,,au/ralian ,,insects4 ,,by ,,walt] ,w4 ,,froggatt1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,gov]nm5t ,entomologi/1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,memb] ( ! ,association ( ,economic ,entomologi/s1 ,u4,s4 ,am]ica2 ,memb] ( ! ,socit ,entomologique de ,france2 ,memb] ( ,c\ncil1 ,l9nean ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & ,n4,s4 ,wales ,naturali/s' ,club4 ,) #cg ,plates1 conta9+ #bgj ,figures1 also #ahj text-blocks4 ,illu/ration ,sydney3 ,,william ,,brooks ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,pr9t]s & ,publi%]s1 #ag ,ca/l]eagh ,/reet4 ,,preface4 ,!re h be5 s _m enquiries f p 9 all p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 z well z f visitors f o!r c\ntries1 = a book deal+ ) our insects1 t ! writ] ?9ks t ! "t has come :5 a ,text ,book deal+ exclusively ) ,au/ralian ,entomology w be well receiv$1 bo? at home & abroad1 by all ^? int]e/$ 9 ?is subject4 ,! difficulty has be5 to write 9 a popul> /yle s z to int]e/ ! g5]al read]1 & induce him to fur!r foll[ 8 /udies ( ! wond]s ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 yet at ! same "t to def9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ! insects describ$ & give "s idea ( _! classification1 s t x w n lose its value z a ,text ,book to ! /ud5t :ile enl>g+ ! circle ( its read]s4 ,s9ce ! ye> #aggj1 :5 ,sir ,joseph ,banks captur$ ! fir/ diamond beetle on ! s&y %ores ( ,botany ,bay1 ! majority ( our insects h be5 describ$ 9 r>e old ,engli% or =eign publications1 ! ,zoology ( ,voyages & ,travels1 or ! ,transactions & ,proce$+s ( ,sci5tific ,societies consi/+ ( _m hundr$s ( volumes writt5 9 _m diff]5t languages4 ,_m ( ^! orig9al descriptions1 writt5 9 ,engli% or ,lat91 are s brief & obscure t )\t see+ ! type !y are q un9telligible ev5 to ! tra9$ entomologi/1 & !re=e are absolutely ( no value to ! beg9n]4 ,mo/ ( ! e>li] describ]s ( ,au/ralian insects conf9$ _! att5tion to beetles1 mo?s1 & butt]flies4 ,among ! few exceptions are ,we/wood1 :o has id5tifi$ himself ) insects 9 ne>ly all ! ord]s1 & z he figur$ _m ( !m 7(t5 9 col\rs71 !re is no tr\ble 9 det]m9+ 8 species2 & ,walk]1 :o also describ$ _m unique ,au/ralian insects 7*iefly 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogues72 b 8 (t5 vague descriptions1 )\t details or figures1 h puzzl$ all entomologi/s :o h n _h access to 8 types4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade1 h[ev]1 z speciali/s h tak5 up ! "w ( monograph+ ! m neglect$ ord]s1 & z l>ge g5]al collections ( insects h be5 obta9$ f :at 71 at "o "t1 inaccessible p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 a writ] c n[ obta9 satisfactory data z to ! classification & numb] ( ,au/ralian insects hi!rto want+4 ,) ^! views ! pres5t text book has be5 prep>$4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface iii4 ,,cont5ts vii4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates xi4 ,,introduction xiii4 ,,classification #a ,,di/ribution #d ,,/ructure #f ,,fossil ,,insects #i ,,! ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,insects #cie ,,museum ,,collections ,,& ,,types #dji ,,publications ,,deal+ ,,) ,,au/ralian ,,entomology #dah ,,add5da #dbc ,,index #dbe ,illu/ration3 8,! ,:ite ,ant ,city10 ,som]set1 ,cape ,york1 ,n4 ,que5sl&4 7,aft] ,savelle-,k5t7 ,,cont5ts4 ,ord] ,i4--,,apt]a4 ,page ,family #a4 ,,collembola #aj #b4 ,,?ysanura #aa ,ord] ,,ii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,=ficulidae #ae #b4 ,,blattidae #ag #c4 ,,t]mitidae #bj #d4 ,,embiidae #bh #e4 ,,psocidae #cj #f4 ,,mantidae #ca #g4 ,,phasmidae #cd #h4 ,,acridiidae #dj #i4 ,,locu/idae #df #aj4 ,,gryllidae #dh ,ord] ,,iii4--,,neuropt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,p]lidae #ej #b4 ,,odonata #ea #c4 ,,ephem]idae #ed #d4 ,,sialidae #ee #e4 ,,panorpidae #ef #f4 ,,hem]obiidae #eg #g4 ,,tri*opt]a #ff ,ord] ,,iv4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,cephidae #gj #b4 ,,oryssidae #gj #c4 ,,siricidae #ga #d4 ,,t5?r$9idae #ga #e4 ,,cynipidae #gc #f4 ,,*alcididae #gd #g4 ,,proctotrypidae #ha #h4 ,,i*neumonidae #hc #i4 ,,braconidae #he #aj4 ,,*rysididae #hg #aa4 ,,evaniidae #hh #ab4 ,,megalyridae #ij #ac4 ,,=micidae #ia #ad4 ,,mutillidae #ih #ae4 ,,?ynnidae #ajj #af4 ,,scoliidae #ajb #ag4 ,,pompilidae #aje #ah4 ,,sphegidae #ajf #ai4 ,,eum5idae #aaj #bj4 ,,vespidae #aab #ba4 ,,mas>idae #aac #bb4 ,,apidae #aad ,ord] ,v4--,,coleopt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,cic9delidae #abd #b4 ,,c>abidae #abf #c4 ,,dytiscidae #acc #d4 ,,gyr9idae #acd #e4 ,,hydrophilidae #ace #f4 ,,/aphyl9idae #acf #g4 ,,pselaphidae #ach #h4 ,,paussidae #ach #i4 ,,scydma5idae #aci #aj4 ,,silphidae #adj #aa4 ,,scaphididae #ada #ab4 ,,hi/]idae #ada #ac4 ,,phalacridae #adb #ad4 ,,nitidulidae #adc #ae4 ,,trogositidae #add #af4 ,,colydidae #adf #ag4 ,,rhysodidae #adf #ah4 ,,cucujidae #adf #ai4 ,,cryptophagidae #adg #bj4 ,,la?rididae #adh #ba4 ,,mycetophagidae #adh #bb4 ,,d]me/idae #adh #bc4 ,,byrrhidae #aej #bd4 ,,georyssidae #aej #be4 ,,p>nidae #aej #bf4 ,,het]oc]idae #aea #bg4 ,,lucanidae #aea #bh4 ,,sc>abaeidae #aec #bi4 ,,bupre/idae #afb #cj4 ,,eucnemidae #afe #ca4 ,,elat]idae #aff #cb4 ,,rhipidoc]idae #afg #cc4 ,,malacod]midae #afg #cd4 ,,cl]idae #afh #ce4 ,,pt9idae #afi #cf4 ,,cioidae #agj #cg4 ,,bo/ry*idae #aga #ch4 ,,t5ebrionidae #agb #ci4 ,,ci/elidae #age #dj4 ,,lagriidae #age #da4 ,,an?icidae #agf #db4 ,,pyro*roidae #agf #dc4 ,,mordellidae #agf #dd4 ,,can?>idae #agg #de4 ,,scolytidae #agh #df4 ,,br5?idae #agi #dg4 ,,an?ribidae #ahj #dh4 ,,curculonidae #aha #di4 ,,c]ambycidae #aij #ej4 ,,*rysomelidae #bjj #ea4 ,,erotylidae #bjf #eb4 ,,cocc9ellidae #bjg ,ord] ,,vi4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,sub-ord]4--,,rhopaloc]a4 ,family #a4 ,,nymphalidae #bad #b4 ,,liby!idae #bai #c4 ,,lyca5idae #bai #d4 ,,pi]idae #bbc #e4 ,,papilionidae #bbe #f4 ,,hesp]idae #bbg ,sub-ord]4--,,het]oc]a4 ,family #a4 ,,ca/niidae #bcb #b4 ,,uraniidae #bcb #c4 ,,ag>i/idae #bcc #d4 ,,syntomidae #bce #e4 ,,zyga5idae #bcf #f4 ,,sph+idae #bcf #g4 ,,hepialidae #bci #h4 ,,psy*idae #bdc #i4 ,,limacodidae #bdf #aj4 ,,arctiidae #bdh #aa4 ,,lip>idae #beb #ab4 ,,bombycidae #bee #ac4 ,,geometridae #bei #ad4 ,,noctuidae #bfb #ae4 ,,pyralidae #bfh #af4 ,,tortricidae #bgd #ag4 ,,micro-,,lepidopt]a #bgh ,ord] ,,vii4--,,dipt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,cecidomyidae #bhe #b4 ,,mycetophilidae #bhg #c4 ,,colicidae #bhh #d4 ,,*ironomidae #bia #e4 ,,tipulidae #bib #f4 ,,/ratiomyidae #bic #g4 ,,tabanidae #bid #h4 ,,bombylidae #bif #i4 ,,acroc]idae #big #aj4 ,,mydaidae #bih #aa4 ,,asilidae #bih #ab4 ,,apioc]idae #cja #ac4 ,,pipunculidae #cja #ad4 ,,syrphidae #cjb #ae4 ,,conopidae #cje #af4 ,,muscidae ,,acalypt]a #cje #ag4 ,,an?omyidae #caa #ah4 ,,ta*9idae #cab #ai4 ,,dexiidae #cac #bj4 ,,s>cophagidae #cad #ba4 ,,muscidae #cae #bb4 ,,oe/ridae #cag #bc4 ,,hippoboscidae #cai #bd4 ,,pulicidae #cba ,ord] ,,viii4--,,hemipt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,p5tatomidae #cbg #b4 ,,coreidae #cca #c4 ,,lygaeidae #ccc #d4 ,,pyrrhocoridae #cce #e4 ,,t+idae #ccf #f4 ,,aradidae #ccg #g4 ,,hydrometridae #ccg #h4 ,,r$uviidae #cch #i4 ,,cimicidae #cda #aj4 ,,capsidae #cda #aa4 ,,cryptoc]ata #cdb #ab4 ,,belo/omidae #cdc #ac4 ,,notonectidae #cdd #ad4 ,,corixidae #cde ,sub-ord]4--,,homopt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,cicadidae #cdf #b4 ,,c]copidae #ced #c4 ,,membracidae #cef #d4 ,,fulgoridae #ceh #e4 ,,jassidae #cfj #f4 ,,psyllidae #cfa #g4 ,,aphidae #cfg #h4 ,,aleurodidae #cgj #i4 ,,coccidae #cga ,sub-ord]4--,,anoplura4 ,family #a4 ,,p$iculidae #chh ,sub-ord]4--,,mallophaga4 ,family #a4 ,,tri*odectidae #cij #b4 ,,philopt]idae #cij #c4 ,,gyropidae #cij #d4 ,,lio!idae #cij ,ord] ,,ix4--,,?ysanopt]a4 ,family #a4 ,,?ripidae #cib ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,fac+ ,,plate4 ,,page ,i4 ,,cockroa*es #ag ,,ii4 ,,:ite ,,ants #bb ,,iii4 ,,ne/s ,,( ,,:ite ,,ants #bd ,,iv4 #bh ,v4 ,,leaf ,,insects #ce ,,vi4 ,,long-,,horn$ ,,gras%opp]s #df ,,vii4 ,,crickets #dh ,,viii4 ,,dragon ,,flies #ea ,,ix4 ,,ant ,,lions #eg ,x4 ,,saw ,,flies #ga ,,xi4 #gc ,,xii4 ,,fig ,,insects #gh ,,xiii4 ,,i*neumon1 ,,s&1 ,,& ,,fl[] ,,wasps #hi ,,xiv4 ,,ants #ie ,,xv4 ,,ne/s ,,( ,,wasps #aab ,,xvi4 ,,bees ,,& ,,wasps #aah ,,xvii4 ,,beetles #aea ,,xviii4 ,,fl[] ,,beetles #afc ,,xix4 ,,:ite ,,butt]flies #bad ,,xx4 ,,miscellane\s ,,butt]flies #bbj ,,xxi4 #bbg ,,xxii4 ,,mo?s #bce ,,xxiii4 ,,great ,,swift ,,mo? #bda ,,xxiv4 ,,bag ,,%elt] ,,mo?s #bde ,,xxv4 ,,case ,,mo?s #bec ,,xxvi4 ,,miscellane\s ,,mo?s #bfh ,,xxvii4 ,,mosquitoes #bhi ,,xxviii4 ,,flies #bii ,,xxix4 ,,h\se ,,flies #cad ,,xxx4 ,,bl[ ,,flies #caf ,,xxxi4 ,,plant ,,bugs #cbg ,,xxxii4 #ccf ,,xxxiii4 ,,cicadas #cdf ,,xxxiv4 ,,galls ,,( ,,coccids ,,& ,,beetles #cgd ,,xxxv4 ,,galls ,,( ,,coccids #chj ,,xxxvi4 ,,lac ,,insects #cgh ,,xxxvii4 ,,?rip ,,insects #cic ,,introduction4 ,! *ief drawback to ! /udy ( entomology by ! outsid] has be51 until mod]n times1 ! dry-z-du/ te*nical t]ms us$ 9 ! descriptive "w1 & ! =midable names atta*$ to _m ( ! int]e/+ little creatures1 )\t any in=mation ab\t _! habits or life hi/ories4 ,?is is n surpris+ :5 we "k ! me?ods ( "s ( ! writ]s1 & ! mat]ial on :i* !y (t5 work$2 namely1 specim5s obta9$ f abroad1 (t5 9 a m or less damag$ condition1 discol\r$ & abort$ f be+ squeez$ among _s collections1 & ) a brief or no record ( _! native home4 ,?is has be5 all *ang$ s9ce tra9$ /ud5ts l ,d>w91 ,wallace1 ,bates1 & _m o!rs h sp5t ye>s 9 ! wilds /udy+ zoology "u natural surr\nd+s1 record+ _! obs]vations :ile !y made collections1 &1 ) ?is weal? ( mat]ial & accurate k1 gave su* descriptions1 t !y h l$ into _m new fields ( inve/igation1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( :i* is economic entomology4 ,! ,economic ,entomologi/ has become m necess>y & important e ye>4 ,8 inve/igations1 c>ri$ on 9 ! field & insect>ium1 h n only done mu* to popul>ise entomology1 b h sav$ ! c\ntries int]e/$ untold weal? by ! discov]y ( me?ods = *eck+ ! spread & ravages ( injuri\s insects4 ,! te*nical description ( an insect is n suffici5t to satisfy a practical man2 he wants to "k :]e x passes ! e>li] /ages ( its exi/5ce1 :at x fe$s ^u1 & its place 9 ! insect _w4 ,9 ! op5-air /udy ( ,god's t9y creatures _m pleasant & pr(itable h\rs may be sp5t1 & dwell]s 9 ! c\ntry ne$ nev] feel "t hang heavily on _! h&s1 aft] !y h once _h _! eyes op5$ to ! wond]s ( ,nature ar\nd !m4 ,x is ! writ]'s privilege to "k & correspond ) a great _m busy m5 & wom51 scatt]$ all ov] ,au/ralia1 :o are do+ valuable "w 9 collect+ specim5s1 mak+ notes1 & see+ bo? ) eyes & bra9--true bu% naturali/s 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 ackn[l$g+ my obligations to fri5ds :o h help$ me 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 ,i desire to express my ?anks to ,mr4 ,ma/]s = notes on ! habits & range ( insects1 & ! exam9ation ( specim5s 9 ! ,macleay ,museum2 to ,messrs4 ,sloane1 ,lea1 ,lyell1 ,r4 ,turn]1 ,tilly>d1 ,tepp]1 ,k]%aw1 ,dun1 ,dr4 ,jeff]is ,turn]1 ,dr4 ,god+1 & ,rev4 ,t4 ,blackburn = v>i\s notes1 specim5s1 & help g5]ally4 ,f ,mr4 ,c4 ,fr5* & ,c4 ,fr5*1 ,jr41 ,i h _h ! loan ( pap]s1 books1 & specim5s unobta9able 9 ,sydney1 & f ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,flet*] sugge/ions & ref]5ces to works 9 ! ,n4,s4,w4 ,l9nean ,society's libr>y4 ,_m o!r correspond5ts h greatly assi/$ me 9 exam9+ & det]m9+ specim5s--,dr4 ,horva?1 ,dr4 ,=el1 ,m4 ,&r1 ,dr4 ,%>p1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,gre51 ,dr4 ,silve/ri1 ,dr4 ,h[>d1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,a%mead1 & ,mr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,coquillett4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,maid5 = ! id5tification ( ! native food plants ( _m insects4 ,i am also greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,campbell = p]mission to use ! draw+s ( ,messrs4 ,grose1 ,burton1 & ,*amb]s1 :i* h previ\sly appe>$ 9 ! pages ( ,! ,agricultural ,gazette ( ,n4,s4,w41 & :i* = beauty & accuracy h r>ely be5 surpass$4 ,to ,mr4 ,burton & ,mr4 ,gurney my ?anks are also due = _! c>e 9 arrang+ & photograph+ o!r specim5s4 ,to ! o!r fri5ds :o h k9dly aid$ me 9 ?is und]tak+ 9 any way ,i beg "h to (f] my be/ ?anks4 ,,au/ralian ,,insects4 ,,classification4 ,9 consid]+ ! classification ( our insects1 ,i h on ! :ole foll[$ t adopt$ by ,%>p 9 8 8,insects0 7vol4 v41 vi41 #ahie1 #ahii71 ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 b at ! same "t h consid]$ x advisable1 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 to leave out :5ev] possible ! def9ition ( ! small] sub-divisions4 ,i h also made "o important alt]ation 9 8 s*eme ( classification by plac+ ! ,t]mitidae aft] ! ,blattidae1 foll[+ on ) ! ,embiidae & ,psocidae1 z ,i consid] t ^! are ne>] primitive ,or?opt]a ?an ,neuropt]a 9 _! w+ /ructure2 we ?us d away ) ,pseudo-,neuropt]a t has always appe>$ to be an unnecess>y division2 & we %\ld h ! c\rage ( our convictions & place !m on "o side or ! o!r4 ,9 zoological classification1 ! sub-k+dom ,ar?opoda1 compris+ creatures ^: bodies are compos$ ( r+s or segm5ts1 & jo9t$ legs1 conta9s f\r l>ge gr\ps3 7#a7 ,ara*nidae1 spid]s1 mites1 ticks1 & scorpions2 7#b7 ,cru/acea1 crabs1 %rimps1 wood lice1 c42 7#c7 ,myriapoda1 c5tip$es1 millep$es1 c42 7#d7 ,insecta1 insects2 & a fif? gr\p1 ,ony*ophora1 conta9+ ! ,p]ipatus1 is n[ includ$4 ,?\gh ^! creatures are broadly relat$1 insects are readily di/+ui%$ f ! memb]s ( ! prec$+ gr\ps4 ,! ^w ,entomology is d]iv$ f two ,greek words1 ,entomos1 an insect2 & ,logos1 a disc\rse4 ,insects are arrang$ by entomologi/s 9 ,ord]s1 ,families1 ,g5]a1 & ,species4 ,! fir/ cle>ly-def9$ classification 0 publi%$ by ,l9naeus 9 8 8,sy/ema ,naturae10 #ageh1 :]e he divid$ !m up into sev5 great ord]s2 namely1 ,coleopt]a1 ,hemipt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,apt]a1 di/+ui%$ by ! numb] & /ructure ( ! w+s4 ,lat] on 7#aggh7 ,fabricius f\nd$ ano!r classification1 bas$ on ! /ructure ( ! organs ( ! m\?1 b ?is artificial arrangem5t soon became obsolete4 ,9 #ahae1 ,kirby & ,sp5ce issu$ ! "w 9 f\r volumes entitl$ 8,an ,introduction to ,entomology or ,elem5ts ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,insects10 a second revis$ edition com+ out 9 #ahaf4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ attempt 9 ,engl& to popul>ise entomology1 & to give ! ord9>y read] an idea ( classification4 ,9 x w be f\nd a great deal ( g5]al in=mation t all "y entomologi/s %\ld read4 ,9 ,we/wood's 8,introduction to ! ,mod]n ,classification ( ,insects10 publi%$ 9 #ahci1 a great advance 0 made1 & ! sci5ce plac$ on a s\nd foot+2 ?is has be5 a great help to all work]s4 ,he divid$ ! insects into ?irte5 ord]s2 b1 ?\gh ! t5d5cy ( ,am]ican & ,european writ]s has be5 to increase ^! divisions1 we h r$uc$ !m1 & 9 ,kirby's 8,text ,book ( ,entomology0 only sev5 are us$4 ,9 ! la/ "w1 8,insects0 7,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ahie71 by ,%>p1 ! same sev5 ord]s are us$1 ?\gh 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]1 ) ! addition ( an eigh?1 ,?ysanopt]a1 to conta9 ! s+le family ,?ripidae4 ,! correct nam+ ( insects is bas$ on ! foll[+ rules3 ,fir/ comes ! ,ord]1 :i* may conta9 a numb] ( ,families1 all ) c]ta9 peculi>ities2 z1 = example1 ! /raight-w+$ insects1 ,ord] ,or?opt]a1 ( :i* we w take ! ,family ,acridiidae1 8locu/s40 ,?is ,family is aga9 subdivid$ into small] divisions or gr\ps1 call$ ,g5]a2 all ! individuals compris$ 9 ! ,g5us h "s well-def9$ ext]nal *>act]s t =m a common l9k b9d+ !m toge!r3 ! individuals are kn[n z ,species4 ,!re=e ea* insect :5 x has be5 describ$ has a g5]ic or gr\p "n1 & a specific or individual "n4 ,! g5]ic "n %\ld be bas$ on "s ,greek or ,lat9 root1 pref]ably ! =m]1 b x _c ( c\rse be comp\nd$ f bo? languages2 x %\ld on translation give "s clue to ! g5]al di/9ctive "* ( ! gr\p4 ,! specific "n %\ld be d]iv$ f ,lat91 & give ! /ud5t "s idea ( ! locality1 m>k+s1 col\r1 or %ape ( "s "p ( ! insect "u obs]vation2 ?us1 ,locu/a au/ralis1 ,brunn]1 is ! s\!rn locu/ or gras%opp]4 ,z a matt] ( conv5i5ce to /ud5ts1 ! "n or abbreviat$ "n ( ! entomologi/ :o fir/ describ$ ! insect foll[s ! "n :5 m5tion$ 9 sci5tific articles or catalogues1 b is n usually done 9 g5]al "w4 ,! rules "h laid d[n1 h[ev]1 are mu* m obs]v$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 ,9 =m] times mo/ descriptions ( insects 7 writt5 9 ,lat91 b at ! pres5t "t !y are be+ describ$ n only 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man1 b _m o!r languages difficult = ! ord9>y ,engli% /ud5t to translate1 su* z ,russian1 ,bohemian1 ,hung>ian1 c41 s t x is v difficult 9 _m in/ances to f9d out :e!r "s g5]ic names h any mean+4 ,! difficulty ( creat+ g5]ic names ) pure roots t are n preoccupi$ by previ\s writ]s is always increas+1 & to save ! tr\ble ( go+ ?r\gh ! li/s ( g5]a already 9 use1 _m zoologi/s use ! names ( o!r naturali/s1 names ( localities1 or 8nons5se0 names comp\nd$ ( a jumble ( lett]s4 ,!n1 aga91 :5 ! g5us is an ext5sive "o conta9+ _m species1 ! describ] gives x ! ,lat9is$ "n ( ! collector or "s fri5d he wi%es to hon\r1 s t we may come across bo? a g5]ic & specific "n t ?r[s no light on ! id5tity ( ! insect4 ,z an example1 ,grabhamia curriei2 ,coquillett nam$ ?is mosquito 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,culex curriei1 ,currie's mosquito1 :i* 0 consi/5t1 b ,!obald f\nd on subsequ5t exam9ation t x belong$ to 8 ,g5us ,grabhamia1 d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,grabham4 ,ev5 )\t ^! drawbacks1 a beg9n] naturally f9ds ! classification ( insects a s]i\s task1 & ! simple committ+ to memory ( ! sci5tific names a big und]tak+2 b :5 he has once grasp$ ! rudim5ts1 ! sy/em w soon appe> to him4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s ! popul> writ] meets ) 9 sci5tific "w is to f9d a suitable v]nacul> "n to fit a common insect2 a beetle may be bright yell[1 ) a br[n head2 ! fir/ man comes along & calls x ! 8,yell[-bodi$ ,beetle10 ano!r passes by & says x is ! 8,br[n-head$ ,beetle10 yet nei!r w\ld be q accurate or def9e its ma9 peculi>ities4 ,aga91 we (t5 f9d a popul> "n t designates a p>ticul> insect 9 "o di/rict is us$ = q a diff]5t species 9 ano!r "p ( ! ,/ate3 q rec5tly ,i ask$ sev]al correspond5ts = specim5s ( ! beetle 9 ! ,maitl& di/rict kn[n z ! 8,jack]oi10 & _h f\r di/9ct species ( weevils =w>d$ "u t "n4 ,! 8,dicky ,rice0 is ! "n giv5 to a t9y grey weevil 7,prosayleus phytolymus7 by ! or*>di/s ab\t ,w9dsor1 b 9 o!r di/ricts x is us$ indiscrim9ately = a numb] ( o!r weevils4 ,%\ld any "o take up a box full ( unnam$ & unclassifi$ insects1 he w feel l a /rang] 9 a picture gall]y )\t a catalogue2 =1 :ile ev]y?+ is v beautiful1 h[ mu* m int]e/+ if he only knew some?+ ab\t ! subject2 = ! same reason1 ea* insect nam$ & arrang$ has an individuality t x did n previ\sly possess4 ,,di/ribution4 ,! insect fauna ( ,au/ralia is z rem>kable & di/9ctive 9 its peculi>ities z ! flora1 & probably = ! same reason1--! fact ( its isolat$ position f ! l>g] cont95tal areas1 & ! configuration ( ! cont95t4 ,if we take away ! ea/]n m\nta9 range runn+ nor? & s\? f ,cape ,york to ,gippsl&1 we f9d an imm5se tract ( almo/ level c\ntry ) h>dly a riv] ( any size except ! ,murray & its tribut>ies1 cov]$ ) ?ick scrub or op5 =e/1 great flat unbrok5 pla9s 9 ! s\?2 roll+ d[ns t[>ds ! nor?2 s&-hills1 & l[ timb]$ ranges 9 ! int]ior4 ,x is half ! ye> )\t any p]man5t wat] = hundr$s ( miles at a /ret*2 scor*$ ) a blaz+ sun & fi]ce hot w9ds 9 summ]1 bleak & cold 9 ! w9t]4 ,yet !re is no des]t c\ntry ( any ext5t 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w 9 ! mo/ arid portion2 = giv5 a good fall ( ra91 ! c\ntry1 app>5tly p>*$ beyond recov]y1 soon puts on a coat ( gre51 wild fl[]s %oot out1 insects & little creatures ( all k9ds em]ge f _! hid+ places1 & birds appe> z if by magic4 ,naturally our fauna1 & ! insects 9 p>ticul>1 h _h to adapt !mselves to ^! extremes1 & we f9d !m ) _m curi\s habits )\t p>allel 9 m normal c\ntries4 ,our fauna is extremely ri* 9 gall-produc+ insects 9 _m diff]5t ord]s2 !re are ab\t #ej diff]5t species ( coccids t =m well def9$ galls ^u _! ho/ plants1 yet ! only record ( a gall-mak+ coccid outside ,au/ralia is a s+le species 9 ,mexico4 ,numb]s ( ,?ripidae produce galls 9 ! leaves or fl[] buds ( our native %rubs1 :ile ! galls ( ,psyllidae1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a are v abundant4 ,ants1 ,=micidae1 sw>m 9 ! drie/ p>ts ( ! int]ior2 & flies1 ( all k9ds1 bl[ flies1 blue bottle1 & ! small h\se flies1 are a p]fect pe/ all ?r\gh ! summ] mon?s4 ,all our coa/al scrubs are ri* 9 fl[]+ %rubs :i* provide food or hunt+ gr\nd = a l>ge insect population4 ,! fl[] wasps1 ,?ynnidae1 79 :i* ! males are l>ge & h&some ) well develop$ w+s1 b ! females are dim9utive & w+less17 comprise sev]al hundr$ describ$ species2 ! only o!r c\ntries 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ are ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & a few 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,! alli$ ant-l ,mutillidae ) _! w+less females are m num]\s 9 ! int]ior4 ,?\gh our c\ntry is v ri* 9 ,sawflies1 ,t5?r$9idae1 !y all belong to g5]a peculi> to ,au/ralia2 ! memb]s ( ! typical g5us ,cimbex ext5d+ its range z f> ea/ z ,japan d n rea* u4 ,! l[ /unt$ fl[]+ %rubs cov]+ l>ge pat*es ( bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s support an imm5se numb] ( ,jewel-beetles1 ,g5us ,/igmod]a1 also peculi> to ?is cont95t4 ,we appe> to h few =ms alli$ to ,nor? or ,s\? ,am]ica2 our aff9ities are ) ,africa1 & ! ,malay ,p59sula2 insects ( well su/a9$ flight1 z ! ,or?opt]a1 are f\nd "h id5tical ) species f\nd 9 ,africa & ,asia4 ,_m insects abundant 9 ! ea/]n coa/al di/ricts are v limit$ 9 _! range2 b on ! we/]n wat]%$ o!rs may be f\nd rang+ "r across to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,,/ructure4 ,! imago or p]fect insect is encas$ 9 a m or less p]fect horny integum5t compos$ ( a sub/ance call$ *it51 :i* =ms 9 _m a regul> box conta9+ all ! vital organs4 ,e insect c be divid$ into ?ree prim>y divisions3 fir/1 ! head1 to :i* is atta*$ ! m\? p>ts1 ant5nae1 & eyes2 second1 ! ?orax or *e/1 sometimes =m+ a solid mass1 b prop]ly compos$ ( ?ree segm5ts1 namely1 ! pro?orax1 meso?orax1 & meta?orax1 to :i* are atta*$ ?ree pairs ( legs1 & two pairs ( w+s 7!re are1 h[ev]1 _m exceptions to ! la/1 z "s h only "o pair1 & o!rs are w+less72 ?ird1 ! abdom5 or body1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( segm5ts v>i\sly e/imat$ f five to elev51 ! normal numb] be+ t51 :i* enclose ! dige/ive1 brea?+1 & reproductive organs4 ,e insect 9 ! fir/ in/ance comes f an egg or liv+ l>va produc$ by ! female1 & ?\gh1 ev5 to ! naturali/1 x seems v h>d to acc\nt = ! c\ntless millions ( "s ( ! small] insects su* z aphids & scale insects :i* sudd5ly sw>m z if by magic ov] plants1 !re is no su* ?+ z spontane\s g5]ation2 insects _c come out ( ! gr\nd f no?+1 or be produc$ f ! cry/all9e dew ^u ! foliage z we h sometimes f\nd /at$ 9 newspap]s4 ,aga91 a gra9 weevil _c *ange into a fl\r mo?1 or vice v]sa1 z _m ( our f>m]s w say 9 all good fai?4 ,9 "s gr\ps ! insects are produc$ z liv+ l>vae1 & comm5ce to fe$ at once2 b 9 ! majority1 eggs are deposit$ 9 or ^u ! food1 9 :i* /ate !y may rema9 )\t hat*+ b a few days1 or m ?an a ye>4 ,z soon z ! little cat]pill> or grub em]ges1 x />ts ^u its food1 sp5d+ ! :ole ( ?is /age ( its exi/5ce 9 eat+ & gr[+1 m\lt+ at int]vals by ca/+ (f ! out] sk9 to accommodate its increas+ bulk2 :5 full-gr[n & ready = ! f9al m\lt1 x /ops eat+1 crawls away into a suitable place1 & =ms a cocoon1 cell1 or %ell1 9 :i* x pupates4 ,x is n[ a *rysalis or pupa1 quiesc5t1 )\t any movem5t except a slight twit*+ ( ! tip ( ! abdom5 :5 di/urb$4 ,"u ! pupal cov]+ ! diff]5t organs ( ! p]fect insect become gradually def9$1 until "o bright day ! la/ evolution is complet$1 & ) a few convulsive movem5ts ! p]fect insect bur/s out ( its envelop+ swaddl+ clo!s & appe>s 9 all its beauty & p]fection4 ,"s gr\ps1 h[ev]1 und]go a mu* m simple or incomplete metamorphosis2 em]g+ f ! egg a baby insect ready to eat1 7l ! gras%opp]17 ! same food z its "m2 x und]goes a s]ies ( m\lts1 & aft] ca/+ its sk9 e "t1 becomes m ne>ly p]fect )\t any true pupal /age1 & f9ally aft] ! la/ m\lt comes =? ) well-develop$ w+s1 a p]fect insect4 ,! typical insect is furni%$ ) a l>ge comp\nd eye on ei!r side ( ! head compos$ ( a numb] ( small sections call$ facets1 v>y+ 9 numb] f sixte5 to sev]al ?\s&s 9 "s ( ! m highly develop$ families1 & two or ?ree simple eyes =m+ bright %9+ dots betwe5 ! comp\nd pair call$ ocelli4 ,9 "s gr\ps ^! ocelli are want+2 9 o!rs bo? eyes & ocelli1 s ! insects are !re=e bl9d4 ,! m\? p>ts are compos$ ( sev]al h>d plates2 9 *ew+ or bit+ 7m&ibulate7 insects1 !y consi/ ( a pair ( /\t jaws1 9 front ( :i* lies ! labrum1 & beh9d ! maxillae2 aga9 beh9d ! maxillae foll[s a second pair fus$ toge!r to =m ! labium4 ,bo? labium & maxillae are provid$ ) a pair ( sl5d] jo9t$ app5dages kn[n z labial & maxill>y palpi2 ^! are us$ z f+]s to assi/ 9 draw+ food into ! m\?4 ,9 ^? gr\ps ) suck+ 7hau/ellate7 m\?s ^! v>i\s p>ts are coalesc$ into a simple suck+ tube end+ 9 a %>p /yle-l tip1 :i* is buri$ 9 ! tissue ( ! plant :5 ! insect is fe$+4 ,! ant5nae :5 well develop$ consi/ ( a numb] ( di/9ct r+s or segm5ts1 /&+ out on ei!r side ( ! head1 & g5]ally atta*$ to ! front ( ! head betwe5 ! eyes2 !y s]ve z organs ( t\*1 smell1 & probably he>+4 ,! legs conta9 five di/9ct jo9ts2 fir/1 ! coxae or hips2 next1 ! tro*ant]s1 small jo9ts ) a ball & socket-l action f :i* ! femora or ?ighs move backw>d & =w>d2 to ^! are atta*$ ! tibiae or %anks t]m9at+ 9 ! t>si or feet at ! extremity4 ,mo/ insects are also furni%$ ) a pair ( t>sal claws1 betwe5 :i* may be a small pad1 call$ ! pulvillus or empodium4 ,! w+s ( insects v>y consid]ably4 ,"s are membran\s & smoo?2 o!rs are cov]$ ) d[n or scales2 :ile 9 _m ! =e pair are solid *it9\s w+-cases1 useless = flight1 & *iefly act+ z protective cov]s to ! h9d pair1 :i*1 :5 ! insect is at re/1 lie fold$ up b5ea? !m4 ,! fly+ w+s are trav]s$ ) bran*+ tubes call$ n]vures1 :i*1 :ile /r5g!n+ !m1 also p]=m an important function 9 ! brea?+ ( ! insect1 & are pi]c$ ) small op5+s2 ^! op5+s are v di/9ct 9 "s ( ! hym5opt]a4 ,insects brea! by means ( op5+s situat$ along ! sides ( ! ?oracic & abdom9al segm5ts call$ spiracles1 op5+ out into bran*+ air vessels call$ tra*ea1 :i* pass into ! int]ior1 ramify+ ?r\gh\t ! body & ext5d+ into e "p & app5dage1 ev5 to ! tips ( ! ant5nae4 ,! n]v\s sy/em1 ! life & movem5t ( ! insect1 consi/s ( a d\ble *a9 ( ganglia1 7ganglion1 a knot17 n]ve cells1 :i* are connect$ ) f9] encircl+ n]ve tissues1 t radiate 9 all directions1 return+ to ! ganglia1 ! latt] regulat+ ! n]ve s5sation4 ,!re=e1 z _! p]ceptions are s mu* less conf9$ to ! bra9 ?an 9 v]tebrate animals1 !y _c feel to ! same ext5t4 ,?us1 y c frequ5tly f9d a locu/1 beetle1 or ant t has escap$ f a bird1 m9us its abdom51 /ill crawl+ ab\t1 q able to move all its rema9+ organs4 ,y c ev5 remove ! long sl5d] body ( a dragon-fly1 & c>efully ins]t a bit ( grass /alk ( ! same l5g? & weight to balance ! w+s1 & x w fly (f q readily2 b ( c\rse !y w n live long aft] su* injuries4 ,we "k t _m insects mu/ h v ke5 p]ceptions ( s\nd1 or ! movem5t ( ! air ar\nd !m1 = !y w drop to ! gr\nd at ! lea/ al>m1 be=e ! bu% ^u :i* !y are re/+ has be5 t\*$4 ,v little is und]/ood ab\t ! organs ( he>+1 except 9 ! case ( gras%opp]s & locu/s :]e ! e>s h be5 locat$ at ! base ( ! abdom5 or on ! front leg2 ^! 9 "s species c be detect$ ) an ord9>y l5s4 ,x is consid]$ by "s writ]s t ! hairs & spiracles ^u ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body may transmit s\nd & act z e>s4 ,! organs ( s\nd are v int]e/+1 b c be bett] treat$ :5 deal+ ) ! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,usually1 !re are only two sexes ( insects1 males & females2 b among ^? liv+ 9 social communities1 l ! bees1 ants1 wasps1 & t]mites1 ! majority ( ! inhabitants are neut]s4 ,^! neut]s are usually abort$ females1 :i* d all ! "w 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ne/ & look aft] ! food supply ( ! re/ ( ! community4 ,,fossil ,,insects ,9 comp>ison ) o!r c\ntries1 fossil rema9s ( insects are sc>ce2 only t5 species h be5 describ$ & nam$4 ,my in=mation on ?is subject is obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,e!ridge & ,olliff's ,memoir ( ! ,geological ,survey1 7,palaeontology ,no4 #g172 8,! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y ,insects ( ,new ,s\? ,wales10 #ahij4 ,! fir/ record ( fossil insects 0 made by ,moore 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahgj1 entitl$ 8,note on a plant & insect b$ on ! ,rocky ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w40 8,^! insects 7 obta9$ f a *ocolate-col\r$ micace\s lam9at$ m>l1 =m+ a b$ t5 feet ?ick1 at a dep? ( ab\t "o hundr$ feet f ! surface1 & =m+ a portion ( ! ,t]ti>y drift work$ at ! above locality4 ,! latt] are probably ( ,plioc5e age40 7,e4 ,o47 ,jack obta9$ ! w+ ( a dragon fly 9 ! ,cretace\s b$s ( ! ,fl9d]s ,riv]1 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 :i* 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,woodw>d "u ! "n ( ,aes*na fl9d]s5sis 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 #ahhd4 ,x 0 entomb$ 9 a d>k *ocolate lime/one4 ,! insects describ$ & figur$ by ,messrs4 ,e!ridge & ,olliff consi/ ( a cicada 7,c4 l[ei7 f ! 8,ta5iopt]is-be>+ b$s ( ! ,talbrag> ,riv] 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ( ,l[] ,mesozoic age03 a fly1 ,*ironomus v5]abilis3 & a mayfly1 ,ephem]a cull5i3 & a beetle l>va belong+ to ! ,lampyridae1 "u ! "n ( ,palaeolycus problematicus1 f ! ,t]ti>y b$s at ,emmaville1 ,new ,engl&4 ,f ! ,ipswi* ,coal ,measures ( ,que5sl& comes ! fossil w+ ( a ,bupre/id beetle1 alli$ to exi/+ ,/igmod]a1 :i* !y call$ ,meso/igmod]a typica4 ,among ! insect rema9s f ?is locality ! au?ors note sev]al w+s t appe> to belong to weevils & o!r beetles alli$ to exi/+ species4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,dun in=ms me t insect rema9s h be5 f\nd at ,n>ellan ,n4,s4,w4 9 ,wianamatta %ales1 & also 9 ! brick pits at ,/4 ,pet]s ne> ,sydney4 ,ord] ,i4--,,apt]a4 ,spr+-tails & ,silv]-fi%4 ,^! t9y little creatures are w+less 9 all /ages ( _! exi/5ce1 ) only six segm5ts 9 ! abdom52 !y are active little creatures ( v delicate /ructure1 f\nd 9 all k9ds ( situations4 ,we h _m indig5\s species1 b on acc\nt ( _! small size & retir+ habits !y h be5 seldom notic$1 & a wide field awaits "s future entomologi/ :o und]takes ! /udy ( ^! int]e/+ insects4 ,v little sy/ematic "w _h be5 done ) ^! insects until ,lubbock's 8,monograph ( ! ,collembola & ,?ysanura0 0 publi%$ by ! ,ray ,society 9 #ahgc4 ,9 ?is "w n only are a l>ge numb] describ$1 b obs]vations made ^u _! habits & life hi/ories are record$4 ,family #a4 ,spr+-tails4 ,,collembola4 ,^! are among ! smalle/ insects1 = ! l>ge/ does n measure m ?an ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & mo/ ( !m are v mu* small]4 ,!y are *iefly f\nd 9 damp situations among loose soil1 decay+ vegetable matt]1 & su* l mat]ial1 & c /& a v cold temp]ature4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ f ! silv]-fi% by ! few jo9ts 9 ! ant5nae1 & ! great p[]s ( jump+ !y possess by means ( _! long jo9t$ tail app5dages4 ,our common species1 ,lipura sp41 is at times v abundant 9 ! loose soil2 aft] a sudd5 ?und]/orm !y are (t5 wa%$ out 9 su* numb]s t1 c>ri$ into ! little pools along ! road side1 !y =m a dull blue scum on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!y measure ( a l9e 9 l5g?2 are ( a dull blue col\r1 & h %ort1 ?ick5$ ant5nae & legs2 ! body is di/9ctly segm5t$ & r\nd$ at ! tip4 ,re/+ on ! surface ( ! wat] !y are con/antly 9 motion1 spr++ up e mom5t l little rubb] balls4 ,ano!r species belong+ to ! ,g5us ,smyn?urus1 alli$ to ,s4 viridis1 a ,european =m1 b probably an undescrib$ native species1 appe>$ 9 great numb]s 9 luc]ne paddocks 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia 9 #ahif1 :]e !y did a great deal ( damage by eat+ ! surface ( ! leaves1 sw>m+ ov] ! fields 9 c\ntless millions4 ,x is a memb] ( ?is g5us 7,smyn?urus lutus7 t ,lubbock has describ$ 9 su* an ent]ta9+ mann] :5 rec\nt+ ! c\rt%ip ( ^! que] little creatures4 ,family #b4 ,silv]-fi%4 ,,?ysanura4 ,! silv]-fi% are divid$ into two di/9ct gr\ps3 ^? clo!d ) f9e loose silv]-l scales1 & ^? 9 :i* ! scales are abs5t & are replac$ by f9e hairs4 ,! abdom5 conta9s t5 segm5ts2 _! bodies are elongat$1 furni%$ ) long1 sl5d]1 _m jo9t$ ant5nae tap]+ to ! extremities1 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 c>ries two or ?ree sl5d] ?read-l tail app5dages4 ,?\gh ! gr\p has be5 divid$ into f\r divisions1 !re are n _m species describ$2 !y frequ5t w>m1 dry1 d>k situations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,lepisma sac*>9a 7,l9n474 ,! common ,silv]-,fi%4 7,r$rawn f ,m>latt's 8,h\sehold ,insects407 ,lepisma sac*>9a1 ! ,common ,european ,silv]-fi%1 measures up to an in* 9 l5g?1 & is cov]$ ) delicate lead-col\r$ scales t give x a dull metallic lu/re4 ,!y are great pe/s 9 libr>ies1 :]e !y eat ! glaze on pap]s or clo?b\nd books1 pa/$ labels1 or ev5 ! surface ( et*+s & engrav+s4 ,our common species 0 g5]ally suppos$ to be ?is insect2 b ,dr4 ,silve/ri1 to :om ,i submitt$ a numb] ( specim5s caught 9 ,sydney h\ses1 says t x is ,lepisma longicaudata1 ! common ,african species unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,!re is ano!r t9y1 little1 dull yell[ species f\nd "u /ones 9 ants' ne/s t ,silve/ri has nam$ ,lepisma cursitans4 ,9 ! dry we/]n scrubs ( ! int]ior "u /ones1 hid+ 9 ! du/1 ,i collect$ ,lepisma producta4 ,9 a natural op5 cave among ! s&/one cliffs on ! sea %ore ne> ,gos=d ,n4,s4,w4 ,i f\nd a numb] ( a v l>ge species re/+ on ! b>e rock1 ) a /rik+ resemblance to small dri$ %rimps2 = ?is peculi> species ,silve/ri proposes ! "n ( ,alloma*ilus froggatti4 ,ord] ,,ii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,cockroa*es1 ,gras%opp]s1 ,t]mites1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,m\? ,p>ts ( a ,gras%opp]1 ,%[+ ! diff]5t p>ts4 #a4 ,! labrum1 or upp] lip4 #b4 ,m&ibles4 #c4 ,jaws4 #d4 ,! l[] labrum4 #e4 ,tongue4 7,r$rawn f ,duncan's 8,trans=mations ( ,insects407 ,! memb]s ( ?is ord] are kn[n z /raight w+$ insects1 because ! n>r[ membran\s =e w+s 7elytra7 are usually laid flat along ! sides ( ! body1 cov]+ ! fan-%ap$ h9d w+s t are fold$ up b5ea? !m4 ,9 "s ( ! families we f9d gr\ps or individuals ) ! w+s rudim5t>y or s modifi$ 9 /ructure z to be useless = flight1 & 9 a few ! p]fect insects ( "o or bo? sexes are w+less4 ,9 "s1 l ! typical gras%opp]s1 ! h9d legs h ! ?ighs greatly develop$ & adapt$ = spr++ or jump+2 9 ! ,mantids ! two h9d pairs ( legs are simple1 b ! front pair are produc$ into curv$1 sp9$ tibiae & femora1 weapons well adapt$ to capture _! prey4 ,! m\? p>ts are compos$ ( a r\nd$ upp] lip1 ) two /\t m&ibles1 & a pair ( jaws to :i* are atta*$ jo9t$ app5dages 7maxill>y palpi71 ! labrum or h9d lip be>+ simil> app5dages call$ ! labial palpi2 besides ^! !y h a /\t spade-%ap$ tongue1 s t !y bo? bite (f & *ew up _! food4 ,?\gh ! majority are veget>ian 9 _! habits1 "o gr\p1 ! mantids1 are c>nivor\s1 & 9 ^! insects ! m\? p>ts are produc$ into a %>p po9t to ! tip ( ! jaws4 ,!y em]ge f ! eggs t are deposit$ s+ly or 9 masses 9 or ^u ! gr\nd or atta*$ to ! twigs ( _! food plant2 z baby insects !y are mu* l ! adult1 und]go+ a s]ies ( m\lts )\t any true pupal /age1 until 9 ! la/ m\lt !y em]ge ) fully develop$ w+s & reproductive organs4 ,! ,or?opt]a comprise a numb] ( v diff]5t look+ insects1 among !m "s giants ( ! insect _w l ! /ick & leaf insects4 ,i h plac$ ! e>wigs1 cockroa*es1 t]mites1 embids1 book lice1 gras%opp]s1 crickets1 mantis & phasmids toge!r1 ?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among entomologi/s z to ! exact position ( ! t]mites1 embids1 & book lice4 ,! late/ li/ ( ! ,or?opt]a is ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby's 8,synonymic ,catalogue ( ,or?opt]a1 vol4 ,i410 conta9+ all ! nam$ species ( ! ,=ficulidae1 ,hemim]idae1 ,blattidae1 ,mantidae1 & ,phasmidae4 ,?is "w 0 publi%$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 #aijd3 a second volume 7n yet publi%$7 deal+ ) ! locu/s1 gras%opp]s1 & crickets w complete ?is "w4 ,! latt] 7 catalogu$ by ,f4 ,walk] #ahfi-ahgj 9 five p>ts1 7,catalogue ( ! ,specim5s ( ,d]mapt]a1 ,saltatoria1 & ,supplem5t to ! ,blatt>iae 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 :i* ?is "w ( ,kirby's :5 f9i%$ w sup]s$e4 ,among ! *ief speciali/s on ,or?opt]a may be m5tion$ ,h5ri de ,saussure1 :o besides 8 monographs 9 ! 8,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana10 has publi%$ _m pap]s 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 ( :i* ! mo/ important 7conta9+ descriptions ( ,au/ralian species7 is 8 8,melang] ,or?opt]ologiques0 9 ! ,memoirs de la ,societe de ,physique et d',hi/oire ,naturelle de ,g5eve #ahfc-d1 & 9 subsequ5t volumes4 ,brunn] von ,watt5wyl has describ$ o!r ,au/ralian species 9 diff]5t ,g]man publications1 & 9 #ahic publi%$ 8 8,rvision des ,sy/me des ,or?optres0 9 ! ,annali del ,museo ,civico di ,/oria ,naturale di ,g5ova4 ,kirby describ$ o!r ( our species *iefly 9 pap]s contribut$ to ! 8,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 & ! ,transactions ( ! ,zoological & ,entomological ,societies4 ,family #a4 ,e>wigs4 ,,=ficulidae4 ,^! insects are sl5d] 9 =m1 ) some:at r\nd$ heads be>+ two l>ge facett$ eyes1 b no ocelli2 & long sl5d] ant5nae compos$ ( %ort oval jo9ts4 ,! elytra1 v %ort1 usually n ext5d+ beyond ! h9d m>g9 ( ! ?orax1 cov] ! h9d w+s :5 at re/4 ,^! h9d w+s are %ort b broad1 some:at resembl+ a human e> :5 exp&$ = flight1 b neatly fold$ up b5ea? ! abbreviat$ elytra at o!r times4 ,9 _m gr\ps h[ev] bo? elytra & w+s are abs5t1 ! insects tru/+ to _! legs & p[]s ( burr[+ to get out ( dang]1 & ev5 ^? ) well develop$ w+s seldom use !m4 ,! ?orax is n>r[2 ! legs /\t1 well adapt$ bo? = digg+ & runn+2 & ! abdom51 tap]+ to ! extremity1 t]m9ates 9 a pair ( callip]s or p9c]-l processes1 sometimes curv$ & too!d into rem>kable %apes4 ,x is ! possession ( ^! curi\s anal app5dages t has l$ to ! e>wig be+ popul>ly cr$it$ ) all k9ds ( evil prop5sities2 b ?\gh !y c]ta9ly look v =midable !y c only give "o's f+] a h>mless p9* if h&l$ c>elessly1 & are o!rwise p]fectly h>mless4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,labidura truncata 7,kirby74 ,! common ,e>wig f\nd 9 ! s& along riv] banks4 7,orig9al ,w4 ,b4 ,gurney47 ,e>wigs are met ) *iefly 9 damp situations2 "s ( ! small] ones c be collect$ by pull+ ! rott5 b>k (f dead trees2 o!rs are to be f\nd "u /ones or logs2 & 9 summ] "t _m w be f\nd 9 burr[s 9 ! damp s& on ! wat]'s edge aft] ! mann] ( mole crickets4 ,9 po9t ( numb]s ?is is n a l>ge family1 only ab\t #ebj species be+ describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w2 & only ab\t #bj f ,au/ralia1 s t !y are poorly repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,g5us ,labidura conta9s #ae describ$ species f all p>ts ( ! _w2 ,labidura rip>ia1 a cosmopolitan species rang+ f ,europe to ,asia & ,africa does n rea* ,au/ralia2 b we h a typical species 9 ,labidura truncata1 :i* has simil> habits1 liv+ 9 burr[s 9 ! s& along ! edges ( lagoons & creeks4 ,x measures an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a g5]al r$di% br[n t9t mottl$ ) dull yell[2 & ! dorsal segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are deeply b>r$ ) r$di% black almo/ conflu5t d[n ! c5tre4 ,! head is l>ge2 ! pro?orax small1 ) ! elytra & w+s well develop$2 ! abdom51 r n>r[ at ! base1 is broade/ beh9d ! l>ge callip]s1 :i* are sl5d]1 furni%$ ) two blunt tee? on ! inn] edge & meet at ! extremities4 ,x diff]s f ,l4 rip>a 9 hav+ ! apical edge ( ! la/ abdom9al segm5t truncate1 & n scallop$ z 9 ! =m]4 ,! next l>ge ,g5us ,anisolabis is also _w wide 9 its range & conta9s #cf describ$ species1 #c ( :i* are record$ f ,au/ralia1 #b f ,tasmania1 #a f ,new ,zeal&1 & #a f ,norfolk ,isl&4 ,anisolabis colossea1 our l>ge/ common w+less species1 also record$ f ,new ,cal$onia1 0 describ$ by ,dohrn 7,ann4 ,museo ,g5ov4 #ahgi71 & a second v>iety by ,burr "u ! "n ( ,a4 m9or 9 #aijb2 b x is mo/ v>iable 9 size1 rang+ f ov] #a in*es 9 l5g? to less ?an half an in*4 ,x is ( a uni=m dull r$di% br[n col\r1 ) a r\nd$ head1 truncate ?orax1 & elongate broad abdom5 t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( %ort /\t f+]-l app5dages fitt+ close toge!r & turn$ up slightly at ! tips4 ,a second species ( ,anisolabis common 9 ,tasmania & record$ f ! top ( ,m\nt ,well+ton is black1 some:at broad & flatt5$ on ! dorsal surface1 ) ! anal app5dages %ort1 sl5d]1 & twi/$ ov] to ! left side z if !y _h be5 damag$4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,bormans 7,c4,r4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,belg4 #ahhj7 "u ! "n ( ,anisolabis tasmanica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,anisolabis colossea 7,dohrn74 ,! l>ge w+less e>wig4 7,orig9al ,w4 ,w4 ,froggatt47 ,labia gr&is describ$ by ,dubrony 7,ann4 ,museo ,g5ov4 #ahgi7 comes f ,nor? ,au/ralia4 ,! g5us conta9s #dg describ$ species2 sev]al undet]m9$ species 9 my collection are small d>k br[n e>wigs ) well develop$ elytra1 & anal app5dages v n>r[ at ! base1 small1 & curv+ ov] at ! %>p tips4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,,blattidae4 #a4 ,blatta ori5talis 7,l9n474 #b4 ,blatta ori5talis 7,l9n474 #c4 ,blatta ori5talis ,l>va 7,l9n474 #d4 ,polyzo/]ia limbata 7,burm474 #e4 ,p]iplaneta au/ralasiae 7,fabr474 #f4 ,geoscapheus giganteus 7,tepp]74 #g4 ,pane/hia laevicollis 7,sauss474 #h4 ,p]iplaneta am]icana 7,l9n474 #i4 ,phyllodromia g]manica 7,l9n474 #aj4 ,p]iplaneta am]icana 7,l9n474 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4--,,or?opt]a4 ,apt]ygida ara*idis1 a cosmopolitan species record$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 is f\nd 9 ,au/ralia2 & ! common ,european typical species1 ,=ficula auricul>ia1 :i* is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! old _w & ,am]ica1 is n record$ f ,au/ralia 9 ,kirby's ,catalogue1 b ,i h specim5s 9 my collection giv5 me by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,walk] tak5 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :o told me he _h also captur$ x 9 ,tasmania1 s t x is m ?an probable x w be f\nd on ! ma9l&4 ,family #b4 ,cockroa*es4 ,,blattidae4 ,! typical cockroa* is a %ield-%ap$ insect1 ) /\t horny plates cov]+ bo? ! dorsal & v5tral surfaces ( ! ?orax & abdom54 ,! head1 tuck$ "u & hidd51 :5 view$ f above by ! rim ( ! pro?orax1 is furni%$ ) two l>ge comp\nd eyes plac$ well 9 front2 9 "s gr\ps !re are also two ocelli2 ! ant5nae spr++ f bel[ ! eyes are v long & sl5d]1 compos$ ( a great numb] ( %ort r+$ segm5ts4 ,! jaws are well adapt$ = _! veget>ian habits1 ?\gh "s among ! dome/ic species are almo/ omnivor\s 9 _! ta/es4 ,tepp] consid]s t sev]al species de/roy ! grubs & cat]pill>s ( injuri\s cut-worms1 b ?is wants fur!r confirmation4 ,_! legs are long & /\t1 cov]$ ) sp9es1 & 9 ! species liv+ "u /ones & logs ! legs are usually ?ick5$4 ,_m species are provid$ ) two pairs ( /\t membran\s w+s1 :ile ! front pair 7elytra7 are ?ick5$1 opaque & co>sely ve9$2 ! h9d w+s1 ?\gh frequ5tly small1 are fan-%ap$1 membran\s & well adapt$ = flight4 ,! cockroa* is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( insects1 & roa*es are common 9 fossil b$s bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 _m ( !m alli$ to our /ill exi/+ =ms4 ,! female has a curi\s habit ( c>ry+ h] keel$ egg capsule protrud+ f h] abdom5 = "s "t be=e %e deposits x 9 a suitable situation4 ,a numb] ( cosmopolitan species might be call$ dome/ic insects z !y are only f\nd ab\t h\ses or ! haunts ( man2 9 ,london ,blatta ori5talis is commonly kn[n z ! 8black beetle10 sw>m+ 9 cell>s & kit*5s4 ,9 ,sydney ! l>ge yell[ roa* t comes fly+ r\nd ! room to ! light is ,p]iplaneta am]icana1 an introduction f ,am]ica1 :i* has almo/ driv5 ! small] indig5\s ,p]iplaneta au/ralasiae out ( our h\ses2 :ile 9 "s ( ! s\!rn & ea/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica our ,au/ralian roa* has be5 introduc$ & become ! common dome/ic pe/4 ,! little ,g]man ,roa*1 or 8,crot5 ,bug0 ( ,am]ica1 ,phyllodromia g]manica1 is sometimes f\nd ab\t ! ,sydney :>ves4 ,_m ( ^! bu% & h\sehold roa*es are provid$ ) gl&s at ! tip ( ! abdom51 f :i* !y c dis*>ge 7:5 di/urb$7 a foetid od\r z a means ( def5ce4 ,! cockroa*es are a v ext5sive family2 ,m>latt e/imates t at lea/ #e1jjj occur all ov] ! _w2 ab\t #bab species are giv5 by ,kirby 7,catalogue ,or?opt]a vol4 ,i4 ,briti% ,museum #aijd7 z ,au/ralian4 ,mo/ ( our typical =ms are w+less1 & live "u rott5 logs or /ones2 "s ( ! l>ge/ species are to be f\nd 9 ! dry int]ior4 ,saussure has describ$ a numb] ( our species 7,mem4 ,soc4 ,g5eve #ahfc-d-i73 ,walk] _m o!rs1 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,catalogue ,blattidae #ahfh73 & ,tepp] has be5 a con/ant work] at ?is gr\p 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia = "s ye>s2 descriptions ( mo/ ( 8 species w be f\nd 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s4 ,au/ralia betwe5 #ahic-ie1 & ! ,zoology ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition #ahif4 ,! ,g5us ,pane/hia conta9s #dd describ$ species rang+ f ,india to ,au/ralia1 ( :i* #g are peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,pane/hia laevicollis is common 9 =e/ l&1 :]e x is f\nd burr[+ 9 damp rott+ logs4 ,x is a w+less black insect1 measur+ ne>ly #a in*es 9 l5g?1 ) ! ?orax n>r[ & flatt5$ above ! head1 ! latt] furni%$ ) comp>atively %ort ant5nae2 ! legs %ort b v sp9y2 & ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 cov]$ ) irregul> punctures4 ,cosmozo/]ia coolg>di5sis is a v di/9ctive1 w+less1 dull yell[ species broadly m>k$ ) black on ! ?oracic segm5ts1 & f9ely b>r$ ) ! same col\r on ! upp] edges ( ! abdom9al segm5ts4 ,x measures ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & ranges f ,s\? ,au/ralia to ! c5tral p>ts ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,polyzo/]ia limbata is a l>ge d>k br[n cockroa* m>g9$ on ! out] edge ( ! dorsal plates ) yell[2 x is common 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney1 & may be (t5 notic$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,botany re/+ on /umps & f5ces2 x has ! habit1 l sev]al o!r species1 ( dis*>g+ a mo/ (f5sive liquid :5 di/urb$4 ,polyzo/]ia pubesc5s is an alli$ b mu* l>g] insect1 measures up to #b in*es 9 l5g? & #a in* 9 bread?2 x is ( a uni=m dull br[n t9t1 & is common ab\t ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a41 & w be probably f\nd to range ov] a l>ge portion ( ! int]ior4 ,polyzo/]ia mit*ellii is a v>iegat$1 dull metallic gre5 cockroa* rang+ ov] ! same c\ntry1 b n m ?an #a in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x has ! upp] surface m>g9$ on ! edges ) yell[1 & is mottl$ on ! legs & "u-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,figs4 #e & #f4--;,des]t ,cockroa*es4 #e4 ,polyzo/]ia mit*ellii 7,angas74 ,! gre5-b&$ cockroa*4 #f4 ,polyzo/]ia pubesc5s 7,tepp]74 ,! ,pubesc5t cockroa*4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,geoscapheus giganteus is our giant cockroa*1 measur+ #b in*es 9 l5g? & #a across ! middle ( ! body4 ,l ! la/ ?ree x is w+less1 ) ! l>ge pro?oracic %ield ov]lapp+ ! head4 ,9 col\r x is bright r$di% br[n1 cr5ulat$ & v rugose 9 ! c5tre ( ! dorsal surface4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahie7 t ,tepp] obta9$ ?is f9e species1 ,saussure describ$ ano!r l>ge roa* "u ! "n ( ,macropane/hia rh9oc]os1 =m+ a new g5us = its reception & add+ a second species :i* he nam$ ,m4 muell]i4 ,family #c4 ,:ite ,ants4 ,,t]mitidae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,ma/ot]mes d>w9i5sis 7,froggatt74 ,! giant t]mite ( ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 %[+ ! /ructure ( ! w+s ( ! male4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! exact position ( ^! insects 9 e s*eme ( classification has be5 m or less vague1 & :ile "s writ]s place !m 9 ! ,or?opt]a1 m include !m 9 ! ,neuropt]a2 o!rs aga9 to get ov] ! difficulty h =m$ a halt+ gr\nd betwe5 ! two & call$ !m ,pseudo-,neuropt]a4 ,9 ! 8,g5]a ,insectorum10 ,desneux has foll[$ ,brull & ,com/ock & plac$ !m 9 a di/9ct ord] z ,isopt]a4 ,grassi1 "o ( ! greate/ liv+ au?orities on ! anatomy ( insects1 consid]s !y are alli$ to ! ,neuropt]a3 b tak+ ! broad gr\nd ( outw>d /ructure ^u :i* ! ,ord]s 7 =m$1 & comp>+ ! p]fect t]mites1 especially my giant species f ,nor? ,au/ralia1 ,ma/ot]mes d>w9i5sis1 ) o!r families1 ,i consid] !y are closely alli$ to ! cockroa*es1 & !re=e place !m "h4 ,take ! w+ away f "s ( ! l>g] species & !y h a /rik+ resemblance to e>wigs1 & "o ( our greate/ au?orities on ! family 7,hag57 actually describ$ a damag$ e>wig f ,japan z a t]mite4 ,t]mites are widely di/ribut$ ov] all ! w>m] regions ( ! _w1 ?\gh mo/ num]\s 9 tropical c\ntries2 & a numb] ( fossil species h be5 describ$ f ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,:5 ,hag5's 8,monograph ( ! ,t]mitidae0 0 publi%$ 9 #aheh1 only sev5 species 7 record$ f ,au/ralia & ,tasmania1 & "o or two ( ^! are v d\btful4 ,9 my 8,au/ralian ,t]mitidae0 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahif-ahig7 ! numb] 0 br\ght up to #ce1 & !re are probably _m m to be discov]$1 s t ! family is v well repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,our species h be5 subdivid$ into n9e g5]a plac$ 9 six sub-families1 :i* are *iefly =m$ on ! w+ /ructure4 ,broadly speak+ _! habits are v simil>1 & ea* ne/ or community consi/s ( ! same ca/es4 ,fir/ 9 ord] come ! d>k br[n p]fect w+$ male & female insects1 only f\nd 9 ! regul> ne/s 9 ! e>ly summ] mon?s2 = soon aft] _! w+s are develop$1 ! work]s cut op5+s 9 ! clay walls ( ! ne/1 & !y fly out 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 g5]ally j be=e sunset1 & :5 all h left ! work]s aga9 close up ! op5+s = ano!r ye>4 ,9 ! w+$ /ate !y are kn[n z 8fly+ ants10 & on a w>m summ] night sometimes come 9 su* numb]s r\nd ! lights1 dropp+ _! easily deta*$ w+s all ov] ! table1 t !y are a regul> nuisance4 ,^! p]fect t]mites h well develop$ eyes2 sl5d] ant5nae compos$ ( %ort1 r\nd$1 bead-l jo9ts /&+ out 9 front ( ! r\nd$ flatt5$ head2 & a %ort /\t ?orax fitt+ close aga9/ ! elongate r\nd$ abdom54 ,!y are furni%$ ) two pairs ( simil>1 elongat$1 n>r[ w+s ( uni=m wid? r\nd$ at ! tips1 ) primitive p>allel neuration2 ^! are loosely atta*$ to ! basal w+-flap by a cross suture1 :]e !y readily te> !m across2 :5 at re/ !y are laid flat ov] ea* o!r d[n ! back1 ext5d+ well beyond ! tip ( ! body3 ! legs are %ort & /\t4 ,_! flight is feeble1 & ( ! millions t sw>m out & flutt] away f ! ne/1 probably n m ?an halfa-doz5 c\ples are =tunate en\gh to get into a suitable place to f\nd a fre% colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,diagram ( head ( work] t]mite4 ,dorsal view1 %[+ ! jaws & m\? p>ts4 ,coptot]mes 7,t]mes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,coptot]mes 7,t]mes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 ,fully develop$ female or ,que54 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,t]mitidae4 ,coptot]mes 7,t]mes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 #a4 ,male 7w+s clos$74 #b4 ,male 7w+s exp&$74 #c4 ,work]4 #d4 ,nymph4 #e4 ,soldi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,! next ca/e1 t =m ! bulk ( ! life ( ! ne/1 are ! work]s1 delicate s(t :ite creatures ) pale yell[1 r\nd$1 flatt5$ heads2 bl9d1 b furni%$ ) sl5d] ant5nae2 & a pair ( %ort /\t too!d jaws hidd5 by ! labrum1 & :i* 9 ! c\rse ( _! lab\rs d su* imm5se damage to all k9ds ( bo? native & import$ timb]4 ,! ?ird ca/e1 also always pres5t1 are ! soldi]s1 t simply act z gu>ds = ! :ole ne/1 leav+ all ! "w ( build+1 fe$+ ! "y1 & ga!r+ supplies to ! work]s4 ,9 ! f\r? we h ! ,que51 :i* 0 orig9ally "o ( ! w+$ =ms2 aft] ca/+ h] w+s %e is impregnat$1 & :ile ! head1 ?orax & app5dages rema9 z be=e1 ! abdom5 swells into a :ite cyl9drical sack z ?ick z "o's little f+]2 ! *it9\s plates t once fitt$ close toge!r are n[ widely sep>at$ & appe> z n>r[ black b&s4 ,%e is simply a mass ( egg tubes2 &1 look$ aft] & f$ by ! att5dant work]s1 %e devotes h] life to lay+ eggs1 :i*1 l gra9s ( sug>1 are c>ri$ away & pil$ up by ! work]s 9 adjac5t *amb]s "u ! nurs]y4 ,f ^! eggs develop t9y :ite specks ( matt] t gradually develop by a regul> s]ies ( m\lts into work]s1 soldi]s1 & immature w+$ =ms2 ! latt] h l>ge r\nd$ bodies & r\nd$ w+ pads repres5t+ ! future w+s4 ,supplem5t>y ,que5s are sometimes f\nd t h nev] gone ?r\gh ! w+$ /age2 !y h ! g5]al /ructure & l>ge corrugat$ bodies ( ! mature que5s4 ,! typical :ite ants' ne/1 kn[n z a ,t]mit>ium1 usually consi/s 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( a mass ( woody lam9at$ mat]ial t might be lik5$ to papi]-ma*e1 orig9ally a /ump or portion ( a log t has be5 *ew$ up & void$ 9 ! =m ( a mort>-l sub/ance4 ,?is t]mit>ium is full ( irregul> gall]ies runn+ l a network all ?r\gh ! mass1 ) ! means ( exit runn+ out "u ! ne/2 a mass ( /\t t]rac$ /ructure above ! gr\nd level surr\nds ! ,royal ,*amb]s1 :i* might be lik5$ 9 size & %ape to an inv]t$ sauc]1 f :i* ! enclos$ ,que5 _c escape1 b ! att5dant work]s c pass to & fro4 ,above ?is is a r\nd$ oval mass (t5 z big z a *ild's head1 :i* resembles /iff br[n pap] fold$ r\nd & r\nd1 full ( f9e op5+s1 & is easily crumbl$ up2 ?is1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 ,i call ! nurs]y1 z x conta9s all ! m9ute l>vae z !y em]ge f ! eggs4 ,! =mation above ! nurs]y is m irregul>1 & t]m9ates 9 a r\nd$ cap4 ,! :ole ( ?is woody /ructure is cov]$ ) a /\t envelop+ wall ( f9e clay1 :i*1 c>ri$ up gra9 by gra91 has be5 cem5t$ toge!r into a firm e>?y wall 9 contact ) ! woody /ructure at ! base ( ! ne/1 b (t5 ) a cavity at ! apex4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,que5 ,t]mite 7,c4 7,t]mes7 lacteus7 7,froggatt74 ,%[+ h] 9 ! ,royal ,cell or ,que5's ,*amb]4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ne/s ( ! ,eut]mes are sometimes built ov] /umps1 b m (t5 on ! bran*es or trunks ( trees1 :]e !y =m r\nd$ or oval masses a foot or two 9 diamet]1 ) cov]$ gall]ies lead+ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ^! ne/s !re is no di/9ct out] e>?y %ea?2 :5 ne> ! gr\nd1 e>? & wood are bl5d$ toge!r 9 a v compact mass1 full ( small gall]ies runn+ at e angle1 & h no di/9ct /ructure l ! fir/ gr\p4 ,:5 ! ne/ is plac$ on a tree trunk or bran* away f ! gr\nd x consi/s almo/ entirely ( woody matt]1 & may be q s(t & pap]y b5ea? ! out] cru/4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies ^! ne/s are popul>ly kn[n z 8,negroheads40 ,o!r gr\ps are nev] kn[n to con/ruct true ne/s1 b =m *amb]s & gall]ies "u ! b>k ( trees1 9 banks1 or simply "u logs & /ones4 ,"s 9 ! int]ior are said to disappe> und]gr\nd f _! ne/s 9 ! dry summ] "t1 return+ ) ! fir/ ra9s & m5d+ up ! dilapidat$ walls4 ,! memb]s ( ! two g5]a ,ma/ot]mes & ,calot]mes h ! w+s mu* m ?ickly ve9$ ?an ! m simple ,t]mes & ,eut]mes4 ,ma/ot]mes d>w9i5sis is ! l>ge/ common species tak5 fly+ r\nd ! lights at night 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& & ,port ,d>w94 ,x is v d>k br[n1 ) ?ickly ve9$ w+s1 & measures #a in*es 9 l5g? f ! front ( ! head to ! tip ( ! fold$ w+s4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its ne/s or ! o!r =ms ( ?is species4 ,x is ! sole repres5tative ( ! sub-family4 ,i h1 ?r\gh ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,*ri/ie ( ,port ,d>w91 good reasons = believ+ t ,t]mes errabundus1 describ$ f ! soldi]s & work]s only1 is id5tical ) ?is giant t]mite4 ,he in=ms me t at ,po9t ,*>les he f9ds ! ne/s 9 e old po/ or /ump 9 ! wet season4 ,calot]mes longiceps is ! common ,sydney species ( ?is gr\p1 ( :i* we h six describ$ f ,au/ralia1 & "o f ,new ,zeal&4 ,! soldi] measures in* 9 l5g?1 ) a long broad head arm$ ) blacki% project+ jaws1 :i* are irregul>ly too!d on ! inn] edges4 ,! ,calot]mes live 9 logs & trees 9 small communities2 !y =m no regul> ne/2 ?is species is f\nd 9 logs ( firewood ab\t ,sydney4 ,9 "s species ! soldi]s are v r>e1 ! community consi/+ ( immature w+$ =ms & work]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,,t]mitidae4 ,t]mit>ium ( ! ,m]idonial ,:ite ,ant1 ,t]mes m]idionalis 7,froggatt74 8,! ,magnetic ,ne/10 ,palm]/on1 ,port ,d>w91 ,n4 ,au/ralia4 7,orig9al photo4 ,n4 ,holtz47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4--,,or?opt]a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,,rh9ot]m9ae we h two species1 diff]+ f ! =m] gr\p 9 hav+ ! w+s v f9ely wr9kl$ or reticulat$2 & also 9 hav+ two di/9ct =ms ( soldi]s1 "o mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r1 b bo? ) pe> %ap$ heads & po9t$ f9ely-too!d jaws4 ,rh9ot]mes int]m$ius is n uncommon 9 old /umps ab\t ,sydney2 ! w+$ =ms are ( a light r$di% br[n col\r ) delicate w+s2 bo? ! work]s & soldi]s ( ! major type h l>ge yell[ heads1 ! latt] arm$ ) curv$ jaws2 :ile ! heads ( ! small =m ( soldi]s are mu* m sl5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,typical ,dom$ ,t]mit>ium or 8,:ite ,ants' ,ne/0 f ! coa/al di/ricts ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,=m$ by ,coptot]mes 7,t]mes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,v]tical section ( ne/ ( ! same species %ew+ ! /ructure ( ! woody int]ior1 ) ! out] clay cov]+4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! typical ,,t]mit9ae comprise ne>ly all ! species t build regul> m\nds1 conta9+ c\ntless ?\s&s ( individuals4 ,t]mes lacteus is ! common species t does s mu* mis*ief to build+s ab\t ,sydney1 & ?\gh n a m\nd build] ab\t ! city1 yet f ,colo ,vale to ,victoria & also nor?w>d x =ms tall r\nd$ ne/s up to six feet high & v regul> 9 /ructure4 ,! soldi] is ab\t in* long1 ) a bright1 yell[1 pe> %ap$ head1 & a pair ( curv$ jaws2 x also has an op5+ 9 ! front ( ! head above ! jaws f :i* x c dis*>ge a globule ( milk-l fluid :5 di/urb$4 ,?is species ) sev]al alli$ =ms has be5 plac$ 9 ! g5us ,coptot]mes4 ,t]mes m]idionalis has a small soldi]1 almo/ :ite1 ) a r\nd$ yell[ head arm$ ) two sl5d] curv$ jaws1 & an incurv$ too? 9 ! c5tre ( ! inn] m>g92 x measures a little ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x has a _w wide reputation on acc\nt ( build+ :at is kn[n z ! 8,magnetic ,ne/10 built l a brick wall & always po9t+ nor? & s\?1 ) ! wall fac+ ea/ & we/4 ,jack 7,pro4 ,royal ,society1 ,que5sl&1 #ahig7 consid]s t ?is is done by ! t]mites always build+ t[>ds ! ris+ sun2 s t1 z !y "w at night1 ! clay w dry rapidly4 ,!y are f\nd 9 sev]al localities on ,cape ,york & ne> ,port ,d>w94 ,sev]al v di/9ct species are f\nd 9 ! int]ior4 ,t]mes p]nig] ranges f ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a4 to ,we/]n ,que5sl&2 ! soldi] is a v d>k col\r$ insect ) a v l>ge head furni%$ ) l>ge p[]ful too!d jaws1 & is v savage4 ,t4 rubriceps is f\nd 9 small colonies 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 =m+ _! ne/s at ! roots ( ! tussocks ( sp9ifex grass4 ,t4 krisi=mes1 a species 9 :i* ! soldi] has sl5d] irregul> jaws l a ,malay kris1 makes t9y little m\nds ab\t ,bulli ,n4,s4,w4 or =ms colonies "u ! %elt] ( a log4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,ne/ ( ,:ite ,ant 7,eut]mes fumip5nis7 7,walk]71 ^u ! summit ( a rock :]e a small /ump _h be5 situat$4 ,manly1 ne> ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 7,orig9al photo4 ,w4,w4,f47 ,! memb]s ( ! g5us ,eut]mes are common all ov] ,au/ralia2 !y con/ruct h>d woody ne/s seldom m ?an a foot or two high2 ?\gh at ! same "t1 ! l>ge/ kn[n t]mit>ium is also built by "o species1 ,eut]mes pyri=mis1 pill> %ap$ & (t5 #ah feet 9 height1 probably 9 ! fir/ in/ance comm5c$ ov] a dead tree trunk4 ,! soldi]s are v curi\s look+ creatures2 ! peculi> oval or r\nd$ heads produc$ into an awl-l po9t 9 front1 ! c5tre be+ fill$ ) a cle> honey-l fluid2 ?is is dis*>g$ d[n ! project+ sn\t & smo!rs _! enemies1 because !y h no true jaws above ! m\?3 mo/ ( !m are mu* d>k] br[n insects ?an ! o!r t]mites4 ,! two species1 ,eut]mes fumigatus1 ! d>k]1 small] species1 & ,e4 fumip5nis1 ! light] t9t$1 are common 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,typical ne/1 ( ! ,sp9ifex t]mite 7,eut]mes triodiae7 7,froggatt71 ab\t #ad feet high4 ,hall's ,creek1 ,kimb]ley1 ,w4,a4 7,orig9al photo4 ,mansbridge47 ,family #d4 ,web-sp9n]s4 ,,embiidae4 ,^! r>e & curi\s little *ocolate br[n creatures are elongate 9 =m1 n unlike a sl5d] adult t]mite aft] x has %$ its w+s1 & !y =m ano!r gr\p t has puzzl$ entomologi/s 9 reg>d to _! classification4 ,only tw5ty species are kn[n f all p>ts ( ! _w2 b f _! aff9ities to prehi/oric insects !y h be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,grassi work$ at ! life-hi/ory ( a species f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,europe "u /ones3 ,wood-,mason has figur$ & describ$ ,indian =ms & plac$ !m 9 ! ,or?opt]a3 ,p]k9s says t ! species 9 ,hawaii is common on tree trunks :]e !y conceal !mselves "u a f9e web l spid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,,t]mitidae4 ,t]mit>ium ( ! ,great ,m\nd-ne/ ,:ite ,ant1 ,eut]mes pyri=mis 7,froggatt74 ,palm]/on1 ,port ,d>w91 ,n4 ,au/ralia4 7,orig9al photo4 ,n4 ,holtz47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4--,,or?opt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,oligotoma gurneyi 7,froggatt74 ,! web sp9n+ embiid4 ,) a diagram %[+ ! primitive /ructure ( w+4 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,!y measure up to ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 are elongate 9 =m ) l>ge globul> heads1 small too!d jaws1 & long1 sl5d] ant5nae compos$ ( #bj or m bead-%ap$ jo9ts :i* !y are con/antly mov+ :5 !y run ab\t4 ,! ?orax is =m$ ( ?ree v elongat$ segm5ts1 s t ea* pair ( legs is v wide ap>t2 & 9 ! w+$ =ms ! sl5d] o>-%ap$ w+s ) v primitive n]vures are s f> f ea* o!r t !y h q a comical look2 ! abdom5 is %ort1 cyl9drical1 compos$ ( #aj segm5ts1 r\nd$ at ! tip1 ) l>ge anal app5dages 7c]ci74 ,! legs are curi\sly ?ick5$1 ) ! t>si ( ! front pair %ap$ some:at l a weav]'s %uttle4 ,until la/ ye> !y 7 unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia1 :5 ,i describ$ two species 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #aijd72 ! fir/ ,oligotoma agilis1 is a w+less =m1 ( :i* ,i f\nd two specim5s :ile turn+ ov] granite b\ld]s at ,bom5 ne> ,wagga ,n4,s4,w4 ,! second1 ,oligotoma gurneyi1 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,gurney 9 a light$ room "o ev5+ 9 a suburb ( ,sydney2 x _h well develop$ w+s4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,/eel _h 8 att5tion call$ to :at "o ( ! m5 9 ! ,colonial ,sug> ,co4's ref9]y at ,pyrmont call$ a 8:ite fungus0 "u "o ( ! w9d[s4 ,?is ,mr4 ,/eel f\nd to be a mass ( :ite web matt$ ) excrem5t & full ( sl5d] br[n insects1 :i* he collect$ into a bottle & h&$ to me4 ,?\gh mo/ ( !m 7 mature1 only a few %[$ regul> w+ pads1 b o!rwise !y appe> to be ,o4 gurneyi2 9 captivity !y spun a great quantity ( delicate :ite web among :i* !y hid1 b :5 wet sug> 0 plac$ on ! cork !y ate x readily4 ,family #e4 ,book ,lice4 ,,psocidae4 ,^! are v delicate little creatures t run ab\t on moss gr[n f5ces1 tree trunks1 among foliage1 or hide 9 boxes1 old baskets & o!r litt]4 ,9 "s gr\ps1 :ile ! l>vae & pupae are w+less1 ! p]fect insects h two pairs ( delicate w+s ) curi\s curv$ transv]se n]vures & v few cross ve9s1 s t ! cells are few4 ,9 o!r gr\ps ! p]fect insects are w+less1 or if pres5t1 abort$ & useless = flight4 ,!y are all furni%$ ) long sl5d] ant5nae consi/+ ( f #aa to #be jo9ts2 ! head is l>ge1 r\nd$ 9 front1 ) convex eyes1 & ?ree ocelli 7want+ 9 ! w+less =ms74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,philot>sus froggatti 7,end]le974 ,a typical specim5 ( ! ,psocidae f\nd ne> ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 7,r$rawn f ,end]le9's figure1--,w4,w4,f47 ,!y c be collect$ into a small tube on f5ces or tree trunks1 or %ak5 into a net or umbrella2 b !y mu/ be h&l$ v g5tly1 & are be/ plac$ 9 dry tubes1 & kill$ & m\nt$ at home4 ,_m h&some species are f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 & "s probably h a wide di/ribution1 z !y are easily introduc$ into a new c\ntry ) _m k9ds ( produce4 ,"o dull w+$ species is v common on ! foliage ( ! orange trees1 :]e x lays its metallic gre5 eggs 9 pat*es ( #i or #ab on ! midrib ( ! leaf1 cov]+ !m ov] ) a delicate :ite silk5 %eet4 ,a numb] ( species 7 obta9$ 9 ,au/ralia by ! ,hung>ian entomologi/ ,l4 ,biro1 collect+ = ! ,royal ,museum ( ,hung>y1 *iefly captur$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,9 #aijc ,dr4 ,end]le9 classifi$ & describ$ ^! 7,die ,copeogna!n des ,indo-,au/ralis*5 ,faun5gebietes71 publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ! above ,museum1 & illu/rat$ ) _m f9e draw+s4 ,9 ?is monograph he divides ! family into #af sub-families1 #ci g5]a & #aae species1 #ae ( :i* are describ$ f ,au/ralia4 ,philot>sus froggatti1 a t9y creature #b millimetres 9 l5g?1 ) cle> w+s1 is f\nd on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s4 ,family #f4 ,mantids4 ,,mantidae4 ,we h no exact popul> "n = ^! peculi> insects2 "s ( ! bu% *ildr5 call !m 8,=e/ ,ladies10 on acc\nt ( ! da9ty =m & graceful motion ( sev]al ( our small] species1 :i* is r appropriate2 b un=tunately sev]al lace-w+s g "u ! same fanciful "n4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! common species are call$ 8,re> ,horses0 f ! way !y /& at re/ ) rais$ =e legs4 ,! ,romans call$ !m 8,soo?say]s20 & at lea/ two species are kn[n z 8,pray+ ,mantis10 namely ,mantis religiosa 9 ,europe1 & ,mantis c>ol9a 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f _! pi\s attitudes4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 tropical c\ntries1 & are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia2 ,we/wood 9 8 8,synopsis ( ! ,species ( ,mantidae10 publi%$ 9 #ahhi1 records #fbd describ$ species1 only #cj ( :i* come f ?is c\ntry4 ,kirby's ,catalogue 7#aijd7 br+s ! li/ up to ab\t #hdc1 & adds #e m to our li/ ( describ$ species4 ,) ! exception ( "s curi\s little neuropt]a 7,mantispa71 :i* c be easily di/+ui%$ by _! lace-l w+s1 ! memb]s ( ?is family _c be confus$ ) o!r gr\ps4 ,! long sl5d] pro?orax1 support+ a v flexible n>r[ head1 =ms an elongate neck1 to :i* are atta*$1 well 9 front1 ! =midable sp9$ =e legs1 :i* are seldom us$ z means ( progression1 b z weapons ( (f5ce to capture o!r insects ^u :i* !y prey1 = !y are tig]s ( ! insect _w1 ly+ 9 wait1 p]fectly motionless1 ) _! col\ration adapt$ to ! foliage among :i* !y hunt4 ,! two apical portions ( ! ?orax1 & sl5d] body1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y type is cov]$ ) two pairs ( w+s1 ! fir/ pair n>r[ l t ( a gras%opp] & ! h9d pair fan-%ap$1 ) ! two pairs ( sl5d] legs1 are or?opt]\s2 :ile ! front portion1 consi/+ ( ! n>r[ head turn$ d[n 9 front into a po9t$ m\?1 ) l>ge project+ eyes1 & ?read-l ant5nae1 %[ its c>nivor\s habits4 ,! female deposits h] eggs ^u ! twigs or b>k ( trees 9 an almond-%ap$ mass1 consi/+ ( regul> r[s ( elongate eggs pil$ above ea* o!r1 ) ! tips all po9t+ outw>d1 & :i* are cov]$ ) an envelop+ coat ( a /icky br[n secretion t1 z x h>d5s 9 ! sun1 becomes dry & pap]y4 ,:5 ! baby mantids em]ge f ! eggs !y are atta*$ to !m by two sl5d] ?reads fa/5$ to ! anal app5dages 7c]ci72 !y hang head d[nw>d1 l a mass ( t9y squirm+ cat]pill>s1 until !y ca/ _! fir/ l>val sk91 :5 !y fall to ! gr\nd1 s(t1 w+less1 little /ick-l creatures1 ready to hunt = !mselves4 ,^! egg masses are v conspicu\s objects 9 ! bu% & or*>d1 & are (t5 receiv$ f my correspond5ts ) enquiries z to :at !y are1 & :e!r !y %\ld be de/roy$4 ,z ea* is ! home ( "s hundr$s ( little creatures t de/roy ?\s&s ( small] injuri\s insects1 !y %\ld nev] be di/urb$ by ! g>d5]4 ,! commone/ species 9 our g>d5s is ! 8,?ick %\ld]$ gre5 mantis10 ,or?od]a m9i/ralis bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,or?od]a pras9a1 b z x 0 describ$ _m ye>s be=e "u ! fir/ "n1 ! latt] has become a synonym4 ,x is ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?1 some:at /\t & ?ickset1 ! front portion ( ! neck-l pro?orax z wide z ! head1 fitt+ up close aga9/ x1 & n>r[] :]e x jo9s ! meso?orax4 ,x has well develop$ w+s & flies v well1 b x usually rema9s immovable & al]t1 re/+ on a leaf z gre5 z its own bright coat1 its trea*]\s deadly =e-legs are rais$1 ready to la% out & seize any incauti\s mo? or butt]fly t comes )9 rea*1 & x w (t5 secure "o l>g] ?an itself4 ,x ranges f ,tasmania r\nd to ,nor?-we/ ,au/ralia1 & has be5 record$ f ,new ,zeal&1 into :i* place x c\ld h be5 easily introduc$ f ,au/ralia ) foliage plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,figs4 #ag & #ah4--;,au/ralian ,mantidae4 #ag4 ,t5od]a au/ralasiae 7,lea*71 ! long-w+$ mantis4 #ah4 ,ar*imantis lati/ylus 7,s]v471 ! %ort-w+$ mantis4 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,! ,g5us ,ar*imantis conta9s five species describ$ f ,au/ralia1 ( :i* ,ar*imantis lati/ylus is ! commone/ species ab\t ,sydney4 ,x measures #d in*es 9 l5g?1 is furni%$ ) l>ge well develop$ w+s1 & v>ies 9 col\r f dull gre5 to br[ni% yell[2 ! female is small]1 ) m ?ick5$ body & %ort] w+s4 ,! =e-w+s1 or m prop]ly elytra1 are br[n1 r\nd$ at ! tips1 (t5 m>k$ 9 ! c5tre ) a d>k spot2 ! h9d w+s are semitransp>5t4 ,x hides among ! dull-col\r$ foliage ( ! ,leptosp]mum & ,melaleuca bu%es1 :i* assimilate well ) its own uni=m t9t4 ,?is species w be f\nd1 figur$1 9 col\rs 9 ,mc,coy's 8,zoology ( ,victoria1 ,decade xiii40 ,ar*imantis montrosa1 a slightly l>g] species1 comes f ,victoria ,riv]1 ,nor? ,au/ralia2 ! type 0 tak5 by ,elsey1 naturali/ to ! ,gregory ,explor+ ,exp$ition 9 #ahef4 ,a4 armatus1 a small] br[n species1 f ! same di/rict1 has ! pro?orax curi\sly sp9$ on ! out] m>g9s1 & ! "u-surface cov]$ ) co>se tub]cles4 ,t5od]a au/ralasiae is ano!r ( our be/ kn[n species1 n uncommon ab\t ,sydney 9 ! summ] mon?s on ! l[ scrub4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$1 & figur$ 9 col\rs1 by ,lea* 9 8 8,zoological ,miscellanies0 #ahae2 & ,we/wood /ates t ! type is 9 ! ,banksian ,collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is also a native ( ,new ,cal$onia1 ,new ,gu9ea & ,c]am4 ,x is a m brightly-t9t$ insect1 #c in*es 9 l5g?1 ( a g5]al yell[i% br[n col\r2 ! apical edge ( ! elytra /rip$ ) gre51 foll[$ ) a /ripe ( pale salmon col\r1 & ! re/ semitransp>5t2 ! w+s are t+$ ) p9k along ! front m>g91 ! :ole mottl$ ) black & br[n1 ?icke/ t[>ds ! body4 ,!re are a numb] ( active1 little1 black or d>k br[n mantids ) curi\sly %ap$ bodies t run ab\t on ! dull col\r$ tree trunks1 seldom fly+1 7?\gh _m ( !m are w+$71 b tru/+ to _! imitative t9ts to escape obs]vation2 sev]al ( our species belong to ! ,g5us ,p>oxypilus4 ,family #g4 ,/ick or ,leaf ,insects4 ,,phasmidae4 ,^! are sometimes 9 g5]al appe>ance n unlike mantids1 b ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics are well def9$2 = ?\gh ! pro?orax is m or less elongat$ into a neck1 & ! abdom51 w+s1 & h9d legs long1 x w soon be notic$ t ! =e pair ( legs are n sp9$1 b are regul> walk+ or cl++ legs l ! h9d ones4 ,! head is oval or r\nd$1 ) a some:at simple m\? adapt$ = *ew+ foliage2 small] eyes2 & l>ge1 ?ick] jo9t$ ant5nae4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,,phasmidae4 ,podacan?us wilk9soni 7,macleay74 #a4 ,male4 #b4 ,female4 #c4 ,immature male4 #d4 ,%[+ /ructure ( h9d legs ( immature male4 #e4 ,egg 7enl>g$74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4--,,or?opt]a4 ,!y 9 ! matt] ( col\ration also adapt !mselves to _! surr\nd+s1 & are usually gre5 or br[n :5 at re/1 ?\gh :5 ! w+s are exp&$ !y exhibit "s brilliant t9ts4 ,9 "s gr\ps ! species are w+$ 9 bo? sexes2 o!rs h only w+$ males2 & "o gr\p is w+less 9 bo? sexes1 ! latt] g5]ally long1 sl5d]1 & /ick-l4 ,?is family conta9s "s ( ! giants ( ! insect _w2 specim5s ( sev]al ( our ,au/ralian species measure #ab in*es 9 l5g?2 :ile suppos$ closely alli$ fossil =ms une>!d 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s deposits ( ,europe measure up to #ai in*es & 7 suppli$ ) imm5se w+s4 ,! female :ile crawl+ ab\t among ! foliage drops h] eggs s+ly on ! gr\nd b5ea?1 :]e1 protect$ 9 _! h>d %ells among ! litt]1 !y sometimes rema9 ov] a ye> be=e ! baby phasma comes out4 ,! rem>kable =m & texture ( ^! h>d oval egg cases has attract$ ! att5tion ( entomologi/s 9 _m c\ntries1 & ,%>p has figur$ & describ$ "s f ,new ,brita94 ,j z ! ,mantis has adapt$ its col\r & %ape to cat* its prey1 s ! phasma to protect itself f its _m enemies has evolv$ wond]ful leaf-l processes ^u ! w+s & legs1 agree+ 9 /yle ) ! surr\nd+ foliage4 ,x is noticeable t ! l>g] bodi$ female is (t5 m leaf-l ?an h] sl5d] mate1 probably because m helpless2 ?is is p>ticul>ly s 9 ! gravid or egg-lay+ condition4 ,g4 ,r4 ,gray describ$ a numb] ( our species 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society #ahcf1 & o!rs 9 ! 8,entomology ( ,au/ralian ,phasmidae0 #ahcc1 & lat] 9 8 8,synopsis ,phasmidae02 ,we/wood 9 8 8,catalogue ( ! ,or?opt]\s ,insects 9 ! ,briti% ,museum0 #ahei describes "s2 a few h be5 describ$ by ,macleay1 ,lea*1 ,mc,coy & ,ra9b[1 br++ our li/ up to ab\t #fj species4 ,9 ,kirby's ,catalogue #ie species are li/$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 b no additions are made to our li/4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,bacillus are sl5d]1 w+less1 /ick-l creatures ( :i* #e species are record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,! ,great ,br[n ,phasma1 ,acrophylla titan1 is ! type ( "o ( our gr\ps1 conta9+ #aa species describ$ f ?is c\ntry4 ,! female measures #h in*es to ! tip ( ! body1 & is slightly broad] across ! outspread w+s2 ! g5]al =m ( head & ?orax to base ( tegm9a is sl5d]2 ! abdom5 is ?ick5$2 ! legs & meso?orax are sp9y4 ,! g5]al col\r is greyi% br[n2 ! tegm9a light br[n1 b ?ickly blot*$ ) blue-black s t x is (t5 m black ?an br[n2 ! w+s are v l>ge ) ! co/al area broad & simil> 9 col\r to ! tegm9a1 b %ad$ ) r$ at base1 ! h9d membran\s "p ( !m light *ocolate irregul>ly mottl$ ) dull greyi% br[n4 ,! male is m sl5d] 9 =m1 ab\t an in* %ort]1 ! small] tegm9a mottl$ ) gre5i% yell[2 ! front ( ! w+s1 :i* are proportionately small1 are ( ! same col\r1 & ! h9d portion d>k *ocolate f9ely mottl$ ) light br[n4 ,?is l>ge /ick-insect us$ to be common ab\t ,sydney be=e ! scrub 0 cle>$ away1 & ranges nor?w>d up ! coa/4 ,gray says3 8,x is f\nd on l[ scrubs ab\t ,port ,jackson :]e ! inhabitants call x 8,walk+ ,/raw0 or ! 8,animat$ ,/ick40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,gr\p ( ,greg>i\s ,phasmids1 ,podacan?us wilk9soni 7,macleay7 re/+ ^u d5ud$ eucalyptus foliage4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,podacan?us is repres5t$ by #c f9e species4 ,! l>ge p9k w+$ phasma1 ,p4 typhon1 has a wide range f ,victoria to ,que5sl&4 ,:5 re/+ ) clos$ w+s x is ( a uni=m ri* gre5 t9t1 b :5 ! w+s are op5$ out1 ! upp] surface ( ! abdom5 & ! w+s beh9d ! frontal /ripe are bright rose r$4 ,! female measures #e in*es to ! tip ( ! body & ov] #g in*es across ! outspread w+s4 ,9 ?is g5us ! meso?orax is %ort1 ! dorsal surface cov]$ ) %ort sp9$ bosses & ! meta?orax swell+ out into a ?ick5$ body tap]+ to ! l>ge boat %ap$ ovipositor4 ,! male is small] & mu* m sl5d]4 ,p4 wilk9soni is a greg>i\s species1 appe>+ 9 ! summ] 9 ! ,new ,engl& =e/s 9 c\ntless ?\s&s1 /ripp+ e leaf (f ! eucalyptus bu%es z !y travel along to ! s\?-ea/1 s t all ! trees look z if !y _h be5 kill$ by r+b>k+1 f :i* habit !y h receiv$ ! "n ( 8,l\rie's ,r+b>k]s10 ,mr4 ,l\rie be+ ! own] ( ,n\ndoc ,/ation1 :]e !y are v num]\s4 ,! female measures ab\t #c in*es to ! tip ( ! body1 :i* is broad & ?ickset f ! %\ld]s1 ( a g5]al uni=m bright gre5 t9t on ! dorsal surface1 ) ! v5tral some:at black5$ & r\gh5$4 ,:5 ! w+s are exp&$ ! front m>g9 %[s ! basal "p pale orange yell[1 & ! membran\s "p beh9d v>y+ f ri* rose r$ to p9k4 ,! male is a m sl5d] insect ( a dull olive gre5 t9t1 ab\t ! same l5g?1 ) ! broad w+s delicate purple4 ,!y appe> ) well develop$ w+s ab\t ,new ,ye>1 & are deposit+ _! eggs t[>d ! end ( ,febru>y1 ! fir/ fro/ kill+ ! la/ ( !m (f4 ,didymuria violesc5s 0 describ$ & figur$ 9 ,lea*'s 8,zoological ,miscellanies #ahae0 z our typical ,au/ralian ,phasma2 ,gray aga9 figur$ x 9 col\rs 9 8 8,entomology ( ,au/ralia0 "u ! "n ( ! 8,violet-w+$ tail$ ,spectre40 ,x is a sl5d] species n unlike ! la/1 ( a br[ni% yell[ col\r1 ) w+s ( a deep violet almo/ r$ t9t2 & x has #c l>ge sp9es on ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs4 ,! ,g5us ,tropidod]us conta9s f\r species accord+ to ! late/ catalogue1 ?\gh !re is "s d\bt :e!r "o or two %\ld n be def9$ z only v>ieties ( ,t4 *ildr5i describ$ by ,gray4 ,t4 rhodomus is figur$ & describ$ by ,mc,coy2 x measures #f in*es 9 l5g? & #i across ! outspread w+s4 ,) clos$ w+s x is a ri* gre51 b :5 !y are exp&$1 ! basal portion ( ! w+s is bright r$1 ) ! apical portion gre51 & ! re/ semitransp>5t4 ,! tegm9a is %ort1 leaf-l1 gre5 above1 b %ad$ ) r$ on ! "u-surface4 ,?is is "o ( ! %ort-neck$ broad-bodi$ =ms1 & :ile ! =e-legs are long & sl5d]1 ! ?ighs ( ! mid & h9d pair are dilat$ into flatt5$ leaf-l =ms2 x is f\nd1 cl++ among ! foliage ( ! gum trees1 f ,victoria to ,que5sl&4 ,! typical ,t4 *ildr5i diff]s f ?is =m 9 hav+ ! basal portion ( ! apical area ( ! w+s yell[ in/ead ( r$1 & ! hyal9e w+s t+$ ) yell[4 ,mc,coy has figur$ ano!r "u ! "n ( ,t4 iodomus3 & ,ra9b[ a f\r? f ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney "u ! "n ( ,t4 decipi5s :i* also comes v close to ! typical species2 x has ! basal portion ( ! apical area ( ! w+s purple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,! ,sp9y ,gre5 ,leaf ,insect4 ,extatosoma ti>atum 7,macleay74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,extatosoma ti>atum is rem>kable = ! great diff]5ce 9 ! sexes2 ! male is a r>e insect1 ab\t #d in*es long2 is a dull d>k gre51 ) small tegm9a2 ! w+s are l>ge1 r\nd$ at ! tip1 ! apical m>g9 gre5 ) ! re/ semiopaque1 d>k br[n1 mottl$ ) :iti% b&s2 ! head is conical1 com+ to a po9t at ! summit & cleft 9 ! c5tre1 cov]$ ) f9e tub]cles4 ,! female measures ab\t #e in*es1 is ( a simil> col\r1 l>ge & swoll5 9 proportion2 ! tegm9a are repres5t$ by two flaps1 & ! w+s are want+4 ,! head is ( ! same conical %ape z t ( ! male1 b l>g]2 neck %ort & /\t2 ! legs produc$ into dilat$ sp9y leaf-l processes1 cut out & arcuate l ! leaves ( holly2 & ! l[] segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are fr+$ ) sp9y leaf-l app5dages4 ,(t5 ! l>ge body is mottl$ ) :ite specks & smutty blot*es1 giv+ x a wond]ful resemblance to ! foliage among :i* x hides4 ,x has a v wide range f ,tasmania to ,new ,gu9ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,a gr\p ( ,sp9y ,gre5 ,leaf ,insects1 ,extatosoma ti>atum plac$ on a ,japanese ,holly bu% to %[ protective mimicry4 78,agricultural ,gazette0 ,n4,s4,w47 ,clemacan?a regale is a l>ge1 h&some1 v long phasma ov] #i in*es 9 l5g?1 ( a comb9$ yell[ & gre5 t9t2 ! head is /rip$ ) p>allel gre5 & pale yell[4 ,! leaf-l tegm9a are /rip$ ) :ite2 w+s h ! apical area gre5 %ad$ ) p9k at base2 re/ semitransp>5t ) a blue t9t4 ,x ranges f ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,que5sl&4 ,family #h4 ,%ort-horn$ ,gras%opp]s4 ,,acridiidae4 ,^! are insects ) ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs swoll5 or enl>g$1 mu* long] ?an ! =e legs1 & adapt$ = jump+4 ,! t>si are compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct segm5ts4 ,! ant5nae are %ort1 conta9+ less ?an #cj jo9ts2 ! ovipositor ( ! females is n sabre-%ap$1 b compos$ ( %ort plates adapt$ = bor+ into ! gr\nd2 & ! organs repres5t+ e>s are plac$ on ! sides ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,?is gr\p ( ! ,or?opt]a may be describ$ z ! %ort-horn$ locu/s or gras%opp]s 9 contradi/9ction to ! tree or grass dwell+ gre5 gras%opp]s ) long ?read-l ant5nae4 ,all ! true plague locu/s t ravage _m ( ! w>m] c\ntries & d an imm5se am\nt ( damage belong to ?is division4 ,_m species h a wide range2 our locu/s are alli$ to ! ,african & ,indian =ms4 ,mo/ ( ! species are w+$1 & _m are capable ( long su/a9$ flight2 ^! are furni%$ ) air sacs 9 ! int]ior ( ! ?orax & abdom52 ^! :5 di/5d$ ) air assi/ 9 light5+ ! o!rwise heavy body4 ,! rem>kable %rill notes produc$ by "s ( ^! insects are caus$ by rubb+ ! inn] edge ( ! h9d ?igh aga9/ ! out] surface ( ! w+ cov]s :i* are frequ5tly furni%$ ) ridges or rais$ ve9s = ?is purpose4 ,! s-call$ e>s consi/ ( a membrane cov]+ a small op5+ on ! abdom51 & are ( a some:at diff]5t /ructure 9 diff]5t gr\ps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,diagram ( ,gras%opp]4 ,cyrtacan?acris exacta 77 7,walk]74 ant1 ant5nae2 e1 eye2 v]t1 v]tex2 oc1 ocellus2 fa/1 fa/igium2 c4 fac1 co/ae facialis2 c1 clypeus2 m1 m&ible2 l1 labrum2 mp1 maxilli>y palpi2 lp1 labial palpi2 ps1 pro/]nal sp9e2 p1 pronotum2 m4 epis1 meso-epi/]num2 m4 epim1 meso-epim]on2 co1 coxa2 tr1 tro*ant]2 meta-epis1 meta-epi/]num2 meta-epim1 meta-epim]on2 fem1 femur2 tib1 tibia2 t>1 t>sus2 sp1 spiracle2 v1 v5tral valves ( ovipositor4 7,orig9al ,w4 ,b4 ,gurney47 ,! reproductive organs ( ! female consi/ ( sev]al anal plates t are us$ aft] ! mann] ( an aug] to cut a circul> pit 9 ! h>d soil1 ! abdom9al segm5ts be+ ext5d$ :ile ! op]ation is go+ on2 ! eggs are deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! hole1 enclos$ 9 a simil> exudation z t :i* encloses ! eggs ( ! mantis1 & "s ( ! plague locu/s deposit two or m egg masses be=e !y die4 ,^! gras%opp]s h be5 /udi$ by _m entomologi/s1 :o h subdivid$ !m into diff]5t gr\ps4 ,brunn] von ,watt5wyl places !m "u n9e sub-families or tribes *iefly bas$ on ! /ructure ( ! head4 ,saussure has describ$ "s ( our species2 ,walk]1 ,/oll & ,blan*>d o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,locu/a danica 7,l9n47 ,! ,yell[-w+$ ,locu/4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,yell[-w+$ ,locu/1 ,locu/a danica1 is common 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry all ov] ,au/ralia1 & usually makes a ru/l+ noise z x flies up2 x is too well kn[n to ne$ describ+2 ) its w+s clos$ x is a mottl$1 dull br[n & gre5 insect up to #b in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a %ort broad head & cre/$ ?orax2 :5 ! w+s are op5$ x %[s a l>ge pat* ( ri* yell[ b&$ ) black4 ,! male is (t5 fully a ?ird small] ?an ! female4 ,x has be5 describ$ "u a great numb] ( diff]5t names1 b is n[ consid]$ ! same insect z f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 ,africa & ,asia4 ,! ,blue ,m\nta9 ,locu/1 ,o$aleus s5egal5sis1 might easily be mi/ak5 = a small] dull col\r$ specim5 ( ! la/ "o1 b ! yell[ t9t1 :5 pres5t1 is v slight1 & ! w+s h ! tips black5$ z well z ! inn] b&4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is also f\nd 9 ,africa f :i* place x 0 describ$ by ,krauss4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,*ortoicetes pusilla 7,walk]74 ,! small ,plague-locu/ ( ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,*ortoicetes t]m9if]a 7,walk]74 ,! l>g] ,plague-locu/4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,l>ge ,coa/ ,locu/1 ,acridium maculicollis1 is sometimes f\nd 9 g>d5s2 x measures #c in*es to ! tip ( ! w+s1 & is greyi% br[n ) d>kly mottl$ elytra4 ,locu/a au/ralis is l ! ,yell[-w+$ ,locu/1 ) m regul>ly mottl$ elytra1 & cle> transp>5t w+s4 ,! small pla9 ,locu/1 ,*ortoicetes pusilla1 is "u #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! male is ( a g5]al bright yell[ col\r1 & ! female1 some:at l>g]1 ( a g5]al greyi% br[n t9t4 ,x is ! species t = ! la/ few ye>s has done s mu* damage to our grass & crops 9 ! ,we/]n c\ntry4 ,c4 t]m9if]a is "o-?ird l>g]1 & is ( a g5]al light br[n mottl$ col\r1 ) ! w+s semitransp>5t1 tipp$ ) dull br[n2 x at times is "o ( our plague locu/s4 ,! ,rose-w+$ ,locu/1 ,hyalopt]yx au/ralis1 is "o ( our small b v noisy locu/s1 ab\t #h l9es 9 l5g?2 :5 at re/ x is light br[n mottl$ ) d>k] t9ts1 ! exp&$ h9d w+s are brightly %ad$ ) rose p9k & cl\d$ ) black4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 grass l&s1 & :5 di/urb$ rises ) a v %rill scree*4 ,! ,r$-legg$ ,locu/1 ,cirphula pyrocnemis1 is a %ort broad insect ab\t #a in* long2 is ( a g5]al d>k br[n t9t1 ) ! exp&$ w+s d>k yell[i% br[n3 ! head & ?orax are r\gh5$2 ! abdom9al segm5ts are dull yell[ ) sev]al black b&s on ! sides3 x is common on ! op5 flats ab\t ,sydney 9 summ]4 ,! common 8,great ,/rip$ ,locu/10 ,cyrtacan?acris exacta1 measures ne>ly #c in*es2 x ranges all along ! ,ea/]n coa/ & is (t5 se5 9 seclud$ g>d5s2 x has a broad dorsal /ripe d[n ! c5tre1 v>y+ f yell[ to dull gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,cirphula pyrocnemis 7,/l74 ,! ,r$-legg$ ,locu/4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,figs4 #bg & #bh4--;,au/ralian ,gras%opp]s4 #bg4--,tryxalis rafflesii 7,blan*>d74 ,! ,sl5d] ,n>r[-head$ ,gras%opp]4 #bh4--;,gonia au/ralasiae 7,lea*74 ,! ,ridge-back$ ,gras%opp]4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,long-nos$ ,locu/1 ,tryxalis rafflesii1 is v common 9 op5 grass$ flats2 ! female is ne>ly #c in*es long1 ) a sl5d] po9t$ head1 & long po9t$ body1 v>y+ f all %ades ( grass gre5 to pale salmon col\r4 ,x is easily recognis$ by its curi\s f+]-l ant5nae1 & grotesque head4 ,! male is a v sl5d]1 mu* small] insect4 ,! p9k-w+$ ,tryxalid1 ,atra/emorpha cr5aticeps1 is mu* small]2 x has a po9t$ head ( a uni=m pale gre5 t9t2 ! w+s are brightly t9t$ ) r$1 deepe/ at ! %\ld]s4 ,! ,ridge-back$ ,gras%opp]1 ,goniaea au/ralasiae1 is a l>ge1 /\t1 r$di% br[n insect ab\t #b in*es long1 :i* lives on ! hills 9 op5 =e/2 ! male is a mu* small] hopp]1 b bo? sexes h ! head1 ?orax1 & clos$ w+s =m+ a %>p ridge d[n ! back4 ,9 simil> op5 =e/ c\ntry we f9d ,coryphi/es cyanopt]us1 :i* usually re/s on ! tree trunks1 ) its slightly r\gh5$ head1 ?orax1 & mottl$ elytra closely resembl+ ! b>k4 ,x measures #b in*es 9 l5g?1 b ?\gh x is v v>iable 9 size & outw>d col\ration1 ! w+s :5 exp&$ always %[ a ri* blue t9t4 ,! ,cre/$ ,locu/1 ,ecphantus quadrilobis1 is "o ( our we/]n =ms t re/s among ! dry grass on ! pla9s2 x is dull gre5 to yell[1 %ort & ?ickset2 is #a in*es long2 ) ! back ridg$1 & ! cre/$ ?orax =m$ into #d lobes4 ,! spott$ locu/1 ,/ropis maculosa1 is ano!r ( our we/]n =ms2 x is broad & ?ickset2 ab\t #b in*es long2 ( a uni=m d>k br[n t9t1 ) ! ?orax b>r$1 & ! elytra mottl$ ) l>ge pat*es ( light yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,coryphi/es cyanopt]us 7,*>p5ti]74 ,! ,blue-w+$ ,locu/4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,/ropis maculosa 7,/l74 ,! ,spott$ ,gr\nd-locu/ ( ! int]ior4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,!re are also _m o!r curi\s =ms ( w+less1 %ort-horn$ locu/s 9 ! int]ior1 belong+ to sev]al g5]a1 & probably "s f9e ?+s t h nev] rea*$ our museums4 ,family #i4 ,long-horn$ ,gras%opp]s4 ,,locu/idae4 ,^! gras%opp]s are f\nd n only among ! grass b on l[ %rubs1 or 9 tree tops1 fe$+ ^u ! foliage2 :ile o!rs1 _m ( !m w+less1 live und]gr\nd aft] ! mann] ( crickets4 ,among ^? t frequ5t trees are "s t1 l ! phasmids1 h ! legs & w+-cov]s s wond]fully ve9$ & spott$ t !y are an exact imitation ( ! leaves ( _! food plant4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ f ! previ\s gr\p by _! long1 sl5d]1 ?read-l ant5nae compos$ ( a numb] ( f9e jo9ts2 9 mo/ cases ! body is s(t]2 & 9 ! female furni%$ ) a sabre-l ovipositor ) :i* %e g5]ally deposits h] eggs 9 r[s along ! side ( a leaf or twig1 ?\gh o!rs place !m on ! gr\nd4 ,! basal portion ( ! ?igh ( ! h9d leg is g5]ally ?icke/1 & mo/ ( ! species h f\r jo9t$ t>si1 ) ! e> process n ^u ! base ( ! abdom51 b on ! knees ( ! =e-legs4 ,"s are said to be c>nivor\s1 & ,i h twice se5 a l>ge gre5 species :i* comes to ! fl[]s ( ! /unt$ angophora dev\r+ honey bees1 b probably m = ! honey !y conta9 ?an ! blood ( ! bee4 ,brunn] von ,watt5wyl has writt5 a great deal ab\t ^! insects & describ$ a numb] ( ,au/ralian species4 ,tepp] is "o ( ! few ,au/ralian entomologi/s :o has tak5 up ?is gr\p1 describ+ "s 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s4 ,au/ralia3 9 ! ,locu/idae ( ! _w ,%>p gr\ps !m into fifte5 tribes4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,or?opt]a are solit>y or f\nd 9 pairs2 "s too h a v musical note4 ,! ,m\nta9 ,gras%opp]1 ,acridopeza reticulata1 is su* a curi\s look+ creature t x has be5 figur$ & not$ by _m naturali/s4 ,bo? sexes are ( a uni=m dull br[n col\r1 b v diff]5t 9 /ructure2 ! male measures #b in*es2 has long po9t$ elytra1 & well develop$ w+s2 ! head is small2 ! ant5nae sl5d] & ?read-l2 ! eyes /& out on ! side ( ! head1 & ! ?orax is saddle %ap$4 ,! female is furni%$ ) a v %ort1 r\nd$ body ri*ly mottl$ ) blue1 :ite1 & r$1 cov]$ ) a pair ( r\nd$1 %ort1 %ell-l elytra1 b ! w+s are want+4 ,:5 di/urb$ %e /&s on tiptoes1 ar*es h] body1 raises h] elytra expos+ all ! bright t9ts ( h] body1 :i* probably act z a w>n+ to h] enemies4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,,locu/idae4 #a4 ,acridopeza reticulata 7,gur971 4 #a;a4 ,acridopeza reticulata 7,gur971 4 #a;b4 ,acridopeza reticulata 7,gur971 eggs4 #b4 ,alectoria sup]ba 7,brunn]74 #c4 ,ephippity?a #cb-;guttata 7,s]v474 #d4 ,pseudorhyn*us lessonii 7,s]v474 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4--,,or?opt]a4 ,ano!r rem>kable gras%opp] is ,alectoria sup]ba1 f\nd 9 ! dry we/]n c\ntry among ! grass2 x is a long1 sl5d]1 gre5 insect1 measur+ #b in*es2 ! elytra & legs are ri*ly mottl$ ) bright r$di% br[n2 ! ?orax is produc$ into a l>ge circul> cre/ edg$ ) bright r$1 a l>ge boss bel[ on ei!r side1 & ano!r project+ above ! head4 ,! female has a v small lance-l ovipositor4 ,! ,speckl$ ,gre5 ,gras%opp]1 ,ephippity?a #cb-;guttata1 is ab\t ! same l5g? z ! la/1 ( a some:at light] gre5 t9t1 & has ! elytra mottl$ ) a d\ble r[ ( black spots v>y+ f #cb to #dd 9 numb]4 ,! head is small1 ! ?orax %ort & some:at saddle-%ap$4 ,x is f\nd ab\t ,sydney on fl[]+ %rubs2 & !re is a d>k] v>iety :i* has a wide range ov] ! int]ior1 to :i* ,tepp] has giv5 ! "n ( ,e4 quadrigesima-guttatus4 ,! ,small ,gre5 ,gras%opp]1 ,ca$icia valida1 is "o ( our da9ty1 sl5d]1 gre5 species f\nd 9 ! g>d5s1 :]e x sometimes damages ! "y fruit by gnaw+ pat*es (f ! sk91 or nibbles holes 9 ! foliage2 x produces a %>p musical note utt]$ ?ree times 9 succession4 ,! ,l>ge ,gre5 ,leaf ,gras%opp]1 ,locu/a vig5tissima1 figur$ by ,mc,coy1 is also f\nd on l[ %rubs 9 ! summ]2 x measures ne>ly #c in*es1 & is ( a uni=m dull gre5 col\r1 ) ! head1 legs & ant5nae m or less yell[3 ! head is broad2 ! ?orax /\t2 ! legs long & sp9y2 ! elytra long1 tap]+ to ! tips2 ! w+s l>ge1 semitransp>5t2 ! abdom5 %ort1 9 ! female furni%$ ) a long sabre-l ovipositor4 ,! ,lance-head$ ,gras%opp]1 ,pseudorhyn*us lessonii1 has a wide range along ! ea/]n coa/ among ! long grass2 x is gre51 ) ! tips ( ! elytra m>k$ ) yell[2 ! w+s are small1 & ! front ( ! head produc$ into a lance-l po9t4 ,among ! foliage ( ! eucalypts 9 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia !re is a v h&some l>ge gras%opp] ) ! head small1 ! ?orax v squ>e1 & ! elytra v leaf-l 9 =m2 x has a curi\s bloom ^u x l t ^u _m ( ! gum leaves1 & is a v f9e case ( mimicry4 ,! ,g5us ,ano/osoma comprises a numb] ( r$di% br[n w+less locu/s m l crickets 9 _m ways1 = !y live *iefly 9 holes 9 ! gr\nd1 h long ?read-l ant5nae1 & /\t sp9y legs4 ,ano/osoma au/ralasiae is a v =midable look+ insect ) imm5se head & jaws1 orig9ally describ$ f ,moreton ,bay2 x is sometimes f\nd ab\t ,sydney1 measur+ #c in*es 9 l5g?2 x has ant5nae ov] #d in*es long4 ,! small] species1 ,ano/osoma er9aceus1 is ( a simil> col\r & =m1 b n m ?an #a in*es 9 l5g?2 x is n uncommon 9 g>d5s4 ,p>agryllacris combu/a lives 9 hid+ dur+ ! day "u a curl$ leaf spa! ( a palm frond1 or 9 a cavity 9 a tree trunk2 if 9 ! la/ x (t5 =ms a :ite t\gh sub/ance ( a net-l /ructure ov] ! front1 & if di/urb$ w snap at a grass blade or /raw & %ake ! net1 mak+ a di/9ct %>p s\nd4 ,x is ( a uni=m1 yell[i% br[n t9t1 measur+ ab\t #b in*es to ! tip ( ! l>ge curl$ w+s closely fold$ ov] ! body4 ,! curi\s ,cave ,locu/1 ,pa*yrhamma sp41 ) its small oval body1 & long sl5d] ant5nae & h9d legs1 is always f\nd 9 caves4 ,x is a dull br[n w+less creature1 ^: sl5d] ?read-l ant5nae are _m times long] ?an ! body4 ,family #aj4 ,crickets4 ,,gryllidae4 ,^! are ! black field & h\se crickets :i* are s well kn[n by _! %rill note2 ?is is caus$ by ! insect rubb+ ! /\t w+ cov]s or elytra toge!r2 ^? ( ! males h a di/9ct circul> wavy neuration =m+ di/9ct ridges = ?is purpose4 ,crickets are easily di/+ui%$ by _! sl5d] ?read-l ant5nae1 %ort r\nd$ heads1 black w+s fold$ d[n ! back1 & sp9y h9d legs adapt$ bo? = creep+ ?r\gh ! grass or jump+ out ( ! road ( _! enemies4 ,! abdom5 is furni%$ ) a pair ( sl5d] sp9$ app5dages on ! sides1 & ! female ) a /iletto-l ovipositor compos$ ( two groov$ pieces by :i* ! eggs are deposit$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,we h a numb] ( field crickets 9 ?is c\ntry2 ,walk] 9 8 catalogue ( ! family gives #ab species1 ( :i* ,gryllus s]villei is our common field cricket1 sometimes sw>m+ out 9 suffici5t numb]s to d a great deal ( damage to field crops & vegetable g>d5s4 ,x is ( a uni=m black t9t1 ) a %ort1 %9+1 r\nd head2 x measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 & has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,! ,mole ,cricket1 ,gryllotalpa co>ctata1 is f\nd all ov] ! int]ior1 =m+ und]gr\nd tunnels 9 ! s& along ! edges ( wat]c\rses2 x 0 collect$ 9 ! ,horn ,exp$ition 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 & is also f\nd ab\t ,sydney4 ,x is ( ! usual dull br[n t9t1 ) hood$ ?orax & spade-%ap$ =e-legs4 ,ano!r curi\s little black cricket is common ab\t ! edges ( wat]c\rses1 & :5 di/urb$ (t5 jumps 9 & swims ab\t on ! surface2 x belongs to ! ,g5us ,nemobius1 & is only ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,family ,,gryllidae4 #a4 ,gryllus s]villei 7,sauss474 #a;a4 ,gryllus s]villei 7,sauss474 7,elytron 47 #b4 ,gryllotalpa co>ctata 7,walk474 #c4 ,pa*yrhamma sp4 #d4 ,nemobius sp4 #e4 ,p>agryllacris combu/a 7,g]m474 #f4 ,ano/o/oma er9aceus 7,gray74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,,or?opt]a4 ,ord] ,,iii4--,,neuropt]a4 ,lace-w+$ ,insects4 ,aft] excis+ ! families usually treat$ z ,pseudo-,neuropt]a f ?is ord]1 ^! insects c be def9$ z ! 8lace w+s10 furni%$ ) two pairs ( delicate gauzy w+s reticulat$ ) a network ( f9e transv]se & p>allel ve9s =m+ a great numb] ( m or less irregul> cells4 ,! head is furni%$1 ) a few exceptions1 ) /\t jaws adapt$ to _! c>nivor\s habits2 l>ge eyes2 & ant5nae ( _m diff]5t =ms1 sometimes %ort1 ?ick5$1 or clubb$1 b 9 o!rs long1 sl5d]1 & fili=m4 ,! legs1 suit$ to _! cl++ habits :5 at re/1 are g5]ally sl5d]1 & ! body m or less elongate4 ,mo/ ( !m und]go a complete metamorphosis2 ! active l>vae are furni%$ ) l>ge suck+ or bit+ jaws2 9 ! t]re/rial =ms !y live among foliage or on ! gr\nd1 & fe$ ^u aphids1 mites1 ants1 c41 & :5 full gr[n pupate 9 regul> cocoons4 ,:ile "s ( ! aquatic =ms g ?r\gh a pupal /age 9 cells 9 ! mud or "u /ones1 o!rs1 l ! dragon flies1 h no true pupal =m1 simply go+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( m\lts1 & *ang+ f an aquatic life to an a]ial "o by crawl+ out ( ! wat] & em]g+ f ! pupal case1 leav+ x atta*$ to ! wat] plant4 ,%>p places ! ,neuropt]a 9 elev5 families1 fur!r divid$ up into a numb] ( sub-families "u five tribes4 ,9 excis+ ! ,pseudo-,neuropt]a sev5 families rema91 ?\gh ! ,hem]obiidae includes a numb] ( sub-families t by "s writ]s are rank$ z families4 ,! ,neuropt]a are repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by _m v h&some & curi\s insects1 ( :i* ! dragon flies are probably ! mo/ typical & well kn[n4 ,family #a4 ,/one-flies4 ,,p]lidae4 ,! ,/one-flies are n an ext5sive gr\p1 & ?\gh ! ,european & ,am]ican =ms h be5 /udi$1 v little is kn[n ab\t our species4 ,9 ,engl& sev]al species are mu* priz$ by fi%]m5 z tempt+ bait = fly-fi%+4 ,! p]fect insects h oblong1 flatt5$ bodies ( uni=m wid? to ! tip ( ! abdom51 t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( long sl5d] tails or setae4 ,! head is long1 provid$ ) l>ge prom95t eyes1 ?ree ocelli1 sl5d] ?read-l ant5nae1 & weak m\? p>ts2 ! =e-w+s are slightly long] ?an ! h9d ones1 :i* are v broad & fold$ d[n ! middle :5 clos$4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd ab\t wat]c\rses 9 e>ly summ]1 & lay an imm5se numb] ( eggs 7#e1jjj to #f1jjj "s au?orities /ate are laid by ea* female72 ^! eggs are dropp$ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! l>vae are v l ! p]fect insects except t !y h no w+s2 !y are active c>nivor\s creatures liv+ 9 ! bottom ( swift runn+ /reams1 crawl+ "u ! /ones1 & fe$+ *iefly on ! l>vae ( mayflies4 ,only f\r or five species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia2 ,i _h a numb] ( specim5s s5t me f ,hob>t1 ,tasmania1 ! l>vae ( :i* 7 said to be damag+ ! woodwork d[n a well4 ,x has be5 id5tifi$ z ,eu/h5ia spectabilis4 ,?is insect 0 nam$ by ,we/wood1 & is figur$ 9 ,griffi?'s 8,animal ,k+dom10 7page #cdh1 plate #gb74 ,x measures ab\t #b in*es across ! outspread w+s2 its g5]al col\r is d>k br[n1 ) ! =e w+s light]1 mottl$ ) br[n at ! base & ! l[] half dull r$2 ! h9d pair bright] r$ ) ! tips blacki%4 ,! head is flatt5$1 ) long sl5d] _m jo9t$ ant5nae tap]+ to ! tips4 ,! ?orax is sl5d]1 flatt5$ on ! upp] surface2 ! legs /\t2 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 be>s two sl5d] jo9t$ tails 7setae74 ,?is insect is also f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,a second species1 ,eu/h5ia ?alia1 is describ$ f ,tasmania by ,newman2 ,i h "o f ,gippsl& ,victoria probably a new species4 ,sev]al species h be5 describ$ by ,walk] 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,catalogue1 ,neuropt]a #aheb7 9 ! typical ,g5us ,p]la f ,tasmania4 ,memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,cupnia are (t5 f\nd ^u ! sn[ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,,neuropt]a4 ,family ,,odonata4 #a4 ,tramea loewii 7,brau]74 #b4 ,synle/es wey]sii 7,selys74 #c4 ,is*nura delicata 7,selys74 #d4 ,rhyo!mis graphipt]a 7,ramb474 #e4 ,or!trum nigrifrons 7,kirby74 #f4 ,diplacodes 7,diplax7 bipunctata 7,brau]74 ,family ,,sialidae4 #g4 ,*aulcodes guttatus 7,walk474 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,,neuropt]a4 ,family #b4 ,dragon ,flies4 ,,odonata4 ,ev]yone has notic$ dragon flies t sail & d>t ab\t ov] swamps & riv]s1 ! embodim5t ( grace & beauty 9 fly+ creatures4 ,9 ,engl& & ,au/ralia !y are popul>ly kn[n z 8horse-/+]s10 a v mislead+ "n1 = !y _c /+1 & if !y frequ5t ! vic9ity ( horses x is = ! sake ( ! flies or gnats !y c capture4 ,9 ,am]ica ! c\ntry folk "k !m "u ! /ill m peculi> "n ( 8,devil's ,d>n+ ,ne$les10 :ile ! ,fr5* *ildr51 :o recognise _! beauty & da9ty =m1 call !m 8demoiselles40 ,we/wood places ! dragon flies 9 ! family ,libellulidae2 b bo? ,kirby & ,%>p call !m ,odonata2 ! =m] aga9 divides !m into ! ,libellulidae & ! ,agrionidae1 & ! latt] subdivides !m into gr\ps ) ! same *>act]s1 namely ! ,anisopt]idae & ,zygopt]idae4 ,! memb]s ( ! fir/ gr\p are ^? ) ! h9d pair ( w+s slightly l>g] ?an ! front pair1 & ! second ) w+s ( equal size or ! h9d pair small]4 ,speciali/s h fur!r subdivid$ !m into sev5 small] sub-families conta9+ ab\t #cjj g5]a4 ,dragon flies are widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w1 b are mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! w>m] zones2 ab\t #b1jjj h be5 describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ( :i* #ajg species are record$ f ,au/ralia2 b z ,bill+hur/ 0 able to collect #da species 9 "o circumscrib$ di/rict 9 ,victoria 7,victorian ,naturali/ ,no4 #a1 #aijj71 sy/ematic collect+ w\ld c]ta9ly add _m m to our li/4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! life dragon flies are aquatic2 ! female deposits h] eggs on ! foliage ( wat] plants1 sometimes dipp+ into ! wat] to be sure !y are subm]g$4 ,! sl5d] l>vae ) w+ pads 9 place ( ! future w+s h some:at ! =m ( ! adults1 & are c>nivor\s1 fe$+ ^u all k9ds ( small] wat] insects4 ,! dragon flies =m a v di/9ct division ( ! ,neuropt]a2 e organ is beautifully adapt$ = _! a]ial life1 _! imm5se eyes giv+ !m an outlook on all sides1 :ile ! sl5d] cyl9drical body does n imp$e _! flight2 & ! great o>-%ap$ w+s /r5g!n$ ) _m /\t n]vures enable !m to twi/ & turn 9 ! air ) wond]ful ease & rapidity4 ,! ,,libellulidae are ?ick-bodi$ dragon flies ( m$ium size1 & comprise a numb] ( f9e species4 ,! l>vae are %ort broad creatures ) wide heads2 !y live 9 ! mud on ! bottom ( ponds4 ,rhyo!mus graphipt]a belongs to a g5us conta9+ ov] #cj species rang+ f ,africa to ,*9a1 & ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago to ! ,new ,hebrides4 ,x measures #b in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are yell[i% br[n1 beautifully mottl$ ) d>k] t9ts2 ! front pair are blot*$ at ! base1 a sl5d] /ripe 9 front runn+ into ! fir/ ( #b irregul> transv]se b&s ab\t ! c5tre & tip2 9 ! h9d pair ! two apical b&s h basal m>k+s consi/+ ( ?ree small irregul> blot*es3 x is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,diagram ( a ,dragon ,fly4 a1 ant5na2 ar1 arculus2 b4s1 basil> space2 c1 co/al n]vure2 s4c1 sub-co/al n]vure2 e1 eye2 f1 front2 m1 m$ian n]vure 7or radius72 s4m1 sub-m$ian2 m4s1 m$ian sector2 m1 membranule2 n1 nodus2 n4s1 nodal sector2 o1 occiput2 p1 pt]o/igma2 p4s1 pr9cipal sector2 s4s1 %ort sector2 s4t1 sector ( triangle2 t1 triangle2 i4a1 inf]ior app5dage2 s4a1 sup]ior2 a4n1 ant5odals4 ,! num]als ref] to ! segm5ts ( ! abdom54 7,orig9al ,r4 ,j4 ,tilly>d47 ,! ,g5us ,diplax conta9s a numb] ( m delicate1 %ort-w+$ insects1 ( :i* ,diplax rubra1 a typical =m1 is common bo? along ! riv]s & 9 ! op5 scrub1 (t5 q a di/ance f wat]4 ,x is a mod]ate-siz$ dragon fly1 t9t$ ) pale yell[ at ! base ( ! h9d w+s1 & has a di/9ctive bright r$ body4 ,diplacodes 7,diplax7 bipunctata has mu* ! same habits1 & a wid] range ov] ! c\ntry2 x is common ab\t ,sydney1 & is slightly small] ?an ! previ\s species1 & ( a g5]al yell[ t9t4 ,or!trum nigrifrons is a m ?ickset dragon fly ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s2 ! head & front ( ?orax are black1 ) ! h9d portion ( ! latt] & body deep blue2 x is a v di/9ctive species along ! wat]c\rses & 9 ! op5 bu%4 ,or!trum villosovittatum is a slightly l>g] =m f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl&1 ) slightly cl\d$ w+s1 blot*$ close to ! body ) yell[i% br[n3 ! head & ?orax are br[n1 & ! body is r$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,aes*nidae conta9 ! giants among ! dragon flies3 ,petalura gigantea is our l>ge/ species1 & v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t localities2 mo/ ( ours on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s measure ab\t #e in*es across ! w+s1 b ,tilly>d captur$ !m at ,cairns ,n4,q4 #f in*es4 ,x is a v robu/ insect ( a dull br[n t9t1 ) a s+le1 broad1 pale /ripe on ! sides ( ! l>ge squ>e ?orax1 & :5 view$ f ! side seems to h ! abdom5 atta*$ to ! "u-side ( ! ?orax4 ,! pt]a/igma ( ! w+ is long4 ,hemianax papu5sis is typical ( "o ( our l>ge species1 (t5 fly+ 9 numb]s ab\t ,sydney hawk+ = gnats high up 9 ! air be=e a /orm4 ,x measures #d in*es across ! w+s1 :i* h a slight smoky t9t4 ,aes*na brevi/yla is ab\t ! same size z ! previ\s species1 b ! w+s are cle>1 & ! abdom9al segm5ts are m>k$ ) two angulat$ :ite blot*es1 "o on ei!r side ( ! dorsal /ripe4 ,! l>vae are curi\s1 elongate1 oval creatures1 ) l>ge heads1 liv+ 9 ! mud at ! bottom ( /agnant ponds & are common ab\t ,sydney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,agrionidae are ! delicate sl5d]-bodi$ dragon flies ) o>-%ap$ w+s1 & n>r[ heads ) ! eyes /&+ out on ei!r side4 ,le/es analis is our common type ( ! l>ge g5us2 x is ( ! usual sl5d] =m1 ) ! body ne>ly z long z ! expanse ( w+s1 & is ( a g5]al r$di% br[n col\r4 ,synle/es wey]sii is a v beautiful sl5d] creature ne>ly #c in*es across ! w+s1 & ov] #b in*es f ! front ( ! head to ! tip ( ! body4 ,x has transp>5t w+s ) an oval :iti% pt]a/igma t[>d ! tips1 & ! :ole head & body is deep ri* metallic gre54 ,x flies 9 a v graceful mann] up & d[n ! edges ( ! wat]c\rses1 re/+ e n[ & !n on a re$ or ov]hang+ twig1 & is v easily captur$4 ,is*nura het]o/icta is our t9y1 little1 b&$1 blue & br[n dragon fly1 ) ! female ( a m sombre br[n t9t3 ,tilly>d has record$ two =ms ( females 9 ?is species1 "o tak+ on ! g>b ( ! bright-col\r$ male4 ,is*nura delicata1 v simil> 9 size & =m1 has ! basal two-?irds ( ! abdom5 r$ & ! apical portion blue4 ,! l>vae ( bo? ^! species are common 9 ! ponds ab\t ,sydney 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,tilly>d 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aije7 has rec5tly add$ ?ree new species ( ! ,g5us ,au/rogomphus collect$ 9 ! ,cairns di/rict ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,family #c4 ,may-flies4 ,,ephem]idae4 ,^! delicate gauze-w+$ insects 7 nam$ ,ephem]a f ! old idea t _! life z p]fect insects la/$ only = a day2 !y 7 born 9 ! morn+ & di$ at ! fall ( day4 ,?