b t all  
?+s  happ5 necess>ily1 :i* is t t ,i h  
all ?is :ile ma9ta9$4  ,b :e!r !re be or
 no1 he says1 x requires a fur!r        
exam9ation4  ,hi!rto !re=e he kn[s n    
:e!r x be true or no1 &  consequ5tly all
 8 argum5ts hi!rto h be5 ( no effect1   

nor ha?  he %[$ any?+ to prove1 :at he  
purpos$1 t elective actions are  n      
necessitat$4 ,& :]eas a little be=e he  
says1 t to my  argum5ts to prove t      
suffici5t causes are necess>y1 he ha?   
already  answ]$2 x seeme? he di/ru/e? 8 
own answ]1 & answ]s aga9 to  ! two      
in/ances ( ca/+ ambs-ace1 & ra9+ or n   
ra9+  to-morr[2 b br+s no o!r argum5t to
 prove ! ca/ ?r[n n to  be necess>ily   
?r[n1 b ?is1 t he does n delib]ate :e!r 
he  %all ?r[ t ca/ or n4 ,:i* argum5t   
may p]haps prove t !  ca/+ ( x proce$e? 
n f free w1 b proves n any?+  aga9/ !   
antec$5t necessity ( x4 ,& to prove t x 
is n  necess>y t x %\ld ra9 or n ra9    
to-morr[2 aft] tell+ u  t ! ,e?iopian   
ra9s cause ! inundation ( ,nilus3 t 9 "s
  ea/]n c\ntries !y h ra9 only twice a  
ye>1 :i* ! ,scripture1  he sai?1 calle? 
! =m] & ! latt] ra92 7,i ?\ght he _h    
kn[n x by ! exp]i5ce ( "s travell]s1 b  
,i see he only  ga!re? x f t phrase 9   
,scripture ( =m] & latt] ra972  ,i say1 
aft] he has told u ?is1 to prove t x is 

n necess>y x  %\ld ra9 or n ra9 to-morr[
 he sai? t 89 our climate !  natural    
causes1 cele/ial & sublun>y1 d n produce
 ra9 s  necess>ily at set times1 z 9 !  
ea/]n c\ntries2 nei!r c we  say s       
c]ta9ly & infallibly1 x w ra9 to-morr[1 
or x w n  ra9 to-morr[04 ,by ?is argum5t
 a man may take ! height ( !  ,bi%op's  
logic4 8,9 our climate ! natural causes 
d n produce ra9  s necess>ily at set    
times1 z 9 "s ea/]n c\ntries4 ,!re=e  !y
 d n produce ra9 necess>ily 9 our       
climate1 !n :5 !y d  produce x04 ,&     
aga91 8we _c say s c]ta9ly & infallibly1
 x  w ra9 to-morr[ or x w n ra9         
to-morr[2 !re=e x is n  necess>y ei!r t 
x %\ld ra91 or t x %\ld n ra9           
to-morr[03 z if no?+ 7 necess>y !       
necessity :]e( we "k  n4 ,ano!r reason1 
he sai?1 :y my in/ances are imp]t95t1 is
  because 8!y ext5d only to an          
hypo!tical necessity01 t is1 t  !       
necessity is n 9 ! antec$5t causes2 &   
!reupon *all5ge?  me = ! cr$it ( my     
cause to "n "s reason1 8h[ ! ca/] 0     

necessitat$ f )\t himself to apply j s  
mu* =ce to !  ca/1 & nei!r m nor less2  
or :at necessity !re 0 :y !  ca/] mu/   
?r[ into t table r ?an ! o!r1 or t !    
dice mu/ fall j ^u t "p ( ! table1 be=e 
! ca/ 0  ?r[n04 ,"h aga91 f our         
ignorance ( ! p>ticul> causes t         
concurr+ make ! necessity he inf]re?1 t 
!re 0 no su*  necessity at all2 :i*     
inde$ is t :i* ha? 9 all ?is "q  deceiv$
 him1 & all o!r m5 t attribute ev5ts to 
=tune4 ,b ,i  suppose he w n d5y t ev5t 
to be necess>y1 :]e all !  causes ( !   
ca/1 & _! concurr5ce1 & ! cause ( t     
concurr5ce are =ekn[n1 & might be told  
him1 ?\gh ,i _c tell  him4 ,see+ !re=e  
,god =ekn[s !m all1 ! ca/ 0 necess>y2  &
 t f antec$5t causes f et]nity2 :i* is  
no hypo!tical  necessity4    ,& :]eas to
 my argum5t to prove1 t #8ra9+ to-morr[ 
if x %all  !n ra91 & n ra9+ to-morr[ if 
x %all !n n ra9'1 0  !re=e necess>y1    
because #8o!rwise ?is disjunctive       
proposition1 x  %all ra9 or n ra9       
to-morr[1 is n necess>y'1 he answ]e? t  

8a conjunct proposition may h bo? p>ts  
false1 & yet !  proposition be true2 z1 
if ! sun %9e x is day1 is a true        
proposition at midnight03 :at has a     
conjunct proposition to d )  ?is 9 "q1  
:i* is disjunctive8 ,or :at be ! p>ts ( 
?is  proposition1 if ! sun %9e1 x is    
day8 ,x is n made ( two  propositions1 z
 a disjunctive is2 b is "o simple       
proposition1  namely1 ?is1 ! %9+ ( ! sun
 is day4 ,ei!r he has no logic at  all1 
or ?9ks !y h no reason at all t are 8   
read]s4 ,b he  has a trick1 he sai?1 to 
abate ! edge ( ! disjunction1 by v>y+   
!r proposition ?us1 8,i "k t x w ra9    
to-morr[1 or t  x w n ra9 to-morr[1 is a
 true proposition02 & yet sai? he1  8x  
is nei!r true t ,i "k x w ra9 to-morr[1 
nei!r is x  true t ,i "k x w n ra9      
to-morr[04 ,:at *ildi% deceit1 or       
*ildi% ignorance is ?is2 :5 he is to    
prove t nei!r ( !  memb]s is det]m9ately
 true 9 a disjunctive proposition1 to   
br+ =  in/ance a proposition n          
disjunctive8 ,x _h be5 disjunctive if x 

_h gone ?us1 ,i "k t x w ra9 to-morr[1  
or ,i "k t x  w n ra9 to-morr[2 b !n he 
_h c]ta9ly kn[n det]m9ately  "o ( ! two4
    7f7 8,& !re=e to say1 ei!r ?is or t 
w infallibly be1 b  x is n yet det]m9$  
:e!r ?is or t %all be1 is no su*        
s5seless ass]tion t x des]v$ a tytyrice 
tupatulice04 ,b x is  a s5seless        
ass]tion1 :atsoev] x des]ve1 to say t   
?is  proposition1 x %all ra9 or n ra91  
is true indet]m9$ly1 &  nei!r ( !m true 
det]m9$ly2 & little bett]1 z he ha? n[  
qualifi$ x1 8t x w infallibly be1 ?\gh x
 be n yet  det]m9$ :e!r x %all be or    
no04    7g7 8,if all ?is w n satisfy    
him1 ,i w give him "o ( 8 own  k9ds (   
pro(1 t is1 an in/ance4 ,t :i*          
necessitates all  ?+s1 accord+ to ,t4   
,h4 is ! decree ( ,god1 c40 ,8 in/ance  
is1  8t ,god himself made ?is           
necessitat+ decree1 & !re=e ?is  decree1
 be+ an act ad extra1 0 freely made by  
,god1 )\t any  necessitation04 ,i d     
believe ! ,bi%op himself believe? t all 
!  decrees ( ,god h be5 f all et]nity1 &

 !re=e he w n  /& to ?is1 t ,god's      
decrees 7 ev] made2 = :atsoev] ha?  be5 
made1 ha? _h a beg9n+4 ,besides1 ,god's 
decree is 8 w2 &  ! ,bi%op ha? said     
=m]ly1 t ! w ( ,god is ,god1 ! ju/ice  (
 ,god1 ,god1 c4 ,if !re=e ,god made a   
decree1 accord+ to !  ,bi%op's op9ion   
,god made himself4 ,by :i* we may see1  
:at f9e /uff  x is t proce$e? f disput+ 
( incompreh5sibles4 ,aga9 he  says1 8if 
x _h be5 ! good pleasure ( ,god1 he     
might h made "s  causes free f          
necessity2 see+ t x nei!r argues any    
imp]fection1 nor implies any            
contradiction04 ,if ,god _h made ei!r   
causes or effects free f necessity1 he  
_h made !m free f 8  own presci5ce2 :i* 
_h be5 imp]fection4 ,p]haps he w say1 t 
9 ^! words ( 81 ! decree1 be+ an act ad 
extra1 0 freely  made by ,god1 ,i take  
no notice ( t act ad extra1 z be+ too   
hot  = my f+]s4 ,!re=e n[ ,i take notice
 ( x1 & say t x is  nei!r ,lat91 nor    
,engli%1 nor s5se4                      
,,no4 ,,xxxv4    ,t4 ,h4 ,! la/ ?+1 9   

