,,gallio                                
,,or                                    
,,! ,,tyranny                           
,,(                                     
,,sci5ce                                
,,gallio                                
,,or                           ,!       
,tyranny ( ,sci5ce                      
,,by                             ,j4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,,sullivan                         
,illu/ration                            
,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton  ,,co4 33 ,,new ,,york 
,,gallio1 ,,or ,,! ,,tyranny ,,(        
,,sci5ce                  ,,copyright   
#aibh ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton  ,,company  
,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ 33 ,,pr9t$ ,,9  
,u4,s4,a4                               
,,gallio                                
,,gallio                                
,,or                           ,,!      
,,tyranny ,,( ,,sci5ce                  
#a      ,!re c be no d\bt t ! pre/ige ( 
sci5ce has greatly  increas$ ( rec5t    
times4 ,9 ! days :5 ,dick5s wrote ,!    
,mudfog  ,pap]s ! man ( sci5ce1 to !    

g5]al read+ public1 0 a purely  comic   
figure4 ,aft] ! man ( sci5ce _h knock$ !
 bottom out (  ! ,victorian univ]se ) 8 
!ory ( ,natural ,selection he inspir$  !
 respect we accord to :atev] is bo?     
p[]ful & s9i/]4 ,he 0  obs]v$1 w>ily &  
acutely1 z an enemy4 ,?is reaction 0    
p]fectly  ju/ifi$1 = sci5ce1 z exp\nd$  
to ! populace by su* m5 z  ,huxley &    
,tyndall1 depriv$ life ( all t _h hi!rto
 made x  wor? liv+4 ,! gravam5 ( _!     
(f5ce 0 n t !y made man  an integral "p 
( ! animal k+dom1 b t !y pres5t$ him  ) 
a univ]se t 0 entirely purposeless4 ,su*
 a doctr9e w\ld  probably come z a %ock 
ev5 to a disillusion$ & emaciat$ ,ea/]n 
,sage1 b to ! m5 ( ! ,victorian age1    
almo/ e "o ( !m  br\ght up 9 an or?odox 
,*ri/ian h\sehold & fill$ ) t  belief 9 
a wise ,provid5ce t comes ( great       
mat]ial prosp]ity1  x 0 no?+ %ort ( an  
outrage4 ,ev5 ! m5 ( sci5ce !mselves    
f\nd _! great discov]y m ?an a little   
disconc]t+4 ,nobody  :o reads !m c fail 
to detect some?+ /ra9$1 some?+          

occasionally almo/ fr5zi$1 9 _! insi/5ce
 on ! duty (  intellectual hone/y4 ,^!  
m5 are1 half ! "t1 %\t+ al\d  9 ord] to 
he>t5 !mselves4 ,!y 7 q consci\sly      
m>tyrs  to ! tru?4 ,?is is true1 at any 
rate1 ( su* m5 z ,huxley &  ,clif=d4    
,!re 7 _m m5 ( sci5ce1 ( c\rse1 :o 7 n  
suffici5tly alive to live 9 a univ]se ( 
any description4 ,outside1  _!          
laboratories !y _h no p]ceptible        
exi/5ce4 ,_m ( !m di$  simple ,*ri/ians4
 ,b to all int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s x became
  evid5t t ! goal ( sci5ce 0 ! detail$  
explanation ( man  z ! accid5tal outcome
 ( 8matt] & motion04 ,s9ce ! argum5ts  (
 ! man ( sci5ce c\ld n be met 7= only   
sci5ce c ca/ out  sci5ce7 ! only ?+ left
 0 to abuse him4 ,?is 0 magnific5tly    
done by ,nietzs*e1 & r less magnific5tly
 by ,do/oevsky &  ,tol/oi4 ,nietzs*e    
po9t$ out t ! man ( sci5ce 0 n a  human 
be+4 ,he 0 m]ely an in/rum5t1 ! mo/     
co/ly1 ! mo/  exquisite1 ! mo/ easily   
t>ni%$ ( in/rum5ts4 ,he 0 incapable  (  
love2 he 0 incapable ( hate4 ,8 "o      

purpose 0 to 8reflect0  su* ?+s z he 0  
tun$ to receive4 ,! philosophy evolv$ by
 su*  a creature w\ld be expressive (   
no?+ b 8 own limitations4 ,he  w\ld be  
incapable ( und]/&+ ! problems t conc]n$
 a man4  ,?is 0 also ! l9e tak51 m or   
less1 by ,do/oevsky & ,tol/oi1  & x     
became v popul> ) arti/s ( all k9ds4    
,wordswor?'s  scorn = ! botani/ became !
 g5]al attitude t[>ds all m5  ( sci5ce4 
,x mu/ be admitt$ t1 judg+ f biographies
 (  sci5tific m51 !re is mu* to be said 
= ?is view4 ,_! fav\rite  au?ors appe>  
to be ,%akespe>e & ,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox3
 !y are  k9d fa!rs & fai?ful husb&s2 9  
_! social relations !y  are simple-m9d$ 
snobs2 & !y are really amus$ by         
8lecture-room  hum\r04 ,x seems unlikely
 t su* p "k mu* ( ! fi]ce  vitality t   
s5t ,sa9ts to rot on pill>s & 9         
dungeons1 t s5t  m>tyrs to ! /ake1 or   
ev5 t weak] =m ( vitality t causes  our 
,divorce ,c\rt judges to be ov]work$4 ,t
 !y c und]/&  ! univ]se1 :5 x is obvi\s 
!y d n und]/& ,clapham1 does  n seem    

likely4 ,t1 briefly1 0 ! case ( ! arti/ 
aga9/ !  man ( sci5ce4 ,! arti/ 0       
consci\s ( m ?+s 9 heav5 &  e>?1 />+ him
 9 ! face1 ?an he believ$ ! man ( sci5ce
 _h  ev] dreamt ( 9 8 philosophy4    ,x 
is evid5t t ! position to-day is r      
diff]5t4 ,x has  become diff]5t s9ce !  
,w>4 ,x is probable1 z we %all see      
lat]1 t ! ,w> itself is p>tly           
responsible = ! increas$  att5tion paid 
by ! arti/ to sci5ce4 ,b ! influ5ce 0 n 
direct4 ,! arti/ 0 n transport$ )       
admiration = ! m5  :o c\ld make         
poison-gas1#a al?\gh he may h be5 m     
incl9$  to believe _! philosophy t      
exi/5ce is mean+less4 ,no1 !  *ange 01  
,i believe1 due to ,e9/e93 9 ?is respect
 he mu/ be  lik5$ to ,newton & ,d>w94 ,!
 fact t 8 !ory is completely            
un9telligible to ! enorm\s majority ( ^?
 :o take an int]e/  9 x is n at all to  
its disadvantage4 ,r ! contr>y4 ,!      
arti/ is attract$ by ! !ory1 &          
respectful to x1 n 9 !  lea/ because he 
und]/&s x1 b because he feels x is !    

result  ( a mo/ unusual & mo/ p[]ful    
imag9ative ef=t4 ,x gives  him a new    
conception ( ! p[] ( ! human            
consci\sness4 ,?is  !ory1 he is conv9c$1
 has come f ! heights4 ,x is probable1  
z a matt] ( fact1 he ?9ks ?is because he
 believes ! !ory  to be ab\t t          
ma!matical platitude1 a f\r? dim5sion4  
,!  f\r? dim5sion is a phrase to :i*    
imag9ative p respond )  q extraord9>y   
int5sity4 ,its popul>ity is l t ( giant 
telescopes1 z 0 prov$ :5 a ?\s& p\nds 0 
rec5tly (f]$  = a simple explanation (  
x4 ,x seems to be ! phrase :i*1 to  !   
non-ma!matician1 is mo/ pregnant ) ! va/
 & lib]at+  unkn[n4 ,if its mean+ is ev]
 g5]ally und]/ood1 we may anticipate  t 
int]e/ 9 ,e9/e9's !ory w decl9e4 ,?is w 
be a pity1  because ! popul> reaction to
 ,e9/e9's !ory is p]fectly  ju/ifi$4 ,x 
is ! mo/ pr(\nd & orig9al sci5tific !ory
  t has ev] be5 inv5t$1 & x displays a  
k9d ( imag9ation  almo/#b unprec$5t$ 9 !
 hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,! feel+ ( !  arti/   
ab\t x is "rx is va/ly important to him4