\gh _! span ( life is %ort1 z !y possess only rudim5t>y m\?s incapable ( absorb+ food1 & only live a %ort "t aft] ! eggs are laid1 x is g5]ally a matt] ( a few days4 ,!y h l>ge prom95t eyes2 ?ree ocelli2 & m9ute ant5nae consi/+ ( two ?ick5$ jo9ts surm\nt$ ) a ne$le-l hair or bri/le3 ! pro?orax is small1 ! middle portion l>ge2 & ! some:at small body1 g5]ally compos$ ( t5 segm5ts1 is provid$ ) a sl5d] articulat$ hair-l tail on ei!r side4 ,! w+s are broade/ at ! base1 r\nd$ at ! extremities1 ) ! h9d pair small1 9 "s g5]a ! h9d pair abs5t4 ,! l>vae live 9 burr[s 9 ! mud at ! bottom ( ponds or wat]c\rses1 & :5 full gr[n climb up ! /alks ( grass or plants & ca/ _! pupal cov]+s4 ,mo/ ( our species are only f\nd 9 odd pairs1 & d n assemble 9 sw>ms z !y sometimes d 9 ,engl&2 b 9 #ahhe1 9 ! ,royal ,geographical ,society's ,explor+ ,exp$ition 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 asc5d+ ! ,fly ,riv] we met ) great cl\ds ( ! l>ge :ite ,mayfly1 ,pal+5ia papuana1 fly+ along ov] ! surface ( ! wat] j z describ$ by ,d',alb]tis 9 8 "w on ,new ,gu9ea2 specim5s ,i collect$ are n[ 9 ! ,au/ralian ,museum4 ,! commone/ species ab\t ,sydney is ,atalophlebia au/ralasica1 a small *ocolate br[n insect m>k$ ) black2 ! w+s are vitre\s ) black m>k+s on ! ve9s1 ! front m>g9 t+$ ) umb] br[n on ! cross ve9s4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,pictet 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ,neuropt]a0 7#ahdc-de73 ,walk] has describ$ ano!r f ,tasmania3 ,eaton ?ree m f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma9l&3 & ,burmei/] "o 9 8 8,h&book ( ,entomology0 z f> back z #ahci4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us h a wide range f ,s\? ,am]ica ?r\gh ,africa1 ,japan1 & ,ceylon4 ,a s+le species ( ! ,g5us ,coloburiscus has be5 describ$ f ,melb\rne4 ,! *ief "w on ^! insects is ,eaton's 8,revisional ,monograph ( ,rec5t ,ephem]idae or ,may-flies10 ,p>ts ,i4-,v4 7,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society #ahhc-hg27 9 ?is "w he subdivides !m into ?ree gr\ps conta9+ #ee g5]a & #bgj species4 ,family #d4 ,ald] ,flies & ,snake ,flies4 ,,sialidae3 ,?is small division conta9s two gr\ps t ,we/wood treat$ z two di/9ct families1 ! ,sialidae & ! ,raphidae2 b ,%>p po9ts out1 t 9 g5]al /ructure & habits !y are v closely relat$ to ea* o!r1--! latt] *iefly diff]+ f ! =m] 9 ! rem>kable elongation ( ! pro?orax1 & he ?us only ranks !m z sub-families4 ,! ,ald] ,flies h two pairs ( broad w+s1 wide at ! base1 ! h9d pair slightly small] & capable ( be+ fold$ beh9d2 !y are all trav]s$ by num]\s ve9s =m+ irregul> cells4 ,!y are sl[ 9 _! movem5ts1 & are to be f\nd cl++ to bu%es 9 ! vic9ity ( wat]4 ,our commone/ species is ! ,*auliodes guttatus1 describ$ by ,walk]2 x is a l>ge1 dull br[n insect ) an elongat$ ?orax & body2 ! head is furni%$ ) long1 sl5d]1 annulat$ ant5nae1 l>ge prom95t eyes on ! sides1 & ?ree ocelli on ! summit4 ,! w+s are semiopaque1 ! =e pair f9ely spott$ ) black1 ?icke/ on ! front m>g92 ! broad] h9d pair are only lightly spott$ at ! extreme tip1 ) f #d to #e l>g] r\nd$ spots ab\t ! c5tre4 ,x measures ov] #c in*es across ! outspread w+s1 & #a in*es f ! head to ! tip ( ! abdom52 x has a wide range f ,victoria to ,que5sl&4 ,! l>vae are rem>kable = hav+ fr+$ filam5ts on ! sides ( ! abdom52 !y crawl ab\t 9 ! mud or among ! we$s 9 wat]-holes1 & are c>nivor\s1 fe$+ ^u o!r aquatic insects2 :5 ready to trans=m1 ! pupae come out ( ! wat] & crawl "u /ones1 or sometimes "u ! loose b>k on tree trunks4 ,! ,snake ,flies are curi\s look+ creatures ) elongat$ necks1 & ! female is provid$ ) a v curi\s1 long1 curv$ ovipositor4 ,!y are f\nd "u b>k on tree trunks1 bo? 9 ! p]fect & l>val /ate2 !y are unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia1 b ,h[>d /ates t an attempt 0 made "s ye>s ago to s5d liv+ ,raphidians f ,cali=nia to de/roy codl9 mo? grubs1 b t no?+ has be5 he>d ( !m s9ce4 ,family #e4 ,scorpion ,flies4 ,,panorpidae4 ,^! insects h ! head turn$ d[n 9 front ) ! m\? p>ts =m+ an elongate beak2 l>ge project+ eyes2 & sl5d] ant5nae4 ,! pro?orax =ms a sl5d] neck to ! l>g] meso?orax2 ! w+s are n>r[ & some:at o>-%ap$1 trav]s$ ) a network ( ve9s2 ! legs are long & sl5d]1 except ! h9d pair1 :i* are ?ick5$ on ! ?ighs & /\tly sp9$2 ! t>si are l>ge & coat$ ) a /icky membrane1 :i* assi/s x 9 cat*+ flies4 ,at fir/ sight _m ( !m might be tak5 = crane-flies ( some:at clumsy build2 9 ! ,european ,panorpa ! males are furni%$ ) a peculi> anal app5dage f :i* !y take ! popul> "n ( ,scorpion ,flies4 ,memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,boreus are w+less & resemble t9y gras%opp]s2 9 ,am]ica !y are (t5 f\nd on sn[4 ,! family is repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by ,bittacus au/ralis1 :i* has a wide range f ,tasmania to ,que5sl&1 & is v abundant 9 ! e>ly summ]1 hang+ ab\t ! leptosp]mum & ti-tree bu%es4 ,x re/s among ! foliage1 ) ! l>ge h9d legs hang+ loosely d[n bel[ b ready to /rike out ! mom5t an incauti\s fly comes )9 range4 ,! long flexible t>si fold r\nd ! captive ) ! /\t sp9es transfix+ x1 :ile ! ,bitticus draws its leg r\nd "u ! head s t x c press its %>p beak into ! victim & suck up its blood4 ,its g5]al col\r is r$di% br[n m>k$ ) black2 ! w+s are cl\d$1 n>r[1 r\nd$ at ! tips1 & reticulat$ ) f9e n]vures4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! e>li] /ages 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ?is insect1 b specim5s 9 captivity laid a numb] ( flatt5$ bun-%ap$ eggs :i* did n hat* out4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4--,,neuropt]a4 ,family ,,hem]obiidae4 #a4 ,nymphes myrmeleonides 7,lea*74 #g4 ,porismus /rigatus 7,burm474 ,family ,,myrmeleonidae4 #b4 ,gl5urus ery?rocephalus 7,lea*74 #d4 ,gl5urus falsus 7,walk]74 #e4 ,gl5urus circuit] 7,walk]74 #f4 ,gl5urus pul*ellus 7,kirby74 ,family ,,mantispidae4 #c4 ,mantispa /rigodes 7,we/wood74 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4--,,neuropt]a4 ,family #f4 ,ant-lions & ,lace-w+s4 ,,hem]obiidae4 ,?is int]e/+ division ( ! ,neuropt]a comprises a numb] ( small] gr\ps1 rank$ by "s entomologi/s z families1 b n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z sub-families4 ,we/wood divid$ !m into two families1 ! fir/ conta9+ ! true ant-lions2 bo? ,kirby & ,%>p treat !m z "o1 b ! latt] places !m 9 sev5 well def9$ sub-families4 ,!y come naturally toge!r f ! fact t all ! l>vae are provid$ ) l>ge1 curv$1 holl[1 suck+ jaws1 & are c>nivor\s 9 _! habits1 :ile ! p]fect insects h simple bit+ jaws4 ,!y all h1 9 ! p]fect /ate1 long sl5d] bodies1 provid$ ) two pairs ( f9ely reticulat$ w+s1 fold$ ov] ea* o!r :5 at re/2 ! head is %ort1 ) l>ge project+ eyes2 ocelli g5]ally want+2 & ! ant5nae are compos$ ( _m %ort annul> jo9ts4 ,! ,,myrmeleonides are ! true ant-lions1 ^: l>vae 9 _m species con/ruct funnel %ap$ pits 9 s(t s&y soil an in* or two 9 dep?1 at ! bottom ( :i*1 buri$ 9 ! loose soil1 ) only ! tip ( _! l>ge jaws visible1 !y lie 9 wait = any ant or o!r small insect t may happ5 to slip ov] ! edge & tumble to ! bottom1 :]e x is imm$iately seiz$ 9 ! ant-lion's p[]ful jaws & dev\r$2 :5 h[ev]1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! trapp$ visitor manages to rega9 its foot+ & ne>ly succe$s 9 clamb]+ out1 ! ant-lion presses its head d[nw>d l a spade & ?r[s a quantity ( s& "r at its prey1 g5]ally br++ its qu>ry )9 rea* aga94 ,x g5]ally excavates its pit "u ! %elt] ( a log or rock s t x is protect$ f ! ra91 & :5 full gr[n pupates at ! bottom ( its %aft4 ,! l>va is a %ort ?ickset little br[n creature cov]$ ) tufts ( %ort /\t bri/les2 ! head is broad & r\nd$ beh9d1 atta*$ to ! he>t-%ap$ body by a neck-l ?orax4 ,!y are easily captur$ by slipp+ a knife blade "u !m & ?r[+ !m out :5 !y are int5t on cat*+ a /ruggl+ ant4 ,9 captivity !y are easily kept 9 a sauc] full ( s&1 & h ! p[] ( go+ = weeks )\t food2 :5 plac$ on a smoo? surface !y always ar* _! heads & crawl backw>ds4 ,mo/ ( our describ$ species belong to ! ,g5us ,gl5urus1 all sl5d] elongat$ insects re/+ ) _! long n>r[ w+s fold$ ov] _! backs aga9/ a twig or grass /em1 & :5 di/urb$ flitt+ away 9 a v awkw>d mann]2 !y are v easily captur$4 ,gl5urus pul*ellus is ! commone/ species ab\t ! coa/1 ) a w+ expanse ( ab\t #b in*es2 its g5]al col\r is *ocolate br[n1 mottl$ & m>bl$ ) light] t9ts2 ! =e w+s are speckl$ ) black2 ! apical portion ( ! h9d pair deeply blot*$ ) *e/nut br[n1 encircl+ a :ite pat*1 ) a second small] "o ne>] ! extremity4 ,gl5urus falsus is a %ade small]2 ! =e w+s d>k]2 & a s+le d>k pat* on ! h9d w+s4 ,gl5urus /riola is a slightly l>g] species ) semitransp>5t w+s1 m>k$ on ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! h9d pair ) a n>r[ light br[n /ripe4 ,i f\nd ?is species v pl5tiful 9 "s swampy flats ne> ,brisbane1 ,q41 9 ,octob]1 :]e !y 7 re/+ on ! ru%es4 ,gl5urus fundatus is our l>ge/ species1 (t5 measur+ up to #d in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a g5]al uni=m mottl$ grey t9t spott$ ) br[n2 x is common along ! coa/ 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,gl5urus circuit] is easily recognis$ f all ! o!rs by ! %ape ( ! =e w+s1 :i* are broad5$ to ! tips1 cut out beh9d at ! extremities1 & bo? pairs are irregul>ly blot*$ & spott$ d>k br[n1 giv+ x a v h&some appe>ance4 ,gl5urus ery?rocephalus has semitransp>5t w+s1 elongate & r\nd$ at ! tips1 ! =e pair ?ickly cov]$ ) spots & blot*es ( d>k br[n1 ! h9d pair usually only m>k$ ) ?ree spots1 b ! spott+ is v irregul> & v>iable4 ,x comes f ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,que5sl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,ascalaphides are all mod]ate-siz$1 cle>-w+$ insects ) a /igma t[>d ! tip1 & curi\s long sl5d] ant5nae clubb$ at ! tips2 !y might be lik5$ to dragon-flies ) butt]flies' heads4 ,suphalasca sabulosa measures ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s2 ! head & ?orax are fr+$ ) f9e hairs1 ! /igma on ! w+s black4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd on bu% l& cl++ to a grass /alk or twig1 ) ! w+s fold$ d[n1 & ! sl5d] body /ick+ out at "r angles4 ,i h f\nd ! l>vae liv+ "u ! dry b>k atta*$ to dead tree trunks1 _! %ort hairy bodies cov]$ ) tufts ( /\t bri/les1 _! l>ge jaws po9t+ upw>d2 & f _! situation !y probably capture ! l>ge sug> ants4 ,9 captivity !y w\ld rema9 = days re/+ aga9/ ! side ( ! box )\t any movem5t1 & liv$ = sev]al mon?s )\t tak+ any food1 & f9ally =m$ a r\nd cocoon4 ,! female places h] eggs 9 a d\ble r[ along ! edge ( a blade ( grass1 & ! "y ones1 :5 !y hat* out1 sit 9 ! bottom ( ! egg%ell1 all head & jaws1 wait+ = some?+ to turn up1 & mu/ (t5 und]go long fa/s4 ,/ibopt]yx co/alis is a /\t bodi$ insect ) a w+ expanse ( #c in*es1 a l>ge1 dragon-fly-l head1 & n>r[ r\nd$ w+s b&$ ) p>allel b&s ( *ocolate br[n4 ,x ranges f ,sydney "r r\nd ,au/ralia4 ,! ,,nemopt]ides are a v curi\s gr\p ( lace-w+s1 :i* h ! h9d pair ( w+s produc$ into sl5d] or clubb$ app5dages ( mo/ peculi> =m4 ,kirby 7,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory #aijj7 has li/$ all ! kn[n species f all p>ts ( ! _w1 #cc species 9 #g g5]a4 ,*asmopt]a hutti1 describ$ by ,we/wood f ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 has a w+ expanse ( #a in*es1 & ! h9d pair are produc$ into a spoon-%ap$ tail4 ,croce att5uata is a small]1 dull col\r$1 br[n insect1 ) ! =e w+s l ^? ( a mayfly1 & ! h9d pair =m+ a pair ( ant5nae-l processes long] ?an ! body4 ,x 0 tak5 by my correspond5t1 ,mrs4 ,black1 r\nd a lamp1 & comes f ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,x is describ$ by me 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society #aijd4 ,! ,,mantispides are lace-w+s t 9 g5]al =m1 imitate ! or?opt]\s mantis2 ) ! same elongate neck1 sp9$ =e legs & broad head1 b ! /ructure ( ! w+s soon %[s its aff9ity to ! lace-w+s4 ,we h "s v f9e species 9 ,au/ralia1 :i* are usually f\nd hid+ among ! foliage ( trees1 & are g5]ally captur$ :5 beat+ ! bu% = beetles4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! e>li] /ages ( any ( our species1 b ,brau] /udi$ ! l>val & pupal =ms ( ! ,european ,mantispa1 & f\nd t ! eggs 7 /alk$2 ! l>vae are long sl5d] creatures ) l>ge jaws4 ,we/wood has figur$ & describ$ a numb] ( our species 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #aheb74 ,mantispa bis]iata1 "o ( our l>ge/ species1 measures up to #b in*es across ! outspread w+s4 ,its g5]al col\r is dull r$di% br[n2 ! w+s are mottl$ ) v f9e black dots1 & ! /igma on ! =e w+ =ms a dull r$ blot*4 ,x has a wide range f ,victoria to ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,mantispa /rigipes is a small] d>k] species1 ) no di/9ct /igma b a /ripe ( dull r$ along ! front m>g9 ( bo? pairs ( w+s1 ?icke/ t[>d ! extremities4 ,x ranges ov] ,victoria & ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! ,,hem]obiides are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by "s v beautiful insects1 :i* :5 at re/ are recognis$ by ! way 9 :i* _! w+s are fold$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 =m+ a ridge above ! back2 ! ant5nae1 g5]ally long1 consi/ ( a numb] ( %ort annul> jo9ts4 ,! eggs are laid ^u ! food plant2 ! l>vae fe$ ^u small insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,croce att5uata 7,froggatt74 ,! ,?read-w+$ ,nemopt]on4 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,nymphes myrmeleonides1 describ$ & figur$ by ,lea* 9 #ahad1 has a some:at robu/ body1 long sl5d] ant5nae & n>r[ head2 ! w+s1 :i* h an expanse ( #c in*es1 are l>ge1 ( equal size1 & semitransp>5t1 except ! tips1 :i* are ornam5t$ ) an elongate br[ni% blot* enclos+ an irregul> :ite spot 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is a v unga9ly insect :5 fly+1 ) its l>ge o>-%ap$ %9+ w+s2 x has a v wide range along ! ea/]n coa/4 ,! l>vae live "u ! %elt] ( logs hid+ among ! du/ & dirt ) only _! jaws project+2 specim5s obta9$ ne> ,armidale1 ,n4,s4,w41 liv$ = "s "t 9 captivity1 =m+ ! usual sph]ical p>*m5t-l pupal case1 f :i* ! insect em]g$ ab\t a mon? lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,psy*opsis illidgi 7,froggatt74 ,! ,pa9t$ ,lace-w+4 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,psy*opsis coelevagus 7,walk]74 ,! small ,metallic ,lace-w+4 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,psy*opsis 0 =m$ by ,newman 9 #ahdj 7,newman's ,entomologi/ p4 #dae7 to conta9 ! curi\s creamy :ite mo?-l insect ,psy*opsis mimica4 ,x has broad r\nd$ w+s cov]$ ) f9e hairy ve9s %ad+ f buff to grey or creamy :ite1 spott$ ) r$ on ! base ( ! =e w+s & a dull br[n spot on ! c5tre ( ! h9d pair2 ! head is turn$ d[n 9 front :5 re/+4 ,x measures ab\t #a in*es across ! outspread w+s & is f\nd f ,s\? ,au/ralia to ,que5sl&4 ,i figur$ & describ$ all our kn[n species 7,notes on ! ,g5us ,psy*opsis ,newman1 ) descriptions ( new species7 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ,n4,s4,w4 #aijc1 :]e ,i add$ two new species4 ,psy*opsis coelivagus is our smalle/ species1 measur+ #a in* across ! outspread w+s1 :i* are creamy :ite ?ickly mottl$ ) a c5tral b& ( metallic copp]y br[n2 x comes f ,s4 ,que5sl&4 ,psy*opsis illidgi is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable look+ ( all our ,neuropt]a1 ) its l>ge r\nd$ buff =e w+s ) conflu5t o*re\s yell[ m>k+s cross+ !m1 & ! usual dull spot 9 ! c5tre ( ! small] h9d w+s4 ,x measures ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s1 & is a r>e insect4 ,illidge has tak5 sev]al specim5s t came fly+ 9 to ! light at night on ! top ( ,m\nt ,tamb\r9a 9 ,s\? ,que5sl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,l>va ( ,psy*opsis mimica 7,newman74 ,br$ f ! egg 7mu* enl>g$74 7,orig9al ,w4,w4,f47 ,psy*opsis insol5s & ,p4 meyricki are bo? dull col\r$ small] insects1 ! fir/ f\nd ab\t ,sydney & ,brisbane1 ! latt] on ! top ( ,m\nt ,kosciusko1 re/+ on ! rocks4 ,! eggs are n /alk$ b are atta*$ to ! food plant2 ! "y elongat$ l>va1 furni%$ ) /\t project+ jaws1 crawls ^u ! foliage & fe$s ^u aphids4 ,?is ,g5us 0 consid]$ peculi> to ,au/ralia1 until 9 ! la/ few ye>s two species h be5 describ$ f ,africa & a ?ird f ,burmah4 ,! curi\s black mottl$ lace-w+1 ,porismus /rigatus1 has a n>r[ r$ head furni%$ ) long sl5d] ant5nae & l>ge r\nd$ eyes2 ! front portion ( ! ?orax =ms a regul> neck4 ,! n>r[ elongate black w+s1 blot*$ & tipp$ ) pale yell[ %ad+ into :ite1 are fold$ ov] ! back =m+ a ridge :5 at re/ on a tree trunk4 ,!y are sometimes met ) ab\t ,sydney1 & are common 9 ,new ,engl& t[>d ! end ( summ]4 ,i f\nd l>vae & eggs "u logs 9 t di/rict :i* ,i believe to be ^? ( ?is insect2 ! =m] 7 /alk$ & deposit$ 9 a n>r[ semicircle atta*$ to ea* o!r2 ! l>vae1 ( ! usual tick-%ap$ =m1 cov]$ !mselves ov] ) bits ( burnt a%es1 & clung to ! surface ( ! log1 :]e !y easily escap$ notice ) _! protective cov]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,l>va ( ,porismus /rigatus 7,bohem74 ,! adult ,lace-w+ is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #g4 7,orig9al ,w4,w4,f47 ,! ,g5us ,osmylus conta9s a numb] ( sl5d] insects ) long]1 semitransp>5t1 spott$1 br[n w+s1 & f9e ant5nae clo!d ) %ort hairs4 ,! l>vae1 active little creatures1 fe$ ab\t among ! leaves de/roy+ aphids4 ,osmylus t5ui measures ab\t #a in*es across ! outspread w+s1 is ( ! usual dull br[n t9t1 & is f\nd 9 ,victoria4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,drepanopt]yx ! =e w+s are %ort1 broad1 r\nd$ 9 front at ! %\ld]s1 & arcuate on ! h9d m>g92 ! h9d pair are r\nd$1 semitransp>5t1 ) a d>k] co/al m>g92 :5 re/+ ^u a twig !y tuck ! head d[n "u ! ?orax1 & turn ! w+s upw>d1 almo/ /&+ on _! heads2 !y c\ld be easily pass$ ov] f _! resemblance to a br[n leaf4 ,drepanopt]yx b9ocula & ,d4 in/abilis are f\nd 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria2 ! fir/ has d>k =e w+s & measures ab\t ( an in*2 ! second is some:at small] & light] col\r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,figs4 #cg & #ch4--,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,br[n ,lace-w+4 #cg4--,micromus ,au/ralis 7,froggatt74 #ch4--,l>va4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,,*rysophides comprise ! lace w+s kn[n z 8,ruby ,eyes0 f _! ri* metallic t9t1 or 8,aphis ,lions0 on acc\nt ( ! voraci\s habits ( _! l>vae4 ,!y hide among ! foliage 9 ! day "t1 & 9 summ] (t5 come buzz+ r\nd ! lamp1 sev]al species giv+ out a mo/ objectionable smell :5 h&l$4 ,!y are g5]ally sl5d]-bodi$ gre5 or yell[ insects ) l>ge delicate glassy w+s1 fold$ ov] ! back4 ,!y atta* _! eggs to ! foliage on long sl5d] /alks1 probably a means ( protection aga9/ o!r l>vae t might o!rwise f9d & dev\r !m4 ,! l>vae are active little creatures ) l>ge heads furni%$ ) scy!-%ap$ jaws2 _! r\nd$ backs are cov]$ ) %ort /iff hairs1 by means ( :i* !y hold bits ( dirt1 s&1 or wood1 ) :i* !y cov] !mselves :5 fe$+ ^u ! aphids or scale4 ,if :5 9 captivity ^! bits are bru%$ (f !y run r\nd & replace !m bit by bit2 pu%+ ! bits into ! jaws ) _! =e legs1 !n turn+ _! heads backw>d1 !y drop ea* bit ^u _! backs1 repeat+ ! op]ation until !y are aga9 completely cov]$4 ,:5 full-gr[n !y sp9 a :ite hemisph]ical cocoon compos$ ( f9e :ite ?reads & ! long] hairs ( ! body1 f :i* 9 summ] ! p]fect insects w em]ge 9 a =tnight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,*rysopa ramburi 7,s*9]74 ,! ,gre5 ,gold5 ,eye4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,life hi/ory ( ,*rysopa ramburi 7,s*9]74 ,l>va2 /alk$ egg2 & pupa enclos$ 9 hemisph]ical cocoon cov]$ ) ! rema9s ( ! aphis ^u :i* x has f$ dur+ ! l>val /age4 ,! ,gre5 ,lace ,w+1 ,*rysopa ramburi1 is our common or*>d fri5d2 & :]e pl5tiful !y soon clean ! trees ( aphid & scale insects4 ,its g5]al col\r is bright gre5 fad+ into yell[ aft] dea?2 ! l>ge gold5 eyes are s bright t !y c be se5 ?r\gh ! cocoon "s "t be=e x em]ges4 ,! ,br[n ,lace ,w+1 ,micromus au/ralis1 is common among dead bu%es1 & also 9 summ] 9 orange or*>ds2 x is mu* small] ?an ! la/1 only slightly ov] ( an in* across ! exp&$ w+s2 is ( a g5]al light br[n col\r mottl$ all ov] ! w+s ) d>k] t9ts4 ,! broad head is furni%$ ) l>ge bronzy eyes1 & sl5d] hairy ant5nae compos$ ( #dd v %ort annul> jo9ts4 ,bo? ! sl5d]1 br[n1 f]ret-l l>vae & ! p]fect insects are v active little creatures1 always on ! move4 ,?is species 0 describ$ by me 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4 ,wales1 #aijd4 ,family #g4 ,caddis ,flies4 ,,tri*opt]a4 ,! l>val =ms ( ^! int]e/+ little creatures are common 9 our creeks & wat]-holes1 encas$ 9 _! cocoons or sacks =m$ ( silk5 /r&s cov]$ ) bits ( /icks1 leaves1 s& or small /ones2 !y may be (t5 notic$ float+ on ! surface or crawl+ ab\t "u ! wat] among ! we$s & mud4 ,^! are protective cov]+s1 = ?\gh ! head & front ( ! ?orax1 t are project$ 9 front :5 ! l>va is mov+ along1 are h>d & lea!ry1 ! abdom9al segm5ts are cov]$ ) a ?9 integum5t1 & w\ld soon fall a prey to ! _m c>nivor\s wat] insects 9 ! ponds if x 7 n = _! case-be>+ habits4 ,^! cases1 unlike ^? ( ! t]re/rial case mo?s1 are op5 at bo? ends1 s t ! wat] c fl[ "r ?r\gh :5 ! creature is crawl+ ab\t4 ,!y are kn[n 9 ,engl& z 8wat] mo?s10 or 8caddis-flies10 & are mu* s\ght = by angl]s z bait = fly-fi%+4 ,! p]fect insects h two pairs ( membran\s w+s ) few] cross ve9s ?an o!r memb]s ( ! ,neuropt]a2 ! h9d pair are broade/ & fold$ :5 at re/2 mo/ ( !m are clo!d ) f9e hairs in/ead ( scales4 ,! head is small1 ) v long1 sl5d]1 ?read-l ant5nae compos$ ( _m %ort indi/9ct jo9ts1 & ! bit+ m\? is rudim5t>y2 ! pro?orax is %ort1 ) an elongate body r\nd$ at ! extremity2 & ! legs are well develop$1 & m or less provid$ ) sp9es4 ,! female deposits h] eggs1 envelop$ 9 a gelat9\s mass1 9 ! wat]1 (t5 c>ry+ !m ab\t ) h] atta*$ to ! tip ( ! abdom5 = "s "t be=e !y are dropp$4 ,"s ( ! small] species are s wond]fully l small t9ead mo?s1 t x takes an exp]i5c$ eye1 aid$ ) a good l5s1 to pick !m out ( a box :5 mix$ up ) small microlepidopt]a2 & f _! delicate =m & small size mo/ ( my specim5s h n be5 tak5 z caddis-flies1 b obta9$ f ! leav+s ( insect boxes ( mo? collectors4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgd-hj ,mc,lachlan publi%$ 8 f9e 8,monograph ( ! ,european ,tri*opt]a10 illu/rat$ ) a great numb] ( v f9e draw+s2 ov] #ejj species are id5tifi$ & describ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,accord+ to ,h[>d1 ab\t #aej species h be5 describ$ f ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,mc,lachlan treats !m z an ,ord] 9 8 "w1 divid+ !m into a numb] ( families1 *iefly bas$ ^u ! numb] ( sp9es on ! legs1 ! jo9ts ( ! palpi1 & ! ocelli4 ,judg+ f my own collection ( caddis-flies ,i %\ld ?9k t ,au/ralia is ri* 9 species1 b !y are a mu* neglect$ family & ,i d n "k ( a s+le nam$ specim5 9 any ( our ,museum collections4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue ( ,neuropt]a publi%$ 9 #aheb1 ,walk] gives only f\r species f ,tasmania & ,au/ralia3 ,leptoc]us magnus & ,l4 oppositus1 :i* he describes f ,tasmania1 & ,plectrot>sus grav5hor/i1 describ$ by ,koll] f ,au/ralia2 ! latt] measures ne>ly an in* across ! w+s1 & ( an in* 9 ! body1 & is ( a g5]al yell[ t9t1 ?ickly clo!d ) yell[ & black hairs2 ! =e w+s are blui% black m>k$ ) :ite1 yell[ at ! base & along ! =e bord]2 ! h9d w+s are yell[ b blacki% t[>d ! tips4 ,monopseudopsis inscriptus1 describ$ by ,walk]1 is a l>g] fly1 ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) pale w+s spott$ ) yell[1 ! h9d pair cl\d$4 ,! locality ( ?is species is giv5 z ,au/ralia4 ,ord] ,,iv4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,bees1 ,ants & ,wasps4 ,?is division conta9s an imm5se numb] ( v int]e/+ insects :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally kn[n z bees1 ants1 & wasps1 comprise _m o!r j z important families2 "s are un=tunately popul>ly call$ flies1 su* z saw-flies1 gall-flies1 & i*neumon-flies1 b all true flies h only "o pair ( w+s4 ,hym5opt]a are1 ) a few exceptions1 furni%$ ) two pairs ( semitransp>5t membran\s w+s1 sometimes %ad$ ) black or yell[ t9ts1 devoid ( hairs or scales1 b trav]s$ by /\t n]vures =m+ irregul> cells2 ! h9d pair are ! small]1 & are furni%$ ) a r[ ( sp9es along ! front m>g9 capable ( hook+ into ! h9d edge ( ! =e pair1 ?us add+ to _! p[]s ( flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,diagram ( ! ,head ( a ,wasp4 a1 eyes2 b1 clypeus2 c1 labrum2 d1 m&ibles2 e1 ocelli2 f1 ins]tion ( ! ant5nae4 7,r$rawn f ,cresson's 8,hym5opt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica407 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,diagram ( ! ,?orax ( a ,wasp4 a1 pro?orax2 b1 meso?orax2 c1 scutellum2 d1 po/scutellum2 e1 meta?orax2 f1 tegulae2 g1 p>apsidal grooves4 7,cresson's 8,hym5opt]a ( ,n4 ,am]ica407 ,9 a few anomal\s gr\ps we f9d ! females w+less1 su* z ,?ynnidae1 ,mutillidae & o!rs2 9 "s l ! fig insects ,bla/ophag9ae1 ! males are w+less & bl9d2 9 ! ants1 :ile ! males & females are w+$1 ! bulk ( ! community consi/s ( w+less work]s =m+ a ?ird sex or ca/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,diagram ( ,=e-w+ ( a ,bee 7,mell9us74 #a1 ,co/al cell2 #b1 m$ian or ext]no-m$ial cell2 #c1 sub-m$ian cell2 #d1 anal cell2 #e1 m>g9al or radial cell2 #f1 fir/ sub-m>g9al or cubital cell2 #g1 second s4-m4 or cubital cell2 #h1 ?ird s4-m4 or cubital cell2 #i1 f\r? s4-m4 or cubital cell2 #aj1 fir/ discoidal cell2 #aa1 second d4 cell2 #ab1 ?ird d4 cell2 #ac1 fir/ apical cell2 #ad1 second a4 cell4 a1 ,co/al n]vure2 b1 sub-co/al n]vure2 c1 ext]no-m$ial n]vure2 d1 anal n]vure2 e1 m>g9al or radial n]vure2 f1 basal n]vure2 g1 fir/ transv]so-cubital n]vure2 h1 second t4-c4 n]vure2 i1 ?ird t4-c4 n]vure2 j1 transv]so-m$ial n]vure2 k1 discoidal n]vure2 l1 cubital n]vure2 m1 fir/ recurr5t n]vure2 n1 second r4 n]vure2 o1 sub-discoidal n]vure2 p1 /igma2 q1 po/]ior m>g92 r1 apical m>g94 7,cresson1 8,hym4 ,n4 ,am]ica407 ,^! insects are furni%$ ) well develop$ ant5nae2 l>ge comp\nd eyes1 9 "s gr\ps compos$ ( an imm5se numb] ( facets2 usually #c simple eyes or ocelli1 b ^! are sometimes want+2 a m or less tubul> m\? adapt$ = suck+ up food 7commonly call$ ! proboscis71 ?\gh m&ibles are always pres5t4 ,! ?orax is /\t & broad2 ! ?ree prim>y portions1 pro?orax1 meso?orax & meta?orax1 are di/9ct on ! upp] surface ) well def9$ lat]al or v5tral plates4 ,! legs are g5]ally l>ge1 ) sp9$ tibiae1 & sl5d] t>si t]m9at+ 9 a d\ble claw or hook1 b v>y+ mu* 9 size & %ape 9 ! diff]5t families4 ,! abdom5 takes all k9ds ( rem>kable =ms1 f ! ?ick5$ sessile body ( ! sawfly to ! sl5d] /alk$ abdom5 ( ! s&-wasp1 & ! female is furni%$ ) an ovipositor1 /+1 or saw at ! extremity4 ,! ,hym5opt]a are consid]$ by naturali/s to be "o ( ! mo/ highly develop$ or specialis$ ord]s ( insects1 on acc\nt ( ! social habits ( "s ( ! *ief families1 & ! c>e !y display 9 provid+ = ! safety & food supplies ( _! l>vae4 ,!y und]go a complete metamorphosis3 f ! egg is hat*$ out a s(t1 g5]ally legless l>va :i* :5 full gr[n1 if 9 a protect$ cell1 is simply envelop$ 9 a ?9 sk91 b o!rwise =ms a /\t silk5 or p>*m5t-l cocoon2 ! l>va usually takes a consid]able "t to *ange into ! pupa2 ! *ange is n rapid z t ( a butt]fly4 ,au/ralia is v ri* 9 hym5opt]a2 mo/ ( ! typical families are well repres5t$1 & we also h a few v di/9ct gr\ps peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,!re h be5 _m s*emes ( classification & sub-divisions ( ^! insects propos$ by v>i\s au?ors1 & ! pres5t idea among speciali/s seems to t5d to a /ill clos] def9ition ( ! families1 z exemplifi$ 9 ,a%mead's rec5t ,classification runn+ ?r\gh ! pages ( ! ,canadian ,entomologi/2 b 9 a book ( ?is k9d1 ,i c only deal ) ! mo/ important divisions & ref] my read]s to ! "w ( su* speciali/s4 ,we/wood divid$ ! fir/ section1 ,t]ebranti1 9 :i* ! females are provid$ ) a m or less project+ in/rum5t = deposit+ _! eggs1 into two sub-sections1 ,phytiphaga1 9 :i* ! abdom5 is sessile1 & ,entomophaga1 9 :i* ! body is /alk$4 ,"s ( ! ,fr5* entomologi/s _h previ\sly sugge/$ divid+ !m up into five l>ge families def9$ by ! peculi>ities ( ! ovipositor or bor]4 ,kirby us$ ! same t]ms z ,we/wood1 b ,i h foll[$ ,%>p1 :o uses ! names ,sessiliv5tres in/ead ( ! fir/1 & ,petioliv5tres = ! second1 = !y c]ta9ly express m cle>ly ! =m ( ! body ( ! gr\ps "u obs]vation4 ,! fir/ gr\p conta9s f\r families4 ,family #a4 ,/em-,sawflies4 ,,cephidae4 ,! fir/ gr\p comprises :at ,%>p t]ms 8,/em-,sawflies10 :i* are n repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,!y are sl5d] little insects ) long ant5nae2 ! l>vae fe$ 9 ! /ems ( plants2 "o damages :eat /ems 9 ,europe1 ano!r infe/s will[s 9 ,am]ica1 a ?ird is record$ f ,japan2 b !y are unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,t5?r$9idae4 #a4 ,phylacteophaga eucalypti 7,froggatt74 #b4 ,phylacteophaga eucalypti 7,froggatt71 ,l>va4 #c4 ,p]ga dorsalis 7,lea*74 #d4 ,p]ga dorsalis 7,lea*71 ,l>va4 #e4 ,p]ga lewisii 7,we/wood74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family #b4 ,,oryssidae4 ,?is family consi/s ( ! s+le ,g5us ,oryssus1 ( :i* only #bj species are kn[n4 ,!y are rem>kable = ! curi\s situation ( ! ant5nae on ! "u-surface ( ! head1 ! cyl9drical r\nd$ abdom51 & ! expos$ ne$le-l ovipositor4 ,turn] has describ$ "o f ,mackay1 ,que5sl&1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ,n4,s4,w4 "u ! "n ( ,oryssus que5sl&icus4 ,x is a small black insect measur+ an in* 9 l5g?2 ) mottl$ br[n w+s1 & typical %ape ( ! g5us4 ,family #c4 ,,siricidae4 ,^! h&some ,sawflies are common 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! l>vae liv+ 9 timb]2 ! memb]s ( ! typical ,g5us ,sirex h long cyl9drical bodies r\nd$ to ! apex2 ! bor] ( ! female ext5ds beyond ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,"o species1 ,sirex au/ralis1 has be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia by ,kirby 7,li/ ( ,hym5opt]a #ahhb74 ,i h nev] he>d ( ano!r specim5 be+ f\nd1 & believe ! type is unique4 ,family #d4 ,sawflies4 ,,t5?r$9idae4 ,^! are ! typical /\tly built ,sawflies1 ) ! pronotum n>r[1 & ! ?orax g5]ally broad] ?an ! head2 ! abdom5 sessile1 & provid$ 9 ! female ) a beautiful saw-l in/rum5t on ! "u-surface ( ! tip ( ! abdom51 ) :i* %e slits ! leaves to deposit h] eggs 9 ! tissue4 ,! l>vae are cat]pill>-l creatures usually furni%$ ) ?ree pairs ( legs2 !y fe$ ^u ! foliage ( _m plants4 ,our species all belong to g5]a peculi> to ,au/ralia3 ,klug describ$ sev]al 9 ! ,b]l9 ,magaz9 9 #ahad2 ,lea* figur$ & describ$ o!rs 9 8 8,zoological ,miscellanies #ahag02 ,we/wood describ$ & figur$ a numb] 9 an important pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society #ahhj1 o!rs 9 8 8,arcana ,entomologica #ahda02 & ,kirby add$ to !m 9 8 ,li/ ( ,hym5opt]a1 ,b4,m4 ,catalogue #ahhb4 ,! ,g5us ,p]ga conta9s ab\t #ej ( our l>ge/ ,sawflies1 broad ?ickset insects1 ) r$di% or light br[n opaque w+s1 & %ort ant5nae =m+ an elongate club at ! extremity4 ,! l>va is black or br[n clo!d ) %ort scatt]$ %9+ bri/les1 black head1 ?ree pairs ( %ort /\t legs1 broad ?orax1 & abdom5 tap]+ to a r\nd$ tip4 ,!y fe$ greg>i\sly ^u ! foliage ( eucalypts1 (t5 /ripp+ (f all ! leaves ( ! "y bu%es2 !y re/ 9 ! day "t clu/]$ toge!r 9 a bun* ( #ej or m r\nd a bran*1 hold+ on ) ! legs2 :5 di/urb$ !y raise & rap ! tip ( ! abdom5 aga9/ ! leaves1 at ! same "t dis*>g+ a /icky yell[ fluid f ! m\? smell+ /rongly ( eucalyptus extract4 ,!y are v subject to ! attacks ( dipt]\s & hym5opt]\s p>asites1 :i* ^! means ( def5ce may keep away4 ,:5 full gr[n !y bury !mselves 9 ! soil1 & =m elongate1 oval1 p>*m5t-l cocoons clu/]$ toge!r4 ,! ,/eel ,blue ,sawfly1 ,p]ga dorsalis1 is slightly ov] #a in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a deep metallic blue1 m>k$ on face & ?orax ) bright yell[1 & has /\t r$di% br[n w+s2 ! small] male has ! upp] surface ( ! abdom9al segm5ts clo!d ) silv]y pubesc5ce4 ,p]ga kirbyi is d>k r$di% br[n1 simil> 9 =m & size to ! la/ species2 ,p]ga lewisii1 a mu* small] yell[i% br[n insect1 flatt5$ on ! dorsal surface1 is common ab\t ,sydney ^u ! foliage ( ! 8blood-wood0 7,eucalyptus corymbosa71 :]e %e lays h] eggs 9 ! leaf 9 a d\ble r[1 & /&s ov] !m until ! t9y l>vae hat* out & are able to move away2 :ile ?us occupi$ y c pick h] up1 b %e w n move away1 b raise h] w+s & fight l a h5 ov] h] *ick5s4 ,?\gh ?is is our commone/ species1 & ,i h tak5 hundr$s ( females1 ,i h nev] se5 a male4 ,p]ga cam]onii is l ! la/ species1 b l>g]1 ) m di/9ct m>k+s on ! back2 x is f\nd on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,pt]ygophorus ab\t #aj species are describ$2 !y are mu* small] insects1 ) bright metallic blue col\rs m>k$ ) r$di% yell[2 ! male has ! ant5nae produc$ into a comb or fea!ry /ructure1 ^? ( ! female are =m$ ( %ort r\nd$ jo9ts4 ,! l>va is a dull olive gre5 creature cov]$ ) small w>ty tub]cules2 ! head is broad1 & ! abdom5 tap]s (f into a sl5d] po9t$ tail2 x has sev5 pairs ( abdom9al legs4 ,x fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ,leptosp]mum1 wild dock & o!r plants1 & :5 full gr[n bores into dead wood1 pupat+ 9 a r\nd$ oval cell4 ,! ,r+$ ,sawfly1 ,pt]ygophorus c9ctus1 an in* 9 l5g?1 is d>k blue m>k$ ) deep r$di% orange on ! ?orax1 ) a r+ r\nd ! c5tre & tip ( ! abdom5 ( a simil> col\r2 ! w+s are m>k$ & cl\d$ ) black4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,t5?r$9idae4 #a4 ,pt]ygophorus c9ctus 7,klug74 #b4 ,pt]ygophorus c9ctus 7,klug71 ,ant5na 4 #c4 ,pt]ygophorus c9ctus 7,klug71 ,l>va4 #d4 ,philoma/ix glab] 7,froggatt74 #e4 ,philoma/ix glab] 7,froggatt71 ,ant5na4 #f4 ,philoma/ix glab] 7,froggatt71 ,l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,! ,pale ,col\r$ ,sawfly1 ,p4 int]ruptus1 slightly l>g]1 has ! ?orax m>k$ ) orange yell[1 & ! abdom5 deeply blot*$ ) ! same col\r1 =m+ int]rupt$ b&s on ! sides2 bo? ^! species are tak5 ^u fl[]s 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,philoma/ix glab] has v curi\s l>vae t fe$ ^u ! wild bramble on ! nor!rn riv]s ( ,n4,s4 ,wales2 !y h l>ge heads1 no abdom9al legs1 & two sl5d] rat-l tails on ! tip ( ! body4 ,! sawfly measures #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! g5]al col\r is %9+ yell[1 mottl$ ) dull metallic blue on ! ?orax & abdom52 ! semiopaque w+s are b>r$ ) d>k br[n2 ! male has %ort] ant5nae compos$ ( %ort funnel %ap$ segm5ts4 ,!re are a numb] ( small species1 belong+ to ! ,g5]a ,eurys1 ,euryopsis & ,polyclonus1 f\nd *iefly ^u fl[]s2 ,polyclonus atratus1 sole repres5tative ( ! ,g5us1 has #ah jo9t$ ant5nae1 ea* jo9t furni%$ ) a hairy f+] turn+ inw>d at ! tips4 ,! ,bli/]-leaf ,sawfly1 ,phylacteophaga eucalypti1 punctures ! leaves ( small gum trees2 ! l>va fe$s 9 ! tissue1 & :5 full gr[n pupates 9 a *amb] 9 ! c5tre1 =m+ a di/9ct bli/] 9 ! leaf3 9 ! pupal /ate x has p[] to b5d ! body & rap aga9/ ! side ( ! *amb]4 ,! sawfly measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! male is black ) a r$ head2 ! slightly l>g] female has ! head & ?orax r$di% br[n2 ! ant5nae h eight jo9ts1 long & sl5d]4 ,!y h long /\t legs1 & are v active :5 !y fir/ em]ge f ! leaves1 mak+ a l\d buzz+ s\nd z !y run ab\t & try to escape4 ,family #e4 ,gall-flies4 ,,cynipidae4 ,?is is ! fir/ gr\p ( ! ,petiolata1 :i* are (t5 kn[n f _! small size z ,micro-hym5opt]a4 ,!y are all small creatures1 diff]+ f ! succe$+ families 9 t !y are broadly speak+ plant eat+1 usually =m+ galls 9 :i* !y live & pupate4 ,h[ev]1 !re are "s t live ^u ! gall-mak+ =ms2 o!rs live only ^u ! tissue ( _! c\s9s' galls )\t di/urb+ _! ho/2 & aga9 "s t are kn[n z inqual9es 7visitors t dwell 9 ! cavity ) ! true gall-mak]72 s t _! life hi/ories are some:at complicat$4 ,! typical gall-fly deposits h] eggs 9 ! tissues ( ! select$ plant by means ( h] ovipositor1 :i* is beautifully adapt$ = ! purpose2 %e injects 9 "s cases a fluid t keeps ! w\nd f clos+ up at once & s de/roy+ ! delicate egg4 ,mo/ ( ! ,cynips galls are r\nd$ woody excresc5ces4 ,! ,gall ,wasps h w+s ) few cells & no /igma2 ! front portion ( ! ?orax is jo9$ to ! second2 ! ovipositor is conceal$2 ! ant5nae /raight1 conta9+ f #ac to #ae jo9ts4 ,i describ$ ?ree hym5opt]ons =m+ galls on wattles 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib71 b ^! insects submitt$ to ,dr4 ,mayr "s ye>s aft]w>ds prov$ to belong to ano!r family4 ,! only species describ$ f ,au/ralia are #c nam$ by ,a%mead 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj71 :i* 7 collect$ by ,koebele )\t any exact locality be+ giv52 & ,hypodiran*is aphidis describ$ by me z a p>asite ( ! common pea* aphis 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd4 ,family #f4 ,p>asitic ,wasps4 ,,*alcididae4 ,?is is a v ext5sive family1 ! memb]s ( :i* diff] f ! o!r small wasps 9 hav+ ! ant5nae elb[$1 ! fir/ segm5t (t5 z long z all ! o!rs comb9$2 ! ant5nae may be simple1 b are (t5 clubb$ at ! tips1 & 9 ! males ( "s gr\ps ) ! segm5ts or jo9ts fea!r$ or furni%$ ) sl5d] bran*+ f+]s4 ,! delicate gauze-l w+s are trav]s$ by v few ve9s1 & ! abdom5 is produc$ into all sorts ( curi\s %apes1 ornam5t$ sometimes ) rem>kable anal app5dages2 & ! ovipositor ( ! female1 ?\gh (t5 %ort1 is sometimes mu* long] ?an ! :ole insect1 & is usually prom95t4 ,^! t9y little creatures deposit _! eggs 9 ! eggs1 l>vae1 & pupae ( o!r insects1 wood galls1 & excresc5ces produc$ by o!r insects1 ?\gh a few gr\ps are plant fe$]s & ev5 produce galls4 ,mo/ ( !m are v m9ute1 & c only be collect$ by keep+ infe/$ galls1 leaves1 eggs & cocoons 9 j>s & bre$+ !m out1 s t ! majority ( !m escape ! eye ( ! ord9>y collector1 ?\gh among ! mo/ beautiful ( all insects 9 ri* col\rs & delicate /ructure4 ,walk] describ$ a numb] ( ,au/ralian species 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue1 ,hym5opt]a #ahdf1 o!rs 9 8 ,monograph ( ! family #ahci1 & ! ,proce$+s ( o!r ,j\rnals 7#ahfc1 c472 b 8 usual locality is simply 8,new ,holl&10 & )\t access to ! types "o w\ld h "s difficulty 9 det]m9+ any species4 ,we/wood obta9$ & figur$ "s ( our l>ge/2 & ,haliday o!rs 9 ! 8,entomologi/0 #ahdb2 :ile ! few o!rs describ$ are ^? obta9$ by ! zoologi/s on ! v>i\s sci5tific exp$itions visit+ ?is c\ntry4 ,a%mead has contribut$ ! only mod]n pap] 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,society ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj7 on ^! & o!r p>asitic hym5opt]a collect$ by ,mr4 ,koebele & myself4 ,! species 9 ! ,g5us ,leucaspis are l>ge ?ickset *alcids1 ) ! ovipositor curv+ r\nd & fitt+ into grooves 9 ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom54 ,leucaspis d>l+i 0 obta9$ by ,we/wood f ! ,d>l+ ,d[ns ,que5sl& 7,i h specim5s f ,mackay ,q473 x is black mottl$ ) yell[1 & has br[ni% w+s2 ! h9d legs are swoll53 ! ant5nae ?ick5$2 & x measures an in*4 ,l4 au/ralis 0 obta9$ by ,walk] f ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t _! habits1 b ,leucaspis gigas 9 ,europe lays its eggs 9 ! ne/s ( mud-daub] wasps1 pi]c+ ! clay walls ) its /\t ovipositor4 ,tri*ox5ia c9]>ia1 a slightly small] black insect1 is deeply punctur$ all ov] ! dorsal surface ( ! head & ?orax2 ! w+s are cl\d$ at ! apex2 & ! upp] surface ( ! body is ?ickly clo!d ) d5se yell[ d[n1 ?icke/ t[>d ! apex4 ,specim5s 9 my collection 7 tak5 ab\t ,sydney4 ,! typical ,g5us ,*alcis conta9s a numb] ( %ort /\t insects1 g5]ally black1 sometimes m>k$ ) yell[ & br[n2 !y are easily di/+ui%$ by ! globul> =m ( ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs1 :i* are sometimes ne>ly z l>ge z ! abdom54 ,^! insects are *iefly p>asitic ^u ! l>vae ( small leaf-roll+ mo?s3 ,*alcis vic>ia is black1 ) ! base ( ! tibiae & t>si yell[2 x is common ab\t ,mackay ,que5sl&4 ,i h br$ numb]s ( ,*alcis phya1 a small black species ) :ite mottl$ h9d legs1 f ! *rysalids ( ! luc]ne mo? 7,tortrix glaphyriana74 ,ano!r undet]m9$ yell[ legg$ species has be5 br$ f ! codl9 mo? pupa4 ,eurytoma b9otata1 a t9y black insect clo!d ) a :ite pubesc5ce1 has ! pronotum spott$ ) yell[1 & ! ant5nae & legs m>k$ ) r$di% br[n2 x c be br$ f ! galls on ! twigs ( ! turp5t9e gum4 ,e4 eucalypti1 a small] black species1 slightly ov] ( an in*1 comes out ( eucalyptus galls collect$ at ,uralla ,n4,s4,w4 ,! memb]s ( ! ext5sive ,g5us ,mega/igmus are all obta9$ f galls2 !y are m elongate 9 =m1 ) broad globul> heads1 ! males ) %ort cyl9drical bodies1 b ! l>g] females furni%$ ) bri/le-l ovipositors turn+ upw>d (t5 long] ?an ! :ole insect4 ,mega/igmus bra*yscelides measures ( an in*1 & is black to d>k br[n m>k$ ) yell[2 x is br$ f ! l>ge galls ( ,bra*yscelis crispa4 ,m4 iam5us1 orig9ally describ$ f ,tasmania1 ,i h br$ f ano!r gall coccid 7,b4 pileata72 also a l>g] light yell[ species br$ f dipt]\s galls on ! ,sn[-bu% 7,a/] ramulosus7 has be5 nam$ by ,a%mead ,m4 a/]i2 ,m4 bra*y*itoni1 ( an in*1 r$di% br[n & yell[1 is common 9 ! l>ge fle%y galls on ! ,kurrajong tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,hypodiran*is aphidis 7,froggatt74 ,a cynips p>asitic ^u ! pea* aphis4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,/ilbula p$uncul>is is a rem>kable look+ insect1 ) broad1 ri* metallic copp]y r$ head & ?orax2 ! basal portion ( ! abdom5 =ms a sl5d] /alk ) ! apical tip produc$ into a small oval club4 ,i h _h a closely alli$ =m out ( ! pupal cocoon ( ! r$ bull-dog ant4 ,! ,,p]ilamp9ae comprise "s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable *alcids3 ,?aumasura t]ebrator has be5 describ$ & figur$ by ,we/wood2 my specim5s came f ,s4 ,au/ralia1 & 7 s5t by ,mr4 ,blackburn4 ,x is a sl5d]1 ri* metallic purple insect1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g? to ! apex ( ! flask-%ap$ body1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 a long jo9t$ tail ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! :ole insect4 ,t4 femor-rubra is a small] insect ) a tail n s long z ! body1 & ( a g5]al black col\r ) transp>5t w+s & r$di% legs4 ,d9\ra auriv5tris is a v curi\s1 metallic t9t$ species ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! apical portion ( ! att5uat$ abdom5 produc$ into f\r flanges4 ,i h br$ a numb] ( ^! wasps out ( ! l>ge wood galls ( coccids 7,bra*yscel9ae71 *iefly ,b4 pileata4 ,pt]omalus pup>um is an introduc$ p>asite ( butt]fly pupae1 & is common ab\t ,sydney1 :]e x infe/s t ( ! orange fe$+ butt]fly 7,papilio erec!us74 ,ano!r t9y little metallic t9t$ *alcid1 ,eupelmus antipoda1 infe/s ! eggs ( our common mantis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,pt]omalus pup>um 7,l9n474 & 4 ,p>asitic ,*alcids t de/roy ! pupae ( _m species ( butt]flies4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,ab\t tw5ty species ( ! cosmopolitan ,g5us ,tetra/icus are describ$ by ,walk]1 *iefly f ,tasmania4 ,! alli$ ,tetra/i*odes froggatti is a v t9y creature1 describ$ by ,a%mead f %ot-l galls on ! leaves ( eucalypts4 ,euryis*ia le/ophoni1 a l>g] black insect ) mottl$ w+s1 is int]e/+ to economic entomologi/s1 z x is a second>y p>asite ( ! ,cottony ,cu%ion ,scale 7,ic]ya pur*asi71 fe$+ on ! fly p>asite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,bla/ophag9ae are rem>kable little creatures1 = !re is a v great diff]5ce 9 ! sexes ( ! same species2 ! males1 yell[ or br[n1 w+less1 & bl9d1 are m l :ite ants 9 g5]al appe>ance ?an *alcids4 ,!y bre$ 9 ! int]ior ( figs1 & are num]\s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,saund]s 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #ahhc7 describ$ our common species 7,plei/odontes imp]ialis71 f\nd 9 ! fruit ( ! ,moreton ,bay fig ab\t ,m>*4 ,! t9y male1 ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( ! typical =m & col\r2 ! elongate1 %9+ black female 7:i* is figur$7 is s diff]5t a look+ creature t x w\ld nev] be tak5 = ! opposite sex ( ! insect4 ,_! life hi/ory & rem>kable habits h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette 7,june #aijj74 ,id>nis au/ralis1 describ$ 9 ! same pap]1 is a sl5d]1 bright1 metallic gre5 wasp1 ) a long tubul> ovipositor ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( ! :ole insect1 :i* %e also uses by press+ x d[n aga9/ ! fig to jump l an acrobat1 z well z = punctur+ ! sk9 ( ! fruit4 ,! insect ,i describ$ z ! supplem5t>y male ( ,p4 imp]ialis1 is1 ,dr4 ,mayr tells me1 ! w+less male ( ?is species4 ,mayr 9 8,neue ,feig5-,insekt5 #aijf0 /ates t he f9ds t my id5tification is wrong & ?is is n ! "o nam$ by ,saund]s b a new species :i* he calls ,plei/odontes froggatti1 & places my ,id>nis 9 8 ,g5us ,sycoryctes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,d9\ra auriv5tris 7,a%mead74 ,a p>asitic ,*alcid t de/roys ! gall-mak+ coccids 7,bra*yscel9ae7 by dev\r+ ! females & pupat+ 9 ! cavity4 7,orig9al1 ,w4,w4,f47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,*alcididae4 #a4 ,bran* ( ,moreton ,bay ,fig 7,ficus macrophylla74 #b4 ,immature fig attack$ by ,plei/odontes froggatti 7,mayr71 :i* are cutt+ _! way into ! fig4 ,a female ,id>nis au/ralis on ! "r-h& side ( ! fig4 #c4 ,section ( fig1 %[+ insects 9 ! c5tre4 #d4 ,plei/odontes froggatti 7,mayr74 4 #e4 ,cutt+ plate 7m&ibul> app5dage7 us$ by ! insect to cut into ! fig4 #f4 ,po9t ( head1 %[+ beak-l extremity1 & ! base ( ! m&ibul> app5dage :]e atta*$ to ! head4 #g4 ,w+s ( ,plei/odontes froggatti 7,mayr74 #h4 ,plei/odontes froggatti 7,mayr74 4 #i4 ,id>nes au/ralis 7,froggatt74 4 #aj4 ,id>nes au/ralis 7,froggatt74 4 #aa4 ,id>nes au/ralis 7,froggatt71 ,w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4--,,hym5opt]a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,additional species ( ,,*alcididae h be5 add$ to our fauna by ! rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,p]k9s & ,koebele 7,bullet9s #a1 pts4 #f #h ,hawaii #aije74 ,9 ! ,encryrit9ae he describes #ab new species1 mo/ ( !m br$ f ! pupae ( ! ,dry9ids collect$ 9 ,que5sl&1 b a few f m s\!rn regions4 ,*alc]9ys eximia is only ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a ri* metallic gre5 t9t m>k$ ) black & brassy-yell[i% t9ts1 & is furni%$ ) long ant5nae4 ,x ranges f ,bundab]g to ,sydney4 ,9 ! ,,eupelm9ae he describes "o new species p>asitic ^u ! p>asite fly1 ,pipunculus c9]asc5s1 "u ! "n ( ,ana/atus pipunculi4 ,x is a bright metallic gre5 & purple little creature ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,"o species ( ! ,,tetra/i*9ae1 :i* he calls ,ootetra/i*us beatus1 has be5 br$ f ! eggs ( leaf-hopp]s f bo? ,que5sl& & ,fiji1 :ile ano!r p>asite on ! eggs ( a ,jassid emb$d$ 9 ! bran*lets ( a ,eucalyptus 0 br$ 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,p]k9s describes x "u ! "n ( ,pt]ygogramma acum9ata1 a t9y creature n ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ( g5]al br[n & yell[i% t9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,mega/igmus bra*y*itoni 7,froggatt7 4 ,a yell[ & br[n ,*alcid1 br$ f ! l>ge fle%y galls on ! kurrajong trees4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,coelocyba viridil9eata 7,froggatt74 ,a pale yell[ & gre5 ,*alcid infe/+ ! l>ge fle%y galls on ! kurrajong trees4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,five species ( ! p>asitic wasps belong+ to ! ,,mym>idae are describ$ f ,que5sl&4 ,!y are all t9y little creatures ) sl5d] fea!r$ w+s & long legs4 ,!y deposit _! eggs 9 ! eggs ( diff]5t species ( leaf-hopp]s1 & "s species are v abundant4 ,f\r species ( ! m robu/ p>asites belong+ to ! ,g5us ,aphanom]us are also describ$ z egg p>asites f ,que5sl&4 ,aft] /udy+ ! galls & insects f ! wattles :i* ,i describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society #ahib1 z belong+ to ! ,cynipidae1 ,dr4 ,mayr f9ds t ! insects w n fit into any kn[n g5]a1 s he has =m$ ! ,g5us ,tri*iloga/] to conta9 ,t4 maid5i1 :i* =ms galls on ! bran*lets ( ,acacia longifolia1 & ,t4 a-longifoliae1 :i* aborts ! fl[] buds ( ! same wattle into oval or r\nd$ r$ & yell[ galls z big z m>bles4 ,he describes a ?ird species ,i s5t him1 ,t4 p5dulae1 =m+ r\nd$ galls on ,acacia p5dula1 & has made ! rem>kable discov]y t ! t9y wasp deposits a female egg1 :i* =ms ! c5tral cavity on ! gall ) a second male egg 9 a small cavity on ! side ( ! same gall1 s t a male & female wasp is always produc$ f ea* gall1 & he ?9ks ?is w be ! case ) our two common species :5 !y are exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,c]aphron nig] 7,curtis7 4 ,a t9y black p>asitic ,*alcid t infe/s ! pupae ( ! leaf-m9+ fly 7,phytomyza aff9is74 #di;a4--,head ( ,female4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #g4 ,micro-hym5opt]a4 ,,proctotrypidae4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ^! t9y creatures1 "s ( ! smalle/ 9 ! insect _w1 w\ld seem to be almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! previ\s family2 b ,a%mead says3 8,if ! anomal\s gr\p ,,mym>9ae are remov$ !re w be no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ at a glance a ,proctotrypid f a ,*alcid10 & def9es !m ?us3 8,9 all true ,proctotrypidae ! pronotum ext5ds back to ! tegulae1 & ! ovipositor issues f ! tip ( ! abdom51 ! %ea?s 9 a few abnormal cases be+ conjo9$ & =m+ a m or less cyl9drical tube or scabb>d = ! reception ( ! two spiculae & ! ovipositor prop]40 ,%>p on ! o!r h& consid]s t ?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult gr\ps ( ! ,hym5opt]a to def9e2 to a speciali/ ( c\rse !y c be easily sep>at$1 b anyone :o fir/ takes up ! /udy ( ^! ,micro-hym5opt]a 7& be> 9 m9d t we are talk+ ab\t insects1 s small t :5 a collector bre$s !m out 9 j>s he has to lib]ate !m ^u a w9d[ pane t he may see !m aga9/ ! light71 he w ,i ?9k endorse ,dr4 ,%>p's decision4 ,besides ! peculi>ities ( ! abdom5 previ\sly not$1 ! ant5nae1 sometimes twice ! l5g? ( ! :ole insect1 are compos$ ( f #g to #ae jo9ts1 & 9 ! typical gr\ps1 ?\gh ! fir/ jo9t may be long1 x is n elb[$ z 9 ! ,*alcids1 & is seldom bran*$4 ,! w+s are delicate1 )\t any n]vures1 except 9 a few small gr\ps :]e ! ve9s are some:at l ^? ( small i*neumon wasps4 ,! h9d legs are g5]ally long] ?an ! o!rs1 & ?\gh "s h ! ?ighs swoll5 z 9 ! ,*alcids1 !y are z a rule mu* m sl5d]1 & ! abdom5 is usually po9t$4 ,!y c be br$ f galls1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( small ,gall-flies 7,cecidomyia71 ! eggs ( all k9ds ( insects1 & ! l>vae ( small beetles1 mo?s1 & o!r wasps4 ,9 ,a%mead's 8,monograph ( ! ,proctotrypidae ( ,nor? ,am]ica0 ne>ly #fjj species are describ$1 & a numb] h be5 add$ s9ce ^! 7 record$ 9 #ahic4 ,! ,au/ralian species are probably num]\s1 judg+ f my own obs]vations :5 /udy+ gall-mak+ insects2 b v few h be5 describ$4 ,we/wood describ$ f\r 9 8 8,!saurus ,entomologicus1 ,ox=d #ahgd10 belong+ to ! ,,be?yllides1 ! peculi>ities ( :i* he def9es1 & figures ) col\r$ plates4 ,a%mead describes ano!r 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj7 "u ! "n ( ,ateleopt]us longiceps1 obta9$ by me 9 a holl[ twig ( a wattle tree2 a %9+ black ant-l creature ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ru/y r$ legs1 & transp>5t w+s cl\d$ at ! base1 probably p>asitic on ! l>va ( "s wood bor+ beetle4 ,si]ola antipoda 0 br$ f ! curi\s bract-l gall ( ,cecidomyia frau5feldi on ! twigs ( ,melaleuca bu%es4 ,a second species ( ?is g5us 0 collect$ by ,web/]1 & =w>d$ to ,a%mead1 :o nam$ x aft] ! s5d]4 ,9 #ahij ,riley describ$ 8,an ,au/ralian ,hym5opt]\s p>asite ( ! flut$ scale0 9 8,insect ,life0 :i* he nam$ ,ophelosia craw=di2 x is a t9y r$di% br[n wasp ) a %9+ black body1 & ! w+s obscurely b>r$ ) smoky br[n2 x is easily br$ f ?is mealy bug1 :i* x greatly keeps 9 *eck4 ,goniozus antipodum1 describ$ by ,we/wood f ,s4 ,au/ralia1 is a little %9+ black ant-l wasp :i* has be5 lately discov]$ de/roy+ ! grubs ( codl9 mo? bo? 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u ! outside ( ! grub1 bury+ _! heads 9 ! tissue1 & :5 full gr[n sp9 a loose silk5 cocoon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]k9s has rec5tly add$ a numb] ( new species to ?is family belong+ to ! ,,dry9idae4 ,9 8 ,bullet9s ,hawaii #aije1 ,nos4 #a #aj1 8,leaf ,hopp]s & _! ,natural ,enemies10 he describes #de new species1 *iefly collect$ by ,koebele 9 ,que5sl&1 b "s f ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,^! curi\s little proctotrypids are p>asitic ^u ! l>vae & pupae ( ! small homopt]\s insects commonly kn[n z ,leaf or ,frog-hopp]s 7,families ,,jassidae & ,,fulgoridae74 ,! adult wasp captures ! insect1 hold+ x ) its curi\s claw$ feet :ile x deposits its egg 9 its body2 :5 full gr[n ! l>va sp9s a :ite silk5 cocoon1 f :i* ! active w+$ insect em]ges 9 ab\t #ah days4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gonotopus au/ralis is a t9y w+less ant-l creature ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :i* attacks jassids & fulgorids fe$+ ^u grass & l[ h]bage4 ,?is species comes f ,bundab]g ,que5sl&2 b ,koebele has br$ a second species ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a g5]al br[ni% col\r1 f a ,jassid collect$ ne> ,p>ramatta4 ,! curi\s little sacs or l>val bags ( ^! p>asites c be readily notic$ project+ f ! sides ( ! ?oracic segm5ts4 ,mo/ ( ^! insects h well develop$ w+s1 b1 accord+ to ,koebele's obs]vations1 !y /alk _! prey :5 look+ = ! ho/ = _! egg4 ,family #h4 ,l>g] ,p>asitic ,wasps4 ,,i*neumonidae4 ,^! are commonly kn[n z ,i*neumon ,flies1 & ! family is a v ext5sive "o4 ,!y play an important "p 9 ! economy ( ,nature 9 de/roy+ ?\s&s ( ! mo? & o!r l>vae t w\ld o!rwise /rip our fields & =e/s ( _! grass & foliage1 & !y are !re=e useful allies to ! agriculturi/2 ?\gh !y also (t5 de/roy o!r b5eficial insects z well z pe/s1 & ?us disc\nt _! usefulness4 ,i*neumon ,flies are mod]ately siz$ insects furni%$ ) long sl5d] ant5nae compos$ ( f #af to upw>d ( #fj jo9ts1 ) ! basal "o (t5 ?ick5$1 b nev] elb[$4 ,! w+s are well develop$1 ) a di/9ct /igma & num]\s n]vures =m+ regul> cells2 a few species are w+less 9 bo? sexes1 b ^! exceptional ones h n be5 record$ f ?is c\ntry4 ,! legs are long1 g5]ally sl5d]1 & well adapt$ = runn+ ab\t2 ! abdom5 is usually long1 r\nd$ or cyl9drical1 jo9$ to ! ?orax on ! "u side1 & m or less /alk$1 :ile ! ovipositor ( ! female is *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p & adapt$ or modifi$ = lay+ ! eggs 9 or ^u ! diff]5t ho/s !y pref] to adopt = _! (fspr+2 :5 !y infe/ wood bor+ cat]pill>s t are some:at out ( rea*1 ! ovipositor is correspond+ly long & ! %ea? & 8tails0 produc$ s z to guide ! eggs to _! re/+ place on ! grub1 out ( ! sight ( ! p>5t i*neumon4 ,:5 ! species lays its eggs on ! back ( leaf-eat+ insects ) no protective cov]+1 ! ovipositor is g5]ally %ort & /\t1 ! tip sometimes s /iff & %>p1 t sev]al species are cr$it$ ) /++ p :5 h&l$4 ,! little wasp-grub1 hat*+ f ! egg ei!r deposit$ on ! back or plac$ b5ea? ! sk91 fe$s ^u ! sub/ance ( ! body ( its victim )\t t\*+ ! vital organs1 s t 9 mo/ in/ances :]e ! cat]pill> ( a mo? is infe/$1 x yet has ! p[] to =m its cocoon & pupate be=e ! wasp-grub has f9i%$ gr[+2 ! latt] ?us f9i%es its f9al trans=mation 9 ! de/roy$ mo? pupa1 & cuts its way out ?r\gh ! side ( ! cocoon :5 ready to em]ge4 ,usually1 if x is a l>ge species1 ! i*neumon deposits only "o egg 9 its victim1 b 9 "s ( ! small] ones half a doz5 c be br$ f a s+le cocoon4 ,ov] #f1jjj species ( ^! insects h be5 describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 _m c\ntries1 su* z ?is1 ! native species are /ill h>dly kn[n1 & mu* confusion exi/s 9 _! classification on acc\nt ( _! p>asitic habits & ! numb] ( diff]5t ho/s t ! same species may infe/2 b n[ t s _m economic entomologi/s are at "w all ov] ! _w1 x w probably n be long be=e !y w h _m admir]s1 & a ri* field awaits ! entomologi/ :o takes up ! /udy ( ,au/ralian i*neumons4 ,cresson 9 8 8,synopsis ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,hym5opt]a0 li/s ov] #a1ajj describ$ species1 :ile 9 ,au/ralia up to ! "t :5 ,brull publi%$ 8 8,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,insectes1 ,hym5opt]es10 9 #ahdf1 only "o or two _h be5 describ$1 to :i* he add$ eighte5 species2 ,kirby1 ,smi?1 ,cam]on & sev]al =eign entomologi/s h add$ a few m2 & 9 ,a%mead's rec5t pap] t5 m ,au/ralian species are describ$1 :i* makes a v meagre li/4 ,! ,spott$ ,black ,i*neumon1 ,pimpla intricatoria1 is "o ( our l>ge/ common species1 hav+ a wide di/ribution ov] ,au/ralia1 & x bre$s 9 a numb] ( diff]5t mo?s4 ,x measures ne>ly #a in* 9 l5g? to ! tip ( ! %ort ovipositor1 & is ( a uni=m black col\r ) r$ legs & ant5nae2 ! ?orax & abdom5 are ornam5t$ ) pale yell[ spots1 ^? on ! latt] oval1 =m+ a r[ on ei!r side4 ,! ,d>k-w+$ ,i*neumon1 ,rhyssa semipunctata1 is a m sl5d] species ( ab\t ! same l5g?2 is ( a uni=m dull r$ col\r except ! basal half ( ! abdom51 :i* is black ) :ite m>k+s on ! sides2 ! w+s are cl\d$ ) br[n1 d>ke/ on ! inn] portion4 ,^! wasps always foll[ up ! cut worms & cat]pill> plagues1 & de/roy imm5se numb]s 9 ! pupal /age4 ,! ,spott$ ,i*neumon1 ,mesot5us albopictus1 is some:at small]1 ) sl5d] /alk$ abdom5 & ! sl5d] ovipositor turn$ d[nw>d3 ! g5]al col\r is black1 ) ! ant5nae m>k$ ) yell[ t[>d ! apical portion2 ! head1 ?orax & abdom5 are ri*ly m>k$ ) light yell[2 light br[n w+s & r$ legs mottl$ ) black & yell[4 ,?is i*neumon bre$s 9 a great numb] ( diff]5t cocoons1 & frequ5tly em]ges f ! oval cup-l ones ( ! 8,/++ ,cat]pill>s0 7,doratif]a & ,limacodes74 ,! ,,ophion9ae comprises a numb] ( g5]a1 ( :i* ! typical species are r$di% br[n insects1 ) cle> w+s & curi\sly curv$1 lat]ally flatt5$ bodies1 broade/ at ! extremity4 ,!y are frequ5tly notic$ 9 numb]s among ! l[ scrub 9 ! day "t1 & 9 ! summ] ev5+s (t5 fly into ! h\se r\nd ! light$ lamp4 ,six species ( ! typical ,g5us ,ophion are describ$ f ,au/ralia2 b none ( ! ,g5us ,anomalon h be5 record$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,bassus laetatorius 7,fabr474 ,an ,i*neumon wasp t de/roys ! pupae ( ,syrphid flies4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,bassus laetatorius is a well kn[n ,i*neumon :i* has a v wide range ov] ! globe1 & is n a useful species1 = x lays its eggs 9 ! l>vae ( ,syrphid flies1 :i* fe$ ^u diff]5t k9ds ( plant lice 7,aphis7 & are v useful insects to ! g>d5]4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! head1 ?orax1 tip & base ( ! abdom5 black1 ! re/ r$di% br[n ) yell[ m>k+s on ! head4 ,! tibiae ( ! h9d legs are v di/9ctly b&$ ) :ite1 black1 & r$di% br[n1 giv+ x q a di/9ctive "*4 ,family #i4 ,small ,i*neumons4 ,,braconidae4 ,^! are insects ) v simil> habits b easily sep>at$ f ! l>ge i*neumon wasps by ! /ructure ( ! =e w+s1 z !y h ! out] cross ve9s want+1 ?us %[+ two long out] cells1 :i* 9 ! =m] are divid$ into two cells4 ,! ant5nae are always compos$ ( m ?an fifte5 jo9ts1 & ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are m sold]$ toge!r4 ,_m ( !m1 l ! ,microga/]s1 are v small1 o!rs are z l>ge z _m ( ! small] true i*neumons4 ,?is c\ntry is probably v ri* 9 indig5\s species1 :ile we h a consid]able numb] t h be5 introduc$ ) _! ho/ insect2 b h>dly any?+ has be5 done 9 describ+ our species4 ,z f> back z #agge ,fabricius nam$ #d species ( ! typical ,g5us ,bracon1 to :i* only ?ree o!r species h be5 add$1 ?\gh ov] #ejj species are li/$ 9 ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogue 9 ! cosmopolitan ,g5us ,bracon f o!r p>ts ( ! globe4 ,! typical ,braconid is usually v small2 _m ( !m are no l>g] ?an "s ( ! ,*alcids4 ,:]ev] ! cabbage aphis or o!r plant infe/+ insects su* z cat]pill>s are to be f\nd1 ^! little wasps c be obs]v$ hov]+ r\nd1 wait+ = an opportunity to deposit _! eggs4 ,!y diff] f ! l>ge i*neumons1 9 t :ile ! latt] only deposit a s+le1 or at mo/ a doz5 eggs ^u a victim1 ^! (t5 place hundr$s 9 a l>ge cat]pill>1 :i*1 em]g+ :5 full gr[n1 =m little :ite oval silk5 cocoons on ! top ( ! rema9s ( _! ho/s1 t are sometimes surr\nd$ ) a mass ( :ite fibre exactly l cotton wool4 ,aft] a plague ( cut worms has pass$ ov] a paddock x is q common to f9d clu/]s ( ^! little cocoons atta*$ to ! grass /alks2 ^! h be5 (t5 s5t to me f ! c\ntry ) ! in=mation t !y 7 ! eggs ( ! plague cat]pill>s or cut worms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,eph$rus p]sicae 7,froggatt74 ,a ,braconid wasp t lays its eggs on ! bodies ( aphids4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,bracon limbatus1 "o ( our l>g] typical species1 is f\nd 9 ,tasmania1 & has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,x measures ab\t an in* f ! front ( ! head to ! tip ( ! abdom51 & is ( a g5]al black col\r on ! upp] surface1 ) dusky almo/ black w+s1 & a r$ head4 ,! "u-surface is m>k$ ) br[n1 ) ! ?orax1 ?ighs1 & tibiae ( ! front & middle legs black2 ! ?ree sl5d] curl$ hair-l tails =m+ ! ovipositor be+ long] ?an ! :ole insect4 ,eight o!r species ( ,bracon are describ$1 sev]al ( :i* are also record$ f ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,zeal&4 ,among ! introduc$ species is ,lepolexis rapae ( ,curtis1 :i* is p>asitic ^u ! cabbage aphis 9 ,europe2 x c be collect$ 9 g>d5s ab\t ,sydney4 ,aphids conta9+ ^! p>asites are always swoll51 r\nd1 & app>5tly dead sk9s ?r\gh :i* ea* braconid eats its way4 ,five species ( ! ,g5us ,aga!s are describ$2 !y are rem>kable = _! %[y p>ticol\r$ w+s1 & l>ge size 9 comp>ison ) o!r memb]s ( ?is family4 ,a%mead has describ$ a t9y black species m>k$ ) yell[ br$ by me f ! l>va ( a ,noctuid ,mo?1 an undet]m9$ species ( ,agrotis1 "u ! "n ( ,apanteles antipoda2 & a second l>g] "o z ,apanteles au/ralasiae4 ,9 8 ,g5us ,microbracon he has describ$ a da9ty little black & yell[ creature t infe/s ! l>vae ( our scale-eat+ mo? 7,?alpo*>es coccophaga7 "u ! "n ( ,microbracon ?alpoc>is4 ,family #aj4 ,ruby ,wasps4 ,,*rysididae4 ,! popul> & sci5tific names ( ^! insects ref] to ! brilliant metallic blue1 gre51 gold5 or copp] col\r$ t9ts ( _! arm\r-plat$ bodies1 :i* are also cov]$ ) co>se punctures1 f9e/ ^u ! abdom54 ,!y are /\t ?ickset wasps ) %ort curl$ ant5nae & l>ge eyes2 ! ?orax is broad & closely atta*$ to ! abdom51 ! latt] compos$ ( f ?ree to five segm5ts1 ! fir/ g5]ally mu* %ort] ?an ! second1 ) ! la/ too!d along ! h9d m>g91 & *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t species2 ! "u-surface ( ^! plates is concave1 ) ! tip ( ! abdom5 produc$ into a tubul> process1 s t :5 al>m$ ! wasp c curl h] body r\nd into a ball1 protect$ on all sides by ! arm\r-l integum5t2 & z %e lays h] eggs 9 ! ne/s ( o!r wasps & bees1 & is sometimes caught 9 ! act1 ?is habit is probably a wise provision ( ,nature :i* enables h] to resi/ ! /+ ( ! lawful ne/ mak]4 ,"s ( ! e>li] obs]v]s call$ !m 8,cuckoo ,wasps10 "u ! impression t _! l>vae1 :5 hat*$ out 9 ! ne/s ( hunt+ wasps or bees t fill$ ! cells ) insects or bee bread1 f$ ^u ! /or$ food supplies1 b lat] rese>*es %[ t1 ?\gh ! egg ( bo? ! lawful occupant & ! intrud] may be deposit$ 9 ! cell1 ! latt] does n hat* until ! =m] has dev\r$ all ! food plac$ !re by 8 "m & is ready to pupate2 !n ! ruby wasp baby comes out1 atta*es itself to ! full f$ l>va beside x1 & sucks him dry1 pupat+ 9 8 sk94 ,mo/ ( our species t ,i h br$ out are p>asitic 9 ! clay ne/s ( ! small] ,mason ,wasps1 ,odyn]us & ,ala/or1 ?\gh 9 ,europe _m species live 9 ! ne/s ( bees4 ,! p]fect insects are g5]ally f\nd crawl+ ov] or fly+ r\nd old f5ces or /umps & dead trees 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! day4 ,our species 7 describ$ by ,f4 ,smi? 9 #ahgd 9 8 revision ( ! family1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,london2 a few o!rs h s9ce be5 add$ to ! li/ by ,mocsry1 :o monograph$ ! ,*rysididae 9 #ahhi2 & ,gribodo 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,mus4 ,g5eva1 #ahgi4 ,no memb] ( ! typical ,g5us ,cleptes common 9 ,europe & ,am]ica is record$ f ,au/ralia2 b two well def9$ species ( ! beautiful ruby wasps ( ! ,g5us ,/ilbum t has a _w wide range are describ$1 ,/ilbum spl5didum conf9$ to ,au/ralia & ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,/ilbum ame?y/9ium1 f\nd also 9 ,asia1 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,! great ,g5us ,*rysis1 :i* conta9s ov] #fjj describ$ species1 is repres5t$ "h by ab\t #bg species4 ,family #aa4 ,hat*et-bodi$ ,wasps4 ,,evaniidae4 ,"u ! rec5t classification ( ?is family x n[ comprises ?ree v well def9$ g5]a1 :i* h mod]ately ?ick ant5nae1 n elb[$1 consi/+ ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 jo9ts2 ! n]vures ( ! w+s n s well def9$ z ^? ( ! ,i*neumons2 & ! /alk$ abdom5 atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! meta?orax4 ,!y are well repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & h be5 *iefly describ$ by ,we/wood & ,s*lett]]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,megalyridae4 #a4 ,megalyra fasciip5nis 7,we/wood74 4 ,family ,,i*neumonidae4 #b4 ,pimpla intricatoria 7,fabr474 4 ,family ,,evaniidae4 #c4 ,ga/]uption sp4 ,family ,,mutillidae4 #d4 ,mutilla =mic>ia 7,we/wood74 4 ,family ,,*rysididae4 #e4 ,/ilbum spl5didum 7,fabr474 ,family ,,?ynnidae4 #f4 ,diamma bicolor 7,we/wood74 #aj4 ,?ynnus v>iabilis 7,kirby74 4 #aa4 ,?ynnus v>iabilis 7,kirby74 4 ,family ,,scoliidae4 #g4 ,trielus zonata 7,smi?74 4 #h4 ,discolia v]ticalis 7,fabr474 4 #i4 ,discolia soror 7,smi?74 4 ,family ,,sphegidae4 #ab4 ,bembex trid5tif]a 7,smi?74 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,! memb]s ( ! typical ,g5us ,evania are g5]ally %9+ black insects1 sometimes v>iegat$ ) dull r$ m>k+s2 ! head & ?orax are %ort & broad2 ! abdom5 has ! fir/ segm5t produc$ into a sl5d] /alk1 & ! rema9+ ones =m+ a v]tically compress$ hat*et-l body4 ,!y are p>asitic ^u ! egg cases ( cockroa*es2 "s ) a v wide range h be5 introduc$ 9 all probability ) _! cosmopolitan ho/s1 :ile !y are (t5 f\nd 9 ! h\se fly+ on ! w9d[ panes1 evid5tly introduc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ! bu% ! p]fect insects are commonly f\nd on fl[]+ %rubs 9 ! summ] "t4 ,ab\t #bj species are describ$ f ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,evania pr9ceps is ( a uni=m black col\r ) dusky w+s1 & is record$ f mo/ p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 ,woodl>k ,isl& & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x is "o ( our l>ge/ species1 measur+ an in* 9 l5g?1 broad 9 proportion1 & furni%$ ) v long sp9$ legs4 ,! ,g5us ,ga/]uption1 :i* takes ! place ( ! ,g5us ,fo5us 9 ! e>li] catalogues1 conta9s #cf describ$ species f ,au/ralia2 z !y are r>e insects1 !re are probably _m m to be discov]$4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t _! habits = c]ta91 b !y are suppos$ to be p>asitic ^u ! l>vae ( wood bor+ insects2 ,i h g5]ally f\nd !m fly+ r\nd ! trunk ( a dead or burnt tree4 ,!y diff] f ! =m] g5us 9 hav+ ! head almo/ globul>1 ) ant5nae /&+ out /raight 9 front1 & l>ge oval eyes on ! sides2 ! ?orax is m elongate1 r\nd$ 9 front1 s t ! insect appe>s to h a slight neck4 ,! abdom5 spr+s f a r\nd$ node on ! ?orax1 ) ! basal segm5ts sl5d]1 swell+ out gradually1 & broade/ at ! tip2 ! females be> a v long hair-l ovipositor4 ,! legs are sl5d]1 ! h9d pair longe/1 ) bo? ! ?ighs & apical half ( ! tibiae ?ick5$ 9 a v di/9ctive mann]4 ,t5 species are describ$ f ,sydney2 & "o1 ,ga/]uption p$unculatum1 is also common to ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,g5us ,aulacus conta9s t5 describ$ species ( small] insects4 ,aulacus apicalis is p>asitic ^u ! l>vae ( a longicorn beetle 7,pies>?rius m>g9ellus74 ,i h f\nd z _m z fifty1 ea* enclos$ 9 a ?9 p>*m5t cocoon1 all matt$ toge!r 9 a s+le cavity4 ,?is little wasp has a long ext5d$ ovipositor1 & measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 ! head & great] portion ( ! abdom5 is black1 ! re/ r$di% br[n1 ) a blot* ( yell[ on ! upp] surface ( ! base ( ! abdom52 ! hyal9e w+s are tipp$ ) black4 ,family #ab4 ,long-tail$ ,wasps4 ,,megalyridae4 ,^! rem>kable p>asitic wasps1 peculi> to ,au/ralia1 are compris$ 9 a s+le g5us conta9+ #af species1 none ( :i* are v common4 ,!y are all %9+ black insects2 ! head %ort1 broad & almo/ r\nd$1 ! ?orax broad & /\t1 bo? v rugose & clo!d ) f9e silv]y hairs on ! sides2 ! eyes l>ge1 circul>1 & v prom95t2 ocelli small2 ! ant5nae compos$ ( irregul> wiry jo9ts2 ! w+s semitransp>5t1 g5]ally b&$ ) black1 & ! transv]se n]vures want+ 9 ! apical half2 legs long1 ) ! ?ighs ?ick5$4 ,! abdom5 is closely atta*$ to ! ?orax1 cyl9drical1 tap]+ to ! extremity1 & 9 ! females furni%$ ) an ovipositor (t5 m ?an ?ree times ! :ole l5g? ( ! insect1 look+ exactly l ?ree black horse-hairs4 ,^! elongat$ ovipositors are us$ = deposit+ _! eggs 9 ! wood-bor+ l>vae ( longicorn beetles belong+ to ! ,g5us ,phoracan?a1 & probably o!rs ( l habits1 :i* fe$ "u ! b>k 9 ! sap wood ( diff]5t eucalypts4 ,! p]fect insects are g5]ally f\nd ab\t fl[]s on l[ %rubs 9 summ]4 ,megalyra %u*>di is ( ! usual black col\r ) silv]y pubesc5ce2 ! w+s are pit* black & opaque3 ! :ole insect measures slightly "u #a in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! ovipositor ov] ?ree in*es4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & also record$ f ,melville ,isl& on ! ,nor? ,coa/4 ,megalyra fasciip5nis 0 describ$ by ,we/wood :5 he f\nd$ ! g5us1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society #ahda2 & x is aga9 figur$ 9 ,griffi?'s ,animal ,k+dom1 ,insects1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,x is mu* small] ?an ! previ\s "o1 ( simil> =m1 ! legs & ovipositor r$di% br[n1 ! w+s hyal9e1 b>r$ across ! c5tre & cl\d$ at ! extremities ) blacki% br[n4 ,! male is mu* small] ?an ! female1 ) simil> w+s1 b ! body is m sl5d] & comes to a po9t at ! tip1 furni%$ ) a curi\s bifid anal app5dage4 ,?is is ! species we h f\nd bre$+ f ! longicorn l>vae4 ,six o!r species h be5 describ$1 "s by ,s*lett]] 7,b]l9] ,entom4 ,zeits*rift #ahhi72 "o1 ,megalyra melanopt]a1 closely alli$ to ,we/wood's d>k w+$ species4 ,9 #aijb ,szepligeti 7,t]mes ,z4 ,fuzetek1 xxv47 monograph$ ! family & add$ "o m2 & ,bradley la/ ye>1 describ+ ! la/ new =m 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,society ( ,london #aije7 app5ds a translation ( ! =m]'s tabulation ( all ! kn[n species1 sev5 9 numb]4 ,i h 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf7 s9ce add$ #h new species to ! li/4 ,family #ac4 ,ants4 ,,=micidae4 ,! ants are among ! fir/ insects t attract "o's notice 9 a new c\ntry2 civilization seems to agree ) _m species :i* =m _! ne/s 9 ! lawns or g>d5s1 & ev5 take up _! qu>t]s 9 ! h\se4 ,)9 ! la/ decade a small introduc$ species has appe>$ 9 ! he>t ( ,london1 & ! small r$ ant1 ,monomorium ph>aonis1 is a _w wide pe/ 9 h\ses f ,europe to ,au/ralia4 ,ants live 9 communities =m+ ne/s 9 ! gr\nd1 "u logs or /ones1 or 9 dead trees1 & sometimes among ! foliage ( plants4 ,^! communities consi/ ( w+$ males & females1 & w+less abort$ females kn[n z work]s1 ! bulk ( ! family consi/+ ( ! latt]2 9 "s gr\ps !re are sev]al v>ieties ( work]s1 t are (t5 call$ soldi]s on acc\nt ( _! great size & swoll5 heads4 ,9 ^? species t are furni%$ ) a /+ bo? ! work]s & w+$ females %\ld be h&l$ ) c>e4 ,!y are divid$ into five sub-families1 bas$ on ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! segm5ts ( ! body1 abs5ce or pres5ce ( a /+1 & a few o!r m9or *>act]s4 ,! lead+ speciali/s diff] some:at 9 ! sequ5ce ( ^! gr\ps2 ,i foll[ ,=el 9 plac+ ! ,pon]9ae at ! head ( ! family2 & = a good classification & def9ition ( ! g5]a w\ld ref] my read]s to ,em]y's pap] 9 ! 8,annales de la ,societe ,entomologique de ,belgique10 ,vol4 xl41 #ahif4 ,all our species describ$ be=e #aheh are li/$ 9 ,smi?'s ,briti% ,museum 8,catalogue ( ! ,=micidae10 :]e he describ$ a numb] ( new species3 ,l[ne describ$ a numb] ( new species collect$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney 9 ! ,entomologi/1 ,vol4 ii41 #ahfe3 ,mayr 9 sev]al pap]s1 *ief ( :i* are 8,myrmecologis*e ,/udi510 8,neue ,=micid510 & 8,die ,au/ralis*5 ,=micid50 add$ _m up to #ahgf4 ,em]y1 ,=el1 & o!rs h s9ce add$ to ! li/2 & 9 ,dalla ,torre's great 8,catalogue ( ! ,hym5opt]a10 publi%$ 9 #ahic1 all species describ$ up to t date are record$4 ,i h lately 7#aije7 publi%$ a li/ ( ,au/ralian species 7,miscellane\s ,publications ,no4 #hhi1 ,dep4 ,agr4 ,n4,s4,w471 includ+ all ,=el & o!rs h add$ to our fauna1 9 :i* ne>ly #djj species are record$1 )\t c\nt+ ! l>ge numb] ( races & v>ieties into :i* "s ( !m are divid$4 ,f my own rese>*es ,i ?9k a great _m m w be f\nd :5 !y are sy/ematically collect$ 9 ! tropical scrubs & ! dry di/ricts 9 ! int]ior1 :i* z yet h h>dly be5 t\*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sub-family ,,pon]9ae includes _m l>ge or m$ium siz$ ants ) elongat$ bodies furni%$ ) only "o con/rict$ segm5t or node at ! base ( ! abdom51 & ! latt] t]m9at+ 9 a p[]ful /+4 ,! l>vae are enclos$ 9 /\t silk5 cocoons4 ,! ,g5us ,myrmecia conta9s mo/ ( our l>ge/ typical species peculi> to ,au/ralia1 popul>ly kn[n z 8bull-dog ants10 8in*m510 or 8jump]s02 ab\t #cd species h be5 describ$1 "s ( :i* h a v wide range4 ,! 8,jump]10 ,myrmecia albo-c9cta1 =ms its ne/ "u ! %elt] ( a l[ bu%2 x is a l[ m\nd ) an op5+ on ! summit1 & ano!r on ! side level ) ! gr\nd2 :5 di/urb$ ^! ants come ru%+ out l a pack ( dogs ) a s]ies ( %ort jumps1 & attack ev]y?+ !y meet4 ,x is "o ( ! small] species1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a uni=m black col\r1 ) only ! front & h9d portion ( ! ?orax br[ni% r$ to yell[4 ,myrmecia =ficata is our l>ge r$ & black 8bull-dog ant10 ) a v ext5d$ range l ! previ\s "o f ,victoria to ,que5sl&4 ,!y measure up to #a in* 9 l5g?1 & are ( a uni=m dull r$1 except ! eyes & abdom51 :i* are black4 ,!y live 9 r l>ge colonies up to #bjj 9 numb]1 digg+ deep circul> %afts or irregul> *amb]s "u logs2 :5 away f ! latt]1 !y =m regul> dom$ m\nds ov] ! ne/s1 :i* 9 summ] conta9 ! l>ge1 elongat$1 oval1 br[n sacks enclos+ ! pupae1 & (t5 a numb] ( w+$ males & females2 ! =m] ) small heads & jaws1 ! latt] ) jaws z l>ge or l>g] ?an ^? ( ! work]s4 ,myrmecia gulosa is ( a light] r$ col\r1 ) ! tip ( ! abdom5 black4 ,m4 t>sata is our common black bull-dog ant1 ) yell[ jaws1 & ant5nae & tips ( ! legs r$di% br[n2 x has a great habit ( hunt+ up & d[n ! l>g] tree trunks1 & drops to ! gr\nd at ! lea/ al>m2 :5 di/urb$ 9 ! ne/1 if ! fir/ two or ?ree are captur$1 ! o!rs w usually retreat d[n _! burr[s1 & n %[ fight l ! o!r species4 ,%>p notes ! bull-dog z =m+ l>ge m\nds 7,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory72 b ,i ?9k he 0 mis9=m$1 z ! ne/s ( ! ,m\nd ,ant1 ,iridomyrmex detectus1 are (t5 conf\nd$ ) ^! ants4 ,! ,g5us ,odontoma*us conta9s a numb] ( curi\s sl5d] black ants ) l>ge heads & long project+ jaws2 !y are m tropical 9 _! range1 b ,o4 ruficeps & its v>ieties are f\nd f ! ,d>l+ ,riv] ,n4,s4 ,wales ?r\gh ,que5sl& to ,nor? ,au/ralia4 ,! 8,gre5-head10 ,ectatomma metallicum1 is a common ant ( m$ium size t lives 9 small communities "u /ones or logs1 & (t5 makes ne/s 9 ! dry banks ( lawns 9 our g>d5s4 ,?\gh some:at sluggi%1 !y /+ %>ply if !y crawl on "o :5 re/+ on ! grass4 ,ab\t #bh species & _m v>ieties ( ?is g5us occur 9 ,au/ralia2 "o 9 ,new ,zeal&2 & #c 9 ,new ,cal$onia4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,pon]a are rem>kable = _! ext5d$ range2 we h sev]al species or v>ieties 9 ,que5sl& closely alli$ to species f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,borneo1 ,europe1 & ,africa1 :ile ?ree are record$ f ,new ,zeal&2 ,eupon]a lutea1 a sl5d] pale yell[ ant ) ! abdom9al segm5t con/rict$1 lives 9 small communities "u /ones or roots4 ,x ranges f ,sydney to ,fremantle1 r\nd to ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,pa*ycondyla piliv5tris is a l>ge1 hairy black ant ) l>ge head & r\nd$ body1 r\gh5$1 & clo!d ) f9e ru/y d[n4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd "u /ones 9 communities ( a doz5 or s1 & :5 expos$ or di/urb$ pret5d to be dead1 ) _! legs fold$ up "u ! body2 !y are common ab\t ,sydney4 ,six species ( ! ,g5us ,sph9ctomyrmex are f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,nor?4 ,!y are some:at r>e ants2 ,i h f\nd two species1 bo? small1 sl5d]1 dull br[ni% yell[ insects liv+ "u /ones2 ,s4 froggatti 9 a v9ey>d ne> ,sydney2 & ! second1 ,s4 h$nigae1 9 ! ,new ,engl& di/rict "u l>ge /ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! second sub-family1 ,,doryl9ae1 comprises ants ) ! ant5nae plac$ close toge!r 9 ! front ( ! head1 ! abdom5 elongat$1 ) ! fir/ segm5t =m+ an irregul> node4 ,?is gr\p conta9s "s v rem>kable ants 9 ,africa & ,am]ica1 b is only repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by two species belong+ to ! ,g5us nictus1 bo? ( :i* are describ$ f specim5s collect$ by ,turn] at ,mackay1 ,que5sl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ?ird sub-family1 ,,myrmic9ae1 is well repres5t$ "h2 !y are all small or m$ium siz$ ants1 ) ! base ( ! abdom5 =m$ into two small nodes1 & ! /+ rudim5t>y2 ! pupa nak$ & n enclos$ 9 a cocoon4 ,_m ( !m live 9 v l>ge communities4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,m]anoplus are t9y little br[n ants ) r\nd$ heads & bodies1 resembl+ "s ( ! small w+less female ,mutillid 9 %ape & habits1 = ?\gh !y =m irregul> gall]ies "u /ones or 9 dry banks1 !y are g5]ally f\nd runn+ up & d[n tree trunks2 :5 t\*$ !y curl up ! body & %am dea?4 ,m]anoplus oceanicus1 r$di% br[n1 is common 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ,m4 pubesc5s has a v wide range "r r\nd ,au/ralia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monomorium ph>aonis is our t9y r$ h\se-ant introduc$ f ,europe1 n[ _w wide 9 its range2 & :5 once x becomes e/abli%$ 9 a h\se is a difficult pe/ to de/roy4 ,m4 rubriceps1 a mu* l>g] species b "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is bright r$di% br[n1 ) ! nodes v small & ! apical portion ( ! abdom5 black1 & broadly r\nd$4 ,x is f\nd crawl+ ^u ! trunks ( trees1 & has a wide range f ,sydney to ,cape ,york4 ,! typical tree-trunk ants includ$ 9 ! ,g5us ,podomyrma are mu* l>g] ants1 sluggi% 9 _! habits1 =m+ _! ne/s 9 tree /ems & always f\nd crawl+ ab\t ! trunks4 ,!y are broad-head$ ants ) %ort /\t jaws too!d at ! tips2 ! ?orax is wide/ 9 front1 tap]+ to ! n>r[ p$icle ( ! broadly r\nd$ abdom52 ! ?ighs ( ! legs are ?ick5$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,podomyrma gratiosa1 "u an in* 9 l5g?1 is bright r$di% br[n1 rugose & sp9$ on ! front m>g9 ( ! ?orax1 ) ! abdom5 black1 smoo?1 & %9+2 x is widely di/ribut$ ov] ,au/ralia f ,adelaide to ,cape ,york4 ,p4 adelaidae is a small] species ) black legs1 & a di/9ct oval br[n blot* on ei!r side ( ! black abdom52 x is common 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,victoria4 ,p4 bimaculata is /ill small]1 ) ! blot*es on ! abdom5 small] & m oval2 ,i h _h x f ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a41 & ,wagga ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,=micidae4 #a4 ,iridomyrmex detectus 7,smi?74 #b4 ,polyrha*is semi-aurata 7,mayr74 #c4 ,myrmecia gulosa 7,fabr474 #d4 ,ectatomma metallicum 7,smi?74 #e4 ,iridomyrmex rufonig] 7,l[ne74 #f4 ,camponotus nigriceps 7,smi?74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,! ,g5us ,pheidole is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by #bb species & _m v>ieties f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 =m+ irregul> *amb]s & gall]ies "u /ones & logs2 !y are t9y r$di% br[n ants1 ) a v l>ge head$ =m ( soldi]s (t5 f\r or five times ! size ( ! ord9>y work]s4 ,! w+$ =ms are also v l>ge 9 proportion4 ,pheidole bos is d>k r$di% br[n1 ! soldi]s furni%$ ) v l>ge swoll5 heads2 x ranges f ,we/]n ,au/ralia to ,victoria4 ,p4 an?rac9a is a d>k] col\r$ =m1 rang+ f ! nor!rn portion ( ,n4,s4 ,wales into ,que5sl&4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,crema/oga/] are v small black1 br[n1 or dull yell[ col\r$ ants ) long] legs1 & he>t-%ap$ bodies2 !y live 9 l>ge communities 9 ne/s "u logs & /ones4 ,c4 fusca is black ) r$di% t>si1 & a r$di% t9t on ! ?orax2 x comes f ,que5sl&4 ,c4 pallipes & ,c4 ruficeps are light] col\r$1 f\nd "u /ones ab\t ,sydney4 ,sima laeviceps is a v curi\s elongat$ %9+ black ant ) r$di% br[n ant5nae & t>si1 :i* ranges up ! ,que5sl& coa/ to ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia1 & is f\nd crawl+ ab\t on tree trunks1 :5 t\*$ curl+ its body up l a wasp & %amm+ dea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sub-family ,,doli*od]9ae comprises a numb] ( small or m$ium siz$ ants liv+ (t5 9 v l>ge communities & hav+ nak$ pupae4 ,! base ( ! abdom5 consi/s ( a s+le small node ) no con/riction betwe5 ! two foll[+ segm5ts2 /+ practically want+ 7rudim5t>y74 ,! typical ,g5us ,doli*od]us is repres5t$ "h by five species widely di/ribut$4 ,d4 doriae is common ab\t ,sydney liv+ 9 l>ge communities "u logs1 (t5 clu/]$ ov] ea* o!r l a sw>m ( bees2 !y collect on ! leaves ( eucalypts1 ^u :i* ! sug> l]p psylla1 7,spondylaspis eucalypti7 con/ructs its l>val scales1 & suck or lick up ! sug>y exudation4 ,?is ant measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! head & ?orax are black & r\gh5$2 ! legs r$di% br[n1 & ! flatt5$ he>t-%ap$ abdom5 clo!d ) a silv]y pubesc5ce4 ,leptomyrmex ery?rocephalus might well be call$ ! 8,silly ,ant0 f ! aimless mann] 9 :i* x ru%es ab\t ) its head /uck up 9 ! air1 & its abdom5 curl$ ov] its back4 ,!y live 9 und]gr\nd ne/s sometimes deep d[n1 b o!rs live "u /ones2 !y are sl5d]-bodi$1 long-legg$ black ants "u an in* 9 l5g?1 ) an oval r$ head1 r\nd$ beh9d ) long sl5d] ant5nae1 & ! front ( ! ?orax produc$ into a sl5d] neck4 ,9 "s v>ieties ! :ole ( ! ?orax1 legs1 & head are yell[i% br[n4 ,! typical ,g5us ,iridomyrmex conta9s #ah di/9ct species1 "s ( :i* h be5 subdivid$ into ?ree or f\r v>ieties or races2 mo/ ( !m are small1 except our 8,m\nd ,ant10 sometimes kn[n z ! 8,meat ,ant10 ,iridomyrmex detectus1 :i* is ! commone/ & mo/ widely di/ribut$ ant 9 ,au/ralia4 ,!y con/ruct l>ge m\nds a c\ple ( feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & two or ?ree y>ds 9 diamet]2 !y are =m$ ( ! soil excavat$ f b5ea? :5 =m+ _! network ( irregul> op5 gall]ies2 ! upp] surface is pi]c$ ) numb]s ( r\nd$ v]tical %afts1 up :i* !y sw>m 9 c\ntless ?\s&s & attack any intrud]1 bit+ savagely ) _! /\t %>p jaws & mak+ ?+s g5]ally unpleasant = ! /rang]4 ,:5 a m\nd is situat$ 9 op5 grass$ c\ntry1 "o c trace regul> b>e roads lead+ (f f ! ne/1 worn smoo? by ! regul> /ream ( ants pass+ backw>d & =w>d day aft] day4 ,x is too well kn[n to ne$ description1 b measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a g5]al br[ni% purple t9t1 ) ! head light r$di% br[n4 ,smi? describ$ ! work] "u ! "n ( ,=mica purpurea1 & ! male z ,f4 detectus1 s 9 mo/ ,museum collections x w be f\nd "u ! =m] specific "n4 ,=el has made a new v>iety1 :i* he calls ,v> sangu9eus1 ( ! coa/al =m f\nd 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&1 ) ! head & ?orax light r$di% br[n4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r species are small black ants3 ,iridomyrmex rufonig] is v common 9 ! bu% & 9 ! g>d5s2 a v>iety :i* ,=el has call$ dome/icus is ! common black ant t comes into ! h\se 9 ,sydney1 & is a regul> pe/ 9 ! summ] 9 _m di/ricts4 ,tap9oma m9utum is ab\t z l>ge z ! 8,m\nd ,ant02 black2 ! head & ?orax deeply pitt$ & corrugat$2 ! abdom5 slightly con/rict$ 9 ! c5tre1 smoo? & %9+4 ,x comes f ,t[nsville1 ,n4,q43 a second species1 ,t4 melanocephalum1 tak5 9 ,cairns1 is also f\nd 9 ,samoa & ! ,tonga ,isl&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ sub-family1 ,,camponot9ae1 is a l>ge division well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia2 !y live 9 m or less l>ge communities1 & ) a few exceptions h ! pupae enclos$ 9 cocoons4 ,! base ( ! abdom5 =ms a s+le node1 & !re is no con/riction betwe5 ! second & ?ird abdom9al segm5ts2 ! /+ is want+1 & ! anal orifice is fr+$ ) hairs4 ,9 ! works ( e>ly entomologi/s a numb] ( our ants 7 describ$ "u ! ,g5us ,=mica1 b !y h be5 gradually id5tifi$ & plac$ 9 _! prop] g5]a1 until we only h ab\t half a doz5 /ill rema9+ 9 ?is g5us1 probably m on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( id5tify+ !m ?an because !y really belong "h4 ,! ,g5us ,acan?olepis is repres5t$ by f\r species all describ$ by ,=el f specim5s ,i h collect$ & s5t him f ,n4,s4 ,wales1 s t _! range seems to be re/rict$4 ,!y are all small1 r$di% br[n1 smoo?1 %9+ ants2 ,a4 bosii 0 f\nd "u /ones at ,cooma1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! ,gre5 ,tree-ant1 ,oecophylla sm>agd9a1 f\nd 9 tropical ,africa1 ,india1 & ,new ,gu9ea1 is common 9 ! tropical scrubs on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,!y live 9 l>ge communities among ! foliage ( ! trees1 9 ne/s =m$ by webb+ ! leaves toge!r into an irregul> mass v>y+ 9 size f a cricket ball to a man's head4 ,! mat]ial ) :i* !y make ^! ne/s is obta9$ by ! work]s1 by squeez+ ! pupae & us+ ! secretion !y dis*>ge4 ,! w+$ female measures ne>ly ( an in* 9 l5g?1 has a broad ?orax & l>ge oval body2 ! work] is only ab\t ( an in*1 & sl5d] 9 proportion1 b = 8 size is ! mo/ pugnaci\s creature 9 ! insect _w2 if "o damages a ne/ pu%+ ?r\gh ! scrub1 d[n tumble a sw>m ( gre5 tree ants on "o's head & neck1 & :]ev] !y drop !y /ick _! jaws 9 & hang on1 & ea* "o has to be pick$ (f 9 detail4 ,9 ^! =e/s !y de/roy an imm5se numb] ( insects1 cat*+ ! little bees z !y come out ( _! ne/s 9 ! tree trunks1 & dragg+ ! small beetles (f ! twigs by ma9 =ce4 ,i h (t5 se5 half a doz5 hang+ on to ! legs ( a /\t weevil1 app>5tly try+ to we> him out1 = !y w\ld rema9 = h\rs 9 ! same position1 & probably succe$$ 9 ! end4 ,! great ,g5us ,camponotus conta9s ab\t #djj describ$ species f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ( :i* ab\t #fj are record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,mo/ ( !m are f\nd 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry1 =m+ _! ne/s 9 ! gr\nd1 "u logs or /ones1 or ne> ! butts ( trees4 ,sev]al ( our common species are kn[n z 8sug> ants10 z !y come ab\t at night & invade ! pantry & /ore room 9 se>* ( sweets2 b !y are omnivor\s 9 _! ta/es1 & w (t5 come r\nd ! camp fire at night1 pr[l+ ab\t = ! small mo?s t flutt] r\nd1 (t5 ru%+ "r into ! edge ( ! a%es to capture a mo? :5 x falls ) s+$ w+s4 ,camponotus intrepidus is "o ( our l>ge/ species1 v>y+ f black to r$di% br[n 9 t9t1 & is ?ickly clo!d ) %ort hair4 ,!y =m ne/s 9 ! op5 s&/one c\ntry ab\t ,sydney1 sometimes rais+ a little m\nd or produc+ a fragile funnel-%ap$ /ructure above ! op5+ lead+ into ! ne/4 ,! ,sug> ,ant1 ,camponotus nigriceps1 is ! commone/ h\se species2 x =ms l>ge *amb]s "u /ones or logs 9 :i* !y all clu/] toge!r4 ,! g5]al col\r is black1 ) all ! abdom5 except ! base dull yell[1 b ! v>iations ( ! yell[ & black are common2 x measures to ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,camponotus inflatus is ! curi\s 8honey ant0 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia figur$ & describ$ by ,lubbock 9 8 8,bees1 ,ants1 & ,wasps40 ,! naturali/s on ! ,horn ,explor+ ,exp$ition obta9$ a numb] ( ?is & o!r species1 describ$ by me 9 ! ,zoology ( ?is ,exp$ition4 ,! ord9>y memb]s ( ! 8honey pot ants0 are ( ! usual normal =m1 b c]ta9 individuals ( ea* ne/ ( ^! species are cramm$ ) a honey secretion 7probably obta9$ by ! work]s f aphids or psyllids71 until ! abdom5 swells out ( all proportion to ! re/ ( ! ant2 ! honey pot ants rema9 hang+ ab\t 9 ! bottom ( ! ne/s l a numb] ( bottles ( honey1 incapable ( leav+ ! ne/2 ! supply is probably us$ z food = ! l>vae4 ,sp5c] says t ! blacks dig up ^! ne/s & look ^u ! 8honey pots0 z great luxuries4 ,! honey is sweet ) an acrid ta/e l ! honey ( our native bees4 ,!y are app>5tly common 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia2 ,miss ,orm]od s5t me "s f ,engl& :i* %e _h receiv$ f a correspond5t at ,kalgoorlie2 & rec5tly ,mr4 ,field ( ,t5nant's ,creek s5t me a f9e r$ species f ! f> nor?4 ,camponotus cl>ipes1 a small] pale col\r$ species1 g5]ally makes its gall]ies at ! base ( a tree trunk1 & has a v wide range f ,victoria to ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,i f\nd ! cocoons ( ?is species 9 a ne/ at ,h[long infe/$ ) full gr[n r$ velvet mites 7,trombidiidae71 :i* occupi$ ! :ole space4 ,! ,g5us ,polyrha*is conta9s a numb] ( black ants ( fair size1 mo/ ( :i* build _! ne/s 9 dead logs1 & live 9 r l>ge communities1 b o!rs =m small ne/s by matt+ ! foliage ( trees toge!r2 ! latt] are conf9$ to ,que5sl&1 & are g5]ally small] %9+ black =ms4 ,! true 8wood ants0 are m or less cov]$ ) bright metallic pubesc5ce & f9e hairs1 & ) ! h9d portion ( ! ?orax & ! node ( ! abdom5 ornam5t$ ) a pair ( sl5d] sp9es4 ,polyrha*is ornata is black1 ) ! ?orax & base ( ! sp9es ri*ly t9t$ ) gold2 x comes f ,que5sl&4 ,p4 ammon1 rang+ f ,victoria to ,que5sl&1 is clo!d ) pale gold5 pubesc5ce lighte/ on ! head & ?icke/ on ! abdom54 ,p4 semi-aurata has bo? ! head & ?orax gold51 ) ! abdom5 smoo?1 black & %9+4 ,p4 laevior is "o ( ! small] tree ne/+ =ms1 & is smoo? & %9+ )\t any metallic t9ts1 & ! ?oracic & abdom9al sp9es are v small4 ,p4 turn]i1 also a nor!rn =m1 has ! head gold51 & l>ge well develop$ sp9es4 ,family #ad4 ,solit>y ,ants4 ,,mutillidae4 ,?\gh ^! int]e/+ little creatures 7 once plac$ 9 ! ,=micidae1 & are /ill popul>ly kn[n z 8,solit>y ,ants0 9 ,europe & 8,c[ ,ants0 9 ,am]ica1 !y are n[ classifi$ z ! fir/ family ( ! fossorial wasps4 ,unlike ! true ants1 !y are solit>y 9 _! habits & probably all p>asitic 9 o!r insects' ne/s4 ,until q rec5tly !y 7 all plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,mutilla1 9 :i* ab\t #a1jjj species h be5 describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ab\t #acj f ,au/ralia2 ! e>li] ones by ,messrs4 ,we/wood & ,smi?1 ! lat] ones by ,&re1 :o has _h ! great advantage ( obta9+ a great _m specim5s f ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,turn]1 :o 0 able to sex ! species1 add valuable notes ab\t _! habits1 & give ! exact locality ( ! specim5s collect$4 ,turn]1 :o 0 a mo/ c>eful obs]v]1 aft] "s ye>s ( collect+ 0 n positive :]e !y pass$ ! e>li] /ages ( _! exi/5ce1 b told me t he believ$ t "s ( !m 7 p>asitic 9 ! ne/s ( ants4 ,sev]al ( ! ,european ,mutillidae are kn[n to be p>asitic 9 ! ne/s ( bees3 ,i h on sev]al occasions dug ! females ( ! small] species out ( moss at ! foot ( tree trunks1 & our two l>ge/ species are g5]ally f\nd "u /ones 9 op5 *amb]s1 :ile on hot summ] days bo? sexes ( ,mutilla cordata & sev]al o!r species are f\nd runn+ up & d[n ! tree trunks4 ,! males are furni%$ ) two pairs ( d>k or semiopaque w+s4 ,! head is r\nd$2 ! ant5nae curv+ r\nd2 ) l>ge eyes & ocelli2 ! ?orax broad1 b %[+ ! segm5tal divisions1 & ! abdom5 r %ort & r\nd$1 )\t any p$icle2 ! legs /\t1 & sp9$ on ! middle pair4 ,! :ole insect is rugose & deeply punctur$ or r\gh5$1 & m or less clo!d ) pubesc5ce & long] hairs4 ,! females are w+less1 ) %ort] curl$ ant5nae1 v diff]5t 9 size1 sculpture1 & ev5 col\ration to ! males ( ! same species2 ) ! body m elongat$ & t]m9at+ 9 a long p[]ful /+4 ,&re rem>ks ^u ! brilliant metallic col\ration ( _m ( ! ,au/ralian species1 :i* is mu* m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ^? f o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he also says t !y resemble ! ,am]ican species 9 ! fact t !y c be divid$ into two gr\ps by ! configuration ( ! eyes4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s speciali/s h subdivid$ ! ,g5us ,mutilla into a numb] ( new g5]a2 & ,&re places ne>ly all ! ,au/ralian species 9 ! ,g5us ,ephut]morpha1 b = simplicity ,i reta9 ! old "n4 ,mutilla rugicollis1 describ$ by ,we/wood _m ye>s ago1 is our l>ge/ species1 measur+ 9 ! l>g] female ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,%e is black1 v deeply punctur$1 ?ickly clo!d ) black & silv]y :ite hairs1 ! latt] =m+ :ite pat*es on ! h9d portion ( ! head1 sides & "u-surface ( ! abdom51 & has a dorsal r[ ( five di/9ct spots d[n ! back4 ,! male is mu* small]1 ) some:at simil> b n s di/9ct :ite m>k+s1 & is furni%$ ) d>k br[n w+s1 :i* are hyal9e1 close to ! sides ( ! ?orax4 ,mutilla quadrisignata has ab\t ! same measurem5ts z ! female ( ! la/ species2 ) blacki% hairy cov]+1 except on ! "u surface ( ! abdom51 & f\r d>k1 r$di% br[n1 oval spots =m+ a squ>e on ! dorsal surface4 ,bo? ^! species h a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,mutilla f]rug9ata is a small] species ) a simil> deeply punctur$ surface2 is ( a uni=m dull ru/y r$ col\r1 ?ickly clo!d ) d>k] br[n hairs2 ! legs & ant5nae deep] col\r$ ?an ! body4 ,mutilla cordata is typical ( ! small] active =ms t frequ5t tree trunks2 ! male is black ) d>k w+s & sl5d] abdom51 & measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 9 ?is case mu* l>g] ?an ! female1 :i* has a r\nd$ body ) ! c5tre ( ! dorsal surface occupi$ ) a l>ge r\nd$ gold5 blot*4 ,i h f\nd ! be/ "t to collect ^! insects is 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! day1 :5 !y are runn+ up & d[n ! l>g] tree trunks2 b !y are v active1 & drop at ! lea/ al>m1 s t x takes "s practice to capture !m4 ,family #ae4 ,fl[] ,wasps4 ,,?ynnidae4 ,^! h&some fl[] wasps are closely alli$ to ! memb]s ( ! previ\s family1 z !y h simil> w+less females ( su* peculi> %apes t1 if exam9$ alone1 !y w\ld nev] be tak5 = ! consorts ( ! l>ge wasp-l ,?ynnus1 ) its long /\t ant5nae1 well develop$ legs1 & l>ge p[]ful w+s4 ,! males fly ab\t ! fl[]s ( leptosp]mum & eucalypts1 & :5 captur$ bite & pret5d to /+ by turn+ up ! tip ( ! abdom51 :i* ends 9 a horny1 h>mless process4 ,=tunately1 :5 hunt$ = 9 ! summ]1 mo/ ( our common] species c be tak5 9 copula ) ! small] female1 ) :i* he flies ab\t q easily2 :5 caught ! female imm$iately deta*es h]self & falls to ! gr\nd1 :]e %e crawls out ( sight1 s t c>e mu/ be tak5 by ! collector to keep ea* pair captur$ 9 a box by !mselves1 or else :5 once mix$ up x is impossible to det]m9e unkn[n species4 ,au/ralia is ! headqu>t]s ( ?is gr\p1 = ( ab\t #djj describ$ species1 #cjj are peculi> to ?is c\ntry2 ! o!rs are *iefly conf9$ to ,brazil & ,*ili 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) a few f ,asia & ! ,isl&s4 ,smi? has describ$ a great numb] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogues2 ,we/wood o!rs2 & ,gu]9 ^? collect$ dur+ ! ,voyage de ,coquille 9 #ahcj2 b z _m ( ^! 7 det]m9$ f s+le specim5s ( "o sex1 x is c]ta9 t :5 a collection ( sex$ specim5s c be comp>$ ) ! types1 ! numb] ( species w suff] consid]able r$uction4 ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n ab\t ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t2 ,i h h[ev] obta9$ cocoons compos$ ( a /\t silk5 case envelop$ 9 a ?9 out] second pap]y cov]+1 oval 9 =m1 ) a nipple-l projection at ! extremity1 f :i* ,i h br$ "o ( our l>ge species4 ,^! cocoons are buri$ sev]al in*es 9 ! gr\nd l ^? ( ! ,scolias1 s t ! females1 :i* are furni%$ ) %ort1 /\t1 sp9y legs well adapt$ = digg+1 probably lay _! eggs 9 lamellicorn l>vae liv+ 9 ! loose soil4 ,a numb] ( our common species are pl5tiful on ! fl[]+ ,leptosp]mum & ,melaleuca bu%es1 & _m ( ! small] ones may be f\nd fe$+ ^u ! honey dew cov]+ ! foliage ( small eucalypts t are infe/$ ) scale insects4 ,?ynnus v>iabilis1 our commone/ species1 is a v h&some wasp measur+ ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly #a across ! outspread w+s2 ! g5]al col\r is br[n2 ! front ( ! head1 h9d m>g9 ( ?orax1 & broad b&s or d\ble dots across ! abdom9al segm5ts bright yell[2 ! semiopaque w+s r$di% br[n4 ,! female1 v broad 9 proportion1 is %ort] ?an ! male2 %e is r$di% br[n2 ! abdom9al segm5ts are rugose & blot*$ ) yell[1 =m+ transv]se b>s ( r\nd$ dots on ! h9d portion4 ,! ant5nae are %ort & curl$2 ! head broad1 ) a /\t ?orax2 & %e has %ort hairy legs4 ,?ynnus lea*ellus1 slightly small]1 is f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,! abdom5 is broad] & %ort] 9 proportion2 ! g5]al t9t is black1 ri*ly m>k$ on ! head & ?orax ) bright yell[1 & ea* ( ! abdom9al segm5ts c>ries a n>r[ transv]se b& ( ! same col\r1 brok5 by a dorsal /ripe ( black4 ,! female is mu* small]1 %ort & ?ickset2 is ( a g5]al r$di% br[n col\r2 ! abdom5 is m>k$ ) yell[ blot*es & b&s1 only ! la/ "o divid$ z 9 ! male4 ,?ynnus flavilabris1 some:at l>g]1 is q black1 ) only ! face m>k$ ) deep yell[2 ! w+s are d>k1 smoke-col\r$2 & ! h9d m>g9 ( ! ?orax is ?ickly cov]$ ) :ite hairs4 ,?ynnus br5*leyi is a type ( ! ,nor? ,au/ralian =ms2 x is ne>ly z l>ge z ,t4 v>iabilis1 b has ! :ole upp] surface smoo? & %9+1 ! h9d m>g9 ( ! ?orax & ! base ( ! abdom5 truncate & fitt+ close aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! head & pro?orax are bright yell[1 ! re/ black4 ,?is h&some insect 0 describ$ by ,smi? 9 ! ,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,curaoa1 & x 0 said to come f ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia2 my specim5s 7 tak5 ne> ,*>t]s ,t[]s1 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,a female1 s5t ) ?is species z its mate1 is black1 m>k$ on ! head1 sides ( ?orax1 & abdom5 ) yell[1 & is furni%$ ) a curi\s fr+e ( pale buff hairs on ! h9d m>g9 ( ! ?orax1 & along ! front ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,rhagiga/] ! males are m sl5d] 9 =m2 ! abdom51 elongat$ & deeply con/rict$ or corrugat$ at ! junction ( ! segm5ts1 is usually black1 ) m or less d>k col\r$ w+s3 ! females are v small 9 proportion4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable is ! 8,blue ,ant10 ,diamma bicolor4 ,9 ?is case ! female is mo/ common2 ab\t ,sydney ,i h caught scores ( females1 b s f> h nev] tak5 a male4 ,%e measures #a in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a ri* metallic blue to purple col\r1 smoo? & %9+1 ! ant5nae & legs r$di% br[n4 ,%e is furni%$ ) a f9e pair ( jaws & a p[]ful /+1 m =midable ?an t ( any ant1 & :5 di/urb$ turns ov] on h] back & %[s fight ) bo? jaws & /+4 ,! male1 mu* small] 9 size1 is black1 ) r$ legs & black t>si2 ! w+s are semitransp>5t ) black n]vures4 ,! :ole upp] surface ( head & ?orax is rugose1 & ! insect v ant-l 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,mr4 ,rol& ,turn] is at pres5t engag$ 9 work+ up ! ,au/ralian ,?ynnidae at ! ,briti% ,museum1 hav+ 8 own & my collection ( specim5s to id5tify2 probably ?is comb9$ collection is ! l>ge/ 9 exi/5ce1 & conta9s an imm5se numb] ( sex$ specim5s collect$ 9 ! field1 z we h bo? sp5t a great deal ( "t ov] ^! typical ,au/ralian insects4 ,family #af4 ,hairy ,fl[] ,wasps4 ,,scoliidae ,^! insects are easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,?ynnidae 9 be+ ?ickset hairy wasps2 bo? sexes are furni%$ ) w+s 9 :i* ! neuration is di/9ct at ! base1 b ! n]vures fade out be=e !y rea* ! tips2 ! ?orax is broad1 r\nd$ 9 front1 ) a v %ort p$icle atta*+ x to ! /\t abdom54 ,! legs are /\t1 compress$1 v hairy1 & sp9y1 ) "o /\t spur on ! tibiae ( ! middle pair ( legs well adapt$ = burr[+4 ,! males are easily di/+ui%$ f ! females 9 be+ m sl5d] 9 =m1 ) long] /raight ant5nae 79 ! latt] sex %ort1 ?ick5$1 & curl+ r\nd ! sides ( ! head72 & ! legs are sl5d]1 ) few] sp9es4 ,sev]al species are pl5tiful ab\t ! ,sydney g>d5s & bu%1 :]e !y c be easily captur$ on ! fl[]s4 ,9 obs]vations made by e>li] entomologi/s1 _! life hi/ory seems to h be5 confus$ ) ^? ( ! long legg$ s& wasps1 :i* burr[ 9 ! gr\nd & =m regul> ne/s provision$ ) o!r insects & spid]s2 b ! ,,scoliidae =m no true ne/2 ! female burr[s into ! gr\nd or "u logs1 :]e %e f9ds ! l>vae or :ite grubs ( ! l>g] lamellicorn beetles1 on :i* %e deposits a s+le egg1 fir/ c>efully /++ ! beetle grub 7accord+ to ,fabre1 ! ,fr5* naturali/1 :o /udi$ ! habits ( sev]al ,european species74 ,! "y wasp hat*+ out atta*es itself to ! helpless grub 9 su* a mann] t x does n injure ! vital organs1 & by ! "t x has dev\r$ its ho/ x is ready to pupate1 sp9n+ a br[n silk5 cocoon :i* fits into ! cavity fir/ occupi$ by ! un=tunate beetle grub2 :5 fully develop$ x digs its way up to ! surface4 ,ab\t #ej species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia2 ,smi? li/$ & describ$ a numb] ( new species 7,briti% ,museum ,catalogue ,hym5opt]a #ahee73 ,saussure describ$ sev]al 9 ! same ye> 7,memoires de la ,societe de ,physique1 c41 ,g5eve71 & lat] on o!rs 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,france #aheh4 ,9 #ahfd he & ,si*el monograph$ ! family3 ,smi? describ$ #h m f\r ye>s aft]3 & ,kirby go+ ?r\gh ! ,briti% ,museum ,collections 9 #ahhi revis$ ! ,g5]a & add$ ano!r to our li/4 ,discolia soror is our commone/ %9+ black species2 ! female measures ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 & is easily id5tifi$ by its beautiful1 iridesc5t1 opaque1 d>k blue w+s4 ,x may be (t5 se5 9 our g>d5s on ! fl[]s or hov]+ 9 numb]s ov] a dead /ump1 look+ = beetle l>vae 9 :i* to deposit its eggs4 ,scolia fulva is our l>ge/ species2 ! female measures up to #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 x is black & r$di% yell[1 b s ?ickly clo!d ) co>se r$di% hairs t x is m ! latt] t9t2 & ! semiopaque w+s are r$di% br[n4 ,?is species is figur$ & describ$ by ,gray 9 ,griffi?'s ,animal ,k+dom #ahcb4 ,scolia radula is a small] black species1 "u #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! head1 apex ( ?orax1 base ( abdom5 & mo/ ( ! "u-surface are clo!d ) grey hairs1 b ! h9d m>g9 ( ! head & dorsal surface ( abdom5 are clo!d ) r$di% br[n2 ! latt] is orange yell[ above1 b m>k$ ) black at ! base & tip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,life ,hi/ory ( a ,fl[] ,wasp4 #a4 ,dielis =mosa 7,gur974 4 7#a;a4--,life size47 #b4 ,l>va4 #c4 ,pupal ,cocoon1 %[+ op5+ :5ce ! wasp has em]g$4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,dielis #g-;c9cta1 "o ( our commone/ species1 (t5 clu/]+ 9 numb]s on fl[]+ %rubs 9 ! g>d5s1 0 describ$ by ,fabricius1 & is ! male ( ,dielis 7,scolia7 =mosa :i* 0 n describ$ till #ahdf by ,gur94 ,! male1 ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is v sl5d] 9 =m1 ( a g5]al black col\r1 clo!d ) f9e grey hairs1 & m>k$ ) light yell[ on ! head & ?orax1 ) five broad b&s ( ! same col\r on ! body4 ,! female1 "u #a in* 9 l5g?1 is black1 ) ! abdom5 m>k$ on ! upp] surface ) r$di% yell[ some:at v>iable 9 its di/ribution1 & clo!d ) r$di% br[n hairs1 ?icke/ on ! head & ?orax4 ,?is insect has be5 f\nd 9 ,que5sl& de/roy+ ! und]gr\nd grub ( ! ,sug>-cane ,beetle 7,lepidod]ma albo-hirtum74 ,family #ag4 ,s& ,wasps4 ,,pompilidae4 ,?is gr\p is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & widely di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry2 ab\t #fj species h be5 describ$3 sev]al collect$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks 9 #agge 7 describ$ by ,fabricius2 ,smi?1 9 ! ,catalogue previ\sly notic$1 9 a s]ies ( pap]s betwe5 #ahfb-fi 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society1 o!r ,j\rnals1 & a ,briti% ,museum publication 7,new ,species ( ,hym5opt]a #ahgi7 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 has describ$ mo/ ( our species2 ,saussure 9 ! ,hym5opt]a ( ! ,reise ,nov>a2 & lat] ,kohl has enri*$ our li/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,salius 7,priocnemus7 bicolor 7,fabr474 ,l>ge s&-burr[+ wasp1 t attacks cicadas4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! typical g5]a ,pompilus & ,salius comprise a numb] ( l>ge yell[ & black wasps ) col\r$ w+s tipp$ ) black4 ,!y h long legs well adapt$ = runn+ ov] ! gr\nd1 & may be se5 any w>m sunny morn+ hunt+ ab\t = spid]s1 ) _! ant5nae & w+s con/antly on ! move z !y ru% ab\t4 ,!y w attack ! l>ge/ spid] :e!r on ! gr\nd or hidd5 9 a tree trunk2 "o l>ge black undet]m9$ species ev5 v5tures d[n ! ne/s ( ! ,trap-door ,spid]s & drags !m =?4 ,sometimes "o ( ! l>g] gr\nd spid]s %[s fight1 & x becomes a duel to ! dea?1 ! wasp n[ & !n be+ captur$ by its int5d$ victim4 ,!y (t5 place ! spid] 9 any suitable cavity ) _! eggs1 b o!rs =m ext5sive burr[s 9 ! soil4 ,salius 7,priocnemus7 bicolor is "o ( our l>ge/ yell[ & black species1 (t5 measur+ #b in*es across ! w+s1 b v>iable bo? 9 col\ration & size4 ,%e =ms a burr[ z l>ge z a m\se hole1 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 ) q a l>ge m\nd ( excavat$ soil outside ! entrance2 :5 em]g+ f ! *amb] %e looks a mo/ =midable creature1 b unless captur$ nev] attempts to attack anyone4 ,%e sometimes /ores h] ne/ ) cicadas _m times l>g] ?an h]self1 :i* %e rides d[n to _! tomb be=e !y are q dead4 ,! "y l>va is usually atta*$ to ! cicada's brea/ :5 hat*$ out2 b ,i h nev] be5 able to keep any alive aft] be+ dug out ( ! ne/4 ,?is wasp has a curi\s habit ( fly+ r\nd & dragg+ a cicada (f a bran* :5 x is suck+ up ! sap2 tak+ its place1 %e calmly /&s ov] ! spot & dr9ks up ! sap t exudes f ! puncture ! dispossess$ cicada _h made 9 ! b>k4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,pepsis are l>ge black wasps ) a beautiful metallic lu/re on ! w+s2 !y are *iefly conf9$ to ! tropics1 b ,saussure has describ$ "o species1 ,p4 au/ralis1 f ?is c\ntry4 ,family #ah4 ,small] ,s& ,wasps4 ,,sphegidae4 ,we/wood plac$ ^! wasps & ! ,,pompilidae 9 a s+le family1 b ,kohl1 :ile sep>at+ ! latt]1 has gr\p$ a numb] t 7 once rank$ z families1 "u ! ,,sphegidae1 call+ !m simply sub-families1 ?us mak+ ?is a mu* m ext5sive division1 ! ,,sphegidae prop] =m+ only a "p ( ! :ole4 ,dalla ,torre 9 8 ,catalogue treats !m z a sub-division ( ! ,,crabronidae2 b ,%>p takes ,kohl's classification1 :i* ,i foll[4 ,! ,sphegides are easily di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> /ructure ( ! abdom52 ! basal portion is produc$ into a sl5d] rod-l /alk or p$icle1 ) ! apical "p =m+ a r\nd$ or oval tip2 !y are v active creatures ) ! habits ( ! l>g] s& wasps4 ,! _w-wide ,g5us ,ammophila is repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by f\r describ$ species2 !y make _! ne/s 9 s&y gr\nd1 digg+ out a /raight burr[ ) an enl>g$ *amb] at ! end1 :i* !y /ore ) diff]5t k9ds ( cat]pill>s !y capture on ! plants :ile hunt+2 ^! !y /+ b d n kill1 b ?