:i* also consi/e? ! :ole controv]sy1    
namely1 t !re is no su* ?+ z an ag5t1   
:i*1 :5 all ?+s  requisite to action are
 pres5t1 c nev]!less =be> to produce x1 
or 7:i* is all "o7 t !re is no su* ?+ z 
fre$om f  necessity2 is easily inf]r$ f 
t :i* ha? be5 be=e alleg$4  ,= if x be  
an ag5t1 x c "w2 & if x "w1 !re is no?+ 
want+ ( :at is requisite to produce !   
action2 & consequ5tly !  cause ( !      
action is suffici5t2 & if suffici5t1 !n 
also  necess>y1 z ha? be5 prov$ be=e4   
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
8,i wond] t ,t4 ,h4 %\ld confess1 t !   
:ole weight (  ?is controv]sy do? re/ ^u
 ?is proposition3 #8t !re is no su*  ?+ 
z an ag5t1 :i*1 :5 all ?+s requisite to 
action are  pres5t1 c nev]!less =be> to 
act'2 & yet br+ no?+ b  su* poor        
bullru%es to support x4 7a7 #8,if x be  
an ag5t'1 sai? he1  #8x c "w'2 :at (    
?is8 ,a posse ad esse non valet         
argum5tum3  f c "w to w "w1 is a weak   
inf]5ce4 ,& f w  "w to do? "w ^u        
absolute necessity1 is ano!r gross      

inconsequ5ce4 ,he proce$s ?us3 #8if x   
"w1 !re is no?+ want+  ( :at is         
requisite to produce ! action'4 ,true1  
!re wants no?+  to produce t :i* is     
produc$2 b !re may want mu* to produce  
t :i* 0 int5d$4 ,"o horse may pull 8    
he>t out1 & yet n  draw ! coa* :i!r x   
%\ld be1 if he want ! help or concurr5ce
  ( 8 fell[s4 #8,& consequ5tly'1 sai?   
he1 #8! cause ( ! action  is suffici5t'4
 ,yes1 suffici5t to d :at x do?1 ?\gh   
p]haps )  mu* prejudice to itself2 b n  
always suffici5t to d :at x %\ld  d1 or 
:at x w\ld d4 ,z he t begets a mon/]1   
%\ld beget a  man1 & w\ld beget a man if
 he c\ld4 ,! la/ l9k ( 8 argum5t        
foll[s3 7b7 #8& if suffici5t1 !n also   
necess>y'4 ,/ay !re2 by  8 leave1 !re is
 no necess>y connexion betwe5 suffici5cy
 &  effici5cy2 o!rwise ,god himself %\ld
 n be all-suffici5t4 ,?us 8  argum5t is 
vani%$4 ,b ,i w deal m fav\rably ) him1 
&  grant him all t :i* he lab\rs s mu* 9
 va9 to prove1 t e  effect 9 ! _w ha?   
suffici5t causes2 yea m1 t suppos+ !    

det]m9ation ( ! free & cont+5t causes1 e
 effect 9 !  _w is necess>y4 7c7 ,b all 
?is w n advantage 8 cause !  black ( a  
bean3 = /ill x am\nts b to an hypo!tical
 necessity1  & diff]s z mu* f t absolute
 necessity1 :i* he ma9ta9s1 z  a        
g5tleman :o travels = 8 pleasure1 diff]s
 f a bani%$ man1  or a free subject f a 
slave40                  ,,animadv]sions
 ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to ,,no4 ,,xxxv4    
7a7 8#8,if x be an ag5t1' sai? he1 #8x c
 "w'4 ,:at ( ?is8 ,a  posse ad esse non 
valet argum5tum2 f c "w to w "w1 is  a  
weak inf]5ce4 ,& f w "w to do? "w ^u    
absolute  necessity1 is ano!r gross     
inconsequ5ce40 ,"h he has gott5 a j     
advantage2 = ,i %\ld h said1 if x be an 
ag5t x worke?1 n x  c "w4 ,b x is an    
advantage :i* pr(ite? little to 8 cause4
  ,= if ,i repeat my argum5t aga9 9 ?is 
mann]3 t :i* is an  ag5t1 worke?2 t :i* 
worke?1 wante? no?+ requisite to produce
  ! action or ! effect x produce?1 &    
consequ5tly is !re( a  suffici5t cause2 
& if a suffici5t cause1 !n also a       

necess>y  cause3 8 answ] w be no?+ to ! 
purpose4 ,= :]eas to ^!  words1 #8t :i* 
worke?1 wante? no?+ requisite to produce
 !  action or ! effect x produce?1' he  
answ]e?1 8x is true1 b !re  may want mu*
 to produce t :i* 0 int5d$01 x is n     
contr>y to  any ?+ t ,i h said4 ,= ,i   
nev] ma9ta9$1 t :atsoev] a  man int5de?1
 is necess>ily p]=m$2 b ?is1 :atsoev] a 
man  p]=me?1 is necess>ily p]=m$1 & :at 
he int5de?1 necess>ily  int5d$1 & t f   
causes antec$5t4 ,& !re=e to say1 z he  
do?1 t ! cause is suffici5t to d :at x  
do?1 b n always  suffici5t to d :at a   
man %\ld or w\ld d1 is to say ! same t  
,i d4 ,= ,i say n1 t ! cause t br+e? =? 
a mon/]1 is  suffici5t to br+ =? a man2 
b t e cause is suffici5t to  produce    
only ! effect x produce?2 & if          
suffici5t1 !n also  necess>y4    7b7    
8#8,& if suffici5t1 !n also necess>y'4  
,/ay !re2 by 8  leave1 !re is no        
necess>y connexion betwe5 suffici5cy &  
effici5cy2 o!rwise ,god himself %\ld n  
be all-suffici5t40  ,all-suffici5cy     

signifie? no m1 :5 x is attribut$ to    
,god1 ?an  omnipot5ce2 & omnipot5ce     
signifie? no m1 ?an ! p[] to d  all ?+s 
t he w4 ,b to ! production ( any ?+ t is
  produc$1 ! w ( ,god is z requisite z !
 re/ ( 8 p[] &  suffici5cy4 ,&          
consequ5tly1 8 all-suffici5cy signifie? 
n a  suffici5cy or p[] to d ^? ?+s he w 
n4 ,b he w deal1  he says1 s fav\rably )
 me1 z to grant me all ?is1 :i* ,i      
lab\r1  he sai?1 s mu* 9 va9 to prove3 &
 adds1 7c7 8,b all ?is w  n advantage 8 
cause ! black ( a bean2 = /ill x am\nts 
b to  an hypo!tical necessity04 ,if x   
prove no m1 x proves no necessity  at   
all2 = by hypo!tical necessity he means 
! necessity ( ?is  proposition1 ! effect
 is1 !n :5 x is2 :]eas necessity is only
  said truly ( some:at 9 future4 ,=     
necess>y is t :i* _c  possibly be       
o!rwise2 & possibility is always        
und]/ood ( "s  future "t4 ,b see+ he    
grante? s fav\rably t suffici5t causes  
are necess>y causes1 ,i %all easily     
conclude f x1 t :atsoev]  ^? causes d   

cause1 are necess>y antec$5tly4 ,= if ! 
necessity  ( ! ?+ produc$1 :5 produc$1  
be 9 ! same in/ant ( "t  ) ! exi/5ce (  
its imm$iate cause2 !n also t imm$iate  
cause 0 9 ! same in/ant ) ! cause by :i*
 x 0 imm$iately  produc$2 ! same may be 
said ( ! cause ( ?is cause1 & s  backw>d
 et]nally4 ,f :5ce x w foll[1 t all !   
connexion  ( ! causes ( any effect f !  
beg9n+ ( ! _w1 7  altoge!r exi/5t 9 "o &
 ! same in/ant2 & consequ5tly1 all  ! "t
 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 or f et]nity to ?is 
day1  is b "o in/ant1 or a nunc /ans2   
:i* he kn[s by ?is "t is  n s4          
,,no4 ,,xxxvi4    ,t4 ,h4 ,& ?us y see  
h[ ! inconv5i5ces1 :i* he objecte? mu/  
foll[ ^u ! hold+ ( necessity1 are       
avoid$1 & ! necessity  itself           
demon/ratively prov$4 ,to :i* ,i c\ld   
add1 if ,i ?\ght x  good logic1 !       
inconv5i5ce ( d5y+ necessity2 z t x     
de/roys  bo? ! decrees & presci5ce (    
,god ,almighty4 ,= :atsoev] ,god ha?    
purpos$ to br+ to pass by man z an      
in/rum5t1 or =esee? %all  come to pass1 

a man1 if he h lib]ty1 su* z he affirme?
 f  necessitation1 might fru/rate & make
 n to come to pass3 & ,god  %\ld ei!r n 
=ekn[ x & n decree x1 or he %\ld =ekn[  
su* ?+s %all be z %all nev] be1 & decree
 t :i* %all  nev] come to pass4         
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
8,?us he ha? lab\r$ 9 va9 to satisfy my 
reasons1 & to  prove 8 own ass]tion4 ,b 
= demon/ration1 !re is no?+ l x  among 8
 argum5ts4 ,n[ he sai?1 7a7 he c\ld add 
o!r argum5ts1  if he ?\ght x good logic4
 ,!re is no imp$im5t 9 logic1 :y a man  
may n press 8 adv]s>y ) ^? absurdities  
:i* fl[ f 8  op9ion2 argum5tum duc5s ad 
impossibile or ad absurdum1 is a good   
=m ( reason+4 ,b !re is ano!r reason ( 8
 =be>ance1  ?\gh he be loa? to express  
x4 ,hret lat]i l?alis arundo4 ,!        
argum5ts drawn f ! attributes ( ,god d  
/ick s close 9 !  sides ( 8 cause1 t he 
ha? no m9d to treat ( t subject4 ,by  ! 
way1 take notice ( 8 own confession1 t  
#8he c\ld add o!r  reasons1 if he ?\ght 
x good logic'4 ,if x 7 pr$et]m9$ 9 !    

