,,australian ,,insects4 ,,by ,,walter ,w4 ,,froggatt1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,government ,entomologist1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,member of the ,association of ,economic ,entomologists1 ,u4,s4 ,america2 ,member of the ,socit ,entomologique de ,france2 ,member of ,council1 ,linnean ,society of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and ,n4,s4 ,wales ,naturalists' ,club4 ,with #cg ,plates1 containing #bgj ,figures1 also #ahj text-blocks4 ,illustration ,sydney3 ,,william ,,brooks ,,company1 ,,limited1 ,printers and ,publishers1 #ag ,castlereagh ,street4 ,,preface4 ,there have been so many enquiries from people in all parts of ,australia1 as well as from visitors from other countries1 for a book dealing with our insects1 that the writer thinks that the time has come when a ,text ,book dealing exclusively with ,australian ,entomology will be well received1 both at home and abroad1 by all those interested in this subject4 ,the difficulty has been to write in a popular style so as to interest the general reader1 and induce him to further follow his studies of the wonders of ,natural ,history1 yet at the same time to define the characteristics of the insects described and give some idea of their classification1 so that it will not lose its value as a ,text ,book to the student while enlarging the circle of its readers4 ,since the year #aggj1 when ,sir ,joseph ,banks captured the first diamond beetle on the sandy shores of ,botany ,bay1 the majority of our insects have been described in rare old ,english or foreign publications1 the ,zoology of ,voyages and ,travels1 or the ,transactions and ,proceedings of ,scientific ,societies consisting of many hundreds of volumes written in many different languages4 ,many of these original descriptions1 written in ,english or ,latin1 are so brief and obscure that without seeing the type they are quite unintelligible even to the trained entomologist1 and therefore are absolutely of no value to the beginner4 ,most of the earlier describers of ,australian insects confined their attention to beetles1 moths1 and butterflies4 ,among the few exceptions are ,westwood1 who has identified himself with insects in nearly all the orders1 and as he figured many of them 7often in colours71 there is no trouble in determining his species2 and ,walker1 who also described many unique ,australian insects 7chiefly in the ,british ,museum ,catalogues72 but his often vague descriptions1 without details or figures1 have puzzled all entomologists who have not had access to his types4 ,during the last decade1 however1 as specialists have taken up the work of monographing the more neglected orders1 and as large general collections of insects have been obtained from what were1 at one time1 inaccessible parts of ,australia1 a writer can now obtain satisfactory data as to the classification and number of ,australian insects hitherto wanting4 ,with these views the present text book has been prepared4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,preface iii4 ,,contents vii4 ,,list ,,of ,,plates xi4 ,,introduction xiii4 ,,classification #a ,,distribution #d ,,structure #f ,,fossil ,,insects #i ,,the ,,collection ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,insects #cie ,,museum ,,collections ,,and ,,types #dji ,,publications ,,dealing ,,with ,,australian ,,entomology #dah ,,addenda #dbc ,,index #dbe ,illustration3 8,the ,white ,ant ,city10 ,somerset1 ,cape ,york1 ,n4 ,queensland4 7,after ,savelle-,kent7 ,,contents4 ,order ,i4--,,aptera4 ,page ,family #a4 ,,collembola #aj #b4 ,,thysanura #aa ,order ,,ii4--,,orthoptera4 ,family #a4 ,,forficulidae #ae #b4 ,,blattidae #ag #c4 ,,termitidae #bj #d4 ,,embiidae #bh #e4 ,,psocidae #cj #f4 ,,mantidae #ca #g4 ,,phasmidae #cd #h4 ,,acridiidae #dj #i4 ,,locustidae #df #aj4 ,,gryllidae #dh ,order ,,iii4--,,neuroptera4 ,family #a4 ,,perlidae #ej #b4 ,,odonata #ea #c4 ,,ephemeridae #ed #d4 ,,sialidae #ee #e4 ,,panorpidae #ef #f4 ,,hemerobiidae #eg #g4 ,,trichoptera #ff ,order ,,iv4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family #a4 ,,cephidae #gj #b4 ,,oryssidae #gj #c4 ,,siricidae #ga #d4 ,,tenthredinidae #ga #e4 ,,cynipidae #gc #f4 ,,chalcididae #gd #g4 ,,proctotrypidae #ha #h4 ,,ichneumonidae #hc #i4 ,,braconidae #he #aj4 ,,chrysididae #hg #aa4 ,,evaniidae #hh #ab4 ,,megalyridae #ij #ac4 ,,formicidae #ia #ad4 ,,mutillidae #ih #ae4 ,,thynnidae #ajj #af4 ,,scoliidae #ajb #ag4 ,,pompilidae #aje #ah4 ,,sphegidae #ajf #ai4 ,,eumenidae #aaj #bj4 ,,vespidae #aab #ba4 ,,masaridae #aac #bb4 ,,apidae #aad ,order ,v4--,,coleoptera4 ,family #a4 ,,cicindelidae #abd #b4 ,,carabidae #abf #c4 ,,dytiscidae #acc #d4 ,,gyrinidae #acd #e4 ,,hydrophilidae #ace #f4 ,,staphylinidae #acf #g4 ,,pselaphidae #ach #h4 ,,paussidae #ach #i4 ,,scydmaenidae #aci #aj4 ,,silphidae #adj #aa4 ,,scaphididae #ada #ab4 ,,histeridae #ada #ac4 ,,phalacridae #adb #ad4 ,,nitidulidae #adc #ae4 ,,trogositidae #add #af4 ,,colydidae #adf #ag4 ,,rhysodidae #adf #ah4 ,,cucujidae #adf #ai4 ,,cryptophagidae #adg #bj4 ,,lathrididae #adh #ba4 ,,mycetophagidae #adh #bb4 ,,dermestidae #adh #bc4 ,,byrrhidae #aej #bd4 ,,georyssidae #aej #be4 ,,parnidae #aej #bf4 ,,heteroceridae #aea #bg4 ,,lucanidae #aea #bh4 ,,scarabaeidae #aec #bi4 ,,buprestidae #afb #cj4 ,,eucnemidae #afe #ca4 ,,elateridae #aff #cb4 ,,rhipidoceridae #afg #cc4 ,,malacodermidae #afg #cd4 ,,cleridae #afh #ce4 ,,ptinidae #afi #cf4 ,,cioidae #agj #cg4 ,,bostrychidae #aga #ch4 ,,tenebrionidae #agb #ci4 ,,cistelidae #age #dj4 ,,lagriidae #age #da4 ,,anthicidae #agf #db4 ,,pyrochroidae #agf #dc4 ,,mordellidae #agf #dd4 ,,cantharidae #agg #de4 ,,scolytidae #agh #df4 ,,brenthidae #agi #dg4 ,,anthribidae #ahj #dh4 ,,curculonidae #aha #di4 ,,cerambycidae #aij #ej4 ,,chrysomelidae #bjj #ea4 ,,erotylidae #bjf #eb4 ,,coccinellidae #bjg ,order ,,vi4--,,lepidoptera4 ,sub-order4--,,rhopalocera4 ,family #a4 ,,nymphalidae #bad #b4 ,,libytheidae #bai #c4 ,,lycaenidae #bai #d4 ,,pieridae #bbc #e4 ,,papilionidae #bbe #f4 ,,hesperidae #bbg ,sub-order4--,,heterocera4 ,family #a4 ,,castniidae #bcb #b4 ,,uraniidae #bcb #c4 ,,agaristidae #bcc #d4 ,,syntomidae #bce #e4 ,,zygaenidae #bcf #f4 ,,sphingidae #bcf #g4 ,,hepialidae #bci #h4 ,,psychidae #bdc #i4 ,,limacodidae #bdf #aj4 ,,arctiidae #bdh #aa4 ,,liparidae #beb #ab4 ,,bombycidae #bee #ac4 ,,geometridae #bei #ad4 ,,noctuidae #bfb #ae4 ,,pyralidae #bfh #af4 ,,tortricidae #bgd #ag4 ,,micro-,,lepidoptera #bgh ,order ,,vii4--,,diptera4 ,family #a4 ,,cecidomyidae #bhe #b4 ,,mycetophilidae #bhg #c4 ,,colicidae #bhh #d4 ,,chironomidae #bia #e4 ,,tipulidae #bib #f4 ,,stratiomyidae #bic #g4 ,,tabanidae #bid #h4 ,,bombylidae #bif #i4 ,,acroceridae #big #aj4 ,,mydaidae #bih #aa4 ,,asilidae #bih #ab4 ,,apioceridae #cja #ac4 ,,pipunculidae #cja #ad4 ,,syrphidae #cjb #ae4 ,,conopidae #cje #af4 ,,muscidae ,,acalyptera #cje #ag4 ,,anthomyidae #caa #ah4 ,,tachinidae #cab #ai4 ,,dexiidae #cac #bj4 ,,sarcophagidae #cad #ba4 ,,muscidae #cae #bb4 ,,oestridae #cag #bc4 ,,hippoboscidae #cai #bd4 ,,pulicidae #cba ,order ,,viii4--,,hemiptera4 ,family #a4 ,,pentatomidae #cbg #b4 ,,coreidae #cca #c4 ,,lygaeidae #ccc #d4 ,,pyrrhocoridae #cce #e4 ,,tingidae #ccf #f4 ,,aradidae #ccg #g4 ,,hydrometridae #ccg #h4 ,,reduviidae #cch #i4 ,,cimicidae #cda #aj4 ,,capsidae #cda #aa4 ,,cryptocerata #cdb #ab4 ,,belostomidae #cdc #ac4 ,,notonectidae #cdd #ad4 ,,corixidae #cde ,sub-order4--,,homoptera4 ,family #a4 ,,cicadidae #cdf #b4 ,,cercopidae #ced #c4 ,,membracidae #cef #d4 ,,fulgoridae #ceh #e4 ,,jassidae #cfj #f4 ,,psyllidae #cfa #g4 ,,aphidae #cfg #h4 ,,aleurodidae #cgj #i4 ,,coccidae #cga ,sub-order4--,,anoplura4 ,family #a4 ,,pediculidae #chh ,sub-order4--,,mallophaga4 ,family #a4 ,,trichodectidae #cij #b4 ,,philopteridae #cij #c4 ,,gyropidae #cij #d4 ,,liotheidae #cij ,order ,,ix4--,,thysanoptera4 ,family #a4 ,,thripidae #cib ,,list ,,of ,,plates4 ,,facing ,,plate4 ,,page ,i4 ,,cockroaches #ag ,,ii4 ,,white ,,ants #bb ,,iii4 ,,nests ,,of ,,white ,,ants #bd ,,iv4 #bh ,v4 ,,leaf ,,insects #ce ,,vi4 ,,long-,,horned ,,grasshoppers #df ,,vii4 ,,crickets #dh ,,viii4 ,,dragon ,,flies #ea ,,ix4 ,,ant ,,lions #eg ,x4 ,,saw ,,flies #ga ,,xi4 #gc ,,xii4 ,,fig ,,insects #gh ,,xiii4 ,,ichneumon1 ,,sand1 ,,and ,,flower ,,wasps #hi ,,xiv4 ,,ants #ie ,,xv4 ,,nests ,,of ,,wasps #aab ,,xvi4 ,,bees ,,and ,,wasps #aah ,,xvii4 ,,beetles #aea ,,xviii4 ,,flower ,,beetles #afc ,,xix4 ,,white ,,butterflies #bad ,,xx4 ,,miscellaneous ,,butterflies #bbj ,,xxi4 #bbg ,,xxii4 ,,moths #bce ,,xxiii4 ,,great ,,swift ,,moth #bda ,,xxiv4 ,,bag ,,shelter ,,moths #bde ,,xxv4 ,,case ,,moths #bec ,,xxvi4 ,,miscellaneous ,,moths #bfh ,,xxvii4 ,,mosquitoes #bhi ,,xxviii4 ,,flies #bii ,,xxix4 ,,house ,,flies #cad ,,xxx4 ,,blow ,,flies #caf ,,xxxi4 ,,plant ,,bugs #cbg ,,xxxii4 #ccf ,,xxxiii4 ,,cicadas #cdf ,,xxxiv4 ,,galls ,,of ,,coccids ,,and ,,beetles #cgd ,,xxxv4 ,,galls ,,of ,,coccids #chj ,,xxxvi4 ,,lac ,,insects #cgh ,,xxxvii4 ,,thrip ,,insects #cic ,,introduction4 ,the chief drawback to the study of entomology by the outsider has been1 until modern times1 the dry-as-dust technical terms used in the descriptive work1 and the formidable names attached to many of the interesting little creatures1 without any information about their habits or life histories4 ,this is not surprising when we know the methods of some of the writers1 and the material on which they often worked2 namely1 specimens obtained from abroad1 often in a more or less damaged condition1 discoloured and aborted from being squeezed among spirit collections1 and with a brief or no record of their native home4 ,this has been all changed since trained students like ,darwin1 ,wallace1 ,bates1 and many others have spent years in the wilds studying zoology under natural surroundings1 recording their observations while they made collections1 and1 with this wealth of material and accurate knowledge1 gave such descriptions1 that they have led into many new fields of investigation1 one of the most important of which is economic entomology4 ,the ,economic ,entomologist has become more necessary and important every year4 ,his investigations1 carried on in the field and insectarium1 have not only done much to popularise entomology1 but have saved the countries interested untold wealth by the discovery of methods for checking the spread and ravages of injurious insects4 ,the technical description of an insect is not sufficient to satisfy a practical man2 he wants to know where it passes the earlier stages of its existence1 what it feeds upon1 and its place in the insect world4 ,in the open-air study of ,god's tiny creatures many pleasant and profitable hours may be spent1 and dwellers in the country need never feel time hang heavily on their hands1 after they have once had their eyes opened to the wonders of ,nature around them4 ,it is the writer's privilege to know and correspond with a great many busy men and women1 scattered all over ,australia1 who are doing valuable work in collecting specimens1 making notes1 and seeing both with eyes and brain--true bush naturalists in every sense of the word4 ,in acknowledging my obligations to friends who have helped me in the course of this work1 ,i desire to express my thanks to ,mr4 ,masters for notes on the habits and range of insects1 and the examination of specimens in the ,macleay ,museum2 to ,messrs4 ,sloane1 ,lea1 ,lyell1 ,r4 ,turner1 ,tillyard1 ,tepper1 ,kershaw1 ,dun1 ,dr4 ,jefferis ,turner1 ,dr4 ,goding1 and ,rev4 ,t4 ,blackburn for various notes1 specimens1 and help generally4 ,from ,mr4 ,c4 ,french and ,c4 ,french1 ,jr41 ,i have had the loan of papers1 books1 and specimens unobtainable in ,sydney1 and from ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,fletcher suggestions and references to works in the ,n4,s4,w4 ,linnean ,society's library4 ,many other correspondents have greatly assisted me in examining and determining specimens--,dr4 ,horvath1 ,dr4 ,forel1 ,m4 ,andr1 ,dr4 ,sharp1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,green1 ,dr4 ,silvestri1 ,dr4 ,howard1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ashmead1 and ,mr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,coquillett4 ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,maiden for the identification of the native food plants of many insects4 ,i am also greatly indebted to ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,campbell for permission to use the drawings of ,messrs4 ,grose1 ,burton1 and ,chambers1 which have previously appeared in the pages of ,the ,agricultural ,gazette of ,n4,s4,w41 and which for beauty and accuracy have rarely been surpassed4 ,to ,mr4 ,burton and ,mr4 ,gurney my thanks are also due for their care in arranging and photographing other specimens4 ,to the other friends who have kindly aided me in this undertaking in any way ,i beg here to offer my best thanks4 ,,australian ,,insects4 ,,classification4 ,in considering the classification of our insects1 ,i have on the whole followed that adopted by ,sharp in his 8,insects0 7vol4 v41 vi41 #ahie1 #ahii71 ,cambridge ,natural ,history1 but at the same time have considered it advisable1 in a work of this kind1 to leave out whenever possible the definition of the smaller sub-divisions4 ,i have also made one important alteration in his scheme of classification by placing the ,termitidae after the ,blattidae1 following on with the ,embiidae and ,psocidae1 as ,i consider that these are nearer primitive ,orthoptera than ,neuroptera in their wing structure2 we thus do away with ,pseudo-,neuroptera that has always appeared to be an unnecessary division2 and we should have the courage of our convictions and place them on one side or the other4 ,in zoological classification1 the sub-kingdom ,arthopoda1 comprising creatures whose bodies are composed of rings or segments1 and jointed legs1 contains four large groups3 7#a7 ,arachnidae1 spiders1 mites1 ticks1 and scorpions2 7#b7 ,crustacea1 crabs1 shrimps1 wood lice1 c42 7#c7 ,myriapoda1 centipedes1 millepedes1 c42 7#d7 ,insecta1 insects2 and a fifth group1 ,onychophora1 containing the ,peripatus1 is now included4 ,though these creatures are broadly related1 insects are readily distinguished from the members of the preceding groups4 ,the word ,entomology is derived from two ,greek words1 ,entomos1 an insect2 and ,logos1 a discourse4 ,insects are arranged by entomologists in ,orders1 ,families1 ,genera1 and ,species4 ,the first clearly-defined classification was published by ,linnaeus in his 8,systema ,naturae10 #ageh1 where he divided them up into seven great orders2 namely1 ,coleoptera1 ,hemiptera1 ,lepidoptera1 ,neuroptera1 ,hymenoptera1 ,diptera1 and ,aptera1 distinguished by the number and structure of the wings4 ,later on 7#aggh7 ,fabricius founded another classification1 based on the structure of the organs of the mouth1 but this artificial arrangement soon became obsolete4 ,in #ahae1 ,kirby and ,spence issued the work in four volumes entitled 8,an ,introduction to ,entomology or ,elements of the ,natural ,history of ,insects10 a second revised edition coming out in #ahaf4 ,this was the first attempt in ,england to popularise entomology1 and to give the ordinary reader an idea of classification4 ,in it will be found a great deal of general information that all young entomologists should read4 ,in ,westwood's 8,introduction to the ,modern ,classification of ,insects10 published in #ahci1 a great advance was made1 and the science placed on a sound footing2 this has been a great help to all workers4 ,he divided the insects into thirteen orders2 but1 though the tendency of ,american and ,european writers has been to increase these divisions1 we have reduced them1 and in ,kirby's 8,text ,book of ,entomology0 only seven are used4 ,in the last work1 8,insects0 7,cambridge ,natural ,history1 #ahie71 by ,sharp1 the same seven orders are used1 though in a somewhat different manner1 with the addition of an eighth1 ,thysanoptera1 to contain the single family ,thripidae4 ,the correct naming of insects is based on the following rules3 ,first comes the ,order1 which may contain a number of ,families1 all with certain peculiarities2 as1 for example1 the straight-winged insects1 ,order ,orthoptera1 of which we will take the ,family ,acridiidae1 8locusts40 ,this ,family is again subdivided into smaller divisions or groups1 called ,genera2 all the individuals comprised in the ,genus have some well-defined external characters that form a common link binding them together3 the individuals are known as ,species4 ,therefore each insect when it has been described has a generic or group name1 and a specific or individual name4 ,the generic name should be based on some ,greek or ,latin root1 preferably the former1 but it cannot of course be compounded from both languages2 it should on translation give some clue to the general distinctive character of the group4 ,the specific name should be derived from ,latin1 and give the student some idea of the locality1 markings1 colour1 or shape of some part of the insect under observation2 thus1 ,locusta australis1 ,brunner1 is the southern locust or grasshopper4 ,as a matter of convenience to students1 the name or abbreviated name of the entomologist who first described the insect follows the name when mentioned in scientific articles or catalogues1 but is not usually done in general work4 ,the rules here laid down1 however1 are much more observed in the breach than in the observance4 ,in former times most descriptions of insects were written in ,latin1 but at the present time they are being described not only in ,english1 ,french1 and ,german1 but many other languages difficult for the ordinary ,english student to translate1 such as ,russian1 ,bohemian1 ,hungarian1 c41 so that it is very difficult in many instances to find out whether some generic names have any meaning4 ,the difficulty of creating generic names with pure roots that are not preoccupied by previous writers is always increasing1 and to save the trouble of going through the lists of genera already in use1 many zoologists use the names of other naturalists1 names of localities1 or 8nonsense0 names compounded of a jumble of letters4 ,then1 again1 when the genus is an extensive one containing many species1 the describer gives it the ,latinised name of the collector or some friend he wishes to honour1 so that we may come across both a generic and specific name that throws no light on the identity of the insect4 ,as an example1 ,grabhamia curriei2 ,coquillett named this mosquito in the first instance ,culex curriei1 ,currie's mosquito1 which was consistent1 but ,theobald found on subsequent examination that it belonged to his ,genus ,grabhamia1 dedicated to ,dr4 ,grabham4 ,even without these drawbacks1 a beginner naturally finds the classification of insects a serious task1 and the simple committing to memory of the scientific names a big undertaking2 but when he has once grasped the rudiments1 the system will soon appear to him4 ,one of the most difficult things the popular writer meets with in scientific work is to find a suitable vernacular name to fit a common insect2 a beetle may be bright yellow1 with a brown head2 the first man comes along and calls it the 8,yellow-bodied ,beetle10 another passes by and says it is the 8,brown-headed ,beetle10 yet neither would be quite accurate or define its main peculiarities4 ,again1 we often find a popular name that designates a particular insect in one district is used for quite a different species in another part of the ,state3 quite recently ,i asked several correspondents for specimens of the beetle in the ,maitland district known as the 8,jackeroi10 and had four distinct species of weevils forwarded under that name4 ,the 8,dicky ,rice0 is the name given to a tiny grey weevil 7,prosayleus phytolymus7 by the orchardists about ,windsor1 but in other districts it is used indiscriminately for a number of other weevils4 ,should any one take up a box full of unnamed and unclassified insects1 he will feel like a stranger in a picture gallery without a catalogue2 for1 while everything is very beautiful1 how much more interesting if he only knew something about the subject2 for the same reason1 each insect named and arranged has an individuality that it did not previously possess4 ,,distribution4 ,the insect fauna of ,australia is as remarkable and distinctive in its peculiarities as the flora1 and probably for the same reason1--the fact of its isolated position from the larger continental areas1 and the configuration of the continent4 ,if we take away the eastern mountain range running north and south from ,cape ,york to ,gippsland1 we find an immense tract of almost level country with hardly a river of any size except the ,murray and its tributaries1 covered with thick scrub or open forest1 great flat unbroken plains in the south2 rolling downs towards the north2 sand-hills1 and low timbered ranges in the interior4 ,it is half the year without any permanent water for hundreds of miles at a stretch2 scorched with a blazing sun and fierce hot winds in summer1 bleak and cold in the winter4 ,yet there is no desert country of any extent in the strict sense of the word in the most arid portion2 for given a good fall of rain1 the country1 apparently parched beyond recovery1 soon puts on a coat of green1 wild flowers shoot out1 insects and little creatures of all kinds emerge from their hiding places1 and birds appear as if by magic4 ,naturally our fauna1 and the insects in particular1 have had to adapt themselves to these extremes1 and we find them with many curious habits without parallel in more normal countries4 ,our fauna is extremely rich in gall-producing insects in many different orders2 there are about #ej different species of coccids that form well defined galls upon their host plants1 yet the only record of a gall-making coccid outside ,australia is a single species in ,mexico4 ,numbers of ,thripidae produce galls in the leaves or flower buds of our native shrubs1 while the galls of ,psyllidae1 ,diptera1 and ,hymenoptera are very abundant4 ,ants1 ,formicidae1 swarm in the driest parts of the interior2 and flies1 of all kinds1 blow flies1 blue bottle1 and the small house flies1 are a perfect pest all through the summer months4 ,all our coastal scrubs are rich in flowering shrubs which provide food or hunting ground for a large insect population4 ,the flower wasps1 ,thynnidae1 7in which the males are large and handsome with well developed wings1 but the females are diminutive and wingless17 comprise several hundred described species2 the only other countries in which they are represented are the west coast of ,south ,america1 and a few in the ,pacific ,islands4 ,the allied ant-like ,mutillidae with their wingless females are more numerous in the interior4 ,though our country is very rich in ,sawflies1 ,tenthredinidae1 they all belong to genera peculiar to ,australia2 the members of the typical genus ,cimbex extending its range as far east as ,japan do not reach us4 ,the low stunted flowering shrubs covering large patches of both the eastern and western coasts support an immense number of ,jewel-beetles1 ,genus ,stigmodera1 also peculiar to this continent4 ,we appear to have few forms allied to ,north or ,south ,america2 our affinities are with ,africa1 and the ,malay ,peninsula2 insects of well sustained flight1 as the ,orthoptera1 are found here identical with species found in ,africa and ,asia4 ,many insects abundant in the eastern coastal districts are very limited in their range2 but on the western watershed others may be found ranging right across to the ,indian ,ocean4 ,,structure4 ,the imago or perfect insect is encased in a more or less perfect horny integument composed of a substance called chiten1 which forms in many a regular box containing all the vital organs4 ,every insect can be divided into three primary divisions3 first1 the head1 to which is attached the mouth parts1 antennae1 and eyes2 second1 the thorax or chest1 sometimes forming a solid mass1 but properly composed of three segments1 namely1 the prothorax1 mesothorax1 and metathorax1 to which are attached three pairs of legs1 and two pairs of wings 7there are1 however1 many exceptions to the last1 as some have only one pair1 and others are wingless72 third1 the abdomen or body1 consisting of a number of segments variously estimated from five to eleven1 the normal number being ten1 which enclose the digestive1 breathing1 and reproductive organs4 ,every insect in the first instance comes from an egg or living larva produced by the female1 and though1 even to the naturalist1 it seems very hard to account for the countless millions of some of the smaller insects such as aphids and scale insects which suddenly swarm as if by magic over plants1 there is no such thing as spontaneous generation2 insects cannot come out of the ground from nothing1 or be produced from the crystalline dew upon the foliage as we have sometimes found stated in newspapers4 ,again1 a grain weevil cannot change into a flour moth1 or vice versa1 as many of our farmers will say in all good faith4 ,in some groups the insects are produced as living larvae1 and commence to feed at once2 but in the majority1 eggs are deposited in or upon the food1 in which state they may remain without hatching but a few days1 or more than a year4 ,as soon as the little caterpillar or grub emerges1 it starts upon its food1 spending the whole of this stage of its existence in eating and growing1 moulting at intervals by casting off the outer skin to accommodate its increasing bulk2 when full-grown and ready for the final moult1 it stops eating1 crawls away into a suitable place1 and forms a cocoon1 cell1 or shell1 in which it pupates4 ,it is now a chrysalis or pupa1 quiescent1 without any movement except a slight twitching of the tip of the abdomen when disturbed4 ,under the pupal covering the different organs of the perfect insect become gradually defined1 until one bright day the last evolution is completed1 and with a few convulsive movements the perfect insect bursts out of its enveloping swaddling clothes and appears in all its beauty and perfection4 ,some groups1 however1 undergo a much more simple or incomplete metamorphosis2 emerging from the egg a baby insect ready to eat1 7like the grasshopper17 the same food as its mother2 it undergoes a series of moults1 and after casting its skin every time1 becomes more nearly perfect without any true pupal stage1 and finally after the last moult comes forth with well-developed wings1 a perfect insect4 ,the typical insect is furnished with a large compound eye on either side of the head composed of a number of small sections called facets1 varying in number from sixteen to several thousands in some of the more highly developed families1 and two or three simple eyes forming bright shining dots between the compound pair called ocelli4 ,in some groups these ocelli are wanting2 in others both eyes and ocelli1 so the insects are therefore blind4 ,the mouth parts are composed of several hard plates2 in chewing or biting 7mandibulate7 insects1 they consist of a pair of stout jaws1 in front of which lies the labrum1 and behind the maxillae2 again behind the maxillae follows a second pair fused together to form the labium4 ,both labium and maxillae are provided with a pair of slender jointed appendages known as labial and maxillary palpi2 these are used as fingers to assist in drawing food into the mouth4 ,in those groups with sucking 7haustellate7 mouths these various parts are coalesced into a simple sucking tube ending in a sharp style-like tip1 which is buried in the tissue of the plant when the insect is feeding4 ,the antennae when well developed consist of a number of distinct rings or segments1 standing out on either side of the head1 and generally attached to the front of the head between the eyes2 they serve as organs of touch1 smell1 and probably hearing4 ,the legs contain five distinct joints2 first1 the coxae or hips2 next1 the trochanters1 small joints with a ball and socket-like action from which the femora or thighs move backward and forward2 to these are attached the tibiae or shanks terminating in the tarsi or feet at the extremity4 ,most insects are also furnished with a pair of tarsal claws1 between which may be a small pad1 called the pulvillus or empodium4 ,the wings of insects vary considerably4 ,some are membranous and smooth2 others are covered with down or scales2 while in many the fore pair are solid chitinous wing-cases1 useless for flight1 and chiefly acting as protective covers to the hind pair1 which1 when the insect is at rest1 lie folded up beneath them4 ,the flying wings are traversed with branching tubes called nervures1 which1 while strengthening them1 also perform an important function in the breathing of the insect1 and are pierced with small openings2 these openings are very distinct in some of the hymenoptera4 ,insects breathe by means of openings situated along the sides of the thoracic and abdominal segments called spiracles1 opening out into branching air vessels called trachea1 which pass into the interior1 ramifying throughout the body and extending into every part and appendage1 even to the tips of the antennae4 ,the nervous system1 the life and movement of the insect1 consists of a double chain of ganglia1 7ganglion1 a knot17 nerve cells1 which are connected with finer encircling nerve tissues1 that radiate in all directions1 returning to the ganglia1 the latter regulating the nerve sensation4 ,therefore1 as their perceptions are so much less confined to the brain than in vertebrate animals1 they cannot feel to the same extent4 ,thus1 you can frequently find a locust1 beetle1 or ant that has escaped from a bird1 minus its abdomen1 still crawling about1 quite able to move all its remaining organs4 ,you can even remove the long slender body of a dragon-fly1 and carefully insert a bit of grass stalk of the same length and weight to balance the wings1 and it will fly off quite readily2 but of course they will not live long after such injuries4 ,we know that many insects must have very keen perceptions of sound1 or the movement of the air around them1 for they will drop to the ground at the least alarm1 before the bush upon which they are resting has been touched4 ,very little is understood about the organs of hearing1 except in the case of grasshoppers and locusts where the ears have been located at the base of the abdomen or on the front leg2 these in some species can be detected with an ordinary lens4 ,it is considered by some writers that the hairs and spiracles upon the different parts of the body may transmit sound and act as ears4 ,the organs of sound are very interesting1 but can be better treated when dealing with the different groups4 ,usually1 there are only two sexes of insects1 males and females2 but among those living in social communities1 like the bees1 ants1 wasps1 and termites1 the majority of the inhabitants are neuters4 ,these neuters are usually aborted females1 which do all the work in the construction of the nest and look after the food supply of the rest of the community4 ,,fossil ,,insects ,in comparison with other countries1 fossil remains of insects are scarce2 only ten species have been described and named4 ,my information on this subject is obtained from ,messrs4 ,etheridge and ,olliff's ,memoir of the ,geological ,survey1 7,palaeontology ,no4 #g172 8,the ,mesozoic and ,tertiary ,insects of ,new ,south ,wales10 #ahij4 ,the first record of fossil insects was made by ,moore in the ,quarterly ,journal of the ,geological ,society1 #ahgj1 entitled 8,note on a plant and insect bed on the ,rocky ,river1 ,n4,s4,w40 8,these insects were obtained from a chocolate-coloured micaceous laminated marl1 forming a bed ten feet thick1 at a depth of about one hundred feet from the surface1 and forming a portion of the ,tertiary drift worked at the above locality4 ,the latter are probably of ,pliocene age40 7,e4 ,o47 ,jack obtained the wing of a dragon fly in the ,cretaceous beds of the ,flinders ,river1 ,n4 ,queensland1 which was described and figured by ,woodward under the name of ,aeschna flindersensis in the ,geological ,magazine1 #ahhd4 ,it was entombed in a dark chocolate limestone4 ,the insects described and figured by ,messrs4 ,etheridge and ,olliff consist of a cicada 7,c4 lowei7 from the 8,taeniopteris-bearing beds of the ,talbragar ,river in ,new ,south ,wales1 and of ,lower ,mesozoic age03 a fly1 ,chironomus venerabilis3 and a mayfly1 ,ephemera culleni3 and a beetle larva belonging to the ,lampyridae1 under the name of ,palaeolycus problematicus1 from the ,tertiary beds at ,emmaville1 ,new ,england4 ,from the ,ipswich ,coal ,measures of ,queensland comes the fossil wing of a ,buprestid beetle1 allied to existing ,stigmodera1 which they called ,mesostigmodera typica4 ,among the insect remains from this locality the authors note several wings that appear to belong to weevils and other beetles allied to existing species4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,dun informs me that insect remains have been found at ,narellan ,n4,s4,w4 in ,wianamatta shales1 and also in the brick pits at ,st4 ,peters near ,sydney4 ,order ,i4--,,aptera4 ,spring-tails and ,silver-fish4 ,these tiny little creatures are wingless in all stages of their existence1 with only six segments in the abdomen2 they are active little creatures of very delicate structure1 found in all kinds of situations4 ,we have many indigenous species1 but on account of their small size and retiring habits they have been seldom noticed1 and a wide field awaits some future entomologist who undertakes the study of these interesting insects4 ,very little systematic work had been done with these insects until ,lubbock's 8,monograph of the ,collembola and ,thysanura0 was published by the ,ray ,society in #ahgc4 ,in this work not only are a large number described1 but observations made upon their habits and life histories are recorded4 ,family #a4 ,spring-tails4 ,,collembola4 ,these are among the smallest insects1 for the largest does not measure more than of an inch in length1 and most of them are very much smaller4 ,they are chiefly found in damp situations among loose soil1 decaying vegetable matter1 and such like material1 and can stand a very cold temperature4 ,they are easily distinguished from the silver-fish by the few joints in the antennae1 and the great powers of jumping they possess by means of their long jointed tail appendages4 ,our common species1 ,lipura sp41 is at times very abundant in the loose soil2 after a sudden thunderstorm they are often washed out in such numbers that1 carried into the little pools along the road side1 they form a dull blue scum on the surface of the water4 ,they measure of a line in length2 are of a dull blue colour1 and have short1 thickened antennae and legs2 the body is distinctly segmented and rounded at the tip4 ,resting on the surface of the water they are constantly in motion1 springing up every moment like little rubber balls4 ,another species belonging to the ,genus ,smynthurus1 allied to ,s4 viridis1 a ,european form1 but probably an undescribed native species1 appeared in great numbers in lucerne paddocks in ,s4 ,australia in #ahif1 where they did a great deal of damage by eating the surface of the leaves1 swarming over the fields in countless millions4 ,it is a member of this genus 7,smynthurus lutus7 that ,lubbock has described in such an entertaining manner when recounting the courtship of these queer little creatures4 ,family #b4 ,silver-fish4 ,,thysanura4 ,the silver-fish are divided into two distinct groups3 those clothed with fine loose silver-like scales1 and those in which the scales are absent and are replaced by fine hairs4 ,the abdomen contains ten segments2 their bodies are elongated1 furnished with long1 slender1 many jointed antennae tapering to the extremities1 and the tip of the abdomen carries two or three slender thread-like tail appendages4 ,though the group has been divided into four divisions1 there are not many species described2 they frequent warm1 dry1 dark situations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,lepisma saccharina 7,linn474 ,the common ,silver-,fish4 7,redrawn from ,marlatt's 8,household ,insects407 ,lepisma saccharina1 the ,common ,european ,silver-fish1 measures up to an inch in length1 and is covered with delicate lead-coloured scales that give it a dull metallic lustre4 ,they are great pests in libraries1 where they eat the glaze on papers or clothbound books1 pasted labels1 or even the surface of etchings and engravings4 ,our common species was generally supposed to be this insect2 but ,dr4 ,silvestri1 to whom ,i submitted a number of specimens caught in ,sydney houses1 says that it is ,lepisma longicaudata1 the common ,african species unknown in ,europe4 ,there is another tiny1 little1 dull yellow species found under stones in ants' nests that ,silvestri has named ,lepisma cursitans4 ,in the dry western scrubs of the interior under stones1 hiding in the dust1 ,i collected ,lepisma producta4 ,in a natural open cave among the sandstone cliffs on the sea shore near ,gosford ,n4,s4,w4 ,i found a number of a very large species resting on the bare rock1 with a striking resemblance to small dried shrimps2 for this peculiar species ,silvestri proposes the name of ,allomachilus froggatti4 ,order ,,ii4--,,orthoptera4 ,cockroaches1 ,grasshoppers1 ,termites1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,mouth ,parts of a ,grasshopper1 ,showing the different parts4 #a4 ,the labrum1 or upper lip4 #b4 ,mandibles4 #c4 ,jaws4 #d4 ,the lower labrum4 #e4 ,tongue4 7,redrawn from ,duncan's 8,transformations of ,insects407 ,the members of this order are known as straight winged insects1 because the narrow membranous fore wings 7elytra7 are usually laid flat along the sides of the body1 covering the fan-shaped hind wings that are folded up beneath them4 ,in some of the families we find groups or individuals with the wings rudimentary or so modified in structure as to be useless for flight1 and in a few the perfect insects of one or both sexes are wingless4 ,in some1 like the typical grasshoppers1 the hind legs have the thighs greatly developed and adapted for springing or jumping2 in the ,mantids the two hind pairs of legs are simple1 but the front pair are produced into curved1 spined tibiae and femora1 weapons well adapted to capture their prey4 ,the mouth parts are composed of a rounded upper lip1 with two stout mandibles1 and a pair of jaws to which are attached jointed appendages 7maxillary palpi71 the labrum or hind lip bearing similar appendages called the labial palpi2 besides these they have a stout spade-shaped tongue1 so that they both bite off and chew up their food4 ,though the majority are vegetarian in their habits1 one group1 the mantids1 are carnivorous1 and in these insects the mouth parts are produced into a sharp point to the tip of the jaws4 ,they emerge from the eggs that are deposited singly or in masses in or upon the ground or attached to the twigs of their food plant2 as baby insects they are much like the adult1 undergoing a series of moults without any true pupal stage1 until in the last moult they emerge with fully developed wings and reproductive organs4 ,the ,orthoptera comprise a number of very different looking insects1 among them some giants of the insect world like the stick and leaf insects4 ,i have placed the earwigs1 cockroaches1 termites1 embids1 book lice1 grasshoppers1 crickets1 mantis and phasmids together1 though there is some difference of opinion among entomologists as to the exact position of the termites1 embids1 and book lice4 ,the latest list of the ,orthoptera is ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby's 8,synonymic ,catalogue of ,orthoptera1 vol4 ,i410 containing all the named species of the ,forficulidae1 ,hemimeridae1 ,blattidae1 ,mantidae1 and ,phasmidae4 ,this work was published by the ,trustees of the ,british ,museum1 #aijd3 a second volume 7not yet published7 dealing with the locusts1 grasshoppers1 and crickets will complete this work4 ,the latter were catalogued by ,f4 ,walker #ahfi-ahgj in five parts1 7,catalogue of the ,specimens of ,dermaptera1 ,saltatoria1 and ,supplement to the ,blattariae in the ,british ,museum71 which this work of ,kirby's when finished will supersede4 ,among the chief specialists on ,orthoptera may be mentioned ,henri de ,saussure1 who besides his monographs in the 8,biologia ,centrali-,americana10 has published many papers in scientific journals1 of which the most important 7containing descriptions of ,australian species7 is his 8,melanger ,orthopterologiques0 in the ,memoirs de la ,societe de ,physique et d',histoire ,naturelle de ,geneve #ahfc-d1 and in subsequent volumes4 ,brunner von ,wattenwyl has described other ,australian species in different ,german publications1 and in #ahic published his 8,rvision des ,systme des ,orthoptres0 in the ,annali del ,museo ,civico di ,storia ,naturale di ,genova4 ,kirby described other of our species chiefly in papers contributed to the 8,annals and ,magazine of ,natural ,history10 and the ,transactions of the ,zoological and ,entomological ,societies4 ,family #a4 ,earwigs4 ,,forficulidae4 ,these insects are slender in form1 with somewhat rounded heads bearing two large facetted eyes1 but no ocelli2 and long slender antennae composed of short oval joints4 ,the elytra1 very short1 usually not extending beyond the hind margin of the thorax1 cover the hind wings when at rest4 ,these hind wings are short but broad1 somewhat resembling a human ear when expanded for flight1 but neatly folded up beneath the abbreviated elytra at other times4 ,in many groups however both elytra and wings are absent1 the insects trusting to their legs and powers of burrowing to get out of danger1 and even those with well developed wings seldom use them4 ,the thorax is narrow2 the legs stout1 well adapted both for digging and running2 and the abdomen1 tapering to the extremity1 terminates in a pair of callipers or pincer-like processes1 sometimes curved and toothed into remarkable shapes4 ,it is the possession of these curious anal appendages that has led to the earwig being popularly credited with all kinds of evil propensities2 but though they certainly look very formidable they can only give one's finger a harmless pinch if handled carelessly1 and are otherwise perfectly harmless4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,labidura truncata 7,kirby74 ,the common ,earwig found in the sand along river banks4 7,original ,w4 ,b4 ,gurney47 ,earwigs are met with chiefly in damp situations2 some of the smaller ones can be collected by pulling the rotten bark off dead trees2 others are to be found under stones or logs2 and in summer time many will be found in burrows in the damp sand on the water's edge after the manner of mole crickets4 ,in point of numbers this is not a large family1 only about #ebj species being described from all parts of the world2 and only about #bj from ,australia1 so that they are poorly represented in this country4 ,the ,genus ,labidura contains #ae described species from all parts of the world2 ,labidura riparia1 a cosmopolitan species ranging from ,europe to ,asia and ,africa does not reach ,australia2 but we have a typical species in ,labidura truncata1 which has similar habits1 living in burrows in the sand along the edges of lagoons and creeks4 ,it measures an inch in length1 and is of a general reddish brown tint mottled with dull yellow2 and the dorsal segments of the abdomen are deeply barred with reddish black almost confluent down the centre4 ,the head is large2 the prothorax small1 with the elytra and wings well developed2 the abdomen1 rather narrow at the base1 is broadest behind the large callipers1 which are slender1 furnished with two blunt teeth on the inner edge and meet at the extremities4 ,it differs from ,l4 ripara in having the apical edge of the last abdominal segment truncate1 and not scalloped as in the former4 ,the next large ,genus ,anisolabis is also world wide in its range and contains #cf described species1 #c of which are recorded from ,australia1 #b from ,tasmania1 #a from ,new ,zealand1 and #a from ,norfolk ,island4 ,anisolabis colossea1 our largest common wingless species1 also recorded from ,new ,caledonia1 was described by ,dohrn 7,ann4 ,museo ,genov4 #ahgi71 and a second variety by ,burr under the name of ,a4 minor in #aijb2 but it is most variable in size1 ranging from over #a inches in length to less than half an inch4 ,it is of a uniform dull reddish brown colour1 with a rounded head1 truncate thorax1 and elongate broad abdomen terminating in a pair of short stout finger-like appendages fitting close together and turned up slightly at the tips4 ,a second species of ,anisolabis common in ,tasmania and recorded from the top of ,mount ,wellington is black1 somewhat broad and flattened on the dorsal surface1 with the anal appendages short1 slender1 and twisted over to the left side as if they had been damaged4 ,it was described by ,bormans 7,c4,r4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,belg4 #ahhj7 under the name of ,anisolabis tasmanica4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,anisolabis colossea 7,dohrn74 ,the large wingless earwig4 7,original ,w4 ,w4 ,froggatt47 ,labia grandis described by ,dubrony 7,ann4 ,museo ,genov4 #ahgi7 comes from ,north ,australia4 ,the genus contains #dg described species2 several undetermined species in my collection are small dark brown earwigs with well developed elytra1 and anal appendages very narrow at the base1 small1 and curving over at the sharp tips4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,i4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,,blattidae4 #a4 ,blatta orientalis 7,linn474 #b4 ,blatta orientalis 7,linn474 #c4 ,blatta orientalis ,larva 7,linn474 #d4 ,polyzosteria limbata 7,burm474 #e4 ,periplaneta australasiae 7,fabr474 #f4 ,geoscapheus giganteus 7,tepper74 #g4 ,panesthia laevicollis 7,sauss474 #h4 ,periplaneta americana 7,linn474 #i4 ,phyllodromia germanica 7,linn474 #aj4 ,periplaneta americana 7,linn474 ,illustration3 ,plate ,i4--,,orthoptera4 ,apterygida arachidis1 a cosmopolitan species recorded from all parts of the world1 is found in ,australia2 and the common ,european typical species1 ,forficula auricularia1 which is widely distributed over the old world and ,america1 is not recorded from ,australia in ,kirby's ,catalogue1 but ,i have specimens in my collection given me by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,walker taken in ,new ,zealand1 who told me he had also captured it in ,tasmania1 so that it is more than probable it will be found on the mainland4 ,family #b4 ,cockroaches4 ,,blattidae4 ,the typical cockroach is a shield-shaped insect1 with stout horny plates covering both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the thorax and abdomen4 ,the head1 tucked under and hidden1 when viewed from above by the rim of the prothorax1 is furnished with two large compound eyes placed well in front2 in some groups there are also two ocelli2 the antennae springing from below the eyes are very long and slender1 composed of a great number of short ringed segments4 ,the jaws are well adapted for their vegetarian habits1 though some among the domestic species are almost omnivorous in their tastes4 ,tepper considers that several species destroy the grubs and caterpillars of injurious cut-worms1 but this wants further confirmation4 ,their legs are long and stout1 covered with spines1 and in the species living under stones and logs the legs are usually thickened4 ,many species are provided with two pairs of stout membranous wings1 while the front pair 7elytra7 are thickened1 opaque and coarsely veined2 the hind wings1 though frequently small1 are fan-shaped1 membranous and well adapted for flight4 ,the cockroach is one of the most ancient of insects1 and roaches are common in fossil beds both in ,europe and ,america1 many of them allied to our still existing forms4 ,the female has a curious habit of carrying her keeled egg capsule protruding from her abdomen for some time before she deposits it in a suitable situation4 ,a number of cosmopolitan species might be called domestic insects as they are only found about houses or the haunts of man2 in ,london ,blatta orientalis is commonly known as the 8black beetle10 swarming in cellars and kitchens4 ,in ,sydney the large yellow roach that comes flying round the room to the light is ,periplaneta americana1 an introduction from ,america1 which has almost driven the smaller indigenous ,periplaneta australasiae out of our houses2 while in some of the southern and eastern ,states of ,america our ,australian roach has been introduced and become the common domestic pest4 ,the little ,german ,roach1 or 8,croten ,bug0 of ,america1 ,phyllodromia germanica1 is sometimes found about the ,sydney wharves4 ,many of these bush and household roaches are provided with glands at the tip of the abdomen1 from which they can discharge 7when disturbed7 a foetid odour as a means of defence4 ,the cockroaches are a very extensive family2 ,marlatt estimates that at least #e1jjj occur all over the world2 about #bab species are given by ,kirby 7,catalogue ,orthoptera vol4 ,i4 ,british ,museum #aijd7 as ,australian4 ,most of our typical forms are wingless1 and live under rotten logs or stones2 some of the largest species are to be found in the dry interior4 ,saussure has described a number of our species 7,mem4 ,soc4 ,geneve #ahfc-d-i73 ,walker many others1 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,catalogue ,blattidae #ahfh73 and ,tepper has been a constant worker at this group in ,south ,australia for some years2 descriptions of most of his species will be found in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,s4 ,australia between #ahic-ie1 and the ,zoology of the ,horn ,expedition #ahif4 ,the ,genus ,panesthia contains #dd described species ranging from ,india to ,australia1 of which #g are peculiar to this country4 ,panesthia laevicollis is common in forest land1 where it is found burrowing in damp rotting logs4 ,it is a wingless black insect1 measuring nearly #a inches in length1 with the thorax narrow and flattened above the head1 the latter furnished with comparatively short antennae2 the legs short but very spiny2 and the dorsal surface of the abdomen covered with irregular punctures4 ,cosmozosteria coolgardiensis is a very distinctive1 wingless1 dull yellow species broadly marked with black on the thoracic segments1 and finely barred with the same colour on the upper edges of the abdominal segments4 ,it measures about #a inches in length1 and ranges from ,south ,australia to the central parts of ,western ,australia4 ,polyzosteria limbata is a large dark brown cockroach margined on the outer edge of the dorsal plates with yellow2 it is common in the vicinity of ,sydney1 and may be often noticed in the neighbourhood of ,botany resting on stumps and fences2 it has the habit1 like several other species1 of discharging a most offensive liquid when disturbed4 ,polyzosteria pubescens is an allied but much larger insect1 measures up to #b inches in length and #a inch in breadth2 it is of a uniform dull brown tint1 and is common about ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a41 and will be probably found to range over a large portion of the interior4 ,polyzosteria mitchellii is a variegated1 dull metallic green cockroach ranging over the same country1 but not more than #a inches in length4 ,it has the upper surface margined on the edges with yellow1 and is mottled on the legs and under-surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #f4 ,figs4 #e and #f4--;,desert ,cockroaches4 #e4 ,polyzosteria mitchellii 7,angas74 ,the green-banded cockroach4 #f4 ,polyzosteria pubescens 7,tepper74 ,the ,pubescent cockroach4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,geoscapheus giganteus is our giant cockroach1 measuring #b inches in length and #a across the middle of the body4 ,like the last three it is wingless1 with the large prothoracic shield overlapping the head4 ,in colour it is bright reddish brown1 crenulated and very rugose in the centre of the dorsal surface4 ,in the same year 7#ahie7 that ,tepper obtained this fine species1 ,saussure described another large roach under the name of ,macropanesthia rhinoceros1 forming a new genus for its reception and adding a second species which he named ,m4 muelleri4 ,family #c4 ,white ,ants4 ,,termitidae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--,mastotermes darwiniensis 7,froggatt74 ,the giant termite of ,northern ,australia1 showing the structure of the wings of the male4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the exact position of these insects in every scheme of classification has been more or less vague1 and while some writers place them in the ,orthoptera1 more include them in the ,neuroptera2 others again to get over the difficulty have formed a halting ground between the two and called them ,pseudo-,neuroptera4 ,in the 8,genera ,insectorum10 ,desneux has followed ,brull and ,comstock and placed them in a distinct order as ,isoptera4 ,grassi1 one of the greatest living authorities on the anatomy of insects1 considers they are allied to the ,neuroptera3 but taking the broad ground of outward structure upon which the ,orders were formed1 and comparing the perfect termites1 especially my giant species from ,north ,australia1 ,mastotermes darwiniensis1 with other families1 ,i consider they are closely allied to the cockroaches1 and therefore place them here4 ,take the wing away from some of the larger species and they have a striking resemblance to earwigs1 and one of our greatest authorities on the family 7,hagen7 actually described a damaged earwig from ,japan as a termite4 ,termites are widely distributed over all the warmer regions of the world1 though most numerous in tropical countries2 and a number of fossil species have been described from ,europe and ,america4 ,when ,hagen's 8,monograph of the ,termitidae0 was published in #aheh1 only seven species were recorded from ,australia and ,tasmania1 and one or two of these are very doubtful4 ,in my 8,australian ,termitidae0 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #ahif-ahig7 the number was brought up to #ce1 and there are probably many more to be discovered1 so that the family is very well represented in this country4 ,our species have been subdivided into nine genera placed in six sub-families1 which are chiefly formed on the wing structure4 ,broadly speaking their habits are very similar1 and each nest or community consists of the same castes4 ,first in order come the dark brown perfect winged male and female insects1 only found in the regular nests in the early summer months2 for soon after their wings are developed1 the workers cut openings in the clay walls of the nest1 and they fly out in a continuous stream1 generally just before sunset1 and when all have left the workers again close up the openings for another year4 ,in the winged state they are known as 8flying ants10 and on a warm summer night sometimes come in such numbers round the lights1 dropping their easily detached wings all over the table1 that they are a regular nuisance4 ,these perfect termites have well developed eyes2 slender antennae composed of short1 rounded1 bead-like joints standing out in front of the rounded flattened head2 and a short stout thorax fitting close against the elongate rounded abdomen4 ,they are furnished with two pairs of similar1 elongated1 narrow wings of uniform width rounded at the tips1 with primitive parallel neuration2 these are loosely attached to the basal wing-flap by a cross suture1 where they readily tear them across2 when at rest they are laid flat over each other down the back1 extending well beyond the tip of the body3 the legs are short and stout4 ,their flight is feeble1 and of the millions that swarm out and flutter away from the nest1 probably not more than halfa-dozen couples are fortunate enough to get into a suitable place to found a fresh colony4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,diagram of head of worker termite4 ,dorsal view1 showing the jaws and mouth parts4 ,coptotermes 7,termes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,coptotermes 7,termes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 ,fully developed female or ,queen4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,termitidae4 ,coptotermes 7,termes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 #a4 ,male 7wings closed74 #b4 ,male 7wings expanded74 #c4 ,worker4 #d4 ,nymph4 #e4 ,soldier4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii4--,,orthoptera4 ,the next caste1 that form the bulk of the life of the nest1 are the workers1 delicate soft white creatures with pale yellow1 rounded1 flattened heads2 blind1 but furnished with slender antennae2 and a pair of short stout toothed jaws hidden by the labrum1 and which in the course of their labours do such immense damage to all kinds of both native and imported timber4 ,the third caste1 also always present1 are the soldiers1 that simply act as guards for the whole nest1 leaving all the work of building1 feeding the young1 and gathering supplies to the workers4 ,in the fourth we have the ,queen1 which was originally one of the winged forms2 after casting her wings she is impregnated1 and while the head1 thorax and appendages remain as before1 the abdomen swells into a white cylindrical sack as thick as one's little finger2 the chitinous plates that once fitted close together are now widely separated and appear as narrow black bands4 ,she is simply a mass of egg tubes2 and1 looked after and fed by the attendant workers1 she devotes her life to laying eggs1 which1 like grains of sugar1 are carried away and piled up by the workers in adjacent chambers under the nursery4 ,from these eggs develop tiny white specks of matter that gradually develop by a regular series of moults into workers1 soldiers1 and immature winged forms2 the latter have large rounded bodies and rounded wing pads representing the future wings4 ,supplementary ,queens are sometimes found that have never gone through the winged stage2 they have the general structure and large corrugated bodies of the mature queens4 ,the typical white ants' nest1 known as a ,termitarium1 usually consists in the first instance of a mass of woody laminated material that might be likened to papier-mache1 originally a stump or portion of a log that has been chewed up and voided in the form of a mortar-like substance4 ,this termitarium is full of irregular galleries running like a network all through the mass1 with the means of exit running out under the nest2 a mass of stout terraced structure above the ground level surrounds the ,royal ,chambers1 which might be likened in size and shape to an inverted saucer1 from which the enclosed ,queen cannot escape1 but the attendant workers can pass to and fro4 ,above this is a rounded oval mass often as big as a child's head1 which resembles stiff brown paper folded round and round1 full of fine openings1 and is easily crumbled up2 this1 for want of a better word1 ,i call the nursery1 as it contains all the minute larvae as they emerge from the eggs4 ,the formation above the nursery is more irregular1 and terminates in a rounded cap4 ,the whole of this woody structure is covered with a stout enveloping wall of fine clay1 which1 carried up grain by grain1 has been cemented together into a firm earthy wall in contact with the woody structure at the base of the nest1 but often with a cavity at the apex4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,queen ,termite 7,c4 7,termes7 lacteus7 7,froggatt74 ,showing her in the ,royal ,cell or ,queen's ,chamber4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the nests of the ,eutermes are sometimes built over stumps1 but more often on the branches or trunks of trees1 where they form rounded or oval masses a foot or two in diameter1 with covered galleries leading down to the ground4 ,in these nests there is no distinct outer earthy sheath2 when near the ground1 earth and wood are blended together in a very compact mass1 full of small galleries running at every angle1 and have no distinct structure like the first group4 ,when the nest is placed on a tree trunk or branch away from the ground it consists almost entirely of woody matter1 and may be quite soft and papery beneath the outer crust4 ,in the ,west ,indies these nests are popularly known as 8,negroheads40 ,other groups are never known to construct true nests1 but form chambers and galleries under the bark of trees1 in banks1 or simply under logs and stones4 ,some in the interior are said to disappear underground from their nests in the dry summer time1 returning with the first rains and mending up the dilapidated walls4 ,the members of the two genera ,mastotermes and ,calotermes have the wings much more thickly veined than the more simple ,termes and ,eutermes4 ,mastotermes darwiniensis is the largest common species taken flying round the lights at night in ,north ,queensland and ,port ,darwin4 ,it is very dark brown1 with thickly veined wings1 and measures #a inches in length from the front of the head to the tip of the folded wings4 ,nothing is known of its nests or the other forms of this species4 ,it is the sole representative of the sub-family4 ,i have1 through the observations of ,mr4 ,n4 ,w4 ,christie of ,port ,darwin1 good reasons for believing that ,termes errabundus1 described from the soldiers and workers only1 is identical with this giant termite4 ,he informs me that at ,point ,charles he finds the nests in every old post or stump in the wet season4 ,calotermes longiceps is the common ,sydney species of this group1 of which we have six described from ,australia1 and one from ,new ,zealand4 ,the soldier measures inch in length1 with a long broad head armed with blackish projecting jaws1 which are irregularly toothed on the inner edges4 ,the ,calotermes live in logs and trees in small communities2 they form no regular nest2 this species is found in logs of firewood about ,sydney4 ,in some species the soldiers are very rare1 the community consisting of immature winged forms and workers4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iii4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,,termitidae4 ,termitarium of the ,meridonial ,white ,ant1 ,termes meridionalis 7,froggatt74 8,the ,magnetic ,nest10 ,palmerston1 ,port ,darwin1 ,n4 ,australia4 7,original photo4 ,n4 ,holtz47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iii4--,,orthoptera4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,,rhinoterminae we have two species1 differing from the former group in having the wings very finely wrinkled or reticulated2 and also in having two distinct forms of soldiers1 one much larger than the other1 but both with pear shaped heads and pointed finely-toothed jaws4 ,rhinotermes intermedius is not uncommon in old stumps about ,sydney2 the winged forms are of a light reddish brown colour with delicate wings2 both the workers and soldiers of the major type have large yellow heads1 the latter armed with curved jaws2 while the heads of the small form of soldiers are much more slender4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,typical ,domed ,termitarium or 8,white ,ants' ,nest0 from the coastal districts of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,formed by ,coptotermes 7,termes7 lacteus 7,froggatt74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,vertical section of nest of the same species shewing the structure of the woody interior1 with the outer clay covering4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the typical ,,termitinae comprise nearly all the species that build regular mounds1 containing countless thousands of individuals4 ,termes lacteus is the common species that does so much mischief to buildings about ,sydney1 and though not a mound builder about the city1 yet from ,colo ,vale to ,victoria and also northward it forms tall rounded nests up to six feet high and very regular in structure4 ,the soldier is about inch long1 with a bright1 yellow1 pear shaped head1 and a pair of curved jaws2 it also has an opening in the front of the head above the jaws from which it can discharge a globule of milk-like fluid when disturbed4 ,this species with several allied forms has been placed in the genus ,coptotermes4 ,termes meridionalis has a small soldier1 almost white1 with a rounded yellow head armed with two slender curved jaws1 and an incurved tooth in the centre of the inner margin2 it measures a little over of an inch in length4 ,it has a world wide reputation on account of building what is known as the 8,magnetic ,nest10 built like a brick wall and always pointing north and south1 with the wall facing east and west4 ,jack 7,pro4 ,royal ,society1 ,queensland1 #ahig7 considers that this is done by the termites always building towards the rising sun2 so that1 as they work at night1 the clay will dry rapidly4 ,they are found in several localities on ,cape ,york and near ,port ,darwin4 ,several very distinct species are found in the interior4 ,termes perniger ranges from ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a4 to ,western ,queensland2 the soldier is a very dark coloured insect with a very large head furnished with large powerful toothed jaws1 and is very savage4 ,t4 rubriceps is found in small colonies in ,central ,australia1 forming their nests at the roots of the tussocks of spinifex grass4 ,t4 krisiformes1 a species in which the soldier has slender irregular jaws like a ,malay kris1 makes tiny little mounds about ,bulli ,n4,s4,w4 or forms colonies under the shelter of a log4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,nest of ,white ,ant 7,eutermes fumipennis7 7,walker71 upon the summit of a rock where a small stump had been situated4 ,manly1 near ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 7,original photo4 ,w4,w4,f47 ,the members of the genus ,eutermes are common all over ,australia2 they construct hard woody nests seldom more than a foot or two high2 though at the same time1 the largest known termitarium is also built by one species1 ,eutermes pyriformis1 pillar shaped and often #ah feet in height1 probably in the first instance commenced over a dead tree trunk4 ,the soldiers are very curious looking creatures2 the peculiar oval or rounded heads produced into an awl-like point in front1 the centre being filled with a clear honey-like fluid2 this is discharged down the projecting snout and smothers their enemies1 because they have no true jaws above the mouth3 most of them are much darker brown insects than the other termites4 ,the two species1 ,eutermes fumigatus1 the darker1 smaller species1 and ,e4 fumipennis1 the lighter tinted1 are common in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,typical nest1 of the ,spinifex termite 7,eutermes triodiae7 7,froggatt71 about #ad feet high4 ,hall's ,creek1 ,kimberley1 ,w4,a4 7,original photo4 ,mansbridge47 ,family #d4 ,web-spinners4 ,,embiidae4 ,these rare and curious little chocolate brown creatures are elongate in form1 not unlike a slender adult termite after it has shed its wings1 and they form another group that has puzzled entomologists in regard to their classification4 ,only twenty species are known from all parts of the world2 but from their affinities to prehistoric insects they have been carefully studied4 ,grassi worked at the life-history of a species found in ,southern ,europe under stones3 ,wood-,mason has figured and described ,indian forms and placed them in the ,orthoptera3 ,perkins says that the species in ,hawaii is common on tree trunks where they conceal themselves under a fine web like spiders4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iv4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,,termitidae4 ,termitarium of the ,great ,mound-nest ,white ,ant1 ,eutermes pyriformis 7,froggatt74 ,palmerston1 ,port ,darwin1 ,n4 ,australia4 7,original photo4 ,n4 ,holtz47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iv4--,,orthoptera4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,oligotoma gurneyi 7,froggatt74 ,the web spinning embiid4 ,with a diagram showing the primitive structure of wing4 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,they measure up to about an inch in length2 are elongate in form with large globular heads1 small toothed jaws1 and long1 slender antennae composed of #bj or more bead-shaped joints which they are constantly moving when they run about4 ,the thorax is formed of three very elongated segments1 so that each pair of legs is very wide apart2 and in the winged forms the slender oar-shaped wings with very primitive nervures are so far from each other that they have quite a comical look2 the abdomen is short1 cylindrical1 composed of #aj segments1 rounded at the tip1 with large anal appendages 7cerci74 ,the legs are curiously thickened1 with the tarsi of the front pair shaped somewhat like a weaver's shuttle4 ,until last year they were unknown in ,australia1 when ,i described two species 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #aijd72 the first ,oligotoma agilis1 is a wingless form1 of which ,i found two specimens while turning over granite boulders at ,bomen near ,wagga ,n4,s4,w4 ,the second1 ,oligotoma gurneyi1 was obtained by ,mr4 ,gurney in a lighted room one evening in a suburb of ,sydney2 it had well developed wings4 ,soon afterwards ,mr4 ,steel had his attention called to what one of the men in the ,colonial ,sugar ,co4's refinery at ,pyrmont called a 8white fungus0 under one of the windows4 ,this ,mr4 ,steel found to be a mass of white web matted with excrement and full of slender brown insects1 which he collected into a bottle and handed to me4 ,though most of them were mature1 only a few showed regular wing pads1 but otherwise they appear to be ,o4 gurneyi2 in captivity they spun a great quantity of delicate white web among which they hid1 but when wet sugar was placed on the cork they ate it readily4 ,family #e4 ,book ,lice4 ,,psocidae4 ,these are very delicate little creatures that run about on moss grown fences1 tree trunks1 among foliage1 or hide in boxes1 old baskets and other litter4 ,in some groups1 while the larvae and pupae are wingless1 the perfect insects have two pairs of delicate wings with curious curved transverse nervures and very few cross veins1 so that the cells are few4 ,in other groups the perfect insects are wingless1 or if present1 aborted and useless for flight4 ,they are all furnished with long slender antennae consisting of from #aa to #be joints2 the head is large1 rounded in front1 with convex eyes1 and three ocelli 7wanting in the wingless forms74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--,philotarsus froggatti 7,enderlein74 ,a typical specimen of the ,psocidae found near ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 7,redrawn from ,enderlein's figure1--,w4,w4,f47 ,they can be collected into a small tube on fences or tree trunks1 or shaken into a net or umbrella2 but they must be handled very gently1 and are best placed in dry tubes1 and killed and mounted at home4 ,many handsome species are found in ,australia1 and some probably have a wide distribution1 as they are easily introduced into a new country with many kinds of produce4 ,one dull winged species is very common on the foliage of the orange trees1 where it lays its metallic green eggs in patches of #i or #ab on the midrib of the leaf1 covering them over with a delicate white silken sheet4 ,a number of species were obtained in ,australia by the ,hungarian entomologist ,l4 ,biro1 collecting for the ,royal ,museum of ,hungary1 chiefly captured in the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,in #aijc ,dr4 ,enderlein classified and described these 7,die ,copeognathen des ,indo-,australischen ,faunengebietes71 published in the ,annals of the above ,museum1 and illustrated with many fine drawings4 ,in this monograph he divides the family into #af sub-families1 #ci genera and #aae species1 #ae of which are described from ,australia4 ,philotarsus froggatti1 a tiny creature #b millimetres in length1 with clear wings1 is found on the ,blue ,mountains4 ,family #f4 ,mantids4 ,,mantidae4 ,we have no exact popular name for these peculiar insects2 some of the bush children call them 8,forest ,ladies10 on account of the dainty form and graceful motion of several of our smaller species1 which is rather appropriate2 but unfortunately several lace-wings go under the same fanciful name4 ,in the ,united ,states the common species are called 8,rear ,horses0 from the way they stand at rest with raised fore legs4 ,the ,romans called them 8,soothsayers20 and at least two species are known as 8,praying ,mantis10 namely ,mantis religiosa in ,europe1 and ,mantis carolina in the ,united ,states1 from their pious attitudes4 ,they are most numerous in tropical countries1 and are well represented in ,australia2 ,westwood in his 8,synopsis of the ,species of ,mantidae10 published in #ahhi1 records #fbd described species1 only #cj of which come from this country4 ,kirby's ,catalogue 7#aijd7 brings the list up to about #hdc1 and adds #e more to our list of described species4 ,with the exception of some curious little neuroptera 7,mantispa71 which can be easily distinguished by their lace-like wings1 the members of this family cannot be confused with other groups4 ,the long slender prothorax1 supporting a very flexible narrow head1 forms an elongate neck1 to which are attached1 well in front1 the formidable spined fore legs1 which are seldom used as means of progression1 but as weapons of offence to capture other insects upon which they prey1 for they are tigers of the insect world1 lying in wait1 perfectly motionless1 with their colouration adapted to the foliage among which they hunt4 ,the two apical portions of the thorax1 and slender body1 which in the ordinary type is covered with two pairs of wings1 the first pair narrow like that of a grasshopper and the hind pair fan-shaped1 with the two pairs of slender legs1 are orthopterous2 while the front portion1 consisting of the narrow head turned down in front into a pointed mouth1 with large projecting eyes1 and thread-like antennae1 show its carnivorous habits4 ,the female deposits her eggs upon the twigs or bark of trees in an almond-shaped mass1 consisting of regular rows of elongate eggs piled above each other1 with the tips all pointing outward1 and which are covered with an enveloping coat of a sticky brown secretion that1 as it hardens in the sun1 becomes dry and papery4 ,when the baby mantids emerge from the eggs they are attached to them by two slender threads fastened to the anal appendages 7cerci72 they hang head downward1 like a mass of tiny squirming caterpillars1 until they cast their first larval skin1 when they fall to the ground1 soft1 wingless1 little stick-like creatures1 ready to hunt for themselves4 ,these egg masses are very conspicuous objects in the bush and orchard1 and are often received from my correspondents with enquiries as to what they are1 and whether they should be destroyed4 ,as each is the home of some hundreds of little creatures that destroy thousands of smaller injurious insects1 they should never be disturbed by the gardener4 ,the commonest species in our gardens is the 8,thick shouldered green mantis10 ,orthodera ministralis better known under the name of ,orthodera prasina1 but as it was described many years before under the first name1 the latter has become a synonym4 ,it is about #a inches in length1 somewhat stout and thickset1 the front portion of the neck-like prothorax as wide as the head1 fitting up close against it1 and narrower where it joins the mesothorax4 ,it has well developed wings and flies very well1 but it usually remains immovable and alert1 resting on a leaf as green as its own bright coat1 its treacherous deadly fore-legs are raised1 ready to lash out and seize any incautious moth or butterfly that comes within reach1 and it will often secure one larger than itself4 ,it ranges from ,tasmania round to ,north-west ,australia1 and has been recorded from ,new ,zealand1 into which place it could have been easily introduced from ,australia with foliage plants4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,figs4 #ag and #ah4--;,australian ,mantidae4 #ag4 ,tenodera australasiae 7,leach71 the long-winged mantis4 #ah4 ,archimantis latistylus 7,serv471 the short-winged mantis4 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,the ,genus ,archimantis contains five species described from ,australia1 of which ,archimantis latistylus is the commonest species about ,sydney4 ,it measures #d inches in length1 is furnished with large well developed wings1 and varies in colour from dull green to brownish yellow2 the female is smaller1 with more thickened body and shorter wings4 ,the fore-wings1 or more properly elytra1 are brown1 rounded at the tips1 often marked in the centre with a dark spot2 the hind wings are semitransparent4 ,it hides among the dull-coloured foliage of the ,leptospermum and ,melaleuca bushes1 which assimilate well with its own uniform tint4 ,this species will be found1 figured1 in colours in ,mc,coy's 8,zoology of ,victoria1 ,decade xiii40 ,archimantis montrosa1 a slightly larger species1 comes from ,victoria ,river1 ,north ,australia2 the type was taken by ,elsey1 naturalist to the ,gregory ,exploring ,expedition in #ahef4 ,a4 armatus1 a smaller brown species1 from the same district1 has the prothorax curiously spined on the outer margins1 and the under-surface covered with coarse tubercles4 ,tenodera australasiae is another of our best known species1 not uncommon about ,sydney in the summer months on the low scrub4 ,it was first described1 and figured in colours1 by ,leach in his 8,zoological ,miscellanies0 #ahae2 and ,westwood states that the type is in the ,banksian ,collection in the ,british ,museum4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and is also a native of ,new ,caledonia1 ,new ,guinea and ,ceram4 ,it is a more brightly-tinted insect1 #c inches in length1 of a general yellowish brown colour2 the apical edge of the elytra striped with green1 followed with a stripe of pale salmon colour1 and the rest semitransparent2 the wings are tinged with pink along the front margin1 the whole mottled with black and brown1 thickest towards the body4 ,there are a number of active1 little1 black or dark brown mantids with curiously shaped bodies that run about on the dull coloured tree trunks1 seldom flying1 7though many of them are winged71 but trusting to their imitative tints to escape observation2 several of our species belong to the ,genus ,paroxypilus4 ,family #g4 ,stick or ,leaf ,insects4 ,,phasmidae4 ,these are sometimes in general appearance not unlike mantids1 but the distinctive characteristics are well defined2 for though the prothorax is more or less elongated into a neck1 and the abdomen1 wings1 and hind legs long1 it will soon be noticed that the fore pair of legs are not spined1 but are regular walking or clinging legs like the hind ones4 ,the head is oval or rounded1 with a somewhat simple mouth adapted for chewing foliage2 smaller eyes2 and large1 thicker jointed antennae4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,v4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,,phasmidae4 ,podacanthus wilkinsoni 7,macleay74 #a4 ,male4 #b4 ,female4 #c4 ,immature male4 #d4 ,showing structure of hind legs of immature male4 #e4 ,egg 7enlarged74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,v4--,,orthoptera4 ,they in the matter of colouration also adapt themselves to their surroundings1 and are usually green or brown when at rest1 though when the wings are expanded they exhibit some brilliant tints4 ,in some groups the species are winged in both sexes2 others have only winged males2 and one group is wingless in both sexes1 the latter generally long1 slender1 and stick-like4 ,this family contains some of the giants of the insect world2 specimens of several of our ,australian species measure #ab inches in length2 while supposed closely allied fossil forms unearthed in the ,carboniferous deposits of ,europe measure up to #ai inches and were supplied with immense wings4 ,the female while crawling about among the foliage drops her eggs singly on the ground beneath1 where1 protected in their hard shells among the litter1 they sometimes remain over a year before the baby phasma comes out4 ,the remarkable form and texture of these hard oval egg cases has attracted the attention of entomologists in many countries1 and ,sharp has figured and described some from ,new ,britain4 ,just as the ,mantis has adapted its colour and shape to catch its prey1 so the phasma to protect itself from its many enemies has evolved wonderful leaf-like processes upon the wings and legs1 agreeing in style with the surrounding foliage4 ,it is noticeable that the larger bodied female is often more leaf-like than her slender mate1 probably because more helpless2 this is particularly so in the gravid or egg-laying condition4 ,g4 ,r4 ,gray described a number of our species in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society #ahcf1 and others in the 8,entomology of ,australian ,phasmidae0 #ahcc1 and later in his 8,synopsis ,phasmidae02 ,westwood in his 8,catalogue of the ,orthopterous ,insects in the ,british ,museum0 #ahei describes some2 a few have been described by ,macleay1 ,leach1 ,mc,coy and ,rainbow1 bringing our list up to about #fj species4 ,in ,kirby's ,catalogue #ie species are listed from all parts of the world1 but no additions are made to our list4 ,the members of the ,genus ,bacillus are slender1 wingless1 stick-like creatures of which #e species are recorded from ,australia4 ,the ,great ,brown ,phasma1 ,acrophylla titan1 is the type of one of our groups1 containing #aa species described from this country4 ,the female measures #h inches to the tip of the body1 and is slightly broader across the outspread wings2 the general form of head and thorax to base of tegmina is slender2 the abdomen is thickened2 the legs and mesothorax are spiny4 ,the general colour is greyish brown2 the tegmina light brown1 but thickly blotched with blue-black so that it is often more black than brown2 the wings are very large with the costal area broad and similar in colour to the tegmina1 but shaded with red at base1 the hind membranous part of them light chocolate irregularly mottled with dull greyish brown4 ,the male is more slender in form1 about an inch shorter1 the smaller tegmina mottled with greenish yellow2 the front of the wings1 which are proportionately small1 are of the same colour1 and the hind portion dark chocolate finely mottled with light brown4 ,this large stick-insect used to be common about ,sydney before the scrub was cleared away1 and ranges northward up the coast4 ,gray says3 8,it is found on low scrubs about ,port ,jackson where the inhabitants call it 8,walking ,straw0 or the 8,animated ,stick40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,group of ,gregarious ,phasmids1 ,podacanthus wilkinsoni 7,macleay7 resting upon denuded eucalyptus foliage4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,podacanthus is represented by #c fine species4 ,the large pink winged phasma1 ,p4 typhon1 has a wide range from ,victoria to ,queensland4 ,when resting with closed wings it is of a uniform rich green tint1 but when the wings are opened out1 the upper surface of the abdomen and the wings behind the frontal stripe are bright rose red4 ,the female measures #e inches to the tip of the body and over #g inches across the outspread wings4 ,in this genus the mesothorax is short1 the dorsal surface covered with short spined bosses and the metathorax swelling out into a thickened body tapering to the large boat shaped ovipositor4 ,the male is smaller and much more slender4 ,p4 wilkinsoni is a gregarious species1 appearing in the summer in the ,new ,england forests in countless thousands1 stripping every leaf off the eucalyptus bushes as they travel along to the south-east1 so that all the trees look as if they had been killed by ringbarking1 from which habit they have received the name of 8,lourie's ,ringbarkers10 ,mr4 ,lourie being the owner of ,noundoc ,station1 where they are very numerous4 ,the female measures about #c inches to the tip of the body1 which is broad and thickset from the shoulders1 of a general uniform bright green tint on the dorsal surface1 with the ventral somewhat blackened and roughened4 ,when the wings are expanded the front margin shows the basal part pale orange yellow1 and the membranous part behind varying from rich rose red to pink4 ,the male is a more slender insect of a dull olive green tint1 about the same length1 with the broad wings delicate purple4 ,they appear with well developed wings about ,new ,year1 and are depositing their eggs toward the end of ,february1 the first frost killing the last of them off4 ,didymuria violescens was described and figured in ,leach's 8,zoological ,miscellanies #ahae0 as our typical ,australian ,phasma2 ,gray again figured it in colours in his 8,entomology of ,australia0 under the name of the 8,violet-winged tailed ,spectre40 ,it is a slender species not unlike the last1 of a brownish yellow colour1 with wings of a deep violet almost red tint2 and it has #c large spines on the thighs of the hind legs4 ,the ,genus ,tropidoderus contains four species according to the latest catalogue1 though there is some doubt whether one or two should not be defined as only varieties of ,t4 childreni described by ,gray4 ,t4 rhodomus is figured and described by ,mc,coy2 it measures #f inches in length and #i across the outspread wings4 ,with closed wings it is a rich green1 but when they are expanded1 the basal portion of the wings is bright red1 with the apical portion green1 and the rest semitransparent4 ,the tegmina is short1 leaf-like1 green above1 but shaded with red on the under-surface4 ,this is one of the short-necked broad-bodied forms1 and while the fore-legs are long and slender1 the thighs of the mid and hind pair are dilated into flattened leaf-like forms2 it is found1 clinging among the foliage of the gum trees1 from ,victoria to ,queensland4 ,the typical ,t4 childreni differs from this form in having the basal portion of the apical area of the wings yellow instead of red1 and the hyaline wings tinged with yellow4 ,mc,coy has figured another under the name of ,t4 iodomus3 and ,rainbow a fourth from the neighbourhood of ,sydney under the name of ,t4 decipiens which also comes very close to the typical species2 it has the basal portion of the apical area of the wings purple4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,the ,spiny ,green ,leaf ,insect4 ,extatosoma tiaratum 7,macleay74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,extatosoma tiaratum is remarkable for the great difference in the sexes2 the male is a rare insect1 about #d inches long2 is a dull dark green1 with small tegmina2 the wings are large1 rounded at the tip1 the apical margin green with the rest semiopaque1 dark brown1 mottled with whitish bands2 the head is conical1 coming to a point at the summit and cleft in the centre1 covered with fine tubercles4 ,the female measures about #e inches1 is of a similar colour1 large and swollen in proportion2 the tegmina are represented by two flaps1 and the wings are wanting4 ,the head is of the same conical shape as that of the male1 but larger2 neck short and stout2 the legs produced into dilated spiny leaf-like processes1 cut out and arcuate like the leaves of holly2 and the lower segments of the abdomen are fringed with spiny leaf-like appendages4 ,often the large body is mottled with white specks and smutty blotches1 giving it a wonderful resemblance to the foliage among which it hides4 ,it has a very wide range from ,tasmania to ,new ,guinea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,a group of ,spiny ,green ,leaf ,insects1 ,extatosoma tiaratum placed on a ,japanese ,holly bush to show protective mimicry4 78,agricultural ,gazette0 ,n4,s4,w47 ,clemacantha regale is a large1 handsome1 very long phasma over #i inches in length1 of a combined yellow and green tint2 the head is striped with parallel green and pale yellow4 ,the leaf-like tegmina are striped with white2 wings have the apical area green shaded with pink at base2 rest semitransparent with a blue tint4 ,it ranges from ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,queensland4 ,family #h4 ,short-horned ,grasshoppers4 ,,acridiidae4 ,these are insects with the thighs of the hind legs swollen or enlarged1 much longer than the fore legs1 and adapted for jumping4 ,the tarsi are composed of three distinct segments4 ,the antennae are short1 containing less than #cj joints2 the ovipositor of the females is not sabre-shaped1 but composed of short plates adapted for boring into the ground2 and the organs representing ears are placed on the sides of the first abdominal segment4 ,this group of the ,orthoptera may be described as the short-horned locusts or grasshoppers in contradistinction to the tree or grass dwelling green grasshoppers with long thread-like antennae4 ,all the true plague locusts that ravage many of the warmer countries and do an immense amount of damage belong to this division4 ,many species have a wide range2 our locusts are allied to the ,african and ,indian forms4 ,most of the species are winged1 and many are capable of long sustained flight2 these are furnished with air sacs in the interior of the thorax and abdomen2 these when distended with air assist in lightening the otherwise heavy body4 ,the remarkable shrill notes produced by some of these insects are caused by rubbing the inner edge of the hind thigh against the outer surface of the wing covers which are frequently furnished with ridges or raised veins for this purpose4 ,the so-called ears consist of a membrane covering a small opening on the abdomen1 and are of a somewhat different structure in different groups4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,diagram of ,grasshopper4 ,cyrtacanthacris exacta 77 7,walker74 ant1 antennae2 e1 eye2 vert1 vertex2 oc1 ocellus2 fast1 fastigium2 c4 fac1 costae facialis2 c1 clypeus2 m1 mandible2 l1 labrum2 mp1 maxilliary palpi2 lp1 labial palpi2 ps1 prosternal spine2 p1 pronotum2 m4 epis1 meso-episternum2 m4 epim1 meso-epimeron2 co1 coxa2 tr1 trochanter2 meta-epis1 meta-episternum2 meta-epim1 meta-epimeron2 fem1 femur2 tib1 tibia2 tar1 tarsus2 sp1 spiracle2 v1 ventral valves of ovipositor4 7,original ,w4 ,b4 ,gurney47 ,the reproductive organs of the female consist of several anal plates that are used after the manner of an auger to cut a circular pit in the hard soil1 the abdominal segments being extended while the operation is going on2 the eggs are deposited at the bottom of the hole1 enclosed in a similar exudation as that which encloses the eggs of the mantis1 and some of the plague locusts deposit two or more egg masses before they die4 ,these grasshoppers have been studied by many entomologists1 who have subdivided them into different groups4 ,brunner von ,wattenwyl places them under nine sub-families or tribes chiefly based on the structure of the head4 ,saussure has described some of our species2 ,walker1 ,stoll and ,blanchard others4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,locusta danica 7,linn47 ,the ,yellow-winged ,locust4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,yellow-winged ,locust1 ,locusta danica1 is common in open forest country all over ,australia1 and usually makes a rustling noise as it flies up2 it is too well known to need describing2 with its wings closed it is a mottled1 dull brown and green insect up to #b inches in length1 with a short broad head and crested thorax2 when the wings are opened it shows a large patch of rich yellow banded with black4 ,the male is often fully a third smaller than the female4 ,it has been described under a great number of different names1 but is now considered the same insect as found in the ,south of ,europe1 ,africa and ,asia4 ,the ,blue ,mountain ,locust1 ,oedaleus senegalensis1 might easily be mistaken for a smaller dull coloured specimen of the last one1 but the yellow tint1 when present1 is very slight1 and the wings have the tips blackened as well as the inner band4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and is also found in ,africa from which place it was described by ,krauss4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,chortoicetes pusilla 7,walker74 ,the small ,plague-locust of the interior of ,australia4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,chortoicetes terminifera 7,walker74 ,the larger ,plague-locust4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,large ,coast ,locust1 ,acridium maculicollis1 is sometimes found in gardens2 it measures #c inches to the tip of the wings1 and is greyish brown with darkly mottled elytra4 ,locusta australis is like the ,yellow-winged ,locust1 with more regularly mottled elytra1 and clear transparent wings4 ,the small plain ,locust1 ,chortoicetes pusilla1 is under #a inch in length2 the male is of a general bright yellow colour1 and the female1 somewhat larger1 of a general greyish brown tint4 ,it is the species that for the last few years has done so much damage to our grass and crops in the ,western country4 ,c4 terminifera is one-third larger1 and is of a general light brown mottled colour1 with the wings semitransparent1 tipped with dull brown2 it at times is one of our plague locusts4 ,the ,rose-winged ,locust1 ,hyalopteryx australis1 is one of our small but very noisy locusts1 about #h lines in length2 when at rest it is light brown mottled with darker tints1 the expanded hind wings are brightly shaded with rose pink and clouded with black4 ,it is found in open grass lands1 and when disturbed rises with a very shrill screech4 ,the ,red-legged ,locust1 ,cirphula pyrocnemis1 is a short broad insect about #a inch long2 is of a general dark brown tint1 with the expanded wings dark yellowish brown3 the head and thorax are roughened2 the abdominal segments are dull yellow with several black bands on the sides3 it is common on the open flats about ,sydney in summer4 ,the common 8,great ,striped ,locust10 ,cyrtacanthacris exacta1 measures nearly #c inches2 it ranges all along the ,eastern coast and is often seen in secluded gardens2 it has a broad dorsal stripe down the centre1 varying from yellow to dull green4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,cirphula pyrocnemis 7,stl74 ,the ,red-legged ,locust4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,figs4 #bg and #bh4--;,australian ,grasshoppers4 #bg4--,tryxalis rafflesii 7,blanchard74 ,the ,slender ,narrow-headed ,grasshopper4 #bh4--;,gonia australasiae 7,leach74 ,the ,ridge-backed ,grasshopper4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,long-nosed ,locust1 ,tryxalis rafflesii1 is very common in open grassed flats2 the female is nearly #c inches long1 with a slender pointed head1 and long pointed body1 varying from all shades of grass green to pale salmon colour4 ,it is easily recognised by its curious finger-like antennae1 and grotesque head4 ,the male is a very slender1 much smaller insect4 ,the pink-winged ,tryxalid1 ,atrastemorpha crenaticeps1 is much smaller2 it has a pointed head of a uniform pale green tint2 the wings are brightly tinted with red1 deepest at the shoulders4 ,the ,ridge-backed ,grasshopper1 ,goniaea australasiae1 is a large1 stout1 reddish brown insect about #b inches long1 which lives on the hills in open forest2 the male is a much smaller hopper1 but both sexes have the head1 thorax1 and closed wings forming a sharp ridge down the back4 ,in similar open forest country we find ,coryphistes cyanopterus1 which usually rests on the tree trunks1 with its slightly roughened head1 thorax1 and mottled elytra closely resembling the bark4 ,it measures #b inches in length1 but though it is very variable in size and outward colouration1 the wings when expanded always show a rich blue tint4 ,the ,crested ,locust1 ,ecphantus quadrilobis1 is one of our western forms that rests among the dry grass on the plains2 it is dull green to yellow1 short and thickset2 is #a inches long2 with the back ridged1 and the crested thorax formed into #d lobes4 ,the spotted locust1 ,stropis maculosa1 is another of our western forms2 it is broad and thickset2 about #b inches long2 of a uniform dark brown tint1 with the thorax barred1 and the elytra mottled with large patches of light yellow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,coryphistes cyanopterus 7,charpentier74 ,the ,blue-winged ,locust4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,stropis maculosa 7,stl74 ,the ,spotted ,ground-locust of the interior4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,there are also many other curious forms of wingless1 short-horned locusts in the interior1 belonging to several genera1 and probably some fine things that have never reached our museums4 ,family #i4 ,long-horned ,grasshoppers4 ,,locustidae4 ,these grasshoppers are found not only among the grass but on low shrubs1 or in tree tops1 feeding upon the foliage2 while others1 many of them wingless1 live underground after the manner of crickets4 ,among those that frequent trees are some that1 like the phasmids1 have the legs and wing-covers so wonderfully veined and spotted that they are an exact imitation of the leaves of their food plant4 ,they are easily distinguished from the previous group by their long1 slender1 thread-like antennae composed of a number of fine joints2 in most cases the body is softer2 and in the female furnished with a sabre-like ovipositor with which she generally deposits her eggs in rows along the side of a leaf or twig1 though others place them on the ground4 ,the basal portion of the thigh of the hind leg is generally thickest1 and most of the species have four jointed tarsi1 with the ear process not upon the base of the abdomen1 but on the knees of the fore-legs4 ,some are said to be carnivorous1 and ,i have twice seen a large green species which comes to the flowers of the stunted angophora devouring honey bees1 but probably more for the honey they contain than the blood of the bee4 ,brunner von ,wattenwyl has written a great deal about these insects and described a number of ,australian species4 ,tepper is one of the few ,australian entomologists who has taken up this group1 describing some in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,s4 ,australia3 in the ,locustidae of the world ,sharp groups them into fifteen tribes4 ,most of these ,orthoptera are solitary or found in pairs2 some too have a very musical note4 ,the ,mountain ,grasshopper1 ,acridopeza reticulata1 is such a curious looking creature that it has been figured and noted by many naturalists4 ,both sexes are of a uniform dull brown colour1 but very different in structure2 the male measures #b inches2 has long pointed elytra1 and well developed wings2 the head is small2 the antennae slender and thread-like2 the eyes stand out on the side of the head1 and the thorax is saddle shaped4 ,the female is furnished with a very short1 rounded body richly mottled with blue1 white1 and red1 covered with a pair of rounded1 short1 shell-like elytra1 but the wings are wanting4 ,when disturbed she stands on tiptoes1 arches her body1 raises her elytra exposing all the bright tints of her body1 which probably act as a warning to her enemies4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,vi4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,,locustidae4 #a4 ,acridopeza reticulata 7,gurin71 4 #a;a4 ,acridopeza reticulata 7,gurin71 4 #a;b4 ,acridopeza reticulata 7,gurin71 eggs4 #b4 ,alectoria superba 7,brunner74 #c4 ,ephippitytha #cb-;guttata 7,serv474 #d4 ,pseudorhynchus lessonii 7,serv474 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,vi4--,,orthoptera4 ,another remarkable grasshopper is ,alectoria superba1 found in the dry western country among the grass2 it is a long1 slender1 green insect1 measuring #b inches2 the elytra and legs are richly mottled with bright reddish brown2 the thorax is produced into a large circular crest edged with bright red1 a large boss below on either side1 and another projecting above the head4 ,the female has a very small lance-like ovipositor4 ,the ,speckled ,green ,grasshopper1 ,ephippitytha #cb-;guttata1 is about the same length as the last1 of a somewhat lighter green tint1 and has the elytra mottled with a double row of black spots varying from #cb to #dd in number4 ,the head is small1 the thorax short and somewhat saddle-shaped4 ,it is found about ,sydney on flowering shrubs2 and there is a darker variety which has a wide range over the interior1 to which ,tepper has given the name of ,e4 quadrigesima-guttatus4 ,the ,small ,green ,grasshopper1 ,caedicia valida1 is one of our dainty1 slender1 green species found in the gardens1 where it sometimes damages the young fruit by gnawing patches off the skin1 or nibbles holes in the foliage2 it produces a sharp musical note uttered three times in succession4 ,the ,large ,green ,leaf ,grasshopper1 ,locusta vigentissima1 figured by ,mc,coy1 is also found on low shrubs in the summer2 it measures nearly #c inches1 and is of a uniform dull green colour1 with the head1 legs and antennae more or less yellow3 the head is broad2 the thorax stout2 the legs long and spiny2 the elytra long1 tapering to the tips2 the wings large1 semitransparent2 the abdomen short1 in the female furnished with a long sabre-like ovipositor4 ,the ,lance-headed ,grasshopper1 ,pseudorhynchus lessonii1 has a wide range along the eastern coast among the long grass2 it is green1 with the tips of the elytra marked with yellow2 the wings are small1 and the front of the head produced into a lance-like point4 ,among the foliage of the eucalypts in ,southern ,australia there is a very handsome large grasshopper with the head small1 the thorax very square1 and the elytra very leaf-like in form2 it has a curious bloom upon it like that upon many of the gum leaves1 and is a very fine case of mimicry4 ,the ,genus ,anostosoma comprises a number of reddish brown wingless locusts more like crickets in many ways1 for they live chiefly in holes in the ground1 have long thread-like antennae1 and stout spiny legs4 ,anostosoma australasiae is a very formidable looking insect with immense head and jaws1 originally described from ,moreton ,bay2 it is sometimes found about ,sydney1 measuring #c inches in length2 it has antennae over #d inches long4 ,the smaller species1 ,anostosoma erinaceus1 is of a similar colour and form1 but not more than #a inches in length2 it is not uncommon in gardens4 ,paragryllacris combusta lives in hiding during the day under a curled leaf spathe of a palm frond1 or in a cavity in a tree trunk2 if in the last it often forms a white tough substance of a net-like structure over the front1 and if disturbed will snap at a grass blade or straw and shake the net1 making a distinct sharp sound4 ,it is of a uniform1 yellowish brown tint1 measuring about #b inches to the tip of the large curled wings closely folded over the body4 ,the curious ,cave ,locust1 ,pachyrhamma sp41 with its small oval body1 and long slender antennae and hind legs1 is always found in caves4 ,it is a dull brown wingless creature1 whose slender thread-like antennae are many times longer than the body4 ,family #aj4 ,crickets4 ,,gryllidae4 ,these are the black field and house crickets which are so well known by their shrill note2 this is caused by the insect rubbing the stout wing covers or elytra together2 those of the males have a distinct circular wavy neuration forming distinct ridges for this purpose4 ,crickets are easily distinguished by their slender thread-like antennae1 short rounded heads1 black wings folded down the back1 and spiny hind legs adapted both for creeping through the grass or jumping out of the road of their enemies4 ,the abdomen is furnished with a pair of slender spined appendages on the sides1 and the female with a stiletto-like ovipositor composed of two grooved pieces by which the eggs are deposited in the ground4 ,we have a number of field crickets in this country2 ,walker in his catalogue of the family gives #ab species1 of which ,gryllus servillei is our common field cricket1 sometimes swarming out in sufficient numbers to do a great deal of damage to field crops and vegetable gardens4 ,it is of a uniform black tint1 with a short1 shining1 round head2 it measures about #a inch in length1 and has a wide range over ,australia4 ,the ,mole ,cricket1 ,gryllotalpa coarctata1 is found all over the interior1 forming underground tunnels in the sand along the edges of watercourses2 it was collected in the ,horn ,expedition in ,central ,australia1 and is also found about ,sydney4 ,it is of the usual dull brown tint1 with hooded thorax and spade-shaped fore-legs4 ,another curious little black cricket is common about the edges of watercourses1 and when disturbed often jumps in and swims about on the surface2 it belongs to the ,genus ,nemobius1 and is only of an inch in length4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,,orthoptera4 ,family ,,gryllidae4 #a4 ,gryllus servillei 7,sauss474 #a;a4 ,gryllus servillei 7,sauss474 7,elytron 47 #b4 ,gryllotalpa coarctata 7,walk474 #c4 ,pachyrhamma sp4 #d4 ,nemobius sp4 #e4 ,paragryllacris combusta 7,germ474 #f4 ,anostostoma erinaceus 7,gray74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,,orthoptera4 ,order ,,iii4--,,neuroptera4 ,lace-winged ,insects4 ,after excising the families usually treated as ,pseudo-,neuroptera from this order1 these insects can be defined as the 8lace wings10 furnished with two pairs of delicate gauzy wings reticulated with a network of fine transverse and parallel veins forming a great number of more or less irregular cells4 ,the head is furnished1 with a few exceptions1 with stout jaws adapted to their carnivorous habits2 large eyes2 and antennae of many different forms1 sometimes short1 thickened1 or clubbed1 but in others long1 slender1 and filiform4 ,the legs1 suited to their clinging habits when at rest1 are generally slender1 and the body more or less elongate4 ,most of them undergo a complete metamorphosis2 the active larvae are furnished with large sucking or biting jaws2 in the terrestrial forms they live among foliage or on the ground1 and feed upon aphids1 mites1 ants1 c41 and when full grown pupate in regular cocoons4 ,while some of the aquatic forms go through a pupal stage in cells in the mud or under stones1 others1 like the dragon flies1 have no true pupal form1 simply going through a series of moults1 and changing from an aquatic life to an aerial one by crawling out of the water and emerging from the pupal case1 leaving it attached to the water plant4 ,sharp places the ,neuroptera in eleven families1 further divided up into a number of sub-families under five tribes4 ,in excising the ,pseudo-,neuroptera seven families remain1 though the ,hemerobiidae includes a number of sub-families that by some writers are ranked as families4 ,the ,neuroptera are represented in ,australia by many very handsome and curious insects1 of which the dragon flies are probably the most typical and well known4 ,family #a4 ,stone-flies4 ,,perlidae4 ,the ,stone-flies are not an extensive group1 and though the ,european and ,american forms have been studied1 very little is known about our species4 ,in ,england several species are much prized by fishermen as tempting bait for fly-fishing4 ,the perfect insects have oblong1 flattened bodies of uniform width to the tip of the abdomen1 terminating in a pair of long slender tails or setae4 ,the head is long1 provided with large prominent eyes1 three ocelli1 slender thread-like antennae1 and weak mouth parts2 the fore-wings are slightly longer than the hind ones1 which are very broad and folded down the middle when closed4 ,they are generally found about watercourses in early summer1 and lay an immense number of eggs 7#e1jjj to #f1jjj some authorities state are laid by each female72 these eggs are dropped on the surface of the water4 ,the larvae are very like the perfect insects except that they have no wings2 they are active carnivorous creatures living in the bottom of swift running streams1 crawling under the stones1 and feeding chiefly on the larvae of mayflies4 ,only four or five species have been described from ,australia2 ,i had a number of specimens sent me from ,hobart1 ,tasmania1 the larvae of which were said to be damaging the woodwork down a well4 ,it has been identified as ,eusthenia spectabilis4 ,this insect was named by ,westwood1 and is figured in ,griffith's 8,animal ,kingdom10 7page #cdh1 plate #gb74 ,it measures about #b inches across the outspread wings2 its general colour is dark brown1 with the fore wings lighter1 mottled with brown at the base and the lower half dull red2 the hind pair brighter red with the tips blackish4 ,the head is flattened1 with long slender many jointed antennae tapering to the tips4 ,the thorax is slender1 flattened on the upper surface2 the legs stout2 and the tip of the abdomen bears two slender jointed tails 7setae74 ,this insect is also found in ,australia4 ,a second species1 ,eusthenia thalia1 is described from ,tasmania by ,newman2 ,i have one from ,gippsland ,victoria probably a new species4 ,several species have been described by ,walker 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,catalogue1 ,neuroptera #aheb7 in the typical ,genus ,perla from ,tasmania4 ,members of the ,genus ,cupnia are often found upon the snow in ,northern ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,,neuroptera4 ,family ,,odonata4 #a4 ,tramea loewii 7,brauer74 #b4 ,synlestes weyersii 7,selys74 #c4 ,ischnura delicata 7,selys74 #d4 ,rhyothemis graphiptera 7,ramb474 #e4 ,orthetrum nigrifrons 7,kirby74 #f4 ,diplacodes 7,diplax7 bipunctata 7,brauer74 ,family ,,sialidae4 #g4 ,chaulcodes guttatus 7,walk474 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,,neuroptera4 ,family #b4 ,dragon ,flies4 ,,odonata4 ,everyone has noticed dragon flies that sail and dart about over swamps and rivers1 the embodiment of grace and beauty in flying creatures4 ,in ,england and ,australia they are popularly known as 8horse-stingers10 a very misleading name1 for they cannot sting1 and if they frequent the vicinity of horses it is for the sake of the flies or gnats they can capture4 ,in ,america the country folk know them under the still more peculiar name of 8,devil's ,darning ,needles10 while the ,french children1 who recognise their beauty and dainty form1 call them 8demoiselles40 ,westwood places the dragon flies in the family ,libellulidae2 but both ,kirby and ,sharp call them ,odonata2 the former again divides them into the ,libellulidae and the ,agrionidae1 and the latter subdivides them into groups with the same characters1 namely the ,anisopteridae and ,zygopteridae4 ,the members of the first group are those with the hind pair of wings slightly larger than the front pair1 and the second with wings of equal size or the hind pair smaller4 ,specialists have further subdivided them into seven smaller sub-families containing about #cjj genera4 ,dragon flies are widely distributed over the world1 but are most plentiful in the warmer zones2 about #b1jjj have been described from all parts of the world1 of which #ajg species are recorded from ,australia2 but as ,billinghurst was able to collect #da species in one circumscribed district in ,victoria 7,victorian ,naturalist ,no4 #a1 #aijj71 systematic collecting would certainly add many more to our list4 ,in the early stages of their life dragon flies are aquatic2 the female deposits her eggs on the foliage of water plants1 sometimes dipping into the water to be sure they are submerged4 ,the slender larvae with wing pads in place of the future wings have somewhat the form of the adults1 and are carnivorous1 feeding upon all kinds of smaller water insects4 ,the dragon flies form a very distinct division of the ,neuroptera2 every organ is beautifully adapted for their aerial life1 their immense eyes giving them an outlook on all sides1 while the slender cylindrical body does not impede their flight2 and the great oar-shaped wings strengthened with many stout nervures enable them to twist and turn in the air with wonderful ease and rapidity4 ,the ,,libellulidae are thick-bodied dragon flies of medium size1 and comprise a number of fine species4 ,the larvae are short broad creatures with wide heads2 they live in the mud on the bottom of ponds4 ,rhyothemus graphiptera belongs to a genus containing over #cj species ranging from ,africa to ,china1 and the ,eastern ,archipelago to the ,new ,hebrides4 ,it measures #b inches across the wings1 which are yellowish brown1 beautifully mottled with darker tints2 the front pair are blotched at the base1 a slender stripe in front running into the first of #b irregular transverse bands about the centre and tip2 in the hind pair the two apical bands have basal markings consisting of three small irregular blotches3 it is found in the northern parts of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,diagram of a ,dragon ,fly4 a1 antenna2 ar1 arculus2 b4s1 basilar space2 c1 costal nervure2 s4c1 sub-costal nervure2 e1 eye2 f1 front2 m1 median nervure 7or radius72 s4m1 sub-median2 m4s1 median sector2 m1 membranule2 n1 nodus2 n4s1 nodal sector2 o1 occiput2 p1 pterostigma2 p4s1 principal sector2 s4s1 short sector2 s4t1 sector of triangle2 t1 triangle2 i4a1 inferior appendage2 s4a1 superior2 a4n1 antenodals4 ,the numerals refer to the segments of the abdomen4 7,original ,r4 ,j4 ,tillyard47 ,the ,genus ,diplax contains a number of more delicate1 short-winged insects1 of which ,diplax rubra1 a typical form1 is common both along the rivers and in the open scrub1 often quite a distance from water4 ,it is a moderate-sized dragon fly1 tinted with pale yellow at the base of the hind wings1 and has a distinctive bright red body4 ,diplacodes 7,diplax7 bipunctata has much the same habits1 and a wider range over the country2 it is common about ,sydney1 and is slightly smaller than the previous species1 and of a general yellow tint4 ,orthetrum nigrifrons is a more thickset dragon fly about #b inches across the wings2 the head and front of thorax are black1 with the hind portion of the latter and body deep blue2 it is a very distinctive species along the watercourses and in the open bush4 ,orthetrum villosovittatum is a slightly larger form found in ,southern ,queensland1 with slightly clouded wings1 blotched close to the body with yellowish brown3 the head and thorax are brown1 and the body is red4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,aeschnidae contain the giants among the dragon flies3 ,petalura gigantea is our largest species1 and varies much in different localities2 most of ours on the ,blue ,mountains measure about #e inches across the wings1 but ,tillyard captured them at ,cairns ,n4,q4 #f inches4 ,it is a very robust insect of a dull brown tint1 with a single1 broad1 pale stripe on the sides of the large square thorax1 and when viewed from the side seems to have the abdomen attached to the under-side of the thorax4 ,the pterastigma of the wing is long4 ,hemianax papuensis is typical of one of our large species1 often flying in numbers about ,sydney hawking for gnats high up in the air before a storm4 ,it measures #d inches across the wings1 which have a slight smoky tint4 ,aeschna brevistyla is about the same size as the previous species1 but the wings are clear1 and the abdominal segments are marked with two angulated white blotches1 one on either side of the dorsal stripe4 ,the larvae are curious1 elongate1 oval creatures1 with large heads1 living in the mud at the bottom of stagnant ponds and are common about ,sydney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,agrionidae are the delicate slender-bodied dragon flies with oar-shaped wings1 and narrow heads with the eyes standing out on either side4 ,lestes analis is our common type of the large genus2 it is of the usual slender form1 with the body nearly as long as the expanse of wings1 and is of a general reddish brown colour4 ,synlestes weyersii is a very beautiful slender creature nearly #c inches across the wings1 and over #b inches from the front of the head to the tip