\gh p>alys$ & incapable ( motion1 rema9 alive long en\gh to furni% ! baby wasps ) a supply ( fre% food4 ,ammophila suspiciosa is a sl5d] black insect "u #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! ?ick5$ tip ( ! abdom5 is dull r$4 ,?is is our common species f\nd all ov] ! we/]n c\ntry4 ,a4 in/abilis is a l>g] black species ) semiopaque w+s & r$di% legs2 ! tubul> portion ( ! body & base ( ! ?ick5$ "p are r$di% br[n3 ?is "o is a nor!rn =m f\nd 9 ,que5sl&4 ,pelopaeus laetus is a v h&some black & yell[ wasp ) a some:at simil> %ap$ body tipp$ ) black2 x is v v>iable 9 size1 ! l>ge/ measur+ ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & diff]s f ! =m] insects 9 be+ a regul> 8mud daub]10 =m+ a regul> clay ne/ consi/+ ( a numb] ( diff]5t cells1 ea* ( :i* is fill$ ) p>alys$ spid]s4 ,x is a v fri5dly insect1 (t5 fly+ into ! room on a summ] day2 & w build its ne/ on ! edge ( a ro( or wall4 ,! typical ,g5us ,sphex conta9s a numb] ( f9e black wasps m or less clo!d ) silv] or gold5 pubesc5ce on ! head & ?orax1 ) ! sl5d] p$icle at ! base ( ! ?orax v well def9$1 & ! h9d portion ( ! abdom5 almo/ r\nd or oval4 ,!y =m und]gr\nd burr[s bran*+ out into a *amb] at ! end1 9 :i* !y /ore all k9ds ( diff]5t insects1 ea* species seem+ to h a pref]5ce = its p>ticul> *oice4 ,sphex ve/ita1 "o ( our l>ge/ species1 has ! face ?ickly clo!d ) silv]y pubesc5ce2 x is (t5 common 9 s&y pat*es 9 g>d5s1 :]e x hunts = small or?opt]\s insects1 & is p>ticul>ly fond ( a species ( small br[n cricket :i* lives 9 ! long grass4 ,s4 opul5ta is a small] species ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! face & back ( ! ?orax bright silv]1 & ! dorsal surface ( ! latt] copp]y4 ,ab\t #cj species are describ$ f ,au/ralia1 "s ( :i* h a v wide range ov] ! int]ior4 ,! ,,l>rides are m$ium siz$ black wasps ) ! abdom5 n /alk$1 b com+ to a po9t at ! junction ) ! ?orax1 & (t5 ornam5t$ ) gold5 or silv]y pubesc5ce =m+ b&s on ! body4 ,%uck>d describ$ a numb] ( our species belong+ to ! ,g5us ,pison 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,society #ahcg-dj71 :]e he gives "s acc\nt ( ! gr\p4 ,smi? 9 ! same ,transactions1 #ahfi1 catalogu$ ^? previ\sly describ$1 & add$ a numb] ( new species2 & also add$ ! ,g5us ,p>apison1 conta9+ species f ,india1 ,ceylon & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,european ,ta*ytes1 :i* ,we/wood says are captur$ 9 s& banks1 are repres5t$ "h by ?ree species1 all %9+ black insects ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,saussure 7#ahee71 & ,kohl lat] h describ$ o!rs4 ,pison sp9olae & ,p4 decipi5s are bo? black wasps ) silv]y b&s ^u ! sides ( ! abdom52 ! latt] are ! small]4 ,!y are bo? common ab\t ,sydney1 & h a v wide range ov] ! c\ntry2 !y are v fe>less insects1 fly+ into ! h\se1 & :]ev] !y come ^u a conv5i5t hole 9 ! rung ( a *air1 or ev5 a key hole1 w set to "w & l9e x ) clay1 =m+ an irregul> *amb]1 :i* !y /ore ) small spid]s1 deposit ! egg1 & aft] clos+ x up fly away q satisfi$4 ,sometimes !y =m a r[ ( r\nd clay cells on a coat or o!r g>m5t hang+ on a wall4 ,! ,,nyssonides comprise a small] gr\p ( closely alli$ =ms1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! v5ation ( ! w+s4 ,smi? has describ$ mo/ ( our species4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,gorytes are repres5t$ by five describ$ species2 all small1 active1 bee-l insects ) copp]y fasciae ^u ! abdom52 sev]al ( ^! are kn[n 9 ! bu% z 8policem5 flies0 f _! habit ( com+ r\nd & cat*+ flies ^u "o's clo!s & ev5 snapp+ "o (f ! back ( "o's h&2 ^! flies are kill$ ) _! /\t jaws & deposit$ 9 _! ne/s con/ruct$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! curi\s1 l>ge1 r$di% br[n wasp1 ,/izus pectoralis1 f ,que5sl&1 at fir/ sight might be tak5 = a ,?ynnus1 b ! di/9ct =m ( ! body1 & ! ant5nae ?ick5$ t[>d ! tips1 %[ t x c\ld n belong to ! fl[] wasps4 ,x is n[ plac$ 9 ! alli$ ,g5us ,sphecius4 ,! ,,philan?ides are easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r gr\ps by ! curi\s rugose or punctur$ integum5t :i* makes !m look z ?\gh coat$ ) arm\r plate1 & ! curi\s con/rictions or r+s betwe5 ! abdom9al segm5ts1 becom+ smalle/ t[>d ! tip4 ,!y are g5]ally black or r$di% br[n1 m>k$ ) pale yell[ spots & b&s4 ,) ! exception ( "o species ( ! ,g5us ,philan?us all ours h be5 plac$ 9 ! _w-wide ,g5us ,c]c]is4 ,i h g5]ally captur$ !m ab\t fl[]s1 or fly+ r\nd bu%es infe/$ ) scale insects t 7 ?r[+ (f honey dew1 :i* sweet secretion has a great attraction = small hym5opt]a ( _m diff]5t families4 ,eight species are describ$ by ,smi? & ,saussure2 !re are probably _m new species to be record$4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t _! habits 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ! ,european species =m ne/s 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* !y provision ) small beetles2 & ea* species is said to conf9e its att5tion to a diff]5t gr\p ( beetles2 "o uses only small weevils2 ano!r c>ries (f *rysomalids1 & s on ) ea* species4 ,! ,,crabronides are ano!r small gr\p1 & "u ! pres5t classification all our species h be5 plac$ by ,smi? 9 ! _w-wide ,g5us ,crabro4 ,!y are m$ium siz$ black wasps ) broad /\t heads & un/alk$ bodies1 g5]ally b&$ ) orange1 r$1 or yell[2 !y =m burr[s 9 ! /ems ( plants1 :i* !y /ore ) captur$ flies4 ,five species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,! ,,bembecides are v h&some1 smoo?1 %9+ wasps ( fair size1 ) broad bodies1 r\nd$ & broadly po9t$ at ! extremity4 ,!y are g5]ally met ) along s&y pa?ways & roads1 flitt+ along 9 front ( "o1 settl+ on ! gr\nd & ris+ aga91 s t !y are easily captur$ ) a net4 ,!y make %all[ burr[s on ! roadside 9 :i* !y place flies1 :i* !y capture ) _! p[]ful jaws4 ,ne>ly all our species h be5 describ$ by ,smi? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue ,hym5opt]a #ahef1 & ! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory #ahgc4 ,"u #bj species are record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,bembex trid5tif]a 0 describ$ by ,smi? f ,moreton ,bay1 ,que5sl&1 b x has a wide range s\?w>ds to ,victoria4 ,x measures j "u ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al black col\r2 ! face yell[ ) a black trid5t-l m>k above & two black spots bel[ ! ant5nae2 ! legs yell[ lightly m>k$ ) black2 ! upp] surface ( ! ?orax spott$ & b>r$ ) yell[1 & ! abdom5 beautifully b&$ ) irregul> :ite b&s on ! #bnd to #d? segm5ts1 ) ! fir/ & la/ only m>k$ on ! sides4 ,b4 vespi=mis ranges f ,we/ ,au/ralia to ,s4 ,au/ralia1 is some:at small] ?an ! la/1 & view$ f above is black1 ) v fa9t m>k+s on ! ?orax1 & a broad :ite b& on ei!r side ( ! fir/ segm5t ( ! abdom5 almo/ meet+ on ! back4 ,,diplopt]a4 ,! true wasps h ! ant5nae g5]ally elb[$ & ?ick5$ t[>d ! tips1 & ! eyes not*$4 ,!y h ! w+s fold$ l a fan 9 repose1 b c fly well1 & h legs & feet adapt$ = walk+4 ,"s species are solit>y 9 _! habits1 & consi/ ( males & females only2 o!rs live 9 l>ge communities1 &1 l ! ants1 comprise males1 females1 & work]s1 ! latt] abort$ females4 ,family #ai4 ,solit>y ,wasps4 ,,eum5idae4 ,?is gr\p is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia2 !y are well kn[n to resid5ts 9 ! c\ntry f _! habit ( con/ruct+ clay ne/s "u ! %elt] ( ! v]&ah or ! eaves ( ! h\ses4 ,!y usually appe> 9 pairs1 & rapidly build up ! /ructure1 fly+ backw>d & =w>d ) _! e>!n loads2 f ?is habit !y get ! "n ( 8,mud ,daub]s0 9 ,am]ica1 & 8,mason ,wasps0 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a numb] ( our species are describ$ & figur$ 9 ,saussure's 8,monograph des ,guepes ,solitaires0 publi%$ 9 #ahea4 ,! ,g5us ,eum5es conta9s a numb] ( v h&some insects t are easily recognis$ f ! basal portion ( ! abdom5 =m+ a m or less sl5d] /alk1 & ! apical portion r\nd$ at ! junction & tap]+ to a %>p po9t at ! tip4 ,!y build clay ne/s conta9+ a numb] ( cells1 & /ore !m ) cat]pill>s1 :i* !y d n appe> to be able to p>alyse 9 ! same mann] z ! l>ge s& wasps1 = !y are capable ( movem5t aft] !y are enclos$ 9 ! cell4 ,by "s wond]ful in/9ct1 ! female wasp does n deposit h] egg haphaz>d among ! wriggl+ grubs t w\ld easily damage x1 b susp5ds x by a f9e /alk to ! ro( ( ! cell 9 su* a mann]1 t :5 ! little wasp l>va hat*es out1 x c safely rea* d[n & fe$ ^u ! ne>e/ cat]pill>1 until x has f9i%$ ! la/ bit1 :5 x sp9s a ?9 p>*m5t cocoon & pupates 9 ! cavity :i* be=e 0 its l>d]4 ,eum5es bic9cta has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia2 x measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! /alk is n q s long z ! base ( ! abdom51 & is ( a uni=m deep orange yell[ col\r1 ) ! top ( ! head1 c5tre ( ?orax1 & broad b& 9 ! middle ( ! abdom5 black4 ,eum5es latreillei1 a l>g] species1 has ! /alk ( ! abdom5 %ort] & ?ick5$1 ) ! basal half ( ! body f ! /alk black4 ,eum5es s]villei1 ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree1 is m sl5d] 9 %ape1 has m black ^u ! ?orax1 & ! /alk$ portion ( ! body is v>iegat$ ) black4 ,eum5es arcuatus is a m nor!rn species common 9 ,que5sl&2 x measures ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 & is ! only "o ) blacki% w+s2 x has a v long sl5d] /alk$ abdom54 ,x is black1 mottl$ on ! head & ?orax ) yell[2 & ! abdom9al segm5ts are b>r$ on ei!r side ) yell[1 :i* appe> to =m regul> sl5d] b&s across1 b d n actually meet 9 ! c5tre4 ,two ( our h&some/ mason wasps belong+ to ! ,g5us ,abispa measure #a in* 9 l5g?1 b are s /\t 9 =m t !y appe> mu* l>g]2 !y are black & deep orange yell[1 ) dull yell[ w+s tipp$ ) black1 & ! /\t broad ?orax fits close aga9/ ! base ( ! abdom54 ,abispa spl5dida has ! front half ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t black1 ) ! h9d portion yell[1 :ile 9 ,abispa ephippium ! :ole ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t is yell[4 ,!y bo? build v l>ge1 solid1 clay ne/s g5]ally conta9+ two r[s ( cells1 ab\t #f 9 numb]1 above ea* o!r1 ) ?ick p>titions betwe5 !m2 ! out] surface is r\nd$ on ! sides2 ea* cell is /or$ ) cat]pill>s ^u :i* ! l>va fe$s1 & f9ally pupates 9 a r$di% br[n p>*m5t-l cocoon4 ,! ,g5us ,rhyn*ium comprises ab\t six describ$ species1 h&some insects n unlike ! =m] 9 g5]al =m1 b ) ! abdom5 m tap]+4 ,rhyn*ium mirabile measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x is ( a g5]al black col\r1 ! head m>k$ )1 & coll> ( ?orax1 yell[2 & ! h9d m>g9 ( ! abdom9al segm5ts is r+$ ) sl5d] b&s ( orange yell[4 ,rhyn*ium sup]bum is a small] insect ( simil> =m & col\r1 ) ! basal half ( ! abdom5 black & ! h9d portion ri* yell[4 ,bo? ^! species come f ,que5sl&4 ,! ,g5us ,odyn]us conta9s a great numb] ( small ?ickset wasps1 t make clay ne/s ( v>i\s %apes1 sometimes v delicate 9 /ructure1 =m+ a f+]-%ap$ r[ ( clay cells or r\nd$ cup-%ap$ *amb]s2 :ile "s species make use ( a hole 9 ! wood or wall & simply coat x ov] ) clay4 ,au/ralia is ri* 9 species1 "s ( :i* h a v wide range4 ,odyn]us bicolor1 "o ( our commone/ species1 is black1 ) ! coll> ( ! ?orax1 legs1 & all ! abdom5 except ! basal segm5t1 dull r$di% yell[4 ,odyn]us nigro-c9ctus is ( a g5]al d>k orange yell[ col\r1 ) ! head & c5tre ( abdom5 black4 ,! closely alli$ species =m+ ! ,g5us ,ala/or diff] slightly 9 ! v5ation ( ! w+s1 b _! habits are id5tical2 ab\t #cj species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia1 *iefly by ,saussure1 "s ( :i* are figur$ 9 col\rs 9 8 ,monograph4 ,^! wasps may be captur$ r\nd wat]-holes 9 ! summ] mon?s1 & may sometimes be f\nd re/+ ^u grass /alks 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,family #bj4 ,social or ,pap]-ne/ ,wasps4 ,,vespidae4 ,^! typical wasps are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 & next to ! bees h probably receiv$ m att5tion f ! casual obs]v] ?an mo/ ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,ea* community consi/s ( males1 females1 & work]s1 & ?\gh ! /ructure ( _! ne/s diff]s consid]ably 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps1 ! social economy is ! same4 ,! female fir/ />t+ ! ne/ con/ructs a /\t /alk at ! apex atta*$ to a twig or ro(1 & con/ructs a six-sid$ cell f :i* ! :ole mu%room-%ap$ ne/ is built4 ,9 ea* little cell %e deposits an egg f :i* ! legless :ite grub em]ges1 atta*es itself to ! ro( ( ! cell & hangs head d[nw>d1 be+ f$ by ! "m wasp until full gr[n ) food *iefly compos$ ( ma/icat$ spid]s1 :5 x pupates "u a silk5 cov] spun ov] ! apex ( ! cell4 ,z soon z x em]ges x sets to "w to help on ! ne/1 s t ! community rapidly increases 9 numb]s4 ,! ne/ ( ,poli/es tasmani5sis sometimes measures six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"s confusion z to ! id5tity ( ?is species & ,p4 v>iabilis seems to exi/1 b f ,saussure's description1 our common species appe>s to be ,p4 tasmani5sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,vespidae4 #a #e4 ,ne/s ( ,poli/es tasmani5sis4 #b4 ,ic>ia greg>ia 7,sauss474 #c4 ,sl5d] ne/ typical ( ,g5us ,ic>ia4 #d4 ,poli/es tasmani5sis 7,sauss474 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,! widespread ,g5us ,vespa1 ?\gh x is record$ f z f> d[n z ,java1 is unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,we h h[ev] alli$ species belong+ to ! g5]a ,ic>ia & ,poli/es4 ,^? ( ! g5us ,ic>ia are ! small] wasps1 ! l>ge/ well "u an in* 9 l5g?2 mo/ ( !m are r$di% br[n1 or mottl$ ) black & yell[2 ! abdom5 is contract$ into a /alk at ! base1 !n becomes r\nd$1 ) ! apical segm5ts small & telescopic1 s t :5 retract$ x looks z if x 7 damag$4 ,!y all =m simil> ne/s comm5c+ ) ! usual /alk1 b1 unlike ! l>g] ,poli/es1 ! cells foll[ on 9 r[s1 =m+ f+]-l ne/s4 ,ic>ia greg>ia1 our commone/ species1 =ms ^! sl5d] ne/s up to six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x is a dull r$di% br[n wasp mottl$ ) black on ! ?orax & legs1 ) ! apex ( ! abdom5 lighte/ 9 col\r4 ,"s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,poli/es gr[ to a consid]able size1 & arm$ ) a p[]ful /+ are v =midable insects2 sev]al ( ! l>ge/ =m small /alk$ ne/s on ! "u-side ( fall5 logs2 :5 hunt+ = insects & turn+ ov] dead wood "o is liable to di/urb a family p>ty & f9d x wise to beat a ha/y retreat4 ,!y diff] f ! previ\s gr\p 9 hav+ no /alk to ! abdom51 :i* is v sl5d] at ! base1 r\nd$ to ! middle & tap]s to a po9t$ apex4 ,poli/es tasmani5sis1 our mo/ sociable species1 is v fond ( build+ h] l>ge ne/ 7previ\sly notic$7 "u "o's v]&ah1 or ! por* ov] ! door1 & is q ready to attack any "o :5 di/urb$4 ,x is "o ( ! smalle/ species1 measur+ "u ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al d>k br[n col\r m>k$ ) r$di% br[n2 ! abdom5 is irregul>ly b&$1 ) ! fir/ basal b& f9e/4 ,poli/es tepidus1 "o ( our l>ge/ wasps1 is almo/ black1 ) face1 tips ( legs1 & ?orax m>k$ ) d>k orange yell[1 & ! abdom5 b&$ ) ru/y r$4 ,poli/es humilis is ( an almo/ uni=m yell[i% br[n t9t1 ) ! face m>k$ ) black4 ,9 ! ,que5sl& ,museum !re are "s v l>ge pap]-ne/s ( "s undet]m9$ wasps t h a regul> comb-l /ructure conta9+ ?\s&s ( cells1 & :i* are sev]al feet 9 l5g?4 ,family #ba4 ,%9+ ,wasps4 ,,mas>idae4 ,^! curi\s wasps /& q alone z ! la/ gr\p ( ! true ,vespidae1 & are a comp>atively small family1 compris+ sev]al di/9ctive g5]a conta9+ altoge!r sixty species f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region1 ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,!y are wasp-l 9 wai/1 ) ! ant5nae ?ick5$ t[>d ! tips or clubb$2 ! w+s conta9 two sub-m>g9al cells2 & ! feet are furni%$ ) curi\s too!d or r hook$ claws4 ,! ,european species are kn[n to build ne/s 9 ! gr\nd1 =m+ a tunnel end+ 9 a clay cell 9 :i* ! l>vae live & are f$ by ! "m 9 ! same mann] z ! true wasps =m+ ! pap]y ne/s2 o!rs con/ruct clay *amb]s atta*$ to twigs4 ,%uck>d :5 he =m$ ! typical ,au/ralian ,g5us ,p>agia nam$ x 89 allusion to its deceptive habit1 :i* is precisely t ( a ,vespa40 ,saussure wrote a monograph on ! ,mas>idae =m+ ! ?ird "p ( ! ,vespidae publi%$ 9 #ahef2 ,smi? has also contribut$ to our k ( ,au/ralian species 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue #aheg1 & subsequ5tly 9 sev]al pap]s 9 ! ,entomological ,society ( ,london betwe5 #ahfd-ahfi4 ,sev5te5 species h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,g5us ,p>agia1 b no?+ has be5 record$ ab\t _! habits or life hi/ory3 sev]al are describ$ f ,tasmania & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 b all ! specim5s 9 my collection come f ! nor!rn "p ( ,au/ralia4 ,p>agia decipi5s 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,%uck>d 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society1 #ahcg2 x measures "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) ! front & sides ( ! ?orax spott$ ) yell[1 & ! :ole ( ! smoo? r\nd$ abdom5 ( ! same bright col\r except ! base1 :i* is black2 ! w+s are smoky br[n1 ) ! n]vures black4 ,p>agia bicolor is a l>g] insect measur+ ne>ly #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! head & ?orax are black1 & ! abdom5 bright metallic blue2 ! "u surface & sides ( ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts1 & ! base ( ! ?orax1 are m>k$ ) bright yell[4 ,family #bb4 ,bees4 ,,an?ophila or ,,apidae4 ,! ,au/ralian region is ri* 9 bees peculi> to ! c\ntry2 & :ile we h repres5tatives ( _m ( ! =eign gr\ps1 yet sev]al well-kn[n g5]a1 su* z ,apis1 ,bombus1 ,euc]a1 ,colletes & ,osmia1 ?\gh rang+ ov] ! great] "p ( ! _w1 are unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! classification ( ! bees is /ill some:at unsatisfactory4 ,latreille t]m$ !m ,,mellif]a1 honey ga!r]s1 or ,,an?ophila1 lov]s ( fl[]s3 ,we/wood & o!rs1 :ile keep+ ?is z a gr\p "n1 subdivid$ !m into two l>ge families1 ,,&r5idae1 %ort-tongu$ bees1 & ,,apidae1 long-tongu$ bees1 divid+ ! la/ family into five small] gr\ps bas$ ^u _! diff]5t /ructure & habits4 ,! ,european bees h be5 s9ce plac$ "u six head+s2 :ile 9 ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogue deal+ ) ! bees ( ! :ole _w1 !re are no less ?an f\rte5 sub-families4 ,mo/ ( our species h be5 describ$ by ,smi?1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue1 ,hym5opt]a #ahec2 o!rs 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society #ahfb-fh1 & ,new ,species1 ,briti% ,museum #ahgi4 ,cock]ell 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory #aije7 describ$ a numb] ( new species ( our bees exam9$ by him 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,collections1 & add$ "s int]e/+ in=mation on species already describ$2 z _m ( ^! specim5s 7 collect$ by ,turn]1 ,walk]1 & myself & s5t to ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,au/ralian localities are giv54 ,none ( ! %ort-tongu$ bees /ore up honey1 b =m cells or burr[s 9 ! gr\nd1 walls1 cavities 9 rocks1 or ! /ems ( plants1 9 :i* !y =m a r[ ( cells or little *amb]s ea* conta9+ an egg & suffici5t bee bread = ! developm5t ( ! l>va4 ,"s ( ^! bees are p>asitic1 & live at ! exp5se ( ! indu/ri\s species1 crawl+ into ! op5 ne/s & lay+ _! eggs ^u ! food supply ( ! rightful occupant2 ^! are popul>ly kn[n z 8cuckoo bees40 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,prosopis are h&some1 %9+ black or /eel blue bees1 m>k$ ) bright yell[ ^u ! face & ?orax4 ,) ! additions t ,cock]ell has made to ! li/1 ne>ly fifty species are describ$ f ,au/ralia1 & a numb] are common 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,prosopis vidua1 our l>ge/ species1 b consid]ably small] ?an ! honey bee1 is f\nd ^u ! crimson fl[]s ( ! bottlebru% 7,calli/emon74 ,x has ! head & ?orax black1 ) a yell[ spot on ! face & ! base ( ea* =e w+2 ! abdom5 is bright metallic blue4 ,a small] undet]m9$ species may be (t5 notic$ hov]+ r\nd & ent]+ holes 9 ! s(t s&/one rocks :]e x appe>s to ne/4 ,prosopis metallica1 a %9+ black species1 small] ?an ,p4 vidua1 ) face & %\ld]s broadly m>k$ ) yell[1 0 br$ out ( a r[ ( half a doz5 br[n pap]y cocoons plac$ 9 an empty burr[ =m$ 9 ! bran* ( a wattle tree by ! l>va ( "s longicorn beetle4 ,lamprocolletes plumosus & sev]al o!r species ( ! g5us frequ5t ! fl[]s ( ! ,leptosp]mum4 ,x is a h&some d>k br[n bee1 "u an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! abdom5 has a metallic %e51 & ! head & ?orax are clo!d ) f9e d[n4 ,hylaeoides conc9nus is a v rem>kable look+ black bee1 ) cl\d$ smoky w+s1 m>k$ ) bright r$ on ! face1 & ) b&s ( ! same col\r on ! base & tip ( ! abdom54 ,i h usually captur$ ?is bee ^u bu%es2 x be>s su* a decid$ sup]ficial resemblance to a small clay ne/+ 7,odyn]us7 wasp1 t ?is may be a case ( protective mimicry4 ,! ,g5us ,p>acolletes has be5 add$ to by ,cock]ell1 :o describes twelve new species 9 8 rec5t pap]s4 ,p>acolletes crassipes 0 describ$ by ,smi? f ,w4 ,au/ralia1 b x is common on l[ scrub 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w4 ,x is a h&some black bee ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! head & ?orax ?ickly clo!d ) pale buff hairs1 & ! abdom9al segm5ts b&$ on ! upp] surface ) dull br[n4 ,ga/ropsis 7,oe/ropsis7 pubesc5s is ne>ly z l>ge z a honey bee1 ) curi\s ?ick5$ ant5nae1 sl5d] at ! basal jo9t4 ,x is some:at flatt5$ on ! upp] surface & clo!d all ov] ) a d5se coat ( pale buff col\r$ hairs1 only %[+ indi/9ct br[n b>s on ! abdom54 ,i "k no?+ ab\t ! habits ( ?is curi\s bee2 x has be5 describ$ f ,we/]n & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,halictus is repres5t$ by ab\t ?irty describ$ species2 no?+ has be5 record$ ab\t ! habits ( our species1 b mo/ ( ! ,european =m gall]ies 9 ! gr\nd connect$ ) a l>ge excavation or *amb] 9 :i* ! l>vae are plac$ 9 cells4 ,halictus floralis is a small bee ) a r$di% br[n body2 ! front ( ! head1 ant5nae1 legs1 front & middle ( ?orax are light yell[4 ,h4 bic+ulatus is black ) ! legs r$di% br[n1 & ! segm5tal divisions ( ! abdom5 light col\r$4 ,!y are f\nd on grass & field fl[]s4 ,nomia au/ralica1 "u an in* 9 l5g?1 is common on ! fl[]s ( ! ,leptosp]mum2 x is a dull1 metallic blue bee ) ant5nae1 labrum1 legs1 & extreme tip ( abdom5 r$di% br[n4 ,! latt] has a gre5i% %e51 & is some:at he>t %ap$1 t]m9at+ 9 a f9e po9t4 ,cock]ell has add$ six new species to our li/1 mo/ ( :i* are describ$ f ,que5sl&4 ,exoneura froggatti is a little bee n mu* ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 black ) smoky r+s1 r$di% legs & a curi\sly sack-%ap$ r$di% br[n abdom51 broade/ ne> ! apex1 b contract$ to a po9t at ! tip4 ,i h frequ5tly cut !m out ( small burr[s 9 ! dead /ems ( wattle trees4 ,exoneura bicolor is a slightly l>g] species1 ) a d>k]1 broad] abdom51 & x comes f ,que5sl&4 ,cock]ell has add$ ?ree m new species1 all f ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,! great ,c>p5t] ,bees ( ! ,g5us ,xylocopa are repres5t$ by f\r species1 :i* are m common 9 ,que5sl& & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,au/ralia2 b "o species at lea/1 ,xylocopa ae/uans1 ranges s\?w>ds4 ,x is ( ! typical broad =m ) d>k col\r$ w+s2 ! upp] surface ( ! ?orax is clo!d ) yell[1 o!r portions ) black hairs4 ,xylocopa bryorum is a l>g] species measur+ ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 ) a w+ expanse ( ne>ly two2 ! :ole ( ! upp] surface is ?ickly clo!d ) gold5 yell[ hairs1 ! br[n b5ea? giv+ x a gre5i% t9t4 ,! w+s are light br[n ) black n]vures1 & ! hairs on ! legs & "u-surface are d>k br[n to black4 ,! closely alli$ ,c>p5t] ,bees ( ! ,g5us ,le/is are peculi> to ,au/ralia4 ,! male ( ,le/is bombylans measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a ri* metallic gre51 ) ! front ( ! face /rip$ ) :ite2 ! ?orax & base ( abdom5 are clo!d ) gold5 hairs1 ^? on ! front ( ! ?orax =m+ a d\ble b>2 ! hairs on ! front pair ( legs yell[1 ^? on ! h9d pair black2 ! w+s are br[n ) fa9t iridesc5ce4 ,! female has ! face silv]y1 b no yell[ d[n ^u ! ?orax2 ! abdom5 is deep purple2 & ! w+s almo/ opaque1 v>y+ f d>k br[n to ri* metallic violet col\r 9 diff]5t lights4 ,! second species1 ,le/is a]ata1 is slightly l>g]1 ) ! /ripe on ! face ( ! male yell[1 & all ! legs fr+$ ) yell[ pubesc5ce1 :ile ! female is ( a uni=m brassy gre51 ) w+s light col\r$1 m l ^? ( ! males1 & only %[+ a slight iridesc5ce4 ,bo? species h a wide range2 ^? ab\t ,sydney =m _! ne/s 9 ! dead fl[] /alks ( ! grass trees 7,xan?orrhoea74 ,x beg9s by bor+ a circul> hole #c l9es 9 diamet] t[>ds ! c5tre1 !n turns d[nw>d1 excavat+ all ! pi? to a dep? ( ab\t #d in*es1 & !n works out ab\t ! same di/ance above ! op5+1 s t ! full l5g? ( ! *amb] is #h in*es1 ) an av]age ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is divid$ (f into a r[ ( cells1 ea* ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a ball ( bee bread & an egg deposit$ 9 ! f> end2 ea* cell is sep>at$ by a /\t wad ( triturat$ pi?4 ,i h nev] f\nd ! c5tre ( ! *amb] 9 front ( ! op5+ clos$ up ) cells1 a space always be+ left unoccupi$ on bo? sides4 ,! l>vae are ( ! usual cyl9drical =m1 att5uat$ at ! extremities1 & ( a dull :ite col\r1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & c be f\nd 9 all /ages ( developm5t 9 ,novemb]4 ,! pretty b&$ bees1 =m]ly kn[n "u ! "n ( ,an?ophora1 b n[ plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,podalirius1 are _w wide 9 _! range4 ,all our species h ! head & ?orax clo!d ) a d5se coat ( buff or pale yell[ hairs1 & ! body b&$ ) black & blue ( v>i\s t9ts4 ,podalirius em5datus1 our l>ge/ species1 is f\nd on ! nor!rn riv]s ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & is common 9 ,que5sl&2 x has ! head & ?orax cov]$ ) ru/y r$ pubesc5ce1 & ! l[ abdom9al b&s broad4 ,p4 c+ulatus is slightly small]1 ) ! pubesc5ce pale buff1 ! abdom9al b&s mu* ! same2 ,p4 pul*]1 mu* small]1 ) ! pubesc5ce d>k]1 is our commone/ species ab\t ,sydney4 ,p4 a]ug9osus has ! :ole ( ! abdom5 z well z ! head & ?orax ?ickly clo!d ) a dull gre5i% yell[ pubesc5ce4 ,my specim5s ( ?is species come f ,mackay1 ,que5sl&4 ,five new species are add$ to ?is g5us by ,cock]ell4 ,! ,g5us ,crocisa conta9s a few v h&some mod]ate siz$ bees ( a uni=m black col\r ) smoky r+s1 & brightly m>k$ bodies4 ,crocisa albo-maculata1 our l>ge/ species1 has ! face1 upp] & "u surface1 & legs ?ickly m>k$ & spott$ ) :ite pubesc5ce4 ,x is a some:at r>e insect ab\t ,sydney4 ,c4 lamprosoma is a small] bee ) ! m>ks & spots pale blue1 ^? ^u ! abdom5 =m+ a m regul> patt]n ( f\r well def9$ r[s4 ,9 ,c4 nitidula ! pubesc5ce =ms ri* metallic blue spots & blot*es1 mo/ brilliant on ! upp] surface ( ! abdom51 :]e !y run "r r\nd ! basal segm5t & =m a regul> r[ ( %ort b&s on ei!r side b n meet+ on ! dorsal surface4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,family ,,apidae4 #a4 ,xylocopa ae/uans 7,l9n474 4 #a4 ,xylocopa ae/uans 7,l9n474 4 #b4 ,le/is a]atus 7,smi?74 4 #b4 ,le/is a]atus 7,smi?74 4 #e4 ,crocisa nitidula 7,fabr474 #f4 ,crocisa lamprosoma 7,boisd474 #g4 ,s>apoda bombi=mis 7,smi?74 #h4 ,mega*ile pictiv5tris 7,smi?74 #i4 ,mega*ile blackburni 7,froggatt74 ,family ,,&r5idae4 #c4 ,hyleoides conc9na 7,fabr474 4 #aj4 ,p>acolletes crassipes 7,smi?74 ,family ,,eum5idae4 #d4 ,abispa spl5dida 7,gur974 #aa4 ,odyn]us nigro-c9ctus 7,saussure74 #ab4 ,rhyn*ium mirabile 7,saussure74 #ad4 ,eum5es arcuatus 7,fabr474 ,family ,,sphegidae4 #ac4 ,ammophila impati5s 7,smi?74 ,family ,,philan?idae4 #ae4 ,c]c]is sp4 ,family ,,vespidae4 #af4 ,poli/es tepidus 7,fabr474 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4--,,hym5opt]a4 ,! great ,g5us ,mega*ile conta9s ! leaf-cutt+ bees1 s call$ f ! curi\s habit !y h ( cutt+ circul> pieces out ( ! leaves ( gr[+ plants ) :i* !y l9e _! ne/s2 ^! are sometimes built 9 excavations 9 old walls1 or dead wood1 or simply con/ruct$ l a cig> "u /ones4 ,ab\t #cj species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia2 ! two l>ge/ are ,mega*ile mon/rosa1 figur$ 9 ,br5*ley's 8,cruise ( ! ,curaoa10 publi%$ 9 #ahgc2 & ,m4 blackburni1 describ$ by me f specim5s obta9$ f ,c5tral ,au/ralia by ! ,eld] ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,mega*ile my/acea1 a m$ium siz$ species f\nd 9 ,que5sl& & ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 is also record$ f ,india2 x is black1 ) ! head & face clo!d ) silv]y hairs1 & ! :ole ( ! abdom5 cov]$ ) ri* r$di% br[n pubesc5ce2 :ile ,m4 pictiv5tris has ! h9d m>g9 ( ! ?orax clo!d ) silv]y hairs1 ! apical half ( ! "u-surface ) r$di% br[n hairs :i* ext5d to =m a fr+e r\nd ! extremity4 ,m4 *rysopyga is a native ( ,tasmania & ,victoria4 ,i f\nd a ne/ ( ?is species "u a /one 9 ! latt] ,/ate1 :i* c\ld be lift$ up bodily )\t break+4 ,x 0 ab\t ! %ape & l5g? ( an ord9>y cig>1 & consi/$ ( ab\t n9e cells conta9+ ! l>vae4 ,^! cells1 l a s]ies ( %all[ ?imbles1 7 enfold$ 9 ! out] %ell ( loos] leaf4 ,! ,g5us ,coelioxys comprises a numb] ( curi\s bees t 9 g5]al appe>ance are s v l ! 8leaf cutt]s10 t a ,fr5* naturali/ hav+ br$ "o out ( a ,mega*ile's ne/ describ$ x z ! male =m ( ! species4 ,!y are n[ kn[n to be p>asitic 9 ! ne/s ( ^! bees 9 ,europe1 s t ! simil>ity 9 =m may be ( great protective value to !m4 ,!y diff] *iefly 9 ! =m ( ! abdom51 :i* 9 ! males is produc$ into =k$ sp9es at ! extremity1 & 9 ! females into a %>p po9t4 ,i h two undet]m9$ species 9 my collection f ,que5sl& obta9$ "s ye>s ago1 b until la/ ye> ! pres5ce ( ?is gr\p _h n be5 record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,cock]ell record$ 7#aije7 two species f ?is c\ntry2 ,coelioxys albol9eata1 measur+ ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 comes f ,que5sl&1 & is ( ! usually grey & br[n t9ts4 ,! la/ gr\p we h to deal ) are ! ,au/ralian /+less honey bees1 belong+ to ! ,g5us ,trigona1 :i* range all ov] ,au/ralia4 ,!y collect quantities ( d>k col\r$ some:at acid flav\r$ honey1 :i* !y /ore up 9 little jug-%ap$ cells ( d>k br[n wax1 =m+ an irregul> comb atta*$ to ! walls ( ! cavity 9 :i* !y h con/ruct$ _! hive by a network ( irregul> rods ( wax4 ,!y g5]ally *oose a cavity 9 ! he>t ( a l>ge gum-tree ) a small op5+ f ! outside1 & be=e comm5c+ to make _! comb !y pla/] up all ! cracks & inequalities ( ! *amb] ) ! /icky sap or gum ( ! ,turp5t9e ,tree 7,sync>pia74 ,?is *amb] is usually ab\t ! size ( a man's head1 & ! comb z a rule conta9s n m ?an a p9t or two ( honey4 ,?is is ! typical ne/ f\nd 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 b 9 ! tropical scrubs ( ,nor? ,que5sl& _m ( !m =m a small funnel or sp\t project+ r\nd ! op5+1 compos$ ( a waxy-sub/ance an in* or m 9 l5g?4 ,z ! gre5 tree ants (t5 capture ^! bees & are always sw>m+ ov] ! tree trunks1 ?is is probably a necess>y protection4 ,! honey ga!r]s ( ,trigona c>bon>ia1 our common species1 are black1 ?ickset little bees measur+ ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y are fe>less little creatures :5 at "w1 & w all[ !mselves to be pick$ (f ! fl[]s )\t any attempt to fly4 ,sev]al species h be5 rec5tly add$ to our fauna1 & ?\gh ,dalla-,torre 9 8 ,catalogue places ! memb]s ( ! g5us ,trigona 9 ! ,melipona1 :i* until !n _h only conta9$ ! alli$ /+less bees ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! tropics1 ,cock]ell reta9s !m 9 ! old g5us1 describ+ a new species f ,port ,ess+ton1 & record+ a species kn[n 9 ,ceylon 7,trigona canifrons7 also f ! nor? coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,ord] ,v4--,,coleopt]a4 ,beetles4 ,?is gr\p is ! be/ kn[n ( all ! ord]s1 = ne>ly e entomologi/ />ts collect+ z a 8beetle hunt]40 ,!y are ! mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ because !y are f\nd ev]y:]e2 !re is h>dly a log or /one t does n %elt] "s beetle2 !y infe/ all k9ds ( timb]1 damage ! liv+ trees 9 ! =e/1 dev\r food/uffs1 /or$ gra91 sk9s1 furs & drugs2 o!rs are attract$ to all k9ds ( decay+ animal or vegetable matt]2 :ile hundr$s ei!r 9 ! l>val or p]fect /ate are to be f\nd all ?r\gh ! ye> ^u ! fl[]s1 foliage1 or b>k ( trees & plants4 ,?us !y are readily collect$1 & :5 obta9$ are mu* m easy to look aft] & keep ?an ! m delicate insects1 on acc\nt ( _! /\t horny /ructure4 ,beetles are typical insects 9 t ! head1 ?orax1 & abdom5 are v well def9$1 & c be readily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r2 ! insect is m or less protect$ ) a /\t horny integum5t4 ,b ! jo9ts are flexible1 s t ?\gh ! p>ts fit close & ! body appe>s en%ea!d 9 regul> arm\r plate1 mo/ ( ! species are v active4 ,!y are all furni%$ ) cutt+1 bit+1 or *ew+ jaws1 & are !re=e call$ m&ibulate insects2 & ) v few exceptions h well develop$ eyes & ant5nae1 ! latt] produc$ into all k9ds ( curi\s %apes 9 "s gr\ps1 b usually sl5d]1 fili=m & _m jo9t$4 ,! ?orax consi/s ( "o solid segm5t1 ! ?ree portions1 s app>5t 9 "s insects1 be+ sold]$ toge!r to =m "o uni=m mass :5 view$ f above4 ,! l>ge abdom5 is said to conta9 t5 di/9ct segm5ts on dissection1 b :5 view$ f ! "u-surface g5]ally only five c be se54 ,in/ead ( ! ?9 fly+1 or membran\s =e-w+s ( o!r insects1 ! fir/ pair 9 ! beetles are trans=m$ into two horny plates completely cov]+ ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 & call$ ! elytra4 ,:5 at re/ !y fit close toge!r ov] ! back1 b c be readily op5$ out 9 flight4 ,?\gh ( little use 9 fly+1 !y probably assi/ a l>ge heavy beetle 9 balanc+ or /e]+ ?r\gh ! air1 & always cov] ! two l>ge po9t$ membran\s h9d fly+ w+s1 :i* :5 n 9 use are fold$ up b5ea? !m4 ,9 "s beetles ! elytra are n divid$1 b =m a solid %ield2 & ! h9d w+s are want+1 or if !y exi/ are simple pads4 ,! v>i\s families h ! head1 m\? p>ts1 & legs admirably adapt$ to _! diff]5t habits & diet4 ,_! l>vae are also z v>iable 9 =m z ! p]fect insects2 _m are active1 sl5d] grubs ) ?ree pairs ( legs1 & l>ge p[]ful jaws1 z 9 ! c>nivor\s species2 elongate cyl9drical jo9t$ creatures ) scaly heads1 or %ort & wr9kl$ grubs l ! wood bor]s2 o!rs q slug-l fe$ ^u ! surface ( ! foliage2 & a few are clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,diagram ( a ,wat]-,beetle1 %[+ ! ,dorsal surface4 #a1 ,labrum2 #b1 clypeus2 #c1 head2 #d1 pro?orax2 #e1 maxill>y palpus2 #f1 ant5nae2 #g1 eyes2 #h1 elytron2 #i1 w+s2 #aj1 scutellum2 #aa1 abdom9al segm5ts2 #ab1 scutellum ( ! meta?orax2 #ac1 claws ( ! feet or ! =e leg2 #ad1 t>sus2 #ae1 tibia2 #af1 femur2 #ag1 middle leg2 #ah1 sp9es or spurs on tibia2 #ai1 t>sus2 #bj1 h9d leg4 7,r$rawn f ,we/wood ,griffi?s' ,animal ,k+dom47 ,9 ! pupal /ate1 = all beetles und]go a complete metamorphosis1 !y are inactive1 mummy-l creatures %[+ ! outl9es ( ! future beetle1 ) ! w+s1 ant5nae1 & legs closely fold$ d[n1 & ! :ole envelop$ 9 a ?9 membrane4 ,"s =m regul> cocoons f ! mat]ial among :i* !y fe$2 o!rs seal up at bo? ends ! cavity 9 :i* !y h be5 fe$+ be=e !y pupate2 b _m d n ev5 take ?is precaution4 ,! classification ( ! ,coleopt]a has be5 und]tak5 by _m entomologi/s4 ,9 ,gemm+] & ,h>old's great ,catalogue ( ! ,coleopt]a1 sev5ty-five families 7 enum]at$2 ,%>p has rec5tly adopt$ eighty1 b :5 x comes to ! l>g] sub-divisions none ( !m agree4 ,we/wood 9 8 ,classification has an al>m+ array ( sections1 tribes1 /irps1 & sub-families3 ,kirby gives f\rte5 sections 9 8 ,text ,book2 :ile ,%>p simplifies ! matt] by =m+ six s]ies1 "s ( !m on ! old l9es1 b 8 ?ird s]ies is app>5tly m ( a dump+ gr\nd ?an any?+ else = ^? t w n fit into ! o!r five1 = x includes su* dissimil> families z ! ,/aphyl9idae1 ,bupre/idae1 ,cocc9ellidae & _m o!rs4 ,z ,ma/]s' ,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,coleopt]a ( ,au/ralia is ! li/ us$ by all ,au/ralian collectors1 ,i %all foll[ 8 gr\p+ ( ! families 7orig9ally bas$ on t ( ,gemm+] & ,h>old71 def9+ ! gr\ps ( ea* important or di/9ct family1 ?\gh ?r\gh want ( space _m ( !m c be only briefly notic$4 ,!re h be5 s _m describ]s ( ,au/ralian beetles1 t _! names alone w\ld take "s enum]at+2 s t ,i propose to omit !m "h & notice !m lat] on :5 deal+ ) ! families ^u :i* !y h work$4 ,au/ralia is ri* 9 l>ge & h&some specim5s1 :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( ! coloni/s at a v e>ly date 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 & q a numb] ( collections 7 made & ! specim5s =w>d$ to ,engl&4 ,mo/ ( ! explor+ exp$itions t trav]s$ ! back c\ntry _h a collector ( "s sort on _! /aff1 & x 0 usually beetles t =m$ ! bulk ( ! entomological specim5s obta9$4 ,aga9 ! ,sci5tific ,explor+ ,%ips1 fitt$ out by our own & =eign c\ntries1 t visit$ ! diff]5t ports1 collect$ _m zoological specim5s1 s t _m ( our l>g] beetles 7 kn[n & describ$ _m ye>s ago4 ,ov] #g1bjj are li/$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue1 & s9ce its publication "s ?\s&s h be5 add$ to our li/4 ,family #a4 ,tig] ,beetles4 ,,cic9delidae4 ,?is family is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by ab\t =ty-five species1 *iefly describ$ by ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 & lat] on 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w41 #ahhg-h72 & ,c\nt ,ca/elnau 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,victoria74 ,! typical ,tig] ,beetles are sl5d] graceful insects1 ) broad %ort heads1 furni%$ ) l>ge project+ eyes1 & great p[]ful jaws2 ! ?orax is produc$ into a cyl9drical neck2 & ! %ort r\nd$ elytra cov] l>ge w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,megacephala cyl9drica 7,macleay74 ,! ,metallic ,gre5 ,tig] ,beetle4 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,! l>vae are elongat$ creatures1 ) l>ge curv+ jaws2 !y live 9 burr[s 9 ! gr\nd1 g5]ally 9 ! vic9ity ( a wat]hole or creek :]e !re is a s&y %ore2 "h !y rema9 hidd5 dur+ ! day1 & come out at night to capture & dev\r ! less p[]ful insects !y come across4 ,"o ( our l>ge/ & mo/ h&some species is ,megacephala cyl9drica1 f\nd 9 ! we/]n c\ntry1 :]e x hides deep d[n 9 ! cracks ( ! soil2 x lives *iefly ^u ants4 ,x measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a ri* metallic gre5 col\r3 ! m\?1 ant5nae & legs are br[ni% yell[4 ,a second species1 ,m4 fr5*i1 has be5 rec5tly describ$ by ,sloane1 & ranges f ,nor? ,we/ ,que5sl& into ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,tetra*a conta9s a numb] ( h&some1 %ort]1 broad-bodi$ ,tig] ,beetles ) gre5 metallic t9ts & r$di% br[n or yell[ legs1 & simil> col\r$ m>k+s on ! w+ cov]s4 ,!y =m burr[s1 l _! l>vae1 along ! s&y m>g9s ( riv]s & wat]-holes1 com+ out & runn+ along ! wat]'s edge at twilight1 & (t5 fly+ into ! lamp at night4 ,tetra*a au/ralis has a wide range f ! ,murray riv] to ! int]ior2 ,i h dug !m out ( ! s& r\nd an artesian bore ne> ! ,que5sl& bord]4 ,x is small] ?an ! previ\sly describ$ "o1 :i* x some:at resembles 9 g5]al col\r1 b c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! l>g] jaws1 %ort] body1 & ! elytra tipp$ ) yell[ ne> ! apex4 ,t4 au/ralasiae & ,t4 hopei are small] species1 dull gre51 m>k$ ) r$di% br[n on ! w+ cov]s2 !y are f\nd 9 ,nor? ,we/ ,au/ralia1 :ile sev]al o!r species are record$ f ,que5sl&4 ,! ,cic9dela are n common ab\t ,sydney2 two species1 h[ev]1 are to be f\nd2 ,cic9dela ypsilon1 ab\t an in* long1 is s nam$ f ! d>k m>k+s on ! cream-col\r$ w+ cases resembl+ ! ,greek ,e2 !y are to be f\nd runn+ ab\t on ! sea%ore 9 hundr$s 9 midsumm]1 & c easily be caught by ?r[+ a h&ful ( s& ov] !m3 ?\gh s num]\s1 ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d _! l>vae4 ,9 captivity "o ate raw beef q readily1 bury+ its jaw 9 ! /range food & suck+ up ! juice4 ,c4 circumc9cta is a smoo?1 d>k gre5 beetle ) ! out] edges ( ! w+ cov]s m>k$ ) yell[2 x is sometimes tak5 ab\t ,sydney1 b is n v common4 ,! smalle/ ,au/ralian species is ,c4 t5uicollis1 describ$ by ,macleay f specim5s ,i collect$ on a s&y flat ne> ! ,b>ri] ,ranges 9 ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia2 x is a ri*1 metallic r$ insect ) sl5d] legs & small ?orax4 ,on a s&y road ne> ,cairns1 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 sev]al small species 7 s pl5tiful t !y (t5 flew up 9 cl\ds1 & ,i h tak5 scores 9 half an h\r ) a butt]fly net4 ,! tropical ,g5us ,di/ypsid]a is repres5t$ by ab\t a doz5 species1 *iefly conf9$ to ,nor? ,que5sl&1 :]e !y hunt ov] ! /ems ( trees2 :5 approa*$ !y run r\nd ! trunk to keep out ( sight2 !y are broad] & m ?ickset ?an ! ,cic9dela1 & _! eyes are v l>ge & prom95t2 ,d4 flavicans is ! only "o t comes d[n z f> z ,nor!rn ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! rese>*es ( ,hack] 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& h add$ sev]al new & int]e/+ species ( ,tig] ,beetles f ! ,co5 ,riv]1 "s ( :i* are closely alli$ to ,new ,gu9ea =ms4 ,family #b4 ,c>nivor\s ,gr\nd ,beetles4 ,,c>abidae4 ,^! are broad] & ?ick] set ?an ! ,cic9delidae1 v>y+ 9 size f sev]al in*es to a l9e 9 l5g?2 ! head is small] ?an ! ?orax2 & mo/ ( !m are black or r$di% br[n1 :ile o!rs are ri*ly m>k$ ) metallic t9ts4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry1 hid+ "u logs or /ones dur+ ! day & hunt+ ov] ! gr\nd at night3 :5 camp$ 9 ! bu%1 :]e logs are pl5tiful1 ! entomologi/ c (t5 trap _m int]e/+ species by s9k+ empty t9s into ! soil1 into :i* !y readily tumble4 ,! l>vae are sl5d] creatures ) ?ree pairs ( simple legs2 _! bodies are protect$ ) /\t horny plates1 & ! head is furni%$ ) l>ge p[]ful jaws2 !y are f\nd 9 ! same situations z ! adult beetles1 & dev\r all k9ds ( insects t !y c capture2 ! l>g] ones ev5 eat small frogs4 ,?is family has be5 divid$ into a great numb] ( sub-families :i* x is h>dly necess>y to enum]ate "h4 ,au/ralia is v ri* 9 ,c>abidae2 ov] #a1fjj species h be5 describ$4 ,*audoir describ$ _m 9 ,russian & ,belgian2 ,newman1 ,we/wood1 ,pascoe1 ,hope1 & ,bates 9 ,engli%2 ,ca/elnau1 ,macleay1 & ,sloane 9 ,au/ralian sci5tific j\rnals2 s t ! lit]ature deal+ ) ^! beetles is v scatt]$1 b ! ref]5ces c be f\nd 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue4 ,calosoma s*ay]i is our type ( ?is cosmopolitan g5us4 ,!y live 9 cavities 9 cultivat$ fields1 & are v useful insects :]e num]\s1 = !y dev\r ! l>vae & pupae ( _m species ( cut-worms4 ,x measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 has a small head1 n>r[ r\nd$ ?orax1 & v broad1 %ort1 r\nd$ abdom52 ! :ole is bright metallic gre54 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & may sometimes be ev5 tak5 9 ! ,sydney /reets4 ,! ,g5us ,pamborus conta9s _m di/9ctive black beetles1 "s ( :i* are m>k$ ) copp]y gre5 t9ts2 !y measure up to #a in* 9 l5g?1 & are broad 9 proportion4 ,:5 captur$1 _m ( !m dis*>ge an acrid fluid or gas t /a9s ! f+]s r$di% br[n4 ,pamborus viridis is black1 ) ! w+ cov]s ?ickly ridg$ ) p>allel punctur$ /riae m>k$ ) gre54 ,p4 alt]nans is a l>g] beetle1 #a in*es long1 ) ! same small head1 & r\nd$ ?orax tap]+ & n>r[ beh9d2 ! copp]y-t9t$ elytra h v broad p>allel ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ef-ei4--,typical ,c>abidae4 #ef4 ,helluo co/atus 7,bonelli74 ,! ,des]t-,c>ab4 #eh4 ,hyp]ion s*roett]i 7,s*reib474 ,! ,=e/-,c>ab4 #eg4 ,tri*o/]nus r5>di 7,*aud474 ,! ,scrub-,c>ab4 #ei4 ,catadromus au/ralis 7,ca/eln474 ,! ,swamp-,c>ab4 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,drypta au/ralis is a small beetle ab\t #e l9es 9 l5g?2 x has a po9t$ head1 l>ge project+ eyes1 & ! ?orax =ms a cyl9drical neck h>dly broad] ?an ! head2 ! w+ cov]s d n q cov] ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,9 g5]al col\r x is yell[i% br[n1 ) ! ant5nae1 legs1 a broad /ripe d[n ! c5tre & ! edges ( ! w+ cov]s d>k purple to black2 ! w+ cov]s are v f9ely /riat$ & punctur$4 ,!y live on ! edges ( swamps1 & sometimes fly into ! lamp at night4 ,a beetle ) a v wide range is ,helluo co/atus2 x is a m$ium siz$ br[n beetle2 ! head & ?orax are ab\t ! same l5g?1 ! latt] r\nd$ on ei!r side 9 front b n>r[$ beh9d2 ! w+ cov]s are flatt5$1 broadly ridg$1 & n rea*+ to ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,ph]opsophus v]ticalis 7,dejean74 ,! ,yell[ ,bomb>di] ,beetle :i* dis*>ges an acrid gas :5 di/urb$4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,our ,common 8,bomb>di] ,beetle10 ,ph]opsophus v]ticalis1 is ano!r widely di/ribut$ species2 x measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a g5]al d>k br[n t9t1 ) ! head1 ant5nae1 & ?orax dull yell[2 ! w+ cov]s1 :i* d n rea* to ! tip ( ! abdom51 are blot*$ on ei!r side & ! tip ) ! same col\r4 ,x c be f\nd 9 any damp spot "u /ones or logs2 & z soon z di/urb$1 x dis*>ges a small cl\d ( vap\r ) a di/9ct report1 & :i* feels q w>m to ! f+]s4 ,! ,g5us ,scopodes conta9s a numb] ( t9y beetles t are common on ! pla9s & ab\t crabholes & swamps4 ,scopodes sigillatus has ! w+ cov]s r\gh5$1 & measures ab\t #b l9es 9 l5g?2 ) its l>ge project+ eyes x might be mi/ak5 = a small ,tig] ,beetle4 ,we n[ come to a gr\p1 ,,pseudomorphides1 compris+ a numb] ( g5]a t live "u ! loose b>k on tree trunks2 !y h adapt$ !mselves to _! conf9$ hid+ places1 s t !y h become flatt5$ & r\nd$1 & ev5 rem>kable 9 col\ration2 & s1 unless a collector c>efully exam9es !m1 he w\ld nev] at fir/ sight ?9k ( includ+ !m among ! ,c>abidae4 ,! ,g5us ,silphomorpha1 9 :i* ov] #dj species h be5 describ$1 are yell[ & black1 or yell[ & br[n beetles up to an in* 9 l5g?2 all _! p>ts fit close toge!r into a convex or oval =m v l "s ( ! wat]-beetles4 ,silphomorpha colymbetoides & ,s4 nitiduloides are f\nd ab\t ,sydney4 ,! fir/ has ! head & ?orax r$di% br[n1 ! elytra pale yell[ broadly blot*$ 9 ! c5tre ) black3 ! second1 mu* l>g] 7 ( an in* 9 l5g?7 is blacki%1 & ! c5tre only ( ea* w+ cov] blot*$ ) dull yell[4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,adelotopus are mo/ly black1 n>r[1 & %ield-%ap$1 ) ! tips ( ! w+ cov]s truncat$2 :ile 9 ,philophloeus1 ?\gh v ?9 & flatt5$1 !y h ! head & ?orax well divid$ f ! broad abdom52 & are dull yell[1 /rip$1 & b>r$ ) d>k] br[n4 ,turn+ f ^! we come to ! giant ( all our c>abs1 ,hyp]ion s*roett]i1 :i* lives 9 cavities 9 tree trunks1 :]e x is (t5 f\nd by splitt]s 9 ! r$ gum =e/s 9 ,victoria & ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,i h tak5 x at night r\nd ! camp fire on ! ,murray frontage4 ,x is %9+ black1 & measures #b in*es 9 l5g?1 b be+ n>r[ 9 proportion x appe>s mu* long] ?an x really is2 :ile ) its l>ge elongate head & imm5se jaws x is a v =midable-look+ creature4 ,! next 9 ord] is a l>ge & int]e/+ gr\p1 ! ,,sc>itides1 :i* are n only w+less1 b h ! w+ cov]s sold]$ toge!r into "o solid arm\r plate2 _! legs are adapt$ = digg+1 & _m ( !m live 9 und]gr\nd tunnels ( consid]able l5g?4 ,9 mo/ species ! head1 arm$ ) l>ge p[]ful jaws1 fits close into ! ?orax1 s t !y move toge!r2 & 9 "s gr\ps ! insect appe>s to be =m$ only ( two p>ts1 = ! head & ?orax tak5 toge!r are z long & broad z ! abdom54 ,aft] a heavy fall ( ra9 9 ! int]ior1 "s species may be f\nd 9 numb]s "u logs & /ones1 driv5 out ( _! holes & deep burr[s4 ,!y are mu* s\ght aft] by collectors2 & ,macleay1 ,blackburn1 & ,sloane h describ$ a numb] ( curi\s species4 ,eutoma t9ctilatum1 f\nd ab\t ,sydney1 & typical ( ! elongate sl5d] ,sc>itides1 0 describ$ by ,newman _m ye>s ago1 & figur$ by ,we/wood 9 8 8,arcana ,entomologica #ahda02 x is a %9+ black beetle ab\t #h l9es 9 l5g?4 ,c>5um bonelli1 ! commone/ ,sydney species ( ?is g5us1 measures ab\t ( an in* & is broad 9 proportion2 x is black1 ) bright metallic gre5 t9ts on ?orax & elytra4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,philoscaphus are %ort & broad1 ) ! elytra cov]$ ) r[s ( w>ts4 ,p4 tub]culatus has a wide range ov] ! we/]n c\ntry2 x measures ov] #a in* 9 l5g?2 is black2 ! head & ?orax are broad] ?an ! body2 ! latt] oval1 ) ! elytra f9ely rugose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,euryscaphus lobicollis 7,sloane74 ,! ,great ,gr\nd ,sc>itid ,beetle1 f\nd 9 ! int]ior4 ,! ,g5us ,euryscaphus conta9s ! giants ( ! gr\p4 ,euryscaphus titanus1 a %9+ black beetle1 is ne>ly #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & measures ( an in* across ! elytra2 :ile ,e4 lobicollis1 a small] beetle1 has ! body /ill broad] 9 proportion to its size2 bo? ^! & sev]al o!r f9e species are n uncommon on ! ,we/]n ,au/ralian goldfields ab\t ,kalgoorlie4 ,! alli$ ,,cliv9ides1 rec5tly monograph$ by ,sloane 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif7 are l elongate m9iature ,c>5ums furni%$ ) dilat$ =e-legs adapt$ = digg+2 !y are g5]ally tak5 along ! edges ( swamps & wat]c\rses "u logs or ! debris on ! s(t mud4 ,!y are _w wide 9 _! di/ribution1 & are mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! w>m] portions ( ! globe3 ,au/ralia is ri* 9 species3 ,sloane li/s #ee species 9 8 pap]4 ,cliv9a basalis has a wide range ov] ,s4 ,au/ralia1 ,victoria1 & ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x measures in*2 is black1 ) ! basal portion ( ! elytra & ! legs r$4 ,c4 au/ralasiae1 slightly l>g]1 is all black2 x has a simil> range1 & is also record$ f ,new ,zeal& & ,"l ,h[e ,isl&4 ,! next gr\p comprise ! typical ,*la5ius2 !y are r long-legg$ beetles ) a small head & some:at he>t-%ap$ ?orax =m+ a slight neck beh9d1 & ) a broad1 oval1 convex abdom54 ,!y are active beetles1 g5]ally f\nd "u /ones or wood ne> wat]-holes2 _m ( !m h a gre5i% dull metallic t9t4 ,*la5ius puncticeps is black1 ) ! legs & an irregul> blot* at ! apical half ( ea* w+ cov] dull yell[4 ,c4 maculif]1 f ,que5sl&1 is small]2 ,c4 laeteviridis is dull gre5 ) ! edges ( ! w+ cov]s yell[2 ,c4 m>g9atus is a l>g] & bright] gre5 beetle ) ! w+ cov]s m>k$ ) yell[ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,promecod]us concolor1 typical ( ! g5us1 is a %9+ black beetle ab\t in* 9 l5g?1 ( a curi\s cyl9drical %ape ) ! head turn$ d[n 9 front4 ,^! beetles are f\nd all ov] ! int]ior 9 dry c\ntry "u /ones or logs4 ,! alli$ ,g5us ,p>roa 0 =m$ by ,ca/elnau = sev]al curi\s beetles tak5 9 ! int]ior ne> ! ,p>oo ,riv]4 ,p>roa noctis1 f ,kalgoorlie1 ,w4,a41 measures ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 & is a r\nd$ solid-look+ black beetle4 ,! bulk ( ! species once includ$ 9 ! ,g5us ,h>palus is n[ divid$ up into a numb] ( gr\ps2 mo/ ( ! small black c>abs runn+ ab\t 9 ! suburban g>d5s 9 ! e>ly summ] belong to ?is division4 ,! ,,f]onides comprise a numb] ( our l>ge/ c>abs3 ,catadromus au/ralis measures ne>ly #b in*es 9 l5g?1 is broad 9 proportion2 x is %9+ black ) ! w+ cov]s broadly ridg$1 & _! m>g9s & ! h9d portion ( ! ?orax ri*ly m>k$ ) bright metallic gre54 ,c4 lacordairei is small]1 & simil> 9 g5]al =m1 ) ! ?orax small] & ! metallic col\ration on ! ?orax runn+ "r r\nd to ! h9d m>g9 ( ! head4 ,bo? ^! beetles are f\nd along ! edges ( swamps & lagoons 9 ! ,murray c\ntry liv+ "u dead logs1 :]e _! black b&$ l>vae may also be f\nd1 sometimes fea/+ on small frogs4 ,all ! beetles kn[n "u ! ,g5]a ,homalosoma & ,tri*i/]nus h be5 plac$ 9 ! new ,g5us ,ca/elnaudia by ! ,russian entomologi/ ,ts*its*]9i1 z bo? ! =m] names 7 preoccupi$4 ,?is gr\p conta9s _m l>ge h&some beetles1 *iefly conf9$ to our coa/al =e/ c\ntry1 :]e !y live "u dead logs4 ,ca/elnaudia r5>di is "o ( ! common species 9 ! ,twe$ ,riv] scrubs2 x measures #a in*es 9 l5g?2 is black ) ! p>allel /riae on ! elytra widely ap>t2 ! head v l>ge1 is turn$ d[n & furni%$ ) long p[]ful jaws4 ,c4 imp]iale1 f ,s\!rn ,que5sl&1 is a v h&some species2 x is ab\t ! same size z ! =m] b has ! ?orax & elytra m flatt5$2 & ! head1 ?orax1 & m>g9s ( ! w+ cov]s are ri* metallic gre54 ,9 ,novemb] ,i took sev]al specim5s on ! top ( ,mt4 ,tamb\r9e1 ,s4 ,que5sl&1 "u deeply buri$ logs by ! roadside1 :]e !y live 9 broad excavat$ gall]ies2 9 two ne/s ,i f\nd ?ree l>vae & eggs4 ,! =m]1 probably by _! size only a few weeks old1 7 elongate1 flatt5$1 light br[n to o*re\s col\r$ creatures1 ) ! head & dorsal surface ( segm5ts *ocolate br[n4 ,! head is broad] ?an long1 flatt5$1 & furni%$ ) long curv$ br[n jaws1 & has also a /\t incurv$ too? ne> ! base ( ea* jaw4 ,!y 7 v active creatures & liv$ = ov] a mon? 9 captivity4 ,! eggs 7 dull yell[1 ( an in* long1 broadly r\nd$1 & 7 enclos$ 9 a ?9 clay %ell l ! r9d ( an orange4 ,! ,g5us ,notonomus has be5 rec5tly revis$ by ,sloane 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijb72 9 ?is pap] he enum]at$ #gb species1 a numb] ( !m previ\sly undescrib$4 ,^! beetles are apt]\s1 & conf9$ to ! coa/al =e/s ( ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,sloane says3 8,f ! ,grampians 9 ,we/]n ,victoria1 along ! coa/ ( ,ea/]n ,au/ralia z f> nor? z ! ,burnett ,riv] 9 ,que5sl&1 & _m species are v re/rict$ 9 _! range40 ,notonomus au/ralasiae is "o ( ! commone/ species ar\nd ,sydney2 x measures "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a uni=m black col\r2 ! broad ?orax is arcuate beh9d ! head1 swell+ out & broadly r\nd$ on ! sides2 x has a ri* blue metallic t9t1 & a di/9ct m$ium suture2 ! w+ cov]s are di/9ctly /riat$1 =m+ broad p>allel ridges4 ,pass+ ov] a numb] ( m or less important g5]a we f9i% ) ! ,g5us ,bembidium1 :i* conta9s a numb] ( small active beetles g5]ally f\nd along ! edges ( swamps4 ,b4 ocellatum is a %9+ black beetle "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a broad head1 & ! ?orax r\nd$ on ! h9d m>g94 ,family #c4 ,wat] ,beetles4 ,,dytiscidae4 ,?is gr\p conta9s ! fir/ division ( ! ,wat] ,beetles2 ^! h ! ant5nae b>e & fili=m2 %ort palpi & undivid$ eyes2 ! legs fr+$ ) hairs1 ! front pair n long] ?an ! h9d pair1 adapt$ = swimm+4 ,!y live 9 ! wat] bo? 9 ! l>val & beetle /age2 ! =m] are sl5d]1 elongate creatures1 ) a body consi/+ ( twelve segm5ts2 ! head is broad & furni%$ ) p[]ful holl[ jaws2 !y are v voraci\s creatures1 dev\r+ all sorts ( aquatic insects1 & ev5 ! small] & weak] ( _! own species4 ,:5 full gr[n !y pupate 9 cells :i* !y =m 9 ! s(t mud4 ,^! beetles are p]fectly at home 9 ! wat]1 & brea! by com+ to ! surface2 turn+ head d[nw>ds1 & ) ! tip ( ! w+ cov]s slightly rais$1 !y draw 9 a supply ( air :i* occupies a cavity on ! back1 & :5 ! elytra are clos$ d[n1 ! beetle c rema9 "u wat] until ! supply is exhau/$4 ,_m species c be easily captur$ 9 ! wat] ) a small h&-net2 on a w>m summ] night numb]s leave ! wat] & come fly+ 9 to ! light$ lamps4 ,_m are v small1 few ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 !y are q z num]\s 9 ! cold] wat]s ( ! globe z 9 ! tropics1 & _m species h a v wide di/ribution4 ,we h repres5tatives ( mo/ ( ! typical g5]a2 our species h be5 describ$ by ,cl>k 7,j\rnal ( ,entomology #ahfb71 & ,%>p 7,trans4 ,dubl9 ,soc4 #ahhb74 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,bidessus are small1 br[n1 boat-%ap$ beetles n mu* ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 ab\t #ah species are li/$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue2 ,bidessus bi/rigatus has ! head m>k$ ) black & ! w+ cov]s cl\d$ ) d>k br[n2 x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,antiphorus gilb]ti is m ?an twice ! size1 has ! w+ cov]s mottl$1 & is common 9 ! wat]s ( ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,macroporus h[etti is d>k br[n1 m %9+ & slightly l>g]1 ! d>k m>k+s =m+ two irregul> black b&s connect$ by a dorsal /ripe4 ,hydroporus coll>is1 f ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 measures "u #b l9es 9 l5g?2 x is all black ) ! dorsal surface convex & f9ely rugose4 ,platynectis #aj-punctata 0 describ$ by ,fabricius at a v e>ly date f ,au/ralia2 x is common along ! edges ( ! ,murray lagoons1 :]e x is to be f\nd 9 ! s(t mud "u ! wat]-we$s4 ,x is a smoo?1 %9+ black beetle1 ) v convex w+ cov]s4 ,rhantus pubesc5s is an oval beetle1 "u an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a dull br[n col\r1 ) ! :ole ( ! w+ cov]s granulat$ ) black4 ,colymbetes lanceolatus is a m elongate insect ( a simil> br[n col\r1 ! back ( ! head & w+ cov]s m>k$ ) irregul> p>allel black l9es1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle4 ,copelatus acuductus is a l>g] %9+ black beetle1 typical ( ! g5us1 ( :i* ab\t tw5ty species are describ$ f ?is c\ntry4 ,cybi/] tripunctatus is "o ( our l>ge/ species2 x measures ov] #a in*1 & is broad & flatt5$ 9 proportion2 x is ( a blacki% or d>k olive col\r1 m>g9$ "r r\nd f ! front ( ! head to ! tips ( ! w+ cov]s ) a dull yell[ /ripe4 ,z *ildr5 we (t5 pull$ ^! beetles out ( ! wat] hang+ on to ! bait us$ = cat*+ crayfi%1 & we call$ !m 8clocks10 :y ,i d n "k4 ,?is species has a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & x is record$ f ,"l ,h[e ,isl&4 ,x 0 once kn[n "u ! "n ( ,c4 gayndah5sis4 ,a second species has be5 describ$ by ,blackburn "u ! "n ( ,c4 granulatus f ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,eretes au/ralis is ano!r widely di/ribut$ species2 x measures ab\t an in*2 is broad & flatt5$1 & is ( a g5]al yell[i% br[n t9t1 m>k$ ) black betwe5 ! eyes1 & ! w+ cov]s are f9ely punctur$ ) close black spots4 ,family #d4 ,:irligig ,beetles4 ,,gyr9idae4 ,?is family1 small 9 numb] ( species1 is well kn[n to all lov]s ( ,nature1 = x conta9s ! wat] beetles t float ab\t 9 %oals on ! m>g9 ( any quiet /ream or wat]hole1 or d>t ab\t l bits ( silv]1 twi/+ & turn+ r\nd 9 mo/ rem>kable gyrations1 f :i* !y take ! popul> "n ( ,:irligig ,beetles4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ! la/ family 7:i* !y resemble 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t7 9 hav+ v %ort ant5nae2 ! =e-legs mu* long] ?an ! two h9d pairs2 & 9 hav+ ! eyes on ei!r side divid$1 ?us hav+ two eyes look+ d[n into ! wat] & two above1 s t !y c see bo? sides at ! same "t1 an admirable adaptation ( vision = beetles liv+ s mu* on ! surface ( ! wat] & liable to be attack$ f above or bel[4 ,! tip ( ! body is n cov]$ by ! elytra1 & :5 div+ d[nw>d !y c>ry a bubble ( air atta*$ to ! extremity4 ,^! beetles are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & h be5 describ$ by ,cl>k previ\sly m5tion$1 ,regimb>t 7,annals ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france #ahhb71 ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 & ,boisduval 9 ! 8,entomology ( ! voyage de l',a/rolabe40 ,our common species ab\t ,sydney1 ,macrogyrus canaliculatus1 is ( ! usual boat-%ap$ =m1 silv]y black1 ) ! w+ cov]s f9ely /riat$2 x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?4 ,m4 oblongus is a some:at small] species n s broad 9 =m2 is br[n]1 & ! w+ cov]s are v slightly /riat$2 x is also f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,m4 p>adoxus 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,regimb>t f ,au/ralia ) no exact locality1 b ,i h collect$ x on ! ,nor? ,we/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 & se5 o!rs f ,s\!rn ,que5sl&1 s t x has a wide range4 ,x is n mu* ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is d>k olive2 ! out] m>g9 is dull yell[1 & x has a few f9e /riae on ei!r side ( ! elytra4 ,i h f\nd ! pupae ( "o species1 probably ,m4 oblongus1 9 clay cells atta*$ to a bit ( bo>d on ! bank ( a wat]hole 9 ! we/]n c\ntry ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #e4 ,clubb$-horn$ ,wat] ,beetles4 ,,hydrophilidae4 ,?is family is also kn[n "u ! ,gr\p ,palpicorna 9 ref]5ce to ! clubb$ ant5nae1 & made to include a second family1 :i* are v closely alli$ b are t]re/ial 9 _! habits4 ,^! beetles h five jo9t$ t>si2 %ort clubb$ ant5nae1 ) ! palpi sl5d] & mu* long] ?an ! ant5nae4 ,mo/ ( ! beetles are veget>ian 9 _! diet1 ?\gh _m ( !m 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! exi/5ce are c>nivor\s4 ,^! are ! l>ge/ ( ! ,wat] ,beetles2 & ! typical species are ovate & v convex 9 =m2 ! ?orax v broad2 ! tibiae slightly sp9$ on ! edges1 t]m9at+ 9 a /\t] sp9e at ! apex2 ! t>si ciliat$4 ,!y are poor swimm]s :5 comp>$ ) ! two la/ gr\ps4 ,mo/ ( our species h be5 describ$ by ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 & ,blackburn 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahhh74 ,hydrophilus latipalpus is ( ! usual boat-%ap$ =m2 %9+ black2 & ! w+ cov]s are v f9ely m>k$ ) punctur$ p>allel /riae4 ,x measures ne>ly #a in*es1 & is f\nd ab\t ,sydney4 ,h4 albipes is a mu* small] beetle ( simil> =m & col\r2 x is f\nd 9 ! ,murray ,riv] di/ricts4 ,family #f4 ,rove ,beetles4 ,,/aphyl9idae4 ,^! peculi> beetles c be readily di/+ui%$ f mo/ ( ! o!r families by _! abbreviat$ elytra1 :i* d n protect m ?an a ?ird ( ! abdom5 leav+ ! h9d portion q b>e2 :ile ! well develop$ h9d w+s are tuck$ away out ( sight "u !m1 b c be quickly ext5d$ & us$ = flight4 ,! apical segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are v flexible1 & mo/ species h ! habit ( turn+ up ! tip ( ! body :5 runn+ along2 o!rs h ! p[] ( dis*>g+ a /rong sc5t1 9 "s cases ) q a pleasant od\r4 ,!y are sl5d] elongate insects ) /\t jaws1 & ! ant5nae ?ick5$ or clubb$ at ! extremities2 ! t>sal jo9ts are v>iable 9 numb]4 ,rove ,beetles are f\nd 9 _m diff]5t situations1 b *iefly ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( manure1 decay+ vegetable matt]1 dead animals1 & ev5 on ! sea%ore hid+ "u /ones & seawe$1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m only seek ^! places to dev\r o!r small creatures1 = !y are c>nivor\s 9 _! habits4 ,"s ( ! =eign species are f\nd liv+ 9 ! ne/s ( ants1 b ,i d n ?9k any ) ?is peculi>ity h be5 record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,! pr9cipal writ]s on our ,/aphyl9idae are ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 & ,fauvel 9 8 "w on 8,les ,/aphyl9ides de l',au/ralie et de la ,polynesie0 7#ahgh74 ,9 #ahhf ,olliff comm5c$ 8 revision ( ! ,/aphyl9idae ( ,au/ralia 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc471 b ?is only ran into ! ?ird "p & 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,o!rs h be5 describ$ by ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahhg74 ,ab\t #djj species h be5 record$ f ?is c\ntry repres5t+ mo/ ( ! typical sub-families4 ,! ,g5us ,aleo*>a conta9s a numb] ( small %ort black beetles ) ?ick5$ ant5nae2 ^? 9 ,homalota are ev5 small] b m sl5d]2 sev]al species are f\nd "u c[dung4 ,qu$ius luridip5nis measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! %9+ black head & ?orax are almo/ globul>1 ! latt] ! l>g]2 ! broad flatt5$ =e w+s are r$2 ! m>g9s ( ! abdom5 are flang$ & slightly sp9$1 & ! tip fr+$ ) ?ree tufts ( bri/les4 ,! ,devil's ,coa*-horse1 ,creophilus ery?rocephalus1 is our l>ge/ common species & has a v wide range2 x measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g? & is v broad 9 proportion2 its g5]al col\r is black ) ! head bright r$1 ! eyes & a r\nd$ spot betwe5 !m black2 ! elytra h a metallic purple t9t4 ,x c be (t5 f\nd 9 /ables1 or hunt+ r\nd dead animals 9 ! bu%2 :5 di/urb$ x cocks up its head1 turn+ up ! tip ( its body at ! same "t 9 a v comical mann]1 f :i* habit ! alli$ ,european species has probably d]iv$ ! above popul> "n4 ,act9us macleayi is slightly long] b m sl5d]1 & is our mo/ beautiful species ( ?is some:at dull col\r$ family2 ! head & ?orax are ri* metallic copp]y gre51 ! elytra deep metallic purple2 ! basal portion ( ! abdom5 is black1 & ! tip1 ant5nae1 & legs bright yell[4 ,x is a native ( ! tropical scrubs ( ,nor? ,que5sl&2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairns ,i captur$ specim5s 9 t9s ,i _h bait$ ) bits ( meat & _h sunk 9 ! gr\nd to trap ,c>abidae1 & into :i* !y _h be5 attract$ by ! food4 ,xan?ol9us ery?rocephalus lives 9 ! /ems ( rott+ grass trees1 :]e ! beetles c be collect$ 9 all /ages ( developm5t2 ! beetle measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a mu* m elongate =m2 black2 ! elytra dull r$1 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 yell[4 ,pa$]us cru5ticollis is "o ( our commone/ species1 & is (t5 f\nd "u /ones 9 ! bu%2 x is a v di/9ctly m>k$ little beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 sl5d] 9 =m ) long ?ick5$ ant5nae2 black1 ) ! ?orax & c5tre ( ! abdom5 r$1 & ! elytra deep metallic blue4 ,s>tellus signatus is a curi\s little yell[ beetle q unlike ! typical ,rove ,beetle2 x is %ort & r\nd$ 9 =m1 ) ! =e w+s mu* long] ?an usual2 is ( a uni=m light yell[ col\r1 ) a curi\s r$di% br[n m>k 9 ! c5tre ( ea* elytron4 ,x is common on our s&y bea*es1 :]e x hides "u ! seawe$ & rubbi% & fe$s *iefly ^u dead b>nacles4 ,family #g4 ,ant ,beetles4 ,,pselaphidae ,?is gr\p includes a numb] ( small beetles t h ! elytra usually n cov]+ m ?an half ( ! abdom9al segm5ts2 ! ant5nae ?ick5$ t[>d ! tips2 maxill>y palpi l>ge1 & ! t>si ?ree jo9t$4 ,! ord9>y collector is v apt to pass ov] ^! small creatures1 b _m int]e/+ =ms are f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry by sift+ rubbi%1 or exam9+ debris along ! wat]'s edge1 :i* c be ga!r$ up 9 a /\t bag & aft]w>ds %ak5 ov] a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,i h captur$ !m along ! edges ( lagoons 9 summ] "t by p\r+ buckets ( wat] ov] ! dry crack$ mud1 & z !y 7 dr[n$ out ga!r+ !m into small tubes4 ,!y c also be tak5 ) a sweep+ net :5 on ! w+2 9 ,europe _m species are f\nd 9 ants' ne/s4 ,we/wood believes t !y fe$ *iefly ^u ,ac>i & o!r small creatures4 ,l>ge numb]s h be5 describ$ f ?is c\ntry1 *iefly ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,k+ 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfe74 ,messrs4 ,%>p1 ,we/wood1 ,s*auf]s & ,blackburn add$ to ?is numb]2 :ile 9 #aijj ,raffray publi%$ 8 ,monograph on ! family 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj71 9 :i* he describ$ #de new species1 & br+s ! numb] kn[n up to #bjj4 ,pselaphus l9eatus1 a r$di% beetle1 measures #a l9es 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd ab\t ,sydney2 x has a wide range ov] ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,lea 7,pro4 ,royal ,soc4 ,victoria #aije7 records f\r species ( ! ,g5us ,artic]us f\nd 9 ants' ne/s1 all ( :i* appe> to h a wide range2 ,a4 curvicornis1 orig9ally describ$ by ,we/wood f ants' ne/s 9 ,melb\rne1 is also f\nd 9 ,tasmania1 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #h4 ,comb-horn$ ,beetles4 ,,paussidae4 ,^! are rem>kable look+ beetles1 easily di/+ui%$ by _! broad flatt5$ too!d ant5nae curv+ r\nd on ei!r side4 ,! head is %ort & angul> on ! sides2 ! ?orax flatt5$2 & ! elongate elytra truncate at ! apex & n q cov]+ ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,mo/ ( ! species are ( mod]ate size1 & r$di% br[n 9 col\r2 !y are conf9$ *iefly to ,africa1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ,au/ralia4 ,mo/ ( ! ,african species are said to dwell 9 ants' ne/s1 b ?\gh ,i h _h sev]al records ( species be+ f\nd "u /ones 9 ants' ne/s1 mo/ ( ours are f\nd "u logs1 b>k1 or crawl+ ab\t on ! grass or gr\nd4 ,?is family attract$ ! notice ( entomologi/s at a v e>ly date2 ,latreille =m$ ! family to conta9 ! two g5]a ,paussus & ,c]apt]us1 :i* he call$ ,paussili1 aft]w>ds *ang$ by ,lea* to ,paussides4 ,donovan describ$ ! fir/ species f ?is c\ntry 9 #ahae4 ,we/wood has writt5 a great deal ab\t !m2 he monograph$ ! family 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahdi-ahej72 9 8 8,arcana ,entomologica0 he describ$ a great _m f ,au/ralia & o!r c\ntries2 o!rs 9 ! 8,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 #ahea2 & aga9 figur$ o!rs 9 8 8,!osaurus ,entomologica10 ,ox54 #ahgd4 ,macleay add$ #cb new species 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahgc71 all belong+ to ! ,g5us ,ar?ropt]us2 :ile ,blackburn plac$ #c m to ! li/ #ahia-ahib1 "o ( !m 9 ! typical ,g5us ,paussus4 ,ar?ropt]us brevis is "o ( our smalle/ species2 x measures slightly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! ant5nae are r %ort & broad2 ! ?orax broad & r\nd$ on ! sides2 ! elytra exp&$ slightly to ! truncate tips1 leav+ ! apical portion ( ! abdom5 expos$4 ,?is is our commone/ species1 & c be sometimes obta9$ 9 numb]s ne> ,sydney "u ! pap]y b>k ( ! ti-trees4 ,a4 hum]alis comes f ! ,well+ton di/rict1 & measures "u ( an in*2 ! ant5nae are l>ge2 ! head angul>2 ! body long1 n>r[1 & r\nd$ to ! extremity1 ) ! elytra %ort & truncate above ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,g5]al col\r d>k r$di% br[n1 lightly clo!d ) %ort scatt]$ br[n hairs4 ,family #i4 ,ant ,beetles4 ,,scydma5idae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are m9ute creatures ( :i* little is kn[n4 ,%>p says3 8,alli$ to ! ,silphidae1 ) ! h9d coxae sep>at$1 & ! facets ( ! eyes co>s]2 t>si five jo9t$2 ! numb] ( abdom9al segm5ts visible six40 ,x is ow+ to ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,k+ t we fir/ knew any?+ ab\t ?is gr\p 9 ,au/ralia2 he describ$ ab\t #ae species 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfd72 to :i* #b m h be5 add$ by ,macleay & ,%>p4 ,het]ogna?us c>9atus 0 describ$ by ,k+ f ! ne/ ( small black ants f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>ramatta2 ,lea has lately record$ x f ! ne/s ( ants 7,iridomyrmex nitidus7 tak5 9 ! ,mallee c\ntry ( ,nor? ,we/]n ,victoria4 ,he says3 8,x c be di/+ui%$ f all its cong5]s by ! pro?orax hav+ a %ort longitud9al c>9a at ! base1 on ea* side ( :i* is a transv]se impression40 ,family #aj4 ,bury+ ,beetles4 ,,silphidae4 ,! typical ,european species are popul>ly kn[n z ,bury+ ,beetles f ! curi\s habit !y h ( excavat+ ! gr\nd b5ea? any small dead bird or animal !y f9d1 & f9ally bury+ x "u ! soil4 ,?is family conta9s a numb] ( int]e/+ beetles bo? l>ge & small2 ! ant5nae are ?ick5$ or clubb$2 ! t>si #d or #e jo9t$2 & ! :ole dorsal surface flatt5$4 ,!y are poorly repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !re are sev]al l>ge di/9ctive species f\nd ab\t dead animals or decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,a l>ge numb] ( bl9d ,silphids are f\nd 9 ! caves ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 b ,i h nev] f\nd any z ,au/ralian cave fauna4 ,?irte5 species h be5 describ$ f ?is c\ntry by a numb] ( diff]5t writ]s1 *ief ( :i* is ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahia-id74 ,necrodes osculans comes f ,que5sl&2 ,i f\nd x common ab\t ,cairns1 fe$+ among/ decay+ matt] 9 ! scrub4 ,x measures ov] #a in*2 is a broad flatt5$ beetle ( a g5]al black col\r2 ! elytra mottl$ ) dull orange1 ribb$1 & truncate at ! extremity1 %[+ ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,! head is small1 turn$ d[n 9 front1 b furni%$ ) l>ge clubb$ ant5nae2 ! ?orax is f9ely punctur$ & r\nd$ 9 front4 ,ptomaphila la*rymosa is a dull r$di% br[n beetle1 ) ! c5tre ( ! head & ?orax black1 ! head small & some:at hidd5 by ! l>ge flatt5$ ?orax2 ! elytra r\nd1 some:at depress$2 bo? m>k$ ) irregul> p>allel black ribs & bosses2 !y fe$ ab\t dead animals4 ,l5g? ab\t #a in*4 ,9 ! foll[+ family1 ,,tri*opt]ygidae1 only two species are describ$1 "o f ,tasmania1 & ! o!r f ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,!y are m9ute beetles ) fr+$ w+s1 ! middle jo9ts ( ! ant5nae smalle/4 ,family #aa4 ,r\nd ,fungus ,beetles4 ,,scaphididae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are small1 broad1 %ort insects t live 9 fungus1 & are v active4 ,macleay describ$ sev]al species f ,gayndah 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga73 ,reitt] & o!r =eign writ]s h add$ to ! li/4 ,scaphidium punctip5ne1 ?\gh describ$ f ,que5sl&1 is also f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,x is a small r\nd$ se$-%ap$ insect1 b ) sl5d] legs & slightly clubb$ ant5nae2 its upp] surface is deep orange yell[ irregul>ly b>r$ ) black4 ,family #ab4 ,mimic ,beetles4 ,,hi/]idae4 ,:5 t\*$ ^! beetles contract _! legs & pret5d to be dead1 f :i* habit !y take _! family "n f ,hi/ris1 ! ,lat9 = a /age mimic4 ,!y are %9+ black1 or metallic col\r$ beetles2 _m are flatt5$ & broad 9 %ape1 ) ! elytra truncate at ! apex1 leav+ ! tip ( ! abdom5 uncov]$2 ! expos$ integum5t is h[ev] v mu* ?ick5$1 & all ! p>ts fit close toge!r2 ! ant5nae are ?ick1 clubb$ at ! apex2 ! legs %ort & /\t4 ,mo/ ( ! flatt5$ =ms are f\nd "u b>k1 o!rs 9 or "u dead animal matt]2 bo? ! beetles & _! l>vae are c>nivor\s4 ,?is family is well repres5t$ "h3 ,macleay describ$ "s f ,gayndah2 ,m>seul describ$ o!rs 9 ! ,annals ,museo ,g5evre #ahgi1 & ! ,annals ,ent4 ,belg4 #ahgj2 ,s*midt 9 ! ,ent4 ,na*r4 #ahib2 & a few are describ$ by o!r writ]s4 ,hololepta sidn5sis1 "o ( our commone/ species1 c be collect$ 9 e>ly summ] by *opp+ up ! dead grass tree /ems2 b ,i h nev] be5 able to f9d ! l>vae4 ,x measures an in*1 & is %9+ black2 x is v mu* flatt5$ & broad 9 proportion to its l5g?2 two /\t horns project 9 front ( ! eyes1 com+ toge!r at ! tips2 ! ?orax is slightly impress$ 9 ! c5tre1 & punctur$ on ! sides2 ! elytra is smoo? & %9+1 b ! expos$ abdom9al plates are spott$ ) l>ge punctures4 ,_m ( ?is g5us are f\nd "u b>k or crawl+ ab\t on tree trunks4 ,platysoma /rongulatum is a broadly flatt5$ black insect ab\t ( an in* long2 ! head is small2 ! ?orax truncate2 ! elytra smoo? 9 ! c5tre1 ) f\r di/9ct /riae on ea* side1 /raight at ! apex1 ) ! tip ( ! abdom5 turn+ d[nw>ds4 ,?is is ano!r common ,sydney species f\nd at ! base ( ! fl[] /alks ( ! 8grass trees0 7,xan?orrhoea74 ,sapr9us laetus1 typical ( ano!r gr\p1 is a %ort1 ?ickset1 r\nd$1 oval beetle1 ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! upp] surface convex2 ! head is small1 %9+ gre52 ! ?orax broad1 bright metallic pale copp]2 & ! %ort truncate elytra & expos$ tip ( ! abdom5 deep metallic gre54 ,?is almo/ se$-%ap$ beetle is usually f\nd "u dead birds or animals ly+ 9 ! bu%4 ,x has a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,family #ac4 ,,phalacridae4 ,only "o species ( ?is family is li/$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue1 describ$ by ,eri*son f ,tasmania 9 #ahdb2 b 9 ,blackburn's pap] 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/ralia #ahia7 #af new species are describ$ f all p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,!y are %ort oval beetles1 v small1 ! l>ge/ n mu* ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 black or br[n 9 col\r4 ,lito*rus palm]/oni is ( a uni=m f]rug9\s col\r1 ) ! apex ( ! elytra pale te/ace\s2 )\t ! punctures ( ! o!r species2 ( ! typical oval =m2 & only ( a l9e 9 l5g? & ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,?is t9y creature comes f ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,?is family is n an important "o1 b is well repres5t$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 :]e ! l>vae live 9 fl[]s1 bor+ _! way d[n ! /ems & pupat+ 9 e>!n cocoons4 ,family #ad4 ,fruit ,beetles4 ,,nitidulidae4 ,^! are all small black or br[ni% beetles t bre$ & fe$ ^u decay+ vegetable matt]1 & "s are v p>tial to ripe fruit4 ,"s h well develop$ w+ cov]s1 b 9 o!rs ^! are v %ort1 rem9d+ "o ( ! small] ,rove ,beetles1 b ! club ( ea* ant5nae consi/s ( ?ree jo9ts1 & few] abdom9al segm5ts are expos$ to view4 ,ab\t eighty species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia1 *iefly by ,reitt] 7,v]h4 ,v]4 ,brnn1 #ahgd-ge1 & o!r ,j\rnals72 ,murray 9 8 ,monograph ( ! ,family2 ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga72 & ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/ralia #ahia74 ,bra*ypeplus b9otatus is "o ( our commone/ species1 widely di/ribut$ ov] ,au/ralia2 x is a typical =m ( ! family1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ( a g5]al d>k br[n col\r1 ) r$di% br[n ant5nae & legs2 ! abbreviat$ w+ cov]s leav+ ! abdom9al segm5ts expos$1 ! latt] m>k$ ) deep orange yell[4 ,olliff 7,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4 ,wales #ahic7 describes & figures ?is beetle & its l>va1 :i* he describes z fe$+ ^u ! fungus on ! damag$ sug> cane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,po*adius pili/riatus 7,macleay74 ,liv+ 9 ! se$ pods ( ! ,kurrajong4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,c>pophilus conta9s #aa describ$ species1 mo/ ( :i* h a wide range ov] ,au/ralia2 two are well kn[n ab\t ,sydney f _! habit ( crawl+ into damag$ fruit & fe$+ r\nd ! /one1 caus+ x to decay v rapidly2 !y are also said to clu/] r\nd ! fruit /alks1 & by gnaw+ ! base cause ! fruit to drop4 ,c>pophilus pilip5nis is a small r$di% br[n boat-%ap$ beetle1 ) ! w+ cov]s cut (f at ! h9d m>g91 expos+ ! tip ( ! abdom52 x measures #a l9es 9 l5g?4 ,c4 at]rimus is a some:at l>g] flatt] species ( a uni=m black col\r1 ) ! :ole ( ! upp] surface f9ely punctur$2 ! legs & ant5nae are r$di% br[n4 ,! abdom5 is n s po9t$ z 9 ! fir/ species & mu* m ( x is expos$ on ! dorsal surface4 ,a curi\s little species1 ,pocadius pili/riatus1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is an elongate r\nd$ br[n beetle clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,x fe$s & bre$s 9 ! se$ cases ( ! ,kurrajong2 ! l>vae are r$di% br[n grubs1 elongate 9 =m2 !y h ?ree jo9t$ ant5nae1 & %ort black jaws1 ) well develop$ legs1 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 be>s two pairs ( sp9es1 ! fir/ pair erect1 ! second at ! extremity b turn+ upw>ds4 ,family #ae4 ,,trogositidae4 ,^! are beetles ( mod]ate size ) five jo9t$ t>si1 ! fir/ s small t unless closely exam9$ x is n noticeable4 ,!y are f\nd *iefly "u dead b>k or wood1 b are c>nivor\s 9 _! habits1 & v dissimil> 9 =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,lophocat]es pusillus4 ,a t9y introduc$ ,beetle belong+ to ! ,family ,trogositidae t attacks dri$ fruit4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! cosmopolitan 8,cadelle10 ,trogosita mauritanica1 frequ5tly f\nd 9 bagg$ :eat1 :]e ! l>vae gnaw out ! embryo ( ! gra91 is _w wide 9 its range4 ,x is a flatt5$1 %9+1 black beetle2 x 0 once plac$ among ! ,het]om]a2 & at fir/ sight might be tak5 = a flatt5$ c>ab4 ,! ,g5us ,lep]9a conta9s a numb] ( curi\s1 elongate beetles flatt5$ on ! "u surface2 ! dorsal surface is convex1 & r\nd$ at ! extremities1 ) ! integum5t cov]$ ) mottl$ grey1 br[n1 & black tufts ( scales imitat+ moss1 & probably ( a protective "*1 = !y are g5]ally f\nd cl++ to b>k4 ,lep]9a decorata 0 describ$ by ,eri*son f ,tasmania 9 #ahdb1 b x has a wide range ov] ! ma9l&4 ,x measures f to an in* 9 l5g?2 its gr\nd col\r is light *e/nut br[n mottl$ ) black2 ! sides ( ! ?orax deeply blot*$ ) creamy :ite1 & ! back m>k$ ) indi/9ct pat*es ( :iti% scales4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #fd & #fe4--,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,cadelle4 #fd4 ,trogosita mauritanica 7,l9n474 #fe4 ,l>va4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,pascoe describ$ "s ( ours 7,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahgb71 & ! ,j\rnal ( ,entomology #ahfj4 ,macleay describ$ o!rs 9 #ahga2 ,reitt] 9 #ahgf-gg2 ,olliff 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf72 & lat] ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahia74 ,family #af4 ,,colydidae4 ,^! are small1 r$di% br[n or black beetles1 elongate 9 =m1 ) f\r jo9t$ t>si1 ! coxae ( ! two pairs ( =e-legs globul>1 & ^? ( ! h9d legs transv]se4 ,!y are usually f\nd "u dead or decay+ b>k1 or among rott5 wood4 ,sev]al memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,bo?rid]es are f\nd ab\t ,sydney2 !y h ! ?orax flatt5$ & ! elytra ribb$4 ,ab\t #gj species ( ?is family h be5 describ$ f ?is c\ntry1 *iefly by ,macleay #ahga2 ,pascoe 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,entomology #ahfj2 ,reitt] 9 #ahgg 9 sev]al ,g]man j\rnals2 & lat] by ,blackburn #ahia2 & ,olliff 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum #ahhi on species f ,"l ,h[e ,isl&4 ,family #ag4 ,,rhysodidae4 ,?is family consi/s ( only a few kn[n species2 ,olliff has describ$ "o species1 ,rhysodes lign>ius 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhe71 a pit*y black %9+ beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x 0 f\nd 9 rott5 wood at ,yass1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #ah4 ,b>k ,beetles4 ,,cucujidae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is gr\p are v curi\s beetles1 mo/ ( our species be+ f\nd "u dead b>k on ! trunks ( ! smoo? gums2 bo? ! beetles & _! l>vae h adapt$ _! =m 9 su* a rem>kable mann] to _! surr\nd+s t !y are (t5 z flat & ?9 z a bit ( pap]1 :ile o!rs liv+ 9 m roomy qu>t]s are q normal 9 %ape4 ,hect>?rum brevifossum is a sl5d]1 some:at cyl9drical1 %9+ black beetle1 ) ?ick5$ ant5nae compos$ ( elev5 bead-%ap$ jo9ts2 ! head is depress$ 9 front1 ) ! ?orax m elongat$1 & ! sl5d] ribb$ elytra r\nd$ at ! tips4 ,platisus integricollis is a r$di% br[n beetle1 ! basal jo9ts ( ! ant5nae elongat$ & ! apical ones bead-%ap$2 ! head is angul>1 buri$ 9 ! %ort broad ?orax2 ! body is flatt5$1 ) ! elytra slightly ridg$ r\nd ! edges4 ,! l>va is z flat z a knife blade1 ) a l>ge head arm$ ) /\t jaws2 ! ?oracic segm5ts are furni%$ ) %ort ?ick legs2 x has sev5 simple flatt5$ abdom9al segm5ts1 ) an eigh? spade-%ap$ "o1 on :i* is a f\r-prong$ trid5t-l process /&+ up at ! apex1 & a small sp9e at ei!r side4 ,! insects bo? 9 ! beetle & ! l>val /age are (t5 to be f\nd "u ! same bit ( b>k4 ,brontes lucius1 f\nd 9 ! same situations1 is a d>k] r$di% insect ) ! ant5nae v long & sl5d]2 ! front ( ! ?orax is sp9$ on ! sides2 ! elytra slightly convex1 elongat$ & r\nd$ at ! extremities4 ,b4 milit>is c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! la/ species by its d>k] col\r1 m flatt5$ smoo? elytra1 ) two oval light br[n blot*es on ! basal half ( ! w+ cov]s4 ,ab\t #fj species are describ$ f ,au/ralia2 among ! *ief writ]s are ,gr\velle 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france #ahgg72 & o!r ,j\rnals #ahgf-ahhc1 c42 ,olliff 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhe72 ,reitt] #ahgh1 & ,blackburn #ahib4 ,family #ai4 ,,cryptophagidae4 ,9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue only "o species 7,cnecosa fulvida7 is record$1 describ$ by ,pascoe 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ,entomology0 #ahfe1 f ,sydney4 ,s9ce !n ,blackburn has describ$ #ab m species 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ( ,s4,a4 #ahhg74 ,!y are all m9ute beetles :i* fe$ ^u m\ld4 ,9 ,europe ! l>vae ( sev]al g5]a live 9 ! ne/s ( bumble bees1 & ! p]fect insects 9 fl[]s4 ,families #bj-ba4 ,,la?rididae & ,,mycetophagidae4 ,^! are compos$ ( m9ute beetles f\nd on fungus4 ,macleay 9 #ahga describ$ "s2 ,blackburn o!rs 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahhg-ahia72 mo/ ( ^! 7 f\nd 9 fungi or "u b>k4 ,!y are v small1 ! l>ge/ ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,europe ! l>vae ( "s species are cov]$ ) curi\s hairs1 & ! p]fect beetles ( o!rs live 9 ants' ne/s2 b no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! habits ( our species4 ,family #bb4 ,bacon ,beetles4 ,,d]me/idae4 ,?is is a well-kn[n gr\p1 = ! hairy l>vae d a great deal ( mis*ief to %eepsk9s by gnaw+ holes 9 !m :5 !y are pil$ on ea* o!r2 gett+ into bacon & o!r animal foods2 ev5 gnaw+ holes 9 bones4 ,! beetles h some:at %ort ant5nae clubb$ at ! tips2 five jo9t$ t>si2 ! coxae ( ! =e-legs conical1 ! h9d ones cyl9drical4 ,! typical ,g5us ,d]me/es conta9s #e species f\nd 9 ,au/ralia2 mo/ ( !m h be5 introduc$ f o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & sev]al h p5etrat$ f> into ! int]ior4 ,d]me/es cadav]9us measures ov] ( an in*2 ! upp] surface is clo!d ) pale pubesc5ce1 & ! "u-surface ?ickly clo!d ) :ite hairs4 ,its g5]al =m is elongate2 ! head is tuck$ "u ! front edge ( ! ?orax1 :i* =ms a slight hood4 ,d4 vulp9us is slightly l>g]2 has ! same elongate =m2 is black1 ) ! dorsal surface cov]$ ) %ort br[n hairs1 & ! "u surface ) m buff col\r$ pubesc5ce4 ,bo? ^! species h a v wide range1 & c be f\nd "u dead animals 9 ! bu%1 9 %eepsk9s1 bacon1 c41 & ,i h ev5 tak5 l>vae 9 bags ( gra94 ,"u fav\rable conditions ^! beetles increase 9 c\ntless numb]s2 q rec5tly1 ,mrs4 ,black1 writ+ f ,n4 ,que5sl&1 says t t[>d ! end ( ! dr\ght :5 ! c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) bones & dead /ock1 :5ev] ! /ation h&s camp$ to eat _! d9n]s1 ^! beetles w\ld sw>m out 9 ?\s&s f "u logs & /ones to pick up ! bits ( food scatt]$ ab\t4 ,gilb]t 9 ,g\ld's 8,birds ( ,au/ralia10 records a simil> in/ance on ! ,hautmann's-,abrolhos ,isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,w4 ,au/ralia1 a great ne/+ place = ! ,noddy ,t]n1 :]e imm5se numb]s ( ! "y birds are kill$ by ! liz>ds1 :i* only eat ! bra9 & m>r[4 ,! rema9s cumb]+ ! gr\nd 7 food = ,d]me/es l>d>ius1 :i* sw>m ov] ! isl&s 9 imm5se numb]s4 ,?is is ! common ,european ,bacon ,beetle1 & is li/$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue z f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 b ,i h nev] se5 an ,au/ralian specim5 ( ?is v di/9ct beetle1 & ?9k ,gilb]t may h mi/ak5 ! species4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,trogod]ma are small1 broad1 & r flatt5$ black beetles1 g5]ally f\nd "u b>k on tree trunks 9 ! dead pupae ( mo?s ^u :i* !y fe$4 ,trogod]ma froggatti is %ort & broad2 x measures "u ( an in*2 is a %9+ black beetle1 ) ! elytra clo!d ) d>k scatt]$ hairs2 x 0 br$ f l>vae tak5 close to ,sydney4 ,t4 apicip5ne is slightly l>g]1 & d>k] black1 v ?ickly clo!d ) black hairs2 a dull r$ blot* on ei!r side ( ! apical half ( ! elytra gives x a v di/9ctive "*4 ,^! beetles & _! hairy l>vae fe$ ^u ! rema9s ( dead cat]pill>s "u ! dead b>k1 pupae & o!r organic matt]4 ,! ,an?r5us are kn[n z 8,museum beetles10 = !y are ! greate/ pe/s t curators ( ,museums h to deal )2 _! small hairy l>vae attack e k9d ( specim51 & are mo/ de/ructive to p9n$ insect collections1 ?\gh ! adult beetles are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! g>d5s frequ5t+ fl[]s4 ,an?r5us v>ius is our greate/ pe/2 x is an introduc$ species1 v>iable 9 size1 ! l>ge/ measur+ ab\t #a l9es2 x is almo/ r\nd1 ) ! small head furni%$ ) clubb$ ant5nae tuck$ d[n :5 at re/ or di/urb$2 ! gr\nd col\r is black1 b x is s ?ickly clo!d ) grey & br[n pubesc5ce t x has a mottl$ buff appe>ance4 ,blackburn /ates t ?is is ! species t has be5 conf\nd$ ) ,a4 museorum1 :i* he says is n f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,a4 nigricans is ab\t ! same size2 black1 ) a delicate fascia ( f9e :ite hairs :i* give x a v di/9ctive "*4 ,ab\t #dd species ( ,d]me/idae are record$ f ,au/ralia3 ,fabricius & ,l9neaus describ$ ! e>li] ones3 ,macleay o!rs f ,gayndah #ahga4 ,reitt] describ$ m 9 sev]al ,g]man publications3 & ,blackburn all ! lat] ones 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahia74 ,family #bc4 ,pill ,beetles4 ,,byrrhidae4 ,^! are small beetles1 f\nd "u /ones4 ,!y take _! popul> "n f _! r\nd$ =m1 :i* is m noticeable f ! fact t _! legs & ant5nae are retractile4 ,?irte5 species are describ$ f ?is c\ntry4 ,micro*aetes spha]icus1 describ$ by ,hope f ,w4 ,au/ralia1 is also f\nd 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x is a small1 r\nd$1 black beetle1 "u #b l9es 9 l5g?2 is v rugose on ! upp] surface1 :i* is cov]$ ) tufts ( br[n scales :i* give x a curi\s r\gh5$ appe>ance & a br[n t9t4 ,family #bd4 ,,georyssidae4 ,?is family is a small obscure gr\p4 ,!y are small beetles ) %ort clubb$ ant5nae1 inhabit+ damp wet gr\nd4 ,only a doz5 are describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 two ( :i* are peculi> to ,au/ralia4 ,k+ describ$ "o f ,p>ramatta "u ! "n ( ,georyssus au/ralis3 ,macleay ! second f ,gayndah1 ,que5sl&4 ,family #be4 ,,p>nidae4 ,^! are aquatic beetles liv+ "u /ones or close to wat]2 !y are ?ickly clo!d ) f9e silky hairs l a wat]pro( coat2 _! ant5nae are ?ick5$1 & sometimes v %ort4 ,six species 7 describ$ by ,k+ 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfd72 & two o!rs by ,messrs4 ,blackburn & ,lea 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahid-ie74 ,mo/ ( ^! belong to ! typical ,g5us ,elmis1 ! memb]s ( :i* are f\nd cl++ to /ones "u wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4--,,coleopt]a4 ,family ,,lucanidae4 #i4 ,lamprima latreillei 7,w4 ,s4 ,macleay74 #aa4 ,cladogna?us arfakanus 7,lansb474 ,family ,,cetonidae4 #d4 ,tri*aulax macleayi 7,kratz74 #g4 ,eupoecila inscripta 7,janson74 #h4 ,*lorobapta be/i 7,we/wood74 #aj4 ,diaphonia olliffiana 7,janson74 ,family ,,rhipidophoridae4 #b4 ,pelecotomoides conicollis 7,ca/elnau74 ,family ,,sc>abaeidae4 #a4 ,bolboc]as proboscidium 7,s*reib]s74 #c4 ,on?ophagus au/ralis 7,gur974 #e4 ,trox dohrni 7,h>old74 ,family ,,t5ebrionidae4 #f4 ,zoph]osis georgii 7,:ite74 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4--,,coleopt]a4 ,family #bf4 ,,het]oc]idae4 ,?is gr\p conta9s a numb] ( small beetles t are semi-aquatic 9 _! habits2 ^! are also clo!d ) f9e hairs1 & h %ort clubb$ ant5nae ) ! two basal jo9ts enl>g$4 ,!y are f\nd burr[+ 9 mud or wet s& close to wat]4 ,only sev5 species are record$ f ?is c\ntry1 mo/ ( !m belong+ to ! ,g5us ,het]oc]us2 ,we/wood describ$ two 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahgd73 ,macleay ano!r f ,gayndah #ahga3 & ,blackburn f\r o!rs 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahhg-ia74 ,family #bg4 ,/ag ,beetles4 ,,lucanidae4 ,?is is ! fir/ gr\p ( ! ,lamellicorn beetles1 :i* are def9$ by ! /ructure ( _! %ort ant5nae compos$ ( #i-aj jo9ts end+ 9 a ?ree-jo9t$ lamellat$ club4 ,9 ! ,/ag ,beetles ! ant5nae are t5-jo9t$1 & 9 ! typical =ms h ! m&ibles1 especially 9 ! males1 produc$ 9 front ( ! eyes l horns4 ,au/ralia is ri* 9 ^! beetles1 bo? 9 numb] & beauty ( =m & col\ration4 ,! *ief writ]s ^u !m are ,macleay 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhe72 & ,we/wood 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahhe-fc-ga74 ,rhyssonotus nebulosus is a d>k br[n beetle mottl$ ) black ^u ! dorsal surface2 ! small n>r[ head is furni%$ ) project+ horns ) sev]al di/9ct po9ts2 ! ?orax is broad1 curi\sly divid$ into r\nd$ areas int]sp]s$ ) depress$ punctur$ pat*es2 ! body is r %ort2 ! w+ cov]s v indi/9ctly ribb$ & mottl$ ) black4 ,x measures slightly ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 & has a wide range ov] ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,i h br$ ?is beetle f ! fle%y :ite grub ( ! usual ,lamellicorn ,beetle type tak5 "u rott5 logs4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,lamprima we h #ab describ$ species ( our beautiful 8,gold ,beetles10 :i* 9 ! l>val /ate live 9 rott5 wood1 f :i* ! beetles em]ge & crawl up ! twigs ( ! "y gum sapl+s2 9 fav\rable localities !y c (t5 be tak5 9 great numb]s :ile mat+4 ,!y are all ri* metallic gre51 gold1 blue1 or copp]y 9 t9t2 ! horns1 project+ & turn+ up 9 front1 are clo!d ) f9e hairs along ! inn] m>g92 ! ?orax is v convex1 r\nd$ on ! sides2 ! =e-legs v robu/2 ! body n twice ! l5g? ( ! ?orax1 & r\nd$ at ! apex4 ,_m species are s v>iable t x is probable t :5 c>efully /udi$ ! numb] ( species w be mu* r$uc$4 ,lamprima latreillei is our commone/ species2 x measures #a in*es 9 l5g?2 ! head is ri* copp]y r$1 ! re/ metallic gre52 ! ?orax deeply & co>sely punctur$4 ,x is h[ev] a v v>iable species bo? 9 size & col\ration2 9 a l>ge s]ies we c f9d !m all %ades to metallic blue2 ) /\t horns or long horns2 & rang+ f ! dim5sions giv5 to an in* small]4 ,l4 rutilans is ! s\!rn =m f\nd 9 ,victoria3 ,m4 insul>is is only f\nd 9 ,"l ,h[e ,isl&4 ,phalacrogna?us muell]i1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful ( all our beetles1 0 nam$ by ,macleay aft] ,b>on von ,muell]1 f specim5s obta9$ f ,cairns1 ,nor? ,que5sl&2 x c\ld be be/ describ$ z a giant gold beetle1 #b in*es long2 ( a brilliant gre5 & copp]y r$ t9t4 ,! male has ! horns greatly produc$ 9 front ( ! head4 ,lissapt]us h[ittanus measures ne>ly #a in*es1 & is broad 9 proportion2 ! abdom5 is %ort] ?an ! head & ?orax comb9$2 ! horns curve r\nd 9 front & are ?ick5$ & s]rate at ! base2 ! rugose head =ms a ridge 9 front1 fitt+ closely into ! punctur$ ?orax4 ,! female is ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 has ! head m flatt5$1 & furni%$ ) %ort1 /\t1 too!d m&ibles4 ,?is curi\s beetle is peculi> to ,victoria4 ,! ,g5us ,c]atogna?us conta9s #g species ( our smalle/ ,/ag ,beetles1 none ( :i* measure an in*2 !y are black or br[n2 ! m&ibles ( ! male are produc$ into %ort curv$ horns ) a squ>e flange on ! out] basal m>g9s4 ,i obta9$ ! l>vae ( ! species nam$ aft] me by ,blackburn 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! out] b>k ( ,eucalyptus robu/a4 ,! l>va is a :ite1 %9+1 semitransp>5t grub ) a sl5d] abdom52 ! pale br[ni% head is r\nd & slightly elongate1 ) /\t ?ree-too!d m&ibles2 ) long sl5d] legs2 & ) ! dorsal surface ( ! body clo!d ) f9e f]rug9\s sp9es int]sp]s$ ) hairs4 ,figulus regul>is is a small1 %9+1 elongate black beetle measur+ slightly ov] an in*2 x has %ort angul> m&ibles1 f9ely punctur$ ?orax1 & /riat$ elytra4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is v common "u decay+ logs4 ,! ,,passalides are a gr\p ( :at might be call$ flatt5$ hornless ,/ag ,beetles 7"s ( v l>ge size71 t are f\nd "u rott+ logs4 ,aulacocyclus kaupi1 measur+ #a in*es1 is %9+ black2 has %ort curv$ m&ibles 9 front2 ! head is excavat$ 9 ! c5tre1 ) a %ort1 b5t1 f+]-l horn curv+ =w>d above ! holl[2 ! ?orax is broad2 & ! elytra ribb$4 ,! l>va is dull :ite1 long1 sl5d]1 & some:at cyl9drical2 x has a small head1 & v long legs furni%$ ) sickle-%ap$ claws4 ,:5 full gr[n1 !y pupate 9 elongate1 oval1 smoo?1 br[n cocoons ( e>? & woody matt]4 ,kaup 9 #ahga publi%$ a ,monograph ( ! ,passalidae1 9 :i* _m ( our species are describ$4 ,family #bh4 ,digg] & ,*af] ,beetles4 ,,sc>abaeidae4 ,! gr\p conta9s an imm5se numb] ( h&some beetles1 among :i* are "s ( ! giants ( ! beetle _w1 ?\gh !re are also _m t9y ones2 mo/ ( !m 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! lives are ?ick1 fle%y1 :ite grubs t live 9 ! gr\nd or decay+ woody matt]1 & sometimes d a great deal ( damage to ! roots ( grass & cultivat$ crops4 ,?\gh ^! beetles v>y mu* 9 =m & size1 !y h ! ant5nae always produc$ at ! tip into a lam9ate or pect9ate club1 :i* :5 exp&$ =ms a comb or bru%-l process4 ,kirby divides ?is family into elev5 sub-families2 ,we/wood into t52 :ile ,%>p r$uces !m to five1 :i* is q suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! fir/ comprise ! ,,coprides1 or true ,dung-bury+ ,beetles2 !y fe$ ^u animal dropp+s1 bor+ v]tical %afts b5ea? fre% dung1 & c>ry+ portions sev]al in*es "u gr\nd2 on ?is !y n only fe$1 b also deposit _! eggs 9 r\nd$ balls ( ! same mat]ial4 ,9 ! m tropical p>ts !y are also attract$ to dead animals1 :i* !y fe$ on 9 ! same mann]4 ,!y h a %ovel-l rim r\nd ! front ( ! head1 (t5 ornam5t$ above ) sp9es or horns bo? on ! head & ?orax1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! male sex2 & _! legs are admirably adapt$ = digg+4 ,! ,sacr$ ,beetle1 wor%ipp$ & c>v$ on ! monum5ts by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,ateu*us sac]1 is typical ( ! gr\p4 ,cephalodesmius armig] is a black beetle1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x has a small head produc$ 9 front along ! out] m>g9 into f\r sp9es or horns /&+ out /raight 9 front1 ! two middle ones longe/2 ! ?orax is f9ely punctur$2 & ! w+ cov]s are slightly /riat$4 ,temnoplectron rotundum1 ab\t ! same l5g?1 is a %9+ black beetle2 ! head is flatt5$ & turn$ d[n2 ! :ole ( ! dorsal surface is smoo?1 & ! w+ cov]s are oval t[>d ! apex4 ,! ,g5us ,on?ophagus conta9s mo/ ( our typical ,dung ,beetles2 ov] #fj species h be5 describ$1 *iefly by ,macleay1 #ahfd-ahhg-ahhh1 & ,h>old #ahfi4 ,on?ophagus p5tacan?us is in* 9 l5g?2 ! male has a l>ge sl5d] horn ris+ up f ! c5tre ( ! head2 a curv$ %ort] "o on ei!r side2 & a %ort two-prong$ process 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?orax1 :i* is f9ely granulat$ above1 & clo!d ) r$di% hairs on ! "u side4 ,o4 k]%awi has ! head arm$ ) a simil> horn b )\t ! side ones on ! ?orax2 ! c5tral ones are long] & m sl5d] ?an ^? on ! process ( ! previ\s species4 ,o4 cuniculus1 "o ( our commone/ species1 is only ab\t in* long2 ! head & ?orax are bright metallic gre52 ! c5tral portion ( ! latt] is produc$ 79 ! male7 into a conical po9t2 ! w+ cov]s are %9+ black & rugose4 ,ano!r common species1 ,o4 granulatus1 is slightly small]2 x has ! dorsal surface flatt5$2 ! head & ?orax dull metallic blue2 & ! w+ cov]s are mottl$1 light *ocolate br[n & f9ely granulat$2 ! :ole insect is cov]$ ) %ort r$di% hairs1 lighte/ on ! dorsal surface4 ,o4 rufosignatus1 :i* ,i once took 9 numb]s busily engag$ bury+ a dead wallaby 9 ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia1 is slightly ov] in* 9 l5g?2 x is black ) ! c5tre ( ! ?orax & sides ( ! elytra ri*ly blot*$ ) r$4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,bolboc]as are ev5 m rem>kable 9 reg>d to ! peculi> =ms into :i* ! head & ?orax are produc$ 9 _m species2 mo/ ( !m are r$di% br[n1 & ?ickly clo!d ) co>se r$di% hairs on ! "u surface4 ,9 /ructure !y are some:at simil> to ! =m] species4 ,!y are commonly tak5 at night fly+ to ! lamp or camp fire4 ,bolboc]as sloanei is a broad hemisph]ical beetle1 j "u #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! male has a great horn /&+ up 9 ! middle ( ! head1 & a %ort] "o on ei!r side ( ! ?orax1 ) an excavation above & bel[ !m2 ! female is ab\t ! same size )\t any app5dages1 & ! front ( ! ?orax is holl[$ out & ! h9d portion v rugose4 ,b4 proboscidium is common 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts2 x is small] ?an ! la/ species2 ( a d>k] r$di% t9t4 ,! male has ! front ( ! head produc$ into a lance-%ap$ process1 /&+ out /raight2 ?is tap]s t[>d ! tip1 :i* turns d[n l a hook1 & has a %ort blunt sp9e on ! upp] surface4 ,! female has a small truncate head1 q unlike ! male4 ,ab\t #cj species 7 describ$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue2 ,blackburn 9 8 ,monograph ( ! gr\p li/s #dc species 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,phyllotocus macleayi 7,fis*]74 ,! ,honey ,beetle1 common on fl[]s 9 summ] "t4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,trox fe$ *iefly on decay+ animal matt]1 & are to be f\nd "u dead animals1 & a few 9 caves among ! accumulat$ dung ( bats2 !y are curi\s dull br[n insects1 convex & r\nd$ on ! upp] surface2 ! head is s small & retractile t x appe>s to be want+4 ,trox dohrni1 f ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 "o ( our l>ge/ species1 is j "u #a in*2 is almo/ black1 cov]$ ) a regul> arm\r plate ( %9+ black bosses & ridges all ov] ! dorsal surface4 ,t4 au/ralasiae1 our common species1 is ab\t half ! l5g?1 & is dull br[n1 ) ! bosses on ! elytra m regul> & ridg$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,melolon?ides are mo/ly small beetles ) ! tip ( ! abdom5 n always cov]$2 !y fe$ *iefly ^u ! foliage ( plants4 ,! ,g5us ,phyllotocus conta9s ab\t #bg describ$ species ( small r$di% br[n beetles ) long black or yell[ legs3 "s species are v abundant ab\t ,sydney1 sw>m+ ov] ! fl[]s ( native scrubs2 !y ev5 come to ! g>d5 plants to fe$ ^u ! honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,diphucephala aurul5ta 7,kirby74 ,! ,metallic ,gre5 ,wattle ,beetle4 ,9 ,tasmania x damages "y apples by eat+ (f ! sk94 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,phyllotocus macleayi has ev5 be5 f\nd sw>m+ r\nd bee-hives1 probably attract$ by ! smell ( ! honey4 ,x is a smoo?1 %9+1 yell[i% br[n beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! apical portion ( ! w+ cov]s black5$4 ,p4 m>g9atus is small] ?an ! la/1 & ( ! usual dull r$di% col\r2 ! head1 c5tre ( ?orax1 & /ripe d[n ! c5tre ( ! w+ cov]s black2 ! :ole lightly clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,diphucephala aurul5ta1 typical ( ano!r gr\p ( bright1 metallic col\r$1 broad bodi$ beetles1 measures ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & has ! dorsal surface ( a ri* r$di%-copp] t9t1 ?ickly & co>sely punctur$2 ! "u surface & legs are deep gre51 clo!d ) f9e grey hairs4 ,x is common ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle ab\t ,sydney4 ,d4 rufipes1 a small] beetle1 is copp]y gre5 ) r$di% legs2 is n uncommon ab\t ,sydney4 ,d4 colaspidoides1 a s\!rn species1 is metallic gre52 ! ?orax smoo?2 ! elytra deeply & ?ickly m>k$ ) punctur$ /riae4 ,mae*idius tibialis1 repres5t+ ano!r gr\p1 is a flatt5$1 r$di% br[n beetle ov] ( an in*2 ! head is produc$ into two %ell-l flanges 9 front ( ! eyes2 ! ?orax is f9ely punctur$2 & ! elytra ribb$1 ) closely punctur$ /riae4 ,i h f\nd bo? ! beetle & its l>va1 a s(t :ite grub1 9 numb]s 9 ! op5 gall]ies ( ! t]mit>ia built by our common ,:ite ,ant 7,t]mes lacteus7 9 ! ,%oalhav5 di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w41 :]e !y seem$ to live 9 h>mony ) ! sw>ms ( ,:ite ,ants4 ,xylony*us eucalypti is a l>ge cock*af]-l beetle ab\t #a in* long2 x is ( a delicate pale grass-gre5 col\r2 its "u surface & legs d>k] & ?ickly clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,?is beetle fe$s ab\t ,sydney ^u ! foliage ( ! ,swamp ,mahogany 7,eucalyptus robu/a71 & is n uncommon 9 e>ly summ]4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,lip>etrus are small1 d>k r$di% br[n1 or almo/ black beetles1 (t5 ?ickly clo!d ) f9e hairs2 ! w+ cov]s are g5]ally %ort] ?an ! abdom54 ,_m species sw>m ov] ! tops ( ! "y gum trees dev\r+ ! foliage4 ,ne>ly #ajj species ( ?is ext5sive gr\p h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia1 *iefly by ,macleay & ,blackburn 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 #ahhf-ahhh74 ,lip>etrus m>g9ip5nis1 common ab\t ,sydney1 is black2 x measures "u ( an in*2 ! elytra1 except ! basal edges1 are d>k r$di% br[n2 ! :ole insect is ?ickly clo!d ) light br[n hairs t =m a fr+e r\nd x4 ,l4 hispidus is a small] d>k br[n beetle1 ?ickly clo!d ) dull yell[ hairs4 ,lepidod]ma albo-hirtum is a l>ge cock*af]2 x measures #a in*es2 all ! dorsal surface ( ! head & ?orax & bo? dorsal & v5tral portions ( abdom5 are r$di% br[n2 v5tral surface ( head1 ?orax & legs black4 ,! :ole ( ! upp] & portion ( ! "u surface are s ?ickly clo!d ) f9e pale scales t x has a uni=m grey t9t4 ,! l>va1 a l>ge :ite grub1 is a well-kn[n pe/ to ! ,que5sl& sug> plant]s1 = x eats (f ! roots ( ! gr[+ cane2 !y are s num]\s 9 "s di/ricts t z mu* z a %ill+ a p9t is paid = ^! sug> cane grubs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,rutelides comprise a numb] ( l>ge beetles1 popul>ly call$ ,cock*af]s2 "s species sw>m out 9 imm5se numb]s1 /ripp+ ! foliage (f ! native bu% & sometimes attack+ ! %ade-trees 9 ! g>d5s4 ,mo/ ( _! l>vae are l>ge1 :ite1 subt]ranean grubs1 ei!r fe$+ on roots ( grass & plants1 or liv+ 9 or "u decay+ logs4 ,dr4 ,ohaus has j publi%$ a 8,revision des ,anoplogna?ides0 #aijd1 9 :i* he describes #gb species includ$ 9 #ac g5]a4 ,repsimus a5eus has a d>k blue to copp]y t9t2 ! tip ( ! abdom5 is r$di%1 & ! h9d legs are ?ick5$4 ,!y are f\nd cl++ to l[ bu%es1 & are common ab\t ,sydney4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #fh4 & #fi4--,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,%9+ ,cock*af]4 #fh4 ,anoplogna?us porosus 7,dalm74 #fi4 ,l>va4 #fi;a4 ,pupa4 ,calloodes grayanus is a v h&some bright gre5 beetle ) ! out] m>g9s ( ! ?orax & w+ cov]s edg$ ) yell[2 x measures #a in*es long2 is f\nd 9 ,que5sl&1 b seldom 9 numb]s4 ,! two beautiful1 little1 metallic gold col\r$ species plac$ by ,macleay 9 ?is g5us h be5 remov$ by ,ohaus into ,anoplogna?us1 :i* n[ conta9s #da species4 ,among ^! are our l>ge r$di% br[n cock*af]s4 ,a4 virida5eus1 ! 