outw>d causes1 t he mu/ make ?is v      
def5ce & no o!r1 h[  c\ld x be 9 8 p[]  
to add or subtract any ?+3 j z if a     
bl9d man %\ld say 9 e>ne/1 ,i c\ld see  
if ,i _h m9e eyes8 ,tru?  (t5 breaks out
 :il/ m5 seek to smo!r x4 7b7 ,b let u  
view  8 argum5t3 #8if a man h lib]ty f  
necessitation1 he may  fru/rate !       
decrees ( ,god1 & make 8 presci5ce      
false'4 ,fir/1 =  ! decrees ( ,god1 ?is 
is 8 decree t man %\ld be a free ag5t2  
if he did consid] ,god z a mo/ simple   
act1 )\t priority or  po/]iority ( "t1  
or any composition2 he w\ld n conceive (
 8  decrees1 z ( ! laws ( ! ,m$es &     
,p]sians1 long s9ce enact$  & pass$ be=e
 we 7 born1 b z coexi/5t ) ourselves1 & 
) ! acts :i* we d by virtue ( ^?        
decrees4 ,decrees &  attributes are b   
notions to help ! weakness ( our und]/&+
 to  conceive ( ,god4 ,! decrees ( ,god 
are ,god himself1 & !re=e  ju/ly said to
 be be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w 0 laid3 &   
yet  coexi/5t ) ourselves1 because ( !  
inf9ite & et]nal be+ (  ,god4 ,! sum is 

?is1 ! decree ( ,god1 or ,god himself   
et]nally1  con/itutes or orda9s all     
effects :i* come to pass 9 "t1 accord+  
to ! di/9ct natures or capacities ( 8   
creatures4 ,an et]nal  ord9ation is     
nei!r pa/ nor to come1 b always pres5t4 
,s free  actions d proce$ z well f !    
et]nal decree ( ,god1 z necess>y2  & f t
 ord] :i* he ha? set 9 ! _w4    8,z !   
decree ( ,god is et]nal1 s is 8 k4 ,&   
!re=e to  speak truly & prop]ly1 !re is 
nei!r =e-k nor  aft]-k 9 him4 ,! k (    
,god compreh5ds all times 9 a  po9t1 by 
reason ( ! em95ce & virtue ( its inf9ite
 p]fection4  ,& yet ,i confess1 t ?is is
 call$ =e-k 9 respect ( u4  ,b ?is =e-k 
do? produce no absolute necessity4 ,?+s 
are  n !re=e1 because !y are =ekn[n2 b  
!re=e !y are  =ekn[n1 because !y %all   
come to pass4 ,if any ?+ %\ld come to   
pass o!rwise ?an x do?1 yet ,god's k    
c\ld n be irritat$  by x2 = !n he did n 
"k t x %\ld come to pass1 z n[ x  do?4  
,because e k ( vision necess>ily        
presuppose? its  object1 ,god did "k t  

,judas %\ld betray ,*ri/2 b ,judas 0 n  
necessitat$ to be a traitor by ,god's k4
 ,if ,judas _h n  betray$ ,*ri/1 !n ,god
 _h n =e-kn[n t ,judas %\ld betray  him4
 ,! case is ?is3 a wat*man /&+ on !     
/eeple's-top1 z x  is ! use 9 ,g]many1  
gives notice to !m bel[1 :o see no su*  
?+s1 t company are com+1 & h[ _m2 8     
pr$iction is mo/  c]ta91 = he sees !m4  
,:at a va9 correction 7 x = "o bel[  to 
say1 :at if !y did n come1 !n a c]ta9   
pr$iction may fail4  ,x may be urg$1 t  
!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two cases4  
,9  ?is case1 ! com+ is pres5t to !     
wat*man2 b t :i* ,god  =e-kn[s1 is      
future4 ,god kn[s :at %all be2 ! wat*man
 only kn[s  :at is4 ,i answ]1 t ?is     
makes no diff]5ce at all 9 ! case1 by   
reason ( t disp>ity :i* is betwe5 ,god's
 k & ours4 ,z  t com+ is pres5t to !    
wat*man1 :i* is future to !m :o are     
bel[3 s all ^? ?+s :i* are future to u1 
are pres5t to ,god1  because 8 inf9ite &
 et]nal k do? rea* to ! future  be+ (   
all ag5ts & ev5ts4 ,?us mu* is pla9ly   

ackn[l$g$ by ,t4  ,h4 ,no4 ,,xi3 t      
#8=e-k is k1 & k dep5ds on  ! exi/5ce ( 
! ?+s kn[n1 & n !y on x'4 ,to conclude1 
!  presci5ce ( ,god do? n make ?+s m    
necess>y ?an !  production ( ! ?+s      
!mselves2 b if ! ag5ts 7 free ag5ts1  ! 
production ( ! ?+s do? n make ! ev5ts to
 be absolutely  necess>y1 b only ^u     
supposition t ! causes 7 s det]m9$4     
,god's presci5ce prove? a necessity (   
infallibility1 b n (  antec$5t          
extr9sical det]m9ation to "o4 ,if any   
ev5t %\ld n  come to pass1 ,god did nev]
 =ekn[ t x w\ld come to pass4 ,=  e k   
necess>ily presuppose? its object4      
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxxvi4    7a7 8#8,he c\ld add'1 
he sai?1 #8o!r argum5ts1 if he ?\ght x  
good  logic1' c4 ,!re is no imp$im5t 9  
logic1 :y a man may n press 8  adv]s>y )
 ^? absurdities :i* fl[ f 8 op9ion40 ,"h
 he  misrecites my words2 :i* are1 #8,i 
c\ld add1 if ,i ?\ght x good  logic1 !  
inconv5i5ce ( d5y+ necessity2 z t x     
de/roys bo?  ! decrees & presci5ce (    

,god ,almighty'4 ,b he makes me say ,i  
c\ld  add o!r argum5ts2 !n inf]s1 t !re 
is no imp$im5t 9 logic1  :y a man may n 
press 8 adv]s>y ) ! absurdities t fl[  f
 8 op9ion1 because argum5tum duc5s ad   
impossibile is a good  =m ( reason+2    
mak+ no diff]5ce betwe5 absurdities1 :i*
 are  impossibilities1 & inconv5i5ces1  
:i* are n only possible b  frequ5t4 ,&  
?\gh x be a good =m ( reason+ to argue f
  absurdities1 yet x is no good =m (    
reason+ to argue f  inconv5i5ces2 =     
inconv5i5ce may /& well en\gh ) tru?4   
7b7 8,b let u view 8 argum5t3 #8,if a   
man h lib]ty f  necessitation1 he may   
fru/rate ! decrees ( ,god1 & make 8     
presci5ce false'4 ,?is is 8 decree1 t   
man %\ld be a free ag5t4  ,if he did    
consid] ,god z a mo/ simple act1 )\t    
priority or  po/]iority ( "t1 or any    
composition1 he w\ld n conceive ( 8     
decrees z long s9ce enact$1 b z coexi/5t
 ) ourselves04 ,"h  aga9 he w\ld h me   
conceive et]nity to be nunc /ans1 t is1 
an  in/ant ( "t1 & t in/ant ( "t to be  

,god2 :i* nei!r he  nor ,i c conceive1  
nor c )\t impiety say1 z he do? "h1 t  !
 decrees ( ,god are ,god4 ,9 :i*        
consi/e? all ! re/ ( 8  answ] to ?is    
,numb]1 sav+ t he putte? 9 sometimes1 t 
8!  =ekn[l$ge ( ,god produce? n         
necessity01 :i* is grant$ him2 b  t     
any?+ c be =ekn[n :i* %all n necess>ily 
come to pass1  :i* 0 n grant$1 he prove?
 no o!rwise ?an by 8 ass]tion1  8t e    
in/ant ( "t is ,god02 :i* is d5i$ him4  
,,no4 ,,xxxvii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,?is is all t
 ha? come into my m9d t\*+ ?is "q1  s9ce
 ,i la/ consid]$ x4 ,& ,i humbly besee* 
y\r ,lord%ip to  communicate x only to  
,j4 ,d4 ,& s pray+ ,god to prosp] y\r   
,lord%ip  9 all y\r designs1 ,i take    
leave1 & am1 my mo/ noble & oblig+  ,"l1
                                        