      #a ,he ought to h be54 ,see       
,call9icus1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane4    
,be+ conv9c$ t ! ma!matician1 at any    
rate1 might be a  poet1 ! respect (     
imag9ative p = sci5ce 9 g5]al has       
greatly increas$4 ,_m ( !m h decid$ t   
sci5ce is wor?  look+ into4 ,un=tunately
 ma!matical physics1 ! ma/] sci5ce  ( ! 
pres5t day & ! "o :i* has furni%$ ideals
 = !  o!r sci5ces1 is hopelessly        
te*nical4 ,x is agre$ t a mod]n         
intellig5t man1 consci\s ( 8            
responsibilities z an inhabitant  ( !   
tw5tie? c5tury1 %\ld be famili> ) 8!    
sci5tific  outlook04 ,b to acquire ?is  
outlook by brood+ ov] ! tea*+s  &       
implications ( mod]n physics is n easy4 
,?us al?\gh x is !  rec5t a/oni%+       
developm5t 9 physics :i* is responsible 
= !  r5ew$ public int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 x is 
o!r sci5ces t reap !  b5efit4 ,we h     
poets & pa9t]s :o /udy an?ropology &    
lit]>y  critics :o read books on ! n]v\s
 sy/em4 ,! result appe>s to  h be5      
disa/r\s4 ,at a "t :5 ! physici/s are   

ab&on+  mat]ialism ! arti/s are accept+ 
x4 ,!y are accept+1 z !  la/ ^w (       
sci5ce1 a picture ( ! _w t belongs to ! 
e>ly  bad mann] ( physics4 ,aga9 we he>1
 b ?is "t f our lit]>y  m51 t slightly  
hy/]ical insi/5ce on ! duty (           
intellectual  hone/y4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ 
t !y h be5 pr$ispos$ to accept  ?is view
 by ! ,w>4 ,x is a curi\s b indisputable
 psy*ological  fact1 p]haps fir/ not$ by
 ,tol/oi1 t ! sight ( a l>ge numb]  (   
nak$ human bodies makes x difficult to  
believe t !y are  animat$ by immortal   
spirits possess+ an et]nal de/9y4 ,!    
sight  ( ! 8wa/age0 t occurr$ dur+ !    
,w>1 = ^? :o saw any (  x1 produc$ !    
same curi\s effect4 ,also1 a            
psy*ological fact t  _c be d5i$1 x 0    
difficult to pres]ve belief 9 ! ess5tial
  nobility ( man :5 li/5+ to patriotic  
non-combatants4 ,!re c  be no d\bt t !  
,w>1 = a l>ge numb] ( ^? connect$ )  x1 
has made ! acceptance ( mat]ialism      
easi]4 ,ev5 ! creative  arti/s1 at "o "t
 great *ampions ( ! spiritual nature (  

man1 are n[ suffici5tly dubi\s ab\t 8   
nature to be r$uc$ to  impot5ce4      #b
 ,i say 8almo/0 because !re 0 ,b]nh>d   
,riemann & 8 disciple        ,w4 ,k4    
,clif=d4                                
#b      ,! notion t we live 9 a         
purposeless univ]se is s oppos$ to !    
m5tal habits we h inh]it$ t x is a matt]
 ( ! greate/  difficulty to be> x       
con/antly 9 m9d4 ,mo/ ( ! p :o  hold ?is
 belief to-day w\ld n d s b = ?ree      
reasons3 !  disillusionm5t caus$ by !   
,w>1 _! respect = sci5ce1 &  _! belief t
 sci5ce prea*es mat]ialism4 ,z = ! ,w>1 
t  is an exp]i5ce to :i* we mu/         
accommodate ourselves z be/ we  may4 ,x 
is consi/5t ) ! belief t man is a       
develop+ _s1  b x is c]ta9ly a pro( t he
 is n v f> develop$4 ,!  respect =      
sci5ce is1 ,i believe1 on ! :ole r      
ov]done4 ,!  respect is a little        
excessive ev5 :5 x relates to ma!matical
  physics1 b x becomes almo/ absurd :5 x
 relates to "s o!r  bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,i
 believe1 = in/ance1 t ,freud's =m (    

psy*o-analysis1 "s =ms ( behavi\rism1 & 
_m ( ! /atem5ts  ( ! eug5i/s really are 
z silly z !y look4 ,all t !y  h 9 common
 ) su* fir/-class m5tal activities z    
physics &  *emi/ry is ! "n 8sci5ce40 ,x 
is ?is "n t secures = !m  su* att5tion z
 !y get f intellig5t p :o are n cranks4 
,b ev5 physics is a m provisional & m   
human ?+ ?an "s  romantic ref]5ces to x 
w\ld lead "o to suppose4 ,ev5 ! t[] (  !
 ma!matician1 :i* ,mr ,b]n>d ,%aw       
imag9es to h be5 always  un%ak51 has be5
 s]i\sly di/urb$ on m ?an "o occasion4  
,!  /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce w n be too
 confid5t ev5 ( !  8indubitable         
c]ta9ties0 ( physics :5 he reflects on !
 univ]sal  passion ( belief t atta*$ to 
! notion ( a me*anical e!r1  = ^: pres5t
 abs5ce f ! univ]se "s m5 ( sci5ce are  
/ill inconsolable1 & :5 he reflects on !
 fate t has ov]tak5  t 8mo/ p]fect &    
p]fectly e/abli%$ law01 ,newton's law ( 
gravitation4 ,!re are no indubitable    
c]ta9ties 9 sci5ce1 a fact  t we :o are 
contempor>y ) ! de/ruction ( !          

,newtonian  sy/em are n likely to =get4 
,!re are only provisional hypo!ses4  ,x 
may ev5 be1 z ,mr ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,haldane  
prophesies1 t physiology  w "o day      
invade & de/roy ma!matical physics1 by  
:i* some:at  d>k say+ ,i suppose ph5om5a
 ma!matically may be giv5 up4 ,:e!r  he 
means t or n1 x is a possibility1 z     
,pr(essor ,edd+ton has  h9t$4 ,!        
sci5tific practition] usually treats 8  
hypo!ses z  tools1 b to ! layman !y     
become dogmas4 ,"o is l$ to believe  ?is
 by see+ t _m ( ^? :o accept mat]ialism 
on :at !y  suppose to be sci5tific      
evid5ce are r5d]$ acutely unhappy by _! 
belief4 ,a tru] k ( ! /atus ( sci5tific 
!ories w\ld  r5d] ?is agony unnecess>y4 
,!re are p ) a natural lean+  t[>ds     
mat]ialism1 & sci5ce1 pref]ably some:at 
old-fa%ion$  sci5ce1 w give !m q        
suffici5t gr\nds to indulge _!          
prop5sity ) complete intellectual       
hone/y4 ,b sci5ce does n1  & nev] has1  
br\ght =w>d suffici5t evid5ce to ju/ify 
a man  turn+ mat]iali/ aga9/ 8 w4 ,&    

p]haps no man has ev] done  s4 ,p]haps  
"o c take ! agonies ( mod]n poets too   
s]i\sly4  ,_m arti/s1 n only small ones1
 h no real indwell+ =ce  su* z a man l  
,bee?ov5 obvi\sly possess$4 ,!y are     
m]ely  v impressionable & adopt an      
attitude t[>ds life1 & ?is  attitude is 
accept$ & ma9ta9$1 n because !y really  
?9k x  is true1 b because !y d]ive /r5g?
 f x4 ,x gives !m a  c5tre f :i* !y c   
"w2 x gives !m a feel+ ( /r5g?  &       
complet5ess4 ,! ma9t5ance ( _! attitude 
t[>ds life may  become ! condition t !y 
exi/ & function z arti/s at all4        
,nev]!less1 ! attitude is ma9ta9$ only  
by a con/ant ef=t (  w1 al?\gh1 s9ce !  
motive is self-pres]vation1 ! arti/ w   
ne>ly always ?9k himself p]fectly s9c]e4
 ,b ,i %all1 )\t  go+ into ^! ref9em5ts1
 take ! unhapp9ess ( our mod]n  lit]>y  
m5 at its face-value1 ^?1 t is1 :o      
believe t !  univ]se is purposeless &   
?9k ?is belief is f\nd$ on sci5tific    
evid5ce4    ,! po9t ( view has be5 well 
put rec5tly by ,mr ,i4 ,a4 ,ri*>ds1#c  a

 lit]>y critic :o ?9ks x possible t     
poetry may be de/roy$  by sci5ce4 ,he   
speaks ( ! 8neutralization ( nature0 :i*
 has be5  effect$ by sci5ce1 & contra/s 
?is ) ! 8magical view0 ( !  _w t has    
hi!rto be5 accept$ by arti/s4 ,:at he   
means by  ?is is t sci5ce reveals to u a
 univ]se q indiff]5t to all  human      
aspirations1 :]eas arti/s h hi!rto      
assum$ t man is  ( cosmic significance4 
,! poet mu/ le>n to accept ! sci5tific  
univ]se & give up believ+ 9 ?+s l       
8inspiration01 8a reality  deep] ?an !  
reality ( sci5ce01 & s on4 8,exp]i5ce01 
says ,mr  ,ri*>ds1 8is its own          
ju/ification01 by :i* he appe>s to mean 
t  exp]i5ce j happ5s to be :at x is by  
"s k9d ( accid5t4 ,x  po9ts to no?+     
beyond itself4 ,! gr\nd = ?is belief is 
n1  9 ,mr ,ri*>ds' case1 old-fa%ion$    
mat]ialism4 8,x is n :at !  univ]se is  
made ( b h[ x works1 ! law x foll[s1 :i*
 makes  k ( x incapable ( spurr+ on our 
emotional responses40 ,?is  rem9ds "o ( 
! 8iron laws0 ( ! ,victorian age1 :i* _m