8,k+-beetle10 is our l>ge/ cock*af]2 x measures #a in*es & is broad 9 proportion2 has a g5]al bright metallic r$di% gold5 %e52 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 is deep gre54 ,x is usually f\nd cl++ to ! foliage ( ! small] gum trees 9 e>ly summ]4 ,a4 velut9us takes its "n f ! velvety pat*es ( curi\s little :ite scales scatt]$ all ov] its dull br[n coat2 x is f\nd ab\t ,sydney1 b is n pl5tiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,p5todon au/ralis 7,blackburn74 ,! l>va & adult fe$ ^u grass roots & sometimes damage gr[+ corn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,a4 porosus is a light br[n beetle2 ! w+ cov]s are m>k$ ) t9y d>k spots t =m irregul>1 %ort1 p>allel l9es2 ! head & ?orax are %9+2 x is ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x1 & ,a4 analis1 a l>ge r$di% %9+ beetle furni%$ ) a tuft ( hairs at ! tip ( ! abdom51 are two ( our commone/ species2 _! l>vae h be5 f\nd de/roy+ /rawb]ry plants by eat+ (f _! roots2 & !y are frequ5tly met ) :5 digg+ ov] ! g>d5 9 e>ly summ]4 ,anoplo/e?us opal9us1 j "u #a in* 9 l5g?1 is a v beautiful pale opal9e gre5 beetle1 & is peculi> to ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ga & #gb4--,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,que5sl& 8,elephant ,beetle40 #ga4 ,xylotrupes au/ralicus 7,?orn71 ,l>va4 #gb4 ,xylotrupes au/ralicus1 ,male ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,dyna/ides conta9 ! giants ( ! family1 & 9 sev]al g5]a ! males h ! head & ?orax greatly enl>g$ & produc$ into blunt sp9es & horns2 :ile ! female has !m ( ! usual r\nd$ =m4 ,oryctes b>b>ossa is "o ( our l>ge/ black lamellicorns2 x comes f ,n4 ,au/ralia4 ,p5tadon au/ralis is a %9+ black beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :i* has be5 f\nd damag+ "y maize plants ab\t ,sydney4 ,! ,que5sl& ,elephant ,beetle1 ,xylotrupes au/ralicus1 9 ! l>val /ate fe$s ^u decay+ vegetable matt]1 f :i* ! beetles em]ge & climb up ! fir/ tree to h&1 & ^u :i* !y cl+ dur+ ! day1 b come buzz+ r\nd to ! lamps at night4 ,! male measures #b in*es 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m black col\r2 ! head curves out 9 front into a d\ble-prong$ horn2 & ! front ( ! ?orax is produc$ into a second swoll5 "o curv+ d[nw>d ov] ! horns on ! head1 arcuate & too!d on ei!r side ( ! tip4 ,! female z usual 9 ?is gr\p is small]1 & ! head & ?orax are ( ! ord9>y r\nd$ /ructure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,cetonides comprise ! beautiful 8,rose ,*af]s10 ) _! %ort]1 broad]1 flatt5$ bodies1 small heads1 & ! angul> ?orax broade/ beh9d4 ,au/ralia is ri* 9 ^! fl[]-haunt+ beetles1 & "s species are v abundant 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,a great numb] 7 at "o "t plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,s*izorrh9a1 b 9 #ahhj ,kraatz 9 a pap] on ! revision ( ! family 7,deuts*e ,ent4 ,zeit4 xxiv47 divid$ !m into a great _m new g5]a1 9 "s cases ) v little reason4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,m]imna atrata 7,lap4 et ,gory74 ,a ,bupre/id ,beetle t has ! curi\s habit ( fly+ into ! fire4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,lomapt]a are *iefly f\nd 9 ! m tropical p>ts ( ?is cont95t1 & are easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r gr\ps by ! %ape ( ! ?orax1 ! h9d m>g9 produc$ into an angul> w$ge into ! c5tre ( ! elytra2 :ile 9 ! o!r typical ,rose ,*af]s ! ?orax is truncate1 & a w$ge-%ap$ piece sep>at$ f ! ?orax occupies ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,lomapt]a wallacei is ( ! usual flatt5$ =m2 uni=m ri* %9+ gre52 & measures j an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is f\nd ^u fl[]s 9 ! tropical scrubs ( ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,l4 dub\layi1 ab\t ! same size1 is ( a dull] gre5 t9t1 ) ! out] m>g9 ( ! head1 ?orax1 elytra & "u-surface dull yell[3 ,l4 c9namea1 slightly small]1 is ( a uni=m %9+ r$di% br[n col\r4 ,dilo*rosis atrip5nis is "o ( our l>ge/ typical cetonids2 x measures ov] #a in*es 9 l5g? & is broad 9 proportion2 x is %9+ black1 ) ! sides ( ! ?orax & elytra1 except a /ripe d[n ! c5tre 7broade/ 9 front71 ri* r$di% br[n4 ,x is n uncommon ab\t ,cairns1 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 & ranges d[n1 accord+ to ,ma/]s1 to ! extreme nor? ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! ,fiddl]1 ,eupoecila au/ralasiae1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is black & r$di% br[n1 m>k$ ^u ! ?orax & elytra ) gre5 /ripes1 =m+ a fanciful resemblance to a lyre ^u ! back1 f :i* x takes its popul> "n4 ,! l>vae ( ?is & ! foll[+ species1 7?ick fle%y :ite grubs7 fe$ 9 ! rott+ trunks ( dead grass trees1 =m+ /\t oval cocoons 9 ! l>val /age2 & ! beetles are v abundant ^u ! ,angophora fl[]s 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,cisseis leuco/icta 7,kirby74 ,a ,leaf-eat+ ,fl[] ,beetle1 common on ! ,black ,wattle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,micropoecila c9cta is ano!r common species ab\t ,sydney2 is slightly small]2 ( a g5]al black col\r1 ! out] edges ( ! ?orax & w+ cov]s broadly m>g9$ ) r$di% yell[2 & its life hi/ory & habits are id5tical ) ! 8,fiddl]40 ,poly/igma punctata is "o ( our small] common species2 is ( a dull yell[ col\r irregul>ly b f9ely spott$ all ov] ! upp] surface ) black dots4 ,a second species1 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,p4 octopunctata1 is ,i ?9k only a v>iety2 my specim5s all come f ! ,%oalhav51 ,n4,s4,w4 ,caco*roa gymnopleura1 ab\t ! same size1 is black1 r d[ny on ! "u surface2 & is rem>kable = hav+ a v>iety z common z itself1 ) r$di% br[n ?orax & elytra4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,tri*aulax are rem>kable = hav+ ! elytra deeply furr[$1 & ^! depressions fill$ ) close %ort hairs4 ,!y are all l>ge f9e beetles ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 ,tri*aulax philipsii1 tak5 ab\t ,sydney on ! fl[]s ( ! blood-wood late 9 ! summ]1 is m>k$ ) grey hairs4 ,t4 m>g9ip5nis is common to ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,que5sl&2 x has bright r$di% hairs completely clo?+ ! tips ( ! w+ cov]s & abdom54 ,diaphonia dorsalis is a l>ge common species1 ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) ! upp] surface ( ! ?orax & elytra yell[i% br[n v>iably m>k$ ) black 9 ! c5tre4 ,x (t5 comes fly+ ab\t ! g>d5 ) a l\d hum1 & ev5 sometimes comes 9 ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[4 ,d4 olliffiana is a v r>e species ab\t ! same size1 ) ! upp] surface r$di% br[n & ! w+ cov]s irregul>ly m>k$ ) black blot*es4 ,all ! specim5s kn[n1 ab\t half a doz5 9 numb]1 come f ! same locality1 ,colo ,vale1 ,n4,s4,w41 & no?+ is kn[n ab\t _! habits4 ,glycyphana brunnipes is common on ! fl[]+ scrub ab\t ,sydney1 & has a wide range r\nd ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia2 x measures ab\t ( an in*1 & v>ies f dull br[n to gre5 9 col\r1 irregul>ly spott$ & m>k$4 ,family #bi4 ,jewel ,beetles4 ,,bupre/idae4 ,?is is "o ( our l>ge/ & mo/ typical gr\ps ( ! ,coleopt]a1 conta9+ a great numb] ( l>ge beetles ri* ) metallic t9ts1 *iefly f\nd ^u fl[]+ %rubs1 & mo/ pl5tiful on ! coa/al di/ricts ( ,victoria1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,!y are elongate 9 =m1 ) ! head %ort1 fitt+ closely into ! broad] ?orax1 & furni%$ ) l>ge eyes & sl5d]1 slightly s]rate ant5nae4 ,! abdom5 is long ) closely fitt+ w+ cov]s1 & well-develop$ w+s :i* enable !m to fly well1 ?\gh !y usually drop to ! gr\nd :5 di/urb$4 ,! l>va is a sl5d] flatt5$ :ite grub ) small black jaws & head2 ! ?oracic segm5ts are v broad beh9d & r\nd$ to ! mu* n>r[] abdom9al segm5ts4 ,!y are wood bor]s1 fe$+ 9 ! sapwood "u ! b>k1 & f9ally burr[+ into ! solid timb] :]e !y pupate2 "s ( ! small] ones fe$ 9 dead wood2 & a few =m regul> galls ^u ! roots or bran*lets ( %rubs4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4--,,coleopt]a4 ,family ,,bupre/idae4 #a4 ,/igmod]a =tnumi 7,hope74 #b4 ,/igmod]a macul>ia 7,donov474 #c4 ,/igmod]a pascoci 7,saund]s74 #d4 ,/igmod]a ?oracica 7,saund]s74 #e4 ,cyria imp]ialis 7,donov474 #f4 ,/igmod]a v>iabilis 7,donov474 #g4 ,calodema regalis 7,lap4 et ,gory74 #h4 ,*alcophora vittata 7,wat]h\se74 #i4 ,julodimorpha bakewelli 7,:ite74 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4--,,coleopt]a4 ,! ,banksia beetle1 ,cyria imp]ialis1 has a wide range & is common ab\t ,sydney ^u ! foliage ( ! /unt$ honeysuckle bu%es 7,banksia72 ! l>vae fe$ 9 ! /ems4 ,x measures #a in*es 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m %9+ black col\r1 ri*ly m>k$ on ! upp] surface ) bright yell[ =m+ f\r irregul> b&s across ! elytra1 & ! "u surface is lightly clo!d ) grey hairs4 ,! ,g5us ,diadoxus conta9s two v di/9ct species1 ! l>vae ( :i* fe$ *iefly on ! /ems ( our native cypress p9es1 & sometimes attack & de/roy introduc$ p9e trees4 ,diadoxus scal>is1 v v>iable 9 size1 measur+ f to #a in*es1 is a sl5d] pale yell[ beetle1 ) ! h9d m>g9 ( ! head & ?orax m>k$ ) black1 & ! w+ cov]s s ?ickly mottl$ ) r$di% br[n t ! yell[ only =ms a r[ ( blot*es d[n ! back4 ,x has a wide range f ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,diadoxus ery?rurus kn[n 9 ! we/ z ! 8p9e scrub beetle10 is a mu* small] insect slightly ov] an in*2 ! head & ?orax are almo/ black2 ! w+ cov]s are d>k1 ! basal portion has a d\ble blot* ( yell[ on ea* side foll[$ by a r[ on ei!r side ( ?ree spots2 ! "u surface has a gre5i% t9t :5 alive4 ,! l>vae ( ?is species fir/ fe$ r\nd ! /em "u ! b>k1 cutt+ ! sap wood1 & :]e ! infe/$ tree is small1 cause x to snap (f4 ,! l>ge ri* metallic gre5 or copp]y ,*alcophora are m tropical beetles1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are re/rict$ to ,que5sl& & ,nor? ,au/ralia2 ,ma/]s li/s #bd species 9 8 catalogue1 *iefly describ$ by ,saund]s 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahgb71 & ,wat]h\se 9 ! same ,j\rnal ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,*alcophora vittata measures ne>ly #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 its g5]al col\r is deep metallic gre51 ) ! head & ?orax %ad$ ) ri* copp]y t9ts2 ! elytra are f9ely ribb$ & are p[d]$ ) a yell[ pubesc5ce l9+ ! p>allel /riae1 & also =m+ two spots on ! sides4 ,*alcophora f>9osa is a small] & m sl5d] species ) a n>r[ ?orax1 & po9t$ w+ cov]s2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairns1 ,n4,q41 ,i us$ to take !m 9 ! e>ly morn+ re/+ on ! wild banana leaves4 ,nascio p>ryi is a small black beetle ) a long ?orax ( a uni=m wid?2 ! w+ cov]s are %ort 9 proportion1 & curi\sly m>k$ ) r$di% orange4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd ^u ! foliage ( eucalypts1 b no?+ is kn[n ab\t its life hi/ory4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,melobasis1 ( :i* ab\t #cj h be5 describ$1 are small1 brilliantly col\r$ metallic gre5 & gold beetles4 ,melobasis spl5dida1 n mu* ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is bright gre51 ! ?orax & elytra m>bl$ ) dull purple4 ,! l>vae fe$ 9 ! dead bran*es ( ,acacia longifolia4 ,julodimorpha bakewelli is f\nd 9 ,s\? & ,we/]n ,au/ralia2 x is a l>ge h&some beetle ) a deep copp]y r$ ?orax & deep yell[ w+ cov]s4 ,x is elongate1 b m cyl9drical 9 =m ?an ! ,/igmod]a4 ,! typical ,au/ralian ,g5us ,/igmod]a conta9s ab\t #bdj describ$ species :i* are f\nd 9 op5 scrubby c\ntry :]e fl[]+ %rubs are abundant2 ! ext5sive scrubs r\nd ,sydney1 & simil> class ( c\ntry on ! we/ coa/ ( ! cont95t are ! head qu>t]s ( mo/ ( ! l>g] species4 ,/igmod]a tibialis measures #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 ! head1 ?orax & "u surface black1 ) ! w+ cov]s r$di% *e/nut ) two irregul> b&s ( dull orange yell[ across ! apical half4 ,s4 h]os is half an in* long]1 "o ( ! giants ( ! gr\p2 x has ! "u surface d>k bronzy br[n1 ! dorsal surface deep dull r$2 ! ?orax f9ely punctur$1 & ! elytra co>sely /riat$4 ,bo? ^! beetles range f ,s\? to ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,s4 pascoei is a h&some r>e species f ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 measur+ "u #a in*es 9 l5g?2 x is ( a ri* yell[ t9t ) ! upp] surface ( ! head1 ?orax1 & legs ri* metallic copp]y r$1 & ! apical ?ird ( ! f9ely /riat$ elytra black ) a fi]y r$ %e54 ,s4 ?oracica1 slightly small]1 is black on ! "u surface except ! sides ( ! ?orax & tip ( abdom52 ! dorsal surface is yell[1 except ! head1 a b& ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ?orax1 & ! tip ( ! w+ cov]s :i* are blui% black4 ,s4 =tnumi is "o ( ! few l>ge species f\nd 9 ! int]ior2 x measures #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 ! "u surface is ri* metallic gre5 m>k$ ) yell[2 ! upp] surface yell[ ) ! great] "p ( ! ?orax & ?ree broad b&s across ! elytra deep metallic blue4 ,/igmod]a gr&is sometimes measures #b in*es1 & is ! l>ge/ species f\nd ab\t ,sydney2 its g5]al col\r is d>k bronzy br[n ) ! out] edges ( ! ?orax & elytra m>g9$ ) yell[4 ,! common jewel beetle1 ,/igmod]a v>iabilis1 is v abundant :5 ! ,angophora is 9 bloom2 its g5]al col\r on ! "u surface1 head & ?orax is bronzy black1 ) ! edge ( ! latt] & ! w+ cov]s bright yell[2 ! m>k+s ^u ! latt] are mo/ v>iable2 specim5s are sometimes ?ickly b>r$ ) black1 o!rs )\t a spot ^u !m1 s t x is difficult to get two alike4 ,s4 macul>ia is purple to black1 ) ! w+ cov]s bright yell[ deeply pitt$ all ov] ) purple dots4 ,s4 jacqu9oti might be easily mi/ak5 = ! la/1 :i* x resembles bo? 9 size & m>k+s1 b ! tips ( ! w+ cov]s are produc$ into %>p sp9es2 & ! m>k+s are co>s]2 x is a mu* r>] beetle ?an ! =m]1 :i* is "o ( ! commone/ l>ge species4 ,s4 gratiosa is ! type ( a gr\p f ,w4 ,au/ralia1 all ( a ri* metallic gre5 t9t ) deeply punctur$ w+ cov]s2 x has ! head & ?orax bronzy gre5 & v f9ely punctur$1 ) ! elytra gre5 & v co>sely punctur$2 its l5g? is ab\t an in*1 & x is %ort & broad 9 proportion4 ,?is brilliant little beetle is pl5tiful 9 "s di/ricts1 & specim5s set 9 gold are (t5 us$ = e>r+s & broo*es1 = :i* its solid integum5t makes x adaptable4 ,calodema regalis f ! scrubs ( ,s\!rn ,que5sl& & ! extreme nor? ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 is possibly our mo/ beautiful beetle 9 %ape1 size1 & col\r4 ,measur+ ne>ly #b in*es 9 l5g? & broad 9 proportion1 ! :ole ( ! "u surface1 head & ?orax are ri* metallic gre51 ) two conspicu\s blot*es ( d>k r$ on ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax2 ! w+ cov]s are bright yell[1 almo/ smoo?1 slightly sp9$ at ! tips1 ) a v f9e p5cil ( gre5 d[n ! sides ( ! inn] edges4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5]a ,e?on & ,p>acephala =m galls2 ! fir/ are %ort1 ?ickset beetles ( a dull copp]y t9t1 ) wavy m>k+s on ! w+ cov]s4 ,e?on corpul5tus & ,e4 m>moreum make r\nd$ galls ^u ! roots ( ,dillwynia cricifolia1 sometimes z _m z tw5ty on "o plant clu/]+ r\nd ! base ( ! /em4 ,e4 aff9is =ms galls ^u ! /ems ( ,pult5ea /ipul>is4 ,p>acephala cyaneip5nis =ms galls on ! bran*es ( ! /unt$ ,casu>9a 7,c4 di/yla71 gr[+ ab\t ,sydney4 ,x is a sl5d] dull metallic gre5 beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! ,g5us ,cisseis conta9s a numb] ( v pretty little metallic t9t$ beetles1 ! l>vae ( :i* fe$ 9 ! wood ( ,acacias & o!r small %rubs1 & ! p]fect beetles fe$ ^u ! foliage4 ,cisseis #ab-maculata1 a pretty deep blue-black beetle cov]$ ) l>ge :ite spots1 is f\nd on ! grass tree2 ,c4 leuco/icta1 ,c4 similis1 & ,c4 maculata ^u ! black wattle4 ,family #cj4 ,false ,click ,beetles4 ,,eucnemidae4 ,! beetles 9 ?is gr\p =m a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,fl[] ,beetles & ! ,clicks3 _m ( !m are v l ! latt]1 b !y _c jump2 !y h a l>ge t]m9al jo9t 9 ! palpus1 & ! ant5nae :5 re/+ are hidd5 9 ! grooves along ! "u side ( ! ?orax4 ,sixte5 species are li/$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue1 all ( :i*1 ) "o exception1 are describ$ 9 ,bonv\loir's ,monograph ( ! family 7,annals ( ! ,soc4 ,entom4 ,france #ahga-g74 ,family #ca4 ,click ,beetles4 ,,elat]idae4 ,^! beetles are f\nd 9 _m diff]5t situations1 ^u fl[]s1 hidd5 "u b>k1 or 9 cracks on ! tree trunks4 ,!y are well kn[n f _! habit ( fly+ 9 to ! lamp at night1 & fall+ on _! backs g skipp+ all ov] ! table4 ,!y are elongate 9 =m1 ) sl5d] s]rate ant5nae1 & a small head deeply sunk into ! ?orax1 :i* is r\nd$ 9 front1 truncate on ! h9d m>g9 & ) a slight sp9e on ! edge2 :ile on ! "u side ! ?orax is furni%$ ) a process t fits into a groove 9 ! fir/ segm5t ( ! abdom51 :i* enables x to get en\gh lev]age1 by press+ ! head d[n :5 on its back1 to jump a consid]able di/ance upw>d4 ,! l>vae are sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 %9+ br[n grubs popul>ly kn[n z 8,wire ,worms10 & "s ,european species are said to d consid]able damage by eat+ (f ! roots ( grass & crops4 ,ab\t #cej species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia1 mo/ ( !m dull br[n or black 9 col\r1 ?\gh a few are brightly t9t$ or m>k$4 ,agrypnus ma/]si measures #a in*1 & is ( a uni=m br[n col\r clo!d ) f9e buff d[n2 x ranges f ,que5sl& to ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,lacon conta9s a great numb] ( %ort1 broad1 dull br[n clicks usually f\nd "u b>k or /ones4 ,lacon calig9osus1 half an in* 9 l5g?1 is dull br[n2 x ranges f ,tasmania to ,que5sl&4 ,alaus gibboni comes f ! ,ri*mond ,riv]2 x measures #a in*es1 & is broad 9 proportion2 its true col\r is black1 b x is s ?ickly clo!d ) f9e %ort grey d[n t x is almo/ a dull :ite4 ,a4 s]iceus is a small] beetle clo!d ) an admixture ( buff & *ocolate d[n2 ,i h f\nd !m pupat+ 9 decay+ b>k on dead trees on ! ,ri*mond ,riv]4 ,tetralobus cunn+hami is typical ( a gr\p ( ! l>ge cyl9drical 8clicks10 9 :i* ! male has fea!r-l ant5nae1 & ! ?orax is r\nd$4 ,x is #a in*es long1 d>k br[n1 ) ! "u surface ( ! ?orax clo!d ) r$di% hairs4 ,^! l>ge clicks are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! int]ior on ! trunks ( trees4 ,! ,g5us ,monocrepidius conta9s a numb] ( sl5d] black or br[n insects usually liv+ on fl[]s or foliage4 ,ophidius hi/rio1 #a in* long1 is black1 ri*ly m>k$ ) d>k yell[ l9es =m+ f\r p>allel b>s d[n ! ?orax1 & a m irregul> lance-%ap$ patt]n on ! w+ cov]s2 ?is is ano!r f9e species f ! ,nor!rn ,riv]s1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,anilicus semiflavus is f\nd on ! ,angophora fl[]s ab\t ,sydney2 x is an in* long1 black1 ) ! basal half ( ! elytra bright r$4 ,family #cb4 ,fea!r ,horns4 ,,rhipidoc]idae4 ,?is is n a big family2 ! species are conf9$ to ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w1 & are *iefly di/+ui%$ by ! peculi> /ructure betwe5 ! t>sal claws1 & ! beautiful fea!ry ant5nae ( ! males4 ,rhipidoc]a my/ac9a1 our typical =m1 is ( an in* 9 l5g?1 elongate 9 =m1 ) n>r[ slop+ ?orax & l>ge fea!r-l ant5nae2 ! g5]al col\r is black1 ) ! sides ( ! ?orax & :ole ( ! w+ cov]s ?ickly spott$ ) :ite d[ny dots4 ,i h (t5 tak5 ?is insect 9 numb]s 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,victoria4 ,family #cc4 ,fire-,fly ,beetles4 ,,malacod]midae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family h a s(t] integum5t ?an mo/ beetles4 ,!y d n all emit light2 ! true 8fire-flies0 & 8gl[-worms0 belong to ! sub-family ,,lampyrides4 ,! ,g5us ,metriorrhyn*us conta9s ab\t #ej small1 elongate1 flatt5$ beetles ( a dull r$ col\r m>k$ ) black2 ! w+ cov]s are deeply ribb$ b s(t & flabby4 ,! l>vae are curi\s1 smoky black creatures ) blunt sp9es along ! sides ( ! body1 & live "u /ones or logs4 ,m4 rufip5nis1 "o ( ! l>ge/1 is ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! head & ?orax are black & r\gh5$2 ! w+ cov]s are light r$1 deeply ribb$ & reticulat$3 ,wat]h\se figur$ & describ$ _m ( ^! 7,trans4 ,entom4 ,soc4 #ahgg74 ,our true fire-flies belong to ! ,g5]a ,luciola & ,atyphella4 ,on ^! ,olliff has writt5 an int]e/+ pap] entitl$ 8,new ,species ( ,lampyridae ) notes on ! ,m\nt ,wilson ,fire-fly0 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi74 ,our fire-flies are small1 light br[n beetles1 :i* dur+ ! day cl+ to ! foliage1 fly+ ab\t at night1 emitt+ a bright fla% ( phosphoresc5t light f ! tip ( ! abdom5 z !y move _! w+s4 ,sev]al species are f\nd on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s & 9 ! tropical scrubs ( ,nor? ,que5sl&2 !y are v brilliant aft] night-fall3 ,luciola flavicollis1 ( an in*1 is our common species4 ,! ,soldi] ,beetles1 *iefly belong+ to ! ,g5]a ,telephorus & ,sel5urus1 are common ^u l[ bu%es & fl[]+ %rubs4 ,telephorus pul*ellus1 an in* 9 l5g?1 is a sl5d]1 dull orange col\r$ beetle2 ! dorsal surface is %9+ blue black except ! apical half ( ! ?orax1 :i* is bright yell[4 ,?is beetle sometimes appe>s 9 great numb]s2 ,i h se5 ! ,melaleuca scrub on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s black ) !m4 ,family #cd4 ,hunt+ ,beetles4 ,,cl]idae4 ,!re are _m h&some little beetles 9 ?is family :i* sp5d _! "t hunt+ ov] logs1 tree trunks1 or 9 fl[]s to cat* small] insects :i* !y dev\r2 mo/ ( !m lay _! eggs 9 ! bodies ( ! pupae ( wood mo?s & o!r insects4 ,a fre%ly fall5 tree is a good locality to look = ,cl]ids1 z !y f9d _m small beetles attract$ by ! )]+ b>k3 9 ,europe ! l>vae ( sev]al gr\ps infe/ ! ne/s ( wild bees4 ,natalis porcata1 #a in* 9 l5g?1 is black cov]$ ) a :iti% d[n1 & is f\nd "u ! dead b>k on tree trunks2 x is probably p>asitic ^u ! grubs ( longicorn beetles 7,phoracan?a74 ,cl]omorpha novemguttatus measures only ( an in*2 x is ri* metallic blue1 lightly clo!d ) black hairs1 & ! elytra spott$ on ei!r side ) :ite dots3 x is common 9 ! fl[]s ( ! ,angophora 9 e>ly summ]4 ,! ,g5us ,aulicus conta9s a numb] ( bright metallic gre5 or blue beetles :i* live on fl[]+ %rubs2 ab\t #bj species are describ$1 *iefly by ,*ev]olet 7,memoirs ( ! ,cl]idae #ahgh74 ,aulicus in/abilis1 "o ( ! smalle/1 is only ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,trogod5dron fasciculatum is ano!r widely di/ribut$ species1 & may be (t5 se5 fly+ ab\t 9 ! height ( summ]2 if captur$ x bites mo/ vici\sly4 ,i h on sev]al occasions pull$ its body (f1 leav+ ! head ) ! jaws buri$ 9 my f+]3 x is p>asitic on ! pupae ( our l>ge wood mo?s4 ,x is v>iable 9 size1 ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 ?ickset & broad 9 proportion2 is d>k br[n1 ) bright yell[ ant5nae1 & broad black fasciae at ! base & apical half ( ! elytra4 ,z5i?icola obesus1 ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is l ! la/ 9 g5]al =m1 b ) dull yell[ ?orax & %9+ black elytra m>k$ ) :ite3 ,z4 au/ralis1 a slightly l>g] species1 has a black ?orax4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,eleale are elongate1 d>k metallic gre5 or blue beetles clo!d ) f9e hairs & deeply punctur$ w+ cov]s2 !y also live among fl[]s4 ,t>so/5us zonatus is typical ( ! small1 sl5d]1 cyl9drical cl]ids t infe/ ! gall-mak+ coccids1 & are (t5 br$ f ^! galls4 ,x has a bright r$di% br[n head & ?orax1 & gre5 w+ cov]s b>r$ across ! c5tre ) :ite4 ,lemidia hil>is1 ( an in* long1 is a %ort broad beetle ( a %9+ black t9t1 ) ! basal half ( ! elytra r$4 ,! ,r$-legg$ ,ham ,beetle1 ,necrobia rufipes1 an introduc$ species1 is f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,9 ! int]ior x sw>ms "u dead animals1 fe$+ ^u fre% bones2 & is also (t5 f\nd ab\t *eese & o!r pres]v$ foods 9 ! pantry4 ,family #ce4 ,anobiums4 ,,pt9idae4 ,^! beetles are small insects1 ) ! head hidd5 "u ! ?orax2 !y h fili=m1 pect9ate or slightly clubb$ ant5nae2 & sev]al species are _w wide 9 _! range1 = z !y live 9 all k9ds ( dri$ food /uffs !y are easily introduc$ into new c\ntries4 ,gibbium scotius is a curi\s little beetle h>dly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a bright %9+ br[n body1 & ! legs & ant5nae cov]$ ) yell[ scales2 x fe$s ^u fea!rs1 & is (t5 f\nd 9 birds' ne/s4 ,anobium paniceum is kn[n z ! 8,biscuit ,weevil10 b fe$s ^u all k9ds ( ?+s2 ,i h f\nd x 9 boots1 se$s1 drugs1 botanical specim5s1 & x is said to h be5 f\nd burr[+ ?r\gh %eet lead4 ,! ,cig>ette ,beetle1 ,lasiod]ma s]ricorne1 is ano!r little br[n beetle common 9 ,sydney 9 wa/e tobacco4 ,olliff has describ$ a numb] ( ,au/ralian species 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf72 & ,we/wood o!rs 7,ent4 ,soc4 #ahfi71 among :i* are sev]al memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,ectrephes1 :i* live 9 ants' ne/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,sitodrepa 7,anobium7 panicea 7,fabr474 ,! omniv]\s drug-/ore beetle 7,introduc$74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #cf4 ,p[d]po/ ,beetles4 ,,cioidae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,lyctus brunneus 7,d\glas74 ,! ,beetle s de/ructive to ,rattan furniture4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,?\gh small 9 size & numb] ( species1 ^! are v important beetles on acc\nt ( ! damage !y d to rattan furniture & sapwood 9 unseason$ timb]4 ,lyctus brunneus1 a small elongat$1 r$di% br[n beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 lives & bre$s 9 wood1 & is only too common ab\t ,sydney4 ,a second species has be5 describ$ f ,s\? ,au/ralia by ,blackburn4 ,family #cg4 ,aug] ,beetles4 ,,bo/ry*idae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,bo/ry*opsis jesuita 7,fabr474 ,! ,aug] ,beetle :i* attacks dead or dy+ trees4 ,orange tree /em 9 :i* a numb] h be5 fe$+4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,^! beetles are easily recognis$ by _! curi\s c[l$ ?orax1 ) ! head turn$ d[n b5ea?1 & ! la/ #c jo9ts ( ! ant5nae =m+ a well-def9$ club2 ! body is long & cyl9drical1 adapt$ = burr[+ 9 dead wood4 ,specim5s ( ^! beetles c g5]ally be f\nd ^u fall5 trees or fre%ly-cut timb]4 ,bo/ry*opsis jesuita1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! gr\p1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 is black1 cyl9drical1 ) ! r\nd$ ?orax rugose 9 front1 & ! tip ( ! w+ cov]s truncate4 ,bo/ry*us gibbicollis1 ab\t ( an in*1 is d>k r$di% br[n1 ) a sp9$ ?orax & ! tips ( ! w+ cov]s produc$ into blunt tee?4 ,b4 cyl9dricus1 ab\t ! same size & simil> col\r1 has elytra furni%$ ) ?ree curl$ sp9es on ea* side4 ,x has be5 f\nd damag+ w9e casks4 ,9 ! ,g5]a ,apate & ,rhizop]?a1 also f\nd 9 dead timb]1 we h a typical =m 9 ,apate coll>is1 measur+ ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a dull yell[ ?orax1 d>k br[n w+ cov]s sp9$ at ! tips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,bo/ry*us cyl9dricus 7,macleay74 ,! ,w9e-cask bor]4 78,agricultural ,gazette40 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #ch4 ,mealworm ,beetles4 ,,t5ebrionidae4 ,?is is a v l>ge family ( beetles1 g5]ally dull br[n or black 9 col\r1 b v>y+ mu* 9 %ape2 _m ( ! m typical =ms are f\nd "u logs & /ones1 & might easily be mi/ak5 at fir/ sight = c>nivor\s c>ab beetles until ! m\? p>ts & head are notic$4 ,!y h some:at ?ick5$ ant5nae plac$ on ! sides ( ! head2 "s h w+s1 o!rs are w+less2 mo/ ( !m are sl[1 heavy beetles1 v easily captur$4 ,! l>vae are usually sl5d] %9+ cyl9drical br[n worm-l creatures liv+ 9 rott5 wood1 ( :i* ! introduc$ ,mealworm is a typical example4 ,our species h be5 describ$ by a great _m ,engli% & =eign writ]s1 *ief among :i* are ,pascoe1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,entomology #ahfi1 & ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory #ahfi-hj2 ,hope 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,london #ahdb-dh2 ,bates 9 ! same j\rnal #ahgc2 & lat] on 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,au/ralian ,societies by ,macleay & ,blackburn4 ,c>t] has )9 ?is la/ ye> describ$ a numb] ( new species 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aije-f74 ,! ,ironb>k ,beetle1 ,zoph]osis georgii1 is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn scrubs ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 g5]ally climb+ on tree trunks2 x is an elongat$1 flatt5$1 dull br[n beetle1 slightly ov] #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! ant5nae ?ick5$1 & ! :ole ( ! upp] surface cov]$ ) r\nd$ irregul> knobs2 x is n unlike a c>icature ( a l>ge click beetle4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,pt]ohelaeus are smoo?1 %9+1 tortoise-%ap$ black beetles1 f\nd "u dead b>k on ! trunks ( trees4 ,p4 piceus1 common 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,n4,s4 ,wales1 is j "u #a in* 9 l5g?1 b broad 9 proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,helaeus subs]ratus 7,blackburn74 ,! ,tortoise ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,helaeus subs]ratus1 f ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 is typical ( a v curi\s gr\p n only w+less1 b hav+ ! elytra & abdom9al segm5ts sold]$ toge!r into a broad flatt5$ box ) a wide ?9 flange runn+ "r r\nd1 cont9u$ r\nd ! ?orax1 & ov]lapp+ 9 front ( ! head1 :i* latt] is turn$ d[n & is ?us situat$ 9 a regul> frame2 ?is "o is d>k br[n1 ) ! out] flange light] col\r$2 x measures #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & is broad & r\nd$ 9 =m4 ,^! beetles are usually f\nd 9 ! drie/ p>ts ( ! int]ior1 :]e !y live "u /ones or logs among ! du/1 & 9 spite ( _! size1 rema9 s motionless t !y c be v easily ov]look$4 ,s>agus floccosus1 f\nd on tree trunks 9 ! nor? ( ,n4,s4,w41 is a small] tortoise-%ap$ insect1 "u ( an in*2 is convex & keel$ d[n ! c5tre ( ! ?orax2 & ! elytra h a m n>r[ flange runn+ "r r\nd b curv+ 9 & r\nd$ on ei!r side ( ! head4 ,:5 alive1 x has ! :ole ( ! upp] surface cov]$ ) loose floccul5t matt] l s(t sawdu/1 evid5tly z a protective cov]+1 b ?is is easily bru%$ (f :5 dead4 ,hypaulax t5ui/riata is "o ( ! common l>ge black beetles f\nd "u dead b>k2 x measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 ! head is small1 project+2 ! ?orax broad1 r\nd$1 %9+2 & ! broad w+ cov]s are di/9ctly ribb$ ) punctur$ /riae4 ,*>topt]yx *ildr5i is "o ( our mo/ rem>kable & r>e species2 x is #a in* long2 ! only specim5 ,i h se5 alive1 ,i caught alight+ on a tree trunk at ,mosman1 ne> ,sydney2 x is elongate1 broad1 oval 9 =m1 ) ! head & ?orax turn$ d[n1 & ! convex1 %9+1 black elytra deeply punctur$ & clo!d ) dull yell[ moss-l mat]ial2 ! head & ?orax are ornam5t$ ) f9e :ite hairs1 =m+ an elongat$ m>k on ei!r side ( ! latt] & two p>allel l9es d[n ! c5tre ( ! head & ?orax4 ,blepeg5es aruspex is a %9+ copp]y black col\r$ beetle measur+ ( an in*2 x is sl5d] 9 =m1 rem>kably l a c>ab1 ) a small ?orax t is produc$ into a sp9e on ei!r side2 ! elytra are deeply ribb$2 x is f\nd "u logs 9 ! ,illaw>ra di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,c>dio?orax h[itti is also f\nd "u logs2 x is an elongate beetle1 black ) a dull purple t9t on ! ?orax1 :i* is flatt5$ & almo/ r\nd1 a regul> rim runn+ r\nd ! m>g92 x is arcuate beh9d ! head1 & produc$ into a sp9e on ! h9d m>g9s2 ! w+ cov]s are elongat$ to ! apex1 & ribb$4 ,! memb]s ( ! ext5sive ,g5us ,adelium are f\nd "u logs2 "s species are q common1 clu/]+ toge!r 9 consid]able numb]s2 !y are all black or copp]y t9t$4 ,^! beetles are ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! ?orax is r\gh5$1 & ! w+ cov]s m or less /riat$4 ,! ,g5us ,*alcopt]us1 :i* n[ includes mo/ ( ^? describ$ z ,am>ygmus1 are black or brightly metallic col\r$ beetles2 ! head & ?orax are small & curve d[nw>d2 ! w+ cov]s are l>ge1 convex1 & po9t$ at ! tips4 ,!y are f\nd crawl+ ab\t on tree trunks1 or hidd5 "u dead b>k1 & give out a v pung5t (f5sive od\r :5 h&l$4 ,*alcopt]us v>iabilis measures an in* 9 l5g?2 its head & ?orax are black1 ! elytra ri* copp]y r$1 & x is common ab\t ! ,sydney scrubs4 ,! common ,mealworm1 ,t5ebrio molitor1 has a _w-wide range2 x 0 introduc$ into ,au/ralia at a v e>ly date1 & n long ago a packet ( se$s import$ f ,engl& 0 f\nd on exam9ation by "o ( ! inspectors ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ,n4,s4,w4 to be full ( ! %9+ wireworm-l l>vae ( ^! beetles4 ,x is a common beetle 9 /ables & produce /ores4 ,family #ci4 ,,ci/elidae4 ,^! are delicate1 elongate1 long-legg$ beetles1 ) weak integum5t1 & are closely alli$ to ! ,,t5ebrionidae1 only diff]+ f !m 9 hav+ comb-l or pect9ate claws on ! t>si2 & _! l>vae are l wireworms4 ,! ,g5us ,atractus comprises a numb] ( sl5d] beetles ( bright metallic t9ts common ^u ! fl[]+ %rubs 9 summ]2 ,atractus viridis1 an in* 9 l5g?1 is bright metallic gre51 ) ! ?orax & %\ld]s t9t$ ) copp]y r$1 ! w+ cov]s deeply m>k$ ) punctur$ /riae4 ,a4 viresc5s is a small] species ) a m dull metallic copp]y t9t4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,allecula are l>g] beetles1 ) long sl5d] legs & ant5nae1 %9+ br[n or black 9 col\r1 ) f9ely /riat$ elytra2 ! l>vae are sl5d]1 d>k1 %9+ br[n wireworms liv+ 9 decay+ wood4 ,allecula subsulcata is slightly ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a uni=m black col\r1 ) ! la/ ?ree jo9ts ( ! ant5nae & ! la/ two ( ! t>si pale f]rug9\s4 ,! l>vae bre$ 9 ! rott5 /ems ( dead grass trees1 & ! beetles are g5]ally f\nd hid+ among ! foliage4 ,family #dj4 ,,lagriidae4 ,?is is ano!r small gr\p conta9+ few species1 b ,lagria gr&is is "o ( our v common beetles1 & c be collect$ on l[ scrub any:]e ab\t ,sydney4 ,! l>vae are to be f\nd "u logs or among damp leaves on ! gr\nd1 & are ?ickset1 black1 %9+ creatures4 cov]$ ) %ort r$di% hair on ! upp] surface2 %ort ant5nae /&+ out 9 front2 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 is produc$ into a pair ( po9t$ sp9es4 ,! beetle is light r$di% br[n1 closely cov]$ ) f9e conflu5t punctures & %ort scatt]$ br[n hairs4 ,x is slightly ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a small head1 sl5d]1 n>r[ ?orax1 & ) ! front ( ! w+ cov]s =m+ a broad %\ld] 9 front4 ,family #da4 ,,an?icidae4 ,^! are small ant-l beetles1 ) ! head hav+ a regul> neck & ! ?orax n>r[ & elongate2 mo/ ( !m are f\nd among rubbi% ^u ! gr\nd1 or along ! edges ( creeks & wat]c\rses4 ,x is *iefly ow+ to ! rese>*es ( ,k+1 :o collect$ & describ$ a great numb] ( ! species f\nd ab\t ,sydney 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfi71 t we "k mu* ab\t ?is family4 ,family #db4 ,,pyro*roidae4 ,?is is a small gr\p conta9+ "s beetles ) ! head atta*$ to ! ?orax by a neck1 & ) ! w+ cov]s mu* broad] ?an ! ?orax3 ,lemodes cocc9ea is a pretty little bright r$ beetle ) black legs & ant5nae1 ! latt] tipp$ ) :ite2 x measures slightly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is common "u logs 9 ! ,illaw>ra di/rict4 ,ano!r species1 ,l4 spl5d5s1 has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,lea 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf7 f specim5s obta9$ by me at ,n\ndoc1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #dc4 ,p9tails4 ,,mordellidae4 ,?is gr\p1 9 :i* ! ,rhipidophoridae are n[ includ$1 are v di/9ctive beetles2 !y h ! head tuck$ d[n 9 front2 ! ?orax l>ge1 broad1 & r\nd$ at ! base1 ) ! h9d m>g9s angul> & fitt+ closely into ! w+ cov]s1 :i* tap] d[n to ! apex2 ! end ( ! abdom5 =ms a /\t sp9e-%ap$ tip ext5d+ beyond ! w+s4 ,!y are v active little beetles2 sev]al species are v num]\s & sw>m ov] ! fl[]s ( ! l[ scrub4 ,mordella leuco/icta1 an in* 9 l5g?1 is black2 ! :ole ( ! upp] surface is ?ickly spott$ & m>k$ ) dull :ite1 & ! legs & "u surface are also mottl$4 ,m4 limbata is a mu* small] black beetle ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & has a pale silv]y %e53 ,tomoxia flavicans1 f ! nor!rn riv]s1 is a %ort] broad] insect4 ,pelectomoides conicollis is #a in*es 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m dull br[n col\r1 ) pect9ate ant5nae2 ! head is small1 turn$ d[n1 & ! ?orax is broad & r\nd$4 ,?is f9e beetle is f\nd ab\t ,sydney4 ,lea has describ$ & li/$ ! memb]s ( ?is family 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #aijb74 ,family #dd4 ,oil & ,bli/] ,beetles4 ,,can?>idae4 ,! true ,bli/] ,beetle is a sl5d] insect ) s(t integum5t1 & a small head produc$ into a neck beh9d2 ! ?orax is small 9 proportion to ! sl5d] r\nd$ abdom5 & w+ cov]s4 ,a numb] ( species h be5 describ$ f ?is c\ntry by diff]5t writ]s1 among :om ,fairmaire has be5 *ief 7,/ett4 ,ent4 ,zeit4 #ahhj74 ,mo/ ( !m belong to ! ,g5us ,zonitis1 ( :i* ab\t #dj species h be5 describ$4 ,zonitis bip>tita1 "u an in* 9 l5g?1 has ! head1 ?orax1 base ( ! w+ cov]s1 & "u surface ( abdom5 orange yell[1 ) ! abdom5 & re/ ( ! elytra d>k %9+ blue3 ,z4 brevicornis is a v simil> insect1 b has ! :ole ( ! w+ cov]s deep metallic blue4 ,! true ,oil ,beetles are m r>e2 unable to fly1 !y are f\nd crawl+ ab\t on ! gr\nd ) ! body di/5d$ & ! w+ cov]s ov]lapp+ ea* o!r at ! base4 ,no?+ is record$ ab\t ! l>vae ( our species ( ?is family1 b 9 o!r c\ntries !y are kn[n to fe$ ^u ! eggs ( locu/s2 o!rs atta* !mselves to bees1 & are ?us c>ri$ into _! ne/s1 :]e !y dev\r ! eggs & aft]w>ds ! honey4 ,! ,,o$em]idae are some:at simil> look+ insects to ! ,bli/] ,beetle2 ,ananca puncta is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x is a v sl5d] long-legg$ beetle ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a g5]al dull yell[ col\r1 ) ! head1 ?orax1 & legs mottl$ ) dull blue1 & ! :ole ( ! elongat$ w+ cov]s dull blue except a dorsal /ripe ( ! prevail+ yell[ :i* wid5s out t[>ds ! apex4 ,family #de4 ,woodbor]s4 ,,scolytidae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,hyles9us fici 7,lea74 ,! ,fig-bran* ,beetle1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,h4 porcatus 7,*ap474 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,?is is a gr\p ! memb]s ( :i* are alli$ to ! ,weevils1 b diff] 9 hav+ a %ort broad sn\t ) clubb$ ant5nae1 & ! tibiae too!d on ! out] edge4 ,only a few species h be5 describ$ f ?is c\ntry1 b sev]al ( !m are well-kn[n pe/s1 & l ! small] species ( ! ,aug] ,beetles are usually attract$ to dy+ trees4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,hyles9us we h "o1 ,h4 porcatus1 :i* attacks ! t]m9al buds ( bo? ! wild & cultivat$ figs4 ,x is a %ort ?ickset black beetle1 ab\t #b l9es 9 l5g?1 ) ! head turn$ d[n to ! =e-legs1 & ! clubb$ ant5nae #e jo9t$2 ! head & ?orax are rugose1 & ! w+ cov]s f9ely /riat$2 ! :ole insect is lightly clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,! ,ambrosia ,beetle1 ,xyleborus solidus1 is a common beetle 9 ! bu%1 & has lately turn$ its att5tion to fruit trees2 bor+ into ! bran* & !n gnaw+ a *amb] "r r\nd "u ! b>k1 %e deposits h] eggs at ! end ( ! burr[1 at ! same "t kill+ ! bran* & caus+ x to snap (f4 ,?is beetle is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a uni=m black col\r1 ) ! legs & ant5nae r$di% br[n4 ,x is /\t & cyl9drical 9 =m2 ! head is turn$ d[n 9 front & hidd5 f above2 ! r\nd$ ?orax is ne>ly z l>ge z ! body1 cov]$ ) %ort rasp-l po9ts 9 front2 ! w+ cov]s are flatt5$ & squ>$ (f at ! tips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,xyleborus solidus 7,ei*h(f74 ,! ,scolytid ,beetle t damages ! ,apple tree ,bran*es4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #df4 ,sl5d] ,weevils4 ,,br5?idae4 ,^! are rem>kable look+ beetles1 v long & sl5d] 9 =m1 ) ! sn\t nev] turn$ d[n b /&+ out /raight 9 front ( ! head2 ! ant5nae n elb[$1 b compos$ ( a numb] ( bead-l jo9ts atta*$ ne> ! tip on ei!r side2 & ! jaws situat$ at ! extremity ( ! sn\t4 ,9 _m ( ! l>g] =ms ! males are mu* bigg] ?an ! females1 & h ! sn\t mu* long]2 !y are *iefly f\nd 9 ! tropical scrubs1 two small species h[ev] com+ f ! s\?4 ,tra*elizus h[etti1 a %9+ r$di% br[n beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 has ! ant5nae ?ick5$ to ! tips2 & ,cordus hospes1 a l>g] beetle ( a some:at d>k] col\r1 is f\nd "u dead b>k on ! tree trunks1 & also sometimes 9 ants' ne/s4 ,ectocemus pt]ygorrh9us comes f ,nor? ,que5sl&1 & is common on ! l[ scrub ab\t ,cairns :]e timb] has be5 fell$2 x is some:at %ort & ?ickset2 ! male is ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?1 ) ! tip ( ! ro/rum produc$ into an angulate process1 & v long cyl9drical ant5nae4 ,! g5]al col\r is d>k r$di% br[n1 ) ! w+ cov]s ornam5t$ ) f\r p>allel r[s ( %9+ dull yell[ b>s4 ,i?y/5us holl&iae1 also f ,cairns1 is f\nd 9 simil> situations2 x is v long & sl5d]1 #a in*es long1 blacki% br[n1 ) two p>allel light r$di% br[n l9es d[n ! c5tre ( ! w+ cov]s1 & ! extremities produc$ into a too? at ei!r side4 ,homoc]us fossulatus1 f\nd "u rott5 b>k1 is ( a g5]al dull br[n col\r2 is ?ick5$ & flatt5$1 ) ! w+ cov]s mu* r\gh5$4 ,! male measures ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?1 b ! female is mu* small]4 ,mesetia amo5a is a v pretty1 sl5d]1 bright r$di% yell[ beetle1 ) ! head1 legs1 & sides ( ! ?orax black1 & a d>k m$ium /ripe d[n ! ?orax & elytron4 ,x is ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 & is common 9 ! scrubs ab\t ! ,ri*mond ,riv] ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #dg4 ,c>nivor\s ,weevils4 ,,an?ribidae4 ,^! beetles are alli$ to1 b v di/9ct f1 ! true weevils1 & are usually f\nd on ! trunks ( dead trees1 :]e !y hunt = & dev\r ! small wood-bor+ beetles t are attract$ to ! dead twigs1 or :i* bre$ out ( fungus4 ,!y h a %ort blunt sn\t1 & _m h long sl5d] ant5nae :i* are n elb[$2 !y are mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! nor!rn scrubs & =e/s4 ,ecelon]us albopictus is typical ( ^? ) %ort ant5nae clubb$ at ! tips2 x is a /\t ?ickset d>k br[n beetle1 ?ickly cov]$ ) pubesc5ce1 & ! :ole ( ! "u surface1 front ( ?orax & middle & tip ( ! body blot*$ ) :ite pubesc5ce4 ,x measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,ancylotropis wat]h\sei is a good example ( ! long-horn$ =ms2 x measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 b looks %ort] z its head & ?orax are curv$ d[nw>ds4 ,x is a v sl5d] beetle ( a uni=m br[n t9t1 b ?ickly clo!d ) buff & grey d[n2 ! ?orax tap]s to ! front1 & ! head is elongat$ b swells out aga9 9 front1 & is furni%$ ) long sl5d] ant5nae4 ,doticus pe/ilans is kn[n z ! 8,dri$ ,apple ,beetle10 f ! habit t ! beetle has ( lay+ its eggs 9 any dri$ immature apples t are left ov] ! season ^u ! trees2 9 its native /ate ! l>vae bre$ 9 ! l>ge wattle galls4 ,x measures only ab\t ( an in*1 & is a %ort1 ?ickset beetle1 ) ! head turn$ d[nw>d1 furni%$ ) sl5d] clubb$ ant5nae4 ,! g5]al col\r is r$di% br[n2 x has a rais$ ridge on ei!r side ( ! w+ cov]s2 ! =e-legs are curi\sly prolong$ ) l>ge t>si1 & x has a peculi> jump+ habit4 ,pascoe has describ$ mo/ ( our beetles belong+ to ?is gr\p 7,j\rnal ( ,entomology #ahfj1 & ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory #ahei74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,doticus pe/ilans 7,olliff74 ,! ,jump+ ,an?ribid or 8,dri$-apple ,beetle40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #dh4 ,weevils4 ,,curculionidae4 ,! ,weevils or ,sn\t ,beetles are "o ( ! l>ge/ & be/ def9$ gr\ps ( ! ,coleopt]a1 & ?\gh !y comprise a great numb] ( v diff]5t look+ beetles 9 %ape1 !y all h ! front ( ! head produc$ into a m or less elongat$ sn\t ) ! jaws plac$ at ! tip1 & ) ! di/9ctly elb[$ ant5nae /&+ out on ei!r side ( ! sn\t1 =m+ a regul> angle4 ,mo/ ( !m are provid$ ) well develop$ w+s1 ! elytra be+ usually v solid2 & ! :ole insect is encas$ 9 ?ick arm\r plate integum5t4 ,! majority are sl[1 sluggi% beetles1 t tru/ z a rule m to _! %ape & protective col\ration h>monis+ ) _! surr\nd+s1 ?an to _! activity4 ,!y fe$ *iefly ^u foliage & b>k1 & :5 at re/ cl+ to ! twigs or /alks ( _! food plants1 fall+ at ! lea/ al>m to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y rema9 p]fectly motionless1 ) _! legs & ant5nae tightly clos$ until ! dang] has pass$4 ,^? liv+ 9 ! dry we/]n c\ntry are repres5t$ by curi\s w+less =ms ) v %ort /\t sn\ts1 & are usually f\nd "u logs & /ones 9 op5 grass l&s2 :ile 9 ! tropical scrubs !y are *iefly arboreal1 & frequ5tly ri*ly col\r$4 ,!y are all veget>ian 9 _! habits bo? 9 ! l>val & p]fect /ates2 "s infe/ se$s1 o!rs de/roy ! buds1 foliage or roots ( plants & d a great deal ( damage to f>ms & g>d5]s' crops4 ,ab\t #abjj describ$ species are li/$ 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue1 & a great numb] ( new species h be5 add$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s by ,messrs4 ,blackburn & ,lea 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,pascoe1 "o ( ! mo/ prolific writ]s on ?is family1 describ$ a great _m betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfi-ahhc 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/474 ,!y h be5 divid$ into a numb] ( sub-families1 among :i* only ! mo/ important c be notic$ "h4 ,! rem>kable ,long-neck$ ,weevil1 ,rhad9osomus lacordairei1 measures "u an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m dull r$di% br[n t9t ) a silv]y :ite spot on ei!r side ( ! r\nd$ elytra1 :i* are produc$ into a sp9e on ea* side4 ,x bre$s 9 ! cavity 9 ! l>ge ,bra*yscelid galls1 fe$+ on ! woody tissue2 ,lea says t 9 ,tasmania x is a pe/ to /rawb]ry gr[]s4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,mylloc]us are da9ty little oval weevils f\nd re/+ ^u grass /alks or among ! foliage ( small %rubs peculi> to ,nor? ,que5sl& & ,nor? ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,mylloc]us c>9atus is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is f9ely /riat$ & d5sely clo!d ) metallic gre5 scales4 ,catas>cus sp9ip5nis is ano!r ,we/ ,au/ralian insect ( a br[ni% buff t9t1 ) ! abdom5 broadly r\nd$2 & ! h9d portions ( ! elytra cov]$ ) %>p sp9es4 ,ab\t #dj species ( ?is g5us are describ$1 all ( :i* ) "o exception are conf9$ to ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,*]rus eb59us is "o ( ! l>ge /\t black weevils common 9 ! bu% ar\nd ,sydney1 :]e x is usually f\nd cl++ to ! twigs ( ! blood-wood1 ,eucalyptus corymbosa4 ,x is black1 ) broad rugose ?orax & ribb$ w+ cov]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hc &#hd4--,wattle ,weevils4 #hc4 ,rh9otia hmopt]a 7,kirby74 ,! ,r$ ,weevil4 #hd4 ,leptops tribulus 7,fabr474 ,! ,wattle 8,pig-beetle40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,leptops conta9s a l>ge numb] ( v *>act]i/ic beetles fe$+ ^u ! foliage ( wattles & o!r scrub trees4 ,!y are usually grey1 buff1 or d>k br[n insects ) ?ick5$ sn\ts & broad bodies4 ,! ,apple-root ,bor]1 ,leptops hopei1 is sometimes a pe/ to ! or*>di/1 damag+ ! roots ( 8 apple trees2 ! beetle em]g+ f ! soil crawls up ! tree trunk1 & lay+ h] eggs ^u ! leaf1 turns ! edges ov] & gums !m toge!r ) a /icky secretion2 ! "y grubs hat* & crawl d[n to ! roots4 ,l4 tribulus1 (t5 call$ by ! ,sydney boys ! 8,wattle ,pig10 fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle2 x is a mu* l>g] species1 ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 d>k br[n to black 9 col\r2 ! broad r\nd$ body cov]$ ) %ort blunt sp9es1 ?icke/ t[>ds ! apex4 ,! ,grey-b&$ ,leaf ,weevil1 ,e!maia sellata1 describ$ f ,s4 ,au/ralia1 has a wide range ov] ! int]ior4 ,! l>vae are pale gre5 legless creatures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 lightly clo!d ) %ort hairs2 !y rema9 buri$ 9 ! soil1 com+ out at night to fe$ ^u plants1 b if di/urb$ by a light !y w drop to ! gr\nd & bury !mselves v quickly4 ,! beetle is ( an in* 9 l5g?1 d>k br[n1 %ad$ ) grey1 :i* =ms an irregul> patt]n on ! ?orax1 legs1 & elytra2 rugose1 deeply pitt$2 & ! :ole surface is clo!d ) :ite & br[n scales4 ,! ,,amyct]9ae are a l>ge gr\p ( weevils ) su* %ort ?ick sn\ts t !y are q unlike ! typical =ms g5]ally f\nd 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry among grass or hid+ "u logs or /ones2 !y are w+less1 ! elytra sold]$ toge!r =m+ a v ?ick solid integum5t4 ,macleay describ$ a great numb] 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfe74 ,psalidura elongata1 common 9 ! int]ior1 measures slightly ov] #a in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m black col\r ) a r$di% br[n t9t2 ! %ort head & flatt5$ ?orax are f9ely granulat$1 ) ! elytron closely ribb$ & punctur$4 ,talaur9us tub]culatus1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is black1 v co>sely granulat$ on ! ?orax1 ) ! :ole ( ! flatt5$ elytron ?ickly cov]$ ) blunt tub]cules4 ,ne>ly #ij species or ?is g5us h be5 describ$1 *iefly by ,macleay1 rang+ all ov] ,au/ralia4 ,amyct]us draco is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable arm\r plat$ species 9 ! int]ior2 x is black1 ) a small deeply ribb$ head & angulat$ ?orax2 & ! broad1 some:at elongat$ elytron is turn$ d[n at ! extremity & cov]$ ) r[s ( rais$ bosses4 ,acan?olophus e*9atus1 z ! g5]ic "n implies1 repres5ts a gr\p conta9+ a numb] ( species cov]$ ) sp9es t ext5d ev5 ov] ! upp] surface ( ! head & ?orax4 ,! ,g5us ,cubicorrhyn*us conta9s ! small] gr\nd beetles1 almo/ cyl9drical1 ) %ort r\nd$ head & ?orax3 !y dwell "u /ones1 & :5 expos$ lie q motionless z if dead1 _! dull br[n t9ts mat*+ ! gr\nd4 ,c4 morosus1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( ! usual =m & col\r1 ) a v wide range1 & (t5 v num]\s 9 grass l&s4 ,! ,,gonipt]9ae comprise a numb] ( div]se =ms f\nd ^u foliage cl++ to ! twigs4 ,! ,g5us ,oxyops conta9s a numb] ( /\t mod]ate-siz$ beetles :i* are rem>kable = ! curi\s habits ( _! legless slug-l l>vae1 :i*1 cov]+ !mselves ) a slimy secretion1 crawl ab\t ov] ! surface ( ! eucalyptus leaves1 fe$+ ^u ! epid]mis & cov]+ _! backs ) _! excrem5t2 :5 full gr[n !y pupate on ! gr\nd among ! rubbi% b5ea? _! food plant4 ,oxyops concreta has a n>r[ %ort head ) ! ?orax broade/ beh9d2 ! elytra broadly swoll51 r\nd$1 deeply /riat$1 & clo!d ) f9e scales4 ,brya*us squamicollis has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is usually f\nd cl++ to ! twigs ( /unt$ gum trees2 x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m d>k *ocolate br[n1 b ?ickly mottl$ all ov] ) f9e grey & black scales4 ,?is beetle =ms r\nd$ cells ( a br[n gummy sub/ance 7v mu* l l>ge ,lecanium scales7 :i* are atta*$ to ! twigs1 9 ea* ( :i* %e places ?ree eggs2 f ^! em]ge pale yell[ oval l>vae2 :5 full gr[n ! l>va is an oval smoo? r\nd$ grub ( a purpli% t9t1 legless1 flatt5$ on ! v5tral surface1 & ) ! head hidd5 f above1 l a 8pe>-slug0 l>va2 :5 adult x falls or crawls to ! gr\nd1 & pupates among ! rubbi%4 ,mr4 ,gurney fir/ discov]$ ! curi\s egg-capsules on trees 9 ! ,bogan ,riv] di/rict ,n4,s4,w4 ,gonipt]us gibb]us is a small r$di%-br[n beetle ) a :ite blot* on ei!r side ( ! elytra2 x has an elongat$ head & ?orax1 & is usually f\nd cl++ tightly to ! tip ( a eucalyptus twig4 ,at]pus cultratus1 typical ( ! next gr\p1 measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! dorsal surface is flatt5$2 is ( a g5]al dull br[n t9t1 ) ! head1 front ( ! ?orax & tip ( ! abdom5 buff4 ,usually f\nd "u dead b>k on tree trunks1 its l>va =ms a loose cocoon ( bits ( b>k on ! /ems ( ,melaleuca bu%es4 ,lixus ma/]si1 ! we$ weevil1 is v common 9 neglect$ g>d5s1 z its l>vae fe$ 9 ! roots ( ,am>an?us & ,*5opodium1 caus+ !m to swell out into cyl9drical galls2 ! beetle is ( an in* 9 l5g?1 sl5d] & cyl9drical 9 =m1 ( a light br[n t9t1 b :5 fre%ly em]g$ is cov]$ ) a yell[ mealy pubesc5ce :i* soon rubs (f4 ,! 8,botany ,bay ,diamond ,beetle10 z ,donovan describ$ x1 ,*rysolophus spectabilis1 is "o ( our commone/ & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( our weevils4 ,x has a v wide range all ov] ,au/ralia1 & is f\nd :]ev] ! black wattle ?rives1 b also fe$s ^u _m o!r species4 ,x is v v>iable 9 size1 measur+ to #a in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m black t9t1 b s ?ickly cov]$ ) pat*es ( bright metallic gre5 scales1 t 9 fre%ly em]g$ specim5s x seems m gre5 ?an black4 ,x deposits its eggs ab\t ! butt ( ! wattle tree buri$ 9 ! b>k2 ! /\t fle%y grubs =m irregul> tunnels 9 ! wood4 ,! ,elephant ,beetle1 ,or?orrh9us cyl9driro/ris1 ^: /\t fle%y grubs d a good deal ( damage to citrus trees1 has a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia3 x is a d>k br[n weevil1 cov]$ on ! dorsal surface ) f9e buff & grey scales2 ! ?orax is cov]$ ) irregul> bosses :i* =m ridges on ! elytra4 ,x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & has a long sl5d] sn\t turn$ d[n 9 front1 & v long =e-legs t]m9at+ 9 l>ge fea!r$ t>si2 9 its native /ate x fe$s ^u gum trees4 ,o4 klugi is a mu* small] species t fe$s & bre$s 9 wattles1 b is also kn[n z an or*>d pe/1 infe/+ ! canes ( v9es1 & also eat+ ! leaf buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,*rysolophus spectabilis 7,fabr474 ,! ,botany ,bay ,diamond ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,eurhamphus fasciculatus is "o ( our l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable look+ weevils2 x measures #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & is ( a g5]al black t9t1 b ! great] portion is f9ely clo!d ) grey & ru/y r$ scales1 :i* give x a uni=m buff t9t2 x is fur!r clo!d ) tufts ( long s(t r$di% br[n hairs =m+ a rais$ ridge d[n ei!r side ( ! ?orax1 & are scatt]$ 9 r[s on ! elytra int]mix$ ) small tufts ( long grey hairs1 giv+ x a v rem>kable sp9y appe>ance4 ,x is a r>e insect z a rule1 rang+ f ,p9e ,m\nta91 ,que5sl&1 to ! ,cl>5ce ,riv]1 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 b _m ye>s ago ,ma/]s :5 collect+ 9 ! nor? came ^u a l>ge dead p9e tree 9 ! scrub lit]ally cov]$ ) hundr$s ( ^! great weevils bor+ into ! dead timb] ) _! long sl5d] sn\ts1 mak+ a di/9ct scrat*+ s\nd4 ,x is !re=e probable t !y are conf9$ to ! /rip ( c\ntry :]e ! ,hoop or ,m>ybor\gh ,p9e gr[s1 & bre$ on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,myrmacicelus =mic>ius 7,*ev474 ,! ,ant-l ,weevil4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,tranes sp>sus1 ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is common among ! co>se palm-l foliage ( ! ,currawong2 x is ( a uni=m r$di% br[n t9t ) a sl5d] sn\t1 r\nd$ flatt5$ ?orax1 & oval1 flatt5$1 f9ely /riat$ elytra4 ,a small] black species1 ,t4 xan?orrhoeae1 is f\nd 9 ! foliage ( ! grass trees4 ,! ,g5us ,belus conta9s a numb] ( v sl5d] weevils ) ! sn\t /&+ out 9 front ( ! head1 long ant5nae1 ?ick5$ ?ighs1 & ! sl5d] elytra com+ to a po9t at ! apex4 ,!y fe$ ^u wattles1 & are v active1 fly+ ab\t 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,belus semipunctatus is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ( a uni=m d>k r$di% br[n t9t1 ) a broad :ite /ripe d[n ea* side ( ! ?orax & d[n ! c5tre ( ! back1 ) small spots on ea* side4 ,b4 bid5tatus is a /\t] ?ickset beetle2 & is ( a d>k] br[n col\r1 ) a r\nd$ buff spot on ei!r side ( ! w+ cov]s4 ,b4 plagiatus is a small] almo/ black species1 ri*ly v>iegat$ ) r$di% yell[ spots & blot*es2 x comes f ! m tropical scrubs ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,rh9otia hoemopt]a1 a v h&some sl5d] cyl9drical weevil1 is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! sn\t furni%$ ) ?ick5$ ant5nae turn$ d[n bel[ ! head2 x is ri* black ) bright brick r$ w+ cov]s :i* h a f9e dorsal black /ripe d[n ! c5tre4 ,! curi\s l>ge-head$ l>vae fe$ 9 ! /ems ( ! ,sweet-sc5t$ ,wattle1 ,acacia suaveol5s4 ,eurhyn*us acan?opt]us is ! type ( ano!r gr\p1 :i* has a %ort] sn\t1 & ! head broad & r\nd$1 fitt+ closely into ! some:at att5uat$ ?orax2 ! body is broadly oval1 & ! w+ cov]s furni%$ ) %ort conical sp9es 9 ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,x measures ab\t an in*1 & is ( a uni=m r$di% br[n t9t4 ,! ,ant ,weevil1 ,myrmacicelus =mic>ius1 usually f\nd crawl+ ab\t on ! trunks ( wattle trees1 is a %9+ black weevil ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is z ant-look+ z its names sugge/4 ,! ,g5us ,balan9us repres5ts ! t9y little r\nd$ weevils ) v long sl5d] sn\ts adapt$ = fe$+ ^u se$s4 ,b4 amo5us is black spott$ ) :ite2 is almo/ oval 9 =m1 & ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x fe$s ^u ! ripe fruit ( ! little yell[ fig1 ,ficus rubig9osa4 ,! ,g5us ,laemosaccus conta9s a numb] ( %ort flatt5$ weevils ( a g5]al black or d>k br[n col\r ornam5t$ ) :ite or buff d[n2 !y are g5]ally f\nd fea/+ ^u ! b>k ( fre%ly fall5 tree-trunks1 p>ticul>ly wattle & eucalypts1 9 :i* !y also bore holes & deposit _! eggs4 ,laemosaccus electilis measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is black ) :ite pubesc5ce on ! "u surface1 & :ite m>k+s on ! tips ( ! w+ cov]s1 :i* are f9ely /riat$4 ,my specim5s come f ,condobol91 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,haplonyx conta9 a numb] ( curi\s1 %ort1 broadly r\nd$ beetles g5]ally f\nd cl++ to ! twigs ( eucalypts1 b _! l>vae bre$ 9 ! fle%y galls ( ! ,bra*yscelid coccids1 :]e !y de/roy ! gall mak]s & pupate 9 ! cavity4 ,haplonyx c5tralis is a typical d>k br[n species ) a l>ge :ite circle occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,p]issops ocellatus1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 comes f ! ,twe$ ,riv] ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,s\!rn ,que5sl&3 x is ( a g5]al light br[n t9t2 is oval & r\nd$ 9 =m1 ) ! w+ cov]s m>k$ ) buff1 s t :5 view$ f beh9d x resembles a pair ( eyes & nose on a man's face4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hg & #hh4--,kurrajong ,weevils4 #hg4--;,axionicus insignis 7,pascoe74 ,! ,mimic ,b>k-weevil4 #hh4--,tepp]ia /]culiae1 7,lea74 ,! ,se$-pod ,weevil4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,axionicus insignis is always f\nd ^u ! trunk ( ! ,kurrajong tree hidd5 9 ! crevices ( ! b>k1 :]e 9 spite ( its size 7 ( an in* 9 l5g?7 x is v difficult to detect1 ow+ to ! exact bl5d+ ( its :ite grey & br[n m>k+s ) ! t9ts ( ! b>k4 ,x lays its eggs 9 ! injur$ b>k2 ! l>vae are typical obese legless :ite grubs2 !y fe$ betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood (t5 9 su* numb]s z to kill l>ge bran*es4 ,!y pupate 9 regul> oval cocoons =m$ ( gnaw$ wood & b>k4 ,tepp]ia /]culiae bre$s 9 ! se$ pods ( ! ,kurrajong1 & is a small] b some:at simil> t9t$ beetle clo!d ) br[n & grey scales1 ! latt] =m+ a well def9$ pat* t[>d ! apex ( ! w+ cov]s4 ,! two species ( ! ,g5us ,enteles are small]1 smoo?1 %9+1 black beetles1 ) ! head & legs curv+ und]nea? ! body2 !y are bo? f\nd 9 ! semi-tropical scrubs ( ! nor?4 ,enteles vigorsi is m>k$ ) two :ite transv]se l9es cross+ ! elytra2 :ile ,e4 ocellatus has m p>allel l9es cross+ ! transv]se ones1 mak+ an eye-l patt]n ^u ! back4 ,! ,grass-tree ,weevil1 ,trigonot>sus rugosus1 is #a in*es 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m black col\r2 & ( ! typical ,cal&ra or palm weevil %ape1 ) a sl5d] curv$ sn\t1 & small head sunk into ! ?orax1 ) ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax & elytra flatt5$4 ,! obese :ite l>va fe$s 9 ! roots ( ! grass-trees4 ,alli$ to ?is are ! two t9y cosmopolitan gra9 weevils1 ,cal&ra orizae & ,c4 gran>ia1 :i* are de/ructive pe/s to all k9ds ( gra9 & o!r food /uffs4 ,family #di4 ,longicorns4 ,,c]ambycidae4 ,! longicorn beetles f _! numb]1 v>iety1 size1 & ! damage !y d to timb] & plants1 are well kn[n beetles1 & h always be5 a fav\rite gr\p ) collectors4 ,!y are usually elongate 9 =m1 ) p[]ful gnaw+ jaws1 & long sl5d] _m-jo9t$ ant5nae /&+ out 9 front ( ! head1 ! basal jo9t (t5 half encircl$ by ! l>ge comp\nd eye2 ! elytron is always divid$ d[n ! c5tre1 & ! l>ge h9d w+s well adapt$ = flight are fold$ b5ea? !m2 ! legs are /rongly develop$1 well adapt$ ei!r = runn+ ab\t or cl++ to _! food plant4 ,!y deposit _! eggs 9 b>k or timb]2 ! l>vae burr[ into ! tissue b5ea?1 ^u :i* !y fe$2 !y (t5 rema91 long cyl9drical or flatt5$ nak$ grubs1 = sev]al ye>s be=e !y pupate 9 ! end ( _! la/ gall]y4 ,!y are divid$ into ?ree l>ge sub-families by mod]n entomologi/s2 our species h be5 *iefly describ$ by ,newman 9 8,! ,entomologi/0 #ahdb2 8,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory0 #ahdj2 & a numb] ( o!r ,j\rnals4 ,pascoe contribut$ a great _m pap]s to ov] half a doz5 ( ! lead+ entomological societies 9 ,engl& betwe5 #aheg & #ahge4 ,hope1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,london #ahda1 & o!r ,transactions1 add$ l>gely to our li/1 :ile ,messrs4 ,boisduval1 ,g]m]1 ,:ite1 ,saund]s1 & o!rs describ$ odd specim5s4 ,9 our own ,j\rnals1 ,macleay & ,blackburn h also dealt ) ^! beetles4 ,! ,,prion9ae comprise a numb] ( l>ge broad ?ickset beetles ) ! front coxae l>ge & transv]se1 & ! pro?orax hav+ well develop$ side m>g9s4 ,! det]m9ation ( sev]al ( our commone/ species 0 a matt] ( "s d\bt1 s ,i submitt$ mo/ ( our common =ms to ,pr(essor ,lam>e ( ,brussels1 :o has id5tifi$ !m & enabl$ me to speak ) "s au?ority4 ,sceleocan?a glabricollis is "o ( ! %orte/ ?ickset =ms2 ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?2 ( ! usual uni=m r$di% br[n t9t2 ! small %9+ ?orax furni%$ ) a f9e sp9e on ei!r side2 & ! broad r\nd$ elytron f9ely granulat$4 ,x is f\nd along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! common l>ge :ite grub :i* bores 9 ! trunks ( ! honeysuckle 7,banksia s]rata7 gr[+ along ! coa/ ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,victoria & ,tasmania1 is ! l>va ( ,p>oplites au/ralis describ$ 9 #ahdb by ,eri*son2 9 mo/ ( our ,museum collections x is kn[n z ,macrotoma s]vilis4 ,x is v>iable 9 size1 measur+ to #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & is ( a dull d>k br[n t9t1 ) a flatt5$ rugose ?orax ) s]rate edges4 ,eurynassa au/ralis is a l>ge some:at sl5d] species #b in*es 9 l5g?2 ! broad flatt5$ dull col\r$ ?orax is m>k$ 9 ! c5tre ) two %9+ triangul> pat*es po9t+ t[>d ! head2 ! r$di% br[n elytra are f9ely granulat$4 ,e4 odewahni is a small] species1 ) ! ?orax m con/rict$1 %9+1 rugose1 & s]rate on ! m>g9s2 x is f\nd 9 ! int]ior1 & has an ext5d$ range we/w>d f ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,agrianome sp9icollis comes f ! nor?-ea/ ( ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x is a broad] m flatt5$ =m1 ab\t #b in*es 9 l5g?2 ! ?orax is r\nd$ & s]rate on ! sides2 & ! g5]al col\r is light r$di% br[n4 ,io!rium metallicum h>dly measures ov] an in*2 is ( a ri* metallic purple t9t2 ! ?orax is produc$ into a broad sp9e on ! sides2 & ! w+ cov]s are broadly r\nd at ! apex4 ,! male is a mu* small] copp]y t9t$ beetle1 & 0 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,phaolus macleayi2 x is usually tak5 on grass /alks 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,eurynassa odewahni 7,pascoe74 ,! great br[n ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,,c]ambyc9ae comprise a mu* l>g] division ( ! longicorn beetles1 diff]+ f ! la/ gr\p 9 hav+ ! fir/ coxae n greatly ext5d$ transv]sely2 ! ?orax n m>g9$1 & ! la/ jo9t ( ! maxill>y palpus usually broad4 ,pa*ydissus s]icus is a sl5d] silv]y d>k br[n beetle ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?1 ) ! tip ( ! w+ cov]s sp9$ & ! basal jo9t ( ! ant5nae ?ick5$4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd cl++ to ! r\gh b>k ( tree trunks4 ,!y deposit _! eggs 9 ! b>k ( ,acacia longifolia2 ! l>vae bore all ?r\gh ! trunk & l>g] bran*es2 !y h a wide range ov] ! s\!rn half ( ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,pa*ydissus s]icus 7,newman74 ,! ,silv]y ,longicorn1 bre$+ 9 ! /ems ( ,acacia longifolia4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,phoracan?a conta9s a numb] ( typical d>k yell[ or mottl$ br[n beetles :i* 9 ! l>val /ate fe$ betwe5 ! b>k & sapwood ( diff]5t gum trees :5 ! trees are dead or dy+2 sev]al species are common 9 firewood blocks ab\t ,sydney4 ,! beetles are rem>kable = long ant5nae fr+$ on ! inn] edge ) f9e hairs & %ort sp9es at ! jo9ts1 & a s+le l>ge sp9e on ! sides ( ! ?orax4 ,phoracan?a recurva has a v wide range f ! ,nor?-we/ coa/ to ,victoria2 x measures "u #a in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al dull yell[ t9t1 ) ! apical half ( ! w+ cov]s cross$ ) a broad b& ( r$di% br[n4 ,p4 tricuspis is a mu* l>g]1 d>k] r$di% br[n beetle ) mottl$ w+ cov]s t lives 9 ! timb] ( ! ironb>k gums4 ,p4 semipunctata1 small] ?an ! la/1 has a regul> patt]n ( d>k br[n on its back2 x is common ab\t ,sydney ,n4,s4,w41 & has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,epi?ora dorsalis is rem>kable = its v long fr+$ ant5nae1 & is easily di/+ui%$ by its uni=m r$di% t9t m>k$ across ! c5tre ( ! w+ cov]s ) a broad pat* ( dull yell[4 ,x also has a wide range ov] ! cont95t1 & is (t5 tak5 ab\t ,sydney 9 summ] on fl[]+ %rubs4 ,aphanasium au/rale is a sl5d]1 light r$di% br[n beetle1 "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ! l>vae ( :i* fe$ 9 ! /ems ( ! prickly ,hakea bu%es4 ,pies>?ruis m>g9ellus is a v di/9ctive dull r$di% br[n insect ) ! c5tre ( ! w+ cov]s pale br[n2 ! small] m sl5d] male is furni%$ ) rem>kable fea!r$ ant5nae4 ,! l>va bre$s & pupates 9 ! c5tre ( ! bran*es ( ,acacia longifolia1 & c be easily re>$ f infe/$ wood1 ?\gh x is v r>ely f\nd on ! food plant1 = z soon z x em]ges x crawls up to ! top ( ! tree & cl+s to ! bran*lets4 ,/rongylurus ?oracicus is a h&some br[n longicorn brightly m>k$ ) :ite on ! sides ( ! ?orax4 ,its l>va is v de/ructive 9 g>d5s1 cutt+ (f l>ge bran*es ( :ite c$> & pittosporum bu%es4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,uracan?us ! beetles are long & sl5d]1 ) almo/ cyl9drical bodies1 & ! ?orax contract$ slightly beh9d ! head4 ,uracan?us triangul>is 9 ,victoria conf9es its att5tion almo/ exclusively to ! bran*es ( ! black wattle2 b 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales ,i h br$ x f a numb] ( diff]5t %rubs4 ,x measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al uni=m r$di% br[n col\r1 b s ?ickly clo!d ) fawn-col\r$ pubesc5ce t !re is only an angul> b>e r$di% pat* on ! sides ( ! w+ cov]s4 ,u4 cryptophagus1 ! l>ge/ kn[n species1 is ne>ly twice ! l5g?1 m cyl9drical 9 =m1 & ( a uni=m buff t9t4 ,9 its native /ate x f$ 9 ! nor!rn scrubs ( ,n4,s4 ,wales ^u ! wild lemon1 f :i* x migrat$ to ! cultivat$ orange1 & ! l>vae burr[+ ?r\gh ! bran*es did a great deal ( mis*ief to ! trees4 ,syllitus grammicus is a sl5d] r$di% br[n beetle ) six p>allel grey l9es runn+ d[n ! elytra1 & is "u an in* 9 l5g?4 ,lygesis m5dica bre$s on ! twigs ( ! black wattle 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,x measures "u an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m r$di% br[n col\r1 & has a sl5d] head & long cyl9drical ?orax4 ,! w+ cov]s are r\nd$ at ! tips1 & ! :ole insect is clo!d ) /\t :ite hairs4 ,macrones rufus is a long1 sl5d]1 bright r$di% br[n beetle ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?2 ! ?orax is r\gh5$ into r\nd$ bosses2 ! body is n>r[ 9 ! c5tre1 b swells out into a r\nd$ apex2 ! w+ cov]s n>r[1 & n rea*+ to ! tip ( ! abdom5 give x a v wasp-l appe>ance4 ,x is usually tak5 ^u fl[]s 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,/rongylurus ?oracicus 7,pascoe74 ,! ,pittosporum tree bor]1 & l>va4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,lygesis m5dica 7,pascoe74 ,! sl5d] grey-hair$ ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,uracan?us cryptophaga 7,olliff74 ,! great ,orange-tree ,bor]4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,he/hesis conta9s a numb] ( brightly m>k$ yell[ & br[n beetles t mimic fl[]-wasps bo? 9 col\r & %ape1 & are f\nd 9 simil> situations ^u fl[]+ %rubs4 ,! w+ cov]s are %ort5$ into r\nd$ pads only cov]+ ! %\ld]s1 :ile ! w+s are expos$4 ,he/hesis vigilans1 "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is black1 mottl$ on ! ?orax1 & b>r$ ) two b&s ( bright yell[ on ! abdom51 & "o on ! front ( ! ?orax4 ,h4 f]rug9ea1 slightly l>g]1 is bright yell[ b&$ ) black2 & ,h4 c+ulata1 ab\t ! same size1 is black1 blot*$ ^u ! ?orax1 & m>k$ ) ?ree :ite b&s on ! abdom54 ,di/i*oc]a macleayi has ! small] male black ) fea!r$ ant5nae1 & deeply ribb$ w+ cov]s tap]+ to ! apex4 ,! female1 ne>ly #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & broad] & ?ickset 9 proportion1 has ! dorsal surface clo!d ) ru/y r$ pubesc5ce4 ,d4 maculicollis is a mu* small] species1 h>dly ov] an in* 9 l5g? 9 ! male1 :i* is ( a dull black fa9tly m>k$ ) :ite2 ! l>g] female is ru/y r$ except a p>allel /ripe ( black d[n ! c5tre ( ! ?orax4 ,?is species bre$s 9 ! /ems ( ,kunzea corifolia2 comm5c+ "u ! b>k ! l>va gnaws irregul> passages backw>ds & =w>ds1 f9ally holl[+ out sev]al l>ge p>allel *amb]s t[>d ! c5tre ( ! /em1 9 "o ( :i* x pupates4 ,among ! mo/ beautiful ( our fl[] haunt+ longicorns are ! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,tragoc]us1 ) /\t angul> ?orax & broad deeply ribb$ w+ cov]s almo/ truncat$ at ! extremities4 ,t4 lepidopt]us is v>iable 9 size & col\ration 9 ! sexes1 ! small] male be+ d>k] col\r$ ?an ! l>ge r$di% br[n female1 :i* measures ne>ly #a in*es 9 l5g?2 bo? h ! w+ cov]s mottl$ ) little pat*es ( grey hairs4 ,t4 sp5cei is a small] species )\t ! :ite pat*es1 b hav+ d>k wavy b&s cross+ ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,clytus are active little ant-l beetles1 common 9 ! m tropical p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 runn+ up & d[n on fre%ly fall5 tree trunks 9 ! bright sunlight1 or hunt+ ov] fl[]+ %rubs2 "s are ri*ly m>k$ ) gold5 yell[ or r$ on ! r\nd$ ?orax4 ,clytus curtisi1 measur+ "u #a in* 9 l5g?1 is black spott$ & mottl$ ) :ite4 ,"o ( our commone/ & mo/ widely di/ribut$ fl[] haunt+ longicorns is ,aridaeus ?oracicus1 a r$di% yell[ beetle ) %ort r\nd$ ?orax1 & ! w+ cov]s cross$ 9 ! c5tre ) two black ,v-%ap$ b&s4 ,x is v v>iable 9 size1 ! l>ge/ measur+ ne>ly #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,purpuric5us quadr9otatus is a v h&some black & bright r$ beetle ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a %ort broad almo/ globul> ?orax1 & a %ort body r\nd at ! apex4 ,x is common along ! ,fl9d]s ,riv] ,n4 ,que5sl& ^u l[ scrub1 & ,i h tak5 !m 9 all v>iations ( r$ & black2 usually ! head & ?orax are black1 ) ! w+ cov]s r$ blot*$ ) black2 a v>iety ) ! ?orax r$ is describ$ z a di/9ct species4 ,! ,,lami9ae comprise ! ?ird division :i*1 usually /\t & broad 9 proportion1 are f\nd *iefly ^u bran*es or twigs fe$+ ^u b>k2 & are frequ5tly v num]\s ^u fall5 timb] 9 =e/ cle>+s4 ,!y diff] f ! =m] gr\p 9 hav+ ! front coxae r\nd & deeply emb$d$2 ! maxill>y palpi po9t$ at ! tips2 & ! =e tibiae ) a m or less di/9ct groove on ! inn] side4 ,microtragus mormon is typical ( sev]al closely alli$ g5]a ( %ort1 ?ickly coat$ longicorns1 ) ! r\nd$ slightly sp9$ ?orax & ! tap]+ body ridg$ or co>sely punctur$2 !y are f\nd ^u logs or tree trunks on ! gr\nd1 & some:at resemble ! gr\nd weevils4 ,?is species comes f ,kalgoorlie1 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 b has a wide range ov] ! we/]n c\ntry2 x is ( a dull r$di% br[n t9t1 & measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,c]aegidion horr5s1 n uncommon 9 ! ,illaw>ra di/rict ,n4,s4,w41 is a small] d>k] col\r$ beetle cov]$ ) /\t sp9es ^u ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax & elytra4 ,! ,g5us ,monohammus conta9s a numb] ( v f9e br[n or mottl$ beetles ) long /\t ant5nae2 ! small r\nd$ ?orax produc$ into a blunt sp9e on ei!r side2 & ! broad w+ cov]s arcuate at ! tips & sometimes sp9$ on ! sides4 ,m4 holotephrus is ( a uni=m dull buff t9t & measures ov] #a in* 9 l5g?2 x comes f ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&4 ,m4 ov9us is a mu* small] species ) ! ?orax sp9$ on ! summit & sides2 x is ( a pale br[n t9t f9ely mottl$ ) grey4 ,x has a wide range1 be+ record$ f ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a41 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 & ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,batoc]a fr5*i 7,blackburn74 ,! great ,fig-tree ,longicorn4 7,orig9al ,photo4 ,burton47 ,! tropical ,g5us ,batoc]a1 conta9+ _m ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ h&some ( our longicorns1 is well repres5t$ 9 our semi-tropical scrubs4 ,batoc]a fr5*i has a v wide range f ! ,nor!rn ,coa/ ( ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,cape ,york4 ,! great :ite grubs burr[ 9 ! trunks ( native figs & o!r =e/ trees1 & ! collectors 9 ,cairns1 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 capture ! beetles by cutt+ d[n fig trees & wait+ = !m at twilight :5 !y come to fe$ ^u ! b>k4 ,?is species measures ov] #b in*es 9 l5g?1 has a sp9$ rugose ?orax1 broad w+ cov]s1 & imm5se /\t sp9$ curv$ ant5nae2 its g5]al col\r is slate grey to d>k br[n1 ) ! elytra m>k$ ) irregul> oval :ite spots4 ,b4 sapho is a m r$di% br[n beetle1 some:at m sl5d]1 & ) few] spots on ! w+ cov]s3 x is f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,cape ,york1 ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,ros5b]gia megacephala is l>g] /ill1 & is ( a beautiful creamy :ite t9t1 ) ! basal portions ( ! elytra f9ely spott$ ) black2 ! ?orax is deeply ridg$ & sp9$3 x is f\nd at ,port ,d>w9 ,n4,a41 & ,cairns1 ,que5sl&4 ,horace ,br[n in=ms me t ?is l>ge beetle frequ5ts fig trees 9 ! =e/s ( ,n4 ,que5sl&1 :]e !y c (t5 be detect$ by ! numb] ( small bran*es scatt]$ b5ea?1 :i* h be5 cut (f by _! p[]ful jaws4 ,?yada b>bicornis is a v h&some greyi% br[n mottl$ beetle ) an oval blacki% spot on ea* side ( ! elytra1 & ! ant5nae are s ?ickly fr+$ ) f9e hairs t x =ms a regul> bru% t[>d ! extremities2 x measures "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is common on ! foliage ( native figs on ! ,twe$ ,riv] ,n4,s4,w4 ,! ,g5us ,hebec]us conta9s a numb] ( mod]ate-siz$1 grey or br[ni% mottl$ beetles1 _m ( :i* lay _! eggs 9 ! b>k ( ! wattle trees2 ! l>vae fe$ & pupate 9 ! tips ( ! dead twigs4 ,hebec]us au/ralis1 a ?ickset greyi% br[n species ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 has a wide di/ribution ov] ,au/ralia1 & has be5 describ$ "u half a doz5 synonyms3 ,h4 m>g9icollis is a small] beetle1 ) ! sides ( ! ?orax m>k$ ) buff4 ,h4 crocoga/] is small] /ill1 ( a simil> g5]al t9t1 ) ! ant5nae b>r$ ) grey & br[n4 ,! ,g5us ,symphyletes conta9s a numb] ( l>ge & h&some longicorns t are f\nd cl++ to twigs & bran*lets2 _m ( !m 9 ! l>val /ate burr[ 9 ! /ems ( wattles1 gum trees & o!r small] %rubs4 ,symphyletes neglectus is an elongate dull br[n beetle ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 x girdles ! bran*es ( ,acacia longifolia1 lay+ its eggs "u ! b>k ( ! dy+ portion 9 :i* ! little grub fe$s 9 ! e>ly "p ( its life4 ,s4 nigrovir5s is a mu* small] beetle1 ) ! head1 ?orax1 & base ( ! elytra clo!d ) dull yell[ hairs2 ! re/ ( ! w+ cov]s is deep gre5 /rip$ ) :ite on ! sides4 ,x fe$s ^u a numb] ( small %rubs1 b its commone/ food plant is ! /unt$ prickly wattle 7,acacia junip]9a74 ,s4 sol&ri1 a l>g] beetle clo!d ) a d5se coat ( f9e buff hairs1 bre$s 9 ! fl[] /alk ( ! grass tree1 (t5 cutt+ x "r ?r\gh & caus+ ! upp] half1 b5ea? :i* x pupates1 to fall (f4 ,s4 ve/igialis measures ( an in*2 x is br[n1 ri*ly mottl$ ) buff & grey4 ,x fe$s ^u wattles2 x has a wide range ov] ,s\!rn ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,hebec]us m>g9icollis 7,boisd474 ,! ,:ite-*eek$ ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,p5!a comprises a numb] ( m ?ickset beetles ) simil> habits1 & :i* h ! upp] surface ( ! ?orax & w+ cov]s granulat$ or ribb$ & ^! are ei!r cov]$ ) a d5se pubesc5ce or mottl$ all ov] 9 a v *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,p5!a v]micul>ia1 "o ( ! commone/ & ) a v wide range1 is black ) ! ant5nae b&$1 & ! elytra cov]$ ) irregul> wavy :ite m>k+s4 ,x is v v>iable 9 size1 #a in*es to "u ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,p4 saund]si1 f\nd 9 ,w4 ,au/ralia1 is mu* l>g]1 ( a m %9+ d>k *ocolate br[n t9t1 & m deeply impress$ ) well def9$ spots1 blot*es & irregul> buff col\r$ m>k+s4 ,p4 sannio1 small] ?an ! la/ & ) a m con/rict$ ?orax1 has ! :ole ( ! upp] surface clo!d ) a creamy grey pubesc5ce ov]laid ) deep orange r$1 & irregul> d>k l9es cross+ ! w+ cov]s2 ?is beautiful beetle is a native ( ,que5sl&4 ,rhytiphora argus takes its "n f ! d>k br[n eye-l spots all ov] its back %[+ ?r\gh ! ri* buff pubesc5ce2 x also ranges ov] a l>ge "p ( ,que5sl&4 ,depsages granulosa resembles a ,p5!a 9 its robu/ =m2 x measures ov] #a in*es 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m d>k dull br[n t9t1 ) ! elytra cov]$ ) f9e granules or bosses4 ,x is common ab\t ,sydney1 f\nd cl++ 9 summ] "t to ! /ems ( gum sapl+s4 ,zygrita diva is a h&some little d>k orange yell[ col\r$ beetle irregul>ly m>k$ & mottl$ ) black4 ,x is v common ^u grass /alks 9 ! op5 =e/ c\ntry ( ,nor? ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,symphyletes ve/igialis 7,pascoe74 ,! ,buff-pa9t$ ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #ej4 ,plant-eat+ ,beetles4 ,,*rysomelidae4 ,^! foliage-de/roy+ beetles h a regul>1 ?ick5$1 m or less oval or r\nd$ =m1 ) ! ?orax sometimes =m+ a neck2 b 9 o!r gr\ps are r\nd$ & fit closely into ! head & abdom54 ,! head1 buri$ up to ! eyes 9 ! front ( ! ?orax1 is furni%$ ) %ort /\t bit+ jaws1 & sl5d] fili=m ant5nae compos$ ( _m %ort segm5ts2 ! t>si are g5]ally f\r jo9t$4 ,!y are z a rule small insects1 r>ely measur+ ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 _! prevail+ col\rs are r$1 yell[1 or br[n1 m>k$ ) black or bright metallic t9ts4 ,!y lay _! eggs on ! foliage or twigs ( _! food plants1 ^u :i* ! l>vae fe$ :5 !y em]ge1 & :5 full gr[n crawl d[n & pupate 9 ! soil b5ea?4 ,?is is a v l>ge family2 ab\t #ah1jjj species are describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & mo/ ( ! typical gr\ps are repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h _h a numb] ( work]s on ! ,*rysomelids3 ,baly 7,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory #ahfb71 7,j\r4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahfd71 & 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ( ,london #ahgg73 ,cl>k 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ,entomology0 #ahfd3 ,m>%am 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,society #ahjh73 ,*apius has describ$ a numb] 7,soc4 ,entom4 ,belgium ,vol4 xvii471 & 7,j\rnal1 ,museum ,godeffroy xiv473 :ile ,lea 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #aijd7 has monograph$ ! ,,cryptocephalides2 & ,blackburn revis$ ! ,g5us ,p>opsis 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif & #aija71 add+ _m new species4 ,! ,,sagrides are v di/9ctive beetles1 ) ! ?orax elongat$ 9 front & broad beh9d2 "s ( ! m tropical =ms are ( ri* metallic t9ts1 ) ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs greatly enl>g$2 & our beautiful repres5tative species1 ,sagra papuana1 is kn[n to collectors 9 ! ,nor? ,que5sl& scrubs z ! 8,kang>oo ,beetle40 ,x measures #a in* 9 l5g?1 & ! swoll5 h9d legs fr+$ ) r$di% hairs & a l>ge angul> sp9e are fully ano!r in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is a uni=m deep metallic blue4 ,c>pophagus banksiae measures an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m d>k r$di% br[n1 ) ! elytra irregul>ly /rip$ & b&$ ) d>k yell[2 ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs are ?ick5$1 & ! "u surface is clo!d ) f9e grey hairs4 ,x has a wide range1 & is f\nd ab\t ,sydney cl++ to ! l[ scrub4 ,mecynod]a coxalgica is a l>g]1 broad]1 dull r$di% br[n insect1 clo!d ) a light] t9t$ pubesc5ce1 & is f\nd 9 simil> localities4 ,! ,,cryptocephalides are a gr\p ( %ort1 oval or truncate beetles1 ) long sl5d] ant5nae3 ! sexes (t5 diff] 9 size & m>k+s2 !y are usually f\nd fe$+ ^u ! t5d] tips ( ! bran*es ( wattle1 "y gum1 & o!r l[ %rubs4 ,elaphodes tiqr9us is a small1 oval1 r$di% br[n beetle1 ?ickly clo!d ) gold5 yell[ pubesc5ce =m+ a mottl$ patt]n ov] ! elytra2 x fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,ditropidus are small oval beetles1 simil> 9 %ape & habits1 black & %9+2 ov] #ajj species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,cadmus conta9s "s v h&some ovate insects1 ) long sl5d] ant5nae2 !y *iefly frequ5t ! "y eucalypts3 ! l>vae h ! curi\s habit ( liv+ 9 jug-%ap$ cocoons fitt+ closely to ! body1 ) ! horny flat =ehead clos+ ! op5+ at ! apex2 :5 mov+ along ! =e-legs are ext5d$ l ^? ( a bag-mo?4 ,cadmus rubig9osus1 our l>ge/ common species1 is "u an in* 9 l5g?2 x is ( a g5]al r$di% br[n col\r1 ) d>k] m>k+s4 ,c4 litigiosus is a small] yell[ beetle2 ! head & ?orax are black above1 & ! elytra yell[1 f9ely punctur$ & spott$ ) black4 ,! ,g5us ,cryptocephalus comprises a numb] ( simil> %ap$ beetles ) small] wr9kl$ head & ?orax1 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 truncate4 ,cryptocephalus scabrosus is black1 v rugose on ! upp] surface1 ) ! tip ( ! elytra t+$ ) r$di% br[n3 x measures ab\t ( an in*1 & is common ab\t ,sydney4 ,c4 virid9it5s is slightly l>g]1 ( a uni=m d>k metallic gre5 on ! upp] surface4 ,! ,,eumolpides are repres5t$ by "o ( our mo/ beautiful species1 ,spilopyra sumptuosa1 common on l[ scrub on ! nor!rn riv]s ( ,n4,s4 ,wales3 x is ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( a fi]y copp]y r$ & deep metallic t9t1 giv+ out beautiful %ades ( col\r 9 a bright light4 ,! ,g5us ,edusa conta9s a numb] ( bright metallic col\r$ beetles ( oval =m1 :i* are *iefly f\nd among ! foliage ( eucalypts4 ,edusa di/9cta is ( ! usual bright copp]y r$ t9t1 ) gre5i% head & ?orax2 x measures ne>ly ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,rhyp>ida didyma is a dull yell[ beetle1 ) a n>r[ p>allel /ripe ( black d[n ea* side ( ! elytra2 x is ( ! usual elongate oval =m ) ! head turn$ d[n 9 front4 ,!y are f\nd cl++ to grass /alks2 ?is & sev]al o!r species are common on ! ,nor? ,we/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,! ,,*rysomelides are "o ( ! typical gr\ps2 _m ( !m are ri* 9 bright metallic t9ts2 are ei!r r\nd$ or oval 9 =m2 & _! l>vae are active six legg$ grubs t crawl ab\t ! foliage4 ,aes]noides nigr(asciatus is a h&some1 broad1 convex1 black beetle1 ) ! elytra cross$ ) ?ree broad irregul> b&s ( d>k orange yell[2 x measures ne>ly an in* 9 l5g?1 & is common on sev]al %rubs 9 ! ,nor!rn ,riv] scrubs4 ,! ,g5us ,phyllo*>is conta9s a numb] ( m elongat$ beetles ) ?ick] ant5nae2 !y are *iefly f\nd ^u grass4 ,phyllo*>is cyanicornis measures slightly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! g5]al col\r is d>k orange1 ) ! ant5nae & legs black2 & ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax & elytra are irregul>ly blot*$ ) %9+ blue-black4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,p4 cyanipes1 a l>g] species f ,n4 ,au/ralia1 has ! head1 ?orax1 blot* on ea* side ( base1 & tips ( elytra light yell[1 ) ! re/ ( ! w+ cov]s %9+ black4 ,lamprol9a p]plexa is a small]1 elongate1 metallic1 dull bronze col\r$ beetle1 ) yell[ head & ?orax2 x is common ^u ! foliage ( ! native black?orn1 ,bus>ia sp9if]\s4 ,! l>vae ( sev]al species ( ! ,g5us ,calomela fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattles3 !y are %ort1 squat grubs1 ) black heads & small gre5 oval bodies4 ,calomela p>alis measures #b l9es 9 l5g?2 its g5]al col\r is d>k orange yell[1 ) a broad p>allel b& ( ri* metallic gre5 occupy+ ! c5tre ( ea* w+ cov] & tap]+ d[n to ! tips2 ! elytra are deeply & f9ely punctur$4 ,tw5ty-five species are describ$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 *iefly by ,baly 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #ahef-ahfc3 & ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,n4,h4 #ahfb74 ,! ,g5us ,p>opsis is ! mo/ ext5sive & *>act]i/ic ( all our plant-eat+ beetles1 & "s ( our common species are v pl5tiful ab\t ,sydney4 ,m>%am wrote a monograph ( ! species 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahjh71 plac+ !m 9 ! ,g5us ,notoclea2 9 ,ma/]s' ,catalogue #bfi species are li/$2 s9ce !n1 ,blackburn has revis$ ! ,g5us 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif-aija71 & add$ a numb] ( new species4 ,! beetles are f\nd *iefly ^u ! foliage ( "y eucalypts1 & lay _! yell[ sp9dle-%ap$ eggs 9 a r+ r\nd ! small twigs3 ! "y l>vae :5 fir/ hat*$ clu/] toge!r1 b z !y increase 9 size !y scatt] all ov] ! foliage ^u :i* !y fe$4 ,!y are v active1 %ort1 /\t grubs1 ) ?ree pairs ( well develop$ legs2 :5 full gr[n !y crawl d[n & pupate 9 ! soil4 ,! beetles are v convex & broadly r\nd$2 mo/ ( !m are m or less yell[1 br[n1 or black 9 t9t2 "s are v ri*ly & delicately %ad$ ) metallic t9ts1 :i* h[ev] un=tunately fade aft] dea?4 ,p>opsis v>iolosa1 "o ( our l>ge/ species1 measures ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ne>ly z broad 9 proportion2 x is ( a g5]al yell[i% br[n t9t mottl$ ) light] yell[ & closely punctur$2 ! "u surface except ! legs is black4 ,p4 alt]nata is a small]1 d>k br[n beetle1 ! elytra b&$ ) p>allel l9es ( black & r$di% br[n3 ,p4 immaculata is ab\t ! same size2 dull r$di% br[n1 ) ! out] half ( ! elytra d>ke/2 x is usually f\nd fe$+ ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle4 ,p4 liturata is slightly small] ?an ! la/1 ) ! w+ cov]s irregul>ly spott$ ) pale yell[4 ,x is common on ! eucalypts ab\t ,sydney1 & has a wide range ov] ! ,/ate4 ,! small gre5 l>vae ( ,p4 pictip5nis fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ,leptosp]mum2 ! beetle is a small =m1 dull yell[ m>k$ ) bright spots1 b fades into a dull br[n :5 dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,calomela p>alis 7,lea74 ,! ,gre5 ,/rip$ ,wattle ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,,halticides are popul>ly kn[n z 8flea beetles10 z !y h ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs swoll5 out into r\nd$ lumps :i* enable !m to jump to a consid]able di/ance3 specim5s are (t5 f\nd fe$+ ^u s$ges ab\t wat]c\rses4 ,nisotra submetallica is a t9y1 %9+ gre5 beetle1 ) a light r$di% br[n head & ?orax2 x is (t5 a pe/ 9 ! h]b b$1 :]e x fe$s ^u m9t4 ,arsipoda macleayi is a mu* l>g]1 deep metallic blue beetle ) v l>ge ?ighs2 x has be5 f\nd eat+ ! surface ( v9e leaves 9 ! ,gos=d di/rict ,n4,s4,w41 & cov]+ !m all ov] ) br[n blot*es4 ,! ,,gall]ucides comprise sev]al v de/ructive g>d5 pe/s1 among :i* is ! well kn[n ,pumpk9 ,beetle1 ,aulacophora olivi]i1 a r$di% yell[ & black beetle (t5 call$ a 8lady-bird10 & :i* 9 _m p>ts ( ,au/ralia sw>ms ov] ! "y melons & cucumb]s & dev\rs ! fl[]s & foliage4 ,monolepta rosae is a delicate pale yell[ beetle1 ) ! front half ( ! elytra %ad$ ) rose r$2 x has a wide range1 & on ! nor!rn riv]s congregates 9 great numb]s at times1 eat+ up ! "y foliage ( ! citrus trees4 ,! ,fig-leaf ,beetle1 ,gall]uca semipullata1 lays its sp9dle-%ap$ eggs 9 pat*es on ! leaves ( bo? ! wild & cultivat$ figs1 ^u ! surface ( :i* ! dirty yell[ col\r$ l>vae fe$1 f9ally crawl+ d[n ! trunks & pupat+ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! beetle measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a dull o*re\s yell[1 ) ! out] m>g9s ( ! broad elytra /rip$ ) dull blui% black4 ,hoplo/9us viridip5nis is a mu* small]1 dull br[ni% yell[ beetle1 ) %ort]1 r\nd$1 deep metallic gre5 elytra4 ,x fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! nettle trees gr[+ 9 ! scrubs ( ! ,nor!rn ,riv]s1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,p>opsis immaculata 7,m>%am74 ,a typical ,leaf-eat+ ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,monolepta rosae 7,blackburn74 ,! ,pa9t$ ,leaf ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,,hispides are a v di/9ct gr\p ( ! plant-eat+ beetles1 ^: l>vae are sometimes v de/ructive2 !y bore into ! foliage or /alks ( plants1 fe$+ 91 & n ^u ! plant tissue4 ,! beetles might be divid$ into two sections2 ^? t are %ort & broad %\ld]$ l ,mono*irus multisp9osus1 :i* measures ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is black 9 col\r1 ) ! :ole ( ! dorsal surface cov]$ ) %ort f9e sp9es1 & is common ^u grass blades on ! ,s\? coa/ ( ,n4,s4 ,wales2 & ! elongate almo/ cyl9drical =ms f\nd on s$ges belong+ to ! ,g5us ,euryspa4 ,^! beetles are rem>kable = ! situation ( _! ant5nae1 :i* are v close toge!r at ! base1 & /& /raight out 9 front ( ! head4 ,brontispa froggatti1 belong+ to ! latt] section1 is a v s]i\s pe/ on ! cocoa nut palms 9 ,new ,brita9 & ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,! ,,cassidides are curi\s ladybird-l beetles ( a g5]al yell[ or light br[n col\r spott$ or m>k$ ) black1 ) ! out] m>g9s ( ! elytra spread+ out into an encircl+ flange or rim4 ,!y are conf9$ to ! m tropical =e/s ( ,que5sl&1 b "o species1 ,aspidomorpha deu/a1 comes into ! nor!rn scrubs ( ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x is ( ! usual %ape & mottl$ t9ts1 measur+ ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,family #ea4 ,fungus ,beetles4 ,,erotylidae4 ,! l>vae ( ^! beetles c be (t5 f\nd 9 numb]s fe$+ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( woody fungi t gr[ ^u tree trunks1 old f5ces1 & fall5 logs4 ,if ^! infe/$ fungi are collect$ & kept 9 a box ! beetles c be v easily br$ out4 ,!y c be readily recognis$ by _! elongate1 boat-%ap$ =m1 & clubb$ ant5nae4 ,episcaphula pictip5nis1 "o ( our commone/ species1 is black1 b ?ickly mottl$ ) deep orange r$ =m+ ?ree int]rupt$ b&s across ! elytra4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in*4 ,?allis jan?9a is a small]1 %9+1 blue black beetle1 slightly r\gh5$ on ! elytra2 x bre$s 9 ! l>ge1 spongy1 :ite fungus gr[+ on ! tree trunks kn[n z 8punks40 ,family #eb4 ,lady-bird ,beetles4 ,,cocc9ellidae4 ,^! well-kn[n beetles diff] f ! la/ family 7:i* _m ( !m resemble 9 outw>d appe>ance7 9 hav+ #c jo9t$ t>si1 & ! %ort usually #aa jo9t$ ant5nae 7occasionally #h-aj7 be+ slightly clubb$ at ! tips4 ,9 _! habits h[ev] !y diff] 9 be+ c>nivor\s bo? 9 ! l>val & adult /ate1 ) ! exception ( ! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,epila*na1 :i* are phytophagus4 ,!y are all small r\nd$ beetles2 ! %ort head fits close into ! ?orax1 :i* 9 turn re/s aga9/ ! front ( ! elytra3 mo/ ( !m are yell[1 spott$ or m>k$ ) d>k] yell[1 metallic blue or black1 & are slightly pubesc5t4 ,^! insects are well kn[n 9 our g>d5s to ! *ildr5 z 8lady-birds10 & ! qua9t rhyme ( 8,fly away lady-bird0 is said to h orig9at$ 9 ! hop fields ( ,k5t3 aft] ! hop pick+1 ! dead plants1 :]e ! common ,engli% lady-bird 0 abundant fe$+ ^u ! hop aphis1 7 burnt (f1 & ?is 0 a w>n+ by ! *ildr5 to !m to fly away be=e ! fires 7 />t$4 ,!y h be5 closely /udi$ by economic entomologi/s because !y are ! natural enemies ( s _m aphis & scale insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,epila*na #bh-punctata 7,fabr474 ,! ,spott$ ,leaf-eat+ ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,ov] #b1jjj species h be5 describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 ! late/ li/ giv5 by ,lea 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aija71 #aaj are record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,mulsant publi%$ 8 great "w 7,species ,coleopt]is ,trim]es ,securipalpes7 9 #ahej3 ,crot* publi%$ 8 8,revision ( ! ,cocc9ellidae0 9 #ahgd2 9 bo? ( ^! w be f\nd descriptions ( ,au/ralian species4 ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahib7 & ,lea previ\sly quot$1 add$ a numb] ( new species to our fauna4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,epila*na guttatopu/ulata 7,fabr474 ,! ,potato-leaf ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,leis con=mis 7,boisd47 ,! ,common ,spott$ ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,epila*na conta9s all our plant-fe$+ lady-bird beetles1 two ( :i* are common4 ,! #bh-spot lady-bird1 ,epila*na #bh-punctata1 has a wide range ext5d+ f ,*9a & ,india to all p>ts ( ,au/ralia2 x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a dull yell[i% br[n t9t m>k$ ) r\nd$ black spots1 & clo!d ) a f9e pubesc5ce4 ,crot* says3 8,?is species v>ies almo/ to inf9ity1 & gradually runs into ! common #f-spott$ type1 s t ,i _c give any /ructural diff]5ces40 ,its curi\s greg>i\s l>vae are dull yell[ cov]$ ) black sp9$ tub]cles2 ab\t ,sydney !y are (t5 f\nd ^u ! foliage ( ! trumpet fl[] 7,datura /ramonium71 b 9 ! nor? ( ,n4,s4 ,wales (t5 damage ! foliage ( potatoes4 ,e4 guttatopu/ulata ranges f ,tasmania to ,nor? ,au/ralia1 & is a common insect 9 ! ,ri*mond ,riv] scrubs1 ,n4,s4,w42 x is a l>ge beetle1 easily recognis$ by ! l>ge1 r\nd$1 yell[i% r$ blot* on ! sides ( ! elytra4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,!a galbula 7,mulsant74 ,! ,yell[-%\ld]$ ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,v]ania fr5ata 7,eri*son74 ,! ,/rip$ ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! typical ,cocc9ella rep&a measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x is a little1 r\nd$1 bright yell[ beetle1 ) ! head & ?orax blacki%1 ! elytra /rip$ d[n ! c5tre1 & m>k$ on ei!r side ) two irregul> black ,v-%ap$ blot*es4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & fe$s ^u all k9ds ( aphids1 sometimes appe>+ 9 great numb]s all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,leis con=mis is a l>g] species1 ( a uni=m bright orange yell[1 ?ickly spott$ ) black4 ,x is a common g>d5 insect1 :]e ! clu/]s ( its sl5d] yell[ eggs may be (t5 notic$ atta*$ to ! b>k ( aphis infe/$ trees2 & its elongat$1 smoky t9t$ l>vae1 blot*$ on ! sides ) orange1 may be (t5 wat*$ fe$+ ^u rose or pea* aphis4 ,!a galbula is a da9ty little lady-bird1 ) ! dorsal surface bright pale yell[1 m>k$ ) black 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?orax2 ! dorsal /ripe d[n ! c5tre ( ! elytra connects two pairs ( black blot*es cross+ ! c5tre & base4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is at times common 9 our g>d5s4 ,v]ania fr5ata is ( an in*2 x is yell[1 ) ! ?orax black beh9d1 & ) ?ree /ripes ( ! same col\r d[n ! elytra4 ,x has a wide range f ,tasmania to ,new ,cal$onia & ! ,malayan ,isl&s4 ,! ,g5us ,orcus conta9s a numb] ( metallic blue-black lady-birds :i* fe$ *iefly ^u scale insects2 _! l>vae are grey & black creatures ) ! dorsal surface cov]$ ) f9e sp9es2 sev]al species are common on scale infe/$ citrus trees4 ,orcus *alybeus1 measur+ ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a uni=m deep metallic /eel blue4 ,o4 au/ralasiae is a l>g] species ) two r\nd$ yell[ spots on ea* side ( ! elytra4 ,o4 bilunulatus is a /ill l>g] insect1 ) only "o yell[ blot* on ei!r side ( ! front ( ! ?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,orcus *alybeus 7,boisd474 ,! ,/eel-blue ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,orcus au/ralasiae 7,boisd474 ,! ,six-spot ,blue ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,novius c>d9alis is a t9y r$ & black lady-bird1 v v>iable 9 its black col\ration2 x 0 bett] kn[n z ,v$alia c>d9alis1 :5 x 0 collect$ 9 great numb]s & =w>d$ to ,am]ica to de/roy ! ,flut$ or ,cottony-cu%ion ,scale 7,ic]ya pur*asi71 :i* _h be5 introduc$ f ?is c\ntry into ,cali=nia & damag$ ! orange trees4 ,x has s9ce be5 introduc$ into o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & is n[ cosmopolitan4 ,! ,g5us ,rhizobius conta9s a numb] ( small black beetles f9ely punctur$ & clo!d ) pubesc5ce1 t gives !m a ru/y t9t4 ,rhizobius v5tralis is v common 9 ! bu% ^u "y eucalypts t are infe/$ ) ,eriococcus coriace\s2 x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g? & is v pubesc5t4 ,cryptolmus montr\zi]i1 a great foe to all k9ds ( mealy bugs1 has be5 introduc$ into ,hawaii ) good results4 ,! l>vae are flatt5$ br[n insects t cov] !mselves ) %ort :ite ov]lapp+ filam5ts1 s t _! id5tity is q lo/2 !y frequ5tly sw>m 9 ?\s&s ^u ! trunks ( scale infe/$ ,aurac>ia p9es1 pupat+ 9 su* numb]s t !y =m l>ge :ite pat*es ov] ! tree /ems4 ,! beetle is ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m black t9t1 ) ! head1 ?orax & tip ( ! elytra light yell[4 ,! ,g5us ,scymnus conta9s _m ( our smalle/ species3 ,scymnus vagans is a m9ute black beetle only ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :i* c be f\nd on mite infe/$ foliage4 ,s4 notisc5s1 m ?an twice ! size1 is common bo? on wattles & orange trees2 x c be easily id5tifi$ by ! di/9ct r$di% blot* 9 ! c5tre ( ea* w+ cov]4 ,ord] ,,vi4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,butt]flies & ,mo?s4 ,butt]flies & mo?s are scale w+$ insects1 & are among ! giants ( ! insect _w2 !y c be def9$ z insects ) two pairs ( membran\s w+s well adapt$ = ext5d$ flight1 clo!d ) scales ov]lapp+ ea* o!r l ! slates on ! ro( ( a h\se1 flatt5$ & r\nd$ on ! surface ( ! w+s1 b m or less hair-l ^u ! body4 ,! head is usually provid$ ) a tubul> proboscis or m\?1 t c be curl$ up l a wat* spr+ :5 at re/1 & is admirably adapt$ = suck+ up ! honey f fl[]s :5 exp&$4 ,! cat]pill>s may be smoo? & nak$1 or ?ickly clo!d ) sp9es or hair2 ) few exceptions !y fe$ ^u ! foliage or wood ( plants3 aft] und]go+ a s]ies ( m\lts !y ei!r sp9 a cocoon1 bury !mselves 9 ! gr\nd1 or 7if wood bor]s7 close !mselves up 9 ! burr[ :]e !y und]go a complete metamorphosis4 ,if ! l>va ( a butt]fly1 ! cat]pill> atta*es itself to a twig by ! tip ( its tail & ca/s ! l>val sk91 :i* slips (f1 leav+ ! nak$ trans=m$ pupa simply enclos$ 9 a /\t1 close-fitt+ pupal jacket4 ,"s species ( mo?s appe> 9 su* numb]s at times t !y d a great deal ( damage to plant life1 & are v s]i\s pe/s4 ,lepidopt]a on acc\nt ( _! beauty & size h always be5 v popul> ) entomologi/s1 & l>ge numb]s h be5 collect$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 s t ?is is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ord]s4 ,%>p e/imates t #ej1jjj species are describ$1 & e ye> adds to ?is long li/4 ,!y are divid$ into two great gr\ps1 some:at artificial1 b def9able z ,,rhopaloc]a1 butt]flies2 & ,,het]oc]a1 mo?s4 ,,rhopaloc]a4 ,butt]flies4 ,! typical butt]flies are usually sl5d]-bodi$ insects1 ) fili=m & m or less clubb$ ant5nae1 delicate legs1 & l>ge ri*ly t9t$ w+s2 !y fly ab\t 9 ! bright sunlight1 visit+ fl[]s & fea/+ ^u ! nect> t !y f9d 9 ! blooms4 ,!y h l>ge comp\nd eyes s t !y c see v well2 & ! sl5d] tubul> m\? is v highly develop$ 9 all butt]flies4 ,! eggs are laid ^u ! food plant3 ! cat]pill>s are g5]ally m or less elongat$1 & nak$ or cov]$ ) scatt]$ tub]cles r ?an hairy2 :5 full gr[n !y atta* !mselves to ! "u side ( a twig or leaf by ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,"s gr\ps are furni%$ ) a silk5 girdle r\nd ! middle atta*$ at ea* end to ! leaf or twig2 & ano!r section roll !mselves up 9 leaves4 ,!y d n =m a cocoon1 b z ! l>val sk9 slips (f1 x reveals ! regul> pupal =m fitt$ ) a sk9-l jacket ?r\gh :i* ! indi/9ct l9es ( ! rudim5t>y w+s1 legs & ant5nae c be trac$4 ,! pupa may rema9 9 ?is quiesc5t /ate = sev]al mon?s be=e ! butt]fly splits ! sk9 & em]ges1 a p]fect1 fully develop$ insect4 ,z _m ( our butt]flies h an ext5d$ range1 "s ( !m 7 orig9ally describ$ f o!r c\ntries1 & :5 captur$ "h 7 nam$ z new species2 s t a good deal ( confusion has exi/$ 9 ! prop] id5tification ( "s ( our common species z to :e!r !y 7 ,au/ralian or only v>ieties ( =eign species4 ,9 #ahje ,donovan figur$ "s ( our commone/ species 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&40 ,aft] ,kirby's 8,catalogue ( ,rhopaloc]a0 0 publi%$ 9 #ahga1 ,ma/]s compil$ & issu$ a li/ ( our ,au/ralian species4 ,9 #ahgh ,semp] publi%$ 8 li/ ( ,au/ralian species2 & 9 #ahia ,misk9 produc$ 8 8,catalogue ( ! ,au/ralian ,butt]flies10 9 :i* he includ$ & describ$ "s new species 7,no4 #a1 ,annals ( ! ,que5sl& ,museum72 ?is rema9$ our work+ li/ until ,wat]h\se publi%$ 8 8,catalogue ( ! ,rhopaloc]a ( ,au/ralia0 z ,no4 #a ,memoir ( ! ,new ,s\? ,wales ,naturali/s' ,club #aijc4 ,9 ,wat]h\se's li/ a great _m *anges h be5 made 9 ! g5]a & species2 a numb] ( our well-kn[n names h vani%$1 ) v little explanation2 = example1 ,pi]is teutonia1 our common :ite1 appe>s "u ! "n ( ,bel5ois java2 ?is is unavoidable to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 br++ ,catalogues up to date1 b is v confus+ to beg9n]s 9 ! "w ( classification4 ,= a li/ ( ! writ]s ^u1 & ref]5ces to our butt]flies1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,wat]h\se's ,catalogue4 ,i am indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,&]son & ,spry = notes on ! life hi/ories ( "s ( ! s\!rn species describ$ 9 _! 8,victorian ,butt]flies0 7,melb\rne #ahic74 ,family #a4 ,bru%-foot$ ,butt]flies4 ,,nymphalidae4 ,?is gr\p comprises a numb] ( l>ge or m$ium siz$ butt]flies t are kn[n z 8,fritill>ies10 8,emp]ors10 8,admirals10 & _m o!r popul> names 9 ,engl&1 & are g5]ally brightly col\r$2 _m h a v wide range ov] ! _w4 ,! =e-legs ( bo? sexes are imp]fect1 ! male ) "o or two1 ! female ) f\r or five t>sal jo9ts4 ,! l>vae are usually sp9y1 or clo!d ) hairy w>ts2 & ! pupae are susp5d$ by ! tail4 ,%>p places !m 9 eight sub-families1 f\r ( :i* are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,,dana9ae are brightly col\r$ butt]flies ( a g5]al r$di% br[n t9t ) blacki% m>k+s2 ! l>vae are smoo? cyl9drical cat]pill>s ) ! tips ( ! body ornam5t$ ) a fle%y tail4 ,! ,g5us ,danais conta9s six species1 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n 9 ,ea/]n ,au/ralia is ! 8,mon>*0 or 8,br[n ,gypsy10 orig9ally a ,nor? ,am]ican insect b n[ almo/ _w wide 9 its range2 x is kn[n "u at lea/ f\r names1 & ?\gh usually figur$ z ,danais ar*ippus1 its correct "n is ,danais m5ippe4 ,! h&some b&$ black & cream col\r$ l>va fe$s ^u ! introduc$ 8bladd]-we$0 7,gomphoc>pus fruticosus71 & turns into a beautiful pale gre5 pupa ) metallic m>k+s4 ,?is l>ge1 deep r$di% br[n & black l9$ butt]fly is too well kn[n to require description4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,pi]idae4 #a4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,eggs on foliage4 #b4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,eggs enl>g$4 #c4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,cat]pill>4 #d4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,cat]pill> 7enl>g$74 #e4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,pupa 7enl>g$74 #f4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,pupa on leaf4 #g4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,%[+ upp] surface4 #h4 ,pi]is teutonia 7,fabr474 ,%[+ "u surface4 ,?is butt]fly is n[ kn[n "u ! "n ( ,bel5ois java 7,sp>rman74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,d4 petilia1 a mu* small] butt]fly1 has broad] :ite m>k+s on ! tip ( ! =e w+s & none r\nd ! edges ( ! h9d pair4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 across ,asia to ,europe4 ,! cat]pill> is ( a lav5d] col\r & fe$s ^u ! cotton grass2 x trans=ms into a beautiful gre5 *rysalis m>k$ ) scatt]$ gold5 spots & a b& ( ! same col\r r\nd ! abdom54 ,d4 hamata1 a f9e pe>ly blue & black species1 is record$ by ,olliff f ,cape ,york to z f> s\? z ,%oalhav51 ,n4,s4,w41 b is a r>e insect 9 ! s\?4 ,f\rte5 species ( ! ,g5us ,euploea are describ$1 ( :i* ,e4 cor9na is a mottl$ black & :ite species1 v abundant 9 %elt]$ gullies 9 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 also rang+ s\?w>d to ,sydney4 ,! l>va fe$s on a creep] 7,m&evillia72 x is a sl5d]1 dull-col\r$ cat]pill> ) f\r pairs ( fle%y t5tacles on ! back4 ,! pupa is susp5d$ to a leaf1 & is a ri*1 bright metallic silv]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,acrae9ae conta9s a s+le species1 belong+ to ! typical ,g5us ,acraea1 :i* is f\nd f ,nor? ,que5sl& to ,sydney4 ,a4 &roma*a measures #b in*es across ! w+s2 is blacki% br[n2 ! =e w+s are transp>5t ) dull br[n m>k+s2 ! h9d pair are opaque1 creamy :ite1 edg$ ) br[n2 x always looks z ?\gh badly rubb$4 ,x has a range f ,new ,gu9ea1 ,fiji1 & ,samoa into ,au/ralia4 ,! yell[i% br[n cat]pill> clo!d ) bran*$ fle%y sp9es1 fe$s ^u ! passion v9e1 & is n uncommon 9 ,sydney g>d5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,nymphal9ae comprise a numb] ( h&some butt]flies1 :i* diff] f ! previ\s ones 9 hav+ ! cells ( bo? pairs ( w+s op5 or imp]fectly clos$4 ,! l>vae are v v>iable1 "s be+ sl5d] hairy cat]pill>s or arm$ ) sp9es & tub]cles2 o!rs are %ort & cyl9drical1 furni%$ ) horns ^u ! head4 ,! f9e ,ea/ ,indian ,g5us ,ce?osia is repres5t$ by ?ree species3 ! ,crimson-w+$ ,butt]fly1 ,c4 cydippe1 is n an uncommon insect 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& frequ5t+ ! cle>+s on ! edge ( ! scrub2 x measures #c in*es across ! l>ge r\nd$ w+s1 ! h9d m>g9 ( ! second pair be+ deeply scallop$2 ! c5tral portion ( bo? surr\nd+ ! body is bright r$1 ! out] deep purple1 ) :ite m>k+s t[>d ! tips ( ! front pair2 & ! "u surface ( bo? is b>r$ & spott$4 ,cyn?ia ada1 rang+ f ,brisbane to ,?ursday ,isl&1 is a l>ge light o*re\s yell[ butt]fly1 ) a d>k l9e diagonally cross+ bo? w+s f ! middle ( ! =e pair to ! level ( ! tip ( ! body2 a d\ble b& ( cr5ulat$ m>k+s encircle ! w+s2 & !re are a pair ( eye spots on ! h9d ones4 ,cupha prosope is ! repres5tative ( ano!r nor!rn g5us rang+ f ! ,ri*mond ,riv] ,n4,s4,w4 to ,?ursday ,isl&4 ,x is a m$ium siz$ butt]fly ) d>k orange col\r$ w+s1 ! front pair tipp$ & edg$ ) black2 all ! "u-surface is pale orange yell[1 mottl$ & b>r$1 ) a r[ ( eye spots r\nd ! edge ( ! w+s4 ,! ,au/ralian ,fritill>y1 ,argynnis incon/ans1 measures ab\t #c in*es across ! w+s2 x is ( a uni=m dull yell[ col\r ) a d\ble r[ ( black spots along ! edge ( ! w+s1 ) ! inn] portion cov]$ ) an irregul> patt]n ( spots & da%es4 ,x is common along ! cle>$ tracks 9 ! ,que5sl& jungle1 & has be5 record$ f z f> s\? z ,hunt] ,riv]1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,pyrameis k]%awi1 figur$ & describ$ by ,mc,coy f ,victoria1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,au/ralia1 & is s closely relat$ to ! 