,y\r mo/ humble s]vant1                 
,t4 ,h4    ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4 
,j4 ,d4 8,he is v c>eful to h ?is       
disc\rse kept secret1 z  appe>s 9 ?is   
section1 & 9 ! ,x,i,vth & ,x,vth        
sections4 ,if 8  answ] _h be5 kept      

private1 ,i _h sav$ ! lab\r ( a reply4  
,b  he>+ t x 0 communicat$1 ,i ?\ght    
myself oblig$ to v9dicate  bo? ! tru? & 
myself4 ,i d n blame him to be cauti\s2 
= 9  tru?1 ?is ass]tion is ( desp]ate   
consequ5ce1 & de/ructive to  piety1     
policy1 & morality4 7a7 ,if he _h desir$
 to h x kept  secret1 ! way _h be5 to h 
kept x secret himself4 ,x w n  suffice  
to say1 z ,no4 ,,xiv1 t #8tru? is tru?'3
 ,?is is ! common  plea ( all m54 ,nei!r
 is x suffici5t = him to say1 z ,no4    
,,xv1  t #8x 0 desir$ by me'1 long be=e 
t he _h discov]$ 8  op9ion by ^w ( m\?4 
,& my desire 0 to let "s ( my noble     
fri5ds see ! weakness ( 8 gr\nds1 & !   
p]nici\s consequ5ces  ( t op9ion4 7b7 ,b
 if he ?9k t ?is v5tilation ( !  "q     
betwe5 u two may d hurt1 truly ,i hope  
n4 ,! edge ( 8  disc\rse is s abat$1 t x
 _c easily hurt any rational man1 :o  is
 n too mu* possess$ ) prejudice40       
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   
,,no4 ,,xxxvii4    ,9 ?is place ,i said 
no?+1 b t ,i w\ld h my ,"l ( ,newca/le  

to communicate x only to ! ,bi%op4 ,& 9 
8 answ] he says1 7a7  8if ,i _h desir$  
to h x kept secret1 ! way _h be5 to h   
kept  x secret myself04 ,my desire 01 x 
%\ld n be communicat$ by my  ,"l (      
,newca/le to all m5 indiff]5tly4 ,b ,i  
b>r$ n myself f  %[+ x privately to my  
fri5ds2 ?\gh to publi% x 0 nev] my      
int5tion1 till n[ provok$ by ! uncivil  
triumph+ ( ! ,bi%op 9  8 own errors to  
my disadvantage4    7b7 8,b if he ?9k t 
?is v5tilation ( ! "q may d  hurt1 truly
 ,i hope n4 ,! edge ( 8 disc\rse is s   
abat$1 t x  _c easily hurt any rational 
man1 :o is n too mu* possess$ )         
prejudice40 ,x is confid5tly said2 b n v
 p]t95tly to ! hurt  ,i ?\ght might     
proce$ f a disc\rse ( ?is nature4 ,= ,i 
nev]  ?\ght x c\ld d hurt to a rational 
man1 b only to su* m5 z  _c reason 9 ^? 
po9ts :i* are ( difficult contemplation4
 ,=  a rational man w say ) himself1 !y 
:om ,god w br+ to a  bless$ & happy end1
 ^? he w put into an humble1 pi\s1 &    
righte\s way2 & ( ^? :om he w de/roy1 he

 w h>d5 !  he>ts3 & !reupon exam9+      
himself :e!r he be 9 su* a way or  n1 ! 
exam9ation itself w\ld1 if elect$1 be a 
necess>y cause (  work+ out 8 salvation 
) fe> & trembl+4 ,b ! m5 :o ,i  ?\ght   
might take hurt !reby1 are su* z reason 
errone\sly1 say+  ) !mselves1 if ,i %all
 be sav$1 ,i %all be sav$ :e!r ,i walk  
uprightly or no3 & consequ5tly !reunto1 
%all behave !mselves  neglig5tly1 &     
pursue ! pleasant way ( ! s9s !y are 9  
love  )4 ,:i* inconv5i5ce is n abat$ by 
?is disc\rse ( ! ,bi%op2  because !y    
und]/& n ! gr\nds he goe? on1 ( nunc    
/ans1  motus primo primi1 elicit acts1  
imp]ate acts1 & a great _m  o!r su*     
un9telligible words4                    
,,no4 ,,xxxviii4    ,t4 ,h4 ,po/script4 
,argum5ts seldom "w on m5 ( wit & le>n+1
  :5 !y h once engag$ !mselves 9 a      
contr>y op9ion4 ,if  any?+ d x1 x is !  
%ew+ ( !m ! causes ( _! errors1  :i* is 
?is4 ,pi\s m5 attribute to ,god         
,almighty1 = hon\r sake1  :atsoev] !y   
see is hon\rable 9 ! _w1 z see+1 he>+1  

will+1 kn[+1 ju/ice1 wisdom1 c43 b d5y  
him su* poor ?+s z  eyes1 e>s1 bra9s1 & 
o!r organs1 )\t :i* we worms nei!r  h   
nor c conceive su* faculties to be3 & s 
f> !y d well4 ,b  :5 !y dispute ( ,god's
 actions philosophically1 !n !y consid] 
!m aga9 z if he _h su* faculties1 & 9 t 
mann] z we h  !m4 ,?is is n well2 & !nce
 x is !y fall into s _m  difficulties4  
,we ought n to dispute ( ,god's nature2 
he is no fit  subject ( our philosophy4 
,true religion consi/e? 9 ob$i5ce to    
,*ri/'s lieut5ants1 & 9 giv+ ,god su*   
hon\r1 bo? 9 attributes  & actions1 z !y
 9 _! sev]al lieut5ancies %all orda94   
,sid5ote3 ,! ,bi%op's reply4    ,j4 ,d4 
8,?\gh sophi/ical captions d seldom "w  
on m5 ( wit &  le>n+1 because by con/ant
 use !y h _! s5ses ex]cis$ to  disc]n   
bo? good & evil 7,heb4 v4 #ad71 yet 7a7 
solid &  sub/antial reasons "w soon] ^u 
!m ?an ^u weak] judgm5ts4  ,! m exact ! 
balance is1 ! soon] x discov]s ! real   
weight  t is put into x2 especially if !
 pro(s be propos$ )\t  passion or       

opposition4 ,let sophi/]s & s$iti\s     
orators apply  !mselves to ! _m-head$   
multitude1 because !y despair ( success 
) m5 ( wit & le>n+4 ,^? ^: gold is true1
 are n afraid  to h x tri$ by ! t\*4    
,s9ce ! =m] way ha? n succe$$1  ,t4 ,h4 
ha? ano!r to %ew z ! causes ( our       
errors1 :i* he hopes  w prove m         
successful4 ,:5 he sees he c d no good  
by sight1 he  seeks to circumv5t u "u   
col\r ( c\rtesy3 ,fi/ula dulce canit1   
volucrem dum decipit auceps4 ,z !y :o   
behold !mselves 9 a glass1  take ! "r h&
 = ! left1 & ! left = ! "r 7,t4 ,h4     
kn[s ! comp>ison72 s we take our own    
errors to be tru?s1 & o!r  m5's tru?s to
 be errors1 7b7 ,if we be 9 an error 9  
?is1 x is  su* an error z we suck$ f    
nature itself1 su* an error z is        
confirm$ 9 u by reason & exp]i5ce1 su*  
an error z ,god himself  9 8 sacr$ ,^w  
ha? reveal$1 su* an error z ! ,fa!rs &  
,doctors ( ! ,*ur* 9 all ages h deliv]$1
 su* an error :]e9  we h ! concurr5ce ( 
all ! be/ philosoph]s1 bo? natural &    

moral1 su* an error z br+e? to ,god !   
glory ( ju/ice1 &  wisdom1 & goodness1 &
 tru?1 su* an error z r5d]s m5 m  dev\t1
 m pi\s1 m indu/ri\s1 m humble1 m p5it5t
 =  _! s9s4 ,w\ld he h u resign up all  
^! advantages1 to dance  bl9dfold aft] 8
 pipe8 ,no1 he p]suades u too mu* to our
 loss4 ,b  let u see :at is ! imag9>y   
cause ( our imag9>y error4 ,=soo?1      
because #8we attribute to ,god :atsoev] 
is hon\rable 9 ! _w1 z  see+1 he>+1     
will+1 kn[+1 ju/ice1 wisdom2 b d5y him  
su*  poor ?+s z eyes1 e>s1 bra9s'2 & s  
f>1 he sai? #8we d well4'  ,he ha?      
reason1 = s9ce we are n able to conceive
 ( ,god z he is1  ! readie/ way we h1 is
 by remov+ all t imp]fection f ,god1    
:i* is 9 ! creatures2 s we call him     
inf9ite1 immortal1  indep5d5t3 or by    
attribut+ to him all ^? p]fections :i*  
are 9  ! creatures1 aft] a mo/ em95t    
mann]2 s we call him be/1  greate/1 mo/ 
wise1 mo/ j1 mo/ holy4 7c7 ,b sai? he1  
#8,:5  !y dispute ( ,god's actions      
philosophically1 !n !y consid] !m  aga91

 z if he _h su* faculties1 & 9 t mann] z
 we h !m'4    8,& is ?is ! cause ( our  
error8 ,t 7 /range inde$2 = !y  :o      
dispute philosophically ( ,god1 d nei!r 
ascribe faculties to him  9 t mann] t we
 h !m1 nor yet d !y attribute any prop] 
faculties at all to ,god4 ,god's und]/&+
 & 8 w is 8 v  ess5ce1 :i*1 = ! em95cy (
 its inf9ite p]fection1 do?  p]=m all ^?
 ?+s alone 9 a mo/ transc5dant mann]1   
:i*  reasonable creatures d p]=m        
imp]fectly by di/9ct faculties4 ,?us  to
 dispute ( ,god ) mode/y & rev]5ce1 & to
 cle> ! ,deity  f ! imputation (        
tyranny1 inju/ice1 & dissimulation1 :i* 
none  d ?r[ ^u ,god ) m presumption ?an 
^? :o are ! patrons  ( absolute         
necessity1 is bo? comely & ,*ri/ian4    
8,x is n ! desire to discov] ! orig9al (
 a suppos$ error1  :i* draws !m ord9>ily
 into ^! exclamations aga9/ ^? :o       
dispute ( ! ,deity4 ,= "s ( !mselves d>e
 anatomize ,god1 &  publi% 8 et]nal     
decrees ) z mu* confid5ce1 z if !y _h   
be5  all _! lives ( 8 cab9et c\ncil4 ,b 