 p  f\nd s depress+1 al?\gh ! logical   
connection betwe5 exi/5ce  hav+         
conditions & exi/5ce be+ purposeless is 
a little h>d to  foll[4 ,b al?\gh !     
p>ticul> iron laws ( ! ,victorians h    
gone1 ,mr ,ri*>ds f9ds ! !ory (         
relativity no m *e]+4 8,a  god          
volunt>ily or involunt>ily subject to   
,e9/e9's ,g5]al ,!ory  ( ,relativity    
does n make an emotional appeal &       
physics does n  f9d x necess>y to m5tion
 him40 ,app>5tly x is ! exi/5ce (  any  
law at all t is res5t$3 ! poet c feel   
happy only 9 a  _w ( pure miracle4 ,i   
/rongly d\bt ! correctness ( ,mr        
,ri*>ds'  diagnosis4#d ,i am c]ta9 t n  
all poets h be5 z *ildi%  z t4 ,no!     
ess5tial elem5t 9 ?is g5]al outlook is n
  t ph5om5a occur 9 an ord]ly way1 b t  
man's exi/5ce is  n reg>d$ z =m+ "p ( "s
 univ]sal purpose4 ,! ess5tial  elem5t  
is ! same z 9 old-fa%ion$ mat]ialism1 ! 
8accid5tal  collocations ( atoms0 !ory4 
,! emphasis 0 on ! 8accid5tal0  n on !  
8atoms04 ,?is becomes cle> :5 ,mr       

,ri*>ds describes !  appropriate        
emotional reaction to 8 view4 8,a s5se (
 desolation  & unc]ta9ty1 ( futility1 ( 
! baselessness ( aspirations1 (  !      
vanity ( endeav\r1 & a ?ir/ = a         
life-giv+ wat] :i*  seems sudd5ly to h  
fail$1 are ! signs 9 consci\sness ( ?is 
necess>y reorganization ( our lives40 ,x
 is difficult to believe  t ?is /ate (  
m9d c be produc$ by ! recognition ( su* 
facts z t unsupport$ /ones always fall  
to ! gr\nd4 ,b if ,mr  ,ri*>ds is "r1 ,i
 sugge/ t ! poets :o are s depress$ by  
law & ord] %\ld /udy1 besides ! !ory (  
relativity1 ,quantum  ,!ory4 ,!y w f9d  
!re mu* t is1 at pres5t1 agreeably      
miracul\s4 ,b "o ne$ n fly to miracles  
to get rid ( ! bug-be>  ( 8unalt]able   
law04 ,x is only necess>y to und]/& !   
true  /atus ( ! unalt]able laws1 & ?is  
is j :at relativity !ory  enables u to  
d4      #c ,sci5ce & ,poetry1 #aibf4    
#d ,b possibly ,mr ,ri*>ds means t !    
sci5tific description        does n     
include values4 ,see ,section #e ( ?is  

essay4                                  
#c      ,! idea t !re is a conflict     
betwe5 sci5ce & art1 :i* is at  bottom !
 idea t !re is a conflict betwe5 sci5ce 
& my/icism1  re/s1 ,i h sugge/$1 ^u an  
old-fa%ion$ conception ( !  /atus (     
physics4 ,! fir/ duty ( a man :o bases 8
 conclusions  on sci5ce is to make sure 
t 8 sci5ce is up-to-date4 ,! sci5ce  t  
leads to ! depress+ conclusions ,i h j  
sket*$ is n  up-to-date4 ,until a few   
ye>s ago ! physici/ ?\ght t !  mat]ial  
univ]se he dealt ) 0 a real1 objectively
 exi/+  univ]se 9 ! s5se t1 9 ! abs5ce (
 consci\sness1 x w\ld  be v mu* ! same z
 x appe>$ to be4 ,?is univ]se 0 subject 
to laws1 & ^! laws might conceivably h  
be5 diff]5t4 ,!re  0 no a priori reason1
 = in/ance1 :y ! =ce ( gravitation  %\ld
 n v>y z ! inv]se cube ( ! di/ance4 ,!re
 0 no a  priori reason :y matt] & en]gy 
%\ld be cons]v$4 ,^! 7  laws ( gov]nance
 ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 _! discov]y _h    
requir$ mu* ef=t & ! rejection (        
alt]natives4 ,man 0 9 no  s5se          

responsible = !m3 he happ5$ to live 9 a 
univ]se gov]n$  by !m4 ,^! 7 ! iron laws
 ( ! ,victorians & are ! laws1          
app>5tly1 t depress mod]n poets4 ,"o ( !
 great discov]ies (  relativity !ory is 
t ^! laws ne$ be no m depress+ ?an  !   
laws ( ,euclidean geometry4 ,no arti/   
has felt 8 aspirations  baseless because
 he _c draw a circle ^: circumf]5ce is  
six  times its radius4 ,he has no m "r  
to despair because !re  is an inexorable
 law ( gravitation4 ,?is has be5 made   
cle> by  ,pr(essor ,edd+ton1 ^:         
ma!matical developm5t ( relativity  !ory
 is ( great philosophical importance1 & 
w\ld1 9 a m  adequately educat$         
community1 be giv5 m newspap] headl9es  
?an  ,tutankham54 ,! real univ]se1      
accord+ to relativity !ory1 is a        
f\r-dim5sional _w ( po9t-ev5ts4 ,( !    
nature ( po9t-ev5ts  we "k no?+4 ,all t 
we require to "k1 = ! purposes (        
physics1 is t x takes f\r numb]s to     
specify a po9t-ev5t  uniquely1 & t "s   
k9d ( /ructurea m9imum am\nt (          

/ructuremay be po/ulat$ ( ! _w (        
po9t-ev5ts4 ,we !n  f9d1 purely by      
ma!matical processes1 t c]ta9           
*>act]i/ics (  ?is _w w h ! quality (   
p]man5ce4 ,! m9d1 fac$ )  ?is _w (      
evanesc5t po9t-ev5ts1 selects ^?        
*>act]i/ics  t are p]man5t z be+ (      
special int]e/4 ,?is is m]ely because  !
 m9d happ5s to be t k9d ( ?+4 ,z a      
consequ5ce ( ?is  pr$ilection ( ! m9d   
!re arises space & "t1 matt]1 & !  laws 
( nature4 ,!re arises1 9 fact1 !        
8objective univ]se04 ,!  real _w (      
po9t-ev5ts has _m o!r *>act]i/ics to :i*
 !  m9d pays no att5tion4 ,a diff]5t    
pr9ciple ( selection1 ex]cis$  on ! same
 total _w ( po9t-ev5ts1 w\ld result 9 an
 utt]ly  diff]5t univ]se1 a univ]se t   
is1 = u1 q unimag9able4 ,&  ! univ]se t 
! m9d has select$ & con/ruct$ f ! _w  ( 
po9t-ev5ts does n 9 ! lea/ dep5d on :at 
! po9t-ev5ts  are4 ,all t is necess>y is
 t a c]ta9 m9imum am\nt (  /ructure %\ld
 be attribut$ to ! _w ( po9t-ev5ts4 ,x  
is f  ! relations betwe5 ! po9t-ev5ts1 q

 indep5d5t ( _!  sub/ance1 t ! m9d has  
creat$ ! mat]ial univ]se & its  laws4   
,^! laws1 x mu/ be emphasiz$1 are       
necess>y consequ5ces  ( ! m9d's         
selective action4 ,!y are necess>y 9 !  
same s5se  t ! sum ( ! ?ree int]ior     
angles ( a ,euclidean triangle mu/  be  
two "r angles4 ,( ! und]ly+ reality     
d$uc$ by physics we  c say almo/ no?+4  
,x may be :at ,newton call$ ! 8s5sorium0
  ( ,god1 & ! po9t-ev5ts may be 8       
?\ghts4 ,!y d n succe$  "o ano!r 9 "t =1
 at ?is /age ( analysis1 space & "t are 
8m]g$ 9 "o04 ,?is p]fectly gratuit\s    
hypo!sis may appeal to  "s my/ics1 = our
 ?\ghts1 consid]$ z belong+ to ! _w  (  
po9t-ev5ts1 w\ld be "p ( ! ?\ghts (     
,god4 ,x w\ld be  inde$ true t 9 him we 
liv$ & mov$ & _h our be+4 ,we see1  !n1 
! limitations ( physics4 ,all t dep5ds  
on ! /ructure  ( reality belongs to     
physics1 includ+ o!r univ]ses ?an ours4 
,all t dep5ds ^u ! sub/ance ( reality = 
ev] lies outside  physics4 ,z to !      
actual univ]se we live 91 :y we %\ld    