8,pa9t$ ,lady10 ,p4 c>dui1 ( ,europe1 t x 0 until lately only consid]$ a v>iety4 ,x measures "u #b in*es across ! w+s2 its g5]al col\r is dull br[n mottl$ & b>r$ ) black & :ite4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u 8ev]la/+s0 7,helio*rysum7 & ! introduc$ cape we$2 !y are sl5d] br[n creatures cov]$ ) black sp9es1 & ! *rysalis susp5d$ by ! tail is m>k$ ) %9+ gold5 spots4 ,p4 itea1 slightly l>g] ?an ! previ\s species1 has ! edges ( bo? pairs ( w+s scallop$2 ! =e w+s are black1 ea* ) ?ree small yell[ spots at ! tip1 & a l>ge elongat$ pat* cross+ ?r\gh ! c5tre1 ) ! inn] portions ( bo? pairs bright f]rug9\s br[n1 & a r[ ( f\r small black eyes on ! h9d w+s4 ,! sl5d] sp9y cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! foliage ( nettles4 ,! angulat$ *rysalis is (t5 m>k$ ) gold5 spots4 ,! ,g5us ,junonia conta9s two common butt]flies1 "o ,j4 villida f\nd all ov] ,au/ralia2 x measures ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s & is ( a g5]al br[n t9t edg$ ) delicate :ite & grey m>k+s1 & ornam5t$ ) a pair ( eyes on ea* w+ r+$ ) yell[4 ,x has a curi\s habit ( fly+ along ! track 9 front ( "o1 settl+ on ! gr\nd1 !n flitt+ ahead aga94 ,! cyl9drical some:at /\t l>va is blacki% br[n1 sp9$ beh9d ! head & clo!d ) f9e hairs2 x fe$s ^u rib grass 7planta9s74 ,! %ort /\t *rysalis is light br[n m>k$ ) d>k] spots4 ,j4 albi-c9cta does n come s\? ( ,brisbane2 x is ab\t ! same size1 ) ! eyes ^u ! w+s small]1 & ! h9d w+s mauve1 giv+ out a bright metallic %e54 ,! ,br[n ,leaf-w+$ ,butt]fly1 ,doles*allia au/ralis1 is ne>ly #c in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are elongat$ & oval 9 =m1 ) ! tip ( ! h9d pair produc$ into a tail2 ! upp] surface is dull r$di% br[n ) yell[ 9 ! c5tre1 :ile ! "u surface is greyi% br[n mottl$ ) wavy l9es1 ) a c5tral l>g] b> cross+ ! c5tre & runn+ out into ! tail4 ,x flits ab\t 9 ! und]gr[?1 a conspicu\s insect :5 on ! w+1 b ! mom5t x settles & folds its w+s ov] its back1 x is lo/ to sight1 = its leaf-l w+s1 :5 clos$ ) ! tail =m+ a /alk1 s closely resemble ! foliage1 t :ile x rema9s at re/ x is v difficult to detect4 ,x ranges f ! ,ri*mond ,riv] to ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,! ,blue-ey$ ,butt]fly1 ,hypolimnas bol9a1 ranges f ,cape ,york to ,sydney1 b is a r>e insect ab\t ! latt] place4 ,x diff]s 9 ! sexes bo? 9 size & m>k+s2 ! male is ri* velvety black2 has bo? w+s deeply scallop$1 a d\ble :ite spot t[>ds ! tip ( ea*1 ) a blot* ( opal9e :ite 9 ! c5tre encircl$ ) iridesc5t violet blue4 ,! play ( col\r 9 ?is beautiful butt]fly fla%+ ab\t 9 ! bright sunlight ) its ev] *ang+ t9ts ( blue & black1 makes x "o ( our mo/ /rik+ species4 ,! female is some:at l>g]2 has ! c5tral m>k+s on ! =e w+s m elongat$ & light] col\r$1 ) a blot* ( fulv\s r$ bel[ x2 ! h9d w+s are mu* :it] 9 ! c5tre & are only slightly cl\d$ ) blue4 ,neptis %eph]di1 rang+ f ,brisbane to ,cape ,york1 has ! typical delicate black w+s spott$ & /rip$ ) :ite4 ,! ,tail$ ,emp]or1 ,*>axes sempronius1 is our sole repres5tative ( ! g5us1 ! home ( :i* is ,africa & ! ,ea/ ,indies2 x is ne>ly #d in*es across ! w+s1 ! inn] portions ( :i* are creamy :ite1 ! out] edges1 tips & m>g9s black1 & ) a r[ ( creamy spots along ! edges & two spots beh9d4 ,! m>g9al black edg+ on ! h9d w+s is broad1 %ad$ on ei!r side ) pale blue1 :i* cov]s ! broad scallops 9 ! w+s2 !re are two /\t w$ge-%ap$ tails on ea* h9d w+1 & a bright r$di%-yell[ blot* on ea* inn] edge4 ,! l>va is a v curi\s1 %ort1 /\t1 pale gre5 cat]pill>1 ) a slightly =k$ tail1 & f\r %ort /\t horns on ! top ( ! head2 x fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle4 ,?is species ranges f ,sydney to ,d]by1 ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia1 :]e ,i took a specim5 ^u a baobab tree :i* is n[ 9 ! ,macleay ,museum2 ,wat]h\se gives ,cairns1 ,q41 z its nor!rn limit1 b ?is gives x a mu* ext5d$ range4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,,satyr9ae are *iefly small butt]flies1 black1 br[n1 or sometimes :ite1 g5]ally m>k$ ) eye spots1 & ! w+s are r\nd$4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u diff]5t grasses1 & are smoo? or clo!d ) f9e %ort hair3 ! head is r\nd2 & ! body tap]s to ea* extremity1 & ends 9 a =k$ tail4 ,! ,g5us ,mycalesis conta9s five species2 !y are all r$di%-br[n butt]flies ( small size1 t flit ab\t 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry1 ( :i* ,mycalesis t]m9us is a v good type3 x measures #a in*es across its dull1 ru/y r$ w+s1 :i* are indi/9ctly m>bl$1 & d>ke/ at ! tips2 ! edges ( ! h9d pair are m>k$ ) f9e black l9es4 ,on ea* w+ are a pair ( small eyes1 ! h9d "o on ea* w+ be+ l>ge/2 ^! also %[ on ! "u surface1 & ^? on ! h9d w+s are encircl$ ) silv]y l9es4 ,x is a nor!rn species f\nd along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,tisiphone abeona is a common species 9 ,victoria & on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 usually f\nd flitt+ along damp gullies1 nev] fly+ high or 9 op5 c\ntry4 ,x measures ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m d>k br[n t9t3 ! front w+s are ornam5t$ ) two eyes1 ! fir/ smalle/2 a broad irregul> b& ( yell[ bisects ! w+s ab\t ! middle1 cross+ beh9d ! eyes2 ! h9d w+s are pla91 ) a small eye on ! inn] m>g91 & are slightly scallop$ r\nd ! edges4 ,! delicate gre5 cat]pill> has a small r\nd$ head2 x is broade/ 9 ! c5tre1 tap]+ to ! head & =k$ anal extremity4 ,x fe$s ^u ! s$ges4 ,! *rysalis is ( a delicate em]ald gre5 t9t1 ) ! edges ( ! w+s outl9$ 9 yell[4 ,yp?ima arct\s ranges f ,sydney to ,cape ,york2 x is a small1 dull br[n insect ) a v l>ge eye on ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 & a v small "o on ! h9d pair4 ,! ,g5us ,het]onympha conta9s sev5 species1 all ( :i* h a wide range along ! coa/2 ! ,yell[ ,wood ,nymph1 ,h4 m]ope1 be+ "o ( ! commone/ 9 all op5 =e/ c\ntry f ,tasmania to ,brisbane2 x is rem>kable f ! fact t ! sexes diff] bo? 9 size & m>k+s4 ,! male measures #b in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a g5]al dull tawny yell[ col\r mottl$ ) black & br[n1 ! =e pair 9 a scroll-l patt]n1 ! h9d ones only b>r$ along ! edges & slightly t\*$ ) black4 ,! female1 an in* broad]1 has ! great] "p ( ! =e w+s black1 enclos+ two yell[ pat*es fad+ into tawny yell[ t[>d ! basal portion1 & ) a l>ge yell[ angul> blot* /&+ out on ! po/]ior sides2 ea* w+ 9 bo? sexes has a small eye t[>ds ! tip4 ,! dull br[n l>vae fe$ ^u v>i\s grasses1 & hide close to ! roots4 ,! *rysalis is n atta*$ to ! food plant1 b re/s 9 a frail network on ! gr\nd4 ,h4 mirifica1 f\nd betwe5 ,sydney & ,brisbane1 is ab\t ! same size z ! female ( ! la/ species2 x also haunts %elt]$ c\ntry4 ,x is ( a uni=m1 blacki% br[n t9t ) small eye spots & a broad irregul> :ite /ripe across ! middle ( ! =e w+s4 ,! ,g5us ,x5ica is peculi> to ,au/ralia2 x conta9s n9e species1 f\r ( :i* are conf9$ to ,tasmania1 sev]al be+ f\nd only on ! high] portion ( ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,!y are all small1 tawny yell[ or r$di% br[n butt]flies ( small size1 spott$ & mottl$ ) br[n1 & h small eyes ^u ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,x5ica a*anta1 "o ( ! l>ge/1 measures ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m d>k orange yell[1 ) ! apical portion ( ! =e w+s m>bl$ ) d>k br[n2 ! h9d pair are regul>ly mottl$ all ov]2 & ! m>g9s ( bo? are edg$ ) two f9e black l9es2 x ranges f ,s4 ,au/ralia to ,que5sl&4 ,sev]al small] species h be5 describ$ f ! ,au/ralian ,alps4 ,x4 correae1 describ$ by ,olliff f ,mt4 ,kosciusko1 fe$s ^u ! native fus*ia3 ,x4 fulva1 also describ$ by ,olliff1 is ! male ( ?is species4 ,family #b4 ,horn$ ,butt]flies4 ,,liby!idae4 ,?is family conta9s only a s+le g5us1 repres5tatives ( :i* are f\nd scatt]$ ov] all ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w1 b ! l>ge/ & mo/ brightly col\r$ =ms are f\nd 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,!y are rem>kable = ! =mation ( ! palpi1 :i*1 /&+ out 9 front l a beak1 are f\r times ! l5g? ( ! head2 ! w+s are angulat$1 & ! pupa hangs by ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,"o species1 ,liby!a nicevillei1 rang+ f ,port ,moresby across to ,cape ,york1 repres5ts ! family 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is gr\p appe>s to =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,nymphalidae on ! "o h&1 & ! ,lyca5idae on ! o!r4 ,family #c4 ,! ,blues4 ,,lyca5idae4 ,! 8blues10 8copp]s10 or 8hair-/reaks0 are s nam$ on acc\nt ( _! ri* col\rations or wavy m>k+s on ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,?\gh (t5 pass$ ov] by ! ord9>y collector because ( _! small size1 !y are mu* s\ght aft] by lepidopt]i/s = _! beauty & bright metallic t9ts4 ,_! bodies are sl5d]1 & ! w+s some:at fragile2 ?\gh !y c fly well1 !y usually pref] to flit ab\t ! bu%es & %elt]$ gullies1 & :5 !y settle h ! habit ( fold+ _! w+s 9 an erect position above ! body1 s t unless di/urb$ !y are n v noticeable4 ,! prevail+ col\rs are metallic blue1 or copp]y r$1 ) eyes ^u ! w+s 9 "s gr\ps1 :ile o!rs are ornam5t$ ) da9ty fea!ry tails1 or lobes ^u ! h9d w+s4 ,! col\rs & m>k+s ( ! sexes (t5 diff] 9 ! same species on ! upp] surface1 b always correspond on ! "u-side4 ,! legs are m develop$ ?an 9 ! ,nymphalidae1 ! t>si ( ! male some:at abort$1 b t ( ! female complete4 ,! l>vae are curi\s1 %ort1 slug-l1 greasy grubs1 dull br[n or gre52 "s ( !m are greg>i\s1 cl++ to ! twigs by day & fe$+ at night4 ,! pupae are atta*$ to ! twig by ! tip ( ! abdom5 & gir!d ) a silk5 ?read r\nd ! middle4 ,9 ,misk9's ,catalogue #aaj species 7 giv5 "u #ah g5]a2 9 ,wat]h\se's li/ #aad species are record$1 divid$ into #ca g5]a4 ,wat]h\se has monograph$ ?is family1 :]e descriptions ( all ! kn[n ,au/ralian species w be f\nd 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijb-aijc74 ,a numb] are r>e & re/rict$ 9 _! range1 & _m are conf9$ to ! ri* tropical scrubs ( ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,! ,g5us ,danis conta9s six species1 mo/ ( :i* are conf9$ to ,nor? ,que5sl&2 ,danis taygetus is a v di/9ctive little butt]fly1 common 9 ! ,que5sl& scrubs1 & ext5d+ z f> s\? z ! ,ri*mond ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! male has ! =e w+s pale violet blue1 ) ! c5tre ( ! h9d ones :ite1 ! edges ( bo? pairs black2 9 ! female bo? pairs are m>k$ ) :ite ) a fa9t %ade ( blue2 on ! "u surface ! c5tres ( ! w+s are :ite edg$ ) black1 ) a broad b& ( bright metallic blue occupy+ ! l[] half ( ! h9d pair encircl+ a r[ ( black spots4 ,! ,g5us ,miletus conta9s fifte5 species3 ,m4 delicia has ! upp] surface br[ni% black1 ) ! base ( ! =e & c5tre ( h9d w+s pale metallic blue2 ! "u side is dull yell[i% br[n1 v>iegat$ ) angulat$ blot*es or spots =m+ b&s r\nd ! w+s & a p>allel /ripe across ! front ( ! =e pair4 ,?is butt]fly ranges f ,victoria to ,que5sl&4 ,m4 ignita has a v wide range ov] ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,au/ralia into ,que5sl&2 x 0 figur$ & describ$ by ,lea* 9 #ahag4 ,c&alides absimilis is a m$ium siz$ insect2 ! male has ! upp] surface dull blue ) ! edges fr+$ ) :ite2 ! female is d>k br[n ) an oval pat* ( :ite 9 ! c5tre ( bo? w+s & metallic t9ts r\nd ! body2 ! "u surface is pale blui% :ite m>k$ ) f9e wavy l9es r\nd ! w+s4 ,x is f\nd f ,victoria well into ,nor!rn ,que5sl&4 ,polyommatus boeticus has _h _m names1 = n only has x a v wide di/ribution ov] ,au/ralia1 b x ext5ds ov] ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,europe4 ,x is ( a uni=m br[n t9t2 has ! c5tre ( bo? w+s %ad$ ) pale metallic blue2 ! h9d "o t]m9ates 9 a f9e sl5d] tail1 ) two eye spots at ! base2 ! "u side is creamy :ite ) slate grey l9es & eye spots t\*$ ) blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,pi]idae4 #a4 ,t]ias hecabe 7,fabr474 ,family ,,papilionidae4 #b4 ,papilio /h5elus 7,macl474 ,family ,,nymphalidae4 #c4 ,junonia albi-c9cta 7,butl]74 #e4 ,pyrameis itea 7,fabr474 #f4 ,pyrameis c>dui 7,l9n474 #g4 ,danais petilia 7,/oll474 ,family ,,hesp]idae4 #d4 ,trepezites symmom\s 7,hubn474 ,family ,,lyca5idae4 #h4 ,*rysophanus a5ea 7,misk974 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,lucia lucanus1 "o ( ! small] =ms1 has all ! upp] surface ( a dull o*re\s t9t1 ) ! c5tres ( ! =e w+s pale yell[4 ,a f9e fr+e ( hair-l scales ( alt]nate tufts ( black & :ite gives x a delicate p5cill$ appe>ance2 ! "u surface is mottl$ & br[ni%1 ! :ite ( ! =e w+s %[+ ?r\gh4 ,x has a wide range f ,s\? ,au/ralia to ,mackay1 ,que5sl&1 & is common ab\t ,sydney4 ,l4 pyrodiscus has ! upp] surface black1 ) ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s & ! great] "p ( ! h9d ones dull r$4 ,! :ole ( ! "u surface is purpli% & f9ely m>bl$ ) a v f9e tail on ! out] edge ( ! h9d pair4 ,x ranges f ,victoria to ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,! ,g5us ,ogyris conta9s elev5 species1 mo/ ( :i* are record$ f ! s\!rn portion ( ,au/ralia4 ,ogyris abrota has ! upp] surface d>k br[n ) a pat* ( pale metallic gre5 9 ! c5tre ( ea* =e w+2 ! h9d pair are all br[n & scallop$ along ! edges2 ! "u side is pale creamy :ite mottl$ ) wavy l9es4 ,! l>va fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ,loran?us2 x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m d>k yell[i% br[n1 ) ! upp] surface r\gh1 clo!d ) f9e bri/les2 !y fe$ at night1 & pupate 9 ! usual mann] ( all memb]s ( ?is family4 ,! ,g5us ,ialm5us conta9s eight species1 among !m sev]al ( our be/ kn[n 8,blues03 ,ialm5us evagorus ranges f ,s\? ,au/ralia into ,s\!rn ,que5sl&1 & 0 figur$ by ,donovan 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&0 9 #ahje4 ,x is describ$ by ,olliff "u ! "n ( ! 8,imp]ial ,blue10 b ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! 8,black-wattle ,blue0 w\ld be a mu* m di/9ctive "n1 = all along ! coa/ ! %ort1 dull gre51 slug-l grubs may be met )1 congregat$ 9 little gr\ps cl++ to ! twigs ( ?is wattle4 ,hundr$s ( ants are always sw>m+ ov] !m attract$ by ! secretion !y dis*>ge f gl&s on ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ajg & #ajh4--,wattle ,butt]flies4 #ajg4 ,ialm5us ict9us 7,hewitson74 ,! ,inl& ,wattle ,butt]fly4 #ajh4 ,ialm5us evagorus 7,donovan74 ,! ,coa/al ,wattle ,butt]fly4 ,! pres5ce ( ants is probably ( great value to ! l>vae1 = !y keep p>asitic insects & birds f mole/+ !m4 ,:5 full gr[n !y sl+ !mselves to ! twigs to pupate1 & are (t5 s num]\s t ! bran*es are cov]$ ) pupae hang+ l bun*es ( grapes4 ,! butt]fly measures ne>ly #b in*es across ! w+s1 :i* on ! upp] surface are black on ! m>g91 ) ! re/ pale metallic blue %ad+ into :ite 9 ! c5tre2 ! h9d pair are scallop$ & produc$ into f9e fea!ry tails ) spots ( d>k orange yell[ at ! base2 ! "u side is pe>ly grey1 b&$ & spott$ ) black4 ,i4 ict9us1 ) id5tical habits1 ab\t ! same size1 takes ! place ( ?is species 9 ! inl& di/ricts4 ,pseudalm5us myrsilus is a h&some little butt]fly ) ! c5tres ( ! w+s deep orange divid$ ) d>k n]vures1 & ! h9d pair ) long black tails2 x is f\nd f ,tasmania to ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! la/ species ( ?is family1 ,liphyra brassolis1 is only f\nd 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&2 its l>vae live & pupate 9 ! arboreal ne/s ( ! 8,gre5 ,tree-ants40 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! life hi/ory ( ?is butt]fly is giv5 by ,dodd 9 ! 8,entomologi/0 #aijb4 ,family #d4 ,! ,:ites & ,yell[s4 ,,pi]idae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are popul>ly kn[n z 8,:ites0 & 8,yell[s0 on acc\nt ( _! prevail+ col\rs4 ,bo? sexes h six p]fect legs1 & are butt]flies ( mod]ate size1 ) ! h9d w+s r>ely cr5ulat$ or produc$ into tails4 ,_! l>vae are sl5d]1 hairy cat]pill>s ) small heads1 & are (t5 greg>i\s 9 _! habits2 ! pupae are %>ply angulat$ to ea* extremity1 atta*$ bo? by ! tail1 & a silk5 girdle r\nd ! body ( _! food plant4 ,9 ,misk9's ,catalogue #cd species are li/$1 conta9$ 9 #g g5]a2 ,wat]h\se r$uces !m to #ca species1 & disc>ds sev]al well-kn[n g5]a4 ,! ,g5us ,t]ias conta9s all ! small 8,yell[s10 :i* are l[ flitt+1 da9ty1 little butt]flies f\nd 9 ! tropical jungle1 b equally at home 9 ! f> we/]n scrubs & op5 =e/ l&4 ,t]ias smilax1 our smalle/ species1 is common ab\t ,sydney1 & has a wide range bo? nor? & s\? f ,adelaide to ,rockhampton4 ,x is bright yell[1 ) ! black m>k+s 9 ! =e w+s ext5d+ to ! tips ( ! h9d pair4 ,! ,mottl$ ,yell[1 ,t4 hecabe1 is mu* l>g] ?an ! la/2 is ( a bright yell[ col\r ) ! black m>k+s com+ r\nd to ! edge ( ! h9d w+ & swell+ out into a r\nd$ pat*2 ! h9d w+s are lightly edg$ ) black1 & on ! "u side are ?ickly mottl$ ) yell[i% br[n spots4 ,x ext5ds f ,sydney to ,que5sl&1 & has a wide range out nor?w>d & ea/w>d among ! isl&s4 ,! ,g5us ,elod9a conta9s sev]al small1 pe>ly :ite butt]flies1 ) w+s edg$ ) black4 ,! small :ite1 ,elod9a angulip5nis1 is f\nd ab\t ,sydney1 rang+ z f> nor? z ,mackay1 ,que5sl&4 ,our common :ite butt]fly kn[n "u ! "n ( ,pi]is teutonia1 & ! sole repres5tative ( t well def9$ g5us1 has be5 rec5tly id5tifi$ z ,bel5ois java1 & z ,sp>rman describ$ x "s few ye>s be=e ,fabricius1 ?is well-kn[n "n w un=tunately h to give way4 ,?is butt]fly has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 especially 9 ! int]ior1 :]e sev]al native %rubs belong+ to ! ,capp>idae are pl5tiful2 ^u ^! ! sl5d] br[n & yell[ cat]pill>s fe$4 ,?is is ! species t sometimes comes fly+ ov] ! ea/]n coa/ 9 imm5se sw>ms4 ,x measures #b in*es across ! w+s1 & is black & :ite on ! upp] surface1 ) ! "u portion m mottl$ ) black & can>y yell[4 ,x ranges f ,au/ralia to ,fiji1 ,tonga1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! small] ,:ites1 :i* h ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s ( a m uni=m yell[ t9t1 are repres5t$ by ,appias 7,ta*yris7 ega1 fir/ describ$ by ,boisduval 9 #ahcf2 x has an ext5d$ range f ,victoria to ,cape ,york1 ,que5sl&4 ,! typical ,g5us ,delias is repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by #h species1 ?ree ( :i* c be collect$ f ,sydney to ,cape ,york1 & two o!rs f ,s\? ,au/ralia nor?w>d4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,delias1 ,d4 h>palyce1 fir/ figur$ by ,donovan 9 #ahje1 measures #c in*es across ! w+s1 :i* on ! upp] surface are creamy :ite1 broadly m>g9$ on ! apical half ) black1 ! =e pair b&$ ) a r[ ( :ite spots2 on ! "u surface ! :ite m>k+s above are mu* broad]1 & ! h9d w+s are blot*$ ) a bright r$ b& surr\nd$ ) black b l9$ ) :ite4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u ! native mi/letoe 7,loran?us7 :i* gr[s ^u ! %e-oaks1 & are sl5d]1 d>k col\r$ cat]pill>s cov]$ ) f9e hairs4 ,!y are greg>i\s 9 _! habits1 (t5 #bj to #cj 9 a family1 & n only d !y keep toge!r :5 fe$+1 b !y sp9 a curi\s web ov] ! d5ud$ twigs ( _! food plant to :i* !y atta* !mselves :5 pupat+4 ,! pupa is d>k br[n1 slightly ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 arm$ ) %ort black sp9es along ! sides ( ! body1 & ! front ( ! head is furni%$ ) a curi\s two-prong$ =k4 ,! ,t9t$ ,delias1 ,d4 arg5?ona1 is a ,que5sl& species1 ) ! out] half ( ! h9d w+s on ! "u surface black1 enclos+ a numb] ( bright r$ blot*es2 :ile on ! h9d w+s ( ! ,/rip$ ,delias1 ,d4 mysis1 ! r$ =ms a cont9u\s broad curv$ b& r\nd ! tips4 ,9 ! ,yell[-t9t$ ,delias1 ,d4 aganippe1 ! w+s ( ! male on ! upp] surface are creamy :ite1 :ile ^? ( ! female are t+$ ) yell[1 & ! black ext5ds fur!r into ! w+2 on ! "u surface bo? sexes h ! w+s blacki%1 mottl$ ) l>ge :ite blot*es1 & yell[ m>k+s2 a pat* ( bright r$ on ! %\ld]s2 & ) a r[ ( r\nd$ spots ( ! same col\r runn+ r\nd ! h9d w+s4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ,loran?us4 ,! ,dusky ,delias1 ,d4 nigr9a1 g5]ally flies high1 & is n s easily caught2 x has an ext5d$ range f ,sydney to ,nor? ,que5sl&2 ! upp] surface is ( ! usual col\r1 b ! :ole ( ! "u surface ( ! w+s is dull black wa%$ ) grey2 !re is a b& ( yell[ on ! =e pair1 & ! h9d pair is m>k$ ) ! same col\r & a horse-%oe b& ( r$4 ,! l>vae :5 full gr[n are almo/ black spott$ ) yell[1 & ) f9e :ite hairs2 !y are greg>i\s & also fe$ ^u ! ,loran?us4 ,catopsilia 7,callidyras7 pomona is a l>ge light butt]fly1 ) ! upp] surface creamy :ite t+$ ) yell[1 & ) dusky spots t[>d ! tips ( ! w+s2 all ! "u surface is dull yell[1 ) a few :ite spots1 & ) pale purple m>k+s1 =m+ a d>k] pat* 9 ! c5tre ( ea* w+4 ,x is f\nd f ,sydney nor?w>d ?r\gh ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & into ,ceylon4 ,family #e4 ,swall[ ,tails4 ,,papilionidae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is gr\p ( butt]flies are popul>ly kn[n z 8,swall[ ,tails0 f ! peculi> /ructure ( ! h9d w+s ( ! typical species1 :i* are produc$ at ! tips into spatulate lobes or tails2 ?\gh 9 a l>ge numb] ^! tails are want+4 ,!y are all furni%$ ) well develop$ legs2 ant5nae di/9ctly clubb$2 & ! pupae are atta*$ bo? by ! tip ( ! body & a silk5 girdle4 ,9 ?is family _m ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful insects 9 ! _w are congregat$4 ,! ,bird-w+$ ,butt]flies 7,orni?opt]a7 are repres5t$ by ?ree m or less di/9ct species f ! ma9l&1 & a f\r? f ,d>nley ,isl&4 ,o4 ri*mondia1 typical ( ! gr\p1 is ! s\!rn =m1 rang+ f ! ,ri*mond ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 into ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,! small] male measures ab\t #f in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ri* velvety black1 ) a bright gre5 /ripe along ! front ( ! =e w+s2 ! :ole ( ! body is gold52 & ! h9d w+s except ! black m>g9s & f\r black spots are ( a slightly bright] t9t4 ,! l>ge female is ( a uni=m d>k blacki% br[n ) :ite m>k+s on ! w+s4 ,o4 7cass&ra7 euphorion1 f\nd f ,mackay to ,cairns1 ,n4,q41 is some:at l>g]1 ) a second /ripe ( gre5 on ! =e w+s1 & a r[ ( gold5 spots on ! h9d pair4 ,! l>ge black cat]pill>s h %ort black fle%y sp9es along ! sides ( ! body1 ) ! front ones bright r$4 ,rippon has rec5tly monograph$ ! ,orni?opt]a1 & places our species 9 ! ,g5us ,troides1 b ,i pref] to reta9 ! orig9al "n1 "u :i* our species are s well kn[n4 ,! ,g5us ,papilio conta9s #ah species 9 ,misk9's ,catalogue1 r$uc$ to #ae 9 ,wat]h\se's li/1 _m ( !m ) a v wide range4 ,papilio s>p$on is common 9 ,sydney g>d5s1 & ext5ds away up ! coa/ to ,india & ,ceylon4 ,olliff call$ x ! 8,w&]]0 f its rapid re/less flight4 ,x is ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) %>p angul> =e w+s1 & r\nd$ cr5ulat$ h9d w+s com+ to a blunt f+]-l tail at ! tips4 ,! c5tre ( bo? pairs ( w+s is pale gre5 =m+ a broad elongate /ripe1 wide/ 9 ! c5tre1 & ) a r[ ( f9e cresc5t-%ap$ spots d[n ! sides ( ! h9d pair4 ,! l>vae are %ort1 gre51 slug-l creatures ) a pat* ( yell[ on ! back2 !y fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ! camphor laurel4 ,! ,black ,or*>d ,butt]fly1 ,papilio erec!us 7n[ kn[n z ,p4 aegeus71 is a l>g] black insect ) an irregul> b& ( :ite cross+ ! tips ( ! =e w+s2 ! c5tre ( ea* h9d "o is occupi$ by a r\nd$ mauve pat*2 ! edges are cr5ulat$1 tipp$ ) :ite1 & h a r$ eye-l spot on ! inn] m>g94 ,! female is mu* l>g]2 has ! inn] portion ( ! =e w+s black1 b ! out] portions dusky :ite2 ! h9d w+s are black at ! base1 b&$ ) :ite %ad$ ) black1 & h a r[ ( r$ spots r\nd ! m>g9s4 ,! mottl$ orange gre5 l>va is furni%$ ) a broad head1 f :i* %oot out a pair ( retractile fle%y horns :5 t\*$1 at ! same "t giv+ (f a musky sc5t4 ,!y fe$ ^u ! foliage ( orange trees1 & :5 num]\s are a nuisance 9 ! plant nurs]ies4 ,! l>vae ( ,macleay's butt]fly 7,papilio macleayanus7 fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ! ,sassafras 9 ! ,illaw>ra di/rict1 & range f ,tasmania to ,cairns ,n4,q4 ,! butt]fly is some:at aft] ! same sl5d] %ape z ,p4 s>p$on1 b has ! h9d w+s produc$ into sl5d] swall[ tails4 ,! portion ( ! w+s surr\nd+ ! body is pale gre51 ! out] p>ts black1 ) ?ree small gre5 pat*es t[>d ! front ( ! =e pair1 & a r[ ( small spots along ! l[] edges ( ! h9d pair4 ,! ,imp]ial ,swall[ ,tail1 ,papilio ulysses1 measures #e in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ri* metallic blue m>g9$ ) deep velvety black1 & are produc$ into long swall[ tails beh9d4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! tropical scrubs ( ,nor? ,que5sl& rang+ up into ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & = %ape & col\r is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful butt]flies 9 ! _w1 b %\ld be se5 9 its native haunts to fully admire its beauty z x goes float+ ?r\gh ! tropical bru%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,nymphalidae4 #a4 ,het]onympha m]ope 7,fabr474 4 #b4 ,het]onympha m]ope 7,fabr474 4 #c4 ,danais hamata 7,macl474 #d4 ,ce?osia cydippe 7,l9n474 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,! la/ ( ?is g5us ,i %all notice is ! v di/9ct yell[ & black butt]fly1 ,papilio /h5elus1 :i* has a wide range f ,s\? ,au/ralia to ,que5sl&1 & is "o ( ! v few l>ge butt]flies f\nd f> inl&4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,gauzew+1 ,eurycus cressida1 is a r>e species 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ?\gh record$ f z f> s\? z ,sydney1 b is abundant 9 ! tropical nor!rn scrubs4 ,! male has ! =e w+s d5ud$ ( scales & semitransp>5t1 ) ! %\ld]s & two spots 9 ! front black2 ! h9d ones are black mottl$ ) :ite & r$1 ! latt] col\r also on ! sides ( ! ?orax & tip ( ! abdom54 ,! female is small]1 ( a dull br[n col\r1 ) semitransp>5t w+s1 look+ v mu* l a small rubb$ specim5 ( ! male2 ! amateur collector g5]ally disc>ds !m "u t impression4 ,family #f4 ,skipp]s4 ,,hesp]idae4 ,^! butt]flies are popul>ly kn[n z 8,skipp]s0 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> way !y fly1 s diff]5t f all ! o!r gr\ps4 ,!y h broad1 %ort1 ?ickset heads & bodies2 & ! ant5nae1 wide ap>t at ! base1 are produc$ at ! tip into an irregul> club or po9t$ hook$ process4 ,! legs are p]fect 9 bo? sexes & (t5 sp9$2 mo/ ( !m are br[n or r$di% yell[1 m or less v>iegat$4 ,! l>vae are long1 cyl9drical1 nak$ cat]pill>s1 ) ! head h>d & horny2 ! pro?orax n>r[1 =m+ a regul> neck4 ,:5 full gr[n !y atta* !mselves by ! tail to ! leaf1 :i* !y roll r\nd !mselves into a primitive k9d ( cocoon4 ,messrs4 ,meyrick & ,l[] h lately revis$ ?is gr\p 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #aijb71 & li/ #gi species t !y id5tify1 & note a numb] ( o!rs t are s badly describ$ t !y _c be det]m9$4 ,netrocoryne rep&a1 "o ( our l>ge/ species1 ( a uni=m light br[n t9t1 has ! tips ( ! w+s d>ke/1 ! c5tres ( ! =e pair m>k$ ) l>ge transluc5t blot*es ( a pale yell[ t9t1 & a s+le spot 9 ea* h9d "o4 ,x has an ext5d$ range f ,sydney to ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,! ,g5us ,hesp]illa conta9s #ca species1 "s ( :i* are v local1 :ile o!rs h a v wide range3 ,h4 picta is ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s2 its g5]al col\r is d>k br[n ) a dull gre5i% t9t on ! body1 ornam5t$ ) five yell[ spots on ! =e w+2 ! c5tres ( ! h9d ones & ! h9d m>g9s ( ! same yell[ col\r1 & ) ! m>k+s on ! "u surface m num]\s4 ,h4 ornata is a small] species1 ( a g5]al d>k br[n2 ! =e w+s c>ry a numb] ( spots & f\r angul> gold5 yell[ blot*es2 ! h9d pair are r$di% orange mottl$ on ! "u surface ( ! body1 ! tips ( ! =e & ! :ole ( ! h9d w+s ) pale yell[4 ,x has an ext5d$ range f ,victoria up to ,cookt[n ,n4,q4 ,trapezites iac*us1 "o ( our commone/ species1 describ$ by ,fabricius 9 #agge1 measures #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & is ( a uni=m1 dull br[n col\r %ad$ ) yell[2 ! =e w+s are blot*$ ) small irregul> m>ks2 ^? on ! h9d pair are p>allel & conflu5t4 ,! "u surface is dull yell[2 ! =e w+s are mottl$ & ! h9d ones m>k$ ) f\r to five small purple spots r+$ ) black4 ,x has a wide range f ,tasmania ov] ,au/ralia4 ,t4 symmomus is a d>k]1 l>g] species v simil> 9 ! m>k+s1 only ! yell[ spots are m def9$4 ,x does n range fur!r nor? ?an ,brisbane4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aji & #aaj4--;,e>li] /ages ( ! ,palm ,skipp]1 ,pamphila augiades 7,field]74 #aji4 ,l>va4 #aaj4 ,pupa4 ,apau/us lascivia is "o ( ! small dull br[n skipp]s wa%$ ) yell[1 ) pale sl5d] transv]se b>s cross+ ! c5tre ( ! w+s2 ! body is m>k$ ) :ite2 ! "u surface is dull yell[1 ) ! tips ( ! =e w+s d>ke/4 ,! l>vae ( ,pamphila augiades1 ano!r common species 9 ! ,sydney g>d5s1 & f\nd z f> nor? z ,b[51 ,que5sl&1 fe$s ^u ! foliage ( "y palms2 t ( ,erynnis sp]?ias is f\nd on ! same plant4 ,badamia exclamationis is a light br[n species ) ! =e w+s n>r[$ to ! extremities1 & ! h9d pair arcuate on ! edges4 ,x measures #b in*es across ! w+s1 & ranges f ,sydney to ,cape ,york4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,hasora we h sev]al l>ge skipp]s1 all nor!rn species1 ) ! upp] surface d>k2 ! "u surface ri*ly m>k$ ) purple & pale gold5 yell[ 9 ,h4 discolor2 & ) simple silv]y /ripes on ! "u surface 9 ,h4 hurama4 ,,het]oc]a4 ,mo?s4 ,mo?s diff] f butt]flies 9 hav+ ! abdom5 /\t & ?ickset1 & n p9*$ or con/rict$ 9 front at ! junction ) ! ?orax2 & ! ant5nae1 in/ead ( be+ clubb$ or ?ick5$ at ! tips1 are ei!r sl5d] fili=m app5dages or are uni=mly ?ick5$1 pect9ate1 or fea!r$2 :5 ( ! latt] =m !y are mu* m pron\nc$ 9 ! males4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,head ( ,hawk ,mo?4 a1 upp] lip2 b1 m&ibles2 c1 proboscis2 d1 l[] lip2 e1 ant5nae2 f1 eyes4 7,r$rawn f ,duncan's 8,trans=mations ( ,insects407 ,mo/ mo?s are nocturnal 9 _! habits2 9 ! day "t !y are usually f\nd hid+ among ! foliage or re/+ 9 d>k corn]s1 & _m c be obta9$ by %ak+ ! bu%es ov] a net4 ,! l>g] species may be kill$ at once 9 ! cyanide bottle1 b mu/ be transf]r$ to a box z soon z !y are dead1 = !y rub v easily2 ! small] =ms c be plac$ alive 9 glass-topp$ or *ip boxes1 & aft]w>ds kill$1 & !n m\nt$ be=e !y are /iff4 ,! memb]s ( a few gr\ps fly ab\t 9 ! daylight2 = in/ance ,ag>i/a glyc9e1 our v9e mo?1 b !y are exceptions4 ,! beautiful hawk mo?s only flit ab\t at twilight1 & are kn[n z 8crepuscul>0 mo?s4 ,?is great gr\p conta9s "s giants ( ! insect _w1 su* z "s ( ! ,atlas ,mo?s ( ,india1 & ,wood ,mo?s ( ,au/ralia1 :i* are z big z small bats2 :ile among ! ,micro-lepidopt]a we come to _m t9y creatures :i* require to be exam9$ ) a l5s be=e _! id5tity c be e/abli%$4 ,! typical mo? cat]pill> con/ructs a /\t silk5 bag or cocoon1 )9 ! %elt] ( :i* x ca/s its sk9 & becomes a well def9$ pupa2 b !re are _m :i* bury !mselves 9 ! gr\nd1 or pupate 9 cavities 9 timb] t =m no true cocoon b simply und]go _! trans=mations 9 su* secure hid+ places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,w+s ( ,mo?4 ,a1 ,=e w+3 c4m1 co/al m>g92 o4m1 out] m>g9 or t]m92 i4m1 inn] m>g92 a4a1 apex2 o4a1 out] angle or tornus2 c1 discoidal cell2 d1 discocellulurs4 ,b1 ,h9d w+3 c4n1 co/al n]vure2 ve9 #ab =e w+1 #h ( h9d w+2 s4n1 sub-co/al n]vure2 m4n1 m$ian n]vure2 #a;a1 b1 c1 ?ree bran*es ( int]nal n]vure2 #b1 #c1 two bran*es ( m$ian n]vure2 #d1 #e1 #f1 ?ree bran*es ( radial n]vure2 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 five sub-co/al bran*es ( =e w+2 #g sub-co/al n]vure ( h9d w+4 ,mo?s are well repres5t$ 9 all p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 b are mo/ num]\s 9 well wood$ c\ntry3 a consid]able am\nt ( "w has be5 done 9 ?is gr\p by ,messrs4 ,lew91 ,scott1 ,walk]1 ,meyrick1 ,l[]1 ,turn]1 & o!rs 9 ,au/ralia1 & ,messrs4 ,gur91 ,boisduval1 & _m o!r =eign writ]s4 ,i h 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! families foll[$ ,l[]'s ,catalogue ( ,victorian ,het]oc]a 7,victorian ,naturali/ ,vol4 x4 #ahic--,vol4 xiv4 #ahih74 ,family #a4 ,connect+-l9k ,mo?s4 ,,ca/niidae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is gr\p comprise a few insects t =m an int]m$iate /ate ( developm5t betwe5 butt]flies & mo?s2 = :ile !re is no d\bt t !y are mo?s1 !y h hook$ or ?ick5$ ant5nae l ! 8,skipp]s10 some:at simil> habits1 & ev5 ! g5]al col\ration4 ,!y are *iefly conf9$ to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4 ,eus*emon rafflesiae is "o ( ! l>ge/ hesp]id-l =ms2 is black1 blot*$ ) :ite1 & is f\nd 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,synemon conta9s a numb] ( small r$di% br[n mo?s :i* flit ab\t ov] ! grass1 j l small butt]flies3 ,synemon sophia is ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are br[n1 slightly m>bl$ 9 front1 & ! h9d pair blot*$ ) dull yell[i% br[n2 x is common on ! grassy flats along ! ea/]n coa/4 ,s4 hesp]oides is common 9 ,victoria 9 simil> localities2 is ab\t ! same size1 b ( a d>k] br[n col\r2 ! =e w+s m>bl$ ) f9e wavy grey l9es1 & ! h9d ones ) a ru/y r$ t9t4 ,family #b4 ,butt]fly ,mo?s4 ,,uraniidae4 ,^! are l>ge usually day-fly+ mo?s ) sl5d] ant5nae2 broad w+s1 ! h9d pair cr5ulat$ & produc$ into tails2 ! abdom5 l t ( a /\t butt]fly1 & nev] ext5d+ beyond ! h9d w+s4 ,! typical species 7,g5us ,urania7 are f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 o!rs 9 ,madagasc>2 b our beautiful =ms belong to ! ,g5us ,nyctalemon1 "o species ( :i*1 ,nyctalemon orontes1 is v common 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cairns a score ( ?is species c (t5 be tak5 9 ! e>ly morn+ re/+ on ! l[ scrub1 & small sw>ms ( !m c (t5 be se5 fly+ across ! riv]s 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,?is species is a v h&some l>ge velvety black mo? m>k$ ) broad dull gre5 b&s1 & hav+ %ort creamy swall[ tails4 ,sev]al v beautiful species are also f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,new ,gu9ea4 ,family #c4 ,day ,mo?s4 ,,ag>i/idae4 ,?is family has be5 lately revis$ by ,hampson 7,catalogue ( ! ,lepidopt]a ,phala5ae ,vol4 ,i4 ,briti% ,museum #ahih72 he divides !m into #ee ,g5]a conta9+ #bbe species1 ( :i* "s typical =ms are peculi> to ,au/ralia2 !y are conspicu\sly col\r$ & fur!r noticeable f _! habit ( fly+ 9 ! daytime4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are *iefly conf9$ to ! tropical p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w & ! ,au/ralian region2 9 ,am]ica a few only are f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,brazil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,phala5oides glyc9ae 7,lew974 ,! ,cat]pill> & ,adult ( ! ,v9e ,mo?4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,v9e ,mo?1 ,phala5oides 7,ag>i/a7 glyc9ae1 bett] kn[n "u ! old g5]ic "n ( ,ag>i/a1 is "o ( our regul> v9e pe/s 9 ! cat]pill> /ate1 dev\r+ ! foliage & "y grapes4 ,! mo? lays h] eggs ^u ! v9e canes2 ! grubs :5 full gr[n measure up to #b in*es2 are ( a g5]al deep gre5i% yell[ t9t1 ) ! :ole ( ! upp] surface cov]$ ) small tub]cles ea* be>+ a s+le hair2 & !y h a b& ( bright r$ blot*es r\nd ! dorsal surface ( ! anal segm5t4 ,!y bury !mselves 9 ! gr\nd1 =m+ a d>k r$di% br[n *rysalid enclos$ 9 a primitive cocoon or cov]+ ( p>ticles ( e>?4 ,! mo? measures #b in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m black col\r m>bl$ on ! head1 ?orax1 & sides ( ! w+s ) :ite2 ! =e w+s are tipp$ ) :ite1 & an irregul> transv]se b> ( pale yell[ is foll[$ by a small] blot* ?r\gh ! c5tre2 9 ! h9d pair ! out] m>g9s are irregul>ly edg$ ) :ite4 ,phala5oides tri/ifica1 =m]ly kn[n "u ! "n ( ,ag>i/a lew9ii1 is slightly small]2 ! =e w+s are m mottl$1 & ! h9d pair h an irregul> :ite spot 9 ! c5tre by :i* x c be easily id5tifi$4 ,cruria donovani1 also small] ?an ! ,v9e ,mo?1 has ! =e w+s mottl$ ) a numb] ( small :ite blot*es1 & a broad irregul> pat* 9 ! c5tre ( ! h9d ones4 ,eutri*opidia lat9a comes clos] /ill to ! ,v9e ,mo? 9 size & col\r1 b c also be easily recognis$ by hav+ a s+le broad]1 irregul>1 dull yell[ b& across ! out] half ( ! =e w+s4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,day ,mo?1 ,ag>i/a agricola1 attract$ ! att5tion ( our e>lie/ entomologi/s by its brilliant col\ration1 & 0 describ$ & figur$ 9 col\rs by ,donovan 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&0 #ahje1 & aga9 by ,dr4 ,lea* 9 8 8,zoological ,miscellanies0 publi%$ 9 #ahae4 ,x has a wide range f ,sydney nor?w>d1 & ! sev]al sub-species plac$ "u ?is "n ext5d its range to ,new ,gu9ea & ,timor4 ,?is is n[ ! sole type ( ! ,g5us ,ag>i/a1 9 :i* s _m ( our species 7 =m]ly plac$2 x is a h&some black mo?2 measures up to #c in*es across ! w+s1 ! =e-pair ( :i* are ri*ly blot*$ ) pale yell[1 deep orange1 & blue2 9 ! h9d pair ! c5tre is bright r$ & blue1 & ! m>g9 is :ite4 ,! head & ?orax are pale yell[ above2 ! legs & "u surface r$2 ! tip ( ! abdom5 d>k orange4 ,! l>va is a h&some d>k col\r$ cat]pill> clo!d ) scatt]$ & curi\s long clubb$ hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,notodontidae4 #a4 ,danima banksiae 7,lew974 ,family ,,ag>i/idae4 #b4 ,hecatesia f5e/rata 7,boisd474 #f4 ,ag>i/a agricola 7,donov474 ,family ,,hypsidae4 #c4 ,nyctem]a amica 7,:ite74 ,family ,,sph+idae4 #d4 ,ciz>a ard5ia 7,lew974 #h4 ,hem>is hylas 7,lew974 ,family ,,lip>idae4 #e4 ,d>ala ocellata 7,walk]74 ,family ,,syntomidae4 #g4 ,syntomis annulata 7,fabr474 ,family ,,ca/niidae4 #i4 ,synemon hesp]oides 7,feld74 ,family ,,pyralidae4 #aj4 ,z5ck5ia recurvalis 7,fabr474 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,! ,g5us ,hecatesia conta9s our curi\s 8:i/l+ mo?s10 :i* fly ab\t j at dusk1 mak+ %>p cont9u$ notes l ! calls ( "s ( our small cicadas4 ,! s\nd is said to be produc$ by ! male rubb+ 8 curi\sly clubb$ ant5nae aga9/ a pellucid ridg$ area 9 ! front ( ! =e w+s4 ,hampson d\bts ?is1 & says x is probably caus$ by rubb+ ! t>sal sp9es aga9/ ! ribb$ space4 ,hecatesia f5e/rata is a pretty little mo?1 ab\t #a in* across ! w+s2 is ( a g5]al d>k br[n t9t2 ! out] m>g9s ( ! =e w+s are provid$ ) a broad semi-lunate ribb$ b& 7! musical app>atus7 9 front1 & two :ite l9es beh9d2 ! c5tre ( ! h9d pair & abdom5 ri*ly blot*$ ) r$di% yell[2 ! head1 ant5nae1 c5tre ( ?orax1 & out] m>g9s ( ! w+s m>k$ ) :ite4 ,?ree species ( ?is ,g5us are record$ f ,au/ralia1 two ( :i* 7 describ$ f ! we/ coa/1 :ile ,hecatesia f5e/rata has a range f ,s\? ,au/ralia into ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #d4 ,r+$ ,mo?s4 ,,syntomidae4 ,! typical ,g5us ,syntomis1 9 :i* ,hampson places all our species t 7 previ\sly describ$ "u ! ,g5us ,hydrusa1 comprises ab\t #ach species1 *iefly conf9$ to ,africa1 ,asia1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,au/ralia2 #ab species are record$ f ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are all r small mo?s ( a g5]al black or br[n t9t mottl$ ) orange yell[ or light] br[n4 ,syntomis annulata1 ab\t #a in* across ! outspread w+s1 has a v wide range f ! ,philipp9es ?r\gh ,new ,gu9ea & ,au/ralia1 & naturally v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t localities2 our v>iety is ( a blacki% t9t1 ) six orange spots 9 ! =e w+s1 & two m angul> blot*es on ! h9d ones2 ! abdom5 is regul>ly b&$ ) orange & black4 ,s4 ap]ta measures #b in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a br[ni% t9t ) l>ge blot*es ( orange yell[ occupy+ ! great] portion ( ! surface1 divid$ f ea* o!r by sl5d] l9es4 ,x ranges f ,new ,gu9ea & ,que5sl& r\nd to ,s4 ,au/ralia1 & has be5 captur$ out we/ ab\t ,ba?ur/1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,eu*romia creusa is a v h&some =m ab\t #b in*es across ! n>r[ =e w+s1 :i* are black ) two l>ge transp>5t divid$ spots =m+ a d\ble r[ across !m1 & ano!r v small "o at ! base3 ! h9d pair h two simil> blot*es4 ,! head1 ?orax1 & basal portion ( ! abdom5 are black1 %ot ) metallic blue2 ! basal abdom9al segm5ts are crimson1 f9ely b>r$ ) black4 ,?is beautiful mo? has a wide range ov] ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 com+ d[n to ,?ursday ,isl& & ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,_m ( ! =eign species 9 ! l>val /ate fe$ ^u li*5s or grass4 ,family #e4 ,burnet ,mo?s4 ,,zyga5idae4 ,^! mo?s =m an ext5sive family repres5t$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w2 !y are also day-fly+ mo?s1 & "s are v brilliant 9 col\r4 ,9 ,engl& "s ( !m are kn[n z 8,burnet ,mo?s0 & 8,gre5 ,=e/]s40 ,!y h long n>r[ w+s1 & ! ant5nae ?ick5$ t[>d ! middle4 ,mo/ ( our species belong to ! ,g5us ,procris1 :i* are also v abundant 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,!y are small creatures measur+ "u #a in* across ! w+s1 & are ( a g5]al d>k br[n t9t ) gre5i% m>k+s4 ,he/io*ora bicolor is a curi\s little mo? rem>kable = its bright col\ration1 :i* has a wond]ful resemblance to "o ( our small p>asitic wasps 7,braconidae74 ,! w+s are cl\d$ ) black2 ! head & front ( ! ?orax are r$1 ! h9d m>g9 ( ! latt] black2 ! abdom5 black & :ite4 ,family #f4 ,hawk ,mo?s4 ,,sph+idae4 ,! hawk mo?s h a /\t r\nd$ abdom5 tap]+ to a po9t2 ?ick5$ ant5nae2 /\t n>r[ po9t$ w+s2 ! proboscis or suck+ m\?-tube v long1 curl$ up "u ! head :5 at re/1 b capable ( be+ uncurl$ 9 front ( ! head to suck up ! nect> f ! deepe/ tubul> fl[] :ile ! mo? is hov]+ ov] x4 ,!y hide dur+ ! day1 & are mo/ active j at twilight1 :5 !y d>t ab\t1 ov]1 & ar\nd ! fl[]+ %rubs4 ,_! cat]pill>s are v h&some ?ick cyl9drical grubs m>k$ ) brilliant eye spots & /ripes ( v>i\s /rik+ col\rs1 & are easily di/+ui%$ by a curi\s curv$ fle%y horn on ! dorsal surface ( ! tail segm5t4 ,!y take _! sci5tific "n f ! fanciful resemblance ( _! /iff horny pupae 7:i* are nak$ & g5]ally buri$ 9 ! s& b5ea? _! food plant7 to ! ,egyptian ,sph9x1 & _! popul> names ( 8hawk0 & 8humm+-bird mo?0 f _! p[]s ( flight4 ,our species h be5 divid$ into five sub-families1 & 9 ,misk9's 8,catalogue ( ! ,au/ralian ,sph+idae0 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,que5sl&7 #db species are li/$ "u #ac g5]a2 to :i* li/ a few species h s9ce be5 add$4 ,! fir/ gr\p conta9s :at are popul>ly call$ ! 8,cle>-w+$ ,hawk-mo?s10 f ! l>ge b>e scaleless areas 9 ! w+s2 !y fly ab\t 9 ! daytime ) a l\d humm+ noise1 v mu* resembl+ "s ( ! ,c>p5t]-bees :5 hov]+ ov] ! fl[]s4 ,hem>is k+i is m>k$ ) black & yell[1 & has a ?ick tuft ( /iff hairs on ei!r side ( ! abdom52 x is n uncommon 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,h4 hylas is a simil> /\t mo? ) unspott$ w+s :i* has an ext5d$ range across ,que5sl& to ,japan1 ,asia1 & ,africa2 :ile a ?ird species1 ,h4 janus1 ranges f ,brisbane to ,rockhampton4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,macroglossa #d species are record$ f ,que5sl&1 "s ( :i* ext5d into our nor? coa/ scrubs4 ,9 ! second gr\p we h a v di/9ctive little b&$ hawk mo?1 ,ciz>a ard5ia1 :i* ranges f ,new ,s\? ,wales into ,s\!rn ,que5sl&2 mo/ ( my specim5s come f ! ,illaw>ra scrubs1 ,n4,s4,w41 :]e ! l>va fe$s ^u ! wild v9e4 ,its gr\nd col\r is d>k br[n ) n>r[ grey b&s runn+ r\nd & cross+ ! middle ( ! w+s1 ) a curi\s eye spot on ! %\ld]s4 ,! ,g5us ,*a]ocampa conta9s a numb] ( l>ge h&some hawk mo?s1 "s ( :i* are introduc$ species _w wide 9 _! range2 ab\t #ag are record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,! ,silv] ,/ripe1 ,*a]ocampa cel]io1 is a common ,european species1 t is well kn[n "h4 ,fr5* describes ! cat]pill> z a v9e pe/ 9 ,victoria2 x is a cyl9drical gre5i% to purple t9t$ grub ) eye spots on ! h9d segm5ts4 ,! mo? measures #c in*es across ! w+s2 its gr\nd col\r is greyi% fawn1 ) f\r sl5d] l9es ( silv]y :ite =m+ a /ripe d[n ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s1 & ! body m>k$ ) silv] spots2 ! h9d w+s are bright p9k4 ,c4 old5l&i1 :i* comes close to ?is species1 fe$s ^u v9es 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,x diff]s 9 hav+ no %ort oblique silv]y /ripes on ! front ( ! =e w+s1 h>dly any r$ on ! h9d ones1 & has an unbrok5 silv]y dorsal /ripe d[n ! abdom54 ,c4 erotus1 ab\t ! same size1 has d>k r$di% br[n =e w+s1 slightly m>bl$1 & ! h9d pair yell[1 d>k5$ on ! h9d m>g9s2 its l>vae sometimes fe$ ^u sweet-potatoes4 ,c4 scr(a is a mu* small] species ( a light] br[n col\r1 ) ! h9d w+s dull brick r$1 d>ke/ along ! h9d m>g94 ,?is is "o ( our commone/ species ) a wide range ov] ,au/ralia2 ! br[n small-head$ l>vae fe$ ^u grass & l[ h]bage4 ,among our mo/ /rik+ =ms are ! two species ( ! ,g5us ,coequosa1 bo? ab\t ! same size1 sometimes measur+ up to #g in*es across ! w+s4 ,coequosa triangul>is is ( a r$di% br[n & grey t9t1 mottl$ on ! h9d w+s ) bright yell[1 ! d>k] br[n =m+ a l>ge angul> pat* 9 ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s2 ,c4 au/ralasiae is ( a light buff or fawn col\r1 m m>bl$1 ) ! w$ge-%ap$ blot* m]g+ into ! col\ration ( ! tip ( ! w+2 & ! h9d pair yell[1 only edg$ ) br[n on ! h9d m>g94 ,! cat]pill> ( ,c4 triangul>is1 our common] =m1 is dull gre51 ) a r\gh granulat$ sk9 & a small elongate head2 ! tip ( ! abdom5 is furni%$ ) a pair ( /\t plates us$ z clasp]s to cl+ to its food plant2 above ?is on ei!r side is a black %9+ bead-l eye1 :i* is only an ornam5tal process1 b ?is (t5 leads p to ?9k t ?is is ! head end1 & 9 "s places x is kn[n z ! d\ble-head$ cat]pill>4 ,x fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ,p]soonia & ,acacia1 & :5 t\*$ has a habit ( sw++ its body r\nd1 z if try+ to /rike2 :5 full gr[n x is enclos$ 9 a black %9+ pupa-case hidd5 among ! rubbi% b5ea? ! trees4 ,! ,g5us ,macrosila conta9s #d species1 two ( :i* are n uncommon 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! ,%e-oak ,hawk-mo?1 ,m4 casu>9a1 measures up to #e in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a g5]al greyi% mottl$ br[n col\r1 ) a d>k] blot* 9 ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s1 :i* are slightly mottl$ ) black t[>d ! tip2 & ! h9d w+s are (t5 v d>k br[n4 ,! ,convolvulus ,hawk-mo?1 ,protop>ce convolvuli1 ranges all ov] ! _w1 ! cat]pill>s fe$+ ^u ! convolvulus2 & x is also sometimes q a pe/ ^u sweet-potatoes4 ,! mo? measures #c in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a g5]al d>k grey col\r ?ickly mottl$ ) d>k br[n2 ! abdom5 has a broad br[n /ripe d[n ! c5tre ) %ort transv]se :ite1 p9k1 & black b>s on ei!r side4 ,! ,privet ,hawk-mo?1 ,sph9x ligu/ri1 has light br[n =e w+s1 ! abdom5 & h9d w+s be+ m>k$ ) p9k & black4 ,x1 l ! v9e hawkmo?1 has a _w wide range1 & ! cat]pill>s1 ) _! delicate gre5 t9t beautifully /rip$ ) :ite1 are v common 9 our g>d5s t[>d ! end ( summ] on privet & o!r g>d5 %rubs4 ,9 spite ( _! l>ge size1 !y are v difficult to detect until ! damag$ foliage calls att5tion to _! pres5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,protop>ce convolvuli 7,l9n474 ,! ,hawk-mo? ( ! sweet potato & convolvulus4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #g4 ,wood ,mo?s4 ,,hepialidae4 ,?is is a v di/9ct gr\p1 ! memb]s ( :i* usually h long deflex$ w+s r\nd$ at ! extremities1 & ! neuration ( bo? pairs ( w+s alike2 ! tongue is g5]ally obsolete2 ocelli abs5t2 ! tibiae )\t spurs2 :ile ! abdom5 is v long & cyl9drical 9 ! typical =ms4 ,!y lay _! eggs ^u ! b>k ( diff]5t =e/ trees2 ! little cat]pill>s1 aft] fe$+ = a %ort "t on ! surface1 tunnel into ! tree trunk1 becom+ fle%y nak$ grubs :i* bore cyl9drical *amb]s ( v>i\s =ms 9 ! timb]1 9 :i* !y sometimes rema9 = ye>s1 f9ally pupat+ 9 ! burr[s4 ,! mo? develops & escapes 9 ! summ] f ! pupal case1 :i* is frequ5tly f\nd project+ f ! hole 9 ! trunk or root aft] x has em]g$4 ,! mo?s are g5]ally f\nd cl++ to ! tree trunks1 :]e !y are easily captur$4 ,!y frequ5tly come to ! light at night1 b are difficult ?+s to kill & m\nt1 on acc\nt ( _! size & ! ease ) :i* ! scales rub (f4 ,! females ( "s species lay _m ?\s&s ( eggs4 ,if ^! eggs are n remov$ f captur$ specim5s & ! bodies /uff$ be=e sett+1 !y g5]ally become greasy & spoil 9 a v %ort "t4 ,on acc\nt ( _! l>ge size & beautiful col\ration ! wood mo?s h attract$ a great deal ( att5tion2 ,scott figur$ & describ$ a numb] 9 8 8,au/ralian ,lepidopt]a10 "p ( :i* has be5 publi%$ by ! tru/ees ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum ,n4,s4,w4 ,meyrick publi%$ a revision ( ! family 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi71 :i* is mu* m satisfactory1 & has be5 foll[$ 9 ^! notes4 ,! mo?s1 :i* ,meyrick consid]s to be ! ance/ral =ms ( ! ,bombyc9a1 h a _w wide di/ribution1 & are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,donovan 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&0 describ$ "o "u ! "n ( ,hepialus au/ralasiae1 :i* is n[ kn[n z ,p]issectis au/ralasiae4 ,) outspread w+s x measures up to #c in*es across2 ! body & =e w+s are ( a g5]al d>k yell[i% col\r1 m>bl$ & mottl$ ) d>k br[n1 & ! h9d w+s h a r$di% t9t4 ,! ,g5us ,por9a conta9s #h describ$ species f ?is c\ntry2 o!rs are record$ f ,new ,zeal& & ,africa2 !y are small] mo?s ( a g5]al br[n1 yell[1 or grey t9t4 ,! ,g5us ,hepialus comprises a numb] ( v beautiful mo?s ) all k9ds ( delicate gre51 yell[1 p9k1 & silv]y %ades ( col\r4 ,! mo? lays h] eggs ^u a tree /em2 ! newly hat*$ l>va eat+ (f ! surface ( ! b>k =ms a matt$ web "u :i* x bores into ! c5tre ( ! bran*1 & !n makes a v]tical %aft d[nw>d1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f a few in*es to sev]al feet1 9 :i* x fe$s & pupates4 ,! be/ me?od to obta9 specim5s ( ^! mo?s is to collect ! infe/$ bran*es or /ems1 cutt+ !m (f a foot or m on ei!r side ( ! silk5 webs 7:i* (t5 =m a regul> r+ r\nd ! /em71 & plac+ !m 9 sev]al in*es ( damp s& 9 a box1 ) a %eet ( glass ov] ! top4 ,! wood ?us dries sl[ly & does n damage ! delicate pupae or l>vae f :i*1 if collect$ at ! prop] "t1 ! p]fect mo?s ( sev]al species w readily bre$ out4 ,! males & females ( ! same species diff] f ea* o!r 9 size1 col\r & m>k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,hepialidae4 ,leto /aceyi 7,scott74 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,lew9's wood-mo?1 ,hepialus lew9i1 is "o 9 :i* ! sexes are v diff]5t4 ,! l>g] female measures #b in*es across ! w+s2 ! =e pair1 head1 & ?orax are dull cl>et r$1 mottl$ on ! c5tre & tips ( ! w+s ) gre52 ! h9d pair dull yell[1 ) a p9ki% t9t4 ,9 ! male1 ! head1 ?orax1 & =e w+s are pale gre51 ! latt] b&$ ) opal9e :ite2 ! h9d pair ( a pal] gre5 ) :ite t9ts4 ,?is is "o ( our common species1 & fe$s 9 ! /ems ( ! ,casu>9a4 ,! l>va ( ,h4 exima fe$s on ! /ems ( ! 8,lilly-pilly0 & ,wat]-gums1 =m+ q a felt$ bag r\nd ! bran*1 & is said to rema9 9 ! l>val /ate = sev]al ye>s2 l ! great wood-mo?1 be=e x pupates x eats ! web (f 9 front ( its *amb] & replaces x ) a wad to protect ! op5+2 ?is x c easily pu% out ) its horny pupal head :5 ready to em]ge4 ,?is is a mu* l>g] gre5 =m1 ) ! edges ( ! =e w+s m>k$ ) br[ni% yell[ & two eye spots ( ! same col\r 9 ! c5tre2 ! small male has ! gre5 =e w+s m>k$ ) opal9e :ite4 ,h4 ramseyi is easily recognis$ by its great] size & ! gre5 =e w+s ri*ly mottl$ ) l>ge silv]y :ite spots =m+ irregul> transv]se b&s4 ,! ,b5t-w+1 ,leto /aceyi1 is "o ( our mo/ rem>kable mo?s bo? = size & col\r3 x 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,scott "u ! g5]ic "n ,zelotypia1 b ,meyrick plac$ x 9 ! ,g5us ,leto1 9 :i* ano!r species has be5 describ$ f ,s4 ,africa4 ,bo? ( ^! species are peculi> 9 hav+ ! h9d w+s tuft$ ) /\t %aggy hairs4 ,?is mo?1 *iefly obta9$ 9 ! =e/ c\ntry ab\t ,newca/le1 has be5 l>gely br$ f ! infe/$ timb] by m9]s 9 ! di/rict1 :o _h a ready sale = !m1 & :o at ?is "w naturally le>nt a good deal ab\t _! habits4 ,:5 ! "y l>va ent]s ! tree trunk x cov]s ! op5+ s c>efully ) web & p>ticles ( b>k1 t x requires an obs]vant eye to detect ! injury4 ,accord+ to "s ( ! collectors ! l>va lives & gr[s 9 its %aft1 ab\t a foot 9 dep?1 = a p]iod ( six ye>s 7b ?is ne$s v]ify+72 x g5]ally pupates e>ly 9 ,decemb] aft] block+ ! op5+ ) a felt$ wad2 b soon aft] its trans=mation x pu%es ?is wad out4 ,! *rysalid fits close to its v]tical %aft1 & aid$ by r[s ( f9e sp9es r\nd ! apex ( ea* abdom9al segm5t c move up & d[n2 :5 rea*+ maturity x has a fav\rite habit ( re/+ 9 ! %aft ) ! top ( its head level ) ! transv]se burr[1 & dropp+ d[nw>d if di/urb$4 ,?ornton1 :o br$ or captur$ ne>ly #ajj 9 ! ,newca/le di/rict1 g5]ally obta9$ !m 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 & f\nd t ^? "u obs]vation inv>iably came out ab\t #c o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! l>g] female measures up to #h in*es across ! w+s1 ( :i* ! front pair are long1 sl5d]1 & arcuate on ! h9d m>g9s2 ^! are ( a g5]al greyi% fawn br[n1 wond]fully m>bl$ ) black & br[n1 & ) a l>ge eye-spot 9 ! c5tre t[>d ! tip3 ! h9d w+s & body are r$di% yell[4 ,meyrick sugge/s1 9 8 pap] previ\sly quot$1 t ! curi\s eye-spots on ! w+s1 toge!r ) ! g5]al outl9e ( ! mo? re/+ ^u ! tree trunk1 might be a case ( protective mimicry1 resembl+ a snake's head2 ?is appe>s to me h[ev] to be v f> fet*$4 ,skuse reproduc$ a draw+ ( ! mo? & a monitor liz>d's head 9 ! 8,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum10 to %[ ?is fanci$ resemblance1 b if ! correct col\ration _h be5 add$ ! resemblance w\ld h be5 v mu* less m>k$4 ,! ,g5us ,pielus conta9s "s l>ge br[ni% mo?s ) v hairy legs1 two ( :i* h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia3 ,pielus hyal9atus1 slightly "u #d in*es across ! w+s1 is ( a g5]al *ocolate br[n t9t ) an irregul> silv]y :ite /ripe & d>k l9es runn+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s2 ! h9d pair are br[n4 ,! l>vae fe$ 9 ! roots ( sev]al species ( wattles1 & are frequ5tly attack$ by ,cordiceps1 ! curi\s fungus t turns !m into :at are kn[n z 8vegetable cat]pill>s40 ,?is species has a range f ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,w4 ,au/ralia ?r\gh ,victoria to ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,messrs4 ,olliff & ,pr9ce figur$ & describ$ 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhg7 a h&some v>iety ( ?is mo? "u ! "n ( ,pielus imp]ialis4 ,! m>bl$ wood-mo?1 ,trict5a labyr9?ica1 is a l>ge d>k br[n mo?1 measur+ up to #f in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are cov]$ ) a scroll-"w patt]n ( light] col\r4 ,! l>vae ( ^! also fe$ ^u ! roots ( trees4 ,9 ! ,,cossidae we h a typical goat-mo?1 ,culama calig9osa1 resembl+ ! ,engli% species 9 =m & habits4 ,! l>va is a %ort1 dull1 r$1 nak$ grub t fe$s 9 ! /em ( ! apple-gum1 tunnell+ r\nd "u ! b>k until ne>ly full gr[n1 :5 x bores into ! wood & pupates 9 a cocoon at ! end4 ,! mo? is ( a uni=m delicate slate-grey1 f9ely m>bl$ ) black l9es all ov] ! broad r\nd$ w+s1 :i* are fold$ d[nw>d :5 at re/4 ,! ,,zeuz]idae comprise "s ( our giant wood-bor+ mo?s2 "s are z l>ge z small birds1 ) great r\nd$ bodies1 & grey w+s ?ickly mottl$ ) black1 br[n & fawn3 ,zeuz]a eucalypti has receiv$ an un=tunate specific "n1 = x fe$s 9 ! l>val /ate 9 ! /ems & bran*es ( sev]al diff]5t species ( wattles1 & kills a great numb] ( ^! trees by p]=at+ !m ) great circul> burr[s2 :5 ready to pupate1 x =ms a silk5 bag close to ! out] sk9 ( ! b>k1 :i* has be5 gnaw$ away s t x c easily pu% its way out :5 ready to em]ge4 ,! mo?s h ! usual br[n t9t mottl$ ) irregul> blot*es ( grey4 ,! ru/-col\r$ wood mo? is a mu* l>g] species1 & is commonly kn[n "u ! "n ( ,z4 liturata1 b is probably id5tical ) ,z4 c9]5s4 ,x measures up to #d in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a delicate mottl$ grey & br[n t9t1 ) ! h9d w+s & c5tral portion ( ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 bright *ocolate br[n4 ,! l>vae ( ?is & ! foll[+ species live 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ems ( l>ge =e/ gums1 & are said to take a numb] ( ye>s to come to maturity4 ,macleay's wood mo?1 ,zeuz]a macleayi1 said to be id5tical ) ,h]rick-,s*af]'s ,eudoxula boisduvalli1 has a l>ge cyl9drical body1 & is ! giant ( ! family1 measur+ up to #aj in*es across ! w+s4 ,!y are br[n ?ickly mottl$ ) grey scales2 :5 tak5 !y are g5]ally f\nd cl++ to ! tree trunks1 ^u :i* ea* female deposits _m ?\s&s ( small %ot-l eggs4 ,olliff has giv5 a detail$ description ( ,leto /aceyi1 & an acc\nt ( a v>iety 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhg74 ,9 a g5]al acc\nt ( ^! wood-mo?s 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahid7 ,i record$ a numb] ( ,?ornton's obs]vations4 ,family #h4 ,bag ,mo?s4 ,,psy*idae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is gr\p are m rem>kable 9 ! cat]pill> ?an 9 ! mo? /age1 = z soon z !y em]ge ! l>vae con/ruct protective caps ( silk5 ?reads & bits ( _! food-plant1 :i* z !y increase 9 size become regul> silk5 sacks op5 at ! neck1 ?r\gh :i* ! head & =e-legs protrude z !y crawl ab\t1 b retract at ! lea/ al>m4 ,!y take _! popul> "n ( 8,bag0 or 8,case ,mo?s0 f ?is peculi> habit1 & ! diff]5t species con/ruct diff]5t =ms ( bags & ornam5t !m ) /icks or leaves4 ,9 ,g]many !y are call$ 8,sacktrag]s02 9 ,am]ica are kn[n z 8,basket ,worms02 & ! family is fairly repres5t$ all ov] ! _w4 ,?is c\ntry is ri* 9 l>ge species1 "s ( :i* 7 notic$ z curiosities at a v e>ly date1 & ,we/wood describ$ & figur$ mo/ ( our bag mo?s 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahed7 "u ! ,g5us ,oiketicus3 ,mc,coy 9 8 8,podromus ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,victoria0 ,decade iv4 gave additional notes on ! habits ( two ( our common species2 & an int]e/+ pap] on h[ !y con/ruct _! portable homes w be f\nd 9 ! 8,victorian ,naturali/0 by ,hill 7#ahih74 ,! cat]pill>s !mselves are %ort1 nak$1 dull gre5 creatures ) /\t horny heads1 & are app>5tly s well protect$ f _! _m enemies t "o w\ld h>dly expect to f9d !m suff] f ! attacks ( p>asites4 ,b !y mu/ h "s weak po9t 9 _! arm\r = a v l>ge p]c5tage1 ev5 :5 collect$ & kept 9 bre$+ cages1 produce only wasp & fly p>asites4 ,:5 full gr[n ! cat]pill> closes up ! neck ( its bag & fa/5s x by a /\t silk5 b& to a twig be=e *ang+ into ! *rysalid /ate2 b :ile ! male turns r\nd & pupates head d[nw>d1 ! female rema9s head up z be=e1 & :5 %e ca/s h] pupal sk9 is an abort$ w+less creature1 ) small head & legs2 ! body simply develops into a great swoll5 sack ( eggs1 :i* hat* out 9 h] body1 or 9 ! %elt] ( ! cocoon2 & ! l>vae make _! way out at ! op5 tip ( ! bag1 ea* atta*$ to a silk5 ?read1 a squirm+ mass ( hundr$s ( little black creatures1 leav+ h] only a %rivell$ sk9 9 ! cocoon4 ,! male mo?1 :i* is r>e1 is a v active creature1 :i* da%es ab\t z soon z he em]ges f ! pupal case1 & damages 8 w+s 7ev5 :5 br$ 9 captivity7 be=e he c be caught4 ,he has curi\s too!d ant5nae2 ! head & body are ?ickly clo!d ) f9e hairs2 ! body has telescopic segm5ts1 capable ( be+ protract$ to d\ble _! ord9>y l5g? :5 impregnat+ ! female enclos$ 9 h] cocoon4 ,! w+s are n>r[1 v lightly cov]$ ) scales1 & )\t any v di/9ctive patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,lip>idae4 #a4 ,te>a contr>ia 7,walk]74 4 #b4 ,te>a contr>ia 7,walk]74 ,cat]pill>4 #c4 ,te>a contr>ia 7,walk]74 4 #d4 ,te>a contr>ia 7,walk]74 ,bag %elt] among ! foliage ( ,eucalyptus alb5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,ab\t #ac species ( ^! mo?s are describ$ f ,au/ralia1 ( :i* sev]al are v common at times 9 ! bu%4 ,saund]s' ,case ,mo?1 ,metura elongata1 is our l>ge/ species2 ! l>va con/ructs an elongate silk5 sack (t5 up to #d or #e in*es 9 l5g?1 broade/ 9 ! c5tre & tap]+ to bo? extremities2 ! outside is cov]$ ) %ort l5g?s ( /icks nibbl$ f ! food plant1 or pick$ up dur+ its w&]+s4 ,on an av]age ^! /icks are ab\t z long z wood5 mat*es1 & are securely atta*$ at irregul> di/ances1 ! l[] ones (t5 ext5d+ beyond ! silk5 tip4 ,! cat]pill>1 ( :i* only ! head1 ?orax1 & =e-legs c be se51 is a /\t1 nak$1 dull br[n grub b>r$ ) black & r$di% orange1 measur+ ab\t #b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! female mo? diff]s s little f ! cat]pill> t x is h>dly wor? notic+1 b ! active w+$ male1 ) a w+ expanse ( ab\t #b in*es1 has ! head & ?orax ?ickly clo!d ) bright r$di% orange d[n1 & ! dusky w+s are lightly clo!d ) f9e scales4 ,?\gh ! mo? is a some:at r>e insect1 ! bag cocoon c be (t5 f\nd on a twig or atta*$ to a f5ce1 = 9 spite ( ! l>ge h\se !y c>ry !y are great travell]s4 ,! ,faggot ,case-mo?1 ,entometa ignoblis1 =ms a v diff]5t k9d ( portable home2 ! silk5 sack is cov]$ ) a coat ( /\t /icks :i* are g5]ally cut f ! gum trees & laid p>allel to ea* o!r1 & closely fa/5$ to ! silk5 surface1 s t x rem9ds "o ( a bundle ( faggots4 ,!y v>y mu* 9 size & l5g?2 ! l>g] measures up to #c in*es2 "o /ick w be (t5 f\nd project+ an in* or m beyond ! o!rs2 ?is is said to be a re/+ place = ! male mo? :5 seek+ ! enclos$ female4 ,%e is ( ! usual obese =m2 ( a g5]al br[n t9t1 ! head & ?orax creamy :ite spott$ ) black4 ,! male mo? ) a w+ expanse ( #a in*es is ( a uni=m br[n col\r4 ,! ,leaf ,case-mo?1 ,?yridopt]yx hubn]i1 =ms a %ort] oval silk5 sack av]ag+ ab\t #b in*es 9 l5g? & broad 9 proportion1 cov]$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( leaves1 = !y fe$ on _m %rubs & trees2 b ! commone/ are clo!d ) bits ( gum leaves atta*$ only on ! upp] edge1 & might be lik5$ to a rag mat4 ,:5 !y infe/ p9e trees 9 ! g>d51 !y are uni=mly clo!d ) %ort l5g?s ( p9e ne$les & h a mu* neat] appe>ance4 ,! cat]pill> is a /\t black grub ) ! head & ?orax dull :ite1 mottl$ ) br[n4 ,! male mo? is a pretty little creature1 ) r$di% br[n ant5nae1 ! body ?ickly clo!d ) black d[n2 ! w+s h v few scales1 & are almo/ transp>5t1 ) a slight blot* 9 ! c5tre ( ! h9d pair4 ,! ,ribb$ ,case-mo?1 ,?yridopt]yx h]ri*ii1 diff]s f ! o!rs 9 con/ruct+ a smoo? :ite silk5 bag1 oval 9 =m1 angl$ on ! sides1 & ) a sl5d] tail at ! base2 & ! long att5uat$ neck =ms a regul> /alk :5 atta*$ to ! twig2 x measures ab\t #b in*es1 & is nev] cov]$ ) /icks or leaves4 ,! cat]pill> is blacki% br[n ) ! head & fir/ ?oracic segm5t light] col\r$4 ,! mo? is ab\t #a in* across ! w+s1 ?ickly clo!d ) black hairs1 & a r$di% orange spot beh9d ! ?orax2 ! w+s are semitransp>5t1 ) v few scales4 ,family #i4 ,cup or ,slug ,mo?s4 ,,limacodidae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,doratif]a vuln]ans 7,lew974 ,! 8,cup or ,slug ,mo?10 ) l>va & cup-%ap$ cocoon4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,^! are mod]ate siz$ mo?s ) plump bodies ?ickly clo!d ) %aggy hairs1 retract$ heads1 & too!d ant5nae4 ,! cat]pill>s are curi\s %ort /\t slug-l creatures fe$+ on ! surface ( ! foliage2 _! feet are almo/ obsolete1 :ile ! "u surface is q flat1 s(t & fle%y2 ! :ole body re/s on ! leaf :5 crawl+ along l t ( a snail4 ,! upp] surface is saddle-%ap$1 ) ! two extremities rais$ & ornam5t$ ) fle%y sp9y tub]cles1 ) little bun*es ( %>p retractile sp9es l rosettes1 :i* c be )drawn into ! tub]cle or erect$ at w2 ! sp9es are %>p & appe> to be holl[1 & give a sm>t /+ if !y t\* ! body2 9 "s ( ! ,am]ican species1 ! /++ s5sation is s sev]e z to cause s]i\s swell+s4 ,:5 full gr[n !y sp9 curi\s egg-%ap$1 br[n1 p>*m5t-l cocoons atta*$ at ! base to ! twig1 ) ! apex r\nd$ & =m+ a circul> cap or lid1 :i*1 closely cem5t$ on1 is loos5$ & pu%$ (f by ! enclos$ mo? :5 %e em]ges4 ,!y d n pupate z soon z ! cocoon is f9i%$1 b rema9 = a long "t 9 a semi-cat]pill> /ate be=e ! *rysalis is =m$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,pa9t$ ,cup ,mo?1 ,limacodes long]ans1 is "o ( our commone/ species4 ,! female is ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s2 has a v l>ge abdom52 is ( a g5]al dull br[ni% t9t2 ! head & ?orax are slightly col\r$ ) r$1 & ! "u surface d>k br[n1 ! w+s *ocolate br[n1 ) ! out] m>g9s light br[n4 ,! mu* small] male has semitransp>5t w+s1 ) ! head & ?orax m>k$ ) bright r$4 ,! l>vae fe$ on eucalypts & are ( a delicate gre5 col\r & ( ! typical =m2 ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?2 ) f\r l>ge tub]cles at ea* end c>ry+ a rosette ( retractile r$ sp9es2 ! c5tre is m>k$ ) r$ & blue1 & ! out] m>g9s are fr+$ ) %ort tub]cles4 ,!y =m regul> oval cocoons g5]ally atta*$ on _! sides to ! twig or b>k4 ,! ,mottl$ ,cup ,mo?1 ,doratif]a vuln]ans1 is ano!r common species1 ! l>vae ( :i* sometimes attack ! foliage ( apricot trees4 ,x is a l>g] slug cat]pill> ?an ! la/1 ) a pat* ( bright yell[ 9 ! middle ( ! back4 ,! cocoons are pe>-%ap$ ) ! apex some:at contract$1 %[+ ! lid m di/9ctly4 ,!y sometimes sw>m ov] ! bu% ab\t ,sydney ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! mo?s are ( a g5]al r$di% br[n t9t ) ! =e w+s m>bl$ 9 ! c5tre ) a r$d] %ade2 ! h9d w+s are light] br[n2 !y are some:at small] ?an ! la/ species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,doratif]a quadriguttata is ( a dull r$di% t9t2 ! =e w+s are cross$ ) a r[ ( #c d>k] rais$ spots1 ! h9d w+s be+ mu* light]3 ! female measures ab\t #a in*es1 ! male some:at small]4 ,! l>vae1 :5 "y1 clu/] toge!r up to a doz5 9 numb]1 & fe$ on ! "u-side ( ! leaf1 b :5 full gr[n !y scatt] ab\t1 de/roy+ mu* ( ! foliage ( ! gum trees4 ,numb]s 7 collect$ ne> ,gos=d ,n4,s4,w4 ab\t ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,!y are %ort & broad1 black1 ) a pair ( dull yell[ fle%y horns 9 front1 & #d tub]cles surm\nt$ ) bun*es ( yell[ sp9es tipp$ ) black at ea* extremity2 ! c5tre ( ! flatt5$ back has r[s ( %ort yell[ sp9es ) a fr+e ( simil> ones r\nd ! out] m>g9s4 ,:5 full gr[n !y =m ! usual egg-%ap$ br[n cocoon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 aca/a is a v simil> mo?1 ) a r[ ( #f or m simil> spots cross+ ! =e w+s4 ,! l>vae fe$ 9 ! same mann]1 & are v pl5tiful t[>d ! end ( summ] 9 ! ,ba?ur/ di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,ra9b[ has figur$ ! l>vae ( ?is species 9 ! 8,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum0 #aijd4 ,! curi\s w>ty1 pale gre51 oval1 slug-l cat]pill> ) a yell[ /ripe d[n ! c5tre ( ! back t is figur$ by ,scott z ,apoda xylomeli fe$s ^u ! "u surface ( ! leaves ( ! w>atah2 & :5 at re/ along ! midrib ( ! leaf1 ) ! yell[ dorsal /ripe 9 l9e1 9 spite ( its size x is v h>d to detect1 & is a wond]ful in/ance ( protective col\ration4 ,family #aj4 ,tig] ,mo?s4 ,,arctiidae4 ,?is family1 includ+ ! ,,li?osiidae1 kn[n to collectors z 8,footm510 is n[ "o ( ! l>ge/ divisions ( ! mo?s t 7 once all gr\p$ among ! true silkworms4 ,! l>vae ( mo/ ( ! species are %ort hairy grubs popul>ly kn[n z 8woolly be>s10 fe$+ on all k9ds ( l[ plants1 & common 9 our g>d5s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !y comprise a numb] ( delicate & (t5 v h&some mo?s ( m$ium size1 ) mod]ately long pect9ate ant5nae1 ! body (t5 l>ge1 & ! w+s brightly col\r$4 ,! 8,footm50 diff] f ! 8,tig]0 mo?s 9 hav+ ! =e w+s long]1 m sl5d]1 & fold$ ov] ! %ort]1 m elongate body2 !y take _! popul> "n f ! liv]y-l patt]n ( _! m>k+s1 z ! latt] take !irs f ! tig]-l /ripes & spots2 :ile o!rs aga9 are kn[n z 8,erm9e0 mo?s f _! s(t silk5 w+s4 ,! ,g5us ,tigriodes conta9s a numb] ( small mo?s hid+ "u or among foliage & !re=e n (t5 notic$4 ,tigriodes alt]na is ( a uni=m yell[i% br[n t9t1 ) d>k] br[n m>k+s ^u ! ?orax & w+s1 =m+ zig-zag l9es across ! =e pair1 & cl\d+ ! h9d ones4 ,x measures ab\t #a in* across ! w+s & ranges f ,victoria into ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,t4 furcif]a is slightly small]1 ( a bright yell[ on ! =e w+s1 ) ?ree sl5d] p>allel /ripes sep>at+ into f9] l9es at ! extremities2 ! h9d pair pal] ) traces ( black l9es t[>d ! edges2 !re is a w$ge-%ap$ pat* ( ! same col\r on ! ?orax4 ,ano!r species common ab\t ,sydney ,n4,s4,w4 is ,t4 hem9ephes1 pale orange yell[ ) ! apical edges ( ! w+s & ?orax blot*$ ) blacki% br[n4 ,among ! 8,footm50 we h 9 ! ,g5us ,spilosoma a numb] ( f9e :ite to greyi% br[n mo?s1 mottl$ ) blacki% spots & da%es4 ,! ,light ,erm9e1 ,spilosoma obliqua1 is common 9 ,victoria & ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x has a w+ measurem5t ( #b in*es2 is ( a uni=m dull :ite1 lightly mottl$ ov] ! w+s ) d>k br[n spots1 "s ( !m =m+ a sl5d] irregul> transv]se b& across2 ! abdom5 is r$ ) a dorsal /ripe ( black dots4 ,spilosoma fulvohirta is ab\t ! same size1 b mu* m d>kly & ?ickly m>k$ ) br[n1 also =m+ d>k /ripes on ! ?orax4 ,spilosoma fusc9ula is a mu* small] mo?1 slightly ov] #a in* across ! w+s2 x has a g5]al ri* p9k t9t1 v v>iably spott$ & blot*$ ) black2 ! latt] is sometimes q ! pr$om9at+ col\r1 9 o!rs only m>k+ ! tips2 ! h9d w+s are spott$ 9 ! c5tre & on ! h9d m>g9s only4 ,! l>vae are %ort1 flatti%1 hairy grubs ( a r$di% col\r1 & fe$ ^u ! foliage ( "y gum trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aaf & #aag4--,spilosoma obliqua 7,walk]74 #aaf4 ,! ,light ,erm9e ,mo?4 #aag4 ,l>va1 kn[n z a 8,woolly be>40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,t]missa conta9s a numb] ( small] pretty little mo?s fly+ l[ & hid+ among ! foliage2 ab\t #aj species are well kn[n4 ,t]missa %eph]di1 slightly ov] #a in* across ! w+s1 has ! =e pair broad at ! tips1 is blacki% br[n1 ) #c irregul> yell[ transv]se b>s2 ! h9d pair yell[1 ) two r\nd$ m>ks on ! out] m>g94 ,t4 nivosa is a small] mo? ( a delicate creamy :ite1 ) ! front & out] m>g9s ( ! =e w+s delicately edg$ ) d>k yell[ & black1 & ) two indi/9ct spots on ! front m>g92 !re is a small dot on ea* h9d w+4 ,&]son says ab\t ,melb\rne ! l>vae are to be f\nd "u ! b>k ( gum trees 9 ,augu/4 ,clauca rubrico/a measures #a in* across ! w+s2 is ( a g5]al blacki% t9t ) ! palpi & coll> beh9d ! head dull r$1 a sl5d] co/al /ripe ( r$di% yell[ along ! =e w+s1 & a yell[ spot on ! c5tre ( ! inn] m>g9 =m+ a di/9ctive m>k :5 ! w+s are fold$2 ! h9d pair are pale yell[ ) d>k edges4 ,! ,g5us ,mosoda conta9s sev]al mo?s ^: l>vae fe$ ^u moss & li*5s on ! surface ( ! rocks ab\t ,sydney4 ,mosoda an>toides1 "u #a in* across ! w+s1 has ! =e pair d>k br[n1 delicately mottl$2 ! h9d pair dull orange yell[ irregul>ly edg$ ) br[n4 ,m4 consolatrix1 a small] mo?1 has ! =e w+s greyi% mottl$ br[n2 ! h9d pair pale buff4 ,m4 jocul>is is slightly small]1 pale buff yell[2 ! =e w+s tipp$ & speckl$ ) black & ! out] tips ( ! h9d pair cl\d$ ) br[n4 ,! ,g5us ,com>*is conta9s #h describ$ species1 all small mo?s2 ,c4 aspectatella is "u #a in* across ! w+s1 ! =e pair grey b>r$ ) yell[1 & ! h9d pair pale o*re\s2 x is common 9 ,janu>y on ,mt4 ,kosciusko2 ,eutane t]m9alis & ,asura lydia are two little black mo?s ?ickly mottl$ ) d>k orange yell[ =m+ b>s & spots on ! =e w+s2 ! h9d w+s ( ! =m] are yell[ 9 ! c5tre1 ?ickly m>g9$ ) black2 9 ,a4 lydia ! yell[ ( ! h9d w+s is divid$ 9 ! c5tre by a black b&4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u moss4 ,! l>vae ( ! ,speckl$ ,footman 7,deiopeia pul*ella7 fe$ ^u ! =get-me-n2 x is ( a bright lead5 col\r1 ) a :ite /ripe d[n ! back & r$ spots on ! sides ( ! segm5ts4 ,! mo? has a v wide range ov] ! _w1 & has probably spread f ,europe4 ,i h g5]ally tak5 ^! mo?s on ! grassy flats close to ! sea %ore2 x is a sl5d] w+$ creamy :ite mo?1 ! =e w+s mottl$ ) black & r$ spots1 & ! h9d pair irregul>ly edg$ ) black4 ,nola metallopa is a silv]y grey mo? ) ! =e w+s m>k$ ) d>k] copp]y t9ts4 ,! curi\s hairy l>va fe$s ^u ! foliage ( "y gum trees2 :5 x m\lts ! sk9 ( ! head rema9s atta*$ to ! hairs above ! head1 =m+ a regul> cre/4 ,! memb]s ( ! small family ,,hypsidae1 *iefly f\nd 9 ! tropics1 are repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry by #d g5]a conta9+ ab\t #ah species4 ,!y diff] f ! la/ 9 ! v5ation ( ! h9d w+s1 & are m$ium siz$ br[n or yell[ mo?s4 ,nyctem]a amica is "o ( our commone/ species ) a wide range f ,victoria to ,que5sl&2 x may be f\nd fly+ ab\t or re/+ on fl[]s at all times ( ! ye>4 ,! l>vae1 m>k$ ) black & r$ & furni%$ ) tufts project+ on ei!r side ( ! head1 fe$ ^u ! 8native ivy0 7,s5ecio sc&5s74 ,! mo? is ( a g5]al blacki% br[n t9t2 ! =e-w+s are mottl$ ) two irregul> pale yell[ blot*es =m+ a transv]se b> t[>d ! tips2 ea* ( ! h9d pair has a m regul> blot* 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aah1 #aai & #abj4--,life hi/ory ( ,nola metallopa 7,walk]74 ,! ,se$l+-gum ,mo?4 #aah4 ,mo?4 #aai4 ,l>va4 #abj4 ,pupa4 ,family #aa4 ,br[n ,tails4 ,,lip>idae4 ,^! are ! 8,tussock0 mo?s ( ,am]ica1 & ! 8,vap\r]s10 8,br[n-tails10 & 8,black-ar*es0 ( ,engli% collectors2 "s ( ours are kn[n z 8,bag-%elt] mo?s0 f ! curi\s silk5 bags ! greg>i\s l>vae sp91 9 :i* !y %elt] dur+ ! day & come out at night to fe$ ^u ! foliage4 ,! typical 8,br[n-tails0 are /\t1 ?ickset mo?s ) r long hairy =e-legs g5]ally /ret*$ out 9 front :5 re/+2 ! ant5nae are pect9ate 9 bo? sexes1 & ! abdom5 is tipp$ ) tufts ( d[ny hairs2 9 "s species ! females are w+less4 ,!y lay _! eggs 9 clu/]s on ! "u-side ( ! leaves1 cov]+ !m ov] ) a felt$ mass ( ! hairs f ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,! fam\s 8,gypsy ,mo?10 common 9 ,europe1 belongs to ?is gr\p2 x 0 introduc$ into ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 :]e x has multipli$ s enorm\sly t x has become a regul> plague1 & ?\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s h be5 sp5t 9 fight+ x1 x is /ill a s]i\s pe/4 ,por!sia obsoleta1 "o ( our typical species1 measures ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s1 & is pure :ite ) a black body tipp$ ) gold5 br[n hairs4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,donovan 9 #ahae 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&10 & is m common 9 ,victoria ?an ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,tri*etra m>g9alis is a mo? ) a w+less female2 ! male is a little l>g] ?an ! la/ species2 is ( a uni=m greyi% br[n col\r1 ) ! out] edges ( ! =e w+s :ite1 & ! h9d pair pale br[n4 ,! l>va fe$s ^u ! foliage ( gum trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,,psy*idae4 #a4 ,entometa ignoblis 7,walk]74 ,cocoon ( ,faggot ,case-mo?4 #b4 ,entometa ignoblis 7,walk]74 ,cocoon made ) ,*]ry /alks4 #c4 ,?yridopt]yx h]ri*ii 7,we/wood74 #d4 ,metura elongata 7,saund]s74 #e4 ,?yridopt]yx hubn]i 7,we/wood74 ,cocoon made ( gum leaves4 #f4 ,?yridopt]yx hubn]i 7,we/wood74 ,cocoon made ( p9e ne$les4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,! ,g5us ,te>a conta9s ov] #bj nam$ species ( ! 8,bag-%elt] ,mo?s10 ) greg>i\s l>vae4 ,te>a contr>ia1 "o ( ! l>ge/ species1 measures up to #b in*es across ! w+s2 x is ( a g5]al d>k br[n t9t ) a small :ite spot 9 ! c5tre ( ea* w+2 ! ?orax ?ickly clo!d ) long lance-%ap$ plumes yell[ at ! tips2 & ! abdom5 ri* orange yell[ b>r$ ) black4 ,! cat]pill>s are ?ickly clo!d ) long hairs1 & :5 !y take up a position on ! bran* ( _! food tree 7g5]ally a eucalypt or wattle7 !y sp9 a silk5 bag1 draw+ ! leaves & twigs toge!r1 b n act+ l ! 8,leaf-roll]s10 = ! silk =ms a regul> felt$ br[n cov]+ :i* soon becomes full ( _! excrem5t & ca/ sk9s1 among :i* !y re/ dur+ ! day4 ,!y trail out at night 9 a regul> procession & (t5 /rip all ! foliage ( ! tree4 ,:5 full gr[n !y crawl d[n ! trunk & pupate 9 loose op5 cocoons 7=m$ f _! body hairs7 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! l>ge liv]-col\r$ silk5 bag rema9s long aft] !y h des]t$ x4 ,?is species 9 "s di/ricts makes its home ^u wattles1 b 9 o!r localities attacks ! eucalypts 9 a simil> mann]4 ,te>a tri/is is n m ?an #a in*es across ! w+s1 & v>ies f blacki% br[n to silv]y grey2 ! =e w+s are m>bl$ ) :ite & yell[ & a light circul> spot 9 front2 ! h9d ones are ne>ly black ) a m9ute :ite spot 9 ! c5tre2 ! head & ?orax are grey2 ! abdom5 black1 b>r$ & tipp$ ) orange2 x is common 9 ,victoria & ,n4,s4 ,wales1 g5]ally cl++ to "s l[ bu%1 & sl[ & sluggi% 9 its movem5ts4 ,te>a melano/ica is l>g] ?an ! la/2 silv]y grey1 spott$1 ) ! front edge & transv]se b> black2 h9d w+s yell[ edg$ ) br[n2 head & ?orax silv]y :ite1 h9d portion d>k br[n2 abdom5 b>r$1 & tipp$ ) yell[4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u ! leptosp]mum bu%es1 & =m s(t loose cocoons4 ,ptilomacra s5ex is a l>ge h&some mo? ab\t #c in*es across ! /raight1 squ>e-cut =e w+s2 is ( a g5]al d>k br[n col\r ) wavy irregul> d>k l9es & scatt]$ grey scales giv+ x a greyi% t9t4 ,x is rem>kable = its l>ge fea!ry ant5nae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,ap9a calli/o 7,d\bl$ay74 ,! day-fly+ cut-worm mo?4 ,ap9a calli/o is a brightly mottl$ yell[ & br[n mo? t flies ab\t 9 ! daylight4 ,its curi\s hairy l>vae fe$ ^u ! op5 grass l&s1 & are (t5 v num]\s4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,*elept]yx collesi is "o ( our l>ge/ bat-l mo?s1 measur+ to #f in*es across ! w+s2 x is ( a uni=m d>k br[n col\r ) an irregul> m>bl$ patt]n ^u ! w+s2 b x v>ies mu* 9 size & patt]n 9 ! sexes4 ,:]e common !y may be (t5 se5 flutt]+ r\nd ! /reet lamps 9 ! suburbs ( ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,?is h&some mo? 0 fir/ tak5 to ,engl& by a ,mr4 ,colles1 aft] :om ,grey describ$ x 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #ahce74 ,! cat]pill>s are great1 r$di% br[n creatures1 ?ickly clo!d ) /\t sp9y bri/les1 fe$+ on ! small :ite /emm$ eucalypts1 & (t5 f\nd crawl+ ov] ! rocks & f5ces4 ,!y sp9 long silk5 cocoons1 & z !y pupate =ce all ! body sp9es ?r\gh ! silk1 mak+ ! cocoon a v awkw>d ?+ to h&le1 = ! f9e sp9es are easily deta*$1 & /ick+ into ! f+]s cause a v unpleasant it*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,nyctolemon orontes 7,l9n474 ,! great day mo? ( ! ,que5sl& scrubs4 7,orig9al draw+1 ,w4,w4,f47 ,! ,g5us ,d>ala is peculi> to ,au/ralia2 ab\t #cj species h be5 describ$2 _! l>vae are %ort1 ?ick1 black1 hairy cat]pill>s (t5 f\nd crawl+ ab\t 9 ! g>d5s1 & con/ruct+ s(t fluffy or :ite silk5 cocoons atta*$ to ! foliage4 ,d>ala ocellata1 "o ( our commone/ species1 measures #a in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m br[ni% fawn col\r1 ) two black spots 9 ! middle ( ! =e w+s & a patt]n ( spots or p>allel black l9es 9 ! c5tral portion4 ,d>ala acuta is slightly l>g]1 ) v v>iable m>k+s ^u a g5]al greyi% fawn to dull yell[ gr\nd2 ! =e w+s are broad ) an acute po9t at ! extremity4 ,! ,wattle-mo?1 ,teia an>toides1 :i* 9 ! l>val /ate (t5 appe>s 9 ! or*>ds & de/roys ! apple-tree foliage1 is sometimes v abundant4 ,! l>vae are %ort br[n hairy grubs ) a tuft ( hairs /&+ out 9 front on ei!r side ( ! head1 & sev]al /iff bru%es ( grey hairs ^u ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,! males are mu* small] ?an ! females1 & 9 ! pupal /ate :5 hang+ up 9 _! loose flimsy cocoons c be easily di/+ui%$4 ,! adult female is w+less1 simply crawl+ on to ! top ( h] cocoon to lay h] eggs & die4 ,! male is a h&some little mo? ab\t #a in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are d>k br[n m>bl$ ) sl5d] l9es & black spots1 ! h9d pair bright yell[ surr\nd$ ) black1 & ! out] edges yell[2 ! ant5nae are l>ge & fea!r-l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,oc9>a lew9ae 7,lew97 & ,cat]pill>4 ,oc9>a lew9ae is a h&some light r$di% br[n mo? ) d>k] l9es runn+ r\nd ! w+s4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,lew9 9 #ahjc1 :o figur$ x 9 col\rs & call$ x ! 8,hook ,tip40 ,! l>va is a sl5d] cat]pill> cov]$ ) f9e hairs4 ,!y are greg>i\s1 & web ! leaves ( ! eucalypts toge!r ) a loose1 op51 silk5 /r&4 ,family #ab4 ,silkworm ,mo?s4 ,,bombycidae4 ,9 ?is gr\p ,i include sev]al families t may be broadly plac$ toge!r z typical silkworm mo?s4 ,"s writ]s divide !m into ?ree families2 ,pack>d on ! o!r h& adds a numb] ( o!r well def9$ gr\ps1 su* z ! ,psy*idae1 ,arctiidae1 & o!rs1 to ! ,bombycidae4 ,typical silkworm mo?s h ?ick heavy bodies1 ) small heads furni%$ ) pect9ate ant5nae & an imp]fect m\?2 ! w+s are l>ge & (t5 falcate4 ,! l>vae are usually fle%y ?ickset cat]pill>s cov]$ ) scatt]$ tub]cles1 & are ( some:at sluggi% habits2 b all =m /\t silk5 cocoons4 ,our silkworm mo?s are m closely relat$ to ! ,atlas mo?s ( ,india1 ,saturnidae1 ?an to ! silkworm mo? ( dome/ic fame1 ,bombyx mori1 :i*1 orig9ally a native ( ,*9a1 is n[ br$ & cultivat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w = comm]cial silk4 ,bombyx trimacula measures #a in*es across ! w+s2 x is a d>k br[n mo?1 mottl$ & m>bl$ ) :ite on ! head1 ?orax1 & tip ( ! abdom51 & =m+ a delicate wavy patt]n across ! =e w+s int]sp]s$ ) "s blacki% m>k+s2 x is f\nd 9 ,victoria4 ,odone/is au/ralasiae has be5 kn[n "u _m diff]5t names3 ,lew9 call$ x ,bombyx nasuta1 & 8 specific "n 0 mu* m appropriate ?an ! =m]1 z x has ! head produc$ into a regul> po9t 9 front4 ,! l>g] female measures ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a uni=m dull r$di% br[n col\r ) fa9t m>k+s on ! =e w+s2 ! h9d ones are ( a light] t9t4 ,! %ort hairy cat]pill>s h a tuft ( hairs /&+ out on ei!r side ( ! head2 9 _! natural /ate !y fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle1 =m+ :ite silk5 cocoons1 atta*$ to ! plant4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! 8,long-nos$ ,wattle ,mo?10 & 9 ,victoria is said to turn its att5tion to ! apple-tree foliage4 ,p9>a despecta is a l>ge1 h&some1 r$di% fawn mo?1 ) =e w+s ornam5t$ ) sev]al zig-zag b&s across ! c5tre4 ,x is a ?ickset mo?1 (t5 measur+ ov] #c in*es across ! w+s4 ,! l>va fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! eucalyptus1 & is a v sl5d] cat]pill> ( a g5]al greyi% br[n t9t1 ) ! sides ( ! body fr+$ ) f9e d[ny hairs1 & :5 x is re/+ ! fr+es lie along ! twig s closely t x is v h>d to detect4 ,x sp9s a l>ge silk5 cocoon t9t$ ) p9k1 atta*$ to ! leaves ( ! gum trees4 ,cosmotri*e exposita is a pretty little ?ickset mo? ( a uni=m greyi% br[n t9t1 cov]$ ) f9e s(t d[ny hairs r\nd ! body & h9d w+s2 ! =e pair are ?ickly mottl$ ) d>k br[n2 ! l>g] female measures ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s2 ! small] male is a mu* d>k] br[n insect ) f9e mottl$ =e w+s4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! 8%e-oak0 7,casu>9a71 & is a sl5d] greyi% creature lightly clo!d ) grey hairs1 m>k$ ) yell[ & c>m9e on ! sides ( ea* segm5t1 & black m>ks on ! back4 ,x =ms an elongate oval cocoon atta*$ to ! twigs4 ,! second gr\p1 ,,notodontidae1 are kn[n z 8,prom95ts0 to ,engli% collectors f ! curi\s angul> =m ( ! cat]pill>s1 ?\gh ?is is n noticeable 9 our typical =ms4 ,! ,banksia ,mo?1 ,danima banksiae1 0 nam$ by ,lew9 aft] its food plant1 ?\gh x fe$s equally ^u ! ,hakea bu%es4 ,x is a v h&some mo?1 ne>ly #c in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a g5]al slate br[n t9t2 ! ?orax & tip ( abdom5 are ?ickly blot*$ ) :ite1 :i* is also spr9kl$ ov] ! body & =e w+s 9 ! =m ( little :ite scales2 ! c5tral portion ( ! abdom5 is orange yell[4 ,! cat]pill> is a r sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 o*re\s br[n creature ) ! tip ( ! body lead col\r1 & ! :ole surface irregul>ly blot*$ ) :ite spots encircl$ ) black1 =m+ irregul> b&s r\nd ea* segm5t4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd fe$+ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree or f\r1 & :5 di/urb$ turn bo? ! head & tip ( ! abdom5 ov] ! back1 & protrude two r$ fle%y filam5ts f ! "u-surface ( ! fir/ segm5t4 ,! ,,saturnidae are our mo/ important gr\p = size & col\r1 & an imm5se fell[1 ,cox9oc]a h]cules1 is f\nd 9 ,cape ,york4 ,ano!r v beautiful ,*9ese species1 ,attacus cyn?ia1 :i* fe$s on ! foliage ( ,ailan?us gl&ulosa1 has be5 accid5tally introduc$ into ,au/ralia1 & is sometimes tak5 ab\t ! ,sydney g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abd & #abe4--,life hi/ory ( ! ,au/ralian ,silkworm ,mo?4 #abd4 ,an!raea eucalypti 7,scott74 ,mo? & ,cocoon4 #abe4 ,cat]pill>4 ,! ,g5us ,an!raea conta9s "s ( our f9e/ mo?s2 o!rs are f\nd 9 ,japan & ,india t yield a /rong br[n silk4 ,our commone/ species1 ,an!raea eucalypti1 is v>iable bo? 9 col\r & size1 rang+ f delicate fawn to dull brick r$1 & is f #d to #e in*es across ! w+s1 :i* 9 ! male are small] & n>r[] beh9d2 ea* w+ is ornam5t$ ) a circul> eye-spot 9 ! c5tre1 ^? on ! h9d pair be+ l>g] & r+$ ) black1 ) n>r[ irregul> d>k b&s runn+ r\nd or across ! h9d m>g94 ,! tip ( ! =e w+s 9 ! small] males is r\nd$1 corrugat$1 & t\*$ ) p9k4 ,! l>ge gre5 cat]pill>1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ tub]cles tipp$ ) clu/]s ( retractile r$ & blue sp9es1 fe$s ^u ! foliage ( eucalypts1 b has acquir$ a ta/e = ! foliage ( ! cultivat$ pepp] tree 7,s*9us mollis74 ,x con/ructs a /\t1 h>d1 d>k br[n cocoon 9 :i* x pupates1 & is furni%$ ) a curi\s sp9e at ! base ( ! =e w+s1 :i* enables ! mo? to cut h] way out ?r\gh ! t\gh cocoon :5 ready to em]ge4 ,a4 hel5a1 v simil> 9 g5]al appe>ance to ! =m]1 is slightly l>g]1 ) broad] w+s ( a m uni=m r$di% br[n col\r1 )\t a :ite m>k on ! =e w+s2 ! inn] b&s are m irregul> & r\nd$1 ) ! p>allel b> n cont9u$ into ! h9d w+s4 ,a4 simplex is a small] species v>y+ 9 col\r f pale yell[ to r$di% br[n1 ) small] eye-spots1 ^? ^u ! h9d w+s some:at oval1 broadly m>k$ along ! co/al n]vure2 ! p>allel b> & b& on ea* h9d w+ are v n>r[1 & bo? pairs are wr9kl$ at ! tips4 ,! black & yell[ cat]pill>s are v common at times 9 ! ,ri*mond & ,cl>5ce ,riv] scrubs1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & m greg>i\s 9 _! habits1 (t5 cov]+ ! bu%es ) _! light col\r$ r flimsy cocoons1 :i* are v subject to ! attacks ( i*neumons4 ,a4 janetta is ab\t ! same size z ,a4 eucalypti1 b ) flatt] broad] w+s ( a mu* dull] r$di% br[n t9t )\t any eye-spots1 & only a simple :ite spot 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! =e pair2 two f9e irregul> l9es run r\nd ! out] half ( bo? pairs ) an extra r[ ( small spots along ! h9d w+s4 ,! l>va =ms a h>d %ell-l cocoon on ! trunks ( ! %e-oaks4 ,a4 loran?iae1 describ$ by ,lucas f ,nor? ,que5sl&1 is a l>ge h&some r$di% mo?1 ! l>vae ( :i* :5 pupat+ =m _! cocoons 9 a mass on ! top ( a /ump or bran*4 ,family #ac4 ,loop]s4 ,,geometridae4 ,9 ?is family !re are a numb] ( h&some delicate mo?s ) sl5d] bodies1 l>ge flatt5$ w+s (t5 too!d r\nd ! edges1 :i* :5 ! insects are at re/ 7usually ^u ! "u surface ( leaves7 are press$ flat & spread out l a fan aga9/ ! surface4 ,! cat]pill>s are sl5d] cyl9drical creatures1 gre5 or br[n 9 t9t & s imitative ( ! twigs or foliage among :i* !y fe$1 t x is possible to pick (f a bran* ^u :i* a cat]pill> is re/+ )\t obs]v+ ! creature until x moves2 !y are furni%$ ) ! usual six legs on ! ?oracic segm5ts close beh9d ! head1 & two pairs ( abdom9al legs ne> ! anal clasp]s1 s t !y h legs at ea* end1 & :5 mov+ along !y draw ! h9d portion ( ! body up to ! head be=e ! front legs are mov$3 ?us at e /ep =w>d ! body is ar*$ up into a semicircle1 f :i* habit !y are popul>ly kn[n z 8,loop]s40 ,! be/ me?od ( collect+ ! mo?s & _! cat]pill>s is by beat+ or %ak+ ! l[ scrub 9 ! e>ly morn+2 & ! latt] are v easily br$ 9 captivity if suppli$ ) mat]ial f _! food plants4 ,^! mo?s are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia2 mo/ ( ! e>li] species h be5 describ$ by ,walk] & ,gur9 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w474 ,meyrick has classifi$ & describ$ a great numb] ( species ( ?is family 9 a s]ies ( pap]s entitl$ 8,a ,revision ( ,au/ralian ,lepidopt]a10 :i* ! /ud5t w f9d 9 ! volumes dat+ f #ahhf to #ahia4 ,! ,g5us ,eu*loris conta9s a numb] ( beautiful mo?s ) delicate pale gre5 w+s frequ5tly m>bl$ ) :ite lace-l trac]y4 ,meyrick 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhg7 li/s #dc species2 & ,l[]1 9 8 8,catalogue ( ,victorian ,het]oc]a10 publi%$ 9 ! 8,victorian ,naturali/10 li/s #ae z ,victorian species2 b "s ( ^! h a wide range4 ,eu*loris submiss>ia measures ab\t #a in*es across ! outspread w+s2 its g5]al col\r is ri* deep gre51 ) ! ant5nae1 front m>g9 ( ea* =e w+1 out] edges ( bo? pairs ( w+s1 a c5tral /ripe on ! ?orax & body1 & ! legs creamy buff :ite4 ,! cat]pill> is ( ! usual cyl9drical =m1 v>y+ f dull buff to light br[n1 & x fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle4 ,crypsiphona occult>ia measures ne>ly #b in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m light greyi% br[n on ! upp] surface1 v f9ely b&$ 9 irregul> circles2 b ! "u surface is pe>ly :ite1 spott$ on ! =e w+s ) black1 crimson & br[n2 ! h9d ones are b&$ ) br[n & crimson4 ,x has a v wide range1 & has a habit ( re/+ aga9/ wea!r-worn po/s & walls1 its outspread w+s mat*+ ! col\r ( its surr\nd+s4 ,! l>va fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! gum trees1 & is ( a uni=m dull gre5 t9t1 /rip$ d[n ! sides1 ! head po9t$ 9 front2 ! :ole cat]pill> looks wond]fully l a eucalyptus twig4 ,! ,g5us ,selidosema conta9s a l>ge numb] ( cosmopolitan species2 ,meyrick li/s #bi species z ,au/ralian2 !y are usually grey or br[n ) d>k] l9es & blot*es4 ,selidosema lyci>ia is "o ( our l>ge/ species1 measur+ ab\t #b in*es across ! w+s2 is ( a uni=m br[ni% grey1 ) bo? pairs ( w+s m>bl$ 9 a regul> patt]n ) black & *ocolate br[n1 & cr5ulat$ r\nd ! edges4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u ! black wattle1 & v>y mu* 9 col\r1 f grey to d>k br[n2 ! head is curi\sly not*$1 & !re are two little projections ^u ! back by :i* !y c be easily id5tifi$4 ,s4 excurs>ia has a range f ,s4 ,au/ralia to ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & is "o ( our commone/ species2 x measures #a in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m dull greyi% t9t1 v f9ely p5cill$ ) d>k] transv]se m>k+s1 b is some:at v>iable 9 col\r4 ,! cat]pill>s are ( a g5]al light br[n col\r1 ) ! sides p5cill$ ) f9e p>allel :ite l9es runn+ d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! body2 !y are said to fe$ ^u a numb] ( diff]5t plants1 b are common on ! wattles4 ,s4 canesc>ia1 slightly l>g] ?an ! la/1 has a dull grey t9t1 ?ickly mottl$ ) d>k br[n wavy l9es2 x ranges f ,s4 ,au/ralia to ,que5sl&4 ,ano!r species1 ,s4 acaci>ia1 is a little l>g]1 ( some:at simil> col\r1 ) :iti% m>k+s2 x is common 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is also f\nd 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ,s4 ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abf & #abg4--,! ,m>bl$ ,loop]4 #abf4 ,lophodes s9i/r>ia 7,gur97 4 #abg4 ,lophodes s9i/r>ia 4 ,lophodes s9i/r>ia is slightly ov] #b in*es 9 ! l>ge females2 ! sexes v>y mu* 9 size & col\r4 ,!y are ( a g5]al d>k *ocolate br[n t9t blot*$ ) grey along ! front ( ! =e w+s1 ) a di/9ct r[ ( %ort grey /ripes r\nd ! h9d w+s 9 a l9e ) ! d5tate cr5ulations4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,victoria & ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u ! foliage ( ! black wattle1 b ,i h also record$ !m damag+ ! foliage ( "y apricot trees4 ,!y are r$di% br[n cat]pill>s1 cov]$ ) transv]se b&s ( d>k] col\r$ spots1 & !y measure ab\t #a in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ,g5us ,?ala9a conta9s #e describ$ species1 all ( :i* are v h&some mo?s easily sep>at$ f ! o!r loop]s4 ,t4 cl>a measures #a in*es across ! w+s2 x is ( a uni=m pe>ly :ite1 ) ! =e w+s m>k$ ) regul> transv]se b&s ( r$di% br[n =m+ ! lett] ,w :5 view$ f ! side2 ! h9d pair h only a blacki% blot* on ! out] edge4 ,x has a wide range1 & 9 ! l>val /ate fe$s ^u wattles4 ,t4 inscripta is ab\t ! same size1 ) a simil> gr\nd col\r ( :ite1 b ! m>k+s on ! =e-w+s =m a less p]fect ,w1 & !re is a r[ ( %ort b>s ( ! same col\r r\nd ! edges2 ! h9d pair are m deeply blot*$4 ,x has a wide range f ,tasmania ov] ! s\? & ea/]n portion ( ,au/ralia4 ,ga/rophora h5ric>ia is a l>ge h&some mo?1 9 :i* ! sexes diff] bo? 9 size & col\ration2 ! small] br[n male has bright orange h9d w+s1 & v f9e fea!r$ ant5nae2 ! female has ! =e w+s mottl$ b n /rip$4 ,! sl5d] d>k br[n /rip$ l>va1 accord+ to ,&]son 7,victorian ,naturali/ #aijb7 fe$s ^u ! foliage ( eucalyptus4 ,family #ad4 ,cutworm ,mo?s4 ,,noctuidae4 ,?is f an economic po9t ( view is a v important family1 = ! cut-worms d an imm5se am\nt ( damage to pa/urage & g>d5s4 ,^! mo?s are ( m$ium size ) /\t bodies2 _! =e w+s g5]ally speak+ are n>r[1 /iff1 & triangul>1 ) ! broad] r\nd$ h9d ones fold$ b5ea?2 ! ant5nae are only slightly too!d 9 ! males ( a few species1 & ! m\? is produc$ into a tubul> proboscis ) :i* !y c suck ! nect> out ( ! fl[]s4 ,9 col\ration !y v>y f bright br[n to black1 a few be+ m>k$ ) :ite or metallic t9ts2 !y are nocturnal 9 _! habits1 re/+ "u b>k1 rocks or o!r %elt]$ places1 & at night (t5 fly+ into ! light$ lamps4 ,! l>vae1 :i* are kn[n z 8cut-worms10 8plague cat]pill>s10 & 8army worms10 are usually elongate1 dull br[n1 or gre5i%1 nak$ cat]pill>s ( a uni=m ?ickness ) #h pairs ( legs4 ,:5 full gr[n !y pupate und]gr\nd1 =m+ no regul> cocoon1 ?\gh a few gr\ps =m a flimsy silk5 "o atta*$ to _! food plant4 ,! _w wide ,g5us ,agrotis conta9s a numb] ( v>iable =ms ^: l>vae are typical 8cut-worms10 hid+ 9 ! gr\nd or "u rubbi% dur+ ! day1 & com+ out at night to fe$4 ,! %ort /\t mo?s h ! head scaly2 ! =e w+s black to grey1 ! h9d pair always light] col\r$2 ! ant5nae ( ! males are slightly pect9ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,! ,bugong ,mo?1 or ,plague-,cutworm4 ,agrotis infusa 7,boisd474 ,! 8,bugong ,mo?10 ,agrotis infusa1 has gone "u _m diff]5t specific names1 & is q an hi/orical insect4 ,x is a d>k br[n mo?1 ! =e w+s m>k$ ) two p>allel black l9es1 two dull grey spots 9 ! c5tre & wavy l9es at ! extremities2 ! h9d pair are light br[n4 ,^! mo?s frequ5tly appe> 9 imm5se sw>ms1 & take _! popul> "n f ! ,bugong ,m\nta9s among ! rocks ( :i* !y us$ to congregate 9 millions2 !y =m$ an important food supply to ! natives :o us$ to sweep !m (f into _! bags1 & aft] d5ud+ !m ( _! w+s & scales ov] a small fire1 p\nd ! bodies 7at ?is "t di/5d$ ) eggs7 into a d\gh or pa/e4 ,dr4 ,b5nett has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is 9 8 8,naturali/ 9 ,au/ralia40 ,a r curi\s error reg>d+ ?is ,bugong ,mo? has crept into popul> natural hi/ory books4 ,9 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood's 8,insects ,abroad10 he figures & describes a butt]fly1 ,euploea hamata1 z ! ,bugong ,mo?2 ,aflalo 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,au/ralia0 makes ! same /atem5t1 & 9 a rec5t magaz9e article on 8,insects z ,food0 ,!odore ,wood repeats ! same error4 ,scott 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfg7 gives an acc\nt ( an appe>ance ( ,bugong ,mo?s 9 ,sydney1 :5 !y 7 s num]\s "o ,sunday morn+ at ,nor? ,%ore t ! s]vice at ,/4 ,?omas' ,*ur* c\ld n be held1 & "s obs]vant p]sons c\nt$ #hj1jjj mo?s on ! w9d[s4 ,!y h appe>$ at irregul> int]vals ab\t ,sydney & ! coa/al di/ricts 9 simil> sw>ms1 ! la/ "t be+ 9 #aije4 ,agrotis breviuscula is a small] v>iable species rang+ f r$di% br[n to grey2 ! ant5nae are long2 ! =e w+s h a d>k spot ( irregul> =m 9 ! c5tre1 a few f9e dots along ! edge1 & a f9e l9e r\nd ! tips2 ! h9d w+s are light br[n4 ,agrotis ypsilon is n unlike ! 8,bugong ,mo?0 & by "s writ]s is consid]$ only a l>ge v>iety1 b x has a di/9ct m>k l ! ,greek lett] e 9 ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s1 ! tips f9ely m>bl$ ) wavy l9es2 & ! light br[n h9d w+s give a metallic %e54 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #abi & #acj4--,! ,climb+-,cutworm or ,am]ican ,army-worm4 #abi4 ,leucania unipuncta 7,horva?74 #acj4 ,leucania unipuncta1 ,l>va4 ,leucania unipuncta is "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive cat]pill>s f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e x is kn[n z ! 8,army worm10 dev\r+ crops1 grass1 & g>d5 /uff4 ,?\gh ! mo? has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s 9 ,au/ralia x 0 n until #aijc-d t x 0 obs]v$ z a plague cat]pill>1 attack+ crops & grass ne>ly all ov] ,ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! cat]pill>s1 #a in*es long1 are dull olive gre5 ) light /ripes d[n ! back & sides4 ,! mo? measures #a in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a uni=m r$di% fawn col\r f9ely speckl$ ) little black scales4 ,! 8,boll ,worm10 or 8,maize ,mo?10 ,helio?is armig]a1 is ano!r cosmopolitan cut-worm :i* does a great deal ( damage to cotton bolls & maize2 is common 9 ! pea crops1 & also damages tomatoes4 ,! mo? measures ab\t #a in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are greyi% yell[ ) purpli%-br[n t9ts1 b are v v>iable 9 col\ration2 ! h9d w+s are silv]y grey ) ! apical portions d>k br[n2 ! latt] pair are con/ant 9 _! m>k+s4 ,! h&some little mo?s belong+ to ! ,g5us ,?alpo*>es are rem>kable = _! curi\s plump nak$ l>vae1 :i* fe$ ^u diff]5t k9ds ( scale insects1 at ! same "t cov]+ !mselves ) a portable cocoon compos$ ( fragm5ts ( ! coccids matt$ toge!r ) silk5 /r&s4 ,?alpo*>es coccophaga is a pretty creamy w+$ mo? ) ! basal portion %ad$ ) br[n & r$di% t9ts1 & measures ab\t ( an in* across ! w+s4 ,! l>vae fe$ ^u a numb] ( diff]5t insects native to ! bu%1 & h lately be5 ( "s economic value 9 de/roy+ olive scale 7,lecanium oleae7 9 ! or*>ds4 ,sev]al o!r species h be5 describ$ ) id5tical habits4 ,e>ias fabia is a pe/ ( ! cotton plant2 ,i h br$ numb]s obta9$ 9 ! cotton bolls gr[+ at ! ,hawkesbury ,college1 ,n4,s4,w42 ! l>va is a sl5d] dull gre5 grub1 :i* :5 full gr[n =ms a /\t1 oval1 light br[n1 felt$ cocoon atta*$ to ! dead foliage4 ,! mo? is slightly ov] "o in* across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a uni=m pale yell[ col\r1 ea* ) a gre5i% b> 9 ! c5tre2 ! h9d pair are light]4 ,9 =m+ su* a well-made cocoon ?is mo? seems out ( place 9 ! ,noctuids2 & ,l[] says 9 8 ,catalogue1 8t "s writ]s ref] ?is mo? to ! ,,bombyc9a40 ,we/wood & ,sw9hoe place x 9 ! ,,tortricidae4 ,! ,g5us ,had5a conta9s a numb] ( ,au/ralian species r m abundant 9 ,tasmania ?an ! ma9l&2 x is ano!r cosmopolitan gr\p1 f\nd 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,had5a expulsa1 slightly ov] #a in* across ! w+s1 has ! =e pair ( a g5]al grey t9t1 mottl$ ) br[n2 ! h9d pair are d>ke/ t[>ds ! apex & are fr+$ on ! m>g9 ) f9e :ite d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,! ,grey-,cutworm ,mo?4 ,mame/ra ew+ii 7,we/w474 ,mame/ra ew+ii is typical ( ano!r l>ge _w wide g5us4 ,its l>vae are among our mo/ de/ructive cut-worms to crops & grass3 x is a pale slate-col\r$ mo?1 m>k$ ) %ort p>allel l9es ( a d>k] t9t on ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,spodopt]a exempta 0 figur$ 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette #ahih "u ! "n ( ,phlegetona c>bo4 ,x is "o ( our climb+ cut-worms1 & 9 t ye> ! cat]pill>s sw>m$ all ov] ! ,camd5 & ,s\? ,coa/ di/ricts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,!y are v active grubs1 olive gre5 to almo/ black 9 col\r1 /rip$ on ! sides ) f9e yell[ l9es2 & :5 full gr[n measure #a in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! mo? is "u #a in*es across ! w+s2 is ( a g5]al d>k br[n t9t1 indi/9ctly mottl$ all ov] ! =e w+s ) yell[i% or sometimes silv]y grey scales2 ! h9d w+s are silv]y & semitransp>5t4 ,prod5ia littoralis is a h&some mo? ( ab\t ! same dim5sions z ! la/2 ! =e w+s are d>k br[n f9ely /rip$ & p5cill$ ) grey l9es2 ! h9d pair pe>ly :ite4 ,! mo? (t5 lays h] eggs ^u ! foliage ( apple & o!r trees2 ! "y on hat*+ out fe$ ^u ! foliage b aft]w>ds make _! way to ! gr\nd4 ,plusia v]ticillata is a species t fe$s ^u ! foliage ( peas1 beans1 & potatoes2 ! sl5d] pale gre5 grub diff]s f ! typical 8cut-worm0 9 mov+ ab\t l a 8loop]10 & :5 full gr[n pupates 9 a flimsy silk5 cocoon x sp9s ^u ! "u surface ( ! leaf4 ,! mo?1 measur+ #a in*es across ! w+s1 has ! =e pair br[n t9t$ ) mauve1 m>bl$ ) a copp]y t9t1 & ) two elongate oval spots ( silv]y :ite scales 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 & f9e l9es beh9d2 ! h9d w+s are d>k br[n fr+$ ) grey d[n4 ,plusia arg5tif]a is a small] =m ) a silv]y m>k 9 ! c5tre ( ea* =e w+4 ,! h&some d>k br[n cat]pill> ( ,calogramma fe/iva1 :i* 0 figur$ by ,donovan 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&10 fe$s ^u ! foliage ( ! ,cr9ea lilies2 !y are sometimes pl5tiful 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s4 ,?is mo? measures #a in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m pale creamy-yell[ col\r1 ?ickly mottl$ on ! base ( ! w+s ) r$ & black4 ,we n[ come to a curi\s alli$ gr\p1 ! ,,ophid]9ae1 ! memb]s ( :i* are kn[n z ! 8,orange-pi]c+ mo?s02 !y are l>ge h&some insects ) ! head & ?orax ?ickly clo!d ) scales =m+ a regul> cre/1 & furni%$ ) a proboscis :i*1 po9t$ & b>b$ at ! tip1 enables !m to ?ru/ x ?r\gh ! r9d ( oranges & o!r ripe fruit & suck up ! juice4 ,tryon has figur$ & writt5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! mo?s 9 ! ,que5sl& ,agricultural ,j\rnal ,vol4 ii4 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,bean ,mo?1 ,plusia v]ticillata 7,gur974 ,%[+ ! half loop] =m ( ! cat]pill>1 & ! loose silk5 cocoon ( ! pupa4 ,ma5as salam9ia measures #c in*es across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are bright olive gre51 ) a broad /ripe ( creamy :ite along ! ant]ior m>g9s2 ! h9d w+s are an orange yell[ col\r1 & ea* ) ! m>g9 & c5tre black4 ,! ?orax is bright olive gre51 & ! abdom5 ( an orange yell[ col\r4 ,x ranges f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,new ,s\? ,wales to ,nor? ,que5sl&1 & at ,cairns ,i us$ to capture !m at night ) a net & bull's-eye lant]n1 z !y hov]$ r\nd bun*es ( ripe bananas hang+ "u ! h\se4 ,o?reis fullonica1 slightly l>g] ?an ! la/1 has ! =e w+s mottl$ ) grey & br[n among ! olive gre52 ! body & h9d w+s are ( ! same ri* orange col\r z ! =m] species1 ) small] black m>k+s on ! h9d m>g9s4 ,?is species ranges f ,que5sl& to ,africa1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,new ,hebrides4 ,argadesa mat]na is ab\t ! same size1 b has light] col\r$ =e w+s1 & fur!r di/+ui%$ by a mu* small] black spot 9 ! c5tre ( ea* h9d w+4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ^! mo?s are l>ge h&some cyl9drical creatures ) ! body hump$ up at ! elev5? segm5t1 & two l>ge spots l eyes on ei!r side ( ! body4 ,!y fe$ ^u sev]al diff]5t creep]s 9 ! scrub4 ,! ,,erebidae conta9s a numb] ( l>ge d>k br[n mo?s (t5 curi\sly mottl$ ) zig-zag l9es runn+ r\nd ! w+s1 & a dull col\r$ eye-spot 9 ! c5tre ( ea* =e w+4 ,sev]al species are common 9 ,au/ralia2 !y (t5 come into ! h\se at night & w be f\nd re/+ on ! ceil+ 9 ! morn+4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ mo?s kn[n1 ! great owl mo? ( ,brazil1 measur+ a foot across ! w+s1 belongs to ?is family4 ,dasypodia sel5ophora measures #c in*es across ! w+s1 & is ( a uni=m pale *ocolate br[n t9t2 ! out] m>g9s ( ! w+s are f9ely cr5ulat$ & spott$ ) :ite2 ! c5tre ( ea* =e w+ has a l>ge irregul> eye-spot ( black1 mauve & orange t9ts4 ,x ranges f ,au/ralia to ,tasmania & ,new ,zeal&4 ,d4 cymatoides1 ab\t ! same size1 is ( a mu* d>k] br[n col\r1 ) less di/9ct eye-spots1 a black transv]se b& beh9d ea* :ite "o1 & ! :ole ( ! inn] surface ?ickly cov]$ ) zig-zag wavy l9es4 ,?is species ranges f ,sydney to ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,s]icea spectans is a slightly l>g] mo? n unlike ! la/1 b a little d>k]1 ) ! transv]se b& ?ick] & m blurr$1 & ) an eye-spot on ea* h9d z well z ea* =e w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family ,ophid]9ae4 #a4 ,mo5as 7,ophid]es7 salam9ia 7,fabr474 #b4 ,o?reis fullonica 7,l9n474 4 #d4 ,o?reis fullonica 7,l9n474 4 ,family ,,noctu9a4 #c4 ,s]icea spectans 7,gur974 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4--,,lepidopt]a4 ,family #ae4 ,leaf ,roll]s4 ,,pyralidae4 ,^! mo?s are a v int]e/+ division ( ! small] lepidopt]a on acc\nt ( ! habits ( _! l>vae1 :i* live ^u ! foliage ( diff]5t plants 9 small communities1 matt+ & draw+ ! leaves toge!r ) silk5 /r&s & fe$+ "u ! %elt] ?us con/ruct$2 :5 ready to pupate !y usually curl ! rema9s ( "o ( ! half-dev\r$ leaves into a flimsy cocoon ) a little silk1 f :i* ! mo? em]ges lat] on 9 ! season4 ,! majority ( ^! mo?s are small & unattractive2 at ! same "t we h "s brightly gre5 & yell[ t9t$ species ( m$ium size4 ,! cat]pill>s are sl5d] nak$ l>vae1 (t5 gre5 m>k$ ) black spots & a few scatt]$ hairs2 !y are v active & drop to ! gr\nd :5ev] di/urb$4 ,^! mo?s are easily sep>at$ by speciali/s f ! prec$+ gr\ps by ! /ructure ( ! n]vures ( ! h9d w+s4 ,sev]al speciali/s h und]tak5 _! classification3 ,meyrick 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahij7 plac$ !m z a gr\p conta9+ #h families3 ,ragonet 7,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,france #ahij71 :ile re/rict+ !m to #b families1 made #ag small] divisions :i* he call$ tribes3 ,l[]1 :o p>tly foll[s ,meyrick1 gives #ac families 9 8 8,catalogue02 ,i simply deal ) !m "h z a gr\p1 describ+ a numb] ( typical =ms ) _! life hi/ories4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,! ,common ,fl\r ,mo?4 ,asopia f>9alis 7,l9n474 ,m>g>odes v]tonalis is a h&some bright gre5 mo?1 ) ! m>g9s ( ! out] edges ( bo? pairs ( w+s m>k$ ) d>k r$di% br[n2 x measures ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s4 ,! cat]pill>s1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 are bright gre5 mottl$ ) black2 ! head %9+ r$di% br[n4 ,my specim5s 7 collect$ 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5s1 ,sydney1 at ! end ( ,janu>y2 !y 7 matt+ ! tips ( ! bran*es ( "o ( ! ornam5tal %rubs 7,o*rosia moorei7 into irregul> r\nd$ masses4 ,!y pupat$ a week lat] & em]g$ be=e ! end ( ! mon?4 ,sceliodes cordalis1 measur+ slightly ov] #a in* across ! w+s1 is ( a uni=m creamy t9t2 ! :ole ( ! =e w+s are mottl$ ) light br[n1 ! tips blot*$ ) ! same col\r2 & ! h9d pair m spott$2 my specim5s 7 br$ f ! foliage ( ! egg plant4 ,asopia f>9alis is ! well kn[n 8meal mo?0 common1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w2 ! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u all k9ds ( corn1 bran1 poll>d1 & fl\r2 x mats its food p>ticles toge!r ) a silk5 web into a tube 9 :i* x hides4 ,! mo? is (t5 f\nd ^u ! walls ( fe$ h\ses1 mills1 c41 & sometimes comes into ! light at night4 ,x measures #a in* across ! w+s1 & has a gr\nd col\r ( yell[ buff to dull greyi% yell[1 blot*$ ) a d>k] t9t at ! base & tip1 ! latt] m>bl$ ) grey2 ! h9d w+s are silv]y4 ,z9ck5ia recurvalis is a common little mo? ab\t ,sydney2 x is "u #a in* across ! w+s1 :i* are ( a d>k br[n t9t1 ) a :ite b> trav]s+ ! c5tre ( ea* w+1 & ) a second :ite spot on ea* =e w+ t[>ds ! tip4 ,! cat]pill>s are sometimes f\nd de/ructive to salt-bu% h$ges ab\t ,sydney by /ripp+ (f ! foliage & caus+ ! bu%es to die back4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,not>*a clytalis 7,walk]74 ,! ,kurrajong ,leaf ,roll]4 ,not>*a clytalis is a bright yell[ mo? ) an irregul> wavy l9e ( black cross+ ! out] portions ( ! w+s1 & ano!r %ort] b& ne> ! base ( ea* =e w+4 ,! greg>i\s l>vae are gre5 spott$ ) black2 !y roll ! leaves on ! t]m9al bran*es ( ! ,kurrajong into regul> sl5d] masses up to a foot or m 9 l5g?1 9 :i* !y f9ally pupate4 ,x has a wide range ov] ! c\ntry1 r5d]+ ^! h&some trees v unsightly :5 num]\s4 ,! l>vae ( ,god>a comalis is a gre5i% yell[ cat]pill> b>r$ ) light] yell[ at ! back ( ea* segm5t1 & lightly clo!d ) long br[n hairs2 x fe$s ^u ! leaves ( ! horse radi% & turnip4 ,! mo? measures #a in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are buff irregul>ly mottl$ ) d>k br[n2 ! h9d w+s ( a uni=m silv]y :ite ) a br[n pat* at ! apical m>g94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,ne/ ( ,not>*a clytalis 7,walk]74 ,%[+ h[ ! cat]pill>s roll up ! foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,god>a comalis 7,gur974 ,! cat]pill> ( :i* webs ! leaves ( ! hors]adi%4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--;,cognoge!s punctif]alis 7,gur974 ,! ,nor!rn ,pea* ,mo?1 ) damag$ pea*4 ,mecyna polygonalis defoliates ! tree luc]ne 7,citysus prolif]a72 ,i h also br$ x f broom bu%es 9 g>d5s at ,armidale1 ,n4,s4,w41 & on a native bu% 7,templetonia7 9 ! we/]n pla9s1 s t x has a wide range3 ,mr4 ,lyell tells me x is v de/ructive to ! foliage ( will[s 9 "s p>ts ( ,victoria4 ,! cat]pill>s are sl5d] light gre5 creatures spott$ ) black & :ite %ad$ ) yell[ on ! sides2 :5 full gr[n !y sp9 a loose silk5 cocoon4 ,! mo? is slightly "u #a in*es across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are light br[n1 & ! h9d pair ea* blacki% br[n r\nd ! out] portion & bright yell[ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! two introduc$ bee mo?s1 ,a*raea grisella & ,gall]ia melonella1 belong to a division ( ?is family3 ! mo?s lay _! eggs ab\t ! hive1 ! grubs crawl 9 & fe$ ^u ! wax :i* !y mat toge!r ) silk5 web1 & if ov]look$ !y de/roy ! :ole ( ! hive2 9 ! days ( ! old-fa%ion$ hives !y 7 a great s\rce ( tr\ble to bee-keep]s1 b n[ ) well con/ruct$ b>-hives !y are easily *eck$4 ,! fir/ nam$ is ( a uni=m br[n col\r ) ! =e w+s r\nd$2 ! second has ! w+s arcuate beh9d & irregul>ly mottl$4 ,aphomia latro measures ab\t #a in*es across its sl5d] some:at po9t$ =e w+s2 is ( a g5]al buff col\r %ot ) f9e black spots1 & divid$ d[n ! c5tre ( ! =e w+s ) a broad dull :ite p>allel /ripe2 ! h9d w+s silv]y grey4 ,! l>vae live 9 small communities fe$+ ^u & matt+ toge!r ! scape ( ! fl[] /alk ( ! grass trees1 9 :i* !y pupate )9 an elongate :ite silk5 cocoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,mecyna polygonalis 7,hubn]74 ,! ,native ,broom ,bu% ,mo?4 ,! ,pea* ,mo?1 ,conoge!s punctif]alis1 is a bright yell[ mo? ?ickly mottl$ ) black spots4 ,! l>vae attack pea*es :5 rip5+1 eat+ & webb+ ! surface & pupat+ on ! side ( ! /one4 ,x is common 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,n4,s4,w4 ,! 8,m$it]ranean ,fl\r ,mo?10 ,ephe/ia kuhniella1 ?\gh n an ,au/ralian mo?1 is wor?y ( note1 = x is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & causes a lot ( annoyance by ! bad habits ( its l>vae ( webb+ ! fl\r into masses ) its silk5 /r&s4 ,ano!r cosmopolitan mo?1 ,plodia int]punctella1 is kn[n 9 ,am]ica z ! 8,indian ,meal ,mo?10 ?\gh x fe$s ^u all k9ds ( dri$ foods2 x is a mu* small] mo? ( a g5]al br[n t9t1 ! apical portion ( ! w+s mu* d>k] ?an ! basal "p4 ,?is mo? also is v common 9 ,au/ralia4 ,family #af4 ,bell ,mo?s4 ,,tortricidae4 ,^! mo?s h sl5d] bodies2 %ort g5]ally broad =e w+s1 truncate at ! extremities2 ! h9d pair also broad2 & :5 !y are at re/ dur+ ! day "t _! w+s are fold$ flat d[n4 ,! co/al m>g9s ( ! =e w+s are mu* r\nd$ :5 ! w+s are fold$1 giv+ a g5]al bell %ap$ =m2 f :i* ^! mo?s take _! popul> "n4 ,!y are sometimes call$ 8leaf twi/]s0 or 8leaf roll]s10 b diff] f ! true greg>i\s leaf roll] cat]pill>s 9 seldom matt+ a numb] ( ! leaves toge!r4 ,! cat]pill>s also fe$ ^u se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,cacaecia po/vittana 7,walk]74 ,! light-br[n ,apple ,mo?4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,cacaecia are int]e/+ insects because sev]al h be5 f\nd attack+ fruit 9 or*>ds3 ,c4 po/vittana1 0 record$ by ,olliff gnaw+ 9 apples l a codl9 mo?4 ,x measures ( an in* across ! w+s2 is ( a g5]al dull yell[ m>k$ ) br[n1 b its col\r & m>k+s are v v>iable4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,tasmania & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ma9l& into ,que5sl&2 & ab\t ,sydney ! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u half a doz5 diff]5t common native %rubs4 ,fr5* 9 8 ,h&book ( ! ,de/ructive ,insects ( ,victoria ,pt4 ,i4 #ahia has nam$ & figur$ "o1 ,c4 responsana1 ! 8,light ,br[n ,apple ,mo?10 z an apple pe/ 9 ,victoria2 ?is is probably ,c4 po/vittana4 ,c4 ,au/ralasiae is a l>g] species ( a d>k br[n col\r2 ! =e w+s are lightly mottl$ or m>bl$4 ,c4 ly?rodana is a small]1 simil> col\r$ mo?1 b ! col\ration is f9]4 ,p>amorpha aquil9a is a t9y1 creamy-grey mo? n q an in* across ! w+s3 9 its native /ate x frequ5ts damp or m>%y gr\nd1 fly+ l[ among ! h]bage4 ,! l>va is a %ort1 pale gre5 grub t1 9 sev]al ( ! orange gr[+ di/ricts1 attacks ! rip5+ oranges2 bor+ ?r\gh ! sk91 x fe$s ^u ! pi? betwe5 ! r9d & fle%1 :]e x f9ally pupates & causes ! orange to turn yell[ & drop (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4-,p>amorpha aquil9a 7,meyrick74 ,! ,orange-sk9 ,bor]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,life hi/ory ( ! ,luc]ne ,leaf ,roll]1 ,tortrix glaphyriana 7,meyrick74 ,! ,luc]ne ,mo?1 ,tortrix glaphyriana1 is a small1 d>k yell[ mo? ab\t an in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are light buff ) a silv]y t9t1 blot*$ ) irregul> pat*es ( d>k br[n4 ,! cat]pill>s are d>k gre5 ) scatt]$ :ite hairs on ! segm5ts2 !y are a regul> pe/ 9 luc]ne paddocks 9 ! ,hunt] ,riv] di/rict1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 fe$+ ^u ! luc]ne tops & draw+ !m toge!r ) silk5 ?reads4 ,arotrophora ombrodelta is a h&some little mo? :i* ,i br$ out ( ! se$ pods ( ,acacia f>nesiana gr[+ ne> ,lismore1 ,n4,s4,w42 ! yell[i% br[n cat]pill> has a p9k /ripe d[n ! back1 & ea* segm5t is spott$ ) gre52 !y dev\r ! se$s & !n pupate inside ! pod close to ! hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! pupa works its head j be=e ! mo? is ready to em]ge2 ! anal segm5ts be+ r+$ ) f9e sp9es enable x to screw "r out ( ! h>d pod1 s t ! mo? is n damag$4 ,! mo?1 "u #a in* across ! w+s1 has ! =e pair *ocolate br[n1 mottl$ & d>ke/ at ! tips2 ! h9d pair are br[n4 ,meyrick says t ! l>va ( ano!r species fe$s enclos$ 9 a %ort1 /iff1 silk5 tube among ! leaves ( ,lomantia sil>folia2 & a ?ird fe$s 9 ! fl[] cone ( our common honeysuckle 7,banksia s]rata74 ,! ,codl9 ,mo?1 ,c>pocapsa pomonella1 ! _w-wide pe/ to apple gr[]s1 is f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,au/ralia2 b ?\gh ! r$di% t9t$ cat]pill> is univ]sally kn[n1 !re are a great _m or*>di/s :o d n "k ! mo?1 ?\gh x is easily recognis$ f all o!r species by ! copp] col\r$ blot* on ! apical portion ( ! =e-w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,cryptophaga unipunctata 7,donovan74 ,! ,*]ry-/em ,bor]1 %[+ ! l>va4 ,we n[ come to an anomal\s gr\p1 ^: exact place 9 ! classification ( ,lepidopt]a has puzzl$ entomologi/s1 b :i* is usually plac$ at ! end ( ?is family4 ,^! are ! ,,cryptophag9ae1 ^: l>vae1 nak$1 sl5d] cat]pill>s1 live 9 %all[ *amb]s or %ort tunnels 9 ! bran*es ( ! small] =e/ trees4 ,!y cov] ! entrance to _! burr[ ) a scre5 ( loose silk5 web cov]$ ) gnaw$ b>k & dropp+s4 ,re/+ dur+ ! day1 !y come out at night &1 bit+ (f "s ( ! leaves1 drag !m d[n into ! burr[ 7! ends (t5 /ick+ out ?r\gh ! web7 to fe$ on at _! leisure4 ,:5 full gr[n !y pupate )9 ! burr[4 ,c4 unipunctata is a v h&some sat9y :ite mo? ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s2 ! =e pair ea* h a s+le black dot 9 ! c5tre2 ! abdom5 is black fr+$ ) yell[ hairs =m+ a tuft at ! extremity4 ,9 its native /ate ! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! bran*es ( our common honeysuckle 7,banksia s]rata71 b h a v great lik+ = ! bran*es ( *]ry trees 9 ! or*>ds2 :]e neglect$1 !y (t5 kill l>ge bran*es by _! attacks4 ,c4 irrorata is a l>g] mo?1 measur+ up to #b in*es across ! w+s1 ! =e pair be+ v broad & squ>e at ! extremities2 !y are ( a uni=m greyi% br[n1 slightly mottl$ ) a d>k] patt]n r\nd ! out] m>g9s2 ! h9d pair are silv]y br[n fr+$ r\nd ! edges4 ,! l>va fe$s on ! /ems ( ,casu>9a4 ,c4 rubrig9osa is ne>ly z l>ge z ! la/2 ! =e w+s are r$di% br[n4 ,!re is a salmon t9t on ! ?orax ext5d+ on to ! base ( ! =e w+s2 ! h9d w+s are br[ni% yell[4 ,! l>vae fe$ 9 ! /ems & bran*es ( sev]al species ( ,acacia4 ,family #ag4 ,gra9 & ,clo!s ,mo?s4 ,,micro-,,lepidopt]a4 ,9 conclud+ ! ,lepidopt]a ,i place ^! families1 (t5 gr\p$ toge!r "u ! compreh5sive t]m ,micro-lepidopt]a1 9 ! above division4 ,mo/ ( ^! mo?s are small1 b ! gr\p is v important 9 t x conta9s "s ( ! mo/ de/ructive pe/s ( gra91 clo?1 c41 & !y are _w-wide 9 _! range4 ,meyrick has made a special /udy ( ^! mo?s1 & has classifi$ & describ$ an imm5se numb] 9 a s]ies ( pap]s 9 ! ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahgh-aijd4 ,! l>vae ( ! diff]5t gr\ps are usually sl5d] nak$ grubs ) a few scatt]$ hairs1 & are sometimes legless2 b o!rs aga9 h f #ad to #ah pairs ( legs4 ,!y fe$ ^u all k9ds ( mat]ial1 sometimes =m+ tubul> cells out ( _! food1 :ile o!rs move ab\t q freely4 ,! mo?s may be obta9$ by beat+ or %ak+ bu%es1 or bre$+ !m f ! mat]ial among :i* !y fe$4 ,! ,family ,,oecophoridae is ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ,au/ralia2 9 8 fir/ pap] on ! gr\p 9 #ahhc1 ,meyrick e/imat$ t ov] #b1jjj species w\ld be discov]$1 & lat] 9 #ahhi he _h actually describ$ #gef species1 mo/ ( !m new4 ,! ,g5us ,philobota conta9s #aje describ$ species1 _m ( !m h&some brightly m>k$ little mo?s4 ,p4 arabella1 slightly ov] ( an in* across ! w+s1 is ( a g5]al greyi% br[n t9t1 ) ! c5tral portions ( ! =e pair pale yell[ edg$ ) br[n =m+ w$ge-%ap$ pat*es4 ,p4 catascia1 slightly l>g]1 has ! =e-w+s silv]y :ite1 slightly cl\d$2 ! h9d ones dull yell[ 9 ! c5tre fr+$ ) light br[n4 ,p4 productella a little small]1 is all silv]y :ite1 ) yell[i% t9ts 9 ! h9d pair2 & ,p4 agnesella is a l>g] silv]y "o ) a n>r[ irregul> d>k /ripe along ! c5tre ( ea* =e w+ f ! base to ! apex4 ,p4 gascialis1 a v diff]5t l>g] w+$ =m1 has ! =e pair d>k orange yell[1 ea* ) a broad br[n blot* ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & tip d>k br[n2 ! h9d pair dull br[n fr+$ ) f9e plumes4 ,macroba?a platy*roa is "u an in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are m>k$ ) alt]nate b>s ( :ite & black1 & ! h9d pair greyi% br[n4 ,heliocau/a hemitelis1 ab\t twice ! size1 has ! =e w+s yell[1 tipp$ & blot*$ ) purpli% br[n1 ! blot* on ea* h9d m>g9 angul>2 ! h9d w+s br[n4 ,zonopetala decisiana1 "u an in* across ! w+s1 has ! =e pair :ite1 ea* ) a l>ge br[n blot* across ! c5tre1 & o!rs at ! tip1 & ) a b& ( ! same col\r across ! ?orax2 ! h9d w+s light buff & fr+$ ) hairs4 ,! cat]pill> ( ,ocy/ola hemicalypta con/ructs a protective cov]+ ab\t z ?ick & long z a l>ge wax mat* out ( a section ( a gum twig1 9 :i* x lives & fe$s aft] holl[+ x out l a tube2 ^! curi\s cocoons are n uncommon 9 ! bu% on ! leaves ( eucalypts4 ,! ,,gele*iadae is ano!r l>ge family rec5tly revis$ by ,meyrick 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd72 he says t ^! mo?s are n s num]\s z 9 ,europe1 b z !y are su* small1 inconspicu\s insects !re are probably a great numb] /ill to be discov]$4 ,he describes #bgd species1 ( :i* #bjg are new1 & #he ( :i* belong to ! ,g5us ,protole*ia4 ,sev]al species t infe/ gra9 belong to ?is gr\p3 ,gele*ia simplicella1 a t9y little br[n mo?1 has po9t$ sl5d] w+s1 ! =e pair ne>ly black1 ) a v di/9ctive irregul> :ite b> across ea* apical half4 ,meyrick has plac$ x 9 ! ,g5us ,anacampsis2 x has a wide range ov] ,tasmania & ,au/ralia3 ,i h br$ x f ! foliage ( ,soy beans1 :i* ! l>vae matt$ toge!r & s]i\sly damag$4 ,sitotroga c]ealella is a t9y yell[i% br[n mo? ) po9t$ w+s4 ,x has a wide range r\nd ! ,au/ralian coa/1 & has be5 introduc$ f ,europe or ,am]ica ) corn ^u :i* ! l>vae fe$4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8,ang\mois ,gra9 ,mo?0 f ! prov9ce ( t "n 9 ,france1 :]e 9 #agfj x sw>m$ ov] ! c\ntry & ne>ly caus$ a fam9e4 ,i h br$ x f :eat at ,b+>a ,n4,s4,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,gele*ia simplicella 7,walk]74 ,! ,soy-bean ,mo?4 ,! ,,ela*i/idae 7 describ$ & revis$ by ,meyrick 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahig71 :o li/s #bed species1 mo/ ( :i* 7 new4 ,he says3 8,! species ( ?is family are almo/ all small & !re=e (t5 neglect$ by collectors4 ,l>va ) #aj prolegs seldom almo/ apodal1 usually m9+ 9 leaves1 or among/ se$s or 9 /ems1 sometimes case-be>+1 r>ely among/ spun leaves40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,batra*$ra sp>sella 7,walk]74 ,! l>va ( :i* con/ructs a web among/1 & fe$s on1 scale insects4 ,! l>vae ( ! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,batra*$ra1 accord+ to ,meyrick1 fe$ usually ^u se$s4 ,b4 ar5osella1 a small dull pale yell[ mo? ) spott$ =e w+s & grey h9d ones1 is common ov] ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! l>vae web ! se$s & /alks ( s$ges toge!r1 & =m a cocoon among ! se$s4 ,i h br$ a species ( ,batra*$ra1 ,b4 sp>sella1 ,walk41 b c f9d no record ( ?is species 9 ,meyrick's li/4 ,! l>va ( ?is mo? sp9s a web on ! trunks ( trees t are infe/$ ) scale insects :i* !y dev\r1 f9ally =m+ an elongate cocoon atta*$ to ! b>k2 9 ! or*>d !y de/roy :ite l\se on oranges1 & ,san ,jose scale on pea* trees4 ,/ra?mopoda melano*ra1 a little br[n mo?1 has ! =e w+s dull :ite ) metallic reflections & d>k] m>k+s2 ! w+s are v f9ely fr+$ on ! h9d m>g9s4 ,! ,family ,,plutellidae conta9s "o v de/ructive little pe/ 9 ! ,diamond-back$ ,cabbage ,mo?1 ,plutella crucif]>um2 ! sl5d] gre5 l>vae gnaw holes 9 ! leaves & pupate 9 net-l cocoons on ! foliage4 ,x has a _w-wide range & is v common 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,family ,,t9eidae1 conta9+ ! clo!s mo?s1 is def9$ by ,meyrick 7,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib7 z ! r\gh-head$ ,t9e9a1 ) ! palpi /rongly develop$ 9 front ( ! head1 & ! h9d w+s usually z broad z ! =e w+s1 sometimes n>r[] b seldom broad]4 ,l>va ) #af legs1 or legs want+4 ,! ,g5us ,xy/matodoma conta9s #bi species1 ( :i* ,x4 guild+i is a typical =m describ$ by ,scott 9 8 8,au/ralian ,lepidopt]a02 x is a sl5d]-w+$ dull br[n mo?1 ! l>va ( :i* crawls ab\t 9 a /\t silk5 sack l t ( an immature case mo?1 & fe$s ^u l[ scrub4 ,sc>dia au/ralasialla is a h&some little mo?1 :i* is figur$ 9 ,donovan's 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&02 x measures ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are dull br[n b s ?ickly cov]$ ) %9+ :ite to pale yell[ spots t x looks v brilliant2 ! h9d pair are br[n fr+$ ) long plumes4 ,blabophanes e!lella is ab\t ( an in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair are d>k br[n f9ely spott$ ) :ite & "s h a comp>atively l>ge :ite dot 9 ! c5tre ( ea* w+1 ! h9d m>g9 also edg$ ) :ite2 ! h9d pair light br[n4 ,! ,g5us ,t9ea is repres5t$ by a numb] ( bo? native & introduc$ species4 ,! common clo!s mo?1 ,t9ea pellionella1 is too well kn[n to ne$ description2 x is _w-wide 9 its range1 & lays its eggs ^u clo!s on :i* ! l>vae fe$ & f9ally use p>ticles to con/ruct _! cocoons4 ,t4 tapetzella fe$s among furs & sk9s4 ,t9eola biselliella is a ?ird cosmopolitan species ( clo!s mo?4 ,t9ea fuscipunctella fe$s ^u dri$ animal matt]1 refuse & su* l2 x also is _w wide 9 its range4 ,among our native species1 ,t4 nect>ia is "u an in* across ! w+s2 ! =e pair h ! basal two ?irds silv]y yell[ ) ! tips black2 ! h9d pair dull yell[ d>ke/ at ! tips4 ,meyrick says t ^! l>vae make cases out ( eucalyptus leaves1 b my specim5s 7 br$ out ( bli/]-l excresc5ces or galls ^u ! leaves ( a %rub 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ,sydney4 ,?udaca obliquella1 ab\t #a in* across ! w+s1 is a beautiful little silv]y :ite mo?1 ) ! =e w+s deep yell[ ?ickly m>k$ ) p>allel & transv]se b>s ( silv]y :ite2 ! h9d pair broad1 silv]y1 lightly cl\d$1 & fr+$ beh9d ) long plumes4 ,! ,,epipyropidae comprise a small gr\p ( mo?s t h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( a family by ,p]k9s 7,bullet9 ,i4 "p #b1 8,leaf ,hopp]s & _! ,natural ,enemies10 ,hawaii #aije71 ?\gh x w\ld probably be m correct to place !m z a sub-family ( ! ,t9eidae4 ,%>p 7,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,insects "p ,,ii47 places !m 9 ! ,limacodidae4 ,!y are small black1 grey or br[n mo?s1 ) small eyes2 no ocelli2 ! palpi want+ or v m9ute1 & ! m\? p>ts little develop$4 ,!y h rem>kable p>asitic habits 9 ! cat]pill> /ate liv+ ^u ! backs ( diff]5t leaf hopp]s 7,homopt]a7 & fe$+ ^u ! waxy or sug>y secretions dis*>g$ by _! ho/s4 ,p]k9s describes #g new ,au/ralian species1 :i* are plac$ 9 ?ree g5]a1 bas$ on ! neuration ( ! w+s4 ,?ree species come f ,cairns1 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 & f\r f ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,het]opsy*e melano*roma measures "u an in* across ! outspread w+s & is ( a g5]al black or fusc\s col\r ) purple t9ts on ! =e w+s4 ,koebele records x z common ab\t ,sydney1 p>asitic ^u a numb] ( diff]5t ,fulgorids & ,jassids4 ,ro?s*ild 7,novitates ,zoologicae #aijf7 has nam$ ano!r species1 ,epipyrops doddi1 aft] ! well kn[n collector1 ,p4 ,f4 ,dodd1 :o _h work$ out its life hi/ory 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,plodia int]punctella 7,hubn]74 ,ord] ,,vii4--,,dipt]a4 ,flies4 ,h\se flies are well kn[n to ev]yone2 b z a numb] ( o!r insects belong+ to diff]5t ord]s are (t5 call$ flies1 su* z 8saw-flies10 :i* are ,hym5opt]a1 & 8lace-w+$ flies0 & 8,may-flies10 :i* are ,neuropt]a1 x is advisable to def9e !m4 ,"s ( ! ,dipt]a might be mi/ak5 by a casual obs]v] = ,hym5opt]a :i* ! memb]s ( sev]al families (t5 mimic 9 =m & col\ration1 b !y c be readily sep>at$ by ! abs5ce ( a second pair ( w+s1 :i* are repres5t$ by two little clubb$ processes1 kn[n z balanc]s1 pois]s1 or halt]es4 ,! m\? p>ts are v v>iable 9 /ructure 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps1 b always adapt$ = pi]c+ or suck+2 ! eyes are l>ge1 (t5 occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! head & consi/+ ( an imm5se numb] ( f9e facets2 ! small ocelli are ?ree 9 numb]2 & ! ant5nae1 except among midges1 are %ort1 compos$ ( few jo9ts1 & (t5 t]m9ate 9 a bri/le4 ,! ?orax is n s di/9ctly divid$ into ! ?ree segm5ts z 9 "s o!r insects1 nor ! p>ts s well def9$ z 9 ! hym5opt]a2 ! w+s1 transp>5t or p>*m5t-l1 are seldom col\r$2 ! legs1 usually n ?ick5$1 are furni%$ ) five t>si1 & well develop$ claws1 ) a small pad "u ea*1 kn[n z ! pulvillus4 ,! abdom5 is compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( segm5ts rang+ f f\r to n9e1 b 9 ! =m] case ?\gh n visible ! t]m9al ones are probably absorb$ into ! anal tube at ! extremity4 ,mo/ dipt]a are br[n1 black1 or grey1 ?\gh metallic t9ts pr$om9ate 9 "s families2 & are clo!d ) %ort scatt]$ hairs or bri/les4 ,! typical fly l>va is an elongat$ legless maggot ) ! head portion sl5d]1 enclos+ a pair ( black retractile hook$ jaws1 ) tra*eae op5+ beh9d & runn+ ?r\gh to ! broad5$ anal segm5t :]e !y =m small rosette-l processes r\nd ! ext]nal ap]ture4 ,! eggs are laid 9 all k9ds ( decay+ vegetable or animal matt]1 ) ! exception ( ! few t produce galls1 or o!rwise damage plant tissue2 :5 full gr[n !y *ange into a h>d %ell-l *rysalis1 ! tip ( :i* is pu%$ (f by ! p]fect fly :5 ready to em]ge4 ,?\gh ?is c\ntry is v ri* 9 ,dipt]a & _m cosmopolitan species h be5 introduc$ su* z ! h\se flies1 !y h be5 mu* neglect$ by ,au/ralian collectors & entomologi/s4 ,! ,dipt]a are divid$ into two l>ge sections1 :i* are fur!r subdivid$ into f\r ma9 gr\ps1 to :i* a fif? has be5 lately add$ = ! reception ( ! fleas1 :i* h[ev] are (t5 plac$ by speciali/s 9 a class by !mselves 7,siphonapt]a74 ,! old] writ]s subdivid$ !m into ab\t #gj families b latt]ly ^! h be5 r$uc$1 & mo/ ( our species w come "u ab\t #cj families1 ( :i* ,i c only note our mo/ /rik+ repres5tatives4 ,9 #ahcj ! ,fr5* naturali/ ,rob9eau ,desvoidy publi%$ 8 8,essai sur les ,myodaires10 9 :i* "s ( our species 7 describ$4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcd & #ahce ,macqu>t br\ght out 8 8,hi/oire naturelle des ,insectes ,diptres0 7=m+ "p ( ! great ,fr5* "w ,suites ,buffon71 foll[$ 7#ahch-db7 by 8 8,diptres exotiques1 n\veaux ou peu connus0 compris+ two volumes & _m plates1 ) #e supplem5ts 7#ahdf-ee74 ,walk] betwe5 #ahdh & #ahee compil$ a 8,catalogue ( ! ,dipt]a ( ! ,briti% ,museum0 consi/+ ( #g volumes2 & o!rs are describ$ 9 8 8,dipt]a ,saund]siana0 #ahef4 ,9 #ahfd ,dr4 ,s*9] e/imat$ t ! numb] ( describ$ ,au/ralian ,dipt]a 0 #ajef1 includ+ ^? :i* he describ$ 7,dipt]a des ,nov>a71 collect$ by ,frau5feld 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney dur+ ! visit ( ! ,au/rian ,frigate4 ,9 a long s]ies ( pap]s rea*+ f #ahei till j be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahib ,bigot describ$ a great _m species 7among !m "s f ,au/ralia7 *iefly 9 ! ,annales de la ,societ ,entomologique de ,france4 ,! only sy/ematic ,au/ralian "w is ,skuse's 8,monograph ( ! ,au/ralian ,dipt]a0 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhh-ij71 :i* h[ev] 0 nev] complet$1 deal+ only ) ! ,,nematoc]a compris+ ! ,culicidae1 ,tipulidae1 ,cecidomyidae & "s ( ! small] families4 ,!re is no complete catalogue ( ,au/ralian ,dipt]a1 b ,i h be5 greatly assi/$ 9 my "w on ?is family ?r\gh ! id5tification ( my specim5s by ,mr4 ,coquillett ( ,wa%+ton4 ,family #a4 ,gall-,gnats4 ,,cecidomyidae4 ,?is is an ext5sive family ( small delicate midges ) long sl5d] ant5nae compos$ ( _m bead-l segm5ts beautifully fea!r$ ) :orls ( hairs4 ,! abdom5 is /\t at ! base1 %ort & tap]+ to ! tip2 ! legs are long & sl5d] )\t spurs2 ! w+s are clo!d ) f9e hairs t easily rub (f1 & furni%$ ) v few longitud9al ve9s1 & 9 "s g5]a only "o cross n]vure4 ,!y are kn[n z 8,gall-gnats10 or 8,gall-flies10 & ?\gh ! habits ( ! l>vae are v div]se1 "s liv+ "u b>k1 o!rs 9 animal matt]1 & a few pr$ace\s or ev5 cannibali/ic 9 _! habits1 ! majority ( !m are f\nd 9 plant tissue & produce mal=mations or regul> well def9$ galls1 (t5 ( v rem>kable /ructure1 ^u ! foliage or twigs ( _! food plant4 ,! egg is deposit$ 9 or "u ! b>k1 epid]mis ( ! leaf1 or frequ5tly 9 ! fl[] buds ( plants1 ! irritation caus$ by ! active l>vae produc+ ! abort$ tissue4 ,^! l>vae are v easily recognis$ if exam9$ ) a l5s aft] !y h be5 extract$ f ! gall1 z !y are furni%$ ) a 8brea/ bone10 an an*or %ap$ process t /&s out v di/9ctly 9 ! c5tre ( ! v5tral surface & is unkn[n 9 ! l>vae ( any o!r gall-produc+ insect4 ,?r\gh ! discov]y ( ,wagn]1 a ,russian entomologi/1 t ! l>va ( a ,cecidomyia produc$ "y2 also ?r\gh ! curi\s exudations ( ! l>vae & pupae ( o!rs :i* are sometimes call$ 8flax se$0 f _! %ape2 & ! v de/ructive habits ( sev]al species :i* damage ! :eat1 l ! ,hessian ,fly 9 ,am]ica1 ?is family has receiv$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,ov] #a1jjj species h be5 describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ,au/ralia is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 ^! insects4 ,skuse 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhh & #ahij7 has describ$ ov] #ajj species & figur$ "s ( ! mo/ peculi> galls4 ,cecidomyia frau5feldi 0 nam$ by ,dr4 ,s*9] aft] ! naturali/ :o collect$ ! galls on ,leptosp]mum 9 ! vic9ity ( ,manly1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,^! galls are produc$ ^u a leaf-bud & consi/ ( a numb] ( r\nd$ leaf-l bracts1 n unlike ! petals ( a rose bud2 fold+ ov] ea* o!r1 br[n 9 col\r1 s(t & loose1 & ab\t ! %ape & size ( a small m>ble4 ,! enfold$ l>va w be f\nd 9 ! base at ! c5tre1 & ! gnats c be easily br$ out 9 a glass j>4 ,! ,acacia ,gall-gnat1 ,c4 acaciae-longifoliae1 infe/s ! fl[]s ( ?is wattle1 deposit+ its eggs 9 su* numb]s t e t9y se$-pod is produc$ into a contort$ mass ( f+]-l tubes1 toge!r =m+ a r\nd$ base atta*$ by a /alk1 & ea* tube conta9+ a l>va4 ,?is is "o ( our commone/ species & ! galls c (t5 be collect$ 9 numb]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,diplosis fr5elae produces v rem>kable little light br[n sph]ical /ructures ^u ! tips ( ! foliage ( ! des]t cypress1 ab\t ! size ( small peas2 ^! :5 mature split into f\r %ell-l sections1 q unlike ! usual gall4 ,!y are v abundant 9 ! e>ly summ] ^u cypresses 9 ,wagga & ! we/]n p9e scrubs ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,diplosis p>alis =ms curi\s little bli/]s ^u ! "y foliage ( ,eucalyptus corymbosa1 dott+ ! leaves all ov] ) r$di% spots ) a keyhole-l m>k on ! apex4 ,a ?ird species1 ,d4 eucalypti1 aborts ! "y twigs ( ,eucalypts into g\ty swell+s 9 :i* a numb] ( l>vae fe$ & pupate4 ,!re are c]ta9 r$ r\nd$ %ot-l galls ( ! ,eucalyptus1 g5]ally sev]al 9 numb] on ! midrib ( ! leaf1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! pupal sk9s always rema9+ 9 ! holes 9 ! sides ( ! galls ?r\gh :i* ! flies h escap$1 c be easily di/+ui%$ f _m v simil> ones t are ! "w ( micro-hym5opt]a4 ,^! are =m$ by a l>ge /\t gnat nam$ ,hormomyia omalan?i by ,skuse1 :o fir/ obta9$ specim5s f galls on ! "u side ( ! leaves ( ,omalan?us populifolius4 ,lasiopt]a miscella aborts ! leaf /alks ( ,eucalyptus haema/oma1 "o ( our :ite /emm$ gums gr[+ ab\t ,botany1 ,n4,s4,w41 ) its irregul> swell+s4 ,i h also br$ sev]al undet]m9$ species f galls on ! twigs ( ! ,weep+ ,myall1 ,acacia p5dula1 & o!r wattles 9 ! we/]n scrubs4 ,!re is a ri* field await+ ! naturali/ :o takes up ! /udy ( ! life-hi/ory ( our ,gall-gnats4 ,?\gh ! ,hessian ,fly1 ,cecidomyia de/ructor1 is n kn[n 9 ,au/ralia x has be5 introduc$ into ,new ,zeal&1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s pe/s t ! :eat f>m]s h to fight4 ,?is gnat deposits h] eggs "u ! %ea? ( ! gr[+ :eat /alks2 ! l>va sucks up ! sap1 s t ! e> is impov]i%$ & no gra9 =ms 9 ! head2 & :5 !y are num]\s ! great] "p ( ! crop is de/roy$4 ,family #b4 ,%ade ,midges4 ,,mycetophilidae4 ,^! small flies1 popul>ly kn[n z 8,midges10 are plac$ by ,skuse 9 f\r well def9$ families1 :i* ,i place "u ! "o head+ z _! habits are v simil>4 ,! ,,sci>idae are ! typical 8,%ade midges0 infe/+ =e/ c\ntry2 _! l>vae live "u dead b>k or decompos+ leaves & are sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 semi-transluc5t maggots1 :ite or pale yell[ 9 col\r1 ) ! body compos$ ( #ac segm5ts includ+ ! head4 ,! p]fect insects h mod]ately long1 curv$1 _m jo9t$ ant5nae2 two ocelli2 long sl5d] legs2 & ! w+s (t5 cl\d$4 ,skuse has describ$ #db species 9 ?is gr\p1 all ( :i* ) "o exception he plac$ 9 ! typical ,g5us ,sci>a2 ^! h ! w+s long] ?an ! abdom51 ! surface ( !m microscopically pubesc5t1 & ! w+-lobes m or less develop$4 ,! ,,mycetophilidae are popul>ly kn[n z 8,fungus-midges0 f ! fact t ! l>vae1 :i* are sl5d] :ite maggots att5uat$ at bo? extremities1 & ) horny heads1 are (t5 f\nd fe$+ ^u ! juices ( fungi2 "s sp9 silk5 webs "u :i* !y live1 & a few are said to be lum9\s4 ,!y are small flies ) beautifully m>k$ w+s 9 _m species1 & h sl5d] ant5nae2 #c ocelli2 & a %ort proboscis2 ! r long legs h ! coxae elongat$ & are furni%$ ) spurs ^u ! tibiae2 ! w+s1 )\t a discoidal cell1 h m ve9s ?an ^? ( ! ,gall-gnats4 ,walk] describ$ #d species 7,insecta ,saund]siana #ahef72 to :i* ,skuse add$ #ca new species4 ,lyomya setiosicaudata 0 describ$ by ,skuse f ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney 9 ! ,g5us ,acrodicrania1 b x has an ext5d$ range3 ,i h tak5 x ) a sweep+ net ab\t ,inv]ell ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 has a %9+ head & ?orax2 abdom5 black1 & v>iegat$ black & yell[ legs4 ,! ,,simulidae conta9s a numb] ( small ,dipt]a abundant 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 :]e !y are kn[n z 8,s&-flies10 8,black-flies10 or 8,buffalo-gnats02 !y sw>m 9 ! m>%y l&s ( ! ,mississippi :]e ,h[>d says1 8,!y rival ! mosquito 9 _! blood-?ir/y t5d5cies1 & n only d !y attack human-be+s1 b p\ltry & dome/ic animals are frequ5tly kill$ by !m40 ,we are =tunate 9 hav+ v few ( ^! pe/s2 only "o species 0 discov]$ by ,skuse1 :o nam$ x ,simulium furiosum1 & says x is a r>e fly only f\nd 9 ! ,gos=d di/rict ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,^! flies mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! midges kn[n 9 ,au/ralia z 8,s&-flies10 :i* are v diff]5t insects belong+ to ! ,g5us ,c]atopogon1 ( ! ,family ,*ironomidae4 ,! ,,bibionidae are m$ium siz$ flies ) ?ickset bodies some:at hairy2 smoky w+s2 robu/ legs2 %ort ant5nae2 & ?ree ocelli4 ,! females deposit _! eggs 9 dung or vegetable matt]1 & ! maggots h r[s ( transv]se bri/les on ! segm5ts2 & traces ( eyes c be f\nd 9 ! head segm5t4 ,! p]fect flies are sluggi% 9 _! movem5ts & are commonly f\nd ^u fl[]s4 ,twelve species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia1 ( :i* ,bibio imitator is our commone/ species2 x is v abundant 9 ! e>ly summ] ^u ! fl[] heads ( ,a/rotri*a floccosa1 :i* gr[s 9 mo/ ( ! valleys r\nd ,sydney2 x has a wide range f ,tasmania nor?w>ds 9 simil> =e/ c\ntry4 ,! male is "u an in* 9 l5g? & is ( a uni=m black t9t1 ) ! ?orax dull r$2 :ile ! l>g] female is ( a uni=m r$di% br[n1 & bo? sexes h ! typical d>k cl\d$ w+s4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,g5us ,plecia is repres5t$ by f\r species1 two ( :i* ,i collect$ 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,g5us ,scatopse1 ! l>vae ( :i* bre$ 9 all k9ds ( decay+ matt] & 9 sew]s1 is repres5t$ by two species1 ( :i* ,scatopse f5e/ralis is s common ab\t ,sydney t ,skuse says3 8,9 ! spr+ mon?s x is sc>cely possible to f9d a w9d[ )\t "o or two specim5s1 :ile ,i h frequ5tly se5 hundr$s sw>m+ on ! inside ( %op w9d[s 9 ! city40 ,family #c4 ,mosquitoes4 ,,culicidae4 ,no insect pe/s are bett] kn[n or m _w wide 9 _! di/ribution ?an mosquitoes4 ,z might be expect$1 !y are abundant 9 tropical c\ntries1 yet "o w\ld h>dly expect !m to be mu* ( an annoyance 9 ! temp]ate regions4 ,yet 9 ,lapl&1 & ev5 f>!r nor?1 !y worry ! inhabitants & ! re9de] all ?r\gh _! brief summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4--,,dipt]a4 ,family ,,culciidae4 #a4 ,culex fatig5s 7,wi$]mann74 ,l>va4 #b4 ,culex fatig5s 7,wi$]mann74 4 #c4 ,culex fatig5s 7,wi$]mann74 ,w+4 #d4 ,anopheles annulipes 7,walk]74 4 #e4 ,anopheles annulipes 7,walk]74 ,w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4--,,dipt]a4 ,!y are insects ) long sl5d] legs2 delicate n>r[ w+s fold$ d[n ov] an elongate body2 ! head is provid$ ) a proboscis project+ bel[4 ,! proboscis is adapt$ = suck+ blood1 ?\gh _m ( ! bu% species seldom or nev] ta/e blood & obta9 _! nutrim5t f ! sap or moi/ure ^u plants4 ,! male mosquito is a m delicate creature ?an ! female1 furni%$ ) plumose ant5nae2 he does n bite1 b hides away 9 d>k %elt]$ corn]s tak+ no food 9 8 %ort life ( f\r or five days1 b has a l[ dron+ hum1 noticeable :5 a numb] are di/urb$4 ,! l>g] females on ! o!r h& sw>m into ! h\se1 & bite :5ev] !y get ! *ance4 ,%e lays h] eggs 9 little boat %ap$ masses ( elongate eggs1 :i* )9 #bd h\rs give bir? to l>vae t are (t5 call$ wat]-fleas or 8wriggl]s40 ,?read-l 9 =m at fir/1 ! 8wriggl]0 has a r\nd$ ciliate head1 & ! tip ( ! body is provid$ ) a pair ( tubul> brea?+ app5dages4 ,!y move ab\t ) a s]ies ( j]ks1 always com+ to ! surface head d[nw>d2 !y increase 9 size rapidly & 9 sev5 or eight days are full gr[n1 :5 !y *ange into pupae1 ! creatures becom+ q diff]5t2 ! head & ?orax are drawn up into a r\nd$ mass ) two trumpet %ap$ horns1 :i* are its new brea?+ tubes1 ris+ ^u ! sides4 ,! abdom9al segm5ts are %ort & turn d[nw>d2 & ?\gh x does wriggle slightly1 x usually re/s 9 an upright position float+ close to ! surface2 x rema9s 9 ?is /ate = two or ?ree days1 :5 ! pupal sk9 splits along ! top ( ! head1 & ! p]fect insect em]ges1 us+ ! float+ sk9 z a raft f :i* to rise into ! air & fly away4 ,only #i species ( mosquitoes _h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia :5 ,skuse comm5c$ 8 "w on ^! insects 9 ! ,macleay ,museum ,collections 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi71 :]e he li/$ all ! kn[n species & add$ #ai new ones4 ,s9ce !n ,!obald1 9 8 8,monograph ( ! ,culicidae ( ! ,_w0 #aijj-aijc1 ) a great deal m mat]ial to /udy1 revis$ ! g5]a1 made sev]al ( ,skuse's species synonym\s1 & describ$ o!rs1 br++ our li/ to ab\t #cd species4 ,! typical ,g5us ,culex conta9s #ba species scatt]$ all ov] ,au/ralia2 sev]al are cosmopolitan & h be5 introduc$ f abroad4 ,our common h\se mosquito1 t appe>s 9 ! e>ly summ]1 is ,culex albo-annulatus1 a mod]ate siz$ species ) ! r$di% ?orax d5sely clo!d ) br[ni% gold5 scales1 trav]s$ by five v f9e l9es2 x has regul>ly :ite b&$ legs4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,macqu>t 9 #agcb1 & ranges f ,s\!rn ,que5sl& to ,sydney1 ,mittagong1 & ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w4 ,culex fatigans is widely di/ribut$ ov] ,au/ralia3 ,c4 macleayi & ,c4 skusei accord+ to ,!obald are only sub-species or v>ieties2 x is "o ( ! cosmopolitan mosquitoes also f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ,africa & ,asia1 & 0 probably introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 9 ! wat] tanks ( ! old sail+ vessels _m ye>s ago4 ,aft] ,new ,ye> a small]1 d>k] mosquito is ! mo/ annoy+ ab\t ,sydney2 ?is has be5 describ$ by ,!obald "u ! "n ( ,culex m>9us2 its l>vae 7 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,bancr(t1 ,que5sl&1 bre$+ 9 salt wat]4 ,x also fl\ri%es freely 9 any /agnant wat] left 9 tanks1 buckets1 or wat]-holes1 & has a wide range d[n our ea/]n coa/4 ,f\r species ( ! ,g5us ,anopheles are f\nd 9 ,au/ralia2 ^! insects h long palpi ) clubb$ or spatulate tips1 & d>k spott$ w+s4 ,anopheles annulipes1 describ$ by ,walk]1 said to be id5tical ) ,skuse's ,a4 musivus1 is f\nd ab\t ,sydney & ,newca/le ,n4,s4,w4 rang+ nor?w>d2 ! memb]s ( ?is g5us are well kn[n z ! mosquitoes t transmit ! g]ms ( mal>ial fev]1 & h a wide range ov] ! _w4 ,! important results t h come f ! /udy ( ! relation ( tropical fev]s to mosquito bites1 h l$ to ! collection & description ( ^! insects f all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,mucidus alt]nans1 "o ( our l>ge/ species1 is ?ickly clo!d ) grey & light br[n scales & hairs :i* give x a /rik+ appe>ance4 ,x is a day fly+ species fam\s = its bit+ p[]s2 x has a wide range2 9 ! ,maitl& di/rict ,n4,s4,w4 ab\t ! ,hexham swamps x is locally kn[n z ! 8,hexham ,grey02 9 ,que5sl& x is sometimes call$ ! 8,scot* ,grey40 ,i h also tak5 x at ,b\rke on ! ,d>l+ ,riv] ,n4,s4,w4 ,skuse describ$ ?is species z ,culex hispidosus1 b ,we/wood's "n1 ,c4 alt]nans1 has a prior claim4 ,/egomyia notoscriptus is "o ( ! small d>k mosquitoes t bite s %>ply j at dusk 9 our g>d5s ar\nd ,sydney 9 midsumm]1 & has a wide range f ,adelaide ,s4,a4 to ,que5sl&4 ,x belongs to ! same g5us z ! dread$ ,cuban ,yell[-fev] ,mosquito1 ,/egomyia fasciata1 :i* has be5 introduc$ into ,hawaii4 ,!obald has 9 ! la/ volume ( 8 ,monograph =m$ a new ,g5us ,skusea = ! reception ( two ,que5sl& species & a ?ird f ,africa4 ,family #d4 ,s&-flies4 ,,*ironomidae4 ,?is gr\p comprises a numb] ( small flies :i* h ! head furni%$ ) a fle%y proboscis2 ! sl5d] ant5nae adorn$ ) f9e hairs1 ?icke/ ^u ! male2 & ! ocelli want+4 ,_! w+s are usually n>r[2 & _m ( ! l>ge species h ! g5]al appe>ance ( mosquitoes4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are v ext5sive & _w-wide 9 _! range2 ! l>vae ( ! typical ,g5us ,*ironomus live *iefly 9 /agnant wat]4 ,!y sometimes sw>m 9 su* numb]s 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican lakes t !y =m ! *ief food ( ! fre%-wat] fi%4 ,9 ,engl& on acc\nt ( _! col\r !y are kn[n z 8blood-worms40 ,"s species live 9 salt wat]1 & o!rs bre$ 9 excrem5t & dung4 ,! p]fect insects are easily collect$ ) a sweep+ net 9 ! vic9ity ( swamps & wat]c\rses4 ,skuse has describ$ #fd species f ,au/ralia 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi71 previ\s to :i* only #h species1 describ$ by ,messrs4 ,walk] & ,macqu>t1 _h be5 record$4 ,! family is divid$ into a numb] ( g5]a1 ( :i* ,*ironomus includes #ba species ( ! m typical sl5d]-bodi$ midges1 & ! ,g5us ,c]atopogon #ag species ( our vici\s 8,s&-flies40 ,^! pe/s are also f\nd 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 rang+ z f> s\? z ,*ili4 ,c]atopogon mole/es1 describ$ by ,skuse1 is our common 8,s&-fly10 ?\gh !re are o!rs probably q z annoy+ if n s abundant4 ,x is a t9y little d>k col\r$ midge1 s quiet & small t x is usually felt be=e x is se54 ,!re is ano!r v l>ge grey 8,s&-fly0 ,i h met ) 9 ! int]ior ( ,n4,s4 ,wales on ! ,d>l+ ,riv] t frequ5ts grassy wat]c\rses & flies /raight at ! h&s or face l a wasp4 ,x has be5 report$ f ,c5tral ,que5sl& t aft] ! great flood & abundant gr[? ( grass 7#aije7 ! s&-flies increas$ 9 su* numb]s1 t !y caus$ ! bl9dness & dea? ( a great numb] ( m>supials1 ?r\gh bit+ !m 9 ! eyes4 ,family #e4 ,crane-flies4 ,,tipulidae4 ,! ,crane-flies or ,daddy-longlegs are a l>ge family ) long sl5d] legs1 f :i* !y take _! popul> names1 & might be describ$ z exagg]at$ mosquitoes t d n bite4 ,!y h ! usual small head & long ?read-l ant5nae 79 "s gr\ps ! latt] are clo!d ) long hairs1 9 o!rs %ort & fea!r$72 9 mo/ species ! ocelli are want+4 ,! ?orax has a ,v-%ap$ transv]se suture1 & ! well develop$ w+s h a complete v5ation4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 all situations among l[ scrub1 b pref] ! %elt] ( cliffs1 or tree trunks 9 damp gullies1 (t5 re/+ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 retir$ spots dur+ ! day1 :]e !y c easily be captur$4 ,!y require to be kill$ & m\nt$ 9 ! place ( capture to secure good specim5s1 z _! legs drop (f v readily1 & on ?is acc\nt are n a popul> gr\p ) ! ord9>y collector4 ,! l>vae live 9 ! gr\nd or among decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,!y are divid$ into two l>ge gr\ps1 *>act]is$ by ! possession ( long or %ort palpi1 ! ,tipulidae brevipalpi & ,tipulidae longipalpi2 ab\t #bj species _h be5 record$ f ,au/ralia :5 ,skuse's ,monograph1 8,dipt]a ( ,au/ralia ,pt4 ,,vii40 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi7 appe>$2 9 ?is he add$ ov] #hj new species4 ,! ,pa9t$ ,crane-fly1 ,gynopli/ia bella1 describ$ by ,walk] 9 #ahce1 is "o ( our commone/ species1 frequ5t+ fl[]s & l[ scrub 9 ! e>ly summ] mon?s4 ,x is a v di/9ctly m>k$ black & orange yell[ fly1 ! w+s ?ickly b>r$ & mottl$ ) ! =m] col\r2 & is "o ( ! %ort-legg$ species4 ,x has a wide range f ,we/]n ,au/ralia & ,tasmania to ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ! g5us is repres5t$ by #ag describ$ species 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,long-horn$ ,crane-fly1 ,macroma/ix co/alis1 has a wide range f ,tasmania to ,que5sl&4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney !y are commonly f\nd re/+ among ! l[ scrub4 ,x has a uni=m dull br[n t9t ) cle> transp>5t w+s1 /rip$ along ! front m>g9 ) dull br[n1 & c be easily recognis$ f its l>ge size1 ) ! long sl5d] ant5nae ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! w+s 9 ! male1 & its curi\s d>t+ flight :5 di/urb$4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,sw$]us z ,tipula co/alis 9 #aghg1 & has be5 r5am$ half a doz5 times s9ce4 ,clytocosmus helmsi 0 describ$ by ,skuse f specim5s obta9$ at ,mt4 ,kosciusko2 x is a l>ge h&some fly ) ! /\t ?ick5$ abdom5 black1 & bord]$ or mottl$ along ! segm5ts ) :ite2 ! w+s are semitransp>5t %ad$ ) yell[2 ! head & ?orax are r$di% yell[4 ,! ,g5us ,semnotes conta9s two v l>ge & h&some crane-flies1 bo? ( :i* 7 orig9ally describ$ by ,we/wood4 ,!y are giants ( ! family1 ) a l>ge ?orax1 & swoll5 abdom5 n>r[$ slightly into a wai/1 com+ out broad & r\nd$ to ! tip2 ! g5]al col\r is bright yell[ mottl$ ) black1 ) semitransp>5t w+s4 ,semnotes ducalis has d>k m>k+s on ! w+1 & is ! r>] species4 ,x is record$ by ,we/wood f ,nor? ,au/ralia1 & by ,skuse f ,manly1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,s4 imp]atoria is f\nd 9 ,victoria1 ab\t ,sydney & ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w42 x is slightly l>g] ?an ! =m]1 & c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! v long t>si1 ! pla9 w+s1 & ! diff]5t m>k+s on ! body4 ,family #f4 ,soldi] ,flies4 ,,/ratiomyidae4 ,^! are flat-bodi$ flies ) n>r[ /rongly ve9$ w+s2 #c-;jo9t$ ant5nae2 & ! pronotum furni%$ ) sl5d] sp9es4 ,com/ock has call$ !m 8,soldi] ,flies0 on acc\nt ( ! bright col\r$ /ripes ) :i* _m species are m>k$4 ,! l>vae ( mo/ ( ^! flies live 9 decay+ vegetable matt]1 b "s are kn[n to be c>nivor\s 9 _! habits4 ,neoexaireta sp9ig]a is "o ( our commone/ species1 (t5 to be f\nd 9 ! e>ly summ] mon?s re/+ on ! w9d[ pane ) its broad h9d legs flatt5$ out2 x is v easily captur$4 ,x is a sl5d] %9+ black fly ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 ) b&$ legs2 ! sides ( ! body fr+$ ) :ite hairs1 & ! apical half ( ! w+s cl\d$ ) black enclos+ a small :ite blot*2 ! pronotum is furni%$ ) f\r sl5d] sp9es /&+ out f ! h9d m>g94 ,! l>vae are usually f\nd "u damp rott+ b>k or decay+ vegetable matt]1 & are elongate flatt5$ br[ni% & di/9ctly segm5t$ creatures1 ) n>r[ horny heads /&+ out 9 front l a /alk2 !y are sluggi% creatures ) v little movem5t4 ,i figur$ & describ$ a species 7d\btfully7 "u ! "n ( ,ephippium albit>sis 9 my 8,entomology ( ! ,grass-trees0 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif7 ) some:at simil> l>vae bre$+ 9 ! decay+ /ems ( ^! trees4 ,! little black fly measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x has :ite t>si & dusky w+s2 ! pronotum has ! usual %ort sp9e on ei!r side2 & ! legs are /\t4 ,odontomyia /ylata is an elongate1 broad1 flatt5$1 bronzy gre5 fly ) ! out] edges ( ! abdom5 light gre52 & ! long po9t$ w+s are fold$ d[n ov] ! back2 ! head is v broad2 ! r\nd$ ?orax is long1 furni%$ ) two small sp9es beh9d ! pronotum1 & ! abdom5 is broadly r\nd$ at ! tip4 ,x is a common r l>ge fly ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 usually f\nd re/+ on foliage 9 damp places4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w ^! flies are num]\s1 & ab\t #a1jjj species ( ! family h be5 describ$4 ,family #g4 ,m>* ,flies4 ,,tabanidae4 ,^! flies are l>ge or mod]ate siz$ insects1 ) broad heads furni%$ ) a fle%y proboscis well adapt$ = bit+2 ! #d-;jo9t$ ant5nae /& out 9 front ( ! head & d n t]m9ate 9 a bri/le2 9 ! male ! l>ge eyes meet 9 front1 b 9 ! female are sep>at$2 ! w+s are l>ge1 (t5 long1 & well adapt$ = flight2 ! legs mod]ately /\t2 & ! abdom5 long1 broad1 & some:at flatt5$4 ,!y are common 9 ! e>ly summ] mon?s 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry1 & are popul>ly kn[n 9 ,au/ralia z 8,m>* ,flies02 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica !y usually g "u ! "n ( 8,horse or ,gad ,flies10 & are a great pe/ to bo? man & horse2 !y are s p]si/5t 9 _! endeav\rs to bite & suck up blood t !y are v easily captur$ ) ! h&4 ,! l>vae ( ,,tabanidae live 9 damp e>?1 or are f\nd 9 wat]2 !y are c>nivor\s1 fe$+ ^u l>vae & pond snails4 ,! flies deposit _! eggs 9 bun*es on h]bage or l[ %rubs4 ,^! flies are v int]e/+ f an economic po9t ( view1 = !y are said to be sometimes responsible = outbreaks ( an?rax by introduc+ ! bacillus :5 bit+4 ,"s ye>s ago an outbreak ( malignant pu/ules on cattle 9 ,new ,cal$onia 0 said to h be5 trac$ to an undet]m9$ species ( ,pangonia 7,megn9 & ,g]ma91 ,bullet9 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france ,vol4 viii4 s]4 #e74 ,! ,g5us ,pangonia is well repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry by _m l>ge h&some flies t diff] f ! typical ,tabanus 9 hav+ ocelli1 & ! ?ird jo9t ( ! ant5nae elongate in/ead ( compress$4 ,pangonia guttata 0 figur$ by ,donovan 9 8 8,insects ( ,new ,holl&02 x measures ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 its g5]al col\r is black1 clo!d ) little tufts ( :ite d[ny hairs fr++ ! ?orax 9 front ( ! w+s1 & =m+ a b& r\nd ! out] edge1 ) simil> spots d[n ! c5tre ( ! abdom9al segm5ts2 ! "u-surface is v>iegat$ ) long] :ite & black hairs1 & ! w+s are cl\d$ ) black4 ,?is l>ge h&some fly is common 9 ! coa/al =e/s1 usually f\nd re/+ on tree trunks 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,p4 rufovittata is a small] m %[y insect ( a dull yell[ col\r4 ,! eyes1 p>allel m>k+s on ! ?orax1 & broad transv]se b&s on ! abdom5 ( black1 ! alt]nate abdom9al b&s ( beautiful gold5 hairs1 toge!r ) ! yell[ cl\d$ w+s1 give x a v /rik+ appe>ance2 x also has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is occasionally tak5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney4 ,p4 auriflus1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 also black1 has ! face1 front ( ?orax1 "u-surface & out] m>g9s ( ! abdom5 clo!d ) silv]y hairs1 :ile ! h9d m>g9 ( ! ?orax1 a blot* 9 ! c5tre1 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 are ri*ly col\r$ ) bright yell[ hairs4 ,p4 concolor1 a mu* l>g] fly1 is ( a uni=m r$di% br[n col\r1 ) black eyes1 & mottl$ w+s2 ,p4 violacea is a small bright metallic violet t9t$ insect n unlike a blue bottle fly1 b is easily di/+ui%$ :5 ! ant5nae are exam9$4 ,! ,g5us ,tabanus conta9s _m ( ! typical 8,m>* ,flies03 ,tabanus brevid5tatus measures an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m grey a% col\r1 ) ! h9d edges ( ! abdom9al segm5ts b>r$ ) light br[n4 ,t4 ed5tulus is a slightly l>g]1 d>k] col\r$ fly ) grey] b&s on ! body2 x is common on ! slopes ( ,mt4 ,kosciusko4 ,t4 ab/]sus is /ill l>g] & d>k]1 b ) ! same g5]al col\r2 ! head & "u-surface are clo!d ) :ite hairs2 ! w+s cl\d$2 ! base & sides ( ! abdom5 r$di% br[n ) ! dorsal surface b>r$ ) f9e :ite hairs4 ,t4 sangu9>ius1 "o ( ! l>ge/ species1 is ( a uni=m r$di% br[n1 ) black eyes2 ! ?orax t9t$ ) yell[2 & ! w+s cl\d$4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,que5sl& & ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,silvius angu/a is l a v small specim5 ( ,tabanus brevid5tatus4 ,! memb]s ( ! small ,family ,,leptidae are di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ "o1 9 hav+ ! ?ird jo9t ( ! ant5nae simple & furni%$ ) a bri/le1 & ! tibiae sp9$4 ,! curi\s look+ l>vae h ! abdom5 divid$ into two po9ts at ! tip2 !y live 9 pits l ! ant-lions4 ,leptis aequalis is a greyi% look+ species ab\t ! size ( a h\se fly1 ) ! head compos$ ( two l>ge globul> eyes t\*+ 9 ! c5tre2 ! legs are long2 ! w+s smoky2 ! elongat$ abdom5 r\nd$ at ! tip1 & b>r$ ) black2 ! :ole insect clo!d ) scatt]$ hairs /&+ up ?ickly on ! dorsal surface4 ,^! flies are v common fly+ ov] aphis infe/$ :eat fields2 my specim5s come f ,molong1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #h4 ,bee-flies4 ,,bombylidae4 ,^! are popul>ly kn[n z bee-flies1 on acc\nt ( _! rem>kable p[]s ( flight1 & hairy appe>ance4 ,!y are all m or less clo!d ) delicate d[ny hairs1 furni%$ ) #c jo9t$ ant5nae1 & sl5d] legs t]m9at+ 9 f9e claws4 ,!y frequ5t fl[]s1 hov]+ ov] !m l bees2 & _m species h ! w+s ri*ly m>k$ ) black4 ,! life hi/ory ( our species is b little kn[n1 b ,i h br$ sev]al out ( ! clay ne/s ( wasps1 & two out ( lepidopt]\s pupae 7,agrotis sp474 ,a ,european species is said to drop h] eggs ^u ! clay ne/s ( wasps2 ! newly hat*$ l>va is furni%$ ) a bor+ app>atus 9 front ( its head by means ( :i* x works its way ?r\gh into ! *amb]2 !re x und]goes ano!r /age ( developm5t & em]ges f x ) a simple suck+ m\? to eat up ! wasp l>va4 ,! l>va ( ^? attack+ ! 8cut-worms10 ,agrotis1 dev\rs ! :ole ( ! mo? grub & pupates inside ! *rysalid sk94 ,! pupa is a v curi\s look+ creature enclos$ 9 a d>k br[n %9+ sk9 ab\t ( an in* long1 ) project+ sp9es on ! head & extremity4 ,! body is cyl9drical ) ! fir/ #g segm5ts furni%$ ) a b& ( rasp-l sp9es or ridges on ! dorsal surface1 ) :i* x moves r\nd & r\nd :5 t\*$4 ,an?rax nigrico/a is a h&some little black fly1 ) ! head1 "u surface ( ! body1 & two b&s across ! abdom5 fr+$ ) :ite d[n4 ,! w+s are deeply m>k$ ) black on ! front m>g91 wide/ at ! base4 ,x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & comes f ,que5sl&4 ,comptosia albo-fasciata is a l>ge black fly %ad$ ) f9e r$di% hairs on ! dorsal surface ( ! body2 ! w+s are br[n1 v long1 ) :ite tips2 ! body measures ab\t 1 & across ! outspread w+s #a in*es4 ,neuria quadrip5nis is a mu* small]1 b some:at simil> look+ fly1 ) ! dorsal surface & m>g9s ( ! body m hairy2 ea* w+ is d>kly cl\d$1 ) ! base light1 & ! tip :ite4 ,bo? ^! species are n uncommon 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,acreotri*us gibbicornis is a beautiful little black fly ) br[n eyes2 n mu* ov] ( an in* long2 ! elongate ant5nae & head are clo!d ) tufts ( black & :ite d[n2 ! re/ ( ! body is envelop$ 9 long silv]y :ite d[n4 ,a4 fuscicornis is ( a ri* violet black t9t1 a yell[ l9e r\nd ! h9d m>g9 ( ! head1 & a broad] b& r\nd ! dorsal m>g9 ( ! ?orax ( a simil> col\r2 ! broad r\nd$ abdom5 is lightly b&$ ) pubesc5ce4 ,^! flies 7 tak5 9 numb]s hov]+ ov] ! fl[]s ( plum-trees 9 an or*>d ne> ,sydney4 ,family #i4 ,bladd] ,flies4 ,,acroc]idae4 ,^! are v curi\s look+ flies ) su* v small r\nd heads1 t at fir/ sight "o w\ld ?9k t !y 7 brok5 (f2 b on clos] exam9ation ! little knobs 9 front w be f\nd to consi/ ( two l>ge eyes jo9+ toge!r on ! inn] edge1 ) small1 #b or #c jo9t$ ant5nae4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! l>val habits ( our species1 b 9 ,europe !y are p>asitic on spid]s or _! cocoons4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,pt]odontia h ! body inflat$ l a bladd]2 we h sev]al species 9 ,au/ralia1 g5]ally f\nd re/+ on twigs or tree trunks4 ,pt]odontia mellii measures "u an in* 9 l5g?2 ! ?orax & body are swoll5 out l a bladd]2 x is ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) a m>k on ! back1 ! =e legs1 & a l>ge blot* on ei!r side ( ! body bright o*re\s yell[2 b ! d>k portions are ?ickly clo!d ) f9e black d[ny hairs l a bumble bee4 ,! w+s on acc\nt ( ! swoll5 body look mu* small] ?an !y really are4 ,i h specim5s f ,que5sl&1 & ,hunt] ,riv] ,n4,s4,w41 & !y probably h a wide range4 ,panops flavipes is a v curi\s look+ fly f ,moruya1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 measur+ ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 x is ( a g5]al d>k bronzy black t9t ?ickly clo!d ) f9e d[n1 silv]y on ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,! head is v small1 black & %9+1 ) ! ?ick5$ cyl9drical ant5nae /&+ out 9 front2 ! ?orax1 swoll5 out beh9d ! head1 has a l>ge angul> :ite pat* on ei!r side2 ! abdom5 n q z ?ick z ! ?orax is deeply corrugat$4 ,! w+s h ! front half deeply cl\d$ & ! h9d portion transp>5t4 ,acrodes fumatus is a mu* small] species ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! head & ?orax are black2 ! bladd] %ap$ abdom5 is tawny yell[1 ) p>allel /ripes ( black d[n ! c5tre & sides1 & transv]se :ite b>s at ! apex ( ea* segm5t4 ,!y 7 collect$ 9 numb]s ab\t ,cook's ,riv]1 ne> ,sydney4 ,family #aj4 ,mydas ,flies4 ,,mydaidae4 ,^! might be call$ 8mimic flies10 because1 ) _! l>ge ?ick5$ ant5nae 7(t5 swoll5 out into a compress$ club at ! tips71 _! broad heads1 elongat$ bodies1 & bright v>iegat$ black & yell[ m>k+s1 !y c be v easily mi/ak5 at fir/ sight = ,pompilid wasps4 ,! mimicry is fur!r emphasis$ by ! ?ick5$ sp9$ legs1 & col\r$ w+s4 ,we h a numb] ( species 9 ,au/ralia2 !y are alli$ to ! 8,robb]-flies0 :i* "s ( !m resemble4 ,! l>vae ( =eign species are pr$ace\s1 fe$+ ^u ! grubs ( v>i\s wood-bor+ beetles4 ,mydas fulvip5nis has ! great] "p ( ! head1 ?orax1 "u surface ( ! abdom51 & ?ighs black2 ) ! face1 ant5nae1 legs1 w+s & re/ ( ! abdom5 except two indi/9ct n>r[ b>s1 bright r$di% yell[4 ,x measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ( ! usual elongate robu/ =m ) long clubb$ ant5nae & ?ick5$ legs4 ,my specim5s come f ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4--,,dipt]a4 ,family ,,muscidae4 #a4 ,*aetoga/] violacea 7,macq474 ,family ,,tabanidae4 #b4 ,pangonia guttata 7,donov474 #f4 ,pangonia auriflus 7,donov474 #ad4 ,tabanus ab/]sus 7,walk474 #g4 ,lamproga/] laeta 7,gur974 ,family ,,asilidae4 #c4 ,asilis gr&is 7,macq474 #h4 ,crasp$ia cori>ia 7,wi$474 #ab4 ,phellus glaucus 7,walk474 #ac4 ,bleph>otes spl5dissima 7,wi$474 ,family ,,diopsidae4 #d4 ,zygotri*a sp4 ,family ,,bombylidae4 #e4 ,comptosia albo-fasciata 7,?omp474 #aa4 ,tri*oph?alma eques 7,s*474 ,family ,,dexiidae4 #i4 ,rutilia decora 7,gur974 #aj4 ,amphibolia fulvipes 7,gur974 7,orig9al photo4 ,burton47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4--,,dipt]a4 ,family #aa4 ,robb]-flies4 ,,asilidae4 ,?is gr\p is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by "s v l>ge h&some robb]-flies :i* attack & kill _m insects l>g] ?an !mselves1 transfix+ !m ) _! horny bayonet-l proboscis4 ,! l>ge project+ eyes =m+ ! great] "p ( ! head are well sep>at$ f ! ?orax2 ! ?ree jo9t$ ant5nae /& out at an angle f ea* o!r2 ! legs are long1 /\t1 & cov]$ ) /iff hairs well adapt$ = hold+ _! prey2 !y h m or less cl\d$ w+s2 & a sl5d]1 r cyl9drical body tap]s to a blunt tip 9 ! female1 b 9 ! male t]m9ates 9 a pair ( p9c]-l processes4 ,x is an ext5sive family1 ov] #c1jjj species be+ describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w2 !y are v num]\s 9 ,am]ica1 :]e "o is a v s]i\s pe/ to honey bees4 ,_! l>vae live 9 ! gr\nd & are pr$ace\s1 fe$+ ^u ! l>vae ( o!r insects1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( beetles4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,dasypogon are small delicate flies t cl+ to grass /alks1 & are easily tak5 ) a sweep+ net2 !y h ! typical =m ( ! family1 & _! sl5d] bodies tap] to a po9t4 ,laphria div]sipes is a common insect ab\t ,sydney (t5 tak5 on f5ces2 x is slightly ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 its g5]al col\r is black1 ) /\t r$di% br[n legs v>iegat$ ) black4 ,! head is clo!d ) /iff grey hairs1 ! upp] surface mottl$ ) gold5 pubesc5ce1 & scatt]$ black hairs4 ,laphria rufifemorata is a some:at l>ge insect f ,que5sl&1 ) ! abdom5 ( a deep metallic blue4 ,leptoga/] g5iculatus is a rem>kably sl5d] bodi$ fly1 ab\t ! same l5g?1 f\nd ab\t ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w4 ,! head is %ort b wide across2 ! ?orax is oval1 & ! l9e> abdom5 swells out slightly to ! apex2 ! legs are long & sl5d]1 ! h9d pair ) ! ?ighs swoll5 9 ! c5tre4 ,! g5]al col\r is %9+ black ) ! legs m>k$ ) :ite4 ,! typical ,g5us ,asilis conta9s "s h&some flies g5]ally met ) 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry3 ,asilis +lorius1 ov] #a in* 9 l5g?1 has l>ge black eyes2 ! front ( ! head is clo!d ) grey bri/les2 ! ?orax is olive gre51 m>bl$ ) grey pubesc5ce1 ?icke/ on ! v5tral surface2 ! legs are r$1 ! t>si black2 & ! w+s are cl\d$ ) yell[2 ! abdom5 is mu* elongat$ to ! po9t$ tip1 r$di% br[n1 ! fir/ #c segm5ts ?ickly clo!d ) long1 pale1 gold51 d[ny hairs1 & ) ! t]m9al segm5ts cov]$ ) v %ort r$di% br[n hairs4 ,a4 plicatus is slightly l>g]1 ( a g5]al greyi% br[n t9t1 ) pale r$di% br[n m>k+s on ! ?orax2 ! legs are d>k] br[n2 ! abdom5 is lightly clo!d ) f9e scatt]$ grey hairs4 ,a4 fulvit>sus is a mu* small] species ( a some:at uni=m buff t9t1 incl9$ to a gold5 t9t on ! l[] portion ( ! abdom52 ! face is clo!d ) grey & buff hairs1 & ! w+s are light br[n4 ,bleph>otes spl5didissma is a v h&some fly ) ! abdom5 flatt5$1 broad1 & almo/ he>t %ap$2 x measures ne>ly #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & #b across ! outspread w+s4 ,x is ( a g5]al black col\r ) ! abdom5 ( a %9+ bronzy gre5 t9t2 ! face is clo!d ) yell[ bri/les2 ! ?orax has grey pubesc5ce on ! sides1 & ! out] m>g9s & tip ( abdom5 are fr+$ ) tufts ( yell[ & black d[ny hairs4 ,i h frequ5tly captur$ x fly+ ab\t 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,sydney1 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,phellus glaucus is a v curi\s fly f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia2 x measures ne>ly #b in*es f ! front ( ! head to ! tip ( ! w+s2 a great tuft ( bright yell[ hairs /& out 9 front ( ! head2 x is ?ickly clo!d on ! "u-surface ( ! head ) pale yell[ hairs2 ! legs are v /\t & hairy1 & clo!d ) black d[n m>k$ ) :ite & l>ge yell[ tufts on ! h9d legs4 ,! abdom5 is ?ick5$1 elongat$ & broadly r\nd$ to ! tip1 ( a uni=m deep metallic blue t9t1 b s ?ickly clo!d ) %ort black d[n t its ri* col\r is some:at obscur$4 ,crasp$ia cori>ia is "o ( our l>ge/ robb]-flies1 widely di/ribut$ all ov] ! int]ior ( ! cont95t2 its m\? is produc$ into a /\t po9t$ awl-l process1 ) :i* x c pi]ce ! integum5t ( ! /\te/ insect1 & x c be (t5 se5 fly+ along ) its beak buri$ 9 ! back ( a l>ge cock*af] beetle 7,anoplogna?us71 & ) its l>ge legs clasp+ its victim z x sucks up its blood4 ,its g5]al col\r is black1 ) ! broad1 flatt5$1 m elongate abdom5 ?ickly clo!d ) %ort brick-r$ hairs2 ! legs & "u surface are v hairy1 ) tufts ( /iff black hairs fr++ ! out] edges ( ! abdom9al segm5ts4 ,! w+s are opaque & almo/ black1 ) an expanse ( ab\t #c in*es4 ,s>opogon pr9ceps1 describ$ by ,macqu>t1 has a l>ge r$di% br[n wasp-l =m t at fir/ sight might be easily mi/ak5 = a ,pompilid wasp4 ,x measures #a in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a w+ expanse ( ab\t #c in*es4 ,! head1 "u-surface1 c5tre ( ! ?orax above1 ! basal segm5t1 & two b&s on ! abdom5 are black2 ! re/ is dull r$1 ) ! h9d m>g9 ( ! w+s hyal9e4 ,i h a specim5 f ,mittagong ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,bra*yrhopala ruficornis comes f ,mackay1 ,que5sl&1 & has a v wasp-l appe>ance bo? 9 ! col\ration & %ape ( ! body4 ,x is "u an in* 9 l5g? ) ! typical robb]-fly head & sp9y legs1 b ! abdom5 is contract$ into a cyl9drical wai/ beh9d ! ?orax1 r\nd$ 9 ! c5tre1 & tap]$ to ! tip4 ,! head & ?orax are almo/ black2 ! h9d m>g9 ( ! latt] & legs are dull r$2 ! abdom5 is dull yell[ ) ! basal segm5ts m>k$ ) blacki% br[n1 =m+ two almo/ conflu5t b&s r\nd ! broad c5tre4 ,family #ab4 ,false ,robb]-flies4 ,,apioc]idae4 ,^! flies are ( m$ium size n unlike ,muscidae1 ) l>ge elongat$ bodies1 %ort ant5nae1 & cle> w+s4 ,?is is a small family conta9+ two g5]a1 ! species ( :i* are peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,*ili1 & ,au/ralia4 ,apioc]a bigotii1 describ$ by ,macqu>t1 is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x has a %ort head n s wide z ! ?orax1 ) a long project+ proboscis2 ! elongate broadly r\nd$ ?orax is truncat$ beh9d2 ! abdom5 is broade/ 9 front1 r\nd$1 & tap]s to ! tip1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a tuft ( f9e sp9es4 ,! w+s are some:at iridesc5t ) r$di% ve9s2 ! g5]al col\r ( ! fly is a dull br[n1 ) :ite hairs & silv]y pubesc5ce clo?+ ! h9d portion ( ! head & "u-surface ( ! ?orax1 & also mottl+ ! dorsal surface ( ! body ) grey4 ,"s specim5s 9 my possession come f ! ,%oalhav5 di/rict4 ,apioc]a asilica describ$ by ,we/wood is a l>g] mu* d>k] insect1 ) black hairs on ! upp] surface & grey on ! "u surface2 x ranges f ,que5sl& to ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #ac4 ,big-ey$ ,flies4 ,,pipunculidae4 ,^! are t9y little creatures ) v l>ge heads consi/+ almo/ entirely ( two great hemisph]ical eyes4 ,! %ort ant5na t]m9ates 9 a bri/le4 ,ab\t #hj species _h be5 describ$1 *iefly f ,europe1 until ,p]k9s publi%$ ! descriptions ( #bf species f ,au/ralia 7,leaf ,hopp]s & _! natural enemies ,pt4 iv4 ,pipunculidae7 ,hawaii #aije4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! habits 9 ! l>val /ate1 be+ p>asitic ^u ! l>vae & pupae ( frog-hopp]s1 *iefly ,jassidae1 p>ticul>ly ^? ,homopt]a t h ! tip ( ! abdom5 clo!d ) waxy filam5ts4 ,:5 full gr[n ! dipt]\s l>vae leave _! ho/ & bury !mselves 9 ! soil1 :]e !y pupate4 ,mr4 ,koebele all[$ me to exam9e ! collection he made ( ^! little flies be=e !y 7 describ$ by ,mr4 ,p]k9s4 ,_m ( ^! he re>$ f infe/$ frog-hopp]s 9 ,que5sl& :5 /udy+ sug>-cane pe/s4 ,pipunculus helluo 0 obs]v$ sw>m+ r\nd ! l>vae ( ,siphanta1 :i* 7 abundant on fig trees ne> ,bundab]g ,que5sl&2 ?is species 0 also tak5 by ,koebele ne> ,sydney4 ,p4 c9]asc5s is rem>kable 9 ! l>val =m1 z x does n fall to ! gr\nd & pupate 9 ! soil1 b =ms its pup>ium ^u ! surface ( ! liv+ leaves 9 ! op54 ,p4 cruciator comes f ! di/rict ( ,cairns1 ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,family #ad4 ,hov] ,flies4 ,,syrphidae4 ,sev]al species are well kn[n & common 9 g>d5s1 :]e !y are popul>ly kn[n "u ! "n ( 8,bee0 or 8,hov] ,flies0 f a way !y h ( pois+1 app>5tly motionless1 ov] fl[]s & aphid-infe/$ bu%es1 = ! movem5t ( _! w+s is s rapid z sc>cely to be detect$4 ,! p]fect flies1 :i* among ! c>nivor\s species h sl5d] bodies m or less b>r$ or b&$ ) yell[1 lay _! eggs ^u aphis-infe/$ plants2 ! "y l>vae em]g+ f ! :ite eggs fe$ exclusively ^u aphids & plant lice2 ! full-gr[n l>va is legless1 v elongate 9 =m1 & has great p[]s = ext5d+ & contract+ its abdom9al segm5ts1 s t ! body1 f a r\nd$ mass1 c ext5d into a long & sl5d] =m4 ,! full-gr[n l>va pupates 9 an oval h>d *rysalid :i* usually falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! typical ,g5us ,syrphus is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by sev]al f9e species1 all ( :i* are aphid eat]s1 & fly ab\t 9 ! bright sun%9e b %elt] among ! foliage at o!r times2 :5ev] aphis appe> ! syrphid flies soon foll[1 & ,i h se5 !m r\nd ! aphid-infe/$ bri> bu%es 9 c\ntless ?\s&s4 ,syrphus pusillus1 figur$ 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd "u ! "n ( ,syrphus viridiceps1 is our commone/ species f\nd ^u aphis-infe/$ rose bu%es1 or*>d trees1 & :eat fields4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 has l>ge r$di% eyes1 yell[ face1 & dull metallic gre5 ?orax ) yell[ scutellum2 ! d>k] abdom5 is b&$ ) ?ree int]rupt$ transv]se yell[ b&s1 & small] m>ks on ! apical segm5ts4 ,s4 viridiceps is a m sl5d] =m1 ) a gre5 face2 ! :ole ( ! ?orax is %9+ lead col\r1 ) f9e yell[ b&s on ! abdom52 ! legs are d>k1 & ! :ole fly is lightly clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,bo? ^! species may be tak5 on ! same bu%1 & bo? h a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,syrphus viridiceps 7,macqu>t74 ,a common ,hov]-fly t de/roys rose & pea* aphis4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,drone or ,bee ,fly1 ,eri/alis t5ax1 is ano!r common g>d5 fly ) a v wide range1 & is an introduc$ ,european species4 ,x measures ov] an in* 9 l5g? & is broad 9 proportion2 ! head & ?orax are clo!d ) yell[i% br[n d[n1 & ! smoo? %9+ abdom5 is mottl$ ) black & br[n4 ,! l>vae are dirty :ite maggots ) sl5d] rat-tails at ! tip ( ! body1 & !y live 9 all k9ds ( rott5 or semi-liquid refuse4 ,helophilus b5gal5sis is a small]1 robu/ fly ) r\nd$ eyes2 ! ?orax is ri*ly b>r$ ) p>allel grey l9es on ! dorsal surface2 & !re are two l>ge lunate yell[ spots at ! basal portion ( ! abdom54 ,! l[] "p ( ! abdom5 tap]s to a r\nd$ tip & is clo!d ) yell[ d[n4 ,?is fly 0 orig9ally describ$ f ,b5gal by ,wi$emann2 ,s*9] has report$ x f ,batavia2 my specim5s come f ,que5sl&4 ,h4 griseus 0 describ$ & its life hi/ory giv5 9 my 8,entomology ( ! ,grass-trees0 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif7 "u ! "n ( ,or?oprosopa nigra4 ,! l>vae1 elongate 9 =m1 ) a %ort anal tubul> tail1 sw>m 9 great numb]s betwe5 ! out] %ell & ! caudex ( ! dead rott+ trunk ( ! grass-trees among ! slime & wat]4 ,!y pupate 9 ! damp e>? 9 captivity1 =m+ a light br[n oval case ) ! rema9s ( ! l>val tail %ort5$ & retract$4 ,?is h&some black fly1 ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 has ! face & ant5nae bright yell[2 ! dorsal surface clo!d ) f9e black pubesc5ce2 ! scutellum smoo? & %9+2 ! sides fr+$ ) scatt]$ grey hairs2 & ! w+s cl\d$4 ,!re is a second species f\nd 9 simil> situations2 ! l>vae h ! typical sl5d] rat-tails1 & :5 !y pupate trans=m ! tail into a curv$ tubul> process at ! extremity ( ! *rysalis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--;,eri/alis t5ax 7,l9n474 ,! ,drone or ,bee-fly2 usually f\nd ^u fl[]s4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,sphiximorpha au/ralis1 f ,s\!rn ,que5sl&1 is a v curi\s broad ?ickset black & yell[ fly1 ) spatulate tipp$ ant5nae /&+ out 9 front ( ! two l>ge eyes2 ! head is slightly l>g] ?an ! ?orax1 :i* is /\t & ?ick5$2 & ! broad abdom5 is r\nd$ at ! extremity4 ,! g5]al col\r is black1 ) ! face1 ?ree spots on ! sides ( ! ?orax1 scutellum1 apical portion ( legs1 & two b&s on ! abdom5 ri* yell[4 ,! w+s are cle>1 except a d>k /ripe along ! front m>g94 ,?is curi\s fly has a /rik+ resemblance to "s ( ! yell[ b&$ mud-ne/ wasps 7,odyn]us & ,ala/or71 b ! reason = _! bright col\ration & abnormal %ape is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,family #ae4 ,wasp-flies4 ,,conopidae4 ,^! are h&some flies ( mod]ate size1 _m ( :i* are v wasp-l 9 ! %ape ( ! abdom5 & 9 g5]al col\ration2 !y h ! proboscis prolong$ b usually drawn up & hidd52 ! #c-;jo9t$ ant5nae ins]t$ 9 front ( ! head are close toge!r at ! base1 ) ! fir/ jo9t v %ort4 ,com/ock says t ! l>va ( ,conops is a s(t :iti% #aa-;jo9t$ flask-%ap$ grub1 ) a long neck & m\? arm$ ) lips & hooks 7m&ibles7 & two lat]al elevat$ plates support+ ! two spiracles4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,la*at & ,aud\9 liv+ 9 ! body ( a ,bombus4 ,mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ?is family are f\nd z p>asites ^u diff]5t bees & wasps2 ! flies deposit _! eggs ^u ! p]fect insects2 ! l>va bores into ! abdom51 fe$s ^u ! cont5ts1 & f9ally pupates 9 ! %ell ( ! body4 ,!y are consid]$ by mo/ writ]s to be alli$ to ! ,syrphidae4 ,?is is a small family 9 reg>d to numb]s ( species1 b !y are widely di/ribut$3 ,van d] ,wulp li/s #ad species ( ! ,g5us ,conops f ,s\? ,asia1 includ+ ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago 7,cat4 ,describ$ ,dipt]a #ahif71 & o!rs h s9ce be5 describ$4 ,conops pica1 describ$ by ,macqu>t f ,au/ralia1 is f\nd 9 ! ,mittagong di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,x is slightly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 has l>ge lance-tipp$ ant5nae /&+ out 9 front2 a l>ge head2 ! abdom5 v sl5d] at ! base swell+ out to a broadly r\nd$ tip1 giv+ x a /rik+ resemblance to ! small 8mud-ne/ wasps40 ,?is resemblance is fur!r borne out by its g5]al d>k br[n col\r m>k$ & b&$ ) yell[1 :i* ^u ! abdom5 =ms two broad b&s1 a spot on ! sides1 & a l>ge r\nd$ blot* on ! extreme tip2 ! legs are b&$1 & ! w+s are /rip$ 9 front ) br[n4 ,family #af4 ,fruit ,flies1 ,leaf ,m9+ ,flies1 c4 ,,muscidae ,,acalyptrata4 ,"u ?is head+ ,%>p places a l>ge division ( closely relat$ flies compris+ #bi families1 :i* he treats 9 a v brief mann]2 we h a l>ge numb] ( int]e/+ species 9 "s ( ^! families t are wor?y ( notice1 = "s ( !m are v s]i\s pe/s to ! g>d5] & or*>di/4 ,%>p says3 8,tak5 collectively1 !y may be def9$ z small flies ) #c-;jo9t$ ant5nae 7frequ5tly look+ z if only #b-;jo9t$7 be>+ a bri/le t is n t]m9ally plac$2 frequ5tly ei!r de/itute ( squamae or hairy1 ^! imp]fectly develop$ s z n to cov] ! halt]es2 & possess+ a comp>atively simple sy/em ( neuration1 ! *ief n]vures be+ /raight1 s t consequ5tly few cells are =m$40 ,! ,,diopsidae comprise 9 ! typical ,g5us ,diopsis "s v curi\s look+ flies1 r sl5d] 9 =m1 ) n>r[ w+s1 & ! sides ( ! head produc$ into an elongate /alk1 at ! tip ( :i* is plac$ ! r\nd$ eye1 rem9d+ "o ( ! /alk-ey$ crabs4 ,we/wood monograph$ ?is g5us 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9nean ,society #ahce1 :]e he figur$ & describ$ #ba species f ,africa1 ,india & ,java4 ,i h two v f9e species f ,nor? ,que5sl&1 belong+ to ! ,g5us ,zygotri*a1 & a numb] ( alli$ =ms plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,a*ias by ,van d] ,wulp 7,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,dipt]a f ,s\? ,asia #ahif7 record$ f ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! ,/alk-ey$ fly1 ,zygotri*a sp41 measures ne>ly an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! eyes measur+ ov] ( an in* f tip to tip2 its g5]al col\r is yell[i% br[n1 ! face bright yell[2 eyes black2 ?orax f9ely /rip$ ) grey2 w+s mottl$2 ! curi\s angulat$ abdom5 %9+ ) metallic t9ts1 & tipp$ ) /\t hairs4 ,! cosmopolitan 8,skipp]0 9 *eese1 is ! l>va ( ,piophila casei2 x pupates 9 a sl5d] d>k *rysalid2 ! small sl5d] d>k fly sw>ms r\nd ov]-ripe *eese1 fat1 & o!r dri$ foods4 ,! little 8,fruit ,flies0 belong+ to ! ,,drosophilidae1 sometimes also kn[n z 8w9e flies0 f _! habit ( sw>m+ r\nd ! fre%ly-fill$ w9e casks1 lay _! eggs 9 decay+ vegetable matt]2 !y are (t5 attract$ to ov]-ripe fruit1 & by _! pres5ce sometimes cause x to decay2 !y are common all ov] ! _w4 ,! maggots sometimes f\nd among pickles 9 v9eg> & br9e belong to flies ( ?is gr\p4 ,drosophila obscura1 a t9y light br[n fly ) a d>k col\r$ head1 bre$s 9 damag$ tomatoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,dacus 7,tephritis7 tryoni 7,froggatt74 ,! ,que5sl& ,fruit ,fly4 #a4 ,%[+ ! jaws ( ! l>va2 #b4 adult fly enl>g$2 #c4 l>va2 #d4 *rysalid2 #e4 tip ( ! abdom5 %[+ ! brea?+ orifices2 #f4 fly natural size4 ,! ,,trypetidae comprise ! true 8fruit flies10 _m ( !m v h&some little creatures2 "s ( !m =m regul> galls 9 ! twigs ( plants2 o!rs ) _! ne$le-l ovipositors puncture ! rip5+ fruit1 deposit+ _! eggs b5ea? ! sk92 ! maggots cause ! fruit to rot1 (t5 be=e x c be ga!r$1 & ?us d a great deal ( damage 9 ,au/ralian or*>ds4 ,! ,que5sl& ,fruit-fly1 ,dacus 7,tephritis7 tryoni1 ranges f ,que5sl& 7:]e x probably orig9ally infe/$ native bu% fruits7 into ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & is n[ a s]i\s or*>d pe/ 9 bo? ,/ates4 ,x is a dull br[n insect m>k$ ) yell[1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge h\se fly1 ) a r wasp-%ap$ body1 & l>ge transp>5t w+s4 ,i h describ$ sev]al o!r alli$ species com+ into ,au/ralia f ! ,isl&s 9 damag$ fruit1 8,notes on ,fruit-maggot ,flies ) ,descriptions ( ,new ,species0 7,agr4 ,gazette ,n4,s4 ,wales #ahii74 ,dacus 7,tephritis7 psidii 0 br$ out ( guavas import$ f ,new ,cal$onia2 x is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is dull yell[1 ) ! ?orax di/9ctly /rip$1 & ! abdom5 black2 ! transp>5t w+s are ?ickly mottl$ ) br[n4 ,tryon says t x is a common fruit-fly pe/ 9 ,que5sl&1 damag+ bananas & o!r fruits4 ,trypeta musae 0 obta9$ f bananas br\ght f ! ,new ,hebrides3 x is a slightly l>g] fly1 ) ! head & ?orax dull yell[2 x has no di/9ct dorsal /ripe on ! ?orax1 & ! w+s are v ?ickly mottl$4 ,t4 bicolor is a l>g] native species ) r$di% br[n head & ?orax2 ) black body2 ) beautifully mottl$ black w+s hav+ ! base & sides uncl\d$4 ,i h tak5 x on ! trunks ( wattle trees ne> ,ba?ur/1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! 8,m$it]ranean ,fruit ,fly10 ,c]atitis 7,halt]ophora7 capitata1 fir/ record$ f oranges br\ght f ! ,azores to ,london1 0 describ$ by ,macleay 9 #ahbf2 x has a wide range1 & 0 introduc$ into ,new ,s\? ,wales "s ye>s ago2 x is n[ "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s pe/s t or*>di/s h to fight4 ,x is a small] m ?ickset fly ?an ! ,que5sl& pe/1 ) ! ?orax d>k metallic br[n1 & ! w+s ri*ly v>iegat$4 ,! male is rem>kable 9 hav+ a pair ( spatulate hairs1 l a second pair ( ant5nae1 spr++ out 9 front betwe5 ! eyes4 ,trypeta po5ia is a t9y little fly ) a grey pubesc5ce ov] ! ?orax & abdom52 ! ?orax is f9ely mottl$1 & ! delicate w+s are v f9ely b ?ickly m>k$ ) d>k br[n2 ,i h tak5 ?is species :5 beat+ ! l[ scrub 9 ! we/]n c\ntry r\nd ,condobol91 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,lon*aea spl5dida is a v brilliant metallic gre5 fly ) pale smoky w+s2 x is small] ?an a h\se fly1 ) a mu* m elongat$ body2 its l>vae infe/ decay+ tomatoes1 potatoes1 egg-fruit & o!r solanums2 x has a wide range f ! ,pacific ,isl&s & ,new ,zeal&1 ov] ,au/ralia4 ,! family ,,ortalidae is repres5t$ "h by a v h&some species1 ,ortalis co]ulea2 x is ab\t ! size ( a h\se fly1 ) deep metallic blue ?orax & b&$ black abdom52 ! transp>5t w+ is cl\d$ ) black at ! base & ! tip1 & has a black ,v-%ap$ b& 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is v common 9 summ] usually re/+ on ! foliage ( ! grass-trees1 & c be easily captur$ ) a net4 ,lamproga/] laeta is ano!r f9e species1 ) a wide range f ,victoria to ,que5sl&4 ,x measures ne>ly an in* f ! front ( ! head to ! tip ( ! body2 ! l>ge semitransp>5t w+s are blot*$ along ! front ) black4 ,! dorsal surface & curi\s angul> abdom5 are deep metallic blue2 ! legs & "u-surface r$di% br[n4 ,i h usually f\nd x on ! highl&s1 & x is common on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w4 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,! ,,agromyzidae are small yell[ flies1 sometimes m>k$ ) gre52 !y puncture ! tissue ( plants & cause excresc5ces & galls ^u ! foliage & fl[] buds4 ,"o t9y species1 ,agromyza sp41 attacks ! midrib ( ! leaves ( ! 8,blood-wood0 7,eucalyptus corymbosa71 common ab\t ,sydney2 produc+ s(t yell[ spongy excresc5ces abort+ all ! "y foliage4 ,a4 phaseoli is a great pe/ to ! gr[]s ( fr5* beans 9 ! ,gos=d di/rict ,n4,s4,w42 ! fly ins]ts h] eggs 9 ! /em ( ! "y plant j above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is a t9y black fly1 ) blui% t9ts on ! body4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,coquillett 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahii7 f specim5s ,i s5t to him = id5tification4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,agromyza phaseoli 7,coquillett74 ,! ,fr5*-bean fly1 ! l>va ( :i* fe$s on ! /ems4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,phytomyza aff9is 7,fall574 ,an introduc$ ,leaf-m9+ fly1 & a common g>d5 pe/4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,,phytomyzidae are small d>k col\r$ flies1 ^: l>vae are leaf m9]s2 & sev]al species are well kn[n pe/s to ! g>d5]4 ,phytomyza aff9is bre$s 9 ! w9t] 9 ! leaves ( ! s[ ?i/le2 ! next g5]ation sw>m on ! m>gu]ites1 sunfl[]s & _m o!rs ( ! ,compositae1 !reby caus+ !m to )] & fall4 ,! ,,sapromyzidae conta9 a great numb] ( small flies :i* are g5]ally met ) re/+ among ! foliage :5 sweep+ or beat+ ! scrub 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,!y seldom h ! w+s spott$1 & ! abdom5 is broad] ?an t ( ! =m] gr\p4 ,! l>vae fe$ "u ! b>k ( trees1 or among decay+ vegetation4 ,sapromyza fuscicornis is ( a uni=m pale br[ni% yell[1 ) d>k eyes1 & ) scatt]$ /\t bri/les on ! ?orax2 x is a l>ge species ov] ( an in* 9 l5g? to ! tip ( ! clos$ w+s4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,s4 decora is a v mu* small] d>k br[n fly1 ) a f9e :ite /ripe on ea* side ( ! ?orax ext5d+ across ! sides ( ! head above ! eyes4 ,x is common 9 summ] 9 ! or*>ds among ! orange trees4 ,9 ! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,celyphus ! scutellum is s abnormally inflat$ t x cov]s all ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! body1 s t ^! t9y %9+ black creatures are q unlike ! typical ,dipt]a4 ,a d>k br[n fly ab\t ! size ( a h\se fly t has be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,batra*omyia nigrit>sis by ,skuse1 is a p>asite 9 ! l>val /ate on ! back ( sev]al ( our common frogs1 :]e fe$+ "u ! sk9 x =ms a regul> bli/]2 :5 full gr[n ! l>va makes its way ?r\gh ! sk91 & pupates 9 ! damp soil4 ,! ,,scatophagidae are sl5d]1 elongate1 m$ium siz$ flies t c be br$ out ( dung or decay+ vegetable matt]1 & are f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,scatophaga gu]9i measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x is ( a dull greyi% br[n t9t1 m>k$ on ! head & ?orax ) p>allel :iti% b>s1 ?ickly clo!d on ! /\t legs ) f9e hairs2 & ! long w+s are fold$ ov] ! back :5 at re/4 ,x has a wide range2 ,i h x f ,sydney1 & h br$ x f ! cyl9drical :ite maggots 9 8toad-/ools0 collect$ on ! banks ( ! ,d>l+ ,riv]1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! ,g5us ,n]ius 7plac$ by ,van d] ,wulp 9 ! ,sub-family ,,calobat9ae1 foll[+ ! ,,sciomyz9ae7 is repres5t$ by two f9e species common 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,!y are v sl5d]1 long-legg$ flies1 ) long1 /raight-ve9$ w+s1 r\nd$ at ! extremities1 & fold$ ov] ! n>r[ po9t$ abdom52 ! head1 :i* has a di/9ct neck1 might be describ$ z pe>-%ap$1 ) %ort1 /\t1 lance-%ap$ ant5nae /&+ out 9 front1 & elongate flatt5$ eyes ) a dorsal depression betwe5 !m2 ! abdom5 is elongate1 oval2 & bo? species1 ab\t ! same size1 measure an in* 9 l5g?4 ,n]ius in]mis1 8! ,banana-/alk ,fly10 is ( a uni=m dull br[n col\r1 ) ! dorsal surface ( ! head & ?orax /rip$ ) :ite1 & ! :ole ( ! "u surface & ?ighs 7except a br[n comma-l m>k on ! sides7 :ite4 ,! sl5d] :ite maggots fe$ 9 ! ends ( ! decay+ /alks ( ! bun*es ( ,que5sl& bananas1 =m+ elongate r$di% br[n *rysalids :5 !y pupate2 !y are easily br$ out 9 captivity4 ,?is species 0 orig9ally describ$ f ! ,nicob> ,isl&s by ,s*9]2 & has also be5 record$ f ,celebes & ,aroe4 ,n4 l9eolatus1 describ$ by ,wi$emann f ,java1 is common 9 ,nor? ,que5sl&2 x diff]s f ! la/ species 9 hav+ ! dorsal surface m ?ickly & brightly /rip$ ) :ite1 & ! legs be+ b>r$ ) :ite4 ,family #ag4 ,an?omyia ,flies4 ,,an?omyidae4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance !y are v l ! h\se fly1 ( small size & indef9ite col\r2 !y diff] 9 ! /ructure ( ! w+s1 & ! eyes ( ! male are g5]ally l>ge & 9 contact2 ! ant5nae are b>e or fea!r$4 ,9 _! l>val habits !y v>y v mu*3 "s are simply scav5g]s2 o!rs fe$ on liv+ vegetation1 & l ! onion & cabbage flies are s]i\s pe/s2 & a few are p>asitic4 ,! family is a l>ge "o1 & species are f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! common blui% fly re/+ on ! decay+ we$1 & fly+ along 9 front :5 "o is walk+ along ! sea %ore1 belongs to ! ,g5us ,lispe2 x looks l a h\se fly ) longi% legs & a pale t9t4 ,ophyra analis is a v common inl& fly1 & may be f\nd sw>m+ r\nd dead %eep1 or br$ f pupae f\nd "u c>rion ly+ 9 ! bu%4 ,x is a %9+ blue black fly ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y h\se fly1 & is lightly clo!d ) bri/les on ! sides ( ! ?orax2 x has a some:at he>t-%ap$ body1 & cle> w+s4 ,a second species1 ,o4 nigra1 orig9ally describ$ by ,wi$emann f ,*9a1 is f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 & is also record$ by ,walk] f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x may be f\nd sw>m+ ab\t dead %eep 9 summ]4 ,phoania p]sonata might be tak5 = a l>ge h\se fly f ! regul> /ripes on ! ?orax1 b x is m ?ickly clo!d ) bri/les1 & ! abdom5 has a deep metallic blue t9t4 ,i h br$ numb]s f l>vae pupat+ 9 rott+ oranges pil$ on ! gr\nd4 ,limnophora ruficoxis is a some:at small] fly ) ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax & abdom5 clo!d ) a dull buff pubesc5ce2 & ! scutellum is smoo? & %9+4 ,i h specim5s f ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w41 & ,gatton1 ,que5sl&4 ,family #ah4 ,p>asite ,flies4 ,,ta*9idae4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ useful gr\ps ( flies to ! agriculturi/1 = ne>ly all ! memb]s deposit _! eggs ^u ! liv+ l>vae ( o!r insects su* z ! plant-de/roy+ cut-worms1 _m diff]5t mo?s1 & ! grubs ( our l>ge saw-flies1 & immature gras%opp]s4 ,?is is a family ( consid]able ext5t1 = ov] #a1jjj species h be5 describ$ f ,am]ica alone1 & 9 ,van d] ,wulp's ,catalogue #ahg species are li/$ f ,s\? ,asia1 b v little has be5 done 9 work+ up ! ,au/ralian species4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance !y are n unlike l>ge h\se flies1 b m bri/ly2 ! bri/le ( ! ?ird ant5nal jo9t is b>e2 ! po/]ior cell ( ! w+ almo/ or q clos$1 & ! l>ge squamae cov] ! halt]es4 ,!y atta* _! :ite eggs to ! surface ( ! cat]pill> ) a gummy secretion1 & x is q common 9 summ] "t to f9d cat]pill>s ?us infe/$1 ! p]fect flies g5]ally em]g+ f ! pupal %ell ( _! victim4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,w9!mia are r l>ge flies1 p>asitic ^u ! l>vae ( diff]5t mo?s2 sev]al ,am]ican species are great *ecks ^u ! increase ( ! 8,army worm0 7,leucania unipuncta74 ,w9!mia lata measures slightly "u an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ?ickset 9 proportion2 x has a silv]y face1 ) ! br[ni% ?orax cov]$ ) %ort /\t bri/les on ! sides2 ! abdom5 is black1 ) ! sides & out] m>g9 ( ! segm5ts blot*$ ) dull yell[2 & ! :ole upp] surface is lightly clo!d ) f9e bri/les4 ,i h br$ ?is fly f our ,native ,silkworm ,mo? 7,an!roea eucalypti71 f ,lew9's ,mo? 7,oc9>ia lew9ae71 & f an undet]m9$ hawkmo?4 ,! ,g5us ,miltogramma comprises a numb] ( small] flies common 9 ,europe1 :i* lay _! eggs ^u ! captur$ prey ( ! s& wasps :ile ! latt] are plac+ !m 9 _! burr[s 9 ! gr\nd2 & n only does ! p>asitic fly l>va dev\r ! food supply1 b also :5 t is f9i%$1 fe$s on ! baby wasp4 ,an ,indian species is p>asitic ^u "o ( ! l>ge plague locu/s4 ,i h a v h&some undet]m9$ species f ,s\!rn ,que5sl& :i* has ! abdom5 r+$ ) bright yell[ b&s2 ?is w\ld sugge/ t x may deposit its eggs 9 ! und]gr\nd *amb]s ( a simil>ly b&$ ,bembex4 ,ano!r mu* small] species1 n unlike ! h\se fly 9 size & g5]al col\ration1 has ! grey abdom5 b>r$ ) black4 ,family #ai4 ,metallic ,gre5 ,flies4 ,,dexiidae4 ,^! flies diff] f ! ,ta*9idae1 :i* !y o!rwise resemble1 9 hav+ long] legs1 & ! bri/le ( ! ant5nae pubesc5t or plumose4 ,au/ralia is ri* 9 l>ge h&some species1 (t5 brightly m>k$ ) metallic t9ts2 !y are usually mo/ pl5tiful 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry1 (t5 re/+ on tree trunks2 :5 fly+ r\nd !y make a l\d humm+ s\nd4 ,mo/ ( !m are p>asitic 9 _! habits1 deposit+ _! eggs ^u ! l>vae ( lamellicorn beetles t are buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,*aetoga/] violacea is ( ! usual ?ickset =m1 ) a broad body & long po9t$ w+s2 x measures ne>ly #a in* f ! front ( ! head to ! tips ( ! fold$ w+s4 ,x is ( a g5]al d>k metallic blue col\r1 ) ! dorsal surface ( ! head & ?orax m>k$ ) grey1 & ! :ole insect is clo!d ) scatt]$ black bri/les4 ,! w+s are cl\d$ ) dull yell[ on ! basal half1 giv+ x a v di/9ctive appe>ance4 ,amphibolia fulvipes is ano!r v h&some & small] fly ) a broad] body ?an ! la/1 b ! w+s are %ort] & cl\d$ at ! base2 ! head & legs are yell[2 ! re/ black1 ) ! ?orax spott$ beh9d & m>k$ ) a r[ ( %ort brok5 p>allel b>s 9 front2 ! great] "p ( ! abdom5 above & bel[ is creamy :ite mottl$ ) sev5 bilob$ blot*es ( black =m+ a patt]n on ! dorsal surface4 ,x is f\nd ab\t ,sydney & has a wide range on ! ea/]n coa/4 ,am5ia leon9a is ab\t an in* 9 l5g? ) a m r\nd$ abdom54 ,! l>ge head is bright yell[1 ) ! ?orax & abdom5 ri* metallic blue2 ! sides ( ! ?orax & abdom5 are m>k$ ) sev]al :ite circul> dots1 ! la/ two on ! tip ( ! abdom5 v di/9ct4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,tasmania1 & ranges along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ma9l& into ,que5sl&4 ,! typical ,g5us ,rutilia is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by a numb] ( l>ge1 %[y flies ri* 9 metallic t9ts1 & z a g5]al rule n s ?ickly or co>sely clo!d ) bri/les4 ,rutilia =mosa1 orig9ally describ$ f ,new ,holl& by ,desvoidy1 is n uncommon along ! ea/]n coa/ 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,x measures f to #a in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al ri* light metallic blue t9t2 ! abdom5 indi/9ctly b>r$ ) black is ri* metallic copp]y r$1 dull] 9 ! l>g] females1 :i* h ! abdom9al segm5ts m hirsute & bri/ly4 ,! l>vae are p>asitic ^u beetle grubs1 probably ^? ( ! br[n cock*af] 7,anoplogna?us74 ,r4 decora is ab\t ! same size & has mu* ! same habits & range4 ,! ?orax is ri* metallic blue1 d>k] 9 front1 ) a r[ ( %ort black b>s2 ! abdom5 is black ) a d\ble r[ ( bright gre5 metallic spots d[n ! c5tre1 ! two at ! anal tip l>ge/4 ,r4 vivip>a measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g?1 ) a w+ expanse ( #a in*es2 x is ( a g5]al dull greyi% br[n t9t2 ! abdom5 is light] br[n1 & has a d>k l9e d[n ! c5tre & ! sides & tips lightly clo!d ) grey hairs4 ,r4 inornata1 ab\t ! same size z ! la/ species1 is a mu* d>k] fly2 ! abdom5 is ( a uni=m dull %9+ black ) grey hairs on ! sides b none on ! tip4 ,bo? ^! species h an ext5d$ range 9 =e/ c\ntry4 ,myoc]a longipes has ! g5]al col\ration ( a h\se fly1 ) long1 cle> w+s beh9d :i* are l>ge :ite squamae2 & x has v long sl5d] legs4 ,x has a curi\s habit ( re/+ on ! tree trunks ) its long legs spread out 9 a v *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4--,,dipt]a4 ,family ,,muscidae4 #a4 ,lucilia tasmani5sis 7,macqu>t74 ,l>ge blue-bottle fly4 #b4 ,lucilia caes> 7,l9n474 ,introduc$ %eep fly4 #c4 ,lucilia s]icata 7,meig574 ,metallic blue-bottle fly4 #d4 ,musca dome/ica 7,l9n474 ,common h\se fly4 #e4 ,musca corv9a 7,fabr474 ,bu% fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix4--,,dipt]a4 ,family #bj4 ,fle% ,flies4 ,,s>cophagidae4 ,^! flies diff] f ! true h\se flies 9 hav+ ! bri/le ( ! ant5nae plumose at ! base b f9e & hair-l at ! extremity4 ,!y lay _! eggs or liv+ l>vae ^u meat or o!r expos$ food1 & are also kn[n z 8,scav5g]0 flies because !y frequ5t evil-smell+ places l pig-/ies & slaught]-y>ds4 ,"s species are kn[n to deposit _! l>vae 9 ! no/rils ( animals1 & !re are sev]al records ( ! dea? ( human be+s f infe/ation by ^! maggots4 ,! typical ,g5us ,s>cophaga is _w-wide 9 its di/ribution1 & conta9s a numb] ( well kn[n species4 ,s>cophaga aurifrons is our commone/ species 9 ,au/ralia1 & is also f\nd 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! front ( ! head is gold52 ! l>ge eyes deep r$2 ! legs black2 & ! ?orax & abdom5 black b ?ickly clo!d ) silv]y grey pubesc5ce2 ! black %[s ?r\gh1 =m+ ?ree black b&s on ! front ( ! ?orax2 & ! abdom5 is mottl$ ) indi/9ct spots4 ,s4 frontalis is a slightly l>g] species ) ! face v bright gold5 yell[2 ! black b>s on ! ?orax f9] & d>k]2 & ! abdom5 mottl$ ) a m irregul> patt]n4 ,a mu* small] species1 h>dly l>g] ?an a h\se fly1 0 describ$ by ,skuse 7,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #ahia1 p4 #bea7 z a p>asite ( ! plague locu/2 he nam$ x ,masic]a pa*ytyli2 ?is fly ,mr4 ,coquillett says belongs to ! ,g5us ,s>cophaga4 ,i h s9ce br$ a mu* l>g] species f ! bodies ( locu/s 9 ! ,bombala di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,ta*9a o$ipoda1 describ$ by ,olliff 7,agr4 ,gaz4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahia1 p4 #gfi71 ,i am also in=m$ by ,mr4 ,coquillett1 %\ld be ,s>cophaga o$ipoda1 & is closely alli$ to ,s4 aurifrons3 x also is a p>asite on ! same species ( locu/4 ,family #ba4 ,h\se ,flies4 ,,muscidae4 ,?is gr\p comprises all ! typical h\se flies1 "s ( :i* are _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution4 ,all ( !m h ! bri/le t =ms ! tip ( ! ant5nae hairy or plumose1 :ile ! abdom5 is sp9eless1 )\t bri/les except at ! extremity4 ,!y deposit _! eggs 9 /able manure or o!r decay+ matt]2 ! maggots1 develop+ v rapidly 9 w>m wea!r1 =m ! usual h>d p>*m5t-l *rysalids f :i* ! p]fect flies em]ge4 ,_m int]e/+ obs]vations h be5 lately made on ! habits ( h\se flies & ! dang] ( _! spread+ diseases by c>ry+ g]ms or p>ticles ( putrid matt] ^u _! feet1 & ?us contam9at+ food or transf]r+ g]ms into op5 w\nds2 x 0 prov$ 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican w> t ! sw>ms ( flies _h a great deal to d ) ! spread ( fev] 9 ?is mann]4 ,musca dome/ica1 ! common h\se fly1 is almo/ _w-wide 9 its di/ribution1 & is ! *ief species f\nd inside ! h\se4 ,9 ! l>val /ate x *iefly develops 9 /able manure4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m black t9t b is s ?ickly clo!d ) grey tom5tum t x appe>s to be br[n2 ! eyes are r$2 ! ?orax is clo!d ) /iff black bri/les1 & has f\r p>allel b>s d[n ! c5tre ( ! dorsal surface4 ,! fre%ly deposit$ eggs hat* )9 a day or two2 ! maggots develop )9 six days1 & rema9 9 ! pupal /ate = only a few days 9 ! summ]2 s t x is no wond] t !y multiply ) su* m>vell\s rapidity1 p>ticul>ly :5 we discov] t "o h\se fly w lay ov] #a1jjj eggs 9 ! season4 ,musca corv9a is a small] d>k] t9t$ species1 %[+ only two p>allel /ripes d[n ! ?orax4 ,x is a common bu% species & a great pe/ 9 ! bu% all ?r\gh ! summ]1 sw>m+ 9 c\ntless ?\s&s f ! ea/]n coa/ into ! int]ior4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,/omoxys calcitrans is ( a m br[ni% t9t1 ) ! abdom5 m flatt5$1 & x diff]s f ! la/ two species 9 hav+ a well develop$ bit+ m\?2 ?is fly is a tr\blesome pe/ to horses1 & w alight on "o's h& & bite q %>ply4 ,x has a wide range f ,europe across ,asia to ,ceylon1 ,java1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,calliphora is well repres5t$ by sev]al v di/9ct species ( typical 8,bl[-flies02 b ?\gh ! common ,european species1 ,calliphora vomit>ia1 is said to be common 9 ,new ,zeal& ,i h nev] tak5 x 9 ,au/ralia4 ,c4 villosa is our l>ge common bl[-fly2 x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al slate grey col\r ) ! abdom5 ?ickly clo!d ) f9e gold5 pubesc5ce giv+ x a bright mottl$ yell[ t9t4 ,c4 oceaniae is ! small] bl[-fly ) a /eely blue abdom51 ! base on ei!r side be>+ a dull yell[ blot* by :i* x c be easily di/+ui%$4 ,bo? ^! species are f\nd 9 ! bu% & 9 ! h\se2 !y lay _! eggs on any food !y c ga9 access to2 b 9 ! summ]1 or :5 !y _c get at food 9 "t1 ! egg is hat*$ 9 ! body ( ! "m & dropp$ z a liv+ maggot4 ,"s ( ! bright metallic species also come 9 ?is ,g5us2 ,c4 rufifaces is a mu* small] bright ri* metallic blue fly1 ) a silv]y face1 r$ eyes1 & :ite flaps beh9d ! w+s2 x1 & ! mu* small] ,c4 v>ipes ) a yell[ face & d>k] t9t$ body1 are common ab\t dead %eep or decay+ matt] 9 ! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4--,,dipt]a4 ,family ,,muscidae4 #a4 ,calliphora oceaniae 7,desv474 ,blue-bodi$ bl[-fly4 #b4 ,calliphora oceaniae 7,desv474 ,maggot4 #c4 ,head segm5t ( maggot1 %[+ m\? hooks4 #d4 ,anal segm5t ( maggot1 %[+ tub]cles4 #e4 ,pupa4 #f4 ,calliphora villosa 7,desv474 ,yell[ bl[-fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx4--,,dipt]a4 ,neocalliphora o*racea is some:at ?ick] & broad] ?an ,calliphora villosa1 & a mu* r>] species2 x is ( a g5]al dull r$di% br[n col\r1 ) ! head & ?orax d>ke/4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,lucilia we h ! typical 8,bluebottle0 flies1 :i* are well repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry3 ,lucilia s]icata & ,l4 caes>1 bo? ( a mod]ate size & deep metallic gre5 & copp]y t9ts1 are widely di/ribut$4 ,l4 tasmani5sis is a l>g] species1 measur+ "u an in* 9 l5g?2 x is ( a uni=m bright metallic blue1 & has a wide range4 ,family #bb4 ,bot-flies4 ,,oe/ridae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are well kn[n 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w 9 ! l>val /ate z 8bots10 int]nal p>asites 9 ! /oma* ( ! horse1 9 ! no/rils ( %eep1 & ! sk9s ( cattle4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! common ,european bot-fly1 ,ga/rophilus equi1 is well kn[n2 ! active fly lays h] eggs ^u ! %\ld]s or jaws ( ! horse1 atta*+ !m to ! hair by a gummy secretion2 ! horse lick+ itself transf]s ! eggs into its m\?1 :]e ! t9y maggots hat* out & are c>ri$ d[n into ! /oma*4 ,!y are provid$ ) a pair ( f9e curv$ hooks 9 front ( ! head by :i* ^! little creatures hook !mselves into ! membrane ( ! /oma*1 absorb+ _! nutrim5t f ! liquid ) :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,:5 fully develop$ ^! oval sp9y bots deta* !mselves & pass out ) ! excrem5t1 ! maggots at once bury+ !mselves 9 ! damp soil & pupat+2 ! p]fect fly em]ges e>ly 9 ,febru>y 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! flies1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 h l>ge ?ickset bodies ?ickly clo!d ) %ort br[n or gold5 hairs1 giv+ !m ! g5]al appe>ance ( a hairy bee2 ! male has a %ort r\nd$ abdom52 t ( ! female is greatly elongat$ & usually curl$ up und]nea?4 ,!re are probably sev]al introduc$ species n[ common 9 ,au/ralia ) a wide range ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x is rem>kable t ?\gh !y d n bite or /+ ! horses :5 lay+ _! eggs1 yet z soon z ! horses he> ! l\d hum ( ! bot-fly !y gallop ab\t & %[ an inh]it$ fe> ( ?is pe/1 :i*1 ?\gh x does n kill !m1 mu/ be a v unpleasant p>asite :5 num]\s4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,hypod]ma are a v s]i\s pe/ 9 ,europe & o!r c\ntries :]e !y infe/ cattle1 & are kn[n bo? z 8w>ble0 or 8bot-flies40 ,! fly lays h] eggs ^u ! back ( ! bea/2 ! t9y l>va makes its way ?r\gh ! hide1 b5ea? :i* x lives & fe$s ^u ! putrid matt] caus$ by ! irritation ( its pres5ce2 x f9ally produces an inflam$ bli/]-l swell+ or 8w>ble10 ev5tually work+ its way out ?r\gh ! hide & fall+ to ! gr\nd1 :]e x buries itself & pupates4 ,no species h be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 b 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& v s]i\s damage is caus$ to ! heal? ( ! bea/1 & ! sk9 by be+ p]=at$ loses value = mak+ lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,ga/rophilus equi 7,fabr474 #a & #b1 ,! introduc$ ,bot-fly1 %[+ dorsal & lat]al view ( female2 #c1 eggs atta*$ to hairs ( horse2 #d1 egg enl>g$ 7! eggs %\ld be m truncate at ! tips72 #e1 l>val bots atta*$ to piece ( ! /oma* ( a horse2 #f1 bot mu* enl>g$2 #g1 enl>g$ head ( bot %[+ ! m\? hooks4 ,! ,%eep ,no/ril ,fly1 ,oe/rus ovis1 has a wide range ov] ! _w1 & 0 probably introduc$ into ,au/ralia _m ye>s ago1 ?\gh x has be5 notic$ only q rec5tly z a s]i\s pe/4 ,?is fly lays liv+ maggots 9 ! no/ril ( ! un=tunate %eep2 ! maggots "w _! way up into ! frontal s9uses ( ! head1 :]e !y rema9 until fully develop$1 :5 !y turn d[nw>d & are usually sneez$ out by ! %eep 9 _! ef=ts to get rid ( ! ob/ruction4 ,! fly is slightly "u an in* 9 l5g?2 ! upp] surface ( ! head & body are grey to dull yell[1 spott$ or mottl$ ) d>k] t9ts2 ! abdom5 is yell[i% mottl$ ) d>k] m>k+s4 ,x has be5 f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #bc4 ,l\se or ,spid] ,flies4 ,,hippoboscidae4 ,^! are p>asitic ,dipt]a1 t hav+ tak5 to idle & slo?ful habits 7?\gh "s ( !m c fly v well71 take up _! qu>t]s among ! fur or fea!rs ( diff]5t animals & birds1 :]e !y live & are c>ri$ ab\t by _! ho/s4 ,to suit ?is me?od ( exi/5ce !y h become q alt]$ 9 /ructure2 !y h flat lea!ry bodies1 & _! feet are produc$ into l>ge p9c]-l claws :i* enable !m to cl+ to ! sk9 ( _! ho/4 ,"s h l>ge w+s ) /\t n]vures b v rudim5t>y v5ation2 a few ?\gh provid$ ) w+s at bir? bite !m (f soon aft]2 & o!rs l ! well kn[n 8%eep tick0 are w+less4 ,z a rule _! pres5ce ev5 :5 num]\s does n seem to incommode ! infe/$ animals aft] !y h become us$ to !m1 = ! wild ponies 9 ! ,new ,=e/ 9 ,engl& are (t5 cov]$ ) ! horse-fly1 ,hippobosca equi1 & !y take no notice ( !m4 ,yet if "o alights ^u a horse unaccu/om$ to ! pres5ce ( ! fly he becomes almo/ crazy ) fright1 probably f ! p9*+ or tickl+ s5sation produc$ by _! claws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,or?olf]sia macleayi 7,lea*74 ,a p>asitic fly t lives ^u wallabies4 ,figur$ by me z ,olf]sia macleayi 7,lea*7 9 ! 8,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! ,common ,european ,%eep ,tick1 ,melophagus ov9us1 0 introduc$ at a v e>ly date into ?is c\ntry among ! wool on ! backs ( %eep4 ,x is a d>k-br[n1 w+less creature ?ickly clo!d ) f9e hairs1 m l a /\t-legg$ spid] ?an a fly 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b x has n ! requisite f\r? pair ( legs4 ,^! bri/ly legs are furni%$ ) ! usual /\t curv$ claws1 betwe5 :i* is a sl5d] app5dage l a %ort /r+1 suppos$ to be us$ to hang on ) by coil+ x r\nd ! wool4 ,f _! blood-suck+ habits & ^! p9c]-l claws1 !y are v annoy+ to ! %eep :5 num]\s4 ,! ,wallaby ,l\se ,fly1 ,olf]sia macleayi1 is v common on small m>supials 9 ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,:5 ! dogs :ile hunt+ pull d[n & kill a wallaby1 ^! flies g5]ally crawl (f & cl+ to ! dog's nose1 r5d]+ him v unhappy4 ,x is a w+$ =m1 measur+ "u an in* to ! tip ( ! fold$ w+s1 & is ( a uni=m %9+ d>k br[n t9t ) a gre5i% %ade v noticeable 9 ! legs4 ,speis] 7,annals ,musei ,nationalis ,hung>ici #aijd7 has plac$ ?is species 9 8 ,g5us ,or?olf]sia4 ,orni?omyia p]fuga1 tak5 on an owl 7probably ,spiloglaux boobook7 ne> ,brisbane1 has be5 rec5tly describ$ by ,dr4 ,speis]3 x is a l>g] species ( a m r$di% br[n col\r4 ,a v f9e l\se fly1 also tak5 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl& ^u a :ite hawk1 measures ne>ly ( an in* to ! tip ( ! fold$ w+s1 & has be5 id5tifi$ by ! same g5tleman z ,orni?octona nigricans1 describ$ orig9ally by ,lea*4 ,among ! few o!r species describ$ f ,au/ralia is "o f\nd on our pretty little emu wr51 :i* 0 describ$ by ,s*9] 9 ! 8,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,nov>a #ahej0 "u ! "n ( ,orni?omyia /ipituri4 ,a numb] ( our native birds act z ho/s = ^! curi\s flies2 ! fruit pigeons1 swall[s1 fly-cat*]s1 & o!rs are kn[n to h !m2 & :5 !y are sy/ematically collect$ our li/ w probably be a l>ge "o4 ,! ,,nyct]ibiidae are ano!r typical family ( l\se-flies f\nd ^u diff]5t bats1 :i* are v small 9 comp>ison ) ! true l\se-flies3 !y are always w+less1 & h a _w-wide di/ribution4 ,!y are r$di% br[n creatures cov]$ ) /\t sp9es2 ! head is buri$ 9 ! ?orax2 & ! legs1 v long & sl5d]1 t]m9ate 9 imm5se p9c]-%ap$ claws4 ,ne>ly all our bats are m or less infe/$ ) ^! 8spid] flies10 & sev]al species h be5 describ$4 ,ra9b[ has rec5tly describ$ "o "u ! "n ( ,nyct]ibia pt]opus f a fly+ fox tak5 at ,batavia ,riv]1 ,n4 ,au/ralia 7,records ,au/ralian ,museum #aijd74 ,family #bd4 ,fleas4 ,,pulicidae4 ,! classification ( ! fleas has always be5 a matt] ( d\bt2 mod]n entomologi/s usually place !m at ! end ( ! ,dipt]a1 consid]+ !m a gr\p ( degrad$ flies t f _! p>asitic habits h become w+less1 & h develop$ wond]ful jump+ p[]s2 o!r speciali/s :o h devot$ mu* att5tion to ! "q consid] !m z wor?y to rank 9 an ,ord]1 & foll[ ,latreille1 :o call$ !m ,,siphonapt]a2 o!r writ]s1 l ,tas*5b]g1 :o wrote 8 ,monograph entitl$ 8,die ,flhe0 9 #ahhj1 =m$ !m into di/9ct families4 ,! late/ revision ( ! family is ,bak]'s 8,revision ( ,am]ican ,siphonapt]a1 c40 7,smi?sonian ,in/itute #aijd72 9 ?is he gives a li/ ( ! describ$ species1 plac+ !m 9 five families1 & records a total ( #acd species f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,messrs4 ,jordan & ,ro?s*ild 9 a 8,revision ( ! ,s>copsyllidae0 7,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool #aijf7 criticise ,bak]'s classification1 & r$uce ! families to f\r1 ext5d+ ! limits ( ! ,family ,,s>copsyllidae1 & add+ sev5 new species4 ,! flea diff]s f mo/ o!r insects 9 hav+ ! :ole w$ge-%ap$ body v]tically flatt5$4 ,x is admirably adapt$ = crawl+ ?r\gh hair or fea!rs1 & ! l>ge /\t sp9y legs are well suit$ = jump+4 ,! head1 indi/9ctly sep>at$ f ! body1 is %ort1 furni%$ ) jo9t$ ant5nae situat$ above b beh9d ! eyes2 ! m\? is produc$ into a /\t po9t$ proboscis ) :i* x punctures ! sk9 & sucks up ! blood ( its ho/4 ,!y are all ( a m or less r$di% br[n t9t1 clo!d ) scatt]$ /\t bri/les1 & ! abdom5 is r\nd$ at ! apex2 ! legs are furni%$ ) a pair ( t>sal claws4 ,! fact t fleas are capable ( spread+ ! g]ms ( plague & ev5 leprosy has caus$ a great deal ( att5tion to be devot$ to ?is gr\p1 & !y h dur+ ! la/ few ye>s be5 s\ght = & collect$ f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,two species are common 9 ! h\se 9 ,au/ralia1 ( :i* ! 8dome/ic flea10 ,pulex irritans1 is too well kn[n to ne$ mu* description4 ,!y deposit _! eggs1 :i* are t9y ribb$ cry/all9e sph]es 7v beautiful objects "u ! microscope7 9 ! dry du/ 9 cracks & crannies 9 ! floor1 or 9 ! corn]s ( badly-swept rooms4 ,f ^! eggs hat* out sl5d]1 legless1 transp>5t grubs ) sev]al %ort bri/les on ! anal extremity2 ^! grubs fe$ ^u ! du/ &1 :5 full gr[n1 sp9 a silk5 tube 9 :i* !y pupate buri$ 9 ! du/4 ,p4 s]raticeps is kn[n z ! dog & cat flea1 ?\gh x is n uncommon at times 9 ! h\se :]e animals are runn+ ab\t2 b ?\gh x sometimes comes on man1 x is an accid5tal infe/ation1 & x gets away to its natural ho/ z soon z x c escape4 ,x c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! common h\se flea by its m elongate =m1 & by ! black comb-l sp9es fr++ ! back ( ! head & ! fir/ ?oracic segm5t1 :i* are abs5t 9 ! =m]4 ,! ,rat & ,m\se ,flea1 ,p4 fasciatus1 is a pal] col\r$1 m sl5d] flea1 also ) a v ext5d$ range ov] ! _w4 ,x is notori\s z ! species t1 :5 liv+ ^u plague-infe/$ rats1 c transmit bubonic plague to man4 ,d5ny 7,annals & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,,xii4 #ahdc7 has describ$ ano!r species1 :i* he plac$ 9 ?is ,g5us1 obta9$ f ,tasmania & f\nd ^u ! ,e*idna1 & :i* he has call$ ,pulex e*idnae4 ,ab\t a doz5 indig5\s species h be5 record$ f ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,e*idnophaga 0 creat$ by ,olliff 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf7 to conta9 a species he describ$ "u ! "n ( ,e*idnophaga ambulans2 x is rem>kable = its v long proboscis1 & %ort legs :i* r5d] x unable to jump4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ?is flea 7 f\nd ^u a ,porcup9e ,ant ,eat] 7,e*idna hy/rix7 9 ! ,au/ralian ,museum4 ,messrs4 ,jordan & ,ro?s*ild 9 ! ,revision previ\sly notic$ place #h species 9 ,olliff's ,g5us1 add+ two m to ! ,au/ralian fauna1 ,e4 macrony*ia f ,we/ ,au/ralia f\nd ^u a small m>supial 7,bettongia lesueuri71 & ,e4 liopus also f ,we/ ,au/ralia on ,e*idna aculeata1 at ! same "t record+ ! la/-nam$ species ^u rats at ,agra1 ,india4 ,!y give a numb] ( additional ho/s ( ,e4 ambulans1 namely3 ! opossum1 sev]al o!r m>supials1 & ! br[n snake2 & !y ext5d its range f ,sydney to ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,! ,*ick5 ,flea1 ,e4 gall9aceus1 :i* !y place 9 ?is ,g5us 7orig9ally describ$ by ,we/wood "u ! g5]ic "n ,s>copsylla7 ?\gh x has n be5 record$ f ,au/ralia has a range f ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,russia to ,fiji2 x infe/s a great numb] ( bo? wild & dome/ic animals & birds4 ,skuse 7,annals ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum #ahic7 describ$ a v curi\s flea1 f\nd 9 ! p\* ( a native cat 7,dasyurus7 :i* he call$ ,/ephanocircus dasyuri4 ,i h s9ce _h ! typical legless l>vae1 f\nd also 9 ! m>supial p\* ( ! same animal1 & x is also common ^u ! b&icoot 9 ,que5sl&4 ,?is flea has an elongate body1 ) ! front ( ! head flatt5$ & fr+$ ) f9e sp9es2 x has no eyes4 ,skuse is said to h describ$ two species belong+ to diff]5t g5]a z ! sexes ( 8 flea2 & ,ra9b[ 9 ! same j\rnal 7,records ,au/4 ,mus4 #aije7 proposes ! "n ( ,c]atophyllus ro?s*ildi = ! second4 ,ro?s*ild has describ$ two o!r species 9 ?is g5us1 ,c4 hilli f ,n4,s4 ,wales on ! native cat1 & a second1 ,c4 woodw>di1 f ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,/ephanocircus dasyuri 7,skuse74 ,flea ( ! 8,native-cat0 & 8,b&icoot40 7,orig9al photo4 ,g4 ,turn]47 ,ro?s*ild also describes two o!r species :i* he places 9 ,skuse's ,g5us ,/ephanocircus1 namely ,s4 ?omasi 7,nov4 ,zool4 ,x4 #aijc7 f ,b>r[ ,isl& ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia1 & ,s4 simsoni 7,entomologi/s' ,mon?4 ,magaz9e ,,xvi4 #aije71 :i* comes f ,tasmania1 tak5 ^u a native cat1 ,dasyurus maculatus4 ,9 ! ,entomologi/s' ,mon?ly ,magaz9e #aijf ,ro?s*ild =ms a new ,g5us ,pygiopsylla = a l>ge ,tasmanian flea tak5 on a native rat :i* he calls ,pygiopsylla colossus4 ,he makes ,c]atophyllus hilli ! type ( ?is new g5us1 9 :i* he also places ?ree o!r ,au/ralian species orig9ally describ$ 9 ! latt] g5us1 namely3 ,c4 woodw>di1 ro?s*ildi1 & e*idnae1 9 ! new "o4 ,ord] ,,viii4--,,hemipt]a4 ,bugs1 ,frog-hopp]s1 ,scale ,insects1 c4 ,! /ructure ( ! m\? is ! di/9ctive "* ( ! insects ( ?is great ,ord]4 ,in/ead ( ! bit+ jaws 7or suck+ m\?7 ( _m o!r insects previ\sly describ$ x is produc$ into a sl5d] po9t$ tube ( complicat$ /ructure1 :i* usually lies along ! "u-surface ( ! head & ?orax4 ,?is beak1 call$ ! ro/rum1 consi/s ( a jo9t$ %ea? 7labium7 enclos+ hair-l setae 7m&ibles & maxillae74 ,:5 ! insect fe$s ! %>p tip is press$ into its food1 & ! sap or juice suck$ up1 n by ! proboscis-l %ea?1 b by ! delicate enclos$ setae4 ,kirkaldy d\bts if ! %ea? 8ev] ev5 p5etrates ! tissues1 ei!r vegetable or animal1 unless ^! be already lac]at$ by ! setae02 & x is (t5 us$ only z a fulcrum to /eady _! op]ations4 ,9 ! outw>d appe>ance 7(t5 a deceptive "* 9 classification7 ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p are v dissimil>2 probably no two insects c\ld be m unlike ?an ! typical plant bug & ! ord9>y scale insect4 ,!y all und]go an incomplete metamorphosis1 (t5 *ang+ _! col\rs & ev5 %ape 9 ! v>i\s m\lts be=e !y are fully develop$4 ,! eggs ( ^? liv+ ^u plants are g5]ally deposit$ 9 clu/]s1 & ^! are (t5 v beautiful cry/al sph]es ) /ellate caps ^u ! summits4 ,9 o!r gr\ps ! eggs are buri$ 9 ! tissue ( ! food plant or cov]$ ) woolly or /icky secretions4 ,!y take ! "n ,hemipt]a f ! /ructure ( ! =e w+1 "o half ( :i* is1 9 ! typical bugs1 horny & ! re/ semitransp>5t4 ,! families ( ! plant & wat] bugs are mu* m closely relat$ to ea* o!r ?an to ! frog-hopp]s1 cicades & scale insects2 & ! :ole ,ord] has be5 sep>at$ into gr\ps or sub-ord]s1 viz41 ,,het]opt]a2 ,,homopt]a2 ,,anoplura2 ,,mallophaga4 ,sub-ord] ,i4 ,,het]opt]a4 ,bugs4 ,?is sub-division conta9s all ! plant1 c>nivor\s1 & wat] bugs1 :i* v>y 9 size & %ape f ! t9y little leaf-infe/+ =ms to ! great 8fi%-kill]10 ,belo/oma indicum1 f\nd 9 our wat]-holes4 ,!y are usually furni%$ ) two pairs ( w+s4 ,! basal portion ( ! front pair is horny & opaque1 & ! apical half m or less transp>5t2 ?is pair cov]s ! l>g] h9d pair1 :i*1 well adapt$ = flight1 are fold$ up b5ea? :5 at re/4 ,! memb]s ( "s gr\ps h[ev] are apt]\s4 ,_m are furni%$ ) gl&s on ! body secret+ an (f5sive1 buggy-smell+ fluid1 :i* !y dis*>ge :5 h&l$ or di/urb$4 ,"s species are s]i\s pe/s to plant life1 & sw>m 9 c\ntless ?