x is = fe> le/ ^?  p]nici\s consequ5ces 
:i* fl[ f t doctr9e ess5tially1 &       
reflect 9 s high a degree ^u ! supreme  
goodness1 %\ld be laid  op5 to ! view ( 
! _w2 j z ! ,turks d fir/ e/abli% a     
false religion ( _! own devis+1 & !n    
=bid all m5 ^u pa9  ( dea? to dispute ^u
 religion2 or z ! prie/s ( ,molo*1 !    
abom9ation ( ! ,ammonites1 did make a   
noise ) _! timbrels all  ! :ile ! poor  
infants 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! fire 9 ,tophet1 
to  keep _! pitiful cries f ! e>s ( _!  
p>5ts4 ,s 7d7 !y  make a noise ) _!     
declamations aga9/ ^? :o d>e dispute (  
! nature ( ,god1 t is1 :o d>e set =? 8  
ju/ice1 & 8  goodness1 & 8 tru?1 & 8    
philan?ropy1 only to deaf ! e>s &  dim !
 eyes ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 le/ !y %\ld he> !
  lam5table ejulations & h[l+s1 or see t
 rueful spectacle (  millions ( s\ls    
torm5t$ = ev]more 7e7 9 ! flames ( !    
true  ,tophet1 t is1 hell1 only = t :i*1
 accord+ to ,t4 ,h4's  doctr9e1 0 nev] 9
 _! p[] to %un1 b :i* !y 7 ord]$  &     
inevitably necessitat$ to d1 only to    

express ! omnipot5ce &  dom9ion1 & to   
satisfy ! pleasure ( ,him1 :o is 9 tru? 
! ,fa!r  ( all m]cies1 & ! ,god ( all   
consolation4 7f7 ,?is is life  et]nal   
7sai? our ,savi\r71 to "k ! only true   
,god1 & ,jesus  ,*ri/ :om he ha? s5t    
7,john xvii4 #c474 ,pure religion1 &    
undefil$  be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r1 is ?is1  
to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s  9 _!       
affliction1 & to keep himself unspott$ f
 ! _w1  sai? ,/4 ,james 7,james i4      
#bg474 ,fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts2 =  
?is is ! :ole duty ( man1 sai? ,solomon 
7,eccles4 xii4 #ac474 ,b ,t4  ,h4 ha?   
f\nd out a m comp5di\s way to heav53    
#8,true religion'1  sai? he1 #8consi/e? 
9 ob$i5ce to ,*ri/'s lieut5ants1 & giv+ 
,god su* hon\r1 bo? 9 attributes &      
actions1 z !y 9 _!  sev]al lieut5ancies 
%all orda9'4 ,t is to say1 be ( !       
religion  ( e ,*ri/ian c\ntry :]e y     
come4 ,to make ! civil magi/rate  to be 
,*ri/'s lieut5ant ^u e>?1 = matt]s (    
religion1 & to  make him to be supreme  
judge 9 all controv]sies1 :om all mu/   

obey1  is a doctr9e s /range1 & su* an  
unc\? phrase to ,*ri/ian e>s1  t ,i %\ld
 h miss$ 8 mean+1 b t ,i consult$ ) 8   
book1 ,de ,cive1 c4 ,,xv4 sect4 #af1 &  
c4 ,,xvii4 sect4 #bh4 ,:at if !         
magi/rate %all be no ,*ri/ian himself8  
,:at if he %all comm&  contr>y to ! law 
( ,god or nature8 ,mu/ we obey him r ?an
  ,god8 7,acts iv4 #ai47 ,is ! civil    
magi/rate become n[ ! only gr\nd  &     
pill> ( tru?8 ,i dem& !n1 :y ,t4 ,h4 is 
( a diff]5t m9d  f 8 sov]eign1 & f !    
laws ( ! l&1 conc]n+ !  attributes (    
,god & 8 decrees8 ,?is is a new p>adox1 
& conc]ns  n ?is "q ( lib]ty &          
necessity4 ,:]e=e ,i =be> to  prosecute 
x fur!r1 & s conclude my reply ) ! words
 ( !  ,*ri/ian poet1                    
,jussum e/ ,cs>is ore ,gali5i1          
,quod pr9ceps colit ut colamus omnes4   
t]num colo ,pr9cipem1 di]um             
,factorem1 ,dom9umque ,gali5i4,a        
-----    ,footnote ,a3      ,prud5tius4 
4 ,hymn4 vi4    -----                   
,,animadv]sions ,,^u ,,! ,,answ] ,,to   

,,! ,,po/script ,,no4 ,,xxxviii4    ,he 
take? x ill t ,i say t argum5ts d seldom
 "w on m5 ( wit  & le>n+1 :5 !y h once  
engag$ !mselves 9 a contr>y  op9ion4    
,nev]!less x is n only c]ta9 by         
exp]i5ce1 b also  !re is reason = x1 & t
 gr\nd$ ^u ! natural disposition  (     
mank9d4 ,= x is natural to all m5 to    
def5d ^? op9ions1 :i*  !y h once        
publicly engag$ !mselves to ma9ta92     
because to h  t detect$ = error1 :i* !y 
h publicly ma9ta9$ = tru?1  is nev] )\t 
"s di%on\r1 m or less2 & to f9d 9       
!mselves  t !y h sp5t a great deal ( "t 
& lab\r 9 deceiv+  !mselves1 is s       
uncom=table a ?+1 z x is no wond] if !y 
employ _! wit & le>n+1 if !y h any1 to  
make good _!  errors4 ,&1 !re=e1 :]e he 
sai?1 7a7 8solid & sub/antial  reasons  
"w soon] ^u !m1 ?an ^u weak] judgm5ts2 &
 t !  m exact ! balance is1 ! soon] x   
discov]s ! real weight t  is put into   
x03 ,i confess1 ! m solid a man's wit   
is1 ! bett]  w solid reasons "w ^u him4 
,b if he add to x t :i* he  calls le>n+1

 t is to say1 mu* read+ ( o!r m5's      
doctr9es  )\t weigh+ !m ) 8 own ?\ghts1 
!n _! judgm5ts become  weak]1 & !       
balance less exact4 ,& :]eas he sai?1 8t
 !y  ^: gold is true1 are n afraid to h 
x tri$ by ! t\*02 he  speake? z if ,i _h
 be5 afraid to h my doctr9e tri$ by !   
t\*  ( m5 ( wit & le>n+2 :]e9 he is n   
mu* mi/ak51 mean+ by  m5 ( le>n+ 7z ,i  
said be=e7 su* z _h read o!r m51 b n    
!mselves4 ,= by read+ o!rs1 m5 commonly 
ob/ruct ! way to  _! own exact & natural
 judgm5t1 & use _! wit bo? to deceive   
!mselves ) fallacies1 & to requite ^?1  
:o endeav\r at _!  own entreaty to      
in/ruct !m1 ) revil+s4    7b7 8,if we be
 9 an error1 x is su* an error z is     
suck$ f  nature2 z is confirm$ by       
reason1 by exp]i5ce1 & by ,scripture2 z 
! ,fa!rs & ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* ( all ages
 h deliv]$2 an  error1 :]e9 we h !      
concurr5ce ( all ! be/ philosoph]s1 an  
error t br+e? to ,god ! glory ( ju/ice1 
c42 t r5d]s m5  m dev\t1 m pi\s1 m      
humble1 m indu/ri\s1 m p5it5t  = _!     

s9s40 ,all ?is is b said2 & :at h]et(ore
 ha? be5  (f]$ 9 pro( = x1 ha? be5      
suffici5tly refut$1 & !  contr>y prov$2 
namely1 t x is an error contr>y to !    
nature (  ! w2 repugnant to reason &    
exp]i5ce2 repugnant to !  ,scripture2   
repugnant to ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul1 7&  
'tis pity !  ,fa!rs & ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*
 h n foll[$ ,/4 ,paul !re972  an error n
 ma9ta9$ by ! be/ philosoph]s1 7= !y are
 n !  be/ philosoph]s1 :i* ! ,bi%op     
?9ke? s72 an error t take?  f ,god !    
glory ( 8 presci5ce1 nor br+e? to him ! 
glory (  8 o!r attributes2 an error t   
make? m51 by imag9+ !y c  rep5t :5 !y w1
 neglect _! duties2 & t make? m5        
un?ankful = ,god's graces1 by ?9k+ !m to
 proce$ f !  natural ability ( _! own w4
    7c7 8#8,b1' sai? he1 #8:5 !y dispute
 ( ,god's actions  philosophically1 !n  
!y consid] !m aga9 z if he _h su*       
faculties1 & 9 su* mann] z we h !m4' ,& 
is ?is ! cause (  our error8 ,t 7 /range
 inde$2 = !y :o dispute  philosophically
 ( ,god1 d nei!r ascribe faculties to   

him1 9 t  mann] t we h !m1 nor yet d !y 
attribute any prop] faculties  at all to
 ,god4 ,god's und]/&+ & 8 w is 8 v      
ess5ce1  c40 ,me?9ks he %\ld h kn[n at  
^! ye>s1 t to dispute  philosophically  
is to dispute by natural reason1 & f    
pr9ciples  evid5t by ! light ( nature1 &
 to dispute ( ! faculties &  proprieties
 ( ! subject :]e( !y treat4 ,x is !re=e 
unskilfully said by him1 t !y :o dispute
 philosophically ( ,god1  ascribe unto  
him no prop] faculties4 ,if no prop]    
faculties1 ,i w\ld  fa9 "k ( him :at    
improp] faculties he ascribes to ,god4  
,i guess he  w make ! und]/&+ & ! w1 & 8
 o!r attributes1 to  be 9 ,god improp]  
faculties1 because he _c prop]ly call !m
  faculties2 t is to say1 he kn[s n h[  
to make x good t !y  are faculties1 &   
yet he w h ^! words1 8,god's und]/&+  & 
8 w are 8 v ess5ce01 to pass = an axiom 
( philosophy4  ,& :]eas ,i _h said1 we  
ought n to dispute ( ,god's nature1 &  t
 ,he is no fit subject ( our philosophy1
 he d5ies x n1 b says  ,i say x4    7d7 