of the body4 ,it has transparent wings with an oval whitish pterastigma toward the tips1 and the whole head and body is deep rich metallic green4 ,it flies in a very graceful manner up and down the edges of the watercourses1 resting every now and then on a reed or overhanging twig1 and is very easily captured4 ,ischnura heterosticta is our tiny1 little1 banded1 blue and brown dragon fly1 with the female of a more sombre brown tint3 ,tillyard has recorded two forms of females in this species1 one taking on the garb of the bright-coloured male4 ,ischnura delicata1 very similar in size and form1 has the basal two-thirds of the abdomen red and the apical portion blue4 ,the larvae of both these species are common in the ponds about ,sydney in the early summer4 ,tillyard 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aije7 has recently added three new species of the ,genus ,austrogomphus collected in the ,cairns district ,n4 ,queensland4 ,family #c4 ,may-flies4 ,,ephemeridae4 ,these delicate gauze-winged insects were named ,ephemera from the old idea that their life as perfect insects lasted only for a day2 they were born in the morning and died at the fall of day4 ,though their span of life is short1 as they possess only rudimentary mouths incapable of absorbing food1 and only live a short time after the eggs are laid1 it is generally a matter of a few days4 ,they have large prominent eyes2 three ocelli2 and minute antennae consisting of two thickened joints surmounted with a needle-like hair or bristle3 the prothorax is small1 the middle portion large2 and the somewhat small body1 generally composed of ten segments1 is provided with a slender articulated hair-like tail on either side4 ,the wings are broadest at the base1 rounded at the extremities1 with the hind pair small1 in some genera the hind pair absent4 ,the larvae live in burrows in the mud at the bottom of ponds or watercourses1 and when full grown climb up the stalks of grass or plants and cast their pupal coverings4 ,most of our species are only found in odd pairs1 and do not assemble in swarms as they sometimes do in ,england2 but in #ahhe1 in the ,royal ,geographical ,society's ,exploring ,expedition in ,new ,guinea1 when ascending the ,fly ,river we met with great clouds of the large white ,mayfly1 ,palingenia papuana1 flying along over the surface of the water just as described by ,d',albertis in his work on ,new ,guinea2 specimens ,i collected are now in the ,australian ,museum4 ,the commonest species about ,sydney is ,atalophlebia australasica1 a small chocolate brown insect marked with black2 the wings are vitreous with black markings on the veins1 the front margin tinged with umber brown on the cross veins4 ,it was described by ,pictet in his 8,natural ,history ,neuroptera0 7#ahdc-de73 ,walker has described another from ,tasmania3 ,eaton three more from different parts of the mainland3 and ,burmeister one in his 8,handbook of ,entomology0 as far back as #ahci4 ,the members of this genus have a wide range from ,south ,america through ,africa1 ,japan1 and ,ceylon4 ,a single species of the ,genus ,coloburiscus has been described from ,melbourne4 ,the chief work on these insects is ,eaton's 8,revisional ,monograph of ,recent ,ephemeridae or ,may-flies10 ,parts ,i4-,v4 7,transactions of the ,linnean ,society #ahhc-hg27 in this work he subdivides them into three groups containing #ee genera and #bgj species4 ,family #d4 ,alder ,flies and ,snake ,flies4 ,,sialidae3 ,this small division contains two groups that ,westwood treated as two distinct families1 the ,sialidae and the ,raphidae2 but ,sharp points out1 that in general structure and habits they are very closely related to each other1--the latter chiefly differing from the former in the remarkable elongation of the prothorax1 and he thus only ranks them as sub-families4 ,the ,alder ,flies have two pairs of broad wings1 wide at the base1 the hind pair slightly smaller and capable of being folded behind2 they are all traversed by numerous veins forming irregular cells4 ,they are slow in their movements1 and are to be found clinging to bushes in the vicinity of water4 ,our commonest species is the ,chauliodes guttatus1 described by ,walker2 it is a large1 dull brown insect with an elongated thorax and body2 the head is furnished with long1 slender1 annulated antennae1 large prominent eyes on the sides1 and three ocelli on the summit4 ,the wings are semiopaque1 the fore pair finely spotted with black1 thickest on the front margin2 the broader hind pair are only lightly spotted at the extreme tip1 with from #d to #e larger rounded spots about the centre4 ,it measures over #c inches across the outspread wings1 and #a inches from the head to the tip of the abdomen2 it has a wide range from ,victoria to ,queensland4 ,the larvae are remarkable for having fringed filaments on the sides of the abdomen2 they crawl about in the mud or among the weeds in water-holes1 and are carnivorous1 feeding upon other aquatic insects2 when ready to transform1 the pupae come out of the water and crawl under stones1 or sometimes under the loose bark on tree trunks4 ,the ,snake ,flies are curious looking creatures with elongated necks1 and the female is provided with a very curious1 long1 curved ovipositor4 ,they are found under bark on tree trunks1 both in the perfect and larval state2 they are unknown in ,australia1 but ,howard states that an attempt was made some years ago to send living ,raphidians from ,california to destroy codlin moth grubs1 but that nothing has been heard of them since4 ,family #e4 ,scorpion ,flies4 ,,panorpidae4 ,these insects have the head turned down in front with the mouth parts forming an elongate beak2 large projecting eyes2 and slender antennae4 ,the prothorax forms a slender neck to the larger mesothorax2 the wings are narrow and somewhat oar-shaped1 traversed with a network of veins2 the legs are long and slender1 except the hind pair1 which are thickened on the thighs and stoutly spined2 the tarsi are large and coated with a sticky membrane1 which assists it in catching flies4 ,at first sight many of them might be taken for crane-flies of somewhat clumsy build2 in the ,european ,panorpa the males are furnished with a peculiar anal appendage from which they take the popular name of ,scorpion ,flies4 ,members of the ,genus ,boreus are wingless and resemble tiny grasshoppers2 in ,america they are often found on snow4 ,the family is represented in ,australia by ,bittacus australis1 which has a wide range from ,tasmania to ,queensland1 and is very abundant in the early summer1 hanging about the leptospermum and ti-tree bushes4 ,it rests among the foliage1 with the large hind legs hanging loosely down below but ready to strike out the moment an incautious fly comes within range4 ,the long flexible tarsi fold round the captive with the stout spines transfixing it1 while the ,bitticus draws its leg round under the head so that it can press its sharp beak into the victim and suck up its blood4 ,its general colour is reddish brown marked with black2 the wings are clouded1 narrow1 rounded at the tips1 and reticulated with fine nervures4 ,nothing is known about the earlier stages in the life-history of this insect1 but specimens in captivity laid a number of flattened bun-shaped eggs which did not hatch out4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ix4--,,neuroptera4 ,family ,,hemerobiidae4 #a4 ,nymphes myrmeleonides 7,leach74 #g4 ,porismus strigatus 7,burm474 ,family ,,myrmeleonidae4 #b4 ,glenurus erythrocephalus 7,leach74 #d4 ,glenurus falsus 7,walker74 #e4 ,glenurus circuiter 7,walker74 #f4 ,glenurus pulchellus 7,kirby74 ,family ,,mantispidae4 #c4 ,mantispa strigodes 7,westwood74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ix4--,,neuroptera4 ,family #f4 ,ant-lions and ,lace-wings4 ,,hemerobiidae4 ,this interesting division of the ,neuroptera comprises a number of smaller groups1 ranked by some entomologists as families1 but now generally regarded as sub-families4 ,westwood divided them into two families1 the first containing the true ant-lions2 both ,kirby and ,sharp treat them as one1 but the latter places them in seven well defined sub-families4 ,they come naturally together from the fact that all the larvae are provided with large1 curved1 hollow1 sucking jaws1 and are carnivorous in their habits1 while the perfect insects have simple biting jaws4 ,they all have1 in the perfect state1 long slender bodies1 provided with two pairs of finely reticulated wings1 folded over each other when at rest2 the head is short1 with large projecting eyes2 ocelli generally wanting2 and the antennae are composed of many short annular joints4 ,the ,,myrmeleonides are the true ant-lions1 whose larvae in many species construct funnel shaped pits in soft sandy soil an inch or two in depth1 at the bottom of which1 buried in the loose soil1 with only the tip of their large jaws visible1 they lie in wait for any ant or other small insect that may happen to slip over the edge and tumble to the bottom1 where it is immediately seized in the ant-lion's powerful jaws and devoured2 when however1 as often happens1 the trapped visitor manages to regain its footing and nearly succeeds in clambering out1 the ant-lion presses its head downward like a spade and throws a quantity of sand right at its prey1 generally bringing its quarry within reach again4 ,it generally excavates its pit under the shelter of a log or rock so that it is protected from the rain1 and when full grown pupates at the bottom of its shaft4 ,the larva is a short thickset little brown creature covered with tufts of short stout bristles2 the head is broad and rounded behind1 attached to the heart-shaped body by a neck-like thorax4 ,they are easily captured by slipping a knife blade under them and throwing them out when they are intent on catching a struggling ant4 ,in captivity they are easily kept in a saucer full of sand1 and have the power of going for weeks without food2 when placed on a smooth surface they always arch their heads and crawl backwards4 ,most of our described species belong to the ,genus ,glenurus1 all slender elongated insects resting with their long narrow wings folded over their backs against a twig or grass stem1 and when disturbed flitting away in a very awkward manner2 they are very easily captured4 ,glenurus pulchellus is the commonest species about the coast1 with a wing expanse of about #b inches2 its general colour is chocolate brown1 mottled and marbled with lighter tints2 the fore wings are speckled with black2 the apical portion of the hind pair deeply blotched with chestnut brown1 encircling a white patch1 with a second smaller one nearer the extremity4 ,glenurus falsus is a shade smaller2 the fore wings darker2 and a single dark patch on the hind wings4 ,glenurus striola is a slightly larger species with semitransparent wings1 marked on the posterior margin of the hind pair with a narrow light brown stripe4 ,i found this species very plentiful in some swampy flats near ,brisbane1 ,q41 in ,october1 where they were resting on the rushes4 ,glenurus fundatus is our largest species1 often measuring up to #d inches across the wings1 and is of a general uniform mottled grey tint spotted with brown2 it is common along the coast in ,north ,queensland4 ,glenurus circuiter is easily recognised from all the others by the shape of the fore wings1 which are broadened to the tips1 cut out behind at the extremities1 and both pairs are irregularly blotched and spotted dark brown1 giving it a very handsome appearance4 ,glenurus erythrocephalus has semitransparent wings1 elongate and rounded at the tips1 the fore pair thickly covered with spots and blotches of dark brown1 the hind pair usually only marked with three spots1 but the spotting is very irregular and variable4 ,it comes from the more northern parts of ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,queensland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,ascalaphides are all moderate-sized1 clear-winged insects with a stigma toward the tip1 and curious long slender antennae clubbed at the tips2 they might be likened to dragon-flies with butterflies' heads4 ,suphalasca sabulosa measures about #b inches across the wings2 the head and thorax are fringed with fine hairs1 the stigma on the wings black4 ,it is generally found on bush land clinging to a grass stalk or twig1 with the wings folded down1 and the slender body sticking out at right angles4 ,i have found the larvae living under the dry bark attached to dead tree trunks1 their short hairy bodies covered with tufts of stout bristles1 their large jaws pointing upward2 and from their situation they probably capture the large sugar ants4 ,in captivity they would remain for days resting against the side of the box without any movement1 and lived for several months without taking any food1 and finally formed a round cocoon4 ,the female places her eggs in a double row along the edge of a blade of grass1 and the young ones1 when they hatch out1 sit in the bottom of the eggshell1 all head and jaws1 waiting for something to turn up1 and must often undergo long fasts4 ,stibopteryx costalis is a stout bodied insect with a wing expanse of #c inches1 a large1 dragon-fly-like head1 and narrow rounded wings banded with parallel bands of chocolate brown4 ,it ranges from ,sydney right round ,australia4 ,the ,,nemopterides are a very curious group of lace-wings1 which have the hind pair of wings produced into slender or clubbed appendages of most peculiar form4 ,kirby 7,annals and ,magazine of ,natural ,history #aijj7 has listed all the known species from all parts of the world1 #cc species in #g genera4 ,chasmoptera hutti1 described by ,westwood from ,western ,australia1 has a wing expanse of #a inches1 and the hind pair are produced into a spoon-shaped tail4 ,croce attenuata is a smaller1 dull coloured1 brown insect1 with the fore wings like those of a mayfly1 and the hind pair forming a pair of antennae-like processes longer than the body4 ,it was taken by my correspondent1 ,mrs4 ,black1 round a lamp1 and comes from ,north ,queensland4 ,it is described by me in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society #aijd4 ,the ,,mantispides are lace-wings that in general form1 imitate the orthopterous mantis2 with the same elongate neck1 spined fore legs and broad head1 but the structure of the wings soon shows its affinity to the lace-wings4 ,we have some very fine species in ,australia1 which are usually found hiding among the foliage of trees1 and are generally captured when beating the bush for beetles4 ,nothing is known about the earlier stages of any of our species1 but ,brauer studied the larval and pupal forms of the ,european ,mantispa1 and found that the eggs were stalked2 the larvae are long slender creatures with large jaws4 ,westwood has figured and described a number of our species 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #aheb74 ,mantispa biseriata1 one of our largest species1 measures up to #b inches across the outspread wings4 ,its general colour is dull reddish brown2 the wings are mottled with very fine black dots1 and the stigma on the fore wing forms a dull red blotch4 ,it has a wide range from ,victoria to ,north ,queensland4 ,mantispa strigipes is a smaller darker species1 with no distinct stigma but a stripe of dull red along the front margin of both pairs of wings1 thickest toward the extremities4 ,it ranges over ,victoria and ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the ,,hemerobiides are well represented in ,australia by some very beautiful insects1 which when at rest are recognised by the way in which their wings are folded against each other1 forming a ridge above the back2 the antennae1 generally long1 consist of a number of short annular joints4 ,the eggs are laid upon the food plant2 the larvae feed upon small insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,croce attenuata 7,froggatt74 ,the ,thread-winged ,nemopteron4 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,nymphes myrmeleonides1 described and figured by ,leach in #ahad1 has a somewhat robust body1 long slender antennae and narrow head2 the wings1 which have an expanse of #c inches1 are large1 of equal size1 and semitransparent1 except the tips1 which are ornamented with an elongate brownish blotch enclosing an irregular white spot in the centre4 ,it is a very ungainly insect when flying1 with its large oar-shaped shining wings2 it has a very wide range along the eastern coast4 ,the larvae live under the shelter of logs hiding among the dust and dirt with only their jaws projecting2 specimens obtained near ,armidale1 ,n4,s4,w41 lived for some time in captivity1 forming the usual spherical parchment-like pupal case1 from which the insect emerged about a month later4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,psychopsis illidgi 7,froggatt74 ,the ,painted ,lace-wing4 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,psychopsis coelevagus 7,walker74 ,the small ,metallic ,lace-wing4 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,psychopsis was formed by ,newman in #ahdj 7,newman's ,entomologist p4 #dae7 to contain the curious creamy white moth-like insect ,psychopsis mimica4 ,it has broad rounded wings covered with fine hairy veins shading from buff to grey or creamy white1 spotted with red on the base of the fore wings and a dull brown spot on the centre of the hind pair2 the head is turned down in front when resting4 ,it measures about #a inches across the outspread wings and is found from ,south ,australia to ,queensland4 ,i figured and described all our known species 7,notes on the ,genus ,psychopsis ,newman1 with descriptions of new species7 in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society ,n4,s4,w4 #aijc1 where ,i added two new species4 ,psychopsis coelivagus is our smallest species1 measuring #a inch across the outspread wings1 which are creamy white thickly mottled with a central band of metallic coppery brown2 it comes from ,s4 ,queensland4 ,psychopsis illidgi is one of the most remarkable looking of all our ,neuroptera1 with its large rounded buff fore wings with confluent ochreous yellow markings crossing them1 and the usual dull spot in the centre of the smaller hind wings4 ,it measures about #b inches across the wings1 and is a rare insect4 ,illidge has taken several specimens that came flying in to the light at night on the top of ,mount ,tambourina in ,south ,queensland4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,larva of ,psychopsis mimica 7,newman74 ,bred from the egg 7much enlarged74 7,original ,w4,w4,f47 ,psychopsis insolens and ,p4 meyricki are both dull coloured smaller insects1 the first found about ,sydney and ,brisbane1 the latter on the top of ,mount ,kosciusko1 resting on the rocks4 ,the eggs are not stalked but are attached to the food plant2 the young elongated larva1 furnished with stout projecting jaws1 crawls upon the foliage and feeds upon aphids4 ,this ,genus was considered peculiar to ,australia1 until in the last few years two species have been described from ,africa and a third from ,burmah4 ,the curious black mottled lace-wing1 ,porismus strigatus1 has a narrow red head furnished with long slender antennae and large rounded eyes2 the front portion of the thorax forms a regular neck4 ,the narrow elongate black wings1 blotched and tipped with pale yellow shading into white1 are folded over the back forming a ridge when at rest on a tree trunk4 ,they are sometimes met with about ,sydney1 and are common in ,new ,england toward the end of summer4 ,i found larvae and eggs under logs in that district which ,i believe to be those of this insect2 the former were stalked and deposited in a narrow semicircle attached to each other2 the larvae1 of the usual tick-shaped form1 covered themselves over with bits of burnt ashes1 and clung to the surface of the log1 where they easily escaped notice with their protective covering4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,larva of ,porismus strigatus 7,bohem74 ,the adult ,lace-wing is shown in ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #g4 7,original ,w4,w4,f47 ,the ,genus ,osmylus contains a number of slender insects with longer1 semitransparent1 spotted1 brown wings1 and fine antennae clothed with short hairs4 ,the larvae1 active little creatures1 feed about among the leaves destroying aphids4 ,osmylus tenui measures about #a inches across the outspread wings1 is of the usual dull brown tint1 and is found in ,victoria4 ,in the ,genus ,drepanopteryx the fore wings are short1 broad1 rounded in front at the shoulders1 and arcuate on the hind margin2 the hind pair are rounded1 semitransparent1 with a darker costal margin2 when resting upon a twig they tuck the head down under the thorax1 and turn the wings upward1 almost standing on their heads2 they could be easily passed over from their resemblance to a brown leaf4 ,drepanopteryx binocula and ,d4 instabilis are found in ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,victoria2 the first has dark fore wings and measures about of an inch2 the second is somewhat smaller and lighter coloured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,figs4 #cg and #ch4--,life ,history of the ,brown ,lace-wing4 #cg4--,micromus ,australis 7,froggatt74 #ch4--,larva4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,,chrysophides comprise the lace wings known as 8,ruby ,eyes0 from their rich metallic tint1 or 8,aphis ,lions0 on account of the voracious habits of their larvae4 ,they hide among the foliage in the day time1 and in summer often come buzzing round the lamp1 several species giving out a most objectionable smell when handled4 ,they are generally slender-bodied green or yellow insects with large delicate glassy wings1 folded over the back4 ,they attach their eggs to the foliage on long slender stalks1 probably a means of protection against other larvae that might otherwise find and devour them4 ,the larvae are active little creatures with large heads furnished with scythe-shaped jaws2 their rounded backs are covered with short stiff hairs1 by means of which they hold bits of dirt1 sand1 or wood1 with which they cover themselves when feeding upon the aphids or scale4 ,if when in captivity these bits are brushed off they run round and replace them bit by bit2 pushing the bits into the jaws with their fore legs1 then turning their heads backward1 they drop each bit upon their backs1 repeating the operation until they are again completely covered4 ,when full-grown they spin a white hemispherical cocoon composed of fine white threads and the longer hairs of the body1 from which in summer the perfect insects will emerge in a fortnight4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,chrysopa ramburi 7,schiner74 ,the ,green ,golden ,eye4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,life history of ,chrysopa ramburi 7,schiner74 ,larva2 stalked egg2 and pupa enclosed in hemispherical cocoon covered with the remains of the aphis upon which it has fed during the larval stage4 ,the ,green ,lace ,wing1 ,chrysopa ramburi1 is our common orchard friend2 and where plentiful they soon clean the trees of aphid and scale insects4 ,its general colour is bright green fading into yellow after death2 the large golden eyes are so bright that they can be seen through the cocoon some time before it emerges4 ,the ,brown ,lace ,wing1 ,micromus australis1 is common among dead bushes1 and also in summer in orange orchards2 it is much smaller than the last1 only slightly over of an inch across the expanded wings2 is of a general light brown colour mottled all over the wings with darker tints4 ,the broad head is furnished with large bronzy eyes1 and slender hairy antennae composed of #dd very short annular joints4 ,both the slender1 brown1 ferret-like larvae and the perfect insects are very active little creatures1 always on the move4 ,this species was described by me in the ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4 ,wales1 #aijd4 ,family #g4 ,caddis ,flies4 ,,trichoptera4 ,the larval forms of these interesting little creatures are common in our creeks and water-holes1 encased in their cocoons or sacks formed of silken strands covered with bits of sticks1 leaves1 sand or small stones2 they may be often noticed floating on the surface or crawling about under the water among the weeds and mud4 ,these are protective coverings1 for though the head and front of the thorax1 that are projected in front when the larva is moving along1 are hard and leathery1 the abdominal segments are covered with a thin integument1 and would soon fall a prey to the many carnivorous water insects in the ponds if it were not for their case-bearing habits4 ,these cases1 unlike those of the terrestrial case moths1 are open at both ends1 so that the water can flow right through when the creature is crawling about4 ,they are known in ,england as 8water moths10 or 8caddis-flies10 and are much sought for by anglers as bait for fly-fishing4 ,the perfect insects have two pairs of membranous wings with fewer cross veins than other members of the ,neuroptera2 the hind pair are broadest and folded when at rest2 most of them are clothed with fine hairs instead of scales4 ,the head is small1 with very long1 slender1 thread-like antennae composed of many short indistinct joints1 and the biting mouth is rudimentary2 the prothorax is short1 with an elongate body rounded at the extremity2 and the legs are well developed1 and more or less provided with spines4 ,the female deposits her eggs1 enveloped in a gelatinous mass1 in the water1 often carrying them about with her attached to the tip of the abdomen for some time before they are dropped4 ,some of the smaller species are so wonderfully like small tinead moths1 that it takes an experienced eye1 aided with a good lens1 to pick them out of a box when mixed up with small microlepidoptera2 and from their delicate form and small size most of my specimens have not been taken as caddis-flies1 but obtained from the leavings of insect boxes of moth collectors4 ,between the years #ahgd-hj ,mc,lachlan published his fine 8,monograph of the ,european ,trichoptera10 illustrated with a great number of very fine drawings2 over #ejj species are identified and described in this work4 ,according to ,howard1 about #aej species have been described from ,north ,america4 ,mc,lachlan treats them as an ,order in his work1 dividing them into a number of families1 chiefly based upon the number of spines on the legs1 the joints of the palpi1 and the ocelli4 ,judging from my own collection of caddis-flies ,i should think that ,australia is rich in species1 but they are a much neglected family and ,i do not know of a single named specimen in any of our ,museum collections4 ,in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,neuroptera published in #aheb1 ,walker gives only four species from ,tasmania and ,australia3 ,leptocerus magnus and ,l4 oppositus1 which he describes from ,tasmania1 and ,plectrotarsus gravenhorsti1 described by ,koller from ,australia2 the latter measures nearly an inch across the wings1 and of an inch in the body1 and is of a general yellow tint1 thickly clothed with yellow and black hairs2 the fore wings are bluish black marked with white1 yellow at the base and along the fore border2 the hind wings are yellow but blackish toward the tips4 ,monopseudopsis inscriptus1 described by ,walker1 is a larger fly1 of a general black colour1 with pale wings spotted with yellow1 the hind pair clouded4 ,the locality of this species is given as ,australia4 ,order ,,iv4--,,hymenoptera4 ,bees1 ,ants and ,wasps4 ,this division contains an immense number of very interesting insects which1 though generally known as bees1 ants1 and wasps1 comprise many other just as important families2 some are unfortunately popularly called flies1 such as saw-flies1 gall-flies1 and ichneumon-flies1 but all true flies have only one pair of wings4 ,hymenoptera are1 with a few exceptions1 furnished with two pairs of semitransparent membranous wings1 sometimes shaded with black or yellow tints1 devoid of hairs or scales1 but traversed by stout nervures forming irregular cells2 the hind pair are the smaller1 and are furnished with a row of spines along the front margin capable of hooking into the hind edge of the fore pair1 thus adding to their powers of flight4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,diagram of the ,head of a ,wasp4 a1 eyes2 b1 clypeus2 c1 labrum2 d1 mandibles2 e1 ocelli2 f1 insertion of the antennae4 7,redrawn from ,cresson's 8,hymenoptera of ,north ,america407 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,diagram of the ,thorax of a ,wasp4 a1 prothorax2 b1 mesothorax2 c1 scutellum2 d1 postscutellum2 e1 metathorax2 f1 tegulae2 g1 parapsidal grooves4 7,cresson's 8,hymenoptera of ,n4 ,america407 ,in a few anomalous groups we find the females wingless1 such as ,thynnidae1 ,mutillidae and others2 in some like the fig insects ,blastophaginae1 the males are wingless and blind2 in the ants1 while the males and females are winged1 the bulk of the community consists of wingless workers forming a third sex or caste4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,diagram of ,fore-wing of a ,bee 7,mellinus74 #a1 ,costal cell2 #b1 median or externo-medial cell2 #c1 sub-median cell2 #d1 anal cell2 #e1 marginal or radial cell2 #f1 first sub-marginal or cubital cell2 #g1 second s4-m4 or cubital cell2 #h1 third s4-m4 or cubital cell2 #i1 fourth s4-m4 or cubital cell2 #aj1 first discoidal cell2 #aa1 second d4 cell2 #ab1 third d4 cell2 #ac1 first apical cell2 #ad1 second a4 cell4 a1 ,costal nervure2 b1 sub-costal nervure2 c1 externo-medial nervure2 d1 anal nervure2 e1 marginal or radial nervure2 f1 basal nervure2 g1 first transverso-cubital nervure2 h1 second t4-c4 nervure2 i1 third t4-c4 nervure2 j1 transverso-medial nervure2 k1 discoidal nervure2 l1 cubital nervure2 m1 first recurrent nervure2 n1 second r4 nervure2 o1 sub-discoidal nervure2 p1 stigma2 q1 posterior margin2 r1 apical margin4 7,cresson1 8,hym4 ,n4 ,america407 ,these insects are furnished with well developed antennae2 large compound eyes1 in some groups composed of an immense number of facets2 usually #c simple eyes or ocelli1 but these are sometimes wanting2 a more or less tubular mouth adapted for sucking up food 7commonly called the proboscis71 though mandibles are always present4 ,the thorax is stout and broad2 the three primary portions1 prothorax1 mesothorax and metathorax1 are distinct on the upper surface with well defined lateral or ventral plates4 ,the legs are generally large1 with spined tibiae1 and slender tarsi terminating in a double claw or hook1 but varying much in size and shape in the different families4 ,the abdomen takes all kinds of remarkable forms1 from the thickened sessile body of the sawfly to the slender stalked abdomen of the sand-wasp1 and the female is furnished with an ovipositor1 sting1 or saw at the extremity4 ,the ,hymenoptera are considered by naturalists to be one of the most highly developed or specialised orders of insects1 on account of the social habits of some of the chief families1 and the care they display in providing for the safety and food supplies of their larvae4 ,they undergo a complete metamorphosis3 from the egg is hatched out a soft1 generally legless larva which when full grown1 if in a protected cell1 is simply enveloped in a thin skin1 but otherwise forms a stout silken or parchment-like cocoon2 the larva usually takes a considerable time to change into the pupa2 the change is not rapid as that of a butterfly4 ,australia is very rich in hymenoptera2 most of the typical families are well represented1 and we also have a few very distinct groups peculiar to this country4 ,there have been many schemes of classification and sub-divisions of these insects proposed by various authors1 and the present idea among specialists seems to tend to a still closer definition of the families1 as exemplified in ,ashmead's recent ,classification running through the pages of the ,canadian ,entomologist2 but in a book of this kind1 ,i can only deal with the most important divisions and refer my readers to the work of such specialists4 ,westwood divided the first section1 ,terebranti1 in which the females are provided with a more or less projecting instrument for depositing their eggs1 into two sub-sections1 ,phytiphaga1 in which the abdomen is sessile1 and ,entomophaga1 in which the body is stalked4 ,some of the ,french entomologists had previously suggested dividing them up into five large families defined by the peculiarities of the ovipositor or borer4 ,kirby used the same terms as ,westwood1 but ,i have followed ,sharp1 who uses the names ,sessiliventres instead of the first1 and ,petioliventres for the second1 for they certainly express more clearly the form of the body of the groups under observation4 ,the first group contains four families4 ,family #a4 ,stem-,sawflies4 ,,cephidae4 ,the first group comprises what ,sharp terms 8,stem-,sawflies10 which are not represented in ,australia4 ,they are slender little insects with long antennae2 the larvae feed in the stems of plants2 one damages wheat stems in ,europe1 another infests willows in ,america1 a third is recorded from ,japan2 but they are unknown in ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,x4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,tenthredinidae4 #a4 ,phylacteophaga eucalypti 7,froggatt74 #b4 ,phylacteophaga eucalypti 7,froggatt71 ,larva4 #c4 ,perga dorsalis 7,leach74 #d4 ,perga dorsalis 7,leach71 ,larva4 #e4 ,perga lewisii 7,westwood74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,x4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family #b4 ,,oryssidae4 ,this family consists of the single ,genus ,oryssus1 of which only #bj species are known4 ,they are remarkable for the curious situation of the antennae on the under-surface of the head1 the cylindrical rounded abdomen1 and the exposed needle-like ovipositor4 ,turner has described one from ,mackay1 ,queensland1 in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society ,n4,s4,w4 under the name of ,oryssus queenslandicus4 ,it is a small black insect measuring an inch in length2 with mottled brown wings1 and typical shape of the genus4 ,family #c4 ,,siricidae4 ,these handsome ,sawflies are common in ,europe and ,america1 the larvae living in timber2 the members of the typical ,genus ,sirex have long cylindrical bodies rounded to the apex2 the borer of the female extends beyond the tip of the abdomen4 ,one species1 ,sirex australis1 has been described from ,australia by ,kirby 7,list of ,hymenoptera #ahhb74 ,i have never heard of another specimen being found1 and believe the type is unique4 ,family #d4 ,sawflies4 ,,tenthredinidae4 ,these are the typical stoutly built ,sawflies1 with the pronotum narrow1 and the thorax generally broader than the head2 the abdomen sessile1 and provided in the female with a beautiful saw-like instrument on the under-surface of the tip of the abdomen1 with which she slits the leaves to deposit her eggs in the tissue4 ,the larvae are caterpillar-like creatures usually furnished with three pairs of legs2 they feed upon the foliage of many plants4 ,our species all belong to genera peculiar to ,australia3 ,klug described several in the ,berlin ,magazin in #ahad2 ,leach figured and described others in his 8,zoological ,miscellanies #ahag02 ,westwood described and figured a number in an important paper in the ,proceedings of the ,zoological ,society #ahhj1 others in his 8,arcana ,entomologica #ahda02 and ,kirby added to them in his ,list of ,hymenoptera1 ,b4,m4 ,catalogue #ahhb4 ,the ,genus ,perga contains about #ej of our largest ,sawflies1 broad thickset insects1 with reddish or light brown opaque wings1 and short antennae forming an elongate club at the extremity4 ,the larva is black or brown clothed with short scattered shining bristles1 black head1 three pairs of short stout legs1 broad thorax1 and abdomen tapering to a rounded tip4 ,they feed gregariously upon the foliage of eucalypts1 often stripping off all the leaves of the young bushes2 they rest in the day time clustered together in a bunch of #ej or more round a branch1 holding on with the legs2 when disturbed they raise and rap the tip of the abdomen against the leaves1 at the same time discharging a sticky yellow fluid from the mouth smelling strongly of eucalyptus extract4 ,they are very subject to the attacks of dipterous and hymenopterous parasites1 which these means of defence may keep away4 ,when full grown they bury themselves in the soil1 and form elongate1 oval1 parchment-like cocoons clustered together4 ,the ,steel ,blue ,sawfly1 ,perga dorsalis1 is slightly over #a inch in length2 is of a deep metallic blue1 marked on face and thorax with bright yellow1 and has stout reddish brown wings2 the smaller male has the upper surface of the abdominal segments clothed with silvery pubescence4 ,perga kirbyi is dark reddish brown1 similar in form and size to the last species2 ,perga lewisii1 a much smaller yellowish brown insect1 flattened on the dorsal surface1 is common about ,sydney upon the foliage of the 8blood-wood0 7,eucalyptus corymbosa71 where she lays her eggs in the leaf in a double row1 and stands over them until the tiny larvae hatch out and are able to move away2 while thus occupied you can pick her up1 but she will not move away1 but raise her wings and fight like a hen over her chickens4 ,though this is our commonest species1 and ,i have taken hundreds of females1 ,i have never seen a male4 ,perga cameronii is like the last species1 but larger1 with more distinct markings on the back2 it is found on the ,blue ,mountains4 ,in the ,genus ,pterygophorus about #aj species are described2 they are much smaller insects1 with bright metallic blue colours marked with reddish yellow2 the male has the antennae produced into a comb or feathery structure1 those of the female are formed of short rounded joints4 ,the larva is a dull olive green creature covered with small warty tubercules2 the head is broad1 and the abdomen tapers off into a slender pointed tail2 it has seven pairs of abdominal legs4 ,it feeds upon the foliage of ,leptospermum1 wild dock and other plants1 and when full grown bores into dead wood1 pupating in a rounded oval cell4 ,the ,ringed ,sawfly1 ,pterygophorus cinctus1 an inch in length1 is dark blue marked with deep reddish orange on the thorax1 with a ring round the centre and tip of the abdomen of a similar colour2 the wings are marked and clouded with black4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xi4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,tenthredinidae4 #a4 ,pterygophorus cinctus 7,klug74 #b4 ,pterygophorus cinctus 7,klug71 ,antenna 4 #c4 ,pterygophorus cinctus 7,klug71 ,larva4 #d4 ,philomastix glaber 7,froggatt74 #e4 ,philomastix glaber 7,froggatt71 ,antenna4 #f4 ,philomastix glaber 7,froggatt71 ,larva4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xi4--,,hymenoptera4 ,the ,pale ,coloured ,sawfly1 ,p4 interruptus1 slightly larger1 has the thorax marked with orange yellow1 and the abdomen deeply blotched with the same colour1 forming interrupted bands on the sides2 both these species are taken upon flowers in the summer months4 ,philomastix glaber has very curious larvae that feed upon the wild bramble on the northern rivers of ,n4,s4 ,wales2 they have large heads1 no abdominal legs1 and two slender rat-like tails on the tip of the body4 ,the sawfly measures #a inch in length2 the general colour is shining yellow1 mottled with dull metallic blue on the thorax and abdomen2 the semiopaque wings are barred with dark brown2 the male has shorter antennae composed of short funnel shaped segments4 ,there are a number of small species1 belonging to the ,genera ,eurys1 ,euryopsis and ,polyclonus1 found chiefly upon flowers2 ,polyclonus atratus1 sole representative of the ,genus1 has #ah jointed antennae1 each joint furnished with a hairy finger turning inward at the tips4 ,the ,blister-leaf ,sawfly1 ,phylacteophaga eucalypti1 punctures the leaves of small gum trees2 the larva feeds in the tissue1 and when full grown pupates in a chamber in the centre1 forming a distinct blister in the leaf3 in the pupal state it has power to bend the body and rap against the side of the chamber4 ,the sawfly measures of an inch in length2 the male is black with a red head2 the slightly larger female has the head and thorax reddish brown2 the antennae have eight joints1 long and slender4 ,they have long stout legs1 and are very active when they first emerge from the leaves1 making a loud buzzing sound as they run about and try to escape4 ,family #e4 ,gall-flies4 ,,cynipidae4 ,this is the first group of the ,petiolata1 which are often known from their small size as ,micro-hymenoptera4 ,they are all small creatures1 differing from the succeeding families in that they are broadly speaking plant eating1 usually forming galls in which they live and pupate4 ,however1 there are some that live upon the gall-making forms2 others live only upon the tissue of their cousins' galls without disturbing their host2 and again some that are known as inqualines 7visitors that dwell in the cavity with the true gall-maker72 so that their life histories are somewhat complicated4 ,the typical gall-fly deposits her eggs in the tissues of the selected plant by means of her ovipositor1 which is beautifully adapted for the purpose2 she injects in some cases a fluid that keeps the wound from closing up at once and so destroying the delicate egg4 ,most of the ,cynips galls are rounded woody excrescences4 ,the ,gall ,wasps have wings with few cells and no stigma2 the front portion of the thorax is joined to the second2 the ovipositor is concealed2 the antennae straight1 containing from #ac to #ae joints4 ,i described three hymenopterons forming galls on wattles 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib71 but these insects submitted to ,dr4 ,mayr some years afterwards proved to belong to another family4 ,the only species described from ,australia are #c named by ,ashmead 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj71 which were collected by ,koebele without any exact locality being given2 and ,hypodiranchis aphidis described by me as a parasite of the common peach aphis in the ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd4 ,family #f4 ,parasitic ,wasps4 ,,chalcididae4 ,this is a very extensive family1 the members of which differ from the other small wasps in having the antennae elbowed1 the first segment often as long as all the others combined2 the antennae may be simple1 but are often clubbed at the tips1 and in the males of some groups with the segments or joints feathered or furnished with slender branching fingers4 ,the delicate gauze-like wings are traversed by very few veins1 and the abdomen is produced into all sorts of curious shapes1 ornamented sometimes with remarkable anal appendages2 and the ovipositor of the female1 though often short1 is sometimes much longer than the whole insect1 and is usually prominent4 ,these tiny little creatures deposit their eggs in the eggs1 larvae1 and pupae of other insects1 wood galls1 and excrescences produced by other insects1 though a few groups are plant feeders and even produce galls4 ,most of them are very minute1 and can only be collected by keeping infested galls1 leaves1 eggs and cocoons in jars and breeding them out1 so that the majority of them escape the eye of the ordinary collector1 though among the most beautiful of all insects in rich colours and delicate structure4 ,walker described a number of ,australian species in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 ,hymenoptera #ahdf1 others in his ,monograph of the family #ahci1 and the ,proceedings of other ,journals 7#ahfc1 c472 but his usual locality is simply 8,new ,holland10 and without access to the types one would have some difficulty in determining any species4 ,westwood obtained and figured some of our largest2 and ,haliday others in the 8,entomologist0 #ahdb2 while the few others described are those obtained by the zoologists on the various scientific expeditions visiting this country4 ,ashmead has contributed the only modern paper 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,society ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj7 on these and other parasitic hymenoptera collected by ,mr4 ,koebele and myself4 ,the species in the ,genus ,leucaspis are large thickset chalcids1 with the ovipositor curving round and fitting into grooves in the dorsal surface of the abdomen4 ,leucaspis darlingi was obtained by ,westwood from the ,darling ,downs ,queensland 7,i have specimens from ,mackay ,q473 it is black mottled with yellow1 and has brownish wings2 the hind legs are swollen3 the antennae thickened2 and it measures an inch4 ,l4 australis was obtained by ,walker from ,s4 ,australia4 ,nothing is known about their habits1 but ,leucaspis gigas in ,europe lays its eggs in the nests of mud-dauber wasps1 piercing the clay walls with its stout ovipositor4 ,trichoxenia cineraria1 a slightly smaller black insect1 is deeply punctured all over the dorsal surface of the head and thorax2 the wings are clouded at the apex2 and the upper surface of the body is thickly clothed with dense yellow down1 thickest toward the apex4 ,specimens in my collection were taken about ,sydney4 ,the typical ,genus ,chalcis contains a number of short stout insects1 generally black1 sometimes marked with yellow and brown2 they are easily distinguished by the globular form of the thighs of the hind legs1 which are sometimes nearly as large as the abdomen4 ,these insects are chiefly parasitic upon the larvae of small leaf-rolling moths3 ,chalcis vicaria is black1 with the base of the tibiae and tarsi yellow2 it is common about ,mackay ,queensland4 ,i have bred numbers of ,chalcis phya1 a small black species with white mottled hind legs1 from the chrysalids of the lucerne moth 7,tortrix glaphyriana74 ,another undetermined yellow legged species has been bred from the codlin moth pupa4 ,eurytoma binotata1 a tiny black insect clothed with a white pubescence1 has the pronotum spotted with yellow1 and the antennae and legs marked with reddish brown2 it can be bred from the galls on the twigs of the turpentine gum4 ,e4 eucalypti1 a smaller black species1 slightly over of an inch1 comes out of eucalyptus galls collected at ,uralla ,n4,s4,w4 ,the members of the extensive ,genus ,megastigmus are all obtained from galls2 they are more elongate in form1 with broad globular heads1 the males with short cylindrical bodies1 but the larger females furnished with bristle-like ovipositors turning upward often longer than the whole insect4 ,megastigmus brachyscelides measures of an inch1 and is black to dark brown marked with yellow2 it is bred from the large galls of ,brachyscelis crispa4 ,m4 iamenus1 originally described from ,tasmania1 ,i have bred from another gall coccid 7,b4 pileata72 also a larger light yellow species bred from dipterous galls on the ,snow-bush 7,aster ramulosus7 has been named by ,ashmead ,m4 asteri2 ,m4 brachychitoni1 of an inch1 reddish brown and yellow1 is common in the large fleshy galls on the ,kurrajong tree4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,hypodiranchis aphidis 7,froggatt74 ,a cynips parasitic upon the peach aphis4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,stilbula peduncularis is a remarkable looking insect1 with broad1 rich metallic coppery red head and thorax2 the basal portion of the abdomen forms a slender stalk with the apical tip produced into a small oval club4 ,i have had a closely allied form out of the pupal cocoon of the red bull-dog ant4 ,the ,,perilampinae comprise some of the largest and most remarkable chalcids3 ,thaumasura terebrator has been described and figured by ,westwood2 my specimens came from ,s4 ,australia1 and were sent by ,mr4 ,blackburn4 ,it is a slender1 rich metallic purple insect1 about of an inch in length to the apex of the flask-shaped body1 which is continued in a long jointed tail three times the length of the whole insect4 ,t4 femor-rubra is a smaller insect with a tail not so long as the body1 and of a general black colour with transparent wings and reddish legs4 ,dinoura auriventris is a very curious1 metallic tinted species of an inch in length1 with the apical portion of the attenuated abdomen produced into four flanges4 ,i have bred a number of these wasps out of the large wood galls of coccids 7,brachyscelinae71 chiefly ,b4 pileata4 ,pteromalus puparum is an introduced parasite of butterfly pupae1 and is common about ,sydney1 where it infests that of the orange feeding butterfly 7,papilio erectheus74 ,another tiny little metallic tinted chalcid1 ,eupelmus antipoda1 infests the eggs of our common mantis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--,pteromalus puparum 7,linn474 and 4 ,parasitic ,chalcids that destroy the pupae of many species of butterflies4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,about twenty species of the cosmopolitan ,genus ,tetrasticus are described by ,walker1 chiefly from ,tasmania4 ,the allied ,tetrastichodes froggatti is a very tiny creature1 described by ,ashmead from shot-like galls on the leaves of eucalypts4 ,euryischia lestophoni1 a larger black insect with mottled wings1 is interesting to economic entomologists1 as it is a secondary parasite of the ,cottony ,cushion ,scale 7,icerya purchasi71 feeding on the fly parasite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,blastophaginae are remarkable little creatures1 for there is a very great difference in the sexes of the same species2 the males1 yellow or brown1 wingless1 and blind1 are more like white ants in general appearance than chalcids4 ,they breed in the interior of figs1 and are numerous in ,australia4 ,saunders 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #ahhc7 described our common species 7,pleistodontes imperialis71 found in the fruit of the ,moreton ,bay fig about ,march4 ,the tiny male1 of an inch in length1 is of the typical form and colour2 the elongate1 shining black female 7which is figured7 is so different a looking creature that it would never be taken for the opposite sex of the insect4 ,their life history and remarkable habits have been described in the ,agricultural ,gazette 7,june #aijj74 ,idarnis australis1 described in the same paper1 is a slender1 bright1 metallic green wasp1 with a long tubular ovipositor nearly twice the length of the whole insect1 which she also uses by pressing it down against the fig to jump like an acrobat1 as well as for puncturing the skin of the fruit4 ,the insect ,i described as the supplementary male of ,p4 imperialis1 is1 ,dr4 ,mayr tells me1 the wingless male of this species4 ,mayr in 8,neue ,feigen-,insekten #aijf0 states that he finds that my identification is wrong and this is not the one named by ,saunders but a new species which he calls ,pleistodontes froggatti1 and places my ,idarnis in his ,genus ,sycoryctes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,dinoura auriventris 7,ashmead74 ,a parasitic ,chalcid that destroys the gall-making coccids 7,brachyscelinae7 by devouring the females and pupating in the cavity4 7,original1 ,w4,w4,f47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xii4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,chalcididae4 #a4 ,branch of ,moreton ,bay ,fig 7,ficus macrophylla74 #b4 ,immature fig attacked by ,pleistodontes froggatti 7,mayr71 which are cutting their way into the fig4 ,a female ,idarnis australis on the right-hand side of the fig4 #c4 ,section of fig1 showing insects in the centre4 #d4 ,pleistodontes froggatti 7,mayr74 4 #e4 ,cutting plate 7mandibular appendage7 used by the insect to cut into the fig4 #f4 ,point of head1 showing beak-like extremity1 and the base of the mandibular appendage where attached to the head4 #g4 ,wings of ,pleistodontes froggatti 7,mayr74 #h4 ,pleistodontes froggatti 7,mayr74 4 #i4 ,idarnes australis 7,froggatt74 4 #aj4 ,idarnes australis 7,froggatt74 4 #aa4 ,idarnes australis 7,froggatt71 ,wings4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xii4--,,hymenoptera4 99 99 99 99 99 ,additional species of ,,chalcididae have been added to our fauna by the researches of ,messrs4 ,perkins and ,koebele 7,bulletins #a1 pts4 #f #h ,hawaii #aije74 ,in the ,encryritinae he describes #ab new species1 most of them bred from the pupae of the ,dryinids collected in ,queensland1 but a few from more southern regions4 ,chalcerinys eximia is only of an inch in length2 is of a rich metallic green tint marked with black and brassy-yellowish tints1 and is furnished with long antennae4 ,it ranges from ,bundaberg to ,sydney4 ,in the ,,eupelminae he describes one new species parasitic upon the parasite fly1 ,pipunculus cinerascens1 under the name of ,anastatus pipunculi4 ,it is a bright metallic green and purple little creature about of an inch in length4 ,one species of the ,,tetrastichinae1 which he calls ,ootetrastichus beatus1 has been bred from the eggs of leaf-hoppers from both ,queensland and ,fiji1 while another parasite on the eggs of a ,jassid embedded in the branchlets of a ,eucalyptus was bred in ,southern ,queensland4 ,perkins describes it under the name of ,pterygogramma acuminata1 a tiny creature not of an inch in length1 of general brown and yellowish tints4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,megastigmus brachychitoni 7,froggatt7 4 ,a yellow and brown ,chalcid1 bred from the large fleshy galls on the kurrajong trees4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,coelocyba viridilineata 7,froggatt74 ,a pale yellow and green ,chalcid infesting the large fleshy galls on the kurrajong trees4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,five species of the parasitic wasps belonging to the ,,mymaridae are described from ,queensland4 ,they are all tiny little creatures with slender feathered wings and long legs4 ,they deposit their eggs in the eggs of different species of leaf-hoppers1 and some species are very abundant4 ,four species of the more robust parasites belonging to the ,genus ,aphanomerus are also described as egg parasites from ,queensland4 ,after studying the galls and insects from the wattles which ,i described in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society #ahib1 as belonging to the ,cynipidae1 ,dr4 ,mayr finds that the insects will not fit into any known genera1 so he has formed the ,genus ,trichilogaster to contain ,t4 maideni1 which forms galls on the branchlets of ,acacia longifolia1 and ,t4 a-longifoliae1 which aborts the flower buds of the same wattle into oval or rounded red and yellow galls as big as marbles4 ,he describes a third species ,i sent him1 ,t4 pendulae1 forming rounded galls on ,acacia pendula1 and has made the remarkable discovery that the tiny wasp deposits a female egg1 which forms the central cavity on the gall with a second male egg in a small cavity on the side of the same gall1 so that a male and female wasp is always produced from each gall1 and he thinks this will be the case with our two common species when they are examined4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,ceraphron niger 7,curtis7 4 ,a tiny black parasitic ,chalcid that infests the pupae of the leaf-mining fly 7,phytomyza affinis74 #di;a4--,head of ,female4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #g4 ,micro-hymenoptera4 ,,proctotrypidae4 ,in general appearance these tiny creatures1 some of the smallest in the insect world1 would seem to be almost identical with those of the previous family2 but ,ashmead says3 8,if the anomalous group ,,mymarinae are removed there will be no difficulty in distinguishing at a glance a ,proctotrypid from a ,chalcid10 and defines them thus3 8,in all true ,proctotrypidae the pronotum extends back to the tegulae1 and the ovipositor issues from the tip of the abdomen1 the sheaths in a few abnormal cases being conjoined and forming a more or less cylindrical tube or scabbard for the reception of the two spiculae and the ovipositor proper40 ,sharp on the other hand considers that this is one of the most difficult groups of the ,hymenoptera to define2 to a specialist of course they can be easily separated1 but anyone who first takes up the study of these ,micro-hymenoptera 7and bear in mind that we are talking about insects1 so small that when a collector breeds them out in jars he has to liberate them upon a window pane that he may see them against the light71 he will ,i think endorse ,dr4 ,sharp's decision4 ,besides the peculiarities of the abdomen previously noted1 the antennae1 sometimes twice the length of the whole insect1 are composed of from #g to #ae joints1 and in the typical groups1 though the first joint may be long1 it is not elbowed as in the ,chalcids1 and is seldom branched4 ,the wings are delicate1 without any nervures1 except in a few small groups where the veins are somewhat like those of small ichneumon wasps4 ,the hind legs are generally longer than the others1 and though some have the thighs swollen as in the ,chalcids1 they are as a rule much more slender1 and the abdomen is usually pointed4 ,they can be bred from galls1 particularly those of small ,gall-flies 7,cecidomyia71 the eggs of all kinds of insects1 and the larvae of small beetles1 moths1 and other wasps4 ,in ,ashmead's 8,monograph of the ,proctotrypidae of ,north ,america0 nearly #fjj species are described1 and a number have been added since these were recorded in #ahic4 ,the ,australian species are probably numerous1 judging from my own observations when studying gall-making insects2 but very few have been described4 ,westwood described four in his 8,thesaurus ,entomologicus1 ,oxford #ahgd10 belonging to the ,,bethyllides1 the peculiarities of which he defines1 and figures with coloured plates4 ,ashmead describes another 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj7 under the name of ,ateleopterus longiceps1 obtained by me in a hollow twig of a wattle tree2 a shining black ant-like creature about of an inch in length1 rusty red legs1 and transparent wings clouded at the base1 probably parasitic on the larva of some wood boring beetle4 ,sierola antipoda was bred from the curious bract-like gall of ,cecidomyia frauenfeldi on the twigs of ,melaleuca bushes4 ,a second species of this genus was collected by ,webster1 and forwarded to ,ashmead1 who named it after the sender4 ,in #ahij ,riley described 8,an ,australian ,hymenopterous parasite of the fluted scale0 in 8,insect ,life0 which he named ,ophelosia crawfordi2 it is a tiny reddish brown wasp with a shining black body1 and the wings obscurely barred with smoky brown2 it is easily bred from this mealy bug1 which it greatly keeps in check4 ,goniozus antipodum1 described by ,westwood from ,s4 ,australia1 is a little shining black ant-like wasp which has been lately discovered destroying the grubs of codlin moth both in ,s4 ,australia and ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the larvae feed upon the outside of the grub1 burying their heads in the tissue1 and when full grown spin a loose silken cocoon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,perkins has recently added a number of new species to this family belonging to the ,,dryinidae4 ,in his ,bulletins ,hawaii #aije1 ,nos4 #a #aj1 8,leaf ,hoppers and their ,natural ,enemies10 he describes #de new species1 chiefly collected by ,koebele in ,queensland1 but some from the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,these curious little proctotrypids are parasitic upon the larvae and pupae of the small homopterous insects commonly known as ,leaf or ,frog-hoppers 7,families ,,jassidae and ,,fulgoridae74 ,the adult wasp captures the insect1 holding it with its curious clawed feet while it deposits its egg in its body2 when full grown the larva spins a white silken cocoon1 from which the active winged insect emerges in about #ah days4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gonotopus australis is a tiny wingless ant-like creature about of an inch in length1 which attacks jassids and fulgorids feeding upon grass and low herbage4 ,this species comes from ,bundaberg ,queensland2 but ,koebele has bred a second species about of an inch in length1 of a general brownish colour1 from a ,jassid collected near ,parramatta4 ,the curious little sacs or larval bags of these parasites can be readily noticed projecting from the sides of the thoracic segments4 ,most of these insects have well developed wings1 but1 according to ,koebele's observations1 they stalk their prey when looking for the host for their egg4 ,family #h4 ,larger ,parasitic ,wasps4 ,,ichneumonidae4 ,these are commonly known as ,ichneumon ,flies1 and the family is a very extensive one4 ,they play an important part in the economy of ,nature in destroying thousands of the moth and other larvae that would otherwise strip our fields and forests of their grass and foliage1 and they are therefore useful allies to the agriculturist2 though they also often destroy other beneficial insects as well as pests1 and thus discount their usefulness4 ,ichneumon ,flies are moderately sized insects furnished with long slender antennae composed of from #af to upward of #fj joints1 with the basal one often thickened1 but never elbowed4 ,the wings are well developed1 with a distinct stigma and numerous nervures forming regular cells2 a few species are wingless in both sexes1 but these exceptional ones have not been recorded from this country4 ,the legs are long1 generally slender1 and well adapted for running about2 the abdomen is usually long1 rounded or cylindrical1 joined to the thorax on the under side1 and more or less stalked1 while the ovipositor of the female is characteristic of the group and adapted or modified for laying the eggs in or upon the different hosts they prefer to adopt for their offspring2 when they infest wood boring caterpillars that are somewhat out of reach1 the ovipositor is correspondingly long and the sheath and 8tails0 produced so as to guide the eggs to their resting place on the grub1 out of the sight of the parent ichneumon4 ,when the species lays its eggs on the back of leaf-eating insects with no protective covering1 the ovipositor is generally short and stout1 the tip sometimes so stiff and sharp1 that several species are credited with stinging people when handled4 ,the little wasp-grub1 hatching from the egg either deposited on the back or placed beneath the skin1 feeds upon the substance of the body of its victim without touching the vital organs1 so that in most instances where the caterpillar of a moth is infested1 it yet has the power to form its cocoon and pupate before the wasp-grub has finished growing2 the latter thus finishes its final transformation in the destroyed moth pupa1 and cuts its way out through the side of the cocoon when ready to emerge4 ,usually1 if it is a large species1 the ichneumon deposits only one egg in its victim1 but in some of the smaller ones half a dozen can be bred from a single cocoon4 ,over #f1jjj species of these insects have been described from all parts of the world1 and in many countries1 such as this1 the native species are still hardly known1 and much confusion exists in their classification on account of their parasitic habits and the number of different hosts that the same species may infest2 but now that so many economic entomologists are at work all over the world1 it will probably not be long before they will have many admirers1 and a rich field awaits the entomologist who takes up the study of ,australian ichneumons4 ,cresson in his 8,synopsis of the ,north ,american ,hymenoptera0 lists over #a1ajj described species1 while in ,australia up to the time when ,brull published his 8,histoire ,naturelle des ,insectes1 ,hymenopteres10 in #ahdf1 only one or two had been described1 to which he added eighteen species2 ,kirby1 ,smith1 ,cameron and several foreign entomologists have added a few more2 and in ,ashmead's recent paper ten more ,australian species are described1 which makes a very meagre list4 ,the ,spotted ,black ,ichneumon1 ,pimpla intricatoria1 is one of our largest common species1 having a wide distribution over ,australia1 and it breeds in a number of different moths4 ,it measures nearly #a inch in length to the tip of the short ovipositor1 and is of a uniform black colour with red legs and antennae2 the thorax and abdomen are ornamented with pale yellow spots1 those on the latter oval1 forming a row on either side4 ,the ,dark-winged ,ichneumon1 ,rhyssa semipunctata1 is a more slender species of about the same length2 is of a uniform dull red colour except the basal half of the abdomen1 which is black with white markings on the sides2 the wings are clouded with brown1 darkest on the inner portion4 ,these wasps always follow up the cut worms and caterpillar plagues1 and destroy immense numbers in the pupal stage4 ,the ,spotted ,ichneumon1 ,mesotenus albopictus1 is somewhat smaller1 with slender stalked abdomen and the slender ovipositor turned downward3 the general colour is black1 with the antennae marked with yellow toward the apical portion2 the head1 thorax and abdomen are richly marked with light yellow2 light brown wings and red legs mottled with black and yellow4 ,this ichneumon breeds in a great number of different cocoons1 and frequently emerges from the oval cup-like ones of the 8,stinging ,caterpillars0 7,doratifera and ,limacodes74 ,the ,,ophioninae comprises a number of genera1 of which the typical species are reddish brown insects1 with clear wings and curiously curved1 laterally flattened bodies1 broadest at the extremity4 ,they are frequently noticed in numbers among the low scrub in the day time1 and in the summer evenings often fly into the house round the lighted lamp4 ,six species of the typical ,genus ,ophion are described from ,australia2 but none of the ,genus ,anomalon have been recorded4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,bassus laetatorius 7,fabr474 ,an ,ichneumon wasp that destroys the pupae of ,syrphid flies4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,bassus laetatorius is a well known ,ichneumon which has a very wide range over the globe1 and is not a useful species1 for it lays its eggs in the larvae of ,syrphid flies1 which feed upon different kinds of plant lice 7,aphis7 and are very useful insects to the gardener4 ,it measures about of an inch in length1 with the head1 thorax1 tip and base of the abdomen black1 the rest reddish brown with yellow markings on the head4 ,the tibiae of the hind legs are very distinctly banded with white1 black1 and reddish brown1 giving it quite a distinctive character4 ,family #i4 ,small ,ichneumons4 ,,braconidae4 ,these are insects with very similar habits but easily separated from the large ichneumon wasps by the structure of the fore wings1 as they have the outer cross veins wanting1 thus showing two long outer cells1 which in the former are divided into two cells4 ,the antennae are always composed of more than fifteen joints1 and the segments of the abdomen are more soldered together4 ,many of them1 like the ,microgasters1 are very small1 others are as large as many of the smaller true ichneumons4 ,this country is probably very rich in indigenous species1 while we have a considerable number that have been introduced with their host insect2 but hardly anything has been done in describing our species4 ,as far back as #agge ,fabricius named #d species of the typical ,genus ,bracon1 to which only three other species have been added1 though over #ejj species are listed in ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogue in the cosmopolitan ,genus ,bracon from other parts of the globe4 ,the typical ,braconid is usually very small2 many of them are no larger than some of the ,chalcids4 ,wherever the cabbage aphis or other plant infesting insects such as caterpillars are to be found1 these little wasps can be observed hovering round1 waiting for an opportunity to deposit their eggs4 ,they differ from the large ichneumons1 in that while the latter only deposit a single1 or at most a dozen eggs upon a victim1 these often place hundreds in a large caterpillar1 which1 emerging when full grown1 form little white oval silken cocoons on the top of the remains of their hosts1 that are sometimes surrounded with a mass of white fibre exactly like cotton wool4 ,after a plague of cut worms has passed over a paddock it is quite common to find clusters of these little cocoons attached to the grass stalks2 these have been often sent to me from the country with the information that they were the eggs of the plague caterpillars or cut worms4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,ephedrus persicae 7,froggatt74 ,a ,braconid wasp that lays its eggs on the bodies of aphids4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,bracon limbatus1 one of our larger typical species1 is found in ,tasmania1 and has a wide range over ,australia4 ,it measures about an inch from the front of the head to the tip of the abdomen1 and is of a general black colour on the upper surface1 with dusky almost black wings1 and a red head4 ,the under-surface is marked with brown1 with the thorax1 thighs1 and tibiae of the front and middle legs black2 the three slender curled hair-like tails forming the ovipositor being longer than the whole insect4 ,eight other species of ,bracon are described1 several of which are also recorded from ,new ,guinea and ,new ,zealand4 ,among the introduced species is ,lepolexis rapae of ,curtis1 which is parasitic upon the cabbage aphis in ,europe2 it can be collected in gardens about ,sydney4 ,aphids containing these parasites are always swollen1 round1 and apparently dead skins through which each braconid eats its way4 ,five species of the ,genus ,agathes are described2 they are remarkable for their showy particoloured wings1 and large size in comparison with other members of this family4 ,ashmead has described a tiny black species marked with yellow bred by me from the larva of a ,noctuid ,moth1 an undetermined species of ,agrotis1 under the name of ,apanteles antipoda2 and a second larger one as ,apanteles australasiae4 ,in his ,genus ,microbracon he has described a dainty little black and yellow creature that infests the larvae of our scale-eating moth 7,thalpochares coccophaga7 under the name of ,microbracon thalpocaris4 ,family #aj4 ,ruby ,wasps4 ,,chrysididae4 ,the popular and scientific names of these insects refer to the brilliant metallic blue1 green1 golden or copper coloured tints of their armour-plated bodies1 which are also covered with coarse punctures1 finest upon the abdomen4 ,they are stout thickset wasps with short curled antennae and large eyes2 the thorax is broad and closely attached to the abdomen1 the latter composed of from three to five segments1 the first generally much shorter than the second1 with the last toothed along the hind margin1 and characteristic of the different species2 the under-surface of these plates is concave1 with the tip of the abdomen produced into a tubular process1 so that when alarmed the wasp can curl her body round into a ball1 protected on all sides by the armour-like integument2 and as she lays her eggs in the nests of other wasps and bees1 and is sometimes caught in the act1 this habit is probably a wise provision of ,nature which enables her to resist the sting of the lawful nest maker4 ,some of the earlier observers called them 8,cuckoo ,wasps10 under the impression that their larvae1 when hatched out in the nests of hunting wasps or bees that filled the cells with insects or bee bread1 fed upon the stored food supplies1 but later researches show that1 though the egg of both the lawful occupant and the intruder may be deposited in the cell1 the latter does not hatch until the former has devoured all the food placed there by his mother and is ready to pupate2 then the ruby wasp baby comes out1 attaches itself to the full fed larva beside it1 and sucks him dry1 pupating in his skin4 ,most of our species that ,i have bred out are parasitic in the clay nests of the smaller ,mason ,wasps1 ,odynerus and ,alastor1 though in ,europe many species live in the nests of bees4 ,the perfect insects are generally found crawling over or flying round old fences or stumps and dead trees in the hottest part of the day4 ,our species were described by ,f4 ,smith in #ahgd in his revision of the family1 in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society of ,london2 a few others have since been added to the list by ,mocsry1 who monographed the ,chrysididae in #ahhi2 and ,gribodo in the ,annals of the ,mus4 ,geneva1 #ahgi4 ,no member of the typical ,genus ,cleptes common in ,europe and ,america is recorded from ,australia2 but two well defined species of the beautiful ruby wasps of the ,genus ,stilbum that has a world wide range are described1 ,stilbum splendidum confined to ,australia and ,new ,caledonia1 and ,stilbum amethystinium1 found also in ,asia1 ,africa and ,america4 ,the great ,genus ,chrysis1 which contains over #fjj described species1 is represented here by about #bg species4 ,family #aa4 ,hatchet-bodied ,wasps4 ,,evaniidae4 ,under the recent classification of this family it now comprises three very well defined genera1 which have moderately thick antennae1 not elbowed1 consisting of thirteen or fourteen joints2 the nervures of the wings not so well defined as those of the ,ichneumons2 and the stalked abdomen attached to the upper part of the metathorax4 ,they are well represented in this country1 and have been chiefly described by ,westwood and ,schletterer4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xiii4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,megalyridae4 #a4 ,megalyra fasciipennis 7,westwood74 4 ,family ,,ichneumonidae4 #b4 ,pimpla intricatoria 7,fabr474 4 ,family ,,evaniidae4 #c4 ,gasteruption sp4 ,family ,,mutillidae4 #d4 ,mutilla formicaria 7,westwood74 4 ,family ,,chrysididae4 #e4 ,stilbum splendidum 7,fabr474 ,family ,,thynnidae4 #f4 ,diamma bicolor 7,westwood74 #aj4 ,thynnus variabilis 7,kirby74 4 #aa4 ,thynnus variabilis 7,kirby74 4 ,family ,,scoliidae4 #g4 ,trielus zonata 7,smith74 4 #h4 ,discolia verticalis 7,fabr474 4 #i4 ,discolia soror 7,smith74 4 ,family ,,sphegidae4 #ab4 ,bembex tridentifera 7,smith74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xiii4--,,hymenoptera4 ,the members of the typical ,genus ,evania are generally shining black insects1 sometimes variegated with dull red markings2 the head and thorax are short and broad2 the abdomen has the first segment produced into a slender stalk1 and the remaining ones forming a vertically compressed hatchet-like body4 ,they are parasitic upon the egg cases of cockroaches2 some with a very wide range have been introduced in all probability with their cosmopolitan hosts1 while they are often found in the house flying on the window panes1 evidently introduced in the same manner4 ,in the bush the perfect insects are commonly found on flowering shrubs in the summer time4 ,about #bj species are described from ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,evania princeps is of a uniform black colour with dusky wings1 and is recorded from most parts of ,australia1 ,woodlark ,island and ,new ,guinea4 ,it is one of our largest species1 measuring an inch in length1 broad in proportion1 and furnished with very long spined legs4 ,the ,genus ,gasteruption1 which takes the place of the ,genus ,foenus in the earlier catalogues1 contains #cf described species from ,australia2 as they are rare insects1 there are probably many more to be discovered4 ,nothing is known about their habits for certain1 but they are supposed to be parasitic upon the larvae of wood boring insects2 ,i have generally found them flying round the trunk of a dead or burnt tree4 ,they differ from the former genus in having the head almost globular1 with antennae standing out straight in front1 and large oval eyes on the sides2 the thorax is more elongate1 rounded in front1 so that the insect appears to have a slight neck4 ,the abdomen springs from a rounded node on the thorax1 with the basal segments slender1 swelling out gradually1 and broadest at the tip2 the females bear a very long hair-like ovipositor4 ,the legs are slender1 the hind pair longest1 with both the thighs and apical half of the tibiae thickened in a very distinctive manner4 ,ten species are described from ,sydney2 and one1 ,gasteruption pedunculatum1 is also common to ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,genus ,aulacus contains ten described species of smaller insects4 ,aulacus apicalis is parasitic upon the larvae of a longicorn beetle 7,piesarthrius marginellus74 ,i have found as many as fifty1 each enclosed in a thin parchment cocoon1 all matted together in a single cavity4 ,this little wasp has a long extended ovipositor1 and measures about an inch in length2 the head and greater portion of the abdomen is black1 the rest reddish brown1 with a blotch of yellow on the upper surface of the base of the abdomen2 the hyaline wings are tipped with black4 ,family #ab4 ,long-tailed ,wasps4 ,,megalyridae4 ,these remarkable parasitic wasps1 peculiar to ,australia1 are comprised in a single genus containing #af species1 none of which are very common4 ,they are all shining black insects2 the head short1 broad and almost rounded1 the thorax broad and stout1 both very rugose and clothed with fine silvery hairs on the sides2 the eyes large1 circular1 and very prominent2 ocelli small2 the antennae composed of irregular wiry joints2 the wings semitransparent1 generally banded with black1 and the transverse nervures wanting in the apical half2 legs long1 with the thighs thickened4 ,the abdomen is closely attached to the thorax1 cylindrical1 tapering to the extremity1 and in the females furnished with an ovipositor often more than three times the whole length of the insect1 looking exactly like three black horse-hairs4 ,these elongated ovipositors are used for depositing their eggs in the wood-boring larvae of longicorn beetles belonging to the ,genus ,phoracantha1 and probably others of like habits1 which feed under the bark in the sap wood of different eucalypts4 ,the perfect insects are generally found about flowers on low shrubs in summer4 ,megalyra shuchardi is of the usual black colour with silvery pubescence2 the wings are pitch black and opaque3 the whole insect measures slightly under #a inch in length1 with the ovipositor over three inches4 ,it is found in ,victoria and ,new ,south ,wales1 and also recorded from ,melville ,island on the ,north ,coast4 ,megalyra fasciipennis was described by ,westwood when he founded the genus1 in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society #ahda2 and it is again figured in ,griffith's ,animal ,kingdom1 ,insects1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,it is much smaller than the previous one1 of similar form1 the legs and ovipositor reddish brown1 the wings hyaline1 barred across the centre and clouded at the extremities with blackish brown4 ,the male is much smaller than the female1 with similar wings1 but the body is more slender and comes to a point at the tip1 furnished with a curious bifid anal appendage4 ,this is the species we have found breeding from the longicorn larvae4 ,six other species have been described1 some by ,schletterer 7,berliner ,entom4 ,zeitschrift #ahhi72 one1 ,megalyra melanoptera1 closely allied to ,westwood's dark winged species4 ,in #aijb ,szepligeti 7,termes ,z4 ,fuzetek1 xxv47 monographed the family and added one more2 and ,bradley last year1 describing the last new form 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,society of ,london #aije7 appends a translation of the former's tabulation of all the known species1 seven in number4 ,i have 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf7 since added #h new species to the list4 ,family #ac4 ,ants4 ,,formicidae4 ,the ants are among the first insects that attract one's notice in a new country2 civilization seems to agree with many species which form their nests in the lawns or gardens1 and even take up their quarters in the house4 ,within the last decade a small introduced species has appeared in the heart of ,london1 and the small red ant1 ,monomorium pharaonis1 is a world wide pest in houses from ,europe to ,australia4 ,ants live in communities forming nests in the ground1 under logs or stones1 or in dead trees1 and sometimes among the foliage of plants4 ,these communities consist of winged males and females1 and wingless aborted females known as workers1 the bulk of the family consisting of the latter2 in some groups there are several varieties of workers1 that are often called soldiers on account of their great size and swollen heads4 ,in those species that are furnished with a sting both the workers and winged females should be handled with care4 ,they are divided into five sub-families1 based on the difference in the structure of the segments of the body1 absence or presence of a sting1 and a few other minor characters4 ,the leading specialists differ somewhat in the sequence of these groups2 ,i follow ,forel in placing the ,ponerinae at the head of the family2 and for a good classification and definition of the genera would refer my readers to ,emery's paper in the 8,annales de la ,societe ,entomologique de ,belgique10 ,vol4 xl41 #ahif4 ,all our species described before #aheh are listed in ,smith's ,british ,museum 8,catalogue of the ,formicidae10 where he described a number of new species3 ,lowne described a number of new species collected in the neighbourhood of ,sydney in the ,entomologist1 ,vol4 ii41 #ahfe3 ,mayr in several papers1 chief of which are 8,myrmecologische ,studien10 8,neue ,formiciden10 and 8,die ,australischen ,formiciden0 added many up to #ahgf4 ,emery1 ,forel1 and others have since added to the list2 and in ,dalla ,torre's great 8,catalogue of the ,hymenoptera10 published in #ahic1 all species described up to that date are recorded4 ,i have lately 7#aije7 published a list of ,australian species 7,miscellaneous ,publications ,no4 #hhi1 ,dep4 ,agr4 ,n4,s4,w471 including all ,forel and others have added to our fauna1 in which nearly #djj species are recorded1 without counting the large number of races and varieties into which some of them are divided4 ,from my own researches ,i think a great many more will be found when they are systematically collected in the tropical scrubs and the dry districts in the interior1 which as yet have hardly been touched4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sub-family ,,ponerinae includes many large or medium sized ants with elongated bodies furnished with only one constricted segment or node at the base of the abdomen1 and the latter terminating in a powerful sting4 ,the larvae are enclosed in stout silken cocoons4 ,the ,genus ,myrmecia contains most of our largest typical species peculiar to ,australia1 popularly known as 8bull-dog ants10 8inchmen10 or 8jumpers02 about #cd species have been described1 some of which have a very wide range4 ,the 8,jumper10 ,myrmecia albo-cincta1 forms its nest under the shelter of a low bush2 it is a low mound with an opening on the summit1 and another on the side level with the ground2 when disturbed these ants come rushing out like a pack of dogs with a series of short jumps1 and attack everything they meet4 ,it is one of the smaller species1 about an inch in length1 of a uniform black colour1 with only the front and hind portion of the thorax brownish red to yellow4 ,myrmecia forficata is our large red and black 8bull-dog ant10 with a very extended range like the previous one from ,victoria to ,queensland4 ,they measure up to #a inch in length1 and are of a uniform dull red1 except the eyes and abdomen1 which are black4 ,they live in rather large colonies up to #bjj in number1 digging deep circular shafts or irregular chambers under logs2 when away from the latter1 they form regular domed mounds over the nests1 which in summer contain the large1 elongated1 oval1 brown sacks enclosing the pupae1 and often a number of winged males and females2 the former with small heads and jaws1 the latter with jaws as large or larger than those of the workers4 ,myrmecia gulosa is of a lighter red colour1 with the tip of the abdomen black4 ,m4 tarsata is our common black bull-dog ant1 with yellow jaws1 and antennae and tips of the legs reddish brown2 it has a great habit of hunting up and down the larger tree trunks1 and drops to the ground at the least alarm2 when disturbed in the nest1 if the first two or three are captured1 the others will usually retreat down their burrows1 and not show fight like the other species4 ,sharp notes the bull-dog as forming large mounds 7,cambridge ,natural ,history72 but ,i think he was misinformed1 as the nests of the ,mound ,ant1 ,iridomyrmex detectus1 are often confounded with these ants4 ,the ,genus ,odontomachus contains a number of curious slender black ants with large heads and long projecting jaws2 they are more tropical in their range1 but ,o4 ruficeps and its varieties are found from the ,darling ,river ,n4,s4 ,wales through ,queensland to ,north ,australia4 ,the 8,green-head10 ,ectatomma metallicum1 is a common ant of medium size that lives in small communities under stones or logs1 and often makes nests in the dry banks of lawns in our gardens4 ,though somewhat sluggish1 they sting sharply if they crawl on one when resting on the grass4 ,about #bh species and many varieties of this genus occur in ,australia2 one in ,new ,zealand2 and #c in ,new ,caledonia4 ,the members of the ,genus ,ponera are remarkable for their extended range2 we have several species or varieties in ,queensland closely allied to species from ,south ,america1 ,borneo1 ,europe1 and ,africa1 while three are recorded from ,new ,zealand2 ,euponera lutea1 a slender pale yellow ant with the abdominal segment constricted1 lives in small communities under stones or roots4 ,it ranges from ,sydney to ,fremantle1 round to ,n4 ,queensland4 ,pachycondyla piliventris is a large1 hairy black ant with large head and rounded body1 roughened1 and clothed with fine rusty down4 ,they are generally found under stones in communities of a dozen or so1 and when exposed or disturbed pretend to be dead1 with their legs folded up under the body2 they are common about ,sydney4 ,six species of the ,genus ,sphinctomyrmex are found chiefly in the ,north4 ,they are somewhat rare ants2 ,i have found two species1 both small1 slender1 dull brownish yellow insects living under stones2 ,s4 froggatti in a vineyard near ,sydney2 and the second1 ,s4 hednigae1 in the ,new ,england district under large stones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the second sub-family1 ,,dorylinae1 comprises ants with the antennae placed close together in the front of the head1 the abdomen elongated1 with the first segment forming an irregular node4 ,this group contains some very remarkable ants in ,africa and ,america1 but is only represented in ,australia by two species belonging to the ,genus nictus1 both of which are described from specimens collected by ,turner at ,mackay1 ,queensland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the third sub-family1 ,,myrmicinae1 is well represented here2 they are all small or medium sized ants1 with the base of the abdomen formed into two small nodes1 and the sting rudimentary2 the pupa naked and not enclosed in a cocoon4 ,many of them live in very large communities4 ,the members of the ,genus ,meranoplus are tiny little brown ants with rounded heads and bodies1 resembling some of the small wingless female ,mutillid in shape and habits1 for though they form irregular galleries under stones or in dry banks1 they are generally found running up and down tree trunks2 when touched they curl up the body and sham death4 ,meranoplus oceanicus1 reddish brown1 is common in ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ,m4 pubescens has a very wide range right round ,australia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monomorium pharaonis is our tiny red house-ant introduced from ,europe1 now world wide in its range2 and when once it becomes established in a house is a difficult pest to destroy4 ,m4 rubriceps1 a much larger species but under of an inch in length1 is bright reddish brown1 with the nodes very small and the apical portion of the abdomen black1 and broadly rounded4 ,it is found crawling upon the trunks of trees1 and has a wide range from ,sydney to ,cape ,york4 ,the typical tree-trunk ants included in the ,genus ,podomyrma are much larger ants1 sluggish in their habits1 forming their nests in tree stems and always found crawling about the trunks4 ,they are broad-headed ants with short stout jaws toothed at the tips2 the thorax is widest in front1 tapering to the narrow pedicle of the broadly rounded abdomen2 the thighs of the legs are thickened in the centre4 ,podomyrma gratiosa1 under an inch in length1 is bright reddish brown1 rugose and spined on the front margin of the thorax1 with the abdomen black1 smooth1 and shining2 it is widely distributed over ,australia from ,adelaide to ,cape ,york4 ,p4 adelaidae is a smaller species with black legs1 and a distinct oval brown blotch on either side of the black abdomen2 it is common in ,south ,australia and ,victoria4 ,p4 bimaculata is still smaller1 with the blotches on the abdomen smaller and more oval2 ,i have had it from ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a41 and ,wagga ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xiv4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,formicidae4 #a4 ,iridomyrmex detectus 7,smith74 #b4 ,polyrhachis semi-aurata 7,mayr74 #c4 ,myrmecia gulosa 7,fabr474 #d4 ,ectatomma metallicum 7,smith74 #e4 ,iridomyrmex rufoniger 7,lowne74 #f4 ,camponotus nigriceps 7,smith74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xiv4--,,hymenoptera4 ,the ,genus ,pheidole is well represented in ,australia by #bb species and many varieties found in all parts of the country1 forming irregular chambers and galleries under stones and logs2 they are tiny reddish brown ants1 with a very large headed form of soldiers often four or five times the size of the ordinary workers4 ,the winged forms are also very large in proportion4 ,pheidole bos is dark reddish brown1 the soldiers furnished with very large swollen heads2 it ranges from ,western ,australia to ,victoria4 ,p4 anthracina is a darker coloured form1 ranging from the northern portion of ,n4,s4 ,wales into ,queensland4 ,the members of the ,genus ,cremastogaster are very small black1 brown1 or dull yellow coloured ants with longer legs1 and heart-shaped bodies2 they live in large communities in nests under logs and stones4 ,c4 fusca is black with reddish tarsi1 and a reddish tint on the thorax2 it comes from ,queensland4 ,c4 pallipes and ,c4 ruficeps are lighter coloured1 found under stones about ,sydney4 ,sima laeviceps is a very curious elongated shining black ant with reddish brown antennae and tarsi1 which ranges up the ,queensland coast to ,n4,w4 ,australia1 and is found crawling about on tree trunks1 when touched curling its body up like a wasp and shamming death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sub-family ,,dolichoderinae comprises a number of small or medium sized ants living often in very large communities and having naked pupae4 ,the base of the abdomen consists of a single small node with no constriction between the two following segments2 sting practically wanting 7rudimentary74 ,the typical ,genus ,dolichoderus is represented here by five species widely distributed4 ,d4 doriae is common about ,sydney living in large communities under logs1 often clustered over each other like a swarm of bees2 they collect on the leaves of eucalypts1 upon which the sugar lerp psylla1 7,spondylaspis eucalypti7 constructs its larval scales1 and suck or lick up the sugary exudation4 ,this ant measures of an inch in length2 the head and thorax are black and roughened2 the legs reddish brown1 and the flattened heart-shaped abdomen clothed with a silvery pubescence4 ,leptomyrmex erythrocephalus might well be called the 8,silly ,ant0 from the aimless manner in which it rushes about with its head stuck up in the air1 and its abdomen curled over its back4 ,they live in underground nests sometimes deep down1 but others live under stones2 they are slender-bodied1 long-legged black ants under an inch in length1 with an oval red head1 rounded behind with long slender antennae1 and the front of the thorax produced into a slender neck4 ,in some varieties the whole of the thorax1 legs1 and head are yellowish brown4 ,the typical ,genus ,iridomyrmex contains #ah distinct species1 some of which have been subdivided into three or four varieties or races2 most of them are small1 except our 8,mound ,ant10 sometimes known as the 8,meat ,ant10 ,iridomyrmex detectus1 which is the commonest and most widely distributed ant in ,australia4 ,they construct large mounds a couple of feet above the surface of the ground1 and two or three yards in diameter2 they are formed of the soil excavated from beneath when forming their network of irregular open galleries2 the upper surface is pierced with numbers of rounded vertical shafts1 up which they swarm in countless thousands and attack any intruder1 biting savagely with their stout sharp jaws and making things generally unpleasant for the stranger4 ,when a mound is situated in open grassed country1 one can trace regular bare roads leading off from the nest1 worn smooth by the regular stream of ants passing backward and forward day after day4 ,it is too well known to need description1 but measures about of an inch in length1 and is of a general brownish purple tint1 with the head light reddish brown4 ,smith described the worker under the name of ,formica purpurea1 and the male as ,f4 detectus1 so in most ,museum collections it will be found under the former specific name4 ,forel has made a new variety1 which he calls ,var sanguineus1 of the coastal form found in ,north ,queensland1 with the head and thorax light reddish brown4 ,most of the other species are small black ants3 ,iridomyrmex rufoniger is very common in the bush and in the gardens2 a variety which ,forel has called domesticus is the common black ant that comes into the house in ,sydney1 and is a regular pest in the summer in many districts4 ,tapinoma minutum is about as large as the 8,mound ,ant02 black2 the head and thorax deeply pitted and corrugated2 the abdomen slightly constricted in the centre1 smooth and shining4 ,it comes from ,townsville1 ,n4,q43 a second species1 ,t4 melanocephalum1 taken in ,cairns1 is also found in ,samoa and the ,tonga ,islands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the last sub-family1 ,,camponotinae1 is a large division well represented in ,australia2 they live in more or less large communities1 and with a few exceptions have the pupae enclosed in cocoons4 ,the base of the abdomen forms a single node1 and there is no constriction between the second and third abdominal segments2 the sting is wanting1 and the anal orifice is fringed with hairs4 ,in the works of early entomologists a number of our ants were described under the ,genus ,formica1 but they have been gradually identified and placed in their proper genera1 until we only have about half a dozen still remaining in this genus1 probably more on account of the difficulty of identifying them than because they really belong here4 ,the ,genus ,acantholepis is represented by four species all described by ,forel from specimens ,i have collected and sent him from ,n4,s4 ,wales1 so that their range seems to be restricted4 ,they are all small1 reddish brown1 smooth1 shining ants2 ,a4 bosii was found under stones at ,cooma1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the ,green ,tree-ant1 ,oecophylla smaragdina1 found in tropical ,africa1 ,india1 and ,new ,guinea1 is common in the tropical scrubs on the coast of ,north ,queensland4 ,they live in large communities among the foliage of the trees1 in nests formed by webbing the leaves together into an irregular mass varying in size from a cricket ball to a man's head4 ,the material with which they make these nests is obtained by the workers1 by squeezing the pupae and using the secretion they discharge4 ,the winged female measures nearly of an inch in length1 has a broad thorax and large oval body2 the worker is only about of an inch1 and slender in proportion1 but for his size is the most pugnacious creature in the insect world2 if one damages a nest pushing through the scrub1 down tumble a swarm of green tree ants on one's head and neck1 and wherever they drop they stick their jaws in and hang on1 and each one has to be picked off in detail4 ,in these forests they destroy an immense number of insects1 catching the little bees as they come out of their nests in the tree trunks1 and dragging the small beetles off the twigs by main force4 ,i have often seen half a dozen hanging on to the legs of a stout weevil1 apparently trying to wear him out1 for they would remain for hours in the same position1 and probably succeeded in the end4 ,the great ,genus ,camponotus contains about #djj described species from all parts of the world1 of which about #fj are recorded from ,australia4 ,most of them are found in open forest country1 forming their nests in the ground1 under logs or stones1 or near the butts of trees4 ,several of our common species are known as 8sugar ants10 as they come about at night and invade the pantry and store room in search of sweets2 but they are omnivorous in their tastes1 and will often come round the camp fire at night1 prowling about for the small moths that flutter round1 often rushing right into the edge of the ashes to capture a moth when it falls with singed wings4 ,camponotus intrepidus is one of our largest species1 varying from black to reddish brown in tint1 and is thickly clothed with short hair4 ,they form nests in the open sandstone country about ,sydney1 sometimes raising a little mound or producing a fragile funnel-shaped structure above the opening leading into the nest4 ,the ,sugar ,ant1 ,camponotus nigriceps1 is the commonest house species2 it forms large chambers under stones or logs in which they all cluster together4 ,the general colour is black1 with all the abdomen except the base dull yellow1 but the variations of the yellow and black are common2 it measures to of an inch in length4 ,camponotus inflatus is the curious 8honey ant0 of ,central ,australia figured and described by ,lubbock in his 8,bees1 ,ants1 and ,wasps40 ,the naturalists on the ,horn ,exploring ,expedition obtained a number of this and other species1 described by me in the ,zoology of this ,expedition4 ,the ordinary members of the 8honey pot ants0 are of the usual normal form1 but certain individuals of each nest of these species are crammed with a honey secretion 7probably obtained by the workers from aphids or psyllids71 until the abdomen swells out of all proportion to the rest of the ant2 the honey pot ants remain hanging about in the bottom of the nests like a number of bottles of honey1 incapable of leaving the nest2 the supply is probably used as food for the larvae4 ,spencer says that the blacks dig up these nests and look upon the 8honey pots0 as great luxuries4 ,the honey is sweet with an acrid taste like the honey of our native bees4 ,they are apparently common in ,central ,australia2 ,miss ,ormerod sent me some from ,england which she had received from a correspondent at ,kalgoorlie2 and recently ,mr4 ,field of ,tennant's ,creek sent me a fine red species from the far north4 ,camponotus claripes1 a smaller pale coloured species1 generally makes its galleries at the base of a tree trunk1 and has a very wide range from ,victoria to ,north ,queensland4 ,i found the cocoons of this species in a nest at ,howlong infested with full grown red velvet mites 7,trombidiidae71 which occupied the whole space4 ,the ,genus ,polyrhachis contains a number of black ants of fair size1 most of which build their nests in dead logs1 and live in rather large communities1 but others form small nests by matting the foliage of trees together2 the latter are confined to ,queensland1 and are generally smaller shining black forms4 ,the true 8wood ants0 are more or less covered with bright metallic pubescence and fine hairs1 and with the hind portion of the thorax and the node of the abdomen ornamented with a pair of slender spines4 ,polyrhachis ornata is black1 with the thorax and base of the spines richly tinted with gold2 it comes from ,queensland4 ,p4 ammon1 ranging from ,victoria to ,queensland1 is clothed with pale golden pubescence lightest on the head and thickest on the abdomen4 ,p4 semi-aurata has both the head and thorax golden1 with the abdomen smooth1 black and shining4 ,p4 laevior is one of the smaller tree nesting forms1 and is smooth and shining without any metallic tints1 and the thoracic and abdominal spines are very small4 ,p4 turneri1 also a northern form1 has the head golden1 and large well developed spines4 ,family #ad4 ,solitary ,ants4 ,,mutillidae4 ,though these interesting little creatures were once placed in the ,formicidae1 and are still popularly known as 8,solitary ,ants0 in ,europe and 8,cow ,ants0 in ,america1 they are now classified as the first family of the fossorial wasps4 ,unlike the true ants1 they are solitary in their habits and probably all parasitic in other insects' nests4 ,until quite recently they were all placed in the ,genus ,mutilla1 in which about #a1jjj species have been described from all parts of the world1 and about #acj from ,australia2 the earlier ones by ,messrs4 ,westwood and ,smith1 the later ones by ,andre1 who has had the great advantage of obtaining a great many specimens from ,mr4 ,gilbert ,turner1 who was able to sex the species1 add valuable notes about their habits1 and give the exact locality of the specimens collected4 ,turner1 who was a most careful observer1 after some years of collecting was not positive where they passed the earlier stages of their existence1 but told me that he believed that some of them were parasitic in the nests of ants4 ,several of the ,european ,mutillidae are known to be parasitic in the nests of bees3 ,i have on several occasions dug the females of the smaller species out of moss at the foot of tree trunks1 and our two largest species are generally found under stones in open chambers1 while on hot summer days both sexes of ,mutilla cordata and several other species are found running up and down the tree trunks4 ,the males are furnished with two pairs of dark or semiopaque wings4 ,the head is rounded2 the antennae curving round2 with large eyes and ocelli2 the thorax broad1 but showing the segmental divisions1 and the abdomen rather short and rounded1 without any pedicle2 the legs stout1 and spined on the middle pair4 ,the whole insect is rugose and deeply punctured or roughened1 and more or less clothed with pubescence and longer hairs4 ,the females are wingless1 with shorter curled antennae1 very different in size1 sculpture1 and even colouration to the males of the same species2 with the body more elongated and terminating in a long powerful sting4 ,andre remarks upon the brilliant metallic colouration of many of the ,australian species1 which is much more pronounced than in those from other parts of the world4 ,he also says that they resemble the ,american species in the fact that they can be divided into two groups by the configuration of the eyes4 ,within the last few years specialists have subdivided the ,genus ,mutilla into a number of new genera2 and ,andre places nearly all the ,australian species in the ,genus ,ephutermorpha1 but for simplicity ,i retain the old name4 ,mutilla rugicollis1 described by ,westwood many years ago1 is our largest species1 measuring in the larger female over of an inch in length4 ,she is black1 very deeply punctured1 thickly clothed with black and silvery white hairs1 the latter forming white patches on the hind portion of the head1 sides and under-surface of the abdomen1 and has a dorsal row of five distinct spots down the back4 ,the male is much smaller1 with somewhat similar but not so distinct white markings1 and is furnished with dark brown wings1 which are hyaline1 close to the sides of the thorax4 ,mutilla quadrisignata has about the same measurements as the female of the last species2 with blackish hairy covering1 except on the under surface of the abdomen1 and four dark1 reddish brown1 oval spots forming a square on the dorsal surface4 ,both these species have a wide range over ,australia4 ,mutilla ferruginata is a smaller species with a similar deeply punctured surface2 is of a uniform dull rusty red colour1 thickly clothed with darker brown hairs2 the legs and antennae deeper coloured than the body4 ,mutilla cordata is typical of the smaller active forms that frequent tree trunks2 the male is black with dark wings and slender abdomen1 and measures about of an inch in length2 in this case much larger than the female1 which has a rounded body with the centre of the dorsal surface occupied with a large rounded golden blotch4 ,i have found the best time to collect these insects is in the hottest part of the day1 when they are running up and down the larger tree trunks2 but they are very active1 and drop at the least alarm1 so that it takes some practice to capture them4 ,family #ae4 ,flower ,wasps4 ,,thynnidae4 ,these handsome flower wasps are closely allied to the members of the previous family1 as they have similar wingless females of such peculiar shapes that1 if examined alone1 they would never be taken for the consorts of the large wasp-like ,thynnus1 with its long stout antennae1 well developed legs1 and large powerful wings4 ,the males fly about the flowers of leptospermum and eucalypts1 and when captured bite and pretend to sting by turning up the tip of the abdomen1 which ends in a horny1 harmless process4 ,fortunately1 when hunted for in the summer1 most of our commoner species can be taken in copula with the smaller female1 with which he flies about quite easily2 when caught the female immediately detaches herself and falls to the ground1 where she crawls out of sight1 so that care must be taken by the collector to keep each pair captured in a box by themselves1 or else when once mixed up it is impossible to determine unknown species4 ,australia is the headquarters of this group1 for of about #djj described species1 #cjj are peculiar to this country2 the others are chiefly confined to ,brazil and ,chili in ,south ,america1 with a few from ,asia and the ,islands4 ,smith has described a great number in the ,british ,museum ,catalogues2 ,westwood others2 and ,guerin those collected during the ,voyage de ,coquille in #ahcj2 but as many of these were determined from single specimens of one sex1 it is certain that when a collection of sexed specimens can be compared with the types1 the number of species will suffer considerable reduction4 ,nothing definite is known about the earlier stages of their development2 ,i have however obtained cocoons composed of a stout silken case enveloped in a thin outer second papery covering1 oval in form1 with a nipple-like projection at the extremity1 from which ,i have bred one of our large species4 ,these cocoons are buried several inches in the ground like those of the ,scolias1 so that the females1 which are furnished with short1 stout1 spiny legs well adapted for digging1 probably lay their eggs in lamellicorn larvae living in the loose soil4 ,a number of our common species are plentiful on the flowering ,leptospermum and ,melaleuca bushes1 and many of the smaller ones may be found feeding upon the honey dew covering the foliage of small eucalypts that are infested with scale insects4 ,thynnus variabilis1 our commonest species1 is a very handsome wasp measuring over of an inch in length1 and nearly #a across the outspread wings2 the general colour is brown2 the front of the head1 hind margin of thorax1 and broad bands or double dots across the abdominal segments bright yellow2 the semiopaque wings reddish brown4 ,the female1 very broad in proportion1 is shorter than the male2 she is reddish brown2 the abdominal segments are rugose and blotched with yellow1 forming transverse bars of rounded dots on the hind portion4 ,the antennae are short and curled2 the head broad1 with a stout thorax2 and she has short hairy legs4 ,thynnus leachellus1 slightly smaller1 is found in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,the abdomen is broader and shorter in proportion2 the general tint is black1 richly marked on the head and thorax with bright yellow1 and each of the abdominal segments carries a narrow transverse band of the same colour1 broken by a dorsal stripe of black4 ,the female is much smaller1 short and thickset2 is of a general reddish brown colour2 the abdomen is marked with yellow blotches and bands1 only the last one divided as in the male4 ,thynnus flavilabris1 somewhat larger1 is quite black1 with only the face marked with deep yellow2 the wings are dark1 smoke-coloured2 and the hind margin of the thorax is thickly covered with white hairs4 ,thynnus brenchleyi is a type of the ,north ,australian forms2 it is nearly as large as ,t4 variabilis1 but has the whole upper surface smooth and shining1 the hind margin of the thorax and the base of the abdomen truncate and fitting close against each other4 ,the head and prothorax are bright yellow1 the rest black4 ,this handsome insect was described by ,smith in the ,zoology of the ,voyage of the ,curaoa1 and it was said to come from the northern coast of ,western ,australia2 my specimens were taken near ,charters ,towers1 ,north ,queensland4 ,a female1 sent with this species as its mate1 is black1 marked on the head1 sides of thorax1 and abdomen with yellow1 and is furnished with a curious fringe of pale buff hairs on the hind margin of the thorax1 and along the front of the first abdominal segment4 ,in the ,genus ,rhagigaster the males are more slender in form2 the abdomen1 elongated and deeply constricted or corrugated at the junction of the segments1 is usually black1 with more or less dark coloured wings3 the females are very small in proportion4 ,among the most remarkable is the 8,blue ,ant10 ,diamma bicolor4 ,in this case the female is most common2 about ,sydney ,i have caught scores of females1 but so far have never taken a male4 ,she measures #a inch in length1 and is of a rich metallic blue to purple colour1 smooth and shining1 the antennae and legs reddish brown4 ,she is furnished with a fine pair of jaws and a powerful sting1 more formidable than that of any ant1 and when disturbed turns over on her back and shows fight with both jaws and sting4 ,the male1 much smaller in size1 is black1 with red legs and black tarsi2 the wings are semitransparent with black nervures4 ,the whole upper surface of head and thorax is rugose1 and the insect very ant-like in general appearance4 ,mr4 ,roland ,turner is at present engaged in working up the ,australian ,thynnidae at the ,british ,museum1 having his own and my collection of specimens to identify2 probably this combined collection is the largest in existence1 and contains an immense number of sexed specimens collected in the field1 as we have both spent a great deal of time over these typical ,australian insects4 ,family #af4 ,hairy ,flower ,wasps4 ,,scoliidae ,these insects are easily distinguished from the ,thynnidae in being thickset hairy wasps2 both sexes are furnished with wings in which the neuration is distinct at the base1 but the nervures fade out before they reach the tips2 the thorax is broad1 rounded in front1 with a very short pedicle attaching it to the stout abdomen4 ,the legs are stout1 compressed1 very hairy1 and spiny1 with one stout spur on the tibiae of the middle pair of legs well adapted for burrowing4 ,the males are easily distinguished from the females in being more slender in form1 with longer straight antennae 7in the latter sex short1 thickened1 and curling round the sides of the head72 and the legs are slender1 with fewer spines4 ,several species are plentiful about the ,sydney gardens and bush1 where they can be easily captured on the flowers4 ,in observations made by earlier entomologists1 their life history seems to have been confused with those of the long legged sand wasps1 which burrow in the ground and form regular nests provisioned with other insects and spiders2 but the ,,scoliidae form no true nest2 the female burrows into the ground or under logs1 where she finds the larvae or white grubs of the larger lamellicorn beetles1 on which she deposits a single egg1 first carefully stinging the beetle grub 7according to ,fabre1 the ,french naturalist1 who studied the habits of several ,european species74 ,the young wasp hatching out attaches itself to the helpless grub in such a manner that it does not injure the vital organs1 and by the time it has devoured its host it is ready to pupate1 spinning a brown silken cocoon which fits into the cavity first occupied by the unfortunate beetle grub2 when fully developed it digs its way up to the surface4 ,about #ej species have been described from ,australia2 ,smith listed and described a number of new species 7,british ,museum ,catalogue ,hymenoptera #ahee73 ,saussure described several in the same year 7,memoires de la ,societe de ,physique1 c41 ,geneve71 and later on others in the ,annals of the ,entomological ,society of ,france #aheh4 ,in #ahfd he and ,sichel monographed the family3 ,smith described #h more four years after3 and ,kirby going through the ,british ,museum ,collections in #ahhi revised the ,genera and added another to our list4 ,discolia soror is our commonest shining black species2 the female measures over #a inch in length1 and is easily identified by its beautiful1 iridescent1 opaque1 dark blue wings4 ,it may be often seen in our gardens on the flowers or hovering in numbers over a dead stump1 looking for beetle larvae in which to deposit its eggs4 ,scolia fulva is our largest species2 the female measures up to #a inches in length1 and is broad in proportion2 it is black and reddish yellow1 but so thickly clothed with coarse reddish hairs that it is more the latter tint2 and the semiopaque wings are reddish brown4 ,this species is figured and described by ,gray in ,griffith's ,animal ,kingdom #ahcb4 ,scolia radula is a smaller black species1 under #a inch in length2 the head1 apex of thorax1 base of abdomen and most of the under-surface are clothed with grey hairs1 but the hind margin of the head and dorsal surface of abdomen are clothed with reddish brown2 the latter is orange yellow above1 but marked with black at the base and tip4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,life ,history of a ,flower ,wasp4 #a4 ,dielis formosa 7,gurin74 4 7#a;a4--,life size47 #b4 ,larva4 #c4 ,pupal ,cocoon1 showing opening whence the wasp has emerged4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,dielis #g-;cincta1 one of our commonest species1 often clustering in numbers on flowering shrubs in the gardens1 was described by ,fabricius1 and is the male of ,dielis 7,scolia7 formosa which was not described till #ahdf by ,gurin4 ,the male1 of an inch in length1 is very slender in form1 of a general black colour1 clothed with fine grey hairs1 and marked with light yellow on the head and thorax1 with five broad bands of the same colour on the body4 ,the female1 under #a inch in length1 is black1 with the abdomen marked on the upper surface with reddish yellow somewhat variable in its distribution1 and clothed with reddish brown hairs1 thickest on the head and thorax4 ,this insect has been found in ,queensland destroying the underground grub of the ,sugar-cane ,beetle 7,lepidoderma albo-hirtum74 ,family #ag4 ,sand ,wasps4 ,,pompilidae4 ,this group is well represented in ,australia1 and widely distributed over the country2 about #fj species have been described3 several collected by ,sir ,joseph ,banks in #agge were described by ,fabricius2 ,smith1 in the ,catalogue previously noticed1 in a series of papers between #ahfb-fi in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society1 other ,journals1 and a ,british ,museum publication 7,new ,species of ,hymenoptera #ahgi7 published after his death1 has described most of our species2 ,saussure in the ,hymenoptera of the ,reise ,novara2 and later ,kohl has enriched our list4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,salius 7,priocnemus7 bicolor 7,fabr474 ,large sand-burrowing wasp1 that attacks cicadas4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the typical genera ,pompilus and ,salius comprise a number of large yellow and black wasps with coloured wings tipped with black4 ,they have long legs well adapted for running over the ground1 and may be seen any warm sunny morning hunting about for spiders1 with their antennae and wings constantly on the move as they rush about4 ,they will attack the largest spider whether on the ground or hidden in a tree trunk2 one large black undetermined species even ventures down the nests of the ,trap-door ,spiders and drags them forth4 ,sometimes one of the larger ground spiders shows fight1 and it becomes a duel to the death1 the wasp now and then being captured by its intended victim4 ,they often place the spider in any suitable cavity with their eggs1 but others form extensive burrows in the soil4 ,salius 7,priocnemus7 bicolor is one of our largest yellow and black species1 often measuring #b inches across the wings1 but variable both in colouration and size4 ,she forms a burrow as large as a mouse hole1 several feet in length1 with quite a large mound of excavated soil outside the entrance2 when emerging from the chamber she looks a most formidable creature1 but unless captured never attempts to attack anyone4 ,she sometimes stores her nest with cicadas many times larger than herself1 which she rides down to their tomb before they are quite dead4 ,the young larva is usually attached to the cicada's breast when hatched out2 but ,i have never been able to keep any alive after being dug out of the nest4 ,this wasp has a curious habit of flying round and dragging a cicada off a branch when it is sucking up the sap2 taking its place1 she calmly stands over the spot and drinks up the sap that exudes from the puncture the dispossessed cicada had made in the bark4 ,the members of the ,genus ,pepsis are large black wasps with a beautiful metallic lustre on the wings2 they are chiefly confined to the tropics1 but ,saussure has described one species1 ,p4 australis1 from this country4 ,family #ah4 ,smaller ,sand ,wasps4 ,,sphegidae4 ,westwood placed these wasps and the ,,pompilidae in a single family1 but ,kohl1 while separating the latter1 has grouped a number that were once ranked as families1 under the ,,sphegidae1 calling them simply sub-families1 thus making this a much more extensive division1 the ,,sphegidae proper forming only a part of the whole4 ,dalla ,torre in his ,catalogue treats them as a sub-division of the ,,crabronidae2 but ,sharp takes ,kohl's classification1 which ,i follow4 ,the ,sphegides are easily distinguished by the peculiar structure of the abdomen2 the basal portion is produced into a slender rod-like stalk or pedicle1 with the apical part forming a rounded or oval tip2 they are very active creatures with the habits of the larger sand wasps4 ,the world-wide ,genus ,ammophila is represented in ,australia by four described species2 they make their nests in sandy ground1 digging out a straight burrow with an enlarged chamber at the end1 which they store with different kinds of caterpillars they capture on the plants while hunting2 these they sting but do not kill1 but though paralysed and incapable of motion1 remain alive long enough to furnish the baby wasps with a supply of fresh food4 ,ammophila suspiciosa is a slender black insect under #a inch in length2 the thickened tip of the abdomen is dull red4 ,this is our common species found all over the western country4 ,a4 instabilis is a larger black species with semiopaque wings and reddish legs2 the tubular portion of the body and base of the thickened part are reddish brown3 this one is a northern form found in ,queensland4 ,pelopaeus laetus is a very handsome black and yellow wasp with a somewhat similar shaped body tipped with black2 it is very variable in size1 the largest measuring about #a inch in length4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and differs from the former insects in being a regular 8mud dauber10 forming a regular clay nest consisting of a number of different cells1 each of which is filled with paralysed spiders4 ,it is a very friendly insect1 often flying into the room on a summer day2 and will build its nest on the edge of a roof or wall4 ,the typical ,genus ,sphex contains a number of fine black wasps more or less clothed with silver or golden pubescence on the head and thorax1 with the slender pedicle at the base of the thorax very well defined1 and the hind portion of the abdomen almost round or oval4 ,they form underground burrows branching out into a chamber at the end1 in which they store all kinds of different insects1 each species seeming to have a preference for its particular choice4 ,sphex vestita1 one of our largest species1 has the face thickly clothed with silvery pubescence2 it is often common in sandy patches in gardens1 where it hunts for small orthopterous insects1 and is particularly fond of a species of small brown cricket which lives in the long grass4 ,s4 opulenta is a smaller species about of an inch in length1 with the face and back of the thorax bright silver1 and the dorsal surface of the latter coppery4 ,about #cj species are described from ,australia1 some of which have a very wide range over the interior4 ,the ,,larrides are medium sized black wasps with the abdomen not stalked1 but coming to a point at the junction with the thorax1 and often ornamented with golden or silvery pubescence forming bands on the body4 ,shuckard described a number of our species belonging to the ,genus ,pison 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,society #ahcg-dj71 where he gives some account of the group4 ,smith in the same ,transactions1 #ahfi1 catalogued those previously described1 and added a number of new species2 and also added the ,genus ,parapison1 containing species from ,india1 ,ceylon and ,australia4 ,the ,european ,tachytes1 which ,westwood says are captured in sand banks1 are represented here by three species1 all shining black insects about an inch in length4 ,saussure 7#ahee71 and ,kohl later have described others4 ,pison spinolae and ,p4 decipiens are both black wasps with silvery bands upon the sides of the abdomen2 the latter are the smaller4 ,they are both common about ,sydney1 and have a very wide range over the country2 they are very fearless insects1 flying into the house1 and wherever they come upon a convenient hole in the rung of a chair1 or even a key hole1 will set to work and line it with clay1 forming an irregular chamber1 which they store with small spiders1 deposit the egg1 and after closing it up fly away quite satisfied4 ,sometimes they form a row of round clay cells on a coat or other garment hanging on a wall4 ,the ,,nyssonides comprise a smaller group of closely allied forms1 differing chiefly in the venation of the wings4 ,smith has described most of our species4 ,the members of the ,genus ,gorytes are represented by five described species2 all small1 active1 bee-like insects with coppery fasciae upon the abdomen2 several of these are known in the bush as 8policemen flies0 from their habit of coming round and catching flies upon one's clothes and even snapping one off the back of one's hand2 these flies are killed with their stout jaws and deposited in their nests constructed in the ground4 ,the curious1 large1 reddish brown wasp1 ,stizus pectoralis1 from ,queensland1 at first sight might be taken for a ,thynnus1 but the distinct form of the body1 and the antennae thickened toward the tips1 show that it could not belong to the flower wasps4 ,it is now placed in the allied ,genus ,sphecius4 ,the ,,philanthides are easily distinguished from the other groups by the curious rugose or punctured integument which makes them look as though coated with armour plate1 and the curious constrictions or rings between the abdominal segments1 becoming smallest toward the tip4 ,they are generally black or reddish brown1 marked with pale yellow spots and bands4 ,with the exception of one species of the ,genus ,philanthus all ours have been placed in the world-wide ,genus ,cerceris4 ,i have generally captured them about flowers1 or flying round bushes infested with scale insects that were throwing off honey dew1 which sweet secretion has a great attraction for small hymenoptera of many different families4 ,eight species are described by ,smith and ,saussure2 there are probably many new species to be recorded4 ,nothing is known about their habits in this country1 but the ,european species form nests in the ground1 which they provision with small beetles2 and each species is said to confine its attention to a different group of beetles2 one uses only small weevils2 another carries off chrysomalids1 and so on with each species4 ,the ,,crabronides are another small group1 and under the present classification all our species have been placed by ,smith in the world-wide ,genus ,crabro4 ,they are medium sized black wasps with broad stout heads and unstalked bodies1 generally banded with orange1 red1 or yellow2 they form burrows in the stems of plants1 which they store with captured flies4 ,five species have been described from ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the ,,bembecides are very handsome1 smooth1 shining wasps of fair size1 with broad bodies1 rounded and broadly pointed at the extremity4 ,they are generally met with along sandy pathways and roads1 flitting along in front of one1 settling on the ground and rising again1 so that they are easily captured with a net4 ,they make shallow burrows on the roadside in which they place flies1 which they capture with their powerful jaws4 ,nearly all our species have been described by ,smith in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue ,hymenoptera #ahef1 and the ,annals and ,magazine of ,natural ,history #ahgc4 ,under #bj species are recorded from ,australia4 ,bembex tridentifera was described by ,smith from ,moreton ,bay1 ,queensland1 but it has a wide range southwards to ,victoria4 ,it measures just under of an inch in length2 is of a general black colour2 the face yellow with a black trident-like mark above and two black spots below the antennae2 the legs yellow lightly marked with black2 the upper surface of the thorax spotted and barred with yellow1 and the abdomen beautifully banded with irregular white bands on the #bnd to #dth segments1 with the first and last only marked on the sides4 ,b4 vespiformis ranges from ,west ,australia to ,s4 ,australia1 is somewhat smaller than the last1 and viewed from above is black1 with very faint markings on the thorax1 and a broad white band on either side of the first segment of the abdomen almost meeting on the back4 ,,diploptera4 ,the true wasps have the antennae generally elbowed and thickened toward the tips1 and the eyes notched4 ,they have the wings folded like a fan in repose1 but can fly well1 and have legs and feet adapted for walking4 ,some species are solitary in their habits1 and consist of males and females only2 others live in large communities1 and1 like the ants1 comprise males1 females1 and workers1 the latter aborted females4 ,family #ai4 ,solitary ,wasps4 ,,eumenidae4 ,this group is well represented in ,australia2 they are well known to residents in the country from their habit of constructing clay nests under the shelter of the verandah or the eaves of the houses4 ,they usually appear in pairs1 and rapidly build up the structure1 flying backward and forward with their earthen loads2 from this habit they get the name of 8,mud ,daubers0 in ,america1 and 8,mason ,wasps0 in this country4 ,a number of our species are described and figured in ,saussure's 8,monograph des ,guepes ,solitaires0 published in #ahea4 ,the ,genus ,eumenes contains a number of very handsome insects that are easily recognised from the basal portion of the abdomen forming a more or less slender stalk1 and the apical portion rounded at the junction and tapering to a sharp point at the tip4 ,they build clay nests containing a number of cells1 and store them with caterpillars1 which they do not appear to be able to paralyse in the same manner as the large sand wasps1 for they are capable of movement after they are enclosed in the cell4 ,by some wonderful instinct1 the female wasp does not deposit her egg haphazard among the wriggling grubs that would easily damage it1 but suspends it by a fine stalk to the roof of the cell in such a manner1 that when the little wasp larva hatches out1 it can safely reach down and feed upon the nearest caterpillar1 until it has finished the last bit1 when it spins a thin parchment cocoon and pupates in the cavity which before was its larder4 ,eumenes bicincta has a wide range over ,australia2 it measures about #a inch in length2 the stalk is not quite so long as the base of the abdomen1 and is of a uniform deep orange yellow colour1 with the top of the head1 centre of thorax1 and broad band in the middle of the abdomen black4 ,eumenes latreillei1 a larger species1 has the stalk of the abdomen shorter and thickened1 with the basal half of the body from the stalk black4 ,eumenes servillei1 the smallest of the three1 is more slender in shape1 has more black upon the thorax1 and the stalked portion of the body is variegated with black4 ,eumenes arcuatus is a more northern species common in ,queensland2 it measures over #a inch in length1 and is the only one with blackish wings2 it has a very long slender stalked abdomen4 ,it is black1 mottled on the head and thorax with yellow2 and the abdominal segments are barred on either side with yellow1 which appear to form regular slender bands across1 but do not actually meet in the centre4 ,two of our handsomest mason wasps belonging to the ,genus ,abispa measure #a inch in length1 but are so stout in form that they appear much larger2 they are black and deep orange yellow1 with dull yellow wings tipped with black1 and the stout broad thorax fits close against the base of the abdomen4 ,abispa splendida has the front half of the first abdominal segment black1 with the hind portion yellow1 while in ,abispa ephippium the whole of the first abdominal segment is yellow4 ,they both build very large1 solid1 clay nests generally containing two rows of cells1 about #f in number1 above each other1 with thick partitions between them2 the outer surface is rounded on the sides2 each cell is stored with caterpillars upon which the larva feeds1 and finally pupates in a reddish brown parchment-like cocoon4 ,the ,genus ,rhynchium comprises about six described species1 handsome insects not unlike the former in general form1 but with the abdomen more tapering4 ,rhynchium mirabile measures of an inch in length2 it is of a general black colour1 the head marked with1 and collar of thorax1 yellow2 and the hind margin of the abdominal segments is ringed with slender bands of orange yellow4 ,rhynchium superbum is a smaller insect of similar form and colour1 with the basal half of the abdomen black and the hind portion rich yellow4 ,both these species come from ,queensland4 ,the ,genus ,odynerus contains a great number of small thickset wasps1 that make clay nests of various shapes1 sometimes very delicate in structure1 forming a finger-shaped row of clay cells or rounded cup-shaped chambers2 while some species make use of a hole in the wood or wall and simply coat it over with clay4 ,australia is rich in species1 some of which have a very wide range4 ,odynerus bicolor1 one of our commonest species1 is black1 with the collar of the thorax1 legs1 and all the abdomen except the basal segment1 dull reddish yellow4 ,odynerus nigro-cinctus is of a general dark orange yellow colour1 with the head and centre of abdomen black4 ,the closely allied species forming the ,genus ,alastor differ slightly in the venation of the wings1 but their habits are identical2 about #cj species have been described from ,australia1 chiefly by ,saussure1 some of which are figured in colours in his ,monograph4 ,these wasps may be captured round water-holes in the summer months1 and may sometimes be found resting upon grass stalks in the early morning4 ,family #bj4 ,social or ,paper-nest ,wasps4 ,,vespidae4 ,these typical wasps are found all over the world1 and next to the bees have probably received more attention from the casual observer than most of the other groups4 ,each community consists of males1 females1 and workers1 and though the structure of their nests differs considerably in the various groups1 the social economy is the same4 ,the female first starting the nest constructs a stout stalk at the apex attached to a twig or roof1 and constructs a six-sided cell from which the whole mushroom-shaped nest is built4 ,in each little cell she deposits an egg from which the legless white grub emerges1 attaches itself to the roof of the cell and hangs head downward1 being fed by the mother wasp until full grown with food chiefly composed of masticated spiders1 when it pupates under a silken cover spun over the apex of the cell4 ,as soon as it emerges it sets to work to help on the nest1 so that the community rapidly increases in numbers4 ,the nest of ,polistes tasmaniensis sometimes measures six inches in diameter4 ,some confusion as to the identity of this species and ,p4 variabilis seems to exist1 but from ,saussure's description1 our common species appears to be ,p4 tasmaniensis4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xv4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,vespidae4 #a #e4 ,nests of ,polistes tasmaniensis4 #b4 ,icaria gregaria 7,sauss474 #c4 ,slender nest typical of ,genus ,icaria4 #d4 ,polistes tasmaniensis 7,sauss474 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xv4--,,hymenoptera4 ,the widespread ,genus ,vespa1 though it is recorded from as far down as ,java1 is unknown in ,australia4 ,we have however allied species belonging to the genera ,icaria and ,polistes4 ,those of the genus ,icaria are the smaller wasps1 the largest well under an inch in length2 most of them are reddish brown1 or mottled with black and yellow2 the abdomen is contracted into a stalk at the base1 then becomes rounded1 with the apical segments small and telescopic1 so that when retracted it looks as if it were damaged4 ,they all form similar nests commencing with the usual stalk1 but1 unlike the larger ,polistes1 the cells follow on in rows1 forming finger-like nests4 ,icaria gregaria1 our commonest species1 forms these slender nests up to six inches in length4 ,it is a dull reddish brown wasp mottled with black on the thorax and legs1 with the apex of the abdomen lightest in colour4 ,some of the members of the ,genus ,polistes grow to a considerable size1 and armed with a powerful sting are very formidable insects2 several of the largest form small stalked nests on the under-side of fallen logs2 when hunting for insects and turning over dead wood one is liable to disturb a family party and find it wise to beat a hasty retreat4 ,they differ from the previous group in having no stalk to the abdomen1 which is very slender at the base1 rounded to the middle and tapers to a pointed apex4 ,polistes tasmaniensis1 our most sociable species1 is very fond of building her large nest 7previously noticed7 under one's verandah1 or the porch over the door1 and is quite ready to attack any one when disturbed4 ,it is one of the smallest species1 measuring under of an inch in length2 is of a general dark brown colour marked with reddish brown2 the abdomen is irregularly banded1 with the first basal band finest4 ,polistes tepidus1 one of our largest wasps1 is almost black1 with face1 tips of legs1 and thorax marked with dark orange yellow1 and the abdomen banded with rusty red4 ,polistes humilis is of an almost uniform yellowish brown tint1 with the face marked with black4 ,in the ,queensland ,museum there are some very large paper-nests of some undetermined wasps that have a regular comb-like structure containing thousands of cells1 and which are several feet in length4 ,family #ba4 ,shining ,wasps4 ,,masaridae4 ,these curious wasps stand quite alone as the last group of the true ,vespidae1 and are a comparatively small family1 comprising several distinctive genera containing altogether sixty species found in the ,mediterranean region1 ,south and ,north ,america1 and ,australia4 ,they are wasp-like in waist1 with the antennae thickened toward the tips or clubbed2 the wings contain two sub-marginal cells2 and the feet are furnished with curious toothed or rather hooked claws4 ,the ,european species are known to build nests in the ground1 forming a tunnel ending in a clay cell in which the larvae live and are fed by the mother in the same manner as the true wasps forming the papery nests2 others construct clay chambers attached to twigs4 ,shuckard when he formed the typical ,australian ,genus ,paragia named it 8in allusion to its deceptive habit1 which is precisely that of a ,vespa40 ,saussure wrote a monograph on the ,masaridae forming the third part of the ,vespidae published in #ahef2 ,smith has also contributed to our knowledge of ,australian species in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue #aheg1 and subsequently in several papers in the ,entomological ,society of ,london between #ahfd-ahfi4 ,seventeen species have been described in the ,genus ,paragia1 but nothing has been recorded about their habits or life history3 several are described from ,tasmania and ,new ,south ,wales1 but all the specimens in my collection come from the northern part of ,australia4 ,paragia decipiens was described and figured by ,shuckard in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society1 #ahcg2 it measures under of an inch in length1 and is of a general black colour1 with the front and sides of the thorax spotted with yellow1 and the whole of the smooth rounded abdomen of the same bright colour except the base1 which is black2 the wings are smoky brown1 with the nervures black4 ,paragia bicolor is a larger insect measuring nearly #a inch in length2 the head and thorax are black1 and the abdomen bright metallic blue2 the under surface and sides of the first three segments1 and the base of the thorax1 are marked with bright yellow4 ,family #bb4 ,bees4 ,,anthophila or ,,apidae4 ,the ,australian region is rich in bees peculiar to the country2 and while we have representatives of many of the foreign groups1 yet several well-known genera1 such as ,apis1 ,bombus1 ,eucera1 ,colletes and ,osmia1 though ranging over the greater part of the world1 are unknown in ,australia4 ,the classification of the bees is still somewhat unsatisfactory4 ,latreille termed them ,,mellifera1 honey gatherers1 or ,,anthophila1 lovers of flowers3 ,westwood and others1 while keeping this as a group name1 subdivided them into two large families1 ,,andrenidae1 short-tongued bees1 and ,,apidae1 long-tongued bees1 dividing the last family into five smaller groups based upon their different structure and habits4 ,the ,european bees have been since placed under six headings2 while in ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogue dealing with the bees of the whole world1 there are no less than fourteen sub-families4 ,most of our species have been described by ,smith1 in the ,british ,museum ,catalogue1 ,hymenoptera #ahec2 others in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society #ahfb-fh1 and ,new ,species1 ,british ,museum #ahgi4 ,cockerell 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,history #aije7 described a number of new species of our bees examined by him in the ,british ,museum ,collections1 and added some interesting information on species already described2 as many of these specimens were collected by ,turner1 ,walker1 and myself and sent to the ,british ,museum1 the ,australian localities are given4 ,none of the short-tongued bees store up honey1 but form cells or burrows in the ground1 walls1 cavities in rocks1 or the stems of plants1 in which they form a row of cells or little chambers each containing an egg and sufficient bee bread for the development of the larva4 ,some of these bees are parasitic1 and live at the expense of the industrious species1 crawling into the open nests and laying their eggs upon the food supply of the rightful occupant2 these are popularly known as 8cuckoo bees40 ,the members of the ,genus ,prosopis are handsome1 shining black or steel blue bees1 marked with bright yellow upon the face and thorax4 ,with the additions that ,cockerell has made to the list1 nearly fifty species are described from ,australia1 and a number are common in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,prosopis vidua1 our largest species1 but considerably smaller than the honey bee1 is found upon the crimson flowers of the bottlebrush 7,callistemon74 ,it has the head and thorax black1 with a yellow spot on the face and the base of each fore wing2 the abdomen is bright metallic blue4 ,a smaller undetermined species may be often noticed hovering round and entering holes in the soft sandstone rocks where it appears to nest4 ,prosopis metallica1 a shining black species1 smaller than ,p4 vidua1 with face and shoulders broadly marked with yellow1 was bred out of a row of half a dozen brown papery cocoons placed in an empty burrow formed in the branch of a wattle tree by the larva of some longicorn beetle4 ,lamprocolletes plumosus and several other species of the genus frequent the flowers of the ,leptospermum4 ,it is a handsome dark brown bee1 under an inch in length4 ,the abdomen has a metallic sheen1 and the head and thorax are clothed with fine down4 ,hylaeoides concinnus is a very remarkable looking black bee1 with clouded smoky wings1 marked with bright red on the face1 and with bands of the same colour on the base and tip of the abdomen4 ,i have usually captured this bee upon bushes2 it bears such a decided superficial resemblance to a small clay nesting 7,odynerus7 wasp1 that this may be a case of protective mimicry4 ,the ,genus ,paracolletes has been added to by ,cockerell1 who describes twelve new species in his recent papers4 ,paracolletes crassipes was described by ,smith from ,w4 ,australia1 but it is common on low scrub in the early part of the year on the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w4 ,it is a handsome black bee about an inch in length1 with the head and thorax thickly clothed with pale buff hairs1 and the abdominal segments banded on the upper surface with dull brown4 ,gastropsis 7,oestropsis7 pubescens is nearly as large as a honey bee1 with curious thickened antennae1 slender at the basal joint4 ,it is somewhat flattened on the upper surface and clothed all over with a dense coat of pale buff coloured hairs1 only showing indistinct brown bars on the abdomen4 ,i know nothing about the habits of this curious bee2 it has been described from ,western and ,south ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,halictus is represented by about thirty described species2 nothing has been recorded about the habits of our species1 but most of the ,european form galleries in the ground connected with a large excavation or chamber in which the larvae are placed in cells4 ,halictus floralis is a small bee with a reddish brown body2 the front of the head1 antennae1 legs1 front and middle of thorax are light yellow4 ,h4 bicingulatus is black with the legs reddish brown1 and the segmental divisions of the abdomen light coloured4 ,they are found on grass and field flowers4 ,nomia australica1 under an inch in length1 is common on the flowers of the ,leptospermum2 it is a dull1 metallic blue bee with antennae1 labrum1 legs1 and extreme tip of abdomen reddish brown4 ,the latter has a greenish sheen1 and is somewhat heart shaped1 terminating in a fine point4 ,cockerell has added six new species to our list1 most of which are described from ,queensland4 ,exoneura froggatti is a little bee not much over of an inch in length1 black with smoky rings1 reddish legs and a curiously sack-shaped reddish brown abdomen1 broadest near the apex1 but contracted to a point at the tip4 ,i have frequently cut them out of small burrows in the dead stems of wattle trees4 ,exoneura bicolor is a slightly larger species1 with a darker1 broader abdomen1 and it comes from ,queensland4 ,cockerell has added three more new species1 all from the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,the great ,carpenter ,bees of the ,genus ,xylocopa are represented by four species1 which are more common in ,queensland and the northern parts of ,australia2 but one species at least1 ,xylocopa aestuans1 ranges southwards4 ,it is of the typical broad form with dark coloured wings2 the upper surface of the thorax is clothed with yellow1 other portions with black hairs4 ,xylocopa bryorum is a larger species measuring about #a inch in length1 with a wing expanse of nearly two2 the whole of the upper surface is thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs1 the brown beneath giving it a greenish tint4 ,the wings are light brown with black nervures1 and the hairs on the legs and under-surface are dark brown to black4 ,the closely allied ,carpenter ,bees of the ,genus ,lestis are peculiar to ,australia4 ,the male of ,lestis bombylans measures over an inch in length1 and is of a rich metallic green1 with the front of the face striped with white2 the thorax and base of abdomen are clothed with golden hairs1 those on the front of the thorax forming a double bar2 the hairs on the front pair of legs yellow1 those on the hind pair black2 the wings are brown with faint iridescence4 ,the female has the face silvery1 but no yellow down upon the thorax2 the abdomen is deep purple2 and the wings almost opaque1 varying from dark brown to rich metallic violet colour in different lights4 ,the second species1 ,lestis aerata1 is slightly larger1 with the stripe on the face of the male yellow1 and all the legs fringed with yellow pubescence1 while the female is of a uniform brassy green1 with wings light coloured1 more like those of the males1 and only showing a slight iridescence4 ,both species have a wide range2 those about ,sydney form their nests in the dead flower stalks of the grass trees 7,xanthorrhoea74 ,it begins by boring a circular hole #c lines in diameter towards the centre1 then turns downward1 excavating all the pith to a depth of about #d inches1 and then works out about the same distance above the opening1 so that the full length of the chamber is #h inches1 with an average of an inch in diameter4 ,this is divided off into a row of cells1 each about an inch in length1 with a ball of bee bread and an egg deposited in the far end2 each cell is separated by a stout wad of triturated pith4 ,i have never found the centre of the chamber in front of the opening closed up with cells1 a space always being left unoccupied on both sides4 ,the larvae are of the usual cylindrical form1 attenuated at the extremities1 and of a dull white colour1 about an inch in length1 and can be found in all stages of development in ,november4 ,the pretty banded bees1 formerly known under the name of ,anthophora1 but now placed in the ,genus ,podalirius1 are world wide in their range4 ,all our species have the head and thorax clothed with a dense coat of buff or pale yellow hairs1 and the body banded with black and blue of various tints4 ,podalirius emendatus1 our largest species1 is found on the northern rivers of ,n4,s4 ,wales and is common in ,queensland2 it has the head and thorax covered with rusty red pubescence1 and the low abdominal bands broad4 ,p4 cingulatus is slightly smaller1 with the pubescence pale buff1 the abdominal bands much the same2 ,p4 pulcher1 much smaller1 with the pubescence darker1 is our commonest species about ,sydney4 ,p4 aeruginosus has the whole of the abdomen as well as the head and thorax thickly clothed with a dull greenish yellow pubescence4 ,my specimens of this species come from ,mackay1 ,queensland4 ,five new species are added to this genus by ,cockerell4 ,the ,genus ,crocisa contains a few very handsome moderate sized bees of a uniform black colour with smoky rings1 and brightly marked bodies4 ,crocisa albo-maculata1 our largest species1 has the face1 upper and under surface1 and legs thickly marked and spotted with white pubescence4 ,it is a somewhat rare insect about ,sydney4 ,c4 lamprosoma is a smaller bee with the marks and spots pale blue1 those upon the abdomen forming a more regular pattern of four well defined rows4 ,in ,c4 nitidula the pubescence forms rich metallic blue spots and blotches1 most brilliant on the upper surface of the abdomen1 where they run right round the basal segment and form a regular row of short bands on either side but not meeting on the dorsal surface4 ,it is found in ,new ,south ,wales and ,queensland4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xvi4--,,hymenoptera4 ,family ,,apidae4 #a4 ,xylocopa aestuans 7,linn474 4 #a4 ,xylocopa aestuans 7,linn474 4 #b4 ,lestis aeratus 7,smith74 4 #b4 ,lestis aeratus 7,smith74 4 #e4 ,crocisa nitidula 7,fabr474 #f4 ,crocisa lamprosoma 7,boisd474 #g4 ,sarapoda bombiformis 7,smith74 #h4 ,megachile pictiventris 7,smith74 #i4 ,megachile blackburni 7,froggatt74 ,family ,,andrenidae4 #c4 ,hyleoides concinna 7,fabr474 4 #aj4 ,paracolletes crassipes 7,smith74 ,family ,,eumenidae4 #d4 ,abispa splendida 7,gurin74 #aa4 ,odynerus nigro-cinctus 7,saussure74 #ab4 ,rhynchium mirabile 7,saussure74 #ad4 ,eumenes arcuatus 7,fabr474 ,family ,,sphegidae4 #ac4 ,ammophila impatiens 7,smith74 ,family ,,philanthidae4 #ae4 ,cerceris sp4 ,family ,,vespidae4 #af4 ,polistes tepidus 7,fabr474 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xvi4--,,hymenoptera4 ,the great ,genus ,megachile contains the leaf-cutting bees1 so called from the curious habit they have of cutting circular pieces out of the leaves of growing plants with which they line their nests2 these are sometimes built in excavations in old walls1 or dead wood1 or simply constructed like a cigar under stones4 ,about #cj species have been described from ,australia2 the two largest are ,megachile monstrosa1 figured in ,brenchley's 8,cruise of the ,curaoa10 published in #ahgc2 and ,m4 blackburni1 described by me from specimens obtained from ,central ,australia by the ,elder ,exploring ,expedition4 ,megachile mystacea1 a medium sized species found in ,queensland and ,northern ,australia1 is also recorded from ,india2 it is black1 with the head and face clothed with silvery hairs1 and the whole of the abdomen covered with rich reddish brown pubescence2 while ,m4 pictiventris has the hind margin of the thorax clothed with silvery hairs1 the apical half of the under-surface with reddish brown hairs which extend to form a fringe round the extremity4 ,m4 chrysopyga is a native of ,tasmania and ,victoria4 ,i found a nest of this species under a stone in the latter ,state1 which could be lifted up bodily without breaking4 ,it was about the shape and length of an ordinary cigar1 and consisted of about nine cells containing the larvae4 ,these cells1 like a series of shallow thimbles1 were enfolded in the outer shell of looser leaf4 ,the ,genus ,coelioxys comprises a number of curious bees that in general appearance are so very like the 8leaf cutters10 that a ,french naturalist having bred one out of a ,megachile's nest described it as the male form of the species4 ,they are now known to be parasitic in the nests of these bees in ,europe1 so that the similarity in form may be of great protective value to them4 ,they differ chiefly in the form of the abdomen1 which in the males is produced into forked spines at the extremity1 and in the females into a sharp point4 ,i have two undetermined species in my collection from ,queensland obtained some years ago1 but until last year the presence of this group had not been recorded from ,australia4 ,cockerell recorded 7#aije7 two species from this country2 ,coelioxys albolineata1 measuring about of an inch in length1 comes from ,queensland1 and is of the usually grey and brown tints4 ,the last group we have to deal with are the ,australian stingless honey bees1 belonging to the ,genus ,trigona1 which range all over ,australia4 ,they collect quantities of dark coloured somewhat acid flavoured honey1 which they store up in little jug-shaped cells of dark brown wax1 forming an irregular comb attached to the walls of the cavity in which they have constructed their hive by a network of irregular rods of wax4 ,they generally choose a cavity in the heart of a large gum-tree with a small opening from the outside1 and before commencing to make their comb they plaster up all the cracks and inequalities of the chamber with the sticky sap or gum of the ,turpentine ,tree 7,syncarpia74 ,this chamber is usually about the size of a man's head1 and the comb as a rule contains not more than a pint or two of honey4 ,this is the typical nest found in ,n4,s4 ,wales1 but in the tropical scrubs of ,north ,queensland many of them form a small funnel or spout projecting round the opening1 composed of a waxy-substance an inch or more in length4 ,as the green tree ants often capture these bees and are always swarming over the tree trunks1 this is probably a necessary protection4 ,the honey gatherers of ,trigona carbonaria1 our common species1 are black1 thickset little bees measuring about of an inch in length4 ,they are fearless little creatures when at work1 and will allow themselves to be picked off the flowers without any attempt to fly4 ,several species have been recently added to our fauna1 and though ,dalla-,torre in his ,catalogue places the members of the genus ,trigona in the ,melipona1 which until then had only contained the allied stingless bees of ,south ,america and the tropics1 ,cockerell retains them in the old genus1 describing a new species from ,port ,essington1 and recording a species known in ,ceylon 7,trigona canifrons7 also from the north coast of ,australia4 ,order ,v4--,,coleoptera4 ,beetles4 ,this group is the best known of all the orders1 for nearly every entomologist starts collecting as a 8beetle hunter40 ,they are the most frequently observed because they are found everywhere2 there is hardly a log or stone that does not shelter some beetle2 they infest all kinds of timber1 damage the living trees in the forest1 devour foodstuffs1 stored grain1 skins1 furs and drugs2 others are attracted to all kinds of decaying animal or vegetable matter2 while hundreds either in the larval or perfect state are to be found all through the year upon the flowers1 foliage1 or bark of trees and plants4 ,thus they are readily collected1 and when obtained are much more easy to look after and keep than the more delicate insects1 on account of their stout horny structure4 ,beetles are typical insects in that the head1 thorax1 and abdomen are very well defined1 and can be readily distinguished from each other2 the insect is more or less protected with a stout horny integument4 ,but the joints are flexible1 so that though the parts fit close and the body appears ensheathed in regular armour plate1 most of the species are very active4 ,they are all furnished with cutting1 biting1 or chewing jaws1 and are therefore called mandibulate insects2 and with very few exceptions have well developed eyes and antennae1 the latter produced into all kinds of curious shapes in some groups1 but usually slender1 filiform and many jointed4 ,the thorax consists of one solid segment1 the three portions1 so apparent in some insects1 being soldered together to form one uniform mass when viewed from above4 ,the large abdomen is said to contain ten distinct segments on dissection1 but when viewed from the under-surface generally only five can be seen4 ,instead of the thin flying1 or membranous fore-wings of other insects1 the first pair in the beetles are transformed into two horny plates completely covering the dorsal surface of the abdomen and called the elytra4 ,when at rest they fit close together over the back1 but can be readily opened out in flight4 ,though of little use in flying1 they probably assist a large heavy beetle in balancing or steering through the air1 and always cover the two large pointed membranous hind flying wings1 which when not in use are folded up beneath them4 ,in some beetles the elytra are not divided1 but form a solid shield2 and the hind wings are wanting1 or if they exist are simple pads4 ,the various families have the head1 mouth parts1 and legs admirably adapted to their different habits and diet4 ,their larvae are also as variable in form as the perfect insects2 many are active1 slender grubs with three pairs of legs1 and large powerful jaws1 as in the carnivorous species2 elongate cylindrical jointed creatures with scaly heads1 or short and wrinkled grubs like the wood borers2 others quite slug-like feed upon the surface of the foliage2 and a few are clothed with fine hairs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,diagram of a ,water-,beetle1 showing the ,dorsal surface4 #a1 ,labrum2 #b1 clypeus2 #c1 head2 #d1 prothorax2 #e1 maxillary palpus2 #f1 antennae2 #g1 eyes2 #h1 elytron2 #i1 wings2 #aj1 scutellum2 #aa1 abdominal segments2 #ab1 scutellum of the metathorax2 #ac1 claws of the feet or the fore leg2 #ad1 tarsus2 #ae1 tibia2 #af1 femur2 #ag1 middle leg2 #ah1 spines or spurs on tibia2 #ai1 tarsus2 #bj1 hind leg4 7,redrawn from ,westwood ,griffiths' ,animal ,kingdom47 ,in the pupal state1 for all beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis1 they are inactive1 mummy-like creatures showing the outlines of the future beetle1 with the wings1 antennae1 and legs closely folded down1 and the whole enveloped in a thin membrane4 ,some form regular cocoons from the material among which they feed2 others seal up at both ends the cavity in which they have been feeding before they pupate2 but many do not even take this precaution4 ,the classification of the ,coleoptera has been undertaken by many entomologists4 ,in ,gemminger and ,harold's great ,catalogue of the ,coleoptera1 seventy-five families were enumerated2 ,sharp has recently adopted eighty1 but when it comes to the larger sub-divisions none of them agree4 ,westwood in his ,classification has an alarming array of sections1 tribes1 stirps1 and sub-families3 ,kirby gives fourteen sections in his ,text ,book2 while ,sharp simplifies the matter by forming six series1 some of them on the old lines1 but his third series is apparently more of a dumping ground than anything else for those that will not fit into the other five1 for it includes such dissimilar families as the ,staphylinidae1 ,buprestidae1 ,coccinellidae and many others4 ,as ,masters' ,catalogue of the ,described ,coleoptera of ,australia is the list used by all ,australian collectors1 ,i shall follow his grouping of the families 7originally based on that of ,gemminger and ,harold71 defining the groups of each important or distinct family1 though through want of space many of them can be only briefly noticed4 ,there have been so many describers of ,australian beetles1 that their names alone would take some enumerating2 so that ,i propose to omit them here and notice them later on when dealing with the families upon which they have worked4 ,australia is rich in large and handsome specimens1 which attracted the attention of the colonists at a very early date in the history of the country1 and quite a number of collections were made and the specimens forwarded to ,england4 ,most of the exploring expeditions that traversed the back country had a collector of some sort on their staff1 and it was usually beetles that formed the bulk of the entomological specimens obtained4 ,again the ,scientific ,exploring ,ships1 fitted out by our own and foreign countries1 that visited the different ports1 collected many zoological specimens1 so that many of our larger beetles were known and described many years ago4 ,over #g1bjj are listed in ,masters' ,catalogue1 and since its publication some thousands have been added to our list4 ,family #a4 ,tiger ,beetles4 ,,cicindelidae4 ,this family is well represented in ,australia by about forty-five species1 chiefly described by ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 and later on 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w41 #ahhg-h72 and ,count ,castelnau 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,victoria74 ,the typical ,tiger ,beetles are slender graceful insects1 with broad short heads1 furnished with large projecting eyes1 and great powerful jaws2 the thorax is produced into a cylindrical neck2 and the short rounded elytra cover large wings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,megacephala cylindrica 7,macleay74 ,the ,metallic ,green ,tiger ,beetle4 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,the larvae are elongated creatures1 with large curving jaws2 they live in burrows in the ground1 generally in the vicinity of a waterhole or creek where there is a sandy shore2 here they remain hidden during the day1 and come out at night to capture and devour the less powerful insects they come across4 ,one of our largest and most handsome species is ,megacephala cylindrica1 found in the western country1 where it hides deep down in the cracks of the soil2 it lives chiefly upon ants4 ,it measures over of an inch in length1 and is of a rich metallic green colour3 the mouth1 antennae and legs are brownish yellow4 ,a second species1 ,m4 frenchi1 has been recently described by ,sloane1 and ranges from ,north ,west ,queensland into ,western ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,tetracha contains a number of handsome1 shorter1 broad-bodied ,tiger ,beetles with green metallic tints and reddish brown or yellow legs1 and similar coloured markings on the wing covers4 ,they form burrows1 like their larvae1 along the sandy margins of rivers and water-holes1 coming out and running along the water's edge at twilight1 and often flying into the lamp at night4 ,tetracha australis has a wide range from the ,murray river to the interior2 ,i have dug them out of the sand round an artesian bore near the ,queensland border4 ,it is smaller than the previously described one1 which it somewhat resembles in general colour1 but can be easily distinguished by the larger jaws1 shorter body1 and the elytra tipped with yellow near the apex4 ,t4 australasiae and ,t4 hopei are smaller species1 dull green1 marked with reddish brown on the wing covers2 they are found in ,north ,west ,australia1 while several other species are recorded from ,queensland4 ,the ,cicindela are not common about ,sydney2 two species1 however1 are to be found2 ,cicindela ypsilon1 about an inch long1 is so named from the dark markings on the cream-coloured wing cases resembling the ,greek ,e2 they are to be found running about on the seashore in hundreds in midsummer1 and can easily be caught by throwing a handful of sand over them3 though so numerous1 ,i have never been able to find their larvae4 ,in captivity one ate raw beef quite readily1 burying its jaw in the strange food and sucking up the juice4 ,c4 circumcincta is a smooth1 dark green beetle with the outer edges of the wing covers marked with yellow2 it is sometimes taken about ,sydney1 but is not very common4 ,the smallest ,australian species is ,c4 tenuicollis1 described by ,macleay from specimens ,i collected on a sandy flat near the ,barrier ,ranges in ,n4,w4 ,australia2 it is a rich1 metallic red insect with slender legs and small thorax4 ,on a sandy road near ,cairns1 ,n4 ,queensland1 several small species were so plentiful that they often flew up in clouds1 and ,i have taken scores in half an hour with a butterfly net4 ,the tropical ,genus ,distypsidera is represented by about a dozen species1 chiefly confined to ,north ,queensland1 where they hunt over the stems of trees2 when approached they run round the trunk to keep out of sight2 they are broader and more thickset than the ,cicindela1 and their eyes are very large and prominent2 ,d4 flavicans is the only one that comes down as far as ,northern ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the researches of ,hacker in ,north ,queensland have added several new and interesting species of ,tiger ,beetles from the ,coen ,river1 some of which are closely allied to ,new ,guinea forms4 ,family #b4 ,carnivorous ,ground ,beetles4 ,,carabidae4 ,these are broader and thicker set than the ,cicindelidae1 varying in size from several inches to a line in length2 the head is smaller than the thorax2 and most of them are black or reddish brown1 while others are richly marked with metallic tints4 ,they are most numerous in open forest country1 hiding under logs or stones during the day and hunting over the ground at night3 when camped in the bush1 where logs are plentiful1 the entomologist can often trap many interesting species by sinking empty tins into the soil1 into which they readily tumble4 ,the larvae are slender creatures with three pairs of simple legs2 their bodies are protected with stout horny plates1 and the head is furnished with large powerful jaws2 they are found in the same situations as the adult beetles1 and devour all kinds of insects that they can capture2 the larger ones even eat small frogs4 ,this family has been divided into a great number of sub-families which it is hardly necessary to enumerate here4 ,australia is very rich in ,carabidae2 over #a1fjj species have been described4 ,chaudoir described many in ,russian and ,belgian2 ,newman1 ,westwood1 ,pascoe1 ,hope1 and ,bates in ,english2 ,castelnau1 ,macleay1 and ,sloane in ,australian scientific journals2 so that the literature dealing with these beetles is very scattered1 but the references can be found in ,masters' ,catalogue4 ,calosoma schayeri is our type of this cosmopolitan genus4 ,they live in cavities in cultivated fields1 and are very useful insects where numerous1 for they devour the larvae and pupae of many species of cut-worms4 ,it measures about #a inch in length1 has a small head1 narrow rounded thorax1 and very broad1 short1 rounded abdomen2 the whole is bright metallic green4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and may sometimes be even taken in the ,sydney streets4 ,the ,genus ,pamborus contains many distinctive black beetles1 some of which are marked with coppery green tints2 they measure up to #a inch in length1 and are broad in proportion4 ,when captured1 many of them discharge an acrid fluid or gas that stains the fingers reddish brown4 ,pamborus viridis is black1 with the wing covers thickly ridged with parallel punctured striae marked with green4 ,p4 alternans is a larger beetle1 #a inches long1 with the same small head1 and rounded thorax tapering and narrow behind2 the coppery-tinted elytra have very broad parallel ridges4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ef-ei4--,typical ,carabidae4 #ef4 ,helluo costatus 7,bonelli74 ,the ,desert-,carab4 #eh4 ,hyperion schroetteri 7,schreib474 ,the ,forest-,carab4 #eg4 ,trichosternus renardi 7,chaud474 ,the ,scrub-,carab4 #ei4 ,catadromus australis 7,casteln474 ,the ,swamp-,carab4 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,drypta australis is a small beetle about #e lines in length2 it has a pointed head1 large projecting eyes1 and the thorax forms a cylindrical neck hardly broader than the head2 the wing covers do not quite cover the tip of the abdomen4 ,in general colour it is yellowish brown1 with the antennae1 legs1 a broad stripe down the centre and the edges of the wing covers dark purple to black2 the wing covers are very finely striated and punctured4 ,they live on the edges of swamps1 and sometimes fly into the lamp at night4 ,a beetle with a very wide range is ,helluo costatus2 it is a medium sized brown beetle2 the head and thorax are about the same length1 the latter rounded on either side in front but narrowed behind2 the wing covers are flattened1 broadly ridged1 and not reaching to the tip of the abdomen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,pheropsophus verticalis 7,dejean74 ,the ,yellow ,bombardier ,beetle which discharges an acrid gas when disturbed4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,our ,common 8,bombardier ,beetle10 ,pheropsophus verticalis1 is another widely distributed species2 it measures over an inch in length1 and is of a general dark brown tint1 with the head1 antennae1 and thorax dull yellow2 the wing covers1 which do not reach to the tip of the abdomen1 are blotched on either side and the tip with the same colour4 ,it can be found in any damp spot under stones or logs2 and as soon as disturbed1 it discharges a small cloud of vapour with a distinct report1 and which feels quite warm to the fingers4 ,the ,genus ,scopodes contains a number of tiny beetles that are common on the plains and about crabholes and swamps4 ,scopodes sigillatus has the wing covers roughened1 and measures about #b lines in length2 with its large projecting eyes it might be mistaken for a small ,tiger ,beetle4 ,we now come to a group1 ,,pseudomorphides1 comprising a number of genera that live under the loose bark on tree trunks2 they have adapted themselves to their confined hiding places1 so that they have become flattened and rounded1 and even remarkable in colouration2 and so1 unless a collector carefully examines them1 he would never at first sight think of including them among the ,carabidae4 ,the ,genus ,silphomorpha1 in which over #dj species have been described1 are yellow and black1 or yellow and brown beetles up to an inch in length2 all their parts fit close together into a convex or oval form very like some of the water-beetles4 ,silphomorpha colymbetoides and ,s4 nitiduloides are found about ,sydney4 ,the first has the head and thorax reddish brown1 the elytra pale yellow broadly blotched in the centre with black3 the second1 much larger 7 of an inch in length7 is blackish1 and the centre only of each wing cover blotched with dull yellow4 ,the members of the ,genus ,adelotopus are mostly black1 narrow1 and shield-shaped1 with the tips of the wing covers truncated2 while in ,philophloeus1 though very thin and flattened1 they have the head and thorax well divided from the broad abdomen2 and are dull yellow1 striped1 and barred with darker brown4 ,turning from these we come to the giant of all our carabs1 ,hyperion schroetteri1 which lives in cavities in tree trunks1 where it is often found by splitters in the red gum forests in ,victoria and ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,i have taken it at night round the camp fire on the ,murray frontage4 ,it is shining black1 and measures #b inches in length1 but being narrow in proportion it appears much longer than it really is2 while with its large elongate head and immense jaws it is a very formidable-looking creature4 ,the next in order is a large and interesting group1 the ,,scaritides1 which are not only wingless1 but have the wing covers soldered together into one solid armour plate2 their legs are adapted for digging1 and many of them live in underground tunnels of considerable length4 ,in most species the head1 armed with large powerful jaws1 fits close into the thorax1 so that they move together2 and in some groups the insect appears to be formed only of two parts1 for the head and thorax taken together are as long and broad as the abdomen4 ,after a heavy fall of rain in the interior1 some species may be found in numbers under logs and stones1 driven out of their holes and deep burrows4 ,they are much sought after by collectors2 and ,macleay1 ,blackburn1 and ,sloane have described a number of curious species4 ,eutoma tinctilatum1 found about ,sydney1 and typical of the elongate slender ,scaritides1 was described by ,newman many years ago1 and figured by ,westwood in his 8,arcana ,entomologica #ahda02 it is a shining black beetle about #h lines in length4 ,carenum bonelli1 the commonest ,sydney species of this genus1 measures about of an inch and is broad in proportion2 it is black1 with bright metallic green tints on thorax and elytra4 ,the members of the ,genus ,philoscaphus are short and broad1 with the elytra covered with rows of warts4 ,p4 tuberculatus has a wide range over the western country2 it measures over #a inch in length2 is black2 the head and thorax are broader than the body2 the latter oval1 with the elytra finely rugose4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,euryscaphus lobicollis 7,sloane74 ,the ,great ,ground ,scaritid ,beetle1 found in the interior4 ,the ,genus ,euryscaphus contains the giants of the group4 ,euryscaphus titanus1 a shining black beetle1 is nearly #b inches in length1 and measures of an inch across the elytra2 while ,e4 lobicollis1 a smaller beetle1 has the body still broader in proportion to its size2 both these and several other fine species are not uncommon on the ,western ,australian goldfields about ,kalgoorlie4 ,the allied ,,clivinides1 recently monographed by ,sloane 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif7 are like elongate miniature ,carenums furnished with dilated fore-legs adapted for digging2 they are generally taken along the edges of swamps and watercourses under logs or the debris on the soft mud4 ,they are world wide in their distribution1 and are most plentiful in the warmer portions of the globe3 ,australia is rich in species3 ,sloane lists #ee species in his paper4 ,clivina basalis has a wide range over ,s4 ,australia1 ,victoria1 and ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it measures inch2 is black1 with the basal portion of the elytra and the legs red4 ,c4 australasiae1 slightly larger1 is all black2 it has a similar range1 and is also recorded from ,new ,zealand and ,lord ,howe ,island4 ,the next group comprise the typical ,chlaenius2 they are rather long-legged beetles with a small head and somewhat heart-shaped thorax forming a slight neck behind1 and with a broad1 oval1 convex abdomen4 ,they are active beetles1 generally found under stones or wood near water-holes2 many of them have a greenish dull metallic tint4 ,chlaenius puncticeps is black1 with the legs and an irregular blotch at the apical half of each wing cover dull yellow4 ,c4 maculifer1 from ,queensland1 is smaller2 ,c4 laeteviridis is dull green with the edges of the wing covers yellow2 ,c4 marginatus is a larger and brighter green beetle with the wing covers marked with yellow in a similar manner4 ,promecoderus concolor1 typical of the genus1 is a shining black beetle about inch in length1 of a curious cylindrical shape with the head turned down in front4 ,these beetles are found all over the interior in dry country under stones or logs4 ,the allied ,genus ,parroa was formed by ,castelnau for several curious beetles taken in the interior near the ,paroo ,river4 ,parroa noctis1 from ,kalgoorlie1 ,w4,a41 measures over #a inch in length1 and is a rounded solid-looking black beetle4 ,the bulk of the species once included in the ,genus ,harpalus is now divided up into a number of groups2 most of the small black carabs running about in the suburban gardens in the early summer belong to this division4 ,the ,,feronides comprise a number of our largest carabs3 ,catadromus australis measures nearly #b inches in length1 is broad in proportion2 it is shining black with the wing covers broadly ridged1 and their margins and the hind portion of the thorax richly marked with bright metallic green4 ,c4 lacordairei is smaller1 and similar in general form1 with the thorax smaller and the metallic colouration on the thorax running right round to the hind margin of the head4 ,both these beetles are found along the edges of swamps and lagoons in the ,murray country living under dead logs1 where their black banded larvae may also be found1 sometimes feasting on small frogs4 ,all the beetles known under the ,genera ,homalosoma and ,trichisternus have been placed in the new ,genus ,castelnaudia by the ,russian entomologist ,tschitscherini1 as both the former names were preoccupied4 ,this group contains many large handsome beetles1 chiefly confined to our coastal forest country1 where they live under dead logs4 ,castelnaudia renardi is one of the common species in the ,tweed ,river scrubs2 it measures #a inches in length2 is black with the parallel striae on the elytra widely apart2 the head very large1 is turned down and furnished with long powerful jaws4 ,c4 imperiale1 from ,southern ,queensland1 is a very handsome species2 it is about the same size as the former but has the thorax and elytra more flattened2 and the head1 thorax1 and margins of the wing covers are rich metallic green4 ,in ,november ,i took several specimens on the top of ,mt4 ,tambourine1 ,s4 ,queensland1 under deeply buried logs by the roadside1 where they live in broad excavated galleries2 in two nests ,i found three larvae and eggs4 ,the former1 probably by their size only a few weeks old1 were elongate1 flattened1 light brown to ochreous coloured creatures1 with the head and dorsal surface of segments chocolate brown4 ,the head is broader than long1 flattened1 and furnished with long curved brown jaws1 and has also a stout incurved tooth near the base of each jaw4 ,they were very active creatures and lived for over a month in captivity4 ,the eggs were dull yellow1 of an inch long1 broadly rounded1 and were enclosed in a thin clay shell like the rind of an orange4 ,the ,genus ,notonomus has been recently revised by ,sloane 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijb72 in this paper he enumerated #gb species1 a number of them previously undescribed4 ,these beetles are apterous1 and confined to the coastal forests of ,eastern ,australia4 ,sloane says3 8,from the ,grampians in ,western ,victoria1 along the coast of ,eastern ,australia as far north as the ,burnett ,river in ,queensland1 and many species are very restricted in their range40 ,notonomus australasiae is one of the commonest species around ,sydney2 it measures under of an inch in length1 and is of a uniform black colour2 the broad thorax is arcuate behind the head1 swelling out and broadly rounded on the sides2 it has a rich blue metallic tint1 and a distinct medium suture2 the wing covers are distinctly striated1 forming broad parallel ridges4 ,passing over a number of more or less important genera we finish with the ,genus ,bembidium1 which contains a number of small active beetles generally found along the edges of swamps4 ,b4 ocellatum is a shining black beetle under of an inch in length1 with a broad head1 and the thorax rounded on the hind margin4 ,family #c4 ,water ,beetles4 ,,dytiscidae4 ,this group contains the first division of the ,water ,beetles2 these have the antennae bare and filiform2 short palpi and undivided eyes2 the legs fringed with hairs1 the front pair not longer than the hind pair1 adapted for swimming4 ,they live in the water both in the larval and beetle stage2 the former are slender1 elongate creatures1 with a body consisting of twelve segments2 the head is broad and furnished with powerful hollow jaws2 they are very voracious creatures1 devouring all sorts of aquatic insects1 and even the smaller and weaker of their own species4 ,when full grown they pupate in cells which they form in the soft mud4 ,these beetles are perfectly at home in the water1 and breathe by coming to the surface2 turning head downwards1 and with the tip of the wing covers slightly raised1 they draw in a supply of air which occupies a cavity on the back1 and when the elytra are closed down1 the beetle can remain under water until the supply is exhausted4 ,many species can be easily captured in the water with a small hand-net2 on a warm summer night numbers leave the water and come flying in to the lighted lamps4 ,many are very small1 few over an inch in length2 they are quite as numerous in the colder waters of the globe as in the tropics1 and many species have a very wide distribution4 ,we have representatives of most of the typical genera2 our species have been described by ,clark 7,journal of ,entomology #ahfb71 and ,sharp 7,trans4 ,dublin ,soc4 #ahhb74 ,the members of the ,genus ,bidessus are small1 brown1 boat-shaped beetles not much over an inch in length2 about #ah species are listed in ,masters' ,catalogue2 ,bidessus bistrigatus has the head marked with black and the wing covers clouded with dark brown2 it has a wide range over ,australia4 ,antiphorus gilberti is more than twice the size1 has the wing covers mottled1 and is common in the waters of ,victoria and ,south ,australia4 ,macroporus howetti is dark brown1 more shining and slightly larger1 the dark markings forming two irregular black bands connected by a dorsal stripe4 ,hydroporus collaris1 from the north-west coast of ,australia1 measures under #b lines in length2 it is all black with the dorsal surface convex and finely rugose4 ,platynectis #aj-punctata was described by ,fabricius at a very early date from ,australia2 it is common along the edges of the ,murray lagoons1 where it is to be found in the soft mud under the water-weeds4 ,it is a smooth1 shining black beetle1 with very convex wing covers4 ,rhantus pubescens is an oval beetle1 under an inch in length1 of a dull brown colour1 with the whole of the wing covers granulated with black4 ,colymbetes lanceolatus is a more elongate insect of a similar brown colour1 the back of the head and wing covers marked with irregular parallel black lines1 thickest in the middle4 ,copelatus acuductus is a larger shining black beetle1 typical of the genus1 of which about twenty species are described from this country4 ,cybister tripunctatus is one of our largest species2 it measures over #a inch1 and is broad and flattened in proportion2 it is of a blackish or dark olive colour1 margined right round from the front of the head to the tips of the wing covers with a dull yellow stripe4 ,as children we often pulled these beetles out of the water hanging on to the bait used for catching crayfish1 and we called them 8clocks10 why ,i do not know4 ,this species has a very wide range over ,australia1 and it is recorded from ,lord ,howe ,island4 ,it was once known under the name of ,c4 gayndahensis4 ,a second species has been described by ,blackburn under the name of ,c4 granulatus from the ,northern ,territory of ,south ,australia4 ,eretes australis is another widely distributed species2 it measures about an inch2 is broad and flattened1 and is of a general yellowish brown tint1 marked with black between the eyes1 and the wing covers are finely punctured with close black spots4 ,family #d4 ,whirligig ,beetles4 ,,gyrinidae4 ,this family1 small in number of species1 is well known to all lovers of ,nature1 for it contains the water beetles that float about in shoals on the margin of any quiet stream or waterhole1 or dart about like bits of silver1 twisting and turning round in most remarkable gyrations1 from which they take the popular name of ,whirligig ,beetles4 ,they are distinguished from the last family 7which they resemble in the earlier stages of their development7 in having very short antennae2 the fore-legs much longer than the two hind pairs2 and in having the eyes on either side divided1 thus having two eyes looking down into the water and two above1 so that they can see both sides at the same time1 an admirable adaptation of vision for beetles living so much on the surface of the water and liable to be attacked from above or below4 ,the tip of the body is not covered by the elytra1 and when diving downward they carry a bubble of air attached to the extremity4 ,these beetles are well represented in ,australia1 and have been described by ,clark previously mentioned1 ,regimbart 7,annals ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france #ahhb71 ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 and ,boisduval in the 8,entomology of the voyage de l',astrolabe40 ,our common species about ,sydney1 ,macrogyrus canaliculatus1 is of the usual boat-shaped form1 silvery black1 with the wing covers finely striated2 it measures about an inch in length4 ,m4 oblongus is a somewhat smaller species not so broad in form2 is browner1 and the wing covers are very slightly striated2 it is also found in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,m4 paradoxus was described and figured by ,regimbart from ,australia with no exact locality1 but ,i have collected it on the ,north ,west coast of ,australia1 and seen others from ,southern ,queensland1 so that it has a wide range4 ,it is not much over of an inch in length2 is dark olive2 the outer margin is dull yellow1 and it has a few fine striae on either side of the elytra4 ,i have found the pupae of one species1 probably ,m4 oblongus1 in clay cells attached to a bit of board on the bank of a waterhole in the western country of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #e4 ,clubbed-horned ,water ,beetles4 ,,hydrophilidae4 ,this family is also known under the ,group ,palpicorna in reference to the clubbed antennae1 and made to include a second family1 which are very closely allied but are terrestial in their habits4 ,these beetles have five jointed tarsi2 short clubbed antennae1 with the palpi slender and much longer than the antennae4 ,most of the beetles are vegetarian in their diet1 though many of them in the earlier stages of their existence are carnivorous4 ,these are the largest of the ,water ,beetles2 and the typical species are ovate and very convex in form2 the thorax very broad2 the tibiae slightly spined on the edges1 terminating in a stouter spine at the apex2 the tarsi ciliated4 ,they are poor swimmers when compared with the two last groups4 ,most of our species have been described by ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 and ,blackburn 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #ahhh74 ,hydrophilus latipalpus is of the usual boat-shaped form2 shining black2 and the wing covers are very finely marked with punctured parallel striae4 ,it measures nearly #a inches1 and is found about ,sydney4 ,h4 albipes is a much smaller beetle of similar form and colour2 it is found in the ,murray ,river districts4 ,family #f4 ,rove ,beetles4 ,,staphylinidae4 ,these peculiar beetles can be readily distinguished from most of the other families by their abbreviated elytra1 which do not protect more than a third of the abdomen leaving the hind portion quite bare2 while the well developed hind wings are tucked away out of sight under them1 but can be quickly extended and used for flight4 ,the apical segments of the abdomen are very flexible1 and most species have the habit of turning up the tip of the body when running along2 others have the power of discharging a strong scent1 in some cases with quite a pleasant odour4 ,they are slender elongate insects with stout jaws1 and the antennae thickened or clubbed at the extremities2 the tarsal joints are variable in number4 ,rove ,beetles are found in many different situations1 but chiefly upon the ground in the vicinity of manure1 decaying vegetable matter1 dead animals1 and even on the seashore hiding under stones and seaweed1 though most of them only seek these places to devour other small creatures1 for they are carnivorous in their habits4 ,some of the foreign species are found living in the nests of ants1 but ,i do not think any with this peculiarity have been recorded from ,australia4 ,the principal writers on our ,staphylinidae are ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga71 and ,fauvel in his work on 8,les ,staphylinides de l',australie et de la ,polynesie0 7#ahgh74 ,in #ahhf ,olliff commenced his revision of the ,staphylinidae of ,australia 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc471 but this only ran into the third part and was never finished4 ,others have been described by ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahhg74 ,about #djj species have been recorded from this country representing most of the typical sub-families4 ,the ,genus ,aleochara contains a number of small short black beetles with thickened antennae2 those in ,homalota are even smaller but more slender2 several species are found under cowdung4 ,quedius luridipennis measures over of an inch in length2 the shining black head and thorax are almost globular1 the latter the larger2 the broad flattened fore wings are red2 the margins of the abdomen are flanged and slightly spined1 and the tip fringed with three tufts of bristles4 ,the ,devil's ,coach-horse1 ,creophilus erythrocephalus1 is our largest common species and has a very wide range2 it measures over of an inch in length and is very broad in proportion2 its general colour is black with the head bright red1 the eyes and a rounded spot between them black2 the elytra have a metallic purple tint4 ,it can be often found in stables1 or hunting round dead animals in the bush2 when disturbed it cocks up its head1 turning up the tip of its body at the same time in a very comical manner1 from which habit the allied ,european species has probably derived the above popular name4 ,actinus macleayi is slightly longer but more slender1 and is our most beautiful species of this somewhat dull coloured family2 the head and thorax are rich metallic coppery green1 the elytra deep metallic purple2 the basal portion of the abdomen is black1 and the tip1 antennae1 and legs bright yellow4 ,it is a native of the tropical scrubs of ,north ,queensland2 in the neighbourhood of ,cairns ,i captured specimens in tins ,i had baited with bits of meat and had sunk in the ground to trap ,carabidae1 and into which they had been attracted by the food4 ,xantholinus erythrocephalus lives in the stems of rotting grass trees1 where the beetles can be collected in all stages of development2 the beetle measures over an inch in length2 is of a much more elongate form2 black2 the elytra dull red1 and the tip of the abdomen yellow4 ,paederus cruenticollis is one of our commonest species1 and is often found under stones in the bush2 it is a very distinctly marked little beetle about of an inch in length1 slender in form with long thickened antennae2 black1 with the thorax and centre of the abdomen red1 and the elytra deep metallic blue4 ,sartellus signatus is a curious little yellow beetle quite unlike the typical ,rove ,beetle2 it is short and rounded in form1 with the fore wings much longer than usual2 is of a uniform light yellow colour1 with a curious reddish brown mark in the centre of each elytron4 ,it is common on our sandy beaches1 where it hides under the seaweed and rubbish and feeds chiefly upon dead barnacles4 ,family #g4 ,ant ,beetles4 ,,pselaphidae ,this group includes a number of small beetles that have the elytra usually not covering more than half of the abdominal segments2 the antennae thickened toward the tips2 maxillary palpi large1 and the tarsi three jointed4 ,the ordinary collector is very apt to pass over these small creatures1 but many interesting forms are found in this country by sifting rubbish1 or examining debris along the water's edge1 which can be gathered up in a stout bag and afterwards shaken over a sheet of white paper4 ,i have captured them along the edges of lagoons in summer time by pouring buckets of water over the dry cracked mud1 and as they were drowned out gathering them into small tubes4 ,they can also be taken with a sweeping net when on the wing2 in ,europe many species are found in ants' nests4 ,westwood believes that they feed chiefly upon ,acari and other small creatures4 ,large numbers have been described from this country1 chiefly through the researches of the ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,king 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfe74 ,messrs4 ,sharp1 ,westwood1 ,schaufers and ,blackburn added to this number2 while in #aijj ,raffray published his ,monograph on the family 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj71 in which he described #de new species1 and brings the number known up to #bjj4 ,pselaphus lineatus1 a reddish beetle1 measures #a lines in length1 and is found about ,sydney2 it has a wide range over ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,victoria1 and ,south ,australia4 ,lea 7,pro4 ,royal ,soc4 ,victoria #aije7 records four species of the ,genus ,articerus found in ants' nests1 all of which appear to have a wide range2 ,a4 curvicornis1 originally described by ,westwood from ants' nests in ,melbourne1 is also found in ,tasmania1 ,s4 ,australia and ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #h4 ,comb-horned ,beetles4 ,,paussidae4 ,these are remarkable looking beetles1 easily distinguished by their broad flattened toothed antennae curving round on either side4 ,the head is short and angular on the sides2 the thorax flattened2 and the elongate elytra truncate at the apex and not quite covering the tip of the abdomen4 ,most of the species are of moderate size1 and reddish brown in colour2 they are confined chiefly to ,africa1 the ,east ,indies1 and ,australia4 ,most of the ,african species are said to dwell in ants' nests1 but though ,i have had several records of species being found under stones in ants' nests1 most of ours are found under logs1 bark1 or crawling about on the grass or ground4 ,this family attracted the notice of entomologists at a very early date2 ,latreille formed the family to contain the two genera ,paussus and ,cerapterus1 which he called ,paussili1 afterwards changed by ,leach to ,paussides4 ,donovan described the first species from this country in #ahae4 ,westwood has written a great deal about them2 he monographed the family 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #ahdi-ahej72 in his 8,arcana ,entomologica0 he described a great many from ,australia and other countries2 others in the 8,annals of ,natural ,history10 #ahea2 and again figured others in his 8,theosaurus ,entomologica10 ,oxen4 #ahgd4 ,macleay added #cb new species 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahgc71 all belonging to the ,genus ,arthropterus2 while ,blackburn placed #c more to the list #ahia-ahib1 one of them in the typical ,genus ,paussus4 ,arthropterus brevis is one of our smallest species2 it measures slightly over of an inch in length2 the antennae are rather short and broad2 the thorax broad and rounded on the sides2 the elytra expanded slightly to the truncate tips1 leaving the apical portion of the abdomen exposed4 ,this is our commonest species1 and can be sometimes obtained in numbers near ,sydney under the papery bark of the ti-trees4 ,a4 humeralis comes from the ,wellington district1 and measures under of an inch2 the antennae are large2 the head angular2 the body long1 narrow1 and rounded to the extremity1 with the elytra short and truncate above the tip of the abdomen4 ,general colour dark reddish brown1 lightly clothed with short scattered brown hairs4 ,family #i4 ,ant ,beetles4 ,,scydmaenidae4 ,the members of this family are minute creatures of which little is known4 ,sharp says3 8,allied to the ,silphidae1 with the hind coxae separated1 and the facets of the eyes coarser2 tarsi five jointed2 the number of abdominal segments visible six40 ,it is owing to the ,rev4 ,r4 ,l4 ,king that we first knew anything about this group in ,australia2 he described about #ae species 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfd72 to which #b more have been added by ,macleay and ,sharp4 ,heterognathus carinatus was described by ,king from the nest of small black ants found in the neighbourhood of ,parramatta2 ,lea has lately recorded it from the nests of ants 7,iridomyrmex nitidus7 taken in the ,mallee country of ,north ,western ,victoria4 ,he says3 8,it can be distinguished from all its congeners by the prothorax having a short longitudinal carina at the base1 on each side of which is a transverse impression40 ,family #aj4 ,burying ,beetles4 ,,silphidae4 ,the typical ,european species are popularly known as ,burying ,beetles from the curious habit they have of excavating the ground beneath any small dead bird or animal they find1 and finally burying it under the soil4 ,this family contains a number of interesting beetles both large and small2 the antennae are thickened or clubbed2 the tarsi #d or #e jointed2 and the whole dorsal surface flattened4 ,they are poorly represented in this country1 but there are several large distinctive species found about dead animals or decaying vegetable matter4 ,a large number of blind ,silphids are found in the caves of ,europe and ,america1 but ,i have never found any as ,australian cave fauna4 ,thirteen species have been described from this country by a number of different writers1 chief of which is ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahia-id74 ,necrodes osculans comes from ,queensland2 ,i found it common about ,cairns1 feeding amongst decaying matter in the scrub4 ,it measures over #a inch2 is a broad flattened beetle of a general black colour2 the elytra mottled with dull orange1 ribbed1 and truncate at the extremity1 showing the tip of the abdomen4 ,the head is small1 turned down in front1 but furnished with large clubbed antennae2 the thorax is finely punctured and rounded in front4 ,ptomaphila lachrymosa is a dull reddish brown beetle1 with the centre of the head and thorax black1 the head small and somewhat hidden by the large flattened thorax2 the elytra round1 somewhat depressed2 both marked with irregular parallel black ribs and bosses2 they feed about dead animals4 ,length about #a inch4 ,in the following family1 ,,trichopterygidae1 only two species are described1 one from ,tasmania1 and the other from ,west ,australia4 ,they are minute beetles with fringed wings1 the middle joints of the antennae smallest4 ,family #aa4 ,round ,fungus ,beetles4 ,,scaphididae4 ,the members of this family are small1 broad1 short insects that live in fungus1 and are very active4 ,macleay described several species from ,gayndah 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga73 ,reitter and other foreign writers have added to the list4 ,scaphidium punctipenne1 though described from ,queensland1 is also found in the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,it is a small rounded seed-shaped insect1 but with slender legs and slightly clubbed antennae2 its upper surface is deep orange yellow irregularly barred with black4 ,family #ab4 ,mimic ,beetles4 ,,histeridae4 ,when touched these beetles contract their legs and pretend to be dead1 from which habit they take their family name from ,histris1 the ,latin for a stage mimic4 ,they are shining black1 or metallic coloured beetles2 many are flattened and broad in shape1 with the elytra truncate at the apex1 leaving the tip of the abdomen uncovered2 the exposed integument is however very much thickened1 and all the parts fit close together2 the antennae are thick1 clubbed at the apex2 the legs short and stout4 ,most of the flattened forms are found under bark1 others in or under dead animal matter2 both the beetles and their larvae are carnivorous4 ,this family is well represented here3 ,macleay described some from ,gayndah2 ,marseul described others in the ,annals ,museo ,genevre #ahgi1 and the ,annals ,ent4 ,belg4 #ahgj2 ,schmidt in the ,ent4 ,nachr4 #ahib2 and a few are described by other writers4 ,hololepta sidnensis1 one of our commonest species1 can be collected in early summer by chopping up the dead grass tree stems2 but ,i have never been able to find the larvae4 ,it measures an inch1 and is shining black2 it is very much flattened and broad in proportion to its length2 two stout horns project in front of the eyes1 coming together at the tips2 the thorax is slightly impressed in the centre1 and punctured on the sides2 the elytra is smooth and shining1 but the exposed abdominal plates are spotted with large punctures4 ,many of this genus are found under bark or crawling about on tree trunks4 ,platysoma strongulatum is a broadly flattened black insect about of an inch long2 the head is small2 the thorax truncate2 the elytra smooth in the centre1 with four distinct striae on each side1 straight at the apex1 with the tip of the abdomen turning downwards4 ,this is another common ,sydney species found at the base of the flower stalks of the 8grass trees0 7,xanthorrhoea74 ,saprinus laetus1 typical of another group1 is a short1 thickset1 rounded1 oval beetle1 of an inch in length1 with the upper surface convex2 the head is small1 shining green2 the thorax broad1 bright metallic pale copper2 and the short truncate elytra and exposed tip of the abdomen deep metallic green4 ,this almost seed-shaped beetle is usually found under dead birds or animals lying in the bush4 ,it has a very wide range over ,australia4 ,family #ac4 ,,phalacridae4 ,only one species of this family is listed in ,masters' ,catalogue1 described by ,erichson from ,tasmania in #ahdb2 but in ,blackburn's paper 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4 ,australia #ahia7 #af new species are described from all parts of ,australia4 ,they are short oval beetles1 very small1 the largest not much over of an inch in length2 black or brown in colour4 ,litochrus palmerstoni is of a uniform ferruginous colour1 with the apex of the elytra pale testaceous2 without the punctures of the other species2 of the typical oval form2 and only of a line in length and of an inch in width4 ,this tiny creature comes from the ,northern ,territory of ,s4 ,australia4 ,this family is not an important one1 but is well represented in ,europe and ,america1 where the larvae live in flowers1 boring their way down the stems and pupating in earthen cocoons4 ,family #ad4 ,fruit ,beetles4 ,,nitidulidae4 ,these are all small black or brownish beetles that breed and feed upon decaying vegetable matter1 and some are very partial to ripe fruit4 ,some have well developed wing covers1 but in others these are very short1 reminding one of the smaller ,rove ,beetles1 but the club of each antennae consists of three joints1 and fewer abdominal segments are exposed to view4 ,about eighty species have been described from ,australia1 chiefly by ,reitter 7,verh4 ,ver4 ,brnn1 #ahgd-ge1 and other ,journals72 ,murray in his ,monograph of the ,family2 ,macleay 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahga72 and ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4 ,australia #ahia74 ,brachypeplus binotatus is one of our commonest species1 widely distributed over ,australia2 it is a typical form of the family1 about of an inch in length2 of a general dark brown colour1 with reddish brown antennae and legs2 the abbreviated wing covers leaving the abdominal segments exposed1 the latter marked with deep orange yellow4 ,olliff 7,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4 ,wales #ahic7 describes and figures this beetle and its larva1 which he describes as feeding upon the fungus on the damaged sugar cane4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,pochadius pilistriatus 7,macleay74 ,living in the seed pods of the ,kurrajong4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,carpophilus contains #aa described species1 most of which have a wide range over ,australia2 two are well known about ,sydney from their habit of crawling into damaged fruit and feeding round the stone1 causing it to decay very rapidly2 they are also said to cluster round the fruit stalks1 and by gnawing the base cause the fruit to drop4 ,carpophilus pilipennis is a small reddish brown boat-shaped beetle1 with the wing covers cut off at the hind margin1 exposing the tip of the abdomen2 it measures #a lines in length4 ,c4 aterrimus is a somewhat larger flatter species of a uniform black colour1 with the whole of the upper surface finely punctured2 the legs and antennae are reddish brown4 ,the abdomen is not so pointed as in the first species and much more of it is exposed on the dorsal surface4 ,a curious little species1 ,pocadius pilistriatus1 about of an inch in length1 is an elongate rounded brown beetle clothed with fine hairs4 ,it feeds and breeds in the seed cases of the ,kurrajong2 the larvae are reddish brown grubs1 elongate in form2 they have three jointed antennae1 and short black jaws1 with well developed legs1 and the tip of the abdomen bears two pairs of spines1 the first pair erect1 the second at the extremity but turning upwards4 ,family #ae4 ,,trogositidae4 ,these are beetles of moderate size with five jointed tarsi1 the first so small that unless closely examined it is not noticeable4 ,they are found chiefly under dead bark or wood1 but are carnivorous in their habits1 and very dissimilar in form4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,lophocateres pusillus4 ,a tiny introduced ,beetle belonging to the ,family ,trogositidae that attacks dried fruit4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the cosmopolitan 8,cadelle10 ,trogosita mauritanica1 frequently found in bagged wheat1 where the larvae gnaw out the embryo of the grain1 is world wide in its range4 ,it is a flattened1 shining1 black beetle2 it was once placed among the ,heteromera2 and at first sight might be taken for a flattened carab4 ,the ,genus ,leperina contains a number of curious1 elongate beetles flattened on the under surface2 the dorsal surface is convex1 and rounded at the extremities1 with the integument covered with mottled grey1 brown1 and black tufts of scales imitating moss1 and probably of a protective character1 for they are generally found clinging to bark4 ,leperina decorata was described by ,erichson from ,tasmania in #ahdb1 but it has a wide range over the mainland4 ,it measures from to an inch in length2 its ground colour is light chestnut brown mottled with black2 the sides of the thorax deeply blotched with creamy white1 and the back marked with indistinct patches of whitish scales4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fd and #fe4--,life ,history of the ,cadelle4 #fd4 ,trogosita mauritanica 7,linn474 #fe4 ,larva4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,pascoe described some of ours 7,annals of ,nat4 ,hist4 #ahgb71 and the ,journal of ,entomology #ahfj4 ,macleay described others in #ahga2 ,reitter in #ahgf-gg2 ,olliff 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf72 and later ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahia74 ,family #af4 ,,colydidae4 ,these are small1 reddish brown or black beetles1 elongate in form1 with four jointed tarsi1 the coxae of the two pairs of fore-legs globular1 and those of the hind legs transverse4 ,they are usually found under dead or decaying bark1 or among rotten wood4 ,several members of the ,genus ,bothrideres are found about ,sydney2 they have the thorax flattened and the elytra ribbed4 ,about #gj species of this family have been described from this country1 chiefly by ,macleay #ahga2 ,pascoe in the ,journal of ,entomology #ahfj2 ,reitter in #ahgg in several ,german journals2 and later by ,blackburn #ahia2 and ,olliff in the ,memoirs of the ,australian ,museum #ahhi on species from ,lord ,howe ,island4 ,family #ag4 ,,rhysodidae4 ,this family consists of only a few known species2 ,olliff has described one species1 ,rhysodes lignarius 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhe71 a pitchy black shining beetle about of an inch in length2 it was found in rotten wood at ,yass1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #ah4 ,bark ,beetles4 ,,cucujidae4 ,the members of this group are very curious beetles1 most of our species being found under dead bark on the trunks of the smooth gums2 both the beetles and their larvae have adapted their form in such a remarkable manner to their surroundings that they are often as flat and thin as a bit of paper1 while others living in more roomy quarters are quite normal in shape4 ,hectarthrum brevifossum is a slender1 somewhat cylindrical1 shining black beetle1 with thickened antennae composed of eleven bead-shaped joints2 the head is depressed in front1 with the thorax more elongated1 and the slender ribbed elytra rounded at the tips4 ,platisus integricollis is a reddish brown beetle1 the basal joints of the antennae elongated and the apical ones bead-shaped2 the head is angular1 buried in the short broad thorax2 the body is flattened1 with the elytra slightly ridged round the edges4 ,the larva is as flat as a knife blade1 with a large head armed with stout jaws2 the thoracic segments are furnished with short thick legs2 it has seven simple flattened abdominal segments1 with an eighth spade-shaped one1 on which is a four-pronged trident-like process standing up at the apex1 and a small spine at either side4 ,the insects both in the beetle and the larval stage are often to be found under the same bit of bark4 ,brontes lucius1 found in the same situations1 is a darker reddish insect with the antennae very long and slender2 the front of the thorax is spined on the sides2 the elytra slightly convex1 elongated and rounded at the extremities4 ,b4 militaris can be easily distinguished from the last species by its darker colour1 more flattened smooth elytra1 with two oval light brown blotches on the basal half of the wing covers4 ,about #fj species are described from ,australia2 among the chief writers are ,grouvelle 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france #ahgg72 and other ,journals #ahgf-ahhc1 c42 ,olliff 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhe72 ,reitter #ahgh1 and ,blackburn #ahib4 ,family #ai4 ,,cryptophagidae4 ,in ,masters' ,catalogue only one species 7,cnecosa fulvida7 is recorded1 described by ,pascoe in the 8,journal of ,entomology0 #ahfe1 from ,sydney4 ,since then ,blackburn has described #ab more species 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 of ,s4,a4 #ahhg74 ,they are all minute beetles which feed upon mould4 ,in ,europe the larvae of several genera live in the nests of bumble bees1 and the perfect insects in flowers4 ,families #bj-ba4 ,,lathrididae and ,,mycetophagidae4 ,these are composed of minute beetles found on fungus4 ,macleay in #ahga described some2 ,blackburn others 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahhg-ahia72 most of these were found in fungi or under bark4 ,they are very small1 the largest about of an inch in length4 ,in ,europe the larvae of some species are covered with curious hairs1 and the perfect beetles of others live in ants' nests2 but nothing is known about the habits of our species4 ,family #bb4 ,bacon ,beetles4 ,,dermestidae4 ,this is a well-known group1 for the hairy larvae do a great deal of mischief to sheepskins by gnawing holes in them when they are piled on each other2 getting into bacon and other animal foods2 even gnawing holes in bones4 ,the beetles have somewhat short antennae clubbed at the tips2 five jointed tarsi2 the coxae of the fore-legs conical1 the hind ones cylindrical4 ,the typical ,genus ,dermestes contains #e species found in ,australia2 most of them have been introduced from other parts of the world1 and several have penetrated far into the interior4 ,dermestes cadaverinus measures over of an inch2 the upper surface is clothed with pale pubescence1 and the under-surface thickly clothed with white hairs4 ,its general form is elongate2 the head is tucked under the front edge of the thorax1 which forms a slight hood4 ,d4 vulpinus is slightly larger2 has the same elongate form2 is black1 with the dorsal surface covered with short brown hairs1 and the under surface with more buff coloured pubescence4 ,both these species have a very wide range1 and can be found under dead animals in the bush1 in sheepskins1 bacon1 c41 and ,i have even taken larvae in bags of grain4 ,under favourable conditions these beetles increase in countless numbers2 quite recently1 ,mrs4 ,black1 writing from ,n4 ,queensland1 says that toward the end of the drought when the country was covered with bones and dead stock1 whenever the station hands camped to eat their dinners1 these beetles would swarm out in thousands from under logs and stones to pick up the bits of food scattered about4 ,gilbert in ,gould's 8,birds of ,australia10 records a similar instance on the ,hautmann's-,abrolhos ,islands off the coast of ,w4 ,australia1 a great nesting place for the ,noddy ,tern1 where immense numbers of the young birds are killed by the lizards1 which only eat the brain and marrow4 ,the remains cumbering the ground were food for ,dermestes lardarius1 which swarm over the islands in immense numbers4 ,this is the common ,european ,bacon ,beetle1 and is listed in ,masters' ,catalogue as found in ,australia1 but ,i have never seen an ,australian specimen of this very distinct beetle1 and think ,gilbert may have mistaken the species4 ,the members of the ,genus ,trogoderma are small1 broad1 and rather flattened black beetles1 generally found under bark on tree trunks in the dead pupae of moths upon which they feed4 ,trogoderma froggatti is short and broad2 it measures under of an inch2 is a shining black beetle1 with the elytra clothed with dark scattered hairs2 it was bred from larvae taken close to ,sydney4 ,t4 apicipenne is slightly larger1 and darker black1 very thickly clothed with black hairs2 a dull red blotch on either side of the apical half of the elytra gives it a very distinctive character4 ,these beetles and their hairy larvae feed upon the remains of dead caterpillars under the dead bark1 pupae and other organic matter4 ,the ,anthrenus are known as 8,museum beetles10 for they are the greatest pests that curators of ,museums have to deal with2 their small hairy larvae attack every kind of specimen1 and are most destructive to pinned insect collections1 though the adult beetles are generally found in the gardens frequenting flowers4 ,anthrenus varius is our greatest pest2 it is an introduced species1 variable in size1 the largest measuring about #a lines2 it is almost round1 with the small head furnished with clubbed antennae tucked down when at rest or disturbed2 the ground colour is black1 but it is so thickly clothed with grey and brown pubescence that it has a mottled buff appearance4 ,blackburn states that this is the species that has been confounded with ,a4 museorum1 which he says is not found in ,australia4 ,a4 nigricans is about the same size2 black1 with a delicate fascia of fine white hairs which give it a very distinctive character4 ,about #dd species of ,dermestidae are recorded from ,australia3 ,fabricius and ,linneaus described the earlier ones3 ,macleay others from ,gayndah #ahga4 ,reitter described more in several ,german publications3 and ,blackburn all the later ones 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahia74 ,family #bc4 ,pill ,beetles4 ,,byrrhidae4 ,these are small beetles1 found under stones4 ,they take their popular name from their rounded form1 which is more noticeable from the fact that their legs and antennae are retractile4 ,thirteen species are described from this country4 ,microchaetes sphaericus1 described by ,hope from ,w4 ,australia1 is also found in ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it is a small1 rounded1 black beetle1 under #b lines in length2 is very rugose on the upper surface1 which is covered with tufts of brown scales which give it a curious roughened appearance and a brown tint4 ,family #bd4 ,,georyssidae4 ,this family is a small obscure group4 ,they are small beetles with short clubbed antennae1 inhabiting damp wet ground4 ,only a dozen are described from all parts of the world1 two of which are peculiar to ,australia4 ,king described one from ,parramatta under the name of ,georyssus australis3 ,macleay the second from ,gayndah1 ,queensland4 ,family #be4 ,,parnidae4 ,these are aquatic beetles living under stones or close to water2 they are thickly clothed with fine silky hairs like a waterproof coat2 their antennae are thickened1 and sometimes very short4 ,six species were described by ,king 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfd72 and two others by ,messrs4 ,blackburn and ,lea 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahid-ie74 ,most of these belong to the typical ,genus ,elmis1 the members of which are found clinging to stones under water4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xvii4--,,coleoptera4 ,family ,,lucanidae4 #i4 ,lamprima latreillei 7,w4 ,s4 ,macleay74 #aa4 ,cladognathus arfakanus 7,lansb474 ,family ,,cetonidae4 #d4 ,trichaulax macleayi 7,kratz74 #g4 ,eupoecila inscripta 7,janson74 #h4 ,chlorobapta besti 7,westwood74 #aj4 ,diaphonia olliffiana 7,janson74 ,family ,,rhipidophoridae4 #b4 ,pelecotomoides conicollis 7,castelnau74 ,family ,,scarabaeidae4 #a4 ,bolboceras proboscidium 7,schreibers74 #c4 ,onthophagus australis 7,gurin74 #e4 ,trox dohrni 7,harold74 ,family ,,tenebrionidae4 #f4 ,zopherosis georgii 7,white74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xvii4--,,coleoptera4 ,family #bf4 ,,heteroceridae4 ,this group contains a number of small beetles that are semi-aquatic in their habits2 these are also clothed with fine hairs1 and have short clubbed antennae with the two basal joints enlarged4 ,they are found burrowing in mud or wet sand close to water4 ,only seven species are recorded from this country1 most of them belonging to the ,genus ,heterocerus2 ,westwood described two 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahgd73 ,macleay another from ,gayndah #ahga3 and ,blackburn four others 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahhg-ia74 ,family #bg4 ,stag ,beetles4 ,,lucanidae4 ,this is the first group of the ,lamellicorn beetles1 which are defined by the structure of their short antennae composed of #i-aj joints ending in a three-jointed lamellated club4 ,in the ,stag ,beetles the antennae are ten-jointed1 and in the typical forms have the mandibles1 especially in the males1 produced in front of the eyes like horns4 ,australia is rich in these beetles1 both in number and beauty of form and colouration4 ,the chief writers upon them are ,macleay 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhe72 and ,westwood 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahhe-fc-ga74 ,rhyssonotus nebulosus is a dark brown beetle mottled with black upon the dorsal surface2 the small narrow head is furnished with projecting horns with several distinct points2 the thorax is broad1 curiously divided into rounded areas interspersed with depressed punctured patches2 the body is rather short2 the wing covers very indistinctly ribbed and mottled with black4 ,it measures slightly over #a inch in length1 and has a wide range over ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,southern ,queensland4 ,i have bred this beetle from the fleshy white grub of the usual ,lamellicorn ,beetle type taken under rotten logs4 ,in the ,genus ,lamprima we have #ab described species of our beautiful 8,gold ,beetles10 which in the larval state live in rotten wood1 from which the beetles emerge and crawl up the twigs of the young gum saplings2 in favourable localities they can often be taken in great numbers while mating4 ,they are all rich metallic green1 gold1 blue1 or coppery in tint2 the horns1 projecting and turning up in front1 are clothed with fine hairs along the inner margin2 the thorax is very convex1 rounded on the sides2 the fore-legs very robust2 the body not twice the length of the thorax1 and rounded at the apex4 ,many species are so variable that it is probable that when carefully studied the number of species will be much reduced4 ,lamprima latreillei is our commonest species2 it measures #a inches in length2 the head is rich coppery red1 the rest metallic green2 the thorax deeply and coarsely punctured4 ,it is however a very variable species both in size and colouration2 in a large series we can find them all shades to metallic blue2 with stout horns or long horns2 and ranging from the dimensions given to an inch smaller4 ,l4 rutilans is the southern form found in ,victoria3 ,m4 insularis is only found in ,lord ,howe ,island4 ,phalacrognathus muelleri1 one of the largest and most beautiful of all our beetles1 was named by ,macleay after ,baron von ,mueller1 from specimens obtained from ,cairns1 ,north ,queensland2 it could be best described as a giant gold beetle1 #b inches long2 of a brilliant green and coppery red tint4 ,the male has the horns greatly produced in front of the head4 ,lissapterus howittanus measures nearly #a inches1 and is broad in proportion2 the abdomen is shorter than the head and thorax combined2 the horns curve round in front and are thickened and serrate at the base2 the rugose head forms a ridge in front1 fitting closely into the punctured thorax4 ,the female is about #a inch in length2 has the head more flattened1 and furnished with short1 stout1 toothed mandibles4 ,this curious beetle is peculiar to ,victoria4 ,the ,genus ,ceratognathus contains #g species of our smallest ,stag ,beetles1 none of which measure an inch2 they are black or brown2 the mandibles of the male are produced into short curved horns with a square flange on the outer basal margins4 ,i obtained the larvae of the species named after me by ,blackburn in considerable numbers in the outer bark of ,eucalyptus robusta4 ,the larva is a white1 shining1 semitransparent grub with a slender abdomen2 the pale brownish head is round and slightly elongate1 with stout three-toothed mandibles2 with long slender legs2 and with the dorsal surface of the body clothed with fine ferruginous spines interspersed with hairs4 ,figulus regularis is a small1 shining1 elongate black beetle measuring slightly over an inch2 it has short angular mandibles1 finely punctured thorax1 and striated elytra4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and is very common under decaying logs4 ,the ,,passalides are a group of what might be called flattened hornless ,stag ,beetles 7some of very large size71 that are found under rotting logs4 ,aulacocyclus kaupi1 measuring #a inches1 is shining black2 has short curved mandibles in front2 the head is excavated in the centre1 with a short1 bent1 finger-like horn curving forward above the hollow2 the thorax is broad2 and the elytra ribbed4 ,the larva is dull white1 long1 slender1 and somewhat cylindrical2 it has a small head1 and very long legs furnished with sickle-shaped claws4 ,when full grown1 they pupate in elongate1 oval1 smooth1 brown cocoons of earth and woody matter4 ,kaup in #ahga published a ,monograph of the ,passalidae1 in which many of our species are described4 ,family #bh4 ,digger and ,chafer ,beetles4 ,,scarabaeidae4 ,the group contains an immense number of handsome beetles1 among which are some of the giants of the beetle world1 though there are also many tiny ones2 most of them in the earlier stages of their lives are thick1 fleshy1 white grubs that live in the ground or decaying woody matter1 and sometimes do a great deal of damage to the roots of grass and cultivated crops4 ,though these beetles vary much in form and size1 they have the antennae always produced at the tip into a laminate or pectinate club1 which when expanded forms a comb or brush-like process4 ,kirby divides this family into eleven sub-families2 ,westwood into ten2 while ,sharp reduces them to five1 which is quite sufficient for our purpose4 ,the first comprise the ,,coprides1 or true ,dung-burying ,beetles2 they feed upon animal droppings1 boring vertical shafts beneath fresh dung1 and carrying portions several inches under ground2 on this they not only feed1 but also deposit their eggs in rounded balls of the same material4 ,in the more tropical parts they are also attracted to dead animals1 which they feed on in the same manner4 ,they have a shovel-like rim round the front of the head1 often ornamented above with spines or horns both on the head and thorax1 particularly in the male sex2 and their legs are admirably adapted for digging4 ,the ,sacred ,beetle1 worshipped and carved on the monuments by the ancient ,egyptians1 ,ateuchus sacer1 is typical of the group4 ,cephalodesmius armiger is a black beetle1 about of an inch in length2 it has a small head produced in front along the outer margin into four spines or horns standing out straight in front1 the two middle ones longest2 the thorax is finely punctured2 and the wing covers are slightly striated4 ,temnoplectron rotundum1 about the same length1 is a shining black beetle2 the head is flattened and turned down2 the whole of the dorsal surface is smooth1 and the wing covers are oval toward the apex4 ,the ,genus ,onthophagus contains most of our typical ,dung ,beetles2 over #fj species have been described1 chiefly by ,macleay1 #ahfd-ahhg-ahhh1 and ,harold #ahfi4 ,onthophagus pentacanthus is inch in length2 the male has a large slender horn rising up from the centre of the head2 a curved shorter one on either side2 and a short two-pronged process in the centre of the thorax1 which is finely granulated above1 and clothed with reddish hairs on the under side4 ,o4 kershawi has the head armed with a similar horn but without the side ones on the thorax2 the central ones are longer and more slender than those on the process of the previous species4 ,o4 cuniculus1 one of our commonest species1 is only about inch long2 the head and thorax are bright metallic green2 the central portion of the latter is produced 7in the male7 into a conical point2 the wing covers are shining black and rugose4 ,another common species1 ,o4 granulatus1 is slightly smaller2 it has the dorsal surface flattened2 the head and thorax dull metallic blue2 and the wing covers are mottled1 light chocolate brown and finely granulated2 the whole insect is covered with short reddish hairs1 lightest on the dorsal surface4 ,o4 rufosignatus1 which ,i once took in numbers busily engaged burying a dead wallaby in ,n4,w4 ,australia1 is slightly over inch in length2 it is black with the centre of the thorax and sides of the elytra richly blotched with red4 ,the members of the ,genus ,bolboceras are even more remarkable in regard to the peculiar forms into which the head and thorax are produced in many species2 most of them are reddish brown1 and thickly clothed with coarse reddish hairs on the under surface4 ,in structure they are somewhat similar to the former species4 ,they are commonly taken at night flying to the lamp or camp fire4 ,bolboceras sloanei is a broad hemispherical beetle1 just under #a inch in length2 the male has a great horn standing up in the middle of the head1 and a shorter one on either side of the thorax1 with an excavation above and below them2 the female is about the same size without any appendages1 and the front of the thorax is hollowed out and the hind portion very rugose4 ,b4 proboscidium is common in the southern districts2 it is smaller than the last species2 of a darker reddish tint4 ,the male has the front of the head produced into a lance-shaped process1 standing out straight2 this tapers toward the tip1 which turns down like a hook1 and has a short blunt spine on the upper surface4 ,the female has a small truncate head1 quite unlike the male4 ,about #cj species were described in ,masters' ,catalogue2 ,blackburn in his ,monograph of the group lists #dc species 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,phyllotocus macleayi 7,fischer74 ,the ,honey ,beetle1 common on flowers in summer time4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,members of the ,genus ,trox feed chiefly on decaying animal matter1 and are to be found under dead animals1 and a few in caves among the accumulated dung of bats2 they are curious dull brown insects1 convex and rounded on the upper surface2 the head is so small and retractile that it appears to be wanting4 ,trox dohrni1 from ,central ,australia1 one of our largest species1 is just under #a inch2 is almost black1 covered with a regular armour plate of shining black bosses and ridges all over the dorsal surface4 ,t4 australasiae1 our common species1 is about half the length1 and is dull brown1 with the bosses on the elytra more regular and ridged4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,melolonthides are mostly small beetles with the tip of the abdomen not always covered2 they feed chiefly upon the foliage of plants4 ,the ,genus ,phyllotocus contains about #bg described species of small reddish brown beetles with long black or yellow legs3 some species are very abundant about ,sydney1 swarming over the flowers of native scrubs2 they even come to the garden plants to feed upon the honey4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,diphucephala aurulenta 7,kirby74 ,the ,metallic ,green ,wattle ,beetle4 ,in ,tasmania it damages young apples by eating off the skin4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,phyllotocus macleayi has even been found swarming round bee-hives1 probably attracted by the smell of the honey4 ,it is a smooth1 shining1 yellowish brown beetle about of an inch in length1 with the apical portion of the wing covers blackened4 ,p4 marginatus is smaller than the last1 and of the usual dull reddish colour2 the head1 centre of thorax1 and stripe down the centre of the wing covers black2 the whole lightly clothed with fine hairs4 ,diphucephala aurulenta1 typical of another group of bright1 metallic coloured1 broad bodied beetles1 measures of an inch in length1 and has the dorsal surface of a rich reddish-copper tint1 thickly and coarsely punctured2 the under surface and legs are deep green1 clothed with fine grey hairs4 ,it is common upon the foliage of the black wattle about ,sydney4 ,d4 rufipes1 a smaller beetle1 is coppery green with reddish legs2 is not uncommon about ,sydney4 ,d4 colaspidoides1 a southern species1 is metallic green2 the thorax smooth2 the elytra deeply and thickly marked with punctured striae4 ,maechidius tibialis1 representing another group1 is a flattened1 reddish brown beetle over of an inch2 the head is produced into two shell-like flanges in front of the eyes2 the thorax is finely punctured2 and the elytra ribbed1 with closely punctured striae4 ,i have found both the beetle and its larva1 a soft white grub1 in numbers in the open galleries of the termitaria built by our common ,white ,ant 7,termes lacteus7 in the ,shoalhaven district1 ,n4,s4,w41 where they seemed to live in harmony with the swarms of ,white ,ants4 ,xylonychus eucalypti is a large cockchafer-like beetle about #a inch long2 it is of a delicate pale grass-green colour2 its under surface and legs darker and thickly clothed with fine hairs4 ,this beetle feeds about ,sydney upon the foliage of the ,swamp ,mahogany 7,eucalyptus robusta71 and is not uncommon in early summer4 ,the members of the ,genus ,liparetrus are small1 dark reddish brown1 or almost black beetles1 often thickly clothed with fine hairs2 the wing covers are generally shorter than the abdomen4 ,many species swarm over the tops of the young gum trees devouring the foliage4 ,nearly #ajj species of this extensive group have been described from ,australia1 chiefly by ,macleay and ,blackburn 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 #ahhf-ahhh74 ,liparetrus marginipennis1 common about ,sydney1 is black2 it measures under of an inch2 the elytra1 except the basal edges1 are dark reddish brown2 the whole insect is thickly clothed with light brown hairs that form a fringe round it4 ,l4 hispidus is a smaller dark brown beetle1 thickly clothed with dull yellow hairs4 ,lepidoderma albo-hirtum is a large cockchafer2 it measures #a inches2 all the dorsal surface of the head and thorax and both dorsal and ventral portions of abdomen are reddish brown2 ventral surface of head1 thorax and legs black4 ,the whole of the upper and portion of the under surface are so thickly clothed with fine pale scales that it has a uniform grey tint4 ,the larva1 a large white grub1 is a well-known pest to the ,queensland sugar planters1 for it eats off the roots of the growing cane2 they are so numerous in some districts that as much as a shilling a pint is paid for these sugar cane grubs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,rutelides comprise a number of large beetles1 popularly called ,cockchafers2 some species swarm out in immense numbers1 stripping the foliage off the native bush and sometimes attacking the shade-trees in the gardens4 ,most of their larvae are large1 white1 subterranean grubs1 either feeding on roots of grass and plants1 or living in or under decaying logs4 ,dr4 ,ohaus has just published a 8,revision des ,anoplognathides0 #aijd1 in which he describes #gb species included in #ac genera4 ,repsimus aeneus has a dark blue to coppery tint2 the tip of the abdomen is reddish1 and the hind legs are thickened4 ,they are found clinging to low bushes1 and are common about ,sydney4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #fh4 and #fi4--,life ,history of the ,shining ,cockchafer4 #fh4 ,anoplognathus porosus 7,dalm74 #fi4 ,larva4 #fi;a4 ,pupa4 ,calloodes grayanus is a very handsome bright green beetle with the outer margins of the thorax and wing covers edged with yellow2 it measures #a inches long2 is found in ,queensland1 but seldom in numbers4 ,the two beautiful1 little1 metallic gold coloured species placed by ,macleay in this genus have been removed by ,ohaus into ,anoplognathus1 which now contains #da species4 ,among these are our large reddish brown cockchafers4 ,a4 viridaeneus1 the 8,king-beetle10 is our largest cockchafer2 it measures #a inches and is broad in proportion2 has a general bright metallic reddish golden sheen2 and the tip of the abdomen is deep green4 ,it is usually found clinging to the foliage of the smaller gum trees in early summer4 ,a4 velutinus takes its name from the velvety patches of curious little white scales scattered all over its dull brown coat2 it is found about ,sydney1 but is not plentiful4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,pentodon australis 7,blackburn74 ,the larva and adult feed upon grass roots and sometimes damage growing corn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,a4 porosus is a light brown beetle2 the wing covers are marked with tiny dark spots that form irregular1 short1 parallel lines2 the head and thorax are shining2 it is of an inch in length4 ,it1 and ,a4 analis1 a large reddish shining beetle furnished with a tuft of hairs at the tip of the abdomen1 are two of our commonest species2 their larvae have been found destroying strawberry plants by eating off their roots2 and they are frequently met with when digging over the garden in early summer4 ,anoplostethus opalinus1 just under #a inch in length1 is a very beautiful pale opaline green beetle1 and is peculiar to ,western ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ga and #gb4--,life ,history of the ,queensland 8,elephant ,beetle40 #ga4 ,xylotrupes australicus 7,thorn71 ,larva4 #gb4 ,xylotrupes australicus1 ,male ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,dynastides contain the giants of the family1 and in several genera the males have the head and thorax greatly enlarged and produced into blunt spines and horns2 while the female has them of the usual rounded form4 ,oryctes barbarossa is one of our largest black lamellicorns2 it comes from ,n4 ,australia4 ,pentadon australis is a shining black beetle about of an inch in length1 which has been found damaging young maize plants about ,sydney4 ,the ,queensland ,elephant ,beetle1 ,xylotrupes australicus1 in the larval state feeds upon decaying vegetable matter1 from which the beetles emerge and climb up the first tree to hand1 and upon which they cling during the day1 but come buzzing round to the lamps at night4 ,the male measures #b inches in length2 is of a uniform black colour2 the head curves out in front into a double-pronged horn2 and the front of the thorax is produced into a second swollen one curving downward over the horns on the head1 arcuate and toothed on either side of the tip4 ,the female as usual in this group is smaller1 and the head and thorax are of the ordinary rounded structure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,cetonides comprise the beautiful 8,rose ,chafers10 with their shorter1 broader1 flattened bodies1 small heads1 and the angular thorax broadest behind4 ,australia is rich in these flower-haunting beetles1 and some species are very abundant in the summer months4 ,a great number were at one time placed in the ,genus ,schizorrhina1 but in #ahhj ,kraatz in a paper on the revision of the family 7,deutsche ,ent4 ,zeit4 xxiv47 divided them into a great many new genera1 in some cases with very little reason4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,merimna atrata 7,lap4 et ,gory74 ,a ,buprestid ,beetle that has the curious habit of flying into the fire4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the members of the ,genus ,lomaptera are chiefly found in the more tropical parts of this continent1 and are easily distinguished from the other groups by the shape of the thorax1 the hind margin produced into an angular wedge into the centre of the elytra2 while in the other typical ,rose ,chafers the thorax is truncate1 and a wedge-shaped piece separated from the thorax occupies the centre of the back4 ,lomaptera wallacei is of the usual flattened form2 uniform rich shining green2 and measures just an inch in length4 ,it is found upon flowers in the tropical scrubs of ,north ,queensland4 ,l4 duboulayi1 about the same size1 is of a duller green tint1 with the outer margin of the head1 thorax1 elytra and under-surface dull yellow3 ,l4 cinnamea1 slightly smaller1 is of a uniform shining reddish brown colour4 ,dilochrosis atripennis is one of our largest typical cetonids2 it measures over #a inches in length and is broad in proportion2 it is shining black1 with the sides of the thorax and elytra1 except a stripe down the centre 7broadest in front71 rich reddish brown4 ,it is not uncommon about ,cairns1 ,n4 ,queensland1 and ranges down1 according to ,masters1 to the extreme north of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the ,fiddler1 ,eupoecila australasiae1 about of an inch in length1 is black and reddish brown1 marked upon the thorax and elytra with green stripes1 forming a fanciful resemblance to a lyre upon the back1 from which it takes its popular name4 ,the larvae of this and the following species1 7thick fleshy white grubs7 feed in the rotting trunks of dead grass trees1 forming stout oval cocoons in the larval stage2 and the beetles are very abundant upon the ,angophora flowers in the early summer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,cisseis leucosticta 7,kirby74 ,a ,leaf-eating ,flower ,beetle1 common on the ,black ,wattle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,micropoecila cincta is another common species about ,sydney2 is slightly smaller2 of a general black colour1 the outer edges of the thorax and wing covers broadly margined with reddish yellow2 and its life history and habits are identical with the 8,fiddler40 ,polystigma punctata is one of our smaller common species2 is of a dull yellow colour irregularly but finely spotted all over the upper surface with black dots4 ,a second species1 described under the name of ,p4 octopunctata1 is ,i think only a variety2 my specimens all come from the ,shoalhaven1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,cacochroa gymnopleura1 about the same size1 is black1 rather downy on the under surface2 and is remarkable for having a variety as common as itself1 with reddish brown thorax and elytra4 ,the members of the ,genus ,trichaulax are remarkable for having the elytra deeply furrowed1 and these depressions filled with close short hairs4 ,they are all large fine beetles over an inch in length2 ,trichaulax philipsii1 taken about ,sydney on the flowers of the blood-wood late in the summer1 is marked with grey hairs4 ,t4 marginipennis is common to ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,queensland2 it has bright reddish hairs completely clothing the tips of the wing covers and abdomen4 ,diaphonia dorsalis is a large common species1 of a general black colour1 with the upper surface of the thorax and elytra yellowish brown variably marked with black in the centre4 ,it often comes flying about the garden with a loud hum1 and even sometimes comes in through the open window4 ,d4 olliffiana is a very rare species about the same size1 with the upper surface reddish brown and the wing covers irregularly marked with black blotches4 ,all the specimens known1 about half a dozen in number1 come from the same locality1 ,colo ,vale1 ,n4,s4,w41 and nothing is known about their habits4 ,glycyphana brunnipes is common on the flowering scrub about ,sydney1 and has a wide range round the coast of ,australia2 it measures about of an inch1 and varies from dull brown to green in colour1 irregularly spotted and marked4 ,family #bi4 ,jewel ,beetles4 ,,buprestidae4 ,this is one of our largest and most typical groups of the ,coleoptera1 containing a great number of large beetles rich with metallic tints1 chiefly found upon flowering shrubs1 and most plentiful on the coastal districts of ,victoria1 ,new ,south ,wales1 and ,west ,australia4 ,they are elongate in form1 with the head short1 fitting closely into the broader thorax1 and furnished with large eyes and slender1 slightly serrate antennae4 ,the abdomen is long with closely fitting wing covers1 and well-developed wings which enable them to fly well1 though they usually drop to the ground when disturbed4 ,the larva is a slender flattened white grub with small black jaws and head2 the thoracic segments are very broad behind and rounded to the much narrower abdominal segments4 ,they are wood borers1 feeding in the sapwood under the bark1 and finally burrowing into the solid timber where they pupate2 some of the smaller ones feed in dead wood2 and a few form regular galls upon the roots or branchlets of shrubs4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xviii4--,,coleoptera4 ,family ,,buprestidae4 #a4 ,stigmodera fortnumi 7,hope74 #b4 ,stigmodera macularia 7,donov474 #c4 ,stigmodera pascoci 7,saunders74 #d4 ,stigmodera thoracica 7,saunders74 #e4 ,cyria imperialis 7,donov474 #f4 ,stigmodera variabilis 7,donov474 #g4 ,calodema regalis 7,lap4 et ,gory74 #h4 ,chalcophora vittata 7,waterhouse74 #i4 ,julodimorpha bakewelli 7,white74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xviii4--,,coleoptera4 ,the ,banksia beetle1 ,cyria imperialis1 has a wide range and is common about ,sydney upon the foliage of the stunted honeysuckle bushes 7,banksia72 the larvae feed in the stems4 ,it measures #a inches in length2 is of a uniform shining black colour1 richly marked on the upper surface with bright yellow forming four irregular bands across the elytra1 and the under surface is lightly clothed with grey hairs4 ,the ,genus ,diadoxus contains two very distinct species1 the larvae of which feed chiefly on the stems of our native cypress pines1 and sometimes attack and destroy introduced pine trees4 ,diadoxus scalaris1 very variable in size1 measuring from to #a inches1 is a slender pale yellow beetle1 with the hind margin of the head and thorax marked with black1 and the wing covers so thickly mottled with reddish brown that the yellow only forms a row of blotches down the back4 ,it has a wide range from ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,west ,australia4 ,diadoxus erythrurus known in the west as the 8pine scrub beetle10 is a much smaller insect slightly over an inch2 the head and thorax are almost black2 the wing covers are dark1 the basal portion has a double blotch of yellow on each side followed by a row on either side of three spots2 the under surface has a greenish tint when alive4 ,the larvae of this species first feed round the stem under the bark1 cutting the sap wood1 and where the infested tree is small1 cause it to snap off4 ,the large rich metallic green or coppery ,chalcophora are more tropical beetles1 the largest of which are restricted to ,queensland and ,north ,australia2 ,masters lists #bd species in his catalogue1 chiefly described by ,saunders 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahgb71 and ,waterhouse in the same ,journal three years later4 ,chalcophora vittata measures nearly #a inches in length1 and is broad in proportion2 its general colour is deep metallic green1 with the head and thorax shaded with rich coppery tints2 the elytra are finely ribbed and are powdered with a yellow pubescence lining the parallel striae1 and also forming two spots on the sides4 ,chalcophora farinosa is a smaller and more slender species with a narrow thorax1 and pointed wing covers2 in the neighbourhood of ,cairns1 ,n4,q41 ,i used to take them in the early morning resting on the wild banana leaves4 ,nascio parryi is a small black beetle with a long thorax of a uniform width2 the wing covers are short in proportion1 and curiously marked with reddish orange4 ,it is generally found upon the foliage of eucalypts1 but nothing is known about its life history4 ,the members of the ,genus ,melobasis1 of which about #cj have been described1 are small1 brilliantly coloured metallic green and gold beetles4 ,melobasis splendida1 not much over of an inch in length1 is bright green1 the thorax and elytra marbled with dull purple4 ,the larvae feed in the dead branches of ,acacia longifolia4 ,julodimorpha bakewelli is found in ,south and ,western ,australia2 it is a large handsome beetle with a deep coppery red thorax and deep yellow wing covers4 ,it is elongate1 but more cylindrical in form than the ,stigmodera4 ,the typical ,australian ,genus ,stigmodera contains about #bdj described species which are found in open scrubby country where flowering shrubs are abundant2 the extensive scrubs round ,sydney1 and similar class of country on the west coast of the continent are the head quarters of most of the larger species4 ,stigmodera tibialis measures #b inches in length1 and is broad in proportion2 the head1 thorax and under surface black1 with the wing covers reddish chestnut with two irregular bands of dull orange yellow across the apical half4 ,s4 heros is half an inch longer1 one of the giants of the group2 it has the under surface dark bronzy brown1 the dorsal surface deep dull red2 the thorax finely punctured1 and the elytra coarsely striated4 ,both these beetles range from ,south to ,western ,australia4 ,s4 pascoei is a handsome rare species from ,western ,australia1 measuring under #a inches in length2 it is of a rich yellow tint with the upper surface of the head1 thorax1 and legs rich metallic coppery red1 and the apical third of the finely striated elytra black with a fiery red sheen4 ,s4 thoracica1 slightly smaller1 is black on the under surface except the sides of the thorax and tip of abdomen2 the dorsal surface is yellow1 except the head1 a band through the centre of the thorax1 and the tip of the wing covers which are bluish black4 ,s4 fortnumi is one of the few large species found in the interior2 it measures #a inches in length1 and is broad in proportion2 the under surface is rich metallic green marked with yellow2 the upper surface yellow with the greater part of the thorax and three broad bands across the elytra deep metallic blue4 ,stigmodera grandis sometimes measures #b inches1 and is the largest species found about ,sydney2 its general colour is dark bronzy brown with the outer edges of the thorax and elytra margined with yellow4 ,the common jewel beetle1 ,stigmodera variabilis1 is very abundant when the ,angophora is in bloom2 its general colour on the under surface1 head and thorax is bronzy black1 with the edge of the latter and the wing covers bright yellow2 the markings upon the latter are most variable2 specimens are sometimes thickly barred with black1 others without a spot upon them1 so that it is difficult to get two alike4 ,s4 macularia is purple to black1 with the wing covers bright yellow deeply pitted all over with purple dots4 ,s4 jacquinoti might be easily mistaken for the last1 which it resembles both in size and markings1 but the tips of the wing covers are produced into sharp spines2 and the markings are coarser2 it is a much rarer beetle than the former1 which is one of the commonest large species4 ,s4 gratiosa is the type of a group from ,w4 ,australia1 all of a rich metallic green tint with deeply punctured wing covers2 it has the head and thorax bronzy green and very finely punctured1 with the elytra green and very coarsely punctured2 its length is about an inch1 and it is short and broad in proportion4 ,this brilliant little beetle is plentiful in some districts1 and specimens set in gold are often used for earrings and brooches1 for which its solid integument makes it adaptable4 ,calodema regalis from the scrubs of ,southern ,queensland and the extreme north of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 is possibly our most beautiful beetle in shape1 size1 and colour4 ,measuring nearly #b inches in length and broad in proportion1 the whole of the under surface1 head and thorax are rich metallic green1 with two conspicuous blotches of dark red on the dorsal surface of the thorax2 the wing covers are bright yellow1 almost smooth1 slightly spined at the tips1 with a very fine pencil of green down the sides of the inner edges4 ,the members of the ,genera ,ethon and ,paracephala form galls2 the first are short1 thickset beetles of a dull coppery tint1 with wavy markings on the wing covers4 ,ethon corpulentus and ,e4 marmoreum make rounded galls upon the roots of ,dillwynia cricifolia1 sometimes as many as twenty on one plant clustering round the base of the stem4 ,e4 affinis forms galls upon the stems of ,pultenea stipularis4 ,paracephala cyaneipennis forms galls on the branches of the stunted ,casuarina 7,c4 distyla71 growing about ,sydney4 ,it is a slender dull metallic green beetle about of an inch in length4 ,the ,genus ,cisseis contains a number of very pretty little metallic tinted beetles1 the larvae of which feed in the wood of ,acacias and other small shrubs1 and the perfect beetles feed upon the foliage4 ,cisseis #ab-maculata1 a pretty deep blue-black beetle covered with large white spots1 is found on the grass tree2 ,c4 leucosticta1 ,c4 similis1 and ,c4 maculata upon the black wattle4 ,family #cj4 ,false ,click ,beetles4 ,,eucnemidae4 ,the beetles in this group form a sort of connecting link between the ,flower ,beetles and the ,clicks3 many of them are very like the latter1 but they cannot jump2 they have a large terminal joint in the palpus1 and the antennae when resting are hidden in the grooves along the under side of the thorax4 ,sixteen species are listed in ,masters' ,catalogue1 all of which1 with one exception1 are described in ,bonvouloir's ,monograph of the family 7,annals of the ,soc4 ,entom4 ,france #ahga-g74 ,family #ca4 ,click ,beetles4 ,,elateridae4 ,these beetles are found in many different situations1 upon flowers1 hidden under bark1 or in cracks on the tree trunks4 ,they are well known from their habit of flying in to the lamp at night1 and falling on their backs go skipping all over the table4 ,they are elongate in form1 with slender serrate antennae1 and a small head deeply sunk into the thorax1 which is rounded in front1 truncate on the hind margin and with a slight spine on the edge2 while on the under side the thorax is furnished with a process that fits into a groove in the first segment of the abdomen1 which enables it to get enough leverage1 by pressing the head down when on its back1 to jump a considerable distance upward4 ,the larvae are slender1 cylindrical1 shining brown grubs popularly known as 8,wire ,worms10 and some ,european species are said to do considerable damage by eating off the roots of grass and crops4 ,about #cej species have been described from ,australia1 most of them dull brown or black in colour1 though a few are brightly tinted or marked4 ,agrypnus mastersi measures #a inch1 and is of a uniform brown colour clothed with fine buff down2 it ranges from ,queensland to ,western ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,lacon contains a great number of short1 broad1 dull brown clicks usually found under bark or stones4 ,lacon caliginosus1 half an inch in length1 is dull brown2 it ranges from ,tasmania to ,queensland4 ,alaus gibboni comes from the ,richmond ,river2 it measures #a inches1 and is broad in proportion2 its true colour is black1 but it is so thickly clothed with fine short grey down that it is almost a dull white4 ,a4 sericeus is a smaller beetle clothed with an admixture of buff and chocolate down2 ,i have found them pupating in decaying bark on dead trees on the ,richmond ,river4 ,tetralobus cunninghami is typical of a group of the large cylindrical 8clicks10 in which the male has feather-like antennae1 and the thorax is rounded4 ,it is #a inches long1 dark brown1 with the under surface of the thorax clothed with reddish hairs4 ,these large clicks are generally found in the interior on the trunks of trees4 ,the ,genus ,monocrepidius contains a number of slender black or brown insects usually living on flowers or foliage4 ,ophidius histrio1 #a inch long1 is black1 richly marked with dark yellow lines forming four parallel bars down the thorax1 and a more irregular lance-shaped pattern on the wing covers2 this is another fine species from the ,northern ,rivers1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,anilicus semiflavus is found on the ,angophora flowers about ,sydney2 it is an inch long1 black1 with the basal half of the elytra bright red4 ,family #cb4 ,feather ,horns4 ,,rhipidoceridae4 ,this is not a big family2 the species are confined to the warmer parts of the world1 and are chiefly distinguished by the peculiar structure between the tarsal claws1 and the beautiful feathery antennae of the males4 ,rhipidocera mystacina1 our typical form1 is of an inch in length1 elongate in form1 with narrow sloping thorax and large feather-like antennae2 the general colour is black1 with the sides of the thorax and whole of the wing covers thickly spotted with white downy dots4 ,i have often taken this insect in numbers in the ,north-,west of ,victoria4 ,family #cc4 ,fire-,fly ,beetles4 ,,malacodermidae4 ,the members of this family have a softer integument than most beetles4 ,they do not all emit light2 the true 8fire-flies0 and 8glow-worms0 belong to the sub-family ,,lampyrides4 ,the ,genus ,metriorrhynchus contains about #ej small1 elongate1 flattened beetles of a dull red colour marked with black2 the wing covers are deeply ribbed but soft and flabby4 ,the larvae are curious1 smoky black creatures with blunt spines along the sides of the body1 and live under stones or logs4 ,m4 rufipennis1 one of the largest1 is of an inch in length2 the head and thorax are black and roughened2 the wing covers are light red1 deeply ribbed and reticulated3 ,waterhouse figured and described many of these 7,trans4 ,entom4 ,soc4 #ahgg74 ,our true fire-flies belong to the ,genera ,luciola and ,atyphella4 ,on these ,olliff has written an interesting paper entitled 8,new ,species of ,lampyridae with notes on the ,mount ,wilson ,fire-fly0 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi74 ,our fire-flies are small1 light brown beetles1 which during the day cling to the foliage1 flying about at night1 emitting a bright flash of phosphorescent light from the tip of the abdomen as they move their wings4 ,several species are found on the ,blue ,mountains and in the tropical scrubs of ,north ,queensland2 they are very brilliant after night-fall3 ,luciola flavicollis1 of an inch1 is our common species4 ,the ,soldier ,beetles1 chiefly belonging to the ,genera ,telephorus and ,selenurus1 are common upon low bushes and flowering shrubs4 ,telephorus pulchellus1 an inch in length1 is a slender1 dull orange coloured beetle2 the dorsal surface is shining blue black except the apical half of the thorax1 which is bright yellow4 ,this beetle sometimes appears in great numbers2 ,i have seen the ,melaleuca scrub on the ,blue ,mountains black with them4 ,family #cd4 ,hunting ,beetles4 ,,cleridae4 ,there are many handsome little beetles in this family which spend their time hunting over logs1 tree trunks1 or in flowers to catch smaller insects which they devour2 most of them lay their eggs in the bodies of the pupae of wood moths and other insects4 ,a freshly fallen tree is a good locality to look for ,clerids1 as they find many small beetles attracted by the withering bark3 in ,europe the larvae of several groups infest the nests of wild bees4 ,natalis porcata1 #a inch in length1 is black covered with a whitish down1 and is found under the dead bark on tree trunks2 it is probably parasitic upon the grubs of longicorn beetles 7,phoracantha74 ,cleromorpha novemguttatus measures only of an inch2 it is rich metallic blue1 lightly clothed with black hairs1 and the elytra spotted on either side with white dots3 it is common in the flowers of the ,angophora in early summer4 ,the ,genus ,aulicus contains a number of bright metallic green or blue beetles which live on flowering shrubs2 about #bj species are described1 chiefly by ,cheverolet 7,memoirs of the ,cleridae #ahgh74 ,aulicus instabilis1 one of the smallest1 is only of an inch in length2 it has a wide range over ,australia4 ,trogodendron fasciculatum is another widely distributed species1 and may be often seen flying about in the height of summer2 if captured it bites most viciously4 ,i have on several occasions pulled its body off1 leaving the head with the jaws buried in my finger3 it is parasitic on the pupae of our large wood moths4 ,it is variable in size1 about #a inch in length1 thickset and broad in proportion2 is dark brown1 with bright yellow antennae1 and broad black fasciae at the base and apical half of the elytra4 ,zenithicola obesus1 of an inch in length1 is like the last in general form1 but with dull yellow thorax and shining black elytra marked with white3 ,z4 australis1 a slightly larger species1 has a black thorax4 ,the members of the ,genus ,eleale are elongate1 dark metallic green or blue beetles clothed with fine hairs and deeply punctured wing covers2 they also live among flowers4 ,tarsostenus zonatus is typical of the small1 slender1 cylindrical clerids that infest the gall-making coccids1 and are often bred from these galls4 ,it has a bright reddish brown head and thorax1 and green wing covers barred across the centre with white4 ,lemidia hilaris1 of an inch long1 is a short broad beetle of a shining black tint1 with the basal half of the elytra red4 ,the ,red-legged ,ham ,beetle1 ,necrobia rufipes1 an introduced species1 is found all over the world4 ,in the interior it swarms under dead animals1 feeding upon fresh bones2 and is also often found about cheese and other preserved foods in the pantry4 ,family #ce4 ,anobiums4 ,,ptinidae4 ,these beetles are small insects1 with the head hidden under the thorax2 they have filiform1 pectinate or slightly clubbed antennae2 and several species are world wide in their range1 for as they live in all kinds of dried food stuffs they are easily introduced into new countries4 ,gibbium scotius is a curious little beetle hardly over of an inch in length1 with a bright shining brown body1 and the legs and antennae covered with yellow scales2 it feeds upon feathers1 and is often found in birds' nests4 ,anobium paniceum is known as the 8,biscuit ,weevil10 but feeds upon all kinds of things2 ,i have found it in boots1 seeds1 drugs1 botanical specimens1 and it is said to have been found burrowing through sheet lead4 ,the ,cigarette ,beetle1 ,lasioderma serricorne1 is another little brown beetle common in ,sydney in waste tobacco4 ,olliff has described a number of ,australian species 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf72 and ,westwood others 7,ent4 ,soc4 #ahfi71 among which are several members of the ,genus ,ectrephes1 which live in ants' nests4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,sitodrepa 7,anobium7 panicea 7,fabr474 ,the omniverous drug-store beetle 7,introduced74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #cf4 ,powderpost ,beetles4 ,,cioidae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,lyctus brunneus 7,douglas74 ,the ,beetle so destructive to ,rattan furniture4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,though small in size and number of species1 these are very important beetles on account of the damage they do to rattan furniture and sapwood in unseasoned timber4 ,lyctus brunneus1 a small elongated1 reddish brown beetle about of an inch in length1 lives and breeds in wood1 and is only too common about ,sydney4 ,a second species has been described from ,south ,australia by ,blackburn4 ,family #cg4 ,auger ,beetles4 ,,bostrychidae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,bostrychopsis jesuita 7,fabr474 ,the ,auger ,beetle which attacks dead or dying trees4 ,orange tree stem in which a number have been feeding4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,these beetles are easily recognised by their curious cowled thorax1 with the head turned down beneath1 and the last #c joints of the antennae forming a well-defined club2 the body is long and cylindrical1 adapted for burrowing in dead wood4 ,specimens of these beetles can generally be found upon fallen trees or freshly-cut timber4 ,bostrychopsis jesuita1 one of the largest of the group1 about an inch in length1 is black1 cylindrical1 with the rounded thorax rugose in front1 and the tip of the wing covers truncate4 ,bostrychus gibbicollis1 about of an inch1 is dark reddish brown1 with a spined thorax and the tips of the wing covers produced into blunt teeth4 ,b4 cylindricus1 about the same size and similar colour1 has elytra furnished with three curled spines on each side4 ,it has been found damaging wine casks4 ,in the ,genera ,apate and ,rhizopertha1 also found in dead timber1 we have a typical form in ,apate collaris1 measuring of an inch in length1 with a dull yellow thorax1 dark brown wing covers spined at the tips4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,bostrychus cylindricus 7,macleay74 ,the ,wine-cask borer4 78,agricultural ,gazette40 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #ch4 ,mealworm ,beetles4 ,,tenebrionidae4 ,this is a very large family of beetles1 generally dull brown or black in colour1 but varying much in shape2 many of the more typical forms are found under logs and stones1 and might easily be mistaken at first sight for carnivorous carab beetles until the mouth parts and head are noticed4 ,they have somewhat thickened antennae placed on the sides of the head2 some have wings1 others are wingless2 most of them are slow1 heavy beetles1 very easily captured4 ,the larvae are usually slender shining cylindrical brown worm-like creatures living in rotten wood1 of which the introduced ,mealworm is a typical example4 ,our species have been described by a great many ,english and foreign writers1 chief among which are ,pascoe1 in the ,journal of ,entomology #ahfi1 and ,annals of ,natural ,history #ahfi-hj2 ,hope in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society of ,london #ahdb-dh2 ,bates in the same journal #ahgc2 and later on in the ,proceedings of the ,australian ,societies by ,macleay and ,blackburn4 ,carter has within this last year described a number of new species 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aije-f74 ,the ,ironbark ,beetle1 ,zopherosis georgii1 is found in the northern scrubs of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 generally climbing on tree trunks2 it is an elongated1 flattened1 dull brown beetle1 slightly over #a inch in length2 the antennae thickened1 and the whole of the upper surface covered with rounded irregular knobs2 it is not unlike a caricature of a large click beetle4 ,the members of the ,genus ,pterohelaeus are smooth1 shining1 tortoise-shaped black beetles1 found under dead bark on the trunks of trees4 ,p4 piceus1 common in ,s4 ,australia and ,n4,s4 ,wales1 is just under #a inch in length1 but broad in proportion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,helaeus subserratus 7,blackburn74 ,the ,tortoise ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,helaeus subserratus1 from ,western ,australia1 is typical of a very curious group not only wingless1 but having the elytra and abdominal segments soldered together into a broad flattened box with a wide thin flange running right round1 continued round the thorax1 and overlapping in front of the head1 which latter is turned down and is thus situated in a regular frame2 this one is dark brown1 with the outer flange lighter coloured2 it measures #a inches in length1 and is broad and rounded in form4 ,these beetles are usually found in the driest parts of the interior1 where they live under stones or logs among the dust1 and in spite of their size1 remain so motionless that they can be very easily overlooked4 ,saragus floccosus1 found on tree trunks in the north of ,n4,s4,w41 is a smaller tortoise-shaped insect1 under of an inch2 is convex and keeled down the centre of the thorax2 and the elytra have a more narrow flange running right round but curving in and rounded on either side of the head4 ,when alive1 it has the whole of the upper surface covered with loose flocculent matter like soft sawdust1 evidently as a protective covering1 but this is easily brushed off when dead4 ,hypaulax tenuistriata is one of the common large black beetles found under dead bark2 it measures about #a inch in length2 the head is small1 projecting2 the thorax broad1 rounded1 shining2 and the broad wing covers are distinctly ribbed with punctured striae4 ,chartopteryx childreni is one of our most remarkable and rare species2 it is #a inch long2 the only specimen ,i have seen alive1 ,i caught alighting on a tree trunk at ,mosman1 near ,sydney2 it is elongate1 broad1 oval in form1 with the head and thorax turned down1 and the convex1 shining1 black elytra deeply punctured and clothed with dull yellow moss-like material2 the head and thorax are ornamented with fine white hairs1 forming an elongated mark on either side of the latter and two parallel lines down the centre of the head and thorax4 ,blepegenes aruspex is a shining coppery black coloured beetle measuring of an inch2 it is slender in form1 remarkably like a carab1 with a small thorax that is produced into a spine on either side2 the elytra are deeply ribbed2 it is found under logs in the ,illawarra district1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,cardiothorax howitti is also found under logs2 it is an elongate beetle1 black with a dull purple tint on the thorax1 which is flattened and almost round1 a regular rim running round the margin2 it is arcuate behind the head1 and produced into a spine on the hind margins2 the wing covers are elongated to the apex1 and ribbed4 ,the members of the extensive ,genus ,adelium are found under logs2 some species are quite common1 clustering together in considerable numbers2 they are all black or coppery tinted4 ,these beetles are about of an inch in length2 the thorax is roughened1 and the wing covers more or less striated4 ,the ,genus ,chalcopterus1 which now includes most of those described as ,amarygmus1 are black or brightly metallic coloured beetles2 the head and thorax are small and curve downward2 the wing covers are large1 convex1 and pointed at the tips4 ,they are found crawling about on tree trunks1 or hidden under dead bark1 and give out a very pungent offensive odour when handled4 ,chalcopterus variabilis measures an inch in length2 its head and thorax are black1 the elytra rich coppery red1 and it is common about the ,sydney scrubs4 ,the common ,mealworm1 ,tenebrio molitor1 has a world-wide range2 it was introduced into ,australia at a very early date1 and not long ago a packet of seeds imported from ,england was found on examination by one of the inspectors of the ,agricultural ,department ,n4,s4,w4 to be full of the shining wireworm-like larvae of these beetles4 ,it is a common beetle in stables and produce stores4 ,family #ci4 ,,cistelidae4 ,these are delicate1 elongate1 long-legged beetles1 with weak integument1 and are closely allied to the ,,tenebrionidae1 only differing from them in having comb-like or pectinate claws on the tarsi2 and their larvae are like wireworms4 ,the ,genus ,atractus comprises a number of slender beetles of bright metallic tints common upon the flowering shrubs in summer2 ,atractus viridis1 an inch in length1 is bright metallic green1 with the thorax and shoulders tinted with coppery red1 the wing covers deeply marked with punctured striae4 ,a4 virescens is a smaller species with a more dull metallic coppery tint4 ,the members of the ,genus ,allecula are larger beetles1 with long slender legs and antennae1 shining brown or black in colour1 with finely striated elytra2 the larvae are slender1 dark1 shining brown wireworms living in decaying wood4 ,allecula subsulcata is slightly over an inch in length1 of a uniform black colour1 with the last three joints of the antennae and the last two of the tarsi pale ferruginous4 ,the larvae breed in the rotten stems of dead grass trees1 and the beetles are generally found hiding among the foliage4 ,family #dj4 ,,lagriidae4 ,this is another small group containing few species1 but ,lagria grandis is one of our very common beetles1 and can be collected on low scrub anywhere about ,sydney4 ,the larvae are to be found under logs or among damp leaves on the ground1 and are thickset1 black1 shining creatures4 covered with short reddish hair on the upper surface2 short antennae standing out in front2 and the tip of the abdomen is produced into a pair of pointed spines4 ,the beetle is light reddish brown1 closely covered with fine confluent punctures and short scattered brown hairs4 ,it is slightly over an inch in length1 with a small head1 slender1 narrow thorax1 and with the front of the wing covers forming a broad shoulder in front4 ,family #da4 ,,anthicidae4 ,these are small ant-like beetles1 with the head having a regular neck and the thorax narrow and elongate2 most of them are found among rubbish upon the ground1 or along the edges of creeks and watercourses4 ,it is chiefly owing to the researches of ,king1 who collected and described a great number of the species found about ,sydney 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfi71 that we know much about this family4 ,family #db4 ,,pyrochroidae4 ,this is a small group containing some beetles with the head attached to the thorax by a neck1 and with the wing covers much broader than the thorax3 ,lemodes coccinea is a pretty little bright red beetle with black legs and antennae1 the latter tipped with white2 it measures slightly over of an inch in length2 is common under logs in the ,illawarra district4 ,another species1 ,l4 splendens1 has recently been described by ,lea 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf7 from specimens obtained by me at ,noundoc1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #dc4 ,pintails4 ,,mordellidae4 ,this group1 in which the ,rhipidophoridae are now included1 are very distinctive beetles2 they have the head tucked down in front2 the thorax large1 broad1 and rounded at the base1 with the hind margins angular and fitting closely into the wing covers1 which taper down to the apex2 the end of the abdomen forms a stout spine-shaped tip extending beyond the wings4 ,they are very active little beetles2 several species are very numerous and swarm over the flowers of the low scrub4 ,mordella leucosticta1 an inch in length1 is black2 the whole of the upper surface is thickly spotted and marked with dull white1 and the legs and under surface are also mottled4 ,m4 limbata is a much smaller black beetle of an inch in length1 and has a pale silvery sheen3 ,tomoxia flavicans1 from the northern rivers1 is a shorter broader insect4 ,pelectomoides conicollis is #a inches in length2 is of a uniform dull brown colour1 with pectinate antennae2 the head is small1 turned down1 and the thorax is broad and rounded4 ,this fine beetle is found about ,sydney4 ,lea has described and listed the members of this family 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #aijb74 ,family #dd4 ,oil and ,blister ,beetles4 ,,cantharidae4 ,the true ,blister ,beetle is a slender insect with soft integument1 and a small head produced into a neck behind2 the thorax is small in proportion to the slender rounded abdomen and wing covers4 ,a number of species have been described from this country by different writers1 among whom ,fairmaire has been chief 7,stett4 ,ent4 ,zeit4 #ahhj74 ,most of them belong to the ,genus ,zonitis1 of which about #dj species have been described4 ,zonitis bipartita1 under an inch in length1 has the head1 thorax1 base of the wing covers1 and under surface of abdomen orange yellow1 with the abdomen and rest of the elytra dark shining blue3 ,z4 brevicornis is a very similar insect1 but has the whole of the wing covers deep metallic blue4 ,the true ,oil ,beetles are more rare2 unable to fly1 they are found crawling about on the ground with the body distended and the wing covers overlapping each other at the base4 ,nothing is recorded about the larvae of our species of this family1 but in other countries they are known to feed upon the eggs of locusts2 others attach themselves to bees1 and are thus carried into their nests1 where they devour the eggs and afterwards the honey4 ,the ,,oedemeridae are somewhat similar looking insects to the ,blister ,beetle2 ,ananca puncta is found in the northern parts of ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it is a very slender long-legged beetle over an inch in length1 of a general dull yellow colour1 with the head1 thorax1 and legs mottled with dull blue1 and the whole of the elongated wing covers dull blue except a dorsal stripe of the prevailing yellow which widens out towards the apex4 ,family #de4 ,woodborers4 ,,scolytidae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,hylesinus fici 7,lea74 ,the ,fig-branch ,beetle1 better known under the name of ,h4 porcatus 7,chap474 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,this is a group the members of which are allied to the ,weevils1 but differ in having a short broad snout with clubbed antennae1 and the tibiae toothed on the outer edge4 ,only a few species have been described from this country1 but several of them are well-known pests1 and like the smaller species of the ,auger ,beetles are usually attracted to dying trees4 ,in the ,genus ,hylesinus we have one1 ,h4 porcatus1 which attacks the terminal buds of both the wild and cultivated figs4 ,it is a short thickset black beetle1 about #b lines in length1 with the head turned down to the fore-legs1 and the clubbed antennae #e jointed2 the head and thorax are rugose1 and the wing covers finely striated2 the whole insect is lightly clothed with fine hairs4 ,the ,ambrosia ,beetle1 ,xyleborus solidus1 is a common beetle in the bush1 and has lately turned its attention to fruit trees2 boring into the branch and then gnawing a chamber right round under the bark1 she deposits her eggs at the end of the burrow1 at the same time killing the branch and causing it to snap off4 ,this beetle is about of an inch in length1 of a uniform black colour1 with the legs and antennae reddish brown4 ,it is stout and cylindrical in form2 the head is turned down in front and hidden from above2 the rounded thorax is nearly as large as the body1 covered with short rasp-like points in front2 the wing covers are flattened and squared off at the tips4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,xyleborus solidus 7,eichhoff74 ,the ,scolytid ,beetle that damages the ,apple tree ,branches4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #df4 ,slender ,weevils4 ,,brenthidae4 ,these are remarkable looking beetles1 very long and slender in form1 with the snout never turned down but standing out straight in front of the head2 the antennae not elbowed1 but composed of a number of bead-like joints attached near the tip on either side2 and the jaws situated at the extremity of the snout4 ,in many of the larger forms the males are much bigger than the females1 and have the snout much longer2 they are chiefly found in the tropical scrubs1 two small species however coming from the south4 ,trachelizus howetti1 a shining reddish brown beetle about of an inch in length1 has the antennae thickened to the tips2 and ,cordus hospes1 a larger beetle of a somewhat darker colour1 is found under dead bark on the tree trunks1 and also sometimes in ants' nests4 ,ectocemus pterygorrhinus comes from ,north ,queensland1 and is common on the low scrub about ,cairns where timber has been felled2 it is somewhat short and thickset2 the male is about #a inches in length1 with the tip of the rostrum produced into an angulate process1 and very long cylindrical antennae4 ,the general colour is dark reddish brown1 with the wing covers ornamented with four parallel rows of shining dull yellow bars4 ,ithystenus hollandiae1 also from ,cairns1 is found in similar situations2 it is very long and slender1 #a inches long1 blackish brown1 with two parallel light reddish brown lines down the centre of the wing covers1 and the extremities produced into a tooth at either side4 ,homocerus fossulatus1 found under rotten bark1 is of a general dull brown colour2 is thickened and flattened1 with the wing covers much roughened4 ,the male measures about #a inches in length1 but the female is much smaller4 ,mesetia amoena is a very pretty1 slender1 bright reddish yellow beetle1 with the head1 legs1 and sides of the thorax black1 and a dark medium stripe down the thorax and elytron4 ,it is about #a inch in length1 and is common in the scrubs about the ,richmond ,river ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #dg4 ,carnivorous ,weevils4 ,,anthribidae4 ,these beetles are allied to1 but very distinct from1 the true weevils1 and are usually found on the trunks of dead trees1 where they hunt for and devour the small wood-boring beetles that are attracted to the dead twigs1 or which breed out of fungus4 ,they have a short blunt snout1 and many have long slender antennae which are not elbowed2 they are most plentiful in the northern scrubs and forests4 ,ecelonerus albopictus is typical of those with short antennae clubbed at the tips2 it is a stout thickset dark brown beetle1 thickly covered with pubescence1 and the whole of the under surface1 front of thorax and middle and tip of the body blotched with white pubescence4 ,it measures over an inch in length1 and is found in the northern parts of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,ancylotropis waterhousei is a good example of the long-horned forms2 it measures over an inch in length1 but looks shorter as its head and thorax are curved downwards4 ,it is a very slender beetle of a uniform brown tint1 but thickly clothed with buff and grey down2 the thorax tapers to the front1 and the head is elongated but swells out again in front1 and is furnished with long slender antennae4 ,doticus pestilans is known as the 8,dried ,apple ,beetle10 from the habit that the beetle has of laying its eggs in any dried immature apples that are left over the season upon the trees2 in its native state the larvae breed in the large wattle galls4 ,it measures only about of an inch1 and is a short1 thickset beetle1 with the head turned downward1 furnished with slender clubbed antennae4 ,the general colour is reddish brown2 it has a raised ridge on either side of the wing covers2 the fore-legs are curiously prolonged with large tarsi1 and it has a peculiar jumping habit4 ,pascoe has described most of our beetles belonging to this group 7,journal of ,entomology #ahfj1 and ,annals and ,magazine of ,natural ,history #ahei74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,doticus pestilans 7,olliff74 ,the ,jumping ,anthribid or 8,dried-apple ,beetle40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #dh4 ,weevils4 ,,curculionidae4 ,the ,weevils or ,snout ,beetles are one of the largest and best defined groups of the ,coleoptera1 and though they comprise a great number of very different looking beetles in shape1 they all have the front of the head produced into a more or less elongated snout with the jaws placed at the tip1 and with the distinctly elbowed antennae standing out on either side of the snout1 forming a regular angle4 ,most of them are provided with well developed wings1 the elytra being usually very solid2 and the whole insect is encased in thick armour plate integument4 ,the majority are slow1 sluggish beetles1 that trust as a rule more to their shape and protective colouration harmonising with their surroundings1 than to their activity4 ,they feed chiefly upon foliage and bark1 and when at rest cling to the twigs or stalks of their food plants1 falling at the least alarm to the ground1 where they remain perfectly motionless1 with their legs and antennae tightly closed until the danger has passed4 ,those living in the dry western country are represented by curious wingless forms with very short stout snouts1 and are usually found under logs and stones in open grass lands2 while in the tropical scrubs they are chiefly arboreal1 and frequently richly coloured4 ,they are all vegetarian in their habits both in the larval and perfect states2 some infest seeds1 others destroy the buds1 foliage or roots of plants and do a great deal of damage to farms and gardeners' crops4 ,about #abjj described species are listed in ,masters' ,catalogue1 and a great number of new species have been added during the last few years by ,messrs4 ,blackburn and ,lea in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,s4 ,australia4 ,pascoe1 one of the most prolific writers on this family1 described a great many between the years #ahfi-ahhc 7,journ4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hist474 ,they have been divided into a number of sub-families1 among which only the most important can be noticed here4 ,the remarkable ,long-necked ,weevil1 ,rhadinosomus lacordairei1 measures under an inch in length2 is of a uniform dull reddish brown tint with a silvery white spot on either side of the rounded elytra1 which are produced into a spine on each side4 ,it breeds in the cavity in the large ,brachyscelid galls1 feeding on the woody tissue2 ,lea says that in ,tasmania it is a pest to strawberry growers4 ,the members of the ,genus ,myllocerus are dainty little oval weevils found resting upon grass stalks or among the foliage of small shrubs peculiar to ,north ,queensland and ,north ,west ,australia4 ,myllocerus carinatus is about of an inch in length1 and is finely striated and densely clothed with metallic green scales4 ,catasarcus spinipennis is another ,west ,australian insect of a brownish buff tint1 with the abdomen broadly rounded2 and the hind portions of the elytra covered with sharp spines4 ,about #dj species of this genus are described1 all of which with one exception are confined to ,west ,australia4 ,cherrus ebeninus is one of the large stout black weevils common in the bush around ,sydney1 where it is usually found clinging to the twigs of the blood-wood1 ,eucalyptus corymbosa4 ,it is black1 with broad rugose thorax and ribbed wing covers4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hc and#hd4--,wattle ,weevils4 #hc4 ,rhinotia hmoptera 7,kirby74 ,the ,red ,weevil4 #hd4 ,leptops tribulus 7,fabr474 ,the ,wattle 8,pig-beetle40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,leptops contains a large number of very characteristic beetles feeding upon the foliage of wattles and other scrub trees4 ,they are usually grey1 buff1 or dark brown insects with thickened snouts and broad bodies4 ,the ,apple-root ,borer1 ,leptops hopei1 is sometimes a pest to the orchardist1 damaging the roots of his apple trees2 the beetle emerging from the soil crawls up the tree trunk1 and laying her eggs upon the leaf1 turns the edges over and gums them together with a sticky secretion2 the young grubs hatch and crawl down to the roots4 ,l4 tribulus1 often called by the ,sydney boys the 8,wattle ,pig10 feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle2 it is a much larger species1 about #a inch in length2 dark brown to black in colour2 the broad rounded body covered with short blunt spines1 thickest towards the apex4 ,the ,grey-banded ,leaf ,weevil1 ,ethemaia sellata1 described from ,s4 ,australia1 has a wide range over the interior4 ,the larvae are pale green legless creatures about of an inch in length1 lightly clothed with short hairs2 they remain buried in the soil1 coming out at night to feed upon plants1 but if disturbed by a light they will drop to the ground and bury themselves very quickly4 ,the beetle is of an inch in length1 dark brown1 shaded with grey1 which forms an irregular pattern on the thorax1 legs1 and elytra2 rugose1 deeply pitted2 and the whole surface is clothed with white and brown scales4 ,the ,,amycterinae are a large group of weevils with such short thick snouts that they are quite unlike the typical forms generally found in open forest country among grass or hiding under logs or stones2 they are wingless1 the elytra soldered together forming a very thick solid integument4 ,macleay described a great number 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfe74 ,psalidura elongata1 common in the interior1 measures slightly over #a inch in length2 is of a uniform black colour with a reddish brown tint2 the short head and flattened thorax are finely granulated1 with the elytron closely ribbed and punctured4 ,talaurinus tuberculatus1 about of an inch in length1 is black1 very coarsely granulated on the thorax1 with the whole of the flattened elytron thickly covered with blunt tubercules4 ,nearly #ij species or this genus have been described1 chiefly by ,macleay1 ranging all over ,australia4 ,amycterus draco is one of the most remarkable armour plated species in the interior2 it is black1 with a small deeply ribbed head and angulated thorax2 and the broad1 somewhat elongated elytron is turned down at the extremity and covered with rows of raised bosses4 ,acantholophus echinatus1 as the generic name implies1 represents a group containing a number of species covered with spines that extend even over the upper surface of the head and thorax4 ,the ,genus ,cubicorrhynchus contains the smaller ground beetles1 almost cylindrical1 with short rounded head and thorax3 they dwell under stones1 and when exposed lie quite motionless as if dead1 their dull brown tints matching the ground4 ,c4 morosus1 about of an inch in length1 is of the usual form and colour1 with a very wide range1 and often very numerous in grass lands4 ,the ,,gonipterinae comprise a number of diverse forms found upon foliage clinging to the twigs4 ,the ,genus ,oxyops contains a number of stout moderate-sized beetles which are remarkable for the curious habits of their legless slug-like larvae1 which1 covering themselves with a slimy secretion1 crawl about over the surface of the eucalyptus leaves1 feeding upon the epidermis and covering their backs with their excrement2 when full grown they pupate on the ground among the rubbish beneath their food plant4 ,oxyops concreta has a narrow short head with the thorax broadest behind2 the elytra broadly swollen1 rounded1 deeply striated1 and clothed with fine scales4 ,bryachus squamicollis has a wide range over ,australia1 and is usually found clinging to the twigs of stunted gum trees2 it measures about an inch in length2 is of a uniform dark chocolate brown1 but thickly mottled all over with fine grey and black scales4 ,this beetle forms rounded cells of a brown gummy substance 7very much like large ,lecanium scales7 which are attached to the twigs1 in each of which she places three eggs2 from these emerge pale yellow oval larvae2 when full grown the larva is an oval smooth rounded grub of a purplish tint1 legless1 flattened on the ventral surface1 and with the head hidden from above1 like a 8pear-slug0 larva2 when adult it falls or crawls to the ground1 and pupates among the rubbish4 ,mr4 ,gurney first discovered the curious egg-capsules on trees in the ,bogan ,river district ,n4,s4,w4 ,gonipterus gibberus is a small reddish-brown beetle with a white blotch on either side of the elytra2 it has an elongated head and thorax1 and is usually found clinging tightly to the tip of a eucalyptus twig4 ,aterpus cultratus1 typical of the next group1 measures of an inch in length2 the dorsal surface is flattened2 is of a general dull brown tint1 with the head1 front of the thorax and tip of the abdomen buff4 ,usually found under dead bark on tree trunks1 its larva forms a loose cocoon of bits of bark on the stems of ,melaleuca bushes4 ,lixus mastersi1 the weed weevil1 is very common in neglected gardens1 as its larvae feed in the roots of ,amaranthus and ,chenopodium1 causing them to swell out into cylindrical galls2 the beetle is of an inch in length1 slender and cylindrical in form1 of a light brown tint1 but when freshly emerged is covered with a yellow mealy pubescence which soon rubs off4 ,the 8,botany ,bay ,diamond ,beetle10 as ,donovan described it1 ,chrysolophus spectabilis1 is one of our commonest and at the same time one of the most beautiful of our weevils4 ,it has a very wide range all over ,australia1 and is found wherever the black wattle thrives1 but also feeds upon many other species4 ,it is very variable in size1 measuring to #a inch in length2 is of a uniform black tint1 but so thickly covered with patches of bright metallic green scales1 that in freshly emerged specimens it seems more green than black4 ,it deposits its eggs about the butt of the wattle tree buried in the bark2 the stout fleshy grubs form irregular tunnels in the wood4 ,the ,elephant ,beetle1 ,orthorrhinus cylindrirostris1 whose stout fleshy grubs do a good deal of damage to citrus trees1 has a very wide range over ,australia3 it is a dark brown weevil1 covered on the dorsal surface with fine buff and grey scales2 the thorax is covered with irregular bosses which form ridges on the elytra4 ,it measures about an inch in length1 and has a long slender snout turned down in front1 and very long fore-legs terminating in large feathered tarsi2 in its native state it feeds upon gum trees4 ,o4 klugi is a much smaller species that feeds and breeds in wattles1 but is also known as an orchard pest1 infesting the canes of vines1 and also eating the leaf buds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,chrysolophus spectabilis 7,fabr474 ,the ,botany ,bay ,diamond ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,eurhamphus fasciculatus is one of our largest and most remarkable looking weevils2 it measures #b inches in length1 and is of a general black tint1 but the greater portion is finely clothed with grey and rusty red scales1 which give it a uniform buff tint2 it is further clothed with tufts of long soft reddish brown hairs forming a raised ridge down either side of the thorax1 and are scattered in rows on the elytra intermixed with small tufts of long grey hairs1 giving it a very remarkable spiny appearance4 ,it is a rare insect as a rule1 ranging from ,pine ,mountain1 ,queensland1 to the ,clarence ,river1 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 but many years ago ,masters when collecting in the north came upon a large dead pine tree in the scrub literally covered with hundreds of these great weevils boring into the dead timber with their long slender snouts1 making a distinct scratching sound4 ,it is therefore probable that they are confined to the strip of country where the ,hoop or ,maryborough ,pine grows1 and breed on it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,myrmacicelus formicarius 7,chev474 ,the ,ant-like ,weevil4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,tranes sparsus1 of an inch in length1 is common among the coarse palm-like foliage of the ,currawong2 it is of a uniform reddish brown tint with a slender snout1 rounded flattened thorax1 and oval1 flattened1 finely striated elytra4 ,a smaller black species1 ,t4 xanthorrhoeae1 is found in the foliage of the grass trees4 ,the ,genus ,belus contains a number of very slender weevils with the snout standing out in front of the head1 long antennae1 thickened thighs1 and the slender elytra coming to a point at the apex4 ,they feed upon wattles1 and are very active1 flying about in the heat of the day4 ,belus semipunctatus is about of an inch in length2 of a uniform dark reddish brown tint1 with a broad white stripe down each side of the thorax and down the centre of the back1 with small spots on each side4 ,b4 bidentatus is a stouter thickset beetle2 and is of a darker brown colour1 with a rounded buff spot on either side of the wing covers4 ,b4 plagiatus is a smaller almost black species1 richly variegated with reddish yellow spots and blotches2 it comes from the more tropical scrubs of ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,southern ,queensland4 ,rhinotia hoemoptera1 a very handsome slender cylindrical weevil1 is about of an inch in length1 with the snout furnished with thickened antennae turned down below the head2 it is rich black with bright brick red wing covers which have a fine dorsal black stripe down the centre4 ,the curious large-headed larvae feed in the stems of the ,sweet-scented ,wattle1 ,acacia suaveolens4 ,eurhynchus acanthopterus is the type of another group1 which has a shorter snout1 and the head broad and rounded1 fitting closely into the somewhat attenuated thorax2 the body is broadly oval1 and the wing covers furnished with short conical spines in the centre of the back4 ,it measures about an inch1 and is of a uniform reddish brown tint4 ,the ,ant ,weevil1 ,myrmacicelus formicarius1 usually found crawling about on the trunks of wattle trees1 is a shining black weevil about of an inch in length1 and is as ant-looking as its names suggest4 ,the ,genus ,balaninus represents the tiny little rounded weevils with very long slender snouts adapted for feeding upon seeds4 ,b4 amoenus is black spotted with white2 is almost oval in form1 and about of an inch in length4 ,it feeds upon the ripe fruit of the little yellow fig1 ,ficus rubiginosa4 ,the ,genus ,laemosaccus contains a number of short flattened weevils of a general black or dark brown colour ornamented with white or buff down2 they are generally found feasting upon the bark of freshly fallen tree-trunks1 particularly wattle and eucalypts1 in which they also bore holes and deposit their eggs4 ,laemosaccus electilis measures of an inch in length2 is black with white pubescence on the under surface1 and white markings on the tips of the wing covers1 which are finely striated4 ,my specimens come from ,condobolin1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the members of the ,genus ,haplonyx contain a number of curious1 short1 broadly rounded beetles generally found clinging to the twigs of eucalypts1 but their larvae breed in the fleshy galls of the ,brachyscelid coccids1 where they destroy the gall makers and pupate in the cavity4 ,haplonyx centralis is a typical dark brown species with a large white circle occupying the centre of the back4 ,perissops ocellatus1 about an inch in length1 comes from the ,tweed ,river ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,southern ,queensland3 it is of a general light brown tint2 is oval and rounded in form1 with the wing covers marked with buff1 so that when viewed from behind it resembles a pair of eyes and nose on a man's face4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hg and #hh4--,kurrajong ,weevils4 #hg4--;,axionicus insignis 7,pascoe74 ,the ,mimic ,bark-weevil4 #hh4--,tepperia sterculiae1 7,lea74 ,the ,seed-pod ,weevil4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,axionicus insignis is always found upon the trunk of the ,kurrajong tree hidden in the crevices of the bark1 where in spite of its size 7 of an inch in length7 it is very difficult to detect1 owing to the exact blending of its white grey and brown markings with the tints of the bark4 ,it lays its eggs in the injured bark2 the larvae are typical obese legless white grubs2 they feed between the bark and the wood often in such numbers as to kill large branches4 ,they pupate in regular oval cocoons formed of gnawed wood and bark4 ,tepperia sterculiae breeds in the seed pods of the ,kurrajong1 and is a smaller but somewhat similar tinted beetle clothed with brown and grey scales1 the latter forming a well defined patch toward the apex of the wing covers4 ,the two species of the ,genus ,enteles are smaller1 smooth1 shining1 black beetles1 with the head and legs curving underneath the body2 they are both found in the semi-tropical scrubs of the north4 ,enteles vigorsi is marked with two white transverse lines crossing the elytra2 while ,e4 ocellatus has more parallel lines crossing the transverse ones1 making an eye-like pattern upon the back4 ,the ,grass-tree ,weevil1 ,trigonotarsus rugosus1 is #a inches in length2 is of a uniform black colour2 and of the typical ,calandra or palm weevil shape1 with a slender curved snout1 and small head sunk into the thorax1 with the dorsal surface of the thorax and elytra flattened4 ,the obese white larva feeds in the roots of the grass-trees4 ,allied to this are the two tiny cosmopolitan grain weevils1 ,calandra orizae and ,c4 granaria1 which are destructive pests to all kinds of grain and other food stuffs4 ,family #di4 ,longicorns4 ,,cerambycidae4 ,the longicorn beetles from their number1 variety1 size1 and the damage they do to timber and plants1 are well known beetles1 and have always been a favourite group with collectors4 ,they are usually elongate in form1 with powerful gnawing jaws1 and long slender many-jointed antennae standing out in front of the head1 the basal joint often half encircled by the large compound eye2 the elytron is always divided down the centre1 and the large hind wings well adapted for flight are folded beneath them2 the legs are strongly developed1 well adapted either for running about or clinging to their food plant4 ,they deposit their eggs in bark or timber2 the larvae burrow into the tissue beneath1 upon which they feed2 they often remain1 long cylindrical or flattened naked grubs1 for several years before they pupate in the end of their last gallery4 ,they are divided into three large sub-families by modern entomologists2 our species have been chiefly described by ,newman in 8,the ,entomologist0 #ahdb2 8,annals of ,natural ,history0 #ahdj2 and a number of other ,journals4 ,pascoe contributed a great many papers to over half a dozen of the leading entomological societies in ,england between #aheg and #ahge4 ,hope1 in the ,proceedings of the ,entomological ,society of ,london #ahda1 and other ,transactions1 added largely to our list1 while ,messrs4 ,boisduval1 ,germer1 ,white1 ,saunders1 and others described odd specimens4 ,in our own ,journals1 ,macleay and ,blackburn have also dealt with these beetles4 ,the ,,prioninae comprise a number of large broad thickset beetles with the front coxae large and transverse1 and the prothorax having well developed side margins4 ,the determination of several of our commonest species was a matter of some doubt1 so ,i submitted most of our common forms to ,professor ,lamare of ,brussels1 who has identified them and enabled me to speak with some authority4 ,sceleocantha glabricollis is one of the shortest thickset forms2 about #a inches in length2 of the usual uniform reddish brown tint2 the small shining thorax furnished with a fine spine on either side2 and the broad rounded elytron finely granulated4 ,it is found along the southern coast of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the common large white grub which bores in the trunks of the honeysuckle 7,banksia serrata7 growing along the coast of the south-east of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,victoria and ,tasmania1 is the larva of ,paroplites australis described in #ahdb by ,erichson2 in most of our ,museum collections it is known as ,macrotoma servilis4 ,it is variable in size1 measuring to #b inches in length1 and is of a dull dark brown tint1 with a flattened rugose thorax with serrate edges4 ,eurynassa australis is a large somewhat slender species #b inches in length2 the broad flattened dull coloured thorax is marked in the centre with two shining triangular patches pointing toward the head2 the reddish brown elytra are finely granulated4 ,e4 odewahni is a smaller species1 with the thorax more constricted1 shining1 rugose1 and serrate on the margins2 it is found in the interior1 and has an extended range westward from ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,w4 ,australia4 ,agrianome spinicollis comes from the north-east of ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it is a broader more flattened form1 about #b inches in length2 the thorax is rounded and serrate on the sides2 and the general colour is light reddish brown4 ,iotherium metallicum hardly measures over an inch2 is of a rich metallic purple tint2 the thorax is produced into a broad spine on the sides2 and the wing covers are broadly round at the apex4 ,the male is a much smaller coppery tinted beetle1 and was described under the name of ,phaolus macleayi2 it is usually taken on grass stalks in open forest country4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,eurynassa odewahni 7,pascoe74 ,the great brown ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,,cerambycinae comprise a much larger division of the longicorn beetles1 differing from the last group in having the first coxae not greatly extended transversely2 the thorax not margined1 and the last joint of the maxillary palpus usually broad4 ,pachydissus sericus is a slender silvery dark brown beetle about #a inches in length1 with the tip of the wing covers spined and the basal joint of the antennae thickened4 ,it is generally found clinging to the rough bark of tree trunks4 ,they deposit their eggs in the bark of ,acacia longifolia2 the larvae bore all through the trunk and larger branches2 they have a wide range over the southern half of ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,pachydissus sericus 7,newman74 ,the ,silvery ,longicorn1 breeding in the stems of ,acacia longifolia4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,phoracantha contains a number of typical dark yellow or mottled brown beetles which in the larval state feed between the bark and sapwood of different gum trees when the trees are dead or dying2 several species are common in firewood blocks about ,sydney4 ,the beetles are remarkable for long antennae fringed on the inner edge with fine hairs and short spines at the joints1 and a single large spine on the sides of the thorax4 ,phoracantha recurva has a very wide range from the ,north-west coast to ,victoria2 it measures under #a inch in length2 is of a general dull yellow tint1 with the apical half of the wing covers crossed with a broad band of reddish brown4 ,p4 tricuspis is a much larger1 darker reddish brown beetle with mottled wing covers that lives in the timber of the ironbark gums4 ,p4 semipunctata1 smaller than the last1 has a regular pattern of dark brown on its back2 it is common about ,sydney ,n4,s4,w41 and has a wide range over ,australia4 ,epithora dorsalis is remarkable for its very long fringed antennae1 and is easily distinguished by its uniform reddish tint marked across the centre of the wing covers with a broad patch of dull yellow4 ,it also has a wide range over the continent1 and is often taken about ,sydney in summer on flowering shrubs4 ,aphanasium australe is a slender1 light reddish brown beetle1 under of an inch in length1 the larvae of which feed in the stems of the prickly ,hakea bushes4 ,piesarthruis marginellus is a very distinctive dull reddish brown insect with the centre of the wing covers pale brown2 the smaller more slender male is furnished with remarkable feathered antennae4 ,the larva breeds and pupates in the centre of the branches of ,acacia longifolia1 and can be easily reared from infested wood1 though it is very rarely found on the food plant1 for as soon as it emerges it crawls up to the top of the tree and clings to the branchlets4 ,strongylurus thoracicus is a handsome brown longicorn brightly marked with white on the sides of the thorax4 ,its larva is very destructive in gardens1 cutting off large branches of white cedar and pittosporum bushes4 ,in the ,genus ,uracanthus the beetles are long and slender1 with almost cylindrical bodies1 and the thorax contracted slightly behind the head4 ,uracanthus triangularis in ,victoria confines its attention almost exclusively to the branches of the black wattle2 but in ,n4,s4 ,wales ,i have bred it from a number of different shrubs4 ,it measures about #a inch in length2 is of a general uniform reddish brown colour1 but so thickly clothed with fawn-coloured pubescence that there is only an angular bare reddish patch on the sides of the wing covers4 ,u4 cryptophagus1 the largest known species1 is nearly twice the length1 more cylindrical in form1 and of a uniform buff tint4 ,in its native state it fed in the northern scrubs of ,n4,s4 ,wales upon the wild lemon1 from which it migrated to the cultivated orange1 and the larvae burrowing through the branches did a great deal of mischief to the trees4 ,syllitus grammicus is a slender reddish brown beetle with six parallel grey lines running down the elytra1 and is under an inch in length4 ,lygesis mendica breeds on the twigs of the black wattle in the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,it measures under an inch in length2 is of a uniform reddish brown colour1 and has a slender head and long cylindrical thorax4 ,the wing covers are rounded at the tips1 and the whole insect is clothed with stout white hairs4 ,macrones rufus is a long1 slender1 bright reddish brown beetle about #a inches in length2 the thorax is roughened into rounded bosses2 the body is narrow in the centre1 but swells out into a rounded apex2 the wing covers narrow1 and not reaching to the tip of the abdomen give it a very wasp-like appearance4 ,it is usually taken upon flowers in the summer months4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,strongylurus thoracicus 7,pascoe74 ,the ,pittosporum tree borer1 and larva4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,lygesis mendica 7,pascoe74 ,the slender grey-haired ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,uracanthus cryptophaga 7,olliff74 ,the great ,orange-tree ,borer4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,hesthesis contains a number of brightly marked yellow and brown beetles that mimic flower-wasps both in colour and shape1 and are found in similar situations upon flowering shrubs4 ,the wing covers are shortened into rounded pads only covering the shoulders1 while the wings are exposed4 ,hesthesis vigilans1 under of an inch in length1 is black1 mottled on the thorax1 and barred with two bands of bright yellow on the abdomen1 and one on the front of the thorax4 ,h4 ferruginea1 slightly larger1 is bright yellow banded with black2 and ,h4 cingulata1 about the same size1 is black1 blotched upon the thorax1 and marked with three white bands on the abdomen4 ,distichocera macleayi has the smaller male black with feathered antennae1 and deeply ribbed wing covers tapering to the apex4 ,the female1 nearly #a inches in length1 and broader and thickset in proportion1 has the dorsal surface clothed with rusty red pubescence4 ,d4 maculicollis is a much smaller species1 hardly over an inch in length in the male1 which is of a dull black faintly marked with white2 the larger female is rusty red except a parallel stripe of black down the centre of the thorax4 ,this species breeds in the stems of ,kunzea corifolia2 commencing under the bark the larva gnaws irregular passages backwards and forwards1 finally hollowing out several large parallel chambers toward the centre of the stem1 in one of which it pupates4 ,among the most beautiful of our flower haunting longicorns are the members of the ,genus ,tragocerus1 with stout angular thorax and broad deeply ribbed wing covers almost truncated at the extremities4 ,t4 lepidopterus is variable in size and colouration in the sexes1 the smaller male being darker coloured than the large reddish brown female1 which measures nearly #a inches in length2 both have the wing covers mottled with little patches of grey hairs4 ,t4 spencei is a smaller species without the white patches1 but having dark wavy bands crossing the centre of the back4 ,the members of the ,genus ,clytus are active little ant-like beetles1 common in the more tropical parts of ,australia1 running up and down on freshly fallen tree trunks in the bright sunlight1 or hunting over flowering shrubs2 some are richly marked with golden yellow or red on the rounded thorax4 ,clytus curtisi1 measuring under #a inch in length1 is black spotted and mottled with white4 ,one of our commonest and most widely distributed flower haunting longicorns is ,aridaeus thoracicus1 a reddish yellow beetle with short rounded thorax1 and the wing covers crossed in the centre with two black ,v-shaped bands4 ,it is very variable in size1 the largest measuring nearly #a inch in length4 ,purpuricenus quadrinotatus is a very handsome black and bright red beetle about of an inch in length1 with a short broad almost globular thorax1 and a short body round at the apex4 ,it is common along the ,flinders ,river ,n4 ,queensland upon low scrub1 and ,i have taken them in all variations of red and black2 usually the head and thorax are black1 with the wing covers red blotched with black2 a variety with the thorax red is described as a distinct species4 ,the ,,lamiinae comprise the third division which1 usually stout and broad in proportion1 are found chiefly upon branches or twigs feeding upon bark2 and are frequently very numerous upon fallen timber in forest clearings4 ,they differ from the former group in having the front coxae round and deeply embedded2 the maxillary palpi pointed at the tips2 and the fore tibiae with a more or less distinct groove on the inner side4 ,microtragus mormon is typical of several closely allied genera of short1 thickly coated longicorns1 with the rounded slightly spined thorax and the tapering body ridged or coarsely punctured2 they are found upon logs or tree trunks on the ground1 and somewhat resemble the ground weevils4 ,this species comes from ,kalgoorlie1 ,w4 ,australia1 but has a wide range over the western country2 it is of a dull reddish brown tint1 and measures about #a inch in length4 ,ceraegidion horrens1 not uncommon in the ,illawarra district ,n4,s4,w41 is a smaller darker coloured beetle covered with stout spines upon the dorsal surface of the thorax and elytra4 ,the ,genus ,monohammus contains a number of very fine brown or mottled beetles with long stout antennae2 the small rounded thorax produced into a blunt spine on either side2 and the broad wing covers arcuate at the tips and sometimes spined on the sides4 ,m4 holotephrus is of a uniform dull buff tint and measures over #a inch in length2 it comes from ,s4 ,australia and ,queensland4 ,m4 ovinus is a much smaller species with the thorax spined on the summit and sides2 it is of a pale brown tint finely mottled with grey4 ,it has a wide range1 being recorded from ,kalgoorlie ,w4,a41 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,queensland1 and ,s4 ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,batocera frenchi 7,blackburn74 ,the great ,fig-tree ,longicorn4 7,original ,photo4 ,burton47 ,the tropical ,genus ,batocera1 containing many of the largest and most handsome of our longicorns1 is well represented in our semi-tropical scrubs4 ,batocera frenchi has a very wide range from the ,northern ,coast of ,n4,s4 ,wales to ,cape ,york4 ,the great white grubs burrow in the trunks of native figs and other forest trees1 and the collectors in ,cairns1 ,n4 ,queensland1 capture the beetles by cutting down fig trees and waiting for them at twilight when they come to feed upon the bark4 ,this species measures over #b inches in length1 has a spined rugose thorax1 broad wing covers1 and immense stout spined curved antennae2 its general colour is slate grey to dark brown1 with the elytra marked with irregular oval white spots4 ,b4 sapho is a more reddish brown beetle1 somewhat more slender1 and with fewer spots on the wing covers3 it is found in the forests of ,cape ,york1 ,n4 ,queensland4 ,rosenbergia megacephala is larger still1 and is of a beautiful creamy white tint1 with the basal portions of the elytra finely spotted with black2 the thorax is deeply ridged and spined3 it is found at ,port ,darwin ,n4,a41 and ,cairns1 ,queensland4 ,horace ,brown informs me that this large beetle frequents fig trees in the forests of ,n4 ,queensland1 where they can often be detected by the number of small branches scattered beneath1 which have been cut off by their powerful jaws4 ,thyada barbicornis is a very handsome greyish brown mottled beetle with an oval blackish spot on each side of the elytra1 and the antennae are so thickly fringed with fine hairs that it forms a regular brush toward the extremities2 it measures under of an inch in length1 and is common on the foliage of native figs on the ,tweed ,river ,n4,s4,w4 ,the ,genus ,hebecerus contains a number of moderate-sized1 grey or brownish mottled beetles1 many of which lay their eggs in the bark of the wattle trees2 the larvae feed and pupate in the tips of the dead twigs4 ,hebecerus australis1 a thickset greyish brown species about an inch in length1 has a wide distribution over ,australia1 and has been described under half a dozen synonyms3 ,h4 marginicollis is a smaller beetle1 with the sides of the thorax marked with buff4 ,h4 crocogaster is smaller still1 of a similar general tint1 with the antennae barred with grey and brown4 ,the ,genus ,symphyletes contains a number of large and handsome longicorns that are found clinging to twigs and branchlets2 many of them in the larval state burrow in the stems of wattles1 gum trees and other smaller shrubs4 ,symphyletes neglectus is an elongate dull brown beetle about #a inch in length2 it girdles the branches of ,acacia longifolia1 laying its eggs under the bark of the dying portion in which the little grub feeds in the early part of its life4 ,s4 nigrovirens is a much smaller beetle1 with the head1 thorax1 and base of the elytra clothed with dull yellow hairs2 the rest of the wing covers is deep green striped with white on the sides4 ,it feeds upon a number of small shrubs1 but its commonest food plant is the stunted prickly wattle 7,acacia juniperina74 ,s4 solandri1 a larger beetle clothed with a dense coat of fine buff hairs1 breeds in the flower stalk of the grass tree1 often cutting it right through and causing the upper half1 beneath which it pupates1 to fall off4 ,s4 vestigialis measures of an inch2 it is brown1 richly mottled with buff and grey4 ,it feeds upon wattles2 it has a wide range over ,southern ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,hebecerus marginicollis 7,boisd474 ,the ,white-cheeked ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,penthea comprises a number of more thickset beetles with similar habits1 and which have the upper surface of the thorax and wing covers granulated or ribbed and these are either covered with a dense pubescence or mottled all over in a very characteristic manner4 ,penthea vermicularia1 one of the commonest and with a very wide range1 is black with the antennae banded1 and the elytra covered with irregular wavy white markings4 ,it is very variable in size1 #a inches to under of an inch in length4 ,p4 saundersi1 found in ,w4 ,australia1 is much larger1 of a more shining dark chocolate brown tint1 and more deeply impressed with well defined spots1 blotches and irregular buff coloured markings4 ,p4 sannio1 smaller than the last and with a more constricted thorax1 has the whole of the upper surface clothed with a creamy grey pubescence overlaid with deep orange red1 and irregular dark lines crossing the wing covers2 this beautiful beetle is a native of ,queensland4 ,rhytiphora argus takes its name from the dark brown eye-like spots all over its back showing through the rich buff pubescence2 it also ranges over a large part of ,queensland4 ,depsages granulosa resembles a ,penthea in its robust form2 it measures over #a inches in length2 is of a uniform dark dull brown tint1 with the elytra covered with fine granules or bosses4 ,it is common about ,sydney1 found clinging in summer time to the stems of gum saplings4 ,zygrita diva is a handsome little dark orange yellow coloured beetle irregularly marked and mottled with black4 ,it is very common upon grass stalks in the open forest country of ,north ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4--,symphyletes vestigialis 7,pascoe74 ,the ,buff-painted ,longicorn4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #ej4 ,plant-eating ,beetles4 ,,chrysomelidae4 ,these foliage-destroying beetles have a regular1 thickened1 more or less oval or rounded form1 with the thorax sometimes forming a neck2 but in other groups are rounded and fit closely into the head and abdomen4 ,the head1 buried up to the eyes in the front of the thorax1 is furnished with short stout biting jaws1 and slender filiform antennae composed of many short segments2 the tarsi are generally four jointed4 ,they are as a rule small insects1 rarely measuring over an inch in length2 their prevailing colours are red1 yellow1 or brown1 marked with black or bright metallic tints4 ,they lay their eggs on the foliage or twigs of their food plants1 upon which the larvae feed when they emerge1 and when full grown crawl down and pupate in the soil beneath4 ,this is a very large family2 about #ah1jjj species are described from all parts of the world1 and most of the typical groups are represented in this country4 ,we have had a number of workers on the ,chrysomelids3 ,baly 7,ann4 ,nat4 ,history #ahfb71 7,jour4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #ahfd71 and 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 of ,london #ahgg73 ,clark in the 8,journal of ,entomology0 #ahfd3 ,marsham 7,trans4 ,linn4 ,society #ahjh73 ,chapius has described a number 7,soc4 ,entom4 ,belgium ,vol4 xvii471 and 7,journal1 ,museum ,godeffroy xiv473 while ,lea 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #aijd7 has monographed the ,,cryptocephalides2 and ,blackburn revised the ,genus ,paropsis 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif and #aija71 adding many new species4 ,the ,,sagrides are very distinctive beetles1 with the thorax elongated in front and broad behind2 some of the more tropical forms are of rich metallic tints1 with the thighs of the hind legs greatly enlarged2 and our beautiful representative species1 ,sagra papuana1 is known to collectors in the ,north ,queensland scrubs as the 8,kangaroo ,beetle40 ,it measures #a inch in length1 and the swollen hind legs fringed with reddish hairs and a large angular spine are fully another inch in length4 ,it is a uniform deep metallic blue4 ,carpophagus banksiae measures an inch in length2 is of a uniform dark reddish brown1 with the elytra irregularly striped and banded with dark yellow2 the thighs of the hind legs are thickened1 and the under surface is clothed with fine grey hairs4 ,it has a wide range1 and is found about ,sydney clinging to the low scrub4 ,mecynodera coxalgica is a larger1 broader1 dull reddish brown insect1 clothed with a lighter tinted pubescence1 and is found in similar localities4 ,the ,,cryptocephalides are a group of short1 oval or truncate beetles1 with long slender antennae3 the sexes often differ in size and markings2 they are usually found feeding upon the tender tips of the branches of wattle1 young gum1 and other low shrubs4 ,elaphodes tiqrinus is a small1 oval1 reddish brown beetle1 thickly clothed with golden yellow pubescence forming a mottled pattern over the elytra2 it feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle4 ,the members of the ,genus ,ditropidus are small oval beetles1 similar in shape and habits1 black and shining2 over #ajj species have been described from ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,cadmus contains some very handsome ovate insects1 with long slender antennae2 they chiefly frequent the young eucalypts3 the larvae have the curious habit of living in jug-shaped cocoons fitting closely to the body1 with the horny flat forehead closing the opening at the apex2 when moving along the fore-legs are extended like those of a bag-moth4 ,cadmus rubiginosus1 our largest common species1 is under an inch in length2 it is of a general reddish brown colour1 with darker markings4 ,c4 litigiosus is a smaller yellow beetle2 the head and thorax are black above1 and the elytra yellow1 finely punctured and spotted with black4 ,the ,genus ,cryptocephalus comprises a number of similar shaped beetles with smaller wrinkled head and thorax1 and the tip of the abdomen truncate4 ,cryptocephalus scabrosus is black1 very rugose on the upper surface1 with the tip of the elytra tinged with reddish brown3 it measures about of an inch1 and is common about ,sydney4 ,c4 viridinitens is slightly larger1 of a uniform dark metallic green on the upper surface4 ,the ,,eumolpides are represented by one of our most beautiful species1 ,spilopyra sumptuosa1 common on low scrub on the northern rivers of ,n4,s4 ,wales3 it is about an inch in length1 and is of a fiery coppery red and deep metallic tint1 giving out beautiful shades of colour in a bright light4 ,the ,genus ,edusa contains a number of bright metallic coloured beetles of oval form1 which are chiefly found among the foliage of eucalypts4 ,edusa distincta is of the usual bright coppery red tint1 with greenish head and thorax2 it measures nearly of an inch in length4 ,rhyparida didyma is a dull yellow beetle1 with a narrow parallel stripe of black down each side of the elytra2 it is of the usual elongate oval form with the head turned down in front4 ,they are found clinging to grass stalks2 this and several other species are common on the ,north ,west coast of ,australia4 ,the ,,chrysomelides are one of the typical groups2 many of them are rich in bright metallic tints2 are either rounded or oval in form2 and their larvae are active six legged grubs that crawl about the foliage4 ,aesernoides nigrofasciatus is a handsome1 broad1 convex1 black beetle1 with the elytra crossed with three broad irregular bands of dark orange yellow2 it measures nearly an inch in length1 and is common on several shrubs in the ,northern ,river scrubs4 ,the ,genus ,phyllocharis contains a number of more elongated beetles with thicker antennae2 they are chiefly found upon grass4 ,phyllocharis cyanicornis measures slightly over of an inch in length2 the general colour is dark orange1 with the antennae and legs black2 and the dorsal surface of the thorax and elytra are irregularly blotched with shining blue-black4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,p4 cyanipes1 a larger species from ,n4 ,australia1 has the head1 thorax1 blotch on each side of base1 and tips of elytra light yellow1 with the rest of the wing covers shining black4 ,lamprolina perplexa is a smaller1 elongate1 metallic1 dull bronze coloured beetle1 with yellow head and thorax2 it is common upon the foliage of the native blackthorn1 ,busaria spiniferous4 ,the larvae of several species of the ,genus ,calomela feed upon the foliage of the black wattles3 they are short1 squat grubs1 with black heads and small green oval bodies4 ,calomela paralis measures #b lines in length2 its general colour is dark orange yellow1 with a broad parallel band of rich metallic green occupying the centre of each wing cover and tapering down to the tips2 the elytra are deeply and finely punctured4 ,twenty-five species are described from various parts of ,australia1 chiefly by ,baly 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #ahef-ahfc3 and ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,n4,h4 #ahfb74 ,the ,genus ,paropsis is the most extensive and characteristic of all our plant-eating beetles1 and some of our common species are very plentiful about ,sydney4 ,marsham wrote a monograph of the species 7,trans4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #ahjh71 placing them in the ,genus ,notoclea2 in ,masters' ,catalogue #bfi species are listed2 since then1 ,blackburn has revised the ,genus 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif-aija71 and added a number of new species4 ,the beetles are found chiefly upon the foliage of young eucalypts1 and lay their yellow spindle-shaped eggs in a ring round the small twigs3 the young larvae when first hatched cluster together1 but as they increase in size they scatter all over the foliage upon which they feed4 ,they are very active1 short1 stout grubs1 with three pairs of well developed legs2 when full grown they crawl down and pupate in the soil4 ,the beetles are very convex and broadly rounded2 most of them are more or less yellow1 brown1 or black in tint2 some are very richly and delicately shaded with metallic tints1 which however unfortunately fade after death4 ,paropsis variolosa1 one of our largest species1 measures of an inch in length1 and is nearly as broad in proportion2 it is of a general yellowish brown tint mottled with lighter yellow and closely punctured2 the under surface except the legs is black4 ,p4 alternata is a smaller1 dark brown beetle1 the elytra banded with parallel lines of black and reddish brown3 ,p4 immaculata is about the same size2 dull reddish brown1 with the outer half of the elytra darkest2 it is usually found feeding upon the foliage of the black wattle4 ,p4 liturata is slightly smaller than the last1 with the wing covers irregularly spotted with pale yellow4 ,it is common on the eucalypts about ,sydney1 and has a wide range over the ,state4 ,the small green larvae of ,p4 pictipennis feed upon the foliage of ,leptospermum2 the beetle is a small form1 dull yellow marked with bright spots1 but fades into a dull brown when dead4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,calomela paralis 7,lea74 ,the ,green ,striped ,wattle ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,,halticides are popularly known as 8flea beetles10 as they have the thighs of the hind legs swollen out into rounded lumps which enable them to jump to a considerable distance3 specimens are often found feeding upon sedges about watercourses4 ,nisotra submetallica is a tiny1 shining green beetle1 with a light reddish brown head and thorax2 it is often a pest in the herb bed1 where it feeds upon mint4 ,arsipoda macleayi is a much larger1 deep metallic blue beetle with very large thighs2 it has been found eating the surface of vine leaves in the ,gosford district ,n4,s4,w41 and covering them all over with brown blotches4 ,the ,,gallerucides comprise several very destructive garden pests1 among which is the well known ,pumpkin ,beetle1 ,aulacophora olivieri1 a reddish yellow and black beetle often called a 8lady-bird10 and which in many parts of ,australia swarms over the young melons and cucumbers and devours the flowers and foliage4 ,monolepta rosae is a delicate pale yellow beetle1 with the front half of the elytra shaded with rose red2 it has a wide range1 and on the northern rivers congregates in great numbers at times1 eating up the young foliage of the citrus trees4 ,the ,fig-leaf ,beetle1 ,galleruca semipullata1 lays its spindle-shaped eggs in patches on the leaves of both the wild and cultivated figs1 upon the surface of which the dirty yellow coloured larvae feed1 finally crawling down the trunks and pupating in the ground4 ,the beetle measures about of an inch in length2 is of a dull ochreous yellow1 with the outer margins of the broad elytra striped with dull bluish black4 ,hoplostinus viridipennis is a much smaller1 dull brownish yellow beetle1 with shorter1 rounded1 deep metallic green elytra4 ,it feeds upon the foliage of the nettle trees growing in the scrubs of the ,northern ,rivers1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,paropsis immaculata 7,marsham74 ,a typical ,leaf-eating ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,monolepta rosae 7,blackburn74 ,the ,painted ,leaf ,beetle4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,,hispides are a very distinct group of the plant-eating beetles1 whose larvae are sometimes very destructive2 they bore into the foliage or stalks of plants1 feeding in1 and not upon the plant tissue4 ,the beetles might be divided into two sections2 those that are short and broad shouldered like ,monochirus multispinosus1 which measures of an inch in length1 is black in colour1 with the whole of the dorsal surface covered with short fine spines1 and is common upon grass blades on the ,south coast of ,n4,s4 ,wales2 and the elongate almost cylindrical forms found on sedges belonging to the ,genus ,euryspa4 ,these beetles are remarkable for the situation of their antennae1 which are very close together at the base1 and stand straight out in front of the head4 ,brontispa froggatti1 belonging to the latter section1 is a very serious pest on the cocoa nut palms in ,new ,britain and ,solomon ,islands4 ,the ,,cassidides are curious ladybird-like beetles of a general yellow or light brown colour spotted or marked with black1 with the outer margins of the elytra spreading out into an encircling flange or rim4 ,they are confined to the more tropical forests of ,queensland1 but one species1 ,aspidomorpha deusta1 comes into the northern scrubs of ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it is of the usual shape and mottled tints1 measuring about of an inch in length4 ,family #ea4 ,fungus ,beetles4 ,,erotylidae4 ,the larvae of these beetles can be often found in numbers feeding in the different kinds of woody fungi that grow upon tree trunks1 old fences1 and fallen logs4 ,if these infested fungi are collected and kept in a box the beetles can be very easily bred out4 ,they can be readily recognised by their elongate1 boat-shaped form1 and clubbed antennae4 ,episcaphula pictipennis1 one of our commonest species1 is black1 but thickly mottled with deep orange red forming three interrupted bands across the elytra4 ,it measures about of an inch4 ,thallis janthina is a smaller1 shining1 blue black beetle1 slightly roughened on the elytra2 it breeds in the large1 spongy1 white fungus growing on the tree trunks known as 8punks40 ,family #eb4 ,lady-bird ,beetles4 ,,coccinellidae4 ,these well-known beetles differ from the last family 7which many of them resemble in outward appearance7 in having #c jointed tarsi1 and the short usually #aa jointed antennae 7occasionally #h-aj7 being slightly clubbed at the tips4 ,in their habits however they differ in being carnivorous both in the larval and adult state1 with the exception of the members of the ,genus ,epilachna1 which are phytophagus4 ,they are all small rounded beetles2 the short head fits close into the thorax1 which in turn rests against the front of the elytra3 most of them are yellow1 spotted or marked with darker yellow1 metallic blue or black1 and are slightly pubescent4 ,these insects are well known in our gardens to the children as 8lady-birds10 and the quaint rhyme of 8,fly away lady-bird0 is said to have originated in the hop fields of ,kent3 after the hop picking1 the dead plants1 where the common ,english lady-bird was abundant feeding upon the hop aphis1 were burnt off1 and this was a warning by the children to them to fly away before the fires were started4 ,they have been closely studied by economic entomologists because they are the natural enemies of so many aphis and scale insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,epilachna #bh-punctata 7,fabr474 ,the ,spotted ,leaf-eating ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,over #b1jjj species have been described from all parts of the world1 and in the latest list given by ,lea 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aija71 #aaj are recorded from ,australia4 ,mulsant published his great work 7,species ,coleopteris ,trimeres ,securipalpes7 in #ahej3 ,crotch published his 8,revision of the ,coccinellidae0 in #ahgd2 in both of these will be found descriptions of ,australian species4 ,blackburn 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #ahib7 and ,lea previously quoted1 added a number of new species to our fauna4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,epilachna guttatopustulata 7,fabr474 ,the ,potato-leaf ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,leis conformis 7,boisd47 ,the ,common ,spotted ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,epilachna contains all our plant-feeding lady-bird beetles1 two of which are common4 ,the #bh-spot lady-bird1 ,epilachna #bh-punctata1 has a wide range extending from ,china and ,india to all parts of ,australia2 it measures about of an inch in length1 is of a dull yellowish brown tint marked with rounded black spots1 and clothed with a fine pubescence4 ,crotch says3 8,this species varies almost to infinity1 and gradually runs into the common #f-spotted type1 so that ,i cannot give any structural differences40 ,its curious gregarious larvae are dull yellow covered with black spined tubercles2 about ,sydney they are often found upon the foliage of the trumpet flower 7,datura stramonium71 but in the north of ,n4,s4 ,wales often damage the foliage of potatoes4 ,e4 guttatopustulata ranges from ,tasmania to ,north ,australia1 and is a common insect in the ,richmond ,river scrubs1 ,n4,s4,w42 it is a large beetle1 easily recognised by the large1 rounded1 yellowish red blotch on the sides of the elytra4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,thea galbula 7,mulsant74 ,the ,yellow-shouldered ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,verania frenata 7,erichson74 ,the ,striped ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the typical ,coccinella repanda measures of an inch in length2 it is a little1 rounded1 bright yellow beetle1 with the head and thorax blackish1 the elytra striped down the centre1 and marked on either side with two irregular black ,v-shaped blotches4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and feeds upon all kinds of aphids1 sometimes appearing in great numbers all over the country4 ,leis conformis is a larger species1 of a uniform bright orange yellow1 thickly spotted with black4 ,it is a common garden insect1 where the clusters of its slender yellow eggs may be often noticed attached to the bark of aphis infested trees2 and its elongated1 smoky tinted larvae1 blotched on the sides with orange1 may be often watched feeding upon rose or peach aphis4 ,thea galbula is a dainty little lady-bird1 with the dorsal surface bright pale yellow1 marked with black in the centre of the thorax2 the dorsal stripe down the centre of the elytra connects two pairs of black blotches crossing the centre and base4 ,it measures about of an inch in length1 and is at times common in our gardens4 ,verania frenata is of an inch2 it is yellow1 with the thorax black behind1 and with three stripes of the same colour down the elytra4 ,it has a wide range from ,tasmania to ,new ,caledonia and the ,malayan ,islands4 ,the ,genus ,orcus contains a number of metallic blue-black lady-birds which feed chiefly upon scale insects2 their larvae are grey and black creatures with the dorsal surface covered with fine spines2 several species are common on scale infested citrus trees4 ,orcus chalybeus1 measuring about of an inch in length1 is of a uniform deep metallic steel blue4 ,o4 australasiae is a larger species with two rounded yellow spots on each side of the elytra4 ,o4 bilunulatus is a still larger insect1 with only one yellow blotch on either side of the front of the thorax4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,orcus chalybeus 7,boisd474 ,the ,steel-blue ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,orcus australasiae 7,boisd474 ,the ,six-spot ,blue ,lady-bird4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,novius cardinalis is a tiny red and black lady-bird1 very variable in its black colouration2 it was better known as ,vedalia cardinalis1 when it was collected in great numbers and forwarded to ,america to destroy the ,fluted or ,cottony-cushion ,scale 7,icerya purchasi71 which had been introduced from this country into ,california and damaged the orange trees4 ,it has since been introduced into other parts of the world1 and is now cosmopolitan4 ,the ,genus ,rhizobius contains a number of small black beetles finely punctured and clothed with pubescence1 that gives them a rusty tint4 ,rhizobius ventralis is very common in the bush upon young eucalypts that are infested with ,eriococcus coriaceous2 it measures about of an inch in length and is very pubescent4 ,cryptolmus montrouzieri1 a great foe to all kinds of mealy bugs1 has been introduced into ,hawaii with good results4 ,the larvae are flattened brown insects that cover themselves with short white overlapping filaments1 so that their identity is quite lost2 they frequently swarm in thousands upon the trunks of scale infested ,auracaria pines1 pupating in such numbers that they form large white patches over the tree stems4 ,the beetle is of an inch in length2 is of a uniform black tint1 with the head1 thorax and tip of the elytra light yellow4 ,the ,genus ,scymnus contains many of our smallest species3 ,scymnus vagans is a minute black beetle only of an inch in length1 which can be found on mite infested foliage4 ,s4 notiscens1 more than twice the size1 is common both on wattles and orange trees2 it can be easily identified by the distinct reddish blotch in the centre of each wing cover4 ,order ,,vi4--,,lepidoptera4 ,butterflies and ,moths4 ,butterflies and moths are scale winged insects1 and are among the giants of the insect world2 they can be defined as insects with two pairs of membranous wings well adapted for extended flight1 clothed with scales overlapping each other like the slates on the roof of a house1 flattened and rounded on the surface of the wings1 but more or less hair-like upon the body4 ,the head is usually provided with a tubular proboscis or mouth1 that can be curled up like a watch spring when at rest1 and is admirably adapted for sucking up the honey from flowers when expanded4 ,the caterpillars may be smooth and naked1 or thickly clothed with spines or hair2 with few exceptions they feed upon the foliage or wood of plants3 after undergoing a series of moults they either spin a cocoon1 bury themselves in the ground1 or 7if wood borers7 close themselves up in the burrow where they undergo a complete metamorphosis4 ,if the larva of a butterfly1 the caterpillar attaches itself to a twig by the tip of its tail and casts the larval skin1 which slips off1 leaving the naked transformed pupa simply enclosed in a stout1 close-fitting pupal jacket4 ,some species of moths appear in such numbers at times that they do a great deal of damage to plant life1 and are very serious pests4 ,lepidoptera on account of their beauty and size have always been very popular with entomologists1 and large numbers have been collected from all parts of the world1 so that this is one of the best known orders4 ,sharp estimates that #ej1jjj species are described1 and every year adds to this long list4 ,they are divided into two great groups1 somewhat artificial1 but definable as ,,rhopalocera1 butterflies2 and ,,heterocera1 moths4 ,,rhopalocera4 ,butterflies4 ,the typical butterflies are usually slender-bodied insects1 with filiform and more or less clubbed antennae1 delicate legs1 and large richly tinted wings2 they fly about in the bright sunlight1 visiting flowers and feasting upon the nectar that they find in the blooms4 ,they have large compound eyes so that they can see very well2 and the slender tubular mouth is very highly developed in all butterflies4 ,the eggs are laid upon the food plant3 the caterpillars are generally more or less elongated1 and naked or covered with scattered tubercles rather than hairy2 when full grown they attach themselves to the under side of a twig or leaf by the tip of the abdomen4 ,some groups are furnished with a silken girdle round the middle attached at each end to the leaf or twig2 and another section roll themselves up in leaves4 ,they do not form a cocoon1 but as the larval skin slips off1 it reveals the regular pupal form fitted with a skin-like jacket through which the indistinct lines of the rudimentary wings1 legs and antennae can be traced4 ,the pupa may remain in this quiescent state for several months before the butterfly splits the skin and emerges1 a perfect1 fully developed insect4 ,as many of our butterflies have an extended range1 some of them were originally described from other countries1 and when captured here were named as new species2 so that a good deal of confusion has existed in the proper identification of some of our common species as to whether they were ,australian or only varieties of foreign species4 ,in #ahje ,donovan figured some of our commonest species in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland40 ,after ,kirby's 8,catalogue of ,rhopalocera0 was published in #ahga1 ,masters compiled and issued a list of our ,australian species4 ,in #ahgh ,semper published his list of ,australian species2 and in #ahia ,miskin produced his 8,catalogue of the ,australian ,butterflies10 in which he included and described some new species 7,no4 #a1 ,annals of the ,queensland ,museum72 this remained our working list until ,waterhouse published his 8,catalogue of the ,rhopalocera of ,australia0 as ,no4 #a ,memoir of the ,new ,south ,wales ,naturalists' ,club #aijc4 ,in ,waterhouse's list a great many changes have been made in the genera and species2 a number of our well-known names have vanished1 with very little explanation2 for example1 ,pieris teutonia1 our common white1 appears under the name of ,belenois java2 this is unavoidable to a certain extent in bringing ,catalogues up to date1 but is very confusing to beginners in the work of classification4 ,for a list of the writers upon1 and references to our butterflies1 the student is referred to ,waterhouse's ,catalogue4 ,i am indebted to ,messrs4 ,anderson and ,spry for notes on the life histories of some of the southern species described in their 8,victorian ,butterflies0 7,melbourne #ahic74 ,family #a4 ,brush-footed ,butterflies4 ,,nymphalidae4 ,this group comprises a number of large or medium sized butterflies that are known as 8,fritillaries10 8,emperors10 8,admirals10 and many other popular names in ,england1 and are generally brightly coloured2 many have a very wide range over the world4 ,the fore-legs of both sexes are imperfect1 the male with one or two1 the female with four or five tarsal joints4 ,the larvae are usually spiny1 or clothed with hairy warts2 and the pupae are suspended by the tail4 ,sharp places them in eight sub-families1 four of which are well represented in ,australia4 ,the ,,danainae are brightly coloured butterflies of a general reddish brown tint with blackish markings2 the larvae are smooth cylindrical caterpillars with the tips of the body ornamented with a fleshy tail4 ,the ,genus ,danais contains six species1 of which the best known in ,eastern ,australia is the 8,monarch0 or 8,brown ,gypsy10 originally a ,north ,american insect but now almost world wide in its range2 it is known under at least four names1 and though usually figured as ,danais archippus1 its correct name is ,danais menippe4 ,the handsome banded black and cream coloured larva feeds upon the introduced 8bladder-weed0 7,gomphocarpus fruticosus71 and turns into a beautiful pale green pupa with metallic markings4 ,this large1 deep reddish brown and black lined butterfly is too well known to require description4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xix4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,pieridae4 #a4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,eggs on foliage4 #b4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,eggs enlarged4 #c4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,caterpillar4 #d4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,caterpillar 7enlarged74 #e4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,pupa 7enlarged74 #f4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,pupa on leaf4 #g4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,showing upper surface4 #h4 ,pieris teutonia 7,fabr474 ,showing under surface4 ,this butterfly is now known under the name of ,belenois java 7,sparrman74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xix4--,,lepidoptera4 ,d4 petilia1 a much smaller butterfly1 has broader white markings on the tip of the fore wings and none round the edges of the hind pair4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 across ,asia to ,europe4 ,the caterpillar is of a lavender colour and feeds upon the cotton grass2 it transforms into a beautiful green chrysalis marked with scattered golden spots and a band of the same colour round the abdomen4 ,d4 hamata1 a fine pearly blue and black species1 is recorded by ,olliff from ,cape ,york to as far south as ,shoalhaven1 ,n4,s4,w41 but is a rare insect in the south4 ,fourteen species of the ,genus ,euploea are described1 of which ,e4 corinna is a mottled black and white species1 very abundant in sheltered gullies in ,n4 ,queensland1 also ranging southward to ,sydney4 ,the larva feeds on a creeper 7,mandevillia72 it is a slender1 dull-coloured caterpillar with four pairs of fleshy tentacles on the back4 ,the pupa is suspended to a leaf1 and is a rich1 bright metallic silver4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,acraeinae contains a single species1 belonging to the typical ,genus ,acraea1 which is found from ,north ,queensland to ,sydney4 ,a4 andromacha measures #b inches across the wings2 is blackish brown2 the fore wings are transparent with dull brown markings2 the hind pair are opaque1 creamy white1 edged with brown2 it always looks as though badly rubbed4 ,it has a range from ,new ,guinea1 ,fiji1 and ,samoa into ,australia4 ,the yellowish brown caterpillar clothed with branched fleshy spines1 feeds upon the passion vine1 and is not uncommon in ,sydney gardens4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,nymphalinae comprise a number of handsome butterflies1 which differ from the previous ones in having the cells of both pairs of wings open or imperfectly closed4 ,the larvae are very variable1 some being slender hairy caterpillars or armed with spines and tubercles2 others are short and cylindrical1 furnished with horns upon the head4 ,the fine ,east ,indian ,genus ,cethosia is represented by three species3 the ,crimson-winged ,butterfly1 ,c4 cydippe1 is not an uncommon insect in ,north ,queensland frequenting the clearings on the edge of the scrub2 it measures #c inches across the large rounded wings1 the hind margin of the second pair being deeply scalloped2 the central portion of both surrounding the body is bright red1 the outer deep purple1 with white markings toward the tips of the front pair2 and the under surface of both is barred and spotted4 ,cynthia ada1 ranging from ,brisbane to ,thursday ,island1 is a large light ochreous yellow butterfly1 with a dark line diagonally crossing both wings from the middle of the fore pair to the level of the tip of the body2 a double band of crenulated markings encircle the wings2 and there are a pair of eye spots on the hind ones4 ,cupha prosope is the representative of another northern genus ranging from the ,richmond ,river ,n4,s4,w4 to ,thursday ,island4 ,it is a medium sized butterfly with dark orange coloured wings1 the front pair tipped and edged with black2 all the under-surface is pale orange yellow1 mottled and barred1 with a row of eye spots round the edge of the wings4 ,the ,australian ,fritillary1 ,argynnis inconstans1 measures about #c inches across the wings2 it is of a uniform dull yellow colour with a double row of black spots along the edge of the wings1 with the inner portion covered with an irregular pattern of spots and dashes4 ,it is common along the cleared tracks in the ,queensland jungle1 and has been recorded from as far south as ,hunter ,river1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,pyrameis kershawi1 figured and described by ,mc,coy from ,victoria1 is found throughout ,australia1 and is so closely related to the 8,painted ,lady10 ,p4 cardui1 of ,europe1 that it was until lately only considered a variety4 ,it measures under #b inches across the wings2 its general colour is dull brown mottled and barred with black and white4 ,the larvae feed upon 8everlastings0 7,heliochrysum7 and the introduced cape weed2 they are slender brown creatures covered with black spines1 and the chrysalis suspended by the tail is marked with shining golden spots4 ,p4 itea1 slightly larger than the previous species1 has the edges of both pairs of wings scalloped2 the fore wings are black1 each with three small yellow spots at the tip1 and a large elongated patch crossing through the centre1 with the inner portions of both pairs bright ferruginous brown1 and a row of four small black eyes on the hind wings4 ,the slender