\s&s ov] vegetation1 suck+ up ! sap & caus+ x to )] & die 9 consequ5ce1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,*9* ,bug ( ,nor? ,am]ica ^u :eat1 & ! ,ru!rgl5 ,bug 9 ,au/ralia among field crops4 ,o!rs are pr$ace\s & v useful1 de/roy+ great numb]s ( leaf-eat+ grubs & cat]pill>s4 ,^! insects are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & _m ( ! l>g] & m %[y ones 7 collect$ & describ$ at a v e>ly date1 & _! descriptions are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pages ( _m sci5tific j\rnals4 ,numb]s ( our species h be5 describ$ by ,we/wood 7,hope ,catal4 #ahcg72 ,dallas 7,li/ ,hemip4 #ahea72 ,walk] 7,catal4 ,het]4 ,brit4 ,museum #ahfg72 ,di/ant 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhf1 etc472 ,kirkaldy 7,! ,entomologi/72 & o!rs 9 ,engli% j\rnals2 :ile among ! ,cont95tal writ]s ,messrs4 ,/al1 ,b]gro?1 ,mont&on1 ,horva?1 & ,reut] h be5 ! *ief work]s4 ,9 #ahic ,messrs4 ,le?i]ry & ,sev]9 comm5c$ a 8,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,het]opt]a ( ! ,_w02 ?ree p>ts 7 publi%$1 b1 probably ow+ to ! dea? ( ,le?i]ry1 x 0 nev] complet$1 "p ?ree clos+ ) ! ,,an?ocoridae1 & mo/ ( ! aquatic gr\ps are n li/$4 ,dr4 ,mayr has 9 8 8,monograph ( ! ,belo/omidae #ahga0 not$ our species4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4--,,hemipt]a4 ,family ,,p5tatomidae4 #a4 ,biprorulas bibax 7,br$d574 #c4 ,peltophora p$icellata 7,kirby74 #d4 ,*a]ocorus paganus 7,fabr474 #g4 ,plautia aff9is 7,dallas74 #h4 ,cuspicona simplex 7,walk474 #aj4 ,d9dymus v]sicolor 7,h]r4 ,s*474 #aa4 ,tectocoris l9eola 7,fabr474 #ac4 ,oncoscelis sulciv5tris 7,/al474 ,family ,,pyrrhocoridae4 #b4 ,dysd]cus sidae 7,montrz474 ,family ,,coreidae4 #e4 ,mictis pr(ana 7,fabr474 ,family ,,lygaeidae4 #f4 ,oxyc>5us luctuosus 7,mont474 #ab4 ,oncopeltus quadriguttatus 7,fabr474 #ae4 ,lygaeus hospes 7,fabr474 ,family ,,r$uviidae4 #i4 ,ptilocnemus femoralis 7,horva?74 ,family ,,t+idae4 #ad4 ,froggattia oliv9a 7,horva?74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4--,,hemipt]a4 ,! ,het]opt]a h be5 divid$ into ab\t tw5ty families1 *iefly def9$ by ! /ructure ( ! head & w+s2 ^! families are aga9 subdivid$ into a great numb] ( sub-families1 _m ( ! m important be+ repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,family #a4 ,%ield ,bugs4 ,,p5tatomidae4 ,?is gr\p comprises _m ( our l>ge/ & mo/ brilliantly m>k$ tropical plant bugs1 di/+ui%$ f all ^? ( o!r families by ! rem>kable size ( ! scutellum :i* frequ5tly cov]s ! two pairs ( w+s & dorsal surface ( ! abdom54 ,! majority ( ^! insects fly well4 ,! head is usually furni%$ ) #e-;jo9t$ ant5nae 7?\gh "s are re/rict$ to f\r jo9ts71 & two ocelli4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ gr\ps1 & has be5 divid$ into f\rte5 sub-families4 ,!re are ov] #d1jjj species 9 ! family1 & x is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is family is sometimes kn[n "u ! "n ,,scutell]idae4 ,! ,*]ry ,bug1 ,peltophora p$icillata1 is a bright metallic gre5 bug mottl$ ) black spots on ! back2 ! great] "p ( ! "u surface1 edges ( ! ?orax1 & two blot*es at ! base ( ! scutellum are bright coral r$3 x measures an in* 9 l5g? & is broad 9 proportion4 ,x has a range f ,new ,s\? ,wales 7:]e x is (t5 f\nd on /rong-sc5t$ fl[]+ %rubs & has be5 record$ z a *]ry pe/7 to ,n4 ,que5sl&1 :]e x is v abundant on ! wild fig trees4 ,tectocoris l9eola is s v>iable 9 size & col\ration t x has be5 describ$ "u eight v>ietal names & has an ext5d$ range f ! nor? ( ,n4,s4 ,wales ?r\gh ,que5sl& to ,new ,cal$onia & ,*9a4 ,x has a broad1 elongate1 convex body ( a bright orange col\r edg$ on ! m>g9s ( ! body ) metallic gre52 ! dorsal surface is cov]$ ) curi\s gre5 or blue pat*es rem9d+ "o ( ,*9ese lett]s2 sometimes ^! m>k+s are almo/ abs5t1 9 o!rs s conflu5t t x is m blue ?an r$4 ,donovan nam$ our v>iety ,t4 banksi1 aft] ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 :o fir/ obta9$ specim5s f ,au/ralia4 ,*a]ocoris paganus is "u an in* 9 l5g?1 & ( an oval1 beetle-l =m2 its g5]al col\r is r$ ) dull metallic gre5 =m+ blot*es on ! back1 head1 & sides ( ! ?orax4 ,x is v common at times crawl+ ab\t on ! rocks & gr\nd ab\t ,sydney4 ,c4 similis is a small] d>k] =m1 only tak5 ab\t ,gunn$ah1 ,n4,s4,w41 b x probably has a wid] range4 ,philia basalis is "o ( ! common fruit bugs ( ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,x is slightly ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 ) elongate convex scutellum1 & a uni=m ri* metallic gre5 t9t1 ) a bright coral-r$ spot beh9d ! head & two simil> ones at ! base ( ! scutellum2 ! sides ( ! abdom5 are bright r$ on ! "u surface4 ,p4 s5ator is a small]1 m v>iable =m1 ) ! coral-r$ m>k+s n s di/9ct4 ,philia regia1 ab\t ! same size z ! la/ species1 is ( a ri* copp]y-r$ t9t1 ) ! h9d portion ( ! back bright yell[1 & ! v5tral surface & legs bright gre5 & yell[4 ,bo? ^! species & ,p4 s5ator are f\nd along ! ,que5sl& coa/4 ,! ,g5us ,calliph>a conta9s a numb] ( l>ge bugs1 elongate b broadly r\nd$ 9 front1 ) ! scutellum =m+ a complete convex %ield ov] ! back2 #bf species are describ$ rang+ f ,*9a ?r\gh ! ,malay ,p59sula to ,que5sl&4 ,calliph>a imp]ialis measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & has ! :ole ( ! dorsal surface1 except ! tip ( ! abdom51 bright %9+ r$2 ! "u surface1 legs1 & tip ( abdom5 are d>k metallic gre54 ,c4 billi>di]ei1 ab\t ! same size1 has ! back & ! "u surface ( ! abdom5 7except ! tip7 r$2 ! head1 ?orax1 legs & tip ( abdom5 deep metallic gre5 ) dull purple t9ts4 ,c4 cru5ta is a mu* small] species1 ! ?orax & basal half ( ! back r$1 %ad+ into purple t[>d ! tip4 ,c4 nobilis has ! head & ?orax d>k1 ) ! dull r$ back spott$ ) black4 ,all our species ( ?is g5us are f\nd 9 ! tropical scrubs ( ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,cantao p>5tum measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is m elongate 9 =m2 x is ( a uni=m dull r$ t9t1 ) ! :ole ( ! dorsal surface m>k$ ) small irregul> black dots2 ! legs & "u surface are black4 ,x ranges along ! ,que5sl& coa/4 ,x has be5 report$ to h attack$ *]ries 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,! ,g5us ,te/rica conta9s sev]al little br[n bugs1 %ort & broad1 ) ! front ( ! ?orax m or less produc$ into a sp9e1 & ! extremity ( ! abdom5 broadly r\nd$4 ,te/rica bubala is n m ?an ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! %\ld]s %>ply sp9$2 x is f\nd ^u ! foliage ( small gum trees4 ,! sub-family ,,cyd9ae conta9s a numb] ( curi\s little black %9+ bugs t live on ! gr\nd & are (t5 f\nd hid+ "u /ones4 ,!y are quick & active 9 _! habits1 & might easily be mi/ak5 = small black beetles4 ,geobia au/ralis1 "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a uni=m pit*-black col\r1 ) ! expos$ tips ( ! elytra greyi%-br[n2 x has sp9y legs2 ! head is clo!d ) scatt]$ hairs =m+ a fr+e4 ,adrissa atra is a mu* l>g] black bug2 x has pit*-col\r$ elytra ) br[n tips4 ,?is common species is f\nd ab\t ,sydney "u /ones & rubbi%4 ,9 ! ,,p5tatom9ae we h a l>ge numb] ( species4 ,!y are broade/ across ! base ( ! ?orax1 :i* is sometimes slightly angulate2 ! scutellum is l>ge & angul>1 occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! back b n cov]+ ! :ole ( ! w+ cov]s4 ,notius depressus measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 ! g5]al col\r is deep blue to purple1 ! sides ( ! head & ?orax & v5tral surface m>k$ ) yell[4 ,x ranges f ,tasmania to ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,eumecopus au/ralasiae has a wide range1 & is (t5 f\nd 9 wattle scrub re/+ on tree-trunks4 ,x measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 is a v active insect1 & flies readily :5 di/urb$4 ,its col\r is dull br[n1 mottl$ ) small dull yell[ spots2 ^! =m sev]al %ort p>allel r[s on ! po9t$ head1 & !re is a di/9ct yell[ spot at ! apex ( ! scutellum4 ,! ,g5us ,poecilometis conta9s #ad species peculi> to ,au/ralia4 ,!y are ( ! same g5]al =m z ! la/ gr\p1 are f\nd 9 simil> localities1 & are all ( a m or less r$di%-br[n t9t4 ,poecilometis hi/ricus1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a light br[n col\r ) o*re\s m>k+s4 ,p4 gravis1 f\nd ^u wattle scrub1 is small] ?an ! la/ species & is ( a m r$di%-br[n t9t4 ,p4 /rigatus1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a simil> br[ni% col\r4 ,dictyotus plebejus is "o ( our commone/ little dull br[n bugs2 is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g? & ne>ly z broad z long4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 & is f\nd1 (t5 9 numb]s1 "u /ones1 dry c[dung1 or dead logs4 ,! g5us is peculi> to ,au/ralia1 & conta9s #ah describ$ species4 ,commius elegans is common on ! foliage ( ! native *]ry ab\t ,mittagong1 ,n4,s4,w42 x is j "u an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a g5]al blue black col\r ) ! ?orax & "u surface yell[ blot*$ ) black2 ! sides & apex ( ! scutellum are edg$ ) yell[2 & a n>r[] transv]se b& ( dull :ite crosses ! back j bel[ ! tip ( ! scutellum4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & 0 describ$ by ,donovan 9 #ahje4 ,plautia nigrip5nis is a mu* small] plant bug1 ) ! upp] surface gre51 & ! sides & tips ( ! elytra r$di% br[n2 x ranges up ! ,que5sl& coa/ f ! ,twe$ ,riv]1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,p4 aff9is is a pretty little gre5 insect :i* fe$s on rice & o!r plants 9 ! nor!rn di/rict ( ,n4,s4,w4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,cuspicona range f ,india to ,au/ralia & ,new ,cal$onia2 eight species are describ$ f ,au/ralia4 ,cuspicona simplex is a f9ely rugose & gre5 col\r$ bug ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! sides ( ! ?orax produc$ into blunt sp9es1 & ! elytra broadly r\nd$ to ! tip4 ,x infe/s _m field crops & has be5 report$ z do+ s]i\s damage to gr[+ potatoes4 ,c4 ?oracica is a small gre5 species1 ) ! ?orax produc$ into a /\t sp9e on ea* side4 ,! head & a broad b& across ! ?orax are r$di% br[n2 ! m>g9s ( ! ?orax & ! c5tre ( ! scutellum are m>k$ ) bright yell[4 ,x is common 9 ! ea/]n coa/al di/ricts1 & has be5 f\nd fe$+ on gr\nd crops ab\t ,gos=d1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,c4 =ticornis is a l>g] gre5 species ) ! ?oracic sp9es r$1 & ! dorsal surface ?ickly & f9ely punctur$4 ,x is common 9 ! nor!rn scrubs ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,! ,,asop9ae conta9s two well kn[n species ( ,au/ralian bugs3 ,c]matulus nasalis is common on ! ,ri*mond & ,twe$ ,riv]s1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,x measures slightly ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & has a some:at r\nd$ =m1 ) a small project+ head4 ,specim5s v>y f an olive br[n to almo/ black col\r1 & are mottl$ ) deep r$2 ! upp] surface is deeply & closely punctur$1 & ! tips ( ! elytra are metallic bronze4 ,! ,v9e-mo? ,bug1 ,oe*alia s*ellemb]gi1 is "o ( our mo/ int]e/+ species f an economic po9t ( view because x preys ^u ! cat]pill> ( ! v9e mo? 7,phala5ides glyc9e71 sev]al species ( cut-worm1 & ! l>vae ( ! fig-leaf beetle 7,gal]uca semipullata74 ,!y lay _! r\nd$ glassy eggs 9 pat*es ( ab\t a doz5 ^u ! foliage1 & ! fre%ly em]g$ bug is d>k br[n1 & flatt5$ 9 =m4 ,! adult bug v>ies v mu* 9 size2 ! l>ge/ is ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 x is v f9ely punctur$1 & is ( a g5]al light r$di% br[n col\r mottl$ ) yell[2 ! sides ( ! ?orax are /\tly sp9$1 & ! abdom5 is r tap]+ t[>d ! tip4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is record$ f ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,sp9$ ,orange ,bug1 ,biprorulus bibax1 is a well kn[n orange pe/ ab\t ,moree & ! ,twe$ & ,ri*mond ,riv]s1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,x is a h&some bright gre5 bug :5 alive1 b aft] dea? usually *anges to dull yell[2 x measures ne>ly an in* 9 l5g? & ( an in* across f tip to tip ( ! l>ge ?oracic sp9es2 ! front ( ! ?orax betwe5 ^! /\t sp9es is some:at depress$2 ! abdom5 is broad & r\nd$1 & ! dorsal surface f9ely punctur$4 ,! ,,tess>atom9ae are usually l>ge insects f\nd ^u plants1 & among !m are sev]al de/ructive species4 ,among a numb] ( hemipt]a submitt$ to ,d',horva? = id5tification 7 two species1 viz41 ,rhoecocoris 7,oncoscelis7 sulciv5tris & ,/ilida indecora1 :i* bo? 9 ! l>val & p]fect /ate sw>m ov] ! orange or*>ds 9 ! nor? ( ,n4,s4 ,wales &1 by suck+ up ! sap ( ! /alks1 cause ! unripe oranges to fall4 ,_! habits & life hi/ory be+ id5tical1 ,rhoecocoris 7,oncoscelis7 sulciv5tris1 :i* 0 id5tifi$ by ,olliff 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib1 ,i at fir/ confus$ ) ,/ilida indecora 7,ag4 ,gazette1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aija74 ,s4 indecora is ( a m r$di% br[n t9t ?an ,r4 sulciv5tris1 ) ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax n punctur$1 & ! apical areas ( elytra m bell %ap$1 :ile ! v5ation is mu* f9]2 :ile ! ?orax ( ,r4 sulciv5tris is di/9ctly punctur$ & ! ant]ior edge ( ! apical area ( ! elytra is broadly r\nd$4 ,oncom]is flavicornis is our l>ge/ ,au/ralian plant bug1 ov] #a in*es 9 l5g?1 ( a broad %ield %ape1 ov] ( an in* across ! r\nd$ ?orax1 & ( a g5]al d>k r$di% br[n almo/ black col\r on ! dorsal surface2 ea* elytron is ri*ly m>k$ on ! basal half ) bright yell[1 & ! apical portion is ri* metallic purple4 ,x comes f ! tropical scrubs ( ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,9 ! ,sub-family ,,d9idor9ae we h ,megym5um insul>e1 a typical =m v common on ! foliage ( ! l[ scrub ( ! semi-tropical =e/s ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,que5sl&4 ,x is ( a g5]al *ocolate br[n t9t1 ) ! inn] apical m>k+s ( ! elytra dull :ite2 x measures j "u an in*2 ! sides ( ! head & ! front ( ?orax are furni%$ ) %ort angul> sp9es1 :i* are also pres5t r\nd ! out] edge ( ! abdom9al segm5ts2 & ! :ole ( ! dorsal surface is rugose4 ,! immature l>vae are br[n1 flatt5$1 & fr+$ "r r\nd ) bract-l processes4 ,family #b4 ,gum-tree ,bugs4 ,,coreidae4 ,?is gr\p conta9s bugs 9 :i* ! scutellum does n ext5d z f> back z ! middle ( ! body2 ! head is g5]ally furni%$ ) f\r-jo9t$ ant5nae ins]t$ above on ! sides ( ! head2 !re are two ocelli2 & ! %ea? ( ! proboscis consi/s ( f\r segm5ts4 ,_m species h ! femora ( ! h9d legs dilat$ or arm$ ) blunt sp9es4 ,! majority are dull col\r$ insects t h no di/9ctive common "n 9 ,au/ralia1 s = want ( bett]1 ,i propose to def9e !m z 8,gum-tree bugs10 z _m typical =ms fe$ ^u ! "y %oots ( our gum trees 7,eucalyptus74 ,9 ,am]ica !y are sometimes call$ 8,squa% ,bugs0 f _! fondness = pumpk9 plants4 ,ov] #a1ejj species h be5 describ$ & plac$ 9 #bi sub-families2 & !y are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,,mict9ae are repres5t$ by "o ( our be/ kn[n species1 :i* ,i call$ ! 8,crusad] ,bug10 ,mictis pr(ana4 ,x is a some:at v>iable elongate insect j "u an in* 9 l5g?1 ( a uni=m dull drab-br[n1 ) ! inn] edge ( ea* elytron m>k$ ) a dull yell[ /ripe1 :i*1 int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ! c5tre1 produce a di/9ct cross on ! back4 ,! h9d legs are ?ick5$ & ! apex ( ! tibia =ms a blunt sp9e4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & ( late ye>s has be5 f\nd infe/+ ! citrus or*>ds1 :]e x punctures ! "y %oots & causes !m to die back4 ,! ,g5us ,amorbus conta9s #ae describ$ species peculi> to ?is c\ntry1 mo/ ( :i* fe$ ^u ! foliage ( "y gum trees & give out a v /rong od\r :5 t\*$2 ! "y l>val =ms are (t5 brightly col\r$1 b 9 ! adult /ate all ^! bugs are dull br[n4 ,amorbus angu/ior1 "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 has ! dorsal surface flatt5$2 ! abdom5 swells out on ! sides beyond ! edge ( ! fold$ elytra1 & ! :ole surface is granulat$ or r\gh5$4 ,x is ( a uni=m *ocolate col\r ) ! ant5nae & abdom5 ru/y r$4 ,a4 robu/us is a mu* l>g] species1 /\t 9 proportion1 ) ! same elongate =m1 b ! edges ( ! abdom5 n project+ beyond ! w+s4 ,mutusca brevicornis is a v sl5d] br[n bug1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 usually f\nd re/+ among ! grass4 ,! head & ?orax are elongate1 ) ! =m] produc$ 9 front ( ! ant5nae into two sl5d] lobes2 ! elytra are long & sl5d]1 & ! w+s well adapt$ = flight4 ,riptortus robu/us is also an elongate bug1 b %ort] & /\t]1 ) ! head %ort & angul>2 ! ?orax is %ort1 r\nd$ 9 front1 & produc$ into a ridge beh9d1 ) a /\t sp9e on ei!r side4 ,! body is long1 con/rict$ 9 ! c5tre1 & r\nd$ at ! tip3 ! ?ighs ( ! h9d legs long1 ?ick5$ & arm$ ) a r[ ( sp9es along ! inn] edge4 ,! g5]al col\r is r$di% br[n4 ,! ,g5us ,leptoglossus conta9s "s h&some species :i* are rem>kable = hav+ ! tibiae ( ! h9d legs dilat$ into leaf-l processes4 ,leptoglossus membranaceus is an elongate1 flatt5$1 black bug b&$ ) a sl5d] r$ l9e across ! ?orax2 ! head is small1 project+ 9 front ( ! triangul> ?orax2 & ! %ield %ap$ body comes to a r\nd$ tip4 ,! =e legs are sl5d]1 b ! h9d pair are slightly ?ick5$ on ! ?ighs & r\gh5$ on ! inn] edges2 & ! tibiae h leaf-l projections on ei!r side1 giv+ x a v rem>kable appe>ance4 ,x is common 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& & ranges ov] ,africa1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,philipp9es4 ,family #c4 ,*9* ,bugs4 ,,lygaeidae4 ,?is is a family conta9+ ab\t #a1djj describ$ species divid$ into ?irte5 sub-families1 b _m ( ! latt] are v re/rict$ 9 _! numb]s1 ! majority com+ "u ! typical sub-family ,,lygae9ae4 ,_! g5]al *>act]s are simil> to ^? ( ! ,coreidae except t ! ant5nae are ins]t$ bel[ ! eyes1 & ! head is n s flatt5$ & m angul> 9 front4 ,!y are small] bugs ( m delicate /ructure1 & _! prevail+ col\rs are br[n or black v>iegat$ ) r$ & yell[2 "s ( !m1 su* z ! ,*9* ,bug ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 are v de/ructive pe/s4 ,z !y h no di/9ctive gr\p "n ,i h adopt$ ,pr(essor ,com/ock's "n ( 8,*9* ,bugs40 ,! ,,lygae9ae conta9 mo/ ( ! bright col\r$ species1 (t5 m>k$ ) r$2 ! w+ cov]s are usually ( a some:at delicate texture4 ,a/acops laticeps1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is a sl5d] black bug ) ! head & sides ( ! elytra bright r$4 ,scopia/es vitticeps1 ab\t ! same size1 has ! head1 ?orax1 & sides ( ! body r$4 ,bo? ^! insects are common on ! grass & field crops on ! ,nor!rn ,riv]s ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,lygaeus hospes measures an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( ! typical elongate =m1 & is black m>k$ ) bright r$ =m+ a broad indi/9ct cross on ! basal portions ( ! elytra4 ,x has a wide range f ,*9a & ,india to ,au/ralia & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,l4 mactans is a mu* small] insect1 ) ! head1 base ( ?orax1 & ! great] "p ( ea* elytron bright r$4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia1 & is also record$ f ,fiji4 ,l4 decoratus1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 has ! :ole ( ! head1 ?orax1 & sides ( ! elytra b&$ ) r$ & black2 x comes f ,que5sl&4 ,! ,cotton ,bug1 ,oncopeltus quadriguttatus1 figur$ 9 my notes 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette #aija1 %\ld be accord+ to ,horva? ,o4 sordidus1 ,dallas1 ?\gh ! latt] "n is giv5 z a synonym ( ! fir/ 9 ,l4 & ,s4's ,catalogue4 ,x measures an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) ! head & two depressions 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?orax dull r$1 & ! scutellum & basal half ( ea* elytron deep orange r$2 ! abdom5 is dull r$ & clo!d ) %ort d[n4 ,!y lay _! eggs to =m a r+ r\nd a twig1 sometimes z _m z a hundr$ 9 a clu/]2 ! l>vae are flat & almo/ circul> 9 =m1 ( a g5]al r$ col\r mottl$ ) metallic blue spots1 & ! legs & ant5nae are d>k col\r$4 ,?is bug is common on ! cultivat$ cotton plants ab\t ! ,ri*mond ,riv]1 & ranges f ,sydney into ,que5sl&4 ,! ,ru!rgl5 ,bug1 ,nysius v9itor1 is "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive plant bugs 9 ,au/ralia2 bre$+ 9 grass l&s1 dur+ ! summ] x sw>ms ov] all k9ds ( field crops & fruit trees 9 c\ntless millions1 suck+ up ! sap ( bo? ! foliage & fruit4 ,x has a v wide range1 & takes its popul> "n f ! t[n 9 ,victoria1 9 :i* x 0 fir/ record$ damag+ grapes4 ,x is a t9y creature1 "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is dull br[n to grey 9 col\r ) silv]y grey w+s2 x is v active & flies well4 ,x is s common t "u fav\rable conditions x might become "h z s]i\s a pe/ z ! ,*9* ,bug ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,g5us is a v ext5sive "o1 conta9+ #fi species di/ribut$ f ,gre5l& to ,s4 ,am]ica1 ?us almo/ _w wide 9 its range4 ,! ,coon ,bug1 ,oxyc>5us luctuosus1 is a t9y black & :ite bug ab\t ! same size1 orig9ally describ$ f ,new ,cal$onia4 ,x is v common1 *iefly 9 ! inl& di/ricts1 sw>m+ ov] ! gr\nd 9 millions4 ,:5 9 ! l>val /ate1 be=e ! w+s are develop$1 its g5]al col\r is bright r$1 & x is !n mu* m noticeable1 giv+ ! f5ces on :i* x re/s 9 ! day "t a curi\s blood-r$ t9t4 ,s f> x has nev] be5 record$ z a plant pe/1 b t is probably only because x is *iefly a we/]n species1 :]e little fruit is gr[n4 ,family #d4 ,fruit ,bugs4 ,,pyrrhocoridae4 ,^! bugs diff] f ! la/ family only 9 ! fact t !y are n provid$ ) ocelli4 ,x is a small family conta9+ "u #djj describ$ species1 plac$ 9 two sub-families4 ,! ,,l>g9ae conta9s a numb] ( r$ col\r$ bugs1 ! majority ( :i* are conf9$ to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,physopelta h[ev] belong to ! ,indian & ,malay region2 & ,p4 famelica ranges f ,c]am to ,woodl>k ,isl&1 & d[n ! ,que5sl& coa/ to ! ,twe$ ,riv]4 ,x measures "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( ! typical =m1 & ( a g5]al dull r$ t9t1 ) ! head1 c5tre ( ! ?orax1 & legs d>k br[n2 ! c5tre ( ! scutellum & f\r spots on ! sides ( ! elytra are black4 ,! ,,pyrrhocor9ae comprise ! bulk ( ?is family1 :i* are *iefly f\nd 9 ,africa & ,asia4 ,! 8,h>lequ9 ,fruit-bug10 ,d9dymus v]sicolor1 0 orig9ally describ$ f ,tasmania1 b has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,!y %elt] & bre$ 9 ! crevices on tree trunks1 & (t5 damage ripe fruit4 ,x measures slightly ov] an in* 9 l5g?2 ! "u surface is yell[i%1 ) ! head & ?orax blood r$1 ! latt] b>r$ ) :ite4 ,! upp] surface & legs are black1 ) ! great] "p ( ! ?orax & basal half ( ! side ( ea* elytron bright r$4 ,d9dymus circumc9ctus is a slightly small]1 mu* d>k] species1 ! r$ only %[+ on ! out] m>g9s ( ! ?orax & elytra4 ,i h specim5s collect$ ne> ,sydney4 ,dysd]cus sidae belongs to a g5us _w wide 9 its di/ribution1 & conta9+ ov] #ej describ$ species4 ,?is species is common on ! ,ri*mond ,riv] ,n4,s4,w41 frequ5t+ ! cultivat$ cotton plants1 :]e x c be se5 runn+ ov] ! op5+ cotton bolls1 & discol\r+ !m ) its excrem5t 9 ! same mann] z ! 8,am]ican ,cotton ,/a9]10 ,dysd]cus suturellus1 is report$ to d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our species measures ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 x is r$1 ) ! scutellum & a di/9ct r\nd$ spot 9 ! c5tre ( ea* elytron black4 ,! ant5nae1 eyes1 & apical areas ( ! elytra are also black2 ! front & sides ( ! ?orax m>k$ ) dull :ite4 ,family #e4 ,lace ,bugs4 ,,t+idae4 ,^! are all small plant bugs )\t ocelli2 ! t]m9al jo9t ( ! ant5nae is swoll5 or clubb$2 ! pronotum is l>ge1 cov]+ ! scutellum2 ! neuration ( ! elytra is v di/9ct1 =m+ intricate1 lace-l patt]ns2 ! feet consi/ ( two jo9ts4 ,!y are true plant-fe$+ bugs1 g5]ally suck+ up ! sap f ! "u-side ( ! leaf1 & :5 num]\s (t5 become pe/s4 ,betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ species ( ,,t+idae h be5 describ$1 & are plac$ 9 two sub-families4 ,few species h be5 record$ f ,au/ralia1 b ?is is probably n ow+ to _! abs5ce1 b because collectors are apt to ov]look ^! small creatures4 ,s]5?ia pectip5nis is a t9y d>k br[n bug1 h>dly ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! oval body is convex1 & broadly r\nd$ to ! apex1 ) a curi\s light] br[n patt]n on ! elytra4 ,x comes f ,gl5 ,innes1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! ,olive-tree ,bug1 ,froggattia oliv9a1 0 describ$ f specim5s s5t to ,horva?2 its native food plant is ! wild olive 7,notalaea longifolia72 ! l>vae infe/ ! "u surface ( ! leaves1 & cause !m to )] & drop (f4 ,x has n[ transf]r$ its att5tion to ! cultivat$ olive1 & :5 num]\s w almo/ defoliate ! trees2 x has a wide range ov] ,n4,s4 ,wales1 b ,i "k no record ( x f ! o!r ,/ates4 ,x is a sl5d]1 h&some little d>k br[n bug1 ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & has typical clubb$ ant5nae4 ,! elytra are swoll5 out t[>d ! base1 arcuate on ! sides1 & r\nd$ at ! extremities1 ) lace-l reticulations on ! apical areas2 ! ?orax is r\nd$ & convex4 ,oncophysa vesiculata is ano!r curi\s little elongate bug1 ab\t ! same l5g?2 ( a uni=m d>k br[n t9t2 ! upp] surface is m>k$ ) di/9ct ridges & f9e punctures1 & a pair ( l>ge bulb\s processes /& up prom95tly at ! base ( ! elytra4 ,x is common ab\t ,sydney1 :]e x fe$s ^u ! little native cotton bu%4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4--,,hemipt]a4 ,family ,,r$uviidae4 #a4 ,opi/oplatys au/ralasiae 7,we/w474 #c4 ,pirates ephippig] 7,:ite74 #f4 ,pri/hesancus papu5sis 7,/al74 #ab4 ,gm9atus nigroscutellatus 7,br$d574 #ae4 ,g>d5a au/ralis 7,horva?74 ,family ,,p5tatomidae4 #b4 ,cuspicona =ticornis 7,br$d574 #d4 ,poecilometis /rigatus 7,we/w474 #g4 ,megym5um insul>e 7,we/w474 #h4 ,philia basalis 7,grey74 #i4 ,poecilometis hi/ricus 7,/al74 #ac4 ,c]matulus nasalis 7,we/w474 #ad4 ,geobia au/ralis 7,eri*474 #af4 ,notius depressus 7,dall474 ,family ,,coreidae4 #e4 ,amorbus robu/us 7,mayr74 ,family ,,galgulidae4 #aj4 ,mononyx annulipes 7,horva?74 ,family ,,p5tatomidae4 #aa4 ,oe*alia s*ellemb]gi 7,gur974 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4--,,hemipt]a4 ,family #f4 ,fungus ,bugs4 ,,aradidae4 ,^! are dull col\r$ black or br[n bugs ( mod]ate size1 ) ! dorsal surface v rugose1 & ! :ole insect ?9 & flatt5$1 admirably adapt$ to ! life x leads hidd5 "u ! dead b>k on tree trunks1 _! *ief food be+ fung\s gr[?s f\nd ^u ! damp b>k4 ,h[>d calls !m 8,flat ,b>k ,bugs10 & rem>ks t !y look z if !y _h be5 /epp$ ^u4 ,!y h ! tip ( ! abdom5 expos$1 z ! elytra are %ort] ?an ! body1 :i* is also expos$ on ! sides :5 ! w+s are fold$4 ,l ! ,lace-bugs 7,t+idae7 !y h no ocelli1 b1 unlike !m1 !y h ! scutellum expos$4 ,?is family conta9s ab\t #cjj describ$ species1 divid$ into f\r sub-divisions4 ,eri*son has describ$ sev]al f ,tasmania 7,ar*4 #ahdb72 ,b]gro? 7,v]h4 ,z4 b4 ,ges4 ,wi5 #ahhf7 & ,walk] 7,cat4 ,het]4 #ahgd7 o!rs f ,au/ralia4 ,!re are a numb] ( undet]m9$ species 9 our ,museum collections1 mo/ ( :i* are to be f\nd ^u fall5 timb] :]e ! b>k is rott+ & peel+ (f ! trunk4 ,family #g4 ,wat] ,/rid]s4 ,,hydrometridae4 ,^! are aquatic insects1 liv+ ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 & "s are ev5 f\nd on ! op5 ocean1 hundr$s ( miles away f l&4 ,!y1 l mo/ o!r wat]-dwell]s1 are cov]$ ) a velvet-l pubesc5ce2 ! head is ornam5t$ ) l>ge project+ eyes2 ! ant5nae are f\r-jo9t$4 ,!y may be w+less2 :5 pres5t1 ! elytra are ( a uni=m texture4 ,mo/ ( ! species are furni%$ ) v long legs4 ,! t>si are two-jo9t$4 ,ab\t #afj species are describ$ "u f\r sub-families2 only ?ree or f\r are describ$ f ,au/ralia2 b m f ! op5 wat]s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,9 ! g5us ,g]ris1 ,skuse 7,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 #ahic7 describ$ a species f ! wat]s ( ,sydney ,h>b\r "u ! "n ( ,g]ris au/ralis4 ,x v>ies f d>k %9+ olive to black on ! dorsal surface2 ! v5tral surface is yell[ ) grey t9ts4 ,x is cov]$ ) a f9e silv]y pubesc5ce1 & measures ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,hydrometra /rigosa1 describ$ by ,skuse f specim5s f ! swamps ab\t ,botany1 ,n4,s4,w41 is a l>g] insect1 ( a uni=m br[ni% yell[ t9t2 & x has a m sl5d] %ape4 ,halobates :iteleggi is a small o*re\s wat]-bug ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & 0 obta9$ by ,skuse 9 sw>ms 9 ! %elt]$ nooks ( ,sydney ,h>b\r4 ,ano!r species discov]$ 9 ,torres ,/raits has be5 nam$ ,h]matabates hadd5i1 aft] its discov]]1 ,pr(essor ,hadd54 ,! closely alli$ small family ,,h5icocephalidae consi/s ( a s+le g5us1 ! memb]s ( :i* are widely di/ribut$4 ,we h "o describ$ f ,tasmania by ,we/wood "u ! "n ( ,h5icocephalus tasmanicus4 ,!y fly 9 sw>ms1 danc+ 9 ! air toge!r l midges4 ,x is notic$ !y give (f a musk-l smell4 ,family #h4 ,assass9 ,bugs4 ,,r$uviidae4 ,?is is a l>ge division ( ! ,hemipt]a1 & its memb]s are c>nivor\s1 de/roy+ diff]5t k9ds ( insects1 :i* !y impale ) _! beaks1 & f :i* !y suck ! blood2 _m c give a pa9ful /ab ) ! /\t beak if h&l$ c>elessly4 ,! head is long1 n>r[$ beh9d1 & freely movable2 ! ro/rum or beak is %ort1 /\t1 & is curv$ "u ! head1 n ext5d+ f> "u ! ?orax2 ! ant5nae are long1 sl5d] t[>ds ! tips2 ! legs are long1 sl5d]1 & (t5 hairy2 ! elytron consi/s ( ?ree divisions4 ,"s species are w+less4 ,!y exhibit mu* v>iety 9 size & col\ration1 & _! %ape is (t5 adapt$ to _! habits4 ,! l>ge immature =ms ( "o undet]m9$ species1 f\nd pl5tifully ab\t ,maitl&1 ,n4,s4,w41 hides 9 ! s& "u ! %elt] ( a log or /one2 ea* cov]s its back ) bits ( s& or dirt1 &1 ?us disguis$1 x lies 9 wait = its prey4 ,ov] #b1jjj species are describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & !y are gr\p$ into #ad sub-families4 ,! ,,emes9ae conta9 a v curi\s gr\p ( sl5d] grey bugs ) long legs4 ,!y might at fir/ sight be mi/ak5 = 8daddy longlegs0 or 8crane-flies02 & are f\nd1 too1 9 simil> situations1 viz41 re/+ on tree trunks or "u ! cov] ( logs & b>k2 & !y probably live *iefly on ^! long-legg$ flies4 ,g>d5a au/ralis is ( a uni=m br[n t9t1 mottl$ on ! legs & elytra ) grey4 ,x is ( ! usual sl5d] =m1 ) elongate hairy legs4 ,x & sev]al simil> b undet]m9$ species are common ab\t ,sydney4 ,opi/oplatys au/ralasiae1 repres5t+ ! small sub-family ,,tribelocephalidae1 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,we/wood 9 #ahei2 x is n uncommon on tree trunks ab\t ! ,ri*mond ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,x measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 & is flatt5$ on ! dorsal surface2 ! abdom5 is elongate1 & r\nd$ at ! apex2 its g5]al col\r is dull *ocolate br[n1 ) ! c5tre ( ! back slightly pubesc5t4 ,9 ! gr\p ,,holoptil9ae are "s species ) fea!r-l h9d legs1 ! tibiae be+ d5sely clo!d ) long d>k hairs4 ,!y are usually f\nd on ! trunks ( dead trees1 "u ! %elt] ( ! dry+ deta*$ b>k1 :]e !y are f\nd 9 all /ages ( developm5t2 !y probably fe$ ^u ! small insects t come !re = %elt]4 ,horva? has id5tifi$ ^? ,i h s5t him z ,ptilocnemus femoralis1 a new species1 ?\gh !re are f\r o!r species describ$ f ,au/ralia4 ,?is new species measures ov] ( an in*1 & has ! head1 ?orax1 & jo9ts ( ! legs dull yell[2 ! "u surface & apical areas ( ! elytra are m>bl$ ) black & br[n2 ! ant5nae1 head1 ?orax & legs are fr+$ ) long black hairs1 :i* on ! h9d tibiae are s ?ick z to give ! appe>ance ( a fea!r or bru%4 ,aradellus cygnalis1 figur$ & describ$ by ,we/wood 7,!saurus ,ent4 #ahgd71 is also f\nd hid+ "u dead b>k on tree trunks4 ,"s specim5s 7 tak5 at ,gunn$ah1 ,n4,s4,w41 b ,i also h a closely alli$1 if n a new species1 f ,ba?ur/1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,x measures slightly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a g5]al blacki% br[n col\r1 ) yell[i% legs1 & ! elytra are black1 mottl$ ) blot*es ( :ite2 ! curi\s ?ick5$ ant5nae & legs are fr+$ ) %ort /\t1 bri/le-l hairs4 ,! ,,acan?asp9ae are l>g] sl5d]-legg$ bugs1 well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! g5us ,sph$anocores conta9s sev]al di/9ct species ) a wide range4 ,s4 di/9ctus measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is mottl$ & b>r$ ) d>k orange & black2 ! head is turn$ d[nw>ds & ! ro/rum is /\t2 ! ?orax is v rugose4 ,r$uvius p]sonatus is a cosmopolitan species t takes up its qu>t]s 9 ! h\se1 cov]+ itself ) bits ( dirt & fe$+ ^u ! common b$ bug4 ,x is record$ bo? f ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,! l>val =m ( an alli$ bug has ! broad back concave1 & cov]s itself ) p>ticles ( s&2 x re/s "u ! %elt] ( logs & /ones :]e x lurks dur+ ! day4 ,r$uvius rivulosus is a l>ge bug measur+ ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x is ( a g5]al dull br[n col\r ) ! elytra mottl$ ) dull yell[1 :ile ! :ole insect is clo!d ) f9e woolly hairs1 d5s] ^u ! legs4 ,x comes f ! ,%oalhav5 di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! ,,pirat9ae comprise "s ( ! s-call$ 8,assass9 bugs02 9 col\r mo/ ( !m are d>k br[n or black1 m>k$ ) dull yell[2 !y hide "u /ones 9 ! daytime1 & (t5 9 summ] come fly+ to ! lights 9 ! h\se at night1 :51 if c>elessly h&l$ !y c inflict a v sev]e /ab ) ! beak4 ,pirates ephippig] is "o ( our l>ge/ species1 measur+ ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is ( a uni=m dull black1 ) ! /\t legs r$di% br[n 9 col\r1 & !re is a he>t-%ap$ pat* ( bright yell[ beh9d ! scutellum4 ,! pro?orax is n>r[1 smoo? & r\nd$1 ) a con/riction sep>at+ x di/9ctly f ! broad] meso?orax :i* is also smoo? & r\nd$4 ,p4 flavopictus is a v mu* small] species1 black 9 col\r1 ) ! yell[ blot* beh9d ! scutellum4 ,! :ole insect is clo!d ) f9e hairs4 ,x is a common species 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & has a wide range ov] ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t4 ,twelve o!r species ( ?is l>ge g5us are describ$ f ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,! ,,h>pactor9ae is ! l>ge/ division ( ?is family1 & comprises bo? ! l>ge sp9y 8assass9 bugs0 t crawl ab\t among ! foliage or hunt ov] ! tree trunks1 & "s typical =ms1 mo/ pl5tiful 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,hav9?us depressus is a small1 flat1 d>k br[n species1 "u an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! out] m>g9s ( ! body mottl$ ) dull r$4 ,h4 rufov>ius is a l>g] bug ( a g5]al black col\r1 ) ! head1 front ( ?orax1 legs1 bases ( ! elytra1 & "u surface ( ! abdom5 m>k$ ) deep r$4 ,! body is rugose & clo!d ) %ort /iff hairs4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia2 & a v l>ge v>iety1 ) blood r$ m>k+s1 f ,kalgoorlie 7,w4,a471 measures ov] an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,gm9atus are peculi> to ,au/ralia1 & are f\nd hunt+ ov] tree trunks & fl[]s4 ,! body is some:at con/rict$ beh9d ! ?orax1 broad5+ t[>ds ! r\nd$ apex4 ,gm9atus nigroscutellatus1 ov] an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( a g5]al bright r$ col\r1 ) ! legs & scutellum black1 & ! apical areas ( ! elytra ri* metallic bronze4 ,! dorsal surfaces ( ! head & ?orax are ornam5t$ ) a numb] ( tub]cles or sp9es4 ,g4 au/ralis1 slightly small] & m sl5d] ?an ! previ\s "o1 diff]s 9 hav+ ! head black2 ! pro?orax black & furni%$ ) two pairs ( black sp9es1 & ! %ort] sp9es 9 ! re/ ( ! ?orax tipp$ ) black4 ,! ,bee ,kill]1 ,pri/hesancus papu5sis1 is a l>ge br[n bug1 ne>ly #a in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ickly clo!d ) %ort buff hairs4 ,! out] edge ( ! ?orax is produc$ into erect blunt tub]cles1 sev5 9 numb]1 =m+ an angle on ! out] m>g9s4 ,! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 is v concave2 ! fold$ elytra lie sunk well bel[ ! sides ( abdom51 :i* are flang$ & rais$4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ sitt+ on ! tassels ( maize cobs1 cat*+ & suck+ ! blood out ( hive bees z !y come = ! poll54 ,x is common on ! ,twe$ ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 & 9 ,que5sl&4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,helonotus are simil> l>ge c>nivor\s bugs4 ,specim5s are record$ f ,cape ,york 7,que5sl&71 & ! tropical scrubs ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,family #i4 ,b$ ,bugs4 ,,cimicidae4 ,! family to :i* ! common b$ bug ( unsav\ry reputation belongs1 is a v small "o1 compris+ only a few g5]a & ab\t a doz5 species4 ,!y h no ocelli2 ! w+ cases are %ort & d n rea* to ! tip ( ! abdom52 ! head is %ort1 ) ! ro/rum :5 at re/ fitt+ into a groove b5ea? x4 ,cimex lectul>ius1 ! common h\se bug1 is suppos$ to h come orig9ally f ,asia into ,europe1 & !nce transport$ ov] ! _w4 ,sev]al o!r species are f\nd 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ano!r 9 ,india1 & indig5\s species bo? 9 ,*ili & ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon4 ,a fossil bug has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,t]ti>y b$s 9 ,scotl& :i* is said to be v simil> if n id5tical ) ! pres5t h\sehold pe/4 ,kirkaldy has rec5tly creat$ ! ,g5us ,kl9ophilos to conta9 our common b$ bug1 ?\gh x has always be5 consid]$ to be ,l9ne's type ( ! ,g5us ,cimex4 ,family #aj4 ,leaf ,bugs4 ,,capsidae4 ,^! are all small plant-eat+ bugs ( some:at delicate /ructure1 & =m a family ( consid]able size2 ov] #b1jjj species hav+ be5 record$ f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,sev]al species are well kn[n pe/s 9 ,india & ,ceylon1 & a few 9 ,am]ica are said to prey on small insects4 ,v little att5tion has be5 paid to ! collection ( ^! small bugs 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ,mr4 ,kirkaldy in=ms me t #ce species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia1 *iefly by ,walk]1 ,reut]1 ,di/ant & himself4 ,!y h no ocelli2 ! ant5na is f\r jo9t$1 ) ! second jo9t usually v long2 ! scutellum is triangul> & v small2 ! elytra & w+s are l>ge1 ! =m] rem>kable = hav+ only two cells 9 ea* apical area2 ! female is furni%$ ) a well-def9$ ovipositor4 ,9 8 8,memoir ^u ! ,rhyn*otal family ,capsidae0 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #aijb71 ,kirkaldy li/s #f describ$ species1 & also def9es #e new species :i* 7 collect$ at ,alex&ria1 ,victoria4 ,eurybro*is zanna is a mottl$ r$di% br[n insect1 d>ke/ t[>ds ! extremity1 measur+ "u ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ( ! usual =m4 ,au/omiris viridissimus is a long]1 m sl5d] bug ( a g5]al gre5i% t9t4 ,zanessa rubrov>iegata is aga9 a little long]1 ( a uni=m br[n t9t m>k$ ) r$ on ! elytra4 ,/al 7,eug5ie's ,resa ,nov>a #ahei7 describ$ #c ,au/ralian species4 ,family #aa4 ,wat] ,bugs4 ,,cryptoc]ata4 ,! sev]al families includ$ 9 ?is gr\p comprise a numb] ( aquatic or semi-aquatic bugs4 ,! ,,galgulidae1 kn[n z 8,s&-bugs10 are curi\s little creatures di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs 9 hav+ ocelli4 ,!y are v %ort & broad 9 =m1 ) project+ eyes1 & 9 g5]al appe>ance ea* sugge/s a m9iature crab4 ,!y h %ort f\r jo9t$ ant5nae situat$ bel[ ! eyes1 & are furni%$ ) legs well adapt$ = runn+ on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are f\nd on ! edges ( swamps or creeks1 & fe$ ^u diff]5t k9ds ( small insects4 ,9 col\r !y are usually ( a uni=m dull br[n to black2 ! upp] surface is g5]ally mu* r\gh5$4 ,nev] mov+ unless t\*$1 !y tru/ to _! sordid col\rs to escape detection1 = z !y mat* ! gr\nd s well1 !y are difficult to f9d4 ,mononyx annulipes1 "o ( our commone/ species1 is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?2 is ( a uni=m dirty br[n t9t1 ) ! legs & "u surface dull yell[2 ! body is v rugose & fr+$ on ! out] edges ) f9e bri/les4 ,mont&on has describ$ sev]al o!r ,au/ralian species 7,bullet91 ,societ des ,sci5ces1 ,r\mania1 #ahii74 ,! ,,nepidae are popul>ly kn[n z 8wat] scorpions0 on acc\nt ( ! curi\s tail app5dages project+ f ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,!y live 9 ponds1 & fe$ ^u diff]5t wat] insects1 atta*+ _! eggs to ! leaves ( ! plants4 ,!y h ! w+ cov]s fold$ closely ov] ! back protect+ ! w+s f ! wat]1 & fly rapidly f pool to pool :5 ! wat] dries up4 ,!re are _m species f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 mo/ ( :i* h a wide range4 ,rant>a v>ipes1 "u #a in* 9 l5g?1 has a tail ab\t z long aga9 z ! body1 & is ( a light yell[i% br[n col\r4 ,x might be lik5$ to a mantis1 ) its sl5d] =m & =e pair ( legs furni%$ ) sp9es on ! inn] edges to hold its prey4 ,! o!r legs are long & sl5d] ) curv$ claws at ! extremities4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,nepa ! insects h ! head & body flatt5$2 ! elytra cov] ! w+s2 ! abdom5 is broadly r\nd$ at ! extremity1 t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( long sl5d] bri/les4 ,! beak curv$ "u ! head is l>ge & /\t2 ! eyes are l>ge1 ! =e legs are sp9$1 & ! o!r legs furni%$ ) a pair ( sl5d] curv$ claws4 ,nepa tri/is1 measur+ ab\t #a in* to ! tip ( ! body1 is ( ! usual =m & dull br[n col\r1 ) ! upp] surface ( ! abdom5 %[+ bright r$ :5 ! w+s are exp&$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ponds crawl+ ab\t among ! we$s4 ,family #ab4 ,fi%-kill]s4 ,,belo/omidae4 ,9 ! typical g5us ( ?is family we h "s ( ! l>ge/ kn[n ,hemipt]a1 measur+ up to #c in*es 9 l5g? & broad 9 proportion4 ,!y are aquatic1 g5]ally liv+ 9 /ill wat]s1 fe$+ on small fi% :i* !y capture ) _! /\t sp9$ legs2 !y play havoc ) ! small fry 9 a pond1 & are popul>ly kn[n 9 consequ5ce z 8,fi%-kill]s40 ,! body is broad1 b flatt5$ on ! dorsal surface1 com+ to a r\nd$ po9t at ! apex2 ! well develop$ w+s are fold$ b5ea? ! horny elytra2 ! :ole %ape be+ well adapt$ to ! life !y lead4 ,9 summ] "t !y (t5 leave _! ponds1 &1 attract$ by ! light1 come fly+ to ! w9d[s4 ,belo/oma indicum has a wide range f ,s\!rn ,india to ,au/ralia2 x measures slightly "u #c in*es 9 l5g?1 & is ( a uni=m d>k br[n col\r4 ,! l>ge curv$ beak b5t "u ! head1 project+ eyes1 & great sp9$ =e legs %[ its c>nivor\s prop5sities2 ! middle & h9d legs are fr+$ ) delicate swimm+ hairs1 & t]m9ate 9 a pair ( f9e claws4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! o!r aquatic hemipt]a1 ! abdom5 t]m9ates 9 an oval tip )\t any anal app5dages4 ,%>p speak+ ( ?is family 7,insects ,pt4 ,,ii4 p4 #efg7 says3 8,9 ! wat]s ( ! w>m regions ( ! cont95ts ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,worlds !y are common insects1 b z yet !y h n be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia40 ,h[ev]1 ,mayr records x f ,au/ralia1 8,die ,belo/omid5 #ahga0 7,v]h4 ,z4 ,c4 ,gesell1 ,wi572 & ,i h a specim5 f ,port ,d>w91 ,nor!rn ,t]ritory1 & also a numb] ( specim5s f ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,spha]od]ma equis is a curi\s oval-%ap$ wat]-bug t crawls ab\t among ! mud & wat] we$s 9 wat]-holes & creeks2 x has a v wide range1 probably all ov] ,au/ralia2 ! female has ! curi\s habit ( c>ry+ h] eggs /uck ^u h] back 9 a regul> %eet cov]+ ! :ole ( ! elytra4 ,x is ( a uni=m %9+ br[n col\r1 & measures ( an in* 9 l5g?2 ! head is small] ?an t ( ,b4 indicum1 ) ! eyes n s prom95t & angul>4 ,family #ac4 ,back-,swimm]s4 ,,notonectidae4 ,^! wat]-bugs h oval convex bodies & always swim ) ! belly upw>ds2 _! eyes are v l>ge1 situat$ on ! sides ( ! head1 ! latt] ins]t$ into ! pro?orax1 :i* ov]laps x4 ,! front legs are %orte/1 ! =e t>si n flatt5$ b furni%$ ) two claws4 ,_! bodies are provid$ ) long hairs :i* enable !m to c>ry an air supply ab\t ) !m4 ,!y are v active insects1 & c be (t5 obs]v$ 9 our wat]-holes & ponds swimm+ b5ea? ! wat]1 or com+ to ! surface & rais+ ! tip ( ! body to obta9 a fre% supply ( air1 :5 !y c be easily captur$ ) a h& net4 ,!y ins]t _! eggs 9 ! /ems ( wat] plants1 :i* ! female pi]ces ) h] %>p ovipositor2 & "s ,european species are kn[n to hib]nate 9 ! mud at ! bottom ( ! pools & wat]-holes4 ,sev]al species are common 9 our ponds & creeks1 & are savage little creatures de/roy+ _m o!r aquatic insects1 & ev5 small fi%4 ,eni?>es b]gro?i is our common species ) a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,9 _! l>val /ate !y are silv]y :ite 9 appe>ance1 b z ! elytra develop & cov] ! back !y *ange to d>k br[n1 mottl$1 %9+ creatures1 ) ! body measur+ ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,family #ad4 ,wat]-,boatm54 ,,corixidae4 ,! memb]s ( ! family ,,corixidae diff] f ! 8,back-swimm]s10 ?\gh bo? are (t5 call$ 8,wat]-,boatm510 9 hav+ ! =e t>si flatt5$1 fr+$ ) hairs on ! edges1 b )\t any claws1 :ile ! head ov]laps ! ?orax4 ,!y swim ! opposite way 7) ! back upw>ds71 & are flatt5$ on ! v5tral surface4 ,"o or m species may be (t5 captur$ ) a net 9 ! same situations z ! memb]s ( ! =m] gr\p4 ,corixa eurynome1 describ$ by ,kirkaldy1 is our common species f\nd 9 creeks & wat]-holes all ov] ,au/ralia4 ,x measures ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) ! scy!-%ap$ h9d legs project+ beh9d2 x is ( a uni=m *ocolate br[n col\r on ! dorsal surface1 except ! space betwe5 ! eyes1 :i* ) ! legs & v5tral surface are dull yell[4 ,! l>ge flatt5$ lead-col\r$ eyes are almo/ triangul>4 ,sub-,ord] ,,ii4--,,homopt]a4 ,?is sub-division 0 =m$ to include "s families ( hau/ellate insects :i*1 ?\gh closely relat$ to ! true plant bugs1 h well-def9$ *>act]i/ics t br+ !m into a natural ,sub-,ord] ( _! own4 ,!y all h ! typical suctorial m\?1 b ! front ( ! head is mu* inflex$ s z to be 9 contact ) ! coxae4 ,! front pair ( w+s are n true elytra1 be+ g5]ally membran\s1 & are usually ref]r$ to z tegm9a4 ,"s1 l ! aphids1 h bo? pairs ( w+s delicate & transp>5t2 :ile 9 ! scale insects1 ! females are always w+less1 & ! male is provid$ ) a s+le1 imp]fectly ve9$ pair only4 ,:5 at re/1 ! w+s 9 ! typical homopt]a are fold$ ov] ! back l a ro(1 =m+ a ridge4 ,all ! families are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 except ! ,aphidae1 ( :i* no indig5\s species h be5 record$1 ! ,psyllidae ) simil> habits tak+ _! place1 at any rate 9 our we/]n scrubs4 ,l true hemipt]a1 !y ea* und]go an incomplete metamorphosis1 "s m\lt+ _m times be=e ! f9al ecdysis2 & all fe$ 9 ! immature & p]fect /ate on ! sap ( plants4 ,kirkaldy has rec5tly describ$ ab\t #bjj new species ( ! families ,fulgoridae1 ,membracidae1 ,c]copidae1 & ,jassidae 7,leaf ,hopp]s & _! ,natural ,enemies ,bullet9 ,i4 pt4 ,,ix41 ,hawaii #aije71 collect$ by ,messrs4 ,koebele & ,p]k9s *iefly 9 ,que5sl&4 ,9 8 classification bas$ on ,hanson's 7,ent4 ,t$ssk] xi4 #ahij7 he divides !m into #h families & creates #gf new g5]a4 ,family #a4 ,cicadas4 ,,cicadidae4 ,! mo/ famili> s\nd 9 ! summ] mon?s 9 ,au/ralia1 p>ticul>ly along ! coa/al di/ricts is ! h>%1 incessant scree* ( ! cicadas2 ! hott] ! day ! %rill] ! tone1 & f ! fir/ week 9 ,novemb] to ! end ( ,janu>y x is m or less con/ant4 ,!y are too well kn[n to ne$ mu* description1 b x might be rem>k$ t x is v un=tunate t !y are commonly call$ 8locu/s0 =1 /rictly speak+1 ! t]m 8locu/0 %\ld only be appli$ to ! %ort-horn$ gras%opp]s belong+ to a diff]5t ord]1 ,family ,acridiidae4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4--,,homopt]a4 ,family ,,cicadidae4 #d4 ,cyclo*ila au/ralasiae 7,donovan74 #a4 ,pupa on em]g5ce f ! gr\nd4 #b4 ,pupa ca/+ its sk94 #c4 ,=e-leg ( pupa4 #e4 ,ovipositor & %ea? sep>at$4 #f4 ,side view ( ovipositor4 #g4 ,ovipositor view$ f above4 #h4 ,cross section ( ovipositor1 %[+ cutt+ saws & egg passages4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4--,,homopt]a4 ,! head is broad1 m or less truncate 9 front1 ) prom95t eyes on ! sides1 & small gem-l ocelli arrang$ triangul>ly on ! summit2 ea* ant5na consi/s ( "o /\t basal jo9t surm\nt$ ) sev]al 7usually f\r7 segm5ts =m+ a bri/le4 ,! tegm9a or =e w+s1 l>g] & /\t] ?an ! h9d pair1 are furni%$ ) ?ick5$ ve9s1 & are frequ5tly mottl$ ) br[n1 usually =m+ b&s or spots on ! cross n]vures4 ,! swoll5 =e legs are sp9$2 ! ?orax is well develop$2 & :ile ! l>ge holl[ abdom5 ( ! male is po9t$ at ! extremity1 t ( ! female 7usually ! l>g] insect7 is furni%$ ) a horny retractile ovipositor1 :i* is adapt$ = cutt+ ! b>k ( ! twig1 :]e9 %e deposits h] eggs4 ,! complicat$ musical app>atus ( ! male is situat$ betwe5 ! ?orax & base ( ! abdom51 & consi/s ( a l>ge plate on ei!r side atta*$ to1 b ext5d+ ov] ! basal portion ( ! abdom5 7^! plates are (t5 call$ ! drums or op]cula72 b5ea? 9 ! abdom5 is a cavity =m$ into two cells )9 :i* are two ?9 glass-l plates call$ mirrors2 above ^! mirrors are bundles ( muscles :i* lead to two membranes =m$ l kettle-drums2 ea* membrane has a concave & a convex surface1 ! latt] fold$ & full ( ridges4 ,haswell 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf7 describes x ?us3 8,! l\d %rill note emitt$ by ! insect is ! result ( a quick succession ( crackl+ s\nds produc$ by ! movem5t ( ! /iff membrane ) its horny ribs1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! muscle4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! s\nds foll[ "o ano!r ) suffici5t quickness to produce a cont9u\s note1 & ?is is effect$ n by ! contraction ( ! muscle z a :ole1 b by ! successive contraction ( individual fasciculi 7diff]5t filam5ts =m+ ! :ole71 all ( :i* act on ! horny plate1 & ?us ! movem5ts ( ! muscle on ! t5don dur+ ! production ( ! note resemble ^? ( ! hamm]-bo>d ( a piano :5 a numb] ( keys are be+ /ruck 9 quick succession40 ,! life hi/ory ( cicadas has attract$ mu* att5tion2 on fir/ em]g+ f ! eggs !y might easily be tak5 = m9ute %rimps1 app>5tly all heads & claws4 ,!y ca/ !mselves (f ! bran* &1 fall+ to ! gr\nd1 burr[ into ! soil & foll[ d[n ! roots1 :]e !y fe$ ^u ! sap & und]go a s]ies ( m\lts4 ,we d n "k ! l5g? ( "t t !y take to develop und]gr\nd1 b ! adults ( sev]al ( our l>ge species1 ?\gh ea* ye> m or less 9 evid5ce1 appe> 9 great] numb]s e ?ird ye>1 s t x is probable t ?ree ye>s is ab\t ! cycle ( _! subt]ranean exi/5ce4 ,! grotesque pupa burr[+ upw>d :5 fully develop$1 bores a v]tical %aft (t5 sev]al feet long be=e x comes to ! surface1 :5 x crawls out & climbs up ! ne>e/ tree trunk or f5ce1 :]e x cl+s till ! sk9 splits d[n ! back1 & ! p]fect cicada em]ges4 ,! dry br[n pupal %ells firmly atta*$ by ! %>p claws rema9 long aft] ! inmates h dep>t$4 ,cicadas are well repres5t$ 9 our insect fauna1 a numb] ( l>ge h&some species be+ f\nd along ! coa/al =e/ c\ntry1 & _m small] ones 9 ! int]ior4 ,! l>ge ones attract$ ! att5tion ( collectors at a v e>ly date3 ,donovan1 ,lea*1 & ,gur9 describ$ sev]al1 & ,walk] 7,briti% ,museum ,catalogue1 ,homopt]a #ahej7 add$ a numb] ( new species f mat]ial 9 ! ,museum collections1 b 8 localities & descriptions are v vague & unsatisfactory4 ,s9ce !n ,di/ant betwe5 #ahhb & ! pres5t date has greatly increas$ our li/ ( describ$ species4 ,9 #aijd ,dr4 ,god+ & ,i monograph$ ! ,au/ralian ,cicadas 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w471 describ+ a numb] ( new =ms1 & br++ ! numb] up to #abj species 9 #ah g5]a4 ,la/ ye> 7#aijf71 ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum issu$ a 8,synonymic ,catalogue ( ,homopt]a1 ,"p ,i41 ,cicadidae10 compil$ by ,di/ant2 9 ?is a numb] ( alt]ations 9 ! e>li] classification are made1 z indicat$ 9 8 rec5t contributions on ?is family 9 8,! ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory0 #aijj-aijf4 ,he places !m 9 ?ree di/9ct sub-families :i* are subdivid$ into sev5te5 small] divisions4 ,_m ( our species are n[ plac$ 9 o!r g5]a4 ,! sub-family ,,cicad9ae conta9s _m ( our l>ge/ & mo/ /rik+ species4 ,its memb]s h ! front edge ( ! basal abdom9al segm5t on ea* side produc$ =w>d 9 a leaf-l expansion1 :i* m or less cov]s ! s\nd organs4 ,! g5us ,?opha conta9s two v f9e species3 ,?opha saccata1 8,! ,d\ble ,drumm]10 takes its popul> "n f ! great size ( ! op]cula project+ on ! sides ( ! ?orax4 ,x is a r$di% br[n cicada1 its w+s m>k$ ) br[n & black1 & x measures #e in*es across ! outspread w+s2 x lives 9 op5 =e/ c\ntry2 has a l\d1 di/9ct note2 & ranges f ,s\? ,au/ralia to ,brisbane4 ,?opha sessiliba is a some:at small] b bright]-col\r$ species rang+ nor?w>d along ! ,que5sl& coa/ f ,t[nsville1 & is f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia at ,t5nant's ,creek4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,?opha saccata 7,fabr474 ,! l>ge ,cicada call$ by ! *ildr5 8,! ,d\ble ,drumm]40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,arunta 0 =m$ by ,di/ant to conta9 two ,au/ralian species1 ( :i* ,cicada p]ulata describ$ by ,gur9 is ! type4 ,x is a h&some insect1 #d in*es across ! w+s2 is ( a r$di% br[n t9t mottl$ ) light] col\rs2 ! w+s are unspott$2 & ! male c be easily recognis$ by ! l>ge :ite fro/$ op]cula4 ,x is n a v common species2 x is tak5 sometimes ab\t ,sydney4 ,! next division conta9s ?ree g5]a typical ( ,au/ralian species4 ,! ,g5us ,cyclo*ila until lately conta9$ a s+le species1 b ,di/ant has lately describ$ a second f ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,cyclo*ila au/ralasiae is our common l>ge gre5 cicada1 call$ by ! *ildr5 ! 8,gre5 ,monday40 ,! :ole insect is ri* gre51 ! col\r ext5d+ into ! n]vures ( ! tegm9a2 !re is a yell[ v>iety n s common1 call$ 9 consequ5ce ! 8,yell[ ,monday03 ,i h c\nt$ z _m z #dj ( ^! f9e insects re/+ on ! trunk ( a small oak-tree 9 my g>d5 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,! ,g5us ,psaltoda conta9s #g species peculi> to ,au/ralia4 ,psaltoda mo]5s1 our common black cicada1 is call$ ! 8,r$ ,eye0 by ! ,sydney boys on acc\nt ( ! bright col\r ( ! ocelli4 ,x measures ov] #d in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are mottl$ ) black on ! tegm9a1 & m>k$ ) ! same col\r on ! w+s4 ,x frequ5ts ! smoo? :ite-/emm$ gum trees1 & ranges f ,brisbane1 ,que5sl& to ,adelaide1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & is also f\nd 9 ,tasmania4 ,p4 h>risi is a small] & some:at v>iable =m bo? 9 size & col\r2 x v>ies f black to br[n & ev5 dull gre52 ! w+s are v slightly mottl$1 & x c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! 8,r$ ,eye0 by ! m di/9ct silv]y pat* on ! sides ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,psaltoda 7cicada7 mo]5s 7,g]m]74 ,! ,common ,black ,cicada or 8,r$ ,eye40 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,h5icopsaltria1 f\r 9 numb]1 are also peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,h5icopsaltria eyd\xi1 "o ( our commone/ species1 frequ5ts ! trunks ( ! r\gh-b>k$ gum trees2 ,i h c\nt$ ov] #cjj on a s+le tree on ! coa/ ne> ,gos=d1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,x measures ne>ly #e in*es across ! w+s2 is ( a g5]al mottl$ light br[n & *e/nut col\r1 ) ! w+s infuscat$ ) ?ree zig-zag b&s ( br[n2 ! op]cula are orange r$4 ,h4 fullo1 peculi> to ,w4 ,au/ralia1 is a v di/9ctive blacki% col\r$ species measur+ ab\t #c in*es across ! w+s2 x c be easily id5tifi$ by its b&$ w+s & ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 ornam5t$ ) a transv]se :ite b& ab\t ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,! ,g5us ,macrotri/ria n[ conta9s #g species2 mo/ ( ^! 7 orig9ally describ$ 9 ! ,g5us ,cicada1 & h repres5tatives 9 all p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 two com+ f ,w4 ,au/ralia1 & two ri*ly-col\r$ gre5 species f ! tropical =e/s ( ,n4 ,que5sl&1 :ile ,macrotri/ria angul>is1 our common1 l>ge1 d>k br[n species1 v>iegat$ ) light yell[i% spots on ! head & ?orax & ) deeply infuscat$ w+s1 ranges f ,adelaide1 ,s4,a41 to ,que5sl&4 ,! ,sub-family ,,ga59ae conta9s a numb] ( ,s\? ,am]ican & ,asiatic cicadas1 among !m "s ) v brightly col\r$ w+s4 ,two memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,tettigia are f\nd 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& & ,nor? ,au/ralia1 bo? ( :i* 7 once plac$ 9 ! g5us ,tibic52 :ile ,tettigia tri/igma is ! type ( ! ,g5us ,tamasa4 ,! h&some black & yell[ mottl$ ,gaeana maculata1 common 9 ,india & ,*9a1 has be5 record$ by ,:ite f ,au/ralia1 & ,god+ & ,i _h specim5s f ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s4 ,au/ralia1 b ,di/ant does n notice ?is record4 ,! ,sub-family ,,tibic99ae h ! front edge ( ! basal abdom9al segm5t /raight1 n produc$ =w>d2 & ! s\nd organs are entirely uncov]$4 ,v5u/ria sup]ba is a curi\s f]rug9\s insect ) ri* copp]y t9ts ^u ! tegm9a & w+s1 :i* comes f ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,dodd usually collect$ x 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t]mite ne/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,h5icopsaltria eyd\xi 7,gur974 ,! ,mottl$ ,grey ,cicada4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,abricta n[ includes mo/ ( our species previ\sly plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,tibic52 ?irte5 are li/$ f ,au/ralia4 ,abricta curvico/a1 "o ( ! l>ge/1 measures ab\t #d in*es across ! w+s2 is r$di% br[n ) a pale /ripe d[n ! c5tre ( ! pro?orax1 & ?ree black spots on ea* ( ! tegm9a4 ,x is "o ( ! common species ab\t ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w41 9 midsumm]1 & is call$ ! 8,fl\ry ,mill]0 on acc\nt ( ! silv]y pubesc5ce cov]+ ! body :i* makes x look z if x _h be5 du/$ ) fl\r4 ,a4 aurata ranges f ,tasmania & ,victoria into ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & is usually f\nd ^u ! f]n trees2 x is a small] d>k] col\r$ cicada ) a l>ge1 sometimes d\ble1 black spot on ea* tegm9a4 ,di/ant 7,pro4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahhb7 describ$ a numb] ( new species *iefly obta9$ f ,nor? ,que5sl&2 &1 f9d+ x difficult to give !m di/9ctive specific names t w\ld def9e _! peculi>ities1 he got ov] ! difficulty by nam+ !m aft] ,au/ralian explor]s4 ,a4 willsi is a small species measur+ ab\t two in*es across ! w+s1 :i* are m>k$ ) two small spots1 & x c be easily di/+ui%$ f all ! o!rs by ! curi\s rugose yell[i% pat* on ! sides ( ! pro?orax4 ,x has a v wide range ov] ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,que5sl&1 ,nor?1 & probably ,w4 ,au/ralia1 bo? along ! coa/ & 9 ! int]ior4 ,p>nkella muell]i is only ab\t #a in*es across ! w+s :i* h two spots on ea* tegm9a1 & is ( a pale yell[ t9t4 ,x is re/rict$ 9 its range to ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,! t9y little yell[i% gre5 cicada f\nd ^u ! grassy pla9s ( ,s\!rn ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia1 describ$ z ,tibic5 infans1 is n[ plac$ 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,g5us ,qu9tilia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,macrotri/ria 7cicada7 angul>is 7,g]m]74 ,! 8,fiddl]40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! ,g5us ,*lorocy/a conta9s two curi\s pale gre5 insects ) vitre\s tegm9a & w+s1 ! =m] mu* m closely reticulat$ ?an ! ord9>y cicada1 ) _m cross & p>allel n]vures4 ,! head is small1 & ! body ( ! male is swoll5 & cyl9drical4 ,*lorocy/a vitrip5nis 0 describ$ by ,we/wood 7,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #ahea72 ! l>g] male measures slightly ov] #b in*es across ! w+s4 ,! female is gre5i% or r$di%1 ! abdom5 conical b n inflat$4 ,!y frequ5t l[ scrub2 ! s\!rn =ms f\nd ab\t ! ,twe$ ,riv]1 ,n4,s4,w41 are gre5 or yell[i%2 ^? f ,nor? ,que5sl& q br[n4 ,glaucopsaltria viridis1 describ$ by ,god+ & me f ,s4 ,que5sl&1 is plac$ by ,di/ant 9 ?is g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,section ( /em ( eucalyptus1 9 :i* ! ,black ,cicada 7,psaltoda mo]5s7 has laid h] eggs4 ,! ,g5us ,melampsalta conta9s a great numb] ( our small black or d>k br[n cicadas (t5 m>k$ ) orange r$ or dull yell[4 ,! memb]s ( ! g5us are f\nd ov] ,asia1 ,africa & ,europe1 ov] #dj are describ$ f ,au/ralia1 & #g f ,new ,zeal&4 ,"s species are v num]\s 9 e>ly summ]1 & are kn[n z 8,squeak]s0 on acc\nt ( _! musical notes4 ,melampsalta torrida1 orig9ally describ$ by ,eri*son f ,tasmania1 has a wide range r\nd f ,que5sl& to ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,x is almo/ black1 ) sev]al light m>ks 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?orax1 & two irregul> r\nd$ conflu5t black spots at ! tips ( ! tegm9a4 ,x measures ab\t two in*es across ! w+s1 b is v>iable bo? 9 size & 9 ! w+ m>k+s4 ,m4 abdom9alis1 ab\t ! same size1 is black1 ) two l9es ( r$di% yell[ on ! apical portion ( ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom51 & ! "u surface r$2 :5 ! tegm9a are clos$ !re is a di/9ctive opal9e m>k on ei!r side4 ,x is common 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia & ,n4,s4,w4 ,m4 eyrei is a mu* small] species1 ) ! head & ?orax black1 l9$ ) yell[1 & ! :ole ( ! abdom5 except ! black tip1 bright yell[2 x is common 9 ,n4 ,que5sl&4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,pauropsalta are easily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! previ\s gr\p by hav+ five apical areas 9 ! w+s1 :ile ! =m] h six4 ,sixte5 species are describ$ f ,au/ralia4 ,pauropsalta encau/ica is our commone/ species ) a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia2 x is ( a uni=m black t9t1 ) fa9t pale br[n m>ks on ! head & pro?orax1 & an infuscat$ pat* on ! h9d m>g9s ( ! w+s2 ! abdom9al segm5ts are f9ely r+$ ) :ite to r$di% br[n4 ,p4 annulata is a synonym ( ?is cicada4 ,p4 nodico/a is a small br[n species f ,kalgoorlie1 ,w4,a41 ) a curi\s node 9 ! c5tre ( ! co/al n]vure ( ! tegm9a4 ,p4 mneme1 l>g]1 & broad] ?an ,p4 encau/ica1 has ! abdom9al segm5ts ri*ly edg$ ) r$4 ,x is common on ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! ,g5us ,cy/osoma 0 creat$ by ,we/wood 7#ahdb7 to conta9 ! great gre5 8,bladd] ,cicada0 :i* he call$ ,cy/osoma saund]si1 t at "o "t 0 common 9 ! orange or*>ds ar\nd ,newca/le1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,mrs4 ,ross says x is n[ common ab\t ,armidale1 ,n4,s4,w41 on ! sweet bri]1 & ,i h also _h x on will[s f ,gl5 ,innes ,n4,s4,w4 ,a second mu* small] species1 ) simil> opaque gre5 tegm9a1 ,c4 s*meltzi1 ranges up ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,! two curi\s hairy br[n cicadas belong+ to ! ,g5us ,tettig>cta are re/rict$ 9 _! range4 ,tettig>cta tom5tosa1 ! d>ke/ 9 t9t1 has ea* side ( ! ?orax produc$ into a di/9ct sp9e2 x is only f\nd 9 ,tasmania4 ,t4 cr9ita comes f simil> c\ntry 9 ! ,gippsl& =e/s1 ,victoria2 x is n q s hairy1 & has ! ?orax r\nd$ on ! out] m>g9 )\t any sp9es4 ,family #b4 ,frog-,hopp]s4 ,,c]copidae4 ,! memb]s ( ?is family are n v num]\s ?\gh _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution4 ,!y are /\t1 w$ge-%ap$1 elongate insects ( mod]ate size2 ! head is furni%$ ) l>ge flatt5$ eyes on ! sides2 ) a few exceptions two ocelli are pres5t on ! v]tex betwe5 ! eyes2 ! small1 %ort ant5nae1 compos$ ( two bead-%ap$ jo9ts surm\nt$ ) a bri/le1 are plac$ 9 front ( & betwe5 ! eyes4 ,! pronotum is l>ge ) ! triangul> scutellum occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! back2 ! tegm9a1 long] ?an ! body1 are coriace\s1 reticulate1 ) two long discoidal & five or m apical cells4 ,! coxae & femora are %ort2 ! po/]ior tibiae are h>dly long] ?an ! o!rs1 r\nd$ at ! base1 spatulate at ! apex1 arm$ on ! out] m>g9s ) two /\t spurs1 ! second twice ! l5g? ( ! fir/2 ! tibiae & basal jo9ts ( ! t>si are t]m9at$ ) r[s ( sp9es4 ,mo/ ( our kn[n species 7 describ$ by ! ,fr5* naturali/s1 ,amyot ,s]ville 7,annals ,soc4 ,entom4 de ,france #ahde72 & ,walk] 7,brit4 ,museum ,cat4 ,homopt]a #ahea72 & b little att5tion has be5 paid to !m s9ce4 ,our mo/ *>act]i/ic species belong to ! ,g5us ,eurymela4 ,sev5te5 species are li/$ by ,walk] f all p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,!y are l>ge1 ?ickset frog-hopp]s1 ) ! head broad & truncate 9 front ) ! face mu* inflex$2 _! g5]al t9t is blue-black ) ! head & elytra m>k$ ) r$ or :ite b&s or spots4 ,!y lay _! eggs "u ! b>k ( "y gum trees1 slitt+ x 9 regul> r+s ) _! /\t ovipositors & leav+ a :ite pap]y sub/ance along ! punctures4 ,! "y cl+ to ! twigs 9 clu/]s aft] !y em]ge1 & !y may (t5 be se5 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[? ^u ! same bu%4 ,!y are v active little creatures1 creep+ r\nd ! twig :5 di/urb$1 & jump+ z soon z !y are t\*$4 ,_m ( !m are mu* s\ght aft] by ants :i* come to !m = ! honey dew !y secrete4 ,eurymela bic9cta measures an in* 9 l5g?1 & is broad 9 proportion2 x is ( a uni=m d>k %9+ blue t9t1 ) ! head1 ?orax1 & base ( ! elytra bright r$4 ,x has a wide range & may (t5 be f\nd 9 colonies ( #cj or #dj clu/]+ toge!r on a gum sapl+4 ,e4 rubrovittata is ab\t ! same size2 x is black1 ) ! "u surface1 face1 & ?ree n>r[ transv]se b&s r\nd ! ?orax & elytra bright r$4 ,x has a range f ,we/]n ,au/ralia to ,que5sl&4 ,e4 speculum is a common species1 record$ f ,tasmania to ,que5sl&2 x is ( a uni=m d>k blue-black t9t ) a :ite pat* on ei!r side ( ! face1 & two irregul> oval :ite spots on ea* w+ cov]4 ,e4 pul*ra is small]1 ) ! head & ?orax m>k$ ) r$1 & two irregul> brok5 b&s ( :ite on ! side ( ea* w+ cov]4 ,five species ( ! ,g5us ,aphrophora are describ$ by ,walk] f ,tasmania & ,au/ralia4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us are kn[n z 8,cuckoo-spittle ,insects0 f ! rem>kable habit ! l>vae h ( envelop+ !mselves 9 a mass ( fro?y liquid1 :i* is suppos$ to be =m$ to protect _! s(t bodies f insects t might prey ^u !m2 x1 h[ev]1 really makes !m v conspicu\s objects on a twig1 & sev]al species ( wasps are kn[n 9 ,am]ica to drag !m out ( ?is cov]+ & use !m to provision _! ne/s4 ,our common 8,cuckoo-spittle ,insect10 f\nd ^u ! %e-oak 7,casu>9a71 ti-tree 7,leptosp]mum71 & ,melaleuca1 is ,*alepus telif]us2 ! l>vae are pale-br[n s(t oval creatures1 :i* jump :5 remov$ f ! fro?y liquid1 & 9 ?is liquid !y rema9 envelop$ until !y are ready to em]ge4 ,! p]fect insect measures "u an in* 9 l5g?1 is ( an elongate boat-%ap$ =m2 ! head is produc$ 9 front z a sl5d] process1 curv$ upw>ds2 ! tips ( ! elytra come to a compress$ po9t2 ! g5]al col\r is dull r$di% br[n1 ) ! horn on ! head f]rug9\s1 & ! w+ cov]s mottl$ on ! sides ) black4 ,a second species1 ,*alepus pugionatus1 has be5 describ$ by ,/al f ,au/ralia4 ,family #c4 ,tree-,hopp]s4 ,,membracidae4 ,?is is a gr\p ( homopt]\s insects *iefly conf9$ to ! tropical p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 ?\gh we h no?+ l ! rem>kable creatures cov]$ ) horns & sp9es f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & popul>ly kn[n 9 consequ5ce z 8little devils40 ,!y are rem>kable = ! wond]ful developm5t ( ! pro?orax :i*1 project+ 9 front1 (t5 =ms a hood above ! head1 s t ! latt] is mu* hidd5 :5 view$ f above2 ! eyes are globul> & project on ! sides ( ! head1 & !re is a pair ( ocelli 9 a l9e betwe5 !m2 :ile ! %ort bri/le-l ant5nae are well bel[ ! eyes on ei!r side ( ! base ( ! /\t ro/rum 7beak71 :i* at re/ is turn$ d[n betwe5 ! legs4 ,! abdom5 is cov]$ ) ! w+s & p>*m5t-l tegm9a1 ! extremities ( :i* come toge!r to =m a %>p po9t4 ,! legs are %ort & /\t1 )\t ! num]\s sp9es common on ! 8frog-hopp]s02 & ! t>si consi/ ( ?ree jo9ts1 ! fir/ longe/4 ,!y c bo? fly & jump v well1 b tru/ to ! latt] me?od to escape f _! enemies4 ,!y & ! memb]s ( alli$ families c be easily collect$ by %ak+ or beat+ l[ scrub ov] an op5 umbrella2 or c be br$ f l>val =ms on ! food plant4 ,v little att5tion _h be5 paid to our tree-hopp]s until a few ye>s ago :5 ,god+ publi%$ 8 8,*eck ,li/ ( ! ,membracidae describ$ f ,tasmania & ,au/ralia0 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahih72 9 ?is he gives _m notes & li/s #bb species1 *iefly describ$ by ,walk] 7,brit4 ,museum ,cat4 ,homopt]a #ahea71 ,fairmaire1 9 8 ,review ( ! family 9 #ahdf1 & ,/al 9 #ahfi4 ,9 #aijc ,god+1 9 ! same ,j\rnal1 publi%$ a 8,monograph ( ! ,au/ralian ,membracidae40 ,9 ?is he re-describes all ! kn[n1 & adds a numb] ( new species to our fauna1 br++ ! li/ up to a total ( #cb describ$ species1 compris$ 9 #ad g5]a1 gr\p$ 9 #f sub-families1 bas$ *iefly ^u ! %ape & /ructure ( ! pro?orax4 ,! ,g5us ,sextius conta9s five species1 9 :i* ! pro?orax is ridg$ 9 ! c5tre & produc$ on ei!r side into a r %ort acute horn /&+ out on ei!r side1 & ) ! apical portion produc$ into a keel$ sp9e ext5d+ to ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,sextius viresc5s1 our commone/ species1 is ( a delicate gre5 col\r1 & fe$s ^u ! sap ( ! black wattle & o!r species ( ,acacia4 ,9 e>ly summ] x may be f\nd among ! foliage 9 all /ages ( developm5t2 ! trees !y frequ5t are frequ5tly infe/$ ) ants :i* come to obta9 ! honey dew4 ,! female slits ! b>k ) h] ovipositor1 & lays ! eggs 9 r[s4 ,s4 depressus1 ab\t ! same size1 slightly ov] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ranges f ,we/]n ,au/ralia to ,que5sl&3 at ,kempsey1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,i obta9$ specim5s on a sl5d] leaf$ ,acacia4 ,x is ( simil> gre5 col\r to ,s4 viresc5s1 ) ! front ( ! ?orax ( a light] t9t1 b ! project+ horns are %ort] & depress$1 & ! v5ation ( ! elytra is mu* f9]4 ,s4 au/ralis is ab\t ! same size1 & ( a uni=m black t9t ) a pat* ( bright silv]y pubesc5ce on ! sides ( ! ?orax1 :i* is r\nd$ 9 front & has v %ort blunt horns4 ,x lives ^u ! bran*lets ( a prickly ,hakea gr[+ ab\t ,sydney4 ,lubra sp9icornis is a slightly small] insect1 ( a g5]al dull br[n t9t3 x has ! pro?orax produc$ into two almo/ erect clubb$ horns4 ,specim5s h be5 obta9$ f ,brisbane1 ,que5sl&1 & ! nor!rn riv]s ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,daunus tasmaniae is ( ! same *ocolate br[n col\r2 is m robu/ 9 proportion4 ,! pro?orax =ms a regul> hood swell+ out on ei!r side at ! base ( ! tegm9a1 & ! project+ horns are curv$ & deeply ridg$1 & are *isel-%ap$ at ! tips4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ species 9 ,tasmania1 & is record$ ov] a wide area ( ! ea/]n ma9l& z f> ,nor? z ,brisbane4 ,eufroggattia tub]culata is a r>e insect usually f\nd re/+ on a twig ( a eucalyptus sapl+1 & is %ap$ v mu* l "s ( ! small plant bugs belong+ to ! ,g5us ,te/rica2 x is %ort & broad 9 =m1 ) ! head expos$2 ! ?orax has %ort blunt horns2 & ! abdom5 is broadly r\nd$ at ! apex4 ,family #d4 ,lant]n-flies4 ,,fulgoridae4 ,?is is a v difficult family to satisfactorily def9e1 z _! memb]s are v div]se 9 g5]al %ape & /ructure1 ) po9ts ( resemblance t br+ "s ( ! g5]a v close to ! ,c]copidae 7f :i* h[ev] !y diff] 9 ! %ape ( ! head71 :ile !y some:at resemble ! ,jassidae 9 ! /ructure ( ! legs4 ,! typical =ms h ! front ( ! head ei!r produc$ into a lance-%ap$ /ructure1 or ! face & v]tex ei!r r\nd$ 9 front or =m+ an acute angle4 ,! eyes are l>ge & /& out on ! sides ( ! head2 ! ocelli1 usually two 9 numb]1 are situat$ bel[ or ne> ! eyes & are plac$ 9 ! cavities on ! *eeks2 9 a few species !re are ?ree ocelli1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are want+4 ,! ant5nae1 situat$ b5ea? ! eyes1 & (t5 v peculi> 9 /ructure1 consi/ ( two %ort jo9ts surm\nt$ ) a bri/le4 ,_m are l>ge h&some insects ) bright col\r$ tegm9a & w+s2 o!rs are ( delicate gre5 & grey t9ts1 q mo?-l 9 =m1 b c be easily di/+ui%$ by ! way !y re/ ) _! /iff ro(-l w+s1 & by _! active jump+ habits4 ,! legs are (t5 long1 & ! h9d pair are furni%$ ) a few /\t sp9es on ! tibae1 b nev] ?ickly sp9$ z 9 ! ,jassidae4 ,_m ( our l>g] species are f\nd bo? 9 ! l>val & p]fect /ate1 on tree trunks4 ,a few species are well-kn[n pe/s & h an ext5d$ range beyond ,au/ralia4 ,donovan describ$ & figur$ sev]al species 7,insects ( ,new ,holl&1 #ahae72 ,we/wood figur$ & describ$ two 9 8 8,monograph ( ! ,g5us ,fulgora0 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahcg73 b ! majority ( our species are describ$ by ,walk] 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,homopt]a1 #ahea71 & he also nam$ o!rs 9 8,insecta ,saund]siana1 ,homopt]a10 #aheh1 :i* describes ! insects 9 ,w4 ,w4 ,saund]s' great collection4 ,siphanta acuta1 bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,cromna acuta1 is "o ( our commone/ fulgorids1 mo?-l 9 appe>ance1 ( a pale gre5 col\r1 ) broad squ>e-cut =e w+s & a %ort po9t$ head4 ,x measures ab\t an in* across ! outspread w+s4 ,x has a wide range 9 ,au/ralia2 & its pale gre5 fluffy l>vae fe$ ^u ! sap ( _m plants1 & readily jump :5 t\*$4 ,x is also well kn[n 9 ,hawaii1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e x is call$ ! 8torp$o-bug0 f ! way x jumps2 & x is said to be a pe/ on ! c(fee plants 7,smi? ,annual ,report1 ,hawaii #aijd74 ,a numb] ( species ( ^! mo?-l =ms are describ$ by ,walk] f ,au/ralia & ,tasmania1 & plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,by?oscopus1 :i* g5us1 :5 fur!r /udi$1 w probably be mu* subdivid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,scolypopa 7,po*azia7 au/ralis4 ,! ,common ,passion-v9e ,hopp]4 ,po*azia au/ralis measures ab\t ( an in* across ! %ort broad =e w+s1 :i* are m>g9$ & irregul>ly b>r$ ) *ocolate br[n2 ! head is %ort & r\nd$ 9 front4 ,meli*>1 9 8 8,monographie d] ,ricaniid51 ,wi510 #ahih1 places ,p4 au/ralis 9 ! ,g5us ,scolypopa4 ,! l>va is a gre5 w$ge-%ap$ little creature clo!d at ! tip ( ! abdom5 ) a bun* ( :ite filam5ts4 ,x is a v common insect ) a wide range4 ,sometimes x is a pe/ on passion v9es2 ! eggs are laid 9 ! sl5d] t5drils1 & ! l>vae suck up ! sap ( ! /alks4 ,ano!r species is common among ! foliage ( ! silky oak 7,grevillia robu/a7 9 ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,a*ilus flammeus has ! body & w+s ( a bright r$ col\r1 ) ! small head %[+ prom95tly 9 front3 ! broadly r\nd$ opaque elytra & w+s cov] ! %ort body4 ,x measures ab\t an in* across ! outspread w+s4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t its habits or life hi/ory1 b 9 ! summ] ev5+s x sometimes comes fly+ t[>ds ! light1 & c be f\nd on ! w9d[s4 ,! ,g5us ,poecilopt]a conta9s a numb] ( small1 %ort broad-w+$ =ms4 ,donovan figures ,poecilopt]a mode/a1 :i* has p9k =e w+s1 ea* m>k$ ) two small r$ spots1 & ! h9d w+s h a pale blui% t9t4 ,prolepta dilatata is a typical1 dull r$di%-br[n fulgorid1 measur+ ne>ly an in* f ! tip ( ! long sl5d] head to ! extremities ( ! fold$ tegm9a :i* are broade/ across ! tips3 & ! sl5d] prolong$ =ehead is ov] two l9es 9 l5g?4 ,?is insect 0 describ$ f ,w4 ,au/ralia1 b x has a wide range & c be collect$ ab\t ,sydney4 ,p4 obscurata is ab\t ! same size1 m rugose 9 /ructure1 & ) m>k+s ( d>k br[n2 ! m>k+s on ! some:at opaque w+s are m di/9ct1 /riat$ & irregul> ?an 9 ,p4 dilatata3 x c also be easily recognis$ by ! %ort] & ?ick] process on ! =ehead4 ,x has a wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,eurybra*ys conta9s a numb] ( %ort1 d>k br[n insects ) broad r\nd$ heads2 !y run ab\t on ! trunks ( trees1 jump+ at ! lea/ al>m4 ,eurybra*ys leuco/igma is a v /\t1 broad1 dull br[n insect1 ab\t ( an in* across ! outspread w+s4 ,"s #af species are describ$ f all p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5]a ,l$ra & ,/5ocotis are broad elongate insects ) ! front ( ! head spade-%ap$1 & ! convex body tap]s to a %>p po9t4 ,_! l>vae are almo/ z flat z a bit ( pap]4 ,/5ocotis au/ralis is ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ( a dull br[n t9t4 ,family #e4 ,leaf-,hopp]s4 ,,jassidae4 ,^! insects are m9ute froghopp]-l =ms ) ! head r\nd$ 9 front1 & ) ! body tap]+ t[>ds ! tips ( ! tegm9a4 ,! head is l>ge1 ) ! oval or r\nd$ eyes project+ on ! sides1 & ) a pair ( ocelli situat$ on ! front m>g94 ,! ant5nae1 bri/le-l1 ( consid]able l5g?1 are ea* compos$ ( two %ort cyl9drical basal jo9ts ) a ?read-l t]m9al portion1 & are plac$ 9 front & bel[ ! eyes4 ,! legs are long1 well adapt$ = jump+ 7_! *ief means ( progression72 & ! tibiae ( ! h9d pair are ?ickly clo!d ) /\t sp9es4 ,?\gh ^! insects are v small1 _m species appe> ^u crops & h]bage 9 su* imm5se numb]s t !y (t5 d a great deal ( damage1 & are v int]e/+ f an economic /&po9t4 ,9 ,japan1 = in/ance1 !re are sev]al species v s]i\s pe/s 9 ! rice fields2 :ile 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ,ery?roneura vitis is a well-kn[n pe/ ^u ! foliage ( v9es4 ,!y are abundant on ! l[ scrub & grass l&s 9 ?is c\ntry 9 fav\rable localities1 & may be easily collect$ ) a sweep+ net1 or by %ak+ ! bu%es ov] an op5 umbrella2 yet1 probably on acc\nt ( _! small size & retir+ habits1 few specim5s are to be f\nd ev5 9 our ,museum collections4 ,! sug>-cane hopp]1 ,p]k9siella sac*>icida1 a native ( ,que5sl&1 is a dull br[ni% yell[ hopp] ) a d>k p>allel /ripe d[n ! c5tre ( ! basal portions ( ! tegm9a2 x measures a ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,kirkaldy describ$ x f ,hawaii1 :]e x has be5 introduc$1 & is a s]i\s pe/ to ! sug>-cane4 ,a v pretty little unid5tifi$ species1 bright r$ & yell[1 ) ! =e w+s m>k$ ) d>k br[n1 is common ^u ! broad s(t leaves ( ,eucalyptus robu/a1 :]e ! curi\s little l>vae re/ 9 families ( ?ree or f\r2 ea* is envelop$ 9 :ite filam5ts :i* proce$ f r\nd ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,! l>vae ( ano!r species h be5 obs]v$ to =m l>ge colonies on ! surface ( ! leaves ( l[ eucalyptus bu%es on ! hills ne> ,cap]tee ,n4,s4,w4 ,!y suck up ! sap1 discol\r+ ! c5tre ( ! leaves2 ea* exudes a globule ( liquid f ! tip ( ! abdom51 :i* !y drag out into ?9 ?reads ) _! h9d legs1 to =m a spid]-web-l cov]+ ov] _! bodies1 & ?is web dries soon aft] ! leaves are ga!r$4 ,family #f4 ,l]p ,insects4 ,,psyllidae4 ,^! are small homopt]a1 9 appe>ance sugge/+ m9iature cicadas4 ,! head is g5]ally broad] ?an long1 sometimes deflect$ & ) l>ge eyes2 ! ocelli are ?ree 9 numb]1 ! lat]al ones situat$ on ! summit ( ! head close to ! h9d m>g9s ( ! eyes1 & ! c5tral "o at ! apex ( ! m$ian suture4 ,! ant5nae are ea* compos$ ( t5 jo9ts1 ! fir/ two %ort] & ?ick] ?an ! foll[+ ones1 & ! t]m9al jo9t surm\nt$ ) two %ort bri/les4 ,! ?orax is broad1 ) well develop$ tegm9a & w+s1 & l ! aphids bo? pairs might prop]ly be call$ w+s4 ,! v5ation is simple1 con/ant1 & useful 9 ! "w ( classification4 ,!y are =m$ = jump+1 ) a sp9e-l process on ! coxa ( ea* h9d leg1 & ! apex ( ! tibiae ( ! h9d legs furni%$ ) a r[ ( %ort f9e sp9es4 ,! t>si are two jo9t$1 t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( l>ge claws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,diagram ( ,psylla 7,!a opaca7 4 ,%[+ ! /ructure & v5ation ( ! w+s4 #a;a1 ,face lobes2 #b;a1 pro?orax2 #c;a1 mesanotum2 #d;a1 dorsulum2 #e;a1 scutellum1 tegm9a2 #a;b1 co/al n]vure2 #b;b1 prim>y /alk2 #c;b1 clavus2 #d;b1 clavical suture2 #e;b1 /alk ( sub-co/a2 #f;a1 /alk ( cubitus2 #g;b1 sub-co/a2 #h;b1 l[] bran* ( cubitus2 #i;b1 upp] bran* ( cubitus2 #aj;b1 l[] =k ( l[] cubitus2 #aa;b1 /igma2 #ab;b1 upp] =k ( ! l[] bran* ( cubitus2 #ac;b1 radius2 #ad;b1 l[] =k ( upp] cubitus2 #ae;b1 upp] =k ( upp] cubitus4 #c1 ,g5italia 2 #d1 ,g5italia 2 #e1 ,head ( ,spondyliaspis eucalypti1 %[+ face lobes4 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,! female lays h] eggs 9 clu/]s on ! twigs or foliage1 f :i* ! curi\s1 little1 l>ge-head$ l>vae em]ge1 &1 aft] und]go+ a s]ies ( m\lts dur+ :i* !y develop l>ge w+-pads on ! %\ld]s & m jo9ts 9 ! ant5nae1 !y f9ally come =?1 p]fect f\r-w+$ insects4 ,!y take _! family "n f ,psylla1 a flea1 giv5 !m by ,l9naeus 9 ref]5ce to _! jump+ p[]s1 & _! popul> "n ( 8,l]p ,insects10 f ! habit ( ! l>vae ( _m species ( =m+ 8l]p scales10 %ell-l protective cov]+s =m$ f exudations f ! insects4 ,o!r species cov] !mselves ) floccul5t matt] aft] ! mann] ( mealy bugs2 & yet ano!r gr\p =m regul> oval or r\nd$ galls on ! foliage4 ,!y are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w1 & are v num]\s 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e !y seem to take ! place ( ! ,,aphidae to a c]ta9 ext5t2 !y are readily collect$ 9 all /ages ( gr[? ^u _! food plant1 & c be easily br$4 ,! ,sug> l]p1 ,psylla eucalypti1 ^: l>vae cov] ! leaves ( sev]al species ( gum trees ) _! :ite woolly %ells1 0 describ$ by ,dobson f ,tasmania 7,pro4 ,royal ,soc4 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 #ahea74 ,x is a sl5d] little gre5 creature ) v long face lobes1 &1 :5 crawl+ ab\t1 turns ! tip ( its body upw>ds1 s t x looks z if x 7 walk+ on its head4 ,x is n[ plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,spondyliaspis4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahea7 ,walk] publi%$ 8 ,homopt]a 7,cat4 ,brit4 ,museum7 9 :i* he record$ #e species1 all f ,tasmania2 & x 0 n until #ahih t !y 7 aga9 notic$ :5 ,maskell describ$ #c species f ,au/ralia 7,trans4 ,n4 ,zeal& ,in/472 & ,s*w>z def9$ ano!r 7,pro4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton7 9 #ahig4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #aijj & #aijc ,i contribut$ ?ree pap]s 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 monograph+ our species1 9 :i* #fd new species are add$ to our fauna4 ,i foll[$ ,l[ 9 ! classification ( ! sub-families1 add+ ,scott's fif? division = ^? ) small heads & no face lobes4 ,9 ! ,,livi9ae1 ! front ( ! head is n produc$ into face lobes2 ! /alk ( ! cubitus is ei!r %ort]1 z long z1 or long] ?an ! l[] bran* ( ! cubitus4 ,crewiis longip5nis is ( a g5]al bright r$ t9t1 & is ( an in* 9 l5g?2 x ranges f ,tasmania to ! ,nor? ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! l>va =ms a r\nd$ pale yell[ l]p cov]$ ) f9e woolly filam5ts ^u ! leaves ( gum trees4 ,lasiopsylla rotundip5nis =ms a l>ge1 flatt5$1 irregul>ly r\nd$ :ite scale on ! foliage ( ,eucalyptus melliodora1 "u :i* ! flatt5$1 pale gre5 l>va hides4 ,! ,sub-family ,,aphal>9ae conta9s a numb] ( small species1 & ! head is produc$ 9 front into face lobes1 ) ! /alk ( ! cubitus z long z or long] ?an ! /alk ( ! sub-co/a4 ,!y usually =m l]p scales2 b "s are nak$1 or clo!d ) s(t :ite woolly filam5ts4 ,sev]al species ( ! ,g5us ,spondyliaspis belong to ?is gr\p2 all ( !m =m 8sug> l]p scales10 (t5 encru/+ all ! foliage ( ! "y gum trees1 & are s abundant t 9 ! ,mallee scrub c\ntry 9 ,victoria & ,s4 ,au/ralia ! blacks us$ to collect & eat x 9 quantities1 & _h a regul> 8manna h>ve/40 ,c>diaspis artifex is a %ort1 r$di% yell[ insect1 ! l>vae ( :i* =m beautiful b>r$ %ell-l l]ps1 m>k$ ) r$ & yell[ to look l delicate fretwork1 ^u ! leaves ( ,eucalyptus robu/a4 ,c4 tetrix is a pretty p9k & grey species f\nd 9 ! ,adelong di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,! l>va con/ructs a mo/ rem>kable cage ( f9e r$ b>s1 n unlike a lady's hair net1 b5ea? :i* ! l>va crawls ab\t freely l a bird 9 a cage4 ,rh9ocola corniculata (t5 cov]s ! leaves ( diff]5t eucalypts ) its elongate1 opaque1 horny1 yell[ l]ps4 ,! te/ is n unlike t ( a l>ge ,mytilaspis scale1 b is op5 at ! broad end ?r\gh :i* ! little l>va c creep 9 & out4 ,x ranges f ,new ,s\? ,wales to ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,r4 eucalypti is a v t9y1 little1 d>k br[n psylla1 ! l>vae ( :i* clu/] at ! tips ( ! foliage ( "y blue gums 7,eucalyptus globulus71 & cov] !mselves ) ?reads ( :ite floccul5t matt]4 ,x 0 describ$ by ,maskell f ,new ,zeal&1 b is common bo? 9 ,tasmania & ,au/ralia3 x has also be5 introduc$ into ,africa on ! same eucalypt4 ,! l>vae ( ! ,g5us ,!a are curi\s1 broad1 flatt5$ creatures1 ) h>d integum5t4 ,!y hide "u ! dead b>k on ! trunks ( ! :ite /emm$ gums1 spread+ _! :ite woolly secretion ar\nd !m2 ! ants look aft] !m1 & probably protect !m f _m enemies 9 return = ! 8honey dew10 ( :i* secretion ! ants are v fond4 ,!a opaca is ( a g5]al r$di% p9k col\r mottl$ ) br[n & black2 ! w+s are transp>5t1 ) a d>k /igma on ! =e w+4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,sub-family ,,psyll9ae h ! same well-def9$ conical face lobes1 b ! /alk ( ! cubitus is %ort] ?an ! /alk ( ! sub-co/a4 ,! l>vae may be q nak$1 b mo/ ( !m produce woolly filam5ts m or less cov]+ !m1 & =m no true l]p scales or galls4 ,! typical ,g5us ,psylla comprises a numb] ( usually small & some:at /\t] insects1 _m ( :i* clu/] 9 sw>ms l aphids ^u ! foliage ( wattles & o!r trees4 ,! eggs1 l>vae1 pupae1 & p]fect insects may be f\nd on ! same twigs4 ,psylla acaciae-decurr5tis is a sl5d]1 d>k-w+$ insect rem>kable = ! l5g? ( its sl5d] ant5nae2 x is common ^u ! black wattle 9 e>ly summ]4 ,p4 acaciae-baileyanae is a mu* small] yell[ species ) mottl$ w+s t (t5 sw>ms ov] ! cultivat$ 8,cootamundra wattle10 & is report$ to h de/roy$ all ! fl[]-buds ( ?is wattle 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,melb\rne 9 #aije4 ,p4 capp>is is a mottl$ w+$ species t frequ5ts ! foliage ( ,capp>is mit*elli 9 ! we/]n scrubs3 ,p4 s*izoneurodes infe/s ! twigs ( ! alli$ 8,w>rior ,bu%02 ! l>vae are cov]$ ) floccul5t matt] & h a globule ( liquid sub/ance at ! tip ( ! abdom52 :5 mass$ toge!r !y look mu* l 8woolly blight0 on ! apple trees4 ,p4 /]culiae is a small br[ni% species1 f\nd ^u ! twigs ( ! ,kurrajong1 & has a wide range ov] ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,psylla /]culiae 7,froggatt74 ,! ,kurrajong ,twig ,psylla4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,two v curi\s species are f\nd ^u ! ?ick fle%y leaves ( our native figs1 & "o1 ,mycopsylla fici1 lays h] eggs ^u ! foliage1 ! squat grey l>vae bury+ _! beaks 9 ! leaf cause a fl[ ( milky sap1 "u :i* !y hide 9 small colonies1 & :5 ready to em]ge crawl f b5ea? ! viscid mass4 ,:]e num]\s1 !y cov] ! foliage ) ^! /icky pat*es1 & cause ! leaves to fall4 ,! p]fect psylla is a h&some1 d>k-col\r$ insect ) long ant5nae & ample transp>5t w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,tyora /]culiae 7,froggatt74 ,! ,/>-psylla f\nd on ! surface ( ! leaves ( ! ,kurrajong4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,sub-family ,,trioz9ae4 ,! cubitus ( ! w+ has no /alk1 ! ve9s =k+ directly f its junction ) ! sub-co/a4 ,all our species1 ) "o exception1 come into ! typical ,g5us ,trioza3 _m ( !m are gall mak]s 9 ! l>val /ate1 o!rs are nak$ & cl+ to ! "u surface ( twigs & leaves4 ,! l>vae ( ! gall-mak]s are broad1 oval1 flatt5$ creatures1 cov]$ ) a mealy secretion1 ! out] m>g9 ( ! dorsal %ield 9 ea* case be+ fr+$ ) f9e regul> ciliae4 ,mo/ ( ! p]fect insects are ?ickset2 !y range f *e/nut br[n to r$di% yell[2 & h cle> transp>5t w+s4 ,trioza c>nosa makes a l>ge1 oval1 fle%y1 brightly t9t$ gall ) an irregul> op5+ at ! summit1 (t5 cov]+ & abort+ ! foliage ( eucalypts ab\t ,sydney4 ,! l>va ( ,t4 eucalypti =ms a r\nd$1 h>d1 woody gall ^u ! leaves1 )\t any op5+ on ei!r side until ! gall contracts & splits op51 :5 ! full gr[n pupa em]ges4 ,t4 casu>9ae is a v pretty little psylla ) d>k-b>r$ w+s1 & its curi\s nak$ fi%-l l>va cl+s to ! sl5d] foliage ( ! %e-oak 7,casu>9a74 ,t4 banksiae has a t9y1 nak$1 yell[ l>va cov]$ ) silv]y d[n2 x is a r>e insect f\nd on ! "u surface ( ! honeysuckle leaves4 ,ne>ly all ^! species h be5 collect$ )9 a day's j\rney f ,sydney1 b h a wide range on ! ea/]n coa/4 ,! ,sub-family ,,prionocnem9ae 0 =m$ by ,scott = ,walk]'s ,g5us ,tyora1 9 :i* ,i h plac$ two species4 ,tyora /]culiae is a pale gre51 aphid-l psylla1 ) long ant5nae & l>ge transp>5t w+s4 ,! l>vae clu/] toge!r on ! leaves ( ! ,kurrajong1 =m+ :ite pat*es ov] ! foliage1 & ea* l>va ?r[s out sl5d] :ite ?reads1 fr++ ! tip ( ! abdom5 & radiat+ ab\t ! body4 ,t4 hibisci is a delicate pale gre5 insect :i* has be5 tak5 on ! foliage ( ,hisbiscus tiliaceus1 ab\t ,brisbane1 ,que5sl&1 & also on a creep] on ! ,twe$ ,riv]1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,family #g4 ,aphids or ,plant ,lice4 ,,aphidae4 ,^! de/ructive little creatures are well kn[n to g>d5]s "u diff]5t names1 su* z 8smo!r or gre5-fly10 8plant lice10 or 8blight40 ,?is family conta9s "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive & widespread pe/s t ev] attack$ cultivat$ plants1 namely ! v9e l\se 7,phyllox]a va/atrix71 :i* has de/roy$ millions ( p\nds' wor? ( v9es1 & has foll[$ its ho/ all ov] ! _w4 ,aphids are all small s(t-bodi$ creatures1 gre51 black1 or yell[ 9 col\r2 & at lea/ t5 introduc$ species are to be commonly f\nd 9 our g>d5s & fields2 b z f> z ,i "k1 no indig5\s aphid is record$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! life hi/ory ( ^! insects is v complex2 ! w9t] eggs or l>vae lie dormant dur+ ! cold season 9 crevices on ! trunks1 or hidd5 und]gr\nd on ! roots ( _! ho/ plants2 b z ! w>m wea!r approa*es !y crawl up ! trunks1 clu/] r\nd ! op5+ leaf buds1 & /ick+ _! %>p beaks into ! tissue1 suck up ! sap4 ,^! give bir? to liv+ l>vae :i* gr[ v rapidly1 & 9 turn 7?\gh virg9 females7 br+ =? fre% broods ( live l>vae t 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al g5]ations develop two pairs ( l>ge transp>5t w+s1 & consi/ usually ( bo? sexes1 ?\gh 9 "s species ! males are want+4 ,! la/ g5]ation fly away 9 sw>ms b be=e dy+ deposit eggs :i* c>ry on ! cycle ( _! life into ! next summ]4 ,! w+less =ms are %ort1 /\t1 r\nd$ creatures ) small1 slightly lob$ heads1 & r /\t #c to #g jo9t$ ant5nae2 ! legs are well-develop$ ) two-jo9t$ feet4 ,! abdom5 (t5 swells out into a flask-l %ape2 x is furni%$ on ! #e? segm5t ) a pair ( cyl9drical tubes call$ siphons1 ?r\gh :i* x dis*>ges a sweet secretion kn[n z 8honey dew02 ?is liquid is (t5 eject$ 9 su* quantities on aphis-infe/$ plants t x cov]s ! foliage1 & attracts ! ants1 :i* come & lick up ! globules ( honey-dew on ! tips ( ! siphons1 & ev5 c>ess ! aphis ) _! ant5nae2 & !re=e 9 popul> works ^! insects are (t5 describ$ z 8ants' c[s40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,siphonophora rosae 7,l9n474 ,! ,rose ,aphis ( ! g>d54 #a1 ,rose buds infe/$ ) aphis2 #b1 l>va2 #c1 w+$ female aphis4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,aphis p]sicae-nig] 7,smi?74 ,! ,am]ican ,pea* ,aphis 7introduc$74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,among ! introduc$ species common 9 ,au/ralia is ! ,cabbage ,aphis1 ,aphis brassicae1 a dull gre5 insect cov]$ ) a fl\ry exudation2 x is "o ( ! greate/ pe/s t ! cabbage-gr[]s h to deal )1 & is always mo/ tr\blesome 9 dry wea!r4 ,! ,rose ,aphis1 ,siphonophora rosae1 is a pale gre5 species appe>+ 9 ! spr+ on ! "y buds ( ! roses1 b seldom do+ v s]i\s damage4 ,! ,woolly ,aphis1 ,s*izoneura lanig]a1 common bo? on ! roots & bran*es ( apple trees1 is f\nd 9 mo/ ( our old or*>ds2 ! dull blue aphids clu/] toge!r 9 colonies ) _! beaks buri$ deeply 9 ! b>k1 & ! clu/]s become cov]$ ) a mass ( s(t :ite floccul5t exudation1 hid+ !m f view4 ,f ! irritation to ! plant tissue caus$ by _! pres5ce l>ge galls or excresc5ces appe> all ov] ! bran*es4 ,! ,pea* ,aphis1 ,a4 p]sicae-nig]1 is ano!r common or*>d pe/ :i* w9t]s on ! roots ( ! pea* trees3 9 e>ly summ] !y comm5ce to spread1 & if neglect$ d a great deal ( damage to ! leaf & fl[] buds4 ,! *ief "w deal+ ) ! sy/ematic classification ( plant lice is ,buckton's 8,monograph ( ! ,briti% ,aphidae10 publi%$ by ! ,roy4 ,society1 ,london #ahha4 ,a numb] ( new species h be5 describ$ s9ce by ,am]ican entomologi/s 9 bullet9s on ,economic ,zoology4 ,family #h4 ,sn[-,flies4 ,,aleurodidae4 ,^! are all v small delicate creatures2 bo? sexes are furni%$ ) two pairs ( broad r\nd$ w+s ) simple p>allel ve9s1 & are usually ?ickly cov]$ ) a mealy :ite du/ f :i* !y take _! popul> "n ( 8,sn[-,flies40 ,! head is broad1 furni%$ ) a ?ree-jo9t$ beak enclos+ setae2 sev5-jo9t$ ant5nae2 & l>ge r5i=m eyes1 ) an ocellus on ei!r side above ! eyes4 ,! ?orax is broad & ! abdom5 s(t & r\nd$4 ,! t>si are two-jo9t$ t]m9at+ 9 two claws at ! extremities4 ,! female lays h] eggs 9 clu/]s on ! "u surface ( ! leaves1 :]e ! "y l>vae lat] on =m regul> oval1 glassy te/s ( v>i\s col\rs1 enclos$ 9 :i* !y fe$ & f9ally pupate4 ,! adult insects h _! %ort broad w+s slightly exp&$1 & clu/] toge!r 9 ?rees & f\rs3 b ! mom5t _! food plant is t\*$ !y fly out 9 a little cl\d4 ,!y c1 l ! scale insects1 be v easily introduc$ into a new c\ntry ) _! food plant1 & sev]al species1 l ,aleurodes vapor>iorum describ$ by ,we/wood f ,europe1 h a wide range ov] ,am]ica & ?is cont95t4 ,! sn[-flies are well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & sev]al species d a consid]able am\nt ( damage to native %rubs1 b on acc\nt ( _! delicate /ructure & small size !y are difficult to collect1 & h>d] to pres]ve :5 collect$2 if m\nt$ on c>d !y dry up1 ) no?+ to det]m9e !m f b ! w+s1 :i* h v few di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( pres]v+ !m1 is to drop ! live insects into oil ( cloves on a micro slip1 :5 !y usually op5 _! w+s & legs1 & !n make1 ) a little c>e1 v f9e objects :5 m\nt$ 9 balsam2 at times1 h[ev]1 ! fl\ry cov]+ floats (f ! w+s & body & sometimes cl\ds ! m\nt4 ,maskell has describ$ #h species f ,au/ralia 7,trans4 ,n4 ,zeal& ,in/4 #ahif72 mo/ ( ^! descriptions1 h[ev]1 7 bas$ ^u ! l>val te/s or scales 7& n ! adult insects7 :i* _h be5 s5t to him "u ! idea t !y 7 scale insects2 s t :oev] takes up ! /udy ( sn[-flies w h to bre$ !m out1 to be sure ( ! id5tity ( 8 species4 ,aleurodes /yphelia =ms a flatt5$1 oval1 black te/ fr+$ ) :ite waxy tubes almo/ z long z ! encircl$ l>va1 scatt]$ ab\t ov] ! leaves ( ,/yphelia ri*ei1 a common scrub bu% ab\t ,sydney4 ,aleurodes t-signata =ms a sp9y black te/2 & ) a second undet]m9$ pale yell[ species )\t a m>g9al fr+e1 is f\nd ab\t ,sydney on ! foliage ( ,acacia longifolia4 ,ano!r species1 ,a4 banksiae1 is f\nd ^u bo? ! honeysuckle 7,banksia7 & ! bottle bru% 7,calli/emon74 ,9 ,maskell's pap]1 :i* is an important contribution to ! /udy ( ^! small b v int]e/+ insects1 he li/s #fe kn[n species belong+ to ! typical ,g5us ,aleurodes2 "s h s9ce be5 describ$ f ,am]ica1 ( :i* a few h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,aleurodicus1 =m$ by ,d\glas = ^? ) a di/al & basal bran* on bo? w+s4 ,family #i4 ,scale ,insects4 ,,coccidae4 ,^! insects take _! popul> "n ( scale insects f ! habit t _m ( ! typical species h ( protect+ !mselves1 aft] !y h settl$ d[n on _! food plant1 by =m+ a %ield or scale ov] _! backs "u :i* !y fe$ & produce _! eggs or liv+ l>vae4 ,to =m ! scale ! m\lt$ l>val sk91 call$ ! pellicle1 becomes a nucleus 9 ! fir/ place1 r\nd :i* exudations are add$ until ! scale insect ceases gr[+4 ,! l>vae are pale yell[1 p9k1 or dull-r$ col\r$ little creatures1 oval or %ield-%ape 9 =m1 usually fr+$ r\nd ! m>g9s ( ! body ) f9e filam5ts1 :i* are (t5 long ^u ! some:at ?ick5$ irregul>ly-jo9t$ ant5nae & =m long] setae ^u ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,!y h di/9ct black eyes1 well-develop$ legs2 ! m\? is po9t$ & beak-l4 ,at ?is /age ( _! exi/5ce ! sexes d n diff] 9 outw>d appe>ance1 b :5 !y atta* !mselves to _! food plant ! males & females ( ! same species (t5 con/ruct scales ( v dissimil> =m2 :ile 9 o!rs ! male scales are simply m elongate ?an ^? ( ! female4 ,! male coccid is a delicate fragile little creature1 usually microscopic 9 size1 s t1 unless br$ out 9 conf9em5t f scale-infe/$ foliage1 !y are seldom se54 ,he has a well def9$ head r\nd$ beh9d1 furni%$ ) mod]ately long ant5nae compos$ ( ?ick5$ irregul>ly-jo9t$ segm5ts fr+$ & surm\nt$ ) f9e filam5ts4 ,! globul> black eyes /& out on ! sides ( ! head1 b ! m\? is abort$ s t x _c fe$4 ,! ?orax1 lob$ on ! dorsal surface1 is furni%$ ) a pair ( r\nd$ w+s ea* ) a simple c5tral n]vure1 b he c fly well 9 spite ( _! delicate /ructure4 ,! sl5d] legs are simple1 t]m9at+ 9 rudim5t>y hooks2 ! elongat$ abdom5 is di/9ctly segm5t$ & furni%$ at ! extremity ) a pair ( long sl5d] :ite filam5ts4 ,?is p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce is %ort3 ?\s&s ( !m p]i% v soon aft] !y leave _! scale1 & ! survivors z soon z !y h impregnat$ ! female die4 ,! female coccid z soon z %e settles d[n to suck up ! sap develops "u h] protective %ield 7:i*1 unlike ! male1 %e nev] leaves7 into an oval or r\nd$ yell[ mass3 h] legs1 ant5nae1 & ev5 head become abort$ ?\gh ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are well def9$ 9 mo/ species1 & f9ally %e becomes simply a sack ( eggs4 ,%e deposits h] eggs "u ! protection ( ! %ield1 9 o!r cases ! l>vae develop )9 h] %runk5 dead sk94 ,! l>vae sw>m out & spread ov] plants :51 ow+ to _! imm5se numb]s suck+ up ! sap ) _! %>p beaks1 !y soon injure ! tissue & (t5 kill ! food plant4 ,?us f an economic po9t ( view ! scale insects are "o ( ! mo/ important gr\ps ( ! insect-_w t man has to deal )1 & ?\s&s ( p\nds are sp5t 9 spray+ & fumigat+ cultivat$ trees to de/roy ^! pe/s4 ,_m species are cosmopolitan 9 _! range & *oice ( food plants1 hav+ be5 introduc$ all ov] ! _w1 b ,au/ralia has a great numb] ( indig5\s species1 _m rem>kable = _! curi\s habits1 p>ticul>ly ^? =m+ solid woody galls on ! eucalypts4 ,! classification ( ! scale insects is bas$ *iefly ^u ! /ructure ( ! adult female coccid1 viz43--,( ! sp9n]ets1 abdom9al cleft1 lobes1 sp9es1 & anal r+ ( ! abdom51 & ! /ructure & numb] ( jo9ts ( ! ant5nae4 ,! %ape & /ructure ( ! pup>ium or scale1 or o!r secretions are us$ to sep>ate !m into ! l>g] sub-divisions4 ,! great] numb] ( our species 7 describ$ by ,maskell 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgh-ahih10 9 :i* p]iod he add$ ov] #ajj new species to our li/3 ,gre5 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj7 has describ$ "s o!rs2 & 9 ! same ,j\rnal 7#ahhb-ahih7 ,i dealt ) ! gall-mak+ coccids belong+ to ! sub-family ,,bra*yscel9ae4 ,9 #ahid ,maskell issu$ a 8,synoptical ,li/ ( ! ,coccidae report$ f ,au/ralia & ! ,pacific ,isl&s10 9 :i* #ahj species 7 cr$it$ to ,au/ralia4 ,to ?is ,maskell add$ lat] a numb] ( new =ms2 & ,full] o!rs f ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahii74 ,9 ,mrs4 ,f]nald's 8,catalogue ( ! ,coccidae ( ! ,_w0 7,hat* ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 #hh1 #aijc7 ov] #cbh species are li/$1 f ?is c\ntry1 b !re are a consid]able numb] ( d\btful species among !m4 ,! ,,coccidae h be5 divid$ into a numb] ( sub-families3 ,i foll[ ,gre5 7,coccidae ( ,ceylon1 #ahif71 ?\gh ,mrs4 ,f]nald 9 foll[+ ,cock]ell rev]ses ! families & />ts ) ! mealy bugs2 ,i also reta9 mo/ ( ! well-kn[n g5]ic names unless !re is a v valid reason = disc>d+ !m1 :i* does n appe> to be ! case 9 _m ( ,cock]ell's am5dm5ts4 ,! ,sub-family ,,diasp9ae are kn[n z arm\r$ scales & embrace mo/ ( ! =ms :i* cov] !mselves ) /\t horny %ields 7pup>ia74 ,:5 adult ! female is almo/ legless1 ) rudim5t>y ant5nae1 & incapable ( movem5t4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,aspidiotus =m r\nd scales1 & among !m are "s ( our wor/ or*>d pe/s4 ,! introduc$ species ,aspidiotus auranti1 ! ,r$ scale ( citrus trees1 is n[ f\nd on _m g>d5 %rubs4 ,! pup>ium ( ! adult female is dull r$di% yell[ ) ! c5tre light] col\r$1 & ! twigs1 leaves & fruit ( neglect$ trees are (t5 cov]$ ) ^! scales 9 all /ages ( gr[?4 ,a4 p]niciosus1 ! notori\s ,san ,jos ,scale1 t attacks decidu\s fruit-trees 9 ! same mann]1 is a dull br[n circul> scale2 its orig9al home is some:at d\btful1 & ?\gh x 0 fir/ record$ z a pe/ 9 ,cali=nia1 is said to h come f ,*9a4 ,! scales are mu* d>k] ?an ^? ( ! r$ scale1 & infe/ ! bran*es & twigs s ?ickly t !y de/roy ! b>k1 & :5ev] !y atta* !mselves to ! fruit produce a r$ spot4 ,a4 h$]i 7bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,a4 n]ii71 is a pure :ite scale ) a yell[ c5tre2 x has a _w-wide range1 & its range ext5ds f> out into our we/]n scrubs1 sometimes cov]+ ! :ole ( a l>ge tree4 ,a4 rossi is a v di/9ct1 r\nd1 black scale1 p>tial to ,euonymus 9 ! g>d51 & to grass trees 9 ! bu%4 ,a4 ficus is (t5 kn[n z ! 8,r\nd ,scale0 f its size & regul> %ape2 x is deep *ocolate br[n 9 col\r1 common ^u palms1 & is sometimes f\nd ^u oranges com+ f ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,fior9ia acaciae cov]s ! /ems & twigs ( ,acacia longifolia ) its n>r[ :ite ribb$ scale2 x is mu* long] ?an broad1 & is truncate at ! extremities2 ?is gives x a v di/9ctive "*4 ,! ,g5us ,diaspis conta9s a numb] ( delicate1 m elongat$ scales1 among :i* is ! well kn[n :ite rose scale ,diaspis rosae1 common 9 ! g>d54 ,poliaspis exoc>pi is ano!r :ite scale infe/+ ,oxylobium1 ,dillwynia1 & o!r bu% %rubs2 ! male scales are long1 sl5d]1 & loosely atta*$ to ! small] twigs4 ,! ,g5us ,*ionaspis1 conta9+ a numb] ( cosmopolitan & indig5\s species1 has ! base ( ! scale n>r[1 elongate1 b broadly r\nd$ at ! extremity4 ,*ionaspis x]otides is :ite1 common ^u ! blades ( ! s$ge gr[+ along ! sea %ore at ,botany1 ,n4,s4,w41 & has a wide range4 ,c4 eug5iae is a l>g] broad] scale1 v>iable 9 size & %ape2 x infe/s sev]al native %rubs1 & a v l>ge =m is f\nd on ! w>atah4 ,mytilaspis is ano!r _w-wide g5us1 9 :i* ! scales are att5uat$ at ! base & are oy/]-l 9 %ape2 ,mytilaspis pomorum is ! common 8,mussel0 or 8,oy/]0 scale ( ! apple tree f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,m4 sp9if]a is a h&some1 broad1 :ite scale common on ! weep+ myall 7,acacia p5dula71 gr[+ 9 ! int]ior4 ,m4 /riata is a v sl5d] =m ( scale t has _h to adapt its %ape to ! sl5d] foliage ( ! ,casu>9a :i* x infe/s4 ,m4 acaciae is a grey species t clu/]s ?ickly toge!r 9 masses l ! apple scale1 cov]+ ! /ems ( sev]al diff]5t species ( ,acacias 9 ! bu% ) its /\t irregul> scales4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4--,,homopt]a4 ,family ,coccidae4 #a4 ,apiomorpha urnalis 7,tepp]74 #b4 ,fr5*ia semiocculta 7,mask474 #d4 ,fr5*ia casu>9ae 7,mask474 #c4 ,galls ( ,bupre/id beetles 7,e?on corpul5tum1 ,bohem474 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4--,,homopt]a4 ,9 ! ,sub-family ,,lecani9ae ! female coccids are active or /ation>y2 nak$ or cov]$ ) "s secretion2 sometimes )\t legs2 ! abdom5 m>k$ ) a m$ian cleft & furni%$ ) two dorsal lobes4 ,sev]al species ( ! tropical ,g5us ,c]opla/es are f\nd ab\t ,sydney1 :]e !y 7 introduc$ into ! g>d5s at a v e>ly date1 & h s9ce spread into ! or*>ds & bu%4 ,! ,indian wax-scale1 ,c]opla/es c]if]us1 cov]s or*>d trees1 & bu% & g>d5 %rubs ) its irregul> r\nd$ masses ( greasy :ite matt] t protect ! liv]-col\r$ coccids b5ea?4 ,c4 rub5s is a small] & m regul>ly r\nd$ dull r$ scale1 ! envelop+ mat]ial =m+ a h>d waxy %ell4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,ct5o*iton are *iefly conf9$ to ,new ,zeal&1 b two f9e species h be5 describ$ f ,au/ralia4 ,ct5o*iton eucalypti comes f ! ,newca/le di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w41 :]e x infe/s ! leaves ( gum sapl+s4 ,! scales ( ! sexes diff] v mu*2 ^? ( ! male are sl5d]1 :ite1 & glassy1 :ile ^? ( ! female are broad & d>k col\r$4 ,c4 rhizophorae comes f ,que5sl&1 :]e x is f\nd ^u ! mangrove4 ,! beautiful1 brittle1 glass-l scales ( ,+lisia =am9if] & ,i4 fossilis1 are (t5 v pl5tiful 9 ! int]ior on l[ scrub trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #afe & #aff4--,scale ,insects4 #afe4 ,ic]ya pur*asi 7,maskell74 ,! ,cottony-cu%ion or ,flut$ ,scale ( ! orange tree4 #aff4 ,c]opla/us c]if]us 7,&]son74 ,! introduc$ ,indian ,wax ,scale ( citrus trees1 etc4 ,9 ! ,g5us ,c]onema1 ! males =m delicate angulat$ scales1 b ! females are clo!d ) a woolly secretion4 ,c]onema banksiae is a some:at r>e scale f\nd on ! foliage ( ! banksia2 x has ! secretion ^u ! dorsal surface1 =m$ into a di/9ct rib d[n ! c5tre4 ,c4 caudata is a l>ge species ) a :ite woolly cov]+1 a l>ge filam5t t[>ds ! apex =m+ a l>ge loop ris+ above ! back l a h&le4 ,x has a wide range f ! ,s\? ,coa/ ( ,n4,s4,w4 to ,nor? ,que5sl&1 & ab\t ,bulli1 ,n4,s4,w41 is f\nd on gum trees4 ,! ,g5us ,lecanium 7:i* has be5 cut up into a numb] ( new g5]a7 conta9s _m di/9ct species peculi> to our fauna4 ,lecanium tesselatum1 a flatt5$ species ) cr5ulat$ m>g9s1 & common on palms 9 ! g>d5s1 & ,l4 oleae1 kn[n z 8black bug0 or 8olive scale0 by ! or*>di/s1 are bo? introduc$ species3 ,l4 pat]soni is a sl5d] =m f\nd ^u ! foliage ( ,pat]sonia glabrata gr[+ ab\t ,sydney4 ,l4 scrobiculata is a bright1 %9+1 convex1 d>k br[n scale infe/+ sev]al species ( acacias2 & ,l4 mirificum1 "o ( ! l>ge/1 is f\nd 9 ! int]ior ^u ,acacia p5dula4 ,! curi\s coccid1 ,cryptes 7,lecanium7 baccatum1 cov]s ! twigs ( sev]al acacias1 among !m ! common black wattle 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,at fir/ dull :ite1 !y swell out into r\nd$ bead-%ap$1 blue sacks1 s close toge!r t !y encru/ ! :ole ( ! infe/$ twig2 :5 adult !y turn dull br[n4 ,! ,sub-family ,,dactylop9ae conta9s mo/ ( ! well-kn[n 8mealy bugs02 !y are s(t bodi$ creatures 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! exi/5ce1 & _m species are able to move ab\t until _! latt] days2 in/ead ( =m+ a sep>ate scale l ! fir/ gr\p1 !y cov] !mselves ) :ite1 woolly1 mealy1 cottony1 or waxy secretions4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,a/]olecanium are repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by ! introduc$ 8oak scale0 ,a/]olecanium qu]cicola1 a typical =m :i*1 half buri$ 9 ! infe/$ b>k at ! tips ( ! bran*es1 is cov]$ ) a waxy1 gre5i% yell[1 r\nd$ scale2 :5 num]\s x causes ! tips ( ! bran*es to die back4 ,a4 acaciae1 :5 num]\s1 aborts ! b>k & twigs ( ,acacia longifolia & is cov]$ ) dull br[n & :ite %ields2 & ) ,a4 /ypheliae1 ) its rais$1 %9+1 oval1 bright yell[ te/s1 f\nd on a numb] ( diff]5t %rubs1 are bo? native species ) a v wide range ov] ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,rhizococcus is repres5t$ by #h species1 f\nd *iefly ^u ! twigs ( wattles 7,acacia7 & %e-oaks 7,casu>9a72 & ! cosmopolitan ,g5us ,eriococcus by #ag species4 ,sev]al species ( ,eriococcus enclos$ 9 _! egg-%ap$1 :ite-felt$ sacks are v common 9 ! =e/1 clu/]+ ov] & (t5 kill+ ! "y trees4 ,eriococcus coriace\s v>ies f :ite to yell[ 9 col\r2 ! sacs are oval1 ) a di/9ct anal op5+ on ! summit2 !y infe/ ! foliage & twigs ( _m "y ,eucalypts4 ,e4 p>adoxus is a some:at l>g]1 /icky insect2 !y mass toge!r 9 regul> lumps on ! twigs ( ! same trees3 :ile ,e4 eucalypti1 z f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 is nev] f\nd on gum trees1 z its "n implies1 b ^u ! prickly twigs ( ,burs>ia sp9osa1 & its sacs are m depress$ & h a br[n] t9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,eriococcus coriace\s 7,maskell74 ,! ,eucalyptus scale4 ,natural size & enl>g$4 7,orig9al photo4 ,t4 ,kirk74 ,! typical ,dactylopius are free-mov+ insects1 (t5 crawl+ ab\t until _! f9al /age1 :5 !y become cov]$ or surr\nd$ ) floccul5t woolly matt]4 ,dactylopius albizziae is common on ! black wattle1 & is sometimes a pe/ 9 wattle plantations2 x is a blacki%-blue b]ry-%ap$ coccid surr\nd$ ) & lightly clo!d on portions ( ! dorsal surface ) :ite mealy & woolly filam5ts4 ,d4 aurilanatus is *iefly conf9$ to ! bran*lets ( ,arauc>ia bidwilli1 or 8,bunya ,bunya40 ,x is v abundant at times on ^! trees 9 ! ,sydney g>d5s1 & is easily recognis$ by ! broad l9es ( sulphur-yell[ meal or d[n across ! dorsal surface4 ,d4 lobulatus is an oval coccid1 hid+ "u loose b>k on ! trunks ( ! blue gum1 ,eucalyptus globulus2 x is s ?ickly clo!d ) :ite mealy secretion =m+ filam5ts r\nd ! edges t its =m & col\r are q hidd54 ,9 ! ,g5us ,rip]sia ! species h a _w-wide range2 !y are curi\s wr9kl$ nak$ coccids1 b are sometimes m or less envelop$ 9 a :ite cov]+2 !y lead an und]gr\nd exi/5ce on ! roots ( grass & plants3 a s+le species is record$ by ,maskell f ,s4 ,au/ralia on ! roots ( a ,leptosp]mum4 ,! curi\s ,anton9a au/ralis is an und]gr\nd coccid :i* infe/s ! roots ( ! ,nut-grass1 ,cyp]us rotundus1 & 0 describ$ by ,gre5 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd7 f specim5s obta9$ 9 ! ,hunt] ,riv] di/rict1 ,n4,s4,w41 :]e x 0 s pl5tiful t 9 ! dry seasons x kill$ a great deal ( ?is s$ge4 ,! adult female is a r\nd$ black smoo? %9+ creature ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]1 envelop$ 9 a coat ( :ite woolly secretion1 f :i* x c be easily remov$4 ,! legs & ant5nae are abort$1 b ! segm5tal divisions ( ! abdom5 rema91 & ! tip is produc$ into two irregul> r\gh5$ tub]cles1 jo9$ at ! base ) a tuft ( /\t bri/le-l hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,homopt]a4 ,family ,,coccidae4 #a4 ,ta*>dia au/ralis 7,froggatt74 ,on ,melaleuca4 #b4 ,ta*>dia au/ralis 7,froggatt74 ,male & female te/s4 #c4 ,ta*>dia au/ralis 7,froggatt74 ,female coccid4 #d4 ,ta*>dia decorella 7,maskell74 ,on ,eucalyptus4 #e4 ,ta*>dia decorella 7,maskell74 ,female 9 te/4 #f4 ,ta*>dia decorella 7,maskell74 ,female expos$4 #g4 ,ta*>dia decorella 7,maskell74 ,l>va4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,homopt]a4 ,! ,sub-family ,,ta*>di9ae conta9s a numb] ( rem>kable species1 "s ( consid]able comm]cial value on acc\nt ( ! res9\s secretion !y encru/ !mselves )2 ?is secretion is kn[n z lac1 & is us$ = mak+ v>ni%4 ,! typical female is an irregul> wr9kl$ fle%y mass ) a pair ( tubul> app5dages on ! back4 ,^! app5dages 7 suppos$ at "o "t to be us$ = produc+ ! lac1 b ,gre5 consid]s !m to be brea?