8,) a purpose to make a noise ) declaim+
 aga9/ ^? :o  d>e dispute ( ! nature (  
,god1 t is1 :o d>e set =? 8  ju/ice & 8 
goodness1 c40 ,! ,bi%op w h mu* ado to  
make  good1 t to dispute ( ! nature (   
,god1 is all "o ) sett+  =? 8 ju/ice & 8
 goodness4 ,he take? no notice ( ^!     
words  ( m9e1 #8pi\s m5 attribute to    
,god ,almighty = hon\r's sake1  :atsoev]
 !y see is hon\rable 9 ! _w'2 & yet ?is 
is sett+  =? ,god's ju/ice1 goodness1 c1
 )\t disput+ ( ,god's nature4    7e7 8,9
 ! flames ( ! true ,tophet1 t is hell40 
,! true ,tophet  0 a place n f> f !     
walls ( ,j]usalem1 & consequ5tly on !   
e>?4 ,i _c imag9e :at he w say to ?is 9 
8 answ] to my  ,levia?an1 if !re he f9d 
! same1 unless he say1 t 9 ?is  place by
 ! true ,tophet1 he meant a n true      
,tophet4    7f7 8,?is is life et]nal    
7sai? our ,savi\r7 to "k ! only true    
,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 c40 ,?is :i*      
foll[e? to ! end ( 8  answ] & ( ! book1 
is a repreh5sion ( me1 = say+ t #8true  
religion consi/e? 9 ob$i5ce to ,*ri/'s  

lieut5ants'4 ,if x be  lawful =         
,*ri/ians to in/itute among/ !mselves a 
commonweal? &  magi/rates1 :]eby !y may 
be able to live 9 peace "o ) ano!r1  &  
unite !mselves 9 def5ce aga9/ a =eign   
enemy2 x w  c]ta9ly be necess>y to make 
to !mselves "s supreme judge 9 all      
controv]sies1 to :om !y ought all to    
give ob$i5ce4 ,& ?is is no  su* /range  
doctr9e1 nor s unc\? a phrase to        
,*ri/ian e>s1 z !  ,bi%op makes x1      
:atsoev] x be to !m t w\ld make !mselves
  judges ( ! ,supreme ,judge himself4   
,no2 b1 sai? he1 ,*ri/ is !  ,supreme   
,judge1 & we are n to obey m5 r ?an     
,god4 ,is !re any  ,*ri/ian man t does n
 ackn[l$ge t we are to be judg$ by      
,*ri/1 or t we ought n to obey him r ?an
 any man t %all  be 8 lieut5ant ^u e>?8 
,! "q !re=e is1 n ( :o is  to be obey$1 
b ( :at be 8 comm&s4 ,if ! ,scripture   
conta9 8  comm&s1 !n may e ,*ri/ian "k  
by !m :at !y are4 ,& :at  has ! ,bi%op  
to d ) :at ,god says to me :5 ,i read   
!m1 m  ?an ,i h to d ) :at ,god says to 

him :5 he reads !m1 unless  he h        
au?ority giv5 him by him :om ,*ri/ ha?  
con/itut$ 8  lieut5ant8 ,?is lieut5ant  
^u e>?1 ,i say1 is ! supreme civil      
magi/rate1 to :om belonge? ! c>e & *>ge 
( see+ t no  doctr9e may be taught ! p1 
b su* z may consi/ ) !  g5]al peace ( !m
 all1 & ) ! ob$i5ce t is due to !  civil
 sov]eign4 ,9 :om w\ld ! ,bi%op h !     
au?ority reside (  prohibit+ s$iti\s    
op9ions1 :5 !y are taught 7z !y are (t57
  9 div9ity books & f ! pulpit8 ,i c\ld 
h>dly guess1 b t ,i  rememb] t !re h be5
 books writt5 to entitle ! bi%ops to a  
div9e "r1 und]iv$ f ! civil sov]eign4 ,b
 because he  make? x s he9\s a matt]1 t 
! supreme civil magi/rate %\ld  be      
,*ri/'s lieut5ant ^u e>?1 let u suppose 
t a bi%op1 or a  synod ( bi%ops1 %\ld be
 set up 7:i* ,i hope nev] %all7 = our   
civil sov]eign2 !n t :i* he objecte? "h1
 ,i c\ld object 9  ! same words aga9/   
himself4 ,= ,i c\ld say 9 8 own words1  
,?is  is life et]nal1 to "k ! only true 
,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,john  xvii4 #c474

 ,pure religion1 & undefil$ be=e ,god is
 ?is1 to visit  ! fa!rless1 c4 7,james  
i4 #bg47 ,fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts   
7,eccles4 xii4 #ac474 ,b ! ,bi%op ha?   
f\nd a m comp5di\s way to  heav51       
namely1 t true religion consi/e? 9      
ob$i5ce to ,*ri/'s  lieut5ants2 t is 7n[
 by supposition71 to ! bi%ops4 ,t is to 
say1 t e ,*ri/ian ( :at nation soev]1   
com+ into ! c\ntry  :i* ! bi%ops gov]n1 
%\ld be ( _! religion4 ,he w\ld make !  
civil magi/rate to be ,*ri/'s lieut5ant 
^u e>? = matt]s (  religion1 & supreme  
judge 9 all controv]sies1 & say !y ought
 to  be obey$ by all2 h[ /range soev] & 
unc\? x seem to him n[1 !  sov]eignty   
be+ 9 o!rs4 ,& ,i may say to him1 :at if
 !  magi/rate himself 7,i mean by       
supposition ! bi%ops7 %\ld be wick$  m52
 :at if !y %\ld comm& z mu* contr>y to !
 law ( ,god or  nature1 z ev] any       
,*ri/ian k+ did1 7:i* is v possible72   
mu/  we obey !m r ?an ,god8 ,is ! civil 
magi/rate become n[ !  only gr\nd &     
pill> ( tru?8 ,no3                      

,syn$ri jussum e/ voce episcoporum1     
,ipsum quod colit ut colamus omnes4     
t]num colo ,pr9cipem1 di]um             
,factorem1 ,dom9umque episcoporum4    ,&
 ?us ! ,bi%op may see1 !re is little    
diff]5ce betwe5 8 ,ode  & my ,p>ode to  
x2 & t bo? ( !m are ( equal =ce to      
conclude no?+4    ,! ,bi%op kn[s t ! k+s
 ( ,engl&1 s9ce ! "t ( ,h5ry  ,,viii1 h 
be5 decl>$ by act ( ,p>liam5t supreme   
gov]nors ( !  ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 all     
causes bo? civil & ecclesia/ical1 t is  
to say1 9 all matt]s bo? ecclesia/ical &
 civil1 & consequ5tly  ( ?is ,*ur*      
supreme head on e>?2 ?\gh p]haps he w n 
all[  t "n ( head4 ,i %\ld wond] !re=e1 
:om ! ,bi%op w\ld  h to be ,*ri/'s      
lieut5ant "h 9 ,engl& = matt]s (        
religion1  if n ! supreme gov]nor & head
 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :e!r  man or woman 
:osoev] he be1 t ha? ! sov]eign p[]1 b t
 ,i  "k he *all5ges x to ! ,bi%ops1 &   
?9ks t ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4  took !        
ecclesia/ical p[] away f ! ,pope1 to    
settle x n 9  himself1 b !m4 ,b he ought

 to h kn[n1 t :at jurisdiction1  or p[] 
( orda9+ m9i/]s1 ! ,popes _h "h 9 ! "t (
 !  k+'s pr$ecessors till ,h5ry ,,viii1 
!y d]iv$ x all f ! k+'s  p[]1 ?\gh !y   
did n ackn[l$ge x2 & ! k+s conniv$ at x1
  ei!r n kn[+ _! own "r1 or n d>+ to    
*all5ge x2 till  su* "t z ! behavi\r ( !
 ,roman cl]gy _h undeceiv$ !  p1 :i*    
o!rwise w\ld h sid$ ) !m4 ,nor 0 x      
unlawful  = ! k+ to take f !m ! au?ority
 he _h giv5 !m1 z be+  ,pope en\gh 9 8  
own k+dom )\t dep5d+ on a =eign "o3 nor 
is x to be call$ s*ism1 unless x be     
s*ism also 9 ! head ( a  family to      
dis*>ge1 z (t5 z he %all see cause1 !   
s*ool-ma/]s  he ent]ta9e? to tea* 8     
*ildr54 ,if ! ,bi%op & ,dr4 ,hammond1   
:5 !y did write 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,*ur* (  
,engl& aga9/  imputation ( s*ism1 quitt+
 _! own pret5ces ( jurisdiction &  jus  
div9um1 _h gone ^u ^! pr9ciples ( m9e1  
!y _h n be5  s %rewdly h&l$ z !y h be51 
by an ,engli% ,papi/ t wrote  aga9/ !m4 
,& n[ ,i h done answ]+ to 8 argum5ts1 ,i
 %all "h1 9 ! end  ( all1 take t lib]ty 