reg>d  x z actual is a problem =        
psy*ology4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !  actual 
& ! non-actual is a di/9ction conf]r$ by
 our m9ds4 ,x  is v probable t ! :ole   
movem5t ( ! univ]se 9 "t is  also       
contribut$ by our m9ds4 ,x seems to be  
true t ev5ts d n  take placewe come     
across !m4 ,:y we d n "k ! future is    
aga9  a "q ( psy*ology4 ,ignorance ( !  
future1 l ! exi/5ce  ( ! mat]ial        
univ]se1 is a clue to ! con/itution (   
our m9ds4  ,?is has a be>+ on ! "q (    
8purpose0 9 ! univ]se4 ,!  conception ( 
purpose seems to suppose a process 9 "t1
 & !re=e  may be a totally irrelevant   
idea :5 appli$ to reality4    ,!        
philosophical implications ( relativity 
!ory w d\btless  take a long "t to "w   
out4 ,! f\r-dim5sional univ]se (        
po9t-ev5ts is some?+ t c be argu$ ab\t b
 x is1 to use an  old-fa%ion$ phrase1   
8inconceivable04 ,mank9d1 except+       
pr(essional  logicians1 nev] rema9s     
cont5t ) ! inconceivable4 ,a purely     
logical conclusion is n en\gh2 x has to 

be grasp$ imag9atively1  by :i* ,i d n  
necess>ily mean t x has to be pictur$4  
,to  become famili> ) a !ory does n     
m]ely mean t "o is able1 z  a =m ( m5tal
 wire-walk+1 to slip nimbly back & =?   
ov] !  logical connections ( ! /ructure4
 ,x means tak+ x into oneself  9 "s     
indef9able mann]becom+ 8intimate0 ) x4  
,only :5 a  !ory is 8realiz$01 z we say1
 d we feel t we truly und]/&  x4 ,ideas1
 po9ts ( view1 t we 7 able to see only 9
 fla%es1  become "p ( our normal        
intellectual equipm5t4 ,! process may   
well be call$ a gr[? ( consci\sness4    
,!re are ideas :i* our  consci\sness1 :5
 x fir/ approa*es !m is1 z x 71 too     
flabby  to grasp4 ,we fir/ h to ex]cise 
our m5tal muscles4 ,e /ud5t  ( a l9e (  
?\ght su* z ma!matics1 :i* is r outside 
our normal preoccupations1 becomes aw>e 
( an actual *ange 9 8  m5tal p[]s4      
,notions s ab/ract t at fir/ !y seem$   
almo/  mean+less gradually become       
p]fectly cle> & p]man5t additions to    
"o's m5tal res\rces4 ,/ud5ts ( musical  

composition f9d t _!  capacity = m5tally
 he>+ a numb] ( p>ts rapidly increases4 
,9  "s cases x is almo/ z if a new      
faculty ( ! m9d 7 born &  develop$4     
,! physics ( rec5t ye>s has made heavy  
dem&s ^u our capacity  = realization4 ,!
 electron !ory1 ) its analysis ( matt]  
into  8disembodi$ *>ges ( electricity0  
requir$1 = its und]/&+1  ! break+ up (  
old habits ( ?\ght4 ,to "y /ud5ts ! idea
  01 at fir/1 extremely baffl+almo/     
nons5se4 ,to realize x "o  _h to make m 
ab/ract "o's idea ( matt] until ! notion
 (  8sub/ance0 0 replac$ by ! notion (  
8behavi\r04 ,any?+ t  behav$ 9 ! way    
*>act]i/ic ( matt] 0 matt]4 ,! c5tral   
idea ( ! re/rict$ pr9ciple ( relativity1
 ! idea ( diff]5t  "t-sy/ems1 0 /ill m  
difficult to grasp4 ,9 ?is case we _h to
  become conv9c$ t our ord9>y idea (    
simultaneity1 an idea :i*  seem$        
p]fectly cle>1 0 really a bogus idea4 ,!
 attacks on !  !ory ( relativity %[1 = !
 mo/ "p1 m]ely t _! au?ors  are unable  
to ab&on old habits ( ?\ght4 ,) !       

complete !ory  ( relativity1 z we h x   
n[1 ! task ( adju/m5t has become        
enorm\s4 ,!re _c be1 ev5 n[1 m ?an v few
 sci5tific m5  :o naturally approa* a   
problem f ! po9t ( view ( relativity    
!ory4 ,9 mo/ cases a consci\s ef=t (    
m5tal prep>ation is  requir$1 su* z     
occurs :5 a noveli/1 sitt+ d[n to       
cont9ue  8 "w1 delib]ately ?9ks himself 
into ! appropriate frame (  m9d4 ,yet   
d\btless ! next g5]ation or s w ?9k 9   
t]ms (  relativity !ory z naturally z we
 ?\ght 9 t]ms ( ! ,newtonian  sy/em4 ,i 
w\ld n hold x z impossible t ! human m9d
 may come  to realize1 imag9atively z   
well z logically1 ! f\r-dim5sional      
space-"t cont9uum4 ,b x seems t ! m9d ( 
! physici/1 at  any rate1 w h to d m ?an
 become famili> ) relativity  !ory4 ,x w
 h to accommodate itself someh[ to !    
quantum  !ory =1 al?\gh we c write d[n !
 laws :i* gov]n sub-atomic  ph5om5a &   
make d$uctions f !m1 ^! laws are1 at    
pres5t1  un9telligible4 ,an electron    
behaves z if x _h =ekn[l$ge (  :at x 0  

ab\t to d & c\ld make ! ma!matical      
calculations  necess>y to a*ieve its    
end4 ,we _c admit ?is to be possible1 & 
we c only suppose t ! difficulty arises 
f ! way we ?9k  ab\t ?+s4 ,we mu/ le>n  
to ?9k 9 a diff]5t way1 & :at !         
consequ5ces ( t new way ( ?9k+ w be no  
"o c say4 ,we  "k v little ( !          
possibilities ( ! developm5t ( ! human  
consci\sness4    ,! prop] attitude      
to-day 9 :i* ! problem ( man's place 9  
nature %\ld be approa*$ is "o (         
bewild]m5t & humility4 ,bo?  ! mat]ial  
univ]se & ! m9d ( man are v my/]i\s ?+s4
  ,at ! pres5t "t x is only an          
inadequate m9d :i* is confid5t  t x kn[s
 :at is impossible4 ,!re 0 nev] a "t :5 
he>ty  dogmatism & l\d confid5ce 7 m out
 ( place4 ,we mu/ ?9k z  be/ we c1 (    
c\rse4 ,! next /ep upw>d 9 ! developm5t 
( !  human consci\sness w n be a*iev$ by
 ei!r slov5ly cr$ulity  or slov5ly      
scepticism1 b only by a t]rify+ m5tal   
travail4 ,i  see a human m9d z "s       
multiple plant1 "h 9 full fl[]1 !re     

/ill 9 ! bud4 ,diff]5t m9ds h fl[]$ 9   
diff]5t ways4  ,bee?ov5's ,heilig]      
,dankgesang e9es ,g5es55 an die ,got!it 
po9ts to ! complete developm5t 9 him (  
some?+ :i* ^?  ( u :o und]/& him h only 
9 embryo4 ,9 ^? :o d n  und]/& him x is 
non-exi/5t4 ,& ! great my/ics ought at  
lea/  to make u d\bt :e!r x is we :o are
 n defici5t r ?an  !y :o are mad4 ,x is 
ra% to dismiss our exceptional moods1   
our  /range fla%es ( :at seems l        
insight1 z m]e :imsies )\t              
significance4 ,!y may be fa9t /irr+s ( !
 next ?+ t is  de/9$ to become fully    
alive4 ,all t we c say is t ! m9d  lives
 9 a univ]se l>gely ( its own creation1 
& t ! univ]se1  toge!r ) ! m9d1 w *ange 
9 ways we _c =esee4                     
#d      ,we h se5 t ! philosophy t      
reg>ds man z a mean+less  accid5t 9 an  
ali5 univ]se receives no support f mod]n
 physics4  ,! true gr\nd ( t philosophy 
is n[1 z x always has be51 !  app>5tly  
mean+less mis]y t =ms "p ( life4 ,x is n
 by  mi/ak+ matt] = an ultimate reality 

or by pond]+ on ! fact  t laws ( nature 
exi/ t we c conclude t man is ( no      
cosmic  significance4 ,t conclusion c be
 rea*$ logically only on !  basis (     
arbitr>y assumptions4 ,b ! conclusion is
 n1 9 fact1  rea*$ 9 t way3 x is rea*$  
?r\gh feel+4 ,& x _c  be transc5d$ by a 
logical process1 b only 9 virtue ( a    
my/ic  exp]i5ce4    ,! old mat]iali/ic  
outlook1 al?\gh x no long] has any      
sci5tific  ju/ification1 is /ill active 
9 _m bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,x has made      
popul> c]ta9 types ( explanation & is ! 
cause ( ! direction  pursu$ by c]ta9    
rese>*es4 ,9 p>ticul> x has l$ to a     
great  deal ( useless or mislead+ "w be+
 done 9 ! attempt to r$uce  qualitative 
to quantitative diff]5ces4    ,a good   
deal ( :at passes = sci5tific "w among/ 
eug5i/s  & psy*ologi/s consi/s (        
attempts to mat* ?+s :i* are            
qualitatively diff]5t4 ,?is is !        
fav\rite proc$ure ( t k9d  (            
psy*o-analysis :i* r$uces ev]y?+ to sex4
 ,discrim9ation  is fatigu+2 also1 x    