spiny caterpillars feed upon the foliage of nettles4 ,the angulated chrysalis is often marked with golden spots4 ,the ,genus ,junonia contains two common butterflies1 one ,j4 villida found all over ,australia2 it measures about #b inches across the wings and is of a general brown tint edged with delicate white and grey markings1 and ornamented with a pair of eyes on each wing ringed with yellow4 ,it has a curious habit of flying along the track in front of one1 settling on the ground1 then flitting ahead again4 ,the cylindrical somewhat stout larva is blackish brown1 spined behind the head and clothed with fine hairs2 it feeds upon rib grass 7plantains74 ,the short stout chrysalis is light brown marked with darker spots4 ,j4 albi-cincta does not come south of ,brisbane2 it is about the same size1 with the eyes upon the wings smaller1 and the hind wings mauve1 giving out a bright metallic sheen4 ,the ,brown ,leaf-winged ,butterfly1 ,doleschallia australis1 is nearly #c inches across the wings1 which are elongated and oval in form1 with the tip of the hind pair produced into a tail2 the upper surface is dull reddish brown with yellow in the centre1 while the under surface is greyish brown mottled with wavy lines1 with a central larger bar crossing the centre and running out into the tail4 ,it flits about in the undergrowth1 a conspicuous insect when on the wing1 but the moment it settles and folds its wings over its back1 it is lost to sight1 for its leaf-like wings1 when closed with the tail forming a stalk1 so closely resemble the foliage1 that while it remains at rest it is very difficult to detect4 ,it ranges from the ,richmond ,river to ,north ,queensland4 ,the ,blue-eyed ,butterfly1 ,hypolimnas bolina1 ranges from ,cape ,york to ,sydney1 but is a rare insect about the latter place4 ,it differs in the sexes both in size and markings2 the male is rich velvety black2 has both wings deeply scalloped1 a double white spot towards the tip of each1 with a blotch of opaline white in the centre encircled with iridescent violet blue4 ,the play of colour in this beautiful butterfly flashing about in the bright sunlight with its ever changing tints of blue and black1 makes it one of our most striking species4 ,the female is somewhat larger2 has the central markings on the fore wings more elongated and lighter coloured1 with a blotch of fulvous red below it2 the hind wings are much whiter in the centre and are only slightly clouded with blue4 ,neptis shepherdi1 ranging from ,brisbane to ,cape ,york1 has the typical delicate black wings spotted and striped with white4 ,the ,tailed ,emperor1 ,charaxes sempronius1 is our sole representative of the genus1 the home of which is ,africa and the ,east ,indies2 it is nearly #d inches across the wings1 the inner portions of which are creamy white1 the outer edges1 tips and margins black1 and with a row of creamy spots along the edges and two spots behind4 ,the marginal black edging on the hind wings is broad1 shaded on either side with pale blue1 which covers the broad scallops in the wings2 there are two stout wedge-shaped tails on each hind wing1 and a bright reddish-yellow blotch on each inner edge4 ,the larva is a very curious1 short1 stout1 pale green caterpillar1 with a slightly forked tail1 and four short stout horns on the top of the head2 it feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle4 ,this species ranges from ,sydney to ,derby1 ,n4,w4 ,australia1 where ,i took a specimen upon a baobab tree which is now in the ,macleay ,museum2 ,waterhouse gives ,cairns1 ,q41 as its northern limit1 but this gives it a much extended range4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,,satyrinae are chiefly small butterflies1 black1 brown1 or sometimes white1 generally marked with eye spots1 and the wings are rounded4 ,the larvae feed upon different grasses1 and are smooth or clothed with fine short hair3 the head is round2 and the body tapers to each extremity1 and ends in a forked tail4 ,the ,genus ,mycalesis contains five species2 they are all reddish-brown butterflies of small size1 that flit about in open forest country1 of which ,mycalesis terminus is a very good type3 it measures #a inches across its dull1 rusty red wings1 which are indistinctly marbled1 and darkest at the tips2 the edges of the hind pair are marked with fine black lines4 ,on each wing are a pair of small eyes1 the hind one on each wing being largest2 these also show on the under surface1 and those on the hind wings are encircled with silvery lines4 ,it is a northern species found along the coast of ,north ,queensland4 ,tisiphone abeona is a common species in ,victoria and on the eastern coast of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 usually found flitting along damp gullies1 never flying high or in open country4 ,it measures about #b inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform dark brown tint3 the front wings are ornamented with two eyes1 the first smallest2 a broad irregular band of yellow bisects the wings about the middle1 crossing behind the eyes2 the hind wings are plain1 with a small eye on the inner margin1 and are slightly scalloped round the edges4 ,the delicate green caterpillar has a small rounded head2 it is broadest in the centre1 tapering to the head and forked anal extremity4 ,it feeds upon the sedges4 ,the chrysalis is of a delicate emerald green tint1 with the edges of the wings outlined in yellow4 ,ypthima arctous ranges from ,sydney to ,cape ,york2 it is a small1 dull brown insect with a very large eye on the tips of the fore wings1 and a very small one on the hind pair4 ,the ,genus ,heteronympha contains seven species1 all of which have a wide range along the coast2 the ,yellow ,wood ,nymph1 ,h4 merope1 being one of the commonest in all open forest country from ,tasmania to ,brisbane2 it is remarkable from the fact that the sexes differ both in size and markings4 ,the male measures #b inches across the wings1 which are of a general dull tawny yellow colour mottled with black and brown1 the fore pair in a scroll-like pattern1 the hind ones only barred along the edges and slightly touched with black4 ,the female1 an inch broader1 has the greater part of the fore wings black1 enclosing two yellow patches fading into tawny yellow toward the basal portion1 and with a large yellow angular blotch standing out on the posterior sides2 each wing in both sexes has a small eye towards the tip4 ,the dull brown larvae feed upon various grasses1 and hide close to the roots4 ,the chrysalis is not attached to the food plant1 but rests in a frail network on the ground4 ,h4 mirifica1 found between ,sydney and ,brisbane1 is about the same size as the female of the last species2 it also haunts sheltered country4 ,it is of a uniform1 blackish brown tint with small eye spots and a broad irregular white stripe across the middle of the fore wings4 ,the ,genus ,xenica is peculiar to ,australia2 it contains nine species1 four of which are confined to ,tasmania1 several being found only on the higher portion of the mountain ranges4 ,they are all small1 tawny yellow or reddish brown butterflies of small size1 spotted and mottled with brown1 and have small eyes upon the tips of the wings4 ,xenica achanta1 one of the largest1 measures about #b inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform dark orange yellow1 with the apical portion of the fore wings marbled with dark brown2 the hind pair are regularly mottled all over2 and the margins of both are edged with two fine black lines2 it ranges from ,s4 ,australia to ,queensland4 ,several smaller species have been described from the ,australian ,alps4 ,x4 correae1 described by ,olliff from ,mt4 ,kosciusko1 feeds upon the native fuschia3 ,x4 fulva1 also described by ,olliff1 is the male of this species4 ,family #b4 ,horned ,butterflies4 ,,libytheidae4 ,this family contains only a single genus1 representatives of which are found scattered over all the warmer parts of the world1 but the largest and most brightly coloured forms are found in ,new ,guinea4 ,they are remarkable for the formation of the palpi1 which1 standing out in front like a beak1 are four times the length of the head2 the wings are angulated1 and the pupa hangs by the tip of the abdomen4 ,one species1 ,libythea nicevillei1 ranging from ,port ,moresby across to ,cape ,york1 represents the family in ,australia4 ,this group appears to form a connecting link between the ,nymphalidae on the one hand1 and the ,lycaenidae on the other4 ,family #c4 ,the ,blues4 ,,lycaenidae4 ,the 8blues10 8coppers10 or 8hair-streaks0 are so named on account of their rich colourations or wavy markings on the under side of the wings4 ,though often passed over by the ordinary collector because of their small size1 they are much sought after by lepidopterists for their beauty and bright metallic tints4 ,their bodies are slender1 and the wings somewhat fragile2 though they can fly well1 they usually prefer to flit about the bushes and sheltered gullies1 and when they settle have the habit of folding their wings in an erect position above the body1 so that unless disturbed they are not very noticeable4 ,the prevailing colours are metallic blue1 or coppery red1 with eyes upon the wings in some groups1 while others are ornamented with dainty feathery tails1 or lobes upon the hind wings4 ,the colours and markings of the sexes often differ in the same species on the upper surface1 but always correspond on the under-side4 ,the legs are more developed than in the ,nymphalidae1 the tarsi of the male somewhat aborted1 but that of the female complete4 ,the larvae are curious1 short1 slug-like1 greasy grubs1 dull brown or green2 some of them are gregarious1 clinging to the twigs by day and feeding at night4 ,the pupae are attached to the twig by the tip of the abdomen and girthed with a silken thread round the middle4 ,in ,miskin's ,catalogue #aaj species were given under #ah genera2 in ,waterhouse's list #aad species are recorded1 divided into #ca genera4 ,waterhouse has monographed this family1 where descriptions of all the known ,australian species will be found 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijb-aijc74 ,a number are rare and restricted in their range1 and many are confined to the rich tropical scrubs of ,north ,queensland4 ,the ,genus ,danis contains six species1 most of which are confined to ,north ,queensland2 ,danis taygetus is a very distinctive little butterfly1 common in the ,queensland scrubs1 and extending as far south as the ,richmond ,river1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the male has the fore wings pale violet blue1 with the centre of the hind ones white1 the edges of both pairs black2 in the female both pairs are marked with white with a faint shade of blue2 on the under surface the centres of the wings are white edged with black1 with a broad band of bright metallic blue occupying the lower half of the hind pair encircling a row of black spots4 ,the ,genus ,miletus contains fifteen species3 ,m4 delicia has the upper surface brownish black1 with the base of the fore and centre of hind wings pale metallic blue2 the under side is dull yellowish brown1 variegated with angulated blotches or spots forming bands round the wings and a parallel stripe across the front of the fore pair4 ,this butterfly ranges from ,victoria to ,queensland4 ,m4 ignita has a very wide range over the southern parts of ,australia into ,queensland2 it was figured and described by ,leach in #ahag4 ,candalides absimilis is a medium sized insect2 the male has the upper surface dull blue with the edges fringed with white2 the female is dark brown with an oval patch of white in the centre of both wings and metallic tints round the body2 the under surface is pale bluish white marked with fine wavy lines round the wings4 ,it is found from ,victoria well into ,northern ,queensland4 ,polyommatus boeticus has had many names1 for not only has it a very wide distribution over ,australia1 but it extends over ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,europe4 ,it is of a uniform brown tint2 has the centre of both wings shaded with pale metallic blue2 the hind one terminates in a fine slender tail1 with two eye spots at the base2 the under side is creamy white with slate grey lines and eye spots touched with blue4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xx4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,pieridae4 #a4 ,terias hecabe 7,fabr474 ,family ,,papilionidae4 #b4 ,papilio sthenelus 7,macl474 ,family ,,nymphalidae4 #c4 ,junonia albi-cincta 7,butler74 #e4 ,pyrameis itea 7,fabr474 #f4 ,pyrameis cardui 7,linn474 #g4 ,danais petilia 7,stoll474 ,family ,,hesperidae4 #d4 ,trepezites symmomous 7,hubn474 ,family ,,lycaenidae4 #h4 ,chrysophanus aenea 7,miskin74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xx4--,,lepidoptera4 ,lucia lucanus1 one of the smaller forms1 has all the upper surface of a dull ochreous tint1 with the centres of the fore wings pale yellow4 ,a fine fringe of hair-like scales of alternate tufts of black and white gives it a delicate pencilled appearance2 the under surface is mottled and brownish1 the white of the fore wings showing through4 ,it has a wide range from ,south ,australia to ,mackay1 ,queensland1 and is common about ,sydney4 ,l4 pyrodiscus has the upper surface black1 with the centre of the fore wings and the greater part of the hind ones dull red4 ,the whole of the under surface is purplish and finely marbled with a very fine tail on the outer edge of the hind pair4 ,it ranges from ,victoria to ,n4 ,queensland4 ,the ,genus ,ogyris contains eleven species1 most of which are recorded from the southern portion of ,australia4 ,ogyris abrota has the upper surface dark brown with a patch of pale metallic green in the centre of each fore wing2 the hind pair are all brown and scalloped along the edges2 the under side is pale creamy white mottled with wavy lines4 ,the larva feeds upon the foliage of ,loranthus2 it measures about an inch in length2 is of a uniform dark yellowish brown1 with the upper surface rough1 clothed with fine bristles2 they feed at night1 and pupate in the usual manner of all members of this family4 ,the ,genus ,ialmenus contains eight species1 among them several of our best known 8,blues03 ,ialmenus evagorus ranges from ,south ,australia into ,southern ,queensland1 and was figured by ,donovan in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland0 in #ahje4 ,it is described by ,olliff under the name of the 8,imperial ,blue10 but ,i would suggest that the 8,black-wattle ,blue0 would be a much more distinctive name1 for all along the coast the short1 dull green1 slug-like grubs may be met with1 congregated in little groups clinging to the twigs of this wattle4 ,hundreds of ants are always swarming over them attracted by the secretion they discharge from glands on the back4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #ajg and #ajh4--,wattle ,butterflies4 #ajg4 ,ialmenus ictinus 7,hewitson74 ,the ,inland ,wattle ,butterfly4 #ajh4 ,ialmenus evagorus 7,donovan74 ,the ,coastal ,wattle ,butterfly4 ,the presence of ants is probably of great value to the larvae1 for they keep parasitic insects and birds from molesting them4 ,when full grown they sling themselves to the twigs to pupate1 and are often so numerous that the branches are covered with pupae hanging like bunches of grapes4 ,the butterfly measures nearly #b inches across the wings1 which on the upper surface are black on the margin1 with the rest pale metallic blue shading into white in the centre2 the hind pair are scalloped and produced into fine feathery tails with spots of dark orange yellow at the base2 the under side is pearly grey1 banded and spotted with black4 ,i4 ictinus1 with identical habits1 about the same size1 takes the place of this species in the inland districts4 ,pseudalmenus myrsilus is a handsome little butterfly with the centres of the wings deep orange divided with dark nervures1 and the hind pair with long black tails2 it is found from ,tasmania to the southern districts of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the last species of this family1 ,liphyra brassolis1 is only found in ,north ,queensland2 its larvae live and pupate in the arboreal nests of the 8,green ,tree-ants40 ,an interesting account of the life history of this butterfly is given by ,dodd in the 8,entomologist0 #aijb4 ,family #d4 ,the ,whites and ,yellows4 ,,pieridae4 ,the members of this family are popularly known as 8,whites0 and 8,yellows0 on account of their prevailing colours4 ,both sexes have six perfect legs1 and are butterflies of moderate size1 with the hind wings rarely crenulated or produced into tails4 ,their larvae are slender1 hairy caterpillars with small heads1 and are often gregarious in their habits2 the pupae are sharply angulated to each extremity1 attached both by the tail1 and a silken girdle round the body of their food plant4 ,in ,miskin's ,catalogue #cd species are listed1 contained in #g genera2 ,waterhouse reduces them to #ca species1 and discards several well-known genera4 ,the ,genus ,terias contains all the small 8,yellows10 which are low flitting1 dainty1 little butterflies found in the tropical jungle1 but equally at home in the far western scrubs and open forest land4 ,terias smilax1 our smallest species1 is common about ,sydney1 and has a wide range both north and south from ,adelaide to ,rockhampton4 ,it is bright yellow1 with the black markings in the fore wings extending to the tips of the hind pair4 ,the ,mottled ,yellow1 ,t4 hecabe1 is much larger than the last2 is of a bright yellow colour with the black markings coming round to the edge of the hind wing and swelling out into a rounded patch2 the hind wings are lightly edged with black1 and on the under side are thickly mottled with yellowish brown spots4 ,it extends from ,sydney to ,queensland1 and has a wide range out northward and eastward among the islands4 ,the ,genus ,elodina contains several small1 pearly white butterflies1 with wings edged with black4 ,the small white1 ,elodina angulipennis1 is found about ,sydney1 ranging as far north as ,mackay1 ,queensland4 ,our common white butterfly known under the name of ,pieris teutonia1 and the sole representative of that well defined genus1 has been recently identified as ,belenois java1 and as ,sparrman described it some few years before ,fabricius1 this well-known name will unfortunately have to give way4 ,this butterfly has a wide range over ,australia1 especially in the interior1 where several native shrubs belonging to the ,capparidae are plentiful2 upon these the slender brown and yellow caterpillars feed4 ,this is the species that sometimes comes flying over the eastern coast in immense swarms4 ,it measures #b inches across the wings1 and is black and white on the upper surface1 with the under portion more mottled with black and canary yellow4 ,it ranges from ,australia to ,fiji1 ,tonga1 and the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,the smaller ,whites1 which have the under side of the hind wings of a more uniform yellow tint1 are represented by ,appias 7,tachyris7 ega1 first described by ,boisduval in #ahcf2 it has an extended range from ,victoria to ,cape ,york1 ,queensland4 ,the typical ,genus ,delias is represented in ,australia by #h species1 three of which can be collected from ,sydney to ,cape ,york1 and two others from ,south ,australia northward4 ,the ,painted ,delias1 ,d4 harpalyce1 first figured by ,donovan in #ahje1 measures #c inches across the wings1 which on the upper surface are creamy white1 broadly margined on the apical half with black1 the fore pair banded with a row of white spots2 on the under surface the white markings above are much broader1 and the hind wings are blotched with a bright red band surrounded with black but lined with white4 ,the larvae feed upon the native mistletoe 7,loranthus7 which grows upon the she-oaks1 and are slender1 dark coloured caterpillars covered with fine hairs4 ,they are gregarious in their habits1 often #bj to #cj in a family1 and not only do they keep together when feeding1 but they spin a curious web over the denuded twigs of their food plant to which they attach themselves when pupating4 ,the pupa is dark brown1 slightly over #a inch in length1 armed with short black spines along the sides of the body1 and the front of the head is furnished with a curious two-pronged fork4 ,the ,tinted ,delias1 ,d4 argenthona1 is a ,queensland species1 with the outer half of the hind wings on the under surface black1 enclosing a number of bright red blotches2 while on the hind wings of the ,striped ,delias1 ,d4 mysis1 the red forms a continuous broad curved band round the tips4 ,in the ,yellow-tinted ,delias1 ,d4 aganippe1 the wings of the male on the upper surface are creamy white1 while those of the female are tinged with yellow1 and the black extends further into the wing2 on the under surface both sexes have the wings blackish1 mottled with large white blotches1 and yellow markings2 a patch of bright red on the shoulders2 and with a row of rounded spots of the same colour running round the hind wings4 ,the larvae feed upon the foliage of ,loranthus4 ,the ,dusky ,delias1 ,d4 nigrina1 generally flies high1 and is not so easily caught2 it has an extended range from ,sydney to ,north ,queensland2 the upper surface is of the usual colour1 but the whole of the under surface of the wings is dull black washed with grey2 there is a band of yellow on the fore pair1 and the hind pair is marked with the same colour and a horse-shoe band of red4 ,the larvae when full grown are almost black spotted with yellow1 and with fine white hairs2 they are gregarious and also feed upon the ,loranthus4 ,catopsilia 7,callidyras7 pomona is a large light butterfly1 with the upper surface creamy white tinged with yellow1 and with dusky spots toward the tips of the wings2 all the under surface is dull yellow1 with a few white spots1 and with pale purple markings1 forming a darker patch in the centre of each wing4 ,it is found from ,sydney northward through the ,malay ,peninsula1 and into ,ceylon4 ,family #e4 ,swallow ,tails4 ,,papilionidae4 ,the members of this group of butterflies are popularly known as 8,swallow ,tails0 from the peculiar structure of the hind wings of the typical species1 which are produced at the tips into spatulate lobes or tails2 though in a large number these tails are wanting4 ,they are all furnished with well developed legs2 antennae distinctly clubbed2 and the pupae are attached both by the tip of the body and a silken girdle4 ,in this family many of the largest and most beautiful insects in the world are congregated4 ,the ,bird-winged ,butterflies 7,ornithoptera7 are represented by three more or less distinct species from the mainland1 and a fourth from ,darnley ,island4 ,o4 richmondia1 typical of the group1 is the southern form1 ranging from the ,richmond ,river1 ,n4,s4,w41 into ,southern ,queensland4 ,the smaller male measures about #f inches across the wings1 which are rich velvety black1 with a bright green stripe along the front of the fore wings2 the whole of the body is golden2 and the hind wings except the black margins and four black spots are of a slightly brighter tint4 ,the large female is of a uniform dark blackish brown with white markings on the wings4 ,o4 7cassandra7 euphorion1 found from ,mackay to ,cairns1 ,n4,q41 is somewhat larger1 with a second stripe of green on the fore wings1 and a row of golden spots on the hind pair4 ,the large black caterpillars have short black fleshy spines along the sides of the body1 with the front ones bright red4 ,rippon has recently monographed the ,ornithoptera1 and places our species in the ,genus ,troides1 but ,i prefer to retain the original name1 under which our species are so well known4 ,the ,genus ,papilio contains #ah species in ,miskin's ,catalogue1 reduced to #ae in ,waterhouse's list1 many of them with a very wide range4 ,papilio sarpedon is common in ,sydney gardens1 and extends away up the coast to ,india and ,ceylon4 ,olliff called it the 8,wanderer0 from its rapid restless flight4 ,it is of a general black colour1 with sharp angular fore wings1 and rounded crenulated hind wings coming to a blunt finger-like tail at the tips4 ,the centre of both pairs of wings is pale green forming a broad elongate stripe1 widest in the centre1 and with a row of fine crescent-shaped spots down the sides of the hind pair4 ,the larvae are short1 green1 slug-like creatures with a patch of yellow on the back2 they feed upon the foliage of the camphor laurel4 ,the ,black ,orchard ,butterfly1 ,papilio erectheus 7now known as ,p4 aegeus71 is a larger black insect with an irregular band of white crossing the tips of the fore wings2 the centre of each hind one is occupied by a rounded mauve patch2 the edges are crenulated1 tipped with white1 and have a red eye-like spot on the inner margin4 ,the female is much larger2 has the inner portion of the fore wings black1 but the outer portions dusky white2 the hind wings are black at the base1 banded with white shaded with black1 and have a row of red spots round the margins4 ,the mottled orange green larva is furnished with a broad head1 from which shoot out a pair of retractile fleshy horns when touched1 at the same time giving off a musky scent4 ,they feed upon the foliage of orange trees1 and when numerous are a nuisance in the plant nurseries4 ,the larvae of ,macleay's butterfly 7,papilio macleayanus7 feed upon the foliage of the ,sassafras in the ,illawarra district1 and range from ,tasmania to ,cairns ,n4,q4 ,the butterfly is somewhat after the same slender shape as ,p4 sarpedon1 but has the hind wings produced into slender swallow tails4 ,the portion of the wings surrounding the body is pale green1 the outer parts black1 with three small green patches toward the front of the fore pair1 and a row of small spots along the lower edges of the hind pair4 ,the ,imperial ,swallow ,tail1 ,papilio ulysses1 measures #e inches across the wings1 which are rich metallic blue margined with deep velvety black1 and are produced into long swallow tails behind4 ,it is found in the tropical scrubs of ,north ,queensland ranging up into the ,malay ,archipelago1 and for shape and colour is one of the most beautiful butterflies in the world1 but should be seen in its native haunts to fully admire its beauty as it goes floating through the tropical brushes4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxi4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,nymphalidae4 #a4 ,heteronympha merope 7,fabr474 4 #b4 ,heteronympha merope 7,fabr474 4 #c4 ,danais hamata 7,macl474 #d4 ,cethosia cydippe 7,linn474 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxi4--,,lepidoptera4 ,the last of this genus ,i shall notice is the very distinct yellow and black butterfly1 ,papilio sthenelus1 which has a wide range from ,south ,australia to ,queensland1 and is one of the very few large butterflies found far inland4 ,the ,painted ,gauzewing1 ,eurycus cressida1 is a rare species in ,n4,s4 ,wales1 though recorded from as far south as ,sydney1 but is abundant in the tropical northern scrubs4 ,the male has the fore wings denuded of scales and semitransparent1 with the shoulders and two spots in the front black2 the hind ones are black mottled with white and red1 the latter colour also on the sides of the thorax and tip of the abdomen4 ,the female is smaller1 of a dull brown colour1 with semitransparent wings1 looking very much like a small rubbed specimen of the male2 the amateur collector generally discards them under that impression4 ,family #f4 ,skippers4 ,,hesperidae4 ,these butterflies are popularly known as 8,skippers0 on account of the peculiar way they fly1 so different from all the other groups4 ,they have broad1 short1 thickset heads and bodies2 and the antennae1 wide apart at the base1 are produced at the tip into an irregular club or pointed hooked process4 ,the legs are perfect in both sexes and often spined2 most of them are brown or reddish yellow1 more or less variegated4 ,the larvae are long1 cylindrical1 naked caterpillars1 with the head hard and horny2 the prothorax narrow1 forming a regular neck4 ,when full grown they attach themselves by the tail to the leaf1 which they roll round themselves into a primitive kind of cocoon4 ,messrs4 ,meyrick and ,lower have lately revised this group 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4,a4 #aijb71 and list #gi species that they identify1 and note a number of others that are so badly described that they cannot be determined4 ,netrocoryne repanda1 one of our largest species1 of a uniform light brown tint1 has the tips of the wings darkest1 the centres of the fore pair marked with large translucent blotches of a pale yellow tint1 and a single spot in each hind one4 ,it has an extended range from ,sydney to ,n4 ,queensland4 ,the ,genus ,hesperilla contains #ca species1 some of which are very local1 while others have a very wide range3 ,h4 picta is about #b inches across the wings2 its general colour is dark brown with a dull greenish tint on the body1 ornamented with five yellow spots on the fore wing2 the centres of the hind ones and the hind margins of the same yellow colour1 and with the markings on the under surface more numerous4 ,h4 ornata is a smaller species1 of a general dark brown2 the fore wings carry a number of spots and four angular golden yellow blotches2 the hind pair are reddish orange mottled on the under surface of the body1 the tips of the fore and the whole of the hind wings with pale yellow4 ,it has an extended range from ,victoria up to ,cooktown ,n4,q4 ,trapezites iacchus1 one of our commonest species1 described by ,fabricius in #agge1 measures #a inches in length1 and is of a uniform1 dull brown colour shaded with yellow2 the fore wings are blotched with small irregular marks2 those on the hind pair are parallel and confluent4 ,the under surface is dull yellow2 the fore wings are mottled and the hind ones marked with four to five small purple spots ringed with black4 ,it has a wide range from ,tasmania over ,australia4 ,t4 symmomus is a darker1 larger species very similar in the markings1 only the yellow spots are more defined4 ,it does not range further north than ,brisbane4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aji and #aaj4--;,earlier stages of the ,palm ,skipper1 ,pamphila augiades 7,fielder74 #aji4 ,larva4 #aaj4 ,pupa4 ,apaustus lascivia is one of the small dull brown skippers washed with yellow1 with pale slender transverse bars crossing the centre of the wings2 the body is marked with white2 the under surface is dull yellow1 with the tips of the fore wings darkest4 ,the larvae of ,pamphila augiades1 another common species in the ,sydney gardens1 and found as far north as ,bowen1 ,queensland1 feeds upon the foliage of young palms2 that of ,erynnis sperthias is found on the same plant4 ,badamia exclamationis is a light brown species with the fore wings narrowed to the extremities1 and the hind pair arcuate on the edges4 ,it measures #b inches across the wings1 and ranges from ,sydney to ,cape ,york4 ,in the ,genus ,hasora we have several large skippers1 all northern species1 with the upper surface dark2 the under surface richly marked with purple and pale golden yellow in ,h4 discolor2 and with simple silvery stripes on the under surface in ,h4 hurama4 ,,heterocera4 ,moths4 ,moths differ from butterflies in having the abdomen stout and thickset1 and not pinched or constricted in front at the junction with the thorax2 and the antennae1 instead of being clubbed or thickened at the tips1 are either slender filiform appendages or are uniformly thickened1 pectinate1 or feathered2 when of the latter form they are much more pronounced in the males4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,head of ,hawk ,moth4 a1 upper lip2 b1 mandibles2 c1 proboscis2 d1 lower lip2 e1 antennae2 f1 eyes4 7,redrawn from ,duncan's 8,transformations of ,insects407 ,most moths are nocturnal in their habits2 in the day time they are usually found hiding among the foliage or resting in dark corners1 and many can be obtained by shaking the bushes over a net4 ,the larger species may be killed at once in the cyanide bottle1 but must be transferred to a box as soon as they are dead1 for they rub very easily2 the smaller forms can be placed alive in glass-topped or chip boxes1 and afterwards killed1 and then mounted before they are stiff4 ,the members of a few groups fly about in the daylight2 for instance ,agarista glycine1 our vine moth1 but they are exceptions4 ,the beautiful hawk moths only flit about at twilight1 and are known as 8crepuscular0 moths4 ,this great group contains some giants of the insect world1 such as some of the ,atlas ,moths of ,india1 and ,wood ,moths of ,australia1 which are as big as small bats2 while among the ,micro-lepidoptera we come to many tiny creatures which require to be examined with a lens before their identity can be established4 ,the typical moth caterpillar constructs a stout silken bag or cocoon1 within the shelter of which it casts its skin and becomes a well defined pupa2 but there are many which bury themselves in the ground1 or pupate in cavities in timber that form no true cocoon but simply undergo their transformations in such secure hiding places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,wings of ,moth4 ,a1 ,fore wing3 c4m1 costal margin2 o4m1 outer margin or termin2 i4m1 inner margin2 a4a1 apex2 o4a1 outer angle or tornus2 c1 discoidal cell2 d1 discocellulurs4 ,b1 ,hind wing3 c4n1 costal nervure2 vein #ab fore wing1 #h of hind wing2 s4n1 sub-costal nervure2 m4n1 median nervure2 #a;a1 b1 c1 three branches of internal nervure2 #b1 #c1 two branches of median nervure2 #d1 #e1 #f1 three branches of radial nervure2 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 five sub-costal branches of fore wing2 #g sub-costal nervure of hind wing4 ,moths are well represented in all parts of ,australia1 but are most numerous in well wooded country3 a considerable amount of work has been done in this group by ,messrs4 ,lewin1 ,scott1 ,walker1 ,meyrick1 ,lower1 ,turner1 and others in ,australia1 and ,messrs4 ,gurin1 ,boisduval1 and many other foreign writers4 ,i have in the arrangement of the families followed ,lower's ,catalogue of ,victorian ,heterocera 7,victorian ,naturalist ,vol4 x4 #ahic--,vol4 xiv4 #ahih74 ,family #a4 ,connecting-link ,moths4 ,,castniidae4 ,the members of this group comprise a few insects that form an intermediate state of development between butterflies and moths2 for while there is no doubt that they are moths1 they have hooked or thickened antennae like the 8,skippers10 somewhat similar habits1 and even the general colouration4 ,they are chiefly confined to ,south ,america and ,australia4 ,euschemon rafflesiae is one of the largest hesperid-like forms2 is black1 blotched with white1 and is found in the northern parts of ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,synemon contains a number of small reddish brown moths which flit about over the grass1 just like small butterflies3 ,synemon sophia is about #a inches across the wings1 which are brown1 slightly marbled in front1 and the hind pair blotched with dull yellowish brown2 it is common on the grassy flats along the eastern coast4 ,s4 hesperoides is common in ,victoria in similar localities2 is about the same size1 but of a darker brown colour2 the fore wings marbled with fine wavy grey lines1 and the hind ones with a rusty red tint4 ,family #b4 ,butterfly ,moths4 ,,uraniidae4 ,these are large usually day-flying moths with slender antennae2 broad wings1 the hind pair crenulated and produced into tails2 the abdomen like that of a stout butterfly1 and never extending beyond the hind wings4 ,the typical species 7,genus ,urania7 are found in ,america1 others in ,madagascar2 but our beautiful forms belong to the ,genus ,nyctalemon1 one species of which1 ,nyctalemon orontes1 is very common in ,north ,queensland4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,cairns a score of this species can often be taken in the early morning resting on the low scrub1 and small swarms of them can often be seen flying across the rivers in the middle of the day4 ,this species is a very handsome large velvety black moth marked with broad dull green bands1 and having short creamy swallow tails4 ,several very beautiful species are also found in ,southern ,new ,guinea4 ,family #c4 ,day ,moths4 ,,agaristidae4 ,this family has been lately revised by ,hampson 7,catalogue of the ,lepidoptera ,phalaenae ,vol4 ,i4 ,british ,museum #ahih72 he divides them into #ee ,genera containing #bbe species1 of which some typical forms are peculiar to ,australia2 they are conspicuously coloured and further noticeable from their habit of flying in the daytime4 ,the members of this family are chiefly confined to the tropical parts of the ,old ,world and the ,australian region2 in ,america a few only are found in ,mexico and ,brazil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,phalaenoides glycinae 7,lewin74 ,the ,caterpillar and ,adult of the ,vine ,moth4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,vine ,moth1 ,phalaenoides 7,agarista7 glycinae1 better known under the old generic name of ,agarista1 is one of our regular vine pests in the caterpillar state1 devouring the foliage and young grapes4 ,the moth lays her eggs upon the vine canes2 the grubs when full grown measure up to #b inches2 are of a general deep greenish yellow tint1 with the whole of the upper surface covered with small tubercles each bearing a single hair2 and they have a band of bright red blotches round the dorsal surface of the anal segment4 ,they bury themselves in the ground1 forming a dark reddish brown chrysalid enclosed in a primitive cocoon or covering of particles of earth4 ,the moth measures #b inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform black colour marbled on the head1 thorax1 and sides of the wings with white2 the fore wings are tipped with white1 and an irregular transverse bar of pale yellow is followed by a smaller blotch through the centre2 in the hind pair the outer margins are irregularly edged with white4 ,phalaenoides tristifica1 formerly known under the name of ,agarista lewinii1 is slightly smaller2 the fore wings are more mottled1 and the hind pair have an irregular white spot in the centre by which it can be easily identified4 ,cruria donovani1 also smaller than the ,vine ,moth1 has the fore wings mottled with a number of small white blotches1 and a broad irregular patch in the centre of the hind ones4 ,eutrichopidia latina comes closer still to the ,vine ,moth in size and colour1 but can also be easily recognised by having a single broader1 irregular1 dull yellow band across the outer half of the fore wings4 ,the ,painted ,day ,moth1 ,agarista agricola1 attracted the attention of our earliest entomologists by its brilliant colouration1 and was described and figured in colours by ,donovan in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland0 #ahje1 and again by ,dr4 ,leach in his 8,zoological ,miscellanies0 published in #ahae4 ,it has a wide range from ,sydney northward1 and the several sub-species placed under this name extend its range to ,new ,guinea and ,timor4 ,this is now the sole type of the ,genus ,agarista1 in which so many of our species were formerly placed2 it is a handsome black moth2 measures up to #c inches across the wings1 the fore-pair of which are richly blotched with pale yellow1 deep orange1 and blue2 in the hind pair the centre is bright red and blue1 and the margin is white4 ,the head and thorax are pale yellow above2 the legs and under surface red2 the tip of the abdomen dark orange4 ,the larva is a handsome dark coloured caterpillar clothed with scattered and curious long clubbed hairs4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxii4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,notodontidae4 #a4 ,danima banksiae 7,lewin74 ,family ,,agaristidae4 #b4 ,hecatesia fenestrata 7,boisd474 #f4 ,agarista agricola 7,donov474 ,family ,,hypsidae4 #c4 ,nyctemera amica 7,white74 ,family ,,sphingidae4 #d4 ,cizara ardenia 7,lewin74 #h4 ,hemaris hylas 7,lewin74 ,family ,,liparidae4 #e4 ,darala ocellata 7,walker74 ,family ,,syntomidae4 #g4 ,syntomis annulata 7,fabr474 ,family ,,castniidae4 #i4 ,synemon hesperoides 7,feld74 ,family ,,pyralidae4 #aj4 ,zenckenia recurvalis 7,fabr474 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxii4--,,lepidoptera4 ,the ,genus ,hecatesia contains our curious 8whistling moths10 which fly about just at dusk1 making sharp continued notes like the calls of some of our small cicadas4 ,the sound is said to be produced by the male rubbing his curiously clubbed antennae against a pellucid ridged area in the front of the fore wings4 ,hampson doubts this1 and says it is probably caused by rubbing the tarsal spines against the ribbed space4 ,hecatesia fenestrata is a pretty little moth1 about #a inch across the wings2 is of a general dark brown tint2 the outer margins of the fore wings are provided with a broad semi-lunate ribbed band 7the musical apparatus7 in front1 and two white lines behind2 the centre of the hind pair and abdomen richly blotched with reddish yellow2 the head1 antennae1 centre of thorax1 and outer margins of the wings marked with white4 ,three species of this ,genus are recorded from ,australia1 two of which were described from the west coast1 while ,hecatesia fenestrata has a range from ,south ,australia into ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #d4 ,ringed ,moths4 ,,syntomidae4 ,the typical ,genus ,syntomis1 in which ,hampson places all our species that were previously described under the ,genus ,hydrusa1 comprises about #ach species1 chiefly confined to ,africa1 ,asia1 the ,malay ,archipelago and ,australia2 #ab species are recorded from this country4 ,they are all rather small moths of a general black or brown tint mottled with orange yellow or lighter brown4 ,syntomis annulata1 about #a inch across the outspread wings1 has a very wide range from the ,philippines through ,new ,guinea and ,australia1 and naturally varies much in different localities2 our variety is of a blackish tint1 with six orange spots in the fore wings1 and two more angular blotches on the hind ones2 the abdomen is regularly banded with orange and black4 ,s4 aperta measures #b inches across the wings1 which are of a brownish tint with large blotches of orange yellow occupying the greater portion of the surface1 divided from each other by slender lines4 ,it ranges from ,new ,guinea and ,queensland round to ,s4 ,australia1 and has been captured out west about ,bathurst1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,euchromia creusa is a very handsome form about #b inches across the narrow fore wings1 which are black with two large transparent divided spots forming a double row across them1 and another very small one at the base3 the hind pair have two similar blotches4 ,the head1 thorax1 and basal portion of the abdomen are black1 shot with metallic blue2 the basal abdominal segments are crimson1 finely barred with black4 ,this beautiful moth has a wide range over the ,malay ,archipelago and the ,pacific ,islands1 coming down to ,thursday ,island and ,north ,queensland4 ,many of the foreign species in the larval state feed upon lichens or grass4 ,family #e4 ,burnet ,moths4 ,,zygaenidae4 ,these moths form an extensive family represented in most parts of the world2 they are also day-flying moths1 and some are very brilliant in colour4 ,in ,england some of them are known as 8,burnet ,moths0 and 8,green ,foresters40 ,they have long narrow wings1 and the antennae thickened toward the middle4 ,most of our species belong to the ,genus ,procris1 which are also very abundant in ,southern ,europe4 ,they are small creatures measuring under #a inch across the wings1 and are of a general dark brown tint with greenish markings4 ,hestiochora bicolor is a curious little moth remarkable for its bright colouration1 which has a wonderful resemblance to one of our small parasitic wasps 7,braconidae74 ,the wings are clouded with black2 the head and front of the thorax are red1 the hind margin of the latter black2 the abdomen black and white4 ,family #f4 ,hawk ,moths4 ,,sphingidae4 ,the hawk moths have a stout rounded abdomen tapering to a point2 thickened antennae2 stout narrow pointed wings2 the proboscis or sucking mouth-tube very long1 curled up under the head when at rest1 but capable of being uncurled in front of the head to suck up the nectar from the deepest tubular flower while the moth is hovering over it4 ,they hide during the day1 and are most active just at twilight1 when they dart about1 over1 and around the flowering shrubs4 ,their caterpillars are very handsome thick cylindrical grubs marked with brilliant eye spots and stripes of various striking colours1 and are easily distinguished by a curious curved fleshy horn on the dorsal surface of the tail segment4 ,they take their scientific name from the fanciful resemblance of their stiff horny pupae 7which are naked and generally buried in the sand beneath their food plant7 to the ,egyptian ,sphinx1 and their popular names of 8hawk0 and 8humming-bird moth0 from their powers of flight4 ,our species have been divided into five sub-families1 and in ,miskin's 8,catalogue of the ,australian ,sphingidae0 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,queensland7 #db species are listed under #ac genera2 to which list a few species have since been added4 ,the first group contains what are popularly called the 8,clear-winged ,hawk-moths10 from the large bare scaleless areas in the wings2 they fly about in the daytime with a loud humming noise1 very much resembling some of the ,carpenter-bees when hovering over the flowers4 ,hemaris kingi is marked with black and yellow1 and has a thick tuft of stiff hairs on either side of the abdomen2 it is not uncommon in ,southern ,queensland4 ,h4 hylas is a similar stout moth with unspotted wings which has an extended range across ,queensland to ,japan1 ,asia1 and ,africa2 while a third species1 ,h4 janus1 ranges from ,brisbane to ,rockhampton4 ,in the ,genus ,macroglossa #d species are recorded from ,queensland1 some of which extend into our north coast scrubs4 ,in the second group we have a very distinctive little banded hawk moth1 ,cizara ardenia1 which ranges from ,new ,south ,wales into ,southern ,queensland2 most of my specimens come from the ,illawarra scrubs1 ,n4,s4,w41 where the larva feeds upon the wild vine4 ,its ground colour is dark brown with narrow grey bands running round and crossing the middle of the wings1 with a curious eye spot on the shoulders4 ,the ,genus ,chaerocampa contains a number of large handsome hawk moths1 some of which are introduced species world wide in their range2 about #ag are recorded from ,australia4 ,the ,silver ,stripe1 ,chaerocampa celerio1 is a common ,european species1 that is well known here4 ,french describes the caterpillar as a vine pest in ,victoria2 it is a cylindrical greenish to purple tinted grub with eye spots on the hind segments4 ,the moth measures #c inches across the wings2 its ground colour is greyish fawn1 with four slender lines of silvery white forming a stripe down the centre of the fore wings1 and the body marked with silver spots2 the hind wings are bright pink4 ,c4 oldenlandi1 which comes close to this species1 feeds upon vines in ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,it differs in having no short oblique silvery stripes on the front of the fore wings1 hardly any red on the hind ones1 and has an unbroken silvery dorsal stripe down the abdomen4 ,c4 erotus1 about the same size1 has dark reddish brown fore wings1 slightly marbled1 and the hind pair yellow1 darkened on the hind margins2 its larvae sometimes feed upon sweet-potatoes4 ,c4 scrofa is a much smaller species of a lighter brown colour1 with the hind wings dull brick red1 darkest along the hind margin4 ,this is one of our commonest species with a wide range over ,australia2 the brown small-headed larvae feed upon grass and low herbage4 ,among our most striking forms are the two species of the ,genus ,coequosa1 both about the same size1 sometimes measuring up to #g inches across the wings4 ,coequosa triangularis is of a reddish brown and grey tint1 mottled on the hind wings with bright yellow1 the darker brown forming a large angular patch in the centre of the fore wings2 ,c4 australasiae is of a light buff or fawn colour1 more marbled1 with the wedge-shaped blotch merging into the colouration of the tip of the wing2 and the hind pair yellow1 only edged with brown on the hind margin4 ,the caterpillar of ,c4 triangularis1 our commoner form1 is dull green1 with a rough granulated skin and a small elongate head2 the tip of the abdomen is furnished with a pair of stout plates used as claspers to cling to its food plant2 above this on either side is a black shining bead-like eye1 which is only an ornamental process1 but this often leads people to think that this is the head end1 and in some places it is known as the double-headed caterpillar4 ,it feeds upon the foliage of ,persoonia and ,acacia1 and when touched has a habit of swinging its body round1 as if trying to strike2 when full grown it is enclosed in a black shining pupa-case hidden among the rubbish beneath the trees4 ,the ,genus ,macrosila contains #d species1 two of which are not uncommon in ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the ,she-oak ,hawk-moth1 ,m4 casuarina1 measures up to #e inches across the wings1 and is of a general greyish mottled brown colour1 with a darker blotch in the centre of the fore wings1 which are slightly mottled with black toward the tip2 and the hind wings are often very dark brown4 ,the ,convolvulus ,hawk-moth1 ,protoparce convolvuli1 ranges all over the world1 the caterpillars feeding upon the convolvulus2 and it is also sometimes quite a pest upon sweet-potatoes4 ,the moth measures #c inches across the wings1 and is of a general dark grey colour thickly mottled with dark brown2 the abdomen has a broad brown stripe down the centre with short transverse white1 pink1 and black bars on either side4 ,the ,privet ,hawk-moth1 ,sphinx ligustri1 has light brown fore wings1 the abdomen and hind wings being marked with pink and black4 ,it1 like the vine hawkmoth1 has a world wide range1 and the caterpillars1 with their delicate green tint beautifully striped with white1 are very common in our gardens toward the end of summer on privet and other garden shrubs4 ,in spite of their large size1 they are very difficult to detect until the damaged foliage calls attention to their presence4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,protoparce convolvuli 7,linn474 ,the ,hawk-moth of the sweet potato and convolvulus4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,family #g4 ,wood ,moths4 ,,hepialidae4 ,this is a very distinct group1 the members of which usually have long deflexed wings rounded at the extremities1 and the neuration of both pairs of wings alike2 the tongue is generally obsolete2 ocelli absent2 the tibiae without spurs2 while the abdomen is very long and cylindrical in the typical forms4 ,they lay their eggs upon the bark of different forest trees2 the little caterpillars1 after feeding for a short time on the surface1 tunnel into the tree trunk1 becoming fleshy naked grubs which bore cylindrical chambers of various forms in the timber1 in which they sometimes remain for years1 finally pupating in the burrows4 ,the moth develops and escapes in the summer from the pupal case1 which is frequently found projecting from the hole in the trunk or root after it has emerged4 ,the moths are generally found clinging to the tree trunks1 where they are easily captured4 ,they frequently come to the light at night1 but are difficult things to kill and mount1 on account of their size and the ease with which the scales rub off4 ,the females of some species lay many thousands of eggs4 ,if these eggs are not removed from captured specimens and the bodies stuffed before setting1 they generally become greasy and spoil in a very short time4 ,on account of their large size and beautiful colouration the wood moths have attracted a great deal of attention2 ,scott figured and described a number in his 8,australian ,lepidoptera10 part of which has been published by the trustees of the ,australian ,museum ,n4,s4,w4 ,meyrick published a revision of the family 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi71 which is much more satisfactory1 and has been followed in these notes4 ,the moths1 which ,meyrick considers to be the ancestral forms of the ,bombycina1 have a world wide distribution1 and are well represented in ,australia4 ,donovan in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland0 described one under the name of ,hepialus australasiae1 which is now known as ,perissectis australasiae4 ,with outspread wings it measures up to #c inches across2 the body and fore wings are of a general dark yellowish colour1 marbled and mottled with dark brown1 and the hind wings have a reddish tint4 ,the ,genus ,porina contains #h described species from this country2 others are recorded from ,new ,zealand and ,africa2 they are smaller moths of a general brown1 yellow1 or grey tint4 ,the ,genus ,hepialus comprises a number of very beautiful moths with all kinds of delicate green1 yellow1 pink1 and silvery shades of colour4 ,the moth lays her eggs upon a tree stem2 the newly hatched larva eating off the surface of the bark forms a matted web under which it bores into the centre of the branch1 and then makes a vertical shaft downward1 varying in length from a few inches to several feet1 in which it feeds and pupates4 ,the best method to obtain specimens of these moths is to collect the infested branches or stems1 cutting them off a foot or more on either side of the silken webs 7which often form a regular ring round the stem71 and placing them in several inches of damp sand in a box1 with a sheet of glass over the top4 ,the wood thus dries slowly and does not damage the delicate pupae or larvae from which1 if collected at the proper time1 the perfect moths of several species will readily breed out4 ,the males and females of the same species differ from each other in size1 colour and markings4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,hepialidae4 ,leto staceyi 7,scott74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxiii4--,,lepidoptera4 ,lewin's wood-moth1 ,hepialus lewini1 is one in which the sexes are very different4 ,the larger female measures #b inches across the wings2 the fore pair1 head1 and thorax are dull claret red1 mottled on the centre and tips of the wings with green2 the hind pair dull yellow1 with a pinkish tint4 ,in the male1 the head1 thorax1 and fore wings are pale green1 the latter banded with opaline white2 the hind pair of a paler green with white tints4 ,this is one of our common species1 and feeds in the stems of the ,casuarina4 ,the larva of ,h4 exima feeds on the stems of the 8,lilly-pilly0 and ,water-gums1 forming quite a felted bag round the branch1 and is said to remain in the larval state for several years2 like the great wood-moth1 before it pupates it eats the web off in front of its chamber and replaces it with a wad to protect the opening2 this it can easily push out with its horny pupal head when ready to emerge4 ,this is a much larger green form1 with the edges of the fore wings marked with brownish yellow and two eye spots of the same colour in the centre2 the small male has the green fore wings marked with opaline white4 ,h4 ramseyi is easily recognised by its greater size and the green fore wings richly mottled with large silvery white spots forming irregular transverse bands4 ,the ,bent-wing1 ,leto staceyi1 is one of our most remarkable moths both for size and colour3 it was originally described by ,scott under the generic name ,zelotypia1 but ,meyrick placed it in the ,genus ,leto1 in which another species has been described from ,s4 ,africa4 ,both of these species are peculiar in having the hind wings tufted with stout shaggy hairs4 ,this moth1 chiefly obtained in the forest country about ,newcastle1 has been largely bred from the infested timber by miners in the district1 who had a ready sale for them1 and who at this work naturally learnt a good deal about their habits4 ,when the young larva enters the tree trunk it covers the opening so carefully with web and particles of bark1 that it requires an observant eye to detect the injury4 ,according to some of the collectors the larva lives and grows in its shaft1 about a foot in depth1 for a period of six years 7but this needs verifying72 it generally pupates early in ,december after blocking the opening with a felted wad2 but soon after its transformation it pushes this wad out4 ,the chrysalid fits close to its vertical shaft1 and aided by rows of fine spines round the apex of each abdominal segment can move up and down2 when reaching maturity it has a favourite habit of resting in the shaft with the top of its head level with the transverse burrow1 and dropping downward if disturbed4 ,thornton1 who bred or captured nearly #ajj in the ,newcastle district1 generally obtained them in the month of ,march1 and found that those under observation invariably came out about #c o'clock in the afternoon4 ,the larger female measures up to #h inches across the wings1 of which the front pair are long1 slender1 and arcuate on the hind margins2 these are of a general greyish fawn brown1 wonderfully marbled with black and brown1 and with a large eye-spot in the centre toward the tip3 the hind wings and body are reddish yellow4 ,meyrick suggests1 in his paper previously quoted1 that the curious eye-spots on the wings1 together with the general outline of the moth resting upon the tree trunk1 might be a case of protective mimicry1 resembling a snake's head2 this appears to me however to be very far fetched4 ,skuse reproduced a drawing of the moth and a monitor lizard's head in the 8,records of the ,australian ,museum10 to show this fancied resemblance1 but if the correct colouration had been added the resemblance would have been very much less marked4 ,the ,genus ,pielus contains some large brownish moths with very hairy legs1 two of which have been described from ,australia3 ,pielus hyalinatus1 slightly under #d inches across the wings1 is of a general chocolate brown tint with an irregular silvery white stripe and dark lines running through the centre of the fore wings2 the hind pair are brown4 ,the larvae feed in the roots of several species of wattles1 and are frequently attacked by ,cordiceps1 the curious fungus that turns them into what are known as 8vegetable caterpillars40 ,this species has a range from the southern parts of ,w4 ,australia through ,victoria to ,north ,queensland4 ,messrs4 ,olliff and ,prince figured and described 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhg7 a handsome variety of this moth under the name of ,pielus imperialis4 ,the marbled wood-moth1 ,trictena labyrinthica1 is a large dark brown moth1 measuring up to #f inches across the wings1 which are covered with a scroll-work pattern of lighter colour4 ,the larvae of these also feed upon the roots of trees4 ,in the ,,cossidae we have a typical goat-moth1 ,culama caliginosa1 resembling the ,english species in form and habits4 ,the larva is a short1 dull1 red1 naked grub that feeds in the stem of the apple-gum1 tunnelling round under the bark until nearly full grown1 when it bores into the wood and pupates in a cocoon at the end4 ,the moth is of a uniform delicate slate-grey1 finely marbled with black lines all over the broad rounded wings1 which are folded downward when at rest4 ,the ,,zeuzeridae comprise some of our giant wood-boring moths2 some are as large as small birds1 with great rounded bodies1 and grey wings thickly mottled with black1 brown and fawn3 ,zeuzera eucalypti has received an unfortunate specific name1 for it feeds in the larval state in the stems and branches of several different species of wattles1 and kills a great number of these trees by perforating them with great circular burrows2 when ready to pupate1 it forms a silken bag close to the outer skin of the bark1 which has been gnawed away so that it can easily push its way out when ready to emerge4 ,the moths have the usual brown tint mottled with irregular blotches of grey4 ,the rust-coloured wood moth is a much larger species1 and is commonly known under the name of ,z4 liturata1 but is probably identical with ,z4 cinerens4 ,it measures up to #d inches across the wings1 and is of a delicate mottled grey and brown tint1 with the hind wings and central portion of the dorsal surface of the abdomen bright chocolate brown4 ,the larvae of this and the following species live in the centre of the stems of large forest gums1 and are said to take a number of years to come to maturity4 ,macleay's wood moth1 ,zeuzera macleayi1 said to be identical with ,herrick-,schafer's ,eudoxula boisduvalli1 has a large cylindrical body1 and is the giant of the family1 measuring up to #aj inches across the wings4 ,they are brown thickly mottled with grey scales2 when taken they are generally found clinging to the tree trunks1 upon which each female deposits many thousands of small shot-like eggs4 ,olliff has given a detailed description of ,leto staceyi1 and an account of a variety 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhg74 ,in a general account of these wood-moths 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahid7 ,i recorded a number of ,thornton's observations4 ,family #h4 ,bag ,moths4 ,,psychidae4 ,the members of this group are more remarkable in the caterpillar than in the moth stage1 for as soon as they emerge the larvae construct protective caps of silken threads and bits of their food-plant1 which as they increase in size become regular silken sacks open at the neck1 through which the head and fore-legs protrude as they crawl about1 but retract at the least alarm4 ,they take their popular name of 8,bag0 or 8,case ,moths0 from this peculiar habit1 and the different species construct different forms of bags and ornament them with sticks or leaves4 ,in ,germany they are called 8,sacktragers02 in ,america are known as 8,basket ,worms02 and the family is fairly represented all over the world4 ,this country is rich in large species1 some of which were noticed as curiosities at a very early date1 and ,westwood described and figured most of our bag moths 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahed7 under the ,genus ,oiketicus3 ,mc,coy in his 8,podromus of ,natural ,history of ,victoria0 ,decade iv4 gave additional notes on the habits of two of our common species2 and an interesting paper on how they construct their portable homes will be found in the 8,victorian ,naturalist0 by ,hill 7#ahih74 ,the caterpillars themselves are short1 naked1 dull green creatures with stout horny heads1 and are apparently so well protected from their many enemies that one would hardly expect to find them suffer from the attacks of parasites4 ,but they must have some weak point in their armour for a very large percentage1 even when collected and kept in breeding cages1 produce only wasp and fly parasites4 ,when full grown the caterpillar closes up the neck of its bag and fastens it by a stout silken band to a twig before changing into the chrysalid state2 but while the male turns round and pupates head downward1 the female remains head up as before1 and when she casts her pupal skin is an aborted wingless creature1 with small head and legs2 the body simply develops into a great swollen sack of eggs1 which hatch out in her body1 or in the shelter of the cocoon2 and the larvae make their way out at the open tip of the bag1 each attached to a silken thread1 a squirming mass of hundreds of little black creatures1 leaving her only a shrivelled skin in the cocoon4 ,the male moth1 which is rare1 is a very active creature1 which dashes about as soon as he emerges from the pupal case1 and damages his wings 7even when bred in captivity7 before he can be caught4 ,he has curious toothed antennae2 the head and body are thickly clothed with fine hairs2 the body has telescopic segments1 capable of being protracted to double their ordinary length when impregnating the female enclosed in her cocoon4 ,the wings are narrow1 very lightly covered with scales1 and without any very distinctive pattern4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,liparidae4 #a4 ,teara contraria 7,walker74 4 #b4 ,teara contraria 7,walker74 ,caterpillar4 #c4 ,teara contraria 7,walker74 4 #d4 ,teara contraria 7,walker74 ,bag shelter among the foliage of ,eucalyptus albens4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxiv4--,,lepidoptera4 ,about #ac species of these moths are described from ,australia1 of which several are very common at times in the bush4 ,saunders' ,case ,moth1 ,metura elongata1 is our largest species2 the larva constructs an elongate silken sack often up to #d or #e inches in length1 broadest in the centre and tapering to both extremities2 the outside is covered with short lengths of sticks nibbled from the food plant1 or picked up during its wanderings4 ,on an average these sticks are about as long as wooden matches1 and are securely attached at irregular distances1 the lower ones often extending beyond the silken tip4 ,the caterpillar1 of which only the head1 thorax1 and fore-legs can be seen1 is a stout1 naked1 dull brown grub barred with black and reddish orange1 measuring about #b inches in length4 ,the female moth differs so little from the caterpillar that it is hardly worth noticing1 but the active winged male1 with a wing expanse of about #b inches1 has the head and thorax thickly clothed with bright reddish orange down1 and the dusky wings are lightly clothed with fine scales4 ,though the moth is a somewhat rare insect1 the bag cocoon can be often found on a twig or attached to a fence1 for in spite of the large house they carry they are great travellers4 ,the ,faggot ,case-moth1 ,entometa ignoblis1 forms a very different kind of portable home2 the silken sack is covered with a coat of stout sticks which are generally cut from the gum trees and laid parallel to each other1 and closely fastened to the silken surface1 so that it reminds one of a bundle of faggots4 ,they vary much in size and length2 the larger measures up to #c inches2 one stick will be often found projecting an inch or more beyond the others2 this is said to be a resting place for the male moth when seeking the enclosed female4 ,she is of the usual obese form2 of a general brown tint1 the head and thorax creamy white spotted with black4 ,the male moth with a wing expanse of #a inches is of a uniform brown colour4 ,the ,leaf ,case-moth1 ,thyridopteryx hubneri1 forms a shorter oval silken sack averaging about #b inches in length and broad in proportion1 covered with different kinds of leaves1 for they feed on many shrubs and trees2 but the commonest are clothed with bits of gum leaves attached only on the upper edge1 and might be likened to a rag mat4 ,when they infest pine trees in the garden1 they are uniformly clothed with short lengths of pine needles and have a much neater appearance4 ,the caterpillar is a stout black grub with the head and thorax dull white1 mottled with brown4 ,the male moth is a pretty little creature1 with reddish brown antennae1 the body thickly clothed with black down2 the wings have very few scales1 and are almost transparent1 with a slight blotch in the centre of the hind pair4 ,the ,ribbed ,case-moth1 ,thyridopteryx herrichii1 differs from the others in constructing a smooth white silken bag1 oval in form1 angled on the sides1 and with a slender tail at the base2 and the long attenuated neck forms a regular stalk when attached to the twig2 it measures about #b inches1 and is never covered with sticks or leaves4 ,the caterpillar is blackish brown with the head and first thoracic segment lighter coloured4 ,the moth is about #a inch across the wings1 thickly clothed with black hairs1 and a reddish orange spot behind the thorax2 the wings are semitransparent1 with very few scales4 ,family #i4 ,cup or ,slug ,moths4 ,,limacodidae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,doratifera vulnerans 7,lewin74 ,the 8,cup or ,slug ,moth10 with larva and cup-shaped cocoon4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,these are moderate sized moths with plump bodies thickly clothed with shaggy hairs1 retracted heads1 and toothed antennae4 ,the caterpillars are curious short stout slug-like creatures feeding on the surface of the foliage2 their feet are almost obsolete1 while the under surface is quite flat1 soft and fleshy2 the whole body rests on the leaf when crawling along like that of a snail4 ,the upper surface is saddle-shaped1 with the two extremities raised and ornamented with fleshy spiny tubercles1 with little bunches of sharp retractile spines like rosettes1 which can be withdrawn into the tubercle or erected at will2 the spines are sharp and appear to be hollow1 and give a smart sting if they touch the body2 in some of the ,american species1 the stinging sensation is so severe as to cause serious swellings4 ,when full grown they spin curious egg-shaped1 brown1 parchment-like cocoons attached at the base to the twig1 with the apex rounded and forming a circular cap or lid1 which1 closely cemented on1 is loosened and pushed off by the enclosed moth when she emerges4 ,they do not pupate as soon as the cocoon is finished1 but remain for a long time in a semi-caterpillar state before the chrysalis is formed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,painted ,cup ,moth1 ,limacodes longerans1 is one of our commonest species4 ,the female is about #a inches across the wings2 has a very large abdomen2 is of a general dull brownish tint2 the head and thorax are slightly coloured with red1 and the under surface dark brown1 the wings chocolate brown1 with the outer margins light brown4 ,the much smaller male has semitransparent wings1 with the head and thorax marked with bright red4 ,the larvae feed on eucalypts and are of a delicate green colour and of the typical form2 about #a inch in length2 with four large tubercles at each end carrying a rosette of retractile red spines2 the centre is marked with red and blue1 and the outer margins are fringed with short tubercles4 ,they form regular oval cocoons generally attached on their sides to the twig or bark4 ,the ,mottled ,cup ,moth1 ,doratifera vulnerans1 is another common species1 the larvae of which sometimes attack the foliage of apricot trees4 ,it is a larger slug caterpillar than the last1 with a patch of bright yellow in the middle of the back4 ,the cocoons are pear-shaped with the apex somewhat contracted1 showing the lid more distinctly4 ,they sometimes swarm over the bush about ,sydney ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the moths are of a general reddish brown tint with the fore wings marbled in the centre with a redder shade2 the hind wings are lighter brown2 they are somewhat smaller than the last species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,doratifera quadriguttata is of a dull reddish tint2 the fore wings are crossed with a row of #c darker raised spots1 the hind wings being much lighter3 the female measures about #a inches1 the male somewhat smaller4 ,the larvae1 when young1 cluster together up to a dozen in number1 and feed on the under-side of the leaf1 but when full grown they scatter about1 destroying much of the foliage of the gum trees4 ,numbers were collected near ,gosford ,n4,s4,w4 about the end of ,february4 ,they are short and broad1 black1 with a pair of dull yellow fleshy horns in front1 and #d tubercles surmounted with bunches of yellow spines tipped with black at each extremity2 the centre of the flattened back has rows of short yellow spines with a fringe of similar ones round the outer margins4 ,when full grown they form the usual egg-shaped brown cocoon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 acasta is a very similar moth1 with a row of #f or more similar spots crossing the fore wings4 ,the larvae feed in the same manner1 and are very plentiful toward the end of summer in the ,bathurst district1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,rainbow has figured the larvae of this species in the 8,records of the ,australian ,museum0 #aijd4 ,the curious warty1 pale green1 oval1 slug-like caterpillar with a yellow stripe down the centre of the back that is figured by ,scott as ,apoda xylomeli feeds upon the under surface of the leaves of the waratah2 and when at rest along the midrib of the leaf1 with the yellow dorsal stripe in line1 in spite of its size it is very hard to detect1 and is a wonderful instance of protective colouration4 ,family #aj4 ,tiger ,moths4 ,,arctiidae4 ,this family1 including the ,,lithosiidae1 known to collectors as 8,footmen10 is now one of the largest divisions of the moths that were once all grouped among the true silkworms4 ,the larvae of most of the species are short hairy grubs popularly known as 8woolly bears10 feeding on all kinds of low plants1 and common in our gardens4 ,in this country they comprise a number of delicate and often very handsome moths of medium size1 with moderately long pectinate antennae1 the body often large1 and the wings brightly coloured4 ,the 8,footmen0 differ from the 8,tiger0 moths in having the fore wings longer1 more slender1 and folded over the shorter1 more elongate body2 they take their popular name from the livery-like pattern of their markings1 as the latter take theirs from the tiger-like stripes and spots2 while others again are known as 8,ermine0 moths from their soft silken wings4 ,the ,genus ,tigriodes contains a number of small moths hiding under or among foliage and therefore not often noticed4 ,tigriodes alterna is of a uniform yellowish brown tint1 with darker brown markings upon the thorax and wings1 forming zig-zag lines across the fore pair1 and clouding the hind ones4 ,it measures about #a inch across the wings and ranges from ,victoria into ,new ,south ,wales4 ,t4 furcifera is slightly smaller1 of a bright yellow on the fore wings1 with three slender parallel stripes separating into finer lines at the extremities2 the hind pair paler with traces of black lines toward the edges2 there is a wedge-shaped patch of the same colour on the thorax4 ,another species common about ,sydney ,n4,s4,w4 is ,t4 heminephes1 pale orange yellow with the apical edges of the wings and thorax blotched with blackish brown4 ,among the 8,footmen0 we have in the ,genus ,spilosoma a number of fine white to greyish brown moths1 mottled with blackish spots and dashes4 ,the ,light ,ermine1 ,spilosoma obliqua1 is common in ,victoria and ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it has a wing measurement of #b inches2 is of a uniform dull white1 lightly mottled over the wings with dark brown spots1 some of them forming a slender irregular transverse band across2 the abdomen is red with a dorsal stripe of black dots4 ,spilosoma fulvohirta is about the same size1 but much more darkly and thickly marked with brown1 also forming dark stripes on the thorax4 ,spilosoma fuscinula is a much smaller moth1 slightly over #a inch across the wings2 it has a general rich pink tint1 very variably spotted and blotched with black2 the latter is sometimes quite the predominating colour1 in others only marking the tips2 the hind wings are spotted in the centre and on the hind margins only4 ,the larvae are short1 flattish1 hairy grubs of a reddish colour1 and feed upon the foliage of young gum trees4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aaf and #aag4--,spilosoma obliqua 7,walker74 #aaf4 ,the ,light ,ermine ,moth4 #aag4 ,larva1 known as a 8,woolly bear40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,termissa contains a number of smaller pretty little moths flying low and hiding among the foliage2 about #aj species are well known4 ,termissa shepherdi1 slightly over #a inch across the wings1 has the fore pair broad at the tips1 is blackish brown1 with #c irregular yellow transverse bars2 the hind pair yellow1 with two rounded marks on the outer margin4 ,t4 nivosa is a smaller moth of a delicate creamy white1 with the front and outer margins of the fore wings delicately edged with dark yellow and black1 and with two indistinct spots on the front margin2 there is a small dot on each hind wing4 ,anderson says about ,melbourne the larvae are to be found under the bark of gum trees in ,august4 ,clauca rubricosta measures #a inch across the wings2 is of a general blackish tint with the palpi and collar behind the head dull red1 a slender costal stripe of reddish yellow along the fore wings1 and a yellow spot on the centre of the inner margin forming a distinctive mark when the wings are folded2 the hind pair are pale yellow with dark edges4 ,the ,genus ,mosoda contains several moths whose larvae feed upon moss and lichens on the surface of the rocks about ,sydney4 ,mosoda anartoides1 under #a inch across the wings1 has the fore pair dark brown1 delicately mottled2 the hind pair dull orange yellow irregularly edged with brown4 ,m4 consolatrix1 a smaller moth1 has the fore wings greyish mottled brown2 the hind pair pale buff4 ,m4 jocularis is slightly smaller1 pale buff yellow2 the fore wings tipped and speckled with black and the outer tips of the hind pair clouded with brown4 ,the ,genus ,comarchis contains #h described species1 all small moths2 ,c4 aspectatella is under #a inch across the wings1 the fore pair grey barred with yellow1 and the hind pair pale ochreous2 it is common in ,january on ,mt4 ,kosciusko2 ,eutane terminalis and ,asura lydia are two little black moths thickly mottled with dark orange yellow forming bars and spots on the fore wings2 the hind wings of the former are yellow in the centre1 thickly margined with black2 in ,a4 lydia the yellow of the hind wings is divided in the centre by a black band4 ,the larvae feed upon moss4 ,the larvae of the ,speckled ,footman 7,deiopeia pulchella7 feed upon the forget-me-not2 it is of a bright leaden colour1 with a white stripe down the back and red spots on the sides of the segments4 ,the moth has a very wide range over the world1 and has probably spread from ,europe4 ,i have generally taken these moths on the grassy flats close to the sea shore2 it is a slender winged creamy white moth1 the fore wings mottled with black and red spots1 and the hind pair irregularly edged with black4 ,nola metallopa is a silvery grey moth with the fore wings marked with darker coppery tints4 ,the curious hairy larva feeds upon the foliage of young gum trees2 when it moults the skin of the head remains attached to the hairs above the head1 forming a regular crest4 ,the members of the small family ,,hypsidae1 chiefly found in the tropics1 are represented in this country by #d genera containing about #ah species4 ,they differ from the last in the venation of the hind wings1 and are medium sized brown or yellow moths4 ,nyctemera amica is one of our commonest species with a wide range from ,victoria to ,queensland2 it may be found flying about or resting on flowers at all times of the year4 ,the larvae1 marked with black and red and furnished with tufts projecting on either side of the head1 feed upon the 8native ivy0 7,senecio scandens74 ,the moth is of a general blackish brown tint2 the fore-wings are mottled with two irregular pale yellow blotches forming a transverse bar toward the tips2 each of the hind pair has a more regular blotch in the centre4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aah1 #aai and #abj4--,life history of ,nola metallopa 7,walker74 ,the ,seedling-gum ,moth4 #aah4 ,moth4 #aai4 ,larva4 #abj4 ,pupa4 ,family #aa4 ,brown ,tails4 ,,liparidae4 ,these are the 8,tussock0 moths of ,america1 and the 8,vapourers10 8,brown-tails10 and 8,black-arches0 of ,english collectors2 some of ours are known as 8,bag-shelter moths0 from the curious silken bags the gregarious larvae spin1 in which they shelter during the day and come out at night to feed upon the foliage4 ,the typical 8,brown-tails0 are stout1 thickset moths with rather long hairy fore-legs generally stretched out in front when resting2 the antennae are pectinate in both sexes1 and the abdomen is tipped with tufts of downy hairs2 in some species the females are wingless4 ,they lay their eggs in clusters on the under-side of the leaves1 covering them over with a felted mass of the hairs from the tip of the abdomen4 ,the famous 8,gypsy ,moth10 common in ,europe1 belongs to this group2 it was introduced into the ,state of ,massachusetts1 where it has multiplied so enormously that it has become a regular plague1 and though hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent in fighting it1 it is still a serious pest4 ,porthesia obsoleta1 one of our typical species1 measures about #a inches across the wings1 and is pure white with a black body tipped with golden brown hairs4 ,it was described by ,donovan in #ahae in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland10 and is more common in ,victoria than ,new ,south ,wales4 ,trichetra marginalis is a moth with a wingless female2 the male is a little larger than the last species2 is of a uniform greyish brown colour1 with the outer edges of the fore wings white1 and the hind pair pale brown4 ,the larva feeds upon the foliage of gum trees4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxv4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,,psychidae4 #a4 ,entometa ignoblis 7,walker74 ,cocoon of ,faggot ,case-moth4 #b4 ,entometa ignoblis 7,walker74 ,cocoon made with ,cherry stalks4 #c4 ,thyridopteryx herrichii 7,westwood74 #d4 ,metura elongata 7,saunders74 #e4 ,thyridopteryx hubneri 7,westwood74 ,cocoon made of gum leaves4 #f4 ,thyridopteryx hubneri 7,westwood74 ,cocoon made of pine needles4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxv4--,,lepidoptera4 ,the ,genus ,teara contains over #bj named species of the 8,bag-shelter ,moths10 with gregarious larvae4 ,teara contraria1 one of the largest species1 measures up to #b inches across the wings2 it is of a general dark brown tint with a small white spot in the centre of each wing2 the thorax thickly clothed with long lance-shaped plumes yellow at the tips2 and the abdomen rich orange yellow barred with black4 ,the caterpillars are thickly clothed with long hairs1 and when they take up a position on the branch of their food tree 7generally a eucalypt or wattle7 they spin a silken bag1 drawing the leaves and twigs together1 but not acting like the 8,leaf-rollers10 for the silk forms a regular felted brown covering which soon becomes full of their excrement and cast skins1 among which they rest during the day4 ,they trail out at night in a regular procession and often strip all the foliage of the tree4 ,when full grown they crawl down the trunk and pupate in loose open cocoons 7formed from their body hairs7 buried in the ground1 and the large liver-coloured silken bag remains long after they have deserted it4 ,this species in some districts makes its home upon wattles1 but in other localities attacks the eucalypts in a similar manner4 ,teara tristis is not more than #a inches across the wings1 and varies from blackish brown to silvery grey2 the fore wings are marbled with white and yellow and a light circular spot in front2 the hind ones are nearly black with a minute white spot in the centre2 the head and thorax are grey2 the abdomen black1 barred and tipped with orange2 it is common in ,victoria and ,n4,s4 ,wales1 generally clinging to some low bush1 and slow and sluggish in its movements4 ,teara melanostica is larger than the last2 silvery grey1 spotted1 with the front edge and transverse bar black2 hind wings yellow edged with brown2 head and thorax silvery white1 hind portion dark brown2 abdomen barred1 and tipped with yellow4 ,the larvae feed upon the leptospermum bushes1 and form soft loose cocoons4 ,ptilomacra senex is a large handsome moth about #c inches across the straight1 square-cut fore wings2 is of a general dark brown colour with wavy irregular dark lines and scattered grey scales giving it a greyish tint4 ,it is remarkable for its large feathery antennae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,apina callisto 7,doubleday74 ,the day-flying cut-worm moth4 ,apina callisto is a brightly mottled yellow and brown moth that flies about in the daylight4 ,its curious hairy larvae feed upon the open grass lands1 and are often very numerous4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia4 ,chelepteryx collesi is one of our largest bat-like moths1 measuring to #f inches across the wings2 it is of a uniform dark brown colour with an irregular marbled pattern upon the wings2 but it varies much in size and pattern in the sexes4 ,where common they may be often seen fluttering round the street lamps in the suburbs of ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,this handsome moth was first taken to ,england by a ,mr4 ,colles1 after whom ,grey described it 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 #ahce74 ,the caterpillars are great1 reddish brown creatures1 thickly clothed with stout spiny bristles1 feeding on the small white stemmed eucalypts1 and often found crawling over the rocks and fences4 ,they spin long silken cocoons1 and as they pupate force all the body spines through the silk1 making the cocoon a very awkward thing to handle1 for the fine spines are easily detached1 and sticking into the fingers cause a very unpleasant itching4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,nyctolemon orontes 7,linn474 ,the great day moth of the ,queensland scrubs4 7,original drawing1 ,w4,w4,f47 ,the ,genus ,darala is peculiar to ,australia2 about #cj species have been described2 their larvae are short1 thick1 black1 hairy caterpillars often found crawling about in the gardens1 and constructing soft fluffy or white silken cocoons attached to the foliage4 ,darala ocellata1 one of our commonest species1 measures #a inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform brownish fawn colour1 with two black spots in the middle of the fore wings and a pattern of spots or parallel black lines in the central portion4 ,darala acuta is slightly larger1 with very variable markings upon a general greyish fawn to dull yellow ground2 the fore wings are broad with an acute point at the extremity4 ,the ,wattle-moth1 ,teia anartoides1 which in the larval state often appears in the orchards and destroys the apple-tree foliage1 is sometimes very abundant4 ,the larvae are short brown hairy grubs with a tuft of hairs standing out in front on either side of the head1 and several stiff brushes of grey hairs upon the centre of the back4 ,the males are much smaller than the females1 and in the pupal state when hanging up in their loose flimsy cocoons can be easily distinguished4 ,the adult female is wingless1 simply crawling on to the top of her cocoon to lay her eggs and die4 ,the male is a handsome little moth about #a inch across the wings2 the fore pair are dark brown marbled with slender lines and black spots1 the hind pair bright yellow surrounded with black1 and the outer edges yellow2 the antennae are large and feather-like4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,ocinara lewinae 7,lewin7 and ,caterpillar4 ,ocinara lewinae is a handsome light reddish brown moth with darker lines running round the wings4 ,it was described by ,lewin in #ahjc1 who figured it in colours and called it the 8,hook ,tip40 ,the larva is a slender caterpillar covered with fine hairs4 ,they are gregarious1 and web the leaves of the eucalypts together with a loose1 open1 silken strand4 ,family #ab4 ,silkworm ,moths4 ,,bombycidae4 ,in this group ,i include several families that may be broadly placed together as typical silkworm moths4 ,some writers divide them into three families2 ,packard on the other hand adds a number of other well defined groups1 such as the ,psychidae1 ,arctiidae1 and others1 to the ,bombycidae4 ,typical silkworm moths have thick heavy bodies1 with small heads furnished with pectinate antennae and an imperfect mouth2 the wings are large and often falcate4 ,the larvae are usually fleshy thickset caterpillars covered with scattered tubercles1 and are of somewhat sluggish habits2 but all form stout silken cocoons4 ,our silkworm moths are more closely related to the ,atlas moths of ,india1 ,saturnidae1 than to the silkworm moth of domestic fame1 ,bombyx mori1 which1 originally a native of ,china1 is now bred and cultivated in many parts of the world for commercial silk4 ,bombyx trimacula measures #a inches across the wings2 it is a dark brown moth1 mottled and marbled with white on the head1 thorax1 and tip of the abdomen1 and forming a delicate wavy pattern across the fore wings interspersed with some blackish markings2 it is found in ,victoria4 ,odonestis australasiae has been known under many different names3 ,lewin called it ,bombyx nasuta1 and his specific name was much more appropriate than the former1 as it has the head produced into a regular point in front4 ,the larger female measures about #b inches across the wings1 which are of a uniform dull reddish brown colour with faint markings on the fore wings2 the hind ones are of a lighter tint4 ,the short hairy caterpillars have a tuft of hairs standing out on either side of the head2 in their natural state they feed upon the foliage of the black wattle1 forming white silken cocoons1 attached to the plant4 ,it is sometimes called the 8,long-nosed ,wattle ,moth10 and in ,victoria is said to turn its attention to the apple-tree foliage4 ,pinara despecta is a large1 handsome1 reddish fawn moth1 with fore wings ornamented with several zig-zag bands across the centre4 ,it is a thickset moth1 often measuring over #c inches across the wings4 ,the larva feeds upon the foliage of the eucalyptus1 and is a very slender caterpillar of a general greyish brown tint1 with the sides of the body fringed with fine downy hairs1 and when it is resting the fringes lie along the twig so closely that it is very hard to detect4 ,it spins a large silken cocoon tinted with pink1 attached to the leaves of the gum trees4 ,cosmotriche exposita is a pretty little thickset moth of a uniform greyish brown tint1 covered with fine soft downy hairs round the body and hind wings2 the fore pair are thickly mottled with dark brown2 the larger female measures about #a inches across the wings2 the smaller male is a much darker brown insect with fine mottled fore wings4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of the 8she-oak0 7,casuarina71 and is a slender greyish creature lightly clothed with grey hairs1 marked with yellow and carmine on the sides of each segment1 and black marks on the back4 ,it forms an elongate oval cocoon attached to the twigs4 ,the second group1 ,,notodontidae1 are known as 8,prominents0 to ,english collectors from the curious angular form of the caterpillars1 though this is not noticeable in our typical forms4 ,the ,banksia ,moth1 ,danima banksiae1 was named by ,lewin after its food plant1 though it feeds equally upon the ,hakea bushes4 ,it is a very handsome moth1 nearly #c inches across the wings1 which are of a general slate brown tint2 the thorax and tip of abdomen are thickly blotched with white1 which is also sprinkled over the body and fore wings in the form of little white scales2 the central portion of the abdomen is orange yellow4 ,the caterpillar is a rather slender1 cylindrical1 ochreous brown creature with the tip of the body lead colour1 and the whole surface irregularly blotched with white spots encircled with black1 forming irregular bands round each segment4 ,they are generally found feeding in groups of three or four1 and when disturbed turn both the head and tip of the abdomen over the back1 and protrude two red fleshy filaments from the under-surface of the first segment4 ,the ,,saturnidae are our most important group for size and colour1 and an immense fellow1 ,coxinocera hercules1 is found in ,cape ,york4 ,another very beautiful ,chinese species1 ,attacus cynthia1 which feeds on the foliage of ,ailanthus glandulosa1 has been accidentally introduced into ,australia1 and is sometimes taken about the ,sydney gardens4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #abd and #abe4--,life history of the ,australian ,silkworm ,moth4 #abd4 ,antheraea eucalypti 7,scott74 ,moth and ,cocoon4 #abe4 ,caterpillar4 ,the ,genus ,antheraea contains some of our finest moths2 others are found in ,japan and ,india that yield a strong brown silk4 ,our commonest species1 ,antheraea eucalypti1 is variable both in colour and size1 ranging from delicate fawn to dull brick red1 and is from #d to #e inches across the wings1 which in the male are smaller and narrower behind2 each wing is ornamented with a circular eye-spot in the centre1 those on the hind pair being larger and ringed with black1 with narrow irregular dark bands running round or across the hind margin4 ,the tip of the fore wings in the smaller males is rounded1 corrugated1 and touched with pink4 ,the large green caterpillar1 covered with scattered tubercles tipped with clusters of retractile red and blue spines1 feeds upon the foliage of eucalypts1 but has acquired a taste for the foliage of the cultivated pepper tree 7,schinus mollis74 ,it constructs a stout1 hard1 dark brown cocoon in which it pupates1 and is furnished with a curious spine at the base of the fore wings1 which enables the moth to cut her way out through the tough cocoon when ready to emerge4 ,a4 helena1 very similar in general appearance to the former1 is slightly larger1 with broader wings of a more uniform reddish brown colour1 without a white mark on the fore wings2 the inner bands are more irregular and rounded1 with the parallel bar not continued into the hind wings4 ,a4 simplex is a smaller species varying in colour from pale yellow to reddish brown1 with smaller eye-spots1 those upon the hind wings somewhat oval1 broadly marked along the costal nervure2 the parallel bar and band on each hind wing are very narrow1 and both pairs are wrinkled at the tips4 ,the black and yellow caterpillars are very common at times in the ,richmond and ,clarence ,river scrubs1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and more gregarious in their habits1 often covering the bushes with their light coloured rather flimsy cocoons1 which are very subject to the attacks of ichneumons4 ,a4 janetta is about the same size as ,a4 eucalypti1 but with flatter broader wings of a much duller reddish brown tint without any eye-spots1 and only a simple white spot in the centre of each of the fore pair2 two fine irregular lines run round the outer half of both pairs with an extra row of small spots along the hind wings4 ,the larva forms a hard shell-like cocoon on the trunks of the she-oaks4 ,a4 loranthiae1 described by ,lucas from ,north ,queensland1 is a large handsome reddish moth1 the larvae of which when pupating form their cocoons in a mass on the top of a stump or branch4 ,family #ac4 ,loopers4 ,,geometridae4 ,in this family there are a number of handsome delicate moths with slender bodies1 large flattened wings often toothed round the edges1 which when the insects are at rest 7usually upon the under surface of leaves7 are pressed flat and spread out like a fan against the surface4 ,the caterpillars are slender cylindrical creatures1 green or brown in tint and so imitative of the twigs or foliage among which they feed1 that it is possible to pick off a branch upon which a caterpillar is resting without observing the creature until it moves2 they are furnished with the usual six legs on the thoracic segments close behind the head1 and two pairs of abdominal legs near the anal claspers1 so that they have legs at each end1 and when moving along they draw the hind portion of the body up to the head before the front legs are moved3 thus at every step forward the body is arched up into a semicircle1 from which habit they are popularly known as 8,loopers40 ,the best method of collecting the moths and their caterpillars is by beating or shaking the low scrub in the early morning2 and the latter are very easily bred in captivity if supplied with material from their food plants4 ,these moths are well represented in ,australia2 most of the earlier species have been described by ,walker and ,gurin 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w474 ,meyrick has classified and described a great number of species of this family in a series of papers entitled 8,a ,revision of ,australian ,lepidoptera10 which the student will find in the volumes dating from #ahhf to #ahia4 ,the ,genus ,euchloris contains a number of beautiful moths with delicate pale green wings frequently marbled with white lace-like tracery4 ,meyrick 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhg7 lists #dc species2 and ,lower1 in his 8,catalogue of ,victorian ,heterocera10 published in the 8,victorian ,naturalist10 lists #ae as ,victorian species2 but some of these have a wide range4 ,euchloris submissaria measures about #a inches across the outspread wings2 its general colour is rich deep green1 with the antennae1 front margin of each fore wing1 outer edges of both pairs of wings1 a central stripe on the thorax and body1 and the legs creamy buff white4 ,the caterpillar is of the usual cylindrical form1 varying from dull buff to light brown1 and it feeds upon the foliage of the black wattle4 ,crypsiphona occultaria measures nearly #b inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform light greyish brown on the upper surface1 very finely banded in irregular circles2 but the under surface is pearly white1 spotted on the fore wings with black1 crimson and brown2 the hind ones are banded with brown and crimson4 ,it has a very wide range1 and has a habit of resting against weather-worn posts and walls1 its outspread wings matching the colour of its surroundings4 ,the larva feeds upon the foliage of the gum trees1 and is of a uniform dull green tint1 striped down the sides1 the head pointed in front2 the whole caterpillar looks wonderfully like a eucalyptus twig4 ,the ,genus ,selidosema contains a large number of cosmopolitan species2 ,meyrick lists #bi species as ,australian2 they are usually grey or brown with darker lines and blotches4 ,selidosema lyciaria is one of our largest species1 measuring about #b inches across the wings2 is of a uniform brownish grey1 with both pairs of wings marbled in a regular pattern with black and chocolate brown1 and crenulated round the edges4 ,the larvae feed upon the black wattle1 and vary much in colour1 from grey to dark brown2 the head is curiously notched1 and there are two little projections upon the back by which they can be easily identified4 ,s4 excursaria has a range from ,s4 ,australia to ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and is one of our commonest species2 it measures #a inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform dull greyish tint1 very finely pencilled with darker transverse markings1 but is somewhat variable in colour4 ,the caterpillars are of a general light brown colour1 with the sides pencilled with fine parallel white lines running down the whole length of the body2 they are said to feed upon a number of different plants1 but are common on the wattles4 ,s4 canescaria1 slightly larger than the last1 has a dull grey tint1 thickly mottled with dark brown wavy lines2 it ranges from ,s4 ,australia to ,queensland4 ,another species1 ,s4 acaciaria1 is a little larger1 of somewhat similar colour1 with whitish markings2 it is common in this country1 and is also found in ,india1 ,ceylon1 and ,s4 ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #abf and #abg4--,the ,marbled ,looper4 #abf4 ,lophodes sinistraria 7,gurin7 4 #abg4 ,lophodes sinistraria 4 ,lophodes sinistraria is slightly over #b inches in the large females2 the sexes vary much in size and colour4 ,they are of a general dark chocolate brown tint blotched with grey along the front of the fore wings1 with a distinct row of short grey stripes round the hind wings in a line with the dentate crenulations4 ,it has a wide range over ,victoria and ,eastern ,australia4 ,the larvae feed upon the foliage of the black wattle1 but ,i have also recorded them damaging the foliage of young apricot trees4 ,they are reddish brown caterpillars1 covered with transverse bands of darker coloured spots1 and they measure about #a inches in length4 ,the ,genus ,thalaina contains #e described species1 all of which are very handsome moths easily separated from the other loopers4 ,t4 clara measures #a inches across the wings2 it is of a uniform pearly white1 with the fore wings marked with regular transverse bands of reddish brown forming the letter ,w when viewed from the side2 the hind pair have only a blackish blotch on the outer edge4 ,it has a wide range1 and in the larval state feeds upon wattles4 ,t4 inscripta is about the same size1 with a similar ground colour of white1 but the markings on the fore-wings form a less perfect ,w1 and there is a row of short bars of the same colour round the edges2 the hind pair are more deeply blotched4 ,it has a wide range from ,tasmania over the south and eastern portion of ,australia4 ,gastrophora henricaria is a large handsome moth1 in which the sexes differ both in size and colouration2 the smaller brown male has bright orange hind wings1 and very fine feathered antennae2 the female has the fore wings mottled but not striped4 ,the slender dark brown striped larva1 according to ,anderson 7,victorian ,naturalist #aijb7 feeds upon the foliage of eucalyptus4 ,family #ad4 ,cutworm ,moths4 ,,noctuidae4 ,this from an economic point of view is a very important family1 for the cut-worms do an immense amount of damage to pasturage and gardens4 ,these moths are of medium size with stout bodies2 their fore wings generally speaking are narrow1 stiff1 and triangular1 with the broader rounded hind ones folded beneath2 the antennae are only slightly toothed in the males of a few species1 and the mouth is produced into a tubular proboscis with which they can suck the nectar out of the flowers4 ,in colouration they vary from bright brown to black1 a few being marked with white or metallic tints2 they are nocturnal in their habits1 resting under bark1 rocks or other sheltered places1 and at night often flying into the lighted lamps4 ,the larvae1 which are known as 8cut-worms10 8plague caterpillars10 and 8army worms10 are usually elongate1 dull brown1 or greenish1 naked caterpillars of a uniform thickness with #h pairs of legs4 ,when full grown they pupate underground1 forming no regular cocoon1 though a few groups form a flimsy silken one attached to their food plant4 ,the world wide ,genus ,agrotis contains a number of variable forms whose larvae are typical 8cut-worms10 hiding in the ground or under rubbish during the day1 and coming out at night to feed4 ,the short stout moths have the head scaly2 the fore wings black to grey1 the hind pair always lighter coloured2 the antennae of the males are slightly pectinate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,the ,bugong ,moth1 or ,plague-,cutworm4 ,agrotis infusa 7,boisd474 ,the 8,bugong ,moth10 ,agrotis infusa1 has gone under many different specific names1 and is quite an historical insect4 ,it is a dark brown moth1 the fore wings marked with two parallel black lines1 two dull grey spots in the centre and wavy lines at the extremities2 the hind pair are light brown4 ,these moths frequently appear in immense swarms1 and take their popular name from the ,bugong ,mountains among the rocks of which they used to congregate in millions2 they formed an important food supply to the natives who used to sweep them off into their bags1 and after denuding them of their wings and scales over a small fire1 pound the bodies 7at this time distended with eggs7 into a dough or paste4 ,dr4 ,bennett has given an interesting account of this in his 8,naturalist in ,australia40 ,a rather curious error regarding this ,bugong ,moth has crept into popular natural history books4 ,in the ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood's 8,insects ,abroad10 he figures and describes a butterfly1 ,euploea hamata1 as the ,bugong ,moth2 ,aflalo in his 8,natural ,history of ,australia0 makes the same statement1 and in a recent magazine article on 8,insects as ,food0 ,theodore ,wood repeats the same error4 ,scott 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfg7 gives an account of an appearance of ,bugong ,moths in ,sydney1 when they were so numerous one ,sunday morning at ,north ,shore that the service at ,st4 ,thomas' ,church could not be held1 and some observant persons counted #hj1jjj moths on the windows4 ,they have appeared at irregular intervals about ,sydney and the coastal districts in similar swarms1 the last time being in #aije4 ,agrotis breviuscula is a smaller variable species ranging from reddish brown to grey2 the antennae are long2 the fore wings have a dark spot of irregular form in the centre1 a few fine dots along the edge1 and a fine line round the tips2 the hind wings are light brown4 ,agrotis ypsilon is not unlike the 8,bugong ,moth0 and by some writers is considered only a large variety1 but it has a distinct mark like the ,greek letter e in the centre of the fore wings1 the tips finely marbled with wavy lines2 and the light brown hind wings give a metallic sheen4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #abi and #acj4--,the ,climbing-,cutworm or ,american ,army-worm4 #abi4 ,leucania unipuncta 7,horvath74 #acj4 ,leucania unipuncta1 ,larva4 ,leucania unipuncta is one of the most destructive caterpillars found in ,north ,america1 where it is known as the 8,army worm10 devouring crops1 grass1 and garden stuff4 ,though the moth has been known for many years in ,australia it was not until #aijc-d that it was observed as a plague caterpillar1 attacking crops and grass nearly all over ,eastern ,australia4 ,the caterpillars1 #a inches long1 are dull olive green with light stripes down the back and sides4 ,the moth measures #a inches across the wings1 which are of a uniform reddish fawn colour finely speckled with little black scales4 ,the 8,boll ,worm10 or 8,maize ,moth10 ,heliothis armigera1 is another cosmopolitan cut-worm which does a great deal of damage to cotton bolls and maize2 is common in the pea crops1 and also damages tomatoes4 ,the moth measures about #a inch across the wings2 the fore pair are greyish yellow with purplish-brown tints1 but are very variable in colouration2 the hind wings are silvery grey with the apical portions dark brown2 the latter pair are constant in their markings4 ,the handsome little moths belonging to the ,genus ,thalpochares are remarkable for their curious plump naked larvae1 which feed upon different kinds of scale insects1 at the same time covering themselves with a portable cocoon composed of fragments of the coccids matted together with silken strands4 ,thalpochares coccophaga is a pretty creamy winged moth with the basal portion shaded with brown and reddish tints1 and measures about of an inch across the wings4 ,the larvae feed upon a number of different insects native to the bush1 and have lately been of some economic value in destroying olive scale 7,lecanium oleae7 in the orchards4 ,several other species have been described with identical habits4 ,earias fabia is a pest of the cotton plant2 ,i have bred numbers obtained in the cotton bolls growing at the ,hawkesbury ,college1 ,n4,s4,w42 the larva is a slender dull green grub1 which when full grown forms a stout1 oval1 light brown1 felted cocoon attached to the dead foliage4 ,the moth is slightly over one inch across the wings1 which are of a uniform pale yellow colour1 each with a greenish bar in the centre2 the hind pair are lighter4 ,in forming such a well-made cocoon this moth seems out of place in the ,noctuids2 and ,lower says in his ,catalogue1 8that some writers refer this moth to the ,,bombycina40 ,westwood and ,swinhoe place it in the ,,tortricidae4 ,the ,genus ,hadena contains a number of ,australian species rather more abundant in ,tasmania than the mainland2 it is another cosmopolitan group1 found in ,europe and ,america4 ,hadena expulsa1 slightly over #a inch across the wings1 has the fore pair of a general grey tint1 mottled with brown2 the hind pair are darkest towards the apex and are fringed on the margin with fine white down4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,the ,grey-,cutworm ,moth4 ,mamestra ewingii 7,westw474 ,mamestra ewingii is typical of another large world wide genus4 ,its larvae are among our most destructive cut-worms to crops and grass3 it is a pale slate-coloured moth1 marked with short parallel lines of a darker tint on the tips of the wings4 ,spodoptera exempta was figured in the ,agricultural ,gazette #ahih under the name of ,phlegetona carbo4 ,it is one of our climbing cut-worms1 and in that year the caterpillars swarmed all over the ,camden and ,south ,coast districts of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,they are very active grubs1 olive green to almost black in colour1 striped on the sides with fine yellow lines2 and when full grown measure #a inches in length4 ,the moth is under #a inches across the wings2 is of a general dark brown tint1 indistinctly mottled all over the fore wings with yellowish or sometimes silvery grey scales2 the hind wings are silvery and semitransparent4 ,prodenia littoralis is a handsome moth of about the same dimensions as the last2 the fore wings are dark brown finely striped and pencilled with grey lines2 the hind pair pearly white4 ,the moth often lays her eggs upon the foliage of apple and other trees2 the young on hatching out feed upon the foliage but afterwards make their way to the ground4 ,plusia verticillata is a species that feeds upon the foliage of peas1 beans1 and potatoes2 the slender pale green grub differs from the typical 8cut-worm0 in moving about like a 8looper10 and when full grown pupates in a flimsy silken cocoon it spins upon the under surface of the leaf4 ,the moth1 measuring #a inches across the wings1 has the fore pair brown tinted with mauve1 marbled with a coppery tint1 and with two elongate oval spots of silvery white scales in the centre of each1 and fine lines behind2 the hind wings are dark brown fringed with grey down4 ,plusia argentifera is a smaller form with a silvery mark in the centre of each fore wing4 ,the handsome dark brown caterpillar of ,calogramma festiva1 which was figured by ,donovan in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland10 feeds upon the foliage of the ,crinea lilies2 they are sometimes plentiful in the ,botanic ,gardens4 ,this moth measures #a inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform pale creamy-yellow colour1 thickly mottled on the base of the wings with red and black4 ,we now come to a curious allied group1 the ,,ophiderinae1 the members of which are known as the 8,orange-piercing moths02 they are large handsome insects with the head and thorax thickly clothed with scales forming a regular crest1 and furnished with a proboscis which1 pointed and barbed at the tip1 enables them to thrust it through the rind of oranges and other ripe fruit and suck up the juice4 ,tryon has figured and written an interesting account of these moths in the ,queensland ,agricultural ,journal ,vol4 ii4 #ahih4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,life ,history of the ,bean ,moth1 ,plusia verticillata 7,gurin74 ,showing the half looper form of the caterpillar1 and the loose silken cocoon of the pupa4 ,maenas salaminia measures #c inches across the wings2 the fore pair are bright olive green1 with a broad stripe of creamy white along the anterior margins2 the hind wings are an orange yellow colour1 and each with the margin and centre black4 ,the thorax is bright olive green1 and the abdomen of an orange yellow colour4 ,it ranges from the northern parts of ,new ,south ,wales to ,north ,queensland1 and at ,cairns ,i used to capture them at night with a net and bull's-eye lantern1 as they hovered round bunches of ripe bananas hanging under the house4 ,othreis fullonica1 slightly larger than the last1 has the fore wings mottled with grey and brown among the olive green2 the body and hind wings are of the same rich orange colour as the former species1 with smaller black markings on the hind margins4 ,this species ranges from ,queensland to ,africa1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 and the ,new ,hebrides4 ,argadesa materna is about the same size1 but has lighter coloured fore wings1 and further distinguished by a much smaller black spot in the centre of each hind wing4 ,the caterpillars of these moths are large handsome cylindrical creatures with the body humped up at the eleventh segment1 and two large spots like eyes on either side of the body4 ,they feed upon several different creepers in the scrub4 ,the ,,erebidae contains a number of large dark brown moths often curiously mottled with zig-zag lines running round the wings1 and a dull coloured eye-spot in the centre of each fore wing4 ,several species are common in ,australia2 they often come into the house at night and will be found resting on the ceiling in the morning4 ,one of the largest moths known1 the great owl moth of ,brazil1 measuring a foot across the wings1 belongs to this family4 ,dasypodia selenophora measures #c inches across the wings1 and is of a uniform pale chocolate brown tint2 the outer margins of the wings are finely crenulated and spotted with white2 the centre of each fore wing has a large irregular eye-spot of black1 mauve and orange tints4 ,it ranges from ,australia to ,tasmania and ,new ,zealand4 ,d4 cymatoides1 about the same size1 is of a much darker brown colour1 with less distinct eye-spots1 a black transverse band behind each white one1 and the whole of the inner surface thickly covered with zig-zag wavy lines4 ,this species ranges from ,sydney to ,north ,queensland4 ,sericea spectans is a slightly larger moth not unlike the last1 but a little darker1 with the transverse band thicker and more blurred1 and with an eye-spot on each hind as well as each fore wing4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family ,ophiderinae4 #a4 ,moenas 7,ophideres7 salaminia 7,fabr474 #b4 ,othreis fullonica 7,linn474 4 #d4 ,othreis fullonica 7,linn474 4 ,family ,,noctuina4 #c4 ,sericea spectans 7,gurin74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvi4--,,lepidoptera4 ,family #ae4 ,leaf ,rollers4 ,,pyralidae4 ,these moths are a very interesting division of the smaller lepidoptera on account of the habits of their larvae1 which live upon the foliage of different plants in small communities1 matting and drawing the leaves together with silken strands and feeding under the shelter thus constructed2 when ready to pupate they usually curl the remains of one of the half-devoured leaves into a flimsy cocoon with a little silk1 from which the moth emerges later on in the season4 ,the majority of these moths are small and unattractive2 at the same time we have some brightly green and yellow tinted species of medium size4 ,the caterpillars are slender naked larvae1 often green marked with black spots and a few scattered hairs2 they are very active and drop to the ground whenever disturbed4 ,these moths are easily separated by specialists from the preceding groups by the structure of the nervures of the hind wings4 ,several specialists have undertaken their classification3 ,meyrick 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahij7 placed them as a group containing #h families3 ,ragonet 7,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,france #ahij71 while restricting them to #b families1 made #ag smaller divisions which he called tribes3 ,lower1 who partly follows ,meyrick1 gives #ac families in his 8,catalogue02 ,i simply deal with them here as a group1 describing a number of typical forms with their life histories4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4--,the ,common ,flour ,moth4 ,asopia farinalis 7,linn474 ,margarodes vertonalis is a handsome bright green moth1 with the margins of the outer edges of both pairs of wings marked with dark reddish brown2 it measures about #a inches across the wings4 ,the