( c5sur+ 8 :ole book1 :i* he ha?  tak5 9
 ! beg9n+1 ( c5sur+ m9e4 #8,i h'1 sai?  
he1 7,no4 ,i47  #8p]us$ ,t4 ,h4's       
answ]s1 consid]$ 8 reasons1 & conclude  
he ha?  miss$ & mislaid ! "q2 t 8 answ]s
 are evasions1 t 8  argum5ts are        
p>alogisms1 & t ! op9ion ( absolute &   
univ]sal necessity is b a result ( "s   
gr\ndless & ill *os5  pr9ciples4' ,& n[ 
x is my turn to c5sure4 ,& fir/1 = !    
/r5g? ( 8 disc\rse & k ( ! po9t 9 "q1 ,i
  ?9k x mu* inf]ior to t :i* might h be5
 writt5 by any man  liv+1 t _h no o!r   
le>n+ besides ! ability to write 8  m9d2
 b z well p]haps z ! same man w\ld h    
done x if to !  ability ( writ+ 8 m9d he
 _h add$ ! /udy ( ,s*ool-div9ity4       
,secondly1 = ! mann]s ( x1 7= to a      
public writ+ !re  belonge? good mann]s71
 x consi/e? 9 rail+ & exclaim+ &        
scurril\s je/+1 ) n[ & !n an unclean &  
mean in/ance4 ,&  la/ly1 = 8 elocution1 
! virtue :]e( lie? n 9 ! flux (  words1 
b 9 p]spicuity1 x is ! same language ) t
 ( !  k+dom ( d>kness4 ,"o %all f9d 9 x1

 especially :]e he %\ld  speak mo/      
closely to ! "q1 su* words z ^!3 divid$ 
s5se1  comp\nd$ s5se1 hypo!tical        
necessity1 lib]ty ( ex]cise1 lib]ty  (  
specification1 lib]ty ( contradiction1  
lib]ty ( contr>iety1  k ( approbation1  
practical k1 g5]al influ5ce1  special   
influ5ce1 in/9ct1 qualities infus$1     
efficaci\s election1  moral efficacy1   
moral motion1 metaphorical motion1      
practice practicum1  motus primo primi1 
actus eliciti1 actus imp]ati1 p]missive 
w1  consequ5t w1 negative obduration1   
defici5t cause1 simple act1 nunc  /ans2 
& o!r l words ( nons5se divid$3 besides 
_m  propositions su* z ^!3 ! w is !     
mi/ress ( human actions1  ! und]/&+ is  
h] c\nsellor1 ! w *oose?1 ! w  wille?1 !
 w susp5ds its own act1 ! und]/&+       
und]/&e?1  7,i wond] h[ he miss$ say+1 !
 und]/&+ susp5de? its own  act17 ! w    
applies ! und]/&+ to delib]ate2 ! w     
requires ( ! und]/&+ a review2 ! w      
det]m9es itself2 a  *ange may be will$  
)\t *ang+ ( ! w2 man concurs ) ,god  9  

caus+ 8 own w2 ! w cause? will+2 motives
 det]m9e !  w n naturally1 b morally2 ! 
same action may be bo? future &  n      
future2 ,god is n j b ju/ice1 n et]nal b
 et]nity2  et]nity is nunc /ans2 et]nity
 is an inf9ite po9t :i*  compreh5de? all
 "t1 n =mally1 b em95tly2 all et]nity is
  co-exi/5t ) to-day1 & ! same co-exi/5t
 ) to-morr[3 &  _m o!r l spee*es (      
nons5se comp\nd$1 :i* ! tru? c  nev] /& 
9 ne$ (4 ,p]haps ! ,bi%op w say1 ^! t]ms
 &  phrases are intelligible en\gh2 = he
 ha? said 9 8 reply to ,no4  ,,xxiv1 t 8
 op9ion is demon/rable 9 reason1 ?\gh he
 be n able  to compreh5d1 h[ x consi/e? 
toge!r ) ,god's et]nal presci5ce2  &    
?\gh x exce$ 8 weak capacity1 yet he    
ought to adh]e to t  tru? :i* is        
manife/4 ,s t to him t tru? is manife/1 
&  demon/rable by reason1 :i* is beyond 
8 capacity2 s t words  beyond capacity  
are ) him intelligible en\gh4    ,b !   
read] is to be judge ( t4 ,i c\ld add _m
 o!r passages  t discov]1 bo? 8 little  
logic1 z tak+ ! insignificant words     

above recit$1 = t]ms ( art2 & 8 no      
philosophy 9 di/+ui%+  betwe5 moral &   
natural motion1 & by call+ "s motions   
metaphorical1 & by 8 blund]s at ! causes
 ( sight & ( !  desc5t ( heavy bodies1 &
 8 talk ( ! incl9ation ( !  load-/one1 &
 div]s o!r places 9 8 book4    ,b to    
make an end1 ,i %all briefly draw up !  
sum ( :at we h bo?  said4 ,t :i* ,i h   
ma9ta9$ is1 t no man ha? 8 future w  9 8
 own pres5t p[]4 ,t x may be *ang$ by   
o!rs1 & by !  *ange ( ?+s )\t him2 & :5 
x is *ang$1 x is n *ang$  nor det]m9$ to
 any ?+ by itself2 & t :5 x is          
undet]m9$1  x is no w2 because e "o t   
wille?1 wille? some?+ 9  p>ticul>4 ,t   
delib]ation is common to m5 ) bea/s1 z  
be+  alt]nate appetite1 & n             
ratioc9ation2 & ! la/ act or appetite   
!re91 & :i* is imm$iately foll[$ by !   
action1 is ! only  w t c be tak5 notice 
( by o!rs1 & :i* only make? an  action 9
 public judgm5t volunt>y4 ,t to be free 
is no m ?an to  d if a man w1 & if he w 
to =be>2 & consequ5tly t ?is  fre$om is 

! fre$om ( ! man1 & n ( ! w4 ,t ! w is  
n free1 b subject to *ange by ! op]ation
 ( ext]nal causes4  ,t all ext]nal      
causes dep5d necess>ily on ! fir/ et]nal
 cause1  ,god ,almighty1 :o worke? 9 u  
bo? to w & to d1 by ! m$iation  ( second
 causes4 ,t see+ nei!r man nor any ?+   
else c "w  ^u itself1 x is impossible t 
any man 9 ! fram+ ( 8 own  w %\ld concur
 ) ,god1 ei!r z an actor or z an        
in/rum5t4  ,t !re is no?+ br\ght to pass
 by =tune z by a cause1 nor any  ?+ )\t 
a cause1 or concurr5ce ( causes1        
suffici5t to br+ x  s to pass2 & t e su*
 cause1 & _! concurr5ce1 d proce$  f !  
provid5ce1 good pleasure1 & work+ (     
,god2 &  consequ5tly1 ?\gh ,i d ) o!rs  
call _m ev5ts cont+5t1 &  say !y happ51 
yet because !y _h e ( !m _! sev]al      
suffici5t causes1 & ^? causes aga9 _!   
=m] causes1 ,i say  !y happ5 necess>ily4
 ,& ?\gh we p]ceive n :at !y are1 yet   
!re are ( ! mo/ cont+5t ev5ts z necess>y
 causes z ( ^?  ev5ts ^: causes we      
p]ceive2 or else !y c\ld n possibly be  

=ekn[n1 z !y are by him t =ekn[e? all   
?+s4 ,on !  contr>y1 ! ,bi%op ma9ta9e?3 
t ! w is free f  necessitation2 & 9 ord]
 !reto t ! judgm5t ( !  und]/&+ is n    
always practice practicum1 nor ( su* a  
nature  9 itself z to oblige & det]m9e !
 w to "o1 ?\gh x be true  t spontaneity 
& det]m9ation to "o may consi/ toge!r4  
,t !  w det]m9e? itself1 & t ext]nal    
?+s1 :5 !y *ange !  w1 d "w ^u x n      
naturally1 b morally1 n by natural      
motion1  b by moral & metaphorical      
motion4 ,t :5 ! w is det]m9$  naturally1
 x is n by ,god's g5]al influ5ce1 :]eon 
dep5d all  second causes1 b by special  
influ5ce1 ,god concurr+ & p\r+  some?+  
into ! w4 ,t ! w :5 x susp5ds n its act1
  makes ! act necess>y2 b because x may 
susp5d & n ass5t1 x  is n absolutely    
necess>y4 ,t s9ful acts proce$ n f      
,god's  w1 b are will$ by him by a      
p]missive w1 n an op]ative  w1 & t he   
h>d5e? ! he>t ( man by a negative       
obduration4  ,t man's w is 9 8 own p[]1 
b 8 motus primo primi n 9  8 own p[]1   