makes appeal to s5sibilities :i* _m     
e>ne/ 8sci5tific work]s0 d n possess4 ,x
 is mu* easi] to make  measurem5ts ?an  
to "k exactly :at y are measur+4    ,to 
give up ! ideal ( measurability w\ld be 
equival5t1 to _m  p1 to ab&on+ 8sci5ce0 
altoge!r4 8,sci5ce is measurem5t01  we  
are in=m$4 ,?is ideal is borr[$ f       
physics1 ! sci5ce  ^: aim x is to give  
ma!matical descriptions ( ph5om5a4 ,b   
we may h bran*es ( k t may fairly be    
call$ sci5ce  al?\gh !y are n           
ma!matical4 ,we may f9d x necess>y to   
use  concepts t _c be ma!matically      
def9$4 ,x may n be m]e  lack ( k :i*    
prev5ts biology1 = in/ance1 f be+ a     
ma!matical sci5ce4 ,x may be impossible 
9 ! nature ( ?+s ev]  to give ! equation
 to a *ick54 ,b ! bias t[>ds            
measurability  is v /rong & has l$ to   
measurem5ts be+ made1 p>ticul>ly 9      
psy*ology1 :]e we really h no cle> idea 
at all z to :at is  be+ measur$4 ,:51 = 
in/ance1 ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son comp>es 
frat]nal resemblances 9 su* ?+s z /ature

 & arm-l5g? )  frat]nal resemblances 9  
intellig5ce & consci5ti\sness1 :at      
exactly is he do+8 ,a great deal ( :at  
is call$ exp]im5tal  psy*ology impresses
 "o z be+ no?+ b ! application (  an    
inappropriate te*nique by exceptionally 
innoc5t & unworldly  8sci5ti/s04 ,!     
me?ods f\nd s successful 9 physics are  
appli$  to ev]y?+ "u ! sun4 ,x is pretty
 obvi\s t ?is is n due  to "s my/ic1    
,py?agorean conviction t numb] is !     
pr9ciple (  all ?+s1 b m]ely to m5tal   
in]tia4 ,_m 8intellig5ce te/s0  & _m ( !
 /ati/ical results obta9$ by ! eug5i/s  
impress  ! ord9>y p]son z be+ laughably 
sup]ficial4 ,9 _! eag]ness  to 8measure0
 some?+ our rese>*] seem to lose _!     
ord9>y  common s5se1 :]eas _! subject   
really requires ! subtlety &  sympa?y ( 
a v good noveli/4 ,x is amaz+ ! numb] ( 
dull1  unimag9ative p :o f9d a cong5ial 
life "w 9 prosecut+  rese>*es 9         
pseudo-sci5ce4 ,! ord9>y public1        
un=tunately1  does n discrim9ate betwe5 
"o k9d ( sci5ce & ano!r1 )  ! result t !

 contempt !y rightly feel = "s s-call$  
m5  ( sci5ce is apt to be ext5d$ to all 
sci5tific m54 ,?us ,mr ,g4  ,k4         
,*e/]ton1 hav+ he>d t "s 8sci5ti/s0     
expla9 ! %ape  ( a *ur* spire z         
symbolical ( phallic wor%ip1 beg9s to   
d\bt  ! :ole ,royal ,society4 ,x mu/ be 
rememb]$ t 9 sci5ce real  insight &     
imag9ation are z r>e z 9 any o!r human  
activity4 ,9  ! cle>-cut sci5ces1 su* z 
physics & *emi/ry1 :]e ! "r  way (      
attack+ problems is kn[n & :]e an       
elaborate te*nique  has be5 built up1   
!re is pl5ty ( room = valuable r\t9e "w4
  ,all ! difficult prelim9>y "w ( gett+ 
"r conceptions &  pr9ciples has be5     
done4 ,! r\t9e work] c measure !        
electric  capacities ( diff]5t cond5s]s 
because ! difficult notion (  electric  
capacity has be5 made cle> by 8 ma/]s4  
,b ! r\t9e  work] 9 psy*ology :o        
measures 8intellig5ce0 is n do+ any?+   
def9ite at all4 ,8 subject is n yet ripe
 = ! application (  su* exact me?ods4 ,9
 ?is way ! pre/ige ( physics has ex]t$  

a h>mful influ5ce on ! /udy ( psy*ology4
 ,x is true t "s  exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s
 are becom+ aw>e ( ! fact t !y d  n     
always "k :at !y are measur+4 ,!re are  
controv]sies z to  :at a giv5 set (     
measurem5ts has measur$1 & "s           
measurem5ts  seem to be und]tak5 on !   
(f-*ance t a mean+ w "s day be  f\nd =  
!m4 ,x is n sugge/$ t all exp]im5tal    
psy*ology is  ( ?is k9d1 b x is c]ta9ly 
true t _m psy*ological pap]s1  complete 
) correlation coeffici5ts & 8curves0 (  
all k9ds1 we>  an air ( precision to :i*
 !y h no real claim4    ,a m def9itely  
mat]iali/ic bias is obs]vable 9 !       
attempts to  expla9 psy*ological happ5+s
 9 t]ms ( physiology4 ,! result  is t   
le>n$ & acute m51 caught 9 ! jungle (   
neurology1  pa9fully fight _! way out ) 
"s su* epo*-mak+ discov]y  z t "o le>ns 
a subject m rapidly if "o is int]e/$ 9  
x4 ,?is result1 :i* is suppos$ to be    
incompatible ) !  purely physiological  
!ory ( ! m9d1 owes all its difficulty to
  t 9 compatibility4 ,o!rwise x is a    

p]fectly obvi\s fact (  exp]i5ce4 ,if x 
7 n = ! pre/ige a*iev$ by mat]ialism  9 
! ,victorian age x is probable t        
psy*ology w\ld be v  mu* fur!r advanc$  
?an x is4 ,b ! side-track+ influ5ce (  t
 philosophy has meant t psy*ologi/s h _h
 pa9fully to  discov] ! obvi\s4 ,b if   
mat]ialism1 9 small doses1 delays !     
recognition ( ! obvi\s1 x does1 :5 fully
 develop$1 d5y !  obvi\s4 ,?is is :at ! 
behavi\ri/s d4 ,!y d5y t we ?9k or  t we
 c =m images 9 our m9ds4 ,! only        
possible answ] to ?is  !ory is a satire1
 z :5 ,voltaire answ]$ ! !ory t 9 ?is   
_w ev]y?+ is = ! be/ 9 ! be/ ( all      
possible worlds  by writ+ ,c&ide4 ,b 9  
?is que] mod]n _w behavi\rism1  in/ead (
 be+ greet$ ) laught]1 is answ]$        
c>efully &  politely1 app>5tly 9 ! _s 9 
:i* ,monsieur ,b]g]et %ook  h&s ) ! v]s 
libri/e poet1 8= fe> ( wrong+ beauty 9  
disguise04 ,! position ( ! ord9>y man 9 
face ( ^! !ories  is1 nev]!less1 a      
difficult "o4 ,behavi\rism may s\nd to  
him  nons5se1 b s does non-,euclidean   

geometry4 ,8 natural reaction  w\ld be  
to class bo? ( !m ) ! !ory t ! ,engli%  
are desc5d$ f ! lo/ t5 tribes ( ,israel4
 ,nev]!less1  non-,euclidean geometry is
 n nons5se4 ,9 ^! circum/ances x is     
probably =tunate t !re are p pati5t     
en\gh to prep>e  c>eful & reason$       
refutations ( any :imsy t anybody c>es  
to  put =?4 ,! extraord9>y pr$isposition
 ( ! le>n$ t[>ds  concoct+ m]ely silly  
!ories mu/ always be borne 9 m9d4       
,/udi\s  p]sons (t5 h a v small range ( 
exp]i5ce ( life2 !y h  no?+ l s broadly 
bas$ a s5se ( probability z ! ord9>y    
man ( ! _w possesses1 :i* is :y s _m (  
!m seem curi\sly  innoc5t & gullible4 ,!
 beam+ & g5ial pr(essor exp\nd+  8 !ory 
(t5 seems curi\sly l a *ild play+ )     
toys4 ,!  mixture ( amusem5t & respect )
 :i* ! _w wat*es him is1  on ! :ole1 !  
correct reaction4 ,z long z he is deal+ 
)  ! incompreh5sible "o may grant him   
au?ority4 ,nobody dreams (  que/ion+    
a/ronomical pron\ncem5ts ab\t =?com+    
eclipses4 ,b  :5 he is talk+ ab\t ! v   