caterpillars1 about an inch in length1 are bright green mottled with black2 the head shining reddish brown4 ,my specimens were collected in the ,botanical ,gardens1 ,sydney1 at the end of ,january2 they were matting the tips of the branches of one of the ornamental shrubs 7,ochrosia moorei7 into irregular rounded masses4 ,they pupated a week later and emerged before the end of the month4 ,sceliodes cordalis1 measuring slightly over #a inch across the wings1 is of a uniform creamy tint2 the whole of the fore wings are mottled with light brown1 the tips blotched with the same colour2 and the hind pair more spotted2 my specimens were bred from the foliage of the egg plant4 ,asopia farinalis is the well known 8meal moth0 common1 in most parts of the world2 the caterpillars feed upon all kinds of corn1 bran1 pollard1 and flour2 it mats its food particles together with a silken web into a tube in which it hides4 ,the moth is often found upon the walls of feed houses1 mills1 c41 and sometimes comes into the light at night4 ,it measures #a inch across the wings1 and has a ground colour of yellow buff to dull greyish yellow1 blotched with a darker tint at the base and tip1 the latter marbled with grey2 the hind wings are silvery4 ,zinckenia recurvalis is a common little moth about ,sydney2 it is under #a inch across the wings1 which are of a dark brown tint1 with a white bar traversing the centre of each wing1 and with a second white spot on each fore wing towards the tip4 ,the caterpillars are sometimes found destructive to salt-bush hedges about ,sydney by stripping off the foliage and causing the bushes to die back4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,notarcha clytalis 7,walker74 ,the ,kurrajong ,leaf ,roller4 ,notarcha clytalis is a bright yellow moth with an irregular wavy line of black crossing the outer portions of the wings1 and another shorter band near the base of each fore wing4 ,the gregarious larvae are green spotted with black2 they roll the leaves on the terminal branches of the ,kurrajong into regular slender masses up to a foot or more in length1 in which they finally pupate4 ,it has a wide range over the country1 rendering these handsome trees very unsightly when numerous4 ,the larvae of ,godara comalis is a greenish yellow caterpillar barred with lighter yellow at the back of each segment1 and lightly clothed with long brown hairs2 it feeds upon the leaves of the horse radish and turnip4 ,the moth measures #a inch across the wings2 the fore pair are buff irregularly mottled with dark brown2 the hind wings of a uniform silvery white with a brown patch at the apical margin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,nest of ,notarcha clytalis 7,walker74 ,showing how the caterpillars roll up the foliage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,godara comalis 7,gurin74 ,the caterpillar of which webs the leaves of the horseradish4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4--;,cognogethes punctiferalis 7,gurin74 ,the ,northern ,peach ,moth1 with damaged peach4 ,mecyna polygonalis defoliates the tree lucerne 7,citysus prolifera72 ,i have also bred it from broom bushes in gardens at ,armidale1 ,n4,s4,w41 and on a native bush 7,templetonia7 in the western plains1 so that it has a wide range3 ,mr4 ,lyell tells me it is very destructive to the foliage of willows in some parts of ,victoria4 ,the caterpillars are slender light green creatures spotted with black and white shaded with yellow on the sides2 when full grown they spin a loose silken cocoon4 ,the moth is slightly under #a inches across the wings2 the fore pair are light brown1 and the hind pair each blackish brown round the outer portion and bright yellow in the centre4 ,the two introduced bee moths1 ,achraea grisella and ,galleria melonella1 belong to a division of this family3 the moths lay their eggs about the hive1 the grubs crawl in and feed upon the wax which they mat together with silken web1 and if overlooked they destroy the whole of the hive2 in the days of the old-fashioned hives they were a great source of trouble to bee-keepers1 but now with well constructed bar-hives they are easily checked4 ,the first named is of a uniform brown colour with the fore wings rounded2 the second has the wings arcuate behind and irregularly mottled4 ,aphomia latro measures about #a inches across its slender somewhat pointed fore wings2 is of a general buff colour shot with fine black spots1 and divided down the centre of the fore wings with a broad dull white parallel stripe2 the hind wings silvery grey4 ,the larvae live in small communities feeding upon and matting together the scape of the flower stalk of the grass trees1 in which they pupate within an elongate white silken cocoon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,mecyna polygonalis 7,hubner74 ,the ,native ,broom ,bush ,moth4 ,the ,peach ,moth1 ,conogethes punctiferalis1 is a bright yellow moth thickly mottled with black spots4 ,the larvae attack peaches when ripening1 eating and webbing the surface and pupating on the side of the stone4 ,it is common in the northern districts of ,n4,s4,w4 ,the 8,mediterranean ,flour ,moth10 ,ephestia kuhniella1 though not an ,australian moth1 is worthy of note1 for it is widely distributed over the country1 and causes a lot of annoyance by the bad habits of its larvae of webbing the flour into masses with its silken strands4 ,another cosmopolitan moth1 ,plodia interpunctella1 is known in ,america as the 8,indian ,meal ,moth10 though it feeds upon all kinds of dried foods2 it is a much smaller moth of a general brown tint1 the apical portion of the wings much darker than the basal part4 ,this moth also is very common in ,australia4 ,family #af4 ,bell ,moths4 ,,tortricidae4 ,these moths have slender bodies2 short generally broad fore wings1 truncate at the extremities2 the hind pair also broad2 and when they are at rest during the day time their wings are folded flat down4 ,the costal margins of the fore wings are much rounded when the wings are folded1 giving a general bell shaped form2 from which these moths take their popular name4 ,they are sometimes called 8leaf twisters0 or 8leaf rollers10 but differ from the true gregarious leaf roller caterpillars in seldom matting a number of the leaves together4 ,the caterpillars also feed upon seeds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,cacaecia postvittana 7,walker74 ,the light-brown ,apple ,moth4 ,the members of the ,genus ,cacaecia are interesting insects because several have been found attacking fruit in orchards3 ,c4 postvittana1 was recorded by ,olliff gnawing in apples like a codlin moth4 ,it measures of an inch across the wings2 is of a general dull yellow marked with brown1 but its colour and markings are very variable4 ,it has a wide range over ,tasmania and the eastern coast of the mainland into ,queensland2 and about ,sydney the caterpillars feed upon half a dozen different common native shrubs4 ,french in his ,handbook of the ,destructive ,insects of ,victoria ,pt4 ,i4 #ahia has named and figured one1 ,c4 responsana1 the 8,light ,brown ,apple ,moth10 as an apple pest in ,victoria2 this is probably ,c4 postvittana4 ,c4 ,australasiae is a larger species of a dark brown colour2 the fore wings are lightly mottled or marbled4 ,c4 lythrodana is a smaller1 similar coloured moth1 but the colouration is finer4 ,paramorpha aquilina is a tiny1 creamy-grey moth not quite an inch across the wings3 in its native state it frequents damp or marshy ground1 flying low among the herbage4 ,the larva is a short1 pale green grub that1 in several of the orange growing districts1 attacks the ripening oranges2 boring through the skin1 it feeds upon the pith between the rind and flesh1 where it finally pupates and causes the orange to turn yellow and drop off4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4-,paramorpha aquilina 7,meyrick74 ,the ,orange-skin ,borer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,life history of the ,lucerne ,leaf ,roller1 ,tortrix glaphyriana 7,meyrick74 ,the ,lucerne ,moth1 ,tortrix glaphyriana1 is a small1 dark yellow moth about an inch across the wings2 the fore pair are light buff with a silvery tint1 blotched with irregular patches of dark brown4 ,the caterpillars are dark green with scattered white hairs on the segments2 they are a regular pest in lucerne paddocks in the ,hunter ,river district1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 feeding upon the lucerne tops and drawing them together with silken threads4 ,arotrophora ombrodelta is a handsome little moth which ,i bred out of the seed pods of ,acacia farnesiana growing near ,lismore1 ,n4,s4,w42 the yellowish brown caterpillar has a pink stripe down the back1 and each segment is spotted with green2 they devour the seeds and then pupate inside the pod close to the hole1 through which the pupa works its head just before the moth is ready to emerge2 the anal segments being ringed with fine spines enable it to screw right out of the hard pod1 so that the moth is not damaged4 ,the moth1 under #a inch across the wings1 has the fore pair chocolate brown1 mottled and darkest at the tips2 the hind pair are brown4 ,meyrick says that the larva of another species feeds enclosed in a short1 stiff1 silken tube among the leaves of ,lomantia silarfolia2 and a third feeds in the flower cone of our common honeysuckle 7,banksia serrata74 ,the ,codlin ,moth1 ,carpocapsa pomonella1 the world-wide pest to apple growers1 is found in most parts of ,australia2 but though the reddish tinted caterpillar is universally known1 there are a great many orchardists who do not know the moth1 though it is easily recognised from all other species by the copper coloured blotch on the apical portion of the fore-wings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,cryptophaga unipunctata 7,donovan74 ,the ,cherry-stem ,borer1 showing the larva4 ,we now come to an anomalous group1 whose exact place in the classification of ,lepidoptera has puzzled entomologists1 but which is usually placed at the end of this family4 ,these are the ,,cryptophaginae1 whose larvae1 naked1 slender caterpillars1 live in shallow chambers or short tunnels in the branches of the smaller forest trees4 ,they cover the entrance to their burrow with a screen of loose silken web covered with gnawed bark and droppings4 ,resting during the day1 they come out at night and1 biting off some of the leaves1 drag them down into the burrow 7the ends often sticking out through the web7 to feed on at their leisure4 ,when full grown they pupate within the burrow4 ,c4 unipunctata is a very handsome satiny white moth about #a inches across the wings2 the fore pair each have a single black dot in the centre2 the abdomen is black fringed with yellow hairs forming a tuft at the extremity4 ,in its native state the caterpillars feed upon the branches of our common honeysuckle 7,banksia serrata71 but have a very great liking for the branches of cherry trees in the orchards2 where neglected1 they often kill large branches by their attacks4 ,c4 irrorata is a larger moth1 measuring up to #b inches across the wings1 the fore pair being very broad and square at the extremities2 they are of a uniform greyish brown1 slightly mottled with a darker pattern round the outer margins2 the hind pair are silvery brown fringed round the edges4 ,the larva feeds on the stems of ,casuarina4 ,c4 rubriginosa is nearly as large as the last2 the fore wings are reddish brown4 ,there is a salmon tint on the thorax extending on to the base of the fore wings2 the hind wings are brownish yellow4 ,the larvae feed in the stems and branches of several species of ,acacia4 ,family #ag4 ,grain and ,clothes ,moths4 ,,micro-,,lepidoptera4 ,in concluding the ,lepidoptera ,i place these families1 often grouped together under the comprehensive term ,micro-lepidoptera1 in the above division4 ,most of these moths are small1 but the group is very important in that it contains some of the most destructive pests of grain1 cloth1 c41 and they are world-wide in their range4 ,meyrick has made a special study of these moths1 and has classified and described an immense number in a series of papers in the ,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahgh-aijd4 ,the larvae of the different groups are usually slender naked grubs with a few scattered hairs1 and are sometimes legless2 but others again have from #ad to #ah pairs of legs4 ,they feed upon all kinds of material1 sometimes forming tubular cells out of their food1 while others move about quite freely4 ,the moths may be obtained by beating or shaking bushes1 or breeding them from the material among which they feed4 ,the ,family ,,oecophoridae is the most extensive in ,australia2 in his first paper on the group in #ahhc1 ,meyrick estimated that over #b1jjj species would be discovered1 and later in #ahhi he had actually described #gef species1 most of them new4 ,the ,genus ,philobota contains #aje described species1 many of them handsome brightly marked little moths4 ,p4 arabella1 slightly over of an inch across the wings1 is of a general greyish brown tint1 with the central portions of the fore pair pale yellow edged with brown forming wedge-shaped patches4 ,p4 catascia1 slightly larger1 has the fore-wings silvery white1 slightly clouded2 the hind ones dull yellow in the centre fringed with light brown4 ,p4 productella a little smaller1 is all silvery white1 with yellowish tints in the hind pair2 and ,p4 agnesella is a larger silvery one with a narrow irregular dark stripe along the centre of each fore wing from the base to the apex4 ,p4 gascialis1 a very different larger winged form1 has the fore pair dark orange yellow1 each with a broad brown blotch through the centre1 and tip dark brown2 the hind pair dull brown fringed with fine plumes4 ,macrobatha platychroa is under an inch across the wings2 the fore pair are marked with alternate bars of white and black1 and the hind pair greyish brown4 ,heliocausta hemitelis1 about twice the size1 has the fore wings yellow1 tipped and blotched with purplish brown1 the blotch on each hind margin angular2 the hind wings brown4 ,zonopetala decisiana1 under an inch across the wings1 has the fore pair white1 each with a large brown blotch across the centre1 and others at the tip1 and with a band of the same colour across the thorax2 the hind wings light buff and fringed with hairs4 ,the caterpillar of ,ocystola hemicalypta constructs a protective covering about as thick and long as a large wax match out of a section of a gum twig1 in which it lives and feeds after hollowing it out like a tube2 these curious cocoons are not uncommon in the bush on the leaves of eucalypts4 ,the ,,gelechiadae is another large family recently revised by ,meyrick 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd72 he says that these moths are not so numerous as in ,europe1 but as they are such small1 inconspicuous insects there are probably a great number still to be discovered4 ,he describes #bgd species1 of which #bjg are new1 and #he of which belong to the ,genus ,protolechia4 ,several species that infest grain belong to this group3 ,gelechia simplicella1 a tiny little brown moth1 has pointed slender wings1 the fore pair nearly black1 with a very distinctive irregular white bar across each apical half4 ,meyrick has placed it in the ,genus ,anacampsis2 it has a wide range over ,tasmania and ,australia3 ,i have bred it from the foliage of ,soy beans1 which the larvae matted together and seriously damaged4 ,sitotroga cerealella is a tiny yellowish brown moth with pointed wings4 ,it has a wide range round the ,australian coast1 and has been introduced from ,europe or ,america with corn upon which the larvae feed4 ,it is known as the 8,angoumois ,grain ,moth0 from the province of that name in ,france1 where in #agfj it swarmed over the country and nearly caused a famine4 ,i have bred it from wheat at ,bingara ,n4,s4,w4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,gelechia simplicella 7,walker74 ,the ,soy-bean ,moth4 ,the ,,elachistidae were described and revised by ,meyrick 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahig71 who lists #bed species1 most of which were new4 ,he says3 8,the species of this family are almost all small and therefore often neglected by collectors4 ,larva with #aj prolegs seldom almost apodal1 usually mining in leaves1 or amongst seeds or in stems1 sometimes case-bearing1 rarely amongst spun leaves40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4--;,batrachedra sparsella 7,walker74 ,the larva of which constructs a web amongst1 and feeds on1 scale insects4 ,the larvae of the members of the ,genus ,batrachedra1 according to ,meyrick1 feed usually upon seeds4 ,b4 arenosella1 a small dull pale yellow moth with spotted fore wings and grey hind ones1 is common over ,australia1 ,tasmania1 and ,new ,zealand4 ,the larvae web the seeds and stalks of sedges together1 and form a cocoon among the seeds4 ,i have bred a species of ,batrachedra1 ,b4 sparsella1 ,walk41 but can find no record of this species in ,meyrick's list4 ,the larva of this moth spins a web on the trunks of trees that are infested with scale insects which they devour1 finally forming an elongate cocoon attached to the bark2 in the orchard they destroy white louse on oranges1 and ,san ,jose scale on peach trees4 ,strathmopoda melanochra1 a little brown moth1 has the fore wings dull white with metallic reflections and darker markings2 the wings are very finely fringed on the hind margins4 ,the ,family ,,plutellidae contains one very destructive little pest in the ,diamond-backed ,cabbage ,moth1 ,plutella cruciferarum2 the slender green larvae gnaw holes in the leaves and pupate in net-like cocoons on the foliage4 ,it has a world-wide range and is very common in ,australia4 ,the ,family ,,tineidae1 containing the clothes moths1 is defined by ,meyrick 7,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib7 as the rough-headed ,tineina1 with the palpi strongly developed in front of the head1 and the hind wings usually as broad as the fore wings1 sometimes narrower but seldom broader4 ,larva with #af legs1 or legs wanting4 ,the ,genus ,xystmatodoma contains #bi species1 of which ,x4 guildingi is a typical form described by ,scott in his 8,australian ,lepidoptera02 it is a slender-winged dull brown moth1 the larva of which crawls about in a stout silken sack like that of an immature case moth1 and feeds upon low scrub4 ,scardia australasialla is a handsome little moth1 which is figured in ,donovan's 8,insects of ,new ,holland02 it measures about #a inches across the wings2 the fore pair are dull brown but so thickly covered with shining white to pale yellow spots that it looks very brilliant2 the hind pair are brown fringed with long plumes4 ,blabophanes ethelella is about of an inch across the wings2 the fore pair are dark brown finely spotted with white and some have a comparatively large white dot in the centre of each wing1 the hind margin also edged with white2 the hind pair light brown4 ,the ,genus ,tinea is represented by a number of both native and introduced species4 ,the common clothes moth1 ,tinea pellionella1 is too well known to need description2 it is world-wide in its range1 and lays its eggs upon clothes on which the larvae feed and finally use particles to construct their cocoons4 ,t4 tapetzella feeds among furs and skins4 ,tineola biselliella is a third cosmopolitan species of clothes moth4 ,tinea fuscipunctella feeds upon dried animal matter1 refuse and such like2 it also is world wide in its range4 ,among our native species1 ,t4 nectaria is under an inch across the wings2 the fore pair have the basal two thirds silvery yellow with the tips black2 the hind pair dull yellow darkest at the tips4 ,meyrick says that these larvae make cases out of eucalyptus leaves1 but my specimens were bred out of blister-like excrescences or galls upon the leaves of a shrub in the ,botanic ,gardens ,sydney4 ,thudaca obliquella1 about #a inch across the wings1 is a beautiful little silvery white moth1 with the fore wings deep yellow thickly marked with parallel and transverse bars of silvery white2 the hind pair broad1 silvery1 lightly clouded1 and fringed behind with long plumes4 ,the ,,epipyropidae comprise a small group of moths that have been raised to the rank of a family by ,perkins 7,bulletin ,i4 part #b1 8,leaf ,hoppers and their ,natural ,enemies10 ,hawaii #aije71 though it would probably be more correct to place them as a sub-family of the ,tineidae4 ,sharp 7,cambridge ,natural ,history3 ,insects part ,,ii47 places them in the ,limacodidae4 ,they are small black1 grey or brown moths1 with small eyes2 no ocelli2 the palpi wanting or very minute1 and the mouth parts little developed4 ,they have remarkable parasitic habits in the caterpillar state living upon the backs of different leaf hoppers 7,homoptera7 and feeding upon the waxy or sugary secretions discharged by their hosts4 ,perkins describes #g new ,australian species1 which are placed in three genera1 based on the neuration of the wings4 ,three species come from ,cairns1 ,n4 ,queensland1 and four from the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,heteropsyche melanochroma measures under an inch across the outspread wings and is of a general black or fuscous colour with purple tints on the fore wings4 ,koebele records it as common about ,sydney1 parasitic upon a number of different ,fulgorids and ,jassids4 ,rothschild 7,novitates ,zoologicae #aijf7 has named another species1 ,epipyrops doddi1 after the well known collector1 ,p4 ,f4 ,dodd1 who had worked out its life history in ,north ,queensland4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,plodia interpunctella 7,hubner74 ,order ,,vii4--,,diptera4 ,flies4 ,house flies are well known to everyone2 but as a number of other insects belonging to different orders are often called flies1 such as 8saw-flies10 which are ,hymenoptera1 and 8lace-winged flies0 and 8,may-flies10 which are ,neuroptera1 it is advisable to define them4 ,some of the ,diptera might be mistaken by a casual observer for ,hymenoptera which the members of several families often mimic in form and colouration1 but they can be readily separated by the absence of a second pair of wings1 which are represented by two little clubbed processes1 known as balancers1 poisers1 or halteres4 ,the mouth parts are very variable in structure in the different groups1 but always adapted for piercing or sucking2 the eyes are large1 often occupying the greater part of the head and consisting of an immense number of fine facets2 the small ocelli are three in number2 and the antennae1 except among midges1 are short1 composed of few joints1 and often terminate in a bristle4 ,the thorax is not so distinctly divided into the three segments as in some other insects1 nor the parts so well defined as in the hymenoptera2 the wings1 transparent or parchment-like1 are seldom coloured2 the legs1 usually not thickened1 are furnished with five tarsi1 and well developed claws1 with a small pad under each1 known as the pulvillus4 ,the abdomen is composed of a variable number of segments ranging from four to nine1 but in the former case though not visible the terminal ones are probably absorbed into the anal tube at the extremity4 ,most diptera are brown1 black1 or grey1 though metallic tints predominate in some families2 and are clothed with short scattered hairs or bristles4 ,the typical fly larva is an elongated legless maggot with the head portion slender1 enclosing a pair of black retractile hooked jaws1 with tracheae opening behind and running through to the broadened anal segment where they form small rosette-like processes round the external aperture4 ,the eggs are laid in all kinds of decaying vegetable or animal matter1 with the exception of the few that produce galls1 or otherwise damage plant tissue2 when full grown they change into a hard shell-like chrysalis1 the tip of which is pushed off by the perfect fly when ready to emerge4 ,though this country is very rich in ,diptera and many cosmopolitan species have been introduced such as the house flies1 they have been much neglected by ,australian collectors and entomologists4 ,the ,diptera are divided into two large sections1 which are further subdivided into four main groups1 to which a fifth has been lately added for the reception of the fleas1 which however are often placed by specialists in a class by themselves 7,siphonaptera74 ,the older writers subdivided them into about #gj families but latterly these have been reduced1 and most of our species will come under about #cj families1 of which ,i can only note our most striking representatives4 ,in #ahcj the ,french naturalist ,robineau ,desvoidy published his 8,essai sur les ,myodaires10 in which some of our species were described4 ,between the years #ahcd and #ahce ,macquart brought out his 8,histoire naturelle des ,insectes ,diptres0 7forming part of the great ,french work ,suites ,buffon71 followed 7#ahch-db7 by his 8,diptres exotiques1 nouveaux ou peu connus0 comprising two volumes and many plates1 with #e supplements 7#ahdf-ee74 ,walker between #ahdh and #ahee compiled a 8,catalogue of the ,diptera of the ,british ,museum0 consisting of #g volumes2 and others are described in his 8,diptera ,saundersiana0 #ahef4 ,in #ahfd ,dr4 ,schiner estimated that the number of described ,australian ,diptera was #ajef1 including those which he described 7,diptera des ,novara71 collected by ,frauenfeld in the neighbourhood of ,sydney during the visit of the ,austrian ,frigate4 ,in a long series of papers reaching from #ahei till just before his death in #ahib ,bigot described a great many species 7among them some from ,australia7 chiefly in the ,annales de la ,societ ,entomologique de ,france4 ,the only systematic ,australian work is ,skuse's 8,monograph of the ,australian ,diptera0 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhh-ij71 which however was never completed1 dealing only with the ,,nematocera comprising the ,culicidae1 ,tipulidae1 ,cecidomyidae and some of the smaller families4 ,there is no complete catalogue of ,australian ,diptera1 but ,i have been greatly assisted in my work on this family through the identification of my specimens by ,mr4 ,coquillett of ,washington4 ,family #a4 ,gall-,gnats4 ,,cecidomyidae4 ,this is an extensive family of small delicate midges with long slender antennae composed of many bead-like segments beautifully feathered with whorls of hairs4 ,the abdomen is stout at the base1 short and tapering to the tip2 the legs are long and slender without spurs2 the wings are clothed with fine hairs that easily rub off1 and furnished with very few longitudinal veins1 and in some genera only one cross nervure4 ,they are known as 8,gall-gnats10 or 8,gall-flies10 and though the habits of the larvae are very diverse1 some living under bark1 others in animal matter1 and a few predaceous or even cannibalistic in their habits1 the majority of them are found in plant tissue and produce malformations or regular well defined galls1 often of very remarkable structure1 upon the foliage or twigs of their food plant4 ,the egg is deposited in or under the bark1 epidermis of the leaf1 or frequently in the flower buds of plants1 the irritation caused by the active larvae producing the aborted tissue4 ,these larvae are very easily recognised if examined with a lens after they have been extracted from the gall1 as they are furnished with a 8breast bone10 an anchor shaped process that stands out very distinctly in the centre of the ventral surface and is unknown in the larvae of any other gall-producing insect4 ,through the discovery of ,wagner1 a ,russian entomologist1 that the larva of a ,cecidomyia produced young2 also through the curious exudations of the larvae and pupae of others which are sometimes called 8flax seed0 from their shape2 and the very destructive habits of several species which damage the wheat1 like the ,hessian ,fly in ,america1 this family has received a great deal of attention4 ,over #a1jjj species have been described from all parts of the world1 and ,australia is particularly rich in these insects4 ,skuse 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhh and #ahij7 has described over #ajj species and figured some of the most peculiar galls4 ,cecidomyia frauenfeldi was named by ,dr4 ,schiner after the naturalist who collected the galls on ,leptospermum in the vicinity of ,manly1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,these galls are produced upon a leaf-bud and consist of a number of rounded leaf-like bracts1 not unlike the petals of a rose bud2 folding over each other1 brown in colour1 soft and loose1 and about the shape and size of a small marble4 ,the enfolded larva will be found in the base at the centre1 and the gnats can be easily bred out in a glass jar4 ,the ,acacia ,gall-gnat1 ,c4 acaciae-longifoliae1 infests the flowers of this wattle1 depositing its eggs in such numbers that every tiny seed-pod is produced into a contorted mass of finger-like tubes1 together forming a rounded base attached by a stalk1 and each tube containing a larva4 ,this is one of our commonest species and the galls can often be collected in numbers in the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,diplosis frenelae produces very remarkable little light brown spherical structures upon the tips of the foliage of the desert cypress1 about the size of small peas2 these when mature split into four shell-like sections1 quite unlike the usual gall4 ,they are very abundant in the early summer upon cypresses in ,wagga and the western pine scrubs of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,diplosis paralis forms curious little blisters upon the young foliage of ,eucalyptus corymbosa1 dotting the leaves all over with reddish spots with a keyhole-like mark on the apex4 ,a third species1 ,d4 eucalypti1 aborts the young twigs of ,eucalypts into gouty swellings in which a number of larvae feed and pupate4 ,there are certain red rounded shot-like galls of the ,eucalyptus1 generally several in number on the midrib of the leaf1 which1 on account of the pupal skins always remaining in the holes in the sides of the galls through which the flies have escaped1 can be easily distinguished from many very similar ones that are the work of micro-hymenoptera4 ,these are formed by a large stout gnat named ,hormomyia omalanthi by ,skuse1 who first obtained specimens from galls on the under side of the leaves of ,omalanthus populifolius4 ,lasioptera miscella aborts the leaf stalks of ,eucalyptus haemastoma1 one of our white stemmed gums growing about ,botany1 ,n4,s4,w41 with its irregular swellings4 ,i have also bred several undetermined species from galls on the twigs of the ,weeping ,myall1 ,acacia pendula1 and other wattles in the western scrubs4 ,there is a rich field awaiting the naturalist who takes up the study of the life-history of our ,gall-gnats4 ,though the ,hessian ,fly1 ,cecidomyia destructor1 is not known in ,australia it has been introduced into ,new ,zealand1 and in the ,united ,states of ,america is one of the most serious pests that the wheat farmers have to fight4 ,this gnat deposits her eggs under the sheath of the growing wheat stalks2 the larva sucks up the sap1 so that the ear is impoverished and no grain forms in the head2 and when they are numerous the greater part of the crop is destroyed4 ,family #b4 ,shade ,midges4 ,,mycetophilidae4 ,these small flies1 popularly known as 8,midges10 are placed by ,skuse in four well defined families1 which ,i place under the one heading as their habits are very similar4 ,the ,,sciaridae are the typical 8,shade midges0 infesting forest country2 their larvae live under dead bark or decomposing leaves and are slender1 cylindrical1 semi-translucent maggots1 white or pale yellow in colour1 with the body composed of #ac segments including the head4 ,the perfect insects have moderately long1 curved1 many jointed antennae2 two ocelli2 long slender legs2 and the wings often clouded4 ,skuse has described #db species in this group1 all of which with one exception he placed in the typical ,genus ,sciara2 these have the wings longer than the abdomen1 the surface of them microscopically pubescent1 and the wing-lobes more or less developed4 ,the ,,mycetophilidae are popularly known as 8,fungus-midges0 from the fact that the larvae1 which are slender white maggots attenuated at both extremities1 and with horny heads1 are often found feeding upon the juices of fungi2 some spin silken webs under which they live1 and a few are said to be luminous4 ,they are small flies with beautifully marked wings in many species1 and have slender antennae2 #c ocelli2 and a short proboscis2 the rather long legs have the coxae elongated and are furnished with spurs upon the tibiae2 the wings1 without a discoidal cell1 have more veins than those of the ,gall-gnats4 ,walker described #d species 7,insecta ,saundersiana #ahef72 to which ,skuse added #ca new species4 ,lyomya setiosicaudata was described by ,skuse from the neighbourhood of ,sydney in the ,genus ,acrodicrania1 but it has an extended range3 ,i have taken it with a sweeping net about ,inverell ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,it measures about of an inch in length2 has a shining head and thorax2 abdomen black1 and variegated black and yellow legs4 ,the ,,simulidae contains a number of small ,diptera abundant in ,europe and ,america1 where they are known as 8,sand-flies10 8,black-flies10 or 8,buffalo-gnats02 they swarm in the marshy lands of the ,mississippi where ,howard says1 8,they rival the mosquito in their blood-thirsty tendencies1 and not only do they attack human-beings1 but poultry and domestic animals are frequently killed by them40 ,we are fortunate in having very few of these pests2 only one species was discovered by ,skuse1 who named it ,simulium furiosum1 and says it is a rare fly only found in the ,gosford district ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,these flies must not be confounded with the midges known in ,australia as 8,sand-flies10 which are very different insects belonging to the ,genus ,ceratopogon1 of the ,family ,chironomidae4 ,the ,,bibionidae are medium sized flies with thickset bodies somewhat hairy2 smoky wings2 robust legs2 short antennae2 and three ocelli4 ,the females deposit their eggs in dung or vegetable matter1 and the maggots have rows of transverse bristles on the segments2 and traces of eyes can be found in the head segment4 ,the perfect flies are sluggish in their movements and are commonly found upon flowers4 ,twelve species have been described from ,australia1 of which ,bibio imitator is our commonest species2 it is very abundant in the early summer upon the flower heads of ,astrotricha floccosa1 which grows in most of the valleys round ,sydney2 it has a wide range from ,tasmania northwards in similar forest country4 ,the male is under an inch in length and is of a uniform black tint1 with the thorax dull red2 while the larger female is of a uniform reddish brown1 and both sexes have the typical dark clouded wings4 ,the ,south ,american ,genus ,plecia is represented by four species1 two of which ,i collected in ,north ,queensland4 ,the ,north ,american ,genus ,scatopse1 the larvae of which breed in all kinds of decaying matter and in sewers1 is represented by two species1 of which ,scatopse fenestralis is so common about ,sydney that ,skuse says3 8,in the spring months it is scarcely possible to find a window without one or two specimens1 while ,i have frequently seen hundreds swarming on the inside of shop windows in the city40 ,family #c4 ,mosquitoes4 ,,culicidae4 ,no insect pests are better known or more world wide in their distribution than mosquitoes4 ,as might be expected1 they are abundant in tropical countries1 yet one would hardly expect them to be much of an annoyance in the temperate regions4 ,yet in ,lapland1 and even farther north1 they worry the inhabitants and the reindeer all through their brief summer4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4--,,diptera4 ,family ,,culciidae4 #a4 ,culex fatigens 7,wiedermann74 ,larva4 #b4 ,culex fatigens 7,wiedermann74 4 #c4 ,culex fatigens 7,wiedermann74 ,wing4 #d4 ,anopheles annulipes 7,walker74 4 #e4 ,anopheles annulipes 7,walker74 ,wing4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxvii4--,,diptera4 ,they are insects with long slender legs2 delicate narrow wings folded down over an elongate body2 the head is provided with a proboscis projecting below4 ,the proboscis is adapted for sucking blood1 though many of the bush species seldom or never taste blood and obtain their nutriment from the sap or moisture upon plants4 ,the male mosquito is a more delicate creature than the female1 furnished with plumose antennae2 he does not bite1 but hides away in dark sheltered corners taking no food in his short life of four or five days1 but has a low droning hum1 noticeable when a number are disturbed4 ,the larger females on the other hand swarm into the house1 and bite whenever they get the chance4 ,she lays her eggs in little boat shaped masses of elongate eggs1 which within #bd hours give birth to larvae that are often called water-fleas or 8wrigglers40 ,thread-like in form at first1 the 8wriggler0 has a rounded ciliate head1 and the tip of the body is provided with a pair of tubular breathing appendages4 ,they move about with a series of jerks1 always coming to the surface head downward2 they increase in size rapidly and in seven or eight days are full grown1 when they change into pupae1 the creatures becoming quite different2 the head and thorax are drawn up into a rounded mass with two trumpet shaped horns1 which are its new breathing tubes1 rising upon the sides4 ,the abdominal segments are short and turn downward2 and though it does wriggle slightly1 it usually rests in an upright position floating close to the surface2 it remains in this state for two or three days1 when the pupal skin splits along the top of the head1 and the perfect insect emerges1 using the floating skin as a raft from which to rise into the air and fly away4 ,only #i species of mosquitoes had been described from ,australia when ,skuse commenced his work on these insects in the ,macleay ,museum ,collections 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi71 where he listed all the known species and added #ai new ones4 ,since then ,theobald1 in his 8,monograph of the ,culicidae of the ,world0 #aijj-aijc1 with a great deal more material to study1 revised the genera1 made several of ,skuse's species synonymous1 and described others1 bringing our list to about #cd species4 ,the typical ,genus ,culex contains #ba species scattered all over ,australia2 several are cosmopolitan and have been introduced from abroad4 ,our common house mosquito1 that appears in the early summer1 is ,culex albo-annulatus1 a moderate sized species with the reddish thorax densely clothed with brownish golden scales1 traversed by five very fine lines2 it has regularly white banded legs4 ,it was described by ,macquart in #agcb1 and ranges from ,southern ,queensland to ,sydney1 ,mittagong1 and the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w4 ,culex fatigans is widely distributed over ,australia3 ,c4 macleayi and ,c4 skusei according to ,theobald are only sub-species or varieties2 it is one of the cosmopolitan mosquitoes also found in ,america1 ,africa and ,asia1 and was probably introduced into this country in the water tanks of the old sailing vessels many years ago4 ,after ,new ,year a smaller1 darker mosquito is the most annoying about ,sydney2 this has been described by ,theobald under the name of ,culex marinus2 its larvae were discovered by ,dr4 ,bancroft1 ,queensland1 breeding in salt water4 ,it also flourishes freely in any stagnant water left in tanks1 buckets1 or water-holes1 and has a wide range down our eastern coast4 ,four species of the ,genus ,anopheles are found in ,australia2 these insects have long palpi with clubbed or spatulate tips1 and dark spotted wings4 ,anopheles annulipes1 described by ,walker1 said to be identical with ,skuse's ,a4 musivus1 is found about ,sydney and ,newcastle ,n4,s4,w4 ranging northward2 the members of this genus are well known as the mosquitoes that transmit the germs of malarial fever1 and have a wide range over the world4 ,the important results that have come from the study of the relation of tropical fevers to mosquito bites1 have led to the collection and description of these insects from all quarters of the globe4 ,mucidus alternans1 one of our largest species1 is thickly clothed with grey and light brown scales and hairs which give it a striking appearance4 ,it is a day flying species famous for its biting powers2 it has a wide range2 in the ,maitland district ,n4,s4,w4 about the ,hexham swamps it is locally known as the 8,hexham ,grey02 in ,queensland it is sometimes called the 8,scotch ,grey40 ,i have also taken it at ,bourke on the ,darling ,river ,n4,s4,w4 ,skuse described this species as ,culex hispidosus1 but ,westwood's name1 ,c4 alternans1 has a prior claim4 ,stegomyia notoscriptus is one of the small dark mosquitoes that bite so sharply just at dusk in our gardens around ,sydney in midsummer1 and has a wide range from ,adelaide ,s4,a4 to ,queensland4 ,it belongs to the same genus as the dreaded ,cuban ,yellow-fever ,mosquito1 ,stegomyia fasciata1 which has been introduced into ,hawaii4 ,theobald has in the last volume of his ,monograph formed a new ,genus ,skusea for the reception of two ,queensland species and a third from ,africa4 ,family #d4 ,sand-flies4 ,,chironomidae4 ,this group comprises a number of small flies which have the head furnished with a fleshy proboscis2 the slender antennae adorned with fine hairs1 thickest upon the male2 and the ocelli wanting4 ,their wings are usually narrow2 and many of the large species have the general appearance of mosquitoes4 ,the members of this family are very extensive and world-wide in their range2 the larvae of the typical ,genus ,chironomus live chiefly in stagnant water4 ,they sometimes swarm in such numbers in the ,north ,american lakes that they form the chief food of the fresh-water fish4 ,in ,england on account of their colour they are known as 8blood-worms40 ,some species live in salt water1 and others breed in excrement and dung4 ,the perfect insects are easily collected with a sweeping net in the vicinity of swamps and watercourses4 ,skuse has described #fd species from ,australia 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi71 previous to which only #h species1 described by ,messrs4 ,walker and ,macquart1 had been recorded4 ,the family is divided into a number of genera1 of which ,chironomus includes #ba species of the more typical slender-bodied midges1 and the ,genus ,ceratopogon #ag species of our vicious 8,sand-flies40 ,these pests are also found in ,great ,britain and in ,north ,america1 ranging as far south as ,chili4 ,ceratopogon molestes1 described by ,skuse1 is our common 8,sand-fly10 though there are others probably quite as annoying if not so abundant4 ,it is a tiny little dark coloured midge1 so quiet and small that it is usually felt before it is seen4 ,there is another very large grey 8,sand-fly0 ,i have met with in the interior of ,n4,s4 ,wales on the ,darling ,river that frequents grassy watercourses and flies straight at the hands or face like a wasp4 ,it has been reported from ,central ,queensland that after the great flood and abundant growth of grass 7#aije7 the sand-flies increased in such numbers1 that they caused the blindness and death of a great number of marsupials1 through biting them in the eyes4 ,family #e4 ,crane-flies4 ,,tipulidae4 ,the ,crane-flies or ,daddy-longlegs are a large family with long slender legs1 from which they take their popular names1 and might be described as exaggerated mosquitoes that do not bite4 ,they have the usual small head and long thread-like antennae 7in some groups the latter are clothed with long hairs1 in others short and feathered72 in most species the ocelli are wanting4 ,the thorax has a ,v-shaped transverse suture1 and the well developed wings have a complete venation4 ,they are to be found in all situations among low scrub1 but prefer the shelter of cliffs1 or tree trunks in damp gullies1 often resting in considerable numbers in retired spots during the day1 where they can easily be captured4 ,they require to be killed and mounted in the place of capture to secure good specimens1 as their legs drop off very readily1 and on this account are not a popular group with the ordinary collector4 ,the larvae live in the ground or among decaying vegetable matter4 ,they are divided into two large groups1 characterised by the possession of long or short palpi1 the ,tipulidae brevipalpi and ,tipulidae longipalpi2 about #bj species had been recorded from ,australia when ,skuse's ,monograph1 8,diptera of ,australia ,pt4 ,,vii40 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhi7 appeared2 in this he added over #hj new species4 ,the ,painted ,crane-fly1 ,gynoplistia bella1 described by ,walker in #ahce1 is one of our commonest species1 frequenting flowers and low scrub in the early summer months4 ,it is a very distinctly marked black and orange yellow fly1 the wings thickly barred and mottled with the former colour2 and is one of the short-legged species4 ,it has a wide range from ,western ,australia and ,tasmania to ,n4,s4 ,wales2 the genus is represented by #ag described species in ,australia4 ,the ,long-horned ,crane-fly1 ,macromastix costalis1 has a wide range from ,tasmania to ,queensland4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,sydney they are commonly found resting among the low scrub4 ,it has a uniform dull brown tint with clear transparent wings1 striped along the front margin with dull brown1 and can be easily recognised from its large size1 with the long slender antennae three times the length of the wings in the male1 and its curious darting flight when disturbed4 ,it was described by ,swederus as ,tipula costalis in #aghg1 and has been renamed half a dozen times since4 ,clytocosmus helmsi was described by ,skuse from specimens obtained at ,mt4 ,kosciusko2 it is a large handsome fly with the stout thickened abdomen black1 and bordered or mottled along the segments with white2 the wings are semitransparent shaded with yellow2 the head and thorax are reddish yellow4 ,the ,genus ,semnotes contains two very large and handsome crane-flies1 both of which were originally described by ,westwood4 ,they are giants of the family1 with a large thorax1 and swollen abdomen narrowed slightly into a waist1 coming out broad and rounded to the tip2 the general colour is bright yellow mottled with black1 with semitransparent wings4 ,semnotes ducalis has dark markings on the wing1 and is the rarer species4 ,it is recorded by ,westwood from ,north ,australia1 and by ,skuse from ,manly1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,s4 imperatoria is found in ,victoria1 about ,sydney and the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w42 it is slightly larger than the former1 and can be easily distinguished by the very long tarsi1 the plain wings1 and the different markings on the body4 ,family #f4 ,soldier ,flies4 ,,stratiomyidae4 ,these are flat-bodied flies with narrow strongly veined wings2 #c-;jointed antennae2 and the pronotum furnished with slender spines4 ,comstock has called them 8,soldier ,flies0 on account of the bright coloured stripes with which many species are marked4 ,the larvae of most of these flies live in decaying vegetable matter1 but some are known to be carnivorous in their habits4 ,neoexaireta spinigera is one of our commonest species1 often to be found in the early summer months resting on the window pane with its broad hind legs flattened out2 it is very easily captured4 ,it is a slender shining black fly about #a inch in length1 with banded legs2 the sides of the body fringed with white hairs1 and the apical half of the wings clouded with black enclosing a small white blotch2 the pronotum is furnished with four slender spines standing out from the hind margin4 ,the larvae are usually found under damp rotting bark or decaying vegetable matter1 and are elongate flattened brownish and distinctly segmented creatures1 with narrow horny heads standing out in front like a stalk2 they are sluggish creatures with very little movement4 ,i figured and described a species 7doubtfully7 under the name of ,ephippium albitarsis in my 8,entomology of the ,grass-trees0 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif7 with somewhat similar larvae breeding in the decaying stems of these trees4 ,the little black fly measures about of an inch in length2 it has white tarsi and dusky wings2 the pronotum has the usual short spine on either side2 and the legs are stout4 ,odontomyia stylata is an elongate1 broad1 flattened1 bronzy green fly with the outer edges of the abdomen light green2 and the long pointed wings are folded down over the back2 the head is very broad2 the rounded thorax is long1 furnished with two small spines behind the pronotum1 and the abdomen is broadly rounded at the tip4 ,it is a common rather large fly about an inch in length1 usually found resting on foliage in damp places4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia4 ,in other parts of the world these flies are numerous1 and about #a1jjj species of the family have been described4 ,family #g4 ,march ,flies4 ,,tabanidae4 ,these flies are large or moderate sized insects1 with broad heads furnished with a fleshy proboscis well adapted for biting2 the #d-;jointed antennae stand out in front of the head and do not terminate in a bristle2 in the male the large eyes meet in front1 but in the female are separated2 the wings are large1 often long1 and well adapted for flight2 the legs moderately stout2 and the abdomen long1 broad1 and somewhat flattened4 ,they are common in the early summer months in open forest country1 and are popularly known in ,australia as 8,march ,flies02 in ,england and ,america they usually go under the name of 8,horse or ,gad ,flies10 and are a great pest to both man and horse2 they are so persistent in their endeavours to bite and suck up blood that they are very easily captured with the hand4 ,the larvae of ,,tabanidae live in damp earth1 or are found in water2 they are carnivorous1 feeding upon larvae and pond snails4 ,the flies deposit their eggs in bunches on herbage or low shrubs4 ,these flies are very interesting from an economic point of view1 for they are said to be sometimes responsible for outbreaks of anthrax by introducing the bacillus when biting4 ,some years ago an outbreak of malignant pustules on cattle in ,new ,caledonia was said to have been traced to an undetermined species of ,pangonia 7,megnin and ,germain1 ,bulletin ,soc4 ,ent4 ,france ,vol4 viii4 ser4 #e74 ,the ,genus ,pangonia is well represented in this country by many large handsome flies that differ from the typical ,tabanus in having ocelli1 and the third joint of the antennae elongate instead of compressed4 ,pangonia guttata was figured by ,donovan in his 8,insects of ,new ,holland02 it measures over #a inch in length1 and is broad in proportion2 its general colour is black1 clothed with little tufts of white downy hairs fringing the thorax in front of the wings1 and forming a band round the outer edge1 with similar spots down the centre of the abdominal segments2 the under-surface is variegated with longer white and black hairs1 and the wings are clouded with black4 ,this large handsome fly is common in the coastal forests1 usually found resting on tree trunks in the heat of the day4 ,p4 rufovittata is a smaller more showy insect of a dull yellow colour4 ,the eyes1 parallel markings on the thorax1 and broad transverse bands on the abdomen of black1 the alternate abdominal bands of beautiful golden hairs1 together with the yellow clouded wings1 give it a very striking appearance2 it also has a wide range over ,australia1 and is occasionally taken in the neighbourhood of ,sydney4 ,p4 auriflus1 about an inch in length1 also black1 has the face1 front of thorax1 under-surface and outer margins of the abdomen clothed with silvery hairs1 while the hind margin of the thorax1 a blotch in the centre1 and the tip of the abdomen are richly coloured with bright yellow hairs4 ,p4 concolor1 a much larger fly1 is of a uniform reddish brown colour1 with black eyes1 and mottled wings2 ,p4 violacea is a small bright metallic violet tinted insect not unlike a blue bottle fly1 but is easily distinguished when the antennae are examined4 ,the ,genus ,tabanus contains many of the typical 8,march ,flies03 ,tabanus brevidentatus measures an inch in length2 is of a uniform grey ash colour1 with the hind edges of the abdominal segments barred with light brown4 ,t4 edentulus is a slightly larger1 darker coloured fly with greyer bands on the body2 it is common on the slopes of ,mt4 ,kosciusko4 ,t4 abstersus is still larger and darker1 but with the same general colour2 the head and under-surface are clothed with white hairs2 the wings clouded2 the base and sides of the abdomen reddish brown with the dorsal surface barred with fine white hairs4 ,t4 sanguinarius1 one of the largest species1 is of a uniform reddish brown1 with black eyes2 the thorax tinted with yellow2 and the wings clouded4 ,it has a wide range over ,queensland and ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,silvius angusta is like a very small specimen of ,tabanus brevidentatus4 ,the members of the small ,family ,,leptidae are distinguished from the preceding one1 in having the third joint of the antennae simple and furnished with a bristle1 and the tibiae spined4 ,the curious looking larvae have the abdomen divided into two points at the tip2 they live in pits like the ant-lions4 ,leptis aequalis is a greyish looking species about the size of a house fly1 with the head composed of two large globular eyes touching in the centre2 the legs are long2 the wings smoky2 the elongated abdomen rounded at the tip1 and barred with black2 the whole insect clothed with scattered hairs standing up thickly on the dorsal surface4 ,these flies are very common flying over aphis infested wheat fields2 my specimens come from ,molong1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,family #h4 ,bee-flies4 ,,bombylidae4 ,these are popularly known as bee-flies1 on account of their remarkable powers of flight1 and hairy appearance4 ,they are all more or less clothed with delicate downy hairs1 furnished with #c jointed antennae1 and slender legs terminating in fine claws4 ,they frequent flowers1 hovering over them like bees2 and many species have the wings richly marked with black4 ,the life history of our species is but little known1 but ,i have bred several out of the clay nests of wasps1 and two out of lepidopterous pupae 7,agrotis sp474 ,a ,european species is said to drop her eggs upon the clay nests of wasps2 the newly hatched larva is furnished with a boring apparatus in front of its head by means of which it works its way through into the chamber2 there it undergoes another stage of development and emerges from it with a simple sucking mouth to eat up the wasp larva4 ,the larva of those attacking the 8cut-worms10 ,agrotis1 devours the whole of the moth grub and pupates inside the chrysalid skin4 ,the pupa is a very curious looking creature enclosed in a dark brown shining skin about of an inch long1 with projecting spines on the head and extremity4 ,the body is cylindrical with the first #g segments furnished with a band of rasp-like spines or ridges on the dorsal surface1 with which it moves round and round when touched4 ,anthrax nigricosta is a handsome little black fly1 with the head1 under surface of the body1 and two bands across the abdomen fringed with white down4 ,the wings are deeply marked with black on the front margin1 widest at the base4 ,it measures about an inch in length1 and comes from ,queensland4 ,comptosia albo-fasciata is a large black fly shaded with fine reddish hairs on the dorsal surface of the body2 the wings are brown1 very long1 with white tips2 the body measures about 1 and across the outspread wings #a inches4 ,neuria quadripennis is a much smaller1 but somewhat similar looking fly1 with the dorsal surface and margins of the body more hairy2 each wing is darkly clouded1 with the base light1 and the tip white4 ,both these species are not uncommon in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,acreotrichus gibbicornis is a beautiful little black fly with brown eyes2 not much over of an inch long2 the elongate antennae and head are clothed with tufts of black and white down2 the rest of the body is enveloped in long silvery white down4 ,a4 fuscicornis is of a rich violet black tint1 a yellow line round the hind margin of the head1 and a broader band round the dorsal margin of the thorax of a similar colour2 the broad rounded abdomen is lightly banded with pubescence4 ,these flies were taken in numbers hovering over the flowers of plum-trees in an orchard near ,sydney4 ,family #i4 ,bladder ,flies4 ,,acroceridae4 ,these are very curious looking flies with such very small round heads1 that at first sight one would think that they were broken off2 but on closer examination the little knobs in front will be found to consist of two large eyes joining together on the inner edge1 with small1 #b or #c jointed antennae4 ,nothing is known about the larval habits of our species1 but in ,europe they are parasitic on spiders or their cocoons4 ,the members of the ,genus ,pterodontia have the body inflated like a bladder2 we have several species in ,australia1 generally found resting on twigs or tree trunks4 ,pterodontia mellii measures under an inch in length2 the thorax and body are swollen out like a bladder2 it is of a general black colour1 with a mark on the back1 the fore legs1 and a large blotch on either side of the body bright ochreous yellow2 but the dark portions are thickly clothed with fine black downy hairs like a bumble bee4 ,the wings on account of the swollen body look much smaller than they really are4 ,i have specimens from ,queensland1 and ,hunter ,river ,n4,s4,w41 and they probably have a wide range4 ,panops flavipes is a very curious looking fly from ,moruya1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 measuring over an inch in length2 it is of a general dark bronzy black tint thickly clothed with fine down1 silvery on the tip of the abdomen4 ,the head is very small1 black and shining1 with the thickened cylindrical antennae standing out in front2 the thorax1 swollen out behind the head1 has a large angular white patch on either side2 the abdomen not quite as thick as the thorax is deeply corrugated4 ,the wings have the front half deeply clouded and the hind portion transparent4 ,acrodes fumatus is a much smaller species about of an inch in length2 the head and thorax are black2 the bladder shaped abdomen is tawny yellow1 with parallel stripes of black down the centre and sides1 and transverse white bars at the apex of each segment4 ,they were collected in numbers about ,cook's ,river1 near ,sydney4 ,family #aj4 ,mydas ,flies4 ,,mydaidae4 ,these might be called 8mimic flies10 because1 with their large thickened antennae 7often swollen out into a compressed club at the tips71 their broad heads1 elongated bodies1 and bright variegated black and yellow markings1 they can be very easily mistaken at first sight for ,pompilid wasps4 ,the mimicry is further emphasised by the thickened spined legs1 and coloured wings4 ,we have a number of species in ,australia2 they are allied to the 8,robber-flies0 which some of them resemble4 ,the larvae of foreign species are predaceous1 feeding upon the grubs of various wood-boring beetles4 ,mydas fulvipennis has the greater part of the head1 thorax1 under surface of the abdomen1 and thighs black2 with the face1 antennae1 legs1 wings and rest of the abdomen except two indistinct narrow bars1 bright reddish yellow4 ,it measures over of an inch in length1 and is of the usual elongate robust form with long clubbed antennae and thickened legs4 ,my specimens come from ,southern ,queensland4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4--,,diptera4 ,family ,,muscidae4 #a4 ,chaetogaster violacea 7,macq474 ,family ,,tabanidae4 #b4 ,pangonia guttata 7,donov474 #f4 ,pangonia auriflus 7,donov474 #ad4 ,tabanus abstersus 7,walk474 #g4 ,lamprogaster laeta 7,gurin74 ,family ,,asilidae4 #c4 ,asilis grandis 7,macq474 #h4 ,craspedia coriaria 7,wied474 #ab4 ,phellus glaucus 7,walk474 #ac4 ,blepharotes splendissima 7,wied474 ,family ,,diopsidae4 #d4 ,zygotricha sp4 ,family ,,bombylidae4 #e4 ,comptosia albo-fasciata 7,thomp474 #aa4 ,trichophthalma eques 7,sch474 ,family ,,dexiidae4 #i4 ,rutilia decora 7,gurin74 #aj4 ,amphibolia fulvipes 7,gurin74 7,original photo4 ,burton47 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxviii4--,,diptera4 ,family #aa4 ,robber-flies4 ,,asilidae4 ,this group is well represented in ,australia by some very large handsome robber-flies which attack and kill many insects larger than themselves1 transfixing them with their horny bayonet-like proboscis4 ,the large projecting eyes forming the greater part of the head are well separated from the thorax2 the three jointed antennae stand out at an angle from each other2 the legs are long1 stout1 and covered with stiff hairs well adapted for holding their prey2 they have more or less clouded wings2 and a slender1 rather cylindrical body tapers to a blunt tip in the female1 but in the male terminates in a pair of pincer-like processes4 ,it is an extensive family1 over #c1jjj species being described from all parts of the world2 they are very numerous in ,america1 where one is a very serious pest to honey bees4 ,their larvae live in the ground and are predaceous1 feeding upon the larvae of other insects1 particularly those of beetles4 ,the members of the ,genus ,dasypogon are small delicate flies that cling to grass stalks1 and are easily taken with a sweeping net2 they have the typical form of the family1 and their slender bodies taper to a point4 ,laphria diversipes is a common insect about ,sydney often taken on fences2 it is slightly over an inch in length2 its general colour is black1 with stout reddish brown legs variegated with black4 ,the head is clothed with stiff grey hairs1 the upper surface mottled with golden pubescence1 and scattered black hairs4 ,laphria rufifemorata is a somewhat large insect from ,queensland1 with the abdomen of a deep metallic blue4 ,leptogaster geniculatus is a remarkably slender bodied fly1 about the same length1 found about the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w4 ,the head is short but wide across2 the thorax is oval1 and the linear abdomen swells out slightly to the apex2 the legs are long and slender1 the hind pair with the thighs swollen in the centre4 ,the general colour is shining black with the legs marked with white4 ,the typical ,genus ,asilis contains some handsome flies generally met with in open forest country3 ,asilis inglorius1 over #a inch in length1 has large black eyes2 the front of the head is clothed with grey bristles2 the thorax is olive green1 marbled with grey pubescence1 thickest on the ventral surface2 the legs are red1 the tarsi black2 and the wings are clouded with yellow2 the abdomen is much elongated to the pointed tip1 reddish brown1 the first #c segments thickly clothed with long1 pale1 golden1 downy hairs1 and with the terminal segments covered with very short reddish brown hairs4 ,a4 plicatus is slightly larger1 of a general greyish brown tint1 with pale reddish brown markings on the thorax2 the legs are darker brown2 the abdomen is lightly clothed with fine scattered grey hairs4 ,a4 fulvitarsus is a much smaller species of a somewhat uniform buff tint1 inclined to a golden tint on the lower portion of the abdomen2 the face is clothed with grey and buff hairs1 and the wings are light brown4 ,blepharotes splendidissma is a very handsome fly with the abdomen flattened1 broad1 and almost heart shaped2 it measures nearly #a inches in length1 and #b across the outspread wings4 ,it is of a general black colour with the abdomen of a shining bronzy green tint2 the face is clothed with yellow bristles2 the thorax has grey pubescence on the sides1 and the outer margins and tip of abdomen are fringed with tufts of yellow and black downy hairs4 ,i have frequently captured it flying about in the ,botanic ,gardens1 ,sydney1 in the early summer4 ,phellus glaucus is a very curious fly found in the interior of ,western ,australia2 it measures nearly #b inches from the front of the head to the tip of the wings2 a great tuft of bright yellow hairs stand out in front of the head2 it is thickly clothed on the under-surface of the head with pale yellow hairs2 the legs are very stout and hairy1 and clothed with black down marked with white and large yellow tufts on the hind legs4 ,the abdomen is thickened1 elongated and broadly rounded to the tip1 of a uniform deep metallic blue tint1 but so thickly clothed with short black down that its rich colour is somewhat obscured4 ,craspedia coriaria is one of our largest robber-flies1 widely distributed all over the interior of the continent2 its mouth is produced into a stout pointed awl-like process1 with which it can pierce the integument of the stoutest insect1 and it can be often seen flying along with its beak buried in the back of a large cockchafer beetle 7,anoplognathus71 and with its large legs clasping its victim as it sucks up its blood4 ,its general colour is black1 with the broad1 flattened1 more elongate abdomen thickly clothed with short brick-red hairs2 the legs and under surface are very hairy1 with tufts of stiff black hairs fringing the outer edges of the abdominal segments4 ,the wings are opaque and almost black1 with an expanse of about #c inches4 ,saropogon princeps1 described by ,macquart1 has a large reddish brown wasp-like form that at first sight might be easily mistaken for a ,pompilid wasp4 ,it measures #a inches in length1 with a wing expanse of about #c inches4 ,the head1 under-surface1 centre of the thorax above1 the basal segment1 and two bands on the abdomen are black2 the rest is dull red1 with the hind margin of the wings hyaline4 ,i have a specimen from ,mittagong ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,brachyrhopala ruficornis comes from ,mackay1 ,queensland1 and has a very wasp-like appearance both in the colouration and shape of the body4 ,it is under an inch in length with the typical robber-fly head and spiny legs1 but the abdomen is contracted into a cylindrical waist behind the thorax1 rounded in the centre1 and tapered to the tip4 ,the head and thorax are almost black2 the hind margin of the latter and legs are dull red2 the abdomen is dull yellow with the basal segments marked with blackish brown1 forming two almost confluent bands round the broad centre4 ,family #ab4 ,false ,robber-flies4 ,,apioceridae4 ,these flies are of medium size not unlike ,muscidae1 with large elongated bodies1 short antennae1 and clear wings4 ,this is a small family containing two genera1 the species of which are peculiar to ,north ,america1 ,chili1 and ,australia4 ,apiocera bigotii1 described by ,macquart1 is about of an inch in length2 it has a short head not so wide as the thorax1 with a long projecting proboscis2 the elongate broadly rounded thorax is truncated behind2 the abdomen is broadest in front1 rounded1 and tapers to the tip1 which terminates in a tuft of fine spines4 ,the wings are somewhat iridescent with reddish veins2 the general colour of the fly is a dull brown1 with white hairs and silvery pubescence clothing the hind portion of the head and under-surface of the thorax1 and also mottling the dorsal surface of the body with grey4 ,some specimens in my possession come from the ,shoalhaven district4 ,apiocera asilica described by ,westwood is a larger much darker insect1 with black hairs on the upper surface and grey on the under surface2 it ranges from ,queensland to the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #ac4 ,big-eyed ,flies4 ,,pipunculidae4 ,these are tiny little creatures with very large heads consisting almost entirely of two great hemispherical eyes4 ,the short antenna terminates in a bristle4 ,about #hj species had been described1 chiefly from ,europe1 until ,perkins published the descriptions of #bf species from ,australia 7,leaf ,hoppers and their natural enemies ,pt4 iv4 ,pipunculidae7 ,hawaii #aije4 ,they are remarkable for their habits in the larval state1 being parasitic upon the larvae and pupae of frog-hoppers1 chiefly ,jassidae1 particularly those ,homoptera that have the tip of the abdomen clothed with waxy filaments4 ,when full grown the dipterous larvae leave their host and bury themselves in the soil1 where they pupate4 ,mr4 ,koebele allowed me to examine the collection he made of these little flies before they were described by ,mr4 ,perkins4 ,many of these he reared from infested frog-hoppers in ,queensland when studying sugar-cane pests4 ,pipunculus helluo was observed swarming round the larvae of ,siphanta1 which were abundant on fig trees near ,bundaberg ,queensland2 this species was also taken by ,koebele near ,sydney4 ,p4 cinerascens is remarkable in the larval form1 as it does not fall to the ground and pupate in the soil1 but forms its puparium upon the surface of the living leaves in the open4 ,p4 cruciator comes from the district of ,cairns1 ,n4 ,queensland4 ,family #ad4 ,hover ,flies4 ,,syrphidae4 ,several species are well known and common in gardens1 where they are popularly known under the name of 8,bee0 or 8,hover ,flies0 from a way they have of poising1 apparently motionless1 over flowers and aphid-infested bushes1 for the movement of their wings is so rapid as scarcely to be detected4 ,the perfect flies1 which among the carnivorous species have slender bodies more or less barred or banded with yellow1 lay their eggs upon aphis-infested plants2 the young larvae emerging from the white eggs feed exclusively upon aphids and plant lice2 the full-grown larva is legless1 very elongate in form1 and has great powers for extending and contracting its abdominal segments1 so that the body1 from a rounded mass1 can extend into a long and slender form4 ,the full-grown larva pupates in an oval hard chrysalid which usually falls to the ground4 ,the typical ,genus ,syrphus is well represented in ,australia by several fine species1 all of which are aphid eaters1 and fly about in the bright sunshine but shelter among the foliage at other times2 whenever aphis appear the syrphid flies soon follow1 and ,i have seen them round the aphid-infested briar bushes in countless thousands4 ,syrphus pusillus1 figured in the ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd under the name of ,syrphus viridiceps1 is our commonest species found upon aphis-infested rose bushes1 orchard trees1 and wheat fields4 ,it measures about of an inch in length2 has large reddish eyes1 yellow face1 and dull metallic green thorax with yellow scutellum2 the darker abdomen is banded with three interrupted transverse yellow bands1 and smaller marks on the apical segments4 ,s4 viridiceps is a more slender form1 with a green face2 the whole of the thorax is shining lead colour1 with fine yellow bands on the abdomen2 the legs are dark1 and the whole fly is lightly clothed with fine hairs4 ,both these species may be taken on the same bush1 and both have a very wide range over ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,syrphus viridiceps 7,macquart74 ,a common ,hover-fly that destroys rose and peach aphis4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,drone or ,bee ,fly1 ,eristalis tenax1 is another common garden fly with a very wide range1 and is an introduced ,european species4 ,it measures over an inch in length and is broad in proportion2 the head and thorax are clothed with yellowish brown down1 and the smooth shining abdomen is mottled with black and brown4 ,the larvae are dirty white maggots with slender rat-tails at the tip of the body1 and they live in all kinds of rotten or semi-liquid refuse4 ,helophilus bengalensis is a smaller1 robust fly with rounded eyes2 the thorax is richly barred with parallel grey lines on the dorsal surface2 and there are two large lunate yellow spots at the basal portion of the abdomen4 ,the lower part of the abdomen tapers to a rounded tip and is clothed with yellow down4 ,this fly was originally described from ,bengal by ,wiedemann2 ,schiner has reported it from ,batavia2 my specimens come from ,queensland4 ,h4 griseus was described and its life history given in my 8,entomology of the ,grass-trees0 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahif7 under the name of ,orthoprosopa nigra4 ,the larvae1 elongate in form1 with a short anal tubular tail1 swarm in great numbers between the outer shell and the caudex of the dead rotting trunk of the grass-trees among the slime and water4 ,they pupate in the damp earth in captivity1 forming a light brown oval case with the remains of the larval tail shortened and retracted4 ,this handsome black fly1 over an inch in length1 has the face and antennae bright yellow2 the dorsal surface clothed with fine black pubescence2 the scutellum smooth and shining2 the sides fringed with scattered grey hairs2 and the wings clouded4 ,there is a second species found in similar situations2 the larvae have the typical slender rat-tails1 and when they pupate transform the tail into a curved tubular process at the extremity of the chrysalis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4--;,eristalis tenax 7,linn474 ,the ,drone or ,bee-fly2 usually found upon flowers4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,sphiximorpha australis1 from ,southern ,queensland1 is a very curious broad thickset black and yellow fly1 with spatulate tipped antennae standing out in front of the two large eyes2 the head is slightly larger than the thorax1 which is stout and thickened2 and the broad abdomen is rounded at the extremity4 ,the general colour is black1 with the face1 three spots on the sides of the thorax1 scutellum1 apical portion of legs1 and two bands on the abdomen rich yellow4 ,the wings are clear1 except a dark stripe along the front margin4 ,this curious fly has a striking resemblance to some of the yellow banded mud-nest wasps 7,odynerus and ,alastor71 but the reason for their bright colouration and abnormal shape is at present unknown4 ,family #ae4 ,wasp-flies4 ,,conopidae4 ,these are handsome flies of moderate size1 many of which are very wasp-like in the shape of the abdomen and in general colouration2 they have the proboscis prolonged but usually drawn up and hidden2 the #c-;jointed antennae inserted in front of the head are close together at the base1 with the first joint very short4 ,comstock says that the larva of ,conops is a soft whitish #aa-;jointed flask-shaped grub1 with a long neck and mouth armed with lips and hooks 7mandibles7 and two lateral elevated plates supporting the two spiracles4 ,it was found by ,lachat and ,audouin living in the body of a ,bombus4 ,most of the members of this family are found as parasites upon different bees and wasps2 the flies deposit their eggs upon the perfect insects2 the larva bores into the abdomen1 feeds upon the contents1 and finally pupates in the shell of the body4 ,they are considered by most writers to be allied to the ,syrphidae4 ,this is a small family in regard to numbers of species1 but they are widely distributed3 ,van der ,wulp lists #ad species of the ,genus ,conops from ,south ,asia1 including the ,malay ,archipelago 7,cat4 ,described ,diptera #ahif71 and others have since been described4 ,conops pica1 described by ,macquart from ,australia1 is found in the ,mittagong district1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,it is slightly over of an inch in length2 has large lance-tipped antennae standing out in front2 a large head2 the abdomen very slender at the base swelling out to a broadly rounded tip1 giving it a striking resemblance to the small 8mud-nest wasps40 ,this resemblance is further borne out by its general dark brown colour marked and banded with yellow1 which upon the abdomen forms two broad bands1 a spot on the sides1 and a large rounded blotch on the extreme tip2 the legs are banded1 and the wings are striped in front with brown4 ,family #af4 ,fruit ,flies1 ,leaf ,mining ,flies1 c4 ,,muscidae ,,acalyptrata4 ,under this heading ,sharp places a large division of closely related flies comprising #bi families1 which he treats in a very brief manner2 we have a large number of interesting species in some of these families that are worthy of notice1 for some of them are very serious pests to the gardener and orchardist4 ,sharp says3 8,taken collectively1 they may be defined as small flies with #c-;jointed antennae 7frequently looking as if only #b-;jointed7 bearing a bristle that is not terminally placed2 frequently either destitute of squamae or hairy1 these imperfectly developed so as not to cover the halteres2 and possessing a comparatively simple system of neuration1 the chief nervures being straight1 so that consequently few cells are formed40 ,the ,,diopsidae comprise in the typical ,genus ,diopsis some very curious looking flies1 rather slender in form1 with narrow wings1 and the sides of the head produced into an elongate stalk1 at the tip of which is placed the rounded eye1 reminding one of the stalk-eyed crabs4 ,westwood monographed this genus in the ,transactions of the ,linnean ,society #ahce1 where he figured and described #ba species from ,africa1 ,india and ,java4 ,i have two very fine species from ,north ,queensland1 belonging to the ,genus ,zygotricha1 and a number of allied forms placed in the ,genus ,achias by ,van der ,wulp 7,catalogue of the ,described ,diptera from ,south ,asia #ahif7 recorded from ,new ,guinea4 ,the ,stalk-eyed fly1 ,zygotricha sp41 measures nearly an inch in length1 with the eyes measuring over of an inch from tip to tip2 its general colour is yellowish brown1 the face bright yellow2 eyes black2 thorax finely striped with grey2 wings mottled2 the curious angulated abdomen shining with metallic tints1 and tipped with stout hairs4 ,the cosmopolitan 8,skipper0 in cheese1 is the larva of ,piophila casei2 it pupates in a slender dark chrysalid2 the small slender dark fly swarms round over-ripe cheese1 fat1 and other dried foods4 ,the little 8,fruit ,flies0 belonging to the ,,drosophilidae1 sometimes also known as 8wine flies0 from their habit of swarming round the freshly-filled wine casks1 lay their eggs in decaying vegetable matter2 they are often attracted to over-ripe fruit1 and by their presence sometimes cause it to decay2 they are common all over the world4 ,the maggots sometimes found among pickles in vinegar and brine belong to flies of this group4 ,drosophila obscura1 a tiny light brown fly with a dark coloured head1 breeds in damaged tomatoes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,dacus 7,tephritis7 tryoni 7,froggatt74 ,the ,queensland ,fruit ,fly4 #a4 ,showing the jaws of the larva2 #b4 adult fly enlarged2 #c4 larva2 #d4 chrysalid2 #e4 tip of the abdomen showing the breathing orifices2 #f4 fly natural size4 ,the ,,trypetidae comprise the true 8fruit flies10 many of them very handsome little creatures2 some of them form regular galls in the twigs of plants2 others with their needle-like ovipositors puncture the ripening fruit1 depositing their eggs beneath the skin2 the maggots cause the fruit to rot1 often before it can be gathered1 and thus do a great deal of damage in ,australian orchards4 ,the ,queensland ,fruit-fly1 ,dacus 7,tephritis7 tryoni1 ranges from ,queensland 7where it probably originally infested native bush fruits7 into ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and is now a serious orchard pest in both ,states4 ,it is a dull brown insect marked with yellow1 about the size of a large house fly1 with a rather wasp-shaped body1 and large transparent wings4 ,i have described several other allied species coming into ,australia from the ,islands in damaged fruit1 8,notes on ,fruit-maggot ,flies with ,descriptions of ,new ,species0 7,agr4 ,gazette ,n4,s4 ,wales #ahii74 ,dacus 7,tephritis7 psidii was bred out of guavas imported from ,new ,caledonia2 it is about of an inch in length2 is dull yellow1 with the thorax distinctly striped1 and the abdomen black2 the transparent wings are thickly mottled with brown4 ,tryon says that it is a common fruit-fly pest in ,queensland1 damaging bananas and other fruits4 ,trypeta musae was obtained from bananas brought from the ,new ,hebrides3 it is a slightly larger fly1 with the head and thorax dull yellow2 it has no distinct dorsal stripe on the thorax1 and the wings are very thickly mottled4 ,t4 bicolor is a larger native species with reddish brown head and thorax2 with black body2 with beautifully mottled black wings having the base and sides unclouded4 ,i have taken it on the trunks of wattle trees near ,bathurst1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the 8,mediterranean ,fruit ,fly10 ,ceratitis 7,halterophora7 capitata1 first recorded from oranges brought from the ,azores to ,london1 was described by ,macleay in #ahbf2 it has a wide range1 and was introduced into ,new ,south ,wales some years ago2 it is now one of the most serious pests that orchardists have to fight4 ,it is a smaller more thickset fly than the ,queensland pest1 with the thorax dark metallic brown1 and the wings richly variegated4 ,the male is remarkable in having a pair of spatulate hairs1 like a second pair of antennae1 springing out in front between the eyes4 ,trypeta poenia is a tiny little fly with a grey pubescence over the thorax and abdomen2 the thorax is finely mottled1 and the delicate wings are very finely but thickly marked with dark brown2 ,i have taken this species when beating the low scrub in the western country round ,condobolin1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,lonchaea splendida is a very brilliant metallic green fly with pale smoky wings2 it is smaller than a house fly1 with a much more elongated body2 its larvae infest decaying tomatoes1 potatoes1 egg-fruit and other solanums2 it has a wide range from the ,pacific ,islands and ,new ,zealand1 over ,australia4 ,the family ,,ortalidae is represented here by a very handsome species1 ,ortalis coerulea2 it is about the size of a house fly1 with deep metallic blue thorax and banded black abdomen2 the transparent wing is clouded with black at the base and the tip1 and has a black ,v-shaped band in the centre4 ,it is very common in summer usually resting on the foliage of the grass-trees1 and can be easily captured with a net4 ,lamprogaster laeta is another fine species1 with a wide range from ,victoria to ,queensland4 ,it measures nearly an inch from the front of the head to the tip of the body2 the large semitransparent wings are blotched along the front with black4 ,the dorsal surface and curious angular abdomen are deep metallic blue2 the legs and under-surface reddish brown4 ,i have usually found it on the highlands1 and it is common on the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w4 in the summer months4 ,the ,,agromyzidae are small yellow flies1 sometimes marked with green2 they puncture the tissue of plants and cause excrescences and galls upon the foliage and flower buds4 ,one tiny species1 ,agromyza sp41 attacks the midrib of the leaves of the 8,blood-wood0 7,eucalyptus corymbosa71 common about ,sydney2 producing soft yellow spongy excrescences aborting all the young foliage4 ,a4 phaseoli is a great pest to the growers of french beans in the ,gosford district ,n4,s4,w42 the fly inserts her eggs in the stem of the young plant just above the surface of the ground4 ,it is a tiny black fly1 with bluish tints on the body4 ,it was described by ,coquillett 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahii7 from specimens ,i sent to him for identification4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,agromyza phaseoli 7,coquillett74 ,the ,french-bean fly1 the larva of which feeds on the stems4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,phytomyza affinis 7,fallen74 ,an introduced ,leaf-mining fly1 and a common garden pest4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,,phytomyzidae are small dark coloured flies1 whose larvae are leaf miners2 and several species are well known pests to the gardener4 ,phytomyza affinis breeds in the winter in the leaves of the sow thistle2 the next generation swarm on the marguerites1 sunflowers and many others of the ,compositae1 thereby causing them to wither and fall4 ,the ,,sapromyzidae contain a great number of small flies which are generally met with resting among the foliage when sweeping or beating the scrub in the early morning4 ,they seldom have the wings spotted1 and the abdomen is broader than that of the former group4 ,the larvae feed under the bark of trees1 or among decaying vegetation4 ,sapromyza fuscicornis is of a uniform pale brownish yellow1 with dark eyes1 and with scattered stout bristles on the thorax2 it is a large species over of an inch in length to the tip of the closed wings4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia4 ,s4 decora is a very much smaller dark brown fly1 with a fine white stripe on each side of the thorax extending across the sides of the head above the eyes4 ,it is common in summer in the orchards among the orange trees4 ,in the members of the ,genus ,celyphus the scutellum is so abnormally inflated that it covers all the posterior parts of the body1 so that these tiny shining black creatures are quite unlike the typical ,diptera4 ,a dark brown fly about the size of a house fly that has been described under the name of ,batrachomyia nigritarsis by ,skuse1 is a parasite in the larval state on the back of several of our common frogs1 where feeding under the skin it forms a regular blister2 when full grown the larva makes its way through the skin1 and pupates in the damp soil4 ,the ,,scatophagidae are slender1 elongate1 medium sized flies that can be bred out of dung or decaying vegetable matter1 and are found in most parts of the world4 ,scatophaga guerini measures over of an inch in length2 it is of a dull greyish brown tint1 marked on the head and thorax with parallel whitish bars1 thickly clothed on the stout legs with fine hairs2 and the long wings are folded over the back when at rest4 ,it has a wide range2 ,i have it from ,sydney1 and have bred it from the cylindrical white maggots in 8toad-stools0 collected on the banks of the ,darling ,river1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the ,genus ,nerius 7placed by ,van der ,wulp in the ,sub-family ,,calobatinae1 following the ,,sciomyzinae7 is represented by two fine species common in ,north ,queensland4 ,they are very slender1 long-legged flies1 with long1 straight-veined wings1 rounded at the extremities1 and folded over the narrow pointed abdomen2 the head1 which has a distinct neck1 might be described as pear-shaped1 with short1 stout1 lance-shaped antennae standing out in front1 and elongate flattened eyes with a dorsal depression between them2 the abdomen is elongate1 oval2 and both species1 about the same size1 measure an inch in length4 ,nerius inermis1 8the ,banana-stalk ,fly10 is of a uniform dull brown colour1 with the dorsal surface of the head and thorax striped with white1 and the whole of the under surface and thighs 7except a brown comma-like mark on the sides7 white4 ,the slender white maggots feed in the ends of the decaying stalks of the bunches of ,queensland bananas1 forming elongate reddish brown chrysalids when they pupate2 they are easily bred out in captivity4 ,this species was originally described from the ,nicobar ,islands by ,schiner2 and has also been recorded from ,celebes and ,aroe4 ,n4 lineolatus1 described by ,wiedemann from ,java1 is common in ,north ,queensland2 it differs from the last species in having the dorsal surface more thickly and brightly striped with white1 and the legs being barred with white4 ,family #ag4 ,anthomyia ,flies4 ,,anthomyidae4 ,in general appearance they are very like the house fly1 of small size and indefinite colour2 they differ in the structure of the wings1 and the eyes of the male are generally large and in contact2 the antennae are bare or feathered4 ,in their larval habits they vary very much3 some are simply scavengers2 others feed on living vegetation1 and like the onion and cabbage flies are serious pests2 and a few are parasitic4 ,the family is a large one1 and species are found in most parts of the world4 ,the common bluish fly resting on the decaying weed1 and flying along in front when one is walking along the sea shore1 belongs to the ,genus ,lispe2 it looks like a house fly with longish legs and a pale tint4 ,ophyra analis is a very common inland fly1 and may be found swarming round dead sheep1 or bred from pupae found under carrion lying in the bush4 ,it is a shining blue black fly about the size of an ordinary house fly1 and is lightly clothed with bristles on the sides of the thorax2 it has a somewhat heart-shaped body1 and clear wings4 ,a second species1 ,o4 nigra1 originally described by ,wiedemann from ,china1 is found in ,australia1 and is also recorded by ,walker from the ,east ,indies4 ,it may be found swarming about dead sheep in summer4 ,phoania personata might be taken for a large house fly from the regular stripes on the thorax1 but it is more thickly clothed with bristles1 and the abdomen has a deep metallic blue tint4 ,i have bred numbers from larvae pupating in rotting oranges piled on the ground4 ,limnophora ruficoxis is a somewhat smaller fly with the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen clothed with a dull buff pubescence2 and the scutellum is smooth and shining4 ,i have specimens from ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w41 and ,gatton1 ,queensland4 ,family #ah4 ,parasite ,flies4 ,,tachinidae4 ,this is one of the most useful groups of flies to the agriculturist1 for nearly all the members deposit their eggs upon the living larvae of other insects such as the plant-destroying cut-worms1 many different moths1 and the grubs of our large saw-flies1 and immature grasshoppers4 ,this is a family of considerable extent1 for over #a1jjj species have been described from ,america alone1 and in ,van der ,wulp's ,catalogue #ahg species are listed from ,south ,asia1 but very little has been done in working up the ,australian species4 ,in general appearance they are not unlike large house flies1 but more bristly2 the bristle of the third antennal joint is bare2 the posterior cell of the wing almost or quite closed1 and the large squamae cover the halteres4 ,they attach their white eggs to the surface of the caterpillar with a gummy secretion1 and it is quite common in summer time to find caterpillars thus infested1 the perfect flies generally emerging from the pupal shell of their victim4 ,the members of the ,genus ,winthemia are rather large flies1 parasitic upon the larvae of different moths2 several ,american species are great checks upon the increase of the 8,army worm0 7,leucania unipuncta74 ,winthemia lata measures slightly under an inch in length1 and is thickset in proportion2 it has a silvery face1 with the brownish thorax covered with short stout bristles on the sides2 the abdomen is black1 with the sides and outer margin of the segments blotched with dull yellow2 and the whole upper surface is lightly clothed with fine bristles4 ,i have bred this fly from our ,native ,silkworm ,moth 7,antheroea eucalypti71 from ,lewin's ,moth 7,ocinaria lewinae71 and from an undetermined hawkmoth4 ,the ,genus ,miltogramma comprises a number of smaller flies common in ,europe1 which lay their eggs upon the captured prey of the sand wasps while the latter are placing them in their burrows in the ground2 and not only does the parasitic fly larva devour the food supply1 but also when that is finished1 feeds on the baby wasp4 ,an ,indian species is parasitic upon one of the large plague locusts4 ,i have a very handsome undetermined species from ,southern ,queensland which has the abdomen ringed with bright yellow bands2 this would suggest that it may deposit its eggs in the underground chambers of a similarly banded ,bembex4 ,another much smaller species1 not unlike the house fly in size and general colouration1 has the grey abdomen barred with black4 ,family #ai4 ,metallic ,green ,flies4 ,,dexiidae4 ,these flies differ from the ,tachinidae1 which they otherwise resemble1 in having longer legs1 and the bristle of the antennae pubescent or plumose4 ,australia is rich in large handsome species1 often brightly marked with metallic tints2 they are usually most plentiful in open forest country1 often resting on tree trunks2 when flying round they make a loud humming sound4 ,most of them are parasitic in their habits1 depositing their eggs upon the larvae of lamellicorn beetles that are buried in the ground4 ,chaetogaster violacea is of the usual thickset form1 with a broad body and long pointed wings2 it measures nearly #a inch from the front of the head to the tips of the folded wings4 ,it is of a general dark metallic blue colour1 with the dorsal surface of the head and thorax marked with grey1 and the whole insect is clothed with scattered black bristles4 ,the wings are clouded with dull yellow on the basal half1 giving it a very distinctive appearance4 ,amphibolia fulvipes is another very handsome and smaller fly with a broader body than the last1 but the wings are shorter and clouded at the base2 the head and legs are yellow2 the rest black1 with the thorax spotted behind and marked with a row of short broken parallel bars in front2 the greater part of the abdomen above and below is creamy white mottled with seven bilobed blotches of black forming a pattern on the dorsal surface4 ,it is found about ,sydney and has a wide range on the eastern coast4 ,amenia leonina is about an inch in length with a more rounded abdomen4 ,the large head is bright yellow1 with the thorax and abdomen rich metallic blue2 the sides of the thorax and abdomen are marked with several white circular dots1 the last two on the tip of the abdomen very distinct4 ,it is found in ,tasmania1 and ranges along the eastern coast of the mainland into ,queensland4 ,the typical ,genus ,rutilia is well represented in ,australia by a number of large1 showy flies rich in metallic tints1 and as a general rule not so thickly or coarsely clothed with bristles4 ,rutilia formosa1 originally described from ,new ,holland by ,desvoidy1 is not uncommon along the eastern coast in the summer months4 ,it measures from to #a inch in length2 is of a general rich light metallic blue tint2 the abdomen indistinctly barred with black is rich metallic coppery red1 duller in the larger females1 which have the abdominal segments more hirsute and bristly4 ,the larvae are parasitic upon beetle grubs1 probably those of the brown cockchafer 7,anoplognathus74 ,r4 decora is about the same size and has much the same habits and range4 ,the thorax is rich metallic blue1 darker in front1 with a row of short black bars2 the abdomen is black with a double row of bright green metallic spots down the centre1 the two at the anal tip largest4 ,r4 vivipara measures about #a inch in length1 with a wing expanse of #a inches2 it is of a general dull greyish brown tint2 the abdomen is lighter brown1 and has a dark line down the centre and the sides and tips lightly clothed with grey hairs4 ,r4 inornata1 about the same size as the last species1 is a much darker fly2 the abdomen is of a uniform dull shining black with grey hairs on the sides but none on the tip4 ,both these species have an extended range in forest country4 ,myocera longipes has the general colouration of a house fly1 with long1 clear wings behind which are large white squamae2 and it has very long slender legs4 ,it has a curious habit of resting on the tree trunks with its long legs spread out in a very characteristic manner4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxix4--,,diptera4 ,family ,,muscidae4 #a4 ,lucilia tasmaniensis 7,macquart74 ,large blue-bottle fly4 #b4 ,lucilia caesar 7,linn474 ,introduced sheep fly4 #c4 ,lucilia sericata 7,meigen74 ,metallic blue-bottle fly4 #d4 ,musca domestica 7,linn474 ,common house fly4 #e4 ,musca corvina 7,fabr474 ,bush fly4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxix4--,,diptera4 ,family #bj4 ,flesh ,flies4 ,,sarcophagidae4 ,these flies differ from the true house flies in having the bristle of the antennae plumose at the base but fine and hair-like at the extremity4 ,they lay their eggs or living larvae upon meat or other exposed food1 and are also known as 8,scavenger0 flies because they frequent evil-smelling places like pig-sties and slaughter-yards4 ,some species are known to deposit their larvae in the nostrils of animals1 and there are several records of the death of human beings from infestation by these maggots4 ,the typical ,genus ,sarcophaga is world-wide in its distribution1 and contains a number of well known species4 ,sarcophaga aurifrons is our commonest species in ,australia1 and is also found in the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,it is over of an inch in length2 the front of the head is golden2 the large eyes deep red2 the legs black2 and the thorax and abdomen black but thickly clothed with silvery grey pubescence2 the black shows through1 forming three black bands on the front of the thorax2 and the abdomen is mottled with indistinct spots4 ,s4 frontalis is a slightly larger species with the face very bright golden yellow2 the black bars on the thorax finer and darker2 and the abdomen mottled with a more irregular pattern4 ,a much smaller species1 hardly larger than a house fly1 was described by ,skuse 7,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #ahia1 p4 #bea7 as a parasite of the plague locust2 he named it ,masicera pachytyli2 this fly ,mr4 ,coquillett says belongs to the ,genus ,sarcophaga4 ,i have since bred a much larger species from the bodies of locusts in the ,bombala district1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,tachina oedipoda1 described by ,olliff 7,agr4 ,gaz4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahia1 p4 #gfi71 ,i am also informed by ,mr4 ,coquillett1 should be ,sarcophaga oedipoda1 and is closely allied to ,s4 aurifrons3 it also is a parasite on the same species of locust4 ,family #ba4 ,house ,flies4 ,,muscidae4 ,this group comprises all the typical house flies1 some of which are world-wide in their distribution4 ,all of them have the bristle that forms the tip of the antennae hairy or plumose1 while the abdomen is spineless1 without bristles except at the extremity4 ,they deposit their eggs in stable manure or other decaying matter2 the maggots1 developing very rapidly in warm weather1 form the usual hard parchment-like chrysalids from which the perfect flies emerge4 ,many interesting observations have been lately made on the habits of house flies and the danger of their spreading diseases by carrying germs or particles of putrid matter upon their feet1 and thus contaminating food or transferring germs into open wounds2 it was proved in the ,spanish-,american war that the swarms of flies had a great deal to do with the spread of fever in this manner4 ,musca domestica1 the common house fly1 is almost world-wide in its distribution1 and is the chief species found inside the house4 ,in the larval state it chiefly develops in stable manure4 ,it measures about of an inch in length2 is of a uniform black tint but is so thickly clothed with grey tomentum that it appears to be brown2 the eyes are red2 the thorax is clothed with stiff black bristles1 and has four parallel bars down the centre of the dorsal surface4 ,the freshly deposited eggs hatch within a day or two2 the maggots develop within six days1 and remain in the pupal state for only a few days in the summer2 so that it is no wonder that they multiply with such marvellous rapidity1 particularly when we discover that one house fly will lay over #a1jjj eggs in the season4 ,musca corvina is a smaller darker tinted species1 showing only two parallel stripes down the thorax4 ,it is a common bush species and a great pest in the bush all through the summer1 swarming in countless thousands from the eastern coast into the interior4 ,it has a wide range over ,europe1 ,north ,america1 ,ceylon1 and the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,stomoxys calcitrans is of a more brownish tint1 with the abdomen more flattened1 and it differs from the last two species in having a well developed biting mouth2 this fly is a troublesome pest to horses1 and will alight on one's hand and bite quite sharply4 ,it has a wide range from ,europe across ,asia to ,ceylon1 ,java1 and ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,calliphora is well represented by several very distinct species of typical 8,blow-flies02 but though the common ,european species1 ,calliphora vomitaria1 is said to be common in ,new ,zealand ,i have never taken it in ,australia4 ,c4 villosa is our large common blow-fly2 it measures about an inch in length2 is of a general slate grey colour with the abdomen thickly clothed with fine golden pubescence giving it a bright mottled yellow tint4 ,c4 oceaniae is the smaller blow-fly with a steely blue abdomen1 the base on either side bearing a dull yellow blotch by which it can be easily distinguished4 ,both these species are found in the bush and in the house2 they lay their eggs on any food they can gain access to2 but in the summer1 or when they cannot get at food in time1 the egg is hatched in the body of the mother and dropped as a living maggot4 ,some of the bright metallic species also come in this ,genus2 ,c4 rufifaces is a much smaller bright rich metallic blue fly1 with a silvery face1 red eyes1 and white flaps behind the wings2 it1 and the much smaller ,c4 varipes with a yellow face and darker tinted body1 are common about dead sheep or decaying matter in the interior4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxx4--,,diptera4 ,family ,,muscidae4 #a4 ,calliphora oceaniae 7,desv474 ,blue-bodied blow-fly4 #b4 ,calliphora oceaniae 7,desv474 ,maggot4 #c4 ,head segment of maggot1 showing mouth hooks4 #d4 ,anal segment of maggot1 showing tubercles4 #e4 ,pupa4 #f4 ,calliphora villosa 7,desv474 ,yellow blow-fly4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxx4--,,diptera4 ,neocalliphora ochracea is somewhat thicker and broader than ,calliphora villosa1 and a much rarer species2 it is of a general dull reddish brown colour1 with the head and thorax darkest4 ,in the ,genus ,lucilia we have the typical 8,bluebottle0 flies1 which are well represented in this country3 ,lucilia sericata and ,l4 caesar1 both of a moderate size and deep metallic green and coppery tints1 are widely distributed4 ,l4 tasmaniensis is a larger species1 measuring under an inch in length2 it is of a uniform bright metallic blue1 and has a wide range4 ,family #bb4 ,bot-flies4 ,,oestridae4 ,the members of this family are well known in most parts of the world in the larval state as 8bots10 internal parasites in the stomach of the horse1 in the nostrils of sheep1 and the skins of cattle4 ,the life history of the common ,european bot-fly1 ,gastrophilus equi1 is well known2 the active fly lays her eggs upon the shoulders or jaws of the horse1 attaching them to the hair by a gummy secretion2 the horse licking itself transfers the eggs into its mouth1 where the tiny maggots hatch out and are carried down into the stomach4 ,they are provided with a pair of fine curved hooks in front of the head by which these little creatures hook themselves into the membrane of the stomach1 absorbing their nutriment from the liquid with which they are surrounded4 ,when fully developed these oval spiny bots detach themselves and pass out with the excrement1 the maggots at once burying themselves in the damp soil and pupating2 the perfect fly emerges early in ,february in most parts of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the flies1 about an inch in length1 have large thickset bodies thickly clothed with short brown or golden hairs1 giving them the general appearance of a hairy bee2 the male has a short rounded abdomen2 that of the female is greatly elongated and usually curled up underneath4 ,there are probably several introduced species now common in ,australia with a wide range over the country4 ,it is remarkable that though they do not bite or sting the horses when laying their eggs1 yet as soon as the horses hear the loud hum of the bot-fly they gallop about and show an inherited fear of this pest1 which1 though it does not kill them1 must be a very unpleasant parasite when numerous4 ,the members of the ,genus ,hypoderma are a very serious pest in ,europe and other countries where they infest cattle1 and are known both as 8warble0 or 8bot-flies40 ,the fly lays her eggs upon the back of the beast2 the tiny larva makes its way through the hide1 beneath which it lives and feeds upon the putrid matter caused by the irritation of its presence2 it finally produces an inflamed blister-like swelling or 8warble10 eventually working its way out through the hide and falling to the ground1 where it buries itself and pupates4 ,no species have been found in ,australia1 but in some parts of ,england very serious damage is caused to the health of the beast1 and the skin by being perforated loses value for making leather4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,gastrophilus equi 7,fabr474 #a and #b1 ,the introduced ,bot-fly1 showing dorsal and lateral view of female2 #c1 eggs attached to hairs of horse2 #d1 egg enlarged 7the eggs should be more truncate at the tips72 #e1 larval bots attached to piece of the stomach of a horse2 #f1 bot much enlarged2 #g1 enlarged head of bot showing the mouth hooks4 ,the ,sheep ,nostril ,fly1 ,oestrus ovis1 has a wide range over the world1 and was probably introduced into ,australia many years ago1 though it has been noticed only quite recently as a serious pest4 ,this fly lays living maggots in the nostril of the unfortunate sheep2 the maggots work their way up into the frontal sinuses of the head1 where they remain until fully developed1 when they turn downward and are usually sneezed out by the sheep in their efforts to get rid of the obstruction4 ,the fly is slightly under an inch in length2 the upper surface of the head and body are grey to dull yellow1 spotted or mottled with darker tints2 the abdomen is yellowish mottled with darker markings4 ,it has been found chiefly in the ,blue ,mountains ,n4,s4,w4 ,family #bc4 ,louse or ,spider ,flies4 ,,hippoboscidae4 ,these are parasitic ,diptera1 that having taken to idle and slothful habits 7though some of them can fly very well71 take up their quarters among the fur or feathers of different animals and birds1 where they live and are carried about by their hosts4 ,to suit this method of existence they have become quite altered in structure2 they have flat leathery bodies1 and their feet are produced into large pincer-like claws which enable them to cling to the skin of their host4 ,some have large wings with stout nervures but very rudimentary venation2 a few though provided with wings at birth bite them off soon after2 and others like the well known 8sheep tick0 are wingless4 ,as a rule their presence even when numerous does not seem to incommode the infested animals after they have become used to them1 for the wild ponies in the ,new ,forest in ,england are often covered with the horse-fly1 ,hippobosca equi1 and they take no notice of them4 ,yet if one alights upon a horse unaccustomed to the presence of the fly he becomes almost crazy with fright1 probably from the pinching or tickling sensation produced by their claws4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,ortholfersia macleayi 7,leach74 ,a parasitic fly that lives upon wallabies4 ,figured by me as ,olfersia macleayi 7,leach7 in the 8,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the ,common ,european ,sheep ,tick1 ,melophagus ovinus1 was introduced at a very early date into this country among the wool on the backs of sheep4 ,it is a dark-brown1 wingless creature thickly clothed with fine hairs1 more like a stout-legged spider than a fly in general appearance1 but it has not the requisite fourth pair of legs4 ,these bristly legs are furnished with the usual stout curved claws1 between which is a slender appendage like a short string1 supposed to be used to hang on with by coiling it round the wool4 ,from their blood-sucking habits and these pincer-like claws1 they are very annoying to the sheep when numerous4 ,the ,wallaby ,louse ,fly1 ,olfersia macleayi1 is very common on small marsupials in ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,when the dogs while hunting pull down and kill a wallaby1 these flies generally crawl off and cling to the dog's nose1 rendering him very unhappy4 ,it is a winged form1 measuring under an inch to the tip of the folded wings1 and is of a uniform shining dark brown tint with a greenish shade very noticeable in the legs4 ,speiser 7,annals ,musei ,nationalis ,hungarici #aijd7 has placed this species in his ,genus ,ortholfersia4 ,ornithomyia perfuga1 taken on an owl 7probably ,spiloglaux boobook7 near ,brisbane1 has been recently described by ,dr4 ,speiser3 it is a larger species of a more reddish brown colour4 ,a very fine louse fly1 also taken in ,southern ,queensland upon a white hawk1 measures nearly of an inch to the tip of the folded wings1 and has been identified by the same gentleman as ,ornithoctona nigricans1 described originally by ,leach4 ,among the few other species described from ,australia is one found on our pretty little emu wren1 which was described by ,schiner in the 8,zoology of the ,voyage of the ,novara #ahej0 under the name of ,ornithomyia stipituri4 ,a number of our native birds act as hosts for these curious flies2 the fruit pigeons1 swallows1 fly-catchers1 and others are known to have them2 and when they are systematically collected our list will probably be a large one4 ,the ,,nycteribiidae are another typical family of louse-flies found upon different bats1 which are very small in comparison with the true louse-flies3 they are always wingless1 and have a world-wide distribution4 ,they are reddish brown creatures covered with stout spines2 the head is buried in the thorax2 and the legs1 very long and slender1 terminate in immense pincer-shaped claws4 ,nearly all our bats are more or less infested with these 8spider flies10 and several species have been described4 ,rainbow has recently described one under the name of ,nycteribia pteropus from a flying fox taken at ,batavia ,river1 ,n4 ,australia 7,records ,australian ,museum #aijd74 ,family #bd4 ,fleas4 ,,pulicidae4 ,the classification of the fleas has always been a matter of doubt2 modern entomologists usually place them at the end of the ,diptera1 considering them a group of degraded flies that from their parasitic habits have become wingless1 and have developed wonderful jumping powers2 other specialists who have devoted much attention to the question consider them as worthy to rank in an ,order1 and follow ,latreille1 who called them ,,siphonaptera2 other writers1 like ,taschenberg1 who wrote his ,monograph entitled 8,die ,flhe0 in #ahhj1 formed them into distinct families4 ,the latest revision of the family is ,baker's 8,revision of ,american ,siphonaptera1 c40 7,smithsonian ,institute #aijd72 in this he gives a list of the described species1 placing them in five families1 and records a total of #acd species from all parts of the world4 ,messrs4 ,jordan and ,rothschild in a 8,revision of the ,sarcopsyllidae0 7,university of ,liverpool #aijf7 criticise ,baker's classification1 and reduce the families to four1 extending the limits of the ,family ,,sarcopsyllidae1 and adding seven new species4 ,the flea differs from most other insects in having the whole wedge-shaped body vertically flattened4 ,it is admirably adapted for crawling through hair or feathers1 and the large stout spiny legs are well suited for jumping4 ,the head1 indistinctly separated from the body1 is short1 furnished with jointed antennae situated above but behind the eyes2 the mouth is produced into a stout pointed proboscis with which it punctures the skin and sucks up the blood of its host4 ,they are all of a more or less reddish brown tint1 clothed with scattered stout bristles1 and the abdomen is rounded at the apex2 the legs are furnished with a pair of tarsal claws4 ,the fact that fleas are capable of spreading the germs of plague and even leprosy has caused a great deal of attention to be devoted to this group1 and they have during the last few years been sought for and collected from all parts of the world4 ,two species are common in the house in ,australia1 of which the 8domestic flea10 ,pulex irritans1 is too well known to need much description4 ,they deposit their eggs1 which are tiny ribbed crystalline spheres 7very beautiful objects under the microscope7 in the dry dust in cracks and crannies in the floor1 or in the corners of badly-swept rooms4 ,from these eggs hatch out slender1 legless1 transparent grubs with several short bristles on the anal extremity2 these grubs feed upon the dust and1 when full grown1 spin a silken tube in which they pupate buried in the dust4 ,p4 serraticeps is known as the dog and cat flea1 though it is not uncommon at times in the house where animals are running about2 but though it sometimes comes on man1 it is an accidental infestation1 and it gets away to its natural host as soon as it can escape4 ,it can be easily distinguished from the common house flea by its more elongate form1 and by the black comb-like spines fringing the back of the head and the first thoracic segment1 which are absent in the former4 ,the ,rat and ,mouse ,flea1 ,p4 fasciatus1 is a paler coloured1 more slender flea1 also with a very extended range over the world4 ,it is notorious as the species that1 when living upon plague-infested rats1 can transmit bubonic plague to man4 ,denny 7,annals and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,,xii4 #ahdc7 has described another species1 which he placed in this ,genus1 obtained from ,tasmania and found upon the ,echidna1 and which he has called ,pulex echidnae4 ,about a dozen indigenous species have been recorded from ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,echidnophaga was created by ,olliff 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf7 to contain a species he described under the name of ,echidnophaga ambulans2 it is remarkable for its very long proboscis1 and short legs which render it unable to jump4 ,large numbers of this flea were found upon a ,porcupine ,ant ,eater 7,echidna hystrix7 in the ,australian ,museum4 ,messrs4 ,jordan and ,rothschild in the ,revision previously noticed place #h species in ,olliff's ,genus1 adding two more to the ,australian fauna1 ,e4 macronychia from ,west ,australia found upon a small marsupial 7,bettongia lesueuri71 and ,e4 liopus also from ,west ,australia on ,echidna aculeata1 at the same time recording the last-named species upon rats at ,agra1 ,india4 ,they give a number of additional hosts of ,e4 ambulans1 namely3 the opossum1 several other marsupials1 and the brown snake2 and they extend its range from ,sydney to ,west ,australia4 ,the ,chicken ,flea1 ,e4 gallinaceus1 which they place in this ,genus 7originally described by ,westwood under the generic name ,sarcopsylla7 though it has not been recorded from ,australia has a range from ,america1 ,africa1 and ,russia to ,fiji2 it infests a great number of both wild and domestic animals and birds4 ,skuse 7,annals of the ,australian ,museum #ahic7 described a very curious flea1 found in the pouch of a native cat 7,dasyurus7 which he called ,stephanocircus dasyuri4 ,i have since had the typical legless larvae1 found also in the marsupial pouch of the same animal1 and it is also common upon the bandicoot in ,queensland4 ,this flea has an elongate body1 with the front of the head flattened and fringed with fine spines2 it has no eyes4 ,skuse is said to have described two species belonging to different genera as the sexes of his flea2 and ,rainbow in the same journal 7,records ,aust4 ,mus4 #aije7 proposes the name of ,ceratophyllus rothschildi for the second4 ,rothschild has described two other species in this genus1 ,c4 hilli from ,n4,s4 ,wales on the native cat1 and a second1 ,c4 woodwardi1 from ,w4 ,australia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,stephanocircus dasyuri 7,skuse74 ,flea of the 8,native-cat0 and 8,bandicoot40 7,original photo4 ,g4 ,turner47 ,rothschild also describes two other species which he places in ,skuse's ,genus ,stephanocircus1 namely ,s4 thomasi 7,nov4 ,zool4 ,x4 #aijc7 from ,barrow ,island ,n4,w4 ,australia1 and ,s4 simsoni 7,entomologists' ,month4 ,magazine ,,xvi4 #aije71 which comes from ,tasmania1 taken upon a native cat1 ,dasyurus maculatus4 ,in the ,entomologists' ,monthly ,magazine #aijf ,rothschild forms a new ,genus ,pygiopsylla for a large ,tasmanian flea taken on a native rat which he calls ,pygiopsylla colossus4 ,he makes ,ceratophyllus hilli the type of this new genus1 in which he also places three other ,australian species originally described in the latter genus1 namely3 ,c4 woodwardi1 rothschildi1 and echidnae1 in the new one4 ,order ,,viii4--,,hemiptera4 ,bugs1 ,frog-hoppers1 ,scale ,insects1 c4 ,the structure of the mouth is the distinctive character of the insects of this great ,order4 ,instead of the biting jaws 7or sucking mouth7 of many other insects previously described it is produced into a slender pointed tube of complicated structure1 which usually lies along the under-surface of the head and thorax4 ,this beak1 called the rostrum1 consists of a jointed sheath 7labium7 enclosing hair-like setae 7mandibles and maxillae74 ,when the insect feeds the sharp tip is pressed into its food1 and the sap or juice sucked up1 not by the proboscis-like sheath1 but by the delicate enclosed setae4 ,kirkaldy doubts if the sheath 8ever even penetrates the tissues1 either vegetable or animal1 unless these be already lacerated by the setae02 and it is often used only as a fulcrum to steady their operations4 ,in the outward appearance 7often a deceptive character in classification7 the members of this group are very dissimilar2 probably no two insects could be more unlike than the typical plant bug and the ordinary scale insect4 ,they all undergo an incomplete metamorphosis1 often changing their colours and even shape in the various moults before they are fully developed4 ,the eggs of those living upon plants are generally deposited in clusters1 and these are often very beautiful crystal spheres with stellate caps upon the summits4 ,in other groups the eggs are buried in the tissue of the food plant or covered with woolly or sticky secretions4 ,they take the name ,hemiptera from the structure of the fore wing1 one half of which is1 in the typical bugs1 horny and the rest semitransparent4 ,the families of the plant and water bugs are much more closely related to each other than to the frog-hoppers1 cicades and scale insects2 and the whole ,order has been separated into groups or sub-orders1 viz41 ,,heteroptera2 ,,homoptera2 ,,anoplura2 ,,mallophaga4 ,sub-order ,i4 ,,heteroptera4 ,bugs4 ,this sub-division contains all the plant1 carnivorous1 and water bugs1 which vary in size and shape from the tiny little leaf-infesting forms to the great 8fish-killer10 ,belostoma indicum1 found in our water-holes4 ,they are usually furnished with two pairs of wings4 ,the basal portion of the front pair is horny and opaque1 and the apical half more or less transparent2 this pair covers the larger hind pair1 which1 well adapted for flight1 are folded up beneath when at rest4 ,the members of some groups however are apterous4 ,many are furnished with glands on the body secreting an offensive1 buggy-smelling fluid1 which they discharge when handled or disturbed4 ,some species are serious pests to plant life1 and swarm in countless thousands over vegetation1 sucking up the sap and causing it to wither and die in consequence1 as in the case of the ,chinch ,bug of ,north ,america upon wheat1 and the ,rutherglen ,bug in ,australia among field crops4 ,others are predaceous and very useful1 destroying great numbers of leaf-eating grubs and caterpillars4 ,these insects are well represented in ,australia1 and many of the larger and more showy ones were collected and described at a very early date1 and their descriptions are scattered through the pages of many scientific journals4 ,numbers of our species have been described by ,westwood 7,hope ,catal4 #ahcg72 ,dallas 7,list ,hemip4 #ahea72 ,walker 7,catal4 ,heter4 ,brit4 ,museum #ahfg72 ,distant 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhf1 etc472 ,kirkaldy 7,the ,entomologist72 and others in ,english journals2 while among the ,continental writers ,messrs4 ,stal1 ,bergroth1 ,montandon1 ,horvath1 and ,reuter have been the chief workers4 ,in #ahic ,messrs4 ,lethierry and ,severin commenced a 8,catalogue of the ,described ,heteroptera of the ,world02 three parts were published1 but1 probably owing to the death of ,lethierry1 it was never completed1 part three closing with the ,,anthocoridae1 and most of the aquatic groups are not listed4 ,dr4 ,mayr has in his 8,monograph of the ,belostomidae #ahga0 noted our species4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4--,,hemiptera4 ,family ,,pentatomidae4 #a4 ,biprorulas bibax 7,bredden74 #c4 ,peltophora pedicellata 7,kirby74 #d4 ,chaerocorus paganus 7,fabr474 #g4 ,plautia affinis 7,dallas74 #h4 ,cuspicona simplex 7,walk474 #aj4 ,dindymus versicolor 7,herr4 ,sch474 #aa4 ,tectocoris lineola 7,fabr474 #ac4 ,oncoscelis sulciventris 7,stal474 ,family ,,pyrrhocoridae4 #b4 ,dysdercus sidae 7,montrz474 ,family ,,coreidae4 #e4 ,mictis profana 7,fabr474 ,family ,,lygaeidae4 #f4 ,oxycarenus luctuosus 7,mont474 #ab4 ,oncopeltus quadriguttatus 7,fabr474 #ae4 ,lygaeus hospes 7,fabr474 ,family ,,reduviidae4 #i4 ,ptilocnemus femoralis 7,horvath74 ,family ,,tingidae4 #ad4 ,froggattia olivina 7,horvath74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxi4--,,hemiptera4 ,the ,heteroptera have been divided into about twenty families1 chiefly defined by the structure of the head and wings2 these families are again subdivided into a great number of sub-families1 many of the more important being represented in ,australia4 ,family #a4 ,shield ,bugs4 ,,pentatomidae4 ,this group comprises many of our largest and most brilliantly marked tropical plant bugs1 distinguished from all those of other families by the remarkable size of the scutellum which frequently covers the two pairs of wings and dorsal surface of the abdomen4 ,the majority of these insects fly well4 ,the head is usually furnished with #e-;jointed antennae 7though some are restricted to four joints71 and two ocelli4 ,it is one of the largest groups1 and has been divided into fourteen sub-families4 ,there are over #d1jjj species in the family1 and it is well represented in ,australia4 ,this family is sometimes known under the name ,,scutelleridae4 ,the ,cherry ,bug1 ,peltophora pedicillata1 is a bright metallic green bug mottled with black spots on the back2 the greater part of the under surface1 edges of the thorax1 and two blotches at the base of the scutellum are bright coral red3 it measures an inch in length and is broad in proportion4 ,it has a range from ,new ,south ,wales 7where it is often found on strong-scented flowering shrubs and has been recorded as a cherry pest7 to ,n4 ,queensland1 where it is very abundant on the wild fig trees4 ,tectocoris lineola is so variable in size and colouration that it has been described under eight varietal names and has an extended range from the north of ,n4,s4 ,wales through ,queensland to ,new ,caledonia and ,china4 ,it has a broad1 elongate1 convex body of a bright orange colour edged on the margins of the body with metallic green2 the dorsal surface is covered with curious green or blue patches reminding one of ,chinese letters2 sometimes these markings are almost absent1 in others so confluent that it is more blue than red4 ,donovan named our variety ,t4 banksi1 after ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 who first obtained specimens from ,australia4 ,chaerocoris paganus is under an inch in length1 and of an oval1 beetle-like form2 its general colour is red with dull metallic green forming blotches on the back1 head1 and sides of the thorax4 ,it is very common at times crawling about on the rocks and ground about ,sydney4 ,c4 similis is a smaller darker form1 only taken about ,gunnedah1 ,n4,s4,w41 but it probably has a wider range4 ,philia basalis is one of the common fruit bugs of ,n4 ,queensland4 ,it is slightly over an inch in length1 with elongate convex scutellum1 and a uniform rich metallic green tint1 with a bright coral-red spot behind the head and two similar ones at the base of the scutellum2 the sides of the abdomen are bright red on the under surface4 ,p4 senator is a smaller1 more variable form1 with the coral-red markings not so distinct4 ,philia regia1 about the same size as the last species1 is of a rich coppery-red tint1 with the hind portion of the back bright yellow1 and the ventral surface and legs bright green and yellow4 ,both these species and ,p4 senator are found along the ,queensland coast4 ,the ,genus ,calliphara contains a number of large bugs1 elongate but broadly rounded in front1 with the scutellum forming a complete convex shield over the back2 #bf species are described ranging from ,china through the ,malay ,peninsula to ,queensland4 ,calliphara imperialis measures over of an inch in length1 and has the whole of the dorsal surface1 except the tip of the abdomen1 bright shining red2 the under surface1 legs1 and tip of abdomen are dark metallic green4 ,c4 billiardierei1 about the same size1 has the back and the under surface of the abdomen 7except the tip7 red2 the head1 thorax1 legs and tip of abdomen deep metallic green with dull purple tints4 ,c4 cruenta is a much smaller species1 the thorax and basal half of the back red1 shading into purple toward the tip4 ,c4 nobilis has the head and thorax dark1 with the dull red back spotted with black4 ,all our species of this genus are found in the tropical scrubs of ,n4 ,queensland4 ,cantao parentum measures over an inch in length1 and is more elongate in form2 it is of a uniform dull red tint1 with the whole of the dorsal surface marked with small irregular black dots2 the legs and under surface are black4 ,it ranges along the ,queensland coast4 ,it has been reported to have attacked cherries in ,southern ,queensland4 ,the ,genus ,testrica contains several little brown bugs1 short and broad1 with the front of the thorax more or less produced into a spine1 and the extremity of the abdomen broadly rounded4 ,testrica bubala is not more than of an inch in length1 with the shoulders sharply spined2 it is found upon the foliage of small gum trees4 ,the sub-family ,,cydinae contains a number of curious little black shining bugs that live on the ground and are often found hiding under stones4 ,they are quick and active in their habits1 and might easily be mistaken for small black beetles4 ,geobia australis1 under of an inch in length1 is of a uniform pitch-black colour1 with the exposed tips of the elytra greyish-brown2 it has spiny legs2 the head is clothed with scattered hairs forming a fringe4 ,adrissa atra is a much larger black bug2 it has pitch-coloured elytra with brown tips4 ,this common species is found about ,sydney under stones and rubbish4 ,in the ,,pentatominae we have a large number of species4 ,they are broadest across the base of the thorax1 which is sometimes slightly angulate2 the scutellum is large and angular1 occupying the centre of the back but not covering the whole of the wing covers4 ,notius depressus measures over an inch in length1 and is broad in proportion2 the general colour is deep blue to purple1 the sides of the head and thorax and ventral surface marked with yellow4 ,it ranges from ,tasmania to ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,eumecopus australasiae has a wide range1 and is often found in wattle scrub resting on tree-trunks4 ,it measures about an inch in length1 is a very active insect1 and flies readily when disturbed4 ,its colour is dull brown1 mottled with small dull yellow spots2 these form several short parallel rows on the pointed head1 and there is a distinct yellow spot at the apex of the scutellum4 ,the ,genus ,poecilometis contains #ad species peculiar to ,australia4 ,they are of the same general form as the last group1 are found in similar localities1 and are all of a more or less reddish-brown tint4 ,poecilometis histricus1 about of an inch in length1 is of a light brown colour with ochreous markings4 ,p4 gravis1 found upon wattle scrub1 is smaller than the last species and is of a more reddish-brown tint4 ,p4 strigatus1 about an inch in length1 is of a similar brownish colour4 ,dictyotus plebejus is one of our commonest little dull brown bugs2 is about of an inch in length and nearly as broad as long4 ,it has a wide range over ,eastern ,australia1 and is found1 often in numbers1 under stones1 dry cowdung1 or dead logs4 ,the genus is peculiar to ,australia1 and contains #ah described species4 ,commius elegans is common on the foliage of the native cherry about ,mittagong1 ,n4,s4,w42 it is just under an inch in length2 is of a general blue black colour with the thorax and under surface yellow blotched with black2 the sides and apex of the scutellum are edged with yellow2 and a narrower transverse band of dull white crosses the back just below the tip of the scutellum4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and was described by ,donovan in #ahje4 ,plautia nigripennis is a much smaller plant bug1 with the upper surface green1 and the sides and tips of the elytra reddish brown2 it ranges up the ,queensland coast from the ,tweed ,river1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,p4 affinis is a pretty little green insect which feeds on rice and other plants in the northern district of ,n4,s4,w4 ,it measures about of an inch in length4 ,the members of the ,genus ,cuspicona range from ,india to ,australia and ,new ,caledonia2 eight species are described from ,australia4 ,cuspicona simplex is a finely rugose and green coloured bug about of an inch in length1 with the sides of the thorax produced into blunt spines1 and the elytra broadly rounded to the tip4 ,it infests many field crops and has been reported as doing serious damage to growing potatoes4 ,c4 thoracica is a small green species1 with the thorax produced into a stout spine on each side4 ,the head and a broad band across the thorax are reddish brown2 the margins of the thorax and the centre of the scutellum are marked with bright yellow4 ,it is common in the eastern coastal districts1 and has been found feeding on ground crops about ,gosford1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,c4 forticornis is a larger green species with the thoracic spines red1 and the dorsal surface thickly and finely punctured4 ,it is common in the northern scrubs of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,the ,,asopinae contains two well known species of ,australian bugs3 ,cermatulus nasalis is common on the ,richmond and ,tweed ,rivers1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,it measures slightly over an inch in length1 and has a somewhat rounded form1 with a small projecting head4 ,specimens vary from an olive brown to almost black colour1 and are mottled with deep red2 the upper surface is deeply and closely punctured1 and the tips of the elytra are metallic bronze4 ,the ,vine-moth ,bug1 ,oechalia schellembergi1 is one of our most interesting species from an economic point of view because it preys upon the caterpillar of the vine moth 7,phalaenides glycine71 several species of cut-worm1 and the larvae of the fig-leaf beetle 7,galeruca semipullata74 ,they lay their rounded glassy eggs in patches of about a dozen upon the foliage1 and the freshly emerged bug is dark brown1 and flattened in form4 ,the adult bug varies very much in size2 the largest is about an inch in length2 it is very finely punctured1 and is of a general light reddish brown colour mottled with yellow2 the sides of the thorax are stoutly spined1 and the abdomen is rather tapering toward the tip4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and is recorded from ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,spined ,orange ,bug1 ,biprorulus bibax1 is a well known orange pest about ,moree and the ,tweed and ,richmond ,rivers1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,it is a handsome bright green bug when alive1 but after death usually changes to dull yellow2 it measures nearly an inch in length and of an inch across from tip to tip of the large thoracic spines2 the front of the thorax between these stout spines is somewhat depressed2 the abdomen is broad and rounded1 and the dorsal surface finely punctured4 ,the ,,tessaratominae are usually large insects found upon plants1 and among them are several destructive species4 ,among a number of hemiptera submitted to ,d',horvath for identification were two species1 viz41 ,rhoecocoris 7,oncoscelis7 sulciventris and ,stilida indecora1 which both in the larval and perfect state swarm over the orange orchards in the north of ,n4,s4 ,wales and1 by sucking up the sap of the stalks1 cause the unripe oranges to fall4 ,their habits and life history being identical1 ,rhoecocoris 7,oncoscelis7 sulciventris1 which was identified by ,olliff in the ,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib1 ,i at first confused with ,stilida indecora 7,ag4 ,gazette1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aija74 ,s4 indecora is of a more reddish brown tint than ,r4 sulciventris1 with the dorsal surface of the thorax not punctured1 and the apical areas of elytra more bell shaped1 while the venation is much finer2 while the thorax of ,r4 sulciventris is distinctly punctured and the anterior edge of the apical area of the elytra is broadly rounded4 ,oncomeris flavicornis is our largest ,australian plant bug1 over #a inches in length1 of a broad shield shape1 over of an inch across the rounded thorax1 and of a general dark reddish brown almost black colour on the dorsal surface2 each elytron is richly marked on the basal half with bright yellow1 and the apical portion is rich metallic purple4 ,it comes from the tropical scrubs of ,n4 ,queensland4 ,in the ,sub-family ,,dinidorinae we have ,megymenum insulare1 a typical form very common on the foliage of the low scrub of the semi-tropical forests of ,n4,s4 ,wales and ,queensland4 ,it is of a general chocolate brown tint1 with the inner apical markings of the elytra dull white2 it measures just under an inch2 the sides of the head and the front of thorax are furnished with short angular spines1 which are also present round the outer edge of the abdominal segments2 and the whole of the dorsal surface is rugose4 ,the immature larvae are brown1 flattened1 and fringed right round with bract-like processes4 ,family #b4 ,gum-tree ,bugs4 ,,coreidae4 ,this group contains bugs in which the scutellum does not extend as far back as the middle of the body2 the head is generally furnished with four-jointed antennae inserted above on the sides of the head2 there are two ocelli2 and the sheath of the proboscis consists of four segments4 ,many species have the femora of the hind legs dilated or armed with blunt spines4 ,the majority are dull coloured insects that have no distinctive common name in ,australia1 so for want of better1 ,i propose to define them as 8,gum-tree bugs10 as many typical forms feed upon the young shoots of our gum trees 7,eucalyptus74 ,in ,america they are sometimes called 8,squash ,bugs0 from their fondness for pumpkin plants4 ,over #a1ejj species have been described and placed in #bi sub-families2 and they are well represented in ,australia4 ,the ,,mictinae are represented by one of our best known species1 which ,i called the 8,crusader ,bug10 ,mictis profana4 ,it is a somewhat variable elongate insect just under an inch in length1 of a uniform dull drab-brown1 with the inner edge of each elytron marked with a dull yellow stripe1 which1 intersecting each other in the centre1 produce a distinct cross on the back4 ,the hind legs are thickened and the apex of the tibia forms a blunt spine4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and of late years has been found infesting the citrus orchards1 where it punctures the young shoots and causes them to die back4 ,the ,genus ,amorbus contains #ae described species peculiar to this country1 most of which feed upon the foliage of young gum trees and give out a very strong odour when touched2 the young larval forms are often brightly coloured1 but in the adult state all these bugs are dull brown4 ,amorbus angustior1 under of an inch in length1 has the dorsal surface flattened2 the abdomen swells out on the sides beyond the edge of the folded elytra1 and the whole surface is granulated or roughened4 ,it is of a uniform chocolate colour with the antennae and abdomen rusty red4 ,a4 robustus is a much larger species1 stout in proportion1 with the same elongate form1 but the edges of the abdomen not projecting beyond the wings4 ,mutusca brevicornis is a very slender brown bug1 about an inch in length1 usually found resting among the grass4 ,the head and thorax are elongate1 with the former produced in front of the antennae into two slender lobes2 the elytra are long and slender1 and the wings well adapted for flight4 ,riptortus robustus is also an elongate bug1 but shorter and stouter1 with the head short and angular2 the thorax is short1 rounded in front1 and produced into a ridge behind1 with a stout spine on either side4 ,the body is long1 constricted in the centre1 and rounded at the tip3 the thighs of the hind legs long1 thickened and armed with a row of spines along the inner edge4 ,the general colour is reddish brown4 ,the ,genus ,leptoglossus contains some handsome species which are remarkable for having the tibiae of the hind legs dilated into leaf-like processes4 ,leptoglossus membranaceus is an elongate1 flattened1 black bug banded with a slender red line across the thorax2 the head is small1 projecting in front of the triangular thorax2 and the shield shaped body comes to a rounded tip4 ,the fore legs are slender1 but the hind pair are slightly thickened on the thighs and roughened on the inner edges2 and the tibiae have leaf-like projections on either side1 giving it a very remarkable appearance4 ,it is common in ,north ,queensland and ranges over ,africa1 ,india1 ,ceylon1 and the ,philippines4 ,family #c4 ,chinch ,bugs4 ,,lygaeidae4 ,this is a family containing about #a1djj described species divided into thirteen sub-families1 but many of the latter are very restricted in their numbers1 the majority coming under the typical sub-family ,,lygaeinae4 ,their general characters are similar to those of the ,coreidae except that the antennae are inserted below the eyes1 and the head is not so flattened and more angular in front4 ,they are smaller bugs of more delicate structure1 and their prevailing colours are brown or black variegated with red and yellow2 some of them1 such as the ,chinch ,bug of ,north ,america1 are very destructive pests4 ,as they have no distinctive group name ,i have adopted ,professor ,comstock's name of 8,chinch ,bugs40 ,the ,,lygaeinae contain most of the bright coloured species1 often marked with red2 the wing covers are usually of a somewhat delicate texture4 ,astacops laticeps1 about of an inch in length1 is a slender black bug with the head and sides of the elytra bright red4 ,scopiastes vitticeps1 about the same size1 has the head1 thorax1 and sides of the body red4 ,both these insects are common on the grass and field crops on the ,northern ,rivers of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,lygaeus hospes measures an inch in length1 is of the typical elongate form1 and is black marked with bright red forming a broad indistinct cross on the basal portions of the elytra4 ,it has a wide range from ,china and ,india to ,australia and ,new ,caledonia4 ,l4 mactans is a much smaller insect1 with the head1 base of thorax1 and the greater part of each elytron bright red4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia1 and is also recorded from ,fiji4 ,l4 decoratus1 about an inch in length1 has the whole of the head1 thorax1 and sides of the elytra banded with red and black2 it comes from ,queensland4 ,the ,cotton ,bug1 ,oncopeltus quadriguttatus1 figured in my notes in the ,agricultural ,gazette #aija1 should be according to ,horvath ,o4 sordidus1 ,dallas1 though the latter name is given as a synonym of the first in ,l4 and ,s4's ,catalogue4 ,it measures an inch in length1 is of a general black colour1 with the head and two depressions in the centre of the thorax dull red1 and the scutellum and basal half of each elytron deep orange red2 the abdomen is dull red and clothed with short down4 ,they lay their eggs to form a ring round a twig1 sometimes as many as a hundred in a cluster2 the larvae are flat and almost circular in form1 of a general red colour mottled with metallic blue spots1 and the legs and antennae are dark coloured4 ,this bug is common on the cultivated cotton plants about the ,richmond ,river1 and ranges from ,sydney into ,queensland4 ,the ,rutherglen ,bug1 ,nysius vinitor1 is one of the most destructive plant bugs in ,australia2 breeding in grass lands1 during the summer it swarms over all kinds of field crops and fruit trees in countless millions1 sucking up the sap of both the foliage and fruit4 ,it has a very wide range1 and takes its popular name from the town in ,victoria1 in which it was first recorded damaging grapes4 ,it is a tiny creature1 under of an inch in length1 is dull brown to grey in colour with silvery grey wings2 it is very active and flies well4 ,it is so common that under favourable conditions it might become here as serious a pest as the ,chinch ,bug of ,north ,america4 ,the ,genus is a very extensive one1 containing #fi species distributed from ,greenland to ,s4 ,america1 thus almost world wide in its range4 ,the ,coon ,bug1 ,oxycarenus luctuosus1 is a tiny black and white bug about the same size1 originally described from ,new ,caledonia4 ,it is very common1 chiefly in the inland districts1 swarming over the ground in millions4 ,when in the larval state1 before the wings are developed1 its general colour is bright red1 and it is then much more noticeable1 giving the fences on which it rests in the day time a curious blood-red tint4 ,so far it has never been recorded as a plant pest1 but that is probably only because it is chiefly a western species1 where little fruit is grown4 ,family #d4 ,fruit ,bugs4 ,,pyrrhocoridae4 ,these bugs differ from the last family only in the fact that they are not provided with ocelli4 ,it is a small family containing under #djj described species1 placed in two sub-families4 ,the ,,larginae contains a number of red coloured bugs1 the majority of which are confined to ,south ,america4 ,the members of the ,genus ,physopelta however belong to the ,indian and ,malay region2 and ,p4 famelica ranges from ,ceram to ,woodlark ,island1 and down the ,queensland coast to the ,tweed ,river4 ,it measures under of an inch in length1 is of the typical form1 and of a general dull red tint1 with the head1 centre of the thorax1 and legs dark brown2 the centre of the scutellum and four spots on the sides of the elytra are black4 ,the ,,pyrrhocorinae comprise the bulk of this family1 which are chiefly found in ,africa and ,asia4 ,the 8,harlequin ,fruit-bug10 ,dindymus versicolor1 was originally described from ,tasmania1 but has a wide range over ,australia4 ,they shelter and breed in the crevices on tree trunks1 and often damage ripe fruit4 ,it measures slightly over an inch in length2 the under surface is yellowish1 with the head and thorax blood red1 the latter barred with white4 ,the upper surface and legs are black1 with the greater part of the thorax and basal half of the side of each elytron bright red4 ,dindymus circumcinctus is a slightly smaller1 much darker species1 the red only showing on the outer margins of the thorax and elytra4 ,i have specimens collected near ,sydney4 ,dysdercus sidae belongs to a genus world wide in its distribution1 and containing over #ej described species4 ,this species is common on the ,richmond ,river ,n4,s4,w41 frequenting the cultivated cotton plants1 where it can be seen running over the opening cotton bolls1 and discolouring them with its excrement in the same manner as the 8,american ,cotton ,stainer10 ,dysdercus suturellus1 is reported to do in the ,united ,states4 ,our species measures about an inch in length2 it is red1 with the scutellum and a distinct rounded spot in the centre of each elytron black4 ,the antennae1 eyes1 and apical areas of the elytra are also black2 the front and sides of the thorax marked with dull white4 ,family #e4 ,lace ,bugs4 ,,tingidae4 ,these are all small plant bugs without ocelli2 the terminal joint of the antennae is swollen or clubbed2 the pronotum is large1 covering the scutellum2 the neuration of the elytra is very distinct1 forming intricate1 lace-like patterns2 the feet consist of two joints4 ,they are true plant-feeding bugs1 generally sucking up the sap from the under-side of the leaf1 and when numerous often become pests4 ,between four and five hundred species of ,,tingidae have been described1 and are placed in two sub-families4 ,few species have been recorded from ,australia1 but this is probably not owing to their absence1 but because collectors are apt to overlook these small creatures4 ,serenthia pectipennis is a tiny dark brown bug1 hardly of an inch in length2 the oval body is convex1 and broadly rounded to the apex1 with a curious lighter brown pattern on the elytra4 ,it comes from ,glen ,innes1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the ,olive-tree ,bug1 ,froggattia olivina1 was described from specimens sent to ,horvath2 its native food plant is the wild olive 7,notalaea longifolia72 the larvae infest the under surface of the leaves1 and cause them to wither and drop off4 ,it has now transferred its attention to the cultivated olive1 and when numerous will almost defoliate the trees2 it has a wide range over ,n4,s4 ,wales1 but ,i know no record of it from the other ,states4 ,it is a slender1 handsome little dark brown bug1 about of an inch in length1 and has typical clubbed antennae4 ,the elytra are swollen out toward the base1 arcuate on the sides1 and rounded at the extremities1 with lace-like reticulations on the apical areas2 the thorax is rounded and convex4 ,oncophysa vesiculata is another curious little elongate bug1 about the same length2 of a uniform dark brown tint2 the upper surface is marked with distinct ridges and fine punctures1 and a pair of large bulbous processes stand up prominently at the base of the elytra4 ,it is common about ,sydney1 where it feeds upon the little native cotton bush4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4--,,hemiptera4 ,family ,,reduviidae4 #a4 ,opistoplatys australasiae 7,westw474 #c4 ,pirates ephippiger 7,white74 #f4 ,pristhesancus papuensis 7,stal74 #ab4 ,gminatus nigroscutellatus 7,bredden74 #ae4 ,gardena australis 7,horvath74 ,family ,,pentatomidae4 #b4 ,cuspicona forticornis 7,bredden74 #d4 ,poecilometis strigatus 7,westw474 #g4 ,megymenum insulare 7,westw474 #h4 ,philia basalis 7,grey74 #i4 ,poecilometis histricus 7,stal74 #ac4 ,cermatulus nasalis 7,westw474 #ad4 ,geobia australis 7,erich474 #af4 ,notius depressus 7,dall474 ,family ,,coreidae4 #e4 ,amorbus robustus 7,mayr74 ,family ,,galgulidae4 #aj4 ,mononyx annulipes 7,horvath74 ,family ,,pentatomidae4 #aa4 ,oechalia schellembergi 7,gurin74 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxii4--,,hemiptera4 ,family #f4 ,fungus ,bugs4 ,,aradidae4 ,these are dull coloured black or brown bugs of moderate size1 with the dorsal surface very rugose1 and the whole insect thin and flattened1 admirably adapted to the life it leads hidden under the dead bark on tree trunks1 their chief food being fungous growths found upon the damp bark4 ,howard calls them 8,flat ,bark ,bugs10 and remarks that they look as if they had been stepped upon4 ,they have the tip of the abdomen exposed1 as the elytra are shorter than the body1 which is also exposed on the sides when the wings are folded4 ,like the ,lace-bugs 7,tingidae7 they have no ocelli1 but1 unlike them1 they have the scutellum exposed4 ,this family contains about #cjj described species1 divided into four sub-divisions4 ,erichson has described several from ,tasmania 7,arch4 #ahdb72 ,bergroth 7,verh4 ,z4 b4 ,ges4 ,wien #ahhf7 and ,walker 7,cat4 ,heter4 #ahgd7 others from ,australia4 ,there are a number of undetermined species in our ,museum collections1 most of which are to be found upon fallen timber where the bark is rotting and peeling off the trunk4 ,family #g4 ,water ,striders4 ,,hydrometridae4 ,these are aquatic insects1 living upon the surface of the water1 and some are even found on the open ocean1 hundreds of miles away from land4 ,they1 like most other water-dwellers1 are covered with a velvet-like pubescence2 the head is ornamented with large projecting eyes2 the antennae are four-jointed4 ,they may be wingless2 when present1 the elytra are of a uniform texture4 ,most of the species are furnished with very long legs4 ,the tarsi are two-jointed4 ,about #afj species are described under four sub-families2 only three or four are described from ,australia2 but more from the open waters of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,in the genus ,gerris1 ,skuse 7,records of the ,australian ,museum1 #ahic7 described a species from the waters of ,sydney ,harbour under the name of ,gerris australis4 ,it varies from dark shining olive to black on the dorsal surface2 the ventral surface is yellow with grey tints4 ,it is covered with a fine silvery pubescence1 and measures of an inch in length4 ,hydrometra strigosa1 described by ,skuse from specimens from the swamps about ,botany1 ,n4,s4,w41 is a larger insect1 of a uniform brownish yellow tint2 and it has a more slender shape4 ,halobates whiteleggi is a small ochreous water-bug about of an inch in length1 and was obtained by ,skuse in swarms in the sheltered nooks of ,sydney ,harbour4 ,another species discovered in ,torres ,straits has been named ,hermatabates haddeni1 after its discoverer1 ,professor ,hadden4 ,the closely allied small family ,,henicocephalidae consists of a single genus1 the members of which are widely distributed4 ,we have one described from ,tasmania by ,westwood under the name of ,henicocephalus tasmanicus4 ,they fly in swarms1 dancing in the air together like midges4 ,it is noticed they give off a musk-like smell4 ,family #h4 ,assassin ,bugs4 ,,reduviidae4 ,this is a large division of the ,hemiptera1 and its members are carnivorous1 destroying different kinds of insects1 which they impale with their beaks1 and from which they suck the blood2 many can give a painful stab with the stout beak if handled carelessly4 ,the head is long1 narrowed behind1 and freely movable2 the rostrum or beak is short1 stout1 and is curved under the head1 not extending far under the thorax2 the antennae are long1 slender towards the tips2 the legs are long1 slender1 and often hairy2 the elytron consists of three divisions4 ,some species are wingless4 ,they exhibit much variety in size and colouration1 and their shape is often adapted to their habits4 ,the large immature forms of one undetermined species1 found plentifully about ,maitland1 ,n4,s4,w41 hides in the sand under the shelter of a log or stone2 each covers its back with bits of sand or dirt1 and1 thus disguised1 it lies in wait for its prey4 ,over #b1jjj species are described from all parts of the world1 and they are grouped into #ad sub-families4 ,the ,,emesinae contain a very curious group of slender grey bugs with long legs4 ,they might at first sight be mistaken for 8daddy longlegs0 or 8crane-flies02 and are found1 too1 in similar situations1 viz41 resting on tree trunks or under the cover of logs and bark2 and they probably live chiefly on these long-legged flies4 ,gardena australis is of a uniform brown tint1 mottled on the legs and elytra with grey4 ,it is of the usual slender form1 with elongate hairy legs4 ,it and several similar but undetermined species are common about ,sydney4 ,opistoplatys australasiae1 representing the small sub-family ,,tribelocephalidae1 was described and figured by ,westwood in #ahei2 it is not uncommon on tree trunks about the ,richmond ,river1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,it measures over an inch in length1 and is flattened on the dorsal surface2 the abdomen is elongate1 and rounded at the apex2 its general colour is dull chocolate brown1 with the centre of the back slightly pubescent4 ,in the group ,,holoptilinae are some species with feather-like hind legs1 the tibiae being densely clothed with long dark hairs4 ,they are usually found on the trunks of dead trees1 under the shelter of the drying detached bark1 where they are found in all stages of development2 they probably feed upon the small insects that come there for shelter4 ,horvath has identified those ,i have sent him as ,ptilocnemus femoralis1 a new species1 though there are four other species described from ,australia4 ,this new species measures over of an inch1 and has the head1 thorax1 and joints of the legs dull yellow2 the under surface and apical areas of the elytra are marbled with black and brown2 the antennae1 head1 thorax and legs are fringed with long black hairs1 which on the hind tibiae are so thick as to give the appearance of a feather or brush4 ,aradellus cygnalis1 figured and described by ,westwood 7,thesaurus ,ent4 #ahgd71 is also found hiding under dead bark on tree trunks4 ,some specimens were taken at ,gunnedah1 ,n4,s4,w41 but ,i also have a closely allied1 if not a new species1 from ,bathurst1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,it measures slightly over of an inch in length1 is of a general blackish brown colour1 with yellowish legs1 and the elytra are black1 mottled with blotches of white2 the curious thickened antennae and legs are fringed with short stout1 bristle-like hairs4 ,the ,,acanthaspinae are larger slender-legged bugs1 well represented in ,australia4 ,the genus ,sphedanocores contains several distinct species with a wide range4 ,s4 distinctus measures over of an inch in length1 and is mottled and barred with dark orange and black2 the head is turned downwards and the rostrum is stout2 the thorax is very rugose4 ,reduvius personatus is a cosmopolitan species that takes up its quarters in the house1 covering itself with bits of dirt and feeding upon the common bed bug4 ,it is recorded both from ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the larval form of an allied bug has the broad back concave1 and covers itself with particles of sand2 it rests under the shelter of logs and stones where it lurks during the day4 ,reduvius rivulosus is a large bug measuring of an inch in length2 it is of a general dull brown colour with the elytra mottled with dull yellow1 while the whole insect is clothed with fine woolly hairs1 denser upon the legs4 ,it comes from the ,shoalhaven district1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the ,,piratinae comprise some of the so-called 8,assassin bugs02 in colour most of them are dark brown or black1 marked with dull yellow2 they hide under stones in the daytime1 and often in summer come flying to the lights in the house at night1 when1 if carelessly handled they can inflict a very severe stab with the beak4 ,pirates ephippiger is one of our largest species1 measuring over of an inch in length4 ,it is of a uniform dull black1 with the stout legs reddish brown in colour1 and there is a heart-shaped patch of bright yellow behind the scutellum4 ,the prothorax is narrow1 smooth and rounded1 with a constriction separating it distinctly from the broader mesothorax which is also smooth and rounded4 ,p4 flavopictus is a very much smaller species1 black in colour1 with the yellow blotch behind the scutellum4 ,the whole insect is clothed with fine hairs4 ,it is a common species in ,new ,south ,wales1 and has a wide range over the southern part of the continent4 ,twelve other species of this large genus are described from ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the ,,harpactorinae is the largest division of this family1 and comprises both the large spiny 8assassin bugs0 that crawl about among the foliage or hunt over the tree trunks1 and some typical forms1 most plentiful in tropical countries4 ,havinthus depressus is a small1 flat1 dark brown species1 under an inch in length1 with the outer margins of the body mottled with dull red4 ,h4 rufovarius is a larger bug of a general black colour1 with the head1 front of thorax1 legs1 bases of the elytra1 and under surface of the abdomen marked with deep red4 ,the body is rugose and clothed with short stiff hairs4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia2 and a very large variety1 with blood red markings1 from ,kalgoorlie 7,w4,a471 measures over an inch in length4 ,the members of the ,genus ,gminatus are peculiar to ,australia1 and are found hunting over tree trunks and flowers4 ,the body is somewhat constricted behind the thorax1 broadening towards the rounded apex4 ,gminatus nigroscutellatus1 over an inch in length1 is of a general bright red colour1 with the legs and scutellum black1 and the apical areas of the elytra rich metallic bronze4 ,the dorsal surfaces of the head and thorax are ornamented with a number of tubercles or spines4 ,g4 australis1 slightly smaller and more slender than the previous one1 differs in having the head black2 the prothorax black and furnished with two pairs of black spines1 and the shorter spines in the rest of the thorax tipped with black4 ,the ,bee ,killer1 ,pristhesancus papuensis1 is a large brown bug1 nearly #a inches in length1 and thickly clothed with short buff hairs4 ,the outer edge of the thorax is produced into erect blunt tubercles1 seven in number1 forming an angle on the outer margins4 ,the dorsal surface of the abdomen is very concave2 the folded elytra lie sunk well below the sides of abdomen1 which are flanged and raised4 ,it has been observed sitting on the tassels of maize cobs1 catching and sucking the blood out of hive bees as they come for the pollen4 ,it is common on the ,tweed ,river1 ,n4,s4,w41 and in ,queensland4 ,the members of the ,genus ,helonotus are similar large carnivorous bugs4 ,specimens are recorded from ,cape ,york 7,queensland71 and the tropical scrubs of ,new ,guinea4 ,family #i4 ,bed ,bugs4 ,,cimicidae4 ,the family to which the common bed bug of unsavoury reputation belongs1 is a very small one1 comprising only a few genera and about a dozen species4 ,they have no ocelli2 the wing cases are short and do not reach to the tip of the abdomen2 the head is short1 with the rostrum when at rest fitting into a groove beneath it4 ,cimex lectularius1 the common house bug1 is supposed to have come originally from ,asia into ,europe1 and thence transported over the world4 ,several other species are found in ,europe and ,america1 another in ,india1 and indigenous species both in ,chili and the ,isle of ,bourbon4 ,a fossil bug has been found in the ,lower ,tertiary beds in ,scotland which is said to be very similar if not identical with the present household pest4 ,kirkaldy has recently created the ,genus ,klinophilos to contain our common bed bug1 though it has always been considered to be ,linne's type of the ,genus ,cimex4 ,family #aj4 ,leaf ,bugs4 ,,capsidae4 ,these are all small plant-eating bugs of somewhat delicate structure1 and form a family of considerable size2 over #b1jjj species having been recorded from all parts of the world4 ,several species are well known pests in ,india and ,ceylon1 and a few in ,america are said to prey on small insects4 ,very little attention has been paid to the collection of these small bugs in this country1 but ,mr4 ,kirkaldy informs me that #ce species have been described from ,australia1 chiefly by ,walker1 ,reuter1 ,distant and himself4 ,they have no ocelli2 the antenna is four jointed1 with the second joint usually very long2 the scutellum is triangular and very small2 the elytra and wings are large1 the former remarkable for having only two cells in each apical area2 the female is furnished with a well-defined ovipositor4 ,in his 8,memoir upon the ,rhynchotal family ,capsidae0 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #aijb71 ,kirkaldy lists #f described species1 and also defines #e new species which were collected at ,alexandria1 ,victoria4 ,eurybrochis zanna is a mottled reddish brown insect1 darkest towards the extremity1 measuring under of an inch in length1 and of the usual form4 ,austomiris viridissimus is a longer1 more slender bug of a general greenish tint4 ,zanessa rubrovariegata is again a little longer1 of a uniform brown tint marked with red on the elytra4 ,stal 7,eugenie's ,resa ,novara #ahei7 described #c ,australian species4 ,family #aa4 ,water ,bugs4 ,,cryptocerata4 ,the several families included in this group comprise a number of aquatic or semi-aquatic bugs4 ,the ,,galgulidae1 known as 8,sand-bugs10 are curious little creatures distinguished from the others in having ocelli4 ,they are very short and broad in form1 with projecting eyes1 and in general appearance each suggests a miniature crab4 ,they have short four jointed antennae situated below the eyes1 and are furnished with legs well adapted for running on the ground4 ,they are found on the edges of swamps or creeks1 and feed upon different kinds of small insects4 ,in colour they are usually of a uniform dull brown to black2 the upper surface is generally much roughened4 ,never moving unless touched1 they trust to their sordid colours to escape detection1 for as they match the ground so well1 they are difficult to find4 ,mononyx annulipes1 one of our commonest species1 is about of an inch in length2 is of a uniform dirty brown tint1 with the legs and under surface dull yellow2 the body is very rugose and fringed on the outer edges with fine bristles4 ,montandon has described several other ,australian species 7,bulletin1 ,societ des ,sciences1 ,roumania1 #ahii74 ,the ,,nepidae are popularly known as 8water scorpions0 on account of the curious tail appendages projecting from the tip of the abdomen4 ,they live in ponds1 and feed upon different water insects1 attaching their eggs to the leaves of the plants4 ,they have the wing covers folded closely over the back protecting the wings from the water1 and fly rapidly from pool to pool when the water dries up4 ,there are many species found in ,australia1 most of which have a wide range4 ,rantara varipes1 under #a inch in length1 has a tail about as long again as the body1 and is of a light yellowish brown colour4 ,it might be likened to a mantis1 with its slender form and fore pair of legs furnished with spines on the inner edges to hold its prey4 ,the other legs are long and slender with curved claws at the extremities4 ,in the ,genus ,nepa the insects have the head and body flattened2 the elytra cover the wings2 the abdomen is broadly rounded at the extremity1 terminating in a pair of long slender bristles4 ,the beak curved under the head is large and stout2 the eyes are large1 the fore legs are spined1 and the other legs furnished with a pair of slender curved claws4 ,nepa tristis1 measuring about #a inch to the tip of the body1 is of the usual form and dull brown colour1 with the upper surface of the abdomen showing bright red when the wings are expanded4 ,it is found in the bottom of ponds crawling about among the weeds4 ,family #ab4 ,fish-killers4 ,,belostomidae4 ,in the typical genus of this family we have some of the largest known ,hemiptera1 measuring up to #c inches in length and broad in proportion4 ,they are aquatic1 generally living in still waters1 feeding on small fish which they capture with their stout spined legs2 they play havoc with the small fry in a pond1 and are popularly known in consequence as 8,fish-killers40 ,the body is broad1 but flattened on the dorsal surface1 coming to a rounded point at the apex2 the well developed wings are folded beneath the horny elytra2 the whole shape being well adapted to the life they lead4 ,in summer time they often leave their ponds1 and1 attracted by the light1 come flying to the windows4 ,belostoma indicum has a wide range from ,southern ,india to ,australia2 it measures slightly under #c inches in length1 and is of a uniform dark brown colour4 ,the large curved beak bent under the head1 projecting eyes1 and great spined fore legs show its carnivorous propensities2 the middle and hind legs are fringed with delicate swimming hairs1 and terminate in a pair of fine claws4 ,unlike most of the other aquatic hemiptera1 the abdomen terminates in an oval tip without any anal appendages4 ,sharp speaking of this family 7,insects ,pt4 ,,ii4 p4 #efg7 says3 8,in the waters of the warm regions of the continents of both the ,old and ,new ,worlds they are common insects1 but as yet they have not been found in ,australia40 ,however1 ,mayr records it from ,australia1 8,die ,belostomiden #ahga0 7,verh4 ,z4 ,c4 ,gesell1 ,wien72 and ,i have a specimen from ,port ,darwin1 ,northern ,territory1 and also a number of specimens from ,southern ,queensland4 ,sphaeroderma equis is a curious oval-shaped water-bug that crawls about among the mud and water weeds in water-holes and creeks2 it has a very wide range1 probably all over ,australia2 the female has the curious habit of carrying her eggs stuck upon her back in a regular sheet covering the whole of the elytra4 ,it is of a uniform shining brown colour1 and measures of an inch in length2 the head is smaller than that of ,b4 indicum1 with the eyes not so prominent and angular4 ,family #ac4 ,back-,swimmers4 ,,notonectidae4 ,these water-bugs have oval convex bodies and always swim with the belly upwards2 their eyes are very large1 situated on the sides of the head1 the latter inserted into the prothorax1 which overlaps it4 ,the front legs are shortest1 the fore tarsi not flattened but furnished with two claws4 ,their bodies are provided with long hairs which enable them to carry an air supply about with them4 ,they are very active insects1 and can be often observed in our water-holes and ponds swimming beneath the water1 or coming to the surface and raising the tip of the body to obtain a fresh supply of air1 when they can be easily captured with a hand net4 ,they insert their eggs in the stems of water plants1 which the female pierces with her sharp ovipositor2 and some ,european species are known to hibernate in the mud at the bottom of the pools and water-holes4 ,several species are common in our ponds and creeks1 and are savage little creatures destroying many other aquatic insects1 and even small fish4 ,enithares bergrothi is our common species with a very wide range over ,australia4 ,in their larval state they are silvery white in appearance1 but as the elytra develop and cover the back they change to dark brown1 mottled1 shining creatures1 with the body measuring about of an inch in length4 ,family #ad4 ,water-,boatmen4 ,,corixidae4 ,the members of the family ,,corixidae differ from the 8,back-swimmers10 though both are often called 8,water-,boatmen10 in having the fore tarsi flattened1 fringed with hairs on the edges1 but without any claws1 while the head overlaps the thorax4 ,they swim the opposite way 7with the back upwards71 and are flattened on the ventral surface4 ,one or more species may be often captured with a net in the same situations as the members of the former group4 ,corixa eurynome1 described by ,kirkaldy1 is our common species found in creeks and water-holes all over ,australia4 ,it measures over of an inch in length1 with the scythe-shaped hind legs projecting behind2 it is of a uniform chocolate brown colour on the dorsal surface1 except the space between the eyes1 which with the legs and ventral surface are dull yellow4 ,the large flattened lead-coloured eyes are almost triangular4 ,sub-,order ,,ii4--,,homoptera4 ,this sub-division was formed to include some families of haustellate insects which1 though closely related to the true plant bugs1 have well-defined characteristics that bring them into a natural ,sub-,order of their own4 ,they all have the typical suctorial mouth1 but the front of the head is much inflexed so as to be in contact with the coxae4 ,the front pair of wings are not true elytra1 being generally membranous1 and are usually referred to as tegmina4 ,some1 like the aphids1 have both pairs of wings delicate and transparent2 while in the scale insects1 the females are always wingless1 and the male is provided with a single1 imperfectly veined pair only4 ,when at rest1 the wings in the typical homoptera are folded over the back like a roof1 forming a ridge4 ,all the families are well represented in ,australia1 except the ,aphidae1 of which no indigenous species have been recorded1 the ,psyllidae with similar habits taking their place1 at any rate in our western scrubs4 ,like true hemiptera1 they each undergo an incomplete metamorphosis1 some moulting many times before the final ecdysis2 and all feed in the immature and perfect state on the sap of plants4 ,kirkaldy has recently described about #bjj new species of the families ,fulgoridae1 ,membracidae1 ,cercopidae1 and ,jassidae 7,leaf ,hoppers and their ,natural ,enemies ,bulletin ,i4 pt4 ,,ix41 ,hawaii #aije71 collected by ,messrs4 ,koebele and ,perkins chiefly in ,queensland4 ,in his classification based on ,hanson's 7,ent4 ,tedssker xi4 #ahij7 he divides them into #h families and creates #gf new genera4 ,family #a4 ,cicadas4 ,,cicadidae4 ,the most familiar sound in the summer months in ,australia1 particularly along the coastal districts is the harsh1 incessant screech of the cicadas2 the hotter the day the shriller the tone1 and from the first week in ,november to the end of ,january it is more or less constant4 ,they are too well known to need much description1 but it might be remarked that it is very unfortunate that they are commonly called 8locusts0 for1 strictly speaking1 the term 8locust0 should only be applied to the short-horned grasshoppers belonging to a different order1 ,family ,acridiidae4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4--,,homoptera4 ,family ,,cicadidae4 #d4 ,cyclochila australasiae 7,donovan74 #a4 ,pupa on emergence from the ground4 #b4 ,pupa casting its skin4 #c4 ,fore-leg of pupa4 #e4 ,ovipositor and sheath separated4 #f4 ,side view of ovipositor4 #g4 ,ovipositor viewed from above4 #h4 ,cross section of ovipositor1 showing cutting saws and egg passages4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii4--,,homoptera4 ,the head is broad1 more or less truncate in front1 with prominent eyes on the sides1 and small gem-like ocelli arranged triangularly on the summit2 each antenna consists of one stout basal joint surmounted with several 7usually four7 segments forming a bristle4 ,the tegmina or fore wings1 larger and stouter than the hind pair1 are furnished with thickened veins1 and are frequently mottled with brown1 usually forming bands or spots on the cross nervures4 ,the swollen fore legs are spined2 the thorax is well developed2 and while the large hollow abdomen of the male is pointed at the extremity1 that of the female 7usually the larger insect7 is furnished with a horny retractile ovipositor1 which is adapted for cutting the bark of the twig1 wherein she deposits her eggs4 ,the complicated musical apparatus of the male is situated between the thorax and base of the abdomen1 and consists of a large plate on either side attached to1 but extending over the basal portion of the abdomen 7these plates are often called the drums or opercula72 beneath in the abdomen is a cavity formed into two cells within which are two thin glass-like plates called mirrors2 above these mirrors are bundles of muscles which lead to two membranes formed like kettle-drums2 each membrane has a concave and a convex surface1 the latter folded and full of ridges4 ,haswell 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahhf7 describes it thus3 8,the loud shrill note emitted by the insect is the result of a quick succession of crackling sounds produced by the movement of the stiff membrane with its horny ribs1 through the agency of the muscle4 ,under ordinary circumstances1 the sounds follow one another with sufficient quickness to produce a continuous note1 and this is effected not by the contraction of the muscle as a whole1 but by the successive contraction of individual fasciculi 7different filaments forming the whole71 all of which act on the horny plate1 and thus the movements of the muscle on the tendon during the production of the note resemble those of the hammer-board of a piano when a number of keys are being struck in quick succession40 ,the life history of cicadas has attracted much attention2 on first emerging from the eggs they might easily be taken for minute shrimps1 apparently all heads and claws4 ,they cast themselves off the branch and1 falling to the ground1 burrow into the soil and follow down the roots1 where they feed upon the sap and undergo a series of moults4 ,we do not know the length of time that they take to develop underground1 but the adults of several of our large species1 though each year more or less in evidence1 appear in greater numbers every third year1 so that it is probable that three years is about the cycle of their subterranean existence4 ,the grotesque pupa burrowing upward when fully developed1 bores a vertical shaft often several feet long before it comes to the surface1 when it crawls out and climbs up the nearest tree trunk or fence1 where it clings till the skin splits down the back1 and the perfect cicada emerges4 ,the dry brown pupal shells firmly attached by the sharp claws remain long after the inmates have departed4 ,cicadas are well represented in our insect fauna1 a number of large handsome species being found along the coastal forest country1 and many smaller ones in the interior4 ,the large ones attracted the attention of collectors at a very early date3 ,donovan1 ,leach1 and ,gurin described several1 and ,walker 7,british ,museum ,catalogue1 ,homoptera #ahej7 added a number of new species from material in the ,museum collections1 but his localities and descriptions are very vague and unsatisfactory4 ,since then ,distant between #ahhb and the present date has greatly increased our list of described species4 ,in #aijd ,dr4 ,goding and ,i monographed the ,australian ,cicadas 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w471 describing a number of new forms1 and bringing the number up to #abj species in #ah genera4 ,last year 7#aijf71 the ,trustees of the ,british ,museum issued a 8,synonymic ,catalogue of ,homoptera1 ,part ,i41 ,cicadidae10 compiled by ,distant2 in this a number of alterations in the earlier classification are made1 as indicated in his recent contributions on this family in 8,the ,annals and ,magazine of ,natural ,history0 #aijj-aijf4 ,he places them in three distinct sub-families which are subdivided into seventeen smaller divisions4 ,many of our species are now placed in other genera4 ,the sub-family ,,cicadinae contains many of our largest and most striking species4 ,its members have the front edge of the basal abdominal segment on each side produced forward in a leaf-like expansion1 which more or less covers the sound organs4 ,the genus ,thopha contains two very fine species3 ,thopha saccata1 8,the ,double ,drummer10 takes its popular name from the great size of the opercula projecting on the sides of the thorax4 ,it is a reddish brown cicada1 its wings marked with brown and black1 and it measures #e inches across the outspread wings2 it lives in open forest country2 has a loud1 distinct note2 and ranges from ,south ,australia to ,brisbane4 ,thopha sessiliba is a somewhat smaller but brighter-coloured species ranging northward along the ,queensland coast from ,townsville1 and is found in ,central ,australia at ,tennant's ,creek4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,thopha saccata 7,fabr474 ,the large ,cicada called by the children 8,the ,double ,drummer40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,arunta was formed by ,distant to contain two ,australian species1 of which ,cicada perulata described by ,gurin is the type4 ,it is a handsome insect1 #d inches across the wings2 is of a reddish brown tint mottled with lighter colours2 the wings are unspotted2 and the male can be easily recognised by the large white frosted opercula4 ,it is not a very common species2 it is taken sometimes about ,sydney4 ,the next division contains three genera typical of ,australian species4 ,the ,genus ,cyclochila until lately contained a single species1 but ,distant has lately described a second from ,n4 ,queensland4 ,cyclochila australasiae is our common large green cicada1 called by the children the 8,green ,monday40 ,the whole insect is rich green1 the colour extending into the nervures of the tegmina2 there is a yellow variety not so common1 called in consequence the 8,yellow ,monday03 ,i have counted as many as #dj of these fine insects resting on the trunk of a small oak-tree in my garden in the early morning4 ,the ,genus ,psaltoda contains #g species peculiar to ,australia4 ,psaltoda moerens1 our common black cicada1 is called the 8,red ,eye0 by the ,sydney boys on account of the bright colour of the ocelli4 ,it measures over #d inches across the wings1 which are mottled with black on the tegmina1 and marked with the same colour on the wings4 ,it frequents the smooth white-stemmed gum trees1 and ranges from ,brisbane1 ,queensland to ,adelaide1 ,south ,australia1 and is also found in ,tasmania4 ,p4 harrisi is a smaller and somewhat variable form both in size and colour2 it varies from black to brown and even dull green2 the wings are very slightly mottled1 and it can be easily distinguished from the 8,red ,eye0 by the more distinct silvery patch on the sides of the body4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,psaltoda 7cicada7 moerens 7,germer74 ,the ,common ,black ,cicada or 8,red ,eye40 ,the members of the ,genus ,henicopsaltria1 four in number1 are also peculiar to this country4 ,henicopsaltria eydouxi1 one of our commonest species1 frequents the trunks of the rough-barked gum trees2 ,i have counted over #cjj on a single tree on the coast near ,gosford1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,it measures nearly #e inches across the wings2 is of a general mottled light brown and chestnut colour1 with the wings infuscated with three zig-zag bands of brown2 the opercula are orange red4 ,h4 fullo1 peculiar to ,w4 ,australia1 is a very distinctive blackish coloured species measuring about #c inches across the wings2 it can be easily identified by its banded wings and the dorsal surface of the abdomen ornamented with a transverse white band about the centre of the body4 ,the ,genus ,macrotristria now contains #g species2 most of these were originally described in the ,genus ,cicada1 and have representatives in all parts of ,australia1 two coming from ,w4 ,australia1 and two richly-coloured green species from the tropical forests of ,n4 ,queensland1 while ,macrotristria angularis1 our common1 large1 dark brown species1 variegated with light yellowish spots on the head and thorax and with deeply infuscated wings1 ranges from ,adelaide1 ,s4,a41 to ,queensland4 ,the ,sub-family ,,gaeninae contains a number of ,south ,american and ,asiatic cicadas1 among them some with very brightly coloured wings4 ,two members of the ,genus ,tettigia are found in ,north ,queensland and ,north ,australia1 both of which were once placed in the genus ,tibicen2 while ,tettigia tristigma is the type of the ,genus ,tamasa4 ,the handsome black and yellow mottled ,gaeana maculata1 common in ,india and ,china1 has been recorded by ,white from ,australia1 and ,goding and ,i had specimens from the ,northern ,territory of ,s4 ,australia1 but ,distant does not notice this record4 ,the ,sub-family ,,tibicininae have the front edge of the basal abdominal segment straight1 not produced forward2 and the sound organs are entirely uncovered4 ,venustria superba is a curious ferruginous insect with rich coppery tints upon the tegmina and wings1 which comes from ,north ,queensland4 ,dodd usually collected it in the neighbourhood of termite nests4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,henicopsaltria eydouxi 7,gurin74 ,the ,mottled ,grey ,cicada4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,abricta now includes most of our species previously placed in the ,genus ,tibicen2 thirteen are listed from ,australia4 ,abricta curvicosta1 one of the largest1 measures about #d inches across the wings2 is reddish brown with a pale stripe down the centre of the prothorax1 and three black spots on each of the tegmina4 ,it is one of the common species about ,sydney1 ,n4,s4,w41 in midsummer1 and is called the 8,floury ,miller0 on account of the silvery pubescence covering the body which makes it look as if it had been dusted with flour4 ,a4 aurata ranges from ,tasmania and ,victoria into the southern districts of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and is usually found upon the fern trees2 it is a smaller darker coloured cicada with a large1 sometimes double1 black spot on each tegmina4 ,distant 7,pro4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahhb7 described a number of new species chiefly obtained from ,north ,queensland2 and1 finding it difficult to give them distinctive specific names that would define their peculiarities1 he got over the difficulty by naming them after ,australian explorers4 ,a4 willsi is a small species measuring about two inches across the wings1 which are marked with two small spots1 and it can be easily distinguished from all the others by the curious rugose yellowish patch on the sides of the prothorax4 ,it has a very wide range over ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,queensland1 ,north1 and probably ,w4 ,australia1 both along the coast and in the interior4 ,parnkella muelleri is only about #a inches across the wings which have two spots on each tegmina1 and is of a pale yellow tint4 ,it is restricted in its range to ,north ,queensland4 ,the tiny little yellowish green cicada found upon the grassy plains of ,southern ,victoria and ,s4 ,australia1 described as ,tibicen infans1 is now placed in the ,south ,african ,genus ,quintilia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,macrotristria 7cicada7 angularis 7,germer74 ,the 8,fiddler40 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the ,genus ,chlorocysta contains two curious pale green insects with vitreous tegmina and wings1 the former much more closely reticulated than the ordinary cicada1 with many cross and parallel nervures4 ,the head is small1 and the body of the male is swollen and cylindrical4 ,chlorocysta vitripennis was described by ,westwood 7,ann4 ,nat4 ,hist4 #ahea72 the larger male measures slightly over #b inches across the wings4 ,the female is greenish or reddish1 the abdomen conical but not inflated4 ,they frequent low scrub2 the southern forms found about the ,tweed ,river1 ,n4,s4,w41 are green or yellowish2 those from ,north ,queensland quite brown4 ,glaucopsaltria viridis1 described by ,goding and me from ,s4 ,queensland1 is placed by ,distant in this genus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,section of stem of eucalyptus1 in which the ,black ,cicada 7,psaltoda moerens7 has laid her eggs4 ,the ,genus ,melampsalta contains a great number of our small black or dark brown cicadas often marked with orange red or dull yellow4 ,the members of the genus are found over ,asia1 ,africa and ,europe1 over #dj are described from ,australia1 and #g from ,new ,zealand4 ,some species are very numerous in early summer1 and are known as 8,squeakers0 on account of their musical notes4 ,melampsalta torrida1 originally described by ,erichson from ,tasmania1 has a wide range round from ,queensland to ,w4 ,australia4 ,it is almost black1 with several light marks in the centre of the thorax1 and two irregular rounded confluent black spots at the tips of the tegmina4 ,it measures about two inches across the wings1 but is variable both in size and in the wing markings4 ,m4 abdominalis1 about the same size1 is black1 with two lines of reddish yellow on the apical portion of the dorsal surface of the abdomen1 and the under surface red2 when the tegmina are closed there is a distinctive opaline mark on either side4 ,it is common in ,s4 ,australia and ,n4,s4,w4 ,m4 eyrei is a much smaller species1 with the head and thorax black1 lined with yellow1 and the whole of the abdomen except the black tip1 bright yellow2 it is common in ,n4 ,queensland4 ,the members of the ,genus ,pauropsalta are easily distinguished from those of the previous group by having five apical areas in the wings1 while the former have six4 ,sixteen species are described from ,australia4 ,pauropsalta encaustica is our commonest species with a very wide range over ,australia2 it is of a uniform black tint1 with faint pale brown marks on the head and prothorax1 and an infuscated patch on the hind margins of the wings2 the abdominal segments are finely ringed with white to reddish brown4 ,p4 annulata is a synonym of this cicada4 ,p4 nodicosta is a small brown species from ,kalgoorlie1 ,w4,a41 with a curious node in the centre of the costal nervure of the tegmina4 ,p4 mneme1 larger1 and broader than ,p4 encaustica1 has the abdominal segments richly edged with red4 ,it is common on the ,blue ,mountains1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the ,genus ,cystosoma was created by ,westwood 7#ahdb7 to contain the great green 8,bladder ,cicada0 which he called ,cystosoma saundersi1 that at one time was common in the orange orchards around ,newcastle1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,mrs4 ,ross says it is now common about ,armidale1 ,n4,s4,w41 on the sweet brier1 and ,i have also had it on willows from ,glen ,innes ,n4,s4,w4 ,a second much smaller species1 with similar opaque green tegmina1 ,c4 schmeltzi1 ranges up the coast of ,north ,queensland4 ,the two curious hairy brown cicadas belonging to the ,genus ,tettigarcta are restricted in their range4 ,tettigarcta tomentosa1 the darkest in tint1 has each side of the thorax produced into a distinct spine2 it is only found in ,tasmania4 ,t4 crinita comes from similar country in the ,gippsland forests1 ,victoria2 it is not quite so hairy1 and has the thorax rounded on the outer margin without any spines4 ,family #b4 ,frog-,hoppers4 ,,cercopidae4 ,the members of this family are not very numerous though world-wide in their distribution4 ,they are stout1 wedge-shaped1 elongate insects of moderate size2 the head is furnished with large flattened eyes on the sides2 with a few exceptions two ocelli are present on the vertex between the eyes2 the small1 short antennae1 composed of two bead-shaped joints surmounted with a bristle1 are placed in front of and between the eyes4 ,the pronotum is large with the triangular scutellum occupying the centre of the back2 the tegmina1 longer than the body1 are coriaceous1 reticulate1 with two long discoidal and five or more apical cells4 ,the coxae and femora are short2 the posterior tibiae are hardly longer than the others1 rounded at the base1 spatulate at the apex1 armed on the outer margins with two stout spurs1 the second twice the length of the first2 the tibiae and basal joints of the tarsi are terminated with rows of spines4 ,most of our known species were described by the ,french naturalists1 ,amyot ,serville 7,annals ,soc4 ,entom4 de ,france #ahde72 and ,walker 7,brit4 ,museum ,cat4 ,homoptera #ahea72 and but little attention has been paid to them since4 ,our most characteristic species belong to the ,genus ,eurymela4 ,seventeen species are listed by ,walker from all parts of ,australia4 ,they are large1 thickset frog-hoppers1 with the head broad and truncate in front with the face much inflexed2 their general tint is blue-black with the head and elytra marked with red or white bands or spots4 ,they lay their eggs under the bark of young gum trees1 slitting it in regular rings with their stout ovipositors and leaving a white papery substance along the punctures4 ,the young cling to the twigs in clusters after they emerge1 and they may often be seen in different stages of growth upon the same bush4 ,they are very active little creatures1 creeping round the twig when disturbed1 and jumping as soon as they are touched4 ,many of them are much sought after by ants which come to them for the honey dew they secrete4 ,eurymela bicincta measures an inch in length1 and is broad in proportion2 it is of a uniform dark shining blue tint1 with the head1 thorax1 and base of the elytra bright red4 ,it has a wide range and may often be found in colonies of #cj or #dj clustering together on a gum sapling4 ,e4 rubrovittata is about the same size2 it is black1 with the under surface1 face1 and three narrow transverse bands round the thorax and elytra bright red4 ,it has a range from ,western ,australia to ,queensland4 ,e4 speculum is a common species1 recorded from ,tasmania to ,queensland2 it is of a uniform dark blue-black tint with a white patch on either side of the face1 and two irregular oval white spots on each wing cover4 ,e4 pulchra is smaller1 with the head and thorax marked with red1 and two irregular broken bands of white on the side of each wing cover4 ,five species of the ,genus ,aphrophora are described by ,walker from ,tasmania and ,australia4 ,the members of this genus are known as 8,cuckoo-spittle ,insects0 from the remarkable habit the larvae have of enveloping themselves in a mass of frothy liquid1 which is supposed to be formed to protect their soft bodies from insects that might prey upon them2 it1 however1 really makes them very conspicuous objects on a twig1 and several species of wasps are known in ,america to drag them out of this covering and use them to provision their nests4 ,our common 8,cuckoo-spittle ,insect10 found upon the she-oak 7,casuarina71 ti-tree 7,leptospermum71 and ,melaleuca1 is ,chalepus teliferus2 the larvae are pale-brown soft oval creatures1 which jump when removed from the frothy liquid1 and in this liquid they remain enveloped until they are ready to emerge4 ,the perfect insect measures under an inch in length1 is of an elongate boat-shaped form2 the head is produced in front as a slender process1 curved upwards2 the tips of the elytra come to a compressed point2 the general colour is dull reddish brown1 with the horn on the head ferruginous1 and the wing covers mottled on the sides with black4 ,a second species1 ,chalepus pugionatus1 has been described by ,stal from ,australia4 ,family #c4 ,tree-,hoppers4 ,,membracidae4 ,this is a group of homopterous insects chiefly confined to the tropical parts of the world4 ,they are well represented in ,australia1 though we have nothing like the remarkable creatures covered with horns and spines found in ,south ,america and popularly known in consequence as 8little devils40 ,they are remarkable for the wonderful development of the prothorax which1 projecting in front1 often forms a hood above the head1 so that the latter is much hidden when viewed from above2 the eyes are globular and project on the sides of the head1 and there is a pair of ocelli in a line between them2 while the short bristle-like antennae are well below the eyes on either side of the base of the stout rostrum 7beak71 which at rest is turned down between the legs4 ,the abdomen is covered with the wings and parchment-like tegmina1 the extremities of which come together to form a sharp point4 ,the legs are short and stout1 without the numerous spines common on the 8frog-hoppers02 and the tarsi consist of three joints1 the first longest4 ,they can both fly and jump very well1 but trust to the latter method to escape from their enemies4 ,they and the members of allied families can be easily collected by shaking or beating low scrub over an open umbrella2 or can be bred from larval forms on the food plant4 ,very little attention had been paid to our tree-hoppers until a few years ago when ,goding published his 8,check ,list of the ,membracidae described from ,tasmania and ,australia0 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahih72 in this he gives many notes and lists #bb species1 chiefly described by ,walker 7,brit4 ,museum ,cat4 ,homoptera #ahea71 ,fairmaire1 in his ,review of the family in #ahdf1 and ,stal in #ahfi4 ,in #aijc ,goding1 in the same ,journal1 published a 8,monograph of the ,australian ,membracidae40 ,in this he re-describes all the known1 and adds a number of new species to our fauna1 bringing the list up to a total of #cb described species1 comprised in #ad genera1 grouped in #f sub-families1 based chiefly upon the shape and structure of the prothorax4 ,the ,genus ,sextius contains five species1 in which the prothorax is ridged in the centre and produced on either side into a rather short acute horn standing out on either side1 and with the apical portion produced into a keeled spine extending to the tip of the abdomen4 ,sextius virescens1 our commonest species1 is of a delicate green colour1 and feeds upon the sap of the black wattle and other species of ,acacia4 ,in early summer it may be found among the foliage in all stages of development2 the trees they frequent are frequently infested with ants which come to obtain the honey dew4 ,the female slits the bark with her ovipositor1 and lays the eggs in rows4 ,s4 depressus1 about the same size1 slightly over of an inch in length1 ranges from ,western ,australia to ,queensland3 at ,kempsey1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,i obtained specimens on a slender leafed ,acacia4 ,it is of similar green colour to ,s4 virescens1 with the front of the thorax of a lighter tint1 but the projecting horns are shorter and depressed1 and the venation of the elytra is much finer4 ,s4 australis is about the same size1 and of a uniform black tint with a patch of bright silvery pubescence on the sides of the thorax1 which is rounded in front and has very short blunt horns4 ,it lives upon the branchlets of a prickly ,hakea growing about ,sydney4 ,lubra spinicornis is a slightly smaller insect1 of a general dull brown tint3 it has the prothorax produced into two almost erect clubbed horns4 ,specimens have been obtained from ,brisbane1 ,queensland1 and the northern rivers of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,daunus tasmaniae is of the same chocolate brown colour2 is more robust in proportion4 ,the prothorax forms a regular hood swelling out on either side at the base of the tegmina1 and the projecting horns are curved and deeply ridged1 and are chisel-shaped at the tips4 ,it is one of the commonest species in ,tasmania1 and is recorded over a wide area of the eastern mainland as far ,north as ,brisbane4 ,eufroggattia tuberculata is a rare insect usually found resting on a twig of a eucalyptus sapling1 and is shaped very much like some of the small plant bugs belonging to the ,genus ,testrica2 it is short and broad in form1 with the head exposed2 the thorax has short blunt horns2 and the abdomen is broadly rounded at the apex4 ,family #d4 ,lantern-flies4 ,,fulgoridae4 ,this is a very difficult family to satisfactorily define1 as their members are very diverse in general shape and structure1 with points of resemblance that bring some of the genera very close to the ,cercopidae 7from which however they differ in the shape of the head71 while they somewhat resemble the ,jassidae in the structure of the legs4 ,the typical forms have the front of the head either produced into a lance-shaped structure1 or the face and vertex either rounded in front or forming an acute angle4 ,the eyes are large and stand out on the sides of the head2 the ocelli1 usually two in number1 are situated below or near the eyes and are placed in the cavities on the cheeks2 in a few species there are three ocelli1 while in others they are wanting4 ,the antennae1 situated beneath the eyes1 and often very peculiar in structure1 consist of two short joints surmounted with a bristle4 ,many are large handsome insects with bright coloured tegmina and wings2 others are of delicate green and grey tints1 quite moth-like in form1 but can be easily distinguished by the way they rest with their stiff roof-like wings1 and by their active jumping habits4 ,the legs are often long1 and the hind pair are furnished with a few stout spines on the tibae1 but never thickly spined as in the ,jassidae4 ,many of our larger species are found both in the larval and perfect state1 on tree trunks4 ,a few species are well-known pests and have an extended range beyond ,australia4 ,donovan described and figured several species 7,insects of ,new ,holland1 #ahae72 ,westwood figured and described two in his 8,monograph of the ,genus ,fulgora0 7,trans4 ,linn4 ,soc4 #ahcg73 but the majority of our species are described by ,walker 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,cat4 ,homoptera1 #ahea71 and he also named others in 8,insecta ,saundersiana1 ,homoptera10 #aheh1 which describes the insects in ,w4 ,w4 ,saunders' great collection4 ,siphanta acuta1 better known under the name of ,cromna acuta1 is one of our commonest fulgorids1 moth-like in appearance1 of a pale green colour1 with broad square-cut fore wings and a short pointed head4 ,it measures about an inch across the outspread wings4 ,it has a wide range in ,australia2 and its pale green fluffy larvae feed upon the sap of many plants1 and readily jump when touched4 ,it is also well known in ,hawaii1 ,sandwich ,islands1 where it is called the 8torpedo-bug0 from the way it jumps2 and it is said to be a pest on the coffee plants 7,smith ,annual ,report1 ,hawaii #aijd74 ,a number of species of these moth-like forms are described by ,walker from ,australia and ,tasmania1 and placed in the ,genus ,bythoscopus1 which genus1 when further studied1 will probably be much subdivided4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,scolypopa 7,pochazia7 australis4 ,the ,common ,passion-vine ,hopper4 ,pochazia australis measures about of an inch across the short broad fore wings1 which are margined and irregularly barred with chocolate brown2 the head is short and rounded in front4 ,melichar1 in his 8,monographie der ,ricaniiden1 ,wien10 #ahih1 places ,p4 australis in the ,genus ,scolypopa4 ,the larva is a green wedge-shaped little creature clothed at the tip of the abdomen with a bunch of white filaments4 ,it is a very common insect with a wide range4 ,sometimes it is a pest on passion vines2 the eggs are laid in the slender tendrils1 and the larvae suck up the sap of the stalks4 ,another species is common among the foliage of the silky oak 7,grevillia robusta7 in ,southern ,queensland4 ,achilus flammeus has the body and wings of a bright red colour1 with the small head showing prominently in front3 the broadly rounded opaque elytra and wings cover the short body4 ,it measures about an inch across the outspread wings4 ,nothing is known about its habits or life history1 but in the summer evenings it sometimes comes flying towards the light1 and can be found on the windows4 ,the ,genus ,poeciloptera contains a number of small1 short broad-winged forms4 ,donovan figures ,poeciloptera modesta1 which has pink fore wings1 each marked with two small red spots1 and the hind wings have a pale bluish tint4 ,prolepta dilatata is a typical1 dull reddish-brown fulgorid1 measuring nearly an inch from the tip of the long slender head to the extremities of the folded tegmina which are broadest across the tips3 and the slender prolonged forehead is over two lines in length4 ,this insect was described from ,w4 ,australia1 but it has a wide range and can be collected about ,sydney4 ,p4 obscurata is about the same size1 more rugose in structure1 and with markings of dark brown2 the markings on the somewhat opaque wings are more distinct1 striated and irregular than in ,p4 dilatata3 it can also be easily recognised by the shorter and thicker process on the forehead4 ,it has a wide range over ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,eurybrachys contains a number of short1 dark brown insects with broad rounded heads2 they run about on the trunks of trees1 jumping at the least alarm4 ,eurybrachys leucostigma is a very stout1 broad1 dull brown insect1 about of an inch across the outspread wings4 ,some #af species are described from all parts of ,australia4 ,the members of the ,genera ,ledra and ,stenocotis are broad elongate insects with the front of the head spade-shaped1 and the convex body tapers to a sharp point4 ,their larvae are almost as flat as a bit of paper4 ,stenocotis australis is about of an inch in length1 and of a dull brown tint4 ,family #e4 ,leaf-,hoppers4 ,,jassidae4 ,these insects are minute froghopper-like forms with the head rounded in front1 and with the body tapering towards the tips of the tegmina4 ,the head is large1 with the oval or rounded eyes projecting on the sides1 and with a pair of ocelli situated on the front margin4 ,the antennae1 bristle-like1 of considerable length1 are each composed of two short cylindrical basal joints with a thread-like terminal portion1 and are placed in front and below the eyes4 ,the legs are long1 well adapted for jumping 7their chief means of progression72 and the tibiae of the hind pair are thickly clothed with stout spines4 ,though these insects are very small1 many species appear upon crops and herbage in such immense numbers that they often do a great deal of damage1 and are very interesting from an economic standpoint4 ,in ,japan1 for instance1 there are several species very serious pests in the rice fields2 while in ,north ,america ,erythroneura vitis is a well-known pest upon the foliage of vines4 ,they are abundant on the low scrub and grass lands in this country in favourable localities1 and may be easily collected with a sweeping net1 or by shaking the bushes over an open umbrella2 yet1 probably on account of their small size and retiring habits1 few specimens are to be found even in our ,museum collections4 ,the sugar-cane hopper1 ,perkinsiella saccharicida1 a native of ,queensland1 is a dull brownish yellow hopper with a dark parallel stripe down the centre of the basal portions of the tegmina2 it measures a of an inch in length4 ,kirkaldy described it from ,hawaii1 where it has been introduced1 and is a serious pest to the sugar-cane4 ,a very pretty little unidentified species1 bright red and yellow1 with the fore wings marked with dark brown1 is common upon the broad soft leaves of ,eucalyptus robusta1 where the curious little larvae rest in families of three or four2 each is enveloped in white filaments which proceed from round the tip of the abdomen4 ,the larvae of another species have been observed to form large colonies on the surface of the leaves of low eucalyptus bushes on the hills near ,capertee ,n4,s4,w4 ,they suck up the sap1 discolouring the centre of the leaves2 each exudes a globule of liquid from the tip of the abdomen1 which they drag out into thin threads with their hind legs1 to form a spider-web-like covering over their bodies1 and this web dries soon after the leaves are gathered4 ,family #f4 ,lerp ,insects4 ,,psyllidae4 ,these are small homoptera1 in appearance suggesting miniature cicadas4 ,the head is generally broader than long1 sometimes deflected and with large eyes2 the ocelli are three in number1 the lateral ones situated on the summit of the head close to the hind margins of the eyes1 and the central one at the apex of the median suture4 ,the antennae are each composed of ten joints1 the first two shorter and thicker than the following ones1 and the terminal joint surmounted with two short bristles4 ,the thorax is broad1 with well developed tegmina and wings1 and like the aphids both pairs might properly be called wings4 ,the venation is simple1 constant1 and useful in the work of classification4 ,they are formed for jumping1 with a spine-like process on the coxa of each hind leg1 and the apex of the tibiae of the hind legs furnished with a row of short fine spines4 ,the tarsi are two jointed1 terminating in a pair of large claws4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,diagram of ,psylla 7,thea opaca7 4 ,showing the structure and venation of the wings4 #a;a1 ,face lobes2 #b;a1 prothorax2 #c;a1 mesanotum2 #d;a1 dorsulum2 #e;a1 scutellum1 tegmina2 #a;b1 costal nervure2 #b;b1 primary stalk2 #c;b1 clavus2 #d;b1 clavical suture2 #e;b1 stalk of sub-costa2 #f;a1 stalk of cubitus2 #g;b1 sub-costa2 #h;b1 lower branch of cubitus2 #i;b1 upper branch of cubitus2 #aj;b1 lower fork of lower cubitus2 #aa;b1 stigma2 #ab;b1 upper fork of the lower branch of cubitus2 #ac;b1 radius2 #ad;b1 lower fork of upper cubitus2 #ae;b1 upper fork of upper cubitus4 #c1 ,genitalia 2 #d1 ,genitalia 2 #e1 ,head of ,spondyliaspis eucalypti1 showing face lobes4 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 ,the female lays her eggs in clusters on the twigs or foliage1 from which the curious1 little1 large-headed larvae emerge1 and1 after undergoing a series of moults during which they develop large wing-pads on the shoulders and more joints in the antennae1 they finally come forth1 perfect four-winged insects4 ,they take their family name from ,psylla1 a flea1 given them by ,linnaeus in reference to their jumping powers1 and their popular name of 8,lerp ,insects10 from the habit of the larvae of many species of forming 8lerp scales10 shell-like protective coverings formed from exudations from the insects4 ,other species cover themselves with flocculent matter after the manner of mealy bugs2 and yet another group form regular oval or rounded galls on the foliage4 ,they are found in most of the warmer parts of the world1 and are very numerous in ,australia1 where they seem to take the place of the ,,aphidae to a certain extent2 they are readily collected in all stages of growth upon their food plant1 and can be easily bred4 ,the ,sugar lerp1 ,psylla eucalypti1 whose larvae cover the leaves of several species of gum trees with their white woolly shells1 was described by ,dobson from ,tasmania 7,pro4 ,royal ,soc4 ,van ,diemen's ,land1 #ahea74 ,it is a slender little green creature with very long face lobes1 and1 when crawling about1 turns the tip of its body upwards1 so that it looks as if it were walking on its head4 ,it is now placed in the ,genus ,spondyliaspis4 ,in the same year 7#ahea7 ,walker published his ,homoptera 7,cat4 ,brit4 ,museum7 in which he recorded #e species1 all from ,tasmania2 and it was not until #ahih that they were again noticed when ,maskell described #c species from ,australia 7,trans4 ,n4 ,zealand ,inst472 and ,schwarz defined another 7,pro4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,washington7 in #ahig4 ,between the years #aijj and #aijc ,i contributed three papers 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w47 monographing our species1 in which #fd new species are added to our fauna4 ,i followed ,low in the classification of the sub-families1 adding ,scott's fifth division for those with small heads and no face lobes4 ,in the ,,liviinae1 the front of the head is not produced into face lobes2 the stalk of the cubitus is either shorter1 as long as1 or longer than the lower branch of the cubitus4 ,crewiis longipennis is of a general bright red tint1 and is of an inch in length2 it ranges from ,tasmania to the ,north of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the larva forms a rounded pale yellow lerp covered with fine woolly filaments upon the leaves of gum trees4 ,lasiopsylla rotundipennis forms a large1 flattened1 irregularly rounded white scale on the foliage of ,eucalyptus melliodora1 under which the flattened1 pale green larva hides4 ,the ,sub-family ,,aphalarinae contains a number of small species1 and the head is produced in front into face lobes1 with the stalk of the cubitus as long as or longer than the stalk of the sub-costa4 ,they usually form lerp scales2 but some are naked1 or clothed with soft white woolly filaments4 ,several species of the ,genus ,spondyliaspis belong to this group2 all of them form 8sugar lerp scales10 often encrusting all the foliage of the young gum trees1 and are so abundant that in the ,mallee scrub country in ,victoria and ,s4 ,australia the blacks used to collect and eat it in quantities1 and had a regular 8manna harvest40 ,cardiaspis artifex is a short1 reddish yellow insect1 the larvae of which form beautiful barred shell-like lerps1 marked with red and yellow to look like delicate fretwork1 upon the leaves of ,eucalyptus robusta4 ,c4 tetrix is a pretty pink and grey species found in the ,adelong district1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,the larva constructs a most remarkable cage of fine red bars1 not unlike a lady's hair net1 beneath which the larva crawls about freely like a bird in a cage4 ,rhinocola corniculata often covers the leaves of different eucalypts with its elongate1 opaque1 horny1 yellow lerps4 ,the test is not unlike that of a large ,mytilaspis scale1 but is open at the broad end through which the little larva can creep in and out4 ,it ranges from ,new ,south ,wales to ,western ,australia4 ,r4 eucalypti is a very tiny1 little1 dark brown psylla1 the larvae of which cluster at the tips of the foliage of young blue gums 7,eucalyptus globulus71 and cover themselves with threads of white flocculent matter4 ,it was described by ,maskell from ,new ,zealand1 but is common both in ,tasmania and ,australia3 it has also been introduced into ,africa on the same eucalypt4 ,the larvae of the ,genus ,thea are curious1 broad1 flattened creatures1 with hard integument4 ,they hide under the dead bark on the trunks of the white stemmed gums1 spreading their white woolly secretion around them2 the ants look after them1 and probably protect them from many enemies in return for the 8honey dew10 of which secretion the ants are very fond4 ,thea opaca is of a general reddish pink colour mottled with brown and black2 the wings are transparent1 with a dark stigma on the fore wing4 ,the members of the ,sub-family ,,psyllinae have the same well-defined conical face lobes1 but the stalk of the cubitus is shorter than the stalk of the sub-costa4 ,the larvae may be quite naked1 but most of them produce woolly filaments more or less covering them1 and form no true lerp scales or galls4 ,the typical ,genus ,psylla comprises a number of usually small and somewhat stouter insects1 many of which cluster in swarms like aphids upon the foliage of wattles and other trees4 ,the eggs1 larvae1 pupae1 and perfect insects may be found on the same twigs4 ,psylla acaciae-decurrentis is a slender1 dark-winged insect remarkable for the length of its slender antennae2 it is common upon the black wattle in early summer4 ,p4 acaciae-baileyanae is a much smaller yellow species with mottled wings that often swarms over the cultivated 8,cootamundra wattle10 and is reported to have destroyed all the flower-buds of this wattle in the neighbourhood of ,melbourne in #aije4 ,p4 capparis is a mottled winged species that frequents the foliage of ,capparis mitchelli in the western scrubs3 ,p4 schizoneurodes infests the twigs of the allied 8,warrior ,bush02 the larvae are covered with flocculent matter and have a globule of liquid substance at the tip of the abdomen2 when massed together they look much like 8woolly blight0 on the apple trees4 ,p4 sterculiae is a small brownish species1 found upon the twigs of the ,kurrajong1 and has a wide range over ,new ,south ,wales4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,psylla sterculiae 7,froggatt74 ,the ,kurrajong ,twig ,psylla4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,two very curious species are found upon the thick fleshy leaves of our native figs1 and one1 ,mycopsylla fici1 lays her eggs upon the foliage1 the squat grey larvae burying their beaks in the leaf cause a flow of milky sap1 under which they hide in small colonies1 and when ready to emerge crawl from beneath the viscid mass4 ,where numerous1 they cover the foliage with these sticky patches1 and cause the leaves to fall4 ,the perfect psylla is a handsome1 dark-coloured insect with long antennae and ample transparent wings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,tyora sterculiae 7,froggatt74 ,the ,star-psylla found on the surface of the leaves of the ,kurrajong4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,sub-family ,,triozinae4 ,the cubitus of the wing has no stalk1 the veins forking directly from its junction with the sub-costa4 ,all our species1 with one exception1 come into the typical ,genus ,trioza3 many of them are gall makers in the larval state1 others are naked and cling to the under surface of twigs and leaves4 ,the larvae of the gall-makers are broad1 oval1 flattened creatures1 covered with a mealy secretion1 the outer margin of the dorsal shield in each case being fringed with fine regular ciliae4 ,most of the perfect insects are thickset2 they range from chestnut brown to reddish yellow2 and have clear transparent wings4 ,trioza carnosa makes a large1 oval1 fleshy1 brightly tinted gall with an irregular opening at the summit1 often covering and aborting the foliage of eucalypts about ,sydney4 ,the larva of ,t4 eucalypti forms a rounded1 hard1 woody gall upon the leaves1 without any opening on either side until the gall contracts and splits open1 when the full grown pupa emerges4 ,t4 casuarinae is a very pretty little psylla with dark-barred wings1 and its curious naked fish-like larva clings to the slender foliage of the she-oak 7,casuarina74 ,t4 banksiae has a tiny1 naked1 yellow larva covered with silvery down2 it is a rare insect found on the under surface of the honeysuckle leaves4 ,nearly all these species have been collected within a day's journey from ,sydney1 but have a wide range on the eastern coast4 ,the ,sub-family ,,prionocneminae was formed by ,scott for ,walker's ,genus ,tyora1 in which ,i have placed two species4 ,tyora sterculiae is a pale green1 aphid-like psylla1 with long antennae and large transparent wings4 ,the larvae cluster together on the leaves of the ,kurrajong1 forming white patches over the foliage1 and each larva throws out slender white threads1 fringing the tip of the abdomen and radiating about the body4 ,t4 hibisci is a delicate pale green insect which has been taken on the foliage of ,hisbiscus tiliaceus1 about ,brisbane1 ,queensland1 and also on a creeper on the ,tweed ,river1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,family #g4 ,aphids or ,plant ,lice4 ,,aphidae4 ,these destructive little creatures are well known to gardeners under different names1 such as 8smother or green-fly10 8plant lice10 or 8blight40 ,this family contains one of the most destructive and widespread pests that ever attacked cultivated plants1 namely the vine louse 7,phylloxera vastatrix71 which has destroyed millions of pounds' worth of vines1 and has followed its host all over the world4 ,aphids are all small soft-bodied creatures1 green1 black1 or yellow in colour2 and at least ten introduced species are to be commonly found in our gardens and fields2 but as far as ,i know1 no indigenous aphid is recorded in ,australia4 ,the life history of these insects is very complex2 the winter eggs or larvae lie dormant during the cold season in crevices on the trunks1 or hidden underground on the roots of their host plants2 but as the warm weather approaches they crawl up the trunks1 cluster round the opening leaf buds1 and sticking their sharp beaks into the tissue1 suck up the sap4 ,these give birth to living larvae which grow very rapidly1 and in turn 7though virgin females7 bring forth fresh broods of live larvae that in the course of several generations develop two pairs of large transparent wings1 and consist usually of both sexes1 though in some species the males are wanting4 ,the last generation fly away in swarms but before dying deposit eggs which carry on the cycle of their life into the next summer4 ,the wingless forms are short1 stout1 rounded creatures with small1 slightly lobed heads1 and rather stout #c to #g jointed antennae2 the legs are well-developed with two-jointed feet4 ,the abdomen often swells out into a flask-like shape2 it is furnished on the #eth segment with a pair of cylindrical tubes called siphons1 through which it discharges a sweet secretion known as 8honey dew02 this liquid is often ejected in such quantities on aphis-infested plants that it covers the foliage1 and attracts the ants1 which come and lick up the globules of honey-dew on the tips of the siphons1 and even caress the aphis with their antennae2 and therefore in popular works these insects are often described as 8ants' cows40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,siphonophora rosae 7,linn474 ,the ,rose ,aphis of the garden4 #a1 ,rose buds infested with aphis2 #b1 larva2 #c1 winged female aphis4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,aphis persicae-niger 7,smith74 ,the ,american ,peach ,aphis 7introduced74 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,among the introduced species common in ,australia is the ,cabbage ,aphis1 ,aphis brassicae1 a dull green insect covered with a floury exudation2 it is one of the greatest pests that the cabbage-growers have to deal with1 and is always most troublesome in dry weather4 ,the ,rose ,aphis1 ,siphonophora rosae1 is a pale green species appearing in the spring on the young buds of the roses1 but seldom doing very serious damage4 ,the ,woolly ,aphis1 ,schizoneura lanigera1 common both on the roots and branches of apple trees1 is found in most of our old orchards2 the dull blue aphids cluster together in colonies with their beaks buried deeply in the bark1 and the clusters become covered with a mass of soft white flocculent exudation1 hiding them from view4 ,from the irritation to the plant tissue caused by their presence large galls or excrescences appear all over the branches4 ,the ,peach ,aphis1 ,a4 persicae-niger1 is another common orchard pest which winters on the roots of the peach trees3 in early summer they commence to spread1 and if neglected do a great deal of damage to the leaf and flower buds4 ,the chief work dealing with the systematic classification of plant lice is ,buckton's 8,monograph of the ,british ,aphidae10 published by the ,roy4 ,society1 ,london #ahha4 ,a number of new species have been described since by ,american entomologists in bulletins on ,economic ,zoology4 ,family #h4 ,snow-,flies4 ,,aleurodidae4 ,these are all very small delicate creatures2 both sexes are furnished with two pairs of broad rounded wings with simple parallel veins1 and are usually thickly covered with a mealy white dust from which they take their popular name of 8,snow-,flies40 ,the head is broad1 furnished with a three-jointed beak enclosing setae2 seven-jointed antennae2 and large reniform eyes1 with an ocellus on either side above the eyes4 ,the thorax is broad and the abdomen soft and rounded4 ,the tarsi are two-jointed terminating in two claws at the extremities4 ,the female lays her eggs in clusters on the under surface of the leaves1 where the young larvae later on form regular oval1 glassy tests of various colours1 enclosed in which they feed and finally pupate4 ,the adult insects have their short broad wings slightly expanded1 and cluster together in threes and fours3 but the moment their food plant is touched they fly out in a little cloud4 ,they can1 like the scale insects1 be very easily introduced into a new country with their food plant1 and several species1 like ,aleurodes vaporariorum described by ,westwood from ,europe1 have a wide range over ,america and this continent4 ,the snow-flies are well represented in ,australia1 and several species do a considerable amount of damage to native shrubs1 but on account of their delicate structure and small size they are difficult to collect1 and harder to preserve when collected2 if mounted on card they dry up1 with nothing to determine them from but the wings1 which have very few distinctive characters4 ,the most satisfactory method of preserving them1 is to drop the live insects into oil of cloves on a micro slip1 when they usually open their wings and legs1 and then make1 with a little care1 very fine objects when mounted in balsam2 at times1 however1 the floury covering floats off the wings and body and sometimes clouds the mount4 ,maskell has described #h species from ,australia 7,trans4 ,n4 ,zealand ,inst4 #ahif72 most of these descriptions1 however1 were based upon the larval tests or scales 7and not the adult insects7 which had been sent to him under the idea that they were scale insects2 so that whoever takes up the study of snow-flies will have to breed them out1 to be sure of the identity of his species4 ,aleurodes styphelia forms a flattened1 oval1 black test fringed with white waxy tubes almost as long as the encircled larva1 scattered about over the leaves of ,styphelia richei1 a common scrub bush about ,sydney4 ,aleurodes t-signata forms a spiny black test2 and with a second undetermined pale yellow species without a marginal fringe1 is found about ,sydney on the foliage of ,acacia longifolia4 ,another species1 ,a4 banksiae1 is found upon both the honeysuckle 7,banksia7 and the bottle brush 7,callistemon74 ,in ,maskell's paper1 which is an important contribution to the study of these small but very interesting insects1 he lists #fe known species belonging to the typical ,genus ,aleurodes2 some have since been described from ,america1 of which a few have been placed in the ,genus ,aleurodicus1 formed by ,douglas for those with a distal and basal branch on both wings4 ,family #i4 ,scale ,insects4 ,,coccidae4 ,these insects take their popular name of scale insects from the habit that many of the typical species have of protecting themselves1 after they have settled down on their food plant1 by forming a shield or scale over their backs under which they feed and produce their eggs or living larvae4 ,to form the scale the moulted larval skin1 called the pellicle1 becomes a nucleus in the first place1 round which exudations are added until the scale insect ceases growing4 ,the larvae are pale yellow1 pink1 or dull-red coloured little creatures1 oval or shield-shape in form1 usually fringed round the margins of the body with fine filaments1 which are often long upon the somewhat thickened irregularly-jointed antennae and form longer setae upon the tip of the abdomen4 ,they have distinct black eyes1 well-developed legs2 the mouth is pointed and beak-like4 ,at this stage of their existence the sexes do not differ in outward appearance1 but when they attach themselves to their food plant the males and females of the same species often construct scales of very dissimilar form2 while in others the male scales are simply more elongate than those of the female4 ,the male coccid is a delicate fragile little creature1 usually microscopic in size1 so that1 unless bred out in confinement from scale-infested foliage1 they are seldom seen4 ,he has a well defined head rounded behind1 furnished with moderately long antennae composed of thickened irregularly-jointed segments fringed and surmounted with fine filaments4 ,the globular black eyes stand out on the sides of the head1 but the mouth is aborted so that it cannot feed4 ,the thorax1 lobed on the dorsal surface1 is furnished with a pair of rounded wings each with a simple central nervure1 but he can fly well in spite of their delicate structure4 ,the slender legs are simple1 terminating in rudimentary hooks2 the elongated abdomen is distinctly segmented and furnished at the extremity with a pair of long slender white filaments4 ,this period of his existence is short3 thousands of them perish very soon after they leave their scale1 and the survivors as soon as they have impregnated the female die4 ,the female coccid as soon as she settles down to suck up the sap develops under her protective shield 7which1 unlike the male1 she never leaves7 into an oval or rounded yellow mass3 her legs1 antennae1 and even head become aborted though the segments of the abdomen are well defined in most species1 and finally she becomes simply a sack of eggs4 ,she deposits her eggs under the protection of the shield1 in other cases the larvae develop within her shrunken dead skin4 ,the larvae swarm out and spread over plants when1 owing to their immense numbers sucking up the sap with their sharp beaks1 they soon injure the tissue and often kill the food plant4 ,thus from an economic point of view the scale insects are one of the most important groups of the insect-world that man has to deal with1 and thousands of pounds are spent in spraying and fumigating cultivated trees to destroy these pests4 ,many species are cosmopolitan in their range and choice of food plants1 having been introduced all over the world1 but ,australia has a great number of indigenous species1 many remarkable for their curious habits1 particularly those forming solid woody galls on the eucalypts4 ,the classification of the scale insects is based chiefly upon the structure of the adult female coccid1 viz43--,of the spinnerets1 abdominal cleft1 lobes1 spines1 and anal ring of the abdomen1 and the structure and number of joints of the antennae4 ,the shape and structure of the puparium or scale1 or other secretions are used to separate them into the larger sub-divisions4 ,the greater number of our species were described by ,maskell in the 8,transactions of the ,new ,zealand ,institute between the years #ahgh-ahih10 in which period he added over #ajj new species to our list3 ,green 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijj7 has described some others2 and in the same ,journal 7#ahhb-ahih7 ,i dealt with the gall-making coccids belonging to the sub-family ,,brachyscelinae4 ,in #ahid ,maskell issued a 8,synoptical ,list of the ,coccidae reported from ,australia and the ,pacific ,islands10 in which #ahj species were credited to ,australia4 ,to this ,maskell added later a number of new forms2 and ,fuller others from ,western ,australia 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahii74 ,in ,mrs4 ,fernald's 8,catalogue of the ,coccidae of the ,world0 7,hatch ,experiment ,station ,bulletin #hh1 #aijc7 over #cbh species are listed1 from this country1 but there are a considerable number of doubtful species among them4 ,the ,,coccidae have been divided into a number of sub-families3 ,i follow ,green 7,coccidae of ,ceylon1 #ahif71 though ,mrs4 ,fernald in following ,cockerell reverses the families and starts with the mealy bugs2 ,i also retain most of the well-known generic names unless there is a very valid reason for discarding them1 which does not appear to be the case in many of ,cockerell's amendments4 ,the ,sub-family ,,diaspinae are known as armoured scales and embrace most of the forms which cover themselves with stout horny shields 7puparia74 ,when adult the female is almost legless1 with rudimentary antennae1 and incapable of movement4 ,the members of the ,genus ,aspidiotus form round scales1 and among them are some of our worst orchard pests4 ,the introduced species ,aspidiotus auranti1 the ,red scale of citrus trees1 is now found on many garden shrubs4 ,the puparium of the adult female is dull reddish yellow with the centre lighter coloured1 and the twigs1 leaves and fruit of neglected trees are often covered with these scales in all stages of growth4 ,a4 perniciosus1 the notorious ,san ,jos ,scale1 that attacks deciduous fruit-trees in the same manner1 is a dull brown circular scale2 its original home is somewhat doubtful1 and though it was first recorded as a pest in ,california1 is said to have come from ,china4 ,the scales are much darker than those of the red scale1 and infest the branches and twigs so thickly that they destroy the bark1 and whenever they attach themselves to the fruit produce a red spot4 ,a4 hederi 7better known under the name of ,a4 nerii71 is a pure white scale with a yellow centre2 it has a world-wide range1 and its range extends far out into our western scrubs1 sometimes covering the whole of a large tree4 ,a4 rossi is a very distinct1 round1 black scale1 partial to ,euonymus in the garden1 and to grass trees in the bush4 ,a4 ficus is often known as the 8,round ,scale0 from its size and regular shape2 it is deep chocolate brown in colour1 common upon palms1 and is sometimes found upon oranges coming from the ,pacific ,islands4 ,fiorinia acaciae covers the stems and twigs of ,acacia longifolia with its narrow white ribbed scale2 it is much longer than broad1 and is truncate at the extremities2 this gives it a very distinctive character4 ,the ,genus ,diaspis contains a number of delicate1 more elongated scales1 among which is the well known white rose scale ,diaspis rosae1 common in the garden4 ,poliaspis exocarpi is another white scale infesting ,oxylobium1 ,dillwynia1 and other bush shrubs2 the male scales are long1 slender1 and loosely attached to the smaller twigs4 ,the ,genus ,chionaspis1 containing a number of cosmopolitan and indigenous species1 has the base of the scale narrow1 elongate1 but broadly rounded at the extremity4 ,chionaspis xerotides is white1 common upon the blades of the sedge growing along the sea shore at ,botany1 ,n4,s4,w41 and has a wide range4 ,c4 eugeniae is a larger broader scale1 variable in size and shape2 it infests several native shrubs1 and a very large form is found on the waratah4 ,mytilaspis is another world-wide genus1 in which the scales are attenuated at the base and are oyster-like in shape2 ,mytilaspis pomorum is the common 8,mussel0 or 8,oyster0 scale of the apple tree found all over the world4 ,m4 spinifera is a handsome1 broad1 white scale common on the weeping myall 7,acacia pendula71 growing in the interior4 ,m4 striata is a very slender form of scale that has had to adapt its shape to the slender foliage of the ,casuarina which it infests4 ,m4 acaciae is a grey species that clusters thickly together in masses like the apple scale1 covering the stems of several different species of ,acacias in the bush with its stout irregular scales4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4--,,homoptera4 ,family ,coccidae4 #a4 ,apiomorpha urnalis 7,tepper74 #b4 ,frenchia semiocculta 7,mask474 #d4 ,frenchia casuarinae 7,mask474 #c4 ,galls of ,buprestid beetles 7,ethon corpulentum1 ,bohem474 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv4--,,homoptera4 ,in the ,sub-family ,,lecaniinae the female coccids are active or stationary2 naked or covered with some secretion2 sometimes without legs2 the abdomen marked with a median cleft and furnished with two dorsal lobes4 ,several species of the tropical ,genus ,ceroplastes are found about ,sydney1 where they were introduced into the gardens at a very early date1 and have since spread into the orchards and bush4 ,the ,indian wax-scale1 ,ceroplastes ceriferus1 covers orchard trees1 and bush and garden shrubs with its irregular rounded masses of greasy white matter that protect the liver-coloured coccids beneath4 ,c4 rubens is a smaller and more regularly rounded dull red scale1 the enveloping material forming a hard waxy shell4 ,the members of the ,genus ,ctenochiton are chiefly confined to ,new ,zealand1 but two fine species have been described from ,australia4 ,ctenochiton eucalypti comes from the ,newcastle district1 ,n4,s4,w41 where it infests the leaves of gum saplings4 ,the scales of the sexes differ very much2 those of the male are slender1 white1 and glassy1 while those of the female are broad and dark coloured4 ,c4 rhizophorae comes from ,queensland1 where it is found upon the mangrove4 ,the beautiful1 brittle1 glass-like scales of ,inglisia foraminifer and ,i4 fossilis1 are often very plentiful in the interior on low scrub trees4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #afe and #aff4--,scale ,insects4 #afe4 ,icerya purchasi 7,maskell74 ,the ,cottony-cushion or ,fluted ,scale of the orange tree4 #aff4 ,ceroplastus ceriferus 7,anderson74 ,the introduced ,indian ,wax ,scale of citrus trees1 etc4 ,in the ,genus ,ceronema1 the males form delicate angulated