nor necess>y save only by a hypo!tical  
necessity4 ,t  ! w to *ange1 is n always
 a *ange ( w4 ,t n all ?+s  :i* are     
produc$1 are produc$ f suffici5t1 b "s  
?+s f  defici5t causes4 ,t if ! p[] ( ! 
w be pres5t 9 actu  primo1 !n !re is    
no?+ want+ to ! production ( ! effect4  
,t a cause may be suffici5t = !         
production ( an effect1 ?\gh  x want    
some?+ necess>y to ! production !re(2   
because ! w  may be want+4 ,t a necess>y
 cause do? n always necess>ily  produce 
its effect1 b only !n :5 ! effect is    
necess>ily  produc$4 ,he prove? also1 t 
! w is free1 by t univ]sal  notion :i* !
 _w ha? ( election3 = :5 ( ! six        
,electors  ! votes are divid$ equally1 !
 ,k+ ( ,bohemia ha? a ca/+ voice4  ,t ! 
presci5ce ( ,god suppose? no necessity (
 ! future  exi/5ce ( ! ?+s =ekn[n1      
because ,god is n et]nal b  et]nity1 &  
et]nity is a /&+ n[1 )\t succession (   
"t2  & !re=e ,god =esees all ?+s        
intuitively by ! pres5tiality  !y h 9   
nunc /ans1 :i* compreh5de? 9 x all "t   

pa/1  pres5t1 & to come1 n =mally1 b    
em95tly & virtually4 ,t  ! w is free ev5
 !n :5 x acte?1 b t is 9 a comp\nd$1  n 
9 a divid$ s5se4 ,t to be made1 & to be 
et]nal1 d consi/  toge!r1 because ,god's
 decrees are made1 & are nev]!less      
et]nal4  ,t ! ord]1 beauty1 & p]fection 
( ! _w do? require t 9  ! univ]se !re   
%\ld be ag5ts ( all sorts1 "s necess>y1 
"s  free1 "s cont+5t4 ,t ?\gh x be true1
 t to-morr[ x %all  ra9 or n ra91 yet   
nei!r ( !m is true det]m9ate4 ,t !      
doctr9e ( necessity is a blasphem\s1    
desp]ate1 & de/ructive  doctr9e4 ,t x 7 
bett] to be an ,a!i/1 ?an to hold x2 &  
he  t ma9ta9e? x1 is fitt] to be refut$ 
) rods ?an )  argum5ts4 ,& n[ :e!r ?is 8
 doctr9e or m9e be ! m  intelligible1 m 
rational1 or m con=mable to ,god's ^w1  
,i leave  x to ! judgm5t ( ! read]4     
,b :atsoev] be ! tru? ( ! disput$ "q1 ! 
read] may  p]adv5ture ?9k ,i h n us$ !  
,bi%op ) t respect ,i ought1  or )\t    
disadvantage ( my cause ,i might h done2
 = :i* ,i am to  make a %ort apology4 ,a

 little be=e ! la/ p>liam5t ( ! late    
k+1 :5 e man spake freely aga9/ ! !n    
pres5t gov]nm5t1 ,i  ?\ght x wor? my    
/udy to consid] ! gr\nds & consequ5ces (
  su* behavi\r1 & :e!r x 7 con=mable or 
contr>y to reason  & to ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,&
 aft] "s "t ,i did put 9 ord] &  publi% 
my ?\ghts !re(1 fir/ 9 ,lat91 & !n aga9 
! same 9  ,engli%2 :]e ,i endeav\r$ to  
prove bo? by reason & ,scripture1 t  !y 
:o h once submitt$ !mselves to any      
sov]eign gov]nor1  ei!r by express      
ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 p[]1 or by receiv+      
protection f 8 laws1 are oblig$ to be   
true & fai?ful to him1  & to ackn[l$ge  
no o!r supreme p[] b him 9 any matt] or 
"q :atsoev]1 ei!r civil or              
ecclesia/ical4 ,9 :i* books (  m9e1 ,i  
pursu$ my subject )\t tak+ notice ( any 
p>ticul> man  t held any op9ion contr>y 
to t :i* ,i !n wrote2 only 9  g5]al ,i  
ma9ta9$ t ! (fice ( ! cl]gy1 9 respect (
 !  supreme civil p[]1 0 n magi/]ial1 b 
m9i/]ial2 & t  _! tea*+ ( ! p 0 f\nd$ ^u
 no o!r au?ority ?an  t ( ! civil       

sov]eign2 & all ?is )\t any ^w t5d+ to  
! disgrace ei!r ( episcopacy or (       
presbyt]y4 ,nev]!less ,i f9d  s9ce1 t   
div]s ( !m1 :]e( ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry is "o1
 h  tak5 (f5ce especially at two ?+s2   
"o1 t ,i make ! supremacy  9 matt]s (   
religion to reside 9 ! civil sov]eign2 !
 o!r1 t  be+ no cl]gyman1 ,i deliv]     
doctr9es1 & gr\nd !m ^u words (  !      
,scripture1 :i* doctr9es !y1 be+ by     
pr(ession div9es1 h  nev] taught4 ,& 9  
?is _! displeasure1 div]s ( !m 9 _!     
books & s]mons1 )\t answ]+ any ( my     
argum5ts1 h n only  exclaim$ aga9/ my   
doctr9e1 b revil$ me1 & endeav\r$ to    
make  me hateful = ^? ?+s1 = :i* 7if !y 
knew _! own & !  public good7 !y ought  
to h giv5 me ?anks4 ,!re is also "o (   
!m1 t tak+ (f5ce at me = blam+ 9 "p !   
discipl9e  in/itut$ h]et(ore1 & regulat$
 by ! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 9  !          
univ]sities1 n only ranks me among/ ^?  
m5 t w\ld h  ! rev5ue ( ! univ]sities   
dim9i%$1 & says pla9ly ,i h no          
religion1 b also ?9ks me s simple &     

ignorant ( ! _w z to  believe t our     
univ]sities ma9ta9 ,pop]y4 ,& ?is is !  
au?or (  ! book call$ ,v9dici           
,academi>um4 ,if ei!r ( ! univ]sities   
_h ?\ght itself injur$1 ,i believe x    
c\ld h au?oris$ or  appo9t$ "s memb] (  
!irs1 :]e( !re be _m abl] m5 ?an  he1 to
 h made _! v9dication4 ,b ?is ,v9dex1 7z
 little dogs to  please _! ma/]s use to 
b>k1 9 tok5 ( _! s$ulity1  indiff]5tly  
at /rang]s1 till !y be rat$ (f71        
unprovok$ by me  ha? fall5 ^u me )\t    
bidd+4 ,i h be5 publicly injur$ by  _m (
 :om ,i took no notice1 suppos+ t t     
hum\r w\ld sp5d  itself2 b see+ x la/1 &
 gr[ high] 9 ?is writ+ ,i n[  answ]1 ,i 
?\ght x necess>y at la/ to make ( "s (  
!m1 &  fir/ ( ?is ,bi%op1 an example4   
,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,v4                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note    ,!re 7 two k9ds (
 sid5ote 9 ?is volumn4 ,at ! top ( ea*  
page1 ! section numb]1 along ) ei!r     
8,animadv]sions ^u !  ,bi%op's reply0 or

 8,! ,bi%op's ,reply01 is repeat$4 ,!   
=m] h  be5 remov$ z !y are r$undant ) ! 
section title4 ,! 8,bi%op's  ,reply0    
notes are position$ be=e ea* p>agraph   
beg9n+ 8,j4 ,d0 to  m>k :]e ! 8,bi%op's0
 voice resumes4    ,! sid5ote on p4 #ha 
mi/ak5ly ref]r$ to 8,animadv]sions4440 r
  ?an ! expect$ 8,! ,bi%op's reply40    
,o!r errors deem$ mo/ likely to be !    
pr9t]'s h be5 correct$1  & are not$ "h4 
,! ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 !     
orig9al4      #e4aa     to d :at he w10 
,add$4      #aj4ac    ,o ,israel1 ?y    
destruction                    ,re/or$4 
#be4h     ,s ,god bless u40             
,add$4      #cc4h     ( ! second        
causes40                       ,add$4   
#ch4ag    that "o may take away an ell  
,re/or$4      #fb4be    betwe5 l_/duade 
di/9ctions clov5 feet4    ,re/or$       
7probable74      #he4bf    8_/#8t wise  
m5 may d                      ,replac$4 
#he4bg    actions10_/'                  
,replac$4      #he4cc    8_/#8t fools1  
*ildr51                     ,replac$4   

#he4cd    & elect10_/'                  
,replac$4      #abf4cd   b 8 own ju/ice 
bett]4                  ,re/or$4        
#acg4c    w\ld h him to w4'             
,add$4      #adb4a    8,:]e=e ,t4 ,h4 is
 mightily mi/ak5        ,add$4          
#ade4a    ,ano!r is ,g5esis xix4 #bb73  
,remov$4      #aea4ad   t all           
consultations are va94                  
,re/or$4      #aee4cc   = ! public      
good1_/4                       ,replac$4
      #ahe4g    :5 x is necesssary      
,remov$4      #bbi4bc   ,quid hoc80     
,add$4      #caj4ag   *oose a good "o40 
,add$4      #caf4cj   & s ! ! action be 
become              ,remov$4            
#cbd4aa   & if he means s               
,ins]t$4      #ccf4e    8,b because 8   
eyesight 0 weak           ,add$4        
#dje4bh   0 ,i to gr[ old6'0            
,add$4      #dbe4f    =be> to act0_/'2  
,replac$4      #dcd4ae   n too mu*      
possess$ ) prejudice40      ,add$4      
#dcg4bd   su* poor ?+s z eyes1 e>s1     
bra9s'      ,add$4      #dci4cc   !     

religion ( e ,*ri/ian c\ntry            
,ins]t$4      #ddg4cj   p]sus$ ,t4 ,h4's
 answ]s                     ,remov$4    
#ded4i    :]e( ! ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry is "o 
,remov$4