/uff ( our ord9>y exp]i5ce1  z 9        
psy*ology1 we d wrong to accept !       
obvi\sly absurd =  fe> t x _c be z silly
 z x looks4 ,a great deal ( :at is      
call$ psy*o-analysis1 = in/ance1 is     
m]ely silly4 ,only p  s+ul>ly defici5t 9
 common-s5se & completely lack+ 9 a s5se
  ( hum\r c\ld h inv5t$ any?+ s         
prepo/]\s4 ,und\bt$ly  "s pa?ological   
/ates are ( sexual orig91 b ! l5g?s to  
:i* ! !ory has be5 c>ri$ & ! k9d (      
int]pretations  t are giv5 make !       
developm5t ( psy*o-analysis "o ( !      
greate/ psy*ological curiosities ( our  
"t4 ,:ole-he>t$ belief 9  psy*o-analysis
 c]ta9ly po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( a complex4
 ,z )  any o!r complex1 x is def5d$ by  
argum5ts to :i* none except  ^? :o are  
simil>ly afflict$ c atta* ! slighte/    
validity4  ,! complex is /rongly        
mat]iali/ic1 n 9 ! s5se t ev]y?+  is    
r$uc$ to 8matt] & motion01 b 9 ! s5se t 
! l[e/  human activities are made       
explanatory ( all ! re/4 ,"o (t5 f9ds1  
associat$ ) a belief 9 mat]ialism1 a    

desire to d5y any =m  ( spiritual       
excell5ce4 ,! o/5sible motive is        
simplification1 z  :5 mat]ial sub/ances 
are r$uc$ to a small numb] ( *emical    
elem5ts2 b x is usually obvi\s1 f ! =c$ 
explanations t  are attempt$1 t ! real  
motive is some?+ v diff]5t4 ,mu*1  (    
c\rse1 mu/ be attribut$ to              
ins5sitiv5ess1 z we see :5 we  turn to  
psy*o-analytic explanations ( works (   
art4 ,! extraord9>y  =ce ( !            
psy*o-analy/s' complex is well %[n by ! 
sort (  argum5ts !y f9d conv9c+4 ,?us !y
 may pr(ess to %[ t  arti/ic ta/es nev] 
exi/ )\t suppress$ sexual desires4 ,_!  
way ( e/abli%+ ?is fact1 :i* is *iefly  
by ass]t+ x1 is  comp>atively rational4 
,b !y !n proce$ to ! /atem5t t a  ta/e =
 art is m]ely a disguis$ =m ( sexual    
desire4 ,!y might  z well say t x is a  
disguis$ =m ( hung]1 s9ce arti/s are  q 
z notori\s = be+ hungry z = be+ erotic1 
& arti/ic  ta/es are nev] f\nd to exi/ 9
 a man :o takes no n\ri%m5t4    ,n only 
mu* mod]n psy*ology1 b "s o!r mod]n     

sci5ces su* z  comp>ative religion1 are 
prone to a c]ta9 fallacy t may be call$ 
! fallacy ( 8explanation by orig9s04    
,?is k9d ( explanation has  be5 made    
popul> by ! !ory ( evolution1 & !       
fallacy consi/s  9 suppos+ t to give !  
hi/orical antec$5ts ( a ?+ is to  give  
an analysis ( t ?+4 ,?us1 "s au?orities 
suppose t by  %[+ t religion has        
develop$ f primitive magic rites1 !y  h 
!reby prov$ t religion is no?+ b a      
disguis$ =m (  magic4 ,"o might z well  
say t an oak-tree is a disguis$ =m ( an 
acorn1 or t a man is a disguis$ =m ( an 
amoeba4 ,b ?is error  is too gl>+ to be 
committ$ by m ?an a small p]c5tage ( our
  mod]n 8?9k]s04 ,a mu* m insidi\s dang]
 is t ?is type (  explanation leads "o  
to "u-e/imate ! complexity ( ! ?+  to be
 expla9$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to neglect ^?
 factors 9 !  f9al product :i* _c be    
trac$ 9 its hi/orical antec$5ts4  ,?is  
is "o =m ( ! widespread error ( undue   
simplification4 ,no  human m9d c deal   
exhau/ively ) concrete facts4 ,e natural

  entity1 :e!r x be a fl[] or a nation1 
conta9s f> too _m  factors = ?\ght to   
grasp x completely4 ,! art ( human ?9k+ 
is to make useful ab/ractions4 ,any man 
is a v complicat$ creature4  ,all !     
arti/s & sci5ti/s ( ! _w c\ld n describe
 him  exhau/ively4 ,b = ! purposes ( w> 
e man "u a c]ta9  milit>y rank 0 reg>d$ 
z a physical /ructure support+ weapons  
& a /oma* on two legs4 ,?is ab/raction 0
 useful = ! purposes  = :i* x 0 inv5t$4 
,a some:at diff]5t ab/raction is requir$
  :5 a man is consid]$ z a vot]4 ,:5 a  
man is consid]$ z  a 8h&0 or a 8work]0 x
 is f\nd t slightly m complicat$        
ab/ractions are requir$4 ,9 fact1 !     
great fault ( economic !ory  has be5 t  
its 8economic man0 0 too simple an      
ab/raction4 ,!  economi/ left out c]ta9 
factors 9 8 conception ( man1 ) !       
result t 8 plans1 :5 appli$ to real m51 
d n "w4 ,i am  sugge/+ t ! sci5ces :i*  
ape physics suff]1 among/ o!r  ?+s1 f   
inadequate ab/ractions4 ,?is is n       
surpris+1 =  !re is e reason to suppose 

t ! extraord9>y difficulties  exp]i5c$  
by physics itself1 at ! pres5t day1 are 
due to ! same  cause4 ,an analysis ( ?is
 position w %[ u ! direction ( !        
probable future developm5t ( sci5ce &   
help u to see 9 :at  consi/s !          
importance ( ! arts4                    
#e      ,_m p1 includ+ "s sci5tific m51 
take sci5ce too s]i\sly4  ,!y ?9k t     
sci5ce gives a f> m compreh5sive picture
 (  reality ?an x really does4 ,!re h   
be5 philosoph]s :o h  gone s f> z to    
suppose t ^? factors ( exp]i5ce t       
sci5ce does n f9d x necess>y to talk    
ab\t d n really exi/4  ,?is is ! basis (
 ! belief t col\rs1 s\nds1 & sc5ts h  no
 8objective0 exi/5ce2 !y exi/ only 9 !  
m9d1 :]eas su*  qualities z mass &      
ext5sion are suppos$ to exi/ indep5d5tly
 (  ! m9d4 ,x is true t sci5ce does n   
f9d x necess>y to ref]  to col\rs1      
s\nds1 & sc5ts 9 giv+ its description ( 
nature1  :]eas x does f9d x necess>y to 
ref] to mass & ext5sion4 ,b  t does n   
prove t ! =m] qualities are n z real z !

  latt]1 are n z indubitably "p ( !     
univ]se4 ,! sci5tific  concepts h by no 
means prov$ !mselves adequate to acc\nt 
=  ! :ole ( exp]i5ce4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ (   
real importance to  man lies at pres5t  
outside sci5ce4 ,! fact is t sci5ce 0   
und]tak5 z an intellectual adv5ture3 x 0
 an attempt to f9d  out h[ f> nature    
c\ld be describ$ 9 ma!matical t]ms4     
,c]ta9  prim>y conceptions"t1 space1    
mass1 =ce1 & s onall ( :i*  c be def9$  
ma!matically1 7 adopt$1 & x became a    
highly  absorb+ game to f9d out h[ mu* (
 :at goes on ar\nd u c\ld be  describ$1 
ma!matically1 9 t]ms ( ^! conceptions4  
,! success  ( ?is ef=t has be5 s a/oni%+
 t "s sci5tific m5 h  =gott5 to be      
a/oni%$4 ,!y h come to take x = grant$ t
  a complete ma!matical description ( ! 
_w %\ld be possible4  ,?is assumption is
 n a rational "o3 x is a pure act (     
fai?4 ,!  great f\nd]s ( ! s*eme made no
 su* mi/ake3 !y 7 q  aw>e ( ! prec>i\s  
nature ( _! ent]prise4 ,?us1 ,newton1 ! 
greate/ & mo/ successful ( !m all1 says 

t1 if !y f9d !  ma!matical me?od does n 
"w1 !y mu/ try a diff]5t me?od4  ,!     
ma!matical me?od1 :i* is ! v ess5ce (   
mod]n sci5ce1  has1 h[ev]1 work$        
spl5didly4 ,f ! "t ( its orig9ation 9  !
 sev5te5? c5tury until ! pres5t day x   
has _h no s]i\s  rival4 ,! anci5t /hetic
 pr9ciple1 :i* l$ to ! conclusion t  !  
planets mov$ 9 circles because ! circle 
is ! only p]fect  figure1 is /ill us$ by
 !osophi/s1 b n by m5 ( sci5ce4         
,simil>ly ! old morali/ic pr9ciple1 :i* 
expla9$ ! fact  ( wat] ris+ 9 a pump by 
say+ t nature abhorr$ a vacuum1         
possibly l+]s on only 9 su* sup]/itions 
z t sunlight puts  ! fire out4 ,9 m     
mod]n times ! only notori\s rival ( !   
,newtonian me?od 0 ! dialectic me?od (  
,hegel1 :o evolv$ !  laws ( ! univ]se f 
8 inn] consci\sness4 ,b ! be/-kn[n      
result ( ?is me?od1 t !re c\ld n be m   
planets ?an 7  kn[n to exi/1 happ5$ to  
be publi%$ on ! v day t a new  planet 0 
discov]$4 ,! ma!matical me?od1 !n1 is at
 ! pres5t  day )\t a rival4 ,b1 al?\gh  