scales1 but the females are clothed with a woolly secretion4 ,ceronema banksiae is a somewhat rare scale found on the foliage of the banksia2 it has the secretion upon the dorsal surface1 formed into a distinct rib down the centre4 ,c4 caudata is a large species with a white woolly covering1 a large filament towards the apex forming a large loop rising above the back like a handle4 ,it has a wide range from the ,south ,coast of ,n4,s4,w4 to ,north ,queensland1 and about ,bulli1 ,n4,s4,w41 is found on gum trees4 ,the ,genus ,lecanium 7which has been cut up into a number of new genera7 contains many distinct species peculiar to our fauna4 ,lecanium tesselatum1 a flattened species with crenulated margins1 and common on palms in the gardens1 and ,l4 oleae1 known as 8black bug0 or 8olive scale0 by the orchardists1 are both introduced species3 ,l4 patersoni is a slender form found upon the foliage of ,patersonia glabrata growing about ,sydney4 ,l4 scrobiculata is a bright1 shining1 convex1 dark brown scale infesting several species of acacias2 and ,l4 mirificum1 one of the largest1 is found in the interior upon ,acacia pendula4 ,the curious coccid1 ,cryptes 7,lecanium7 baccatum1 covers the twigs of several acacias1 among them the common black wattle in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,at first dull white1 they swell out into rounded bead-shaped1 blue sacks1 so close together that they encrust the whole of the infested twig2 when adult they turn dull brown4 ,the ,sub-family ,,dactylopinae contains most of the well-known 8mealy bugs02 they are soft bodied creatures in the earlier stages of their existence1 and many species are able to move about until their latter days2 instead of forming a separate scale like the first group1 they cover themselves with white1 woolly1 mealy1 cottony1 or waxy secretions4 ,the members of the ,genus ,asterolecanium are represented in ,australia by the introduced 8oak scale0 ,asterolecanium quercicola1 a typical form which1 half buried in the infested bark at the tips of the branches1 is covered with a waxy1 greenish yellow1 rounded scale2 when numerous it causes the tips of the branches to die back4 ,a4 acaciae1 when numerous1 aborts the bark and twigs of ,acacia longifolia and is covered with dull brown and white shields2 and with ,a4 stypheliae1 with its raised1 shining1 oval1 bright yellow tests1 found on a number of different shrubs1 are both native species with a very wide range over ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,rhizococcus is represented by #h species1 found chiefly upon the twigs of wattles 7,acacia7 and she-oaks 7,casuarina72 and the cosmopolitan ,genus ,eriococcus by #ag species4 ,several species of ,eriococcus enclosed in their egg-shaped1 white-felted sacks are very common in the forest1 clustering over and often killing the young trees4 ,eriococcus coriaceous varies from white to yellow in colour2 the sacs are oval1 with a distinct anal opening on the summit2 they infest the foliage and twigs of many young ,eucalypts4 ,e4 paradoxus is a somewhat larger1 sticky insect2 they mass together in regular lumps on the twigs of the same trees3 while ,e4 eucalypti1 as far as my experience goes1 is never found on gum trees1 as its name implies1 but upon the prickly twigs of ,bursaria spinosa1 and its sacs are more depressed and have a browner tint4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,eriococcus coriaceous 7,maskell74 ,the ,eucalyptus scale4 ,natural size and enlarged4 7,original photo4 ,t4 ,kirk74 ,the typical ,dactylopius are free-moving insects1 often crawling about until their final stage1 when they become covered or surrounded with flocculent woolly matter4 ,dactylopius albizziae is common on the black wattle1 and is sometimes a pest in wattle plantations2 it is a blackish-blue berry-shaped coccid surrounded with and lightly clothed on portions of the dorsal surface with white mealy and woolly filaments4 ,d4 aurilanatus is chiefly confined to the branchlets of ,araucaria bidwilli1 or 8,bunya ,bunya40 ,it is very abundant at times on these trees in the ,sydney gardens1 and is easily recognised by the broad lines of sulphur-yellow meal or down across the dorsal surface4 ,d4 lobulatus is an oval coccid1 hiding under loose bark on the trunks of the blue gum1 ,eucalyptus globulus2 it is so thickly clothed with white mealy secretion forming filaments round the edges that its form and colour are quite hidden4 ,in the ,genus ,ripersia the species have a world-wide range2 they are curious wrinkled naked coccids1 but are sometimes more or less enveloped in a white covering2 they lead an underground existence on the roots of grass and plants3 a single species is recorded by ,maskell from ,s4 ,australia on the roots of a ,leptospermum4 ,the curious ,antonina australis is an underground coccid which infests the roots of the ,nut-grass1 ,cyperus rotundus1 and was described by ,green 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd7 from specimens obtained in the ,hunter ,river district1 ,n4,s4,w41 where it was so plentiful that in the dry seasons it killed a great deal of this sedge4 ,the adult female is a rounded black smooth shining creature about of an inch in diameter1 enveloped in a coat of white woolly secretion1 from which it can be easily removed4 ,the legs and antennae are aborted1 but the segmental divisions of the abdomen remain1 and the tip is produced into two irregular roughened tubercles1 joined at the base with a tuft of stout bristle-like hairs4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,homoptera4 ,family ,,coccidae4 #a4 ,tachardia australis 7,froggatt74 ,on ,melaleuca4 #b4 ,tachardia australis 7,froggatt74 ,male and female tests4 #c4 ,tachardia australis 7,froggatt74 ,female coccid4 #d4 ,tachardia decorella 7,maskell74 ,on ,eucalyptus4 #e4 ,tachardia decorella 7,maskell74 ,female in test4 #f4 ,tachardia decorella 7,maskell74 ,female exposed4 #g4 ,tachardia decorella 7,maskell74 ,larva4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,homoptera4 ,the ,sub-family ,,tachardiinae contains a number of remarkable species1 some of considerable commercial value on account of the resinous secretion they encrust themselves with2 this secretion is known as lac1 and is used for making varnish4 ,the typical female is an irregular wrinkled fleshy mass with a pair of tubular appendages on the back4 ,these appendages were supposed at one time to be used for producing the lac1 but ,green considers them to be breathing structures4 ,five species are described from ,australia1 of which ,tachardia australis is so thickly encrusted with reddish brown lac1 that it might be of some commercial value in the future2 it is very plentiful upon ,melaleuca bushes near ,maryborough1 ,queensland1 but was described by me from specimens obtained on a small shrub1 ,beyeria viscosa1 at ,gunnedah1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,t4 decorella is enclosed in a very dainty1 flattened1 ribbed1 cushion-like mass of dull slate-coloured lac2 it is found on a number of different trees1 among them the water gums 7,eugenia smithii72 and ,i have also found it on the desert cypress 7,callitris7 in the interior4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,antonina australis 7,green74 ,the ,nut-grass ,coccid4 #a4 ,nut-grass showing coccid upon the roots4 #b4 ,adult female coccid removed from enveloping cover 7enlarged74 ,the ,sub-family ,,idiococciinae comprises a number of very curious coccids1 some of which are naked2 some form waxy tests2 while others are enveloped in woody galls4 ,maskell1 who created this division1 says they are separated from the ,,monophlebiinae by the absence of anal tubercles and the antennae1 and from the ,,brachysceliinae by the absence of anal appendages4 ,the members of the ,genus ,sphaerococcus number #ba described species1 all but two of which are peculiar to ,australia2 some form galls1 others waxy tests4 ,sphaerococcus pirogallus cover the whole of the tips of the bushes of ,leptospermum flavescens with its curious little pear-shaped galls4 ,at first pink or red1 these galls are dull brown when full grown1 and have an aperture on the side of the stalk1 and the coccid within is attached to a saucer-like rim on the roof of the apex4 ,this is one of the commonest galls about ,sydney2 acres of these low bushes often have the whole of their foliage covered with masses of these small galls4 ,s4 melaleucae does not form a gall1 but surrounds itself with a dark waxy secretion like the lac insect2 both scales and twigs are often blackened with smut or fumagine4 ,l4 leptospermi forms a swelling in the twig which looks as if the tissue had risen over it like a blister and then split down the middle1 exposing the dorsal surface4 ,s4 froggatti is very common on the tips of ,melaleuca bushes growing about ,sydney2 the dull red coccid is clothed with white secretion resting in an excrescence fringed with slender1 reddish brown finger-like processes curling over in an irregular protective gall4 ,s4 socialis produces a very curious greyish globular gall with no opening on the outside1 and measures up to an inch in diameter4 ,maskell says3 8,the outer surface is formed of very closely imbracted scales1 which are apparently aborted and coalesced leaves of the tree02 the interior is of a loose structure containing several female coccids1 and a few males4 ,it was collected by ,lea near ,geraldton1 ,w4 ,australia4 ,the ,genus ,cylindrococcus contains #c species which form curious cone-like galls upon the twigs of the ,she-oak1 ,casuarina4 ,cylindrococcus spiniferus varies much in size and shape4 ,they are often very numerous1 covering the whole of the bush with their curious1 rough1 bracteate galls1 which are rounded at the base and taper to the extremity4 ,the female1 a cylindrical1 dull red creature1 is enclosed in an elongate1 thin tube1 which occupies the centre of the gall2 this tube is attached at the base of the gall and is surrounded with the bracts4 ,some of the typical forms might be easily mistaken for seed cones4 ,c4 amplior1 which is a more solitary species1 forms a solid seed-shaped gall with the base set in a bract like the calyx of a flower1 and the whole might be likened to an unopened bud4 ,it is found in ,south ,australia and the north-western parts of ,victoria4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4--,,homoptera4 ,family ,,coccidae4 #a4 ,apiomorpha duplex 7,schr474 ,gall4 #b4 ,sphaerococcus leptospermi 7,mask474 ,galls4 #c4 ,cylindrococcus spiniferus 7,mask474 ,galls4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxv4--,,homoptera4 ,the ,sub-family ,,brachysceliinae contains some of the most remarkable insects in our fauna4 ,they were first noticed by ,schrader 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahfb71 who described and figured a number of our commonest species and their galls2 to these ,i have added a number of new species 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahib-ahih74 ,they are all gall makers2 the beautiful little larva born in the gall is usually yellow1 oval1 flattened1 and fringed round the margin with short glassy filaments4 ,in most species the full-grown female has antennae and legs aborted1 and becomes simply a sac of eggs and liquid matter enclosed in a leathery skin1 and is furnished with horny tail appendages4 ,the ,genus ,frenchia was formed by ,maskell for a species1 ,frenchia casuarinae1 which forms a gall like a stout blunt thorn2 it is about the thickness of a slate pencil and has a small opening at the apex4 ,these twig-like galls spring directly from the branch of the infested ,casuarina1 while the aborted tissue at the base swells out like a blister4 ,the slender1 attenuated1 red female coccid rests head downward with the tail reaching up to the apical orifice of the gall4 ,a second species1 ,f4 semiocculta1 forms a raised swelling on the twigs of ,casuarina1 with a cleft in the centre1 thus forming two lobes4 ,the first is common in ,tasmania1 ,victoria1 and ,n4,s4 ,wales2 the latter was collected at ,manly1 near ,sydney4 ,schrader called the next ,genus ,brachyscelis1 but ,rubasmann finding the name preoccupied changed it to ,apiomorpha2 over #cj species are given in ,mrs4 ,fernald's ,catalogue1 but there are several species described both by ,rubasmann and ,tepper that were described from variable or aborted galls that may prove to be synonyms4 ,the female is remarkable for forming a stout woody gall1 sometimes sessile1 sometimes springing from a stalk2 it encloses an oval cell with a circular or transverse aperture at the apex of the gall1 through which the male impregnates her by means of his long slender abdomen4 ,the young larvae are hatched within its shelter1 and crawl out to reach their food plant4 ,the female is a top-shaped 7turbinate7 creature encased in a leathery skin1 more or less clothed with fine hairs1 enveloped in a mealy secretion1 with rows of fine spines on the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments1 and the body terminating in two horny tails 7anal appendages74 ,the head is merged into the thoracic portion1 and has the ventral surface wrinkled and bearing a rudimentary mouth2 the antennae and legs are aborted4 ,the only distinct specific characters are the dorsal spines and the form of the anal appendages4 ,the males are delicate two-winged insects1 with long antennae1 slender legs1 and the body very long and attenuated1 ornamented with two fine filaments4 ,they either form single short tubular galls on the leaves1 or form masses of the same tubular galls2 or they are placed in rows enfolded in a hood growing from the side of the female gall like a small cockscomb4 ,all the members of this genus are confined to the eucalypts4 ,apiomorpha duplex is the largest insect-gall in the world4 ,springing directly from the twig1 it swells out into a stout four-sided gall1 #a inches in diameter1 #c inches in length2 beyond this the apex of the gall is produced into two stout flattened appendages extending another #i inches4 ,the enclosed female coccid measures up to #a inches4 ,a4 munita forms an angulated gall rounded at the base1 with each angle on the apex furnished with a slender curled horn1 but it is very variable both in form and size4 ,a4 pileata is an egg-shaped gall1 with the apex truncate and forming two lips1 the apical orifice forming a keyhole-like slit between them4 ,we have two varieties of this gall1 which in their immature state have a membranous tailed cap covering the apex which dries and falls off as the gall matures1 leaving the apical orifice exposed4 ,a4 pomiformis is shaped like and about the size and shape of a small apple1 with the apical orifice situated in a depression in the centre4 ,it is a ,north ,australian form1 and is also found on stunted gums in the interior4 ,specimens of a large gall received from ,tennant's ,creek1 ,central ,australia1 with the enclosed coccid1 show that the structure of the coccid is very different from the ,apiomorpha the anal extremity being thimble-shaped1 fitting against the apical orifice1 so it will require to be placed in a new genus4 ,a4 dipsaciformis is an oval gall covered with curled filaments like a 8teasel40 ,in the group in which the male galls are formed on the side of the oval female gall1 ,a4 pharatrata is a typical form2 the female gall is oval1 overshadowed with the mushroom-shaped mass of coalesced tubular galls growing out near the apex4 ,the female coccids of the ,genus ,opisthoscelis1 as they change from the larval stage1 lose almost every vestige of the first two pairs of legs1 while the hind pair are produced into long attenuated appendages1 which in some species 7when enclosed in the gall7 curve round over the back like hairs2 the whole insect is rounded or top-shaped1 with a peg-shaped anal appendage4 ,thirteen species are described1 all of which produce galls upon different species of eucalypts4 ,opisthoscelis subrotunda is our commonest species2 the solid fleshy galls1 about the size of a pea1 often cover and abort much of the foliage of the infested tree4 ,the short rounded coccid fits tightly to the cavity1 and the opening1 closed by the tip of the anal peg1 is on the under side of the leaf4 ,schrader has described the male galls of this species1 which are probably very rare1 and ,i have never been able to discover them4 ,the short1 slender1 reddish1 tubular galls of ,o4 spinosa are as plentiful as the curious thorn-shaped female galls1 which latter have the opening at the tip1 and are common on the foliage of the large-leaved ironbark1 ,eucalyptus siderophloia1 growing around ,sydney4 ,the female coccid1 in this and several of the other gall-making coccids with the spine or thorn-shaped structure1 is firmly attached to the sides and base of the cavity1 and is difficult to remove without damage4 ,the galls of the ,genus ,ascelis are often dissimilar in form2 that of ,ascelis praemollis is rounded1 with the opening on the under side of the leaf1 and except for the shape of the scar and larger size might without close examination be taken for that of ,opisthoscelis subrotunda2 but the enclosed insect is a very different looking creature2 it is simply an irregular jelly-like mass1 with a short peg-like structure rising from what looks to be the back1 but is the tip of the abdomen2 this structure is produced into three finger-like projections1 which1 holding a lump of gummy substance1 plug up the basal opening in the gall4 ,a4 schraderi1 which forms a circular1 flattened1 blister-like gall in the tissue of the leaves of ,eucalyptus corymbosa1 is more flattened1 with the anal tail truncate at the apex1 without the curious finger-like appendages1 and the anal aperture as fine as a pin prick is on the upper surface of the leaf4 ,i have gone somewhat extensively into the description of these gall-making coccids1 owing to the fact that they form such remarkable structures1 and differ from all other solid galls in the fact that they are formed by the larvae and are not the result of eggs deposited beneath the plant tissue4 ,specialists in the study of vegetable growths may find some key to the mystery of gall development in this fact4 ,the ,,monophlebiinae comprises a number of large 8mealy bugs10 so called because they form no protective scale1 but are simply clothed with a mealy secretion1 fine filaments or masses of felted wool4 ,the females are often of considerable size1 and during the greater part of their existence are capable of crawling about1 but when adult and about to lay their eggs they often become fixed to the food plant4 ,the males are of the usual two-winged type with long antennae and the tip of the abdomen fringed with fine filaments4 ,this division has been cut up into a number of sub-families by ,cockerell1 and these divisions are given in ,mrs4 ,fernald's ,catalogue1 but here ,i propose to place them together under the one sub-family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,pulvinaria maskelli 7,olliff74 ,the ,saltbush ,mealy ,bug of the interior4 a1 ,male2 b1 ,showing the male enclosed in pupal test2 c1 ,larva2 d1 ,ventral view of adult female4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,monophlebus crawfordi is one of our largest species2 the female measures about #a inch in length and is broad in proportion2 she is dull orange yellow marked with parallel bars of purple1 and fringed round the edges with fine hairs2 and is of a general flattened1 broad1 oval form1 with the dorsal surface distinctly segmented4 ,she is generally found clinging to the stem of a smooth-barked eucalyptus tree1 sometimes half hidden under a bit of loose bark and surrounded with white mealy secretion4 ,when egg-laying she sometimes produces a great quantity of fine curled cottony filaments forming a mass much larger than the original size of her body1 under which the eggs are deposited4 ,the ,genus ,callipappus contains #f ,australian species2 the females are flattened1 oval1 irregularly segmented coccids of a dull brown to purplish red tint1 which are usually found crawling about on tree trunks4 ,callipappus australe was described by ,maskell 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #ahij7 under the generic name of ,coelostoma1 a group confined to ,n4 ,zealand4 ,the male is a beautiful two-winged insect of a general deep red colour1 the wings rose-pink1 and the tip of the abdomen clothed with a large bunch of silky white filaments like a tuft of spun glass2 from this latter character it has received the fanciful but rather appropriate name of the 8,bird of ,paradise ,fly40 ,the female is of an oval1 flattened form about an inch in length2 the body is irregularly segmented and lightly clothed with flakes of a mealy secretion4 ,when depositing her eggs1 generally on the trunk of a tree1 she becomes attached to the bark with a patch of silk on the ventral surface of the body2 the body swells irregularly1 the extremities of the abdomen shrink and turn upwards1 the whole body later becoming simply a dry shell4 ,gurin described a species1 ,c4 westwoodi1 from ,west ,australia2 and ,fuller a few years ago re-described this and named two new species4 ,icerya purchasi1 known as the 8,fluted or ,cottony ,cushion ,scale10 was first described from ,new ,zealand1 but had been a well-known pest to the citrus orchards in ,california many years before it was discovered in ,new ,zealand4 ,the adult female is a very distinctive red coccid with black legs and antennae1 and a dull red body with the thoracic portion flattened and fringed with hairs4 ,she produces a quantity of felted woolly filaments forming a mass completely covering the abdomen1 which is marked with well-defined parallel furrows and ridges2 under this secretion the eggs are deposited4 ,this scale is found upon several species of wattles 7,acacia7 in the neighbourhood of ,sydney1 and on the roses in the gardens4 ,it does little or no harm in ,australia1 as it is very much affected by different species of parasites4 ,several other species placed by ,maskell in this ,genus have been removed4 ,palaeococcus nudata is one that he described from ,australia on verbenas and cosmos4 ,i found it to be very abundant on red clover in the ,lismore district1 ,n4,s4 ,wales2 it is a smaller oval species uniformly clothed with mealy secretion4 ,p4 rosae1 described by ,riley as ,icerya rosae1 the 8,floridian ,scale10 is a convex dull brown shining coccid with the outer margin fringed with short white tufts4 ,though originally described as a rose pest in ,florida it is found upon ,hakea and ,grevillea bushes in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #agj-agb4--,mealy ,bugs4 #agj4 ,callipappus 7,coelostoma7 australe 7,maskell74 4 ,the 8,bird of ,paradise ,fly40 #aga4 ,callipappus australe4 4 #agb4 ,callipappus australe4 4 ,after egg laying4 ,illustration3 #agc4 ,monophlebus crawfordi 7,maskell74 4 #agd4 ,monophlebus crawfordi1 when she is laying her eggs1 which she covers with felted fluted wool4 78,agricultural ,gazette10 ,n4,s4,w47 ,sub-,order ,,iii4 ,,anoplura4 ,sucking ,lice4 ,these insects are wingless1 with a more or less thin integument4 ,the rather complicated sucking mouth is furnished with hooks2 the thoracic segments are indistinctly divided1 and the foot terminates in a single stout claw4 ,they were usually placed at the end of the ,,hemiptera in the ,order ,,parasita2 but later investigators consider them so very closely allied to the true bugs that they are here placed as a ,sub-,order4 ,burmeister called them ,,pediculina4 ,family #a4 ,sucking ,lice4 ,,pediculidae4 ,these are purely parasitic upon animals1 and derive their food from the blood of their hosts1 which they obtain by puncturing the skin with their tubular sucking mouth4 ,it is not an extensive family1 containing only about #dj described species included in #f genera1 and they are widely distributed over the world4 ,three species are known to live upon the clothes and skin of unclean men1 the eggs of which1 known as nits1 are attached to the hairs of the animal or man infested4 ,from their repulsive habits lice are not popular insects even for entomologists to take up4 ,nothing is known about those infesting the natives of ,australia1 though it is believed that the different races of man1 particularly savage tribes1 are infested with distinct species of these parasites4 ,the common head louse1 ,pediculus capitis1 is confined to the fine hairs of the head1 seldom or never going on the coarser hair of the body2 the pale-coloured eggs are glued to the hairs1 from which emerge larvae closely resembling the adults4 ,pediculus vestimenti lives in the clothes of unclean persons1 only coming on the skin to suck up blood2 it differs merely in being darker and broader in general appearance4 ,the ,crab-louse1 ,phthirius inguinalis1 is a very short-bodied creature which clings with its large claws to the stouter hairs of the body4 ,in ancient times all these were very common1 and a loathsome disease called ,phthiriasis was said to be due to them4 ,the domestic animals1 hogs1 cattle1 horses1 c41 are infested with distinct species4 ,sub-,order ,,iv4 ,,mallophaga4 ,biting ,lice4 ,the classification in which this group should be placed is not yet definitely settled2 ,sharp places them in the ,order ,,neuroptera between the ,,psocidae and the ,,termitidae3 ,cholodkovsky combines them with the sucking lice and creates a new ,order1 ,,pseudorhynchota 7,zool4 ,anz4 xxvii4 #aijc72 while ,kellogg has given them the rank of an ,order under the group name ,,mallophaga4 ,they are certainly not lace-wings in the strict sense of the word2 and their habits are so similar to those of the preceding division that ,i propose to place them as the fourth group of the ,order ,,hemiptera4 ,they consist of biting lice infesting animals and birds1 and feed chiefly upon the hair1 feathers1 scales1 or excretions of their hosts by means of stout biting jaws1 but are also said to be furnished with an apparatus enabling them sometimes to suck up the blood4 ,they all have flattened bodies encased in horny integument1 lightly clothed with stout hairs2 the antenna contains from #c to #e short joints1 and the eyes when visible are situated behind the antennae2 the thorax is narrow1 apparently composed of two divisions2 the short stout legs are provided with #a or #b fine claws well adapted to their parasitic habits4 ,the wings are wanting1 and the oval abdomen contains from #i to #aj segments4 ,they attach their eggs to the hairs or feathers of their hosts1 and the larvae develop upon the body4 ,though some members of the group might be confounded with the ,,anoplura1 they are easily distinguished from them by the structure of the mouth1 and the different shaped claws at the extremity of the tarsi4 ,while the sucking lice are always confined to a particular host1 the biting lice are not so exclusive1 for the same species may be found upon several dissimilar birds or animals1 and it is not uncommon for several distinct species to infest the same host4 ,a number of ,european writers have studied and described these parasitic creatures2 ,denny 7,monographia ,anoplurorum ,britanniae #ahdb7 described all the ,british species1 which he illustrated with coloured plates3 ,piaget's 8,le ,pediculines10 ,leyden #ahhj1 is a more important work1 and was followed by a supplement in #ahhe2 the first contains a description of all the species known up to that date1 and the second adds #ajj new species which he had examined4 ,taschenberg in #ahhb published a fine ,monograph1 which however was never completed4 ,in ,america the chief writers have been ,osborn and ,kellogg2 the first in ,bulletin #g1 ,division of ,entomology ,u4,s4 #ahia1 dealing with 8,insects affecting domestic animals1 ,chapter v41 ,mallophaga10 figures and describes a large number1 among them some new species4 ,kellogg describes a great many new species 7,new ,mallophaga i41 ii41 iii41 #ahhf-hi1 ,proceedings ,california ,academy of ,sciences1 ,vol4 vi471 and also gives a great deal of information about the structure and classification of these insects4 ,he says3 8,i propose therefore1 in the light of the present position of the ,mallophaga as an independent order of insects1 to rank the ,nitzschian families as sub-orders1 the ,nitzschian genera as families1 and the ,nitzschian sub-genera1 the genera of the present day writers1 as genera40 ,in this classification two sub-orders are created1 ,,ischnocera1 containing two families1 viz43 ,,trichodectidae1 in which the members have #c jointed antennae and tarsi with one claw1 and found upon animals2 and ,,philopteridae1 lice with five jointed antennae and two tarsal claws1 which infest birds4 ,the second sub-order1 ,,amblycera1 also comprises two families1 viz43 ,,gyropidae1 with four jointed antennae and one tarsal claw1 infesting animals2 and second the ,,liotheidae1 with four jointed antennae and two tarsal claws1 chiefly found upon birds1 but in ,australia also found upon marsupials4 ,there are about #a1jjj species of these lice described from all parts of the world1 but the genera are few in number4 ,very little work has been done in ,australia on the ,mallophaga3 ,piaget described a species on the wombat for which he created the ,genus ,boopia1 naming it ,b4 tarsata 7#ahhj74 ,in his ,supplement 7#ahhe7 he described a second on the red kangaroo as ,boopia grandis2 and others on ,australian birds1 among them ,menopon infumatum on the 8,laughing ,jackass10 and ,menopon pallipes on the 8,swamp ,quail40 ,in #aijb 7,victorian ,naturalist7 ,messrs4 ,le ,souf and ,buller published two papers dealing with these parasites2 the first entitled 8,descriptions of some ,mallophaga on ,australian ,birds10 and a second 8,descriptions of some new ,mallophaga from ,marsupials10 illustrated with drawings4 ,they describe the kangaroo louse1 ,heterodoxus macropus1 as common upon wallabies and kangaroos in most parts of ,australia4 ,the female is a pale chestnut-coloured insect about #a lines in length1 with the typical conical blunt head1 #d-;jointed antenna1 and elongate oval abdomen fringed with hairs1 and barred with black between the segments4 ,the ,genus ,boopia contains the wombat louse described by ,piaget1 and three other species found on wallabies4 ,a fifth species1 ,latumcephalum macropus1 is also parasitic upon wallabies4 ,the ,native ,companion or ,australian ,crane is infested by a species described by these writers under the name of ,lipeurus giganteum2 it is of a uniform dull white colour1 with an angular head1 and measures of an inch in length4 ,three species are found upon the ,lyre-bird1 namely3 ,lipeurus menura1 ,nirmus menura1 and ,menopon menura4 ,the white ibis has a distinct species1 and another is found upon the sulphur-crested cockatoo4 ,the emu is the host of an elongate dark-coloured species measuring up to #b lines in length2 the 8,apostle ,bird0 and the 8,rosella0 parrot have each a distinct parasite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #age4--,the ,kangaroo ,louse4 ,heterodoxus macropus 7,le ,souf and ,bullen74 7,drawn from the type ,w4,w4,f47 ,when these insects are carefully collected probably our fauna will be found to be rich in curious and interesting forms1 judging from the number of undetermined species in my own collections4 ,they can be very easily collected in small spirit tubes as soon as the animal or bird is shot1 but like the 8,louse-flies0 they soon leave the dead body1 and all sportsmen know this to their cost when carrying their game any distance4 ,order ,,ix4--,,thysanoptera4 ,these insects are often called ,,physapoda in allusion to their bladder-shaped feet2 but though some are wingless1 the name ,,thysanoptera seems much more suitable1 for all the typical forms have both pairs of wings beautifully fringed with hair-like filaments1 hence the name 8fringe-wings40 ,thrips have few affinities with any of the other orders1 and their exact position in any system of classification has puzzled most entomologists4 ,the remarkable structure of the mouth1 which has been studied by ,messrs4 ,jordan and ,garman1 appears to consist of a compound of biting jaws and a sucking style4 ,uzel has figured it in his 8,monographie der ,ordnung ,thysanoptera0 #aije1 but the exact manner in which they take their food is not yet clearly understood4 ,the integument is very thick and opaque1 and the head comes to a cone-shaped point at the mouth adjacent1 to the ventral surface of the sternum1 so that the complicated structure of the mouth is difficult to study4 ,the eggs are laid upon the food plant1 and the young undergoing a series of moults resemble the adult in general form1 and the distinction between the larval and pupal forms1 though noticeable1 is very slight4 ,the members of this ,order sometimes appear in immense swarms and do a great amount of damage to cultivated plants and field crops4 ,they are widely distributed over the world1 and many species are cosmopolitan1 having been spread with the introduction of their food plants4 ,the group is well represented in ,australia by many remarkable and striking species1 some of which form distinct galls4 ,this ,order contains the single family ,,thripidae4 ,family #a4 ,thrips4 ,,thripidae4 ,these are elongate1 black1 or brown1 with #f to #i jointed antennae standing out in front of the head2 large eyes2 with ocelli 7usually absent in the wingless forms74 ,the elongate head comes to a cone-shaped point at the extremity2 the mouth consists of a pair of jaws with a pointed style between them4 ,the thorax1 as broad or slightly broader than the body1 is elongate1 and furnished in the typical forms with two pairs of delicate oar-shaped wings with a simple medium parallel vein in the centre of each fore wing1 and both pairs fringed with delicate feather-like filaments2 both pairs are attached at the base to the dorsal surface of the thorax1 and when at rest are folded down the centre of the back4 ,the legs are short and simple1 but sometimes the thighs of the front pair are thickened2 the tarsi consist of two short simple joints1 the last bladder-shaped4 ,the abdomen is slender and is rounded at the extremity1 and in one division ends in a slender tubular process4 ,most of them are minute creatures2 the giant among them comes from ,australia1 but this only measures an inch in length4 ,though most species are vegetarian in their habits1 feeding upon the surface of plants or the pollen of flowers1 a few are said to devour mites and other tiny creatures4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,thysanoptera4 ,family ,,thripidae4 #a4 ,idolothrips spectrum 7,haliday74 ,giant thrips4 #b4 ,thrips tabaci 7,lindeman74 ,rose and ,onion thrips4 #c4 ,kladothrips rugosus 7,froggatt74 ,gall thrips4 #d4 ,kladothrips rugosus 7,froggatt74 ,larva4 #e4 #e;a4 #e;b4 ,various stages of galls 7,k4 rugosus7 on ,acacia foliage4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,thysanoptera4 ,in ,uzel's ,monograph only #ace species are catalogued1 half of which are ,european4 ,haliday 7,entomological ,magazine #ahcf7 divided all the known species into two groups or sub-families1 viz43 ,terebrantia1 in which the females have an external toothed ovipositor 7including all the typical ,european forms72 and the ,tubulifera1 in which the ovipositor is hidden and the tip of the abdomen is produced into an elongated tubular process 7most of our indigenous species fall into this latter group74 ,heliothrips haemorrphoidalis1 an introduced species1 is our commonest thrips1 and is world-wide in its range4 ,it measures about of an inch in length1 is stout in proportion2 has the head and thorax rugose1 and is of a uniform black tint with very light-coloured wings4 ,it not only infests and damages a great number of garden plants1 but is spreading to our native bushes1 for ,i have taken them on young eucalypts far away from any gardens4 ,the ,giant ,thrips1 ,idolothrips spectrum1 was described by ,haliday from specimens collected by ,charles ,darwin in #ahcf2 he described the sexes as different species2 and a smaller dark variety was given a third specific name4 ,it is a very common insect in ,eastern ,n4,s4,w41 hiding among the foliage of dead eucalypts2 when disturbed it runs about with its wings and elongated body turned upward in the manner of a small 8rove beetle40 ,it has an extended range from ,tasmania to ,southern ,queensland4 ,i recorded its life-history 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijd71 where the different stages of development are figured4 ,its large size1 long antennae1 elongated neck-like prothorax1 and red spined abdominal segments and tubular appendage are very distinctive characters4 ,the most remarkable ,,thripidae however are those that infest many of our forest shrubs1 such as ,acacia1 ,hakea1 ,callistemon1 and other scrub trees in ,central ,australia4 ,these live in galls which they produce by puncturing the edges of the young leaves and causing them to curl over2 or by attacking the leaf buds and aborting the tips of the twigs into irregular masses of thin woody galls2 or again1 the leaf is pierced from the under side by the female thrips1 causing the leaf to blister on the upper surface1 which gradually expands into an oval or rounded gall as large as a small marble1 and into which most of the leaf is often absorbed1 leaving only the leaf stalk and the tip1 which forms a short tail curving up from the basal scar4 ,many of these galls are closely packed with small semitransparent larvae and pupae in all stages of development1 the offspring of the single female thrips that first caused the gall4 ,noting this remarkable habit of ,australian thrips1 so different from that of all other known species1 ,i forwarded specimens and galls to ,dr4 ,sharp1 who notes the fact in the ,cambridge ,nat4 ,hist43 ,insects4 ,it seems apparently to be a case of the survival of the fittest1 for in the dry intense summer heat of the interior these delicate insects could not live on the outer surface of the foliage1 while1 enclosed in these galls1 they can survive the hottest and driest season4 ,species of gall-making thrips have been recorded recently from ,java4 ,uzel described one of these gall-making species1 ,phloeothrips tepperi 7,acta ,societatis ,entomologicae ,bohemiae #aije7 from specimens obtained in ,s4 ,australia by ,tepper1 and which form oval galls upon the 8,mulga10 ,acacia aneura4 ,this species is also common in the western parts of ,n4,s4 ,wales upon the same tree1 which also bears two other distinct thrips galls4 ,i have figured a remarkable rugose gall1 obtained near ,tamworth1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 upon a short-leaved acacia 7,agricultural ,gazette ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf72 the maker of this gall will not fit into any known genus1 and therefore ,i propose for it the name of ,kladothrips rugosus4 ,it has an elongate rounded head1 with the thighs of the fore-legs greatly thickened and the apex of the tibia produced into two blunt claws4 ,,the ,,collection ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,insects4 ,a collector's outfit will vary considerably in different kinds of country1 and depend to a certain extent upon the particular group of insects he is interested in4 ,but there are some things he will require on every tramp through the bush4 ,for general collecting the first thing needed is a strong leather bag2 a large-sized school bag that can be slung over the shoulder is preferred by some entomologists1 as it leaves their hands free2 others carry a hand-bag2 but a combination of both1 with handle and also swivels to which a shoulder strap can be attached1 is sometimes used1 so that it can be carried either way4 ,i prefer the hand-bag1 though it has its disadvantages1 and one is that when shaking or sweeping the scrub it is apt to be left behind1 and time spent in returning for it2 and if the scrub is thick1 may have to be searched for4 ,the bag should not be too big1 for in a long day's tramp it becomes a burden1 and if string and paper be carried1 galls1 infested twigs1 and foliage can always be made up into a bundle and attached to the bag when an extra good find has been made4 ,some collectors have the bag divided into compartments or pockets1 which are very handy at times for bottles and tubes1 but it must be borne in mind that every piece of leather adds weight4 ,with regard to nets1 they must be adapted for the work they are to do2 and first in importance comes the butterfly net4 ,if one is in camp a simple net can be constructed with a ring of stout fencing wire1 fashioned into a circle with the two ends bent down for about six inches1 and tightly lashed to a straight sapling about eight feet in length2 round the ring is sewn a strip of stout calico1 to which is attached a mosquito net bag about #ah inches long1 tapering to a rounded tip1 and about #ae inches in diameter2 this net is however a fixture and cannot be taken to pieces and folded up for travelling4 ,where nets can be obtained from dealers' shops1 there are some very neat and handy ones for packing up in small compass1 such as the three fold net4 ,the handle1 like an ordinary light walking stick1 is fitted at the end with a tubular ,y2 the base of the ,y fits on to the handle1 and the arm on either side receives the ends of the cane ring2 the cane is shod with brass and jointed in three places1 and there is a sheath to draw over each joint to form the ring2 the net is then slipped on4 ,a short stick is handy for many things2 but when necessary a long sapling can be cut for a net-stick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,collecting ,net for ,butterflies showing the ring fitted into ferrule2 and folded up4 ,for catching wasps1 flies1 and other small insects a little hand-net about nine inches in diameter1 made of mosquito net and a bit of fencing wire1 is much more handy than the large butterfly net4 ,when dragging water-holes or creeks a bag of cheese-cloth placed on the butterfly net ring will be found very serviceable1 and will stand much rough use4 ,a stout umbrella will be found one of the most useful collecting appliances when hunting in scrub or forest country4 ,if the bushes are beaten or shaken with one hand while holding the open umbrella below them1 the collector will be surprised at the number of fine things1 large and small1 that come tumbling down into the umbrella1 including many that he would never see otherwise4 ,in the dry western scrubs ,i find the early hours of morning between daylight and eight o'clock to be the best time for beating and shaking1 as everything that falls then is more or less torpid2 later in the day they begin to get very active and fly off when disturbed4 ,some collectors go to the trouble of having a special umbrella made of white material or lined with calico1 so that the fallen insects can be more easily noticed1 but the advantage is slight4 ,mr4 ,masters suggests the use of a sheet spread under the bushes1 and the whole tree beaten and shaken4 ,this method in suitable country has its advantages4 ,the killing bottles come next in importance1 and the first and most commonly used is the cyanide bottle4 ,an empty #a oz4 quinine bottle makes one of a very serviceable size1 but any other light wide-mouthed bottle will answer the purpose4 ,place a piece of cyanide of potassium about #a inches square and an inch in thickness at the bottom of the bottle1 and then pour in enough liquid plaster of ,paris to embed and cover it2 drain off any surplus moisture with blotting paper2 and when the plaster is set hard1 close the bottle with a tight-fitting cork4 ,it is an advantage to coat the top of the cork with red sealing-wax1 so that if it is dropped or left behind1 the bright cork will make it more conspicuous4 ,young collectors may get the insects covered with particles of damp plaster and perhaps spoilt2 to prevent this1 the plaster should be covered with scraps of paper1 moss1 dry grass1 or some such material1 to absorb the moisture and keep the specimens clean4 ,the dead insects should always be turned out of the cyanide killing bottle on returning from a day's hunt1 for if kept long in the bottle they will often become more or less discoloured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,glass-bottomed ,box1 handy for catching small moths4 ,a killing bottle favoured by museum and professional collectors is a similar bottle1 but1 instead of using cyanide1 a pad of cotton wool is placed in the bottom1 on to which some chloroform is poured to charge the bottle4 ,but when collecting is brisk and the cork constantly being taken out for fresh captures1 the chloroform evaporates1 and the bottle must be re-charged at intervals4 ,when one is collecting different kinds of small specimens it is advisable to carry several small tubes charged with chloroform1 and if a circular pad of blotting paper be carefully cut and pressed down on the wadding1 the little creatures will not get their legs and antennae tangled in the fibre of the cotton4 ,if delicate winged insects remain long in the moist atmosphere of the tube1 their wings stick to the sides or curl up1 so that it is wise to turn them out every now and then into pill boxes carried for the purpose1 and any special treasures should be rolled up in soft paper4 ,at one time most ,english entomologists used chopped laurel leaves in the bottle instead of cyanide2 this foliage gives off a certain amount of hydrocyanic acid vapour1 sufficient to kill insects1 at the same time keeping them clean and relaxed so that they are easily mounted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agh4--,killing ,bottle ,in which a piece of cyanide of potassium is placed1 and then covered with plaster of ,paris4 ,the collector's bag should contain several empty tins of all shapes and sizes1 to carry the hundred and one things found in a day's collecting1 such as live larvae1 cocoons1 galls1 eggs1 c4 ,when hunting for small moths the lepidopterist always carries a pocket full of small glass-bottomed boxes2 the glassed portion is used to slip over the resting moth1 which1 when disturbed1 at once flies upward to the glass1 and the lid of the box is slipped under4 ,these delicate little creatures are taken home alive1 and can be killed in a jar and mounted while quite fresh4 ,a stock of small tubes containing methylated spirit can be packed in one of the empty tins2 these are very necessary to keep separate from one another specimens of ants1 termites1 or other insects taken direct from their nests4 ,on a long trip one also wants a larger bottle or jar of spirit in which scorpions1 millepedes1 centipedes1 and such-like creatures can be stored4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agi4--;,chloroform ,tube1 used for killing small1 delicate insects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--;,butterfly set upon corked and grooved board to show the process of mounting4 ,when timber is found infested with beetle or moth larvae1 it should be secured and brought home1 where it can be placed in a tin trunk1 glass jar1 or proper breeding cage and the perfect insects bred out4 ,when engaged at this very profitable work a small hatchet and hand saw are needed to cut the branches4 ,at all times a stout old butcher's-knife should be among the kit1 as it is useful for digging round the roots of trees and under logs1 tearing bark off tree trunks1 and if it be jagged on one edge will make a rough saw4 ,a newspaper or two is handy for many things1 among others to make envelopes in which to place butterflies4 ,specimens collected in camp must be kept in good condition until they can be properly mounted at home2 in a dry country this is not difficult1 but in the wet season in a semi-tropical climate both botanical and entomological specimens are very liable to damage4 ,most collectors put all the hard-bodied insects such as beetles into a wide-mouthed jar of methylated spirits1 where they will keep indefinitely1 but any beetles that are clothed with fine hairs or floury pubescence should be carefully pinned in a box1 and1 unless very large1 will dry quickly4 ,some entomologists place their captures of this kind in clear carbolised sawdust in tins or jars3 ,i have packed small specimens in circular tins in the following manner3--,first a layer of camphor covered with a circular sheet of blotting paper fitting close into the tin1 then the insects fresh from the killing tubes1 and after sprinkling the insects with camphor a layer of blotting paper1 and so on4 ,thus many thousands of micro-coleoptera1 hemiptera1 c41 could be securely packed and added to day by day until the tin was full1 when a wad of cotton wool was placed on the last sheet of paper1 and the tin put aside or posted to its destination4 ,with regard to butterflies1 the collector can generally see whether they are good or damaged specimens as soon as they are taken out of the net2 if the latter1 he should let them go 7unless unique or rare forms71 for an imperfect or rubbed butterfly is comparatively valueless4 ,if it be a perfect specimen1 the wings should be folded together over the back1 and a sharp nip on the thorax between the fingers will kill it in a moment4 ,each specimen should be placed in a folded paper envelope1 made by crossfolding an oblong piece of soft paper in the shape of a triangle and folding down the overlapping edges4 ,packed side by side1 a square tin will hold hundreds of these paper envelopes1 which can be stored in this manner indefinitely or till the collector is ready to relax and set them4 ,thousands of butterflies are sent in these papers from all parts of the world to ,london for sale1 and are usually disposed of at so much per hundred4 ,moths cannot well be treated in this manner on account of the thickness of their bodies and the looseness of the scales upon their wings2 they have therefore to be pinned in a corklined box as they are collected1 but later on can be relaxed and their wings set as with the butterflies4 ,when we come to the tiny moths known as ,,micro-,,lepidoptera1 we find they require special treatment1 and most lepidopterists take a box fitted with narrow setting boards1 when out for a few days1 and set their captures every evening before they become stiff1 for otherwise many make very unsatisfactory specimens4 ,in collecting ,,hymenoptera the different groups need special treatment2 and where there are several sexes dissimilar in size and structure they should be carefully kept together4 ,ants are always best collected from their nest1 and a number of specimens of the different sexes secured and placed in a tube of methylated spirits4 ,the locality and date should be written with a hard lead pencil upon a slip of paper and placed in the tube with them4 ,a series can afterwards be sorted out and mounted1 the large ones on pins and the smaller on gummed card4 ,wasps should be pinned1 and when the forms with wingless females 7,thynnidae and ,mutillidae7 are obtained in copula1 a very common state in midsummer1 they should be captured and killed together and the paired insects mounted with a check mark on each pin beside the locality and date label1 so that no mistake can be made as to their identity4 ,the bulk of the ,,hemiptera will with their hard integument carry well in spirit or carbolised sawdust4 ,some of the more delicate of the ,,homoptera1 such as the ,psyllidae1 ,aphidae1 and ,coccidae 7,scale insects71 should be collected with their food plant4 ,they can be obtained in various stages of their development2 the perfect insects can be bred in confinement upon their food plants4 ,they should be mounted on card when fresh1 but1 if not1 can be placed in the camphor tin or even a dry tube plugged with cotton wool1 but if the tube be corked they will spoil1 owing to the moisture generated within the tube4 ,in the case of scale insects1 portions of the leaves1 bark1 or twigs infested with the tests of the injects can be cut to a uniform size and mounted with gum or small pin on card1 and if mounted carefully make very neat specimens4 ,many of the larger ,,homoptera1 such as cicadas1 fulgorids and frog-hoppers1 can be mounted1 with the wings outspread1 but should not go into spirits4 ,,orthoptera1 particularly the large phasmids1 are very unsatisfactory creatures to deal with when captured2 often too large to go into a killing bottle1 they have to be brought into camp alive4 ,if a female1 it may be kept a while to lay its eggs1 as they are very interesting objects4 ,the eggs can be mounted on card or placed in a small pill box and pinned beside the insect in the box4 ,these insects1 as well as all large grasshoppers1 should be cut down the abdomen on the under side and the contents removed with forceps2 a little paris green should then be sprinkled inside or some weak corrosive sublimate applied with a brush2 then a wad of cotton wool should be pushed into the cavity to give shape to the empty body when it dries4 ,in the case of the larger cockroaches1 which are often very brittle when cleaned and dried1 a bit of sheet cork instead of cotton wool can be shaped for a false body1 coated with gum and slipped in2 when pinned through the cork it makes a very firm specimen4 ,some collectors mount their grasshoppers and other orthoptera with the wings outspread1 and as show specimens they look best1 but take up a great deal of room2 others mount the wings on one side1 and leave the others folded down in their natural condition in repose1 so that some idea is given of the natural form1 and the outspread wings can also be examined for specific differences4 ,in collecting phasmids and stick insects for transmission by post or packing in small space1 the best plan is to get a slender stick and lay the insect along it with outstretched legs and folded wings1 and then wind soft worsted thread round it from end to end2 it can be unwound and mounted properly when received at its destination4 ,orthoptera should not be put into spirit with other specimens1 as they lose their colour1 become soft1 and break up easily2 they will however travel well in a #e per cent4 solution of formalin2 this has a hardening effect and only alters the colour slightly unless the insects are kept in it for a considerable time4 ,if kept in formalin for say a week and then packed in sawdust they will not rot or spoil as they often do when killed and packed before they are dried4 ,,neuroptera are delicate creatures1 and many of them keep best if killed and placed in papers as in the case of butterflies1 unless there is room to pin them in a store box4 ,the bodies of the dragon-flies rot very quickly and break off very easily2 if carefully handled they can be placed alive in papers with their wings folded over their backs1 and will remain alive for several days1 long enough to travel a considerable distance by post when dispatched direct to a specialist1 who will then receive them with their natural colours4 ,if kept in the store box it is advisable to impale the slender body with a bristle or grass stem1 inserting it at the front of the thorax and pushing it through to the tip of the abdomen1 but not far enough to injure the anal appendages4 ,many specimens can be pinned in the store boxes with the wings closed1 and relaxed and mounted with outspread wings months afterwards4 ,,diptera is another group that requires delicate manipulation1 particularly such species as 8daddy-long-legs0 7,tipulidae71 mosquitoes 7,culicidae71 c4 ,when ,skuse was collecting he always carried a pocket-box containing pinned card slips of various lengths1 and a tube of gum1 and1 after killing the insects in a chloroform tube1 he mounted them at once while they were flexible and the legs not detached4 ,theobald mounts his mosquitoes on fine pins1 which are pushed from beneath through a circular piece of cardboard 7these circular cards are stamped out with a wad-cutter72 the legs are spread out and an ordinary pin pushed through the circle to pin them in a cabinet4 ,the larger flies are pinned dry in the ordinary manner1 and the smaller ones are carded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,animal ,,parasites1 which belong to quite a number of groups1 are obtained on the live birds or mammals as soon as they are shot4 ,when the animals are dead the parasites leave the bodies as soon as they begin to get cold4 ,they should be transferred at once to small spirit tubes1 in which should also be placed a slip of paper upon which is written in lead pencil the name of the mammal or bird upon which it was taken1 the date of capture1 and the locality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lamp ,,and ,,night ,,collecting4--,in suitable localities a great haul of insects can often be obtained on a warm sultry summer night by laying a sheet on the ground with a powerful lamp on it and hanging another sheet behind the lamp2 the insects are attracted to the light1 and falling on the sheet are then easily captured4 ,in camp many fine insects may be obtained round the lamp or camp fire2 and during the wet seasons in ,north ,queensland and the north coast of ,australia ,i have taken many rare insects in this manner4 ,,sugaring is greatly practised in ,europe2 a suitable spot in a forest being chosen1 a mixture of sugar and beer that have been boiled together is smeared upon the tree trunks and fences2 at night-fall the ground is visited with a bull's-eye lantern1 and the insects 7moths chiefly7 that come to feed are captured1 sometimes in great numbers4 ,this has been tried by our collectors in ,australia2 but ,i have never had any success myself nor heard of anyone here who has had better fortune4 ,,trapping4--,when settled down in a fixed collecting camp many beetles and other insects can be obtained by trapping4 ,if in brush or forest land a number of empty jam or milk tins with the tops cut neatly off are buried1 with the edges level with the surface of the ground1 many carnivorous ground beetles tumble in1 and will be found there on going round in the morning4 ,if a bone or bit of meat be placed at the bottom of the trap1 it often attracts certain beetles that feed on such food4 ,in the same manner a dead bird or small animal half buried in the ground1 or placed under a sheet of bark or log1 will prove an attractive bait for the burying beetles and other curious and often rare species2 a dead animal should therefore be always investigated by the beetle hunter1 as it often hides entomological treasures4 ,fallen timber always has a great attraction for all bark-feeding weevils1 longicorns1 and other small wood-borers that come to it as soon as the bark begins to wither4 ,here also come ,cleridae1 ,antribidae and other carnivorous beetles to feed upon the smaller wood-borers1 and many an hour can be profitably spent over a large fallen tree or bit of brush a few days after it has been chopped down1 particularly in the tropical scrubs4 ,slicing the bark of living trees that exude any sap1 and letting the bark hang down1 attracts insects that feed on the sap or take shelter under loose bark2 a number of such blazed tree trunks round a camp is a great source of revenue1 particularly in the summer4 ,there are many other devices that the collector will only gain by experience in the field1 which will enable him to obtain many curious specimens that a novice would never find4 ,,mounting1 ,,setting1 ,,and ,,storing4--,having collected specimens1 the next question is the storage of the insects4 ,all entomological specimens 7other than those kept in spirit tubes7 must be preserved in close-fitting boxes lined with cork1 linoleum1 or other suitable substance1 and the lining covered with clean white paper pasted over it4 ,many different kinds of store boxes are used by entomologists who cannot afford the luxury of cabinets2 most of them are made of deal1 with hinges in the centre2 the two sides of the box fold together1 fitting closely over a rim along the inner edge of one half2 and they are fastened with two hooks on the outside4 ,these ,english boxes made of light pine can be obtained in ,sydney2 they fit beautifully and are much lighter than the local ones made of kauri1 but are slightly dearer4 ,to make a useful store box1 nail down the lid of a large-sized cigar box 7cleaning1 sandpapering1 and varnishing it72 cut the box through the centre with a fine saw1 and then fit a projecting rim into one half with wood from another cigar box1 so that the two halves fit close together over the rim without needing catches4 ,this is handy only for a temporary store box1 as it is rather difficult to get the two halves to fit accurately1 and when made is rather small and deep4 ,specimens should be pinned or mounted on cards on a uniform plan2 nothing looks worse than insects mounted in different styles4 ,except the smaller specimens1 beetles and other insects should be pinned1 and the most serviceable pins are perhaps ,kirby1 ,beard and ,co4's ,nos4 #a and #e1 though there are several useful intermediate sizes4 ,when an insect is too delicate to pin with either of these1 mount it on card1 for more insects are lost or damaged through mounting with slender pins that refuse to stick into the cork1 and curl up or buckle in the middle1 than in any other manner4 ,there are however many professional naturalists who always use the soft1 slender1 very fine1 ,continental pins1 but they require very delicate handling1 and are not suitable for the general collector4 ,there is a great difference of opinion as to how insects should be set and pinned2 many1 particularly ,english naturalists1 advocate low setting1 while most of our collectors set all insects high1 as the insects when thus pinned are raised well above the bottom of the box1 and their legs and antennae are not so liable to get broken2 all mites1 dust and dirt will be noticed at once2 and the name affixed beneath can be read without removing the insect4 ,in the case of low setting1 the insects are resting on the floor of the box2 they are liable to damage with the least bump2 anthrenus and mites can feed away under cover without being seen until the remains of the infested specimen fall apart2 the insect has to be lifted up every time to see its name2 while the locality and date-label is always liable to fall off4 ,my standard height 7first suggested to me by ,mr4 ,masters to use when working in the ,macleay ,museum1 ,sydney7 is the lid of a wax matchbox1 which is about of an inch4 ,a small hole is pierced through the centre of the lid2 the beetle is placed on the top of the lid1 and the pin pressed through it and the hole in the lid until the point touches the table beneath4 ,the pin1 in the case of a beetle1 should be pushed through the upper half of the elytron 7wing cover7 on the right-hand side when the head is facing the same way as the person mounting1 the pin coming out on the under surface between the middle and hind legs4 ,the antennae and legs may be arranged with pins1 but1 during the season in ,australia1 insects are so plentiful that there is not always time to more than roughly open them out4 ,in the case of insects too small to pin1 they are carded4 ,sheets of the best white cardboard 7little thicker than that of a visiting card7 are cut into neat strips of uniform width and length for different specimens4 ,no4 #a pins are run through the cards at one end to bring the under side of the card the same height up the pin as the under surface of the directly pinned insect4 ,to give the little card mounts a finished appearance the card used in my collections is ruled with a double line of red ink1 the first thick and the inner line fine2 each strip of card is cut along the thick red line1 and the pin is pushed through the red band4 ,where one has more than a single specimen1 two or more can be mounted side by side on the same card1 with their legs and antennae neatly set out1 one with the dorsal surface uppermost1 and the second one gummed with the reverse side upward1 so that the specific characters of both sides of the insect can be examined without having to remove the specimen from the card4 ,moths1 butterflies1 cicadas1 lace-wings and other large winged insects when fresh1 or after they have been relaxed1 are pinned down on setting boards2 the body should rest in the parallel groove down the centre of the board1 and the wings should be opened out and strapped down on either side with braces of paper or cardboard4 ,the wings should be expanded in a natural manner1 and so that the whole of the venation and beauty of the wings are shown4 ,a setting board is simply a strip of soft pine wood with two sheets of cork gummed on the upper surface1 with a groove between them to receive the body2 fine white paper is pasted over the whole of the board4 ,they are made of various sizes to suit both large and small moths4 ,most of the old setting boards had the cork rounded so that the wings drooped downwards2 afterwards many used them with the outer side turning upward so that the wings were raised at the extremities2 those in general use now are perfectly flat4 ,all these insects are easily relaxed by placing them between damp blotting paper on the top of some wet sand in a plate1 and covering them over with a bell glass or similar vessel2 within twenty-four hours they are limp enough to be pinned and their wings opened out without any danger4 ,,numbering ,,and ,,labelling4--,every specimen1 as soon as it is mounted1 should have a small label attached to the pin2 this can be written with a fine-pointed pen on small slips of paper as distinctly as possible1 with the exact locality in which the insect was collected1 the date of capture1 the name or initials of the collector1 and the food plant when known4 ,it is however sometimes better to pin a second slip below for the food plant and a distinctive catalogue number4 ,every young naturalist starting a collection should have consecutive numbers on each series of specimens he collects1 and keep a note-book or stock register1 in which to enter any information about the insect bearing the number4 ,these notes in the course of time will become more and more valuable1 and give an added value to the collection4 ,many young naturalists may think of labels only as a record of the collector's name1 but the locality and food plant are the important points1 and to the working entomologist a collection of ,australian insects without any such records have lost half their value4 ,the label is placed on the top of the matchbox lid1 and the pin bearing the specimen is pushed through to bring the label about halfway between the specimen and the point of the pin1 which allows of the label being easily read1 and when uniformly placed adds to the neat appearance of the collection4 ,i have mentioned a matchbox lid as a standard height for mounting specimens1 but when constantly at work something more solid is required4 ,take a small block of soft deal wood about #d inches in length by #b in width1 and just under of an inch in height2 bore two or three holes through it at one end1 tack a sheet of white cardboard over the top1 and above this at one end tack a slip of cork #a inches in width2 then make holes through the cardboard above the holes bored in the deal block1 and you have an excellent mounting table to work upon4 ,an entomologist does not require much apparatus after his boxes and setting boards1 but one indispensable article is a pair of strong entomological forceps with curved tips2 the curved extremities allow of the pin being gripped below the insect when fixing it in or lifting it out of the box4 ,these in the hands of an expert are as good as an extra pair of fingers1 both for moving about specimens and picking up pins4 ,a second fine-pointed pair of forceps is useful for handling specimens when mounting1 or for picking up small active insects under logs and stones4 ,two needles mounted in pen handles are invaluable for arranging the legs and antennae when being set4 ,fine-pointed paint brushes for cleaning dust and dirt from the insects are used2 and a pair of pointed scissors are necessary for opening the large-bodied insects1 cutting mounting cards1 labels and such-like4 ,a pocket lens should be always at hand1 for without it one loses half the beauty and details of structure1 and it would often be difficult to classify the specimens4 ,later on1 the entomologist will find a dissecting microscope1 which leaves both hands free to work1 an indispensable part of his outfit4 ,a bottle of gum is another requisite1 and different recipes are given in manuals on the subject2 at one time a mixture of tragacanth gum was generally used1 but the great objection to its use is that1 though very fine and transparent1 it is very difficult to remove from the specimen when necessary to remount or to detach it for examination4 ,the mixture now generally used is made of clean lumps of gum arabic dissolved in water to the consistency of thin honey1 with a little ground lump sugar added2 a few drops of carbolic acid are added1 which1 though apt to discolour it if much is used1 will keep the mixture sweet1 and prevents mould getting on the specimens4 ,the gum should always be kept corked to prevent dust being introduced1 which would show very readily on the mount4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,care ,,of ,,collections4--,after the collections are formed1 the insects pinned1 labelled1 and placed in their natural groups1 one's work is by no means finished2 thousands of valuable specimens1 and even types1 have been irretrievably damaged or completely destroyed from want of a little care in preserving them from mites and museum beetles 7,anthrenus74 ,the specimens may be perfectly clean and stored in close-fitting boxes1 and yet later may become infested1 by the addition of specimens that have been in an infested collection4 ,it is advisable to keep a receiving box in which to place exchanged specimens for some time before setting out in the collections2 as a general rule a collector eagerly adds any new specimen to his collections1 and so at the same time may introduce ,anthrenus1 often in the egg state1 whose little hairy larvae will rapidly destroy his insects4 ,some collectors contend that they can preserve their specimens from the attacks of museum pests by dipping them in a very weak solution of corrosive sublimate in spirits of wine2 but this can only be effectively done in the case of beetles and other hard-bodied creatures1 for it must be remembered that this chemical is apt to affect the metallic and bright-coloured tints of the specimens1 and will even corrode the pins4 ,camphor and napthaline kept in a muslin bag or cell in the corner of the insect box will poison the air and certainly kill all mites1 and will keep some pests out2 but ,anthrenus are able to live in this poisoned atmosphere1 and will still carry on the work of destruction4 ,having once found ,anthrenus among the specimens1 no time should be lost before destroying them3 a wad of cotton wool should be pinned in the corner of the box1 and chloroform or bisulphide of carbon poured over it1 and the box kept closed for about twenty-four hours1 when it should be again opened1 all dead ,anthrenus shaken out1 the remains of damaged insects removed1 and the most injured specimens 7if common7 burnt4 ,another method when ,anthrenus are found is1 to hold the open box or drawer in front of the fire for a few moments1 when the pests1 even if feeding within the insects1 will wriggle out and can be destroyed4 ,when once a box has been infested it will require constant attention for months after4 ,,mould is also difficult to get rid of when once it appears in a box4 ,if all insects are well dried before they are placed in the boxes1 and the boxes kept in a dry place1 there should be no mould among the contents1 but if a few damp or mould-infested insects be placed in a clean box the mould may spread and eventually affect the whole collection1 especially if the room is inclined to be damp4 ,when mould appears1 the affected insects should be cleaned with a brush dipped in benzine1 and a few drops of carbolic acid should be poured on a piece of cotton wool in the box4 ,,grease is often a great trouble to the collector4 ,many of the large wood-moths1 particularly the bodies1 sometimes get into a very bad state if not cleaned out thoroughly2 and also on old specimens of beetles the grease develops verdigris1 corroding the pins4 ,soaking all such specimens in benzine will soften the grease so that it can be rubbed off with a soft brush4 ,,museum ,,collections ,,and ,,types4 ,the type of a species is the actual specimen from which the published description has been drawn up by the entomologist2 and the care and safe custody of such types should be the aim of every naturalist and museum curator4 ,in the case of insects1 they are often such delicate creatures that the type is very easily destroyed or damaged1 either by careless handling1 bad storage1 or from the attacks of museum mites and pests2 and at the present time1 since many insect types have been thus lost or destroyed1 often doubt exists as to which particular insect in the group is the species defined by the author1 especially where the written description1 as in many cases1 is brief or incomplete4 ,many large private collections have been made by entomologists in which there are numbers of types either described by the owner1 or of specimens he has obtained and submitted to specialists4 ,some of these collections have afterwards been broken up1 sold1 and distributed1 so that it is now very difficult to trace the whereabouts of many types that do exist4 ,every year brings more independent entomologists into the ranks of the describers1 so that our insects are being described in all parts of the world2 and though the importance of types is much better understood than it used to be1 the ultimate resting place of many of these types is very uncertain4 ,the proper place for every type is in the cabinet of some accredited museum1 though unfortunately there are some museums where the collections of insects are no safer than they are in private hands1 either from want of proper storage or the lack of a special curator4 ,yet if it were an understood thing that the types of each specialist would be placed in the museum of his country1 there would be some hope of them being available for the use of future students4 ,the drawbacks to such a disposal of types are that most entomologists when they monograph a group intend to follow up the work as new material comes to hand1 which occurs when through their publications collectors begin to forward specimens for identification2 so that the types are often required by entomologists for supplementary papers4 ,again1 each insect as soon as it becomes a type has a certain commercial value1 and as most naturalists are poor men1 this enhanced value is a consideration1 and it would be hardly fair to expect them to give away valuable assets4 ,the best way to get over the difficulty would be for each museum to have a sum of money put aside to purchase all types at a certain fixed rate1 and with an understanding that no types go out of their native country before they have been submitted to the museum authorities4 ,it is very unfortunate that many of the early and most prolific writers never definitely marked their type-specimen when it was described1 simply returning it to the cabinet with the new name either on the pin or below it2 and where there has been a series of the same species1 and some assistant affixed the names1 the recognised type may be a co-type4 ,co-types are very valuable when they are determined by the describer from the same species1 but some writers have the bad habit of treating co-types as types1 which leads to much distrust and confusion4 ,every type should if pinned have a second label besides the ordinary label placed well up on the pin1 and bearing the word 8type10 with the date1 initials of the author1 and name of the insect on the reverse side1 so that as long as the specimen is in existence there can be no doubt as to it being a type4 ,i therefore propose in the following pages to give some brief notes upon our ,museum ,collections1 with reference to the types they contain2 and also to refer to those types in private collections4 ,to work out the location of the ,australian type-specimens and collections in ,british and foreign museums would require a book to itself1 but the destination of a few types of the more important collections can be indicated4 ,through the kindness of the ,curators of the different ,australian ,museums and many interested friends1 ,i have been enabled to gather much valuable information about the early collections made in ,australia1 and their final destinations4 ,,the ,,macleay ,,museum1 ,sydney1 contains the finest general collection of ,australian insects that exists1 and is rich in types2 it also contains a large series of insects from all parts of the world1 among which are some historical specimens4 ,unfortunately here also the types of many species cannot be distinguished from their co-types1 as they bear no distinctive type-labels4 ,the entomological collections of the ,macleay ,museum are the accumulated gatherings of three distinguished naturalists4 ,it was originally commenced by ,alexander ,macleay1 who1 when he left ,england to come to ,sydney in #ahbe1 had one of the finest and most extensive collections of insects at that time in the possession of any private individual4 ,he added to this many ,australian species1 some of which still bear his labels4 ,his son1 ,william ,sharp ,macleay1 inherited this collection on the death of his father in #ahdh1 and added to it1 bequeathing it to his cousin1 ,sir ,william ,macleay1 on his death in #ahfe4 ,sir ,william ,macleay1 to whom the foundation of the ,macleay ,museum as a general zoological museum is due1 began to accumulate insects in #ahfa1 when ,mr4 ,masters went to ,port ,denison1 ,queensland1 to collect for him2 ,masters afterwards went on several extended collecting expeditions in ,queensland1 ,south and ,western ,australia1 and the specimens collected by him were chiefly described by ,macleay1 though the actual types of many of the insects were in the early days placed in the ,australian ,museum1 ,sydney4 ,the types of those collected by me at ,cairns1 ,n4 ,queensland1 in #ahhf1 and at ,king's ,sound1 ,n4,w4 ,australia1 #ahhg-h1 are in the ,macleay ,museum1 also the other ,macleay types described in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society of ,n4,s4,w41 except a few that are said to be in the ,brisbane ,museum4 ,mr4 ,lea informs me that some of ,bates' types of the ,tenebrionidae are in the ,macleay ,collections4 ,the types of all the ,staphylinidae loaned for description to ,olliff are in this ,museum2 the others described by ,olliff are in the ,australian ,museum4 ,in the ,macleay ,museum are also ,skuse's types of ,australian ,diptera1 as described in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society of ,n4,s4,w41 and which are distinctly marked and mounted1 and in a fine state of preservation4 ,lea's type-specimens of ,coleoptera1 described from unique specimens in this museum on loan1 are in this museum2 while all his other types1 with the exception of a few in the ,national ,museum in ,melbourne1 are in his own collections4 ,dr4 ,jefferis ,turner informs me that a few of ,meyrick's type of ,micro-lepidoptera are in the ,macleay ,museum2 but ,mr4 ,masters and ,i examined a number that ,meyrick named for ,macleay1 and there is nothing to indicate that there are any types among the specimens4 ,two specimens of ,sawflies 7,tenthredinidae7 described by me1 and most of the types of the ,cicadidae described by ,dr4 ,goding and myself 7with the exception of those types derived from specimens loaned from the ,victorian and ,adelaide ,museums and returned thereto7 are in this museum collection2 also ,marsham's types of ,notoclea 7,paropsis71 containing many of our commonest species as described in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society of ,london in #ahah1 are in this collection1 and also1 it is said1 some of ,boisduval's types4 ,,the ,,australian ,,museum1 ,sydney1 was founded in #ahcf and incorporated by ,act of ,council in #ahec4 ,the first collection of insects was made by ,mr4 ,roach of ,petty's ,hotel about #ahce1 who presented it to the ,government2 they were exhibited in the 8,round ,house0 near ,circular ,quay1 where they were placed in charge of ,w4 ,s4 ,wall1 afterwards the first ,curator of the ,australian ,museum4 ,the types now in the collections contain ,macleay's ,gayndah ,collection obtained by ,g4 ,masters1 and described by ,sir ,william ,macleay in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,some of ,macleay's ,coleoptera from ,port ,denison1 and ,south and ,west ,australian specimens also collected by ,masters are said to be in the ,australian ,museum1 but a number of the latter are said by ,mr4 ,masters to be in the ,macleay ,museum4 ,macleay never affixed a type-label to his specimen1 and if there were a series of the same species he never indicated the type1 so that it is only where there was a single specimen that we can be positive which specimen is the type2 and further confusion arises as he presented many specimens to the ,australian ,museum from his own collections4 ,scott's ,lepidoptera 7still kept as a separate collection7 comprise the types described by him1 and are the identical butterflies and moths figured in his work1 8,australian ,lepidoptera10 #ahfd4 ,olliff's types of ,coleoptera and ,lepidoptera described while he was the museum entomologist are in the museum collections1 with the exception of the ,staphylinidae previously mentioned and a few others described from ,macleay ,museum specimens1 one or two types that went to ,jansen1 ,london1 in whose collection they are now said to be1 and two butterfly types said to be in ,south ,africa4 ,king's types of ,coleoptera1 collected by himself1 and which he described in the ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society of ,n4,s4,w41 were purchased by the ,trustees of this museum after his death4 ,many of the smaller ones are mounted in balsam on glass slips2 others are pinned and carded2 and though some of the types have vanished owing to insect pests1 they are on the whole in fairly good condition4 ,types of all the specimens described by both ,skuse and ,rainbow in the ,records of the ,australian ,museum are in the collections2 and also one of ,g4 ,a4 ,waterhouse's types 7,lepidoptera7 and a number of ,sloane's type ,carabidae4 ,,the ,,national ,,museum1 ,melbourne1 was formed early in #ahed1 and temporarily housed in the ,melbourne ,university buildings in ,august1 #ahef1 under the charge of the late ,director1 ,professor 7afterwards7 ,sir ,frederick ,mc,coy4 ,the old museum situated in the ,university grounds was completed early in #ahfd1 and the collections placed in it in ,march of that year4 ,the ,entomological ,collection was commenced about #ahfa by the late ,william ,kershaw1 under whose charge it was placed with other of the zoological collections until his retirement in ,august1 #ahia4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 ,j4 ,a4 ,kershaw1 who is the present ,curator of the ,zoological ,collections4 ,in the formation of the entomological collections no professional collectors were engaged1 but specimens were obtained by purchase1 exchange and donation from various sources4 ,by the latter the ,messrs4 ,kershaw were probably the largest contributors4 ,the collection of general entomological specimens from all parts of the world is an extensive one occupying #ca cabinets4 ,it contains several well-known collections1 of which the most important is the 8,curtis ,collection of ,british ,insects10 which was purchased by the ,national ,museum authorities in #ahfc4 ,it occupies #e large mahogany cabinets1 four of which contain ,british ,insects of all orders1 among them many of ,curtis' types 7described in his work on ,british ,insects72 and the fifth cabinet of #ej drawers contains a general collection of exotic insects4 ,nothing has been removed from this collection1 which is in an excellent state of preservation1 and remains exactly as ,curtis left it #de years ago4 ,curtis' ,,ms4 ,register or ,catalogue of this collection1 comprising #d quarto volumes1 is also the property of the ,national ,museum4 ,some interesting notes on the ,curtis ,collection were published by ,j4 ,j4 ,walker1 ,r4,n41 in the ,entomological ,monthly ,magazine1 #aijd4 ,the 8,howett ,collection0 made by ,dr4 ,howett1 consisting of ,australian ,coleoptera1 was bequeathed to the ,melbourne ,university by its founder1 with a condition that it must be kept intact1 and nothing added to1 or taken from it4 ,it was handed over to the ,national ,museum by the ,university authorities in ,april1 #aijd1 on loan1 together with ,dr4 ,howett's library of entomological works4 ,this collection is contained in #aj cabinets1 and includes a large number of types of ,australian insects1 principally those of ,count ,castelnau1 in whose handwriting many of the labels attached to the insects are written4 ,another large and valuable collection is that of the late ,count ,castelnau1 embracing his general collection of ,coleoptera4 ,it occupies #e large cabinets containing about #bjj drawers4 ,the specimens are all mounted on uniformly sized pieces of papered cork1 and in a great many instances a species not in the collection is represented by a carded figure4 ,,the ,,south ,,australian ,,museum1 ,adelaide4--,mr4 ,f4 ,waterhouse was the first ,curator4 ,it contains the following3 ,messrs4 ,kreusler and ,odewahn's joint collection of ,coleoptera1 named by ,pascoe1 and ,mr4 ,e4 ,guest's ,micro-lepidoptera named by ,meyrick2 these were both purchased for the museum1 but the types in these collections are not noted by any special reference4 ,a large portion of ,tepper's original collection before #ahhc1 and some of ,f4 ,waterhouse's specimens1 were also added to the collection4 ,a comparatively large number1 but a small proportion of the whole of the ,rev4 ,thos4 ,blackburn's types of ,coleoptera1 are in this museum4 ,a number of ,mr4 ,o4 ,lower's types of ,lepidoptera are also deposited here2 and also all or nearly all of ,mr4 ,tepper's types1 described chiefly in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,s4 ,australia4 ,the ,kreusler and ,odewahn ,collection was formed between the years #ahee and #ahge1 and consists chiefly of ,coleoptera collected about ,gawler and ,blanchtown1 on the ,murray ,river1 ,s4,a4 ,messrs4 ,schulz1 ,bathurst1 ,jung and ,o4 and ,p4 ,tepper collected about ,lyndoch1 ,south ,para ,river1 and ,p4 ,tepper later on about the ,lower ,murray plains1 ,ardrossan1 ,yorke's ,peninsula and the ,mount ,lofty ,ranges4 ,messrs4 ,c4 ,a4 and ,g4 ,m4 ,wilson also collected extensively in the early days4 ,all these collectors exchanged specimens and forwarded ,s4 ,australian insects to ,europe and ,england1 while the ,messrs4 ,tepper sold to ,berlin a large collection chiefly of ,coleoptera in #ahfh4 ,,the ,,queensland ,,museum1 ,brisbane1 is not rich in types1 but contains a large collection of ,queensland and ,new ,guinea insects of considerable value2 but the specimens1 from want of funds and a special custodian1 are stowed away1 and not arranged in any particular order4 ,the types contained in the large collection of ,miskin's ,lepidoptera1 purchased some years ago by the museum authorities2 a few types created by ,dr4 ,jefferis ,turner2 and others by ,lower1 are all in this collection4 ,i understand that there are also in this collection some ,australian and ,new ,guinea types created by ,mr4 ,tryon4 ,the following notes on the ,australian types that are to be found in ,british and other collections1 furnished by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,walker1 ,r4,n41 of ,oxford1 and ,dr4 ,d4 ,sharp1 of ,cambridge1 are very interesting4 ,mr4 ,walker says3 8,the ,hope ,collection 7made by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hope and bequeathed to the ,university of ,oxford at his decease about #ahfa71 in combination with that of the late ,prof4 ,j4 ,o4 ,westwood1 forms the basis of the now very extensive collections of insects in the ,university ,museum4 ,you may safely assume that all ,hope's ,australian types1 and the majority of those described by ,westwood1 are at ,oxford4 ,we have no fewer than #ee types of the ,genus ,stigmodera alone described by ,hope4 ,we also have a large number of insects from the collection of the late ,w4 ,w4 ,saunders1 chiefly ,lepidoptera1 ,heterocera1 ,hymenoptera1 ,orthoptera1 c41 and these include many types described by ,f4 ,smith1 ,walker1 and others4 ,the majority of ,walker's types 7such as they are7 are in the ,national ,collection1 which in #ahif was enriched by the purchase of ,pascoe's collection of ,coleoptera1 including at least #b1jjj type-specimens1 with a large number of ,australian species among them40 ,dr4 ,sharp says3 8,we have no ,australian types in the ,cambridge ,museum1 and my own collection1 containing the types of many species of ,australian ,coleoptera1 was transferred to the ,british ,museum a few weeks ago4 ,the rest of my collections are also there except the ,lamellicorns2 these were sold by me many years ago to ,mr4 ,rene ,oberthier1 of ,rennes1 and the types of the ,australian ,lamellicorns ,i described are consequently with him4 ,though ,westwood's collections are at ,oxford1 many things that he described from the ,british ,museum ,collections are in the ,british ,museum4 ,most of ,newman's types are ,i believe in the ,british ,museum4 ,castelnau's ,collection was sent from ,australia to ,paris about #dj years ago and sold there2 the ,carabidae were purchased by the ,genoa ,museum1 and they have the types4 ,the ,lamellicorns were purchased by ,von ,lansberg1 and subsequently sold by him to ,r4 ,oberthier4 ,the ,stapylinidae and ,dytiscidae ,i bought and are now with the rest at the ,british ,museum4 ,r4 ,oberthier also possesses the ,thomson types4 ,the ,cetoniidae of ,janson are still in his possession4 ,edward ,saunders' collection of ,buprestidae was purchased by the ,british ,museum1 and they have also acquired the ,kerremans' ,collection of ,buprestidae40 99 99 99 99 99 ,among the many collections of ,australian insects that contain types1 the following might be noticed3-- ,,blackburn4--,coleoptera2 a very large collection containing many types created and described by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,blackburn1 of ,adelaide1 ,s4 ,australia1 who informs me that 8,a few of the types are in ,mr4 ,c4 ,french's collection1 a comparatively large number 7but small in proportion to the whole7 are in the ,south ,australian ,museum40 ,the rest are in his own collections4 ,,lea4--,coleoptera3 ,another extensive collection from all parts of ,australia and ,tasmania is that of ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,lea1 ,hobart1 containing a great number of the owner's type specimens4 ,a few of ,mr4 ,lea's types are in the ,macleay and ,national ,museums2 one or two in ,mr4 ,a4 ,simson's collection in ,launceston2 and others are in ,mr4 ,french's collection in ,melbourne4 ,,sloane4--,coleoptera3 ,this collection consists chiefly of ,cicindelidae and ,carabidae1 and contains nearly all the types created and described by the owner1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,sloane1 ,moorila1 ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,some of his types however are in the ,lea ,collection2 others in ,french's2 one in ,mr4 ,f4 ,taylor's 7,sydney71 and a few1 as previously mentioned1 are in the ,australian ,museum collections4 ,,french4--,coleoptera3 ,the owner1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,french1 ,melbourne1 has never described any species himself2 but his present collection1 of which the ,scaritidae is a very important part1 contains many types described by other entomologists4 ,during the last twenty years ,french made and bought several large collections of beetles1 which he informs me have been dispersed in the following manner4 8,my first collection went to ,leyden purchased by ,count ,lansberg4 ,my second collection also to ,leyden purchased by ,van de ,poll40 ,among the collections he purchased were ,atwell's ,w4 ,australian beetles1 the ,diggles ,collection1 and the last of the ,du ,boulay's ,coleoptera4 ,,lyell4--,lepidoptera3 ,the owner1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,lyell1 ,gisborne1 ,victoria1 has one of the finest general collections of ,lepidoptera in ,australia2 it contains a number of types of both ,messrs4 ,lower and ,turner1 and also one of his own types4 ,,lower4--,lepidoptera3 ,this contains the majority of the types created by the owner1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,lower1 ,broken ,hill1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,,lucas4--,lepidoptera3 ,this is a general collection containing most of the types created by the owner1 ,dr4 ,lucas1 ,brisbane1 ,queensland4 ,,meyrick4--,lepidoptera3 ,this is an immense collection of ,micro-lepidoptera chiefly1 containing many thousands of types created by ,mr4 ,e4 ,meyrick1 ,wilts41 ,england4 ,,turner4--,lepidoptera3 ,this collection is located in ,brisbane1 ,queensland1 and is the property of ,dr4 ,jefferis ,turner4 ,it contains most of the owner's types1 but some of his types are in the ,lyell1 ,illidge1 and ,retter collections1 and the ,queensland ,museum4 ,,waterhouse4--,lepidoptera3 ,this collection comprises a very extensive series of ,australian butterflies1 in which are nearly all the types of the owner1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,waterhouse1 ,sydney4 ,,froggatt4--,miscellaneous3 ,it contains all the owner's types of ,psyllidae1 ,termitidae1 ,neuroptera1 most of the ,coccidae1 and a few of ,hymenoptera and ,diptera4 ,it also contains many co-types of ,prof4 ,forel's ,formicidae1 ,dr4 ,andre's ,mutillidae1 and ,dr4 ,horvath's ,hemiptera4 ,,illidge4--,miscellaneous3 ,i do not think that ,mr4 ,illidge1 of ,brisbane1 ,queensland1 has created any types1 but his collection contains types1 chiefly of ,lepidoptera1 described by ,dr4 ,lucas and ,dr4 ,turner4 ,,carter4--,coleoptera3 ,this is one of the latest collections of ,australian beetles1 and belongs to ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,carter1 ,sydney4 ,he has described a few ,tenebrionidae1 the types of which are in this collection4 ,,maskell4--,coccidae3 ,this collection 7,coccidae1 ,psyllidae and ,aleurodidae71 made by the late ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,maskell1 ,new ,zealand1 contains a very valuable series of his types of ,coccidae1 ,psyllidae and ,aleurodidae from ,australia4 ,it was1 on the owner's death1 sold to the ,new ,zealand ,government4 ,,publications ,,dealing ,,with ,,australian ,,entomology4 ,in making out a bibliography of books and the more important papers on our insects1 it is impossible to notice the hundreds of scientific papers scattered through ,english and foreign proceedings and transactions of learned ,societies4 ,there are1 however1 a number of books describing ,australian insects which do not come under this category that an ,australian entomologist may yet want to know something about4 ,like all such lists1 this must be more or less incomplete1 but it may give the student some idea of where and what to look for4 8,,agricultural ,,gazette ,,of ,,new ,,south ,,wales40 ,commenced in #ahij on the creation of the ,department of ,agriculture1 it contains many papers on ,australian ,entomology1 with descriptions of new species by ,messrs4 ,olliff1 ,fuller1 and ,froggatt4 ,,anderson1 ,e4 ,,and ,,spry1 ,f4 ,p4 ,victorian ,butterflies1 and how to collect them1 ,part ,i41 complete with index1 ,melbourne #ahic4 ,victorian ,butterflies1 ,part ,,ii41 #ahid4 ,a useful little work published in pamphlet form1 #acj pages1 illustrated with a number of very good wood-cuts4 ,,australian ,,museum1 ,,records ,,of4 ,commenced in #ahij-ia1 ,vols4 ,i4-,,vi4 7#aije71 ,sydney2 issued in numbered pamphlet form at irregular intervals4 ,among other scientific descriptions are papers on entomology by both ,messrs4 ,skuse and ,rainbow4 ,,bennett1 ,,dr4 ,g4 8,gatherings of a ,naturalist in ,australia10 ,london #ahfj4 ,among general natural history there is a considerable amount of information on our insects4 ,,brenchley1 ,j4 ,l4 8,jottings during the ,cruise of ,h4,m4,s4 ,curaoa among the ,south ,sea ,islands in #ahfe10 ,london #ahgc4 ,natural ,history ,notes1 ,insects1 p4 #def4 ,among the insects described and figured in colours are ,australian ,hymenoptera and ,lepidoptera4 ,,donovan1 ,e4 ,insects of ,new ,holland1 ,london #ahbe4 ,this rare work contains the original descriptions1 accompanied by very fine coloured plates1 of a number of our common insects of all orders4 ,the specimens from which the drawings were made were chiefly collected by ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,a copy of this book is in the library of the ,linnean ,society of ,n4,s4 ,wales1 and another in the ,public ,library1 ,sydney4 ,,entomological ,,society ,,of ,n4,s4 ,,wales 7,,transactions74 ,vols4 ,i4-,,ii41 #ahff-ahgc1 ,sydney4 ,these ,transactions contain a number of papers by ,macleay1 ,scott1 ,king and ,schrader1 with original descriptions of new species4 ,,fabricius1 ,j4 ,c4 ,systema ,entomologiae1 #agge4 ,he described a number of ,australian insects from the ,banksian ,cabinet4 ,these had been collected by ,sir ,joseph ,banks and ,dr4 ,solander during ,cook's voyages4 ,the collections were afterwards presented to the ,british ,museum4 ,,french1 ,c4 ,handbook of the ,destructive ,insects of ,victoria4 ,part ,i41 #ahia2 ,part ,,ii41 #ahic2 ,part ,,iii41 #aijj2 ,melbourne4 ,each part is complete in itself1 containing many coloured plates and popular descriptions of injurious insects4 ,,gray1 ,g4 ,r4 ,the ,entomology of ,australia1 ,part ,i4 ,monograph of the ,family ,phasmidae1 #ahcc2 ,british ,museum4 ,this contains coloured plates and descriptions of all our known species up to that date4 ,,griffiths1 ,,edward4 ,the ,animal ,kingdom4 ,insecta1 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahcb2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahdd4 ,with supplementary additions to each order by ,griffiths and ,pidgeon1 and notices of new genera and species by ,gray1 with #acb plates4 ,a number of ,australian species are described1 and some figured4 ,,horn ,,expedition 7edited by ,prof4 ,baldwin ,spencer74 ,part ,,ii41 ,zoology1 #ahif4 ,in this are a number of papers on the insects collected by the members of the ,horn ,exploring ,expedition in ,central ,australia4 ,blackburn and ,sloane described ,coleoptera2 ,lower1 ,lepidoptera2 ,tepper1 ,orthoptera2 ,kirby and ,froggatt1 ,hymenoptera4 ,,kirby1 ,w4 8,descriptions of several new species of ,insects collected in ,new ,holland by ,robert ,brown40 7,linnean ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahah47 ,these insects were collected during ,flinders' voyage4 ,thirty-three species are described1 and thirteen figured on plate #bc4 ,,kirby1 ,w4 8,a ,century of ,insects40 7,linnean ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 #ahah47 ,in this paper he described #ag new species1 and made #d new genera4 ,,leach1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 8,zoological ,miscellanies40 8,being descriptions of new and interesting animals1 illustrated with coloured figures drawn from ,nature by ,r4 ,p4 ,noddes40 #c ,vols41 ,london4 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahad2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahae2 ,vol4 ,,iii41 #ahag4 ,a number of ,australian insects are figured and described for the first time in these volumes4 ,,lewin1 ,,john ,w4 8,podromus1 etc4 ,natural ,history of ,lepidopterous ,insects of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,collected1 engraved1 and faithfully painted by ,j4 ,w4 ,lewin40 ,london #ahje4 ,a manuscript copy of this work with the original coloured drawings by ,lewin entitled 8,insects of ,australia10 #ahjc1 is in the library of the ,linnean ,society of ,n4,s4 ,wales4 ,,linnean ,,society ,,of ,n4,s4 ,,wales1 ,,proceedings4 ,commencing in #ahga1 an annual volume of four parts has been published every year since4 ,these proceedings contain a great number of entomological papers by the leading entomologists of ,australasia1 among which are ,messrs4 ,macleay1 ,meyrick1 ,olliff1 ,blackburn1 ,sloane1 ,skuse1 ,masters1 ,froggatt1 ,lea1 ,lower1 ,turner1 and ,waterhouse4 ,,macleay1 ,w4 ,s4 8,catalogue of ,insects collected by ,captain ,king1 ,r4,n42 #aib species of ,annulosa2 7#ahh insects and #d arachnida7 pages #dch-dfi40 ,eighty-one of the species are new4 ,this is an appendix to ,captain ,phillip ,king's 8,narrative of a ,survey of the ,intertropical and ,western ,coasts of ,australia performed between the years #ahah and #ahbb40 #b ,vols41 ,london1 #ahbg4 ,,marsham1 ,,thos4 8,description of ,notoclea1 a new genus of ,coleopterous ,insects from ,new ,holland40 7,transactions ,linnean ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #bhc1 pls4 #bd-be1 #ahah47 ,these insects are now placed in the ,genus ,paropsis4 ,they were probably collected in the vicinity of ,sydney4 ,,mccoy1 ,f4 8,podromus of ,zoology of ,victoria10 ,decade ,i4-,,xx41 #ahgh-ahij4 ,in these memoirs of the ,national ,museum of ,victoria1 ,mc,coy figured and described a number of ,australian insects4 ,,masters1 ,g4 8,catalogue of the ,described ,coleoptera of ,australia10 ,parts ,i4-,,vii4 7,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,vol4 ,x41 #ahhe2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 new series1 #ahhg47 ,though this originally appeared in the proceedings of this ,society1 so many sets of reprints have been sold that it may be classed as a separate work4 ,two supplements have since been published 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w471 but they only deal with the first families4 ,,miskin1 ,w4 ,h4 8,synonymical ,catalogue of the ,lepidoptera1 ,rhopalocera 7,butterflies7 of ,australia1 with full ,bibliographical references1 including descriptions of new species40 ,annals of the ,queensland ,museum1 ,no4 #a1 ,brisbane #ahia4 ,,new ,,zealand ,,institute1 ,,transactions4 ,the publication of the ,transactions of this ,society commenced in #ahfg1 and are published annually4 ,the most important articles dealing with ,australian entomology are those of the late ,w4 ,m4 ,maskell on ,australian ,coccidae1 which commenced in #ahhi and continued till his death in #ahih4 ,,olliff1 ,a4 ,,sidney4 8,australian ,butterflies4 ,a brief account of the native families1 with a chapter on collecting and preserving insects1 with numerous wood-cuts40 ,a pamphlet published by the ,natural ,history ,association of ,n4,s4 ,wales2 ,sydney #ahhi4 ,this is now offered for sale by the ,n4,s4,w4 ,naturalists' ,club1 ,sydney4 ,,royal ,,society ,,of ,,south ,,australia1 ,,transactions4 ,the ,transactions commenced in #ahgh1 and are published annually4 ,they contain a number of entomological papers by ,blackburn and by ,lea 7,coleoptera71 ,tepper 7,orthoptera71 ,lower 7,lepidoptera71 and other writers4 ,,scott1 ,a4 ,w4 8,australian ,lepidoptera and their transformations10 ,vol4 ,i41 published by the author2 ,london1 #ahfd2 #i plates2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,parts #a-b4 ,edited and revised by ,a4 ,s4 ,olliff and ,mrs4 ,forde4 ,this was published by the ,trustees of the ,australian ,museum1 who purchased the drawings and ,,ms4 from the ,scott family4 ,there is still a considerable amount of unpublished ,,ms4 and drawings in the possession of the ,trustees4 ,,schreibers1 ,c4 8,descriptions of some singular ,coleopterous ,insects40 7,linnean ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #ahe1 pls4 #ai-ba1 #ahjb47 ,among these are a number of large showy ,australian beetles4 ,their exact localities are not known4 ,,tryon1 ,h4 8,report on ,insect and ,fungus ,pests40 7,queensland ,department of ,agriculture1 ,report ,i41 #ahhi47 ,in this important report on injurious insects a few new species are described1 and the habits and life histories of many well-known species given4 8,,victorian ,,naturalist1 ,,the40 ,the ,journal and ,magazine of the ,field ,naturalists' ,club of ,victoria4 ,the first volume was issued in #ahhd-he4 ,a number of original descriptions of insects1 catalogues1 and notes in general are given in the pages of this ,journal by ,messrs4 ,kershaw1 ,lower1 ,lyell1 ,billinghurst1 and others4 ,,westwood1 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,o4 8,thesaurus ,entomologicus ,oxoniensis10 ,oxford1 #ahge4 8,illustrations of new1 rare1 or interesting insects for the most part contained in the ,collections presented to the ,university of ,oxford by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,hope4 ,with #dj coloured plates and with drawings by the author40 ,among these are some original descriptions of ,australian species4 8,arcana ,entomologica10 ,london #ahda-e1 #b vols4 ,among other exotic forms this describes a number of ,australian species and some are illustrated by means of coloured plates4 ,,waterhouse1 ,g4 ,a4 8,catalogue of the ,rhopalocera of ,australia40 8,memoirs of the ,new ,south ,wales ,naturalists' ,club10 ,no4 ,i41 #aijc4 ,this pamphlet brings the list of ,australian butterflies up to date4 ,,white1 ,,adam4 8,notes on some ,insects from ,king ,george's ,sound40 ,this is an appendix to ,captain ,gray's 8,travels in ,n4,w4 and ,west ,australia10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahda4 ,this contains the original descriptions of a number of insects collected by ,captain ,gray and numerous wood-cuts4 ,,zoological ,,record4 ,commencing in #ahfd1 the ,insecta was edited at first by ,dallas1 afterwards by ,rye1 and is now edited by ,sharp4 ,contains a list of all genera and species of insects described during each year4 ,all the ,australian species described since #ahfd are listed4 ,,addenda4 ,the following books and papers dealing with ,australian insects have been overlooked1 or have appeared since this book has been in course of preparation4 7#a7 ,a ,synonymic ,catalogue of ,orthoptera1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,orthoptera ,saltatoria1 ,part ,i4 ,achetidae and ,phascognuridae #aijf4 ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby4 ,this is the second volume of the ,catalogue already noticed on page #ad1 and deals with crickets and long-horned grasshoppers4 ,a few alterations are made1 viz43 ,gryllus servillei1 ,sauss41 is a synonym of ,gryllus commodus1 ,walker2 and the species of ,ephippitytha #cb-;guttata figured by me in the ,agricultural ,gazette1 ,n4,s4,w41 #aijd1 is1 ,kirby says1 a new species which he calls ,e4 froggatti4 7#b7 8,a ,revision of the ,cicindelidae 7,coleoptera7 of ,australia10 by ,t4 ,g4 ,sloane 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf74 ,in this paper all the species formerly placed in the ,genus ,tetracha are now placed in the ,genus ,megacephala4 ,in a supplementary paper in the same volume ,sloane records ,tricondyla aptera1 ,oliver1 a tree hunting tiger beetle described from ,new ,guinea as also a native of ,cape ,york1 ,north ,queensland4 7#c7 8,notes on the ,genus ,leptops1 with descriptions of new species10 by ,a4 ,m4 ,lea 7,annales ,soc4 ,ent4 ,belg4 #aijf74 ,this is a typical group of ,australian weevils4 ,the author notices all the described species1 and describes #bg new ones4 7#d7 8,a list of the ,libellulidae 7,dragon ,flies7 of ,australia10 by ,j4 ,g4 ,o4 ,tepper 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,aust4 #ahii74 ,this paper1 based upon a collection of dragon flies sent to ,france to ,rene ,martin1 for identification1 gives a quantity of information about the names and distribution of ,australian species4 7#e7 8,les ,odonates du ,continent ,australien10 by ,rene ,martin 7,memoires ,soc4 ,zool4 ,france1 #aija74 ,this is a very fine paper on the dragon flies recorded from ,australia4 7#f7 ,descriptions of new dragon flies4 ,in the ,proceedings of the ,linnean ,society ,n4,s4,w4 #aijf1 ,r4 ,j4 ,tillyard has contributed four papers1 in which a number of described species are identified and recorded for the first time from ,australia2 while a number of new species have been figured and described4 7#g7 8,a ,revision of the ,thynnidae10 by ,roland ,c4 ,turner 7,pro4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #aijg74 ,this is part ,i4 of an important ,monograph of these remarkable flower wasps peculiar in having wingless females4 ,the author in this paper deals with the ,sub-family ,diamminae and part of the ,sub-family ,thynninae1 describing a number of new species4 7#h7 ,on page #chb a very large gall is mentioned formed by a coccid obtained from ,tennant's ,creek1 ,central ,australia4 ,this insect will probably come in the ,genus ,cystococcus formed by ,fuller 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,london #ahii71 for the reception of a species he called ,cystococcus echiniformis4 ,,index4 ,abispa ephippium1 #aaa ,abispa splendida1 #aaa ,abricta1 #cea ,abricta curvicosta1 #ceg ,abricta aurata1 #ceg ,abricta willsi1 #ceg ,acacia gall gnat1 #bhf ,acanthaspinae1 #cci ,acantholepis bosii1 #if ,acantholophus echinatus1 #ahd ,achias1 #cjf ,achilus flammeus1 #cei ,achraea grisella1 #bgb ,acraea andromacha1 #bae ,acraeinae1 #bae ,acreotrichus gibbicornis1 #big ,acreotrichus fuscicornis1 #big ,acridiidae1 #dj ,acridium maculicollis1 #db ,acridopeza reticulata1 #df ,acroceridae1 #big ,acrodes fumatus1 #bih ,acrodicrania1 #bhg ,acrophylla titan1 #ce ,actinus macleayi1 #acg ,addenda1 #dbc ,adelium1 #agd ,adelotopus1 #abi ,admirals1 #bad ,adrissa atra1 #cbh ,aenictus1 #ic ,aeschna brevistyla1 #ec ,aeschna flindersensis1 #i ,aeschnidae1 #ec ,aesernoides nigrofasciatus1 #bjb ,agathes1 #hg ,agarista agricola1 #bcd ,agarista glycine1 #bcj ,agarista lewinii1 #bcd ,agaristidae1 #bcc ,agrianome spinicollis1 #aia ,agrionidae1 #ea1 #ec ,agromyza phaseoli1 #cji ,agromyza sp41 #cji ,agromyzidae1 #cjh ,agrotis infusa1 #bfc ,agrotis breviuscula1 #bfd ,agrotis ypsilon1 #bfd ,agrotis 7destroyed by bee fly71 #bif ,agrypnus mastersi1 #aff ,alastor1 #aab ,alastor 7parasite on71 #hh ,alastor 7mimicry of71 #cjd ,alaus gibboni1 #aff ,alaus sericeus1 #aff ,alder ,flies1 #ee ,alectoria superba1 #df ,aleochara1 #acf ,aleurodes styphelia1 #cga ,aleurodes t-signata1 #cga ,aleurodes banksiae1 #cga ,aleurodes vaporariorum1 #cga ,aleurodicus1 #cga ,aleurodidae1 #cgj ,allecula subsulcata1 #age ,allomachilus froggatti1 #ab ,amarygmus1 #agd ,ambrosia beetle1 #agh ,amblycera1 #cij ,amenia leonina1 #cac ,ammophila instabilis1 #ajg ,ammophila suspiciosa1 #ajg ,amorbus angustior1 #ccb ,amorbus robustus1 #ccb ,amphibolia fulvipes1 #cac ,amycterinae1 #ahd ,amycterus draco1 #ahd ,anacampsis1 #bgi ,ananca puncta1 #agg ,anastatus pipunculi1 #gi ,ancylotropis waterhousei1 #ahj ,andrenidae1 #aad ,angoumois grain-moth1 #bgi ,anilicus semiflavus1 #afg ,animated stick1 #cf ,anisolabis colossea1 #af ,anisolabis tasmanica1 #af ,anisopteridae1 #ea ,anobiums1 #afi ,anobium paniceum1 #agj anomalon1 #he ,anopheles annulipes1 #bij ,anoplognathus analis1 #aei ,anoplognathus porosus1 #aeh ,anoplognathus velutinus1 #aeh ,anoplognathus viridaeneus1 #aeh ,anoplostethus opalinus1 #aei ,anoplura1 #cbe1 #chh ,anostosoma australasiae1 #dg ,anostosoma crinaceus1 #dg ,ants1 #fh1 #ia ,ant-beetles1 #ach ,ant nest beetles1 #aci ,ant-lions1 #eg ,ant weevils1 #ahh ,antheraea eucalypti1 #beg1 #beh ,antheraea helena1 #bei ,antheraea janetta1 #bei ,antheraea loranthiae1 #bei ,antheraea simplex1 #bei ,anthicidae1 #agf ,anthomyia flies1 #caa ,anthomyidae1 #caa ,anthophila1 #aad ,anthophora1 #aag ,anthrax nigricosta1 #bif ,anthrenus museorum1 #adi ,anthrenus nigricans1 #adi ,anthrenus varius1 #adi ,anthribidae1 #ahj ,antiphorus gilberti1 #acc ,antonina australis1 #cgh1 #cgi ,apate collaris1 #agb ,apanteles antipoda1 #hg ,apanteles australasiae1 #hg ,aphalarinae1 #cfc ,aphanasium australe1 #aic ,aphanomerus1 #hj ,aphidae1 #cfg ,aphids1 #cfg ,aphis brassicae1 #cfh ,aphis persicae-niger1 #cfi ,aphis lions1 #fd ,aphomia latro1 #bgc ,aphrophora chalipus1 #cee ,apidae1 #aad ,apina callisto1 #bec ,apioceridae1 #cja ,apiocera bigotti1 #cja ,apiocera asilica1 #cja ,apiomorpha duplex1 #chb ,apiomorpha munita1 #chb ,apiomorpha pileata1 #chb ,apiomorpha pharatrata1 #chb ,apiomorpha dipsaciformis1 #chb ,apiomorpha pomiformis1 #chb ,apis1 #aad ,apoda xylomeli1 #bdh ,appias 7,tachyris7 ega1 #bbd ,aptera1 #a1 #aj ,apterygida arachidis1 #af ,arachnidae1 #a ,arachnidae1 #ccg ,aradellus cygnalis1 #cci ,archimantis armatus1 #cd ,archimantis latistylus1 #cb ,archimantis montrosa1 #cd ,arctiidae1 #bdh ,argadesa materna1 #bfh ,argynnis inconstans1 #baf ,aridaeus thoracicus1 #aif ,army worm1 #bfb1 #bfd ,arotrophora ombrodelta1 #bgf ,arsipoda macleayi1 #bjd ,arthopoda1 #a ,arthropterus brevis1 #aci ,arthropterus humeralis1 #aci ,articerus curvicornis1 #ach ,arunta perulata1 #cdi ,ascalaphides1 #eh ,ascelis praemollis1 #chc ,ascelis schraderi1 #chc ,asilidae1 #bih ,asilis fulvitarsus1 #bii ,asilis inglorius1 #bii ,asilis plicatus1 #bii ,asopia farinalis1 #bgj ,asopinae1 #ccj ,aspidiotus auranti1 #cgc ,aspidiotus ficus1 #cgd ,aspidiotus hederi1 #cgc ,aspidiotus nerii1 #cgc ,aspidiotus perniciosus1 #cgc ,aspidiotus rossi1 #cgd ,aspidomorpha deusta1 #bjf ,assassin bug1 #cch ,astacops laticeps1 #ccc ,asterolecanium acaciae1 #cgf ,asterolecanium quercicola1 #cgf ,asterolecanium styphelia1 #cgf ,asura lydia1 #bej ,atalophlebia australasica1 #ed ,ateleopterus longiceps1 #hb ,aterpus cultratus1 #ahe ,ateuchus sacer1 #aec ,atlas moths1 #bca ,atractus viridis1 #age ,atractus viriscens1 #age ,atrastemorpha crenaticeps1 #dc ,attacus cynthia1 #beg ,atyphella1 #afh ,axionicus insignis1 #ahh ,auger beetles1 #aga ,aulacocyclus kaupi1 #aec ,aulacus apicalis1 #hd1 #hi ,aulacophora olivieri1 #bje ,aulicus instabilis1 #afh ,austomiris viridissimus1 #cdb ,australian ,fritillary1 #baf ,australian ,mantidae1 #cc ,australian ,museum1 #dab ,austrogomphus1 #ed ,bacillus1 #ce ,back-swimmers1 #cdd ,bacon beetles1 #adh ,badamia exclamationis1 #bbh ,bag moths1 #bdc ,balaninus amoenus1 #ahh ,banana-stalk fly1 #caa ,banksia beetle1 #afb ,banksia moth1 #beg ,bark beetles1 #adf ,basket worms1 #bdc ,bassus laetatorius1 #he ,batocera frenchi1 #aih ,batocera sapho1 #aih ,batrachedra arenosella1 #bhj ,batrachedra sparsella1 #bhj ,batrachomyia nigritarsis1 #caj ,bay shelter moths1 #beb ,bed bugs1 #cda ,bee flies1 #bif ,bees1 #fh1 #aad ,beetles1 #aba ,bell moths1 #bgd ,belenois java1 #bbc ,belostomidae1 #cdc ,belostoma indicum1 #cdd ,belus bidentatus1 #ahg ,belus plagiatus1 #ahg ,belus semipunctata1 #ahg ,bembecides1 #aji ,bembex tridentifera1 #aji ,bembex vespiformis1 #aji ,bembidium ocellatum1 #acb ,bent-wing moth1 #bda ,bethyllides1 #ha ,bibionidae1 #bhh ,bibio imitator1 #bhh ,bidessus bistrigatus1 #acc ,big-eyed flies1 #cja ,biprorulus bibax1 #ccj ,bird of ,paradise fly1 #che ,bird-winged butterfly1 #bbe ,biscuit weevil1 #afi ,biting lice1 #chi ,bittacus australis1 #ef ,blabophanes ethelella1 #bha ,black-arches1 #beb ,black cicada1 #cec ,black flies1 #bhg ,black orchard-butterfly1 #bbf ,black-wattle ,blue1 #bba ,bladder cicadas1 #ced ,bladder flies1 #big ,blastophaginae1 #fh1 #gg ,blatta orientalis1 #ag ,blattidae1 #ad1 #ag ,blepegens aruspex1 #agd ,blepharotes splendidissima1 #cjj ,blight1 #cfg ,blister beetle1 #agg ,blister leaf sawfly1 #gc ,bloodworms1 #bia ,blues1 #bai ,blue ant1 #ajb ,bluebottle fly1 #cag ,blue-eyed butterfly1 #bag ,blue-mountain locust1 #da ,bolboceras probiscidium1 #aed ,bolboceras sloanei1 #aed ,bollworm1 #bfe ,bombardier beetle1 #abh ,bombus1 #aad ,bombycidae1 #bef ,bombylidae1 #bif ,bombyx mori1 #bef ,bombyx nasuta1 #bef ,bombyx trimaculata1 #bef ,book lice1 #cj ,boopia tarsata1 #cij ,boopia grandis1 #cij ,boreus1 #ef ,bostrychidae1 #aga ,bostrychus gibbicollis1 #aga ,bostrychus cylindricus1 #aga ,bostrychopsis jesuita1 #aga ,botany ,bay diamond beetle1 #ahe ,bot flies1 #cag ,bothrideres1 #adf ,brachypeplus binotatus1 #adc ,brachyrhopala ruficornis1 #cjj ,brachyscelid galls 7home of weevils71 #ahb1 #ahh ,brachysceliinae1 #gg1 #chj ,brachyscelis crispa1 #gf ,brachyscelis pileata1 #gf ,braconidae1 #he1 #bcf ,bracon limbatus1 #hf ,brenthidae1 #agi ,brontes lucius1 #adg ,brontes militaris1 #adg ,brontispa froggatti1 #bjf ,brown leaf-winged butterfly1 #baf ,brown tails1 #beb ,brush-footed butterfly1 #bad ,bryachus squamicollis1 #ahe 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