+ /ructures4 ,five species are describ$ f ,au/ralia1 ( :i* ,ta*>dia au/ralis is s ?ickly encru/$ ) r$di% br[n lac1 t x might be ( "s comm]cial value 9 ! future2 x is v pl5tiful ^u ,melaleuca bu%es ne> ,m>ybor\gh1 ,que5sl&1 b 0 describ$ by me f specim5s obta9$ on a small %rub1 ,bey]ia viscosa1 at ,gunn$ah1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,t4 decorella is enclos$ 9 a v da9ty1 flatt5$1 ribb$1 cu%ion-l mass ( dull slate-col\r$ lac2 x is f\nd on a numb] ( diff]5t trees1 among !m ! wat] gums 7,eug5ia smi?ii72 & ,i h also f\nd x on ! des]t cypress 7,callitris7 9 ! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,anton9a au/ralis 7,gre574 ,! ,nut-grass ,coccid4 #a4 ,nut-grass %[+ coccid ^u ! roots4 #b4 ,adult female coccid remov$ f envelop+ cov] 7enl>g$74 ,! ,sub-family ,,idiococci9ae comprises a numb] ( v curi\s coccids1 "s ( :i* are nak$2 "s =m waxy te/s2 :ile o!rs are envelop$ 9 woody galls4 ,maskell1 :o creat$ ?is division1 says !y are sep>at$ f ! ,,monophlebi9ae by ! abs5ce ( anal tub]cles & ! ant5nae1 & f ! ,,bra*ysceli9ae by ! abs5ce ( anal app5dages4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,g5us ,spha]ococcus numb] #ba describ$ species1 all b two ( :i* are peculi> to ,au/ralia2 "s =m galls1 o!rs waxy te/s4 ,spha]ococcus pirogallus cov] ! :ole ( ! tips ( ! bu%es ( ,leptosp]mum flavesc5s ) its curi\s little pe>-%ap$ galls4 ,at fir/ p9k or r$1 ^! galls are dull br[n :5 full gr[n1 & h an ap]ture on ! side ( ! /alk1 & ! coccid )9 is atta*$ to a sauc]-l rim on ! ro( ( ! apex4 ,?is is "o ( ! commone/ galls ab\t ,sydney2 acres ( ^! l[ bu%es (t5 h ! :ole ( _! foliage cov]$ ) masses ( ^! small galls4 ,s4 melaleucae does n =m a gall1 b surr\nds itself ) a d>k waxy secretion l ! lac insect2 bo? scales & twigs are (t5 black5$ ) smut or fumag9e4 ,l4 leptosp]mi =ms a swell+ 9 ! twig :i* looks z if ! tissue _h ris5 ov] x l a bli/] & !n split d[n ! middle1 expos+ ! dorsal surface4 ,s4 froggatti is v common on ! tips ( ,melaleuca bu%es gr[+ ab\t ,sydney2 ! dull r$ coccid is clo!d ) :ite secretion re/+ 9 an excresc5ce fr+$ ) sl5d]1 r$di% br[n f+]-l processes curl+ ov] 9 an irregul> protective gall4 ,s4 socialis produces a v curi\s greyi% globul> gall ) no op5+ on ! outside1 & measures up to an in* 9 diamet]4 ,maskell says3 8,! out] surface is =m$ ( v closely imbract$ scales1 :i* are app>5tly abort$ & coalesc$ leaves ( ! tree02 ! int]ior is ( a loose /ructure conta9+ sev]al female coccids1 & a few males4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,lea ne> ,g]aldton1 ,w4 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,g5us ,cyl9drococcus conta9s #c species :i* =m curi\s cone-l galls ^u ! twigs ( ! ,%e-oak1 ,casu>9a4 ,cyl9drococcus sp9if]us v>ies mu* 9 size & %ape4 ,!y are (t5 v num]\s1 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! bu% ) _! curi\s1 r\gh1 bracteate galls1 :i* are r\nd$ at ! base & tap] to ! extremity4 ,! female1 a cyl9drical1 dull r$ creature1 is enclos$ 9 an elongate1 ?9 tube1 :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! gall2 ?is tube is atta*$ at ! base ( ! gall & is surr\nd$ ) ! bracts4 ,"s ( ! typical =ms might be easily mi/ak5 = se$ cones4 ,c4 amplior1 :i* is a m solit>y species1 =ms a solid se$-%ap$ gall ) ! base set 9 a bract l ! calyx ( a fl[]1 & ! :ole might be lik5$ to an unop5$ bud4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia & ! nor?-we/]n p>ts ( ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4--,,homopt]a4 ,family ,,coccidae4 #a4 ,apiomorpha duplex 7,s*r474 ,gall4 #b4 ,spha]ococcus leptosp]mi 7,mask474 ,galls4 #c4 ,cyl9drococcus sp9if]us 7,mask474 ,galls4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4--,,homopt]a4 ,! ,sub-family ,,bra*ysceli9ae conta9s "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable insects 9 our fauna4 ,!y 7 fir/ notic$ by ,s*rad] 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfb71 :o describ$ & figur$ a numb] ( our commone/ species & _! galls2 to ^! ,i h add$ a numb] ( new species 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib-ahih74 ,!y are all gall mak]s2 ! beautiful little l>va born 9 ! gall is usually yell[1 oval1 flatt5$1 & fr+$ r\nd ! m>g9 ) %ort glassy filam5ts4 ,9 mo/ species ! full-gr[n female has ant5nae & legs abort$1 & becomes simply a sac ( eggs & liquid matt] enclos$ 9 a lea!ry sk91 & is furni%$ ) horny tail app5dages4 ,! ,g5us ,fr5*ia 0 =m$ by ,maskell = a species1 ,fr5*ia casu>9ae1 :i* =ms a gall l a /\t blunt ?orn2 x is ab\t ! ?ickness ( a slate p5cil & has a small op5+ at ! apex4 ,^! twig-l galls spr+ directly f ! bran* ( ! infe/$ ,casu>9a1 :ile ! abort$ tissue at ! base swells out l a bli/]4 ,! sl5d]1 att5uat$1 r$ female coccid re/s head d[nw>d ) ! tail rea*+ up to ! apical orifice ( ! gall4 ,a second species1 ,f4 semiocculta1 =ms a rais$ swell+ on ! twigs ( ,casu>9a1 ) a cleft 9 ! c5tre1 ?us =m+ two lobes4 ,! fir/ is common 9 ,tasmania1 ,victoria1 & ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ! latt] 0 collect$ at ,manly1 ne> ,sydney4 ,s*rad] call$ ! next ,g5us ,bra*yscelis1 b ,rubasmann f9d+ ! "n preoccupi$ *ang$ x to ,apiomorpha2 ov] #cj species are giv5 9 ,mrs4 ,f]nald's ,catalogue1 b !re are sev]al species describ$ bo? by ,rubasmann & ,tepp] t 7 describ$ f v>iable or abort$ galls t may prove to be synonyms4 ,! female is rem>kable = =m+ a /\t woody gall1 sometimes sessile1 sometimes spr++ f a /alk2 x encloses an oval cell ) a circul> or transv]se ap]ture at ! apex ( ! gall1 ?r\gh :i* ! male impregnates h] by means ( 8 long sl5d] abdom54 ,! "y l>vae are hat*$ )9 its %elt]1 & crawl out to rea* _! food plant4 ,! female is a top-%ap$ 7turb9ate7 creature encas$ 9 a lea!ry sk91 m or less clo!d ) f9e hairs1 envelop$ 9 a mealy secretion1 ) r[s ( f9e sp9es on ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom9al segm5ts1 & ! body t]m9at+ 9 two horny tails 7anal app5dages74 ,! head is m]g$ into ! ?oracic portion1 & has ! v5tral surface wr9kl$ & be>+ a rudim5t>y m\?2 ! ant5nae & legs are abort$4 ,! only di/9ct specific *>act]s are ! dorsal sp9es & ! =m ( ! anal app5dages4 ,! males are delicate two-w+$ insects1 ) long ant5nae1 sl5d] legs1 & ! body v long & att5uat$1 ornam5t$ ) two f9e filam5ts4 ,!y ei!r =m s+le %ort tubul> galls on ! leaves1 or =m masses ( ! same tubul> galls2 or !y are plac$ 9 r[s enfold$ 9 a hood gr[+ f ! side ( ! female gall l a small cockscomb4 ,all ! memb]s ( ?is g5us are conf9$ to ! eucalypts4 ,apiomorpha duplex is ! l>ge/ insect-gall 9 ! _w4 ,spr++ directly f ! twig1 x swells out into a /\t f\r-sid$ gall1 #a in*es 9 diamet]1 #c in*es 9 l5g?2 beyond ?is ! apex ( ! gall is produc$ into two /\t flatt5$ app5dages ext5d+ ano!r #i in*es4 ,! enclos$ female coccid measures up to #a in*es4 ,a4 munita =ms an angulat$ gall r\nd$ at ! base1 ) ea* angle on ! apex furni%$ ) a sl5d] curl$ horn1 b x is v v>iable bo? 9 =m & size4 ,a4 pileata is an egg-%ap$ gall1 ) ! apex truncate & =m+ two lips1 ! apical orifice =m+ a keyhole-l slit betwe5 !m4 ,we h two v>ieties ( ?is gall1 :i* 9 _! immature /ate h a membran\s tail$ cap cov]+ ! apex :i* dries & falls (f z ! gall matures1 leav+ ! apical orifice expos$4 ,a4 pomi=mis is %ap$ l & ab\t ! size & %ape ( a small apple1 ) ! apical orifice situat$ 9 a depression 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is a ,nor? ,au/ralian =m1 & is also f\nd on /unt$ gums 9 ! int]ior4 ,specim5s ( a l>ge gall receiv$ f ,t5nant's ,creek1 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ) ! enclos$ coccid1 %[ t ! /ructure ( ! coccid is v diff]5t f ! ,apiomorpha ! anal extremity be+ ?imble-%ap$1 fitt+ aga9/ ! apical orifice1 s x w require to be plac$ 9 a new g5us4 ,a4 dipsaci=mis is an oval gall cov]$ ) curl$ filam5ts l a 8teasel40 ,9 ! gr\p 9 :i* ! male galls are =m$ on ! side ( ! oval female gall1 ,a4 ph>atrata is a typical =m2 ! female gall is oval1 ov]%ad[$ ) ! mu%room-%ap$ mass ( coalesc$ tubul> galls gr[+ out ne> ! apex4 ,! female coccids ( ! ,g5us ,opi/hoscelis1 z !y *ange f ! l>val /age1 lose almo/ e ve/ige ( ! fir/ two pairs ( legs1 :ile ! h9d pair are produc$ into long att5uat$ app5dages1 :i* 9 "s species 7:5 enclos$ 9 ! gall7 curve r\nd ov] ! back l hairs2 ! :ole insect is r\nd$ or top-%ap$1 ) a peg-%ap$ anal app5dage4 ,?irte5 species are describ$1 all ( :i* produce galls ^u diff]5t species ( eucalypts4 ,opi/hoscelis subrotunda is our commone/ species2 ! solid fle%y galls1 ab\t ! size ( a pea1 (t5 cov] & abort mu* ( ! foliage ( ! infe/$ tree4 ,! %ort r\nd$ coccid fits tightly to ! cavity1 & ! op5+1 clos$ by ! tip ( ! anal peg1 is on ! "u side ( ! leaf4 ,s*rad] has describ$ ! male galls ( ?is species1 :i* are probably v r>e1 & ,i h nev] be5 able to discov] !m4 ,! %ort1 sl5d]1 r$di%1 tubul> galls ( ,o4 sp9osa are z pl5tiful z ! curi\s ?orn-%ap$ female galls1 :i* latt] h ! op5+ at ! tip1 & are common on ! foliage ( ! l>ge-leav$ ironb>k1 ,eucalyptus sid]ophloia1 gr[+ ar\nd ,sydney4 ,! female coccid1 9 ?is & sev]al ( ! o!r gall-mak+ coccids ) ! sp9e or ?orn-%ap$ /ructure1 is firmly atta*$ to ! sides & base ( ! cavity1 & is difficult to remove )\t damage4 ,! galls ( ! ,g5us ,ascelis are (t5 dissimil> 9 =m2 t ( ,ascelis praemollis is r\nd$1 ) ! op5+ on ! "u side ( ! leaf1 & except = ! %ape ( ! sc> & l>g] size might )\t close exam9ation be tak5 = t ( ,opi/hoscelis subrotunda2 b ! enclos$ insect is a v diff]5t look+ creature2 x is simply an irregul> jelly-l mass1 ) a %ort peg-l /ructure ris+ f :at looks to be ! back1 b is ! tip ( ! abdom52 ?is /ructure is produc$ into ?ree f+]-l projections1 :i*1 hold+ a lump ( gummy sub/ance1 plug up ! basal op5+ 9 ! gall4 ,a4 s*rad]i1 :i* =ms a circul>1 flatt5$1 bli/]-l gall 9 ! tissue ( ! leaves ( ,eucalyptus corymbosa1 is m flatt5$1 ) ! anal tail truncate at ! apex1 )\t ! curi\s f+]-l app5dages1 & ! anal ap]ture z f9e z a p9 prick is on ! upp] surface ( ! leaf4 ,i h gone some:at ext5sively into ! description ( ^! gall-mak+ coccids1 ow+ to ! fact t !y =m su* rem>kable /ructures1 & diff] f all o!r solid galls 9 ! fact t !y are =m$ by ! l>vae & are n ! result ( eggs deposit$ b5ea? ! plant tissue4 ,speciali/s 9 ! /udy ( vegetable gr[?s may f9d "s key to ! my/]y ( gall developm5t 9 ?is fact4 ,! ,,monophlebi9ae comprises a numb] ( l>ge 8mealy bugs10 s call$ because !y =m no protective scale1 b are simply clo!d ) a mealy secretion1 f9e filam5ts or masses ( felt$ wool4 ,! females are (t5 ( consid]able size1 & dur+ ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce are capable ( crawl+ ab\t1 b :5 adult & ab\t to lay _! eggs !y (t5 become fix$ to ! food plant4 ,! males are ( ! usual two-w+$ type ) long ant5nae & ! tip ( ! abdom5 fr+$ ) f9e filam5ts4 ,?is division has be5 cut up into a numb] ( sub-families by ,cock]ell1 & ^! divisions are giv5 9 ,mrs4 ,f]nald's ,catalogue1 b "h ,i propose to place !m toge!r "u ! "o sub-family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,pulv9>ia maskelli 7,olliff74 ,! ,saltbu% ,mealy ,bug ( ! int]ior4 a1 ,male2 b1 ,%[+ ! male enclos$ 9 pupal te/2 c1 ,l>va2 d1 ,v5tral view ( adult female4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,monophlebus craw=di is "o ( our l>ge/ species2 ! female measures ab\t #a in* 9 l5g? & is broad 9 proportion2 %e is dull orange yell[ m>k$ ) p>allel b>s ( purple1 & fr+$ r\nd ! edges ) f9e hairs2 & is ( a g5]al flatt5$1 broad1 oval =m1 ) ! dorsal surface di/9ctly segm5t$4 ,%e is g5]ally f\nd cl++ to ! /em ( a smoo?-b>k$ eucalyptus tree1 sometimes half hidd5 "u a bit ( loose b>k & surr\nd$ ) :ite mealy secretion4 ,:5 egg-lay+ %e sometimes produces a great quantity ( f9e curl$ cottony filam5ts =m+ a mass mu* l>g] ?an ! orig9al size ( h] body1 "u :i* ! eggs are deposit$4 ,! ,g5us ,callipappus conta9s #f ,au/ralian species2 ! females are flatt5$1 oval1 irregul>ly segm5t$ coccids ( a dull br[n to purpli% r$ t9t1 :i* are usually f\nd crawl+ ab\t on tree trunks4 ,callipappus au/rale 0 describ$ by ,maskell 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahij7 "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,coelo/oma1 a gr\p conf9$ to ,n4 ,zeal&4 ,! male is a beautiful two-w+$ insect ( a g5]al deep r$ col\r1 ! w+s rose-p9k1 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 clo!d ) a l>ge bun* ( silky :ite filam5ts l a tuft ( spun glass2 f ?is latt] "* x has receiv$ ! fanciful b r appropriate "n ( ! 8,bird ( ,p>adise ,fly40 ,! female is ( an oval1 flatt5$ =m ab\t an in* 9 l5g?2 ! body is irregul>ly segm5t$ & lightly clo!d ) flakes ( a mealy secretion4 ,:5 deposit+ h] eggs1 g5]ally on ! trunk ( a tree1 %e becomes atta*$ to ! b>k ) a pat* ( silk on ! v5tral surface ( ! body2 ! body swells irregul>ly1 ! extremities ( ! abdom5 %r9k & turn upw>ds1 ! :ole body lat] becom+ simply a dry %ell4 ,gur9 describ$ a species1 ,c4 we/woodi1 f ,we/ ,au/ralia2 & ,full] a few ye>s ago re-describ$ ?is & nam$ two new species4 ,ic]ya pur*asi1 kn[n z ! 8,flut$ or ,cottony ,cu%ion ,scale10 0 fir/ describ$ f ,new ,zeal&1 b _h be5 a well-kn[n pe/ to ! citrus or*>ds 9 ,cali=nia _m ye>s be=e x 0 discov]$ 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! adult female is a v di/9ctive r$ coccid ) black legs & ant5nae1 & a dull r$ body ) ! ?oracic portion flatt5$ & fr+$ ) hairs4 ,%e produces a quantity ( felt$ woolly filam5ts =m+ a mass completely cov]+ ! abdom51 :i* is m>k$ ) well-def9$ p>allel furr[s & ridges2 "u ?is secretion ! eggs are deposit$4 ,?is scale is f\nd ^u sev]al species ( wattles 7,acacia7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney1 & on ! roses 9 ! g>d5s4 ,x does little or no h>m 9 ,au/ralia1 z x is v mu* affect$ by diff]5t species ( p>asites4 ,sev]al o!r species plac$ by ,maskell 9 ?is ,g5us h be5 remov$4 ,palaeococcus nudata is "o t he describ$ f ,au/ralia on v]b5as & cosmos4 ,i f\nd x to be v abundant on r$ clov] 9 ! ,lismore di/rict1 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 x is a small] oval species uni=mly clo!d ) mealy secretion4 ,p4 rosae1 describ$ by ,riley z ,ic]ya rosae1 ! 8,floridian ,scale10 is a convex dull br[n %9+ coccid ) ! out] m>g9 fr+$ ) %ort :ite tufts4 ,?\gh orig9ally describ$ z a rose pe/ 9 ,florida x is f\nd ^u ,hakea & ,grevillea bu%es 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #agj-agb4--,mealy ,bugs4 #agj4 ,callipappus 7,coelo/oma7 au/rale 7,maskell74 4 ,! 8,bird ( ,p>adise ,fly40 #aga4 ,callipappus au/rale4 4 #agb4 ,callipappus au/rale4 4 ,aft] egg lay+4 ,illu/ration3 #agc4 ,monophlebus craw=di 7,maskell74 4 #agd4 ,monophlebus craw=di1 :5 %e is lay+ h] eggs1 :i* %e cov]s ) felt$ flut$ wool4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,sub-,ord] ,,iii4 ,,anoplura4 ,suck+ ,lice4 ,^! insects are w+less1 ) a m or less ?9 integum5t4 ,! r complicat$ suck+ m\? is furni%$ ) hooks2 ! ?oracic segm5ts are indi/9ctly divid$1 & ! foot t]m9ates 9 a s+le /\t claw4 ,!y 7 usually plac$ at ! end ( ! ,,hemipt]a 9 ! ,ord] ,,p>asita2 b lat] inve/igators consid] !m s v closely alli$ to ! true bugs t !y are "h plac$ z a ,sub-,ord]4 ,burmei/] call$ !m ,,p$icul9a4 ,family #a4 ,suck+ ,lice4 ,,p$iculidae4 ,^! are purely p>asitic ^u animals1 & d]ive _! food f ! blood ( _! ho/s1 :i* !y obta9 by punctur+ ! sk9 ) _! tubul> suck+ m\?4 ,x is n an ext5sive family1 conta9+ only ab\t #dj describ$ species includ$ 9 #f g5]a1 & !y are widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w4 ,?ree species are kn[n to live ^u ! clo!s & sk9 ( unclean m51 ! eggs ( :i*1 kn[n z nits1 are atta*$ to ! hairs ( ! animal or man infe/$4 ,f _! repulsive habits lice are n popul> insects ev5 = entomologi/s to take up4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ^? infe/+ ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 ?\gh x is believ$ t ! diff]5t races ( man1 p>ticul>ly savage tribes1 are infe/$ ) di/9ct species ( ^! p>asites4 ,! common head l\se1 ,p$iculus capitis1 is conf9$ to ! f9e hairs ( ! head1 seldom or nev] go+ on ! co>s] hair ( ! body2 ! pale-col\r$ eggs are glu$ to ! hairs1 f :i* em]ge l>vae closely resembl+ ! adults4 ,p$iculus ve/im5ti lives 9 ! clo!s ( unclean p]sons1 only com+ on ! sk9 to suck up blood2 x diff]s m]ely 9 be+ d>k] & broad] 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,! ,crab-l\se1 ,ph?irius +u9alis1 is a v %ort-bodi$ creature :i* cl+s ) its l>ge claws to ! /\t] hairs ( ! body4 ,9 anci5t times all ^! 7 v common1 & a loa?some disease call$ ,ph?iriasis 0 said to be due to !m4 ,! dome/ic animals1 hogs1 cattle1 horses1 c41 are infe/$ ) di/9ct species4 ,sub-,ord] ,,iv4 ,,mallophaga4 ,bit+ ,lice4 ,! classification 9 :i* ?is gr\p %\ld be plac$ is n yet def9itely settl$2 ,%>p places !m 9 ! ,ord] ,,neuropt]a betwe5 ! ,,psocidae & ! ,,t]mitidae3 ,*olodkovsky comb9es !m ) ! suck+ lice & creates a new ,ord]1 ,,pseudorhyn*ota 7,zool4 ,anz4 xxvii4 #aijc72 :ile ,kellogg has giv5 !m ! rank ( an ,ord] "u ! gr\p "n ,,mallophaga4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n lace-w+s 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 & _! habits are s simil> to ^? ( ! prec$+ division t ,i propose to place !m z ! f\r? gr\p ( ! ,ord] ,,hemipt]a4 ,!y consi/ ( bit+ lice infe/+ animals & birds1 & fe$ *iefly ^u ! hair1 fea!rs1 scales1 or excretions ( _! ho/s by means ( /\t bit+ jaws1 b are also said to be furni%$ ) an app>atus enabl+ !m sometimes to suck up ! blood4 ,!y all h flatt5$ bodies encas$ 9 horny integum5t1 lightly clo!d ) /\t hairs2 ! ant5na conta9s f #c to #e %ort jo9ts1 & ! eyes :5 visible are situat$ beh9d ! ant5nae2 ! ?orax is n>r[1 app>5tly compos$ ( two divisions2 ! %ort /\t legs are provid$ ) #a or #b f9e claws well adapt$ to _! p>asitic habits4 ,! w+s are want+1 & ! oval abdom5 conta9s f #i to #aj segm5ts4 ,!y atta* _! eggs to ! hairs or fea!rs ( _! ho/s1 & ! l>vae develop ^u ! body4 ,?\gh "s memb]s ( ! gr\p might be conf\nd$ ) ! ,,anoplura1 !y are easily di/+ui%$ f !m by ! /ructure ( ! m\?1 & ! diff]5t %ap$ claws at ! extremity ( ! t>si4 ,:ile ! suck+ lice are always conf9$ to a p>ticul> ho/1 ! bit+ lice are n s exclusive1 = ! same species may be f\nd ^u sev]al dissimil> birds or animals1 & x is n uncommon = sev]al di/9ct species to infe/ ! same ho/4 ,a numb] ( ,european writ]s h /udi$ & describ$ ^! p>asitic creatures2 ,d5ny 7,monographia ,anoplurorum ,britanniae #ahdb7 describ$ all ! ,briti% species1 :i* he illu/rat$ ) col\r$ plates3 ,piaget's 8,le ,p$icul9es10 ,leyd5 #ahhj1 is a m important "w1 & 0 foll[$ by a supplem5t 9 #ahhe2 ! fir/ conta9s a description ( all ! species kn[n up to t date1 & ! second adds #ajj new species :i* he _h exam9$4 ,tas*5b]g 9 #ahhb publi%$ a f9e ,monograph1 :i* h[ev] 0 nev] complet$4 ,9 ,am]ica ! *ief writ]s h be5 ,osborn & ,kellogg2 ! fir/ 9 ,bullet9 #g1 ,division ( ,entomology ,u4,s4 #ahia1 deal+ ) 8,insects affect+ dome/ic animals1 ,*apt] v41 ,mallophaga10 figures & describes a l>ge numb]1 among !m "s new species4 ,kellogg describes a great _m new species 7,new ,mallophaga i41 ii41 iii41 #ahhf-hi1 ,proce$+s ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 vi471 & also gives a great deal ( in=mation ab\t ! /ructure & classification ( ^! insects4 ,he says3 8,i propose !re=e1 9 ! light ( ! pres5t position ( ! ,mallophaga z an indep5d5t ord] ( insects1 to rank ! ,nitzs*ian families z sub-ord]s1 ! ,nitzs*ian g5]a z families1 & ! ,nitzs*ian sub-g5]a1 ! g5]a ( ! pres5t day writ]s1 z g5]a40 ,9 ?is classification two sub-ord]s are creat$1 ,,is*noc]a1 conta9+ two families1 viz43 ,,tri*odectidae1 9 :i* ! memb]s h #c jo9t$ ant5nae & t>si ) "o claw1 & f\nd ^u animals2 & ,,philopt]idae1 lice ) five jo9t$ ant5nae & two t>sal claws1 :i* infe/ birds4 ,! second sub-ord]1 ,,amblyc]a1 also comprises two families1 viz43 ,,gyropidae1 ) f\r jo9t$ ant5nae & "o t>sal claw1 infe/+ animals2 & second ! ,,lio!idae1 ) f\r jo9t$ ant5nae & two t>sal claws1 *iefly f\nd ^u birds1 b 9 ,au/ralia also f\nd ^u m>supials4 ,!re are ab\t #a1jjj species ( ^! lice describ$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 b ! g5]a are few 9 numb]4 ,v little "w has be5 done 9 ,au/ralia on ! ,mallophaga3 ,piaget describ$ a species on ! wombat = :i* he creat$ ! ,g5us ,boopia1 nam+ x ,b4 t>sata 7#ahhj74 ,9 8 ,supplem5t 7#ahhe7 he describ$ a second on ! r$ kang>oo z ,boopia gr&is2 & o!rs on ,au/ralian birds1 among !m ,m5opon infumatum on ! 8,laugh+ ,jackass10 & ,m5opon pallipes on ! 8,swamp ,quail40 ,9 #aijb 7,victorian ,naturali/7 ,messrs4 ,le ,s\f & ,bull] publi%$ two pap]s deal+ ) ^! p>asites2 ! fir/ entitl$ 8,descriptions ( "s ,mallophaga on ,au/ralian ,birds10 & a second 8,descriptions ( "s new ,mallophaga f ,m>supials10 illu/rat$ ) draw+s4 ,!y describe ! kang>oo l\se1 ,het]odoxus macropus1 z common ^u wallabies & kang>oos 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,! female is a pale *e/nut-col\r$ insect ab\t #a l9es 9 l5g?1 ) ! typical conical blunt head1 #d-;jo9t$ ant5na1 & elongate oval abdom5 fr+$ ) hairs1 & b>r$ ) black betwe5 ! segm5ts4 ,! ,g5us ,boopia conta9s ! wombat l\se describ$ by ,piaget1 & ?ree o!r species f\nd on wallabies4 ,a fif? species1 ,latumcephalum macropus1 is also p>asitic ^u wallabies4 ,! ,native ,companion or ,au/ralian ,crane is infe/$ by a species describ$ by ^! writ]s "u ! "n ( ,lipeurus giganteum2 x is ( a uni=m dull :ite col\r1 ) an angul> head1 & measures ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,?ree species are f\nd ^u ! ,lyre-bird1 namely3 ,lipeurus m5ura1 ,nirmus m5ura1 & ,m5opon m5ura4 ,! :ite ibis has a di/9ct species1 & ano!r is f\nd ^u ! sulphur-cre/$ cockatoo4 ,! emu is ! ho/ ( an elongate d>k-col\r$ species measur+ up to #b l9es 9 l5g?2 ! 8,apo/le ,bird0 & ! 8,rosella0 p>rot h ea* a di/9ct p>asite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--,! ,kang>oo ,l\se4 ,het]odoxus macropus 7,le ,s\f & ,bull574 7,drawn f ! type ,w4,w4,f47 ,:5 ^! insects are c>efully collect$ probably our fauna w be f\nd to be ri* 9 curi\s & int]e/+ =ms1 judg+ f ! numb] ( undet]m9$ species 9 my own collections4 ,!y c be v easily collect$ 9 small _s tubes z soon z ! animal or bird is %ot1 b l ! 8,l\se-flies0 !y soon leave ! dead body1 & all sportsm5 "k ?is to _! co/ :5 c>ry+ _! game any di/ance4 ,ord] ,,ix4--,,?ysanopt]a4 ,^! insects are (t5 call$ ,,physapoda 9 allusion to _! bladd]-%ap$ feet2 b ?\gh "s are w+less1 ! "n ,,?ysanopt]a seems mu* m suitable1 = all ! typical =ms h bo? pairs ( w+s beautifully fr+$ ) hair-l filam5ts1 h5ce ! "n 8fr+e-w+s40 ,?rips h few aff9ities ) any ( ! o!r ord]s1 & _! exact position 9 any sy/em ( classification has puzzl$ mo/ entomologi/s4 ,! rem>kable /ructure ( ! m\?1 :i* has be5 /udi$ by ,messrs4 ,jordan & ,g>man1 appe>s to consi/ ( a comp\nd ( bit+ jaws & a suck+ /yle4 ,uzel has figur$ x 9 8 8,monographie d] ,ordnung ,?ysanopt]a0 #aije1 b ! exact mann] 9 :i* !y take _! food is n yet cle>ly und]/ood4 ,! integum5t is v ?ick & opaque1 & ! head comes to a cone-%ap$ po9t at ! m\? adjac5t1 to ! v5tral surface ( ! /]num1 s t ! complicat$ /ructure ( ! m\? is difficult to /udy4 ,! eggs are laid ^u ! food plant1 & ! "y und]go+ a s]ies ( m\lts resemble ! adult 9 g5]al =m1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! l>val & pupal =ms1 ?\gh noticeable1 is v slight4 ,! memb]s ( ?is ,ord] sometimes appe> 9 imm5se sw>ms & d a great am\nt ( damage to cultivat$ plants & field crops4 ,!y are widely di/ribut$ ov] ! _w1 & _m species are cosmopolitan1 hav+ be5 spread ) ! introduction ( _! food plants4 ,! gr\p is well repres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia by _m rem>kable & /rik+ species1 "s ( :i* =m di/9ct galls4 ,?is ,ord] conta9s ! s+le family ,,?ripidae4 ,family #a4 ,?rips4 ,,?ripidae4 ,^! are elongate1 black1 or br[n1 ) #f to #i jo9t$ ant5nae /&+ out 9 front ( ! head2 l>ge eyes2 ) ocelli 7usually abs5t 9 ! w+less =ms74 ,! elongate head comes to a cone-%ap$ po9t at ! extremity2 ! m\? consi/s ( a pair ( jaws ) a po9t$ /yle betwe5 !m4 ,! ?orax1 z broad or slightly broad] ?an ! body1 is elongate1 & furni%$ 9 ! typical =ms ) two pairs ( delicate o>-%ap$ w+s ) a simple m$ium p>allel ve9 9 ! c5tre ( ea* =e w+1 & bo? pairs fr+$ ) delicate fea!r-l filam5ts2 bo? pairs are atta*$ at ! base to ! dorsal surface ( ! ?orax1 & :5 at re/ are fold$ d[n ! c5tre ( ! back4 ,! legs are %ort & simple1 b sometimes ! ?ighs ( ! front pair are ?ick5$2 ! t>si consi/ ( two %ort simple jo9ts1 ! la/ bladd]-%ap$4 ,! abdom5 is sl5d] & is r\nd$ at ! extremity1 & 9 "o division ends 9 a sl5d] tubul> process4 ,mo/ ( !m are m9ute creatures2 ! giant among !m comes f ,au/ralia1 b ?is only measures an in* 9 l5g?4 ,?\gh mo/ species are veget>ian 9 _! habits1 fe$+ ^u ! surface ( plants or ! poll5 ( fl[]s1 a few are said to dev\r mites & o!r t9y creatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,?ysanopt]a4 ,family ,,?ripidae4 #a4 ,idolo?rips spectrum 7,haliday74 ,giant ?rips4 #b4 ,?rips tabaci 7,l9deman74 ,rose & ,onion ?rips4 #c4 ,klado?rips rugosus 7,froggatt74 ,gall ?rips4 #d4 ,klado?rips rugosus 7,froggatt74 ,l>va4 #e4 #e;a4 #e;b4 ,v>i\s /ages ( galls 7,k4 rugosus7 on ,acacia foliage4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,?ysanopt]a4 ,9 ,uzel's ,monograph only #ace species are catalogu$1 half ( :i* are ,european4 ,haliday 7,entomological ,magaz9e #ahcf7 divid$ all ! kn[n species into two gr\ps or sub-families1 viz43 ,t]ebrantia1 9 :i* ! females h an ext]nal too!d ovipositor 7includ+ all ! typical ,european =ms72 & ! ,tubulif]a1 9 :i* ! ovipositor is hidd5 & ! tip ( ! abdom5 is produc$ into an elongat$ tubul> process 7mo/ ( our indig5\s species fall into ?is latt] gr\p74 ,helio?rips haemorrphoidalis1 an introduc$ species1 is our commone/ ?rips1 & is _w-wide 9 its range4 ,x measures ab\t ( an in* 9 l5g?1 is /\t 9 proportion2 has ! head & ?orax rugose1 & is ( a uni=m black t9t ) v light-col\r$ w+s4 ,x n only infe/s & damages a great numb] ( g>d5 plants1 b is spread+ to our native bu%es1 = ,i h tak5 !m on "y eucalypts f> away f any g>d5s4 ,! ,giant ,?rips1 ,idolo?rips spectrum1 0 describ$ by ,haliday f specim5s collect$ by ,*>les ,d>w9 9 #ahcf2 he describ$ ! sexes z diff]5t species2 & a small] d>k v>iety 0 giv5 a ?ird specific "n4 ,x is a v common insect 9 ,ea/]n ,n4,s4,w41 hid+ among ! foliage ( dead eucalypts2 :5 di/urb$ x runs ab\t ) its w+s & elongat$ body turn$ upw>d 9 ! mann] ( a small 8rove beetle40 ,x has an ext5d$ range f ,tasmania to ,s\!rn ,que5sl&4 ,i record$ its life-hi/ory 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd71 :]e ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t are figur$4 ,its l>ge size1 long ant5nae1 elongat$ neck-l pro?orax1 & r$ sp9$ abdom9al segm5ts & tubul> app5dage are v di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ,,?ripidae h[ev] are ^? t infe/ _m ( our =e/ %rubs1 su* z ,acacia1 ,hakea1 ,calli/emon1 & o!r scrub trees 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,^! live 9 galls :i* !y produce by punctur+ ! edges ( ! "y leaves & caus+ !m to curl ov]2 or by attack+ ! leaf buds & abort+ ! tips ( ! twigs into irregul> masses ( ?9 woody galls2 or aga91 ! leaf is pi]c$ f ! "u side by ! female ?rips1 caus+ ! leaf to bli/] on ! upp] surface1 :i* gradually exp&s into an oval or r\nd$ gall z l>ge z a small m>ble1 & into :i* mo/ ( ! leaf is (t5 absorb$1 leav+ only ! leaf /alk & ! tip1 :i* =ms a %ort tail curv+ up f ! basal sc>4 ,_m ( ^! galls are closely pack$ ) small semitransp>5t l>vae & pupae 9 all /ages ( developm5t1 ! (fspr+ ( ! s+le female ?rips t fir/ caus$ ! gall4 ,not+ ?is rem>kable habit ( ,au/ralian ?rips1 s diff]5t f t ( all o!r kn[n species1 ,i =w>d$ specim5s & galls to ,dr4 ,%>p1 :o notes ! fact 9 ! ,cambridge ,nat4 ,hi/43 ,insects4 ,x seems app>5tly to be a case ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 = 9 ! dry int5se summ] heat ( ! int]ior ^! delicate insects c\ld n live on ! out] surface ( ! foliage1 :ile1 enclos$ 9 ^! galls1 !y c survive ! hotte/ & drie/ season4 ,species ( gall-mak+ ?rips h be5 record$ rec5tly f ,java4 ,uzel describ$ "o ( ^! gall-mak+ species1 ,phloeo?rips tepp]i 7,acta ,societatis ,entomologicae ,bohemiae #aije7 f specim5s obta9$ 9 ,s4 ,au/ralia by ,tepp]1 & :i* =m oval galls ^u ! 8,mulga10 ,acacia aneura4 ,?is species is also common 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ,n4,s4 ,wales ^u ! same tree1 :i* also be>s two o!r di/9ct ?rips galls4 ,i h figur$ a rem>kable rugose gall1 obta9$ ne> ,tamwor?1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ^u a %ort-leav$ acacia 7,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf72 ! mak] ( ?is gall w n fit into any kn[n g5us1 & !re=e ,i propose = x ! "n ( ,klado?rips rugosus4 ,x has an elongate r\nd$ head1 ) ! ?ighs ( ! =e-legs greatly ?ick5$ & ! apex ( ! tibia produc$ into two blunt claws4 ,,! ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,insects4 ,a collector's outfit w v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t k9ds ( c\ntry1 & dep5d to a c]ta9 ext5t ^u ! p>ticul> gr\p ( insects he is int]e/$ 94 ,b !re are "s ?+s he w require on e tramp ?r\gh ! bu%4 ,= g5]al collect+ ! fir/ ?+ ne$$ is a /rong lea!r bag2 a l>ge-siz$ s*ool bag t c be slung ov] ! %\ld] is pref]r$ by "s entomologi/s1 z x leaves _! h&s free2 o!rs c>ry a h&-bag2 b a comb9ation ( bo?1 ) h&le & also swivels to :i* a %\ld] /rap c be atta*$1 is sometimes us$1 s t x c be c>ri$ ei!r way4 ,i pref] ! h&-bag1 ?\gh x has its disadvantages1 & "o is t :5 %ak+ or sweep+ ! scrub x is apt to be left beh9d1 & "t sp5t 9 return+ = x2 & if ! scrub is ?ick1 may h to be se>*$ =4 ,! bag %\ld n be too big1 = 9 a long day's tramp x becomes a burd51 & if /r+ & pap] be c>ri$1 galls1 infe/$ twigs1 & foliage c always be made up into a bundle & atta*$ to ! bag :5 an extra good f9d has be5 made4 ,"s collectors h ! bag divid$ into comp>tm5ts or pockets1 :i* are v h&y at times = bottles & tubes1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t e piece ( lea!r adds weight4 ,) reg>d to nets1 !y mu/ be adapt$ = ! "w !y are to d2 & fir/ 9 importance comes ! butt]fly net4 ,if "o is 9 camp a simple net c be con/ruct$ ) a r+ ( /\t f5c+ wire1 fa%ion$ into a circle ) ! two ends b5t d[n = ab\t six in*es1 & tightly la%$ to a /raight sapl+ ab\t eight feet 9 l5g?2 r\nd ! r+ is sewn a /rip ( /\t calico1 to :i* is atta*$ a mosquito net bag ab\t #ah in*es long1 tap]+ to a r\nd$ tip1 & ab\t #ae in*es 9 diamet]2 ?is net is h[ev] a fixture & _c be tak5 to pieces & fold$ up = travell+4 ,:]e nets c be obta9$ f deal]s' %ops1 !re are "s v neat & h&y ones = pack+ up 9 small compass1 su* z ! ?ree fold net4 ,! h&le1 l an ord9>y light walk+ /ick1 is fitt$ at ! end ) a tubul> ,y2 ! base ( ! ,y fits on to ! h&le1 & ! arm on ei!r side receives ! ends ( ! cane r+2 ! cane is %od ) brass & jo9t$ 9 ?ree places1 & !re is a %ea? to draw ov] ea* jo9t to =m ! r+2 ! net is !n slipp$ on4 ,a %ort /ick is h&y = _m ?+s2 b :5 necess>y a long sapl+ c be cut = a net-/ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,collect+ ,net = ,butt]flies %[+ ! r+ fitt$ into f]rule2 & fold$ up4 ,= cat*+ wasps1 flies1 & o!r small insects a little h&-net ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 made ( mosquito net & a bit ( f5c+ wire1 is mu* m h&y ?an ! l>ge butt]fly net4 ,:5 dragg+ wat]-holes or creeks a bag ( *eese-clo? plac$ on ! butt]fly net r+ w be f\nd v s]viceable1 & w /& mu* r\gh use4 ,a /\t umbrella w be f\nd "o ( ! mo/ useful collect+ appliances :5 hunt+ 9 scrub or =e/ c\ntry4 ,if ! bu%es are beat5 or %ak5 ) "o h& :ile hold+ ! op5 umbrella bel[ !m1 ! collector w be surpris$ at ! numb] ( f9e ?+s1 l>ge & small1 t come tumbl+ d[n into ! umbrella1 includ+ _m t he w\ld nev] see o!rwise4 ,9 ! dry we/]n scrubs ,i f9d ! e>ly h\rs ( morn+ betwe5 daylight & eight o'clock to be ! be/ "t = beat+ & %ak+1 z ev]y?+ t falls !n is m or less torpid2 lat] 9 ! day !y beg9 to get v active & fly (f :5 di/urb$4 ,"s collectors g to ! tr\ble ( hav+ a special umbrella made ( :ite mat]ial or l9$ ) calico1 s t ! fall5 insects c be m easily notic$1 b ! advantage is slight4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s sugge/s ! use ( a %eet spread "u ! bu%es1 & ! :ole tree beat5 & %ak54 ,?is me?od 9 suitable c\ntry has its advantages4 ,! kill+ bottles come next 9 importance1 & ! fir/ & mo/ commonly us$ is ! cyanide bottle4 ,an empty #a oz4 qu99e bottle makes "o ( a v s]viceable size1 b any o!r light wide-m\!d bottle w answ] ! purpose4 ,place a piece ( cyanide ( potassium ab\t #a in*es squ>e & an in* 9 ?ickness at ! bottom ( ! bottle1 & !n p\r 9 en\gh liquid pla/] ( ,p>is to emb$ & cov] x2 dra9 (f any surplus moi/ure ) blott+ pap]2 & :5 ! pla/] is set h>d1 close ! bottle ) a tight-fitt+ cork4 ,x is an advantage to coat ! top ( ! cork ) r$ seal+-wax1 s t if x is dropp$ or left beh9d1 ! bright cork w make x m conspicu\s4 ,"y collectors may get ! insects cov]$ ) p>ticles ( damp pla/] & p]haps spoilt2 to prev5t ?is1 ! pla/] %\ld be cov]$ ) scraps ( pap]1 moss1 dry grass1 or "s su* mat]ial1 to absorb ! moi/ure & keep ! specim5s clean4 ,! dead insects %\ld always be turn$ out ( ! cyanide kill+ bottle on return+ f a day's hunt1 = if kept long 9 ! bottle !y w (t5 become m or less discol\r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,glass-bottom$ ,box1 h&y = cat*+ small mo?s4 ,a kill+ bottle fav\r$ by museum & pr(essional collectors is a simil> bottle1 b1 in/ead ( us+ cyanide1 a pad ( cotton wool is plac$ 9 ! bottom1 on to :i* "s *lor(orm is p\r$ to *>ge ! bottle4 ,b :5 collect+ is brisk & ! cork con/antly be+ tak5 out = fre% captures1 ! *lor(orm evaporates1 & ! bottle mu/ be re-*>g$ at int]vals4 ,:5 "o is collect+ diff]5t k9ds ( small specim5s x is advisable to c>ry sev]al small tubes *>g$ ) *lor(orm1 & if a circul> pad ( blott+ pap] be c>efully cut & press$ d[n on ! wadd+1 ! little creatures w n get _! legs & ant5nae tangl$ 9 ! fibre ( ! cotton4 ,if delicate w+$ insects rema9 long 9 ! moi/ atmosph]e ( ! tube1 _! w+s /ick to ! sides or curl up1 s t x is wise to turn !m out e n[ & !n into pill boxes c>ri$ = ! purpose1 & any special treasures %\ld be roll$ up 9 s(t pap]4 ,at "o "t mo/ ,engli% entomologi/s us$ *opp$ laurel leaves 9 ! bottle in/ead ( cyanide2 ?is foliage gives (f a c]ta9 am\nt ( hydrocyanic acid vap\r1 suffici5t to kill insects1 at ! same "t keep+ !m clean & relax$ s t !y are easily m\nt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--,kill+ ,bottle ,9 :i* a piece ( cyanide ( potassium is plac$1 & !n cov]$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,! collector's bag %\ld conta9 sev]al empty t9s ( all %apes & sizes1 to c>ry ! hundr$ & "o ?+s f\nd 9 a day's collect+1 su* z live l>vae1 cocoons1 galls1 eggs1 c4 ,:5 hunt+ = small mo?s ! lepidopt]i/ always c>ries a pocket full ( small glass-bottom$ boxes2 ! glass$ portion is us$ to slip ov] ! re/+ mo?1 :i*1 :5 di/urb$1 at once flies upw>d to ! glass1 & ! lid ( ! box is slipp$ "u4 ,^! delicate little creatures are tak5 home alive1 & c be kill$ 9 a j> & m\nt$ :ile q fre%4 ,a /ock ( small tubes conta9+ me?ylat$ _s c be pack$ 9 "o ( ! empty t9s2 ^! are v necess>y to keep sep>ate f "o ano!r specim5s ( ants1 t]mites1 or o!r insects tak5 direct f _! ne/s4 ,on a long trip "o also wants a l>g] bottle or j> ( _s 9 :i* scorpions1 millep$es1 c5tip$es1 & su*-l creatures c be /or$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--;,*lor(orm ,tube1 us$ = kill+ small1 delicate insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--;,butt]fly set ^u cork$ & groov$ bo>d to %[ ! process ( m\nt+4 ,:5 timb] is f\nd infe/$ ) beetle or mo? l>vae1 x %\ld be secur$ & br\ght home1 :]e x c be plac$ 9 a t9 trunk1 glass j>1 or prop] bre$+ cage & ! p]fect insects br$ out4 ,:5 engag$ at ?is v pr(itable "w a small hat*et & h& saw are ne$$ to cut ! bran*es4 ,at all times a /\t old but*]'s-knife %\ld be among ! kit1 z x is useful = digg+ r\nd ! roots ( trees & "u logs1 te>+ b>k (f tree trunks1 & if x be jagg$ on "o edge w make a r\gh saw4 ,a newspap] or two is h&y = _m ?+s1 among o!rs to make envelopes 9 :i* to place butt]flies4 ,specim5s collect$ 9 camp mu/ be kept 9 good condition until !y c be prop]ly m\nt$ at home2 9 a dry c\ntry ?is is n difficult1 b 9 ! wet season 9 a semi-tropical climate bo? botanical & entomological specim5s are v liable to damage4 ,mo/ collectors put all ! h>d-bodi$ insects su* z beetles into a wide-m\!d j> ( me?ylat$ spirits1 :]e !y w keep indef9itely1 b any beetles t are clo!d ) f9e hairs or fl\ry pubesc5ce %\ld be c>efully p9n$ 9 a box1 &1 unless v l>ge1 w dry quickly4 ,"s entomologi/s place _! captures ( ?is k9d 9 cle> c>bolis$ sawdu/ 9 t9s or j>s3 ,i h pack$ small specim5s 9 circul> t9s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,fir/ a lay] ( camphor cov]$ ) a circul> %eet ( blott+ pap] fitt+ close into ! t91 !n ! insects fre% f ! kill+ tubes1 & aft] spr9kl+ ! insects ) camphor a lay] ( blott+ pap]1 & s on4 ,?us _m ?\s&s ( micro-coleopt]a1 hemipt]a1 c41 c\ld be securely pack$ & add$ to day by day until ! t9 0 full1 :5 a wad ( cotton wool 0 plac$ on ! la/ %eet ( pap]1 & ! t9 put aside or po/$ to its de/9ation4 ,) reg>d to butt]flies1 ! collector c g5]ally see :e!r !y are good or damag$ specim5s z soon z !y are tak5 out ( ! net2 if ! latt]1 he %\ld let !m g 7unless unique or r>e =ms71 = an imp]fect or rubb$ butt]fly is comp>atively valueless4 ,if x be a p]fect specim51 ! w+s %\ld be fold$ toge!r ov] ! back1 & a %>p nip on ! ?orax betwe5 ! f+]s w kill x 9 a mom5t4 ,ea* specim5 %\ld be plac$ 9 a fold$ pap] envelope1 made by crossfold+ an oblong piece ( s(t pap] 9 ! %ape ( a triangle & fold+ d[n ! ov]lapp+ edges4 ,pack$ side by side1 a squ>e t9 w hold hundr$s ( ^! pap] envelopes1 :i* c be /or$ 9 ?is mann] indef9itely or till ! collector is ready to relax & set !m4 ,?\s&s ( butt]flies are s5t 9 ^! pap]s f all p>ts ( ! _w to ,london = sale1 & are usually dispos$ ( at s mu* p] hundr$4 ,mo?s _c well be treat$ 9 ?is mann] on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( _! bodies & ! loos5ess ( ! scales ^u _! w+s2 !y h !re=e to be p9n$ 9 a corkl9$ box z !y are collect$1 b lat] on c be relax$ & _! w+s set z ) ! butt]flies4 ,:5 we come to ! t9y mo?s kn[n z ,,micro-,,lepidopt]a1 we f9d !y require special treatm5t1 & mo/ lepidopt]i/s take a box fitt$ ) n>r[ sett+ bo>ds1 :5 out = a few days1 & set _! captures e ev5+ be=e !y become /iff1 = o!rwise _m make v unsatisfactory specim5s4 ,9 collect+ ,,hym5opt]a ! diff]5t gr\ps ne$ special treatm5t2 & :]e !re are sev]al sexes dissimil> 9 size & /ructure !y %\ld be c>efully kept toge!r4 ,ants are always be/ collect$ f _! ne/1 & a numb] ( specim5s ( ! diff]5t sexes secur$ & plac$ 9 a tube ( me?ylat$ spirits4 ,! locality & date %\ld be writt5 ) a h>d lead p5cil ^u a slip ( pap] & plac$ 9 ! tube ) !m4 ,a s]ies c aft]w>ds be sort$ out & m\nt$1 ! l>ge ones on p9s & ! small] on gumm$ c>d4 ,wasps %\ld be p9n$1 & :5 ! =ms ) w+less females 7,?ynnidae & ,mutillidae7 are obta9$ 9 copula1 a v common /ate 9 midsumm]1 !y %\ld be captur$ & kill$ toge!r & ! pair$ insects m\nt$ ) a *eck m>k on ea* p9 beside ! locality & date label1 s t no mi/ake c be made z to _! id5tity4 ,! bulk ( ! ,,hemipt]a w ) _! h>d integum5t c>ry well 9 _s or c>bolis$ sawdu/4 ,"s ( ! m delicate ( ! ,,homopt]a1 su* z ! ,psyllidae1 ,aphidae1 & ,coccidae 7,scale insects71 %\ld be collect$ ) _! food plant4 ,!y c be obta9$ 9 v>i\s /ages ( _! developm5t2 ! p]fect insects c be br$ 9 conf9em5t ^u _! food plants4 ,!y %\ld be m\nt$ on c>d :5 fre%1 b1 if n1 c be plac$ 9 ! camphor t9 or ev5 a dry tube plugg$ ) cotton wool1 b if ! tube be cork$ !y w spoil1 ow+ to ! moi/ure g5]at$ )9 ! tube4 ,9 ! case ( scale insects1 portions ( ! leaves1 b>k1 or twigs infe/$ ) ! te/s ( ! injects c be cut to a uni=m size & m\nt$ ) gum or small p9 on c>d1 & if m\nt$ c>efully make v neat specim5s4 ,_m ( ! l>g] ,,homopt]a1 su* z cicadas1 fulgorids & frog-hopp]s1 c be m\nt$1 ) ! w+s outspread1 b %\ld n g into spirits4 ,,or?opt]a1 p>ticul>ly ! l>ge phasmids1 are v unsatisfactory creatures to deal ) :5 captur$2 (t5 too l>ge to g into a kill+ bottle1 !y h to be br\ght into camp alive4 ,if a female1 x may be kept a :ile to lay its eggs1 z !y are v int]e/+ objects4 ,! eggs c be m\nt$ on c>d or plac$ 9 a small pill box & p9n$ beside ! insect 9 ! box4 ,^! insects1 z well z all l>ge gras%opp]s1 %\ld be cut d[n ! abdom5 on ! "u side & ! cont5ts remov$ ) =ceps2 a little p>is gre5 %\ld !n be spr9kl$ inside or "s weak corrosive sublimate appli$ ) a bru%2 !n a wad ( cotton wool %\ld be pu%$ into ! cavity to give %ape to ! empty body :5 x dries4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] cockroa*es1 :i* are (t5 v brittle :5 clean$ & dri$1 a bit ( %eet cork in/ead ( cotton wool c be %ap$ = a false body1 coat$ ) gum & slipp$ 92 :5 p9n$ ?r\gh ! cork x makes a v firm specim54 ,"s collectors m\nt _! gras%opp]s & o!r or?opt]a ) ! w+s outspread1 & z %[ specim5s !y look be/1 b take up a great deal ( room2 o!rs m\nt ! w+s on "o side1 & leave ! o!rs fold$ d[n 9 _! natural condition 9 repose1 s t "s idea is giv5 ( ! natural =m1 & ! outspread w+s c also be exam9$ = specific diff]5ces4 ,9 collect+ phasmids & /ick insects = transmission by po/ or pack+ 9 small space1 ! be/ plan is to get a sl5d] /ick & lay ! insect along x ) out/ret*$ legs & fold$ w+s1 & !n w9d s(t wor/$ ?read r\nd x f end to end2 x c be unw\nd & m\nt$ prop]ly :5 receiv$ at its de/9ation4 ,or?opt]a %\ld n be put into _s ) o!r specim5s1 z !y lose _! col\r1 become s(t1 & break up easily2 !y w h[ev] travel well 9 a #e p] c5t4 solution ( =mal92 ?is has a h>d5+ effect & only alt]s ! col\r slightly unless ! insects are kept 9 x = a consid]able "t4 ,if kept 9 =mal9 = say a week & !n pack$ 9 sawdu/ !y w n rot or spoil z !y (t5 d :5 kill$ & pack$ be=e !y are dri$4 ,,neuropt]a are delicate creatures1 & _m ( !m keep be/ if kill$ & plac$ 9 pap]s z 9 ! case ( butt]flies1 unless !re is room to p9 !m 9 a /ore box4 ,! bodies ( ! dragon-flies rot v quickly & break (f v easily2 if c>efully h&l$ !y c be plac$ alive 9 pap]s ) _! w+s fold$ ov] _! backs1 & w rema9 alive = sev]al days1 long en\gh to travel a consid]able di/ance by po/ :5 dispat*$ direct to a speciali/1 :o w !n receive !m ) _! natural col\rs4 ,if kept 9 ! /ore box x is advisable to impale ! sl5d] body ) a bri/le or grass /em1 ins]t+ x at ! front ( ! ?orax & pu%+ x ?r\gh to ! tip ( ! abdom51 b n f> en\gh to injure ! anal app5dages4 ,_m specim5s c be p9n$ 9 ! /ore boxes ) ! w+s clos$1 & relax$ & m\nt$ ) outspread w+s mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,,dipt]a is ano!r gr\p t requires delicate manipulation1 p>ticul>ly su* species z 8daddy-long-legs0 7,tipulidae71 mosquitoes 7,culicidae71 c4 ,:5 ,skuse 0 collect+ he always c>ri$ a pocket-box conta9+ p9n$ c>d slips ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & a tube ( gum1 &1 aft] kill+ ! insects 9 a *lor(orm tube1 he m\nt$ !m at once :ile !y 7 flexible & ! legs n deta*$4 ,!obald m\nts 8 mosquitoes on f9e p9s1 :i* are pu%$ f b5ea? ?r\gh a circul> piece ( c>dbo>d 7^! circul> c>ds are /amp$ out ) a wad-cutt]72 ! legs are spread out & an ord9>y p9 pu%$ ?r\gh ! circle to p9 !m 9 a cab9et4 ,! l>g] flies are p9n$ dry 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 & ! small] ones are c>d$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,animal ,,p>asites1 :i* belong to q a numb] ( gr\ps1 are obta9$ on ! live birds or mammals z soon z !y are %ot4 ,:5 ! animals are dead ! p>asites leave ! bodies z soon z !y beg9 to get cold4 ,!y %\ld be transf]r$ at once to small _s tubes1 9 :i* %\ld also be plac$ a slip ( pap] ^u :i* is writt5 9 lead p5cil ! "n ( ! mammal or bird ^u :i* x 0 tak51 ! date ( capture1 & ! locality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lamp ,,& ,,night ,,collect+4--,9 suitable localities a great haul ( insects c (t5 be obta9$ on a w>m sultry summ] night by lay+ a %eet on ! gr\nd ) a p[]ful lamp on x & hang+ ano!r %eet beh9d ! lamp2 ! insects are attract$ to ! light1 & fall+ on ! %eet are !n easily captur$4 ,9 camp _m f9e insects may be obta9$ r\nd ! lamp or camp fire2 & dur+ ! wet seasons 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& & ! nor? coa/ ( ,au/ralia ,i h tak5 _m r>e insects 9 ?is mann]4 ,,sug>+ is greatly practis$ 9 ,europe2 a suitable spot 9 a =e/ be+ *os51 a mixture ( sug> & be] t h be5 boil$ toge!r is sme>$ ^u ! tree trunks & f5ces2 at night-fall ! gr\nd is visit$ ) a bull's-eye lant]n1 & ! insects 7mo?s *iefly7 t come to fe$ are captur$1 sometimes 9 great numb]s4 ,?is has be5 tri$ by our collectors 9 ,au/ralia2 b ,i h nev] _h any success myself nor he>d ( anyone "h :o has _h bett] =tune4 ,,trapp+4--,:5 settl$ d[n 9 a fix$ collect+ camp _m beetles & o!r insects c be obta9$ by trapp+4 ,if 9 bru% or =e/ l& a numb] ( empty jam or milk t9s ) ! tops cut neatly (f are buri$1 ) ! edges level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 _m c>nivor\s gr\nd beetles tumble 91 & w be f\nd !re on go+ r\nd 9 ! morn+4 ,if a bone or bit ( meat be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! trap1 x (t5 attracts c]ta9 beetles t fe$ on su* food4 ,9 ! same mann] a dead bird or small animal half buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 or plac$ "u a %eet ( b>k or log1 w prove an attractive bait = ! bury+ beetles & o!r curi\s & (t5 r>e species2 a dead animal %\ld !re=e be always inve/igat$ by ! beetle hunt]1 z x (t5 hides entomological treasures4 ,fall5 timb] always has a great attraction = all b>k-fe$+ weevils1 longicorns1 & o!r small wood-bor]s t come to x z soon z ! b>k beg9s to )]4 ,"h also come ,cl]idae1 ,antribidae & o!r c>nivor\s beetles to fe$ ^u ! small] wood-bor]s1 & _m an h\r c be pr(itably sp5t ov] a l>ge fall5 tree or bit ( bru% a few days aft] x has be5 *opp$ d[n1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! tropical scrubs4 ,slic+ ! b>k ( liv+ trees t exude any sap1 & lett+ ! b>k hang d[n1 attracts insects t fe$ on ! sap or take %elt] "u loose b>k2 a numb] ( su* blaz$ tree trunks r\nd a camp is a great s\rce ( rev5ue1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! summ]4 ,!re are _m o!r devices t ! collector w only ga9 by exp]i5ce 9 ! field1 :i* w enable him to obta9 _m curi\s specim5s t a novice w\ld nev] f9d4 ,,m\nt+1 ,,sett+1 ,,& ,,/or+4--,hav+ collect$ specim5s1 ! next "q is ! /orage ( ! insects4 ,all entomological specim5s 7o!r ?an ^? kept 9 _s tubes7 mu/ be pres]v$ 9 close-fitt+ boxes l9$ ) cork1 l9oleum1 or o!r suitable sub/ance1 & ! l9+ cov]$ ) clean :ite pap] pa/$ ov] x4 ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( /ore boxes are us$ by entomologi/s :o _c af=d ! luxury ( cab9ets2 mo/ ( !m are made ( deal1 ) h+es 9 ! c5tre2 ! two sides ( ! box fold toge!r1 fitt+ closely ov] a rim along ! inn] edge ( "o half2 & !y are fa/5$ ) two hooks on ! outside4 ,^! ,engli% boxes made ( light p9e c be obta9$ 9 ,sydney2 !y fit beautifully & are mu* light] ?an ! local ones made ( kauri1 b are slightly de>]4 ,to make a useful /ore box1 nail d[n ! lid ( a l>ge-siz$ cig> box 7clean+1 s&pap]+1 & v>ni%+ x72 cut ! box ?r\gh ! c5tre ) a f9e saw1 & !n fit a project+ rim into "o half ) wood f ano!r cig> box1 s t ! two halves fit close toge!r ov] ! rim )\t ne$+ cat*es4 ,?is is h&y only = a tempor>y /ore box1 z x is r difficult to get ! two halves to fit accurately1 & :5 made is r small & deep4 ,specim5s %\ld be p9n$ or m\nt$ on c>ds on a uni=m plan2 no?+ looks worse ?an insects m\nt$ 9 diff]5t /yles4 ,except ! small] specim5s1 beetles & o!r insects %\ld be p9n$1 & ! mo/ s]viceable p9s are p]haps ,kirby1 ,be>d & ,co4's ,nos4 #a & #e1 ?\gh !re are sev]al useful int]m$iate sizes4 ,:5 an insect is too delicate to p9 ) ei!r ( ^!1 m\nt x on c>d1 = m insects are lo/ or damag$ ?r\gh m\nt+ ) sl5d] p9s t refuse to /ick into ! cork1 & curl up or buckle 9 ! middle1 ?an 9 any o!r mann]4 ,!re are h[ev] _m pr(essional naturali/s :o always use ! s(t1 sl5d]1 v f9e1 ,cont95tal p9s1 b !y require v delicate h&l+1 & are n suitable = ! g5]al collector4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to h[ insects %\ld be set & p9n$2 _m1 p>ticul>ly ,engli% naturali/s1 advocate l[ sett+1 :ile mo/ ( our collectors set all insects high1 z ! insects :5 ?us p9n$ are rais$ well above ! bottom ( ! box1 & _! legs & ant5nae are n s liable to get brok52 all mites1 du/ & dirt w be notic$ at once2 & ! "n affix$ b5ea? c be read )\t remov+ ! insect4 ,9 ! case ( l[ sett+1 ! insects are re/+ on ! floor ( ! box2 !y are liable to damage ) ! lea/ bump2 an?r5us & mites c fe$ away "u cov] )\t be+ se5 until ! rema9s ( ! infe/$ specim5 fall ap>t2 ! insect has to be lift$ up e "t to see its "n2 :ile ! locality & date-label is always liable to fall (f4 ,my /&>d height 7fir/ sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,ma/]s to use :5 work+ 9 ! ,macleay ,museum1 ,sydney7 is ! lid ( a wax mat*box1 :i* is ab\t ( an in*4 ,a small hole is pi]c$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! lid2 ! beetle is plac$ on ! top ( ! lid1 & ! p9 press$ ?r\gh x & ! hole 9 ! lid until ! po9t t\*es ! table b5ea?4 ,! p91 9 ! case ( a beetle1 %\ld be pu%$ ?r\gh ! upp] half ( ! elytron 7w+ cov]7 on ! "r-h& side :5 ! head is fac+ ! same way z ! p]son m\nt+1 ! p9 com+ out on ! "u surface betwe5 ! middle & h9d legs4 ,! ant5nae & legs may be arrang$ ) p9s1 b1 dur+ ! season 9 ,au/ralia1 insects are s pl5tiful t !re is n always "t to m ?an r\ghly op5 !m out4 ,9 ! case ( insects too small to p91 !y are c>d$4 ,%eets ( ! be/ :ite c>dbo>d 7little ?ick] ?an t ( a visit+ c>d7 are cut into neat /rips ( uni=m wid? & l5g? = diff]5t specim5s4 ,no4 #a p9s are run ?r\gh ! c>ds at "o end to br+ ! "u side ( ! c>d ! same height up ! p9 z ! "u surface ( ! directly p9n$ insect4 ,to give ! little c>d m\nts a f9i%$ appe>ance ! c>d us$ 9 my collections is rul$ ) a d\ble l9e ( r$ ink1 ! fir/ ?ick & ! inn] l9e f9e2 ea* /rip ( c>d is cut along ! ?ick r$ l9e1 & ! p9 is pu%$ ?r\gh ! r$ b&4 ,:]e "o has m ?an a s+le specim51 two or m c be m\nt$ side by side on ! same c>d1 ) _! legs & ant5nae neatly set out1 "o ) ! dorsal surface upp]mo/1 & ! second "o gumm$ ) ! rev]se side upw>d1 s t ! specific *>act]s ( bo? sides ( ! insect c be exam9$ )\t hav+ to remove ! specim5 f ! c>d4 ,mo?s1 butt]flies1 cicadas1 lace-w+s & o!r l>ge w+$ insects :5 fre%1 or aft] !y h be5 relax$1 are p9n$ d[n on sett+ bo>ds2 ! body %\ld re/ 9 ! p>allel groove d[n ! c5tre ( ! bo>d1 & ! w+s %\ld be op5$ out & /rapp$ d[n on ei!r side ) braces ( pap] or c>dbo>d4 ,! w+s %\ld be exp&$ 9 a natural mann]1 & s t ! :ole ( ! v5ation & beauty ( ! w+s are %[n4 ,a sett+ bo>d is simply a /rip ( s(t p9e wood ) two %eets ( cork gumm$ on ! upp] surface1 ) a groove betwe5 !m to receive ! body2 f9e :ite pap] is pa/$ ov] ! :ole ( ! bo>d4 ,!y are made ( v>i\s sizes to suit bo? l>ge & small mo?s4 ,mo/ ( ! old sett+ bo>ds _h ! cork r\nd$ s t ! w+s droop$ d[nw>ds2 aft]w>ds _m us$ !m ) ! out] side turn+ upw>d s t ! w+s 7 rais$ at ! extremities2 ^? 9 g5]al use n[ are p]fectly flat4 ,all ^! insects are easily relax$ by plac+ !m betwe5 damp blott+ pap] on ! top ( "s wet s& 9 a plate1 & cov]+ !m ov] ) a bell glass or simil> vessel2 )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs !y are limp en\gh to be p9n$ & _! w+s op5$ out )\t any dang]4 ,,numb]+ ,,& ,,labell+4--,e specim51 z soon z x is m\nt$1 %\ld h a small label atta*$ to ! p92 ?is c be writt5 ) a f9e-po9t$ p5 on small slips ( pap] z di/9ctly z possible1 ) ! exact locality 9 :i* ! insect 0 collect$1 ! date ( capture1 ! "n or initials ( ! collector1 & ! food plant :5 kn[n4 ,x is h[ev] sometimes bett] to p9 a second slip bel[ = ! food plant & a di/9ctive catalogue numb]4 ,e "y naturali/ />t+ a collection %\ld h consecutive numb]s on ea* s]ies ( specim5s he collects1 & keep a note-book or /ock regi/]1 9 :i* to ent] any in=mation ab\t ! insect be>+ ! numb]4 ,^! notes 9 ! c\rse ( "t w become m & m valuable1 & give an add$ value to ! collection4 ,_m "y naturali/s may ?9k ( labels only z a record ( ! collector's "n1 b ! locality & food plant are ! important po9ts1 & to ! work+ entomologi/ a collection ( ,au/ralian insects )\t any su* records h lo/ half _! value4 ,! label is plac$ on ! top ( ! mat*box lid1 & ! p9 be>+ ! specim5 is pu%$ ?r\gh to br+ ! label ab\t halfway betwe5 ! specim5 & ! po9t ( ! p91 :i* all[s ( ! label be+ easily read1 & :5 uni=mly plac$ adds to ! neat appe>ance ( ! collection4 ,i h m5tion$ a mat*box lid z a /&>d height = m\nt+ specim5s1 b :5 con/antly at "w some?+ m solid is requir$4 ,take a small block ( s(t deal wood ab\t #d in*es 9 l5g? by #b 9 wid?1 & j "u ( an in* 9 height2 bore two or ?ree holes ?r\gh x at "o end1 tack a %eet ( :ite c>dbo>d ov] ! top1 & above ?is at "o end tack a slip ( cork #a in*es 9 wid?2 !n make holes ?r\gh ! c>dbo>d above ! holes bor$ 9 ! deal block1 & y h an excell5t m\nt+ table to "w ^u4 ,an entomologi/ does n require mu* app>atus aft] 8 boxes & sett+ bo>ds1 b "o indisp5sable article is a pair ( /rong entomological =ceps ) curv$ tips2 ! curv$ extremities all[ ( ! p9 be+ gripp$ bel[ ! insect :5 fix+ x 9 or lift+ x out ( ! box4 ,^! 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t are z good z an extra pair ( f+]s1 bo? = mov+ ab\t specim5s & pick+ up p9s4 ,a second f9e-po9t$ pair ( =ceps is useful = h&l+ specim5s :5 m\nt+1 or = pick+ up small active insects "u logs & /ones4 ,two ne$les m\nt$ 9 p5 h&les are invaluable = arrang+ ! legs & ant5nae :5 be+ set4 ,f9e-po9t$ pa9t bru%es = clean+ du/ & dirt f ! insects are us$2 & a pair ( po9t$ scissors are necess>y = op5+ ! l>ge-bodi$ insects1 cutt+ m\nt+ c>ds1 labels & su*-l4 ,a pocket l5s %\ld be always at h&1 = )\t x "o loses half ! beauty & details ( /ructure1 & x w\ld (t5 be difficult to classify ! specim5s4 ,lat] on1 ! entomologi/ w f9d a dissect+ microscope1 :i* leaves bo? h&s free to "w1 an indisp5sable "p ( 8 outfit4 ,a bottle ( gum is ano!r requisite1 & diff]5t recipes are giv5 9 manuals on ! subject2 at "o "t a mixture ( tragacan? gum 0 g5]ally us$1 b ! great objection to its use is t1 ?\gh v f9e & transp>5t1 x is v difficult to remove f ! specim5 :5 necess>y to rem\nt or to deta* x = exam9ation4 ,! mixture n[ g5]ally us$ is made ( clean lumps ( gum arabic dissolv$ 9 wat] to ! consi/5cy ( ?9 honey1 ) a little gr\nd lump sug> add$2 a few drops ( c>bolic acid are add$1 :i*1 ?\gh apt to discol\r x if mu* is us$1 w keep ! mixture sweet1 & prev5ts m\ld gett+ on ! specim5s4 ,! gum %\ld always be kept cork$ to prev5t du/ be+ introduc$1 :i* w\ld %[ v readily on ! m\nt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>e ,,( ,,collections4--,aft] ! collections are =m$1 ! insects p9n$1 labell$1 & plac$ 9 _! natural gr\ps1 "o's "w is by no means f9i%$2 ?\s&s ( valuable specim5s1 & ev5 types1 h be5 irretrievably damag$ or completely de/roy$ f want ( a little c>e 9 pres]v+ !m f mites & museum beetles 7,an?r5us74 ,! specim5s may be p]fectly clean & /or$ 9 close-fitt+ boxes1 & yet lat] may become infe/$1 by ! addition ( specim5s t h be5 9 an infe/$ collection4 ,x is advisable to keep a receiv+ box 9 :i* to place ex*ang$ specim5s = "s "t be=e sett+ out 9 ! collections2 z a g5]al rule a collector eag]ly adds any new specim5 to 8 collections1 & s at ! same "t may introduce ,an?r5us1 (t5 9 ! egg /ate1 ^: little hairy l>vae w rapidly de/roy 8 insects4 ,"s collectors cont5d t !y c pres]ve _! specim5s f ! attacks ( museum pe/s by dipp+ !m 9 a v weak solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 spirits ( w9e2 b ?is c only be effectively done 9 ! case ( beetles & o!r h>d-bodi$ creatures1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is *emical is apt to affect ! metallic & bright-col\r$ t9ts ( ! specim5s1 & w ev5 corrode ! p9s4 ,camphor & nap?al9e kept 9 a musl9 bag or cell 9 ! corn] ( ! insect box w poison ! air & c]ta9ly kill all mites1 & w keep "s pe/s out2 b ,an?r5us are able to live 9 ?is poison$ atmosph]e1 & w /ill c>ry on ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,hav+ once f\nd ,an?r5us among ! specim5s1 no "t %\ld be lo/ be=e de/roy+ !m3 a wad ( cotton wool %\ld be p9n$ 9 ! corn] ( ! box1 & *lor(orm or bisulphide ( c>bon p\r$ ov] x1 & ! box kept clos$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x %\ld be aga9 op5$1 all dead ,an?r5us %ak5 out1 ! rema9s ( damag$ insects remov$1 & ! mo/ injur$ specim5s 7if common7 burnt4 ,ano!r me?od :5 ,an?r5us are f\nd is1 to hold ! op5 box or draw] 9 front ( ! fire = a few mom5ts1 :5 ! pe/s1 ev5 if fe$+ )9 ! insects1 w wriggle out & c be de/roy$4 ,:5 once a box has be5 infe/$ x w require con/ant att5tion = mon?s aft]4 ,,m\ld is also difficult to get rid ( :5 once x appe>s 9 a box4 ,if all insects are well dri$ be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! boxes1 & ! boxes kept 9 a dry place1 !re %\ld be no m\ld among ! cont5ts1 b if a few damp or m\ld-infe/$ insects be plac$ 9 a clean box ! m\ld may spread & ev5tually affect ! :ole collection1 especially if ! room is incl9$ to be damp4 ,:5 m\ld appe>s1 ! affect$ insects %\ld be clean$ ) a bru% dipp$ 9 b5z9e1 & a few drops ( c>bolic acid %\ld be p\r$ on a piece ( cotton wool 9 ! box4 ,,grease is (t5 a great tr\ble to ! collector4 ,_m ( ! l>ge wood-mo?s1 p>ticul>ly ! bodies1 sometimes get into a v bad /ate if n clean$ out ?or\ghly2 & also on old specim5s ( beetles ! grease develops v]digris1 corrod+ ! p9s4 ,soak+ all su* specim5s 9 b5z9e w s(t5 ! grease s t x c be rubb$ (f ) a s(t bru%4 ,,museum ,,collections ,,& ,,types4 ,! type ( a species is ! actual specim5 f :i* ! publi%$ description has be5 drawn up by ! entomologi/2 & ! c>e & safe cu/ody ( su* types %\ld be ! aim ( e naturali/ & museum curator4 ,9 ! case ( insects1 !y are (t5 su* delicate creatures t ! type is v easily de/roy$ or damag$1 ei!r by c>eless h&l+1 bad /orage1 or f ! attacks ( museum mites & pe/s2 & at ! pres5t "t1 s9ce _m insect types h be5 ?us lo/ or de/roy$1 (t5 d\bt exi/s z to :i* p>ticul> insect 9 ! gr\p is ! species def9$ by ! au?or1 especially :]e ! writt5 description1 z 9 _m cases1 is brief or incomplete4 ,_m l>ge private collections h be5 made by entomologi/s 9 :i* !re are numb]s ( types ei!r describ$ by ! own]1 or ( specim5s he has obta9$ & submitt$ to speciali/s4 ,"s ( ^! collections h aft]w>ds be5 brok5 up1 sold1 & di/ribut$1 s t x is n[ v difficult to trace ! :]eab\ts ( _m types t d exi/4 ,e ye> br+s m indep5d5t entomologi/s into ! ranks ( ! describ]s1 s t our insects are be+ describ$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 & ?\gh ! importance ( types is mu* bett] und]/ood ?an x us$ to be1 ! ultimate re/+ place ( _m ( ^! types is v unc]ta94 ,! prop] place = e type is 9 ! cab9et ( "s accr$it$ museum1 ?\gh un=tunately !re are "s museums :]e ! collections ( insects are no saf] ?an !y are 9 private h&s1 ei!r f want ( prop] /orage or ! lack ( a special curator4 ,yet if x 7 an und]/ood ?+ t ! types ( ea* speciali/ w\ld be plac$ 9 ! museum ( 8 c\ntry1 !re w\ld be "s hope ( !m be+ available = ! use ( future /ud5ts4 ,! drawbacks to su* a disposal ( types are t mo/ entomologi/s :5 !y monograph a gr\p int5d to foll[ up ! "w z new mat]ial comes to h&1 :i* occurs :5 ?r\gh _! publications collectors beg9 to =w>d specim5s = id5tification2 s t ! types are (t5 requir$ by entomologi/s = supplem5t>y pap]s4 ,aga91 ea* insect z soon z x becomes a type has a c]ta9 comm]cial value1 & z mo/ naturali/s are poor m51 ?is enhanc$ value is a consid]ation1 & x w\ld be h>dly fair to expect !m to give away valuable assets4 ,! be/ way to get ov] ! difficulty w\ld be = ea* museum to h a sum ( money put aside to pur*ase all types at a c]ta9 fix$ rate1 & ) an und]/&+ t no types g out ( _! native c\ntry be=e !y h be5 submitt$ to ! museum au?orities4 ,x is v un=tunate t _m ( ! e>ly & mo/ prolific writ]s nev] def9itely m>k$ _! type-specim5 :5 x 0 describ$1 simply return+ x to ! cab9et ) ! new "n ei!r on ! p9 or bel[ x2 & :]e !re has be5 a s]ies ( ! same species1 & "s assi/ant affix$ ! names1 ! recognis$ type may be a co-type4 ,co-types are v valuable :5 !y are det]m9$ by ! describ] f ! same species1 b "s writ]s h ! bad habit ( treat+ co-types z types1 :i* leads to mu* di/ru/ & confusion4 ,e type %\ld if p9n$ h a second label besides ! ord9>y label plac$ well up on ! p91 & be>+ ! ^w 8type10 ) ! date1 initials ( ! au?or1 & "n ( ! insect on ! rev]se side1 s t z long z ! specim5 is 9 exi/5ce !re c be no d\bt z to x be+ a type4 ,i !re=e propose 9 ! foll[+ pages to give "s brief notes ^u our ,museum ,collections1 ) ref]5ce to ! types !y conta92 & also to ref] to ^? types 9 private collections4 ,to "w out ! location ( ! ,au/ralian type-specim5s & collections 9 ,briti% & =eign museums w\ld require a book to itself1 b ! de/9ation ( a few types ( ! m important collections c be indicat$4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,curators ( ! diff]5t ,au/ralian ,museums & _m int]e/$ fri5ds1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to ga!r mu* valuable in=mation ab\t ! e>ly collections made 9 ,au/ralia1 & _! f9al de/9ations4 ,,! ,,macleay ,,museum1 ,sydney1 conta9s ! f9e/ g5]al collection ( ,au/ralian insects t exi/s1 & is ri* 9 types2 x also conta9s a l>ge s]ies ( insects f all p>ts ( ! _w1 among :i* are "s hi/orical specim5s4 ,un=tunately "h also ! types ( _m species _c be di/+ui%$ f _! co-types1 z !y be> no di/9ctive type-labels4 ,! entomological collections ( ! ,macleay ,museum are ! accumulat$ ga!r+s ( ?ree di/+ui%$ naturali/s4 ,x 0 orig9ally comm5c$ by ,alex&] ,macleay1 :o1 :5 he left ,engl& to come to ,sydney 9 #ahbe1 _h "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ ext5sive collections ( insects at t "t 9 ! possession ( any private individual4 ,he add$ to ?is _m ,au/ralian species1 "s ( :i* /ill be> 8 labels4 ,8 son1 ,william ,%>p ,macleay1 inh]it$ ?is collection on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #ahdh1 & add$ to x1 bequea?+ x to 8 c\s91 ,sir ,william ,macleay1 on 8 dea? 9 #ahfe4 ,sir ,william ,macleay1 to :om ! f\ndation ( ! ,macleay ,museum z a g5]al zoological museum is due1 began to accumulate insects 9 #ahfa1 :5 ,mr4 ,ma/]s w5t to ,port ,d5ison1 ,que5sl&1 to collect = him2 ,ma/]s aft]w>ds w5t on sev]al ext5d$ collect+ exp$itions 9 ,que5sl&1 ,s\? & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 & ! specim5s collect$ by him 7 *iefly describ$ by ,macleay1 ?\gh ! actual types ( _m ( ! insects 7 9 ! e>ly days plac$ 9 ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 ,sydney4 ,! types ( ^? collect$ by me at ,cairns1 ,n4 ,que5sl&1 9 #ahhf1 & at ,k+'s ,s\nd1 ,n4,w4 ,au/ralia1 #ahhg-h1 are 9 ! ,macleay ,museum1 also ! o!r ,macleay types describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,n4,s4,w41 except a few t are said to be 9 ! ,brisbane ,museum4 ,mr4 ,lea in=ms me t "s ( ,bates' types ( ! ,t5ebrionidae are 9 ! ,macleay ,collections4 ,! types ( all ! ,/aphyl9idae loan$ = description to ,olliff are 9 ?is ,museum2 ! o!rs describ$ by ,olliff are 9 ! ,au/ralian ,museum4 ,9 ! ,macleay ,museum are also ,skuse's types ( ,au/ralian ,dipt]a1 z describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,n4,s4,w41 & :i* are di/9ctly m>k$ & m\nt$1 & 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,lea's type-specim5s ( ,coleopt]a1 describ$ f unique specim5s 9 ?is museum on loan1 are 9 ?is museum2 :ile all 8 o!r types1 ) ! exception ( a few 9 ! ,national ,museum 9 ,melb\rne1 are 9 8 own collections4 ,dr4 ,jeff]is ,turn] in=ms me t a few ( ,meyrick's type ( ,micro-lepidopt]a are 9 ! ,macleay ,museum2 b ,mr4 ,ma/]s & ,i exam9$ a numb] t ,meyrick nam$ = ,macleay1 & !re is no?+ to indicate t !re are any types among ! specim5s4 ,two specim5s ( ,sawflies 7,t5?r$9idae7 describ$ by me1 & mo/ ( ! types ( ! ,cicadidae describ$ by ,dr4 ,god+ & myself 7) ! exception ( ^? types d]iv$ f specim5s loan$ f ! ,victorian & ,adelaide ,museums & return$ !reto7 are 9 ?is museum collection2 also ,m>%am's types ( ,notoclea 7,p>opsis71 conta9+ _m ( our commone/ species z describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london 9 #ahah1 are 9 ?is collection1 & also1 x is said1 "s ( ,boisduval's types4 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,museum1 ,sydney1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahcf & incorporat$ by ,act ( ,c\ncil 9 #ahec4 ,! fir/ collection ( insects 0 made by ,mr4 ,roa* ( ,petty's ,hotel ab\t #ahce1 :o pres5t$ x to ! ,gov]nm5t2 !y 7 exhibit$ 9 ! 8,r\nd ,h\se0 ne> ,circul> ,quay1 :]e !y 7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,w4 ,s4 ,wall1 aft]w>ds ! fir/ ,curator ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum4 ,! types n[ 9 ! collections conta9 ,macleay's ,gayndah ,collection obta9$ by ,g4 ,ma/]s1 & describ$ by ,sir ,william ,macleay 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,"s ( ,macleay's ,coleopt]a f ,port ,d5ison1 & ,s\? & ,we/ ,au/ralian specim5s also collect$ by ,ma/]s are said to be 9 ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 b a numb] ( ! latt] are said by ,mr4 ,ma/]s to be 9 ! ,macleay ,museum4 ,macleay nev] affix$ a type-label to 8 specim51 & if !re 7 a s]ies ( ! same species he nev] indicat$ ! type1 s t x is only :]e !re 0 a s+le specim5 t we c be positive :i* specim5 is ! type2 & fur!r confusion arises z he pres5t$ _m specim5s to ! ,au/ralian ,museum f 8 own collections4 ,scott's ,lepidopt]a 7/ill kept z a sep>ate collection7 comprise ! types describ$ by him1 & are ! id5tical butt]flies & mo?s figur$ 9 8 "w1 8,au/ralian ,lepidopt]a10 #ahfd4 ,olliff's types ( ,coleopt]a & ,lepidopt]a describ$ :ile he 0 ! museum entomologi/ are 9 ! museum collections1 ) ! exception ( ! ,/aphyl9idae previ\sly m5tion$ & a few o!rs describ$ f ,macleay ,museum specim5s1 "o or two types t w5t to ,jans51 ,london1 9 ^: collection !y are n[ said to be1 & two butt]fly types said to be 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,k+'s types ( ,coleopt]a1 collect$ by himself1 & :i* he describ$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,n4,s4,w41 7 pur*as$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ?is museum aft] 8 dea?4 ,_m ( ! small] ones are m\nt$ 9 balsam on glass slips2 o!rs are p9n$ & c>d$2 & ?\gh "s ( ! types h vani%$ ow+ to insect pe/s1 !y are on ! :ole 9 fairly good condition4 ,types ( all ! specim5s describ$ by bo? ,skuse & ,ra9b[ 9 ! ,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum are 9 ! collections2 & also "o ( ,g4 ,a4 ,wat]h\se's types 7,lepidopt]a7 & a numb] ( ,sloane's type ,c>abidae4 ,,! ,,national ,,museum1 ,melb\rne1 0 =m$ e>ly 9 #ahed1 & tempor>ily h\s$ 9 ! ,melb\rne ,univ]sity build+s 9 ,augu/1 #ahef1 "u ! *>ge ( ! late ,director1 ,pr(essor 7aft]w>ds7 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,mc,coy4 ,! old museum situat$ 9 ! ,univ]sity gr\nds 0 complet$ e>ly 9 #ahfd1 & ! collections plac$ 9 x 9 ,m>* ( t ye>4 ,! ,entomological ,collection 0 comm5c$ ab\t #ahfa by ! late ,william ,k]%aw1 "u ^: *>ge x 0 plac$ ) o!r ( ! zoological collections until 8 retirem5t 9 ,augu/1 #ahia4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,j4 ,a4 ,k]%aw1 :o is ! pres5t ,curator ( ! ,zoological ,collections4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! entomological collections no pr(essional collectors 7 engag$1 b specim5s 7 obta9$ by pur*ase1 ex*ange & donation f v>i\s s\rces4 ,by ! latt] ! ,messrs4 ,k]%aw 7 probably ! l>ge/ contributors4 ,! collection ( g5]al entomological specim5s f all p>ts ( ! _w is an ext5sive "o occupy+ #ca cab9ets4 ,x conta9s sev]al well-kn[n collections1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ! 8,curtis ,collection ( ,briti% ,insects10 :i* 0 pur*as$ by ! ,national ,museum au?orities 9 #ahfc4 ,x occupies #e l>ge mahogany cab9ets1 f\r ( :i* conta9 ,briti% ,insects ( all ord]s1 among !m _m ( ,curtis' types 7describ$ 9 8 "w on ,briti% ,insects72 & ! fif? cab9et ( #ej draw]s conta9s a g5]al collection ( exotic insects4 ,no?+ has be5 remov$ f ?is collection1 :i* is 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 & rema9s exactly z ,curtis left x #de ye>s ago4 ,curtis' ,,ms4 ,regi/] or ,catalogue ( ?is collection1 compris+ #d qu>to volumes1 is also ! prop]ty ( ! ,national ,museum4 ,"s int]e/+ notes on ! ,curtis ,collection 7 publi%$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,walk]1 ,r4,n41 9 ! ,entomological ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 #aijd4 ,! 8,h[ett ,collection0 made by ,dr4 ,h[ett1 consi/+ ( ,au/ralian ,coleopt]a1 0 bequea!d to ! ,melb\rne ,univ]sity by its f\nd]1 ) a condition t x mu/ be kept intact1 & no?+ add$ to1 or tak5 f x4 ,x 0 h&$ ov] to ! ,national ,museum by ! ,univ]sity au?orities 9 ,april1 #aijd1 on loan1 toge!r ) ,dr4 ,h[ett's libr>y ( entomological works4 ,?is collection is conta9$ 9 #aj cab9ets1 & includes a l>ge numb] ( types ( ,au/ralian insects1 pr9cipally ^? ( ,c\nt ,ca/elnau1 9 ^: h&writ+ _m ( ! labels atta*$ to ! insects are writt54 ,ano!r l>ge & valuable collection is t ( ! late ,c\nt ,ca/elnau1 embrac+ 8 g5]al collection ( ,coleopt]a4 ,x occupies #e l>ge cab9ets conta9+ ab\t #bjj draw]s4 ,! specim5s are all m\nt$ on uni=mly siz$ pieces ( pap]$ cork1 & 9 a great _m in/ances a species n 9 ! collection is repres5t$ by a c>d$ figure4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,au/ralian ,,museum1 ,adelaide4--,mr4 ,f4 ,wat]h\se 0 ! fir/ ,curator4 ,x conta9s ! foll[+3 ,messrs4 ,kreusl] & ,odewahn's jo9t collection ( ,coleopt]a1 nam$ by ,pascoe1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,gue/'s ,micro-lepidopt]a nam$ by ,meyrick2 ^! 7 bo? pur*as$ = ! museum1 b ! types 9 ^! collections are n not$ by any special ref]5ce4 ,a l>ge portion ( ,tepp]'s orig9al collection be=e #ahhc1 & "s ( ,f4 ,wat]h\se's specim5s1 7 also add$ to ! collection4 ,a comp>atively l>ge numb]1 b a small proportion ( ! :ole ( ! ,rev4 ,?os4 ,blackburn's types ( ,coleopt]a1 are 9 ?is museum4 ,a numb] ( ,mr4 ,o4 ,l[]'s types ( ,lepidopt]a are also deposit$ "h2 & also all or ne>ly all ( ,mr4 ,tepp]'s types1 describ$ *iefly 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s4 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,kreusl] & ,odewahn ,collection 0 =m$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahee & #ahge1 & consi/s *iefly ( ,coleopt]a collect$ ab\t ,gawl] & ,blan*t[n1 on ! ,murray ,riv]1 ,s4,a4 ,messrs4 ,s*ulz1 ,ba?ur/1 ,jung & ,o4 & ,p4 ,tepp] collect$ ab\t ,lyndo*1 ,s\? ,p>a ,riv]1 & ,p4 ,tepp] lat] on ab\t ! ,l[] ,murray pla9s1 ,ardrossan1 ,yorke's ,p59sula & ! ,m\nt ,l(ty ,ranges4 ,messrs4 ,c4 ,a4 & ,g4 ,m4 ,wilson also collect$ ext5sively 9 ! e>ly days4 ,all ^! collectors ex*ang$ specim5s & =w>d$ ,s4 ,au/ralian insects to ,europe & ,engl&1 :ile ! ,messrs4 ,tepp] sold to ,b]l9 a l>ge collection *iefly ( ,coleopt]a 9 #ahfh4 ,,! ,,que5sl& ,,museum1 ,brisbane1 is n ri* 9 types1 b conta9s a l>ge collection ( ,que5sl& & ,new ,gu9ea insects ( consid]able value2 b ! specim5s1 f want ( funds & a special cu/odian1 are /[$ away1 & n arrang$ 9 any p>ticul> ord]4 ,! types conta9$ 9 ! l>ge collection ( ,misk9's ,lepidopt]a1 pur*as$ "s ye>s ago by ! museum au?orities2 a few types creat$ by ,dr4 ,jeff]is ,turn]2 & o!rs by ,l[]1 are all 9 ?is collection4 ,i und]/& t !re are also 9 ?is collection "s ,au/ralian & ,new ,gu9ea types creat$ by ,mr4 ,tryon4 ,! foll[+ notes on ! ,au/ralian types t are to be f\nd 9 ,briti% & o!r collections1 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,walk]1 ,r4,n41 ( ,ox=d1 & ,dr4 ,d4 ,%>p1 ( ,cambridge1 are v int]e/+4 ,mr4 ,walk] says3 8,! ,hope ,collection 7made by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hope & bequea!d to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d at 8 decease ab\t #ahfa71 9 comb9ation ) t ( ! late ,pr(4 ,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood1 =ms ! basis ( ! n[ v ext5sive collections ( insects 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,y may safely assume t all ,hope's ,au/ralian types1 & ! majority ( ^? describ$ by ,we/wood1 are at ,ox=d4 ,we h no few] ?an #ee types ( ! ,g5us ,/igmod]a alone describ$ by ,hope4 ,we also h a l>ge numb] ( insects f ! collection ( ! late ,w4 ,w4 ,saund]s1 *iefly ,lepidopt]a1 ,het]oc]a1 ,hym5opt]a1 ,or?opt]a1 c41 & ^! include _m types describ$ by ,f4 ,smi?1 ,walk]1 & o!rs4 ,! majority ( ,walk]'s types 7su* z !y are7 are 9 ! ,national ,collection1 :i* 9 #ahif 0 enri*$ by ! pur*ase ( ,pascoe's collection ( ,coleopt]a1 includ+ at lea/ #b1jjj type-specim5s1 ) a l>ge numb] ( ,au/ralian species among !m40 ,dr4 ,%>p says3 8,we h no ,au/ralian types 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum1 & my own collection1 conta9+ ! types ( _m species ( ,au/ralian ,coleopt]a1 0 transf]r$ to ! ,briti% ,museum a few weeks ago4 ,! re/ ( my collections are also !re except ! ,lamellicorns2 ^! 7 sold by me _m ye>s ago to ,mr4 ,r5e ,ob]?i]1 ( ,r5nes1 & ! types ( ! ,au/ralian ,lamellicorns ,i describ$ are consequ5tly ) him4 ,?\gh ,we/wood's collections are at ,ox=d1 _m ?+s t he describ$ f ! ,briti% ,museum ,collections are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,mo/ ( ,newman's types are ,i believe 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,ca/elnau's ,collection 0 s5t f ,au/ralia to ,p>is ab\t #dj ye>s ago & sold !re2 ! ,c>abidae 7 pur*as$ by ! ,g5oa ,museum1 & !y h ! types4 ,! ,lamellicorns 7 pur*as$ by ,von ,lansb]g1 & subsequ5tly sold by him to ,r4 ,ob]?i]4 ,! ,/apyl9idae & ,dytiscidae ,i b\ght & are n[ ) ! re/ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,r4 ,ob]?i] also possesses ! ,?omson types4 ,! ,cetoniidae ( ,janson are /ill 9 8 possession4 ,edw>d ,saund]s' collection ( ,bupre/idae 0 pur*as$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 & !y h also acquir$ ! ,k]remans' ,collection ( ,bupre/idae40 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! _m collections ( ,au/ralian insects t conta9 types1 ! foll[+ might be notic$3-- ,,blackburn4--,coleopt]a2 a v l>ge collection conta9+ _m types creat$ & describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,blackburn1 ( ,adelaide1 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 :o in=ms me t 8,a few ( ! types are 9 ,mr4 ,c4 ,fr5*'s collection1 a comp>atively l>ge numb] 7b small 9 proportion to ! :ole7 are 9 ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,museum40 ,! re/ are 9 8 own collections4 ,,lea4--,coleopt]a3 ,ano!r ext5sive collection f all p>ts ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania is t ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,lea1 ,hob>t1 conta9+ a great numb] ( ! own]'s type specim5s4 ,a few ( ,mr4 ,lea's types are 9 ! ,macleay & ,national ,museums2 "o or two 9 ,mr4 ,a4 ,simson's collection 9 ,launce/on2 & o!rs are 9 ,mr4 ,fr5*'s collection 9 ,melb\rne4 ,,sloane4--,coleopt]a3 ,?is collection consi/s *iefly ( ,cic9delidae & ,c>abidae1 & conta9s ne>ly all ! types creat$ & describ$ by ! own]1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,sloane1 ,moorila1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,"s ( 8 types h[ev] are 9 ! ,lea ,collection2 o!rs 9 ,fr5*'s2 "o 9 ,mr4 ,f4 ,taylor's 7,sydney71 & a few1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 are 9 ! ,au/ralian ,museum collections4 ,,fr5*4--,coleopt]a3 ,! own]1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,fr5*1 ,melb\rne1 has nev] describ$ any species himself2 b 8 pres5t collection1 ( :i* ! ,sc>itidae is a v important "p1 conta9s _m types describ$ by o!r entomologi/s4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ,fr5* made & b\ght sev]al l>ge collections ( beetles1 :i* he in=ms me h be5 disp]s$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 8,my fir/ collection w5t to ,leyd5 pur*as$ by ,c\nt ,lansb]g4 ,my second collection also to ,leyd5 pur*as$ by ,van de ,poll40 ,among ! collections he pur*as$ 7 ,atwell's ,w4 ,au/ralian beetles1 ! ,diggles ,collection1 & ! la/ ( ! ,du ,b\lay's ,coleopt]a4 ,,lyell4--,lepidopt]a3 ,! own]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,lyell1 ,gisborne1 ,victoria1 has "o ( ! f9e/ g5]al collections ( ,lepidopt]a 9 ,au/ralia2 x conta9s a numb] ( types ( bo? ,messrs4 ,l[] & ,turn]1 & also "o ( 8 own types4 ,,l[]4--,lepidopt]a3 ,?is conta9s ! majority ( ! types creat$ by ! own]1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,l[]1 ,brok5 ,hill1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,,lucas4--,lepidopt]a3 ,?is is a g5]al collection conta9+ mo/ ( ! types creat$ by ! own]1 ,dr4 ,lucas1 ,brisbane1 ,que5sl&4 ,,meyrick4--,lepidopt]a3 ,?is is an imm5se collection ( ,micro-lepidopt]a *iefly1 conta9+ _m ?\s&s ( types creat$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,meyrick1 ,wilts41 ,engl&4 ,,turn]4--,lepidopt]a3 ,?is collection is locat$ 9 ,brisbane1 ,que5sl&1 & is ! prop]ty ( ,dr4 ,jeff]is ,turn]4 ,x conta9s mo/ ( ! own]'s types1 b "s ( 8 types are 9 ! ,lyell1 ,illidge1 & ,rett] collections1 & ! ,que5sl& ,museum4 ,,wat]h\se4--,lepidopt]a3 ,?is collection comprises a v ext5sive s]ies ( ,au/ralian butt]flies1 9 :i* are ne>ly all ! types ( ! own]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,wat]h\se1 ,sydney4 ,,froggatt4--,miscellane\s3 ,x conta9s all ! own]'s types ( ,psyllidae1 ,t]mitidae1 ,neuropt]a1 mo/ ( ! ,coccidae1 & a few ( ,hym5opt]a & ,dipt]a4 ,x also conta9s _m co-types ( ,pr(4 ,=el's ,=micidae1 ,dr4 ,&re's ,mutillidae1 & ,dr4 ,horva?'s ,hemipt]a4 ,,illidge4--,miscellane\s3 ,i d n ?9k t ,mr4 ,illidge1 ( ,brisbane1 ,que5sl&1 has creat$ any types1 b 8 collection conta9s types1 *iefly ( ,lepidopt]a1 describ$ by ,dr4 ,lucas & ,dr4 ,turn]4 ,,c>t]4--,coleopt]a3 ,?is is "o ( ! late/ collections ( ,au/ralian beetles1 & belongs to ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t]1 ,sydney4 ,he has describ$ a few ,t5ebrionidae1 ! types ( :i* are 9 ?is collection4 ,,maskell4--,coccidae3 ,?is collection 7,coccidae1 ,psyllidae & ,aleurodidae71 made by ! late ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,maskell1 ,new ,zeal&1 conta9s a v valuable s]ies ( 8 types ( ,coccidae1 ,psyllidae & ,aleurodidae f ,au/ralia4 ,x 01 on ! own]'s dea?1 sold to ! ,new ,zeal& ,gov]nm5t4 ,,publications ,,deal+ ,,) ,,au/ralian ,,entomology4 ,9 mak+ out a bibliography ( books & ! m important pap]s on our insects1 x is impossible to notice ! hundr$s ( sci5tific pap]s scatt]$ ?r\gh ,engli% & =eign proce$+s & transactions ( le>n$ ,societies4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( books describ+ ,au/ralian insects :i* d n come "u ?is category t an ,au/ralian entomologi/ may yet want to "k some?+ ab\t4 ,l all su* li/s1 ?is mu/ be m or less incomplete1 b x may give ! /ud5t "s idea ( :]e & :at to look =4 8,,agricultural ,,gazette ,,( ,,new ,,s\? ,,wales40 ,comm5c$ 9 #ahij on ! creation ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 x conta9s _m pap]s on ,au/ralian ,entomology1 ) descriptions ( new species by ,messrs4 ,olliff1 ,full]1 & ,froggatt4 ,,&]son1 ,e4 ,,& ,,spry1 ,f4 ,p4 ,victorian ,butt]flies1 & h[ to collect !m1 ,"p ,i41 complete ) index1 ,melb\rne #ahic4 ,victorian ,butt]flies1 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahid4 ,a useful little "w publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m1 #acj pages1 illu/rat$ ) a numb] ( v good wood-cuts4 ,,au/ralian ,,museum1 ,,records ,,(4 ,comm5c$ 9 #ahij-ia1 ,vols4 ,i4-,,vi4 7#aije71 ,sydney2 issu$ 9 numb]$ pamphlet =m at irregul> int]vals4 ,among o!r sci5tific descriptions are pap]s on entomology by bo? ,messrs4 ,skuse & ,ra9b[4 ,,b5nett1 ,,dr4 ,g4 8,ga!r+s ( a ,naturali/ 9 ,au/ralia10 ,london #ahfj4 ,among g5]al natural hi/ory !re is a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation on our insects4 ,,br5*ley1 ,j4 ,l4 8,jott+s dur+ ! ,cruise ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 9 #ahfe10 ,london #ahgc4 ,natural ,hi/ory ,notes1 ,insects1 p4 #def4 ,among ! insects describ$ & figur$ 9 col\rs are ,au/ralian ,hym5opt]a & ,lepidopt]a4 ,,donovan1 ,e4 ,insects ( ,new ,holl&1 ,london #ahbe4 ,?is r>e "w conta9s ! orig9al descriptions1 accompani$ by v f9e col\r$ plates1 ( a numb] ( our common insects ( all ord]s4 ,! specim5s f :i* ! draw+s 7 made 7 *iefly collect$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,a copy ( ?is book is 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 & ano!r 9 ! ,public ,libr>y1 ,sydney4 ,,entomological ,,society ,,( ,n4,s4 ,,wales 7,,transactions74 ,vols4 ,i4-,,ii41 #ahff-ahgc1 ,sydney4 ,^! ,transactions conta9 a numb] ( pap]s by ,macleay1 ,scott1 ,k+ & ,s*rad]1 ) orig9al descriptions ( new species4 ,,fabricius1 ,j4 ,c4 ,sy/ema ,entomologiae1 #agge4 ,he describ$ a numb] ( ,au/ralian insects f ! ,banksian ,cab9et4 ,^! _h be5 collect$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks & ,dr4 ,sol&] dur+ ,cook's voyages4 ,! collections 7 aft]w>ds pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,fr5*1 ,c4 ,h&book ( ! ,de/ructive ,insects ( ,victoria4 ,"p ,i41 #ahia2 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahic2 ,"p ,,iii41 #aijj2 ,melb\rne4 ,ea* "p is complete 9 itself1 conta9+ _m col\r$ plates & popul> descriptions ( injuri\s insects4 ,,gray1 ,g4 ,r4 ,! ,entomology ( ,au/ralia1 ,"p ,i4 ,monograph ( ! ,family ,phasmidae1 #ahcc2 ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is conta9s col\r$ plates & descriptions ( all our kn[n species up to t date4 ,,griffi?s1 ,,edw>d4 ,! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,insecta1 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahcb2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahdd4 ,) supplem5t>y additions to ea* ord] by ,griffi?s & ,pidgeon1 & notices ( new g5]a & species by ,gray1 ) #acb plates4 ,a numb] ( ,au/ralian species are describ$1 & "s figur$4 ,,horn ,,exp$ition 7edit$ by ,pr(4 ,baldw9 ,sp5c]74 ,"p ,,ii41 ,zoology1 #ahif4 ,9 ?is are a numb] ( pap]s on ! insects collect$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,horn ,explor+ ,exp$ition 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,blackburn & ,sloane describ$ ,coleopt]a2 ,l[]1 ,lepidopt]a2 ,tepp]1 ,or?opt]a2 ,kirby & ,froggatt1 ,hym5opt]a4 ,,kirby1 ,w4 8,descriptions ( sev]al new species ( ,insects collect$ 9 ,new ,holl& by ,rob]t ,br[n40 7,l9nean ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahah47 ,^! insects 7 collect$ dur+ ,fl9d]s' voyage4 ,?irty-?ree species are describ$1 & ?irte5 figur$ on plate #bc4 ,,kirby1 ,w4 8,a ,c5tury ( ,insects40 7,l9nean ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahah47 ,9 ?is pap] he describ$ #ag new species1 & made #d new g5]a4 ,,lea*1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 8,zoological ,miscellanies40 8,be+ descriptions ( new & int]e/+ animals1 illu/rat$ ) col\r$ figures drawn f ,nature by ,r4 ,p4 ,noddes40 #c ,vols41 ,london4 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahad2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahae2 ,vol4 ,,iii41 #ahag4 ,a numb] ( ,au/ralian insects are figur$ & describ$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ^! volumes4 ,,lew91 ,,john ,w4 8,podromus1 etc4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,lepidopt]\s ,insects ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,collect$1 engrav$1 & fai?fully pa9t$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,lew940 ,london #ahje4 ,a manuscript copy ( ?is "w ) ! orig9al col\r$ draw+s by ,lew9 entitl$ 8,insects ( ,au/ralia10 #ahjc1 is 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,,l9nean ,,society ,,( ,n4,s4 ,,wales1 ,,proce$+s4 ,comm5c+ 9 #ahga1 an annual volume ( f\r p>ts has be5 publi%$ e ye> s9ce4 ,^! proce$+s conta9 a great numb] ( entomological pap]s by ! lead+ entomologi/s ( ,au/ralasia1 among :i* are ,messrs4 ,macleay1 ,meyrick1 ,olliff1 ,blackburn1 ,sloane1 ,skuse1 ,ma/]s1 ,froggatt1 ,lea1 ,l[]1 ,turn]1 & ,wat]h\se4 ,,macleay1 ,w4 ,s4 8,catalogue ( ,insects collect$ by ,capta9 ,k+1 ,r4,n42 #aib species ( ,annulosa2 7#ahh insects & #d ara*nida7 pages #dch-dfi40 ,eighty-"o ( ! species are new4 ,?is is an app5dix to ,capta9 ,phillip ,k+'s 8,n>rative ( a ,survey ( ! ,int]tropical & ,we/]n ,coa/s ( ,au/ralia p]=m$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahah & #ahbb40 #b ,vols41 ,london1 #ahbg4 ,,m>%am1 ,,?os4 8,description ( ,notoclea1 a new g5us ( ,coleopt]\s ,insects f ,new ,holl&40 7,transactions ,l9nean ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #bhc1 pls4 #bd-be1 #ahah47 ,^! insects are n[ plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,p>opsis4 ,!y 7 probably collect$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,sydney4 ,,mccoy1 ,f4 8,podromus ( ,zoology ( ,victoria10 ,decade ,i4-,,xx41 #ahgh-ahij4 ,9 ^! memoirs ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,victoria1 ,mc,coy figur$ & describ$ a numb] ( ,au/ralian insects4 ,,ma/]s1 ,g4 8,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,coleopt]a ( ,au/ralia10 ,p>ts ,i4-,,vii4 7,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,vol4 ,x41 #ahhe2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 new s]ies1 #ahhg47 ,?\gh ?is orig9ally appe>$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ?is ,society1 s _m sets ( repr9ts h be5 sold t x may be class$ z a sep>ate "w4 ,two supplem5ts h s9ce be5 publi%$ 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w471 b !y only deal ) ! fir/ families4 ,,misk91 ,w4 ,h4 8,synonymical ,catalogue ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 ,rhopaloc]a 7,butt]flies7 ( ,au/ralia1 ) full ,bibliographical ref]5ces1 includ+ descriptions ( new species40 ,annals ( ! ,que5sl& ,museum1 ,no4 #a1 ,brisbane #ahia4 ,,new ,,zeal& ,,in/itute1 ,,transactions4 ,! publication ( ! ,transactions ( ?is ,society comm5c$ 9 #ahfg1 & are publi%$ annually4 ,! mo/ important articles deal+ ) ,au/ralian entomology are ^? ( ! late ,w4 ,m4 ,maskell on ,au/ralian ,coccidae1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #ahhi & cont9u$ till 8 dea? 9 #ahih4 ,,olliff1 ,a4 ,,sidney4 8,au/ralian ,butt]flies4 ,a brief acc\nt ( ! native families1 ) a *apt] on collect+ & pres]v+ insects1 ) num]\s wood-cuts40 ,a pamphlet publi%$ by ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,association ( ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ,sydney #ahhi4 ,?is is n[ (f]$ = sale by ! ,n4,s4,w4 ,naturali/s' ,club1 ,sydney4 ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,s\? ,,au/ralia1 ,,transactions4 ,! ,transactions comm5c$ 9 #ahgh1 & are publi%$ annually4 ,!y conta9 a numb] ( entomological pap]s by ,blackburn & by ,lea 7,coleopt]a71 ,tepp] 7,or?opt]a71 ,l[] 7,lepidopt]a71 & o!r writ]s4 ,,scott1 ,a4 ,w4 8,au/ralian ,lepidopt]a & _! trans=mations10 ,vol4 ,i41 publi%$ by ! au?or2 ,london1 #ahfd2 #i plates2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,p>ts #a-b4 ,edit$ & revis$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,olliff & ,mrs4 ,=de4 ,?is 0 publi%$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 :o pur*as$ ! draw+s & ,,ms4 f ! ,scott family4 ,!re is /ill a consid]able am\nt ( unpubli%$ ,,ms4 & draw+s 9 ! possession ( ! ,tru/ees4 ,,s*reib]s1 ,c4 8,descriptions ( "s s+ul> ,coleopt]\s ,insects40 7,l9nean ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #ahe1 pls4 #ai-ba1 #ahjb47 ,among ^! are a numb] ( l>ge %[y ,au/ralian beetles4 ,_! exact localities are n kn[n4 ,,tryon1 ,h4 8,report on ,insect & ,fungus ,pe/s40 7,que5sl& ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,report ,i41 #ahhi47 ,9 ?is important report on injuri\s insects a few new species are describ$1 & ! habits & life hi/ories ( _m well-kn[n species giv54 8,,victorian ,,naturali/1 ,,!40 ,! ,j\rnal & ,magaz9e ( ! ,field ,naturali/s' ,club ( ,victoria4 ,! fir/ volume 0 issu$ 9 #ahhd-he4 ,a numb] ( orig9al descriptions ( insects1 catalogues1 & notes 9 g5]al are giv5 9 ! pages ( ?is ,j\rnal by ,messrs4 ,k]%aw1 ,l[]1 ,lyell1 ,bill+hur/1 & o!rs4 ,,we/wood1 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,o4 8,!saurus ,entomologicus ,oxoni5sis10 ,ox=d1 #ahge4 8,illu/rations ( new1 r>e1 or int]e/+ insects = ! mo/ "p conta9$ 9 ! ,collections pres5t$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,hope4 ,) #dj col\r$ plates & ) draw+s by ! au?or40 ,among ^! are "s orig9al descriptions ( ,au/ralian species4 8,arcana ,entomologica10 ,london #ahda-e1 #b vols4 ,among o!r exotic =ms ?is describes a numb] ( ,au/ralian species & "s are illu/rat$ by means ( col\r$ plates4 ,,wat]h\se1 ,g4 ,a4 8,catalogue ( ! ,rhopaloc]a ( ,au/ralia40 8,memoirs ( ! ,new ,s\? ,wales ,naturali/s' ,club10 ,no4 ,i41 #aijc4 ,?is pamphlet br+s ! li/ ( ,au/ralian butt]flies up to date4 ,,:ite1 ,,adam4 8,notes on "s ,insects f ,k+ ,george's ,s\nd40 ,?is is an app5dix to ,capta9 ,gray's 8,travels 9 ,n4,w4 & ,we/ ,au/ralia10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahda4 ,?is conta9s ! orig9al descriptions ( a numb] ( insects collect$ by ,capta9 ,gray & num]\s wood-cuts4 ,,zoological ,,record4 ,comm5c+ 9 #ahfd1 ! ,insecta 0 edit$ at fir/ by ,dallas1 aft]w>ds by ,rye1 & is n[ edit$ by ,%>p4 ,conta9s a li/ ( all g5]a & species ( insects describ$ dur+ ea* ye>4 ,all ! ,au/ralian species describ$ s9ce #ahfd are li/$4 ,,add5da4 ,! foll[+ books & pap]s deal+ ) ,au/ralian insects h be5 ov]look$1 or h appe>$ s9ce ?is book has be5 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 7#a7 ,a ,synonymic ,catalogue ( ,or?opt]a1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,or?opt]a ,saltatoria1 ,"p ,i4 ,a*etidae & ,phascognuridae #aijf4 ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby4 ,?is is ! second volume ( ! ,catalogue already notic$ on page #ad1 & deals ) crickets & long-horn$ gras%opp]s4 ,a few alt]ations are made1 viz43 ,gryllus s]villei1 ,sauss41 is a synonym ( ,gryllus commodus1 ,walk]2 & ! species ( ,ephippity?a #cb-;guttata figur$ by me 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aijd1 is1 ,kirby says1 a new species :i* he calls ,e4 froggatti4 7#b7 8,a ,revision ( ! ,cic9delidae 7,coleopt]a7 ( ,au/ralia10 by ,t4 ,g4 ,sloane 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf74 ,9 ?is pap] all ! species =m]ly plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,tetra*a are n[ plac$ 9 ! ,g5us ,megacephala4 ,9 a supplem5t>y pap] 9 ! same volume ,sloane records ,tricondyla apt]a1 ,oliv]1 a tree hunt+ tig] beetle describ$ f ,new ,gu9ea z also a native ( ,cape ,york1 ,nor? ,que5sl&4 7#c7 8,notes on ! ,g5us ,leptops1 ) descriptions ( new species10 by ,a4 ,m4 ,lea 7,annales ,soc4 ,ent4 ,belg4 #aijf74 ,?is is a typical gr\p ( ,au/ralian weevils4 ,! au?or notices all ! describ$ species1 & describes #bg new ones4 7#d7 8,a li/ ( ! ,libellulidae 7,dragon ,flies7 ( ,au/ralia10 by ,j4 ,g4 ,o4 ,tepp] 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,au/4 #ahii74 ,?is pap]1 bas$ ^u a collection ( dragon flies s5t to ,france to ,r5e ,m>t91 = id5tification1 gives a quantity ( in=mation ab\t ! names & di/ribution ( ,au/ralian species4 7#e7 8,les ,odonates du ,cont95t ,au/rali510 by ,r5e ,m>t9 7,memoires ,soc4 ,zool4 ,france1 #aija74 ,?is is a v f9e pap] on ! dragon flies record$ f ,au/ralia4 7#f7 ,descriptions ( new dragon flies4 ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf1 ,r4 ,j4 ,tilly>d has contribut$ f\r pap]s1 9 :i* a numb] ( describ$ species are id5tifi$ & record$ = ! fir/ "t f ,au/ralia2 :ile a numb] ( new species h be5 figur$ & describ$4 7#g7 8,a ,revision ( ! ,?ynnidae10 by ,rol& ,c4 ,turn] 7,pro4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijg74 ,?is is "p ,i4 ( an important ,monograph ( ^! rem>kable fl[] wasps peculi> 9 hav+ w+less females4 ,! au?or 9 ?is pap] deals ) ! ,sub-family ,diamm9ae & "p ( ! ,sub-family ,?ynn9ae1 describ+ a numb] ( new species4 7#h7 ,on page #chb a v l>ge gall is m5tion$ =m$ by a coccid obta9$ f ,t5nant's ,creek1 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,?is insect w probably come 9 ! ,g5us ,cy/ococcus =m$ by ,full] 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahii71 = ! reception ( a species he call$ ,cy/ococcus e*9i=mis4 ,,index4 ,abispa ephippium1 #aaa ,abispa spl5dida1 #aaa ,abricta1 #cea ,abricta curvico/a1 #ceg ,abricta aurata1 #ceg ,abricta willsi1 #ceg ,acacia gall gnat1 #bhf ,acan?asp9ae1 #cci ,acan?olepis bosii1 #if ,acan?olophus e*9atus1 #ahd ,a*ias1 #cjf ,a*ilus flammeus1 #cei ,a*raea grisella1 #bgb ,acraea &roma*a1 #bae ,acrae9ae1 #bae ,acreotri*us gibbicornis1 #big ,acreotri*us fuscicornis1 #big ,acridiidae1 #dj ,acridium maculicollis1 #db ,acridopeza reticulata1 #df 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,pt9idae1 #afi ,ptomaphila la*rymosa1 #adj ,publications deal+ ) ,entomology1 #dah ,pulex e*nidae1 #cbc ,pulex fasciatus1 #cbc ,pulex irritans1 #cbc ,pulex s]raticeps1 #cbb ,pulicidae1 #cba ,pulv9>ia maskelli1 #chd ,pumpk9 beetle1 #bjd ,purpuric5us quadr9otatus1 #aif ,pygiopsylla colossus1 #cbd ,pyralidae1 #bfh ,pyrameis c>dui1 #baf ,pyrameis k]%awi1 #baf ,pyrameis itea1 #baf ,pyro*roidae1 #agf ,pyrrhocoridae1 #cce ,pyrrhocor9ae1 #cce ,qu$ius luridip5nis1 #acg ,que5sl& ,elephant-beetle1 #aei ,que5sl& ,fruit-fly1 #bjg ,que5sl& ,museum1 #dad ,que5 ,t]mite1 #bc ,qu9tilia 7,tibic57 infans1 #ceb ,rant>a v>ipes1 #cdc ,rat fleas1 #cbc ,re>-horses1 #ca ,r$-ey$ ,cicadas1 #cdi ,r$-legg$ ,ham-beetle1 #afi ,r$-legg$ locu/1 #dc ,r$uviidae1 #cch ,r$uvius p]sonatus1 #cci ,r$uvius rivulosus1 #cci ,reproductive organs ( locu/1 #da ,repsimus a5eus1 #aeg ,rhad9osomtis lacordairei 7p>asite 9 bra*yscelid gall71 #ahb ,rhagiga/]1 #ajb ,rhantus pubesc5s1 #acd ,rhapidians1 #ef ,rh9ocola corniculata1 #cfd 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,sitotroga c]ealella1 #bgi ,skipp]s1 #bbg ,skipp]s 79 *eese71 #cjf ,skusea1 #bij ,sl5d] weevils1 #agi ,slug mo?1 #bdf ,small gre5 gras%opp]1 #dg ,small ,i*neumon1 #he ,small plague locu/1 #db ,small] s& wasps1 #ajf ,smo!rfly1 #cfg ,smyn?urus lutus1 #aa ,smyn?urus viridis1 #aj ,snake flies1 #ee ,sn\t beetles1 #aha ,sn[ flies1 #bhg1 #cgj ,social wasps1 #aab ,soldi] beetles1 #afh ,soldi] flies1 #bic ,solit>y ants1 #ih ,solit>y wasps1 #aaj ,soo?say]s1 #ca ,s\nd organs ( locu/1 #dj ,s\? ,au/ralian ,museum1 #dad ,speckl$ ,footm51 #bej ,speckl$ gre5 gras%opp]1 #dg ,spha]ococcus froggatti1 #chj ,spha]ococcus leptosp]mi1 #chj ,spha]ococcus melaleuca1 #chj ,spha]ococcus pirogallis1 #chj ,spha]ococcus socialis1 #chj ,spha]od]ma equis1 #cdd ,sphecius1 #ajh ,sph$anocoris di/9ctus1 #cci ,sphegidae1 #ajf ,sphegides1 #ajg ,sphex opul5ta1 #ajg ,sphex ve/ita1 #ajg ,sph9ctomyrmex froggatti1 #ic ,sph9ctomyrmex h$nigae1 #ic ,sph+idae1 #bcf ,sph9x ligu/ri1 #bch ,sphiximorpha au/ralis1 #cjd ,spid]s1 #a ,spid] flies1 #cai ,spiloglaux boobook 7ho/ ( l\sefly71 #cba ,spilopyra sumptuosa1 #bjb ,spilosoma fulvohirta1 #bdi ,spilosoma fusc9ula1 #bdi ,spilosoma obliqua1 #bdi ,sp9$ orange-bug1 #ccj ,sp9$ gre5 leaf insect1 #ch ,spondyliaspis1 #cfb ,spondyliaspis eucalypti1 #cfb ,spondyliaspis 7food ( ants71 #ie ,spott$ ,i*neumon1 #id ,spott$ black ,i*neumon1 #id ,spr+-tails1 #aj ,squa% bugs1 #ccb ,/ag beetles1 #aea ,/aphyl9idae1 #acf ,/egomyia notoscriptus1 #bij ,/egomyia fasciata1 #bij ,/eel-blue sawfly1 #gb ,/em saw-flies1 #gj ,/5ocotis au/ralis1 #cfj ,/ephanocircus dasyuri1 #cbc ,/ephanocircus simsoni1 #cbc ,/ephanocircus ?omasi1 #cbc ,/ibopt]yx co/alis1 #ei ,/ick insects1 #cd ,/igmod]a1 #e ,/igmod]a =tnumi1 #afd ,/igmod]a gratiosa1 #afd ,/igmod]a h]os1 #afd ,/igmod]a gr&is1 #afd ,/igmod]a jacqu9oti1 #afd ,/igmod]a pascoei1 #afd ,/igmod]a ?oracica1 #afd ,/igmod]a tibialis1 #afd ,/igmod]a v>iabilis1 #afd ,/igmod]a macul>ia1 #afd ,/ibula p$unculatus1 #gf ,/ilbum spl5didum1 #hh ,/ilbum ame?y/9um1 #hh ,/ilida indecora1 #cca ,/++ cat]pill>s1 #hd ,/izus pectoralis1 #ajh ,/omoxys calcitrans1 #caf ,/one flies1 #ej ,/or+ collections1 #djd ,/ra?mopoda melano*ra1 #bha ,/ratiomyidae1 #bic ,/rip$ ,delias1 #bbd ,/ropis maculosa1 #dd ,/rongylurus ?oracicus1 #aic ,/ructure1 #f ,/ructure ( w+s 7,hym5opt]a71 #fi ,/ructure ( head & ?orax1 #fh ,suck+ lice1 #chh ,sug> ants1 #ig ,sug> l]p1 #cfc ,sug>+1 #djc ,suphalasca sabulosa1 #eh ,swall[ ,tails1 #bbe ,sycoryctes1 #gh ,syllitus grammicus1 #aic ,symphyletes neglectus1 #aih ,symphyletes nigrovir5s1 #aih ,symphyletes sol&ri1 #aii ,symphyletes ve/igialis1 #aii1 #bjj ,synemon sophia1 #bcb ,synemon hesp]oides1 #bcb ,synle/es wey]sii1 #ec ,syntomidae1 #bce ,syntomis annulata1 #bce ,syntomis ap]ta1 #bce ,syrphid flies1 #he ,syrphidae1 #cjb ,syrphus pusillus1 #cjb ,syrphus viridiceps1 #cjb1 #cjc ,tabanidae1 #bid ,tabanus ab/]sus1 #bie ,tabanus brevid5tatus1 #bie ,tabanus ed5tulus1 #bie ,tabanus sangu9>ius1 #bie ,ta*>dia au/ralis1 #cgh ,ta*>dia decorella1 #cgi ,ta*>di9ae1 #cgh ,ta*9a o$ipoda1 #cae ,ta*9idae1 #cab ,ta*ytes1 #ajh ,tail$ ,emp]or1 #bag ,talaur9us tub]culatus1 #ahd ,tamasa1 #cea ,tap9oma m9utum1 #if ,tap9oma melanocephalum1 #if ,t>so/5us zonatus1 #afi ,te>a contr>ia1 #beb ,te>a melano/icta1 #bec ,te>a tri/is1 #bec ,tectocoris l9eola1 #cbg ,tectocoris banksi1 #cbg ,teia an>taides1 #bee ,telephorus pul*ellus1 #afh ,temnoplectron rotundum1 #aed ,t5ebrio molitor1 #age ,t5ebrionidae1 #agb1 #age ,t5od]a au/ralasiae1 #cd ,t5?r$9idae1 #ga ,tepp]ia /]culiae1 #ahh ,t]ebranti1 #gj ,t]ebrantia1 #cic ,t]ias hecabe1 #bbc ,t]ias smilax1 #bbc ,t]mes lacteus 7ho/ ( lamellicorn beetle71 #aeg ,t]mes p]nig]1 #be ,t]mes m]idionalis1 #bf ,t]mes krisi=mis1 #bg ,t]mes rubriceps1 #bf ,t]missa nivosa1 #bdi ,t]missa %eph]di1 #bdi ,t]mit>ium1 #bc ,t]mites1 #ba ,t]mitidae1 #bj ,t]mit9ae1 #be ,tess>atom9ae1 #ccj ,te/rica bubula1 #cbh ,tetra*a au/ralis1 #abd ,tetra*a au/ralasiae1 #abe ,tetra*a hopei1 #abe ,tetralobus cunn+hami1 #aff ,tetra/i*9ae1 #gi ,tetra/i*odes froggatti1 #gg ,tetra/icus1 #gg ,tettig>cta cr9ita1 #ced ,tettig>cta tom5tosa1 #ced ,tettigia tri/igma1 #cea ,?ala9a cl>a1 #bfb ,?ala9a inscriptum1 #bfb ,?allis jan?9a1 #bjf ,?alpo*>es coccophaga1 #hg1 #bfe ,?aumasura femor-rubra1 #gg ,?aumasura t]ebrator1 #gf ,!a opaca1 #cfb1 #cfd ,!a galbula1 #bji ,?opha saccata1 #cdh ,?opha sessiliba1 #cdi ,?read-w+$ ,nemopt]on1 #fj ,?rips1 #cib ,?ripidae1 #d1 #cib ,?udaca obliquella1 #bhb ,?yada b>bicornis1 #aih ,?ynnidae1 #d1 #fh1 #ajj ,?ynnus br5*leyi1 #aja ,?ynnus flavilabris1 #aja ,?ynnus lea*ellus1 #aja ,?ynnus v>iabilis1 #aja ,?yridopt]yx h]ri*ii1 #bde ,?yridopt]yx hubn]i1 #bde ,?ysanopt]a1 #cib ,?ysanura1 #aa ,tibic51 #cea ,tibic9ae1 #cea ,ticks1 #a ,tig] beetles1 #abd ,tig] mo?s1 #bdh ,tigriodes alt]na1 #bdh ,tigriodes furcif]a1 #bdh ,tigriodes hem9ephes1 #bdh ,t9ea nect>ia1 #bha ,t9ea fuscipunctella1 #bha ,t9ea pellionella1 #bha ,t9ea tapetzella1 #bha ,t9eidae1 #bha ,t9e9a1 #bha ,t+idae1 #ccf ,t9t$ ,delias1 #bbd ,tipula co/alis1 #bib ,tipulidae brevipalpi1 #bib ,tipulidae longipalpi1 #bib ,tisiphone abeona1 #bah ,tomoxia flavicans1 #agg ,torp$o bug1 #cei ,tortricidae1 #bgd ,tortrix glaphyriana1 #ge1 #bge ,tra*elizus h[itti1 #agi ,tragoc]us lepidopt]us1 #aif ,tragoc]us sp5cei1 #aif ,tranes sp>sus1 #ahg ,tranes xan?orrhoeae1 #ahg ,trapesites iac*us1 #bbh ,trapezites symmomus1 #bbh ,trapp+1 #djc ,tree-hopp]s1 #cef ,tribelocephalidae1 #cci ,tri*aulax philipsii1 #afa ,tri*aulax m>g9ip5nis1 #afb ,tri*etra m>g9alis1 #beb ,tri*iloga/] maid5i1 #hj ,tri*iloga/] a-longifoliae1 #hj ,tri*iloga/] p5dulae1 #hj ,tri*odectidae1 #cij ,tri*opt]a1 #ff ,tri*opt]ygidae1 #ada ,tri*o/]nus r5>di1 #abg ,tri*ox5ia c9]>ia1 #ge ,tri*ox5ia labyr9?ica1 #ge ,trict5a1 #bdb ,trigona canifrons1 #abj ,trigona c>bon>ia1 #aai ,trigonot>sus rugosus1 #ahi ,trioza c>nosa1 #cff ,trioza casu>9ae1 #cff ,trioza banksiae1 #cff ,trioza eucalypti1 #cff ,trioz9ae1 #cfe ,trogod5dron fasciculatum1 #afi ,trogod]ma froggatti1 #adi ,trogod]ma apicip5ne1 #adi ,trogosita mauritanica1 #add ,trogositidae1 #add ,troides1 #bbe ,trombiididae1 #ih ,tropidod]us *ildr5i1 #cg ,tropidod]us decipi5s1 #ch ,tropidod]us iodomus1 #ch ,tropidod]us rhodomus1 #cg ,trox au/ralasiae1 #aee ,trox dohrni1 #aee ,trypeta bicolor1 #cjh ,trypeta musae1 #cjh ,trypeta po5ia1 #cjh ,trypetidae1 #cjf ,tryxalis rafflesii1 #dc ,tubulif]a1 #cic ,tussock ,mo?s1 #beb ,tyora hibisci1 #cfg ,tyora /]culiae1 #cfg ,types1 #dji ,uracan?us cryptophagus1 #aic1 #aie ,uracan?us triangul>is1 #aic ,urania1 #bcb ,uraniidae1 #bcb ,vap\r]s1 #beb ,v$alia c>d9alis1 #baj ,velvet mites1 #ih ,v5u/ria sup]ba1 #cea ,v]ania fr5ata1 #bji ,vespa1 #aab ,vespidae1 #aab ,v9e-mo? bug1 #ccj ,walk+ ,/raw1 #cf ,w>ble-flies1 #cag ,wasps1 #fh ,wasp flies1 #cje ,wat] beetles1 #acc ,wat] boatm51 #cde ,wat] bugs1 #cdb ,wat] fleas1 #bhi ,wat] mo?s1 #ff ,wat] scorpions1 #cdc ,wat] /rid]s1 #ccg ,wattle-pig1 #ahc ,web-sp9n]s1 #bh ,weevils1 #aha ,:irligig beetles1 #acd ,:i/l+ mo?s1 #bcd ,:ite ants1 #bj ,:ites1 #bbc ,w9e flies1 #cjf ,w9!mia lata1 #cab ,wireworms1 #aff ,wood ants1 #ih ,woodbor]s1 #agh ,wood mo?s1 #bca1 #bci ,woolly ,aphids1 #cfi ,woolly ,be>s1 #bdh ,wriggl]s1 #bhi ,xan?ol9us ery?rocephalus1 #acg ,x5ica a*anta1 #bai ,x5ica correae1 #bai ,x5ica fulva1 #bai ,xyleborus solidus1 #agh ,xylocopa1 #aaf ,xylocopa ae/uans1 #aag ,xylocopa bryorum1 #aag ,xylony*us eucalypti1 #aeg ,xylotrupes au/ralicus1 #aei ,xy/matodoma guild+i1 #bha ,yell[s1 #bbc ,yell[-fev] mosquito1 #bij ,yell[ ,monday1 #cdi ,yell[-t9t$ ,delias1 #bbd ,yell[-w+$ locu/1 #da ,yp?ima arct\s1 #bah ,zanessa rubrov>iegata1 #cdb ,zelotypia1 #bda ,z5i?icola au/ralis1 #afi ,z5i?icola obesus1 #afi ,zeuz]a c9]5s1 #bdc ,zeuz]a eucalypti1 #bdb ,zeuz]a liturata1 #bdc ,zeuz]a macleayi1 #bdc ,zeuz]idae1 #bdb ,z9ck5ia recurvalis1 #bgj ,zonitis bip>tita1 #agg ,zonitis brevicornis1 #agg ,zonopetala decisiana1 #bgi ,zoph]osis georgii1 #agc ,zyga5idae1 #bcf ,zygopt]idae1 #ea ,zygotri*a1 #cjf ,zygrita diva1 #bjj ,illu/ration ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,obvi\s pr9t]s'1 punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 #b4 ,"s hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ v]sions ( ! same words h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4 #c4 ,italics are %[n z xxx4 #d4 ,bold pr9t is %[n z xxx4