we _c at pres5t imag9e :at  c\ld replace
 ! ma!matical me?od1 we mu/ be c>eful n 
to  exagg]ate ! significance ( ! results
 t h be5 a*iev$ by  x4 ,= ^! results    
dep5d n only on ! me?od1 b also on !    
mat]ial ! me?od has to "w )4 ,& !re is  
good reason to  suppose1 9 ! pres5t /ate
 ( physics1 t ! mat]ial ) :i*  sci5ce   
has work$ hi!rto is turn+ out to be n q 
satisfactory4    ,?is mat]ial is *iefly 
! ,newtonian set ( ab/ractions4 ,newton 
po/ulat$1 z ! fundam5tal con/itu5ts out 
( :i* ! p]ceiv$  univ]se is built up1   
,space1 ,"t1 & ,matt]4 ,space & "t he   
reg>d$ z absolute & z q indep5d5t (     
matt]4 ,matt] 0 an  endur+ sub/ance t   
simply inhabit$ space & "t4 ,! analysis 
( ^! conceptions has result$ 9 ! ,e9/e9 
!ory1 9 :i*  nei!r space1 "t1 nor matt] 
are fundam5tal4 ,! int]e/+  ?+ ab\t ?is 
analysis1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 is t
 x  %[s cle>ly :at arbitr>y elem5ts are 
pres5t 9 ! sci5tific  description ( !   
univ]se4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t moral &    
/hetic elem5ts 7 rul$ out ( ! real      

univ]se simply because  sci5ce did n f9d
 x necess>y to m5tion !m4 ,! f\ndation  
/ones ( ! sci5tific edifice1 namely     
space1 "t1 & matt]1  7 suppos$ to be !  
only realities4 ,ev]y?+ else 0 a sort  (
 illusion4 ,m5 :o mu/ h be5 !ory-mad    
sob]ly ma9ta9$  t little p>ticles (     
matt] w&]+ ab\t purposelessly 9  space &
 "t produc$ our m9ds1 our hopes1 & fe>s1
 ! sc5t (  ! rose1 ! col\rs ( ! sunset1 
! songs ( ! birds1 & our  k ( ! little  
p>ticles !mselves4 ,! sole realities 7  
! little w&]+ p>ticles & ! space & "t !y
 w&]$  94 ,! exi/5ce ( ev]y?+ else      
dep5d$ on ! m9d1 & 0  inconceivable )\t 
! m9d4 ,x is int]e/+1 !re=e1 t  sci5ce  
has n[ rea*$ a position :]e space1 "t1 &
 matt] also  dep5d on ! m9d4 ,9 giv+ a  
sci5tific description ( ! univ]se       
,e9/e9 does n f9d x necess>y to beg9 )  
space1 "t1 &  matt]4 ,^! entities become
 8d]ivative04 ,! univ]se becomes m      
spectral ?an ev] if we are go+ to adopt 
! mat]iali/ pr9ciple  t :at dep5ds on ! 
m9d does n really exi/4 ,ev5 ! univ]se  

( w&]+ p>ticles is comp>atively cosy    
comp>$ ) ?is mod]n  univ]se ( undef9able
 8po9t-ev5ts04 ,b if we d n adopt !     
mat]iali/ pr9ciple we may ass]t t moral 
& /hetic values  are z mu* a "p ( ! real
 univ]se z any?+ else1 & t  ! reason :y 
sci5ce does n f9d x necess>y to m5tion  
!m is  n because !y are n !re b because 
sci5ce is a game play$  accord+ to c]ta9
 rules1 & ^? rules h exclud$ ^! values  
f ! outset4 ,! life-insurance actu>y    
may1 = 8 purposes1  neglect _m ?+s ab\t 
m51 & yet calculate1 q correctly1  :at  
p]c5tage ( !m w die at =ty4 ,b he has n 
prov$ t  ! qualities he has neglect$ d n
 exi/ simply because !y d n  come 9 to  
upset 8 calculations4 ,a politician f9ds
 t he has to  base 8 calculations on q  
diff]5t aspects ( mank9d f ^?  f\nd     
satisfactory by ! actu>y4 ,9 ! same way1
 a m\nta9 is a  diff]5t ?+ to a poet f  
:at x is to a man ( sci5ce4 ,= !  k9d ( 
und]/&+ ( ! univ]se t ! man ( sci5ce is 
aft]1  ! m\nta9 is m]ely a heap ( c]ta9 
k9ds ( matt] weigh+ s  _m millions (    

tons4 ,! poet1 :o is aft] a diff]5t k9d 
(  vision1 f9ds x necess>y to take into 
acc\nt q o!r factors  :i* ent] into 8   
total exp]i5ce ( ! m\nta94 ,! sci5ti/   
may also exp]i5ce emotions ( awe &      
rev]5ce 9 ! pres5ce (  ! m\nta91 b = !  
purposes ( 8 sci5ce ^! factors ( 8      
exp]i5ce may be neglect$4 ,he ab/racts f
 ! total concrete  fact ( 8 exp]i5ce ( !
 m\nta94 ,! m\nta91 z he describes  x 9 
! sci5tific pap] he proce$s to write1 is
 a m]e pale  %ad[ ( ! real m\nta92 he   
probably leaves x indi/+ui%able  f any  
o!r m\nta9 t happ5s to weigh ! same1 j z
 to  ! life-insurance actu>y all m5 (   
=ty are exactly alike4 ,if we  believe t
 ! factors 9 exp]i5ce t ! sci5tific man 
neglects  are q z real z ^? he takes    
into acc\nt1 x becomes a matt]  = wond] 
t sci5ce is possible4 ,h[ is x t sci5ce 
=ms a  clos$ sy/emt no?+ f ! worlds x   
neglects ev] comes 9  to di/urb x8    ,x
 is "o ( ! great s]vices ( relativity   
!ory to philosophy t  x provides an     
answ] to ?is "q4 ,! answ] is t !        

entities  discuss$ by physics are def9$ 
9 t]ms ( "o ano!r4 ,! ?ree  hundr$ ye>s 
( build+ up exact sci5ce really am\nts1 
9 ! la/  analysis1 to do+ :at !         
diction>y compil] did :5 he def9$ a     
viol9 z a small violoncello & a         
violoncello z a l>ge viol94 ,(  c\rse1  
if ?is /atem5t 7 lit]ally true1 sci5ce  
w\ld give u  no in=mation ab\t ! univ]se
 at all4 ,nev]!less1 ! /atem5t  is true 
ab\t ! actual proc$ure ( sci5ce1 & x is 
9 virtue (  ?is proc$ure t sci5ce =ms a 
clos$ sy/em4 ,b :at is left out  ( ?is  
description is ! sci5ti/ himself4 ,!    
my/]i\s process  :i* is n tak5 into     
acc\nt 9 ?is description ( ! sci5tific  
me?od is ! process by :i* ! consci\sness
 ( ! sci5ti/ makes  contact ) ! entities
 he is talk+ ab\t4 ,9 d$uct+ ! _w  f    
8po9t-ev5ts01 = in/ance1 we beg9 by     
talk+ ab\t some?+  we h no direct       
cognisance (1 namely po9t-ev5ts4 ,f     
po9t-ev5ts  we d$uce 8pot5tials0aga9 a  
m]e ^w4 ,b f pot5tials we  d$uce        
8matt]01 & "h we are talk+ ( some?+ (   

:i* we  h direct k4 ,simil>ly1 ! circul>
 def9ition ( viol9  & violoncello tells 
u no?+ z x /&s4 ,b to a man :o c        
id5tify "o ( ^! entities1 to a man :o   
has ev] se5 a viol91 x  gives g5u9e     
in=mation4    ,we ne$ n be surpris$1    
!re=e1 t no?+ f ! outside  ev] seems to 
di/urb ! equanimity t reigns )9 ! clos$ 
sy/em ( physics4 ,! ab/ractions ) :i* x 
beg9s are all x  ev] has to deal )4 ,!re
 are no subsequ5t fre% contacts )       
reality4 ,if ! region cov]$ by          
relativity !ory embrac$ ! :ole  (       
physics x w\ld seem t1 s f> z physical  
sci5ce is conc]n$1  we knew all t !re is
 to be kn[n4 ,b x is notori\s t1 (      
rec5t ye>s1 an entirely new set (       
ph5om5a has be5 discov]$ 9  physical    
sci5ce4 ,^! ph5om5a arise :5 we consid]1
 n matt]  9 bulk b matt] 9 its smalle/  
p>ticles4 ,^! ph5om5a are1  at pres5t1  
/rictly incompreh5sible4 ,! celebrat$   
quantum !ory  provides u ) rules = deal+
 ) "s ( !m1 b does n  make !m           
intelligible4 ,x seems t sci5ce has "h  

rea*$ its  limits4 ,pr(essor ,edd+ton   
has ev5 h9t$ t ^! ph5om5a may  indicate 
t ! univ]se is f9ally irrational1 t is1 
t !  attempt to describe nature         
ma!matically w h to be giv5 up4  ,?is is
 a possibility t ,newton =esaw4 ,b x    
seems m likely  t our pres5t /ate (     
bewild]m5t has a diff]5t cause4 ,t      
cause1 we %all probably f9d1 is !       
insuffici5cy ( ! ab/ractions  hi!rto us$
 9 sci5ce4 ,we h to g back to ! concrete
 facts (  exp]i5ce & build up a ri*]1   
full] set ( ab/ractions4 ,physics  is n[
 pay+ ! p5alty ( inadequate ab/raction4 
,9 p>ticul>1 x  mu/ revise its notions (
 space1 "t1 & sub/ance4 ,?is revision   
is q indep5d5t ( ! ,e9/e9 !ory1 & is    
made necess>y1  n by t !ory b by !      
quantum !ory4 ,a fir/ attempt at  ?is   
revision has be5 made by t great        
ma!matical philosoph]1  ,pr(essor       
,:itehead4#e ,we ne$ n deal ) 8         
inve/igation1 :i*  is at pres5t 9 a     
highly te*nical /ate4 ,! space & "t ( ! 
new !ory are int]connect$ & d n consi/ (

 indep5d5t volumes  & in/ants4 ,e volume
 ( space has ref]5ce to ! :ole (  space1
 & e mom5t ( "t ref]s bo? to ! pa/ & !  
future4  ,h5ce bo? memory & expectation 
are giv5 a rational basis4 ,on !  old   
view1 z ,hume po9t$ out1 !re is no      
reason :atev] to suppose  t ! ord] (    
nature %\ld cont9ue4 ,:y d we expect t !
  =ce ( gravity w be 9 exi/5ce to-morr[8
 ,!re 0 no reason  at all = ?is         
expectation or = any o!r4 ,t is to say1 
! :ole  ( sci5ce itself 0 bas$ on bl9d  
fai?4 ,! new f\ndations (  sci5ce make  
sci5ce itself a rational activity4 ,z = 
! notion (  8sub/ance01 ,pr(essor       
,:itehead proposes to replace x by !    
notion  ( 8organism04 ,we may imag9e an 
electron1 = in/ance1 z a repeat$  patt]n
 ( ev5ts4 ,"o ( ! great difficulties ( !
 quantum  ph5om5a is t an electron seems
 to pass f "o place to ano!r  )\t pass+ 
?r\gh ! int]v5+ space4 ,on ! basis ( !  
new  ab/ractions ?is difficulty c be    
ov]come4 ,we h to imag9e an  electron z 
requir+ a c]ta9 "t to manife/ itselfj z 

a tune  does4      #e ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n
 ,_w4    ,f our pres5t po9t ( view1     
h[ev]1 ! *ief int]e/ atta*+  to ^! new  
f\ndations = sci5ce is ! place occupi$ 9
 !m  by ! intuitions ( ! poets4 ,mr     
,ri*>ds1 lit]>y critic1 tells  u t !    
poets mu/ le>n f sci5ce2 ,pr(essor      
,:itehead1  ma!matician & physici/1     
tells u t sci5ce mu/ le>n f !  poets4   
,in/ead ( ! poet hav+ to realize t 8    
intuitions are  illusory & belong to a  
*ildi%1 dmod view ( ! _w1 x is  !       
sci5tific man :o mu/ realize t 8        
ab/ractions are too ?9  & n>r[ to be any
 long] useful1 & t ! poet makes clos]   
contact ) reality4 ,:5 ,wordswor? says3 
8,ye ,pres5ces ( ,nature 9 ! sky        
,& on ! e>?6 ,ye ,visions ( ! hills6    
,& ,s\ls ( lonely places6 c ,i ?9k      
,a vulg> hope 0 y\rs :5 ye employ$      
,su* m9i/ry1 :5 ye ?r\gh _m a ye>       
,haunt+ me ?us among my boyi% sports1   
,on caves & trees1 ^u ! woods & hills1  
,impress$ ^u all =ms ! *>act]s       ,( 
dang] or desire2 & ?us did make       ,!

 surface ( ! univ]sal e>?       ,)      
triumph & delight1 ) hope & fe>         
,"w l a sea84440    he is n1 accord+ to 
,pr(essor ,:itehead1 express+ fantasies 
t  ! /rong-m9d$ reali/ c af=d to        
neglect3 he is describ+  ! actual       
concrete facts ( exp]i5ce1 facts :i*1   
says ,pr(essor  ,:itehead1 8are di/ort$ 
9 ! sci5tific analysis04 ,x is ! arti/  
n ! sci5ti/ :o deals mo/ adequately )   
reality4 ,x is ! man  ( sci5ce1 tak+ 8  
pale ab/ractions = ! only realities1 :o 
dwells 9 dream-l&4    ,s f> z we c see  
at pres5t1 h[ev]1 sci5ce _c ab&on its   
me?od4 ,x _c deal ) ! :ole concrete     
fact3 x mu/ cont9ue  to make            
ab/ractions4 ,b ! pres5t impasse 9      
sci5tific !ory  is an indication t x mu/
 g back to ! beg9n+ & include m  factors
 ( ! concrete fact 9 its ab/ractions4 ,x
 seems likely t1  9 do+ s1 x w h to     
presuppose a philosophy v diff]5t  f !  
mat]ialism hi!rto curr5t among/         
sci5tific m54 ,! _w  w h to be reg>d$ z 
an evolution>y process1 :]e 8patt]ns  ( 

value0 em]ge4 ,x w h to be reg>d$ z an  
int]connect$  :ole1 & ! sep>ation ( m9d 
f matt]1 & m9d f m9d1 w  h to be replac$
 by a conception :i* reg>ds ^!          
di/9ctions1  9 _! pres5t =m1 z unreal4  
,"o v desirable result ( ?is            
trans=mation w be t ! arts w be tak5    
s]i\sly4 ,!  old outlook did n reg>d    
values z inh]5t 9 reality4 ,!y 7  m]ely 
expressive ( ! accid5tal human          
con/itution1 b _h no  cosmic            
significance4 ,art exi/$ to provide a   
unique ?rill1 call$  ! 8/hetic emotion04
 ,on ! new outlook ! function ( ! arts  
is to communicate k &1 moreov]1 ! mo/   
valuable k9d (  k4 ,art1 mu* m ?an      
sci5ce1 expresses ! concrete facts  (   
exp]i5ce 9 _! actuality4 ,music1 9      
p>ticul>1 f9ds its  highe/ function 9   
reveal+ to u ! possibilities ( ! _s  (  
man himself4 ,! music ( su* a man z     
,bee?ov5 is a revelation  ( exi/5ce f ! 
vantage po9t ( a high] consci\sness4 ,x 
is1  we may hope1 prophetic ( ! future  
developm5t ( ! race4 ,n  only art1 b    

morals1 acquire va/ly great] importance 
on ! new  outlook4 ,morals are no long] 
a purely private conc]n1 expressive ( a 
p>ticul> human con/itution 9 an ali51   
/rictly non-moral univ]se4  ,m5 are no  
long] ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t _! only duty  
is to  pres]ve _! self-respect & to make
 ! mo/ ( _! opportunities4    ,sci5ce1 9
 view ( our increas$ k ( its aims &     
p[]s1  c no long] be pres5t$ to u z a   
tyrant4 ,sci5ce assumes c]ta9           
fundam5tal pr9ciples & entities1 & !re  
is an arbitr>y elem5t  9 ^! assumptions4
 ,:at sci5ce does n assume does n !reby 
n  exi/4 ,x gives1 & x appe>s t x mu/   
=ev] give1 a p>tial  description ( !    
univ]se4 ,! fact t ! elem5ts ( reality x
  leaves out d n come 9 to di/urb x is  
no presumption aga9/ !  exi/5ce ( ^!    
elem5ts4 ,= sci5ce =ms a clos$ sy/em    
simply  because x employs ! device (    
cyclic def9ition4 ,! tea*+s (  sci5ce1 s
 f> z ! spiritual problems ( m5 are     
conc]n$1 ne$ no  long] be reg>d$ z      
/ultify+3 !y are m]ely irrelevant4      

99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,notes3     ,text 9       
italics is enclos$ by und]scores        
7italics74     ,punctuation & spell+    
inaccuracies 7 sil5tly correct$4        
,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ has be5        
pres]v$4